,,contributions ,,f ,,! ,,museum ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,indian ,,heye ,,f\ndation ,,volume ,,vi ,,turquois ,,mosaic ,,art ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,mexico ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,i ,,%ield ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,museum ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,indian ,,heye ,,f\ndation1 ,,new ,,york ,,turquois ,,mosaic ,,art ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,mexico ,,by ,,m>%all ,h4 ,,saville ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,museum ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,indian ,,heye ,,f\ndation #aibb ,,cond ,,na/ ,,press ,,gre5wi*1 ,,conn4 ,,to ,,george ,,gu/av ,,heye ,9 appreciation ( 8 long-cont9u$ int]e/ 9 all t p]ta9s to ! /udy ( ! aborig9al race ( ,am]ica1 :i* has rea*$ fruition 9 ! op5+ ( ! ,,museum ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,indian ,,heye ,,f\ndation ?is volume is d$icat$ by ! au?or & ! /aff ( ! ,museum ,,preface ,! writ] has und]tak5 ! pres5t /udy ( ,mexican ,turquois ,mosaics 9 honor ( ! approa*+ op5+ to ! public ( ! ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation1 ! only in/itution devot$ exclusively to ! /udy ( ! aborig9al ,am]ican peoples ev] e/abli%$2 & ! proximate ,int]national ,congress ( ,am]icani/s to be held at ,rio de ,janeiro ?is summ]4 ,ow+ to lack ( "t x has be5 impossible to obta9 new photographic illu/rations ( all ! specim5s ( mosaic-"w 9 ,european museums1 b ! au?or desires to express 8 ?anks to ,t4 ,a4 ,joyce1 ,esq41 = 8 c\rtesy 9 furni%+ photographs ( ! examples 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,to ,dr4 ,franz ,heg]1 ( ! ,/ate ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 ,vi5na1 we are "u deep obligations = photographs & description ( ! int]e/+ ,xolotl figure pres]v$ 9 t ,museum4 ,dr4 ,s4 ,k4 ,lo?rop has k9dly _h photographs made ( ! objects ( ?is class 9 ! ,prehi/oric & ,e?nographic ,museum 9 ,rome1 & has made c]ta9 valuable obs]vations conc]n+ !m4 ,to ,drs4 ,a4 ,m4 ,tozz] & ,h4 ,j4 ,sp9d5 special ackn[l$gm5t is due = _! g5]\s p]mission to illu/rate ! mosaics f ,*i*5 ,itza1 ?us anticipat+ _! own description ( ! objects 9 ! "w n[ be+ prep>$ reg>d+ "o ( ! mo/ important discov]ies ev] made 9 anci5t ,am]ica4 ,! f9e draw+s are f ! p5 ( ,william ,baake1 & ! beautiful plates repres5t ! be/ ef=ts ( ! ,heliotype ,company4 ,f9ally mu/ be ackn[l$g$ ! *>act]i/ic g5]osity ( "o ( ! tru/ees ( ! ,museum1 ,james ,b4 ,=d1 ,esq41 :o has made x possible = u to publi% ?is pap]1 & to :om ! ,museum is indebt$ = its acquisition ( ! preci\s collection ( ,mexican mosaics :i* are n[ describ$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface ix ,,introduction #a ,,e>lie/ ,,hi/orical ,,acc\nts ,,( ,,turquois ,,mosaic ,,9 ,,mexico #c ,! ,grijalva ,exp$ition1 #aeah #c ,loot obta9$ by ,corts1 #aeai-aebe #h ,,tribute ,,( ,,mosaic ,,paid ,,to ,,! ,,aztec ,,rul]s #bb ,,s\rce ,,( ,,turquois #bg ,,! ,,aztec ,,lapid>ies ,,& ,,_! ,,"w #bi ,,objects ,,decorat$ ,,) ,,mosaic #dj ,,exi/+ ,,specim5s ,,( ,,mosaic #dg ,m9or ,examples #dh ,*i*5 ,itza ,specim5s #ee ,major ,examples #ei ,helmet #fj ,masks #fj ,skull ,masks #fg ,%ields #fh ,e>-plug #gi ,animal ,figures #hj ,god ,figure #hb ,knife ,h&les #hb ,human ,femur ,musical ,in/rum5t #hd ,,conclusion #hf ,,notes #ib ,,li/ ,,( ,,works ,,describ+ ,,mexican ,,mosaics #ajc ,,illu/rations ,,plates ,,page ,i4 ,wood5 %ield ) turquois mosaic decoration ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation1 ,new ,york ,frontispiece ,,ii4 ,/one idol ) mosaic decoration ,national ,museum1 ,mexico #bb ,,iii4 a1 ,wood5 /aff ) turquois mosaic decoration1 f ,sacr$ c5ote1 ru9s ( ,*i*5 ,itza1 ,yucatan ,peabody ,museum1 ,cambridge b1 ,wood5 rattle ) turquois mosaic decoration1 f ,sacr$ c5ote1 ru9s ( ,*i*5 ,itza1 ,yucatan ,peabody ,museum1 ,cambridge #bb ,,iv4 ,wood5 helmet ) mosaic decoration ,briti% ,museum1 ,london #bd ,v4 ,wood5 mask ) turquois mosaic decoration ,briti% ,museum1 ,london #bf ,,vi4 ,wood5 mask ) turquois mosaic decoration ,briti% ,museum1 ,london #bh ,,vii4 ,wood5 mask ) turquois mosaic decoration ,prehi/oric & ,e?nographic ,museum1 ,rome #cj ,,viii4 ,wood5 mask ) turquois mosaic decoration ,prehi/oric & ,e?nographic ,museum1 ,rome #cb ,,ix4 ,wood5 mask ) turquois mosaic decoration ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation1 ,new ,york #cd ,x4 ,wood5 mask ) turquois mosaic decoration ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation1 ,new ,york #cf ,,xi4 ,wood5 mask 7fragm5t7 ) turquois mosaic decoration ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation1 ,new ,york #ch ,,xii4 ,wood5 mask 7fragm5t7 ) turquois mosaic decoration ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation1 ,new ,york #dj ,,xiii4 ,wood5 mask ) mosaic decoration ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation1 ,new ,york #db ,,xiv4 ,wood5 mask ) mosaic decoration ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation1 ,new ,york #dd ,,xv4 ,wood5 mask 7fragm5t7 ) mosaic decoration ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation1 ,new ,york #df ,,xvi4 ,wood5 mask =m]ly cov]$ ) mosaic decoration ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation1 ,new ,york #dh ,,xvii4 ,wood5 mask ) turquois mosaic decoration1 f ,honduras ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation1 ,new ,york #ej ,,xviii4 ,skull mask ) mosaic decoration ,e?nographical ,museum1 ,b]l9 #eb ,,xix4 ,skull mask ) mosaic decoration ,briti% ,museum1 ,london #ed ,,xx4 ,wood5 %ield ) turquois mosaic decoration ,briti% ,museum1 ,london #ef ,,xxi4 ,wood5 %ield ) turquois mosaic decoration ,/ate ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 ,vi5na #eh ,,xxii4 ,back ( wood5 %ield illu/rat$ 9 ,pl4 ,i4 ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation1 ,new ,york #fj ,,xxiii4 ,wood5 %ield ) mosaic decoration4 ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation1 ,new ,york #fb ,,xxiv4 ,wood5 %ield ) mosaic decoration4 ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation1 ,new ,york #fd ,,xxv4 ,wood5 %ield 7fragm5t7 ) mosaic decoration4 ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation1 ,new ,york #ff ,,xxvi4 ,wood5 %ield 7fragm5t7 ) mosaic decoration4 ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation1 ,new ,york #fh ,,xxvii4 ,wood5 %ield 7fragm5t7 ) mosaic decoration4 ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation1 ,new ,york #gj ,,xxviii4 ,wood5 %ield 7fragm5t7 ) mosaic decoration4 ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation1 ,new ,york #gb ,,xxix4 ,wood5 %ield 7fragm5t7 ) mosaic decoration4 ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation1 ,new ,york #gd ,,xxx4 ,wood5 e>-plug ) mosaic decoration4 ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation1 ,new ,york #gf ,,xxxi4 ,wood5 head ) head-piece1 ) mosaic decoration4 ,national ,museum1 ,cop5hag5 #gh ,,xxxii4 a1 ,wood5 jagu> head ) mosaic decoration4 ,e?nographical ,museum1 ,b]l9 b1 ,wood5 head ( animal & human face 9 jaws ) mosaic decoration4 ,national ,museum1 ,cop5hag5 #gh ,,xxxiii4 a1 ,wood5 head ( animal ) mosaic decoration4 ,/ate ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 ,vi5na b1 ,wood5 head ( monkey ) mosaic decoration4 ,briti% ,museum1 ,london #gh ,,xxxiv4 a1 ,wood5 two-head$ jagu> figure ) mosaic decoration4 ,e?nographical ,museum1 ,b]l9 b1 ,wood5 bird's head ) mosaic decoration4 ,museum1 ,go?a #gh ,,xxxv4 ,wood5 animal figure on haun*es ) mosaic decoration4 ,briti% ,museum1 ,london #gh ,,xxxvi4 ,wood5 d\ble-head$ snake figure ) mosaic decoration4 ,briti% ,museum1 ,london #hj ,,xxxvii4 ,wood5 figure ( ,xolotl god ) mosaic decoration4 ,/ate ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 ,vi5na #hj ,,xxxviii4 ,fl9t knife ) wood5 h&le ) mosaic decoration4 ,briti% ,museum1 ,london #hb ,,xxxix4 a1 ,wood5 knife h&le ) mosaic decoration4 ,prehi/oric & ,e?nographic ,museum1 ,rome b1 ,wood5 knife h&le ) mosaic decoration4 ,prehi/oric & ,e?nographic ,museum1 ,rome #hb ,,xl4 ,human femur musical in/rum5t ) mosaic decoration4 ,prehi/oric & ,e?nographic ,museum1 ,rome #hd ,,text ,,figures #a4 ,b[l fill$ ) turquois4 ,aft] ,tribute ,roll ( ,montezuma #bd #b4 ,t5 masks ( turquois4 ,aft] ,tribute ,roll ( ,montezuma #bd #c4 ,small bag fill$ ) turquois4 ,aft] ,tribute ,roll ( ,montezuma #be #d4 ,%ields ) turquois mosaic decoration4 ,aft] ,tribute ,roll ( ,montezuma #be #e4 ,s]p5t scept] ) turquois mosaic decoration4 ,aft] ,sahagun1 manuscript ( ! ,real ,palacio1 ,madrid #dc #f4 a1 ,gold cr[n ) turquois mosaic decoration4 ,aft] ,sahagun1 manuscript ( ! ,real ,palacio1 ,madrid b1 ,gold cr[n4 ,aft] ,tribute ,roll ( ,montezuma #de #g4 ,pott]y disc ) hematite mosaic decoration1 f ,cuilapa1 ,oaxaca4 ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york #ea #h4 ,gold %ield brea/ ornam5t ) turquois mosaic decoration1 f ,yanhuitlan1 ,oaxaca4 ,national ,museum1 ,mexico #eb #i4 ,wood5 object 7fragm5t7 ) turquois mosaic decoration1 f ,sacr$ c5ote1 ru9s ( ,*i*5 ,itza1 ,yucatan4 ,peabody ,museum1 ,cambridge #eg #aj4 ,wood5 object 7fragm5t7 ) turquois mosaic decoration1 f ,sacr$ c5ote1 ru9s ( ,*i*5 ,itza1 ,yucatan4 ,peabody ,museum1 ,cambridge #eg #aa4 ,rattle ( ! god ,xipe ,totec4 ,aft] ,sahagun1 manuscript ( ! ,real ,palacio1 ,madrid #eh #ab4 a1 b1 c1 ,cr[ns ) mosaic decoration1 f sculptur$ wall1 ,temple ( ! ,jagu>s1 ru9s ( ,*i*5 ,itza1 ,yucatan4 ,aft] ,maudslay #eh #ac4 ,mask ) mosaic decoration1 f sculptur$ wall1 ,temple ( ! ,jagu>s1 ru9s ( ,*i*5 ,itza1 ,yucatan4 ,aft] ,maudslay #ei #ad4 ,mask ) mosaic decoration1 f sculptur$ wall1 ,temple ( ! ,jagu>s1 ru9s ( ,*i*5 ,itza1 ,yucatan4 ,aft] ,maudslay #ei #ae4 ,mask ( wood ) turquois mosaic decoration4 ,prehi/oric & ,e?nographic ,museum1 ,rome4 ,aft] ,pigor9i #fc #af4 ,god ,paynal ) %ield decorat$ ) turquois mosaic4 ,aft] ,sahagun1 manuscript ( ! ,real ,palacio1 ,madrid #gj #ag4 ,god ,paynal ) %ield decorat$ ) turquois mosaic4 ,aft] ,sahagun1 ,flor5t9e manuscript #gj #ah4 ,glyphs ( ! t[n ( ,culhuacan4 ,aft] ,codex ,tell]iano ,rem5sis #gd #ai4 ,knife h&le ( wood ) turquois mosaic decoration4 ,prehi/oric & ,e?nographic ,museum1 ,rome4 ,aft] ,pigor9i #hc ,,turquois ,,mosaic ,,art ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,mexico ,,by ,,m>%all ,h4 ,,saville ,,introduction ,"o ( ! trag$ies ( ! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w 0 ! abrupt & summ>y blott+ out ( ! fl\ri%+ & /ill advanc+ civilization ( ! ,aztec & o!r ,mexican tribes4 ,_h _! complete conque/ & subjection be5 delay$ a few decades !y 9 all probability w\ld h develop$ a writt5 phonetic language4 ,_! intellectual abilities are evid5c$ by a /udy ( ! intricate cal5d> sy/em1 & ! picture & hi]oglyphic records :i* survive4 ,! triumphs ( _! ar*itectural atta9m5ts are well kn[n1 & may be inve/igat$ 9 ! num]\s monum5ts & build+s 9 ! ru9$ cities scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ,mexico4 ,!y _h made notable /rides t[>d civilization 9 c]ta9 ( ! m9or f9e arts4 ,ignorant ( glass & ( glaz$ pott]y1 !y nev]!less develop$ ! c]amic art to a high degree ( excell5ce4 ,_! inv5tive g5ius & te*nical skill 7 manife/ 9 _! goldsmi?'s art4#a ,)\t ! k ( iron1 9 ! work+ ( h>d preci\s & semi-preci\s /ones into idols & p]sonal ornam5ts1 _! craftsman%ip 0 equal to t ( ! be/ lapid>ies ( ,europe at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! lapid>ian art !y _h advanc$ s f> z to fa%ion & adorn _m objects ) designs1 bo? geometric & reali/ic1 9 /one mosaic1 employ+ turquois *iefly = ?is purpose1 b also mak+ use ( o!r /ones--m>casite & %ell4 ,b ! supreme e/hetic a*ievem5t ( ! ,aztecs 0 ! production ( a class ( mosaics 9 :i* !y us$ t9y bits ( color$ fea!rs in/ead ( /ones 9 mak+ ! designs4 ,?is unique art 0 employ$ 9 adorn+ objects = p]sonal use1 = w>f>e1 or = prie/ly c]emonies4 ,! patt]ns 7 produc$ by apply+ ! t9y bits ( fea!rs ) glue ei!r directly on wood or on wood5 objects cov]$ ) sk9 or ) native pap]4 ,f descriptions ( fea!r mosaics 9 ! writ+s ( e>ly *ronicl]s1 & f a /udy ( ! h&ful ( specim5s :i* h escap$ ! ravages ( "t1 x is evid5t t ?is art rea*$ ! highe/ arti/ic level atta9$ by any ( ! aborig9al tribes ( ,am]ica4 ,we w n ent] into a discussion ( fea!r mosaics at ?is "t1 b w consid] prim>ily ! p>allel art ( turquois mosaic4 ,aside f ! num]\s hi/orical notices conta9$ 9 ! e>ly *ronicles & 9 ! inv5tories ( ! loot ( ! ,aztecs s5t to ,europe by ,corts1 !re is little ( ?is art ^u :i* to base a c>eful /udy t has surviv$4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & highly develop$ arts ( anci5t ,am]ica1 b x 0 practis$ by only a few tribes4 ,ap>t f ! ,mexican region :]e turquois mosaic 0 mo/ highly develop$1 excell5t examples h be5 f\nd ) o!r anci5t rema9s ( ! ,pueblos ( ,arizona & ,new ,mexico1 & incru/$ objects h also be5 f\nd ) anci5t burials on ! coa/ ( ,p]u1 indicat+ a some:at simil> te*nique ?\gh f> less skill 9 application4 ,! mat]ials usually employ$ 9 ,mexico 7 turquois1 jadeite1 mala*ite1 qu>tz1 b]yl1 g>net1 obsidian1 m>casite1 gold1 bits ( r$ & o!r color$ %ell1 & nacre4 ,! base ^u :i* ! incru/ation 0 laid 0 wood1 /one1 gold1 %ell1 pott]y1 & possibly lea!r & native pap]1 ! mosaic be+ held 9 place by means ( a t5aci\s vegetal pit* or gum1 or a k9d ( cem5t4 ,,e>lie/ ,,hi/orical ,,acc\nts ,,( ,,turquois ,,mosaic ,,9 ,,mexico ,,! ,,grijalva ,,exp$ition1 #aeah ,! fir/ k receiv$ by ,europeans ( ! exi/5ce ( turquois mosaic objects among ! ,mexicans 0 by memb]s ( ! exp$ition s5t out f ,cuba by ! gov]nor1 ,diego ,velsquez1 dur+ ! spr+ ( #aeah1 "u ! comm& ( ,juan de ,grijalva4 ,aft] rea*+ ! %ores ( ,yucatan ne> ! isl& ( ,cozumel1 ! p>ty coa/$ ! ,yucatan p59sula1 rea*+ ! t]ritory ( ! pres5t ,/ate ( ,campe*e1 :i* _h be5 discov]$ ! previ\s ye> by ,francisco ,h]nndez de ,crdoba4 ,proce$+ we/w>d along unkn[n l&s1 !y rea*$ a great riv] 9 ! ,/ate ( ,tabasco1 to :i* ! "n ( ! comm&ant 0 giv51 & x is /ill kn[n z ,rio de ,grijalva4 ,"h1 accord+ to "s acc\nts1 ! exp$ition obta9$ ! fir/ specim5s ( turquois mosaic4 ,we %all consid] ?is po9t lat]4 ,leav+ ! ,rio de ,grijalva !y w5t we/w>d & arriv$ at ! site ( ! pres5t city ( ,v]a ,cruz1 :]e !y obta9$ by b>t] ) ! ,indians a consid]able treasure1 includ+ "s objects ( turquois mosaic1 :i* ,grijalva decid$ to s5d imm$iately to ! gov]nor 9 ,cuba ) a report ( 8 discov]ies up to t "t4 ,consequ5tly1 on ,june #bd1 #aeah1 "o ( ,grijalva's capta9s1 ,p$ro de ,alv>ado1 set out on ! return voyage to ,f]n&9a 7,cuba71 :ile ,grijalva himself cont9u$ ! exploration ( ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,mexico4 ,! prov5i5ce ( ! treasure obta9$ by ,grijalva on ?is fir/ exp$ition ( discov]y to ! coa/s ( ,tabasco & ,v]a ,cruz 9 #aeah is n at all cle> f ! acc\nts ( ?is voyage 9 ! writ+s bo? ( ! eye-witnesses !mselves & ( ^? :o %ortly aft]w>d wrote ( ! conque/ f ! reports ( ! p>ticipants 9 ! ev5ts4 ,x has be5 g5]ally assum$ t ,grijalva obta9$ mosaic objects f ! ,indians ( ,tabasco2 ?is is specifically /at$ by bo? ,ovi$o & ,gom>a1 :o record$ detail$ acc\nts ( ! ,grijalva exp$ition4 ,! acc\nt by ,ovi$o#b is ev5 m ext5d$ & valuable ?an ! n>rations ( ! eye-witnesses1 namely1 ,juan ,daz#c ! *apla91 & ! r$\btable ,b]nal ,daz4 ,ovi$o /ates t 8 acc\nt is f ! report =w>d$ to ! ,k+ ( ,spa9 by ! gov]nor ,velsquez1 :o s5t out ! exp$ition f ,cuba4 ,gom>a1 :o = a "t 0 *apla9 ( ,corts 9 ,spa91 nev] visit$ ! ,new ,_w1 b _h access to ! v>i\s reports s5t to ,spa9 reg>d+ ! conque/4 ,un=tunately 9 ! writ+s ( ! eye-witnesses no detail$ descriptive li/s are to be f\nd relat+ j :at pieces ( mosaic-"w 7 obta9$ by ,grijalva f ! ,mayan ,indians ( ,tabasco & ! p ( ! coa/ ( ! pres5t ,/ate ( ,v]a ,cruz4 ,! ext5d$ acc\nt giv5 by ,ovi$o recites ! voyage f day to day & ! "* ( v>i\s objects receiv$ f ! ,tabasco ,indians1 foll[$ by ! li/ ( specim5s obta9$ f ! ,mexican ,indians ne> ! ,isla de ,sacrificios1 ,v]a ,cruz4 ,we w quote f ^! li/s lat]4 ,gom>a's li/ is q ext5d$4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( 8 ,hi/oria de las ,indias he describes v>i\s articles procur$ by ,grijalva f ! ,indians at ! m\? ( ! riv] 9 ,tabasco1 to :i* 8 "n 0 appli$1 foll[$ 9 turn by ! inv5tory ( objects obta9$ at ,san ,juan de ,ulua1 ,v]a ,cruz4 ,9 ! second "p ( 8 hi/ory1 ! ,conqui/a de ,mexico1 he gives only a s+le long inv5tory ( ! b>t] obta9$1 z he says1 8f ! ,indians ( ,poton*an ,tabasco1 ,san ,juan de ,ulua1 & o!r places ( t coa/40 ,x seems highly probable1 h[ev]1 t su* int]e/+ & valuable loot mu/ h be5 accompani$ ) an inv5tory :5 x 0 s5t to ,spa9 late 9 #aeah or e>ly 9 #aeai by ,gov]nor ,velsquez4 ,ovi$o m5tions see+ ! ?+s1 app>5tly 9 ,b>celona1 9 ,may #aeai4 ,x is possible t bo? ,ovi$o & ,gom>a may h _h access to su* an inv5tory1 or if n1 !y wrote _! own descriptions ( ! objects aft] see+ !m4 ,b]nal ,daz1 :o accompani$ bo? ,grijalva & ,corts to ,mexico1 wrote 8 hi/ory ne>ly fifty ye>s aft] ! /irr+ ev5ts ( ! discov]y & conque/4 ,he 0 a prejudic$ writ]1 & seems to h be5 l>gely animat$ 9 8 old age to tell ! /ory ( ! conque/ prim>ily to refute _m ( ! /atem5ts ( ,gom>a4 ,b]nal ,daz writes bluntly at ! v outset ( 8 invaluable hi/ory1 :i* he calls ! 8,true ,hi/ory10 t he speaks 8"h 9 reply to all t has be5 said & writt5 by p]sons :o !mselves kn[+ no?+1 h receiv$ no true acc\nt f o!rs ( :at really took place1 b :o nev]!less n[ put =w>d any /atem5ts t happ5 to suit _! fancy40 ,:ile n describ+ ! treasure obta9$ by ,grijalva1 he m5tions 8"s gold jewels "s 7( :i*7 7 diadems & o!rs 7 9 ! %ape ( ducks l ^? ( ,ca/ile1 & o!r jewels l liz>ds1 & ?ree necklaces ( holl[ beads1 & o!r articles ( gold n ( mu* value1 = !y 7 n wor? m ?an two hundr$ pesos40#d ,^! he /ates 7 obta9$ f ! ,indians ( ,poton*an4 ,= "s reason he app>5tly 0 n greatly impress$ ei!r by ! te*nical excell5ce or by ! e/hetic beauty ( ! objects procur$ by b>t] f ! vic9ity ( ! pres5t city ( ,v]a ,cruz2 he simply writes t ! ,spani>ds 7 engag$ = six days 9 trad+ ) ! ,indians & got m ?an sixte5 ?\s& doll>s' wor? ( jewelry ( l[-grade gold work$ into v>i\s =ms4 ,he !n says3 8,?is mu/ be ! gold :i* ! hi/orians ,gom>a1 ,yllescas1 & ,jovio say 0 giv5 by ! natives ( ,tabasco1 & !y h writt5 x d[n z ?\gh x 7 true1 al?\gh x is well kn[n to eye-witnesses t !re is no gold 9 ! prov9ce ( ! ,rio de ,grijalva or any:]e ne> x1 & v few jewels40#e ,torquemada wrote 9 lat] ye>s to ! same effect4 ,9 none ( ! acc\nts by ! p>ticipants ( ?is exp$ition are mosaic pieces specifically m5tion$4 ,! *apla9 ( ,grijalva's fleet1 ,juan ,daz1 /ates m]ely t !y 7 giv5 8a mask ( gold beautifully wr\ght1 & a little figure ( a man ) a little mask ( gold1 & a cr[n ( gold beads ) o!r jewels & /one ( v>i\s colors40 ,?is report 0 fir/ pr9t$ 9 ,v5ice1 ,m>* #c1 #aebj1 appe>+ 9 ,italian z an app5dix to ! ,it9]>io ( ,ludovico de ,v>!ma4 ,an anonym\s indep5d5t relation 9 ,italian ( ?is voyage seems to h be5 pr9t$ at ,v5ice 9 ! same ye> "u ! title ,litt]a ,mdata della ,insula de ,cuba1 etc41 ! copy 9 ! ,m>ciana ,libr>y1 ,v5ice1 be+ ! only "o kn[n4 ,f a photo/at copy ( ! ,italian we are able to pres5t a translation ( ! m5tion ( ^! objects1 some:at simil> to t giv5 by ,juan ,daz4 ,! ,litt]a ,mdata /ates t ! ,spani>ds obta9$ 8a mask ( gold1 & ! figure ( a man all ( gold1 seem+ly ( ! age ( twelve1 & a fan ( gold1 & o!r jewels ( div]s colors40#f ,ano!r anonym\s e>ly pr9t$ report1 9 ,lat91 )\t date or place ( pr9t+1 af=ds practically ! same in=mation z t conta9$ 9 ! ,it9]>io ( ,juan ,daz & 9 ! ,litt]a ,mdata4#g ,! e>lie/ pr9t$ in=mation reg>d+ ! ,grijalva voyage 9 :i* mosaic objects are specifically not$ is 9 ,pet] ,m>tyr's ,de ,nvp] ,sub ,d4 ,c>olo ,rep]tis ,insulis1 pr9t$ 9 ,basle 9 #aeba4 ,9 speak+ ( ! valuable objects obta9$ by ,grijalva 9 ,coluacan 7,v]a ,cruz71 & s5t to ,spa91 he m5tions t 8! cacique br\ght a small gold5 /atue ( a man1 also a gold fan1 & a mask beautifully wr\ght & decorat$ ) /ones40#h ,x w be obs]v$ t ^! objects correspond ) ^? m5tion$ 9 ! reports not$ above1 only t ,pet] ,m>tyr speaks ( ! decoration ( ! mask ) /ones4 ,) ! exception ( ?is note by ,pet] ,m>tyr1 :o saw ! objects 9 ,spa91 !re is1 z we h said1 no special /atem5t reg>d+ mosaic-"w to be f\nd 9 ! e>lie/ kn[n pr9t$ acc\nts ( ! ,grijalva voyage4 ,9 #aece ! great "w ( ,ovi$o 0 fir/ publi%$1 & "h we f9d ! foll[+ itemiz$ description ( pieces ( mosaic-"w1 said to h be5 obta9$ f ! ,indians ( ,poton*an1 ,tabasco4#i ,ano!r mask cov]$ f ! no/rils upw>d ) well set mosaic-"w ( /ones resembl+ turquoises1 & f ! no/rils d[nw>d ) a ?9 plate ( hamm]$ gold4 ,ano!r mask resembl+ ! fir/1 b ! /ones 7 plac$ f ! eyes upw>d1 & bel[ !m !re 7 ?9 plates ( beat5 gold ov] wood1 ! e>s be+ ( turquois mosaic-"w4 ,ano!r mask made ) b&s or rods ( wood1 two ( ! /rips be+ cov]$ ) mosaic-"w1 & ! rema9+ o!r ?ree ) ?9 beat5 gold4 ,a ?9 disc ) a figure ( a cemi or devil1 cov]$ above ) beat5 gold-leaf1 & 9 o!r p>ts 7 scatt]$ "s /ones4 ,a tablet ( wood l ! head/all ( a horse 9 armor1 cov]$ ov] ) ?9 gold-leaf1 ) "s /rips ( black /ones well set betwe5 ! gold4 ,! head ( a dog cov]$ ) /ones1 & v well made4 ,f ,ulua 9 ,v]a ,cruz ^! mosaic pieces are not$3 ,two masks ( small /ones l turquois set ov] wood l mosaic1 ) "s spangles ( gold 9 ! e>s4 ,two gu>iques ( blue /ones set 9 gold1 ea* hav+ eight p5dants ( ! same4 ,a mask ( /one mosaic-"w4 ,9 ! "w ( ,gom>a1 pr9t$ 9 #aeec1 appe>s also an ext5d$ acc\nt ( ?is b>t]4#aj ,sel]#aa & ,lehmann#ab believe t mo/ ( ! mosaic objects 8app>5tly came f ! ea/]n prov9ces1 i4e41 ,tabasco40 ,rely+ on ! au?ority ( bo? ,ovi$o & ,gom>a1 ,lehmann fur!r uses 9 8 discussion ! orig9al ,nahuatl text ( ,sahagun 9 ! ,flor5t9e manuscript copi$ & translat$ by ,sel]4 ,9 ?is section ( ,sahagun's "w relat+ to ! attributes ( ! ,mexican deities occurs ! p>agraph1 8,9 jtlatquj ,quetzalcoatl coa-xaiacatl xiuhticatl a*ivalli1 quetzalapanecaiotl10 :i* ,lehmann r5d]s1 8,! ,quetzalcoatl dress1 ! snake-mask ) turquois "w1 ! fea!r ornam5t ( ! p ( ,quetzalapan 7,tabasco740#ac ,b !re is no m5tion 9 e>ly *ronicles or on e>ly maps ( any t[n 9 ?is region be>+ ! "n ,quetzalapan1 & ,torquemada 9 giv+ an acc\nt ( "s ( ! w>s ( ,montezuma writes t 8dur+ ! twelf? ye> ( 8 reign 7:i* 0 9 #aead71 8 armies set out = ! l& ( ! ,*i*imecas1 & ent]$ ! ,huaxteca1 subdu+ ^? ( ,quetzalapan40#ad ,o!r places be>+ ! "n ,quetzalapan 7 9 ! pres5t /ates ( ,morelos1 ,gu]r]o1 & ,colima4#ae ,9 rec\nt+ ! episode ( ! conque/ ( ?is t[n1 ,clavij]o writes explicitly t 8,montezuma s5t out an army 9 #aeab to ! nor? aga9/ ! ,quetzalapanecas & conqu]$ !m ) b little loss40#af ,h5ce ! place m5tion$ by ,sahagun w\ld seem to h be5 9 ,v]a ,cruz1 & probably ! region ( ,huaxteca or ,cuexteca1 = ! ,aztecs _h consid]able communication ) ?is t]ritory4 ,,loot ,,obta9$ ,,by ,,cort,s1 #aeai-aebe ,b ! treasures ( native art secur$ by ! ,grijalva exp$ition 7 insignificant by comp>ison ) ! enorm\sly valuable loot obta9$ ! next ye> 7#aeai7 by ,corts4 ,x is n necess>y 9 ?is /udy ( ,mexican mosaics to ent] into ! details ( ! exp$ition :i* set out f ,cuba to foll[ ! discov]ies ( ,grijalva & :i* result$ 9 ! conque/ ( ,mexico4 ,?is has be5 done _m times1 b 9 ! ma9 mo/ weight is giv5 to ! writ+s ( ! ,spani% p>ticipants & to ! e>ly *ronicl]s4 ,we h already /udi$ 9 consid]able detail ! acc\nts ( ! art objects s5t to ,spa9 by ,corts1 z conta9$ 9 ^! e>ly writ+s1 & especially ! inv5tories :i* accompani$ ! %ipm5ts ( objects s5t to ,europe by ! conqu]or4 ,let u quote "h m]ely :at we wrote 9 pres5t+ a summ>y ( ! ev5ts t occurr$ :5 ,corts fir/ l&$ on ! coa/ ( ,v]a ,cruz4 ,aft] ! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds on ! coa/ ( ,v]a ,cruz1 ! ,indians 7 n long 9 ignorance ( ! consum+ ?ir/ ( ! conqu]ors = gold4 ,9 ord] to placate ! =midable /rang]s ) *ildlike confid5ce t by giv+ !m _! wi% ! invasion ( 8 dom9ions w\ld be av]t$1 ,montezuma s5t ri* pres5ts to ,corts ?r\gh ,t5dile 7,teuhtlile71 gov]nor ( ,cuetlaxtla 7! mod]n ,cota/la71 :i* 0 !n subject to ! ,aztecs4 ,:5 all ?is treasure ?us br\ght toge!r 0 ready to be s5t to ,spa91 ) ! report ( ! voyage1 an inv5tory or li/ ( ! objects 0 drawn up & despat*$ ) two special mess5g]s1 ,alonso ,portoc>r]o & ,francisco de ,montejo1 :o 7 *>g$ to deliv] ! treasure to ! ,k+4 ,^! valuable gifts h be5 briefly describ$ by sev]al memb]s ( ! exp$ition :o saw !m be=e !y left ,mexico1 & on _! receipt 9 ,spa9 !y 7 describ$ by v>i\s o!r *ronicl]s4 ,f ! inv5tory1 :i* we translat$1 we select ! items relat+ to objects ornam5t$ ) /one mosaic4 ,item3 two coll>s ( gold & /one mosaic-"w 7preci\s /ones74444 ,ano!r item3 a box ( a l>ge piece ( fea!r-"w l9$ ) lea!r1 ! colors seem+ l m>t5s1 & fa/5$ & plac$ 9 ! said piece1 & 9 ! c5t] 7is7 a l>ge disc ( gold1 :i* weigh$ sixty ounces ( gold1 & a piece ( blue /one mosaic-"w a little r$di%1 & at ! end ( ! piece ano!r piece ( color$ fea!r-"w t hangs f x4 ,item3 a mit] ( blue /one mosaic-"w ) ! figure ( mon/]s 9 ! c5t] ( x1 & l9$ ) lea!r :i* seems 9 its colors to be t ( m>t5s1 ) a small 7piece7 ( fea!r-"w :i* is1 z ! "o m5tion$ above1 ( ?is said mit]4 ,item3 444 a scept] ( /one mosaic-"w ) two r+s ( gold1 & ! re/ ( fea!r-"w4 ,item3 an armlet ( /one mosaic-"w4444 ,item3 a mirror plac$ 9 a piece ( blue & r$ /one mosaic-"w1 ) fea!r-"w /uck to x1 & two /rips ( lea!r /uck to x4444 ,item3 "s legg+s ( blue /one mosaic-"w1 l9$ ) lea!r1 ( :i* ! colors seem l m>t5s2 on ea* "o ( !m 7!re are7 fifte5 gold bells4 ,item3 two color$ 7pieces (7 fea!r-"w :i* are = two 7pieces (7 head armor ( /one mosaic-"w4444 ,m3 two gu>iques 7e> ornam5ts7 ( blue /one mosaic-"w1 :i* are to be put 9 ! head ( ! big crocodile4 ,m3 ano!r head armor ( blue /one mosaic-"w ) tw5ty gold bells :i* hang p5d5t at ! bord]1 ) two /r+s ( beads :i* are above ea* bell1 & two gu>iques ( wood ) two plates ( gold4 ,item3 ano!r head armor ( blue /one mosaic-"w ) tw5ty-five gold bells1 & two beads ( gold above ea* bell1 t hang ar\nd x ) "s gu>iques ( wood ) plates ( gold1 & a bird ( gre5 plumage ) ! feet1 beak1 & eyes ( gold4 ,moreov]3 sixte5 %ields ( /one mosaic-"w ) _! color$ fea!r-"w hang+ f ! edge ( !m1 & wide-angl$ slab ) /one mosaic-"w ) its color$ fea!r-"w1 & 9 ! c5t] ( ! said slab1 made ( /one mosaic-"w1 a cross ( a :eel :i* is l9$ ) lea!r1 :i* has ! color ( m>t5s4 ,aga93 a scept] ( r$ /one mosaic-"w1 made l a snake1 ) its head1 tee?1 & eyes 7made7 f :at appe>s to be "m-(-pe>l1 & ! hilt is adorn$ ) ! sk9 ( a spott$ animal1 & bel[ ! said hilt hang six pieces ( small fea!r-"w4 ,item3 a piece ( color$ fea!r-"w :i* ! lords ( ?is l& are wont to put on _! heads1 & f x hang two e>-ornam5ts ( /one mosaic-"w ) two bells & two beads ( gold1 & above a fea!r-"w ( wide gre5 fea!rs1 & bel[ hang "s :ite1 long hairs4#ag ,pet] ,m>tyr1 :o saw ! specim5s 9 ,spa9 %ortly aft] !y arriv$1 speaks ( 8c]ta9 mit]s beset ) preci\s /ones ( div]s colors1 among :i* "s are blue1 l unto sapphires40 ,also 8two helmets g>ni%$ ) preci\s /ones ( a :iti% blue color3 "o ( ^! is edg$ ) bells & plates ( gold1 & "u e bell two knobs ( gold4 ,! o!r1 beside ! /ones :]e) x is cov]$1 is likewise edg$ ) ,,xxv gold5 bells & knobs3 & ha? on ! cre/1 a gre5 bird ) ! feet1 bill1 & eyes ( gold40#ah ,las ,casas describes 8a helmet ( plates ( gold1 & little bells hang+ 7f x71 & on x /ones l em]alds40 ,also 8_m %ields made ( c]ta9 ?9 & v :ite rods1 int]m+l$ ) fea!rs & discs ( gold & silv]1 & "s v small pe>ls1 l mis%ap5 pe>ls40#ai ,^! are "s ( ! /atem5ts ( e>ly ,spani>ds4 ,let u n[ consid] :at ! ,indians h said ab\t ! treasure giv5 by ,montezuma to ,corts at t "t4 ,our be/ s\rce ( in=mation is ! great ,hi/oria compos$ by ,fray ,b]n>d9o de ,sahagun1 :o sp5t _m ye>s 9 ! valley ( ,mexico ga!r+ in=mation at fir/-h& f intellig5t ,indians4 ,?is 0 %ortly aft] ! conque/ :5 ! natives /ill reta9$ vivid recollections ( ! fall ( _! c\ntry4 ,)\t ?is "w ! hi/ory ( anci5t ,mexico1 & ( ! cu/oms & traditions ( ! ,indians1 c\ld n be writt54 ,we mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact t ,montezuma1 = a numb] ( reasons :i* we ne$ n relate "h1 expect$ ! 8second com+0 ( ! culture-h]o ,quetzalcoatl1 ! great b5efic5t god ( ! ,aztecs4 ,?is my? 0 "o ( ! sev]al causes t l$ to ! comp>atively easy conque/ ( a num]\s & w>like p by ! ,spani>ds4 ,we h translat$ sev]al *apt]s ( ,sahagun's ,hi/oria relat+ to ! fir/ com+ ( ! ,*ri/ians to ! coa/ ( ,mexico1 :i* conta9 a description ( "s ( ! gifts s5t by ,montezuma to ,corts1 :ile he /ill believ$ ! ,spani% conqu]or to be ! great god ,quetzalcoatl4 ,x is really a report transmitt$ to u f ! ,aztecs1 & is a mo/ fasc9at+ *apt] ( ! hi/ory ( ! conque/ ( ,mexico4#bj ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,( ! fir/ 7,spani%7 %ips :i* arriv$ at ?is l& said to h be5 ^? ( ,juan de ,grijalva4 ,! fir/ "t t %ips appe>$ on ! coa/ ( ,new ,spa91 ! capta9s ( ,montezuma1 :o 7 call$ calpixques1 :o 7 ne> ! coa/1 at once w5t to see :at x 0 t _h come1 nev] hav+ se5 %ips2 "o ( :om 0 ! calpixque ( ,cuextecatl1 nam$ ,p9otl3 o!r calpixques w5t ) him1 "o ( :om1 nam$ ,yaotz91 liv$ 9 ! t[n ( ,mictlanquauhtla1 ano!r nam$ ,teoz9zocatl resid$ 9 ! t[n ( ,teoc9iocan1 ano!r nam$ ,cuitlalpitoc 0 n a calpixque b ! s]vant ( "o ( ^! calpixques1 & pr9cipalejos1 & ano!r pr9cipalejo nam$ ,t5tlil4 ,^! w5t to see :at ! ?+ 01 & c>ri$ "s ?+s to sell "u pret5ce1 s z to see :at ! ?+ 03 !y c>ri$ "s ri* mantles :i* only ,montezuma1 & no o!r 7p]son71 wore1 nor _h p]mission to we>3 !y ent]$ canoes & w5t to ! %ips1 say+ among/ !mselves1 8,we are "h to gu>d ?is coa/2 x is "r t we %\ld "k = a c]ta9ty :at ?is is1 9 ord] to c>ry accurate news to ,montezuma40 ,!y ent]$ at once ! canoes & comm5c$ to paddle to ! %ips1 & :5 !y arriv$ ne> ! vessels & saw ! ,spani>ds1 all kiss$ ! pr[s ( ! %ips1 9 sign ( adoration1 ?9k+ t x 0 ! god ,quetzalcoatl t _h return$1 :i* god1 z appe>s 9 ! hi/ory1 0 already expect$4 ,!n ! ,spani>ds spoke & said3 8,:o are y8 ,:5ce h y come8 ,f :]e are y80 ,^? :o came 9 ! canoes respond$1 8,we h come f ,mexico40 ,! ,spani>ds said1 8,if x is true t y are ,mexicans1 tell u :at is ! "n ( ! ,"l ( ,mexico40 ,!y repli$1 8,our ,"l1 he is call$ ,montezuma10 & !n !y pres5t$ all ( ^? ri* mantles :i* !y _h br\ght to him :o w5t z g5]al ( ^? %ips1 :o 01 z is said1 ,grijalva1 & ! ,spani>ds gave to ! ,indians "s glass beads1 "s gre5 & o!rs yell[1 & ! ,indians :5 !y saw !m 7 v mu* a/oni%$ & e/eem$ !m greatly1 & !n !y 7! ,spani>ds7 dismiss$ ! ,indians1 say+1 8,n[ we return to ,ca/ile1 & w soon return & w 7!n7 g to ,mexico40 ,! ,indians return$ to l& & soon dep>t$ = ,mexico1 :]e !y arriv$ 9 a day & a night1 to give ! news ( :at !y _h se5 to ,montezuma1 & !y br\ght to him ! beads :i* _h be5 giv5 !m by ! ,spani>ds1 & spoke to him 7,montezuma7 z foll[s3 8,our ,"l1 we are des]v+ ( dea?2 he> :at we h se51 & :at we h done4 ,?\ ha/ plac$ u on gu>d at ! sea%ore2 we h se5 "s gods on ! sea1 & w5t to receive !m1 & give !m v>i\s ri* mantles2 look at ^! beads t !y gave u1 say+ to u1 #8,is x true t y are ,mexicans8 ,look at ^! beads1 give !m to ,montezuma1 t he may "k ( u4'0 ,& !y told him all t _h happ5$ :5 !y 7 ) ^? 7p7 on ! sea 9 ! %ips4 ,montezuma respond$3 8,y h come tir$ & worn out2 g & re/4 ,i h receiv$ ?is 7news7 9 secret1 & comm& y n to say any?+ :atev] ab\t :at has happ5$40 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,( :at ,montezuma dispos$ aft] he he>d ! news f ^? :o saw ! fir/ 7,spani%7 %ips4 ,z soon z he 7,montezuma7 he>d ! news f ^? :o _h come f ! sea%ore1 he ord]$ to be call$ at once ! highe/ *ief ( ^? :o 7 call$ ,cuextecatl1 & ! o!rs :o _h come ) ! message1 & ord]$ !m to place gu>ds & look\ts 9 all ! f>ms along ! %ores ( ! sea1 ! "o call$ ,naulitlantoztlan1 & ! o!r ,mictlanquactla1 s t !y might see :5 ^? %ips return$1 & at once give a report4 ,! calpixques & capta9s !n left1 & at once ord]$ ! plac+ ( look\ts on ! said f>ms1 & ,montezuma !n summon$ ! mo/ confid5tial ( 8 *iefta9s & communicat$ to !m ! news :i* _h arriv$1 & %[$ !m ! glass beads :i* ! mess5g]s _h br\ght1 & said1 8,x seems to me t !y are preci\s /ones2 take great c>e ( !m 9 ! w>drobe t none ( !m be lo/1 & if any are lo/1 ^? :o h *>ge ( ! w>drobe w h to pay40 ,"o ye> h5ce1 9 ! ye> ?irte5 rabbit1 ^? :o 7 on gu>d saw %ips on ! sea1 & at once came ) great spe$ to give notice to ,montezuma4 ,z soon z he _h he>d ! news1 ,montezuma despat*$ m5 = ! reception ( ,quetzalcoatl1 because he ?\ght t x 0 him :o came1 because !y expect$ him daily1 & z he _h receiv$ news t ,quetzalcoatl _h gone by sea t[>d ! ea/1 & ! %ips came f ! ea/w>d1 = ?is 7reason7 !y ?\ght t x 0 he3 he s5t five ( 8 *ief lords to receive him & to pres5t to him a great pres5t1 :i* he s5t4 ,( ^? :o w5t ! mo/ prom95t "o 0 call$ ,yalliz*an1 ! second 9 rank ,tepuztecatl1 ! ?ird ,tizaoa1 ! f\r? ,vevtecatl1 & ! fif? ,veicaznecatlheca4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,:at ,montezuma ord]$ :5 he le>n$ ! second "t t ! ,spani>ds _h return$1 ?is 0 ,d4 ,h]n&o ,corts4 ,to ! above m5tion$ 7mess5g]s7 ,montezuma spoke1 & said1 8,look1 x has be5 said t our ,"l ,quetzalcoatl has arriv$2 g & receive him & li/5 to :at he may say to y ) great att5tion2 see to x t y d n =get any?+ ( :at he may say2 see "h ^! jewels :i* y are to pres5t to him 9 my behalf1 & :i* are all ! prie/ly ornam5ts t belong to him40 ,fir/ a mask wr\ght 9 a mosaic ( turquois2 ?is mask _h wr\ght 9 ! same /ones a d\bl$ & twi/$ snake1 ! fold ( :i* 0 ! beak ( ! nose2 !n ! tail 0 p>t$ f ! head1 & ! head ) "p ( ! body came ov] "o eye s t x =m$ an eyebr[1 & ! tail ) a "p ( ! body w5t ov] ! o!r eye1 to =m ! o!r eyebr[4 ,?is mask 0 ins]t$ on a high & big cr[n full ( ri* fea!rs1 long & v beautiful1 s t on plac+ ! cr[n on ! head1 ! mask 0 plac$ ov] ! face3 x _h = a 7c5tral7 jewel a m$allion ( gold1 r\nd & wide3 x 0 ti$ ) n9e /r+s ( preci\s /ones1 :i*1 plac$ ar\nd ! neck1 cov]$ ! %\ld]s & ! :ole brea/3 !y c>ri$ also a l>ge %ield bord]$ ) preci\s /ones ) b&s ( gold :i* w5t f ! top to ! bottom ( x1 & o!r b&s ( pe>ls cross+ ov] ! gold b&s f ! top to bottom ( x1 & 9 ! spaces left by ^! b&s1 :i* 7 l ! me%es ( a net1 7 plac$ zapitos 7little toads7 ( gold4 ,?is %ield _h edg+s 9 ! l[] "p2 !re 0 atta*$ on ! same %ield a bann] :i* came out f ! h&le ( ! %ield1 made ( ri* fea!rs3 x also _h a big m$allion made ( mosaic-"w :i* 0 fa/5$ & gird$ ar\nd ! lo9s3 !y c>ri$ also /r+s ( preci\s /ones ) gold bells plac$ 9 betwe5 ! /ones to be ti$ to ! ankles3 !y c>ri$ also a bi%op's /aff all decorat$ ) turquois mosaic-"w1 & ! crook ( x 0 l ! head ( a snake turn$ ar\nd or coil$4 ,!y also c>ri$ s&als 7cot>as7 su* z great lords 7 accu/om$ to we>4 ,!y also c>ri$ ! ornam5ts or f9]y ) :i* ,tezcatlipoca 0 adorn$1 :i* 0 a head-piece made ( ri* fea!rs :i* hung d[n on ! back almo/ to ! wai/1 & 0 /rewn all ov] ) />s ( gold4 ,!y c>ri$ also e>-ornam5ts ( gold3 !y _h hang+ f !m little gold bells & /r+s ( little :ite & beautiful sea-%ells4 ,f ^! /r+s hung a piece ( lea!r l a pla/ron 7peto71 & x 0 c>ri$ ti$ 9 su* a mann] t x cov]$ ! brea/ d[n to ! wai/3 ?is pla/ron _h /rewn on x & hang+ f x _m little %ells4 ,!y c>ri$ also a corselet ( pa9t$ :ite clo?2 ! l[] bord] ( ?is corselet 0 edg$ ) :ite fea!rs 9 ?ree /rips all ar\nd ! bord]3 !y also c>ri$ a ri* mantle ! clo? ( :i* 0 a light blue1 & embroid]$ all ov] ) _m designs ( a v f9e blue3 ?is mantle 0 worn ar\nd ! wai/1 ! 7f\r7 corn]s ti$ to ! body3 ov] ?is mantle 0 worn a m$allion ( turquois "w atta*$ to ! body ov] ! lo9s3 !y also c>ri$ /r+s ( gold bells to tie ar\nd ! ankles1 & also :ite s&als 7cot>as7 l ^? ! lords are wont to we>4 ,!y also c>ri$ ! ornam5ts & decorations ( ! god ,tlalocantecutli1 :i* 71 a mask ) its fea!r-"w1 & a bann] l ! "o above m5tion$3 also wide e>-ornam5ts ( *al*ivitl ) snakes ( *al*ivites inside3 & also a corselet pa9t$ ) gre5 designs1 & /r+s or coll> ( preci\s /ones1 & also a m$allion ) :i* !y gird$ ! lo9s1 l ! "o above describ$1 ) a ri* mantle1 ) :i* !y gird$ !mselves l ! "o describ$ above1 & gold5 bells to place on ! feet1 & ! /aff l ! "o above describ$4 ,o!r ornam5ts :i* !y c>ri$ 7 also ( ! same ,quetzalcoatl1 a mit] ( tig]-sk91 & hang+ f ! mit] a hood ( rav5's fea!rs3 ! mit] also _h a l>ge *al*ivitl r\nd$ at ! end1 & also r\nd e>-ornam5ts ( turquois mosaic ) a hook ( gold call$ ecacozcatl1 & a ri* mantle ) :i* he gird$ himself1 & "s gold bells = ! feet1 & a %ield :i* _h 9 ! c5t] a r\nd plate ( gold1 :i* %ield 0 bord]$ ) ri* fea!rs4 ,f ! l[] "p ( ! %ield came out a sa% ( ri* fea!rs 9 ! %ape ( ! "o above describ$3 x _h a /aff wr\ght 9 turquois mosaic1 & its crook 0 set ) ri* /ones or conspicu\s pe>ls4 ,!y also _h on top ( x all "s s&als 7cot>as71 su* z ! lords 7 accu/om$ to we>4 ,all ^! ?+s 7 br\ght by ! mess5g]s & pres5t$1 z !y say1 to ,d4 ,h]n&o ,corts4 ,_m o!r ?+s !y pres5t$ to him :i* are n writt5 ab\t1 su* z a mit] ( gold made l a p]iw9kle ) edg+ ( ri* fea!rs :i* hung ov] ! %\ld]s1 & ano!r pla9 mit] ( gold & o!r jewels ( gold :i* are n writt5 ab\t4 ,all ^! ?+s 7 plac$ 9 hamp]s 7petacas71 & ^u tak+ leave f ,montezuma he said to !m1 8,g & wor%ip 9 my "n ! god :o comes1 & say to him we h be5 s5t "h by y\r s]vant ,montezuma3 ^! ?+s :i* we br+ h be5 s5t by him1 = y h come to y\r dwell+1 :i* is ,mexico40 ,^! mess5g]s set out on ! road at once1 & arriv$ at ! seaside1 & !re took canoes caz1 und\bt$ly canoas 0 writt51 & arriv$ at a place call$ ,xicalanco3 f !re !y took o!r canoes ) all _! clo!s1 & rea*$ ! %ips1 & !n ^? ( ! %ips ask$ !m1 8,:o are y1 & :5ce h y come80 ,& ^? ( ! canoes answ]$1 8,we come f ,mexico40 ,& ^? ( ! %ips said to !m1 8,p]*ance y are n f ,mexico1 b falsely say y are f ,mexico & deceive u40 ,& ^u ?is !y took & gave 7b>t]$871 until !y 7 satisfi$ on bo? sides1 & !y ti$ ! canoe to ! %ip1 & a ladd] 0 let d[n1 by :i* !y climb$ up to ! %ip & came to :]e ,d4 ,h]n&o ,corts 04 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,( :at happ5$ :5 ! mess5g]s ( ,montezuma ent]$ ! %ip ( ,d4 ,h]n&o ,corts4 ,!y comm5c$ to climb up to ! %ip on ! ladd]s1 & br\ght ! pres5ts t ,montezuma _h comm&$ !m to c>ry4 ,:5 !y 7 9 front ( ! capta9 ,d4 ,h]n&o ,corts1 all kiss$ ! gr\nd deck 9 8 pres5ce1 & spoke 9 ?is wise3 8,may ! god :om we come to adore 9 ! "n ( 8 s]vant ,montezuma1 :o = him rules & gov]ns ! city ( ,mexico1 "k1 & :o says t ! god has come aft] mu* h>d%ip40 ,& at once !y took out ! ornam5ts !y _h br\ght1 & plac$ !m 9 front ( ! capta9 ,d4 ,h]n&o ,corts1 adorn+ him ) !m1 plac+ fir/ ! cr[n & mask :i* has be5 describ$ above1 & all ! o!r ?+s3 !y put ar\nd 8 neck ! coll>s ( 7preci\s7 /ones ) ! jewels ( gold :i* !y _h br\ght1 & put on 8 left arm ! %ield above describ$1 & all ! o!r ?+s 7 plac$ 9 front ( him 9 ! ord] !y 7 accu/om$ to put _! pres5ts4 ,! capta9 said1 8,is !re some?+ m80 ,& !y said to him1 8,we h n br\ght any?+ else ?an ^! ?+s t are "h40 ,! capta9 at once ord]$ !m to be ti$1 & ord]$ %ots ( artill]y fir$1 & ! mess5g]s :o 7 ti$ h& & foot1 :5 !y he>d ! ?und] ( ! bomb>dm5t1 fell on ! floor l dead1 & ! ,spani>ds lift$ !m f ! floor1 & gave !m w9e to dr9k1 ) :i* !y /r5g!n$ !m & reviv$ !m4 ,aft] ?is capta9 ,d4 ,h]n&o ,corts said to !m1 ?r\gh ! int]pret]3 8,li/5 to :at ,i say to y4 ,i h be5 told t ! ,mexicans are valiant m51 t !y are great conqu]ors & great w>riors1 & are v skillful at arms3 !y tell me t "o ,mexican alone is en\gh to conqu] f t5 to tw5ty ( 8 enemies4 ,i wi% to prove :e!r ?is is true1 & :e!r y are s /rong z ,i h be5 told40 ,!n he ord]$ swords & %ields to be giv5 !m t !y might fight ) z _m ,spani>ds1 s t he might see :o might w91 & ! ,mexicans !n said to capta9 ,corts1 8,may x please y\r grace to li/5 to our excuse1 = we are n able to d :at y comm&1 & x is because our ,"l ,montezuma has s5t u to d no?+ else ?an to salute y & give y ?is pres5t1 we _c d any?+ else1 nor are we able to d :at y ord] u1 = if we did we %\ld (f5d our ,"l ,montezuma1 & he w\ld ord] u kill$40 ,& ! capta9 respond$3 8,y w h to d by all means :at ,i say4 ,i h to see :at k9d ( m5 y are1 = ov] yond] 9 our c\ntry we h be5 told t y are v c\rage\s m53 arm y\rselves ) ^! arms & be ready t we enc\nt] "o ano!r tomorr[ on ! 7battle7 field4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,( h[ ! mess5g]s ( ,montezuma return$ to ,mexico ) ! report ( :at !y _h se54 ,aft] :at has be5 relat$ 0 done1 !y took leave ( ! capta91 & ent]$ _! canoes1 & comm5c$ to g t[>d ! l&1 paddl+ ) great spe$1 & say+ to "o ano!r1 8,!re are valiant m52 let u ex]t ourselves to paddle be=e any?+ happ5s40 ,!y arriv$ v quickly at ! t[n ( ,xicalanco1 & !re !y ate & re/$ a little1 & !n !y got into _! canoes aga91 & paddl+ ) great spe$ !y arriv$ at ! t[n call$ ,tecpantlayacac1 & f !re began to j\rney by l&1 runn+ ) great spe$1 & !y rea*$ ! t[n call$ ,cuetlaxtla3 !re !y ate & re/$ a little1 & ^? ( ! t[n begg$ !m t !y %\ld re/ at lea/ a day1 b !y respond$ t !y c\ld n1 because !y _h to g ) great spe$ to make kn[n to ,montezuma :at !y _h se51 v new ?+s1 & nev] be=e se5 nor he>d (1 ( :i* no "o else c\ld speak ab\t3 & s travel+ ) great spe$ by night & day1 !y arriv$ 9 ,mexico by night40 ,9 ! acc\nts ( ! va/ treasure secur$ by ,corts f ,montezuma be=e 8 untimely dea?1 !re is to be f\nd no specific m5tion or description ( objects decorat$ ) /one mosaic4 ,mu* ( ! treasure secur$ 9 ! f9al sack ( ,t5o*titlan 7,mexico7 0 lo/4 ,! 8empire0 ( ! ,aztecs 0 completely subjugat$ 9 #aeba4 ,f t "t1 & up to #aebe1 ,corts s5t to ,europe at v>i\s int]vals great quantities ( loot1 ga!r$ z tribute f ! /ores ( ! ,indians1 accompani$ ) inv5tories1 a numb] ( :i* h be5 publi%$4 ,f ^! inv5tories we select ! foll[+ items :i* cle>ly relate to /one mosaic objects4 ,report ( ! ,fea!r-"w & ,jewels s5t to ,spa9 to be di/ribut$ to ! foll[+ ,*ur*es & ,mona/]ies & ,special ,p]sons4 ,)\t date4 ,= ! ,"l ,bi%op ( ,burgos ,item3 some?+ l a /aff 7crosi]7 ( /one mosaic-"w ( _m colors1 = him 7! ,bi%op74 ,copy ( ! ,regi/] ( ! ,gold1 ,jewels1 & o!r ,?+s :i* are to g to ,spa9 9 ! ,%ip ,santa ,m>a de la ,rbida1 its ,ma/] 7be+7 ,juan ,bapti/a4 7,! ye> #aebb47 ,?is report conta9s a regi/] ( mu* treasure s5t 9 "o ( ! sev]al %ips :i* left ,mexico 9 ,june1 #aebb1 9 *>ge ( ! treasur] ,julian ,ald]ete1 & ,alonso ,dvila & ,antonio de ,quiones1 proctors4 ,! regi/] conta9s /atem5ts ( ! monet>y value ( c]ta9 treasure regi/]$ by v>i\s p]sons1 among :om we f9d "o ,juan de ,riv]a1 :o c>ri$ treasure = himself1 ,corts1 & o!r p]sons nam$ 9 ! inv5tory2 b none ( ! articles is describ$4 ,9 ! m>g9 ( ! report are notes /at+ t a consid]able portion rema9$ 9 ! ,azores4 ,9 ano!r inv5tory1 f :i* we %all quote lat]1 are descriptions ( c]ta9 pieces1 jewels1 & fea!r-"w t rema9$ 9 ! ,azores 9 *>ge ( ! above-nam$ proctors4 ,accord+ to ,pet] ,m>tyr ! great] "p ( ?is treasure 0 de/9$ = ! ,k+ ( ,spa91 b x nev] rea*$ him1 = ! vessel1 :i* ) ! o!rs _h put into ! ,azores to escape ,fr5* pirates1 0 captur$ lat] by ^! corsairs & ! ri* spoils ( ! ,aztecs w5t to augm5t ! treasure ( ,francis ,i4 ,! %ip ,santa ,m>a de la ,rbida seems to h arriv$ 9 ,sevilla 9 ,novemb]1 #aebb1 & ,pet] ,m>tyr saw ! treasure t x br\ght & int]view$ ,juan de ,riv]a at l5g? conc]n+ ! p & c\ntry ( ,new ,spa94 ,! acc\nt :i* he wrote1 bas$ on a view ( ! wond]ful objects & :at ,riv]a _h told him1 comprises an entire book 9 ! ,fif? ,decade ( 8 ,de ,orbe ,novo1 fir/ pr9t$ 9 #aecj4 ,x conta9s a mass ( valuable & g5]ally tru/wor?y in=mation1 glean$ n only at fir/ h& f ,riv]a1 b also f a "y native ,mexican :om ,riv]a _h br\ght to ,spa9 z a slave & s]vant4 ,?is acc\nt supplies c]ta9 in=mation describ+ ! treasure1 :i* is miss+ 9 ! inv5tory4 ,! report is s int]e/+ t we quote :at ,pet] ,m>tyr writes ab\t "s ( ! objects ( /one mosaic-"w :i* ,riv]a display$4#ba ,we h be5 p>ticul>ly delight$ ) two mirrors ( exceptional beauty3 ! fir/ 0 bord]$ ) a circle ( gold1 "o palm 9 circumf]5ce1 & set 9 gre5 wood2 ! o!r 0 simil>4 ,rib]a /ates t !re is /one f\nd 9 ^! c\ntries1 :i* makes excell5t mirrors :5 poli%$2 & we admit t none ( our mirrors m fai?fully reflect ! human face4 ,we also admire ! arti/ically made masks4 ,! sup]/ructure is ( wood1 cov]$ ov] ) /ones1 s arti/ically & p]fectly jo9$ toge!r t x is impossible to detect _! l9es ( junction1 ) ! f+]nail4 ,!y seem to ! nak$ eye to be "o s+le /one1 ( ! k9d us$ 9 mak+ _! mirrors4 ,! e>s ( ! mask are ( gold1 & f "o temple to ano!r ext5d two gre5 l9es ( em]alds2 two o!r saffron color$ l9es />t f ! half-op5$ m\?1 9 :i* bone tee? are visible2 9 ea* jaw two natural tee? protrude betwe5 ! lips4 ,^! masks are plac$ ^u ! faces ( ! gods1 :5ev] ! sov]eign is ill1 n to be remov$ until he ei!r recov]s or dies4 ,pet] ,m>tyr gives u details reg>d+ ! ,k+'s %>e ( ! loot br\ght by ! ,santa ,m>a de la ,rbida1 writ+ z foll[s3 ,)\t m5tion+ ! royal fif?1 t %ip br+s ! treasure :i* is compos$ ( a "p ( :at ,corts amass$1 at ! co/ ( risks & dang]s1 & ! %>e belong+ to 8 pr9cipal lieut5ant3 !y (f] x all 9 homage to _! ,k+4 ,rib]a has be5 in/ruct$ to pres5t to ! ,emp]or 9 8 ma/]'s ,corts' "n ! gifts he s5ds1 :ile ! o!rs w be pres5t$ 9 ! "n ( _! colleagues by ! (fic]s :o1 z ,i h said1 rema9$ beh9d at ! ,azores4444 ,! treasure de/9$ = ! ,emp]or is on bo>d ! vessel :i* has n yet arriv$3 b x is said t x am\nts to #cb1jjj ducats ( smelt$ gold 9 ! =m ( b>s4 ,7 all ! r+s1 jewels1 %ields1 helmets1 & o!r ornam5ts n[ smelt$1 ! total w\ld am\nt to #aej1jjj ducats4 ,! report has spread1 ,i "k n h[1 t ,fr5* pirates are on ! wat* = ^! %ips3 may !y come safely 94 ,z we h /at$1 ! %ips 7 captur$ & ! treasure 0 irretrievably lo/ to ! ,spani>ds4 ,an inv5tory ( ! treasure1 pres]v$ 9 ,spa91 reads3 ,/atem5t ( ,pieces1 ,jewels1 & ,fea!r-"w s5t f ,new ,spa9 = ,8 ,maje/y1 & t ,rema9$ 9 ! ,azores 9 ! ,*>ge ( ,alonso ,dvila & ,antonio ,quiones4 ,)\t date4 ,/atem5t ( ! pieces1 jewels1 & fea!r-"w t are s5t to ,_! ,maje/ies 9 ! foll[+ boxes3 ,a %ield ) blue /one mosaic-"w ) its rim ( gold4 ,a %ield ( /one mosaic-"w1 ) a rim ( blue & r$ fea!rs4 ,a %ield ( /one mosaic-"w1 ! casco 7cr[n7 ( fea!rs & ! clasps ( gold1 & on ! rim "s long gre5 fea!rs4 ,a %ield ( /one mosaic-"w & confas 7%ells7 ) "s p5dants on ! rim1 ( l>ge & small gold bells4 ,report ( ! ,objects ( ,gold t are ,pack$ 9 a ,box = ,8 ,maje/y :i* are ,s5t 9 ,c>e ( ,diego de ,soto4 ,)\t date4 ,a face ( gold ) ! features ( /one mosaic-"w4 ,a face ( tig]-sk9 sic ) two e>-ornam5ts ( gold & /one mosaic-"w4 ,report ( ! ,?+s ,c>ri$ by ,diego de ,soto f ! ,gov]nor 9 ,addition to :at he ,c>ries ,li/$ 9 a ,notebook ( ,c]ta9 ,%eets ( ,pap] = ,8 ,maje/y4 ,)\t date4 ,a l>ge %ield ) "s moons ( /one mosaic-"w & ) mu* gold4 ,two /one mosaic-"w %ields4 ,! f9al inv5tory f :i* we extract items relat+ to /one mosaic-"w objects is dat$ #aebe4 ,x is3 ,report ( ! ,gold1 ,silv]1 ,jewels1 & ,o!r ,?+s t ! ,proctors ( ,new ,spa9 ,c>ry to ,8 ,maje/y4 7,ye> ( #aebe47 ,a l>ge head ( a duck ( blue /one mosaic-"w4 ,two pieces ( gold1 su* z ! natives ( ^! p>ts we> 9 _! e>s ) "s r$ & blue /ones1 weigh+ altoge!r t5 pesos4 ,a bracelet ) f\r gre5/ones set 9 gold l ! ho( ( a /ag4 ,n weigh$4 ,ano!r bracelet ( gold ) t5 pieces l azicates1 & two claws ( gre5/one set 9 gold4 ,an armlet ( tig]-sk9 ) f\r gre5/ones & f\r small b>s ( gold ( little weight4 ,a %ell l a v5]ica set 9 gold ) a gre5/one 9 ! c5t]4 ,a l>ge %ell set 9 gold ) a face ( gre5/one1 ) "s blue & yell[ little /ones ar\nd ! neck4 ,a butt]fly ( gold ) ! w+s ( v5]a1 & ! body & head ( gre5/one4 ,two v5]as1 "o purple & ! o!r yell[1 ea* "o respectively ) gre5/ones 9 ! c5t] & o!r blue ones ar\nd x1 set 9 gold4 ,ano!r :ite v5]a1 set 9 gold1 hav+ "s blue & r$ eyes1 ! "o ins]t$ 9 ! o!r4 ,a mon/] ( gold ) "s gre5/one mosaic-"w 9 ! belly1 weigh+ altoge!r elev5 pesos4 ,a poni>d 7or jewel bron*a7 ( :ite %ell set 9 gold1 weigh+ altoge!r ?irty-sev5 pesos1 five tom9s4 ,a butt]fly ( %ell1 ( fancy "w1 set 9 gold1 weigh+ altoge!r elev5 pesos1 six tom9s4#bb ,,tribute ,,( ,,mosaic ,,paid ,,to ,,! ,,aztec ,,rul]s ,mosaic objects1 & especially ! raw mat]ial = _! manufacture1 =m$ a "p ( ! annual tribute paid by "s ( ! coa/ prov9ces ( anci5t ,mexico to ! ,aztec k+s ( ,t5o*titlan4 ,we h ! pictorial repres5tation ( "s ( ! objects ( su* tribute 9 an important native book or codex1 pa9t$ 9 colors on maguey fib] pap]1 kn[n z ! ,tribute ,roll ( ,montezuma4 ,?is orig9al codex 0 at "o "t 9 ! fam\s ,botur9i collection1 & is n[ "o ( ! treasur$ possessions ( ! ,museo ,nacional 9 ! ,city ( ,mexico4 ,x lacks1 h[ev]1 sev]al leaves :i* 7 ab/ract$ ab\t a c5tury ago1 & :i* came into possession ( ,joel ,r4 ,po9sett1 :o _h be5 ,am]ican ,m9i/] to ,mexico1 & :o pres5t$ !m to ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society ( ,philadelphia 9 #ahcj1 :]e !y n[ are4 ,on ! pages h be5 writt5 explanations ( ! pictures & figures 9 bo? ,nahuatl & ,spani%4 8,! ,nahuatl words look z if made by a p5cil1 /yle1 or %ort bru% simil> to t us$ 9 del9eat+ ! figures1 & ) a sepia-l prep>ation2 :ile ! ,spani% ones h evid5tly be5 made ) an ink conta9+ iron1 & an in/rum5t :i* di/urb$ ! gloss ( ! pap]1 z is %[n by its p5etration to fibres adjac5t1 giv+ ! l9es a sort ( hazy m>g9 occasionally40#bc ,"s "t betwe5 ! ye>s #aecd & #aeej1 ,don ,antonio de ,m5doza1 ! fir/ ,vic]oy ( ,mexico1 dur+ ?is p]iod1 _h ! ,indians prep>e = ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v1 a book on ,european pap]1 conta9+ a pictorial acc\nt1 9 colors1 ( "s ?+s relat+ to ! hi/ory & life ( ! natives ( ! ,mexican plateau4 ,x 0 pa9t$ 9 ?ree sections1 ! fir/ be+ a *ronological record ( ! ,aztec k+s & _! conque/s1 ! ?ird relat+ to ! habits & cu/oms ( ! natives & especially ( ! education ( ,mexican y\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,ii ,,/one ,,idol3 ,,! ,,goddess ,,coatlicue1 ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,national ,,museum1 ,,mexico ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,iii ,,/aff ,,& ,,rattle ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,peabody ,,museum1 ,,cambridge ,! second "p 0 a copy ( ! ,tribute ,roll above ref]r$ to4 ,^! pictures 7 giv5 to o!r ,indians = ! int]pretation ( _! import1 :i* 0 writt5 d[n 9 ! ,nahuatl language1 & ano!r p]son1 well v]s$ 9 bo? ! ,indian & ,spani% languages1 made a translation into ,spani%1 :i* 0 incorporat$ 9 ! book4 ,x 0 !n despat*$ to ,spa91 probably ab\t ! ye> #aedi1 b ! vessel 0 captur$ by ,fr5* pirates1 & ! book came into ! h&s ( ! ,fr5* geograph]1 ,&r ,!vet1 9 #aeec4 ,aft] ,!vet's dea? x 0 pur*as$1 ab\t ! ye> #aehd1 by ,ri*>d ,hakluyt1 at t "t *apla9 to ! ,engli% ,ambassador to ,france4 ,hakluyt bequea!d ! volume to ,samuel ,pur*as1 :o publi%$ x1 )\t colors1 ) an ,engli% translation ( ! text1 9 ,pur*as ,8 ,pilgrimes1 ,london1 #afbe4 ,! ,engli% text 0 translat$ into ,fr5* & accompani$ ) ! plates 0 publi%$ by ,mel*is$ec ,!v5ot 9 8 ,relations des ,div]s ,voyages1 9 #affc4 ,! codex ultimately became ! prop]ty ( ,seld51 & ) "s o!r orig9al ,mexican codices lat] became a "p ( ! ,bodleian ,libr>y at ,ox=d1 :]e x is n[ pres]v$4 ,9 #ahca1 ,"l ,k+sbor\gh issu$ x = ! fir/ "t 9 colors1 toge!r ) a new & m accurate ,engli% r5d]+ ( ! ,spani% text1 9 8 monum5tal "w on ! ,antiquities ( ,mexico4 ,! ,tribute ,roll 0 publi%$ by ,ar*bi%op ,lor5zana 9 ,mexico 9 #aggj1 9 8 edition ( ! ,c>tas de ,corts1 ! draw+1 uncolor$1 be+ trac$ 9 a v inf]ior mann] f ! orig9al 9 ,mexico4 ,f9ally1 ,dr4 ,antonio ,peafiel includ$ a beautiful color$ facsimile ( ! ,tribute ,roll 9 8 "w1 ,monum5tos del ,arte ,mexicano ,antiguo1 publi%$ 9 ,b]l9 9 #ahij1 ! miss+ leaves1 9 ,philadelphia1 be+ reproduc$ f a v poor draw+ ( ! codex on ,european pap]1 probably execut$ = ,botur9i4 ,^! leaves 7 publi%$ 9 exact facsimile 9 #ahib1 ) an article entitl$1 ,! ,tribute ,roll ( ,montezuma1 edit$ by ,dr4 ,d4 ,g4 ,br9ton & ,h5ry ,phillips1 9 vol4 ,,xvii ( ! ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,on plate ,,xviii 7we ref] to ! ,peafiel edition71 9 ! second section ( ! plate1 among o!r objects ( tribute is a small b[l conta9+ pieces ( cut turquois 7see fig4 #a74 ,9 ! explanation giv5 by ,pur*as1 ?is item is describ$ z 8a little panne full ( ,turkes /ones10 & 9 ! ,k+sbor\gh text x has be5 translat$ 8a little vessel ( small turquois /ones40 ,on ! plate publi%$ by ,lor5zana is ! caption1 8,matlauac ,rosilla con q4 se tie azul40 ,! ^w matlauac is probably a corruption ( ! ,nahuatl ^w matlaltic1 mean+ #8blue1' b ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce 9 ,spani% is confus$1 = rosilla means #8r$di%1' & con q4 se tie azul1 #8) :i* !y dy$ blue1' seems to indicate t ! phrase is incomplete4 ,accompany+ ! objects depict$ z tributes are ! hi]oglyphs ( ! t[ns :i* paid !m4 ,^! glyphs h be5 int]pret$ 9 ! same mann] 9 all ( ! reproductions ( ! codex1 b we use ! spell+ adopt$ by ,peafiel1 9 pref]5ce to t giv5 by ,pur*as or by ,k+sbor\gh4 ,!y are3 7#a7 ,quiyauhtecpan1 8temple ( ra9 or ( its deities0 ,tlaloc or ,*al*iuhtlicue2 7#b7 ,ol9alan1 8place ( e>?quakes20 7#c7 ,cuauhtecomatlan1 8place ( tecomates20 7#d7 ,cualac1 8place ( good dr9kable wat]20 7#e7 ,i*catlan1 8cotton-plantation20 7#f7 ,xala1 8s&y gr\nd40 ,^! places are giv5 9 ! explanation z be+ 8cities ( w>m prov9ces40 ,9 ! ?ird section ( ! same plate 7,,xviii7 are ! objects %[n 9 figs4 #b & #c4 ,peafiel writes ( fig4 #b z 8t5 little figures work$ 9 turquois40 ,only "o object pa9t$ blue is depict$1 ! numb] t5 be+ indicat$ by ! t5 dots4 ,t masks =m ?is tribute is cle>ly evid5t2 9 ,pur*as ! description is 8t5ne halfe faces ( ri* blew ,turkey /ones10 & 9 ,k+sbor\gh1 8likewise #aj middl+ siz$ masks ( ri* blue /ones l turquois40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,iv ,,helmet ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,briti% ,,museum1 ,,london ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,! second item 9 ?is section 7fig4 #c7 is describ$ by ,peafiel z 8a small bag ( ! same /ones40 ,k+sbor\gh's /atem5t is1 8a l>ge bag ( ! said blue /ones10 :ile 9 ,pur*as ! translation reads1 8a great trusse full ( ! said ,turkey /ones40 ,on ! bag :i* is pa9t$ blue1 ) two r$ v]tical b&s1 is ! ,aztecan hi]oglyph = /one1 tetl4 ,! t[ns :5ce ?is tribute 0 exact$ are3 7#a7 ,yoaltepec1 8place consecrat$ to ! deity ( ! night20 7#b7 ,ehaucalco1 89 ! place ( tann+20 7#c7 ,tzilacapan1 8riv] ( *ilacayotes20 7#d7 ,patlanalan1 8place :]e p>rots ab\nd20 7#e7 ,ixicayan1 8:]e ! wat] comes d[n20 7#f7 ,i*caatoyac1 8riv] ( cotton40 ,^! cities are ( ! w>m prov9ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d ,! only f9i%$ objects ( mosaic-"w 9 ! ,tribute ,roll are on plate ,,xxxii4 ,?is is "o ( ! leaves ( ! orig9al codex 9 ,philadelphia1 & we h trac$ fig4 #d f ?is orig9al4 ,!y are describ$ by ,pur*as z 8two pieces l platt]s deck$ or g>ni%$ ) ri* ,turkey /ones40 ,k+sbor\gh m5tions !m z 8two pieces l salv]s ornam5t$ or set ) ri* turquoise /ones40 ,lor5zana has correctly pr9t$ ! leg5d :i* we f9d reproduc$ 9 ! ,philadelphia publication ( ?is leaf2 x is 8,ontetl xiuhtetl10 foll[$ by ! ,spani%1 8turquesas o pi$ras f9as40 ,ontetl is ,nahuatl = 8two10 & xiuhtetl1 or xiuitl tetl1 8turquois /one40 ,! mosaic "* ( ^! two pieces is graphically repres5t$ by ! anci5t arti/4 ,! t[ns pay+ ! tribute illu/rat$ on ?is %eet are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,to*pan1 or ,tu*pan1 8ov] ! rabbit20 7#b7 ,tlaltizapan1 8place situat$ ov] *alk20 7#c7 ,cihuateopan1 89 ! temple ( ,cihuacoatl20 7#d7 ,papantla1 8place ( ! prie/s20 7#e7 ,ocelotepec1 8place ( ! ocelot20 7#f7 ,mihuapan1 8riv] ( ! e>s ( corn20 7#g7 ,mictlan1 8place ( re/40 ,9 ! ,crnica ( ,tezozomoc is an acc\nt ( ! campaign ( ! ,aztecan k+ ,ahuitzotl into s\!rn ,mexico 9 #adig4 ,! t[ns ( ,xu*tlan1 ,amaxtlan1 ,izhuatlan1 ,miahuatla1 ,tecuantepec1 & ,xolotlan1 9 ! region ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,tehuantepec1 _h revolt$ aga9/ him4 ,aft] ! complete r\t ( ! rebelli\s ,indians1 x 0 relat$ by ,tezozomoc t 8! k9d ( arms c>ri$ by ! coa/ p 0 v ri*1 s mu* s t ! undiscipl9$ soldi]s began to /rip ! bodies ( ! dead ( ! v ri* fea!r-"w pieces call$ quetzalmanalli1 & f _! milit>y ornam5ts remove a r\nd em]ald l a mirror :i* sp>kl$ 9 its p]fection1 call$ xiuhtezcatl4 ,o!rs ( ! dead c>ri$ on ! back ( _! arms t :i* 0 call$ yacazcuil1 outside ( f9e gold1 & 9 ! nose !y wore /ones2 o!rs 7wore7 gold1 & ! %ield :i* !y c>ri$ _h a v ri* gre5/one 9 ! c5t]1 & ar\nd x a decoration ( v f9e /ones set 9 7mosaic-"w71 said %ield be+ call$ xiuh*imal40 ,^? :o rema9$ aft] ! slaught] came to ,ahuitzotl1 say+3 8,our ,lords1 let u speak4 ,we w give our tribute ( all t is produc$ & yield$ on ^! coa/s1 :i* w be *al*ihuitl ( all k9ds & colors1 & o!r small /ones call$ teoxihuitl 7turquois7 = sett+ 9 v ri* objects mosaic1 & fea!rs ( ! ri*e/ sort br\ght =? 9 ! :ole _w1 v h&some birds1 ! fea!rs ( :i* are call$ xiuhtototl1 tlaque*ol1 tz9itzcan1 & zacuan2 tann$ sk9s ( ! tig] 7ocelot71 lions 7puma71 & great wolves1 & o!r /ones ve9$ ) _m div]s colors40#bd ,9 ! same ,crnica we read t ,montezuma1 :o succe$$ ,ahuitzotl aft] 8 dea? 9 #aejb1 receiv$ a royal tribute f 8 vassals 9 ,xaltepec1 a coa/ t[n ( ,tehuantepec1 among :i* 7 8broad coll>s sic = ! ankles1 /rewn ) gold gra9s & v ri* /one mosaic-"w40#be ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,v ,,mask ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,briti% ,,museum1 ,,london ,,s\rce ,,( ,,turquois ,! s\rce ( ! consid]able quantity ( turquois us$ 9 ,mexico 9 pre-,spani% times = p]sonal ornam5ts & mosaic incru/ation is /ill an unsolv$ problem4 ,?us f> no prehi/oric work+s h be5 f\nd 9 ,mexico4 ,only rec5tly turquois has be5 discov]$ at ! silv] m9es at ,bonanza1 ,zacatecas1 b ,dr4 ,kunz1 :o has call$ our att5tion to ?is1 writes t he has no in=mation reg>d+ prehi/oric work+s !re4#bf ,9 ! ext5sive bibliography on ! geology ( ,mexico by ,aguil> y ,santillan#bg we f9d only a s+le entry = turquois1 t be+ ! /udy ( ,mexican mosaics 9 ,rome by ,pigor9i4#bh ,pogue#bi writes t !re are no important turquois deposits t d n %[ signs ( prehi/oric exploitation1 & he is also ( ! op9ion t x is v difficult to trace ! s\rce ( ! turquois us$ by ! ,indians ( anci5t ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,pogue's conclusion is t 8z no occurr5ce at all adequate z an important s\rce has be5 discov]$ s\? ( ! pres5t ,mexican b\nd>y1 x !re=e seems probable t ! ,aztecs & alli$ peoples1 ?r\gh trade ) tribes to ! nor?1 obta9$ supplies ( turquois f ! ,c]rillos hills ,new ,mexico & p]haps o!r localities ( ! ,s\?we/40 ,sahagun is ! only e>ly *ronicl] :o af=ds in=mation conc]n+ ?is po9t4 ,he writes explicitly t 8! ,toltecs _h discov]$ ! m9e ( preci\s /ones 9 ,mexico1 call$ xiuitl1 :i* are turquoises1 :i* m9e1 accord+ to ! anci5ts1 0 9 a hill call$ ,xiuhtzone1 close to ! t[n ( ,tepotzotlan ,/ate ( ,hidalgo40 ,we w quote o!r /atem5ts by ,sahagun conc]n+ turquois3 ,! turquois occurs 9 m9es4 ,!re are "s m9es :5ce m or less f9e /ones are obta9$4 ,"s are bright1 cle>1 & transp>5t2 :ile o!rs are n4444 ,teoxiuitl is call$ turquois ( ! gods4 ,no "o has a "r to possess or use x1 b always x mu/ be (f]$ or devot$ to a deity4 ,x is a f9e /one )\t any blemi% & q brilliant4 ,x is r>e & comes f a di/ance4 ,!re are "s t are r\nd & resemble a hazelnut cut 9 two4 ,^! are call$ xiuhtomolli4444 ,!re is ano!r /one1 us$ m$ic9ally1 call$ xiuhtomoltetl1 :i* is gre5 & :ite1 & v beautiful4 ,its moi/5$ scrap+s are good = feebl5ess & nausea4 ,x is br\ght f ,guatemala & ,soconusco ,/ate ( ,*iapas4 ,!y make beads /rung 9 necklaces = hang+ ar\nd ! neck4444 ,!re are o!r /ones1 call$ xixitl2 ^! are l[-grade turquoises1 flaw$ & spott$1 & are n h>d4 ,"s ( !m are squ>e1 & o!rs are ( v>i\s %apes1 & !y "w ) !m ! mosaic1 mak+ crosses1 images1 & o!r pieces4#cj ,if we are to cr$it ,sahagun1 turquois 0 work$ n only 9 ! imm$iate region ( ! c5tral ,mexican plateau1 b !y receiv$ supplies f di/ant po9ts1 & specifically f ,*iapas & ,guatemala4 ,! raw mat]ial m5tion$ 9 ! ,tribute ,roll ( ,montezuma z com+ f coa/ t[ns & f ! s\?1 mu/ also be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,h5ce1 not)/&+ ! pres5t lack ( in=mation respect+ ! localities :]e turquois is to be f\nd 9 situ 9 c5tral & s\!rn ,mexico1 we _c reject ! op9ion t ultimately anci5t work+s w be f\nd at m ?an "o site 9 ,mexico4 ,we d n believe x necess>y to assume t ! s\rce ( supply ( bo? ! ,toltecs & ! ,aztecs1 z well z ( o!r tribes1 su* z ! ,t>asco1 & ! ,mixtec & ,zapotec1 :i* also made use ( ?is mat]ial1 0 ! f>-di/ant region ( ,new ,mexico4 ,x 0 =m]ly ass]t$ by "s /ud5ts t ! jadeite ( ,middle ,am]ica mu/ h come by trade f ,*9a1#ca because no deposits h z yet be5 f\nd 9 ! =m] region2 b x is n[ kn[n by *emical analysis t ! ,middle ,am]ican jadeite is di/9ct f t ( ,asia4 ,9 fact1 ! writ] has long held t n alone 9 "o1 b 9 at lea/ five1 diff]5t localities1 jadeite w 9 "t be discov]$4#cb ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,vi ,,mask ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,briti% ,,museum1 ,,london ,,! ,,aztec ,,lapid>ies ,,& ,,_! ,,works ,! developm5t ( ! art ( ! lapid>ies & mosaic-work]s1 l t ( ! goldsmi?s1 is attribut$ by ,sahagun to ! ,toltecs1 "u ! b5efic5t influ5ce ( ,quetzalcoatl1 ! culture h]o god4 ,9 treat+ ( ! pre-,aztec p call$ ,tultecas1 or p ( ,tollan or ,tula1 by ,sahagun1 he /ates t !y 7 v skilful 9 all t p]ta9$ to ! f9e arts4 ,he writes3 ,! ,tultecas 7 c>eful & ?or\gh artific]s1 l ^? ( ,fl&]s at ! pres5t "t1 because !y 7 skilful & neat 9 :atsoev] !y put _! h&s to2 ev]y?+ 7!y did7 0 v good1 elaborate1 & graceful1 z = example1 ! h\ses t !y erect$1 :i* 7 v beautiful1 & ri*ly ornam5t$ inside ) c]ta9 k9ds ( preci\s /ones ( a gre5 color z a coat+ 7to ! walls71 & ! o!rs :i* 7 n s adorn$ 7 v smoo?1 & wor? see+1 & ! /one ( :i* !y 7 fa%ion$ appe>$ l a ?+ ( mosaic4444 ,!y also knew & work$ pe>ls1 amb]1 & ame?y/1 & all mann] ( preci\s /ones1 :i* !y made into jewelry4#cc ,we f9d ano!r /atem5t to ! effect t-- ,! lapid>y is v well taught1 & pa9/ak+ 9 8 craft1 a judge ( good /ones1 :i*1 = work+1 !y take (f ! r\gh "p & br+ toge!r or cem5t ) o!rs v delicately ) bitum5 or wax1 9 ord] to make mosaic-"w4#cd ,9 ! pictorial section ( ! ,flor5t9e manuscript ( ,sahagun1#ce 9 ! ,codex ,m5doza1#cf & 9 ! ,mappe ,tlotz91#cg are pictures del9eat+ artisans engag$ 9 v>i\s crafts1 su* z weav]s1 pa9t]s1 c>p5t]s 7wood-c>v]s71 /one c>v]s1 lapid>ies1 goldsmi?s1 & fea!r-mosaic work]s1 yet we f9d no actual repres5tation ( turquois-mosaic work]s4 ,9 ! ?ird section ( ! ,codex ,m5doza appe>s a picture ( a fa!r tea*+ 8 son ! secrets ( ! lapid>y's art4 ,! int]pret] ( ! codex writes3 ,! trades ( a c>p5t]1 jewel] 7lapid>y71 pa9t]1 goldsmi?1 & embroid]] ( fea!rs1 accord+ly z !y are repres5t$ & decl>$1 signify t ! ma/]s ( su* arts taught ^! trades to _! sons f _! e>lie/ boyhood1 9 ord] t1 :5 gr[n up to be m51 !y might att5d to _! trades & sp5d _! "t virtu\sly1 c\nsel+ !m t idl5ess is ! root & "m ( vices1 z well z ( evil-speak+ & tale-be>+1 :5ce foll[$ drunk5ness & robb]ies1 & o!r dang]\s vices1 & sett+ be=e _! imag9ations _m o!r gr\nds ( al>m1 t h5ce !y might submit to be dilig5t 9 ev]y?+4 ,! elaborate s]ies ( pictures ( ! v>i\s crafts 9 ! ,flor5t9e manuscript ( ,sahagun 7lam9as liv to lxiv7 includes ^? t %[ 9 detail ! "w ( ! goldsmi?s & ! fea!r-work]s2 b ! illu/rations devot$ to ! lapid>ies we are unable to correlate1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! text1 ) ! ,nahuatl text ( ! ,sahagun manuscript 9 ! ,real ,academia de la ,hi/oria 9 ,madrid1 :i* we w give lat] f ! /udy by ,dr4 ,sel] conta9+ a translation ( ! native text into ,fr5*4 ,?is description ( ! "w ( ! lapid>ies in=ms u only conc]n+ ! work+ & poli%+ ( ! /ones4 ,unlike ! o!r acc\nts by ,sahagun reg>d+ ! goldsmi?s & ! fea!r-work]s1 :i* enlight5 u ) respect to ! details ( ^! two f9e arts1 he does n "h ent] into any description conc]n+ ! delicate "w ( ! arti/s :o fa%ion$ ! beautiful pieces ( /one mosaic4 ,al?\gh su* "w 0 turn$ out by ! ,aztecan workm51 z we h already demon/rat$1 x seems highly probable t 9 times imm$iately prec$+ ! ,spani% conque/1 ! ,aztecan k+s ,ahuitzotl & ,montezuma obta9$ a consid]able numb] ( su* objects ?r\gh tribute & by b>t] ) ! tribes liv+ 9 :at are n[ ! /ates ( ,v]a ,cruz1 ,oaxaca1 & we/]n ,*iapas4 ,z our k ( ,mexican ar*eology1 n[ all too meag]1 is ext5d$1 x is v probable t we w f9d ve/iges ( ?is art 9 ! ,pacific /ate ( ,gu]r]o1 :]e great numb]s ( jadeite & o!r gre5/one objects h be5 discov]$1 ) a respectable numb] ( specim5s indicat+ ! high arti/ic skill ( ! indig5es ( t section4 ,we may also hope to f9d relics ( ?is art 9 ! area ( ,matlaltz9can culture to ! nor? ( ! valley ( ,mexico1 & also 9 ! field ( ,t>ascan culture 9 ! /ates ( ,mi*oacan & ,jalisco1 =1 z w be relat$1 mosaic specim5s h be5 recov]$ f anci5t ru9s z f> nor? z ! ,/ate ( ,zacatecas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,vii ,,mask ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,prehi/oric ,,& ,,e?nographic ,,museum1 ,,rome ,sahagun's acc\nt 7*ap4 ,,ii7 ( ! "w ( ! lapid>ies we h]e) app5d1 ) ! ,nahuatl text & a translation ( ! ,fr5* r5d]+ by ,sel]4#ch #a4 ,9 tlateque tulteca ynic quitequi yn yztac tehuilotl yoan tlapaltehuilotl yoan *al*iuitl yoan quetzalitztli ynica teoxalli yoan tlaquauac tepuztli4 #a4 ,! lapid>y artisans cut rock-cry/al1 ame?y/1 em]ald1 bo? common & preci\s1 by means ( em]y & ) an in/rum5t ( temp]$ copp]3 #b4 ,auh ynic qui*iqui tecpatl tlatetzotzontli4 #b4 ,& !y scrap$ x by means ( cutt+ fl9t4 #c4 ,auh ynic quicoyonia ynic quimamali teputztlacop9tli4 #c4 ,& !y dug x out 7holl[$7 & drill$ x by means ( a little tube ( copp]4 #d4 ,niman yhuian quixteca quipetlaua quitemetzhuia1 auh yn yc quic5caua4 #d4 ,& !n !y facet$ x v c>efully2 !y burni%$ 7poli%$7 x & gave x ! f9al lu/]4 #e4 ,yte* quahuitl yn quipetlaua ynic pepetlaca1 ynic motonameyotia ynic tlanextia4 #e4 ,!y poli%$ x set 9 wood1 s t x comes to be v brilliant1 %9+1 glossy4 #f4 ,anoo quetzalotlatl ynite* quilau ynic quic5caua ynic quiyec*iua yn intultecayo tlatecque4 #f4 ,or !y poli% x m\nt$ 9 bamboo1 & ! lapid>ies f9i% x ?us1 & conclude _! "w4 #g4 ,auh annoiuhqui yn tlapaltehuilotl ynic mo*iua ynic moc5caua4 #g4 ,& 9 ! same mann] !y "w & smoo? ame?y/4 #h4 ,a*topa quimoleua quihuipeua teputztica yn tlatecque yn tulteca ynic yyoca quitlatlalia yn qualli motquitica tlapaltic yn itaqui4 #h4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! lapid>y artisans break into pieces ! ame?y/ & cru% x ) an in/rum5t ( copp]1 = !y "w only ! beautiful pieces :i* are entirely r$di%4 #i4 an niman yuhqui tlatlalia yn campa monequiz quimoleua tepuztica4 #i4 ,!y d n set up ! preci\s /ones nam$ 9 ?is mann]1 except 9 ! p>ts :]e x is necess>y1 :5 !y break !m ) ! copp] in/rum5t4 #aj4 ,auh niman qui*iqui quixteca yoan quitemetzhuia yoan quipetlaua yte* quahuitl yn tlapetlaualoni ynic quiyectilia ynic quic5caua4 #aj4 ,!n !y scrape x1 & !y facet x1 & !y smoo? x1 & !y poli% x1 m\nt$ 9 wood1 set on ! in/rum5t call$ poli%] or burni%]1 & !y manufacture & f9i% x4 #aa4 ,auh yn yehoatl yn mot5eua eztecpatl ca c5ca tlaquauac *icauac camo ma vel motequi ynica teoxalli4 #aa4 ,! /one call$ blood silex 7heliotrope7 is v h>d & v /rong1 & !y d n cut x well ) em]y4 #ab4 aan motlatlapana motehuia4 #ab4 ,!y break x & !y cut x up 9 any k9d ( way4 #ac4 ,yoan motepehuilia yn itepetlayo yn amo qualli1 yn amo uel no mopetlaua4 #ac4 ,& !y ?r[ away ! ve9-/one1 ! useless /one1 t :i* does n l5d itself readily to poli%+4 #ad4 an yehoatl mocui motemolia yn qualli1 yn vel mopetlaua yn eztic1 yn uel cuicuiltic4 #ad4 ,!y d n take or seek except ! beautiful pieces t l5d !mselves to good poli%+1 ! r$-b&$1 t p]mit !mselves to be well cut4 #ae4 ,mi*iqui atica yoan yte* tetl c5ca tlaquauac vnpa uallauh yn matlatz9co4 #ae4 ,!y rub !m ) wat] & m\nt$ 9 a v h>d /one t comes f ! c\ntry ( ,matlatz9ca di/rict ( ,toluca4 #af4 ,ypampa ca uel monoma namiqui1 yniuh *icauac tecpatl noyuh *icauac yn tetl1 ynic monepanmictia4 #af4 ,& because ^! two /ones are companions1 ! "o to ! o!r1 z ! silex is v h>d1 s ! /one is h>d1 !y kill "o ano!r 7! "o kills ! o!r74 #ag4 atepan mixteca yca teoxalli yoan motemetzhuia yca ezmellil4 #ag4 ,!n !y facet & poli% !m by means ( em]y4 #ah4 ,auh atepan yc moc5caua yc mopetlaua1 yn quetzalotlatl4 #ah4 ,& !y f9i% & poli% !m ) bamboo4 #ai4 ,ynic quicuecueyotza quitonameyomaca4 #ai4 ,9 ?is way !y make !m sc9tillate & give to !m a lu/] l ! rays ( ! sun4 #bj4 ,auh yn yehoatl motocayotia vitzitziltecpatl niman yuh yolli tlacati4 #bj4 ,& t :i* !y call humm+bird silex 7/one ( a ?\s& colors7 is 79 color l7 an animal ( t nature4 #ba4 ,miyec tlamantli ynic mocuicuil\a1 iztac yoan xoxoctic yoan yuhqu9 tletl1 anoo yuhqui citlali yoan yuhqu9 ayauhcoamalotl4 #ba4 ,x is t9t$ 7pa9t$7 9 a ?\s& colors1 :ite1 blue1 cle> brilliant r$1 black ) :ite spots1 & ! color ( ! ra9b[4 #bb4 an tepiton xalli ynic mi*iqui ynic mopetlaua4 #bb4 ,!y scrape x & simply poli% x ) f9e s&4 #bc4 ,auh yn yehoatl motocayotia xiuhtomolli camo tlaquauac camo ezmellil yte* monequi ynic mi*iqui ynic mixteca yoan ynic motemetzhuia yoan ynic mopetlaua ynic moquetzalotlahuiaya ynic motonameyotia motlanexyotia4 #bc4 ,! /one t !y call r\nd turquois is n v h>d1 s !y h no ne$ ( em]y to scrape1 facet1 smoo?1 or poli%1 = !y apply to x ! bamboo1 !n x receives its radiant lu/] & brilliancy4 #bd4 ,auh yn yehoatl teoxihuitl ca amo c5ca tlaquauac4 #bd4 ,! f9e turquois is n v h>d ei!r4 #be4 anno tepiton xalli ynic mopetlaua ynic moyectilia auh yn uel no yc motlanextilmaca motonameyomaca occ5tlamantli ytoca xiuhpetlaualoni4 #be4 ,!y poli% x likewise ) f9e s& & !y give to x a v brilliant lu/] & radiance by ! me?od ( ano!r poli%]1 call$ ! poli%] ( turquois4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,viii ,,mask ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,prehi/oric ,,& ,,e?nographic ,,museum1 ,,rome ,reg>d+ ! patron deities ( ! lapid>ies1 ,sahagun has giv5 u a detail$ acc\nt :i* is s int]e/+ t we translate 9 ext5so4 ,! lapid>ies :o work$ preci\s /ones 9 ! "t ( _! pag&om ador$ f\r gods1 or bett] said devils3 ! fir/ 0 call$ ,*icunavitzcu9tli1 ! second ,naoalpilli1 ! ?ird ,macuilcalli1 & ! f\r? ,c9tcutl3 to all ^! la/ ?ree gods !y made a fe/ival :5 !re reign$ ! sign or "* call$ ,*icunavitzcu9tli1 :i* is a woman1 & = ?is 7reason7 !y pa9t$ x s3 to ?is 7"o7 !y attribut$ ! cosmetics ( ! wom51 & 9 ord] to signify ?is !y pa9t$ x ) a crosi] 9 ! "r h&1 & 9 ! left !y put a %ield1 9 ! :i* 7%ield7 !re 0 repres5t$ a foot4 ,!y also put e>-ornam5ts ( gold on x1 & f ! c>tilage ( ! nose hung a butt]fly ( ! same metal1 & !y dress$ x 7! idol7 ) a uipil & woman's %irt t 0 wov5 :ite & r$1 & also ! skirts3 !y put on "s s&als1 also color$1 hav+ "s pa9t+s t appe>$ l almonds4 ,to all ^! f\r 7gods7 !y gave _! images or _! titles1 s t !y might die 9 _! s]vice on ! day ( _! fe/ival4 ,t "o call$ ,naoalpilli !y deck$ out1 & !y cut ! /r&s ( hair 9 unequal l5g?s1 v badly cut1 di%evel$ or /&+ on ends1 & divid$ 9 two p>ts4 ,!y put on ! =ehead a delicate plate ( gold 7?97 l pap]1 "s e>r+s ( gold 9 ! e>s1 & 9 ! h& a crosi] decorat$ ) ri* fea!rs1 & 9 ! o!r 7h&7 a %ield made l a net1 & 9 f\r p>ts x _h ri* fea!rs badly plac$4 ,!y also dress$ x ) a jacket wov5 :ite & r$1 ) edg+ 9 ! l[] end3 !y also put on x "s color$ s&als4 ,& ! o!r god1 call$ ,macuilcalli1 !y also compos$ l a man1 ! hair cut 9 ! middle ( ! head l a ridge1 t is call$ qua*i*iquille1 & ?is ridge 0 n ( hair b made ( ! ri*e/ fea!rs4 ,!y plac$ 9 ! temples "s plates ( delicate gold1 & a jewel hung f ! neck also1 made ( a r\nd & wide m>9e %ell4 ,9 ! h& a crosi] made ( ri* fea!rs 0 plac$1 & 9 ! o!r h& 0 a %ield ) "s circles ( r$1 "s inside ! o!rs2 !y _h ! body pa9t$ v]milion color1 & !y also put on x "s s&als ( ! same color4 ,! o!r god1 call$ ,c9teutl1 0 fa%ion$ 9 ! lik5ess ( a man1 ) a mask wr\ght l mosaic-"w1 ) "s rays ( ! same 7mosaic-"w71 com+ out ( ! same mask4 ,!y put on x a jacket ( clo? dy$ light-blue2 a jewel ( gold hung f ! neck4 ,!y place x 7! idol7 on a high plat=m f :i* x look$ out1 :i* plat=m1 call$ c9calli1 0 compos$ ( corn/alks aft] ! mann] ( a xacal4 ,!y adorn$ x ) "s :ite s&als1 ! fa/5+s ( :i* 7 made ( loose cotton2 !y say t to ^! gods !y attribute ! artifice ( work+ preci\s /ones1 ( ! mak+ ( b>botes 7! tops ( helmets71 & e>-ornam5ts ( black /one1 ( cry/al1 & ( amb]1 & ( o!r :ite 7/ones74 ,!y also attribute to ^! gods ! work+ ( beads1 anklets1 /r+s ( pe>ls :i* !y c>ri$ on _! wri/s1 & all k9ds ( "w 9 /ones & *al*ihuites1 & ! holl[+-out & poli%+ ( all ! /ones2 !y said t ^! gods _h inv5t$ x1 & = ?is reason !y 7 honor$ z gods1 & to !m ! eld] artisans ( ?is craft & all ! o!r lapid>ies made a fe/ival4 ,by night !y inton$ _! hymns & set ! captives :o 7 to die1 on wat* 9 _! honor1 & !y did n "w dur+ ! fe/ival4 ,?is 7fe/ival7 0 celebrat$ 9 ,xo*imilco1 because !y said t ! =efa!rs & ance/ors ( ! lapid>ies _h come f t t[n1 & !re 0 ! place ( orig9 ( ^! artisans4#ci ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,ix ,,mask ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,museum ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,indian ,,heye ,,f\ndation4 ,,new ,,york ,! rul] ( ! eighte5? week ( ! a/rological cal5d>1 or tonalamatl1 0 a goddess nam$ ,*antico or ,quaxolotl1 also nicknam$ ,*iconaui-itzcu9tli1#dj f ! n9? day ( ! ?irte5-day p]iod or week4 ,sel] writes3 ,%e 0 ! goddess ( ,xo*imilco1 & consequ5tly also ! *ief deity ( ! guild ( ! tlatecque1 ( ! /one cutt]s1 ! /one poli%]s1 ! jewel]s1 :o 7 also suppos$ to come f ,xo*imilco4 7,duran calls h] wrongly ,ciuacoatl & id5tifies h] ) ! goddess ( ,colhuacan1 :i* place /ood opposite ! city ( ,xo*imilco74444 ,besides ,*iconaui-itzcu9tli ! /one-cutt]s _h /ill a few o!r titles = ! goddess4 ,su* 7 ,papaloxaual & ,tlappepalo1 i4e41 8%e ( ! r$ butt]fly pa9t+10 & 8%e ) ! r$ butt]fly10 & ^! h ref]5ce to fire4444 ,! /one-cutt]s also gave _! goddess a butt]fly z h] nasal ornam5t1 :i*1 r$ & :ite1 are ! colors ( h] robe4#da ,9 "s ( ! diff]5t v]sions or pa9t+s ( ! tonalamatl conta9$ 9 old ,mexican codices1 opposite ! del9eation ( ! goddess ,*antico !re is plac$ a fa/+ man 9 an enclosure4 ,9 bo? ,codex ,borbonicus#db & ,codex ,tell]iano ,rem5sis1#dc ?is figure is f\nd4 ,sel] describes x z-- an enclosure inlaid ) gold discs or r+s4 ,! int]pret] designates x z 8h\se ( gold40 ,beyond d\bt ?is "n has ref]5ce to "o ( ! f\r little fa/+ h\ses 7necaualcalli7 :i* ! h]o ( ,tollan1 ,quetzalcoatl1 built = himself1 & naturally correspond$ to ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! heav5s1 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 said to be made ( gold or embelli%$ ) gold 7coztic teocuitlacalli71 ! second decorat$ ) r$ mussel%ells 7tapa*calli71 ! ?ird ) turquoises 7xiuihcalli71 ! f\r? ) :ite mussel%ells 7teccizcalli74#dd ,sel] draws ?is inf]5ce f ! leg5d giv5 by ,sahagun1 :i* we h translat$ 9 full bel[4 ,z (t5 is ! case1 !re is "s confusion 9 ! description ( ,*antico 9 ! e>ly writ+s4 ,?is deity is also ass]t$ to be a male4 ,9 ! explanation ( ! ,codex ,tell]iano ,rem5sis ! attributes ( ,*antico or ,cuaxolotle are recit$4 ,x is said t-- ,*antico presid$ ov] ^! ?irte5 signs 7a division ( ! tonalamatl1 or div9atory cal5d>71 & 0 ! "l ( *ile or ( ! yell[ woman4 ,he 0 ! fir/ :o (f]$ sacrifice aft] hav+ eat5 fri$ fi%2 ! smoke ( :i* 7sacrifice7 asc5d$ to heav52 at :i* ,tonacotli 7,tonacatecutli1 ! fa!r ( all ! gods7 became inc5s$1 & pron\nc$ a curse aga9/ him t he %\ld be *ang$ into a dog1 :i* accord+ly happ5$1 & he nam$ him ,*antico on ?is acc\nt1 :i* is ano!r "n = ,miquitlatecotle4 ,f ?is transgression ! de/ruction ( ! _w ensu$4 ,he 0 call$ ,n9e ,dogs1 f ! sign on :i* he 0 born4 ,*antico or ,cuaxolotle is ! symbol :i* ! c\ntry p ( ,xolotle we> on _! heads4#de 7,! symbol ( ! city ( ,xolotlan 9 ! ,codex ,m5doza is ! head ( a ,dog47 ,9 ! ,sahagun manuscript ( ! ,real ,palacio 9 ,madrid#df ! deity is pa9t$ ) ! %irt & skirt ( a woman1 & also 9 ! ,codex ,borbonicus#dg & ! ,tonalamatl ,aub94#dh ,9 8 explanation ( ! la/ codex ,sel] has treat$ exhau/ively ( ! v>i\s repres5tations & attributes ( ?is goddess4#di ,among ! laws ( ! ,mexicans 0 ! foll[+3 ,!y hung & v sev]ely puni%$ ^? sons :o squ&]$ ! prop]ty left !m by _! fa!rs1 or de/roy$ ! arms1 jewels1 or rem>kable ?+s t _! fa!rs _h left4#ej ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,x ,,mask ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,museum ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,indian ,,heye ,,f\ndation1 ,,new ,,york ,9 ano!r /udy#ea we h call$ att5tion1 z foll[s1 to ! daily traffic ( gold & preci\s /ones 9 ! great m>ket ( ,t5o*titlan4 ,corts describes ! great m>ket ( ,t5o*titlan1 & ! great quantity ( ?+s daily expos$ = sale includ$ jewels ( gold1 silv]1 & /ones4 ,! ,anonym\s ,conqu]or1 9 describ+ ! great m>ket1 /ates t 8on "o side ( ! plaza are ^? :o sell gold1 & adjo9+ are ^? :o sell preci\s /ones ( v>i\s classes set 9 gold1 9 ! %apes ( v>i\s birds & animals40#eb ,?is ref]s to mosaic jewels ) /one & gold inlays4 ,corts fur!r in=ms u t ,montezuma _h 9 8 h\se repres5tations 9 gold1 silv]1 /ones1 or fea!rs1 ( e object ( 8 doma91 beautifully execut$2 & !re is also a /atem5t 7by ,ixtlilxo*itl7 t 9 ! collection ( ,nezahualcoyotl1 k+ ( ,texcoco1 7 ! repres5tations 9 /one mosaic-"w & gold ( e bird1 fi%1 or animal :i* c\ld n be obta9$ alive4#ec ,a mo/ int]e/+ description is giv5 by ,sahagun ( "o ( ! edifices erect$ by ! ,toltecs 9 ,tula4 ,if true1 x cle>ly %[s t 9 pre-,aztec times mu* m elaborately decorat$ build+s 7 erect$ ?an 9 ! m rec5t p]iod1 = !re are no acc\nts 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,spani>ds ( su* lavi%ly ornam5t$ build+s exi/+ 9 ! num]\s cities conqu]$ by !m dur+ ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,?is is corroborat$ by ! excavations n[ be+ conduct$ 9 ! ru9s ( ,teotihuacan1 ! greate/ city kn[n to u f ,toltec times1 :]e "s m>vel\s /ructures h be5 une>!d4#ed ,! temple 9 "q is said by ,sahagun to h be5 built 9 honor ( ,quetzalcoatl1 & includ$ 9 its embelli%m5t "s ( ! mo/ preci\s "w ( :i* !y 7 capable4 ,x _h f\r halls4 ,! ea/]n "o 7_h ! walls7 cov]$ ) plates ( gold1 & x 0 call$ ! gold5 hall or h\se4 ,! we/]n hall 0 call$ ! hall ( em]alds1 or turquoises1 because inside !y _h 7! walls7 cov]$ ) f9e /onework1 ) all mann] ( /ones1 all plac$ & jo9$ 7toge!r7 z a coat+ or cov]+1 l "w ( mosaic4 ,! s\!rn hall _h ! walls ( div]s m>9e %ells1 & 9 place ( any o!r cov]+1 !y _h silv]1 :i* 0 put toge!r s nicely ) ! %ells t ! jo9ts 7 n visible4 ,! f\r? hall1 ! nor!rn "o1 _h ! walls made ( color$ jasp] & %ell1 put on 9 a v ornam5tal mann]4#ee ,! fame ( ?is temple or palace seems to h be5 firmly e/abli%$1 z ,sahagun recurs to x 9 ano!r "p ( 8 hi/ory1 b 9 less detail4 ,sahagun foll[s ! =tunes ( ! culture h]o :ile he 0 9 ! asc5d5cy 9 ,tula1 & /ates t lat]1 ow+ to circum/ances :i* x is ne$less to relate 9 ?is place1 ,quetzalcoatl det]m9+ to ab&on ,tula1 ord]$ ! burn+ ( 8all ! h\ses t he _h made ( silv] & %ell1 & fur!rmore comm&$ t o!r preci\s ?+s %\ld be buri$ 9 ! neighbor+ hills & rav9es40#ef ,?is indicates t ! mosaic-decorat$ build+ 0 laid 9 ru9s1 & "p ( ! treasure1 at lea/1 0 buri$ be=e ! inhabitants left ! region & comm5c$ ! migration s\?w>d4 ,9 pres5t+ ! tradition ( ?is migration ( ,quetzalcoatl1 ,sahagun /ates t he 7,quetzalcoatl7 is reput$ to h made & erect$ "s h\ses und]gr\nd :i* are call$ ,mi5tlancalco4 ,?is ( c\rse ref]s to ! fam\s ru9s ( ,mitla1 & seems to be an au!ntic tradition ( ! ,nahuan orig9 ( ?is important city ( s\!rn ,mexico4 ,x is d\bly significant1 :5 consid]$ 9 connection ) ! description ( ! mosaic-decorat$ build+s 9 ,tula1 =1 z is well kn[n1 ! dom9ant ar*itectural feature ( ! ,mitla gr\p ( /ructures is ! mosaic treatm5t ( _m ( _! out] & inn] walls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xi ,,mask ,,( ,,wood 7,,fragm5t7 ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,museum ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,indian ,,heye ,,f\ndation1 ,,new ,,york ,x is n necess>y to give m ?an brief att5tion to ?is application ( mosaic-"w 9 ar*itecture4 ,! traditional mosaic-decorat$ build+s ( ,tula h disappe>$1 b ! /ructures ( ,mitla are /ill /&+ 9 an excell5t /ate ( pres]vation1 & moreov] are easily accessible to travel]s by rail & automobile2 !re=e !y h be5 visit$ & admir$ by m p ?an p]haps any ru9s 9 anci5t ,am]ica4 ,9 ! embelli%m5t ( ! walls a true mosaic decoration 0 employ$1 diff]+ 9 k9d only f ! turquois mosaic on small objects4 ,geometric patt]ns 7 produc$ by fitt+ toge!r small /ones ( diff]5t %apes & sizes1 "s ( :i* 7 m deeply imb$d$ ?an o!rs1 s t ! designs 7 trac$ out by ! /ones :i* project$ m ?an o!rs2 9 s+le panels1 sev]al planes 7 necess>y to br+ out ! desir$ patt]ns4 ,9 _m cases ! /ones are s neatly fitt$ t ! jo9ts c h>dly be trac$4 ,we h writt5 else:]e t-- ! massiv5ess ( ! con/ruction & simple & *a/e ornam5tation place ! ,mitla /ructures 9 a class unapproa*$ by any o!r exi/+ ru9$ edifices 9 anci5t ,am]ica4 ,! workman%ip reveal$ 9 ! /onework1 ! elegant precision ) :i* ! /ones are laid & c>v$1 is n equal$ 9 any ( ! ,mayan ru9s4 ,h[ev]1 z not$ by ,holmes1 ! geometric fretwork mosaics diff] f ! great faades ( ! ,mayan build+s 89 subject matt] r ?an 9 k9d1 = ! decorat$ surfaces !re1 ?\gh depict+ animal =ms1 are mosaics 9 ! s5se t !y are made up ( sep>ate hewn or c>v$ /ones set 9 mort> to =m ornam5tal designs40#eg ,,objects ,,decorat$ ,,) ,,mosaic ,9 ! anci5t *ronicles are f\nd _m descriptions ( ! employm5t ( mosaic-"w decoration 9 ! c5tral ,mexican region4 ,f ! writ+s ( ,sahagun & o!rs x is cle>ly evid5t t _m su* decorat$ objects 7 made = & 7 us$ z p>ts ( ! p>aph]nalia ) :i* great idols ( wood or ( /one repres5t+ v>i\s deities 7 adorn$ = ! frequ5t religi\s fe/ivals :i* occurr$ at /at$ int]vals4 ,! rul]s & ! prie/s & memb]s ( ! s-call$ nobility us$ su* objects on ^! occasions4 ,! major employm5t ( ! mosaic art seems to h be5 = ! adornm5t ( objects or ornam5ts us$ c]emonially1 su* z cr[ns or head-b&s1 helmets1 masks1 %ields1 scept]s1 e>-ornam5ts1 nose-ornam5ts1 brea/-plates1 bracelets1 & anklets4 ,! mat]ial on :i* ! mosaic incru/ation 0 plac$ 0 *iefly wood1 b gold1 %ell1 bone1 & /one 7 also us$4 ,small figures ( ! gods1 ei!r 9 human or 9 animal =m1 z well z musical in/rum5ts1 7 ?us adorn$4 ,!re are also indications t pott]y vessels 7 sometimes decorat$ by emb$d+ turquois 9 ! clay4 ,un=tunately we /ill possess only scant k ( ! v>i\s objects ornam5t$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,9 ! data obta9$ f ! e>ly *ronicles !re is abundant evid5ce t1 9 ! c5tral plateau ( ,mexico dur+ ! p]iod imm$iately prec$+ ! ,spani% conque/1 ! art 0 highly develop$4 ,visual evid5ce is at h& 9 ! few beautiful examples n[ 9 ,european museums1 specim5s :i* 7 s5t across ! wat] by ,corts dur+ ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! conque/1 betwe5 ! ye>s #aeah & #aebe4 ,a few ref]5ces f "s ( ! e>ly writ]s reg>d+ ! use ( turquois mosaic by ! ,aztecs w be pres5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xii ,,mask ,,( ,,wood 7,,fragm5t7 ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,museum ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,indian ,,heye ,,f\ndation1 ,,new ,,york ,/one idols 7 (t5 decorat$ ) mosaic incru/ations4 ,&rs de ,tapia describes an idol probably repres5t+ ,huitzilopo*tli1 %[+ ?is type ( embelli%m5t1 9 ! great temple at ,t5o*titlan4 ,tapia's acc\nt is wor?y ( att5tion1 = he 0 "o ( ! capta9s ( ,corts1 & took a prom95t "p 9 ! capture ( ! capital ( ,montezuma4 ,he writes3 ,!re 7 two idols on two p$e/als1 ea* "o ( ! bulk ( an ox2 ! p$e/als measur$ a y>d 9 height1 & above ^! 777 two idols1 ea* "o almo/ ?ree y>ds 9 height1 ( poli%$ gra93 & ! /one 0 cov]$ ov] ) nacre1 :i* is ! %ell 9 :i* pe>ls are creat$1 & ov] ?is 7"m-(-pe>l71 fa/5$ ) bitum5 aft] ! mann] ( pa/e1 7 7set 97 _m jewels ( gold1 & m51 snakes1 birds1 & hi/ories 7hi]oglyphs71 made ( small & l>ge turquoises1 ( em]alds & ame?y/s1 s t all ! "m-(-pe>l 0 cov]$1 except 9 "s places :]e !y left x 7uncov]$7 s z to make "w ) ! /ones4 ,^! idols _h plump snakes ( gold 7z7 girdles1 & = coll>s ea* 7"o _h7 t5 or twelve he>ts made ( gold1 & = ! face a mask ( gold & eyes ( mirror 7obsidian or iron pyrites71 & !y _h ano!r face 9 ! back ( ! head l ! head ( a man )\t fle%4#eh ,pom> describes ! idol ( ,huitzilopo*tli z ( wood1 8hav+ on ! brea/ a jewel ( turquoises set 9 gold1 ) "s gold bells 7hang+71 & on ! face 777 two /ripes ( gold & two ( turquoises1 v beautifully wr\ght & plac$40#ei ,9 describ+ ?is idol1 ,b]nal ,daz writes t 8! :ole body 0 cov]$ ) preci\s /ones1 & gold & pe>ls1 & ) se$ pe>ls /uck on ) a pa/e t !y make 9 ?is c\ntry out ( a sort ( root1 & all ! body & head 0 cov]$ ) x1 & ! body 0 girdl$ by great snakes made ( gold & preci\s /ones40 ,he goes on to m5tion ano!r idol close to x1 :i* held 8a %ort lance & a %ield ri*ly decorat$ ) gold & /ones40#fj ,conc]n+ ! ance/ral treasure ( ! ,aztecan k+s :i* ,montezuma inh]it$ f 8 fa!r ,axayacatl1 f9ally exact$ by ,corts f ! un=tunate rul]1 ,b]nal ,daz describes 8?ree bl[guns ) _! pellet molds & _! cov]+s ( jewels & pe>ls1 & pictures 9 fea!rs ( little birds cov]$ ) pe>l %ell1 & o!r birds1 all ( great value4#fa ,tezozomoc1 9 describ+ ! great sacrifices (f]$ to ! god ,huitzilopo*tli 9 honor ( ! coronation ( ,montezuma1 & ! pres5ts br\ght by neighbor+ *iefs & lords z tributes f ! v>i\s t[ns "u _! jurisdiction1 writes3 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! great squ>e !re 0 a build+ 7xacal7 :]e 0 ! teponaztli1 & ! great tlapanhuehuetl ) :i* !y made music4 ,on ! xacal 0 ! device ( ! ,mexican arms ) a small peula 7rock87 ( pa9t$ pap]1 l a natural rock1 ) a great cactus 7tuna7 on x1 & on ! cactus a royal eagle hav+ 9 its claws a great mangl$ snake1 & ! eagle _h a cr[n ( d\bl$ or twi/$ pap] v well 7made7 & gild$1 & 7)7 v ri* /one mosaic-"w r\nd ab\t x1 9 ! ,mexican cu/om call$ teocuitla amayxcuatzolli4#fb ,at ?is fe/ival ,montezuma _h ! k+ ( ,aculhuacan attir$ 9 special raim5t1 :i* ,tezozomoc describes z 8a nett$ mantle ) mu* ri* /onework 9 ! knots ( ! mantle1 & ) little gold bells hang+ f ! fr+e4#fc ,accord+ to ,sahagun1 ,xiuhtecutli1 god ( fire1 wore 8e>r+s 9 ! holes ( ! e>s work$ ) mosaics ( turquois4444 ,9 8 left h& he c>ri$ a %ield ) five gre5/ones call$ *al*ihuite1 plac$ l a cross on a r\nd gold plate1 :i* ne>ly cov]$ ! :ole ( ! %ield40#fd ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xiii ,,mask ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,museum ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,indian ,,heye ,,f\ndation1 ,,new ,,york ,*al*ihuitlicue1 goddess ( wat]1 f\nta9s1 & riv]s1 wore e>r+s ( turquois fa%ion$ 9 mosaic-"w4 ,9 describ+ ! idol ( ,quetzalcoatl1 ,sahagun says t1 = c]emonial occasions1 e>-ornam5ts ( turquois mosaic 7 plac$ on x1 & 89 ! "r h& 0 plac$ a scept] l a bi%op's crosi] or /aff1 ! upp] "p crook$ l a bi%op's /aff1 & wr\ght ) /one mosaic-"w40 ,9 treat+ ( ! pres5ts s5t to ,corts by ,montezuma we h already giv5 ! description ( ! p>aph]nalia p]ta9+ to ?is deity4 ,?is scept] is !re describ$ z hav+ 8! crook l ! head ( a snake turn$ ar\nd or coil$40 ,9 ! codices ! god or 8 prie/ is repres5t$ ) ?is /aff ) a crook1 b ! s]p5t-head$ scept] is %[n by ,sahagun 7manuscript ( ! ,real ,palacio1 ,madrid1 e/ampa ,,vii1 fig4 #a7 z "p ( ! c]emonial outfit ( ,huitzilopo*tli 7fig4 #e74 ,! body ( ! s]p5t is pa9t$ blue1 repres5t+ ! scales done 9 turquois mosaic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e ,9 describ+ ! god ,tezcatlipoca1 ,pom> /ates t he 0 repres5t$ ) 8a mask ) ?ree /ripes 7vetas7 ( espejuelo 7ei!r transp>5t lamellat$ gypsum sel5ite1 or m probably obsidian71 & two ( gold1 :i* cross$ ov] ! face40#fe ,! idol 0 fa%ion$ f wood 9 ! figure ( a man4 ,espejuelo1 he /ates1 0 a k9d ( %9+ metal call$ tezcapoctli4 ,9 ! invocation to ! god ,paynal1 :i* has be5 pres]v$ to u 9 ! orig9al ,mexican tongue by ,sahagun1 is ! /rophe1 8yxiuh *imal1 xiuhtica tlatzaqualli *imalli imax mani10 :i* has be5 translat$ by ,sel]1 8! blue %ield1 cov]$ ) ! turquois mosaic1 hangs f 8 arm 444 he c>ries ! 7blue mosaic7 %ield40#ff ,?is *apt] 0 copi$ by ,sel] f ! manuscript 9 ! ,real ,palacio1 ,madrid4 ,9 ! reproduction ( ! pictorial "p ( ! manuscript publi%$ 9 colors by ,troncoso1 we f9d ! repres5tation ( ?is deity1 9 :i* ! mosaic %ield is graphically drawn & pa9t$ blue 7see our fig4 #gj1 p4 #ag74 ,sahagun 7book #a1 *ap4 #b7 briefly describes 8?is god call$ ,paynal1 :o 0 a k9d ( "u-capta9 ( ,huitzilopo*tli40 ,he is said to h be5 a man ador$ z a god4 ,! ,anonym\s ,conqu]or af=ds valuable in=mation reg>d+ ! use ( %ields4 ,he says3 ,!y use %ields ( v>i\s k9ds1 made ( ?ick re$s :i* gr[ 9 t c\ntry1 int]wov5 ) cotton ( d\ble ?ickness1 & !y cov] !m ) preci\s /ones 7turquois mosaic-"w7 & r\nd plates ( gold1 :i* make !m s /rong t no?+ c g ?r\gh !m1 unless f a good crossb[4 ,"s arr[s1 x is true1 pi]c$ !m1 b c\ld d no h>m4 ,& because "s ( ^! %ields h be5 se5 9 ,spa91 ,i say t !y are n ( ! k9d borne 9 w>1 b only ^? us$ 9 ! fe/ivals & dances :i* !y are accu/om$ to h4#fg ,9 8 *apt] devot$ to a consid]ation ( 8! f9]y t ! lords us$ 9 _! dances10 ,sahagun m5tions 8bracelets ( mosaic-"w made ( turquoises10 & also 8masks work$ 9 mosaic1 & 7hav+7 false hair su* z !y n[ use1 & "s plumes ( gold :i* came out ( ! masks40 ,he fur!r describes ! co/umes1 z foll[s3 ,!y also we> atta*$ to ! wri/s ?ick b&s ( black lea!r made s(t ) balsam1 & decorat$ ) a l>ge bead ( *al*ihuitl or o!r preci\s /one4 ,!y also wore labrets ( *al*ihuitl set 9 gold1 plac$ ?r\gh ! fle%1 al?\gh !y d n h ?is cu/om n[4 ,!y also h ^! ornam5ts made ( l>ge rock-cry/als1 ) blue fea!rs set 9 !m1 :i* give !m ! appe>ance ( sapphires4 ,!y we> also _m o!r preci\s /ones protrud+ ?r\gh op5+s made 9 ! l[] lip4 ,! noses ( ! great lords are also pi]c$1 & !y we> 9 ! op5+s f9e turquoises & o!r preci\s /ones1 "o on ea* side4 ,!y we> also "s /r+s ( preci\s /ones ar\nd ! neck2 !y we> a disc ( gold hang+ f a coll>1 & 9 ! middle ( x a pla9 preci\s /one1 & ar\nd ! circumf]5ce "s p5dants ( pe>ls4 ,!y use bracelets ( mosaic-"w made ( turquois1 ) "s ri* fea!rs :i* come out f !m high] ?an ! head1 & bord]$ ) ri* plumes & gold1 & "s b&s ( gold :i* rise ) ! fea!rs4#fh ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xiv ,,mask ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,museum ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,indian ,,heye ,,f\ndation4 ,,new ,,york ,! di/9ctive head-b& or cr[n worn by ! ,mexican rul]s is m5tion$ by num]\s e>ly writ]s & illu/rat$ 9 _m codices4 ,x 0 kn[n z ! xiuhtzolli or xiuhuitzontli1 & 0 call$ also copilli4 ,we h select$ = illu/ration 7fig4 #f7 two examples f ! codices4 ,! fir/ 7a7 is tak5 f ! ,sahagun manuscript ( ! ,real ,academia de la ,hi/oria1 ,madrid 7e/ampa ,,xvii74 ,?is page conta9s pictures ( a numb] ( ,aztecan rul]s1 all repres5t$ ) ! turquois-mosaic cr[n pa9t$ blue4 ,moreov]1 ! hi]oglyphic "n ( ,montezuma1 "h plac$ above 8 head1 is a mosaic cr[n4 ,! cr[n itself 0 ( gold1 on :i* ! turquois mosaic 0 plac$4 ,! o!r example 7b7 is f ! ,tribute ,roll ( ,montezuma 7,peafiel edition1 pl4 ,,xix74 ,x is "p ( ! hi]oglyph = ! place-"n ,tecmilco1 signify+ 8! l&s ( ! royal cr[n10 ! comb9ation be+ ! cr[n pa9t$ blue re/+ on ! sign = cultivat$ l&4 ,our figure %[s a pla9 gold cr[n1 b x is pa9t$ blue 9 ! codex4 ,illu/ration3 a ,,fig4 #f b ,a copp] cr[n f ,t5ango1 ,/ate ( ,mexico1 has be5 figur$ by ,peafiel4 ,x is prop]ly a head-b& ) a triangul> projection ) r\nd$ top :i* rose f ! =ehead1 & 0 probably worn by a w>rior or sub-*ief4#fi ,9 ?is "w ,peafiel illu/rates ! mask 9 ,rome 7see our pl4 ,,vii71 & /ates t ! upp] "p is a xiuhhuitzolli1 or turquois-mosaic cr[n4 ,we w discuss ?is po9t lat]4 ,_m ye>s ago1 9 ,mexico1 ! writ] he>d ( a gold copilli z hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ! ,matlaltz9can region ne> ,toluca1 b 0 nev] able to v]ify ! /ory4 ,a few extracts f ! *ronicl]s1 relat+ to ^! gold5 cr[ns ) turquois mosaic1 foll[4 ,9 ! ,codex ,cozcatz9 ! ,aztec k+ ,axayacatl is repres5t$ ) ! xiuhuitzontli1 ! turquois mosaic-"w head-b&4#gj ,9 ! selection ( ,ahuitzotl z k+1 ,tezozomoc writes3 ,!y put on him ! cr[n :i* 0 blue1 ( ri* /one mosaic-"w1 79 %ape7 l a half mit] call$ xiuhtzolli 7or xihuitzolli71 & also plac$ on him1 among o!r ?+s1 a nett$ mantle /rewn ) small /onework4 ,?is =m$ "p ( 8 co/ume :5 he w5t to ! temple ( ,huitzilopo*tli to wor%ip4 ,:5 ador$ by neighbor+ subjugat$ tribes he wore a cr[n ( gold 7adorn$7 ) mu* /one mosaic-"w ( a half mit] %ape1 & on ! left %\ld] 0 put a sa% call$ matemacatl :i* 0 all gild$ & enamel$ ) f9e /one mosaic-"w1 :i* 0 also call$ teocuitla cozehuatl1 z we n[ speak ( a %oe-ribbon1 & on ! foot 0 plac$ some?+ l an anklet ( ac]o sic /rewn ) em]ald /ones1 all gild$4#ga ,duran /ates t among ! (f]+s buri$ ) ! ,aztec k+ ,ahuitzotl 7 8cr[ns ( ! fa%ion t !y us$1 ( gold & ( /one mosaic-"w40#gb ,x is relat$ by ,tezozomoc t aft] ! dea? ( ,netzahualpilli1 k+ ( ,texcoco1 ,montezuma assembl$ ! s5ate ( ,aculhuacan 9 ord] to select a new k+4 ,! *oice fell on ! fif? son1 ,quetzalacxoyatl4 ,9 ! c]emony ( inve/iture !y plac$ on him 8! blue cr[n or =ehead-b& decorat$ ) /one mosaic-"w40#gc ,! ,anonym\s ,conqu]or writes3 ,to gu>d ! head1 !y c>ry ?+s l ! heads ( s]p5ts1 tig]s1 lions1 or wolves ) op5 jaws1 & ! head ( ! man is inside ! head ( ! creature z if x 0 be+ dev\r$4 ,!y are ( wood cov]$ ov] ) fea!rs & ) jewels ( gold & preci\s /ones1 :i* is a wond]ful sight4#gd ,f ,alonso de ,mol9a's ,vocabul>io ,mexicano 7,mexico1 #aeee1 repr9t$ #aega7 we are able to int]pret ! ,nahuan words :i* occur 9 ! *ronicles 9 connection ) ! use ( turquois 9 ! decoration ( v>i\s objects4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! m common3 naco*tli1 e>-plugs2 t5tetl1 labret2 yacaxuitl1 nose-ornam5t2 copilli1 cr[n2 xiuhxayacatl1 mask ( turquois mosaic2 xayacatl1 mask2 cactli1 s&al2 tilmatl1 mantle2 amaneahapantli1 mantle = lords ri*ly wr\ght2 teopixcatla-quemitl1 ve/m5t ( prie/s2 ecaceuaztli1 fan2 *imalli1 %ield2 teteotl1 /one idol2 tequacuilli1 l>ge /one idol or /atue2 xiuitl1 turquois2 tlaquauac xiuitl1 h>d turquois2 xiuhtomolli1 turquois2 omi*icauaztli1 bone musical in/rum5t2 ayaca*tli1 rattle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xv ,,mask ,,( ,,wood 7,,fragm5t7 ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,museum ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,indian ,,heye ,,f\ndation1 ,,new ,,york ,,exi/+ ,,specim5s ,,( ,,mosaic ,we w n[ consid] ! exi/+ specim5s ( mosaic-"w4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$1 by ! ext5d$ quotations f ! old *ronicles & codices1 t ?is art 0 consid]ably employ$ 9 adorn+ objects ( a special nature 9 connection ) ! dress ( k+s1 nobles1 w>riors1 & prie/s1 & ! p>aph]nalia ( ! gods4 ,we h at pres5t no actual examples ( _m ( ! objects :i* we h le>n$ 7 ?us ornam5t$1 consequ5tly :atev] conception we may ga9 by a /udy ( exi/+ specim5s w give u an inadequate idea ( ! art4 ,x is evid5t t ! mo/ elaborate works 9 /one mosaic s5t to ,europe1 z not$ 9 ! inv5tories1 h n be5 pres]v$1 a fact borne out by ! descriptions 9 ! e>ly acc\nts ( ! discov]y & 8?+s0 ( ,mexico4 ,moreov]1 _m ( ! pieces n[ 9 ,european museums are ei!r 9 a poor /ate ( pres]vation or are incomplete4 ,until rec5tly only tw5ty-f\r major examples ( mosaic-"w _h come to light & be5 plac$ on record by pr9t$ description & illu/ration4 ,( ^! tw5ty-?ree are 9 ,europe4 ,! o!r specim5 0 f\nd a few ye>s ago 9 a cave 9 ,honduras1 & = "s "t 0 exhibit$ 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,wa%+ton1 b lat] came into ! possession ( ! ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation4 ,! tw5ty-?ree kn[n specim5s 9 ,europe 7 probably all s5t to ! ,old ,_w by ,corts or 8 companions4 ,"s ye>s ago an ,indian f\nd a deposit ( c]emonial objects ( wood1 incru/$ ) mosaic-"w1 9 a cave 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,mixteca region ( ! ,/ate ( ,puebla4 ,^! specim5s1 sev5te5 9 numb]1 are n[ exhibit$ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation4 ,! *ief object ( ?is monograph is to describe & illu/rate ?is unique collection4 ,we are also n[ enabl$ to record & illu/rate1 ?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ! (ficials ( ! ,peabody ,museum1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 f\r o!r objects decorat$ ) mosaic-"w4 ,^! 7 f\nd 9 ! sacr$ c5ote at ! ru9s ( ,*i*5 ,itza1 ,yucatan1 & are n[ exhibit$ 9 ! ,c5tral ,am]ican hall ( ! ,museum m5tion$4 ,?is br+s ! numb] ( kn[n specim5s to =ty-five1 ( :i* tw5ty-two are 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & tw5ty-?ree 9 ,europe4 ,^! specim5s are n[ pres]v$ 9 ! foll[+ museums3 ,briti% ,museum1 ,london1 n9e specim5s4 ,prehi/oric & ,e?nographic ,museum1 ,rome1 five specim5s4 ,e?nographical ,museum1 ,b]l91 ?ree specim5s4 ,/ate ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 ,vi5na1 ?ree specim5s4 ,national ,museum1 ,cop5hag51 two specim5s4 ,museum1 ,go?a1 "o specim54 ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation1 ,new ,york1 eighte5 specim5s4 ,peabody ,museum1 ,cambridge1 f\r specim5s4 ,9 ?is c5sus are n includ$ ! m9or objects ) mosaic decoration1 :i* we w also describe4 ,( ! =ty-five pieces enum]at$1 all b ?ree are ( wood2 two are human skulls1 & "o a human femur4 ,z ! ,european specim5s h hi!rto be5 describ$1 & 9 "s in/ances _! hi/ory trac$ to ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 x w be necess>y only to ref] ! /ud5t to ^! /udies1 note ( :i* w be f\nd 9 ! bibliography at ! close ( ?is volume4 ,9 ! pres5t /udy we h assembl$ photographs or draw+s ( all ( ^! major specim5s1 z well z ( ne>ly all ! m9or pieces1 & draw+s ( "s ( ! mosaic objects repres5t$ 9 color 9 ! codices4 ,our pictorial record is !re=e practically complete4 ,,m9or ,,examples ,! use ( mosaic incru/ation 9 ! decoration ( /one idols is illu/rat$ 9 pl4 ,,ii4 ,?is /one figure1 #c feet #aj in*es high1 came f ,cozcatlan1 di/rict ( ,tehuacan1 ,puebla1 & is n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,national ,museum ( ,mexico4 ,x repres5ts ! goddess ,coatlicue1 "m ( ,huitzilopo*tli1 ! ,aztecan w> god4 ,! ,sahagun manuscript 9 ! ,real ,palacio1 ,madrid1 repres5ts ?is deity ) a rattlesnake girdle ar\nd ! wai/2 held 9 ! "r h& is a /aff 9 ! =m ( a rattlesnake ) ! head d[nw>d1 & hav+ dep5d+ fea!rs project+ f ! rattles1 :i* are opposite ! face ( ! figure4 ,above ! deity is ! caption 8,yztac ciuatl coatlicue40 ,?is /atue1 toge!r ) ano!r1 ( colossal size1 also 9 ! ,museo ,nacional ( ,mexico1 has (t5 be5 d5om9at$ ,teoyamiqui1 & aga9 at times x has be5 call$ ,mictecacihuatl4 ,! turquois decoration is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! /atue illu/rat$1 9 ! incru/ation ( ! circul> e>-ornam5ts & 9 ! discs ( mosaic 9 ea* *eek4 ,! tee? are made ( :ite %ell2 ! inn] "p ( ! m\? is ( r$ %ell2 ! nose is inlaid ) :ite %ell4 ,!re are traces ( incru/ation ar\nd ! eyes1 b ?is mosaic feature is practically de/roy$4 ,9 ! brea/ is set a circul> mirror ( iron pyrites4 ,ar\nd ! upp] "p ( ! =ehead are small holes :i* probably at "o "t conta9$ /one or %ell inlays4 ,a poorly color$ repres5tation ( ?is idol has be5 publi%$ by ,brocklehur/1 ) ! title 8,teoyamiqui1 goddess ( dea?40#ge ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xvi ,,mask ,,( ,,wood1 ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,miss+ ,,museum ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,indian ,,heye ,,f\ndation1 ,,new ,,york ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ uses ( turquois-mosaic decoration 0 9 ! embelli%m5t ( wood5 cov]s = ! anci5t books or codices4 ,we are =tunate 9 /ill hav+ pres]v$ ev5 a s+le example be>+ traces ( ?is art4 ,9 #ahif ! ,due de ,l\bat _h reproduc$ ! fir/ ( 8 s]ies ( ,mexican codices1 be+ ! fir/ to appe> 9 exact facsimile1 ev5 to ! anci5t b9d+4 ,?is "w 0 ,codex ,vaticanus ,no4 #cggc1 a pre-,columbian ,nahua picture-writ+ pres]v$ 9 ! ,vatican ,libr>y4 ,9 a pamphlet by ,francisco del ,paso y ,troncoso :i* accompanies ! reproduction is an int]e/+ description ( ! book1 f :i* we quote ) respect to ! cov]s3 ,x is ( f9e & ?9 wood4 ,ea* cov] measures six by five in*es4444 ,! wood ( ! cov]s is :iti%1 & traces ( ! brilliant lacqu] :i* cov]$ x may /ill be se54444 7,"o7 cov] be>s a "* :i* %[s u t ?is is ! po9t at :i* to beg9 ! read+ ( ! book4 ,z 9 mod]n b9d+ ! fir/ cov] be>s a lett]+ or coat-(-arms2 s too1 z a rule1 ! ,indians indicat$ ! beg9n+ ( _! books1 & plac$ on ! fir/ cov] ! decorative incru/ations :i* indicate t "h is ! fir/ page4444 ,on ! c5t] ( ! cov]1 plac$ two 9 a l9e1 are f\r reliefs4 ,at fir/ ^! appe>$ to h be5 made by impression on ! lacqu]1 b ,monseigneur ,francisco ,planc>te1 :o exam9$ !m ) a microscope1 has discov]$ t !y are compos$ ( a pa/e ) :i* ! ,indians fa/5 preci\s /ones 9 _! sett+s1 & 9 ^! incru/ations we h ! impress left by ! inequalities ( ! mat]ials once fix$ on ! surface4 ,"o r\nd gre5/one is left1 ( ! k9d us$ by ! ,mexicans 9 _! mosaics2 x is on ! upp] "r-h& corn] ( ! volume1 :5 held ready to be op5$4 ,bel[ x1 9 ! l[] "r-h& corn] may be obs]v$ a correspond+ conical %ap$ depression1 & ! rema9s ( ! lacqu] 9 :i* a /one 0 fix$4 ,9 ! o!r angles !re is no trace ( any?+1 prov+ t no?+ exi/$ !re ( ! same k9d z t :i* rema9s4 ,9 ! ,l\bat reproduction all ^! features are fai?fully repres5t$1 ev5 to ! s+le gre5/one rema9+ 9 place4 ,! exi/5ce ( mosaic objects 9 ! ,zapotecan region ( ,oaxaca 0 "o ( ! important discov]ies made by ! ,l\bat ,exp$ition ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 "u ! direction ( ! writ]1 dur+ ! w9t]s ( #ahih & #aijb4 ,9 m\nds locally call$ mogotes 7 discov]$ /one burial *amb]s 9 :i* skeletons int]r$ ) num]\s (f]+s 7 uncov]$4 ,9 ! burial vaults at ,xoxo1 excavat$ 9 #ahih1 practically no p]sonal ornam5ts 7 f\nd1 b fragm5ts ( mosaic objects 7 discov]$ 9 ! =m ( bits ( %ell1 obsidian1 jadeite1 turquois1 & hematite1 on fragm5t>y /ucco matrices4#gf ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xvii ,,mask ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,f ,,honduras ,,museum ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,indian ,,heye ,,f\ndation1 ,,new ,,york ,9 ! graves & tombs at ,cuilapa 7 discov]$ _m p]sonal ornam5ts made ( jadeite1 amazon /one1 & turquois4 ,9 an excavation made dur+ ,janu>y1 #aijb1 9 ! great temple m\nd1 or teocalli1 dom9at+ ! gr\p ( mogotes at ,cuilapa1 a grave 0 discov]$ on ! summit at a dep? ( six feet f ! surface4 ,x conta9$ ! skeleton ( a *ild1 ^: bones1 toge!r ) ! accompany+ artifacts1 7 /a9$ bright-r$ by hematite pa9t :i* _h be5 ?r[n into ! grave4 ,surr\nd+ ! skeleton 7 sev5te5 gre5/one idols 9 ! =m ( human figures2 m ?an f\r hundr$ beads ( gre5/one & jadeite ( v>y+ sizes2 ?irty-five %ells ( v>i\s k9ds1 p]=at$ = susp5sion2 bits ( "m-(-pe>l1 obsidian1 & hematite1 :i* evid5tly 7 fragm5ts ( dis9tegrat$ mosaic objects2 b ! mo/ int]e/+ objects recov]$ 7 a pair ( small discs ( pott]y1 ^u ! flat upp] surfaces ( :i* 7 cem5t$ small pieces ( v ?91 highly-poli%$ hematite1 plac$ 9 mosaic4 ,^! la/ 7 und\bt$ly mirrors1 al?\gh f ! small p]=ation 9 ! c5t] ( ea* we are incl9$ to reg>d ! pair z hav+ be5 us$ also z e>-ornam5ts4 ,"o ( ^! specim5s %\ld be 9 ! ,museo ,nacional ( ,mexico1 :]e x belongs2 ! o!r is 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,! latt]1 n[ illu/rat$ = ! fir/ "t 7fig4 #g71 is an in* & ?ree-qu>t]s 9 diamet]1 & an eigh? ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,our reproduction ( ?is int]e/+ object has be5 made possible by ! c\rtesy ( ,dr4 ,cl>k ,wissl]1 ,curator ( ,an?ropology4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g ,an int]e/+ specim5 ( ! comb9ation ( gold ) turquois mosaic 9 jewelry has be5 rec5tly figur$ 9 colors1 & describ$ by ! writ] 7see fig4 #h74gg ,x is 9 ! =m ( a %ield1 ) f\r arr[s or d>ts & p5d5t bells1 & has an extreme l5g? ( ?ree & "o-eigh? in*es f ! top ( ! %ield to ! bottom ( ! c5tral bells4 ,we h describ$ 9 detail ! mean+ ( ! hi]oglyph =m$ by ! mosaic-"w1 & %[n t ! broo*-l jewel 0 ! insignia ( "o ( ! f\r pr9cipal *iefs ( ! ,aztecan army1 :o gov]n$ "o ( ! f\r w>ds1 or calpullis1 into :i* ,t5o*titlan1 ! capital ( ,montezuma1 0 divid$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! jewel 0 f\nd 9 a grave 9 ,yanhuitlan1 9 ! ,mixteca region ( ,oaxaca4 ,x is ! only kn[n specim5 t %[s turquois set on gold1 a comb9ation to :i* we h call$ att5tion1 9 quot+ f ,sahagun & o!rs1 reg>d+ turquois mosaic on cr[ns1 bracelets1 & o!r gold objects = p]sonal adornm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h ,9 ! collections ( ! ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation1 are ?ree mirrors fac$ ) highly-poli%$ m>casite on _! orig9al matrices1 app>5tly slate--! only specim5s ( ?is "* t we h se54 ,two ( ^! mirrors1 :i* 7 collect$ by ,william ,niv5 f anci5t graves ne> ,iguala1 ,gu]r]o1 are p]=at$ = susp5sion1 & all ?ree av]age five in*es 9 diamet] & a qu>t] ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,) ^! mirrors 7 f\nd num]\s little unpoli%$ cubes ( iron pyrites1 :i* may h be5 int5d$ = use 9 mosaic-"w4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a numb] ( r ?91 flat1 irregul>ly %ap$ pieces1 ) v ?9 matrix ( /one1 & ) bevel$ edges1 :i* unque/ionably h be5 p>ts ( mirrors made 9 mosaic fa%ion simil> to ^? f\nd 9 ! ,cuilapa grave1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! inlays f ,iguala are l>g] & ?ick] ?an ^? on ! ,cuilapa specim5s1 :i* are simply ?9 %eets ( hematite4 ,! region :]e ! ,iguala specim5s 7 discov]$ 0 probably ! seat ( a p ( ,nahuan culture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xviii ,,mask ,,( ,,human ,,skull ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,e?nographical ,,museum1 ,,b]l9 ,9 #aijh ,dr4 ,manuel ,gamio conduct$ an important excavation ( an anci5t build+ at ! site kn[n z ! monum5ts ( ,alta ,vi/a1 ne> ,*al*ihuites1 ,zacatecas1 9 nor!rn ,mexico4 ,9 a l>ge *amb] call$ ! ,hall ( ! ,columns1 ,gamio f\nd two mosaics 9 a small circul> comp>tm5t 9 ! concrete floor4 ,"o ( ^! 0 a disc ( yell[ pott]y encircl$ by a r+ ( wood1 ! entire object be+ ab\t two & ?ree-qu>t]s in*es 9 diamet] & ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,! wood5 r+ bore traces ( a coat+ ( res91 & _m t9y bits :i* =m$ ! mosaic incru/ation 7 f\nd ) x1 al?\gh n 9 place4 ,! bits t _h =m$ ! mosaic 7 ?9 plates ( work$ turquois1 b]yl1 & /eatite4 ,f ! fact t ! disc conta9$ p]=ations1 evid5tly = susp5sion1 ,gamio describ$ x z a brea/ ornam5t4 ,! o!r mosaic piece ,gamio believes to h be5 a labret4 ,he writes t 8at fir/ glance its %ape may be describ$ z resembl+ ! bridge ( a viol94444 ,its nucleus is wood1 c>v$ to repres5t two symmetrical figures ( an alligator 7caiman71 unit$ at ! belly4 ,cr[n+ ! head are two head plumes1 ea* hav+ two bran*es4 ,above ! po9t ( union ( ! two reptiles !re is a squ>e projection ) a p]=ation40#gh ,! surface ( ! ornam5t _h be5 cov]$ ) small sph]ical plates ( turquois1 b]yl1 & /eatite4 ,ne> ^! two mosaic ornam5ts 7 f\nd num]\s small pieces ( turquois & b]yl ( diff]5t %apes4 ,9 ,octob]1 #aiba1 ! ,spani% newspap] ,la ,pr5sa1 ,new ,york1 publi%$ a %ort acc\nt1 receiv$ by lett] f ! ,city ( ,mexico1 describ+ :at purport$ to be an extraord9>y discov]y made e>ly 9 ! autumn4 ,x relat$ to ! f9d+ ( a /one mask decorat$ 9 mosaic1 discov]$ by "o ( ! assi/ants ( ! ,museo ,nacional 9 a sepul*ral *amb] 9 ,gu]r]o4 ,?is mask 0 describ$ z be+ ab\t eight in*es high1 ! human face be+ p>tly cov]$ ) an incru/ation ( small pieces ( turquois1 ) small bits ( coral %ell above ! eyebr[s & bel[ ! nose4 ,ea* eye 0 =m$ by an oval piece ( pe>l %ell1 ) pupils ( hematite4 ,! mosaic cov]+ 0 miss+ f ! upp] "p ( ! =ehead & ! *94 ,! newspap] ,excelsior ( ,mexico ,city1 "u date ( ,octob] #bj1 #aiba1 publi%$ a photograph ( ! specim5 & a detail$ /udy ( ! object 9 a /atem5t sign$ by ,jos ,m>a ,arreola1 a memb] ( ! /aff ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,an?ropology 9 ! ,city ( ,mexico4 ,9 ?is /atem5t ,arreola ca/s d\bt on ! au!nticity ( ! specim51 po9t+ out t none ( ! kn[n pieces ( mosaic-"w 9 ,european collections are ( /one2 t ! surface ( ! mask is poli%$1 :i* w\ld make x difficult = ! incru/ation to h adh]$ dur+ c5turies ( burial2 t !re are no traces ( dirt 9 ! cracks betwe5 ! pieces ( turquois1 & f9ally he calls att5tion to a /rong odor ( glue :i* p]vades ! object4 ,^! argum5ts seem$ suffici5t to ca/ s]i\s d\bt z to ! g5u95ess ( ! mosaic decoration ( ! mask4 ,no su* "q 0 rais$ 9 reg>d to ! mask itself4 ,9 a brief article entitl$ 8,una ,masc>a de ,mosaico ,falsificada10 publi%$ 9 ,e?nos 7nos4 #h-ab1 dat$ ,mexico1 ,nov4 #aibj-,m>4 #aiba71 ! same writ] categorically ass]ts t ! specim5 is fraudul5t1 & calls on ! reput$ f9d]1 ,sr4 ,don ,porfirio ,aguirre1 to pres5t ! evid5ce reg>d+ ! exact place :]e ! specim5 0 discov]$ 9 ord] t fur!r excavation may be made ) a view ( e/abli%+ beyond "q ! hi/ory ( su* an important & unique discov]y4#gi ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xix ,,mask ,,( ,,human ,,skull ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,briti% ,,museum1 ,,london ,preci\s & semi-preci\s /ones 7 occasionally ins]t$ s+ly = decorative purposes4 ,9 ?is respect we may simply ref]1 9 pass+1 to ! cu/om 9 anci5t ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica ( decorat+ ! tee? by ins]t+ inlays 9 ! upp] incisors1 turquois1 jadeite1 hematite1 obsidian1 & rock-cry/al hav+ be5 us$ 9 su* mann]4 ,r>ely two1 & 9 "o in/ance ?ree1 insets h be5 f\nd 9 a s+le too?2 b ?is =m ( decoration c 9 no s5se be consid]$ z mosaic4#hj ,ano!r example ( ! use ( turquois z an inlay is suppos$ to be unique4 ,_m ye>s ago we obta9$ f ,don ,francisco ,belm> a beautiful tripod vessel support+ aga9/ ! side a poly*rome human figure 9 ! r\nd1 repres5t+ ! god ,macuilxo*itl1 god ( dance & sport--! deity repres5t$ ) ! pa9t$ design ar\nd ! m\?4 ,x is n necess>y "h to discuss ! "q rais$ by ,sel] reg>d+ ! attributes & repres5tations ( ! two analog\s gods ,macuilxo*itl & ,xo*ipilli4 ,! vessel "h seems cle>ly to be ,macuilxo*itl1 correspond+ ) t giv5 by ,sahagun 9 ! manuscript ( ! ,real ,palacio1 ,madrid4 ,:at is ( int]e/ is ! disc ( turquois ins]t$ 9 ! clay on ! upp] left-h& "p ( ! *e/1 unque/ionably !re plac$ to d5ote "s attribute ( ! deity4 ,,*i*5 ,,itza ,,specim5s ,we w n[ consid] "s int]e/+ examples f ! ,mayan ru9s ( ,*i*5 ,itza1 ,yucatan1 :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! sacr$ well1 or c5ote1 at t site4 ,?is sacr$ well is describ$ by ,cas>es 9 #aijeha z ar\s+ ! admiration & awe ( ! ,indians ev5 to ?is day4 ,x is ab\t #dej feet nor? ( ! great pyramid kn[n z ! ,ca/illo1 & a pav$ way1 sev]al in*es high1 leads to x4 ,at ! br9k is a small temple4 ,! c5ote is ab\t #aej feet 9 diamet]2 ! level ( ! wat] is #gj feet bel[ ! surface1 & x is #dj feet deep1 ) a deposit ( mud e/imat$ to be ab\t #cj feet 9 ?ickness4 ,l&a writes3 8,!y ! ,maya held ,cozumel & ! well ( ,*i*5 ,itza 9 ! same v5]ation z d pilgrims n[ ,j]usalem & ,rome1 & s !y us$ to visit !m1 c>ry+ _! (f]+s *iefly to ,cozumel1 z holy places1 & :5 !y c\ld n g1 !y s5t !m40 ,9 ano!r place ?is au?or /ates t 8!y _h ! habit !n ( ?r[+ into ?is well liv+ m5 z sacrifices to _! gods 9 "t ( dr\ght1 & !y ?\ght t ^! w\ld n die1 ?\gh !y nev] saw !m aga94 ,!y us$ also to ?r[ preci\s /ones & ! ?+s !y mo/ priz$4 ,j on ! br9k ( ! well is a small build+ :]e ,i f\nd all k9ds ( idols 9 honor ( all ! gods ( ! l&40#hb ,cas>es adds3 8,:at ,l&a1 ,cogolludo1 & all o!r writ]s _h n>rat$ f m]e he>say1 "o ( ! di/+ui%$ memb]s ( ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian ,society1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,?ompson1 has _h ! satisfaction to realize1 br++ to light ! tru? ( ^! /atem5ts1 by dilig5t & intellig5t "w1 ! results ( :i* ,i w n m5tion1 z t grateful & honorable task belongs exclusively to him40#hc ,holmes wrote 9 #ahie ( ! sacr$ c5ote z foll[s3 ,! ,sacr$ ,c5ote is l>g]1 & m symmetrical ?an ! o!r1 &1 occurr+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! somb] =e/1 is a mo/ impressive & awe-inspir+ spectacle4 ,its *>m is enhanc$ by ! weird /ories ( human sacrifice associat$ correctly or incorrectly ) its hi/ory4 ,! walls are ne>ly circul> & approa* ! p]p5dicul> closely all ar\nd4 ,!y are div]sifi$ only by ! encircl+ ribs & pitt$ grooves produc$ by ! unev5 wea!r+ ( ! massive1 horizontally-b$d$ lime/ones4 ,! wat] has a light c(fee color & looks v impure4 ,x is %all[ on "o side & ( unkn[n dep? on ! o!r4 ,a small tomb-l ru9 is p]*$ ^u ! br9k4 ,x is conjectur$ t ?is /ructure _h some?+ to d ) ! c]emonies att5d+ ! ca/+ ( victims & treasure into ! t]rible pool4 ,!re has be5 "s talk ( explor+ ! accumulations f ! bottom ( ?is c5ote ) ! expectation ( secur+ works ( art or o!r treasures1 b ! task is a mo/ =midable "o & w require ! erection ( /rong w9dlasses & effici5t dr$g+ app>atus4 ,x is d\btful if promis$ results w>rant ! outlay necess>y = c>ry+ out ! "w 9 a ?or\gh mann]4#hd ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xx ,,%ield ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,briti% ,,museum1 ,,london ,nev]!less1 a few ye>s lat]1 z h9t$ by ,cas>es1 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,h4 ,?ompson secur$ ! complete confirmation ( ! traditions conc]n+ ! "* ( ! c5ote4 ,he br\ght out ( ! mud a mo/ amaz+ ar*eological treasure4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,pr(4 ,a4 ,m4 ,tozz] we are enabl$ to include "h draw+s ( f\r pieces ( mosaic-"w :i* 7 among ! _m int]e/+ ?+s discov]$4 ,z ,pr(essor ,tozz] & ,dr4 ,sp9d5 are engag$ 9 an exhau/ive /udy ( ! c5ote mat]ial = publication1 we w n fur!r anticipate ! results ( _! inve/igations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj ,9 figs4 #i & #aj are illu/rat$ two small fragm5ts ( wood5 objects f ! c5ote :i* /ill reta9 portions ( turquois-mosaic decoration4 ,9 fig4 #i ! irregul>ly %ap$ piece 9 ! c5t] is a ?9 plate ( gold4 ,bo? fragm5ts are evid5tly f objects ( consid]able size4 ,sev]al wood5 tee? cov]$ ) ! same k9d ( mosaic incru/ation 7 probably f a jagu> mask or head4 ,pl4 ,,iii repres5ts two fairly complete specim5s f ! c5ote4 ,( ^!1 a is a small /aff or scept]1 ! face ( :i* is cov]$ ) turquois mosaic1 & x is possible t ! headdress 0 once simil>ly incru/$4 ,9 b is %[n a rattle ( wood1 )9 :i* is a copp] bell4 ,only two bits ( turquois ( ! mosaic decoration rema94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa ,9 ?is object we f9d 9 ! ,mexican pictures an in/rum5t analog\s to ! "o la/ m5tion$4 ,9 bo? ( ! ,sahagun manuscripts1 t ( ! ,real ,palacio 9 ,madrid & ! "o 9 ,flor5ce1 are repres5tations ( ! deity ,xipe ,totec4 ,9 ! =m] manuscript is f\nd ! "n ( ! god writt5 above ! figure1 ,xippe anavatlitec1 translat$ by ,sel] z 8,xipe1 "l ( ! coa/l&40 ,he is an e>? deity1 8our "l ! flay$10 = he is repres5t$ we>+ loosely ab\t him a human sk94 ,he 0 ! patron deity ( ! goldsmi?s ( ! valley ( ,mexico1 & is said to h be5 paid special homage by ! p ( ! ,teotitlan di/rict1 ! beg9n+ ( ! highway to ,tabasco4 ,9 ! pictures giv5 by ,sahagun1 & 9 o!r codices1 ?is god c>ri$ a long /aff :i* t]m9ates 9 a k9d ( rattle 7fig4 #aa71 simil> 9 %ape to t f\nd 9 ! c5ote ( ,*i*5 ,itza4 ,x 0 call$ *icauaztli by ! ,nahua1 & ,sel] ass]ts t ! rattle/ick ( ! god ,xipe 0 c>ri$1 besides him1 only by ! goddesses ( ! e>?4#he ,sahagun describes x z a scept] made aft] ! mann] ( ! calyx ( ! poppy :]e ! se$ is1 ) some?+ l ! po9t ( a d>t fa/5$ 9 & ris+ f ! upp] "p4#hf ,! resemblance ( ! c5ote specim5 to ! "o %[n 9 ! ,sahagun manuscript sugge/s t x 0 br\ght f ! ,nahuan region4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab ,9 ! sculptur$ wall ( ! ,temple ( ! ,jagu>s at ,*i*5 ,itza are repres5t$ a consid]able numb] ( w>riors & prie/s dress$ 9 elaborate co/umes & p>aph]nalia4 ,sev]al ( ^! p]sons we> ! typical triangul> head-b& or cr[n ( ! ,nahuas1 on :i* may be di/+ui%$ turquois-mosaic decoration 7fig4 #ab74 ,two ( ^! prie/s or w>riors h _! faces cov]$ ) unmi/akable turquois-mosaic masks 7figs4 #ac1 #ad74hg ,?is po9ts to ,nahuan influ5ce1 & we h o!r in/ances ( ?is influ5ce bo? at ,*i*5 ,itza & at ,uxmal4 ,we are ?us l$ to ! belief t ! mosaics recov]$ f ! c5ote 7 br\ght to ,*i*5 ,itza f ,nahuan t]ritory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxi ,,%ield ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,/ate ,,museum ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory1 ,,vi5na ,ano!r example ( a turquois mosaic mask 9 /one sculpture is f\nd at ! back ( ! pr(ile face1 9 front ( ! e>1 ( ! human figure c>v$ on ! front ( /ela #aa at ,seibal1 9 ! region ( ! upp] ,usumac9ta1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,pet51 ,guatemala4 ,x 0 photograph$ by ,mal] 9 #ahie1 & illu/rat$ & describ$ by him 9 8 monograph1 ,explorations ( ! ,upp] ,usumats9tla & ,adjac5t ,region 7,memoirs ( ! ,peabody ,museum1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 vol4 ,,iv1 no4 #a1 ,cambridge1 #aijh74 ,morley has deciph]$ ! date on ?is /ela z #aj4a4j4j4j1 correspond+ approximately1 accord+ to 8 me?od ( correlation1 to #eij ,a4,d4 ,x appe>s to h be5 a hotun-m>k]1 or /one erect$ e five ye>s1 & is plac$ 9 ! ,great ,p]iod ( ,mayan civilization4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad ,,major ,,examples ,! m important major specim5s n[ rema9 to be consid]$4 ,z all ^! objects are ( wood1 ) ! exception ( numb]s #c & #i1 we w n repeat ?is 9 our descriptions4 ,!y are3 #a4 ,helmet or head-piece #b4 ,wood5 masks #c4 ,skull masks #d4 ,%ields #e4 ,e>-plug #f4 ,animal figures #g4 ,god figure #h4 ,knife h&les #i4 ,human femur musical in/rum5t4 ,helmet ,! helmet or head-piece on pl4 ,,iv is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & 0 fir/ describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 colors 9 #ahie by ,sir ,*>les ,h]cules ,read4 ,f 8 /udy we take ! foll[+ notes3#hh ,! helmet is holl[$ out inside to fit ! head & is pa9t$ gre52 ! ext]ior is c>v$ ) two projections1 p]haps int5d$ to repres5t ! upp] m&ibles ( eagles4 ,! space betwe5 ! inn] upp] "p ( ! two beaks & ! two out] faces ( ! beaks be>s traces ( r$ pa9t4 ,) ?is exception1 ! out] surface has be5 cov]$ ) a mosaic ( turquois1 mala*ite1 pe>l %ell1 & p9k %ell1 inlaid or incru/$ on a b$ ( d>k-br[n gum4 ,a great numb] ( ! pieces ( mosaic h fall5 out4 ,x conta9s1 fa%ion$ 9 d>k-gre5 mala*ite pieces1 two involv$ animal figures1 :i* ,read conjectures are rattlesnakes ) cre/$ heads4 ,judg+ f ! plate accompany+ ,read's /udy 7no measurem5ts are giv571 ! specim5 has an extreme height ( #g in*es & a diamet] ( #g in*es4 ,! illu/ration :i* we reproduce1 z well z ( ! o!r specim5s 9 ,london1 we owe to ! k9dness ( ,t4 ,a4 ,joyce1 ,esq41 ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,masks ,! mask on pl4 ,v is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & is "o ( ! be/ pres]v$ specim5s ( mosaic-"w f ,mexico4 ,x is ( c$>1 ! out] surface be+ cov]$ ) a mosaic ( m9ute pieces ( turquois1 ( a brilliant color b5ea? ! eyes & on ! =ehead1 :ile on ! o!r p>ts ! color is a poor grayi%-gre54 ,! face is /udd$ ) irregul>ly %ap$ cabo*on turquoises4 ,! eyes1 no/rils1 & m\? are all pi]c$2 ! fir/ are fill$ ) oval pieces ( pe>l %ell1 ea* ) a circul> hole = ! pupil4 ,! gum surr\nd+ ! %ell & keep+ x 9 position is gild$4 ,9 ! half-op5 m\? is a r[ ( sev5 tee? ( :ite %ell set 9 ! upp] jaw4 ,on ea* temple is set a pi]c$ squ>e ( pe>l %ell4 ,! inside ( ! mask is pa9t$ r$4 ,its height is #f in*es1 ! wid? #f in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxii ,,back ,,( ,,%ield ,,%[n ,,on ,,plate ,i ,,museum ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,indian ,,heye ,,f\ndation1 ,,new ,,york ,on pl4 ,,vi is %[n ano!r mosaic mask 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,we foll[ ,read's description4 ,x is ( c$>1 & ! l[] left-h& "p ( ! face is miss+4 ,ov] ! face are repres5t$ two entw9$ s]p5ts curv+ ar\nd ! eyes & m\?1 & ! rattle-tipp$ tails re/ ov] ! "r & left ( ! =ehead4 ,! :ole ( ! surface ( ! mask is cov]$ ) a mosaic ( turquois1 bright-blue & dull-gre5 9 color1 arrang$ 9 su* mann] t ! two snakes are di/9ct 9 color4 ,! rattle ( ea* snake ^u ! temples are model$ ( ! same gum z t 9 :i* ! /ones are emb$d$1 & x seems possible t !y 7 =m]ly gild$4 ,! m\? ( ! mask is slightly op5 & conta9s tee? ( :ite %ell 9 ! upp] jaw4 ,!re is a slit ov] ea* eye & a hole 9 ea* temple4 ,! inside ( ! mask is pa9t$ r$4 ,height #f4i in*es1 wid? #f4f in*es4 ,read believes t ! heads ( ! two snakes 7 on ! l[] *ecks1 :i* are incomplete4 ,maudslay id5tifies ?is mask ) t describ$ by ,sahagun 9 ! *apt] :i* we h translat$ 7see p4 #ad71 relat+ to ! objects p]ta9+ to ! god ,quetzalcoatl :i* 7 pres5t$ by ,montezuma to ,corts4#hi ,9 ?is description only "o s]p5t is m5tion$1 & ,sahagun /ates t 8! head ) "p ( ! body came ov] "o eye s t x =m$ an eyebr[1 & ! tail ) a "p ( ! body w5t ov] ! o!r eye to =m ! o!r eyebr[40 ,9 ! plate ! two rattles are cle>ly se51 & ,holmes has publi%$ a diagrammatic draw+ diff]5tiat+ ! bodies ( ! s]p5ts4 ,if ,sahagun's description is accurate1 ?is specim5 _c be ! "o m5tion$ by him4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ pieces ( mosaic t has surviv$4 ,! v int]e/+ mask ( wood %[n on pl4 ,,vii is 9 ! ,prehi/oric & ,e?nographic ,museum 9 ,rome4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ pres]v$ pieces 9 ,europe1 & its hi/ory is kn[n z f> back z #aeec4 ,x 0 pur*as$ = ! ,museum by ,giglioli f ,cosimo de ,m$ici = two & a half francs4 ,x 0 fir/ illu/rat$ 9 colors by ,pigor9i1#ij & our illu/ration is f a photograph j receiv$ f ,rome ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,dr4 ,s4 ,k4 ,lo?rop4 ,! specim5 is #aa in*es high & #e in*es broad1 be+ ! talle/ mosaic mask t has ?us f> come to light4 ,x repres5ts a human face plac$ 9 :at appe>s to be ! flat op5 jaws ( a snake or an animal1 a common motive 9 ,middle ,am]ican art4 ,! back ( ! mask is flat1 & !re are ovate op5+s = ! eyes4 ,f ! nose hangs an ornam5t ( a type famili> 9 c5tral ,mexico4 ,ov] ! =ehead appe> :at seem to be rais$ tw9$ bodies ( s]p5ts1 & f ! left ( ! upp] "p ( ! face projects ! plum$ head ( a s]p5t4 ,we are unable to say if ! head ( ! o!r snake once project$ f ! opposite side ( ! mask1 b x seems impossible t ! arti/ w\ld h made ?is elaborate piece s symmetrical4 ,f ,dr4 ,lo?rop's notes x appe>s t ! turquois ar\nd ! sides is ( a slightly fad$ color1 b ! major portion is brilliant & gli/5+4 ,! mat]ials us$ are turquois1 p9k %ell1 :ite %ell1 "m-(-pe>l1 jadeite 7= ! facial lumps71 & a dull-black /one4 ,?is rem>kable piece is a v]itable "w ( art1 & f ! s]p5t motive we w\ld class x z a ,quetzalcoatl mask4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxiii ,,%ield ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,museum ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,indian ,,heye ,,f\ndation1 ,,new ,,york ,! o!r mask 9 ,rome 7pl4 ,,viii7 0 illu/rat$ z e>ly z #afdh4 ,?is illu/ration1 & ! "o publi%$ by ,pigor9i 7fig4 #ae71 are front views4 ,our plate1 f a photograph tak5 = ,dr4 ,lo?rop1 is a sideview pres5t+ int]e/+ features :i* are n reveal$ 9 ! illu/rations hi!rto publi%$4 ,! mat]ials employ$ are turquois1 mala*ite1 p9k %ell1 :ite %ell1 "m-(-pe>l1 an unid5tifiable black /one1 & g>net4 ,! edges ( ! orbits & ! protrud+ tongue are pa9t$ r$1 :ile ! fangs are pa9t$ :ite4 ,on ! side ( ! face1 bel[ ! "r eye1 is ! head ( an alligator1 9 ! neck ( :i* is set a g>net4 ,att5tion is call$ also to ! peculi> nose & ! curl+ tongue4 ,a consid]able portion ( ! mosaic is lo/4 ,?is mask is l>g] ?an ! masks 9 ,london & ,new ,york1 be+ #h in*es high1 ) an extreme l5g?1 includ+ ! protrud+ tongue1 ( #aa in*es4 ,dr4 ,lo?rop writes t 9 8 description ,pigor9i has done scant ju/ice to ?is rem>kable piece4 ,on pls4 ,,ix to ,,xvi are illu/rat$ ! s]ies ( masks f ! cave rec5tly discov]$ 9 ,mexico1 :i* are 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation4 ,!y fall into two classes1 ^? on pls4 ,,ix to ,,xii be+ ornam5t$ ) turquois mosaic1 & s ne>ly alike 9 workman%ip t !y might well be ! product ( "o arti/1 :ile ! masks on pls4 ,,xiii to ,,xv are diff]5t 9 "*1 ! mosaic pieces be+ l>g] & co>s]1 & consid]able /one o!r ?an turquois 0 employ$ 9 ! decoration4 ,!y are all 9 a damag$ condition & lack ! *94 ,all ! mosaic incru/ations are set 9 a b$ ( gum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae ,! be/-pres]v$ specim5 is illu/rat$ 9 colors on pl4 ,,ix2 x is #g in*es high1 & #f in*es wide4 ,b&s ( light & d>k turquois w be obs]v$ on ! =ehead & temples4 ,ar\nd ! l[] m>g9 ( ! face is a b& ( blacki% to d>k-br[n /ones4 ,on ! sides ( ! mask are two l>ge black discs made ( a composition resembl+ *>coal & /icky clay4 ,?is sub/ance is pres5t 9 a numb] ( ! o!r masks1 & we v5ture ! conjecture t x may be ! mat]ial us$ by ! goldsmi?s 9 model+ figures to be ca/ 9 gold4 ,sahagun describes x z foll[s3 ,! ma/] gives !m ! *>coal1 :i* !y gr9d v f9e4 ,& :5 x is gr\nd !y add a little clay1 ! glut9\s e>? :i* !y use 9 _! pott]y4 ,!y mix ! *>coal ) ! clay & /ir x1 & knead x 9 su* mann] t ! two sub/ances con/itute "o solid mass4 ,& :5 !y h ! mass prep>$1 !y %ape x into ?9 discs :i* !y expose to ! sun4444 ,= two days ^! objects dry1 & become v h>d4 ,:5 ! *>coal is well dri$ & v h>d1 x is cut1 !n c>v$ by means ( a little scrap] ( copp]4#ia ,! tip ( ! nose1 z well z ! *91 is gone4 ,!re are traces ( r$ pa9t ov] ! m\? & 9 ! circul> spaces on ea* side ( ! nose4 ,:5 ! specim5 0 receiv$1 ! miss+ section ( ! l[] "p ( ! face 0 cov]$ ) a b& ( t91 z 9 ! mask 7pl4 ,,xvi7 f :i* ! mosaic has disappe>$4 ,f ?is circum/ance we believe t ! objects 9 ?is cave deposit 7 us$ by ! ,indians aft] ! ,spani% conque/1 possibly until comp>atively rec5t times4 ,our reasons = ?is belief w be f\nd 9 ! *apt] translat$ f ,motol9ia 9 our conclusion4 ,if we assume t at c]ta9 int]vals dur+ c5turies ! ,indians resort$ to ! cave to wor%ip 9 secret _! anci5t gods1 we c expla9 ! worn condition ( ne>ly all ( ^! specim5s4 ,und\bt$ly !y 7 pres]v$ & treasur$ = _m g5]ations1 rev]$ z preci\s relics ( a lo/ b n entirely =gott5 civilization4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ reason = d\bt+ _! orig9 9 pre-,spani% times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxiv ,,%ield ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,museum ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,indian ,,heye ,,f\ndation1 ,,new ,,york ,! mask on pl4 ,x is #f in*es high & #f in*es wide4 ,x is q simil> to ! "o la/ describ$1 b lacks ! encircl+ l[] m>g9al b&4 ,! out] zone is ( light turquois1 ) zones ( a d>k] %ade t[>d ! c5t]4 ,!re are traces ( r$ pa9t above ! m\? & 9 ! spaces on ea* side ( ! nose4 ,on ! left temple are ! rema9s ( a black disc ( ! same mat]ial z on ! o!r mask4 ,! "r section ( ! mask on pl4 ,,xi is #g in*es 9 height4 ,! turquois incru/ation is light-blue 9 color4 ,!re are traces ( r$ pa9t above ! m\?4 ,! black composition inlay on ! temple is squ>e1 & conta9s a biconical depression :i* does n pass ?r\gh ! wood4 ,ar\nd ! eye is a rais$ design1 possibly a s]p5t's body4 ,! entire l[] zone is at pres5t )\t decoration1 & possibly 0 nev] cov]$ ) mosaic4 ,! mask fragm5t on pl4 ,,xii is #g in*es high4 ,! small section ( mosaic rema9+ on ! =ehead is d>k-blue1 :ile t on ! re/ ( ! face is light-blue4 ,!re is a black composition disc on ! temple1 & traces ( r$ pa9t above ! m\?4 ,! m>k+ on ! pla9 surface on ! =ehead appe>s to be anci5t4 ,we n[ come to ! o!r gr\p4 ,on pl4 ,,xiii is a mask #f in*es high & #e in*es wide4 ,a portion ( ! *9 /ill rema9s1 ) mosaic decoration1 indicat+ t ! miss+ *9s 9 ! o!r masks 7 probably ?us embelli%$4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance ?is specim5 diff]s widely f ^? j describ$4 ,! pieces us$ 9 ! mosaic are r\gh] 9 %ape & l>g]4 ,a few bits ( bright-gre5 turquois are f\nd on ! =ehead1 b ! re/ ( ! incru/ation is a /one ( a br[ni%- or grayi%-gre5 color4 ,! di/9ctive feature is ! b& :i* encircles ! =ehead1 runn+ d[nw>d & end+ at ! sides ( ! nose4 ,x is ( black composition1 b is highly poli%$1 & !re are pieces ( light-br[n color4 ,traces ( r$ pa9t appe> above ! m\?4 ,! mask on pl4 ,,xiv is #f in*es high & #e in*es wide4 ,x lacks ! *91 b /ill reta9s a goodly "p ( ! mosaic4 ,?is specim5 is some:at diff]5t 9 treatm5t f ! o!rs1 closely resembl+ 9 te*nique ! mask fragm5t :i* foll[s on pl4 ,,xv4 ,! mass ( incru/ation is outl9$ by a b& ( s+le light br[ni%-gray /ones4 ,! =ehead has a mosaic ( blacki% & d>k-gre5 /ones1 ! same effect be+ se5 on ea* side ( ! pla9 space at ! sides ( ! nose1 m]g+ into light] zones on ! *eeks4 ,r$ pa9t is above ! m\? & on ! spaces at ! side ( & bel[ ! nose4 ,?is mask _h a t9 b& or plate ov] ! miss+ *94 ,! space above ! eyes is coat$ black1 ! mat]ial be+ probably obta9$ by ?9n+ ! black composition into a co>se pa9t by ! addition ( melt$ gum or wax4 ,two black composition discs are on ! temples4 ,! fragm5t ( mask on pl4 ,,xv is #e in*es high4 ,z be=e /at$1 x resembles ! mask j describ$4 ,! mosaic1 ( l>ge bits ( /one1 is outl9$ by a l9e ( s+le light] /ones4 ,! =ehead conta9s a mosaic ( gre5i% /ones1 & ! space above ! ridge ( ! nose has a pat* ( light-r$ %ell bits4 ,! space on ea* side ( ! nose & 9 ! m\? is pa9t$ r$1 :ile t above ! eyes is pa9t$ jet black4 ,a black composition disc is on ! temple4 ,! mask )\t mosaic on pl4 ,,xvi is #f in*es high & #e in*es wide4 ,! wood is ( a light color1 & r s(t4 ,we h left on ?is specim5 ! t9 plate :i* replaces ! miss+ *94 ,t ?is mask 0 once cov]$ ) mosaic decoration may be se5 9 ! fragm5t rema9+ at ! "r side ( ! m\?4 ,! eyes 9 ?is specim5 are semi-l5ticul> 9 %ape1 diff]+ f ! o!rs :i* are ei!r ovate or l5ticul> 9 outl9e4 ,?is closes our description ( ! specim5s f\nd 9 ! deposit 9 ! cave 9 ! ,mixteca4 ,) !m 7 f\nd "s fragm5ts ( native pap] made ( amate fib]1 two ( :i* enclos$ regul>ly %ap$ small masses ( gum inc5se4 ,9 "o ( ^! sev]al pieces ( ! gum 7 held toge!r by an int]lac$ /r+ ( flexible b>k4 ,!y provide fur!r pro( t ! cave 0 resort$ to = religi\s c]emonies or sacrifices4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxv ,,%ield ,,( ,,wood 7,,fragm5t7 ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,museum ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,indian ,,heye ,,f\ndation1 ,,new ,,york ,! next mask to be consid]$1 on pl4 ,,xvii1 is ! only specim5 kn[n f ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ) ! pieces f\nd rec5tly 9 ! ,mexican cave are ! only major specim5s f\nd "u ar*eological conditions4 ,?is mask is #h in*es high1 & ! ?ree facial projections ext5d #d in*es f ! face4 ,x is 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation4 ,?is int]e/+ object 0 f\nd "s ye>s ago 9 a cave 9 ! m\nta9\s region ( ,honduras1 9 an arroyo on ! headwat]s ( a small /ream fl[+ into ! ,rio ,*amelecon1 ab\t #be miles f ! ru9s ( ! anci5t city ( ,naco4 ,hundr$s ( copp] bells ( v>y+ sizes & %apes 7 f\nd at ! same "t4 ,! mask has be5 figur$ & describ$ by ,a4 ,h4 ,blacki/on1 ^: description foll[s3 ,fir/ 9 int]e/ 9 ! writ]'s collection is a l>ge life-siz$ mask ( :ite c$> :i* 0 cov]$ ) mosaics ( turquois & o!r /ones set 9 a ?ick gum or pit* ) :i* x 0 coat$4 ,?ree greatly elongat$ /raight projections answ] = ! nose & ! two lips4 ,holes 7 cut = ! eyes & two small ones on ! sides = ! ?ongs :i* b\nd x to ! head4 ,a l>ge cavity 9 ! =ehead 0 evid5tly ! sett+ ( ! cr[n+ /one ( ! collection1 ?\gh ( :at nature ?is 0 we un=tunately are unable to surmise1 z x evid5tly became loos5$ & dropp$ out ye>s be=e its discov]y4 ,along ! sides ( ! face are depressions 9 ! coat+ ( gum = regul>ly %ap$ /ones ab\t half an in* long by ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 wid?1 arrang$ 9 p>allel r[s--none ( :i* rema9 at pres5t4 ,! re/ ( ! surface1 z not$1 0 cov]$ ) small turquois mosaics1 a numb] ( :i* are 9 place today4#ib ,skull ,masks ,! two f9al masks to be describ$ are ! skull masks 9 ! ,e?nographical ,museum 9 ,b]l91 & 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,london4 ,on pl4 ,,xviii is repres5t$ ! ,b]l9 example1 :i* has be5 describ$ by ,uhle & illu/rat$ 9 colors1 ?ree-f\r?s natural size4#ic ,only ! front ( ! skull has be5 us$1 & x 0 incru/$ ) sky-blue to pale slabs ( turquois4 ,! mask is #f in*es 9 height4 ,our illu/ration is a photograph ( ! li?ograph publi%$ by ,uhle4 ,! skull mask 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7pl4 ,,xix7 has be5 illu/rat$ _m times1 & is "o ( ! be/-kn[n pieces ( ,mexican mosaic4 ,x has also be5 repeat$ly describ$1 s t x is n necess>y to pres5t a detail$ description at ?is "t4 ,suffice x to say t ! back ( ! skull has be5 cut away1 & ! front cov]$ ) five broad transv]se mosaic b&s1 alt]nat+ f ! top d[nw>d1 ( lignite 7n obsidian1 z all writ]s h describ$ x1 we are in=m$ by ,joyce7 & turquois4 ,! inside is l9$ ) lea!r1 on :i* traces ( r$ pa9t /ill rema94 ,%ields ,ri*ly decorat$ %ields or *imallis play$ a prom95t "p 9 c]ta9 phases ( ! life ( ! anci5t ,mexicans4 ,mrs4 ,nuttall1 9 h] int]e/+ & in/ructive /udy1 8,on ,old ,mexican ,%ields10#id has po9t$ out t 8all au?orities agree t ! %ields 7 ( two k9ds4 ,! fir/ consi/$ ( ! milit>y %ields us$ = protection 9 w>f>e by all grades ( w>riors2 ! second compris$ ! %ields c>ri$1 = display only1 9 religi\s dances & fe/ivals40 ,9 ?is /udy ,mrs4 ,nuttall has made ! foll[+ classification ( %ields1 bas$ on an ext5d$ exam9ation ( ! *ronicles ( e>ly writ]s3 #a4 ,pla91 unadorn$ w>-%ields 7yao*imalli7 ( sev]al k9ds1 us$ by ! common soldi]s4 #b4 ,gala %ields 7totop*imalli71 indicat+ ! milit>y rank & a*ievem5t ( *iefs4 ,^! seem to h be5 indiscrim9ately us$ 9 w>f>e or fea/s & dances4 ,_! g5]al /ructure seems to h be5 alike 9 ei!r case1 ?\gh x is obvi\s t !y may h be5 m or less light & /rong4 ,%ields ( ?is category sometimes reproduc$ "o or m features ( ! milit>y co/ume1 body-pa9t+ & adornm5ts p]ta9+ to ea* grade4 ,! %ield 9 ,museo ,nacional is an example ( ?is k9d4 ,o!rs exhibit$ ! emblematic device ( a militant god1 ,huitzilopo*tli1 ,xipe1 ,yiacatecuhtli1 etc41 m>k+ an ord] ( *ivalry--& to ?is division ! ,/uttg>t specim5s belong4 #c4 ,%ields1 presumably ( ! supreme w>-*ief1 exhibit+ 9 picture-writ+ ! "n ( 8 p or 8 p]sonal appellation4 ,no?+ c]ta9 is kn[n ab\t ?is gr\p1 b its exi/5ce seems v\*$ = by a s]ies ( indications4 #d4 ,%ields pictur$ 9 ! codices ) deities only exhibit+ _! emblematic devices or reproduc+ features ( _! symbolic attire4 ,su* %ields seem to h be5 c>ri$1 9 religi\s dances & fe/ivals1 by ! liv+ images ( ! deities 9 ^: honor !y 7 held4 #e4 ,%ields ( mo/ preci\s mat]ials1 ) /range & elaborate designs1 describ$ 9 ! ,inv5tories4 ,z !y are n m5tion$ else:]e1 x is n possible to /ate any?+ def9ite ab\t !m1 b x is obvi\s t !y 7 int5d$ = ! use ( individuals ( supreme rank4 ,! beautiful %ield at ,ca/le ,ambras belongs to ?is gr\p4 ,x is1 consequ5tly1 ! sole =?com+ specim5 ) a valid1 ?\gh %ad[y1 "r to ! title ( 8,montezuma's %ield40 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxvi ,,%ield ,,( ,,wood 7,,fragm5t7 ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,museum ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,indian ,,heye ,,f\ndation1 ,,new ,,york ,9 ! inv5tories ( ! ,corts loot1 #aej %ields are enum]at$1 mo/ly decorat$ ) fea!rs1 b #be are specifi$ z be+ ornam5t$ ) turquois mosaic1 :ile o!rs 7 g>ni%$ ) gold4 ,( ! fea!r-mosaic %ields1 "o example is 9 ,vi5na 7! %ield =m]ly 9 ,ca/le ,ambras71 two are 9 ,/uttg>t1 & "o is 9 ! ,museo ,nacional1 ,mexico4 ,( ! turquois mosaic %ields1 "o is 9 ,london1 & "o 9 ,vi5na2 none exi/s 9 ,mexico4 ,to ?is numb] we are n[ able to add eight specim5s 9 ,new ,york1 namely1 "o p]fect %ield1 two ne>ly complete ones1 & five fragm5ts1 all f ! cave 9 ! ,mixteca4 ,we h already giv5 num]\s extracts f ! e>ly writ]s conc]n+ ! use ( mosaic %ields z "p ( ! p>aph]nalia ( ! deities4 ,9 figs4 #af-ag are two repres5tations ( ! god ,paynal1 hold+ 9 8 "r h& a mosaic %ield4 ,fig4 #af is f ! ,flor5t9e manuscript ( ,sahagun 7lam9a #h71 :ile fig4 #ag is f ! ,real ,palacio manuscript ( ! same au?or4 ,9 ! orig9al ! %ield is pa9t$ blue4 ,^! are ! only examples we h be5 able to f9d 9 ! ,mexican codices :]e ! mosaic "* ( ! %ield is unque/ionably del9eat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag ,we w n[ consid] ! two mosaic %ields 9 ,europe4 ,on pl4 ,,xx is ! %ield 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,its e>ly hi/ory is unkn[n1 o!r ?an t x 0 pur*as$ 9 #ahff f a deal] :o /at$ t x came f ,tur94 ,q a little ( ! mosaic is miss+1 b n en\gh to de/roy ! intricate & int]e/+ designs4 ,x has be5 describ$ by ,read1 accompani$ ) a draw+ ( ! figures4#ie ,! %ield is ( c$>1 ) a diamet] ( #ab in*es4 ,! mat]ial us$ = ! mosaic is turquois & %ell4 ,! c5t] ( ! design consi/s ( a circle 9 relief1 ! edge ( :i* is divid$ into f\r equal p>ts by angul> po9ts 9 p9k %ell1 & ea* qu>t] ( ! circumf]5ce has ?ree l>ge b irregul> pieces ( %ell at int]vals4 ,x is a tonatiuh1 or sun disc1 & a figure ( a s]p5t is dispos$ me&]-fa%ion v]tically ov] ! entire c5tral portion4 ,"o edge ( ! snake is bord]$ ) imitation /uds =m$ ( br[n gum1 ( :i* a few /ill pres]ve a cov]+ ( v ?9 gold-leaf4 ,! head is plac$ at ! upp] left side1 ! tail end+ 9 ?ree fea!rs at ! l[] "r edge ( ! circle4 ,on ea* side are two human figures1 & at ! c5t]1 ne> ! top1 project+ f ! body ( ! snake1 is a bifurcat$ design1 probably a tree1 ^u :i* re/s1 9 a pe>-%ap$ enclosure1 a human figure on its back4 ,?r\gh ! %ield are _m irregul> p]=ations1 & tw5ty-five small holes are regul>ly dispos$ ar\nd ! edge1 possibly = ! susp5sion ( fea!rs1 or bits ( /one1 gold1 or gold-leaf1 ov] gum1 may h be5 ins]t$4 ,two l>g] holes are ne> ! upp] m>g94 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxvii ,,%ield ,,( ,,wood 7,,fragm5t7 ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,museum ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,indian ,,heye ,,f\ndation1 ,,new ,,york ,on pl4 ,,xxi we reproduce ! ,vi5na %ield4#if ,x is l>g] ?an ! ,london specim51 be+ #af in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! designs are n s involv$ z 9 ! ,london %ield4 ,un=tunately ! great] "p ( ! mosaic has fall5 out1 b ! figures 9 mo/ cases may be trac$ by ! impressions 9 ! gum matrix4 ,! designs consi/ ( two tonatiuh1 or sun discs1 plac$ "o above ! o!r4 ,9 ! upp] tonatiuh is a human figure4 ,!re are _m examples ( ?is motive 9 ,mexican sculptures & codices4 ,across ! c5t] ( ! %ield1 betwe5 ! two sun discs1 is a procession ( human figures1 f\r ea* on ! "r & ! left1 all fac+ ! c5t]4 ,betwe5 !m is a human figure1 head-d[nw>d1 9 ! act ( fall+ or plung+ f ! upp] sun disc4 ,above ?is l9e ( figures are f\r o!rs1 two on ea* side ( ! sun disc1 :i* !y face4 ,bel[1 fac+ ! l[] disc1 are ?ree o!r figures on ea* side1 & l[] /ill are two m on ea* side4 ,! total numb] ( human figures1 s f> z we are able to det]m9e1 is tw5ty-f\r4 ,?is %ield 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,ca/le ,ambras1 ne> ,innsbruck1 & its hi/ory is traceable to #aeif1 x be+ m5tion$ 9 an inv5tory ( t date4 ,we _c id5tify ^! two %ields ) ^? describ$ 9 ! ,corts inv5tories1 b !re is no reason to d\bt t !y =m$ "p ( t treasure4 ,z examples ( mosaic art1 !y are priceless1 ev5 9 _! damag$ condition4 ,! circum/ances att5d+ ! discov]y ( ! %ields n[ 9 ,new ,york h already be5 allud$ to4 ,pl4 ,i is an exact reproduction 9 colors ( "o ( ^!1 ! mo/ important example ( aborig9al ,am]ican mosaic art kn[n4 ,x is 9 an almo/ p]fect /ate ( pres]vation1 & is practically ( ! same size z ! ,london specim51 be+ #ab in*es 9 diamet]1 ) an av]age ?ickness ( ?ree-eigh?s ( an in*4 ,! wood is probably c$>4 ,9 a highly e/hetic mann] ! mosaic incru/ation has be5 set 9 a b$ ( gum1 ) alt]nat+ mass+ ( light & d>k turquoises to produce b&s or zones ( %ad+ 9 light or d>k blui%-gre54 ,x is e/imat$ t ne>ly #ad1jjj individual pieces ent] into ! composition ( ?is mosaic1 ! great] numb] be+ t9y circul> bits4 ,! design repres5ts a sun disc1 ) eight po9t]s 9 ! out] rim4 ,inside ( ! inn]mo/ ( ! two rais$ n>r[ encircl+ b&s is a picture ( c]emonial or my?ological "*4 ,we hesitate at an int]pretation1 b ! ma9 features may q c]ta9ly be recogniz$4 ,we are ( ! op9ion t ! sc5e portray$ p]haps relates to ! wor%ip ( ! planet ,v5us4 ,x is 9 ! region :]e ?is %ield 0 f\nd t ,sel]1 aft] mak+ exhau/ive comp>ative /udies ( sev]al pre-,columbian codices1 concludes3 ,we h to look = ! home ( ! ,codex ,borgia gr\p ( manuscripts4444 ,x 0 a l& inhabit$ by ,aztec-speak+ peoples2 x 0 cont]m9\s ) ! ,zapotec t]ritory1 & x lay on ! trade-r\te :i* l$ to ! coa/1 & to ! ,maya-peopl$ di/rict ( ,tabasco4444 ,inde$ we also "k t 9 ?is v region a/ronomic obs]vation 0 highly develop$1 & ! ,morn+ ,/> 7,v5us7 held 9 special v5]ation4#ig ,! upp] horizontal b& ( ! %ield repres5ts ! cele/ial region4 ,x recalls1 ) its fea!r fr+e at ! top & dots hang+ f ! l[] section1 ! design ar\nd ! s-call$ cal5d> /one collect$ by ,humboldt1 n[ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 & ! upp] encircl+ rim above ! procession ( figures ( ! s-call$ /one ( ,tizoc1 z well z "s ( ! upp] b&s 9 ! murals ( ,mitla4 ,if ?is is ! cele/ial b&1 z we believe1 x is q appropriate to f9d on x ! tonatiuh1 or sun1 repres5t$ 9 ! rosette 9 ! c5t]4 ,we f9d "h two sets ( f\r po9t]s ea*1 radiat+ f ! c5tral disc ( fea!rs1 :i* surr\nds a loz5ge-%ap$ piece on :i* is a t9y pit bel[ two horizontal l9es4 ,9 ! ,real ,palacio manuscript ( ,sahagun 7e/ampa ,,xii7 are pictures ( v>i\s symbols = heav5ly bodies1 "o be+ a small disc ) t9y dots1 expla9$ by ,sahagun z be+ ! sign = ,v5us4 ,we h endeavor$ to id5tify ?is glyph ) t ( ! symbol = turquois or jewel1 or ! sign = *al*ihuitl4 ,!re is a slight resemblance1 b we hold ! op9ion1 z be=e /at$1 t x is ! sign = ! sun4 ,we h be5 unable to f9d ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ?is comb9ation ei!r 9 ! codices or 9 sculptures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxviii ,,%ield ,,( ,,wood 7,,fragm5t7 ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,museum ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,indian ,,heye ,,f\ndation1 ,,new ,,york ,we n[ come to a feature :i* is also f\nd 9 ! ,vi5na %ield1 namely1 a p]son fall+ or desc5d+ f ! sun or cele/ial regions4 ,! injur$ condition ( ! ,vi5na specim5 r5d]s x impossible to di/+ui% ! sex ( ! figure1 b 9 ! ,new ,york specim5 a woman is repres5t$1 probably a goddess4 ,on sev]al pages ( ! ,codex ,nuttall ,z\*e#ih 7pp4 #d1 #ai1 #ba7 are repres5tations ( human figures hang+ f or plung+ f ! heav5ly b&4 ,sel] has connect$ ^! sc5es ) ! ,v5us p]iod ( ! ,mexican cal5d>4 ,atta*$ to ! b& on our %ield are five dots4 ,tak5 9 connection ) ! eight dots bel[1 respectively f\r on ea* side ( ! hi]oglyph at ! bottom1 "o recalls ! sugge/ive fact t ! ,mexicans 7 acqua9t$ ) ! correspond5ce ( eight sol> ye>s to five ,v5us p]iods1 & reckon+s connect$ ) ! correction ( ^! two p]iods h be5 e/abli%$ by bo? ,sel] & ,b[dit*4#ii ,9 ! ,codex ,seld5 is f\nd an analog\s picture1 ! b& ( ! sky1 ) a c5tral tonatiuh1 & a desc5d+ human figure atta*$1 bel[ :i* are two figures4 ,?is sc5e has be5 int]pret$ by ,bey]#ajj z repres5t+ ! sol> god accept+ human sacrifice4 ,9 our %ield1 ! feature :i* foll[s 9 ,codex ,seld51 depict+ ?is sacrifice1 is abs5t4 ,9 our %ield1 fac+ ! plung+ figure1 are two human figures1 "o on ea* side1 hold+ some?+ l a /aff 9 ea* h&1 simil> to ^? held 9 ! h&s ( ! goddess4 ,f ! m\? ( ea* ( ^! figures protrudes an unkn[n object1 p]haps a con*-%ell trumpet1 b x is n support$ by ! h&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah ,above a horizontal b& j ov] ! bottom ( ! inn] encircl+ rim is a hi]oglyph4 ,x is ! well-kn[n glyph = ,culhuacan1 or ,colhuacan1 ! "n ( an important t[n 9 ! valley ( ,mexico 9 anci5t times4 ,! =m ( ! glyph1 a m\nta9 ) a curv$ peak1 is d]iv$ f ! tradition t ! ,nahuan p orig9at$ :]e !re 0 a m\nta9 ) a curv$ peak1 call$ 9 ! ,nahuan language ,culhuacan4 ,! sign is int]wov5 ) ! leg5d>y hi/ory ( ! anci5t tribes 9 c5tral ,mexico1 ,teuculhuacan be+ ! prov9ce f> to ! nor? :]e 7 situat$ ! ,sev5 ,caves ( ,*icomo/oc1 ! primeval home :5ce salli$ ! ,sev5 ,tribes4 ,9 ! ,codex ,botur9i ,i1 ?is leg5d is pictur$4 ,9 fig4 #ah are two =ms ( ! glyph tak5 f ! ,codex ,tell]iano ,rem5sis4 ,on ea* side ( ?is glyph on ! %ield are f\r dots1 n to be conf\nd$ ) ! repres5tations ( %ells atta*$ to ! glyph4 ,^! eight dots %\ld h a cal5dric mean+1 & we might /ret* our imag9ation & consid] ! glyph to be ,calli1 a day-sign & also ye>-be>]1 repres5t$ by ! conv5tional figure ( a h\se1 :i* w\ld give u ! date #h ,calli1 capable ( be+ coord9at$ ) ei!r ! ye> #adfa or #aeac4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! glyph1 h[ev]1 seems to be too well e/abli%$ z ,culhuacan to admit ( su* hypo!sis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxix ,,%ield ,,( ,,wood 7,,fragm5t7 ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,museum ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,indian ,,heye ,,f\ndation1 ,,new ,,york ,9 a lett] to ! writ] ,dr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,sp9d5 advances an explanation ( ! comb9ation ( ! figures 9 ?is sun-disc %ield4 ,) 8 p]mission we quote him v]batim3 ,i am incl9$ to believe t ! design z a :ole repres5ts a sun %ield1 ! eight radiat+ b>s be+ ! rays1 :ile ! cele/ial b&1 ! ?ree human figures1 & ! ,colhuacan glyph replace ! p>ts ( ! sun's face1 namely1 ! head-b&1 ! two eyes & nose 7! plung+ figure 9 lieu ( ! nose71 & ! m\?4 ,?is may seem pretty f>-fet*$ at fir/ glance1 b x is q 9 ! _s ( ,aztec art4 ,on ! ,cal5d> ,/one1 ar\nd ! face ( ! sun god & ! oll9 symbol ) ! enclos$ glyphs ( ! f\r ages1 is1 fir/1 a circle ( ! day signs1 second1 a circle ( qu9cunx figures1 suppos$ to be ! classical hi]oglyphs or r symbols ( turquoises1 ?ird1 a frieze ( eagles' fea!rs4 ,multiple rays ( diff]5t sizes complete ! picture4 ,9 ! actual %ield be=e u we h ! turquois mosaic1 & ! holes ar\nd ! rim sugge/ t eagles' fea!rs may once h be5 atta*$4 ,comp>e ! sun %ield or sun basket ( ! ,pueblo ,indians1 & ! v>i\s sun %ields on ,mayan monum5ts4 ,n[1 ! sun & turquois seem to be pretty closely connect$ symbolically--bo? mean div9e4 ,! hi]oglyph ( ! sun is us$ = ! teo1 god1 9 place names1 :ile ! prefix xiuh means div9e 9 connection ) v>i\s objects4 ,jade1 on ! o!r h&1 means preci\s4 ,! sun 9 ,aztec ritual is pretty closely connect$ ) ri*es & jewels1 & ! sun disc may easily h be5 conceiv$ ( z a gem-/udd$ object4 ,i ?9k x q possible1 !re=e1 t ! design on ?is %ield 0 int5d$ to symbolize ! face ( ! sun1 & ! fact t complete figures engag$ 9 "s rituali/ic function replaces ! p>ts ( a reali/ic face does n detract f ! !ory4 ,! back ( ! %ield is %[n 9 pl4 ,,xxii4 ,?r\gh ! two v]tical ridges are pairs ( holes1 evid5tly = ! lea!r ?ongs = hold+ ! %ield4 ,! tw5ty-eight small holes ar\nd ! edge ( ! %ield 7 probably = ! ins]tion ( fea!rs or o!r ornam5ts1 z 9 ! ,briti% ,museum %ield4 ,9 te*nique our %ield is simil> 9 all respects to ! two mosaic %ields 9 ,europe4 ,9 all ?ree ! incru/ation is 9 a b$ ( gum t has be5 spread ov] ! wood4 ,we n[ come to ! s]ies ( sev5 mosaic %ields 9 ,new ,york1 %[n 9 pls4 ,,xxiii-,,xxix4 ,9 ^! we are deal+ ) a diff]5t te*nique1 & "o :i* is new to u4 ,= ! matrix a k9d ( cem5t l f9e gritty br[n s& 0 us$ 9 place ( gum4 ,!y are un=tunately 9 a consid]ably damag$ /ate1 b two are m or less complete4 ,9 ^! examples ! wood has be5 r\ghly %ap$1 & 9 all ( !m ! m>ks ( ! copp] or /one adzes are cle>ly visible1 = !re 0 no f9al smoo?+ ( ! wood z 9 ! ?ree specim5s be=e describ$4 ,! probable reason = ?is is se5 9 ! %ield on pl4 ,,xxiii4 ,on ! face ( ?is specim51 on portions ( ! l[] edge1 especially at ! left1 are traces ( a co>se native pap] made f ! amate tree1 :i* occurs z a b& t _h be5 glu$ to ! wood4 ,traces ( pap] also are f\nd 9 ! same place on ! %ield fragm5t illu/rat$ on pl4 ,,xxiv4 ,x is impossible to /ate def9itely if ?is pap] once ext5d$ f ! edge to ! rais$ body ( ! mosaic decoration4 ,on ! fragm5t>y %ield j ref]r$ to may be se5 a fa9t black l9e1 made ) "s sub/ance l graphite1 runn+ p>tly ar\nd ! circumf]5ce #a to #a in*es f ! edge4 ,x is probably ! arti/'s l9e 9 arrang+ = "s class ( decoration1 p]haps delimit+ ! section to be cov]$ ) pap]4 ,on ! fir/ %ield no su* l9e is f\nd1 b x seems c]ta9 t ! r\gh wood betwe5 ! n>r[ b& ( pap] & ! mosaic mu/ h be5 cov]$ ei!r ) pap] or ) "s o!r mat]ial4 ,!re is no trace ( cem5t1 & we are l$ to believe t ! pap] once ext5d$ ov] ! entire pla9 surface ( ! wood4 ,p>*m5t or s(t lea!r may also h be5 /ret*$ tightly ov] ! out] zones ( %ields :i* %[ no traces ( pap]4 ,on ?is surface "s type ( decoration 0 und\bt$ly plac$4 ,we recall ! quotation giv5 above conc]n+ ! use ( turquois mosaic decoration on pap]1 9 connection ) ! wor%ip ( ! god ,huitzilopo*tli4 ,fea!r-mosaics1 s f> z we "k1 7 g5]ally made ei!r on p>*m5t or on pap]4 ,! codices 7 made ei!r ( lea!r1 p>*m5t1 or pap]1 (t5 siz$ ) /ucco4 ,9 r>e cases ! pa9t+ 0 appli$ directly on ! pap]4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t "o or ! o!r ( ^! processes ( decoration complet$ ! ensemble ( ! %ields we are n[ consid]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxx ,,e> ,,plug ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,museum ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,indian ,,heye ,,f\ndation1 ,,new ,,york ,ano!r po9t ( diff]5ce 9 ?is s]ies ( %ields is ! mat]ial spread ov] ! wood to receive ! incru/$ /ones4 ,x mu/ h solidifi$ sl[ly to h all[$ = ! c>eful & labori\s "w ( fix+ ! pieces 9 ! pla/ic matrix4 ,9 ! case ( ! matrix ( gum1 mat]ial c\ld h be5 appli$ & w\ld h h>d5$ imm$iately1 = by te/s1 ev5 aft] ! lapse ( c5turies1 we h f\nd x possible to loos5 ! bits by ! application ( heat to ! /one2 b 9 ! case ( ! cem5t matrix ?is is n possible4 ,we d n "k :at liquid 0 us$ to h>d5 ! cem5t1 :i* is n[ q friable4 ,relatively speak+1 comp>atively little turquois 0 us$ 9 ?is class ( mosaics4 ,diff]5t %ades ( a s(t light-gray /one 0 employ$ 9 ! out] zones1 :ile d>k] /ones int]sp]s$ ) turquois ( v>y+ %ades1 "s almo/ :ite1 & bits ( lignite & obsidian1 are f\nd4 ,a f9al unique feature may be not$ 9 ! %ields on pls4 ,,xxvii & ,,xxviii4 ,9 ! out] b& w be obs]v$ ! irregul> inn] edges ( ! two l9es ( /ones :i* =m ! bord]4 ,9 pl4 ,,xxvii ! space is fill$ 9 ) a spr9kl+ ( gritty1 almo/ s&-l1 bits ( fad$ :iti%-blue ba/>d turquois4 ,x appe>s to h be5 spatt]$ or spr9kl$ on :ile ! matrix 0 v s(t4 ,9 ! case ( ! %ield on pl4 ,,xxviii1 ! mat]ial is some:at co>s]1 & consi/s ( r\gh bits ( ! same /one us$ 9 ! broad light b& )9 ! out] bord]4 ,^! %ields1 s f> z we are able to judge f ! fragm5t>y sections1 conta9$ no pictures or figures z 9 ! o!r type4 ,9 g5]al execution !y are inf]ior 9 workman%ip1 & less ref9$ & f9i%$ 9 appe>ance4 ,9 fact1 !y con/itute a q di/9ct &1 up to ! pres5t1 unkn[n type ( /one mosaic f ,mexico4 ,! fir/ %ield ( ?is s]ies 7pl4 ,,xxiii7 is 9 two fragm5ts1 a portion ( "o edge be+ miss+4 ,x has an av]age diamet] ( #ae in*es1 & a ?ickness ( "o-half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*1 ! mosaic disc ris+ "o-eigh? ( an in* above ! wood4 ,! mosaic portion has a diamet] ( #aj in*es4 ,x appe>s to be a sun %ield1 judg+ by ! eight po9t]s :i* radiate f ! b& surr\nd+ ! circul> design 9 ! c5t]1 :i* sugge/ a conv5tional repres5tation ( ! sun4 ,9 ! c5t] ! d>k] bits are obsidian4 ,a portion ( ! matrix & ( ! mosaic incru/ation has fall5 (f1 & on ! matrix ne> ! upp] left is a greasy pat* :i* may be c&le grease4 ,! %ield on pl4 ,,xxiv is ! same size z ! prec$+ "o1 #ae in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x is also 9 two sections1 & a l>g] section ( ! side is miss+4 ,?is likewise is probably a sun %ield1 b x has no po9t]s4 ,:]e ! out] b& has fall5 (f t[>d ! l[] "p c be se5 a fa9t incis$ l9e :i* ! arti/ plac$ !re z a guide-l9e 9 foll[+ out ! circul> mosaic decoration4 ,9 ! c5t] ! black bits are lignite4 ,! next %ield %[n 7pl4 ,,xxv7 consi/s ( a half section only4 ,x 0 slightly l>g] ?an any o!r %ield 9 ! collection1 hav+ a diamet] ( #ae in*es & a ?ickness ( #a in*4 ,x 0 a sun %ield1 & _h f\r po9t]s id5tical ) ^? on ! fam\s cal5d> /one ( ! ,aztecs4 ,!re are traces ( a pap] b& glu$ ar\nd ! out] edge2 ! black l9e has already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,! c5tral disc1 ) ! :ite l9es made ( v t9y bits1 is simil> to ! c5tral "p ( ! %ield on pl4 ,,xxiii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxxi ,,head ,,) ,,head-,,piece ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,national ,,museum1 ,,cop5hag5 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxxii ,a ,,jagu> ,,head ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,e?nographical ,,museum1 ,,b]l9 ,b ,,animal ,,head ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,human ,,face ,,9 ,,op5 ,,jaw ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,national ,,museum1 ,,cop5hag5 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxxiii ,a ,,animal ,,head ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,/ate ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,museum1 ,,vi5na ,b ,,monkey ,,head ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,briti% ,,museum1 ,,london ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxxiv ,a ,,two-,,head$ ,,jagu> ,,figure ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,e?nographical ,,museum1 ,,b]l9 ,b ,,bird ,,head ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,museum1 ,,go?a ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxxv ,,animal ,,figure ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,briti% ,,museum1 ,,london ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ specim5s is reproduc$ 9 pl4 ,,xxvi1 :i* is #ad in*es 9 diamet]4 ,?is is ! only %ield ( ! s]ies be>+ a figure4 ,x _h f\r po9t]s1 :i* sugge/ a sun disc1 b ! symbol seems cle>ly to be a conv5tional cross-section ( a con*-%ell1 ! well-kn[n & (t5 del9eat$ symbol ( ,ehecatl1 god ( ! air1 "o ( ! v>i\s attributes ( ! god ,quetzalcoatl4 ,9 ?is example ! light pieces ( /one are l>g] ?an 9 any o!r piece1 b !y are cut exce$+ly ?94 ,ar\nd ! out] edge ( ! mosaic is a fa9t incis$ l9e1 & ?ree l9es may be se5 project+ f ! po9t]s1 %[+ t ! arti/ c>ri$ 8 guide-l9es beyond ! zone f9ally us$4 ,! circul> l9e is s regul> t !re is no d\bt t ! workman us$ our me?ods1 ty+ a piece ( cord to an awl & work+ f ! exact c5t] ( ! %ield4 ,! two fragm5ts on pl4 ,,xxvii & ,,xxviii are ! same size--#ae in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!y are simil> 9 workman%ip2 ! special feature1 ! spr9kl$ out] b&1 has already be5 allud$ to4 ,9 ! fir/ specim5 an irregul> cavity on ! upp] face 0 app>5tly fill$ 9 ) cem5t1 traces ( :i* rema94 ,! two holes 9 ea* %ield are mod]n1 b ! two specim5s came to u jo9$ ) lea!r /r+s4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 sections ( sep>ate %ields4 ,! la/ %ield ( ! s]ies 7pl4 ,,xxix7 has a height ( #ad in*es4 ,x comprises little m ?an a ?ird ( ! orig9al object1 h5ce ! diamet] mu/ h be5 fully #ae in*es or m4 ,z 9 ! o!rs1 we f9d ! encircl+ b&s1 b z no "p ( ! c5t] rema9s1 we d n "k if x _h a figure or 0 l ! o!rs ( ! s]ies4 ,e>-plug ,) ! deposit ( masks & %ields 9 ! cave 9 ! ,mixteca1 n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation1 0 ! unique wood5 object %[n on pl4 ,,xxx4 ,x is spool-%ap$1 ! bottom flat1 ! upp] "p concave & cov]$ ) a mosaic ( d>k-gre5 turquois1 ) a c5tral disc ( d>k rose-color$ %ell4 ,x is #a in* high1 ) a diamet] ( #a in* at ! upp] & l[] rims4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is specim5 0 an e>-plug4 ,! sides ( ! spool %[ ! small g\ges ( ! cutt+ in/rum5t ) :i* x 0 fa%ion$1 & ! entire surface n cov]$ ) mosaic 0 pa9t$ rose-r$4 ,animal ,figures ,! specim5 9 ! ,national ,museum 9 ,cop5hag51 %[n on pl4 ,,xxxi1 has be5 describ$ 9 detail by ,lehmann1#aja & our illu/ration is tak5 f 8 photograph4 ,x is consid]ably damag$1 mu* ( ! mosaic incru/ation hav+ disappe>$4 ,! mat]ials are turquois1 mala*ite1 %ell1 & "m-(-pe>l4 ,9 its orig9al /ate x 0 "o ( ! impos+ pieces ( ?is art4 ,! upp] project+ "p ris+ f ! top ( ! head probably simulat$ a plum$ head-dress4 ,its extreme height is ab\t #aj in*es1 & ! diamet] only #c in*es4 ,on pl4 ,,xxxii are illu/rat$ two animal heads4 ,! fir/ 7a71 a jagu> head1 9 ! ,e?nographical ,museum 9 ,b]l91 has be5 describ$ 9 detail by ,lehmann 9 8 pap] publi%$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,fifte5? ,congress ( ,am]icani/s1 held at ,quebec 9 #aijf4 ,x is #e in*es high1 & ! mosaic is compos$ ( turquois1 mala*ite1 & %ell4 ,! o!r specim5 7b7 is 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,cop5hag54#ajb ,x seems to repres5t a s]p5t's head ) a human face 9 ! op5 jaws4 ,! mosaic is turquois1 mala*ite1 & r$di% %ell4 ,x has an extreme l5g? ( #ac in*es & is #h in*es high4 ,mu* ( ! incru/ation has fall5 (f4 ,! animal head %[n on pl4 ,,xxxiii1 a1 is 9 ! ,vi5na ,museum1 & has be5 illu/rat$ by ,heg] 9 ?ree views4#ajc ,our draw+ is ! side-view1 aft] ,heg]4 ,?is object is #d in*es long f front to back4 ,mu* ( ! mosaic has fall5 away1 & ! pieces ( jadeite1 obsidian1 & %ell are l>g] & ! "w is g5]ally co>s] ?an 9 any ( ! o!r examples 9 ,europe4 ,heg]'s photographs depict a lea!r ?ong issu+ f a hole at ! back ( ! head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxxvi ,,d\ble-,,head$ ,,s]p5t ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,briti% ,,museum1 ,,london ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxxvii ,,figure ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration1 ,,god ,,xolotl ,,/ate ,,museum ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory1 ,,vi5na ,! o!r mosaic on ?is plate 7b7 is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x repres5ts a monkey-l head ( :ite wood1 ) op5 m\?4 ,! mosaic coat+ is ( turquois1 mala*ite1 & o!r /ones4 ,! back has a hemisph]ical depression coat$ r\nd ! sides ) a ?ick lay] ( br[n gum1 smoo?ly f9i%$1 conta9+ "s wool5 ?reads4 ,! turquoises are *iefly ( ! pale-gre5i% v>iety1 b above ! sides ( ! m\? are two pat*es ( bright-blue /ones4 ,ea* eye is set 9 ! l[] edge ( a protub]ance coat$ ) mala*ite1 ! eyes !mselves be+ convex discs ( highly poli%$ iron pyrites set 9 a r+ ( %ell4 ,height #d in*es1 wid? #b4g in*es4 ,an int]e/+ piece is ! two-head$ jagu> figure 9 ! ,e?nographical ,museum 9 ,b]l9 7pl4 ,,xxxiv1 a74#ajd ,x is cov]$ ) bits ( turquois & mala*ite1 toge!r ) "s obsidian1 %ell1 & "m-(-pe>l4 ,! eyes are ( mala*ite4 ,?is specim5 measures #ab in*es 9 l5g?1 & ! workman%ip seems to be v arti/ic4 ,an important & unique example ( mosaic art is %[n on pl4 ,,xxxiv1 b1 :i* repres5ts a bird's head embelli%$ ) an incru/ation ( turquois1 mala*ite1 obsidian1 "m-(-pe>l1 r$ coral1 & :ite %ell1 b mu* ( ! mosaic has fall5 out4 ,?is specim5 is 9 ! ,museum 9 ,go?a4#aje ,a mu* injur$ specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is illu/rat$ on pl4 ,,xxxv1 :i* repres5ts an animal on 8 haun*es1 ) op5 m\? & protrud+ tongue4 ,on its back is a circul>1 cup-l receptacle4 ,x is cut f a h>d1 pale-br[n wood4 ,almo/ ! entire surface 0 orig9ally cov]$ ) mosaic laid 9 a b$ ( black gum1 ! compon5t pieces be+ turquois1 mala*ite1 p9k %ell1 pe>l %ell1 & fragm5ts ( iron pyrites4 ,! cup-%ap$ receptacle on ! back ( ! animal is n[ cov]$ ) a transp>5t v>ni%1 except 9 "o place :]e ! black gum & bits ( mosaic are /ill 9 place4 ,! v>ni% %[s "h & !re fragm5ts ( gold-leaf1 p]haps indicat+ t ! cup 0 once entirely gild$4 ,! height is #f4h in*es4#ajf ,! gracefully model$ brea/-ornam5t repres5t+ a two-head$ s]p5t 7pl4 ,,xxxvi7 is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! base is ( light-color$ wood1 holl[$ at ! back & pa9t$ r$4 ,! front ( ! snake is cov]$ ) turquois mosaic2 ! tee? & fangs 9 ea* op5 jaw ( ! snake are made ( :ite %ell1 :ile ! edges ( ! gums are indicat$ ) p9k %ell4 ,across ea* nose is a rais$ b& ( turquois & r$ %ell4 ,! heads h mosaic-"w on bo? sides1 & x is probable t ! eye-sockets =m]ly conta9$ discs ( iron pyrites4 ,on ! upp] edges ( ! two loops ( ! bodies are holes = susp5sion4 ,l5g? #ag in*es1 height #h in*es4 ,god ,figure ,! figure ( ! deity %[n 9 pl4 ,,xxxvii is 9 ! ,vi5na ,museum4 ,x has be5 describ$ by ,dr4 ,heg]1 :o has k9dly s5t me a numb] ( photographs ( ! object1 & "s details reg>d+ x4 ,?is has be5 id5tifi$ by ,dr4 ,sel] z repres5t+ ! god ,xolotl1 "o ( ! deities or gu>dians ( ! ,tonalamatl4#ajg ,! specim5 does n conta9 mu* mosaic decoration1 be+ ( highly poli%$ wood4 ,x is #c in*es high & #b in*es broad4 ,dr4 ,heg] has c\rte\sly s5t me ! foll[+ notes conc]n+ ! specim53 ,! po/]ior circul> cavity 7see side view7 is p>tly fill$ ) a res9-l mass1 by means ( :i* ! piece mu/ h be5 fa/5$ to "s o!r object4 ,ve/iges ( ?is res9-l sub/ance are f\nd 9 all ! holl[$ places :]e today "s ( ! inlay is miss+1 z 9 ea* ( ! ?ree r\nd$ oval incurvations1 ( bo? lat]al walls1 9 :i* probably small heads ( mosaic8 7 also incru/$4 ,! eyes & ! six small tee? consi/ ( milk-:ite %ells2 ! two hook-l can9es consi/ ( :ite "m-(-pe>l-l %ells4 ,! two l>ge e>-lobes1 z well z ! inf]ior "p ( ! nasal septum1 are p]=at$ transv]sely4 ,! pretty little human head at ! navel ( ! figure probably consi/s ( pit*-black obsidian4 ,! e>-p5dants are miss+ on ! left side4 ,! pupils ( ! eye 7"r "o miss+7 are enclos$ 9 small r+s ( "m-(-pe>l4 ,project+ f ! op5$ m\?1 !re is above ! r$ tongue ano!r small :ite %ell-plate ) ?ree %>p d[nw>d po9ts 7tee?74 ,! little head %[s injury 9 sev]al places4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxxviii ,,/one ,,knife ,,) ,,h&le ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,briti% ,,museum1 ,,london ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxxix ,a ,b ,,knife ,,h&les ,,( ,,wood ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,prehi/oric ,,& ,,e?nographic ,,museum1 ,,rome ,knife ,h&les ,! next gr\p ( objects to be not$ consi/s ( knife h&les4 ,! beautiful specim5 on pl4 ,,xxxviii is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x is a *ipp$ leaf-%ape blad$ knife ( honey-color$ *alc$ony4 ,! h&le is ( a s(t1 light-color$ wood1 c>v$ 9 ! =m ( a cr\*+ human figure4 ,! actual socket 9 :i* ! blade is fix$ proce$s f ! *e/ ( ! figure1 :i* grasps x ) a h& on ea* side1 & re/s 8 *9 on ! top4 ,! socket is firmly b\nd ) cord4 ,! figure & ! socket up to ! b9d+ h be5 cov]$ ) a mosaic1 *iefly ( turquois1 v>i$ ) mala*ite & :ite1 p9k1 purple1 & orange %ell1 z well z a few pieces ( pe>l %ell4 ,mu* ( ! mosaic has disappe>$4 ,! figure we>s an eagle mask1 ! face appe>+ 9 ! op5 jaws4 ,?is knife1 :i* measures #ab in*es 9 l5g?1 is "o ( ! mo/ arti/ic ( mosaic specim5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai ,belong+ to ?is class are ! two h&les on pl4 ,,xxxix1 :i* are 9 ! ,museum 9 ,rome4 ,!y h be5 illu/rat$ 9 colors by ,pigor9i4 ,?r\gh ! int]e/ ( ,dr4 ,lo?rop we are enabl$ to pres5t photographs ( ^! two v int]e/+ objects1 toge!r ) "s additional obs]vations conc]n+ !m4 ,! fir/ piece 7pl4 ,,xxxix1 a1 & fig4 #ai aft] ,pigor9i71 is 9 ! =m ( a cr\*+ figure ) an animal head & wide-op5 m\?4 ,x has be5 describ$ z a knife h&le1 l ! o!r specim5 7b71 :i* is unque/ionably ( t "*1 b ,dr4 ,lo?rop writes t ! front ( ?is piece 7a71 :]e ! knife blade %\ld be ins]t$1 is smoo?ly cov]$ ) a k9d ( cem5t1 :ile 9 ! belly ( ! figure is a l>ge hole4 ,f ,dr4 ,lo?rop's exam9ation ( ! specim5 he 0 unable to satisfy himself :e!r x 0 a knife h&le or 0 int5d$ to be plac$ on ! head ( a /aff4 ,! mat]ials us$ = ! incru/ation are turquois1 r$di% %ell1 dull :ite %ell1 "m-(-pe>l1 & small flakes ( gold4 ,9 ! ,pigor9i illu/ration1 :i* repres5ts ! side opposite t %[n "h1 two flakes ( gold are %[n1 "o 9 ! eye1 ! o!r on ! arm betwe5 elb[ & %\ld]4 ,! o!r piece 7pl4 ,,xxxix1 b71 unque/ionably a knife h&le1 z /at$1 ( ! same te*nique z ! specim5s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 repres5ts a cr\*+ human figure4 ,! mat]ials are turquois1 d>k-gre5 mala*ite1 :ite %ell1 "m-(-pe>l1 & r$ %ell4 ,lo?rop calls our att5tion to ! t9y pieces ( turquois set 9 %ell on ! %\ld] & 9 o!r places4 ,he also /ates t a portion ( a brok5 *]t 787 blade is /ill imb$d$ 9 ! socket 9 front ( ! figure4 ,human ,femur ,musical ,in/rum5t ,! la/ ( ! specim5s ( mosaic to be describ$ is ! musical in/rum5t 7omi*icauaztli7 made f a left human femur1 illu/rat$ on pl4 ,,xl4 ,?is unique example1 :i* is 9 ! ,museum 9 ,rome1 has be5 reproduc$ 9 colors by ,pigor9i4 ,! mosaic seems to h be5 conf9$ to ! head & neck1 al?\gh ! tro*ant] major may also h be5 cov]$ at "o "t4 ,! incru/ation at pres5t consi/s ( gum 9 :i* are p9ki%-orange bits ( color$ %ell4 ,a mod]n copp] *a9 is atta*$ to ! bone1 f :i* hangs an oliva %ell1 und\bt$ly anci5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xl ,,human ,,femur ,,musical ,,in/rum5t ,,) ,,mosaic ,,decoration ,,prehi/oric ,,& ,,e?nographic ,,museum1 ,,rome ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,lo?rop1 ! oliva %ell %[s signs ( we>1 & 0 probably ! in/rum5t us$ = rasp+ ! bone1 z ! bone is s\nd & produces a r musical tone :5 scrap$ ) ! %ell1 z if ! bone 7 ( *9a4 ,not*$ human bones are n uncommon 9 anci5t ,mexico1 & "s h be5 f\nd elaborately engrav$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( excavations made 9 #aijj 9 ! /reet back ( ! ,ca!dral 9 ! ,city ( ,mexico1 7 uncov]$ _m small pott]y models ( musical in/rum5ts :i* _h be5 plac$ !re und\bt$ly :5 ! f\ndations ( ! great ,aztecan teocalli 7 laid4 ,! writ] secur$ = ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory examples ( ^! int]e/+ models4 ,among !m 0 a not*$ bone hav+ atta*$ to x a model ( ! h&l$ in/rum5t ) :i* x 0 rubb$ or rasp$4#ajh 99 99 99 99 99 ,f9ally1 att5tion is call$ to ?ree objects ( wood1 ( ,mexican orig91 9 ! ,museo ,borgiano1 ,rome4 ,!y h be5 describ$ by ,col9i1 & two ( ! pieces illu/rat$1 9 ! ,bollett9o della ,societ ,geografica ,italiana4#aji ,! fir/ is an idol repres5t+ a human figure1 #ag in*es 9 height2 ! o!r two specim5s1 ^? figur$ by ,col9i1 are masks1 & x is highly probable t all ( ^! pieces 7 once decorat$1 at lea/ 9 "p1 ) mosaic4 ,"o ( ! masks is #f in*es1 & ! o!r #g in*es1 9 height4 ,,conclusion ,9 view ( ! consid]able numb] ( objects ( /one mosaic t 7 s5t to ,europe dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ! ,spani% conque/ ( ,mexico1 "p ( ! loot obta9$ by ,h]nn ,corts1 x is q possible t o!r examples are /ill hidd5 away ei!r 9 ,spa9 or 9 ,italy1 :i* "s day w be br\ght to light4 ,only tw5ty ye>s ago two wond]fully pres]v$ c>v$ c]emonial spe>-?r[]s1 or atlatls1 ( wood1 cov]$ ) delicate gold-leaf1 7 f\nd 9 an old lea!r-cov]$ case 9 a h\se 9 ,flor5ce1 & are n[ exhibit$ 9 ! ,e?nological ,museum ( t city4 ,x is n to be d\bt$ t !y 7 s5t f ,mexico by ,corts himself1 & rema9$ /or$ away1 unkn[n to ! _w1 until rec5t times4 ,bu%nell1 :o figur$ & describ$ ^! atlatls1 believes t !y 7 =m]ly 9 ! fam\s collection ( ! ,m$icis1 & t o!r objects ( ,mexican orig9 may be hidd5 away 9 ,italy1 to be reveal$ f "t to "t4#aaj ,aga91 9 #ahia1 ,mrs4 ,zelia ,nuttall 0 ! fir/ to br+ to our notice ! important mosaic %ield1 & ! /ill m int]e/+ fea!r-mosaic %ield 9 ! ,ca/le ,ambras ne> ,innsbruck1 :i* 7 %ortly aft]w>d transf]r$ to ! e?nographical section ( ! ,/ate ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum 9 ,vi5na4#aaa ,we %\ld call att5tion "h to ! possibilities ( f9d+ mosaics 9 ,mexico1 emphasiz+ ! fact t ! collection 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation1 0 f\nd "u ar*eological conditions4 ,until n[ we h be5 some:at sceptical 9 reg>d to ! possibility ( wood5 objects ( su* a fragile & p]i%able nature be+ discov]$ ei!r 9 tombs or 9 ru9$ build+s 9 ,middle ,am]ica4 ,z we h already writt51 ! few traces ( ?is mosaic art f\nd h]et(ore 9 excavations h be5 ( a fragm5t>y "*4 ,no specim5s ( wood cov]$ ) mosaic h be5 f\nd previ\sly 9 ,mexico1 ) ! exception ( ! small rim ( wood excavat$ by ,gamio 9 ,zacatecas1 & ! f\r pieces f ,*i*5 ,itza4 ,9 ! tropical & temp]ate zones1 :]e ! mo/ important anci5t sites are situat$1 artifacts ( wood ( any sort h r>ely be5 une>!d4 ,x is true t 9 "s ( ! remote villages c>v$ wood5 drums 7teponaztli7 h be5 religi\sly gu>d$ f ! "t ( ! conque/1 & are br\ght out & play$ at c]ta9 fe/ivals dur+ ! ye>4 ,b ^! drums are kept 9 ! cabildos1 & are pres]v$ ) zeal\s c>e4 ,we w\ld aga9 call att5tion to ! /atem5t ( ,sahagun reg>d+ ! tradition ( ! ab&onm5t ( ,tula1 t ,quetzalcoatl ord]$ c]ta9 preci\s ?+s to be buri$ 9 ! neighbor+ hills & rav9es4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 ref]s to times long ant]ior to ! com+ ( :ite m54 ,aft] ?is un=tunate ev5t1 fatal inde$ to ! ,indian1 ! natives und\bt$ly secret$ a va/ am\nt ( mat]ial4 ,! circum/ances conc]n+ ?is h be5 told by ,fa!r ,motol9ia4 ,z ?is acc\nt is b little kn[n1 we h translat$ lit]ally ! entire *apt]1 = x reveals to u ! mis]able /ate into :i* ! aborig9es _h fall5 )9 tw5ty ye>s aft] _! subjugation4 ,( h[ !re 0 an end ( idols & ( ! fea/s :i* ! ,indians 7 wont to prep>e1 & ( ! vanity & ! endeavor :i* ! ,spani>ds display$ 9 7_!7 se>* = idols4 ,! fea/s :i* ! ,indians made1 z is told 9 ! fir/ "p 7( ?is book71 ) _! c]emonies & pomp1 all end$ f ! beg9n+ 7( ! "t7 t ! ,spani>ds 7 mak+ w> 7on !m71 because ! ,indians _h s mu* to ?9k ab\t 9 _! tribulations t !y did n ?9k ( _! gods1 n ev5 ( !mselves1 because !y _h s mu* sorr[ t 9 ord] to rem$y t1 all ! pr9cipal 7?+s 9 _! lives7 7 /opp$4 ,9 e t[n !y _h an idol or demon :om !y consid]$ *iefly z _! m$iator1 & call$ him su*1 & !y honor$ & adorn$ him ) jewels & g>m5ts1 & ! be/ !y c\ld f9d !y (f]$ him1 ea* t[n z x 0 7able to71 & m s 9 ! capitals ( prov9ces4 ,^! pr9cipal idols ,i m5tion1 z soon z ! city ( ,mexico 0 tak5 by ! ,spani>ds1 ) _! jewels & weal? ! ,indians hid 9 ! mo/ secret place !y c\ld f9d2 a l>ge "p ( ! gold t 0 on 7or )7 ! idols & 9 ! temples !y gave z tribute to ! ,spani>ds "u ^: patronage !y belong$2 = !y c\ld n d o!rwise because 9 ! beg9n+ ! tributes 7 s excessive t all ! ,indians c\ld scrape toge!r or se>* =1 nor :at ! lords & *iefs _h1 w\ld suffice2 besides1 !y 7 =c$ 7to pay tributes7 ) su* iniquity t !y also gave ! gold !y _h 9 ! temples ( ! demons 7idols71 & ev5 :5 ?is 0 exhau/$ !y paid tribute 9 slaves1 & _m times n hav+ slaves 9 ord] to comply 7) ! taxes71 !y gave free 7,indians7 z slaves4 ,^! pr9cipal idols1 ) ! insignia & ornam5ts or g>m5ts belong+ to ! demons1 ! ,indians hid1 "s 9 ! e>?1 o!rs 9 caves1 & /ill o!rs 9 ! woods4 ,lat]1 :5 ! ,indians became conv]t$ & 7 baptiz$1 !y une>!d _m 7( !m71 & !y br\ght !m to ! c\rty>ds ( ! *ur*es to burn !m publicly4 ,o!rs rott$ 9 ! e>?1 because aft] ! ,indians _h receiv$ 7or accept$7 ! ,fai?1 !y 7 a%am$ to take out ^? !y _h hidd51 & w\ld r let !m rot ?an t anyone %\ld "k t !y hid !m4 ,& :5 !y 7 importun$ to tell 7talk7 ab\t _! pr9cipal idols & _! ve/m5ts1 !y took !m out1 all decay$1 ( :i* ,i am a witness1 = ,i h se5 x 7done7 _m times4 ,! excuse !y gave 0 good1 = !y said1 8,:5 we hid x1 we did n "k ,god1 & we ?\ght ! ,spani>ds w\ld soon return to _! 7own7 c\ntry1 & aft] we came to und]/& 7ab\t7 ,god1 we left x to rot1 because we 7 afraid & a%am$ to take x out40 ,9 o!r t[ns ^! pr9cipal idols ) _! ve/m5ts 7 9 ! c>e ( ! lords or ( ! pr9cipal prie/s ( ! demons1 & ^? kept !m s secretly t h>dly anyone knew ab\t !m except two or ?ree p :o gu>d$ !m1 & ( ^! 7idols7 !y also br\ght a v l>ge numb] to ! mona/]ies to burn !m4 ,9 _m o!r remote villages1 f> away f ,mexico1 :5 ! monks w5t !re to prea*1 !y told !m 9 _! s]mons & be=e *ri/5+ !m t ! fir/ ?+ !y _h to d 0 to br+ all ! idols !y _h & all ! insignias ( ! demons to burn 7!m73 & 9 ?is mann] !y also gave & br\ght a l>ge quantity :i* 0 publicly done 9 _m p>ts 7( ! c\ntry73 because :]ev] ! doctr9e & ! ^w ( ,god has rea*$1 n a ?+ has rema9$ t !y knew or c\ld tell ab\t1 = if f n[ on = a hundr$ ye>s !y %\ld dig 9 ! c\rts ( ! temples ( ! anci5t idols1 !y w\ld always f9d idols1 because !re 7 s _m t !y _h made3 = x happ5$ t :5 a *ild 0 born !y made an idol1 & ! foll[+ ye> 7!y made7 "o a little l>g]1 & aft] f\r ye>s !y made ano!r "o1 & z ! *ild grew up !y w5t on mak+ idols1 & ( ^! 7idols7 ! f\ndations & walls are fill$1 & 9 ! c\rts !re are _m ( !m4 ,9 ! ye> 7#ae7ci & 9 ! ye> 7#ae7dj sev]al ,spani>ds1 "s ) au?ority & "s )\t x1 to %[ _! zeal ( ! ,fai?1 & ?9k+ t !y 7 accompli%+ some?+ 7wor? :ile71 began to dig & to une>? ! dead & to urge ! ,indians t !y %\ld give !m idols3 & 9 "s p>ts 7( ! c\ntry7 ?is rea*$ su* a /age t ! ,indians w5t to look = ! idols t 7 decay$ & =gott5 9 ! e>?1 & "s ( ! ,indians 7 ev5 s sorely torm5t$ t1 to tell ! tru?1 !y made new idols & gave !m 7to ! ,spani>ds7 t !y %\ld cease maltreat+ !m4 ,mix$ ) ! great zeal !y 7! ,spani>ds7 %[$ 9 se>*+ = idols1 7!re 07 n a little covet\sness1 & x 0 because ! ,spani>ds 7w\ld say71 9 su* a village1 or 9 su* a p>i%1 !re are 777 idols ( gold1 or ( *al*ihuitl :i* is a /one ( great value1 & !y imag9$ t !re 0 an idol weigh+ t5 or fifte5 arrobas3 b 9 tru? !y came 7too7 late1 because all ! gold & preci\s /ones 7 sp5t & ca%$ 9 & safely 9 ! p[] 7h&s7 ( ! ,spani>ds :o fir/ held ^? ,indians "u _! jurisdiction4 ,!y also ?\ght ( f9d+ an idol ( /one :i* w\ld be wor? z mu* z a city1 & c]ta9ly1 al?\gh ,i h se5 _m idols :i* 7 ador$ & held highly by ! ,indians & 777 v 7greatly7 rev]$ z *ief gods1 & "s 7 ( *al*ihuitl1 ! "o :i* seem$ to me to be wor? mo/1 ,i d n ?9k t 9 ,spa9 !y w\ld give t5 pesos ( gold = x3 = ?is !y upset & /ir & sc&alize ! t[ns ) _! truly indiscrete zeal1 because if !re really is /ill an idol 9 "s village1 x is ei!r rott5 or s 7completely7 =gott5 or 7held or kept7 s secretly t 9 a t[n ( t5 ?\s& inhabitants !re are n ev5 five :o "k x1 & !y hold !m = :at !y are1 ei!r = /ones or = wood4 ,^? :o ?us upset ^! ,indians :o g _! /raight way1 are l ,laban :o w5t to meet ,jacob to look = 8 prop]ty1 & to upset 8 h\se 9 se>* ( 8 idols1 because ( ?is t ,i am tell+ "h ,i h great exp]i5ce & ,i 7c7 see ! deceit 9 :i* !y g ab\t & ! way !y h to di/urb & disfavor 7hurt7 ^! poor ,indians :o h =gott5 s absolutely _! idols1 z if x 7 a hundr$ ye>s ago 7t !y _h _h !m74#aab ,h]nndo ,ruiz de ,al>con1 9 8 treatise on ! sup]/itions ( ! natives ( ,new ,spa91 relates t :5 !y w5t to ! hills or o!r remote places :]e _! idols 7 hidd5 away1 or to c]ta9 piles ( /ones :]e !y (t5 made (f]+s & sacrifices1 !y c>ri$ !re (f]+s :i* 7 sometimes copal inc5se wrapp$ 9 quauhamatl1 a k9d ( :ite pap] made f ! b>k ( a s(t tree4 ,?is "w1 writt5 9 #afbj1 is entitl$1 ,tratado de las ,sup]/iciones y ,co/umbres ,g5tilicas que oy viu5 entre los ,indios ,naturales de/a ,nueva ,espaa1 & 0 publi%$ = ! fir/ "t 9 #ahib by ! ,museo ,nacional ( ,mexico4 ,! pres5t writ] has not$ su* /one piles1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,yucatan4 ,x is probable t we h "h an explanation ( ! exi/5ce ( our deposit ( mosaic-incru/$ wood5 %ields & masks1 :i* leads u to hope t /ill fur!r discov]ies ( ?is "* may be made4 ,! climatic conditions 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! highl&s ( ,middle ,am]ica1 :]e ?is deposit 0 f\nd 9 a cave1 favor ?is assumption4 ,!re are great sections ( comp>atively dry1 w9d-swept1 almo/ des]t pla9s1 treeless hill-slopes1 & rav9es1 :]e ! *ief vegetation is cacti 9 ! l[] altitudes1 :ile high] up p9es & oaks ab\nd4 ,"h wood5 objects %\ld be indef9itely pres]v$ 9 anci5t tombs or 9 caves1 protect$ by a cov]+ ( loose1 dry e>?1 ! condition "u :i* our collection 0 f\nd4 ,! discov]y ( ?is rem>kable collection ( mosaics emphasizes ! fact t ! inve/igation ( ! ar*eology ( ,mexico is h>dly comm5c$1 9 view ( ! va/ am\nt ( mat]ial hidd5 "u ! ru9s ( ?\s&s ( anci5t settlem5ts & burial places1 & probably 9 c\ntless caves1 :i* /ill rema9 unt\*$ by ! ar*eologi/4 ,z reveal$ by ! surpris+ results ( ,?ompson's dr$g+ 9 ! sacr$ c5ote 9 ,yucatan1 a weal? ( ar*eological mat]ial also lies buri$ 9 ! mud "u ! wat]s ( sacr$ wells & lakes4 ,?is is notably s 9 ! case ( ,lake ,*apala1 on ! bord]s ( ,mi*oacan & ,jalisco 9 ,mexico1#aac & ( ,lake ,amatitlan 9 ,guatemala1 :]e ?\s&s ( pott]y vessels & o!r objects h be5 recov]$ f ! bottoms ( ! lakes by div]s1 & f ! mud :5 ! wat]s h rec$$ f ! %ores dur+ times ( extreme dr\ght4 ,^! objects _h be5 ?r[n into ! wat]s z (f]+s to ! gods4 ,! rec5t results ( ! sy/ematic exploration ( ! great m\nds at ,teotihuacan h be5 q surpris+1 & h %$ new light on ! ar*eology ( ! c5tral plateau ( ,mexico4 ,ev5 m important is ! discov]y ( culture sequ5ces 9 /ratifi$ deposits 9 ! valley ( ,mexico1 ! inve/igations %[+ ?ree di/9ct culture lay]s di/+ui%$ by ! "* ( ! pott]y4 ,( great significance are ! discov]ies rec5tly made "u ! great lava fl[ call$ ! ,p$regal1 at ! v edge ( ! ,city ( ,mexico1 :]e ! artifacts correspond 9 toto ) ^? f\nd 9 ! bottom lay] ( ! /ratifi$ deposits4#aad ,^! discov]ies m>k a great advance 9 our k ( ! hi/ory ( anci5t ,mexico1 b1 z we h be=e /at$1 !y are only a beg9n+4 ,buri$ und]gr\nd are ! 8books0 ! /ud5t mu/ /udy1 if ev] ! tangl$ hi/ory ( ,middle ,am]ica is to become kn[n & ! /ory ( ! developm5t ( ?is exce$+ly int]e/+ division ( ! human race is to be record$4 ,,notes #a ,see ,saville1 ,! ,goldsmi?'s ,art 9 ,anci5t ,mexico1 ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation1 ,indian ,notes & ,monographs1 #aibj4 #b ,gonzalo ,f]nndez de ,ovi$o y ,valds1 ,hi/oria ,g5]al y ,natural de las ,indias1 edition ( ! ,real ,academia de la ,hi/oria1 tomo ,i1 prim]a p>te1 lib4 ,,xvii1 caps1 ,,viii-,,xviii1 pp4 #ejb-ecg1 ,madrid1 #ahea4 #c ,! ,it9]>y ( ,grijalva1 writt5 by *apla9 ,juan ,daz1 0 und\bt$ly record$ 9 ,spani%1 b we "k x only f ! ,italian translation ( #aebj4 ,x 0 translat$ into ,spani% by ,joaqu9 ,g>cia ,icazbalceta & publi%$ by him 9 8 ,docum5tos p>a la ,hi/oria de ,mxico1 tomo ,i1 ,mexico1 #aheh4 ,a translation into ,engli%1 ) translations ( o!r acc\nts1 relat+ to ?is voyage1 w appe> 9 ! ,publications ( ! ,cortes ,society "u ! title1 ,! ,voyage ( ,juan de ,grijalva to ,yucatan & ! ,mexican ,coa/ 9 #aeah4 #d ,we quote "h f ! edition ( ,b]nal ,daz publi%$ by ! ,hakluyt ,society1 be>+ ! title1 ,! ,true ,conque/ ( ,new ,spa91 translat$ into ,engli% by ,alfr$ ,p]cival ,maudslay4 ,! citation is f vol4 ,i1 pp4 #dh-di1 ,london1 #aijh4 #e ,b]nal ,daz1 op4 cit41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #ec4 ,9 ! "w ( ,torquemada1 ,mon>*ia ,indiana1 is an important /atem5t be>+ on ?is matt]1 ( :i* we give ! foll[+ translation 9 ext5so3 8,& ?is pres5t x 0 t ,gom>a & ,antonio de ,h]r]a make confus$ m5tion z hav+ be5 br\ght to ,f]d9& ,corts by ! gov]nors ( ,montezuma on 8 fir/ l&+1 :i* !y notice 9 ! foll[+ words3 #8,:i* pres5t x is said 0 s5t = ,juan de ,grijalva1 :5 he t\*$ on ^? %ores2 b t1 not)/&+ ! ha/e ( ^? :o c>ri$ x1 !y f\nd t he 0 gone4' ,! fact 0 z !y /ate2 b ,i d n und]/& h[ ^? :o drew up ! acc\nt ( :i* ,h]r]a avail$ himself1 c\ld h omitt$ t :i* ,i say 9 ?is *apt]1 & _m o!r p>ticul>s :i* %all be obs]v$ 9 ! sequel2 s9ce ! circum/ances :i* !y m5tion1 & ^? :i* ,i relate1 are intimately connect$ ) ea* o!r1 & ^? :o c\ld h giv5 an acc\nt ( ! =m]1 c\ld likewise h done s ( ! latt]2 al?\gh ,i ?9k t ! error lay 9 _! seek+ in=mation only f ! ,spani>ds1 :o at t p]iod return$ f ! ,indies1 )\t v]ify+ facts by apply+ to ! ,indians1 :o 7 ma9ly conc]n$ 9 mo/ ( !m1 or ,i may say 9 all1 s9ce !y 7 ! m>k :i* all :o h writt5 on ! affairs ( ! conque/ /rove to hit1 & 7 ^? :o 7 v well acqua9t$ ) !m1 & 9 ! beg9n+ record$ !m by means ( figures & *>act]s1 & aft]w>d1 :5 "s ( ! mo/ curi\s among/ !m _h le>n$ h[ to write1 wrote !m d[n2 :i* hi/ories are 9 my possession3 & s high is ! e/imation 9 :i* ,i hold !m1 on acc\nt ( _! language & ! /yle ( _! composition1 t ,i %\ld be glad to feel myself compet5t to ! task ( translat+ !m into ,spani% ) ! same elegance & grace z ! ,mexicans p5n$ !m 9 _! own language2 & s9ce ^! hi/ories are true & au!ntic1 ,i foll[ !m to ! lett]2 b le/ ! acc\nts :i* !y conta9 %\ld appe> /range to ^? :o read !m1 ,i affirm t !y are m]ely a true relation ( :at actually happ5$1 b t o!r au?ors h n notic$ !m be=e me1 because ! few t h writt5 on ! affairs ( ! ,indies 7 ignorant ( ! ev5ts :i* !n occurr$1 nor _h !y any "o to give !m ! requisite in=mation2 nei!r %\ld ,i h m5tion$ ^! facts _h ,i n f\nd t !y 7 v]ifi$ by ,fa!r ,b]n>d9o de ,sahagun1 a grave & pi\s ecclesia/ic1 :o 0 ( ! second numb] ( ^? :o und]took ! conv]sion ( ! natives ( ,new ,spa91 b 0 ! fir/ ( ! inve/igators ( ! mo/ secret ?+s ( ?is l&1 ( :i* he knew all ! secrets1 & employ$ himself = m ?an sixty ye>s 9 compos+ works 9 ! ,mexican language & 9 incorporat+ into x all ! in=mation :i* he 0 able to acquire40 ,lib4 ,,iv1 cap4 ,,xiii4 #f ,?is important "w w be repr9t$ 9 facsimile1 ) a translation into ,engli%1 9 ! au?or's propos$ "w on ! voyage ( ,grijalva1 z m5tion$ 9 ,note #c4 #g ,?is acc\nt w also be repr9t$ 9 facsimile1 ) a translation into ,engli%1 9 ! au?or's acc\nt ( ! voyage ( ,grijalva4 ,! title is1 ,prov9ci ,sive ,regiones 9 ,india ,occid5tali ,novit] ,rep]t 9 ,vltima ,navigatione4 ,! kn[n copies are 9 ! ,john ,c>t] ,br[n ,libr>y1 ,provid5ce1 & ! ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y4 #h ,i quote "h f ! translation made & edit$ by ,francis ,a4 ,mac,nutt1 ,de ,orbe ,novo1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ai-bj1 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 #i ,! *apt]s relat+ to ! voyage ( ,grijalva h be5 translat$ into ,engli% by ! writ] & w appe> 9 ! propos$ "w m5tion$ 9 ,note #c4 #aj ,francisco ,lpez de ,gom>a1 edition ( ,don ,enrique de ,v$ia1 ,hi/oriadores ,primitivos de ,indias1 9 ,biblioteca de ,autores ,espaoles1 tomo ,i1 ,madrid1 #ahgg4 #aa ,edu>d ,sel]1 ,e9 ,kapitel aus dem ,ges*i*tsw]k des ,p4 ,sahagun1 p4 #abd1 ,b]l91 #ahij4 #ab ,lehmann1 9 8 ,me?ods & ,results 9 ,mexican ,rese>*1 ,p>is1 #aiji1 writes3 8,h>dly less rem>kable are ! mosaics made ( m or less preci\s /ones1 %ells1 etc4 ,no less ?an tw5ty-?ree pieces are kn[n 9 v>i\s museums1 ! f9e/ be+ 9 ,london1 ,rome1 & ,b]l94 ,! /ones :5 cut to %ape are emb$d$ 9 a peculi> sub/ance 7tz9acanquauhcuitlatl7 cov]+ ! :ole surface ( ! object to be decorat$2 ! latt] 7 *iefly ( wood1 r>ely ( bone or /one4 ,two masks are skilfully prep>$ human skulls4 ,! usual %apes are %ields1 helmets1 knife h&les & tr9kets4 ,! small cup-%ap$ heads & ! d\ble-jagu> 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum are ( d\btful mean+4 ,mo/ ( ^! objects app>5tly come f ! ,ea/]n prov9ces1 i4 e41 ,tabasco4 ,we "k f o!r s\rces t x 0 only "u k+ ,ahuizotl1 ) ! conque/ ( ! ,tzapotec di/rict1 t ! ,mexicans became acqua9t$ ) turkois-mosaics1 %ields1 e>r+s1 etc40 ,?is is a translation ( 8 ,ergebnisse und ,aufgab5 d] mexikani/is*5 ,=s*ung1 publi%$ 9 ,ar*iv fr ,an?ropologie1 ,neue ,folge1 b& ,,vi1 heft #b u #c1 ,brauns*weig1 #aijg4 #ac ,see ,lehmann 9 our ,li/ ( ,works ,describ+ ,mexican ,mosaics1 "u #aijf4 #ad ,juan de ,torquemada1 ,mon>*ia ,indiana1 ,b>cia edition1 ,madrid1 #agcb1 lib4 ,,ii1 cap4 ,,lxxix1 p4 #bae4 #ae ,see ,antonio ,peafiel1 ,nom5clatura ,geogrfica y ,etimolgica de ,mxico1 ,mexico1 #ahig4 #af ,clavig]o1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 ,cull5 transl41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bcb1 ,london1 #aghg4 #ag ,saville1 ,! ,goldsmi?'s ,art 9 ,anci5t ,mexico1 op4 cit4 #ah ,pet] ,m>tyr1 op4 cit41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #df4 #ai ,las ,casas1 ,hi/oria de las ,indias1 tomo ,,iv1 cap4 ,,cxxi1 pp4 #bhd-bhf1 ,madrid ed41 #ahgf4 #bj ,fr4 ,b]n>d9o de ,sahagun1 ,hi/oria ,g5]al de las ,cosas de ,nueva ,espaa1 ,bu/amante ed41 lib4 #ab1 caps1 ,,ii-,,vi1 pp4 #e-ab1 ,mexico1 #ahbi4 ,notes to ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! two places m5tion$ "h1 ,naulitlantoztlan & ,mictlanquactle1 are giv5 by ,torquemada 7op4 cit41 lib4 ,,iv1 cap4 ,,xiii1 p4 #cgi7 z f\r diff]5t t[ns4 ,nauhtla & ,toztla1 ! fir/ two1 are recognizable z be+ comb9$ into "o place-"n by ,sahagun4 ,?is is also ! case ) ,mictla & ,quauhtla1 ! ?ird & f\r? t[ns ( ,torquemada1 ! ,mictlanquactle ( ,sahagun4 ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg trans=ms !m to ,nauhtlan1 ,to*tlan1 & ,mictlan-,quauhtla1 9 :i* he is foll[$ by ,orozco y ,b]ra4 ,vigil1 ! editor ( ,tezozomoc1 /ates t ! t[n ( ,mictlancuauhtla has disappe>$1 b 9 a map or plan ( ,v]a ,cruz 9 ! collection ( ,icazbalceta1 s5t 9 #aehj to ,philip ,,ii by ! alcalde ,alv>o ,patio1 ! place is /ill m5tion$1 "u a corrupt$ =m ( ! "n1 z ,metlangutla4 ,! "n ( ! five lords s5t by ,montezuma to receive ,corts1 conceiv$ to be ,quetzalcoatl1 are spell$ diff]5tly by ,torquemada 7op4 cit41 ,p-#cgi71 & !y m closely approa* ! or?ography ( ,mol9a's diction>y4 ,!y are1 ,yohualy*an1 ,tepuztecatl1 ,tizahua1 ,huehuetecatl1 & ,hueycamecateca4 ,notes to ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,?is ,xicalanco is n to be confus$ ) ! ,mexican colonial t[n ( ! same "n ne> ! ,laguna de ,trm9os1 ,tabasco4 ,a bran* ( ! ,nahuan ,mexican p call$ ,xicalancas f ! "n ( _! fir/ rul]1 ,xicalancatl1 settl$ on ! coa/ ( ,v]a ,cruz 9 ! region betwe5 ! pres5t city ( ,v]a ,cruz & ! ,i/hmus ( ,tehuantepec4 ,torquemada relates t ! mess5g]s1 on leav+ ! %ip ( ,corts1 8paddl$ rapidly away1 & came to a little isl& call$ ,xicalanco1 :]e !y ate1 & re/$ a little1 & !y left !re & came to a t[n on ! sea%ore call$ ,tecpantlayacac2 f !re !y w5t to ,cuetlaxtla1 :i* is "s leagues 9 ! int]ior1 :]e !y sp5t ! night2 ! lords & *ief ( ! t[n begg$ !m to rema9 !re t day & re/1 b !y repli$ t ! ne$ = spe$ = _! j\rney 0 great40--,op4 cit41 lib4 ,,iv1 cap4 ,,xiv1 p4 #chd4 #ba ,pet] ,m>tyr1 op4 cit41 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aif-aig4 #bb ,saville1 ,goldsmi?'s ,art 9 ,anci5t ,mexico4 ,! inv5tories ( ! loot obta9$ by ,corts are giv5 9 ,engli% translation on pp4 #ef-ajb4 #bc ,?is is quot$ f ! /udy ( ,dr4 ,j4 ,*e/on ,morris on ! 8,physical & ,te*nographical ,*>act]i/ics0 ( ! leaves1 9 ! article1 8,! ,tribute ,roll ( ,montezuma10 edit$ by ,dr4 ,daniel ,g4 ,br9ton1 ,h5ry ,phillips1 ,jr41 & ,dr4 ,j4 ,*e/on ,morris1 publi%$ 9 ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 vol4 ,,xvii1 ,n4 ,s41 pt4 ,,ii1 art4 ,,iv1 p4 #fa1 ,philadelphia1 #ahib4 #bd ,! v important ,crnica ,mexicana1 writt5 by ,h]n&o ,alv>ado ,tezozomoc1 0 publi%$ by ,jos ,m4 ,vigil 9 8 ,biblioteca ,mexicana1 ,coleccin ,metdica de ,obras y ,docum5tos ,relativos a la ,hi/oria1 ,geografa1 ,lit]atura1 ,e/ad/ica y ,legislacin de ,mxico1 #ahha4 ,! quotation is f cap4 ,,lxxvi1 pp4 #edc-edd4 #be ,tezozomoc1 op4 cit41 cap4 ,,lxxxix1 p4 #fjj4 #bf ,dr4 ,george ,f4 ,kunz has k9dly plac$ 9 our h&s 8 publications relat+ to preci\s /ones4 ,9 ?is connection consult 8 ,gems & ,preci\s ,/ones1 ,new ,york1 #ahib2 8 important pap]1 ,new ,obs]vations on ! ,occurr5ces ( ,preci\s ,/ones ( ,ar*ological ,int]e/ 9 ,am]ica 7extrait des ,mmoires et ,dlib]ations du ,,xv ,congrs des ,amricani/es t5ue ,qubec du #aj au #ae ,septembre #aijf1 ,quebec1 #aijg72 & ,gems & ,preci\s ,/ones ( ,mexico1 ,mexico1 #aijg4 #bg ,! "w ( ,rafael ,aguil> y ,santillan is entitl$ ,bibliografa ,geolgica y ,m9]a de la ,repblica ,mexicana completada ha/a el ao de #aijd1 ,boletn del ,in/ituto ,geolgico de ,mxico1 nm4 #ag1 ,mexico1 #aijh4 #bh ,! int]e/+ /udy ( ,luigi ,pigor9i describ+ ! ,mexican mosaics 9 ,rome is entitl$ ,gli ,anti*i ,oggetti ,messicani ,incro/ati di ,mosaico esi/5ti nel ,museo ,prei/orico ed ,etnografico di ,roma1 ,reale ,accademia dei ,l9cei1 ,rome1 ,anno ,,cclxxxii1 #ahhd-he1 #c s]ie1 vol4 ,,xii1 pp4 #a-i1 ,i pl4 ) #e color$ illu/rations4 #bi ,! important /udy by ,joseph ,e4 ,pogue1 ,! ,turquois4 ,a ,/udy ( its ,hi/ory1 ,m9]alogy1 ,geology1 ,e?nology1 ,ar*ology1 ,my?ology1 ,folklore1 & ,te*nology1 appe>s z ! ?ird memoir ( ,vol4 ,,xii1 ,memoirs ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,wa%+ton1 #aiae4 #cj ,fray ,b]n>d9o de ,sahagun1 ,hi/oria ,g5]al de las ,cosas de ,nueva ,espaa que en ,doce ,libros y ,dos ,volm5es ,escribi el ,r4 ,p4 ,fr4 ,b]n>d9o de ,sahagun1 publi%$ by ,c>los ,m>a de ,bu/amante1 #d vols41 ,mexico1 #ahbi4 ,also publi%$ by ,"l ,k+sbor\gh4 ,! quotations are f ! ,bu/amante edition1 tomo ,,iii1 lib4 ,,ii1 cap4 ,,vii1 p4 #bhd1 & cap4 ,,viii1 pp4 #bif-big4 #ca ,on ?is subject consult ! pap] by ,dr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,mey]1 ,die ,nephritfrage1 e9 e?nologis*es ,problem1 ,b]l91 #ahhc1 ( :i* an ab/ract 78,! ,nephrite ,"q07 0 publi%$ 9 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,o4 ,s41 vol4 ,i1 no4 #c1 ,wa%+ton1 ,july1 #ahhh4 #cb ,saville1 ,a ,votive ,adze ( ,jadeite f ,mexico1 ,monum5tal ,records1 ,new ,york1 ,may1 #aijj4 #cc ,sahagun1 op4 cit41 tomo ,,iii1 lib4 #aj1 cap4 ,,xxix1 p4 #ajg4 #cd ,ibid41 cap4 vii1 p4 #ai4 #ce ,! pictorial "p ( ! section ( ! great "w ( ,sahagun 9 ,flor5ce 0 reproduc$ 9 facsimile by ! late ,mexican s*ol>1 ,sr4 ,d4 ,francisco del ,paso y ,troncoso1 = ! ,mexican gov]nm5t4 ,only rec5tly has ! "w be5 receiv$ 9 ,mexico1 & we are "u ! greate/ obligations to ,sr4 ,d4 ,luis ,ca/illo ,l$on1 ,director ( ! ,museo ,nacional1 ,mexico1 = a copy :i* we h rec5tly receiv$1 & :i* has be5 ( su* great assi/ance 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is /udy ( ,mexican mosaics4 ,x is an ,atlas1 d5om9at$ ,vol4 ,v1 ( #aeh e/ampas 7plates74 ,! plates relat+ to arts & crafts are to illu/rate ,libro ,,ix1 & include pl4 lv to lxxvi4 #cf ,we ref] ! /ud5t to ! edition ( ,"l ,k+sbor\gh1 vol4 ,i4 #cg ,! ,mappe ,tlotz9 once =m$ a "p ( ! ,botur9i collection2 x 0 aft]w>d acquir$ by ,aub91 lat] by ,g\pil1 & is n[ 9 ! ,national ,libr>y 9 ,p>is4 ,x has be5 publi%$ 9 colors 7pl4 i-iii7 9 ,mmoires sur la ,pe9ture ,didactique et l'criture ,figurative des ,anci5s ,mxica9s1 p> ,j4 ,m4 ,a4 ,aub91 ) an introduction by ,e4 ,t4 ,hamy1 ,p>is1 #ahhe4 ,! pictures ref]r$ to are on pl4 ii4 #ch ,edu>d ,sel]1 ,l',orfv]ie des ,anci5s ,mexica9s et leur ,art de ,travaill] la ,pi]re et de ,faire des ,ornem5ts en ,plumes1 ,compte r5du de la ,,viii ,session du ,congrs ,int]national des ,amricani/es1 ,p>is1 pp4 #dja-deb4 ,! *apt] on ! art ( ! lapid>ies is on pp4 #dah-dbe4 ,! article1 ) slight *anges 9 ! ,fr5* translation ( ! ,nahuatl text1 & "s revision1 is includ$ 9 ,sel]'s ,gesammelte ,abh&lung5 zur ,am]ikanis*5 ,spra*- und ,alt]?umskunde1 ,zweit] ,b&1 pp4 #fbj-ffc1 ,b]l91 #aijd4 ,! section on ! lapid>ies' art is on pp4 #fce-fdj4 #ci ,sahagun1 op4 cit41 tomo ,,ii1 lib4 #i1 cap4 ,,xvii1 pp4 #chi-cia4 #dj ,! goddess is figur$ 9 ! num]\s examples ( ! tonalamatl 9 ! v>i\s codices1 ( :i* facsimiles are to be f\nd 9 all important libr>ies4 #da ,! ,tonalamatl ( ! ,aub9 ,collection4 ,an ,old ,mexican ,picture ,manuscript 9 ! ,p>is ,national ,libr>y4 ,publi%$ at ! ,exp5se ( 8 ,excell5cy ! ,duke ( ,l\bat4 ,) ,introduction & ,explanatory ,text by ,dr4 ,edu>d ,sel]4 ,b]l9 & ,london1 #aijj-aija1 p4 #aae4 #db ,! ,codex ,borbonicus is 9 ! ,national ,libr>y1 ,p>is4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 exact facsimile1 ) an introduction by ,dr4 ,e4 ,t4 ,hamy1 ,p>is1 #ahii4 ,! sc5e ref]r$ to is on p4 #ah ( ! ,p>is reproduction4 #dc ,! important ,codex ,tell]iano ,rem5sis 0 publi%$ 9 facsimile1 ) an introduction by ,e4 ,t4 ,hamy1 by ! ,duke ( ,l\bat1 ,p>is1 #ahii4 ,! illu/ration ref]r$ to is on p4 #bb v]so1 ( ! plates4 #dd ,sel]1 op4 cit4 7,note #da71 p4 #aah4 #de ,k+sbor\gh1 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #abi4 #df ,sahagun1 see reproduction ( ,troncoso1 e/ampa x1 fig4 #cd4 #dg ,codex ,borbonicus1 p4 #ah4 #dh ,tonalamatl ,aub91 op4 cit41 pl4 #ah4 #di ,sel]1 op4 cit41 pp4 #aad-aah4 #ej ,?is quotation is f ! ,libro de ,oro y ,tesoro ,indico1 a preci\s manuscript 9 ! libr>y ( ! late ,joaqun ,g>ca ,icazbalceta4 ,icazbalceta writes z foll[s ab\t ! au?or3 8,we d n "k :o 0 ,fr4 ,&rs de ,alcobiz1 :o 9 ! ye> #aedc collect$ 9 ,spa9 ^! laws ( ! ,mexicans4 ,x is publi%$ 9 ,nueva ,coleccin de ,docum5tos p>a la ,hi/oria de ,mxico1 tomo ,,iii1 p4 #cac1 ,mexico1 #ahia4 #ea ,saville1 ,goldsmi?'s ,art 9 ,anci5t ,mexico1 p4 #aai4 #eb ,anonym\s ,conqu]or1 translat$ by ,m>%all ,h4 ,saville1 publication ( ! ,cortes ,society1 no4 ,i1 pp4 #fe-fg1 ,new ,york1 #aiag4 #ec ,obras ,hi/ricas de ,don ,f]n&o de ,alva ,ixtlilxo*itl1 tomo ,i1 ,hi/oria ,*i*imeca1 cap4 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #ahj1 publi%$ 9 ,mexico 9 #ahib "u ! editor%ip ( ,dr4 ,alfr$o ,*av]o4 #ed ,we ref] "h to ! labors ( ,mexican ar*eologi/s begun by ,leopoldo ,batres1 & cont9u$ by ,dr4 ,manuel ,gamio4 ,an elaborate "w1 edit$ by ,gamio1 treat+ ( ! exploration ( ?is region1 has j be5 pr9t$ 9 ,mexico4 #ee ,sahagun1 op4 cit41 tomo ,,iii1 lib4 #aj1 cap4 ,,xxix1 p4 #ajg4 #ef ,ibid41 tomo ,i1 lib4 #c1 cap4 ,,xii1 p4 #bee4 #eg ,saville1 ,! ,cruci=m ,/ructures ( ,mitla & ,vic9ity1 ,putnam ,anniv]s>y ,volume1 p4 #ahg1 ,new ,york1 #aiji4 #eh ,relacin de ,&rs de ,tapia1 publi%$ = ! fir/ "t by ,icazbalceta 9 ,coleccin de ,docum5tos p>a la ,hi/oria de ,mxico1 tomo ,,ii1 pp4 #ehb-ehc1 ,mexico1 #ahff4 #ei ,! ,relacin de ,texcoco 0 writt5 by ,juan ,bauti/a ,pom>1 a me/izo1 & a gr&son ( ! ,texcocan k+ ,nezahualpitz9tli on 8 "m's side4 ,x 0 compos$ = ,philip ,,ii1 & belongs to ! class ( ,relations l ^? ( ,yucatan1 etc4 ,x 0 fir/ publi%$ by ,icazbalceta 9 8 ,nueva ,coleccin de ,docum5tos p>a la ,hi/oria de ,mxico1 tomo ,,ii4 ,! quotation is f p4 #aj4 #fj ,b]nal ,daz1 op4 cit41 vol4 ,,ii1 book ,,vi1 *ap4 xcii1 p4 #gd4 #fa ,ibid41 *ap4 ,,civ1 p4 #ach4 #fb ,tezozomoc1 op4 cit41 cap4 ,,lxxxvi1 p4 #eib4 #fc ,ibid41 cap4 ,,lxxxvii1 p4 #eic4 #fd ,sahagun1 op4 cit41 tomo ,i1 lib4 ,i1 cap4 ,,xiii1 p4 #ah4 #fe ,pom>1 op4 cit41 pp4 #h-i4 #ff ,sel]1 ,altmexikanis*e ,/udi51 ,e9 ,kapitel aus dem ,ges*i*tsw]k des ,p4 ,sahagun4 ,sond]abzug d] ,v]ff5tli*ung5 aus dem ,knigli*5 ,museum fr ,vlk]kunde1 ,i1 #d1 p4 #abc1 ,b]l91 #ahij4 #fg ,anonym\s ,conqu]or1 op4 cit41 p4 #bb4 #fh ,sahagun1 op4 cit41 tomo ,,iii1 lib4 #h1 cap4 ,,ix1 p4 #bhi4 #fi ,antonio ,peafiel1 ,indum5t>ia ,antigua ,ve/idos ,gu]r]os y ,civiles de los ,mexicanos1 pl4 #adi1 ,mexico1 #aijc4 #gj ,! ,codex ,coxcatz9 has be5 publi%$ 9 "p by ,eugne ,boban 9 ,docum5ts p\r ,s]vir l',hi/oire du ,mxique1 ,atlas1 pl4 #da-de1 ,p>is1 #ahia4 #ga ,tezozomoc1 op4 cit41 cap4 ,,lxi1 p4 #dfi2 cap4 ,,lxix1 pp4 #ejf-ejg4 #gb ,diego ,duran1 ,hi/oria de las ,indias de ,nueva-,espaa y ,islas de ,ti]ra ,firme1 tomo ,i1 cap4 ,,li1 p4 #djg1 ,mexico1 #ahfg4 #gc ,tezozomoc1 op4 cit41 cap4 ,,ci1 p4 #fei4 #gd ,anonym\s ,conqu]or1 op4 cit41 p4 #bb4 #ge ,?omas ,unett ,brocklehur/1 ,mexico ,to-day1 pl4 ,,xxxiv1 ,london1 #ahhc4 #gf ,see ,saville1 ,exploration ( ,zapotecan ,tombs 9 ,s\!rn ,mexico1 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,n4 ,s41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cej-cfb1 ,april1 #ahii2 & ,fun]al ,urns f ,oaxaca1 ,am]ican ,museum ,j\rnal1 vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #di-fi1 ,new ,york1 #aijd4 #gg ,saville1 ,goldsmi?'s ,art 9 ,anci5t ,mexico1 pp4 #aea-afc1 pl4 i1 viii4 #gh ,manuel ,gamio1 ,los ,monum5tos ,arqueolgicos de las ,inm$iaciones de ,*al*ihuites1 ,zacatecas1 sobretiro del tomo ,,ii de los ,anales del ,museo ,nacional de ,arqueologa1 ,hi/oria y ,etnologa1 pp4 #dfg-dib1 #e plans1 #h pl41 ,mexico1 #aiaj4 ,?is is ! fir/ piece ( "w by ,gamio1 & pres5ts ! results ( ! fir/ important ar*eological exploration und]tak5 9 ?is "p ( ,mexico4 #gi ,we h j receiv$ ! fir/ numb] 7,jan4-,feb41 #aibb7 ( tomo ,i1 poca #d1 ( ! ,anales del ,museo ,nacional de ,arqueologa1 ,hi/oria y ,etnografa ( ,mexico1 :i* h long be5 int]rupt$4 ,9 x is ann\nc$ ! =?com+ appe>ance ( a pap] relat+ to ?is subject1 8,msc>a con ,mosaicos de ,turquesas4--,dictm5es ,p]iciales40 ,x is to be hop$ t ! au!nticity ( ?is object w be cle>$ ( all suspicion by ! propos$ /udy4 #hj ,on ?is subject consult ,saville1 ,precolumbian ,decoration ( ! ,tee? 9 ,ecuador1 etc41 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,n4 ,s41 vol4 #ae1 #aiac2 repr9t$ z ,contributions f ! ,heye ,museum1 vol4 ,i1 no4 #b1 #aiac4 #ha ,david ,cas>es1 ,a ,notice ( ,yucatan ) ,"s ,rem>ks on its ,wat] ,supply1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian ,society1 pp4 #bjg-bcj1 ,oct41 #aije4 #hb ,diego de ,l&a1 ,hi/oria de las ,cosas de ,yucatan1 edition ( ,juan de ,dios de la ,rada y ,delgado1 p4 #hd1 ,madrid1 #ahha4 #hc ,cas>es1 op4 cit41 p4 #bbf4 #hd ,william ,h4 ,holmes1 ,ar*eological ,/udies among ! ,anci5t ,cities ( ,mexico1 ,an?ropological ,s]ies1 ,field ,columbian ,museum1 vol4 ,i1 no4 #a1 ,*icago1 #ahie4 ,"p ,i1 ,monum5ts ( ,yucatan1 ,section on ,*i*5 ,itza1 p4 #acg4 #he ,sel]1 ,codex ,vaticanus ,no4 #cggc4 ,elucidation publi%$ at ! exp5se ( ! ,duke ( ,l\bat1 ,b]l9 & ,london1 #aijb-aijc4 ,9 ?is /udy ,sel] treats at l5g? ( ! ,god ,xipe ,totec4 #hf ,sahagun1 op4 cit41 tomo ,i1 lib4 ,i1 cap4 ,,xviii1 p4 #bh4 #hg ,! two mosaic masks on ! sculptur$ wall at ,*i*5 ,itza are tak5 f ! draw+s on pl4 #df & #dg ( ! great "w ( ,alfr$ ,p4 ,maudslay publi%$ z "p ( ,biologia ,c5trali-,am]icana3 or ,contributions to ! ,k ( ! ,fauna & ,flora ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 edit$ by ,f4 ,ducane ,godman & ,osb]t ,salv94 ,ar*ology1 vol4 ,,iii 7,plates74 ,london1 #ahie-aijb4 ,! cr[ns are f pl4 #ch1 #di-ei4 ,! cr[n ) ! fea!rs is f ! doorway column ( ,temple ,a1 ( ! ,ball ,c\rt4 #hh ,! fir/ ext5d$ /udy ( ,mexican turquois mosaics1 bas$ especially on "s ( ! specim5s n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 0 made by ,e4 ,t4 ,/ev5s & publi%$ 9 8 ,fl9t ,*ips1 pp4 #cbd-cbh1 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,read's pap] did n appe> until #ahie4 #hi ,see ,maudslay's edition ( ,b]nal ,daz1 op4 cit41 vol4 ,i1 app41 pp4 #bii-cjb4 ,maudslay gives photographs ( ! two wood5 masks 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* he calls 8,masks ( ,quetzalcoatl10 & ( ! skull mask :i* he d5om9ates 8,mask ( ,tezcatlipoca40 #ij ,see ,li/ ( ,works foll[+4 #ia ,see translation 9 ,saville1 ,goldsmi?'s ,art 9 ,anci5t ,mexico1 pp4 #abf-abg4 #ib ,see ,li/ ( ,works foll[+4 #ic ,see ,li/ ( ,works foll[+4 ,our illu/ration is a photograph ( ! color$ li?ographic plate ( ,uhle4 #id ,zelia ,nuttall1 ,on ,anci5t ,mexican ,%ields1 ,sep>at-,abdruck aus ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie1 ,bd4 ,v1 #ba pp41 ,leid51 #ahib4 #ie ,read1 9 8 /udy1 gives only a draw+ ( ?is %ield4 ,our illu/ration1 a direct photograph1 does n %[ ! designs s cle>ly z ! draw+4 #if ,our illu/ration is a copy ( ! photograph publi%$ by ,heg]4 ,see ,li/ ( ,works foll[+4 #ig ,sel]1 ,codex ,fejrvry1 ,an ,old ,mexican ,picture ,manuscript 9 ! ,liv]pool ,free ,public ,museum1 publi%$ at ! ,exp5se ( ,8 ,excell5cy ! ,duke ( ,l\bat1 p4 #baj1 ,b]l9 & ,london1 #aija-aijb4 #ih ,! ,codex ,nuttall or ,z\*e 0 publi%$ by ! ,peabody ,museum1 ,cambridge1 9 #ahib4 ,! orig9al is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #ii ,on ?is subject consult ! elucidations ( ,mexican codices by ,sel]1 publi%$ at ! exp5se ( ! ,duke ( ,l\bat4 ,also1 ,mexican & ,c5tral ,am]ican ,antiquities1 ,cal5d> ,sy/ems1 & ,hi/ory1 be+ translations f ! ,g]man ( pap]s by ,sel]1 ,fr/emann1 & o!rs1 publi%$ z ,bullet9 #bh1 ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 ,wa%+ton1 #aijd4 ,! /udies ( ,c4 ,p4 ,b[dit* w be f\nd 9 8 ,num]ation1 ,cal5d> ,sy/ems & ,a/ronomical ,k ( ! ,mayas1 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 #aiaj4 #ajj ,h]mann ,bey]1 ,el llamado 8,cal5d>io ,azteca10 ,mexico1 #aiba1 an important /udy ( int]pretation ( ! cal5d> /one ( ! ,aztecs4 #aja ,?is specim5 0 fir/ illu/rat$ by ,lehmann 9 8 pap]1 ,die altmexikanis*5 ,mosaik5 des ,e?nographis*5 ,museums 9 ,kop5hag51 ,globus1 #aijg4 ,our illu/ration is a draw+ f ! photograph reproduc$ 9 ?is /udy4 #ajb ,see ,note #aja4 #ajc ,see ,heg]1 #ahib1 9 ,li/ ( ,works4 #ajd ,our draw+ is f ! photograph publi%$ by ,lehmann 9 8 pap] 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,fifte5? ,int]national ,congress ( ,am]icani/s1 ,quebec1 #aijg4 #aje ,our draw+ ( ?is specim5 is made f ! illu/ration publi%$ by ,oppel4 ,see ,li/ ( ,works1 #ahif4 #ajf ,illu/rations ( ?is piece h j be5 publi%$ = ! fir/ "t by ,lehmann 9 8 ,altmexikanis*e ,kun/ges*i*te3 ,e9 ,entwurf 9 ,umriss51 ,b]l91 #aibb7874 #ajg ,see ,sel]'s rem>ks to ,heg]'s pap]1 ,li/ ( ,works1 #ahij4 #ajh ,consult ,sel]1 ,altmexikanis*e ,kno*5rasseln1 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung51 ,zweit] ,b&1 pp4 #fgb-fid1 ,b]l91 #aijd2 also ,lumholtz1 ,unkn[n ,mexico1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #dbh-dcj1 ,new ,york1 #aijb4 #aji ,z ,col9i's pap] is n easily consult$1 we app5d 8 description ( ^! ?ree ,mexican wood5 objects3 8,l'idolo1 a guisa di figura umana1 alto m4o4 #de #ag in*es high4 ,la te/a molto gr&e1 s5za alcuna proporzione con le altre p>ti del corpo ed sormontana da un ornam5to4 ,la faccia cons]va ancora traccie del rosso con cui era colorita1 il naso piccolo ma l>go e s*iacciato1 gli oc*i sono incavature ovali ed hanno sotto tre incisioni circol>i1 come se si foss]o volute rappres5t>e le oc*iaje di p]sona vec*ia o malata4 ,an*e vic9o agli angoli della bocca1 poco sopra1 sono incise due l9ee oblique1 riempite di bianco1 quasi a guisa di rughe4 ,ti5e le braccia sollevate con le mani sull'ornam5to della te/a1 ma le altre p>ti del corpo non sono affatto di/9te4 ,posa sopra una base decorata con incisioni colorite 9 bianco1 di cui manca p] una p>te1 cosic* non possibile compr5d]e pi5am5te la sua =ma primitiva1 la quale sembra *e fosse rettangol>e4 ,9 ogni modo era troppo sottile p] so/5]e l'idolo1 e p]ci dobbiamo cr$]e *e facesse p>te di un app>ec*io pi complicato4 8,delle mas*]e l'una 7,v4 ,tav4 9 f9e1 fig4 #b7 nel tipo e nell'espressione somiglia a quella incro/a di mosaico1 descritta da ,ulisse ,aldrov&i la quale oggi si cons]va nel ,museo ,etnografico ,nazionale di ,roma #f in*es high4 ,il naso lungo1 sottile ed arcuato2 ma non ess5do incavato nell'int]no1 la mas*]a non potrebbe adatt>si faccia4 ,gli oc*i consi/ono 9 rozze ap]ture ovali1 sotto le quali1 a breve di/anza1 sono incisi due pr(ondi sol*i1 a guisa di semic]*i1 come nell'idolo4 ,intorno la fronte1 sopra la radice del naso1 corre una l>ga fascia 9 rilievo4 ,fra le labbra inf]iore allungate1 esce la l+ua1 *e si ripiega sul m5to3 della p>te inf]iore non possibile =m>si un concetto p]* /ata tagliata4 ,cons]va qua e l le traccie della t9ta rossa1 ma sono m5o evid5ti *e nell'idoli4 ,sulla fascia della fronte1 nella l+ua e sul naso possono ancora not>si delle l9ee incise1 riempite di mat]ia bianca4 8,l'altra mas*]a 7tav41 fig4 ,i7 lavorata con maggiore cura #g in*es high3 ha la faccia simmetrica nelle v>ie p>ti e proporzionata4 ,le labbra sono piccole1 ma1 quello inf]iore ess5do rotto1 non possibile indov9>ne la =ma4 ,ha il naso arcuato1 e l>go alla base1 ed int]nam5te incavato 9 modo *e la mas*]a potrebbe adatt>si alla faccia1 e siccome la bocca1 le n>ici e gli oc*i sono =ati1 cosi il portatore potrebbe b5issimo v$]e1 respir>e e p>l>e4 ,nella p>te inf]iore delle oc*iaje1 agli angoli1 si notano due piccole incavature ad arco1 la cui =ma f>ebbe supporre *e vi foss]o adattati pezzi di madrep]la a guisa di oc*i1 come 9 quelle del ,museo ,*ri/y4 ,9 g5]ale i l9eam5te mo/rano quella espressione placida e contemplativa1 *e1 secondo il ,tylor1 e c>att]i/ica dei lavori azte*i e degli egiziani1 tanto se si rigu>dano le massiccie sculture 9 pietra1 quanto le piccole te/e di t]racotta4 ,amb$ue que/e mas*]e1 nella p>te sup]iore corrispond5te alla fronte1 hanno =i nei quali =se s'immettevano cordonc9i p] sosp5d]le3 la prima ne ha due gr&i agli angoli1 l'altra quattro pi piccoli intorno40 7,see note "u ,li/ ( ,works1 #ahhe47 #aaj ,d4 ,i4 ,bu%nell1 ,jr41 ,two ,anci5t ,mexican ,atlatls1 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,n4 ,s41 vol4 #g1 no4 #b1 #aije2 also ,nor? ,am]ican ,e?nographical ,mat]ial 9 ,italian ,collections1 ibid41 vol4 #h1 #aijf4 #aaa ,see ,note #id4 #aab ,fr4 ,toribio ,motol9ia1 ,hi/oria de los ,indios de ,nueva ,espaa1 ,tratado ,t]c]o1 cap4 ,,xx1 pp4 #bdg-bdi1 edition publi%$ by ,icazbalceta1 ,coleccin de ,docum5tos p>a la ,hi/oria de ,mxico1 tomo #a1 ,mexico1 #aheh4 #aac ,consult ,fr$]ick ,/>r1 ,! ,little ,pott]y ,objects ( ,lake ,*apala1 ,mexico1 ,bullet9 ,,ii1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,an?ropology1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 ,*icago1 #ahig4 #aad ,an important summ>y ( ^! discov]ies has rec5tly be5 publi%$ by ,gamio2 see ,las ,excavaciones del ,p$regal de ,san ,angel y la ,cultura ,arcaica del ,valle de ,mexico1 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,n4 ,s41 vol4 #bb1 no4 #b1 #aibj4 ,also ! pap] ( ,h]mann ,bey]1 ,sobre ,antigedades del ,p$regal de ,san ,angel1 ,memorias de la ,soci$ad ,ci5tfica 8,antonio ,alzate0 de ,mxico1 tomo #cg1 nm4 #h1 ,oct41 #aiag2 & ,ramon ,m5a1 ,el ,hombre de 8,el ,p$regal0 de ,san ,angel1 ,escuela ,naciona1 ,prep>atoria ,curso de #aiah4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,works ,,describ+ ,,mexican ,,mosaics #afdh ,,aldrovanus1 ,,ulysses4 ,musum metallicum4 ,bologna4 ,9 ?is "w are a brief description 7p4 #eej7 & illu/rations ( two ( ! specim5s n[ 9 ! ,museum 9 ,rome1 namely1 "o ( ! knife h&les 7our pl4 ,,xxxix71 & ! mask 7our pl4 ,,viii74 ,?is book is vol4 ,,xiii ( ! f\rte5 volumes ( ! ,op]a ,omnia ( ,aldrovanus1 issu$ 9 #afjb-affh4 #ahfa ,,tylor1 ,e4 ,b4 ,anahuac3 or ,mexico & ! ,mexicans1 anci5t & mod]n4 ,london4 ,see pp4 #aaj1 #bce1 #ccg-cci1 ,i fig4 ,dr4 ,tylor illu/rates ! knife ) h&le 9 ! figure on p4 #aja4 ,9 ! app5dix 7pp4 #ccg-cci71 article ,v is a 8,description ( ?ree v r>e specim5s ( anci5t ,mexican mosaic "w 79 ! collection ( ,h5ry ,*ri/y1 ,esq4740 ,^! objects are n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #ahff ,,brasseur ,,de ,,b\rb\rg1 ,e41 & ,,waldeck1 ,f4 ,pal5que et autres ru9es de l'anci5ne civilisation du ,mexique4 ,collection de vues1 bas-reliefs1 morceaux d'ar*itecture1 c\pes1 vases1 t]re cuites1 c>tes et plans1 dess9s d'aprs nature et relevs p> ,m4 de ,waldeck4 ,texte rdig p> ,m4 ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg4444 ,ouvrage publi s\s les auspices de ,s4 ,e4 ,m4 le ,m9i/re de l'in/ruction publique4 ,p>is4 ,ar?ur ,b]tr&1 ,editeur4 ,plates4 ,monum5ts anci5s du ,mexique4 ,describes 7p4 ,,viii7 & illu/rates 9 color 7pl4 ,,xliii1 ,,xliv7 ! mosaic-h&l$ knife & mosaic skull mask =m]ly 9 ! ,h]tz collection1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #ahfg ,l,,ouzon ,,le ,,duc1 ,l4 ,rapport sur les antiquits mexica9es cons]ves ,cop5hague4 ,ar*ives de la ,commission ,sci5tifique du ,mexique1 ,tome ,,iii4 ,p>is4 ,two ,mexican mosaics 9 ! ,cop5hag5 ,museum are describ$ 7tome ,,iii1 pp4 #aeg-aeh71 z foll[s3 8,voici ma9t5ant trois pices qui1 mon avis1 mrit5t une att5tion t\te p>ticulire4 8,d'abord1 une tte d'alligator1 de #ai c5timtres de longueur4 ,cette tte e/ sculpte en bois et creuse p> d]rire4 ,la gueule de l'alligator e/ l>gem5t ouv]te et ses m*oires encadr5t une tte huma9e fixe au fond du palais4 8,ensuite1 une tte d'idole1 galem5t sculpte en bois et vide intrieurem5t1 avec une coiffure trs-leve et vase au sommet1 d'une hauteur totale1 y compris la tte1 de #bd c5timtres4 ,la b\*e de l'idole e/ va/e1 ses lvres =tem5t t5dues dc\vr5t une d\ble range de longues d5ts2 ses oreilles sont ornes de p5delogues4 8,ces deux pices (fr5t cette s+ul>it rem>quable qu'elles sont g>nies en p>tie1 et ont d l'avoir t en enti]1 de petits fragm5ts d'os la plup>t quadrangulaires1 blanc ou te9ts en v]t1 en r\ge et en noir1 fixs sur le bois l'aide d'une espce de rs9e1 ce qui leur donne l'aspect d'une mosaque4 ,=t endommages1 elles n'ont gure cons]v d'intacts que les yeux1 dont les prunelles sont =mes d'os blancs1 noirs et r\ges1 et ent\res d'un cordon d'os v]ts4 ,l'tat du bois qui les compose suffrirait lui seul p\r tablir leur haute antiquit1 si dj leur c>actre symbolique ne la r5dait vid5te4 ,l'une et l'autre out t a*etes ,rome1 o l'on suppose qu'elles avai5t t apportes de ,mexico p> un missionnaire40 #ahfi ,,squi]1 ,e4 ,g4 ,obs]vations on a collection ( *al*ihuitls f ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,annals ( ! ,new ,york ,lyceum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 vol4 ,,ix1 ,augu/1 article ,,xiv1 pp4 #beb-bec1 fig4 ,i4 ,! mosaic skull 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is illu/rat$1 aft] ,waldeck4 #ahgj ,,/ev5s1 ,,edw>d ,t4 ,fl9t *ips4 ,a guide to prehi/oric ar*ology1 z illu/rat$ by ! collection 9 ! ,blackmore ,museum1 ,salisbury4 ,london4 ,aztec mosaic "w1 pp4 #cbd-cbh4 ,describes specim5s 9 ! ,*ri/y collection4 #ahhj ,,/e9hau]1 ,c4 ,l4 ,das ,knigli*e ,e?nographis*e ,museum zu ,cop5hag54 ,h&-catalog fr die ,besu*5d54 ,cop5hag54 ,describes 7p4 #ai7 ! two mosaics 9 ! ,cop5hag5 ,museum4 ,9 ! #ahff edition ! description is on p4 #bb4 #ahhc ,,brocklehur/1 ,,?omas ,,unett4 ,mexico to-day3 a c\ntry ) a great future1 & a glance at ! prehi/oric rema9s & antiquities ( ! ,montezumas4 ,london4 ,describes 7p4 #ahd7 & reproduces 9 colors 7pl4 ,,xxxiii7 ! human-skull mask 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,pl4 ,,xxxiv illu/rates ! goddess ,coatlicue1 %[+ ! turquois-mosaic 9 colors--! specim5 to :i* ,peafiel ref]s1 vide #aijc4 ,see our pl4 ,,ii4 #ahhe ,,col9i1 ,g4 ,a4 ,collezioni etnografi*e del ,museo ,borgiano4 ,bollett9o della ,societ ,geografica ,italiana1 ,roma1 ,anno ,,xix1 vol4 ,,xxii2 s]ie ,,ii1 vol4 ,x1 pp4 #caf-cbe1 #iad-icb4 ,9 ?is article ,col9i 7pp4 #cbd-cbe7 describes two masks & an idol 9 ! ,museo ,borgiano 9 ,rome4 ,reg>d+ ^! specim5s he quotes f ,vit ,synopsis ,/ephani ,borgi1 ,s4 ,r4 ,e4 ,c>d9alis amplissimi1 ,s4 ,congr4 de ,propag&a ,fide ,prfecti1 ,roma1 #ahje1 p4 #dd1 8,classis mexicana3 multa lignea et te/acea idolorum simulacra =ma et figura s+ul>i1 ac g5te mexican propia40 ,he describes ! idol z be+ made ( wood 9 ! =m ( a human figure1 #de cm4 high4 ,! two masks ( wood are describ$1 & figur$ on ! plate conta9+ draw+s ( o!r ,am]ican antiquities4 ,x is highly probable t ^! ?ree objects 7 =m]ly decorat$ ) mosaic4 ,,pigor9i1 ,,luigi4 ,gli anti*i oggetti ,messicani incro/ati di mosaico esi/5ti nel ,museo ,prei/orico ed ,e?nografico di ,roma4 ,reale ,accademia dei ,l9cei1 ,anno ,,cclxxxii1 #ahhd-ahhe4 #i pp41 ,i pl4 ) #e color$ figs4 ,,ba/ian1 ,a4 ,zwei altmexikanis*e ,mosaik54 ,v]h&lung5 d] ,b]l9] ,gesells*aft fr ,an?ropologie1 p4 #bja4 #ahhh ,,ba/ian1 ,a41 & ,,uhle1 ,,max4 ,s*delmaske von ,mexico und ,analogi5 aus d] ,sdsee4 ,v]ff5tli*ung5 aus dem ,knigli*5 ,museum fr ,vlk]kunde1 ,h]ausgegeb5 von d] ,v]waltung1 ,b]l91 ,oct4 ,a description 7pp4 #b-c7 & color$ illu/ration 7,t4 ,i41 ,i7 ( ! mosaic-skull mask 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum4 ,,&ree1 ,,ri*>d4 ,die altmexikanis*5 ,mosaik54 ,beitrage zur ,e?nographie von ,am]ika aus dem ,int]national5 ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie4 ,leid54 ,brief notice 7p4 #h7 ( ! specim5 9 ,go?a4 #ahhi ,,&ree1 ,,ri*>d4 ,e?nographis*e ,p>allel5 und ,v]glei*e4 ,neue ,folge4 ,leipzig4 ,description 7pp4 #abg-acj7 ( ! mosaic specim5 9 ,go?a4 #ahij ,,pe,,afiel1 ,,antonio4 ,monum5tos del arte ,mexicano antiguo4 ,b]l94 ,description 7,text1 p4 #bc7 & illu/ration 9 colors 7,atlas1 pl4 #abc7 ( ! knife ) mosaic h&le 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,,&ree1 ,,ri*>d4 ,sur une anci5ne mosaique mexica9e4 ,congrs ,int]national des ,amricani/es1 ,compte-r5du de la septime session1 ,b]l91 #ahhh4 ,b]l94 ,describes ! ,go?a specim5 7pp4 #adf-adh74 ,,heg]1 ,,franz4 ,sur quelques objets ar*ologiques du ,mexique et de l',amrique du ,sud4 ,congrs ,int]national des ,amricani/es1 ,compte-r5du de la septime session1 ,b]l91 #ahhh1 pp4 #ic-ig4 ,! au?or describes 7p4 #id7 "o ( ! mosaic pieces 9 ! ,vi5na ,museum4 ,9 ! discussion ( ?is pap]1 ,sel] 7p4 #ajd7 id5tifies ! animal-l figure z repres5t+ ! god ,xolotl4 #ahib ,,pi ,y ,,m>gil1 ,,francisco4 ,hi/oria de la ,amrica antecolombiana4 ,tomo prim]o1 segunda p>te4 ,b>celona4 ,two color$ illu/rations 7opposite p4 #abad7 ( ! mosaic-h&l$ knife 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,,heg]1 ,,franz4 ,altmexikanis*e ,reliqui5 aus dem ,s*losse ,ambras 9 ,tirol4 ,annal5 des ,k4 ,k4 ,naturhi/oris*5 ,h(museums1 ,b4 ,,vii1 ,heft #d1 pp4 #caj-djj1 pl4 ,,xviii1 ,,xxii4 ,vi5na4 ,9 ?is pap] ,dr4 ,heg] describes & illu/rates ! %ield & animal head 7?ree views7 ( turquois mosaic 9 ! ,vi5na ,museum4 #ahie ,,read1 ,,*>les ,,h]cules4 ,on an anci5t ,mexican head-piece coat$ ) mosaic4 ,ar*ologia1 vol4 ,,liv1 #af pp41 pl4 ,,xxviii1 fig4 #a-f1 ,london4 ,gives 9 colors & describes = ! fir/ "t ! mosaic head-piece1 & illu/rates all b "o ( ! eight o!r pieces1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #ahif ,,oppel1 ,a4 ,die altmexikanis*5 ,mosaik54 ,globus1 ,bd4 ,,lxx1 ,nr4 #a 7,june71 pp4 #d-ab1 #ae fig41 ,brauns*weig4 ,figures sev5 mosaic pieces 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 five pieces 9 ,rome1 "o piece 9 ,b]l91 a piece 9 ,go?a1 & a section ( ! %ield 9 ,vi5na4 #aijc ,,pe,,afiel1 ,,antonio4 ,indum5t>ia ,antigua ,mexicana4 ,ve/idos ,gu]r]os y ,civiles de los ,mexicanos4 ,mexico4 ,dr4 ,peafiel1 9 *apt] ,,xxiii1 "u ! head+ 8,incru/aciones de ,mosaico10 describes "s ( ! mosaic pieces 9 ,europe :i* he /ates are ! mo/ important specim5s4 8,( ?is class ( works ! ,museo ,nacional 7,mexico7 c c\nt z hav+ only "o1 9 ! /atue ( ,coatlicue com+ f ,tehuacan40 ,on pl4 #bf are giv5 ! ,briti% ,museum knife1 & ! two knife-h&les 9 ,rome2 on pl4 #aag "o ( ! masks 9 ,rome2 on pl4 #aah7;,a7 ! skull mask 9 ,b]l91 & 7,b7 ! mask 9 ,rome2 pl4 #abc is ! femur musical in/rum5t 9 ,rome2 & pl4 #afh re/orations ( ! knife-h&le specim5s ) blades1 9 ,rome4 ,^! illu/rations are all 9 colors1 except+ ! la/4 #aijf ,,bu%nell1 ,,david ,i41 ,jr4 ,nor? ,am]ican e?nographical mat]ial 9 ,italian museums4 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,n4 ,s41 vol4 ,,viii1 ,lanca/]1 ,pa4 ,on pp4 #bde-bdf ! au?or briefly describes ! five mosaic pieces 9 ,rome1 & reg>d+ "o ( ! masks 7our pl4 ,,vii1 a7 quotes f ! inv5tory ( ! ,gu>d>oba ,m$icea1 #aeec1 %[+ ! specim5 to h be5 9 ! ,m$ici collection4 ,,lehmann1 ,,walt]4 ,altmexikanis*e ,mosaik5 und die ,ges*5ke ,knig ,motecuzomas und ,corts4 ,globus1 ,bd4 ,,xv1 ,nr4 #bj1 pp4 #cah-cbb1 ,brauns*weig1 #bi ,nov4 ,9 ?is /udy ,lehmann enum]ates ! tw5ty-?ree ,mexican mosaic pieces 9 ,european museums & gives consid]able docum5t>y mat]ial f ! e>ly *ronicl]s4 #aijg ,,kunz1 ,,george ,,fr$]ick4 ,gems & preci\s /ones ( ,mexico4 ,mexico4 ,on pp4 #g-aj1 ,dr4 ,kunz discusses turquois & describes "s ( ! turquois mosaic specim5s 9 ,european museums4 ,on p4 #eb he concludes t 8x mu/ be consid]$ z possible1 at lea/1 t o!r localities conta9+ turquois 7 once kn[n1 & may be h]eaft] re-discov]$40 ,,lehmann1 ,,walt]4 ,altmexikanis*e ,mosaik5 9 ,kgl4 ,museum fr ,vlk]kunde zu ,b]l94 ,congrs ,int]national des ,amricani/es1 ,,xv ,session1 t5ue ,quebec en #aijf1 tome ,,ii1 pp4 #cci-cdi1 #d fig41 ,quebec4 ,describes & illu/rates two pieces ( ,mexican mosaics 9 ! ,e?nographical ,museum ( ,b]l91 a d\ble-jagu> figure1 & a jagu> head4 ,! fir/ came f ! e/ate ( ,alex&] von ,humboldt1 ! second 0 transf]r$ to ! ,b]l9 ,museum f ! ,ducal ,museum ( ,brauns*weig4 ,,lehmann1 ,,walt]4 ,die altmexikanis*5 ,mosaik5 des ,e?nographis*5 ,museums 9 ,kop5hag54 ,globus1 ,bd4 ,,xci1 ,nr4 #ba1 pp4 #ccb-cce1 #f ,june1 #aijg4 ,abb4 ,i-,,iii4 ,! au?or describes & figures ! two pieces 9 ,cop5hag51 giv+ front & side views1 & two diff]5t draw+s ( "o ( ! masks 9 ,rome4 #aijh ,d,,az ,,del ,,ca/illo1 ,,b]nal4 7,maudslay1 ,a4 ,p41 translator & editor47 ,! true hi/ory ( ! conque/ ( ,new ,spa94 ,edition ( ! ,hakluyt ,society1 vol4 ,i1 ,london4 ,"u ! title 8,montezuma's ,gifts to ,corts10 ,maudslay describes 7,app5dix1 pp4 #bii-cjb7 & illu/rates 7pl4 #ac-af7 ! ?ree mosaic masks 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,pl4 #af is a re> view ( ! skull mask %[+ ! lea!r /rap by :i* x 0 atta*$ to ! head4 ,?is mask ,maudslay id5tifies z probably t ( ,tezcatlipoca1 & ! o!r two z belong+ to ,quetzalcoatl4 #aiaj ,,gamio1 ,,manuel4 ,los monum5tos arqueolgicos de las inm$iaciones de ,*al*ihuites1 ,zacatecas4 ,anales del ,museo ,nacional de ,arqueologa1 ,hi/oria y ,etnologa1 tome ,,ii1 pp4 #dfi-dib1 pls4 #a-h1 ,mexico4 ,on pl4 #h are figur$ two pieces ( mosaic-"w f\nd 9 ! ru9s ne> ,*al*ihuites4 ,,blacki/on1 ,a4 ,,hooton4 ,rec5t discov]ies 9 ,honduras4 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,n4 ,s41 vol4 #ab1 ,lanca/]1 ,pa4 ,describes 7p4 #eci7 & illu/rates 7pl4 ,,xlvi7 ! mosaic wood5 mask f\nd 9 #aijh 9 a cave 9 an arroyo on ! headwat]s ( a small /ream fl[+ into ! ,rio ,*amelecon1 ab\t #be miles di/ant f ! ru9s ( ! anci5t city ( ,naco4 ,?is specim5 is n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,heye ,f\ndation4 ,see our pl4 ,,xvii4 #aiab ,,joyce1 ,t4 ,a4 ,a %ort guide to ! ,am]ican antiquities 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,london4 ,joyce describes 7p4 #ad7 & illu/rates 7figs4 #ab-ag7 six ( ! mosaic pieces 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #aiad ,,joyce1 ,t4 ,a4 ,mexican ar*ology4 ,an introduction to ! ar*ology ( ! ,mexican & ,mayan civilizations ( pre-,spani% ,am]ica4 ,new ,york & ,london4 ,9 pl4 ,i is reproduc$ 9 colors ! skull mask1 & 9 pl4 ,,xviii1 fig4 #a1 ! knife ) h&le4 ,ref]5ce to ^! is made on p4 #ada4 ,,holmes1 ,w4 ,h4 ,ma/]pieces ( aborig9al ,am]ican art4 ,,ii4 ,mosaic "w1 m9or examples4 ,art & ,ar*ology1 vol4 ,i1 no4 #c1 ,wa%+ton1 ,novemb]4 ,a description 7pp4 #ia-ajb7 ( "s ( ! m important specim5s ( mosaics1 ) color$ frontispiece & #i figures4 #aiae ,,pogue1 ,,joseph ,e4 ,! turquoise4 ,a /udy ( its hi/ory1 m9]alogy1 geology1 e?nology1 ar*ology1 my?ology1 folklore1 & te*nology4 ,memoirs ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 vol4 ,,xii1 "p ,,ii1 ?ird memoir1 ,wa%+ton4 ,mexican mosaics are describ$ on pp4 #ic-ig2 fig4 #d illu/rates ! bird mask 9 ,go?a2 pl4 #ae-ag1 ,mexican mosaics 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & 9 ,rome 7#aj pieces74 ,! ,use ( ,turquois 9 ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica3 ,use z ,atte/$ by ,hi/orical ,evid5ce1 pp4 #ij-ib2 ,use z ,atte/$ by ,objects1 pp4 #ic-ig4 #aiba ,,arreola1 ,,jos ,,m>,a4 ,como legtima el ,museo ,nacional ha adquirido una pieza falsificada4 ,el ,excelsior1 ,mexico1 ,oct4 #bj4 ,illu/rates 9 ?is sign$ newspap] article a /one mask ) turquois mosaic decoration said to h be5 f\nd 9 ,gu]r]o4 ,he concludes t x is fraudul5t4 ,,lehmann1 ,,walt]4 ,altmexikanis*e ,kun/ges*i*te e9 ,entwurf 9 ,umriss54 ,b& #h des ,orbis ,pictus4 ,weltkun/-,b*]ei h]ausgegeb5 von ,paul ,we/heim4 ,b]l94 ,9 ?is %ort /udy ( old ,mexican art hi/ory ,dr4 ,lehmann illu/rates a numb] ( notable ,mexican antiquities4 ,! ,xolotl figure 9 ,vi5na is illu/rat$1 front & side views1 pl4 #g1 & ! cr\*+ animal figure 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is giv5 on pl4 #h4 ,he gives brief descriptions 9 ! description ( plates on pp4 #bb-bc4 #aibb ,,gamio1 ,,manuel4 ,una msc>a de mosaico falsificada4 ,a c\nt]feit mosaic mask4 ,e?nos1 tomo ,i1 nms4 #h-ab1 pp4 #bfj-bfd1 ,mexico1 ,nov4 #aibj-,m>4 #aiba4 ,gamio d5\nces z fraudul5t ! /one mosaic mask claim$ to h be5 discov]$ 9 ,gu]r]o by ,porfirio ,aguirre4 ,,m5a1 ,,ramon4 ,la arqueologa debe de e/> en manos de arqueolgicos4 ,el ,univ]sal1 ,mexico1 ,april #b4 ,9 ?is sign$ newspap] article ,m5a def5ds ! au!nticity ( ! /one mask decorat$ ) turquois mosaic1 said to h be5 f\nd 9 ,gu]r]o4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,italics are %[n ?us3 slop+4 ,small capitals h be5 capitalis$4 ,v>iations 9 spell+ & hyph5ation are reta9$4 ,punctuation has be5 reta9$ z publi%$4