,transcrib]'s ,note ,subscripts are repres5t$ by bracket$ numb]s prec$$ by an und]score3 ,c#aj;,h#af4 ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4 ,ari?metic ( ,electricity4 ,a ,complete & ,indisp5sable vade mecum = amateur1 /ud5t1 & electrical eng9e]4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,price1 #a4jj4 ,home ,exp]im5ts 9 ,sci5ce4 #beb ,pages4 #if ,illu/rations4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,,rubb] ,,h& ,,/amps ,,& ,,! ,manipulation ( ,rubb] ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,india ,,rubb] ,,h& ,,/amps1 ,,small ,,articles ,,( ,,india ,,rubb]1 ,,! ,,hektograph1 ,,special ,,inks1 ,,cem5ts1 ,,& ,,alli$ ,,subjects ,,by ,t4 ,o',,conor ,,sloane1 ,a4,m41 ,e4,m41 ,,ph4,d4 ,au?or ( 8,home ,exp]im5ts 9 ,sci5ce10 8,ari?metic ( ,electricity10 etc4 ,,fully ,,illu/rat$ ,,new ,,york ,,norman ,w4 ,,h5ley ,,co4 #aej ,,nassau ,,/reet #ahia ,,copyright1 #ahij1 ,,by ,,norman ,w4 ,,h5ley ,,co4 ,,preface4 ,! pres5t "w h>dly ne$s a preface4 ,! object is to pres5t 9 ! simple/ =m ! subject ( ! manipulation ( india rubb]4 ,to m\ld & cure ! mix$ gum b few appliances are ne$$1 & ^! c be made at home4 ,! articles produc$ are ( m ?an ord9>y utility4 ,^! two facts give value to ! art & furni% a raison d'tre = ?is book4 ,if its in/ructions d n prove practical x w h miss$ its object4 ,= "s reason ! me?ods ( m\ld+ ! mat]ial are n g5]ally kn[n4 ,exp]im5t has taught _m ! futility ( attempt+ to melt & ca/ x4 ,:ile ?us intractable by ! usual me?ods1 x is ! mo/ pla/ic ( mat]ials :5 prop]ly treat$4 ,its p[] ( reproduc+ ! f9e/ details ( a m\ld1 ( ent]+ all ! intricacies & und]cutt+s ( a design1 cause "o to feel a peculi> pleasure 9 work+ ) s responsive a mat]ial4 ,x is n say+ too mu* to affirm t to "s read]s ?is book w disclose a long hidd5 secret4 ,to make x m g5]ally useful x is writt5 = su* read]s1 to meet ! want ( ^? kn[+ ( ! subject4 ,x 0 felt t 9 foll[+ ?is c\rse1 & 9 treat+ ! subject f its fir/ /eps1 includ+ ! simple/ z well z mo/ advanc$ me?ods1 ! book w\ld appeal to a l>g] body ( read]s4 ,! alli$ subjects to :i* "s *apt]s are devot$ w be acceptable to _m read]s4 ,! hektograph is giv5 9 sev]al modifications4 ,a sub/itute = rubb] /amps :i* /&s ! sev]e usage ( ! ,po/ ,(fice has v di/9ct m]its1 & ! manufacture is accord+ly describ$ 9 detail4 ,cem5ts & inks embody _m special =mul4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] int]e/+ & practical notes w be f\nd4 ,= ! use ( c]ta9 cuts we are "u obligations to ! ,buffalo ,d5tal ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,messrs4 ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,spon ,co41 & to ,mr4 ,l4 ,spang5b]g4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,s\rces ,,( ,,india ,,rubb] ,,& ,,its ,,hi/ory4 ,! ,trees--,! ,sap--,ca\t*\c--,e>ly ,uses by ! ,indians--,fir/ k ( x 9 ,europe--,goodye>1 ,day1 & ,mack9to% #i ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,collection ,,( ,,india ,,rubb]4 ,african1 ,ea/ ,indian1 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ican ,gums--,diff]5t ,me?ods ( ,collection & ,coagulation #ae ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,unvulcaniz$ ,,& ,,vulcaniz$ ,,india ,,rubb]4 ,prop]ties ( ,unvulcaniz$ ,rubb]2 its ,cohesion & importance ( ?is prop]ty--,analysis ( ,sap & ,ca\t*\c--,effects ( ,heat & ,cold--,di/illation ,products--,vulcaniz$ ,rubb]1 & its ,prop]ties #bd ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,ma/icat$1 ,,mix$ ,,%eet ,,& ,,vulcaniz$ ,,india ,,rubb]4 ,treatm5t by ! ,manufactur]--,wa%+ & ,%eet+--,ma/icat+--,mak+ ,%eet+ & ,?reads--,mix+--,cur+--,coat$ ,tissues #ce ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,india ,,rubb] ,,/amp ,,mak+4 ,mix$ ,%eet--,outl9es ( ,m\ld+--,home-,made ,vulcaniz+ ,press--,fur!r ,simplifications ( ,same--,secur+ ,accurate ,p>allelism ( ,plat5 & ,b$--,di/ance ,pieces--,wood vs4 ,iron z ,mat]ial = ,press--,use ( ,spr+s on ! ,home-,made ,press--,metal ,flask ,clamps--,l>ge ,gas-,heat$ ,vulcaniz+ ,press--,prep>+ ,type ,model--,! ,matrix--,pla/] ( ,p>is & ,d5tal ,pla/] z ,sub/ances = ,matrices--,dextr9e & ,gum ,arabic ,solutions = ,mix+ ,matrix--,h[ ,matrix is made--,%ellac ,solution = ,matrix--,matrix ,press & ,spr+-,*ase--,h[ to ret>d ! ,sett+ ( ,pla/] ( ,p>is--,oxy*loride ( ,z9c ,matrices--,talc ,p[d]--,m\ld+ & ,cur+ ! ,/amp--,k]os5e ,heat+ ,/ove--,manipulation ( ,press--,degree ( ,heat--,simple ,te/ ( ,cur+--,"t ,requir$--,comb9$ ,matrix ,mak+ & ,vulcaniz+ ,app>atus--,*amb] ,vulcaniz]s--,object ( ,/eam 9 ,vulcaniz]s--,temp]ature ,correspond+ to ,diff]5t ,/eam ,pressures--,jacket$ ,vulcaniz]s--,gas ,regulator--,fl[] ,pot ,vulcaniz]--,fi% ,kettle ,vulcaniz]--,mak+ ,/amps )\t any ,app>atus ,:atev]--,notes on ,type1 ,quadrats & ,spaces--,autograph ,/amps #dg ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,india ,,rubb] ,,type ,,mak+4 ,movable ,type ,mak+--,simple ,flask & ,matrix--,precautions z to ,quantity ( ,rubb]--,m\ld+--,cur+--,cutt+ ,type ,ap>t--,special ,/eel ,m\lds--,wood5 ,bodi$ ,type #gc ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,/amps ,,& ,,type ,,f ,,vulcaniz$ ,,india ,,rubb]4 ,ready ,vulcaniz$ ,gum z ,mat]ial = ,/amps--,simplicity ( ! ,process ( ,us+ ,x--,advantages & ,disadvantages--,availability = ,type #gg ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,v>i\s ,,type ,,matrices ,,= ,,rubb] ,,/amps ,,& ,,types4 ,electrotype ,matrices--,papi] ,ma*--,flong ,pa/e--,flong ,matrices--,beat+ into ,model--,dry+ & ,bak+--,/ruck-up ,matrices--,*alk ,plates #hj ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,small ,,articles ,,( ,,india ,,rubb]4 ,suction ,discs--,p5cil ,tips--,cane & ,*air ,leg ,tips--,corks--,mats--,cord & ,tubes--,bulbs & ,holl[ ,toys #he ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,manipulation ,,( ,,%eet ,,rubb] ,,goods4 ,%eet ,rubb] ,articles--,toy ,balloons--,uses ( ,%eet ,rubb] 9 ! ,laboratory #id ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,v>i\s ,,vulcaniz+ ,,& ,,cur+ ,,processes4 ,liquid ,cur+ ,ba?s--,sulphur ,ba?--,haloids & ,nitric ,acid z ,vulcaniz]s--,alkal9e ,sulphides--,sulphur ,absorption ,process--,p>ke's ,process #ig ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,solution ,,( ,,india ,,rubb]4 ,ma/ication ) ,solv5t--,peculi>ities ( ! ,process--,diff]5t ,solv5ts & _! ,prop]ties--,p>aff9--,vulcaniz$ ,rubb] ,solution--,aque\s ,solution #ajc ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,ebonite1 ,,vulcanite ,,& ,,gutta-,,p]*a4 ,ebonite & ,vulcanite--,manufacture--,manipulation- -,gutta-,p]*a & its ,manipulation #ajh ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,glue ,,or ,,composition ,,/amps4 ,sub/itute = ,rubb] ,/amps--,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t ,=mula--,models & ,m\lds--,dat+--,h&les #aac ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,hektograph4 ,h[ ,made--,! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t ,=mula--,hektograph ,%eets #aba ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,cem5ts4 ,m>9e ,glue1 & o!r special ,cem5ts #abe ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,inks4 ,hektograph1 ,/5cil & ,m>k+ ,inks--,:ite & ,metallic ,inks #abi ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,miscellane\s4 ,pres]vation & ,r5ovation ( ,india ,rubb]--,burn$ ,rubb] = ,arti/s--,india ,rubb] ,sub/itutes--,g5]al ,notes ( ,int]e/ #acd ,,rubb] ,,h& ,,/amp ,,mak+ ,,& ,,! ,,manipulation ,,( ,,rubb]4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,s\rces ,,( ,,india ,,rubb] ,,& ,,its ,,hi/ory4 ,india rubb] or ca\t*\c is a v peculi> product1 :i* is f\nd 9 & extract$ f ! juice ( c]ta9 trees & %rubs4 ,^! are q num]\s & are ref]r$ = ! mo/ "p to ! foll[+ families3 ,euphorbiaced1 ,urticaced1 ,artoc>ped1 ,asclepiadaced1 & ,c9*onaced4 ,x is evid5t t a consid]able numb] ( trees are utiliz$ 9 comm]ce = its production1 & x is c]ta9 t x exi/s1 q widely di/ribut$1 9 _m cases z a con/itu5t ( ! juice ( plants n recogniz$ z conta9+ x4 ,:5 an india rubb] tree is tapp$1 :i* is effect$ by mak+ incisions 9 ! b>k1 ! sap ( ! tree exudes4 ,x is a milky sub/ance & is collect$ 9 v>i\s ways2 x may be 9 vessels ( clay1 9 %ells1 or 9 o!r receptacles by ! india rubb] hunt]s4 ,if ?is sub/ance is exam9$ x is f\nd to be ( v rem>kable & *>act]i/ic con/itution1 resembl+ 9 its physical features ord9>y milk4 ,x is compos$ ( f fifty to n9ety p] c5t4 ( wat]1 9 :i* is susp5d$ 9 microscopic globules1 l ! cream 9 milk1 ! desir$ ca\t*\c or india rubb]4 ,if ! juice is left to /& 9 vessels1 l milk 9 a cream]y1 ! globules rise to ! surface1 & a cream ( india rubb] c be skimm$ (f f ! surface4 ,if ! juice is evaporat$ ov] a fire1 ! wat] escapes & ! india rubb] rema9s4 ,by dipp+ an article repeat$ly 9 ! juice & dry+ x1 a ?ick or ?9 coat+ ( india rubb] c be develop$4 ,be=e ! mod]n me?ods = ! manipulation ( ! gum _h be5 develop$1 & be=e ! inv5tion ( vulcanization1 ?is me?od 0 adopt$ = ! manufacture ( %oes4 ,! orig9al 8india rubb]s0 = protection ( ! feet 9 wet wea!r 7 made 9 ?is mann]4 ,a clay la/ 0 us$1 ^u :i* ! india rubb] 0 deposit$ z describ$4 ,! clay la/ 0 !n brok5 out & remov$4 ,great quantities ( ov]%oes 7 ?us made 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & _m 7 export$ to ,europe4 ,:5 ca\t*\c has once be5 remov$ f ?is wat]y emulsion1 :i* = all practical purposes is a solution1 x _c be re/or$ to ! =m] /ate ( liquidity2 x rema9s solid4 ,x w absorb a consid]able quantity ( wat]1 b w n ent] aga9 into ! quasi solution or comb9ation4 ,?is prop]ty ( p]man5t coagulation1 :i* int]f]es to a degree ) its easy manipulation1 0 e>ly discov]$4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury quantities ( ! natural milk 7 export$ to ,europe to be us$ 9 :at may be t]m$ ! natural process ( manufacture1 because once solidifi$ x c\ld n be r$issolv$1 & because ! manufactur]s ( ^? days _h n ! pres5t me?ods ( deal+ ) ! app>5tly intractable gum4 ,! natives ( ,s\? ,am]ica be=e ! adv5t ( ,europeans1 7 famili> ) ! treatm5t ( ! juice by evaporation j describ$ & us$ to make bottles1 %oes & syr+es ( x = _! own use4 ,! "n ,siphonia appli$ to sev]al species ( rubb] tree1 & s]+a 7ca\t*\c7 & s]+>i 7ca\t*\c ga!r]7 9 ,spani% recall ! old ,indian syr+es & tubes4 ,! gum is n[ collect$ = export 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,s\? & ,c5tral ,am]ica are1 z !y h always be51 ! greate/ produc]s4 ,"s is collect$ 9 ,africa1 ,java & ,india4 ,! be/ comes f ,p>a4 ,h[ev] c>efully treat$ a great diff]5ce is f\nd 9 ! product f diff]5t c\ntries4 ,! ,brazilian india rubb]1 kn[n z ,p>a1 f ! port ( %ipm5t1 ranks z ! be/ 9 ! m>ket4 ,its hi/ory z f> z record$1 does n g back ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,le ,condam9e1 :o explor$ ! ,amazon ,riv]1 s5t f ,s\? ,am]ica 9 #agcf to ! ,in/itute de ,france1 9 ,p>is1 ! fir/ sample ( india rubb] ev] se5 9 ,europe4 ,he accompani$ ! sample ) a communication4 ,he said t ! ,indians ( t c\ntry us$ ! gum 9 mak+ sev]al dome/ic objects ( utility1 su* z vessels1 bottles1 boots1 wat]pro( clo?+1 etc4 ,he /at$ t x 0 attack$ & to a c]ta9 ext5t dissolv$ by w>m nut oil4 ,9 #agea & #agfh o!r samples 7 receiv$ ?r\gh ,,mm4 ,fresnau & ,maequ]1 :o s5t !m to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,p>is1 f ,cay5ne 9 ,guiana4 ,al?\gh f ?is p]iod num]\s exp]im5ts 7 tri$ ) ! new sub/ance little ( importance 0 done ) x = _m ye>s4 ,its fir/ use 0 to rub out p5cil m>ks1 :5ce x d]iv$ its "n ( 8india rubb]40 ,z late z #ahbj ?is cont9u$ to be its pr9cipal use4 ,an int]e/+ rem9isc5ce ( its e>ly hi/ory is giv5 by ,joseph ,prie/ley1 ! great ,engli% *emi/ ( ! la/ c5tury1 celebrat$ z ! discov]] ( oxyg54 ,9 #aggj he m5tion$ ! use ( ! gum = eras+ p5cil m>ks1 & speaks ( its co/ be+ ?ree %ill+s1 ab\t sev5ty c5ts1 = 8a cubical piece ( ab\t half an in*40 ,z we h se51 its solubility 0 e>ly /udi$4 ,9 #agfa ,hrissant add$ turp5t9e1 e!r & 8huile de ,dippel0 to ! li/ ( solv5ts4 ,9 #agic its solubility 0 utiliz$ 9 ,france by ,besson1 :o made wat]pro( clo?4 ,9 #agig ,johnson introduc$ = ! same manufacture a solution 9 mix$ turp5t9e & alcohol4 ,! ye> #ahbj is ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod ( its mod]n use on a m ext5d$ scale4 ,nadi] develop$ ! me?ods ( cutt+ x into %eets & ?reads & ( weav+ ! latt]4 ,mack9to% 9 #ahbc began ! manufacture ( wat]pro( clo?1 us+ ! solution ( ! gum 9 coal t> nap?a1 :i* 0 caus$ to deposit by evaporation a lay] ( ! gum ^u a piece ( clo? :i* 0 cov]$ by a second "o4 ,?is protect$ ! we>] f ! gummy & /icky coat+ ( raw india rubb]4 ,at ! be/ ! orig9al ,mack9to%es mu/ h be5 v disagreeable articles = we>4 ,9 #ahbe india rubb] %oes ( raw india rubb] 7 import$ f ,s\? ,am]ica & =m$ = a :ile an important article ( comm]ce4 ,9 #ahci ,*>les ,goodye>1 ( ,massa*usetts1 inv5t$ ! art ( vulcaniz+1 or comb9+ india rubb] ) sulphur4 ,x 0 pat5t$ on ,june #ae1 #ahdd1 & cov]s only ! manufacture ( s(t rubb]4 ,vulcanite or h>d rubb] 7:alebone rubb]7 is disput$ z to its orig91 its inv5tion be+ assign$ by "s to ,nelson ,goodye> & by o!rs to ,au/9 ,g4 ,day1 ( ,connecticut4 ,goodye> h[ev] succe$$ 9 obta9+ a pat5t on ,may #f1 #ahea4 ,day obta9$ a pat5t on ,augu/ #aj1 #aheh4 ,vulcanization is ! mo/ important inv5tion ev] made 9 connection ) india rubb] & may fairly rank z "o ( ! greate/ discov]ies ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,x is claim$ by ! ,engli%1 an inv5tor nam$ ,h&cock be+ cit$ z ! rival ( ,*>les ,goodye>4 ,! latt] inv5tor _h z an associate ,na?aniel ,hayw>d1 :o is probably entitl$ to "s ( ! cr$it4 ,by vulcanization india rubb] loses susceptibility to heat & cold1 becomes non-adh]5t1 & insoluble 9 almo/ all sub/ances4 ,x is conv]t$ f a comp>atively useless sub/ance into "o ( wide applicability4 ,! subject ( india rubb] is s int]e/+ 9 its !oretical z well z practical be>+s t x seems impossible t ^? :o are work]s 9 x %\ld n feel an int]e/ 9 its natural hi/ory4 ,= su* read]s ! *apt] on ! natural hi/ory & collection ( india rubb] has be5 writt54 ,z x is a product ( widely sep>at$ l&s on bo? hemisph]es1 & z x is yield$ by an imm5se numb] ( plants1 x is impossible 9 ! limits ( a *apt] to give a full outl9e ( its natural hi/ory4 ,! *apt] 9 "q is1 !re=e1 ) ?is apology1 ins]t$ :]e x belongs1 ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! book4 ,^? :o are entirely practical may pass x ov]4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! few m9utes necess>y = its p]usal w be be/[$ ^u x by "s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,collection ,,( ,,india ,,rubb]4 ,african india rubb] is mo/ly export$ f ! we/ coa/4 ,! belt ( c\ntry produc+ x ext5ds ne>ly across ! cont95t4 ,^? :o are famili> ) ! india rubb] plants ( our cons]vatories are apt to ?9k ( ! gum z ! product ( trees1 b 9 ,africa x is l>gely yield$ by climb+ plants ( v num]\s v>ieties1 belong+ g5]ally to ! ,l&olphia species4 ,x is collect$ by ! natives by c>eless or desultory me?ods1 probably less advanc$ ?an ! ways foll[$ by ! ,s\? ,am]icans4 ,possibly its m>k$ inf]iority may be p>tly attribut$ to ?is4 ,x is also suppos$ by _m t1 7 ! ga!r+ re/rict$ to ! v9e produc+ ! be/ gum1 bett] results w\ld foll[4 ,z x is n[ all gums are mix$ indiscrim9ately4 ,african gum is ( v inf]ior quality4 ,! ,african india rubb] v9es gr[ (t5 9 d>k moi/ rav9es1 :]e no valuable product o!r ?an !mselves c\ld be cultivat$4 ,!y are entirely wild4 ,! v9es :5 cut exude an abundance ( sap1 :i* diff]s f ! ,s\? ,am]ican product 9 its quickness ( coagulation4 ,z x escapes f ! w\nd x at once solidifies & prev5ts ! fur!r escape ( juice4 ,! negroes are said to employ ! foll[+ highly orig9al me?od ( collect+ x4 ,!y make long ga%es 9 ! b>k4 ,z fa/ z ! milky juice comes out !y wipe x (f ) _! f+]s & wipe ^! 9 turn on _! arms1 %\ld]s1 & body4 ,9 ?is way !y =m a ?ick cov]+ ( inspissat$ juice or ca\t*\c ov] ! upp] "p ( _! body4 ,?is f "t to "t is remov$ by peel+4 ,x is !n said to be cut up & boil$ 9 wat]4 ,?is is "o acc\nt4 ,accord+ to o!rs ! natives remove a l>ge piece ( b>k1 s t ! juice runs out & is collect$ 9 holes 9 ! e>? or on leaves4 ,wood5 vessels are said to be us$ else:]e4 ,sometimes ! juice is said to be collect$ ^u ! arms1 ! dri$ ca\t*\c com+ (f 9 ! %ape ( tubes4 ,a clew to ! inf]iority ( ,african india rubb] is af=d$ by ! /atem5t t too deep a cut lib]ates a gum :i* det]iorates ! regul> product if x mixes ) x4 ,! dry+ ( ! gum is ?\ght to h mu* to d ) its quality & x is highly probable t ?is affects ! ,african product4 ,"s samples seem to be p>tly decompos$ !y are s highly (f5sive 9 odor4 ,! ,s\? ,am]ican rubb] is (t5 dri$ 9 ?9 lay]s1 "o ov] ! o!r1 by a smoky fire1 :i* may h an antiseptic effect ^u ! newly coagulat$ ca\t*\c4 ,no su* process z f> z kn[n is us$ 9 ,africa4 ,! ,african india rubb] appe>s "u diff]5t names 9 comm]ce4 ,f ! ,congo region lumps ( no p>ticul> %ape call$ 8knuckles02 f ,si]ra ,leone smoo? lumps1 8negro-heads10 & 8balls0 made up ( small scrap2 f ! ,portuguese ports 8?imbles10 8nuts10 & 8negro-heads20 f ! gaboon 8tongues20 & f ,lib]ia 8balls0 are receiv$4 ,x is all *>act]iz$ by great adhesiv5ess & l[ ela/icity4 ,f ,assam1 ,java1 ,p5ang1 & ,rangoon !re is consid]able gum export$4 ,x is suppos$ to be ! product ( trees ( ! ficus species1 9 all ^! places1 z x is kn[n to be 9 ,java & ,assam4 ,9 ! latt] place rigid re/rictions are impos$ z f> z possible ^u ! ga!r+4 ,9 ! case ( wild trees scatt]$ ?r\gh ! =e/ ! c>ry+ out ( ^! re/rictions is n practicable4 ,! trees are cut ) knives 9 long incisions ?r\gh ! b>k & ! juice is collect$ 9 holes dug 9 ! gr\nd1 or (t5 9 leaves wrapp$ up into a conical =m1 some:at z groc]s =m _! wrapp+ pap] into cornucopia %ape = hold+ sug>1 etc4 ,x has seem$ reasonably c]ta9 t ! india rubb] produc+ plants might be cultivat$ ) pr(it1 & x is z c]ta9ly to be fe>$ t )\t su* cultivation !y w become ext9ct4 ,ef=ts h be5 made 9 ! direction ( rais+ !m artificially b )\t mu* success4 ,9 ,assam num]\s exp]im5ts h be5 made to propagate ! india rubb] be>+ ficus tree4 ,a good in/ance ( ! ill effects ( c>elessness 9 ! orig9al ga!r+ ( ! crop is af=d$ by ! ,bornese collectors4 ,! s\rce ( ,borneo india rubb] is a v>iety ( creep]s4 ,^! are cut d[n & divid$ into %ort sections f a few in*es to a y>d 9 l5g?4 ,! sap oozes out f ! ends4 ,to accel]ate its escape ! pieces are sometimes heat$ at "o end4 ,x is coagulat$ by salt wat]4 ,sometimes a salt call$ nipa salt1 obta9$ by burn+ a c]ta9 plant 7nipa fruticans71 is us$ = ! purpose4 ,9 ei!r case x is coagulat$ into r\gh balls & masses4 ,^! masses are heavily *>g$ ) ! salt wat]1 (t5 conta9+ z mu* z fifty p] c5t41 & r>ely mu* less ?an tw5ty p] c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tree ,,fell$ ,,= ,,collection ,,( ,,india ,,rubb]4 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,panama are great produc]s ( ! gum4 ,9 ,panama ! cu/om ( fell+ ! trees is (t5 adopt$4 ,9 ?is case grooves are cut ar\nd ! pro/rate trunk1 & "u ea* groove z ! trunk lies on ! gr\nd a vessel is plac$ to collect ! sap4 ,its coagulation is (t5 effect$ by leav+ x = a c\ple ( weeks /&+ at re/ 9 a hole1 excavat$ on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & cov]$ ov] ) leaves4 ,! ca\t*\c sep>ates "u ^! conditions4 ,a quick] me?od1 b "o yield+ an inf]ior product1 is obta9$ by add+ to ! fre% juice "s bruis$ leaves ( a plant 7ipoma bona nox7 :i* acts some?+ l acid ^u milk1 9 sep>at+ ! desir$ solid matt] or ca\t*\c4 ,a jelly l accretion saturat$ ) blacki% wat] is ?us obta9$4 ,by work+ x toge!r a blacki% liquid is caus$ to escape1 & comp>atively pure gum is gradually obta9$4 ,z mu* z "o hundr$ p\nds ( india rubb] may be obta9$ f a s+le tree :]e ?is de/ructive sy/em is employ$4 ,fur!r nor?1 :]e a bett] c\nsel has prevail$1 ! trees are only tapp$1 & ! india rubb] hunt] is satisfi$ if f a tree eighte5 in*es 9 diamet] he obta9s tw5ty gallons ( sap1 giv+ fifty p\nds ( gum4 ,ev5 :]e tapp+ is done ! tree is (t5 de/roy$ by c>elessness or ignorance4 ,two sy/ems are foll[$ 9 ,nic>agua4 ,! op]ator asc5ds by a ladd] if he has "o1 or 9 any case climbs z high z he well c & beg9s to make a long incision4 ,sometimes he c>ries "o long /raight cut cle> d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,?is is made ! />t+ po9t = a numb] ( side cuts1 %ort1 & runn+ diagonally into x4 ,?is is also "o ( ! ,brazilian me?ods4 ,! ,nic>aguan sometimes also makes two spiral incisions1 "o "r-h&$ & ! o!r left-h&$1 cross+ ea* o!r z !y desc5d s z to divide ! surface ( ! tree into r\ghly outl9$ diamonds4 ,9 ei!r case ! juice fl[s d[n to an iron sp\t1 plac$ at ! bottom ( ! tree1 :i* sp\t leads to an iron pail4 ,! milk is ga!r$ & pass$ ?r\gh a sieve1 & coagulat$ 9 b>rels by ! ipoma plant z be=e m5tion$4 ,?is gives ?ree grades ( rubb]4 ,! bulk is obta9$ f ! b>rels & is call$ (t5 mros2 ! small lump :i* =ms 9 ! sp\t is roll$ into a ball & call$ cabezza2 ! dri$ /rips pull$ out ( ! cuts is ( v good quality & is call$ bola or buru*a4 ,f ,brazil is export$ ! fam\s ,p>a india rubb]4 ,?is is ( v high quality1 & is greatly e/eem$ by all manufactur]s4 ,no process c make a poor gum give a really good product4 ,! sy/em ( ga!r+ x v>ies4 ,sometimes ! tree is cut into by ga%es f an axe1 su* ga%es ext5d+ 9 a r[ all ar\nd ! trunk4 ,"u ea* ga% a small clay cup is lut$ fa/ ) "s fre% mix$ clay4 ,^! collect f a tablespoonful ( juice upw>d1 :i* is collect$1 & ! cups are remov$ on ! same day4 ,! next day a second r[ ( cuts is made bel[ ! o!rs1 & ! same process is repeat$4 ,?is is cont9u$ until f a po9t z high z a man c rea*1 d[n to ! gr\nd ! tree is full ( cuts4 ,sometimes a gutt] ( clay is f\nd p>tly ar\nd ! trunk ) ga%es above x4 ,9 o!r cases a v9e is secur$ ar\nd ! tree & a collect+ gutt] is work$ ) x = a basis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tree ,,tapp$ ,,= ,,india ,,rubb]4 ,! juice is coagulat$ 9 a smoky fire4 ,a bottomless j> is plac$ ov] ! fire & "s palm nuts are mix$ ) ! fuel4 ,! m\ld1 :i* is (t5 a canoe paddle1 is sme>$ ) clay to prev5t adhesion & is !n heat$4 ,a cup ( juice is p\r$ ov] x1 & aft] ! excess has dropp$ (f x is mov$ ab\t rapidly ov] ! smoke & hot air :i* asc5ds f ! m\? ( ! j>4 ,?is s]ies ( op]ations is repeat$ until ! coat+ is q ?ick2 x may be z mu* z five in*es4 ,aft] solidify+ ov] night x is cut op5 & ! paddle or m\ld is remov$4 ,aft] a few days dry+ x is s5t to m>ket4 ,) all ! heat+1 dur+ :i* x sweats pr(usely1 x /ill reta9s fifte5 p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indian ,,dry+ ,,& ,,smok+ ,,india ,,rubb]4 ,india rubb] sap may be coagulat$ by an aque\s solution ( alum4 ,! process has be5 tri$ 9 ,brazil1 & is us$ to a consid]able ext5t 9 ,p]nambuco4 ,x 0 propos$ by an inve/igator nam$ ,/rauss1 & ! process is /ill call$ by 8 "n4 ,"o objection is t x gives a v wet product1 & app>5tly "o ( inf]ior value to ! smok$ gum4 ,! feel+ t india rubb] suff]s 9 ! ga!r+ has be5 s mu* felt t x has be5 rec5tly sugge/$ t if possible ! uncoagulat$ juice %\ld be export$ to ,europe !re to be work$ up f ! beg9n+4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,unvulcaniz$ ,,& ,,vulcaniz$ ,,india ,,rubb]4 ,!re are two broad divisions to :i* all v>ieties ( india rubb] c be assign$--unvulcaniz$ & vulcaniz$ rubb]4 ,speak+ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( lic5se x may be said t m prop]ties *>act]ize ! =m] ?an ! latt]4 ,! vulcaniz$ article is v slightly affect$ by ord9>y *anges ( temp]ature1 _c to any consid]able ext5t be *ang$ by heat %ort ( absolute de/ruction or decomposition1 _c be unit$ or m\ld$ except 9 simple =ms1 is highly ela/ic1 & is insoluble 9 almo/ e solv5t = ord9>y ca\t*\c4 ,unvulcaniz$ ca\t*\c possesses v int]e/+ & peculi> prop]ties4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! pres5t *apt] is devot$ to ?is sub/ance4 ,^? :o h nev] se5 ! crude gum z import$ are famili> ) ! article almo/ pure 9 ! =m ( %eet rubb] & black rubb] articles g5]ally4 ,^! are ( ne>ly pure ca\t*\c1 ?\gh rec5tly ! t5d5cy is to vulcanize !m to a consid]able degree4 ,a piece ( pure gum conta9+ no comb9$ sulphur1 iod9e1 or o!r vulcaniz+ con/itu5t w be f\nd to exhibit a v /rik+ peculi>ity4 ,two fre%ly cut surfaces :5 plac$ 9 contact w adh]e4 ,?is is n 9 consequ5ce ( any visc\s or /icky coat+4 ,:5 india rubb] is cut ! surface is p]fectly dry & non-adh]5t except to itself4 ,! writ] once _h ?is prop]ty ( adhesion br\ght /rongly to 8 att5tion4 ,9 "s analytical inve/igations ( coal gas he _h propos$ to use f9ely divid$ india rubb] z an absorb5t ( sulphur4 ,?is con/itu5t x absorbs f gas1 & x seem$ t a basis = a quantitative det]m9ation ( sulphur might be f\nd 9 su* prop]ty4 ,accord+ly "s raw india rubb] 0 procur$ & ) "s tr\ble 0 cut up into little pieces :i* 7 put into a bottle4 ,a day or two aft]w>ds ! pieces unit$ :]ev] !y 7 9 contact1 & an irregul> cav]n\s lump 0 ! result4 ,?is involv$ no melt+ or s(t5+ or *ange ( %ape4 ,ea* little piece 0 !re intact & di/9ct b firmly atta*$ to its neighbors4 ,! analogy ( ?is action is se5 9 lead4 ,two fre% surfaces br\ght toge!r1 pref]ably ) a twi/+ or wr5*+ pressure1 adh]e q firmly4 ,! adh]5ce ( india rubb] & ( lead ea* to itself is (t5 exhibit$ by physical lectur]s z an illu/ration ( cohesion4 ,! cohesion ( india rubb] is h[ev] f> m p]fect ?an t ( lead1 probably because ( its comp>atively great resi/ance to oxidation1 & because1 ow+ to its ela/icity l>g] areas c be br\ght 9 contact4 ,comp>atively great ?\gh ?is resi/ance to oxidation is1 oxyg51 especially 9 ! allotropic modification kn[n z ozone1 may act q p[]fully on ! gum4 ,sunlight also c affect x injuri\sly4 ,a m famili> illu/ration ( ! unit+ ( two pieces ( ! same mat]ial is se5 9 ! weld+ ( iron4 ,! blacksmi? heats two pieces ( iron until !y are ne>ly :ite hot & are pa/y 9 consi/5cy4 ,on plac+ !m 9 contact & hamm]+ to =ce !m toge!r !y unite s firmly z to be practically "o4 ,x is necess>y t ! surfaces ( clean metal %\ld be br\ght toge!r4 ,if ! pressure induc$ by ! hamm]+ is insuffici5t to br+ ?is ab\t1 a flux is add$ :i* dissolves ! oxide & causes ! metal to come 9 contact ) metal & to weld4 ,! analogy ) india rubb] 9 its cohesive action is evid5t4 ,surfaces long expos$ or :i* are du/y d n coh]e4 ,! relegation ( ice is simil> 9 effect4 ,! cohesion ( india rubb] is important & %\ld be ?or\ghly appreciat$4 ,x is n say+ too mu* to ass]t t ! entire treatm5t ( ! raw gum dep5ds ^u ?is int]e/+ prop]ty4 ,! great lumps ( gum are torn to pieces & wa%$ free f gravel & dirt )\t go+ to p[d]1 because ow+ to _! ela/icity !y yield & z fa/ z torn ap>t ! pieces t5d to reunite4 ,aga9 india rubb] is mix$ ) pigm5ts & vulcaniz+ reag5ts by a me?od practically "o ( gr9d+ or ma/icat+1 b ! mat]ial :ile x *anges its %ape1 & by ! admixture ( ! v>i\s +r$i5ts becomes less /rong or easi] torn1 /ill rema9s intact1 z x welds toge!r or coh]es z fa/ z dis9tegrat$4 ,z reg>ds its *emical con/itution ! sap ( a ,p>a rubb] tree has be5 analyz$ ) ! foll[+ g5]al results3 7,f>aday74 ,ca\t*\c #cj4gj ,album9\s1 extractive1 & sal9e matt]1 etc4 #ab4ic ,wat] #ef4cg ------ #ajj4jj ,its specific gravity is #a4jab4 ,ca\t*\c itself or raw india rubb] is a mixture ( sev]al hydroc>bons ( ! foll[+ composition 9 g5]al3 ,c>bon #hg4e ,hydrog5 #ab4e ----- #ajj4j ,its specific gravity is f 4#iab to 4#idb4 ,! hydroc>bons compos+ x are isom]ic or polym]ic ) turp5t9e4 ,?is fact br+s x well )9 ! range ( famili> vegetable products4 ,z w be se5 ! products ( its di/illation fall among ! same polym]s & isom]s4 ,:5 pure x is ne>ly colorless1 ! d>k color be+ due to impurities4 ,9 ?9 %eets x is almo/ or q transp>5t4 ,x burns readily1 & ) a v lum9\s1 smoky flame1 z might h be5 anticipat$ f its composition4 ,! action ( heat & cold on x is dep5d5t on ! degree ( ! temp]ature4 ,at ord9>y temp]ature x is ela/ic & firm4 ,x c be /ret*$ & w return almo/ to its orig9al size :5 releas$ f t5sion4 ,yet ! return to its %ape is s liable to be incomplete1 especially aft] long su/a9$ /ret*+1 t pure unvulcaniz$ india rubb] is consid]$ imp]fectly ela/ic4 ,any ela/icity x possesses is pr9cipally ela/icity ( %ape z di/+ui%$ f ela/icity ( volume4 ,9 o!r words :5 press$ or /ret*$ x may *ange %ape to a great ext5t b h>dly *ange its volume at all4 ,a cube ( #b in*es "u a weight ( #bjj tons lo/ #a-aj ( its volume only4 ,?is is l>gely due to ! fact t x repres5ts an approximately solid body1 or "o de/itute ( consid]able physical pores4 ,solids & liquids are v slightly compressible4 ,:atev] degree ( compressibility ca\t*\c possesses is due pr9cipally to its m9ute pores4 ,if ! temp]ature is r$uc$ to ! freez+ po9t ( wat] a piece ( raw india rubb] becomes rigid & /iff4 ,on application ( heat x returns to its =m] pliable condition4 ,! same return to flexibility may be br\ght ab\t by /ret*+ x me*anically4 ,?is may be r a fallacy4 ,/ret*+ india rubb] w>ms x1 s t 9 ?is me*anically imp>t$ rise ( temp]ature we may f9d at lea/ a probable cause ( ! s(t5+4 ,if ! temp]ature is rais$ sev]al effects are produc$1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,a piece :i* has be5 /ret*$ & held /ret*$1 has its t5sion increas$ by a degree ( heat consid]ably less ?an t ( boil+ wat]4 ,"s (f] ! !ory t x conta9s air enclos$ 9 its pores :i*1 exp&+1 produces ?is effect4 ,z ! boil+ po9t is rea*$ ! mat]ial s(t5s & becomes some:at pla/ic1 s t x c be m\ld$ into %ape to a consid]able ext5t & /ret*$ to ?reads ( great f95ess4 ,its ela/icity also disappe>s z ! heat is ma9ta9$4 ,^! effects increase 9 ext5t up to a heat ( #bdh ,f4 7#abj ,c474 ,! return to its orig9al /ate is n imm$iate h[ev]4 ,"s "t is requir$ be=e ! r$uction ( temp]ature w h full effect4 ,if n[ a /ill high] degree ( heat is appli$1 #cib ,f4 7#bjj ,c47 ! india rubb] s(t5s to a visc\s body1 or melts4 ,f ?is /ate x _c be re/or$4 ,x rema9s p]man5tly 8burn$0 or melt$ :atev] is done to x4 ,"s attempt at h>d5+ may be made by ! use ( vulcaniz+ *emicals1 b ! result w be v imp]fect4 ,a fur!r increase ( heat br+s ab\t a de/ructive di/illation4 ,india rubb] treat$ 9 a retort to a heat exce$+ #djj ,f4 7#bjd ,c47 evolves volatile hydroc>bons ( oily consi/5cy1 & x di/ills almo/ completely1 a small residue ( gummy matt] or ( coke if ! f9al heat has be5 pu%$ f> en\gh be+ left4 ,! di/illate is call$ ca\t*\c94 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,greville ,williams x consi/s ( two polym]ic hydroc>bons3 "o1 ca\t*9 ,c#aj;,h#af1 boil+ po9t #cdj ,f4 7#aga ,c472 ! o!r1 isopr5e ,c#e;,h#h 79 =mula equal to "o-half ( ca\t*971 boil+ po9t #ii ,f4 7#cg ,c474 ,! mixture has a /rong nap?a-l odor & has won consid]able reputation z be+ ! be/ solv5t = india rubb]4 ,h[ f> x des]ves its reputation is a matt] op5 to discussion4 ,! solution ( india rubb] l its fusion is a vex$ po9t4 ,!re is little "q t x c be dissolv$ by prop] treatm5t4 ,usually nap?a1 c>bon disulphide or b5zole are us$ z solv5ts1 ! *oice be+ guid$ by motives ( *eapness & effici5cy4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ! =mula giv5 = ca\t*\c9 is ! same z t ( ! pr9cipal con/itu5t ( oil ( turp5t9e1 & t ! latt] is (t5 recomm5d$ z a solv5t4 ,turp5t9e is slightly m volatile ?an ca\t*\c91 its boil+ po9t be+ #cbb ,f4 7#afa ,c47 ,o!r hydroc>bons h be5 recogniz$ 9 ! di/illate by ,b\*>dat1 ,himly & ,g4 ,williams1 v>y+ 9 boil+ po9t f #cb ,f4 7#j ,c47 to #eii ,f4 7#cae ,c471 & 9 specific gravity f #j4fcj to #j4iba4 ,al?\gh x has be5 spok5 ( z approximately solid x does possess microscopic pores1 to :i* its limit$ am\nt ( ela/icity ( volume is mo/ly due4 ,?us x is f\nd to absorb wat]1 9 :i* x is q insoluble4 ,z x does ?is x acts l a dry sponge & increases 9 volume a little1 ow+ to dilation ( ^! m9ute pores4 ,! wat] absorb$ may be z mu* z #ah4g to #bf4d p] c5t4 ) an increase ( volume ( ! gum ( #ae_/ajjj to #af_/ajjj4 ,:5 x has once absorb$ wat] x is v h>d to get rid ( x4 ,al?\gh ! m9ute surface orifices communicate ) ! entire sy/em ( capill>y vessels & pores1 ! surface pores on dry+ contract & seal up ! absorb$ wat] )9 ! mass4 ,?is is a clew to ! impracticability ( ! ga!r] %ipp+ dry rubb]1 & to ! great difficulty ! manufactur] exp]i5ces 9 dry+ 8 wa%$ & %eet$ /ock be=e work+ x up by ma/icat+ or mix+ & cur+4 ,by prop] manipulation ca\t*\c may be made inela/ic4 ,?is c be done by ! freez+ process or by keep+ x /ret*$ = two or ?ree weeks4 ,9 ?is way ?reads c be made to ext5d & to rema9 ext5d$ to sev5 or eight times _! orig9al l5g?4 ,!y c !n be wov5 into a fabric4 ,on g5tle heat+ _! orig9al ela/icity reappe>s & !y contract4 ,9 ?is way flut$ braids c be made :i* w h a high capacity = /ret*+4 ,! solution ( ca\t*\c is difficult (t5 to br+ ab\t4 ,we h se5 t 9 wat] x swells a little )\t dissolv+4 ,9 b5zole x does ! same1 b swells to a great] ext5t1 to #abe times its orig9al volume or ev5 m4 ,"s au?orities 7,watts7 g s f> z to ass]t t no solv5t completely dissolves x4 ,act+ on x repeat$ly ) b5zole or o!r solv5t & tak+ c>e n to break up ! swell$ mass1 f #di to #fj p] c5t4 ( soluble matt] c be extract$4 ,on evaporation ?is is deposit$ z a ductile adh]5t film4 ,! swell$ up residue :i* rema9s undissolv$ is assum$ to be ! con/itu5t giv+ /r5g? & ela/icity1 & is only sp>+ly soluble4 ,if ! gum is ma/icat$ or knead$ at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] a *ange occurs n well und]/ood1 by :i* its solubility is greatly increas$4 ,z solv5ts _m liquids h be5 nam$4 ,oil ( turp5t9e1 ca\t*\c91 coal-t>1 nap?a1 b5zole1 petroleum-nap?a1 coal-t>-nap?a1 anhydr\s e!r1 _m ess5tial oils1 *lor(orm1 bisulphide ( c>bon1 pure1 or mix$ ) sev5 or eight p] c5t4 ( alcohol1 are among ! solv5ts recomm5d$4 ,a mixture ( fifty p>ts ( b5zole & sev5ty p>ts ( rectifi$ turp5t9e has be5 giv5 z a solv5t = tw5ty-six p>ts ( ! gum4 ,ma/ication be=e or aft] imm]sion 9 ! solv5t is to be advis$4 ,m w be said on ?is subject 9 a succe$+ *apt]4 ,vulcaniz$ india rubb] is unaffect$ by *anges ( temp]ature )9 ord9>y range4 ,x s(t5s a little on heat+4 ,ev5 h>d vulcanite :5 heat$ c be b5t & w reta9 ! b5d on cool+4 ,x is exce$+ly ela/ic ) ela/icity ( %ape b f> less compressible z reg>ds absolute *ange ( volume ?an ! raw gum4 ,x melts at #cib ,f4 7#bjj ,c47 ,x _c be made to coh]e1 & no cem5t has yet be5 discov]$ t w satisfactorily unite two surfaces4 ,x is unaffect$ by light1 by ord9>y acids & rubb] solv5ts4 ,9 contact ) ! latt] solv5ts x swells sometimes to n9e times its orig9al volume1 b on heat+ returns to its orig9al volume & %ape4 ,( wat] x w absorb no m ?an f\r p] c5t4 & (t5 mu* less4 ,if x is ma9ta9$ at a high temp]ature #bff to #cjb ,f4 7#acj to #aej ,c47 = a long "t x gradually loses its flexibility1 especially if 9 contact ) metals4 ,(t5 ! escape ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 may be obs]v$ "u ^! conditions4 ,a small admixture ( coal t> op]ates to prev5t ?is action4 ,its composition & specific gravity v>y widely z ! mo/ v>i$ mixtures are add$ by ! manufactur]4 ,its relation ( c>bon to hydrog5 is unaffect$ by ! mixtures add$4 ,:ile x may conta9 tw5ty p] c5t4 or m ( sulphur x is believ$ t b a v small quantity is comb9$ ) x1 al?\gh ! excess ( sulphur or "s equival5t1 su* z sulphide ( antimony is ess5tial to vulcanization4 ,! comb9$ sulphur is f "o to two p] c5t4 ,"s or all ( ! excess ( sulphur is me*anically reta9$1 & z ! rubb] 9 ord9>y use is work$ ab\t1 keeps escap+ & =ms a :iti% du/ ^u ! surface4 ,by treatm5t ) alkali "s ( ! excess ( sulphur c be remov$ :5 ! rubb] acquires ! p[] ( absorb+ a little m wat]1 up to six & f\r-t5?s p] c5t4 ,boil+ oil ( turp5t9e is giv5 z its solv5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,ma/icat$1 ,,mix$ ,,%eet1 ,,& ,,vulcaniz$ ,,india ,,rubb]4 ,! manufacture ( india rubb] relates to ! production ( two pr9cipal products4 ,"o is ma/icat$ unvulcaniz$ %eet & ?read rubb]2 ! o!r is unma/icat$ mix$ & cur$ rubb]1 o!rwise vulcaniz$ rubb]4 ,= ! purposes ( ! rubb]-/amp mak] an int]m$iate product is requir$1 namely1 unma/icat$ mix$ %eet :i* is uncur$4 ,?is is really incompletely vulcaniz$ india rubb]4 ,x w be evid5t f ! description to come t x is n advisable = any "o )\t consid]able app>atus to attempt to clean & to wa% 78to %eet071 to ma/icate1 or to mix india rubb]4 ,^! op]ations are be/ accompli%$ 9 ! factories4 ,! p>tially vulcaniz$ 78mix$ %eet07 or ! pure ma/icat$ article are regul> articles ( comm]ce4 ,yet a full insight into ! manipulation ( india rubb] c only be obta9$ by und]/&+ its treatm5t f ! gum up to ! two sep>ate l9es ( products we h indicat$4 ,a ?ird type ( product is coat$ tissue1 su* z ,mack9to%4 ,?is really is a sequ5ce ( "o ( ! o!r two processes & a few words w be said ( x 9 conclud+ ! *apt]4 ,z ! ca\t*\c is receiv$ by ! manufactur] x appe>s an utt]ly intractable mass4 ,x occurs 9 lumps ( e size1 v>y+ 9 color & odor1 & v t\gh b ela/ic4 ,9 virtue h[ev] ( ! prop]ties already describ$1 its p[] ( coh]+ :5 cut1 & its s(t5+ :5 heat$1 x becomes am5able to treatm5t4 ,x is to "s ext5t receiv$ 9 su* assort$ condition z to secure ev5 grades1 & !n ea* grade may be wa%$ by itself4 ,x is ?r[n into wat] :i* is 9 _m cases kept at ! boil+ po9t by /eam-heat & left !re = "s h\rs4 ,x absorbs "s wat] & also s(t5s4 ,"s gum is s s(t t x w n /& hot wat]4 ,= su* ! wat] is kept cold4 ,! pur] gum floats2 su* pieces z h /ones1 dirt1 iron1 etc4 9 !m1 p]haps plac$ !re purposely f fraudul5t motives1 s9k & c be pick$ out = sep>ate treatm5t4 ,! lumps are next cut up4 ,a revolv+ circul> knife driv5 by p[] is (t5 us$1 & sometimes an ord9>y knife is adopt$4 ,at ?is "p ( ! op]ation !re is frequ5tly ne$ = sort+1 z ! grades receiv$ may h inf]ior pieces mix$ ) ! good4 ,! cutt+ is ma9ly to secure good grad+1 & to remove conceal$ impurities4 ,! gum !n goes to ! wa%+ roll]s1 call$ ! wa%] & %eet]4 7,see cut1 p4 #cg47 ,illu/ration3 ,,wa%] ,,& ,,%eet]4 ,^! are heavy corrugat$ rolls made v %ort1 #i-ah in*es 9 l5g?1 to prev5t spr++4 ,!y are groov$ or corrugat$ & h a screw adju/m5t = regulat+ _! di/ance ap>t4 ,!y are ge>$ toge!r s z to "w 9 correspond+ directions1 l a clo!s wr+] or a roll+ mill ( any k9d4 ,! pieces ( gum are f$ into ! rolls & are drawn betwe5 & ?r\gh !m4 ,! friction t5ds to heat ! gum4 ,to prev5t ?is & also to effect ! wa%+1 a supply ( wat]1 ei!r hot or cold1 is kept play+ ^u ! mass4 ,?is dissolves out all soluble matt] & wa%es away me*anically ! *ips1 dirt1 etc4 :i* may be pres5t4 ,! :ole op]ation is "o ( ma9 =ce4 ,! ca\t*\c is torn & di/5d$ & deliv]$ z a r\gh p]=at$ %eet4 ,x is pass$ repeat$ly ?r\gh ! ma*9e1 ! roll]s be+ gradually br\ght clos] toge!r1 or else diff]5t sets ( rolls are us$1 set to diff]5t degrees ( f95ess4 ,! wa% wat] passes ?r\gh a scre5 :i* cat*es any small deta*$ fragm5ts ( gum4 ,o!r types ( ma*9es h be5 introduc$2 ! above is a repres5tative =m4 ,! r\gh %eets mu/ n[ be p]fectly dri$1 z wat] impairs ! f9al product4 ,?is is done 9 dry+ rooms by /eam heat1 g5]ally1 at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ij ,f4 7#cb ,c47 ,! w9d[s1 if !re are any1 are pa9t$ to exclude sunlight1 :i* op]ates to det]iorate raw gum4 ,:5 absolutely dry ! ca\t*\c is remov$ & /ack$ away = use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ma/icat+ ,,ma*9e4 ,to prep>e pure gum = ! manufacture ( %eet rubb] & z a />t+ po9t = _m o!r prep>ations1 ! india rubb] is 8ma/icat$0 9 special app>atus4 ,! ma*9e consi/s ( a fix$ cyl9d] )9 :i* is a corrugat$ roll] set ecc5trically & rotat$ by p[]4 ,! p]fectly dry %eets 9 ! ma/icator are press$ & roll$ & gr\nd & produce a mass ( ev5 consi/5cy4 ,"h ! weld+ or coh]+ action aga9 appe>s 9 its fulle/ developm5t4 ,! p]fect dryness ( ! mass enables x to keep reunit+ z fa/ z divid$4 ,! action is assi/$ by ! heat g5]at$1 :i* is n inconsid]able4 ,sometimes ! ca\t*\c is w>m$ be=e introduction1 & sometimes ! roll] is heat$ by pass+ /eam ?r\gh x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ma/icat+ ,,ma*9e4 ,! ma/icat+ ma*9e ! ,fr5* picturesquely t]m ! wolf 7l\p7 or devil 7diable74 ,x is giv5 f sixty to "o hundr$ turns a m9ute1 & a ma*9e l>ge en\gh to treat fifty p\nds ( gum 9 a *>ge1 requires five horse-p[] to drive x4 ,9 x ! %eet$ gum is ultimately br\ght to ! /ate ( a p]fectly homog5e\s d>k br[n transluc5t mass4 ,! ma/icat$ rubb] is peculi>ly am5able to me*anical & *emical treatm5t4 ,x c be %ap$ by heat & pressure1 & x is ! mo/ soluble =m & is us$ = mak+ cem5t & solution1 & is m\ld$ into blocks = ! manufacture ( %eet & ?read rubb]4 ,9 ! process neutral body pigm5ts1 su* z oxide ( z9c1 or soluble transp>5t ones1 su* z alkan9e may be introduc$2 easily decompos$ matt] _c be incorporat$ on acc\nt ( ! heat4 ,9 all ^! ma*9es special provision is made to prev5t any oil f gett+ into ! gum4 ,!re is no great] enemy to india rubb] ?an oil or fats ( any description4 ,! flanges 9 ! ma/icator t roll j inside ! be>+ are = ?is purpose4 ,%eet rubb] is made f ! blocks ( ma/icat$ gum by slic+4 ,a ma*9e is us$ = ! purpose :i* c>ries a knife :i* works back & =? 9 ! direction ( its l5g? at high spe$1 mak+ two ?\s& cuts a m9ute4 ,! knife is kept wet by a /ream ( wat]1 & ab\t sixty cuts are made p] in*4 ,9 _m articles made f ?is %eet ! m>ks ( ! cuts c be se5 z a f9e ribb+4 ,! appe>ance is famili> to _m read]s4 ,! %eet is (t5 cut f rectangul> blocks1 b cyl9drical blocks are also us$4 ,! latt] are rotat$ 9 front ( ! knife edge & a long1 cont9u\s %eet c ?us be obta9$4 ,! %eet rubb] c be cut into ?reads on webb+ & braid4 ,ev]yone has notic$ t ^! ?reads are usually squ>e4 ,! me?od ( prep>ation acc\nts = x4 ,vulcaniz$ %eet is n[ almo/ univ]sally us$ = ?reads4 ,r\nd ?reads h[ev] c be made by =c+ s(t5$ or p>tly dissolv$ gum ?r\gh a die4 ,x is f unvulcaniz$ ma/icat$ %eet t toy balloons1 tobacco p\*es1 etc41 are made4 ,x is ! />t+ po9t = india rubb] b&s4 ,= ! usual =m ( ! latt] article ! %eet is cem5t$ into a long tube :i* is aft]w>ds cut transv]sely1 giv+ b&s ( any desir$ wid?4 ,to make any ( ^! articles satisfactory vulcanization is imp]ative4 ,unvulcaniz$ rubb] = _m ye>s 0 us$1 b x is n[ completely displac$ by ! vulcaniz$ product4 ,%eet rubb] is made z above2 is vulcaniz$ by "s ( ! absorption processes describ$ 9 ! *apt] on vulcanization4 ,we n[ come to ! second product3 regul>ly mix$ & cur$ rubb]4 ,its />t+ po9t is ! wa%$ india rubb] f ! wa%] & %eet]4 ,we h se5 t ! pure gum or ca\t*\c is v s5sitive to *anges ( temp]ature4 ,at ! freez+ po9t ( wat] x is h>d & rigid1 & at ! boil+ po9t is l putty 9 consi/5cy4 ,!re are sev]al sub/ances :i* c be made to comb9e ) ! gum & :i* remove f x ?is susceptibility to *ange ( temp]ature4 ,! process ( effect+ ?is comb9ation is call$ vulcanization1 & ! product is call$ vulcaniz$ india rubb]4 ,sulphur is ! ag5t mo/ g5]ally employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mak+ ,,mix$ ,,rubb]4 ,9 ! factory ! normal vulcanization is c>ri$ out 9 two /eps1 mix+ & cur+4 ,! wa%$ %eet india rubb] :i* has n be5 ma/icat$ & :i* mu/ be p]fectly dry is ! />t+ po9t1 & ! mix+ rolls %[n 9 ! cuts are ! me*anism = c>ry+ out ! fir/ /ep4 ,^! are a pair ( p[]ful roll]s :i* are ge>$ s z to "w l ord9>y rolls1 except t "o revolves ab\t ?ree times z fa/ z ! o!r4 ,!y are heat$ by /eam1 :i* is introduc$ inside ( !m4 ,! %eet is fir/ pass$ ?r\gh !m a few times to secure its s(tness1 & !n ! op]ative beg9s to spr9kle sulphur ^u x z x ent]s ! rolls4 ,?is is cont9u$1 ! rubb] pass+ & repass+ until p]fect incorporation is secur$4 ,ab\t t5 p] c5t4 ( sulphur is add$1 & a workman c take c>e ( ?irty p\nds at a "t4 ,?is mat]ial is incompletely vulcaniz$4 ,x is 9 its pres5t condition v am5able to heat & is ready = any m\ld+ process4 ,g5]ally x is roll$ out or 8cal5d]$0 into %eets ( diff]5t ?ickness f :i* articles are made 9 m\lds by cur+4 ,^! %eets are ( especial int]e/ to ! read] z !y are ! mat]ial f :i* mo/ small articles are made1 includ+ rubb] /amps4 ,?is roll+ ( ! mix$ india rubb] into %eets ( def9ite ?ickness is done by special cal5d]+ rolls4 ,! product is t]m$ 8mix$ %eet40 ,9 ! mix+ rolls ! incorporation ( o!r mat]ial is (t5 br\ght ab\t4 ,z9c :ite1 lead sulphide1 antimony sulphide1 *alk1 clay1 talc1 b>ium sulphate1 pla/] ( p>is1 z9c sulphide1 lead sulphate1 :ite lead1 oxides ( lead1 magnesia1 silica1 =m a li/ ( ord9>y mix+ +r$i5ts4 ,^! l[] ! co/ ( ! f9i%$ mat]ial & are (t5 s]i\s adult]ants4 ,= "s cases ! addition if n c>ri$ too f> is n injuri\s1 or ev5 may be b5eficial4 ,a prop] admixture r5d]s ! gum m easily m\ld$ & treat$ 9 ! %ap+ processes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mix+ ,,rolls4 ,! next /ep 9 ! vulcaniz+ process is ! heat+ ( ! mass1 :i* /ep is call$ 8cur+40 ,up to a temp]ature 9 ! neighborhood ( t ( boil+ wat] ! mix$ rubb] c be heat$ )\t *ange except z x is s(t5$4 ,b if ! heat is increas$ x beg9s to get a little m ela/ic & less d\ghy1 & ev5tually becomes 8cur$0 or vulcaniz$4 ,! temp]ature = vulcanization is ab\t #bhd ,f4 7#adj ,c474 ,! ^w 8ab\t0 is us$ advis$ly1 = x is n only a "q ( heat b ( "t ( exposure4 ,aft] vulcaniz+1 includ+ ! cur+1 india rubb] _c be m\ld$ to any great ext5t4 ,9 ! manufactur+ process1 !re=e1 x is be=e cur+ plac$ 9 ! m\lds1 heat$1 %ap$ by pressure1 & by exposure to a high] heat 9 a /eam ov5 call$ a vulcaniz]1 is at once cur$4 ,to prev5t adh]5ce to ! m\lds !y are du/$ ov] ) gr\nd soap/one1 & ! rubb] itself is (t5 ?us coat$4 ,! me?ods ( vulcanization & cur+1 :i* may be ( special use to ! read]1 are giv5 9 ! *apt]s devot$ to t subject 7*apt] ,,xi471 & 9 ! "o devot$ to rubb] /amps4 ,h>d rubb]1 t]m$ ebonite :5 black1 & vulcanite :5 ( o!r colors1 is simply vulcaniz$ rubb] conta9+ a l>ge p]c5tage ( sulphur add$ 9 ! mix+ process4 ,! manufacture ( coat$ tissues is effect$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,! foll[+ is a typical process4 ,a mixture ( "o "p wa%$ & %eet$ india rubb] ) "o "p z9c :ite1 "o f\r? "p sulphur1 & ab\t "o ?ird "p nap?a is mix$ into a d\gh-l mass & is spread ^u ! clo? by ma*9]y4 ,! latt] is simple4 ,x consi/s ( a b>e bo>d arrang$ to move "u a scrap+ b>4 ,! clo? is plac$ on ! bo>d & c>ri$ "u ! b>4 ,! coat+ mixture is f$ on "o side ( ! b> ^u ! surface ( ! clo?4 ,z x passes "u1 a regulat$ am\nt1 accord+ to ! set ( ! b>1 adh]es4 ,x is !n dri$ by /eam heat & recoat$1 until ord9>ily six coats1 ea* ab\t "o "o-hundr$? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 h be5 giv54 ,?ree coats are giv5 9 ea* direction ) int]m$iate dry+4 ,! fabric is !n cur$ by heat 9 vulcaniz]s4 ,sometimes ! sulphur is omitt$ f ! mixture & cold cur+1 z describ$ lat]1 is adopt$4 ,:5 ! goods are made up ! seams are secur$ ) rubb] cem5t1 a ?ick solution ( ma/icat$ gum4 ,su* seams h to be vulcaniz$4 ,sometimes two su* fabrics be=e cur+ or vulcanization1 are plac$ face to face & all[$ to adh]e & are !n cur$ or vulcaniz$4 ,en\gh has be5 said 9 ?is outl9e ( ! manufactur]'s treatm5t ( india rubb] to %[ t ! fir/ treatm5t requires ma*9]y4 ,v little c be done ) mort> & pe/le1 al?\gh 9 mak+ up solution ^! simple in/rum5talities are available4 ,z a />t+ po9t = mak+ small articles ma/icat$ %eet rubb] & mix$ %eet rubb] are ! /aple mat]ials4 ,! prec$+ /eps are be/ accompli%$ 9 ! factory4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,india ,,rubb] ,,/amp ,,mak+4 ,we h se5 t india rubb] _c be ca/ 9 m\lds4 ,except 9 special cases deposition f solution is n available4 ,x has to be %ap$ by a comb9ation ( heat & pressure4 ,:5 g5tly heat$ x s(t5s & c be press$ 9 a m\ld4 ,z x cools x reta9s ! %ape ?us giv5 & is m\ld$4 ,?is applies to all unvulcaniz$ india rubb]4 ,if mix$ rubb] is m\ld$ & heat$ to a high] temp]ature )\t removal f ! m\ld ! cur+ process is br\ght ab\t & ! rubb] may be n only m\ld$ b cur$ & ! product is m\ld$ vulcaniz$ india rubb]4 ,! mix$ %eet ^: manufacture is describ$ 9 *apt] ,,iv4 7page #db7 is ! />t+ po9t 9 rubb] /amp mak+4 ,x is made = ?is purpose by ! manufactur]s4 ,:5 ! mat]ial is exam9$ x looks l ord9>y :ite india rubb]1 be+ firm 9 texture & q /rong4 ,on heat+ to #bhj ,f4 to #bij ,f4 7#acg ,c4 to #adc ,c47 x beg9s to become 8cur$10 & if 9 a ?9 %eet "o to t5 m9utes are suffici5t = ! process4 ,z ! heat is appli$ ! india rubb] fir/ s(t5s & becomes mu* l putty4 ,x c n[ be press$ ?r\gh ! smalle/ orifice & w fill up ! f9e/ details ( any?+ x is press$ aga9/4 ,x is at ?is po9t t pressure mu/ be appli$ to drive x into ! int]/ices ( ! m\ld4 ,z ! heat cont9ues x beg9s to lose its d\ghy or putty-l consi/5cy4 ,?is m>ks ! reaction ( ! vulcaniz+ mat]ials4 ,!y gradually comb9e ) & *ange ! nature ( ! ca\t*\c4 ,! rubb] :ile /ill q s(t is ela/ic4 ,if press$ by ! po9t ( a knife x yields1 b spr+s back to its %ape :5 releas$ f pressure4 ,! india rubb] is vulcaniz$4 ,on removal f ! m\ld x w be f\nd to reproduce its smalle/ detail4 ,! color & appe>ance h n *ang$ mu*1 b its nature & prop]ties are n[ ^? ( vulcaniz$ rubb]4 ,x is unaffect$ by heat or cold )9 ord9>y ranges ( temp]ature1 & if ! india rubb] is ( good quality & made by a prop] =mula x w la/ = ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,simple ,,vulcaniz+ ,,press ,,= ,,rubb] ,,/amps4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be describ$ is ! m\ld1 :i* includes ! arrangem5ts = press+ ! %eet ( india rubb] :ile heat$4 ,a small press is ne$$ = ?is purpose4 ,x may be ( ! simple/ description1 & z an example ( a home-made b p]fectly effici5t "o ! illu/ration may be ref]r$ to4 ,! base ( ! press is a piece ( iron1 if heat is to be directly employ$4 ,:]e a *amb] vulcaniz] is us$ bo? base & plat5 may be ( wood4 ,b f e po9t ( view iron is ! be/4 ,x la/s =ev]1 admits ( direct heat+1 & does n split1 w>p1 or *>4 ,?r\gh two holes drill$ ne> its opposite sides two ord9>y bolts are ?ru/4 ,x is be/ to use flat head$ bolts1 & to c\nt]s9k a recess = ! heads 9 ord] to keep ! bottom level4 ,! heads may ne$ to be fil$ (f s z to r$uce _! ?ickness1 9 ord] to secure ?is object4 ,! bolts may be sold]$ 9 place4 ,"o ?+ %\ld be c>efully wat*$ =--! bolts %\ld be set true s z to rise v]tically f ! plane ( ! base4 ,! plat5 is be/ made ( iron1 cut ( ! %ape %[n4 ,?is is an excell5t disposition ( ! screw-bolt slots1 z by sw++ ! "r end ( ! plat5 back x c be tak5 (f )\t remov+ ! nuts & lift+ x ov] ! ends ( ! screws4 ,besides ! two nuts fitt+ ! ?read ( ! screws x is well to h half a doz5 extra ones l>g] ?an ! o!rs1 :i* w slip easily ov] ! bolts1 s z to act z wa%]s4 ,! object ( ^! is to adapt ! press to objects ( diff]5t ?ickness4 ,! ?read ^u an ord9>y bolt does n ext5d cle> to ! head1 b by slipp+ on "s loose nuts ! plates c be =c$ toge!r if desir$4 ,?is press c be simplifi$4 ,bo? base & plat5 c be made ( wood1 ! plat5 be+ simply bor$ = ! bolts1 & ! latt] driv5 tightly ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! base s z to reta9 _! place4 ,ev5 ?is c be improv$ on z reg>ds simplicity4 ,two blocks ( wood screw$ toge!r by two or m long wood screws may be made to d effici5t "w4 ,"o tr\ble is app>5t ) all ^! devices1 & t is ! want ( p>allelism ( ! oppos$ planes4 ,! base & plat5 may be true & p>allel or !y may n4 ,p]haps ! simple/ way ( secur+ ?is is ! be/4 ,x consi/s 9 plac+ across ! base two di/ance pieces1 :i* may be slips ( wood4 ,^! mu/ h p]fectly p>allel faces4 ,z ! press is screw$ up !y w be gripp$ betwe5 ! plat5 & base & w n only ensure _! p>allelism b w keep !m at an exact di/ance ap>t4 ,su* di/ance pieces are %[n 9 ! same cut4 ,pieces ( pr9t]s' 8furniture10 spaces1 or 8quads10 may be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,!y %\ld n be fa/5$ 9 place if !re is ne$ to adapt ! press to m ?an "o ?ickness ( mat]ial & matrix4 ,! above describ$ app>atus is a vulcaniz+ press4 ,a fur!r improvem5t 9 x may be effect$ by ! use ( spr+ pressure4 ,two /rong spiral spr+s may be dropp$ ov] ! bolts1 ! nuts be+ screw$ on above !m1 or a p[]ful spr+ ( flat brass or /eel ribb& b5t into ! %ape ( a %all[ lett] ,v may int]v5e betwe5 nuts & plat51 ! c5tre ( ! b5d be>+ aga9/ ! c5tre ( ! plat54 ,z reg>ds ! /r5g? ( ! spr+s !re is ?is to be said4 ,! di/ance pieces w prev5t a spr+ t w\ld ord9>ily be too p[]ful f do+ any h>m4 ,su* di/ance pieces %\ld be us$1 z ! spr+s mu/ be bas$ ^u giv+ a pressure ( _m p\nds p] squ>e in* ( surface to be act$ on4 ,!y %\ld h a range ( an eigh? ( an in* or m4 ,! great] ! range ! m ev5ly w !y "w4 ,! next cut %[s an excell5t little screw press1 t is made = ! purpose ( press+ vulcaniz+ flasks4 ,?is is s simple t x w sugge/ to ! me*anical read] h[ he c make a s+le-screw press1 :i* is by f> ! mo/ conv5i5t to use4 ,9 ! /ation]y /ores v small model ca/ iron copy+ presses design$ = use z pap] weights are sold4 ,!y are excell5t = a limit$ am\nt ( small siz$ "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vulcaniz+ ,,flask ,,clamp4 ,a l>ge siz$ gas heat$ press1 su* z made = ! purpose ( manufactur+ rubb] /amps1 is %[n 9 ! next cut1 p4 #ec4 ,its con/ruction is obvi\s4 ,x is t]m$ by ! trade a vulcaniz]4 ,its manipulation w be giv5 fur!r on4 ,type are g5]ally ! object to be copi$4 ,^! are be/ set up ) high quads & spaces4 ,naturally r a l>ge type is *os51 ) extra wide spaces betwe5 ! lett]s4 ,"s advise rubb+ ! type faces full ( h>d soap1 aft]w>ds bru%+ (f ! face1 leav+ ! holl[s fill$4 ,sometimes wax is recomm5d$ = ! same purpose4 ,?is prev5ts ! pla/] ( ! matrix ent]+ s deeply into ! cavities ( ! lett]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gas-,,heat$ ,,/amp ,,vulcaniz]4 ,! type =m+ ! model to be reproduc$1 is lock$ 9 a frame4 ,two pieces ( pr9t]s' furniture or o!r wood5 /rips screw$ toge!r by wood screws at _! ends w answ] = a lock+ frame = small inscriptions4 ,! model to be copi$ ne$ n be type1 b any desir$ relief may be us$1 su* z an electrotype1 a /]eotype1 an engrav+ or ano!r rubb] /amp4 ,9 any case x is to be plac$ ^u a flat surface1 be/ an 8impos+ /one0 or piece ( m>ble1 ) ! inscription upw>ds4 ,on ea* side ( x di/ance pieces rea*+ ab\t "o-eigh? in* above its upp] surface are to be plac$4 ,! next %ap+ appliance is ! matrix or m\ld1 or rev]se ( ! model :i* is to be copi$4 ,?is 9 ! case ( rubb] /amps is prop]ly call$ ! matrix4 ,^? :o h witness$ ! /]eotyp+ ( a l>ge daily newspap] h se5 ! matrices ( ! type made ( pap] & pa/e1 ! :ole mixture be+ t]m$ 8flong40 ,su* a matrix is requir$ = rubb] type1 b pap] is r too susceptible to heat al?\gh good "w c be done ) x4 ,x also does n ent] z deeply into ! cavities ( ! type z is desirable4 ,z a rule a f9e quality ( pla/] ( p>is is to be recomm5d$4 ,:at is sold z d5tal pla/] is ! be/1 b common pla/] c be us$4 ,x is mix$ ) wat] or ) a solution ( gum arabic or dextr9e 9 wat]4 ,= ! latt] en\gh gum %\ld be add$ to make ! mix+ solution z ?ick z ?9 syrup4 ,a piece ( iron1 p]fectly flat & true1 is n[ to be tak51 l>ge en\gh to m ?an cov] ! inscription to be copi$4 ,^u its surface a putty made ( ! pla/] & ! liquid us$ 9 mix+ is to be spread4 ,?is %\ld be r /iff4 ,! surface ( ! iron %\ld n be too smoo? z x is desirable t ! pla/] %\ld adh]e well on sett+4 ,! pla/] %\ld be smoo?ly spread to a dep? ( ?ree-sixte5?s or a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,x is be/ appli$ ) a palette knife or tr[el1 al?\gh a table knife w answ] p]fectly4 ,if its surface does n become smoo? x c be made s by apply+ a little ( ! solution ) ! knife or tr[el4 ,be=e ?is has be5 done ! model mu/ be oil$4 ,olive oil or o!r cle> oil is appli$ to all p>ts ( ! type faces1 & ! excess is !n wip$ (f & cle>$ out ( ! int]/ices ) a piece ( blott+ pap]4 ,next ! plate ) ! pla/] is inv]t$ & is press$ /eadily d[n ^u ! model until x /rikes ! di/ance pieces4 ,x is left to set4 ,9 ab\t t5 m9utes x c be rais$1 :5 x w be f\nd to give a beautiful impression true to ! smalle/ detail ( ea* lett]4 ,x has be5 said t wat] may be us$ z ! mix+ fluid4 ,if ?is is done x is well to /r5g!n ! m\ld by saturat+ x ) an alcoholic solution ( %ellac1 aft] x has dri$ ?or\ghly1 be/ = a few h\rs 9 an ov54 ,?is op]ates to /r5g!n ! small projections t are liable to crumble or to break (f 9 use4 ,! deal]s 9 rubb] /amp supplies sell a lev] press = conduct+ ! op]ation ( produc+ ! matrix4 ,! type is lock$ 9 a special *ase1 :i* is c>ri$ on a b$ t travels "u & out f "u ! plat5 ( ! press ^u roll]s4 ,f ea* corn] ( ! *ase 9 :i* ! type model is lock$1 a p9 rises :i* is encircl$ by a spiral spr+4 ,a squ>e frame ( flat iron ) holes at ! corn]s = ! p9s to pass ?r\gh1 re/s ^u ^! spr+s well above ! type4 ,! p9s pass ?r\gh holes 9 its corn]s4 ,! matrix plate ) its coat+ ( pla/] is plac$ ^u ?is frame1 :i* supports x above & n t\*+ ! type4 ,! :ole is n[ roll$ "u ! press & ! lev] pull$ to produce ! impression4 ,z ! pressure is releas$ ! frame ) ! matrix is rais$ f ! type by ! action ( ! spr+s4 ,?is c be done imm$iately1 & be=e ! pla/] has set4 ,x is almo/ impossible to raise x by h& ) ! requisite /ead9ess4 ,! same *ase ) corn] p9s & spr+s c be us$ 9 a screw press1 ! "o press answ]+ = mak+ ! matrix & = m\ld+ & cur+ ! /amps4 ,! pla/] matrix c also be made by ca/+ f a ?9n] mixture ( pla/] & wat]4 ,aft] ! type has be5 set up1 or ! model has be5 select$ & plac$ face up & horizontal1 a little ridge or projection mu/ be made all ar\nd x4 ,pap] c be pa/$ ar\nd x1 & w\nd ) ?read = ?is purpose4 ,x is oil$ & wip$ (f z be=e4 ,! pla/] is n[ mix$ ) wat] to ! consi/5cy ( cream1 & is p\r$ ^u ! model until x lies ev5 ) ! project+ l$ges or pap] bord]4 ,9 an h\r or less x c be remov$4 ,if wat] is us$ ! m\ld %\ld be=e use be treat$ ) %ellac solution z already describ$4 ,! pla/] may also be mix$ ) gum arabic solution1 or ) ?ree to t5 p] c5t4 ( p[d]$ m>%mall[ root4 ,?is increases its t\ghness4 ,:at is kn[n z ! oxy*loride ( z9c cem5t appe>s to ! au?or to be f> pref]able to common pla/] ( p>is4 ,x is a trifle m exp5sive1 b x co/s s little t x is well wor? try+4 ,x is made by mix+ oxide ( z9c ) a solution ( z9c *loride4 ,no p>ticul> /r5g? ( solution or proportions are prescrib$2 ! z9c *loride solution %\ld be a /rong "o1 & ! mixture %\ld be ( ab\t ! consi/5cy ( s(t putty4 ,z9c *loride may be b\ght z a solid sub/ance or 9 /rong solution4 ,! latt] answ]s = ! mix+ directly4 ,x may also be simply made by dissolv+ metallic z9c 9 /rong hydro*loric acid4 ,! manipulation is exactly ! same z ) pla/] ( p>is4 ,! manufacture ( papi] ma* & ( o!r matrices is giv5 9 a special *apt]4 ,= all ord9>y purposes ! pla/] or cem5t matrices are ample4 ,! /amp is made f ! mix$ uncur$ %eet rubb]1 ^: prep>ation 9 ! factory1 includ+ ! op]ation ( cal5d]+ x into %eets1 has already be5 describ$4 ,! be/ advice ! read] c be giv5 is n to attempt to make x except z a matt] ( int]e/ & exp]im5t4 ,x c be pur*as$ especially prep>$ = /amps f ! deal]s 9 india rubb]4 ,a piece is cut f ! %eet l>ge en\gh to cov] ! face ( ! matrix4 ,x %\ld h a p]fectly smoo? surface1 )\t clo? wrapp] m>ks sometimes f\nd impress$ on x4 ,! %eet z receiv$ f ! mak] is ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick4 ,x is ?r[n into a box ( p[d]$ soap/one or talc to secure a coat+ ( ! same on bo? sides4 ,a little is du/$ ov] ! matrix & ! excess is bl[n (f4 ,! matrix is n[ plac$ ^u ! base ( ! press1 & heat is appli$4 ,to c>ry out ! process mo/ simply ! press if ( metal may be plac$ ^u a support ov] a gas burn] or k]os5e lamp1 or ev5 on a kit*5 range or /ove4 ,x w 9 a few m9utes become w>m4 ,! %eet ( india rubb] is n[ du/$ (f & is plac$ 9 ! press ^u ! matrix4 ,! plat5 ( ! press is screw$ d[n ^u x4 ,z ! india rubb] becomes hot x beg9s to s(t5 & fl[4 ,by ! action ( ! screw ( ! press x mu/ be =c$ d[n f "t to "t z x s(t5s4 ,?is drives ! putty-l mat]ial into all ! int]/ices ( ! m\ld4 ,! excess escapes f ! sides ( ! tympan 9 cases :]e ! latt] is ( re/rict$ area4 ,! press !oretically %\ld be heat$ to ! vulcaniz+ temp]ature1 :i* is #bhd ,f4 7#adj ,c474 ,9 practice ! heat is n det]m9$ ) a !rmomet]4 ,! op]ator le>ns by exp]i5ce h[ mu* heat to apply4 ,! regulation type ( gas heat$ press or /amp vulcaniz] is %[n 9 ! illu/ration on page #ec4 ,z "s ( ! india rubb] is sure to protrude1 ! progress ( ! "w c be wat*$ f its action4 ,by press+ ! po9t ( a knife aga9/ x ! p]iod ( vulcanization c be told4 ,be=e ! mat]ial is heat$ x is ela/ic & resi/s ! pressure ( ! knife2 z heat is appli$ x becomes s(t l putty2 z ! heat increases x aga9 /iff5s & becomes q ela/ic4 ,at ?is po9t ! press c be op5$ & ! %eet & matrix c be tak5 out or ! plat5 swung aside4 ,on pull+ or /ripp+ ! %eet f ! matrix x w be f\nd to reproduce ! model 9 ela/ic india rubb] to ! m9ute/ detail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,oil ,,/ove ,,= ,,heat+ ,,vulcaniz]s4 ,z reg>ds ! m9or details !re is some?+ to be said4 ,di/ance pieces to gauge ! ?ickness h be5 recomm5d$ = ! home-made press1 page #dh4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to h ^! l[ en\gh to provide = en\gh excess ( mat]ial to produce a good impression4 ,= ord9>y /amp "w !y %\ld all[ ab\t "o-sixte5? ( an in* = ! 8squeeze40 ,x w be se5 t by us+ ! di/ance or gauge pieces bo? = mak+ ! matrix & = m\ld+ & cur+ ! /amp1 absolute p>allelism ( surfaces w be secur$4 ,! read] w h notic$ 9 ! description & w f9d at once 9 practice t ! press has to be screw$ up z ! rubb] s(t5s4 ,:]e heavy iron presses are us$ ! l>ge mass ( heat$ iron compris$ 9 ! plat5 ( ! press in/antly heats ! upp] surface ( ! india rubb] %eet & ! heat imm$iately p5etrates into x1 :ile ! heat$ matrix heats x f bel[4 ,?us x s(t5s at once1 & ! press is directly turn$ d[n & ! india rubb] is driv5 into ! m\ld & cur+ at once beg9s4 ,b :]e small presses are us$ ?is manipulation is n s easy4 ,= su* ! spr+s m5tion$ on page #ea1 are highly to be recomm5d$4 ,! matrix & india rubb] c be put into ! cold press1 & ! tympan ) int]v5+ spr+s c be screw$ d[n s z to compress !m4 ,!n on apply+ heat ! m\ld+ takes place automatically4 ,) a hot press & good %eet a p]iod ( ?ree to t5 m9utes is ample = m\ld+ & cur+4 ,in/ead ( spr9kl+ ) talc ! matrix may be oil$ & spr9kl$ ) plumbago & aft]w>ds poli%$ ) a bru%4 ,?is is n s clean a mat]ial z talc & is n to be recomm5d$ = g5]al use1 especially z oil is a bad sub/ance to br+ 9 contact ) rubb]4 ,! di/ance or gauge pieces ^: use has be5 recomm5d$ are n necess>y :]e presses work+ truly p>allel z reg>ds _! oppos+ faces are us$4 ,b :]e home-made app>atus is us$ !y w be f\nd a valuable addition4 ,9 describ+ ! simple press x 0 said t x c\ld be made ( wood4 ,x is evid5t t a wood5 press c\ld n be us$ = direct heat+4 ,su* a press mu/ be us$ 9 a hot *amb] or vulcaniz]1 prop]ly s call$4 ,orig9ally rubb] /amps 7 g5]ally made 9 *amb] vulcaniz]s4 ,! next cut %[s a comb9$ matrix mak+1 m\ld+ & vulcaniz+ app>atus ( v conv5i5t & compact =m & adapt$ = rapid "w4 ,z ! press /&s 9 ! cut ! matrix press is se5 9 front4 ,a box or *ase is c>ri$ "u its plat5 by two trunnions1 s z to be free to oscillate to a limit$ ext5t4 ,! type model is secur$ 9 ?is box4 ,above ?is box or *ase is a cross-b> ) screw & plat5 atta*$1 connect$ at w to two /&>ds or pill>s1 s z to con/itute ! matrix press4 ,a matrix plate sw+s on a h+e jo9t betwe5 ! two presses4 ,! h+e-p9 is removable4 ,its ends c be se5 project+ to "r & left ( ! press columns4 ,! h+e is at su* a height t :5 ! matrix plate is swung =w>d ov] ! type box x w re/ ^u x 9 a ne>ly horizontal position4 ,! pivot$ box w adju/ itself s z to come into p>allelism ) ! plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,matrix ,,mak+1 ,,m\ld+ ,,& ,,vulcaniz+ ,,app>atus4 ,:5 ! matrix plate is swung back x falls ^u ! base plate ( ! vulcaniz+ press se5 9 ! re>4 ,9 use ! composition us$ = ! matrix is spread ^u ! matrix plate1 :i* may = ?is purpose be remov$ f ! app>atus4 ,x is replac$ & ! h+e-p9 is pu%$ home4 ,?is is done ) ! composition coat$ side fac+ ! front ( ! app>atus z x /&s 9 ! cut4 ,! plate is !n swung =w>ds1 ! plat5 ( ! matrix press be+ turn$ =w>d out ( ! way1 & is press$ d[n ^u ! type or o!r model t re/s 9 ! type box4 ,if desir$ ! press is us$ to =ce x home4 ,! cross-b>s ( bo? ! presses are arrang$ to sw+ ea* "o on "o ( ! pill>s1 s t ! plat5s are turn$ to "o side out ( ! way ( ! matrix plate z x is swung back & =?4 ,! pressure is releas$ & ! plat5s are turn$ aside4 ,! matrix plate is swung ov] to ! re> ^u ! b$-plate ( ! vulcaniz+ press4 ,"h x lies ) ! composition-matrix upw>ds4 ,a light$ lamp1 ei!r alcohol or gas1 is plac$ b5ea? ! b$-plate ( ! vulcaniz+ press on :i* ! matrix re/s4 ,?is quickly dries x & br+s x to a good cur+ temp]ature4 ,! cross-b> & plat5 may be swung ov] x dur+ ! heat+ s z to be heat$ at ! same "t4 ,! matrix is talc$ :5 dry & hot2 ! mix$ %eet itself talc$1 is plac$ ^u ! matrix1 ! plat5 is screw$ d[n ^u x1 & 9 a m9ute or two ! m\ld+ & cur+ is complet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rubb] ,,/amp ,,vulcaniz]4 ,a vulcaniz]1 prop]ly speak+1 is a vessel arrang$ to heat to a def9ite degree any desir$ articles :i* are to be cur$4 ,! favorite type h be5 ! /eam vulcaniz]s4 ,if /eam is g5]at$ f wat] at a con/ant pressure1 o!r ?+s be+ equal a con/ant temp]ature w be produc$4 ,by rais+ or l[]+ ! pressure ! temp]ature c be made to rise or fall4 ,a /eam vulcaniz] is a tightly seal$ vessel :i* conta9s wat] & :i* is provid$ ) a !rmomet] or a pressure gauge z well z a safety-valve1 safety disc or safety plug4 ,by keep+ ! gauge at con/ant pressure or by keep+ ! !rmomet] con/ant ! temp]ature c be limit$ & kept /eady4 ,! foll[+ table gives "s pressure 9 p\nds p] squ>e in* ) temp]atures correspond+ to /eam ( su* pressures3 ,lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,temp4 ,fahr4 ,temp4 ,c5t4 #de4eab #bge #ace #eb4edh #bhd #adj #fj4ddb #bic #ade #fg4djh #cjj4b #adi ,! illu/ration1 p4 #fd1 %[s a vulcaniz] ( mod]n type made = rubb] /amp "w4 ,9 "s rec5t vulcaniz]s ! wat] & /eam are exclud$ f ! vulcaniz+ *amb]1 be+ conta9$ )9 d\ble walls =m+ a /eam jacket & ma9ta9+ a con/ant heat )9 ! *amb]4 ,^! illu/rate a po9t t has be5 mu* misappreh5d$1 namely t cur+ is indep5d5t ( pressure or atmosph]e4 ,because vulcaniz]s h g5]ally be5 fill$ ) /eam at high pressure _m h suppos$ t ! /eam or pressure _h some?+ to d ) _! action4 ,! fact is t x is only ! heat due to ! /eam at su* pressure t is in/rum5tal4 ,/eam is a v p[]ful radiator & absorb] ( s call$ radiant heat4 ,= ?is reason an atmosph]e ( /eam ma9ta9s all p>ts ( ! vulcaniz] at an ev5 temp]ature & is to t ext5t advantage\s4 ,its pres5ce & ! pressure x g5]ates are n by any means requir$ = vulcaniz+4 ,its pressure is entirely )\t effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/eam ,,jacket ,,vulcaniz]4 ,to use a /eam vulcaniz]1 wat] is introduc$1 ! article 9 ! press or m\ld is plac$ 9 x1 & ! top is secur$4 ,heat is !n appli$1 be/ if on ! small scale1 f a ,buns5 gas burn] gas1 or oil /ove4 ,ei!r ! pressure gauge or !rmomet] may be wat*$1 & ! flame turn$ up or d[n to keep x at ! prop] temp]ature4 ,m\ld+ _c be execut$ 9 ! ord9>y clos$ *amb]s4 ,! press mu/ fir/ be heat$ to ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] or !reab\ts & ! m\ld+ is !n effect$ by screw+ d[n ! m\ld screw1 ^u ! %eet & matrix4 ,x is !n plac$ 9 ! vulcaniz] & cur$4 ,! manufactur]s supply gas regulators :i* automatically regulate ! gas supply4 ,^! are work$ by ! /eam pressure4 ,if any "o wi%es to /udy ! practical manipulation ( small /eam vulcaniz]s he c see !m 9 use at any d5ti/'s (fice4 ,!re is no ne$ ( a /eam vulcaniz] = ord9>y /amp "w4 ,! hot press sy/em already describ$ answ]s e purpose & is 9 use by ! mo/ advanc$ manufactur]s = ?9 %eet "w4 ,b if a wood5 m\ld+ press is us$ !n x mu/ be heat$ 9 a vulcaniz] or "s k9d ( ov5 or hot *amb]4 ,a v simple & reasonably satisfactory ov5 or air ba? c be made f a fl[] pot & a c\ple ( t9 plates4 ,a plate l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! m\? ( ! fl[] pot =ms ! base ( ! app>atus4 ,?is is support$ on a /& ov] ! gas lamp or o!r s\rce ( heat4 ,a smokeless flame or "o deposit+ no lampblack %\ld be us$4 ,alcohol or a k]os5e oil /ove illu/rat$ on page #ei are excell5t4 ,on ?is plate a small] plate is inv]t$1 :i* latt] mu/ be s small z to be surr\nd$ by ! fl[] pot & to be includ$ )9 x :5 ! pot is plac$ ov] x l an ext+ui%]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fl[] ,,pot ,,vulcaniz] ,,on ,,/&4 ,a *emical or r\nd /emm$ !rmomet] is arrang$ to g ?r\gh ! ap]ture 9 ! upturn$ bottom ( ! pot4 ,?is may be hung f a support or x may be secur$ by pass+ ?r\gh a hole 9 a cork or block ( wood4 ,its bulb %\ld be ne> ! "p ( ! *amb] to be occupi$ by ! m\ld or press4 ,! press ) ! article to be cur$ is plac$ ^u ! inn] plate4 ,! temp]ature is ma9ta9$ at ! prop] po9t by regulat+ ! heat1 & all ! conditions = excell5t "w are suppli$4 ,! disposition ( ! app>atus is %[n 9 ! cuts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,fl[] ,,pot ,,vulcaniz]4 ,ano!r arrangem5t equally simple is giv5 9 ! next cut4 ,an iron kettle has a lay] ( type metal or lead p\r$ an in* ?ick ca/ )9 x ^u its bottom4 ,a !rmomet] pass+ ?r\gh a hole 9 ! cov] ent]s a cup ( glyc]9e t /&s ^u ! bottom4 ,?is gives ! temp]ature4 ,! object ( hav+ a ?ick or a d\ble bottom is to prev5t excessive radiation ( heat f any "o "p4 ,! ess5tial condition = good op]ation is to ma9ta9 an ev5 temp]ature ?r\gh\t ! *amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fi% ,,kettle ,,vulcaniz]4 ,! !rmomet] is n an absolute necessity4 ,by remov+ ! press f "t to "t & inspect+ ! ov]fl[ ( india rubb] ! progress ( ! op]ation c be wat*$4 ,an extra piece ( india rubb] may be plac$ on a piece ( wood by ! side ( or ^u ! wood5 portion ( ! press1 & its condition c be tak5 z ! crit]ion4 ,pressure ) ! po9t ( a knife w tell ! vulcaniz+ po9t4 ,by ! press sy/em ( cur+1 a heat f> above ! vulcaniz+ temp]ature may be made to d good "w by a v %ort application4 ,!re is h[ev] dang] ( burn+ ! "w if left 9 too long4 ,if ! air-ba? ) !rmomet] or ! /eam vulcaniz] is us$1 & ! heat is kept d[n to ! prop] cur+ temp]ature1 !re is no dang] ( burn+ ! india rubb] ev5 if ! cur+ is consid]ably prolong$4 ,z ! fl[] pot has (t5 to be lift$ (f = introduction or removal ( ! press1 & z x gets q hot1 a hold] ( "s k9d is requisite4 ,a piece ( heavy blott+ pap] is v conv5i5t = ?is purpose4 ,! fl[] pot sy/em ) !rmomet] c be fur!r simplifi$ by be+ us$ on a /ove or range4 ,a *9a sauc] inv]t$1 or "s simil> support1 %\ld be plac$ "u ! pot4 ,a "p ( ! /ove at v l[ heat w suffice4 ,! kettle vulcaniz]1 c also be plac$ on a /ove s z to disp5se ) gas or oil4 ,f9ally1 z ! la/ /ep 9 simplify+ ! "w1 a /amp c be made )\t any special app>atus beyond a hot flat iron4 ,! matrix may be plac$ on a /ove :]e ! heat is r l[1 ! talc-coat$ mix$ rubb] %eet plac$ ^u x1 & on ?is a hot flat iron4 ,9 a few m9utes if ! heat is suffici5t ! /amp w be f9i%$4 ,a few words may be said ab\t ! type4 ,high spaces & quads betwe5 ! lett]s %\ld be us$1 su* z w come up to ! %\ld] ( ! type1 z has be5 said4 ,b a v nice effect is produc$ by us+ l[ quads betwe5 words4 ,?is leaves ea* ^w elevat$ by itself1 produc+ a good appe>ance4 ,autograph /amps are made f a model cut 9 wood by a wood engrav]4 ,! autograph is writt5 9 "s =m ( copy+ ink ^u a piece ( pap]1 & is transf]r$ by moi/5+ & pressure to a block ( wood4 ,) an engrav]'s tool ! wood is cut away f ! l9es1 z ! block is r\t$ aft] ! inscription has be5 8outl9$40 ,! woodcut is us$ z a model = mak+ a matrix4 ,x is evid5t t an autograph ( fair quality c\ld be obta9$ f a *alk plate4 ,b 9 rubb] /amp "w to get good results c]ta9 ess5tial p>ts %\ld be ( ! be/4 ,^! p>ts include ! mix$ rubb]1 model & matrix4 ,a dep>ture f excell5ce 9 any ( ^! t5ds to ! production ( an inf]ior /amp4 ,:at is kn[n z a 8heal?y cure0 is above all ess5tial to ! appe>ance ( ! product4 ,! /amp ?us made is atta*$ to a wood5 h&le by common glue or by "o ( ! rubb] cem5ts giv5 9 *apt] ,,xvi4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,india ,,rubb] ,,type ,,mak+4 ,india rubb] type are (t5 us$ to set up diff]5t inscriptions 9 wood5 h&les1 or diff]5t date figures 9 rubb] /amps4 ,! latt] are 9 su* cases made ) slots or recesses to receive !m4 ,rubb] type are mu* %ort] ?an regul> type1 & z a rule are l>g] 9 ! body 9 proportion to ! face ( ! lett]4 ,:]e only a few are requir$ ! foll[+ process is ! simple/ way ( mak+ !m f mix$ rubb] %eet4 ,! type :i* are to be copi$ are set up on a level base or impos+ /one1 & quads or spaces are put betwe5 !m4 ,high quads & spaces %\ld be us$2 o!rwise !y %\ld be pu%$ up until ev5 ) ! %\ld]s ( ! type4 ,aft] oil+ ! faces a matrix is produc$ exactly z describ$ = /amps4 ,be=e x has set q h>d ! pla/] or cem5t is cut (f s t x w j fit )9 a little 8flask0 or frame4 ,! latt] may be made ( t9 or wood & may be rectangul> or circul>1 provid$ x is l>ge en\gh to include )9 its area ! full work+ face ( ! matrix4 ,x %\ld be ab\t half an in* or five-eigh?s ( an in* deep4 ,its object is to prev5t ! s(t5$ india rubb] f spread+1 s z to secure ! requisite height ( ! type produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,india ,,rubb] ,,type ,,m\ld4 ,a piece ( wood or metal is cut s z to fit closely )9 ?is frame l a plung]4 ,x is provid$ ) %\ld]s or cross pieces1 s z to limit ! dep? to :i* x c be ins]t$4 ,x w be se5 t :5 matrix1 flask1 & plung] are all put toge!r a complete m\ld = a block ( type is produc$1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 ! matrix ) its plate =m+ ! bottom ( ! box4 ,aft] ! flask is plac$ ^u ! matrix x is fill$ ) ! mix$ uncur$ india rubb] %eet4 ,z a matt] ( pref]5ce ?ick %eet is us$1 b scraps ( all %apes c be employ$ z x all fuses toge!r4 ,! m\ld & matrix are ( c\rse fir/ well du/$ ) talc p[d]4 ,! plung] is put on & ! :ole is press$4 ,heat is next appli$ 9 a vulcaniz] or hot air *amb]1 su* z ! fl[] pot arrangem5t1 or 9 boil+ wat]4 ,z ! %eet rea*es ! boil+ po9t #bab ,f4 7#ajj ,c47 ! flask is remov$ & ! plung] exam9$4 ,if x goes d[n to its seat )\t expell+ any india rubb] m ( ! latt] is requir$ & is accord+ly ins]t$1 ! plung] be+ tak5 (f = ! purpose4 ,! s(t5$ gum %\ld ooze out ar\nd ! sides ( ! plung]4 ,! :ole is aga9 put "u pressure1 & ! plat5 is screw$ d[n1 & if all is "r an excess ( rubb] %[+ itself1 ! :ole is put 9 ! hot *amb]1 ! heat is rais$ to #bhd ,f4 7#adj ,c471 & is ma9ta9$ !re = half an h\r4 ,x is almo/ a necessity to secure ! matrix plate to ! bottom ( ! flask4 ,?is = a s+le op]ation may be done by screws1 or = sev]al op]ations by hooks or cat*es4 ,:5 ! cur+ is complete ! m\ld is remov$ f ! vulcaniz]1 is all[$ to cool & is op5$4 ,! block ( type w come out ) p]fect reproduction ( ! lett]s ^u "o side4 ,if all ! directions h be5 foll[$ z reg>ds di/ance pieces1 level impos+ surface1 etc41 bo? faces w be exactly p>allel1 & any numb] ( o!r blocks c be reproduc$ ( exactly ! same height1 n necess>ily f ! same matrix1 al?\gh "o good matrix c be us$ _m times4 ,! type h n[ to be cut ap>t4 ,?is is done ) a %>p knife :i* is kept wet4 ,x is work$ ) a saw+ motion1 & if %>p & prop]ly us$ w cut ) regul>ity1 & smoo?ly4 ,type ) knife m>ks on ! sides are always unme*anical 9 appe>ance & seem to be 8home made40 ,! object ( us+ high quads & spaces or ( pu%+ !m up1 w n[ be evid5t4 ,x secures ! ev5ness ( ! g5]al face ( ! block ( lett]s1 :i* o!rwise w\ld h a deep depression betwe5 ea* pair ( lett]s4 ,if ! quads & leads are prop]ly arrang$1 ! lett]s w project upw>ds f a smoo?1 plane surface4 ,! deal]s 9 rubb] /amp mak]'s supplies sell special /eel m\lds = ! purpose ( mak+ !m4 ,?is does away ) all necessity = mak+ matrices1 & mak+ up a flask1 etc4 ,! g5]al manipulation is t giv5 above4 ,:]e _m are to be made ! regul> m\ld is by all means to be recomm5d$4 ,sometimes type are made by cem5t+ s+le lett]s made by ! /amp process ^u wood5 bodies4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,/amps ,,& ,,type ,,f ,,vulcaniz$ ,,india ,,rubb]4 ,al?\gh all ref]5ce hi!rto 9 ! matt]s ( /amps & type has be5 to _! manufacture f uncur$ india rubb]1 a good deal c be done ) vulcaniz$ & cur$ gum4 ,! /ock t is kn[n 9 ! trade z pure gum1 su* z is us$ = bicycle tyres1 = /eam pack+ & ! l1 c be made to yield to m\ld+ to a c]ta9 degree4 ,x w n fl[ & unite z w ! uncur$ gum1 b x is evid5t t 9 c]ta9 cases its /iffness is ev5 an advantage4 ,?us ) x1 rubb] type c be made )\t any flask or frame4 ,! mat]ial has /iffness en\gh to support itself4 ,! manipulation is ( ! simple/4 ,a piece is cut out ) a knife s z to be ( prop] ?ickness & size4 ,x %\ld be a little ?ick] ?an w ultimately be requir$4 ,! two opposite surfaces %\ld be smoo? & p>allel4 ,x is talc$1 & plac$ 9 ! press ) ! matrix b5ea? x1 & subject$ to pressure by ! screws be+ turn$ d[n4 ,x is !n plac$ 9 ! vulcaniz+ *amb] & heat$ to ab\t #bhd ,f4 7#adj ,c474 ,aft] x has become hot x s(t5s a little4 ,! press is remov$ f ! hot *amb] & is aga9 screw$ d[n z h>d z ! matrix c /&4 ,?is po9t is l>gely a matt] ( judgm5t4 ,! heat is l>gely indiff]5t z long z x is any:]e ne> ! above temp]ature4 ,by "o or two repetitions ( ! press+ & heat+ ! s(t5$ india rubb] c be made to take q a deep impression f a suitable matrix4 ,x is all[$ to cool "u full pressure4 ,:5 remov$ f ! press1 x w reta9 ! *>act]s4 ,x is evid5t t impressions 9 z high relief or z deep & cle> z ^? yield$ by uncur$ india rubb] ne$ n be expect$4 ,b :]e ! o!r _c be _h1 or :]e "s exp]im5tal or tempor>y "w only is on h&1 ?is process w be v conv5i5t4 ,! mat]ial may be half an in* ?ick4 ,f su* india rubb] type c be cut ) advantage4 ,old rubb] c be ?us us$4 ,! writ] has obta9$ excell5t results f pieces ( an old disc>d$ bicycle tyre4 ,! great po9t is to apply a heavy pressure to ! hot mat]ial4 ,_m o!r articles c be ?us produc$ extemporane\sly4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be consid]$ only a make%ift4 ,"o :o has us$ ! s(t1 easy fl[+ uncur$ gum w\ld nev] be reconcil$ to ! use ( s rigid & difficultly m\ld$ a mat]ial1 "o too t c nev] be tru/$ to reproduce intricate m\lds ( consid]able dep?4 ,9 ! sl[ yield+ ( ! half melt$ uncur$ gum1 s am5able to slight pressure1 a quality ( availability is f\nd t is miss$ 9 ! o!r4 ,"o is work$ by ma9 =ce :]e ! o!r readily yields & takes ! mo/ complicat$ %apes4 ,by ! above process /amps ( su* ?ickness may be made t !y c be us$ )\t h&les4 ,x is also useful = impress+ a designation ( any k9d ^u ready cur$ articles4 ,x sugge/s a v useful dep>tm5t ( manipulation ( india rubb]4 ,! heat+ & m\ld+ c be done also 9 a hot liquid ba? su* z describ$ 9 *apt] ,,xi4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,v>i\s ,,type ,,matrices ,,= ,,rubb] ,,/amps ,,& ,,types4 ,matrices = /amp m\lds c be made by sev]al ( ! me?ods us$ by /]eotyp]s4 ,?us an electrotype c\ld be tak5 directly f ! face ( ! type4 ,!re w\ld be little or no utility 9 do+ ?is :]e ! simpl] processes are available4 ,,papi] ,,ma* ,,matrices4 ,! /]eotyp] = daily newspap] "w uses v g5]ally ! papi] ma* or 8flong0 process ( reproduc+ ! page4 ,?is is also available = rubb] /amp mak+4 ,! fir/ requirem5t is pa/e4 ,?is is made by s(t5+ twelve p>ts ( :it+ 9 =ty p>ts ( wat]1 lett+ x soak = an h\r or m4 ,n9e p>ts ( :eat fl\r are add$4 ,?is is be/ mix$ ) a little wat] be=e add+ to ! ma9 mixture4 ,x is !n br\ght to ! boil & sev5 p>ts ( glue s(t5$ by soak+ 9 tw5ty-"o p>ts ( wat]1 are add$4 ,= ea* gallon ( su* mixture1 "o ounce ( :ite cry/alliz$ c>bolic acid is add$ if x is to be kept = a long "t4 ,! 8flong0 is made by pa/+ toge!r1 "o on top ( ! o!r1 a %eet ( f9e h>d tissue pap]1 ?ree %eets ( blott+ pap] 7ab\t #bc p\nds to ! ream71 & a heavy %eet ( manilla pap]4 ,! pa/+ mu/ be smoo? & ea* lay] mu/ be press$ & rubb$ d[n1 b n too h>d4 ,x is v important to secure p]fect smoo?ness & regul>ity1 & entire abs5ce ( air bubbles4 ,e pr9t+ (fice :]e ! process is us$ has its own traditions z to ! prep>ation ( flong4 ,z a great deal dep5ds on manipulation1 x w\ld be well to endeavor to inspect its practical use 9 a newspap] pr9t+ (fice be=e mak+ x4 ,ready prep>$ flong c also be procur$4 ,! =m ( type mu/ be v clean & !re mu/ be no pa/e on ! tissue pap] face ( ! flong4 ,! type are lightly oil$1 "s p[d]$ talc is du/$ ov] ! damp tissue pap] face ( ! flong1 & ! mass is laid face d[nw>d on ! type4 ,) a /iff hair$ bru% ! pap] is n[ beat5 d[n aga9/ ! type4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to beat v]tically2 a slight side action w ru9 ! result+ matrix4 ,if ! br[n pap] w n /& ! beat+1 a clo? may be spread ov] x4 ,! progress ( ! "w c be wat*$ by rais+ up a corn] f "t to "t4 ,:5 suffici5tly deep ! la/ t\* is giv5 by ! pr9t]'s plan]4 ,?is is a block ( h>d wood4 ,x is plac$ ^u ! back ( ! flong & is hamm]$ d[n4 ,! op]ation is repeat$ until ! entire area has be5 treat$4 ,= mu* rubb] /amp "w ! area w\ld be s re/rict$ t %ift+ w\ld be unnecess>y4 ,! "w is !n put into a heat$ screw press1 su* z ! vulcaniz+ & matrix press1 & is dri$ = a p]iod v>y+ f "s m9utes up to half an h\r4 ,"s blott+ pap] is advantage\sly press$ on top ( ! :ole 9 ! press :ile dry+4 ,! press is op5$1 ! flong remov$1 & dri$ 9 an ov54 ,x is kept "u a piece ( wire net :ile dry+ to keep x flat4 ,! net may be ( wire1 4#jfd in* ?ick1 ) six me%es to ! in*4 ,?is bak+ is n /rictly necess>y = rubb] /amp "w4 ,?is gives a matrix :i* may be us$ z rubb] /amp m\lds4 ,9 use x is recomm5d$ to place a piece ( smoo? t9 foil ov] x4 ,?is t5ds to give a smoo!r surface to ! rubb]4 ,,/ruck ,,up ,,matrices4 ,didot's polytype process may be advantage\sly us$ = produc+ type metal matrices4 ,! foll[+ is ! me?od ( apply+ x4 ,! type =m is firmly lock$ & is back$ up by & secur$ to a solid block ( wood4 ,x is susp5d$ 9 a sort ( gall[s frame ) ! face ( ! type d[nw>d & exactly level a few in*es above a table4 ,und]nea? x a %all[ tray is plac$1 into :i* "s melt$ type metal is p\r$4 ,! melt$ metal is c>efully wat*$4 ,! block & type are held by a cat* s z to be releas$ at w4 ,j z ! type metal is on ! po9t ( solidify+1 ! block is releas$ & drops ^u ! metal 9 ! tray4 ,! type %\ld be slightly oil$4 ,! =ce ( ! bl[ produces a matrix 9 ! metal1 & ! =m c at once be remov$4 ,x is well to h accurately adju/$ di/ance pieces = correspond+ /rik+ pieces on ! type block to imp+e ^u4 ,! process is highly spok5 (1 especially = small =ms su* z ^? mo/ly requir$ = rubb] /amps4 ,,*alk ,,plates4 ,! base = ?is =m ( matrix is a metal plate ^: surface is slightly r\gh5$ ) s&-pap]4 ,x is next rubb$ ov] ) :ite ( egg1 & flood$ ) ! *alk wa% made z foll[s3 ,flong pa/e 7describ$ "u ,papi] ,ma* ,matrices1 page #hj71 six ounces2 :it+1 tw5ty-f\r ounces2 wat]1 ?ree p9ts4 ,! :it+ is s(t5$ by soak+ = an h\r or m4 ,! :ole mu/ be intimately mix$4 ,x %\ld cov] ! plate to ! dep? ( "o-?irtie? to "o-tw5tie? ( an in*4 ,! plate is dri$ 9 a p]fectly horizontal position4 ,:5 dry ! design or writ+1 etc41 is made ) a smoo? /eel po9t1 ! l9es be+ c>ri$ cle> ?r\gh ! :ite lay] to ! metal4 ,! m\ld is n[ bak$ at a temp]ature well above boil+ wat]2 z high z #cib ,f4 7#bjj ,c47 may be rea*$ )\t h>m4 ,if ! coat+ seems too ?91 an extra coat c be giv5 betwe5 ! l9es especially ov] ! l>g] areas4 ,?is mu/ be done be=e ! bak+4 ,a pipette may be us$ = putt+ on ?is coat4 ,?is deep5+ has ! bad effect ( increas+ ! *ance ( ! coat+ /ripp+ f ! metal4 ,! matrix ?us prep>$ is us$ 9 ! press j z is ! ord9>y pla/] matrix4 ,x is suit$ = reproduction ( autographs1 scrip1 diagrams1 etc4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,small ,,articles ,,( ,,india ,,rubb]4 ,india rubb] c be s readily %ap$ 9 m\lds & ! latt] are s readily made ( pla/] ( p>is t any "o :o is int]e/$ 9 su* ?+s w f9d endless amusem5t 9 work+ out diff]5t designs4 ,be=e sugge/+ any specific articles ! foll[+ are ! g5]al po9ts to be kept 9 m9d4 ,! mat]ial may be uncur$ mix$ %eet ( any ?ickness4 ,z we h se5 ?is mat]ial :5 heat$ & press$ runs toge!r4 ,x c be =c$ into any %ape by comp>atively slight pressure4 ,s exactly does x reproduce ! smalle/ l9e or m>k1 t c>e mu/ be tak5 to h ! m\lds v smoo? & free f defect4 ,p[d]$ soap/one is us$ to prev5t adh]5ce to ! m\ld1 b great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to mix x among ! pieces ( ! india rubb]1 :]e sev]al are us$ 9 "o article1 z x w prev5t _! coalesc+ or runn+ toge!r4 ,ano!r po9t is to contrive to introduce ! prop] quantity ( rubb]4 ,! aim mu/ be to h a slight excess1 b to avoid wa/e ?is %\ld be z little z possible4 ,unless "s rubb] is squeez$ out !re is no c]ta9ty t ! m\ld has be5 fill$4 ,any project+ 8f9s0 f ! ov]fl[ are cut (f ) a knife or scissors aft] ! article is remov$ f ! m\ld4 ,pla/] ( p>is or d5tal pla/] mix$ ) dextr9e or gum arabic wat] or ! z9c oxy*loride cem5t1 already describ$1 is to be recomm5d$ = ! m\lds4 ,!y %\ld be made1 if deep1 9 frames or 8flasks0 ( t91 z pla/] if unsupport$ is liable to split op5 :5 ! rubb] is =c$ home4 ,= _m articles ! hot press c be us$4 ,su* articles are mats & o!r ?9 flat pieces4 ,! rubb] /amp %eet is a good mat]ial = !m4 ,= ?ick] articles a ?ick] %eet c be us$1 & %eet ( any gauge c be procur$ f ! mak]4 ,mu* ( :at has be5 said ab\t india rubb] type applies to ! mak+ ( miscellane\s %apes4 ,x w also be und]/ood :]e wood5 m\lds are spok5 ( t pla/]1 or1 /ill bett]1 metal c be sub/itut$1 & is to be recomm5d$ = nice "w z ! gra9 ( ! wood is v apt to %[ :]e ! india rubb] comes 9 contact ) x4 ,suction discs & simil> small articles into :i* an extra ?ickness ( india rubb] ent]s are be/ cur$ 9 a vulcaniz]4 ,! fl[] pot arrangem5t is excell5t = su*4 ,! "t = cur+ may be some:at ext5d$ on acc\nt ( ! great] ?ickness ( mat]ial to be act$ on4 ,suction ,discs4--,= suction discs a m\ld is requir$ :i* w produce a %all[ cup ) ! edge fea!r$ or r$uc$ to a v slight ?ickness4 ,its out] surface %\ld be rais$ 9 ! c5tre s z to give a projection = atta*m5t ( ! hook4 ,! discs are g5]ally made small1 n ov] an in* 9 diamet]1 z !y are n reliable = any heavy s]vice4 ,_! pr9cipal use is to susp5d adv]tis+ c>ds & light articles to ! glass ( %[ w9d[s4 ,! foll[+ is a me?od ( mak+ a simple m\ld4 ,a hole to give ! outside cont\r %\ld be bor$ 9 a small piece ( wood4 ,a m>ble :i* w exactly fit ! hole is next requir$4 ,"s pla/] ( p>is is mix$ ) wat] & put into ! bottom ( ! hole1 & ! oil$ m>ble is press$ d[n until ! pla/] rises & fills ! entire space "u ! m>ble4 ,aft] x has set ! m>ble is remov$4 ,! proportions %\ld be s arrang$ t ! pla/] w h ris5 at ! sides )9 an eigh? ( an in* ( ! surface ( ! wood4 ,?is gives ! ext]ior m\ld4 ,= ! cup or holl[ a m>ble a %ade too l>ge to ent] ! hole may be us$4 ,"o or if necess>y two ?icknesses ( mix$ %eet rubb] cut into disc %ape s z to fit ! hole are ins]t$ 9 ! block1 & ! l>g] m>ble is plac$ on top & screw$ d[n by ! press4 ,heat is n[ appli$ 9 ! vulcaniz]4 ,:5 ! !rmomet] indicates #bab ,f4 7#ajj ,c471 or bett] a little m1 ! m\ld is )drawn & ! screws turn$ until ! rubb] is =c$ d[n & ! excess beg9s to squeeze out betwe5 ! m>ble & ! wood1 :i* two %\ld n[ ne>ly t\*4 ,x is replac$ & ! heat is br\ght up to ! cur+ temp]ature #bhd ,f4 7#adj ,c474 ,x is possible t a second screw+ up may be ne$$4 ,! spr+ press is 9 su* cases p>ticul>ly conv5i5t z x avoids ! necessity = remov+ ! press f ! vulcaniz+ *amb]4 ,aft] half an h\r x w be ?or\ghly cur$4 ,a hole is made ?r\gh its c5tre f side to side !re(1 b n p5etrat+ ! disc1 & ?r\gh ?is hole a brass nail is ?ru/ & b5t into hook =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m\ld ,,= ,,suction ,,discs4 ,9 ! cut ! correct %ape = ! m\ld & consequ5tly = a suction disc is %[n4 ,?is c be easily secur$ :]e a disc already made is procurable by ca/+ 9 pla/]1 or1 ) a little +5uity ! template = ! m\ld & ! plung] to be us$ in/ead ( ! m>ble c be :ittl$ out ( wood4 ,! l[] body ( ! m\ld 9 su* a case c be made ( pla/] ( p>is4 ,to secure ! alignm5t ( ! two p>ts ( ! m\ld1 d[el p9s1 indicat$ 9 dott$ l9es1 %\ld be plac$ ne> ! p]iph]y4 ,! gum %\ld be introduc$ 9 a lump ne> ! c5tre1 9 ord] t x may s9k well d[nw>ds to ! bottom ( ! m\ld be=e spread+ lat]ally4 ,sometimes ! tips h a recess$ end4 ,?is is secur$ by ! use ( a m&rel1 %[n 9 dott$ l9es 9 ! axis ( ! m\ld4 ,su* discs are sometimes made to be cem5t$ to arr[s to be dis*>g$ aga9/ smoo? surfac$ t>gets1 to :i* !y adh]e on impact by atmosph]ic pressure1 giv+ rise to a v int]e/+ game4 ,ano!r use ( suction discs is z photographic negative hold]s4 ,!y c be fa/5$ to a wood5 h&le & be atta*$ by suction to ! back ( a negative "u treatm5t4 ,= ?is purpose !y %\ld be at lea/ two in*es 9 diamet]4 ,p5cil ,tips4--,^! are g5]ally little cyl9d]s ( india rubb]1 :i* fit into a tube t slides ov] ! end ( ! p5cil4 ,!y c be ?us simply made4 ,a hole is bor$ 9 a piece ( wood ! diamet] ( & a little m ?an ! dep? ( ! p5cil tip4 ,a %ort cyl9d] t exactly fits ! hole is requir$ = plung]4 ,! gum is put into ! hole 9 little discs1 or roll$ up into a cyl9d]1 ! plung] is plac$ on top1 & ! m\ld put 9 ! press4 ,x is %ap$ by pressure & cur$ z describ$4 ,sometimes ! tips are cup %ap$4 ,= ^! ! m\ld is made 9 two sections fa/5$ by cat*es or by p9s set 9 ! pla/] z %[n 9 ! cut4 ,! hole is made l>g] at bottom ?an at top1 & at ! top is a little small] ?an ! %aft ( ! p5cil4 ,a plung] t ne>ly fits ! small end is provid$4 ,! india rubb] is plac$ 9 ! m\ld & heat$4 ,:5 s(t1 ! plung] is =c$ d[n to ! prop] di/ance 9 ! press & ! article is cur$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to give ! plung] a good coat+ ( talc1 & x mu/ be made to sit v]tically4 ,! arrangem5t ( a cyl9drical hole %[n 9 ! cut secures ?is result p]fectly4 ,z di/ance piece a p9 is pass$ ?r\gh ! plung]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m\ld ,,= ,,p5cil ,,tips4 ,cane & ,*air ,leg ,tips1 etc4--,by c>ry+ out ! process j describ$ ) l>g] m\lds & ( slightly diff]5t section v conv5i5t tips = *air legs & walk+ canes c be made4 ,su* tips c be modifi$ 9 size & ?ickness to answ] z cov]s = ! m\?s ( bottles1 te/-tubes1 etc4 ,corks4--,^! may be made 9 m\lds tap]+ f top to bottom4 ,! india rubb] mu/ be pack$ 9 ) great c>e to secure z solid fill+ z possible4 ,a plung] is us$ t ent]s ! l>g] end & is a v little small] 9 diamet]1 s z to desc5d a little way into ! m\ld4 ,?is di/ance det]m9es ! l5g? ( ! cork4 ,z ! p]imet] ( ! plung] /rikes ! walls ( ! m\ld x cuts (f almo/ completely ! excess ( rubb] t has squeez$ up pa/ x4 ,an excell5t modification ( ! m\ld is %[n 9 ! cut4 ,! upp] "p ) p>allel sides s]ves z a guide = ! plung]4 ,x is a simil> ext5sion z ! "o recomm5d$ to be us$ = ! plung] 9 ! holl[ p5cil & *air leg tip m\lds j spok5 (4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m\ld ,,= ,,rubb] ,,corks4 ,mats4--,^! may g5]ally be made 9 ! hot press4 ,designs = !m 9 great v>iety may be f\nd 9 cut glass & press$ glass di%es4 ,_m ( ^! h patt]ns on _! bottoms t c be m\ld$ 9 pla/] to s]ve z matrices4 ,cord1 ,?read & ,seamless ,tube4--,by plac+ ! mix$ india rubb] 9 a cyl9drical m\ld fitt$ ) pi/on & ) "o or m r\nd holes 9 ! bottom1 ! mat]ial may be s(t5$ by heat & =c$ out ( ! holes by depress+ ! pi/on4 ,?is w =m cyl9drical ?read or cord4 ,z x desc5ds x may be receiv$ 9 a box ( p[d]$ talc & be aft]w>ds cur$4 ,by provid+ ! hole ) a m&rel seamless tub+ may be ?us made4 ,9 mak+ su* ! m&rel usually rema9s 9 place dur+ ! cur+4 ,pl5ty ( p[d]$ talc mu/ be us$4 ,skeletoniz$ ,leaves z ,models4--,^! w\ld =m int]e/+ models f :i* matrices c\ld be made 9 pla/]4 ,x w\ld be possible to produce "s v pretty /amps or mats f ^! & simil> models4 ,aft] "s exp]i5ce inspection ( any article w %[ h[ x 0 m\ld$4 ,! f9 w indicate ! jo9t 9 ! m\ld1 & ) ?is z a clew ! m\ld c be almo/ c]ta9ly con/ruct$ l ! orig9al4 ,india ,rubb] ,bulbs4--,bulbs & holl[ articles g5]ally1 su* z dolls1 toys & ! l1 _c be made )\t special high pressure holl[ m\lds4 ,! g5]al process consi/s 9 cutt+ out gores f mix$ %eet z = a balloon4 ,! edges are coat$ ) cem5t 7?ick b5zole or c>bon disulphide india rubb] solution7 & :ile ! rubb] is w>m ! seams are press$ & knitt$ toge!r ) ! f+]s4 ,a hole is left 9 "o place ?r\gh :i* "s pure wat] or wat] ( ammonia is introduc$4 ,! bulb is n[ bl[n up ) ! m\? or o!rwise1 & :ile inflat$ ! hole is press$ %ut4 ,?is is (t5 done ) ! tee?4 ,any projections ar\nd ! seams are cut (f ) curv$ scissors4 ,! m\ld is ( iron & 9 two halves4 ,p[d]$ talc is appli$1 & ! bulb is plac$ 9 & %ut up 9 ! m\ld :i* x %\ld exactly fill4 ,! m\ld is clamp$ toge!r & ! :ole is put into a vulcaniz]1 & ! rubb] is cur$4 ,! /eam & vapor =m$ by its liquid cont5ts exp& x & press x ) great =ce aga9/ ! sides ( ! m\ld4 ,aft] cur+ ! m\ld & bulb are remov$ f ! vulcaniz]1 cool$ by a %[] ba? ( cold wat]1 ! m\ld is op5$ & ! bulb is remov$4 ,(t5 an iron p9 is left project+ ?r\gh ! side dur+ ! vulcaniz+1 :i* p91 :5 )drawn1 leaves ! necess>y ap]ture1 or x is p]=at$4 ,! bulbs are poli%$ by tumbl+ 9 a revolv+ cyl9d]4 ,consid]able skill & practice are ne$$ to succe$ 9 mak+ holl[ bulbs4 ,great accuracy is ne$$ 9 cutt+ out ! gores & 9 jo9+ ! seams4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,manipulation ,,( ,,ma/icat$ ,,%eet ,,rubb]4 ,! manipulation ( pure %eet rubb] is simple1 yet is liable to lead to disappo9tm5t4 ,:5 two pieces are laid face to face & cut across ) a %>p knife1 or scissors1 ! edges w adh]e ) consid]able t5acity4 ,?is may be increas$ by apply+ "s ?ick solution ( india rubb] 9 a volatile solv5t1 & by manipulat+ ! %eets s z to br+ ! entire surfaces ( ! cuts toge!r4 ,f9ally ! mat]ial may be *>g$ ) sulphur by absorption or by ,p>kes' process1 & cur$ 9 a glyc]9e or calcium *loride ba?1 all ( :i* are describ$ 9 *apt] ,,xi4 ,! same treatm5t w affect ! cem5t us$ 9 mak+ ! jo9t also1 br++ ab\t its vulcanization4 ,su* 9 a few words is ! ma9 process 9 ! treatm5t ( ?is class ( goods4 ,:]e x is desir$ to prev5t adh]5ce1 soapy wat] or p[d]$ talc is us$4 ,adh]5ce may be produc$ betwe5 ! surfaces ( ! %eets if !y are clean1 by pressure & a little w>m?4 ,! me?od ( mak+ toy balloons w give an example ( h[ ! article is dealt ) by ! manufactur]4 ,a pile ( pieces ( ma/icat$ %eet rubb] is made4 ,e piece has "o side coat$ ) p[d]$ talc1 & two talc-coat$ sides are plac$ 9 contact 9 ea* pair4 ,z !y are pil$ up1 ! out] surfaces ( ea* pair are moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,a /eel pun* or die1 pe> %ap$ 9 outl9e1 is us$ to cut d[n ?r\gh ! pile1 cutt+ all ! pieces into t %ape4 ,! pile is !n tak5 ap>t 9 pairs4 ,! sep>ation takes place betwe5 ! wet surfaces1 ! edges ( ea* pair adh]+ slightly s z to enclose ! talc-coat$ surfaces4 ,! neck is op5$ if necess>y4 ,a r weak or ?9 solution ( india rubb] 9 b5zole is n[ bru%$ ov] ! fre%ly cut edges4 ,by pull+ out ! c5tre ( ea* piece ! edges are br\ght into contact1 & adh]5ce is produc$4 ,if ! ,p>kes process ( vulcaniz+1 *apt] ,,xi41 is employ$ !y are cur$ to ! slight ext5t necess>y ^u a tray coat$ ) talc4 ,! balloons are !n ready = inflation4 ,!y are r delicate articles to make except = imm$iate use z ! ?9 mat]ial is liable to become ov] vulcaniz$4 ,9 ! *emical laboratory %eet rubb] c be us$ = cov]+ ! ends ( glass /irr+ rods4 ,^! answ] v nicely = clean+ out f beak]s ! la/ p>ticles ( a precipitate4 ,! %eet is cut ( prop] size & is b5t ar\nd ! end ( ! rod & cut (f close ) a pair ( scissors4 ,x adh]es :]e cut4 ,x is !n p9*$ ) ! f+]s to br+ ! edges into bett] contact & ! op]ation is complete4 ,a slight heat makes x adh]e bett]4 ,to connect glass tubes 9 sett+ up laboratory app>atus ! same mat]ial 0 =m]ly us$4 ,x 0 wrapp$ ar\nd ! jo9t1 ti$ ) ?read & slightly w>m$4 ,at pres5t ?is =m ( connection is :olly displac$ by ready made rubb] tub+4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve 9 all articles made f ?is %eet ! m>ks ( ! orig9al cutt+ knife4 ,^! may be obs]v$ 9 inflat$ balloons1 z p>allel l9es runn+ all ov] ! surface1 & magnifi$ by ! expansion due to ! inflation4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,v>i\s ,,vulcaniz+ ,,& ,,cur+ ,,me?ods4 ,! regul> me?ods ( vulcaniz+ & cur+ c be dep>t$ f & good results obta9$4 ,a few excell5t me?ods diff]+ ess5tially f ! ord9>y ones are describ$ :i* w be ( s]vice to work]s on ! small scale1 z !y enable "o to disp5se ) vulcaniz] & air ba? entirely4 ,"o type ( cur+ process does away ) ! air or /eam vulcaniz]1 & sub/itutes1 z ! cur+ ag5cy1 a hot ba? ( liquid4 ,= ?is purpose a fluid is requir$ t w n act injuri\sly ^u ! india rubb]1 & :i* w give a cur+ temp]ature )\t boil+ away4 ,"o favorite liquid is glyc]9e4 ,?is c be heat$ to ! necess>y degree & is an excell5t sub/itute = ! exp5sive app>atus (t5 us$4 ,= exp]im5tal "w x is exce$+ly conv5i5t4 ,9 use x is plac$ 9 a vessel ( prop] size & a !rmomet] is susp5d$ s t its bulb dips into ! liquid ne> "o side & does n t\* ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,! heat is appli$ by a gas burn]1 alcohol lamp or oil /ove4 ,( c\rse ! vessel may be plac$ on an ord9>y cook+ /ove or range1 & ! heat may be graduat$ & adju/$ by mov+ x ab\t until x rea*es a "p ( ! /ove :]e ! prop] heat w be ma9ta9$4 ,! m\ld ) its cont5ts is imm]s$ 9 ! glyc]9e1 c>e be+ tak5 to see t x s plac$ z to assume ! mean temp]ature ( ! liquid & n to be heat$ too hot4 ,?is might happ5 if x /ood on ! bottom ( ! vessel1 s x is well to h x support$ or susp5d$ a little above x4 ,x is easy to see t ! :ole may be s arrang$ t ! screw h&le or pressure nuts ( ! m\ld w rise above ! liquid4 ,9 ?is case ! press c be screw$ d[n :ile ! article is heat+4 ,in/ead ( glyc]9e a /rong solution ( "s salt 9 wat] has be5 recomm5d$4 ,a solution ( calcium *loride1 or "s o!r salt c be sub/itut$4 ,ei!r are v *eap & w be q satisfactory4 ,ano!r treatm5t :i* applies also to ! mix+ op]ation is by ! sulphur ba?4 ,sulphur is melt$ 9 an iron vessel & br\ght to a temp]ature ( #bdh ,f4 7#abj ,c474 ,a piece ( unmix$ pure ca\t*\c imm]s$ 9 ?is ba? w gradually absorb sulphur4 ,! case is almo/ p>allel ) ! absorption ( wat] or b5zole by ! gum4 ,! piece swells & ?ick5s z x is act$ on & ev5tually w conta9 en\gh sulphur = vulcanization4 ,x may absorb z mu* z fifty p] c5t4 ,! po9t ( prop] absorption mu/ be settl$ m or less empirically or by successive trials4 ,aft] en\gh has be5 tak5 up ! piece is remov$ & dipp$ into cold wat]1 :i* cracks ! adh]5t sulphur s t x c be bru%$ or rubb$ (f4 ,?is gives a piece ( mix$ rubb] ready = m\ld+ & cur+4 ,x c be heat$ & m\ld$ & may be cur$ z desir$1 9 a liquid ba?1 hot press or vulcaniz]4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is provides = ! admixture ( sulphur only2 no talc or o!r solid c be ?us introduc$4 ,! addition ( ^! solids t5ds to make ! rubb] ( a m attractive color & _! use is n to be deprecat$ 9 all cases4 ,h5ce ! sulphur ba? process is n to be consid]$ a p]fect "o4 ,9 ! sulphur ba? ! mix+ & cur+ processes c be comb9$4 ,if ! liquid sulphur is heat$ to ! vulcaniz+ temp]ature1 #bhd ,f4 7#adj ,c471 a ?9 /rip ( gum imm]s$ 9 x w be vulcaniz$ completely 9 a few m9utes4 ,a heat+ ( sev]al h\rs at ! l[] temp]ature w effect ! same result4 ,! sulphur ba? processes mu/ be reg>d$ z unsatisfactory4 ,x is n easy to feel t any dep5d5ce c be plac$ ^u !m z reg>ds reliability or con/ancy ( product4 ,! sulphur also w mo/ly effect ! surface4 ,?9 pieces may be satisfactorily treat$1 b ! same confid5ce _c be felt z is exp]i5c$ :5 specific am\nts ( +r$i5ts h be5 mix$ 9 ) pure ca\t*\c 9 a regul> mix+ ma*9e4 ,! sulphur ba? is ( value to ! exp]im5t]1 enabl+ him to d 8 own mix+ )\t exp5sive app>atus4 ,brom9e1 iod9e1 *lor9e & nitric acid are vulcaniz]s4 ,a piece ( %eet rubb] dipp$ into liquid brom9e is in/antly vulcaniz$4 ,iod9e & nitric acid h also be5 us$ 9 comm]cial "w4 ,alkal9e or alkal9e e>? sulphides c be employ$ 9 solution "u pressure = vulcaniz+4 ,at a vulcaniz+ temp]ature _! solutions w answ] = ?9 %eet v well4 ,polysulphides ( calcium h ?us be5 employ$4 ,by simply ly+ emb$d$ 9 f9ely divid$ sulphur at a temp]ature ( #bcc ,f4 7#aab ,c47 z mu* z t5 p] c5t4 ( sulphur may be absorb$ by ?9 %eet rubb]4 ,?is is "o ( ! processes peculi>ly suit$ = "w on ! small scale4 ,x may be us$ in/ead ( ! ,p>kes process next to be describ$4 ,*loride ( sulphur is an orange r$ mobile liquid ( a peculi> & disagreeable odor4 ,x boils at #bgf ,f4 7#acf ,c474 ,x dissolves bo? sulphur & *lor9e s t x is n easy to obta9 x 9 a pure /ate4 ,if unmix$ india rubb] is expos$ to its action x w quickly become vulcaniz$4 ,at ord9>y temp]atures ! mix+ action takes place1 ?\gh x is mu* accel]at$ by a slight application ( heat4 ,x is q possible t ?is action may be ( use to ! read] 9 8 manipulation ( india rubb]4 ,?9 %eet may be vulcaniz$ by be+ imm]s$ 9 a solution ( ?is sub/ance 9 bisulphide ( c>bon foll[$ by slight heat+4 ,! ?9 lay] ( ca\t*\c left by evaporation ( ! *lor(orm solution ( india rubb] may ?us be vulcaniz$ s z to become comp>atively /rong & ela/ic4 ,:]e ! same solution has be5 us$ z a cem5t or = pat*+ ov]%oes & f9i%+ ! pat*1 a vulcanization c ?us be giv5 to x4 ,! process is kn[n z ,p>kes' cold cur+ process4 ,a solution ( "o "p ( *loride ( sulphur 9 =ty p>ts ( bisulphide ( c>bon is ( good /r5g? = rapid "w4 ,a ?9 article ne$s b an in/ant ( imm]sion4 ,x !n is plac$ 9 a box or tray ^u "s talc p[d] & is heat$ to ab\t #ajd ,f41 7#dj ,c474 ,"o m9ute ( cur+ w suffice4 ,x is advisable to wa% (f ! articles aft]w>ds 9 wat] or 9 weak lye to remove any traces ( acid4 ,petroleum nap?a c be us$ z ! solv5t in/ead ( bisulphide ( c>bon4 ,! latt] sub/ance has an exce$+ly disagreeable odor1 & its vapors mu/ be consid]$ r injuri\s especially to ^? :o are n accu/om$ to !m4 ,:5 ?ick articles are to be cur$ by ?is process a mu* m dilut$ solution is us$4 ,"o p] c5t4 or less ( ! *loride ( sulphur is ! proportion us$4 ,! object ( ?is is to enable a long] imm]sion to be employ$ s t ! int]ior w be affect$ be=e ! out] lay]s become too mu* *>g$ ) ! vulcaniz+ mat]ial4 ,9 ?is %ort description ( ! ,p>kes cur+ process h9ts = a useful me?od may be f\nd4 ,! process is beyond d\bt by f> ! simple/ kn[n = treatm5t ( india rubb]4 ,exactly :at reaction takes place is unkn[n4 ,:e!r ! sulphur or ! *lor9e is ! act+ vulcaniz] has n z yet be5 det]m9$4 ,its defect is t x produces surface action1 analog\s to caseh>d5+4 ,"o me?od ( avoid+ ?is is to remove ! articles f ! sulphur *loride ba? & at once to imm]se !m 9 wat]4 ,?is prev5ts ! rapid volatilization ( ! solv5t & an equaliz+ ( ! absorption ensues4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,solution ,,( ,,india ,,rubb]4 ,india rubb] pres5ts "s difficulties 9 its solution4 ,if a piece ( pure gum j z receiv$ by ! factory is plac$ 9 hot wat] x w swell & :it5 aft] a :ile1 b w n dissolve4 ,if a simil> piece is plac$ 9 b5zole a simil> b greatly exagg]at$ action takes place4 ,! piece if left to soak = a day or m swells enorm\sly1 b v little solution is effect$4 ,! swoll5 india rubb] c be remov$ f ! b5zole 9 a s+le piece4 ,x w display all ! lay]s & m>ks ( ! orig9al piece :i* 0 p]haps ( n "o hundr$? "p ( its volume4 ,"s p>ts w be a p]fect transp>5t jelly4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ma/icat$ india rubb] dissolves ) comp>atively little difficulty4 ,if ! exp]im5t] w place 9 a porcela9 mort>1 ! jelly-l mass obta9$ z above detail$1 & w rub x up ?or\ghly1 x w be effectually ma/icat$4 ,?is requires a little pati5ce1 z ! slipp]y mat]ial seems to elude ! pe/le4 ,yet ev5tually x w all be r$uc$ to a p]fectly homog5e\s mass4 ,its action :ile be+ rubb$ up is v peculi>4 ,at fir/ no progress seems to be made4 ,aft] a little ! lumps yield to ! friction4 ,! rubb] !n beg9s to atta* itself to ! pe/le & mort>1 & beg9s to be drawn out into ev] *ang+ webs & ?reads4 ,z ! op]ation approa*es completion ! mat]ial makes a snapp+1 crackl+ noise famili> to all rubb] work]s4 ,:5 complete !re w be no lump left1 & ! :ole w be a uni=m pulp4 ,if b5zole or a volatile solv5t has be5 us$1 ! rubb] w easily be remov$ f ! mort> ) a spatula or palette knife4 ,if turp5t9e 0 ! solv5t x w be impossible to remove ! la/ traces except aft] long /&+ or by solution4 ,if replac$ 9 ! orig9al solv5t x w n[ come into ne>ly or q p]fect solution4 ,?is is ! be/ way ( ma/icat+ on ! small scale4 ,x is almo/ impossible to ma/icate untreat$ gum 9 an ord9>y mort>4 ,! deal]s sell a special india rubb] = ! manufacture ( cem5t & solutions4 ,?is is s treat$ by ma/ication t x dissolves ) great read9ess4 ,x is also said t heat+ "u pressure is us$ to dissolve x 9 "s factories4 ,_m solv5ts h be5 us$ & none "w )\t "s difficulty4 ,b5zole1 coal t> nap?a1 petroleum nap?a1 c>bon disulphide1 e!r & *lor(orm1 oil ( turp5t9e & ca\t*\c9 are ! be/ kn[n4 ,! nap?a be/ suit$ = its solution is t]m$ solv5t nap?a4 ,x has a specific gravity ( 4#hej at #fj ,f4 7#ae ,c472 x boils at f #bdj ,f4 7#aae ,c47 to #bej ,f4 7#aba ,c47 & on evaporation %\ld leave no m ?an t5 p] c5t4 ( residue at #cbj ,f4 7#afj ,c47 ,pay5 recomm5ds a mixture ( #ie p>ts bisulphide ( c>bon ) #e p>ts ( absolute alcohol4 ,comm]cial *lor(orm is apt to be too impure to act z a good solv5t4 ,x is apt to conta9 alcohol mix$ ) x z a pres]vative1 :i* impairs its effectiv5ess4 ,"s ( ^! solutions are bett] suit$ ?an o!rs = ! deposition ( ?9 lay]s by evaporation4 ,turp5t9e gives a v /icky & unmanageable solution1 :i* dries v sl[ly4 ,pay5's solution & ! *lor(orm & ! b5zole solutions may be cit$ z especially adapt$ = ?is purpose4 ,c>eful vulcanization by ! cold cur+ me?od c be appli$ to articles made by su* deposition f evaporation4 ,9 ! case ( all ( !m "s =m ( ma/ication = ! india rubb] is ne$$4 ,! simple mort> gr9d+ ( ! gum swell$ by ! solv5t is ! only practical treatm5t )\t special app>atus4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t fix$ oils are de/roy]s ( vulcaniz$ or unvulcaniz$ india rubb] x w be obvi\s h[ important x is to use pure solv5ts4 ,too great c>e _c be tak5 to pres]ve ! liquids pure & free f su* matt]4 ,a solid hydroc>bon may be us$4 ,?us p>aff9 wax1 su* z c&les are made (1 :5 melt$ acts z a solv5t4 ,! result+ liquid solidifies :5 x cools1 reta9+ an almo/ greasy feel4 ,boil+ oil ( turp5t9e is recomm5d$ by "s = ! solution ( vulcaniz$ india rubb]4 ,ph5yle sulphide1 x is /at$1 w s(t5 x s z to r5d] x workable4 ,! latt] discov]y is cr$it$ to ,dr4 ,/5h\se4 ,x is /at$ t a solution or pa/y mixture ( "o "p ( ca\t*\c 9 elev5 p>ts ( turp5t9e ) "o half "p ( a hot conc5trat$ solution ( sulphur 7potassium sulphide7 gives on evaporation a film nei!r tacky nor s(t1 a species ( vulcanization tak+ place4 ,x is ( mu* int]e/ to note t an aque\s solution ( india rubb] has be5 propos$ 9 :i* ! vehicle is a solution ( borax 9 wat]4 ,?is is well kn[n to be a solv5t = %ellac & o!r res9s4 ,x has be5 recomm5d$ (t5 z a vehicle = rubb+ up india ink4 ,! ink made by mix+ lampblack ) ! %ellac solution is ne>ly wat]pro(4 ,a %ellac v>ni% is giv5 by ! pla9 solution4 ,! exp]im5ts ^u india rubb] 7 publi%$ 9 a rec5t trade pap]4 ,"o me?od ( mak+ ! solution is z foll[s4 ,a solution ( borax two fif?s saturat$ is made by add+ to two volumes ( saturat$ solution ?ree volumes ( wat]4 ,to ?is is add$ a solution ( india rubb] 9 b5zole or o!r hydroc>bon ( su* /r5g? & 9 su* quantity z to conta9 f ?ree & "o-half to f\r & "o-half p] c5t4 ( india rubb] ref]r$ to ! borax solution4 ,x is n[ vigor\sly %ak5 & heat$ to #abj-adj ,f4 7#di-fj ,c47 & ! agitation1 n too viol5t1 is cont9u$ until x cools4 ,ce>a or ,madagasc> rubb] answ]s be/2 ,p>a is n s good = ?is =mula4 ,?is may be t]m$ ! indirect or emulsion me?od4 ,= direct solution f two to ?ree volumes ( wat] may be add$ to ?ree volumes ( saturat$ borax solution4 ,! india rubb] is add$ 9 extremely ?9 %av+s & ! solution is heat$4 ,= weak solutions ! boil+ po9t ne$ n be rea*$4 ,= /rong solutions ! heat+ %\ld be done "u pressure s z to br+ up ! pressure to "o to ?ree atmosph]es4 ,su* solutions may conta9 z mu* z eight p] c5t4 ( ! gum4 ,! mixture is liable to coagulate or gelat9ize j at ! wrong "t1 b x may be ( value z a vehicle or z a wat]pro(+ ag5t4 ,x des]ves fur!r inve/igation1 :i* x is to be hop$ x w duly receive4 ,great c>e is necess>y 9 work+ ) nap?a1 b5zole1 c>bon disulphide & simil> liquids4 ,_! vapor is giv5 (f at ord9>y temp]atures & may travel "s di/ance to a lamp or fire & become ignit$ & c>ry ! flame back to ! vessel4 ,_! vapors are also an/hetic & %\ld be avoid$ z reg>ds inhalation4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,ebonite1 ,,vulcanite ,,& ,,gutta-,,p]*a4 ,ebonite & ,vulcanite4--,^! two well kn[n sub/ances are india rubb]1 9 :i* ! vulcanization process has be5 int5sifi$4 ,f tw5ty-five to fifty p] c5t4 ( sulphur is add$ 9 ! mix+1 & ! cur+ is prolong$ to sev]al h\rs4 ,a temp]ature ( #bge ,f4 7#ace ,c47 = six to t5 h\rs is sometimes recomm5d$1 b g5]ally a %ort] p]iod at ! regul> temp]ature1 #bhd ,f4 7#adj ,c471 may be employ$4 ,! mix$ %eet is made & sold ext5sively = d5ti/s' use4 ,x is s(t & flexible & v easily m\ld$4 ,x is treat$ l ! regul> mix$ %eet 9 e respect1 except t plumbago bru%$ on ! slightly oil$ surface ( ! m\ld is recomm5d$ in/ead ( ! light color$ talc1 to prev5t adh]5ce4 ,wax :]e available is bett] ?an oil4 ,sometimes specim5s are built up 9 sections4 ,ab\t an h\r be=e full vulcanization 9 ! f\r? /age1 new mat]ial c be add$ & w atta* itself to ! old4 ,! /ages ( vulcanization are ?us giv5 by ,bolas4 8,sev]al di/9ct /ages or /eps may be trac$ dur+ ! cur+ ( ebonite2 & ,i wi% to call y\r att5tion to "s specim5s illu/rat+ ^! v>i\s /ages4 8,"h1 9 ! fir/ place1 is ! pla9 mixture ( sulphur & rubb]1 ?is be+ ne>ly :ite1 & capable ( becom+ q pla/ic or s(t by ! application ( a g5tle heat4 8,! second specim5 illu/rates ! action ( a v mod]ate degree ( heat on ! mix$ mat]ial1 ?is p>ticul> sample hav+ be5 heat$ to #abh ,c5tigrade = tw5ty m9utes4 ,x is1 z y see1 some:at d>k5$1 & has lo/ a little ( its orig9al s(tness2 :ile a degree ( heat :i* w\ld h r5d]$ ! orig9al mixture pla/ic1 l putty1 fails to make mu* impression ^u x4 8,! ?ird specim5 illu/rates ! effect ( a m prolong$ heat+1 ?is sample hav+ be5 heat$ = an h\r to #ace ,c5tigrade4 ,x is olive gre5 9 color1 & has acquir$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( ela/icity1 resembl+ t ( a r inf]ior quality ( vulcaniz$ ca\t*\c4 8,! f\r? /age ( cur+ is illu/rat$ by ?is specim51 :i* y see is br[n1 & tol]ably h>d4 ,ebonite 9 ?is /ate refuses altoge!r to become pla/ic by heat1 & a temp]ature ( #aej ma9ta9$ = half an h\r or less w\ld suffice to br+ x to ! fif? /age1 or t ( f9i%$ ebonite4 8,! fif? /age1 or t ( prop]ly cur$ ebonite1 is ! goal to be arriv$ at 9 manufactur+ ! mat]ial4 ,!re %\ld be no places :]e ! cur+ is imp]fect1 a k9d ( defect :i* is likely to happ5 :5 articles ( unusual ?ickness are vulcaniz$1 & no portion ( ! ebonite %\ld be spongy or honeycomb$ by air bubbles4 8,! six?1 or spongy /ate1 is g5]ally ! result ( ov]-heat+1 bubbles ( gas =m+ 9 ! mat]ial1 & conv]t+ x into a k9d ( por\s1 c9d]-l mass4 8,a specim5 w n[ be h&$ r\nd1 :i* illu/rates ! ?ird1 f\r?1 fif? & six? /ages1 z already describ$4 ,! specim5 9 "q 0 cur$ on a hot plate1 ?is hav+ probably be5 heat$ to #afj or #agj ,c5tigrade2 & y w be able to trace all gradations 9 ! cur+ op]ation1 f ! fir/ sett+ ( ! pla/ic mat]ial to ! de/ruction ( ! ebonite by ov]heat+40 ,cem5t = unit+ pieces ( ! p>tially cur$ mat]ial may be made by rubb+ up "s ( ! untreat$ scrap ) b5zole4 ,at ! heat ( boil+ wat]1 ebonite c be b5t to a c]ta9 ext5t1 :i* b5d x reta9s on cool+4 ,:5 w>m an impression ( a co9 or relief die may be made on x by heavy pressure :i* x w reta94 ,on heat+ ! image disappe>s4 ,if be=e heat+ ! surface is plan$ (f & ! piece is heat$ ! image =m]ly 9 intaglio w exp& into relief4 ,by ! exact process ( rubb] /amp mak+ excell5t /]eotype plates may be made ( ebonite4 ,x c be turn$ at high spe$ 9 a la! & poli%$ ) f9e #jjj em]y pap] foll[$ by a clo? bob ) rott5 /one1 etc41 & wat] or oil4 ,blott+ pap]1 *>g$ ) ! above or ) tripoli1 is excell5t = poli%+ small surfaces by h&4 ,ebonite is a good connect+ mat]ial betwe5 s(t] rubb] & iron1 ! :ole be+ vulcaniz$ toge!r2 ! iron %\ld be well r\gh5$ or cut into rasp-l or file-l projections4 ,ebonite is prop]ly ! "n = black h>d rubb]1 & vulcanite = ! color$ products su* z us$ by d5ti/s & o!rs4 ,,gutta-,,p]*a4 ,gutta-p]*a is prep>$ by coagulation f ! juice or sap ( sev]al trees1 among o!rs ! ,ison&ra gutta1 ( ,borneo & ! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,! product gutta-p]*a is id5tical 9 composition ) india rubb]4 ,x is h>d at all ord9>y temp]atures4 ,its manufacture includes purification & ma/ication4 ,x is f> m am5able to treatm5t ?an is india rubb]4 ,_m mat]ials are mix$ ) x z adult]ants or o!rwise 9 ! factories4 ,x is m useful 9 ! =m ( %eets4 ,^! :5 heat$ to #abb ,f4 7#ej ,c47 become pliable & c be m\ld$ by pressure to any degree4 ,at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] x becomes pa/y & adhesive1 & at #bff ,f4 7#acj ,c47 x is s s(t t x may be consid]$ z melt$4 ,x is an admirable m\ld+ mat]ial4 ,/]eotypes & o!r relief or intaglio images c be made by press+ x :ile heat$4 ,^! are (t5 absolutely p]fect reproductions ( ! orig9al4 ,di%es = photographic purposes1 etc41 are easily made out ( ! %eet4 ,by g5tle w>m+ !y become pliable1 & a great] heat makes surfaces capable ( adh]+ by pressure4 ,tubes c be made by ! squirt+ process1 z us$ = india rubb]4 ,wires are coat$ ) x 9 a simil> mann]4 ,x has sev]al defects4 ,x is n durable if expos$ to ! air ) consequ5t *anges ( temp]ature4 ,x is also too easily s(t5$ by heat1 z ( c\rse no hot liquid c be introduc$ into a gutta-p]*a vessel4 ,! ,p>kes cold cur+ process c be appli$ to x1 :i* makes x m indiff]5t to heat4 ,?is is appli$ by dipp+ an in/ant & dry+4 ,aft] sev]al repetitions ! p]iod ( dipp+ is prolong$ & ultimately x is left imm]s$ "s "t4 ,if left imm]s$ at fir/ x w\ld dissolve4 ,x is soluble 9 mo/ ca\t*\c solv5ts1 p>ticul>ly 9 c>bon disulphide4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,glue ,,or ,,composition ,,/amps4 ,/amps made f a mixture ( glue1 glyc]9e1 & molasses or f simil> mixtures are an excell5t sub/itute = india rubb] /amps4 ,prop]ly made !y possess all ! flexibility t *>act]izes ! rubb] ones1 :ile = fatty inks su* z t us$ by pr9t]s & li?ograph]s1 :i* inks t5d to de/roy rubb] /amps1 !y are mu* bett]4 ,!y are adopt$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t = mak+ dat+ /amps = use 9 ! ,po/ ,(fice ,dep>tm5t2 by publi%]s ( directories = pr9t+ adv]tisem5ts on ! edges ( _! publications1 & 9 _m o!r cases4 ,our description %all foll[ z closely z possible ! process & me?ods us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,po/ ,(fice4 ,!y are !re t]m$ 8composition blott]s40 ,! composition ( :i* !y are made is pr9t]'s roll] mat]ial4 ,n9e & "o-half p\nds ( f9e quality glue are soak$ 9 j en\gh s(t wat] to cov] x until x is ?or\ghly s(t5$4 ,x is !n melt$4 ,9 ! ,gov]nm5t ,dep>tm5t a /eam kettle is provid$ = ! purpose4 ,an ord9>y glue pot w answ] = small] quantities4 ,:5 melt$ f\r & "o-half p\nds ( be/ molasses & sev5 p\nds ( glyc]9e are add$1 & ! :ole is ?or\ghly mix$4 ,! =mula v>ies a little accord+ to ! prevail+ temp]ature1 less molasses be+ add$ :5 ! wea!r is w>m1 & vice v]sa4 ,exp]i5ce is "h ! be/ tea*]4 ,:5 well mix$ x is p\r$ out into t9 pails ^: inn] walls or sides & bottom h be5 rubb$ ov] ) oil4 ,x solidifies 9 cool+ & becomes a cle> br[n jelly q free f any /ick9ess or sup]ficial moi/ness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,model ,,= ,,composition ,,/amp ,,m\ld4 ,9 use x is turn$ out ( ! pails to :i*1 ow+ to ! oil+1 x does n adh]e4 ,x is cut (f z want$1 melt$ by heat & ca/ 9 oil$ m\lds4 ,! latt] are made ( type metal to :i* "o-?ird its weight ( lead has be5 add$4 ,z model = ! m\ld or matrix a brass model ( ! /amp is employ$4 ,?is repres5ts a sort ( oval bas$ cut-(f or truncat$ cone1 ab\t an in* high & a little ov] an in* long on its base4 ,a flange ext5ds outw>d f its base & a tube is provid$ to fit ?is flange4 ,its small] end corresponds to ! face ( ! /amp1 & on x are engrav$ 9 full relief any p]man5t *>act]s1 circles or bord] l9es1 etc4 ,?r\gh its c5tre "o or m ap]tures are made4 ,into ^!1 *angeable /eel1 iron or brass type may be introduc$ & set fa/ ) pla/] ( p>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,composition ,,/amp ,,m\ld4 ,to make ! m\ld1 ! brass model ) its movable type set z requir$ is plac$ ^u a flat table or plate1 face upw>d1 & surr\nd$ by ! tube1 z %[n 9 p>tial section 9 ! cut1 page #aad4 ,! tube is a /rip ( %eet iron1 :i* is b5t ar\nd ! flange & is secur$ 9 place by a wire twi/$ ar\nd x4 ,! melt$ alloy 7type1 metal & lead7 is p\r$ into ! space ?us =m$ until x rises a qu>t] ( an in* above ! face ( ! model4 ,9 a few m9utes x sets & is remov$ & all[$ to cool4 ,?is gives a cup ) ! inscription & design depress$ or 9 intaglio ^u its inside base4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! cut1 page #aae1 p>tly 9 section2 x w ( c\rse be und]/ood t ! m\ld =ms a complete cup4 ,to make ! /amp ! int]ior surface ( ! m\ld is oil$ ) a /iff bru%4 ,x is n mat]ial :at oil is us$4 ,! composition melt$ by heat is !n p\r$ into ! cup1 & is all[$ to solidify4 ,ow+ to ! conical %ape ( ! m\ld x is readily remov$4 ,! m\ld mu/ be hot b n too mu* s4 ,9 ! ,po/ ,(fice /amps ! date requires to be *ang$ frequ5tly4 ,"s ( ! figures d duty = two or ?ree days ea* mon?4 ,?us ! figure #h is 9 ! designation ( ?ree days1 ! eigh?1 eighte5?1 & tw5ty-eigh?4 ,!re are ?ree *anges involv$ !re=e 9 connection ) ?is day num]al4 ,:5 a /amp m\ld or matrix is ca/ ! place ( num]als t are to be *ang$ is fill$ ) a blank space 9 ! "p :]e ! type w\ld o!rwise come4 ,a numb] is /amp$ 9 ?is space :5 ne$$1 by means ( an ord9>y /eel numb]-pun*4 ,:5 ! numb] is to be *ang$ ! old "* is scrap$ or cut out1 leav+ a small irregul> holl[4 ,a v small piece ( s(t lead1 ab\t "o-sixte5? ( an in* on ea* side1 is dropp$ into ! holl[4 ,) a flat fac$ pun* x is flatt5$ out1 & on x ! new numb] is impress$ by a /eel pun*4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ a great _m times be=e ! matrix is worn out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,op5 ,,%ut ,,composition ,,/amp ,,h&le4 ,9 ! cut1 page #aae1 "o numb] is %[n z /amp$ into ! s(t lead1 & at ! o!r end ( ! /amp is a blank space ready = a numb]4 ,! ca/+ ( a /amp is s extremely simple t no attempt is made to use movable type1 z 9 p]man5t rubb] dat+ /amps4 ,:ile x is obvi\s t ^! composition /amps c\ld be atta*$ directly to wood5 h&les1 a special /yle ( h&le1 %[n 9 ! cuts1 is employ$ by ! ,po/ ,(fice4 ,a wood5 h&le c>ries at its end a brass base1 to :i* is pivott$ a sw++ piece t is p]=at$ by a conical oval ap]ture a little l>g] ?an ! small end ( ! /amp4 ,! edges ( ?is ap]ture are slightly r\nd$4 ,x is swung ar\nd z %[n 9 ! fir/ figure1 & ! /amp1 previ\sly moi/5$ on its sides1 is =c$ 94 ,if ! /amp is prop]ly made x is surpris+ h[ mu* =ce may be us$ to ins]t x4 ,if ! edges ( ! brass sw++ piece are n r\nd$ !re is dang] ( ! composition be+ cut4 ,! /amp 9 its brass frame is !n swung back ov] ! brass base1 :]e x is secur$ by a cat*4 ,! /amp is n[ ready = use1 z %[n 9 ! second figure ( ! cut4 ,x is imp]ative t no aque\s or glyc]9e ink be employ$ = cont9u\s "w ) su* /amps4 ,common pr9t]s' ink is p]fectly satisfactory1 & ! "w may be ne>ly or q z good z t execut$ by an india rubb] /amp4 ,! ,po/ ,(fice manufactures a pad = use ) pr9t]s' ink into ^: manufacture ! same composition ent]s4 ,! ink reta9] is a piece ( f9e felt1 "o-qu>t] to "o-half an in* ?ick4 ,?is is plac$ 9 ! bottom ( a %all[ /eel m\ld1 :]e x ent]s = half its dep? into a recess t x accurately fits4 ,! composition f old /amps1 melt$ up1 is !n p\r$ ^u & ar\nd x1 ! m\ld be+ previ\sly oil$4 ,:5 x is full a piece ( /rong manilla pap]1 ( ! area ( ! felt only1 is plac$ ^u ! bottom ( ! glue pad on its c5tre1 :i* z x lies 9 ! m\ld is its upp]mo/ "p4 ,! pap] adh]es /rongly z ! glue h>d5s4 ,ev5tually x is turn$ out ( ! m\ld1 & a pad1 %[n 9 ! cut1 is produc$4 ,! dott$ l9es %[ ! limits ( ! felt pad4 ,! glue composition und]lies1 surr\nds & ext5ds outw>ds f ! felt portion4 ,x is f\nd t ! ela/icity ( ! composition makes ! pad mu* pleasant] = rapid /amp+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,composition ,,ink ,,pad4 ,! above description gives ! clew to mak+ any /amp ( ?is description4 ,! matrix may be ( d5tal pla/]1 or ( oxy*loride ( z9c cem5t4 ,! m\ld may be built up ( type ( any k9d4 ,! composition is s *eap t ! /amp c be made q ?ick4 ,?is gives x a high degree ( ela/icity & adaptability to unev5 surfaces4 ,x may be m\nt$ by adh]5ce ^u a flat bo>d or block1 provid$1 if necess>y1 ) h&les4 ,if ! bo>d or block is plac$ ^u ! composition :ile x is /ill w>m & liquid1 z x solidifies ! bo>d & composition w adh]e ) great t5acity4 ,all m\lds or surfaces to :i* x is desir$ t ! melt$ composition %all n adh]e mu/ be oil$4 ,! m\lds mu/ n be cold or ! composition w n ent] ! f9e divisions4 ,if on ! o!r h& !y are too hot ! mixture w adh]e4 ,exp]i5ce w tea* ! "r conditions = success4 ,bel[ are giv5 o!r =mul = roll] composition4 ,! =mula already giv5 9 ?is *apt] is t us$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,po/ ,(fice ,dep>tm5t4 ,i4 8,old ,home ,receipt30 ,glue #b lbs41 soak$ ov] night1 to ,new ,orleans molasses #a gallon4 ,n durable1 b excell5t :ile x la/s4 ,,ii4 ,glue #aj lbs41 molasses #b gal41 ,v5ice turp5t9e #b oz41 glyc]9e #ab oz42 mix z direct$ above4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,hektograph4 ,= obta9+ multiple copies ( writ+1 ! app>atus call$ ! ,hektograph or ,papyrograph has be5 ext5sively adopt$4 ,9 g5]al t]ms x consi/s ( a tray fill$ ) a jelly l composition4 ,any impr9t made ^u ! surface ) anil9e ink c be transf]r$ to pap] by simple pressure4 ,! tray fill$ ) composition is call$ ! tablet4 ,x is ?us prep>$4 ,! tray may be made ( t9 or ev5 ( pa/ebo>d or pap]1 & %\ld be ab\t "o half an in* deep4 ,x may be ( any size1 accord+ to ! "w x is to d4 ,! composition is made f ! be/ gelat9e & glyc]9e4 ,"o ounce by weight ( gelat9e is soak$ ov] night 9 cold wat]1 & 9 ! morn+ ! wat] is p\r$ (f1 leav+ ! swell$ gelat9e4 ,six & "o-half fluid ounces ( glyc]9e are n[ heat$ to ab\t #bjj ,f4 7#ic ,c47 on a wat] ba? pref]ably1 & ! gelat9e is add$ !reto4 ,! heat+ is cont9u$ = sev]al h\rs4 ,?is op]ates to expel ! wat] & to give a cle> glyc]9e solution ( gelat9e4 ,! composition is !n p\r$ into ! tray1 :i* mu/ be p]fectly level 9 ord] to obta9 a surface ne>ly ev5 ) ! edge4 ,x is !n cov]$ s z to keep (f ! du/4 ,! cov] ( c\rse mu/ n come 9 contact ) ! smoo? surface4 ,9 six h\rs x w be ready = use4 ,! orig9al copy t is to be reproduc$ is made ^u ord9>y pap] 9 anil9e ink4 ,"o =mula = ! ink reads z foll[s3 ,anil9e violet or blue 7#b ,r ,b or #c ,b7 #a oz41 hot wat] #g fluid oz42 dissolve4 ,aft] cool+ add alcohol #a fluid oz4 & glyc]9e fluid oz41 a few drops ( e!r & a drop ( c>bolic acid4 ,keep 9 a cork$ bottle4 ,o!r =mul are giv5 9 *apt] ,,xvii4 ,! writ+ is execut$ ) an ord9>y /eel p54 ,! l9es %\ld be r heavy s z to %[ a gre5i% color by reflect$ light4 ,! surface ( ! pad is slightly moi/5$ ) a wet sponge & is all[$ to become ne>ly dry4 ,! pap] is !n laid ^u x & smoo!d d[n4 ,?is is be/ done by plac+ a second %eet ov] x & rubb+ ?is ) ! h&4 ,no air bubbles mu/ rema9 betwe5 ! copy & ! tablet1 & ! pap] mu/ n be %ift$4 ,x is all[$ to rema9 = a m9ute or less & is !n rais$ by "o corn] & /ripp$ f ! gelat9e surface4 ,x w h left ! rev]s$ copy ( its inscription p]fectly reproduc$ ^u ! tablet4 ,at once a piece ( ord9>y writ+ pap] ( ! desir$ size & quality is laid ^u ! tablet1 smoo!d d[n1 & /ripp$ (f1 :5 x w be f\nd to h tak5 ) x a complete copy ( ! inscription or writ+4 ,?is is repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 ) ano!r %eet ( pap]1 until ! ink on ! pad is exhau/$4 ,fifty or m good copies c be ?us obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,hektograph4 ,z soon z ! "w is complet$ ! rema9s ( ! ink %\ld be wa%$ (f ) a moi/ sponge & ! tablet1 aft] dry+ a little1 w be ready = a second op]ation4 ,"s practice is requir$ to asc]ta9 ! prop] /r5g? ( ! writ+ & degree ( wetness ( ! surface4 ,:5 ! gelat9e surface becomes impair$ x c be remelt$ 9 a wat] ba? if x is n too d>k f absorption ( ink4 ,fr5* ,m9i/ry ( ,public ,"w ,=mula4--,glue #ajj p>ts1 glyc]9e #ejj p>ts1 f9ally p[d]$ kaol9 or b>ium sulphate #be p>ts1 wat] #cge p>ts4 ,use a little hydro*loric acid 9 ! wat] = wa%+ (f ! pad aft] use4 ,hektograph ,%eets4--,f\r p>ts ( glue are soak$ 9 five p>ts ( wat] & ?ree p>ts ( ammonia until s(t4 ,x is !n heat$ & !re is add$ to x ?ree p>ts ( sug> & eight p>ts ( glyc]9e4 ,! mixture is appli$ to blott+ pap]4 ,?is is saturat$ ) x1 & successive coats add$ until a smoo? surface is produc$ on "o side4 ,?is is ! side = reproduction4 ,x is us$ l ! regul> tablet except t x is claim$ t spong+ (f ! writ+ is n necess>y4 ,ow+ to ! capill>y action develop$ by ! blott+ pap] x is suppos$ to be self-clean+ by /&+4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,cem5ts4 ,be=e cem5t+ vulcaniz$ rubb] ! surface %\ld be r\gh5$ or /ill bett] x may be se>$ ) a r$ hot iron4 ,= bicycle tyres ?is is especially to be recomm5d$4 ,cem5t = ,cuts 9 ,bicycle ,tyres1 ,rubb] ,belts1 etc4--,c>bon bisulphide1 #e ounces2 gutta-p]*a1 #e ounces2 ca\t*\c1 #aj ounces2 fi% glue1 #b ounces4 ,aft] x is appli$ & has dri$ ! excess c be remov$ ) a wet knife4 ,bad cuts %\ld fir/ be /it*$ up4 ,bicycle ,tyre ,cem5t to fa/5 ,tyres to ,rims4--,equal p>ts ( pit* & gutta-p]*a are melt$ toge!r4 ,sometimes two p>ts ( pit* are prescrib$4 ,?is cem5t has ext5d$ application4 ,cem5t = ,pap] ,boats & = ,m5d+ ,rubb] ,goods4--,fuse toge!r equal p>ts ( pit* & gutta-p]*a1 & to ?is add ab\t #b p>ts ( l9se$ oil conta9+ #e p>ts ( li?>ge4 ,cont9ue ! heat until ! +r$i5ts are uni=mly comm+l$4 ,apply w>m4 ,wat]pro( ,cem5t4--,%ellac1 #d oz2 borax1 #a oz2 boil 9 a little wat] until dissolv$1 & conc5trate by heat to a pa/e4 ,ano!r4--#aj p>ts ( c>bon disulphide & "o "p ( oil ( turp5t9e are mix$1 & z mu* gutta-p]*a is add$ z w readily dissolve4 ,cem5t = ,m5d+ ,h>d ,rubb]4--,fuse toge!r equal p>ts ( gutta-p]*a & g5u9e asphaltum2 apply hot to ! jo9t1 clos+ ! latt] imm$iately ) pressure4 ,glue to ,fa/5 ,lea!r1 etc41 to ,metals4--#a "p cru%$ nut galls dige/$ #f h\rs ) #h p>ts di/ill$ wat] & /ra9$4 ,glue is mac]at$ 9 its own weight ( wat] = #bd h\rs1 & !n dissolv$4 ,! w>m infusion ( nutgalls is spread on ! lea!r2 ! glue solution ^u ! r\gh5$ surface ( ! w>m metal2 ! moi/ lea!r is !n press$ ^u x & dri$4 ,m>9e ,glue1 ,v>i\s ,=mul4--,i4 ,dissolve #a "p ( india rubb] 9 #ab p>ts ( b5zole1 & to ! solution add #bj p>ts ( p[d]$ %ellac1 heat+ ! mixture cauti\sly ov] a fire4 ,!re is great dang] ( conflagration4 ,apply ) a bru%4 ,,ii4 ,ca\t*\c1 #a oz2 g5u9e asphaltum1 #b oz2 b5zole or nap?a1 q4 s4 ,! ca\t*\c is fir/ dissolv$ 7z describ$ 9 *apt] ,,xii471 & ! asphaltum is gradually add$4 ,! solution %\ld h ab\t ! consi/5cy ( molasses4 ,cem5t = ,vulcaniz$ ,india ,rubb]4--,/ockholm pit*1 #c p>ts2 ,am]ican res91 #c p>ts2 unmix$ india rubb]1 #f p>ts2 oil ( turp5t9e1 #ab p>ts4 ,heat & mix v ?or\ghly4 ,m oil ( turp5t9e may be add$ z requir$4 ,gutta-,p]*a ,cem5t = ,lea!r4--,soak gutta-p]*a 9 boil+ wat]4 ,s(t5 9 b5zole aft] cutt+ up = a day4 ,heat on a wat] ba? until ! great] "p ( ! b5zole is expell$4 ,:5 cool x w solidify4 ,use by heat+4 ,cem5t = ,rubb] ,%oes4-- 7#a7 ,*lor(orm #bhj p>ts4 ,india rubb] 7ma/icat$7 #aj 0 7#b7 ,india rubb] #aj 0 ,res9 #d 0 ,v5ice turp5t9e #b 0 ,oil ( turp5t9e #dj 0 ,= fir/ solution dissolve by ma/ication4 ,= second1 melt ! f9ely divid$ gum ) ! res91 add ! ,v5ice turp5t9e & f9ally ! oil ( turp5t9e4 ,use heat if necess>y4 ,mix bo? solutions f9ally4 ,to apply1 saturate a piece ( l95 ) ! cem5t & apply to ! spot previ\sly coat$ ) ! cem5t4 ,z x dries apply a little m z requir$4 ,a f9i%+ v>ni% is giv5 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,p>kes' cold cur+ process may be appli$ z describ$ 9 *apt] ,,xi4 ,*att]ton's ,comp\nd = unit+ %eets ( gutta-p]*a 9 cable cores & = g5]al "w ) gutta-p]*a coat$ wires4--,/ockholm t>1 #a "p2 res91 #a "p2 gutta-p]*a1 #b p>ts4 ,wat]pro(+ = ,wood5 ,batt]y ,cells4--,res91 #d p>ts2 gutta-p]*a1 #a "p2 boil$ oil1 a little4 ,ano!r ,=mula4--,burgundy pit*1 #aej p>ts2 old gutta-p]*a 9 f9e %r$s1 #be p>ts2 gr\nd pumice /one1 #ge p>ts4 ,melt ! gutta-p]*a & mix ) ! pumice /one & !n add ! pit*1 melt+ all toge!r4 ,apply melt$ & smoo? (f ) a hot iron4 ,cem5t = ,celluloid4--,%ellac1 #a "p is dissolv$ 9 spirits ( camphor #a "p1 ) #c to #d p>ts /rong alcohol4 ,x is appli$ w>m & ! p>ts unit$ mu/ n be di/urb$ until ! cem5t is h>d4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,inks4 ,,rubb] ,,/amp ,,ink4 ,anil9e blue soluble1 #a ,b #c p>ts4 ,di/ill$ wat] #aj 0 ,acetic acid #aj 0 ,alcohol #aj 0 ,glyc]9e #gj 0 ,= o!r colors ! foll[+ anil9e colors may be sub/itut$ 9 proportions giv53 ,me?yl violet1 #c ,b 7violet7 #c p>ts4 ,diamond fu*s9 ,i1 7r$7 #b 0 ,me?yl gre5 yell[i% #d 0 ,vesuv91 ,b 7br[n7 #e 0 ,nigros91 ,w 7blue black7 #d 0 ,= v bright r$ #c p>ts ( ,eos9 ,,bbn4 are us$4 ,9 ?is case ! acetic acid mu/ be omitt$4 ,9 all cases ! colors %\ld fir/ be rubb$ up ) ! wat] 9 a mort>1 & ! glyc]9e %\ld be add$ gradually4 ,^! inks w answ] = ! hektograph4 ,hektograph ,ink4--,anil9e color1 #a "p2 wat]1 #g p>ts2 glyc]9e1 #a "p4 ,a little alcohol may be us$ ) advantage to dissolve ! anil9e color4 ,x c be expell$ by heat+ if x proves objectionable4 ,anil9e ,ink ,vehicle4--,pr(4 ,e4 ,b4 ,%uttlewor?1 ( ,toronto1 ,ont41 sugge/s ! use ( ca/or oil 9 place ( vasel9e & o!r vehicles = typewrit] ink4 ,! anil9e colors may fir/ be dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 & ! solution may be add$ to ! oil4 ,!y may also be dissolv$ directly 9 ! oil 9 :i* mo/ ( !m are soluble4 ,indelible ,/amp+ ,inks4--,i4 ,asphaltum1 #a "p2 oil ( turp5t9e1 #d p>ts2 dissolve & temp] ) pr9t]'s ink4 ,! ink may be omitt$1 & solid dry color add$4 ,,ii4 ,sodium c>bonate1 #bb p>ts2 glyc]9e1 #he p>ts2 dissolve & rub up 9 a mort> ) gum arabic1 #bj p>ts4 ,9 a sep>ate vessel dissolve silv] nitrate1 #aa p>ts2 9 (fic9al aqua ammonia1 #bj p>ts4 ,mix ! two solutions1 & heat to ! boil+ po9t1 #bab ,f4 7#ajj ,c474 ,aft] x d>k5s1 add ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #aj p>ts4 ,aft] apply+ to ! clo?1 a hot iron %\ld be appli$1 or x %\ld be expos$ to ! sun4 ,,iii4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,reissig's =mula3 ,boil$ l9se$ oil v>ni% #af p>ts4 ,f9e/ lamp black #f 0 ,f]ric *loride 7sesqui*loride ( iron7 #b to #e 0 ,dilute a little = use ) v>ni%4 ,aft] ?is ink has be5 remov$1 no matt] h[ completely x c be detect$ by dipp+ ! pap] into a solution ( ammonium sulphide4 ,,iv4 ,anil9e black 9 cry/als #a "p4 ,alcohol #cj 0 ,glyc]9e #cj 0 ,dissolve 9 ! alcohol1 & add ! glyc]9e aft]w>ds4 ,%[ ,c>d ,ink4-- ,pure asphaltum #af p>ts4 ,v5ice turp5t9e #ah 0 ,lamp-black #d 0 ,oil ( turp5t9e #fd 0 ,dissolve ! asphaltum 9 ! turp5t9e1 & ?or\ghly mix4 ,/5cil ,ink4--,%ellac1 #b ounces2 borax1 #b ounces2 wat]1 #be ounces4 ,dissolve by heat if necess>y1 fir/ ! borax alone1 & !n add+ ! %ellac4 ,to ! cle> solution add gum arabic1 #b ounces4 ,color ) lamp-black1 ) ,v5etian r$1 or ) ultram>9e1 to suit ! ta/e4 ,ano!r =mula gives %ellac1 #d p>ts1 borax1 #a "p1 & omits ! gum arabic4 ,copy+ ,ink 7= use )\t a press by simply press+ & rubb+ ) ! h&71 by ,pr(4 ,attfield1 ,f4,r4,s4--,use ink ( any k9d ( extra /r5g?4 ,?is 9 _m cases c be made by evaporat+ common ink d[n to six t5?s ( its volume4 ,!n mix ) x two ?irds ( its volume ( glyc]9e1 s z to re/ore ! orig9al volume4 ,:ite ,ink4--,b>ium sulphate1 or 8flake :ite0 is mix$ ) gum arabic wat] ( suffici5t ?ickness to keep x susp5d$1 at lea/ :ile 9 use4 ,/>* or magnesium c>bonate or o!r :ite p[d] may be us$ in/ead ( ! b>ium sulphate4 ,! p[d] mu/ be ( impalpable f95ess4 ,:ite ,ink on ,blue ,pap]4--,a solution ( oxalic acid 9 wat] is us$ = ?is purpose4 ,x may be appli$ ) a rubb] /amp or ) a common p54 ,a quill or gold p5 is ! be/ z a /eel p5 is soon corrod$4 ,! ink blea*es ! pap] :]ev] x t\*es x1 giv+ :ite l9es on a blue gr\nd4 ,gold ,ink4--,gold leaf ) honey is gr\nd up 9 a mort>1 be/ an agate mort>1 or on a pa9t]s' slab ) a mull]4 ,x is add$ to wat]1 & ?or\ghly mix$ & at once p\r$ (f f ! fir/ s$im5ts1 filt]$ out1 & wa%$4 ,?is is done to secure ! impalpably f9ely gr\nd gold only4 ,! result+ p[d] is mix$ ) a suitable vehicle1 su* z :ite v>ni% or gum arabic wat]4 ,silv] ,ink4--,z above1 us+ silv] leaf4 ,z9c ,label ,ink4--,i4 ,v]digris1 #a "p2 ammonium *loride1 #a "p2 lamp-black1 "p2 wat]1 #aj p>ts4 ,,ii4 ,plat9um bi*loride1 #a "p2 gum arabic1 #a "p2 wat]1 #aj p>ts4 ,diamond ,ink = ,et*+ ,glass4--,?is consi/s ess5tially ( hydr(luoric acid mix$ ) b>ium sulphate to ! consi/5cy ( cream4 ,! b>ium sulphate is q inop]ative except z giv+ a body to prev5t ! ink f spread+4 ,x is appli$ ) a rubb] /amp or p5 & all[$ to rema9 = t5 m9utes or until dry4 ,on removal ( ! :ite p[d]1 ! design w be f\nd et*$ on ! glass4 ,! foll[+ is a =mula = x4 ,saturate hydr(luoric acid ) ammonia1 add an equal volume ( hydr(luoric acid & ?ick5 ) b>ium sulphate 9 f9e p[d]4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,miscellane\s4 ,to ,s(t5 & ,re/ore ,india ,rubb] ,hose1 etc4--,i4 ,dip 9 petroleum & hang up = a c\ple ( days4 ,repeat process if necess>y4 ,,ii4 ,! above process is applicable to all articles1 b is specifi$ = hose4 ,x is /at$ t old rubb] t has become h>d may be s(t5$ by exposure fir/ to vapor ( c>bon disulphide1 foll[$ by exposure to ! vapor ( k]os5e4 ,! latt] vapor is f\nd to be a g5]al pres]vative = india rubb]4 ,,iii4 ,dr4 ,pol recomm5ds imm]sion 9 a solution ( wat] ( ammonia1 #a "p1 & wat] #b p>ts1 f a few m9utes to an h\r4 ,to ,prev5t ,decay ( ,rubb] ,tub+4--,! decay ( rubb] tub+ has be5 attribut$ to ! =mation ( sulphuric acid f ! sulphur mix$ ) x4 ,m4 ,ball>d has sugge/$ wa%+ ) wat] or weak alkal9e solution five or six times 9 a ye>4 ,jo9ts betwe5 ,india ,rubb] ,tub+ & ,metal4--,:]e tub+ is tempor>ily slipp$ ov] metal gas pipes & simil> connections1 z 9 ! *emical laboratory1 x is well to apply glyc]9e to ! metal4 ,x acts z a lubricant 9 slipp+ ! tub+ on1 & assi/s 9 its )drawal4 ,pres]v+ ,vulcanite4--,wa% occasionally ) a solution ( ammonia & rub ) a rag slightly moi/5$ ) k]os5e oil4 ,effect ( ,copp] ^u ,rubb]4--,9 a pap] read be=e ! rec5t meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 ,sir ,william ,?omson /at$ t metallic copp]1 :5 heat$ to ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]1 9 contact ) ! rubb]1 ex]t$ a de/ructive effect ^u x4 ,) a view to f9d+ :e!r ?is 0 due to ! copp] p] se1 or to its p[] ( conduct+ heat m rapidly to ! rubb]1 he laid a %eet ( rubb] on a plate ( glass1 & on x plac$ f\r clean disks1 "o ( copp]1 "o ( plat9um1 "o ( z9c & "o ( silv]4 ,aft] a few days 9 an incubator at #aej ,f41 ! rubb] "u ! copp] _h become q h>d1 t "u ! plat9um _h become slightly affect$ & h>d5$ at diff]5t p>ts1 :ile ! rubb] "u ! silv] & "u ! z9c 0 q h>d & ela/ic4 ,?is w\ld w>rant ! inf]5ce t ! metallic copp] _h ex]t$ a great oxidiz+ effect on ! rubb]1 ! plat9um _h ex]t$ a slight effect1 :ile ! z9c & silv] respectively _h no injuri\s influ5ce on x4 ,! rubb] ?us h>d5$ by ! copp] conta9$1 /range en\gh1 no appreciable trace ( copp]2 ! copp]1 !re=e1 presumably sets up ! oxidiz+ action 9 ! rubb] )\t itself p]meat+ x4 ,gas ,tight ,tub+s4--,flet*] has inv5t$ a gas tight rubb] tub+ 9 :i* a lay] ( t9foil is int]pos$ betwe5 two conc5tric rubb] tubes1 all vulcaniz$ toge!r4 ,pr9t+ ,colors ^u ,india ,rubb]4--,x may sometimes be desirable to h a surface ( vulcaniz$ india rubb] s prep>$ t x w take colors su* z are us$ = calico pr9t+4 ,?is end is simply atta9$ by spr9kl+ ! article ) f>9a be=e vulcaniz+4 ,a small quantity atta*es itself & =ms an excell5t base = color pr9t+4 ,gutta-,p]*a = ,coat+ ,glass4--,= focus+ glass 9 photography & = simil> purposes :]e gr\nd glass or a transluc5t mat]ial is requir$1 a solution ( gutta-p]*a 9 *lor(orm is highly recomm5d$4 ,?is is fl[$ ov] or pa9t$ on ! glass & is all[$ to evaporate aft]w>ds4 ,burn$ ,rubb]4--,a v s(t pure gum sold = arti/s' use is improp]ly t]m$ burn$ rubb]4 ,x is us$ 9 crayon "w = remov+ & light5+ m>ks by dabb+ x aga9/ ! pap]1 clean+ ! rubb] f "t to "t4 ,x is s s(t t x picks up & removes crayon m>ks )\t ! necessity ( friction4 ,?us ! rubb+ out or m prop]ly eras+ op]ation c be localiz$ & crayon t9ts c be light5$ 9 tone )\t impairm5t or 8smutt+40 ,x is a v elegant accessory to ! arti/s' p>aph]nalia4 ,to make x1 pure virg9 gum1 pref]ably ! be/ ,p>a1 is cut into pieces & soak$ = "s h\rs 9 b5zole4 ,a long soak+ is advisable4 ,! pieces are !n remov$ f ! b5zole & are gr\nd 9 a mort> until p]fectly homog5e\s4 ,! mass is ga!r$ up ) a spatula & is press$ into little t9 boxes4 ,if desir$ x may be dri$ ^u a wat] ba?4 ,?is is n necess>y z1 if ! box is left op51 x w rapidly season itself4 ,x %\ld be v s(t1 %\ld t5d to adh]e to ! f+]s1 yet %\ld leave !m easily1 & %\ld /rip cleanly f ! box4 ,a v little turp5t9e makes x m adhesive4 ,x may ev5 be s(t5$ 9 turp5t9e alone4 ,?is gives a gum t seasons m sl[ly & is 9 "s respects pref]able to ! b5zole made prep>ation4 ,x is sold at a high price by ! deal]s1 z ! dem& = x is limit$4 ,rubb] ,sponge4--,?is is also an arti/'s rubb]4 ,x is also us$ = clean+ kid gloves4 ,x is made by incorporat+ ) ! ma/icat$ or wa%$ & %eet$ gum any mat]ial or mat]ials t w give (f vapor 9 ! cur+ process4 ,damp sawdu/ & cry/alliz$ alum are us$ z giv+ (f vapor ( wat] or /eam1 or ammonium c>bonate z giv+ (f vapors ( ammonia c>bonic acid gas & /eam4 ,! mix$ gum may be cur$ 9 m\lds1 :i* x w fill by its expansion4 ,%ellac ,v>ni% = ,india ,rubb]4--,?is is made by soak+ p[d]$ %ellac 9 t5 times its weight ( /rong aqua ammonia 7#bf ,b474 ,at fir/ no *ange beyond a color+ ( ! solution is p]ceptible4 ,aft] _m days /&+ ! bottle1 :i* %\ld h a glass /opp]1 be+ tightly clos$1 ! %ellac disappe>s1 hav+ ent]$ into solution4 ,x may be a mon? be=e complete solution4 ,?is =ms an excell5t v>ni% = india rubb] %oes & simil> articles4 ,x may be appli$ ) a rag4 ,x is also a good application = lea!r 9 "s cases & d\btless _m o!r uses c\ld be made ( x4 ,x w\ld act well z a vehicle = a d>k pigm5t su* z lamp-black4 ,x w rejuv5ate a pair ( india rubb]s v nicely4 ,! ammonia ex]cises also a good influ5ce on ! rubb]4 ,x has be5 recomm5d$ z a cem5t = atta*+ rubb] to metal1 b its adhesive p[]s are n always satisfactory4 ,simple ,sub/itute = ,/amps4--,a v simple ?\gh r\gh & imp]fect sub/itute may be made by glu+ ) common c>p5t]'s glue pieces ( ?ick /r+ ^u a piece ( wood1 ! /r+ be+ giv5 ! =m ( ! desir$ lett]s4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid saturat+ & /iff5+ ! /r+ ) ! glue4 ,india ,rubb] ,sub/itutes4--,"o ( ^! "u ! "n ( vulcaniz$ oil is ?us describ$ by ,bolas3 8,vulcaniz$ oil is1 p]haps1 ( m int]e/1 & _m oils1 su* z l9se$ & o!rs resembl+ x1 may be vulcaniz$ by be+ heat$ = "s "t to #aej ,c5tigrade ) twelve to tw5ty p] c5t4 ( sulphur4 ,! product obta9$ is s(t1 & some:at resembles v bad india rubb]4 ,by increas+ ! proportion ( sulphur v mu* inde$1 say to f\r times ! weight ( ! oil1 & vulcaniz+ at a high] temp]ature1 a h>d sub/ance1 resembl+ inf]ior vulcanite1 is obta9$4 8,s(t & h>d vulcaniz$ oil h be5 introduc$ into comm]ce at v>i\s times & "u _m names2 b ^! mat]ials nev] seem to h made v mu* headway40 ,ano!r me?od ( treat+ ! oil consi/s 9 mix+ x ) a solution ( *loride ( sulphur 9 c>bon disulphide or 9 nap?a4 ,on /&+1 ! volatile solv5ts escape1 leav+ a ?ick mass1 :i* is ! sub/itute4 ,9 comb9ations ( alum9um ) ! fatty acids1 =m+ alum9um soaps1 & ( ^!1 alum9um palmitate especially1 a sub/itute = india rubb] has be5 s\ght b )\t success4 ,metalliz$ ,ca\t*\c4--,unvulcaniz$ gum is mix$ ) p[d]$ lead1 z9c1 or antimony4 ,! mix$ india rubb] is !n cur$ z 9 ! regul> process4 ,,em]y ,,:eels ,,& ,,:et/ones4 ,bolas ?us describes _! manufacture3 8,:5 ord9>y vulcaniz$ rubb] is heat$ to #bcj ,c5tigrade1 7#ddf ,f47 or until x melts1 a p]man5tly visc\s product is obta9$1 & ?is sub/ance1 if mix$ ) em]y & sulphur to a k9d ( pa/e1 =ms a mat]ial out ( :i* ! s-call$ agglom]at$ em]y :eels or gr9d]s may be =m$1 ! mix$ mat]ials be+ next h>d5$ or cur$ by ! application ( a /eam heat4 ,em]y :eels & hones made on ?is pr9ciple 7 introduc$ by ,deplanque ab\t tw5ty-?ree ye>s ago4 8,?irty-five p>ts ( old vulcaniz$ ca\t*\c hav+ be5 plac$ 9 a k9d ( /ill1 heat is appli$ to melt x1 ! op]ation be+ assi/$ by ! gradual addition ( ab\t t5 p>ts ( heavy coal oil2 b ?is latt] is aft]w>d di/ill$ (f4 ,! s(t5$ ca\t*\c is !n incorporat$ ) #ejj p>ts ( em]y ( ! requir$ degree ( f95ess & n9e p>ts ( sulphur4 ,^! mat]ials hav+ be5 ?or\ghly mix$1 ! hones or :eels are manufactur$1 & aft]w>d cur$ or bak$ at a heat ( #adj ,c5tigrade1 7#bhd ,f47 dur+ a p]iod ( ab\t eight h\rs4 ,gr9d+ :eels1 made 9 ! above mann]1 c be work$ at a spe$ ( #b1jjj revolutions p] m9ute1 & are extremely useful = ! work+ ( h>d5$ /eel or o!r obdurate mat]ials40 ,et*+ on ,metals & ,glass4--,india rubb] /amps c be us$ = plac+ ! gr\nd ^u knife blades & simil> articles :i* are to be et*$4 ,! p>ts unt\*$ by ! /amp are attack$ by ! acid4 ,9 ! case ( glass1 diamond ink 7page #acc7 c be put on ) a /amp4 ,! acids = metal et*+ might be ?ick5$ ) b>ium sulphate also & appli$ 9 ! same way4 ,9 ^! cases ! inscription ( ! /amp w\ld be et*$4 ,:]e gr\nd is put on1 :e!r on glass or metal1 ! design = ! /amp w be protect$4 ,et*+ ,gr\nd = ,metals4--,equal p>ts ( asphalt1 ,burgundy pit* & beeswax melt$ toge!r & mix$ ?or\ghly4 ,x may be s(t5$ ) mutton suet4 ,beeswax may be us$1 dissolv$ 9 e!r or simply melt$4 ,yell[ soap is suffici5t = ord9>y "w4 ,et*+ ,solutions = ,bit+ 94--,= /eel & iron1 a4 sulphate ( copp] & common salt 9 solution4 b4 sulphate ( copp]1 sulphate ( alum9a1 & common salt1 ( ea* two dra*ms2 acetic acid1 #a oz4 c4 sulphuric acid1 dilut$ ) five volumes ( wat] ) a little sulphate ( copp]4 ,= o!r metals1 except gold & plat9um1 nitric acid dilut$ ) five volumes ( wat]4 ,et*+ ,gr\nd = ,glass4--,melt$ beeswax is g5]ally recomm5d$4 ,x c be remov$ ) spirits ( turp5t9e aft] z mu* z possible has be5 scrap$ (f4 ,et*+ ,glass4--,glass may be conv5i5tly et*$ by expos+ x to ! vapor ( hydr(luoric acid4 ,a %all[ lead5 tray1 z l>ge z ! glass1 is requir$4 ,a quantity ( fluorsp> is plac$ 9 x & is moi/5$ ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,! glass is plac$ face d[nw>d ov] ! tray4 ,x is support$ ov] ! mixture by re/+ on ! edges ( ! tray or by any simple me?od1 & ! :ole is cov]$ ) a t[el4 ,9 half an h\r or m ! et*+ w be complet$4 ,! vapors mu/ n be all[$ to escape into any room conta9+ glass or metal articles z !y corrode ev]y?+4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 also n to let ! mixture t\* ! h&1 z pa9ful ulc]s are ! result4 ,india ,rubb] ,%oe ,black+4--,raw india rubb] is giv5 z a con/itu5t ( sev]al %oe black+s4 ,=mul are giv5 z bel[ = pa/e & liquid black+s4 ,i4 ,pa/e black+3 bone-black1 #bj p>ts2 molasses1 #ae p>ts2 v9eg>1 #d p>ts2 sulphuric acid1 #d p>ts2 ca\t*\c oil 7z giv5 bel[71 #c p>ts4 ,,ii4 ,liquid black+3 bone-black1 #fj p>ts2 molasses1 #de p>ts2 gum arabic dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #a "p2 v9eg>1 #ej p>ts2 sulphuric acid1 #bd p>ts2 ca\t*\c oil1 #i p>ts4 ,ca\t*\c oil is made by dissolv+ or dige/+ virg9 rubb] #ee p>ts 9 l9se$ oil #dej p>ts4 ,wat]pro( ,composition = ,boots4--,"o ounce ( virg9 rubb] cut into pieces is dige/$ 9 en\gh oil ( turp5t9e to =m a /iff pa/e4 ,9 apply+ heat take great c>e le/ ! cont5ts ( ! vessel become ignit$4 ,:5 homog5e\s1 :i* condition may be br\ght ab\t by rubb+ 9 a porcela9 mort>1 z describ$ 9 *apt] ,,xii41 x is mix$ ) #e-f ounces ( boil$ l9se$ oil4 ,?is gives an o9tm5t almo/ ( ! consi/5cy ( butt]4 ,,index4 ,,page ,absorption ( sulphur process #ajj ,absorption ( wat] by india rubb] #ca ,africa1 ways ( collect+ rubb] sap #ae-ag ,analysis ( sap ( india rubb] tree #bg ,app>atus = /amp mak+ #fa-fc ,arti/s' burn$ rubb] #acf-acg ,balloons #ie ,b&s1 india rubb] #da ,bicycle tyre cem5t #abe ,black+1 india rubb] #adb ,borax & wat] solution ( rubb] #ajf-ajg ,brazil1 ways ( collect+ sap #bj-ba ,brom9e z vulcaniz] #ajj ,bulbs1 h[ made #ib-ic ,burn$ rubb]1 arti/s' #acf-acg ,cal5d]+ #dc ,cane tips #ij ,ca\t*9 #cj ,ca\t*\c9 #cj ,ca\t*\c1 7see ,india ,rubb]47 ,cem5ts #abe-abh ,clamp = vulcaniz+ press #eb ,cohesion ( rubb]1 its importance to ! manufactur] #bf-bg ,cold cur+ #ajj-ajb ,composition = /amps & its m\ld+ #aac-abj ,composition ink+ pad #aah-aai ,composition /amp h&le #aag-aah ,cord1 rubb] #ib ,corks #ij-ia ,cur+ #dd ,cur+1 h[ to judge ( completion ( #gj ,cur+ 9 liquid ba? #ig ,cur+ 9 sulphur ba? #ii ,cur+1 temp]ature ( #eh ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ways ( collect+ rubb] #ah-ai ,*air leg tips #ij ,*alk plates #hc-hd ,*lor9e z vulcaniz] #ajj ,*lor(orm z a solv5t #aje ,coagulation ( sap by a plant #ai ,coagulation ( sap by alum #bb-bc ,coagulation ( sap by fire #ba-bb ,coagulation ( sap by salt #ah ,cohesion ( pure rubb] #be ,dat+ /amps1 composition #aaf-aag ,didot's polytype = matrices #hb-hc ,di/illation products ( india rubb] #bi-cj ,dolls1 h[ made #ib-ic ,ebonite #ajh-aaa ,ebonite1 poli%+ #aaj-aaa ,em]y :eels & :et/ones #aci-adj ,emulsion ( ca\t*\c #aj ,et*+ #adj-adb ,f9s1 removal ( #hf ,flask = type m\ld+ #gd ,flong matrices #hj-hb ,flong pa/e #hj ,fluid = mix+ ) pla/] = matrices #ee ,gas heat$ /eam vulcaniz] #ec ,glue1 m>9e #abf ,glue /amps #aac-abj ,glyc]9e ba? = cur+ #ig ,goodye>1 ,*>les #ac-ad ,gutta-p]*a #aaa-aab ,gutta-p]*a1 m\ld+ #aaa-aab ,gutta-p]*a1 vulcaniz+ #aaa ,hektograph1 composition #aba-abb1 #abd ,hektograph1 h[ made & us$ #aba-abd ,hektograph ink 7also see inks7 #aba ,hektograph %eets #abd ,india ,rubb]1 absorption ( wat] by #ca ,india rubb]1 ,african #ae-ag ,india rubb]1 arti/s' burn$ #acf-acg ,india rubb]1 availability = small articles #he ,india rubb]1 cohesion ( unvulcaniz$ #be ,india rubb]1 composition ( #bg ,india rubb]1 discov]y (1 etc4 #aa-ac ,india rubb]1 effects ( temp]ature on #bh-bi ,india rubb]1 ela/icity ( #bi1 #cc ,india rubb] sap1 its coagulation #aa ,india rubb] %eet1 h[ made #dj ,india rubb]s1 orig9al way ( mak+ #aj ,india rubb] /amp mak+ )\t app>atus #ga ,india rubb] /amps1 home-made m\ld #dh-ej ,india rubb] /amps1 />t+ po9t #dg ,india rubb]1 trees produc+ #i ,india rubb] tree sap1 analysis ( #bg ,india rubb] type #gc ,india rubb]1 vulcaniz$1 g5]al prop]ties ( #cb-cc ,india rubb]1 :]e collect$ #aa ,india rubb]1 inela/ic1 h[ made #ca ,india rubb]1 its ma/ication #ch-dj ,india rubb]1 manufacture ( #ce-df ,india rubb]1 necessity ( dry+ #ch ,india rubb]1 po9ts to be foll[$ 9 m\ld+ small articles #he ,india rubb]1 prelim9>y op]ations 9 manufactur+ #ce-cf ,india rubb]1 pres]v+1 etc4 #acd-ace ,india rubb]1 prop]ties ( #bh ,india rubb] sap #i-aa ,india rubb] /amp vulcaniz+ #eh-fj ,inela/ic /ate ( india rubb] #ca ,inks1 special = /amp+1 etc4 #abi-acc ,iod9e & haloid vulcaniz]s #ajj ,isopr5e #cj ,leaves1 skeletoniz$ z models #ib ,liquid ba? cur+ #ig ,ma*9e = cutt+ %eet & ?reads #dj ,ma*9e = mak+ mix$ %eet #db-dc ,ma*9e = ma/icat+ #ch-dj ,ma*9e = wa%+ & %eet+ #cg ,mack9to% #ac ,mack9to%es1 h[ made #de-df ,m>%mall[ root = mixture ) pla/] #eg ,ma/icat$ rubb]1 its easy solution #ajc-ajd ,ma/icat+ 9 mort> ) b5zole #ajc-ajd ,ma/ication ( rubb] #ch-dj ,mat]ials mix$ ) india rubb] #dc ,matrices1 v>i\s k9ds (1 = /amps #hj-hd ,matrix = /amp-mak+ #ed-ee ,matrix mak+ by ca/+ #ef-eg ,matrix press #ef ,matrix1 process ( mak+1 = /amps #ed-ee ,mats #ia-ib ,metals1 weld+ & cohesion ( #be-bf ,miscellane\s #acd-adb ,mix$ %eet #db-dd ,mix$ %eet = /amps #dg-dh ,m\ld1 home-made = /amps #dh-ej ,m\ld+ & cur+ /amps #eh-fj ,m\lds = composition /amps1 temp]ature ( #abj ,m\lds1 mat]ial = #hf ,nap?a & volatile solv5ts1 dang] ( #ajg ,nap?a1 solv5t #ajd-aje ,nic>agua1 ways ( collect+ sap #ai-bj ,nitric acid z vulcaniz] #ajj ,oil = composition /amp m\lds #aai-abj ,oil = m\ld face #ee ,oils fix$ bad effect on solutions #aje ,oxy*loride ( z9c cem5t = matrices #eg ,papi] ma* matrices #hj-hb ,p>aff9 & rubb] #aje-ajf ,p>kes' process #ajj-ajb ,pay5's solv5t #aje ,p5cil tips1 m\lds = #hi-ij ,ph5yle sulphide z s(t5] ( vulcaniz$ rubb] #ajf ,pla/]1 d5tal = matrices #ed ,press = m\ld+ /amps1 etc4 #ea-eb ,press1 gas-heat$ #eb-ec ,press1 home-made #di ,press1 matrix mak+ #ee-ef ,products1 g5]al division ( #ce-cf ,rods1 /irr+ = laboratory #ie ,rubb]1 orig9 ( "n #ab ,rubb]1 see ,india ,rubb] ,salt ba? = cur+ #ih ,sap ( india rubb] tree1 analysis ( #bg ,%eet+ & wa%+ #cg-ch ,%eet rubb]1 h[ made #dj ,%eet rubb]1 its jo9+ #id ,%ellac = /r5g!n+ matrix #ee ,%oes1 black+ = #adb ,%oes1 india rubb]1 cem5t = #abg ,siphonia1 orig9 ( "n #aa ,solution1 diff]5t views ( #ca-cb ,solution1 difficulties ( #ajc ,solv5ts = rubb] #ajd-aje ,spr+ *ase = matrices #ef ,spr+s = /amp m\lds #ea ,spr+s on m\ld+ press #ea ,sponge india rubb] #acg ,/amp mak+ #dg ,/amps1 rubb]1 sub/itute = #ach ,/amps1 see ,india ,rubb]1 ,composition & g5]al titles4 ,/rauss' me?od ( coagulat+ sap #bb-bc ,suction discs1 regul> m\ld = #hh-hi ,suction discs1 simple m\ld = #hg-hh ,sulphides1 alkal9e z vulcaniz]s #ajj ,sulphur1 absorption process #ajj ,sulphur ba? = mix+ & cur+ #ih-ajj ,sulphur *loride process #ajj-ajb ,sulphur1 h[ mix$ ) gum #dc ,sulphur1 its escape f vulcaniz$ rubb] #cc-cd ,sunlight exclud$ f wa%$ %eet rubb] #ch ,syr+es made by ,indians #aa ,te/ = cur+ ) knife #dh ,?read1 rubb]1 cut #da ,?read1 rubb]1 m\ld$ #ib ,tissues1 coat$1 h[ made #de-df ,tubes1 connect+ glass #if ,tube1 seamless #ib ,turp5t9e1 a solv5t = vulcaniz$ rubb] #ajf ,turp5t9e comp>$ ) ca\t*\c9 #cj ,turp5t9e1 viscid nature ( solution #ajd-aje ,type1 india rubb] #gc ,type m\ld+ flask #gd ,type & /amps f vulcaniz$ rubb] #gg ,type1 cutt+ ap>t #ge ,type1 po9ts 9 m\ld+ #ge ,type1 quads1 & spaces = /amp models #ga-gb ,type1 /eel m\lds = #gf ,unit$ ,/ates composition /amps #aac-abj ,v>ni% %ellac = india rubb] #acg-ach ,vulcanite #ajh-aaa ,vulcanization1 its two /eps #db ,vulcanization1 /eps 9 process #dg-dh ,vulcaniz$ rubb] /amps & type #gg ,vulcaniz] #eb-ec ,vulcaniz]1 fi% kettle z a #fi-gj ,vulcaniz]1 fl[] pot #fh-gj ,vulcaniz]1 *amb] #fc ,vulcaniz+ & m\ld+ /amps #eh-fj ,wa%+ & %eet+ #cg-ch ,wat] absorb$ by india rubb] #ca ,wat]pro( composition = %oes #adb ,wat]pro(+ = batt]y cells #abg-abh ,z9c1 *loride #eg ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 unbalanc$ quotation m>ks 7 rem$i$ :5 ! *ange 0 obvi\s1 & o!rwise left unbalanc$4 ,illu/rations 9 ?is e,book h be5 position$ betwe5 p>agraphs & outside quotations4 ,9 v]sions ( ?is e,book t support hyp]l9ks1 ! page ref]5ces 9 ! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations lead to ! correspond+ illu/rations4 ,! index 0 n *eck$ = prop] alphabetization or correct page ref]5ces4 ,?ree miss+ page ref]5ces 7 add$ by ! ,transcrib]4 ,page #bf3 8,! relegation ( ice0 0 pr9t$ t way4 ,page #dj3 8alkan9e0 may be a mispr9t = alkal9e4