,transcrib]'s ,notes ,texts pr9t$ 9 italics 9 ! s\rce docum5t h be5 transcrib$ betwe5 und]scores1 bold face text betwe5 equal signs4 ,small capitals h be5 *ang$ to ,,all ,,capitals4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes 7also on ! use ( footnotes & endnotes7 may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,illu/ration3 ,y\rs fai?fully ,*>les ,h5ry ,ham ,,m9d ,,& ,,h& ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,! ,,*ief ,,factor ,,9 ,,education ,,by ,,*>les ,h4 ,,ham ,,be+ ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition ,,( 8,,manual ,,tra9+1 ,,! ,,solution ,,( ,,social ,,& ,,indu/rial ,,problems0 ,,illu/rat$ ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,c9c9nati ,,*icago ,,am]ican ,,book ,,company ,copyright1 #ahhf1 by ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs4 ,copyright1 #aijj1 by ,,*>les ,h4 ,,ham4 ,all rights res]v$4 ,w4 ,p4 #e ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,! "w ( :i* ?is is ! ?ird edition has be5 be=e ! public ( ?is c\ntry1 ,engl&1 & all ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries s9ce #ahhf--?irte5 ye>s4 ,z x proposes a revolution 9 educational me?ods1 x 0 n to be presum$ t x w\ld escape criticism4 ,b1 :ile ! reviews ( x h be5 num]\s1 !y h1 on ! :ole1 be5 v g5]\s4 ,my mo/ radical po/ulates h1 h[ev]1 be5 receiv$ by educators ( ! old rgime ) expressions ( emphatic diss5t4 ,9 pres5t+ ! ?ird edition ( ! "w ,i h1 !re=e1 ?\ght x wise to support ! text ) _m high au?orities 9 ! =m ( foot-notes4 ,z 0 to be expect$1 my analysis ( ,greek hi/ory & "* provok$ ! sev]e/ criticism4 ,x is reg>d$1 inde$1 z conclusive evid5ce ( gross ignorance ( ! entire subject4 ,to meet ! *>ge ( ignorance1 ,i h made a l>ge numb] ( citations f ,h]odotus1 ,?ucydides1 ,x5ophon1 ,plut>*1 & o!rs--au?ors consult$1 orig9ally1 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is "p ( ! "w4 ,i may v5ture to obs]ve1 ) due def]5ce to ^? s*oolm5 :o reg>d ! anci5t ,greeks z an ideal p1 t ,i h se>*$ contemporane\s hi/ory 9 va9 = evid5ce ( ! v]ity ( ?is claim2 & ,i am h5ce con/ra9$ to adh]e firmly to ! extreme views express$ 9 ! text4 ,& if ^! views are correct1 x foll[s t ! passion = ,greek models 9 education is n only a m5tal dissipation1 b a moral crime4 ,! o!r new notes are comm5d$ to ! c>eful consid]ation ( ! read]1 z ! fruit ( my add$ ye>s ( rese>* & reflection4 ,! ,app5dix conta9s a compilation1 9 tabul> =m1 ( all ! facts obta9able f orig9al s\rces1 ?r\gh ! aid ( a skill$ /ati/ician1 %[+ ! physical progress ( ,manual ,tra9+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! *ief c\ntries ( ,europe1 dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s4 ,9 ?is edition ! disguise ( ! fir/ edition is dropp$4 ,9 t edition a c]ta9 s*ool 0 ref]r$ to z 8! ,*icago s*ool10 :]eas x 01 9 fact1 purely an ideal s*ool1 :i* _h no exi/5ce except 9 ! m9d ( ! au?or4 ,b x embodi$ educational !ories & ideas ( ,com5ius & o!r great m5 :i* ! au?or desir$ to see adopt$4 ,t desire n hav+ be5 realiz$1 ,i cont5t myself "h by quot+ ! obs]vation ( ,osc> ,br[n+ z to ! pron5ess ( ! s*ool-ma/] to neglect opportunities3 8,! m we reflect on ! me?od ( ,com5ius1 ! m %all we see t x is replete ) sugge/iv5ess1 & we %all feel surpris$ t s mu* wisdom c h la9 9 ! pa? ( s*ool-ma/]s = two hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 & t !y nev] /oop$ to avail !mselves ( its treasures40 ,x is prop] to /ate t ! t]ms 8,k9d]g>t510 8,manual ,tra9+10 & 8,! ,new ,education10 are us$ ?r\gh\t ! "w z equival5ts4 ,! *ange ( title to 8,m9d & ,h&3 ,manual ,tra9+ ! ,*ief ,factor 9 ,education0--is made 9 response to ! common & j criticism ( ! orig9al title z too n>r[ = ! broad treatm5t ( ! subject :i* *>act]iz$ ! text4 ,! notes prep>$ especially = ?is edition w be f\nd at ! ends ( ! *apt]s to :i* !y respectively belong4 ,:]ev] 9 ?is "w app>5t discrim9ation 9 favor ( ! male sex is indulg$ ?r\gh ! employm5t ( ! pron\n 8he10 8810 or 8him10 r ?an ! correspond+ fem99e p>ts ( spee*1 x is m]ely app>5t1 n real2 = ,i urge ! co-education ( ! sexes z ,i urge ! co-education ( ,m9d & ,h&1 because ! woman is ! complem5t ( ! man z ! h& is ! complem5t ( ! m9d4 ,= ,i believe1 ) ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 t 8,! true virtue ( human be+s is fitness to live toge!r z equals2 & to enable !m to live toge!r z equals1 !y mu/ be associat$ 9 education02 & ) ,m>y ,woll/onecraft1 t 8,virtue w nev] prevail 9 society till ! morals ( bo? sexes are f\nd$ on reason1 & till ! affections common to bo? are all[$ _! due /r5g? by ! dis*>ge ( mutual duties40 ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,new ,,york ,,city1 ,m>*1 #aijj4 ,,preface ,,to ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,9 #ahgi ,i read a pap] be=e ! ,*icago ,philosophical ,society on ! subject ( 8,! ,inv5tive ,g5ius2 or1 an ,epitome ( ,human ,progress40 ,! sugge/ion ( ! subject came f ,mr4 ,*>les ,j4 ,b>nes1 to :om ,i desire 9 ?is public way to express my obligation = an introduction to a pr(\ndly int]e/+ /udy1 & "o :i* has giv5 a new direction to all my ?\ghts4 ,at ! conclusion ( my labors 9 ! prep>ation ( ! pap]1 ,i realiz$ ! =ce ( ,bacon's rem>k1 t 8! real & legitimate goal ( ! sci5ces is ! end[m5t ( human life ) new inv5tions & ri*es40 ,9 trac+ ! c\rse ( inv5tion & discov]y1 ,i f\nd t ,i 0 mov+ 9 ! l9e ( ! progress ( civilization4 ,i f\nd t ! great gulf betwe5 ! savage & ! civiliz$ man is spann$ by ! sev5 h&-tools--! axe1 ! saw1 ! plane1 ! hamm]1 ! squ>e1 ! *isel1 & ! file--& t ! mod]n ma*9e-%op is an aggregation ( ^! tools driv5 by /eam4 ,i h5ce came to reg>d tools z ! great civiliz+ ag5cy ( ! _w4 ,) ,c>lyle ,i said1 8,man )\t tools is no?+2 ) tools he is all40 ,f ?is po9t x 0 only a /ep to ! proposition t1 ,x is ?r\gh ! arts alone t all bran*es ( le>n+ f9d expression1 & t\* human life4 ,!n ,i said1 ,! true def9ition ( education is ! developm5t ( all ! p[]s ( man to ! culm9at+ po9t ( action2 & ?is p[] 9 ! concrete1 ! p[] to d "s useful ?+ = man--?is mu/ be ! la/ analysis ( educational tru?4 ,^! ideas are n new4 ,!y p]vade ,"l ,bacon's writ+s1 are admirably =mulat$ 9 ,r\sseau's 8,emile10 & 7 re/at$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] tw5ty-five ye>s ago4 ,m ?an ?is1 ,com5ius1 ,pe/alozzi1 & ,froebel attempt$ to c>ry !m into practical op]ation 9 ! s*ool-room1 b ) only a small measure ( success4 ,x rema9s = ! age ( /eel to %[ h[ p[]less m]e words are 9 ! pres5ce ( ?+s1 & s to emphasize ! dem& = a radical re=m 9 educational me?ods4 ,9 #ahhj my att5tion 0 drawn to ! ,manual ,tra9+ ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,9 t s*ool ,i f\nd ! realization ( ,bacon's aphorism1 8,education is ! cultivation ( a j & legitimate famili>ity betwixt ! m9d & ?+s40 ,i made an exhau/ive /udy ( ! me?ods ( ! ,/4 ,l\is s*ool1 & rea*$ ! conclusion t ! philosoph]'s /one 9 education _h be5 discov]$4 ,! columns ( ! ,*icago ,tribune 7 op5$ to me1 & ,i wrote con/antly on ! subject = ! ensu+ ?ree ye>s4 ,meantime ! ,*icago ,manual-,tra9+ ,s*ool 7! fir/ indep5d5t in/itution ( ! k9d 9 ! _w7 0 f\nd$ & op5$1 & ! agitation spread ov] ! :ole c\ntry1 & inde$ ov] ! :ole civiliz$ _w4 ,?is "w 0 comm5c$ two ye>s ago4 ,i f\nd ! labor mu* m ardu\s ?an ,i anticipat$1 & its completion has h5ce be5 delay$ f> beyond ! "t orig9ally contemplat$ = plac+ x 9 ! h&s ( a publi%]4 ,x may be summ>iz$ briefly z consi/+ ( f\r divisions3 #a4 ,a detail$ description ( ! v>i\s laboratory class processes1 f ! fir/ lesson to ! la/1 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree ye>s4 #b4 ,an exhau/ive argum5t a po/]iori & a =tiori 9 support ( ! proposition t tool practice is highly promotive ( intellectual gr[?1 & 9 a /ill great] degree ( ! upbuild+ ( "*4 #c4 ,a sket* ( ! hi/orical p]iod1 %[+ t ! decay ( civilization & ! de/ruction ( social organisms h result$ directly f defects 9 me?ods ( education4 #d4 ,a brief sket* ( ! hi/ory ( manual tra9+ z an educational =ce4 ,to ,dr4 ,john ,d4 ,runkle1 ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 ! f\nd] ( manual tra9+ z an educational in/itution 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,i _c express too /rongly my deep obligation = valuable sugge/ions & con/ant enc\ragem5t4 ,to him also am ,i indebt$ = ne>ly all my illu/rations1 z also p>ticul>ly = ! excell5t portrait ( ,m4 ,victor ,della ,vos1 ! f\nd] ( ! new sy/em ( education 9 ,russia4 ,i am also "u obligations to ,col4 ,augu/us ,jacobson1 a lead+ advocate ( ! new education1 = con/ant c\nsel & support1 z also to ,dr4 ,h5ry ,h4 ,belfield1 ,director ( ! ,*icago ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 & ,mr4 ,john ,s4 ,cl>k1 ( ,bo/on4 ,( ! au?ors consult$1 ,i _c =be> m5tion ( ,"l ,bacon1 ,r\sseau1 & ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ^: great works con/itute ! f\ndation ( ! new sy/em ( education accord+ to nature4 ,nor c ,i omit to ackn[l$ge1 ) all ! emphasis ( :i* words are susceptible1 my obligations to ,mr4 ,samuel ,smiles4 ,8 works1 f ! lives ( ! eng9e]s to ! %orte/ ( 8 biographies1 con/itute an inexhau/ible treasure-h\se ( facts f :i* ,i h drawn )\t /9t4 ,mr4 ,smiles has trac$ ! spr+s ( ,engli% greatness to _! true s\rce1 ! work%op4 ,i h attempt$ to cont9ue 8 (fice by %[+ t ! work%op is a great educational =ce1 & h5ce t its educational elem5t ought to be incorporat$ 9 ! sy/em ( public in/ruction4 ,! propositions ( ! foll[+ pages involve an educational revolution de/9$ to enlight51 & s ultimately to r$eem manual labor f ! scorn ( ! ages ( slav]y1 &1 9 ! end1 to r5d] ! skill$ labor] wor?y ( high social di/9ction1 ?us pres5t+ at once a solution n only ( ! indu/rial "q b ( ! social "q4 ,,*>les ,h4 ,,ham4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition ,,by ,,col4 ,,francis ,w4 ,,p>k]1 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,*icago ,normal ,s*ool4 ,! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s h br\ght mu* ( intr9sic value into ,am]ican education4 ,rapid increase 9 population & ev]-*ang+ conditions h made imp]ative dem&s = s*ools adequate to self-gov]nm5t4 ,! ,k9d]g>t5 l$ ! way to o!r sub/antial re=ms 9 education1 & call$ att5tion to ! actual ne$s ( *ildhood4 ,x prov$ conclusively t h&-"w is "o ( ! dom9ant int]e/s ( ! *ild1 & demon/rat$ ! absolute dep5d5ce ( bra9-gr[? ^u ,manual ,tra9+4 ,manual ,tra9+ is ?us a direct outcome & sequ5ce ( ! ,k9d]g>t54 ,x supplies a ne$ = :i* !re is no sub/itute4 ,! belief t t :i* is begun 9 ! ,k9d]g>t5 %\ld be cont9u$ & exp&$ 9 all upp] grades1 =ces itself m & m ^u ?\ghtful m9ds4 ,mod]n psy*ology br+s its pot5t evid5ce z to ! trem5d\s value ( ! "w ( ! h& 9 ! build+ ( ! bra94 ,! tr5d ( educational ?\ght w always be 9 ! direction ( h& tra9+ z a fundam5tal elem5t 9 education4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s ago ,manual ,tra9+ 0 little kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry z a factor 9 education4 ,*>les ,h4 ,ham1 imbu$ ) a f]vid patriotism1 saw cle>ly t "o ( ! intr9sic ne$s ( education--an absolute necessity 9 ! evolution ( a democracy--is ! tra9+ ( ! :ole be+1 h&1 bra91 & s\l1 ?r\gh educative "w4 ,he 01 inde$1 a pione]1 beg9n+ 8 "w :5 !re 0 v little att5tion giv5 to ?is important subject1 & at a "t1 too1 :5 x 0 oppos$ by ne>ly all lead+ educators4 ,mr4 ,ham1 toge!r ) ,colonel ,jacobson1 br\ght a /rong influ5ce to be> ^u ! ,comm]cial ,club ( ,*icago1 to f\nd a ,manual-,tra9+ s*ool4 ,?is s*ool is n[ a dep>tm5t ( ! ,*icago ,univ]sity & has be5 9 successful op]ation = ?irte5 ye>s4 ,!re are 9 ,*icago to-day ! ,arm\r ,in/itute1 ! ,lewis ,in/itute1 & ! ,jewi% ,manual-,tra9+ ,s*ool1 all prom95t & well e/abli%$4 ,!re is also a high s*ool = ,manual ,tra9+ 9 connection ) ! public s*ools1 &1 be/ ( all1 !re are indications :i* %[ t h&-"w is mak+ its way ?r\gh\t ! grades4 ,mr4 ,ham1 )\t d\bt1 _h a /rong influ5ce ^u ! late ,george ,m4 ,pullman1 :i* l$ him to provide1 ?r\gh 8 w1 = a ,manual-,tra9+ s*ool = ! *ildr5 ( ! city :i* he built4 ,manual-,tra9+ s*ools are n[ ma9ta9$ 9 almo/ e city 9 ! ,union4 ,mu* rema9s to be done be=e ,manual ,tra9+ takes its true place 9 education4 ,! majority ( ^! s*ools n[ 9 exi/5ce are = boys :o h graduat$ f ! gramm> s*ool1 :i* leaves ! ye>s betwe5 six & f\rte5 ) little or no h&-"w4 ,?us ! mo/ important p]iod = bra9-gr[? ?r\gh h& activity is neglect$4 ,! future ( ,manual ,tra9+ is to introduce h&-"w z ! pr9cipal factor 9 ! fir/ f\r ye>s' "w1 to be cont9u$ 9 ! f\r ye>s ( ! gramm> grades1 & correlat$ ) all o!r subjects4 ,inde$1 ! ideal is to introduce ,manual ,tra9+ 9 all c\rses ( /udy1 f ! ,k9d]g>t5 to ! ,univ]sity1 inclusive4 ,! patrons ( ,cook ,c\nty ,normal ,s*ool owe to ,mr4 ,ham ! e/abli%m5t ( ,manual ,tra9+ 9 connection ) ! prim>y grades ( ! s*ool1 ne>ly fifte5 ye>s ago2 = )\t ! practical aid he gave x1 x c\ld n h be5 accompli%$ at t "t4 ,! *ildr5--inde$1 all ! p ( ?is c\ntry--owe him an imm5se debt ( gratitude = 8 h]oic *ampion%ip ( h&-"w4 ,manual ,tra9+ gives a true dignity to labor2 x calls att5tion to ! place ( h&-"w 9 human progress1 & z civilization goes on x w h a high] & /ill high] place 9 ! he>ts ( ! p4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,ideal ,,s*ool4 ,its ,situation4 -- ,its ,tall ,*imney4 -- ,! ,:ir ( ,ma*9]y & ,s\nd ( ! ,sl$ge-hamm]4 -- ,! ,s*ool t is to dignify ,labor4 -- ,! ,realization ( ! ,dream ( ,bacon1 ,r\sseau1 ,com5ius1 ,pe/alozzi1 & ,froebel4 -- ,! ,s*ool t fitly repres5ts ! ,age ( ,/eel4 ,page #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,maje/y ,,( ,,tools4 ,tools ! highe/ ,text-books4 -- ,h[ to ,use !m ! ,te/ ( ,s*ol>%ip4 -- ,!y are ! ,gauge ( ,civilization4 -- ,c>lyle's ,apo/rophe to !m4 -- ,! ,typical ,h&-tools4 -- ,! ,automata ( ! ,ma*9e-%op4 -- ,?r\gh ,tools ,sci5ce & ,art are ,unit$4 -- ,! ,p[] ( ,tools4 -- ,_! ,educational ,value4 -- ,)\t ,tools ,man is ,no?+2 ) ,tools he is ,all4 -- ,x is ?r\gh ! ,arts alone t ,education t\*es ,human ,life4 #g ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,eng9e ,,room4 ,! ,corliss ,eng9e4 -- ,a ,?+ ( ,grace & ,p[]4 -- ,! ,gr[? ( ,two ,?\s& ,ye>s4 -- ,f ,h]o to ,watt4 -- ,its ,duty z a ,s*ool-ma/]4 -- ,! ,int]dep5d5ce ( ! ,ages4 -- ,! ,s*ool 9 ,epitome4 #ad ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,draw+-,,room4 ,tw5ty-f\r ,boys b5d+ ov] ! ,draw+-bo>d4 -- ,analysis & ,syn!sis 9 ,draw+4 -- ,geometric ,draw+4 -- ,pictorial ,draw+4 -- ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,design4 -- ,! /hetic 9 ,art4 -- ,! ,fundam5tals4 -- ,object & ,con/ructive ,draw+4 -- ,draw+ = ! ,ex]cises 9 ! ,laboratories4 -- ,! ,educational ,value ( ,draw+4 -- ,! ,language ( ,draw+4 -- ,e ,/ud5t an exp]t ,draughtsman at ! end ( ! ,c\rse4 #af ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,c>p5t]',s ,,laboratory4 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,p9e-tree4 -- ,h[ x is ,conv]t$ into ,lumb]1 :at x is ,wor?1 & h[ x is ,consum$4 -- ,:]e ! ,/ud5ts get ,in=mation4 -- ,work+ ,draw+s ( ! ,lesson4 -- ,ask+ ,que/ions4 -- ,! ,in/ructor ,executes ! ,lesson4 -- ,in/ruction 9 ! ,use & ,c>e ( ,tools4 -- ,tw5ty-f\r ,boys ,mak+ ,?+s4 -- ,z ,busy z ,bees4 -- ,! ,music ( ! ,laboratory4 -- ,! ,self-reliance ( ! ,/ud5ts4 #ba ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,wood-,,turn+ ,,laboratory4 ,a ,radical ,*ange4 -- ,f ! ,squ>e to ! ,circle2 f ,angles to ,sph]ical1 ,cyl9drical1 & ,ecc5tric ,=ms4 -- ,! ,rhy?m ( ,me*anics4 -- ,! ,pott]'s ,:eel ( ! ,anci5ts & ! ,turn+- la!4 -- ,! ,speculation ( ,holtzapffels on its ,orig94 -- ,! ,greeks z ,turn]s4 -- ,! ,turn]s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 -- ,george ,,iii4 at ! ,la!4 -- ,maudsley's ,slide-re/1 & ! ,revolution x wr\ght4 -- ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,black-walnut4 -- ,! ,practical ,value ( ,imag9ation4 -- ,disraeli's ,tribute to x2 ,sir ,rob]t ,peel's ,want ( x4 -- ,! ,laboratory animat$ by ,/eam4 -- ,! ,boys at ! ,la!s4 -- ,_! ,manly ,be>+4 -- ,! ,lesson4 #cj ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,f\nd+ ,,laboratory4 ,! ,iron ,age4 -- ,iron ! ,k+ ( ,metals4 -- ,locke's ,apo!gm4 -- ,! ,m\ld]'s ,art is ,fundam5tal4 -- ,hi/ory ( ,f\nd+4 -- ,rema9s ( ,bronze ,ca/+s 9 ,egypt1 ,greece1 & ,assyria4 -- ,lay>d's ,discov]ies4 -- ,! ,greek ,sculptors4 -- ,! ,colossal ,/atue ( ,apollo at ,rhodes4 -- ,! ,great ,bells ( ,hi/ory4 -- ,m\ld+ & ,ca/+ a ,pulley4 -- ,description ( ! ,process1 ,/ep by ,/ep4 -- ,! ,furnace ,fire4 -- ,p\r+ ! ,hot ,metal into ! ,m\lds4 -- ,a ,p5 ,picture ( ! ,laboratory4 -- ,?us 7 ! ,hundr$ ,gates ( ,babylon ca/4 -- ,neglect ( ! ,practical ,arts by ,h]odotus4 -- ,h[ ,slav]y has degrad$ ,labor4 -- ,h[ ,manual ,tra9+ is to dignify x4 #de ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,=g+ ,,laboratory4 ,tw5ty-f\r manly-look+ ,boys ) ,sl$ge-hamm] 9 ,h& -- _! ,muscle & ,brawn4 -- ,! ,pride ( ,consci\s ,/r5g?4 -- ,! ,/ory ( ! ,orig9 ( an ,empire4 -- ,! ,great] ,empire ( ,me*anics4 -- ,! ,smelt] & ! ,smi? ! ,bulw>k ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t4 -- ,coal -- its ,mod]n ,aspects2 its ,e>ly ,hi/ory2 ,sup]/ition reg>d+ its ,use4 -- ,dud4 ,dudley utilizes 8,pit-coal0 = ,smelt+ -- ! ,/ory ( 8 ,/ruggles2 8 ,imprisonm5t & ,dea?4 -- ,! ,engli% ,p import _! ,pots & ,kettles4 -- 8,! ,bla/ is on & ! ,=ge ,fire s+s40 -- ,! ,lesson1 fir/ on ! ,black-bo>d1 !n 9 ,r$-hot ,iron on ! ,anvil4 -- ,/rik+ out ! ,anvil ,*orus -- ! ,sp>ks fly :izz+ ?r\gh ! ,air4 -- ,! ,my?ological ,hi/ory ( ,iron4 -- ,! ,smi? 9 ,feudal ,times4 -- ,8 ,v]satility4 -- ,hi/ory ( ,damascus ,/eel4 -- ,we %\ld rev]5ce ! e>ly ,inv5tors4 -- ,! ,useful ,arts f9] ?an ! ,f9e ,arts4 -- ,! ,anci5t ,smelt] & ,smi?1 & ! ,/ud5ts 9 ! ,manual-tra9+ ,s*ool4 #eh ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,ma*9e-,,tool ,,laboratory4 ,! ,f\nd]y & ,smi?y are ,anci5t1 ! ,ma*9e-tool ,%op is ,mod]n4 -- ,! ,giant1 ,/eam1 r$uc$ to ,s]vitude4 -- ,! ,iron ,l9es ( ,progress4 -- ,!y conv]ge 9 ! ,%op2 its triumphs f ! ,wat*spr+ to ! ,locomotive4 -- ,! ,applications ( ,iron 9 ,art is ! ,subject ( ,subjects4 -- ,! ,/ory ( ,inv5tion is ! ,hi/ory ( ,civilization4 -- ,! ,ma*9e-mak] & ! ,tool-mak] are ! be/ ,fri5ds ( ,man4 -- ,watt's ,great ,conception wait$ = ,automatic ,tools2 _! ,accuracy4 -- ,! ,h&-made & ! ,ma*9e-made ,wat*4 -- ,! ,elg9 7,ill9ois7 ,wat* ,factory4 -- ,! ,int]dep5d5ce ( ! ,arts4 -- ,! mak+ ( a ,suit ( ,clo!s4 -- ,! ,ant]oom ( ! ,ma*9e-tool ,laboratory4 -- ,*ipp+ & ,fil+4 -- ,! ,file-cutt]4 -- ,! ,pov]ty ( ,words z comp>$ ) ,?+s4 -- ,! ,graduat+ ,project4 -- ,! ,vision ( ! ,in/ructor4 #gh ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,manual ,,& ,,m5tal ,,tra9+ ,,comb9$4 ,! new ,education is all-sid$ -- its ,effect4 -- ,a ,h>moni\s ,developm5t ( ! ,:ole ,be+4 -- ,exam9ation = ,admission to ! ,*icago ,s*ool4 -- ,li/ ( ,que/ions 9 ,ari?metic1 ,geography1 & ,language4 -- ,! ,curriculum4 -- ,! ,alt]nation ( ,manual & ,m5tal ,ex]cises4 -- ,! ,dem& = ,sci5tific ,education -- its ,effect4 -- ,ambition to be useful4 #aje ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,intellectual ,,effect ,,( ,,manual ,,tra9+4 ,intellig5ce is ! ,basis ( ,"*4 -- ,! m ,practical ! ,intellig5ce ! ,high] ! ,developm5t ( ,"*4 -- ,! use ( ,tools quick5s ! ,intellect4 -- ,mak+ ,?+s r\ses ! ,att5tion1 %>p5s ! ,obs]vation1 & /eadies ! ,judgm5t4 -- ,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions 9 ,engl&1 #agdj-ahdj4 -- ,poor1 ,ignorant ,appr5tices become le>n$ ,m54 -- ,cort1 ,huntsman1 ,mu%et1 ,neilson1 ,/eph5son1 & ,watt4 -- ,! ,union ( ,books & ,tools4 -- ,results at ,rott]dam1 ,holl&2 at ,mosc[1 ,russia2 at ,komotau1 ,bohemia2 & at ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 -- ,! ,consid]ation ( ,ov]:elm+ ,import4 #aac ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,wom5 ,a ,,necessity4 ,! ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,sy/ems ( ,education4 -- ,plato ,bl9d$ by ,half-tru?s4 -- ,no place 9 ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s = ,dogmatisms4 -- ,education beg9s at ,bir?4 -- ,! ,influ5ce ( ,wom5 ext5ds f ! ,cradle to ! ,grave4 -- ,! ,crime ( ,crimes4 -- ,neglect to educate ,woman4 -- ,! ,sup]iority ( ,wom5 ov] ,m5 z ,tea*]s4 -- ,froebel discov]$ x4 -- ,nature design$ ,woman to ,tea*2 h5ce ! ,importance ( ,fitt+ h] = h] ,highe/ ,de/9y4 #abc ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,moral ,,effect ,,( ,,manual ,,tra9+4 ,m5tal ,impulses are (t5 ,vici\s2 b ! ,ex]tion ( ,physical ,p[] 9 ! ,arts is always ,b5efic5t -- h5ce ,manual ,tra9+ t5ds to correct vici\s m5tal ,impulses4 -- ,e m5tal ,impression produces a moral ,effect4 -- ,all ,tra9+ is ,moral z well z ,m5tal4 -- ,selfi%ness is total ,depravity2 b ,selfi%ness has be5 ,deifi$ "u ! "n ( ,prud5ce4 -- ,napoleon an ,example ( ,selfi%ness4 -- ,! ,end ( ,selfi%ness is ,disa/]2 b ,prevail+ ,sy/ems ( ,education promote ,selfi%ness4 -- ,! ,mod]n ,city an ,illu/ration ( ,selfi%ness4 -- ,! ,anci5t ,city4 -- ,exi/+ ,sy/ems ( ,education ,negatively ,wrong4 -- ,manual ,tra9+ supplies ! lack+ ,elem5t4 -- ,! ,objective mu/ take ! ,place ( ! ,subjective 9 ,education4 -- ,words )\t ,acts are z dead z ,fai? )\t ,works4 #acj ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,m9d ,,& ,,! ,,h&4 ,! ,m9d & ! ,h& are ,allies2 ! ,m9d speculates1 ! ,h& te/s its ,speculations 9 ,?+s4 -- ,! ,h& explodes ! ,errors ( ! ,m9d -- x se>*es aft] ,tru? & f9ds x 9 ,?+s4 -- ,m5tal ,errors are subtile2 !y elude u1 b ! ,false 9 ,?+s /&s self-expos$4 -- ,! ,h& is ! ,m9d's ,moral ,rudd]4 -- ,! ,organ ( ,t\* ! mo/ ,wond]ful ( ! ,s5ses2 all ! ,o!rs are ,passive2 x alone is ,active4 -- ,sir ,*>les ,bell's ,discov]y ( a 8,muscul> ,s5se40 -- ,dr4 ,h5ry ,maudsley on ! ,muscul> ,s5se4 -- ,! ,h& influ5ces ! ,bra94 -- ,connect$ ,?\ght impossible )\t ,language1 & ,language dep5d5t ^u ,objects2 & all ,artificial ,objects are ! ,"w ( ! ,h&4 -- ,progress is !re=e ! ,impr9t ( ! ,h& ^u ,matt] 9 ,art4 -- ,! ,h& is ne>] ! ,bra9 ?an are ! ,eye & ! ,e>4 -- ,! ,m>vell\s ,works ( ! ,h&4 #add ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,tra9$ ,,h&4 ,! ,leg5d ( ,adam & ! ,/ick ) :i* he subdu$ ! ,animals4 -- ,! ,/ick is ! ,symbol ( ,p[]1 & only ! ,h& c wield x4 -- ,! ,h& imprisons ,/eam & ,electricity1 & keeps !m at h>d ,labor4 -- ,! ,de/itution ( ,engl& ,two ,hundr$ & ,fifty ,ye>s ago3 a ,p5 ,picture4 -- ,! ,trans=mation wr\ght by ! ,h&3 a ,p5 ,picture4 -- ,x is due1 n to ,m5 :o make ,laws1 b to ,m5 :o make ,?+s4 -- ,! ,sci5ti/ & ! ,inv5tor are ! ,_w's ,b5efactors4 -- ,a ,p>allel betwe5 ! ,"r ,honorable ,william ,e4 ,glad/one & ,sir ,h5ry ,bessem]4 -- ,mr4 ,glad/one a ,man ( ,ideas1 ,mr4 ,bessem] a ,man ( ,de$s4 -- ,! ,value ( ! latt]'s ,inv5tions4 -- ,mr4 ,glad/one repres5ts ! ,old ,education1 ,mr4 ,bessem] ! ,new4 #aeg ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,inv5tors1 ,,civil ,,eng9e]s1 ,,& ,,me*anics ,,( ,,engl&1 ,,& ,,engli% ,,progress4 ,a ,trade is bett] ?an a ,pr(ession4 -- ,! ,railway1 ,telegraph1 & ,/eam%ip are m ,pot5t ?an ! ,lawy]1 ,doctor1 & ,prie/4 -- ,book-mak]s writ+ ! ,lives ( ! ,inv5tors ( la/ ,c5tury4 -- ,! ,work%op to be ! ,sc5e ( ! ,greate/ ,triumphs ( ,man4 -- ,! ,civil ,eng9e]s ( ,engl& ! ,h]oes ( ,engli% ,progress4 -- ,! ,life ( ,james ,br9dley1 ! ,canal-mak]2 8 ,/ruggles & ,pov]ty4 -- ,! ,roll ( ,honor4 -- ,mr4 ,glad/one's ,significant ,admission t ,engli% ,triumphs 9 ,sci5ce & ,art 7 won )\t ,gov]nm5t ,aid4 -- ,disreg>d+ ! ,common-s5se ( ! ,savage1 ,legislators h *os5 to le>n ( ,plato1 :o decl>$ t 8,! ,useful ,arts are ,degrad+40 -- ,h[ ,improvem5ts 9 ! ,arts h be5 met by ,ignorant ,opposition4 -- ,! ,p[] wield$ by ! ,me*anic4 #agj ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,p[] ,,( ,,/eam ,,& ,,contempt ,,( ,,artisans4 ,a few ,million ,p n[ wield twice z mu* ,indu/rial ,p[] z all ! ,p on ! ,globe ex]t$ a ,hundr$ ,ye>s ago4 -- ,a ,revolution wr\ght1 n by ! ,s*ools & ,colleges1 b by ! ,me*anic4 -- ,! ,union betwe5 ,sci5ce & ,art prev5t$ by ! ,speculative ,philosophy ( ! ,middle ,ages4 -- ,/atesm51 ,lawy]s1 ,littrateurs1 ,poets1 & ,arti/s m highly e/eem$ ?an ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,me*anics1 & ,artisans4 -- ,! ,refugee ,artisan a ,p[] 9 ,engl&1 ! ,refugee ,politician wor?less4 -- ,prejudice aga9/ ! ,artisan ,class %[n by ,mr4 ,galton 9 8 ,"w on 8,h]$it>y ,g5ius40 -- ,! ,influ5ce ( ,slav]y3 x has la/$ ,?\s&s ( ,ye>s1 & /ill ,survives4 #ahd ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,automatic ,,contra/$ ,,) ,,sci5tific ,,education4 ,! ,pa/ tyrannizes ov] ! ,pres5t by ,int]pos+ ! ,/olid ,resi/ance ( ,habit4 -- ,habits ( ,?\ght l ,habits ( ! ,body become ,automatic4 -- ,!re is mu* ,fre$om ( ,spee* b v little ,fre$om ( ,?\ght3 ,habit1 ,tradition1 & ,rev]5ce = ,antiquity =bid x4 -- ,! ,s*ools educate ,automatically4 -- ,a gl>+ ,defect ( ! ,s*ools %[n by ,mr4 ,john ,s4 ,cl>k1 ( ,bo/on4 -- ,! ,automatic ,"* ( ! ,popul> ,sy/em ( ,education %[n by ! ,qu9cy 7,mass47 ,exp]im5t4 -- ,sev]al ,intellig5t ,op9ions to ! same ,effect4 -- ,! ,public ,s*ools z an ,indu/rial ,ag5cy a ,failure4 -- ,a ,conclusive ,evid5ce ( ! ,automatic & ,sup]ficial ,"* ( prevail+ ,me?ods ( ,education 9 ! ,s*ools ( a l>ge ,city4 -- ,! ,views ( ,colonel ,francis ,w4 ,p>k]4 -- ,sci5tific ,education is f\nd 9 ! ,k9d]g>t5 & ! ,manual-tra9+ ,s*ool4 -- 8,! ,cultivation ( ,famili>ity betwixt ! ,m9d & ,?+s40 #aia ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,automatic ,,contra/$ ,,) ,,sci5tific ,,education -- ,cont9u$4 ,! ,failure ( ,education 9 ,am]ica %[n by ,/ati/ics ( ,railway & ,m]cantile ,disa/]s4 -- ,%r9kage ( ,railway ,values & ,failures ( ,m]*ants4 -- ,only ,?ree p] ,c5t4 ( ^? ent]+ ,m]cantile ,life a*ieve ,success4 -- ,bus9ess ,ent]prises conduct$ by ,guess3 ,cause1 ,unsci5tific ,education4 -- ,savage ,tra9+ is bett] because ,objective4 -- ,mr4 ,foley1 late ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 on ! ,sci5tific ,"* ( ,manual ,education -- ,pr(4 ,goss1 ( ,purdue ,univ]sity1 to ! same ,effect -- also ,dr4 ,belfield1 ( ! ,*icago ,manual-tra9+ ,s*ool4 -- ,/ud5ts love ! ,laboratory ,ex]cises4 -- ,demoraliz+ ,effect ( ,unsci5tific ,tra9+4 -- ,! ,failure ( ,ju/ice & ,legislation z contra/$ ) ! ,success ( ,civil ,eng9e]+ & ,ar*itecture4 #baj ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,automatic ,,contra/$ ,,) ,,sci5tific ,,education -- ,cont9u$4 ,! ,tra9+ ( ! ,m]*ant1 ! ,lawy]1 ! ,judge1 & ! ,legislator contra/$ ) t ( ! ,artisan4 -- ,! ,tra9+ ( ! ,m]*ant makes him ,selfi%1 & ,selfi%ness bre$s ,di%one/y4 -- ,pr(essional ,m5 become ,speculative ,philosoph]s1 & te/ _! ,speculations by ,consci\sness4 -- ,! ,artisan =gets ,self 9 ! ,/udy ( ,?+s4 -- ,! ,se>* aft] ,tru?4 -- ,! ,/ory ( ,palissy4 -- ,! ,h]o is ! ,normal ,man2 ^? :o ,m>vel at 8 ,acts are abnormally ,develop$4 -- ,savon>ola & ,john ,br[n4 -- ,! ,new ,engl& ,sy/em ( ,education contra/$ ) t ( ! ,s\?4 -- ,am]ican ,/atesman%ip -- its ,failure 9 an ,educational ,po9t ( ,view4 -- ,:y ! ,/ate ,provides = ,education2 to protect ,prop]ty4 -- ,! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t & ! ,l& ,"q4 -- ,! ,?or\ghness ( ! ,tra9+ giv5 by ,s*ools ( ,me*anic ,art & ,in/itutes ( ,te*nology z %[n 9 ,?+s4 -- ,/ory ( ! ,emp]or ( ,g]many & ! ,ne$le-mak]4 -- ,! ,iron ,bridge la/s a ,c5tury1 ! ,act ( ! ,legislator we>s out 9 a ,ye>4 -- ,! ,cause ( ! ,failures ( ,ju/ice & ,legislation4 -- ,! be/ ,act is ! ,act t ,repeals a ,law2 b ! ,act ( ! ,inv5tor is nev] ,repeal$4 -- ,?+s ! ,s\rce & ,issue ( ,ideas2 h5ce ! ,necessity ( ,tra9+ 9 ! ,arts4 #bbi ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,education ,,& ,,! ,,social ,,problem -- ,,hi/oric4 ,,egypt ,,& ,,greece4 ,fundam5tal ,propositions4 -- ,selfi%ness ! ,s\rce ( ,social ,evil2 ,subjective ,education ! ,s\rce ( ,selfi%ness & ! ,cause ( ,contempt ( ,labor2 & ,social ,dis9tegration ! ,result ( ,contempt ( ,labor & ! ,useful ,arts4 -- ,! ,fir/ ,class-di/9ction -- ! ,/ronge/ ,man rul$2 8 ,fir/ ,rival1 ! ,+5i\s ,man4 -- ,sup]/ition4 -- ,! ,ca/es ( ,india & ,egypt -- h[ came !y ab\t8 -- ,egyptian ,education bas$ on ,selfi%ness4 -- ,rise ( ,egypt -- h] ,c>e]2 h] ,fall2 ,analysis !re(4 -- ,%e ,typifies all ! ,e>ly ,nations3 ,=ce & ,rapacity above1 ,*a9s & ,slav]y bel[4 -- ,_! ,education consi/$ ( ,selfi% ,maxims = ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,_m by ! ,few1 & ,gov]nm5t meant ! ,appropriation ( ! ,products ( ,labor4 -- ,analysis ( ,greek ,"* -- its ,savage ,*>act]i/ics4 -- ,greek ,trea*]y & ,cruelty4 -- ,greek ,v5ality4 -- ,h] ,orators accept$ ,bribes4 -- ,responsibility ( ,greek ,education & ,philosophy = ! ,ru9 ( ,greek ,civilization4 -- ,rectitude :olly left out ( h] ,s*eme ( ,education4 -- ,plato's ,contempt ( ,matt]3 x l$ to ,contempt ( ,man & all 8 ,works4 -- ,greek ,education consi/$ ( ,rhetoric & ,logic2 all ,useful ,?+s 7 h5ce held 9 ,contempt4 #bdg ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,education ,,& ,,! ,,social ,,problem -- ,,hi/oric4 ,,rome4 ,vigor ( ! ,e>ly ,romans -- _! ,virtues & ,vices2 _! ,rigor\s ,laws2 _! ,defective ,education2 _! ,contempt ( ,labor4 -- ,slav]y3 its ,horrors & ,brutaliz+ ,influ5ce4 -- ,education ,conf9$ to ! ,arts ( ,politics & ,w>2 x trans=m$ ,c\rage into ,cruelty1 & ,=titude into ,/oicism4 -- ,robb]y & ,brib]y4 -- ,! ,vices ( ,greece & ,c>?age import$ into ,rome4 -- ,slaves con/ruct all ! great ,public ,works2 !y ,revolt1 & ! ,legions ,slaught] !m4 -- ,! ,go?ic ,invasion4 -- ,rome ,falls4 -- ,false ,philosophy & ,sup]ficial ,education promot$ ,selfi%ness4 -- ,deification ( ,ab/ractions1 & ,scorn ( ,m5 & ,?+s4 -- ,univ]sal ,moral ,degradation4 -- ,neglect ( ,hone/ ,m5 & ,promotion ( ,demagogues4 -- ,! ,decl9e ( ,morals & ,gr[? ( ,lit]ature4 -- ,d>w9's ,law ( ,rev]sion1 ?r\gh ,selfi%ness to ,savag]y4 -- ,conte/ betwe5 ! ,ri* & ! ,poor4 -- ,logic1 ,rhetoric1 & ,ru94 #bfc ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,education ,,& ,,! ,,social ,,problem -- ,,hi/oric4 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,! ,tr9ity ^u :i* ,civilization ,re/s3 ,ju/ice1 ! ,arts1 & ,labor2 & ^! ,dep5d ^u ,sci5tific ,education4 -- ,reason ( ! ,failure ( ,!odoric & ,*>lemagne to ,recon/ruct ! ,pagan ,civilization4 -- ,contempt ( ,man4 -- ,s]fdom4 -- ,! ,vices ( ! ,"t3 ,false ,philosophy1 an ,odi\s ,social ,ca/e1 & ,ignorance4 -- ,! ,spl5did ,c>e] ( ! ,moors 9 ,spa91 9 ,contra/4 -- ,effect ^u ,spa9 ( ! ,expulsion ( ! ,moors4 -- ,! ,repressive ,=ce ( ,au?ority & ! ,atroci\s ,philosophy ( ,contempt ( ,man4 -- ,! ,rule ( ,italy -- a ,m5ace & a ,sne]4 -- ,! "w ( ,reg5]ation4 -- ,! ,crusades4 -- ,! ,de/ruction ( ,feudalism4 -- ,! ,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+4 -- ,! ,discov]y ( ,am]ica4 -- ,inve/igation4 -- ,discov]ies 9 ,sci5ce & ,art4 #bgh ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,education ,,& ,,! ,,social ,,problem -- ,,hi/oric4 ,,europe4 ,! ,/&+ ,army a ,legacy ( ,evil f ! ,middle ,ages4 -- ,x is ! ,controll+ ,feature ( ! ,european ,situation4 -- ,its ,collat]al ,evils3 ,w>s & ,debts4 -- ,! ,debts ( ,europe ,repres5t a ,s]ies ( ,colossal ,crimes aga9/ ! ,p2 ) ! ,armies & ,navies !y ,absorb ! ,bulk ( ! ,annual ,rev5ue4 -- ,! ,p ,flee+ f !m4 -- ,!y ,?reat5 ,bankruptcy2 !y ,prev5t ,education4 -- ,g]many1 ! be/-educat$ ,nation 9 ,europe1 los+ mo/ by ,emigration4 -- ,h] ,p w n ,endure ! ,/&+ ,army4 -- ,! ,folly ( ! ,european ,int]national ,policy ( ,hate4 -- ,x is ,possible = ,europe to ,re/ore to ,productive ,employm5ts #c1jjj1jjj ( m51 to place at ! ,disposal ( h] ,educators #gjj1jjj1jjj1 in/ead ( #gj1jjj1jjj p] annum1 & to pay h] ,national ,debts 9 ,fifty-f\r ,ye>s1 simply by ! ,disb&m5t ( h] ,armies & ,navies4 -- ,! ,armam5t ( ,europe ,/&s 9 ! ,way ( ,univ]sal ,education & ( ,univ]sal ,indu/rial ,prosp]ity4 -- ,/&+ ,armies ! ,la/ ,analysis ( ,selfi%ness2 !y are ,coeval ) ! ,revival dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ( ! ,greco-,roman ,subjective ,me?ods ( ,education4 -- ,!y mu/ g out :5 ! ,new ,education comes 94 #bhi ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,education ,,& ,,! ,,social ,,problem -- ,,hi/oric4 ,,am]ica4 ,an ,old ,civilization 9 a ,new ,c\ntry4 -- ,old ,me?ods 9 a ,new ,sy/em ( ,s*ools4 -- ,sordid ,views ( ,education4 -- ,! highe/ ,aim ,money-gett+4 -- ,h]b]t ,sp5c] on ! ,engli% ,s*ools4 -- ,same ,defects 9 ! ,am]ican ,s*ools4 -- ,maxims ( ,selfi%ness4 -- ,! ,cultivation ( ,av>ice4 -- ,political ,incongruities4 -- ,negroes escap+ f ,slav]y call$ ,fugitives f ,ju/ice4 -- ,! ,results ( ,subjective ,educational ,processes4 -- ,climatic ,influ5ces alone sav$ ,am]ica f becom+ a ,slave ,empire4 -- ,illit]acy4 -- ,abnormal ,gr[? ( ,cities4 -- ,failure ( ,ju/ice4 -- ,defects ( ,education %[n 9 ,reckless & ,corrupt ,legislation4 -- ,wa/e ( an ,empire ( ,public ,l&4 -- ,h5ry ,d4 ,lloyd's ,hi/ory ( ,congressional ,l& ,grants4 -- ,! ,gr[? & ,p[] ( ,corporations4 -- ,! ,orig9 ( l>ge ,=tunes1 ,speculations4 -- ,old ,social ,=ces produc+ old ,social ,evils4 -- ,/ill ,am]ica is ! ,hope ( ! ,_w4 -- ,! ,"r ( ,suffrage 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ju/ifies ! ,s5tim5t ( ,patriotism4 -- ,let ,suffrage be made ,intellig5t & ,virtu\s1 & all ,social ,evils w yield to x2 & all ! ,weal? ( ! ,c\ntry is subject to ! ,draft ( ! ,ballot = ,education4 -- ,! ,hope ( ,social ,re=m dep5ds ^u a complete ,educational ,revolution4 #cjg ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,manual ,,elem5t ,,9 ,,education ,,9 #ahhd4 ,! ,k9d]g>t5 & ! ,manual-tra9+ ,s*ool "o 9 ,pr9ciple4 -- ,russia solv$ ! ,problem ( ,tool ,in/ruction by ,laboratory ,processes4 -- ,! ,initiatory ,/ep by ,m4 ,victor ,della-,vos1 ,director ( ! ,imp]ial ,te*nical ,s*ool ( ,mosc[ 9 #ahfh4 -- ,/atem5t ( ,director ,della-,vos z to ! ,orig91 ,progress1 & ,results ( ! ,new ,sy/em ( ,tra9+4 -- ,its ,introduction into all ! ,te*nical ,s*ools ( ,russia4 -- ,dr4 ,john ,d4 ,runkle1 ,presid5t ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 recomm5ds ! ,russian ,sy/em 9 #ahgf1 & x is adopt$4 -- ,/atem5t ( ,dr4 ,runkle z to h[ he 0 l$ to ! adoption ( ! ,russian ,sy/em4 -- ,dr4 ,woodw>d1 ( ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo41 e/abli%es ! second ,s*ool 9 ?is ,c\ntry4 -- ,8 ,hi/orical ,note 9 ! ,prospectus ( #ahhb-hc4 -- ,fir/ ,class graduat$ #ahhc4 -- ,manual ,tra9+ 9 ! ,agricultural ,colleges4 -- ,9 ,bo/on1 9 ,new ,hav51 9 ,baltimore1 9 ,san ,francisco1 & o!r places4 -- ,manual ,tra9+ at ! ,meet+ ( ! ,national ,educational ,association1 #ahhd4 -- ,k9d]g>t5 & ,manual-tra9+ ,exhibits4 -- ,pr(4 ,felix ,adl]'s ,s*ool 9 ,new ,york ,city -- ! mo/ ,compreh5sive ,s*ool 9 ! ,_w4 -- ,! ,*icago ,manual-tra9+ ,s*ool ! fir/ ,indep5d5t ,in/itution ( ! ,k9d -- its ,inception2 its ,incorporation2 its ,op5+4 ,its ,director1 ,dr4 ,belfield4 -- ,8 ,inaugural ,address4 -- ,manual ,tra9+ 9 ! ,public ,s*ools ( ,philadelphia4 -- ,manual ,tra9+ 9 tw5ty-f\r ,/ates4 -- ,revolutioniz+ a ,texas ,college4 -- ,local ,option ,law 9 ,massa*usetts4 -- ,dep>tm5t ( ,dome/ic ,economy 9 ! ,i[a ,agricultural ,college4 -- ,manual ,tra9+ 9 ,t5nessee1 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 9 ! ,national ,educational ,association1 9 ,ohio4 -- ,! ,tol$o ,s*ool = bo? ,sexes4 -- ,! ,importance ( ! ,education ( ,woman4 -- ,! ,sljd ,s*ools ( ,europe4 #cbh ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,education -- #ahhc-ahii4 ,educational ,revolution 9 #ahhc-d4 -- ,urg5t ,dem& = ,re=m4 -- ,exi/+ ,s*ools d5\nc$ z ,sup]ficial1 _! ,me?ods z ,automatic1 _! ,sy/em z a ,mixture ( ,cram & ,smatt]4 -- ,! ,controv]sy betwe5 ! ,s*ool-ma/] ( ! ,old ,rgime & ! ,re=m]4 -- ,! ,lead]s ( ! ,movem5t1 ,col4 ,p>k]1 ,dr4 ,mac,alister1 & o!rs -- foll[]s ( ,r\sseau1 ,bacon1 & ,sp5c]4 -- 8,! ,end ( ,man is an ,action1 n a ,?\ght40 -- ,! ,cons]vative ,tea*]s fall into ,l9e4 -- ,! ,new ,education becomes an ,aggressive ,=ce pu%+ on to ,victory4 -- ,! ,physical ,progress ( ,manual ,tra9+ -- its ,quality n equal to its ,ext5t4 -- ,! ,new ,sy/em ( ,tra9+ confid$ to ,tea*]s ( ! ,old ,rgime4 -- ,ideal ,tea*]s h>d to f9d4 -- ,tea*]s will+ to ,le>n %\ld be ,enc\rag$4 -- ,! effects ( ,manual ,tra9+ long ant$ate its ,introduction to ! ,s*ools4 -- ,bacon's ,def9ition ( ,education4 -- ,/eph5son & ! ,value ( ,h&-"w4 -- ,manual ,tra9+ is ! union ( ,?\ght & ,action4 -- ,x is ! anti!sis ( ! ,greek me?ods1 :i* exalt$ ,ab/ractions & debas$ ,?+s4 -- ,! ,rule ( ,com5ius & ! ,injunction ( ,r\sseau -- few ,tea*]s compreh5d !m4 -- ,! ,employm5t ( ! ,h&s 9 ! ,arts is m highly ,educative ?an ! acquisition ( ! rules ( ,read+ & ,ari?metic4 -- ,:at ! ,locomotive has accompli%$ = ,man4 -- ,education mu/ be equal1 & ,social & ,political ,equality w foll[4 -- ,! f\ndation ( ! ,new ,education is ! ,baconian ,philosophy z /at$ by ,macaulay4 -- ,use & ,s]vice are ! ,tw9-m9i/]s ( ,human ,progress4 -- ,def9itions ( ,g5ius4 -- ,att5tion4 -- ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e4 -- ,manual ,tra9+ relates to all ! ,arts ( ,life4 -- ,m9d & ,h&4 -- ,newton & ! ,apple4 -- ,! ,s5se ( ,t\* resides 9 ! ,h&4 -- ,rob]t ,seidel on ,famili>ity ) ,objects4 -- ,mat]ial ,progress ! basis ( ,spiritual ,gr[?4 -- ,plato & ! ,div9e ,dialogues4 -- ,pov]ty1 ,society1 & ! ,useful ,arts4 -- ,selfi%ness mu/ give way to ,altruism4 -- ,! ,/ruggle ( ,life4 -- ,! ,progress ( ! ,arts & ! f9al ,reg5]ation ( ! ,race4 -- ,! ,arts t make ,life sweet & beautiful4 -- ,! f9al ,fundam5tal ,educational ,ideal is ,univ]sality4 -- ,com5ius's def9ition ( ,s*ools -- ! ,work%ops ( ,humanity4 -- ,t "o ,man %\ld die ignorant1 :o _h capacity = ,k1 is a ,trag$y4 -- ,m5tal & ,manual ,ex]cises to be r5d]$ homog5e\s 9 ! ,s*ool ( ! ,future4 -- ,! h]o ( ! ,ideal ,s*ool4 #cgj ,,app5dix #chg ,,index #dbg ,,illu/rations4 ,,page ,,portrait ,,( ,,! ,,au?or ,frontispiece ,,! ,,laboratory ,,( ,,c>p5try #bc ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,! ,,laboratory ,,( ,,c>p5try #bg ,,! ,,wood-,,turn+ ,,laboratory #ca ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,! ,,wood-,,turn+ ,,& ,,patt]n ,,laboratory #da ,,! ,,f\nd+ ,,laboratory #di ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,! ,,f\nd+ ,,laboratory #ec ,,! ,,=g+ ,,laboratory #ei ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,! ,,=g+ ,,laboratory #fg ,,! ,,ma*9e-,,tool ,,laboratory #gi ,,! ,,*ipp+1 ,,fil+1 ,,& ,,fitt+ ,,laboratory #hi ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,! ,,ma*9e-,,tool ,,laboratory #ie ,,! ,,/ud5ts ,,) ,,_! ,,books #ajg ,m4 ,,victor ,,della-,,vos1 ,,! ,,f\nd] ,,( ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,russia #cbi ,,dr4 ,,john ,d4 ,,runkle1 ,,! ,,f\nd] ,,( ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates #cce ,,p[]4 8,8 tongue 0 fram$ to music1 ,& 8 h& 0 arm$ ) skill2 ,8 face 0 ! m\ld ( beauty1 ,& 8 he>t ! ?rone ( w40 --,,em]son4 ,,m9d ,,& ,,h&3 ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,! ,,*ief ,,factor ,,9 ,,education4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,ideal ,,s*ool4 ,its ,situation4 -- ,its ,tall ,*imney4 -- ,! ,:ir ( ,ma*9]y & ,s\nd ( ! ,sl$ge-hamm]4 -- ,! ,s*ool t is to dignify ,labor4 -- ,! ,realization ( ! ,dream ( ,bacon1 ,r\sseau1 ,com5ius1 ,pe/alozzi1 & ,froebel4 -- ,! ,s*ool t fitly repres5ts ! ,age ( ,/eel4 ,! ,ideal ,s*ool is an in/itution :i* develops & tra9s to usefulness ! moral1 physical1 & intellectual p[]s ( man4 ,x is :at ,com5ius call$ ,humanity's work%op1 & 9 ,am]ica x is becom+ ! natural c5t] ( ! ,public ,s*ool sy/em4 ,! build+1 well-design$ = its occupancy1 is l>ge1 airy1 op5 to ! light on e side1 amply provid$ ) all appliances requisite = in/ruction 9 ! arts & sci5ces1 & f9i%$ int]iorly & ext]iorly 9 ! highe/ /yle ( useful & beautiful ar*itectural effects4 ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,ideal ,s*ool build+ is its *imney1 :i* rises f> above ! ro(1 f ^: tall /ack a column ( smoke issues1 & ! hum & :ir ( ma*9]y is he>d1 & ! heavy ?ud ( ! sl$ge-hamm] res\nd+ on ! anvil1 smites ! e>4 ,x is1 !n1 a factory r ?an a s*ool8 ,no4 ,x is a s*ool2 ! s*ool ( ! future2 ! s*ool t is to dignify labor2 ! s*ool t is to g5]ate p[]2 ! s*ool :]e e s\nd contributes to ! h>mony ( developm5t1 :]e ! bra9 in=ms ! muscle1 :]e ?\ght directs e bl[1 :]e ! m9d1 ! eye1 & ! h& con/itute an inv9cible triple alliance4 ,?is is ! s*ool t ,locke dream$ (1 t ,bacon wi%$ =1 t ,r\sseau describ$1 & t ,com5ius1 ,pe/alozzi1 & ,froebel /ruggl$ 9 va9 to e/abli%4 ,x is1 !n1 sci5ce & ! arts 9 apo!osis4 ,= if x be1 z claim$1 ! ,ideal s*ool1 x is de/9$ to lift ! veil f ! face ( ,nature1 to reveal h] mo/ preci\s secrets1 & to div]t to man's use all h] treasures4 ,yes2 x is to o!r s*ools :at ! diamond is to o!r preci\s /ones--! la/ analysis ( educational ?\ght4 ,x is ! philosoph]'s /one 9 education2 ! inc>nat$ dream ( ! al*emi/1 :i* dissolv$ e>?1 air1 & wat] into _! orig9al elem5ts1 & recomb9$ !m to compass man's immortality4 ,?r\gh x t :i* has hi!rto be5 impossible is to become a pot5tial reality4 ,9 ?is build+ :i* resembles a factory or ma*9e-%op an educational revolution is to be wr\ght4 ,education is to be rescu$ f ! dom9ation ( m$ival ideas1 reliev$ ( ! en]vat+ influ5ce ( ,grecian /heticism1 & confid$ to ! sci5tific direction ( ! foll[]s ( ,bacon1 ^: philosophy is common s5se & its law1 progress4 ,! philosophy ( ,plato left 9 its wake a long l9e ( ab/ract propositions1 decay$ civilizations1 & ru9$ cities1 :ile ! philosophy ( ,bacon1 9 ! language ( ,macaulay1 8has l5g!n$ life2 mitigat$ pa92 ext+ui%$ diseases2 increas$ ! f]tility ( ! soil2 giv5 new securities to ! m>9]2 spann$ great riv]s & e/u>ies ) bridges ( =m unkn[n to our fa!rs2 guid$ ! ?und]bolt innocu\sly f heav5 to e>?2 light$ up ! night ) ! spl5dor ( ! day2 ext5d$ ! range ( ! human vision2 multipli$ ! p[] ( ! human muscles2 accel]at$ motion2 annihilat$ di/ance2 facilitat$ int]c\rse1 correspond5ce1 all fri5dly (fices1 all dispat* ( bus9ess2 enabl$ man to desc5d to ! dep?s ( ! sea1 to so> into ! air1 to p5etrate securely into ! noxi\s recesses ( ! e>?1 to trav]se ! l& 9 c>s :i* :irl along )\t horses1 & ! ocean 9 %ips :i* run t5 knots an h\r aga9/ ! w9d40 ,x is ?is b5efic5t "w ( ,bacon t ! ,ideal s*ool is to cont9ue--! "w ( demon/rat+ to ! _w t ! mo/ useful ?+ is ! mo/ beautiful ?+--disc>d+ ,plato1 ! apo/le ( idle speculation1 & exalt+ ,bacon1 ! m9i/] ( use4 ,9 lay+ ! f\ndations ( education 9 labor x is dignifi$ & education is ennobl$4 ,9 su* a union !re is honor & /r5g?1 & long life to our in/itutions4 ,= ! p]man5ce ( ! civil compact 9 ?is c\ntry1 z 9 o!r c\ntries1 dep5ds less ^u a wide diffusion ( unassimilat$ & undige/$ intellig5ce ?an ^u su* a ?or\gh1 practical education ( ! masses 9 ! arts & sci5ces z %all enable !m to secure1 & qualify !m to /ore up1 a fair %>e ( ! aggregate produce ( labor4 ,if ?is s*ool %all appe> l a hive ( indu/ry1 let ! read] n be deceiv$4 ,its ma9 purpose1 intellectual developm5t1 is nev] lo/ sight ( =a mom5t4 ,x is f\nd$ on labor1 :i*1 be+ ! mo/ sacr$ ( human functions1 is ! mo/ useful ( educational me?ods4 ,x is a sy/em ( object-tea*+--tea*+ ?r\gh ?+s in/ead ( ?r\gh signs ( ?+s4 ,x is ! embodim5t ( ,bacon's aphorism--8,education is ! cultivation ( a j & legitimate famili>ity betwixt ! m9d & ?+s40 ,! /ud5ts draw pictures ( ?+s1 & !n fa%ion !m into ?+s at ! =ge1 ! b5*1 & ! turn+-la!2 n ma9ly t !y may ent] ma*9e-%ops1 & ) great] facility make simil> ?+s1 b t !y may become /rong] intellectually & morally2 t !y may atta9 a wid] range ( m5tal vision1 a m v>i$ p[] ( expression1 & s be bett] able to solve ! problems ( life :5 !y %all ent] ^u ! /age ( practical activity4 ,x is a !ory ( ?is s*ool t 9 ! processes ( education ! idea %\ld nev] be isolat$ f ! object x repres5ts2,e#a 7#a7 because ! idea1 be+ ! reflex p]ception or %ad[ ( ! object1 is less cle>ly def9$ ?an ! object itself1 & 7#b7 because jo9+ ! object & ! idea int5sifies ! impression4 ,sep>at$ f its object ! idea is unreal1 a phantasm4 ,! object is ! fle%1 blood1 bones1 & n]ves ( ! idea4 ,)\t its body ! idea is z impot5t z ! jet ( /eam t rises f ! surface ( boil+ wat] & loses itself 9 ! air4 ,b unite x to its object & x becomes ! vital sp>k1 ! animat+ =ce1 ! ,prome!an fire4 ,?us /eam conv]ts ! ,corliss eng9e--a huge mass ( lifeless iron--into a ?+ ( grace1 ( beauty1 & ( resi/less p[]4 ,suppose ! tea*]1 = example1 desires to convey to ! m9d ( a *ild hav+ no k ( =m an impression ( ! %ape ( ! e>?2 he says1 8,x is globul>40 ,! *ild's face expresses no?+ because !re is 9 its m9d no conception ( ! object repres5t$ by ! ^w globul>4 ,! tea*] says1 8,x is a sph]e10 ) no bett] success4 ,he adds1 8,a sph]e is a body b\nd$ by a surface1 e po9t ( :i* is equally di/ant f a po9t )9 call$ ! c5tre40 ,! *ild's face is /ill expressionless4 ,! tea*] takes a h&ful ( moi/ clay & m\lds x into ! =m ( a sph]e1 & exhibit+ x1 says1 8,! e>? is l ?is40 ,! *ild claps its h&s1 utt]s a cry ( delight1 & exclaims1 8,x is r\nd l a ball60 ,?is is an illu/ration ( ! triumph ( object-tea*+1 ! me?od alike ( ! k9d]g>t5 & ! manual tra9+ s*ool4 ,z ! *ild is fa!r ( ! man1 s ! k9d]g>t5 is fa!r ( ! manual tra9+ s*ool4 ,! k9d]g>t5 comes fir/ 9 ! ord] ( developm5t1 & leads logically to ! manual tra9+ s*ool4 ,! same pr9ciple und]lies bo?4 ,9 bo? x is s\ght to g5]ate p[] by deal+ ) ?+s 9 connection ) ideas4 ,bo? h common me?ods ( in/ruction1 & !y %\ld be adapt$ to ! :ole p]iod ( s*ool life1 & appli$ to all s*ools4 ,! ,ideal s*ool1 mo/ precisely repres5tative ( ! pres5t age--! age ( sci5ce--is d$icat$ to a homog5e\s sy/em ( m5tal & manual tra9+1 to ! g5]ation ( p[]1 to ! developm5t ( true manhood4 ,& above all1 ?is s*ool is de/9$ to unite 9 indissoluble bonds sci5ce & art1 & s to conf] ^u labor ! highe/ & ju/e/ dignity--t ( do+ & responsibility4 ,! reason ( ! degradation ( labor 0 admirably /at$ by ,am]ica's mo/ di/+ui%$ educational re=m]1 ! late ,mr4 ,horace ,mann1 :o said1 8,! labor ( ! _w has be5 p]=m$ by ignorant m51 by classes doom$ to ignorance f sire to son2 by ! bondm5 & bondwom5 ( ! ,jews1 by ! helots ( ,sp>ta1 by ! captives :o pass$ "u ! ,roman yoke1 & by ! ville9s & s]fs & slaves ( m mod]n times40 ,:5 x %all h be5 demon/rat$ t ! highe/ degree ( education results f comb9+ manual ) intellectual tra9+1 ! labor] w feel ! pride ( a g5u9e triumph2 = ! consci\sness t e ?\ght-impell$ bl[ educates him1 & s raises him 9 ! scale ( manhood1 w n]ve 8 arm1 & fire 8 bra9 ) hope & c\rage4 ,e#a 8,& ! attempt to convey sci5tific conceptions )\t ! appeal to obs]vation1 :i* c alone give su* conceptions firmness & reality1 appe>s to me to be 9 direct antagonism to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( sci5tific education40--8,physiography10 ,preface1 p4 vii4 ,by ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahgh4 ,?is !ory is ! anti!sis ( t ( ,plato1 namely2 8t ! simple/ & pure/ way ( exam9+ ?+s1 is to pursue e p>ticul> by ?\ght alone1 )\t (f]+ to support our m$itation by see+ or back+ our reason+s by any o!r corporal s5se40--,plato's 8,div9e ,dialogues10 p4 #ahj4 ,london3 ,s4 ,corni% ,co41 #ahci4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,maje/y ,,( ,,tools4 ,tools ! ,highe/ ,text-books4 -- ,h[ to ,use !m ! ,te/ ( ,s*ol>%ip4 -- ,!y are ! ,gauge ( ,civilization4 -- ,c>lyle's ,apo/rophe to !m4 -- ,! ,typical ,h&-tools4 -- ,! ,automata ( ! ,ma*9e-%op4 -- ,?r\gh ,tools ,sci5ce & ,art are ,unit$4 -- ,! ,p[] ( ,tools4 -- ,_! ,educational ,value4 -- ,)\t ,tools ,man is ,no?+2 ) ,tools he is ,all4 -- ,x is ?r\gh ! ,arts alone t ,education t\*es ,human ,life4 ,sacr$ to ! maje/y ( tools might be appropriately inscrib$ ov] ! entrance to ?is ,ideal s*ool2 = its highe/ text-books are tools1 & h[ to use !m mo/ intellig5tly is ! te/ ( s*ol>%ip4 ,to realize ! pot5cy ( tools x is only necess>y to contra/ ! two /ates ( man--! "o )\t tools1 ! o!r ) tools4 ,see him 9 ! fir/ /ate1 nak$1 %iv]+ ) cold1 n[ hid+ away f ! bea/s 9 caves1 & n[1 fami%$ & despair+1 gaunt & holl[-ey$1 creep+ /eal?ily l a pan!r ^u 8 prey4 ,!n see him 9 ! poetic1 graphic apo/rophe ( ,c>lyle3--8,man is a tool-us+ animal4 ,he c use tools1 c devise tools2 ) ^! ! granite m\nta9s melt into light du/ be=e him2 he kneads iron z if x 7 s(t pa/e2 seas are 8 smoo? highway1 w9ds & fire 8 unwe>y+ /e$s4 ,n[h]e d y f9d him )\t tools2 )\t tools he is no?+1 ) tools he is all60 ,:at a picture ( ! influ5ce ( tools ^u civilization6 ,x is ?r\gh ! use ( tools t man has rea*$ ! place ( absolute supremacy among animals4 ,z he increases 8 /ock ( tools he rec$es f ! /ate ( savag]y4 ,! great gulf betwe5 ! aborig9al savage & ! civiliz$ man is spann$ by ! sev5 h&-tools--! axe1 ! saw1 ! plane1 ! hamm]1 ! squ>e1 ! *isel1 & ! file4 ,^! are ! univ]sal tools ( ! arts1 & ! mod]n ma*9e-%op is an aggregation ( !m r5d]$ automatic & driv5 by /eam4 ,! anci5ts con/ruct$ automata :i* 7 exce$+ly +5i\s4 ,9 ! /atues t c\ld walk & talk1 ! ,*9ese puppets & ! m>ionettes ( ! ,greeks !re 0 a h9t ( ! mod]n automatic tools1 :i*1 driv5 by /eam1 fa%ion ) equal accuracy ! delicate p>ts ( ! wat* & ! huge segm5ts ( ! m>9e eng9e4 ,! anci5ts knew m ( sci5ce ?an ( art4 ,!y 7 famili> ) ! p[] ( /eam1 b knew n h[ to apply x to ! wants ( man4 ,!y knew t /eam w\ld turn a spit1 b !y _h n a suffici5t k ( art to conv]t ! p[] !y _h discov]$ into a mon/] ( =ce1 & tra9 x to be> ! burd5s ( comm]ce4 ,!y nev] ?\ght to apply ! jet ( /eam us$ to turn a spit to great automatic ma*9es1 & to fit into !m saws & files1 & ne$les & drills1 & gimlets & planes1 & compel !m to d ! "w ( ?\s&s ( m54 ,b ?is is precisely :at ! mod]n me*anic has accompli%$4 ,9 mak+ a slave ( /eam1 sci5ce & art h comb9$ to free mank9d4 ,we m>vel at ! dulness ( ! anci5ts z %[n 9 _! failure to utilize 9 ! useful arts ! discov]ies ( sci5ce4 ,t !y %\ld h /udi$ ! />s ov] _! heads to ! neglect ( ! e>? "u _! feet is incompreh5sible to ! mod]n m9d4 ,b w n future g5]ations m>vel at u8 ,is x n an a/\nd+ fact t1 ) a k ( ! trem5d\s influ5ce ( tools ^u ! de/9y ( ! human race s graphically depict$ by ,c>lyle1 ! nations h be5 s sl[ 9 incorporat+ tool-practice into educational me?ods8 ,! di/+ui%+ features ( mod]n civilization sprang z def9itively f cunn+ly devis$ & skilfully h&l$ tools z any effect f its cause4 ,& yet ! _w's /atesm5 h fail$ to discov] ! value ( tool-practice z an educational ag5cy4 ,! face ( ! globe has be5 trans=m$ by ! union ( art & sci5ce1 b ! _w's /atesm5 h n disc]n$ ! importance ( unit+ !m 9 ! curriculum ( ! s*ools4 ,if ! anci5ts c\ld see u z we see !m1 !y w\ld d\btless laugh at u z we laugh at !m4 ,we might take a lesson f ! savage4 ,he is taught to fight1 to hunt1 & to fi%1 & 9 ^! arts ! bra91 ! h&1 & ! eye are tra9$ simultane\sly4 ,he is fir/ giv5 object-lessons1 z ! pupil ( ! k9d]g>t5 is taught4 ,!n ! tomahawk1 ! spe>1 & ! b[ & arr[ are plac$ 9 8 h&s1 & he fights = 8 life1 or fi%es or hunts = 8 d9n]4 ,! "y ,indian is taught all t x is necess>y = him to "k1 & he is educat$1 practically1 9 ! savage's ?ree work%ops--! battle-field1 ! =e/ & pla91 ! sea & lake4 ,?us ! "y savage ent]s ^u ! duties ( 8 life ) an exact practical k ( !m4 ,he has n be5 taught a !ory ( fight+1 he has us$ ! weapons ( w>f>e2 he has n /udi$ ! arts ( fi%+ & hunt+1 he has h&l$ ! spe> & ! b[ & arr[1 & _! use is z famili> to him z ! multiplication table is to ! boy 9 ! public s*ool4 ,we h m & bett] tools ?an ! savage possesses4 ,) ! aid ( sci5ce & art we h>ness /eam to our *>iot & compel x to draw u :i!r we w4 ,we /eal fire f ! cl\ds & make x s]ve u z a mess5g]4 ,we imprison ! air1 & ) x /op ! fly+ railway tra92 ) ! aid ( sci5ce & art we r$uce ! mo/ subtile =ces ( nature to s]vitude4 ,b we nei!r tea* our y\? h[ to ma/] _! elem5ts nor h[ to use !m4 ,tools repres5t ! /eps ( human progress--9 ar*itecture1 f ! mud hut to ! mod]n mansion2 9 agriculture1 f ! po9t$ /ick us$ to te> ! turf to a ?\s& & "o +5i\s in/rum5ts ( husb&ry2 9 %ip-build+1 f ! rudd]less1 sailless boat to ! ocean /eam]2 9 fabrics1 f ! matt$ fleece ( ! %eph]d to ! v>i$ products ( c\ntless looms2 9 pott]y1 f ! fir/ rude ,egyptian cup to ! exquisite vase ( ! ,sevres factory4 ,& s ( e art t contributes to ! com=t & pleasure ( man2 ! developm5t ( ea* has be5 accompli%$ by tools 9 ! h&s ( ! labor]4 ,s9ce1 !n1 man owes s mu* to labor1 he has d\btless educat$ ! labor] & %[]$ honors ^u him 7874 ,on ! contr>y1 ! labor ( ! _w has be5 p]=m$ by ! mo/ ignorant classes1 by bondm51 by helots & captives1 by s]fs & slaves4 ,! labor] has be5 held 9 su* contempt1 & be5 s debas$ by ignorance1 t he has (t5 viol5tly prote/$ aga9/ improvem5ts 9 ! tools ( ! trades1 & ) v&al h&s de/roy$ ! mill1 ! factory1 & ! =ge erect$ to ameliorate 8 condition4 ,at ! top ( ! social scale ! sage has /udi$ ! />s & inv5t$ sy/ems ( ab/ract philosophy2 at ! bottom ignorance has deifi$ itself & />v$4 ,?is divorce ( sci5ce f art has result$ 9 su* incongruities z ! ,pyramids ( ,egypt & p]iodical fam9es2 z ! hang+ g>d5s ( ,babylon & ! horrors ( ,jewi% captivity2 z ! ,greek ,p>!non & dwell+s )\t *imneys2 z ! /atues ( ,phidias & ,praxiteles1 & royal banquets )\t knives1 =ks1 or spoons2 z ! ,roman ,=um & ! ,roman populace cry+ = bread & circuses2 z ,socrates1 ,plato1 ,s5eca & ,aurelius1 & ,caligula1 ,claudius1 ,n]o & ,domitian4 ,on ! o!r h& ! union ( sci5ce ) art tunnels ! m\nta91 bridges ! riv]1 dams ! torr5t1 & conv]ts ! wild]ness into a fruitful field4 ,sci5ce discov]s & art appropriates & utilizes2 & z sci5ce is helpless )\t ! aid ( art1 s art is dead )\t ! help ( tools4 ,tools !n con/itute ! great civiliz+ ag5cy ( ! _w2 = civilization is ! art ( r5d]+ life agreeable4 ,! savage may own a cont95t1 b if he possesses only ! savage's tools--! spe> & ! b[ & arr[--he w be ill-f$1 ill-h\s$1 ill-clo!d1 & poorly protect$ bo? aga9/ cold & heat4 ,he might be famili> ) all ! kn[n sci5ces1 b if he 7 ignorant ( ! arts 8 /ate1 in/ead ( be+ improv$1 w\ld be r5d]$ m deplorable2 = ) ! ?\ghts1 emotions1 s5sibilities1 & aspirations ( a sage he w\ld /ill be p[]less to /eal f heav5 a s+le sp>k ( fire ) :i* to w>m 8 mis]able hut4 ,9 ! light ( ?is analysis ,c>lyle's rhapsody on tools becomes a prosaic fact1 & 8 conclusion--t man )\t tools is no?+1 ) tools all--po9ts ! way to ! discov]y ( ! philosoph]'s /one 9 education4 ,= if man )\t tools is no?+1 to be unable to use tools is to be de/itute ( p[]2 & if ) tools he is all1 to be able to use tools is to be all-p[]ful4 ,& ?is p[] 9 ! concrete1 ! p[] to d "s useful ?+ = man--?is is ! la/ analysis ( educational tru?4 ,!re is no bett] def9ition ( education ?an t ( ,pe/alozzi--8! g5]ation ( p[]40 ,b :at k9d ( p[]8 ,n m]ely p[] to ?9k ab/ractly1 to speculate1 to moralize1 to philosophize1 b p[] to act intellig5tly4 ,& ! p[] to act intellig5tly involves ! ex]tion1 9 great] or less degree1 ( all ! p[]s1 bo? m5tal & physical4 ,education1 !n1 is ! developm5t ( all ! p[]s ( man to ! culm9at+ po9t ( action4 ,:at k9d ( action8 ,action 9 art4 ,:at is art8 8,! p[] ( do+ some?+ n taught by nature or in/9ct2 p[] or skill 9 ! use ( k2 ! practical application ( ! rules or pr9ciples ( sci5ce40 ,aga9 we h ! la/ analysis ( education--8skill 9 ! use ( k2 ! application ( ! rules or pr9ciples ( sci5ce40 ,& ?is is tool practice4 ,x is unnecess>y1 9 an educational view1 to divide ! arts by ! employm5t ( ! t]ms 8useful0 & 8f9e20 = ! f9e arts c only exi/ legitimately :]e ! useful arts h pav$ ! way4 ,9 a h>moni\s developm5t ! arti/ w ent] on ! heels ( ! artisan4 ,art is cosmopolitan4 ,x is n less wor?ily repres5t$ by ! c>p5t] ) 8 squ>e1 saw1 & plane1 & ! smi? ) 8 sl$ge1 ?an by ! sculptor ) 8 mallet & *isel1 & ! pa9t] ) 8 easel & bru%2 bo? classes contribute to ! com=t & pleasure ( man2 = com=t is enhanc$ by pleasure1 & pleasure is int5sifi$ by com=t4 ,x foll[s t ! ultimate object ( education is ! atta9m5t ( skill 9 ! arts4 ,to ?is end ! speculations & inve/igations ( philosophy & ! exp]im5ts ( *emi/ry lead4 ,at ! door ( ! /udy ( ! philosoph] & ( ! laboratory ( ! *emi/ /&s ! artisan1 li/5+ = ! newe/ h9t t philosophy c imp>t1 wait+ = ! result ( ! late/ *emical analysis4 ,9 8 h&s ^! sugge/ions take =m2 ?r\gh 8 skilful manipulation ! fa9t indications ( sci5ce become real ?+s1 suit$ to ! exig5cies ( human life4 ,x is ! mo/ a/\nd+ fact ( hi/ory t education has be5 conf9$ to ab/ractions4 ,! s*ools h taught hi/ory1 ma!matics1 language & lit]ature1 & ! sci5ces1 to ! utt] exclusion ( ! arts1 not)/&+ ! obvi\s fact t x is ?r\gh ! arts alone t o!r bran*es ( le>n+ t\* human life4 ,z ,bacon has s aptly express$ x1 8,! real & legitimate goal ( ! sci5ces is ! end[m5t ( human life ) new inv5tions & ri*es40 ,9 a ^w1 public education /ops at ! exact po9t :]e x %\ld beg9 to apply ! !ories x has imp>t$4 ,at ?is po9t ! s*ool ( m5tal & manual tra9+ comb9$--! ,ideal ,s*ool--beg9s2 n only books b tools are put into ! h&s ( ! pupil1 ) ?is injunction ( ,com5ius2 8,let ^? ?+s t h to be done be le>n$ by do+ !m40 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,eng9e-,,room4 ,! ,corliss ,eng9e4 -- ,a ,?+ ( ,grace & ,p[]4 -- ,! ,gr[? ( ,two ,?\s& ,ye>s4 -- ,f ,h]o to ,watt4 -- ,its ,duty z a ,s*ool-ma/]4 -- ,! ,int]dep5d5ce ( ! ,ages4 -- ,! ,s*ool 9 ,epitome4 ,let u ent] ! ,ideal ,s*ool build+ & take a bird's-eye view ( ! visible processes ( ! new education4 ,! fir/ object t attracts att5tion is ! eng9e4 ,x is a 8,corliss10 fifty-two horse-p[]1 & makes t peculi> k9d ( noise :i* conveys to ! m9d ( ! obs]v] an impression ( re/ra9$ p[]4 ,:5 ! /ud5t1 ^u ent]+ ! s*ool1 is %[n ?is beautiful ma*9e he is told t x1 l all o!r inv5tions1 is a gr[?--! gr[? ( at lea/ two ?\s& ye>s2 t ! p[] ( /eam 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts--! ,egyptians1 ,greeks1 & ,romans2 t ,h]o1 a philosoph] ( ,alex&ria1 inv5t$ a crude /eam-eng9e be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & t ! eng9e be=e u1 :i* ?robs & trembles "u ! pressure ( its batt]y ( /eel boil]s 9 do+ duty z a s*ool-ma/]1 is ! late/ developm5t ( ,h]o's conception4 ,! educational idea und]ly+ ?is fact is ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! ages2 ea* g5]ation is a l9k betwe5 ! pa/ & ! future4 8,to %[10 z ,phil>te ,*asles says1 8t man c only act effici5tly by association ) o!rs1 x has be5 orda9$ t ea* inv5tor %all only int]pret ! fir/ ^w ( ! problem he sets himself to solve1 & t e great idea %all be ! rsum ( ! pa/ at ! same "t t x is ! g]m ( ! future40 ,! fir/ ^w ( ! solution ( ! /eam-p[] problem came f ,h]o d[n ! ages1 ?r\gh ,decans1 ,pap91 ,savory1 ,newcom51 ,breighton1 & ,smeaton1 to ,watt4 ,to ,watt is aw>d$ ! honor ( ! inv5tion ( ! mod]n /eam-eng9e2 b ! fir/ conception ( 8 eng9e 0 d]iv$ f an atmosph]ic ma*9e ?r\gh ! accid5t ( x hav+ be5 plac$ 9 8 h&s = repairs4 ,smeaton 0 ! inv5tor ( t atmosph]ic eng9e1 & 8 m9d 0 "o ( ! l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( intellig5ces ext5d+ back to ,egypt1 ?r\gh ^: unit$ ag5cy ! /eam-eng9e became a real ?+ ( p[] 9 ! cunn+ h&s ( ,james ,watt1 ( :om ! late ,dr4 ,drap] said1 8,he conf]r$ on 8 native c\ntry m solid b5efits ?an all ! treaties %e ev] made & all ! battles %e ev] won40 ,?is law gov]n+ great a*ievem5ts is full ( enc\ragem5t to ! /ud5t ( me*anics1 = :ile ! ?\ght ( compass+ any great discov]y or inv5tion may well appall ev5 ! bolde/1 ! mo/ humble may hope ?r\gh /udi\s indu/ry to contribute some?+ to ! sum ( human k4 ,! eng9e-room ( our s*ool is neat] ?an t ( ! ord9>y ma*9e-%op1 b ! furnace ro>s l any o!r1 its op5 m\? %[s a bank ( gl[+ coals1 & ! 8/ok]10 ) grimy h&s1 wipes ! sweat f 8 sooty br[4 ,! :ole s*ool is "h se5 9 epitome3 ! 8/ok]0 typifies ! /ud5t toil+ at ! =ge1 & 9 ! poli%$ eng9e1 exhibit+ bo? grace & p[] 9 its automatic action1 we see ! /ud5t's graduat+ project1 a ma*9e1 ! jo9t creation ( bra91 eye1 & h&4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,draw+-,,room4 ,tw5ty-f\r ,boys b5d+ ov] ! ,draw+-bo>d4 -- ,analysis & ,syn!sis 9 ,draw+4 -- ,geometric ,draw+4 -- ,pictorial ,draw+4 -- ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,design4 -- ,! /hetic 9 ,art4 -- ,! ,fundam5tals4 -- ,object & ,con/ructive ,draw+4 -- ,draw+ = ! ,ex]cises 9 ! ,laboratories4 -- ,! ,educational ,value ( ,draw+4 -- ,! ,language ( ,draw+4 -- ,e ,/ud5t an exp]t ,draughtsman at ! end ( ! ,c\rse4 ,pass+ f ! eng9e-room we ent] ! room assign$ to draw+1--! fir/ /ep 9 art education--:]e tw5ty-f\r boys are b5d+ ov] ! draw+-bo>d1 p5cil 9 h&4 ,e s*ool-day = ?ree ye>s ^! boys w sp5d an h\r 9 ?is room4 ,ea* division ( draw+--free-h& & me*anical--is ?or\ghly taught4 ,e graduate ( ! in/itution w be an exp]t draughtsman4 ,! room is v /ill1 only ! scrat*+ s\nd ( tw5ty-f\r p5cils is he>d4 ,! in/ructor moves ab\t among ! /ud5ts1 ) "h & !re a h9t1 a sugge/ion1 a correction1 or a ^w ( comm5dation--8good40 ,draw+ is ! repres5tation on pap] ( ! facts1 & ! appe>ance to ! eye ( =ms4 ,! ex]cise proce$s by bo? analysis & syn!sis4 ,a cube is divid$ into all ! geometric figures ( :i* x is susceptible1 & ^! figures are imitat$ ) ! p5cil on pap]4 ,!n ! figures are reunit$1 & ! cube is simil>ly imitat$4 ,z ! *ild 9 ! k9d]g>t5 is taught sev]al fundam5tal geometric facts ?r\gh ! use ( v>i\sly subdivid$ cubes1 s ! /ud5t ( draw+ is taught by a simil> process h[ to repres5t ^! fundam5tal facts on pap]4 ,= example 7#a71 ! /ud5t is taught to draw ! foll[+ 7sket*es #a1 #b1 & #c7 geometric =ms ( ! squ>e1 oblong1 & circle2 7#b7 he is taught 7sket*es #d1 #e1 #f1 & #g7 to repres5t ! facts ( ! oblong block & cyl9d]2 7#c7 ^! facts are express$ z foll[s 7sket*es #h & #i7 9 work+ draw+s4 ,sket*es #h & #i are su* draw+s z w\ld be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( a me*anic z plans = ! manufacture ( ! solids !y repres5t2 & ! mo/ elaborate work+ draw+s = build+ & me*anical purposes are m]ely ! complete developm5t ( ?is division ( ! art4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,ano!r division ( draw+ consi/s 9 ! repres5tation ( solids or objects z !y appe> to ! eye or pictorially4 ,! oblong block & cyl9d]1 = example1 appe> to ! eye v diff]5tly f _! facts repres5t$ 9 ! work+ draw+s 7sket*es #h & #i71 z ?us--7sket*es #aj & #aa74 ,illu/ration ,! developm5t ( ?is division ( draw+ leads to g5]al pictorial repres5tation4 ,f9ally ! ma/]y ( ! art ( draw+ involves a /udy ( ! pr9ciples ( design z appli$ to indu/rial articles ) ! purpose ( enhanc+ _! value1 z designs = wall-pap]1 c>pets1 embroid]ies1 tape/ry1 textiles g5]ally1 & decorative "w 9 wood4 ,?is is ! /hetic elem5t 9 ! art :i* appeals to & develops ! /ud5t's ta/e4 ,x is an important feature ( draw+1 n less on ?is acc\nt ?an f ! fact t ! design]'s pr(ession is a v lucrative "o1 b x is less important ?an object & con/ructive draw+1 because less fundam5tal4 ,besides1 object & con/ructive "w 9 draw+ come fir/ 9 ! ord] ( developm5t1 & x is an inexorable rule ( ! new education to foll[ implicitly ! h9ts ( nature4 ,! basis ( ! art ( draw+ is geometry1 & its a1 b1 c consi/s 9 a k ( c]ta9 geometrical l9es1 curves1 & angles4 ,?is k is ga9$ f examples on ! black-bo>d :i* are reproduc$ on pap]4 ,b to relieve ! /ud5t ( ?is s*ool f ! t$ium ( reproduc+1 hundr$s ( times 9 succession1 ! same l9es1 angles1 & curves1 object-draw+ is introduc$ v e>ly 9 ! c\rse2 & to r5d] ! ex]cise m attractive1 z well z to impress x m firmly ^u ! m9d1 ! objects drawn dur+ ! day are made features ( ! con/ruction lesson 9 ! c>p5t]'s laboratory1 ! wood or iron turn+ laboratory1 or ! laboratory ( f\nd+ on ! foll[+ day4 ,at fir/ ! objects select$ = ?is ex]cise are ( a v simple "*1 z a piece ( pla9 m\ld+--a piece ( elaborate m\ld+2 p>ts ( a draw+-bo>d--an entire draw+-bo>d2 p>ts ( a table or desk--an entire table or desk2 p>ts ( a draughtsman's /ool--an entire /ool2 p>ts ( a *air--an entire *air4 ,z ! /ud5t advances 9 ! g5]al c\rse he advances 9 object & con/ructive draw+1 f simple to complex =ms4 ,he draws1 = example1 v>i\s p>ts ( ! /eam-heat+ app>atus1 & f ^! draughts makes work+ draw+s ( patt]ns = m\ld+4 ,^! he works out 9 ! ,c>p5t]'s ,laboratory1 & !nce takes !m to ! m\ld+-room1 :]e !y are us$ 9 ! lesson giv5 9 m\ld+ = ca/+4 ,?is me?od ( in/ruction leads to a critical analysis ( ! entire int]ior ( ! s*ool build+4 ,ea* article is resolv$ into ! orig9al elem5ts ( its con/ruction1 & ea* elem5t or "p is fir/ repres5t$ on pap]1 !n exp&$ into work+ draw+s1 & !n wr\ght out 9 wood & iron4 ,f9ally ! /ud5t rea*es ! eng9e1 e "p ( :i* is made ! subject ( exhau/ive /udy2 ! facts ( e "p are repres5t$ on pap]1 work+ draw+s ( e "p are made1 & e "p is reproduc$ 9 /eel & iron 9 m9iature1 &1 z a triumph ( draw+1 a repres5tation on pap] ( ! complet$ eng9e is produc$4 ,! value ( draw+ z an educational ag5cy is simply incalculable4 ,x is ! fir/ /ep 9 manual tra9+4 ,x br+s ! eye & ! m9d into relations ( ! close/ intimacy1 & makes ! h& ! organ ( bo?4 ,x tra9s & develops ! s5se ( =m & proportion1 r5d]s ! eye accurate 9 obs]vation1 & ! h& cunn+ 9 execution4 ,! /ud5ts are int5t ^u _! "w4 ,! eye is busy act+ z int]pret] betwe5 ! m9d & ! h&4 ,hav+ convey$ ! impression ( an object to ! m9d1 "u its direction x n[ photographs ! object on pap]1 & ! h& obey+ ! w traces x out 9 l9es4 ,?us ! p[] is ga9$ ( multiply+ =ms ( ?+s ) ! p5cil z words are multipli$ by types4 ,draw+ is a language--! language 9 :i* art records ! discov]ies ( sci5ce4 ,x is n ,g]man1 x is n ,fr5*1 x is n ,engli%--x is univ]sal--common to all draughtsm54 ,! face ( ! /ud5t exhibits vivid fla%es ( intellig5ce z ! picture reveals itself "u 8 h&4 ,ea* l9e is a ^w1 an angle completes ! s5t5ce2 ) a curve & a little delicate %ad+ we h a p>agraph4 ,! picture beg9s to gl[ ) ?\ght4 ,! /ud5t's face flu%es1 8 he>t beats quick & 8 h& trembles4 ,b he re/ra9s himself1 & adds m l9es1 m angles & curves1 m %ad+1 & ! picture is complete4 ,x /&s out 9 bold relief1 & looks l a real ?+4 ,if ! /ud5t kn[s ! /ory ( ! braz5 /atue ( ,alb]tus ,magnus he half expects 8 picture ( a locomotive to move4 ,he li/5s = ! s\nd ( ! hiss+ /eam1 & a smile lights up 8 face z ! illusion vani%es4 ,pres5tly he w take 8 draw+ to ! %op1 & at ! b5*1 ! la!1 ! anvil1 & ! =ge1 reproduce x 9 iron & /eel1 & actually vitalize x ) /eam4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,c>p5t]',s ,,laboratory4 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,p9e-tree4 -- ,h[ x is ,conv]t$ into ,lumb]1 :at x is ,wor?1 & h[ x is ,consum$4 -- ,:]e ! ,/ud5ts get ,in=mation4 -- ,work+ ,draw+s ( ! ,lesson4 -- ,ask+ ,que/ions4 -- ,! ,in/ructor ,executes ! ,lesson4 -- ,in/ruction 9 ! ,use & ,c>e ( ,tools4 -- ,tw5ty-f\r ,boys ,mak+ ,?+s4 -- ,z ,busy z ,bees4 -- ,! ,music ( ! ,laboratory4 -- ,! ,self-reliance ( ! ,/ud5ts4 ,pass+ f ! ,draw+-,room d[n a flight ( /airs we ent] ! ,c>p5t]'s ,laboratory4 ,"h we f9d tw5ty-f\r boys seat$ be=e a black-bo>d4 ,at _! left /&s ! in/ructor ) a piece ( :ite p9e 9 8 h&4 ,! piece ( p9e is ! subject ( 8 lecture4 ,he frequ5tly breaks ! ?read ( 8 rem>ks to ask que/ions1 & he is z frequ5tly int]rupt$ by que/ions f memb]s ( ! class4 ,! sc5e closely resembles an animat$ discussion1 ( :i* a desire to le>n by ask+ que/ions is ! *ief *>act]i/ic4 ,! discussion is ab\t p9e-trees & p9e lumb]4 ,a pale-fac$1 city-br$ boy rises to describe ! p9e-tree4 ,he describes a fir-tree1 su* z may be se5 9 well-kept urban gr\nds & p>ks1 & describes x 9 well-*os51 almo/ poetic phrase4 ,! in/ructor %akes 8 head1 b ) a g5ial smile1 & recognizes a boy ^: face is tann$ br[n1 & :o rises at ! nod & /&s r awkw>dly z he speaks4 ,he has se5 ! p9e 9 its native wilds1 & he describes q graphically its long1 b>e trunk & sl5d] limbs4 ,b he says no?+ ( its n>r[1 l9e> leaves1 ( a d>k gre5 color1 nor ( its woody cones1 nor ( ! olian-h>p-l s\nd ( ! w9d 9 its bran*es4 ,:y1 ! in/ructor wants to "k1 & he prop\nds a s]ies ( que/ions1 ! answ]s to :i* af=d a brief sket* ( ! boy's hi/ory4 ,8 fa!r is a deal] 9 p9e logs1 & once ?is boy w5t ) him into ! p9]ies ( ,nor!rn ,mi*igan 9 mid-w9t]1 :5 ! l&scape 0 :ite ) sn[1 & !re saw ! huge trees sway back & =? "u ! woodman's axe1 saw !m topple ov]1 & he>d ! l\d cra% ( _! fall1 saw !m trimm$ & saw$ into mill-logs4 ,he took no note ( ! woody cones1 nor ( ! n>r[ leaves ( ! p9e1 nor did ! s\nd ( ! w9d 9 its bran*es make any impression ^u 8 m9d4 ,he saw ! p9e z 8 fa!r saw x1 ) ! eyes ( a lumb]man4 ,he le>n$ j "o ?+1 & le>n$ x s well t he is able to tell ! /ory ( ! p9e-tree f ! mom5t ( its fall f ! /ump 9 ! great =e/ to its arrival at ! mill1 & !nce1 cut into bo>ds1 planks1 & timb]1 to ! raft or s*oon] b\nd = ,*icago4 ,!n ! diff]5t v>ieties ( ! p9e-tree are enum]at$1 & ! uses to :i* _! woods are sev]ally adapt$ m5tion$4 ,! c\ntries :i* *iefly produce ! p9e-tree are nam$1 & ! climatic conditions mo/ favorable to its gr[? briefly ref]r$ to4 ,?is discussion leads to ! subject ( comm]ce 9 p9e lumb]--quantity consum$1 dem& & supply1 etc2 & ?is 9 turn br+s a boy to 8 feet ) ! /atem5t t at ! pres5t rate ( consumption ! supply ( p9e 9 ,nor? ,am]ica w be exhau/$ 9 fifty ye>s4 ,9 answ] to a "q ! boy says he read ! /atem5t 9 a newspap]4 ,?is leads to fur!r inquiry z to ! s\rces ( in=mation s\ght by ! memb]s ( ! class1 :]eupon x appe>s t fifte5 boys h consult$ ! title 8p9e0 9 "s encyclop$ia ) a view to ! pres5t lesson1 & t eighte5 boys h read ! m>ket report "u ! title 8lumb]0 9 a daily j\rnal1 9 ord] to le>n ! value ( :ite-p9e bo>ds4 ,! value be+ /at$ by half a doz5 boys1 ea* memb] ( ! class computes ! co/ ( ! piece ( p9e 9 ! h&s ( ! tea*]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,laboratory ,,( ,,c>p5try4 ,t5 m9utes hav+ be5 consum$ 9 ! inquiry into ! nature & value ( ! wood 9 :i* ! lesson ( ! day is to be wr\ght1 ! in/ructor makes work+ draw+s ( ! lesson on ! black-bo>d4 ,x may consi/ ( a pla9 jo9t1 a mitre jo9t1 a dove-tail jo9t1 a t5on & mortise1 or a frame involv+ all ^!1 & m manipulations4 ,9 ! few m9utes devot$ to ?is ex]cise any "q t occurs to ! m9d ( ! /ud5t may be ask$1 & no impati5ce is manife/$ or felt if ! que/ions are num]\s & reit]at$4 ,b z a matt]-(-fact v few que/ions are ask$ dur+ ! black-bo>d ex]cise1 because ea* /ud5t1 hav+ gone ov] e /ep ( x 9 8 draw+-class ! day previ\s1 is p]fectly famili> ) ! subject4 ,! in/ructor n[ quits ! black-bo>d = ! b5*1 :]e1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! :ole class1 he executes ! difficult p>ts ( ! lesson1 /ill prop\nd+ & answ]+ que/ions4 ,if a new tool is br\ght into requisition1 in/ruction is giv5 9 its c>e & use4 ,n[ ! boys repair to _! b5*es1 ?r[ (f _! coats1 & seize _! tools4 ,9 a mom5t ! sil5ce & repose ( ! recitation-room are ex*ang$ = ! noise & activity ( ! laboratory4 ,a qu>t] ( an h\r ago we left tw5ty-f\r boys1 ) b[$ heads1 mak+ draw+s ( ?+s2 = a qu>t] ( an h\r we h li/5$ to a peculi> k9d ( recitation involv+ mu* practical k on ! subject ( ! p9e-tree & its product1 lumb]2 n[ we /& 9 ! pres5ce ( tw5ty-f\r boys1 9 tw5ty-f\r diff]5t attitudes ( labor1 mak+ ?+s4 ,!y are lit]ally z busy z bees1 us+ ! squ>e1 ! saw1 ! plane1 & ! *isel2 !y are1 z ! j\rneyman c>p5t] w\ld say1 8gett+ out /uff = a job40 ,! co>se1 buzz+ s\nd ( ! cross-cut saw res\nds l\dly ?r\gh ! room2 above ?is bass note ! %>p t5or tone ( ! rip-saw is he>d1 & ! rasp+ s\nd ( half a doz5 planes ?r[+ (f a s]ies ( curl+ p9e ribbons comes 9 z a rude refra94 ,! faces ( ! boys are ruddy ) ! gl[ ( ex]cise2 ! pale-fac$ boy :o mi/ook a fir-tree = a p9e w h 8 rev5ge on ! angul> boy f ! ,mi*igan p9]y1 = he is do+ a f9] piece ( "w ?an ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,! ,,laboratory ,,( ,,c>p5try4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! h>moni\s confusion caus$ by ! use ( saws1 planes1 mallets1 & *isels1 ! in/ructor raps on 8 desk1 & sil5ce is re/or$2 ?ree or f\r boys /& 9 a gr\p ab\t ! in/ructor's desk1 ! o!rs pause & wipe ! p]spiration f _! br[s4 ,x is a picture full ( int]e/--tw5ty-f\r boys1 ) flu%$1 eag] faces1 lift+ _! eyes simultane\sly to ! face ( ! in/ructor1 wait+ = ! h9t :i* is to come1 & :i* is sure 9 ^! n[ active m9ds to result 9 a prompt solution ( ! ma9 problem ( ! day's lesson4 ,a simil> "q f sev]al boys %[s ! in/ructor t ! lesson has n be5 made cle>2 h5ce ! g5]al explanation :i* foll[s ! call to ord]4 ,s ! "w goes on1 ) n[ & !n an int]ruption4 ,!re is a /ud5t try+ to fit a t5on into its mortise2 he is n]v\s & impati5t2 ! in/ructor obs]ves him1 =esees a cata/rophe1 & moves t[>ds 8 b5*4 ,b x is too late6 ,! t5on be+ =c$ ! mortise splits1 & ! discom=t$ /ud5t makes a wry face4 ,! in/ructor approa*es ) a ^w ( good *e]1 b ) ! w>n+ aphorism t 8ha/e makes wa/e40 ,! /ud5t's face flu%es1 & he *ronicles 8 failure z ,huntsman1 ! inv5tor ( ca/-/eel1 did 81 by bury+ ! wreck "u a pile ( %av+s1 & comm5c+1 z ! lawy]s say1 de novo4 ,?us ! lesson proce$s 8by ! usual laboratory me?ods employ$ 9 tea*+ ! sci5ces20 ! class le>ns ! ?+ to be done by do+ x4 ,! /ud5ts are at _! be/1 because ! lesson to be le>n$ compels a close union betwe5 ! ?ree great p[]s ( man--obs]vation1 reflection1 & action4 ,no /ud5t seeks aid f ano!r1 because su* a c\rse w\ld be impossible )\t ! k ( ! :ole class4 ,a feel+ ( self-reliance is ?us develop$1 ! disposition to %irk repress$1 & a s5se ( /urdy indep5d5ce enc\rag$ & promot$4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,wood-,,turn+ ,,laboratory4 ,a ,radical ,*ange4 -- ,f ! ,squ>e to ! ,circle2 f ,angles to ,sph]ical1 ,cyl9drical1 & ,ecc5tric ,=ms4 -- ,! ,rhy?m ( ,me*anics4 -- ,! ,pott]'s ,:eel ( ! ,anci5ts & ! ,turn+-la!4 -- ,! ,speculation ( ,holtzapffels on its ,orig94 -- ,! ,greeks z ,turn]s4 -- ,! ,turn]s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 -- ,george ,,iii4 at ! ,la!4 -- ,maudslay's ,slide-re/1 & ! ,revolution x wr\ght4 -- ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,black-walnut4 -- ,! ,practical ,value ( ,imag9ation4 -- ,disraeli's ,tribute to x2 ,sir ,rob]t ,peel's ,want ( x4 -- ,! ,laboratory animat$ by ,/eam4 -- ,! ,boys at ! ,la!s4 -- ,_! ,manly ,be>+4 -- ,! ,lesson4 ,:5 ! tw5ty-f\r boys ( ! ,c>p5t]'s ,laboratory h become exp]t 9 ! use ( ! tools employ$ 9 c>p5try !y w be introduc$ to ! ,wood-turn+ ,laboratory4 ,! *ange is radical--f ! squ>e to ! circle1 f ! prose to ! poetry ( me*anical manipulation4 ,c>p5try is di/+ui%$ = its corn]s & angles1 turn]y = its sph]ical1 cyl9drical1 & ecc5tric =ms4 ,9 ^! =ms ,nature ab\nds & delights1 & x is 9 ^! =ms t ! rhy?m ( me*anics exi/s4 ,x is by ! ,turn]s t ! arts are suppli$ ) a ?\s& & "o ?+s ( use & beauty4 ,! ma*9es1 great & small1 f ! locomotive to ! /ock+-knitt]--)\t :i* ! "w ( ! mod]n _w c\ld n be done--^! wond]ful contrivances1 seem+ly m cunn+ ?an ! h& ( man1 owe _! v exi/5ce to ! turn+-la!4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,wood-,,turn+ ,,laboratory4 ,! skill$ in/ructor 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( ! s*ool loves to dwell ^u ! hi/ory ( turn+4 ,its orig9 is envelop$ 9 ! obscurity ( e>ly ,egyptian traditions4 ,x is ! subject ( "o ( ! olde/ my?s1 :i* runs ?us3 8,num1 ! direct+ _s ( ! univ]se1 & olde/ ( creat$ be+s1 fir/ ex]cis$ ! pott]'s art1 m\ld+ ! human race on 8 :eel4 ,hav+ made ! heav5s & ! e>?1 & ! air1 & ! sun & moon1 he modell$ man out ( ! d>k ,nilotic clay1 & into 8 no/rils brea!d ! brea? ( life40 ,! ,pott]'s ,:eel ( ! anci5ts conta9$ ! g]m ( ! turn+-la! f\nd 9 e mod]n ma*9e-%op1 :e!r = ! manipulation ( wood or iron4 ,holtzapffels has an +5i\s speculation z to ! orig9 ( ! inv5tion ( ! la!4 ,9 8 elaborate "w on 8,turn+ & ,me*anical ,manipulation0 he says1 8,x w\ld appe> probable t ! orig9 ( ! la! may be f\nd 9 ! revolution giv5 to tools = pi]c+ objects = ornam5t or use4 ,at fir/ x may be suppos$ t a sp9e or ?orn f a tree1 a spl9t] ( bone or a too?1 0 alone us$ & press$ into ! "w z we %\ld use a brad-awl4 ,! process w\ld naturally be sl[ & unsuitable to h>d mat]ials1 & ?is probably sugge/$ to ! primitive me*anic ! idea ( atta*+ a spl9t] ( bone or fl9t to ! end ( a %ort piece ( /ick1 rubb+ :i* betwe5 ! palms ( 8 h&s w\ld give a rot>y motion to ! tool40 ,( ! /eps ( progress 9 inv5tion1 f ! rude turn+-tools ( ! anci5ts d[n to ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 :5 ,maudslay's improvem5t made ! la! ! k+ ( ! ma*9e-%op1 little is kn[n4 ,by ! ,greeks ! inv5tion ( turn+ 0 ascrib$ to ,ddalus4 ,phidias1 :o produc$ ! two great ma/]pieces ( ,greek art1 ,a!ne & ,jupit] ,olympius1 0 famili> ) ! !n exi/+ sy/em ( wood-turn+4 ,9 cutt+ figures on signets & gems 9 su* /ones z agate1 c>nelian1 *alc$ony1 & ame?y/1 ! ,greek artific]s us$ ! :eel & ! /yle4 ,9 ! abundant ornam5tation ( ,roman dwell+s--_! elaborately c>v$ *airs1 tables1 b$/eads1 s(as1 & /ools--!re is ample evid5ce ( a k ( ! art ( turn+ 9 wood4 ,improvem5ts 7 made 9 turn+-tools1 & f9e ornam5tal "w 0 done by ! artisans ( ! ,middle ,ages1 to :i* ! ca!drals & palaces ( ! "t be> witness4 ,lat]1 dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 turn+ became a fa%ionable amusem5t among ! ,fr5* nobility & g5try4 ,l\is ,,xvi4 0 an exp]t locksmi?1 & sp5t mu* ( 8 royal "t 9 t pursuit4 ,! fa%ion ext5d$ to ,engl&4 ,george ,,iii4 is said to h be5 an exp]t wood-turn]1 to h be5 8le>n$ 9 :eels & treadles1 *ucks & *isels20 & z a matt] ( c\rse a pursuit indulg$ by k+s 0 foll[$ by _m nobles4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no evid5ce t ^? di/+ui%$ amateurs made any improvem5ts 9 ! tools !y us$2 inv5tions & discov]ies 9 ?is z 9 all dep>tm5ts ( art came f ! o!r end ( ! social scale4 ,:5 ! ,spani>ds sack$ ,antw]p 9 #aehe ! ,flemi% silk-weav]s fl$ to ,engl& & set up _! looms !re2 & a c5tury lat]1 ^u ! revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes1 ! silk indu/ry ( ,engl& receiv$ a new accession ( refugee artisans consi/+ ( p]secut$ ,prote/ants4 ,d\btless ) ! ,flemi% weav]s !re cross$ ! ,briti% ,*annel repres5tatives ( all ! useful arts1 includ+ t ( turn+2 = 9 ano!r hundr$ ye>s ,engl& took ! front rank among nations 9 ne>ly all indu/rial pursuits4 ,among ! great inv5tions & discov]ies :i* di/+ui%$ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,maudslay's slide-re/ atta*m5t to ! la! 0 "o ( ! greate/1 if n ! greate/4 ,)\t x ,watt's inv5tion w\ld h be5 ( little m real s]vice to mank9d ?an ! ,fr5* automata ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! same c5tury--! me*anical peacock ( ,deg5nes1 ,vaucauson's duck1 or ,maill>det's conjur]4 ,mr4 ,samuel ,smiles1 9 8 admirable book on 8,iron-work]s & ,tool-mak]s10 decl>es t ?is passion = automata1 :i* gave rise to _m highly +5i\s devices1 8_h ! effect ( introduc+ among ! high] ord] ( arti/s habits ( nice & accurate workman%ip 9 execut+ delicate pieces ( ma*9]y40 ,& he adds1 8,! same comb9ation ( me*anical p[]s :i* made ! /eel spid] crawl1 ! duck quack1 or wav$ ! t9y rod ( ! magician1 contribut$ 9 future ye>s to purposes ( high] import--! :eels & p9ions1 :i* 9 ^! automata almo/ elud$ ! human s5ses by _! m9ut5ess1 reappe>+ 9 mod]n times 9 ! /up5d\s me*anism ( our self-act+ la!s1 sp9n+-mules1 & /eam-eng9es40 ,t !re 0 a logical connection betwe5 ! two eras ( me*anical contrivance--t ( ! +5i\s automata & t ( ! useful mod]n ma*9es--is extremely probable4 ,t ! refugee artisans f ,antw]p & f ,france _h a /imulat+ effect ^u ,engli% inv5tion & discov]y !re c be little d\bt2 & t ! ,fr5* automata1 :i* 7 mu* writt5 ab\t1 & exhibit$ z a triumph ( me*anical g5ius1 became kn[n to & ex]cis$ an influ5ce ^u ! m9ds ( intellig5t me*anics is equally probable4 ,we are !re=e surpris$ to f9d ,mr4 ,smiles arriv+ at a conclusion 9 su* direct conflict ) 8 g5]al views ( ! gradual gr[? ( inv5tions1 namely1 8t ,maudslay's inv5tion 0 entirely indep5d5t ( all t _h gone be=e1 & t he contriv$ x = ! special purpose ( ov]com+ ! difficulties :i* he himself exp]i5c$ 9 turn+ out duplicate p>ts 9 l>ge numb]s40 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 ,mr4 ,maudslay's inv5tion revolutioniz$ ! work%op4 ,be=e its introduction ! tool ( ! artisan 0 guid$ solely by muscul> /r5g? & ! dext]ity ( ! h&2 ! smalle/ v>iation 9 ! pressure appli$ r5d]$ ! "w imp]fect4 ,! slide-re/ act+ automatically *ang$ all t4 ,) x ?\s&s ( duplicates ( ! mo/ pond]\s1 z well z ! mo/ m9ute pieces ( ma*9]y1 are execut$ ) ! utmo/ precision4 ,)\t x ! /eam-eng9e1 :e!r locomotive or /ation>y1 w\ld h be5 h>dly m ?an a dream ( g5ius2 = ! mon/] t is to be f$ ) /eam c be prop]ly con/ruct$ only by automatic /eam-driv5 tools2 or1 z ano!r has express$ x1 8,/eam-eng9es 7 nev] prop]ly made until !y made !mselves40 ,t5 m9utes are ?us agreeably & pr(itably occupi$ by ! in/ructor 9 a review ( ! hi/ory ( a s+le inv5tion1 & its relations to ! :ole field ( me*anical "w4 ,ano!r bran* ( ! lesson consi/s ( an inquiry into ! natural hi/ory1 qualities1 value1 & common uses ( ! wood :i* is to be ! mat]ial ( ! day's manipulation--black-walnut4 ,hold+ a piece ( ! purpli% br[n wood high 9 8 h& ! in/ructor dis*>ges1 z x 71 a volley ( que/ions at ! class1 8,:at is x call$80 8,:]e is x f\nd80 8,h[ l>ge does ! tree gr[80 8,= :at is ! wood *iefly us$80 ,up g a doz5 h&s4 ,! own] ( "o ( ! h&s is recogniz$1 & he rises to tell all ab\t x1 b is only all[$ to say 8black-walnut40 ,! next speak] is p]mitt$ to say t 8! black-walnut is f\nd all ov] ,nor? ,am]ica20 ! next t x is m abundant we/ ( ! ,alleghanies1 & mo/ abundant 9 ! valley ( ! ,mississippi2 ! next t 9 a =e/ x has a limbless trunk f ?irty to fifty feet high1 b 9 ! 8op50 bran*es ne> ! gr\nd2 ! next t x is ext5sively us$ 9 h\se-f9i%+1 9 furniture1 = all k9ds ( cab9et-"w1 & especially = gun/ocks4 ,fur!r inquiry elicits ! in=mation t ! black-walnut is a quick-gr[+1 l>ge tree2 t its wood is h>d1 f9e-gra9$1 durable1 & susceptible ( a high poli%1 & t ?r\gh use & exposure x turns d>k1 & ) great age becomes almo/ black4 ,"o /ud5t describes ! leaves1 ano!r ! fruit or nuts1 & /ates t !y are us$ 9 dye+2 a ?ird /ates t ! black-walnut is a great favorite = plant+ 9 ! treeless tracts ( ! ,we/1 on acc\nt ( its rapid gr[? & ! value ( its timb]4 ,:5 ! subject appe>s to be ne>ly exhau/$1 a boy at ! f>!r end ( "o ( ! =ms rises timidly & tells ! /ory ( ! late ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,bryant's great black-walnut-tree at ,roslyn1 ,long ,isl&4 ,he concludes1 excit$ly1 8,x is "o hundr$ & sev5ty ye>s old & tw5ty-five feet 9 circumf]5ce40#a ,! timid boy dwells ^u 8 /ory ( ! 8big0 tree ) evid5t fondness1 & 8 eyes dilate ) satisfaction z he resumes 8 seat4 ,! circum/ance ( ! great age no less ?an ! enorm\s size ( ! tree has captivat$ 8 imag9ation4 ,! discrim9at+ in/ructor w n fail to note su* incid5ts ( ! lesson4 ,x is ?r\gh !m t ! special aptitudes ( /ud5ts are disclos$4 ,! in/ructor w always be> prom95tly 9 m9d t ! purpose ( ! s*ool is n to make me*anics b m54 ,nor w he =get1 z ,buckle rem>k$1 t ,%akespe>e prec$$ ,newton4 ,buckle pays a gl[+ tribute to ! usefulness ( ! imag9ation4 ,he says1 8,%akespe>e & ! poets s[$ ! se$ :i* ,newton & ! philosoph]s reap$4444 ,!y drew att5tion to nature1 & ?us became ! real f\nd]s ( all natural sci5ce4 ,!y did ev5 m ?an ?is4 ,!y fir/ impregnat$ ! m9d ( ,engl& ) bold & l(ty conceptions4 ,!y taught ! m5 ( _! g5]ation to crave aft] ! unse540 #a 8,at ,ell]slie1 ! bir?place ( ,wallace1 exi/s an oak :i* is celebrat$ z hav+ be5 a rem>kable object 9 8 "t1 & :i* c sc>cely1 !re=e1 be less ?an sev5 hundr$ ye>s old4 ,ne> ,/a9es !re is a yew-tree old] ?an ,magna ,*>ta 7#abae71 & ! yews at ,f\nta9s ,abbey1 9 ,york%ire1 are probably m ?an twelve hundr$ ye>s old4 ,eight olive-trees /ill exi/ 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,olives at ,j]usalem :i* are kn[n to be at lea/ eight hundr$ ye>s old40--8,vegetable ,physiology40 ,by ,william ,b4 ,c>p5t]1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,london3 ,bell & ,daldy4 #ahfe4 p4 #gh4 ,disraeli1 9 8 mat*less biography ( ,"l ,george ,b5t9ck1 9 summ+ up ! "* ( a great ,engli% /atesman is equally emphatic 9 praise ( ! imag9ation z a practical quality4 ,he says1 8,?us gift$ & ?us accompli%$1 ,sir ,rob]t ,peel _h a great defici5cy--he 0 )\t imag9ation4 ,want+ imag9ation1 he want$ presci5ce4 ,no "o 0 m sagaci\s :5 deal+ ) ! circum/ances be=e him2 no "o p5etrat$ ! pres5t ) m acut5ess & accuracy4 ,8 judgm5t 0 faultless1 provid$ he _h n to deal ) ! future4 ,?us x happ5$ ?r\gh 8 long c>e]1 t :ile he always 0 look$ ^u z ! mo/ prud5t & safe/ ( lead]s1 he ev]1 aft] a protract$ display ( admirable tactics1 conclud$ 8 campaigns by surr5d]+ at discretion4 ,he 0 s adroit t he c\ld prolong resi/ance ev5 beyond its t]m1 b s little =esee+ t (t5 9 ! v triumph ( 8 manuvres he f\nd himself 9 an unt5able position40 ,! timid boy has imag9ation2 if he has application & ! logical faculty he may become an inv5tor1 or he may become an arti/--an engrav] or a design] ( works ( art--or he may become a man ( lett]s4 ,to ! man ( vivid imag9ation & indu/ry all av5ues are op52 ,disraeli's wond]ful c>e] (f]s a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! tru? ( ?is proposition4 ,! true purpose ( education is ! h>moni\s developm5t ( ! :ole be+1 & ! purpose ( ?is turn+ laboratory is to educate ^! tw5ty-f\r boys1 n to make turn]s ( !m4 ,! laboratory is a labyr9? ( belts1 l>ge & small1 ( :eels1 big & little1 ( pulleys & la!s4 ,a /ud5t1 at a ^w f ! in/ructor1 moves a lev] a few in*es1 & ! brea? ( life is brea!d into ! complicat$ mass ( ma*9]y4 ,! ?robb+ he>t ( ! eng9e f> away s5ds ! curr5ts ( its p[] along %aft+ & pulleys4 ,! dull1 monoton\s :ir ( /eam-driv5 ma*9]y salutes ! e>1 & ! tw5ty-f\r /ud5ts take _! places at ! la!s4 ,!y are f f\rte5 to sev5te5 ye>s ( age1 & range 9 height f und]size to 8full-gr[n40 ,!y look l little m54 ,_! faces are grave1 %[+ a s5se ( responsibility4 ,!y are to h&le edge-tools on wood rapidly revolv$ by ! p[] ( /eam4 ,!re is p]il 9 an uncauti\s /ep1 & dea? lurks 9 ! %aft+4 ,( ^! dang]s !y h be5 repeat$ly w>n$2 & !re is 9 _! be>+ t manife/ation ( w>y coolness :i* we call 8n]ve10 & :i* 9 an em]g5cy develops into a l(ty h]oism capable ( sublime self-sacrifice4 ,?is is ! v ess5ce ( education1 its in=m+ _s4 ,! /ud5t no long] ?9ks m]ely ( becom+ an exp]t turn]2 he ?9ks ( becom+ a man6 ,all ! p[]s ( 8 m9d are r\s$ to vigor\s action2 imag9ation illumes ! pa?1 & reason1 foll[+ ) firm b cauti\s /ep1 drives /raight to ! m>k4 ,rapid developm5t results f ! comb9ation ( practice ) !ory--rapid because ord]ly1 or natural4 ,! k acquir$ is at once assimilat$1 & becomes a m5tal res\rce1 subject to draft l a bank acc\nt4 ,b unlike a bank acc\nt x increases 9 ! ratio ( ! frequ5cy ) :i* drafts are made ^u x1 & ! result is ! /ud5t leaves s*ool at sev5te5 ye>s ( age ) ! reason+ exp]i5ce ( an ord9>ily educat$ man ( =ty4 ,! lesson has be5 ann\nc$ by ! in/ructor1 its *ief po9ts /at$ & analyz$1 its place 9 ! scale 7s to speak7 ( ! art ( turn]y def9$1 its educational value to ! m9d1 ! h&1 & ! eye %[n1 & ! po9ts ( difficulty involv$ s emphasiz$ z to lead to pa9/ak+ c>e 9 ! execution ( crucial p>ts4 ,! new tool requir$ by ! lesson is h&l$ 9 pres5ce ( ! wait+ class by ! in/ructor2 ! "t ( its inv5tion /at$2 ! "n ( its inv5tor giv52 ! me?od ( its manufacture describ$2 & h[ to %>p51 take c>e (1 & use x expla9$ ) su* m9ut5ess ( detail z to insure ! mak+ ( a p]man5t impression ^u ! m9ds ( /ud5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,! ,,wood-,,turn+ ,,& ,,patt]n ,,laboratory4 ,! wood-turn]'s case conta9s m ?an a hundr$ tools1 p]haps a hundr$ & fifty1 b n m ?an a score ( !m are fundam5tal2 ! o!rs are subsidi>y1 & require v little if any explanation4 ,! lesson may be "o 9 simple turn+1 z a table-leg1 ! r\nd ( a *air1 or p>ts ( a section ( a m9iature g>d5-f5ce2 or x may be a set ( pulleys1 or patt]ns = v>i\s =ms ( pipe4 ,! pieces ( wood to be wr\ght or manipulat$ lie at ! feet ( ! /ud5t1 & ! work+ draw+ 7drawn by ! /ud5t himself7 lies on ! b5* be=e him4 ,! piece ( wood to be turn$ fir/ is adju/$1 ! /ud5t t\*es a lev] ov] 8 head :i* sets ! la! 9 motion1 takes ! requir$ tool 9 h&1 & ! "w beg9s4 ,guid$ by ! automatic slide-re/1 ! %>p po9t ( ! tool *ips away ! revolv+ wood until x assumes ! =m ( ! draw+ ly+ "u ! eye ( ! op]ator4 ,?us ! lesson proce$s to ! end ( ! prescrib$ p]iod--two h\rs4 ,! ma/] wat*es e /ep ( its progress4 ,if a /ud5t is puzzl$ he receives prompt assi/ance1 s t no "t may be lo/4 ,inde$ ! relations betwe5 in/ructor & /ud5ts are su*1 or ought to be su*1 t ! "q is ask$ be=e ! puzzl$ m9d falls into a rut ( pr(itless speculation ?r\gh revolv+ 9 a circle4 ,b if ! true sequ5tial me?od ( /udy is foll[$ ! /ud5t r>ely fails1 f ! vantage gr\nd ( a /ep securely tak51 to compreh5d ! nature ( ! next /ep 9 ! regul> ord] ( succession4 ,?is is ! ,russian sy/em1 & x is ! me?od ( ! wood-turn]y z well z ( e dep>tm5t ( ! ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool4 ,h5ce a c]ta9 tool hav+ be5 ma/]$1 ! next tool 9 ! regul> ord] ( succession is m easily und]/ood1 because 7#a7 ea* tool conta9s a h9t ( ! nature ( its successor1 & 7#b7 ea* addition to ! /ud5t's /ock ( k conf]s an increas$ capability ( compreh5sion4 ,:5 ! lesson is conclud$ ! :ir ( ! ma*9]y ceases1 & a great sil5ce falls ^u ! class z ! /ud5ts assemble ab\t ! in/ructor1 ea* pres5t+ 8 piece ( "w4 ,?is is ! mom5t ( fri5dly criticism4 ,! in/ructor h&les ea* specim51 comm5ts ^u ! "* ( ! workman%ip1 po9ts out its defects1 & calls = criticisms f ! class4 ,^! are freely giv54 ,!re is an animat$ discussion1 involv+ explanations on ! "p ( ! in/ructor ( ! v>i\s causes ( defects1 & sugge/ions z to suitable me?ods ( am5dm5t4 ,!n ! pieces ( "w are m>k$ accord+ to ! v>i\s degrees ( excell5ce !y exhibit1 & ! class is dismiss$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,f\nd+ ,,laboratory4 ,! ,iron ,age4 -- ,iron ! ,k+ ( ,metals4 -- ,locke's ,apo!gm4 -- ,! ,m\ld]'s ,art is ,fundam5tal4 -- ,hi/ory ( ,f\nd+4 -- ,rema9s ( ,bronze ,ca/+s 9 ,egypt1 ,greece1 & ,assyria4 -- ,lay>d's ,discov]ies4 -- ,! ,greek ,sculptors4 -- ,! ,colossal ,/atue ( ,apollo at ,rhodes4 -- ,! ,great ,bells ( ,hi/ory4 -- ,m\ld+ & ,ca/+ a ,pulley4 -- ,description ( ! ,process1 ,/ep by ,/ep4 -- ,! ,furnace ,fire4 -- ,p\r+ ! ,hot ,metal into ! ,m\lds4 -- ,a ,p5 ,picture ( ! ,laboratory4 -- ,?us 7 ! ,hundr$ ,gates ( ,babylon ca/4 -- ,neglect ( ! ,useful ,arts by ,h]odotus4 -- ,h[ ,slav]y has degrad$ ,labor4 -- ,h[ ,manual ,tra9+ is to dignify x4 ,z we ent] ! ,f\nd+ ,laboratory we recall ,locke's apo!gm3 8,he :o fir/ made kn[n ! use ( t contemptible m9]al iron may be truly /yl$ ! fa!r ( arts & ! au?or ( pl5ty40 ,we reflect1 too1 t ! m9]al t has giv5 its "n to an age ( ! _w--our age--is wor?y ( c>eful /udy4 ,! ,f\nd+ ,laboratory1 l all ! laboratories ( ! s*ool1 is design$ = tw5ty-f\r /ud5ts4 ,!re are tw5ty-f\r m\ld+-b5*es1 comb9$ ) tr\ghs = s&1 & a cupola furnace :]e f five hundr$ to "o ?\s& p\nds ( iron may be melt$4 ,! /ud5ts we lately p>t$ f 9 ! ,wood-turn+ ,laboratory are "h4 ,_! tra9+ has be5 conf9$ to manipulations 9 wood2 !y are n[ to be made acqua9t$ ) iron--iron 9 consid]able masses4 ,!y %\ld "k some?+1 9 outl9e1 ( ! hi/ory ( ! k+ ( metals 9 ! ,f\nd+ ,laboratory4 ,! in/ructor speaks famili>ly to !m1 some:at z foll[s3 ,! art ( ! f\nd] is fundam5tal 9 its nature4 ,! arts ( f\nd+ & =g+ are1 inde$1 ! ess5tial prelim9>y /eps :i* lead to ! f9] manipulations ent]+ into all metal con/ructions4 ,:e!r =g+ prec$$ f\nd+ or f\nd+ =g+ is immat]ial2 bo? arts are z old z record$ hi/ory--mu* old] inde$4 ,m\ld+1 :i* is ! fir/ /ep 9 ! f\nd]'s art1 %\ld be among ! olde/ ( human discov]ies1 s9ce man _h only to take 9 8 h& a lump ( moi/ clay to receive ocul> evid5ce ( 8 p[] to give x any desir$ =m4 ,m\ld+ = ca/+ is closely alli$ to ! pott]'s art4 ,! pott] selects a clay suitable = ! vessel he desires to m\ld1 & ! f\nd] prep>es a composition ( s& & loam ( ! prop] consi/5cy to s]ve z a matrix = ! vessel he desires to ca/4 ,! art ( f\nd+ 0 d\btless fir/ appli$ to bronze4 ,! ru9s ( ,egypt & ,greece ab\nd 9 ! rema9s ( bronze ca/+s1 an analysis ( :i* reveals ab\t ! same relative proportions ( t9 & copp] 9 use n[ = ! be/ qualities ( /atu>y bronze4 ,! bronze ca/+s ( ! ,assyrians %[ a high degree ( art4 ,_m specim5s ( ?is f9e "w ( ! ,assyrian f\nd] h be5 rescu$ f ! ru9s ( long-buri$ ,n9eveh--buri$ s long t ,x5ophon & 8 t5 ?\s& ,greeks m>*$ ov] its site m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago )\t mak+ any sign ( a k ( its exi/5ce1 & ,alex&] f\ght a great battle 9 its neighborhood 9 app>5t ignorance ( ! fact t he trod on classic gr\nd4 ,b !re1 delv+ b5ea? ! rubbi% & decay$ vegetation ( f\r ?\s& ye>s or m1 ,lay>d f\nd great treasures ( art 9 ! palaces ( ,s5na*]ib & o!r ,assyrian mon>*s--vases1 j>s1 bronzes1 glass-bottles1 c>v$ ivory & "m-(-pe>l ornam5ts1 engrav$ gems1 bells1 di%es1 & e>-r+s ( exquisite workman%ip1 besides arms & a v>iety ( tools ( ! practical arts4 ,9 ,greece1 9 ! "t ( ,praxiteles1 bronze 0 m\ld$ into =ms ( r>e beauty & gr&eur4 ,! colossal /atue ( ,apollo at ,rhodes af=ds an example ( ! magnitude ( ! ,greek ca/+s4 ,x 0 ca/ 9 sev]al p>ts1 & 0 ov] "o hundr$ feet high4 ,ab\t fifty ye>s aft] its erection x 0 de/roy$ by an e>?quake4 ,its fragm5ts lay on ! gr\nd :]e x fell1 ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s2 b :5 ! ,s>ac5s ga!r$ !m toge!r & sold !m1 !re 0 a suffici5t quantity to load a c>avan consi/+ ( n9e hundr$ camels4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ exi/+ specim5s ( anci5t bronze ca/+ is t ( a /atue ( ,m]cury discov]$ at ,h]culaneum1 & n[ to be se5 9 ! museum at ,naples4 ,dur+ ! era ( *ur* bells ! f\nd] ex]cis$ 8 art 9 ca/+ bells ( huge dim5sions4 ,e>ly 9 ! fifte5? c5tury a bell weigh+ ab\t fifty tons 0 ca/ at ,pek91 ,*9a4 ,?is bell /ill exi/s1 is f\rte5 & a half feet 9 height & ?irte5 feet 9 diamet]4 ,b ! greate/ bell-f\nd+ feat 01 h[ev]1 t ( #agcc1 9 ca/+ ! bell ( ,mosc[4 ,?is bell is n9ete5 feet ?ree in*es 9 height & sixty feet n9e in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 & weighs #ddc1ggb p\nds4 ,! value ( ! metal ent]+ into its con/ruction is e/imat$ at #cjj1jjj4 ,x long lay 9 a pit 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,kreml91 b ,cz> ,ni*olas caus$ x to be rais$1 m\nt$ ^u a granite p$e/al1 & conv]t$ into a *apel4 ,! me?ods ( ca/+ employ$ by ! f\nd] ( ?is k+ ( bells are n kn[n4 ,! bell has outliv$ ! ,works :]e x 0 ca/4 ,! melt+ & h&l+ ( two hundr$ & tw5ty tons ( bronze metal c]ta9ly requir$ appo9tm5ts1 me*anical & o!rwise1 ( ! mo/ /up5d\s "*2 & ! exi/5ce ( su* ,works presupposes an intimate acqua9tance ) ! mo/ m9ute details ( ! f\nd]'s art1 s9ce ! natural ord] ( developm5t is f ! less to ! great]4 ,t is to say1 ! f\nd] :o c\ld manipulate scores ( tons ( metal 9 a s+le great ca/+ c\ld d\btless manipulate a few p\nds ( metal2 or1 ! f\nd] :o c\ld ca/ a bell weigh+ two hundr$ & tw5ty tons1 c\ld ca/ pots & kettles & hundr$s ( o!r little useful ?+s4 ,:at we hope to d 9 ?is s*ool ,f\nd+ ,laboratory is to ga9 a correct conception ( great ?+s by mak+ ourselves ?or\ghly famili> ) _m =ms ( little ?+s 9 m\ld+ & ca/+4 ,! lesson ( ! day is ! m\ld+ & ca/+ ( a pla9 pulley4 ,9 ! ,patt]n ,laboratory ea* /ud5t has already execut$ a patt]n ( ! pulley to be ca/1 & ! patt]n lies be=e him on 8 m\ld+-b5*4 ,n[ ! in/ructor1 at ! mo/ conspicu\s b5* 9 ! room1 proce$s to execute ! fir/ "p ( ! lesson1 :i* consi/s ( m\ld+4 ,tak+ f ! tr\gh a h&ful ( s&1 he expla9s t x is only by ! use ( s& possess+ c]ta9 prop]ties1 z a degree ( moi/ure1 b n en\gh to vaporize :5 ! metal is p\r$ 91 & a small admixture ( clay1 b n en\gh to make ( ! comp\nd a loam1 t ! m\ld c be sav$ f ru9 ?r\gh vaporization1 &1 at ! same "t1 giv5 ! ess5tial quality ( adhesiv5ess & pla/icity4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is explanation he rem>ks t ! s& us$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! m\ld is mix$ ) pulv]iz$ bitum9\s coal1 coke1 or plumbago1 9 ord] to give a smoo!r surface4 ,n[ he takes ! 8flask0--a wood5 app>atus conta9+ ! s& 9 :i* ! m\ld is made--& expla9s its con/ruction & use4 ,f ?is po9t--! sift+ ( fac+ s& on ! turn-ov] bo>d1 to ! f9al "o ( replac+ ! cope & secur+ x ) keys or clamps--e /ep ( ! process is c>efully gone ?r\gh ) & expla9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,f\nd+ ,,laboratory4 ,meantime1 be=e ! m\ld+ lesson has proce$$ f>1 a fire is k9dl$ 9 ! furnace & x is 8*>g$20 t is to say1 fill$ ) alt]nate lay]s ( coal & pig-iron1 ) occasional fluxes ( lime/one4 ,dur+ ! process ( *>g+ ! furnace ! in/ructor expla9s ! pr9ciple ( its con/ruction1 & %[s h[ x op]ates4 ,at e subsequ5t re/ 9 m\ld+ ! /ud5ts surr\nd ! furnace to witness ! progress ( ! fire1 ! position ( ! lay]s ( coal1 & ! /ate ( combu/ion4 ,!y pass ! furnace 9 procession1 & ea* peeps 9 ?r\gh ! is+lass w9d[s ^u ! gl[+ fire1 asks a "q1 or a doz5 que/ions1 p]haps1 & gives place to ! next /ud5t 9 l9e4 ,9 ! int]vals ( ^! visits to ! furnace ! "w ( mak+ tw5ty-f\r m\lds goes on "u ! eye ( ! in/ructor1 ! /ud5ts expla9+ ea* /ep 9 advance4 ,he is omnipres5t1 answ]+ a "q "h1 prev5t+ a fatal mi/ake !re1 *e]+1 inspir+1 & guid+ ! :ole class1 b nev] insi/+ ^u a slavi% adh]5ce to /rict id5tity 9 processes4 ,& x is to be not$ t !re is 9 m\ld+ m latitude = indep5d5ce ?an 9 almo/ any o!r me*anical manipulation4 ,c]ta9 ess5tials !re are1 ( c\rse1 b ^! be+ secur$1 ! /ud5t may ex]cise 8 +5uity 9 ! execution ( _m m9or details4 ,t !re is consid]able individuality 9 ! class may be se5 by obs]vation ( ! diff]5t me?ods employ$ by ! sev]al "y m\ld]s to compass v>i\s details ( ! same g5]al process4 ,! m\lds are ne>ly complet$4 ,! in/ructor assi/s a /ud5t :o is f\nd to be a little beh9d 9 8 "w1 & int]poses a w>n+ aga9/ ha/e at ! critical mom5t4 ,)9 a p]iod ( t5 m9utes ! tw5ty-f\r patt]ns are 8tapp$10 loos5$1 & lift$ f _! b$s1 imp]fections are c>efully repair$ ) ! tr[el1 or "s o!r tool1 *annels to ! p\r+ holes are cut 9 ! surfaces1 ! pieces rema9+ 9 ! copes are remov$1 ! p>ticles ( loose s& are bl[n f ! surfaces ( ! m\lds1 & ! tw5ty-f\r copes are replac$1 & secur$ 9 _! correct positions ) keys or clamps4 ,a f9al visit is n[ made to ! furnace4 ,! fusion is f\nd to be complete2 ! 8pigs0 are conv]t$ into a molt5 pool4 ,x only rema9s to p\r ! hot metal into ! m\lds4 ,! in/ructor seizes an iron ladle l9$ ) clay1 holds x "u ! sp\t ( ! furnace res]voir until x is ne>ly fill$ ) ! gl[+ fluid1 lifts & c>ries x c>efully across ! room1 & p\rs ! cont5ts into a m\ld4 ,!n ! /ud5ts1 9 squads1 aft] hav+ be5 caution$ z to ! deadly nature ( ! molt5 mass !y are to h&le1 foll[ ! example ( _! in/ructor4 ,at ?is mom5t ! laboratory appeals p[]fully to ! imag9ation4 ,! picture x pres5ts is weird 9 ! extreme4 ,f ! op5 furnace door a /ream ( crimson light floods ! room4 ,! /ud5ts we> pap] caps & are b>e-arm$2 _! faces gl[ 9 ! reflect$ gl>e ( ! furnace-fire2 !y m>* up to ! furnace "o by "o1 ea* receiv+ a ladleful ( /eam+ hot metal1 & c\nt]m>* to _! b5*es1 :]e !y p\r ! cont5ts ( _! ladles into ! m\lds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,! ,,f\nd+ ,,laboratory4 ,/ill hold+ 8 empty ladle 9 8 h&1 ! in/ructor wat*es ! progress ( ! lesson ) ke5 int]e/ until ! la/ /ream ( metal has f\nd its way into ! ?roat ( ! la/ m\ld4 ,he recalls ! /ory ( ,vulcan1 ! ,god ( ,fire1 & ( all ! arts & indu/ries dep5d5t ^u x1 & wond]s :y he 0 n depict$ p\r+ tons ( molt5 metal1 9 ! f\nd]y1 r ?an sl$ge 9 h& at ! =ge4 ,!n he reg>ds ! class ) a b5ignant expression ( pride1 begs = sil5ce1 & says1 8,?us 7 ! hundr$ braz5 gates ( anci5t ,babylon ca/ long be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era40 ,h]odotus did n ?9k to tell u mu* ( ! /ate ( ! useful arts 9 ! e>ly "t ( :i* he wrote1 b ! braz5 gates attract$ 8 att5tion1 & he describ$ !m3 8,at ! end ( ea* /reet a little gate is f\nd 9 ! wall along ! riv]-side1 9 numb] equal to ! /reets1 & !y are all made ( brass1 & lead d[n to ! edge ( ! riv]40 ,c\ld ,h]odotus h =ese5 :at a deep int]e/ 8 read]s ( ?is remote "t w\ld take 9 ! hi/ory ( ! useful arts1 he w\ld h writt5 less ab\t ! walls1 palaces1 & temples ( ,babylon1 & m ab\t ! artific]s4 ,he w\ld h begg$ admission to ! =ges & f\nd]ies ( ! city2 he w\ld h visit$ ! ,assyrian f\nd] at 8 "w1 que/ion$ him ab\t 8 processes1 & set d[n 8 answ]s ) pa9/ak+ c>e4 ,!n he w\ld h s\ght an introduction to ! smi?y1 & f ! grimy =g] le>n$ :at he c\ld tell ( 8 art & ( k9dr$ arts4 ,s ! fa!r ( hi/ory might h made an endur+ record ( ! real ?+s :i* ?r\gh\t all "t h contribut$ to ! advancem5t ( ! human race1 r ?an ( ev5ts gr[+ out ( ! ambitions & passions ( m5--! rise & fall ( k+doms & empires1 ! v>y+ =tune ( battle1 ! trea*]ies1 crimes1 & brutalities ( rul]s1 & ! cr++ submission ( millions ( subjects4 ,b1 alas1 ! f\nd]s & smi?s1 & all ! o!r cunn+ artific]s ( ! va/ empire ( ,syria1 7 slaves6 & ?r\gh _! ance/ry = unnumb]$ g5]ations ! /igma ( slav]y _h atta*$ to labor4 ,ay1 on ! b>e backs ( ! f\nd]s ( ,babylon's braz5 gates ! popul> scorn ( labor _h d\btless left its livid br&4 ,) ^! p>iahs ( ,assyrian society1 ^! outca/s ( ! social circle1 ! great ,greek hi/orian c\ld n ev5 speak4 ,desc5d$ f a long l9e ( noble ,halic>nassian families1 ,h]odotus felt all ! prejudices ( ! h]$it>y ari/ocracy ( 8 c\ntry4 ,h5ce he dilates ^u ! wond]s ( ,babylon1 b is sil5t z to its ar*itects & artisans4 ,he describes ) great m9ut5ess ( detail ! t[] ( ,jupit] ,belus1 b gives no h9t ( ! "n ( its design] & build]4 ,he decl>es t ,babylon 0 adorn$ 9 a mann] surpass+ any city ( ! "t1 b 9 reg>d to ! artific]s ?r\gh ^: +5uity & skill su* pleas+ effects 7 produc$ he gives no sign4 ,! sil5ce ( ,h]odotus on ! subject ( ! useful arts 9 ,babylon does n indicate a want ( appreciation ( _! value1 b m]ely %[s contempt ( ! ,assyrian artisan1 & ?is n because he 0 an artisan1 b because he 0 a slave4 ,! /ory ( ,solon & ,crsus1 :i* ant$ates ,h]odotus1 :e!r true or a my?1 %[s t iron & artisan%ip 7 appreciat$ by bo? ,greeks & b>b>ians4 ,:5 ,crsus _h exhibit$ to ! ,greek sage 8 va/ ho>d ( treasures1 ,solon said1 8,if ano!r comes t ha? bett] iron ?an y he w be ma/] ( all ?is gold40 ,"h is a recognition ( ! imm5se value ( ! arts ( smelt+ & =g+1 c\pl$ ) a contemptu\s sil5ce reg>d+ z well ! smelt] & ! smi? z ! rank & file ( ! armies :o %\ld wield ! swords & spe>s drawn by sci5ce f ! recesses ( ! e>?1 & by art wr\ght & temp]$ at ! =ge4 ,?r\gh all ! e>ly ages ! br& & scorn ( slav]y adh]$ to labor1 :ile ! arts1 ! products ( labor1 7 (t5 deifi$4 ,?us ! ,scy?ian1 :o f a gr9n+ skull drank ! w>m blood ( 8 captive1 reg>d$ ) sup]/iti\s awe z a god ! iron sword ) :i* he cut (f 8 captive's head4 ,x 0 only ) ! revival ( le>n+1 aft] ! intellectual & moral gloom ( ! ,d>k ,ages1 t labor began sl[ly to lift its b[$ head & ass]t itself4 ,b x does n yet /& erect4 ,x /ill /oops z if 9 ! pres5ce ( a ma/]4 ,e n[ & !n x w9ces & cr+es z if ! s\nd ( ! desc5d+ la% smote its e>4 ,x rema9s = y1 /ud5ts 9 ?is s*ool ( ! arts--all ! arts t make mank9d good & great--x rema9s = y to bru% away f ! te>-/a9$ face ( labor all ! %ad[s accumulat$ !re ?r\gh all ! dead ages ( oppression & slav]y4 ,x rema9s = y to make labor bold by mak+ x intellig5t4 ,x rema9s = y to dignify & ennoble labor by be/[+ ^u x ! ripe/ sci5tific & arti/ic culture1 & devot+ to its s]vice ! be/ en]gies ( body & m9d4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,=g+ ,,laboratory4 ,tw5ty-f\r manly-look+ ,boys ) ,sl$ge-hamm] 9 ,h& -- _! ,muscle & ,brawn4 -- ,! ,pride ( ,consci\s ,/r5g?4 -- ,! ,/ory ( ! ,orig9 ( an ,empire4 -- ,! ,great] ,empire ( ,me*anics4 -- ,! ,smelt] & ! ,smi? ! ,bulw>k ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t4 -- ,coal -- its ,mod]n ,aspects2 its ,e>ly ,hi/ory2 ,sup]/ition reg>d+ its ,use4 -- ,dud4 ,dudley utilizes 8,pit-coal0 = ,smelt+ -- ! ,/ory ( 8 ,/ruggles2 8 ,imprisonm5t & ,dea?4 -- ,! ,engli% ,p import _! ,pots & ,kettles4 -- 8,! ,bla/ is on & ! ,=ge ,fire s+s40 -- ,! ,lesson1 fir/ on ! ,black-bo>d1 !n 9 ,r$-hot ,iron on ! ,anvil4 -- ,/rik+ out ! ,anvil ,*orus -- ! ,sp>ks fly :izz+ ?r\gh ! ,air4 -- ,! ,my?ological ,hi/ory ( ,iron4 -- ,! ,smi? 9 ,feudal ,times4 -- ,8 ,v]satility4 -- ,hi/ory ( ,damascus ,/eel4 -- ,we %\ld rev]5ce ! e>ly ,inv5tors4 -- ,! ,useful ,arts f9] ?an ! ,f9e ,arts4 -- ,! ,anci5t ,smelt] & ,smi?1 & ! ,/ud5ts 9 ! ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool4 ,?is is ! ,=g+ ,laboratory4 ,x is only a few /eps f ! laboratory = f\nd+1 :]e we lately saw tw5ty-f\r /ud5ts tak+ (f _! lea!r aprons aft] a two h\rs' lesson 9 m\ld+ & ca/+4 ,"h we f9d1 also1 tw5ty-f\r /ud5ts1 b n ! tw5ty-f\r we saw 9 ! laboratory = f\nd+4 ,?is class is m advanc$4 ,! boys are a trifle tall]2 !y %[ m muscle1 m /r5g?1 & be> !mselves ) a /ill m confid5t air4 ,9 ! ,=g+ ,laboratory !re are tw5ty-f\r =ges ) all ess5tial accessories1 z anvils1 tubs1 & sets ( ord9>y h&-tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,=g+ ,,laboratory4 ,! /ud5ts1 ) coats (f & sleeves roll$ above _! elb[s1 9 pairs1 z smi? & help]1 /&1 sl$ge & tongs 9 h&1 at twelve ( ! =ges4 ,!y are manly-look+ boys4 ,_! feet are firmly plant$1 _! bodies erect1 _! heads ?r[n a little back4 ,_! arms %[ brawn2 ! muscles /& out 9 relief f ! solid fle%4 ,_! faces express ! pride ( consci\s /r5g?1 & _! eyes %[ animation4 ,z we reg>d ! class ) a sympa!tic ?rill ( satisfaction1 ! /ory ( ! orig9 ( ! ,turki% ,empire is recall$3 8,a race ( slaves1 liv+ 9 ! m\nta9 regions ( ,asia1 are employ$ by a p[]ful ,khan to =ge weapons = 8 use 9 w>4 ,a bold *ief p]suades !m to use ! weapons =g$ = a ma/] to secure _! own deliv]ance4 ,= c5turies aft] !y _h ?us conqu]$ _! fre$om1 ! ,turki% p celebrat$ _! lib]ation by an annual c]emony 9 :i* a piece ( iron 0 heat$ 9 ! fire1 & a smi?'s hamm] successively h&l$ by ! pr9ce & 8 nobles40 ,! greate/ empire 9 ! _w to-day is ! empire ( ! art ( me*anism1 & its mo/ pot5t in/rum5t is iron4 ,once ! p]petuity ( gov]nm5ts dep5d$ ^u ! m]e possession ( ! d+y ore4 ,:5 ,elizabe? came to ! ?rone1 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,engl& 0 almo/ def5celess1 ow+ to ! %ort supply ( iron4 ,spa91 mu* bett] equipp$1 h5ce reli$ confid5tly ^u h] ability to subdue ! ,engli%4 ,b ! ,virg9 ,que51 compreh5d+ ! nature ( ! crisis1 import$ iron f ,sw$5 & enc\rag$ ! ,sussex =ges1 & ! ,spani% ,armada 0 defeat$4 ,?us ! smelt] & ! smi? became ! bulw>k ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t4 ,b at an e>li] p]iod ! frat]nity ( smi?s gave direction to ! c\rse ( empire4 ,! secret ( ! easy conque/ ( ,brita9 by ! ,normans 0 _! sup]ior armor4 ,!y 7 clad 9 /eel1 & _! horses 7 %od ) iron4 ,! *ief f>ri] ( ,william became an e>l2 & he 0 pr\d ( 8 orig91 = 8 coat ( arms bore six horse%oes4 ,iron & civilization are t]ms ( equival5t import4 ,iron is k+1 & ! smelt] & smi? are 8 *ief m9i/]s4 ,x is n kn[n :51 by :om1 or h[ ! art ( smelt+ iron 0 discov]$4 ,z well ask by :om & h[ fire 0 discov]$8 ,^! are secrets ( ! e>ly morn+ ( human life--( t "t :5 man made no record ( 8 /ruggles4 ,9 lieu ( hi/ory ! in/ructor resorts to tradition1 repeat+ ! foll[+ leg5d3 8,:ile m5 7 pati5tly rubb+ /icks to po9t !m into arr[s1 a sp>k leapt =? & ignit$ ! wood-du/ :i* _h be5 scrap$ f ! /icks1 & s fire 0 f\nd40 ,n[ ! 8help]0 looks to 8 8bla/0 ) ke5 int]e/2 = ! managem5t ( ! =ge-fire is "o ( ! niceties ( ! smi?'s art4 ,he /irs ! fire a little impati5tly4 ,! in/ructor he$s ! act1 b n ! movem5t ( impati5ce4 ,on ! contr>y he seizes ! occasion to introduce ! subject ( coal4 ,"q foll[s "q 9 rapid succession1 & ! answ]s are prompt & satisfactory1 t\*+ all mod]n aspects ( ! subject1 namely1 ! magnitude ( ! annual 8output10 ! localities ( heavie/ production1 ! co/ ( m9+2 ! uses1 respectively1 to :i* diff]5t qualities are appli$1 dem& & supply1 & m>ket value or price4 ,"h ! in/ructor rem>ks t ! m9+1 transportation1 & sale ( coal are conduct$ 9 ?is c\ntry by a numb] ( l>ge corporations1 ) an aggregate capitalization & bond$ indebt$ness ( six or sev5 hundr$ million doll>s1 & t ?r\gh comb9ations betwe5 ^! corporations ! price is (t5 arbitr>ily advanc$4 8,b10 he concludes1 8! discussion ( t bran* ( ! subject belongs m prop]ly to ! class 9 political economy40 ,! hi/ory ( coal 9 its relation to iron smelt+ & manufacture =ms a curi\s *apt] 9 ! vicissitudes ( ! useful arts4 ,"o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago n only all ! smi?'s fires b ! smelt]'s fires 7 kept up ) *>coal4 ,! =e/s ( ,engl& 7 lit]ally swept away1 l *aff be=e ! w9d1 to fe$ ! yawn+ m\?s ( ! iron mills4 ,to make a ton ( iron requir$ ! consumption ( hundr$s ( cords ( wood4 ,to save ! timb] re/rictive legislation 0 adopt$1 & ! mills 7 gradually clos$ = want ( fuel1 until1 9 #aghh1 !re 0 n "o left 9 ,sussex1 & only a small numb] 9 ! k+dom4 ,meantime ! ,engli% iron supply came f ,sw$51 ,spa91 & ,g]many4 ,engl& seem$ to be foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,! ,romans accompli%$ 9 iron smelt+ & =g+ j :at might be expect$ ( a w>like p4 ,!y requir$ iron = arms & armor1 & 9 smelt+ skimm$ ! surface4 ,?is is prov$ by ! c9d] heaps1 ri* 9 ore1 :i* !y left 9 ,brita94 ,ar*ologi/s trace ! decl9e ( ,rome 9 h] monum5ts1 :i* %[ a /eady det]ioration 9 ! soldi]'s equipm5t4 ,alison attributes ?is decl9e to ! exhau/ion ( h] gold & silv] m9es4 ,a f> m plausible conjecture is f\nd 9 ! wa/e ( timb] 9 fuel = smelt+ purposes1 & ! result+ failure ( ! iron supply4 ,! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire may be acc\nt$ = by h] neglect ( ! useful arts4 ,! nation t conv]ts all h] iron into swords & spe>s %all surely p]i%4 ,_h ! city ( ,sev5 ,hills possess$ sev5 m5 ( me*anical g5ius l ,watt1 ,/eph5son1 ,maudslay1 ,clem5t1 ,:itney1 ,neilson1 & ,nasmy?1 h] fall might h be5 av]t$1 or if n av]t$1 x ne$ n h involv$ ! practical ext9ction ( civilization1 ?us impos+ ^u mank9d ! %ame ( ! ,d>k ,ages4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury !re 0 mu* ignorant prejudice aga9/ ! use ( m9]al coal4 ,x 0 believ$ to be injuri\s to heal?4 ,all sorts ( diseases 7 attribut$ to its suppos$ malignant influ5ce1 & at "o "t to burn x 9 dwell+s 0 made a p5al (f5ce4 ,b ?is prejudice did n ext5d to its use 9 smelt+ iron1 & :atev] !re 0 ( inv5tive g5ius 0 devot$ to a solution ( ! problem ( its adaptation to su* purposes4 ,mr4 ,samuel ,smiles has collect$ ! names ( ! mo/ prom95t ( ^! ,dut* & ,g]man me*anics1 namely1 ,/urtevant1 ,rov5zon1 ,jord5s1 ,francke1 & ,sir ,philib]t ,v]natt1 & giv5 ea* a ni*e 9 ! temple ( fame4 ,"s ( !m _h a true conception ( ! requir$ processes1 b !y all fail$ to r5d] ! application practically available4 ,x rema9$ = ,dud4 ,dudley to succe$ 9 mak+ a ?or\ghly practical application ( m9]al coal to iron-smelt+ purposes1 & !n curi\sly en\gh to fail ( success 9 introduc+ x into g5]al use4 ,dudley 0 born 9 #aeii1 9 an iron-manufactur+ di/rict4 ,8 fa!r own$ iron-works ne> ! t[n ( ,dudley1 :i* 0 a collection ( =ges & work%ops :]e 8nails1 horse%oes1 keys1 locks1 & common agricultural tools0 7 made4 ,br\ght up 9 ! neighborhood ( 8tw5ty ?\s& smi?s & work]s 9 iron10 "y ,dudley 8atta9$ consid]able k ( ! v>i\s processes ( manufacture40 ,at tw5ty ye>s ( age he 0 tak5 f college & plac$ 9 *>ge ( a furnace & two =ges 9 ,worce/]%ire1 :]e !re 0 a sc>city ( wood b an abundance ( m9]al coal4 ,he began imm$iately to exp]im5t1 ) a view to ! sub/itution ( ! latt] = ! =m]1 & 9 a ye> succe$$ 9 demon/rat+ 8! practicability ( smelt+ iron ) fuel made f pit-coal1 :i* s _m be=e him _h tri$ 9 va940 ,b ! *>coal iron-ma/]s comb9$ to resi/ ! new me?od because x *eap5$ ! product4 ,!y in/igat$ mobs to de/roy ,dudley's furnaces "o aft] ano!r1 z soon z !y 7 complet$1 h>ass$ him ) lawsuits1 & f9ally begg>$ & drove him to prison4 ,!n !y tri$ to wr+ 8 secret f him4 ,to ?is attempt ,cromwell1 :o 0 int]e/$ 9 furnaces 9 ! ,=e/ ( ,dean1 is said to h be5 a p>ty4 ,b all ^! ef=ts fail$1 & ,dudley di$ 9 #afhd c>ry+ 8 secret ) him to ! grave1 & !re ! secret slumb]$ ne>ly "o hundr$ ye>s4 ,! /ory ( ,dud4 ,dudley1 z told by ,mr4 ,smiles 9 8 8,iron-work]s & ,tool-mak]s10 is "o ( surpass+ int]e/4 ,x is wor?y ! c>eful p]usal n only ( e s*ool-boy b ( ! philosophic /ud5t 9 se>* ( ! lessons ( hi/ory1 = x af=ds fre% evid5ce ( ! tru? ( ! proposition t ! progress ( civilization dep5ds ^u progress 9 inv5tion & discov]y4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ignorance1 prejudice1 & sup]/ition ! iron indu/ry ( ,engl& cont9u$ to decl9e until ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ! ,briti% p import$ _! pots & kettles4 ,fifty ye>s lat]1 at ! ,coalbrookdale iron-works 9 ,%rop%ire1 :5 ! furnaces _h consum$ all ! wood 9 ! neighborhood & a fuel fam9e 0 imm95t1 smelt+ ) m9]al coal 0 successfully resum$1 & 9 #agff two workm5 ( ! 8works0--! bro!rs ,cranege--inv5t$ ! rev]b]atory furnace1 :i* add$ imm5sely to ! application ( coal to smelt+ purposes4 ,b :ile we are discuss+ ! hi/ory ( coal we are consum+ coal to little purpose1 = ! bla/ is on & ! furnace fires gl[ l m9iature volcanic crat]s4 ,let u to "w4 ,be=e ! black-bo>d1 *alk 9 h&1 ! in/ructor /&s & gives out ! lesson4 ,he pres5ts x 9 ! =m ( draw+s1 complete & 9 detail4 ,x may involve only ! s+le process ( 8draw+10 or x may involve sev]al processes1 z 8draw+10 8b5d+10 & 8weld+40 ,! fir/ sket*1 = example1 repres5ts a flat b> ( iron1 ! c\nt]p>t ( ! b>s re/+ aga9/ ! sev]al =ges4 ,! second sket* %[s ! b> wr\ght into ! =m ( a cyl9d]4 ,! ?ird sket* %[s x 8drawn0 or l5g!n$1 & h5ce r$uc$ 9 size4 ,! f\r? sket* pres5ts two rods ! unit$ l5g?s ( :i* equal ! l5g? ( ! orig9al rod4 ,! fif? sket* repres5ts ! two rods 8b5t0 into ! =m ( *a9-l9ks1 & a sub-sket* %[s ! prop] %ape ( ! ends ( ! l9ks = 8weld+40 ,! six? sket* %[s ! two l9ks jo9$ & weld$4 ,! black-bo>d illu/rations may be omitt$ if ! s*ool is provid$ ) a complete set ( samples4 ,! s*ool ( me*anic arts ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology has a hundr$ samples repres5t+ ! successive /eps 9 blacksmi?+ manipulation1 includ+ weld+1 & ! weld+ samples consi/ ( two p>ts1 ! fir/ repres5t+ ! details ( ! piece prep>$ = weld+1 & ! second ! weld$ piece4 ,^! samples are "p ( a collection ( ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty pieces ( exquisite workman%ip1 cov]+ e dep>tm5t ( a complete manual tra9+ c\rse1 pres5t$ to ! ,in/itute 9 #ahgg by ! ,emp]or ( ,russia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,! ,,=g+ ,,laboratory4 ,! black-bo>d illu/rations or ! samples hav+ be5 exhibit$ & expla9$ z cle>ly z is possible 9 words1 ! in/ructor takes 8 place at "o ( ! =ges1 &1 surr\nd$ by ! class1 goes ?r\gh ) ! successive /eps ( any manipulation conta9$ 9 ! lesson :i* has n be5 actually wr\ght out 9 "s previ\s lesson4 ,if ! manipulation is a simple "o ! sil5ce is only brok5 by ! s\nd ( ! bla/ & ! /roke ( ! hamm]--! /ud5ts und]/& e turn ( ! iron & e bl[ /ruck by ! in/ructor--b if ! manipulation is complicat$1 involv+ a fre% pr9ciple1 ! in/ructor is salut$ by a volley ( que/ions1 & he (t5 pauses to answ] !m4 ,x is ! "t = que/ions2 ! m que/ions n[1 ! few] que/ions :5 all ! bla/s %all be on1 & all ! sl$ges fly+ ?r\gh ! air & mak+ music on ! anvils4 ,a "q n[ may lead to ! enlight5m5t ( tw5ty-f\r /ud5ts2 a "q lat] is sure to co/ ! "t ( tw5ty-f\r /ud5ts1 & ! answ] to x may enlight5 only "o /ud5t4 ,at la/ ! in/ructor drops ! sl$ge1 /raight5s up to 8 full height1 & wipes ! sweat f 8 br[4 ,if ! /ud5ts respect ! in/ructor !y w respect labor1 & !y w respect ! in/ructor if he is wor?y ( respect4 ,n[ ! s*ool-room is a smi?y & yet x is n4 ,x is nei!r v hot nor v smoky1 = !re is an exhau/ fan 9 op]ation :i* vitalizes ! circulation4 ,b ! atmosph]e res\nds ) ! clangor\s /rokes ( a doz5 sl$ges1 m+l$ ) ! sull5 ro> ( z _m =ge-fires2 & !re are traces ( soot on ! walls1 & pale smoke-wrea?s creep along ! ceil+s1 & hide 9 corn]s1 & circle ab\t columns 9 fanta/ic %apes4 ,x is a smi?y1 b a smi?y adapt$1 by its extraord9>y neatness1 to ! manufacture ( wat*-spr+s1 palate-arbors1 & ,damascus blades4 ,! faces ( ! /ud5ts are agl[ ) ! flu% ( heal?-giv+ ex]cise2 _! br[s are 8wet ) hone/ sweat10 _! he>t-beats are full & /rong1 & ! crimson life-curr5ts surge hotly ?r\gh e ve9 to _! v f+]-tips4 ,!y /rike out ! anvil *orus 9 all ! keys & 9 e measure ( ! scale1 & ! burn+ sp>ks fly :izz+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,at a sign f ! in/ructor !re is a pause4 ,! /ud5ts /& at ease & ! "w is inspect$4 ,?is is ! "t = m que/ions if any /ud5t is 9 d\bt2 & ! re/ ( five m9utes af=ds opportunity = a brief lecture on ! subject ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! frat]nity ( smi?s4 ,my?ology gives ! highe/ place 9 its pan!on to ,vulcan1 ! ,god ( ,fire4 ,= not)/&+ he is repres5t$ z be>d$1 cov]$ ) du/ & soot1 bl[+ ! fires ( 8 =ges & surr\nd$ by 8 *ief m9i/]s1 ! cyclops1 he is giv5 ,v5us to wife & made ! fa!r ( ,cupid4 ,among ! ,scy?ians ! iron sword 0 a god4 ,:5 ,j]usalem 0 tak5 by ! ,babylonians !y made captives ( all ! smi?s & o!r craftsm5 ( ! city--a m griev\s act ?an ! ?\s& million doll> tribute levi$ ^u ,france by ,g]many at ! close ( ! w> ( #ahgj4 ,= to be depriv$ ( ! use ( iron is to be relegat$ to a /ate ( b>b>ism4 ,! vulg> acc\nt$ = ! ke5ness ( ! fir/ sword-blades on ! score ( magic1 & ! praises ( ! smi?s :o =g$ 7 sung ) ! *iefs ( *ivalry :o wield$ !m4 ,s highly 0 ?is my/]i\s p[] reg>d$ by ,tancr$1 ! crusad]1 t 9 return = ! pres5t ( ,k+ ,ar?ur's sword1 ,excalib>1 by ,ri*>d ,i41 he paid = x ) 8f\r great %ips & fifte5 galleys40 ,! smi? 0 a mighty man 9 ,engl& 9 ! e>ly "t4 8,9 ! royal c\rt ( ,wales he sat 9 ! great hall ) ! k+ & que51 & 0 entitl$ to a draught ( e k9d ( liquor s]v$40 ,8 p]son 0 sacr$2 8 call+ plac$ him above ! law4 ,he 0 necess>y to ! feudal /ate2 he =g$ swords 8on ! temp] ( :i* life1 honor1 & victory 9 battle dep5d$40 ,! smi?1 aft] ! ,norman invasion1 ga9$ 9 importance 9 ,engl&4 ,he 0 ! *ief man ( ! village1 its oracle1 & ! mo/ cunn+ workman ( ! "t4 ,8 "n desc5d$ to m families ?an t ( any o!r pr(ession--= ! orig9 ( ! "n ,smi? is ! hot1 du/y1 smoky smi?y1 & h[ev] x may be disguis$ 9 ! spell+1 x is entitl$ to ! pr\d di/9ction :i* its repres5tatives sometimes seek to conceal4 ,mr4 ,smiles draws ! foll[+ graphic picture ( ! v]satility ( ! smi? ( ! ,middle ,ages3 8,! smi?'s tools 7 ( _m sorts1 b ! *ief 7 8 hamm]1 p9c]s1 *isel1 tongs1 & anvil4 ,x is a/oni%+ :at a v>iety ( articles he turn$ out ( 8 smi?y by ! help ( ^! rude implem5ts4 ,9 ! tool+1 *as+1 & consummate k ( ! capabilities ( iron he greatly surpass$ ! mod]n workman4 ,! num]\s exquisite specim5s ( 8 h&icraft :i* exi/ 9 our old gate-ways1 *ur* doors1 alt> rail+s1 & ornam5t$ dogs & &irons1 /ill s]ve z types = cont9ual reproduction4 ,he 01 inde$1 ! mo/ #8cunn+ workman' ( 8 "t4 ,b besides all ?is he 0 an eng9e]4 ,if a road _h to be made1 or a /ream embank$1 or a tr5* dug1 he 0 inv>iably call$ ^u to provide ! tools1 & (t5 to direct ! "w4 ,he 0 also ! milit>y eng9e] ( 8 day1 & z late z ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 we f9d ! k+ repeat$ly s5d+ = smi?s f ! ,=e/ ( ,dean to act z eng9e]s = ! royal army at ! siege ( ,b]wick40 ,b ! mo/ signal triumph ( ! art1 bo? ( ! smelt] & ! smi?1 is f\nd 9 ! fam\s swords ( ,damascus1 ^: edge & temp] 7 s ke5 & p]fect t !y w\ld sev] a gauze veil float+ 9 ! air1 or cra% ?r\gh bones & helmets )\t su/a9+ injury4 ,^! ,damascus blades1 long r5[n$ 9 ! ,ea/1 b fir/ enc\nt]$ by ,europeans dur+ ! crusades1 9 ! h&s ( ! foll[]s ( ,mahomet1 7 made ( ,indian /eel or 8wootz40 ,?is /eel1 produc$ 9 ! =m ( little cakes weigh+ ab\t two p\nds ea*1 9 ! neighborhood ( ! city ( ,golconda1 9 ,h9do/an1 0 transport$ on ! backs ( camels two ?\s& miles to ! city ( ,damascus1 & !re conv]t$ into swords1 sabres1 & scimit>s4 ,?is smi?'s "w has nev] be5 excell$1 if equall$4 ,millions ( doll>s h be5 exp5d$ 9 ef=ts to produce ! equal ( ,indian /eel4 ,among ! inve/igators ( ! subject ! mo/ not$ 0 a ,russian g5]al1 ,anoss(f1 :o di$ 9 #ahea4 ,8 exp]im5ts 7 ( a v elaborate & exhau/ive "*4 ,!y occupi$ a lifetime1 & result$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( works 9 ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 on ! ,sib]ian bord]1 = ! production ( ,damascus /eel by a process ( 8 own inv5tion4 ,aft] ,g5]al ,anoss(f's dea? ! quality ( ! /eel produc$ at 8 works det]iorat$4 ,we %\ld treat ) rev]5ce ^! obscure h9ts ( ! triumphs ( ! anci5ts 9 c]ta9 dep>tm5ts ( art z sugge/ive ( l great a*ievem5ts 9 o!r directions1 = )\t a k ( types !y c\ld nei!r tea* ! _m :at ! few knew1 nor pres]ve :at !y _h acquir$ = ! in/ruction ( future ages4 ,all art is ! product ( a sequ5tial s]ies ( ideas1 ea* idea conta9+ ! g]m ( ! next2 h5ce ! pres]vation ( ea* idea is ess5tial to progress4 ,! art ( pr9t+ alone enables man to pres]ve su* a record4 ,x foll[s presumptively t ! art ( pr9t+ con/itutes ! pr$om9ant feature ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! civilization ( ! mod]ns & t ( ! anci5ts4 ,& x is important to obs]ve t ! art ( pr9t+ is f> m necess>y to progress 9 ! useful arts ?an 9 ! s-call$ f9e arts4 ,! anci5t temples ) _! sculptur$ spl5dors--! ,p>!non1 ! ,jupit] ,olympius1 & scores ( o!rs--rema9$ long to te/ify to ! g5ius ( ,phidias1 ,praxiteles1 & _! gift$ colleagues ( ! *isel4 ,^! s\v5irs ( ,greek g5ius /ill s]ve z models = ! ar*itect & ! sculptor4 ,x ne$s no *ronicle to prove t !y m>k ! culm9ation ( ! f9e arts4 ,if ! mod]ns h fail$ to excel1 or ev5 equal !m1 x is n because _! conception1 design1 or con/ruction involv$ occult processes4 ,x is r because !re is a limit to ! developm5t ( ! s-call$ f9e arts1 & t limit 9 ar*itecture & sculpture 0 rea*$ 9 ,greece m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,b ) ! ,damascus blade1 :i* typifies ! useful arts1 x is entirely diff]5t4 ,x1 too1 is 9 itself a triumph ( g5ius n less pron\nc$ ?an ! ,a!na ( ,phidias4 ,b above & beyond ?is ! arts ( smelt+ & =g+ are s subtile z almo/ to elude ! grasp ( analysis4 ,n only ! me?od ( ! fabrication ( ! ,damascus blade b ! processes involv$ 9 ! production ( ! /eel ent]+ into its composition--all ^! are %r\d$ 9 imp5etrable my/]y4 ,x foll[s t ! useful arts are f9] ?an ! s-call$ f9e arts4 ,_! processes are m intricate1 & h5ce m difficult ( compreh5sion4 ,to a solution ( ! que/ions pres5t$ 9 ! c\rse ( _! /udy an ext5d$ acqua9tance ) ! sci5ces is ess5tial4 ,! highe/ dep>tm5ts ( ! f9e arts1 s-call$1 require only a /udy ( ! features1 figure1 & "* ( man1 & ( c]ta9 visible =ms ( nature1 :ile ! useful arts make incessant dem&s ^u ! res\rces ( natural philosophy4 ,! *emi/ toils 9 8 laboratory1 & ! botani/ & ! geologi/ explore =e/1 field1 & m9e 9 se>* ( new tru?s1 ) ! s+le purpose ( enl>g+ ! sph]e ( ! useful arts1 & s ( m9i/]+ m effectively to ! ev] increas+ ne$s ( man4 ,h5ce !re c be no limit to ! developm5t ( ! useful arts except ! limit to be f\nd 9 ! exhau/ion ( ! =ces ( nature4 ,we %\ld1 !n1 v5]ate ! artisan r ?an ! arti/4 ,let u invoke ! %ade ( ! dusky ,indian smelt]4 ,see him 9 ! d>k recesses ( ! =e/1 b5d+ 9 rapt att5tion ov] 8 furnace1 or hold+ al(t a little lump ( 8 mat*less /eel4 ,alas1 he is dumb6 ,8 secret p]i%$ ) him4 ,b ! ,indian smelt] & ! ,damascus smi? are k9 to all ! inv5tors & discov]]s ( all ! ages4 ,across cont95ts & seas1 ov] trackless wa/es ( hi/ory--epo*s dur+ :i* ignorance & sup]/ition prevail$ & ! intellect ( man slumb]$--! anci5t smelt] & ! anci5t smi? ext5d _! %ad[y h&s to ! /ud5ts 9 ?is s*ool ( ! n9ete5? c5tury--ext5d !m 9 tok5 ( ! fell[%ip ( a common /ruggle & a common hope ( triumph--! /ruggle aft] tru?,e#b1 & ! hope ( ! triumph ( indu/ry4 ,! in/ructor raps on ! black-bo>d1 & ! s*ool-room is at once trans=m$ into a smi?y4 ,aga9 ! =ge-fires ro>1 & aga9 ! anvils res\nd "u ! /roke ( ! hamm]4 ,= half an h\r ! lesson goes on1 & !n comes ! w9d-up1 & ! sev]al te/s ( excell5ce are appli$ to ! complet$ task ( ea* /ud5t4 ,=m1 dim5sions1 f9i%--^! are ! te/s4 ,! in/ructor m>ks ! sev]al pieces ( "w1 makes a record ( ! result1 reads ! record1 & is on ! po9t ( dismiss+ ! class :5 an idea occurs to 8 m9d & he enjo9s sil5ce4 ,tak+ 9 8 h& a heavy sl$ge1 & re/+ x on ! anvil be=e him1 he says1 8,?is is a baby-hamm]1 & all ! =g+ we d "h is baby-=g+4 ,i hope soon to h an opportunity to take y to ! great works ( ,mr4 ,crane1 9 ?is city1 & !re %[ y a /eam-hamm] :i* weighs a ton /rik+ fifty to "o hundr$ bl[s a m9ute--bl[s1 too1 t %ame ! fabl$ p[] ( ,vulcan1 ! ,god ( ,fire4 ,at ,pittsburg1 ,pa41 !re is an anvil ( #aej tons weight :i* s]ves = =g+ ) a #ae-ton hamm]4 ,b ! mon/] /eam-hamm] is to be f\nd 9 ,krupp's ca/-/eel works at ,ess51 ,g]many4 ,! hamm]-head is #ab feet long1 #e feet wide1 #d feet ?ick1 weighs #ej tons1 & has a /roke ( #i feet4 ,! dep? ( ! f\ndation is #ajj feet1 consi/+ ( ?ree p>ts1 masonry1 timb]1 & iron1 bolt$ toge!r4 ,f\r cranes1 ea* capable ( be>+ #bjj tons1 s]ve ! hamm] ) mat]ial40 ,! /eam-hamm] 0 inv5t$ 9 #ahcg by ,james ,nasmy?1 ( ,engl&1 9 response to a dem& = a hamm] t w\ld =ge a /eam%ip paddle-%aft ( unprec$5t$ size4 ,! nature ( ! em]g5cy be+ pres5t$ to 8 m9d1 ,mr4 ,nasmy? conceiv$ ! idea ( ! /eam-hamm] in/antane\sly1 z x 71 & at once proce$$ to sket* ! *ild ( 8 bra9 on pap]4 ,he 0 too poor to defray ! co/ ( pat5t+ 8 inv5tion2 nor 0 he able to procure ! necess>y funds = t purpose until he _h se5 9 ,france a hamm] made f 8 own orig9al sket* 9 op]ation4 ,! /eam-hamm] came rapidly into use1 sup]s$+ all o!rs ( ! pond]\s sort1 increas+ ! quantity ( products & r$uc+ ! co/ ( manufacture by fifty p] c5t4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ! /eam-hamm] only t ! fabrication ( ! imm5se wr\ght-iron ordnance & ! huge plates = cov]+ %ips-(-w> ( mod]n times became possible4 ,9 ! h&s ( ! giant1 /eam1 ,mr4 ,nasmy?'s hamm]1 ev5 if x weigh fifty tons1 is susceptible ( m accurate /rokes ?an ! tack-hamm] 9 ! h&s ( ! uphol/]]1 or ! sl$ge 9 ! h&s ( ! mo/ skill$ blacksmi?4 ,x cru%es tons ( iron into a %apeless mass at "o bl[1 & at ! next drives a tack1 or cracks an egg-%ell 9 an egg-cup )\t injur+ ! cup4 ,mr4 ,nasmy?1 9 #ahde1 appli$ ! /eam-hamm] pr9ciple to ! pile-driv]4 ,) ?is wond]ful ma*9e ! 8driv+-block10 weigh+ sev]al tons1 desc5ds eighty times a m9ute on ! head ( ! pile1 s5d+ x home ) almo/ incr$ible rapidity4 ,! sav+ ( "t z comp>$ ) ! old me?od is 9 ! ratio ( #a to #ahjj2 t is1 a pile c be driv5 9 f\r m9utes t be=e requir$ twelve h\rs4 ,! c\rse 9 ! ,=g+ ,laboratory ext5ds f ! mak+ & c>e ( =ge-fires to case-h>d5+ iron & h>d5+ & temp]+ /eel2 & compet5t & exp]i5c$ in/ructors decl>e t ! /ud5t 9 ! educational smi?y ga9s z mu* skill 9 a day z ! smi?'s appr5tice ga9s 9 a ye> 9 ! ord9>y %op4 ,e#b 8,! inquiry ( tru?1 :i* is ! love-mak+ or woo+ ( x2 ! k ( tru?1 :i* is ! pres5ce ( x2 & ! belief ( tru?1 :i* is ! enjoy+ ( x--is ! sov]eign good ( human nature40--,essays ( ,francis ,bacon--8,tru?10 p4 #b4 ,london3 ,h5ry ,g4 ,bohn1 #aheb4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,ma*9e-,,tool ,,laboratory4 ,! ,f\nd]y & ,smi?y are ,anci5t1 ! ,ma*9e-tool ,%op is ,mod]n4 -- ,! ,giant1 ,/eam1 r$uc$ to ,s]vitude4 -- ,! ,iron ,l9es ( ,progress4 -- ,!y conv]ge 9 ! ,%op2 its triumphs f ! ,wat*spr+ to ! ,locomotive4 -- ,! ,applications ( ,iron 9 ,art is ! ,subject ( ,subjects4 -- ,! ,/ory ( ,inv5tion is ! ,hi/ory ( ,civilization4 -- ,! ,ma*9e-mak] & ! ,tool-mak] are ! be/ ,fri5ds ( ,man4 -- ,watt's ,great ,conception wait$ = ,automatic ,tools2 _! ,accuracy4 -- ,! ,h&-made & ! ,ma*9e-made ,wat*4 -- ,! ,elg9 7,ill9ois7 ,wat* ,factory4 -- ,! ,int]dep5d5ce ( ! ,arts4 -- ,! ,mak+ ( a ,suit ( ,clo!s4 -- ,! ,ant]oom ( ! ,ma*9e-tool ,laboratory4 -- ,*ipp+ & ,fil+4 -- ,! ,file-cutt]4 -- ,! ,pov]ty ( ,words z comp>$ ) ,?+s4 -- ,! ,graduat+ ,project4 -- ,! ,vision ( ! ,in/ructor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ma*9e-,,tool ,,laboratory4 ,! transition f ! laboratories = f\nd+ & =g+ to ! ,ma*9e-tool ,laboratory symbolizes a mighty revolution 9 ! practical arts--a revolution s /up5d\s z to defy description1 & s f>-rea*+ z to appall ! _s ( prophecy4 ,! f\nd]y & ! smi?y date back to ! dawn ( hi/ory2 ! ma*9e-tool %op is a creation ( ye/]day4 ,ab\t ! e>ly manipulations ( iron my?ology wove a web ( fancy3 ,vulcan =g$ ,jove's ?und]bolts1 ! iron sword ( ! savage 0 a god1 & ev5 f> d[n ! c\rse ( "t1 late 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ,tancr$1 ! crusad]1 paid an almo/ fabul\s sum = ,k+ ,ar?ur's fam\s sword ,excalib>--b ! mod]n ma*9e-tool %op is a huge iron automaton1 )\t s5tim5t1 & possess+ no poetry except ! rhy?mic h>mony ( motion4 ,9 ?is %op /eam is r$uc$ to s]vitude1 & compell$ ) giant h&s to bore1 mortise1 plane1 poli%1 fa%ion1 & fit great masses ( iron1 &1 anon1 ) delicate f+]s to sp9 gossam] ?reads ( burni%$ /eel4 ,) ! hot /eam c\rs+ ?r\gh its /eel-ribb$ ve9s ! bra9 ( ?is automaton ?9ks ! ?\ghts =eorda9$ by its inv5tor2 its h&s d 8 bidd+1 its arms fet* & c>ry = him1 its feet come & g at 8 beck & nod4 ,?is automaton fe$s on iron1 /eel1 copp]1 & brass1 & produces ! wat*-spr+ & ! locomotive1 ! revolv] & ! ,krupp gun1 ! surgeon's lancet & ! %aft ( a /eam%ip1 ! /eel p5 & ! /eam-hamm]1 ! vault-lock & ! pile-driv]1 ! sew+-ma*9e & ! ,corliss eng9e4 ,! lev] :i* wak5s ?is automaton to life1 :i* end[s its bra9 ) g5ius & its f+]s ) cunn+1 is ! rod ( empire4 ,all ! l9es ( mod]n developm5t conv]ge 9 ! ma*9e-tool %op1 & !y are all l9es ( iron1 :e!r consi/+ ( a f9e wire /rung on poles 9 mid-air or ( huge b>s re/+ on ! solid e>?4 ,iron is ! k+ ( metals b ! slave ( man4 ,its magnetic quality guides ! m>9] on ! sea1 & its t\gh fibre & d5sity su/a9 ! weight ( ! locomotive on ! l&4 ,x con/itutes ! f\ndation ( e useful art1 f ! pl\gh ( ! husb&man to ! ,jacqu>d loom ( ! weav]4 ,b x is only 9 ! ma*9e-tool %op t ! great /eam-driv5 ma*9es ( comm]ce & manufacture c be produc$4 ,! anci5ts possess$ iron1 :i* !y ca/ 9 ! f\nd]y & =g$ 9 ! smi?y2 !y knew ! p[] ( /eam1 & ! magicians ( ! "t amus$ ! populace ) exhibitions ( x1 b !y _h no ma*9e-tool %ops 9 :i* /eam c\ld be h>ness$ = ! j\rney across cont95ts & seas4 ,! ?\s& & "o mod]n applications ( iron to ! ne$s ( man h orig9at$ 9 ! ma*9e-tool %op4 ,x is ?r\gh ^! applications ( iron1 n ?r\gh iron itself1 t human pursuits h be5 s widely div]sifi$1 & human p[]s s ri*ly develop$ & enl>g$4 ,! contra/s pres5t$ by ! developm5t ( ! useful arts dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s are />tl+3 ,! toilsome j\rney ( a day r$uc$ to an h\r ) ! maximum ( com=t2 ! few y>ds ( fabric pa9fully wov5 by h& exp&$ into webs ( cotton1 l951 wooll51 & silk clo?s1 roll+ f ?\s&s ( /eam-driv5 looms2 ! /ock+ once requir+ h\rs to make1 n[ dropp+ second by second f ! iron f+]s ( ! knitt+-ma*9e2 ! nails1 screws1 p9s1 & ne$les1 =g$ "o by "o 9 ! old village smi?y1 n[ fly+ f ! h&s ( automatic ma*9es by ! ?\s& million2 ! numb]less /it*es ( ! sew+-ma*9e z comp>$ ) ! few ( ! old5 "t1 :i* made ! f+]s & ! he>ts ( wom5 a*e2 ! va/ crop ( c]eals plant$1 cultivat$1 & ga!r$ into b>ns ) iron h&s 9 contra/ ) ! toilsome processes ( ev5 fifty ye>s ago4 ,^! are only a few ( ! _m illu/rations t might be giv5 ( progress 9 ! useful arts1 & !y all emanate f ! ma*9e-tool %op4 ,at ! ?re%old ( ! mo/ important inquiry t ev] occupi$ ! m9d ( man /& ! tw5ty-f\r /ud5ts we h foll[$1 ) m or less regul>ity1 ?r\gh ! v>i\s laboratories :i* con/itute ! prelim9>y /eps 9 ! manual tra9+ c\rse4 ,x is ! mo/ important inquiry t ev] engag$ ! att5tion ( man1 because x t\*es mod]n civilization at m po9ts ?an any o!r4 ,x consi/s ( an inve/igation into ! subject ( ! div]sity ( ! applications ( iron 9 art1 a /udy bo? ( ! m9ute & ! pond]\s 9 iron tools & ma*9es1 & x is by ^! tools & ma*9es t ! bulk ( ! great ent]prises ( ! m5 ( mod]n times are c>ri$ =w>d4 ,^! /ud5ts are famili> ) ! details ( ! laboratories = f\nd+ & =g+1 b ! manipulations ( ^? bran*es ( iron manufacture are co>se & heavy z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! ,ma*9e-tool ,laboratory4 ,9 a ^w1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! iron manipulations ( ! ,ma*9e-tool ,laboratory & ^? ( ! f\nd+ & =g+ laboratories is ! exact measure ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! mod]n & ! anci5t sy/ems ( civilization4 ,! anci5t civilizations culm9at$ 9 t ( ,rome4 ,! ,romans possess$ iron1 b conf9$ _! manipulations ( x to ! f\nd]y & ! smi?y4 ,"u ! ,roman empire ! ent]prises ( man--comm]cial1 manufactur+1 & indu/rial g5]ally--rea*$ ! limit m>k$ by ! applications ( iron to ! useful arts4 ,x is n important 9 ?is connection to inquire :y inv5tions & discov]ies ceas$4 ,x is en\gh t !y ceas$4 ,!re 0 a pause2 man1 ris5 to a giddy height1 look$ backw>d in/ead ( =w>d & upw>d2 ! /ruggle to advance came to an end1 ambition di$ out ( life1 & a saturnalia ( bloody crime & savage brutality ensu$4 ,exhau/ion foll[$1 !n /agnation1 moral & intellectual1 & !n ! decay ( all ! arts4 ,! _w /ood /ill1 & 9 t /ate ( quiesc5ce rema9$ until pr9t+ 0 inv5t$ & ,am]ica discov]$4 ,/ill x wait$ two hundr$ & fifty ye>s be=e receiv+ ! fir/ h9t ( /eam-driv5 ma*9es & ! ma*9es & ! ma*9e tool-%op1 & dur+ all t "t progress 0 pa9fully sl[4 ,some?+ 0 requir$ to give to human ambition a gr& impulse1 & to op5 to human en]gy & indu/ry a broad field4 ,t some?+ did n come until ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & x %\ld nev] be =gott5 t x came !n ?r\gh ! humble m5 ( ! work%op4 ,to _! inv5tive g5ius mank9d owes m ?an to all ! philosoph]s1 litt]ateurs1 pr(essors1 & /atesm5 ( all "t4 ,^! m5 ( ! work%op--,huntsman1 ,cort1 ,roebuck1 ,watt1 ,fulton1 ,mu%et1 ,h>greaves1 ,neilson1 ,:itney1 ,bramah1 ,maudslay1 ,clem5t1 ,murray1 ,rob]ts1 ! ,/eph5sons1 fa!r & son1 & ,nasmy?--inv5t$ ma*9es :i* seem to rival human intellig5ce1 & 9 fact f> excel human precision 9 ! execution ( _! "w4 ,9 end[+ iron ) ! cunn+ ( g5ius & ! t]rific p[] ( ! fabl$ cyclops1 ! mod]n me*anic has revolutioniz$ ! field ( human ef=t1 transf]r+ x f ! f\nd]y & ! smi?y to ! ma*9e-tool %op4 ,x is "h1 & "h alone1 t /eam-driv5 ma*9es c be made4 ,!y may be conceiv$ 9 ! m9d ( a ,watt or a ,/eph5son1 b !y c be made only by ! automatic tools ( a ,maudslay1 a ,clem5t1 a ,bramah1 or a ,nasmy?4 ,man 0 helpless )\t /eam-driv5 ma*9es1 & he c\ld n h /eam-driv5 ma*9es until ma*9e-made tools _h be5 devis$ ) :i* to make !m4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,watt /rik+ly illu/rates ?is po9t4 ,:5 he _h complet$ 8 inv5tion ( ! /eam-eng9e1 he f\nd x ne>ly impossible to realize 8 idea 9 a work+ ma*9e1 ow+ to ! incompet5cy ( ! workm5 ( t "t4 ,9 reply to ! inquiry ( ,dr4 ,roebuck1 8,:at is ! pr9cipal h9d]ance 9 erect+ eng9es80 he responds1 8,x is always ! smi?-"w40 ,8 fir/ cyl9d]1 made ( hamm]$ iron sold]$ toge!r by a :itesmi?1 0 a complete failure4 ,b ev5 su* workm5 7 s sc>ce t ^u ! dea? ( ?is 8:ite-iron man0 ,watt 0 r$uc$ almo/ to a /ate ( despair4 8,8 next cyl9d] 0 ca/ & bor$ at ,c>ron1 b x 0 s untrue t x prov$ next to useless4 ,! pi/on c\ld n be kept /eam-tight1 not)/&+ ! v>i\s exp$i5ts :i* 7 adopt$ ( /uff+ x ) pap]1 cork1 putty1 pa/ebo>d1 & old hats40 ,smeaton1 ! be/ workman ( ! "t1 8express$ ! op9ion1 :5 he saw ! eng9e at "w1 t not)/&+ ! excell5ce ( ! inv5tion x c\ld nev] be br\ght into g5]al use because ( ! difficulty ( gett+ its v>i\s p>ts manufactur$ ) suffici5t precision40 ,watt con/antly compla9$ ( 8villan\s bad workman%ip40 8,ma*9e-made tools 7 unkn[n1 h5ce !re 7 no good tools4 ,attempt+ to run an eng9e ( ! old regime1 ! =eman ( ! %op gave x up 9 despair1 exclaim+1 8,i ?9k we _h bett] leave ! cogs to settle _! diff]5ces ) "o ano!r2 !y w gr9d !mselves "r 9 "t40 ,contra/ ) ?is clumsy ma*9e ( ! h&-tool era ! ,corliss eng9e ( ! pres5t day1 ^: e movem5t possesses ! noiseless grace ( a woman & ! consci\s p[] ( a giant2 & ?is giant spr+s full-arm$ f ! ma*9e-tool %op z ,m9]va sprang f ! bra9 ( ,jupit]4 ,mr4 ,smiles says1 8,:5 ! p[]ful oscillat+ eng9es ( ! ,w>rior 7 put on bo>d t %ip1 ! p>ts1 consi/+ ( "s five ?\s& sep>ate pieces1 7 br\ght f ! diff]5t work%ops ( ! ,messrs4 ,p5n ,sons1 :]e !y _h be5 made by workm5 :o knew n ! places !y 7 to occupy1 & fitt$ toge!r ) su* precision t s soon z ! /eam 0 rais$ & let into ! cyl9d]s ! imm5se ma*9e began z if to brea! & move l a liv+ creature1 /ret*+ its huge arms l a new-born giant2 & !n1 aft] practis+ its /r5g? a little1 & prov+ its s\ndness 9 body & limb1 x />t$ (f ) ! p[] ( above a ?\s& horses1 to try its /r5g? 9 brea/+ ! bill[s ( ! ,nor? ,sea40 ,! great & small tools1 ! automata ( ! ma*9e-%op1 are no less triumphs ( me*anical g5ius ?an ! 8p[]ful oscillat+ eng9es ( ! ,w>rior40 ,! prime difficulty ( ! h&-work] 0 to make two ?+s exactly alike1 !n foll[$ ! impossibility ( mak+ _m ?+s--! n>r[ limit ( human capacity to produce4 ,at t po9t ! inv5tor appe>$ ) a ma*9e :i* w\ld make a ?\s& ?+s 9 ! "t ! h&-work] requir$ to make "o1 & ea* "o ( !m ! exact c\nt]p>t ( e o!r4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago ,john ,arnold1 ! inv5tor ( ! *ronomet]1 accompli%$ a m>vel ( pati5ce & +5uity 9 ! =m ( a wat* ! size ( twop5ce & ! weight ( sixp5ce4 ,! workman%ip 0 s delicate t he 0 compell$ n only to fa%ion e "p ) 8 own h&1 b to design & make ! tools employ$ 9 its con/ruction4 ,! wat* 0 pres5t$ to ,george ,,iii41 ( ,engl&1 :o %[$ 8 appreciation ( ,arnold's me*anical skill 9 a pres5t ( five hundr$ gu9eas4 ,! ,emp]or ( ,russia (f]$ ,arnold #ejjj = a duplicate ( ! wond]ful little "t-piece1 :i* (f] 01 h[ev]1 decl9$4 ,x 0 s difficult = ! exp]t wat*-mak] ( a c5tury ago to make two ?+s exactly alike1 t ,arnold c\ld n af=d to und]take to make ano!r m9iature wat* ev5 = ! exorbitant price ( #ejjj4 ,b = t5 doll>s ! ,elg9 7,ill9ois7 ,national ,wat* ,company w supply ! ,emp]or ( ,russia ) a ma*9e-made wat* m ne>ly p]fect ?an ,arnold's ma/]piece1 & on ! same day turn out "o ?\s& o!rs exactly l x4 ,imag9e y\rself n[ 9 ! wat* factory ( ! ,elg9 ,company2 obs]ve t artisan hold+ 9 8 h& a coil ( f9e /eel wire weigh+ a p\nd4 ,he approa*es a ma*9e1 places "o end ( ! wire 9 its iron f+]s1 presses a lev]1 & 9 a few m9utes ! coil is conv]t$ into two hundr$ ?\s& m9ute screws1 ea* & e "o z p]fect z ! be/ t ,arnold made = 8 ,george ,,iii4 gem4 ,x is ) ! greate/ ef=t ( pa9/ak+ c>e t ! exp]t sew+-woman draws two /it*es closely resembl+ ea* o!r1 yet :ile %e is mak+ ! toilsome ex]tion ( h] utmo/ skill ! sew+-ma*9e sets hundr$s ( /it*es s exactly alike t a microscopic exam9ation w\ld fail to detect ! lea/ dissimil>ity4 ,! sew+-ma*9e af=ds an admirable illu/ration ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! practical arts4 ,! sew+-woman 0 able to keep pace ) ! sl[ & toilsome processes ( ! di/aff & loom1 b ^u ! application ( /eam-p[] to sp9n+ & weav+ ! dem& = sew+ 0 augm5t$ a ?\s&-fold4 ,if ! sew+-ma*9e has n emancipat$ woman f ! drudg]y s pa!tically depict$ by ,tom ,hood1 x has multipli$ ! production ( g>m5ts almo/ beyond ! p[] ( figures to express4 ,note ?is in/ance illu/rative ( ! triumph ( automatic ma*9]y 9 its application to manufactures4 8,! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria 0 lately pres5t$ ) a suit ( clo!s possess+ ?is rem>kable hi/ory3 ,! wool f :i* ! g>m5ts 7 made 0 clipp$ f ! %eep only elev5 h\rs be=e ! suit 0 complet$4 ,at #f4jh 9 ! morn+ ! %eep 7 %e>$2 at #f4aa ! wool 0 wa%$2 at #f4cg dy$2 at #f4ej pick$2 at #g4cd ! f9al c>d+ process 0 f9i%$2 at eight o'clock x 0 spun2 at #h4ae spool$2 at #h4cg ! w>p 0 9 ! loom2 at #h4dc ! %uttles 7 ready2 at #aa4aj sev5 & ?ree-f\r? ells ( clo? 7 complet$2 at #ab4jc ! clo? 0 full$2 at #ab4ad wa%$2 at #ab4ag spr9kl$2 at #ab4ca dri$2 at #ab4de %e>$2 at #a4jg napp$2 at #a4aj bru%$2 & at #a4ae prep>$ & ready = ! %e>s & ne$le4 ,at five o'clock ! suit1 consi/+ ( a hunt+-jacket1 wai/coat1 & tr\s]s1 0 f9i%$40 ,!re is a sort ( ant]oom to ! ,ma*9e-tool ,laboratory ) :i* ! /ud5ts are ?or\ghly famili>4 ,x is call$ ! ,*ipp+1 ,fil+1 & ,fitt+ ,laboratory1 has tw5ty-f\r vises1 a great assortm5t ( cold-*isels & files1 & is devot$ to vise "w4 ,! c\rse 9 ! ,*ipp+ ,fil+ & ,fitt+ ,laboratory consi/s ( a score or m lessons involv+ v>i\s file & *isel manipulations1 z1 8fil+ to l9e10 8dovetail+10 8p>allel fitt+ tongues & grooves10 8r+-"w & free-h& fil+10 8*ipp+ bevels10 8w>d-fil+ & key-fitt+10 8screw-fil+10 8scrap+10 etc41 ea* lesson be+ s devis$ z to insure ! introduction ( v>i\sly %ap$ tools1 & _! application to ! =ms ( "w = :i* !y are design$4 ,?is ant]oom to ! ,ma*9e-tool ,laboratory is l mo/ ant]ooms pla9 9 its appo9tm5ts1 & x is also l ! conv5tional ant]oom1 a place :]e ! /ud5t does n desire to rema9 long4 ,! wit*]y ( ! great laboratory beyond has already ca/ its spell ov] ! boy at ! vise4 ,b !re is excell5t h& & eye tra9+ "w 9 ! ,*ipp+1 ,fil+1 & ,fitt+ ,laboratory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,*ipp+1 ,,fil+1 ,,& ,,fitt+ ,,laboratory4 ,! file is a humble tool1 b x is old] ?an hi/ory1 dat+ back to ! ,greek ,my?ological p]iod4 8,f ! smalle/ m\se-tail file us$ 9 ! delicate op]ations ( ! wat* & philosophical in/rum5t mak]1 to ! squ>e file = ! smi?'s heavie/ "w1 !re is a multif>i\s div]sity 9 %ape1 size1 & gauge ( cutt+40 ,"s ( ! files made by ! ,swiss = ! wat*-mak] 8are ( s f9e a cut t ! unaid$ eye _c disc]n ! ridges40 ,9 no dep>tm5t ( ! useful arts did ! h&-work] atta9 to great] dext]ity ?an 9 file-cutt+4 ,) a %>p-edg$ *isel ! file-cutt] made f "o hundr$ & fifty to two hundr$ 8burs0 a m9ute1 & !y 7 s f9e z to be trac$ by ! s5se ( t\* alone1 b z /raight z ?\gh rul$ by a ma*9e4 ,! h&-work+ file-cutt] held 8 gr\nd until #ahei1 :5 a ,fr5*man1 ,m4 ,b]not1 inv5t$ a file-cutt+ ma*9e :i* sup]s$$ ! old me?od ( manufacture1 except 9 cases requir+ delicacy ( manipulation1 r$uc+ ! co/ ( files to "o-eigh? ( _! =m] price4 ,! lessons 9 ! ,ma*9e-tool ,laboratory w n be describ$ 9 detail z 9 ! o!r laboratories4 ,! processes are s delicate & s intricate1 & ! result+ products 9 ma*9es s closely approa* ! m>vell\s1 z to begg> description4 ,! pov]ty ( words z comp>$ ) ?+s ass]ts itself ) unexampl$ =ce 9 ! pres5ce ( a great v>iety ( tools1 ea* ( :i* seems to be end[$ ) ! p[] ( reflection1 & ea* ( :i*1 in/ead ( :isp]+ a ^w 9 y\r e>1 drops into y\r h& a ?+ ( use to man4 ,! laboratory is sil5t1 ! tools are dumb1 b h[ eloqu5tly !y proclaim ! era ( com=t & luxury6 ,!y h no tongue1 b ?r\gh _! lips y %all speak across cont95ts & "u seas4 ,!y h no legs1 b ?r\gh _! aid y %all1 9 a race r\nd ! _w1 out/rip ,m]cury4 ,! ma*9es !y make %all be> all y\r burd5s2 ) _! brawny arms !y lift a ?\s& tons1 & ) _! f+]s ( fairy-l delicacy pick up a p92 ) ! augur ( ,h]cules !y bore a *annel ?r\gh ! m\nta9 ( granite1 & ) a ,liliputian gimlet tunnel "o ( ! hairs ( y\r head4 ,^! +5i\s tools are wor?y ( c>eful inspection bo? on acc\nt ( ! m>vels !y p]=m & ! delicacy ( _! con/ruction & adju/m5ts4 ,"o ( !m1 a screw-eng9e la!1 = example1 is tak5 to pieces1 & ea* piece describ$ 9 ord] t ! /ud5ts may be made famili> ) ! con/ruction ( ! tool1 & s r5d]$ capable ( tak+ good c>e ( x4 ,dur+ ?is inspection ! in/ructor outl9es ! hi/ory ( ! tool4 ,! ma9 feature is ! slide-re/1 inv5t$ by ,maudslay :ile 9 ! employ ( ,bramah1 ! lock-mak]4 ,x is n too mu* to say t two ?+s exactly alike1 or ne> en\gh alike1 practically1 to s]ve ! same purpose v well1 7 nev] produc$ on ! old-fa%ion$ turn+ la!4 ,?is ! in/ructor endeavors to make cle> to ! class4 ,he also expla9s precisely h[ ,maudslay's improvem5t rem$i$ ! defects ( ! old-fa%ion$ la!4 ,/ill !re rema9$ some?+ to be done to make x p]fect1 & putt+ ! pieces toge!r ! in/ructor %[s :]e ,maudslay's "w end$ & t ( ,clem5t began4 ,clem5t made two improvem5ts 9 ! slide-re/1 "o involv+ ! pr9ciple ( self-correction1 = :i* he receiv$ ! gold ,isis m$al ( ! ,society ( ,arts 9 #ahbg1 & ! o!r consi/+ ( ! 8self-adju/+ d\ble-driv+ c5tre *eck10 = :i* he 0 aw>d$ ! silv] m$al ( ! same society 9 #ahbh4 ,?us improv$ or p]fect$1 ! slide-la! became ! ackn[l$g$ k+ ( ma*9e-tools1 ! self-adju/+ two-arm$ driv] tak+ ! /ra9 f ! c5tre & divid+ x betwe5 ! two arms1 & s correct+ all t5d5cy to ecc5tricity 9 ! "w4 ,! ,ma*9e-tool ,laboratory conta9s a great v>iety ( tools1 ( :i* ! *ief are la!s1 drills1 & plan]s2 b !re are _m auxili>y tools1 & 9 ! advanc$ /ages ( ! c\rse a s+le lesson (t5 af=ds opportunity = ! introduction ( sev]al ( !m4 ,&1 z 9 ! o!r s*ool laboratories1 ea* tool1 ^u its fir/ pres5tation to ! class1 =ms ! subject ( a brief lecture--a practical lecture too1 = ! in/ructor uses ! tool :ile he sket*es its hi/ory & p]haps t ( its inv5tor1 %[s :at place x holds 9 ! ord] ( ma*9e-tool developm5t1 & h[ admirably x is adapt$ to its p>ticul> "w1 & makes sugge/ions z to its c>e4 ,sometimes a lesson involves ! use ( a draw+ made by ! /ud5ts a ye> be=e1 & ! piece ( iron 9 :i* x is wr\ght is ! product ( a previ\s lesson 9 =g+2 & x may also h be5 manipulat$ ) ! file or ! cold-*isel1 or bo?1 9 ! ,*ipp+1 ,fil+1 & ,fitt+ ,laboratory4 ,f ! fir/ lesson 9 ! room devot$ to draw+1 to ! la/ lesson 9 ! ,ma*9e-tool ,laboratory1 ! c\rse ( tra9+ is ord]ly1 consecutive4 ,ea* /ep conta9s a h9t ( ! nature ( ! next /ep1 & ea* succe$+ /ep consi/s ( a fur!r application ( ! pr9ciples & processes ( ! la/ prec$+ /ep4 ,9 a ^w1 ! /ud5ts foll[ _! draw+s ?r\gh all ! laboratories till ! designs 8are br\ght out 9 a f9i%$ /ate ei!r 9 ca/ or wr\ght iron40 ,! la! is ! fundam5tal ma*9e-tool1 b a completely equipp$ ma*9e-tool laboratory includes a great v>iety ( supplem5t>y or auxili>y tools1 a ?or\gh k ( :i* is ess5tial to a good me*anical education4 ,x does n foll[1 because ^! tools are 9 a l>ge degree automatic1 t skill may be disp5s$ ) 9 _! use4 ,_m ( !m are v complicat$ 9 design & con/ruction1 & !y c no m be made to d effici5t s]vice "u an unskill$ h& ?an a locomotive c be made to accompli% a s]ies ( successful 8runs0 by an unskill$ 8driv]40 ,h5ce e tool 9 ! laboratory is made ! subject ( an exhau/ive /udy4 ,! pr9ciple ( me*anics involv$ 9 its con/ruction is exp\nd$1 a practical illu/ration ( its me?od ( op]ation is giv51 its peculi> liability to injury is expla9$1 & rules = its c>e are c>efully =mulat$1 & frequ5tly repeat$4 ,!re is a preval5t !ory t ! wide application ( s-call$ automatic tools to me*anical "w l>gely decreases ! legitimate dem& = skill$ me*anics1 b x is fallaci\s4 ,9 ! fir/ place a ?\s& ?+s are n[ made :]e "o ?+ 0 made fifty ye>s ago4 ,9 ! second place ! ext5sive use ( /eam & electricity greatly enl>ges ! sph]e :]e9 accurate "w becomes absolutely ess5tial to human safety1 & h5ce ext5ds ! field ( op]ations ( ! inv5tive faculty4 ,9 ! ?ird place ! co/ ( ma*9e-tool made products hav+ be5 greatly r$uc$1 competition is proportionately int5sifi$1 ?us n>r[+ ! m>g9 ( pr(it1 & s r5d]+ any injury to ma*9]y ?r\gh want ( skill 9 ! op]ator relatively m disa/r\s4 ,z a matt] ( fact a f9e ma*9e-tool is m liable ?an a wat* to get out ( ord] ?r\gh c>eless h&l+1 & x no m ?an a wat*1 c be prop]ly repair$ by a bungl]4 ,x foll[s t skill 9 ! use ( ma*9e-tools is z ess5tial to a successful me*anical c>e] n[1 z skill 9 ! use ( h&-tools 0 =m]ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,! ,,ma*9e-,,tool ,,laboratory4 ,b ano!r conclusion foll[s m irresi/ibly1 namely--t ! me*anical eng9e] :o devotes 8 att5tion to ! con/ruction & managem5t ( massive ma*9]y1 su* z pumps1 hydraulic & lev] presses1 looms1 & /eam-eng9es1 :e!r locomotive1 m>9e1 or o!r1 mu/1 9 ord] to be ma/] ( 8 pr(ession1 be ?or\ghly famili> ) e /ep ( _! con/ruction2 & su* famili>ity c only be acquir$ by a c\rse ( practical /udy 9 ! ma*9e-tool %op4 ,x is ! prov9ce ( ! me*anical eng9e] to utilize c]ta9 =ces ( nature 9 ! s]vice ( man1 & x is only ?r\gh ! ma*9e-tool %op t su* utilization c be effect$4 ,x h5ce foll[s t a practical acqua9tance ) ! manipulations ( ! ma*9e-tool %op is an ess5tial pr]equisite to a successful c>e] 9 ! field ( high] me*anics4 ,! man :o aspires to con/ruct any great me*anical eng9e]+ "w1 l ! ,brooklyn ,bridge1 = example1 mu/ "k ! exact me*anical p[] ( e piece ( ma*9]y he employs1 z also ! exact me*anical value ( e piece ( iron t ent]s into ! /ructure2 & ^! ?+s he _c "k unless he is famili> ) ! entire s]ies ( iron manipulations1 f ^? ( ! f\nd]y to ^? ( ! ma*9e-tool %op4 ,! aspect ( ! ,ma*9e-tool ,laboratory :5 9 repose1 s to speak1 is dull & un9t]e/+1 n to say repellant4 ,!re are tw5ty-f\r eng9e-la!s1 z _m adju/able vises1 a mill+ ma*9e1 & a v>iety ( auxili>y tools4 ,! la!s are support$ by d+y-look+ ca/-iron frames1 & "u ea* la! !re is a *e/ ( draw]s conta9+ a set ( tools4 ,ov]head !re is a wild]ness ( pulleys & %aft+1 :i* seems to ! untra9$ eye to h v little relation to ! ma*9es bel[4 ,! work+ p>ts ( ! la!s %[ burni%$ /eel surfaces1 :i* reflect coldly ! gl>e ( yell[ sunlight flood+ ! room4 ,if x 7 moonlight in/ead ( sunlight "o might summon ! gho/s ( ^? d>+ m5 :o hundr$s & ?\s&s ( ye>s ago dream$ audaci\sly ( ! future ( appli$ me*anics4 ,rog] ,bacon mu/ h _h a vision ( ! ma*9e-tool %op :5 he said1 8,i w n[ m5tion "s ( ! wond]ful works ( art & nature 9 :i* !re is no?+ ( magic1 & :i* magic c\ld n p]=m4 ,in/rum5ts may be made by :i* ! l>ge/ %ips1 ) only "o man guid+ !m1 w be c>ri$ ) great] velocity ?an if !y 7 full ( sailors2 *>iots may be con/ruct$ t w move ) incr$ible rapidity )\t ! help ( animals2 a small in/rum5t may be made to raise or depress ! greate/ weights2 an in/rum5t may be fabricat$ by :i* "o man may draw a ?\s& m5 to him by =ce & aga9/ _! w2 z also ma*9es :i* w enable m5 to walk at ! bottom ( seas or riv]s )\t dang]40 ,:5 /eam is 8turn$ on0 ! aspect ( ! ,ma*9e-tool ,laboratory is completely *ang$4 ,/eam is1 inde$1 ! ar*-revolutioni/2 x brea!s ! brea? ( life into inanimate ?+s--makes !m ?9k1 speak1 & act4 ,! l[ hum ( unus$ ma*9]y fir/ salutes ! e>2 !n ! /ud5ts take _! places4 ,!y are ?ree ye>s old] ?an :5 we enc\nt]$ !m 9 ! eng9e-room4 ,!y are f sev5te5 to tw5ty ye>s ( age4 ,!y are no long] boys2 !y are "y m5--robu/1 he>ty-look+ "y m54 ,_! be>+ is v resolute--rem>kably resolute2 _! attitude is erect4 ,!y are full-*e/$1 muscul>-arm$1 frank-fac$ "y m54 ,9 ! ?ree ye>s' c\rse n[ draw+ to a close !y h le>n$ h[ to d _m ?+s1 & h5ce !y %[ a good degree ( confid5ce4 ,b ! dom9ant expression on all ! int]e/+ "y faces is1 aft] all1 "o ( mode/y2 s true is x t e acquisition ( k1 & especially useful k1 n only /imulates desire to le>n m1 b enlight5s p]ception z to ! magnitude ( ! field ( fur!r inquiry4 ,z ! addition ( a useful ?+ to ! _w's /ock ( ?+s creates a dem& = a score m ( useful ?+s1 s ! addition ( a fact to ! /ud5t's /ock ( facts n only creates a desire = m facts1 b /r5g!ns ! m9d = fur!r inve/igation4 ,x may be t !re are va9 /atesm51 philosoph]s1 prie/s1 & k+s1 b we %\ld z little expect to f9d a va9 me*anic z a va9 sci5ti/4 ,^! tw5ty-f\r /ud5ts may g out into ! _w to-morr[ to make _! way4 ,"s ( !m w ent] ^u ! /age ( active life1 o!rs w cont9ue _! /udies 9 high] s*ools ( lit]ature1 sci5ce1 & art2 b :e!r !y g or /ay1 if !y h made ! mo/ ( _! opportunities 9 ! ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool !y w h le>n$ ! lesson ( mode/y1 & le>n$ to respect labor1 n only z a means ( e>n+ "o's daily bread1 b z ! mo/ p[]ful & ! mo/ heal?ful m5tal & moral /imulant4 ,/eam is on1 & ! /ud5ts /&+ at ! la!s are impati5t to beg94 ,x is n a lesson 9 ! ord9>y s5se4 ,ea* /ud5t works indep5d5tly ( special direction1 = ea* is engag$ 9 mak+ a ma*9e--! graduat+ project4 ,! in/ructor is at h&1 n to dictate b to advise1 if reque/$4 ,f 8 fund ( exp]i5ce z ! eld] s*ol> he w answ] que/ions prop\nd$ by 8 y\ng] fell[-/ud5ts4 ,9 front ( ! /ud5ts1 p>ts ( ! work+ draw+s may be se54 ,x is pla9 t !re is to be v>iety 9 ! exhibit ( 8projects40 ,!re are sev]al /eam-eng9es1 diff]+ 9 model2 !re is a /eam-pump1 a pun*+ ma*9e1 a la!1 an electric ma*9e1 & a /eam-hamm]4 ,at a sign "w comm5ces--a doz5 v>ieties ( "w1 emitt+ a doz5 tones ( buzz+ & :izz+4 ,! in/ructor's face lights up ) a pleas$ expression z he notes ! progress ( ! "w4 ,!re is no sign ( hesitation 9 ! class2 no que/ions are ask$2 ! /ud5ts seem to be driv+ /raight to ! m>k4 ,! in/ructor's he>t swells ) pride2 he c tru/ 88 boys60 ,he has be5 reg>d+ !m ) an expression ( affection1 b n[ 8 eyes w&]--!y h a f>-away look4 ,he no long] sees ! /ud5ts1 he is look+ beyond !m4 ,he drops into a recl9+ attitude1 sighs1 falls into a rev]ie1 & dreams4 ,9 8 dream he sees nak$ savages1 em]g+ f caves1 arm$ ) clubs1 pursu+ animals4 ,^! are succe$$ by m5 be>+ rude /one implem5ts--axes & hamm]s--& ^! 9 turn by m5 arm$ ) b[s & arr[s1 b half-clo!d ) sk9s ( bea/s1 & cr\*+ & %iv]+ b5ea? ! %elt] ( ! bran*es ( a tree pull$ d[nw>d & secur$ by clods ( e>?4 ,?is picture disappe>s1 & is replac$ by a pa/oral sc5e--a va/ pla9 cov]$ ) flocks & h]ds4 ,9 ! =egr\nd /&s ! %eph]d1 & 9 ! di/ance 8 t5t1 consi/+ ( sk9s ( bea/s /ret*$ on poles1 & 9 ! t5t door a woman sits p\nd+ a fleece into felt4 ,! %eph]d1 8 flocks & h]ds1 8 t5t1 & ! woman 9 ! t5t door1 vani% l ! mi/s ( morn+1 & :]e ! %eph]d 01 ! husb&man is se5 h>ve/+ ! gold5 gra92 & 9 ! %ad[ ( ! cottage :i* has replac$ ! t5t a woman is gr9d+ corn4 ,! sc5e aga9 *anges--! pla9 has become ! site ( a great city4 ,! city is protect$ by ?ick1 high walls1 surm\nt$ ) fr[n+ battlem5ts4 ,s5t9els pace back & =? along ! p>apet4 ,huge helmets protect _! heads1 & _! bodies are clo!d 9 armor4 ,quiv]s full ( bronze-tipp$ arr[s dep5d f _! %\ld]s2 9 _! h&s !y c>ry long b[s1 & ! clank1 clank ( _! broad1 two-edg$1 bronze swords breaks ! dull1 monoton\s r\t9e ( _! m>*4 ,a braz5 gate sw+s back noiselessly on braz5 h+es1 &1 b[+ to ! s5t9el1 ! dream] z noiselessly glides into ! city4 ,sudd5ly he feels ! hot brea? ( ! f\nd]y furnace-fire1 & is bl9d$ by a gl>e ( r$ light4 ,%ad+ 8 eyes he sees dusky =ms hurry+ to & fro ) ladles full ( molt5 metal4 ,turn+ away he he>s ! heavy /roke ( ! sl$ge1 & look+1 beholds a du/y1 smoky smi?y4 ,! /alw>t smi? drops ! sl$ge at 8 side1 re/s "o foot on ! anvil-block1 & wipes ! sweat f 8 br[2 ! help] ?ru/s ! cool+ metal into ! coals1 b5ds to ! bell[s1 & ! =ge-fire s+s4 ,at ! s\nd ( a bell ! dream] />ts1 ! old ,assyrian city falls into ru9s1 ! ru9s crumble into du/1 & on ?is du/ ano!r city rises1 fl\ri%es1 falls1 & piles ! du/ ( its ru9s4 ,ov] a wa/e ( ye>s--tw5ty c5turies--! dream]'s ?\ght fla%es1 & he /&s 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,alex&rian me*anic-philosoph]4 ,he sees ,h]o 9 ! public /reet1 gaz+ ab/ract$ly at 8 cond5s$-air f\nta91 & foll[s him into 8 %op or laboratory1 & obs]ves him curi\sly z he toys ) ! model ( a que] little /eam-eng9e4 8,?is is ! ,iron ,age1 b 9 its infancy10 he exclaims "u 8 brea?1 z 8 eyes w&] f a f9e ,damascus blade hang+ aga9/ ! wall to "s poor h&-tools ly+ on ! work+-b5*4 8,i w speak to ?is old man10 he cont9ues1 8& ask him to /ep into my ,ma*9e-tool ,laboratory1 & see my boys make /eam-eng9es2 x w be a revelation to him4 ,come1 old fri5d--!re--look60 ,& ! dream] looks4 ,does he see d\ble8 ,! laboratory is un*ang$2 /eam is /ill on2 ! :ir ( ma*9]y & ! buzz+ s\nd ( /eam-driv5 tools salute ! e>1 & ! /ud5ts are all busy at _! b5*es f9i%+ p>ts ( 8projects0 & adju/+ !m 9 _! places1 ,b !re are tw5ty-f\r o!r m5--%ades ( m5--9 ! laboratory4 ,mo/ ( !m are old2 "s are 9 work+ clo!s1 o!rs 9 full dress1 we>+ ribbons & ord]s ( m]it4 ,ov] ea* /ud5t "o ( ^! %ades b5ds ) an air ( absorb+ att5tion4 ,! dream] recognizes ,pap91 ,fulton1 ,watt1 & ,/eph5son %ad[+ ! /ud5ts engag$ 9 ! con/ruction ( eng9es4 ,!y beckon ,h]o1 & he jo9s ! gr\p1 ?read+ 8 way timidly betwe5 ! l9es ( la!s1 & look+ askance at ! rapidly revolv+ :eels & fly+ belts4 ,ov] ! %\ld]s ( o!r /ud5ts are se5 ! faces ( ,maudslay1 ,bramah1 ,clem5t1 ,rob]ts1 ,:itney1 ,nasmy?1 ,huntsman1 ,cort1 ,murray1 ,dudley1 ,y>ranton1 ,roebuck1 & ,:itwor?1 besides sev]al unfamili> faces4 ,sudd5ly !y all ga!r ab\t a ne>ly complet$ project--a /ation>y eng9e4 ,!y witness ! =c+ home ( ! la/ screw2 !y see ! m9iature ma*9e made fa/ to ! b5*4 ,/eam is let into ! cyl9d]s4 ,! /ud5t's flu%$ face is 9 %>p contra/ ) ! colorless faces ( ! gr\p ( old m5 by :om he is surr\nd$4 ,! pi/on-rod moves languidly--! ma*9e trembles z if awak+ f slumb]1 ! %aft oscillates sl[ly1 !n fa/]1 !n regul>ly1 l a /rong pulse-beat4 ,! project is a success--! fir/ "o complet$6 ,! /ud5t's face turns pale--z pale z ! :ite faces ( ! old m5 at 8 side4 ,!y op5 _! lips z if to *e] him1 b no s\nd escapes !m4 ,he brea!s quick--almo/ gasps2 8 he>t beats l\dly2 he tries to %\t b _c utt] a ^w4 ,at la/ he claps 8 h&s6 ,! in/ructor />ts f 8 *air1 rubs 8 eyes1 & />es r\nd ! laboratory4 ,all ! /ud5ts are !re1 ga!r$ 9 a gr\p ab\t ! f9i%$ 8project10 b ! gho/ly %ades ( ! old inv5tors h vani%$ l ! unsub/antial fabric ( a vision4 ,! 8projects0 are n all f9i%$ on ! same day4 ,"s ( !m are f> m complicat$ ?an o!rs1 & "s /ud5ts are m skill$ ?an o!rs4 ,all are v busy4 ,x is n improp] to ask que/ions relat+ to "w on ! graduat+ projects2 ! in/ructor is at h& to answ] su* que/ions4 ,b x is a po9t ( honor n to ask a "q if ! difficulty c possibly be o!rwise ov]come4 ,h5ce v few que/ions are ask$4 ,! la/ week ( ! t]m is a v try+ "o to all conc]n$4 ,! /ud5ts are retic5t & unusually sil5t2 all are anxi\s1 "s are timid--! n]v\s t5sion is extreme4 ,! in/ructor becomes taciturn "u a pa9ful s5se ( compulsory isolation f 8 class1 t[>ds all ! memb]s ( :i* he has1 = ?ree ye>s1 su/a9$ frat]nal r ?an dictatorial relations4 ,b z ! projects are1 "o by "o1 complet$1 ! atmosph]e cle>s4 ,:5 ! /ud5t realizes t 8 project is c]ta9 to be a success1 8 face bright5s & he is pleas$ to discuss its 8po9ts0 ) ! in/ructor4 ,! in/ructor is delight$ to resume 8 =m] relations ) ! class1 ! feel+ ( con/ra9t is dispell$1 & ! graduation-day ex]cises are contemplat$ ) confid5ce4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,manual ,,& ,,m5tal ,,tra9+ ,,comb9$4 ,! new ,education is all-sid$ -- its ,effect4 -- ,a ,h>moni\s ,developm5t ( ! ,:ole ,be+4 -- ,exam9ation = ,admission to ! ,*icago ,s*ool4 -- ,li/ ( ,que/ions 9 ,ari?metic1 ,geography1 & ,language4 -- ,! ,curriculum4 -- ,! ,alt]nation ( ,manual & ,m5tal ,ex]cises4 -- ,! ,dem& = ,sci5tific ,education -- its ,effect4 -- ,ambition to be useful4 ,we h n[ pass$ 9 review all ! s*ool laboratories1 f ! eng9e-room1 or laboratory :]e p[] is g5]at$1 to ! ,ma*9e-tool ,laboratory :]e p[] is utiliz$1 or h>ness$1 & compell$ to d ! "w ( man4 ,we h obs]v$ ! /ud5t1 9 8 fir/ ef=t ov] ! draw+-bo>d1 /ruggl+ labori\sly to make a /raight l9e1 & 9 ! ,laboratory ( ,c>p5try1 try+ ) v>y+ success to make a t5on fit ! mortise1 & we h /ood by 8 side 9 ! ,ma*9e-tool ,laboratory 9 ! mom5t ( 8 triumph exhibit+ 8 graduat+ 8project0--a m9iature eng9e ?robb+ "u ! pressure ( /eam1 & do+ its "w ) admirable precision4 ,b we h se5 only ! manual side ( ! curriculum4 ,! m5tal side is /ill to be %[n4 ,! claim made 9 behalf ( ! new education is t x is bett] balanc$ ?an ! old1 t x is all-sid$1 t x produces a h>moni\s developm5t ( ! :ole be+1 t x makes ( ! /ud5t a man fully furni%$ = ! battle ( life1 m5tally1 morally1 & physically4 ,accord+ly ! curriculum ( ! ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool comb9es ) ! laboratory ex]cises a v>iety ( m5tal ex]cises ( q a compreh5sive "*2 & fir/1 c]ta9 m5tal requirem5ts are necess>y to admission1 z witness ! foll[+ f ! fir/ catalogue ( ! ,*icago ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool3 8,c&idates = admission to ! ,junior ye> mu/ be at lea/ f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 & mu/ pres5t suffici5t evid5ce ( good moral "*4 ,!y mu/ pass a satisfactory exam9ation 9 read+1 spell+1 writ+1 geography1 ,engli% composition1 & ! fundam5tal op]ations ( ari?metic z appli$ to integ]s1 common & decimal fractions1 & d5om9ate numb]s4 ,ability to use ! ,engli% language correctly is especially desir$40 ,! foll[+ que/ions 7 us$ at ! fir/ exam9ation = admission to ! ,*icago s*ool4 ,,ari?metic4 ,transcribe "w suffici5t to %[ processes4 ,no cr$it giv5 = results alone4 #a4 ,*ange to decimals & f9d ! sum ( 1 1 1 1 4 #b4 ,divide ! product ( #bh & #ac by ! diff]5ce ( #h & #d4 #c4 ,divide 4#jjhge by #ab4 #d4 ,r$uce 4#cie ( a mile to integ]s4 #e4 ,if a locomotive move ( a mile 9 ( an h\r1 :at is its spe$ p] h\r8 #f4 ,a man inve/$ ( 8 money 9 l&1 4#abe ( x 9 /ocks1 #ab1jjj 9 a vessel1 & _h #ee1ejj rema9+4 ,h[ mu* did he inve/ 9 l&8 #g4 ,b\ght a squ>e mile ( l& at #ge an acre4 ,i res]v$ #afj acres ( x = /reets & alleys1 & divid$ ! rema9d] into lots ea* #ff feet front by #bjj feet deep1 all ( :i* ,i sold = #ae p] front foot4 ,! exp5se ( survey+1 etc41 0 #bjjj4 ,:at did ,i ga98 #h4 ,h[ _m balls1 ea* ( an in* 9 diamet]1 are equal 9 weight to a ball ( ! same mat]ial #a foot 9 diamet]8 #i4 ,f9d co/ ( mat]ial = mak+ box1 inside measurem5t #d by #b by #c feet1 ( in* lumb]1 wor? #cj p] ,m41 ( ! lumb] pur*as$ be+ wa/$4 ,include 9 ! co/ #g doz5 screws at #a4hj p] gross4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/ud5ts ,,) ,,_! ,,books4 #aj4 ,:at is ! height ( a rectangul> ci/]n capable ( conta9+ #fjj gallons1 ! bottom ( :i* is #g by #aa feet1 inside measurem5t8 ,,geography4 #a4 ,"n ! five mo/ popul\s cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ord] ( population4 ,on :at wat] is ,/4 ,pet]sburg8 ,dubl98 ,rome8 ,calcutta8 ,cairo8 #b4 ,locate ! pr9cipal coal fields & iron regions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:at m9]als occur 9 ,ill9ois8 #c4 ,draw map ( ,ill9ois1 %[+ by :at ,/ates & by :at wat]s b\nd$4 ,locate ! capital & ! l>ge/ city ( ,ill9ois4 #d4 ,"n ! outlet ( ,lake ,erie2 ( ,lake ,*ampla92 ( ,great ,salt ,lake2 ( ! ,black ,sea2 ( ,lake ,victoria ,nyanza4 #e4 ,comp>e ! latitude & climate ( ,spa9 & ,ill9ois4 #f4 ,h[ does ! isl& ( ,great ,brita9 comp>e 9 area ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ) any "o ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* y may m5tion8 #g4 ,h[ d ! ,alps comp>e 9 height ) ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s8 ,"n ! highe/ peak 9 ,europe2 9 ,nor? ,am]ica2 9 ,s\? ,am]ica2 9 ! _w4 #h4 ,h[ does climate v>y ) altitude above ! sea level8 ,illu/rate by an example4 #i4 ,:at is ! cause ( day & night8 ,( *anges ( seasons8 ,:at is latitude8 ,longitude8 #aj4 ,:5 x is #aa ,a4,m4 by 8,c5tral ,"t0 9 ,*icago1 :at is ! h\r by 8,ea/]n ,"t0 9 ,new ,york ,city8 ,:at is ! h\r 9 ,london8 ,is 8,c5tral ,"t0 9 ,*icago ! true "t8 ,:y8 ,or1 9 place ( ! la/ "q3 ,:at are ! t]m9i ( ! ,ill9ois & ,mi*igan ,canal8 ,:at wat]s are connect$ by ! ,suez ,canal8 ,( :at wat] r\te does ! ,suez ,canal take ! place8 ,,language4 #a4 ,correct 9 e p>ticul>1 & give reason = ea* correction3 a4 ,! man :i* 0 sick has w5t to 8 "w4 b4 ,e p]son %\ld att5d to _! own affairs4 c4 ,su* expressions s\nd h>%ly4 d4 ,betwe5 y & ,i1 ?is is a real easy exam9ation4 e4 ,! cause ( ! tides 7 n :olly unkn[n to ! anci5ts4 #b4 8,pleasantly rose next morn+ ! sun on ! village ( ,gr& ,pr40 ,h[ is ! idea ( ! ris+ ( ! sun modifi$8 #c4 8,fla%$ all _! sabres b>e1 ,fla%$ z !y turn$ 9 air1 ,sab'r+ ! gunn]s !re1 ,*>g+ an army1 :ile ,all ! _w wond]$40 ,*ange to good prose4 #d4 ,/ate ! mean+ ( ea* prefix & suffix 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,emigrate2 ,immigrate2 ,illegally2 ,admissible2 ,?\ghtlessness2 ,affix+4 #e4 a4 ,:y is ! f9al e ( 8s]vice0 reta9$ 9 8s]viceable80 b4 ,write ! pres5t p>ticiple ( 8befit20 ( 8b5efit40 ,:at diff]5ce 9 spell+8 ,:y8 c4 ,def9e ,anci5t2 ,v5]able2 ,obsolete4 #f4 ,write an essay on ,*icago1 m5tion+ ! rapid gr[? ( ! city2 its l& & wat] communications2 its comm]ce & manufactures2 its public build+s2 its in/itutions ( le>n+ & *>ity1 & any o!r items :i* may occur to y4 ,hav+ pass$ ! ordeal ( ! =ego+ batt]y ( que/ions ! /ud5t ( ! ,ideal ,s*ool f9ds 8 m5tal ex]cises alt]nat$ ) manual ex]cises ?r\gh\t ! entire c\rse 9 some?+ l ! foll[+ ord]1 namely3 ,junior ,ye>4--7#a47 ,ma!matics--,ari?metic2 ,algebra4 7#b47 ,sci5ce4--,physiology2 ,physical ,geography4 7#c47 ,language4--,engli% ,language & ,lit]ature2 or ,lat9 ,read]4 7#d47 ,draw+4--,freeh& ,model & ,object2 ,projection2 ,ma*9e2 ,p]spective4 7#e47 ,%opwork4--,c>p5try1 ,jo9]y1 ,wood-,turn+1 ,patt]n-,mak+1 ,prop] ,c>e & ,use ( ,tools4 ,middle ,ye>4--7#a47 ,ma!matics4--,geometry4 7#b47 ,sci5ce4--,physics4 7#c47 ,language4--,g5]al ,hi/ory & ,lit]ature2 or ,cs>4 7#d47 ,draw+4--,or?ographic ,projection & ,%ad[s2 ,l9e & ,bru% ,%ad+2 ,isometric ,projection & ,%ad[s2 ,details ( ,ma*9]y2 ,ma*9e f ,measurem5t4 7#e47 ,%opwork4--,mold+1 ,ca/+2 ,=g+1 ,weld+1 ,temp]+2 ,sold]+1 ,braz+4 ,s5ior ,ye>4--7#a47 ,ma!matics4--,plane ,trigonometry2 ,me*anics2 ,book-keep+4 7#b47 ,sci5ce4--,*emi/ry2 or ,descriptive ,geometry & ,high] ,algebra4 7#c47 ,language1 etc4--,engli% ,lit]ature1 ,civil ,gov]nm5t1 ,political ,economy2 or ,cic]o1 or ,fr5*4 7#d47 ,draw+4--,ma*9e f ,measurem5t2 ,build+ f ,measurem5t2 ,ar*itectural ,p]spective4 7#e47 ,ma*9e ,%opwork4--,su* z ,*ipp+1 ,fil+1 ,fitt+1 ,turn+1 ,drill+1 ,plan+1 etc4 ,/udy ( ,ma*9]y1 includ+ ! ,managem5t & ,c>e ( ,/eam ,eng9es & ,boil]s4 ,lat9 & ,fr5* may be tak5 in/ead ( ,engli% ,language1 ,lit]ature1 & ,hi/ory4 ,in/ruction w be giv5 ea* ye> 9 ! prop]ties ( ! mat]ials--wood1 iron1 brass1 etc4--us$ 9 t ye>4 ,?r\gh\t ! c\rse1 "o h\r p] day1 or m1 w be giv5 to draw+1 & n less ?an two h\rs p] day to laboratory "w4 ,! rema9d] ( ! s*ool day w be devot$ to /udy & recitation4 ,be=e graduat+1 ea* pupil w be requir$ to con/ruct a ma*9e f draw+s & patt]ns made by himself4 ,a diploma w be giv5 on graduation4 ,! new education is a bl5d+ ( manual & m5tal tra9+4 ,x recognizes ! fact t sci5ce discov]s & art utilizes1 & t ^! two =ces move ! mod]n _w4 ,at pres5t ! ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool is a mission>y ent]prise4 ,its purpose is to create 9 ! public m9d an imp]ative dem& = ! incorporation ( its sci5tific me?ods into ! public-s*ool c\rse ( in/ruction4 ,a va/ majority ( our p are employ$ 9 ! useful arts1 & di/9ction 9 e dep>tm5t ( labor n[ dep5ds ^u sci5tific education4 ,)\t te*nical education or manual tra9+ ! labor] ( ! future _c hope to rise above ! grade ( a piece ( automatic ma*9]y4 ,he falls into ! r\t9e ( ! %op l a cog or lev] mov$ by /eam4 ,to av]t ?is dire mis=tune our common s*ools mu/ be made in/itutions = manual z well z intellectual tra9+4 ,!y mu/ inculcate ! dignity ( labor n by precept m]ely1 b by example4 ,x is n en\gh t s*ools ( te*nology1 polyte*nic in/itutes1 & manual tra9+ s*ools are be+ e/abli%$ "h & !re by private subscription4 ,! supply ( ^! classes ( education is only a drop 9 ! bucket to ! public dem&4 ,te*nical & manual tra9+ mu/ be made "p ( ! g5]al public educational sy/em4 ,9 our city high-s*ools we n[ fit boys = college4 ,9 ^? s*ools we mu/ h]eaft] fit !m = ! colleges ( art4 ,:5 ?is %all h become ! fa%ion 9 education !re w be ?\s&s ( high-s*ool graduates ) a gr& passion = me*anical pursuits--boys ) m curiosity on ! subject ( ! expansive =ce ( /eam ?an on ! subject ( 8,greek roots20 ) m ambition to inv5t some?+ useful to man ?an to le>n h[ to draw a bill 9 *anc]y2 ) a /rong] desire to discov] a new secret 9 electricity ?an to c>ry (f a prize = ! be/ ,lat9 oration4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,intellectual ,,effect ,,( ,,manual ,,tra9+4 ,intellig5ce is ! ,basis ( ,"*4 -- ,! m ,practical ! ,intellig5ce ! ,high] ! ,developm5t ( ,"*4 -- ,! use ( ,tools quick5s ! ,intellect4 -- ,mak+ ,?+s r\ses ! ,att5tion1 %>p5s ! ,obs]vation1 & /eadies ! ,judgm5t4 -- ,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions 9 ,engl&1 #agdj-ahdj4 -- ,poor1 ,ignorant ,appr5tices become le>n$ ,m54 -- ,cort1 ,huntsman1 ,mu%et1 ,neilson1 ,/eph5son1 & ,watt4 -- ,! ,union ( ,books & ,tools4 -- ,results at ,rott]dam1 ,holl&2 at ,mosc[1 ,russia2 at ,komotau1 ,bohemia2 & at ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 -- ,! ,consid]ation ( ,ov]:elm+ ,import4 ,! quality ( all civilizations dep5ds ^u intellig5ce & "*1 or morality1 9 ! ord] /at$2 = morality spr+s f intellig5ce1 n intellig5ce f morality4 ,?is is an axiomatic d$uction ( hi/oric analysis4#b ,nor w\ld x be difficult to prove t practical intellig5ce is m conducive to a high developm5t ( morals ?an m]e !oretical intellig5ce4 ,= is x n true t ! nations mo/ skill$ 9 ! useful arts are mo/ highly cultur$ 9 morals8 ,& if x be true1 x con/itutes a pot5tial argum5t 9 support ( jo9+ to intellectual in/ruction 9 ! s*ools a c\rse ( tra9+ 9 ! elem5ts ( ! useful arts4 ,& ( ! fact :i* =ms ! basis ( ?is argum5t !re is a logical explanation4 #b 8,b if we contra/ ?is /ation>y aspect ( moral tru?s ) ! progressive aspect ( intellectual tru?s1 ! diff]5ce is1 inde$1 />tl+4444 ,^! are to e educat$ man recogniz$ & notori\s facts1 & ! inf]5ce to be drawn f !m is imm$iately obvi\s4 ,s9ce civilization is ! product ( moral & intellectual ag5cies1 & s9ce t product is con/antly *ang+1 x evid5tly _c be regulat$ by ! /ation>y ag5t2 because :5 surr\nd+ circum/ances are un*ang$1 a /ation>y ag5t c only produce a /ation>y effect4 ,! only o!r ag5t is ! intellectual "o1 & t ?is is ! real mov] may be prov$ 9 two di/9ct ways3 fir/1 because be+1 z we h already se51 ei!r moral or intellectual1 & be+1 z we h also se51 n moral1 x mu/ be intellectual2 & secondly1 because ! intellectual pr9ciple has an activity & a capacity = adaptation :i*1 z ,i und]take to %[1 is q suffici5t to acc\nt = ! extraord9>y progress t1 dur+ sev]al c5turies1 ,europe has cont9u$ to make40--,buckle's 8,hi/ory ( ,civilization10 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #acj4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahfd4 ,no?+ /imulates & quick5s ! intellect m ?an ! use ( me*anical tools4 ,! boy :o beg9s to con/ruct ?+s is compell$ at once to beg9 to ?9k1 delib]ate1 reason1 & conclude4 ,z he proce$s he is br\ght 9 contact ) p[]ful natural =ces4 ,if he w\ld control1 direct1 & apply ^! =ces he mu/ fir/ ma/] ! laws by :i* !y are gov]n$2 he mu/ inve/igate ! causes ( ! ph5om5a ( matt]1 & x w be /range if f ?is he is n also l$ to a /udy ( ! ph5om5a ( m9d4 ,at ! v ?re%old ( practical me*anics a ?ir/ = wisdom is eng5d]$1 & ! /ud5t is irresi/ibly impell$ to inve/igate ! my/]ies ( philosophy4 ,?us ! tra9+ ( ! eye & ! h& reacts ^u ! bra91 /imulat+ x to excursions into ! realm ( sci5tific discov]y 9 se>* ( facts to be appli$ 9 practical =ms at ! b5* & ! anvil4 ,! hi/ory ( inv5tion & discov]y 9 ,engl& af=ds a /rik+ confirmation ( ! tru? ( ! proposition t me*anical inve/igation1 ) tools 9 h&1 /imulates ! intellectual faculties to ! highe/ po9t ( activity & excell5ce4 ,! g]ms ( ne>ly all ! great inv5tions 9 me*anics1 ! b5efit ( :i* ! _w is n[ enjoy+ 9 su* ample measure1 are directly traceable to ! work%ops ( ,great ,brita9 dur+ ! p]iod #agdj-ahdj4 ,engl& _h !n no popul> sy/em ( education1 & ! appr5tices 9 h] %ops 7 poor1 obscure1 &1 at ! />t1 illit]ate4 ,b to ^? poor appr5tices ! honor ( ! great inv5tions & discov]ies ( t age is almo/ :olly due4 ,& x is a notable fact t 9 ! /ruggle to inv5t tools & ma*9es1 to ma/] ! art ( me*anism1 to /eal f ,nature h] secret =ces1 & h>ness & use !m = ! b5efit ( man1 ! toil+ work]s n infrequ5tly became highly educat$1 intellectual giants1 famili> n alone ) special /udies1 b ma/]s ( _m bran*es ( le>n+4 ,9 #aggj ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t1 aw>e ( ! inf]iority ( ,engli% iron1 & deem+ ,russian iron ess5tial to ,engl&1 direct$ ! price ( iron = export to be rais$ ?ree hundr$ p] c5t4 ,?is arbitr>y act /imulat$ inv5tion4 ,h5ry ,cort1 ! son ( a brick-mak]1 ent]$ ^u a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 ) a view to ! improvem5t ( ,engli% iron4 ,!y occupi$ sev]al ye>s1 & 7 ( a v exp5sive "*--s exp5sive z ev5tually to bankrupt ! man :o made !m4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 s successful z to con/itute a spl5did epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( metallurgy4 ,9 #aghf ,"l ,%effield decl>$ t ,cort's improvem5ts 9 iron1 & ! /eam-eng9e ( ,watt1 7 ( m value to ,great ,brita9 ?an ! ?irte5 colonies ( ,am]ica2 & 9 #ahfb x 0 e/imat$ t ^? improvem5ts _h add$ ?ree ?\s& million doll>s to ! weal? ( ,engl& alone1 to say no?+ ( ! re/ ( ! _w ( iron manufacture ?r\gh\t :i* !y _h be5 appli$4 ,b ! only e/ate secur$ by ?is great man z a rew>d ( 8 g5ius & a life ( toil1 z 8 biograph] pa!tically rem>ks1 0 8! little doma9 ( six feet by two 9 :i* he lies buri$ 9 ,hamp/ead *ur*y>d40 ,9 #agae ,%effield conta9$ two ?\s& inhabitants1 ( :om "o-?ird 7 begg>s4 ,its manufactures consi/$ ( jews-h>ps1 tobacco-boxes1 & knives4 ,%effield is n[ ! *ief seat ( ! /eel manufacture ( ! _w4 ,! initial /ep 9 ?is great trans=mation sc5e 0 tak5 by ,b5jam9 ,huntsman4 ,he 0 born 9 #agjd1 & br$ to a me*anical call+4 ,! e>ly ye>s ( 8 life 7 sp5t 9 ! occupation ( clock mak+ & repair+4 ,he 0 %rewd1 obs]vant1 & practical1 & he gradually ext5d$ ! scope ( 8 pr(ession to repair+1 & f9ally to mak+ h&-tools4 ,9 ?is bran* ( 8 trade he detect$ defects 9 ! ,g]man /eel 9 common use4 ,he remov$ f ,donca/] to ,%effield1 & !re 9 ! privacy ( 8 cottage /udi$ metallurgy1 & = ye>s labor$ 9 secret ov] ! furnace & ! crucible4 ,8 num]\s failures 7 subsequ5tly f\nd *ronicl$ 9 masses ( metal1 9 v>i\s /ages ( imp]fection1 buri$ 9 ! e>?4 ,b :5 he em]g$ f 8 long seclusion he (f]$ to 8 fell[-me*anics a piece ( ca/-/eel s h>d t !y decl9$ to "w x4 ,he s5t ! product ( 8 works to ,france1 & ! ,fr5* knives & razors made f x & import$ into ,engl& drove ! ,%effield cutl]y f ! m>ket4 ,!n ! ,%effield cutl]s s\ght to h ! export ( /eel prohibit$4 ,fail+ 9 t !y /ole ,huntsman's secret4 ,?is 0 possible1 s9ce ! process _h n be5 pat5t$4 ,! /ory ( ! !ft is told 9 a little "w entitl$ 8,! ,useful ,metals & _! ,alloys40 ,x is 9 sub/ance t "o ,walk]1 an iron-f\nd]1 8disguis$ himself z a tramp1 & feign+ great di/ress & abject pov]ty1 appe>$ %iv]+ at ! door ( ,huntsman's f\nd]y late "o night :5 ! workm5 7 ab\t to beg9 _! labors at /eel-ca/+1 & ask$ = p]mission to w>m himself by ! furnace-fire40 ,he 0 p]mitt$ to ent]1 & :5 he left he c>ri$ away ! secret ( ! inv5tor ( ca/-/eel4 ,huntsman 0 a memb] ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 & x 0 d\btless on t acc\nt t he decl9$ a memb]%ip ( ! ,royal ,society t5d]$ to him 9 honor ( 8 great discov]y or inv5tion ( ca/-/eel4 ,david ,mu%et's discov]y ( ! extraord9>y value ( black-b& iron-/one 9 #ahja made ,scotl& a fir/-class iron-produc+ c\ntry2 & ,neilson's inv5tion ( ! hot-bla/ 9 #ahbh revolutioniz$ ! processes ( iron manufacture by va/ly *eap5+ !m4 ,bo? ^! m5 sprang f ! labor class1 & bo? 7 self-educat$4 ,?r\gh almo/ sup]human ef=ts !y rose f pov]ty & obscurity to fame4 ,mu%et's 8,pap]s on ,iron & ,/eel10 9 ! language ( ,smiles1 8are among ! mo/ valuable orig9al contributions to ! lit]ature ( iron manufacture t h yet be5 giv5 to ! _w20 & ,neilson 0 made a memb] ( ! ,royal ,society 9 recognition ( 8 di/+ui%$ ability & ! great s]vices he r5d]$ 9 ! cause ( ! useful arts4 ,george ,/eph5son rose f ! coal-m9e to ! summit ( r5[n z a !oretical & practical me*anic4 ,:ile employ$ 9 v>i\s colli]ies z 8fireman0 & 8plugman10 he acquir$ a ?or\gh k ( ! eng9es !n 9 use1 tak+ !m ap>t1 repair+1 & putt+ !m toge!r aga94 ,at eighte5 ye>s ( age he c\ld n read4 ,9 ! c\rse ( two ye>s att5dance at night-s*ools he le>n$ to read1 write1 & ciph]4#c ,cont9u+ to "w 9 colli]ies1 he employ$ 8 leisure h\rs 9 /udy+ me*anics & eng9e]+1 & 9 m5d+ clocks & %oes4 ,:5 ?irty-"o ye>s ( age he 0 appo9t$ 8eng9ewright0 at ,kill+wor? ,colli]y1 at a sal>y ( #ajj a ye>4 ,f ?is po9t ( "t dates 8 c>e] z an inv5tor4 ,8 fir/ locomotive 0 complet$ 9 #ahad1 & ! 8,rocket0 made its trial trip 9 #ahbi4 ,dur+ ! int]v5+ fifte5 ye>s ,/eph5son 0 l>gely engag$ 9 ! eng9e]+ dep>tm5t ( railway ent]prises z well z 9 ! prosecution ( exp]im5ts = ! p]fect+ ( locomotive eng9es4 ,! mo/ em95t eng9e]s ( ! "t d\bt$ ! practicability ( ! locomotive1 & cont9u$ to recomm5d /ation>y eng9es1 :ile ,/eph5son 0 lead+ up to ! 8,rocket40 ,! success ( ! 8,rocket0 made its inv5tor ! mo/ fam\s me*anic 9 ! _w4 ,= ! next fifte5 ye>s he 0 ! lead+ _s 9 all ! great railway ent]prises ( ,engl&1 besides be+ call$ repeat$ly to ,belgium & ,spa9 z consult+ eng9e]4 ,he 0 (f]$ a fell[%ip ( ! ,royal ,society1 also "o 9 ! ,civil ,eng9e]s' ,society1 also knigh?ood by ,sir ,rob]t ,peel4 ,all ^! empty honors he decl9$4 8,i h to /ate10 he said1 9 reply to a reque/ = 8 8ornam5tal initials10 8t ,i h no fl\ri%es to my "n1 ei!r be=e or aft]1 & ,i ?9k x w be z well if y m]ely say ,george ,/eph5son40 ,he may ju/ly be /yl$ ! f\nd] ( ! exi/+ railway sy/em ( ! _w1 :i* und\bt$ly ex]ts m influ5ce ^u civilization ?an any o!r "o cause or set ( alli$ causes2 & to h ris5 f ! humble/ /ation 9 a colli]y to ! dignity ( f\nd+ su* a sy/em is suffici5t evid5ce ( a gigantic intellectual gr[?4 #c 8,9 conclusion1 we are ( op9ion t special in/ruction :i* c be appli$ to ! mat]ial w\ld be at once m fruitful 9 good results & m attractive if ! pupil c\ld g f ! class-room to ! work%op 7laboratory7 to practically demon/rate ! !ories to :i* he has j be5 li/5+4 ,9 support ( ?is op9ion we might add ! obs]vations made 9 our own ev5+-s*ools1 :]e ! mo/ notewor?y & rapid progress is made 9 ^? cases :]e ! pupil has occasion to put into actual practice on ! mat]ial itself ! in/ruction :i* he has receiv$ 9 ! draw+-class40--8,report ( ,committee ( ,c\ncil ( ,arts & ,manufactures ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,quebec1 creat$ to ,inquire into ! ,"q ( ,practical ,s*ools40 ,james ,watt 0 an extremely fragile *ild1 & h5ce unable to jo9 9 ! rude sports ( robu/ *ildr54 ,?us conf9$ )9-doors he e>ly amus$ himself by draw+ 8) a p5cil ^u pap]1 or ) *alk ^u ! floor40 ,he 0 also suppli$ ) a few tools f 8 fa!r's c>p5t]'s %op1 8:i* he soon le>n$ to h&le ) consid]able exp]tness40 ,mr4 ,smiles1 9 8 biography ( ,watt1 says1 8,! me*anical dext]ity he acquir$ 0 ! f\ndation ^u :i* he built ! speculations to :i* he owes 8 glory1 nor )\t ?is manual tra9+ is !re ! lea/ likelihood t he w\ld h become ! improv] & almo/ ! creator ( ! /eam-eng9e40#d ,9 ! p>rot-p[] ( le>n+ or memoriz+ ,watt 0 a dull boy1 & he left ! gramm>-s*ool ( 8 native t[n at an e>ly age1 nev] to return to ! 8halls ( le>n+40 ,b :ile engag$ 9 humble me*anical employm5ts he p]fect$ 8 education1 /udy+ aft] "w-h\rs4 ,he ne>ly />v$ 8 body1 b con/antly add$ to 8 intellectual /ores4 ,he ma/]$ ! pr9ciples ( eng9e]+1 civil & milit>y1 /udi$ natural hi/ory1 criticism1 art1 & acquir$ sev]al mod]n languages4 ,9 a ^w1 )\t ! aid ( ! s*ools1 b "u ! /imulat+ influ5ce ( me*anical inve/igation & "w1 ,watt became an accompli%$ & sci5tific man4 ,:5 ne>ly eighty ye>s ( age he & ,sir ,walt] ,scott met4 ,ref]r+ to ! occasion1 & speak+ ( ,watt1 ,sir ,walt] is report$ to h said1 8,! al]t1 k9d1 b5evol5t old man _h 8 att5tion alive to e "o's "q1 8 in=mation at e "o's comm&4 ,8 tal5ts & fancy ov]fl[$ on e subject4 ,"o g5tleman 0 a deep philologi/--he talk$ ) him on ! orig9 ( ! alphabet z if he _h be5 coeval ) ,cadmus2 ano!r a celebrat$ critic--y w\ld h said ! old man _h /udi$ political economy & belles-lettres all 8 life2 ( sci5ce x is unnecess>y to speak--x 0 8 di/+ui%$ walk40 #d 8,i believe t well-advis$ practice 9 any ( ! con/ructive arts involv+ n m ?an "o-?ird ( ! /ud5t's "t w yield z mu* m5tal improvem5t z w result if ! :ole "t be devot$ to /udy f text-books40--,pr(4 ,wm4 ,f4 ,m4 ,goss1 six ye>s ,director ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,practical ,me*anics ( ,purdue ,univ]sity4 8,& reflect t he w le>n m by "o h\r ( manual labor ?an he w reta9 f a :ole day's v]bal in/ructions40--8,! ,emilius & ,sophia0 ( ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #fd4 ,london3 #agfg4 8,! ?+s !mselves are ! be/ explanations4 ,i c nev] en\gh repeat x1 t we make words ( too mu* consequ5ce2 ) our prat+ modes ( education we make no?+ b prat]s40--,ibid41 p4 #df4 ,^! examples ( rem>kable intellectual developm5t 9 connection ) tool-practice are n ph5om5al4 ,f ! annals ( inv5tion & discov]y num]\s in/ances might be cit$ 9 support ( ! proposition ( ?is *apt]1 t tool-practice /imulates intellectual gr[?4 ,9 ! ,artisan's ,s*ool at ,rott]dam1 ,holl&1 an exp]i5ce ( sev5 ye>s has demon/rat$ t 8boys :o are occupi$ "o-half ! day ) books 9 ! s*ool1 & ! rema9+ half ) tools 9 ! laboratories1 make ab\t z rapid intellectual progress z ^? ( equal ability :o sp5d ! :ole day 9 /udy & recitation40 ,! te/imony ( ,dr4 ,woodw>d1 director ( ! ,/4 ,l\is 7,mo47 ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 is to ! same effect4 ,& 9 "o ( 8 reports he says1 8,success 9 draw+ or %op-"w has (t5 _h ! effect ( ar\s+ ! ambition 9 ma!matics & hi/ory1 & vice v]sa4444 ,! habit ( work+ f draw+s & to nice measurem5ts has giv5 ! /ud5ts a confid5ce 9 !mselves altoge!r new4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! read9ess ) :i* !y und]take ! execution ( small commissions 9 behalf ( ! s*ool4444 ,9 fact1 ! increas$ usefulness ( our /ud5ts is mak+ itself felt1 & 9 sev]al in/ances ! result has be5 ! (f] ( bus9ess positions too tempt+ to be reject$40 ,( ! results a*iev$ by ! ,imp]ial ,te*nical ,s*ool1 ,mosc[1 ,russia1 ,m4 ,victor ,della-,vos1 director1 speaks ) ! utmo/ confid5ce4 ,he says1 8,& n[ 7#ahgh7 we pres5t our sy/em ( in/ruction1 n z a project1 b z an accompli%$ fact1 confirm$ by ! long exp]i5ce ( t5 ye>s ( success 9 its results40 ,! me?ods ( in/ruction ( ! s*ool at ,mosc[ 7 introduc$ into all ! te*nical s*ools ( ,russia 9 #ahgj4 ,a simil> degree ( success has att5d$ ! ,royal ,me*anic ,art ,s*ool at ,komotau1 ,bohemia4 ,! managem5t says1 8,! s*ool has %[n ! mo/ brilliant pro(s ( usefulness1 & ! ends ga9$ h be5 ackn[l$g$ at home & abroad4 ,"o pro( is t 9 spite ( ! h>d times all ! pupils f ,komotau h f\nd occupation 9 diff]5t manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts2 & ano!r t ,engl&1 a c\ntry unsurpass$ 9 ! manufactures ( iron & /eel1 has already s5t "s /ud5ts to ! s*ool40 ,if ! pupil 9 ! ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool makes z rapid progress intellectually z ! pupil 9 ! public or private s*ool ( correspond+ grade1 x foll[s t :atev] skill 9 ! use ( tools is acquir$1 & :atev] k ( practical me*anics is ga9$--^! /& = ! net ga9 ( ! pupil ( ! new sy/em ( education4 ,b mu* m foll[s by implication4 ,= if ! few pupils ( ! _w's few manual tra9+ s*ools are mak+ equal intellectual progress ) ! _m pupils ( ! _m s*ools ( ! old rgime1 & mak+ su* progress 9 a little m ?an half ! /udy-h\rs1 ! consid]ation ( ov]:elm+ import is ! loss su/a9$ by ! millions ( pupils be+ tra9$ "u ! old sy/em4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,wom5 ,a ,,necessity4 ,! ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,sy/ems ( ,education4 -- ,plato ,bl9d$ by ,half-tru?s4 -- ,no place 9 ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s = ,dogmatisms4 -- ,education comm5ces at ,bir?4 -- ,! ,influ5ce ( ,woman ext5ds f ! ,cradle to ! ,grave4 -- ,! ,crime ( ,crimes4 -- ,neglect to educate ,woman4 -- ,! ,sup]iority ( ,wom5 ov] ,m5 z ,tea*]s4 -- ,froebel discov]$ x4 -- ,nature design$ ,woman to ,tea*2 h5ce ! ,importance ( ,fitt+ h] = h] ,highe/ ,de/9y4 ,?is1 f ! lips ( ,plato1 0 ! !ory ( ! anci5ts3 8,! e>? is ! common "m ( ! human race1 b x has pleas$ ! gods to mix gold 9 ! composition ( "s1 silv] 9 t ( o!rs1 iron & copp] 9 t ( o!rs40#e ,on ?is div9ely e/abli%$ pr9ciple ( ca/e all ! anci5t educational sy/ems 7 f\nd$4 ,!y 7 limit$ to ! developm5t ( ! few 9 ^: composition gold 0 suppos$ to be mix$4 #e 8,! ,republic ( ,plato10 p4 #aad4 ,london3 ,macmillan ,co41 #ahha4 ,! idea ( a univ]sal education is mod]n1 & all o!r diff]5ces betwe5 ! anci5ts & mod]ns comb9$ are z no?+ to ?is "o fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! two civilizations4 ,plato's ideal republic 0 bas$ ^u ! assumption t ! 8gu>dians0 might be made j & wise by educat+ !m2 b t ! o!r classes might also be made j & wise by education1 & ! ,/ate be s r5d]$ absolutely secure1 did n occur to ! great philosoph]4 ,plato 0 bl9d$ by half-tru?s1 z ,r\sseau 0 two ?\s& ye>s lat]1 :5 he said1 8,! poor /& 9 no ne$ ( education2 t ( _! /ation is conf9$1 & !y _c obta9 any o!r40#f ,t m5 are creat$ unequal intellectually is only a half-tru? 9 an educational view2 ! :ole tru? is t e *ild is susceptible ( ! develop+ influ5ce ( education1 & h5ce ! obligation ( ! ,/ate to educate relates to all *ildr54 ,plato's simile ( ! gold1 ! silv]1 & ! iron %[s h[ autocratically ev5 ! greate/ m9d is controll$ by its environm5t1 & limit$ by ! facts :i* con/itute ! basis ( its g5]alizations4 ,7 ,plato tea*+ "h1 n[1 he w\ld transpose ! ord] ( /atem5t 9 8 simile1 s9ce iron1 n gold1 is ! k+ ( metals4 ,ea* g5]ation increases ! _w's /ock ( facts2 h5ce !re is no place 9 ! mod]n ord] ( ?+s = ! dogmati/--! dogmatisms ( ye/]day become apt !mes = ! satires ( to-day1 subject+ _! au?ors to ridicule4 ,?is fact %\ld impress ^u pr(essional tea*]s1 & ^u all p]sons engag$ 9 seek+ to promote ! cause ( education1 ! importance ( a rev]5tly /udi\s habit ( m9d t\*+ ! progress ( ev5ts4 ,! tyranny ( tradition is an ev]-pres5t1 pot5t influ5ce1 & only ! gr[+ m9d c resi/ x4 #f 8,emilius & ,sophia10 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dj4 ,london3 #agfg4 ,b !re are c]ta9 pr9ciples ^u :i* n only anci5t & mod]n educators agree1 b ab\t :i* !re is no dispute betwe5 exi/+ rival s*ools1 z1 = example1 ?is proposition ( ,plato-- 8,! beg9n+ is ! mo/ important "p1 especially 9 deal+ ) any?+ "y & t5d]1 = t is ! "t :5 any impression :i* "o may desire to communicate is mo/ readily /amp$ & tak540#g #g 8,! ,republic ( ,plato10 p4 #fe4 ,london3 ,macmillan ,co41 #ahha4 ,& ?is proposition ( ,r\sseau-- 8,! education ( a man comm5ces at 8 bir?2 be=e he c speak1 be=e he c und]/&1 he is already in/ruct$4444 ,trace ! progress ( ! mo/ ignorant ( mortals f 8 bir? to ! pres5t h\r & y w be a/oni%$ at ! k he has acquir$40#h #h 8,emilius & ,sophia10 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #ed4 ,london3 #agfg4 ,& ?is fur!r proposition1 also ( ,r\sseau-- 8,! common pr(ession ( all m5 is humanity2 & :oev] is well educat$ to dis*>ge ! duties ( a man _c be badly prep>$ to fill up any ( ^? (fices t h a relation to him40#i #i ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,i41 p #ac4 ,! tru? ( ^! propositions be+ admitt$1 "s conception may be =m$ ( ! trem5d\s influ5ce ex]t$ by woman ^u ! de/9ies ( ! human race4 ,x ext5ds lit]ally f ! cradle to ! grave4 ,all o!r influ5ces comb9$ are less pot5t1 less compreh5sive ?an ?is s+le1 p]si/5t =ce t creates ! v atmosph]e 9 :i* ! infant m9d develops1 hold+ ! gr\nd alone & undi/urb$ until ! *ild's pla/ic "* has be5 =m$1 receiv+ in]adicable impressions4 ,:at a crime1 !n1 0 ! neglect ( ! p ( pa/ ages to educate woman6 ,x is 9 va9 t ! education ( man is attempt$ if t ( woman is neglect$4 ,x 0 ,r\sseau :o 9 despair exclaim$3 8,h[ c a *ild be prop]ly educat$ by "o :o has n be5 prop]ly educat$ himself80 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! education ( ! man beg9s :ile he lies helpless 9 8 "m's arms1 & s9ce ! fir/ /eps 9 ?is direction are ! mo/ important1 & s9ce "s sort ( education proce$s ) almo/ inconceivable rapidity ?r\gh all ! e>ly ye>s ( life1 x foll[s t ! k9d]g>t5 fills a place 9 ! educational field entirely unoccupi$ until ! "t ( ,froebel4 ,he fir/ appli$ ! ideas ( ,r\sseau to s*ool life4 ,b :5 ! k9d]g>t5 receives ! *ild1 ?ree or f\r ( ! mo/ preci\s educational ye>s h already pass$ away1 & at ! /ill t5d] age ( sev5 ! *ild is surr5d]$ to a v diff]5t sy/em ( tra9+4 ,! k9d]g>t5 is !re=e only a brief episode 9 ! educational p]iod ( ! *ild's life4 ,b if x be ! true education1 x is susceptible ( univ]sal application4 ,?r\gh\t all nature ! ord] ( developm5t is con/ant & h>moni\s1 & ! *ild-nature _c 9 reason con/itute an exception to ?is rule4 ,froebel said1 8,! end & aim ( all our "w %\ld be ! h>moni\s gr[? ( ! :ole be+40 ,if 8 pr9ciple is ! true "o1 8 me?od is susceptible ( su* modification & expansion z to r5d] x applicable to ! :ole educational p]iod4 ,all mo!rs %\ld !re=e be tra9$ 9 ! pr9ciples & me?ods ( ! new education--! k9d]g>t5 sy/em %\ld prevail 9 all s*ools1 & ! k9d]g>t5 curriculum %\ld be ext5d$ & adapt$ to all ages & grades ( pupils4 ,sev]al great m9ds1 sep>at$ by consid]able int]vals ( "t1 h unit$ 9 condemn+ ! old sy/ems ( education--,bacon1 ,com5ius1 ,r\sseau1 ,pe/alozzi1 & ,froebel4 ,bacon1 himself a univ]sity man1 said1 8,!y le>n no?+ at ! univ]sities b to believe20 & he propos$ t a college be appropriat$ to ! discov]y ( new tru?1 8to mix l a liv+ spr+ ) ! /agnant wat]s40 ,?ree ( ^! great m5--,com5ius1 ,pe/alozzi1 & ,froebel--7 pr(essional tea*]s4 ,!oretically !y 7 9 accord ) & foll[]s ( ,bacon1 & 9 practice !y 7 sub/antially agre$4 ,com5ius said1 8,let ?+s t h to be done be le>n$ by do+ !m40 ,pe/alozzi said1 8,education is ! g5]ation ( p[]10 & ,froebel said1 8,! end & aim ( all our "w %\ld be ! h>moni\s gr[? ( ! :ole be+40 ,^! are v high au?orities1 & !y are buttress$ by seem+ly impregnable educational propositions4 ,! record ( ,froebel's life is wor?y ( great weight 9 support ( 8 !ory4 ,8 devotion to ! cause ( education 0 absolute4 ,he nev] knew a selfi% aim4 ,he /ruggl$ = ! race1 n = self4 ,he 0 ! victim ( _m mis=tunes1 b none di/urb$ ! s]5ity ( ?is great s\l devot$ to ! greate/ ( great causes--! cause ( education4 ,& education to 8 appreh5sion 0 ! ?or\gh tra9+ ( e faculty ( ! m9d & e p[] ( ! body = ! duties ( actual practical life4 ,8 love embrac$ ! _w 9 its entirety & 9 all its p>ts4 ,dy+1 he said1 8,i love fl[]s1 m51 *ildr51 ,god6 ,i love ev]y?+60 ,x 0 8 pr(\ndly philosophic conception ( ! innate lovabl5ess ( e natural object t made him %udd] at ! cruel di/ortion wr\ght 9 ! natures ( little *ildr5 by false me?ods ( education4 ,h5ce 8 int5se devotion to ! subject ( infant tra9+1 & h5ce ! excell5ce ( ! sy/em :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,froebel's mo/ subtile discov]y 0 ! fact ( ! sup]iority ( wom5 ov] m51 z tea*]s4 ,only an hone/1 brave s\l c\ld h made ?is discov]y1 = tradition /ood l a lion 9 ! way1 & prejudice disc\rag$ inve/igation4 ,b ,froebel s\ght tru? = tru?'s sake1 fe>lessly defy+ tradition & ignor+ prejudice2 & ye>s ( exp]im5t conv9c$ him t ! greate/ measure ( success 9 infant tra9+ 0 surely atta9able ?r\gh wom54 ,t ?is discov]y1 s simple1 yet s big ) gr& possibilities1 0 n made e>li] is due to ! fact t !re is s little really indep5d5t ?\ght1 s little inve/igation free f ! trammels ( prejudice4 ,n[ t a great m9d has po9t$ ! way x is obvi\s t ,nature1 hav+ design$ t ! ye>s ( e>ly *ildhood %\ld be sp5t ) ! "m1 mu/ h also design$ t wom5 %\ld be ! *ief educators ( *ildr54 ,& x foll[s1 ( c\rse1 t ! education ( wom5 is m important ?an t ( m51 s9ce x is f !m t *ildr5 receive _! fir/ impressions1 & s9ce fir/ impressions are indelibly /amp$ ^u ! infant m9d1 giv+ x =m1 color1 & sub/ance4 ,9 confid+ to wom5 ?is great tru/1 ,froebel impos$ ^u !m an incalculable weight ( responsibility4 ,x compreh5ds ! de/9y ( ! human race1 involv+ ! problem ( its progress or retrogression4 ,a common fir/ conception ( ! k9d]g>t5 is--a conv5i5t asylum = ! *ildr5 ( mo!rs :o desire to be reliev$ ( _! c>e4 ,a m ?\ghtful /udy reveals its poetry & s5tim5t1 ! innoc5t joy ( ! assembly ( pupils1 ! h>mony ( song1 & ! grace ( motion 9 ! games & dances4 ,a f9al1 l>ge view discloses ! true educational pr9ciple4 ,! k9d]g>t5 is m cle>ly compreh5d$ aft] /udy+ ! manual tra9+ s*ool--mov+ f ! effect to ! cause2 = z ! *ild is fa!r ( ! man1 s ! k9d]g>t5 is fa!r ( ! manual tra9+ s*ool4 ,! k9d]g>t5 comes fir/ 9 ! ord] ( developm5t1 & leads logically to ! manual tra9+ s*ool4 ,! same pr9ciple und]lies bo?4 ,9 bo? x is s\ght to g5]ate p[] by deal+ ) actualities4 ,! corn]-/one ( bo? is object-tea*+--tea*+ ?r\gh ?+s in/ead ( ?r\gh signs ( ?+s4 ,?is pr9ciple1 common to bo?1 is ! concrete z oppos$ to ! ab/ract4 ,! !ory ( bo? is t1 9 tea*+1 ideas %\ld nev] be isolat$ f ! objects !y repres5t4,e#c ,! k9d]g>t5 & ! manual tra9+ s*ool1 be+ "o 9 pr9ciple1 %\ld h common me?ods ( in/ruction1 v>i$ suffici5tly to adapt !m to ! :ole range ( s*ool life4 ,e#c 8,?is me?od ( object tea*+ is p]haps ! greate/ s]vice :i* ! naturali/ic s*ool has r5d]$ to ! cause ( education4 ,h9t$ at by ,rabelais & ,locke1 /ill m l>gely develop$ by ,r\sseau1 x has receiv$1 9 ! la/ c5tury1 a m accurate & sci5tific =m1 & is probably de/9$ to become ! s\rce ( a new curriculum 9 :i* lit]ature w only hold a second>y place40--8,educational ,!ories10 p4 #aji4 ,by ,osc> ,br[n+1 ,m4,a4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 #ahhe4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,moral ,,effect ,,( ,,manual ,,tra9+4 ,m5tal ,impulses are (t5 ,vici\s2 b ! ,ex]tion ( ,physical ,p[] 9 ! ,arts is always ,b5efic5t -- h5ce ,manual ,tra9+ t5ds to correct vici\s m5tal ,impulses4 -- ,e m5tal ,impression produces a moral ,effect4 -- ,all ,tra9+ is ,moral z well z ,m5tal4 -- ,selfi%ness is total ,depravity2 b ,selfi%ness has be5 ,deifi$ "u ! "n ( ,prud5ce4 -- ,napoleon an ,example ( ,selfi%ness4 -- ,! ,end ( ,selfi%ness is ,disa/]2 b ,prevail+ ,sy/ems ( ,education promote ,selfi%ness4 -- ,! ,mod]n ,city an ,illu/ration ( ,selfi%ness4 -- ,! ,anci5t ,city4 -- ,exi/+ ,sy/ems ( ,education ,negatively ,wrong4 -- ,manual ,tra9+ supplies ! lack+ ,elem5t4 -- ,! ,objective mu/ take ! ,place ( ! ,subjective 9 ,education4 -- ,words )\t ,acts are z dead z ,fai? )\t ,works4 ,education1 or tra9+1 has two imm$iate & cont9u\s effects--! developm5t ( innate m5tal qualities or aptitudes & ! =mation ( "*4 ,9 an ord]ly logical sy/em ( tra9+ ! developm5t w\ld be h>moni\s1 & ! result+ =mation ( "* symmetrical4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 ideal conditions requir+ a p]fect sy/em ( tra9+1 & /ud5ts free f ! p]v]sions & de=mities gr[+ out ( ! law ( h]$ity4 ,b "u any sy/em ( tra9+ !re is progress--developm5t & "* =mation4 ,! aphorism1 8,an idle bra9 is ! devil's work%op10 expresses only a half-tru?4 ,:at x means is ?is3 if ! m9d is n well employ$ x w be ill employ$2 or if x is n occupi$ ) good ?\ghts x w be occupi$ ) evil ?\ghts4 ,! m9d ( man is nev] at re/1 9 equilibrium1 ev5 9 a /ate ( b>b>ism4 ,inde$ ?is is obvi\s1 s9ce all civilizations are gr[?s f /ates ( savag]y4 ,b ! b>b>ic l9e once pass$1 developm5t is greatly accel]at$1 assum+ ) ! evolution ( ! ages ! =m ( a geometrical progression4 ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( mod]n civilization is action4 ,9 s f> z ?is action1 :i* may be call$ ! impulsive =ce ( ! _s ( ! age1 is natural & ord]ly1 x con/itutes an aid to ! processes ( education2 if o!rwise1 x is ob/ructive1 h9d]+ !m4 ,! law ( m5tal developm5t is n ! exact correlative ( ! law ( physical developm5t4 ,! direct aim ( physical tra9+ is muscul> p[]2 ( m5tal tra9+ ! aim is m5tal p[] & rectitude4 ,physical p[] is n intr9sically vici\s2 x becomes vici\s only :5 ex]t$ "u a vici\s intellectual impulse4 ,b ?is is n necess>ily true ( m5tal p[]2 = m5tal p[] may be ga9$ q ap>t f ! elem5t ( rectitude1 9 :i* ev5t x is vici\s1 & may be ex]t$ 9 scorn ( ! accept$ /&>ds ( "r1 tru?1 & ju/ice4 ,z a matt] ( fact x is (t5 s ex]t$1 & ! fact t x is s ex]t$ acc\nts = ! crimes ( individuals1 ! faults ( society1 & ! errors ( gov]nm5ts4 ,! con/itution ( m5tal p[] is1 !n1 complex1 :ile t ( physical p[] is simple4 ,if m5tal p[] consi/s ( s5se p]ception1 or und]/&+1 & moral p]ception1 or rectitude1 9 due proportion1 ! issue is a noble "*2 b if rectitude is want+1 ! issue is an evil "*4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is no int]f]5ce ) ! ord]ly developm5t ( physical p[]1 ! issue ( its ex]tion is always skill--skill appli$ 9 innum]able =ms to ! uses ( man4 ,only ?r\gh a m5tal impulse r5d]$ vici\s by ! abs5ce ( ! elem5t ( rectitude c physical p[] be div]t$ f its naturally b5efic5t mission4 ,x foll[s t mo/ ( ! evils ( civilization fl[ f an ill-balanc$ m5tal con/itution--a m5tal con/itution want+ ! ess5tial elem5t ( rectitude4 ,s9ce1 !n1 m5tal developm5t1 "u c]ta9 widely prevail+ conditions1 is s prolific ( evil1 & physical developm5t or skill s univ]sally prolific ( good1 x is obvi\s t ! b5efic5t influ5ce ( ! latt] %\ld1 if practicable1 be br\ght to be> ^u ! =m] 9 educational sy/ems4 ,9 a ^w1 may n ! two sy/ems ( tra9+ be s connect$ 9 ! s*ools z to cause ! manual to react ^u ! m5tal1 ) ! effect ( greatly /imulat+ ! e?ical side ( ! m9d8 ,x is n ess5tial to our purpose to inquire :e!r a p]fect sy/em ( education1 & h5ce an ideal /ate ( society1 is possible4 ,x w be suffici5t if we are able to %[ :]e9 prevail+ sy/ems ( education c be improv$4 ,9 a =m] *apt] we s\ght to %[ t ! use ( me*anical tools /imulates ! intellect2 9 ! pres5t *apt] x is our purpose to endeavor to %[ t manual tra9+ t5ds to ! promotion ( rectitude1 to ! up build+ ( "*4 ,= purposes ( culture ! m9d consi/s ( divisions1 z ! body consi/s ( memb]s4 ,x is susceptible ( developm5t 9 ! l9e ( ! application ( m5tal tra9+1 z any memb] ( ! body is susceptible ( developm5t ?r\gh physical tra9+ or use4 ,= example1 ! memory may be invigorat$ by ! con/ant application ( c]ta9 k9ds ( m5tal tra9+1 z ! arm is /r5g!n$ by ! con/ant use ( ! sl$ge-hamm]4 ,b if ! m5tal tra9+ :i* /imulates ! memory is appli$ to ! neglect ( o!r l9es ( tra9+1 ! memory w be /r5g!n$ at ! exp5se ( "s o!r faculty ( ! m9d1 z ! excessive use ( ! sl$ge-hamm] /r5g!ns ! arm at ! co/ ( o!r memb]s ( ! body4 ,9 ! "o case ! m9d1 & 9 ! o!r ! body w be de=m$4 ,9 ! case ( ! sl$ge-hamm] tra9+ ! muscles ( ! arm w /& out l :ip-cords1 :ile ^? ( ! legs w %rivel & become att5uat$4 ,9 ! case ( ! tra9+ ( ! memory t faculty w %[ an abnormal developm5t1 :ile "s o!r faculty1 z ! p[] ( ratioc9ation1 probably1 w become weak4 ,x is n necess>y 9 ?is connection to inquire into ! orig9 ( moral s5tim5ts1 or to consid] ! rival !ories on ! subject4 ,h[ev] m5 may diff] z betwe5 ! two s*ools ( moral philosoph]s--! s5tim5tali/s & ! utilit>ians--!y w agree t ! moral side ( ! m9d1 s to speak1 consi/s ( divisions l ! m5tal side2 t ^! divisions are ! s\rce1 respectively1 ( good & evil t5d5cies1 & t ^! t5d5cies are susceptible ( cultivation2 t ! evil may be re/ra9$ & ! good develop$1 & vice v]sa4 ,nor w x be disput$ t !re is su* a bl5d+ ( ! moral ) ! m5tal nature 9 ! m9d ( man z to r5d] any consid]ation ( ! subject irrational & incomplete :i* does n compreh5d bo?1 & treat !m1 practically1 z "o & ! same4 ,man is s con/itut$1 & 8 relations to society are su*1 t e m5tal impression he receives produces a moral effect1 ! "* ( :i* is1 ( c\rse1 l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! accept$ /&>ds ( "r1 tru?1 & ju/ice4 ,h5ce all s*ola/ic tra9+ is bo? m5tal & moral4 ,x is moral z well z m5tal1 :e!r ! in/ructor w x s or n2 & t x is moral is well1 s9ce x is obvi\sly true1 z ,galton p]t95tly rem>ks1 t 8,great m5 h usually high moral natures1 & are affectionate & rev]5tial1 inasmu* z m]e bra9 )\t he>t is insuffici5t to a*ieve em95ce40 ,selfi%ness is ! ar* enemy ( virtue2 f x all =ms ( immorality spr+1 & its la/ analysis is total depravity4 ,b lit]ature1 :i* is ! fruitage ( education1 is full ( maxims 9 honor ( selfi%ness4 ,said ! ,dauph9 to ! ,fr5* k+1 8,self-love1 my liege1 is n s vile a s9 z self-neglect+40 ,said ,h]b]t1 8,help ?yself & ,god w help !e40 8,a p5ny sav$ is z good z a p5ny e>n$10 said ,frankl92 & ! grasp+ 8,yankee0 /ret*es ! maxim a po9t 9 say+ to 8 son1 8,make money hone/ly if y c1 b make money40 ,! foll[+1 also1 are curr5t maxims3 8,e man is ! ar*itect ( 8 own =tune20 8,e tub mu/ /& ^u its own bottom20 8,9 ! race ( life ! devil takes ! h9dmo/20 8,look to ! ma9 *ance20 &1 8,keep :at y h got1 & cat* :at y c40 ,to ! same purpose is ! fam\s old aphorism ( :i* ,napoleon ! ,fir/ 0 s fond1 8,god always favors ! heavie/ battalions40 ,em]son decl>$ t ,napoleon repres5t$ 8! _s ( mod]n comm]ce1 ( money1 & mat]ial p[]10 & he c]ta9ly 0 ! v inc>nation ( selfi%ness4#aj ,he _h a h& ( iron1 & he laid x heavily on all :o oppos$ him4 ,if x became necess>y to imprison 8 enemies he imprison$ !m2 if x became necess>y to kill !m he cut (f _! heads4 ,:5 *>g$ ) ! commission ( great crimes1 he retort$1 8,m5 ( my /amp d n commit crimes60 8,i h always m>*$ ) ! op9ion ( great masses & ev5ts10 he exclaim$1 ) ! insol5ce ( a but*] exhibit+ 8 bloody h&s4 ,old-fa%ion$ codes ( morals 7 = ^? :o oppos$ 8 plans1 n = him4 ,b ! end ( selfi%ness is disa/]4 ,x is z dang]\s to assume to rise above moral laws z to s9k bel[ !m2 9 ! "o case !y cru%1 & 9 ! o!r !y und]m9e4 8,! half0 is1 aft] all1 8m ?an ! :ole10 = 8! half0 may be reta9$1 b 8! :ole0 is sure to slip f ! f+]s ( grasp+ av>ice4 ,napoleon1 :o defi$ all mank9d1 expiat$ 8 crimes on a rock 9 mid-ocean4 ,!re1 :9+1 prote/+1 & prat+ ( inju/ice1 he di$ mis]ably1 a colossal example ( ! folly ( selfi%ness4 #aj 8#8,god has grant$1' says ! ,koran1 #8to e p a prophet 9 its own tongue4' ,p>is1 & ,london1 & ,new ,york1 ! _s ( comm]ce1 ( money1 & mat]ial p[]1 7 also to h _! prophet2 & ,bonap>te 0 qualifi$ & s5t4 ,e "o ( ! million read]s ( anecdotes1 or memoirs1 or lives ( ,napoleon delights 9 ! page1 because he /udies 9 x 8 own hi/ory40--8,repres5tative ,m510 p4 #bba4 ,bo/on3 ,phillips1 ,sampson ,co41 #aheh4 ,x w\ld be impossible m sev]ely to arraign exi/+ educational me?ods2 = m5 are :at education makes !m4 ,selfi%ness seeks to wr+ f society a support )\t giv+ to x an equival5t return4 ,:at indu/ry creates & saves to society1 selfi%ness seeks to misappropriate to its own use2 h5ce selfi%ness is 9 conflict ) ! true _s ( civilization1 :i* is ! compact ( all to protect ea* 9 8 rights4 ,selfi%ness caus$ ! de/ruction ( all ! gov]nm5ts ( anci5t times1 & x has be5 ! cause ( all ! revolutions ( mod]n times4 ,!re c be no /ability 9 gov]nm5t until altruism takes ! place ( selfi%ness 9 ! _w's code ( e?ics4 ,! sole condition ( ! /ability ( ! ,/ate is a disposition on ! "p ( its p to con=m to ju/ice & correct moral pr9ciples 9 all social relations4 ,any sy/em ( education t does n t5d to produce a /ate ( morals con=mable to ?is high /&>d is n m]ely defective2 x is radically wrong1 & !re=e positively vici\s4 ,! true purpose ( education is ! h>moni\s developm5t ( all ! p[]s ( ! man--m5tal1 moral1 & physical4 ,b h>mony 9 a selfi% "* is impossible1 = selfi%ness is bl9d ( "o eye1 s to speak2 x consid]s only "o side ( a cause--! side t relates to its int]e/1 reg>dless ( all o!r int]e/s4 ,let n prud5ce be conf\nd$ ) selfi%ness4 ,prud5ce & selfi%ness are z wide ap>t z ! poles4 ,extreme prud5ce is p]fectly consi/5t ) entire rectitude1 :ile extreme selfi%ness is ! synonym ( depravity2 h5ce ! fir/ /ep 9 education is to elim9ate selfi%ness f ! m9d1 & ! next /ep is to put rectitude 9 its place4 ,prevail+ sy/ems ( education no d\bt promote ! _s ( selfi%ness3#aa witness ! "* ( ! /ruggle = self-aggr&izem5t4 ,x is m int5se & m widely ext5d$ ?an at any p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,t x is m int5se is %[n by ! m & m rapid conc5tration ( populations 9 cities1 :]e ! /ruggle assumes its mo/ int5se =m1 & exhibits itself 9 its mo/ ?reat5+ aspect4 #aa 8,9 small1 undevelop$ societies1 :]e = ages complete peace has cont9u$1 !re exi/s no?+ l :at we call ,gov]nm5t2 no co]cive ag5cy1 b m]e honor>y head%ip1 if any head%ip at all4 ,9 ^! exceptional communities1 unaggressive1 & f special causes unaggress$ ^u1 !re is s little deviation f ! virtues ( tru?fulness1 hone/y1 ju/ice1 & g5]osity1 t no?+ beyond an occasional expression ( public op9ion by in=mally assembl$ eld]s is ne$ful40--8,political ,in/itutions10 #dcg1 #egc2 8,! ,s9s ( ,legislators10 9 8,! ,man v]sus ! ,/ate10 p4 #dd4 ,by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 ,cities h always be5 plague-spots on ! body politic1 & !y are n less s n[ ?an 9 anci5t times4 ,x is 9 cities t all dang]s to ! ,/ate orig9ate2 & ! sole1 fundam5tal reason :y cities are a /&+ m5ace to ! integrity ( ! social compact is ! fact t !y are dom9at$ by selfi%ness4 ,x is 9 cities t ! unnatural1 un:olesome desire to live )\t labor1 to live by speculative ent]prises1 becomes a consum+ passion1 inoculat+ ) a deep] & d>k] degree ( selfi%ness an ev]-wid5+ circle ( p2 & selfi%ness at la/ inevitably leads to an>*y4 ,x leads to an>*y & *aos because bo? classes ( society become deprav$--! ri* & p[]ful ?r\gh indol5ce & s5sual indulg5ce1 & ! poor & wret*$ ?r\gh ignorance & privation & _! att5dant mean vices4 ,! mod]n city is ! despair ( ! political economi/4 ,x gr[s relatively fa/] 9 population ?an ! rural di/rict1 & x w\ld be ! extreme ( optimism to decl>e t x gr[s bett]4,e#d ,x does n matt] t ! city is ! c5tre ( le>n+1 ! nurs]y ( all ! active intellig5ces :i* are a*iev+ fre% triumphs daily 9 e dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 lit]ature1 & art4 ,x is also ! c5tre ( vice1 & ! nurs]y ( e v>iety ( crime4 ,! difficulty--nay1 ! despair--( ! situation is n reliev$ or mitigat$ by ! undisput$ fact t ! anci5t city 0 mu* worse morally & politically ?an ! mod]n city1 & h5ce t z betwe5 ,rome & ,*icago !re is an imm5se moral & political advantage 9 favor ( ! latt]4 ,if ,*icago is retrograd+ morally & politically1 :at is to prev5t x f s9k+ to ! moral & political /atus ( ,rome "u ! infam\s emp]ors ( ! p]iod ( its decad5ce8 ,if ! mod]n ,am]ican city is rapidly deg5]at+1 bo? z a moral =ce & a political in/itution1 :at is to arre/ its d[nw>d progress8 ,:at influ5ce is to int]v5e to rev]se ! ord] & nature ( its developm5t8 ,rome1 9 ! v agonies ( political dissolution1 possess$ all ! !n kn[n arts1 a spl5did lit]ature1 & a s*ool ( philosophy ^: e?ical code 0 m l(ty1 if less human1 ?an t ( ! new sy/em :i* 0 /ruggl+ to replace ! old4 ,t ! inconceivably atroci\s gladiatorial games %\ld h develop$ into su* huge proportions 9 conjunction ) ! sublime moral tea*+s ( ,s5eca1 ,plut>*1 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 & a score ( o!rs1 is ! despair ( /ud5ts ( ,roman hi/ory4 ,:ile !y taught1 emp]ors & p alike fea/$ _! eyes on bloody orgies ( m5 & bea/s1 on sc5es ( ! mo/ horrible b>b>ity4 ,caligula took special delight 9 wat*+ ! c\nt5ances ( ! dy+1 8= he _h le>n$ to take an arti/ic pleasure 9 obs]v+ ! v>iations ( _! agony40 ,crim9als dress$ 9 ! sk9s ( wild bea/s 7 ?r[n to bulls :i* 7 madd5$ ) r$-hot irons4 8,f\r hundr$ be>s 7 kill$ 9 a s+le day "u ,caligula2 ?ree hundr$ on ano!r day "u ,claudius4 ,"u ,n]o1 f\r hundr$ tig]s f\ght ) bulls & elephants2 f\r hundr$ be>s & ?ree hundr$ lions 7 slaught]$ by 8 soldi]s4 ,9 a s+le day1 at ! d$ication ( ! ,colosseum by ,titus1 five ?\s& animals p]i%$4 ,"u ,trajan ! games cont9u$ = "o hundr$ & tw5ty-?ree successive days4 ,lions1 tig]s1 rh9oc]oses1 hippopotami1 giraffes1 bulls1 /ags1 ev5 crocodiles & s]p5ts1 7 employ$ to give novelty to ! spectacle40 ,& yet ! civilization t produc$ ^! games gave to ! _w1 =ev]1 ! moral precepts ( ! /oics & philosoph]s4 ,cic]o _h ma9ta9$ ! doctr9e ( ! univ]sal bro!rhood ( man4 8,nature orda9s10 he says1 8t a man %\ld wi% ! good ( e man1 :oev] he may be1 = ?is v reason3 t he is a man40 ,m5&] ma9ta9$ t 8man %\ld deem no?+ human =eign to 8 int]e/40 ,lucan look$ =w>d to ! "t :5 8! human race w ca/ aside its weapons1 & all nations le>n to love40 ,9 a lett] on ! dea? ( 8 slaves ,pl9y exhibit$ feel+s ( /rong human affection1 & ,plut>*1 9 a lett] ( consolation to 8 wife on ! dea? ( 8 daught]1 left a t\*+ record ( ! t5d]ness ( 8 he>t 9 ! recital ( a simple trait ( ! *ild3 8,%e desir$ h] nurse to press ev5 h] dolls to ! brea/4 ,%e 0 s lov+ t %e wi%$ ev]y?+ t gave h] pleasure to %>e 9 ! be/ t %e _h40 ,says ,s5eca1 8,! :ole univ]se :i* y see ar\nd y1 compris+ all ?+s bo? div9e & human1 is "o4 ,we are memb]s ( "o great body40 ,& ,epictetus1 8,y are a citiz5 & a "p ( ! _w4 ,! duty ( a citiz5 is 9 no?+ to consid] 8 own int]e/ di/9ct f t ( o!rs40 ,! contra/ betwe5 ^! noble moral s5tim5ts & ! actual life ( ! ,roman p is truly />tl+4,e#e ,x is pla9 t ! pr(ession ( l(ty moral s5tim5ts by a class1 ! possession ( high lit]>y atta9m5ts1 & an ext5sive acqua9tance ) ! arts1 d n always af=d protection aga9/ national degradation & decay4 ,nor is x by any means c]ta9 t ! ,*ri/ian religion is de/9$ to effect m 9 ?is reg>d ?an ! pagan code ( morals4 ,rome embrac$ religion1 b its conv]sion 0 p[]less to av]t political & comm]cial de/ruction4 ,! mod]n city has = guides ! example ( all ! anci5t civilizations & political & moral sy/ems1 & 9 addition x has1 9 its mo/ vital =m1 ! ,*ri/ian sy/em ( morals & fai?4 ,b not)/&+ all ^! helps x is politically corrupt & morally deprav$4 ,its /reets are ! sc5es ( vice sc>cely less revolt+ ?an ^? ( anci5t ,rome4 ,x h>bors an army ( crim9als :i* gr[s ) its gr[?1 & is )\t any sy/ematiz$ ef=t ei!r to re=m or aboli% x4 ,inde$ ?is army ( crim9als is con/antly re9=c$ 9 an increas+ ratio to ! :ole population f ! ranks ( ! ris+ g5]ation1 :i* is to a degree en=c$ to ignorance by ! inadequacy ( educational facilities4#ab ,its p[] to accumulate weal? is increas+1 b ?is p[] is conf9$ to relatively few] h&s1 & ?is is "o ( ! mo/ al>m+ features ( ! situation4 ,= ! increase ( ignorance1 vice1 & crime is sure to keep pace ) ! abnormal gr[? ( e/ates1 /imulat$ to ! highe/ degree by di%one/ bus9ess practices & gigantic s*emes ( speculation4 #ab ,9 support ( ! tru? ( ^! propositions x is suffici5t m]ely to allude to ! late disclosures by ! ,pall ,mall ,gazette ( ! preval5ce ( revolt+ crimes 9 ,london1 ,engl&4 ,x is also p]t95t to rem>k ! attitude ( ho/ility ma9ta9$ by ! high] classes 7s call$7 ( ! ,engli% p t[>ds ! editor ( ! j\rnal 9 :i* ! disclosures 7 made1 z significant ( an al>m+ deg5]ation ( ! moral s5se ( ! ,briti% public4 ,x does n foll[ because prevail+ me?ods ( education promote ! _s ( selfi%ness1 & h5ce conta9 ! se$s ( social & moral decay1 t !y are :olly vici\s2 b x does foll[1 if !y are n positively wrong1 t !y are negatively wrong4 ,let u assume t !y are only negatively wrong1 t !y lack an ess5tial elem5t 9 all m5tal & moral tra9+--! manual elem5t2 & let u try to discov] :at w\ld be ! effect ( ! incorporation ( ?is elem5t into ! curriculum ( ! s*ools4 ,a sy/em ( education consi/+ exclusively ( m5tal ex]cises promotes selfi%ness because su* tra9+ is subjective4 ,its effects fl[ inw>d2 !y relate to self4 ,all m5tal acquirem5ts become a "p ( self1 & s rema9 =ev]1 unless !y are transmut$ into ?+s ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! h&4 ,x is ?r\gh ! h& alone t ! m9d f9ally impresses itself ^u matt]4 ,9 o!r words1 ?\ght & spee* mu/ be inc>nate 9 ?+s or !y are dead4 ,! orator appeals to ! p to /rike = _! rights2 ! p r5d ! air ) %\ts & subside into sil5ce4 ,! orator cries1 8,to ,arms60 ,aga9 ! p %\t1 & aga9 subside into sil5ce4 ,! orator's ?\ghts are ( c>nage1 8 words ( flames1 b !y are z dead z if nev] utt]$ because no h& is rais$ to embody !m 9 de$s4 ,manual tra9+1 on ! o!r h&1 promotes altruism because x is objective4 ,its effects fl[ outw>d2 !y relate n to self b to ! human race4 ,! skill$ h& conf]s b5efits ^u man1 & ea* b5efit s conf]r$ ex]ts ! natural reflex moral influ5ce ( a good act ^u ! m9d ( ! b5efactor4,e#f ,morality is n a m]e s5tim5t1 a b>r5 ideality4 ,x is true !re is a negative morality :i* consi/s 9 refra9+ f ! commission ( wrongful acts4 ,b ! morality ( ! great e?ical tea*]s is positive2 x consi/s 9 do+4 ,*ri/ said1 8,inasmu* z ye h done x unto "o ( ! lea/ ( ^! my bre?r51 ye h done x unto me40 ,words )\t acts are z dead z fai? )\t works4 ,paul said1 8,?\gh ,i h all fai?1 s t ,i c\ld remove m\nta9s1 & h n *>ity1 ,i am no?+40 ,morality is a vital pr9ciple ^: exemplification consi/s 9 do+ ju/ice2 & ju/ice is t virtue 8:i* consi/s 9 giv+ to e "o :at is 8 due2 practical con=mity to ! laws & to pr9ciples ( rectitude 9 ! deal+s ( m5 ) ea* o!r2 hone/y1 integrity 9 comm]ce or mutual int]c\rse40 ,x foll[s t morality c no m be acquir$ by memoriz+ a s]ies ( maxims ?an ! art ( us+ tools c be acquir$ by /udy+ ! laws ( me*anics & ( me*anism4 ,e#d 8,no city 0 ev] s deeply disgrac$ by its municipal gov]nm5t z ! city ( ,new ,york4 ,f\rte5 ye>s ago ! exposure ( ! ,twe$ ,r+ reveal$ a corruption 9 t gov]nm5t :i* _h ma/]$ ,legislatures & c\rts1 & 0 plott+ to control ! national adm9i/ration2 & z we write1 all ( ! liv+ ex-memb]s ( ! late ,bo>d ( ,ald]m51 except two1 are held = trial = brib]y & corruption1 or are 9 hid+4 8,su* a %ame is unprec$5t$4 ,x is 9 itself a %>p satire ^u popul> elections1 z well z ^u ! "* & public _s ( ,new ,york2 & ! wor/ ( x is t1 bad z x is1 no citiz5 probably feels himself to be humiliat$1 or is consci\s ( any p]sonal responsibility4 ,to ! mo/ /upid man1 h[ev]1 su* facts =eca/ a con/ant det]ioration ( ! situation40--8,h>p]'s ,weekly10 ,april #bd1 #ahhf4 ,e#e ,! morality ( ! pres5t age1 l t ( ! ,romans1 is a m]e !ory1 entirely de/itute ( vital =ce4 ,selfi%ness is /ill1 z x always has be51 ! controll+ elem5t 9 human conduct1 & selfi%ness & morality are utt]ly incompatible4 ,moral precepts are inculcat$ 9 a p]functory way1 z ,greek is taught because x is ! fa%ion1 b ) no m idea t !y w be adopt$ z ! rule ( life1 ?an t ! language ( ,hom] w aga9 be us$ z ! in/rum5t ( spee*4 ,! contempt 9 :i* morality is commonly held is well %[n by ! rem>k ( a popul> lectur]1 :o said ( ,pet] ! ,great1 t1 8view$ morally he 0 a mon/]1 & by ! gauge ( dec5cy1 a brute1 b a giant f ! l(ty heights ( /atesman%ip & civilization40 ,h[ va9 is ! hope ( re=m :ile lead]s ( m5 deem x possible = /atesman%ip to be r5d]$ l(ty by a moral mon/]1 or t ! cause ( civilization may be advanc$ by a brute6 ,e#f 8,! artisan /&s betwe5 e man1 woman1 & *ild & ! crude mat]ials embodi$ 9 ! ?ree k+doms ( ,nature1 & by ! magic ( 8 skill !y are trans=m$ into means s]viceable = use4 ,! wood 9 ! =e/1 ! m>ble 9 ! qu>ry1 ! clay 9 ! bank1 ! metal 9 ! m9e pass ?r\gh 8 h&s1 take on ! =m ( 8 ?\ght1 become arrang$ by 8 intellig5ce1 & ! product is ! mod]n dwell+4 ,is !re any fancy 9 fairy tale m wond]ful ?an ?is8 ,by ! skill ( ! tann] & ! %oemak] ! raw sk9 is trans=m$ into ! useful %oe4 ,d y ev] ?9k ( y\r indebt$ness to ^! humble toil]s = y\r protection & com=t8 ,d !y ev] ?9k ( ! s]vice !y are r5d]+ y8--a s]vice :i* _c be comp5sat$ by doll>s & c5ts4 ,! jewels :i* sp>kle 9 royal cr[ns & add lu/re to que5ly beauty1 ! silks & preci\s /uffs :i* clo! & give new *>ms to ! lovel9ess ( wom51 owe _! beauty1 _! lu/re1 _! value to ! artisan4 ,he /&s betwe5 ! worm1 ! m9e1 & ! we>]2 & by ! trans=m+ p[] ( 8 skill & pati5t labor !y become robes ( beauty & gems ( light4 ,b ( f> great] importance is ! s]vice he is r5d]+ to our common humanity4 ,he takes ! mat]ial :i* our ,heav5ly ,fa!r has provid$ 9 su* abundance1 puts 8 ?\ght1 8 intellig5ce1 & he has e conceivable motive = putt+ 8 love & good-w t[>d m51 into !m & pass+ !m on z tok5s ( 8 love & fidelity to human good4 ,ev]y?+ he t\*es becomes a message n only ( 8 k & 8 skill b a fit embodim5t ( 8 reg>d = 8 fell[-m540--8,me*anical ,employm5ts z ,means ( ,human ,culture40 ,rev4 ,*auncey ,giles4 ,elev5? ,s]ies ,tracts1 p4 #ae4 ,philadelphia3 ,new ,*ur* ,tract & ,publication ,society4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,m9d ,,& ,,! ,,h&4 ,! ,m9d & ! ,h& are ,allies2 ! ,m9d speculates1 ! ,h& te/s its ,speculations 9 ,?+s4 -- ,! ,h& explodes ! ,errors ( ! ,m9d -- x se>*es aft] ,tru? & f9ds x 9 ,?+s4 -- ,m5tal ,errors are subtile2 !y elude u1 b ! ,false 9 ,?+s /&s self-expos$4 -- ,! ,h& is ! ,m9d's ,moral ,rudd]4 -- ,! ,organ ( ,t\* ! mo/ ,wond]ful ( ! ,s5ses2 all ! ,o!rs are ,passive2 x alone is ,active4 -- ,sir ,*>les ,bell's ,discov]y ( a 8,muscul> ,s5se40 -- ,dr4 ,h5ry ,maudsley on ! ,muscul> ,s5se4 -- ,! ,h& influ5ces ! ,bra94 -- ,connect$ ,?\ght impossible )\t ,language1 & ,language dep5d5t ^u ,objects2 & all ,artificial ,objects are ! ,"w ( ! ,h&4 -- ,progress is !re=e ! ,impr9t ( ! ,h& ^u ,matt] 9 ,art4 -- ,! ,h& is ne>] ! ,bra9 ?an are ! ,eye & ! ,e>4 -- ,! ,m>vell\s ,works ( ! ,h&4 ,a purely m5tal acquirem5t is a !orem--some?+ to be prov$4 ,z to :e!r ! !orem is susceptible ( pro( is always a "q until ! d\bt is solv$ by ! act ( do+4 ,h5ce ,com5ius's def9ition ( education--8,let ^? ?+s t h to be done be le>n$ by do+ !m0--is pr(\ndly philosophical1 s9ce no?+ c be fully le>n$ )\t ! f9al act ( do+1 ow+ to ! fact ( ! incomplet5ess ( all !oretical k4 ,! m9d & ! h& are natural allies4 ,! m9d speculates2 ! h& te/s ! speculations ( ! m9d by ! law ( practical application4 ,! h& explodes ! errors ( ! m9d1 = x inquires1 s to speak1 by ! act ( do+1 :e!r or n a giv5 !orem is demon/rable 9 ! =m ( a problem4 ,! h& is1 !re=e1 n only con/antly se>*+ aft] ! tru?1 b is con/antly f9d+ x4#ac ,x is possible = ! m9d to indulge 9 false logic1 to make ! worse appe> ! bett] reason1 )\t in/ant exposure4 ,b = ! h& to "w falsely is to produce a mis%ap5 ?+--tool or ma*9e--:i* 9 its con/ruction gives ! lie to its mak]4 ,?us ! h& t is false to tru?1 9 ! v act publi%es ! v]dict ( its own guilt1 exposes itself to contempt & d]ision1 convicts itself ( unskilfulness or ( di%one/y4 #ac 8,9 o!r cases1 ev5 by ! /ricte/ att5tion1 x is n possible to give complete or /rict tru? 9 words4 ,we c\ld n1 by any numb] ( words1 describe ! color ( a ribbon s z to enable a m]c] to mat* x )\t see+ x4 ,b an #8accurate' colori/ c convey ! requir$ intellig5ce at once1 ) a t9t on pap]40--8,! ,laws ( ,feesole10 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #g4 ,by ,john ,rusk91 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 #ahgi4 ,!re is no escap+ ! logical conclusion ( an inve/igation into ! relations exi/+ betwe5 ! m9d & ! h&4 ,! h& is sc>cely less ! guide ?an ! ag5t ( ! m9d4 ,x /eadies ! m9d4 ,x is ! m9d's moral rudd]1 its balance-:eel4 ,x is ! m9d's monitor4 ,x is con/antly appeal+ to ! m9d1 by its acts1 to 8hew to ! l9e1 let ! *ips fly :]e !y may40 ,dr4 ,george ,wilson says1 8,9 _m respects ! organ ( t\*1 z embodi$ 9 ! h&1 is ! mo/ wond]ful ( ! s5ses4 ,! organs ( ! o!r s5ses are passive2 ! organ ( t\* alone is active4444 ,! h& selects :at x %all t\*1 & t\*es :at x pleases4 ,x puts away f x ! ?+s :i* x hates1 & beckons t[>ds x ! ?+s :i* x desires4444 ,moreov]1 ! h& c>es n only = its own wants1 b :5 ! o!r organs ( ! s5ses are r5d]$ useless takes _! duties ^u x4444 ,! bl9d man reads ) 8 h&1 ! dumb man speaks ) x2 x plucks ! fl[] = ! no/ril1 & supplies ! tongue ) objects ( ta/e4 ,n less amply does x give expression to ! wit1 ! g5ius1 ! w1 ! p[] ( man4 ,put a sword into x & x w fight1 a pl\gh & x w till1 a h>p & x w play1 a p5cil & x w pa9t1 a p5 & x w speak4 ,:at1 moreov]1 is a %ip1 a railway1 a light-h\se1 or a palace--:at inde$ is a :ole city1 a :ole cont95t ( cities1 all ! cities ( ! globe1 nay ! v globe itself1 s f> z man has *ang$ x1 b ! "w ( t giant h& ) :i* ! human race1 act+ z "o mighty man1 has execut$ 8 w40#ad #ad 8,! ,five ,gateways ( ,k10 p4 #aba4 ,by ,george ,wilson1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,london3 ,macmillan ,co41 #ahha4 ,!re is a philosophical explanation ( ! v]satility ( ! h& s graphically portray$ 9 ! =ego+ passage1 & x is f\nd 9 ,sir ,*>les ,bell's great discov]y ( a 8muscul> s5se40 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is discov]y is t 8!re are di/9ct n]ves ( s5sation & ( motion or volition--"o set be>+ messages f ! body to ! bra91 & ! o!r f ! bra9 to ! body40 ,9 8 "w on ! h&1 aft] review+ ! l9e ( argum5t :i* l$ to 8 discov]y1 ,sir ,*>les says1 8,by su* argum5ts ,i h be5 9 ! habit ( %[+ t we possess a muscul> s5se1 & t )\t x we c\ld h no guidance ( ! frame4 ,we c\ld n comm& our muscles 9 /&+1 f> less 9 walk+1 leap+1 or runn+1 _h we n a p]ception ( ! condition ( ! muscles previ\s to ! ex]cise ( ! w4 ,& z = ! h&1 x is n m ! fre$om ( its action :i* con/itutes its p]fection1 ?an ! k :i* we h ( ^! motions1 & our consequ5t ability to direct x ) ! utmo/ precision40#ae #ae 8,! ,h&3 its ,me*anism & ,vital ,end[m5ts z ,ev9c+ ,design10 p4 #aea4 ,by ,sir ,*>les ,bell1 ,k4,g4,h41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,l4 & ,e4 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 #ahfd4 ,on ! influ5ce ( ! muscul> s5se1 ,dr4 ,h5ry ,maudsley has ^! p]t95t obs]vations3 8,^? :o w\ld degrade ! body1 9 ord]1 z !y imag9e1 to exalt ! m9d1 %\ld consid] m deeply ?an !y d ! importance ( our muscul> expressions ( feel+4 ,! manifold %ades & k9ds ( expression :i* ! lips pres5t--_! gibes1 gambols1 & fla%es ( m]rim5t2 ! quick language ( a quiv]+ no/ril2 ! v>i$ waves & ripples ( beautiful emotion :i* play on ! human c\nt5ance1 ) ! spasms ( passion t disfigure x--all :i* we take su* pa9s to embody 9 art--are simply effects ( muscul> action4444 ,fix ! c\nt5ance 9 ! patt]n ( a p>ticul> emotion--9 a look ( ang]1 ( wond]1 or ( scorn--& ! emotion ^: appe>ance is ?us imitat$ w n fail to be ar\s$4 ,& if we try1 :ile ! features are fix$ 9 ! expression ( "o passion1 to call up 9 ! m9d a q diff]5t "o1 we %all f9d x impossible to d s4444 ,we p]ceive1 !n1 t ! muscles are n alone ! ma*9]y by :i* ! m9d acts ^u ! _w1 b t _! actions are ess5tial elem5ts 9 our m5tal op]ations4 ,! sup]iority ( ! human ov] ! animal m9d seems to be ess5tially connect$ ) ! great] v>iety ( muscul> action ( :i* man is capable2 7 he depriv$ ( ! inf9itely v>i$ movem5ts ( h&s1 tongue1 l>ynx1 lips1 & face1 9 :i* he is s f> ahead ( ! animals1 x is probable t he w\ld be no bett] ?an an idiot1 not)/&+ he might h a normal developm5t ( bra940#af #af 8,body & ,m9d10 p4 #cb4 ,by ,h5ry ,maudsley1 ,m4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahhc4 ,x is ?r\gh ! muscul> s5se t ! h& influ5ces ! bra94 ,accord+ to ,sir ,*>les ! h& acts fir/4 ,x telegraphs1 = example1 t x is ready to grasp ! *isel or ! sl$ge-hamm]1 or seize ! p51 :]eupon ! bra9 telegraphs back precise directions z to ! "w to be done4 ,^! messages to & fro are lightn+-l fla%es ( intellig5ce1 :i* bl5d or fuse all ! p[]s ( ! man1 bo? m5tal & physical1 & in=m & inspire ! mass ) vital =ce4#ag #ag ,! goldsmi?'s art 0 "o ( ! f9e/ among ! anci5ts1 & s cont9u$ f> into ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! cutt+ ( cameos1 = example1 requir$ ! highe/ skill & produc$ ! mo/ exquisite results4 ,mr4 ,rusk9 calls att5tion to ! fact t 8all ! great e>ly ,italian ma/]s ( pa9t+ & sculpture1 )\t exception1 began by be+ goldsmi?s' appr5tices20 & t 8!y felt !mselves s indebt$ to1 & =m$ by1 ! ma/] craftsman :o _h ma9ly discipl9$ _! f+]s1 :e!r 9 "w on gold or m>ble1 t !y practically consid]$ him _! fa!r1 & took 8 "n r ?an _! own40--8,=s ,clavig]a10 ,"p ,,iii41 p4 #bia4 ,by ,john ,rusk94 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 #ahha4 ,?r\gh con/ant use ! muscul> s5se is %>p5$ to a m>vell\s degree ( f95ess1 & ! h&1 p]meat$ by x1 =ms habits :i* react p[]fully ^u ! m9d4 ,if1 n[1 dur+ ! p]iod ( *ildhood & y\?1 ! h& is ex]cis$ 9 ! useful & beautiful arts1 its muscul> s5se w be develop$ normally1 or 9 ! direction ( rectitude1 & ! reflex effect ( ?is gr[? ^u ! m9d w be b5efic5t4 ,x is ?us t ! tra9$ h& comes at la/ to =esee1 z x 71 t a false proposition is surely de/9$ to be explod$4 ,! habit ( rectitude gives x presci5ce4 ,x inv>iably discov]s1 soon] or lat]1 t a false proposition1 :5 embodi$ 9 wood or iron1 becomes a conspicu\s abortion1 involv+ 9 disgrace bo? ! design] & ! mak]4 ,a false proposition 9 ! ab/ract may be r5d]$ v allur+2 a false proposition 9 ! concrete is always hide\s4 ,"o ( ! *ief effects ( manual tra9+ is1 !n1 ! discov]y & developm5t ( tru?2 & tru?1 9 its broade/ signification1 is m]ely ano!r "n = ju/ice2 & ju/ice is ! synonym ( morality4 ,x has be5 %[n t ?\ght & spee* are dead unless embodi$ 9 ?+s4 ,x may also be ass]t$ ) confid5ce t man w\ld lose ! p[] ( spee* almo/ :olly if 8 words %\ld cease to be realiz$ 9 ?+s4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 decl>es t 8a complex tra9 ( ?\ght c no m be c>ri$ on )\t ! aid ( words1 :e!r spok5 or sil5t1 ?an a long calculation )\t ! use ( figures or algebra40#ah ,& ,dr4 ,maudsley says1 8,b nei!r ^! in/ances nor ! case ( ,laura ,bridgman c be us$ to prove t x is possible to ?9k )\t any means ( physical expression4 ,on ! contr>y ! evid5ce is all ! o!r way4 ,! deaf & dumb man inv5ts 8 own signs1 :i* he draws f ! nature ( objects1 seiz+ ! mo/ /rik+ outl9e1 or ! pr9cipal movem5t ( an action1 & us+ !m aft]w>ds z tok5s to repres5t ! objects4 ,! deaf & dumb ge/iculate also z !y ?9k2 & ,laura ,bridgman's f+]s work$1 mak+ ! initial movem5ts = lett]s ( ! f+] alphabet1 n only dur+ h] wak+ ?\ghts1 b 9 h] dreams4 ,if we sub/itute = #8names' ! motor intuitions1 or take c>e to comprise 9 language all ! modes ( express+ ?\ghts1 :e!r v]bal1 vocal writ+1 or ge/ure language1 !n x is unque/ionable t ?\ght is impossible )\t language40#ai #ah 8,! ,desc5t ( ,man10 p4 #hh4 ,by ,*>les ,d>w91 ,m4,a4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahha4 #ai 8,physiology ( ! ,m9d10 p4 #dhj4 ,by ,h5ry ,maudsley1 ,m4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahhc4 ,z connect$ ?\ghts are impossible )\t words1 or signs ( words1 s words are dep5d5t ^u objects = _! exi/5ce4 ,says ,dr4 ,maudsley1 8,words _c atta9 to def9it5ess save z liv+ outgr[?s ( realities40#bj ,& ,heyse says1 8,?\ght is n ev5 pres5t to ! ?9k] till he has set x =? out ( himself40 #bj 8,i !re=e decl>e my conviction10 says ,max ,mll]1 8:e!r "r or wrong1 z explicitly z possible1 t ?\ght 9 "o s5se ( ! ^w1 i4 e41 9 reason+1 is impossible )\t language40--8,physiology ( ! ,m9d10 p4 #dhj4 ,by ,h5ry ,maudsley1 ,m4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahhc4 ,x foll[s t language has its orig9 n less 9 ext]nal objects ?an 9 ! m9d4 ,objects make impressions ^u ! m9d ?r\gh ! s5ses1 & words s]ve z ! means ( pres]v+ a record ( su* impressions & ( communicat+ !m to o!r m9ds4 ,if1 n[1 ! m9d %\ld cease to receive impressions1 language w\ld no long] be requir$1 s9ce !re w\ld be no?+ to express2 & ! occasion = ! use ( language ceas+ to exi/1 ! p[] ( spee* w\ld ultimately be lo/4 ,! p[] ( spee*1 !n1 dep5ds ^u a cont9u\s succession ( impressions made ^u ! m9d by its contact1 ?r\gh ! s5ses1 ) matt] 9 its v>i\s =ms1 :e!r 9 nature or 9 art4 ,x may also be claim$ t ! p[] ( spee* dep5ds almo/ entirely ^u ! endless succession ( fre% objects pres5t$ to ! m9d by ! h&4 ,^! =m ! subject z well z ! occasion ( spee*4 ,if ! h& %\ld cease to make new ?+s1 new words w\ld cease to be requir$4 ,! pr9cipal *anges 9 language arise out ( new discov]ies 9 sci5ce & new inv5tions 9 art1 ea* fre% discov]y ( sci5ce giv+ rise to _m new ?+s 9 art4 ,art & sci5ce react ^u ea* o!r4#ba ,! gr[? ( a ,/ate1 its advance 9 ! scale ( civilization1 dep5ds ^u progress 9 ! practical arts4 ,h5ce ! fact t1 :5 a ,/ate ceases to advance1 its language ceases to gr[1 becomes /ation>y1 /agnates4 ,9 su* a ,/ate !re w\ld be no occasion = new words4 ,if a con/antly dim9i%+ numb] ( objects 7 pres5t$ to ! m9d1 spee* w\ld become less & less necess>y4 ,if no new objects 7 pres5t$1 no fre% impressions ^u ! m9d w\ld be made1 & spee* w\ld deg5]ate into a m]e it]ation4 ,if ! h&s %\ld cease to labor 9 ! arts1 %\ld cease to make ?+s1 %\ld cease to plant & ga!r1 ! scope ( spee* w\ld be /ill fur!r re/rict$1 w\ld be conf9$ to an expression ( ! wants ( savages subsi/+ on ! native fruits ( field & =e/4 #ba 8,& ! great advances 9 sci5ce h uni=mly correspond$ ) ! inv5tion ( "s in/rum5t by :i* ! p[] ( ! s5ses has be5 increas$1 or ! range ( action ext5d$40--8,physiology ( ! ,m9d10 p4 #h4 ,by ,h5ry ,maudsley1 ,m4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahhc4 ,x comes to ?is1 t progress c f9d expression only 9 ! concrete4 ,gutt5b]g _h an idea t he c\ld employ movable types 9 ! production ( books4 ,suppose he _h be5 cont5t ) ! m]e promulgation ( 8 !ory 9 words1 & t ^? :o came aft] him _h be5 simil>ly cont5t8 ,!re w\ld h be5 no pr9t+-presses d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,suppose t ,watt & ,/eph5son & ,fulton _h be5 cont5t ) ! decl>ation1 9 words1 ( ! discov]ies !y made 9 reg>d to ! application ( ! p[] ( /eam to useful purposes1 & t ^? :o came aft] !m _h be5 simil>ly cont5t8 ,!re w\ld h be5 nei!r railways1 nor /eam%ips1 nor /eam-driv5 ma*9]y ( any k9d d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,z words are ess5tial to ! processes ( ?\ght1 s objects are ess5tial to words or liv+ spee*4 ,& z all objects made by man owe _! exi/5ce to ! h&1 x foll[s t ! h& ex]ts an incalculable influ5ce ^u ! m9d1 & s con/itutes ! mo/ pot5t ag5cy 9 ! "w ( civilization4 ,x 0 n )\t good reason t ,anaxagoras *>act]iz$ man z ! wise/ ( animals because ( 8 hav+ h&s4 ,& :at is x to be wise8 ,to be wise is 8to h ! p[] ( disc]n+ & judg+ correctly1 or ( discrim9at+ betwe5 :at is true & :at is false2 betwe5 :at is fit & prop] & :at is improp]40 ,! h& is us$ z ! synonym ( wisdom because x is only 9 ! concrete t ! false is sure ( detection1 & x is ?r\gh ! h& alone t ideas are realiz$ 9 ?+s4#bb ,aga9 we h ! h& z ! discov]] ( tru?4 #bb 8,let him ! y\? once le>n to take a /raight %av+ (f a plank1 or draw a f9e curve )\t falt]+1 or lay a brick level 9 its mort>1 & he has le>n$ a multitude ( o!r matt]s :i* no lips ( man c\ld ev] tea* him40--8,"t & ,tide10 p4 #ade4 ,by ,john ,rusk91 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 #ahhc4 ,! ass]tion ( ! maje/y ( ! h& by ! ,ionic philosoph] ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 conta9$ ! g]m ( ! manual tra9+ idea ( ?is latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,anaxagoras 0 unconsci\sly1 no d\bt1 /ruggl+ t[>d ! light1 t[>d ! inductive me?od ( inve/igation1 t[>d ! sole av5ue ?r\gh :i* x is possible to /udy ! m9d1 namely1 ?r\gh ! body4 ,! ignorance ( ! anci5ts on ! subject ( physiology 0 s d5se z to leave !m no res\rce save speculative philosophy4 ,! progress made 9 ! /udy ( anatomy1 & organic & inorganic *emi/ry at ,alex&ria1 01 h[ev]1 consid]able4 ,! f\ndations ( a sy/ematic physiology 7 be+ securely laid by ,hippocrates1 ,h]ophilus1 & _! compe]s ( ! m$ical pr(ession1 & ! way 0 ?us be+ op5$ to an intellig5t /udy ( ! m9d4 ,x is highly probable t ?is gr[+ disposition to inve/igate ?+s1 toge!r ) ! increas+ importance to civilization ( ! useful arts1 w\ld soon h react$ de/ructively ^u ! speculative philosophy ( ! "t _h n a s]ies ( national disa/]s1 involv+ ! fall ( ,greece & ,rome1 ov]:elm$ bo? arts & philosophy 9 "o common ru94 ,f ! fall ( ,rome to ! "t ( ,bacon speculative philosophy dom9at$ ! _w4 ,progress dates f ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 b x 0 v sl[ until )9 a hundr$ ye>s4 ,philosophy has n[1 h[ev]1 f\nd a sci5tific basis4 ,in/ead ( speculat+ ab\t ! 8!ory ( vitality10 x conc]ns itself ) 8! natural ph5om5a ( liv+ bodies1 s f> z !y are appreciable by ! human s5ses & intellig5ce40 ,b ! s*ools h n mov$ =w>d ) ev5ts4 ,_! me?ods are unsci5tific2 !y are /ill dom9at$ by ! m$ival ideas ( speculative philosophy4 ,"o ( ! able/ educators 9 ?is c\ntry has well obs]v$ t 8!re has be5 v little *ange 9 ! ideas :i* h controll$ our me?ods ( education1 & ^! ideas 7 =m$ some?+ l f\r hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,l ne>ly all ! great ag5cies ( mod]n civilization1 ! e/abli%$ sy/em ( education dates f ! ,r5aissance1 & ! direction giv5 to ! s*ools at t "t has be5 foll[$ ) b slight modification ev] s9ce40#bc #bc ,mr4 ,james ,mac,alister1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools ( ! ,city ( ,philadelphia1 be=e ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,in/ruction at ,s>atoga1 ,july #ac1 #ahhb4 ,! ju/ice ( ?is arraignm5t ( ! s*ools = extreme cons]vatism is %[n by ! rem>k ( a prom95t educator :o opposes ! incorporation ( manual tra9+ 9 ! curriculum ( ! public s*ools4 ,he says1 8,"s ev5 g s f> z to reg>d ! f+]s z a new av5ue to ! bra91 & ?9k t great p$agogic advantages w be giv5 by ! new me?od1 s t boys may make equal atta9m5ts 9 ari?metic1 read+1 & gramm> 9 less "t4444 ,!y tea*]s w /ill f9d ! eye & e> ne>] to ! bra9 ?an ! h&40 ,no assumption c\ld be m false ?an ?is1 t ! eye & ! e> are m important organs ?an ! h& because !y are locat$1 physically1 ne>] ! bra94 ,! attribute ( mobility ) :i* ! h& is end[$ conf]s ^u x n only ! pot5cy ( ! close/ possible proximity1 b ea* ( ! c\ntless positions x may assume1 toge!r ) its flexibility & adaptability1 multiplies its p[]s 9 ! ord] ( a geometrical ratio4 ,?is disposition to und]value ! h& is an inh]itance f ! speculative philosophy ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* 0 bas$ on contempt ( ! body & all its memb]s4 ,! effect ( ?is false doctr9e has be5 vici\s 9 ! extreme4 ,contempt = ! body has g5]at$ a feel+ ( contempt = manual labor1 & repugnance to manual labor has multipli$ di%one/ practices 9 ! c\rse ( ! /ruggle to acquire weal? by any o!r means ?an manual labor1 & s corrupt$ society4 ,t man %\ld feel contempt = ! mo/ effici5t memb] ( 8 own body is1 inde$1 incompreh5sible1 s9ce contempt = ! h& leads logically to contempt = its works1 & its works comprise all ! visible results ( civilization4 ,to enum]ate ! works ( ! h& w\ld be to describe ! _w z x at pres5t exi/s 9 contradi/9ction to ! _w 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,ev]y:]e we behold ) admiration & wond] ! m>vell\s triumphs ( ! h&1 f ! iron bridge t spans ! torr5t ( ,niag>a to ! /eel micromet] t measures ! million? "p ( an in*4 ,x matt]s n :e!r ! h& is ne>] or f>!r f ! bra9 ?an ! eye & ! e>1 x is able to af=d p[]ful aid to !m4 ,man w\ld explore ! planet>y sy/em2 he lifts 8 long+ eyes to ! />ry vault1 b 9 va92 x is a seal$ book6 ,! h& fa%ions ! telescope1 adju/s x1 places x at a conv5i5t angle1 & ! milky way is resolv$ into millions ( />s1 8scatt]$ l glitt]+ du/ on ! black gr\nd ( ! g5]al heav5s10 ! lun> m\nta9s are measur$1 & ! spots on ! sun reveal$4 ,man w\ld /udy ! anatomy & habits ( ! myriads ( insects 9 :i* ! teem+ e>? ab\nds4 ,impossible6 ,! me*anism ( ! eye is n adapt$ to su* a delicate op]ation4 ,b ! h& pres5ts ! microscope1 & a _w ( hi!rto unkn[n m9ute exi/5ces is reveal$ ) a di/9ctness :i* p]mits ! mo/ exhau/ive inve/igation4 ,?us1 ?r\gh ! aid ( ! h&1 ! eye n[ contemplates ) philosophic int]e/ ! ev]-*ang+ aspect ( ! spots on ! sun at a di/ance ( n9ety million miles1 & n[ imprisons ! r$ ant1 measur+ only ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & /udies its physiology1 c\nt+ its pulsations1 classify+ its n]ves & muscles1 & weigh+ its bra94 ,man w\ld speak ) 8 fri5d or bus9ess correspond5t miles away4 ,nei!r ! voice nor ! e> is adapt$ to ! task4 ,b ! h& fa%ions & pres5ts ! telephone1 & ! conv]sation proce$s ev5 9 a :isp]4 ,x w be said t ! m9d devises ! telescope1 ! microscope1 & ! telephone4 ,true1 b _! con/ruction w\ld be impossible )\t ! h&4 ,& is x at all probable t ! m9d w\ld h devis$ ^! admirable in/rum5ts if man _h be5 made )\t h&s8#bd #bd 8,! h& is ! mo/ m>vell\s in/rum5t 9 ! _w2 x is ! necess>y complem5t ( ! m9d 9 deal+ ) matt] 9 all its v>i$ =ms4 ,x is ! h& t #8r\nd$ ,pet]'s dome2' x is ! h& t c>v$ ^? /atues 9 m>ble & bronze1 t pa9t$ ^? pictures 9 palace & *ur*1 :i* we travel into di/ant l&s to admire2 x is ! h& t builds ! %ips :i* sail ! sea1 lad5 ) ! comm]ce ( ! _w2 x is ! h& t con/ructs ! ma*9]y :i* moves ! busy indu/ries ( ?is age ( /eam2 x is ! h& t enables ! m9d to realize 9 a ?\s& ways its highe/ imag9+s1 its pr(\nde/ reason+s1 & its mo/ practical inv5tions40--,mr4 ,james ,mac,alister1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools ( ! ,city ( ,philadelphia1 be=e ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,in/ruction at ,s>atoga1 ,july #ac1 #ahhb4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,tra9$ ,,h&4 ,! ,leg5d ( ,adam & ! ,/ick ) :i* he subdu$ ! ,animals4 -- ,! ,/ick is ! ,symbol ( ,p[]1 & only ! ,h& c wield x4 -- ,! ,h& imprisons ,/eam & ,electricity1 & keeps !m at h>d ,labor4 -- ,! ,de/itution ( ,engl& ,two ,hundr$ ,ye>s ago3 a ,p5 ,picture4 -- ,! ,trans=mation wr\ght by ! ,h&3 a ,p5 ,picture4 -- ,x is due1 n to ,m5 :o make ,laws1 b to ,m5 :o make ,?+s4 -- ,! ,sci5ti/ & ! ,inv5tor are ! ,_w's ,b5efactors4 -- ,a ,p>allel betwe5 ! ,"r ,honorable ,william ,e4 ,glad/one & ,sir ,h5ry ,bessem]4 -- ,mr4 ,glad/one a ,man ( ,ideas1 ,mr4 ,bessem] a ,man ( ,de$s4 -- ,! ,value ( ! latt]'s ,inv5tions4 -- ,mr4 ,glad/one repres5ts ! ,old ,education1 ,mr4 ,bessem] ! ,new4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t man is ! wise/ ( animals because he has h&s4 ,x is equally true t he is ! mo/ p[]ful ( animals because he has h&s4 ,x is ) ! h& t man has subdu$ all ! animals4 ,!re is a leg5d to ! effect t on ! day :5 ,adam revolt$ aga9/ 8 ,mak]1 ! animals1 9 _! turn1 revolt$ aga9/ him1 & ceas$ to obey him4 8,adam call$ on ! ,"l = help1 & ! ,"l comm&$ him to take a bran* f ! ne>e/ tree & make ( x a weapon1 & /rike ) x ! fir/ animal t %\ld refuse to obey him4 ,adam took ! bran*1 ! leaves fell f x ( _! own accord1 & he f\nd himself furni%$ ) a /ick proportion$ to 8 height4 ,:5 ! animals saw ?is weapon 9 ! h&s ( ! man !y 7 seiz$ ) an in/9ctive fe> m+l$ ) wond]1 & !y did n d>e to attack him4 ,a lion alone1 bold] ?an ! re/1 leap$ ^u him to dev\r him1 b ,adam1 :o /ood ^u 8 gu>d1 swift z lightn+ :irl$ 8 /ick & fell$ him to ! e>? ) a s+le bl[6 ,at ?is sight ! t]ror ( ! o!r animals 0 s great t !y approa*$ him trembl+1 & 9 tok5 ( _! submission lick$ ! /ick t he held 9 8 h&40#be #be 8,! ,/ory ( ! ,/ick10 p4 #b4 ,translat$ & ,adapt$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,antony ,ral ,f]n& ,mi*el4 ,new ,york3 ,j4 ,w4 ,b\ton1 #ahge4 ,?r\gh\t all ! e>ly ages ! /ick 0 bo? ! symbol & ! in/rum5t ( p[]2 & x is only ! h& t c grasp & wield ! /ick4 ,! e>ly k+s reign$ by virtue ( ! /rong arm & ! supple h&4 ,!y claim$ to be desc5d$ f ,h]cules1 & _! emblem ( p[] 0 a knotty /ick4 ,nor does empire dep5d less ^u ! h& n[ ?an x did 9 ! morn+ ( "t4 ,! h& no long] grasps ! knotty /ick2 x no long] m5aces mank9d4 ,b x wields ! me*anical p[]s4 ,x imprisons /eam & electricity1 & keeps !m at h>d labor4 ,x makes pl\ghs1 plant]s1 h>ve/]s1 sew+-ma*9es1 locomotives1 & /eam%ips4 ,x digs canals1 op5s m9es1 builds bridges1 makes roads1 erects mills & factories1 con/ructs h>bors & docks1 reclaims wa/e l&s1 & cov]s ! globe ) tracks ( /eel ov] :i* ! comm]ce ( ! _w is borne4 ,two hundr$ ye>s ago ,engl& 0 de/itute ( mo/ ( ^! ?+s4 ,x _h !n no good dirt roads ev51 no good bridges1 no canals1 no public works wor? m5tion+1 & sc>cely any manufactories ( importance4 ,! po/-bags 7 c>ri$ on horseback once a week4 ,! highways 7 besieg$ by robb]s4 ,"o-fif? ( ! community 7 paup]s4 ,me*anics work$ = f sixp5ce to a %ill+ a day4 ,! *ief food ( ! poor 0 rye1 b>ley1 or oats4 ,! p 7 ignorant & brutal--ma/]s beat _! s]vants1 & husb&s beat _! wives4 ,tea*]s us$ ! la% z ! pr9cipal means ( imp>t+ k4 ,! mob rejoic$ 9 fights ( all k9ds1 & %\t$ ) glee :5 an eye 0 torn out or a f+] *opp$ (f 9 ^! savage enc\nt]s4 ,executions 7 favorite public amusem5ts4 ,! prisons 7 full1 & prov$ to be fruitful nurs]ies ( crime4 ,f little bett] ?an a wild]ness1 & almo/ a /ate ( savag]y1 ,engl& has be5 trans=m$ into a fruitful field1 & its p rais$ 9 ! scale ( civilization4 ,its public works are ! admiration ( ! _w2 its c(f]s are full ( gold2 its /rong boxes are pil$ high ) evid5ces ( ! indebt$ness ( o!r nations2 its %ips pl\gh ! bill[s ( e sea1 & be> ! comm]ce ( e l&2 & its manufactories1 ( va/ ext5t1 are monum5ts ( inv5tive g5ius1 indu/ry1 p]sev]ance1 & skill1 m impos+ f> ?an ! pyramids ( ,egypt or ! temples ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,to :om d ! p ( ,engl& & ( ! _w owe ?is national progress1 ?is progress 9 ! useful arts on a scale s colossal z1 by comp>ison1 to dw>f ! a*ievem5ts ( all ! e>li] epo*s ( hi/ory8 ,n to /atesm5 or legislators4 ,!y nei!r dig canals1 op5 m9es1 build railways1 lay ocean cables1 nor erect factories4 ,! p5 9 _! h&s may be mighti] ?an ! sword2 b x is no mat* = ! pl\gh & ! reap]1 ! electric batt]y & imprison$ /eam4 ,legislators make laws b me*anics make ?+s4 ,on ?is subject1 aft] an exhau/ive inve/igation1 ,buckle says1 8,see+1 !re=e1 t ! ef=ts ( gov]nm5t 9 favor ( civilization are1 :5 mo/ successful1 altoge!r negative1 & see+1 too1 t :5 ^! ef=ts are m ?an negative !y become injuri\s1 x cle>ly foll[s t all speculations mu/ be errone\s :i* ascribe ! progress ( ,europe to ! wisdom ( its rul]s4 ,?is is an inf]5ce :i* re/s n only on ! argum5ts already adduc$1 b on facts :i* might be multipli$ f e page ( hi/ory4444 ,we h se5 t _! laws 9 favor ( indu/ry h injur$ indu/ry1 t _! laws 9 favor ( religion h increas$ hypocrisy1 & t _! laws to secure tru? h enc\rag$ p]jury4444 ,b x is a m]e matt] ( hi/ory t our legislators1 ev5 to ! la/ mom5t1 7 s t]rifi$ by ! idea ( innovation t !y refus$ e re=m until ! voice ( ! p rose high en\gh to awe !m into submission1 & =c$ !m to grant :at1 )\t mu* pressure1 !y w\ld by no means h conc$$40#bf #bf 8,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,engl&10 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #bjd1 #bje1 #cfa4 ,by ,h5ry ,?omas ,buckle4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 ,x is1 !n1 cle>ly n to ! m5 :o make laws t we are indebt$ = progress 9 civilization1 b to ! m5 :o make ?+s4 ,! sci5ti/ :o discov]s a new pr9ciple 9 physics is a public b5efactor4 ,! inv5tor :o devises a new ma*9e helps =w>d ! cause ( progress4 ,:itney's cotton-g9 trebl$ ! value ( ! cotton-fields ( ! ,s\?4 ,! me*anic :o con/ructs a ma*9e t w make t5 or a hundr$ ?+s 9 ! "t be=e requir$ to make "o ?+ is 9 ! front rank ( ! civiliz]s ( ! human race4#bg #bg 8,y\r weal?1 y\r amusem5t1 y\r pride1 w\ld all be alike impossible1 b = ^? :om y scorn or =get4444 ,! sailor wre/l+ ) ! sea's rage2 ! quiet /ud5t por+ ov] 8 book or 8 vial2 ! common work]1 )\t praise1 & ne>ly )\t bread1 fulfill+ 8 task z y\r horses drag y\r c>ts1 hopeless1 & spurn$ ( all3 ^! are ! m5 by :om ,engl& lives40--8,sesame & ,lilies10 p4 #fh4 ,by ,john ,rusk91 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 #ahhd4 ,inv5tors1 n /atesm51 rule ! _w ?r\gh _! ma*9es1 :i* augm5t ! p[]s ( man & %>p5 8 s5ses4 ,/eam has made all civiliz$ c\ntries prosp]\s & great by va/ly increas+ man's p[]s--by mak+ him hundr$-h&$4#bh #bh 8,! causes :i* mo/ di/urb$ or accel]at$ ! normal progress ( society 9 antiquity 7 ! appe>ance ( great m52 9 mod]n times !y h be5 ! appe>ance ( great inv5tions40--8,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals10 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #abf4 ,by ,william ,edw>d ,h>tpole ,lecky1 ,m4,a4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 ,9 #ahji !re 0 born to a di/+ui%$ b>onet ( ,liv]pool1 ,engl&1 a son4 ,! boy 0 educat$ at ,eton & ,*ri/ ,*ur* ,college1 ,ox=d1 graduat+ 9 #ahca4 ,9 #ahcb ! "y man ent]$ p>liam5t4 ,9 #ahcd he took (fice "u ,sir ,rob]t ,peel4 ,! "n ( ! "y man :o comm5c$ life "u su* auspici\s circum/ances 0 ,william ,ew>t ,glad/one4 ,= ne>ly half a c5tury ,mr4 ,glad/one 0 a prom95t figure 9 ,engli% politics & adm9i/ration4 ,dur+ t long p]iod ( "t he 0 9 ! eye ( ! _w1 s to speak4 ,he m\ld$ ! laws ( an empire1 repeal$ old /atutes & made new /atutes1 l>gely influ5c$ bo? ! dome/ic & ! =eign policy ( a great nation1 & ex]t$ a consid]able degree ( control ov] ! int]national affairs ( ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,9 #ahac1 f\r ye>s aft] ! bir? ( ,mr4 ,glad/one1 at ,*>lton1 9 ,h]t=d%ire1 ,engl&1 ,h5ry ,bessem] 0 born4 ,8 fa!r1 ,an?ony ,bessem]1 _h fl$ to ,engl& 9 #agib1 a refugee f ,france4 ,h5ry ,bessem]'s e>ly tra9+ consi/$ ( ! rudim5ts ( an ord9>y education receiv$ 9 ! p>i% s*ool ( ! neighbor+ t[n ( ,hit*94 ,8 fa!r 0 a skill$ me*anic & inv5tor1 & ,h5ry inh]it$ ! inv5tive faculty4 ,he /udi$ & practis$ ! art ( wood-turn]y1 produc+1 be=e arriv+ at ! age ( manhood1 ! mo/ difficult patt]ns kn[n to ! art4 ,at ! age ( eighte51 9 ! ye> #ahca--! ye> 9 :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one complet$ 8 education--"y ,bessem] appe>$ 9 ,london1 an obscure1 unkn[n /rang]4 ,he1 h[ev]1 secur$ employm5t z a modell] & design]4 ,8 att5tion 0 soon direct$ to ! imp]fections ( gov]nm5t /amps1 9 :i* !re _h be5 no improvem5t s9ce ! "t ( ,que5 ,anne4 ,he 0 in=m$ by ,sir ,*>les ,p]sley1 ( ! ,/amp-(fice1 t ! frauds 9 /amps probably aggregat$ "o hundr$ ?\s& p\nds p] annum4 ,9 ! ev5+s ( a few mon?s he inv5t$ & made an improv$ /amp :i* obviat$ ! objections to ! "o !n 9 use4 ,! inv5tion 0 at once adopt$ by ! ,/amp-(fice1 & 9 lieu ( a /ipulat$ sum 9 paym5t !re=1 "y ,bessem] 0 ask$ 8:e!r he w\ld be satisfi$ ) ! position ( sup]9t5d5t ( /amps1 ) five hundr$ or six hundr$ p\nds p] annum80 ,! sugge/$ appo9tm5t he agre$ to accept4 ,meantime1 be=e ! contemplat$ *ange occurr$ 9 ! ,/amp-(fice1 ! "y inv5tor devis$ a fur!r improvem5t 9 ! new /amp1 :i* n only made x mu* m p]fect1 b r5d]$ x unnecess>y = ! gov]nm5t to employ a sup]9t5d5t ( /amps4 ,9 p]fect good fai? "y ,bessem] exhibit$ to ! *ief ( ! ,/amp-(fice 8 new /amp1 :i* 0 s palpably an improvem5t on ! o!r t x 0 at once pref]r$ & promptly adopt$4 ,:at is m1 ! gov]nm5t n only decl9$ to appo9t ! inv5tor to a place1 b decl9$ to give him a p5ny = 8 inv5tion4 ,?is 0 9 #ahcd1 ! ye> 9 :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one began 8 long c>e] z a repres5tative ( ! ,briti% ,cr[n4 ,z "y ,mr4 ,glad/one ent]$ ! ,treasury1 its 8junior "l10 "y ,mr4 ,bessem] retir$ f x an unsuccessful suitor = ! j rew>d ( g5ius & toil4 ,he says1 8,?us sad & dispirit$1 & ) a burn+ s5se ( inju/ice ov]p[]+ all o!r feel+s1 ,i w5t my way f ! ,/amp-(fice1 too pr\d to ask z a favor t :i* 0 indubitably my "r40#bi #bi 8,! ,creators ( ! ,age ( ,/eel10 p4 #bj4 ,by ,w4 ,t4 ,jeans4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons1 #ahhd4 ,f ?is po9t1 bo? ( "t & ev5t1 !re is a v wide div]g5ce 9 ! lives ( ^! great m54 ,! "o is a man ( ideas1 ! o!r a man ( de$s4 ,mr4 ,glad/one ?9ks1 talks1 makes treaties & laws4 ,he is con/antly 9 ! public eye1 & 8 "n ev] on ! public tongue4 ,he is reg>d$ z a great f9anci]2 he is c]ta9ly a great orator4 ,he sways ! multitude ) 8 eloqu5ce4 ,he takes di/+ui%$ "p 9 ! wordy conte/s :i* occur e n[ & !n 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,^! debates are mu* talk$ (4 ,at ! conclusion ( "o ( !m !re is a vote ( want ( confid5ce1 & ,mr4 ,glad/one goes out ( (fice & ,mr4 ,disraeli comes 94 ,at ! conclusion ( ano!r ( !m !re is a vote ( want ( confid5ce1 & ,mr4 ,disraeli goes out ( (fice & ,mr4 ,glad/one comes 94 ,b :e!r ,mr4 ,glad/one goes out & ,mr4 ,disraeli comes 91 or ,mr4 ,disraeli goes out & ,mr4 ,glad/one comes 91 makes v little diff]5ce ) ! trade & comm]ce ( ! k+dom4 ,! railway traffic cont9ues 9 ! "o ev5t or ! o!r2 ! /eam]s cont9ue to cross & recross ! ocean2 ! 8po/0 comes & goes2 ! electric curr5t cont9ues to act z mess5g]-boy2 ! telephone br+s u face to face ) our bus9ess correspond5t or fri5d4 ,!re is1 inde$1 no reason :y a vote ( want ( confid5ce 9 ,mr4 ,glad/one or ,mr4 ,disraeli %\ld imply a want ( confid5ce 9 /eam or electricity1 because nei!r ,mr4 ,glad/one nor ,mr4 ,disraeli ev] _h any?+ to d ) ! application ( ^! great =ces to ! uses ( man4 ,!y 7 entirely absorb$1 ! "o 9 promot+ ! advancem5t ( ,lib]alism1 & ! o!r 9 promot+ ! advancem5t ( ,toryism4 ,& x is a curi\s fact1 z %[+ ! mutability ( political op9ion1 t ,mr4 ,disraeli ent]$ public life z a ,lib]al1 & subsequ5tly became a great ,tory lead]2 & ,mr4 ,glad/one ent]$ public life z a ,tory1 & subsequ5tly became a great ,lib]al lead]4 ,= tw5ty-two ye>s aft] he retir$ empty-h&$ f ! gov]nm5t ,/amp-(fice ,mr4 ,bessem] cont9u$ 8 c>e] z an inv5tor & manufactur]1 )\t1 h[ev]1 attract+ any great %>e ( public att5tion4 ,b 9 #ahef he ann\nc$ t he _h made a discov]y ( va/ importance 9 ! process ( /eel mak+4#cj ,= a hundr$ ye>s previ\sly ! ,huntsman process _h held ! field4 ,x yield$ excell5t /eel b 0 v exp5sive4 ,mr4 ,bessem] ann\nc$ t he c\ld produce spl5did ca/-/eel at ab\t ! co/ ( mak+ iron6 ,! ann\ncem5t 0 receiv$ ) mu* incr$ulity2 b ! 8,bessem] conv]t]0 0 exhibit$1 ! new process %[n1 & ! result seem$ to confirm ! v]ity ( ! claim ( ! inv5tor4 ,practical difficulties1 h[ev]1 po/pon$ its complete success till #ahfj1 :5 ! new process supplant$ all o!rs4 #cj 8,! fir/ pat5t ( ,sir ,h4 ,bessem] 9 :i* air is m5tion$ z ! oxidiz+ ag5t is dat$ ,octob] #ag1 #ahee1 & o!r ?ree mon?s 7 sp5t 9 exp]im5t+ be=e ! idea ( introduc+ ! air f ! bottom ( a l>ge conv]t] /ruck him4 ,! pat5t embody+ ! latt] idea is dat$ ,febru>y #aa1 #ahef40--8,! ,creators ( ! ,age ( ,/eel10 note to p4 #ch4 ,by ,w4 ,t4 ,jeans4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons1 #ahhd4 ,mr4 ,bessem] n[ /ood at ! head ( ! inv5tors ( ! _w1 & ,mr4 ,glad/one1 z ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ] "u ,"l ,palm]/on1 _h come to be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ skilful gov]nm5tal f9anci]s 9 ,europe1 :i* meant t he 0 an adept 9 devis+ s*emes ( taxation calculat$ to yield ! mo/ rev5ue ) ! lea/ popul> discont5t4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t x is necess>y = ! ,engli% ,m9i/] ( ,f9ance to draw f ! ,briti% p m ?an a million doll>s e morn+ ( ! ye>1 includ+ ,sundays1 be=e ei!r ! ,engli% "l or ! ,engli% peasant c indulge 9 a free breakfa/1 ! extreme delicacy ( ! duties devolv+ ^u him w be und]/ood & appreciat$4 ,if he proposes ! repeal ( ! soap tax 9 ord] to ext+ui% ! slave-trade1 he mu/ impose an additional p5ny 9 ! p\nd on malt liquors 9 ord] to put an end to ! vice ( drunk5ness4 ,he is con/antly betwe5 ,scylla & ,*>ybdis--9 keep+ (f ! "o he is 9 dang] ( be+ swall[$ up 9 ! o!r4 ,& if he c1 at ! end ( ! fiscal ye>1 f9d a million doll>s to apply to ! liquidation ( ! public debt1 he is extremely =tunate4 ,f #ahcf1 ab\t ! "t ,mr4 ,glad/one began 8 public c>e]1 d[n to #ahgg1 ! sev]al *ancellors ( ! ,engli% ,ex*equ]1 includ+ ,mr4 ,glad/one1 contriv$ to save1 9 ! aggregate1 ab\t twelve million p\nds /]l+ = ?is purpose4 ,let u recur a mom5t to ! subject ( ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,bessem]4 ,x w5t into op]ation 9 #ahfj4 ,! temptation to reproduce ,mr4 ,bessem]'s own description ( 8 process1 :i* revolutioniz$ ! manufacture ( /eel1 is irresi/ible4 ,x is z foll[s3 8,! conv]t+ vessel is m\nt$ on an axis at or ne> its c5tre ( gravity4 ,x is con/ruct$ ( boil]plates1 & is l9$ ei!r ) fire-brick1 road-drift1 or ganni/]1 :i* resi/s ! heat bett] ?an any o!r mat]ial yet tri$1 & has also ! advantage ( *eapness4 ,! vessel1 hav+ be5 heat$1 is br\ght into ! requisite position to receive its *>ge ( melt$ metal1 )\t ei!r ( ! tuy]es 7or air-holes7 be+ bel[ ! surface4 ,no action c !re=e take place until ! vessel is turn$ up 7s t ! bla/ c ent] ?r\gh ! tuy]es74 ,! process is ?us 9 an in/ant br\ght into full activity1 & small ?\gh p[]ful jets ( air spr+ upw>d ?r\gh ! fluid mass4 ,! air1 exp&+ 9 volume1 divides itself into globules1 or bur/s viol5tly upw>d1 c>ry+ ) x "s hundr$weight ( fluid metal1 :i* aga9 falls into ! boil+ mass bel[4 ,e "p ( ! app>atus trembles "u ! viol5t agitation ?us produc$2 a ro>+ flame ru%es f ! m\? ( ! vessel1 & z ! process advances x *anges its violet color to orange1 & f9ally to a volum9\s pure :ite flame4 ,! sp>ks1 :i* at fir/ 7 l>ge1 l ^? ( ord9>y f\nd]y iron1 *ange into small hiss+ po9ts1 & ^! gradually give way to s(t float+ specks ( blui% light z ! /ate ( malleable iron is approa*$4 ,!re is no eruption ( c9d] z 9 ! e>ly exp]im5ts1 al?\gh x is =m$ dur+ ! process2 ! improv$ %ape ( ! conv]t] causes x to be reta9$1 & x n only acts b5eficially on ! metal1 b x helps to conf9e ! heat1 :i* dur+ ! process has rapidly ris5 f ! comp>atively l[ temp]ature ( melt$ pig-iron to "o va/ly great] ?an ! highe/ kn[n weld+ heats1 by :i* malleable iron only becomes suffici5tly s(t to be %ap$ by ! bl[s ( ! hamm]2 b "h x becomes p]fectly fluid1 & ev5 rises s mu* above ! melt+ po9t z to admit ( its be+ p\r$ f ! conv]t] into a f\nd]'s ladle1 & f !nce to be transf]r$ to sev]al successive m\lds40#ca #ca 8,! ,creators ( ! ,age ( ,/eel10 p4 #ga4 ,by ,w4 ,t4 ,jeans4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons1 #ahhd4 ,:at is ! value ( ?is process8 ,:at is ! ext5t ( ! s]vice r5d]$ by ,mr4 ,bessem] to man8 ,x is e/imat$ t 9 ! tw5ty-"o ye>s fir/ elaps+ aft] ! successful work+ ( ! ,bessem] process1 ! production ( /eel by x1 not)/&+ its necess>ily sl[ progress1 am\nt$ to tw5ty-five million tons4 ,at #bjj a ton1 ! alleg$ sav+ 9 co/ z comp>$ ) ! old process1 ?is repres5ts an aggregate sav+ ( #e1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,9 #ahhb ! _w's production 0 f\r million tons1 :i* at ! rate nam$ yield$ a sav+ ( ! enorm\s aggregate ( #hjj1jjj1jjj 9 a s+le ye>4,e#g ,^! sums seem almo/ fabul\s1 especially s s9ce !y result f simply bl[+ air ?r\gh crude melt$ iron = a qu>t] ( an h\r6 ,b ! radical "* ( ! *ange wr\ght 9 ! metal by ! air-bl[+ process is %[n by ! fact t a /eel rail is wor? z mu* z tw5ty iron rails4#cb #cb 8,at ! ,birm+ham meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahfe1 ,sir ,h5ry ,bessem] expla9$ t at ,*alk ,f>m /eel rails 7 laid d[n on "o side ( ! l9e & iron rails on ! o!r1 s t e eng9e & c>riage !re _h to pass ov] bo? /eel & iron rails at ! same "t4 ,:5 ! fir/ face 0 worn (f an iron rail x 0 turn$ ! o!r way upw>d1 & :5 ! second face 0 worn out x 0 replac$ by a new iron rail4 ,:5 ,sir ,h5ry exhibit$ "o ( ^! /eel rails at ,birm+ham only "o face ( x 0 ne>ly worn out1 :ile on ! opposite side ( ! l9e elev5 iron rails _h 9 ! same "t be5 worn out on bo? faces4 ,x ?us appe>$ t "o /eel rail 0 capable ( do+ ! "w ( tw5ty-?ree iron ones40--8,! ,creators ( ! ,age ( ,/eel10 p4 #ic4 ,by ,w4 ,t4 ,jeans4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons1 #ahhd4 ,all ! gov]nm5ts ( ,europe honor$ ,mr4 ,bessem] = 8 great inv5tion1 "s by m$als & ord]s ( m]it1 & o!rs by appropriat+ )\t comp5sation 8 process ( /eel-mak+4 ,( ^! latt] ,prussia /ood 9 ! front rank4 ,engl& alone /ood alo(4 8,a prophet is n )\t honor save 9 8 own c\ntry & among 8 own k940 ,f #ahfj to #ahgb ,engl& cont9u$ to load ,mr4 ,glad/one & ,mr4 ,disraeli ) honors1 b n until ! latt] ye> did ! gov]nm5t recognize ,mr4 ,bessem]1 :5 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales pres5t$ him ) ! ,alb]t gold m$al1 & 9 #ahgi he 0 knight$ by ! ,que54 ,a comp>ison betwe5 ! lives & s]vices to man ( two ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ /atesm5 ( ,engl&1 ) ! life & s]vices1 to man1 ( ,sir ,h5ry ,bessem]1 _c fail to be ( great value to e "y man :o possesses ! p[] ( j discrim9ation4 ,b c j discrim9ation be expect$ ( any "y man ent]+ ^u ! /age ( active life :5 su* discrim9ation is n possess$ by ! public at l>ge8 ,= example3 ,! "q be+ prop\nd$1 ,:at is ! value ( ! comb9$ s]vices to man ( ,mr4 ,glad/one & ,mr4 ,disraeli1 z comp>$ ) ^? ( ,sir ,h5ry ,bessem]8 n9ety-n9e out ( a hundr$ m5 ( s\nd judgm5t w\ld d\btless say1 8,! value ( ! s]vices ( ! two /atesm5 is q unimportant1 :ile ! value ( ! s]vices ( ,mr4 ,bessem] is enorm\s1 incalculable40 ,b h[ _m ( ^! n9ety-n9e m5 ( s\nd judgm5t c\ld resi/ ! fasc9ation ( ! applause accord$ to ! /atesm58 ,h[ _m ( !m w\ld h ! moral c\rage to educate _! sons = ! c>e] ( ,mr4 ,bessem] in/ead ( = ! c>e] ( ,mr4 ,disraeli or ( ,mr4 ,glad/one899 ,n _m 9 ! pres5t /ate ( public s5tim5t4 ,x w be a great day = man1 ! day t u%]s 9 ! dawn ( m sob] views ( life1 ! day t inaugurates ! era ( ! ma/]%ip ( ?+s 9 ! place ( ! ma/]%ip ( words4 ,mr4 ,glad/one /&s = politics & /atesman%ip at _! be/1 & 8 c>e] is ! product ( ! old sy/em ( education at its be/4 ,mr4 ,bessem] /&s = sci5ce & art unit$1 & 8 c>e] is ! product ( ! new education4 ,e#g ,b ! pecuni>y value ( ,mr4 ,bessem]'s discov]y is n ! consid]ation ( *ief import4 ,its social influ5ce ext5ds to ! remote/ b\nds ( civilization1 & includes ! :ole human race1 because x abridges ! p]iod ( labor necess>y to ! production ( a giv5 quantity ( useful ?+s1 !reby enhanc+ ! sum ( life's com=ts & pleasures4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,inv5tors1 ,,civil ,,eng9e]s1 ,,& ,,me*anics ,,( ,,engl&1 ,,& ,,engli% ,,progress4 ,a ,trade is bett] ?an a ,pr(ession4 -- ,! ,railway1 ,telegraph1 & ,/eam%ip are m ,pot5t ?an ! ,lawy]1 ,doctor1 & ,prie/4 -- ,book-mak]s writ+ ! ,lives ( ! ,inv5tors ( la/ ,c5tury4 -- ,! ,work%op to be ! ,sc5e ( ! ,greate/ ,triumphs ( ,man4 -- ,! ,civil ,eng9e]s ( ,engl& ! ,h]oes ( ,engli% ,progress4 -- ,! ,life ( ,james ,br9dley1 ! ,canal-mak]2 8 ,/ruggles & ,pov]ty4 -- ,! ,roll ( ,honor4 -- ,mr4 ,glad/one's ,significant ,admission t ,engli% ,triumphs 9 ,sci5ce & ,art 7 won )\t ,gov]nm5t ,aid4 -- ,disreg>d+ ! ,common-s5se ( ! ,savage1 ,legislators h *os5 to le>n ( ,plato1 :o decl>$ t 8,! ,useful ,arts are ,degrad+40 -- ,h[ ,improvem5ts 9 ! ,arts h be5 met by ,ignorant ,opposition4 -- ,! ,p[] wield$ by ! ,me*anic4 ,! "y man ) a me*anical trade is bett] equipp$ = ! battle ( life ?an ! "y man ) a le>n$ pr(ession4 ,! prizes may n be s dazzl+1 b !y are m num]\s1 & !y are )9 rea*4 ,! skill$ me*anic1 ) indu/ry & prud5ce1 is sure ( a cottage1 & ! cottage may gr[ into a mansion1 :ile ! man ( lett]s /ruggles s (t5 9 va9 to m\nt ! /eps ( a palace4 ,! railroad1 ! telegraph1 & ! /eam%ip ex]t a m pot5t influ5ce ^u ! de/9ies ( mank9d ?an ! lawy]1 ! doctor1 & ! prie/4 ,! giants1 /eam & electricity1 :i* be> ! great burd5s ( comm]ce1 h to be h>ness$ to enable !m to d _! "w2 & to make ?is h>ness1 ! furnace1 ! =ge1 & ! %op are br\ght into requisition4 ,! railroad alone taxes to ! utmo/ ne>ly e dep>tm5t ( ! useful arts4 ,to ! con/ruction ( ! pass5g]-coa*1 = in/ance1 m ?an a hundr$ trades contribute ! v>i$ cunn+ & skill ( _! workman%ip4 ,?is is ! age ( /eel1 & he :o kn[s h[ to m\ld ! k+ ( metals into puissant =ms has 8 h& ne>e/ ! rod ( empire4 ,:o w\ld n r be able to con/ruct a ,corliss eng9e ?an le>n ! trick ( draw+ a bill 9 *anc]y8 ,!re 0 a "t1 n long ago1 :5 inv5tors & discov]]s 7 little recogniz$ & poorly comp5sat$ = _! spl5did a*ievem5ts4 ,b t "t is pa/4 ,! book-mak]s ( to-day are grop+ ab\t ! old %ops :]e ! inv5tors ( la/ c5tury work$1 & ! cottages :]e !y liv$1 9 ord] to tell ! simple /ory ( _! lives1 & write _! names 9 ! temple ( fame4 ,huntsman1 :o em]g$ f long seclusion ov] ! furnace & crucible1 & pres5t$ to 8 fell[-workm5 a piece ( /eel :i* rivall$ t ( old ,damascus1 & drove f ! ,briti% m>kets all o!r /eels--h[ respl5d5t 8 "n is n[6 ,h[ e incid5t 9 ! life ( ,watt is s\ght =--8 /ruggles1 8 disappo9tm5ts1 & 8 f9al success6 ,& s ( ,mu%et1 ,neilson1 ,bramah1 ,maudslay1 ,clem5t1 ,murray1 ,nasmy?1 ,/eph5son1 & ,fulton4 ,:5 ,watt _h devis$ 8 eng9e he f\nd no workm5 exp]t en\gh to make x4 ,!n ,maudslay1 ,clem5t1 & ,murray inv5t$ automatic iron h&s & f+]s1 & end[$ !m ) almo/ human intellig5ce1 & f> m ?an human precision1 & ,watt's difficulty 0 remov$4 ,! 8greasy me*anics0 did m to ha/5 ! _w's progress 9 a c5tury--#agdj to #ahdj--?an _h be5 accompli%$ up to t "t by all ! /atesm5 ( all ! dead ages4 ,b ^? h]oes ( ! work%op _h none ( ! opportunities af=d$ by ! manual tra9+ s*ool ( ! pres5t age4 ,!y toil$ _m h\rs ea* day = a %ill+ or two1 & liv$ 9 /uffy hovels1 & puzzl$ ov] ! a b c ( me*anics by ! light ( a tall[-c&le4 ,"s ( !m ga9$ =tunes1 :ile o!rs 7 robb$ ( ! fruits ( g5ius1 & slept 9 unkn[n graves2 b all _! names are treasur$ & honor$ n[4 ,! _w moves1 & 9 ?is age x moves always t[>d a high] appreciation ( ! value ( ! useful arts4 ,?is c\ntry is de/9$ to become a va/ work%op1 & 9 ?is work%op ! be/ en]gies1 ! /ronge/ vital =ces ( ! ,am]ican p are ev5tually to be ex]t$4 ,h[ necess>y1 !n1 to educate ! h&s z well z ! bra9 ( ! y\? ( ! c\ntry4,e#h ,mr4 ,smiles1 9 8 8,lives ( ! ,eng9e]s10 has %[n u ! true spr+s ( ,engli% greatness4 ,9 tell+ ! /ory ( ! /ruggles & triumphs ( ! canal-mak]s1 ! bridge-build]s1 ! coal-m9]s1 ! millwrights1 ! road-mak]s1 ! h>bor & dock mak]s1 ! %ip-build]s1 ! iron & /eel mak]s1 & ! railway-build]s--9 tell+ ?is /ory ( p]si/5ce1 ( n]ve1 & 8pluck10 he has sket*$ ! c>e] ( ! real h]oes ( ,engli% progress4 ,a brief sket* ( ! life ( ,james ,br9dley w s]ve to %[ h[ ^! noble m5 wr\ght1 h[ !y suff]$1 & h[ !y conqu]$4 ,james ,br9dley 0 born 9 #agaf4 ,8 p>5ts 7 poor4 ,8 fa!r 0 a ne'er-d-well4 ,8 "m taught him to be hone/ & indu/ri\s4 ,james work$ z a common labor] till he 0 sev5te5 ye>s ( age4 ,9 #agcc he became a millwright's appr5tice--b\nd = sev5 ye>s4 ,he 0 a dull boy1 le>n+ sl[ly1 b be=e ! end ( 8 8b\nd0 t]m he became ! be/ workman 9 ! neighborhood4 ,he help$ ! n[ celebrat$ ,w$gwoods out ( a difficulty by inv5t+ & con/ruct+ fl9t-mills = _! works4 ,he inv5t$ & con/ruct$ pumps = cle>+ ! ,clifton coal-m9es ( wat]--an entirely new device t op5$ coal *amb]s :i* _h long be5 completely dr[n$ out4 ,8 comp5sation = ?is class ( "w--! "w ( g5ius--0 two %ill+s a day6 ,9 #agee he built a silk-mill1 9 :i* he made sev]al important improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y1 etc4 ,b ?is man1 :o possess$ inv5tive g5ius ( a high ord] & l>ge executive ability1 c\ld nei!r write legibly nor spell correctly1 & 8 *>ge = almo/ ine/imable s]vices 0 /ill1 9 #ageg1 only two to f\r %ill+s a day4 ,8 /ruggles to improve ! /eam-eng9e =m a curi\s *apt] 9 ! /ory ( 8 life4 ,x 0 to him t ! ,duke ( ,bridgewat] ow$ 8 success 9 canal-mak+4 ,! duke 0 born 9 #agcf4 ,he 0 a weak & sickly *ild1 8 m5tal capacity be+ app>5tly defective to a degree suffici5t to deb> him f 8 inh]itance ( ! family title & e/ates4 ,an affair ( ! he>t :i* result$ unfavorably r5d]$ him morose1 & *ang$ 8 :ole c\rse ( life4 ,he abruptly quitt$ ! race-track1 :]e he _h condesc5d$ ev5 to play ! rle ( 8jockey10 & turn$ 8 att5tion to ! improvem5t ( 8 e/ates4 ,!y conta9$ coal deposits1 :i* he und]took to develop ?r\gh *eap5+ transportation1 & ,br9dley became 8 eng9e]4 ,8 fir/ canal1 consi/+ l>gely ( aqu$ucts1 0 call$ 8,br9dley's ca/le 9 ! air10 & 8 8riv] hung 9 ! air40 ,x 0 ?is 8riv] hung 9 ! air0--! fir/ ,engli% canal--t made ! ,man*e/] ( to-day possible4 ,ano!r canal ent]prise ( ! duke co/ m ?an a million doll>s--t connect+ ,liv]pool ) ,man*e/]4 ,?is latt] canal yield$ #hj1jjj p] annum income1 & x 0 con/ruct$ by ,br9dley at a sal>y ( #cs4 #f;d4 a day6 ,br9dley 0 ob/9ate1 & (t5 qu>rell$ ) 8 employ] ab\t ! me?ods ( con/ruction ( great works2 & :at is m1 ! duke always yield$4 ,he humbly submitt$ to e dem& made by 8 eng9e] except a dem& = comp5sation4 ,br9dley's 8wage0 rate dur+ ! _m ye>s occupi$ 9 ! duke's great canal ent]prises 0 #cs4 #f;d4 p] day4 ,?is1 at all ev5ts1 is ! price nam$ by ,smiles 9 8 life ( ,br9dley4 ,9 a note to ! "w x is1 h[ev]1 /at$ t 8 /ipulat$ pay 0 a gu9ea a day4 ,x is agre$ on all h&s1 h[ev]1 t :atev] ! rate agre$ ^u 01 ,br9dley 0 n paid1 & t 8 heirs 7 begg+ unsuccessfully = 8 j dues long aft] 8 dea?4 ,9 a ^w1 ,br9dley's honor z an eng9e] be+ at /ake1 & x be+ de>] to him ?an any money consid]ation1 he work$ = no?+ r ?an all[ ! ent]prise to fail4 ,& ! duke 0 p>simoni\s en\gh to take ! eng9e]'s s]vices = no?+1 & 8 heirs 7 mean en\gh to refuse paym5t = su* s]vices :5 dem&$ by 8 wid[4 ,9 a lit]>y po9t ( view ,br9dley 0 ignorant1 b 9 no o!r respect4 ,?is 0 said ( him by "o ( 8 contempor>ies3 8,mr4 ,br9dley is "o ( ^? great g5iuses :om ,nature sometimes re>s by h] own =ce1 & br+s to maturity )\t ! necessity ( cultivation4 ,8 :ole plan is admirable1 & s well calculat$ t he is nev] at a loss2 = if any difficulty arises he removes x ) a facility :i* appe>s s mu* l inspiration t y w\ld ?9k ,m9]va 0 at 8 f+]s' ends40#cc #cc 8,lives ( ! ,eng9e]s40 ,by ,samuel ,smiles4 ,london3 ,john ,murray1 #ahfb4 ,vol4 ,i41 8,life ( ,james ,br9dley40 ,! life ( ,br9dley is typical ( a score ( biographies pres5t$ 9 ! 8,lives ( ! ,eng9e]s10 among :i* ! foll[+ are especially wor?y ( m5tion3 ,william ,edw>ds1 ,john ,metcalf1 ,john ,p]ry1 ,sir ,hugh ,myddelton1 ,cornelius ,v]muyd51 ,&rew ,y>ranton1#cd ,&rew ,meikle1 ,john ,r5nie1 ,john ,smeaton1 ,?omas ,tel=d1 ,william ,murdock1 ,dr4 ,d4 ,pap91 ,?omas ,sav]y1 ,dud ,dudley1 ,mat!w ,b\lton1 & ,william ,sym+ton4 ,^!1 & _! natural coadjutors1 ! discov]]s ( new =ces 9 nature & ! inv5tors ( new ?+s 9 art1 ! iron-work]s & tool-mak]s--^! are ! great names 9 ,engli% hi/ory4 ,!y are ! names )\t :i* !re w\ld h be5 no ,engli% hi/ory wor? writ+4 ,mr4 ,glad/one once said ( !m1 nam+ ,br9dley1 ,metcalf1 ,smeaton1 ,r5nie1 & ,tel=d1 8,^! m5 :o h n[ become fam\s among u _h no me*anics' in/itutes1 no libr>ies1 no classes1 no exam9ations to *e] !m on _! way4 ,9 ! greate/ pov]ty1 difficulties1 & disc\ragem5ts _! en]gies 7 f\nd suffici5t = _! "w1 & !y h writt5 _! names 9 a di/+ui%$ page ( ! hi/ory ( _! c\ntry40 #cd 8,he 0 ! f\nd] ( ,engli% political economy1 ! fir/ man 9 ,engl& :o saw & said t peace is bett] ?an w>1 t trade is bett] ?an plund]1 t hone/ indu/ry is bett] ?an m>tial greatness1 & t ! be/ occupation ( a gov]nm5t is to secure prosp]ity at home1 & let o!r nations alone40--8,elem5ts ( ,political ,sci5ce40 ,by ,patrick ,edw>d ,dove4 ,ed9burgh3 #ahed4 ,! admission ( ,mr4 ,glad/one t ! great a*ievem5ts ( ^! h]oes ( inv5tion & discov]y 7 won )\t any aid :atev]1 ei!r f ! gov]nm5t or ! p ( ,engl&1 is a pregnant fact4 ,x is ! key-note ( ?is "w1 ! reason :y x is writt5 & publi%$4 ,! neglect ( ! useful arts by all ! gov]nm5ts ( ! _w1 f ! dawn ( civilization d[n to ! pres5t "t1 is an impea*m5t ( ! common-s5se ( mank9d z %[n 9 ! conduct ( public affairs4 ,! civiliz$ man might h le>n$ wisdom f ! savage1 :o is taught to fight1 to hunt1 & to fi%1 ! bra91 ! h&1 & ! eye be+ tra9$ simultane\sly4 ,b he *ose to le>n ( ,plato1 :o 9 ! 8,republic0 says to ,glaucon1 8,all ! useful arts1 ,i believe1 we ?\ght degrad+40 ,& fur!r 9 ! same "w3 8,we %all tell our p1 9 my?ical language1 y are d\btless all bre?r5 z _m z inhabit ! city1 b ! ,god :o creat$ y1 mix$ gold 9 ! composition ( su* ( y z are qualifi$ to rule1 :i* gives !m ! highe/ value1 :ile 9 ! auxili>ies he made silv] an +r$i5t1 assign+ iron & copp] to ! cultivators ( ! soil & ! o!r workm54 ,!re=e1 inasmu* z y are all relat$ to "o ano!r1 al?\gh y\r *ildr5 w g5]ally resemble _! p>5ts1 yet sometimes a gold5 p>5t w produce a silv] *ild1 & a silv] p>5t a gold5 *ild1 & s on1 ea* produc+ any4 ,! rul]s1 !re=e1 h receiv$ ?is 9 *>ge fir/ & above all f ! gods1 to obs]ve no?+ m closely1 9 _! "* ( vigilant gu>dians1 ?an ! *ildr5 t are born1 to see :i* ( ^! metals ent]s into ! composition ( _! s\ls2 & if a *ild be born 9 _! class ) an alloy ( copp] or iron1 !y are to h no mann] ( pity ^u x1 b giv+ x ! value t belongs to its nature1 !y are to ?ru/ x away into ! class ( artisans or agriculturi/s4 ,& if1 aga91 among ^! a *ild be born ) an admixture ( gold or silv]1 :5 !y h assay$ x !y are to raise x ei!r to ! class ( gu>dians or to t ( auxili>ies1 because !re is an oracle :i* decl>es t ! city %all !n p]i% :5 x is gu>d$ by iron or copp]40#ce #ce 8,! ,republic ( ,plato10 p4 #aad4 ,london3 ,macmillan ,co41 #ahha4 ,s +ra9$ 9 ! public m9d has ?is contempt = ! artisan & labor] become 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 t not)/&+ ! fact ( ! admitt$ k+%ip ( iron among metals1 & not)/&+ ! fact t )\t iron ! _w w\ld almo/ s9k into a /ate ( b>b>ism1 /ill ! opposition to ! introduction ( tool practice into ! public s*ools is viol5t1 & mo/ viol5t among ^? classes :o w\ld be mo/ b5efit$ by x4 ,p5d+ consid]ation ( a bill by ! ,massa*usetts ,assembly 9 #ahhc1 provid+ = ! admission ( manual tra9+ to ! public-s*ool curriculum1 an oppon5t ( ! measure said3 8,! introduction ( ! use ( tools is only ano!r attempt to deprive ! poor] classes ( a good education4 ,x is simply an attempt to ov]load ! c\rse ( /udies 9 ! s*ools s t *ildr5 %all n le>n any?+2 s t ! poor may be made poor]1 :ile ! *ildr5 ( ! ri* hav+ a good "t 9 ! public s*ools may h _! ?\ght & heal? pres]v$ = high] or special education40 ,?is is a repetition ( ! old answ] ( ! ,inquisition to ,galileo ^u ! ann\ncem5t & def5ce ( 8 great discov]y4 ,he 0 summon$ to ,rome1 & 8accus$ ( hav+ taught t ! e>? moves1 t ! sun is /ation>y1 & ( hav+ attempt$ to reconcile ^! doctr9es ) ! ,scriptures40 ,bruno _h be5 driv5 to & fro ov] ! face ( ! civiliz$ _w1 & f9ally burn$ 9 ! ye> #afjj = tea*+ ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus4 ,hav+ ! fe> ( ,bruno's fate be=e 8 eyes1 ,galileo recant$1 & promis$ nei!r to publi% nor def5d 8 !ories4 ,b 8 love ( sci5ce ov]came 8 fe> ( oppression1 & 9 #afcb he publi%$ 8 8,sy/em ( ! ,_w40 ,aga9 he 0 summon$ be=e ! ,inquisition1 :i* 0 de/9$ =ev] aft] to torm5t & p]secute him4 ,he 0 driv5 to 8 knees be=e ! c>d9als1 consign$ to prison1 & tortur$ to bl9dness4 ,aft] 8 dea? 9 a prison ( ! ,inquisition at ! age ( sev5ty-sev5 ye>s1 8 "r to make a w 0 disput$1 8 body 0 d5i$ burial 9 consecrat$ gr\nd1 & 8 fri5ds 7 prohibit$ ! privilege ( rais+ a monum5t to 8 memory 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,croce 9 ,flor5ce4 ,eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago a ,roman emp]or refus$ to sanction ! use ( improv$ ma*9]y 9 ! prosecution ( a great public "w1 on ! gr\nd t x w\ld deprive ! poor ( employm5t4 ,9 #affc a ,dut*man erect$ a saw-mill 9 ,engl&1 b ! ho/ility ( ! workm5 compell$ its ab&onm5t4 ,m ?an a hundr$ ye>s elaps$ be=e ! second saw-mill 0 put 9 op]ation 9 ,engl&1 & t 0 de/roy$ by h&-sawy]s4 ,! ,flemi% weav]s :o introduc$ improv$ weav+ ma*9]y into ,engl& 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury 7 met by prote/s4 ,"o ( ^! prote/s1 address$ to ,p>liam5t1 repres5t$ t ! ,flemi% weav]s _h 8made s b\ld z to devise eng9es = work+ ( tape1 lace1 ribb91 & su* l1 :]e9 "o man do? m among !m ?an sev5 ,engli%e m5 c doe1 s z _! *eap sale ( commodities begg]e? all our ,engli%e artific]s ( t trade & enri*e? !m40 ,a little m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago1 9 ,engl&1 :5 ! ,sankey ,canal1 six miles long1 0 au?oriz$1 x 0 ^u ! express condition t ! boats ply+ ^u x %\ld be drawn by m5 only4 ,illu/rations ( ! vis in]ti ( ignorance might be multipli$ indef9itely4 ,ignorance rev]5ces ! pa/4 ,ignorance nev] d\bts4 ,ignorance is cont5t2 p]fectly satisfi$ ) its own k1 if ! p>adox may be all[$1 x nev] seeks to increase x4 ,b x is suspici\s4 ,9 e ef=t to enlight5 x discov]s a conspiracy to und]m9e4 ,incapable ( ! intellectual ef=t ( inquiry1 x /agnates1 & reg>ds z a deadly enemy ^? :o seek to di/urb ! s]5ity ( its muddy pool4 ,:5 labor 0 only ano!r "n = a /ate ( slav]y1 to tea* m5 to labor skilfully 0 m]ely to raise !m to a little high] grade ( s]vitude4 ,h5ce x is only at a v rec5t p]iod t x has occurr$ to mank9d to tea* skill$ labor 9 ! s*ools4 ,all educational sy/ems1 our own among ! re/1 seem to h be5 int5d$ to make lawy]s1 doctors1 prie/s1 /atesm51 littrateurs1 poets4 ,b ?is is ! age ( /eel1 ! age ( ma*9es & ma*9]y4 ,trem5d\s =ces 9 nature h be5 discov]$ & utiliz$1 & ^! discov]ies & _! utilization h s multipli$ va/ ent]prises t ! importance ( ! m]e ornam5tal bran*es ( le>n+ is dw>f$ 9 _! pres5ce4 8,?is is ! practical age1 & an educational sy/em :i* is n practical is no?+4 ,we %all /ill h our ,t5nysons1 & our ,longfell[s1 & our doctors ( ab/ract philosophy2 b !re is little "t to s5tim5talize ) ! poets or speculate ) ! philosoph]s4 ,!re is "w to d4,e#i ,! m9e is to be explor$ & its treasures br\ght to ! surface2 m & m p[]ful ma*9es are to be con/ruct$ to be> ! burd5s ( comm]ce2 new elem5ts ( =ce are to be discov]$ & appli$ to ! con/antly increas+ wants ( mank9d4#cf #cf 8,to "k ! #8use' ei!r ( l& or tools y mu/ "k :at useful ?+s c be gr[n f ! "o & made ) ! o!r4 ,& !re=e to "k :at is useful1 & :at useless1 & be skilful to provide ! "o1 & wise to scorn ! o!r1 is ! fir/ ne$ = all indu/ri\s m54 ,:]e=e1 ,i propose t s*ools %\ld be e/abli%$ :]e9 ! use ( l& & tools %all be taught conclusively--9 o!r words1 ! sci5ces ( agriculture 7) associat$ riv] & sea culture71 & ! noble arts & ex]cises ( humanity4--8,=s ,clavig]a10 p4 #cjb4 ,"p4 ,,iii4 ,by ,john ,rusk91 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 #ahha4 ,on ! subject ( ! dem& = a m compreh5sive educational sy/em1 ,col4 ,augu/us ,jacobson says1 ) great =ce1 8,y\? is ! exp5sive p]iod ( man's exi/5ce4 ,y\? produces no?+ & eats all ! "t4 ,if ! y\? is n tra9$ !re c h>dly be a pr(it to mank9d on 8 exi/5ce4 ,z mank9d is liable =1 & b\nd to pay1 8 exp5ses1 he %\ld be s tra9$ t he may repay !m4 ,he c only become a pr(itable inve/m5t by tra9+4 ,if he is left unskill$1 ! money sp5t on him is wa/$4 ,!re is no pr(it on a :ole g5]ation ( ,spani>ds or ,turks4 ,mank9d %\ld be wise en\gh to reap ! pr(it !re always is 9 f9i%+ raw mat]ial1 by mak+ human raw mat]ial into a highly f9i%$ product40 ,!re are millions ( intellig5t little *ildr5 9 ! public s*ools ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 receiv+1 d\btless1 excell5t intellectual or m5tal tra9+4 ,b !y are n be+ tra9$ = ! actual duties ( life z ! savage *ild is taught to fight1 to fi%1 & to hunt4 ,!y are n taught to labor ) _! h&s1 ei!r skilfully or unskilfully4 ,!y are n giv5 in/ruction 9 any dep>tm5t ( ! useful arts1 not)/&+ ! fact t 9 ! case ( a va/ majority ( !m ! alt]native ( e>n+ _! bread by ! labor ( _! unskill$ h&s1 or resort+ to _! wits = a support1 w be pres5t$ imm$iately on _! entrance ^u ! /age ( active life4 ,! appr5tice sy/em gave skill$ me*anics to ,engl&1 & h] spl5did manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts are ! result4 ,! tra9$ ,engli% appr5tice became an inv5tor1 & 8 inv5tions & art discov]ies /udd$ ! isl& ) work%ops fill$ ) automatic product-multiply+ ma*9]y4 ,! savage ( ,au/ralia 9 ,capta9 ,cook's "t c\ld kill a pigeon ) a spe> at ?irty y>ds1 b he c\ldn't c\nt ! f+]s on 8 "r h&4 ,! ,s\!rn ,esquimau turns a som]sault 9 ! wat] 9 8 boat ) ease4 ,b 8 m ,nor!rn bro!r has no canoe1 & is ignorant ( ! exi/5ce ( a boat2 he has no use = a boat1 because ! sea 9 ! latitude ( 8 home is froz5 ! entire ye>4 ,! savage is taught :at he ne$s to "k 9 8 condition1 & is taught no?+ else2 h5ce 8 skill 9 ! few avocations he pursues4 ,! civiliz$ boy 9 s*ool is taught _m !ories1 b is n requir$ to put any ( !m 9 practice2 h5ce he ent]s ^u ! s]i\s duties ( life unprep>$ to dis*>ge any ( !m4#cg ,x may be said t he is 9 real dang] ( ! p5it5ti>y until he le>ns a pr(ession or a trade4 8,( f\r hundr$ & eighty-sev5 convicts consign$ to ! ,/ate ,prison = ! ,ea/]n ,di/rict ( ,p5nsylvania 9 #ahgi1 five-six?s _h att5d$ public s*ools1 & ! same numb] 7 )\t trades40 ,x is noticeable also t dur+ ! same p]iod 8n five 7 receiv$ :o 7 :at are call$ me*anics40 ,9 ! p5it5ti>y ( ! ,/ate ( ,ill9ois f\r out ( five ( ! convicts h no h&icraft4 ,! fact t ! skill$ workman is f> m likely ?an ! common labor] to keep out ( ! p5it5ti>y is a p[]ful argum5t 9 favor ( jo9+ manual tra9+ to ! m5tal ex]cises ( our common s*ools4 #cg ,discussion ( ! subject ( te*nical education at a meet+ ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,london1 ,engl&1 #ahhe4 ,dr4 ,glad/one1 ,f4,r4,s43 8,x %\ld be _! aim 9 elem5t>y s*ools to give su* a notion ( ! value ( mat]ials & ! use ( tools z c\ld aft]w>ds be turn$ to use 9 any requir$ direction4 ,!re 7 two great difficulties 9 ! way ( do+ ?is4 ,! fir/ & greate/ 0 ! invet]ate notion t education consi/$ ( book-le>n+4444 ,ano!r difficulty 0 ! ignorance ( tea*]s 9 ?is respect4 ,if an endeavor 7 made to introduce "s k ( sci5ce into s*ools1 !y g5]ally f\nd t ! tea*]s _h "s k9d ( !oretical k1 b x _h be5 obta9$ ma9ly f books2 & :at 0 *iefly want$ 0 t ?+s %\ld be taught z well z words & be=e words40 ,pr(4 ,gu?rie1 ,f4,r4,s43 8,?is me?od ( br++ ! h& & ! m9d to "w toge!r really lay at ! basis ( all true te*nical in/ruction2 :]e ! m9d alone 0 employ$ ! k acquir$ pass$ away1 b :5 ! m9d & ! h& _h be5 educat$ toge!r ! k 0 nev] =gott540 ,! g5]al adoption ( a compreh5sive sy/em ( me*anical education 9 ! public s*ools w\ld quickly dispel ! unwor?y prejudice aga9/ labor :i* ta9ts ! m9ds ( ! y\? ( ! c\ntry4 ,! spl5did c>e] :i* ?is age op5s to ! educat$ me*anic %\ld be made cle> to ! vision ( e boy 9 ! l&1 & he w see1 9 ! tools he is taught to h&le1 ! key n only to fair success1 b to weal? & fame4 ,pr(essor ,?ur/on1 ,presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 ?us sums up ! mighty p[] wield$ by ! me*anic3 8,! class ( m5 f ^: ranks ! memb]%ip ( ?is society is pr9cipally drawn direct ! labors ( ne>ly ?ree millions ( prosp]\s p 9 ?ree hundr$ ?\s& mills1 ) #b1ejj1jjj1jjj capital2 !y direct ! paym5t ( m ?an #a1jjj1jjj1jjj 9 annual wages2 ! consumption ( #c1jjj1jjj1jjj wor? ( raw mat]ial1 & ! output ( #e1jjj1jjj1jjj wor? ( manufactur$ products4 ,fifty ?\s& /eam-eng9es1 & m ?an z _m wat]-:eels1 at _! comm& turn ! ma*9]y ( ^! hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( work%ops t ev]y:]e dot our l&1 giv+ ! /r5g? ( ?ree million horses night or day40#ch #ch ,inaugural address1 z ,presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,eng9e]s1 ,new ,york1 ,novemb] #d1 #ahhj4 ,e#h 8,de$s are great] ?an words4 ,de$s h su* a life1 mute b und5iable1 & gr[ z liv+ trees & fruit-trees d2 !y p ! vacuity ( ,"t1 & make x gre5 & wor?y40--8,pa/ & ,pres5t10 p4 #aci4 ,by ,?omas ,c>lyle4 ,london3 ,*apman ,hall4 ,e#i 8,natural sci5ce is ! po9t ( int]e/ n[1 & ,i ?9k x is dimm+ & ext+ui%+ a good deal t 0 call$ poetry4 ,^! sublime & all-reconcil+ revelations ( nature w exact ( poetry a correspond5t height & scope1 or put an end to x40--,lett] ( ,r4 ,w4 ,em]son to ,anna ,c4 ,l4 ,botta1 8,memoirs ( --4 ,by h] fri5ds10 #hvo1 pp4 #dei4 ,j4 ,selw91 ,tait ,sons4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,p[] ,,( ,,/eam ,,& ,,contempt ,,( ,,artisans4 ,a few ,million ,p n[ wield twice z mu* ,indu/rial ,p[] z all ! ,p on ! ,globe ex]t$ a ,hundr$ ,ye>s ago4 -- ,a ,revolution wr\ght1 n by ! ,s*ools & ,colleges1 b by ! ,me*anic4 -- ,! ,union betwe5 ,sci5ce & ,art prev5t$ by ! ,speculative ,philosophy ( ! ,middle ,ages4 -- ,/atesm51 ,lawy]s1 ,littrateurs1 ,poets1 & ,arti/s m highly e/eem$ ?an ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,me*anics1 & ,artisans4 -- ,! ,refugee ,artisan a ,p[] 9 ,engl&1 ! ,refugee ,politician wor?less4 -- ,prejudice aga9/ ! ,artisan ,class %[n by ,mr4 ,galton 9 8 ,"w on 8,h]$it>y ,g5ius40 -- ,! ,influ5ce ( ,slav]y3 x has la/$ ,?\s&s ( ,ye>s1 & /ill ,survives4 ,:at ! civil eng9e]s & me*anics ( ,engl& h done = t c\ntry ! same classes "h h done = ,am]ica4 ,x is by ^! classes t all civiliz$ c\ntries h be5 made prosp]\s & great4 ,& ! ag5t ?r\gh :i* ! p[] ( man has be5 augm5t$ a ?\s&-fold is /eam4 8,9 ! manufactures ( ,great ,brita9 alone1 ! p[] :i* /eam ex]ts is e/imat$ to be equal to ! manual labor ( f\r hundr$ millions ( m51 or m ?an d\ble ! numb] ( males suppos$ to inhabit ! globe40#ci ,?is is ! mo/ significant fact ( all "t1 namely1 t a few millions ( p 9 a small isl& n[ wield twice z mu* indu/rial p[] z all ! p on ! globe ex]t$ "o hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,& x is a fact ( ! utmo/ significance t ! public educational in/itutions ( ,engl& contribut$ sc>cely any?+ to ?is indu/rial revolution1 ^: influ5ce n[ compreh5ds all civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,! m5 by :om x 0 wr\ght came n f ! classic %ades ( ! univ]sities1 b f ! f\nd]y1 ! =ge1 & ! ma*9e-%op4 ,!re has be5 v little *ange 9 educational me?ods s9ce ! "t :5 ,bacon said1 8,!y le>n no?+ at ! univ]sities b to believe40 ,he propos$ t a college be e/abli%$ & devot$ to ! discov]y ( new tru?4 ,no su* college has1 h[ev]1 be5 e/abli%$1 b _m new tru?s h be5 discov]$4 ,suppose all ! univ]sities ( ,engl&1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ( all o!r highly civiliz$ c\ntries _h1 f ! "t ( ,bacon1 be5 con=m$ to 8 ideas1 & devot$ to ! discov]y ( new tru?s8 ,su* a c\rse w\ld h unit$ sci5ce & art1 & insur$ va/ly great] progress1 no d\bt1 ?an t :i* has actually tak5 place4 ,! union ( sci5ce ) art has ?us f> be5 r5d]$ impossible by reason ( ! wide preval5ce ( purely speculative views4 ,! speculative philosophy ( ! ,middle ,ages /ill projects its baleful influ5ce ov] our in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,ab/ract ideas are /ill reg>d$ z ( m vital importance ?an ?+s4 ,/atesm51 lawy]s1 littrateurs1 poets1 & arti/s are m highly e/eem$ ?an civil eng9e]s1 ma*9i/s1 & artisans4 ,mr4 ,smiles1 9 8 excell5t "w on ! ,hugu5ots1 has %[n t ,engl& owes to ! ,fr5* & ! ,flemi% immigrants 8almo/ all h] indu/rial arts & v mu* ( ! mo/ valuable life-blood ( h] mod]n race40#dj ,comm5t+ ^u ?is fact 9 8 "w on 8,h]$it>y ,g5ius10 ,mr4 ,francis ,galton says1 8,!re has be5 ano!r emigration f ,france ( n unequal magnitude1 b foll[$ by v diff]5t results1 namely1 t ( ! revolution ( #aghi4 ,x is mo/ in/ructive to contra/ ! effects ( ! two4 ,! ,prote/ant emigrants 7 able m51 & h pr(\ndly influ5c$ = good bo? our bre$ & our hi/ory2 on ! o!r h&1 ! political refugees _h b poor av]age /am9a1 & h left sc>cely any traces beh9d !m40#da #ci 8,brief ,biographies3 ,james ,watt10 p4 #a4 ,by ,samuel ,smiles4 ,*icago3 ,bel=d1 ,cl>k ,co41 #ahhc4 #dj 8,9 %ort1 :]ev] ! refugees settl$ !y act$ z s _m mission>ies ( skill$ "w1 exhibit+ ! be/ practical examples ( dilig5ce1 indu/ry1 & ?rift1 & tea*+ ! ,engli% p 9 ! mo/ effective mann] ! beg9n+s ( ^? v>i\s indu/rial arts 9 :i* !y h s9ce acquir$ s mu* di/9ction & weal?40--8,! ,hugu5ots10 p4 #ajg4 ,by ,samuel ,smiles4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 #ahfg4 #da 8,h]$it>y ,g5ius10 p4 #cfj4 ,by ,francis ,galton1 ,f4,r4,s41 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahhj4 ,?is is ! te/imony ( a di/+ui%$ /ud5t ( biology2 & x is to ! effect t ! refugee artisan is ( imm5se value to ! c\ntry :]e he f9ds an asylum1 :ile ! refugee politician is ( no value at all4 ,we %\ld naturally say1 our au?or hav+ made ?is important discov]y w enl>ge ^u x4 ,fir/ ( all1 he w d$uce ! conclusion t if ! refugee politician is ( no value to ! c\ntry :]e he f9ds an asylum1 ! home politician is an equally unimportant factor 9 ! social problem4 ,!n he w make an exhau/ive /udy ( ! indu/rial class z ! *ief basis ( 8 propositions & speculations on ! subject ( ! sci5ce ( life4 ,n at all4 ,mr4 ,galton1 9 8 "w on 8,h]$it>y ,g5ius10 (f]s ano!r /rik+ illu/ration ( ! repressive =ce ( habit & ! influ5ce ( popul> prejudice4 ,9 8 classifications ( m5 accord+ to _! pr(essions1 ) a view to ! inquiry :e!r 8g5ius1 tal5t1 or :atev] we t]m great m5tal capacity1 foll[s ! law ( organic transmission--runs 9 families1 & is an affair ( blood & bre$0--9 su* classifications ,mr4 ,galton =gets = ! "t be+ t !re is an indu/rial class4 ,he runs ?r\gh ! entire social scale1 f 8! judges ( ,engl& betwe5 #affj & #ahfe10 n omitt+ ,"l ,jeffreys1 d[n ?r\gh /atesm51 comm&]s1 lit]>y m51 poets1 musicians1 m5 ( sci5ce1 pa9t]s1 div9es1 ! boys 9 ,cambridge1 o>sm51 & wre/l]s ( ! ,nor? ,c\ntry1 b has no ^w to say ( ! civil eng9e]s1 or ( ! inv5tors--^? immortal m5 ^: monum5ts 9 /one & iron exi/ 9 e corn] ( ,engl&4 ,buckles's cau/ic rem>k1 8! mo/ valuable additions made to legislation h be5 enactm5ts de/ructive ( prec$+ legislation1 & ! be/ laws :i* h be5 pass$ h be5 ^? 9 :i* "s =m] laws h be5 repeal$10 does n apply to ! works ( ! civil eng9e]s1 inv5tors1 & me*anics ( ,engl& or ( any o!r c\ntry4 ,_! works live aft] !m & nev] fail to reflect honor ^u !m4 ,! 8acts0 ( ! inv5tor may be am5d$ b !y are nev] repeal$4 ,ea* inv5tive /ep1 h[ev] %ort & app>5tly unimportant1 con/itutes a sub/antial l9k 9 ! *a9 ( progress2 & x is a sub/antial l9k1 because x inv>iably conta9s a h9t ( ! next sequ5tial /ep4 ,mr4 ,galton is an orig9al ?9k] ( great p[]1 & an untir+ inve/igator4 ,9 contra/+ ! politician ) ! artisan he discrim9ates admirably4 ,he f9ds t ! politician is ( no value1 practically1 to ! community1 :ile ! artisan is ( almo/ ine/imable value2 & ?is conclusion he /ates curtly1 )\t appe>+ to c>e a ru% = ! public s5tim5t :i* rev]5ces politics & s-call$ /atesman%ip4 ,b :5 he 8makes up 8 jewels10 s to speak1 on ! subject ( 8h]$it>y g5ius10 ,mr4 ,galton1 z already rem>k$1 =gets t x is wor? :ile to consid] ! class ( m5 :o 9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s h lit]ally almo/ creat$ a new _w4 ,:y is ?is8 ,! late ,mr4 ,horace ,mann answ]$ ! "q long ago1 & he answ]$ x s well t 8 answ] is "h reproduc$ 9 ext5so3 8,mank9d _h made great advances 9 a/ronomy1 9 geometry1 & o!r ma!matical sci5ces1 9 ! writ+ ( hi/ory1 9 oratory & 9 poetry1 9 pa9t+ & 9 sculpture1 & 9 ^? k9ds ( ar*itecture :i* may be call$ regal or religi\s1 c5turies be=e ! great me*anical discov]ies & inv5tions :i* n[ bless ! _w 7 br\ght to light2 & ! "q has (t5 =c$ itself ^u reflect+ m9ds :y !re 0 ?is prepo/]\sness1 ?is inv]sion ( :at w\ld appe> to be ! natural ord] ( progress8 ,:y 0 x1 = in/ance1 t m5 %\ld h le>n$ ! c\rses ( ! />s & ! revolution ( ! planets be=e !y f\nd out h[ to make a good wagon-:eel8 ,:y 0 x t !y built ! ,p>!non & ! ,coliseum be=e !y knew h[ to con/ruct a com=table1 heal?ful dwell+-h\se8 ,:y did !y build ! ,roman aqu$ucts be=e !y fram$ a saw-mill8 ,or :y did !y a*ieve ! noble/ models 9 eloqu5ce1 9 poetry1 & 9 ! drama be=e !y inv5t$ movable types8 ,i ?9k we h arriv$ at a po9t :]e we c unriddle ?is enigma4 ,! labor ( ! _w has be5 p]=m$ by ignorant m51 by classes doom$ to ignorance f sire to son2 by ! bondm5 & ! bondwom5 ( ! ,jews1 by ! helots ( ,sp>ta1 by ! captives :o pass$ "u ! ,roman yoke1 & by ! ville9s & s]fs & slaves ( m mod]n times40 ,:5 ! great educational re=m] ( ,massa*usetts ?us graphically po9t$ out slav]y z ! cause ( ! contempt 9 :i* ! useful arts _h be5 held f ! dawn ( hi/ory1 f\r millions ( m5 7 kept 9 bondage1 & compell$ to toil "u ! la% by "o ( ! mo/ enlight5$ nations ( ! e>?4 ,lat] ?irte5 millions ( p pl$g$ 8_! lives1 _! =tunes1 & _! sacr$ honor0 to ! p]petuation ( slav]y1 & half a million soldi]s m>*$ repeat$ly to battle to d or die 9 behalf ( ! "r 787 ( "o man to buy & sell ! bodies ( 8 fell[-m54 ,!re is1 !n1 a logical reason = ,mr4 ,galton's neglect ( ! artisan class4 ,slav]y 9 its mo/ odi\s =m n only exi/$ 9 ! he>t ( a s-call$ 8free0 nation tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 b d>$ ,lib]ty to a deadly conte/4 ,nor 7 ! uphold]s ( slav]y )\t moral support among ! gov]nm5ts & peoples ( ! _w4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,engl&1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,galton is a subject1 "u cov] ( a pret5d$ neutrality aid$ ! ,am]ican slavehold]s' ,conf$]acy 9 sweep+ ,fre$om's %ips f ! sea2 & ! great families ( ,engl&1 ! families cit$ by ,mr4 ,galton 9 support ( 8 proposition t g5ius 8is an affair ( blood & bre$0--^? great families 7 well pleas$ :5 ,fre$om's %ips w5t d[n & ,fre$om's armies retreat$ be=e ! assaults ( ! slave conf$]acy4 ,?is some:at ext5d$ ref]5ce to ,mr4 ,galton is n int5d$ to impugn 8 good fai? z an au?or4 ,its design is simply to %[ t ! influ5ce ( slav]y is n yet ext9ct2 t x /ill m\lds ideas1 controls habits ( ?\ght1 inspires lit]>y m51 & p]meates lit]ature4 ,9 a ^w1 ! cause ( ! contempt 9 :i* ! useful arts 7 held 9 ,babylon 9 ! "t ( ,h]odotus 0 9 full =ce 9 ?is c\ntry d[n to ! date ( ! issuance ( ,mr4 ,l9coln's proclamation ( emancipation2 & x is sc>cely necess>y to obs]ve t ! ,briti% ,con/itution grew out ( ! feudal sy/em1 :i* 0 only ano!r "n = slav]y4 ,x is a prov]b 9 ,engl& to ?is day t x is saf] to %oot a man ?an a h>e2 & ! s5tim5t ( ! prov]b is a complete ju/ification ( human bondage1 s9ce x implies t prop]ty rights are m sacr$ ?an ! rights ( man4 ,?us slav]y has kept its br& ( %ame ^u ! useful arts = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & ! m9d ( man has be5 s deeply impress$ !reby t x does n react n[ t slav]y is ext9ct4 ,l ! slave releas$ f bondage1 :o /ill feels ! *a91 /ill w9ces & %r9ks f ! imag9>y sc\rge1 ! m9d ( man cont9ues to revolve automatically 9 ! old *annels4,e#aj ,e#aj 8,x is relat$ ( ! ,scy?ians t !y became involv$ 9 a conte/ ) ! desc5dants ( c]ta9 ( _! slaves1 :o successfully resi/$ !m 9 sev]al battles1 :]eupon "o ( !m said3 #8,m5 ( ,scy?ia1 :at are we do+8 ,by fight+ ) our slaves1 bo? we ourselves by be+ sla9 become few] 9 numb]1 & by kill+ !m we %all h]eaft] h few] to rule ov]4 ,n[1 !re=e1 x seems to me t we %\ld lay aside our spe>s & b[s1 & t ev]yone1 tak+ a horse:ip1 %\ld g directly to !m2 = s long z !y saw u ) arms1 !y consid]$ !mselves equal to u1 & born ( equal bir?2 b :5 !y %all see u ) our :ips in/ead ( arms1 !y w soon le>n t !y are our slaves1 & be+ consci\s ( t w no long] resi/4' ,! ,scy?ians1 hav+ he>d ?is1 adopt$ ! advice2 & ! slaves1 /ruck ) a/oni%m5t at :at 0 done1 =got to fight & fl$40--,h]odotus1 8,melpom5e10 ,,iv4 #c1 #d4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 #ahhb4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,automatic ,,contra/$ ,,) ,,sci5tific ,,education4 ,! ,pa/ tyrannizes ov] ! ,pres5t by ,int]pos+ ! ,/olid ,resi/ance ( ,habit4 -- ,habits ( ,?\ght l ,habits ( ! ,body become ,automatic4 -- ,!re is mu* ,fre$om ( ,spee* b v little ,fre$om ( ,?\ght3 ,habit1 ,tradition1 & ,rev]5ce = ,antiquity =bid x4 -- ,! ,s*ools educate ,automatically4 -- ,a gl>+ ,defect ( ! ,s*ools %[n by ,mr4 ,john ,s4 ,cl>k1 ( ,bo/on4 -- ,! ,automatic ,"* ( ! ,popul> ,sy/em ( ,education %[n by ! ,qu9cy 7,mass47 ,exp]im5t4 -- ,sev]al ,intellig5t ,op9ions to ! same ,effect4 -- ,! ,public ,s*ools z an ,indu/rial ,ag5cy a ,failure4 -- ,a ,conclusive ,evid5ce ( ! ,automatic & ,sup]ficial ,"* ( prevail+ ,me?ods ( ,education 9 ! ,s*ools ( a l>ge ,city4 -- ,! ,views ( ,colonel ,francis ,w4 ,p>k]4 -- ,sci5tific ,education is f\nd 9 ! ,k9d]g>t5 & ! ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool4 -- 8,! ,cultivation ( ,famili>ity betwixt ! ,m9d & ,?+s40 -- ,colonel ,augu/us ,jacobson on ! ,effect ( ! ,new ,education4 ,all re=ms mu/ enc\nt] ! /olid resi/ance ( habit4 ,x is n less tyrannical because x is a negative =ce4 ,x braces itself & holds back ) all its might4 ,x is 9 ?is mann] t ! pa/ dom9ates ! pres5t4,e#aa ,?is automatic habit ( m9d is precisely l c]ta9 automatic habits ( ! body :i* op]ate q indep5d5tly ( any act ( volition4 ,= example3 8,:5 we move ab\t 9 a room ) ! objects 9 :i* we are q famili>1 we direct our /eps s z to avoid !m1 )\t be+ consci\s :at !y are or :at we are do+2 we see !m1 z we easily discov] if we try to move ab\t 9 ! same way ) our eyes %ut1 b we d n p]ceive !m1 ! m9d be+ fully occupi$ ) "s tra9 ( ?\ght40#db ,9 ! same way ! m9d "u c]ta9 conditions becomes an automaton1 con/antly revolv+ old ?\ghts aft] ! causes t gave rise to !m h ceas$ to op]ate4 ,piano-=te play+ af=ds an excell5t illu/ration ( ?is automatic action ( ! m9d4 8,a pupil le>n+ to play ! piano-=te is oblig$ to call to m9d ea* note1 b ! skilful play] goes ?r\gh no su* process ( consci\s remembrance2 8 ideas1 l 8 movem5ts1 are automatic1 & bo? s rapid z to surpass ! rapidity ( succession ( consci\s ideas & movem5ts40#dc #db 8,body & ,m9d10 p4 #bb4 ,by ,h5ry ,maudsley1 ,m4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahhc4 #dc ,ibid41 p4 #bf4 ,fre$om ( spee* & fre$om ( ?\ght are cat*-p5ny phrases4 ,!re is mu* ( ! =m]1 b v little ( ! latt]4 ,spee* is g5]ally ! result ( automatic ?\ght r ?an ( ratioc9ation4 ,indep5d5t ?\ght is ( all m5tal processes ! mo/ difficult & ! mo/ r>e2 habit1 tradition1 & rev]5ce = antiquity unite to =bid x1 & ^! comb9$ influ5ces are /r5g!n$ by ! law ( h]$ity4 ,! t5d5cy to automatic action ( ! m9d is /ill fur!r promot$ by ! environm5t ( mod]n life4 ,! cr[d+ ( populations into cities1 & ! division & subdivision ( labor 9 ! factory & ! %op1 & ev5 9 ! s-call$ le>n$ pr(essions1 h a t5d5cy to increase ! dep5d5ce ( ! individual ^u ! mass ( society4 ,& ?is int]dep5d5ce ( ! units ( society r5d]s !m m & m imitative1 & h5ce m & m automatic bo? m5tally & physically4 ,ano!r p[]ful influ5ce contributes to ! same end4 ,! s*ools educate automatically4 ,!y tra9 ! absorb+ p[]s ( ! bra91 b fail to cultivate ! faculties ( assimilation & re-creation1 & neglect almo/ :olly to develop ! p[] ( expression4 ,mr4 ,john ,s4 ,cl>k1 ( ,bo/on1 has made ?is po9t ( ! failure ( ! s*ools to tra9 ! bra9-p[] ( expression to its utmo/1 s pla9 t x is "h reproduc$ 9 full1 z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,five s5ses4 ,tongue4 ,h&4 ,fig4 #a4 8,/udy+ ! functions ( ! bra91 we f9d t = educational purposes x may be lik5$ to an organism ) a ?reefold =m ( work+1 an organism ) a p[] ( absorption1 a p[] ( assimilation & re-creation1 & a p[] ( express+ or giv+ out4 ,! =ce or "* ( a bra9 is measur$ entirely by its express+ p[]1 by :at comes out ( x4 ,exam9+ a little clos]1 we f9d t ! bra9 absorbs ?r\gh all ! five s5ses1 :ile = express+ purposes x makes use ( b two ( ^! s5ses1 or r ( b two organs ( ^! s5ses--! tongue & ! h&4 ,fig4 #a is a simple diagram repres5t+ a bra9 ) ! five s5ses plac$ on "o side1 z means ( absorb+ p[]1 :ile on ! o!r side ! tongue & ! h& are plac$ z organs ( express+ p[]4 ,! o!r function ( ! bra91 t ( assimilation & re-creation1 _c ( c\rse be graphically repres5t$4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be said to be ! result ( ! action ( ! o!r two functions4 ,n[1 ! equipp+ ( a bra91 or ! heal?y education ( a bra91 consi/s 9 giv+ x express+ p[] ?r\gh ! tongue & ! h&1 coext5sive ) ! p[] ( absorption & ! p[] ( re-creation4 ,illu/ration3 ,read+4 ,ma!matics4 ,geography4 ,five ,s5ses4 ,gramm>4 ,tongue4 ,hi/ory4 ,spee*4 ,languages4 ,physiology4 ,h&4 ,lit]ature4 ,writ+4 ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,!oretical ,sci5ces4 ,fig4 #b4 8,apply+ our popul> s*emes ( education to ! bra91 & especially ^? bas$ on ! #c-,r idea ( education1 we f9d :at is indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #b1 t provision has be5 made = greatly di/5d+ ! absorb+ side ( ! bra91 :ile = ! express+ side1 ! practical side1 provision has be5 limit$ to ! use ( ! tongue 9 spee* & to ! h& 9 writ+4 ,if n[ we foll[ ! result ( ?is bra9 equipm5t into practical life1 we f9d t spee* & writ+1 z means = express+ ?\ght1 h _! applications ma9ly 9 ! comm]cial & f9ancial employm5ts & ! pr(essions1 & only incid5tally 9 ! indu/rial & me*anical employm5ts4 ,) su* an inadequate & "o-sid$ bra9 equipm5t x is n possible 9 any broad1 practical way to br+ ?\ght or bra9-p[] to ! s]vice ( indu/ry4 ,! fact s g5]ally admitt$1 t we are gett+ s few intellig5t artisans or me*anics f our s*eme ( public education1 t we turn out pupils ( bo? sexes ) a decid$ repugnance to indu/rial labor1 is an atte/ation to ! tru? ( ?is /atem5t4 ,! simple fact is t our education is n broad en\gh on ! express+ side ( ! bra91 t too mu* att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! absorb+ side ( ?is organ1 t no adequate provisions h be5 made :]eby x c dis*>ge its p[] 9 "w connect$ ) ! indu/ries4 ,illu/ration3 ,read+4 ,ma!matics4 ,geography4 ,five ,s5ses4 ,gramm>4 ,hi/ory4 ,tongue4 ,languages4 ,spee*4 ,physiology4 ,lit]ature4 ,writ+4 ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,h&4 ,draw+4 ,!oretical ,sci5ces4 ,manual ,arts4 ,practical ,sci5ces4 ,fig4 #c4 8,9 ,fig4 #c a rem$y = ?is defect is indicat$ 9 ! addition ( ! /udy ( graphic & /hetic art1 ?r\gh draw+1 & ( tra9+ 9 ! manual arts1 to ! previ\s bra9 equipm5t4 ,obs]ve :]e ^! features come 9 ! s*eme--on ! express+ side ( ! bra9 & 9 ! s]vice ( ! h&1 ?us giv+ ! bra9 ample p[] to dis*>ge ?\ght 9 its mo/ complete =m = use or = beauty4 ,) ^! features add$ to ! bra9 equipm5t its p[] ( express+ ?\ght 9 all practical directions w be coext5sive ) its absorb+ & re-creat+ p[]s2 & j z soon z ! public c cle>ly see t 9 ! outcome ( our public education !re is no respect+ ( p]sons or ( classes1 t pupils are tra9$ = hone/ labor ) _! h&s z well z to liv+ by _! wits1 are taught to produce some?+1 to create values by ! action ( _! bra9 ?r\gh ! "w ( _! h&s1 a mu* deep] int]e/ 9 public education w n only be manife/$1 b g5]\s provisions = its support w also be giv540#dd #dd ,address deliv]$ be=e ! ,philadelphia ,bo>d ( ,trade & ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,june #f1 #ahha4 ,! *>ge t ! s*ools educate automatically r ?an rationally is ( su* vital importance t x %\ld be su/a9$ by ! be/ atta9able pro(4 ,/rong pro( is at h& 9 ! hi/ory ( ! s-call$ ,qu9cy 7,mass47 exp]im5t4 ,9 #ahgh d\bt ( ! effici5cy ( ! s*ools ( ,norfolk ,c\nty1 long indulg$1 culm9at$ 9 action by ! ,association ( ,s*ool ,committees & ,sup]9t5d5ts4 ,x 0 insi/$ by c]ta9 memb]s ( ! committee t ! exi/+ me?ods 7 8ab\t z good z human intellig5ce c\ld devise10 & by o!rs t ! p 7 gett+ 8no adequate returns = ! money exp5d$ "u ! sy/em 9 g5]al use40 ,x 0 resolv$ to in/itute a se>*+ inve/igation1 & ! /&>d = ! measurem5t ( ! acquirem5ts ( pupils adopt$ 01 8a reasonable degree ( ability to read1 to write legibly1 correctly1 & grammatically1 & to deal readily ) simple ma!matics aft] ab\t eight ye>s ( s*ool+40 ,! association select$ ,mr4 ,george ,a4 ,walton1 an exp]i5c$ educator1 to make ! exam9ation ( ! s*ools ( ! c\nty1 & ! numb] ( pupils exam9$ exce$$ ?ree ?\s&4 ,9 _! preface to ,mr4 ,walton's report ! g5tlem5 ( ! association say3 8,publicity1 discussion1 & discont5t are :olesome ?+s to apply to s*ool managem5t 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,t ?is is a fair sample ( ! results n[ accompli%$ _c be que/ion$4 ,b ?\gh !y may n be flatt]+ to our pride1 we yet believe t !y are z good z c be obta9$ 9 any o!r c\nty 9 ,massa*usetts1 or1 inde$1 ( any o!r ,/ate :]e simil> te/s are appli$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,if any s*ool au?orities else:]e d\bt ! tru? ( ?is /atem5t1 let ! exp]im5t be tri$ 9 ! s*ools ( _! c\nty4 8,! que/ions naturally arise1 ,:at is ! cause ( ?is lam5table ignorance8 & :at is ! rem$y8 ,! answ] to ! =m] sugge/s ! reply to ! latt]4 ,too mu* has be5 attempt$ 9 ! s*ools4 ,!re has be5 a slavi% adh]5ce to text-books1 & no room giv5 = fre$om & orig9ality ( ?\ght4 ,rules h be5 memoriz$1 & ! *ildr5 taught to recite f ! text-book1 :ile !y h n _h ! slighte/ conception ( ! true mean+ ( ! subject4444 8,! rules & exceptions 9 gramm> are fai?fully committ$ to memory1 & mo/ intricate s5t5ces c be successfully analyz$1 ! phrases sep>at$1 & ! modifi]s nam$ 9 true grammatical /yle1 :ile ! pupils :o h und]gone su* sev]e tra9+ 9 ?is respect are unable to pres5t _! own ?\ghts concisely or cle>ly1 or ev5 correctly1 ^u pap]4 ,! memory is cultivat$1 & ! reason all[$ to slumb]4 8,9 ari?metic ! pupils %[ a read9ess to solve a problem :5 !y are able to fit x to "s rule t !y h le>n$2 b :5 !y are giv5 a simple "q out ( ! regul> c\rse1 !y are l a %ip at sea )\t rudd] or compass40 ,?is is ! sev]e/ & mo/ sweep+ criticism ev] pass$ ^u our ,am]ican common-s*ool sy/em1 & x emanates f its fri5ds & ! fri5ds ( univ]sal education4 ,mr4 ,walton says ( read+1 z taught 9 ! ,norfolk ,c\nty s*ools1 8,z = any sy/ematic analysis by :i* ! pupil le>ns to make a c>eful & indep5d5t /udy ( 8 piece1 x is b little practis$ 9 ! s*ools ev5 ( ! gramm> grade20 & he decl>es t read+1 )\t compreh5d+ ! ideas ( :i* ! words are m]e signs1 8is n m]ely useless1 b dang]\s1 j 9 proportion to ! facility ) :i* ! words are call$40 ,( ! results ( 8 exam9ations 9 p5man%ip ,mr4 ,walton says1 8,mo/ ( ! faults 9 ! writ+ indicate imp]fect tea*+40 ,( 8 exam9ations 9 spell+ he says t 8! commone/ words are misspell$ :5 us$ 9 s5t5ces or composition1 :ile words ( difficult or?ography are spell$ ) accuracy :5 dictat$ = spell+40 ,= example1 he says1 8,! words #8^:1' #8:i*1' & #8fa!r1' :5 spell$ orally1 7 g5]ally correct1 b :5 writt5 9 s5t5ces !y 7 frequ5tly1 9 _m s*ools1 9 a majority ( cases1 errone\s40 ,no te/ c\ld m cle>ly demon/rate ! purely me*anical "* ( ! me?ods ( in/ruction ?an ?is ( a comp>ison betwe5 ! pupils' oral & writt5 spell+4 ,! av]age ( excell5ce 9 spell+ ! ?ree simple words 8:i*1 ^:1 s*ol>10 ( ! prim>y grade = ! :ole c\nty ( ,norfolk1 z f\nd by ,mr4 ,walton1 0 ! exce$+ly l[ "o ( #ee4i1 ! basis be+ #ajj4 ,! +5uity 9 bad spell+ ( ?is grade ( pupils1 :o _h be5 at lea/ f\r ye>s 9 s*ool1 is well illu/rat$ by ! example ( ! ^w 8c>riage10 writt5 z foll[s3 8,c>age1 c>rage1 craidge1 c>adg1 c>ege1 c>riag1 c>rige20 & ( ! ^w 8sleigh10 writt5 8saly1 slay1 slaig1 slaigh1 slagh1 slaw1 sleig1 sleugh1 sleight1 sligh1 sley1 slew1 slave1 sleygh20 & ( ! ^w 8,tuesday10 writt5 8,tusgay1 tue/ay1 toesday20 & ( ! ^w 8,w$nesday10 writt5 8wanesday1 w$5yday1 ,w$]nsday1 w$ne/1 ,w5day1 ,w5dsday1 w5sday1 w5esday1 w5sdaw1 w5ze1 ,w5zie1 ,w5ds/ay1 w5/day1 ,wesday1 ,:5sday1 w9day1 ,w9dday1 ,w9sday10 etc4 ,! ^w 8s*ol>0 pres5t$ "o hundr$ & sixty diff]5t errone\s spell+s2 t ( 8depot0 fifty1 among :i* 7 ! foll[+3 8,deapp[1 depp[e1 deaph[1 deapohoe1 teapot1 doopo10 & 8bepo40 ,an ex]cise 9 spell+ by bo? grades ( pupils1 ! 8prim>y10 compos$ ( pupils f eight & a half to t5 & a half ye>s old1 & ! 8gramm>10 compos$ ( pupils f twelve & a half to fifte5 & a half ye>s old1 %[$ errors ( :i* ! foll[+ are examples3 ,any1 spell$ ane & enny2 along1 al\d & alon2 among/1 amunt2 animals1 anables2 ari?metic1 ri?mes2 ask$1 a/$2 beautiful1 beuful2 be51 b51 b5e1 & b92 by-&-by1 bimeby2 coat1 coot1 co?1 cote1 goat1 & coate2 ,bo/on1 bo/one2 boy1 poy1 & b\2 city1 sitty2 eggs1 ages2 cu/>d-pie1 cu/$ puy2 com+1 com91 commun1 gomm+1 & comm+4 ,an ex]cise 9 composition develop$ ! foll[+ specim5 errors3 8,! 0 two boys2 ,!y 0 two boys2 ,h[ is all ! boys8 ,?+s t 0 good2 ,!y is n _m "h ,i "k2 ,he come to s*ool2 ,i see him ye/]day2 ,he ask$ cyrus :at he done t day2 ,i _h saw him2 he _h wore a coat10 etc4 ,! exam9ations 9 ma!matics yield$ simil> results to ^? develop$ 9 read+1 writ+1 spell+1 & composition4 ,mr4 ,walton says1 8,if in/ead ( ?is ! r\t9e me?od ( ! s*ool ! pupil %\ld be compell$ to deal ) real ?+s1 & to f9d 8 answ] by /udy+ ! conditions ( 8 problem1 ! fiction :i* ari?metic n[ is to mo/ pupils w\ld become to !m a reality40#de #de 8,! ,new ,dep>ture 9 ! ,common ,s*ools ( ,qu9cy10 by ,*>les ,f4 ,adams1 ,jr41 & ! 8,report ( ,exam9ation ( ,s*ools 9 ,norfolk ,c\nty1 ,mass410 by ,george ,a4 ,walton4 ,bo/on3 ,e/es ,lauriat1 #ahha4 ,! prime difficulty is "h /at$4 ,! s*ools deal 9 8fictions40 ,9 ! language ( ! ,norfolk ,c\nty committee1 8,! memory is cultivat$ & ! reason all[$ to slumb]40 ,n[1 if to e fact memoriz$ ! pupil 7 requir$ to apply ! te/ ( reason to analyze x & f9d out its relation to o!r facts1 & fix x ) all its relations 9 8 m9d1 he w\ld possess c]ta9 solid in=mation ( an asc]ta9$ practical value4 ,x is v simple4 ,x is mak+ ! pupil ?9k = himself by %[+ him h[ to ?9k = himself in/ead ( ?9k+ = him4 ,( c\rse ?is is object-tea*+4 ,9 ! read+-lesson ! pupil is requir$ to "k ! mean+ ( ! words ( :i* x is compos$ 9 ord] to read ) correct expression4 ,:5 requir$ to spell a ^w orally he is also requir$ to write x4 ,9 ! /udy ( ari?metic he is %[n c]ta9 objects1 blocks ( cubical & o!r =ms1 & requir$ to apply ! rules ( ! book to ! asc]ta9m5t ( _! cont5ts4 ,9 gramm> ! analysis ( ! s5t5ce is foll[$ by ! writ+ ( x1 & ! con/ruction ( o!r s5t5ces involv+ simil> pr9ciples 9 ! art ( composition1 & s on4 ,?is is ! k9d]g>t5 sy/em n[ rapidly com+ into high favor z an ess5tial prelim9>y /ep 9 education4 ,x is also ! sy/em ( ! manual tra9+ s*ool4 ,"u ?is sy/em ! pupil is n m]ely told t ! saw is a ?91 flat piece ( /eel ) tee? us$ = cutt+ bo>ds & timb]s2 a saw is plac$ 9 8 h& & he is taught to use x3 & s ( all ! h& & ma*9e tools ( ! trades4 ,he /&s at ! =ge1 b5ds ov] ! m\ld+-=m1 %oves ! plane 9 ! c>p5t]-%op1 presides at ! turn+-la!1 t +5i\s inv5tion ( ,maudslay--an automaton tru] ?an ! human eye1 m cunn+ & m accurate ?an ! human h&2 executes plans = patt]ns & !n makes ! patt]ns1 & f9ally1 f ! fa9t l9es he has trac$ on pap]1 con/ructs a ma*9e1 brea!s ! brea? ( life 7/eam7 into its ve9s1 & ) x moves m\nta9s6 ,9 fur!r support ( ! *>ge t ! s*ools educate automatically1 & h5ce sup]ficially1 ! foll[+ intellig5t op9ions are cit$3 ,*>les ,francis ,adams1 ,jr41 rem>ks t ! common s*ools ( ,massa*usetts co/ #d1jjj1jjj a ye>2 & adds1 8,! imitative or memoriz+ faculties only are cultivat$1 & little or no att5tion is paid to ! ?9k+ or reflective p[]s4 ,inde$ x may almo/ be said t a *ild ( any orig9ality or ) individual *>act]i/ics is look$ ^u z :olly out ( place 9 a public s*ool4444 ,to skate is z difficult z to write2 probably m difficult4 ,yet 9 spite ( h>d tea*+ 9 ! "o case & no tea*+ 9 ! o!r1 ! boy c skate beautifully1 & he _c write 8 native tongue at all40#df #df 8,sci5tific ,common-s*ool ,education40--,h>p]'s ,magaz9e1 ,novemb]1 #ahhj 7see note ,e#ab at end ( *apt]74 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,atk9son says1 8,we are tra9+ no ,am]ican craftsm51 & unless we devise bett] me?ods ?an ! old & n[ obsolete appr5tice sy/em1 mu* ( ! p]fection ( our almo/ automatic me*anism w h be5 a*iev$ at ! co/ n only ( ! manual b also ( ! m5tal developm5t ( our m54 ,our almo/ automatic mills & ma*9e-%ops w become m5tal /upefactories40#dg #dg 8,elem5t>y ,in/ruction 9 ! ,me*anic ,arts40--,scribn]'s ,mon?ly1 ,april #ahha1 p4 #ijb4 ,pr(4 ,b>b\r1 ( ,yale ,college1 says1 8,our s*ools are suff]+ f conge/ion ( ! bra93 too mu* ?\ght & too little putt+ x 9 practice40 ,an ,engli% obs]v] ( our public s*ools says1 8,!y tea* app>5tly = in=mation1 almo/ reg>dless ( developm5t4 ,?is sy/em develops no special individuality or p[]1 =ms few habits ( obs]vation1 b5efits little except ! memory1 & h]e9 lies its great weakness40 ,! late ,mr4 ,w5dell ,phillips said1 8,our sy/em /ops too %ort1 & z a ju/ice to boys & girls z well z to society x %\ld see to x t ^? ^: life is to be "o ( manual labor %\ld be bett] tra9$ = x40 ,mr4 ,wick]%am1 late ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction = ! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania1 says1 8,x is high "t t some?+ %\ld be done to enable our y\? to le>n trades & to =m indu/ri\s habits & a ta/e = "w40 ,dr4 ,runkle1 ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 says1 8,public education %\ld t\* practical life 9 a l>g] numb] ( po9ts2 x %\ld bett] fit all = t sph]e 9 life 9 :i* !y are de/9$ to f9d _! highe/ happ9ess & well-be+40 ,op9ions ( ?is "* might be multipli$ almo/ indef9itely4 ,!y reflect ! g5]al s5tim5t t1 z an indu/rial ag5cy1 ! public s*ool is a failure2 b its value z an enlight5+ & civiliz+ ag5cy is n !re=e und]e/imat$4 ,x 0 n e/abli%$ z an indu/rial ag5cy2 x 0 e/abli%$ z a bulw>k ( lib]ty1 & nobly did x fulfil its mission4 ,! colonial fa!rs _h a horror ( ignorance1 & z a b>ri] aga9/ x !y rais$ ! public s*ool4 ,b !y 7 )\t indu/rial int]e/s 9 ! high] dep>tm5ts ( skill$ labor1 & )\t comm]ce 9 a l>ge way4 ,"l ,%effield said t ! ,am]ican colonies 7 f\nd$ ) ! sole view ( secur+ to ,engl& a monopoly ( _! trade1 & ,"l ,*a?am decl>$ t !y _h no "r to manufacture ev5 a nail or a horse%oe4 ,ev5 aft] ! ,revolution1 9 #aghd1 ! comm]ce ( ! c\ntry 0 s insignificant t eight bales ( cotton %ipp$ f ,s\? ,c>ol9a 7 seiz$ by ! cu/oms au?orities ( ,engl& on ! gr\nd t s l>ge a quantity c\ld n h be5 produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates6 ,^! humble conditions no long] exi/1 & to object to ! expansion ( ! public-s*ool sy/em to meet ! requirem5ts ( new exig5cies is to ignore ! logic & m>* ( ev5ts4 ,! nations are runn+ an indu/rial race1 & ! nation t applies to labor ! mo/ ?\ght1 ! mo/ intellig5ce1 w rise highe/ 9 ! scale ( civilization1 w ga9 mo/ 9 weal?1 w mo/ surely survive ! %ocks ( "t1 w live longe/ 9 hi/ory4 ,9 ! race = indu/rial supremacy we are n at ! front4 ,x is a fact to be pond]$ t we are ex*ang+ ! products ( unskill$ = skill$ labor ) ! nations ( ,europe4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a ye>1 = example1 ,engl& exports ( raw mat]ial & food only ab\t #aej1jjj1jjj 9 value1 :ile h] exports ( manufactures aggregate ab\t #hej1jjj1jjj 9 value4 ,on ! o!r h&1 our exports consi/ almo/ entirely ( raw mat]ial & food1 _! annual value be+ ab\t #hjj1jjj1jjj1 :ile ( manufactures we export only a begg>ly #ge1jjj1jjj wor?1 & our imports ( manufactures are ( ! annual value ( ab\t #bej1jjj1jjj4 ,9 crude1 un$ucat$1 unskill$ labor capacity1 we h gr[n mu* m rapidly ?an 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( educat$1 skill$ labor2 & 9 ! exact ratio ( ?is gr[? ( unskill$ ov] skill$ labor1 we are beh9d ! age4 ,we are indu/rially ill-balanc$4 ,we are sell+ brawn & buy+ ?\ght--cunn+1 inv5tion1 g5ius2 exhau/+ our physical manhood & impov]i%+ a virg9 soil4 ,we are suff]+ f a paucity ( skill$ labor1 & we hesitate to apply ! ne$$ & obvi\sly adequate rem$y--! tra9+ ( ! y\? ( ! c\ntry 9 ! elem5ts ( ! useful arts1 9 ! public s*ools4 ,a f9al & conclusive evid5ce ( ! v]ity ( ! *>ge t prevail+ me?ods ( education are automatic1 & h5ce sup]ficial 9 _! "*1 is f\nd 9 an exam9ation te/ rec5tly made 9 "o ( ! public s*ools 9 a l>ge ,am]ican city1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ma!matics4 ,! sup]9t5d5t beg9s to di/ru/ 8 own sy/em ( ab/ract in/ruction1 & resolves to te/ ! acquirem5ts ( c]ta9 classes ( pupils rang+ f t5 to twelve ye>s ( age4 ,he submits a s]ies ( que/ions 9 numb]1 :i* are promptly solv$ ei!r orally or 9 *alk on ! black-bo>d1 %[+ a complete ma/]y ( ! subject f ! ab/ract side1 or po9t ( view4 ,to te/ ! practical value ( ! k ?us exhibit$ ! sup]9t5d5t repeats 8 s]ies ( que/ions1 apply+ !m to ?+s4 ,= example3 ,he passes six c>ds to a pupil1 & reque/s t "o-half ( !m be return$4 ,?is "q hav+ be5 promptly & correctly answ]$ by ! return ( ?ree ( !m1 & ! six c>ds be+ aga9 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! pupil1 ! second "q is prop\nd$1 namely1 8,please give me "o-?ird ( "o-half ( ! c>ds 9 y\r h&40 ,! pupil is puzzl$2 he fumbles ! c>ds n]v\sly1 blu%es1 & returns a wrong numb] or becomes entirely helpless & 8gives x up40 ,?is "q1 or "s o!r "q ( simil> g5]al import1 is submitt$ to ea* memb] ( ! class ) a l unfavorable result 9 eight or n9e cases 9 a total ( t5 cases4 ,! sup]9t5d5t is a/oni%$2 he is m ?an a/oni%$1 he is deeply *agr9$2 = he kn[s t ! k9d]g>t5 *ild ( six or sev5 ye>s ( age1 ) ! blocks1 w\ld answ] 8 s]ies ( que/ions correctly eight or n9e times 9 a total ( t54 ,x is impossible to conceive ( a m /rik+ illu/ration ( ! prime defects ( automatic education ?an is af=d$ by ! =ego+ describ$ exp]im5t4 ,x su/a9s & ju/ifies ! sev]e criticism ( ! s*ools by ,mr4 ,*>les ,francis ,adams1 ,jr41 9 8 magaz9e article ( #ahhj1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he says1 8,f "o po9t ( view *ildr5 are reg>d$ z automatons2 f ano!r1 z india-rubb] bags2 f a ?ird1 z s mu* raw mat]ial4 ,!y mu/ move 9 /ep & exactly alike4 ,!y mu/ receive ! same m5tal nutrim5t 9 equal quantities & at fix$ times4 ,its assimilation is :olly immat]ial1 b ! motions mu/ be gone ?r\gh )4 ,f9ally1 z raw mat]ial1 !y are empti$ 9 at ! prim>ies1 & m>*$ out at ! gramm> grades--& x is well60#dh #dh 8,sci5tific ,common-s*ool ,education40--,h>p]'s ,new ,mon?ly ,magaz9e1 ,novemb]1 #ahhj1 p4 #icg4 ,! te/imony ( ,col4 ,francis ,w4 ,p>k]1 ( ! ,cook ,c\nty 7,ill9ois7 ,normal ,s*ool1 is to ! same effect4 ,he says1 8,! mo/ important "w ( to-day is to collect1 reconcile1 & apply all ! pr9ciples & me?ods ( education t h be5 discov]$ 9 ! pa/1 into "o sci5ce & art ( tea*+4 ,?is w\ld c]ta9ly radically *ange all our s*ool "w 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,:5 ?is is done ! gr\nd w be made ready = new advances 9 ! incomplete sci5ce ( education4 ,because a complete sci5ce has n yet be5 discov]$ is a v poor reason = n apply+ :at we already "k4 ,:at specific *anges w\ld ! application ( kn[n m5tal laws1 9 tea*+ ab\t :i* all psy*ologi/s are 9 agreem5t1 br+ ab\t8 ,= x is only by a %>p comp>ison ( :at is n[ done accord+ to tradition & cu/om 9 our s*ools1 ) t :i* c be done by ! application ( ! simple/ pr9ciples ( tea*+1 t ! value ( ! true art ( in/ruction may be 9 "s degree appreciat$4 8,to illu/rate ?is x may be m5tion$ t little *ildr5 h be5 taught to read1 9 ! pa/1 & a great majority ( !m are n[ taught1 by a me?od t is utt]ly oppos$ to a m5tal law1 ab\t :i* !re c be no dispute among ^? :o "k any?+ ( ! sci5ce ( tea*+4 ,i ref] to ! ,a ,b ,c me?od4 ,ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago ,com5ius discov]$ a rule ( tea*+ :i* may be said to embrace all rules 9 its category--#8,?+s t h to be done %\ld be le>n$ by do+ !m4' ,?is rule is s simple & pla9 t e "o1 except ! tea*]s1 has adopt$ & us$ x s9ce man has liv$ ^u ! e>?4 ,if ,i am n v mu* mi/ak51 ! s*ool-ma/] = ! la/ fifty ye>s has be5 incessantly inv5t+ ways ( do+ ?+s 9 ! s*ool-room by do+ some?+ else4 ,we try to tea* ! ,engli% language by rules1 def9itions1 analyses1 diagrams1 & p>s+4 ,be=e ! poor innoc5t *ild c write a s+le s5t5ce correctly1 we tea* ! pa9ful pronunciation ( words )\t ! grasp+ ( ?\ght z read+4 ,we va9ly endeavor to give *ildr5 a k ( numb] by tea*+ figures1 ! signs ( numb]4 ,we cram our victim's m9d full ( empty1 mean+less words1 in/ead ( inspir+ & develop+ x by ! sweet & /rong realities ( ?\ght4 ,?is futile /ruggle to d ?+s by do+ some?+ else is to-day co/+ ! p ( ?is c\ntry millions & millions ( h>d-e>n$ doll>s2 & x is mu* to be fe>$ t x w "o day co/ _! *ildr5 ! bless+s ( free gov]nm5t4 ,?is is a s]i\s *>ge4 8,! ?ree hundr$ ?\s& tea*]s ( ?is c\ntry are z fai?ful1 hone/1 & e>ne/ z any o!r class ( active work]s4 ,if1 !n1 ^! great tru?s 9 education be at ! doors ( our educators1 :y d !y n acquire & use !m8 ,! answ] is n f> to seek4 ,n "o tea*] 9 five hundr$ ev] makes a practical1 ?or\gh /udy ( ! hi/ory ( education1 to say no?+ ( ! sci5ce4 8,! trem5d\s project+ p[] ( tradition /&s /ubbornly 9 ! way ( progress 9 education4 ,x c only be met & ov]come by ! mo/ ?or\gh se>*+ & indefatigable /udy ( ! *ild's nature1 & ( ! means by :i* ! possibilities = good 9 ,god's greate/ creation may be realiz$40#di #di ,lett] to ! au?or "u date ( ,april1 #ahhc1 & by him reproduc$ 9 a communication publi%$ 9 ! ,*icago ,tribune1 ,april #bc1 #ahhc4 ,! *ange f automatic to sci5tific education ought n to be v difficult4 ,x has be5 made 9 ! k9d]g>t54 ,x consi/s 9 sub/itut+ ?+s 9 place ( signs ( ?+s4 ,! boys %\ld be taught to read 9 s*ool z he w be requir$ to read2 to write z he w be requir$ to write2 & to ciph] z he w be requir$ to ciph]1 :5 he becomes a man4 ,9 tea*+ *emi/ry1 = example1 !re %\ld be a laboratory ) ! necess>y illu/rative app>atus4 ,9 tea*+ geography1 9 addition to ! books & ! globe1 ! =m ( ! cont95t %\ld be m\ld$ 9 s&1 ) coa/ l9es1 m\nta9 ranges1 riv]s1 canals1 h>bors1 cities1 etc4 ,9 tea*+ numb] ! pupil %\ld h ! ?+s & p>ts ( ?+s1 repres5t$ by signs1 9 8 h&s4 ,9 tea*+ me*anics ! pupil %\ld h&le ! saw1 ! plane1 ! file1 ! hamm]1 & ! *isel1 & /& at ! b5*1 ! =ge1 & ! turn+-la!4 ,x is 9 ?is way only t ! pupil c be taught ! p[] ( express+1 z ,mr4 ,cl>k puts x1 8:at has be5 absorb$ on ! receptive side40 ,mr4 ,mac,alister illu/rates ! =ce ( ,mr4 ,cl>k's diagrams 9 a s5t5ce3 8,we mu/ n close our eyes to ! fact t by f> ! l>g] numb] ( m5 9 e civiliz$ community are work]s to :om a skill$ h& is q z important z a well fill$ head40#ej ,! prevail+ me?ods ( tea*+ fill ! head b d n provide = assimilation1 re-creation1 & expression4 ,n[ to assimilate1 to r$uce to practical value & put to use facts memoriz$1 & to create1 ! p[] ( expression is an ess5tial pr]equisite2 creat+ is express+ ideas 9 concrete =m4 ,b "u ! old rgime ( education only two modes ( expression are provid$--spee* & writ+4 ,a ?ird mode--draw+--has be5 v g5]ally adopt$4 ,draw+1 h[ev]1 is only ! fir/ /ep1 an incomplete /ep1 s to speak1 ( expression4 ,x is a sign1 an outl9e1 ( a ?+4 ,:at we want is ! ?+ itself4 ,t ?+ c only be produc$ at ! =ge1 ! b5*1 or ! la!2 & ?is is manual tra9+ 9 ! arts4 #ej ,mr4 ,james ,mac,alister1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools ( ! ,city ( ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 at ! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,in/ruction1 ,s>atoga1 ,n4 ,y41 ,july #ac1 #ahhb4 ,:at manual tra9+ w d = ! pupil is express$ 9 ! foll[+ t]se p>agraph by ,col4 ,augu/us ,jacobson3 8,! boy leav+ s*ool %\ld c>ry ) him me*anical1 bus9ess1 & sci5tific tra9+1 fitt+ him = :atev] x may become necess>y = him to d 9 ! _w4 ,i w\ld secure = society ! advantage ( all ! bra9 capacity t is born & all ! tra9+ x c take4 ,x is possible & practicable to let e *ild ( fair capacity />t 9 life f 8 s*ool a skill$ work]1 ) ! pr9cipal tools ( all ! me*anical employm5ts1 an a?lete ) ! maximum ( heal? possible to him1 & ?or\ghly at home 9 sci5ce & lit]ature4 ,! *ild s tra9$ w\ld1 :5 gr[n1 be to ! ord9>y man ( to-day :at ,jay-,eye-,see is to an ord9>y pl\gh-horse40 ,e#aa 8,=tunately ! pa/ nev] completely dies = man4 ,_m may =get x1 b he always pres]ves x )9 him4 ,=1 take him at any epo*1 & he is ! product1 ! epitome1 ( all ! e>li] epo*s4 ,let him look into 8 own s\l1 & he c f9d & di/+ui% ^! diff]5t epo*s by :at ea* ( !m has left )9 him40--8,! ,anci5t ,city10 p4 #ac4 ,by ,fu/el ,de ,c\langes4 ,bo/on3 ,lee ,%ep>d1 #ahhb4 ,e#ab 8,9 fact1 memory comes f int]e/4 ,:at *ildr5 are deeply int]e/$ 9 !y w nev] =get4 ,a boy :o c nev] say 8 lesson by he>t w rememb] e detail ( ! cricket or football mat*es 9 :i* 8 he>t really lives40--8,educational ,!ories10 p4 #aaf4 ,by ,osc> ,br[n+1 ,m4,a4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 #ahhe4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,automatic ,,contra/$ ,,) ,,sci5tific ,,education--,cont9u$4 ,! ,failure ( ,education 9 ,am]ica %[n by ,/ati/ics ( ,railway & ,m]cantile ,disa/]s4 -- ,%r9kage ( ,railway ,values & ,failures ( ,m]*ants4 -- ,only ,?ree ,p] ,c5t4 ( ^? ent]+ ,m]cantile ,life a*ieve ,success4 -- ,bus9ess ,ent]prises conduct$ by ,guess3 ,cause1 ,unsci5tific ,education4 -- ,savage ,tra9+ is bett] because ,objective4 -- ,mr4 ,foley1 late ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 on ! ,sci5tific ,"* ( ,manual ,education -- ,pr(4 ,goss1 ( ,purdue ,univ]sity1 to ! same ,effect -- also ,dr4 ,belfield1 ( ! ,*icago ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool4 -- ,/ud5ts love ! ,laboratory ,ex]cises4 -- ,demoraliz+ ,effect ( ,unsci5tific ,tra9+4 -- ,! ,failure ( ,ju/ice & ,legislation z contra/$ ) ! ,success ( ,civil ,eng9e]+ & ,ar*itecture4 ,a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! defective "* ( bo? public & private sy/ems ( education1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is af=d$ by ! /ati/ics ( comm]cial1 railway1 & o!r bus9ess failures4 ,9 #ahgg a c>eful compilation ( figures 9 reg>d to ! %r9kage ( railway values %[$ ! foll[+ result3 8,9 r\nd numb]s1 eighte5 hundr$ millions ( doll>s1 or ?irty-eight p] c5t4 ( ! capital report$ z inve/$ 9 two hundr$ ( our railway companies alone1 is :olly unproductive to ! inve/ors1 & ! great] "p is :olly lo/ to !m4 ,?is is suffici5tly appall+1 b :5 we consid] h[ _m companies t h manag$ to keep up ! int]e/ on _! bonds h :olly1 or almo/1 ceas$ to pay any int]e/ on _! capital /ock1 :i* /ock1 9 turn1 has %runk to sev5ty-five1 fifty1 tw5ty-five1 t51 9 "s cases five p] c5t4 ( its p> value1 x w seem to be a reasonable conclusion t ! actual %r9kage & loss to somebody on ! face value ( railway inve/m5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 fully fifty p] c5t460#ea #ea ,! ,*icago ,railway ,age4 ,9 view ( ?is />tl+ exhibit x is evid5t t 9 ! projection1 con/ruction1 & managem5t ( ! railways ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re has be5 gross incompet5cy4 ,9 #ahha ,messrs4 ,r4 ,g4 ,dun ,co41 ! well-kn[n comm]cial ag5ts1 %[$ t ( ! :olesale m]*ants do+ bus9ess 9 ! city ( ,*icago 9 #ahgj fifty p] c5t4 _h fail$1 susp5d$1 or compromis$ ) _! cr$itors4 ,=ty ye>s ago ,g54 ,de>born1 a prom95t citiz5 ( ,*icago1 decl>$ t n m ?an ?ree p] c5t4 ( ! individuals :o emb>k 9 trade end life ) success4 ,! success meant1 d\btless1 is unbrok5 solv5cy dur+ ! bus9ess exp]i5ce ( ! m]*ant1 & ! f9al accumulation ( a compet5ce4 ,! m]cantile ranks 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates af=d _m in/ances ( individual m]*ants & firms :o h settl$ or compromis$ ) _! cr$itors sev]al times1 & f9ally succe$$--succe$$ at ! exp5se ( _! cr$itors4 ,b ?is is n ! success meant by ,g54 ,de>born4 ,?is /ati/ical in=mation1 furni%$ by ,messrs4 ,r4 ,g4 ,dun ,co41 t5ds to confirm1 approximately1 ! v]ity ( ! common rem>k t 9 trade n "o 9 a hundr$ succe$s4 ,let u suppose t ?ree m]*ants 9 a hundr$ s conduct _! bus9ess z nev] to ask _! cr$itors = a favor1 nev] to 8settle0 = #ej or #be c5ts1 b always pay 8doll> = doll>10 & come out 9 ! end ri*4 ,?is is /rictly legitimate success4 ,x w\ld be v int]e/+ to le>n :at becomes ( ! o!r n9ety-sev5 m]*ants4 ,mo/ ( !m g d[n aft] a few ye>s1 nev] aga9 to em]ge above ! surface ( comm]cial affairs4 ,!y live on sal>ies1 ent] ! ranks ( ! speculative class1 or become g5teel paup]s4 ,b d\btless sev5 at lea/ ( ! n9ety-sev5 8compromise0 & 8settle0 !mselves ov] ! break]s1 & f9ally a*ieve success4 ,s t ( ! t5 successful m]*ants out ( a hundr$ ^? :o succe$ at ! exp5se ( _! cr$itors are z sev5 to ?ree ( ^? :o w9 success by ! highe/ degree ( m]cantile m]it4 ,) n9ety utt] failures1 sev5 successes :i* involve ! mis=tune or wreck ( o!rs1 & only ?ree unt>ni%$ successes 9 a hundr$1 ! g5]al ambition to ent] m]cantile life is simply unacc\ntable4 ,( c\rse ! small numb] ( successful m]*ants h to calculate ^u ! failures :i* w inevitably occur4 ,!y mu/ disc\nt ! losses !y are sure to incur ?r\gh ^? failures--provide = !m by increas+ ! o!rwise suffici5t pr(it ( ea* transaction4 ,9 ?is way ! public pays ! co/ ( ea* failure4 ,9 o!r words1 ! consum] is tax$ to pay ! exp5se ( n9ety complete failures1 & sev5 p>tial failures1 9 e hundr$ m]cantile exp]im5ts4 ,?is exp5se aggregates scores ( millions ( doll>s 9 ?is c\ntry alone1 e ye>4 ,! sum ( losses by ! failure ( m]*ants 9 good seasons is v l>ge1 & 9 seasons ( comm]cial depression x is va/4 ,x is evid5t t n9ety-sev5 9 e hundr$ m]*ants mi/ake _! avocation4 ,only ?ree 9 a hundr$ are exactly fitt$ = ! bus9ess !y und]take4 ,!y are morally ! 8fitte/0 :o survive by virtue ( ability & integrity2 ! sev5 :o survive by levy+ contributions on _! cr$itors may also be reg>d$ z ! 8fitte/0 accord+ to ! ,d>w9ian !ory4 ,( ! n9ety :o g d[n )\t ev5 a /ruggle to 8settle0 or 8compromise10 !y answ] to ! receiv$ def9ition ( dirt--8matt] out ( place40 ,! inve/igation made by ,messrs4 ,r4 ,g4 ,dun ,co41 :i* result$ 9 ! /ati/ical in=mation "h reproduc$ & comm5t$ ^u1 0 br\ght ab\t by ! ass]tion 9 #ahha ( a life-insurance ag5t t fifty p] c5t4 ( ! :olesale m]*ants do+ bus9ess 9 ! city ( ,*icago 9 #ahgj _h meantime fail$1 susp5d$1 or compromis$ ) _! cr$itors4 ,out ( ?is inve/igation ! "q logically spr+s1 8,is n fail+ 9 bus9ess made too easy80#eb ,if 8compromises10 8settlem5ts10 & 8failures0 c>ry ) !m no disgrace1 x is b natural t ?\s&s %\ld take ! risk ( !m 9 ! conte/ = ! great prizes :i* are ! rew>d ( success4 ,! di/9ction 9 ! public m9d betwe5 ! ?ree m]*ants 9 a hundr$ :o succe$ legitimately & ! sev5 :o succe$ by que/ionable 8compromises0 or 8settlem5ts0 is v slight2 & too _m ( ! n9ety :o fail utt]ly retire ) l>ge sums ( money :i* belong hone/ly to _! cr$itors4 ,d\btless ! life-insurance ag5t1 9 depict+ ! p]ils ( m]cantile v5tures1 urg$ ! propriety ( ! m]*ant =tify+ himself aga9/ disa/] by insur+ 8 life = ! b5efit ( 8 family4 ,?is is a legitimate argum5t :5 address$ to ! m]*ant 9 solv5t condition2 b ! life-insurance ag5t's intimate acqua9tance ) ! %aky f9ances ( n9e-t5?s ( ! comm]cial community tea*es him t a l>ge %>e ( ! money he receives 9 premiums1 comes n f ! m]*ant1 b f ! m]*ant's cr$itors1 :o w soon be call$ ^u1 9 ! natural c\rse ( ev5ts1 to cons5t to a composition ( 8 claim1 :ile ! %aky m]*ant w retire ) a paid-up policy ( insurance 9 favor ( 8 family4 #eb 8,m]cantile honor is held s high 9 "s c\ntries t ! calamity ( bankruptcy drives m5 mad4 ,9 ,france !re are num]\s in/ances ( almo/ sup]human /ruggles on ! "p ( ru9$ m]*ants to rega91 by pati5t ef=t & p9*+ economy1 _! lo/ /ation 9 ! bus9ess community4 ,cs> ,birotteau1 ,balzac's h]o ( su* a /ruggle1 dies f excess ( emotion 9 ! h\r ( 8 triumph4 #8,behold ! dea? ( ! j6' ! ,abb ,loraux exclaims1 z he reg>ds1 ) l(ty pride1 ! expir+ m]*ant40--8,t5-m9ute ,sket*es10 p4 #bbj4 ,by ,*>les ,h4 ,ham4 ,*icago & ,new ,york3 ,bel=d1 ,cl>k ,co41 #ahhd4 ,x is q pla9 t 9 n9e cases out ( t5 ! m]*ant :o c>ries a l>ge policy ( insurance on 8 life actually pays = x out ( 8 cr$itors' in/ead ( 8 own money4 ,to be sure1 x may be said t ! n9e m]*ants hope & expect to succe$1 z well z ! "o4 ,b is n x ! duty ( ! m]*ant :o owes l>ge sums ( money to ?9k m ( provid+ means = ! paym5t ( 8 imm$iate debts ?an ( lay+ up a support = himself & family 9 ! ev5t ( failure8 ,"s disgrace ought to atta* to failure 9 bus9ess2 t is to say1 disgrace en\gh to make ! m]*ant cauti\s & economical1 ) a view1 n to 8 own protection 9 ! ev5t ( failure1 b to ! protection ( 8 cr$itors1 & ( 8 own reputation z a bus9ess man4 ,^! failures1 on s va/ a scale1 ( railway ent]prises1 & ! almo/ total wreck ( m]cantile v5tures1 %[ t ! bus9ess ( ?is c\ntry is done1 z a ,yankee might say1 8by guess10 or z ! me*anic ( ! old rgime w\ld say1 8by ! rule ( ?umb40 ,! conclusion is h5ce irresi/ible t ! y\? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are n s educat$ z to fit !m = ! conduct1 to a successful issue1 ( great bus9ess ent]prises4 ,& ?is is an impea*m5t ( :at is reg>d$1 on ! :ole1 z ! be/ sy/em ( popul> education 9 op]ation 9 ! _w4 ,a sy/em ( education :i* turns out n9ety-?ree or n9ety-sev5 m5 :o fail1 to ?ree or sev5 m5 :o succe$ 9 bus9ess1 mu/ be v unsci5tific4 ,if ! savage sy/em ( education 7 n bett] adapt$ to ! savage /ate1 ! savage w\ld p]i% f ! e>? 9 ! process ( civilization4 ,! savage b5ds 8 e> to ! gr\nd & robs ! =e/ ( its secrets1 n ?ree times 9 a hundr$1 b n9ety & n9e times4 ,n9ety-n9e times 9 a hundr$ he traces ! foot/eps ( 8 enemy 9 ! tangl$ mazes ( ! pa?less wood4 ,9 8,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia0#ec ,mr4 ,g4 ,s4 ,lang /ates t 8"o day :ile travell+ 9 ,au/ralia he po9t$ to a foot/ep & ask$ ^: x 04 ,! guide glanc$ at x )\t /opp+ 8 horse1 & at once answ]$1 #8,:itefell[ call him ,tig]4' ,?is turn$ out to be correct2 :i* 0 ! m rem>kable z ! two m5 belong$ to diff]5t tribes1 & _h n met = two ye>s40 ,among ! ,arabs x is ass]t$ t "s m5 "k e individual 9 ! tribe by 8 foot/ep4 ,besides ?is1 e ,arab kn[s ! pr9t$ foot/eps ( 8 own camels1 & ( ^? belong+ to 8 imm$iate neighbors4 ,he kn[s by ! dep? or slightness ( ! impression :e!r a camel 0 pa/ur+1 & !re=e n c>ry+ any load1 or m\nt$ by "o p]son only1 or heavily load$4 ,! ,au/ralian w kill a pigeon ) a spe> at a di/ance ( ?irty paces4 ,! ,esquimau 9 8 kayak w actually turn som]saults 9 ! wat]4 ,aft] giv+ _m illu/rations ( ! skill ( v>i\s races ( savages1 ,sir ,john ,lubbock says1 8,:at an am\nt ( practice mu/ be requir$ to obta9 su* skill z ?is6 ,h[ true1 also1 mu/ ! weapons be6 ,inde$ x is v evid5t t ea* di/9ct type ( fl9t implem5t mu/ h be5 design$ = "s di/9ct purpose40 ,he adds1 8,! neatness ) :i* ! ,hott5tots1 ,esquimaux1 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 etc41 are able to sew is v rem>kable1 al?\gh awls & s9ews w\ld 9 our h&s be b poor sub/itutes = ne$les & ?read4 ,z already m5tion$ 79 page #ccb71 "s cauti\s ar*ologi/s hesitat$ to ref] ! re9de] caves ( ! ,dordogne to ! ,/one ,age1 on acc\nt ( ! bone ne$les & ! works ( art :i* are f\nd 9 !m4 ,! eyes ( ! ne$les especially1 !y ?\ght1 c\ld only be made ) metallic implem5ts4 ,pr(4 ,l>tet +5i\sly remov$ ^! d\bts by mak+ a simil> ne$le = himself ) ! help ( fl9t2 b he might h ref]r$ to ! fact /at$ by ,cook 9 8 fir/ voyage1 t ! ,new ,zeal&]s succe$$ 9 drill+ a hole ?r\gh a piece ( glass :i* he _h giv5 !m1 us+ = ?is purpose1 z he suppos$1 a piece ( jasp]40#ed #ec 8,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia10 p4 #bd4 #ed 8,prehi/oric ,times10 pp4 #edd1 #edh4 ,by ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 ,b>t41 ,m4,p4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahge4 ,! education :i* enables ! savage to make ^! extremely nice adju/m5ts ( means to ends is sci5tific4 ,! obs]vation1 = example1 ( ! ,arab :o draws su* accurate conclusions f ! 8pr9t$ foot/ep ( ! camel10 if appli$ to ! problems ( civiliz$ life1 w\ld result 9 success1 n failure4 ,! excell5ce ( ?is savage tra9+ consi/s 9 its practical "*1 9 its p]fect adaptation to ! end 9 view4 ,= example1 ! ,esquimau boy is n in/ruct$ 9 ! !ory ( turn+ som]saults 9 ! wat]1 9 8 kayak4 ,he sees 8 fa!r p]=m ! feat2 he is giv5 a kayak & requir$ to p]=m x also4 ,! result is e>ly & complete success4 ,s ( ! ,arab4 ,9 trav]s+ ! des]t x is important = him to read e sign1 to translate e m>k left 9 ! s&4 ,^u ! accuracy ( 8 obs]vation 8 life may (t5 dep5d4 ,! pr9t ( ! camel's foot/ep may tell him :e!r he is1 soon or late1 to meet fri5d or foe4 ,h5ce f e>ly *ildhood 8 faculty ( obs]vation is tra9$ until x soon becomes z delicate & nice z ! s5se ( t\* ( a bl9d1 deaf mute4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock ?9ks t a great am\nt ( practice mu/ be requir$ to a*ieve s mu* skill2 b ! results are due1 probably1 m to ! nature1 ?an to ! ext5t1 ( ! practice4 ,x is ! excell5ce ( ! tra9+ t produces results :i* excite wond] & admiration4 ,! savage is indol5t2 he works only t he may eat1 & he works well1 simply because he has be5 taught objectively1 in/ead ( subjectively4 ,! diff]5ce 9 results betwe5 ! be/ & ! poore/ me?ods ( in/ruction is v great1 z witness ! te/imony ( ,mr4 ,?omas ,foley1 late in/ructor 9 =g+1 vise-"w1 & ma*9e-tool "w 9 ! s*ool ( me*anic arts ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,he says1 8,x is a great wa/e ( "t to sp5d two or ?ree ye>s 9 acquir+ k ( a giv5 bus9ess1 pr(ession1 or trade1 t c be acquir$ 9 ! %ort space ( twelve or ?irte5 days1 "u a prop] c\rse ( in/ruction4 ,twelve days ( sy/ematic s*ool-%op in/ruction produces z great a degree ( dext]ity z two or m ye>s' appr5tice%ip "u ! adv]se conditions :i* prevail 9 ! trade-%op40#ee ,! manual tra9+ me?ods are ! same z ^? :i* enable ! savage to p]=m su* feats ( skill4 ,!y are ! natural & h5ce mo/ effici5t me?ods ( imp>t+ in/ruction4 #ee ,report on 8,! ,manual ,elem5t 9 ,education10 p4 #cj4 ,by ,john ,d4 ,runkle1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,walk] ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics1 ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,! manual tra9+ s*ool is a k9d]g>t5 = boys f\rte5 ye>s ( age4 ,miss ,s4 ,e4 ,bl[1 9 =mulat+ ! !ory ( ! k9d]g>t51 describes ! me?ods ( ! savage's s*ool1 & ^? ( ! manual tra9+ s*ool1 z foll[s3 8,x is a tru? n[ univ]sally recogniz$ by educators t ideas are =m$ 9 ! m9d ( a *ild by ab/raction & g5]alization f ! facts reveal$ to him ?r\gh ! s5ses2 t only :at he himself has p]ceiv$ ( ! visible & tangible prop]ties ( ?+s c s]ve z ! basis ( ?\ght2 & t ^u ! vividness & complet5ess ( ! impressions made ^u him by ext]nal objects1 w dep5d ! cle>ness ( 8 inf]5ces & ! correctness ( 8 judgm5ts4 ,x is equally true1 & z g5]ally recogniz$1 t 9 "y *ildr5 ! p]ceptive faculties are relatively /rong] ?an at any lat] p]iod1 & t :ile ! und]/&+ & reason /ill sleep1 ! s5sitive m9d is receiv+ ^? %>p impressions ( ext]nal ?+s :i*1 held fa/ by memory1 trans=m$ by ! imag9ation1 & f9ally classifi$ & organiz$ ?r\gh reflection1 result 9 ! det]m9ation ( ?\ght & ! =mation ( "*4 8,^! two p>allel tru?s indicate cle>ly t ! fir/ duty ( ! educator is to aid ! p]ceptive faculties 9 _! "w by supply+ ! ext]nal objects be/ calculat$ to s]ve z ! basis ( normal conceptions1 by exhibit+ ^! objects f _m diff]5t /&-po9ts--t v>iety ( int]e/ may %>p5 & int5sify ! impressions !y make ^u ! m9d1 & by pres5t+ !m 9 su* a sequ5ce t ! transition f "o object to ano!r may be made z easy z possible40#ef #ef 8,! ,k9d]g>t54 ,an address1 deliv]$ ,april #c1 #ahge1 be=e ! ,normal ,tea*]s' ,association1 at ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo40 ,?is admirable exposition ( ! !ory ( sci5tific education solves ! my/]y :i* has always envelop$ savage skill4 ,x also af=ds a philosophic explanation ( ! fact discov]$ by ,mr4 ,foley1 namely1 t ! /ud5t ( ! manual tra9+ s*ool acquires z mu* k 9 "o hundr$ & tw5ty h\rs z ! appr5tice ( ! ma*9e-%op does 9 two ye>s4 ,9 a ^w1 x %[s exactly :y sci5tific education is s incomp>ably sup]ior to automatic education4 ,mr4 ,foley ass]ts1 9 sub/ance1 t ! sci5tific me?ods ( ! manual tra9+ s*ool are tw5ty times z valuable to ! /ud5t z ! unsci5tific me?ods ( ! trade-%op are to ! appr5tice4 ,9 a famili> lett] to ! au?or1 ,pr(4 ,goss#eg %[s :y ! me?ods ( ! manual tra9+ s*ool are s v valuable4 ,he says3 8,9 su* a s*ool1 or c\rse1 a /ud5t is taught to p]=m a s]ies ( op]ations1 involv+ practice ) a v>iety ( tools1 on pieces ( suitable mat]ial4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t 8 ability to make a c]ta9 piece is directly valuable1 = ! exp]i5ce ( a lifetime may nev] require him to make x aga94 ,x is n expect$ t :ile mak+ ! piece he w le>n a numb] ( =mulat$ facts relat+ to 8 "w1 & its application to o!r "w1 = t is n ! be/ way to le>n4 ,nor c we expect him to acquire a high degree ( h& skill 7accuracy & rapidity ( movem5t comb9$71 = ?is 8 limit$ "t w n p]mit4 ,b he does ?is3 he works out a practical me*anical problem ) e piece he makes4 ,he sees h[ ! tool %\ld be h&l$1 & h[ ! mat]ial op]at$ on behaves4 ,he comes to und]/& :y ! tool cuts well 9 "s directions & n s well 9 o!rs2 & all ! "t he qu]ies to himself :]e x 0 t he saw a jo9t l ! "o he is mak+4 ,he is an inve/igator--z mu* s z a /ud5t 9 *emi/ry4 ,8 m9d mu/ always guide 8 h&2 8 reason+ op5s new fields ( ?\ght ) e /roke ( ! *isel4 #eg ,pr(4 ,william ,f4 ,m4 ,goss1 a graduate ( ! s*ool ( me*anic arts ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 & at pres5t in/ructor 9 ! me*anic arts dep>tm5t ( ! ,purdue ,univ]sity4 8,a boy t5 ye>s old1 :o 0 a memb] ( a class "u my direction 9 ,indianapolis 9 #ahhc1 is report$ to h said1 #8,:y1 "m1 ,i nev] look$ at ! doors & w9d[s s mu* 9 all my life z ,i h s9ce ,i began at ! wood-work+ s*ool4' 8,i tell my /ud5ts h[ to g to "w1 :5 !y are likely to make mi/akes1 & h[ mi/akes may be avoid$4 ,9 op]at+ along ! l9e direct$ !y ?or\ghly und]/& :at !y are do+1 & :y !y d x4 ,!y see on all sides ( _! "w4 8,if ,i h sev]al diff]5t tools = do+ "w ( ! same "*1 ,i frequ5tly give a /ud5t fir/ "o & !n ano!r1 until he has tri$ !m all4 ,!n ,i ask him :i* he likes be/1 & :y4 ,suppose we are to make a draw+-bo>d4 ,! class hav+ already be5 made famili> ) ! pr9ciples gov]n+ ! %r9kage & w>p+ ( woods1 is ask$ 9 :at way ! cleats1 to prev5t w>p+1 may be/ be fa/5$ to ! ends4 ,! "q is left op5 = a day or two1 & sket*es are submitt$ & views ex*ang$ on ! subject4 8,i frequ5tly ask my /ud5ts to pass to me1 9 writ+1 z _m facts 7n 9 ! =m ( a composition7 z !y c ?9k ( reg>d+ c]ta9 /at$ features ( _! "w--n facts to be obta9$ f books1 b f ?+s !y h se5 & ) :i* !y are famili>4 ,! replies are (t5 rem>kable = accuracy & =ce ( /atem5t4444 8,! manual tra9+ s*ool t does n by its "w inspire ?\ght & enc\rage inve/igation is poor inde$2 ! s*ool t assumes its "w to be m9d tra9+ by h& practice is ! ideal s*ool1 & ! s*ool t w succe$4444 8,my answ] to y\r second & ?ird que/ions is already evid5t4 ,i consid] an h\r 9 ! %op z valuable = its intellectual tra9+ z an h\r ( book-/udy1 & two h\rs 9 ! %op z valuable z two h\rs ( /udy4 ,i d n ?9k t a /ud5t c take two h\rs ( %op-"w 9 addition to a full c\rse ( outside /udy2 b ,i am conv9c$ t two h\rs 9 ! %op c be made to take ! place ( "o h\r ( /udy )\t extra burd5 to ! /ud5t4 ,!re=e1 ?is be+ done1 ! /ud5t w get z mu* aga9 intellectual b5efit f ! %op z he w\ld get if ! %op-"w equival5t 9 "t 7 giv5 to book-/udy40 ,?is description ( ! m5tal op]ations :i* accompany ! laboratory ex]cises ( ! manual tra9+ s*ool %[s ! intimacy ( ! relations exi/+ betwe5 ! bra9 & ! h&4 ,x %[s h[ !y act & react ^u ea* o!r1 & af=ds an explanation ( ! rem>k ( ,dr4 ,belfield1#eh t ! laboratory ex]cises are 9 fact a great /ra9 ^u ! m5tal con/itution ( ! /ud5t4 ,?is obs]vation ( ,dr4 ,belfield1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ tea*]s ( ! old rgime 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 entirely ju/ifies ! claim made 9 behalf ( ! sci5tific "* ( manual tra9+ z an educational ag5cy1 = x %[s t su* tra9+ is 9 no s5se automatic4 ,if manual tra9+ is a great /ra9 ^u ! m5tal faculties1 x mu/ be because ! use ( tools /imulates su* faculties to great activity4 ,& if ?is is true1 ! m5tal discipl9e d]iv$ f manual tra9+ mu/ be proportionally great4 ,?is is a pivotal po9t2 = if ! obs]vation ( ,dr4 ,belfield is well f\nd$ 9 fact & reason1 x proves to a demon/ration ! high educational value ( manual tra9+--proves its sup]iority ov] all ! me?ods ( ! old rgime4 #eh ,h5ry ,h4 ,belfield1 ,a4,m41 ,ph4,d41 ,director ( ! ,*icago ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool4 ,pr(4 ,goss says1 8,! manual tra9+ s*ool /ud5t is an inve/igator--z mu* s z a /ud5t 9 *emi/ry4 ,8 m9d mu/ always guide 8 h&1 8 reason+ op5s new fields ( ?\ght ) e /roke ( ! *isel4 ,he sees on all sides ( 8 "w40#ei ,& ,dr4 ,belfield says t ^! v>i$ op]ations ( ! m9d cause a sev]e m5tal /ra94 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d a bett] exemplification ( sci5tific education ?an a c\rse ( tra9+ :i* ex]cises simultane\sly ! p[]s ( bo? body & m9d1 a c\rse :i* ) e fre% burd5 put ^u ! m9d puts new vitality into ! body4 ,?is is1 inde$1 ! v opposite ( automatic education1 & we may well call x sci5tific education4 #ei 8,no ext5t ( acqua9tance ) ! mean+s ( words c give ! p[] ( =m+ correct inf]5ces respect+ causes & effects4 ,! con/ant habit ( draw+ conclusions f data1 & !n ( v]ify+ ^? conclusions by obs]vation & exp]im5t1 c alone give ! p[] ( judg+ correctly40--8,education10 p4 #hh4 ,by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahhc4 ,ano!r leaf f ! exp]i5ce ( ,dr4 ,belfield is wor?y ( reproduction "h4 ,on ! #bj? ( ,febru>y1 #ahhd1 he took ! s5se ( ! /ud5ts 9 8 s*ool on ! "q :e!r or n !y %\ld indulge 9 a vacation on ,wa%+ton's bir?day anniv]s>y4 ,some:at to 8 surprise ! vote 0 almo/ unanim\s 9 ! affirmative4 ,he acc$$ to ! wi%es ( ! /ud5ts1 b no soon] 0 ! ann\ncem5t made1 ?an he 0 besieg$ ) applications f ne>ly all ( !m = p]mission to conv]t ! holiday into a "w-day 9 ! laboratories6 ,dr4 ,belfield has be5 compell$ to po/ a p]emptory ord] aga9/ ! occupancy ( ! s*ool laboratories by ! /ud5ts on ,saturdays1 :i* are regul> vacation days4 ,natural tra9+ is sci5tific tra9+4 ,! fondness ( ! /ud5t = ! manual tra9+ s*ool is evid5ce ( its sci5tific "*4 ,he is fond ( x because x is natural4 ,miss ,bl[ says ( ! *ild3 8,only :at he himself has p]ceiv$ ( ! visible & tangible prop]ties ( ?+s c s]ve z ! basis ( ?\ght1 & ^u ! vividness & complet5ess ( ! impressions made ^u him by ext]nal objects w dep5d ! cle>ness ( 8 inf]5ces & ! correctness ( 8 judgm5ts40 ,?is is ! education bo? ( ! k9d]g>t5 & ! manual tra9+ s*ool1 & x bright5s1 /imulates1 & develops1 :ile automatic education /upefies4 ,mr4 ,foley1 =m]ly ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 decl>es1 z ! result ( 8 exp]i5ce1 z already /at$1 t ! sci5tific me?ods ( ! manual tra9+ s*ool are tw5ty times z valuable to ! /ud5t z ! unsci5tific me?ods ( ! trade-%op are to ! appr5tice4 ,b we h %[n 9 a =m] *apt] t ! tra9+ ( ! trade-%ops ( ,engl&1 dur+ ! pa/ "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 has be5 bett] ?an t ( ! ,engli% s*ools & univ]sities2 9 a ^w1 t ,engl& is m indebt$ = h] greatness to h] appr5tice sy/em ?an to h] s*ool sy/em4 ,x foll[s t ! s*ool sy/em ( ,engl& mu/ h be5 almo/ indescribably poor4 ,t ! sy/em ( popul> education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* is mu* m compreh5sive1 & presumably bett]1 ?an t ( ,engl&1 is v poor inde$ 9 results1 is %[n by ! /ati/ics ( railway & m]cantile disa/]s2 & x is sc>cely necess>y to rem>k t ^! disa/]s %[ prevail+ me?ods ( education to be z defective morally z !y are m5tally4 ,! reason ( ?is is t1 be+ automatic1 !y lead nei!r to ! discov]y ( tru? nor to ! detection ( error4 ,x is easy to juggle ) words1 to argue 9 a circle1 to make ! worse appe> ! bett] reason1 & to rea* false conclusions :i* we> a plausible aspect4 ,b x is n s ) ?+s4 ,if ! cyl9d] is n tight ! /eam-eng9e is a lifeless mass ( iron ( no value :atev]4 ,a flaw 9 ! :eel ( ! locomotive wrecks ! tra94 ,?r\gh a defective flue 9 ! *imney ! h\se is set on fire4 ,a lie 9 ! concrete is always hide\s2 l murd]1 x w out4 ,h5ce x is t ! m9d is liable to fall into grave errors until x is =tifi$ by ! wise c\nsel ( ! practical h&4 ,x is obvi\s t ! reason ( ! dem& = ! manual elem5t 9 education is n s mu* t indu/rial int]e/s require to be promot$1 z t m5tal op]ations may be r5d]$ m true1 & h5ce m sci5tific4 ,:at we ne$ m ?an we ne$ a bett] class ( me*anics is a bett] class ( m5--m5 ( a high] grade bo? morally & intellectually4 ,! /udy ( ?+s s /eadies & balances ! m9d t ! att5tion be+ once turn$ 9 t direction great results soon foll[1 z witness1 ! hi/ory ( discov]y & inv5tion 9 ,engl&4 ,! _w moves v fa/ indu/rially1 b v sl[ morally & intellectually4 ,me*anics /& ! te/ ( scrut9y f> bett] ?an m]*ants4 ,civil eng9e]s & ar*itects are m compet5t ?an railway presid5ts1 lawy]s1 judges1 & legislators4 ,! reason ( ?is fact is t me*anics1 civil eng9e]s1 & ar*itects are educat$ practically 9 ! _w's %ops & ! _w's te*nical s*ools4 ,!y are tra9$ 9 ?+s1 :ile m]*ants1 railway presid5ts1 lawy]s1 judges1 & legislators h only ! automatic ^w-tra9+ ( ! s*ools4 ,x is notori\s t crim9als are n puni%$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,suppose !re 7 su* a failure ( bridges z !re is ( ju/ice4 ,t is to say1 suppose n9e-t5?s ( ! bridges con/ruct$1 :e!r = railway or o!r purposes1 %\ld fall )9 a few mon?s ( _! completion4 ,:at w\ld be ?\ght ( ! te*nical s*ools :5ce ! civil eng9e]s graduate8 ,n9ety-sev5 m]*ants 9 a hundr$ fail4 ,suppose n9ety-sev5 build+s 9 a hundr$1 con/ruct$ "u ! direction ( ar*itects1 %\ld tumble d[n ov] ! heads ( _! occupants six mon?s aft] _! erection4 ,! education ( ! ar*itects w\ld no d\bt be reg>d$ z defective4 ,buckle says ( ,engli% legislation1 8,! be/ laws :i* h be5 pass$ h be5 ^? by :i* "s =m] laws 7 repeal$40#fj ,x w be admitt$ t ! same is true ( ,am]ican legislation4#fa ,9 o!r words1 ! av]age legislator is wis] 9 ! /atutes he repeals ?an 9 ! bills he enacts4 ,:at if ! incompet5cy ( ! legislator 7 p>allel$ by t ( ! ma*9i/8 ,suppose n9ety-sev5 9 e "o hundr$ locomotives %\ld break d[n on ! 8trial-trip10 & be return$ to ! build]'s %op = remanufacture4 ,su* a result w\ld be an impea*m5t ( ! education ( ! locomotive build]4 #fj 8,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,engl&10 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bjj4 ,by ,h5ry ,?omas ,buckle4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahfd4 8,9 a pap] read to ! ,/ati/ical ,society 9 ,may1 #ahgc1 ,mr4 ,janson1 ,vice-presid5t ( ! ,law ,society1 /at$ t f ! /atute ( ,m]ton 7#bj ,h5ry ,,iii47 to ! end ( #ahgb !re _h be5 pass$ #ah1aaj public acts1 ( :i* he e/imat$ t f\r-fif?s _h be5 :olly or p>tially repeal$4 ,he also /at$ t ! numb] ( public acts repeal$ :olly or 9 "p1 or am5d$1 dur+ ! ?ree ye>s #ahgj-ga-gb _h be5 #cecb1 ( :i* #bgei _h be5 totally repeal$4 ,to see :e!r ?is rate ( repeal has cont9u$ ,i h ref]r$ to ! annually issu$ volumes ( ! #8,public ,g5]al ,/atutes' = ! la/ ?ree sessions4 ,say+ no?+ ( ! num]\s am5d$ acts1 ! result is t 9 ! la/ ?ree sessions !re h be5 totally repeal$1 sep>ately or 9 gr\ps1 #fej acts belong+ to ! pres5t reign1 besides _m ( prec$+ reigns4444 8,see+1 !n1 t bad legislation means injury to m5's lives1 judge :at mu/ be ! total am\nt ( m5tal di/ress1 physical pa91 & rais$ mortality :i* ^! ?\s&s ( repeal$ ,acts ( ,p>liam5t repres5t40--8,! ,man v]sus ! ,/ate10 pp4 #ej1 #ea4 ,by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #fa 8,s ?or\ghly h ! consci5ce & intellig5ce ( ! ,nor? appreh5d$ ^! facts neglect to educate & enlight5 ! fre$m51 t :ile ! ,nation has done no?+ !y h giv5 9 private *>ity1 int5d$ to rem$y ?is evil1 ne>ly a million doll>s a ye> = ne>ly tw5ty ye>s4 ,?is is ! in/9ct ( a p v]sus ! /upidity ( _! legislators4444 ,( ! true "* ( ! ,s\? he ! au?or 01 l all 8 class1 pr(\ndly ignorant1 almo/ z ignorant z ! m5 :o made ! ,nation's laws40--8,an ,appeal to ,cs>10 pp4 #eb1 #ef4 ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,t\rge4 ,n9ety-sev5 9 e hundr$ boys :o graduate f ! public s*ools & emb>k 9 m]cantile pursuits fail4 ,suppose n9ety-sev5 9 e hundr$ wat*es made 9 ! ,am]ican wat* factories %\ld prove to be wor?less4 ,! wat* companies w\ld1 no d\bt1 soon be 9 ! h&s ( ! %]iff4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,elg9 ,national ,wat* ,company1 = example1 makes twelve hundr$ wat*es a day1 & ea* & e "o ( !m is an almo/ p]fect "t-keep]4 ,!re is1 !n1 no su* failure ( ! arts z !re is ( ju/ice2 no su* failure ( me*anics z ( m]*ants2 no su* failure ( locomotives & wat*es z ( legislation4 ,x foll[s t ! education ( artisans is bett]1 m sci5tific1 ?an t ( m]*ants1 judges1 lawy]s1 & legislators4 ,& ?is is a v significant fact :5 x is consid]$ t ! ,/ate does mu* = education 9 belles-lettres & sc>cely any?+ = education 9 ! arts & sci5ces4#fb #fb ,! reason :y /atutes fail m frequ5tly ?an /eam-eng9es & bridges is n :olly because ! legislator has to deal ) human nature & ! me*anic ) inanimate matt]4 ,/eam & electricity are subtle =ces1 b man has quickly ma/]$ !m & successfully appli$ !m to a v>iety ( uses4 ,x is n to ! int]e/ ( any "o t ! ma*9i/ %\ld make a defective locomotive1 = example2 b x is (t5 to ! int]e/ ( "s "o t ! legislator %\ld enact vici\s laws4 ,vici\s /atutes are enact$ ) a design to injure ! public 9 ord] t c]ta9 individuals may be b5efit$ !reby4 ,if ! m9d %\ld act z hone/ly 9 legislation z ! h& does 9 con/ruction1 /atutes w\ld n h to be repeal$ ye>ly4 ,we h fall5 into ! habit ( reg>d+ education z a polite accompli%m5t hav+ v little to d ) ! real bus9ess ( life2 b ?is is n ! fact4 ,education beg9s 9 ! cradle & cont9ues ?r\gh life2 & x makes ! man :at he is4 ,if he goes to ! p5it5ti>y x is 8 education t s5ds him !re4 ,if he is s5t to ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ! ,/ate or to ! ,congress ( ! ,nation1 & !re helps to enact vici\s laws1 x is 8 education t is responsible = su* laws4 ,if ! man z a citiz5 sells 8 fran*ise at ! polls1 or 8 vote 9 ! legislative hall1 = money1 x is ! education he has receiv$ t is responsible = 8 bas5ess4 ,x w be said t ! explanation ( ! great] app>5t accuracy ( ! "w ( ! h& is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t x op]ates ^u matt] :ile ! m9d deals ) metaphysical subtilties4 ,! cont5tion w n be t m9d is less pla/ic ?an matt]1 b t x is m difficult ( compreh5sion4 ,b h[ d we "k ?is to be ! fact8 ,:]e has ! exp]im5t be5 tri$ ( hone/ contact m9d ) m9d8 ,x 0 n tri$ by ! anci5ts4 ,x is n on trial 9 any "p ( ! _w to-day4 ,!re is1 h5ce1 no place 9 :i* to seek evid5ce z to h[ m9d w\ld act ^u m9d if treat$ hone/ly1 z matt] is treat$ by ! h&4 ,b if ! quality ( selfi%ness is elim9at$1 !re w be no difficulty 9 br++ all m9ds to an agreem5t1 z ! p>ts ( a wat* are br\ght into h>moni\s & useful action4 ,& x is ?r\gh ! h& t ?is b5efic5t union is de/9$ to be effect$2 = ! h& is ! s\rce ( wisdom1 :i* is simply ! p[] ( discrim9at+ betwe5 ! true & ! false4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,automatic ,,contra/$ ,,) ,,sci5tific ,,education--,cont9u$4 ,! ,tra9+ ( ! ,m]*ant1 ! ,lawy]1 ! ,judge1 & ! ,legislator contra/$ ) t ( ! ,artisan4 -- ,! ,tra9+ ( ! ,m]*ant makes him ,selfi%1 & ,selfi%ness bre$s ,di%one/y4 -- ,pr(essional ,m5 become ,speculative ,philosoph]s1 & te/ _! ,speculations by ,consci\sness4 -- ,! ,artisan =gets ,self 9 ! ,/udy ( ,?+s4 -- ,! ,se>* aft] ,tru?4 -- ,! ,/ory ( ,palissy4 -- ,! ,h]o is ! ,normal ,man2 ^? :o ,m>vel at 8 ,acts are abnormally ,develop$4 -- ,savon>ola & ,john ,br[n4 -- ,! ,new ,engl& ,sy/em ( ,education contra/$ ) t ( ! ,s\?4 -- ,am]ican ,/atesman%ip -- its ,failure 9 an ,educational ,po9t ( ,view4 -- ,:y ! ,/ate ,provides = ,education2 to protect ,prop]ty4 -- ,! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t & ! ,l& ,"q4 -- ,! ,?or\ghness ( ! ,tra9+ giv5 by ,s*ools ( ,me*anic ,art & ,in/itutes ( ,te*nology z %[n 9 ,?+s4 -- ,/ory ( ! ,emp]or ( ,g]many & ! ,ne$le-mak]4 -- ,! ,iron ,bridge la/s a ,c5tury1 ! ,act ( ! ,legislator we>s out 9 a ,ye>4 -- ,! ,cause ( ! ,failures ( ,ju/ice & ,legislation4 -- ,! be/ ,law is ! ,act t ,repeals a ,law2 b ! ,act ( ! ,inv5tor is nev] ,repeal$4 -- ,?+s ! ,s\rce & ,issue ( ,ideas2 h5ce ! ,necessity ( ,tra9+ 9 ! ,arts4 ,!re is a cause = ! failure ( ! m]*ant1 ! lawy]1 ! judge1 & ! legislator1 z well z = ! success ( ! artisan4 ,& ! cause mu/ be s\ght 9 ! c\rses ( tra9+1 respectively1 ( ! two classes4 ,let u assume t ! artisan & ! m]*ant1 ! lawy]1 ! judge1 & ! legislator1 graduate at ! same "t f ! public high s*ool1 or f ,h>v>d or ,yale4 ,! m]*ant at once beg9s to trade1 to buy & sell4 ,he conc]ns himself ) ?+s only z !y h a value1 ei!r naturally aris+ f ! law ( dem& & supply1 or arbitr>ily impos$ by circum/ances4 ,8 consid]ation ( ! relations ( ?+s is conf9$ to ! s+le "q ( ! p]c5tage ( pr(it :i* may accrue to him f traffic 9 !m4 ,^! are subjective processes ( ?\ght1 & ! m]*ant becomes absorb$ 9 !m to ! exclusion ( all o!r topics4 ,x goes )\t say+ t he becomes int5sely selfi%4 ,! /ruggle is "o ( m]cantile life or dea?--n9ety-?ree to n9ety-sev5 9 a hundr$ die2 ?ree to sev5 survive4 ,among m]*ants !re is1 h5ce1 v little ?\ght ( ! subject ( ju/ice1 & no ef=t to discov] tru?4 ,!re mu/1 at ! end ( ! ye>1 be a favorable balance on ! "r side ( ! l$g]1 or ! balance on ! wrong side un]r+ly po9ts ! way to ru94 ,?is is ! po/-s*ool tra9+ ( ! m]*ant4 ,t nei!r x nor 8 previ\s education r5d]s him skilful we "k1 s9ce he fails n9ety-?ree to n9ety-sev5 times 9 a hundr$ trials4 ,t subjective tra9+ does n & nev] c promote rectitude has be5 %[n 9 a =m] *apt] ( ?is "w4 ,t m]*ants :o compromise ) _! cr$itors1 & subsequ5tly accumulate =tunes1 v r>ely repay ! debt =m]ly =giv5 is a notori\s fact4 ,a ,*icago m]*ant :o himself repaid su* a composition debt e>ly 9 8 c>e]1 /ates1 at ! end ( tw5ty-five ye>s' exp]i5ce1 t ( compromises involv+ sev]al hundr$ ?\s& doll>s1 made by him 9 favor ( debtors1 n "o doll> has ev] be5 repaid4 ,^u leav+ s*ool or college ! lawy]1 ! judge1 & ! legislator at once apply !mselves to books2 _! subsequ5t tra9+ is exclusively subjective4 ,_! ideas receive color f1 & are v]ifi$ only by ref]5ce to1 consci\sness4 ,subjective tru?s h no relations to ?+s1 & h5ce are susceptible ( v]ification only ?r\gh consci\sness4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 m]e speculations aft] all1 (t5 +5i\s b always problematical4 ,! result ( su* tra9+ is selfi%ness--selfi%ness ( a v int5se "*2 &1 z has be5 already %[n1 selfi%ness is m]ely ano!r "n = inju/ice4 ,on ! o!r h& ! artisan devotes himself to ?+s4 ,8 tra9+ is exclusively objective4 ,8 ideas fl[ outw>d2 he /udies ! nature & relations ( ?+s4 ,9 ?is inve/igation he =gets self because 8 life becomes a gr& /ruggle 9 se>* ( tru?2 & ! discov]y ( tru? 9 ?+s1 if n easy1 is ultimately sure ( atta9m5t1 s9ce h>mony is its sign1 & its opposite1 ! false1 is c]ta9 ( exposure ?r\gh its native de=mity2 = h[ev] allur+ a lie may be made to appe> 9 ! ab/ract1 9 ! concrete x is a mon/] unmask$4 ,f ! false ! artisan intuitively %r9ks4 ,he c only succe$ by f9d+ ! tru?1 & embody+ x 9 "s useful or beautiful ?+ :i* w contribute to ! com=t or pleasure ( man4 ,h5ce 8 wat*word is utility1 or1 beauty 9 utility4 ,( ! engross+ "* ( ?is /ruggle ! /ory ( ,b]n>d ,palissy af=ds a spl5did illu/ration4 ,palissy 0 an arti/1 a /ud5t1 & a naturali/1 b poor1 & compell$ to foll[ ! pr(ession ( survey+ to support 8 family4 ,at ! age ( ?irty he saw an enamell$ cup1 ( ,italian manufacture1 :i* fir$ 8 ambition4 ,ignorant ( ! nature ( clays1 he nev]!less resolv$ to discov] enamel1 & ent]$ ^u a labori\s c\rse ( inve/igation & exp]im5t ) t end 9 view4 ,aft] _m ye>s ( ,h]culean ef=t & indescribable privation1 :i* begg>$ & e/rang$ 8 family1 & r5d]$ him an object ( ridicule among 8 neighbors1 he a*iev$ a gr& success4 ,at a critical p]iod ( 8 exp]im5ts1 9 ! face ( ! indignant prote/s ( 8 almo/ />v+ family1 hav+ exhau/$ 8 cr$it to ! la/ p5ny1 he consign$ to ! flames ( 8 furnace ! *airs1 tables1 & floors ( 8 humble cottage1 & cont9u$ to wat* 8 *emicals ) all-absorb+ att5tion1 :ile 8 wife 9 despair ru%$ ?r\gh ! /reets mak+ l\d proclamation ( ! sc&al4 ,b ,palissy 0 m ?an a pott]2 he 0 a ,*ri/ian1 a philosoph]1 & an au/]e re=m]4 ,not)/&+ he _h be5 pett$ & patroniz$ z an +5i\s artisan by ! royal family ( ,france1 he 0 f9ally ca/ into prison "u *>ge ( h]esy4 ,x 0 !re t ! rem>kable int]view ) ,k+ ,h5ry ,,iii4 occurr$1 :i* immortaliz$ ,palissy z a h]o4 8,my good man10 said ! k+1 8y h be5 =ty-five ye>s 9 ! s]vice ( ! que51 my "m1 or 9 m9e1 & we h suff]$ y to live 9 y\r own religion1 amid all ! executions & ! massacres4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ,i am s press$ by ! ,guise p>ty & my p t ,i h be5 compell$ 9 spite ( myself to imprison ^! two poor wom5 & y40 8,sire10 answ]$ ! old man1 8! c\nt came ye/]day on y\r "p1 promis+ life to ^! two si/]s ^u condition ( ! sacrifice ( _! virtue4 ,!y repli$ t !y w\ld n[ be m>tyrs to _! own honor z well z = ! honor ( ,god4 ,y h said sev]al times t y feel pity = me2 b x is ,i :o pity y1 :o h said1 #8,i am compell$6' ,t is n speak+ l a k+4 ,^! girls & ,i1 :o h "p 9 ! k+dom ( heav5--we w tea* y to talk royally4 ,! ,guis>ts1 all y\r p1 & y\rself1 _c compel a pott] to b[ d[n to images ( clay60#fc ,& ,palissy ! pott] & h]etic1 at ! age ( sev5ty1 di$ 9 ! ,ba/ile1 pr\dly defy+ a k+4 #fc 8,palissy ! ,pott]10 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #ahg1 #ahh4 ,by ,h5ry ,morley4 ,bo/on3 ,ticknor1 ,re$ ,fields1 #ahec4 ,! m absorb+ ! /ruggle = ! discov]y ( tru? ! less room !re is 9 ! m9d = selfi%ness2 & z selfi%ness rec$es1 ju/ice assumes its appropriate place z ! controll+ elem5t 9 human conduct4 ,! h]o is an hone/ man1 t's all1-- 8,?\gh love rep9e1 & reason *afe1 ,!re comes a voice )\t reply2 ',tis man's p]dition to be safe1 ,:5 = ! tru? he ought to die40 ,if all m5 7 h]oes--hone/--!re w\ld be no occasion = h]oism4 ,if all education c be made sci5tific1 all m5 c be made hone/4 ,! /ruggle to f9d tru? is m natural ?an ! /ruggle to succe$ reg>dless (1 or aga9/1 tru?4 ,! reason :y :at we call h]oism appe>s s gr& is ?is3 ! /&>ds ( public judgm5t h become s p]v]t$ by long cu/om 9 ! abuse ( tru?1 t normal conduct appe>s /range4 ,:5 ,palissy burn$ 8 *airs & tables 9 ! cause ( art1 8 family & 8 neighbors d]id$ him1 & d5\nc$ him z a madman1 & 9 prison ! k+ urg$ him1 z a fri5d1 to save himself f dea? by recant+ 8 ass]tion ( ! "r ( fre$om ( religi\s op9ion4 ,palissy 0 a h]o nei!r to 8 family1 8 fri5ds1 nor 8 k+2#fd b he 0 "r1 & 8 discov]y & 8 firmness r5d]$ him immortal4 ,we n[ "k1 ?ree hundr$ ye>s f>!r d[n ! c\rse ( "t1 t ,palissy's /ruggle ov] ! furnace 9 ! cause ( art 0 m5tally & morally normal1 :ile ! opposition he enc\nt]$ 0 abnormal2 & t 8 defiance ( ! k+ 0 m5tally & morally normal1 :ile 8 p]secution 0 abnormal & cruel4 #fd 8,i _h no?+ b reproa*es 9 ! h\se2 9 place ( consolation1 !y gave me mal$ictions4 ,my neighbors1 :o _h he>d ( ?is affair ! failure ( an exp]im5t1 said t ,i 0 no?+ b a fool1 & t ,i might h _h m ?an eight francs = ! ?+s t ,i _h brok52 & all ?is talk 0 br\ght to m+le ) my grief40--8,palissy ! ,pott]10 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #aij4 ,by ,h5ry ,morley4 ,bo/on3 ,ticknor1 ,re$ ,fields1 #ahec4 ,palissy's m9d 0 tra9$ naturally 9 ! direction ( rectitude1 :ile ! m9ds ( ! millions ( m5 :o p]mitt$ him to die unfri5d$1 a prison] 9 ! ,ba/ile1 7 develop$ unnaturally4 ,_! education 0 unsci5tific1 & _! *>act]s 7 h5ce de=m$4 ,! "o symmetrical "* 0 t ( ,palissy1 ! lov] ( tru?1 :o 0 ready to />ve1 if ne$ be1 = 8 art1 & ready to die = 8 fai?4 ,! ?9 ranks ( ! s-call$ h]oes ( ! ages ( hi/ory con/itute ! measure ( ! pov]ty ( ! sy/ems ( education t h prevail$ among mank9d4 ,^! s-call$ h]oes are m]ely normally develop$ m5--m5 :o se>* = ! tru?1 & hav+ f\nd x1 honor x always & ev]y:]e4 ,!y are peculi> to no clime1 to no c\ntry1 to no age4 ,!y are cosmopolitan1 & ! fact t !y are honor$1 aft] dea?1 by succe$+ ages is pro( positive ( ! _w's progress1 or r ( ! progress ( moral ideas4 ,! civilization ( ,italy 9 ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury pres5ts ! mo/ viol5t possible contra/ to t ( ,am]ica 9 ! la/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,b ! "o produc$ ,savon>ola1 ! hat] ( abuses 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & ! o!r ,john ,br[n1 ! /]n1 uncompromis+ hat] ( human bondage4 ,f\r hundr$ ye>s is a long p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( civilization2 b ! prie/ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & ! f>m] ( ! n9ete5?1 are z ne> ( k9 9 _s1 z if !y _h be5 born ( ! same "m1 & re>$ 9 ! same moral atmosph]e4 ,! true h]o is always inexorable--z ,savon>ola 9 ! pres5ce ( ! maje/y ( a dy+1 remorse-/rick51 half-rep5tant pr9ce1 & ,john ,br[n 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 exultant b half-t]rifi$ captors4 ,:5 ,lor5zo di ,m$ici lay t]ror-/rick51 on 8 dea?-b$1 ,savon>ola dem&$ ( ! dy+ pr9ce1 z ! price ( absolution1 a re/oration ( ! lib]ties ( ! p ( ,flor5ce2 & ?is be+ refus$1 ! prie/ dep>t$ )\t "o ^w ( peace4 ,:5 ,john ,br[n1 w\nd$ & ble$+1 lay a captive at ,h>p]'s ,f]ry1 li/5+ to ! taunts ( angry ,virg9ians1 he said1 calmly & firmly1 8,y _h bett]--all y p ( ! ,s\?--prep>e y\rselves = a settlem5t ( ?is "q4 ,x mu/ come up = settlem5t soon] ?an y are prep>$ = x1 & ! soon] y comm5ce t prep>ation ! bett] = y4 ,y may dispose ( me v easily--,i am ne>ly dispos$ ( n[--b ?is "q is /ill to be settl$--?is negro "q1 ,i mean4 ,! end ( t is n yet40#fe #fe 8,! ,public ,life ( ,capta9 ,john ,br[n40 p4 #bhc4 ,by ,john ,r$pa?4 ,bo/on3 ,?ay] ,eldridge1 #ahfj4 ,!re is no?+ gr&] 9 hi/ory1 :e!r real or my?ological1 ?an ! picture ( ! humble prie/ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ) no p[] except ! ju/ice ( 8 cause1 %ak+ ?rones & mak+ pr\d prelates1 & ev5 ! ,pope himself1 tremble ) fe>6 ,& ! exact p>allel ( ?is picture is f\nd1 f\r hundr$ ye>s d[n ! /ream ( "t1 9 ! p]son ( ! f>m]1 ,john ,br[n1 defy+ ! ,con/itution1 law1 & public s5tim5t ( 8 c\ntry 9 ! int]e/ simply ( ! cause ( ju/ice4 ,x has be5 %[n ?r\gh citations f ! ,walton report1 z well z by ! op9ions ( _m compet5t witnesses1 t ! ,new ,engl& sy/em ( education1 :e!r correct 9 !ory or n1 is1 9 actual op]ation1 v defective4 ,b at ! "t ( its e/abli%m5t x 0 ! be/ sy/em 9 exi/5ce4 ,to x ?is c\ntry owes ! quality ( its civilization4 ,! neglect ( education by ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! mo/ a/oni%+ fact ( its hi/ory4 ,x is incompreh5sible h[1 ) a comp>atively excell5t educational sy/em 9 op]ation1 & 9 full view 9 ! ,new ,engl&1 ,middle1 & ,we/]n ,/ates1 ! ,national ,gov]nm5t c\ld calmly & inactively contemplate ! almo/ entire neglect ( popul> education 9 ! ,/ates ( ! ,s\?1 & ignore1 f ye> to ye>1 ! /eadily accumulat+ horrors ( ignorance & vice :i* 7 de/9$ to lead to su* deplorable political & social results4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! civilization ( ,new ,engl& & t ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 = example1 is exactly measur$ by ! diff]5ce betwe5 _! respective educational sy/ems4 ,new ,engl& und]took1 at a v e>ly day1 to educate e class ( its citiz5s2 ,s\? ,c>ol9a made a monopoly ( education1 conf9+ x to a s+le class4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! ,am]ican /atesman%ip ( ! :ole p]iod ( our hi/ory has be5 sc>cely less %ort-sight$ ?an t ( ,engl& "u ! ,georges1 :i* result$ 9 saddl+ ^u h] p a debt t !y c nev] pay4 ,if ,engl& _h provid$ a compreh5sive & sci5tific sy/em ( popul> education at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :o d\bts t ! w>s ?r\gh :i* h] debt 0 incurr$ w\ld h be5 av]t$8 ,if ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h compell$ ! adoption ( a sci5tific educational sy/em by ! ,/ates ( ! ,s\?1 :o d\bts t slav]y w\ld h peaceably pass$ away1 & ! occasion = w> pass$ away ) x8 ,! conspicu\s failure ( ,am]ican /atesman%ip consi/s 9 a failure to appreciate ! value ( sci5tific education1 x %[s t good citiz5%ip is impossible )\t good education--= good education & good citiz5%ip are conv]tible t]ms4 ,& x is easy to %[1 by ! pa/1 t to hesitate on ! subject ( education is to be lo/4#ff #ff 8,if y exam9e into ! hi/ory ( rogues1 y w f9d t !y are z truly manufactur$ articles z any?+ else1 & x is j because our pres5t sy/em ( political economy gives s l>ge a /imulus to t manufacture t y may "k x to be a false "o4 ,we _h bett] seek = a sy/em :i* w develop hone/ m5 ?an = "o :i* w deal cunn+ly ) vagabonds4 ,let u re=m our s*ools1 & we %all f9d little re=m ne$$ 9 our prisons40--8,unto ,?is ,la/10 p4 #ej4 ,by ,john ,rusk94 ,new ,york3 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 #ahhc4 ,:y d we provide = popul> education8 ,is x out ( pure g5]osity t ! ri* citiz5 cons5ts to be tax$ to pay = ! education ( 8 poor neighbor's *ildr58 ,does ! man :o has no *ildr5 will+ly surr5d] a portion ( 8 e/ate = ! education ( ! *ildr5 ( o!rs1 z an act ( b5evol5ce8 ,n at all4 ,!re is no security = prop]ty 9 a community devoid ( education & consequ5t intellig5ce4 ,intellig5ce alone conf]s ^u prop]ty a sacr$ "*4 ,9 "o ( two ways only c prop]ty be r5d]$ secure 9 ! own]'s h&s4 ,x may be protect$ by a hir$ soldi]y1 ?r\gh ! =ce ( arms1,e#ac or ?r\gh ! =ce ( public s5tim5t enlight5$ by education4 ,! reason :y ! poor b educat$ citiz5 w\ld n lay viol5t h&s on ! ri* citiz5's prop]ty is ! fact t he indulges ! intellig5t hope ( himself acquir+ prop]ty4 ,besides1 ! morals ( a community are 9 ! ratio ( its intellig5ce4 ,! indulg5ce ( hope promotes self-e/eem1 & self-respect1 & ^! qualities react e?ically4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t :ile "o ( ! ma9 purposes ( all gov]nm5ts is to pres]ve prop]ty rights1 ne>ly all ! gov]nm5ts ( hi/ory h be5 %att]$ 9 pieces 9 ! ef=t to fulfil ?is function ( _! exi/5ce4 ,x may be said t !re is nev] any?+ sacr$ ab\t prop]ty unless x is hone/ly acquir$4 ,all ! =ce ( our own gov]nm5t 0 ex]t$ 9 a va9 ef=t to protect prop]ty 9 slaves4 ,engl& has be5 compell$ to di/urb ! prop]ty rights ( ! ,iri% l&lords1 & ?is is only ! prelude to an attack ^u ! prop]ty rights ( h] own l&lords4 ,x 0 ! ignorance ( ! ,engli% p hundr$s ( ye>s ago t p]mitt$ ! e/abli%m5t ( a l& sy/em :i* is n[ ab\t to crumble 9 pieces1 & 9 its fail wreck c]ta9 prop]ty rights4 ,!re is no?+ sacr$ ab\t prop]ty unless x is hone/ly acquir$ & hone/ly held2 & prop]ty c only be hone/ly acquir$ & hone/ly held1 9 communities intellig5t en\gh to gu>d its acquisition1 & cont9u$ possession1 by j & adequate laws4 ,x foll[s t education is ! sole bulw>k ( ! ,/ate1 & s ( prop]ty4 ,! "q ( ! fir/ consequ5ce is1 !re=e1 always1 ,:at is ! be/ sy/em ( education8 ,x is obvi\s1 also1 t ! subject ( co/ %\ld n ent] into ! discussion2 t ! be/ education is ! *eape/1 is an indisputable proposition4 ,we h se5 t ! ,new ,engl& sy/em ( education1 :i* has spread ov] ! :ole c\ntry1 is v mu* bett] ?an ! sy/em :i* prevail$ 9 ^? ,/ates ( ! ,union :]e slav]y cont9u$ to exi/ d[n to #ahfd4 ,b we h se51 also1 t t sy/em is v defective2 t x is automatic1 & h5ce n natural1 n practical1 n sci5tific4 ,x does n produce great m]*ants1 great lawy]s1 great judges1 or great legislators4 ,t x does n1 is abundantly %[n by ! fact t 9 m]cantile life !re are n9ety-?ree to n9ety-sev5 failures 9 e "o hundr$ exp]im5ts2 by ! fact t !re is notori\sly a g5]al failure ( ju/ice2 & by ! fact t "h1 z 9 ,great ,brita91 ! *ief bus9ess ( /atesm5 is ! undo+ ( vici\s legislation4 ,!re is a sy/em ( tra9+ :i* produces a mu* high] av]age ( culture ?an t ( ! public s*ools & ! univ]sities4 ,we allude to ! tra9+ receiv$ by ! /ud5ts ( special me*anical & te*nical in/itutions1 & by ! appr5tices 9 trade-%ops4 ,! pro( ( ?is is f\nd 9 ! _w's railways1 %ips1 h>bors1 docks1 canals1 bridges1 telegraph & telephone l9es1 & 9 a ?\s& & "o o!r manife/ations ( skill 9 art4 ,9 ! adaptation ( means to an end1 & 9 nicety ( con/ruction1 ! me*anic & ! civil eng9e] %[1 9 innum]able ways1 ) :at ?or\ghness bo? _! m9ds & _! h&s h be5 tra9$4 ,if m]cantile op]ations 7 gov]n$ by su* excell5t rules 9 projection1 & by su* precision 9 execution1 n9ety-sev5 m]*ants 9 a hundr$ w\ld n g to ! wall4 ,a /ory has lately gone ! r\nd ( ! public pr9ts to ! effect t1 dur+ a visit to a ne$le factory by ! ,emp]or ( ,g]many1 a workman begg$ a hair ( 8 head1 bor$ an eye 9 x1 ?read$ x1 & h&$ x back to ! mon>*1 :o _h express$ surprise t eyes c\ld be bor$ 9 ! small] sizes ( ne$les4 ,x does n matt] :e!r or n ?is /ory is lit]ally true2 x illu/rates ! delicacy ( mod]n me*anical op]ations4 ,hundr$s ( simil> illu/rations might be giv51 %[+ h[ m>vell\sly skilful ! h& has become4 ,x is n claim$ t ! h& is a nic] in/rum5t ?an ! m9d4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 9 drill+ ! hole 9 ! hair ! m9d & ! h& "w toge!r--! m9d directs ! h&1 we w say4 ,! m9d devises or inv5ts a wat*--e :eel1 p9ion1 screw1 & spr+--& directs ! h& h[ to make x1 & h[ to set x up1 & x ticks (f ! "t4 ,:y does ! m9d succe$ s admirably :5 x employs ! h& to execute its w1 b s ill :5 x devises & attempts1 itself1 to execute8 ,h[ is x t ! m9d inv5ts a wat* :i*1 be+ made by ! h&1 records ! h\r to a second1 n9ety-n9e times 9 a hundr$1 b fails n9ety-?ree to n9ety-sev5 times 9 a hundr$ to devise & c>ry into execution a m]cantile v5ture8 ,h[ is x t ! m9d inv5ts a /eam-eng9e consi/+ ( a hundr$ pieces1 s t1 ea* piece be+ made by a diff]5t h&1 ! ma*9e %all1 :5 set up1 n9ety-n9e times 9 a hundr$1 at once p]=m ! "w ( five hundr$ horses )\t /ra9 or friction1 b :5 x grapples ) law & fact 9 ! *air ( lawy] or judge produces a mo/ pitiable wreck ( ju/ice8 ,h[ is x t ! m9d devises & ! h& executes ) su* nice adaptation ( means to ! end 9 view1 a bridge1 t resembles a spid]'s web1 & yet be>s ?\s&s ( tons & endures = ages1 b :5 x und]takes to legislate evolves /atutes t we> out 9 a ye>8 ,! fir/ iron bridge con/ruct$ spann$ ! ,sev]n1 9 ,engl&4 ,x 0 op5$ to traffic a hundr$ ye>s ago1 b x is /ill a /an* /ructure likely to /& = c5turies4 ,:]e are ! ,engli% /atutes ( t "t8 ,repeal$ to give place to a long l9e ( o!rs :i* 9 turn h be5 repeal$4 ,:5 ! fam\s iron bridge across ! ,sev]n 0 con/ruct$1 ,engli% legislators 7 pass+ bills to compel ! ,am]ican colonies to trade only ) ! "m c\ntry1 & to tax !m )\t _! cons5t4 ,"l ,%effield said1 ) *>m+ frankness1 t ! colonies 7 f\nd$ ) ! sole view ( secur+ to ,engl& a monopoly ( _! trade2 & ,"l ,*a?am decl>$ t !y w\ld n be p]mitt$ to make ev5 a nail or a horse%oe4 ,9 #aeaf ,sir ,?omas ,m d5\nc$ ! crim9al law ( ,engl&1 decl>+ t 8! loss ( money %\ld n cause ! loss ( man's life40#fg ,b ?is humane & enlight5$ s5tim5t _h s little weight t dur+ ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 sev5ty-two ?\s& ?ieves 7 hang$--at ! rate ( two ?\s& a ye>4 ,9 #aghe tw5ty m5 7 execut$ 9 ,london at "o "t = !fts ( five %ill+s4 ,! ,"l ,*ief-ju/ice & ! ,"l ,*ancellor agre$ t x w\ld be dang]\s to repeal ! law puni%+ pilf]+ by y\?s4 ,9 #ahaf ! ,commons pass$ a bill aboli%+ capital puni%m5t = %oplift+--/eal+ ! value ( five %ill+s--b ! ,lords defeat$ x1 ,"l ,ell5bor\gh1 ,*ief-ju/ice1 obs]v+1 peevi%ly1 8,!y want to alt] ^! laws :i* a c5tury has prov$ to be necess>y1 & :i* are n[ to be ov]turn$ by speculation & mod]n philosophy40#fh #fg 8,! ,hi/ory ( ,engl&10 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #hc4 ,by ,h>riet ,m>t9eau4 ,philadelphia3 ,port] ,coates4 #fh 8,! ,hi/ory ( ,engl&10 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #he4 ,by ,h>riet ,m>t9eau4 ,philadelphia3 ,port] ,coates4 ,! cause ( ^! failures--( m]cantile v5tures1 ( ju/ice1 & ( legislation--is ?is3 ,subjective m5tal processes are automatic1 & h5ce !y nei!r g5]ate p[] nor promote rectitude2 !y enfeeble r ?an en]gize ! bra94 ,m5 ^: *>act]s are =m$ by su* educational processes nev] orig9ate any?+4 ,!y become selfi%1 !y v5]ate ! pa/1 _! eyes are turn$ backw>d2 h5ce1 if !y sometimes make a feeble ef=t to move =w>d !y /umble4 ,! lawy]1 ! judge1 & ! legislator are examples ( ?is class4 ,_! guide-books are mu/y folios 9 a dead language2 !y look = 8prec$5ts0 9 an age ^: civilization p]i%$ ) its language1 & ^: maxims & rules ( life 7 long ago explod$4 ,su* m5 c be compell$ to move =w>d only by ! la% ( public op9ion4 ,buckle1 speak+ ( ! re=ms extort$ f ! legislators ( ,engl&1 says1 8,b x is a m]e matt] ( hi/ory t our legislators1 ev5 to ! la/ mom5t1 7 s t]rifi$ by ! idea ( innovation t !y refus$ e re=m until ! voice ( ! p rose high en\gh to awe !m into submission1 & =c$ !m to grant :at )\t su* pressure !y w\ld by no means h conc$$40#fi #fi 8,hi/ory ( ,civilization10 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #cfa4 ,by ,h5ry ,?omas ,buckle4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahfd4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! inv5tor1 ! discov]]1 & ! artisan are always 9 ! advance1 & always mov+ =w>d4 ,!y nev] look back except to cat* ! vital pr9ciple ( ! inv5tion or discov]y ( ye/]day = utilization 9 ! improv$ ma*9e ( to-day4 ,_! acts are nev] repeal$ because !y nev] become odi\s4 ,!y nev] become odi\s because !y conta9 ! g]ms ( imp]i%able tru?4 ,!y are nev] false2 !y are suitable to _! "t & ! /age ( developm5t2 !y con/itute l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( progress4 ,:ile ! legislator is horrifi$ at ! ?\ght ( innovation1 ! inv5tor1 ! discov]]1 & ! artisan are electrifi$ by ! discov]y ( a new pr9ciple 9 physics1 & delight$ at its application 9 a new inv5tion1 & its practical op]ation 9 a new & useful ma*9e4 ,! diff]5ce 9 effects ^u ! m5tal & moral nature1 betwe5 purely m5tal tra9+ & m5tal & manual tra9+ comb9$1 is susceptible ( logical explanation4 ,x is only 9 ?+s t ! tru? /&s cle>ly reveal$1 & only 9 ?+s t ! false is sure ( exposure4#gj ,h5ce exclusively m5tal tra9+ /ops f> %ort ( ! objective po9t ( true education4 ,= if x be true t ! la/ analysis ( education is art1 progress c f9d expression only 9 ?+s--9 ! "w ( m5's h&s4 ,& x is true2 = ideas are m]e va9 speculations until !y are embodi$ 9 ?+s4 ,nor is ?is mat]ialism unless all civilization is mat]ial2 = ! prime diff]5ce betwe5 b>b>ism & civilization consi/s 9 ! pres5ce1 9 a /ate ( civilization1 ( m ?+s ( use & beauty ?an are f\nd 9 a /ate ( b>b>ism4 ,to exalt ?+s is n mat]iali/ic2 !y are bo? ! s\rce & issue ( ideas1 & ! measure ( civilization4 ,ideas & ?+s are h5ce indissolubly connect$2 & x foll[s t any sy/em ( education :i* sep>ates !m is radically defective4#ga ,exclusively m5tal tra9+ does n produce a symmetrical "*1 because at be/ x m]ely tea*es ! /ud5t h[ to ?9k1 & ! complem5t ( ?9k+ is act+4 ,be=e ?\ghts c h any influ5ce :atev] ^u ! _w ( m9d & matt] ext]nal to ! m9d orig9at+ !m !y mu/ be express$4 ,!y may be express$ feebly1 ?r\gh ! voice1 9 words2 m durably1 & !re=e m =cibly1 ) ! p51 on pap]2 m =cibly /ill 9 draw+--pictures ( ?+s2 &1 ) ! sup]lative degree ( =ce1 9 real ?+s4 #gj 8,to "k ! tru? x is necess>y to d ! tru?40444 8,we rightly seek ! mean+ ( ! ab/ract 9 ! concrete1 because we _c act 9 relation to ! ab/ract1 :i* is only a repres5tative sign2 we mu/ give x a concrete =m 9 ord] to make x a cle> & di/9ct idea2 until we h done s we d n "k t we really believe--only believe t we believe x4 ,a tru? is be/ c]tifi$ to be a tru? :5 we live x & h ceas$ to talk ab\t x40--8,body & ,w10 p4 #di4 ,by ,h5ry ,maudsley1 ,m4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahhd4 #ga 8,pr(4 ,huxley seems to hold t zoology _c be le>n$ ) any degree ( suffici5cy unless ! /ud5t practises dissection4 ,9 support ( ?is position !re are /rong reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! impression made on ! m9d by ! actual objects1 z se51 h&l$1 & op]at$ ^u1 is f> beyond ! efficacy ( words or description4 ,& n only is x great]1 b x is m fai?ful to ! fact4 ,:ile diagrams h a special value 9 br++ out l9ks ( connection t are disguis$ 9 ! actual objects1 !y c nev] %[ ! ?+s exactly z !y appe> to our s5ses2 & ?is full & precise conception ( actuality is ! mo/ desirable =m ( k2 x is tru?1 ! :ole tru?1 & no?+ b ! tru?4 ,moreov]1 x enables ! /ud5t to ex]cise a free & indep5d5t judgm5t ^u ! dicta ( ! tea*]40--8,education z a ,sci5ce10 p4 #cjc4 ,by ,alex&] ,ba91 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahhd4 ,! object ( education is ! g5]ation ( p[]4 ,b to g5]ate & /ore up p[]1 :e!r m5tal or physical1 or bo?1 is a wa/e ( ef=t1 unless ! p[] is to be ex]t$4 ,:y g5]ate /eam if !re is no eng9e to be op]at$8 ,/eam may be lik5$ to an idea :i* f9ds expression ?r\gh ! eng9e--a ?+4 ,:y /ore ! m9d ) facts--hi/orical1 philosophical1 or ma!matical--:i* are useless until appli$ to ?+s1 if !y are n to be appli$ to ?+s8 ,& if !y are to be appli$ to ?+s1 :y n tea* ! art ( s apply+ !m8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! sy/em ( education :i* does n d ?is is "o-sid$1 incomplete1 unsci5tific4 ,r\sseau says1 8,education itself is c]ta9ly no?+ b habit40 ,if ?is be true1 x w be conc$$ t ! habit ( express+ ideas 9 ?+s %\ld be =m$ 9 ! s*ools1 because ! *ief way 9 :i* man is b5efit$ is ?r\gh ! expression ( ideas 9 ?+s4 ,! sy/em ( education :i* t5ds to =m ?is habit is t ( ! k9d]g>t5 & t ( ! manual tra9+ s*ool4 ,^! sy/ems are "o 9 pr9ciple4 ,!y are n new2 !y at lea/ date back to ,bacon1 :o decl>$ t he w\ld 8employ 8 utmo/ endeavors t[>ds re/or+ or cultivat+ a j & legitimate famili>ity betwixt ! m9d & ?+s40 ,! k9d]g>t5 & ! manual tra9+ s*ool exactly realize ,bacon's idea4 ,! idea ( ! manual tra9+ s*ool 0 9 ! m9d ( ,com5ius :5 he said1 8,let ?+s t h to be done be le>n$ by do+ !m40 ,x 0 9 ! m9d ( ,pe/alozzi :5 he said1 8,education is ! g5]ation ( p[]40 ,x 0 9 ! m9d ( ,froebel1 n less ?an ! k9d]g>t51 :5 he said1 8,! end & aim ( all our "w %\ld be ! h>moni\s gr[? ( ! :ole be+40 ,^! are excell5t def9itions ( education1 & !y are sequ5tial4 ,if ?+s t h to be done are le>n$ by do+ !m1 !re w be 9 ! c\rse ( ! process a :olesome ex]cise ( bo? body & m9d1 & ?is ex]cise w result 9 ! g5]ation ( p[]--p[] to ?9k well1 & to d well2 & ! process be+ cont9u$1 ! result _c fail to be ! h>moni\s gr[? ( ! :ole be+4 ,?is is sci5tific1 z oppos$ to automatic1 education4#gb #gb 8,intellectual progress is ( necessity f ! concrete to ! ab/ract4 ,b reg>dless ( ?is1 highly ab/ract subjects su* z gramm>1 :i* %\ld come q late1 are begun q e>ly4 ,political geography1 dead & un9t]e/+ to a *ild1 & :i* %\ld be an app5dage ( sociological /udies1 is comm5c$ betimes1 :ile physical geography1 compreh5sible & comp>atively attractive to a *ild1 is 9 great "p pass$ ov]4 ,ne>ly e subject dealt ) is arrang$ 9 abnormal ord]--def9itions & rules & pr9ciples be+ put fir/1 in/ead ( be+ disclos$1 z !y are 9 ! ord] ( nature1 ?r\gh ! /udy ( cases4 ,& !n1 p]vad+ ! :ole1 is ! vici\s sy/em ( rote le>n+--a sy/em ( sacrific+ ! _s to ! lett]4444 8,a lead+ fact 9 human progress is t e sci5ce is evolv$ out ( its correspond+ art4 ,x results f ! necessity we are "u1 bo? individually & z a race1 ( rea*+ ! ab/ract by way ( ! concrete1 t !re mu/ be practice & an accru+ exp]i5ce ) its empirical g5]alizations be=e !re c be sci5ce40--8,education10 pp4 #fa1 #abd4 ,by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahhc4 ,e#ac ,b ! protection to prop]ty af=d$ by arms is only tempor>y4 ,an increase ( ! /&+ army involves an increase ( ignorance & pov]ty1 & ! la/ analysis ( ignorance & pov]ty is an>*y4 ,! an>*i/s ( ,*icago #ahhf 7 ( =eign bir?4 ,!y came to ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ! /&+-army-ridd5 c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,!y 7 ! product1 ! victims1 ( ! ,european gov]nm5tal sy/em4 ,h5ce1 ! proposal to adopt arms z a rem$y = an>*y is a proposal to ab&on ! ,am]ican idea ( gov]nm5t = t ( ,europe4 ,to pres]ve ! society ( to-day f viol5t dissolution1 x is necess>y to %oot ! an>*i/4 ,b to assure ! p]man5ce ( society x is necess>y to educate ! *ild ( ! an>*i/4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,education ,,& ,,! ,,social ,,problem--,,hi/oric4 ,,egypt ,,& ,,greece4 ,fundam5tal ,propositions4 -- ,selfi%ness ! ,s\rce ( ,social ,evil2 ,subjective ,education ! ,s\rce ( ,selfi%ness & ! ,cause ( ,contempt ( ,labor2 & ,social ,dis9tegration ! ,result ( ,contempt ( ,labor & ! ,useful ,arts4 -- ,! ,fir/ ,class-di/9ction -- ! ,/ronge/ ,man rul$2 8 ,fir/ ,rival1 ! ,+5i\s ,man4 -- ,sup]/ition4 -- ,! ,ca/es ( ,india & ,egypt -- h[ came !y ab\t8 -- ,egyptian ,education bas$ on ,selfi%ness4 -- ,rise ( ,egypt -- h] ,c>e]2 h] ,fall2 ,analysis !re(4 -- ,%e ,typifies all ! ,e>ly ,nations3 ,=ce & ,rapacity above1 ,*a9s & ,slav]y bel[4 -- ,_! ,education consi/$ ( ,selfi% ,maxims = ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,_m by ! ,few1 & ,gov]nm5t meant ! ,appropriation ( ! ,products ( ,labor4 -- ,analysis ( ,greek ,"* -- its ,savage ,*>act]i/ics4 -- ,greek ,trea*]y & ,cruelty4 -- ,greek ,v5ality4 -- ,h] ,orators accept$ ,bribes4 -- ,responsibility ( ,greek ,education & ,philosophy = ! ,ru9 ( ,greek ,civilization4 -- ,rectitude :olly left out ( h] ,s*eme ( ,education4 -- ,plato's ,contempt ( ,matt]3 x l$ to ,contempt ( ,man & all 8 ,works4 -- ,greek ,education consi/$ ( ,rhetoric & ,logic2 all ,useful ,?+s 7 h5ce held 9 ,contempt4 ,x is a fundam5tal proposition ( ?is "w t selfi%ness is ! ess5ce ( depravity1 & h5ce ! s\rce ( all social evil2 & 9 previ\s *apt]s x has be5 %[n1 argum5tatively1 t exclusively subjective processes ( education t5d1 9 a high degree1 to promote selfi%ness4 ,ano!r fundam5tal proposition ( ?is "w is t ! useful arts are ! true measure ( civilization1 & t1 z !y are ! product ( labor1 contempt ( ! labor] leads inevitably to social dis9tegration & ! de/ruction ( ! ,/ate4 ,if ^! propositions are true1 ! solution ( all social problems is to be s\ght ?r\gh a radical *ange 9 educational me?ods4 ,if !y are true1 x is ( ! fir/ importance t !y be prov$1 n only by argum5t1 b by ! citation ( su* facts ( hi/ory z be> ^u ! subject4 ,civilization is ! product ( education4,e#ad ,if ! education is good ! product w be good1 if evil ! product w be evil4 ,! purpose ( ?is & ! f\r foll[+ *apt]s is1 !re=e1 to trace ! progress ( civilization1 to sket* 9 bold outl9e ! social hi/ory ( man4 ,! aphorism1 all m5 are creat$ equal1 is a f9e phrase1 b its tru? is res]v$ = realization by ! civilization ( ! future4 ,a t5d5cy to ! =mation ( class-di/9ctions 9 human society1 :e!r savage or civiliz$1 is disclos$ by all hi/ory4 ,! fir/ class-di/9ction sprang f ! physical sup]iority ( "o savage ov] 8 fell[s4 ,he ^: p[]ful frame & comm&+ eye enabl$ him be/ to cope ) ! bea/s ( field & =e/ became *ief ( ! tribe4 ,he held ! fir/ place by virtue ( 8 brawny arm1 & ! less a?letic1 & m timid1 became 8 subjects4 ,b he 0 n long )\t rivals4 ,8 fir/ rival 0 ! dw>f1 or hun*back1 :o1 /ruggl+ to ov]come ! mis=tune ( 8 de=mity1 9 ! seclusion ( 8 mud hut1 inv5t$ ! /one hat*et & /one-po9t$ arr[-head4 ,8 next rival 0 ! puny1 pale-fac$ y\? :o conv]t$ pantomimic signs & rude ge/ures into a language ( s\nds1 & s arm$ communities ) ! p[] ( comb9ation = mutual protection4 ,^? :o soone/ ma/]$ ! fir/ alphabet took high rank 9 ! social circle1 :ile ^? :o c\ld /ill only make !mselves und]/ood by grimaces & ge/ures fell to ! grade ( ciph]s 9 ! body politic1 & came to be look$ ^u z dunces 9 society4 ,!reaft] ! wom51 :o _h previ\sly be5 won z wives by p]sonal pr[ess1 7 m equally p>cell$ out4 ,! savage :o _h inv5t$ ! b[ & ! arr[ 0 exempt$ f ! toils ( ! *ase1 & f ! g5]al cont5tion at ! c\rt+ season2 a wife 0 assign$ to him1 & 8 t5t 0 suppli$ ) game 9 ! hope t he w\ld inv5t "s o!r useful ?+4 ,?us m9d began to ass]t its empire ov] matt]1 ! division ( labor comm5c$1 & a class-di/9ction 0 =m$4 ,d\btless ! y\? :o inv5t$ language cultivat$ sup]/ition among ! ignorant1 & s1 increas+ 8 already consid]able influ5ce1 secur$ ! fir/ social rank4 ,h5ce ! ca/es ( ,india & ,egypt1 consi/+1 9 _! ord]1 ( ! prie/hood1 ! army1 ! m]cantile class1 &1 at ! bottom ( ! scale1 ! s]vile labor]4 ,( ! long p]iod ( social progress f a /ate ( savag]y to ! pr\d civilization ( hi/oric ,egypt ! record is fa9t & fragm5t>y4 ,ages pass$1 dur+ :i* m5 /ruggl$1 & di$1 & left no sign--nei!r hi]oglyphic "*1 monum5t1 nor buri$ city4 ,?r\gh :at m5tal al*emy 0 ! savage *ief trans=m$1 9 ! c\rse ( hundr$s ( g5]ations1 into ! le>n$1 accompli%$1 & a/ute ,egyptian prie/1 f ^: c\rtly lips ,h]odotus receiv$ ! *ronicles ( ! ,egyptian k+s & ! romantic /ory ( ! resid5ce 9 ,egypt ( ,hel5 ( ,troy8#gc ,h[ 7 ! memb]s ( ! savage tribe conv]t$1 "o into an ob$i5t soldi]1 ano!r into an adroit1 self-seek+ m]*ant1 & ano!r into a cr++ slave8 ,^! are secrets ( antiquity1 de/9$1 d\btless1 to rema9 =ev] unreveal$4 ,we d "k1 h[ev]1 t ! civilization ( ,egypt1 l all o!r civilizations1 0 ! product ( tra9+ or education2 & ! nature ( ! education may be inf]r$ f ! "* & fate ( ! civilization4 #gc 8,h]odotus1 #8,eut]pe1'0 ,,ii41 #aab-aaf4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 #ahhb4 ,( ! ,egyptian sy/em ( education selfi%ness 0 ! basis4 ,giv5 *a9s & slav]y = ! l[e/ class & !re 7 =ce & rapacity 9 ! highe/ class4#gd ,be=e ! free-born savage 0 r$uc$ to slav]y & made to toil "u ! la%1 :ole hecatombs ( lives 7 sacrific$4 ,be=e ! m9d ( ! savage 0 degrad$ to ! bas5ess ( slav]y1 8 body1 hack$ & hewn1 b5t submissively to ! sc\rge4 ,= ! ,egyptian boy !re 01 d\btless1 a 8,poor ,ri*>d's ,almanack10 :i* taught him t he mu/ 8look to ! ma9 *ance20 t 89 ! race ( life ! devil takes ! h9dmo/20 & t 8self-pres]vation is ! fir/ law ( nature40 ,?us tra9$ he ent]$ ! ranks ( ! prie/hood1 "o ( 8 bro!rs took a commission 9 ! army1 & ! o!rs emb>k$ 9 m]cantile life4 ,= ! s]vile class !re 0 no education beyond _! sev]al occupations4 ,ea* man 0 compell$ to foll[ ! trade ( 8 fa!r1 to m>ry )9 8 own class1 to die z he 0 born4 #gd 8,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,man10 p4 #ah4 ,by ,w9wood ,reade4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,p4 ,som]by1 #ahgf4 ,rul$ by ! prie/s1 & ! army1 ,egypt grew ri*4 ,h] comm]ce1 conduct$ by means ( c>avans1 embrac$ ! :ole civiliz$ _w & includ$ all its products4 ,%e became a great milit>y & naval p[]1 h] armies ov]runn+ ,asia1 & h] fleets sweep+ ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,h] victori\s campaigns op5$ new m>kets to h] comm]ce1 & ?r\gh ^! *annels weal? p\r$ into ! empire4 ,9 ! track ( ! :eels ( ! ,egyptian w>-*>iots ! ,egyptian m]*ant quickly foll[$4 ,at ! po9t ( ! arr[s ( h] ar*]s %e (f]$ h] l95 goods to conqu]$ peoples1 z ,engl&1 at ! po9t ( ! bayonet1 subsequ5tly (f]$ h] cotton goods to pro/rate ,india4 ,9 ,egypt all ! le>n+ ( ! "t 0 conc5trat$4 ,x 0 ! univ]sity ( ,greece4 ,e intellectual ,greek made a voyage to ,egypt2 x 0 reg>d$ z a "p ( education1 z a pilgrimage to ! cradle-l& ( _! my?ology4,e#ae ,! possession ( great weal? l$ to habits ( luxury4 ,! h\se ( ! ,egyptian g5tleman 0 a palace adorn$ ) ! triumphs ( art1 & devot$ to pleasure4 ,its walls1 its floors1 & its furniture reflect$ ! skill1 n to say g5ius1 ( slaves--= all ! manual labor ( ,egypt 0 p]=m$ by slaves4 ,at ! end ( ! fa%ionable d9n]1 giv5 9 ! palace by its ri* ma/]1 a mummy1 ri*ly pa9t$ & gild$1 0 pres5t$ to ea* gue/ 9 turn by a s]vant1 :o said1 8,look on ?is2 dr9k & enjoy ?yself1 = su* z x is n[ s ?\ %alt be :5 ?\ art dead40#ge #ge 8,h]odotus1 #8,eut]pe1'0 ,,ii41 p4 #gh4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 #ahhb4 ,"o day :5 ! prie/s 7 sacrific+ 9 ! temples1 & ! *ief (fic]s ( ! army 7 d9+ ) a contractor = army supplies1 a b& ( m\nta9e]s ru%$ out ( ! recesses ( ,p]sia & swept l a w9d across ! pla9s4 ,!y 7 dress$ 9 lea!r2 !y _h nev] ta/$ fruit nor w9e2 !y _h nev] se5 a m>ket2 !y knew n h[ to buy or sell4 ,!y 7 taught ?ree ?+s--to ride on horseback1 to hurl ! javel91 & to speak ! tru?4#gf ,all ,asia 0 cov]$ ) blood & flames4 ,! alli$ k+doms fell at once1 & ,india & ,egypt 7 soon aft]w>ds add$ to ! ,p]sian empire4 #gf 8,h]odotus1 #8,clio1'0 ,i41 #ga1 #acf1 #aec4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 #ahhb4 ,egypt typifies all ! e>ly nations4 ,9 its rise1 progress1 & fall1 ! c\rse ( ! o!rs may be trac$4 ,fir/ !re is a b& ( h>dy m5 ^: pr[ess r5d]s !m irresi/ible4 ,!y are inur$ to toil2 !y practise all ! manly virtues2 !y are tra9$ to labor ) _! h&s2 !y are taught to speak ! tru?4 ,!y lay ! f\ndations ( ! ,/ate 9 indu/ry,e#af & prud5ce2 _! *ildr5 develop its res\rces2 _! *ildr5's *ildr51 ?r\gh _m g5]ations1 gradually accumulate weal?4 ,! arts fl\ri%1 & luxuries are multipli$4 ,!re are _m great e/ates1 & ^? :o inh]it !m cease to labor1 &1 ceas+ to labor1 !y become a *>ge ^u ! public2 = ! value ( an e/ate creat$ "o hundr$ ye>s ago1 or "o ye> ago1 c be ma9ta9$ 9 no o!r way ?an by ! labor ( to-day4#gg ,! idl]s increase 9 numb]1 & ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ( ! work]s1 becomes m int5se4 ,idl5ess bre$s vice1 & ! public morals are debau*$4,e#ag ,we see ?is class at ! fea/ ( ,bel%azz> & at ! d9n] ( ! ,egyptian bon vivant4 ,on ! wall ( e su* banquet+ room !re is an om9\s h&writ+1 provid$1 only1 t !re is a ,daniel to int]pret x4 ,x means t ! nation t degrades labor1 tol]ates idl5ess1 & deifies vice1 is ripe = annihilation4 ,if1 n[1 !re is on ! fronti] ( ! effete nation a virile p1 x is only a "q ( "t & opportunity1 :5 !y w make slaves ( ! revell]s1 & spoil ( _! inh]it$ e/ates4 ,! worn-out1 exhau/$ nation disappe>s 9 blood & flames4 ,! ri* idl]1 ! poor sycophant1 ! rul]s & ! rul$1 ! slave & 8 ma/]1 ! prie/1 ! soldi]1 ! m]*ant1 & ! labor]1 all g to de/ruction toge!r4 #gg 8,x is n equitable t :at "o man ha? done = ! public %\ld dis*>ge ano!r ( :at x has a "r to expect f him2 = "o1 /&+ indebt$ 9 himself to society1 _c sub/itute any?+ 9 ! room ( 8 p]sonal s]vice4 ,! fa!r _c transmit to 8 son ! "r ( be+ useless to 8 fell[-creatures4444 ,! man :o e>ns n 8 subsi/5ce1 b eats ! bread ( idl5ess1 is no bett] ?an a ?ief4444 ,to labor1 !n1 is ! indisp5sable duty ( social or political man4 ,ri* or poor1 /rong or weak1 e idle citiz5 is a knave40--8,emilius & ,sophia10 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #ib1 #ic4 ,by ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau4 ,london3 #agfg4 ,9 ! anci5t nations !re 0 always =ce & rapacity above1 & *a9s & slav]y bel[4 ,education 0 conf9$ to a small class1 & consi/$ ( selfi% maxims = ! gov]nm5t ( ! _m1 & gov]nm5t 0 only ano!r "n = ! appropriation ( ! products ( _! labor4 ,selfi%ness br$ inju/ice1 & ! practice ( inju/ice und]m9$ ! ,/ate4 ,:e!r ! ,/ate surviv$ or fell 0 a matt] ( indiff]5ce to ! slave4 ,a slave he rema9$ 9 any ev5t--if n ( ! ,egyptian !n ( ! ,p]sian4 ,b ! importance ( labor is %[n by ^? bloody revolutions4 ,! battles ( antiquity 7 conte/s = ! possession ( ! labor class4 ,:i* nationality--! ,egyptian or ! ,p]sian--%\ld drive ! toil]s to _! daily tasks2 :i* %\ld reap ! fruit ( ! sweat ( _! br[s2 :i* %\ld buy & sell !m2 :i* sc\rge !m to _! dungeons8 ,^! 7 ! que/ions :i* agitat$ ! m9ds ( anci5t rul]s4 ,!y 7 ! que/ions :i* agitat$ ! m9d ( ,x]xes :5 he invad$ ,greece1 ) millions ( foll[]s1 to enc\nt] defeat at ! h&s ( a few ?\s& m5 ( a sup]ior type4 ,! ,greek civilization sprung f my?ology & end$ 9 an>*y4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ! ,greeks 7 call$ ! p ( y\?4 ,_! religion 0 ( ! savage type4 ,_! gods 7 immortaliz$ m52 !y lov$ & hat$1 transgress$ & suff]$2 !y resort$ to /ratagems to compass _! ends2 !y 7 a k9d ( exalt$ b unscrupul\s ari/ocracy4 ,greek patriotism 0 n>r[2 ea* city 0 politically indep5d5t1 & ! citiz5 ( "o city 0 an ali5 & a /rang] 9 ! t]ritory ( e o!r4 ,! ,greeks 7 sup]/iti\s4 ,if ! om5s 7 unfavorable ! g5]al refus$ to give battle2 ! plague 0 a visible sign ( ! wra? ( ! gods2 ! prie/s sacrific$ p]petually2 ! oracle ( ,apollo outliv$ ,grecian indep5d5ce hundr$s ( ye>s4,e#ah ,grecian national fe/ivals 7 *ildi%1 consi/+ ( wre/l+1 box+1 runn+1 jump+1 & *>iot-rac+4 ,b ! victor 9 ^? games conf]r$ ev]la/+ glory ^u 8 family & 8 c\ntry1 & 0 rew>d$ ) di/+ui%$ honors4 ,l savages1 ! ,greeks 7 trea*]\s4 ,! de/9y ( ,greece 0 controll$ by r5egades4 ,!re 0 disloyalty 9 e camp1 a ,greek des]t] 9 e oppos+ army1 & a traitor1 or a b& ( traitors1 9 e besieg$ ,greek city4,e#ai ,!y 7 cruel2 ( _! captives !y but*]$ ! m5 & enslav$ ! wom51 & !y /ripp$ & robb$ ! bodies ( ! sla91 on ! battle-field4 ,l savages !y assass9at$ ambassadors1 & l savages surr5d]$ prison]s to _! p]sonal enemies to be massacr$4,e#bj ,_! s5se ( honor 0 dull4 ,x5ophon1 aft] w9n+ imp]i%able r5[n1 9 conduct+ ! fam\s retreat ( ! 8,t5 ,?\s&10 l$ a deta*m5t ( !m on a pillag+ exp$ition1 & s amass$ a =tune4 8,my patriotism10 says ,alcibiades1 8,i keep n at a "t :5 ,i am be+ wrong$40 8,= !re 0 nei!r promise t c\ld be dep5d$ on1 nor oa? t /ruck !m ) fe>10 exclaims ,?ucydides4#gh #gh 8,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>10 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #baj4 ,london3 ,george ,bell ,sons4 ,v5ality 0 ! pr$om9at+ trait 9 ,greek "*1 & v5ality unre/ra9$ is savag]y4 ,9 ! ,greek ,pan!on ! highe/ ni*e 0 res]v$ = ! ,god ( ,ga94 ,! e>ly ,greeks 7 pirates2 !y plund]$ "o ano!r2 !y sometimes actually sold !mselves into slav]y1 s great 0 _! lu/ ( gold4 ,! ri*e/ cities rul$ ! poor cities4 ,p]icles boa/$ t he c\ld n be brib$1 b he robb$ all ,greece to embelli% ,a!ns1 & 0 accus$ ( peculation1 tri$1 convict$1 & f9$4 ,! ,a!nians decl>$ t ! ,sp>tans 7 taught to /eal1 & ! ,sp>tans retort$ t ! be/ ,a!nians 7 inv>iably ?ieves4 ,:5 ,p]sia c\ld no long] fight %e def5d$ h] t]ritory aga9/ ,greek invasion ) gold co9s4 ,! ,greek orators nev] refus$ a bribe1 & oratory rul$ ,greece4,e#ba ,greek oratory 0 v p]suasive4 ,a discrim9at+ writ] decl>es t1 ) _! f9e phrases & rhetorical expressions1 ! ,greek orators sw9dl$ hi/ory1 obta9+ a va/ am\nt ( admiration "u false pret5ces4#gi #gi 8,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,man10 p4 #hh4 ,by ,w9wood ,reade4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,p4 ,som]by1 #ahgf4 ,= ^! defects 9 ,greek "*1 & = ! result+ decay ( ,greek civilization1 ,greek philosophy & ,greek education mu/ be held responsible4 ,metaphysics & rhetoric ru9$ ,greece4 ,x 0 9 ! s*ools ( rhetoric t ! "y ,greeks receiv$ _! tra9+ = ! duties ( public life4 ,!re !y 7 taught ! art ( oratory2 !re !y le>n$ h[ to make ! worse appe> ! bett] reason4 ,!re !y 7 taught1 n to exp\nd ! tru?1 b to indulge 9 ! arts ( sophi/ry4 ,x 0 9 ^? s*ools t ! "y ,greek 0 tra9$ to be eloqu5t1 to w9 applause 9 ! c\rts ( law1 n to conv9ce ! judgm5ts ( judge1 or juror2 = judicial decisions 7 notori\sly subjects ( ! mo/ %ameful traffic4 ,! elem5t ( rectitude 0 :olly left out ( ! ,greek sy/em ( education1 & h5ce :olly want+ 9 ,greek "*4 ,! ,greeks _h a pr(\nd di/ru/ ( "o ano!r4 ,!y 7 di%one/2 !y 7 trea*]\s2 !y 7 cruel2 !y 7 false2 & all ^! vices are peculi> to a /ate ( savag]y4,e#bb ,9 e?ics !y nev] em]g$ f ! savage /ate1 & h5ce 9 politics _! failure 0 complete2 = ! prime condition ( ! mo/ simple =m ( civil society is mutual confid5ce4 ,b ! mutual di/ru/ ( ! ,greeks1 bas$ on want ( integrity1 0 s absolute t political unity 0 impossible1 & ! failure to comb9e ! sev]al cities "u "o gov]nm5t l$1 ev5tually1 to ! de/ruction ( ,greek civilization4 ,to ?is result ,greek philosophy also contribut$4 ,plato's contempt = matt] 0 s pr(\nd t he reg>d$ ! s\l's resid5ce 9 ! body z an evil4 ,he taught t ! philosoph] %\ld emancipate himself f ! illusions ( s5se1 devot+ 8 life to reflection1 & surr5d]+ 8 m9d 8to communion ) its k9dr$ et]nal ess5ces40,e#bc ,contempt ( matt] l$ logically to contempt ( ! physical man1 & h5ce to contempt ( ?+s1 ! "w ( man's h&s4 ,su* a philosophy 0 necess>ily 89 ! air40 ,x af=d$ no aid to ! sci5ces2 = sci5ce is ! product ( g5]alizations f matt]4 ,x scorn$ art2 = ! arts are applications ( ! sci5ces 9 useful ?+s4 ,) ! ,greek s*ool-ma/] rhetoric 0 ! *ief "p ( education2 ) ! ,greek philosoph] dialectics 0 ! sci5ce p> em95ce4 ,?us ! ,greek sy/em ( education 0 conf9$ to rhetoric & logic--! art ( speak+ ) propriety1 elegance1 & =ce1 & ! p[] ( d$uc+ legitimate conclusions f assum$ premises4,e#bd ,9 ! ,greek s*ools ( rhetoric !re 0 no /ruggle to f9d ! tru?2 9 ! s*ools ( philosophy !re 0 no respect = ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses4 ,! ,greek orator h>angu$ ! jury eloqu5tly :ile 8 cli5t b>ga9$ ) ! c\rt = ! price ( ju/ice6 ,! ,greek philosoph] conf\nd$ 8 audi5ce ) ! =ce ( 8 unansw]able logic1 & appeal$ to 8 inn] consci\sness 9 support ( ! s\ndness ( 8 premises6 ,! explanation ( ,greek duplicity is f\nd 9 ,greek metaphysics4 ,to scorn ?+s is to disreg>d facts1 & disreg>d ( facts is contempt ( ! tru?4 ,greek education 0 conf9$ to a consid]ation ( ! subject ( ! nature & relations ( ab/ract ideas1 :ile ! subject ( ! nature & relations ( ?+s 0 :olly neglect$4 ,su* a sy/em ( education l$ logically to selfi%ness1 & out ( selfi%ness grew inord9ate ambition & gre$2 & ^! passions l$1 ?r\gh trea*]y & di%one/y1 to factional conte/s1 :i*1 ev5tuat+ 9 blood%$1 c\ld only end 9 an>*y4 ,di/ract$ by ! jeal\sies & rivalries ( ,/ates con/antly 9 ho/ile conflict1 & enfeebl$ by ! nev]-end+ /rife betwe5 ! ri* & ! poor1 ,greece fell a prey to ! rapacity1 & lu/ ( p[]1 ( h] unscrupul\s ,roman neighbor4 ,e#ad 8,all ! happ9ess ( families dep5ds ^u ! education ( *ildr51 & h\ses rise or s9k accord+ z _! *ildr5 are virtu\s or vici\s40--,plato's 8,div9e ,dialogues10 p4 #bfb4 ,london3 ,s4 ,corni% ,co41 #ahci4 ,e#ae 8,! ,egyptians 71 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,greeks1 ! wise/ ( mank9d40--,h]odotus1 8,eut]pe10 ,,ii41 #afj4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 #ahhb4 8,= my "p1 ,i ?9k t ,melampus1 be+ a wise man1 bo? acquir$ ! art ( div9ation1 & hav+ le>n$ _m o!r ?+s 9 ,egypt1 introduc$ !m among ! ,greeks1 & p>ticul>ly ! wor%ip ( ,bac*us40--,ibid1 8,eut]pe10 ,,ii41 #di4 8,& inde$ ! names ( almo/ all ! ,gods came f ,egypt into ,greece40--,ibid1 8,eut]pe10 ,,ii41 #ej4 8,! mann] 9 :i* oracles are deliv]$ at ,!bes 9 ,egypt & at ,dodona1 is v simil>2 & ! art ( div9ation f victims came likewise f ,egypt40--,ibid1 8,eut]pe10 ,,ii41 #eg4 8,! ,egyptians 7 also ! fir/ :o introduc$ public fe/ivals1 processions1 & solemn supplications3 ,& ! ,greeks le>n$ ^! f !m40--,ibid1 8,eut]pe10 ,,ii41 #eg4 ,to ! same effect1 see also3 ,ibid1 8,eut]pe10 ,,ii41 #fd4 #aji4 #abc4 #afj4 #afd-aff4 #aga4 ,& ,ibid1 8,melpom5e10 ,,iv41 #ahj4 ,e#af 8,amasis x 0 :o e/abli%$ ! law among ! ,egyptians t e ,egyptian %\ld annually decl>e to ! gov]nor ( 8 di/rict by :at means he ma9ta9$ himself2 & if he fail$ to d ?is1 or did n %[ t he liv$ by hone/ means1 he %\ld be puni%$ ) dea?4 ,solon1 ! ,a!nian1 hav+ br\ght ?is law f ,egypt1 e/abli%$ x at ,a!ns2 & t p /ill cont9ue to obs]ve x1 z be+ an unobjectionable regulation40--,h]odotus1 8,eut]pe10 ,,ii41 #agg4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 #ahhb4 ,e#ag 8,lysima*us1 son ( ,ari/ides ! ,j1 & ,melesias1 son ( ,?ucydides1 to ! ,a!nian g5]als1 ,nicias & ,la*es3 8,bo? he & ,i h ent]ta9$ our *ildr5 ) ?\s&s ( brave actions done by our fa!rs bo? 9 peace & w>1 :ile !y head$ ! ,a!nians & _! allies2 b to our great mis=tune we c tell !m no su* ?+ ( ourselves4 ,?is cov]s u ) %ame2 we blu% = x be=e our *ildr51 & are =c$ to ca/ ! blame ^u our fa!rs2 :o1 aft] we grew up1 suff]$ u to live 9 effem9acy & luxury2 :ile !y 7 employ+ all _! c>e = ! int]e/ ( ! public40--,plato's 8,div9e ,dialogues10 p4 #bef4 ,london3 ,s4 ,corni% ,co41 #ahci4 ,e#ah 8,aft] ! enc\nt] betwe5 ! cavalry _h tak5 place1 ,agesilaus1 on (f]+ sacrifice ! next day ) a view to advanc+1 f\nd ! victims inauspici\s & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is indication turn$ (f & proce$$ t[>d ! coa/40--,x5ophon1 8,hell5ics10 p4 #cfi4 ,london3 ,george ,bell ,sons1 #ahha4 ,see1 also1 ,?ucydides1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #cdh4 ,london3 ,george ,bell ,sons1 #ahhj4 ,& ,ibid1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #dhd4 ,&1 8,plut>*'s ,lives ,timoleon10 p4 #agg4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 #ahej4 ,e#ai ,alcibiades to ! ,lac$monians3 8,& n[1 ,i beg t ,i may n be ! worse ?\ght ( by any among y1 because ,i am n[ /r5u\sly attack+ my c\ntry ) its bitt]e/ enemies1 ?\gh ,i =m]ly _h a reputation = patriotism40--,?ucydides1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #dci4 ,london3 ,george ,bell ,sons1 #ahhj4 ,( ,pausanias & ,!mi/ocles1 :o 7 bo? traitors1 ,?ucydides says3 8,su* 0 ! end ( ,pausanias ! ,lac$monian & ,!mi/ocles ! ,a!nian1 :o _h be5 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( all ! ,greeks 9 _! day40--8,hi/ory ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>10 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #ge-hc4 ,see also ,ibid1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bhh4 pp4 #bib-bic4 p4 #cjd4 pp4 #cjf-cjg4 p4 #bda4 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #eaj4 ,see also ,h]odotus1 8,melpom5e10 ,,iv41 #adb4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 #ahhb4 ,e#bj 8,:5 ! ,corcyrans _h got possession ( !m prison]s surr5d]$ by _! allies ! ,a!nians !y %ut !m up 9 a l>ge build+1 &1 aft]w>d tak+ !m out by tw5ties1 l$ !m ?r\gh two r[s ( heavy-arm$ soldi]s po/$ on ea* side2 ! prison]s be+ b\nd toge!r 7 beat5 & /abb$ by ! m5 rang$ 9 ! l9es1 :5ev] any ( !m happ5$ to see a p]sonal enemy2 :ile m5 c>ry+ :ips w5t by _! side1 & ha/5$ on ! way ^? t 7 proce$+ too sl[ly40--,?ucydides1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #bef-beg4 ,london3 ,george ,bell ,sons1 #ahhj4 ,ibid1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #fb4 ,,ii41 p4 #cgf4 ,,ii41 p4 #dfh4 ,,ii41 p4 #die4 ,,ii41 pp4 #eaj-eaa4 ,,ii41 p4 #ebc4 ,see also ,h]odotus1 8,t]psi*ore10 ,v41 #f4 ,ibid1 8,t]psi*ore10 ,v41 #ba4 ,ibid1 8,urania10 ,,vii41 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajf4 ,see also ,x5ophon1 8,hell5ics10 p4 #cbh4 ,london3 ,george ,bell ,sons1 #ahhb4 ,see also 8,plut>*'s ,lives ,lycurgus10 p4 #db4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 #ahej4 ,e#ba 8,= ! ,grecians 9 old "t1 444 turn$ to piracy1 444 & fall+ ^u t[ns t 7 un=tifi$1 444 !y rifl$ !m1 & made mo/ ( _! livelihood by ?is means40444 8,= ?r\gh desire ( ga9 ! l[] ord]s submitt$ to be slaves to _! bett]s2 & ! m p[]ful1 hav+ a sup]abundance ( money1 br\ght ! small] cities into subjection40--,?ucydides1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #c1 #d1 #e4 ,london3 ,george ,bell ,sons1 #ahhj4 8,yet t ! boys might n suff] too mu* f hung]1 ,lycurgus1 ?\gh he did n all[ !m to take :at !y want$ )\t tr\ble1 gave !m leave to /eal c]ta9 ?+s to relieve ! crav+s ( nature2 & he made x honorable to /eal z _m *eeses z possible40--,x5ophon's 8,m9or ,works10 p4 #bjh4 ,london3 ,george ,bell ,sons1 #ahhb4 8,demo/h5es c\ld n resi/ ! temptation2 x made all ! impression ^u him t 0 expect$2 he receiv$ ! money1 l a g>rison into 8 h\se1 & w5t ov] to ! int]e/ ( ,h>palus4 ,next day he came into ! ,assembly ) a quantity ( wool & b&ages ab\t 8 neck2 & :5 ! p call$ ^u him to get up & speak1 he made signs t he _h lo/ 8 voice1 ^u :i* "s t 7 by said1 #8x 0 no common ho>s5ess t he got 9 ! night2 x 0 a ho>s5ess occasion$ by swall[+ gold & silv]4'0--8,plut>*'s ,lives ,demo/h5es10 pp4 #eid-eie4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 #ahej4 ,see also1 8,plut>*'s ,lives ,agesilaus10 p4 #dca4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 #ahej4 ,ibid ,demo/h5es1 p4 #eia4 ,ari/ides1 p4 #bcb4 8,& ,plato1 among all t 7 acc\nt$ great & illu/ri\s m5 9 ,a!ns1 judg$ none b ,ari/ides wor?y ( real e/eem40--8,plut>*'s ,lives ,ari/ides10 p4 #bdc4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 #ahej4 ,b x 0 ,ari/ides :o said ( a public measure3 8,x is n j1 b x is exp$i5t40 8,z to ! proce$+s 9 c\rts ( law !y ! ,a!nians h less reg>d to :at is j ?an to :at is pr(itable to !mselves40--,x5ophon's 8,m9or ,works10 pp4 #bce-bcf4 ,london3 ,george ,bell ,sons1 #ahhb4 ,ibid1 pp4 #bdc1 #bdd4 ,:5 ,m>donius ! ,p]sian consult$ ) ! ,!bans h[ to subdue ,greece1 !y said3 8,s5d money to ! mo/ p[]ful m5 9 ! cities1 & by s5d+ x y w split ,greece into p>ties1 & !n1 ) ! assi/ance ( ^? ( y\r p>ty1 y may easily subdue ^? :o are n 9 y\r int]e/40--,h]odotus1 8,calliope10 ,,ix41 #b4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 #ahhb4 ,ibid1 8,urania10 ,,viii41 #abh-acd4 8,calliope10 ,,ix41 #dd4 ,see also 8,plut>*'s ,lives ,p]icles10 p4 #abc4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 #ahej4 ,ibid1 8,p]icles10 p4 #aah4 8,p]icles10 p4 #aae1 note4 8,accord+ly1 z ! ,a!nians /ate1 ^! m5 :ile /ay+ at ,delphi1 prevail$ on ! ,py?ian by money1 :5 any ,sp>tans %\ld come ?i!r to consult ! oracle1 ei!r on _! own acc\nt or t ( ! public1 to propose to !m to lib]ate ,a!ns f s]vitude40--,h]odotus1 8,t]psi*ore10 ,v41 #fc4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 #ahhb4 ,ibid1 8,erato10 ,,vi41 #gb1 #ajj4 ,e#bb ,euripides makes ,&roma*e say3 8,o1 ye inhabitants ( ,sp>ta1 mo/ hat$ ( mortals among all m51 crafty 9 c\nsel1 k+ ( li>s1 concoctors ( evil plots1 crook$ & ?9k+ no?+ s\ndly1 b all ?+s tortu\sly1 unju/ly are ye prosp]$ 9 ,greece4 ,& :at evil is !re n 9 y8 ,are !re n abundant murd]s8 ,are ye n giv5 to base ga98 ,are ye n detect$ speak+ ev] "o ?+ ) ! tongue b ?9k+ ano!r8 ,a murra9 seize y60--8,! ,trag$ies ( ,euripides ,&roma*e10 ,vol1 ,,ii41 p4 #ach4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 #aheg4 ,e#bc 8,is x n by reason+ t ! s\l embraces tru?s8 ,& does x n reason bett] ?an be=e :5 x is n encumb]$ by see+ or he>+1 by pa9 or pleasure8 ,:5 %ut up )9 itself x bids adieu to ! body1 & ent]ta9s z little correspond5ce ) x z possible2 & pursues ! k ( ?+s )\t t\*+ !m4444 ,is x n especially ^u ?is occasion t ! s\l ( a philosoph] despises & avoids ! body & wants to be by itself8444 ,n[1 ! purgation ( ! s\l1 z we 7 say+ j n[1 is only its sep>ation f ! body1 its accu/om+ itself to retire & lock itself up1 r5\nc+ all comm]ce ) x z mu* z possible1 & liv+ by itself1 :e!r 9 ?is or ! o!r _w1 )\t be+ *a9$ to ! body40--,plato's 8,div9e ,dialogues10 pp4 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahb4 ,london3 ,s4 ,corni% ,co41 #ahci4 ,e#bd 8,dur+ mo/ ( ! fl\ri%+ age ( ,hell5i/ic culture ! rhetor 0 ! ackn[l$g$ practical tea*]2 & 8 c\rse1 :i* occupi$ sev]al ye>s1 ) ! int]ruption ( ! summ] holidays1 compris$ fir/ a c>eful read+ ( classical au?ors1 bo? poetical & prose1 ) explanations & illu/rations4 ,?is made ! /ud5t acqua9t$ ) ! language & lit]ature ( ,greece4 ,b x 0 only introductory to ! te*nical /udy ( expression1 ( eloqu5ce bas$ on ^! models1 & ( accurate writ+ z a collat]al bran* ( ?is /udy4 ,:5 a man _h s p]fect$ himself1 he 0 consid]$ fit = public employm5t40--8,old ,greek ,education10 p4 #acg4 ,by ,j4 ,p4 ,mahaffy1 ,m4 ,a4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 #ahhb4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,education ,,& ,,! ,,social ,,problem--,,hi/oric4 ,,rome4 ,vigor ( ! ,e>ly ,romans -- _! ,virtues & ,vices2 _! ,rigor\s ,laws2 _! ,defective ,education2 _! ,contempt ( ,labor4 -- ,slav]y3 its ,horrors & ,brutaliz+ ,influ5ce4 -- ,education ,conf9$ to ! ,arts ( ,politics & ,w>2 x trans=m$ ,c\rage into ,cruelty1 & ,=titude into ,/oicism4 -- ,robb]y & ,brib]y4 -- ,! ,vices ( ,greece & ,c>?age import$ into ,rome4 -- ,slaves con/ruct all ! great ,public ,works2 !y ,revolt1 & ! ,legions ,slaught] !m4 -- ,! ,go?ic ,invasion4 -- ,rome ,falls4 -- ,false ,philosophy & ,sup]ficial ,education promot$ ,selfi%ness4 -- ,deification ( ,ab/ractions1 & ,scorn ( ,m5 & ,?+s4 -- ,univ]sal ,moral ,degradation4 -- ,neglect ( ,hone/ ,m5 & ,promotion ( ,demagogues4 -- ,! ,decl9e ( ,morals & ,gr[? ( ,lit]ature4 -- ,d>w9's ,law ( ,rev]sion1 ?r\gh ,selfi%ness1 to ,savag]y4 -- ,conte/ betwe5 ! ,ri* & ! ,poor4 -- ,logic1 ,rhetoric1 & ,ru94 ,9 ! city ( ! ,sev5 ,hills !re 0 no /atue to ,pity1 z at ,a!ns4 ,9 ! long l9e ( ,roman conqu]ors !re 0 no "o possess+ ! title to fame1 ( :i*1 on 8 dea?-b$1 ,p]icles boa/$1 namely1 t 8no ,a!nian _h ev] worn m\rn+ on 8 acc\nt40 ,! dom9ion ( ,rome 0 logical4 ,9 ! leg5d ( ,romulus & ,remus1 suckl$ by ! %e-wolf1 !re is a h9t ( ! rugg$ vigor :i* *>act]iz$ ! ,roman p1 & di/+ui%$ !m f ! e>li] nationalities4 ,9 all ! civilizations ant]ior to t ( ,rome !re 0 an elem5t ( pliability or s(tness :i* belongs to ! y\? ( man4 ,b f ! day on :i* ,romulus1 ) ! braz5 pl\gh%>e1 drew a furr[ ar\nd ! ,palat9e1 bo? ! s9ews & ! s\ls ( 8 foll[]s h>d5$ into maturity4 ,! ris+ walls ( ! city1 s ! leg5d runs1 7 moi/5$ ) ! life-drops ( ,remus1 ^: d]isive rem>k & act co/ him 8 life1 8 slay] exclaim+1 haughtily1 8,s p]i% all :o d>e to climb ^! ramp>ts40 ,! rape ( ! ,sab9es1 ! conflicts :i* ensu$ ) t outrag$ p1 _! incorporation ) ! conqu]ors1 _! subsequ5t jo9t conque/s1 & ! %rewdness display$ 9 ! cons]vation ( ! fruits ( victory--^! ev5ts %[ t man _h atta9$ 8 majority4 ,"u ! %ad[ ( ! walls ( ! ,et]nal ,city all ! great races 7 associat$ & m+l$--,lat9s1 ,trojans1 ,greeks1 ,sab9es1 & ,etruscans4 ,! ,roman civilization 0 ! product ( all t _h gone be=e1 z x 0 de/9$ to be ! fa!r ( all t %\ld foll[ x4 ,! ,roman _h no pe] ei!r 9 c\rage or =titude4 ,aspir+ to univ]sal dom9ion1 he t\gh5$ himself to a*ieve x4 ,doom+ 8 enemy to dea? or slav]y1 he 0 n less self-exact+1 8 own life1 ?r\gh ! cup ( poison1 ! sword1 or ! op5$ ve91 becom+ ! =feit equally ( mis=tune & %ame4 ,! tragic fate ( ,lucretia1 ! result+ revolution1 ! bani%m5t ( ! ,t>qu9s1 & ! abolition ( ! k+ly gov]nm5t %[ ! swiftness ( ,roman retribution & ! t]rible =ce ( ,roman resolution4 ,roman p]si/5ce 9 ! pa? ( conque/ = _m c5turies is typifi$ by ,cato 9 8 invocation ( de/ruction ^u ,c>?age4 ,! mascul9e "* ( ! ,roman vices f9ds illu/ration 9 ! /ruggle ( ,appius1 ! ,decemvir1 to possess ! p]son ( ,virg9ia by wre/+ ! law f its true purpose1 ! cons]vation ( ju/ice1 & conv]t+ x into a %ield = lu/2 & ! vigor ( ,roman virtue is exemplifi$ 9 ! act ( ,virg9ius plung+ ! knife into ! he>t ( 8 belov$ daught] to save h] honor4 ,! rigor\s laws ( ,rome te/ify to ! /am9a ( h] p4 ,! fa!r to :om a de=m$ son 0 born mu/ cause ! *ild to be put to dea?1 & any citiz5 might kill ! man :o betray$ ! design ( becom+ k+4 ,a sci5tific sy/em ( education w\ld h cons]v$ & develop$ ! noble & elim9at$ ! ignoble traits ( ,roman "*4 ,b nei!r ,roman education1 philosophy1 nor e?ics inculcat$ ei!r respect = labor or rev]5ce = human rights2 & h5ce ! labor] 0 r$uc$ to slav]y1 & ! slave made ! victim ( e kn[n atrocity4 ,slav]y became ! corn]-/one ( ! ,roman ,/ate1 & slav]y & labor 7 synonym\s t]ms4 ,! ,roman supply ( labor]s 0 ma9ta9$ by depopulat+ conqu]$ c\ntries4 ,9 ! tra9 ( ! legions1 return+ to ,rome 9 triumph1 !re 7 n only /atues1 pa9t+s1 & o!r works ( art1 b ?\s&s ( m51 wom51 & *ildr5 de/9$ to slav]y4 ,& ! laws 9 reg>d to slaves 7 t]rible1 z laws t\*+ slav]y mu/ always be--= a /ate ( slav]y is a /ate ( w>4 ,x 0 a law ( ,rome t if a slave murd]$ 8 ma/] ! :ole family ( slaves %\ld be put to dea?2 & ,tacitus relates an in/ance ( ! execution ( f\r hundr$ slaves = ! murd] ( a citiz51 _! ma/]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! s]vile rebellion 9 ,sicily a million slaves 7 kill$2 & x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t !y 7 valuable labor]s--_m ( !m skill$ artisans4 ,va/ numb]s ( !m 7 expos$ to wild bea/s 9 ! ar5a1 = ! popul> amusem5t4 ,! rebellion ( ! gladiators 0 put d[n only by a resort to awful atrocities1 among :i* 0 ! crucifixion ( prison]s4 ,! revolt ( ! allies 0 quell$ at ! co/ ( half a million lives4 ,b slaves 7 pl5ty1 = ,rome _h h] bloody h& at ! ?roat ( all mank9d1 & h] ho>se cry 01 8,y\r life or y\r lib]ty60 ,e ,roman freeman 0 a soldi]1 & ! cultivation ( ! l&1 manufactures1 & all ! pursuits ( indu/ry1 7 c>ri$ on by slaves4 ,slave labor 0 *eap] ?an ! labor ( animals2 cattle 7 tak5 f ! pl\gh & slaught]$ = beef t slaves--m5--might take _! places4 ,labor fell to ! l[e/ degree ( contempt1 & ! labor] 0 a ?+ to be spurn$--= ! free citiz5 to labor ) 8 h&s 0 m disgraceful ?an to die ( />vation4 ,h5ce !re 0 a class ( citiz5 paup]s to :om l>gesses ( corn 7 dol$ out by ! demagogues ( ! ,s5ate & ! army4 ,ultimately ^! citiz5-paup]s became s vile & fil?y t !y eng5d]$ leprosy & o!r loa?some diseases1 z !y dragg$ _! palsi$ limbs ?r\gh ! /reets ( ! city1 cry+1 8,bread & circuses6 bread & circuses60 ,roman education 0 conf9$ almo/ exclusively to ! tra9+ ( ! sons ( ri* citiz5s 9 ! arts ( politics & w>2 & 9 a ,/ate :]e labor 0 despis$1 & ^: corn]-/one 0 slav]y1 & ^: %ibbole? 0 conque/1 ! bas5ess ( ^! arts may be imag9$ b h>dly describ$4 ,x promot$ selfi%ness1 & 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies selfi%ness trans=m$ ,roman c\rage into cruelty1 & ,roman =titude into brutal /oicism4 ,! ,roman s5se ( ju/ice 0 swall[$ up 9 ,roman lu/ ( p[]4 ,rome became ! great robb] nation ( ! _w4 ,%e 0 on ! l& :at ,greece _h once be5 on ! sea--a pirate4 ,%e made ! /reets ( ! cities %e conqu]$ run ) blood4 ,?\s&s ( captives %e doom$ to dea?2 o!r ?\s&s grac$ ! triumphs ( h] g5]als1 & ! spoil sav$ f ! fury ( ! flames1 & ! m ungov]nable fury ( ! lic5ti\s soldi]y1 0 c>ri$ home to ! ,et]nal ,city1 !re to fall into ! h&s ( ! mo/ cunn+ among ! demagogues1 = use 9 ! brib]y ( c\rts1 s5ators1 & ! populace4 ,tacitus deplor$ ! decl9e ( public virtue4 ,he decl>$1 m\rnfully1 t 8,no?+ 0 sacr$1 no?+ safe f ! h& ( rapacity40 ,8 environm5t bl9d$ him to ! true cause ( ! depravity he s eloqu5tly deplor$--selfi%ness4 ,_h he be5 famili> ) ! inductive me?od he w\ld h f\nd 9 a defective sy/em ( education ! cause ( ,roman v5ality & corruption4 ,he might ?us h realiz$ ! weakness ( a community ( m5 :o want$ ! necess>y =ce & virtue to depose a ,tib]ius & elevate to 8 place a ,g]manicus2 or to de?rone a ,domitian & cr[n 9 8 /ead an ,agricola4 ,education 9 ,rome deifi$ selfi%ness1 & h5ce realiz$ its la/ analysis--total depravity4 ,( c\rse no?+ 0 sacr$ 9 a community :]e m5 7 ru?lessly trampl$ und]foot6 ,( c\rse no?+ 0 8safe f ! h& ( rapacity0 :]e ! labor] 0 degrad$ to a place 9 ! social scale bel[ ! lepr\s paup] ^: fil?y p]son provok$ disgu/1 & ^: poison\s brea?1 z he cri$ = bread1 spread abroad disease & dea?6 ,x 0 inevitable t ! nation t grew ri* ?r\gh plund] %\ld gr[ poor 9 public & private virtue4 ,& su* 0 ! fact4 ,! eagles t protect$ robb]s abroad1 spread _! %elt]+ w+s ov] default]s1 brib]s1 & ?ieves at home4 ,!re _h be5 a "t 9 ,rome :5 brib]y 0 puni%able ) dea?1 b n[ c&idates = (fice sat at tables 9 ! /reets ne> ! poll+-places & op5ly paid ! citiz5s = _! votes4 ,! *ange 9 ! habits ( ! p 0 z pron\nc$ z ! *ange 9 ! laws4 ,! e>ly triumphs ( ! ,romans 7 indu/rial--flocks & h]ds2 _! trophies1 obta9$ 9 s+le combat1 consi/$ ( spe>s & helmets4 ,:5 ,c9c9natus 0 s5t = to assume ! dictator%ip he 0 f\nd 9 8 field foll[+ ! pl\gh4 ,val]ius1 f\r times consul1 & by ,livy *>act]iz$ z ! fir/ man ( 8 "t1 di$ s poor t he _h to be buri$ at ! public *>ge4 ,b ) ! fall ( ,greece & ,c>?age1 & ! r$uction ( ,asia1 !re 0 a great social *ange at ,rome4 ,! ,roman legions n only c>ri$ home ! weal? ( ! c\ntries !y conqu]$ b ! vices ( ! peoples !y subdu$4 ,an anci5t writ] summ>izes ! situation 9 ! foll[+ graphic s5t5ce3 8,! only fa%ionable pr9ciples 7 to acquire weal? by e means ( av>ice & inju/ice1 & to dissipate x by e me?od ( luxury & pr(usion40 ,! end is n f> (f4 ,! /ory ( ,p]sia1 ( ,egypt1 & ( ,greece is ! /ory equally ( ,rome4 ,av>ice & inju/ice1 luxury & pr(usion d _! sure "w4 ,! ,roman civilization is m ?an a ?\s& ye>s old4 ,asiatic weal?1 ! luxury & false philosophy ( ,greece1 & a vici\s sy/em ( education1 promot+ selfi%ness1 h unit$ to sap its f\ndations4 ,society is divid$ into ?ree classes--an ari/ocracy bas$ solely ^u weal?1 cruel & pr(ligate1 a mob ( free citiz5s1 o!rwise paup]s1 :o live by begg>y & ! sale ( _! votes1 & labor]s :o are slaves4 ,on ! occasion ( ! pres5tation ( spectacles1 among a v>iety ( pres5ts slaves 7labor]s7 are ?r[n into ! ar5a to be scrambl$ = by ! free citiz5s6 ,b m5 are *eap4 ,9 ,asia !y sell = sixp5ce apiece1 & ,rome has only to s5d an army !re to get !m = no?+4 ,to ?is class1 to ^! slaves1 h[ev]1 ! ,roman p are indebt$ = all ! arts :i* make life agreeable4 ,!y con/ruct all ! great public works4 ,!y build ! spl5did roads ov] :i* ! ,roman legions foll[ _! g5]als 9 triumph home to ,rome4 ,!y make ! aqu$ucts1 dig ! canals1 & con/ruct ! build+s1 public & private1 ^: rema9s /ill atte/ _! magnific5ce--! ,=um1 ! amphi!atres1 & ! gold5 h\se ( ! ,cs>s4 ,!y build ! villas ov]look+ ! ,bay ( ,naples1 9 :i* ! nobles live 9 riot & wantonness2 !y cook ! d9n]s giv5 9 ^? villas2 !y make ! clo!s ! nobles we>1 & ! jewels t adorn _! p]sons4 ,!y cultivate ! fields1 foll[ ! pl\gh1 tra9 & trim ! v9e1 & ga!r 9 ! h>ve/4 ,!y raise ! corn t is di/ribut$ by ! nobles among ! soldi]y1 & giv5 z a bribe to ! diseas$ & debau*$ free citiz5s = _! votes4 ,!y feel deeply ! inju/ice ( _! lot1 &1 l m51 /rike = lib]ty4 ,b ! ,roman legions are set on !m l blood-h\nds1 & hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( !m are slaught]$ & made food = birds ( prey1 & o!r ?\s&s are ?r[n into ! ar5a to be torn by wild bea/s1 & /ill o!rs are be/[$ z gifts ^u ! populace at ! games4 ,! conte/ betwe5 ! ri* & ! poor is at an end2 ! ri* are millionaires1 ! poor are begg>s4 ,x is ! /ory ( ,dives & ,laz>us ov] aga94 ,! ri* are clo!d 9 purple & f9e l951 & f>e sumptu\sly e day2 ! poor are full ( sores1 & live ^u ! crumbs t fall f ! tables ( ! ri*4 ,rome topples to h] fall4 ,! ,go?ic invad] is at h] gates1 & !re is no army to def5d !m4 ,! b>b>ian dem&s a ransom4 ,to obta9 x ! /atues are despoil$ ( _! ornam5ts & preci\s /ones1 & ! gods ( gold & silv] are melt$ 9 ! fire4 ,! ransom is giv51 & ,al>ic retires4 ,b he returns1 & ?is "t to pillage4 ,! city is sack$2 ri* & poor1 bond & free1 are :elm$ 9 "o common ru94 ,at la/ ! diabolic wi% ( ! infam\s ,caligula is realiz$4 ,! ,roman p h b "o neck1 & ! ,go? puts 8 foot ^u x4 ,rome falls1 ! victim ( h] own crimes1 /rangl$ by h] own gluttony4 ,?us ends ! fir/ p]iod ( ! _w's manhood--ends 9 exhau/ion1 & a syncope :i* is de/9$ to la/ a ?\s& ye>s4 ,long be=e ! fall ( ! republic ,rome _h become ! seat ( all ! _w's le>n+4 ,9 robb+ conqu]$ c\ntries %e n only took _! gold & silv]1 a %>e ( _! p = slaves1 & _! works ( art1 b _! libr>ies1 _! philosophy1 & _! lit]ature4 ,b nei!r ! ,greek nor ! ,roman philosophy contribut$ 9 ! lea/ to a solution ( ! press+ social problems ( ! "t4 ,! wise m5 ( ,rome 7 p[]less to help ei!r !mselves or _! fell[-m51 because _! philosophy 0 false4 ,x 0 purely speculative2 x _h no body ( facts to re/ ^u4 ,! ,roman educators & philosoph]s 7 almo/ z ignorant ( physiology z ,plato 0 hundr$s ( ye>s be=e1 h5ce !y 7 unable to /udy ! m9d 9 ! sole way 9 :i* x is intellig5tly approa*able1 namely1 ?r\gh its bodily manife/ations4 ,9 /udy+ ! m9d z an indep5d5t entity !re c\ld be no g5]al rules ( inve/igation4 ,! metaphysical philosoph] did n /udy ! m9d ( man2 he explor$ 8 own m9d m]ely--consult$ 8 own inn] consci\sness4 ,h5ce !re 71 9 ,rome1 z _m sy/ems ( philosophy1 m or less cle>ly def9$ & di/9ct1 z !re 7 philosoph]s4 ,b !y 7 m]ely metaphysical speculations1 dreams1 dep5d5t ^u purely subjective processes2 & ^? processes 7 9 turn dep5d5t ^u ! ev]-*ang+ /ates ( m9d ( ea* philosoph]4 ,x is obvi\s t ^! sy/ems ( philosophy c\ld ex]t no influ5ce ^u ! community at l>ge1 = ! community =m$ no "p ( ! subject matt] ( _! speculations4 ,b !y did ex]t an influ5ce1 & a v p]nici\s "o1 ^u ! philosoph]s !mselves1 & inde$ ^u all ! cultur$ m5 ( ,rome2 = !y 7 !reby made ?or\ghly selfi%1 & s r5d]$ incapable ( =m+ a j judgm5t ( public affairs4 ,9 consid]+ ! m9d ap>t f ! body1 ! body naturally fell into utt] contempt4 ,?is 0 ! great crime ( speculative philosophy2 = 9 eng5d]+ a feel+ ( contempt = ! human body x furni%$ an excuse = slav]y4 ,& ?is contempt logically includ$ manual labor1 = ! only manual labor] 0 a slave2 & x also ext5d$ to ! useful arts1 = all ^? arts 7 ! "w ( slaves4 ,h5ce ! labor]1 be+ a slave1 0 plac$ l[] 9 ! social scale ?an ! paup] :o sold 8 vote = a glass ( w9e4 ,& ?us x came ab\t t a factiti\s "r--! "r ( suffrage--0 m highly e/eem$ by ! public ?an ! c>d9al virtue ( indu/ry1 ^u :i* alone ! p]petuity ( ! social compact dep5ds4 ,&1 aga91 ! wret*$ /ate ( public morals may be inf]r$ f ! fact t ! "r ( suffrage1 ?r\gh :i* ! idle1 lepr\s paup] 0 elevat$ above ! indu/ri\s labor] & above ! useful arts1 0 notori\sly ! subject ( op5 traffic 9 ! /reets ( ,rome on e election day4 ,?us ,roman philosophy l&$ ! ,roman p 9 ! la/ dit*1 = x l$ to ! deification ( ab/ract ideas & to scorn ( ?+s4 ,t ?is utt] p]v]sion ( ! tru? & wreck ( ju/ice 0 ! cause ( ! decl9e ( ! ,roman ,empire !re is no d\bt4 ,x is equally pla9 t ! not$ m5 ( ,rome 7 utt]ly ignorant ( ! cause ( ! disord]s :i* afflict$ ! body politic4 ,!re is no evid5ce1 ei!r 9 _! lives or _! works1 t !y br\ght to ! consid]ation ( ! great social problems ( ! "t any practical philosophy :atev]4 ,suetonius1 ) a graphic p51 portrays ! cruelties ( ! ,cs>s1 b h9ts at no cause !re= inh]5t 9 ! social sy/em4 ,cic]o =eca/s ! doom ( ! republic1 b has no rem$y to propose except t ( ! elevation ( ,pompey r ?an ,cs>4 ,livy & ,tacitus deplore ! decay ( public & private virtue1 b are sil5t on ! subject ( ! infamy ( slav]y & on ! %ame ( degrad+ labor4 ,! moral s5tim5ts ( ,s5eca & ,aurelius are ( ! mo/ elevat$ "*1 b ! fact t !y ignore slav]y1 ! slave1 ! labor]1 & ! useful arts1 %[s ei!r t !y nev] ?\ght ^u ^? fundam5tal social que/ions1 or t _! ?\ghts ran 9 ! popul> *annel2 9 a ^w1 t _! philosophy 0 s %all[ z to r5d] !m call\s to ! great crimes ^u :i* ! ,roman ,/ate re/$4 ,t ! subjective philosophy & ! defective educational sy/em ( ! ,romans r5d]$ !m selfi%1 & h5ce corrupt1 !re is abundant evid5ce4 ,cic]o pr(ess$ ! mo/ l(ty patriotism1 b he 0 )\t moral c\rage4 ,x 0 he :o congratulat$ ! public m5 ( ,rome1 aft] ! usurpation ( ,cs>1 ^u ! privilege ( rema9+ 8totally sil5t60 ,he reg>d$ ,pompey z 8! greate/ man ! _w _h ev] produc$10 b des]t$ him 9 8 extremity1 :i* 0 equally ! extremity ( 8 c\ntry4 ,he d5\nc$ ,cs> z ! cause ( ! culm9at+ mis=tunes ( ,rome1 b w5t d[n ^u 8 knees to him1 & rose to 8 feet only to exhau/ all ! res\rces ( 8 mat*less eloqu5ce 9 fulsome adulation ( ! de/roy] ( ! ,republic4 ,s5eca's moral precepts are sublime1 b 8 political maxims are atroci\s4 ,witness ?is pret5ce ( an all-embrac+ love = man--8,:5ev] ?\ see/ a fell[-creature 9 di/ress "k t ?\ see/ a human be+40 ,contra/ ) ?is exalt$ s5tim5t ( ! great /oic 8 political maxim--8,t]ror is ! safegu>d ( a k+dom0--& reflect t he liv$ "u ! reigns ( ,claudius & ,n]o4 ,! millions ( slaves 9 ! ,roman dom9ions 7 8human be+s10 b ,s5eca _h no practical reg>d = !m z 8fell[-creatures 9 di/ress40 ,8 beautiful humanit>ian s5tim5t 0 a b>r5 ideality--x bore no fruit2 b 8 brutal political maxim caus$ him to ?rive4 ,"u ! favor ( ,claudius he amass$ a va/ =tune4 ,8 palace 9 ! city 0 sumptu\sly furni%$1 8 c\ntry-seats 7 spl5didly appo9t$1 & he possess$ abundance ( ready money4 8,!re c be no happ9ess )\t virtue10 exclaims ?is prosp]\s ,roman citiz54 ,b :ile he p5s ?is l(ty s5tim5t he is accus$ ( av>ice1 usury1 & extortion1 *>g$ ) complicity 9 ! ,piso conspiracy1 & bani%$ = ! crime ( adult]y4 ,! debas+ influ5ce ( ! ,greek philosophy1 ^u ! ,roman p1 is %[n by contra/+ ! *>act]s ( ! di/+ui%$ m5 :o 7 honor$ by ! public at widely sep>at$ p]iods ( "t4 ,?us1 dur+ ! p]iod #djj-cej ,b4,c41 ,camillus1 not$ above all 8 contempor>ies = ! purity ( 8 public life1 0 un9t]rupt$ly honor$ ) ! highe/ (fices 9 ! ,/ate1 & lov$ & respect$ by all classes ( ! community4 ,b ?ree hundr$ ye>s lat] ,cs>1 :o involv$ ! c\ntry 9 civil w> to compass 8 ambition1 & 9 :i* /ruggle lib]ty p]i%$--he 0 pref]r$1 9 all ! political /ruggles prelim9>y to 8 assumption ( supreme p[]1 to ,cato1 ^: patriotism 0 unque/ion$1 & ^: rigid virtue 0 prov]bial ?r\gh\t ! ,roman ,empire4 ,s also ( a /ill lat] p]iod1 ,agricola & ,g]manicus 7 r5[n$ = ! possession ( ! highe/ qualities ( true manhood1 jo9$ to ! practice 9 public life ( ! mo/ au/]e & self-sacrific+ virtue4 ,bo? s]v$ ! ,/ate ) c\rage1 ability1 & zeal2 b ! "o1 aft] a brilliant c>e] 9 ! ,we/1 0 =c$ into retirem5t1 & ! o!r1 aft] spl5did s]vices 9 ! ,ea/1 0 exil$ & poison$4 ,previ\s to ! introduction ( ! ,greek philosophy1 & ! ,greek education & social habits1 ! ,roman p 7 wor?y ( _! noble/ repres5tative--,camillus4 ,at t e>ly p]iod ( _! hi/ory !y rew>d$ virtue & puni%$ vice4 ,b dur+ ! ,empire1 aft] ! invasion ( ,greek mann]s1 !y 7 unwor?y ( _! be/ repres5tatives--,cato1 ,g]manicus1 & ,agricola4 ,to ^? great & good m5 !y pref]r$ ,cs>1 ,caligula1 & ,n]o3 !y rew>d$ vice & puni%$ virtue4 ,!re is 9 ?is circum/ance unque/ionable evid5ce ( a great decl5sion 9 "*4 ,b ! rem>kable fact 9 reg>d to ?is p]iod ( ,roman hi/ory is t ! decl5sion 9 "* 0 accompani$ by a species ( great m5tal gr[? or p[]4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod a lit]ature 0 creat$ :i* has ev] s9ce be5 fam\s1 & :i* /ill ex]ts a consid]able influ5ce ^u man4 ,cs>'s ,comm5t>ies1 ! ,orations ( ,cic]o1 ! ,annals ( ,tacitus1 ,livy's ,hi/ory1 ! ,odes & ,satires ( ,horace1 ! ,m$itations ( ,aurelius1 & ! ,morals ( ,s5eca are 9 all ! _w's libr>ies1 &1 9 ! univ]sities1 are plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! mo/ favor$ y\? ( all ! civiliz$ c\ntries ( ! _w1 z models ( /yle & expon5ts ( a civilization :5ce all mod]n civilizations sprung4 ,b ?is lit]ature possess$ no sav+ quality1 because 9 s f> z x 0 elevat$ 9 morals x did n repres5t ! ,roman p1 n ev5 ! au?ors !mselves g5]ally1 z has be5 %[n4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 dur+ ! p]iod ( ! creation ( ! great lit]ature ( ,rome1 ,d>w9's law ( 8rev]sion0 0 9 active op]ation4 ,!re 0 a 8black %eep0 9 e noble ,roman family4 ,bad m5 appe>$1 n n[ & !n1 at long int]vals1 z 9 all civilizations1 b e day & ev]y:]e2 & ^! m5 7 political & social lead]s4 ,!y m\ld$ ! policy ( ! ,/ate & set ! fa%ion 9 society4 ,"u _! direction ! ,roman p retrograd$ t[>ds a /ate ( savag]y1 & savag]y is b ano!r "n = selfi%ness4 ,selfi%ness 9 its wor/ e/ate is ! ess5ce ( human depravity1 & to t condition ! ,roman p fell1 at ! "t :5 _! morali/s 7 indit+ ^? sublime s5tim5ts :i* /ill *all5ge ! admiration ( all great & good m54 ,t ! ,roman p 7 z dead to ! influ5ce ( high moral s5tim5ts z ! ,britons 7 :5 fir/ enc\nt]$ by ,cs>1 %[s t !y _h deg5]at$ to a simil> condition ( savag]y1 or to a condition ( absolute selfi%ness1 :i* is its moral equival5t4 ,giv5 a savage /ate1 two savages & "o d9n]2 ! savages w fight to ! dea? = ! d9n]4 ,giv5 a /ate ( civilization absolutely selfi%1 two conte/ants & "o prize2 ea* conte/ant w exhau/ all ! res\rces ( artifice1 duplicity1 & falsehood to secure ! prize4 ,to ?is deplorable condition ! ,roman p 7 r$uc$ by subjective educational processes4 ,selfi%ness causes ! individual to seek 8 own int]e/ 9 total disreg>d ( ! int]e/ ( o!rs4 ,h5ce x t5ds directly to ! dis9tegration ( society1 s9ce ! ess5ce ( ! civil compact is ! pl$ge ( ea* memb] ( ! community t he w d no injury to 8 fell[s4 ,selfi%ness violates ?is pl$ge2 = to ga9 its end x ru?lessly cru%es :atev] appe>s 9 its pa?4 ,9 ,rome selfi%ness did its complete "w4 ,x trans=m$ ! gov]nm5t f a pure democracy into an olig>*y compos$ ( weal?y citiz5s1 :o call$ !mselves nobles4 ,by ?is class weal? 0 made ! sole /&>d ( social & political di/9ction1 & 9 its pres5ce1 & ?r\gh its influ5ce1 ! old /rife betwe5 ! patricians & ! plebeians gave way to a /ate ( ho/ility betwe5 ! ri* & ! poor--always ! la/ analysis ( social disord]4 ,! conte/ 0 di/+ui%$ by assass9ations1 embezzlem5ts ( ! public money1 ! qu>rels ( rival demagogues1 & civil w>s1 & x culm9at$ 9 ,cs> & ! empire4 ,! nobles1 or ari/ocrats1 :o wr\ght ! "w ( trans=mation1 7 ref9$ & elegant 9 _! mann]s1 & accompli%$ 9 ! tricks ( f9ance1 ! te*nicalities ( ! law1 & ! arts ( oratory4 ,!y 7 ! product ( ! ,roman s*ools ( rhetoric & logic1 ^: subjective me?ods obscur$ ! tru?1 promot$ vanity1 & deifi$ selfi%ness4 ,all ! gu>ds ( honor & rectitude hav+ be5 swept away by ,cs>1 a savage conte/ = supremacy ensu$ among ! ari/ocrats4 ,! prize = :i* !y cont5d$ consi/$ ( ! spoil ( ! ,roman legions & ! product ( ! labor ( ! ,roman slaves4 ,?is 0 ! ,roman patrimony--! price ( blood & ( ! sweat ( en=c$ toil4 ,= ?is prize ! ,roman ari/ocrats /ruggl$ l savages fight+ = ! "o d9n]4 ,x is ! old /ruggle1 ! /ruggle witness$ by ea*1 9 turn1 ( ! nations ( antiquity--! /ruggle 9 :i* selfi%ness vanqui%es itself4 ,b ?is is a /ruggle ( giants1 is on a gr&] scale1 & is m conspicu\s1 = ! hi/orian1 p5 9 h&1 records its bloody sc5es4 ,x is ! la/ act 9 a great drama1 a drama t has la/$ a ?\s& ye>s4 ,x is ! conclusion ( ! long /ruggle ( a few l>ge-bra9$1 unscrupul\s individuals1 to grasp ! fruits ( ! toil ( all m54 ,! conspirators are ab\t to fail1 z su* conspiracies h always fail$ & mu/ always fail1 & l ,samson 9 8 bl9d fury !y w pull d[n ^u _! own devot$ heads ! pill>s ( ! temple4 ,! /ruggle culm9ates 9 a h&-to-h& conflict = ! ma/]y betwe5 ! baffl$ *iefs ( ! conspiracy to enslave mank9d--! supreme ef=t ( selfi%ness--& x involves ! au?ors & _! victims 9 "o common disa/]4 ,once m x is prov$ t a false sy/em ( education1 a sy/em :i* exalts ab/ract ideas & degrades ?+s1 promotes selfi%ness2 t selfi%ness is ! equival5t ( savag]y1 & t savag]y1 h[ev] ref9$1 wrecks society4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,education ,,& ,,! ,,social ,,problem--,,hi/oric4 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,! ,tr9ity ^u :i* ,civilization ,re/s3 ,ju/ice1 ! ,arts1 & ,labor2 & ^! ,dep5d ^u ,sci5tific ,education4 -- ,reason ( ! ,failure ( ,!odoric & ,*>lemagne to ,recon/ruct ! ,pagan ,civilization4 -- ,contempt ( ,man4 -- ,s]fdom4 -- ,! ,vices ( ! ,"t3 ,false ,philosophy1 an ,odi\s ,social ,ca/e1 & ,ignorance4 -- ,! ,spl5did ,c>e] ( ! ,moors 9 ,spa91 9 ,contra/4 -- ,effect ^u ,spa9 ( ! ,expulsion ( ! ,moors4 -- ,! ,repressive ,=ce ( ,au?ority & ! ,atroci\s ,philosophy ( ,contempt ( ,man4 -- ,! ,rule ( ,italy -- a ,m5ace & a ,sne]4 -- ,! "w ( ,reg5]ation4 -- ,! ,crusades4 -- ,! ,de/ruction ( ,feudalism4 -- ,! ,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+4 -- ,! ,discov]y ( ,am]ica4 -- ,inve/igation4 -- ,discov]ies 9 ,sci5ce & ,art4 ,civilization langui%es 9 an atmosph]e ( inju/ice1 & if ! inju/ice is gross1 z slav]y1 = example1 & long cont9u$1 ! ,/ate p]i%es 9 ! social convulsion :i* ensues4 ,?us p]i%$ ! nations ( antiquity4 ,civilization dep5ds ^u ! useful arts2 9 !m x _h its orig91 & ) !m x advances4 ,! savage1 9 8 mo/ primitive /ate1 is ignorant ( all ! arts2 ! mo/ highly civiliz$ man is famili> )1 & "u obligations to1 all ( !m4 ,! useful arts dep5d ^u labor4 ,if ! labor] is degrad$1 ! useful arts decl9e1 z he s9ks1 9 ! social scale2 if he is honor$1 !y advance1 z he rises4 ,! tr9ity ^u :i* civilization re/s is1 !re=e1 ju/ice1 ! useful arts1 & labor2 & ?is tr9ity ( sav+ =ces dep5ds 9 turn ^u ! sci5tific education ( man4 ,rome held all ^! ?+s 9 contempt1 & ,rome p]i%$4 ,an>*y ensu$1 &1 f a /ate ( gov]nm5tal *aos1 ! feudal sy/em 0 evolv$4 ,a brief analysis ( ! hi/ory ( ! m$ival p]iod w %[ t education 0 unsci5tific1 & consequ5tly t ju/ice 0 scorn$1 ! useful arts neglect$1 & labor despis$4 ,!odoric /rove to /em ! tide ( demoralization :i* succe$$ ! ov]?r[ ( ! pagans 9 ,italy4 ,he 0 a semi-b>b>ian1 b a man ( g5ius1 & t5 ye>s ( 8 y\?1 sp5t at ,con/ant9ople1 taught him ! value ( civilization4 ,"u 8 reign !re 0 a re/oration ( ! common indu/ries1 "w on int]nal improvem5ts 0 resum$1 & !re 0 a revival ( polite lit]ature & ! f9e arts4 ,b !re 0 no g5]al prosp]ity because !re 0 no g5]al sy/em ( education4 ,polite lit]ature mu/ re/ ^u a basis ( g5]al culture1 or x is valueless to ! c\ntry 9 :i* x fl\ri%es4 ,s ( ! f9e arts2 !y c exi/ legitimately only z ! natural outgr[? & embelli%m5t ( ! useful arts4#hj ,9 ! due ord] ( developm5t ! useful prec$e ! f9e arts4 ,!odoric began ! recon/ruction ( ! exhau/$ ,roman civilization f ! top1 & 8 "w 0 a complete failure1 ( c\rse1 because x _h no f\ndation4 ,x 0 l ! ,greek & ,roman philosophy1 x _h no basis ( ?+s to re/ ^u4 ,h5ce ! ord] evok$ f *aos by ! great ,o/rogo? to *aos soon return$4 #hj 8,b x is "o ?+ to admit t /hetic culture is 9 a high degree conducive to human happ9ess1 & ano!r ?+ to admit t x is a fundam5tal requisite to human happ9ess4 ,h[ev] important x may be1 x mu/ yield prec$5ce to ^? k9ds ( culture :i* be> m directly ^u ! duties ( life4 ,z be=e h9t$1 lit]ature & ! f9e arts are made possible by ^? activities :i* make individual & social life possible2 & manife/ly t :i* is made possible mu/ be po/pon$ to t :i* makes x possible40--8,education10 p4 #gb4 ,by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahhc4 ,*>lemagne also attempt$ to recon/ruct a worn-out civilization ?r\gh ! revival ( polite lit]ature & ! f9e arts4 ,he assembl$ at 8 c\rt di/+ui%$ littrateurs f all p>ts ( ! _w1 ) ! view ( reviv+ classical le>n+4 ,he e/abli%$ a normal s*ool call$ 8,! ,palat9e10 :5ce classically tra9$ tea*]s 7 s5t into ! prov9ces4 ,he con/ruct$ gorge\s palaces1 "s ( :i* 7 ornam5t$ ) columns & sculptural fragm5ts1 ! spoil ( ! e>li] ar*itectural triumphs ( ,italy4 ,b he did n f\nd s*ools = ! education ( ! common p4 ,! common p 7 s]fs4 ,! !ory ( ,plato /ill prevail$1 namely1 t ! majority is always dull1 & always wrong2 t wisdom & virtue reside 9 ! m9ority4 ,9 pursuance ( ?is !ory1 :i* happ5s1 curi\sly en\gh1 to inure to ! exclusive b5efit ( its inv5tors & support]s1 education 0 conf9$ to a small class4 ,! tra9+ ( ! masses 0 :olly neglect$1 & !y 7 poor1 ignorant1 & brutal4 ,! /ate ( m$ival society is graphically summ>iz$ by a mod]n hi/orian3 8,9 ! ca/le sits ! b>on1 ) 8 *ildr5 on 8 lap1 & 8 wife lean+ on 8 %\ld]2 ! tr\bad\r s+s1 & ! page & ! demoiselle ex*ange a glance ( love4 ,! ca/le is ! home ( music & *ivalry & family affection2 ! conv5t is ! home ( religion & ( art4 ,b ! p c[] 9 _! wood5 huts1 half />v$1 half froz51 & wolves sniff at !m ?r\gh ! *9ks 9 ! walls4 ,! conv5t prays & ! ca/le s+s2 ! cottage hung]s & groans & dies40#ha #ha 8,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,man40 ,by ,w9wood ,reade4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,p4 ,som]by1 #ahgf4 ,ent]prise 0 ! slave ( sup]/ition & ignorance4 ,"s monks 9 ,g]many desir$ to erect a corn-mill1 b a neighbor+ "l object$1 decl>+ t ! w9d belong$ to him4 ,! useful arts 7 unkn[n & un/udi$ except by ! monks1 & _! practice ( !m 0 conf9$ *iefly to fa%ion+ ut5sils = ! use ( ! alt>4 ,mank9d lay 9 a /ate ( intellectual & moral p>alysis4 ,feudalism emasculat$ human en]gy4 ,"o art only fl\ri%$--! art ( w>4 ,! pursuit ( any ( ! useful arts1 beyond t ( agriculture1 by ! s]fs1 0 impracticable1 s9ce suffici5t "t c\ld n be sp>$ f feudal /rife = ! prop] tillage ( ! soil4 ,! vassal 0 always subject to summ>y call to arms4 ,if 9 ! spr+ ! noble wi%$ to fight1 ! fields rema9$ unplant$2 if he wi%$ to fight 9 ! fall1 ! h>ve/ rema9$ unga!r$4 ,! s]f1 !re=e1 l$ a prec>i\s life4 ,if he escap$ dea? 9 battle1 he 0 /ill q likely to die ( />vation4 ,9 ! f]tile pla9s ( ,lomb>dy1 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 !re 7 five fam9es6 ,no?+ happ5s )\t due cause4 ,! mis=tunes suff]$ by ! p ( ,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages did n fall ^u !m f ! cl\ds4 ,! moral d>kness :i* veil$ ! face ( ju/ice1 & ! intellectual /upor :i* prev5t$ sci5tific & art rese>*es1 are n inexplicable my/]ies4 ,! vices1 ! cruelties1 ! pov]ty1 & ! pitiable sup]/itions ( t "t 7 ! product ( a false philosophy1 an odi\s social ca/e1 & a /ate ( g5]al ignorance4 ,x happ5s t = hundr$s ( ye>s ( ?is p]iod ( wret*$ness & crime !re 0 9 ! he>t ( ,europe an indu/ri\s1 cultur$1 prosp]\s1 & happy p4 ,_! religion =bade ! tak+ ( usuri\s int]e/ "u t]rible moral p5alties2 x also =bade 8all di/9ctions ( ca/e10 & enjo9$ full social equality4 ,!y 7 ! fri5ds ( education4 8,to e mosque 0 atta*$ a public s*ool1 9 :i* ! *ildr5 ( ! poor 7 taught to read & write40 ,!y e/abli%$ libr>ies 9 _! *ief cities1 & 7 ! patrons ( ! sci5ces & ( ! useful arts 9 all _! =ms4 ,9 a ^w1 to ! g5]al preval5ce ( sup]/ition & ignorance 9 ,europe ! ,moors 9 ,spa9 con/itut$ a gl[+ exception4 ,:]ev] ! ,s>ac5 w5t he c>ri$ sci5ce & art4 ,he honor$ labor1 & g5ius & le>n+ foll[$ 9 8 foot/eps4 ,taught by le>n$ ,jews1 he /udi$ ! works ( ! anci5t philosoph]s1 & pres]v$ & ext5d$ _! k ( a/ronomy1 *emi/ry1 algebra1 & geography4 ,cordova 0 ! abode ( weal?1 le>n+1 ref9em5t1 & ! arts4 ,its mosques & palaces 7 models ( ar*itectural spl5dor1 & its indu/ries employ$ #bjj1jjj families4 ,seville conta9$ #af1jjj silk-looms1 & employ$ #acj1jjj weav]s4 ,! banks ( ! ,guadalquivir 7 ?ickly /udd$ ) ^? gems ( free labor1 manufactur+ villages4 ,! dye+ ( silk & wool fabrics 0 c>ri$ to great p]fection1 & ! ,moori% metal-work]s 7 ! mo/ exp]t ( ! "t4 ,! ,s>ac5 inv5t$ cotton pap]1 introduc$ into ,spa9 cotton & lea!r manufactures1 & promot$ ! cultivation ( sug>-cane1 rice1 & ! mulb]ry4 ,nor did he neglect agriculture 9 any ( its bran*es2 he creat$ a new era 9 husb&ry4 ,8 k+dom 9 ,spa9 0 ! ri*e/ & mo/ prosp]\s 9 ! ,we/]n _w2 inde$1 its prosp]ity 0 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! pov]ty & mis]y ( ! peoples by :om x 0 surr\nd$4 ,"u ! ?ird caliph its rev5ue rea*$ #f1jjj1jjj /]l+1 a sum1 z ,gibbon rem>ks1 :i* 9 ! t5? c5tury probably surpass$ ! unit$ rev5ues ( all ! ,*ri/ian mon>*s4 ,b ^! indu/ri\s1 cultur$ p 7 ! desc5dants ( invad]s1 & ! ,spani>ds1 "u ! influ5ce ( a bl9d & unreason+ impulse ( religi\s & patriotic zeal1 drove !m f ! soil !y _h lit]ally made to 8blossom l ! rose10 & !mselves relaps$ into a /ate ( indol5ce1 ignorance1 & pov]ty4 ,f ! effects ( ! p]secution ( a race ( artific]s1 & ! proscription ( ! useful arts1 ,spa9 has nev] recov]$4 ,%e has s9ce always be51 & is to-day1 a /rik+ exemplification ( ! v]ity ( ! proposition t /agnation 9 ! useful arts is ! dea? ( civilization4 ,9 ! la/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! p ( ,madrid 7 ?reat5$ ) />vation4 ,to av]t ! imp5d+ calamity ! adjac5t c\ntry 0 sc\r$ by ! milit>y1 & ! inhabitants compell$ to yield supplies4 ,!re 0 dang] t ! ,royal family w\ld g hungry to b$4 ,! tax-ga!r] sold h\ses & furniture1 & ! inhabitants 7 =c$ to fly2 ! fields 7 left uncultivat$1 & multitudes di$ f want & exposure4 ,dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury ,madrid lo/ half its population2 ! looms ( ,seville 7 sil5c$2 ! wooll5 manufactures ( ,tol$o 7 transf]r$ by ! exil$ ,moriscoes to ,tunis2 ,ca/ile1 ,segovia1 & ,burgos lo/ _! manufactures1 & _! inhabitants 7 r$uc$ to pov]ty & despair4#hb #hb 8,! ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,europe10 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,by ,john ,william ,drap]1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs2 8,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,engl&10 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,*ap4 ,i4 ,by ,h5ry ,?omas ,buckle4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahfd4 ,two lead+ causes contribut$ to r$uce ! p ( ,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages to a /ate ( moral obliquity1 intellectual torpor1 & physical incapacity--! repressive =ce ( au?ority & ! atroci\s philosophy ( contempt ( man =mulat$ by ,ma*iavelli4 ,! "o =bade sci5tific inve/igation1 ! o!r /rangl$ ! _s ( inv5tion 9 ! grip ( en=c$ ignorance4 ,au?ority *ill$ c\rage1 & contempt )]$ hope4 ,italy gov]n$ ! _w1 & h] rule consi/$ ( a m5ace & a sne]4 ,"u ?is rgime ( cruelty & cynicism man %runk into a /ate ( moral c[>dice & intellectual le?>gy4 ,! political maxims :i* be> ! "n ( ,ma*iavelli 7 n inv5t$ by him4 ,:5 he =mulat$ !m1 9 #aeac1 !y _h be5 9 =ce 9 ,italy a ?\s& ye>s4 ,^! maxims expla9 ! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( a p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory kn[n z 8! ,d>k ,ages40 ,! *ief ( !m divides ! human race into ?ree classes1 ! memb]s ( ! fir/ ( :i* und]/& ?+s by _! own natural p[]s2 ! second :5 !y are expla9$ to !m2 ! ?ird n at all4 ,! ?ird class embraces a va/ majority ( m52 ! second only a small numb]2 ! fir/ a v small numb]4 ,! fir/ class is to rule bo? ! o!r classes1 ! second by craft & duplicity1 ! ?ird by au?ority1 &1 t fail+1 by =ce4 ,o!r maxims assume ! despicable "* ( all m51 & ju/ify falsehood1 duplicity1 cruelty1 & murd]1 9 ! rul+ class4 ,a s+le proposition %[s ! infamy ( ! :ole sy/em1 namely1 8,!re are ?ree ways ( decid+ any conte/--by fraud1 by =ce1 or by law1 & a wise man w make ! mo/ suitable *oice40#hc ,^! are maxims n ( civilization b ( b>b>ism4 ,!y involve a /ate ( slav]y1 & :]e slav]y exi/s ! useful arts decl9e1 & ultimately p]i%4 ,& s x 0 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 #hc 8,! ,pr9ce10 ,*ap4 ,,xviii4 ,by ,niccolo ,ma*iavelli4 ,sev]al great ev5ts l$ to ! emancipation ( ! p ( ,europe f ! jo9t reign ( au?ority & contempt4 ,! le>n+ ( ! ,jews & ,s>ac5s--_! k ( ! arts & sci5ces--gradually spread1 & occupi$ ! m9ds ( cloi/]$ /ud5ts1 giv+ to !m an intellectual impulse4 ,! ,crusades1 pitiful & prolific ( horrors z !y 71 %$ a great light ^u ,europe4 ,!y br\ght ! m5 ( ! ,we/ face to face ) a practical progressive civilization--a civilization t 8fill$ ! e>? ) prodigies ( human skill40 ,! ,crusad]s 7 told t !y w\ld be l$ aga9/ hordes ( b>b>ians4 ,:at a/oni%m5t mu/ h seiz$ !m :5 !y /ood "u ! walls ( ,con/ant9ople & beheld its spl5dors6 ,nor 0 _! surprise less1 d\btless1 9 ! "* ( ! foe !y enc\nt]$4 ,!y _h expect$ to meet ) trea*]y & cruelty2 !y f\nd *ivalry1 c\rtesy1 & high culture4#hd #hd 8,! ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,europe10 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #ace1 #acf4 ,by ,john ,william ,drap]1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,h>p] ,bro!rs4 ,^! surprises & contra/s pr(\ndly impress$ ! ,crusad]s1 & !y return$ to ,europe reliev$ ( _m illusions1 & notably ( ! fallacy t ! weal? ( ,ea/]n pr9ces 0 de/9$ to supply ! wa/e ( _! own squ&]$ e/ates4 ,!y return$1 too1 to f9d a new civilization 9 process ( developm5t4 ,two hundr$ ye>s ( comp>ative fre$om f ! repressive =ce ( feudalism *ang$ ! face ( ! c\ntry & ! "* ( its p4 ,dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! nobles1 9 ! ,holy ,l&1 a middle class sprung into exi/5ce1 possess+ ! qualities :i* always di/+ui% t class--?rift & prud5ce4 ,! mortgag$ e/ates ( ! ,crusad]s _h fall5 p>tly into _! h&s1 & p>tly into ! h&s ( ! ,cr[n4 ,t[ns _h sprung up1 & a comm]cial class & a manufactur+ class _h be5 =m$4 ,! artisan became a factor 9 ! social problem4 ,he (f]$ 8 w>es to ! lords & ladies ( ! ca/les1 & !y b\ght !mselves poor4 ,z ,em]son says1 8,! bank] ) 8 sev5 p] c5t4 drove ! e>l out ( 8 ca/le40 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury nobility 0 above price1 9 ! ?irte5? x 0 = sale1 & soon aft]w>ds x 0 (f]$ z a gift4 ,! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 ! art pres]vative ( all arts1 remov$ ! seal f ! lips ( le>n+4 ,! desire to conceal is no mat* = ! desire to pr9t4 ,!nce=?1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( types1 ! voice ( g5ius 0 de/9$ to rea* to ! ends ( ! e>?2 &1 m important /ill1 e discov]y 9 sci5ce1 & e inv5tion 9 art1 became ! sure h]itage ( future ages4 ,! discov]y ( ,am]ica 0 ! cr[n+ act ( man's emancipation4 ,9 sweep+ away ! la/ ve/ige ( ! !ory on :i* patri/ic geography 0 bas$1 ,columbus fre$ mank9d4 ,9 ! cry ( 8l& ho60 ) :i* he greet$ ! new cont95t1 he s\nd$ ! dea?-knell ( intellectual slav]y4 ,8 0 ! la/ act 9 a s]ies ( acts :i* /ruck (f ! %ackles ( ?\ght1 & let 9 ^u ! long night ( ! ,middle ,ages ! cle> light ( day4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci took up ! int]rupt$ "w ( ,ar*im$es1 & ! sci5ce ( me*anics made rapid progress4 ,at la/ x 0 correctly obs]v$ t 8exp]im5t is ! only int]pret] ( nature10 & ! developm5t ( natural philosophy began4 ,bruno 0 /ill to be burn$1 & ,galileo imprison$4 ,b ! p]secutors ( ^? great m5 7 no long] mov$ by m]e bl9d zeal4 ,!y believ$ & trembl$1 & 9 seek+ to dr[n ! tru? 9 ! blood ( ! vot>ies ( sci5ce1 !y r5d]$ x m conspicu\s4 ,by ! light ( ! flames :i* consum$ ! body ( ! too d>+ philosoph] a ?\s& sci5ti/s /udi$ ! />s1 ! e>?1 & ! air4 ,! inv5tion ( pr9t+ p>alyz$ au?ority1 & ! discov]y ( ,am]ica gave w+s to hope4 ,a few manuscripts c\ld be lock$ 9 vaults or burn$1 b millions ( books mu/ inevitably1 ultimately1 f9d _! way to ! p4 ,books 71 !re=e1 ! sure promise ( univ]sal culture--! precursor ( ! common s*ool4 ,! discov]y ( ano!r cont95t />tl$ ! p ( ,europe f ! deep sleep ( a ?\s& ye>s1 & s5t a fre% curr5t ( blood surg+ ?r\gh _! ve9s4 ,x seem$ l a sort ( new creation1 & appeal$ p[]fully to ! imag9ation4 ,& x is always ! imag9ation t 8blazes0 ! pa? to glori\s a*ievem5ts4 ,x is ?r\gh ! imag9ation t m5 are mov$ to 8crave aft] ! unse510 & ?r\gh ! imag9ation t ! human m9d becomes big ) 8bold & l(ty conceptions40 ,a new _w hav+ be5 discov]$ by "o man1 x 0 natural t all m5 %\ld be put ^u inquiry4 ,h5ce ! era ( inve/igation1 ! result+ discov]ies ( sci5ce1 & _! innum]able applications1 ?r\gh ! useful arts1 to ! fa/ multiply+ ne$s ( man4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,education ,,& ,,! ,,social ,,problem--,,hi/oric4 ,,europe4 ,! ,/&+ ,army a ,legacy ( ,evil f ! ,middle ,ages4 -- ,x is ! ,controll+ ,feature ( ! ,european ,situation4 -- ,its ,collat]al ,evils3 ,w>s & ,debts4 -- ,! ,debts ( ,europe ,repres5t a ,s]ies ( ,colossal ,crimes aga9/ ! ,p2 ) ! ,armies & ,navies !y ,absorb ! ,bulk ( ! ,annual ,rev5ue4 -- ,! ,p ,flee+ f !m4 -- ,!y ,?reat5 ,bankruptcy2 !y ,prev5t ,education4 -- ,g]many1 ! be/-educat$ ,nation 9 ,europe1 los+ mo/ by ,emigration4 -- ,h] ,p w n ,endure ! ,/&+ ,army4 -- ,! ,folly ( ! ,european ,int]national ,policy ( ,hate4 -- ,x is ,possible = ,europe to ,re/ore to ,productive ,employm5ts #c1jjj1jjj ( m51 to place at ! ,disposal ( h] ,educators #gjj1jjj1jjj1 in/ead ( #gj1jjj1jjj p] annum1 & to pay h] ,national ,debts 9 ,fifty-f\r ,ye>s1 simply by ! ,disb&m5t ( h] ,armies & ,navies4 -- ,! ,armam5t ( ,europe ,/&s 9 ! ,way ( ,univ]sal ,education & ( ,univ]sal ,indu/rial ,prosp]ity4 -- ,/&+ ,armies ! ,la/ ,analysis ( ,selfi%ness2 !y are ,coeval ) ! ,revival dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ( ! ,greco-,roman ,subjective ,me?ods ( ,education4 -- ,!y mu/ g out :5 ! ,new ,education comes 94 ,! m$ival p]iod conf]r$ ^u man two great bless+s--a new cont95t & ! art ( pr9t+4 ,x also left a legacy ( evil4 ,) ! p>tition ( ,europe into great ,/ates ! mod]n age began1 & x began ) ?is inh]itance ( evil f ! ,middle ,ages--! /&+ army4 ,! feudal lords wreck$ _! e/ates & sacrific$ _! lives dur+ ! ,crusades1 & a middle class arose & unit$ ) ! k+s 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,/ate4 ,b ?is alliance 0 ( %ort duration2 x soon gave way to an alliance :i* prov$ to be endur+--an alliance betwe5 ! ari/ocracy & ! k+s4 ,by ! ru9 ( feudalism ?\s&s ( s]fs 7 set free4 ,tra9$ to arms1 x 0 easy to make soldi]s ( !m4 ,!y 7 accord+ly conv]t$ into m]c5>y troops--mu/]$ into ! s]vice ( ! new alliance z gu>ds ( ! mod]n ,/ate4 ,?us ! /&+ armies ( ! 8great p[]s0 orig9at$4 ,?is legacy ( evil has s increas$ 9 magnitude t x is1 to-day1 ! dom9ant feature ( ,european public economy1 & ! port5t\s fact ( ! social problem4 ,! /&+ armies ( ,europe numb] two million five hundr$ ?\s& m51 & _! naval auxili>ies consi/ ( ?ree ?\s& vessels1 ?irty ?\s& guns1 & two hundr$ ?\s& m54 ,?is is ! mammo? evil bequea!d to ,europe by ! ,middle ,ages1 & out ( x _m collat]al evils h sprung1 z w>s1 debts1 & exorbitant tax levies4,e#be ,?irty ye>s ago ! national debts ( ! gov]nm5ts ( ,europe _h ris5 to #i1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,s9ce t "t !y h almo/ trebl$6 ,! cause ( ?is va/ increase is easy to f9d4 ,x consi/s *iefly ( f\r great w>s1 namely1 ! ,crimean w> ( #ahed-ef1 ! ,franco-,s>d9ian w> aga9/ ,au/ria 9 #ahei1 ! ,g]man-,italian w> ( #ahff1 & ! ,franco-,prussian w> ( #ahgj-gb4 ,^! w>s 7 wag$ to ma9ta9 :at is t]m$ ! balance ( p[]2 !y involv$ no pr9ciple affect+ ! rights ( man4 ,:atev] _! issue1 no ga9 c\ld h5ce accrue to ! p ( ,europe4 ,& ?is is ! nature ( mo/ ( ! w>s 9 :i* ! /&+ armies ( ,europe h be5 employ$ s9ce _! organization4 ,b ! ,european budget %[s t !y are ! ov]%ad[+ feature ( ! ,european gov]nm5tal sy/ems4 ,! annual rev5ue ( ! ,/ates ( ,europe is ab\t #a1gbe1jjj1jjj4 ,( ?is sum #gjj1jjj1jjj is devot$ to ! support ( ! /&+ armies & navies1 & z mu* m is requir$ to meet ! int]e/ *>ge on ! debts creat$ 9 ! prosecution ( w>s wag$ to ma9ta9 ! balance ( p[]6 ,?us1 ( ! aggregate ( ,european rev5ue1 ! sum ( #a1djj1jjj1jjj is devot$ to ! purely supposititi\s !ory t ! subjects ( ! great p[]s are inflam$ ) an int5se desire to cut "o ano!r's ?roats1 :ile ! small sum ( #cbe1jjj1jjj is left = ! support ( ! civil s]vice1 compris+ all ! /rictly legitimate objects ( gov]nm5t1 & includ+ education6 ,! national debts ( ,europe repres5t a s]ies ( colossal crimes aga9/ ! p4 ,!y 7 incurr$ 9 ! prosecution ( unnecess>y w>s1 & = ! support ( unnecess>y /&+ armies4 ,) relation to ^! debts ! p are divid$ into two classes--"o class owns !m & ! o!r class pays int]e/ on !m4 ,?is relation%ip compreh5ds future g5]ations 9 p]petuity4 ,e *ild born 9 ,europe inh]its ei!r an e/ate 9 ^! debts or an obligation to contribute t[>ds ! paym5t ( ! int]e/ ^u !m4 ,?us ! fruits ( a great crime h be5 transmut$ into a ve/$ "r 9 "o class ( p1 & into a ve/$ wrong 9 ano!r class4#he #he 8,= in/ance1 ,i h sev5 ?\s& p\nds 9 :at we call ! ,funds or ,f\nd$ ?+s2 b ,i am n com=table ab\t ! f\nd+ ( !m4 ,all t ,i c see ( !m is a squ>e bit ( pap]1 ) "s ugly pr9t+ on x1 & all t ,i "k ( !m is t ?is bit ( pap] gives me ! "r to tax y e ye>1 & make y pay me two hundr$ p\nds out ( y\r wages2 :i* is v pleasant = me2 b h[ long w y be pleas$ to d s8 ,suppose x %\ld occur to y1 any summ]'s day1 t y _h bett] n8 ,:]e w\ld my sev5 ?\s& p\nds be8 ,9 fact1 :]e are !y n[8 ,we call ourselves a ri* p2 b y see ?is sev5 ?\s& p\nds ( m9e has no real exi/5ce--x only means t y1 ! work]s1 are poor] by two hundr$ p\nds a ye> ?an y w\ld be if ,i hadn't got x4 ,& ?is is surely a v odd k9d ( money = a c\ntry to boa/ (40--8,=s ,clavig]a10 ,"p ,i41 p4 #fg4 ,by ,john ,rusk91 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 #ahhj4 ,if ! ,european /&+ armies & navies _h n be5 rais$ & kept up1 & if ! rev5ue devot$ to _! support _h be5 exp5d$ = s*ools1 !re w\ld n n[ be an un$ucat$ p]son 9 ,europe4 ,if ^! /&+ armies & navies 7 n[ disb&$1 & ! rev5ue at pres5t exp5d$ = _! support div]t$ to ! support ( s*ools1 & s appli$ cont9u\sly = half a c5tury1 !re w\ld n be1 at ! end ( t p]iod1 an illit]ate p]son 9 ,europe4 ,"u exi/+ conditions ! debts ( ! ,european nations _c be paid4 ,b va/ z ! sum ( !m is1 _! paym5t is n only possible1 b practicable 9 a v %ort "t4 ,disb& ! /&+ armies & navies1 & cont9ue ! pres5t rate ( taxation1 & !re w\ld be an annual surplus rev5ue ( #gjj1jjj1jjj4 ,apply ?is sum1 toge!r ) ! surplus ( ! int]e/ appropriation1 accru+ ?r\gh ! result+ ye>ly decrease ( ! int]e/ *>ge1 to ! liquidation ( ^! debts1 & !y w\ld be ext+ui%$ 9 ab\t tw5ty ye>s4,e#bf ,b if ! p]iod dur+ :i* provision is made = ! ext+ui%m5t ( ^! debts be ext5d$ to fifty-f\r ye>s1 &1 meantime1 ! pres5t rate ( taxation be ma9ta9$1 !re w\ld be releas$ & r5d]$ available = educational purposes1 annually1 ! sum ( #fjj1jjj1jjj4 ,:at is ! purpose1 x may be inquir$1 ( ^! calculations8 ,_! purpose is to %[ :at ! armies & navies ( ,europe co/1 & :at !y /& 9 ! way (4 ,!y co/ s mu* t n a doll> ( ! national debts ( ,europe c be paid :ile !y cont9ue to exi/4 ,!y co/ s mu* t ! p :o are tax$ to support !m are flee+ f !m z f a sc\rge4 ,!y co/ s mu* t ! decl9e ( ! nations :i* support !m has already begun1 & ?is decl9e c be arre/$ only by _! disb&m5t4 ,t ! nations ( ,europe are decl9+ is %[n by ! /ati/ics ( emigration4 ,! f\ndation ( national prosp]ity is manual labor4 ,!re mu/ be a solid basis ( indu/rial gr[? = ! sup]/ructure ( elegance1 ref9em5t1 luxury1 & culture4 ,manual labor is z ess5tial to triumphs 9 lit]ature1 music1 & ! f9e arts z ! f\ndations ( ! ,brooklyn ,bridge1 buri$ 9 ! e>?1 are to ! beautiful ar* :i* spans ! great riv]4 ,& 9 ! /rife = supremacy betwe5 ! nations ( ! _w ! ma9t5ance ( ^! triumphs dep5ds1 also1 ^u manual labor4#hf ,! real fl[] ( a population is1 !re=e1 its labor class4 ,all o!r classes dep5d ^u x1 & all national triumphs spr+ f x4 ,h5ce a dra9 ^u ! labor class ( a nation is a dra9 ^u its mo/ vital res\rce4 ,! nation t suff]s su* a dra9 cont9u\sly is 9 its decad5ce4 ,x loses "s ( its vigor1 "s ( its productive p[]1 & ! loss is n suppli$4 ,true1 ! poor emigrant takes ) him no "p ( ! spl5dors ( ! c\ntry he leaves1 b 8 brawny arm & skill$ h& h contribut$ to ! support ( national pomp & social elegance1 & z he /eps abo>d ! /eam] he )draws t support =ev]4 #hf 8,n[1 !re=e1 see briefly :at x all comes to4 ,fir/1 y sp5d eighty millions ( money 9 fireworks w>1 do+ no end ( damage 9 lett+ !m (f4 8,!n y borr[ money to pay ! firework-mak]'s bill1 f any ga9-lov+ p]sons :o h got x4 8,& !n1 dress+ y\r bailiff's m5 9 new r$ coats & cock$ hats1 y s5d !m drumm+ & trumpet+ into ! fields1 to take ! peasants by ! ?roat1 & make !m pay ! int]e/ on :at y h borr[$1 & ! exp5se ( ! cock$ hats besides4 8,t is #8f9anci]+1' my fri5ds1 z ! mob ( ! money-mak]s und]/& x4 ,& !y und]/& x well4 ,= t is :at x always comes to1 f9ally--tak+ ! peasant by ! ?roat4 ,he mu/ pay--= he only c4 ,food c only be got out ( ! gr\nd1 & all ^! devices ( soldi]%ip1 & law1 & ari?metic1 are b ways ( gett+ at la/ d[n to him1 ! furr[-driv]1 & snat*+ ! roots f him z he digs40--8,=s ,clavig]a10 ,"p ,,ii41 p4 #bg4 ,by ,john ,rusk91 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 #ahhb4 ,napoleon ! ,infam\s plund]$ ! conqu]$ capitals ( ,europe to beautify & enri* ! art treasuries ( ,p>is4 ,! art treasures ( ,europe are de/9$ to cross ! ocean1 9 ! track ( ! column ( emigration1 if ! fl[] ( h] labor class cont9ues to flee f h] /&+ armies & navies1 z ! /atues ( ,rome foll[$ ! army ( ! mod]n ,cs>4 ,= :]e ! fl[] ( ! _w's labor class ga!rs1 !re weal? mo/ ab\nds4 ,labor1 n gold & silv]1 is ! s\rce ( weal?1 h5ce x is to ! labor] t art triumphs are due1 & ?is is ! ord] ( _! developm5t4 ,! labor] provides = imm$iate1 press+ wants2 he is prud5t1 & accumulates a surplus2 he hung]s = education2 he develops a love ( ! beautiful2 he seeks to dignify 8 life & adorn 8 home2 he patronizes art2 he draws to himself ! art treasures ( ! _w4 ,! /&+ armies & navies ( ,europe h co/ ! ,european labor] ! sacrifice ( all ^! pleas+ & noble aspirations4,e#bg ,beyond ! po9t ( provid+ = 8imm$iate press+ wants0 he has n be5 able to pass4 ,8 surplus goes to ! tax-ga!r]1 to fe$ & clo! ! army & ! navy4 ,8 desire = education1 8 love ( ! beautiful1 8 hope ( a dignifi$ life1 & ( a home adorn$ by art--^! all are dreams1 illusions1 :i* vani% into ?9 air 9 ! pres5ce ( ! sub/antial fact ( ! annual ,european budget--= ! support ( ! /&+ armies & navies #gjj1jjj1jjj6 ,9 ! way ( ! paym5t ( ! national debts ( ,europe h] /&+ armies & navies re> !mselves l an impassable wall4 ,aga9/ any g5]al educational sy/em !y h hi!rto con/itut$ an insurm\ntable b>ri]2 & 9 ! future1 z 9 ! pa/1 _! ma9t5ance dooms ! masses to illit]acy4 ,!y /& 9 ! way especially ( ! incorporation1 9 ! curriculum ( ! public s*ools1 ( ! manual elem5t 9 education1 because x is ! mo/ exp5sive1 z x is ! mo/ important "p ( in/ruction4 ,g]many af=ds an admirable example ( ! p[] ( education1 ev5 ?\gh defective 9 "*1 & ( ! disgu/ ) :i* /&+ armies inspire an intellig5t p4 ,! ,g]mans are ! be/-educat$ p 9 ,europe4 ,! educational sy/em ( ,g]many 0 e/abli%$ by ,prussia z a politico-economic measure aft] ! humiliation ( ! ,g]man ,/ates by ,bonap>te4 ,said ,fr$]ick ,william1 8,?\gh t]ritory1 p[]1 & pre/ige be lo/1 !y c be rega9$ by acquir+ intellectual & moral p[]40 ,! outcome ( ! ,franco-,prussian w> ( #ahgj v]ifi$ ! tru? ( ?is pr$iction4 ,h] fre$om f debt enabl$ ,prussia to inaugurate & c>ry =w>d a compreh5sive educational sy/em1 :i* 9 turn enabl$ h] n only to vanqui% h] anci5t enemy1 b to make ,france pay ! co/ ( h] own humiliation4 ,?us at a s+le /roke ,prussia av5g$ ! defeats suff]$ at ! h&s ( ! fir/ ,napoleon1 & p]man5tly weak5$ ,france by compell+ h] va/ly to increase h] national debt4 ,! alacrity ) :i* ! ,fr5* p subscrib$ = ! new bonds 0 mu* rem>k$ ^u1 at ! "t1 z ev9c+ bo? f9ancial s\ndness & patriotism4 ,b ! really grave feature ( ! situation--! va/ augm5tation ( ! public burd5s ( ,france--0 sc>cely m5tion$1 & 01 p]haps1 philosophically consid]$ only by t a/ute /atesman1 ,pr9ce ,bism>ck4 ,! w> ) ,g]many co/ ,france #b1jjj1jjj1jjj1 & compell$ an enorm\s increase ( taxation4 ,! debt /atem5t = #ahgg 0 #d1fce1jjj1jjj--! exp5ditures #ecc1jjj1jjj2 & ( ?is latt] sum #cgc1jjj1jjj 7 absorb$ by ! army1 ! navy1 & ! national debt6 ,! significant feature ( ! ,european situation is ! fre$om f debt ( ,g]many4 ,x is by virtue ( ?is fact t %e holds ! fir/ place 9 ,europe4 ,h] rate ( taxation is z l[ z t ( little ,switz]l&4 ,all ! o!r ,great ,p[]s are hamp]$ by great debts4 ,spa9 is bankrupt2 %e does n pay ! int]e/ on h] debt4 ,au/ria increases h] debt e ye>2 %e is practically bankrupt4 ,x is only a "q ( "t1 if /&+ armies & navies cont9ue to be ma9ta9$ & w>s to occur1 :5 all ! debtor nations w be r$uc$ to bankruptcy4#hg ,! nation s9ks z ! column ( debt rises4 ,france _c d\ble h] debt aga9 & make h] p pay int]e/ on x4 ,engl& draws f h] citiz5s a l>g] p] capita rev5ue ?an any o!r nation ( ,europe1 except ,france1 & %e has ne>ly t\*$ ! limit ( _! capacity to pay taxes4 ,a sudd5 & consid]able increase ( h] debt w\ld /ra9 ! ,gov]nm5t1 & might %att] x4 #hg 8,! progress ( ! enorm\s debts :i* at pres5t oppress1 & w 9 ! long run probably ru91 all ! great ,nations ( ,europe1 has be5 pretty uni=m40--8,weal? ( ,nations10 ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #cib4 ,by ,adam ,smi?1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahai4 ,?us1 ! m se>*+ ! analysis ( ! ,european situation1 ! m cle> does ! exceptional /r5g? ( ,g]many appe>4 ,b out ( h] abundant /r5g? a weakness has be5 evolv$4 ,! sy/em ( education t r5d]$ ! ,g]mans s p[]ful aga9/ ,france z soldi]s1 has made !m ?\ghtful citiz5s4 ,x has revolutioniz$ ! public s5tim5t ( ,g]many on ! subject ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! place ( passion x has sub/itut$ reason4 ,! ,prussian 8subject0 = :om ! k+ ?\ght1 has become a ,g]man citiz5 :o ?9ks = himself1 & "o ( 8 e>lie/ reflections is t1 9 mod]n civilization1 a /&+ army is a solecism4 ,! ignorant ,prussian hat$ ! ,fr5* because hatr$ ( !m 0 enjo9$ ^u him z ! correlative ( ! duty ( bl9d devotion to 8 k+4 ,b ! educat$ ,g]man kn[s t ! sole motive ( ! cont9uance ( ! /&+ army is ! ma9t5ance ( ! balance ( p[]1 :i* is m]ely a tacit agreem5t betwe5 ! ,european rul]s1 by div9e "r1 to p]petuate _! own lease ( p[]4 ,h5ce ! 8intellectual & moral p[]0 conf]r$ ^u ! ,g]man p1 by education1 reacts ^u ,g]many 9 ! =m ( a dra9 ( ! fl[] ( h] population by emigration4 ,! citiz5%ip ( ,g]many is m valuable1 9 an economic s5se1 ?an t ( any o!r c\ntry ( ,europe--m valuable because ,g]many is ! mo/ p[]ful nation ( ! ,european family ( ,/ates2 m valuable because ( !m all %e alone is free f debt2 m valuable by reason ( h] m mod]ate scale ( taxation4 ,b %e /ill furni%es ! heavie/ cont+5t to ! column ( emigration /eadily mov+ t[>ds ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 a ^w1 ! mo/ valuable citiz5%ip 9 ,europe--t ( ,g]many--is lea/ reg>d$ & mo/ freely surr5d]$4 ,:y8 ,because ! ,g]mans are ! be/-educat$ p 9 ,europe4 ,poor z ! ,g]man prim>y s*ool sy/em is1 x is univ]sal1 & x has de/roy$ :at x 0 f\nd$ *iefly to promote & p]petuate1 namely1 rev]5ce =1 & loyalty to1 gov]nm5t by ,div9e "r4 ,g]man intellig5ce revolts f taxation = ! support ( a /&+ army4 ,x revolts f ! !ory & policy ( hate ^u :i* /&+ armies are bas$4 ,x compreh5ds p]fectly t ! /&+ army is a m5ace to ! fre$om ( ! citiz51 at home1 r ?an a def5ce aga9/ pret5d$ dang] f abroad4 ,x scorns1 z absurd1 ! ?readb>e assumption t ,engli%m51 ,fr5*m51 ,italians1 ,russians1 & ,g]mans desire to fly at "o ano!r's ?roats1 & t !y c be re/ra9$ only by a cordon ( bayonets4,e#bh ,x realizes t ! p]petuation ( ! era ( hate1 ?r\gh ! /&+ army1 ret>ds ! m5tal & physical progress ( ! human race1 :i* w\ld be greatly promot$ by ! free int]m+l+ ( ! v>i\s nationalities ( ,europe4#hh ,t x is f ! /&+ army t ! emigrant flees is %[n by ! records ( ! milit>y dep>tm5t ( ! ,g]man gov]nm5t4 #hh ,! multiplicity ( languages is due to ! policy ( int]national hate1 inaugurat$ by ! nations ( ,europe to promote ! selfi% purposes ( rul]s4 ,b>b>ism is div]sity2 civilization is unity4 ,! human race is "o1 provid$ x is civiliz$1 & x %\ld h b "o language4 ,language is a tool1 & "t consum$ 9 acquir+ skill 9 ! use ( m ?an "o tool design$ = ! same end1 is wa/$4 ,! /&+ armies ( ,europe ob/ruct ! way to unity ( language4 ,! "t w come :5 all civiliz$ peoples w speak "o tongue1 probably ! ,engli%4 ,!n language w cease to be a m]e va9 accompli%m5t1 & become :at x ought always to h be51 ! simple means ( famili>iz+ ! m9d ) ?+s1 & ( ! communication ( k4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhc tw5ty-n9e ?\s& m5 7 arre/$ = attempt+ to emigrate f ,g]many to avoid ! requir$ milit>y s]vice1 & m ?an a hundr$ ?\s& o!rs1 f :om s]vice 0 due1 refus$1 bo? to report = duty1 & to furni% ! requir$ excuses = ! failure to enroll !mselves4 ,! law ( ,g]many requires e male citiz51 capable ( be>+ arms1 to s]ve ?ree ye>s 9 ! /&+ army--to devote ?ree ( ! be/ ye>s ( 8 life to ! pres]vation ( ! balance ( p[] 9 ,europe6 ,9 addition1 he mu/ s]ve f\r ye>s 9 ! res]ve1 & five ye>s 9 ! l&wehr4 ,& ?is s]vice is reg>d$ z a debt due ! gov]nm5t4 ,e male *ild born 9 ,g]many contracts ?is debt1 9 contemplation ( law1 9 ! act ( draw+ 8 fir/ brea?1 & no?+ b dea? releases him f ! obligation4 ,hav+ be5 taught 9 ! emp]or's s*ools to love ! emp]or1 :5 he rea*es ! milit>y age1 a musket is plac$ 9 8 h&s1 & he is taught to %oot ! emp]or's enemies4 ,if he refuses to ent] ! army he is f9$2 if he refuses to pay ! f9e he is imprison$4 ,! ,g]man emp]or attributes ! decl9e 9 ! milit>y organization to ! neglig5ce ( 8 milit>y /aff1 b its true cause is ! ,g]man educational sy/em4 ,! /eady augm5tation ( ! rolls ( milit>y del9qu5ts is ! measure ( ! gr[? ( ,g]man intellig5ce4 ,! ease ) :i* ,g]many conqu]$ ,france flatt]$ ! vanity ( ! educat$ ,g]man1 b x did n prev5t him f emigrat+ to ,am]ica4 ,to ! cultur$ m9d ! army t w9s ! conte/ 9 :i* no pr9ciple is involv$ is z odi\s z ! army t loses4 ,to ! cultur$ m9d all /&+ armies are odi\s1 because !y are an embodi$ assumption ( ! b>b>ism ( man1 & a d5ial ( ! efficacy ( reason4 ,! great /ream ( ,g]man emigration atte/s ! sup]iority ( ,g]man culture4 ,! educat$ ,g]man decl9es to le>n ! art ( %oot+ ! emp]or's enemies1 b he kn[s t ,g]many is1 9 fact1 gov]n$ by its /&+ army--by muskets--& he quits ! c\ntry4 ,?us ! *ief p[] ( ,g]many becomes h] *ief weakness4 ,a sy/em ( education :i* has made h] ! fir/ nation 9 ,europe produces wide-spread discont5t among h] p1 because %e is gov]n$ by obsolete ideas4 ,nor c ! loss 9 virile =ce suff]$ by ,g]many1 ?r\gh emigration1 be made good by a c\nt] movem5t ( immigrants f ! less favor$ c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,! economic condition ( ,g]many--h] fre$om f debt & h] comp>atively l[ rate ( taxation--invite su* a movem5t4 ,b ! ,european policy ( int]national hate1 creat$ & p]petuat$ by /&+ armies1 =bids ,g]many to rec\p h] losses ( m5 to ,am]ica1 ?r\gh correspond+ ga9s ( m5 f ! ov]tax$ populations ( neighbor+ c\ntries4 ,! gr9n+ skeletons ( a hundr$ battles 9 :i* ! rival nationalities ( ,europe h be5 pitt$ aga9/ "o ano!r1 rise to *all5ge ! social int]m+l+ ( peoples sep>at$ = c5turies by ! arts ( diplomacy1 traditions ( blood & flames1 & ! s]ri$ ranks ( /&+ armies4 ,! disposition ( ,g]mans to emigrate irritates ! emp]or & 8 prime-m9i/]4 ,! loss ( numb]s might be borne1 = not)/&+ ! /eady outw>d fl[ ( emigrants !re is a slight increase ( population 9 ,g]many4 ,b x is ! quality ( ! exodus t annoys ! emp]or & 8 *ancellor4 ,! ,g]man emigrants are /rong m5 & wom5--/rong m5tally & physically4 ,all ! weakl+s1 all ! paup]s1 all ! imbeciles1 ! ag$1 & ! infirm rema91 only ! "y & vigor\s g4 ,^? :o g h be5 taught at ! exp5se ( ! ,/ate to love ! emp]or & hate 8 enemies1 b !y d nei!r4 ,! ,g]man sy/em ( education1 f ! po9t ( view ( rul]s by div9e "r1 is1 h5ce1 a conspicu\s failure4 ,x makes bett] m5 b poor] subjects4 ,! m ?or\ghly ! man is educat$ ! m valuable he is to himself & to ! community1 b ! less valuable to 8 k+4 ,8 gr[? 9 intellig5ce is ! measure ( 8 decl9e 9 rev]5ce = rul]s by div9e "r1 & ! /&+ armies by :i* !y are alone support$4 ,?is is ! cause ( ,g]man emigration1 & its effect is to weak5 ! ,g]man ,empire4 ,g]many is n s /rong z %e 0 :5 h] armies swept ov] ,france2 %e decl9es 9 p[] ea* ye>1 ?r\gh ! loss ( m5--! sole support ( a ,/ate4,e#bi ,!y flee f h] /&+ army to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a republic ) only a h&ful ( soldi]s4 ,! sy/em ( education e/abli%$ to increase ! p[] ( ,prussia 9 ,europe has accompli%$ its purpose4 ,b x has done mu* m--some?+ nev] ?\ght ( by its f\nd]s4 ,x has produc$ a wide-spread feel+ ( intellig5t discont5t2 & discont5t is an in>ticulate cry = re=m4 ,! cultur$ ,g]man scorns ! /&+ army1 refuses to s]ve 9 x1 prote/s aga9/ its long] exi/5ce1 & dem&s m & bett] education = 8 *ildr54 ,8 prote/ is unhe$$1 & he quits ! c\ntry4 ,b ! dem& = high] education is n1 _c be1 disreg>d$4 ,intellig5ce is contagi\s2 x infects ) a ?ir/ = k all ) :om x comes 9 contact4 ,education is ! ar*-revolutioni/ ^: onw>d m>* is irresi/ible4 ,soon a rip] culture w make ! ,g]man ,prote/ants m c\rage\s & m imp]ative 9 _! dem&s1 & !y w rema9 9 ! c\ntry to en=ce !m4 ,education made ,g]many ! fir/ milit>y p[] 9 ,europe2 b education c\ld n h be5 put to a m ignoble s]vice4 ,! desire ( intellig5t ,g]mans is t ,g]many %all become ! fir/ indu/rial p[] 9 ,europe1 & ?is desire c be realiz$ by ! disb&m5t ( h] /&+ army4 ,?is review ( ! situation 9 ,europe %[s t x is practicable = h] to re/ore1 at once1 to productive employm5ts ?ree millions ( m5--! fl[] ( h] population--n[ n only idle1 b a public *>ge4 ,x %[s1 also1 t x is practicable = ,europe to place1 at once1 at ! disposal ( h] educators #gjj1jjj1jjj p] annum in/ead ( #gj1jjj1jjj p] annum1 z at pres5t4 ,! coroll>y ( ^! two propositions is a ?ird1 namely1 t x is practicable = ,europe to ext+ui% h] national debts 9 fifty-f\r ye>s4 ,x foll[s t ! regul> armies ( ,europe alone /& 9 ! way ( univ]sal education1 & ( univ]sal indu/rial prosp]ity4 ,/&+ armies ev]y:]e )9 ! l9es ( advanc$ civilization mu/ soon disappe> be=e ! m>* ( education4#hi ,social que/ions _c mu* long] be settl$ by emigration4 ,! _w's virg9 soil is be+ rapidly appropriat$4 ,:5 ! surface ( ! :ole e>? %all h become occupi$1 b>b>isms ( e nature w be intol]able4 ,man mu/ !n be highly civiliz$1 & ! only highly civiliz+ influ5ce is education4 ,! age ( =ce is pass+ away2 ! age ( sci5ce & art--! age ( indu/rial developm5t--has begun1 & /&+ armies are z abnormal 9 ,europe n[ z slav]y 0 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates tw5ty-five ye>s ago4#ij #hi 8,?is nation to-day is 9 pr(\nd peace ) ! _w2 b 9 my judgm5t x has be=e x a great duty1 :i* w n only make t pr(\nd peace p]man5t1 b %all set su* an example z w absolutely aboli% w> on ?is cont95t1 & by a great example & a l(ty moral prec$5t %all ultimately aboli% x 9 o!r cont95ts4 ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t e "o ( ! sev5te5 indep5d5t ,p[]s ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica is n only will+ b ready--is n only ready b eag]--to ent] into a solemn compact 9 a congress t may be call$ 9 ! "n ( peace1 to agree t if1 unhappily1 diff]5ces %all arise--z diff]5ces w arise betwe5 m5 & nations--!y %all be settl$ ^u ! peaceful & ,*ri/ian basis ( arbitration4 8,&1 z ,i h (t5 said be=e1 ,i am glad to repeat1 9 ?is great c5tre ( civilization & p[]1 t 9 my judgm5t no national spectacle1 no int]national spectacle1 no cont95tal spectacle1 c\ld be m gr& ?an t ! republics ( ! ,we/]n _w %\ld meet toge!r & solemnly agree t nei!r ! soil ( ,nor? nor t ( ,s\? ,am]ica %all be h]eaft] /a9$ by bro!rs' blood40--,extract f ! ,spee* ( ,hon4 ,james ,g4 ,bla9e at ! ,delmonico ,d9n]1 ,octob] #bi1 #ahhd4 #ij 8,x is only sl[ly1 & aft] hav+ be5 long 9 contact ) society1 t man becomes m indulg5t t[>ds o!rs & m sev]e t[>ds himself40--8,suicide3 an ,essay on ,comp>ative ,moral ,/ati/ics10 p4 #bbf4 ,by ,h5ry ,morselli1 ,m4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahhb4 ,/&+ armies are ! in/rum5ts ( tyranny2 !y are ! la/ analysis ( selfi%ness1 ! inc>nation ( depravity2 = !y d n reason--!y /rike4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ! /&+ armies ( ,europe are coeval ) ! revival ( le>n+1 & ! revival ( le>n+ 0 a revival ( ! ,greco-,roman subjective educational me?ods4 ,! logical effect ( ^? me?ods 0 ! promotion ( selfi%ness1 & ! /&+ armies cons]v$ ! selfi% designs ( ! rul]s ( ! newly-=m$ ,/ates4 ,x is h5ce n a m]e co9cid5ce t /&+ armies & ! revival ( le>n+ ?r\gh subjective processes ( ?\ght are ( common orig94 ,! ,ma*iavellian philosophy ( cruelty1 duplicity1 & contempt ( man sprung logically f egoism1 & z logically l$ to ! =mation ( /&+ armies--bodies ( arm$ m51 tra9$1 "u compulsion1 to kill1 burn1 & de/roy4 ,! synonyms ( ! /&+ army are selfi%ness & its vile issue1 feudalism1 s]fdom1 slav]y1 ignorance1 & contempt ( man4 ,^! conditions are pass+ away1 & ! /&+ army1 ! wor/1 z x is ! mo/ co/ly relic ( savag]y1 mu/ pass away ) !m4 ,x _c )/& ! advance ( ! new education1 ^: mission is peace1 ^: que/ is ! tru?1 ^: premise is a fact1 ^: conclusion is a ?+ ( use & beauty1 & ^: goal is ju/ice4 ,e#be ,w> is n m]ely a relic ( b>b>ism2 x is b>b>ism triumphant4 ,x is evid5ce ( ! pres5ce1 active & malignant1 ( all ! bad passions ( man4 ,nor are idle armies less infam\s ?an armies 9 deadly conflict4 ,c>lyle well says t ! "o mon/] 9 ! _w is ! idle man2 & ! /&+ army is a va/ horde ( idle m5 qu>t]$ on ! community4 ,! /&+ armies ( ,europe1 on p>ade1 9 b>racks1 & 9 =ts1 are z unmix$ an evil z ! legions ( ,rome 7 9 ,gaul1 9 ,greece1 or be=e ,c>?age4 ,x is a %ame to civilization t arbitration did n long ago take ! place ( ! co>se brutality ( w>4 ,! duello betwe5 ,nations is n less absurd1 & x is a ?\s&-fold m wick$1 ?an ! duello betwe5 individuals4 ,x is savag]y pure & simple1 ! *ild ( selfi%ness1 & n less inconsi/5t ) a high /ate ( civilization ?an slav]y4 ,e#bf ,( ! ,briti% fund+ sy/em :5 x 0 9 its infancy1 z e>ly z #agdh1 ,"l ,bol+broke said3 8,x is a me?od by :i* "o "p ( ! nation is pawn$ to ! o!r1 ) h>dly any hope left ( ev] be+ r$eem$40 ,see1 also1 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review = ,septemb]1 #ahhf1 an exhau/ive article on ! impolicy ( national debt p]petuation1 by ,n4 ,p4 ,hill1 9 :i* x is alleg$ t 8great int]e/s are at "w to prev5t ! paym5t ( ! national debt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 ,e#bg ,9 8 rec5t great "w--8,! ,wond]ful ,c5tury0--,mr4 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace1 on ! au?ority ( 8,! ,/atesman's ,ye> ,book0 = #ahig1 /ates t ! /&+ armies & navies ( ,europe numb] ?ree millions ( m52 co/ #ahj1jjj1jjj p\nds /]l+ p] annum1 & )draw f useful employm5ts t5 millions ( m5 engag$ 9 repair+ ! wa/e ( w>4--8,! ,wond]ful ,c5tury10 pp4 #cce-ccf4 ,new ,york3 ,dodd1 ,mead ,co41 #ahih4 ,e#bh 8,i "k n[ t my fell[%ip ) o!rs _c be %ut (f by a fronti]1 or by a gov]nm5t decree :i* decides t ,i belong to "s p>ticul> political organization4 ,i "k n[ t all m5 are ev]y:]e bro!rs & equals4 ,:5 ,i ?9k n[ ( all ! evil ,i h done1 t ,i h endur$1 & t ,i h se5 ab\t me1 aris+ f national enmities1 ,i see cle>ly t x is all due to t gross impo/ure call$ patriotism--love = "o's native l&40 444 8,i und]/& n[ t true welf>e is possible = me only on condition t ,i recognize my fell[%ip ) ! :ole _w40--8,my ,religion10 p4 #bef4 ,by ,c\nt ,leo ,tol/oi4 ,new ,york3 ,?omas ,y4 ,cr[ell ,co4 ,e#bi ,!re is ano!r cause ( ! decl9e ( ,g]many3 ,w> degrades2 x is a rev]sion t[>d b>b>ism4 ,n only is ! soldi] brutaliz$ by m>tial ex]cises & sc5es ( c>nage1 b ! moral & m5tal fibre ( ! p ( a nation :i* indulges 9 w> is r5d]$ co>s]4 ,! rem>k ( ,m4 ,r5an on ! subject is pr(\ndly philosophical3 8,! man :o has pass$ ye>s 9 ! c>riage ( arms aft] ! ,g]man fa%ion is dead to all delicate "w :e!r ( ! h& or bra940--8,recollections ( my ,y\?10 p4 #aei4 ,by ,erne/ ,r5an4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 #ahhc4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,education ,,& ,,! ,,social ,,problem--,,hi/oric4 ,,am]ica4 ,an ,old ,civilization 9 a ,new ,c\ntry4 -- ,old ,me?ods 9 a ,new ,sy/em ( ,s*ools4 -- ,sordid ,views ( ,education4 -- ,! highe/ ,aim ,money-gett+4 -- ,h]b]t ,sp5c] on ! ,engli% ,s*ools4 -- ,same ,defects 9 ! ,am]ican ,s*ools4 -- ,maxims ( ,selfi%ness4 -- ,! ,cultivation ( ,av>ice4 -- ,political ,incongruities4 -- ,negroes escap+ f ,slav]y call$ ,fugitives f ,ju/ice4 -- ,! ,results ( ,subjective ,educational ,processes4 -- ,climatic ,influ5ces alone sav$ ,am]ica f becom+ a ,slave ,empire4 -- ,illit]acy4 -- ,abnormal ,gr[? ( ,cities4 -- ,failure ( ,ju/ice4 -- ,defects ( ,education %[n 9 ,reckless & ,corrupt ,legislation4 -- ,wa/e ( an ,empire ( ,public ,l&4 -- ,h5ry ,d4 ,lloyd's ,hi/ory ( ,congressional ,l& ,grants4 -- ,! ,gr[? & ,p[] ( ,corporations4 -- ,! ,orig9 ( l>ge ,=tunes1 ,speculations4 -- ,old ,social ,=ces produc+ old ,social ,evils4 -- ,/ill ,am]ica is ! ,hope ( ! ,_w4 -- ,! ,"r ( ,suffrage 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ju/ifies ! ,s5tim5t ( ,patriotism4 -- ,let ,suffrage be made ,intellig5t & ,virtu\s1 & all ,social ,evils w yield to x2 & all ! ,weal? ( ! ,c\ntry is subject to ! ,draft ( ! ,ballot = ,education4 -- ,! ,hope ( ,social ,re=m dep5ds ^u a complete ,educational ,revolution4 ,! discov]y ( ,am]ica />tl$ ,europe4 ,x 0 a great bl[ to prevail+ dogmatisms4 ,x upset _m le>n$ 787 !ories4 ,x swept away patri/ic geography4 ,x complet$ ! figure ( ! e>?1 r5d]+ x susceptible ( intellig5t /udy4 ,! advantages ( su* inve/igation accru$ to man1 to a degree1 be=e ! social & civil life ( ,am]ica began4 ,9 ! c5tury & a qu>t] :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! l&+ ( ,columbus & t ( ! ,pilgrims1 on ^! %ores1 consid]able social & political progress 0 made 9 ,europe1 & especially 9 ,engl&4 ,f ! turbul5t sc5es ( ! reigns ( ,james ,i4 & ,*>les ,i41 :i* ev5tuat$ 9 ! ,cromwellian rebellion & victory ( ! ,commons1 ! ,pilgrims escap$4 ,!y n only bore ) !m1 to ! new cont95t1 ! impress ( ! long /ruggle = lib]ty wag$ by ! ,engli% p1 b !y 71 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ! product ( ! progress ( all ! ages4 ,b !y con/itut$ only a small "p ( ! column ( immigrants4 ,deta*m5ts ( ! ,cavali]s came also1 & ,g]mans1 ,fr5*m51 & ,iri%m5 came ) !m4 ,! discov]y ( ,am]ica 0 a sort ( new creation1#ia b its almo/ virg9 soil 0 de/9$ to become ! home ( an old civilization4 ,f all ! nationalities ( ! ,old ,_w ! ,new ,_w 0 to be peopl$4 ,! ambiti\s1 ! re/less1 ! adv5tur\s1 ! ent]pris+1 & ! h>dy ( e tongue1 7 gradually to assemble 9 ! new field ( action4 ,! mann] 9 :i* !y treat$ ! natives ( ! new c\ntry1 bo? nor? & s\?1 %[$ _! orig9 & _! tra9+4 ,_! det]m9ation to conqu] & hold ! new t]ritory 0 b ?9ly disguis$4 ,_! desc5t ^u ! ,atlantic coa/ 0 n ! exact c\nt]p>t ( t ( ,cs> ^u ! coa/ ( ,brita91 b x 0 ! same 9 _s2 & ! active trade 9 slaves :i* soon sprang up1 & :i* 0 !reaft] vigor\sly prosecut$ = two hundr$ ye>s1 %[$ ! ta9t ( savag]y--! impress ( ,roman cruelty1 rapacity1 & inju/ice4 #ia 8,! discov]y ( ,am]ica is ! greate/ ev5t :i* has ev] tak5 place 9 ?is _w ( ours1 "o half ( :i* _h hi!rto be5 unkn[n to ! o!r4 ,all t until n[ appe>$ extraord9>y seems to disappe> be=e ?is sort ( new creation40--,voltaire4 ,x is evid5t t 9 its mo/ important feature--! =mation ( "*--education _h made little if any progress at ! "t ( ! organization ( civil society 9 ,am]ica4 ,! democratic idea 0 n new4 ,x f\nd expression 9 e =m dur+ ! /ruggles ( ,greece & ,rome1 & ! revival ( le>n+ _h l$ to ! discussion ( gov]nm5tal que/ions 9 ! light ( hi/ory4 ,besides1 ! re=mation ( ,lu!r _h op5$ ! way to ! la/ analysis ( diss5t 9 ! p]son ( ,rog] ,williams1 :o ass]t$ ! "r ( absolute fre$om ( ?\ght & spee*4 ,( ! religi\s "r ( private judgm5t ! political "r ( an equal voice 9 public affairs is ! coroll>y4 ,h5ce1 t ! ,puritans %\ld e/abli% ! t[n organizations s ju/ly laud$ by ,m4 ,tocqueville 0 q logical4#ib ,nor 0 ! public-s*ool sy/em less logical2 all citiz5s be+ memb]s ( ! gov]nm5t1 all *ildr5 mu/ be prep>$ = ! duties ( citiz5%ip4 ,b un=tunately ! old sy/em ( education 0 put into ! new s*ools1 z ! old civilizations _h be5 transf]r$ to ! new c\ntry4 ,! sy/em ( education "u :i* ! k+s & rul+ classes ( ,engl& & ( ! cont95t ( ,europe 7 tra9$ to selfi%ness1 cruelty1 & inju/ice1 0 he$lessly adopt$ 9 ! s*ools ( ,new ,engl&1 :i* became ! models ( s*ools ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 #ib 8,t[n meet+s are to lib]ty :at prim>y s*ools are to sci5ce2 !y br+ x )9 ! p's rea*1 !y tea* m5 h[ to use & h[ to enjoy x4444 ,! t[n%ip in/itutions ( ,new ,engl& =m a complete & regul> :ole2 !y are old2 !y h ! support ( ! laws1 & ! /ill /rong] support ( ! mann]s ( ! community1 ov] :i* !y ex]cise a prodigi\s influ5ce40--8,democracy 9 ,am]ica10 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #gf4 ,by ,alexis ,de ,tocqueville4 ,bo/on3 ,john ,allyn1 #ahgf4 ,! popul> idea 9 reg>d to ! s*ools 0 7#a7 t !y fitt$ _! pupils = ! duties ( citiz5%ip1 or1 m prop]ly1 = ! art ( gov]n+1 & 7#b7 t !y taught ! art ( gett+ on 9 ! _w2 & gett+ on 9 ! _w 0 int]pret$ to mean gett+ & keep+ money4 ,t ?is sordid view ( education 0 g5]ally held 9 ! rural di/ricts ( ,new ,engl& is %[n by ! fact t any culture beyond a limit$ & imp]fect k ( read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic 0 reg>d$ z sup]flu\s4 ,n ev5 ! rudim5ts ( ei!r ! sci5ces or ! arts 7 imp>t$1 & yet x is only ?r\gh a k ( ! sci5ces & ! arts t progress 9 civilization is made4 ,! e>ly settl]s ( ,new ,engl& devis$ a new sy/em ( s*ools1 b !y import$ into !m an old sy/em ( education1 ! ,greco-,roman subjective sy/em1 introduc$ into ,engl& ) ! revival ( le>n+4 ,( ?is sy/em ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] says1 8,_h !re be5 no tea*+ b su* z is giv5 9 our public s*ools1 ,engl& w\ld n[ be :at x 0 9 feudal times40 ,& he adds3 8,! vital k1 t by :i* we h gr[n z a nation to :at we are1 & :i* n[ und]lies our :ole exi/5ce1 is a k t has got itself taught 9 nooks & corn]s1 :ile ! orda9$ ag5cies = tea*+ h be5 mumbl+ little else b dead =mulas40#ic #ic 8,t :i* our s*ool c\rses leave almo/ entirely out1 we ?us f9d to be t :i* mo/ ne>ly conc]ns ! bus9ess ( life4 ,all our indu/ries w\ld cease 7 x n = t in=mation :i* m5 beg9 to acquire z !y be/ may aft] _! education is said to be f9i%$40--8,education10 p4 #ed4 ,by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahhc4 ,b ^! are m]ely negative effects ( subjective me?ods ( education4 ,! positive evil effect ( !m is selfi%ness1 ! sum ( all villanies4 ,"u ! new sy/em ( s*ools--s*ools = all--! old philosophy ( life fl\ri%$4 ,"u ! "n ( prud5ce1 selfi%ness 0 deifi$4 ,! maxim ( ,h]b]t--8,help ?yself & ,god w help !e0--0 reproduc$ by ,frankl9 9 a hundr$ =ms4 ,! *ild 0 taught1 n t 8,! half is m ?an ! :ole10 b t 8,9 ! race ( life ! devil takes ! h9dmo/40 ,?us gre$ & av>ice 7 cultivat$ to ! sacrifice ( hone/y4 ,call+ selfi%ness prud5ce l$ to conf\nd+ "r & wrong--fre$om & slav]y4 ,h5ce we h ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce conta9+ ! l(ty s5tim5t1 8,all m5 are creat$ equal10 & ! ,con/itution ?r[+ ! %ield ( its protection ov] human bondage4 ,a false sy/em ( education l$ to political incongruities ( ! grosse/ "*1 z1 9 ! preamble to ! ,con/itution1 ! decl>ation ( its high purpose--to e/abli% ju/ice & secure ! bless+s ( lib]ty--& 9 ! body ( ! in/rum5t a gu>anty ( ! slave-trade = tw5ty-five ye>s1 & a compact t x %\ld be ! duty ( ! national army to %oot rebelli\s slaves1 & ! duty ( free citiz5s1 ( ! free ,/ates1 to hunt d[n escap+ slaves & surr5d] !m to _! own]s 9 ! slave ,/ates4 ,! failure ( ! prevail+ sy/em ( education to promote rectitude & "r ?9k+ 0 s complete t negroes escap+ f slav]y 7 call$ 8fugitives f ju/ice60 ,its failure 0 s complete t ! v /reets ( ,bo/on 9 :i* patriots _h /ruggl$ to ! dea? 9 ! cause ( lib]ty n[ e*o$ ! groans ( ! slave1 & res\nd$ ) ! clank ( 8 *a9s4 ,its failure 0 s complete t 9 ,faneuil ,hall1 ! cradle ( lib]ty1 slav]y 0 ju/ifi$4 ,its failure 0 s complete t a s5ator1 = d>+ to *>act]ize slav]y z b>b>ic1 0 /rick5 d[n & beat5 ) a club1 until he lay helpless 9 a pool ( blood on ! floor ( ! legislative hall ( ! great1 free republic4 ,^! are *>act]i/ics ( ! e>ly civilizations1 ! civilizations ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,!y are ! product ( selfi%ness1 & !y %[ t subjective educational processes--processes :i* proce$ f ! ab/ract to ! concrete1 ?us violat+ ! natural law ( inve/igation--produce ! same effects 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury z !y did 9 ! fir/ c5tury4 ,e?ically1 slav]y 0 tri$ only by ! te/ ( self-int]e/4 ,9 ! ,nor?1 z 9 ,europe1 x 0 n pr(itable1 & x fad$ away2 9 ! ,s\?1 9 ! cotton & rice fields1 x 0 ?\ght to be pr(itable1 & x spread & fl\ri%$4 ,t ! opposition to slav]y1 at ! ,nor?1 did n gr[ out ( education 9 ! s*ools1 is evid5t1 because ! sons ( ! ,s\!rn rul+ class 7 educat$ 9 ! high s*ools & colleges ( ! ,nor?2 b !y became1 not)/&+ su* tra9+1 almo/ to a man1 slav]y propag&i/s4 ,! he9\sness ( slav]y 0 p]ceptible only to ^? :o _h no p]sonal int]e/ 9 its p]petuation4 ,x is pla9 t ! effect ( ! education ( ! s*ools ^u ! y\? ( ! c\ntry 0 to make !m call\s to ! common impressions ( "r & wrong2 9 a ^w1 to r5d] !m ?or\ghly selfi%4 ,x is difficult to resi/ ! conclusion t1 if slav]y _h be5 z pr(itable at ! ,nor? z x 0 at ! ,s\?1 x w\ld h be5 p]petuat$1 & w\ld h poison$ ! infant civilization ( ,am]ica z t ( ,rome 0 vitiat$ & de/roy$4 ,assum+ ! tru? ( ?is hypo!sis1 climate conditions1 n education1 sav$ ?is cont95t f ! sc\rge ( slav]y4 ,to ! fact t a l>ge "p ( ! t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is situat$ 9 ! temp]ate zone we owe ! elim9ation ( slav]y f ! social problem4 ,exi/+ social conditions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates d n diff] mat]ially f ^? ( ! *ief c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,we h only a small /&+ army2 b ! sole great "q :i* divid$ ! p dur+ ! fir/ hundr$ ye>s ( our political exi/5ce--slav]y--_h to be settl$ z su* que/ions h be5 settl$ f ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory1 z savages settle all que/ions--by viol5ce1 by an appeal to ! logic ( brute =ce4 ,our gov]nm5t diff]s f ! gov]nm5ts ( ,europe bo? 9 pr9ciple & =m1 b ! gov]nm5tal influ5ce is only "o ( _m influ5ces :i* unite to m\ld social habits4 ,! democratic pr9ciple1 adopt$ z ! f\ndation ( our political in/itutions1 has n s]v$ to c\nt]act ! t5d5cy to ! =mation ( social class di/9ctions4 ,! p lack ! wisdom1 or ! virtue1 or bo?1 to insi/ ^u ! fir/ pr]equisite to ev5 an approximation to social equality1 namely1 univ]sal education4 ,( our population ( fifty millions1 five millions ( p]sons1 t5 ye>s old & ov]1 are unable to read1 & six millions are unable to write4 ,9 ! la/ c5sus decade we made ! paltry ga9 ( ?ree p] c5t1 9 intellig5ce1 b 9 #ahhj we _h six hundr$ ?\s& m illit]ates ?an 9 #ahgj4 ,ne>ly two millions ( ! legal vot]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are illit]ates4 ,e six? man :o (f]s 8 ballot at ! polls is unable to write 8 "n4 ,"u su* circum/ances class di/9ctions ( ! mo/ pron\nc$ type are inevitable4 ,! t5d5cy to ! conc5tration ( populations 9 cities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is n less decid$ ?an x is 9 ! c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,9 #ahbj ! population ( our cities con/itut$ less ?an "o-tw5tie? ( ! :ole population ( ! c\ntry1 b 9 #ahhj x con/itut$ m ?an "o-fif? ( ! :ole4 ,cities h always be5 ! *ief s\rce ( societ>y di/urbances4 ,9 ! wor/ days ( ! ,roman ,empire tranquillity & prosp]ity reign$ 9 _m ( ! di/ant prov9ces4 ,:ile at ! city ( ,rome 8e k9d ( vice p>ad$ itself ) revolt+ cynicism10 9 ! prov9ces 8!re 0 a middle class 9 :i* good-nature1 conjugal fidelity1 probity1 & ! dome/ic virtues 7 g5]ally practis$40 ,( "o ( ! y\nge/ l>ge cities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! late sup]9t5d5t ( a ,tra9+ ,s*ool = ,waifs says1 8,nev] 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is city has infant wret*$ness /alk$ =? 9 su* multipli$ & su* humiliat+ =ms4 ,x is h>d to suppress ! conviction t ev5 ,pagan ,rome1 9 ! corrupt age ( ,augu/us1 did n witness a m rapid & frightful decl5sion 9 morals ?an t :i* c to-day be f\nd 9 ! city ( ,*icago40 ,! mo/ graphic description ev] giv5 ( a waif came f ! lips ( ,john ,morrissey4#id ,he said ( himself1 8,i 01 at ! age ( sev5 ye>s1 ?r[n a waif ^u ! /reets ( ,dubl94 ,i slept 9 alleys & "u sidewalks4 ,i disput$ ) o!r waifs ! possession ( a cru/4 ,we f\ght l "y savages = ! g>bage t fell f ! basket ( ! scullion4 ,! /ronge/ won & satisfi$ ! crav+s ( hung]2 ! weake/ />v$4 ,i _h no idea t any?+ 0 to be ga9$ by o!r means ?an brute =ce4 ,h5ce my code ( moral & political e?ics--! /ronge/ man is ! be/ man4 ,i became a pugili/40 #id ,a not$ pugili/1 proprietor ( gambl+-h\ses 9 ,new ,york ,city & at ,s>atoga ,spr+s1 & a politician :o repres5t$ a ,new ,york ,city di/rict 9 ,congress4 ,! sub/antial citiz5 :o passes ! /reet waif ) contempt %\ld reflect t t5 or a doz5 ye>s lat] he w meet him1 a full-gr[n man1 at ! polls1 /ill clo!d 9 rags1 p]haps1 b 8 pe] 9 all ! rights ( citiz5%ip4 ,x 0 ! un=tunates ( ! d>k alleys & noxi\s /reets ( ,new ,york--! waifs1 ! savages ( ! ,john ,morrissey type--t made ,twe$ism#ie possible1 t made robb]y 9 ! "n ( law possible1 t made taxation ! equival5t ( confiscation 9 t city4 #ie ,= an acc\nt ( ! c>e] ( ,william ,m>cy ,twe$1 see 8,! ,am]ican ,cyclopdia10 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 p4 #he4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahha4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,dick5s1 9 8,bleak ,h\se10 9 ! c\rse ( a p5-picture ( a wret*$ qu>t] ( ,london1 "u ! "n ( 8,tom-all-alones10 %[s h[ ignorance1 pov]ty1 & vice react ^u society4 ,he says1 8,!re is n an atom ( ,tom's slime1 n a cubic in* ( any pe/il5tial gas 9 :i* he lives1 n "o obsc5ity or degradation ab\t him1 n an ignorance1 n a wick$ness1 n a brutality ( 8 committ+ b %all "w its retribution ?r\gh e ord] ( society1 up to ! pr\de/ ( ! pr\d1 & to ! highe/ ( ! high40 ,! pres5ce ( ! poison is already %[n 9 ! failure ( ju/ice4 ,^! waifs1 gr[n to man's e/ate1 b de/itute ( education & moral pr9ciple1 wield+ ! p[] ( ! ballot1 desecrate ! jury-room ) _! vile pres5ce1 & tug at ! skirts ( %]iffs1 prosecut+ (fic]s1 & judges1 & notori\s crim9als escape puni%m5t6 ,s griev\s has ! abuse become t ,judge ,lyn* has op5$ 8 summ>y1 awful c\rt 9 almo/ e ,/ate ( ! ,union4 ,to say t ?is class m5aces ! gov]nm5t ) de/ruction is to /ate x mildly4 ,9 e case ( ! failure ( ju/ice ! gov]nm5t is 9 "p subv]t$2 = :5 crime goes unpuni%$1 ! law1 violat$ 9 t p>ticul> in/ance1 becomes a dead lett]2 & :5 lyn*+ %all h become ! rule1 & ! execution ( ! law ! exception1 gov]nm5t by law w h ceas$ to exi/--x w h giv5 way to gov]nm5t by =ce4 ,!n ! army w be invok$ to %oot d[n ! m5 = ^: education ! law fail$ to provide1 9 e city ( ! l&1 z x 0 invok$ 9 ,pittsburg 9 #ahgg4 ,:at are we do+ to av]t ?is dang] :i* ?reat5s our in/itutions8 ,) ! exception ( "h & !re a weak ef=t on ! "p ( a few humanit>ians1 z 9 ! tra9+ s*ool ref]r$ to1 we are leav+ hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( waifs to develop into savages1 &1 :at is worse1 savages ) ! p[] to tax civiliz$ p6 ,we h a sy/em ( public s*ools into :i* su* *ildr5 z *oose may ent] to a c]ta9 limit1 rema9 z long z !y please1 & dep>t :5 !y please4 ,b !re are ?\s&s ( *ildr5 9 e l>ge city :o c\ld n ent] if !y w\ld1 & :o are n compell$ to receive ! civiliz+ b5efits ( education1 & :o h5ce jo9 ! army ( waifs & /udy ! art ( savag]y2 &1 z has be5 rem>k$1 !y g to swell ! ranks ( a populace z deprav$ z t :i* 9 ,rome cri$ = 8bread & circuses60 & sack$ ! city :ile x 0 9 flames4 ,! defective1 n to say vici\s "* ( our sy/em ( education1 is %[n by ! reckless c\rse ( our legislators on ! subject ( ! disposition ( ! public doma94 ,william ! ,conqu]or1 conceiv+ t any social revolution is incomplete until x di/urbs ! proprietor%ip ( l&1 confiscat$ ! entire l&$ e/ates ( ,engl&1 & conf]r$ :at rema9$ ( ! propriet>y1 aft] res]vations 9 ! ,cr[n1 ^u 8 reta9]s1 ! ,normans4 ,eight hundr$ ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ! issue ( ,william's l&-t5ure edict1 b x /ill rema9s ! controll+ feature ( ! ,briti% ,con/itution4 ,x has compell$ ! deportation ( millions ( ,engli%m52 x has r$uc$ ! masses ( ,scotl& to a gr9d+ pov]ty1 & conv]t$ _! c\ntry into hunt+-gr\nds = ! amusem5t ( ! l&lord class2 x has depopulat$ ,irel&1 & exasp]at$ almo/ to madness ! remnant ( h] p4 ,b we h fail$ to pr(it by ! example ( ,engl&4 ,our legislators h be5 bl9d to ! lessons ( hi/ory1 or !y h be5 corrupt4 ,!y h be5 ignorant ( political & social laws1 or !y h be5 want+ 9 rectitude4 ,9 ! p]iod ( ?irty ye>s1 end$ 9 #ahhj1 ,congress gave to railway corporations ov] #bdj1jjj squ>e miles1 or #aed1jfg1eec acres1 ( ! be/ public l&s 9 ! ,/ates & ,t]ritories ( ! ,union--an area d\ble t ( ! :ole k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 includ+ ! adjac5t isles4 ,on ! #ag? ( ,m>*1 #ahhc1 ! ,*icago ,daily ,tribune publi%$ a hi/ory ( ^! l& grants1 compil$ by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,d4 ,lloyd1 "u ! foll[+ summ>y3 8,! /ory ( ! dissipation ( our great national inh]itance--?r[n away by ,congress1 wa/$ by ! ,l& ,(fice1 /ol5 by ?ieves4 ,a l& monopoly worse ?an t ( ,engl&1 begott5 9 ,am]ica4 ,engli% monopoly is 9 families2 ,am]ican monopoly is 9 corporations2 & corporations are ! only ari/ocrats t h no s\ls1 & nev] die40 ,! foll[+ passages f ! op5+ p>agraphs ( ,mr4 ,lloyd's hi/ory are reproduc$ "h by p]mission ( ! au?or3 8,! public are pr(\ndly ignorant ( ! facts ab\t ! public l&4 ,!y "k1 9 a dim way1 t x is pass+ out ( _! h&s1 & t huge monopolies are be+ creat$ out ( ! l&s :i* !y meant %\ld be ! inh]itance ( ! settl]4 ,! l& set ap>t = homes = families has be5 made into empires = corporations4 ,9 ! /ory recit$ bel[1 e elem5t ( human fault & fraud w be se5 to h be5 at "w 9 ! spoliation ( ! l& ( ! p4 ,congress has be5 extravagant & has fail$ to act :5 "p ( ! results ( its extravagance might h be5 sav$4 ,! ,l& ,(fice has be5 inadequately equipp$ by ,congress1 & has on its own acc\nt be5 c>eless1 di%one/1 & traitor\s to ! int]e/s ( ! p4 ,x has be5 wax 9 ! h&s ( ! great railroad corporations1 b d\ble-edg$ /eel 9 ! side ( ! poor settl]4 ,x has ov]rul$ decisions ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt & nullifi$ acts ( ,congress to betray its tru/ & enri* ! railroads1 b has refus$ ev5 to ex]cise its discretion :5 ! home ( a settl]1 held by a righte\s title1 0 to be confiscat$ at ! dem& ( corporate gre$4 ,! nigg>dl9ess ( ,congress makes cl]ks1 on sal>ies ( twelve hundr$ to eighte5 hundr$ doll>s a ye>1 untra9$ 9 ! law1 kn[+ no?+ ( ! rules ( evid5ce1 judges ( ! law & facts 9 cases involv+ millions ( doll>s & ?\s&s ( homes4 ,!re is no worse *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( gov]nm5t ?an ! facts we h to give %[+ ! delib]ate & he>tless evictions ( ! ,european immigrant & ! ,am]ican settl] 9 ord] to give _! f>ms to covet\s corporations4 ,! l&-grant roads h _h millions ( acres grant$ !m by ! ,l& ,(fice 9 excess ( ! grants by ,congress4 ,! :ole /ory is summ$ up 9 ! rec5t rem>k ( "o :o _h ?or\ghly inve/igat$ ! subject--t ! hi/ory ( ! managem5t ( ! l&-grant roads by ! ,l& ,(fice is a hi/ory ( ! managem5t ( ! ,l& ,(fice by ! railroads4 8,no *apt] 9 ?is /ory w be f\nd ( m sombre int]e/ ?an ! /atem5ts made z to ! ,supreme ,c\rt by ! ,s5ate ,committee on ,public ,l&s1 9 a report submitt$ by ,s5ator ,van ,wyck recomm5d+ a bill to compel ! railroads to pay taxes on _! l&s4 ,its decisions z to ! titles ( ! railroads & ! settl]s to ! l&s1 l ^? ( a wea!rcock1 h po9t$ ! way ! corporation blew its brea?40 ,! summ>y ( ,mr4 ,lloyd's pap] by ! editor ( ! ,tribune1 z a preface to its publication1 & ! =ego+ *>act]ization ( ! acts ( ,congress1 ( ! ,l& ,(fice1 & ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 by ,mr4 ,lloyd1 are fully ju/ifi$ by ! alleg$ facts m>%all$ 9 ! body ( ! sket*2 & ^! allegations1 aft] a ye> & a half ( public scrut9y1 /& un*all5g$4 ,x w\ld be difficult to conceive ( a m reckless s]ies ( legislative acts ?an ^? ?r\gh :i* ! public doma9 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 squ&]$2 & !y are r5d]$ ei!r ignorant or vici\s by ! fact t 9 ! va/ empire surr5d]$ almo/ totally )\t consid]ation1 ea* legislator1 9 common ) ! p by & = :om he 0 deput$ to act1 _h a p]sonal int]e/4 ,?r\gh ?is s]ies ( acts ( ,congress ! public doma9 0 rudely wre/$ f its rightful own]s1 ! p2 ! abnormal gr[? ( corporate p[] unduly promot$1 & a t5d5cy to ! conc5tration1 9 a few h&s1 ( ! l&$ e/ates ( ! c\ntry fo/]$4 ,! social & economic effects ( ?is l& legislation mu/ be v great & f>-rea*+4 ,( ! effects ( ! conc5tration ( l&$ e/ates 9 a few h&s we ne$ n speak2 !y are suffici5tly pla9 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&4#if ,b great corporations are a creation ( ye/]day2 !y are ! product ( /eam4 ,! railway1 ! factory1 ! m9e ( iron or coal1 ! furnace1 ! f\nd]y1 & ! =ge--^! va/ int]e/s1 *>t]$ & end[$ ) c]ta9 munim5ts ( sov]eignty1 are1 z prop]ty1 almo/ z inde/ructible z l&$ e/ates protect$ by ! law ( primog5iture4 ,m5 are tra9$ f g5]ation to g5]ation to ! c>e & conduct ( !m1 & h5ce !y are f> less liable to wa/e & disp]sion ?an private e/ates1 :i*1 9 transmission1 may be subject$ to disa/r\s *anges ( managem5t4 ,be+ also ent]prises ( a semi-public "*1 ! public is b\nd1 z well z _! own]s1 to see to _! pres]vation4 #if 8,! m ess5tial & important consid]ation is ?is--t :5ev] ! few rapidly accumulate excessive weal?1 ! _m mu/1 necess>ily1 become comp>atively poor]4444 ,9 e case 9 :i* we h trac$ out ! effici5t causes ( ! pres5t depression we h f\nd x to orig9ate 9 cu/oms1 laws1 or modes ( action :i* are e?ically uns\nd1 if n positively immoral4 ,w>s & excessive w> armam5ts1 loans to despots or = w> purposes1 ! accumulation ( va/ weal? by individuals1 excessive speculation1 adult]ation ( manufactur$ goods1 &1 la/ly1 our bad l& sy/em1 ) its insecurity ( t5ure1 excessive r5ts1 confiscation ( t5ants' prop]ty1 its common enclosures1 evictions1 & depopulation ( ! rural di/ricts--all come "u ?is category40--8,bad ,times10 pp4 #fe1 #aag4 ,by ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace1 ,,ll4,d4 ,london3 ,macmillan ,co41 #ahhe4 ,x is to a small numb] ( ! greate/ ( ^! great companies t ,congress has giv5 an empire ( l& 9 ! ,we/--an area d\ble t own$ by ! lords ( ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&4 ,9 ! railway proprietor ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! two great elem5ts ( p[] are unit$--/eam & l&4 ,x ne$s no argum5t to %[ t only ! nation c control ! proprietor ( bo? ! l& & ! railway--! sole means ( rea*+ a m>ket = ! products ( ! l&4 ,! appellative--k+%ip--to ! railway proprietor is n a misnom]4 ,he is a real pot5tate1 bo? by virtue ( ! multitudes ( m5 ov] :om he rules autocratically1 & ( ! magnitude ( ! rev5ue he wields4 ,presid5ts come & g1 b he rema9s4 ,legislators inve/igate him & report ^u him1 b !y are met by a flat d5ial ( ! au?ority ( ei!r ,/ate or nation to int]f]e ) 8 8ve/$ rights40 ,he claims ! "r ( himself & associates to control1 absolutely1 ! int]nal comm]ce ( ! c\ntry2 & ?is claim involves ! pret5ce t !y may confiscate m]*&ise seek+ a m>ket by *>g+1 = c>riage1 ! full value ( ! ?+ transport$4 ,! railway & ! factory1 ! two great products ( /eam1 are new factors 9 ! social problem1 & to prop]ly control !m w require new wisdom2 & ! new wisdom is n to be drawn f old educational f\nta9s4 ,/ate legislation has be5 z vici\s z t ( ! nation4 ,! p ( ne>ly e ,/ate 9 ! ,union h be5 made ! victims ( great frauds & gross ignorance at ! h&s ( _! repres5tatives4 ,9 ne>ly e ,/ate syndicates h be5 =m$ ) ! design ( secur+ valuable fran*ises )\t consid]ation2 & to effectuate su* designs brib]y has be5 freely & successfully resort$ to 9 a va/ numb] ( cases4 ,b r>ely has ! guilty ag5t ( ! guilty syndicate1 or ! p]jur$1 pur*as$ legislator be5 br\ght to ju/ice1 not)/&+ ! fact t exposure has (t5 foll[$ ! iniquity4 ,evid5ce ( ! ess5tially ,european "* ( ! ,am]ican civilization is af=d$ by ! preval5ce ( speculation4,e#cj ,9 ,wall ,/reet1 ,new ,york1 on ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 ,*icago1 & on ! ex*anges ( all l>ge cities speculation rages4 ,! real transactions ( ^? bus9ess m>ts are v small1 inde$1 z comp>$ ) ! transactions ( a speculative "*4 ,on ! ,new ,york ,cotton ,ex*ange ! speculative trades 9 8futures0 are ?irty times m ?an ! cotton sales4 ,on ! ,*icago ,bo>d ( ,trade ! speculative trades 9 8futures0 are fifte5 times m ?an ! sales ( gra9 & provisions1 & s ( ! ex*anges ( all o!r l>ge cities4 ,to support ^! speculative op]ations fre% money is requir$ to be con/antly p\r$ into ! pool1 & x is drawn f e class 9 ! community4 ,v little ( ! 8fre% money0 is ev] return$4 ,mo/ ( x rema9s 9 ! h&s ( ! pool manag]s1 ( ^? ^: pr(ession x is to manipulate ! m>kets4 ,?us ! fev] ( speculation ext5ds f c5tre to circumf]5ce ( ! c\ntry1 /imulat+ bad passions1 creat+ di/a/e = labor1 reliev+ ! c\ntryman ( 8 surplus1 & increas+ ! already ov]gr[n =tune ( ! city op]ator4 ,a writ] on curr5t topics1 discuss+ ?is subject1 says1 8,put y\r f+] on "o ( our great =tunes1 & n9e times out ( t5 y w feel und]nea? x ! cold he>t ( "s "o :o has m9$ on ! ,san ,francisco ,/ock ,ex*ange1 or pack$ pork on ! ,*icago ,bo>d ( ,trade1 or built railroads 9 ,wall ,/reet40#ig #ig 8,am]ica does n n[ suff] f ?is cause /&+ armies1 b n[h]e 9 ! _w h colossal =tunes1 rabid speculation1 & great monopolies rea*$ s port5t\s a magnitude1 or ex]t$ s p]nici\s an influ5ce40--8,bad ,times10 p4 #hj4 ,by ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace1 ,,ll4,d4 ,london3 ,macmillan ,co14 #ahhe4 ,a suffici5t numb] ( ! sali5t features ( ,am]ican civilization h be5 br\ght "u review to %[ t ! new cont95t has n borne new social fruits4 ,"u extremely favorable physical conditions--a c\ntry ( va/ res\rces1 a wide range ( climates1 & a soil ( great f]tility--we plant$ old social =ces1 & old social evils are 9 process ( rapid developm5t4 ,we are transplant$ ,europeans1 controll$ by ,european m5tal & moral habitudes4 ,& ! virile =ce1 evok$ by ! spl5did physical opportunities ( a va/ new c\ntry1 s int5sifies ! /ruggle = weal? & p[]1 t ,european social abuses are n only reproduc$1 b sometimes exagg]at$ 9 ?is l& ( boa/$ equal political rights4 ,b not)/&+ ! fact t social t5d5cies 9 ,am]ica seem to be simil> to ^? ( ,europe1 x is ^u ,am]ica alone t ! eyes ( mank9d re/ ) an expression ( ard5t hopefulness4 ,nor is ?is hope de/itute ( a basis ( rationality4 ,x is 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = ! fir/ "t 9 all ! ages1 t a good reason c be giv5 = indulg+ ! s5tim5t ( patriotism4 ,love ( c\ntry "h is a due appreciation ( ! value ( ! "r ( suffrage4 ,! private soldi] :o goes =? to fight ! battles ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is a man & citiz51 & ^u 8 return f ! field he may1 ) ! ballot1 devote to ! education ( 8 *ildr5 a %>e ( ! e/ate ( ! army contractor :o amass$ a =tune :ile he def5d$ ! c\ntry4 ,all ! prop]ty 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :e!r hone/ly or di%one/ly acquir$1 is subject to ! ord] ( ! ballot ( ! citiz54 ,x may be tak5 = w> purposes1 & x may be tak5 = educational purposes4 ,9 ! univ]sality ( ! "r ( suffrage lies ! p[] ( correct+ all social evils4 ,x is ?r\gh ! "r ( suffrage t ! wrongs inflict$ ^u a too pati5t p by corrupt & ignorant legislation may be ultimately right$4 ,by ! suffrages ( ! p ! tax bill is vot$2 & x is ?r\gh ! tax bill t ! va/ e/ates ( corporations & individuals1 :e!r obta9$ by di%one/ practices or n1 may be made to contribute to ! ?or\gh education ( all ! *ildr5 ( ! c\ntry4 ,& x is ?r\gh ! s5tim5t ( patriotism ?us inspir$ t ! "r ( univ]sal suffrage 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is de/9$ to pres]vation =ev]4 ,! late proposition to limit suffrage 9 ! city ( ,new ,york is expla9able only on ! !ory put =? 9 ?is *apt]1 t our civilization is ! product ( ,european ideas--t we are ,europeans 9 disguise4 ,on any o!r hypo!sis x w\ld be amaz+4 ,x is ev5 n[ suffici5tly />tl+ t ! proposition to re/rict suffrage %\ld prec$e ! proposition to make education univ]sal by mak+ x compulsory1 & to purge x ( its gl>+ defects4 ,e attempt to re/rict ! "r ( suffrage 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w1 h[ev]1 fail4 ,! "r ( self-gov]nm5t c be tak5 f ! ,am]ican p only by =ce4 ,! ,am]ican citiz5 w n vote away 8 "r to vote1 z ! c>eless ,greek sold 8 fre$om1 & z ! ,*9aman sells 8 life4 ,t ,am]ican social abuses d n spr+ f free suffrage is evid5t1 because simil> abuses exi/ 9 c\ntries :]e ! masses h little or no %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,social evils are ! product ( defective education4 ,s long z ,european educational me?ods prevail 9 ?is c\ntry1 s long ,european social abuses w *>act]ize our civilization4 ,our education is scant 9 quantity & poor 9 quality2 h5ce ! /&>d ( ! suffrage is l[]$ by ! pres5ce ( ignorance & depravity4 ,b :5 ! suffrage %all be bett] in=m$1 x w be m hone/2 & :5 x %all h become m hone/ & m intellig5t1 x w h ga9$ ! p[] to grapple ) social abuses4 ,su* exam9ation ( hi/ory z we h be5 able to make fails to disclose any radical *ange 9 educational me?ods = ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,! *>ge ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] aga9/ ! s*ools ( ,engl&1 to wit1 8,t :i* our s*ool c\rses leave almo/ entirely out we ?us f9d to be t :i* mo/ ne>ly conc]ns ! bus9ess ( life0--?is *>ge applies ) almo/ z mu* =ce to ! s*ools ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z to ! ,greek & ,roman s*ools ( rhetoric & logic4 ,bacon's aphorism--8,education is ! cultivation ( a j & legitimate famili>ity betwixt ! m9d & ?+s0--is two hundr$ & fifty ye>s old1 b x has z yet ex]t$ sc>cely an appreciable influ5ce ^u ! me?ods ( our public s*ools4 ,we /ill rev]se ! natural ord] ( inve/igation proce$+ f ! ab/ract to ! concrete1 ?us lumb]+ ! m9d ( ! /ud5t ) tra% :i* mu/ be remov$ z a prelim9>y to ! fir/ /ep 9 ! real "w ( education4 ,we /ill imp>t a k ( words in/ead ( a k ( ?+s2 we /ill ignore art1 not)/&+ ! fact t x is ?r\gh art alone t education t\*es human life4 ,we /ill inculcate contempt ( labor1 & tea* ! /ud5t h[ to 8make 8 way 9 ! _w0 by 8 wits1 r ?an by giv+ an equival5t = :at he %all receive2 &1 wor/ ( all1 we cont9ue1 ?r\gh subjective processes ( ?\ght1 to *>ge ! m9d ) selfi%ness1 ! ess5ce ( depravity4 ,meantime1 social problems press = a solution1 a solution "h & n[4 ,our social problems _c be settl$ z ^? ( ,europe h be51 = two hundr$ ye>s1 by emigration4 ,we h no ,columbus1 & if we _h su* an explor]1 !re is no new hemisph]e = him to discov]4 ,! lesson ( all hi/ory is1 t selfi% p _c dwell toge!r 9 unity4 ,! /ruggle to secure m ?an a fair %>e ( ! products ( ! labor ( all is sure to end 9 a qu>rel2 ! qu>rel ends 9 a revolution1 & ! revolution1 "u ! gl>e ( flames1 dr[ns 9 blood ! records ( civilization4 ,b 9 ,am]ica ! man mu/ live ) 8 fell[s4 ,z ,mr4 ,h5ry ,d4 ,lloyd well says1 9 8,lords ( ,indu/ry10 8,our "y m5 c no long] g ,we/2 !y mu/ g up or d[n4 ,n new l&1 b new virtue mu/ be ! outlet = ! future4 ,our halt at ! %ores ( ! ,pacific is a mu* m s]i\s affair ?an t :i* br\ght our ance/ors to a pause be=e ! b>ri]s ( ! ,atlantic1 & compell$ !m to practise liv+ toge!r = a few hundr$ ye>s4 ,we _c h]eaft]1 z 9 ! pa/1 recov] fre$om by go+ to ! prairies2 we mu/ f9d x 9 ! society ( ! good40 #ih #ih ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,june1 #ahhd1 p4 #eeb4 ,if we are to f9d fre$om only 9 ! society ( ! good1 we mu/ create su* a society--a society free f selfi%ness2 = to ! /ability ( society public _s is ess5tial1 & ) a pure public _s selfi%ness is at w>4 ,h5ce1 9 a sy/em ( education l ! prevail+ "o1 :i* promotes selfi%ness1 ! g]ms ( social dis9tegration are pres5t1 &1 f ! beg9n+1 ! end may ) absolute c]ta9ty be pr$ict$4 ,x foll[s t any hope ( social re=m is :olly irrational t does n spr+ f ! po/ulate ( a complete educational revolution4 ,e#cj ,! speculative habit has s debau*$ public s5tim5t 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica t di/+ui%$ au?ors hesitate n to give free expression to a feel+ ( contempt = ! anci5ts because ( _! failure to engage 9 colossal sw9dl+ op]ations1 z witness ! foll[+3 8,! *>ges ( fraud 9 ! ,attic c\rts1 :i* are _m1 are ( ! vulg>e/ & simple/ k9d1 dep5d+ ^u viol5ce1 on false swe>+1 & ^u evad+ judgm5t by legal devices4 ,!re is n a s+le case ( any l>ge or complicat$ sw9dl+1 su* z is exhibit$ by ! g5ius ( mod]n ,engli% & ,am]ican speculators4 ,!re is n ev5 su* +5uity z 0 %[n by ,v]res 9 8 gov]nm5t ( ,sicily to be f\nd among ! clev] ,a!nians40--8,social ,life 9 ,greece10 p4 #djh4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,p4 ,mahaffy1 ,f4,t4,c4,d4 ,london3 ,macmillan ,co41 #ahhc4 ,e#ca 8,on all h&s ( u1 !re is ! ann\ncem5t1 audible en\gh1 t ! ,old ,empire ( ,r\t9e has end$2 t to say a ?+ has long be51 is no reason = its cont9u+ to be4 ,! ?+s :i* h be5 are fall5 into decay1 are fall5 into incompet5ce2 l>ge masses ( mank9d1 9 e society ( our ,europe1 are no long] capable ( liv+ at all by ! ?+s :i* h be54 ,:5 millions ( m5 c no long] by _! utmo/ ex]tion ga9 food = !mselves1 & #8! ?ird man = ?irty-six weeks ea* ye> is %ort ( ?ird-rate potatoes1' ! ?+s :i* h be5 mu/ decid$ly prep>e to alt] !mselves60--8,lectures on ,h]oes10 p4 #aeg4 ,by ,?omas ,c>lyle4 ,*apman ,hall's ,p's ,edition4 8,*ange ! s\rces ( a riv]1 & y w *ange x ?r\gh\t its :ole c\rse2 *ange ! education ( a p1 & y w alt] _! "* & _! mann]s30--8,/udies ( ,nature10 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #ege4 ,by ,b]n>d9 ,/4 ,pi]re4 ,london3 ,h5ry ,g4 ,bohn1 #ahdf4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,manual ,,elem5t ,,9 ,,education ,,9 #ahhd4 ,! ,k9d]g>t5 & ! ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool "o 9 ,pr9ciple4 -- ,russia solv$ ! ,problem ( ,tool ,in/ruction by ,laboratory ,processes4 -- ,! ,initiatory ,/ep by ,m4 ,victor ,della-,vos1 ,director ( ! ,imp]ial ,te*nical ,s*ool ( ,mosc[ 9 #ahfh4 -- ,/atem5t ( ,director ,della-,vos z to ! ,orig91 ,progress1 & ,results ( ! ,new ,sy/em ( ,tra9+4 -- ,its ,introduction into all ! ,te*nical ,s*ools ( ,russia4 -- ,dr4 ,john ,d4 ,runkle1 ,presid5t ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 recomm5ds ! ,russian ,sy/em 9 #ahgf1 & x is adopt$4 -- ,/atem5t ( ,dr4 ,runkle z to h[ he 0 l$ to ! adoption ( ! ,russian ,sy/em4 -- ,dr4 ,woodw>d1 ( ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo41 e/abli%es ! second ,s*ool 9 ?is ,c\ntry4 -- ,8 ,hi/orical ,note 9 ! ,prospectus ( #ahhb-hc4 -- ,fir/ ,class graduat$ #ahhc4 -- ,manual ,tra9+ 9 ! ,agricultural ,colleges -- ,9 ,bo/on1 9 ,new ,hav51 9 ,baltimore1 9 ,san ,francisco1 & o!r places4 -- ,manual ,tra9+ at ! ,meet+ ( ! ,national ,educational ,association1 #ahhd4 -- ,k9d]g>t5 & ,manual ,tra9+ ,exhibits4 -- ,pr(4 ,felix ,adl]'s ,s*ool 9 ,new ,york ,city -- ! mo/ ,compreh5sive ,s*ool 9 ! ,_w4 -- ,! ,*icago ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool ! fir/ ,indep5d5t ,in/itution ( ! ,k9d -- its ,inception2 its ,incorporation2 its ,op5+4 ,its ,director1 ,dr4 ,belfield4 -- ,8 ,inaugural ,address4 -- ,manual ,tra9+ 9 ! ,public ,s*ools ( ,philadelphia4 -- ,manual ,tra9+ 9 tw5ty-f\r ,/ates4 -- ,revolutioniz+ a ,texas ,college4 -- ,local ,option ,law 9 ,massa*usetts4 -- ,dep>tm5t ( ,dome/ic ,economy 9 ! ,i[a ,agricultural ,college4 -- ,manual ,tra9+ 9 ,t5nessee1 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 9 ! ,national ,educational ,association1 9 ,ohio4 -- ,! ,tol$o ,s*ool = bo? ,sexes4 -- ,! ,importance ( ! ,education ( ,woman4 -- ,! ,sljd ,s*ools ( ,europe4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! manual tra9+ s*ool exi/s 9 ! k9d]g>t51 & = t pr9ciple we are indebt$ directly to ,froebel1 & indirectly to ,pe/alozzi1 ,com5ius1 ,r\sseau1 & ,bacon4 ,b x 0 res]v$ = ,russia to solve ! problem ( tool in/ruction by ! laboratory process1 & make x ! f\ndation ( a great re=m 9 education4 ,! initiatory /ep 0 tak5 9 #ahfh by ,m4 ,victor ,della-,vos1 ,director ( ! ,imp]ial ,te*nical ,s*ool ( ,mosc[4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t is extract$ f ! acc\nt giv5 by ,director ,della-,vos ( ! exhibit ( ! ,mosc[ s*ool at ,philadelphia 7,c5t5nial ( #ahgf71 & at ! ,p>is ,exposition 9 #ahgh1 z be/ %[+ ! inception ( ! new education3 ,illu/ration3 ,m4 ,,victor ,,della-,,vos1 ,,! ,,f\nd] ,,( ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,russia4 8,9 #ahfh ! s*ool c\ncil consid]$ x indisp5sable1 9 ord] to secure ! sy/ematical tea*+ ( elem5t>y practical "w1 z well z = ! m conv5i5t sup]vision ( ! pupils :ile practically employ$1 to sep>ate entirely ! s*ool work%ops f ! me*anical works 9 :i* ! ord]s f private individuals are execut$1 admitt+ pupils to ! latt] only :5 !y h p]fectly acquir$ ! pr9ciples ( practical labor4 8,by ! sep>ation alone ( ! s*ool work%ops f ! me*anical works1 ! pr9cipal aim 01 h[ev]1 f> f be+ atta9$4 ,x 0 f\nd necess>y to "w out su* a me?od ( tea*+ ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( me*anical art z1 fir/ly1 %\ld dem& ! lea/ possible l5g? ( "t = _! acquirem5t2 secondly1 %\ld increase ! facility ( ! sup]vision ( ! grad$ employm5t ( ! pupils2 ?irdly1 %\ld imp>t to ! /udy ( practical "w ! "* ( a s\nd sy/ematical acquirem5t ( k2 & f\r?ly & la/ly1 %\ld facilitate ! demon/ration ( ! progress ( e pupil at e /at$ "t4 ,ev]ybody is well aw>e t ! successful /udy ( any art :atsoev]1 free-h& or l9e> draw+1 music1 s++1 pa9t+1 etc41 is only atta9able :5 ! fir/ attempts at any ( !m are /rictly subject to ! laws ( gradation & successiv5ess1 :5 e /ud5t adh]es to a def9ite me?od or s*ool1 surm\nt+ little by little1 & by c]ta9 degrees1 ! difficulties enc\nt]$4 8,all ^? arts :i* we h j nam$ possess a me?od ( /udy :i* has be5 well work$ out & def9$1 because1 s9ce !y h long con/itut$ a "p ( ! education ( ! well-in/ruct$ classes ( p1 !y c\ld n b become subject to sci5tific analysis1 c\ld n b become ! objects ( inve/igation1 ) a view ( def9+ ^? conditions :i* might r5d] ! /udy ( !m z easy & well regulat$ z possible4 8,if we except ! attempts made 9 ,france 9 ! ye> #ahfg by ! celebrat$ & le>n$ me*anical eng9e]1 ,a4 ,cl]1 to =m a collection ( models = ! practical /udy ( ! pr9cipal me?ods ( =g+ & weld+ iron & /eel1 z well z ! *ief p>ts ( jo9]s' "w1 & ?is ) a purely demon/rative aim1 no "o1 z f> z we are aw>e1 has hi!rto be5 actively engag$ 9 ! work+ out ( ?is "q 9 its application to ! /udy ( h& labor 9 work%ops4 ,to ! ,imp]ial ,te*nical ,s*ool belongs ! initiative 9 ! introduction ( a sy/ematical me?od ( tea*+ ! arts ( turn+1 c>p5t]+1 fitt+1 & =g+4 8,to ! k & exp]i5ce 9 ^! specialties1 ( ! g5tlem5 intru/$ ) ! managem5t ( ! s*ool work%ops1 & to _! w>m sympa?y 9 ! matt] ( practical education1 we are indebt$ = ! draw+ up ( ! programme ( sy/ematical in/ruction 9 ! me*anical arts1 its introduction 9 ! ye> #ahfh into ! work%ops1 & also = ! prep>ation ( ! necess>y auxili>ies to /udy4 ,9 ! ye> #ahgj1 at ! exhibition ( manufactures at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ! s*ool exhibit$ its me?ods ( tea*+ me*anical arts1 & f t "t !y h be5 common to all ! te*nical s*ools ( ,russia4 8,& n[ 7#ahgh7 we pres5t our sy/em ( in/ruction1 n z a project1 b z an accompli%$ fact1 confirm$ by ! long exp]i5ce ( t5 ye>s ( success 9 its results40 ,= ! introduction ( ! manual elem5t 9 education to ! ,unit$ ,/ates we are indebt$ to ! intellectual acum5 ( ,dr4 ,john ,d4 ,runkle1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,walk] ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics1 ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,9 #ahgf ,doctor ,runkle 0 ,presid5t ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,9 8 (ficial report = t ye> he gave an exhau/ive exposition ( ! ,russian sy/em1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he said1 8,we w5t to ,philadelphia1 !re=e1 e>ne/ly seek+ = light 9 ?is z well z 9 all o!r directions1 & ?is special report is n[ made to ask y\r att5tion to a fundam5tal1 &1 z ,i ?9k1 complete solution ( ?is mo/ important problem ( practical me*anism = eng9e]s4 ,! "q is simply ?is1 ,c a sy/em ( %op-"w in/ruction be devis$ ( suffici5t range & quality :i* w n consume m "t ?an ought to be sp>$ f ! indisp5sable /udies8 8,?is "q has be5 answ]$ triumphantly 9 ! affirmative1 & ! answ] comes f ,russia4 ,x gives me ! greate/ pleasure to call y\r att5tion to ! exhibit made by ! ,imp]ial ,te*nical ,s*ools ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg & ,mosc[1 consi/+ entirely ( collections ( tools & samples ( %op-"w by /ud5ts1 illu/rat+ ! sy/em :i* has made ^! magnific5t results possible40 ,9 conclusion ,doctor ,runkle made ! foll[+ e>ne/ recomm5dation3 8,9 ! light ( ! exp]i5ce :i* ,russia br+s u1 n only 9 ! =m ( a propos$ sy/em1 b prov$ by sev]al ye>s ( exp]i5ce 9 m ?an a s+le s*ool1 x seems to me t ! duty ( ! ,in/itute is pla94 ,we %\ld1 )\t delay1 complete our c\rse 9 ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ by add+ a s]ies ( in/ruction %ops1 :i* ,i e>ne/ly recomm5d40 ,9 accordance ) ?is recomm5dation ! 8new s*ool ( ,me*anic ,arts0 0 creat$1 & made "p ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,9 8 report = #ahgg ,doctor ,runkle said1 8,! plan ann\nc$ 9 my la/ report1 ( build+ a s]ies ( %ops laboratories 9 :i* to tea* ! /ud5ts 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ & o!rs ! use ( tools1 & ! fundam5tal /eps 9 ! art ( con/ruction1 9 accordance ) ! ,russian sy/em1 z exhibit$ at ,philadelphia 9 #ahgf1 has be5 c>ri$ /eadily =w>d1 & ,i h n[ ! pleasure ( ann\nc+ its ne> completion40 ,ref]5ce is also made 9 ! same report to ! action ( ! tru/ees ( ! ,in/itute 9 ackn[l$g+ ! reception ( c]ta9 models illu/rat+ ! sy/em ( ,me*anic ,art education1 pres5t$ by ! gov]nm5t ( ,russia1 z foll[s3 8,at a meet+ ( ! ,corporation ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 held ,novemb] #bj1 #ahgg1 a communication f 8 ,excell5cy1 ,hon4 ,george ,h4 ,bok]1 ,am]ican ,m9i/] at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 0 read1 ann\nc+ ! gift to ?is ,in/itute ( eight cases ( models1 illu/rat+ ! sy/em ( ,me*anic ,art education1 z devis$ & s successfully appli$ at ! ,imp]ial ,te*nical ,s*ool ( ,mosc[4 ,! und]sign$ h be5 *>g$ ) ! agreeable duty ( transmitt+ to 8 ,imp]ial ,highness ! foll[+ resolutions3 ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,,john ,d4 ,,runkle1 ,,! ,,f\nd] ,,( ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 8,resolv$1 ,t ! ,corporation ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology takes ?is opportunity to cordially congratulate 8 ,imp]ial ,highness1 ,pr9ce ,pi]re d',old5b\rg1 t1 at ! ,imp]ial ,te*nical ,s*ool ( ,mosc[1 education 9 ! ,me*anic ,arts has be5 = ! fir/ "t bas$ ^u philosophical & purely educational gr\nds1 fully ju/ify+ = x ! title ( ! #8,russian sy/em4' 8,resolv$1 ,t ?is ,corporation h]eby t5d]s its grateful ?anks to 8 ,imp]ial ,highness = 8 mo/ valuable gift1 ) ! assurance t ^! models w be ( ! greate/ aid 9 promot+ ,me*anic ,art education n only 9 ! ,s*ool ( ?is ,in/itute1 b 9 all simil> s*ools ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 ,appreciat+ ! value ( ! s]vices r5d]$ to ! cause ( ! new education by ,dr4 ,runkle1 9 introduc+ to ! s*ools ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates tool practice by laboratory me?ods1 & desir+ to in=m ! public ( ! c\rse ( ?\ght :i* l$ to results s important1 ! au?or address$ him on ! subject4 ,8 reply1 "u date ( ,may #bb1 #ahhd1 is 9 sub/ance z foll[s3 8,f ! fir/ ! c\rse 9 ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ has be5 an important "o 9 ! ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,a few /ud5ts came ) a k ( %op-"w1 & _h a cle> field op5 to !m on graduation1 b ! l>g] numb] f\nd x difficult to ent] ^u _! pr(essional "w )\t fir/ tak+ "o or two ye>s ( appr5tice%ip4 ,?is always seem$ to me a fault 9 ! education1 & yet ,i did n see ! way to rem$y x )\t build+ up manufactur+ works 9 connection ) ! s*ool--a /ep :i* ,i knew to be an inv]sion ( a true educational me?od4 8,at ,philadelphia1 9 #ahgf1 almo/ ! fir/ ?+ ,i saw 0 a small case conta9+ ?ree s]ies ( models--"o ( *ipp+ & fil+1 "o ( =g+1 & "o ( ma*9e-tool "w4 ,i saw at once t !y 7 n p>ts ( ma*9es1 b simply grad$ models = tea*+ ! manipulations 9 ^? arts4 ,9 an in/ant ! problem ,i _h be5 seek+ to solve 0 cle> to my m9d2 a pla9 di/9ction betwe5 a ,me*anic ,art & its application 9 "s special trade became app>5t4 8,my fir/ "w 0 to build up at ! ,in/itute a s]ies ( ,me*anic ,art %ops1 or laboratories1 to tea* ^! arts1 j z we tea* *emi/ry & physics by ! same means4 ,at ! same "t ,i believ$ t ?is discipl9e c\ld be made a "p ( g5]al education1 j z we make ! sci5ces available = ! same end ?r\gh laboratory in/ruction4 8,all tea*+ has 9 an important s5se a d\ble purpose3 fir/1 ! cultivation ( ! p[]s ( ! individual1 & second1 ! pursuit ( simil> subjects1 by sub/antially ! same means1 z a pr(essional end4 ,n[ we use our %ops laboratories bo? = educational & pr(essional ends4444 ,9 brief1 we tea* ! me*anic arts by laboratory me?ods1 & ! /ud5t applies ! special skill & k acquir$1 or n1 z circum/ances or 8 incl9ations dictate40 ,! second manual tra9+ s*ool 9 ?is c\ntry 0 f\nd$ z a dep>tm5t ( ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo41 by ,dr4 ,c4 ,m4 ,woodw>d4 ,9 a pap] read be=e ! ,/4 ,l\is ,social ,sci5ce ,association1 ,may #af1 #ahgh1 ,dr4 ,woodw>d discuss$ ! subject ( education bo? philosophically & practically4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 address he gave a full acc\nt ( ! ,russian sy/em ( manual tra9+ z exp\nd$ by ,dr4 ,runkle1 endors$ x1 & recomm5d$ x to ! p ( ,/4 ,l\is z ! true me?od ( education 9 ! foll[+ pregnant s5t5ce3 8,! manual education :i* beg9s 9 ! k9d]g>t51 be=e ! *ildr5 are able to read a ^w1 %\ld nev] cease40#ii #ii ,! press+ problem ( ! "t 9 me?ods ( practical education is to devise suitable manual ex]cises = ! s*ool p]iod embrac$ 9 ! int]im betwe5 ! end ( ! k9d]g>t5 s]ies ( lessons & ! beg9n+ ( ! s]ies ( laboratory ex]cises describ$ 9 ?is "w--! gramm>-s*ool p]iod--= *ildr5 ( bo? sexes f six to f\rte5 ye>s ( age4 ,9 ! same pap] ,dr4 ,woodw>d ?us mode/ly describes ! beg9n+ ( ! s*ool :i* is n[ "o ( ! mo/ highly-e/eem$ educational in/itutions ( ,/4 ,l\is3 8,) ! aid ( our /an* fri5d1 ,mr4 ,gottlieb ,conzelman1 we fitt$ up dur+ la/ summ] a wood-work+ %op1 ) "w-b5*es & vises = eighte5 /ud5ts2 a second %op = vise-"w ^u metals & = ma*9e-"w2 & a ?ird ) a s+le outfit ( blacksmi?'s tools4 ,dur+ ! la/ few mon?s sy/ematic in/ruction has be5 giv5 to diff]5t classes 9 all ^! %ops4 ,special att5tion has be5 paid to ! use ( wood-work+ h&-tools1 to wood-turn+1 & to fil+40 ,^! t5tative /eps promot$ a heal?y public s5tim5t1 & attract$ ! att5tion ( sev]al weal?y m51 :o 9 #ahgi contribut$ ! funds = ! p]man5t f\ndation ( ! s*ool4 ,! prospectus = ! ye> #ahhb-hc conta9s ! foll[+ 8hi/orical note10 :i* %[s great progress3 8,! ord9ance e/abli%+ ! ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool 0 adopt$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,directors ( ! ,univ]sity1 ,june #f1 #ahgi4 8,! lot 0 pur*as$ & ! build+ begun 9 ,augu/ ( ! same ye>4 ,9 ! ,novemb] foll[+ a prospectus ( ! s*ool 0 publi%$4 ,9 ,june1 #ahhj1 ! build+ be+ p>tially equipp$1 0 op5$ = public inspection1 & a class ( boys 0 exam9$ = admission4 ,on ,septemb] #f1 #ahhj1 ! s*ool began ) a s+le class ( ab\t fifty pupils4 ,! :ole numb] enroll$ dur+ ! ye> 0 sixty-sev54 ,a public exhibition ( draw+ & %op-"w 0 giv5 ,june #af1 #ahha4 8,! second ye> ( ! s*ool op5$ ,septemb] #ab1 #ahha1 & clos$ ,june #ad1 #ahhb4 ,!re 7 two classes1 sixty-"o pupils belong+ to ! fir/ ye>1 & =ty-six to ! second ye>1 mak+ "o hundr$ & sev5 9 all4 ,( ! second-ye> class1 =ty-two _h att5d$ ! s*ool ! previ\s ye>4 8,! ?ird ye> ( ! s*ool w op5 on ,septemb] #aa?1 :5 ?ree classes w be pres5t4 8,! l>ge addition n[ 9 progress 7,june1 #ahhb7 is to be complet$ & furni%$ by ! day set = ! exam9ation ( c&idates = admission1 ,septemb] #h?4 ,! numb] ( pupils 9 ! new fir/-ye> class is to be limit$ to "o hundr$4 ,ne>ly "o-half ( t numb] h already be5 receiv$40 ,! capacity ( ! s*ool s9ce ! completion ( ! 8addition0 allud$ to 9 ! 8hi/orical note0 is two hundr$ & =ty /ud5ts4 ,! fir/ class 0 graduat$ 9 ,june1 #ahhc2 ! second class 9 ,june1 #ahhd4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ?is excell5t s*ool is due fir/ to ! en]gy & educational =esight ( ,dr4 ,woodw>d1 & second1 to ! munific5t money donations ( ?ree citiz5s ( ,/4 ,l\is--,mr4 ,edw9 ,h>rison1 ,mr4 ,samuel ,cupples1 & ,mr4 ,gottlieb ,conzelman4 ,o!r citiz5s emulat$ _! noble example1 & ! result 0 a suffici5t fund = ! support ( ! s*ool1 ^: purpose is to demon/rate ! practicability ( unit+ manual & m5tal in/ruction 9 ! public s*ools ( ,/4 ,l\is & ( ! c\ntry4 ,) a s+le fur!r quotation f ! prospectus ( ! second great manual tra9+ s*ool 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on ! subject ( labor1 we close ?is too brief notice3 8,"o great object ( ! s*ool is to fo/] a high] appreciation ( ! value & dignity ( intellig5t labor1 & ! wor? & respectability ( labor+ m54 ,a boy :o sees no?+ 9 manual labor b m]e brute =ce despises bo? labor & ! labor]4 ,) ! acquisition ( skill 9 himself comes ! ability & will+ness to recognize skill 9 8 fell[s4 ,:5 once he appreciates skill 9 h&icraft1 he reg>ds ! workman ) sympa?y & respect40 ,consid]able progress 9 manual tra9+ has be5 made 9 ! ,/ate agricultural colleges ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 twelve ( ^! colleges draw+ & tool practice h be5 introduc$4 ,g5]ally ! tool practice cov]s patt]n-mak+1 blacksmi?+1 m\ld+ & f\nd+1 =g+ & b5*-"w1 & ma*9e-tool "w 9 iron4 ,! mo/ pron\nc$ success has be5 a*iev$ at ,purdue ,univ]sity1 ,lafayette1 ,ind41 "u ! director%ip ( ,pr(4 ,wm4 ,f4 ,m4 ,goss1 :o graduat$ f ! s*ool ( ,me*anic ,arts ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology 9 #ahgi4 ,manual tra9+ 9 connection ) ! public-s*ool sy/em ( education has be5 inaugurat$ 9 ,bo/on & ,mil=d1 ,mass42 ,new ,hav51 & ! ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool1 ,new ,brita91 ,conn42 ,omaha1 ,neb42#ajj ,eau ,claire1 ,wis42#aja ,mol9e1 ,p]u1 & ! ,cook ,c\nty ,normal ,s*ool1 ,normal ,p>k1 ,ill42 ,montclair1 ,n4 ,j42 ,clevel& & ,b>nesville1 ,ohio2 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal42 & ,baltimore1 ,md4 #ajj ,9 *>ge ( ,alb]t ,m4 ,bumann1 ,b4,s41 graduate ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 class ( #ahhe4 #aja ,9 *>ge ( ,william ,f4 ,b>nes1 ,b4,s41 graduate ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 class ( #ahhe4 ,on ! occasion ( ! annual meet+ ( #ahhd ( ! ,national ,educational ,association ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at ,madison1 ,wis41 manual tra9+ receiv$ a v l>ge %>e ( ! att5tion ( educators4 ,v cr$itable exhibits ( v>i\s manipulations 9 wood1 iron1 & /eel 7 made by ! foll[+ in/itutions1 namely1 ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 ,purdue ,univ]sity1 ! ,/4 ,l\is ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 ! ,ill9ois ,indu/rial ,univ]sity1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons91 & ! ,spr+ ,g>d5 ,in/itute ( ,philadelphia4 ,!re 7 also ab\t ?irty k9d]g>t5 exhibits1 & a l>ge numb] ( exhibits ( specim5s ( draw+ f public s*ools 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,pr(4 ,felix ,adl]'s educational ent]prise 9 ! city ( ,new ,york--,! ,work+man's ,s*ool & ,free ,k9d]g>t5--is unique 9 ?is t1 :ile x is entirely a "w ( *>ity1 x is ! mo/ compreh5sive educational in/itution 9 exi/5ce1 z appe>s f ! foll[+ description ( its c\rse ( in/ruction3 8,! ,work+man's ,s*ool & ,free ,k9d]g>t5 =m "o in/itution4 ,! *ildr5 are admitt$ at ! age ( ?ree to ! k9d]g>t54 ,!y are graduat$ f x at six1 & ent] ! work+man's s*ool4 ,!y rema9 9 ! s*ool till !y are ?irte5 or f\rte5 ye>s ( age4 ,!reaft] ^? :o %[ decid$ ability receive high] te*nical in/ruction4 ,= ! o!rs :o leave ! s*ool prop] & are s5t to "w1 a s]ies ( ev5+ classes w be op5$1 9 :i* _! indu/rial & g5]al education w be cont9u$ 9 v>i\s directions4 ,?is graduate c\rse ( ! work+man's s*ool is int5d$ to ext5d up to ! eighte5? or tw5ty-fir/ ye>4 8,f ! ?ird ye> up to manhood & womanhood--su*10 says ,pr(4 ,adl]1 8is ! scope embrac$ by ! purposes ( our in/itution60 ,! foll[+ extracts f a late report ( ! pr9cipal ( ! s*ool1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,bamb]g]1 on its 8purposes10 %[ t !y are id5tical ) ^? ( ! s-call$ manual tra9+ s*ool1 & also t its me?ods are simil>3 8,we1 !re=e1 h und]tak5 to in/itute a re=m 9 education 9 ! foll[+ two ways3 ,we beg9 indu/rial in/ruction at ! v e>lie/ age possible4 ,already 9 our k9d]g>t5 we lay ! f\ndation = ! sy/em ( "w in/ruction t is to foll[4 ,9 ! s*ool prop]1 !n1 we seek to bridge ov] ! int]val ly+ betwe5 ! prep>atory k9d]g>t5 tra9+ & ! specializ$ in/ruction ( ! te*nical s*ool1 utiliz+ ! s*ool age itself = ! developm5t ( indu/rial ability4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only "o *>act]i/ic feature ( our in/itution4 ,! o!r1 & ! capital "o1 is1 t we seek to comb9e indu/rial in/ruction organically ) ! ord9>y bran*es ( in/ruction1 ?us us+ x n only = ! mat]ial purpose ( creat+ skill1 b also ideally z a factor ( m9d-education4 ,to our k1 su* an application ( "w in/ruction has n[h]e z yet be5 attempt$1 ei!r abroad or 9 ?is c\ntry4444 8,9 ! tea*+ ( hi/ory to ^! "y *ildr5 we hold x ess5tial t ! tea*] %\ld be entirely indep5d5t ( any text-book1 & able to freely h&le ! va/ mat]ial at 8 disposal1 & to draw f x1 z f an endless /oreh\se1 ) fix$ & def9ite purpose4 ,we atta* ev5 great] importance to ! moral ?an to ! intellectual significance ( hi/ory4 ,! b5efits :i* ! und]/&+1 ! memory1 & ! imag9ation d]ive f ! /udy ( hi/ory are n small4 ,b hi/ory1 consid]$ z a realm ( actions1 c be made especially fruitful ( s\nd influ5ce ^u ! active1 moral side ( human nature4 ,! moral judgm5t is /r5g!n$ by a k ( ! evolution ( mank9d 9 good & evil4 ,! moral feel+s are purifi$ by abhorr5ce ( ! vices ( ! pa/1 & by admiration ( examples ( greatness & virtue4 ,text-books are n to be disc>d$1 b _! *oice is a matt] ( great difficulty4 ,?us1 all books 9 :i* hi/orical in/ruction is giv5 9 ! %ape ( pr9t$ que/ions & answ]s are highly objectionable4 ,!y are conv5i5t bridges :i* lead to no?+40 ,! foll[+ extract f a late report ( ,pr(4 ,adl] %[s ! purpose ( ! e/abli%m5t ( :at he calls ! 8model s*ool0 to be id5tical ) t ( ! projectors ( ! ,/4 ,l\is & ,*icago manual tra9+ s*ools1 namely1 ! ultimate adoption by ! public s*ools ( ! c\ntry ( a f> m rational sy/em ( in/ruction ?an t :i* at pres5t prevails4 ,he says1 8,x seem$ to u1 !re=e1 f> m necess>y1 f> m calculat$ to really advance ! public good1 t "o model s*ool %\ld be erect$ 9 :i* ! entire sy/em ( rational & lib]al education = ! *ildr5 ( ! poor] class might be exhibit$ f beg9n+ to end4 ,we v5tur$ to hope t su* an example1 hav+ once be5 set1 w\ld n be )\t effect ^u ! common-s*ool sy/em at l>ge1 & t ! ext5sion ( our "w w\ld proce$ by ! natural c\rse ( ! #8survival ( :at is fitte/4' ,x 0 decid$1 !re=e1 t ! tw5ty-five graduates f ! k9d]g>t5 %\ld be invit$ to rema9 ) u1 t a complete s*ool %\ld be in/itut$1 & t a tea*] %\ld be at once appo9t$ to take 9 h& ! in/ruction ( ! l[e/ class4 ,! munific5ce ( ,mr4 ,joseph ,seligman1 to ^: "n we _c ref] )\t gratitude & respect1 at ?is /age enabl$ u to g on ) our und]tak+1 :5 ! de>? ( funds w\ld o!rwise h compell$ u to wait1 or p]haps desi/ altoge!r4 ,8 timely gift ( t5 ?\s& doll>s 0 ! means ( />t+ ! s*ool1 & on ?is z well z on o!r acc\nts 8 memory des]ves to be *]i%$ by ^? :o *]i% ! educational int]e/s ( ! p40 ,! ,*icago ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool is ! only indep5d5t educational in/itution ( ! k9d 9 ! _w4 ,all ! s*ools ( ?is "* to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made 9 ?is *apt] are dep>tm5ts ( colleges or in/itutes ( te*nology4 ,! ,*icago s*ool is unique 9 ano!r respect3 x owes its orig9 entirely to laym54 ,pr(essional educators labor$ long & e>ne/ly to f\nd ! s*ools we h describ$1 b ! ,*icago s*ool 0 inspir$ by m5 unkn[n 9 ! field ( educational ent]prise1 advocat$ by a secul> daily j\rnal1 & e/abli%$ by an association ( m]*ants1 manufactur]s1 & bank]s4 ,= _m ye>s ! ,*icago ,tribune _h v freely & sev]ely criticis$ ! educational me?ods ( ! public s*ools4 ,e>ly 9 ! ye> #ahha its editorial columns 7 op5$ to ! au?or ( ?is "w1 :o began & cont9u$1 !re91 ! advocacy ( ! e/abli%m5t ( a manual tra9+ s*ool 9 ,*icago1 z a t5tative /ep t[>ds ! incorporation 9 ! curriculum ( ! public s*ools1 ( m practical me?ods ( in/ruction4 ,! editorial advocacy ( ! ,tribune 0 cont9u$ = twelve mon?s1 articles appe>+ ab\t once a week1 )\t app>5t effect beyond provok+ a controv]sy ) c]ta9 pr(essional educators1 :o attack$ ! positions assum$ by ! ,tribune4 ,b a public s5tim5t _h be5 creat$ on ! subject1 & ! ,comm]cial ,club 0 de/9$ soon to embody t s5tim5t 9 action4 ,at its regul> mon?ly meet+1 ,m>* #be1 #ahhb1 ! subject ( re=m 9 me?ods ( education 0 discuss$ by memb]s ( ! club1 & by m5 invit$ to be pres5t = t purpose2 ! e/abli%m5t ( a s*ool 0 resolv$ ^u1 & #ajj1jjj pl$g$ = its support4 ,! ,*icago ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool ,association 0 incorporat$ ,april #aa1 #ahhc2 ! corn]-/one ( its build+ 0 laid ,septemb] #bd1 #ahhc2 & ! sessions ( ! s*ool comm5c$ on ! #d? ( ,febru>y1 #ahhd1 ) a class ( sev5ty-two /ud5ts1 8select$ by exam9ation f "o hundr$ & ?irty applicants1 "u ! director%ip ( ,h5ry ,h4 ,belfield1 ,a4,m41 ,ph4,d40 ,! ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees consi/s ( ,e4 ,w4 ,blat*=d1 presid5t2 ,r4 ,t4 ,crane1 vice-presid5t2 ,m>%all ,field1 treasur]2 ,william ,a4 ,full]1 secret>y2 ,john ,cr]>1 ,john ,w4 ,doane1 ,n4 ,k4 ,fairbank1 ,edson ,kei?1 & ,george ,m4 ,pullman4 ,! object ( ! s*ool is /at$ 9 ! articles ( incorporation z foll[s3 8,in/ruction & practice 9 ! use ( tools1 ) su* in/ruction z may be deem$ necess>y 9 ma!matics1 draw+1 & ! ,engli% bran*es ( a high-s*ool c\rse4 ,! tool in/ruction z at pres5t contemplat$ %all include c>p5try1 wood-turn+1 patt]n-mak+1 iron *ipp+ & fil+1 =ge-"w1 braz+ & sold]+1 ! use ( ma*9e-%op tools1 & su* o!r in/ruction ( a simil> "* z may be deem$ advisable to add to ! =ego+ f "t to "t1 x be+ ! int5tion to divide ! work+ h\rs ( ! /ud5ts1 z ne>ly z possible1 equally betwe5 manual & m5tal ex]cises40 ,f ! fir/ annual catalogue1 "u ! title 8,build+ & ,equipm5t10 we extract ! foll[+3 8,! s*ool build+ is beautifully locat$ on ,mi*igan ,av5ue1 & conta9s ample accommodations1 9 rooms = /udy & "w1 = sev]al hundr$ pupils4 8,! equipm5t 9 ! me*anical dep>tm5t consi/s ma9ly1 at pres5t1 ( tw5ty-f\r cab9et-mak]s' b5*es2 b5* & la! tools ( ! be/ quality = sev5ty-two boys2 tw5ty-f\r spe$ la!s1 twelve-in* sw+1 ?irty in*es betwe5 c5tres2 a fifty-two horse-p[] ,corliss eng9e1 twelve-in* cyl9d]1 ?irty-six in* /roke2 two tubul> boil]s1 =ty in*es 9 diamet]1 f\rte5 feet long4 ,! ,corliss eng9e1 boil]s1 & la!s 7 made especially = ! s*ool4 8,a v valuable sci5tific libr>y ( ne>ly five hundr$ volumes1 ! prop]ty ( ! ,am]ican ,electrical ,society1 has be5 plac$ 9 ! s*ool4 ,to ?is libr>y1 :i* is p>ticul>ly ri* 9 works p]ta9+ to electricity & *emi/ry1 b :i* conta9s also cyclop$ias1 diction>ies1 & o!r works ( ref]5ce1 ! pupils h access4 8,! ,blat*=d ,lit]>y ,society1 an organization ( pupils = improvem5t 9 composition1 debate1 etc41 has lately _h a h&some donation ( money = ! pur*ase ( books to be plac$ 9 _! alcove 9 ! s*ool libr>y4 ,sev]al p]iodicals are regul>ly plac$ on ! libr>y tables ?r\gh ! g5]osity ( ! publi%]s4 8,by ! k9dness ( ,dr4 ,wm4 ,f4 ,poole1 libr>ian1 pupils are able to obta9 books f ! ,*icago ,public ,libr>y on unusually favorable conditions40 ,?us ! ,*icago ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 a practical s*ool1 a s*ool ( in/ruction 9 ?+s1 a s*ool aft] ,bacon's 8own he>t10 sprang f ! bra9s ( a numb] ( pla91 practical bus9ess m51 full-arm$1 z ,m9]va f ! bra9 ( ,jupit]4 ,! ,tru/ees 7 =tunate 9 secur+ ,dr4 ,belfield = ! director%ip ( ! s*ool4 ,be=e ! introduction ( ! new education to ?is c\ntry1 elev5 ye>s ago1 :ile ,russia 0 /ruggl+ ) ! problem ( tool practice by ! laboratory me?od1 ,dr4 ,belfield urg$ ! ne$ ( manual tra9+ 9 ! public s*ools ( ,*icago1 9 :i* he 0 a tea*]4 ,he 0 met ) d]ision2 b ! presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education ( ,*icago & ! sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools are n[ advocates ( ! new sy/em ( tra9+4 ,9 conclusion we pres5t ! foll[+ extracts f ! inaugural address ( ,dr4 ,belfield1 deliv]$ be=e ! ,*icago ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool ,association1 ,june #ai1 #ahhd1 z embody+ ! results ( 8 exp]i5ce & obs]vation z to ! value ( ! new sy/em ( tra9+3 8,! di/9ctive feature ( ! manual tra9+ s*ool is ! education ( ! m9d1 & ( ! h& z ! ag5t ( ! m9d4 ,! "t ( ! pupil 9 s*ool is ab\t equally divid$ betwe5 ! /udy ( books & ! /udy ( ?+s2 betwe5 ! academic "w on ! "o h&1 & ! draw+ & %op-"w on ! o!r4 ,obs]ve1 ,i d n say betwe5 s*ool-"w & %op-"w1 = ! %op is z mu* a s*ool z is any o!r "p ( ! e/abli%m5t4 ,nor d ,i mean t ! %op gives an education ( ! h& alone1 & ! class-room an education ( ! bra92 b ,i mean t ! %op educates h& & bra94 ,t ! h& is educat$ ,i ne$ n /op to prove2 b ! %op educates ! m9d also4 8,_h y be5 9 ! wood-work+ room ( ?is s*ool a few h\rs ago1 :at w\ld y h se58 ,tw5ty-f\r boys at "w at la!s driv5 by a p[]ful eng9e4 ,are any idle8 ,no4 ,are any inatt5tive to _! "w8 ,no2 y notice ! close/ & mo/ e>ne/ att5tion1 frequ5tly approa*+ ab/raction4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! cultivation ( a mo/ important faculty ( ! m9d1 att5tion1 ! p[] ( conc5tration2 & x is wor?y ( rem>k t ?is att5tion is n an en=c$ att5tion1 b is *e]ful1 volunt>y1 & unremitt+4 8,! "y workman is engag$ on a problem 9 wood1 j z1 a few h\rs e>li]1 he 0 engag$ on a problem 9 algebra4 ,he has be=e him a draw+ made to a scale4 ,! problem is ?is3 ,he mu/ ga9 a cle> conception ( ! object repres5t$ by ! draw+2 he mu/ imag9e x2 he mu/ select or cut a block ( wood ( ! prop] dim5sions & ( ! "r quality4 ,x mu/ n be too l>ge1 = he mu/ gu>d aga9/ wa/e ( mat]ial & wa/e ( "t4 ,x mu/ be l>ge en\gh1 = !re mu/ be no incomplet5ess ab\t ! f9i%$ product ( 8 labor4 ,obs]ve him z ! "w gr[s "u 8 h&2 obs]ve ! select+ ( ! prop] tools = ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! process2 obs]ve ! c>eful measur+1 ! wat*ful eye ^u ! position ( ! *isel1 ! spe$ ( ! la!1 ! gradual approa* ( ! once rectangul> block to ! model :i* exi/s 9 8 bra9--& y mu/ admit t ?is "w dem&s & develops1 n manual dext]ity alone1 b att5tion1 obs]vation1 imag9ation1 judgm5t1 reason+4444 8,my own op9ion is t an h\r 9 ! %op ( a well-conduct$ manual tra9+ s*ool develops z mu* m5tal /r5g? z an h\r devot$ to ,virgil or ,leg5dre4444 8,b ( ?is ,i am confid5t1 t ?ree ye>s ( a manual tra9+ s*ool w give at lea/ z mu* purely intellectual gr[? z ?ree ye>s ( ! ord9>y high s*ool1 because1 z has be5 said1 e s*ool h\r1 :e!r sp5t 9 ! class-room1 ! draw+-room1 or 9 ! %op1 is an h\r devot$ to intellectual tra9+4 ,& ,i am also conv9c$ t ! manual tra9+ s*ool boy's compreh5sion ( "s ess5tial bran*es ( k w be z f> sup]ior to t ( ! o!r boy's1 z ! realization ( ! gr&eur & beauty ( ! ,alps to ! man :o has se5 _! glories is sup]ior to ! conception ( him :o has m]ely read ( !m4444 8,& "h is ! mi/ake ( ^? :o w\ld degrade a manual tra9+ s*ool into a manufactur+ e/abli%m5t4 ,! fact %\ld nev] be lo/ sight ( = an in/ant t ! product ( ! s*ool %\ld be1 n ! poli%$ article ( furniture1 n ! p]fect piece ( ma*9]y1 b ! poli%$1 p]fect boy4 ,! acquisition ( indu/rial skill %\ld be ! means ( promot+ ! g5]al education ( ! pupil2 ! education ( ! h& %\ld be ! means ( m completely & m efficaci\sly educat+ ! bra94444 8,take two boys1 "o ) little or no education1 ! o!r a high-s*ool graduate2 let !m ent] ! ma*9e-%op ( a l>ge manufactory1 beg9n+1 z boys ignorant ( ! te*nique ( ! trade mu/ beg91 at ! l[e/ r\nd ( ! ladd]4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t 9 ?ree or f\r ye>s ! high-s*ool graduate1 if he _h be5 will+ to d ! drudg]y incid5t to ! place1 w\ld h rea*$ a high] position ?an ! o!r boy1 & w\ld be 9 a fair way to succe$ to "s responsible po/ 9 ! e/abli%m5t4 ,b ! graduate ( ! manual tra9+ s*ool1 by reason ( 8 sup]ior k ( ma*9]y & mat]ials1 8 skill 9 ! use ( tools1 add$ to 8 g5]al m5tal tra9+1 w\ld beg9 at ! po9t rea*$ by ! high-s*ool boy aft] 8 ye>s ( appr5tice%ip4 ,f ! day ( 8 entrance into ! factory he w\ld be conspicu\s4 ,:ile ! o!r boys w\ld /& 9 ! pres5ce ( ! huge ,titan ( ! %op lo/ 9 ! wond] ( ignorance1 ! manual tra9+ boy w\ld gaze ) delight on ! m>vel ( me*anism1 wrapp$ 9 ! admiration begott5 ( a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( its con/ruction1 & /rong 9 ! consci\sness ( 8 ma/]y ( x40 ,manual tra9+ 0 introduc$ 9 ! ,p5nsylvania ,/ate ,college1 exp]im5tally1 ab\t ?ree ye>s ago4 ,9 #ahhc ! c\rse 0 8greatly ext5d$10 & 9 ,septemb]1 #ahhd1 x w5t into full op]ation4 ,! c\rse is sub/antially ! same z t ( ! ,*icago s*ool2 & t x 0 ! outgr[? ( ! ,russian sy/em1 & inspir$ by ,dr4 ,runkle1 is %[n by ! foll[+ extract f a circul> lately issu$ by ,pr(4 ,l\is ,e4 ,reb]3 8,"s may ?9k t ! v>iety ( op]ations 9 ! me*anic arts is s great z to make x impossible to give ! /ud5t any real k 9 ! "t at 8 disposal4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ?is multiplicity ( processes may be r$uc$ to a small numb] ( manual op]ations1 & ! num]\s tools employ$ are only modifications (1 or conv5i5t sub/itutes =1 a few tools :i* are 9 g5]al use40 ,a c\rse 9 tool practice by ! laboratory me?od has be5 made "p ( ! curriculum ( ! ,college ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york4#ajb ,i am p]mitt$ to make an extract f a lett] writt5 9 ,augu/ la/ by ,alfr$ ,g4 ,compton1 ,pr(essor ( ,appli$ ,ma!matics ( ! ,college ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 to ,dr4 ,runkle4 ,i pr9t ?is extract to %[ ! exact+ nature ( ! dem&s made ^u in/ructors by ! new education4 ,x is z foll[s3 #ajb 8,! fir/ report ( ! ,indu/rial ,educational ,association ( ,new ,york gives a li/ ( ?irty-"o s*ools 9 t city 9 :i* indu/rial education is furni%$40--,address ( ,pr(4 ,s4 ,r4 ,?ompson1 ,indu/rial ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,national ,educational ,association1 ,s>atoga ,spr+s1 ,n4 ,y41 ,july1 #ahhe4 8,we are anxi\s to f9d1 by ! op5+ ( our t]m 9 ,septemb]1 a compet5t in/ructor 9 wood-work+ = our c\rse 9 me*anic arts1 n[ 9 its second ye>4 ,he %\ld be a good & ready draughtsman1 skilful 9 p]spective & projections1 & ready 9 black-bo>d sket*+1 besides be+ acqua9t$ ) ! use ( tools1 & apt at class-tea*+4 ,he w h at fir/ #ajjj a ye>40 ,! lack ( compet5t in/ructors is ! mo/ s]i\s difficulty :i* ! new education is de/9$ to enc\nt]4 ,! desire to adopt tool practice is s widespread among ! p t educators1 :e!r will+ or o!rwise1 are compell$ to attempt to gratify ! dem&4 ,at ! same "t ! =ce ( compet5t in/ructors is v small1 & ! dang] is t ! new sy/em ( education w be br\ght into disrepute ?r\gh ! failure ( its prop] adm9i/ration4 ,9 #ahhb ,mr4 ,paul ,tulane1 ( ,pr9ceton1 ,n4 ,j41 made a l>ge donation1 consi/+ ( 8 realty 9 ! city ( ,new ,orleans1 9 aid ( education 9 ! ,/ate ( ,l\isiana4 ,9 #ahhd ! ,univ]sity be>+ its donor's "n--,tulane--came into exi/5ce4 ,9 ! de$ ( donation ,mr4 ,tulane decl>$ t by ! t]m education he meant to 8fo/] su* a c\rse ( intellectual developm5t z %all be useful & ( solid wor?1 & n be m]ely ornam5tal or sup]ficial40 ,h5ce manual tra9+ has be5 made a prom95t feature ( ! in/itution4#ajc #ajc ,john ,m4 ,ordway1 ,a4,m41 late ,pr(essor ( ,metallurgy & ,indu/rial ,*emi/ry ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 has be5 call$ to ,new ,orleans to organize & direct ! manual tra9+ dep>tm5t ( ! in/itution2 & he is assi/$ by ,*>les ,a4 ,hea?1 ,b4,s41 & ,ev]ett ,e4 ,hapgood1 graduates ( ! ,s*ool ( ,me*anic ,arts ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,!re is 9 op]ation at ,crozet1 ,va41 a manual tra9+ s*ool call$1 aft] its f\nd]1 ,mr4 ,samuel ,mill]1 8,! ,mill] ,manual ,labor ,s*ool20 b ( ! me?ods ( tra9+ pursu$ at ?is s*ool ! au?or is n accurately in=m$4 ,gir>d ,college1 d$icat$ ne>ly =ty ye>s ago1 has adopt$ manual tra9+4 ,9 response to a lett] by ! au?or1 ask+ = in=mation1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,heyw>d ,drayton1 ( ,philadelphia1 gives ! foll[+ hi/orical sket* ( ! introduction & progress ( tool practice by ! laboratory me?od 9 t noble in/itution3 8,f "t to "t "s ( ! directors recogniz$ ! importance ( me*anical in/ruction1 b aft] "o or two attempts fur!r ef=ts 9 ?is direction 7 ab&on$1 z ^? prov$ utt] failures4 ,x 0 n until ,dr4 ,runkle1 ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 at ! in/ance ( ! late ,mr4 ,william ,wel%1 !n presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,directors ( ,city ,tru/s1 deliv]$ a %ort address on ! subject 9 ! lecture-room ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute 9 ?is city1 t any practical mode ( introduc+ ?is bran* ( /udy into ! college 0 pres5t$4 8444 ,foll[+ z ne>ly z possible ! s*eme sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,runkle1 & aid$ by _m sugge/ions f him1 9 ,april1 #ahhb1 we began to in/ruct ! l>g] boys to use tools 9 sev]al k9ds ( metals4 ,we 7 s =tunate z to secure ! s]vices ( a v compet5t & en?usia/ic in/ructor1 :o conf9$ 8 in/ruction m]ely to tea*+ ! use ( tools1 b )\t any pret5ce ( tea*+ any trade4 ,! result ( two ye>s' exp]i5ce has be5 s satisfactory t our boys leave ! college to g to work%ops1 :]e !y secure suffici5t wages to support !m at once2 & !y h1 9 _m cases1 be5 f\nd s exp]t t 9 a few mon?s _! wages h be5 increas$4 ,we h be5 s enc\rag$ by ?is z a sub/itute = appr5tic+ lads1 :i* is fa/ becom+ impossible1 t we h j erect$ commodi\s work%ops laboratories1 9 :i*1 on ! same sy/em1 b to _m m boys1 we propose to tea* ! use ( tools 9 wood-"w also1 z we h h]et(ore taught 9 metals4 ,to ?is "t we h be5 compell$1 f want ( facilities1 to conf9e our in/ruction to ab\t "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five boys4 ,we expect next mon? 7,octob]1 #ahhd7 to increase ! numb] to ?ree hundr$--only be+ limit$ by ! y\? ( ! pupils1 _m ( :om are too "y to p]mit ( _! h&l+ tools40 ,manual tra9+ has be5 made "p ( ! curriculum ( ! ,agricultural & ,me*anical ,college ( ,auburn1 ,ala41 & ! dep>tm5t is "u ! direction ( a graduate ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4#ajd #ajd ,george ,h4 ,bryant1 ,b4,s41 graduate ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 class ( #ahhc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,manual tra9+ has be5 adopt$ z a bran* ( education 9 ! ,d5v] 7,col47 ,univ]sity1 & ! director ( ! dep>tm5t is a graduate ( ! manual tra9+ dep>tm5t ( ! ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4#aje #aje ,c4 ,h4 ,wright1 ,b4,s41 graduate ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 class ( #ahhe4 ,! pres5t ye> 7#ahhe7 witnesses a v important addition to ! li/ ( manual tra9+ s*ools--t ( ,philadelphia4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ,mr4 ,james ,mac,alister has revolutioniz$ ! public s*ools ( ,philadelphia 9 ! %ort p]iod ( two ye>s dur+ :i* he has held ! (fice ( sup]9t5d5t2 & ! la/ wave ( ! revolution reveals a fully-equipp$ manual tra9+ s*ool z "p ( ! public-s*ool sy/em ( ! cons]vative1 gr& old ,quak] city4 ,& ?is practical elem5t 9 education is to be free to all public-s*ool boys f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 :o c %[ !mselves qualifi$ to ent]1 z witness ! foll[+ 8rules0 ( ! ,philadelphia public s*ools3 8,promotions to ! ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool %all be made at ! close ( ! ,june t]m1 f ! ,twelf? ,grade1 or any high] grade1 ( ! ,boys' ,gramm>1 ,consolidat$ & ,comb9$ ,s*ools2 b no boy %all be promot$ :o is "u f\rte5 ye>s ( age4 8,x %all be ! duty ( ! ,pr9cipals ( ! sev]al ,boys' ,gramm>1 ,consolidat$ & ,comb9$ ,s*ools1 to c]tify to ! sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools ! names ( all boys ( ! prop] age :o h f9i%$ ! c\rse ( /udy 9 ! ,twelf? ,grade1 or any high] grade1 & are desir\s ( promotion to ! ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool40 ,9 call+ ! att5tion ( ! public to ! e/abli%m5t ( a manual tra9+ s*ool z "p ( ! educational sy/em ( ,philadelphia1 a committee ( ! ,city ,bo>d ( ,education say1 "u date ( ,june #aj1 #ahhe1 8,! und]sign$ desire to call att5tion to ! new manual tra9+ s*ool to be op5$ 9 ?is city next ,septemb]4 ,x is int5d$ = boys :o h f9i%$ ! ,twelf? ,grade1 or any high] grade1 ( ! ,gramm>-s*ool c\rse4 ,! in/ruction w embrace a ?or\gh c\rse1 s f> z x goes1 9 ,engli%1 ma!matics1 free-h& & me*anical draw+1 & ! fundam5tal sci5ces2 b 9 addition to ^! bran*es a c>efully grad$ c\rse ( manual tra9+ w =m a lead+ feature ( ! s*ool4 ,?is manual tra9+ is int5d$ to give ! boys su* a k ( ! tools & mat]ials employ$ 9 ! *ief indu/rial pursuits ( our "t z %all place !m 9 m direct & sympa!tic relations ) ! great activities ( ! bus9ess _w4 ,! s*ool w make our public education n only m complete & symmetrical 9 "* ?an x has be5 h]et(ore1 b x w be at ! same "t bett] adapt$ to enable ! pupils to w9 _! way 9 life4 ,no matt] :at future a p>5t may h m>k$ out = 8 boy--:e!r he be int5d$ = an indu/rial1 a m]cantile1 or a pr(essional occupation1 x is believ$ t su* an education w be ( imm5se advantage to him4 ,^u ! indu/ries ( ! _w1 to a mu* l>g] ext5t ?an ev] be=e 9 its hi/ory1 dep5d ! progress1 ! prosp]ity1 ! happ9ess ( society4 ,to prep>e boys = ?is condition ( ?+s w be ! aim ( ?is s*ool4 ,! entire c\rse ( in/ruction & tra9+ w be practical 9 ! l>ge/ & be/ s5se ( t t]m4 ,! culture x gives w include ! h& z well z ! head1 & its graduates w be tra9$ to "w z well z to ?9k4 ,! c\rse w ext5d ov] a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s1 b x is s arrang$ t boys ^: int5d$ pursuits 9 life w n w>rant sp5d+ s mu* "t may p>ticipate 9 its advantages = a %ort] p]iod be=e ent]+ ^u o!r /udies or a p]man5t occupation4 8,! ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool has be5 organiz$ 9 response to a gr[+ s5tim5t respect+ ! "* ( public education :i* has be5 /rongly manife/$ 9 ,philadelphia1 & ! ,bo>d ( ,public ,education believe t ! movem5t1 :5 fully und]/ood1 w meet ) ! cordial approval ( our p4 ,y\r c>eful consid]ation ( ! nature & objects :i* ! s*ool seeks to accompli% is respectfully solicit$40 ,?is act ( ! s*ool au?orities ( ! city ( ,philadelphia is ! /ronge/ popul> endorsem5t ! !ory ( manual tra9+ z an elem5t ( education has receiv$4 ,x commits a great city to a fair trial ( ! new education "u ! mo/ favorable auspices--"u ! conduct ( ,mr4 ,james ,mac,alister1 "o ( ! mo/ accompli%$1 z well z mo/ /]nly practical educators 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b ?is is only "p ( a g5]al sy/em ( manual tra9+ introduc$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( in/ruction giv5 9 ! public s*ools ( ,philadelphia4 ,!re are k9d]g>t5s 7sub-prim>ies7 = *ildr5 f ?ree to six ye>s ( age1 & an indu/rial art dep>tm5t = all ! /ud5ts 7( bo? sexes7 ( ! gramm> s*ools4 ,9 ?is latt] dep>tm5t ! c\rse ( tra9+ comprises 8draw+ & design10 8modell+10 8wood-c>v+10 8c>p5try & jo9]y10 & 8metal "w40 ,^! c\rses1 includ+ manual tra9+ prop]1 8at ! top10 =m a compreh5sive sy/em ( head & h& tra9+ kn[n z ! new education4 ,mr4 ,mac,alister says1 8,! conviction is gradually obta9+ among ! memb]s ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education ( ,philadelphia1 & 9 ! public m9d1 t e *ild %\ld receive manual tra9+2 t a complete education implies ! tra9+ ( ! h& 9 connection ) ! tra9+ ( ! m9d2 & t ?is feature mu/ ultimately be incorporat$ into ! public education4 ,:at is ?is b ! realization ( ! pr9ciples :i* e great ?9k] & re=m] 9 education has insi/$ ^u1 f ,com5ius1 ,locke1 & ,r\sseau1 to ,pe/alozzi1 ,froebel1 & ,sp5c]60#ajf #ajf ,9 a lett] to ! au?or1 ,mr4 ,mac,alister re-en=ces ! obs]vations quot$ 9 ! text4 ,he says1 8,i wi% y to und]/& t all my own convictions & action 9 connection ) ?is movem5t are bas$ ^u :at 9 my judgm5t %\ld con/itute an education fitt$ to prep>e a human be+ = ! social conditions ( to-day1 & n m]ely ^u ! indu/rial dem&s ( our "t4444 ,i believe !re is a great future = ! manual tra9+ movem5t 9 ,philadelphia4 ,i feel enc\rag$ to g =w>d ) ! "w4 ,! great pr9ciples :i* und]lie ! sy/em are ) me int5se convictions2 !y mean no?+ less ?an a revolution 9 education4 ,! great ideas ( ! re=m]s ( s*ool tra9+ mu/ be realiz$ 9 ! public s*ools1 or !y w fail 9 accompli%+ ! ends = :i* !y 7 in/itut$ & h be5 ma9ta9$40 ,! rapid progress ( ! revolution 9 education is %[n by ! fact t manual tra9+ 9 "s =m has be5 adopt$ 9 c]ta9 ( ! s*ools ( at lea/ tw5ty-f\r ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,am]ican ,union4 ,9 "s ( ! high] educational in/itutions ! new education is w>mly welcom$1 :ile 9 o!rs public s5tim5t alone compels its adoption4 ,! ,/ate ,agricultural & ,me*anical ,college ( ,texas has be5 revolutioniz$ 9 ?is way4 ,a memb] ( ! ,faculty#ajg writes z foll[s3 #ajg ,h4 ,h4 ,d9widdie1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry1 ,*airman ( ! ,faculty4 8,?is in/itution 0 op5$ on ! #d? ( ,octob]1 #ahgf4 ,9 spite ( its "n1 ! conditions ( its end[m5t1 & its av[$ object1 x 0 f\nd$ on ! plan ( ! old classical & ma!matical college1 & _h no indu/rial features :atev] till ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #ahhj4 ,at t "t ! public s5tim5t ( ! ,/ate _h condemn$ s decid$ly & repeat$ly ! misappropriation ( ! funds1 & p]v]sion ( ! en]gies ( ! college "u its adm9i/ration z a lit]>y s*ool1 t ! directors f\nd x necess>y to reorganize x by accept+ ! resignation ( ! memb]s ( ! faculty )\t exception1 & call+ 9 a new corps ( in/ructors4 ,9 #ahhj-ha a l>ge dormitory build+ 0 conv]t$ into a %op laboratory4 ,?is 0 fitt$ ) tools = elem5t>y in/ruction 9 wood-work+ = ! accommodation ( ab\t fifty /ud5ts4 ,a small metal-work+ plant 0 also erect$1 ! :ole be+ furni%$ ) p[] f a twelve-horse-p[] eng9e4 ,s9ce t "t a brick %op laboratory has be5 provid$ = ! accommodation ( ! metal-work+ ma*9]y1 :i* n[ includes ! pr9cipal ma*9es us$ 9 ord9>y iron-work+1 all driv5 by a tw5ty-horsep[] eng9e40 ,massa*usetts1 ! cradle ( ! ,am]ican common-s*ool sy/em1 is ! fir/ ,/ate to legalize by /atute ! new education1 plac+ manual tra9+ on an equal foot+ ) m5tal tra9+1 by ! foll[+ act3 8,section ,i4 ( ,*apt] ,,xliv4 ( ! ,public ,/atutes1 relat+ to ! bran*es ( in/ruction to be taught 9 public s*ools1 is am5d$ by /rik+ out 9 ! eigh? l9e ! words #8& hygi5e1' & ins]t+ in/ead ! words #8hygi5e & ! elem5t>y use ( h&-tools2' & 9 any city or t[n :]e su* tools %all be introduc$ !y %all be pur*as$ by ! s*ool committee at ! exp5se ( su* city or t[n1 & loan$ to su* pupils z may be all[$ to use !m free ( *>ge1 subject to su* rules & regulations1 z to c>e & cu/ody1 z ! s*ool committee may prescribe40#ajh #ajh 8,s*ool ,laws ( ,massa*usetts4 ,supplem5t to ! ,edition ( #ahhc1 conta9+ ! ,additional ,legislation to ! ,close ( ! ,legislative ,session ( #ahhe2 issu$ by ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education40 ,! ,legislature ( ,connecticut adopt$ a simil> /atute la/ ye> 7#ahhd74 ,! ,i[a ,agricultural ,college is ! fir/ educational in/itution 9 ! c\ntry to recognize ! importance ( in/ruction 9 ! arts ( home life4 ,9 ?is college dome/ic economy has be5 elevat$ to ! dignity ( a dep>tm5t call$ ! 8,s*ool ( ,dome/ic ,economy10 ) ! foll[+ 8special faculty30 ,! ,presid5t1 ,mrs4 ,emma ,p4 ,ew+1 ,dean4 ,dome/ic ,economy4 ,j4 ,l4 ,budd ,horticulture & ,g>d5+4 ,a4 ,a4 ,b5nett ,*emi/ry4 ,b4 ,d4 ,hal/$ ,botany4 ,d4 ,s4 ,fair*ild ,hygi5e & ,physiology4 ,laura ,m4 ,saund]son ,elocution4 ,! c\rse ( /udy is z foll[s3 ,,fir/ ,,ye>4 ,fir/ ,t]m4 ,second ,t]m4 ,dome/ic ,economy4 ,dome/ic ,economy4 ,botany4 ,physiology & ,hygi5e4 ,physical ,tra9+4 ,dress-fitt+ & ,mill9]y4 ,h\sehold ,acc\nts4 ,essays4 ,,second ,,ye>4 ,fir/ ,t]m4 ,second ,t]m4 ,dome/ic ,economy4 ,dome/ic ,economy4 ,*emi/ry4 ,home ,ar*itecture4 ,duties ( ! ,nurse4 ,home ,sanitation4 ,design+ & ,free-h& ,draw+4 ,home /hetics & ,decorative ,art4 ,l&scape & ,floral ,g>d5+4 ,essays & ,graduat+ ,!sis4 ,mrs4 ,ew+1 dean ( ! s*ool1 ?us /ates1 cle>ly & p[]fully1 ! reasons = its e/abli%m5t & its purposes3 8,?is s*ool is bas$ ^u ! assumption t no indu/ry is m important to human happ9ess ?an t :i* makes ! home2 & t a pleasant home is an ess5tial elem5t ( broad culture1 & "o ( ! sure/ safegu>ds ( morality & virtue4 ,x 0 organiz$ to meet ! wants ( pupils :o desire a k ( ! pr9ciples t und]lie dome/ic economy1 & ! c\rse ( /udy is especially arrang$ to furni% wom5 in/ruction 9 appli$ h\se-keep+ & ! arts & sci5ces relat+ !reto--to incite !m to a fai?ful p]=mance ( ! e-day duties ( life1 & to inspire !m ) a belief 9 ! nobl5ess & dignity ( a true womanhood4 8,no call+ requires = its p]fect ma/]y a great] am\nt ( practice & !ory comb9$ ?an t ( dome/ic economy1 & /ud5ts1 9 addition to recitations & lectures on ! v>i\s topics ( ! c\rse1 receive practical tra9+ 9 all bran*es ( h\se-"w1 9 ! pur*ase & c>e ( family supplies1 & 9 g5]al h\sehold managem5t4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 requir$ to p]=m a great] am\nt ( labor ?an is necess>y = ! desir$ in/ruction4 8,! c\rse ( /udy is = graduates ( colleges & univ]sities4 ,x ext5ds ?r\gh two ye>s1 & leads to ! degree ( ,ma/] ( ,dome/ic ,economy40#aji #aji ,annual ,catalogue ( ! ,i[a ,agricultural ,college4 ,! ,le ,moyne ,normal ,in/itute ( ,memphis1 ,t5n41 is a private s*ool1 8su/a9$ *iefly by b5evol5tly dispos$ p at ! ,nor?1 = color$ y\?40 ,9 a lett] to ! au?or ! pr9cipal ( ?is s*ool ?us describes ! manual features ( its curriculum3 8,besides our ,normal "w prop]1 we give girls ( ! s*ool two ye>s' tra9+ 9 ne$le-"w ( diff]5t k9ds1 "o ye>'s in/ruction 9 *oice & prep>ation ( foods1 ) practice 9 an exp]im5tal kit*51 & six mon?s' tra9+ 9 nurs+ or c>e ( ! sick4 ,"o h\r a day is giv5 to ea* ( ! =ego+ subjects = ! "t indicat$4 8,i am ab\t to erect work%ops = tra9+ = our boys 9 ! use ( wood-work+ tools1 & 9 iron-work+ & m\ld+--! c\rse to comprise two ye>s' "t1 two h\rs p] day at ! b5*es4 ,we %all also h type-sett+ & pr9t+ z specialties = individual /ud5ts4 ,?is "w w be 9 op]ation 9 ,janu>y1 #ahhf40aaj #aaj ,a4 ,j4 ,/eele4 ,! pr(essor 9 *>ge ( ! ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan writes to ! au?or z foll[s3 8,!re c be no d\bt 9 ! m9d ( a sane man t ?is practical in/ruction laboratory "w is exactly :at is ne$$ by our eng9e]+ /ud5ts4 ,we are assur$ ( t fact by ! expression ( gratification on ! "p ( our eng9e]+ alumni to f9d "h ! v in/ruction :i* !y 7 oblig$ to sp5d two or ?ree ye>s to secure aft] graduat+4 ,we give our /ud5ts "w ( an elem5t>y "* = a few weeks1 or until !y become accu/om$ to tools1 :5 we put !m to "w on "s "p ( a ma*9e4 ,if !y spoil x1 well & good--x goes into ! scrap-heap2 if !y succe$1 !y h ! pleasure ( see+ a p]fect ma*9e gr[ up "u _! eyes & h&4 ,/ud5ts hav+ matur$ m9ds1 z mo/ ( ours h1 "w bett] ) a def9ite plan 9 view4 ,we always require !m to "w f draw+s4 ,our c\rse 9 =g+ is v popul>2 & x is especially useful1 z x gives our "y m5 t k ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( iron & /eel :i* w be ( ! greate/ b5efit to !m z eng9e]s40#aaa #aaa ,mortim] ,e4 ,cooley1 ,assi/ant ,eng9e]1 ,u4 ,s4 ,navy4 ,! ,national ,educational ,association ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at its la/ meet+1 at ,s>atoga ,spr+s1 ,n4 ,y4 7#ahhe71 took a great /ep =w>d 9 ! adoption ( a resolution#aab endors+ ! k9d]g>t54 ,! association 01 h[ev]1 s+ul>ly illogical 9 its subsequ5t action1 9 vot+ to lay ^u ! table a resolution#aac recomm5d+ ! introduction ( manual tra9+ to ! public s*ools4 ,! k9d]g>t5 & manual tra9+ are "o 9 pr9ciple1 & %\ld be "o 9 practice4 ,all educators w soon see ?is1 & ! ,national ,educational ,association w no d\bt soon place itself z he>tily on record 9 support ( manual tra9+ z x has already done 9 support ( ! k9d]g>t54 #aab 8,resolv$1 t we tru/ ! "t is ne> at h& :5 ! true pr9ciples ( ! k9d]g>t5 w guide all elem5t>y tra9+1 & :5 public s5tim5t & legislative enactm5t w incorporate ! k9d]g>t5 into our public-s*ool sy/em40 #aac 8,resolv$1 ,t we recognize ! educational value ( tra9+ ! h& to skill 9 ! use ( tools1 & recomm5d t provision be made1 z f> z practicable1 = su* tra9+ 9 public s*ools40 ,ohio ranks z ! ?ird ,/ate 9 ! ,union indu/rially1 & %e is mak+ great /rides 9 ! direction ( a m practical sy/em ( education4 ,?is is %[n by ! prom95t place giv5 to in/ruction 9 ! me*anic arts 9 ! ,/ate ,univ]sity at ,columbus1 by ! prosp]ity ( ! ,case ,s*ool ( ,appli$ ,sci5ce1 & ! introduction ( manual tra9+ to ! public-s*ool sy/em at ,clevel&1 & by ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,scott ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool at ,tol$o4 ,! city ( ,tol$o owes ! inception ( ! movem5t 9 support ( ! new education to ! munific5ce ( ! late ,jesup ,w4 ,scott1 :o dur+ 8 life convey$ to tru/ees = purposes ( indu/rial education1 9 connection ) ! public-s*ool sy/em1 c]ta9 valuable real e/ate4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,mr4 ,scott1 8 ?ree sons1#aad /ill resid5ts ( ,tol$o1 supplem5t$ _! fa!r's donation ) a suffici5t sum ( money to secure ! erection & complete equipm5t ( a manual tra9+ s*ool = ?ree hundr$ & fifty pupils4 #aad ,william ,f41 ,frank ,j41 & ,maurice ,scott4 ,! s*ool is modell$ aft] ! s*ools ( ,/4 ,l\is & ,*icago2 b x gives only ! manual side ( ! curriculum1 because x is conduct$ 9 connection ) ! public ,high ,s*ool1 receiv+ its pupils !refrom4 ,x op5$ 9 ! autumn ( #ahhd ) sixty pupils1 t5 ( :om 7 girls4 ,its regi/] n[ numb]s two hundr$1 fifty ( :om are girls4 ,its c\rse = boys is sub/antially ! same z t ( ! ,*icago s*ool4 ,! c\rse = girls includes free-h& & me*anical draw+1 design+1 modell+1 wood-c>v+1 cutt+1 fitt+1 & mak+ g>m5ts1 & dome/ic sci5ce1 includ+ food prep>ation & h\sehold decoration4 ,a di/+ui%$ lawy] & citiz5 ( ,tol$o1#aae :o has be5 prom95t 9 ! "w ( e/abli%+ ! s*ool1 says1 #aae ,hon4 ,a4 ,e4 ,macomb]4 8,! brighte/ & mo/ fai?ful pupils ( ! ,high ,s*ool h eag]ly avail$ !mselves ( ! opportunity = manual in/ruction1 & ! zeal ) :i* ?is new "w is pursu$ has add$ a new *>m to s*ool life40 ,! s*ool is 9 *>ge ( ,mr4 ,ralph ,mill]1 ,b4,s41 :o is assi/$ by ,mr4 ,geo4 ,s4 ,mills1 ,b4,s4#aaf ,x is especially int]e/+1 bo? z ! newe/ educational ent]prise & because x places ! sexes on a foot+ ( absolute equality4 ,re=m 9 education mu/ beg9 ) woman1 = x is f h] t man inh]its 8 notable traits1 & f h] t he receives ! e>lie/ & mo/ endur+ impressions4 ,9 ! arms ( ! "m ! infant m9d rapidly unfolds4 ,x is 9 ! cradle1 9 ! nurs]y1 & at ! fireside t ! *ild becomes fa!r ( ! man4 ,! reg5]ation ( ! race ?r\gh education mu/1 !n1 beg9 ) ! *ild1 & be direct$ by ! "m2 & ?is be+ ! fact1 ! education ( woman becomes f> m imp]ative ?an t ( man4 #aaf ,graduates ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 class ( #ahhd4 ,t ! anci5ts made s little progress 9 morals is due to ! fact ( _! neglect ( ! education ( woman4 ,nei!r 9 ,egypt nor ,p]sia 0 provision made = h] m5tal or moral tra9+4 ,!re 7 s*ools = boys 9 ,greece1 b none = girls2 & n till late 9 ! ,empire 0 !re any special culture = girls 9 ,rome4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages le>n+ 0 conf9$ to ! religi\s ord]s4 ,! n>r[ b\nds ( ! conv5t conta9$ all !re 0 ( sci5ce & art4 ,9 ! ca/le & at ! t\rnam5t woman m9i/]$ to man's pride & vanity2 & 9 ! peasant's hut1 :i* 0 ! abode equally ( pov]ty & ignorance1 %e endur$ bo? m5tal & moral />vation4 ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 ,"l ,bacon1 ,swift1 ,addison1 ,"l ,*e/]field1 ,dr4 ,johnson1 & ,s\!y treat$ woman ) m+l$ contempt & pity1 & yet !y 7 famili> ) ! /ory ( ,lucretia1 ( ,virg9ia1 & ( ! ,maid ( ,orleans6 ,b ,%akespe>e1 ) a sublim] g5ius1 portray$ a ,cordelia1 a ,desdemona1 an ,imog51 & a ,que5 ,ca?>9e1 & ) r>e prevision ( a future bett] ?an ! age he knew1 wrote ^! gl[+ l9es3 8,falsehood & c[>dice ,are ?+s t wom5 highly hold 9 hate40 ,?is is ! rational age1 ?\gh n less truly *ivalr\s ?an t ( ,ar?ur & 8 knights2 =1 z ,rusk9 well says1 8,! buckl+ on ( ! knight's armor by 8 lady's h& is ! type ( an et]nal tru?--t ! s\l's armor is nev] well set to ! he>t unless a woman's h& has brac$ x40#aag #aag 8,sesame & ,lilies10 p4 #ig4 ,by ,john ,rusk91 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 #ahhd4 ,! di/+ui%+ features ( ?is "t are its homes & its s*ools1 & ! purity ( ! "o & ! effici5cy ( ! o!r dep5ds ^u woman4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,froebel to rescue woman f ! scorn ( prec$+ ages by decl>+ h] sup]ior fitness = ! (fice ( tea*]--! mo/ exalt$ ( civil functions4 ,! gr[? ( ! k9d]g>t5 has n be5 comm5surate ) its importance4 ,indiff]5ce & prejudice h unit$ to disc\rage progress4 ,anci5t contempt ( *ildhood--t contempt :i* 9 ,p]sia exclud$ ! boy f ! pres5ce ( 8 fa!r until ! fif? ye> ( 8 age#aah--projects its sombre %ad[ d[n ! ages4 ,b manual tra9+1 :i* is ! k9d]g>t5 9 ano!r =m1 is lead+ captive ! imag9ation ( ! ,am]ican p1 & :]e ! imag9ation leads1 woman is 9 ! van4 ,woman is to man :at ! poet is to ! sci5ti/1 :at ,%akespe>e 0 to ,newton1 ! cele/ial guide4 ,%e tempts to de$s ( h]oism & self-sacrifice4 ,%e is less selfi% ?an man1 because a m vivid imag9ation inspires h] ) a deep] feel+ ( compassion = ! mis=tunes & follies ( ! race4 ,h] intuitions are tru] ?an ^? ( man1 h] ideals high]1 h] s5se ( ju/ice f9]1 & ( duty /rong]2 & %e has a bett] appreciation ( ! moral value ( indu/ry1 rememb]+ ! temptations ( h] sex to evil ?r\gh habits ( idl5ess1 en=c$ by ! decrees ( cu/om4 ,& %e is our tea*]1 :e!r we w or no--our tea*] f ! cradle to ! grave--& x is ?r\gh h] m9i/ry t we are de/9$ to realize our highe/ m5tal & moral ideals4,e#cb #aah 8,h]odotus10 ,clio ,i41 p4 #acf4 ,?is sket* ( ! hi/ory ( manual tra9+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is d\btless incomplete4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 suffici5t to %[ t ! subject is already "o ( absorb+ int]e/ 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,manual tra9+ 9 ! public s*ools ( ,europe c sc>cely be call$ educational1 s9ce ! pupils usually make articles = h\sehold use4 ,! purpose is purely indu/rial1 & h5ce ! m5tal culture receiv$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! manual ex]cise is ! m]e incid5t ( a me*anical pursuit4 ,b ! mak+ ( ?+s 9 ! s*ools ( ,europe is gradually ext5d+4 ,9 ,d5m>k an annual appropriation 7#bjjj7 is made by ! ,legislature = ! enc\ragem5t ( sljd 7h&-cunn+7 9 ! s*ools4 ,all pupils 9 ,dani% & ,sw$i% s*ools make ?+s4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,dr4 ,erasmus ,s*wab publi%$ 9 ,vi5na1 9 #ahgc1 a book1 8,! ,"w ,s*ool 9 ! ,common ,s*ool40 ,rittmei/] ,clauss5 ,von ,kaas1 ( ,d5m>k1 travell$ ?r\gh ,g]many & deliv]$ lectures on manual tra9+1 & n[ !re is a consid]able agitation ( ! subject4 ,9 ,f9l& all ! c\ntry s*ools are sljd s*ools4 ,9 #ahha ! ,legislature ( ,norway appropriat$ #abej = ! support ( sljd 9 ! s*ools4 ,9 ,france a law 7#ahhb7 makes manual tra9+ obligatory1 & a s*ool = tra9+ tea*]s has be5 e/abli%$--8,l'cole ,normale ,sup]ieure de travail ,manuel0--9 :i* !re are ab\t fifty /ud5ts4 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,solicis 0 ! *ief support] ( manual tra9+ 9 ,france4 ,9 ,sw$51 9 #ahgf1 !re 7 eighty sljd s*ools4 ,9 #ahgg ! numb] _h increas$ to "o hundr$2 9 #ahgh1 to "o hundr$ & ?irty2 9 #ahgi1 to two hundr$2 9 #ahhj1 to ?ree hundr$2 9 #ahha1 to f\r hundr$2 & 9 #ahhb1 to five hundr$4 ,9 ,ns1 9 ,sw$51 !re is a sem9>y = ! tra9+ ( sljd tea*]s4#aai ,( ?is sem9>y ,otto ,salomon is director4 ,9 ! sljd s*ools small articles are made = use 9 ! h\se1 kit*51 on ! f>m1 etc4 ,! c\rse ( in/ruction embraces "o hundr$ models4 ,! mat]ials = ! fir/ s]ies ( tw5ty-five models co/ ab\t #dj c5ts2 = ! second s]ies ( tw5ty-five ! co/ is #ge c5ts2 & = ! ?ird s]ies ( fifty ! co/ is #c4be4 ,! annual exp5se ( ! manual tra9+ 9 a ,sw$i% c\ntry s*ool is ab\t t5 to elev5 doll>s4 #aai 8,f\r "y wom5 h graduat$ f ! ,sljd ,tea*]'s ,sem9>y at ,ns1 ,sw$51 & two ( !m are n[ engag$ 9 tea*+ manual arts40--,lett] f ,john ,m4 ,ordway1 ,a4,m41 ,*air ( ,appli$ ,*emi/ry & ,biology1 & ,director ( ,manual ,tra9+1 ,tulane ,univ]sity ( ,l\isiana4 ,! te*nical & me*anic art or trade s*ools ( ,europe1 g5]ally1 :e!r public or private1 d n come )9 ! scope ( ?is "w1 s9ce _! purpose is indu/rial1 n educational4 ,e#cb 8,9 f9e1 ,i h be5 belov$ by ! f\r wom5 ^: love 0 ( ! mo/ com=t to me3 ,my "m1 my si/]1 my wife & my daught]4 ,i h _h ! bett] "p1 & x w n be tak5 f me1 = ,i (t5 fancy t ! judgm5ts :i* w be pass$ ^u u 9 ! ,valley ( ,jeho%aphat1 w be nei!r m nor less ?an ^? ( wom51 c\nt]sign$ by ! ,almighty40--8,recollections ( ,my ,y\?10 p4 #cjf4 ,by ,erne/ ,r5an4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 #ahhc4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,education--#ahhc-ahih4 ,educational ,revolution 9 #ahhc-d4 -- ,urg5t ,dem& = ,re=m -- ,exi/+ ,s*ools ,d5\nc$ z ,sup]ficial1 _! ,me?ods z ,automatic1 _! ,sy/em z a ,mixture ( ,cram & ,smatt] -- ,! ,controv]sy betwe5 ! ,s*ool-ma/] ( ! ,old ,rgime & ! ,re=m] -- ,! ,lead]s ( ! ,movem5t1 ,col4 ,p>k]1 ,dr4 ,mac,alister1 & ,o!rs -- ,foll[]s ( ,r\sseau1 ,bacon1 & ,sp5c] -- 8,! ,end ( ,man is an ,action1 n a ,?\ght0 -- ,! ,cons]vative ,tea*]s ,fall into ,l9e -- ,! ,new ,education ,becomes an ,aggressive ,=ce1 ,pu%+ on to ,victory -- ,! ,physical ,progress ( ,manual ,tra9+ -- ,its ,quality ,n ,equal to its ,ext5t -- ,! ,new ,sy/em ( ,tra9+ ,confid$ to ,tea*]s ( ! ,old ,rgime -- ,ideal ,tea*]s ,h>d to ,f9d -- ,tea*]s ,will+ to ,le>n ,%\ld ,be ,enc\rag$ -- ,! ,effects ( ,manual ,tra9+ ,long ,ant$ate its ,introduction to ! ,s*ools -- ,bacon's ,def9ition ( ,education -- ,/eph5son & ! ,value ( ,h&-"w -- ,manual ,tra9+ is ! ,union ( ,?\ght & ,action -- ,x is ! ,anti!sis ( ! ,greek ,me?ods1 :i* ,exalt$ ,ab/ractions & ,debas$ ,?+s -- ,! ,rule ( ,com5ius & ! ,injunction ( ,r\sseau -- ,few ,tea*]s ,compreh5d ,!m -- ,! ,employm5t ( ! ,h&s 9 ! ,arts is ,m ,highly ,educative ?an ! ,acquisition ( ! ,rules ( ,read+ & ,ari?metic -- ,:at ! ,locomotive has ,accompli%$ = ,man -- ,education ,mu/ be ,equal1 & ,social & ,political ,equality w ,foll[ -- ,! ,f\ndation ( ! ,new ,education is ! ,baconian ,philosophy z ,/at$ by ,macaulay -- ,use & ,s]vice are ! ,tw9-m9i/]s ( ,human ,progress -- ,def9itions ( ,g5ius -- ,att5tion -- ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e -- ,manual ,tra9+ ,relates to all ! ,arts ( ,life -- ,m9d & ,h& -- ,newton & ! ,apple -- ,! ,s5se ( ,t\* ,resides 9 ! ,h& -- ,rob]t ,seidel on ,famili>ity ) ,objects -- ,mat]ial ,progress ! ,basis ( ,spiritual ,gr[? -- ,plato & ! ,div9e ,dialogues -- ,pov]ty1 ,society1 & ! ,useful ,arts -- ,selfi%ness ,mu/ ,give ,way to ,altruism -- ,! ,/ruggle ( ,life -- ,! ,progress ( ! ,arts & ! ,f9al ,reg5]ation ( ! ,race -- ,! ,arts t ,make ,life ,sweet & ,beautiful -- ,! ,f9al ,fundam5tal ,educational ,ideal is ,univ]sality -- ,com5ius's ,def9ition ( ,s*ools -- ,! ,work%ops ( ,humanity -- ,t ,"o ,man ,%\ld ,die ,ignorant :o _h ,capacity = ,k is a ,trag$y -- ,m5tal & ,manual ,ex]cises to be ,r5d]$ ,homog5e\s 9 ! ,s*ool ( ! ,future -- ,! ,h]o ( ! ,ideal ,s*ool4 ,fifte5 ye>s ago a great wave ( educational awak5+ swept ov] ?is c\ntry4 ,x p5etrat$ e nook & corn] ( ! l&1 p]vad+ bo? cities1 l>ge & small1 & ! rural di/ricts4 ,x took ! %ape ( a dem&1 (t5 almo/ in>ticulate1 = re=m4 ,! s*ools 7 d5\nc$ z sup]ficial2 _! me?ods z automatic2 _! tea*]s z un9tellig5t & untra9$1 _! sy/em ( in/ruction z a mixture ( cram & smatt]4 ,! s*ool-ma/] is a cons]vative1 & ) 8 *ampions he came promptly to ! def5ce ( ! old s*ools & _! old me?ods4 ,! controv]sy became heat$1 & soon ! rival =ces jo9$ battle4 ,col4 ,francis ,w4 ,p>k]1 ( ! ,*icago ,normal ,s*ool1 & ,dr4 ,james ,mac,alister1 n[ ,presid5t ( ! ,drexel ,in/itute ( ,philadelphia1 & o!rs 7 prom95t lead]s ( ! new re=m movem5t1 ^: bann] 0 8,manual ,tra9+10 or 8,! ,new ,education40 ,"u ?is brilliant & en?usia/ic lead]%ip ! movem5t became a crusade 9 ! int]e/ ( ! educational ideas ( ,montaigne1 ,r\sseau1 ,bacon1 ,locke1 ,com5ius1 ,pe/alozzi1 ,froebel1 ,sp5c]1 ,mann1 & _! long array ( sympa?iz]s & support]s1 :o1 ) ,bacon1 decl>e t 8! end ( man is an action1 n a ?\ght40 ,b ! "w ( ! re=m]s 0 too s]i\s to be long controll$1 ei!r by emotion or passion4 ,! m intellig5t & bett] educat$ & tra9$ tea*]s gradually came to ! support ( ! new sy/em & me?ods1 & ! mass ( ! tea*+ frat]nity caught some?+ ( ! en?usiasm by :i* ! re=m]s 7 inspir$ to /ruggle = a great cause4 ,!reaft] ,manual ,tra9+ became an aggressive =ce op5ly dem&+ recognition1 & pu%+ = victory & ultimate control4 ,9 ! ,app5dix h]eto ! physical progress ( ,manual ,tra9+ is %[n 9 tabulat$ =m2 & ! ext5t ( su* progress is all1 if n m1 ?an its mo/ ard5t fri5ds & advocates c\ld rationally desire4 ,b x is n to be d\bt$ t ! quality ( ! progress ! new education has made 9 ! p]iod ( fifte5 ye>s "u consid]ation is f> inf]ior to its ext5t4 ,! /ati/ics "h pres5t$ relate ma9ly to ! village1 t[n1 & city s*ools ( ?is c\ntry1 & especially to its public s*ools1 ) "s g5]al obs]vations & facts 9 relation to ! progress ( ! new education 9 ,engl& & ! *ief c\ntries 9 ,europe4 ,9 a few in/ances ! tabulations include in/itutions design$ = indu/rial r ?an /rictly educational purposes4 ,b x is deem$ wise to reta9 !m1 on ! gr\nd t :e!r s design$ or n all indu/rial tra9+ is educative4 ,x is wor?y ( intellig5t inquiry :e!r z a matt] ( fact1 n only 9 ?is c\ntry1 b 9 all c\ntries1 ! progress ( ,manual ,tra9+ has n be5 v unsatisfactory 9 quality4 ,9 mo/ cases ! new education 0 necess>ily confid$ to tea*]s ( ! old rgime1 :o1 z a prelim9>y1 7 compell$ to unle>n :at 0 false & errone\s 9 ! old sy/em1 to ov]come ! prejudices ( ye>s1 sometimes ( a lifetime1 & to become fai?ful & labori\s /ud5ts ( a new & sci5tific s*eme ( education4 ,! ma9 difficulty 9 matt]s educational has always be5 to secure ideal tea*]s4 ,education is ! fir/ ( human consid]ations1 & its pr(essors %\ld be ! mo/ le>n$ ( human be+s4 ,if ! tea*]s :o h be5 call$ to ! ,prie/hood1 ( ! ,new ,education1 h prov$ incompet5t 9 _m in/ances1 in/ead ( be+ ha/ily condemn$ !y %\ld be help$ =w>d t[>ds ! goal ( compet5cy by all fri5ds ( t progress 9 education :i* is ! sole hope ( human p]fection4 ,! mo/ /rik+ effects ( ,manual ,tra9+ long ant$ate its introduction to ! s*ools4 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s1 9 e %op :]e ! humble me*anic wr\ght2 at e fireside :]e ! dome/ic arts obta9$ a foo?old2 9 e field :]e a /ep =w>d 0 made ?r\gh ! inv5tion ( "s less crude implem5t ( husb&ry ?an ! "o t prec$$ x1 ! m9d & ! h& express$ _! jo9t /ruggle t[>ds ! a*ievem5t ( t skill 9 useful ?+s :i* con/itutes ! v k]nel ( civilization4 ,bacon's def9ition ( education--8! cultivation ( a j & legitimate famili>ity betwixt ! m9d & ?+s0--is a recognition ( ! philosophic fact t ! h& is ! s\rce ( wisdom2 & ! life ( ,george ,/eph5son1 ! inv5tor ( ! locomotive1 af=ds a mo/ impressive illu/ration ( ! educative value ( h&-"w4 ,at ! coal-pit's m\? ,/eph5son1 meantime le>n+ 8 8,a ,b ,c's10 inv5t$ ! 8,rocket10 :ile ! booki% eng9e]s 7 decl>+ x to be a me*anical impossibility4 ,/eph5son's a*ievem5t 0 ! realization 9 ?+s ( ,bacon's lum9\s precept--8,! end ( man is an action1 n a ?\ght40--,?is is ! philosophy1 ! rationale1 ( ,manual ,tra9+2 x is ! union ( ?\ght & action1 & x !re=e dem&s ! elim9ation f educational me?ods ( ! ab/ract philosophy ( ! ,greeks4 ,9 8 decl>ation1 8,all ! useful arts are degrad+10 ,plato def9$ ! "* ( ! revival ( le>n+ :i* 0 to occur hundr$s ( ye>s aft]w>ds2 x 0 a revival ( ,greek me?ods1 :i* exalt$ ab/ractions1 & debas$ ?+s4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] ref]s to its baleful effects ^u ! s*ools ( ,engl& 9 ! sev]e/ t]ms ( condemnation4 ,t ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s arraignm5t ( ! s*ools is j1 is %[n by its anti!sis express$ 9 ! dictum ( ,dr4 ,dwight1 ( ,yale ,college1 :o says3 8,education is = ! purpose ( develop+ & cultivat+ ! ?9k+ p[]4 ,x is to ! end ( mak+ a kn[+1 ?9k+ m9d40 ,bacon discov]$1 & did n hesitate to decl>e1 t 8! und]/&+ is m prone to error ?an ! s5ses02 & ?is fact con/itutes ! basis ( 8 philosophy ( 8?+s10 :i* is ano!r "n = ! law ( induction4 8,= if we w\ld look into & dissect ! nature ( ?is real _w10 he says1 8we mu/ consult only ?+s !mselves40 ,if we w\ld f9d ! corn]-/one ( education1 we mu/ consult labor4 ,no?+ great is accompli%$ )\t a due m+l+ ( drudg]y & humility2 = ( all ! virtues humility is ! mo/ excell5t4 ,! ,greeks fail$ to compreh5d ! true educational idea because ( _! pride4 ,!y associat$ use ) slav]y1 because 9 ,greece all labor 0 p]=m$ by slaves2 &1 scorn+ labor1 !y scorn$ use1 &1 by consequ5ce1 s]vice1 ! greate/ ( ! moralities4 ,^u ! f\ndation laid by ,bacon1 ,rabelais1 & ,montaigne1 ,com5ius1 ,r\sseau1 ,pe/alozzi1 & ,froebel rais$ a great sup]/ructure ( educational ideas4 ,words 7 subord9at$1 & ?+s ennobl$4 ,com5ius's rule1 to 8leave no?+ until x has be5 impress$ by means ( ! e>1 ! eye1 ! tongue1 ! h&10 & ! injunction ( ,r\sseau t 8! /ud5t w le>n m by "o h\r ( manual labor ?an he w reta9 f a :ole day's v]bal in/ructions2 t ! ?+s !mselves are ! be/ explanations0--^! are ! maxims ( ! new education4 ,b to :at ext5t has ! old s*ool-ma/] adopt$ ! new education1 to :at ext5t occupi$ ! old s*ool-room ) new ideas8 ,h[ _m s*ool-ma/]s ( ev5 ! pres5t rgime compreh5d ) ,john ,rusk9 t 8! y\? :o has once le>n$ to take a /raight %av+ (f a plank1 or to draw a f9e curve )\t falt]+1 or to lay a brick level 9 its mort>1 has le>n$ a multitude ( o!r matt]s :i* no lips ( man c\ld ev] tea* him80 ,9 o!r words1 to :at ext5t does ! conviction p]vade ! ranks ( ! frat]nity ( tea*]s1 :e!r ( public-s*ools1 private s*ools1 colleges1 or univ]sities1 t ! employm5t ( ! h&s 9 ! useful arts is m highly educative ?an ! acquisition ( ! rules ( read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic8 ,or1 consid]+ ! subject ( ! hi/ory & c>e] ( ,george ,/eph5son1 = in/ance1 :at1 9 ! op9ion ( ! mod]n s*ool-ma/]1 contribut$ mo/ to 8 developm5t z a man & citiz5 ( ! _w--! m5tal ex]cise ( le>n+ to read1 write1 & ciph]1 :i* task he accompli%$ :ile engag$ 9 inv5t+ ! locomotive1 or ! comb9$ m5tal & manual ex]cise ( tak+ ap>t1 repair+1 & putt+ toge!r ! /ation>y eng9e us$ at ! colli]y :]e he 0 employ$8 ,if1 9 ! c\rse ( our inve/igation1 x %\ld be f\nd t do+ ?+s z ,/eph5son did is m conducive to intellectual developm5t ?an memoriz+ words & recit+ poetry1 z ! ,greeks did1 "s light may be ?r[n on ! g5]al subject ( exi/+ educational me?ods4 ,_! *ief defect is _! lack ( moral p[]4 ,morality does n reside 9 ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 b !re is 9 ! locomotive1 = example1 a great moral pr9ciple--! pr9ciple ( ! bro!rhood ( man4 ,=1 9 devis+ ! locomotive1 ,/eph5son made man's neighborhood cot]m9\s ) e>?'s utmo/ b\nds2 ?us1 9 a s+le act1 a*iev+ 8 own apo!osis1 & assur+1 ultimately1 ! moral & intellectual k9%ip ( ! race4 ,= ! h& /&s = use1 = s]vice1 & = unyield+ integrity2 & x may be confid5tly ass]t$ on ! conviction ( obs]vation1 exp]i5ce1 & a /udi\s consid]ation ( hi/oric facts1 t its drill & discipl9e z en=c$ 9 ! _w's work%ops1 & 9 ! be/ ( exi/+ ,manual-tra9+ s*ools1 results 9 a f> great] degree ( m9d developm5t ?an is produc$ by any exclusively academic c\rse1 & h5ce t ,manual ,tra9+ is ! mo/ important ( all me?ods ( education4 ,! mo/ sacr$ ( human rights is ! "r ( ! poor *ild1 born 9 a highly civiliz$1 weal?y community1 to ! same k9d & degree ( education z t receiv$ by ! *ild ( ! mo/ opul5t citiz54 ,x 0 long ago rem>k$ t 8! inequalities ( intellect1 l ! inequalities ( ! surface ( our globe1 be> s small a proportion to ! mass t 9 calculat+ its great revolutions !y may safely be neglect$20 & ! late ,h5ry ,george decl>$ t ! diff]5ces 9 m51 intellectually1 are no great] ?an _! physical diff]5ces4 ,! p]petuity ( free in/itutions dep5ds ^u social n less ?an ^u political equality4 ,b social equality is impossible )\t educational equality3 ! v ?\ght ( intimate relations ) ! ignorant is repulsive to ! le>n$4 ,education1 imp>tial & univ]sal1 is1 !re=e1 ! sole gu>antee ( an ideal civilization1 & s ( an imp]i%able /ate4 ,old social evils con/antly recur because ! old crime ( inequality 9 education is =ev] & ev] repeat$4 ,x foll[s t we %all make all ?+s equal ?r\gh equal education4 ,b :at sort ( education8 ,we %all n tra9 ! *ild1 z ! anci5ts did1 8to dispute 9 le>n$ phrase z to :e!r we c be c]ta9 t we are c]ta9 ( no?+60 ,nor %all we /uff 8 memory ) ! gramm> & rhetoric ( an anci5t tongue1 9 view ( ! pr(\nd obs]vation ( ,dr4 ,drap]1 t a liv+ ?\ght c no m be embodi$ 9 a dead language ?an activity c be imp>t$ to a corpse4 ,b we %all r in/ruct him 9 ! pr9ciples ( ! ,baconian philosophy1 ( :i* ,macaulay s aptly says3 8,its *>act]i/ic di/9ction1 its ess5tial _s1 is its maje/ic humility--! p]suasion t no?+ c be too insignificant = ! att5tion ( ! wise/ :i* is n too insignificant to give pleasure or pa9 to ! meane/40 ,! end s\ght 9 education by ! anci5ts 0 ornam5t1 & its /rict analogy is f\nd 9 b>b>ic life4 ,sp5c] has po9t$ out t ! savage sme>$ 8 body ) yell[ o*re be=e he cov]$ x ) clo!s1 & t he adorn$ 8 head ) fea!rs be=e he built a hut4 ,s1 "u ! laws ( evolution1 be=e a ,bacon c\ld arise1 :ole g5]ations ( philosoph]s 7 born1 liv$1 speculat$1 & di$1 )\t leav+ to mank9d ! smalle/ h]itage ( t common s5se by :i* we nev]!less live4 ,a philosophy :i* scorn$ ! useful 9 all its aspects 0 ess5tially b>b>ic2 = art diff]5tiates civiliz$ f savage life3 its law 0 /agnation1 z ! law ( sci5tific inve/igation is progress4 ,use is ! greate/ ?+ 9 ! mat]ial _w1 z s]vice is ! greate/ ?+ 9 ! moral _w2 & !y are unit$ 9 ! philosophy ( ,bacon1 :i*1 beg9n+ 9 obs]vation & end+ 9 art1 multiplies useful ?+s t are beautiful1 & beautiful ?+s t are useful4 ,! old education 0 an outgr[? ( ! old philosophy2 ! new education spr+s z logically f ! new1 or ,baconian1 philosophy4 ,! old education 0 ornam5tal2 ! new is sci5tific1 or useful4 ,! old education 0 design$ to make ma/]s2 ! new is design$ to make m54 ,presid5t ,eliot1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 admits t 8 me?od ( education is to compel ! /ud5t to "w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! me?od ( ! new education is to attract him4 ,g5ius has _m def9itions1 "o ( :i* is 8a capacity = tak+ inf9ite pa9s40 ,b its humble/ equival5t is 8att5tion02 & we propose to secure ! /ud5t's att5tion ?r\gh 8 h&s3 = ! mo/ significant fact 9 all ! realm ( c]titude is ! fact t man impresses himself ^u nature ?r\gh ! h& alone6 ,let u !n1 9 ! new s*ool1 unite m9d & h& 9 a crusade aft] ! tru?s t are hidd5 9 ?+s4 ,= ,manual ,tra9+1 educationally1 is ! bl5d+ ( ?\ght & action4 ,! ?\ght t does n lead to an act is bo? m5tally & mat]ially b>r54 ,= z x conf]s no b5efit ^u ! human race1 nei!r does x pr(it ! m9d t conceives x4 ,nay1 m4 ,an unprolific ?\ght exhau/s ! m9d to no purpose1 z an unfruitful tree cumb]s ! gr\nd4 ,x foll[s t ! integrity ( ! m9d c be ma9ta9$ only by ! submission ( its immature judgm5ts to ! v]ification ( ?+s4 ,h5ce ! correlation ( ?\ghts & ?+s is z necess>y to m5tal & moral gr[? z ! application ( ! pr9ciples ( ab/ract me*anics to ! arts ( peace is ess5tial to human progress4 ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e supports ?is doctr9e 9 a graphic p>agraph3 8,un*eck$ by ext]nal tru? ! m9d ( man has a fatal facility = ensn>+ & entrapp+ & entangl+ itself4 ,b happily1 happily = ! human race1 "s fragm5t ( physical speculation has be5 built into e false sy/em40 ,?+s are ! s\rce ( ideas4 ,action g5]ates ?\ght4 ,he :o has tools 9 8 h& ?9ks be/ z well z acts be/4 ,! man ^: f+] is on ,nature's pulse feels h] he>t-?robs1 & s discov]s & utilizes h] secrets4 ,! m5 & wom5 :o d ! _w's "w are bett] educat$ ?an ! s*oolm5 :o va9ly tell !m h[ to d x2 & !y are bett] educat$ because !y are 9 clos] relation%ip ) ?+s1 ?r\gh ! supreme s5se ( t\*1 :i* ref9es & spiritualizes ! h&--t wond]ful memb] :i* diff]5tiates man f ! o!r animals1 & makes him _! ma/]4 ,manual ,tra9+ educationally1 !n1 relates to all ! arts ^: sum is ! art ( liv+4 ,= :e!r x be ! *air on :i* we sit2 or ! b$ on :i* we lie2 or ! g>m5ts we we>2 or ! h\se t %elt]s u2 or ! railway tra9 on :i* we cross cont95ts2 or ! %ip t takes u ov] seas2 or ! unspeakable m>vels ( ! _w's museums & gall]ies ^u :i* we gaze ) rapture2 or ! or*e/ra ( an hundr$ in/rum5ts1 ^: music en*ants u2 or ! treasures ( dead cities--long buri$--n[ une>!d2 or ! temples 9 :i* we wor%ip2 or ! monum5ts :i* commemorate our h]oes & m>tyrs2 or ! tombs 9 :i* we m\ld] away to du/--!y are all ! "w ( ! h&6 ,manual ,tra9+ is ! acquisition by ! h& ( ! arts ?r\gh :i* man expresses himself 9 ?+s4 ,x is a s]ies ( educational g5]alizations 9 ?+s4 ,! purpose ( x is to put ! m9d & h& en rapport ) ea* o!r2 to make ! h& acqua9t$ ) ! elem5t>y manipulations ( ! typical arts1 by actual ex]cises1 z ! m9d is famili>iz$ ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! sci5ces by /udy+ _! laws4 ,sup]ior obs]vation is only ano!r "n = g5ius4 ,to ! dull eye ! fall+ apple taught no lesson1 b to ,newton's quick appreh5sion x reveal$ ! law ( gravitation6 ,x is n alone1 h[ev]1 9 ! s5se ( sight t obs]vation resides2 nor is x ke5e/ !re4 ,we h rec5tly le>n$ ! value ( object tea*+2 b we h yet to le>n1 popul>ly & practically1 :at has long be5 kn[n to sci5ce--t ! s5se ( t\* is ! ma/] s5se1 :5ce all ! o!r s5ses spr+4 ,x is because ( ?is fact1 & ( ! fur!r fact t ! s5se ( t\* is mo/ highly develop$ 9 ! h&1 t man is ! wise/ ( animals4 ,x foll[s t m ?an 9 ! s5se ( see+1 he>+1 ta/+1 or smell+--nay1 m ?an 9 all ^! s5ses comb9$--! faculty ( obs]vation resides 9 ! h&4 ,dr4 ,wilson decl>es t t\* 8reigns ?r\gh\t ! body1 & is ! tok5 ( life 9 e "p02 & ,dr4 ,maudsley says3 8,x is ! fundam5tal s5se1 ! "m-tongue ( language40 ,h[ apt is ?is def9ition ( ! s5se ( t\*--8! tok5 ( life 9 e "p0--& h[ compreh5sive ?is--8! "m-tongue ( language60 ,& ( ?is ma/] s5se ! h& is ! *ief organ & m9i/]4 ,h[ v]satile x is2 :at adaptability x possesses2 :at helpfulness6 ,9 ! mom5t ( dang] h[ reassur+ its support+ grasp2 h[ consol+ its g5tle t\* :5 grief ov]:elms6 ,9 defeat h[ x trembles ) emotion1 & h[ t5se ) exaltation x becomes 9 ! h\r ( victory6 ,) :at inf9ite loa?+ x %r9ks f a hat$ contact1 & ) :at sympa!tic vibrations ( ardor responds to ! cl++ pressure ( love6 ,if we w\ld become famili> ) objects we mu/ subject !m to ! te/ ( t\*1 we mu/ h&le !m4 ,z ,rob]t ,seidel1 a great tea*]1 well says3 8,we mu/ /ret* !m1 beat !m1 cool !m1 expose !m to ! sun1 ! wat]1 ! air--we mu/ "w !m40 ,x is ?r\gh ^! processes ( lov+ manipulation t ! me*anic & ! artisan trans=m ?+s crude & ugly into =ms ( use & beauty4 ,& x is 9 ?is way1 & ?is way only1 t man has trod ! pa? ( progress4 ,x is a rugg$ road1 ^: /eeps are to be climb$ alone by ^? ^: he>ts are w>m ) holy zeal1 ^: s\ls are agl[ ) en?usiasm1 & ^: h&s are end[$ ) ! ri* exp]i5ces ( ?\ghtful toil4 ,& we %all fit all mank9d = ?is noble task by tra9+ !m to usefulness--t is1 by tea*+ !m1 n m]ely h[ to ?9k1 b h[ to act1 h[ to "w4 ,x is a broad & conclusive g5]alization ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] t s9ce lit]ature & ! f9e arts are made possible by ! useful arts1 manife/ly t :i* is made possible mu/ be po/pon$ to t :i* makes x possible4 ,nor does ?is rational & sob] view ( art detract 9 ! lea/ f its dignity or s5tim5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 x provides a f\ndation = works ( ! imag9ation--a basis = t spirituality :i* is ! fruit ( ! happy conjunction ( a multitude ( mat]ial conditions evolv$ f ! humble/ z well z ! noble/ ( ! useful arts--a basis )\t :i* ! beautiful arts c\ld nev] exi/4 ,x ?us becomes pla9 t social & economic conditions are ! product ( education 9 ?+s4 ,art education diff]5tiates ! civiliz$ f ! savage man4 ,! pa?way ( progress :i* n[ blazes ) ! glory ( electricity /ret*es back to ! gloom ( ! caves :]e our e>ly ance/ors dwelt2 & ! /eps ( ?is advance consi/ ( improvem5ts 9 ! useful & beautiful arts4 ,f ge/ure to spee*2 f pictures to types2 f ! canoe to ! /eam%ip1 & f ! canal to ! locomotive1 ! race has mov$ =w>d1 always & only1 ?r\gh art triumphs4 ,s all ! g5]ations ( m5 h liv$ & toil$ = u4 ,we are ! heirs ( ! ho>d$ le>n+1 ( ! accumulat$ m5tal & moral fibre1 & ( ! treasur$ arts ( ! ages4 ,& we are h5ce ! eld]s1 z ,bacon says1 ( ! philosoph]s1 ! sages1 & ! inv5tors & discov]]s ( all "t4 ,_! a*ievem5ts are heights :5ce we may disc]n & occupy new & wid] fields ( human endeavor4 ,! precise relation ( ! useful arts to social & economic conditions is1 !re=e1 t ( creator4 ,z y\r art education is1 s %all y\r society be4 ,!re are p]sons :o unconsci\sly dissociate art & civilization--:o ?9k t ?+s are n ess5tial to spiritual developm5t1 :o fail to realize ! fact t ! ma9 reason ( ! b>b>ic "* ( ! savage is ! abs5ce f 8 environm5t ( ! arts ( peace & pl5ty4 ,if1 = example1 ,plato _h n be5 provid$ ) food & clo?+ & %elt]1 he w\ld d\btless n h compos$ ! div9e dialogues2 & if !re _h be5 nei!r me*anics1 nor ar*itects1 nor sculptors to adorn ) palaces & temples ! ,greek cities1 8 ideal republic w\ld n h _h a place 9 classic lit]ature2 & f9ally1 if !re _h be5 no 7slave7 h&-work]s 9 ,greece 7= art products are all1 directly or indirectly1 ! "w ( ! h&71 in/ead ( be+ ! mo/ v5]at$ ( philosoph]s1 ,plato might h be51 p]haps1 ! mo/ wret*$ ( savages1 prolong+ a mis]able exi/5ce by means ! mo/ +lori\s4 ,b s unconsci\s 0 he ( ! true relation ( ! useful arts to life t he d5\nc$ !m all z 8degrad+06 ,pov]ty is ! *ief sc\rge ( society2 & x is a famili> economic fact t :]e ! useful arts are mo/ fl\ri%+ pov]ty is lea/ press+1 s t to aboli% pov]ty x w\ld seem to be only necess>y to multiply & ext5d ! arts4 ,& if pov]ty is to be aboli%$2 if !re is ev] to be an ideal civilization1 ! controll+ motive ( humanity mu/ be *ang$ f selfi%ness to altruism2 & ?is *ange c come only ?r\gh love ( "w4 ,s long z "w %all be reg>d$ z a 8curse10 ! p>am\nt purpose ( ! individual w be to avoid x1 & to compel o!rs to submit to x4 ,h5ce ! antagonisms t arise at e po9t ( human contact4 ,! sum ( ^! antagonisms is :at we call ! /ruggle ( life1 :i* is m]ely ! /ruggle ( ea* to survive at ! exp5se ( 8 fell[s1 & is !re=e b>b>ic4 ,n[ z we h se5 t x is ?r\gh ! arts t man has be5 civiliz$--t1 9 a ^w1 ! arts diff]5tiate ! civiliz$ f ! savage man--x is evid5t t ! fur!r reg5]ation ( ! race is to be wr\ght by analog\s means--t is to say1 by a wid] expansion ( ! arts ( peace4 ,& ! way to a*ieve ?is result is to trans=m our s*ools1 :i* 7 modell$ aft] ! classic me?ods ( ,greece & ,rome1 into laboratories = ! developm5t ( useful m5 & wom51 ?r\gh ! ma/]y ( ! useful arts2 ! arts t make life sweet & beautiful2 ! arts t adorn our homes1 t r5d] ! e>? f]tile & make x blossom z ! rose2 ! arts t annihilate di/ance & s promote man's bro!rhood by enl>g+ 8 neighborhood--^! are ! arts t inspire u ) j & g5]\s impulses1 ! arts 9 :i* ! noble/ moral s5tim5ts are made manife/ 9 ?+s4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! arts :i* ought to be made ! subject ( ?or\gh & exhau/ive education--! arts t l$ ,com5ius to def9e s*ools z ! work%ops ( humanity4 ,! f9al ess5tial educational condition is univ]sality2 = x is obvi\s t inequality ( educational opportunity is ! grosse/ inju/ice ( :i* organiz$ society is capable4 ,x is aga9/ ?is inju/ice t ,c>lyle exclaims3 8,t !re %\ld "o man die ignorant1 :o _h capacity = k1 ?is ,i call a trag$y1 7 x to happ5 m ?an tw5ty times 9 ! m9ute40 ,?is is inde$ ! trag$y ( trag$ies--! trag$y on ! heels ( :i* slav]y /alks2 9 ^: tra9 ca/e rides 9 scornful /ate2 9 ^: hide\s %ad[ w> waits to %$ blood & spread pe/il5ce & fam9e4 ,all ^! are ! satellites ( ignorance1 & h>dly less ( p>tial education ?an ( total un5light5m5t2 & h5ce ! only hope t civilization %all f9ally triumph ov] b>b>ism re/s 9 univ]sal1 imp>tial1 & sci5tific education4 ,! contra/s betwe5 ! old & ! new s*ool me?ods po9t$ out 9 ?is *apt] %[ along :at l9es educational progress is to be s\ght4 ,! ideal s*ool is to consi/1 n ( "o academic dep>tm5t1 & a dep>tm5t ( ,manual ,tra9+1 b ( m5tal & manual ex]cises s relat$ z to produce homog5eity4 ,! tabulations ( facts :i* w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix %[ t a va/ numb] ( s*ools h be5 d$icat$ to ! new education4 ,if !y are to be develop$ into ideal s*ools ?\s&s ( ideal tea*]s mu/ devote !mselves to ! ardu\s task4 ,ea* s*ool trans=m$ f ! dull r\t9e ( m$iocrity to ! vigor & ela/icity :i* wait on developm5t w co/ ! life ( a h]o4 ,! s*ool t has no h]o to /ruggle = its salvation w surely langui% & die4 ,e great s*ool ( ! future mu/ !re=e h its h]o1 = x is only ! h]o :o toils )\t ?\ght ( rew>d4 ,z ,c>lyle s well says3 8,! wages ( e noble "w d yet lie 9 heav5 or else n[h]e40 ,& he has left ?is message ( advice & enc\ragem5t to ! h]o ( ! s*ool ( ! future :i* is to revolutionize ! _w3 8,?\ wilt nev] sell ?y life 9 a satisfactory mann]4 ,give x l a royal he>t2 let ! price be no?+3 ?\ ha/ !n1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 got all = x60 ,,app5dix ,,/ati/ics4--,,manual ,,tra9+1 #ahhc-ahih1 ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,public ,,high-,,s*ools ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,manual ,tea*]s ,pupils ,tra9+ ( ,tak+ ,e/ab- ,manual ,manual ,,"n ,,( ,,s*ool ,,city ,,or ,,t[n ,,/ate li%$ ,tra9+,tra9+ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,high-s*ool ,p]u ,ill4 #ahhc #b #da ,polyte*nic ,high-s*ool,baltimore ,md4 #ahhc #af #fgd ,high-s*ool ,eau ,claire ,wis4 #ahhd #a #ej ,c5tral ,manual-tra9+ ,s*ool ,philadelphia ,p5n4 #ahhe #ac #djf ,indu/rial ,tra9+ ,high-s*ool ,indianapolis ,ind4 #ahhe #aj #fgf ,ro*e/] ,free ,academy ,ro*e/] ,n4 ,y4 #ahhe 44 #ijh ,high-s*ool ,tol$o ,ohio #ahhe #aa #cid ,c5tral ,manual-tra9+ ,s*ool ,clevel& ,ohio #ahhe #d #bjj ,c5tral ,high-s*ool ,wa%+ton ,d4 ,c4 #ahhf 44 #bce ,manual-tra9+ ,high- s*ool ,new ,hav5 ,conn4 #ahhf #ac 44 ,manual-tra9+ ,s*ool ,spr+field ,mass4 #ahhf #c #cd ,high-s*ool ,m9neapolis ,m9n4 #ahhf #d #cge ,newburg ,free ,academy ,newburg ,n4 ,y4 #ahhf #b #acc ,manual-tra9+ ,s*ool ,galesburg ,ill4 #ahhg #a #gd ,high-s*ool ,/4 ,paul ,m9n4 #ahhg #e #cej ,manual-tra9+ ,high- s*ool ,/illwat] ,m9n4 #ahhg #a #ab ,high-s*ool ,jame/[n ,n4 ,y4 #ahhg #a #dh ,c5tral ,high-s*ool ,ea/on ,del4 #ahhh 44 44 ,high-s*ool ,ea/on ,md4 #ahhh 44 44 ,ridge ,manual-tra9+ ,s*ool ,cambridge ,mass4 #ahhh #i #agh ,high-s*ool ,concord ,n4 ,h4 #ahhh #d #eb ,orange ,high-s*ool ,orange ,n4 ,j4 #ahhh #c #ahj ,high-s*ool ,albany ,n4 ,y4 #ahhh #c #gej ,di/4 #bj ,c5tral ,high- s*ool ,pueblo ,col4 #ahhi #a #afj ,manual-tra9+ ,high- s*ool ,dav5port ,i[a #ahhi #a #hb ,we/ ,des ,mo9es ,high- s*ool ,des ,mo9es ,i[a #ahhi #a #ej ,manual-tra9+ ,high- s*ool ,fall ,riv] ,mass4 #ahhi #a #fb ,high-s*ool ,dulu? ,m9n4 #ahhi #b #hj ,high s*ool ,omaha ,neb4 #ahhi 44 #ajj ,high-s*ool ,union ,n4 ,j4 #ahhi #c #bjj ,high-s*ool ,we/*e/] ,p5n4 #ahhi #d #bdj ,engli% ,high & ,manual-tra9+ ,s*ool ,*icago ,ill4 #ahij #ag #dcj ,manual-tra9+ ,high- s*ool ,l\isville ,ky4 #ahij #ac #bab ,approv$ ,high-s*ool ,v9el& ,n4 ,j4 #ahij #a #aej ,high-s*ool ,passaic ,n4 ,j4 #ahij #b #ec ,high-s*ool ,s\? ,orange ,n4 ,j4 #ahij #a #aej ,we/ ,manual-tra9+ ,s*ool ,clevel& ,ohio #ahij #c #ajj ,ea/ & ,we/ ,high- s*ools ,milwaukee ,wis4 #ahij #d #add ,norwi* ,free ,academy ,norwi* ,conn4 #ahia #a #cc ,high-s*ool ,wat]bury ,conn4 #ahia #a 44 ,high-s*ool ,spr+field ,ill4 #ahia #a #bj ,mol9e ,high-s*ool ,mol9e ,ill4 #ahia #a #dg ,manual tra9+ ,high- s*ool ,wal?am ,mass4 #ahia #b #ah ,high-s*ool ,bay ,city ,mi*4 #ahia #abj #abj ,ridgewood ,high-s*ool ,ridgewood ,n4 ,j4 #ahia #c #ce ,manual tra9+ ,high- s*ool ,camd5 ,n4 ,j #ahia #c #aej ,manual tra9+ ,high- s*ool ,seattle ,wa%4 #ahia #b #gj ,high-s*ool ,m5om9ee ,wis4 #ahia #e #ajc ,high-s*ool ,bri/ol ,conn4 #ahib #a #cj ,will>d ,hall ,high- s*ool ,wilm+ton ,del4 #ahib #c #baj ,fremont ,manual-tra9+ ,s*ool ,fremont ,ohio #ahib #a #ej ,nor? ,ea/ ,manual- tra9+ ,s*ool ,philadelphia ,p5n4 #ahib #i #cfi ,high-s*ool ,norri/[n ,p5n4 #ahib #b #bij ,manual-tra9+ ,high- s*ool ,provid5ce ,r4 ,i4 #ahib #ah #bhj ,high-s*ool ,spokane ,wa%4 #ahib #c #he ,polyte*nical ,high- s*ool ,san ,francisco,cal4 #ahic #d #bej ,manual-tra9+ ,high- s*ool ,mason ,city ,i[a #ahic #a #abe ,high-s*ool ,man*e/] ,n4 ,h4 #ahic #a #ab ,high-s*ool ,atlantic ,city,n4 ,j4 #ahic #a #bce ,ea/ ,orange ,high-s*ool,ea/ ,orange ,n4 ,j4 #ahic #c #abe ,manual-tra9+ ,high- s*ool ,d5v] ,col4 #ahid 44 #djj ,high-s*ool ,frank=t ,ky4 #ahid #b #ajj ,me*anics ,arts ,high- s*ool ,bo/on ,mass4 #ahid #aa #cbd ,manual-tra9+ ,high- s*ool ,brooklyn ,n4 ,y4 #ahid 44 #hjj ,wa%+ton ,high-s*ool ,wa%+ton ,p5n4 #ahid 44 #bg ,t[ns5d ,indu/rial ,s*ool ,newport ,r4 ,i4 #ahid #b #bf ,ryan ,high-s*ool ,appleton ,wis4 #ahid #a #bf ,manual-tra9+ ,s*ool ,l[ell ,mass4 #ahie #b #ej ,engli% ,high-s*ool ,som]ville ,mass4 #ahie #b #ge ,engli% & ,classical ,high-s*ool ,worce/] ,mass4 #ahie #d #bhc ,high-s*ool ,m$=d ,mass4 #ahie #b #bj ,engli% ,high-s*ool ,lynn ,mass4 #ahie #c #gb ,high-s*ool ,lawr5ce ,mass4 #ahie #a #cc ,roy5 ,high-s*ool ,y\ng/[n ,ohio #ahie #a #bjj ,high-s*ool ,fit*burg ,mass4 #ahie 44 44 ,high-s*ool ,burl+ton ,wis4 #ahif 44 44 ,high-s*ool ,los ,angeles ,cal4 #ahif #f #cae ,high-s*ool ,rock=d ,ill4 #ahif #a #bg ,high-s*ool ,flor5ce ,wis4 #ahif #b #cf ,brookl9e ,high-s*ool ,brookl9e ,mass4 #ahif #a #ej ,high-s*ool ,janesville ,wis4 #ahif 44 44 ,high-s*ool ,mald5 ,mass4 #ahif #b #fj ,hackley ,manual-tra9+ ,s*ool ,muskegon ,mi*4 #ahif #d #cej ,i%pem+ ,manual- tra9+ ,s*ool ,i%pem+ ,mi*4 #ahif #a #ge ,m5om9ee ,manual- tra9+ ,s*ool ,m5om9ee ,mi*4 #ahif #a #be ,high-s*ool ,summit ,n4 ,j4 #ahif #a #dj ,b>l[ ,s*ool ( ,indu/rial ,art ,b+hamton ,n4 ,y4 #ahif #c #agc ,high-s*ool ,syracuse ,n4 ,y4 #ahif 44 #ej ,high-s*ool ,akron ,ohio #ahif #b #ahj ,cross ,creek ,s*ool ,wa%+ton ,p5n4 #ahif 44 #ad ,high-s*ool ,waupaca ,wis4 #ahig #a #af ,high-s*ool ,w9netka ,ill4 #ahig #a #af ,high-s*ool ,fond du ,lac ,wis4 #ahig #a #ej ,manual-tra9+ ,high- s*ool ,kansas ,city ,mo4 #ahig #bg #hjj ,high-s*ool ,o%ko% ,wis4 #ahig #c #bej ,c5tral & ,m>t9 ,p>k ,high-s*ools ,buffalo ,n4 ,y4 #ahig #a #ej ,high-s*ool ,mayville ,wis4 #ahig #a #cj ,high-s*ool ,r$ ,bank ,n4 ,j4 #ahig #a #cge ,high-s*ool ,h>t=d ,conn4 #ahih #d #adj ,manual-tra9+ ,high s*ool ,new>k ,n4 ,j4 #ahih 44 44 ,h[>d ,s*ool ,wilm+ton ,del4 #aba #a #de ,high-s*ool ,i[a ,city ,i[a #aba 44 44 ,high-s*ool ,brockton ,mass4 #aba 44 44 ,high-s*ool ,s\? ,omaha ,neb4 #aba 44 44 ,high-s*ool ,/am=d ,conn4 #aba 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #aja ,cities #bc #cbj #ae1idb ,/ates ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #abj ,ab&on$ tempor>ily = want ( funds4 #aba ,date ( e/abli%m5t n report$4 ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,public ,,s*ools--,,gramm> ,,grades ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,manual ,tra9+ ,sep>ate,tea*]s ,pupils ,e/abli%$ ,manual- ( ,tak+ 9 ,gramm>tra9+ ,manual ,manual ,,city ,,or ,,t[n ,,/ate ,grades ,s*ools,tra9+,tra9+ ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,montclair ,n4 ,j4 #ahhb ,all #d #ecj ,p]u ,ill4 #ahhc #b #b 44 ,new ,hav5 ,conn4 #ahhd 44 44 44 ,jame/[n ,n4 ,y4 #ahhd #b #b #hjj ,eau ,claire ,wis4 #ahhd #a 44 #ajj ,wal?am ,mass4 #ahhe #a #b #dbe ,ro*e/] ,n4 ,y4 #ahhe 44 44 #ccf ,tol$o ,ohio #ahhe #aa #aa #b1beg ,wa%+ton ,d4 ,c4 #ahhf #dj #dc #i1deb ,spr+field ,mass4 #ahhf #a #c #bfg ,bo/on ,mass4 #ahhf ,all #ha #cg1bdj ,newburg ,n4 ,y4 #ahhf #a #b #ie ,tidi\te ,p5n4 #ahhf 44 44 44 ,be>d/[n ,ill4 #ahhg #a #b 44 ,ea/on ,del4 #ahhh 44 44 44 ,brookl9e ,mass4 #ahhh #a #b #ebe ,w9*e/] ,mass4 #ahhh #a #b #djh ,concord ,n4 ,h4 #ahhh #b #d #djb ,hobok5 ,n4 ,j4 #ahhh #f #f #a1bbi ,orange ,n4 ,j4 #ahhh #e #c #hdb ,new ,york ,n4 ,y4 #ahhh #cg #cb #aj1ahg ,meadville ,p5n4 #ahhh 44 #b #bfc ,wilm+ton ,del4 #ahhi #a 44 #de ,dav5port ,i[a #ahhi #a #a #aja ,v9el& ,n4 ,j4 #ahhi ,all #a #ejj ,union ,n4 ,j4 #ahhi ,all ,all #fdc ,/4 ,l\is ,mo4 #ahij #a #h #aaf #abb #abb #abb ,dulu? ,m9n4 #ahij #ab #be #a1jjj ,passaic ,n4 ,j4 #ahij 44 #b #aeb ,g>field ,n4 ,j4 #ahij #a #b #eej ,pat]son ,n4 ,j4 #ahij #a #a #cjj ,ridgewood ,n4 ,j4 #ahij 44 #d #bjj ,knoxville ,t5n4 #ahij 44 44 44 ,s\? ,orange ,n4 ,j4 #ahij #a #a #cjj ,wat]bury ,conn4 #ahia 44 44 44 ,spr+field ,ill4 #ahia #a #a #ej ,mol9e ,ill4 #ahia #a #a #bgi ,salem ,mass4 #ahia #a #a #afj ,nor?ampton ,mass4 #ahia #a #a #ijj ,bay ,city ,mi*4 #ahia #abc #abc #abc ,san ,francisco ,cal4 #ahib #c #b #efj ,/4 ,paul ,m9n4 #ahib 44 #d #b1cff ,camd5 ,n4 ,j4 #ahib 44 #d #d1fjj ,norri/[n ,p5n4 #ahib #b #c #a1dcj ,provid5ce ,r4 ,i4 #ahib #ac 44 44 ,m5om9ee ,wis4 #ahib #b #d #bjj ,bri/ol ,conn4 #ahic #b 44 #bgf ,hav]hill ,mass4 #ahic #a #a #aij ,mani/ee ,mi*4 #ahic 44 44 44 ,m9neapolis ,m9n4 #ahic #e #e #a1bad ,/4 ,cl\d ,m9n4 #ahic #a #a #aej ,man*e/] ,n4 ,h4 #ahic ,all #a #aif ,bayonne ,n4 ,j4 #ahic ,all ,all ,all ,ea/ ,orange ,n4 ,j4 #ahic ,all #b #gee ,clevel& ,ohio #ahic #b #a #c1ejj ,newport ,r4 ,i4 #ahic 44 #d #fcc ,/aunton ,va4 #ahic 44 #a #bjj ,santa ,b>b>a ,cal4 #ahid #a #b #bcb ,san ,diego ,cal4 #ahid #e #a #bgj ,portl& ,ma9e #ahid #a #c #ijj ,m$=d ,mass4 #ahid #a #b #djj ,new ,b$=d ,mass #ahid #a #a #djj ,i?aca ,n4 ,y4 #ahid #b #b #dbj ,mason ,city ,i[a #ahid #a #a #ej ,d5v] ,colo4 #ahie ,all 44 #b1ejj ,*icago ,ill4 #ahie #bh #cb #h1bjj ,cape ,may ,n4 ,j4 #ahie ,all #c #daa ,fit*burg ,mass4 #ahie 44 44 44 ,buffalo ,n4 ,y4 #ahie 44 #a #bjj ,pittsburg ,p5n4 #ahie #c #b #djj ,b>badoes ,t[n%ip ,n4 ,j4 #ahie #c #c #gac ,woonsocket ,r4 ,i4 #ahie 44 #a #aej ,oakl& ,cal4 #ahif #a #a #dbe ,c>l/adt ,n4 ,j4 #ahif ,all #e #bdj ,los ,angeles ,cal4 #ahif #g 44 #b1jhj ,summit ,n4 ,j4 #ahif #c #c #bjj ,h>t=d ,conn4 #ahif ,all #e #hjj ,des ,mo9es ,i[a #ahif #b #b #hj ,flor5ce ,wis4 #ahif #a 44 44 ,m5om9ee ,mi*4 #ahif #a #a #hj ,brooklyn ,n4 ,y4 #ahif 44 44 44 ,gl5s ,falls ,n4 ,y4 #ahif #a #a #fj ,utica ,n4 ,y4 #ahif 44 #d #b1cjj ,akron ,ohio #ahif 44 #b #baj ,wa%+ton ,p5n4 #ahif #e #c #aab ,pueblo ,di/4 ,no4 #a ,colo4 #ahig 44 #b #ahj ,w9netka ,ill4 #ahig #a #a #dh ,o%ko% ,wis4 #ahig #be #bh #a1djj ,indianapolis ,ind4 #ahig #a #b #a1jjj ,nor? ,adams ,mass4 #ahig #a #a #bdg ,lynn ,mass4 #ahig #a #a #cea ,newton ,mass4 #ahig #a #a #ace ,worce/] ,mass4 #ahig 44 #b #cig ,cambridge ,mass4 #ahig #a #b #acf ,muskegon ,mi*4 #ahig #b #d #gjj ,kansas ,city ,mo4 #ahig 44 44 44 ,new>k ,n4 ,j4 #ahig 44 #c #b1bfe ,milwaukee ,wis4 #ahig #a #a #ae ,pueblo ,di/4 ,no4 #bj;,colo4 #ahih 44 #b #cjj ,new ,brita9 ,conn4 #ahih 44 44 #aij ,peabody ,mass4 #ahih 44 44 44 ,mob]ly ,mo4 #ahih 44 44 44 ,/ockton ,cal4 #abd 44 44 44 ,santa ,cruz ,cal4 #abd 44 44 44 ,man*e/] ,conn4 #abd 44 44 44 ,/am=d ,conn4 #abd 44 44 44 ,i[a ,city ,i[a #abd 44 44 44 ,augu/a ,me4 #abd 44 44 44 ,baltimore ,md4 #abd ,all 44 ,all ,hyde ,p>k ,mass4 #abd #c #c #bjd ,holyoke ,mass4 #abd #a 44 44 ,ea/on ,mass4 #abd 44 44 44 ,fall ,riv] ,mass4 #abd 44 44 44 ,d$ham ,mass4 #abd 44 44 44 ,mald5 ,mass4 #abd 44 44 44 ,milton ,mass4 #abd 44 44 44 ,wat]bury ,mass4 #abd 44 44 44 ,wellesley ,mass4 #abd 44 44 44 ,canton ,mass4 #abd 44 44 44 ,ri*mond ,va4 #abd 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aai ,cities #bd #bhg #ddd #aah1hce ,/ates ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #abb ,color$ ,s*ool4 #abc ,ab&on$ tempor>ily = want ( funds4 #abd ,date ( e/abli%m5t n report$4 ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,public ,,s*ools--,,prim>y ,,grades ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,manual ,sep>ate ,tra9+ ,manual ,tea*]s ,pupils ,e/abli%$,tra9+ ( ,tak+ 9 ,prim>y ,prim>y ,manual ,manual ,,city ,,or ,,t[n#abe ,,/ate ,grades ,grades ,tra9+,tra9+ ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,montclair ,n4 ,j4 #ahhb ,all ,all #a1jdg ,jame/[n ,n4 ,y4 #ahhb ,all ,all #b1djj ,baltimore ,md4 #ahhd 44 44 44 ,wa%+ton ,d4 ,c4 #ahhf #ee 44 #ab1ijj ,newburg ,n4 ,y4 #ahhf 44 44 44 ,tidi\te ,p5n4 #ahhf 44 44 44 ,oakl& ,cal4 #ahhh 44 #b #b1aei ,spr+field ,mass4 #ahhh ,all 44 #bi1bef ,concord ,n4 ,h4 #ahhh 44 44 44 ,orange ,n4 ,j4 #ahhh #d #c #b1acb ,new ,york ,n4 ,y4 #ahhh 44 44 #ab1jjj ,union ,n4 ,j4 #ahhi ,all ,all #efj ,v9el& ,n4 ,j4 #ahhi ,all #a #gjj ,we/*e/] ,p5n4 #ahhi 44 #a 44 ,g>field ,n4 ,j4 #ahij 44 #a #bjj ,s\? ,orange ,n4 ,j4 #ahij #a #a #bjj ,wat]bury ,conn4 #ahia 44 #a 44 ,mol9e ,ill4 #ahia 44 44 44 ,nor?ampton ,mass4 #ahia 44 #a #ijj ,ridgewood ,n4 ,j4 #ahia 44 #c #bjj ,san ,francisco ,cal4 #ahib #a #a #agf ,/4 ,paul ,m9n4 #ahib #dj 44 #d1ejj ,camd5 ,n4 ,j4 #ahib 44 44 #c1jhj ,provid5ce ,r4 ,i4 #ahib #ej 44 44 ,bri/ol ,conn4 #ahic #b #b #add ,m9neapolis ,m9n4 #ahic #dd 44 #d1ddf ,/illwat] ,m9n4 #ahic 44 44 44 ,clevel& ,ohio #ahic 44 44 #c1ejj ,/aunton ,va4 #ahic 44 #a #bjj ,m5om9ee ,wis4 #ahic 44 #b #bjj ,/4 ,cl\d ,m9n4 #ahid 44 #b #dhh ,philipsburg ,n4 ,j4 #ahid ,all ,all #gjj ,elyria ,ohio #ahid ,all ,all #gjj ,newport ,r4 ,i4 #ahid 44 #b #aja ,d5v] ,colo4 #ahie 44 44 44 ,o%ko% ,wis4 #ahif #bj #be #hjj ,wal?am ,mass4 #ahif 44 44 #ajj ,c>l/adt ,n4 ,j4 #ahif ,all #e 44 ,utica ,n4 ,y4 #ahif 44 44 44 ,akron ,ohio #ahif ,all ,all #a1hjj ,san ,diego ,cal4 #ahig #e #c #bej ,new>k ,n4 ,j4 #ahig 44 44 44 ,indianapolis ,ind4 #ahig 44 #b #ejj ,mob]ly ,mo4 #ahig 44 44 44 ,passaic ,n4 ,j4 #ahig 44 #a #cge ,pueblo ,di/4 ,no4 #a;,colo4 #ahih 44 #a #ahj ,santa ,cruz ,cal4 44 44 44 44 ,elg9 ,ill4 44 44 #a 44 ,augu/a ,me4 44 44 44 44 ,detroit ,mi*4 44 44 44 44 ,tol$o ,ohio 44 44 44 44 ,pittsburg ,p5n4 44 44 44 44 ,%5&oah ,p5n4 44 44 44 44 ,la ,crosse ,wis4 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ed ,cities #bj #bbb #fb #hh1cih ,/ates ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #abe ,( ! #ed cities tabulat$1 only #i report ! numb] ( sep>ate prim>y s*ools 9 :i* ,manual ,tra9+ is taught4 ,^! #i cities report #bjb s*ools1 or an av]age ( #bb4d s*ools p] city4 ,n9e cities report all4 ,?irty-f\r cities d n report4 ,if ! av]age obta9$ f ! cities report+ c be appli$ to all1 !n #aabj prim>y s*ools h ,manual ,tra9+4 ,?irty-"o cities d n report ! numb] ( tea*]s4 ,tw5ty cities report #cd4 ,apply+ ! above me?od %[s #he tea*]s ( ,manual ,tra9+ 9 prim>y s*ools4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t !re are special or sup]vis+ tea*]s2 ! regul> tea*]s do+ mo/ ( ?is "w "u sup]vision4 ,?irty-two cities report #hg1eih pupils tak+ ,prim>y ,manual ,tra9+2 or #bgcg on ! av]age to ea* city report+4 ,apply+ ?is av]age to ! #ea cities report+1 ! total is #aci1ehg4 ,,k9d]g>t5s ,,9 ,,public ,,s*ools ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,k9d]- ,sep>ate ,k9d]-,k9d]- g>t5 ,k9d]- g>t5 g>t5 ,,city ,,or ,,t[n ,,/ate,e/abli%$ g>t5s,tea*]s,pupils ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,/4 ,l\is ,mo4 #ahgc #fj #djj #g1fid ,milwaukee ,wis4 #ahhj #db #hc #c1haf ,c$> ,rapids ,i[a #ahha #ab #af #gff ,newport ,r4 ,i4 #ahhb #d #h #bej ,l[ell ,mass4 #ahhc #ab #be #djj ,pawtucket ,r4 ,i4 #ahhc #d #i #bie ,la ,porte ,ind4 #ahhd #c #e #afc ,muskegon ,mi*4 #ahhd #h #aj #eha ,philadelphia ,p5n4 #ahhd #ace #ahj #f1ejj ,trav]se ,city ,mi*4 #ahhe #d #d #ahj ,san ,jos ,cal4 #ahhe #g #ag #ccg ,augu/a ,ga4 #ahhg #d #h #ahc ,des ,mo9es ,i[a #ahhg #ad #bh #hjg ,m>%allt[n ,i[a #ahhg #g #aj #bfj ,l\isville ,ky4 #ahhg #aj #ei #gej ,albany ,n4 ,y4 #ahhg #ai #cj #gej ,bo/on ,mass4 #ahhh #fg #abf #c1ibe ,brookl9e ,mass4 #ahhh #aa #ah #cgc ,ro*e/] ,n4 ,y4 #ahhh #ac #fh #a1igb ,%eboygan ,wis4 #ahhh #i #bg #ihj ,bri/ol ,conn4 #ahhi #c #g #bec ,ri*mond ,ind4 #ahhi #b #b #ge ,cambridge ,mass4 #ahhi #aa #bb #ehc ,gr& ,rapids ,mi*4 #ahhi #h #g #ceb ,montclair ,n4 ,j4 #ahhi #e #ab #bgc ,l\isburg ,n4 ,y4 #ahhi #e #aj #afe ,nor? ,tonaw&a ,n4 ,y4 #ahhi #d #d #bjj ,norwi* ,conn4 #ahij #c #g #abj ,lex+ton ,ky4 #ahij #e #aj #cfj ,gr& ,hav5 ,mi*4 #ahij #a #c #aje ,g>field ,n4 ,j4 #ahij #b #b #hj ,ea/ ,orange ,n4 ,j4 #ahij #f #f #ahj ,s\? ,orange ,n4 ,j4 #ahij #a #b #ee ,provid5ce ,r4 ,i4 #ahij #ae #ca #gjj ,los ,angeles ,cal4 #ahia #bi #gh #a1hjj ,cov+ton ,ky4 #ahia #e #aj #fjj ,frank=t ,ky4 #ahia #a #b #ej ,som]ville ,mass4 #ahia #e #aa #bjj ,iron ,m\nta9 ,mi*4 #ahia #aa #aa #ehf ,ironwood ,mi*4 #ahia #c #i #bij ,negaunee ,mi*4 #ahia #b #b #gh ,concord ,n4 ,h4 #ahia #e #g #bhh ,passaic ,n4 ,j4 #ahia #f #h #bhd ,gre5wi* ,conn4 #ahib #a #a #eb ,t]re ,haute ,ind4 #ahib #af #aa #dce ,worce/] ,mass4 #ahib #aj #ai #eah ,l[ell ,mass4 #ahib #ab #bf #ijj ,dulu? ,m9n4 #ahib #af #bg #a1jjj ,omaha ,neb4 #ahib #bf #dj #a1fjj ,pla9field ,n4 ,j4 #ahib #e #e #bcj ,utica ,n4 ,y4 #ahib #aa #bf #gej ,cohoes ,n4 ,y4 #ahib #b #d #abg ,niag>a ,falls ,n4 ,y4 #ahib #d #f #aef ,san ,diego ,cal4 #ahic #f #f #bej ,d5v] ,colo4 #ahic #be #ej #b1ecd ,*icago ,ill4 #ahic #ea #aba #b1ejj ,newton ,mass4 #ahic #ac #bi #efi ,l9coln ,neb4 #ahic #h #bb #gjj ,m5om9ee ,mi*4 #ahic #e #e #cej ,kansas ,city ,mo4 #ahic #e #e #bjj ,ridgewood ,n4 ,j4 #ahic #a #b #ge ,union ,n4 ,j4 #ahic #b #c #abj ,s>atoga ,spr+s,n4 ,y4 #ahic #i #bd #ejj ,flu%+ ,n4 ,y4 #ahic #c #d #fj ,new ,ro*elle ,n4 ,y4 #ahic #e #g #dgf ,el ,paso ,tex4 #ahic #a #c #ajj ,burl+ton ,vt4 #ahic #d #h #acg ,rac9e ,wis4 #ahic #f #aa #egc ,fond du ,lac ,wis4 #ahid #e #aa #bej ,hammond ,ind4 #ahid #a #b #hj ,oskaloosa ,i[a #ahid #e #e #baj ,si\x ,city ,i[a #ahid #c #f #abe ,spr+field ,mass4 #ahid #h #ag #cdf ,peabody ,mass4 #ahid #c #f #abf ,m$=d ,mass4 #ahid #d #h #bbj ,sup]ior ,wis4 #ahid #e #aa #bbe ,lawr5ce ,mass4 #ahid #a #b #cf ,escanaba ,mi*4 #ahid #d #d #bbe ,w9ona ,m9n4 #ahid #h #ac #djj ,nat*ez ,miss4 #ahid #a #a #ej ,portsm\? ,n4 ,h4 #ahid #d #f #ahj ,b+hamton ,n4 ,y4 #ahid #ac #ad #fjj ,g5eva ,n4 ,y4 #ahid #d #e #aej ,s+ ,s+ ,n4 ,y4 #ahid #c #c #ia ,wilkesb>re ,p5n4 #ahid #b #b #hj ,m>9ette ,wis4 #ahid #e #e #cjj ,la ,crosse ,wis4 #ahid #c #c #aej ,madison ,wis4 #ahid #b #f #acd ,oakl& ,cal4 #ahie #a #a #fj ,jeff]sonville ,ind4 #ahie #g #g #bjj ,burl+ton ,i[a #ahie #e #aj #bjj ,nor? ,adams ,mass4 #ahie #c #f #abj ,vicksburg ,miss4 #ahie #d #e #ahj ,fremont ,ohio #ahie #c #e #afj ,o%ko% ,wis4 #ahie #i #be #hjj ,w9netka ,ill4 #ahif #a #e #eg ,indianapolis ,ind4 #ahif #a #a #ec ,dubuque ,i[a #ahif #d #h #bcb ,mald5 ,mass4 #ahif #b #e #he ,nor?ampton ,mass4 #ahif #b #d #ij ,i%pem+ ,mi*4 #ahif #b #f #cjj ,detroit ,mi*4 #ahif #f #ab #ia ,na%ua ,n4 ,h4 #ahif #b #d #abj ,syracuse ,n4 ,y4 #ahif #b #d #ig ,mt4 ,v]non ,n4 ,y4 #ahif #b #b #cj ,clevel& ,ohio #ahif #ab #bd #ejj ,/ev5s ,po9t ,wis4 #ahif #d #e #ahj ,new ,b$=d ,mass4 #ahig #c #f #adj ,wald5 ,mass4 #ahig #a #b #dj ,new>k ,n4 ,j4 #ahig #bf #ej #b1ajj ,hobok5 ,n4 ,j4 #ahig #g #ae #cfh ,bayonne ,n4 ,j4 #ahig #abf #abf #abf ,brooklyn ,n4 ,y4 #ahig #ad #bh 44 ,woonsocket ,r4 ,i4 #ahig #a #b #cj ,pueblo ,colo4 #ahih #a #b #fe ,akron ,ohio #ahih #a #c #cj ,seattle ,wa%4 #ahih #a #b #ea ,appleton ,wis4 #ahih #d #h #bjj ,anni/on ,ala4 44 #b 44 #abb ,hot ,spr+s ,ark4 44 #a #a #af ,sacram5to ,cal4 44 #d #h #agb ,santa ,cruz ,cal4 44 #a #b #ec ,man*e/] ,conn4 44 #a #h #baj ,new ,brita9 ,conn4 44 #f #ac #daj ,new ,hav5 ,conn4 44 #h #ai #fgf ,h>t=d ,conn4 44 #ab #ach #a1cbf ,norwalk ,conn4 44 #c #f #ie ,rockville ,conn4 44 #a #a 44 ,willimantic ,conn4 44 #b #f #bbi ,rome ,ga4 44 #a #a #af ,evan/on ,ill4 44 #b #f #ajj ,augu/a ,me4 44 #a #a 44 ,portl& ,me4 44 #f #aj #abe ,fall ,riv] ,mass4 44 #b #d #bjb ,sault ,/e4 ,m>ie,mi*4 44 #c #e #cjj ,/4 ,paul ,m9n4 44 #bh #eg 44 ,tr5ton ,n4 ,j4 44 #a #a #fe ,pat]son ,n4 ,j4 44 #ae #ag #ejj #abg;,buffalo ,n4 ,y4 44 #aj #ae #ibe ,glov]sville ,n4 ,y4 44 #d #d #daa ,new ,york ,n4 ,y4 44 #ae #af #ega ,s*5ectady ,n4 ,y4 44 #a #b #dj ,new>k ,ohio 44 #b #c #cc ,pittsburg ,p5n4 44 #af #dh #hjj ,oil ,city ,p5n4 44 #b #b #ajd ,allegh5y ,p5n4 44 #c #ab #abj ---------------------------------------- --------------- #adf ,cities #bf 44 #a1bjb #b1fie #gc1edc ,/ates ---------------------------------------- --------------- #abf ,all fir/-grade s*ools h k9d]g>t5s4 #abg ,k9d]g>t5s are conduct$ by a private association f9ancially assi/$ f public-s*ool funds4 ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,s*ools ,,= ,,! ,,color$ ,,race ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,manual ,tea*]s ,pupils ,grade ( ,tra9+ ( ,tak+ ,,"n ,,( ,academic ,e/ab- ,manual ,manual ,,in/itution ,,location ,"w li%$ ,tra9+,tra9+ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,/orrs ,s*ool ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,gramm> #ahfe 44 #abj ,%aw ,univ]sity,raleigh1 ,n4 ,c4 ,collegiate #ahfe #f #baf ,/or] ,college ,h>p]'s ,f]ry1,high #ahfg #i #aba ,w4 ,v4 ,hampton ,normal ,hampton1 ,va4 ,gram4 & #ahfh #dh #feh ,in/itute ,high ,mt4 ,h]mon ,cl9ton1 ,miss4 ,high #ahge #b #af ,female ,sem9>y ,s\?l& ,col4 ,s\?l&1 ,ark4,prim>y to #ahgf 44 #ef & ,normal ,coll4 ,in/4 ,pr9cess ,anne ,pr9cess ,anne1 ,high #ahgh #g #aja ,academy ,md4 ,color$ ,huntsville1 ,high #ahgi #d #aej ,indu/rial ,ala4 ,s*ool ,knoxville ,knoxville1 ,gram4 & #ahgi #d #abe ,college ,t5n4 ,high ,p5n ,normal &,frogmore1 ,s4 ,c4,high #ahhj #c #afd ,ind4 ,s*ool ,/ate ,color$ ,salisbury1 ,gram4 & #ahha #d #aah ,normal ,s*ool ,n4 ,c4 ,high ,all5 ,columbia1 ,s4 ,c4,prim>y to #ahha #d #ccb ,univ]sity ,coll4 ,tuskegee ,nor4 ,tuskegee1 ,ala4 ,gram4 & #ahhb 44 #ffa & ,ind4 ,high ,in/itute ,t\galoo ,t\galoo1 ,miss4,prim>y to #ahhb 44 #age ,univ]sity ,coll4 ,albion ,academy ,frankl9ton1 ,high #ahhb #e #ajj ,n4 ,c4 ,spelman ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,gram4 & #ahhc #af #cge ,sem9>y ,high ,ball>d ,normal ,macon1 ,ga4 ,gram4 & #ahhc #ab #dae & ,ind4 ,s*ool ,high ,scotia ,sem9>y,concord1 ,n4 ,c4 ,gram4 & #ahhc #af #bhf ,high ,c5tral ,na%ville1 ,gram4 to #ahhd #g #ajc ,t5nessee ,t5n4 ,coll4 ,college ,h>t%orn ,ri*mond1 ,va4 ,high #ahhd #h #ajh ,memorial ,college ,biddle ,*>lotte1 ,gram4 to #ahhe #f #acf ,univ]sity ,n4 ,c4 ,coll4 ,fisk ,univ]sity,na%ville1 ,gram4 & #ahhe #d #bge ,t5n4 ,high ,rog] ,williams ,na%ville1 ,high & #ahhe #a #fh ,univ]sity ,t5n4 ,coll4 ,paul ,qu9n ,waco1 ,tex4 ,high #ahhe #c #ca ,college ,norfolk ,mission,norfolk1 ,va4 44 #ahhf #b #cbj ,college ,h[>d ,wa%+ton1 44 #ahhg #f #afi ,univ]sity ,d4 ,c4 ,color$ ,public ,jacksonville1 ,prim4 to #ahhg 44 44 ,s*ools ,fla4 ,gram4 ,/raight ,new ,orleans1 ,high #ahhg #c #ej ,univ]sity ,la4 ,wilb]=ce ,wilb]=ce1 ,gram4 & #ahhh #g #acc ,univ]sity ,ohio4 ,high ,m>y ,all5 ,crockett1 ,tex4 ,gram4 & #ahhh 44 #dde ,sem9>y ,high ,virg9ia ,pet]sburg1 ,va4,high #ahhh #e #chi ,in/itute ,sc(ield ,aik51 ,s4 ,c4 ,gramm> #ahhi #f #aee ,indu/rial ,s*ool ,in/itute = ,philadelphia1 ,high & #ahhi #i #bei ,color$ ,y\? ,p5n4 ,norm4 ,burrell ,academy,selma1 ,ala4 ,gramm> #ahij #h #bch ,em]son ,mem4 ,ocala1 ,fla4 ,gram4 & #ahij #b #cj ,home ,s*ool ,high ,/ate ,normal ,tallahassee1 ,high #ahij #a #bg & ,ind4 ,fla4 ,college ,/ate ,nor4 ,frank=t1 ,ky4 ,high #ahij #c #if ,s*ool = ,col4 ,p]sons ,s\!rn ,new ,orleans1 ,gram4 to #ahij #e #ajg ,univ]sity ,la4 ,coll4 ,alcon ,agr4 & ,we/ ,side1 ,collegiate #ahij #e #bih ,me*4 ,college ,miss4 ,/ate ,normal ,goldsboro1 ,high #ahij #d #afc ,s*ool ,n4 ,c4 ,l9coln ,academy,k+'s ,m\nt'n1,gram4 & #ahij #f #ahf ,n4 ,c4 ,high ,/4 ,augu/9e ,raleigh1 ,n4 ,c4 ,gram4 to #ahij #d #hh ,s*ool ,coll4 ,l9coln ,academy,jeff]son ,city1,high #ahia #h #djj ,mo4 ,arkansas ,p9e ,bluff1 ,high #ahib #f #fb ,indu/rial ,ark4 ,univ]sity ,b]ea ,college ,b]ea1 ,ky4 ,high & #ahib #b #ef ,coll4 ,color$ ,bord5t[n1 ,gram4 & #ahib #f #ed ,indu/rial ,n4 ,j4 ,high ,s*ool ,bi%op ,college ,m>%all1 ,tex4 ,gram4 & #ahib #e #aji ,high ,brew] ,normal ,gre5wood1 ,gram4 & #ahic #a #abj ,s*ool ,s4 ,c4 ,high ,he>ne ,academy ,he>ne1 ,tex4 ,high #ahic #a #ce ,%ort] ,arkadelphia1 ,gram4 & #ahid #a #bj ,univ]sity ,ark4 ,high ,knox ,in/itute ,a!ns1 ,ga4 ,gram4 & #ahid #b #hg ,high ,walk] ,bapti/ ,augu/a1 ,ga4 ,high #ahid #b #fg ,in/itute ,*&l] ,normal,lex+ton1 ,ky4 ,gram4 & #ahid #b #aej ,s*ool ,high ,wa%burn ,beau=t1 ,n4 ,c4,gram4 & #ahid #a #gg ,sem9>y ,high ,/ate ,col'd ,normal1 ,ala4 ,high 44 #aj #bdh ,nor4 & ,ind4 ,s*ool ,cookman ,jacksonville1 ,high 44 44 44 ,in/itute ,fla4 ,bea* ,in/itute,savannah1 ,ga4 ,gram4 & 44 #g #he ,high ,all5 ,?omasville1 ,high 44 #b #hj ,indu/rial ,ga4 ,s*ool ,lel& ,new ,orleans1 ,high & 44 44 44 ,univ]sity ,la4 ,coll4 ,new ,orleans ,new ,orleans1 44 44 44 44 ,univ]sity ,la4 ,mississippi ,holly ,spr+s1 ,high 44 #a #he ,/ate ,normal ,miss4 ,s*ool ,/ate ,color$ ,elizabe? ,city1,high 44 44 44 ,normal ,s*ool ,n4 ,c4 ,plym\? ,/ate ,plym\?1 ,n4 ,c4,high 44 44 44 ,normal ,s*ool ,rank9-,ri*>ds,orangeburg1 ,gram4 & 44 #bj #ded ,in/itute ,s4 ,c4 ,high ,slat] ,tra9+,knoxville1 ,gram4 & #abh #a #be ,s*ool ,t5n4 ,high ,tillotson ,au/91 ,tex4 44 44 #d #ee ,in/itute ,em]son ,mobile1 ,ala4 ,gram4 & 44 44 44 ,in/itute ,high ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #fg ,manual-tra9+ ,s*ools #cbg #aj1ccb ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #abh ,! date giv5 is t ( e/abli%m5t ( s*ool4 ,date ( e/abli%m5t ( ,manual ,tra9+ 0 n asc]ta9$ 9 ^! in/ances4 ,,private ,,manual-,,tra9+ ,,s*ools ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,tea*]s ,grade (,date ( ( ,,"n ,,( ,academic ,e/ab- ,manual ,,in/itution ,,location ,"w li%m5t,tra9+,pupils ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,massa*usetts ,in/4 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,high #ahgf 44 44 ( ,te*nology#abi ,p5n4 ,s*ool ( ,philadelphia1 ,high #ahgf 44 44 ,indu/rial ,arts ,p5n4 ,work+-m5's ,s*ool,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4,gramm> #ahgh #ai #cec ,mill] ,manual-labor ,crozet1 ,va4 ,high #ahgh 44 #aih ,s*ool ,wa%+ton ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,high #ahgi #ad #cjj ,univ]sity ,m4 ,t4 ,s*ool ,gir>d ,college ,philadelphia ,gram4 #ahhb #aa #fej ,p5n4 & ,high ,*icago ,manual- ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,high #ahic #ac #bfc tra9+ ,s*ool ,hebrew ,te*nical ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4,gramm> #ahhc #aa #bed ,in/itute ,m4 ,t4 ,s*ool ( ,new ,orleans1 ,high #ahhd #f #aad ,tulane ,univ]sity ,la4 ,h4 ,mann ,s*ool & ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4,prim>y #ahhd #ab #beg ,tea*]s' ,coll4 to ,coll4 ,hai% ,manual- ,d5v]1 ,col4 44 #ahhf #b #aa tra9+ ,s*ool ,pratt ,in/itute ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4,high #ahhg 44 #abe ,h4 ,s4 ,newcom ,new ,orleans1 ,high & #ahhg 44 44 ,memorial ,college ,la4 ,coll4 ,sloyd ,manual- ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,normal #ahhi #c #ajd tra9+ ,s*ool ,tyl] ,s*ool ,provid5ce1 ,gram4 #ahij #f #ccj ,r4 ,i4 & ,high ,jewi% ,tra9+ ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,prim4 #ahij #bg #gjj ,s*ool & ,gram4 ,national ,univ]sity ,*icago1 ,ill4 44 #ahij #e #ejj ,miss ,say]'s ,s*ool ,newport1 ,r4 ,i4 ,gram4 #ahia #b #bj & ,high ,sw$5borgian ,s*ool,wal?am1 ,mass4 ,gramm> #ahia #a #fj ,?orp ,polyte*nic ,pasad5a1 ,cal4 ,gram4 to #ahib #h #cjj ,in/itute ,coll4 ,fri5ds' ,select ,philadelphia1 ,high #ahib 44 #abc ,s*ool ,p5n4 ,provid5ce ,tra9+ ,provid5ce1 ,normal #ahic #a #di ,s*ool = ,sloyd ,r4 ,i4 ,pla9field ,academy ,pla9field1 ,prim4 to #ahic #b #be ,n4 ,j4 ,high ,cali=nia ,s*ool (,san ,francisco1 ,high #ahie #g #caj ,me*anical ,arts ,cal4 ,/4 ,&rew's ,ro*e/]1 ,high #ahie #a #fj ,n4 ,y4 ,lewis ,in/itute ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,high & #ahif #aj #bjj ,coll4 ,free ,indu/rial ,san ,diego1 ,cal4,gram4 #ahif #b #hj ,s*ool & ,high ,commons ,manual- ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,gramm> #ahif #a #dj tra9+ ,s*ool ,hull ,h\se ,manual- ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,gram4 #ahig #b #gj tra9+ ,s*ool & ,high ,elmwood ,s*ool ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 44 44 44 44 ,frankl9 ,s*ool ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 44 44 44 44 ,lasell ,sem9>y ,auburndale1 44 44 44 44 ,mass4 ,talladega ,college ,talladega1 ,ala444 44 44 44 ,k5ilwor? ,academy ,k5ilwor?1 44 44 44 44 ,ill4 ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,manual- ,h>t=d1 ,conn444 44 44 44 tra9+ ,dep't4 ,cl>k ,univ]sity ,atlanta1 ,ga4 44 44 44 44 ,private ,manual- ,w9netka1 ,ill4 44 44 44 44 tra9+ ,class ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #abi ,! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahfe2 b 9 #ahgf x adopt$ ,manual ,tra9+ z a sy/em into all its grades1 & ?us became ! fir/ di/9ctive ,manual-tra9+ ,s*ool )\t prejudice to its high /&+ z an ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,public ,,normal ,,s*ools ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,manual ,tea*]s ,pupils ,tra9+ ( ,tak+ ,e/ab- ,manual ,manual ,,"n ,,( ,,s*ool ,,location li%$ ,tra9+,tra9+ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,santee ,normal ,tra9+ ,santee ,ag5cy1 ,neb4 #ahgj #ab #gb ,s*ool ,cook ,c\nty ,normal ,*icago1 ,ill4 #ahhc 44 #dej ,s*ool#acj ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool ,:itewat]1 ,wis4 #ahhc #b #ajj ,/ate ,normal ,tra9+ ,new ,brita91 ,conn4 #ahhd #e #bec ,s*ool ,indu/rial ,in/itute ,columbus1 ,miss4 #ahhe #a #abc & ,college ,we/ ,*e/] ,/ate ,we/ ,*e/]1 ,p5n4 #ahhi #b #bbj ,normal ,s*ool ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool ,san ,jos1 ,cal4 #ahij #c #gjj ,georgia ,normal & ,mill$geville1 ,ga4 #ahia #ae #bhd ,indu/rial ,college ,/ate ,normal & ,model ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,j4 #ahia #a #bbe ,s*ool ,/ate ,female ,normal ,f>mville1 ,va4 #ahia #b #ge ,s*ool ,normal ,college ( ,new ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #ahib #ab #beg ,york ,normal & ,indu/rial ,gre5sboro1 ,n4 ,c4 #ahib #e #cjj ,s*ool ,key/one ,/ate ,normal ,kutzt[n1 ,p5n4 #ahib #b #ajf ,s*ool ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool ,fram+ham1 ,mass4 #ahic #a #be ,we/field ,normal ,s*ool,we/field1 ,mass4 #ahic #e #gj ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool ,los ,angeles1 ,cal4 #ahid #b #dge ,alabama ,normal ,college ,liv+/on1 ,ala4 44 #a 44 = ,girls ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #acj ,! ,cook ,c\nty 7,ill9ois7 ,normal ,s*ool 0 orig9ally e/abli%$ z a private s*ool4 ,x is n[ ! public tra9+ s*ool = tea*]s 9 ! public s*ools4 ,,private ,,trade ,,s*ools ,,& ,,in/itutes ,,( ,,te*nology ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,date ( ,e/ab- ,,"n ,,( ,,in/itution ,,location li%m5t,tea*]s,pupils ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,r5ssela] ,polyte*nic ,troy1 ,n4 ,y4 #ahbd #ah 44 ,in/itute ,ohio ,me*anics' ,in/itute ,c9c9nati1 #ahbh 44 #gbj ,ohio4 ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,bo/on1 ,mass4 #ahfe #f #bbb ,te*nology ,cornell ,univ]sity ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 #ahfe #cf #eii ,worce/] ,polyte*nic ,worce/]1 #ahfh 44 44 ,in/itute ,mass4 ,/ev5s ,in/itute ( ,hobok51 #ahga #bb #bef ,te*nology ,n4 ,j4 ,l[ell ,s*ool ( ,practical ,bo/on1 ,mass4 #ahgb 44 #fe ,design+ ,rhode ,isl& ,s*ool ( ,design ,provid5ce1 #ahgh 44 #cda ,r4 ,i4 ,*icago ,college ( ,horology ,*icago1 ,ill4 #ahhj 44 44 ,case ,s*ool ( ,appli$ ,clevel&1 #ahha #aa 44 ,sci5ces ,ohio4 ,s*ool ( ,ind4 ,art & ,te*4 ,new ,york1 #ahha 44 44 ,design = ,wom5 ,n4 ,y4 ,new ,york ,trade ,s*ool ,new ,york1 #ahha #bf #eef ,n4 ,y4 ,rose ,polyte*nic ,in/itute ,t]re ,haute1 #ahhc #f 44 ,ind4 #aca,textile ,s*ools ,philadelphia1 #ahhc 44 #fe ,p5n4 ,milwaukee ,cook+ ,s*ool ,milwaukee1 #ahhd #b 44 ,wis4 ,new>k ,te*nical ,s*ool ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 #ahhe #f #bej ,te*nical ,s*ool ( ,c9c9nati1 #ahhf 44 44 ,c9c9nati ,ohio4 ,te*nical ,draw+ ,s*ool ,provid5ce1 #ahhg 44 44 ,r4 ,i4 ,cogswell ,polyte*nic ,s*ool ,san ,francisco1 #ahhh #g #aej ,cal4 ,in/itute = ,artisans ,new ,york1 #ahhh 44 44 ,n4 ,y4 ,wat*mak]s' ,trade ,s*ool ,la ,porte1 ,ind4 #ahhh 44 44 ,in/itute = ,color$ ,y\? ,philadelphia1 #ahhi #i #bei ,p5n4 ,ma/]-,build]s' ,me*anical ,philadelphia1 #ahij #f #fg ,s*ool ( ,phil'a4 ,p5n4 ,lawr5ce ,sci5tific ,s*ool ( ,cambridge1 #ahia #c #fd ,h>v>d ,univ'ty ,mass4 ,b>on de ,hirs* ,trade ,s*ool ,new ,york1 #ahia 44 44 ,n4 ,y4 #acb,univ]sity ( ,c9c9nati ,c9c9nati1 #ahia 44 44 ,ohio4 ,lel& ,/an=d ,univ]sity ,palo ,alto1 #ahia 44 44 ,cal4 ,williamson ,free ,s*ool ( ,williamson #ahia #aj #afj ,me*anical ,trades ,s*ools1 ,pa4 ,spr+field ,indu/rial ,spr+field1 #ahia #e #aje ,in/itute ,mass4 ,drexel ,in/itute ,philadelphia1 #ahib #ch 44 ,p5n4 ,arm\r ,in/itute ,*icago1 ,ill4 #ahic #ae #cjj ,me*anics' ,in/itute ,ro*e/]1 #ahic #ae #igb ,n4 ,y4 ,private ,s*ool ( ,c>p5try ,rac9e1 ,wis4 #ahif #a #cj ,lafayette ,college ,ea/on1 ,p5n4 44 44 44 ,v&]bilt ,univ]sity ,na%ville1 44 44 44 ,t5n4 ,bo/on ,normal ,s*ool ( ,bo/on1 ,mass4 44 44 44 ,cook]y ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,note4--,private trade s*ools = tea*+ wat*-mak+1 "s fifte5 9 numb]1 are unit$1 because no data 0 secur$4 ,private cook+ s*ools1 dress-mak+ s*ools1 b>b] s*ools1 etc41 h )9 ! la/ five ye>s sprung up 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,"s ( ^! are ( consid]able importance1 b mo/ are small1 & no ef=t has be5 made to secure reports f !m4 #aca ,^! s*ools are support$ by bo? legislative appropriations & private end[m5ts4 ,!y are n public s*ools 9 ! usual s5se ( ! t]m4 #acb ,! ,univ]sity ( ,c9c9nati is support$ by bo? public funds & private end[m5ts4 ,x is unique 9 ?is1 t1 al?\gh a univ]sity 9 its grade ( "w1 x is ess5tially a "p ( ! public-s*ool sy/em4 ,! city collects a "o-t5? mill tax annually = its b5efit2 & ! univ]sity1 includ+ its te*nical & ,manual-tra9+ c\rse1 is free to resid5ts ( ! city4 ,! necess>y exp5ses1 su* z laboratory fees1 are kept to ! l[e/ possible limit2 & e family 9 ! municipality is entitl$ to educate its *ildr5 9 ?is ?or\ghly equipp$ univ]sity1 practically )\t co/4 ,,te*nology ,,9 ,,public ,,educational ,,in/itutions ,,( ,,collegiate ,,grade--,,exclusive ,,( ,,purely ,,agricultural ,,colleges ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,te*nical ,tra9+ ,e/ab- ,,in/itution ,,location li%$ ,tea*]s,pupils ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,unit$ ,/ates ,naval ,annapolis1 ,md4 #ahde 44 44 ,academy ,/ate ,agricultural ,agricultural #aheg #ad #ccb ,college ,college1 ,mi*4 ,ma9e ,/ate ,college ,orono1 ,me4 #ahfd #ac #aia ,univ]sity ( ,v]mont ,burl+ton1 ,vt4 #ahfe #aa #aai ,ill9ois ,univ]sity ,urbana1 ,ill4 #ahfh 44 44 ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota ,m9nesota1 ,m9n4 #ahfi #i #aei ,univ]sity ( ,t5nessee ,knoxville1 ,t5n4 #ahfi #f #aej ,univ]sity ( ,i[a ,ames1 ,i[a4 #ahfi #i #bhd ,kansas ,/ate ,agricultural,manhattan1 ,kan4 #ahgc #bj #ecj ,college ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity ,columbus1 ,ohio4 #ahgc #i #cgc ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,b]keley1 ,cal4 #ahgd #c #hd #acc,purdue ,univ]sity ,lafayette1 ,ind4 #ahgd #aj #bhj ,agricultural & ,college ,/ation1 #ahgf #af #cac ,me*anical ,college ,tex4 ,/ate ,agricultural ,=t ,coll9s1 ,col4 #ahgi #b #acg ,college ,agricultural & ,agricultural #ahhj #c 44 ,me*anical ,college ,college1 ,miss4 ,agricultural & ,blacksburg1 ,va4 #ahhj #ah #aij ,me*anical ,college ,me*anical ,college ( ,baton ,r\ge1 ,la4 #ahhj #a #ef ,/ate ,univ]sity ,/orrs ,agricultural ,/orrs1 ,conn4 #ahha #d #ade ,college ,agricultural & ,auburn1 ,ala4 #ahhe #d #bjj ,me*anical ,college ,arkansas ,indu/rial ,fayetteville1 ,ark4 #ahhe #g #aej ,univ]sity ,mi*igan ,m9+ ,s*ool ,h\ghton1 ,mi*4 #ahhf #aa #hb ,agricultural ,college ( ,brook+s1 ,s4 ,d4 #ahhg #aa #afj ,s\? ,dakota ,florida ,agricultural ,lake ,city1 ,fla4 #ahhh #b #fb ,college ,oregon ,/ate ,agricultural,corvallis1 ,ore4 #ahhh #i #bcg ,college ,agricultural ,college ( ,logan1 ,utah4 #ahhi #g #aai ,utah ,new ,mexico ,college ( ,messilla ,p>k1 #ahij 44 44 ,me*anical ,arts ,n4 ,m4 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan ,ann ,arbor1 ,mi*4 #ahij #e 44 ,delaw>e ,college ,new>k1 ,del4 #ahia #c #bc ,agricultural & ,lex+ton1 ,ky4 #ahia #c #ca ,me*anical ,coll4 ( ,k5tucky ,/ate ,univ]sity ,columbia1 ,mo4 #ahia #b #ade ,college ( ,m9+ ,rolla1 ,mo4 #ahia #g #bbe ,univ]sity ( ,nebraska ,l9coln1 ,neb4 #ahia #c #baj ,nevada ,/ate ,univ]sity ,r5o1 ,nev4 #ahia #a #ajf ,univ]sity ( ,wyom+ ,l>amie1 ,wy4 #ahia #d #fj ,nor? ,dakota ,agricultural,f>go1 ,n4 ,d4 #ahib #b #bd ,college ,we/ ,virg9ia ,univ]sity ,morgant[n1 ,w4 ,va4 #ahib #e #gi ,clemson ,agricultural ,clemson ,college1 #ahic #i #fce ,college ,s4 ,c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #acc ,purdue ,univ]sity is p>tially support$ by end[m5t1 b z x secures regul> appropriations1 x is "h classifi$ z a ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,,indu/rial ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,*>ity ,,s*ools#acd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,indus- ,tea*]s ,pupils trial ( ,tak+ ,tra9+ ,indus- ,indus- ,e/ab- trial trial ,,"n ,,( ,,s*ool ,,location li%$ ,tra9+,tra9+ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,baltimore ,manual-labor ,arbutus1 ,md4 #ahda #b #fj ,s*ool ,wilson ,indu/rial ,s*ool ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #ahec #c #ajj = ,girls ,indu/rial ,home ,s*ool ,wa%+ton1 #ahfg #f #fj ,d4 ,c4 ,mc,donough ,s*ool ,mc,donough1 ,md4 #ahgc #e #adj ,s\? ,end ,indu/rial ,s*ool,roxbury1 ,mass4 #ahhd #ba #cac ,five ,po9ts ,h\se ( ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #ahhe #i #cca ,indu/ry ,indiana ,soldi]s' ,orphans' ,k+/[n1 ,ind4 #ahhe #g #hj ,home ,skyl& ,in/itute ,bl[+ ,rock1 #ahhf 44 44 ,n4 ,c4 ,samuel ,ready ,s*ool = ,baltimore1 ,md4 #ahhg #c #fj ,female ,orphans ,*icago ,waifs' ,mission & ,*icago1 ,ill4 #ahhh #c #cj ,tra9+ ,s*ool ,indu/rial ,s*ool ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 #ahhh #h #hj ,association ,kalamazoo ,indu/rial ,s*ool,kalamazoo1 #ahhi #ah #bbd ,mi*4 ,indu/rial ,s*ool ( ,ro*e/]1 #ahij #e #abj ,ro*e/] ,n4 ,y4 ,indu/rial ,s*ool = ,boys ,gl5wood1 ,ill4 #ahij 44 #djj ,jewi% ,orphan ,asylum ,clevel&1 ,ohio #ahia #h #aeg ,/4 ,george's ,boys' ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 #ahib #f #bei ,indu/rial ,trade ,s*ool ,boys' ,club 9 ,c>p5try ,lynn1 ,mass4 #ahie #a #be ,poli% ,orphans' ,home ,*icago1 ,ill4 44 44 44 ,unity ,*ur* ,manual- ,*icago1 ,ill4 44 44 44 tra9+ ,s*ool ,i[a ,orphans' ,home ,dav5port1 44 44 44 ,i[a4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #acd ,indu/rial ,tra9+1 r ?an ,manual ,tra9+1 *>act]izes ! ,*>ity ,s*ools1 ! c5tral idea be+ to prep>e ! *ild = "s occupation by :i* x c become self-support+4 ,z w be se5 by ! table1 ?is idea f\nd v e>ly expression 9 ! ,manual-labor ,s*ool at ,arbutus1 ,m>yl&4 ,! co-education ( m9d & h&1 because ( its equal1 or great]1 educational value1 0 n ?\ght ( 9 ^! *>ity in/itutions until rec5tly1 & _c be said to obta9 9 any ( !m ev5 n[4 ,,progress ,,( ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,by ,,ye>s1 ,,9 ,,cities ,! foll[+ table %[s gr[? by ye>s1 z repres5t$ by cities e/abli%+ ,manual ,tra9+ or ,k9d]g>t5s 9 ,public ,s*ools4 ,! numb] ref]s to cities adopt+ ?is feature ( education 9 ! ye>s nam$4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,high ,,s*ools ,,gramm> ,,grades,,prim>y ,,grades,,k9d]g>t5s ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,numb] ,numb] ,numb] ,numb] ,ye> ( ,ye> ( ,ye> ( ,ye> ( ,cities ,cities ,cities ,cities ---------------------------------------- ----------- 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ahgc #a 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ahhj #a 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ahha #a 44 44 #ahhb #a #ahhb #b #ahhb #a #ahhc #b #ahhc #a #ahhc #j #ahhc #b #ahhd #a #ahhd #c #ahhd #a #ahhd #c #ahhe #e #ahhe #c #ahhe #j #ahhe #b #ahhf #e #ahhf #e #ahhf #c #ahhf #j #ahhg #d #ahhg #a #ahhg #j #ahhg #e #ahhh #f #ahhh #h #ahhh #e #ahhh #d #ahhi #h #ahhi #d #ahhi #c #ahhi #g #ahij #g #ahij #h #ahij #b #ahij #g #ahia #aj #ahia #f #ahia #d #ahia #i #ahib #g #ahib #f #ahib #d #ahib #aj #ahic #e #ahic #aa #ahic #f #ahic #ae #ahid #g #ahid #g #ahid #d #ahid #bj #ahie #h #ahie #h #ahie #a #ahie #g #ahif #ae #ahif #ac #ahif #e #ahif #ab #ahig #h #ahig #ac #ahig #e #ahig #g #ahih #b #ahih #d #ahih #a #ahih #d #ace #e #ace #ah #ace #h #ace #bh ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ace ,n report$4 ,,note ,,on ,,/ate ,,laws ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,manual ,,tra9+4 ,connecticut1 9 #ahhh1 au?oriz$ & emp[]$ s*ool bo>ds to introduce ,manual ,tra9+ 9 public s*ools4 ,congress appropriat$ #hjjj to ,manual ,tra9+ equipm5t 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia 9 #ahif4 ,9 #ahhe ! ,/ate ( ,georgia pass$ a law au?oriz+ & recomm5d+ s*ool bo>ds to introduce ,manual ,tra9+ 9 ! public s*ools ( ! /ate4 ,! law 0 simply a moral indorsem5t1 & _h little practical effect4 ,indiana has a law au?oriz+ ! introduction ( ,manual ,tra9+ into ! public s*ools ( all cities ( #ajj1jjj inhabitants or ov]4 ,massa*usetts pass$ an au?oriz+ act 9 #ahhd1 & on ,april #ad1 #ahid1 a law 0 adopt$1 section "o ( :i* is z foll[s3 8,aft] ! fir/ day ( ,septemb] 9 ! ye> eighte5 hundr$ & n9ety five1 e city ( tw5ty ?\s& or m inhabitants %all ma9ta9 z "p ( its high-s*ool sy/em ! tea*+ ( ,manual ,tra9+4 ,! c\rse to be pursu$ 9 said in/ruction %all be subject to ! approval ( ! /ate bo>d ( education40 ,9 #ahhg ,new ,j]sey pass$ a law to enc\rage ! introduction ( ,manual ,tra9+ 9 public s*ools4 ,! *ief provision ( ! act 01 t :5ev] any s*ool di/rict %\ld raise by taxation1 subscription1 or bo?1 a sum ( money n less ?an #ajjj1 = ! e/abli%m5t ( ,manual ,tra9+ 9 su* s*ool di/rict1 ! /ate %\ld appropriate a sum equal to t rais$ by ! di/rict1 to aid 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( su* s*ool2 provid$ t no "o di/rict %\ld receive ov] #ejjj 9 any "o ye> f /ate funds4 ,9 #ahhh ?is law 0 am5d$ s z to include di/ricts t %\ld raise n to exce$ #ejj1 ! /ate agree+ to duplicate ! sum rais$4 ,! effect ( ?is law 0 v m>k$ 9 #ahij1 result+ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a l>ge numb] ( s*ools4 ,9 #ahhh ,new ,york pass$ a law au?oriz+ local s*ool bo>ds to e/abli% ,manual ,tra9+ )9 _! respective jurisdictions4 ,! same law makes ! tea*+ ( ,manual ,tra9+ compulsory 9 normal s*ools1 subject1 h[ev]1 to recomm5dations ( ! /ate sup]9t5d5t ( public in/ruction1 :i* provision has practically nullifi$ x4 ,ohio has a law au?oriz+ a tax levy ( ( a mill = cities ( a c]ta9 size1 & ( a mill = c]ta9 o!r cities1 9 excess ( o!r taxes2 ! sums s rais$ to be us$ = ! purpose ( introduc+ ,manual ,tra9+ into ! public s*ools4 ,9 #ahie ,wyom+ au?oriz$ s*ool bo>ds to e/abli% ,manual ,tra9+ 9 ! public s*ools4 ,9 #ahie ,wiscons9 au?oriz$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ,manual ,tra9+ 9 its public s*ools provid+ /ate aid = ! same1 b limit+ ! numb] to receive /ate aid to t5 high-s*ools to be select$ by ! /ate sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools4 ,! be/ ( exi/+ /ate-aid laws is t ( ,m>yl&1 enact$ ,april #g1 #ahih4 ,x is v lib]al & w d\btless greatly /imulate ! progress ( ! new education 9 t /ate4 ,! ,wiscons9 law gives #bej to ea* ( its s*ools p] ye>1 & ! ,new ,j]sey law duplicates :atev] ! s*ool bo>d raises = t purpose4 ,b ! ,m>yl& law gives #aejj to ea* s*ool ! fir/ ye>1 & #ej p] pupil p] ye> !reaft]1 up to ! limit ( #aejj p] s*ool p] ye>--en\gh1 probably1 to pay ! entire exp5se ( ! sy/em4 ,foll[+ is ! text ( ! /atute3 8,:]eas1 ,! e/abli%m5t ( well-conduct$ & lib]ally support$ s*ools1 or dep>tm5ts1 9 "o ( ! l>ge grad$ s*ools or high-s*ools 9 ea* c\nty ( ! /ate1 = ! developm5t & tra9+ ( ! manual ability ( pupils1 mu/ t5d to supply a gr[+ want 9 ea* c\nty ( ! /ate2 & ,:]eas1 ,x is especially ! duty ( ! /ate to af=d ! be/ educational facilities to its y\? 9 ^? te*nical /udies :i* are directly associat$ ) ! mat]ial prosp]ity ( its p2 & ,:]eas1 ,x is = ! be/ int]e/s ( ?is /ate t ! color$ population ( ea* c\nty %all h an opportunity = ! e/abli%m5t ( sep>ate indu/rial s*ools2 !re=e1 ,,sec4 #a4 ,be x enact$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ,m>yl&1 ,t x %all be ! duty ( ! bo>d ( c\nty s*ool commission]s1 :5 a suitable build+1 or room or rooms connect$ ) "o ( ! l>ge grad$ s*ools or high-s*ools %all be provid$ by ! c\nty1 or money suffici5t = ! erection ( su* build+1 or room or rooms1 to accept ! same 7if1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! bo>d1 !re is any necessity !re=71 & !reaft] to provide = ! ma9t5ance ( a ,manual ,tra9+ s*ool1 or ,manual ,tra9+ dep>tm5t1 = said c\nty1 & ! sal>ies ( tea*]s & ,manual ,tra9+ in/ructors1 out ( ! g5]al s*ool fund & ! /ate aid h]e9aft] provid$4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,& be x enact$1 ,t :5ev] a ,manual ,tra9+ s*ool1 or ,manual ,tra9+ dep>tm5t1 is op5$ 9 any c\nty1 ! presid5t & secret>y ( ! bo>d ( c\nty s*ool commission]s ( said c\nty %all report to ! secret>y ( ! /ate bo>d ( education1 & ! /ate bo>d ( education %all1 )\t delay1 proce$ to appo9t ! pr9cipal ( ! /ate normal s*ool1 or "o ( ! tea*]s 9 said s*ool1 well qualifi$ = su* s]vice1 to visit ! s*ool & give a c]tificate ( approval ( its condition & ! plan ^u :i* x is conduct$2 & !reaft] ! presid5t & secret>y ( ! bo>d ( c\nty s*ool commission]s %all report to ! comptroll] ! condition ( ! s*ool1 ! numb] ( in/ructors1 & ! numb] ( pupils enroll$1 on or be=e ! tw5tie? day ( ,janu>y 9 ea* ye>4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,& be x enact$1 ,t ! comptroll] ( ! treasury1 aft] receiv+ ! c]tificate ( approval conc]n+ ! c\nty ,manual ,tra9+ s*ool1 or ,manual ,tra9+ dep>tm5t1 accord+ to ! provisions ( ! second section ( ?is act1 is h]eby au?oriz$ & direct$ to issue 8 w>rant ^u ! treasur] ( ! /ate = ! sum ( fifte5 hundr$ doll>s1 payable to ! ord] ( ! treasur] ( ! bo>d ( c\nty s*ool commission]s ( ! c\nty fil+ ! c]tificate ( approval a=esaid1 out ( any moneys 9 ! /ate treasury n o!rwise appropriat$1 on ! fir/ day ( ,octob] 9 ea* ye>1 = ! support ( said ,manual ,tra9+ s*ool1 or ,manual ,tra9+ dep>tm5t4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,& be x enact$1 ,t ! c\nty ,manual ,tra9+ s*ool1 or ! ,manual ,tra9+ dep>tm5t & ! s*ool to :i* x is atta*$1 %all be "u ! managem5t & control ( ! bo>d ( c\nty s*ool commission]s4 ,,sec4 #e4 ,& be x enact$1 ,t x %all be ! duty ( ! bo>d ( c\nty s*ool commission]s ( ea* c\nty 9 ?is /ate1 :5ev] a suitable build+1 or room or rooms connect$ ) "o ( ! color$ s*ools ( said c\nty1 %all be provid$ by ! c\nty to accept ! same1 if 9 ! judgm5t ( ! said bo>d !re is any necessity !re=1 & !reaft] to provide = ! ma9t5ance ( su* memb] numb] ( sep>ate color$ indu/rial s*ools z 9 _! judgm5t may be ne$$1 & ! sal>ies ( su* tea*]s z may be requir$ = t purpose %all be paid out ( ! g5]al fund & ! /ate aid h]e9aft] provid$4 ,,sec4 #f4 ,& be x enact$1 ,t :5ev] any su* sep>ate color$ indu/rial s*ool or s*ools are op5$ 9 any c\nty1 ! presid5t & secret>y ( ! bo>d ( c\nty s*ool commission]s ( said c\nty %all report ! fact to ! secret>y ( ! /ate bo>d ( education1 & ! /ate bo>d ( education %all )\t delay proce$ to appo9t a prop] p]son well qualifi$ = su* s]vice1 to visit ! said s*ool or s*ools & give a c]tificate ( approval ( its condition & ! plan ^u :i* x is conduct$1 & !reaft] ! presid5t & secret>y ( ! said bo>d %all report to ! comptroll] ( ?is /ate ! condition ( said s*ool or s*ools1 ! numb] ( in/ructors & ! numb] ( pupils enroll$ dur+ ! s*ool ye> la/ end$1 on or be=e ! #bj? day ( ,augu/ 9 ea* ye>4 ,,sec4 #g4 ,& be x enact$1 ,t ! comptroll] ( ! treasury ^u receiv+ ! c]tificate ( approval conc]n+ ! c\nty color$ indu/rial s*ool or s*ools1 z a=esaid1 accord+ to ! provisions ( ! six? section ( ?is act1 is h]eby au?oriz$ & direct$ to issue 8 w>rant ^u ! treasur] ( ! /ate = ! sum ( fifte5 hundr$ doll>s1 payable to ! ord] ( ! treasur] ( ! bo>d ( c\nty s*ool commission]s ( ! c\nty1 ^u ! fil+ ( ! c]tificates ( approval a=esaid1 out ( any moneys 9 ! /ate treasury n o!rwise appropriat$1 on ! fir/ day ( ,octob] 9 ea* ye>1 = ! support ( said color$ indu/rial s*ool or s*ools1 & !reaft] ! said indu/rial s*ool or s*ools %all be "u ! managem5t & control ( ! said bo>d ( c\nty s*ool commission]s4 ,,sec4 #h4 ,& be x enact$1 ,t no entire appropriation = ! b5efit ( any ,manual ,tra9+ s*ool1 provid$ = "u ?is act1 %all be paid z au?oriz$1 aft] ! fir/ annual appropriation1 unless said s*ool h _h an av]age daily att5dance ( ?irty s*ol>s = ! prec$+ ye>2 & 9 case said att5dance %all fall %ort ( said numb]1 !n !re %all only be paid t[>ds ! ma9t5ance ( said s*ool at ! rate ( fifty 7#ej4jj7 doll>s = ea* s*ol> ( its daily av]age annual att5dance1 to be det]m9$ by ! report h]e9be=e requir$ to be made to ! comptroll]4 ,,sec4 #i4 ,& be x enact$1 ,t no appropriation = ! b5efit ( ! color$ indu/rial s*ools ( any c\nty1 provid$ = "u ?is act1 %all be paid aft] ! fir/ annual appropriation1 unless ! av]age daily att5dance at su* s*ool or s*ools %all h be51 = ! prec$+ ye>1 at lea/ ?irty s*ol>s2 & 9 case said att5dance %all fall %ort ( said numb]1 !n !re %all be paid to ! treasur] ( ! c\nty s*ool commission]s ma9ta9+ said s*ool or s*ools1 only at ! rate ( fifty 7#ej4jj7 doll>s a s*ol>1 = ! daily av]age annual att5dance at ! same1 to be det]m9$ by ! report h]e9be=e requir$ to be made to ! comptroll]4 ,approv$ ,april #g1 #ahih40 ,! report ( ! /ate sup]9t5d5t ( public in/ruction = ,mi*igan1 = ! ye> #ahig1 %[s t ,k9d]g>t5s exi/ 9 ! public s*ools ( ! foll[+ cities & t[ns3 ,cities ( ov] #djjj population z %[n by /ate c5sus ( #ahid--;,albion1 ,big ,rapids1 ,cadillac1 ,calumet1 ,detroit1 ,escanaba1 ,gr& ,hav51 ,gr& ,rapids1 ,holl&1 ,ionia1 ,ironwood1 ,i%pem+1 ,jackson1 ,m5onimee1 ,mt4 ,clem5s1 ,muskegon1 ,negamee1 ,niles1 ,/4 ,joseph1 ,trav]se ,city1 ,we/ ,bay ,city1 ,wy&otte--tw5ty-two cities ( ov] #djjj population4 ,! tw5ty-f\r cities & t[ns ) less ?an #djjj population z %[n by /ate c5sus ( #ahid1 & hav+ ,k9d]g>t5s 9 _! public s*ools1 are3 ,algonac1 ,alma1 ,au ,sable1 ,c>o1 ,cry/al ,falls1 ,d[agiac1 ,fremont1 ,gre5ville1 ,h>t=d1 ,h\ghton1 ,i?aca1 ,lake ,l9d51 ,lake ,view1 ,mancelona1 ,mani/ique1 ,montague1 ,mor5ci1 ,na%ville1 ,p5twat]1 ,re$ ,city1 ,s& ,bea*1 ,/anton1 ,union ,city1 ,vass>4 ,su* ( ^! cities & t[ns z furni%$ reports w be f\nd 9 ! accompany+ tables2 f ! o!rs no data 0 receiv$4 ,two ?or\ghly equipp$ ,manual ,tra9+ s*ools are project$3 "o1 to be 9 ,pullman1 ,ill9ois1 is to result f a beque/ 9 ! w ( ! late ,mr4 ,george ,m4 ,pullman1 :o left a l>ge sum = its con/ruction1 & an annuity ( #be1jjj = its ma9t5ance2 ! o!r s*ool is to be built by ! ,calumet & ,hecla ,m9+ ,company1 at ,calumet1 ,mi*igan4 ,bo? ^! s*ools w be free1 & w probably become a "p ( ! public-s*ool sy/em ( _! respective t[ns4 ,! legislature ( ,massa*usetts 9 #ahih pass$ an act e/abli%+ a trade-s*ool = weav]s1 to be locat$ at ,l[ell1 ,massa*usetts1 provid$ ! city w\ld raise half ! money necess>y = its con/ruction1 ! /ate to pay ! o!r half4 ,?is is ! fir/ well-def9$ movem5t 9 ?is c\ntry to e/abli% public trade-s*ools to tea* ! trades prevail+ 9 ! locality ( ! s*ool4 ,europe has _m su* s*ools4 ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,russia4 ,!re is1 z yet1 no e/abli%$ national s*ool sy/em 9 ,russia4 ,! s*ool sy/ems ( ,f9l& & o!r ,russian dep5d5cies are prov9cial & local4 ,an imp]ial decree ( ,m>* #g1 #ahhh1 h[ev]1 conta9$ an elaborate plan = elem5t>y national education1 9 :i* ,manual ,tra9+1 ,te*nical1 & ,trade education 7 giv5 n only prom95ce b prec$5ce4 ,! doctr9e ( /ate aid to educational in/itutions is1 h[ev]1 fully & lib]ally recogniz$4 ,manual ,tra9+ 0 f\nd$ 9 ,russia 9 #ahfh1 z m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w1 by ,m4 ,victor ,della ,vos1 & reviv$ & ext5d$ 9 #ahhd by ! !n ,m9i/] ( ,f9ance1 :o s5t two tea*]s to ,nas1 ,sw$51 to take a six weeks' c\rse ( in/ruction1 & a work%op = boys' h& labor 0 ! same ye> e/abli%$ 9 connection ) ! ,tea*]s' ,in/itute 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,9 #ahhe ?is 0 made a p]man5t feature ( ,tea*]s' ,in/itute "w1 & an annual grant ( #cjjj rubles 7#afei7 0 vot$2 & 9 #ahhg a c\rse 9 metal "w 0 add$ to ?is s*ool4 ,9 #ahhh ?ree normal c\rses = in/ruct+ tea*]s 9 ,manual ,tra9+ 7 in/itut$ & subsidiz$ by ! imp]ial gov]nm5t4 ,"o ( ^! at ,novaia ,ladoga tra9s bo? city & c\ntry s*ool-tea*]s2 at ,riga1 city tea*]s only1 :ile at ,kiev only c\ntry tea*]s are tra9$4 ,! in/ruction ( tea*]s 9 ,manual ,tra9+ 0 also made "p ( ! tea*]s' in/itutes at ,glookhov1 ,vilna1 & ,or5boorg 9 #ahhi4 ,besides ^! !re 7 9 #ahij elev5 vacation in/itutes1 tra9+ two hundr$ & fifty tea*]s = ! "w ( imp>t+ manual in/ruction4 ,^! tea*]s' in/itutes1 vacation & p]man5t 7or normal s*ools71 h increas$ rapidly & receiv$ ri* subsidies f ! imp]ial treasury4 ,9 #ahia ! ,russian ,m9i/] ( ,w> introduc$ ,manual ,tra9+ into all ! cadet s*ools4 ,! mo/ rec5t available data indicate ! introduction ( ,manual ,tra9+ into "o hundr$ & sixte5 e/abli%m5ts1 z foll[s3 f\r tea*]s' in/itutes1 f\rte5 tea*]s' sem9>ies1 f\r int]m$iate s*ools1 =ty-f\r high] public s*ools1 & ?irty-f\r elem5t>y common s*ools4 ,a m rec5t report--:i*1 h[ev]1 is n at h&--is said to %[ rem>kable developm5ts 9 ,manual ,tra9+ 9 common & rural s*ools4 ,a brief survey ( te*nical & trade s*ools 9 ,russia foll[s4 ,! te*nical s*ools at ,mosc[ & ,/4 ,pet]sburg are imp]ial s*ools ( univ]sity grade1 ri*ly end[$1 & reput$ to be ! be/ equipp$ s*ools 9 ,europe4 ,! olde/ & be/ te*nical s*ool 9 ,mosc[ bel[ univ]sity rank1 & mak+ no attempt to tea* trades1 is ! ,komis>( ,te*nical ,s*ool1 f\nd$ 9 #ahfe by two railroad contractors4 ,x n[ receives gov]nm5t aid1 & has ab\t f\r hundr$ pupils4 ,! ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,te*nical ,education 9 #ahgc f\nd$ a s*ool call$ ! 8,me*anical ,h&icraft ,s*ool ( ,mosc[40 ,! gov]nm5t contributes #ajjj p] ye> to ?is s*ool4 ,!re are five te*nical s*ools hav+ a grade ( academic "w comp>able ) our high s*ools--! ,komis>( ,te*nical ,s*ool ( ,mosc[1 m5tion$ above1 f\nd$ 9 #ahfe2 ! ,lodz1 9 #ahfi2 ,irkootsk1 #ahgc2 ,kungursk1 #ahgg2 & ! ,omsk1 9 #ahhb4 ,! five s*ools _h #ajeb /ud5ts at date ( late/ available report4 ,trade-s*ools ( gramm> grade1 tw5ty-?ree 9 numb]1 _h #bdgd pupils4 ,( ^! s*ools ?ree 7 e/abli%$ 9 #ahfh2 "o 9 #ahga2 two 9 #ahgb2 "o 9 #ahgc2 "o 9 #ahgd2 "o 9 #ahge2 two 9 #ahgg2 "o 9 #ahgh2 two 9 #ahgi2 "o 9 #ahhj2 two 9 #ahhc2 two 9 #ahhe2 ?ree 9 #ahhf2 "o 9 #ahhg4 ,trade-s*ools ( prim>y grade1 sixty-?ree 9 numb]1 ) #befb pupils4 ,"o 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahfe2 "o 9 #ahff2 two 9 #ahfg2 "o 9 #ahgj2 "o 9 #ahga2 ?ree 9 #ahgb2 two 9 #ahgc2 five 9 #ahgd2 six 9 #ahge2 "o 9 #ahgf2 six 9 #ahgg2 f\r 9 #ahgh2 ?ree 9 #ahgi2 two 9 #ahhj2 two 9 #ahha2 f\r 9 #ahhb2 five 9 #ahhc2 five 9 #ahhd2 "o 9 #ahhe2 "o 9 #ahhf2 f\r 9 #ahhg2 two 9 #ahhh2 "o 9 #ahhi4 ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,f9l&4 ,f9l& 0 ! bir?place ( ! man :o fir/ devis$ & practis$ t me?od ( education kn[n z ,sloyd--a =m ( ,manual ,tra9+4 ,otto ,cygneans1 ( ,hels+=s ,tea*]s' ,sem9>y1 aft] a ?or\gh /udy ( ,froebel & ,pe/alozzi 7to :om he gives ample cr$it71 orig9at$ 9 #aheh a sy/em = c>ry+ ! education ( ! h& beyond ! k9d]g>t5 into all grades ( s*ools4 ,to ,f9l& also belongs ! cr$it ( be+ ! fir/ c\ntry to (ficially recognize ! value ( su* education4 ,s9ce #ahff 7sometimes /at$ #ahfh7 ,manual ,tra9+ 7,sloyd7 has be5 compulsory 9 all ! elem5tal & normal s*ools ( ,f9l&4 ,9 #ahif !re 7 f\r normal s*ools ) #efi /ud5ts1 & #ge1gab pupils tak+ ,manual ,tra9+ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools ( ! cities4 ,/ati/ics ( rural s*ools are n obta9able4 ,9 addition to ^!1 !re 7 9 #ahif =ty-two sep>ate & di/9ctively ,manual-tra9+ high-s*ools1 ) #ajcj pupils1 besides eight indu/rial s*ools1 ) #ef tea*]s & #chj pupils4 ,all are public s*ools4 ,!re are te*nical & trade s*ools ( all grades1 f ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool at ,hels+=s to ! elem5t>y trade & weav+ s*ools4 ,!re are sev5 s*ools :]e navigation is taught1 twelve weav+1 dye+1 & sew+ s*ools1 support$ :olly or 9 "p by ! gov]nm5t1 f\rte5 elem5t>y te*nical s*ools1 five high-grade te*nical s*ools1 & t5 trade-s*ools o!r ?an weav+ & navigation4 ,gov]nm5t aid is grant$ to all ( ^! s*ools4 ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,! activity ( ,g]many along ! l9e ( trade & te*nical s*ools1 imm$iately foll[+ ! ,c5t5nial ,exposition at ,philadelphia1 al>m$ ! p ( ,engl&1 produc+ 9 #ahhb :at has be5 t]m$ a 8,te*nical education sc>e40 ,! fri5ds ( ,manual ,tra9+1 act+ ^u ?is popul> & comm]cial anxiety1 secur$ ! passage ( ! 8,te*nical ,in/ruction ,act ( #ahhi40 ,by ! t]ms ( ?is act ! s*ools organiz$ "u x 7 n to be trade-s*ools2 & ! con/ruction put ^u ! expression 8,manual ,in/ruction0 makes ! t]m practically synonym\s ) our t]m ,manual ,tra9+4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! gr[? ( ^! s*ools4 ,! gr[? ( cook+ s*ools is also /ati/ically repres5t$ 9 ! table4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,manual ,,in/ruction ,,s*ools ,,( ,,cook]y ,,& ,,date ,,numb] ,,( ,,s*ools ,,dome/ic ,,sci5ce ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,numb] ( ,numb] ( ,s*ools ,numb] ( ,numb] ( ,s*ools ,e/abli%$ ,s*ools ,s*ools ,exi/+ 9 ,dur+ ,exi/+ 9,e/abli%$,numb] ( ,,ye> ,ye> ,nam$ ,ye> ,nam$ ,ye> ,nam$,dur+ ,ye> ,pupils ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #ahgf 44 44 #bi #bi 44 #ahgg 44 44 #abe #if 44 #ahgh 44 44 #agh #ec 44 #ahgi 44 44 #bbc #de 44 #ahhj 44 44 #bgf #ec 44 #ahha 44 44 #bii #bc 44 #ahhb 44 44 #cdg #dh 44 #ahhc 44 44 #dbj #gc #a1bea #ahhd 44 44 #eda #aba #g1eig #ahhe 44 44 #gae #agd #ag1ged #ahhf 44 44 #hab #ig #bd1ebf #ahhg 44 44 #iba #aji #cj1dca #ahhh 44 44 #a1jhf #afe #db1aei #ahhi 44 44 #a1cee #bfi #eg1eci #ahij #cj #cj #a1eed #aii #ff1hbj #ahia #ade #aae #a1gif #bdb #fh1bia #ahib #bhe #adj #b1aac #cag #ij1gid #ahic #dcj #ade #b1dai #cjf #ajh1aib #ahid #fgg #bdg #b1fcd #bae #abb1cbe #ahie #idi #bgb #b1gge #ada #acd1icj #acf ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #acf ,! numb] ( pupils tak+ ,manual ,tra9+ _c be giv52 z an indication1 h[ev]1 x may be said t ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d reports t 9 #ahie1 #cj1ejh boys 7 in/ruct$ 9 wood "w 9 ,london s*ools alone4 ,gov]nm5tal aid to draw+ & ,manual ,tra9+1 :5 incorporat$ 9 ! curriculum ( day gramm>-grade s*ools1 ev5+ 8cont9uation s*ools10 & tea*]s' tra9+ colleges1 is be/[$ ?r\gh ! executive dep>tm5t1 /yl$ 8,! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t40 ,special att5tion is paid to tra9+ tea*]s 9 ! tea*]s' colleges1 s t !y w be able to give in/ruction 9 ,manual ,tra9+4 ,?is is specially true to gramm>-grade tea*]s4 ,9 #ahid #ef tea*]s' colleges 7 giv+ ,manual ,tra9+ to #d1dcd tea*]-pupils1 ! gov]nm5t grant+ #ac1bij 9 aid ( su* tra9+4 ,9 #ahie1 ! sci5ce & art dep>tm5t1 ^u exam9ations aid$ #iaj elem5t>y ,manual-tra9+ s*ools1 giv+ in/ruction to #fg1dgj pupils2 ! am\nt ( aid grant$ 0 #ha1ecg4 ,9 #ahij a law 0 pass$ emp[]+ c\nty c\ncils to use ! surplus f duties on liquor to aid ,manual-tra9+ & te*nical s*ools4 ,_m di/ricts use ! 8liquor money0 to e/abli% purely ,manual-tra9+ s*ools1 atta*+ !m to municipal te*nical s*ools4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ! 8liquor money0 goes to te*nical & art s*ools4 ,! report = #ahie %[s #e1fii1jdf appli$ by local au?orities to te*nical in/ruction "u ! 8liquor money0 law4 ,scotl& secur$ 9 #ahhg a law emp[]+ local au?orities to levy a tax ( a p5ny 9 ! p\nd = ! support ( te*nical s*ools4 ,9 #ahhi a simil> law 0 pass$ = ,engl&4 ,! ,wel% law ( #ahhi organiz+ int]m$iate s*ools1 recognizes & def9es ,manual ,tra9+4 ,^! acts l$ up to ! 8liquor money0 law ref]r$ to4 ,! ,city & ,guilds ( ,london ,in/itute1 organiz$ 9 #ahgf1 is ! pr9cipal private promot] ( te*nical education 9 ,engl&4 ,?is organization has f\nd$ ?ree s*ools ( its own1 besides aid+ lib]ally simil> s*ools 9 all p>ts ( ! k+dom4 ,) ! exception ( ! well-kn[n ,s\?-,k5s+ton s*ool1 ! ,man*e/] s*ool1 & ! ,birm+ham s*ools1 ! te*nical s*ools ( ,engl&1 z well z its ,manual-tra9+ s*ools & k9d]g>t5s1 are ( rec5t orig94 ,hudd]sfield ,te*nical ,s*ool1 f\nd$ z a me*anics' in/itute 9 #ahda1 is ano!r exceptionally old & especially good s*ool ( its class4 ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,switz]l&4 ,z ea* canton regulates its own s*ool sy/em1 ! f$]al con/itution requir+ only t education mu/ be obligatory & free1 ! same div]sity ( conditions exi/s 9 ! cantons ( ,switz]l& t is f\nd 9 ! /ates ( our own ,union3-- ,?us 9 ! canton ( ,g5eva1 k9d]g>t5s & ,manual-tra9+ s*ools are a "p ( ! public-s*ool sy/em1 entirely support$ by public funds1 & ,manual ,tra9+ is compulsory = all male pupils1 9 all grades ( ! public s*ools4 ,! gradual advance f k9d]g>t5 "w to prim>y1 gramm>1 & high-s*ool1 makes a complete c\rse 9 ,manual ,tra9+ 9 ! s*ools ( ,g5eva--p]haps ! mo/ complete to be f\nd 9 any s+le public-s*ool sy/em4 ,9 o!r cantons1 h[ev]1 k9d]g>t5s exi/ g5]ally z private in/itutions1 aid$ by public funds & contributions f societies & individuals4 ,! gr[? ( k9d]g>t5s 9 ,switz]l& by ye>s _c be %[n f any data at h&2 ! foll[+ table1 h[ev]1 %[s ! /atus at ! date ( mo/ rec5t available data3 ,,pupils ,,& ,,tea*]s ,,9 ,,k9d]g>t5s ,,( ,,switz]l& ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,numb] ( ,sep>ate ,numb] (,numb] ( ,,canton ,k9d]g>t5s ,pupils ,tea*]s ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,zuri* #fa #c1ecb #gi ,b]ne #fb #b1eej #fc ,luc]ne #c #bfj #f ,uri #a 44 44 ,s*wytz #d #ia #d ,unt]wald5 #b #he #b ,zug #e #ahh #f ,freyburg #aj #iab #aj ,soleure #h 44 44 ,basel ,t[n #cb #b1aag #df ,basel ,l& #h #deb #h ,app5zell ,out] ,rhodes #af #hdc #ai ,app5zell ,inn] ,rhodes #a #fj #b ,grisons #b #hj #d ,a>gau #ac 44 #ac ,tic9o #bc #a1cea #dc ,vaud #afj #d1jjj #afj ,valais #c #bdi #c ,neu*tel #cf #iig #cf ,g5eva #fe #c1hgb #he ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,total #eae #ba1fci #ehi ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,manual ,tra9+ = boys 0 introduc$ into ! ,switz]l& s*ools 9 #ahhd by ,m4 ,rud91 :o 9 t ye> in/ruct$ a class ( =ty tea*]s2 9 #ahia ov] "o hundr$ tea*]s 7 tak+ a ,manual-tra9+ c\rse "u 8 in/ruction4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! gr[? ( ,manual ,tra9+ to #ahhi1 or five ye>s aft] its introduction4 ,m rec5t data are un=tunately n available4 ,,manual-,,tra9+ ,,classes ,,9 ,,switz]l& --------------------------------------- ,numb] (,numb] (,numb] ( ,,canton ,classes ,pupils ,tea*]s --------------------------------------- ,zuri* #ai #cje #ac ,basel #cb #eeh #ai ,sa9t ,gall #f #abb #h ,s*affhaus5 #b #abj #b ,grisons #b #dh #b ,?urgau #b #df #a ,soleure 44 #dj #a ,a>gau #a 44 #a ,b]ne #e #age #e --------------------------------------- ,classes 9 ,manual ,tra9+ are report$ f ! cantons ( ,vaud1 ,neu*tel1 ,app5zell1 ,freyburg1 & ,gl>us2 b /ati/ics are n giv54 ,manual ,tra9+ = girls has be5 an integral "p ( ! public s*ools ( ,switz]l& = _m ye>s1 & 9 practically all ( ! cantons ?is in/ruction is obligatory4 ,! in/ruction consi/s 9 knitt+1 sew+1 m5d+1 cutt+1 & fitt+1 ) lectures on h\se-keep+1 & 0 introduc$ into ! s*ools r = its indu/rial use ?an 9 recognition ( its educational value4 ,switz]l& e>ly recogniz$ ! importance ( te*nical in/ruction & ! developm5t ( artisan skill4 ,! ,municipal ,s*ool ( ,art at ,g5eva 0 f\nd$ 9 #agea1 & is int5d$ z a s*ool = work+-m54 ,x is ! olde/ 9 ,switz]l&4 ,! work+-man's s*ool at ,b]ne 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahbi1 &1 ?\gh a private in/itution1 x is subsidiz$ by ! f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool at ,zuri* 0 f\nd$ by ! f$]al gov]nm5t 9 #ahed4 ,! ,indu/rial ,s*ool 9 t city1 f\nd$ 9 #ahgc by a society1 is subsidiz$ by ! city1 canton1 & f$]al gov]nm5t4 8,! ,tecknikum0 ( ,w9t]?ur1 probably ! mo/ complete ( its class ( s*ools1 0 f\nd$ z a cantonal in/itution 9 #ahgc4 ,! mo/ ext5sive are ! te*nical in/itutions = ! education ( work+-m54 ,! gov]nm5t began ! e/abli%m5t ( ^! at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury4 ,by #ahfe1 n9ety-"o _h be5 e/abli%$2 9 #ahhi1 elev5 hundr$ & eighty-f\r ( ^! s*ools1 hav+ #bf1gaf pupils1 7 report$4 ,trade-s*ools h sprung up ev]y:]e1 adapt+ !mselves to local indu/ries & common ne$s4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,wat*mak+1 at ,fleuri]1 0 f\nd$ z a private in/itution 9 #ahej1 b has be5 municipal prop]ty s9ce #ahge4 ,municipal ,s*ools ( ,wat*mak+ exi/ at ,*aux-de-,fonds1 #ahfe2 ,/4 ,imi]1 #ahff2 ,locle1 #ahfh2 ,neu*tel1 #ahga2 ,bi5ne1 #ahgb2 ,por5truy1 #ahhc1 is a municipal & /ate s*ool1 z is also t at ,soleure1 #ahhd4 ,! ,trade ,s*ool = ,wom5 is a private in/itution ( ,basel1 f\nd$ 9 #ahgi2 t ( ,b]ne1 9 #ahhh4 ,^! s*ools are f\nd$ by ,societies = ! ,advancem5t ( ,public ,utility1 & tea* wom5 ! mill9]y & dress-mak+ trades1 & give in/ruction 9 h\sehold "w1 & all ! means by :i* wom5 c become self-support+4 ,! societies h also f\nd$ num]\s ,h\se-keep+ ,s*ools1 & ,s*ools = ,dome/ic ,s]vants4 ,no attempt is "h made to give a complete li/ ( ,switz]l&'s trade-s*ools1 or ! ef=ts be+ made to advance ! skill ( h] artisans4 ,x is b prop]1 h[ev]1 to m5tion ! late/ ef=ts to ov]come ! difficulties gr[+ out ( ! decl9e 9 appr5tice%ip4 ,9 #ahhd ! ,mannheim ,trade ,unions ask$ = a committee ( inve/igation into ! condition ( ! small trades4 ,! committee report$1 recomm5d+ ! adoption ( a sugge/ion receiv$ f ! ,k>lsruhe ,trades ,union4 ,x 0 9 effect1 t ma/]-workm5 :o are will+ to tra9 appr5tices sy/ematically1 accord+ to regulations prescrib$ by s*ool au?orities1 %all be aid$ by ! /ate treasury4 ,9 #ahhh ,bad5 appropriat$ #ejjj m>ks p] annum = ?is purpose1 & 9 #ahib tw5ty-two trades1 or "o hundr$ & tw5ty-two work%ops1 hav+ "o hundr$ & eighty appr5tices1 7 subsidiz$4 ,9 #ahie ! appropriation 0 increas$4 ,9 #ahih ! f$]al gov]nm5t ( ,switz]l& adopt$ ! plan & purposes to greatly ext5d x4 ,! result ( ?is is1 practically1 t e skill$ ma/]-workman :o desires may become to a c]ta9 ext5t a public-s*ool tea*]1 & e factory or work%op is1 or may become1 a s*ool-h\se4 ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,g]many4 ,! (ficials ( ! regul> s*ool sy/ems ( ,g]many1 :ile = "s ye>s pa/ active 9 advanc+ trade-s*ools1 h nev] recogniz$ ,manual ,tra9+ z wor?y a place 9 ! public s*ools1 except z reg>ds female h&iwork1 :i* is ev]y:]e a "p ( ! c\rse 9 gramm> & high s*ools = girls4 ,individuals1 & 8societies = ! promotion ( practical education10 mu/ !re=e take ! initiative 9 ,manual ,tra9+1 & ?is results ei!r 9 private s*ools1 or 9 p]suad+ municipal or /ate au?orities to annex a ,manual-tra9+ dep>tm5t to "s public s*ool4 ,( ! #cbh ,manual-tra9+ s*ools = boys exi/+ 9 #ahib1 #abf 7 indep5d5t s*ools1 & #bjb 7 annexes atta*$ to o!r educational in/itutions ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,special societies ma9ta9 #ej s*ools & #gb annexes1 ( ! above total1 :ile municipal au?orities ma9ta9 #gj s*ools & /ate au?orities #ff annexes4 ,! gr[? by ye>s s9ce #ahgh is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ------------------------------------- ,,e/abli%$ ,indep5d5t ,annexes to ,s*ools ,o!r ,s*ools ------------------------------------- ,prior to #ahgh 44 #bf #ahgh #a 44 #ahgi #c 44 #ahhj #d #d #ahha #i #f #ahhb #d #c #ahhc #b #f #ahhd #c #aj #ahhe #b #aa #ahhf #a #i #ahhg #h #aa #ahhh #ac #aa #ahhi #ai #bc #ahij #ba #cj #ahia #bg #cf #ahib #i #af ------------------------------------- ,total #abf #bjb ------------------------------------- ,9 #ahib !re 7 #bhe tea*]s & #gcgd pupils 9 ! indep5d5t s*ools2 #cfc tea*]s & #fhda pupils 9 ! annexes1 or #fdh tea*]s & #ad1bce pupils 9 bo?4 ,:ile some?+ _h be5 done 9 ,g]many 9 ! way ( trade-s*ools prior to t date1 ! g5]al int]e/ & (ficial zeal 0 creat$ by ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition at ,philadelphia 9 #ahgf1 :5 ,pr(essor ,reuleaux cabl$ to ,bism>ck1 8,our goods are *eap b wret*$40 ,! v>i\s /ates began to inaugurate ! educational sy/em t _h made ! manufactures ( ,france s sup]ior to ^? ( h] competitor1 & f #ahgi to #ahij ov] #ej trade-s*ools 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,prussia4 ,"s ( ! ,g]man /ates1 notably ,saxony & ,wrtemb]g1 _h e>ly e/abli%$ trade-s*ools4 ,9 #ahcg ?ree royal labor-s*ools 7 e/abli%$ by ! /ate ( ,saxony2 "o 9 #ahch1 & two 9 #ahdj4 ,special s*ools = in/ruction 9 weav+1 embroid]y1 & lace-mak+ 7 e/abli%$2 "o 9 #ahce1 "o 9 #aheg1 "o 9 #ahfa1 "o 9 #ahff1 & "o 9 #ahha4 ,( ! #cb trade-s*ools 9 ,saxony sev5 h be5 e/abli%$ s9ce #ahhf4 ,9 ! #bj 8,kle9/aat50 or s-call$ small /ates ( ,g]many !re 71 9 #ahie1 #bah trade-s*ools hav+ #bjdg pupils4 ,practically all ( ^! h be5 e/abli%$ s9ce #ahgi4 ,! city ( ,b]l9 9 #ahie report$ #ba trade-s*ools ) #hiib pupils1 #ccb tea*]s1 & exp5ditures 7exclusive ( /ate aid7 = ^! s*ools ( #abi1ajb2 besides #hj1cci sp5t = trade education 9 s-call$ 8cont9uation0 s*ools4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahig1 ! numb] ( /ud5ts att5d+ ^! s*ools 9 ,b]l9 0 #ad1gej1 or #a p] c5t4 ( ! population4 ,x w be int]e/+1 9 view ( ! antagoni/ic attitude ( ! s*ool au?orities to ! introduction ( ,manual-tra9+ me?ods 9 public s*ools f k9d]g>t5s up1 to note h[ long ,g]many w foll[ ! trade-s*ool exp]im5t ( ,france1 )\t le>n+1 z did ,france1 to fit h] boys = ! trade-s*ools by putt+ _! little h&s to s*ool 9 ! k9d]g>t51 ! prim>y s*ool1 & s on ?r\gh gramm> & high s*ool2 s t by ! "t ! trade-s*ool comes 9 to diff]5tiate & acc5tuate special skill1 ! boy w h le>n$ equally ! use & control ( muscle & ( m9d4 ,! highe/ results ( trade-s*ools ^u a nation's manufactures1 & !re=e ^u its exports & its weal?1 _c be realiz$ until ! ,manual-tra9+ s*ool has furni%$ ! educat$ h& z raw mat]ial = ! trade-s*ool to "w ^u4 ,! nation t beg9s ) ! trade-s*ool fir/ w h a long & exp5sive lesson to le>n4 ,france le>n$ x4 ,w ,g]many require z long & exp5sive a tuition8 ,g]many has1 h[ev]1 ! advantage1 9 t _m ( h] private citiz5s1 & 8societies = practical education10 are1 z usual1 f> m intellig5t ?an h] s*ool au?orities4 ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,france4 ,! ?or\gh reorganization ( ! public s*ools ( ,france by ! law ( ,june #af1 #ahha1 r5d]s any ref]5ce to ! prior sy/em unnecess>y "h4 ,by ?is law prim>y education 0 r5d]$ absolutely free2 & by ! law ( ,m>* #bh1 #ahhb1 compulsory education = all *ildr5 betwe5 ! ages ( #f & #ac ye>s 0 e/abli%$4 ,! law ( ,octob] #cj1 #ahhf1 sy/ematiz$ ! public s*ools1 classify+ & grad+ !m1 & fix+ a curriculum4 ,k9d]g>t5s admitt+ pupils f ! ages ( #b to #f ye>s 7 made g5]al by ?is law1 & 9 #ahhf-hg !re 7 #ceig k9d]g>t5s ) #edc1hci pupils4 ,9 #ahie ?is numb] _h gr[n to #dgcd k9d]g>t5s1 #gad1gcd pupils1 & #iaii tea*]s1 all wom54 ,! gov]nm5t programme contemplates t ,manual ,tra9+ prop] %all beg9 :]e its elem5ts 9 ! k9d]g>t5 leave (f1 & be cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! f\r grades ( prim>y in/ruction4 ,b ! full purpose ( ! law seems sl[ ( realization1 = 9 #ahij1 f\r ye>s aft] ! passage ( ! law1 only #djj %op-s*ools ( prim>y grade _h be5 e/abli%$1 #aja ( ^! 9 ,p>is4 ,manual ,tra9+ has be5 compulsory 9 all public high-s*ools ( ,france s9ce #ahhf4 ,^! may be ei!r indep5d5t s*ools or classes annex$ to an elem5t>y s*ool4 ,9 ! latt] case !y are call$ c\rs complm5taires4 ,9 #ahhf !re 7 #af1bag boys & #eaej girls 9 public high-s*ools2 9 #ahie !re 7 #ba1iif boys & #hffj girls1 a rise ( #ce p] c5t4 = boys & ( #fh p] c5t4 = girls 9 ! t5 ye>s4 ,9 ! c\rs complm5taires !re 7 #aa1eah boys & #ebbc girls 9 #ahie1 an increase ( #cg p] c5t4 = boys & #bf p] c5t4 = girls ov] ! figures = #ahhf4 ,?is result 0 n1 h[ev]1 accompli%$ at once4 ,!re _h be5 ! usual /ruggle = ,manual-tra9+ s*ools be=e ! law ( #ahhf made !m univ]sal & compulsory4 ,! s*ool au?orities ( ,p>is introduc$ sew+ into ! public s*ools 9 #ahfg1 & 9 #ahgc ,m4 ,salicis began ! introduction ( ,manual ,tra9+ into :at we w\ld t]m gramm>-s*ools4 ,%ops 7 annex$ to ! boys' s*ool 9 ! ,rue ,t\rne=t 9 #ahgc4 ,f t "t until ! g5]al law ( #ahhf ! gr[? 0 gradual4 ,!re are 9 ,france a l>ge numb] ( ,manual ,appr5tice%ip s*ools4 ,!y are a k9d ( prim>y trade-s*ool4 ,prior to #ahhj v>i\s cities1 z ,p>is1 ,havre1 ,rheims1 etc41 _h f\nd$ appr5tice%ip s*ools4 ,private s*ools ( ! same "* _h be5 e/abli%$ by individuals & indu/rial associations4 ,! law ( #ahhj organiz$ ^! ef=ts1 assimilat$ all ^! in/itutions1 & br\ght !m "u ! control ( ! public4 ,! t5d5cy to br+ all indu/rial in/itutions1 :e!r classical1 manual1 trade1 or te*nical1 "u control ( ! /ate has be5 v m>k$ s9ce #ahhj 9 ,france1 & /ill m s s9ce ! law ( #ahhf4 ,( ! six indu/rial & h\se-keep+ s*ools = girls 9 ,p>is f\r 7 f\nd$ by ! city2 ! o!rs 7 private in/itutions absorb$ by ! city--"o 9 #ahhd1 ! o!r 9 #ahhf4 ,!y are ( high-s*ool grade1 &1 9 addition to g5]al dome/ic economy1 tea* special trades to wom51 su* z mill9]y & artificial fl[] "w4 ,! nation ma9ta9s high-class trade & te*nical s*ools 9 all indu/ries important to h] comm]ce4 ,& !re c be no d\bt t ! excell5ce ( h] manufactures has its orig9 9 ! l>ge numb]1 v>iety1 & excell5ce ( h] free s*ools4 ,! ,national ,s*ool ( ,wat*-mak]s 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahdh by ! gov]nm5t ( ,savoy1 & reorganiz$ by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t 9 #ahij4 ,! ,national ,s*ools ( ,arts & ,trades1 f\r 9 numb]1 are ! olde/ & mo/ important ( ! public in/itutes ( te*nology & trades4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 f\nd$ z a private in/itution 9 #aghj1 & became national prop]ty dur+ ! ,fir/ ,republic4 ,! second ( ^! s*ools 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahjd1 ! ?ird 9 #ahdc1 & ! f\r? complet$ 9 #ahib4 ,^! s*ools in/ruct fully 9 ! me*anical arts1 ! purpose be+ to educate at public exp5se ?or\ghly equipp$ sup]9t5d5ts & ma/]s ( work%ops = indu/rial e/abli%m5ts4 ,su*1 too1 is ! purpose ( ! ,c5tral ,s*ool ( ,arts & ,manufactures at ,p>is1 :i*1 f\nd$ z a private in/itution 9 #ahbi1 became ! prop]ty ( ! /ate 9 #aheg4 ,s*ools ( ,m9+1 su* z ! "o at ,h\ghton1 ,mi*igan1 are locat$1 "o at ,p>is 7,national ,high-s*ool ( ,m9es72 "o at ,/4 ti5ne 7,s*ool ( ,m9es72 & s*ools = ma/] m9]s at ,alais & at ,d\ai4 ,! ,national ,cons]vatory ( ,arts & ,trades1 f\nd$ by ! ,national ,conv5tion 9 #agid1 began 9 #ahai1 "u special ord9ance ( ! gov]nm5t1 gratuit\s c\rses ( in/ruction ^u ! application ( ! sci5ces & indu/rial arts4 ,x is to indu/rial education :at ! ,college ( ,france is to classicism & 8pure sci5ce0--:atev] t may mean4 ,no attempt is "h made to give a complete li/ ( ! trade & te*nical s*ools ( ,france1 :e!r public or private4 ,!y are exce$+ly num]\s1 & cov] e phase ( indu/ry4 ,! purpose "h1 h[ev]1 is to call att5tion to ! fact t ,france began ) trade-s*ools1 &1 aft] a hundr$ ye>s ( exp]im5t+ ) trade & te*nical in/itutions1 %e rea*$ ! wisdom embodi$ 9 ! laws ( #ahhf & #ahij1 :i* provide = ! tra9+ ( ! h& ( ! *ild 9 ! k9d]g>t5 & cont9u\sly ?r\ghput ! s*ool age1 ?us furni%+ apte/ possible pupils = h] high] trade & te*nical in/itutes1 & ! greate/ possible developm5t ( skill = h] indu/ries4 ,! "* ( h] manufactures %[s ! importance ( ! s*ol> 9 indu/ry4 ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,italy4 ,discussions 9 #ahhb & #ahhe l$ to an (ficial adoption ( ,manual ,tra9+ 9 normal s*ools 9 #ahib1 :5 tw5ty select$ tea*]s 7 giv5 "o mon?'s gratuit\s tra9+4 ,9 #ahic ,sloyd 0 made obligatory 9 ! practice dep>tm5t ( all normal s*ools4 ,9 #ahic1 #cd m5 & #cd wom5 tea*]s 7 tak+ ! ,manual-tra9+ c\rse at ,repatrausone4 ,! s*ool au?orities 9 ,italy act+ ^u ! ,engli% idea ( tea*+ ,manual ,tra9+ to ! tea*]s fir/1 & s int]e/ !m t !y w introduce ,sloyd into ! elem5t>y s*ools ( _! di/ricts4 ,beyond ! /atem5t t ,manual ,tra9+ 0 exp]im5tally taught to #djj pupils 9 ,g5oa 9 #ahib1 no data is at pres5t obta9able z to ! success ( ?is plan4 ,!re are #aid indu/rial s*ools1 seek+ to tea* special indu/ries4 ,9 #ahhg !re 7 #dai te*nical s*ools1 ( m or less importance1 & #gd in/itutes ( second>y te*nology4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,ald9i-,val]iani in/itute 9 ,bologna1 f\nd$ 9 #ahcd1 & ! ,scuola ,pr(essionale at ,foggia1 e/abli%$ by ! /ate 9 #ahgb1 ! trade & te*nical s*ools ( ,italy seem to be ( rec5t orig94 ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,belgium4 ,! law ( ,july #a1 #ahgi1 reorganiz+ ! public-s*ool sy/em ( ,belgium1 made k9d]g>t5s a univ]sal & integral "p ( ! public s*ools4 ,*ildr5 are admitt$ at #c ye>s ( age1 rema9+ till sev54 8,at ,brussels1 ,liege1 & ,v]vi]s1 exp]im5tal transition classes exi/1 :i* prolong k9d]g>t5 me?ods 9 ! prim>y grades1 ! ,manual-tra9+ ex]cises ( ,froebel reappe>+ 9 ! prim>y s*ools1 & !re develop+ into "s simple =m ( actual h& labor1 ) pap]1 pa/ebo>d1 or clay4 ,! results h be5 v satisfactory40 ,9 #ahia ! city ( ,liege report$ #dgag *ildr5 att5d+ public k9d]g>t5s4 ,a normal s*ool = tra9+ k9d]g>t5 tea*]s is ma9ta9$ at ,liege4 ,9 #ahij ,belgium ma9ta9$ #ajdb k9d]g>t5s hav+ #ajd1gfj pupils4 ,! movem5t to g5]alize ,manual ,tra9+ 9 ! public s*ools began 9 #ahhb1 took def9ite %ape ?ree ye>s lat]1 & by #ahhg ! /ate made ,manual ,tra9+ obligatory 9 all /ate normal s*ools1 sixte5 9 numb]4 ,fifty cities also report$ ,manual ,tra9+ e/abli%$ 9 _! public s*ools 9 #ahhh4 ,! m rec5t reports1 :ile n giv5 mu* to /ati/ics1 %[ satisfactory gr[? 9 ! sy/em4 ,s*ools ( appr5tice%ip & ( trade h receiv$ m enc\ragem5t 9 ,belgium ?an ,manual ,tra9+ has 9 ! s*ools ( gramm> & high-s*ool grades4 ,appr5tice%ip s*ools to tea* lace-mak+ to ! indig5t peasantry 7 e/abli%$ by ! /ate z e>ly z #aggf4 ,) ! introduction ( ma*9]y1 & ! expansion ( indu/ries1 ! "* ( ^! s*ools 0 *ang$4 ,abuses grew up4 ,academic tuition 0 ab&on$ = "w1 & ! s*ools practically turn$ ov] to f9ancial int]e/s ( ! exploit]s ( ! labor ( *ildr54 ,a reorganization occurr$ 9 #ahij :5 ! /ate subsidiz$ "s =ty ( ^! appr5tice%ip s*ools1 & aboli%$ _m o!rs4 ,trade-s*ools ( e v>iety1 f ! s*ools = fi%]m5 at ,o/5d & ,blank5b]g to ! fam\s trade-s*ools ( ,brussels1 ab\nd 9 ,belgium4 ,:ile ^! s*ools are = ! mo/ "p private s*ools1 !y are usually subsidiz$ by ! city or local gov]nm5t4 ,! indu/rial s*ool at ,gh5t is a te*nical s*ool ( importance f\nd$ 9 #ahbh4 ,t at ,t\rnay 0 op5$ 9 #ahda4 ,^! are ! olde/ s*ools ( _! type 9 ,belgium4 ,a new impetus 0 giv5 to ^! s*ools 9 #ahhe1 & f t date _m h sprung up 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 ! local indu/ries det]m9+ ! "* ( ! trade-s*ools4 ,! trade-s*ool at ,gh5t1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahij1 is ! be/ expression ( mod]n me?ods1 z di/+ui%$ f ! e>ly ideas repres5t$ by ,t\rnay4 ,?is s*ool 0 ov]cr[d$ ) pupils 9 #ahib4 ,! /ate grants a subsidy ( #fjjj francs 7#aaeh71 & ! prov9ce also aids ! s*ool4 ,9 #ahhi1 #ed indu/rial s*ools 7 report$ 9 ,belgium4 ,9 #ahgb a h\se-keep+ s*ool = girls 0 e/abli%$ by ,m4 ,smits1 ( ,c\illet1 ! fir/ ( its k9d 9 ,belgium4 ,9 #ahij !re 7 #afj1 & 9 #ahib1 #bej su* s*ools1 & classes 9 h\se-keep+ atta*$ to o!r s*ools4 ,practically all ( ^! 7 ei!r public s*ools or free classes 9 private in/itutions4 ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,au/ria4 ,9 ,au/ria no attempt is made to comb9e 9 ! same in/itutions ! discipl9e ( %op-"w & ! academics ( ! public s*ools4 ,! fir/ %op-s*ool 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,vi5na by a private association1 ,augu/ #aj1 #ahhc4 ,! second foll[$1 ,febru>y #af1 #ahhg4 ,9 #ahhd a normal s*ool = ! tra9+ ( ,manual-tra9+ tea*]s 0 e/abli%$4 ,at ,budape/ a ,manual-tra9+ s*ool 0 organiz$ by private initiative 9 #ahhf4 ,! municipal /atutes almo/ imm$iately requir$ "o su* s*ool to be ma9ta9$ by ea* s*ool di/rict1 & 9 #ahhi !re 7 9 ! twelve di/ricts sixte5 su* s*ools4 ,"o unimportant trade-s*ool dates back to #ahga2 b ) ! exception ( ! "w done 9 ,vi5na & ,budape/1 & a few s-call$ 8cont9uation s*ools0 & trade-s*ools1 no?+ ( importance 0 done by ,au/ria until #ahif4 ,! activity ( ! empire s9ce ! latt] date has be5 direct$ t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( appr5tice%ip s*ools4 ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,sw$51 ,,norway1 ,,& ,,d5m>k4 ,f ,f9l& ! new educational ideals develop$ by ,otto ,cygnaeus spread to ,sw$51 & !nce to ! _w at l>ge4 ,dr4 ,salomon ( ,nas introduc$ ,manual ,tra9+ 7,sloyd7 into 8 s*ool 9 #ahgb1 & 9 #ahgh !re 7 #ajc ,sloyd s*ools 9 ,sw$54 ,9 #ahgi !re 7 #afc2 9 #ahhj1 #bcd2 9 #ahha1 #cjj2 9 #ahhb1 #cgg2 9 #ahhc1 #dfc2 9 #ahhd1 #ehd2 9 #ahhe1 #gbg2 9 #ahhf1 #hgb2 9 #ahhg1 #iia2 9 #ahhh1 #aafg2 9 #ahij1 #abgh2 9 #ahia1 #adib2 9 #ahib1 #afbd2 9 #ahic1 #aghg2 9 #ahid1 #ahhg2 9 #ahie1 #bdhc2 or an increase ( #bchj 9 #ag ye>s4 ,9 #ahgg p>liam5t vot$ #djjj p] annum to advance ,sloyd in/ruction2 9 #ahia ?is 0 increas$ to #cj1jjj p] annum1 9 addition to am\nts giv5 by prov9cial au?orities1 agricultural & private societies1 & p>i% au?orities4 ,! ,nas sem9>y = ! in/ruction ( tea*]s ( ,sloyd 7,dr4 ,salomon's s*ool7 reports t #bfbg tea*]s ( ,sloyd _h be5 taught betwe5 #ahge & #ahif4 ,9 ! ,sloyd tea*]s tra9+-s*ool at ,/ockholm #egc wom5 in/ructors 7 taught 9 ! ye>s f #ahhe to #ahig1 inclusive4 ,!re are #cb ev5+ & holiday s*ools1 :i* 9 #ahie receiv$ a subsidy ( #ab1jfj4 ,!re is no def9ite data on ,manual ,tra9+ 9 ,norway e>li] ?an #ahhi1 ?\gh ,sloyd _h d\btless be5 introduc$ f adjac5t c\ntries prior to t "t4 ,by law1 h[ev]1 ,sloyd 0 made compulsory 9 all city elem5t>y & int]m$iate grade s*ools 9 #ahib1 & optional 9 village s*ools4 ,9 #ahia1 #ejfj 0 giv5 z a subsidy = tea*+ ,sloyd 9 #agh s*ools4 ,! numb] ( /ud5ts 9 rural elem5t>y s*ools 9 :i* ,sloyd is optional is giv5 at #bcf1afa2 numb] ( /ud5ts 9 city s*ools :]e ,sloyd is compulsory1 #eh1hga4 ,9 #ahhc ! fir/ ,dani% ,sloyd s*ool 0 e/abli%$4 ,! ,cop5hag5 ,sem9>y = in/ruct+ tea*]s ( ,sloyd 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahhe4 ,9 #ahhh1 #df s*ools report$ ,sloyd c\rses ) #bjjj pupils "u in/ruction2 ?is numb] 9 #ahhi _h gr[n to #ei1 & 9 #ahif to #aad4 ,( ?is latt] numb] #cj are regul> ,sloyd s*ools2 ! o!rs educational in/itutions hav+ ,sloyd z a "p ( ! c\rse4 ,9 #ahij1 #dcfh 0 appropriat$ to fur!r ! introduction ( ,sloyd into ! s*ools ( ,d5m>k4 ,9 ?is connection mu/ be m5tion$ ! 8,home ,indu/ry0 s*ools ( ,d5m>k4 ,n less ?an #ejj ( ^! s*ools exi/1 g5]ally atta*$ to o!r s*ools1 & support$ by #djj societies = promotion ( home indu/ries & by /ate aid4 ,x 0 ! p[]ful advocacy ( ^! s*ools by _! *ampion1 ,clauson-,kaas1 t delay$ ! introduction ( ,sloyd into ,dani% s*ools until #ahhc1 :5 ! influ5ce ( ,pr(essor ,mikkels5 began to ga9 ! asc5d5cy4 ,n only 0 ,clauson-,kaas a p[]ful man 9 8 advocacy ( ^! home indu/ry s*ools1 b equally vocif]\s & p>tisan 9 8 opposition to ,manual ,tra9+ or ,sloyd z a means ( education & intellectual developm5t4 ,9 ! t]rific /rife ( p>tisan s*ool-tea*]s z to :at con/itut$ education1 ! s*ools ( ,d5m>k n only det]iorat$ b 7 wellnigh clos$4 ,t ! home indu/ry s*ools _h _! use is witness$ by ! fact t practically e ,dani% h\sewife is n only an exp]t ne$lewoman & h\se-keep]1 b exp]t 9 all ^? arts t g by ! "n ( female h&icraft4 ,grade s*ools & te*nical education h n develop$ greatly 9 ,sc&9avian c\ntries4 ,sw$5 has two important s*ools = weav+1 ! ,eskil/una s*ool = metal-work]s1 & f\r te*nical s*ools4 ,norway has two s*ools = tea*+ ! wood-c>v]'s trade1 two ( c>p5try1 a s*ool = me*anics1 ?ree te*nical s*ools1 & f\r indu/rial s*ools = wom54 ,ap>t f ! num]\s s*ools ( home indu/ries1 difficult if n impossible to classify1 ,d5m>k has a trade-s*ool = %oemak]s1 & "o ( consid]able importance = wat*-mak]s4 ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,! ,,ne!rl&s4 ,! normal c\rse 9 ! ,ne!rl&s includes ,manual ,tra9+ = boys1 x be+ ! int5tion to tea* tea*]s fir/1 & to e/abli% ,manual ,tra9+ 9 ! s*ools lat]4 ,!re are a l>ge numb] ( trade & appr5tice%ip s*ools1 ! gov]nm5t tak+ f> m int]e/ 9 ^! ?an 9 ,manual ,tra9+4 ,9 #ahie !re 7 tw5ty 8,amba*ts*ol50 7= tra9+ t9n]s1 c>p5t]s1 & dy]s71 ) #bbie /ud5ts4 ,!re are =ty-eight indu/rial s*ools4 ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,arg5t9e ,,republic4 ,janu>y #ac1 #ahif1 a commission 0 appo9t$ to report a plan = ! introduction ( k9d]g>t5s & ,manual ,tra9+ into ! public-s*ool sy/em4 ,9 #ahig ! report 0 made1 & its recomm5dations 7 enact$ into a law go+ into effect ,janu>y #a1 #ahih4 ,! introduction ( ,manual ,tra9+ is to beg9 ) ! national colleges1 sixte5 9 numb]1 ) #bfbi pupils2 ! normal s*ools1 ?irty-five 9 numb]1 ) #aggj pupils4 ,ultimately "u ! law ,manual ,tra9+ w be adopt$ 9 ! #cgdi elem5t>y s*ools1 hav+ #bfd1bid pupils1 ?\gh no /ati/ics are at h& %[+ to :at ext5t ?is has be5 already accompli%$4 ,! pap]s pres5t$ be=e ! commission :i* sat ?r\gh ,febru>y1 #ahif1 7 ^u ! importance ( k9d]g>t5s z a basis = ,manual ,tra9+2 ,manual ,tra9+ z a means ( education2 ,manual ,tra9+ f ! hygi5ic /&po9t1 etc4 ,"s speak]s favor$ indu/rial r ?an ,manual-tra9+ s*ools1 b ! commission report$ t ! sy/em ( ,sloyd us$ at ,nas1 ,sw$51 ) c]ta9 modifications to suit local conditions1 0 ! prop] "o to adopt4 ,! k9d]g>t5 sy/em recomm5d$ is purely ,froebelian4 ,f "o ( ! pap]s read be=e ! commission x is le>n$ t ,manual ,tra9+ is a recogniz$ "p ( ! c\rse ( in/ruction 9 ! national colleges ( ,uruguay1 & to "s ext5t 9 its elem5t>y s*ools4 ,def9ite data = ,uruguay s*ools are n1 h[ev]1 at h&4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,ab/ract ideas reg>d$ z ( m vital importance ?an ?+s1 #ahe4 ,adam1 leg5d (1 & ! /ick1 #aeg4 ,adams1 ,*>les ,francis1 ,jr41 arraigns ! s*ools ( ,massa*usetts = automatism1 #bja2 decl>es t1 9 ! public s*ools1 *ildr5 are reg>d$ z automatons1 etc41 #bje4 ,adl]1 ,pr(4 ,felix1 decl>ation ( 9 note1 t manual tra9+ promotes rectitude1 #adb2 unique educational ent]prise (1 9 ,new ,york ,city1 #cdb2 extracts f report (1 z to purposes ( ! 8model s*ool101 #cdd1 #cde4 ,age ( =ce1 !1 is pass+ away1 #cjc4 ,age ( sci5ce & art1 !1 has begun1 #cjc4 ,agricola1 not$ = ! practice ( ! mo/ au/]e virtue1 #bgd2 aft] great s]vices1 0 retir$1 #bgd4 ,agricultural colleges1 manual tra9+ 9 twelve1 ( ! ,/ate1 #cda4 ,agriculture ne>ly p]i%es 9 ! ,middle ,ages--preval5ce ( fam9es1 #bha4 ,alabama1 ,agricultural & ,me*anical ,college (1 adopts manual tra9+1 #cee4 ,alcibiades kept n 8 patriotism :5 he 0 be+ wrong$1 #bee4 ,alison1 8 !ory ( ! cause ( ! decl9e ( ,rome1 #fc4 ,altruism1 /ability ( gov]nm5t dep5ds ^u1 #ace4 ,am]ica1 discov]y (1 ! cr[n+ act ( man's emancipation f ! gloom ( ! ,d>k ,ages1 #bhf2 gives w+s to hope1 #bhg2 />tles ! p ( ,europe f ! deep sleep ( a ?\s& ye>s1 #bhg2 a great bl[ to prevail+ dogmatisms1 #cjg2 completes ! figure ( ! e>?1 r5d]+ x susceptible ( intellig5t /udy1 #cjg4 ,am]ica1 e>ly immigration to1 consi/$ ( ,puritans & ,cavali]s1 ,g]mans1 ,fr5*m51 & ,iri%m51 #cjf2 de/9$ to become ! home ( an old civilization1 #cjf2 ! mann] 9 :i* ! coloni/s (1 treat$ ! natives %[$ ! ,roman ta9t ( savag]y1 #cjf2 ,european social abuses exagg]at$ 91 #cbc2 ! eyes ( mank9d re/ ^u1 alone ) hope1 #cbc4 ,am]icans1 are transplant$ ,europeans controll$ by ,european m5tal & moral habitudes1 #cbc2 w n vote away _! "r to vote1 #cbd1 #cbe4 ,anaxagoras1 8 *>act]ization ( man z ! wise/ ( animals because he has h&s1 #aeb4 ,anci5ts1 rev]5ce due !m = _! art triumphs1 #gc2 temples (1 rema9$ long z in/ructors ( succe$+ g5]ations1 #gc2 educational !ory (1 contra/$ ) t ( mod]ns1 #abc2 ignorance (1 on ! subject ( physiology1 #aec2 speculative philosophy ! only res\rce (1 #aec2 sl[ gr[? (1 9 morals due to ! fact ( _! neglect ( ! education ( woman1 #cff2 contempt (1 = *ildr51 #cfg4 ,anoss(f1 a ,russian g5]al1 exp]im5ts (1 9 ! ef=t to produce ,damascus /eel1 #gb4 ,antw]p1 ,flemi% silk-weav]s (1 flee to ,engl& ^u ! sack+ (1 #cd4 ,apollo1 bronze /atue (1 at ,rhodes1 #dg4 ,appr5tice sy/em1 !1 gives skill$ me*anics to ,engl&1 #aha4 ,appr5tices bett] educat$ ?an s*ool & college graduates1 #bci4 ,ar*itecture1 limit (1 atta9$ 9 ,greece & ,rome1 #gc4 ,ari/ocracy1 alliance (1 ) ! k+s1 #bij4 ,ari?metic1 automatism 9 tea*+ x 9 ! s*ools ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z %[n by ! ,walton report1 #aig2 ,colonel ,p>k]'s decl>ation 9 reg>d to ! defective me?ods ( in/ruction 91 #bjf1 #bjg4 ,arnold1 ,john1 inv5tor ( ! *ronomet]1 #hf2 8 +5i\s wat*1 ( ! size ( twop5ce & weight ( sixp5ce1 #hf4 ,art1 its cosmopolitan "*1 #ab2 ! product ( a sequ5tial s]ies ( /eps1 #gc2 ! pres]vation ( a record ( ea* /ep ess5tial to progress1 #gc2 pr9t+ makes e inv5tion 91 ! h]itage ( all ! ages1 #bhf2 triumphs due to ! labor]1 #bid2 ignor$ 9 educational sy/ems1 #cbf4 ,artisan1 !1 embodies ! discov]ies ( sci5ce 9 ?+s1 #ac2 m des]v+ ( v5]ation ?an ! arti/1 #gd2 reg>d$ ) disda9 by /atesm51 lawy]s1 littrateurs1 poets1 & arti/s1 #ahe2 education (1 m sci5tific ?an t ( m]*ants1 lawy]s1 judges1 etc41 #bbg2 tra9+ (1 is objective1 #bca2 intuitively %r9ks f ! false1 & /ruggles to f9d ! tru?1 #bca2 always 9 ! advance1 #bdb4 ,arti/s m highly e/eem$ ?an eng9e]s1 ma*9i/s1 & artisans1 #ahe4 ,arts1 ! f9e1 n s f9e z ! useful1 #gd2 c exi/ legitimately only z ! natural outgr[? ( ! useful arts1 #bgi2 ! s-call$ f9e arts mu/ wait = ! expansion & p]fection ( ! useful arts1 #chc2 civilization & !1 are "o1 #chd4 ,arts1 ! useful1 f9] ?an ! s-call$ f9e arts--_! processes m intricate1 #gd2 no limit to _! developm5t except ! exhau/ion ( ! =ces ( nature1 #gd2 neglect (1 by all ! gov]nm5ts ( ! _w is amaz+1 #agf2 ,plato's contempt (1 #agf2 no in/ruction is giv5 9 ! public s*ools1 #aha2 slav]y's br& ( %ame /ill ^u1 #aij2 no su* failure ( !1 z !re is ( ju/ice1 #bbg2 ! true measure ( civilization1 #bdg2 dep5d ^u labor1 #bgh2 prec$e ! f9e arts1 #bgi2 unkn[n 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 #bha2 /agnation 91 is ! dea? ( civilization1 #bhc4 ,a!nians & ,sp>tans z ?ieves1 #bee4 ,atk9son1 ,edw>d1 decl>es t ! p]fection ( our almo/ automatic me*anism is a*iev$ at ! co/ n only ( ! manual b ( ! m5tal developm5t ( our m51 #bja4 ,att5tion--! equival5t ( g5ius1 #chj4 ,aurelius1 ,m>cus1 sublime moral tea*+s (1 #ach4 ,au/ria1 ,emp]or (1 has a suit ( clo!s made f ! fleece 9 elev5 h\rs1 #hg2 increases h] debt ea* ye>1 #bif4 ,au?ority1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 *ill$ c\rage1 #bhd4 ,automata1 ( ! anci5ts--h9t ( mod]n automatic tools 91 #h2 ( ! mod]ns1 triumphs ( me*anical g5ius1 #hf4 ,automatism1 ( m9d & body1 #aia2 ( m9d promot$ by ! environm5t ( mod]n life1 #aib2 promotion (1 by ! s*ools1 #aic2 9 ! s*ools ( ,norfolk ,c\nty1 ,mass41 z %[n by ! ,walton report1 #aif2 z %[n 9 ! ,walton report 9 gramm>1 9 ari?metic1 9 read+1 9 p5man%ip1 9 spell+1 & 9 composition1 #aig1 #aih1 #aii2 a f9al & conclusive te/ ( ! preval5ce (1 9 ! s*ools1 #bjd4 ,b4 ,babylon1 ! hundr$ braz5 gates (1 #ee2 influ5ce ( ideas (1 9 full =ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates d[n to ! "t ( ! emancipation proclamation ( ,presid5t ,l9coln1 #aij4 ,bacon1 ,"l1 ! s*ool he wi%$ =1 #b2 8 aphorism1 #d2 8 apo!gm on ! sci5ces1 #ac2 condemns ! old sy/em ( education1 #abf2 8 op9ion ( ! univ]sities1 #abg2 8 proposal t a college be e/abli%$ = ! discov]y ( new tru?1 #ahe2 8 proposal to br+ ! m9d into accord ) ?+s1 #bde2 =esees ! k9d]g>t5 & ! manual tra9+ s*ool1 #bde2 celebrat$ aphorism (1 has _h b little influ5ce ^u ! me?ods ( our public s*ools1 #cbe2 ! basis ( 8 philosophy ( ?+s1 #cgd4 ,bacon1 ,rog]1 8 d>+ pr$iction ( me*anical wond]s1 #ih4 ,ballot1 p[] (1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cbd4 ,baltimore1 ,md41 manual tra9+ 91 #cdb4 ,bamb]g]1 ,mr4 ,g41 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,work+man's ,s*ool1 ,new ,york ,city--extracts f report (1 on purposes ( ! s*ool1 #cdc1 #cdd4 ,b>nesville1 ,o41 manual tra9+ 91 #cdb4 ,belfield1 ,dr4 ,h5ry ,h41 ,director ( ! ,*icago ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 #cdf2 8 e>ly appreciation ( ! m5tal value ( manual tra9+1 #cdh2 extracts f ! inaugural address (1 #cdh-cea4 ,bell1 ,sir ,*>les1 8 great discov]y ( ! muscul> s5se1 #adf2 8 def9ition ( ! (fice ( ! six? s5se1 #adf4 ,bells1 t ( ,pek91 ,*9a1 #dg2 t ( ,mosc[1 #dg2 !y %[ an intimate k ( ! f\nd]'s art1 #dh4 ,b]not1 ,m41 inv5tor ( file-cutt+ ma*9e1 #ia4 ,bessem]1 ,sir ,h5ry1 8 bir? & e>ly tra9+1 #afb2 8 appe>ance 9 ,london1 a poor "y man--8 fir/ inv5tion1 #afb2 z "y ,glad/one ent]s ! ,treasury1 he retires an unsuccessful suitor = ! j rew>d ( g5ius & toil1 #afc2 8 burn+ s5se ( outrage1 #afc2 ann\ncem5t ( 8 discov]y ( a new process 9 /eel-mak+1 #afd2 8 decl>ation t he c\ld make /eel at ! co/ ( iron receiv$ ) incr$ulity1 #afe2 8 process ( /eel-mak+ a complete success 9 #ahfj1 #afe2 comp>$ ) ,mr4 ,glad/one1 #afe1 #aff2 description ( ! process t revolutioniz$ ! /eel manufacture1 #aff1 #afg2 value ( process (1 #afg2 ! gov]nm5t ( ,engl& sl[ 9 honor+1 #afh2 comp>ison betwe5 ! life & s]vices (1 to man & ^? ( ,mr4 ,glad/one & ,mr4 ,disraeli1 #afh1 #afi2 /&s = ! new education1 #afi4 ,black-walnut1 its natural hi/ory /udi$ 9 ! wood-turn+ laboratory1 #cf2 its /ructure1 gr[?1 & uses1 #cg2 ! poet ,bryant's great tree1 #cg4 ,blat*=d1 ,e4 ,w41 ,presid5t ( ! ,*icago ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool ,association1 #cdf4 ,blat*=d ,lit]>y ,society1 an organization ( /ud5ts ( ! ,*icago ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 #cdh4 ,bl[1 ,miss ,s4 ,e41 9 =mulat+ ! !ory ( ! k9d]g>t51 describes ! me?od equally ( ! savage & ! manual tra9+ s*ool1 #bah1 #bai4 ,bo>d ( ,trade ( ,*icago1 ! speculative trades 9 futures on1 are fifte5 times m ?an ! sales ( gra9 & provisions1 #cbb4 ,body1 contempt ( !1 by ! anci5ts1 l$ to contempt ( manual labor1 #aee4 ,book-mak]s1 !1 writ+ ! lives ( ! old inv5tors 9 ! temple ( fame1 #aga4 ,books1 ! sure promise ( univ]sal culture1 #bhg2 ! precursor ( ! common s*ool1 #bhg4 ,bo/on1 ! /reets (1 9 :i* patriots _h /ruggl$ = lib]ty1 n[ e*o$ ! groans ( ! slave1 #caa2 manual tra9+ 91 #cda4 ,boy1 ! civiliz$1 is n tra9$ 9 s*ool = ! actual duties ( life1 #aha2 is taught _m !ories1 b n requir$ to put any ( !m 9 practice1 #aha2 is 9 dang] ( ! p5it5ti>y until he le>ns a trade or pr(ession1 #aha1 #ahb4 ,boys1 n9ety-sev5 9 a hundr$1 :o graduate f ! public s*ools & emb>k 9 m]cantile pursuits1 fail1 #bbg4 ,bra91 !1 its absorb+ & express+ p[]s--diagram illu/rat+1 #aic2 ! heal?y education (1 consi/s 9 giv+ to ! express+ side p[] equal to t ( ! absorb+ side1 #aic1 #aid2 ! functions ( ! absorb+ side ext5d$1 :ile ^? ( ! express+ side are re/rict$--diagram illu/rat+1 #aid2 functions ( ! express+ side (1 increas$ by add+ draw+ & ! manual arts1 #aie4 ,bramah1 ,joseph1 inv5tor ( automatic tools1 #hd4 ,breighton helps to solve ! /eam-p[] problem1 #ae4 ,bridge1 ! fir/ iron1 across ! ,sev]n1 "o hundr$ ye>s old1 b likely to la/ = c5turies1 #bda4 ,bridgman1 ,laura1 us$ ! f+] alphabet 9 h] dreams1 #aej4 ,br9dley1 ,james1 sket* ( ! life (1 #agb2 a common labor]--a millwright's appr5tice--a man ( honor--an illit]ate1 b a g5ius & an orig9ator ( great canal ent]prises1 #agb-age2 ! eng9e] ( ! ,duke ( ,bridgewat]1 #agc2 8 8ca/le 9 ! air0 & 8riv] hung 9 ! air10 #agc2 8 ob/9acy1 pov]ty1 & poor pay = spl5did s]vices ( :i* he 0 robb$ by ! duke1 #agd2 8 life & c>e] typical ( a score ( biographies pres5t$ 9 ,mr4 ,smiles's 8,lives ( ! ,eng9e]s10 #age4 ,bronze1 ca/+s (1 9 ! ru9s ( ,egypt & ,greece1 #df4 ,brooklyn ,bridge illu/rates ! necessity ( practical tra9+ = ! civil eng9e]1 #ig4 ,br[n1 ,john1 ,capta91 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 exultant b half-t]rifi$ captors1 #bce2 defy+ ! con/itution1 ! laws1 & public s5tim5t 9 ! int]e/ ( ! cause ( ju/ice1 #bcf4 ,bruno1 8 fate1 condemn$ by ! ,inquisition & burn$ z a h]etic1 #agh2 p]secution (1 a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( progress1 #bhg4 ,buckle1 ,h5ry ,?omas1 8 te/imony to ! practical uses ( imag9ation1 #ch2 8 sca?+ arraignm5t ( ,engli% /atesm5 & legislators1 #afj2 8 decl>ation t ! be/ ,engli% laws are ^? by :i* =m] laws are repeal$1 #ahg2 8 decl>ation 9 reg>d to ! ob/9acy & /upidity ( ,engli% legislators1 #bdb4 ,budget1 ! ,european1 %[s t ! /&+ armies are ! ov]%ad[+ feature ( ! situation1 #bij2 ! portion (1 t goes to ! ma9t5ance ( ! /&+ armies1 #bia4 ,burgos1 manufactures (1 de/roy$ by ! expulsion ( ! ,moors f ,spa91 #bhc4 ,c4 ,cs> pref]r$ to ,cato1 ^: patriotism 0 above "q1 #bgd2 comm5t>ies (1 9 all ! _w's univ]sities1 #bge4 ,caligula1 8 pleasure 9 witness+ ! c\nt5ances ( dy+ gladiators1 #ach4 ,camillus honor$ 9 ! e>ly days ( ,rome1 #bgd4 ,c>lyle1 8 apo/rophe to tools1 #g4 ,c>p5t]'s laboratory1 class ( /ud5ts at ! black-bo>d 91 discuss+ ! hi/ory & nature ( c]ta9 woods1 #ba2 work+ draw+s ( ! lesson put on ! black-bo>d by ! in/ructor 91 #be2 p>ts ( ! lesson execut$ by ! in/ructor 91 #be2 new tools introduc$1 & _! c>e & use expla9$1 #be2 ! /ud5ts at _! b5*es 91 mak+ ?+s1 z busy z bees1 #bf2 a call to ord] & a solution ( ! ma9 problem ( ! day's lesson1 #bf2 a t5on too l>ge = its mortise1 #bi4 ,ca/e1 a t5d5cy to1 disclos$ 9 all hi/ory1 #bdh2 illu/ration (1 ! e>lie/--! *ief ( ! brawny arm1 #bdh2 illu/rations (1 9 savage & half-civiliz$ communities1 #bdh1 #bdi2 9 ,egypt--9 ,india1 #bdi2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cac4 ,ca/ile1 manufactures (1 de/roy$ by ! expulsion ( ! ,moors f ,spa91 #bhc4 ,ca/le ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! home ( music & *ivalry1 #bhj4 ,cato a type ( ,roman p]si/5ce 9 ! pa? ( conque/1 #bfd2 patriotism & virtue (1 #bgd4 ,c5t5nial ,exposition1 exhibit ( models ( tool-practice 9 ! ,imp]ial ,te*nical ,s*ool1 ,mosc[1 ,russia1 at !1 #cca4 ,*>coal1 ! =e/s ( ,engl& swept away to provide x = ! smi?'s & smelt]'s fires1 9 ! e>ly "t1 #fc4 ,*>lemagne1 attempt (1 to recon/ruct a worn-out civilization1 #bhj2 neglect ( ! education ( ! p ! cause ( ! failure (1 #bhj4 ,*a?am1 ,"l1 decl>ation (1 t ! ,am]ican colonies _h no "r to make a nail or a horse%oe1 #bjc4 ,*icago1 comp>ison (1 ) anci5t ,rome1 #ach4 ,*icago ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 description ( build+1 #a2 its ma9 purpose intellectual developm5t1 #c2 !ory (1 #d2 eng9e-room (1 #ad2 eng9e (1 do+ duty z a s*ool-ma/]1 #ad2 an epitome (1 9 ! eng9e-room1 #ae2 its purpose n to make me*anics1 b m51 #ch2 conditions ( admission to1 #ajf2 detail ( que/ions us$ 9 exam9ation ( c&idates = ! fir/ class 91 #ajf-aaj2 curriculum (1 #aaj1 #aaa2 optional /udies (1 #aaa2 bl5d+ ( manual & m5tal in/ruction 91 #aaa2 mission>y "* (1 #aaa2 ! only indep5d5t educational in/itution ( ! k9d 9 ! _w1 #cde2 owes its orig9 entirely to laym51 #cde2 e/abli%$ by an association ( m]*ants1 manufactur]s1 & bank]s1 #cde1 #cdf2 incorporat$ ,april #aa1 #ahhc1 #cdf2 corn]-/one (1 laid ,septemb] #bd1 #ahhc1 #cdf2 op5$ ,febru>y #d1 #ahhd1 #cdj2 (fic]s & tru/ees ( association (1 #cdf2 object (1 m5tal & manual culture1 #cdg2 equipm5t (1 #cdg2 libr>y (1 #cdg2 ,dr4 ,h5ry ,h4 ,belfield director (1 #cdh4 ,*icago ,tribune1 criticism ( ! me?ods ( ! public s*ools by !1 #cdf2 columns (1 op5$ to ! au?or1 #cdf2 effect ( advocacy ( manual tra9+ by !1 #cdf4 ,*ild1 !1 becomes fa!r ( ! man1 9 ! cradle1 ! nurs]y1 & at ! fireside1 #cfe2 contempt (1 by ! anci5ts1 #cfg4 ,*ipp+1 fil+1 & fitt+ laboratory1 #hh2 c\rse 9 !1 #hh2 ! ante-room to ! ma*9e-tool laboratory1 #hh4 ,*ri/ian religion1 !1 its failure to save ,rome1 #adj4 ,cic]o1 8 doctr9e ( ! univ]sal bro!rhood ( man1 #aci2 =eca/s ! doom ( ! ,roman ,republic1 b has no rem$y = ! public ills to propose1 #bgb2 )\t moral c\rage1 #bgc4 ,c9c9natus f\nd at ! pl\gh1 #bfh4 ,cities1 rapid conc5tration ( population 91 #acg2 plague-spots on ! body politic1 #acg2 dom9at$ by selfi%ness1 #acg2 /ati/ics ( increase ( population 91 #cac1 #cad2 ! *ief s\rces ( society di/urbances1 #cad4 ,city1 ! mod]n1 ! despair ( ! political economi/1 #acg2 ! c5tre ( vice1 #acg2 p5-picture ( its vices & crimes1 #adj2 picture ( vice 91 #cad4 ,city ( ,new ,york1 ,college (1 manual tra9+ 91 #ceb2 fir/ report ( ! indu/rial educational association (1 gives a li/ ( ?irty-"o s*ools 91 :]e indu/rial education is furni%$ 7note71 #ceb4 ,civil eng9e]1 ! mod]n1 mu/ be famili> ) all ! processes ( ! ma*9e-tool %op1 #ig2 8 works may be am5d$1 b nev] repeal$1 #ahg2 m compet5t ?an ! railway presid5t1 ! lawy]1 ! judge1 or ! legislator1 #bbe2 tra9$ 9 ?+s1 #bbe4 ,civilization1 progress (1 dep5ds ^u progress 9 inv5tion & discov]y1 #fe2 a gr[? f ! /ate ( savag]y1 #aca2 evils (1 fl[ f m5tal developm5t want+ ! elem5t ( rectitude1 #acb2 contra/ pres5t$ by t ( ,italy 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & t ( ,am]ica 9 ! n9ete5?1 #bcd2 diff]5ce betwe51 & b>b>ism1 #bdd2 ! useful arts ! true measure (1 #bdg2 ! product ( education1 #bdh2 ( ,greece sprang f my?ology & end$ 9 an>*y1 #bed2 langui%es 9 an atmosph]e ( inju/ice1 #bgh2 ! tr9ity ^u :i* x re/s is ju/ice1 ! useful arts1 & labor1 #bgh2 ,am]ican1 has n borne new social fruits1 #cbc4 ,cl>k1 ,john ,s41 8 elaborate exposition ( ! defects ( exi/+ educational me?ods1 #aic1 #aid1 #aie4 ,claudius1 "u ! favor (1 ,s5eca amass$ a va/ =tune1 #bgc4 ,clem5t1 ,joseph1 great ,engli% inv5tor ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 #hd2 8 two improvem5ts 9 ! slide-re/1 & ! m$als he receiv$ = !m1 #ib4 ,clevel&1 ,o41 manual tra9+ 91 #cdb4 ,coal1 subject ( production1 co/1 dem&1 & supply discuss$ 9 =g+ laboratory1 #fb2 hi/ory ( application (1 to useful arts1 #fc2 prejudice aga9/ use ( m9]al1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 #fd2 smelt+ ) m9]al1 successfully introduc$ 9 ,engl& 9 #agff1 #ff4 ,coalbrookdale ,iron-works1 m9]al coal fir/ us$ at1 = smelt+ purposes1 #fe1 #ff4 ,columbus1 9 prov+ t ! _w is r\nd1 frees mank9d1 #bhf2 s\nds ! dea?-knell ( intellectual slav]y1 #bhf1 #bhg4 ,com5ius1 ! s*ool he /ruggl$ 9 va9 to e/abli%1 #b2 8 !ory ( le>n+ by do+1 #ac2 condemns ! old sy/em ( education1 #abf2 8 def9ition ( education1 #abg2 =esees ! k9d]g>t5 & ! manual tra9+ s*ool1 #bde4 ,comm]ce1 e>ly1 ( ,am]ica1 s insignificant t 9 #aghd eight bales ( cotton %ipp$ f ,s\? ,c>ol9a 7 seiz$ by ! cu/om au?orities ( ,engl& on ! gr\nd t s l>ge a quantity c\ld n h be5 produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bjc4 ,comm]cial ,club1 !1 f\nds ! ,*icago ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 #b2 gu>antees #ajj1jjj = its support1 #c2 meet+ (1 ,m>* #be1 #ahhb1 #cdf4 ,common-s*ool sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 gl>+ defects (1 %[n by ! ,walton report1 #aig1 #aih1 #aii4 ,composition1 automatism 9 tea*+1 9 ! s*ools ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z %[n by ! ,walton report1 #aii4 ,compton1 ,pr(4 ,alfr$ ,g41 on ! exact+ nature ( ! dem&s made ^u in/ructors by ! new education1 #ceb4 ,concrete1 progress c f9d expression only 9 !1 #aea1 #aeb2 a lie always hide\s 9 !1 #bbd4 ,connecticut1 manual tra9+ 9 ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool1 #cdb2 legislature (1 adopts manual tra9+ z "p ( ! c\rse ( public in/ruction1 #cfj4 ,contempt1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 )]$ hope1 #bhd4 ,conv5t1 ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! home ( religion & ( art1 #bhj4 ,cook ,c\nty ,normal ,s*ool1 ,ill41 manual tra9+ 91 #cdb4 ,cooley1 ,lieut4 ,mortim] ,e41 lett] (1 to ! au?or on effects ( manual tra9+ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 #cfc4 ,cordova ! abode ( weal?1 le>n+1 ref9em5t1 & ! arts1 #bhb4 ,corporate p[] unduly promot$ by reckless legislation on ! subject ( l& 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cbj4 ,corporations1 a creation ( ye/]day1 ! product ( /eam1 #cbj2 almo/ z inde/ructible z l&$ e/ates1 #cbj2 m5 tra9$ f g5]ation to g5]ation to ! c>e (1 #cbj4 ,cort1 ,h5ry1 an ,engli% inv5tor ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 #hd2 exp]im5ts (1 ) a view to ! improvem5t ( ,engli% iron1 #aae4 ,cotton-g91 !1 trebl$ ! value ( ! cotton-fields ( ! ,s\?1 #afj4 ,cotton ,ex*ange ( ,new ,york1 speculative trades 9 futures on1 ?irty times m ?an ! actual cotton sales1 #cbb4 ,crane1 ,r4 ,t41 ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,*icago ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool ,association1 #cdf4 ,cranege1 ! ,bro!rs1 inv5tors ( ! rev]b]atory furnace1 #ff4 ,cr]>1 ,john1 ,tru/ee ( ! ,*icago ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool ,association1 #cdf4 ,crusad]s1 _! a/oni%m5t at ! spl5dors ( ,con/ant9ople1 #bhe2 !y expect$ to meet ) trea*]y & cruelty--!y f\nd *ivalry & high culture1 #bhe2 !y return$ to ,europe reliev$ ( _m illusions1 #bhe1 #bhf4 ,crusades1 !1 pitiful & prolific ( horrors z !y 71 %$ a great light ^u ,europe1 #bhe2 br\ght ! m5 ( ! ,we/ face to face ) a progressive civilization1 #bhe4 ,d4 ,ddalus1 inv5tion ( turn+ ascrib$ to1 by ! ,greeks1 #cc4 ,damascus blades1 ! mo/ signal triumph ( ! art ( ! smelt] & ! smi?1 #gb2 ! mat]ial ( :i* !y 7 made1 & _! temp]1 #gb2 fir/ enc\nt]$ by ,europeans dur+ ! ,crusades1 #gb2 triumphs ( g5ius n less pron\nc$ ?an ! ,a!na ( ,phidias1 #gd4 ,d>k ,ages1 ! %ame (1 caus$ by ! neglect ( ! useful arts1 #fd2 maxims ( ,ma*iavelli expla9 ! fact ( ! exi/5ce (1 #bhd2 gloom (1 dispell$ by ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 #bhf4 ,d>w91 ,*>les1 decl>es t a complex tra9 ( ?\ght _c be c>ri$ on )\t ! aid ( words1 #adi2 law ( rev]sion (1 9 op]ation dur+ ! decay ( ! ,roman civilization1 #bge4 ,da ,v9ci1 ,leon>do1 took up ! "w ( ,ar*im$es1 & ! sci5ce ( me*anics made progress1 #bhg4 ,de ,caus helps to solve ! /eam-p[] problem1 #ae4 ,della ,vos1 ,m4 ,victor1 ,director ( ! ,imp]ial ,te*nical ,s*ool1 ,mosc[1 #aba2 te/imony (1 z to value ( manual tra9+1 #aba2 au?or ( ! laboratory process ( tool in/ruction1 #cca4 ,democratic idea1 !1 n new :5 adopt$ 9 ,am]ica1 #cji4 ,democratic pr9ciple 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t does n prev5t class di/9ctions1 #cac4 ,d5m>k appropriates money = tea*+ h&-cunn+ 9 ! s*ools1 #cfh4 ,d5v] 7,col47 ,univ]sity1 manual tra9+ 91 #cee4 ,dick5s1 ,*>les1 8 p5-picture ( 8,tom ,all-alone's0--philosophy (1 #cae4 ,d9widdie1 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,h41 8 acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,agricultural & ,me*anical ,college ( ,texas 0 revolutioniz$ 9 ! int]e/ ( manual tra9+1 #cei4 ,disa/]s1 m]cantile & o!r1 %[ t bus9ess is done by ! 8rule ( ?umb10 #bad4 ,disraeli 7,"l ,beaconsfield71 8 tribute to ! value ( ! imag9ation z a useful quality1 #ch2 8 alt]nations ( political p[] ) ,mr4 ,glad/one--f ,lib]alism to ,toryism an easy transition1 #afd2 ,engl& heaps honors ^u him :ile x neglects ,mr4 ,bessem]1 #afh2 comp>ison betwe5 ! life s]vices (1 to man & ^? ( ,sir ,h5ry ,bessem]1 #afi4 ,doane1 ,john ,w41 ,tru/ee ( ! ,*icago ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool ,association1 #cdf4 ,dogmati/1 !1 no place =1 9 ! mod]n ord] ( ?+s1 #abd4 ,dome/ic economy made a dep>tm5t ( ! ,i[a ,agricultural ,college1 #cfj2 "p ( ! curriculum ( ! ,le ,moyne ,normal ,in/itute1 #cfb4 ,drap]1 ,dr4 ,john ,w41 pr(\nd obs]vation by1 #cgg2 drudg]y & humility1 ! value (1 #cgd4 ,draw+1 ?or\ghness ( tra9+ 91 #af2 def9ition (1 #af2 sket*es ( c]ta9 geometric =ms1 #ag2 work+ draw+s1 pictorial draw+s1 & designs appli$ to indu/rial art1 #ah2 its /hetic elem5t1 #ah2 geometry its basis1 examples (1 #ah2 f objects 9 ! s*ool laboratories1 #ai2 value (1 z an educational ag5cy1 #ai2 language (1 common to all draughtsm5--p5-picture ( class 91 #bj2 fir/ /ep ( expression1 #bjh4 ,drayton1 ,w4 ,heyw>d1 hi/orical sket* ( orig9 ( manual tra9+ 9 ,gir>d ,college by1 #cec-cee4 ,dudley1 ,dud1 inv5tor ( ma*9]y = ! application ( m9]al coal to smelt+ purposes1 #fd2 sket* ( c>e] (1 #fd1 #fe2 comb9ations aga9/1 by ! *>coal iron-ma/]s1 #fd1 #fe2 furnaces (1 de/roy$ by mobs1 & _! own] r$uc$ to begg>y & driv5 to prison1 #fd1 #fe4 ,dun1 ,r4 ,g41 ,co41 /ati/ics (1 9 relation to comm]cial failures1 #baa4 ,e4 ,e> n a m important organ ?an ! h& because situat$ ne>] ! bra91 #aed4 ,eau ,claire1 ,wis41 manual tra9+ 91 #cdb4 ,edict ( ,nantes1 revocation (1 drove artisans to ,engl&1 #cd4 ,education1 ! philosoph]'s /one 91 #b2 lay+ ! f\ndation (1 9 labor1 #c2 ! p[] to d "s useful ?+ ! la/ analysis (1 #ab2 def9ition (1 #ab2 conf9$ to ab/ractions 9 ! pa/1 #ac2 ! new--claims made 9 its behalf1 #aje2 univ]sal1 a mod]n idea1 #abc2 diff]5ce 9 sy/ems (1 con/itutes diff]5ce betwe5 anci5t & mod]n civilizations1 #abc1 #abd2 e *ild entitl$ to receive1 #abd2 c]ta9 fundam5tals (1 ^u :i* all are agre$1 #abe2 ,r\sseau's def9ition (1 #abe2 beg9s at bir? & cont9ues to ! end ( life1 #abf2 ,froebel's def9ition (1 #abf2 old sy/em (1 condemn$ by ,bacon1 ,com5ius1 ,r\sseau1 ,pe/alozzi1 & ,froebel1 #abf2 ( woman m important ?an t ( man1 #abh2 develops innate m5tal qualities & =ms "*1 #acj2 all1 is bo? m5tal & moral1 #acc2 any sy/em (1 t does n produce altruism is vici\s1 #acf2 fir/ /ep 91 to elim9ate selfi%ness & put rectitude 9 its place1 #acf2 a sy/em (1 consi/+ exclusively ( m5tal ex]cises1 promotes selfi%ness1 #ada2 me?ods (1 controll$ by ! ,classicism ( ! ,r5aissance1 #aed2 ( ! h&s z well z ! bra9 necess>y1 #agb2 ! old1 design$ to make lawy]s1 doctors1 prie/s1 /atesm51 littrateurs1 & poets1 #agi2 t is n practical1 9 ! ,age ( ,/eel1 is no?+1 #agi2 n broad en\gh on ! express+ side ( ! bra91 #aid2 illu/rations ( defects (1 %[n by ! ,walton report1 #aif1 #aig1 #aih1 #aii2 9 exi/+ sy/ems (1 ! memory is cultivat$ :ile ! reason is all[$ to slumb]1 #bjj2 defective me?ods (1 result 9 va/ m]cantile & railway disa/]s1 #bae2 defective morally1 s9ce ! tru? is to be f\nd only 9 ?+s1 #bbd2 ! ,new ,engl& sy/em (1 v defective1 b to x ! c\ntry owes ! quality ( its civilization1 #bce2 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a ! monopoly ( a class1 #bce2 a sci5tific sy/em (1 w\ld h av]t$ ! ,w> ( ,rebellion 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & kept d[n ! debt ( ,engl&1 #bcg2 :y popul>1 is provid$ = by ! ,/ate1 #bcg2 ! sole bulw>k ( ! ,/ate1 #bch2 ! be/ is ! *eape/1 #bci2 ( ,new ,engl& does n produce great lawy]s1 great judges1 or great legislators1 #bci2 exclusively m5tal1 /ops f> %ort ( ! objective po9t ( true1 #bdc2 ! la/ analysis (1 is art1 #bdc2 any sy/em (1 :i* sep>ates ideas & ?+s1 is radically defective1 #bdd2 ! object (1 is ! g5]ation ( p[]1 #bdd2 ! sy/em (1 :i* does n tea* ! application ( facts to ?+s1 is unsci5tific1 #bde2 among ! anci5ts1 0 conf9$ to a small class1 & consi/$ ( selfi% maxims = ! gov]nm5t ( ! _m1 #bec2 ( ! ,greeks responsible = ! de/ruction ( ,greek civilization1 #bef2 defects ( ! ,roman1 #bfe2 ,roman1 deifi$ selfi%ness & s realiz$ its la/ analysis--total depravity1 #bfg2 a false sy/em (1 wrecks ! ,roman civilization1 #bgg2 sci5tific1 ess5tial to ! salvation ( ! tr9ity ^u :i* civilization re/s1 #bgh2 h[ to make x univ]sal 9 ,europe1 #bib1 #bic2 possible only 9 ,europe ?r\gh ! disb&m5t ( ! /&+ armies1 #bie2 9 ,g]many1 has taught ! p to hate /&+ armies1 #bih1 #bii2 is caus+ ! emigration ( ,g]many's be/ citiz5s1 #cjb2 is ! ar*-revolutioni/ ^: m>* is irresi/ible1 #cjb2 ! new1 w come 9 z ! /&+ armies g out1 #cjd2 _h made little progress at ! "t ( ! organization ( civil society 9 ,am]ica1 #cji2 ! sy/em (1 "u :i* ! k+s & rul+ classes ( ,europe _h be5 tra9$ to selfi%ness1 cruelty1 & inju/ice1 put into ! ,new ,engl& common s*ools1 #cji2 sordid view (1 g5]ally held 9 ! rural di/ricts ( ,new ,engl&1 #caj2 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s view ( ! prevail+ me?ods (1 #caj2 positive ill effects ( ! prevail+ me?ods (1 #caj1 #caa2 a false sy/em (1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 l$ to political incongruities ( ! grosse/ "*1 #caa2 complete failure (1 to promote rectitude1 #caa2 defects ( sy/em (1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %[n by ! ignorance & crimes ( legislators1 #cag2 may be made univ]sal ?r\gh ! ballot1 #cbd2 all prop]ty may be tak5 =1 by ! ballot1 #cbd2 ,am]ican1 is scant 9 quantity & poor 9 quality1 #cbe2 no radical *ange 9 me?ods (1 = #cjjj ye>s1 #cbe2 a complete revolution 91 ess5tial to social re=m1 #cbg2 mu/ beg9 ) ! *ild & be direct$ by ! "m1 #cff2 ! new1 becomes "o aggressive =ce1 #cgb2 ! new1 confid$ to ! tea*]s ( ! old rgime1 #cgb2 ! fir/ ( human consid]ations1 #cgc2 its pr(essors %\ld be ! mo/ le>n$ ( human be+s1 #cgc2 ! new1 maxims (1 #cge2 :at =m & "* %all our education take81 #cgg2 ! old1 0 design$ to make ma/]s1 ! new to make m51 #cgh2 univ]sality & equality (1 ! fir/ & la/ ess5tial1 #chd4 ,edw>d ,,iii4 ( ,engl& uses ! smi?s at ! siege ( ,b]wick1 #gb4 ,egypt1 h[ ! ca/es (1 arose1 #bdi2 progress ( ! civilization (1 #bdi2 civilization (1 ! product ( education1 #bej2 selfi%ness ! basis ( ! sy/em ( education (1 #bej2 weal?1 comm]ce1 & milit>y & naval p[] (1 #bej2 le>n+ (1 #bea2 luxury (1 #bea2 conqu]$ by ,p]sia1 #bea1 #beb2 no provision 91 = ! tra9+ ( woman1 #cff4 ,electricity mu/ be 8h>ness$0 at ! =ge & 9 ! %op to enable x to d its "w1 #agj4 ,elizabe?1 ,que51 use ( iron by1 to defeat ! ,spani% ,armada1 #fa4 ,em]son1 8 decl>ation t ,napoleon 0 typical ( ! mod]n man1 #acd2 8 obs]vation t dur+ ! ,crusades 8! bank] ) 8 sev5 p] c5t4 drove ! e>l out ( 8 ca/le10 #bhf4 ,emigrant1 !1 )draws 8 support f ! fa!rl&1 #bij4 ,emigration1 social que/ions _c mu* long] be settl$ by1 #bii4 ,empire1 art ( me*anism greate/ ( mod]n times1 #fa4 ,engl&1 hi/ory ( ! e>ly iron manufacture (1 #fc2 decl9e ( ! iron indu/ry (1 dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 #fe2 ! p (1 import _! pots & kettles1 #fe2 work%ops (1 orig9ate great inv5tions dur+ ! p]iod #agdj-ahdj1 #aae2 appr5tices (1 become le>n$ m51 #aae2 mat]ial condition (1 #bej ye>s ago1 #aeh1 #aei2 civilization & trans=mation (--h[ accompli%$1 #aei2 /udd$ ) work%ops1 fill$ ) automatic ma*9es ?r\gh ! appr5tice sy/em1 #aha2 debt (1 to ! ,fr5* & ,flemi% immigrants1 #ahe2 con/itution (1 grew out ( ! feudal sy/em1 #aij2 saf] to %oot a man ?an a h>e 91 #aij2 s*ool sy/em (1 indescribably poor1 #bbd2 a sci5tific sy/em ( education 91 w\ld h av]t$ w>s & kept d[n ! national debt (1 #bcg2 crim9al laws (1 #bda2 draws f h] p a l>g] p] capita rev5ue ?an any nation ( ,europe1 #big2 has ne>ly rea*$ ! limit ( ! p[] ( h] p to pay taxes1 #big2 l& sy/em (--its t]rible effect ^u ! ,engli%1 ,scot*1 & ,iri%1 #cag4 ,engli% hi/ory1 ! great names 9--! names )\t :i* !re w\ld h be5 no ,engli% hi/ory1 #age4 ,ent]prise1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ! slave ( sup]/ition & ignorance1 #bgg4 ,epictetus1 l(ty patriotism (1 #aci4 ,equality1 social & educational1 ess5tial to an ideal civilization1 #cge4 ,europe1 face (1 & civilization (1 *ang$ dur+ ! ,crusades1 #bhf2 gr[? ( ! middle class (1 #bhf2 ! artisan became a factor 9 ! social problem (1 #bhf2 art treasures (1 de/9$ to foll[ 9 ! track ( h] flee+ population1 #bid2 may re/ore to productive employm5ts ?ree millions ( m51 #cjb2 may place at ! disposal ( h] educators sev5 hundr$ million doll>s p] annum1 in/ead ( sev5ty million doll>s1 z at pres5t1 #cjb2 may ext+ui% h] national debts 9 fifty-f\r ye>s1 #cjc2 progress 91 previ\s to ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 #cjg1 #cjh4 ,ew+1 ,mrs4 ,emma ,p41 ,dean ( ! ,dome/ic ,economy ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,i[a ,agricultural ,college1 #cfa2 on ! importance ( ! /udy ( dome/ic economy1 #cfa1 #cfb4 ,expression1 p[] (1 q z important z t ( absorption1 #bjh2 susceptible ( be+ made cle> only 9 ?+s1 #bjh4 ,eye1 n a m important organ ?an ! h&1 because x is situat$ ne>] ! bra91 #aed4 ,f4 ,fairbank1 ,n4 ,k41 ,tru/ee ( ! ,*icago ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool ,association1 #cdf4 ,faneuil ,hall1 slav]y ju/ifi$ 91 #caa4 ,feudalism emasculat$ human en]gy1 #bha2 ! ru9 (1 set ?\s&s ( s]fs free1 #bij4 ,field1 ,m>%all1 ,treasur] ( ! ,*icago ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool ,association1 #cdf4 ,file1 !1 old] ?an hi/ory1 dat+ back to ! ,greek my?ological p]iod1 #ia2 ( ! ,swiss wat*-mak]s1 #ia2 dext]ity ( ! h&-work+ cutt] (1 #ia2 inv5tion ( file-cutt+ ma*9e 9 #ahei1 #ia4 ,f9l&1 all ! s*ools (1 give in/ruction 9 h&-cunn+1 #cfh4 ,fire1 leg5d 9 reg>d to its discov]y1 #fb4 ,foley1 ,?omas1 on ! excell5ce ( ! laboratory me?ods ( in/ruction1 #bag1 #bah4 ,=ce1 new elem5ts (1 to be discov]$ & appli$ to ! ne$s ( man1 #ahj4 ,=g+1 laboratory (1 #eh2 p5-picture ( a class ( /ud5ts 91 #fa2 /ory ( ! orig9 ( ! ,turki% ,empire relat$ by ! in/ructor 91 #fa2 ! managem5t ( ! =ge fires 91 #fb2 lessons 91 on ! black-bo>d & at ! =ges1 9 detail1 #ff2 ! in/ructor 91 at ! =ge1 #fi2 que/ions by ! /ud5ts 91 #fi2 ! s*ool-room conv]t$ into a smi?y :i* res\nds ) ! clang ( sl$ges1 #fi1 #gj2 heal?ful effects ( ! ex]cise--! anvil *orus1 #gj2 ! te/s ( m]it 91 appli$1 #ge2 ! in/ructor 91 gives a lecture on ! /eam-hamm]1 #ge2 ext5t ( ! c\rse 91 #gg4 ,f\nd+1 laboratory (1 #de2 hi/ory ( ! art (1 #df2 fir/ appli$ to bronze1 #df2 lesson ( ! day1 ca/+ a pulley1 #dh2 ! process 9 detail1 #ea2 p5-picture ( ! /ud5ts p\r+ ! /eam+ metal into m\lds1 #eb4 ,france1 p]man5tly weak5$ by ! increase ( h] national debt1 #bif2 debt1 /atem5t (--:at ! w> ) ,g]many co/ h]1 #bif2 _c d\ble h] debt aga9 & make h] p pay int]e/ on x1 #big2 a law (1 makes manual tra9+ obligatory1 #cfh2 supports a s*ool = tra9+ tea*]s ( manual tra9+1 #cfh2 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,solicis ! *ief support] ( manual tra9+ 91 #cfh4 ,frankl91 ! fam\s selfi% maxims (1 #caa4 ,froebel1 ! s*ool be /ruggl$ 9 va9 to e/abli%1 #b2 fir/ applies ,r\sseau's ideas to s*ool life1 #abf2 8 def9ition ( education1 #abf2 condemns ! old sy/em ( education1 #abf2 a "* (1 #abg2 8 discov]y ( ! sup]ior fitness ( woman = ! (fice ( tea*]1 #abg1 #abh2 =esees ! manual tra9+ s*ool1 #bde2 x 0 res]v$ = him to rescue woman f ! scorn ( ! ages1 #cfg4 ,full]1 ,william ,a41 ,secret>y ( ! ,*icago ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool ,association1 #cdf4 ,fulton1 ,rob]t1 an ,am]ican inv5tor1 #hd4 ,g4 ,galileo1 p]secution (1 = 8 great discov]y1 #agg1 #agh2 p]secutors (1 believ$ & trembl$1 #bhg4 ,galton1 ,francis1 decl>ation (1 t bra9 )\t he>t is insuffici5t to a*ieve em95ce1 #acd2 8 te/imony to ! great value ( artisan immigration1 & ! wor?less "* ( political refugees1 #ahf2 8 neglect ( ! artisan class 9 8 speculations on ! subject ( ! sci5ce ( life1 #ahf1 #ahg2 reason ( 8 neglect ( ! artisan class /at$ by ,horace ,mann--! influ5ce ( slav]y1 #ahh4 ,george ,,iii4 an exp]t wood-turn]1 #cd2 gives ,john ,arnold five hundr$ gu9eas = a m9iature wat*1 #hf4 ,g]manicus not$ = ! highe/ public virtue1 #bgd2 aft] great s]vices1 is exil$ & poison$1 #bgd4 ,g]many1 ,emp]or (1 exp]i5ce (1 9 a ne$le factory1 illu/rative ( ! delicacy ( me*anical op]ations1 #bdj4 ,g]many1 f\ndation ( h] educational sy/em1 #bie1 #bif2 sup]ior tra9+ ( h] p enabl$ h] to humiliate ,france1 #bif2 fre$om f debt (1 ! significant feature ( ! ,european situation1 #bif2 l[ rate ( taxation 91 #bif2 weakness (1 ?r\gh emigration1 #big2 ! educat$ subject (1 has become a ?\ghtful citiz51 :o rebels aga9/ ! /&+ army1 & flees f x1 #big1 #bih2 high value ( citiz5%ip (1 #bih2 citiz5%ip freely ab&on$1 because ! educat$ ,g]man revolts at ! /&+ army1 #bih2 ! milit>y records (1 %[ ! cause ( ,g]man emigration to be disgu/ ( ! policy ( int]national hate1 #bii2 increase 9 ! numb] ( milit>y del9qu5ts 91 is ! measure ( ! gr[? ( ,g]man intellig5ce1 #cjj2 ! *ief p[] (1 becomes h] *ief weakness1 #cjj2 _c rec\p h] losses to ,am]ica ?r\gh ga9s f neighbor+ c\ntries1 on acc\nt ( ! policy ( int]national hate1 #cjj1 #cja2 los+ ! fl[] ( h] population--! /rong--! weakl+s1 ! paup]s1 ! ag$1 & ! infirm rema91 #cja2 is gr[+ weak] ea* ye>1 #cja2 agitation on ! subject ( manual tra9+ 91 #cfh4 ,gibbon on ! weal? ( ! ,s>ac5s 9 ,spa91 #bhc4 ,gir>d ,college1 manual tra9+ 91 #cec2 ,dr4 ,runkle's influ5ce 9 promot+ ! adoption ( manual tra9+ 91 #ced4 ,gladiatorial games1 atrocities (1 9 ,rome1 contra/$ ) ! sublime precepts ( ,s5eca1 ,plut>*1 & ,m>cus ,aurelius1 #ach2 ext5t ( slaught] ( animals at _! celebration1 #ach4 ,glad/one1 ,william ,ew>t1 political p[] & popul>ity (1 #afa2 ent]s ^u 8 long (ficial c>e] z "y ,h5ry ,bessem] retires f ! ,/amp-(fice )\t 8 j rew>d1 #afc2 a great orator1 & a great f9anci]1 a talk]1 a mak] ( laws & treaties1 con/antly 9 ! public eye1 #afc2 9 (fice & out ( (fice1 #afc1 #afd2 f ,toryism to ,lib]alism--an easy transition1 #afd2 comp>$ ) ,sir ,h5ry ,bessem]1 #afe1 #aff2 ,engl& heaps honors ^u him :ile %e neglects ,mr4 ,bessem]1 #afh2 comp>ison ( ! life & s]vices (1 to man1 ) ^? ( ,mr4 ,bessem]1 #afi2 /&s = ! old sy/em ( education1 #afi2 admission (1 t ! great me*anics ( ,engl& _h no aid f ! gov]nm5t1 #age4 ,gold1 once ! k+ ( metals1 surr5d]s its sceptre to iron1 #abd4 ,goss1 ,william ,f4 ,m41 8 exposition ( ! me?ods ( ! manual tra9+ s*ool 9 detail1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bbb2 pron\nc$ success ( ! ,manual ,tra9+ ,dep>tm5t ( ,purdue ,univ]sity1 "u director%ip (1 #cda4 ,gramm>1 automatism 9 tea*+1 9 ! common s*ools ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z %[n 9 ! ,walton report1 #aig2 criticism ( ,colonel ,p>k] on me?ods ( in/ruction 91 #bjf4 ,great ,p[]s ( ,europe all hamp]$ by great debts1 #bif4 ,greece1 ,egypt ! ,univ]sity (1 #bea2 e intellectual ,greek made a voyage to ,egypt1 #bea2 ! de/9y (1 0 controll$ by r5egades--!re 0 disloyalty 9 e camp1 a traitor 9 e army1 & a b& ( traitors 9 e besieg$ city1 #bed2 ! orators (1 nev] refus$ bribes1 & oratory rul$ 91 #bee2 philosophy & education (1 responsible = decay ( ! civilization (1 #bef2 ru9$ by metaphysics & rhetoric1 #bef2 no s*ools 91 = girls1 #cff4 ,greeks1 ! p ( y\?1 #bed2 religion & patriotism (1 #bed2 7 trea*]\s1 cruel1 & _! s5se ( honor dull1 #bed2 !y enslav$ wom5 & robb$ ! bodies ( ! sla9 on ! battle-field1 #bed2 decl>ation ( ,?ucydides t !re 0 nei!r promise t c\ld be dep5d$ ^u1 nor oa? t /ruck !m ) fe>1 #bee2 9 ! ,pan!on ! highe/ ni*e 0 res]v$ = ! ,god ( ,ga91 #bee2 ! e>ly1 7 pirates1 & "s sold !mselves into slav]y1 s great 0 _! lu/ ( gold1 #bee2 armies ( !1 brib$ by ,p]sia1 #bee2 "y1 taught ! arts ( sophi/ry 9 ! s*ools ( rhetoric1 #bef2 nev] em]g$ f ! savage /ate1 #bef4 ,gutt5b]g & ! pr9t+-press1 #aeb4 ,h4 ,habit1 all re=ms mu/ enc\nt] ! /olid resi/ance (1 #aia4 ,h&1 x is ?r\gh !1 alone1 t ! m9d impresses itself ^u matt]1 #ada2 ! skill$1 conf]s b5efits ^u man1 #ada2 & ! m9d are natural allies1 #add2 te/s ! speculations ( ! m9d by ! law ( practical application1 #add2 explodes ! errors ( ! m9d1 #add2 f9ds ! tru?1 #ade2 if x works falsely1 publi%es its own guilt 9 ! false ?+ x makes1 #ade2 ,dr4 ,wilson's graphic picture ( ! v]satility ( !1 #ade2 n less ! guide ?an ! ag5t ( ! m9d1 #ade2 influ5ces ! m9d ?r\gh ! muscul> s5se1 #adh2 h[ its habit ( labor leads to ! discov]y ( ! tru? & ! exposure ( ! false1 #adi2 ! pres]v] ( ! p[] ( spee* ?r\gh ! endless succession ( objects x pres5ts to ! m9d1 #aea2 !1 ceas+ to labor 9 ! arts1 to plant & to ga!r1 spee* w\ld deg5]ate into a m]e it]ation ( ! wants ( savages subsi/+ on fruits1 #aea2 ! mo/ pot5t ag5cy 9 ! "w ( civilization1 #aeb2 mobility (1 multiplies its p[]s 9 a geometrical ratio1 #aed2 contempt (1 an inh]itance f ! speculative philosophy ( ! ,middle ,ages1 #aee2 ! works (1 comprise all ! visible results ( civilization1 #aee2 m>vels wr\ght by !1 #aee1 #aef2 ,james ,mac,alister on ! p[] & v]satility ( ! note1 #aef2 wields ! me*anical p[]s--its works1 #aeh2 ! wise c\nsel ( ! practical1 /eadies ! m9d1 #bbe2 n a nic] in/rum5t ?an ! m9d1 #bdj2 !1 /&s = use1 = s]vice1 & = integrity1 #cgf2 its drill & discipl9e m highly educative ?an any exclusively academic c\rse1 #cgf2 ?r\gh x alone man impresses himself ^u ,nature1 #cgh2 is ref9$ & spiritualiz$ by ! s5se ( t\*1 #cgi2 ! multitud9\s works ( !1 #cgi1 #chj4 ,h&-"w1 difficulties (1 illu/rat$1 #hf2 educative value (1 #cge4 ,h>greaves1 ,james1 inv5tor ( ! 8sp9n+-j5ny10 #hd4 ,h]b]t1 ! fam\s selfi% maxim (1 #caa4 ,h]o1 ( ,alex&ria1 ! inv5tor ( ! /eam-eng9e1 #ad4 ,h]o1 !1 is an hone/ man1 #bcc2 !1 9 education1 #che4 ,h]odotus1 8 description ( ! hundr$ braz5 gates ( ,babylon1 #ee2 8 contempt = ! artisan1 #ef4 ,h]oes1 ! ?9 ranks (1 con/itute ! measure ( ! pov]ty ( ! sy/ems ( education t h prevail$ among mank9d1 #bcd2 are normally develop$ m5 :o honor ! tru? ev]y:]e1 #bcd2 ! fact t !y are honor$ aft] dea? evid5ce ( progress1 #bcd4 ,h]oism r5d]$ gr& by contra/ ) ! debas$ /&>ds ( public judgm5t1 #bcc4 ,h]ophilus op5s ! way to an intellig5t /udy ( ! m9d1 #aec4 ,hippocrates op5s ! way to an intellig5t /udy ( ! m9d1 #aec4 ,holtzapffels1 speculation (1 z to ! orig9 ( ! inv5tion ( ! la!1 #cc4 ,hone/y1 only ano!r "n = h]oism1 #bcc2 sci5tific education w make x univ]sal1 #bcc4 ,hood1 ,tom1 8 song ( ! %irt1 #hg4 ,huntsman1 ,b5jam91 an ,engli% inv5tor ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 #hd2 sket* ( ! c>e] (1 #aaf2 8 inv5tion ( ca/-/eel1 & its effect ^u ! ,%effield cutl]y m>ket1 #aaf2 h[ 8 secret 0 /ol51 #aag2 decl9es a memb]%ip ( ! ,royal ,society1 #aag2 h[ respl5d5t 8 "n is n[1 #aga4 ,i4 ,ideas are m]e va9 speculations till embodi$ 9 ?+s1 #bdc2 & ?+s are indissolubly connect$1 #bdd4 ,ignorance1 illu/ration (1 9 ! opposition ( a ,roman ,emp]or to ! use ( improv$ ma*9]y1 #agh2 rev]5ces ! pa/1 nev] d\bts1 is suspici\s1 an enemy ( all progress1 #agi2 9 ! s*ools ( ,norfolk ,c\nty1 ,mass41 #aig4 ,ill9ois ,p5it5ti>y1 /ati/ics ( %[ t f\r out ( five ( ! inmates ( h no h&icraft1 #ahb4 ,imag9ation1 ,buckle's tribute to !1 #ch2 ,disraeli on ,sir ,rob]t ,peel's want (1 #ch2 ,disraeli's c>e] an illu/ration ( ! value (1 #ci2 ! discov]y ( ,am]ica appeal$ p[]fully to !1 #bhg2 blazes ! pa? to glori\s a*ievem5ts1 #bhg4 ,imp]ial ,te*nical ,s*ool1 ,mosc[1 manual tra9+ adopt$ z "p ( curriculum ( !1 9 #ahfh1 #cca2 sket* ( ! hi/ory ( manual tra9+ 91 by ,director ,della ,vos1 #cca-ccc4 ,india1 h[ ! ca/es (1 arose1 #bdi4 ,inju/ice1 civilization langui%es 9 an atmosph]e (1 #bgh4 ,inquisition1 !1 its p]secution ( ,galileo1 #agg1 #agh4 ,in/ructors1 lack ( compet5t1 9 ! new education1 #ceb1 #cec4 ,intellig5ce1 ! basis ( morality1 #aac4 ,inv5tions1 a gr[?1 #ad2 ea* /ep ( con/itutes a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( progress1 #ahg2 conta9 ! g]ms ( imp]i%able tru?1 #bdc4 ,inv5tive g5ius1 to !1 mank9d owes m ?an to ! philosoph]s1 littrateurs1 pr(essors1 & /atesm5 ( all "t1 #hd4 ,inv5tor1 !1 produces a ma*9e t w make a ?\s& ?+s 9 ! "t requir$ by ! h&-work] to make "o1 #hf2 helps on ! cause ( progress1 #afj2 rules ! _w1 #afa2 8 works are nev] repeal$1 #ahg2 is always 9 ! advance1 #bdb4 ,i[a1 ,agricultural ,college (1 makes dome/ic economy a "p ( its curriculum1 #cfj2 faculty & c\rse ( /udy 9 ! dep>tm5t ( dome/ic economy (1 #cfj1 #cfa4 ,iron1 ,locke's fam\s apo!gm on ! value (1 #de2 ! mo/ pot5t in/rum5t ( p[]1 #fa2 use ( by ,que5 ,elizabe? to defeat ! ,spani% ,armada1 #fa2 ! equival5t ( civilization1 #fb2 is k+1 & ! smelt] & smi? are 8 *ief m9i/]s1 #fb2 to make a ton (1 requir$ hundr$s ( cords ( wood be=e ! introduction ( 8pit0 coal = smelt+ purposes1 #fc2 ! f\ndation ( e useful art1 #ha4 ,italy1 gov]nm5t (1 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 consi/$ ( a m5ace & a sne]1 #bhd4 ,j4 ,jacobson1 ,col4 ,augu/us1 on ! dem& = a m compreh5sive sy/em ( education1 #ahj2 on ! prop] equipm5t ( ! boy ^u leav+ s*ool1 #bji4 ,j]usalem1 :5 conqu]$1 its smi?s & o!r craftsm5 7 c>ri$ away z captives by ! ,babylonians1 #gj4 ,jews1 le>n+ (1 ex]t$ an ameliorat+ influ5ce ^u ! d>kness ( ! ,middle ,ages1 #bhe4 ,judges1 tra9+ (1 is exclusively subjective1 #bcj2 r5d]$ selfi% by subjective processes ( ?\ght1 #bca2 v5]ate ! pa/1 #bdb4 ,ju/ice assumes ! place ( selfi%ness 9 ! m9d ( ! h]o1 #bcc2 cause ( ! failure (1 #bdb4 ,k4 ,kei?1 ,edson1 ,tru/ee ( ,*icago ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool ,association1 #cdj4 ,k9d]g>t51 !1 fa!r ( ! manual tra9+ s*ool1 #e2 fills a place unoccupi$ until ! "t ( ,froebel1 #abf2 educational pr9ciples (1 susceptible ( univ]sal application1 #abf2 analysis (1 #abh2 leads logically to ! manual tra9+ s*ool1 #abi2 me?od (1 is sci5tific1 #bjg2 me?od (1 is ! expression ( ideas 9 ?+s1 #bde2 realizes ! dream ( ,bacon1 ,com5ius1 & ,pe/alozzi1 #bde2 exhibits ( "w (1 at ! meet+ ( ! ,national ,educational ,association 9 #ahhd1 #cdb2 endors$ by ! ,national ,educational ,association1 #cfc2 ! gr[? (1 prev5t$ by prejudice & indiff]5ce1 #cfg4 ,k+s1 alliance (1 ) ! ari/ocracy1 #bhf4 ,l4 ,labor class1 ! real fl[] ( a population1 #bic2 all o!r classes dep5d ^u !1 #bid2 a dra9 ^u !1 is a dra9 ^u ! mo/ vital res\rce ( ! ,/ate1 #bid2 :]e ! fl[] ( ga!rs1 weal? mo/ ab\nds1 #bid4 ,labor1 manual1 scorn (1 among ! anci5ts1 #ef2 its sl[ recov]y ( indep5d5ce1 its de/9$ dignity ?r\gh sci5tific & art culture1 #eg2 repugnance to1 has multipli$ di%one/ practices1 #aee2 respect =1 w\ld be increas$ by ! adoption 9 ! public s*ools ( a compreh5sive sy/em ( me*anical tra9+1 #ahb2 cause ( ! scorn (--! slav]y ( ! labor]1 #ahh2 ( to-day alone ma9ta9s ! value ( prop]ty1 #beb2 ( m5 *eap] ?an t ( cattle1 9 ,rome1 #bff2 ! useful arts dep5d ^u1 #bgh2 ! f\ndation ( national prosp]ity1 #bic2 ess5tial to triumphs 9 lit]ature1 music1 & ! f9e arts1 #bic2 n gold & silv]1 is ! s\rce ( weal?1 #bid2 draws to itself ! art treasures ( ! _w1 #bid1 #bie2 contempt (1 inculcat$ by educational sy/ems1 #cbf4 ,labor]1 !1 degrad$ ?r\gh slav]y1 #aj2 contempt (1 +ra9$ 9 ! public m9d1 #agg2 contempt (1 leads inevitably to social dis9tegration1 #bdg2 ! battles ( antiquity 7 conte/s = ! possession (1 #bec2 r$uc$ to slav]y 9 ,rome1 #bfe2 spurn$ 9 ,rome1 #bff2 ! useful arts decl9e if he is degrad$1 #bgh1 & advance if he is honor$1 #bgh2 ! /&+ armies ( ,europe h co/ him all 8 noble ambitions1 #bie2 surplus (1 goes to ! tax-ga!r]1 #bie2 =c$ to sacrifice 8 desire = education1 8 love ( ! beautiful1 ( dignity1 & ( a home adorn$ by art1 #bie4 ,labor]s ?r[n into ! ar5a 9 ,rome to be scrambl$ =1 #bfi4 ,l&$ e/ates1 effect ( conc5tration (1 9 a few h&s1 #cbj2 va/1 conf]r$ ^u a few corporations 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--d\ble ! area ( t own$ by ! lords ( ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&1 #cba4 ,language1 ?\ght impossible )\t1 #aej2 *anges 91 arise out ( new discov]ies 9 sci5ce & new inv5tions 9 art1 #aea2 /agnates :5 ! ,/ate ceases to advance1 #aea2 inv5tion (1 #bdh2 :5 nations %all dwell toge!r 9 unity !re w be b "o1 #bii note4 ,lawy]s m highly e/eem$ ?an civil eng9e]s1 ma*9i/s1 & artisans1 #ahe2 tra9+ (1 is exclusively subjective1 #bcj2 r5d]$ selfi% by subjective processes ( ?\ght1 #bca2 look = prec$5ts 9 an age ^: civilization p]i%$ ) its language1 #bdb4 ,lay>d1 discov]ies (1 9 ! ru9s ( ,n9eveh1 #df4 ,le>n+1 ! revival ( exalt$ ab/ractions & debas$ ?+s1 #cgd4 ,legislation1 re/rictive1 9 ,engl&1 to prev5t ! conv]sion ( timb] into *>coal = smelt+ purposes1 #fc2 ! be/1 9 ,engl&1 is t by :i* =m] /atutes 7 repeal$1 #bbf2 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates no bett] ?an t ( ,engl&1 #bbf2 cause ( failure (1 #bdb2 reckless1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on ! subject ( ! public doma91 #cai2 ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,union vici\s & corrupt1 #cbb4 ,legislators1 n ! au?ors ( ,engli% progress1 #aei2 ,buckle's sca?+ arraignm5t (1 #afj2 wis] 9 ! /atutes !y repeal ?an 9 ^? !y enact1 #bbf1 #bbg2 tra9+ (1 is exclusively subjective1 #bcj2 r5d]$ selfi% by subjective processes ( ?\ght1 #bca2 become selfi%1 & v5]ate ! pa/1 #bdb2 refuse to grant re=ms until aw$ into submission1 #bdb4 ,le ,moyne ,normal ,in/itute1 manual tra9+ & dome/ic economy 91 #cef4 ,life ,insurance1 e?ical aspect (1 #bad4 ,lit]ature1 full ( maxims 9 honor ( selfi%ness1 #acd2 polite1 mu/ re/ ^u a basis ( g5]al culture1 or x is valueless1 #bgi4 ,littrateurs m highly e/eem$ ?an civil eng9e]s1 ma*9i/s1 & artisans1 #ahe4 ,livy *>act]izes ,val]ius z ! fir/ man ( 8 "t1 #bfd2 deplores ! decay ( virtue1 #bgb4 ,lloyd1 ,h5ry ,d41 8 hi/ory ( ! l& sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--syllabus (1 #cag2 op5+ p>agraphs ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by1 #cah1 #cai2 decl>ation (1 t we mu/ h]eaft] f9d fre$om 9 ! society ( ! good1 #cbf4 ,locke1 ! s*ool he dream$ (1 #b2 fam\s apo!gm (1 on iron1 #de4 ,locomotive1 !--/&s = ! bro!rhood ( man1 #cgf4 ,locomotives1 no su* failure (1 z !re is ( legislation1 #bbg4 ,lomb>dy1 five fam9es 91 #bha4 ,l\is ,,xvi4 an exp]t locksmi?1 #cd4 ,lubbock1 ,sir ,john1 on ! skill ( ! savage1 #baf4 ,lucan1 8 gospel ( univ]sal love1 #aci4 ,lucretia1 political effects ( ! tragic fate (1 #bfd4 ,lu!r1 ! re=mation (1 op5$ ! way to ! la/ analysis ( diss5t 9 ,am]ica1 #cji4 ,m4 ,mac,alister1 ,james1 decl>ation (1 t !re has be5 b little *ange 9 ! ideas t h controll$ our me?ods ( education 9 f\r hundr$ ye>s1 #aed2 8 graphic description ( ! p[] & v]satility ( ! h& note1 #aef2 obs]vation (1 t a skill$ h&1 to ! majority ( m51 is q z important z a well-fill$ head1 #bjh2 has revolutioniz$ ! public s*ools ( ,philadelphia 9 two ye>s1 #cee2 "o ( ! mo/ accompli%$ z well z /]nly practical educators 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ceg2 op9ion (1 t e *ild %\ld receive manual tra9+1 #ceh2 op9ion (1 t ! great pr9ciples :i* und]lie ! sy/em mean no?+ less ?an a revolution 9 education note1 #ceh1 #cfd4 ,macaulay's1 ,"l1 analysis ( ! ,baconian philosophy1 #cgg4 ,ma*iavelli1 philosophy =mulat$ by1 #bhd2 political maxims (1 n inv5t$ by him1 #bhd2 maxims (1 atroci\s "* (1 #bhd1 #bhe2 maxims (1 promote b>b>ism1 #bhe4 ,ma*9es1 automatic1 nails1 screws1 p9s1 & ne$les fly+ f ! f+]s (1 by ! ?\s& million1 #hb2 m p[]ful to be con/ruct$ 9 ! future1 #ahj4 ,ma*9e-tool laboratory1 ! /ud5ts (1 ent] ^u a mo/ important inquiry1 #hb2 ! /udy ( m9ute & pond]\s tools 91 #hc2 delicacy ( ! processes (1 #ia2 ! pov]ty ( words z comp>$ ) ?+s ass]t$ 91 #ia2 sil5ce (1 h[ eloqu5t1 #ia1 #ib2 a screw-eng9e la! tak5 to pieces 91 #ib2 improvem5ts 9 ! la! expla9$ 91 #ib2 fundam5tal & auxili>y tools (1 expla9$1 #ic2 c\rse ( tra9+ 91 ord]ly1 #ic2 /ud5ts "w f _! own draw+s 91 #id2 :y skill is requir$ to h&le /eam-driv5 tools ( !1 #id2 aspect ( !1 :5 9 repose1 #ig2 aspect ( !1 :5 /eam is on1 #ih2 p5-picture ( /ud5ts (1 #ii2 /ud5ts (1 at "w on graduat+ projects 91 #ajj2 dream ( in/ructor 91 #ajj-ajc2 complet+ graduat+ projects 91 #ajc1 #ajd4 ,ma*9e-tool %op1 ! mod]n1 an aggregation ( h&-tools made automatic1 & driv5 by /eam1 #h2 revolution 9 ! useful arts caus$ by !1 #gh2 :at ?is creation ( mod]n times1 a huge automaton ) /eam c\rs+ ?r\gh its ve9s1 does1 #gh-ha2 its arms1 its h&s1 its bra91 its food1 & its products1 #ha2 l9es ( mod]n developm5t conv]ge 9 !1 #ha2 human pursuits widely div]sifi$ by1 #hb4 ,macomb]1 ,a4 ,e41 on ! ,tol$o ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 #cfe4 ,madrid1 p (1 ?reat5$ ) />vation1 #bhc2 lo/ half its population 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 #bhc4 ,ma9e1 ,sir ,h5ry--8 tribute to ?+s1 #cgi4 ,man1 ! two /ates (--) & )\t tools--contra/$1 #g2 ! gulf betwe5 ! civiliz$ & savage1 spann$ by ! sev5-h&-tools1 #h2 ! wise/ ( animals because he has h&s1 #aeb2 ! mo/ p[]ful ( animals because he has h&s1 #aeg2 p[]s (1 increas$ by /eam1 #afa2 ! mo/ highly civiliz$1 famili> ) all ! arts1 #bgh2 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 %runk into a /ate ( moral c[>dice & intellectual le?>gy1 #bhd4 ,mann1 ,horace1 cause ( ! degradation ( labor /at$ by1 #e2 reason = ! scorn ( labor giv5 by1 9 ext5so1 #ahh4 ,manual tra9+1 promotes rectitude1 #acb2 promotes altruism because x is objective1 #ada2 its effects relate to ! human race1 #ada2 ,pr(4 ,felix ,adl] 9 support ( its t5d5cy to promote rectitude1 #adb2 idea (1 grasp$ by ! ,ionic philosoph]1 #aec2 exactly :at x is1 #bjj2 is natural & h5ce effici5t1 #bah2 requir$ to r5d] m5tal op]ations m true1 #bbe2 possible 9 ,europe only ?r\gh ! disb&m5t ( ! /&+ armies1 #bie2 9 all ! te*nical s*ools ( ,russia1 #ccc2 !ory (1 by ,dr4 ,john ,d4 ,runkle1 #cch2 9 ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 #ccc1 #ccd2 9 ! ,/4 ,l\is s*ool1 #cch1 #cci2 9 twelve ( ! ,/ate agricultural colleges1 #cda2 9 ,purdue ,univ]sity1 #cda2 9 ,bo/on & ,mil=d1 ,mass41 ,new ,hav51 & ! ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool1 ,conn41 ,omaha1 ,neb41 ,eau ,claire1 ,wis41 ,mol9e1 ,p]u1 & ! ,cook ,c\nty ,normal ,s*ool1 ,normal ,p>k1 ,ill41 ,montclair1 ,n4 ,j41 ,clevel& & ,b>nesville1 ,o41 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal41 & ,baltimore1 ,md41 #cdb2 exhibits ( "w (1 at ! meet+ ( ! ,national ,educational ,association 9 #ahhd1 #cdb2 9 ,pr(4 ,felix ,adl]'s ,work+man's ,s*ool1 #cdb2 9 ,*icago1 #cde2 ,dr4 ,belfield on ! m5tal effect (1 #cej2 9 ! ,p5nsylvania ,/ate ,college1 #cea2 ,pr(4 ,l\is ,e4 ,reb] 9 support (1 #cea1 #ceb2 9 ! ,college ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 #ceb2 9 ?irty-"o s*ools 9 ! city ( ,new ,york note1 #ceb2 9 ! ,tulane ,univ]sity1 #cec2 9 ! ,mill] ,s*ool at ,crozet1 ,va41 #cec2 9 ,gir>d ,college1 #cec2 9 ! ,alabama ,agricultural & ,me*anical ,college1 #cee2 9 ! ,d5v] 7,col47 ,univ]sity1 #cee2 9 ! public s*ools ( ,philadelphia1 #cef2 9 tw5ty-f\r ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,union1 #cei2 9 ! ,agricultural & ,me*anical ,college ( ,texas1 #cei2 "p ( ! c\rse ( public in/ruction by ,massa*usetts & ,connecticut1 #cfj2 9 ! ,le ,moyne ,normal ,in/itute1 #cfb2 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 #cfc2 laid on ! table by ! ,national ,educational ,association1 #cfc1 #cfd2 9 ! ,/ate ,univ]sity1 ,clevel&1 & ,tol$o1 ,o41 #cfd2 is lead+ captive ! imag9ation ( ! ,am]ican p1 #cfg2 ! purpose (1 9 ! s*ools ( ,europe1 #cfh2 progress (--its ext5t great] ?an its quality1 #cgb2 acquisition by ! h& ( ! arts ?r\gh :i* man expresses himself 9 ?+s1 #chj2 a s]ies ( educational g5]alizations 9 ?+s1 #chj4 ,manual tra9+ s*ool ! *ild ( ! k9d]g>t51 #e2 de/9$ to unite sci5ce & art1 #e2 its highe/ text-books tools1 #g2 mu/ be made "p ( ! public sy/em ( education1 #aab2 ga9 ( ! pupil (1 #abb2 pupil (1 con/ructs a ma*9e1 brea!s into x ! brea? ( life1 & ) x moves m\nta9s1 #bja2 me?ods (1 tw5ty times m valuable ?an ! unsci5tific me?ods ( ! trade-%op1 #bai2 pupil (1 is an inve/igator1 8 reason+ op5s new fields ( ?\ght ) e /roke ( ! *isel1 #bbj2 pupil (1 gets z mu* aga9 intellectual b5efit f ! laboratory z he w\ld if ! laboratory equival5t 9 "t 7 giv5 to book /udy1 #bba2 laboratory ex]cises (1 a great /ra9 ^u ! m5tal con/itution1 & h5ce highly educational1 #bbb2 pupils (1 love x--an incid5t1 #bbc2 me?od ( !1 is ! expression ( ideas 9 ?+s1 #bde2 realizes ! idea ( ,bacon1 ,com5ius1 ,pe/alozzi1 & ,froebel1 #bde4 ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 its models ( me*anical manipulation pres5t$ by ! ,emp]or ( ,russia1 #ff2 fir/ in/itution ( le>n+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to adopt manual tra9+1 #ccc2 manual tra9+ adopt$ by1 9 #ahgf1 #ccd2 resolution ( ?anks = a s]ies ( models1 pres5t$ by ! ,emp]or ( ,russia1 adopt$ by1 #ccd1 #cce4 ,massa*usetts1 legislature (1 adopts manual tra9+ z "p ( ! public s*ool c\rse (1 #cfj4 ,maudslay1 ,h5ry1 8 improvem5t ( ! la! made x ! k+ ( ! ma*9e-tool %op1 #cc2 )\t 8 slide-re/ ,watt's eng9e c\ld n h be5 made1 #ce2 ?r\gh 8 slide-re/ alone ! me*anic is able to make two ?+s exactly alike1 #ib2 slide-re/ (1 an automaton tru] ?an ! human eye1 m cunn+ ?an ! human h&1 #bjj1 #bja4 ,maudsley1 ,dr4 ,h5ry1 on ! contribution ( ! muscul> s5se to m5tal op]ations1 #adg2 on ! impossibility ( ?9k+ )\t physical expression1 #adi4 ,me*anic1 !1 :o makes a ma*9e t multiplies products is 9 ! front rank ( ! civiliz]s ( ! race1 #afj2 prospects ( ! skill$1 9 life1 #agj2 did m to ha/5 ! _w's progress f #agdj to #ahdj ?an all ! /atesm5 ( previ\s ages1 #aga2 spl5did c>e] :i* ?is age op5s to ! educat$1 #ahb2 trem5d\s p[] wield$ by1 #ahc2 has wr\ght an indu/rial revolution1 #ahe2 works (1 reflect honor ^u1 #ahg2 /&s ! te/ ( scrut9y bett] ?an ! m]*ant1 #bbe2 tra9$ 9 ?+s1 #bbe4 ,me*anics1 skill$1 ! use ( automatic tools increases r ?an dim9i%es ! dem& =1 #id2 ( ! e>ly "t _h none ( ! advantages ( ! manual tra9+ s*ool1 #agb2 _! suff]+s & mis=tunes1 #agb2 no su* failure (1 z !re is ( m]*ants1 #bbg2 ?or\ghness ( tra9+ (1 #bci4 ,m$ival p]iod1 ! speculative philosophy (1 /ill projects its baleful influ5ce ov] our in/itutions ( le>n+1 #ahe2 graphic picture ( society 91 by ,w9wood ,reade1 #bhj1 #bha2 ! art ( w> only fl\ri%$ 91 #bha2 prec>i\s condition ( ! s]fs 9--fate (--to be kill$ 9 battle or die ( />vation1 #bha2 causes ( ! moral & intellectual d>kness ( !1 #bha1 #bhb2 causes ( ! moral & intellectual torpor ( ! p (1 #bhd2 conf]r$ ^u man two great bless+s1 & left a legacy ( evil1 #bhi2 degradation ( woman 9 !1 #cff4 ,memory cultivat$ at ! exp5se ( ! reason1 #bjj4 ,m5 sold = sixp5ce apiece 9 ,asia1 #bfi4 ,m5&]1 l(ty moral precepts (1 #aci4 ,m5tal acquirem5t1 a1 is a !orem--some?+ to be prov$1 #add4 ,m5tal developm5t1 law (1 #aca2 :i* is mo/ conducive to1 do+ ?+s1 or memoriz+ words1 #cgf4 ,m5tal tra9+1 exclusively1 does n produce a symmetrical "*1 #bdd4 ,m]*ants1 p]c5tage ( failure (1 9 ,*icago f #ahgj to #ahha1 #baa2 ?ree p] c5t4 (1 only1 succe$1 #baa2 n9ety-sev5 p] c5t4 (1 g to ! wall1 #bab2 co/ ( failures (1 borne by ! public1 #bab2 n9ety-sev5 p] c5t4 (1 mi/ake _! avocation1 #bab2 failure (1 made too easy1 #bac2 honor (1 9 ,france note1 #bac2 n9ety-sev5 9 "o hundr$ fail1 #bbe2 cause ( failures (1 #bbi2 selfi%ness (--d n seek = ju/ice1 or to f9d tru?1 #bcj2 :o compromise ) _! cr$itors1 & subsequ5tly accumulate =tunes1 r>ely repay ! =giv5 debt1 #bcj2 cause ( failure (1 #bdb4 ,m]cury1 bronze /atue (1 at ! ,museum ( ,naples1 #dg4 ,mi*igan1 ,univ]sity (1 manual tra9+ 91 z describ$ by ,in/ructor ,lieut4 ,m4 ,e4 ,cooley1 #cfc4 ,microscope1 ! "w ( ! h&1 #aef4 ,mil=d1 ,mass41 manual tra9+ 91 #cdb4 ,mill] ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 !1 ( ,crozet1 ,va41 #cec4 ,m9d1 !1 m5tal laws (1 #acb1 #acc2 moral laws (1 #acc2 & ! h& are natural allies1 #add2 indulges 9 false logic )\t in/ant detection1 #ade2 ! h& its moral rudd]1 its balance-:eel1 #ade2 influ5c$ by ! h& ?r\gh ! muscul> s5se1 #adh2 /eadi$ by ! wise c\nsel ( ! practical h&1 #bbe2 /eadi$ & balanc$ by ! /udy ( ?+s1 #bbe2 devises a wat*1 & ! h& makes x1 #bdj2 fails :5 x attempts to execute its devices1 #bdj2 succe$s :5 ! h& executes its plans1 b fails 9 m]*&iz+1 law1 & ju/ice1 #bdj2 %\ld n be /or$ ) facts unless !y are to be appli$ to ?+s1 #bde2 h[ x began to ass]t its empire ov] matt]1 #bdi4 ,mol9e1 ,ill41 manual tra9+ 91 #cdb4 ,montclair1 ,n4 ,j41 manual tra9+ 91 #cdb4 ,moors1 !1 9 ,spa9 9 ! ,middle ,ages con/itut$ a gl[+ exception to ! g5]al preval5ce ( sup]/ition & ignorance1 #bhb2 skill$ 9 all ! arts1 #bhb4 ,morality1 spr+s f intellig5ce1 #aac2 is n a m]e s5tim5t1 a b>r5 ideality1 #adb2 ( ,*ri/ & ,paul1 #adb2 is a vital pr9ciple ^: exemplification consi/s 9 do+ ju/ice1 #adb2 _c be acquir$ by memoriz+ a s]ies ( maxims1 #adc2 ( a community is 9 ! ratio ( its intellig5ce1 #bch4 ,morrissey1 ,john1 8 brief autobiography1 #cad1 #cae4 ,"m1 !1 9 ! arms (1 ! infant m9d rapidly unfolds1 #cfe4 ,m\ld+1 ! olde/ ( human discov]ies1 #df4 ,murray1 ,matt1 inv5tor ( flax ma*9]y1 #hd4 ,muscul> s5se1 !1 its discov]y by ,sir ,*>les ,bell1 #adf2 its p[] ov] ! movem5ts ( ! frame--walk+1 etc41 #adf2 ,dr4 ,h5ry ,maudsley on !1 #adg2 actions ( ess5tial elem5ts 9 m5tal op]ations1 #adg2 %>p5$ to m>vell\s f95ess by con/ant use1 #adh2 if tra9$ 9 ! direction ( tru?1 x w react 9 ! direction ( rectitude1 on ! m9d1 #adh1 #adi4 ,mu%et1 ,david1 an ,engli% inv5tor & au?or1 #hd2 8 discov]y ( ! value ( black b& iron-/one1 #aag2 8 pap]s on iron & /eel1 #aag2 sprung f ! labor class1 #aag4 ,my?ology1 ! highe/ place 9 its ,pan!on giv5 to ,vulcan1 ! ,god ( ,fire1 #gj4 ,n4 ,napoleon1 ! inc>nation ( selfi%ness1 #acd1 #ace2 ! infam\s1 plund]$ ! conqu]$ capitals ( ,europe1 #bid4 ,nasmy?1 ,james1 inv5t$ ! /eam-hamm] 9 #ahcg1 & appli$ ! pr9ciple ( x to ! pile-driv] 9 #ahde1 #gf4 ,nation1 !1 t degrades labor is ripe = de/ruction1 #bec2 t loses its population by emigration is 9 its decad5ce1 #bid4 ,national debts ( ,europe1 am\nt (1 ?irty ye>s ago1 #bhf2 d\bl$ s9ce #ahej1 #bij2 cause ( ! rapid increase (1 #bij2 repres5t a s]ies ( colossal crimes aga9/ ! p1 #bia2 ) relation to !m1 ! p are divid$ into two classes--"o class owns !m1 ! o!r class pays int]e/ on !m1 #bia2 9 "o class !y are a ve/$ "r1 9 ! o!r a ve/$ wrong1 #bia2 h[ !y c be paid1 & education promot$ at ! same "t1 #bib2 c be paid only by disb&+ ! /&+ armies1 #bie2 w r$uce _! gov]nm5ts to bankruptcy unless /&+ armies are disb&$1 #bif4 ,national ,educational ,association1 manual tra9+ exhibits at1 #ahhd1 meet+ (1 #cdb2 meet+ ( #ahhe adopts a resolution endors+ ! k9d]g>t51 #cfc2 illogical action (1 9 lay+ ^u ! table a resolution endors+ manual tra9+1 #cfc1 #cfd4 ,nations1 ! rise1 progress1 & decay (1 #beb1 #bec2 s9k z ! column ( debt rises1 #big4 ,neilson1 ,james ,b41 inv5tor ( ! hot-bla/1 #hd2 revolutionizes ! processes ( iron manufacture1 #aag2 sprang f ! labor class1 & is made a memb] ( ! ,royal ,society1 #aag4 ,new ,engl&1 sy/em ( education (1 m\ld$ ! "* ( ! civilization ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bce2 diff]5ce betwe5 ! civilization (1 & t ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 measur$ by ! diff]5ce 9 _! respective educational sy/ems1 #bce2 educational sy/em (1 is unsci5tific1 #bci4 ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 manual tra9+ 91 #cdb4 ,newcom5 helps to solve ! /eam-p[] problem1 #ae4 ,n9eveh1 bronze ca/+s recov]$ f ! ru9s (1 #df4 ,nobility above price 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 = sale 9 ! ?irte5?1 & soon aft]w>ds (f]$ z a gift1 #bhf4 ,norway appropriates money = tea*+ h&-cunn+ 9 ! s*ools1 #cfh4 ,o4 ,object tea*+1 example (1 #d2 ! corn]-/one ( ! k9d]g>t5 & ! manual tra9+ s*ool1 #abi2 an analysis (1 ) examples1 #bjj4 ,obs]vation1 ! p[] (1 resides *iefly 9 ! h&1 #chj4 ,ohio1 high rank (1 indu/rially1 #cfd2 mak+ great /rides t[>ds a m practical sy/em ( education1 #cfd2 ,/ate ,univ]sity (1 manual tra9+ 91 #cfd2 prosp]ity ( ! ,case ,s*ool ( ,appli$ ,sci5ce 91 #cfd2 manual tra9+ s*ools ( ,clevel& & ,tol$o1 91 #cfd4 ,omaha1 ,neb41 manual tra9+ 91 #cdb4 ,p4 ,palissy1 ,b]n>d1 sket* ( 8 c>e]1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bcc2 burns ! furniture ( 8 h\se 9 ! cause ( art1 #bcb2 is ca/ into prison = h]esy--8 defiance ( ,k+ ,h5ry ,,iii41 #bcb2 dies 9 ! ,ba/ile1 #bcc2 0 "r1 & 8 devotion to art r5d]$ him immortal1 #bcc1 #bcd2 /ruggle (1 ov] ! furnace 9 ! cause ( art1 0 m5tally & morally normal1 :ile ! opposition he enc\nt]$ 0 abnormal1 #bcd2 m9d (1 0 develop$ normally1 :ile ! m9ds ( ! millions ( m5 :o p]mitt$ him to die unfri5d$ 7 develop$ abnormally1 #bcd2 will+ to />ve = 8 art1 & ready to die = 8 fai?1 #bcd4 ,pap9 helps to solve ! /eam-p[] problem1 #ae4 ,p>is ,exposition1 exhibit ( models ( tool practice 9 ! ,imp]ial ,te*nical ,s*ool1 ,mosc[1 ,russia1 at !1 #cca4 ,p>k]1 ,col4 ,francis ,w41 decl>es t ! application ( sci5ce to me?ods ( in/ruction w\ld produce a radical *ange 9 all s*ool "w1 #bje2 8 =cible exposition ( ! defects ( prevail+ me?ods ( in/ruction1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bjg2 ass]ts t tea*]s are fai?ful1 hone/1 & e>ne/1 b ignorant ( ! hi/ory & sci5ce ( education1 #bjg1 #cfd4 ,patriotism c be indulg$ ) good reason only 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cbc4 ,p5man%ip1 automatism 9 tea*+1 9 ! s*ools ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z %[n by ! ,walton report1 #aih4 ,p5nsylvania ,/ate ,college1 manual tra9+ 9 !1 #cea4 ,p5nsylvania ,/ate ,prison1 /ati/ics--five-six?s ( ! inmates (1 _h att5d$ public s*ools1 & ! same numb] 7 )\t trades1 #ahb4 ,p]icles boa/$ t he c\ld n be brib$1 b robb$ all ,greece to embelli% ,a!ns1 & 0 convict$ ( peculation & f9$1 #bee4 ,p]sia1 no provision 91 = ei!r ! m5tal or moral tra9+ ( woman1 #cff2 ! boy 91 exclud$ f ! pres5ce ( 8 fa!r till ! fif? ye>1 #cfg4 ,p]u1 ,ill41 manual tra9+ 91 #cdb4 ,pe/alozzi1 ! s*ool he /ruggl$ 9 va9 to e/abli%1 #b2 8 def9ition ( education1 #ab2 8 condemnation ( ! old sy/em ( education1 #abf2 =esaw ! k9d]g>t5 & ! manual tra9+ s*ool1 #bde4 ,phidias famili> ) ! turn+ la!1 #cc4 ,philadelphia1 manual tra9+ made "p ( ! public s*ool sy/em (1 #cec2 rules ( ! public s*ools (1 #cee1 #cef2 report ( a committee ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education (1 9 reg>d to manual tra9+1 #cef1 #ceg2 h&-tra9+ introduc$ into ! public s*ools (1 #ceh4 ,philosoph]s1 !1 little "t to speculate )1 #ahj4 ,philosophy e/abli%$ on a sci5tific basis--! /udy ( natural ph5om5a1 #aec2 ( ! ,greeks scorn$ bo? sci5ce & art1 #beg4 ,physical developm5t1 law (1 #aca4 ,pile-driv]1 ! /eam-hamm] pr9ciple appli$ to !1 #gf2 p[] ( !1 #gf4 ,pilgrims1 ! product ( ! progress ( all ! ages1 #cjh4 ,p9e1 9 ! =e/ & 9 lumb]1 #ba2 description ( ! tree by ! son ( a lumb]man1 #ba2 uses (1 comm]ce 91 supply (1 #bb2 s\rces ( in=mation ( /ud5ts 9 reg>d to--newspap]s & encyclop$ias1 #be4 ,plato1 8 !ory ( ! div9e orig9 ( ca/e1 #abc2 bl9d$ by half-tru?s1 #abd2 h[ he 0 controll$ by 8 environm5t1 #abd2 8 !ory ( ! importance ( e>ly tra9+1 #abe2 8 contempt = ! useful arts1 #agf1 #agg1 #cfi2 reg>d$ ! s\l's resid5ce 9 ! body z an evil1 #bef2 op9ion (1 t ! majority is always dull & always wrong1 #bhj2 ! creation ( 8 ,div9e ,dialogues dep5d$ ^u ! useful arts1 #chc4 ,pl9y1 affection (1 = 8 slaves1 #aci4 ,plut>*1 sublime moral tea*+s (1 #ach2 on ! dea? ( 8 daught]1 #aci4 ,poets1 !1 little "t to s5tim5talize )1 #ahj2 m highly e/eem$ ?an civil eng9e]s1 ma*9i/s1 & artisans1 #ahe4 ,poole1 ,dr4 ,william ,f41 c\rtesy (1 to ! /ud5ts ( ! ,*icago ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 #cdh4 ,pov]ty1 its f9al abolition dep5ds ^u ! multiplication ( ! useful arts1 #chc4 ,p[]1 g5]ation (1 ! object ( education1 #bdd2 to g5]ate & /ore up ei!r m5tal or physical1 n to be ex]t$1 is a wa/e ( en]gy1 #bde4 ,pr9t+1 ! art (1 ess5tial to progress 9 ! useful arts1 #gc2 n s necess>y to progress 9 ! s-call$ f9e arts1 #gc2 removes ! seal f ! lips ( le>n+1 #bhf2 makes e discov]y 9 sci5ce & e inv5tion 9 art ! h]itage ( all ! ages1 #bhf2 ! inv5tion (1 p>alyz$ au?ority1 #bhg4 ,progress1 if ,gutt5b]g _h re/$ cont5t ) an idea1 !re w\ld h be5 no pr9t+-press1 #aeb2 if ,watt1 ,/eph5son1 & ,fulton _h /opp$ at words1 !re w\ld h be5 nei!r railways nor /eam%ips1 #aeb2 dates f ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 #aec2 sl[ until )9 "o hundr$ ye>s1 #aec2 due n to ! m5 :o make laws1 b to ! m5 :o make ?+s1 #afj2 ( ! _w t[>ds a high] appreciation ( ! value ( ! useful arts1 #agb2 ( moral ideas %[n by ! honors lavi%$ ^u ! memory ( h]oes1 #bcd2 c f9d expression only 9 ?+s1 #bdc2 ! pa? (1 a rugg$ road1 #cha2 its /eps consi/ ( improvem5ts 9 ! useful & beautiful arts1 #chb2 ! l9es on :i* educational1 is to be s\ght1 #che4 ,prop]ty1 no security =1 9 a community devoid ( education1 #bcg2 intellig5ce alone conf]s a sacr$ "* ^u1 #bcg2 may be protect$ by a hir$ soldi]y1 or by public s5tim5t enlight5$ by education1 #bch2 ! ma9 purpose ( gov]nm5ts is to protect1 b ne>ly all ! gov]nm5ts ( hi/ory h be5 de/roy$ 9 ! ef=t to fulfil ?is function ( _! exi/5ce1 #bch2 9 slaves1 failure ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to protect1 #bch2 rights (1 9 ,engli% l&1 ab\t to be di/urb$1 #bch2 n sacr$ unless hone/ly acquir$ & hone/ly held1 #bch2 all 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates may be devot$ to education by ! ballot1 #cbd4 ,prud5ce1 extreme1 consi/5t ) rectitude1 #acf2 selfi%ness deifi$ "u ! "n (1 #caa4 ,public l&s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates squ&]$ by ,congress1 #cag2 hi/ory ( wa/e (1 by ,h5ry ,d4 ,lloyd1 9 ! ,*icago ,tribune1 #cag1 #cah1 #cai4 ,public s*ools ( ,new ,engl&1 #cji2 ! old sy/em ( education put into !1 #cjc2 popul> idea ( !1 #caj2 nei!r sci5ce nor art taught 9 !1 #caj2 reviv$ ! ,greco-,roman subjective sy/em1 #caj4 ,public s*ools ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 att5dance 91 n compulsory--"s *ildr5 ent] !m1 & "s d n1 #caf2 leave out t :i* mo/ ne>ly conc]ns ! bus9ess ( life1 #cbe4 ,pugili/1 h[ ,john ,morrissey became a1 #cad1 #cae4 ,pullman1 ,george ,m41 ,tru/ee ( ! ,*icago ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool ,association1 #cdf4 ,purdue ,univ]sity1 pron\nc$ success a*iev$ 9 manual tra9+ 91 "u ! director%ip ( ,pr(essor ,goss1 #cda4 ,r4 ,railroad1 !1 influ5ce (1 ^u ! de/9ies ( mank9d1 #agj2 taxes to ! utmo/ ne>ly e dep>tm5t ( ! useful arts1 #aga2 incompet5cy ( managem5t (1 z %[n by %r9kage 9 values ( /ocks (1 #baj2 9 ! proprietor (1 ! two great elem5ts ( mod]n p[]1 l& & /eam1 are unit$1 #cba2 proprietor ( !1 is a k+1 #cba2 mon/r\s claims ( ! proprietor (1 #cae4 ,read+1 automatism ( tea*+1 9 ! s*ools ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z %[n by ! ,walton report1 #aig2 ,colonel ,p>k] decl>es t prevail+ me?ods ( in/ruction 91 are 8utt]ly oppos$ to a m5tal law ab\t :i* !re c be no dispute10 #bjf4 ,reason1 9 exi/+ sy/ems ( education1 all[$ to slumb]1 #bjj4 ,reb]1 ,pr(4 ,l\is ,e41 9 support ( manual tra9+1 #ceb4 ,re=m--dem& =1 #cga4 ,revolution--educational1 #ahhc-d1 #cga4 ,ri*>d ,i4 pres5ts ,k+ ,ar?ur's sword ,excalib> to ,tancr$1 #ga4 ,"r1 ( ! poor *ild to equal education sacr$1 #cgf4 ,rob]ts1 ,ri*>d1 a great ,engli% inv5tor ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 #hd4 8,rocket10 !1 ,george ,/eph5son's fir/ locomotive1 #aah4 ,roebuck1 ,dr4 ,john1 a patron ( ,watt1 #hd4 ,roman ari/ocrats1 7 ref9$ & accompli%$1 #bgf1 #bgg2 savage conte/ = supremacy among !1 #bgg4 ,roman civilization ! product ( all t _h gone be=e1 #bfj4 ,roman lit]ature1 possess$ no sav+ quality1 #bge2 did n repres5t ! ,roman p1 #bge4 ,roman ,/ate1 !1 slav]y ! corn]-/one (1 #bfe4 ,romans1 !1 _h no pe] ei!r 9 c\rage or =titude1 #bfd2 vices (1 %[n 9 ! "* ( ,appius1 ! ,decemvir1 #bfd2 virtues (1 %[n 9 ! "* ( ,virg9ius1 #bfe2 s5se ( ju/ice (1 swall[$ up 9 lu/ ( p[]1 #bff2 e>ly triumphs ( indu/rial1 #bfh2 indebt$ to slaves = all ! arts1 #bfi2 philosophy (1 s %all[ z to r5d] !m call\s to ! great crimes ^u :i* ! ,/ate re/$1 #bgb2 debas+ influ5ce ( ! ,greek philosophy ^u1 #bgd2 "u ! ,empire rew>d$ vice & puni%$ virtue1 #bgd2 pref]r$ ,cs>1 ,caligula1 & ,n]o to ,cato1 ,g]manicus1 & ,agricola1 #bgd2 retrograd$ t[>ds a /ate ( savag]y "u ! ,empire1 #bge2 became absolutely selfi%1 & h5ce totally deprav$1 #bgf4 ,rome1 ! decl9e (1 caus$ by ! failure ( ! fuel supply1 & by h] neglect ( ! useful arts1 #fc1 #fd2 _h %e possess$ great me*anics h] fall might h be5 av]t$1 #fd2 h] civilization culm9at$ at ! limit ( ! application ( iron to ! useful arts1 #hc2 a p5-picture ( ! decl9e (1 #hc2 h] spl5dors & h] degradation1 #ach2 fall (1 /opp$ ! /udy ( physiology1 #aec2 ! dom9ion (1 logical--vigor\s b pitiless1 #bfc2 all ! great races m+l$ 91 #bfd2 laws (1 %[ ! /am9a ( h] p1 #bfe2 supply ( labor]s =1 ma9ta9$ by depopulat+ conqu]$ c\ntries1 #bfe2 9 ! tra9 ( ! legions return+ to1 7 m51 wom51 & *ildr5 de/9$ to slav]y1 #bfe2 laws (1 9 reg>d to slaves1 t]rible1 #bfe2 = ! free citiz5 (1 to labor ) 8 h&s 0 m disgraceful ?an to die ( />vation1 #bff2 free citiz5 paup]s (1 cry+ 8bread & circuses10 #bff2 education 91 conf9$ to politics & w>1 #bff2 became ! great robb] nation ( ! _w1 #bff2 0 on ! l& :at ,greece _h be5 on ! sea--a pirate1 #bff2 ! spoil ( conqu]$ c\ntries us$ to bribe c\rts1 s5ators1 & ! populace1 #bfg2 no?+ safe 91 f ! h& ( rapacity1 #bfg2 grew ri* ?r\gh plund]1 & poor 9 public & private virtue1 #bfg2 brib]y 91 #bfh2 great social *ange 91 aft] ! fall ( ,greece & ,c>?age & ! r$uction ( ,asia1 #bfh2 summ>y ( ! causes ( ! fall (1 #bfh2 sc5es imm$iately prec$+ ! fall (1 #bfi1 #bgj2 ! seat ( all ! _w's le>n+1 #bgj2 ! wise m5 (1 p[]less to help _! fell[-m51 because _! philosophy 0 false1 #bgj2 metaphysical philosophy (1 #bgj1 #bga2 ! philosophy (1 furni%$ an excuse = slav]y1 #bga2 suffrage 91 ! subject ( op5 traffic1 #bga1 #bgb2 not$ m5 (1 ignorant ( ! cause ( ! disord]s :i* afflict$ ! body politic1 #bgb2 9 ! city (1 vice reign$ supreme1 :ile 9 ! prov9ces !re 0 a middle class by :om all ! dome/ic virtues 7 practis$1 #cad2 no culture 91 = girls till late 9 ! ,empire1 #cff4 ,romulus & ,remus1 leg5d (1 #bei4 ,r\sseau1 ! s*ool he describ$1 #b2 8 op9ion t ! poor ne$ no education1 #abd2 8 !ory ( ! vital importance ( e>ly tra9+1 #abe2 8 def9ition ( education1 #abe2 8 appreciation ( ! importance ( ! education ( woman1 #abe1 #abf2 8 condemnation ( ! old sy/em ( education1 #abf2 decl>ation (1 t education is no?+ b habit1 #bde4 ,runkle1 ,dr4 ,john ,d41 8 decl>ation t public education %\ld t\* practical life 9 a l>g] numb] ( po9ts1 #bjb2 ! f\nd] ( manual tra9+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ccc2 exc]pts f ! report (1 9 #ahgf1 recomm5d+ ! adoption ( manual tra9+ by ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 #ccc1 #ccd2 lett] (1 to ! au?or1 conta9+ an exposition ( ! !ory ( manual tra9+1 ) an acc\nt ( its orig9 9 ! m9d (1 #ccg1 #cch2 assi/s 9 introduc+ manual tra9+ into ,gir>d ,college1 #ced4 ,rusk91 on f9d+ ! tru? 9 ?+s note1 #ade2 on discipl9+ ! f+]s 9 ! laboratory ( ! goldsmi?s note1 #adh2 on le>n+ by labor :at ! lips ( man c\ld nev] tea* note1 #aeb2 tribute (1 to labor note1 #afa2 on rogues1 a manufactur$ article note1 #bcg2 on h[ national debts be> ^u labor note1 #bia2 on h[ /&+ armies are support$ note1 #bic4 ,russia1 arbitr>y act (1 9 #aggj1 9 relation to ! export ( iron1 #aae2 solves ! problem ( tool in/ruction by ! laboratory process1 #cca2 manual tra9+ introduc$ into all ! te*nical s*ools (1 #ccc4 ,russia1 ,emp]or (1 pres5ts "o hundr$ models ( me*anical manipulations to ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 #fi2 (f]s ,john ,arnold five ?\s& doll>s = a duplicate ( 8 ,george ,,iii4 wat*1 #hf4 ,s4 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal41 manual tra9+ 91 #cdb4 ,sankey ,canal1 !1 au?oriz$ ^u condition t boats ply+ ^u x %\ld be drawn by m5 only1 #agi4 ,s>ac5s1 ! fri5ds ( education1 ( sci5ce1 & art1 #bhb2 inv5tors ( cotton-pap]1 promot]s ( all ! indu/ries1 includ+ agriculture1 #bhb1 #bhc2 driv5 f ! soil !y _h made to blossom l ! rose1 #bhc2 ameliorat+ influ5ce (1 ^u ! ignorance & sup]/ition ( ! ,middle ,ages1 #bhe4 ,savage1 !1 h[ he is tra9$1 #i2 helplessness (1 #aa2 h[ he is taught to hunt & fi%1 #agf2 is taught :at he ne$s to "k 9 8 condition1 & no?+ else1 #aha2 if 8 education 7 z unsci5tific z t ( ! civiliz$ boy1 ! race w\ld p]i%1 #bae2 n9ety-n9e times 9 a hundr$ he traces ! foot/eps ( 8 enemy 9 ! =e/1 #bae1 #baf2 education (1 is sci5tific1 #baf2 9 ! practical "* ( ! tra9+ (1 consi/s its excell5ce1 #bag2 my/]y :i* envelops skill (1 solv$1 #bai2 ignorant1 9 8 primitive /ate1 ( all ! arts1 #bgh4 ,savon>ola1 ! hat] ( abuses 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 #bcd2 at ! dea?-b$ ( ,lor5zo de ,m$ici1 #bce2 %ak+ ?rones & mak+ pr\d prelates tremble1 #bce4 ,savory helps to solve ! /eam-p[] problem1 #ae4 ,saw-mills1 opposition to _! introduction 9 ,engl&1 #agh4 ,s*ool1 ( ! future1 #b2 propos$ by ,rusk9 note1 #ahj4 ,s*ools1 !1 h n mov$ =w>d ) ev5ts1 #aed2 are /ill dom9at$ by m$ival ideas ( speculative philosophy1 #aed2 z an indu/rial ag5cy are a failure1 #bjb2 7 e/abli%$ z a bulw>k ( lib]ty1 #bjb2 d5\nc$1 #cga2 mu/ be trans=m$ f ! ornam5tal type ( ,greece into laboratories = ! developm5t ( useful m5 & wom51 #chd2 a va/ numb] (1 h be5 d$icat$ to ! new education--are !y to be develop$ into ideal s*ools81 #che4 ,s*oolma/]1 !1 & ! ,re=m]1 #cga2 ! old1 & ! new education1 #cge4 ,s*ools ( ,engl&1 arraignm5t (1 by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 #cbe4 ,s*wab1 ,dr4 ,erasmus1 & 8,! ,"w ,s*ool 9 ! ,common ,s*ool10 #cfh4 ,sci5ce1 effect ( divorce (1 f art1 #aa2 ?r\gh pr9t+ e discov]y 91 becomes ! h]itage ( future ages1 #bhf4 ,sci5tific education1 simplicity (1 #bjg1 #bjh2 diff]5ce betwe51 & unsci5tific1 #bag2 description (1 by ,miss ,s4 ,e4 ,bl[1 #bah1 #bai2 is natural education1 #bbc2 bright5s1 /imulates1 & develops1 :ile automatic /upefies1 #bbc1 #bbd4 ,sci5ti/1 !1 a public b5efactor1 #afj2 /udies ! />s1 ! e>?1 & ! air 9 ! light ( ! flames ( p]secution1 #bhg4 ,scott1 ,frank ,j41 contributor to ! fund = ! f\nd+ ( ! ,tol$o1 ,ohio1 ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 #cfd4 ,scott1 ,jesup ,w41 ! f\nd] ( ! ,tol$o ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 #ceh4 ,scott1 ,maurice1 contributor to ! fund = ! f\nd+ ( ! ,tol$o ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 #cfd4 ,scott1 ,william ,f41 contributor to ! fund = ! f\nd+ ( ! ,tol$o ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 #cfd4 ,sculpture1 limit (1 rea*$ 9 ,greece1 #gc4 ,scy?ians1 among !1 ! iron sword 0 a god1 #gj4 ,segovia1 manufactures (1 de/roy$ by ! expulsion ( ! ,moors f ,spa91 #bhc4 ,seligman1 ,mr4 ,joseph1 munific5ce (1 e/abli%$ ,pr(essor ,adl]'s ,work+man's ,s*ool 9 ,new ,york ,city on a firm basis1 #cde4 ,selfi%ness1 ! ar*-enemy ( virtue1 #acd2 maxims 9 honor (1 #acd2 ,napoleon a colossal example ( ! folly (1 #ace2 9 conflict ) ! true _s ( civilization1 #ace2 causes revolutions & de/roys gov]nm5ts1 #ace2 is bl9d ( "o eye--sees only "o side ( a cause1 #acf2 let n prud5ce be conf\nd$ )1 #acf2 extreme1 ! synonym ( depravity1 #acf2 promot$ by prevail+ sy/ems ( education1 #acf2 promot$ by a m]cantile c>e]1 #bcj2 ( ! lawy]1 ! judge1 & ! legislator1 #bcj1 #bca2 z x rec$es f ! m9d1 ju/ice assumes its appropriate place z ! controll+ elem5t 9 human conduct1 #bcc2 ! s\rce ( all social evil1 #bdg2 trans=m$ ,roman c\rage into cruelty1 & ,roman =titude into brutal /oicism1 #bff2 trans=m$ ! gov]nm5t ( ,rome f a pure democracy into an olig>*y ( weal?1 #bgf2 vanqui%es itself 9 ,rome1 #bgg2 ! equival5t ( savag]y1 #bgg2 deifi$ "u ! "n ( prud5ce1 #caa2 call+ x prud5ce l$ to conf\nd+ "r & wrong1 #caa2 effects (1 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ! same z 9 ! fir/1 #cab2 ! m9d *>g$ )1 ?r\gh subjective educational processes1 #cbf2 ends 9 a /ruggle :i* ends 9 a revolution1 #cbf4 ,s5eca1 sublime moral precepts (1 contra/$ ) ! horrors ( ! gladiatorial games1 #ach2 8 doctr9e ( humanity1 #aci2 ignores slav]y1 ! slave1 ! labor]1 & ! useful arts1 #bfh2 morals (1 glitt]+ g5]alities1 politics (1 practical1 #bfi2 put money 9 8 purse1 #bfi2 *>g$ ) complicity 9 ! ,piso conspiracy1 & bani%$ = ! crime ( adult]y1 #bfi4 ,s]fs ( ! ,middle ,ages ! m]c5>y troops ( ! mod]n ,/ate1 #bij4 ,s]vice--! greate/ ?+ 9 ! moral _w1 #cgh4 ,seville1 silk indu/ry (1 #bib2 looms (1 sil5c$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 #bhc4 ,sew+-ma*9e1 !1 its accuracy1 #hg2 x illu/rates ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! practical arts1 #hg2 x multiplies g>m5ts beyond ! p[] ( figures to express1 #hg4 ,%effield1 ,"l1 8 e/imate ( ! value ( ,h5ry ,cort's improvem5ts 9 iron & ! /eam-eng9e ( ,watt1 #aae2 8 decl>ation ( ! purpose ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,am]ican colonies1 #bjb4 ,%effield1 t[n (1 its insignificance 9 #agae1 #aaf2 its manufactur+ importance n[1 #aaf4 ,skill be+ prolific ( good %\ld be br\ght to be> ^u educational sy/ems1 #acb4 ,slav]y exi/$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :5 ,horace ,mann decl>$ x to be ! cause ( ! degradation ( labor & ! labor]1 #ahi2 aid$ by ,engl& 9 its /ruggle = survival1 #ahi2 influ5ce (1 n yet ext9ct1 #ahi2 has kept its br& ( %ame ^u ! useful arts = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 #aij2 h[ ! ,egyptian 0 r$uc$ to1 #bej2 & labor 7 synonym\s t]ms 9 ,rome1 #bfe2 a /ate (1 is a /ate ( w>1 #bfe2 conf\nd$ ) fre$om 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #caa2 negroes escap+ f1 call$ fugitives f ju/ice1 #caa2 ju/ifi$ 9 ,faneuil ,hall1 ! cradle ( lib]ty1 #caa2 tri$ only by ! te/ ( self-int]e/1 #cab2 9 ! ,nor? x fad$ away1 9 ! ,s\? x fl\ri%$1 #cab2 climate conditions1 n education1 sav$ ?is cont95t f ! sc\rge (1 #cab1 #cac2 "q ( cont9uance (1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 settl$ by viol5ce1 z savages settle controv]sies1 #cac4 ,slaves1 9 ,rome1 laws 9 relation to1 #bfe2 a million kill$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! s]vile rebellion 9 ,sicily1 #bfe2 expos$ to wild bea/s 9 ! ar5a = ! popul> amusem5t1 #bfe2 all indu/rial pursuits 9 ,rome c>ri$ on by1 #bff2 labor (1 9 ,rome1 *eap] ?an t ( cattle1 #bff2 con/ruct all ! great public works 9 ,rome1 #bfi2 /rike = lib]ty 9 ,rome1 & are slaught]$1 #bga2 clank ( ! *a9s (1 9 ! /reets ( ,bo/on1 #caa4 ,smeaton helps to solve ! /eam-p[] problem1 #ae2 ! be/ workman ( 8 "t1 #he4 ,smiles1 ,samuel1 decl>es t ! automata ( ! ,middle ,ages l$ to ! useful automatic tools ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 #ce2 8 peculi> views ab\t ,maudslay's great inv5tion1 #cf2 8 hi/ory ( ! ,dut* & ,g]man me*anics :o contribut$ to ! solution ( ! problem ( ! application ( m9]al coal to smelt+ purposes1 #fd2 8 graphic picture ( ! v]satility ( ! smi?1 #ga2 8 p5-picture ( ! /eam%ip ,w>rior 8brea/+ ! bill[s ( ! ,nor? ,sea10 #he2 %[s ! true spr+s ( ,engli% greatness 9 8 8,lives ( ! ,eng9e]s10 #agb2 %[s ! orig9 ( useful arts 9 ,engl& 9 8 great "w on ! ,hugu5ots1 #ahe4 ,smi?1 !1 gives direction to ! c\rse ( ,empire1 #fb2 a man ( great consequ5ce 9 ,engl& 9 ! e>ly "t1 #ga2 "n (1 desc5ds to m families ?an t ( any o!r pr(ession1 #ga2 v]satility (1 #ga1 #gb2 conducts ! eng9e]+ at ! siege ( ,b]wick1 #gb2 anci5t1 k9 to all ! ages ?r\gh 8 works1 #gd4 ,social evils1 are ! product ( defective education1 #cbe4 ,social problems1 solution (1 to be s\ght ?r\gh a radical *ange 9 educational me?ods1 #bdh2 ! railway & factory are new factors 91 #cba2 ( ,am]ica _c be settl$ z ^? ( ,europe are1 by emigration1 #cbf4 ,solicis1 ,pr(4 ,g41 ! *ief support] ( manual tra9+ 9 ,france1 #cfh4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 educational sy/em (1 conf9$ to a class1 z oppos$ to univ]sal education 9 ,new ,engl&1 #bce4 ,spa91 ru9$ by ! expulsion ( ! ,moors1 #bhc2 de/itution 9 ! *ief cities (1 #bhc2 dang] t ! royal family (1 w\ld g hungry to b$1 #bhc2 is bankrupt1 #bif4 ,speculation1 rages on ! ex*anges ( all l>ge ,am]ican cities1 #cbb2 affects e class 9 ! community1 #cbb2 /imulates bad passions1 & creates a di/a/e = labor1 #cbb4 ,speculative philosophy1 only res\rce ( ! anci5ts1 #aec2 dom9at$ ! _w f ! fall ( ,rome to ! "t ( ,bacon1 #aec4 ,spee*1 mu/ be inc>nate 9 ?+s or x is dead1 #ada2 man w\ld lose ! p[] (1 if 8 words %\ld cease to be realiz$ 9 ?+s1 #adi2 dep5d5t ^u objects = its exi/5ce1 #aej2 has its orig9 n less 9 ext]nal objects ?an 9 ! m9d1 #aej2 w\ld be lo/ if ! s5ses %\ld cease to be impress$ by ?+s1 #aej2 fre$om (1 & ( ?\ght1 cat*-p5ny phrases1 #aib4 ,spell+1 automatism 9 tea*+1 9 ! s*ools ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z %[n by ! ,walton report1 #aih1 #aii4 ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 on ! defects ( ! s*ools ( ,engl&1 #cbe2 ! contra/ betwe5 8 views & ! dictum ( ,dr4 ,dwight ( ,yale ,univ]sity1 #cgd2 po9t$ out1 ! analogy betwe5 e>ly me?ods ( education & b>b>ism1 #cgg4 ,/&+ armies1 a legacy ( evil f ! ,middle ,ages1 #bhi2 recruit$ f ! ranks ( ! s]fs1 #bij2 ! dom9ant feature ( ,european public economy1 #bij2 numb] (1 #bij2 collat]al evils (1 #bij2 responsible = illit]acy & paup]ism1 #bib2 :at !y co/ & :at !y /& 9 ! way (1 #bic2 h[ !y are support$ note1 #bic2 an assumption ( ! b>b>ism ( man1 #cjj2 /& 9 ! way ( education & prosp]ity1 #cjc2 mu/ ev]y:]e soon disappe> be=e ! m>* ( education1 #cjc2 are z abnormal 9 ,europe z slav]y 0 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cjc1 #cjd2 are ! in/rum5ts ( tyranny1 ! la/ analysis ( selfi%ness1 #cjd2 ! result ( ! ,greco-,roman me?ods ( education1 #cjd4 ,/ate1 a1 gr[? (1 dep5ds ^u progress 9 ! practical arts1 #aea2 ceas+ to advance1 its language ceases to gr[1 becomes /ation>y1 /agnates1 #aea4 ,/atesm51 n ! au?ors ( ,engli% progress1 #aei2 ,buckle's sca?+ arraignm5t (1 #afj2 m highly e/eem$ ?an civil eng9e]s1 ma*9i/s1 & artisans1 #ahe4 ,/atutes1 t we> out 9 a ye>1 #bda4 ,/eam1 p[] (1 kn[n to ! anci5ts1 #ad2 makes all civiliz$ c\ntries prosp]\s & great1 #afa2 mu/ be h>ness$ at ! =ge & 9 ! %op to enable x to d its "w1 #agj2 p[] ex]t$ by1 9 ! manufactories ( ,great ,brita9 equal to ! manual labor ( f\r hundr$ millions ( m51 #ahd2 may be lik5$ to an idea :i* f9ds expression ?r\gh ! eng9e--a ?+1 #bde2 ! railway & ! factory two great products (1 #cba4 ,/eam-hamm]1 !1 9 works ( ,mr4 ,crane1 ,*icago1 #ge2 9 ,pittsburg1 ,pa41 & at ,krupp's ca/-/eel works1 ,ess51 ,g]many1 #ge2 inv5tion (1 9 #ahcg1 its accuracy1 p[]1 & delicacy1 #gf2 application ( ! pr9ciple (1 to ! pile-driv] 9 #ahde1 #gf4 ,/eam%ip1 !1 influ5ce (1 ^u ! de/9ies ( mank9d1 #agj4 ,/eel1 ,age (1 great ent]prises ( !1 dw>f ! m]ely ornam5tal bran*es ( le>n+1 #agi4 ,/eele1 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,j41 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,le ,moyne ,normal ,in/itute--lett] (1 to ! ,au?or1 #cfb4 ,/eph5son1 ,george1 inv5tor ( ! locomotive1 #hd2 sket* ( 8 rem>kable c>e]1 #aah1 #aai2 decl9es knigh?ood & a memb]%ip 9 ! ,royal ,society1 #aai2 ! f\nd] ( ! railway sy/em ( ! _w1 #aai4 ,/eph5son1 ,rob]t1 an ,engli% railway eng9e]1 #hd4 ,/ick1 ,adam & !1 #aeg2 ! symbol & in/rum5t ( p[]1 #aeh4 ,/oics & philosoph]s ( ,rome1 l(ty moral s5tim5ts (1 9 contra/ ) ! ,roman vices1 #aci4 ,suetonius1 portrays ! cruelties ( ! ,cs>s1 b h9ts at no cause !re= inh]5t 9 ! social sy/em1 #bgb4 ,suffrage1 love ( c\ntry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is a due appreciation ( ! "r (1 #cbc2 9 ! univ]sality ( ! "r (1 lies ! p[] ( correct+ all social evils1 #cbd2 de/9$ to pres]vation =ev] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cbd2 attempt to limit1 9 ,new ,york acc\nt$ = by ! preval5ce ( ,european ideas1 #cbd2 ! "r (1 c be tak5 f ! ,am]ican p only by =ce1 #cbd2 /&>d (1 l[]$ by ignorance & depravity1 #cbe2 :5 bett] in=m$ x w be m hone/1 #cbe2 ) increas$ intellig5ce x w ga9 ! p[] to grapple ) social abuses1 #cbe4 ,sup]/ition1 h[ x arose ?r\gh ignorance & selfi%ness1 #bdi4 ,sw$51 five hundr$ sljd s*ools 91 9 #ahhb1 #cfh2 supports a s*ool = ! tra9+ ( tea*]s ( sljd s*ools at ,ns1 #cfi4 ,syria1 ! f\nd]s1 smi?s1 & all ! artisans (1 7 slaves1 #ef4 ,t4 ,tacitus1 8 acc\nt ( ! execution ( f\r hundr$ slaves = ! murd] ( "o man1 #bfe2 8 lam5t at ! decl9e ( public virtue1 #bfg2 is sil5t on ! subject ( ! infamy ( slav]y1 & on ! %ame ( degrad+ labor1 #bgb4 ,tancr$ ! ,crusad] pays = ,k+ ,ar?ur's sword ,excalib> 8f\r great %ips & fifte5 galleys10 #ga4 ,t>qu9s1 ! bani%m5t ( !1 #bfd4 ,telegraph1 !1 influ5ce (1 ^u ! de/9ies ( mank9d1 #agj4 ,telephone1 ! "w ( ! h&1 #aef4 ,telescope1 ! "w ( ! h&1 #aee4 ,texas1 ,agricultural & ,me*anical ,college (1 #cei4 ,!odoric1 attempt (1 to recon/ruct ! ,roman civilization1 #bgi2 ! ord] evok$ f *aos by1 to *aos soon return$1 #bhj4 ,!orem1 a1 always a "q solv$1 #add4 ,?+s bo? ! subject & occasion ( spee*1 #aea2 reg>d$ z ( less vital importance ?an ab/ract ideas1 #ahe2 ! false1 easily detect$ 9--examples1 #bbd2 ! /udy (1 /eadies & balances ! m9d1 #bbe2 ! tru? reveal$ only 91 #bdc2 ideas are m]e va9 speculations till embodi$ 91 #bdc2 ! habit ( express+ ideas 91 %\ld be =m$ 9 ! s*ools1 #bde2 ! tru?s t are hidd5 91 #cgh2 ! integrity ( ! m9d c be ma9ta9$ only by ! submission ( its immature judgm5ts to ! v]ification (1 #cgi2 ! s\rce ( ideas1 #cgi2 ess5tial to spiritual developm5t1 #chd4 ,?9k+1 act+ is ! complem5t (1 #bdd4 ,?\ght1 mu/ be inc>nate 9 ?+s1 or x is dead1 #ada2 is n ev5 pres5t to ! ?9k] until he has set x =?1 out ( himself1 #aej2 indep5d5t1 ( all m5tal processes ! mo/ difficult--habit1 tradition1 & rev]5ce = antiquity unite to =bid x1 #aib4 ,?\ghts mu/ be express$ to h influ5ce1 #bdd2 may be express$ mo/ =cibly 9 ?+s1 #bdd4 ,?ucydides arraigns ! ,greeks z falsifi]s & p]jur]s1 #bee4 ,?ur/on1 ,rob]t ,h41 on ! trem5d\s p[] wield$ by ! me*anic1 #ahc4 ,tol$o1 ,o41 ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 inception (1 due to ! g5]osity ( ! late ,jesup ,w4 ,scott & 8 ?ree sons1 #cfd2 connect$ ) ! public high-s*ool1 #cfd1 #cfe2 /ud5ts (1 consi/ ( bo? sexes1 #cfe2 ! c\rse = girls 91 #cfe4 ,tol$o1 ,spa91 wooll5 manufactures (1 transf]r$ by ! exil$ ,moors to ,tunis1 #bhc4 8,tom ,all-alone's0 9 8,bleak ,h\se0--social philosophy (1 #cae4 ,tool practice1 quick5s ! intellect1 #aad2 eng5d]s a ?ir/ = wisdom1 #aad2 hi/ory (1 9 ,engl& confirms ?is view1 #aad2 ! f\ndation ( ,james ,watt's culture1 #aai2 ,george ,/eph5son's c>e] an illu/ration ( ! intellectual effect (1 #aai2 te/imony ( ! ,director ( ! ,artisans' ,s*ool at ,rott]dam1 ,holl&1 z to intellectual effect (1 #aba2 te/imony ( ,dr4 ,woodw>d1 ,director ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 z to intellectual effect (1 #aba2 te/imony ( ,m4 ,victor ,della ,vos1 ,director ( ! ,imp]ial ,te*nical ,s*ool ( ,mosc[1 z to intellectual effect (1 #aba2 effect (1 z %[n by ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,me*anic ,art ,s*ool at ,komotan1 ,bohemia1 #abb4 ,tools1 influ5ce (1 ^u mod]n civilization1 #i2 repres5t ! /eps ( human progress1 #aj2 ! great civiliz+ ag5cy ( ! _w1 #aa4 ,t\*1 ! ma/] s5se1 :5ce all ! o!r s5ses spr+1 #chj2 reigns ?r\gh\t ! body1 & is ! tok5 ( life 9 e "p1 #cha2 is ! fundam5tal s5se1 ! "m-tongue (1 language1 #cha2 its v]satility1 #cha4 ,t[n%ips ( ,new ,engl&1 _! e/abli%m5t logical1 #cji4 ,tradition1 tyranny (1 #abd4 ,tru?1 ! /ruggle aft]1 #bcc2 ! love (1 natural1 #bcc2 h]oes honor x1 #bcd2 conspicu\s ?r\gh ef=ts to suppress x1 #bhg4 ,tulane1 ,paul1 f\nd] ( ! ,tulane ,univ]sity ( ,new ,orleans1 ,la41 #cec4 ,tulane ,univ]sity1 manual tra9+ a prom95t feature 9 !1 #cec4 ,turki% ,empire1 /ory ( its orig9 ?r\gh ! art ( =g+1 #fa4 ,twe$ism1 :at made x possible 9 ! city ( ,new ,york1 #cae4 ,types1 ?r\gh ! m$ium (1 ! voice ( g5ius is de/9$ to rea* to ! ends ( ! e>?1 #bhf4 ,u4 ,unit$ ,/ates1 !1 n at ! front 9 ! race ( nations = indu/rial supremacy1 #bjc2 comp>ison ( imports & exports (1 ) ^? ( ,engl&1 #bjc2 indu/rially ill-balanc$1 #bjd2 suff]+ f a paucity ( skill$ labor1 #bjd2 educational sy/em (1 v poor1 z %[n by ! /ati/ics ( railway & comm]cial disa/]s1 #bbd2 educational sy/em (1 z poor morally z m5tally1 #bbd2 neglect ( education by1 ! mo/ a/oni%+ fact 9 ! hi/ory (1 #bce2 a sci5tific educational sy/em =c$ ^u ! ,s\? by1 w\ld h av]t$ ! w> ( rebellion1 #bcg2 c\ld n protect prop]ty 9 slaves1 #bch2 social conditions 91 simil> to ^? prevail+ 9 ,europe1 #cac2 illit]acy 91 #cac2 increase ( illit]acy 91 #cac2 e six? man :o votes 91 is unable to write 8 "n1 #cac2 l& sy/em (1 rivals t ( ,engl& 9 inju/ice1 #cag2 hi/ory ( ! l& sy/em (1 by ,h5ry ,d4 ,lloyd1 9 ! ,*icago ,tribune1 #cag-cai2 ! s5tim5t ( patriotism ju/ifiable only 91 #cbc2 ! soldi] (1 is a citiz5 (1 #cbc1 #cbd4 ,univ]sities1 ! m5 :o h trans=m$ ! face ( ! e>? came n f !1 #ahe2 ,bacon's cau/ic rem>k 9 relation to !1 #ahe2 on ,bacon's plan w\ld h unit$ sci5ce & art1 #ahe4 ,use--! greate/ ?+ 9 ! mat]ial _w1 #cgh4 ,v4 ,val]ius1 di$ s poor t he 0 buri$ at ! public *>ge1 #bfh4 ,v5us1 made ! wife ( ,vulcan1 ! ,god ( ,fire1 #gj4 ,von ,kaas1 ,rittmei/] ,clauss51 lectures on ! subject ( manual tra9+ 9 ,g]many1 #cfh4 ,vulcan1 ! ,god ( ,fire1 giv5 ,v5us to wife1 ! fa!r ( ,cupid1 #gj4 ,w4 ,waif1 !1 description (1 by ,john ,morrissey1 #cad2 de/9$ to become an equal citiz51 #cae2 made ,twe$ism 9 ,new ,york ,city possible1 #cae2 pollutes ! f\nta9s ( ju/ice1 #cae1 #caf2 m5aces ! gov]nm5t ) de/ruction1 #caf2 p]mitt$ by ! hundr$ ?\s& to develop into a savage1 #caf2 p[] (1 to tax civiliz$ p1 #caf4 ,walton1 ,george ,a41 report (1 9 reg>d to inve/igation ( ! s*ools ( ,norfolk ,c\nty1 ,mass41 #aif-aii4 ,w>s1 mod]n1 ( ,european nations involve no pr9ciple1 #bij4 ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity1 manual tra9+ dep>tm5t (1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahgh1 #cch1 #cci2 exc]pts f ! prospectus (1 #ahhb-hc1 %[+ ! progress ( manual tra9+1 #cci1 #cdj2 f\nd+ ( manual tra9+ dep>tm5t (1 due to ! en]gy & =esight ( ,dr4 ,woodw>d fir/1 & second1 to ! donations ( private citiz5s1 #cdj1 #cda4 ,wat* ,company1 ,elg9 ,national1 makes a ?\s& wat*es a day--all p]fect1 #hg2 makes two hundr$ ?\s& wat*-screws 9 a few m9utes1 #hg4 ,watt1 ,james1 ! la/ l9k 9 ! *a9 ( /eam-eng9e inv5tors1 #ae2 ,dr4 ,drap]'s eulogy (1 #ae2 *ief difficulty (1 9 p]fect+ ! /eam-eng9e1 #hd1 #he2 ,smeaton's op9ion t ! eng9e (1 c\ld n be made to "w ) h&-made tools1 #he2 sket* ( ! life & c>e] (1 #aai1 #abj2 a dull boy 9 s*ool1 #abj2 tribute ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott to ! greatness (1 #abj2 e incid5t 9 ! life (1 n[ eag]ly s\ght =1 #aga4 ,weav+ ,ma*9]y1 improv$1 opposition to introduction (1 9 ,engl&1 #agh4 ,:itney1 ,eli ,b41 inv5tor ( ! cotton-g91 #hd4 ,william ! ,conqu]or1 8 appreciation ( ! importance ( l& proprietor%ip1 #cag4 ,williams1 ,rog]1 ! *ampion ( absolute fre$om ( ?\ght & spee*1 #cji4 ,wilson1 ,dr4 ,george1 8 panegyric on ! h&1 #ade4 ,wisdom1 ! p[] ( discrim9at+ betwe5 :at is true & :at is false1 #aeb2 ! h& us$ z ! synonym (1 because x is only 9 ! concrete t ! false is sure ( detection1 #aeb4 ,woman1 trem5d\s influ5ce (1 ^u ! de/9ies ( ! human race1 #abe2 neglect ( pa/ ages to educate1 a crime1 #abe2 education (1 m important ?an t ( man1 #abh2 condition (1 9 a /ate ( savag]y1 #bdi2 re=m 9 education mu/ beg9 )1 #cfe2 ! education (1 m imp]ative ?an t ( man1 #cfe2 neglect ( ! education (1 among ! anci5ts1 #cff2 degradation (1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 #cff2 contempt (1 by ,bacon1 ,swift1 ,addison1 & ,johnson1 #cff2 ,%akespe>e's tribute to1 #cff2 ,rusk9's wor%ip (1 #cff2 ! purity ( ! home & ! effici5cy ( ! s*ool dep5ds ^u1 #cfg2 9 ! van :]e ! imag9ation leads1 #cfg2 less selfi% ?an man1 #cfg2 intuitions (1 tru]1 ideals high]1 s5se ( ju/ice f9]1 & ( duty /rong] ?an ^? ( man1 #cfg2 ! tea*] ( man f ! cradle to ! grave1 #cfg4 ,woodw>d1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,m41 ,director ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 #aba2 /atem5t (1 z to intellectual effect ( manual tra9+1 #aba2 8 acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! ,/4 ,l\is s*ool1 #cci4 ,wood-turn+ laboratory1 radical *ange (1 f c>p5try--f angles to sph]ical1 cyl9drical1 & ecc5tric =ms1 #cj2 ! value 9 ! arts ( ! la!1 #cj2 its my?ical orig91 #cc2 its application & uses among ! anci5ts1 #cd2 fa%ionable 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies 9 ,engl& & ,france1 #cd2 purpose (1 is n to make turn]s1 b to educate boys1 #ci2 ! ma*9]y (1 9 motion1 #ci2 p5-picture ( ! /ud5ts 91 #ci2 ! lesson 9 detail 91 #dj2 ! /ud5ts at _! la!s 91 #dc2 ! in/ructor passes ^u ! "w ( ! class 91 #dd4 ,wootz1 or ,indian /eel1 produc$ ne> ,golconda1 & us$ 9 ! fabrication ( ,damascus blades1 #gb2 millions ( doll>s exp5d$ 9 ef=ts to produce ! equal (1 #gb4 ,words1 weakness (1 #ada2 _c atta9 to def9it5ess save z liv+ outgr[?s ( realities1 #aej2 easy to juggle )1 & make ! worse appe> ! bett] reason1 #bbd2 educational sy/ems /ill tra9 91 r ?an 9 ?+s1 #cbe1 #cbf4 ,work+man's ,s*ool & ,free ,k9d]g>t5 ( ,new ,york ,city1 ! mo/ compreh5sive educational in/itution 9 ! _w1 #cdb2 scope (1 #cdc2 purpose (1 id5tical ) t ( ! manual tra9+ s*ool1 #cdc2 me?ods ( in/ruction 9 !1 #cdc1 #cdd4 ,y4 ,y>ranton1 ,&rew1 accord+ to ,patrick ,edw>d ,dove1 0 ! f\nd] ( ,engli% political economy1 #age4 ,z4 ,z5ophon1 aft] conduct+ ! retreat ( ! ,t5 ,?\s&1 l$ a deta*m5t ( ,greeks on a pillag+ exp$ition1 #bee4 ,,! ,,end ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,inconsi/5cies 9 spell+1 hyph5ation1 etc4 7includ+ 9 prop] names7 h be5 reta9$1 except z m5tion$ bel[4 ,dep5d+ on ! h>d- & s(tw>e & _! sett+s us$ to read ?is text1 n all elem5ts may display z int5d$4 ,z expla9$ 9 ! ,preface1 ! book conta9s bo? endnotes p] *apt] & footnotes4 ,?is di/9ction has be5 kept 9 ?is text1 ) ! endnotes be+ numb]$ ,e#a1 ,e#b1 ,e#c1 444 & ! footnotes hav+ numb]s #a1 #b1 #c1 4444 ,page #he1 8,ma*9e-made tools 7 unkn[n 4443 ei!r ! clos+ quote m>k is miss+1 or ! op5+ quote m>k 0 includ$ errone\sly4 ,page #afi3 !re is a footnote m>k] 99 on ?is page1 b no footnote4 ,page #agi1 p>agraph />t+ ,:5 labor 0 only ano!r "n 444 & relat$ foot- & endotes3 sev]al quote m>ks appe> to be lack+4 ,page #ahj1 ,footnote #cf3 !re probably %\ld h be5 a clos+ quote m>k aft] 444 ex]cises ( humanity4 ,page #cbg1 ,endnote ,e#ca3 !re is no m>k] 9 ! text = ?is note4 ,page #djj1 ,m9nesota1 ,m9n43 z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t2 probably an error = ,m9neapolis1 ,m9n4 ,page #dfd1 ,z5ophon3 ! text consi/5tly uses ,x5ophon4 ,*anges3 ,illu/rations & footnotes h be5 mov$ out ( text p>agraphs4 ,"s obvi\s m9or typographical & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,table ( ,cont5ts3 ,sev]al page numb]s h be5 correct$ to ! book's actual page numb]s4 ,page #f1 ,endnote #a3 clos+ quote m>k ins]t$ aft] 444 pr9ciples ( sci5tific education4 ,page #ac3 clos+ quote m>k ins]t$ aft] 444 be le>n$ by do+ !m4 ,page #eh3 444 access>ies1 z anvils1 444 *ang$ to 444 accessories1 z anvils1 4444 ,page #gg1 ,endnote #b3 op5+ quote m>k ins]t$ be=e ,! inquiry ( tru? 4444 ,page #aga3 ,maudslay1 ,clem5t ,murray1 ,nasmy? *ang$ to ,maudslay1 ,clem5t1 ,murray1 ,nasmy?4 ,page #aid3 ,op5+ quote m>k ins]t$ be=e ,apply+ our popul> s*emes 4444 ,page #beg3 ,endnote m>k] numb]+ ,e#a correct$ to ,e#aa to con=m to endnotes = ?is *apt]4 ,page #cib1 footnote #abe3 ,( ! #ea cities tabulat$ 444 *ang$ to ,( ! #ed cities tabulat$ 4444 ,page #dcb3 ,*icago ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 equipm5t (3 #cda *ang$ to #cdg4