,,! ,,prea*+ ,,( ,,islam ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,propagation ( ! ,muslim ,fai? ,,by ,t4 ,w4 ,,arnold ,m4,a4 ,c4,i4,e4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,arabic1 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,london1 ,,univ]sity ,,college ,,new ,,york ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons #aiac ,,to ,,sir ,,!odore ,,morison1 ,k4,c4,i4,e4 ,,to ,,:om ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition ,,owes ,,its ,,exi/5ce ,,?is ,,second ,,edition ,,is ,,d$icat$ ,,9 ,,tok5 ,,( ,,long ,,fri5d%ip ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition ,x is ) consid]able diffid5ce t ,i publi% ^! pages2 ! subject ) :i* !y deal is s va/1 & ,i h _h to prosecute x "u circum/ances s disadvantage\s1 t ,i c hope b = small measure ( success4 ,:5 ,i may be bett] equipp$ = ! task1 & aft] fur!r /udy has enabl$ me to fill up ! gaps #a left 9 ! pres5t "w1 ,i hope to make x a m wor?y contribution to ?is neglect$ dep>tm5t ( ,muhammadan hi/ory2 & to ?is end ,i %all be deeply grateful = ! criticisms & corrections ( any s*ol>s :o may deign to notice ! book4 ,to su* ,i w\ld say 9 ! words ( ,/4 ,augu/9e3 8,qui hc leg5s dicit1 intelligo quidem quid dictum sit1 s$ non v]e dictum e/2 ass]at ut placet s5t5tiam suam1 et r$>guat meam1 si pote/4 ,quod si cum c>itate et v]itate fec]it1 mihique etiam 7si 9 hac vita maneo7 cognosc5dum fac]e curav]it1 ub]rimum fructum laboris huius mei cep]o40 #b ,z ,i c nei!r claim to be an au?ority nor a speciali/ on any ( ! p]iods ( hi/ory dealt ) 9 ?is book1 & z _m ( ! ev5ts ref]r$ to !re9 h become matt] = controv]sy1 ,i h giv5 full ref]5ces to ! s\rces consult$2 & "h ,i h ?\ght x bett] to err on ! side ( excess r ?an t ( defect4 ,i h myself suff]$ s mu* inconv5i5ce & wa/$ s mu* "t 9 hunt+ up ref]5ces to books indicat$ 9 "s obscure or un9telligible mann]1 t ,i w\ld desire to sp>e o!rs a simil> annoyance2 & :ile to ! g5]al read] ,i may appe> guilty ( p$antry1 ,i may p]*ance save tr\ble to "s s*ol> :o wi%es to te/ ! accuracy ( a /atem5t or pursue any "p ( ! subject fur!r4 ,! s*eme adopt$ 9 ?is book = ! translit]ation ( ,arabic words is t laid d[n by ! ,translit]ation ,committee ( ! ,t5? ,int]national ,congress ( ,ori5tali/s1 held at ,g5eva 9 #ahid1 ) ! exception t ! la/ lett] ( ! article is assimilat$ to ! s-call$ sol> lett]s4 ,9 ! case ( geographical names ?is s*eme has n be5 s rigidly appli$--9 _m in/ances because ,i c\ld n discov] ! orig9al ,arabic =m ( ! ^w1 9 o!rs 7e4g4 ,mecca1 ,m$9a71 because usage has almo/ creat$ = !m a prescriptive title4 ,?\gh ?is "w is confess$ly1 z expla9$ 9 ! ,introduction1 a record ( mission>y ef=ts & n a hi/ory ( p]secutions1 #c ,i h endeav\r$ to be /rictly imp>tial & to con=m to ! ideal laid d[n by ! ,*ri/ian hi/orian #d :o *ronicl$ ! successes ( ! ,ottomans & ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople3 1 ' 1 ' 1 1 4 ,i desire to ?ank ,h] ,excell5cy ! ,pr9cess ,b>b]9i2 ,8 ,excell5cy ! ,pr9ce ,*igi2 ! ,mo/ ,rev4 ,dr4 ,paul ,goe?als1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,calcutta2 ! ,"r ,rev4 ,fr4 ,francis ,pesci1 ,bi%op ( ,allahabad2 ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,s4 ,allnutt1 ( ! ,cambridge ,mission1 ,dehli2 ! ,tru/ees ( ,dr4 ,williams's ,libr>y1 ,gordon ,squ>e1 ,london1 = ! lib]al use !y h all[$ me ( _! respective libr>ies4 ,i am "u an especial debt ( gratitude to ,james ,k5n$y1 ,esq41 late ( ! ,b5gal ,civil ,s]vice1 :o has nev] ceas$ to take a k9dly int]e/ 9 my book1 ?\gh x has almo/ exemplifi$ ! ,horatian precept1 ,nonum prematur 9 annum2 to 8 pr(\nd s*ol>%ip & wide read+ ,i h be5 indebt$ = mu* in=mation t w\ld o!rwise h rema9$ unkn[n to me1 nor d ,i owe less to ! /imulus ( 8 en?usia/ic love ( le>n+ & 8 helpful sympa?y4 ,i am also "u a debt ( gratitude to ! k9dness ( ,conte ,ugo ,balzani1 b = ^: assi/ance c]ta9 p>ts ( my "w w\ld h be5 impossible to me4 ,to ! late ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? ,i am indebt$ = valuable sugge/ions z to ! l9es ( /udy on :i* ! hi/ory ( ! ,nor? ,african ,*ur* & ! condition ( ! ,*ri/ians "u ,muslim rule1 %\ld be work$ out2 ! pr(\nd regret :i* all ,semitic s*ol>s feel at 8 loss is to me int5sifi$ by ! ?\ght t ?is is ! only ackn[l$gm5t ,i am able to make ( 8 g5]\s help & enc\ragem5t4 ,i desire also to ackn[l$ge my obligations to ,sir ,sayyid ,amad ,khn ,bahdur1 ,k4,c4,s4,i41 ,,ll4,d42 to my le>n$ fri5d & colleague1 ,%amsu-l ,ulam ,mawlaw ,muammad ,%ibl ,numn1 :o has assi/$ me mo/ g5]\sly out ( ! abundance ( 8 k ( e>ly ,muhammadan hi/ory2 & to my =m] pupil1 ,mawlaw ,bahdur ,al1 ,m4,a4 ,la/ly1 & above all1 mu/ ,i ?ank my de> wife1 b = :om ?is "w w\ld nev] h em]g$ out ( a *aos ( incoh]5t mat]ials1 & ^: sympa?y & approval are ! be/ rew>d ( my lab\rs4 ,alig>h1 #ahif4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition ,! fir/ edition ( ?is book hav+ be5 out ( pr9t = sev]al ye>s & frequ5t inquiries hav+ be5 made = copies1 ?is new edition has be5 prep>$ & an ef=t has be5 made to revise ! "w 9 ! light ( ! fre% mat]ials t h accumulat$ dur+ ! la/ sixte5 ye>s2 b ,i c make no claim to h made myself acqua9t$ ) ! :ole ( ! va/ lit]ature on ! subject1 9 upw>ds ( t5 diff]5t languages1 :i* has be5 publi%$ dur+ ?is int]val4 ,! gr[+ int]e/ 9 ,islam & ! v>i\s bran*es ( /udy connect$ ) x1 may be e/imat$ f ! fact t s9ce #aijf five p]iodicals h made _! appe>ance devot$ to inve/igations cognate to ! subject-matt] ( ! pres5t "w1 viz4 ,revue du ,monde ,musulman1 publie p> ,la ,mission ,sci5tifique du ,m>oc 7,p>is1 #aijf- 72 ,d] ,islam1 ,zeits*rift fr ,ges*i*te und ,kultur des islamis*5 ,ori5ts 7,/rassburg1 #aiaj- 72 ,! ,moslem ,_w1 a qu>t]ly review ( curr5t ev5ts1 lit]ature1 & ?\ght among ,mohamm$ans1 & ! progress ( ,*ri/ian ,missions 9 ,moslem l&s 7,london1 #aiaa- 72 ,mir ,islama 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #aiab- 72 & ,die ,welt des ,islams1 ,zeits*rift d] deuts*5 ,gesells*aft fr ,islamkunde 7,b]l91 #aiac- 74 ,! ,*ri/ian mission>y societies are also n[ devot+ increas$ att5tion to ! subject ( ,muslim mission>y activity & accord+ly x takes up a proportionately l>g] place 9 _! publications ?an be=e4 ,?is second edition w\ld h be5 complet$ sev]al ye>s ago b = ! illib]al policy :i* closes ! ,read+ ,room ( ! ,briti% ,museum at #g o'clock & has ?us made x practically inaccessible to me except on ,saturdays4 #e ,i !re=e desire to express my grateful ?anks to ^? fri5ds :o h facilitat$ my lab\rs by ! loan ( books f ! ,libr>ies ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,leid5 & ! ,univ]sity ( ,utre*t 7?r\gh ! k9d (fices ( ,pr(essor ,w5s9ck71 & ! cole des ,langues ,ori5tales ,vivantes1 ,p>is2--to ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,oldham1 editor ( ,! ,int]national ,review ( ,missions1 ,i am indebt$ = ! loan ( volumes ( ! ,allgeme9e ,missions-,zeits*rift1 a set ( :i* ,i h be5 unable to f9d 9 ,london2 my ?anks are specially due to ,dr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,?omas1 :o has all[$ me to /udy = l5g?y p]iods 7along ) o!r books f ! ,india ,(fice ,libr>y7 ! monum5tal ,annali dell' ,islam by ,leone ,caetani1 ,pr9cipe di ,teano1--a "w ( ine/imable value = ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,islam1 b un=tunately plac$ out ( ! rea* ( ! av]age s*ol> by reason ( its great co/4 ,i am also mu* indebt$ = sev]al valuable indications to ^? s*ol>s :o review$ ! book :5 x fir/ appe>$1--above all1 to ,pr(essor ,goldzih]1 ^: sympa!tic int]e/ 9 ?is "w has enc\rag$ me to cont9ue x4 ,london1 #aiac4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,,page ,a mission>y religion def9$4 ,islam a mission>y religion2 its ext5t4 ,! ,qurn enjo9s prea*+ & p]suasion1 & =bids viol5ce & =ce 9 ! conv]sion ( unbeliev]s4 ,! pres5t "w a hi/ory ( missions1 n ( p]secutions #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,mu,,ammad ,,consid]$ ,,z ,a ,,prea*] ,,( ,,islam4 ,muammad ! type ( ! ,muslim mission>y4 ,acc\nt ( 8 e>ly ef=ts at propagat+ ,islam1 & ( ! conv]sions made 9 ,mecca be=e ! ,hijrah4 ,p]secution ( ! conv]ts1 & migration to ,m$9a4 ,condition ( ! ,muslims 9 ,m$9a3 beg9n+ ( ! national life ( ,islam4 ,islam (f]$ 7a7 to ! ,arabs1 7b7 to ! :ole _w4 ,islam decl>$ 9 ! ,qurn to be a univ]sal religion1--z be+ ! primitive fai? deliv]$ to ,abraham4 ,muammad z ! f\nd] ( a political organisation4 ,! spread ( ,islam & ! ef=ts made to conv]t ! ,arabs aft] ! ,hijrah4 ,! ideals ( ,islam & ^? ( ,pre-,islamic ,arabia contra/$ #aa ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,islam ,,among ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,nations ,,( ,,we/]n ,,asia4 ,! ,arab conque/s & expansion ( ! ,arab race aft] ! dea? ( ,muammad4 ,conv]sion ( ,*ri/ian ,b$\9s4 ,causes ( ! e>ly successes ( ! ,muslims4 ,tol]ation ext5d$ to ^? :o rema9$ ,*ri/ian4--,! settl$ population ( ! t[ns3 failure ( ,h]aclius's attempt to reconcile ! cont5d+ ,*ri/ian sects4 ,! ,arab conque/ ( ,syria & ,pale/9e3 _! tol]ation3 ! ,ord9ance ( ,um>3 jizyah paid 9 return = protection & 9 lieu ( milit>y s]vice4 ,condition ( ! ,*ri/ians "u ,muslim rule3 !y occupy high po/s1 build new *ur*es3 revival 9 ! ,ne/orian ,*ur*4 ,causes ( _! conv]sion to ,islam3 revolt aga9/ ,byzant9e ecclesia/icism3 influ5ce ( rationali/ic ?\ght3 impos+ "* ( ,muslim civilisation4 ,p]secutions suff]$ by ! ,*ri/ians4 ,proselytis+ ef=ts4 ,details ( conv]sion to ,islam4--,acc\nt ( conv]sions f among ! ,crusad]s4--,! ,arm5ian & ,georgian ,*ur*es #de ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,islam ,,among ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,nations ,,( ,,africa4 ,egypt3 conqu]$ by ! ,arabs1 :o are welcom$ by ! ,copts z _! deliv]]s f ,byzant9e rule4 ,condition ( ! ,copts "u ! ,muslims4 ,corruption & neglig5ce ( ! cl]gy lead to conv]sions to ,islam4--,nubia3 relations ) ,muhammadan p[]s3 gradual decay ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4--,abyss9ia3 ! ,arabs on ! sea-bo>d3 mission>y ef=ts 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury3 invasion ( ,amad ,gr3 conv]sions to ,islam3 progress ( ,islam 9 rec5t ye>s4--,nor!rn ,africa3 ext5t ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,nor? ,africa 9 ! sev5? c5tury3 ! ,*ri/ians are said to h be5 =cibly conv]t$3 reasons = ?9k+ t ?is /atem5t is n true3 tol]ation enjoy$ by ! ,*ri/ians3 gradual disappe>ance ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* #ajb ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,islam ,,among ,,! ,,*ri/ians ,,( ,,spa94 ,*ri/ianity 9 ,spa9 be=e ! ,muslim conque/3 mis]able condition ( ! ,jews & ! slaves4 ,e>ly conv]ts to ,islam4 ,corruption ( ! cl]gy4 ,tol]ation ( ! ,arabs1 & influ5ce ( _! civilisation on ! ,*ri/ians1 :o /udy ,arabic & adopt ,arab dress & mann]s4 ,causes ( conv]sion to ,islam4 ,! volunt>y m>tyrs ( ,cordova4 ,ext5t ( ! conv]sions #aca ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,islam ,,among ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,nations ,,9 ,,europe ,,"u ,,! ,,turks4 ,relations ( ! ,turks to _! ,*ri/ian subjects dur+ ! fir/ two c5turies ( _! rule3 tol]ation ext5d$ to ! ,greek ,*ur* by ,muammad ,,ii3 ! b5efits ( ,ottoman rule3 its disadvantages1 ! tribute-*ildr51 ! capitation-tax1 tyranny ( individuals4 ,=c$ conv]sion r>e4 ,proselytis+ ef=ts made by ! ,turks4 ,circum/ances t fav\r$ ! spread ( ,islam3 degrad$ condition ( ! ,greek ,*ur*3 failure ( ! attempt to ,prote/antise ! ,greek ,*ur*3 oppression ( ! ,greek cl]gy3 moral sup]iority ( ! ,ottomans3 impos+ "* ( _! conque/s4 ,conv]sion ( ,*ri/ian slaves4--,islam 9 ,albania1 conque/ ( ! c\ntry1 indep5d5t "* ( its p1 gradual decay ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & its causes2--9 ,s]via1 alliance ( ! ,s]vians ) ! ,turks1 conv]sions ma9ly f among ! nobles except 9 ,old ,s]via2--9 ,mont5egro2--9 ,bosnia1 ! ,bogomiles1 po9ts ( simil>ity betwe5 ! ,bogomilian h]esy & ! ,muslim cre$1 conv]sion to ,islam2--9 ,crete1 conv]sion 9 ! n9? c5tury1 oppression ( ! ,v5etian rule1 conqu]$ by ! ,turks1 conv]sions to ,islam #ade ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,islam ,,9 ,,p]sia ,,& ,,c5tral ,,asia4 ,religi\s condition ( ,p]sia at ! "t ( ! ,arab conque/4 ,islam welcom$ by _m sections ( ! population4 ,po9ts ( simil>ity betwe5 ! old] fai?s & ,islam4 ,tol]ation4 ,conv]sions to ,islam4 ,! ,ismlians & _! mission>y sy/em4 ,islam 9 ,c5tral ,asia & ,afghani/n #bjf ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,islam ,,among ,,! ,,mongols ,,& ,,tat>s4 ,acc\nt ( ! ,mongol conque/s4 ,buddhism1 ,*ri/ianity & ,islam 9 rivalry = ! allegiance ( ! ,mongols4 ,_! orig9al religion1 ,%amanism1 describ$4 ,spread ( ,buddhism1 ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ( ,islam respectively among ! ,mongols4 ,difficulties t /ood 9 ! way ( ,islam4 ,cruel treatm5t ( ! ,muslims by "s ,mongol rul]s4 ,e>ly conv]ts to ,islam4 ,b>aka ,khn1 ! fir/ ,mongol pr9ce conv]t$4 ,conv]sion ( ! lkhns4 ,conv]sion ( ! ,*aghaty ,mongols4 ,hi/ory ( ,islam "u ! ,gold5 ,horde3 zbek ,khn3 failure ( attempts to conv]t ! ,russians4 ,spread ( ,islam 9 mod]n times 9 ! ,russian ,empire4 ,! conv]sion ( ! ,tat>s ( ,sib]ia #bah ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,islam ,,9 ,,india4 ,di/ribution ( ! ,muhammadan population4 ,"p tak5 by ! ,muhammadan rul]s 9 ! propagation ( ,islam3 conv]sion ( ,rajputs & o!rs4--,! "w ( ! ,muslim mission>ies 9 ,india2 traditions ( e>ly mission>y ef=ts 9 ,s\? ,india1 =c$ conv]sions "u ayd> ,al & ,tp ,suln1 ! ,mappillas3--9 ! ,maldive ,isl&s3--9 ! ,deccan1 e>ly ,arab settlem5ts1 lab\rs ( individual mission>ies3--9 ,s9d1 ! rule ( ! ,arabs1 _! tol]ation1 acc\nt ( individual mission>ies1 conv]sion ( ! ,khojahs & ,bohras3--9 ,b5gal1 ! ,muhammadan rule 9 ?is prov9ce1 ext5sive conv]sions ( ! l[] ca/es1 religi\s revival 9 rec5t times4--,p>ticul> acc\nt ( ! lab\rs ( ,muslim mission>ies 9 o!r p>ts ( ,india4 ,propagationi/ movem5ts ( mod]n times4 ,circum/ances facilitat+ ! progress ( ,islam3 ! oppressiv5ess ( ! ,h9du ca/e sy/em1 wor%ip ( ,muslim sa9ts1 etc4--,spread ( ,islam 9 ,ka%mr & ,tibet #bed ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,islam ,,9 ,,*9a4 ,e>ly notices ( ,islam 9 ,*9a4 ,int]c\rse ( ! ,*9ese ) ! ,arabs4 ,leg5d>y acc\nt ( ! fir/ introduction ( ,islam into ,*9a4 ,muslims "u ! ,tang dyna/y3 influ5ce ( ! ,mongol conque/2 ,islam "u ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,relations ( ! ,*9ese ,muslims to ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t4 ,_! ef=ts to spread _! religion #bid ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,islam ,,9 ,,africa4 ,! ,arabs 9 ,nor!rn ,africa3 conv]sion ( ! ,b]b]s3 ! mission ( ,abd ,allh b4 ,ysn4 ,introduction ( ,islam into ! ,sudan3 rise ( ,muhammadan k+doms3 acc\nt ( mission>y movem5ts1 ,danfodio1 ,u?mn al-,amr ,ghan1 ! ,qdiriyyah1 ! ,tijniyyah1 & ! ,sansiyyah4 ,spread ( ,islam on ! ,we/ ,coa/3 ,a%anti3 ,dahomey4 ,spread ( ,islam on ! ,ea/ ,coa/3 e>ly ,muslim settlem5ts3 rec5t expansion 9 ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa3 ! ,galla3 ! ,somali4 ,islam 9 ,cape ,coa/ ,colony4 ,acc\nt ( ! ,muslim mission>ies 9 ,africa & _! me?ods ( w9n+ conv]ts #cab ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,islam ,,9 ,,! ,,malay ,,ar*ipelago4 ,e>ly int]c\rse betwe5 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago & ,arabia & ,india4 ,me?ods ( mission>y "w4 ,hi/ory ( ,islam 9 ,sumatra2 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula2 9 ,java2 9 ! ,moluccas2 9 ,borneo2 9 ,celebes2 9 ! ,philipp9e & ! ,sulu ,isl&s2 among ! ,papuans4 ,! ,muslim mission>ies3 trad]s3 js #cfc ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,conclusion4 ,abs5ce ( mission>y organisation 9 ,islam3 zeal on ! "p ( individuals4 ,:o are ! ,muslim mission>ies8 ,causes t h contribut$ to _! success3 ! simplicity ( ! ,muslim cre$3 ! rationalism & ritualism ( ,islam4 ,islam n spread by ! sword4 ,! tol]ation ( ,muhammadan gov]nm5ts4 ,circum/ances contribut+ to ! progress ( ,islam 9 anci5t & 9 mod]n times #djh ,,app5dix ,i4 ,lett] ( al-,h%im invit+ al-,k9d to embrace ,islam #dbh ,,app5dix ,,ii4 ,controv]sial lit]ature betwe5 ,muslims & ! foll[]s ( o!r fai?s #dcf ,,app5dix ,,iii4 ,muslim mission>y societies #dch ,titles ( ,works cit$ by ,abbreviat$ ,ref]5ces #ddj ,,! ,,prea*+ ,,( ,,islam ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,ev] s9ce ,pr(essor ,max ,mll] deliv]$ 8 lecture 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 on ! day ( int]cession = missions1 9 ,decemb]1 #ahgc1 x has be5 a lit]>y commonplace1 t ! six great religions ( ! _w may be divid$ into mission>y & non-mission>y2 "u ! latt] head fall ,judaism1 ,brahmanism & ,zoroa/rianism1 & "u ! =m] ,buddhism1 ,*ri/ianity & ,islam2 & he well def9$ :at ! t]m1--a mission>y religion1--%\ld be tak5 to mean1 viz4 "o 89 :i* ! spread+ ( ! tru? & ! conv]sion ( unbeliev]s are rais$ to ! rank ( a sacr$ duty by ! f\nd] or 8 imm$iate successors4444 ,x is ! _s ( tru? 9 ! he>ts ( believ]s :i* _c re/1 unless x manife/s itself 9 ?\ght1 ^w & de$1 :i* is n satisfi$ till x has c>ri$ its message to e human s\l1 till :at x believes to be ! tru? is accept$ z ! tru? by all memb]s ( ! human family40 #f ,x is su* a zeal = ! tru? ( _! religion t has inspir$ ! ,muhammadans to c>ry ) !m ! message ( ,islam to ! p ( e l& into :i* !y p5etrate1 & t ju/ly claims = _! religion a place among ^? we t]m mission>y4 ,x is ! hi/ory ( ! bir? ( ?is mission>y zeal1 its inspir+ =ces & ! modes ( its activity t =ms ! subject ( ! foll[+ pages4 ,! #bjj millions ( ,muhammadans scatt]$ ov] ! _w at ! pres5t day are evid5ces ( its work+s ?r\gh ! l5g? ( ?irte5 c5turies4 ,! doctr9es ( ?is fai? 7 fir/ proclaim$ to ! p ( ,arabia 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 by a prophet "u ^: bann] _! scatt]$ tribes became a nation2 & fill$ ) ! pulsations ( ?is new national life1 & ) a f]v\r & en?usiasm t imp>t$ an almo/ inv9cible /r5g? to _! armies1 !y p\r$ =? ov] ?ree cont95ts to conqu] & subdue4 ,syria1 ,pale/9e1 ,egypt1 ,nor? ,africa & ,p]sia 7 ! fir/ to fall be=e !m1 & press+ we/w>d to ,spa9 & ea/w>d beyond ! ,indus1 ! foll[]s ( ! ,prophet f\nd !mselves1 "o hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 ma/]s ( an empire great] ?an t ( ,rome at ! z5i? ( its p[]4 ,al?\gh 9 aft] ye>s ?is great empire 0 split up & ! political p[] ( ,islam dim9i%$1 /ill its spiritual conque/s w5t on un9t]rupt$ly4 ,:5 ! ,mongol hordes sack$ ,baghdd 7,a4,d4 #abeh7 & dr[n$ 9 blood ! fad$ glory ( ! ,abbsid dyna/y1--:5 ! ,muslims 7 expell$ f ,cordova by ,f]d9& ( ,leon & ,ca/ile 7,a4,d4 #abcf71 & ,granada1 ! la/ /ronghold ( ,islam 9 ,spa91 paid tribute to ! ,*ri/ian k+1--,islam _h j ga9$ a foot+ 9 ! isl& ( ,sumatra & 0 j ab\t to comm5ce its triumphant progress ?r\gh ! isl&s ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,9 ! h\rs ( its political degradation1 ,islam has a*iev$ "s ( its mo/ brilliant spiritual conque/s3 on two great hi/orical occasions1 infidel b>b>ians h set _! feet on ! necks ( ! foll[]s ( ! ,prophet1--! ,saljq ,turks 9 ! elev5? & ! ,mongols 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1--& 9 ea* case ! conqu]ors h accept$ ! religion ( ! conqu]$4 ,unaid$ also by ! temporal p[]1 ,muslim mission>ies h c>ri$ _! fai? into ,c5tral ,africa1 ,*9a & ! ,ea/ ,india ,isl&s4 ,at ! pres5t day ! fai? ( ,islam ext5ds f ,morocco to ,zanzib>1 f ,si]ra ,leone to ,sib]ia & ,*9a1 f ,bosnia to ,new ,gu9ea4 ,outside ! limits ( /rictly ,muhammadan c\ntries & ( l&s1 su* z ,*9a & ,russia1 t conta9 a l>ge ,muhammadan population1 !re are "s few small communities ( ! foll[]s ( ! ,prophet1 :i* be> witness to ! fai? ( ,islam 9 ! mid/ ( unbeliev]s4 ,su* are ! ,poli%-speak+ ,muslims ( ,tat> orig9 9 ,li?uania1 t inhabit ! di/ricts ( ,kovno1 ,vilno & ,grodno2 #g ! ,dut*-speak+ ,muslims ( ,cape ,colony2 & ! ,indian coolies t h c>ri$ ! fai? ( ,islam ) !m to ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s & to ,briti% & ,dut* ,guiana4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 too1 ,islam has f\nd adh]5ts 9 ,engl&1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,au/ralia & ,japan4 ,! spread ( ?is fai? ov] s va/ a portion ( ! globe is due to v>i\s causes1 social1 political & religi\s3 b among ^!1 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful factors at "w 9 ! production ( ?is /up5d\s result1 has be5 ! unremitt$ lab\rs ( ,muslim mission>ies1 :o1 ) ! ,prophet himself z _! great ensample1 h sp5t !mselves = ! conv]sion ( unbeliev]s4 ,! duty ( mission>y "w is no aft]-?\ght 9 ! hi/ory ( ,islam1 b 0 enjo9$ on believ]s f ! beg9n+1 z may be judg$ f ! foll[+ passages 9 ! ,qurn1--:i* are "h quot$ 9 *ronological ord] accord+ to ! date ( _! be+ deliv]$4 8,summon ?\ to ! way ( ?y ,"l ) wisdom & ) k9dly w>n+3 dispute ) !m 9 ! k9de/ mann]4 7xvi4 #abf47 8,!y :o h inh]it$ ! ,book aft] !m 7i4e4 ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians71 are 9 p]plexity ( d\bt conc]n+ x4 8,= ?is cause summon ?\ 7!m to ! fai?71 & walk uprightly !re9 z ?\ ha/ be5 bidd51 & foll[ n _! desires3 & say3 ,9 :atsoev] ,books ,god ha? s5t d[n d ,i believe3 ,i am comm&$ to decide ju/ly betwe5 y3 ,god is y\r ,"l & our ,"l3 we h our works & y h y\r works3 betwe5 u & y let !re be no /rife3 ,god w make u all "o3 & to ,him %all we return40 7xlii4 #ac-ad47 ,simil> injunctions are f\nd also 9 ! ,m$9ite ,srahs1 deliv]$ at a "t :5 ,muammad 0 at ! head ( a l>ge army & at ! height ( 8 p[]4 8,say to ^? :o h be5 giv5 ! ,book & to ! ignorant1 ,d y accept ,islam8 ,!n1 if !y accept ,islam1 are !y guid$ aright3 b if !y turn away1 !n ?y duty is only prea*+2 & ,god's eye is on ,8 s]vants1 7iii4 #ai47 8,?us ,god cle>ly %[e? y ,8 signs t p]*ance ye may be guid$2 8,& t !re may be f among y a p :o invite to ! ,good1 & enjo9 ! ,j1 & =bid ! ,wrong2 & ^! are !y ) :om x %all be well4 7iii4 #ii-ajj47 8,to e p h ,we appo9t$ obs]vances :i* !y obs]ve4 ,!re=e let !m n dispute ! matt] ) !e1 b summon !m to ?y ,"l3 ,v]ily ?\ art guid$ aright3 8,b if !y debate ) !e1 !n say3 ,god be/ kn[e? :at ye d60 7xxii4 #ff-fg47 ,! foll[+ passages are tak5 f :at is g5]ally suppos$ to be ! la/ ,srah t 0 deliv]$4 8,if any "o ( ^? :o jo9 gods ) ,god ask an asylum ( !e1 grant him an asylum 9 ord] t he may he> ! ^w ( ,god2 !n let him rea* 8 place ( safety40 7ix4 #f47 ,) reg>d to ! unbeliev]s :o _h brok5 _! plight$ ^w1 :o 8sell ! signs ( ,god = a mean price & turn o!rs aside f ,8 way10 & 8respect n ) a believ] ei!r ties ( blood or good fai?10 444 x is said3-- 8,yet if !y turn to ,god & obs]ve pray] & give alms1 !n are !y y\r bro!rs 9 ! fai?3 & ,we make cle> ! signs = m5 ( k40 7ix4 #aa47 ,?us f its v inception ,islam has be5 a mission>y religion1 bo? 9 !ory & 9 practice1 = ! life ( ,muammad exemplifies ! same tea*+1 & ! ,prophet himself /&s at ! head ( a long s]ies ( ,muslim mission>ies :o h won an entrance = _! fai? into ! he>ts ( unbeliev]s4 ,moreov] x is n 9 ! cruelties ( ! p]secutor or ! fury ( ! fanatic t we %\ld look = ! evid5ces ( ! mission>y _s ( ,islam1 any m ?an 9 ! exploits ( t my?ical p]sonage1 ! ,muslim w>rior ) sword 9 "o h& & ,qurn 9 ! o!r1 #h--;b 9 ! quiet1 unobtrusive lab\rs ( ! prea*] & ! trad] :o h c>ri$ _! fai? into e qu>t] ( ! globe4 ,su* peaceful me?ods ( prea*+ & p]suasion 7 n adopt$1 z "s w\ld h u believe1 only :5 political circum/ances made =ce & viol5ce impossible or impolitic1 b 7 mo/ /rictly enjo9$ 9 num]\s passages ( ! ,qurn1 z foll[s3-- 8,& endure :at !y say ) pati5ce1 & dep>t f !m ) a decor\s dep>ture4 8,& let ,me alone ) ! ga9say]s1 ri* 9 ! pleasures 7( ?is life72 & be> ?\ ) !m yet a little :ile4 7lxxiii4 #aj-aa47 87,my7 sole 7"w7 is prea*+ f ,god & ,8 message4 7lxxii4 #bd47 8,tell ^? :o h believ$ to p>don ^? :o hope n = ! days ( ,god 9 :i* ,he purpose? to recomp5se m5 accord+ to _! des]ts4 7xlv4 #ac47 8,!y :o _h jo9$ o!r gods ) ,god say1 #8,_h ,he pleas$1 nei!r we nor our =efa!rs _h wor%ipp$ aught b ,him2 nor _h we1 ap>t f ,him1 decl>$ any?+ unlawful4' ,?us act$ !y :o 7 be=e !m4 ,yet is ! duty ( ! apo/les o!r ?an pla9-spok5 prea*+8 7xvi4 #cg47 8,!n if !y turn _! backs1 /ill ?y (fice is only pla9-spok5 prea*+4 7xvi4 #hd47 8,dispute ye n1 unless 9 k9dlie/ sort1 ) ! p ( ! ,book2 save ) su* ( !m z h dealt wrongfully 7) y73 & say ye1 #8,we believe 9 :at has be5 s5t d[n to u & ha? be5 s5t d[n to y4 ,our ,god & y\r ,god is "o1 & to ,him are we self-surr5d]$4' 7xxix4 #de47 8,b if !y turn aside f !e1 yet ,we h n s5t !e to be gu>dian ov] !m4 ',tis ?9e b to prea*4 7xlii4 #dg47 8,b if ?y ,"l _h pleas$1 v]ily all :o are 9 ! _w w\ld h believ$ toge!r4 ,wilt ?\ !n compel m5 to become believ]s8 7x4 #ii47 8,& we h n s5t !e o!rwise ?an to mank9d at l>ge1 to ann\nce & to w>n40 7xxxiv4 #bg47 ,su* precepts are n conf9$ to ! ,meccan ,srahs1 b are f\nd 9 abundance also 9 ^? deliv]$ at ,m$9a1 z foll[s3-- 8,let !re be no compulsion 9 religion4 7ii4 #beg47 8,obey ,god & obey ! apo/le2 b if ye turn away1 yet is our apo/le only *>g$ ) pla9-spok5 prea*+4 7lxiv4 #ab47 8,obey ,god & obey ! apo/le3 b if ye turn back1 /ill ! burd5 ( 8 duty is on him only1 & ! burd5 ( y\r duty re/s on y4 ,& if ye obey him1 ye %all h guidance3 b pla9 prea*+ is all t devolves ^u ! apo/le4 7xxiv4 #ec47 8,say3 ,o m56 ,i am only y\r pla9-spok5 7op57 w>n]4 7xxii4 #dh47 8,v]ily ,we h s5t !e to be a witness & a h]ald ( good & a w>n]1 8,t ye may believe on ,god & on ,8 apo/le2 & may assi/ ,him & hon\r ,him1 & praise ,him morn+ & ev5+4 7xlviii4 #h-i47 8,?\ wilt n cease to discov] ! trea*]\s ones among !m1 except a few ( !m4 ,b =give !m & pass x ov]4 ,v]ily1 ,god love? ^? :o act g5]\sly40 7v4 #af47 ,x is ! object ( ! foll[+ pages to %[ h[ ?is ideal 0 realis$ 9 hi/ory & h[ ^! pr9ciples ( mission>y activity 7 put into practice by ! expon5ts ( ,islam4 ,& at ! outset ! read] %\ld cle>ly und]/& t ?is "w is n int5d$ to be a hi/ory ( ,muhammadan p]secutions b ( ,muhammadan missions--x does n aim at *ronicl+ ! in/ances ( =c$ conv]sions :i* may be f\nd scatt]$ up & d[n ! pages ( ,muhammadan hi/ories4 ,european writ]s h tak5 su* c>e to acc5tuate ^!1 t !re is no fe> ( _! be+ =gott51 & !y d n /rictly come )9 ! prov9ce ( a hi/ory ( missions4 ,9 a hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian missions we %\ld naturally expect to he> m ( ! lab\rs ( ,/4 ,liudg] & ,/4 ,willehad among ! pagan ,saxons ?an ( ! baptisms t ,*>lemagne =c$ !m to und]go at ! po9t ( ! sword4 #i ,! true mission>ies ( ,d5m>k 7 ,/4 ,ansg> & 8 successors r ?an ,k+ ,cnut1 :o =cibly root$ out paganism f 8 dom9ions4 #aj ,abbot ,gottfri$ & ,bi%op ,*ri/ian1 ?\gh less successful 9 conv]t+ ! pagan ,prussians1 7 m truly repres5tative ( ,*ri/ian mission>y "w ?an ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,sword & o!r ,crusad]s :o br\ght _! lab\rs to completion by means ( fire & sword4 ,! knights ( ! 8,ordo fratrum militi ,*ri/i0 =c$ ,*ri/ianity on ! p ( ,livonia1 b x is n to ^! militant propag&i/s b to ! monks ,me9h>d & ,!odoric t we %\ld po9t z be+ ! true mission>ies ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! viol5t means sometimes employ$ by ! ,jesuit mission>ies #aa _c d]ogate f ! hon\r due to ,/4 ,francis ,xavi] & o!r prea*]s ( ! same ord]4 ,nor is ,val5tyn any ! less ! apo/le ( ,amboyna because 9 #afii an ord] 0 promulgat$ to ! ,rajas ( ?is isl& t !y %\ld h ready a c]ta9 numb] ( pagans to be baptis$1 :5 ! pa/or came on 8 r\nds4 #ab ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* mission>y activity is se5 to be int]mitt5t1 & an age ( apo/olic f]v\r may be succe$$ by a p]iod ( apa?y & indiff]5ce1 or p]secution & =c$ conv]sion may take ! place ( ! prea*+ ( ! ,^w2 s likewise does ! propag&a ( ,islam 9 v>i\s epo*s ( ,muhammadan hi/ory ebb & fl[4 ,b s9ce ! zeal ( proselytis+ is a di/9ct feature ( ei!r fai?1 its mission>y hi/ory may fitt+ly be s+l$ out z a sep>ate bran* ( /udy1 n z exclud+ o!r manife/ations ( ! religi\s life b z conc5trat+ att5tion on an aspect ( x t has special *>act]i/ics ( its own4 ,?us ! annals ( propag&a & p]secution may be /udi$ ap>t f "o ano!r1 :e!r 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian or ! ,muslim *ur*1 ?\gh 9 bo? !y may be at times comm+l$4 ,= j z ! ,*ri/ian fai? has n always be5 propagat$ by ! me?ods adopt$ 9 ,vik5 7! s\!rn "p ( ,norway7 by ,k+ ,olaf ,trygvesson1 :o ei!r slew ^? :o refus$ to accept ,*ri/ianity1 or cut (f _! h&s or feet1 or drove !m into bani%m5t1 & 9 ?is mann] spread ! ,*ri/ian fai? ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,vik51 #ac--;& j z ! advice ( ,/4 ,l\is has n be5 made a pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ian mission>y "w1--8,:5 a layman he>s ! ,*ri/ian law ill spok5 (1 he %\ld n def5d t law save ) 8 sword1 :i* he %\ld ?ru/ into ! infidel's belly1 z f> z x w g10 #ad--s !re h be5 ,muslim mission>ies :o h n be5 guid$ 9 _! propag&i/ me?ods by ! savage utt]ance ( ,m>wn1 ! la/ ( ! ,umayyad caliphs3 8,:osoev] among ! p ( ,egypt does n ent] into my religion & pray z ,i pray & foll[ my t5ets1 ,i w slay & crucify him40 #ae ,nor are al-,mutawakkil1 al-kim & ,tp ,suln to be look$ ^u z typical mission>ies ( ,islam to ! exclusion ( su* prea*]s z ,mawln ,ibrhm1 ! apo/le ( ,java1 ,khwjah ,mun al-,dn ,*i%t 9 ,india & c\ntless o!rs :o won conv]ts to ! ,muslim fai? by peaceful means alone4 ,b ?\gh a cle> di/9ction c be drawn betwe5 conv]sion z ! result ( p]secution & a peaceful propag&a by means ( me?ods ( p]suasion1 x is n s easy to asc]ta9 ! motives t h induc$ ! conv]t to *ange 8 fai?1 or to discov] :e!r ! mission>y has be5 :olly animat$ by a love ( s\ls & by ! high ideal set =? 9 ! fir/ p>agraph ( ?is *apt]4 ,bo? 9 ,*ri/ianity & ,islam !re h be5 at all times e>ne/ s\ls to :om _! religion has be5 ! supreme reality ( _! lives1 & ?is absorb+ int]e/ 9 matt]s ( ! _s has f\nd expression 9 t zeal = ! communication ( *]i%$ tru?s & = ! dom9ation ( doctr9es & sy/ems !y h deem$ p]fect1 :i* con/itutes ! vivify+ =ce ( mission>y movem5ts1--& !re h likewise be5 ^? )\t ! pale1 :o h respond$ to _! appeal & h embrac$ ! new fai? ) a l f]v\r4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,islam--l ,*ri/ianity--has reckon$ among its adh]5ts _m p]sons to :om ecclesia/ical in/itutions h be5 m]ely in/rum5ts ( a political policy or =ms ( social organisation1 to be accept$ ei!r z disagreeable necessities or z conv5i5t solutions ( problems t !y d n c>e to ?9k out = !mselves2 su* p]sons may likewise be f\nd among ! conv]ts ( ei!r fai?4 ,?us bo? ,*ri/ianity & ,islam h add$ to ! numb] ( _! foll[]s by me?ods & "u conditions--social1 political & economic--:i* h no connection ) su* a ?ir/ = s\ls z animates ! true mission>y4 ,moreov]1 ! annals ( mission>y ent]prise frequ5tly record ! admission ( conv]ts )\t any attempt to analyse ! motives t h l$ !m to *ange _! fai?1 & especially = ! hi/ory ( ,muslim missions !re is a rem>kable pov]ty ( mat]ial 9 ?is respect1 s9ce ,muslim lit]ature is s+ul>ly poor 9 ^? records ( conv]sions t occupy su* a l>ge place 9 ! lit]ature ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! foll[+ sket* ( ! mission>y activity ( ,islam1 x has n always be5 possible to discov] :e!r political1 social1 economic or purely religi\s motives h det]m9$ conv]sion1 ?\gh occasional ref]5ce c be made to ! op]ation ( "o or ! o!r influ5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,mu,,ammad ,,consid]$ ,,z ,a ,,prea*] ,,( ,,islam4 ,x is n propos$ 9 ?is *apt] to add ano!r to ! already num]\s biographies ( ,muammad1 b r to make a /udy ( 8 life 9 "o ( its aspects only1 viz4 t 9 :i* ! ,prophet is pres5t$ to u z a prea*]1 z ! apo/le unto m5 ( a new religion4 ,! life ( ! f\nd] ( ,islam & ! inaugurator ( its propag&a may naturally be expect$ to exhibit to u ! true "* ( ! mission>y activity ( ?is religion4 ,if ! life ( ! ,prophet s]ves z ! /&>d ( conduct = ! ord9>y believ]1 x mu/ d ! same = ! ,muslim mission>y4 ,f ! patt]n1 !re=e1 we may hope to le>n some?+ ( ! _s t w\ld animate ^? :o s\ght to copy x1 & ( ! me?ods !y might be expect$ to adopt4 ,= ! mission>y _s ( ,islam is no aft]-?\ght 9 its hi/ory2 x int]p5etrates ! religion f its v comm5cem5t1 & 9 ! foll[+ sket* x is desir$ to %[ h[ ?is is s1 h[ ,muammad ! ,prophet is ! type ( ! mission>y ( ,islam4 ,x is !re=e beside ! purpose to describe 8 e>ly hi/ory1 or ! influ5ces "u :i* he grew up to manhood1 or to consid] him 9 ! light ei!r ( a /atesman or a g5]al3 x is z ! prea*] alone t he w dem& our att5tion4 ,:51 aft] long int]nal conflict & disquietude1 ,muammad 0 at l5g? conv9c$ ( 8 div9e mission1 8 e>lie/ ef=ts 7 direct$ t[>ds p]suad+ 8 own family ( ! tru? ( ! new doctr9e4 ,! unity ( ,god1 ! abom9ation ( idolatry1 ! duty laid ^u man ( submission to ! w ( 8 ,creator1--^! 7 ! simple tru?s to :i* he claim$ _! allegiance4 ,! fir/ conv]t 0 8 fai?ful & lov+ wife1 ,khadjah1--%e :o fifte5 ye>s be=e _h (f]$ h] h& 9 m>riage to ! poor k9sman t _h s successfully trad$ ) h] m]*&ise z a hir$ ag5t1--) ! words1 8,i love !e1 my c\s91 = ?y k9%ip ) me1 = ! respect ) :i* ?y p reg>d !e1 = ?y hone/y1 = ! beauty ( ?y "* & = ! tru?fulness ( ?y spee*40 #af ,%e _h lift$ him out ( pov]ty1 & enabl$ him to live up to ! social position to :i* he 0 entitl$ by "r ( bir?2 b ?is 0 z no?+ to ! fidelity & lov+ devotion ) :i* %e %>$ 8 m5tal anxieties1 & help$ him ) t5d]e/ sympa?y & enc\ragem5t 9 ! h\r ( 8 despond5cy4 ,up to h] dea? 9 ,a4,d4 #fai 7aft] a w$d$ life ( five & tw5ty ye>s7 %e 0 always ready ) sympa?y1 consolation & enc\ragem5t :5ev] he suff]$ f ! p]secution ( 8 enemies or 0 tortur$ by d\bts & misgiv+s4 8,s ,khadjah believ$10 says ! biograph] ( ! ,prophet1 8& atte/$ ! tru? ( t :i* came to him f ,god & aid$ him 9 8 und]tak+4 ,?us 0 ! ,"l m9d$ to light5 ! burd5 ( ,8 ,prophet2 = :5ev] he he>d any?+ t griev$ him t\*+ 8 rejection by ! p1 he w\ld return to h] & ,god w\ld com=t him ?r\gh h]1 = %e reassur$ him & light5$ 8 burd5 & decl>$ h] tru/ 9 him & made x easy = him to be> ! scorn ( m540 #ag ,among ! e>lie/ believ]s 7 8 adopt$ *ildr5 ,zayd & ,al1 & 8 bosom fri5d ,ab ,bakr1 ( :om ,muammad w\ld (t5 say 9 aft] ye>s1 8,i nev] invit$ any to ! fai? :o display$ n hesitation1 p]plexity & vacillation--except+ only ,ab ,bakr2 :o :5 ,i told him ( ,islam t>ri$ n1 nei!r 0 p]plex$40 ,he 0 a weal?y m]*ant1 mu* respect$ by 8 fell[ citiz5s = ! integrity ( 8 "* & = 8 intellig5ce & ability4 ,aft] 8 conv]sion he exp5d$ ! great] "p ( 8 =tune on ! pur*ase ( ,muslim slaves :o 7 p]secut$ by _! ma/]s on acc\nt ( _! adh]5ce to ! tea*+ ( ,muammad4 ,?r\gh 8 influ5ce1 to a great ext5t1 five ( ! e>lie/ conv]ts 7 add$ to ! numb] ( believ]s1 ,sad b4 ,ab ,waqq1 ! future conqu]or ( ! ,p]sians2 al-,zubayr b4 al-,awwm1 a relative bo? ( ! ,prophet & 8 wife2 alah1 fam\s z a w>rior 9 aft] days2 a weal?y m]*ant ,abd al-,ramn b4 ,awf1 & ,u?mn1 ! ?ird ,khalfah4 ,! la/ 0 e>ly expos$ to p]secution2 8 uncle seiz$ & b\nd him1 say+1 8,do/ ?\ pref] a new religion to t ( ?y fa!rs8 ,i swe> ,i w n loose !e until ?\ give/ up ?is new fai? ?\ art foll[+ aft]40 ,to :i* ,u?mn repli$1 8,by ! ,"l1 ,i w nev] ab&on x60 ,:]eupon 8 uncle1 see+ ! firmness ( 8 atta*m5t to 8 fai?1 releas$ him4 ,) o!r additions1 p>ticul>ly f among slaves & poor p]sons1 ! ,prophet succe$$ 9 collect+ r\nd him a little b& ( foll[]s dur+ ! fir/ ?ree ye>s ( 8 mission4 ,enc\rag$ by ! success ( ^! private ef=ts1 ,muammad det]m9$ on m active measures & began to prea* 9 public4 ,he call$ 8 k9sm5 toge!r & invit$ !m to embrace ! new fai?4 8,no ,arab10 he urg$1 8has (f]$ to 8 nation m preci\s advantages ?an ^? ,i br+ y4 ,i (f] y happ9ess 9 ?is _w & 9 ! life to come4 ,:o among y w aid me 9 ?is task80 ,all 7 sil5t4 ,only ,al1 ) boyi% en?usiasm1 cri$ out1 8,prophet ( ,god1 ,i w aid !e40 ,at ?is ! company broke up ) d]isive laught]4 ,undet]r$ by ! ill-success ( ?is prea*+1 he repeat$ly appeal$ to !m on o!r occasions1 b 8 message & 8 w>n+s receiv$ f !m no?+ b sc(f+ & contempt4 ,m ?an once ! ,quray% tri$ to induce 8 uncle ,ab lib1 z head ( ! clan ( ! ,ban ,h%im1 to :i* ,muammad belong$1 to re/ra9 him f mak+ su* attacks ^u _! ance/ral fai?1 or o!rwise !y ?reat5$ to resort to m viol5t measures4 ,ab lib accord+ly appeal$ to 8 nephew n to br+ disa/] on himself & 8 family4 ,! ,prophet repli$3 8,7 ! sun to come d[n on my "r h& & ! moon on my left1 & ! *oice 7 (f]$ me ( ab&on+ my mission until ,god himself %\ld reveal x1 or p]i%+ 9 ! a*ievem5t ( x1 ,i w\ld n ab&on x40 ,ab lib 0 mov$ & exclaim$1 8,g & say :atev] ?\ wilt3 by ,god6 ,i w nev] give !e up unto ?y enemies40 ,! ,quray% view$ ! progress ( ! new religion ) increas+ dissatisfaction & hatr$4 ,!y adopt$ all possible means1 ?reats & promises1 insults & (f]s ( worldly hon\r & aggr&isem5t to induce ,muammad to ab&on ! "p he _h tak5 up4 ,! viol5t abuse ) :i* he 0 assail$ is said to h be5 ! indirect cause ( draw+ to 8 side "o important conv]t 9 ! p]son ( 8 uncle1 amzah1 ^: *ivalr\s s\l 0 s /ung to sudd5 sympa?y by a tale ( insult inflict$ on & pati5tly borne by 8 nephew1 t he *ang$ at once f a bitt] enemy into a /aun* adh]5t4 ,8 0 n ! only in/ance ( sympa?y = ! suff]+s ( ! ,muslims be+ ar\s$ at ! sight ( ! p]secutions !y _h to endure1 & _m1 no d\bt1 secretly fav\r$ ! new religion :o did n decl>e !mselves until ! day ( its triumph4 ,! ho/ility ( ! ,quray% to ! new fai? increas$ 9 bitt]ness z !y wat*$ ! increase 9 ! numb]s ( its adh]5ts4 ,!y realis$ t ! triumph ( ! new tea*+ meant ! de/ruction ( ! national religion & ! national wor%ip1 & a loss ( weal? & p[] to ! gu>dians ( ! sacr$ ,kabah4 ,muammad himself 0 safe "u ! protection ( ,ab lib & ! ,ban ,h%im1 :o1 ?\gh !y _h no sympa?y = ! doctr9es _! k9sman taught1 yet ) ! /rong clan-feel+ peculi> to ! ,arabs1 secur$ him f any attempt ^u 8 life1 ?\gh he 0 /ill expos$ to cont9ual insult & annoyance4 ,b ! poor :o _h no protector1 & ! slaves1 _h to endure ! cruele/ p]secution1 & 7 imprison$ & tortur$ 9 ord] to induce !m to recant4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ,ab ,bakr pur*as$ ! fre$om ( ,bill1 #ah an ,african slave1 :o 0 call$ by ,muammad 8! fir/-fruits ( ,abyss9ia40 ,he _h be5 cruelly tortur$ by be+ expos$1 day aft] day1 to ! scor*+ rays ( ! sun1 /ret*$ out on 8 back1 ) an enorm\s /one on 8 /oma*2 "h he 0 told he w\ld h to /ay until ei!r he di$ or r5\nc$ ,muammad & wor%ipp$ idols1 to :i* he w\ld reply only1 8,!re is b "o ,god1 !re is b "o ,god40 ,two p]sons di$ "u ! tortures !y _h to und]go4 ,! con/ancy ( a few gave way "u ! trial1 b p]secution s]v$ only to re-k9dle ! zeal ( o!rs4 ,abd ,allh b4 ,masd made bold to recite a passage ( ! ,qurn )9 ! prec9cts ( ! ,kabah itself1--an act ( d>+ t none ( ! foll[]s ( ,muammad _h v5tur$ ^u be=e4 ,! assembl$ ,quray% attack$ him & smote him on ! face1 b x 0 "s "t be=e !y compell$ him to desi/4 ,he return$ to 8 companions1 prep>$ to be> witness to 8 fai? 9 a simil> mann] on ! next day1 b !y dissuad$ him1 say+1 8,?is is en\gh = !e1 s9ce ?\ ha/ made !m li/5 to :at !y hat$ to he>40 ,! virul5ce ( ! opposition ( ! ,quray% is probably ! reason :y 9 ! f\r? ye> ( 8 mission ,muammad took up 8 resid5ce 9 ! h\se ( al-,arqam1 "o ( ! e>ly conv]ts4 ,x 0 9 a c5tral situation1 mu* frequ5t$ by pilgrims & /rang]s1 & "h peaceably & )\t int]ruption he 0 able to prea* ! doctr9es ( ,islam to all enquir]s t came to him4 ,muammad's /ay 9 ?is h\se m>ks an important epo* 9 ! propagation ( ,islam 9 ,mecca1 & _m ,muslims dat$ _! conv]sion f ! days :5 ! ,prophet prea*$ 9 ! h\se ( al-,arqam4 ,z ,muammad 0 unable to relieve 8 p]secut$ foll[]s1 he advis$ !m to take refuge 9 ,abyss9ia1 & 9 ! fif? ye> ( 8 mission 7,a4,d4 #fae71 elev5 m5 & f\r wom5 cross$ ov] to ,abyss9ia1 :]e !y receiv$ a k9d welcome f ! ,*ri/ian k+ ( ! c\ntry4 ,among !m 0 a c]ta9 ,muab b4 ,umayr ^: hi/ory is int]e/+ z ( "o :o _h to endure t mo/ bitt] trial ( ! new conv]t--! hatr$ ( ^? he loves & :o once lov$ him4 ,he _h be5 l$ to embrace ,islam ?r\gh ! tea*+ he _h li/5$ to 9 ! h\se ( al-,arqam1 b he 0 afraid to let ! fact ( 8 conv]sion become kn[n1 because 8 tribe & 8 "m1 :o bore an especial love to him1 7 bitt]ly oppos$ to ! new religion2 & inde$1 :5 !y discov]$ ! fact1 seiz$ & imprison$ him4 ,b he succe$$ 9 effect+ 8 escape to ,abyss9ia4 ,! hatr$ ( ! ,quray% is said to h pursu$ ! fugitives ev5 to ,abyss9ia1 & an embassy 0 s5t to dem& _! extradition f ! k+ ( t c\ntry4 ,b :5 he he>d _! /ory f ! ,muslims1 he refus$ to )draw f !m 8 protection4 ,9 answ] to 8 enquiries z to _! religion1 !y said3 8,o ,k+1 we 7 plung$ 9 ! d>kness ( ignorance1 wor%ipp+ idols1 & eat+ c>rion2 we practis$ abom9ations1 sev]$ ! ties ( k9%ip & maltreat$ our neighb\rs2 ! /rong among u dev\r$ ! weak2 & s we rema9$ until ,god s5t u an apo/le1 f among ourselves1 ^: l9eage we knew z well z 8 tru?1 8 tru/wor?9ess & ! purity ( 8 life4 ,he call$ ^u u to wor%ip ! ,"o ,god & ab&on ! /ones & idols t our fa!rs _h wor%ipp$ 9 ,8 /ead4 ,he bade u be tru?ful 9 spee*1 fai?ful to our promises1 compassionate & k9d to our p>5ts & neighb\rs1 & to desi/ f crime & blood%$4 ,he =bade to d evil1 to lie1 to rob ! orphan or defame wom54 ,he enjo9$ on u ! wor%ip ( ,god alone1 ) pray]1 almsgiv+ & fa/+4 ,& we believ$ 9 him & foll[$ ! tea*+s t he br\ght u f ,god4 ,b our c\ntrym5 rose up aga9/ u & p]secut$ u to make u r5\nce our fai?1 & return to ! wor%ip ( idols & ! abom9ations ( our =m] life4 ,s :5 !y cruelly entreat$ u1 r$uc+ u to bitt] /raits & came betwe5 u & ! practice ( our religion1 we took refuge 9 y\r c\ntry2 putt+ our tru/ 9 y\r ju/ice1 we hope t y w deliv] u f ! oppression ( our enemies40 ,_! pray] 0 he>d & ! embassy ( ! ,quray% return$ discomfit$4 #ai ,mean:ile1 9 ,mecca1 a fre% attempt 0 made to induce ! ,prophet to ab&on 8 "w ( prea*+ by promises ( weal? & hon\r1 b 9 va94 ,:ile ! result ( ! embassy to ,abyss9ia 0 be+ look$ = 9 ,mecca ) ! greate/ expectancy1 !re occurr$ ! conv]sion ( a man1 :o be=e _h be5 "o ( ! mo/ bitt] enemies ( ,muammad1 & _h oppos$ him ) ! utmo/ p]si/5ce & fanaticism--a man :om ! ,muslims _h e reason !n to look on z _! mo/ t]rible & virul5t enemy1 ?\gh aft]w>ds he %9es z "o ( ! noble/ figures 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,islam1 viz4 ,um> b4 al-,khab4 ,"o day1 9 a fit ( rage aga9/ ! ,prophet1 he set out1 sword 9 h&1 to slay him4 ,on ! way1 "o ( 8 relatives met him & ask$ him :]e he 0 go+4 8,i am look+ = ,muammad10 he answ]$1 8to kill ! r5egade :o has br\ght discord among ! ,quray%1 call$ !m fools1 revil$ _! religion & defam$ _! gods40 8,:y do/ ?\ n r puni% ^? ( ?y own family1 & set !m "r80 8,& :o are ^! ( my own family80 answ]$ ,um>4 8,?y bro!r-9-law ,sad & ?y si/] ,fimah1 :o h become ,muslims & foll[]s ( ,muammad40 ,um> at once ru%$ (f to ! h\se ( 8 si/]1 & f\nd h] ) h] husb& & ,khabbb1 ano!r ( ! foll[]s ( ,muammad1 :o 0 tea*+ !m to recite a *apt] ( ! ,qurn4 ,um> bur/ into ! room3 8,:at 0 t s\nd ,i he>d80 8,x 0 no?+10 !y repli$4 8,nay1 b ,i he>d y1 & ,i h le>n$ t y h become foll[]s ( ,muammad40 ,:]eupon he ru%$ ^u ,sad & /ruck him4 ,fimah ?rew h]self betwe5 !m1 to protect h] husb&1 cry+1 8,yes1 we are ,muslims2 we believe 9 ,god & ,8 ,prophet3 slay u if y w40 ,9 ! /ruggle 8 si/] 0 w\nd$1 & :5 ,um> saw ! blood on h] face1 he 0 s(t5$ & ask$ to see ! pap] !y _h be5 read+3 aft] "s hesitation %e h&$ x to him4 ,x conta9$ ! #bj? ,srah ( ! ,qurn4 ,:5 ,um> read x1 he exclaim$1 8,h[ beautiful1 h[ sublime x is60 ,z he read on1 conviction sudd5ly ov]p[]$ him & he cri$1 8,lead me to ,muammad t ,i may tell him ( my conv]sion40 #bj ,! conv]sion ( ,um> is a turn+-po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,islam3 ! ,muslims 7 n[ able to take up a bold] attitude4 ,muammad left ! h\se ( al-,arqam & ! believ]s publicly p]=m$ _! devotions toge!r r\nd ! ,kabah4 ,! situation might ?us be expect$ to give ! ari/ocracy ( ,mecca j cause = appreh5sion4 ,= !y _h no long] to deal ) a b& ( oppress$ & despis$ outca/s1 /ruggl+ = a weak & mis]able exi/5ce4 ,x 0 r a p[]ful faction1 add+ daily to its /r5g? by ! accession ( influ5tial citiz5s & endang]+ ! /ability ( ! exi/+ gov]nm5t by an alliance ) a p[]ful =eign pr9ce4 ,! ,quray% resolv$ accord+ly to make a det]m9$ ef=t to *eck ! fur!r gr[? ( ! new movem5t 9 _! city4 ,!y put ! ,ban ,h%im1 :o ?r\gh ties ( k9dr$ protect$ ! ,prophet1 "u a ban1 9 accordance ) :i* ! ,quray% agre$ t !y w\ld n m>ry _! wom51 nor give _! own 9 m>riage to !m2 !y w\ld sell no?+ to !m1 nor buy aught f !m--t deal+s ) !m ( e k9d %\ld cease4 ,= ?ree ye>s ! ,ban ,h%im are said to h be5 conf9$ to "o qu>t] ( ! city1 except dur+ ! sacr$ mon?s1 9 :i* all w> ceas$ ?r\gh\t ,arabia & a truce 0 made 9 ord] t pilgrims might visit ! sacr$ ,kabah1 ! c5tre ( ! national religion4 ,muammad us$ to take advantage ( su* times ( pilgrimage to prea* to ! v>i\s tribes t flock$ to ,mecca & ! adjac5t fairs4 ,b ) no success1 = 8 uncle ,ab ,lahab us$ to dog 8 foot/eps1 cry+ ) a l\d voice1 8,he is an impo/or :o wants to draw y away f ! fai? ( y\r fa!rs to ! false doctr9es t he br+s1 :]e=e sep>ate y\rselves f him & he> him n40 ,!y w\ld taunt him ) ! words3 8,?9e own p & k9dr$ %\ld "k !e be/3 :]e=e d !y n believe & foll[ !e80 ,b at l5g? ! privations endur$ by ,muammad & 8 k9sm5 enli/$ ! sympa?y ( a num]\s section ( ! ,quray% & ! ban 0 )drawn4 ,9 ! same ye> ! loss ( ,khadjah1 ! fai?ful wife :o = tw5ty-five ye>s _h be5 8 c\nsellor & support1 plung$ ,muammad into ! utmo/ grief & despond5cy2 & a little lat] ! dea? ( ,ab lib depriv$ him ( 8 con/ant & mo/ p[]ful protector & expos$ him afre% to insult & contumely4 ,scorn$ & reject$ by 8 own t[nsm51 to :om he _h deliv]$ 8 message ) s little success = t5 ye>s1 he resolv$ to see if !re 7 n o!rs :o might be m ready to li/51 among :om ! se$s ( fai? might f9d a m receptive & fruitful soil4 ,) ?is hope he set out = if1 a city ab\t sev5ty miles f ,mecca4 ,be=e an assembly ( ! *ief m5 ( ! city1 he exp\nd$ 8 doctr9e ( ! unity ( ,god & ( ! mission he _h receiv$ z ! ,prophet ( ,god to proclaim ?is fai?2 at ! same "t he bes\ght _! protection aga9/ 8 p]secutors 9 ,mecca4 ,! disproportion betwe5 8 high claims 7:i* moreov] 7 un9telligible to ! hea!n p ( if7 & 8 helpless condition only excit$ _! ridicule & scorn1 & pitilessly /on+ him ) /ones !y drove him f _! city4 ,on 8 return f if ! prospects ( ! success ( ,muammad seem$ m hopeless ?an ev]1 & ! agony ( 8 s\l gave itself utt]ance 9 ! words t he puts into ! m\? ( ,noah3 8,o my ,"l1 v]ily ,i h cri$ to my p night & day2 & my cry only makes !m flee f me ! m4 ,& v]ily1 s (t z ,i cry to !m1 t ,?\ maye/ =give !m1 !y ?ru/ _! f+]s into _! e>s & wrap !mselves 9 _! g>m5ts1 & p]si/ 79 _! error71 & are disda9fully disda9ful40 7lxxi4 #e-f47 ,x 0 ! ,prophet's habit at ! "t ( ! annual pilgrimage to visit ! encampm5ts ( ! v>i\s ,arab tribes & disc\rse ) !m ^u religion4 ,by "s 8 words 7 treat$ ) indiff]5ce1 by o!rs reject$ ) scorn4 ,b consolation came to him f an unexpect$ qu>t]4 ,he met a little gr\p ( six or sev5 p]sons :om he recognis$ z com+ f ,m$9a1 or1 z x 0 !n call$1 ,ya?rib4 8,( :at tribe are y80 said he1 address+ !m4 8,we are ( ! ,khazraj10 !y answ]$4 8,fri5ds ( ! ,jews80 8,yes40 8,!n w y n sit d[n a:ile1 t ,i may talk ) y80 8,assur$ly10 repli$ !y4 ,!n !y sat d[n ) him1 & he proclaim$ unto !m ! true ,god & prea*$ ,islam & recit$ to !m ! ,qurn4 ,n[ s x 01 9 t ,god wr\ght wond]fully = ,islam t !re 7 f\nd 9 _! c\ntry ,jews1 :o possess$ scriptures & wisdom1 :ile !y !mselves 7 hea!n & idolat]s4 ,n[ ! ,jews (ttimes suff]$ viol5ce at _! h&s1 & :5 /rife 0 betwe5 !m _h ev] said to !m1 8,soon w a ,prophet arise & 8 "t is at h&2 him w we foll[1 & ) him slay y ) ! slaught] ( d & ( ,iram40 ,:5 n[ ! apo/le ( ,god 0 speak+ ) ^! m5 & call+ on !m to believe 9 ,god1 !y said "o to ano!r3 8,"k surely t ?is is ! ,prophet1 ( :om ! ,jews h w>n$ u2 come let u n[ make ha/e & be ! fir/ to jo9 him40 ,s !y embrac$ ,islam1 & said to him1 8,our c\ntrym5 h long be5 engag$ 9 a mo/ bitt] & deadly feud ) "o ano!r2 b n[ p]haps ,god w unite !m toge!r ?r\gh !e & ?y tea*+4 ,!re=e we w prea* to !m & make kn[n to !m ?is religion1 t we h receiv$ f !e40 ,s1 full ( fai?1 !y return$ to _! own c\ntry4 #ba ,su* is ! traditional acc\nt ( ?is ev5t :i* 0 ! turn+-po9t ( ,muammad's mission4 ,he _h n[ met ) a p ^: antec$5ts _h 9 "s way prep>$ _! m9ds = ! reception ( 8 tea*+ & ^: pres5t circum/ances1 z aft]w>ds appe>$1 7 fav\rable to 8 cause4 ,! city ( ,ya?rib _h be5 long occupi$ by ,jews :om "s national disa/]1 possibly ! p]secution "u ,hadrian1 _h driv5 f _! own c\ntry1 :5 a p>ty ( w&]+ emigrants1 ! two ,arab clans ( ,khazraj & ,aws1 arriv$ at ,ya?rib & 7 admitt$ to a %>e 9 ! t]ritory4 ,z _! numb]s increas$ !y encroa*$ m & m on ! p[] ( ! ,jewi% rul]s1 & f9ally1 t[>ds ! end ( ! fif? c5tury1 ! gov]nm5t ( ! city pass$ entirely into _! h&s4 ,"s ( ! ,arabs _h embrac$ ! ,jewi% religion1 & _m ( ! =m] ma/]s ( ! city /ill dwelt !re 9 ! s]vice ( _! conqu]ors1 s t x conta9$ 9 ,muammad's "t a consid]able ,jewi% population4 ,! p ( ,ya?rib 7 ?us famili> ) ! idea ( a ,messiah :o 0 to come1 & 7 consequ5tly m capable ( und]/&+ ! claim ( ,muammad to be accept$ z ! ,prophet ( ,god1 ?an 7 ! idolatr\s ,meccans to :om su* an idea 0 entirely =eign & especially di/a/eful to ! ,quray%1 ^: supremacy ov] ! o!r tribes & ^: worldly prosp]ity arose f ! fact t !y 7 ! h]$it>y gu>dians ( ! national collection ( idols kept 9 ! sacr$ enclosure ( ! ,kabah4 ,fur!r1 ! city ( ,ya?rib 0 di/ract$ by incessant civil discord ?r\gh a long-/&+ feud betwe5 ! ,ban ,khazraj & ! ,ban ,aws4 ,! citiz5s liv$ 9 unc]ta9ty & susp5se1 & any?+ likely to b9d ! conflict+ p>ties toge!r by a tie ( common int]e/ c\ld n b prove a boon to ! city4 ,j z ! m$ival republics ( ,nor!rn ,italy *ose a /rang] to hold ! *ief po/ 9 _! cities 9 ord] to ma9ta9 "s balance ( p[] betwe5 ! rival factions1 & prev5t1 if possible1 ! civil /rife :i* 0 s ru9\s to comm]ce & ! g5]al welf>e1 s ! ,ya?ribites w\ld n look ^u ! arrival ( a /rang] ) suspicion1 ev5 ?\gh he 0 likely to usurp or ga9 p]mission to assume ! vacant au?ority4 ,on ! contr>y1 "o ( ! reasons = ! w>m welcome :i* ,muammad receiv$ 9 ,m$9a w\ld seem to be t ! adoption ( ,islam appe>$ to ! m ?\ghtful ( its citiz5s to be a rem$y = ! disord]s f :i* _! society 0 suff]+1 by its ord]ly discipl9e ( life & its br++ ! unruly passions ( m5 "u ! discipl9e ( laws enunciat$ by an au?ority sup]ior to individual caprice4 #bb ,^! facts g f> to expla9 h[ eight ye>s aft] ! ,hijrah ,muammad c\ld1 at ! head ( #aj1jjj foll[]s1 ent] ! city 9 :i* he _h lab\r$ = t5 ye>s ) s meagre a result4 ,b ?is is anticipat+4 ,muammad _h propos$ to accompany 8 new conv]ts1 ! ,khazrajites1 to ,ya?rib himself1 b !y dissuad$ him !refrom1 until a reconciliation c\ld be effect$ ) ! ,ban ,aws4 8,let u1 we pray !e1 return unto our p1 if haply ! ,"l w create peace among/ u2 & we w come back aga9 unto !e4 ,let ! season ( pilgrimage 9 ! foll[+ ye> be ! appo9t$ "t40 ,s !y return$ to _! homes1 & invit$ _! p to ! fai?2 & _m believ$1 s t !re rema9$ h>dly a family 9 :i* m5tion 0 n made ( ! ,prophet4 ,:5 ! "t ( pilgrimage aga9 came r\nd1 a deputation f ,ya?rib1 t5 m5 ( ! ,ban ,khazraj1 & two ( ! ,ban ,aws1 met him at ! appo9t$ spot & pl$g$ him _! ^w to obey 8 tea*+4 ,?is1 ! fir/ pl$ge ( ,aqabah1 s call$ f ! secret spot at :i* !y met1 ran z foll[s3--8,we w n wor%ip any b ! "o ,god2 we w n /eal1 nei!r w we commit adult]y or kill our *ildr52 we w ab/a9 f calumny & sl&]2 we w obey ! ,prophet 9 e ?+ t is "r40 ,^! twelve m5 n[ return$ to ,ya?rib z mission>ies ( ,islam1 & s well prep>$ 0 ! gr\nd1 & ) su* zeal did !y prosecute _! mission1 t ! new fai? spread rapidly f h\se to h\se & f tribe to tribe4 ,!y 7 accompani$ on _! return by ,muab b4 ,umayr2 ?\gh1 accord+ to ano!r acc\nt he 0 s5t by ! ,prophet ^u a writt5 requisition f ,ya?rib4 ,?is "y man _h be5 "o ( ! e>lie/ conv]ts1 & _h lately return$ f ,abyss9ia2 ?us he _h _h mu* exp]i5ce1 & sev]e tra9+ 9 ! s*ool ( p]secution _h n only sob]$ 8 zeal b taught him h[ to meet p]secution & deal ) ^? :o 7 ready to condemn ,islam )\t wait+ to le>n ! true cont5ts ( its tea*+2 accord+ly ,muammad c\ld ) ! greate/ confid5ce entru/ him ) ! difficult task ( direct+ & in/ruct+ ! new conv]ts1 *]i%+ ! se$s ( religi\s zeal & devotion t _h already be5 s[n & br++ !m to fruition4 ,muab took up 8 abode 9 ! h\se ( ,zad b4 ,zurrah1 & ga!r$ ! conv]ts toge!r = pray] & ! read+ ( ! ,qurn1 sometimes "h & sometimes 9 a h\se belong+ to ! ,ban af>1 :i* 0 situat$ 9 a qu>t] ( ! t[n occupi$ jo9tly by ?is family & t ( ,abd al-,a%hal4 ,! heads ( ! latt] family at t "t 7 ,sad b4 ,mudh & ,usayd b4 uayr4 ,"o day x happ5$ t ,muab 0 sitt+ toge!r ) ,zad 9 ?is h\se ( ! ,ban af>1 engag$ 9 in/ruct+ "s new conv]ts1 :5 ,sad b4 ,mudh1 hav+ come to "k ( _! :]eab\ts1 said to ,usayd b4 uayr3 8,drive out ^! fell[s :o h come into our h\ses to make fools ( ! weakl+s among u2 ,i w\ld sp>e !e ! tr\ble did n ! tie ( k9%ip betwe5 me & ,zad prev5t my do+ him any h>m0 7= he himself 0 ! c\s9 ( ,zad74 ,h]eupon ,usayd took 8 spe> &1 bur/+ 9 ^u ,zad & ,muab1 8,:at are y do+80 he cri$1 8lead+ weak-m9d$ folk a/ray8 ,if y value y\r lives1 begone h5ce40 8,sit d[n & li/510 ,muab answ]$ quietly1 8if ?\ art pleas$ ) :at ?\ he>e/1 accept x2 if n1 !n leave x40 ,usayd /uck 8 spe> 9 ! gr\nd & sat d[n to li/51 :ile ,muab exp\nd$ to him ! fundam5tal doctr9es ( ,islam & read sev]al passages ( ! ,qurn4 ,aft] a "t ,usayd1 enraptur$1 cri$1 8,:at mu/ ,i d to ent] ?is religion80 8,purify ?yself ) wat]10 answ]$ ,muab1 8& confess t !re is no god b ,god & t ,muammad is ! apo/le ( ,god40 ,usayd at once compli$ & repeat$ ! pr(ession ( fai?1 add+1 8,aft] me y h /ill ano!r man to conv9ce0 7ref]r+ to ,sad b4 ,mudh74 8,if he is p]suad$1 8 example w br+ aft] him all 8 p4 ,i w s5d him to y =?)40 ,) ^! words he left !m1 & soon aft] came ,sad b4 ,mudh himself1 hot ) ang] aga9/ ,zad = ! patronage he _h ext5d$ to ! mission>ies ( ,islam4 ,muab begg$ him n to condemn ! new fai? unhe>d1 s ,sad agre$ to li/5 & soon ! words ( ,muab t\*$ him & br\ght conviction to 8 he>t1 & he embrac$ ! fai? & became a ,muslim4 ,he w5t back to 8 p burn+ ) zeal & said to !m1 8,sons ( ,abd al-,a%hal1 say1 :at am ,i to y80 8,?\ art our "l10 !y answ]$1 8?\ art ! wise/ & mo/ illu/ri\s among u40 8,!n ,i swe>10 repli$ ,sad1 8nev]more to speak to any ( y until y believe 9 ,god & ,muammad1 ,8 apo/le40 ,& f t day1 all ! desc5dants ( ,abd al-,a%hal embrac$ ,islam4 #bc ,) su* zeal & e>ne/ness 0 ! prea*+ ( ! fai? pu%$ =w>d t )9 a ye> !re 0 n a family among ! ,arabs ( ,m$9a t _h n giv5 "s ( its memb]s to swell ! numb] ( ! fai?ful1 ) ! exception ( "o bran* ( ! ,ban ,aws1 :i* held alo( "u ! influ5ce ( ,ab ,qays b4 al-,aslat1 ! poet4 ,! foll[+ ye>1 :5 ! "t ( ! annual pilgrimage aga9 came r\nd1 a b& ( conv]ts1 am\nt+ to sev5ty-?ree 9 numb]1 accompani$ _! hea!n fell[-c\ntrym5 f ,ya?rib to ,mecca4 ,!y 7 commission$ to invite ,muammad to take refuge 9 ,ya?rib f ! fury ( 8 enemies1 & _h come to swe> allegiance to him z _! prophet & _! lead]4 ,all ! e>ly conv]ts :o _h be=e met ! ,prophet on ! two prec$+ pilgrimages1 return$ to ,mecca on ?is important occasion1 & ,muab _! tea*] accompani$ !m4 ,imm$iately on 8 arrival he hurri$ to ! prophet1 & told him ( ! success t _h att5d$ 8 mission4 ,x is said t 8 "m1 he>+ ( 8 arrival1 s5t a message to him1 say+3 8,ah1 disob$i5t son1 wilt ?\ ent] a city 9 :i* ?y "m dwelle?1 & n fir/ visit h]60 8,nay1 v]ily10 he repli$1 8,i w nev] visit ! h\se ( any "o be=e ! ,prophet ( ,god40 ,s1 aft] he _h greet$ & conf]r$ ) ,muammad1 he w5t to 8 "m1 :o ?us acco/$ him3 8,!n ,i we5 ?\ art /ill a r5egade40 ,he answ]$1 8,i foll[ ! prophet ( ! ,"l & ! true fai? ( ,islam40 8,art ?\ !n well satisfi$ ) ! mis]able way ?\ ha/ f>$ 9 ! l& ( ,abyss9ia & n[ aga9 at ,ya?rib80 ,n[ he p]ceiv$ t %e 0 m$itat+ 8 imprisonm5t1 & exclaim$1 8,:at6 wilt ?\ =ce a man f 8 religion8 ,if ye seek to conf9e me1 ,i w assur$ly slay ! fir/ p]son t laye? h&s ^u me40 ,8 "m said1 8,!n dep>t f my pres5ce10 & %e began to weep4 ,muab 0 mov$1 & said1 8,oh1 my "m6 ,i give !e lov+ c\nsel4 ,te/ify t !re is no ,god b ! ,"l & t ,muammad is ,8 s]vant & mess5g]40 ,b %e repli$1 8,by ! sp>kl+ />s6 ,i w nev] make a fool ( myself by ent]+ into ?y religion4 ,i wa% my h&s ( !e & ?y conc]ns1 & cleave /eadfa/ly unto m9e own fai?40 ,9 ord] n to excite suspicion & incur ! ho/ility ( ! ,quray%1 a secret meet+ 0 arrang$ at ,aqabah1 ! sc5e ( ! =m] meet+ ) ! conv]ts ( ! ye> be=e4 ,muammad came accompani$ only by 8 uncle ,abbs1 :o1 ?\gh he 0 /ill an idolat]1 _h be5 admitt$ into ! secret4 ,abbs op5$ ! solemn conclave1 by recomm5d+ 8 nephew z a scion ( "o ( ! noble/ families ( 8 clan1 :i* _h hi!rto af=d$ ! ,prophet protection1 al?\gh reject+ 8 tea*+s2 b n[ t he wi%$ to take refuge among ! p ( ,ya?rib1 !y %\ld be?9k !mselves well be=e und]tak+ su* a *>ge1 & resolve n to g back f _! promise1 if once !y und]took ! risk4 ,!n ,b> b4 ,marr1 "o ( ! ,ban ,khazraj1 prote/+ t !y 7 firm 9 _! resolve to protect ! ,prophet ( ,god1 bes\ght him to decl>e fully :at he wi%$ ( !m4 ,muammad began by recit+ to !m "s portions ( ! ,qurn1 & exhort$ !m to be true to ! fai? !y _h pr(ess$ 9 ! "o ,god & ! ,prophet1 ,8 apo/le2 he !n ask$ !m to def5d him & 8 companions f all assailants j z !y w\ld _! own wives & *ildr54 ,!n ,b> b4 ,marr1 tak+ 8 h&1 cri$ out1 8,yea1 by ,him :o s5t !e z ,8 ,prophet1 & ?r\gh !e reveal$ unto u ,8 tru?1 we w protect !e z we w\ld our own bodies1 & we swe> allegiance to !e z our lead]4 ,we are ! sons ( battle & m5 ( mail1 :i* we h inh]it$ z wor?y sons ( wor?y =efa!rs40 ,s !y all 9 turn1 tak+ 8 h& 9 !irs1 swore allegiance to him4 ,z soon z ! ,quray% ga9$ intellig5ce ( ^! secret proce$+s1 ! p]secution broke out afre% aga9/ ! ,muslims1 & ,muammad advis$ !m to flee out ( ! city4 8,dep>t unto ,ya?rib2 = ! ,"l ha? v]ily giv5 y bre?r5 9 t city1 & a home 9 :i* ye may f9d refuge40 ,s quietly1 by twos & ?rees !y escap$ to ,ya?rib1 :]e !y 7 he>tily welcom$1 _! co-religioni/s 9 t city vy+ ) "o ano!r = ! hon\r ( ent]ta9+ !m1 & supply+ !m ) su* ?+s z !y _h ne$ (4 ,)9 two mon?s ne>ly all ! ,muslims except ^? :o 7 seiz$ & imprison$ & ^? :o c\ld n escape f captivity _h left ,mecca1 to ! numb] ( ab\t #aej4 ,!re is a /ory told ( "o ( ^! ,muslims1 by "n uhayb1 :om ,muammad call$ 8! fir/-fruits ( ,greece0 7he _h be5 a ,greek slave1 & be+ set free by 8 ma/] _h amass$ consid]able weal? by successful trad+72 :5 he 0 ab\t to emigrate ! ,meccans said to him1 8,?\ came/ hi!r 9 ne$ & p5ury2 b ?y weal? ha? increas$ ) u1 until ?\ ha/ rea*$ ?y pres5t prosp]ity2 & n[ ?\ art dep>t+1 n ?yself only1 b ) all ?y prop]ty4 ,by ! ,"l1 t %all n be20 & he said1 8,if ,i rel9qui% my prop]ty1 w ye leave me free to dep>t80 ,& !y agre$ !reto2 s he p>t$ ) all 8 goods4 ,& :5 t 0 told unto ,muammad1 he said1 8,v]ily1 uhayb ha? made a pr(itable b>ga940 ,muammad delay$ 8 own dep>ture 7) ! int5tion1 no d\bt1 ( )draw+ att5tion f 8 fai?ful foll[]s7 until a det]m9$ plot aga9/ 8 life w>n$ him t fur!r delay might be fatal1 & he made 8 escape by means ( a /ratagem4 ,8 fir/ c>e aft] 8 arrival 9 ,ya?rib1 or ,m$9a z x 0 call$ f ?is p]iod--,madnah al-,nab1 ! city ( ! ,prophet--0 to build a mosque1 to s]ve bo? z a place ( pray] & ( g5]al assembly = 8 foll[]s1 :o _h hi!rto met = t purpose 9 ! dwell+-place ( "o ( _! numb]4 ,! wor%ipp]s at fir/ us$ to turn _! faces 9 ! direction ( ,j]usalem--an arrangem5t mo/ probably adopt$ ) ! hope ( ga9+ ov] ! ,jews4 ,9 _m o!r ways1 by con/ant appeals to _! own sacr$ ,scriptures1 by accord+ !m p]fect fre$om ( wor%ip & political equality1 ,muammad endeav\r$ to conciliate ! ,jews1 b !y met 8 advances ) scorn & d]ision4 ,:5 all hopes ( amalgamation prov$ fruitless & x became cle> t ! ,jews w\ld n accept him z _! ,prophet1 ,muammad bade 8 foll[]s turn _! faces 9 pray] t[>ds ! ,kabah 9 ,mecca4 7ii4 #add47 #bd ,?is *ange ( direction dur+ pray] has a deep] significance ?an might at fir/ sight appe>4 ,x 0 really ! beg9n+ ( ! ,national ,life ( ,islam3 x e/abli%$ ! ,kabah at ,mecca z a religi\s c5tre = all ! ,muslim p1 j z f "t immemorial x _h be5 a place ( pilgrimage = all ! tribes ( ,arabia4 ,( simil> importance 0 ! incorporation ( ! anci5t ,arab cu/om ( pilgrimage to ,mecca into ! circle ( ! religi\s ord9ances ( ,islam1 a duty t 0 to be p]=m$ by e ,muslim at lea/ once 9 8 lifetime4 ,!re are _m passages 9 ! ,qurn t appeal to ?is g]m ( national feel+ & urge ! p ( ,arabia to realise ! privilege t _h be5 grant$ !m ( a div9e revelation 9 _! own language & by ! lips ( "o ( _! own c\ntrym54 8,v]ily ,we h made x an ,arabic ,qurn t ye may haply und]/&4 7xliii4 #b-c47 8,& ?us ,we h reveal$ to !e an ,arabic ,qurn1 t ?\ maye/ w>n ! "m ( cities & ^? ar\nd x4 7xlii4 #e47 8,& if ,we _h made x a ,qurn 9 a =eign tongue1 !y _h surely said1 #8,unless its v]ses be cle>ly expla9$ 7we w n receive x74' 7xli4 #dd47 8,& v]ily ,we h set be=e m5 9 ?is ,qurn e k9d ( p>able t haply !y be moni%$3 8,an ,arabic ,qurn1 free f tortu\s 7word+71 t haply !y may fe> 7,god74 7xxxix4 #bh-bi47 8,v]ily f ! ,"l ( all creatures ha? ?is 7book7 come d[n1 444 9 ! cle> ,arabic tongue4 7xxvi4 #aib1 #aie47 8,& ,we h only made x 7i4e4 ! ,qurn7 easy1 9 ?9e own tongue1 9 ord] t ?\ maye/ ann\nce glad tid+s !reby to ! ,god-fe>+1 & t ?\ maye/ w>n ! cont5ti\s !reby40 7xix4 #ig47 ,b ! message ( ,islam 0 n = ,arabia only2 ! :ole _w 0 to %>e 9 x4 #be ,z !re 0 b "o ,god1 s !re 0 to be b "o religion into :i* all m5 7 to be invit$4 ,?is claim to be univ]sal1 to hold sway ov] all m5 & all nations1 f\nd a practical illu/ration 9 ! lett]s :i* ,muammad is said to h s5t 9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #fhh 7,a4,h4 #f7 to ! great pot5tates ( t "t4 ,an invitation to embrace ,islam 0 s5t 9 ?is ye> to ! ,emp]or ,h]aclius1 ! k+ ( ,p]sia1 ! gov]nor ( ,yaman1 ! gov]nor ( ,egypt & ! k+ ( ,abyss9ia4 ,! lett] to ,h]aclius is said to h be5 z foll[s3--8,9 ! "n ( ,god1 ! ,m]ciful1 ! ,compassionate1 ,muammad1 :o is ! s]vant ( ,god & ,8 apo/le1 to ,hiraql ! ,qayar ( ,rm4 ,peace be on :oev] has gone on ! /raight road4 ,aft] ?is ,i say1 ,v]ily ,i call y to ,islam4 ,embrace ,islam1 & ,god w rew>d y tw(old4 ,if y turn away f ! (f] ( ,islam1 !n on y be ! s9s ( y\r p4 ,o p ( ! ,book1 come t[>ds a cre$ :i* is fit bo? = u & = y4 ,x is ?is--to wor%ip none b ,god1 & n to associate any?+ ) ,god1 & n to call o!rs ,god4 ,!re=e1 ,o ye p ( ! ,book1 if ye refuse1 bew>e4 ,we are ,muslims & our religion is ,islam40 ,h[ev] absurd ?is summons may h seem$ to ^? :o !n receiv$ x1 succe$+ ye>s %[$ t x 0 dictat$ by no empty en?usiasm4 #bf ,^! lett]s only gave a m op5 & widespread expression to ! claim to ! univ]sal acceptance :i* is repeat$ly made = ,islam 9 ! ,qurn4 8,( a tru? x 7i4e4 ! ,qurn7 is no o!r ?an an admonition to all creat$ be+s1 & aft] a "t %all ye surely "k its message4 7xxxviii4 #hg-hh47 8,?is 7book7 is no o!r ?an an admonition & a cle> ,qurn1 to w>n :oev] live?2 & t aga9/ ! unbeliev]s s5t5ce may be ju/ly giv54 7xxxvi4 #fi-gj47 8,we h n s5t !e save z a m]cy to all creat$ be+s4 7xxi4 #ajg47 8,bless$ is ,he :o ha? s5t d[n al-,furqn ^u ,8 s]vant1 t he may be a w>n] unto all creat$ be+s4 7xxv4 #a47 8,& ,we h n s5t !e o!rwise ?an to mank9d at l>ge1 to ann\nce & to w>n4 7xxxiv4 #bg47 8,he x is :o ha? s5t ,8 apo/le ) guidance & ! religion ( tru?1 t ,he may make x victori\s ov] e o!r religion1 ?\gh ! poly!i/s are av]se to x40 7lxi4 #i47 ,9 ! h\r ( 8 deepe/ despair1 :5 ! p ( ,mecca p]si/5tly turn$ a deaf e> to ! words ( _! prophet 7xvi4 #bc1 #aad1 etc471 :5 ! conv]ts he _h made 7 tortur$ until !y recant$ 7xvi4 #ajh71 & o!rs 7 =c$ to flee f ! c\ntry to escape ! rage ( _! p]secutors 7xvi4 #dc1 #aaa7--!n 0 deliv]$ ! promise1 8,"o day we w raise up a witness out ( e nation40 7xvi4 #hf47 #bg ,?is claim ^u ! acceptance ( all mank9d :i* ! ,prophet makes 9 ^! passages is fur!r prophetically indicat$ 9 ! words 8fir/-fruits ( ,abyss9ia10 us$ by ,muammad 9 ref]5ce to ,bill1 & 8fir/-fruits ( ,greece10 to uhayb2 ,salmn1 ! fir/ ,p]sian conv]t1 0 a ,*ri/ian slave 9 ,m$9a1 :o embrac$ ! new fai? 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! ,hijrah4 ,?us long be=e any c>e] ( conque/ 0 s mu* z dream$ (1 ! ,prophet _h cle>ly %[n t ,islam 0 n to be conf9$ to ! ,arab race4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! s5d+ out ( mission>ies to prea* ,islam to all nations1 po9ts to ! same claim to be a univ]sal religion3 8,! ,apo/le ( ,god said to 8 companions1 #8,come to me all ( y e>ly 9 ! morn+4' ,aft] ! morn+ pray] he sp5t "s "t 9 prais+ & supplicat+ ,god1 z 0 8 wont2 !n he turn$ to !m & s5t =? "s 9 "o direction & o!rs 9 ano!r1 & said3 #8,be fai?ful to ,god 9 y\r deal+s ) ,8 s]vants 7i4e4 ) m571 = :osoev] is entru/$ ) any matt] t conc]ns mank9d & is n fai?ful 9 8 s]vice ( !m1 to him ,god %uts ! gate ( ,p>adise3 g =? & be n l ! mess5g]s ( ,jesus1 ! son ( ,m>y1 = !y w5t only to ^? t liv$ ne> & neglect$ ^? t dwelt 9 f> c\ntries4' ,!n ea* ( ^! mess5g]s came to speak ! language ( ! p to :om he 0 s5t4 ,:5 ?is 0 told to ! ,prophet he said1 #8,?is is ! greate/ ( ! duties t !y owe to ,god ) respect to ,8 s]vants4'0 #bh ,! pro( ( ! univ]sality ( ,islam1 ( its claim on ! acceptance ( all m51 lay 9 ! fact t x 0 ! religion div9ely appo9t$ = ! :ole human race & 0 n[ reveal$ to !m anew ?r\gh ,muammad1 8! seal ( ! prophets0 7xxxiii4 #dj71 z x _h be5 to =m] g5]ations by o!r prophets4 8,m5 7 ( "o religion only3 !n !y disagre$ "o ) ano!r & _h n a decree 7( respite7 previ\sly gone =? f ?y ,"l1 judgm5t w\ld surely h be5 giv5 betwe5 !m 9 ! matt] :]e9 !y disagree4 7x4 #bj47 8,i am no apo/le ( new doctr9es4 7xlvi4 #h47 8,mank9d 0 b "o p3 !n ,god rais$ up prophets to ann\nce glad tid+s & to w>n3 & ,he s5t d[n ) !m ! ,book ) ! ,tru?1 t x might decide ! disputes ( m53 & none disagre$ save ^? to :om ! book _h be5 giv51 aft] ! cle> tok5s _h rea*$ !m1 ?r\gh mutual jeal\sy4 ,& ,god guid$ ^? :o believ$ into ! tru? conc]n+ :i* !y _h disagre$1 by ,8 w2 & ,god guide? :om ,he please? into ! /raight pa?4 7ii4 #bji47 8,& ,we reveal$ to !e1 #8foll[ ! religion ( ,abraham1 ! s\nd 9 fai?1 = he 0 n ( ^? :o jo9 gods ) ,god4' 7xvi4 #abd47 8,say3 ,z = me1 my ,"l ha? guid$ me into a /raight pa?3 a true fai?1 ! religion ( ,abraham1 ! s\nd 9 fai?2 = he 0 n ( ^? :o jo9 gods ) ,god4 7vi4 #afb47 8,say3 ,nay1 ! religion ( ,abraham1 ! s\nd 9 fai? & n "o ( ^? :o jo9 gods ) ,god 7is our religion74 7ii4 #abi47 8,say3 ,god speake? tru?4 ,foll[ !re=e ! religion ( ,abraham1 he be+ a anf & n "o ( ^? :o jo9 o!r gods ) ,god4 8,v]ily ! fir/ temple t 0 set up = m5 0 t :i* is 9 ,bakka1 bless$ & a guidance = all creat$ be+s4 7iii4 #hi1 #ij47 8,& :o ha? a bett] religion ?an he :o resigne? himself to ,god1 :o do? :at is good & foll[e? ! fai? ( ,abraham1 ! s\nd 9 fai?8 7iv4 #abd47 8,he ha? elect$ y1 & ha? n laid on y any h>d%ip 9 religion1 ! fai? ( y\r fa!r ,abraham4 ,he ha? nam$ y ! ,muslims40 7xx4 #gg47 ,b to return to ,muammad 9 ,m$9a4 ,9 ord] prop]ly to appreciate 8 position aft] ! ,flight1 x is important to rememb] ! peculi> "* ( ,arab society at t "t1 z f> at lea/ z ?is "p ( ! p59sula 0 conc]n$4 ,!re 0 an entire abs5ce ( any organis$ adm9i/rative or judicial sy/em su* z 9 mod]n times we connect ) ! idea ( a gov]nm5t4 ,ea* tribe or clan =m$ a sep>ate & absolutely indep5d5t body1 & ?is indep5d5ce ext5d$ itself also to ! individual memb]s ( ! tribe1 ea* ( :om recognis$ ! au?ority1 or lead]%ip ( 8 *ief only z be+ ! expon5t ( a public op9ion :i* he himself happ5$ to %>e2 b he 0 q at lib]ty to refuse 8 con=mity to ! 7ev57 unanim\s resolve ( 8 fell[ clansm54 ,fur!r1 !re 0 no regul> transmission ( ! (fice ( *iefta92 b he 0 g5]ally *os5 z be+ ! olde/ memb] ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ p[]ful family ( ! clan1 & z be+ p]sonally mo/ qualifi$ to comm& respect4 ,if su* a tribe became too num]\s1 x w\ld split up into sev]al divisions1 ea* ( :i* cont9u$ to enjoy a sep>ate & indep5d5t exi/5ce1 unit+ only on "s extraord9>y occasion = common self-def5ce or "s m ?an usually important w>like exp$ition4 ,we c ?us und]/& h[ ,muammad c\ld e/abli% himself 9 ,m$9a at ! head ( a l>ge & increas+ body ( adh]5ts :o look$ up to him z _! head & lead] & ackn[l$g$ no o!r au?ority1--)\t excit+ any feel+ ( insecurity1 or any fe> ( encroa*m5t on recognis$ au?ority1 su* z w\ld h aris5 9 a city ( anci5t ,greece or any simil>ly organis$ community4 ,muammad ?us ex]cis$ temporal au?ority ov] 8 p j z any o!r indep5d5t *ief might h done1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t 9 ! case ( ! ,muslims a religi\s bond took ! place ( family & blood ties4 ,islam ?us became :at1 9 !ory at lea/1 x has always rema9$--a political z well z a religi\s sy/em4 8,x 0 ,muammad's desire to f\nd a new religion1 & 9 ?is he succe$$2 b at ! same "t he f\nd$ a political sy/em ( an entirely new & peculi> "*4 ,at fir/ 8 only wi% 0 to conv]t 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 to ! belief 9 ! ,"o ,god--,allh2 b along ) ?is he br\ght ab\t ! ov]?r[ ( ! old sy/em ( gov]nm5t 9 8 native city1 & 9 place ( ! tribal ari/ocracy "u :i* ! conduct ( public affairs 0 %>$ 9 common by ! rul+ families1 he sub/itut$ an absolute !ocratic mon>*y1 ) himself at ! head z vic> ( ,god ^u e>?4 8,ev5 be=e 8 dea? almo/ all ,arabia _h submitt$ to him2 ,arabia t _h nev] be=e obey$ "o pr9ce1 sudd5ly exhibits a political unity & swe>s allegiance to ! w ( an absolute rul]4 ,out ( ! num]\s tribes1 big & small1 ( a hundr$ diff]5t k9ds t 7 incessantly at feud ) "o ano!r1 ,muammad's ^w creat$ a nation4 ,! idea ( a common religion "u "o common head b\nd ! diff]5t tribes toge!r into "o political organism :i* develop$ its peculi> *>act]i/ics ) surpris+ rapidity4 ,n[ only "o great idea c\ld h produc$ ?is result1 viz4 ! pr9ciple ( national life 9 hea!n ,arabia4 ,! clan-sy/em 0 ?us = ! fir/ "t1 if n entirely cru%$--7t w\ld h be5 impossible7--yet made subord9ate to ! feel+ ( religi\s unity4 ,! great "w succe$$1 & :5 ,muammad di$ !re prevail$ ov] by f> ! great] "p ( ,arabia a peace ( ,god su* z ! ,arab tribes1 ) _! love ( plund] & rev5ge1 _h nev] kn[n2 x 0 ! religion ( ,islam t _h br\ght ab\t ?is reconciliation40 #bi ,ev5 9 ! case ( dea?1 ! claims ( relation%ip 7 set aside & ! bond-bro!r inh]it$ all ! prop]ty ( 8 deceas$ companion4 ,b aft] ! battle ( ,badr1 :5 su* an artificial bond 0 no long] ne$$ to unite 8 foll[]s1 x 0 aboli%$2 su* an arrangem5t 0 only necess>y s long z ! numb] ( ! ,muslims 0 /ill small & ! corporate life ( ,islam a novelty2 moreov] ,muammad _h liv$ 9 ,m$9a = a v %ort space ( "t be=e ! rapid increase 9 ! numb] ( 8 adh]5ts made s communi/ic a social sy/em almo/ impracticable4 ,x 0 only to be expect$ t ! gr[? ( an indep5d5t political body compos$ ( refugees f ,mecca1 locat$ 9 a ho/ile city1 %\ld ev5tually lead to an outbreak ( ho/ilities2 &1 z is well kn[n1 e biography ( ,muammad is l>gely tak5 up ) ! acc\nt ( a long s]ies ( petty enc\nt]s & bloody battles betwe5 8 foll[]s & ! ,quray% ( ,mecca1 end+ 9 8 triumphal entry into t city 9 ,a4,d4 #fcj1 & ( 8 ho/ile relations ) num]\s o!r tribes1 up to ! "t ( 8 dea?1 ,a4,d4 #fcc4 ,to give any acc\nt ( ^! campaigns is beyond ! scope ( ! pres5t "w1 b x is important to %[ t ,muammad1 :5 he f\nd himself at ! head ( a b& ( arm$ foll[]s1 0 n trans=m$ at once1 z "s w\ld h u believe1 f a peaceful prea*] into a fanatic1 sword 9 h&1 =c+ 8 religion on :omsoev] he c\ld4 #cj ,x has be5 frequ5tly ass]t$ by ,european writ]s t f ! date ( ,muammad's migration to ,m$9a1 & f ! alt]$ circum/ances ( 8 life !re1 ! ,prophet appe>s 9 an entirely new "*4 ,he is no long] ! prea*]1 ! w>n]1 ! apo/le ( ,god to m51 :om he w\ld p]suade ( ! tru? ( ! religion reveal$ to him1 b n[ he appe>s r z ! unscrupul\s bigot1 us+ all means at 8 disposal ( =ce & /atecraft to ass]t himself & 8 op9ions4 ,b x is false to suppose t ,muammad 9 ,m$9a laid aside 8 rle ( prea*] & mission>y ( ,islam1 or t :5 he _h a l>ge army at 8 comm&1 he ceas$ to invite unbeliev]s to accept ! fai?4 ,ibn ,sad gives a numb] ( lett]s writt5 by ! ,prophet f ,m$9a to *iefs & o!r memb]s ( diff]5t ,arabian tribes1 9 addition to ^? address$ to pot5tates liv+ beyond ! limits ( ,arabia1 invit+ !m to embrace ,islam2 & 9 ! foll[+ pages w be f\nd in/ances ( 8 hav+ s5t mission>ies to prea* ! fai? to ! unconv]t$ memb]s ( _! tribes1 ^: v ill-success 9 "s cases is a sign ( ! g5u9ely mission>y "* ( _! ef=ts & ! abs5ce ( an appeal to =ce4 ,a typical example ( su* an unsuccessful mission is t s5t to prea* ,islam to ! ,ban mir b4 aaah 9 ! ye> ,a4,h4 #d4 ,! *ief ( ?is tribe1 ,ab ,b> mir1 visit$ ,muammad 9 ,m$9a1 li/5$ to 8 tea*+1 b decl9$ to become a conv]t2 he seem$1 h[ev]1 to be fav\rably dispos$ t[>ds ! new fai? & ask$ ! ,prophet to s5d "s ( 8 foll[]s to ,najd to prea* to ! p ( t c\ntry4 ,! ,prophet s5t a p>ty ( =ty ,muslims1 mo/ ( !m "y m5 ( ,m$9a1 :o 7 skill$ 9 recit+ ! ,qurn1 & _h be5 accu/om$ to meet toge!r at night = /udy & pray]4 ,b 9 spite ( ! safe conduct giv5 !m by ,ab ,b> mir1 !y 7 trea*]\sly murd]$ & ?ree only ( ! p>ty escap$ ) _! lives4 #ca ,! successes ( ! ,muslim arms1 h[ev]1 attract$ e day memb]s ( v>i\s tribes1 p>ticul>ly ^? 9 ! vic9ity ( ,m$9a1 to swell ! ranks ( ! foll[]s ( ! ,prophet2 & 8! c\rte\s treatm5t :i* ! deputations ( ^! v>i\s clans exp]i5c$ f ! ,prophet1 8 ready att5tion to _! grievances1 ! wisdom ) :i* he compos$ _! disputes1 & ! politic assignm5ts ( t]ritory by :i* he rew>d$ an e>ly decl>ation 9 fav\r ( ,islam1 made 8 "n to be popul> & spread 8 fame z a great & g5]\s pr9ce ?r\gh\t ! ,p59sula40 #cb ,x n unfrequ5tly happ5$ t "o memb] ( a tribe w\ld come to ! ,prophet 9 ,m$9a & return home z a mission>y ( ,islam to conv]t 8 bre?r52 we h ! foll[+ acc\nt ( su* a conv]sion 9 ! ye> #e 7,a4,h474 ,! ,ban ,sad b4 ,bakr s5t "o ( _! numb]1 by "n imm b4 ,?alabah z _! envoy to ! ,prophet4 ,he came & made 8 camel kneel d[n at ! gate ( ! mosque & ti$ up its =e-leg4 ,!n he w5t into ! mosque1 :]e ! ,prophet 0 sitt+ ) 8 companions4 ,he w5t up close to !m & said1 8,:i* among y is ! son ( ,abd al-,mualib80 8,i am10 repli$ ! ,prophet4 8,art ?\ ,muammad80 8,yes10 0 ! answ]4 8,!n1 if ?\ wilt n take x amiss1 ,i w\ld fa9 ask !e "s weighty que/ions40 8,nay1 ask :at ?\ wilt10 answ]$ ! ,prophet4 8,i adjure !e by ,allh1 ?y ,god & ! ,god ( ^? :o 7 be=e !e & ( ^? :o are to come aft] !e1 ha? ,allh s5t !e z a prophet unto u80 ,muammad answ]$1 8,yea1 by ,allh40 ,he cont9u$1 8,i adjure !e by ,allh1 ?y ,god & ! ,god ( ^? :o 7 be=e !e & ( ^? :o are to come aft] !e1 ha? ,he comm&$ !e to bid u wor%ip ,him alone1 & to associate naught else ) ,him & to ab&on ^! idols t our fa!rs wor%ipp$80 ,muammad answ]$1 8,yea1 by ,allh40 ,!n he que/ion$ ! ,prophet conc]n+ all ! ord9ances ( ,islam1 "o aft] ano!r1 pray] & fa/+1 pilgrimage1 etc41 solemnly adjur+ him z be=e4 ,at ! end he said1 8,!n ,i be> witness t !re is no ,god save ,allh & ,i be> witness t ,muammad is ! ,prophet ( ,allh1 & ,i w obs]ve ^! ord9ances & %un :at ?\ ha/ =bidd51 add+ no?+ !reto1 & tak+ no?+ away40 ,!n he turn$ away & loos5$ 8 camel & return$ unto 8 own p1 & :5 he _h ga!r$ !m toge!r1 ! fir/ words he spoke unto !m 73 8,vile ?+s are ,lt & ,uzz40 ,!y cri$ out1 8,hold6 imm1 take he$ ( leprosy or madness60 8,fie on y60 he repli$4 8,by ,allh6 !y c nei!r "w y weal nor woe1 = ,allh has s5t a ,prophet & reveal$ to him a book1 :]eby he deliv]s y f y\r evil plight2 ,i be> witness t !re is no ,god save ,allh alone & t ,muammad is ,8 s]vant & ,8 ,prophet2 & ,i h br\ght y tid+s ( :at he enjo9s & :at he =bids40 ,! /ory goes on t ere nightfall !re 0 n a man or woman 9 ! camp :o _h n accept$ ,islam4 #cc ,ano!r su* mission>y 0 ,amr b4 ,murrah1 belong+ to ! tribe ( ! ,ban ,juhaynah1 :o dwelt betwe5 ,m$9a & ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,! date ( 8 conv]sion 0 prior to ! ,flight1 9 ! same ye> 7,a4,h4 #e71 & he ?us describes x3 8,we _h an idol t we wor%ipp$1 & ,i 0 ! gu>dian ( its %r9e4 ,:5 ,i he>d ( ! ,prophet1 ,i broke x 9 pieces & set (f to ,muammad1 :]e ,i accept$ ,islam & bore witness to ! tru?1 & believ$ on :at ,muammad decl>$ to be all[$ & =bidd54 ,& to ?is my v]ses ref]3 #8,i be> witness t ,god is ,tru? & t ,i am ! fir/ to ab&on ! gods ( /ones1 & ,i h gird$ up my lo9s to make my way to y ov] r\gh ways & smoo?1 to jo9 myself to him :o 9 himself & = 8 ance/ry is ! noble/ ( m51 ! apo/le ( ! ,"l ^: ?rone is above ! cl\ds4'0 ,he 0 s5t by ,muammad to prea* ,islam to 8 tribe1 & 8 ef=ts 7 cr[n$ ) su* success t !re 0 only "o man :o refus$ to li/5 to 8 exhortations4 #cd ,:5 ! truce ( udaybiyyah 7,a4,h4 #f7 made fri5dly relations ) ! p ( ,mecca possible1 _m p]sons ( t city1 :o _h _h ! opportunity ( li/5+ to ! tea*+ ( ,muammad 9 ! e>ly days ( 8 mission1 & among !m "s m5 ( great influ5ce1 came out to ,m$9a1 to embrace ! fai? ( ,islam4 ,! cont9ual w>f>e c>ri$ on ) ! p ( ,mecca _h hi!rto kept ! tribes to ! s\? ( t city almo/ entirely outside ! influ5ce ( ! new religion4 ,b ?is truce n[ made communications ) s\!rn ,arabia possible1 & a small b& f ! tribe ( ! ,ban ,daws came f ! m\nta9s t =m ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,yaman1 & jo9$ !mselves to ! ,prophet 9 ,m$9a4 ,ev5 be=e ! appe>ance ( ,muammad1 !re 7 "s memb]s ( ?is tribe :o _h _h glimm]+s ( a high] religion ?an ! idolatry prevail+ ar\nd !m1 & argu$ t ! _w mu/ h _h a creator1 ?\gh !y knew n :o he 02 & :5 ,muammad came =w>d z ! apo/le ( ?is creator1 "o ( ^! m51 by "n ufayl b4 ,amr1 came to ,mecca to le>n :o ! creator 04 ,?\gh w>n$ by ! ,quray% ( ! dang]\s influ5ce t ,muammad might ex]cise ov] him if he ent]$ into conv]sation ) him1 he foll[$ ! ,prophet to 8 h\se "o day1 aft] wat*+ him at pray] by ! ,kabah4 ,muammad exp\nd$ to him ! doctr9es ( ,islam1 & ufayl left ,mecca full ( zeal = ! new fai?4 ,on 8 return home he succe$$ 9 conv]t+ 8 fa!r & 8 wife1 b f\nd 8 fell[-tribesm5 unwill+ to ab&on _! old idolatr\s wor%ip4 ,di%e>t5$ at ! ill-success ( 8 mission1 he return$ to ! ,prophet & bes\ght him to call d[n ! curse ( ,god on ! ,ban ,daws2 b ,muammad enc\rag$ him to p]sev]e 9 8 ef=ts1 say+1 8,return to ?y p & summon !m to ! fai?1 b deal g5tly ) !m40 ,at ! same "t he pray$1 8,oh ,god6 guide ! ,ban ,daws 9 ! "r way40 ,! success ( ufayl's propag&a 0 su* t 9 ! ye> ,a4,h4 #g he came to ,m$9a ) betwe5 sev5ty & eighty families ( 8 tribesm5 :o _h be5 won ov] to ! fai? ( ,islam1 & aft] ! triumphal entry ( ,muammad into ,mecca1 ufayl set fire to ! block ( wood t _h hi!rto be5 v5]at$ z ! idol ( ! tribe4 #ce ,9 ,a4,h4 #g1 fifte5 m tribes submitt$ to ! ,prophet1 & aft] ! surr5d] ( ,mecca 9 ,a4,h4 #h1 ! asc5dancy ( ,islam 0 assur$1 & ^? ,arabs :o _h held alo(1 say+1 8,let ,muammad & 8 fell[-tribesm5 fight x out2 if he is victori\s1 !n is he a g5u9e prophet10 #cf n[ ha/5$ to give 9 _! allegiance to ! new religion4 ,among ^? :o came 9 aft] ! fall ( ,mecca 7 "s ( ! mo/ bitt] p]secutors ( ,muammad 9 ! e>li] days ( 8 mission1 to :om 8 noble =be>ance & =giv5ess n[ gave a place 9 ! bro!rhood ( ,islam4 ,! foll[+ ye> witness$ ! m>tyrdom ( ,urwah b4 ,masd1 "o ( ! *iefs ( ! p ( if1 :i* city ! ,muslims _h unsuccessfully attempt$ to capture4 ,he _h be5 abs5t at t "t 9 ,yaman1 & return$ f 8 j\rney %ortly aft] ! rais+ ( ! siege4 ,he _h met ! ,prophet two ye>s be=e at udaybiyyah1 & _h conceiv$ a pr(\nd v5]ation = him1 & n[ came to ,m$9a to embrace ! new fai?4 ,9 ! ard\r ( 8 zeal he (f]$ to g to if to conv]t 8 fell[-c\ntrym51 & 9 spite ( ! ef=ts ( ,muammad to dissuade him f s dang]\s an und]tak+1 he return$ to 8 native city1 publicly decl>$ t he _h r5\nc$ idolatry1 & call$ ^u ! p to foll[ 8 example4 ,:ile he 0 prea*+1 he 0 mortally w\nd$ by an arr[1 & di$ giv+ ?anks to ,god = hav+ grant$ him ! glory ( m>tyrdom4 ,a m successful mission>y ef=t 0 made by ano!r foll[] ( ! ,prophet 9 ,yaman--probably a ye> lat]--( :i* we h ! foll[+ graphic acc\nt3 8,! apo/le ( ,god wrote to al-ri? & ,masr1 & ,nuaym b4 ,abd al-,kull ( imy>3 #8,peace be ^u y s long z ye believe on ,god & ,8 apo/le4 ,god is "o ,god1 !re is no p>tn] ) ,him4 ,he s5t ,moses ) 8 signs1 & creat$ ,jesus ) 8 words4 ,! ,jews say1 8,ezra is ! ,son ( ,god10 & ! ,*ri/ians say1 8,god is "o ( ?ree1 & ,jesus is ! ,son ( ,god40' ,he s5t ! lett] by ,ayy% b4 ,ab ,rabah al-,makhzm1 & said3 #8,:5 y rea* _! city1 g n 9 by night1 b wait until ! morn+2 !n c>efully p]=m y\r ablutions1 & pray ) two pro/rations1 & ask ,god to bless y ) success & a fri5dly reception1 & to keep y safe f h>m4 ,!n take my lett] 9 y\r "r h&1 & deliv] x ) y\r "r h& into _! "r h&s1 & !y w receive x4 ,& recite to !m1 8,! unbeliev]s among ! p ( ! ,book & ! poly!i/s did n wav]10 etc4 7,srah #ih71 to ! end ( ! ,srah2 :5 y h f9i%$1 say1 8,muammad has believ$1 & ,i am ! fir/ to believe40 ,& y w be able to meet e objection !y br+ aga9/ y1 & e glitt]+ book t !y recite to y w lose its light4 ,& :5 !y speak 9 a =eign tongue1 say1 8,translate x10 & say to !m1 8,god is suffici5t = me2 ,i believe 9 ! ,book s5t d[n by ,him1 & ,i am comm&$ to d ju/ice among y2 ,god is our ,"l & y\r ,"l2 to u belong our works1 & to y belong y\r works2 !re is no /rife betwe5 u & y2 ,god w unite u1 & unto ,him we mu/ return40 ,if !y n[ accept ,islam1 !n ask !m = _! ?ree rods1 be=e :i* !y ga!r toge!r to pray1 "o rod ( tam>isk t is spott$ :ite & yell[1 & "o knott$ l a cane1 & "o black l ebony4 ,br+ ! rods out & burn !m 9 ! m>ket-place4' ,s ,i set out10 tells ,ayy%1 8to d z ! ,apo/le ( ,god _h bid me4 ,:5 ,i arriv$1 ,i f\nd t all ! p _h deck$ !mselves out = a fe/ival3 ,i walk$ on to see !m1 & came at la/ to ?ree enorm\s curta9s hung 9 front ( ?ree doorways4 ,i lift$ ! curta9 & ent]$ ! middle door1 & f\nd p collect$ 9 ! c\rty>d ( ! build+4 ,i introduc$ myself to !m z ! mess5g] ( ! ,apo/le ( ,god1 & did z he _h bidd5 me2 & !y gave he$ to my words1 & x fell out z he _h said40 #cg ,9 ,a4,h4 #i a deputation ( ?irte5 m5 f ! ,ban ,kilb1 a bran* ( ! ,ban mir b4 aaah1 came to ! ,prophet & in=m$ him t "o ( 8 foll[]s1 ak b4 ,sufyn1 _h come to !m1 recit+ ! ,qurn & tea*+ ! doctr9es ( ,islam1 & t 8 prea*+ _h won ov] _! tribe to ! new fai?4 #ch ,ano!r bran* ( ! same tribe1 ! ,ban ,rus b4 ,kilb1 0 conv]t$ by "o ( its memb]s1 nam$ ,amr b4 ,mlik1 :o _h be5 to ,m$9a & accept$ ,islam1 & !n return$ to 8 fell[ tribes & p]suad$ !m to foll[ 8 example4 #ci ,9 ! same ye> a less successful attempt 0 made by a new conv]t1 ,w?ilah b4 al-,asqa1 to induce 8 clan to accept ! fai? t he himself _h embrac$ aft] an int]view ) ! ,prophet4 ,8 fa!r scornfully ca/ him (f1 say+1 8,by ,god6 ,i w nev] speak a ^w to y aga910 & none 7 f\nd will+ to believe ! doctr9es he prea*$ ) ! exception ( 8 si/]1 :o provid$ him ) ! means ( return+ to ! ,prophet at ,m$9a4 #dj ,?is n9? ye> ( ! ,hijrah has be5 call$ ! ye> ( ! deputations1 because ( ! enorm\s numb] ( ,arab tribes & cities t n[ s5t delegates to ! ,prophet1 to give 9 _! submission4 ,! introduction into ,arab society ( a new pr9ciple ( social union 9 ! bro!rhood ( ,islam _h already begun to weak5 ! b9d+ =ce ( ! old tribal ideal1 :i* erect$ ! fabric ( society on ! basis ( blood-relation%ip4 ,! conv]sion ( an individual & 8 reception into ! new society 0 a brea* ( "o ( ! mo/ fundam5tal laws ( ,arab life1 & its frequ5t occurr5ce _h act$ z a p[]ful solv5t on tribal organisation & _h left x weak 9 ! face ( a national life s en?usia/ic & firmly-knit z t ( ! ,muslims _h become4 ,! ,arab tribes 7 ?us impell$ to give 9 _! submission to ! ,prophet1 n m]ely z ! head ( ! /ronge/ milit>y =ce 9 ,arabia1 b z ! expon5t ( a !ory ( social life t 0 mak+ all o!rs weak & ineffective4 #da ,muammad _h succe$$ 9 introduc+ into ! an>*ical society ( 8 "t a s5tim5t ( national unity1 a consci\sness ( rights & duties t[>ds "o ano!r su* z ! ,arabs _h n felt be=e4 #db ,9 ?is way1 ,islam 0 unit+ toge!r clans t hi!rto _h be5 cont9ually at feud ) "o ano!r1 & z ?is great conf$]acy grew1 x m & m attract$ to itself ! weak] among ! tribes ( ,arabia4 ,9 ! acc\nts ( ! conv]sion ( ! ,arab tribes1 !re is cont9ual m5tion ( ! promise ( security aga9/ _! enemies1 made to !m by ! ,prophet on ! occasion ( _! submission4 8,woe is me = ,muammad60 0 ! cry ( "o ( ! ,arab tribes on ! news ( ! dea? ( ! ,prophet4 8,s long z he 0 alive1 ,i liv$ 9 peace & 9 safety f my enemies20 & ! cry mu/ h f\nd an e*o f> & wide ?r\gh\t ,arabia4 ,h[ sup]ficial 0 ! adh]5ce ( numb]s ( ! ,arab tribes to ! fai? ( ,islam may be judg$ f ! widespread apo/asy t foll[$ imm$iately on ! dea? ( ! ,prophet4 ,_! acceptance ( ,islam w\ld seem to h be5 (t5 dictat$ m by consid]ations ( political exp$i5cy1 & 0 m frequ5tly a b>ga9 /ruck "u pressure ( viol5ce ?an ! outcome ( any en?usiasm or spiritual awak5+4 ,!y all[$ !mselves to be swept into ! /ream ( :at _h n[ become a great national movem5t1 & we miss ! f]v5t zeal ( ! e>ly conv]ts 9 ! cool1 calculat+ attitude ( ^? :o came 9 aft] ! fall ( ,mecca4 ,b ev5 f among ^! mu/ h come _m to swell ! ranks ( ! true believ]s animat$ ) a g5u9e zeal = ! fai?1 & ready1 z we h se51 to give _! lives 9 ! ef=t to prea* x to _! bre?r54 8,^! m5 7 ! true moral heirs ( ! ,prophet1 ! future apo/les ( ,islam1 ! fai?ful tru/ees ( all t ,muammad _h reveal$ unto ! m5 ( ,god4 ,into ^! m51 ?r\gh _! con/ant contact ) ! ,prophet & _! devotion to him1 !re _h really ent]$ a new mode ( ?\ght & feel+1 l(ti] & m civilis$ ?an any !y _h kn[n be=e2 !y _h really *ang$ = ! bett] f e po9t ( view1 & lat] on z /atesm5 & g5]als1 9 ! mo/ difficult mom5ts ( ! w> ( conque/ !y gave magnific5t & und5iable pro( t ! ideas & ! doctr9es ( ,muammad _h be5 se$ ca/ on fruitful soil1 & _h produc$ a body ( m5 ( ! v highe/ wor?4 ,!y 7 ! deposit>ies ( ! sacr$ text ( ! ,qurn1 :i* !y alone knew by he>t2 !y 7 ! jeal\s gu>dians ( ! memory ( e ^w & bidd+ ( ! ,prophet1 ! tru/ees ( ! moral h]itage ( ,muammad4 ,^! m5 =m$ ! v5]able /ock ( ,islam f :om "o day 0 to spr+ ! noble b& ( ! fir/ juri/s1 !ologians & traditioni/s ( ,muslim society40 #dc ,b = su* m5 z ^!1 s va/ a movem5t c\ld n h held toge!r1 mu* less h recov]$ ! %ock giv5 x by ! dea? ( ! f\nd]4 ,= x mu/ n be =gott5 h[ di/9ctly ,islam 0 a new movem5t 9 hea!n ,arabia1 & h[ diametrically oppos$ 7 ! ideals ( ! two societies4 #dd ,= ! introduction ( ,islam into ,arab society did n imply m]ely ! sweep+ away ( a few b>b>\s & inhuman practices1 b a complete rev]sal ( ! pre-exi/+ ideals ( life4 ,h]e9 we h ! mo/ conclusive pro( ( ! ess5tially mission>y "* ( ! tea*+ ( ,muammad1 :o ?us comes =w>d z ! expon5t ( a new s*eme ( fai? & practice4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! conditions fav\rable to ! =mation ( a new political organisation1 ,muammad c]ta9ly did n f9d ! society ( 8 day prep>$ to receive 8 religi\s tea*+ & wait+ only = ! voice t w\ld express 9 spee* ! in>ticulate ye>n+s ( _! he>ts4 ,b x is j ?is _s ( expectancy t is want+ among ! ,arabs--^? at lea/ ( ! ,c5tral ,arabia t[>ds :om ,muammad's ef=ts 7 at fir/ direct$4 ,!y 7 by no means ready to receive ! prea*+ ( a new tea*]1 lea/ ( all "o :o came ) ! 7to !m un9telligible7 title ( apo/le ( ,god4 ,aga91 ! equality 9 ,islam ( all believ]s & ! common bro!rhood ( all ,muslims1 :i* suff]$ no di/9ctions betwe5 ,arab & non-,arab1 betwe5 free & slave1 to exi/ among ! fai?ful1 0 an idea t ran directly c\nt] to ! pr\d clan-feel+ ( ! ,arab1 :o gr\nd$ 8 claims to p]sonal consid]ation on ! fame ( 8 ance/ors1 & 9 ! /r5g? ( ! same c>ri$ on ! endless blood-feuds 9 :i* 8 s\l delight$4 ,inde$1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples 9 ! tea*+ ( ,muammad 7 a prote/ aga9/ mu* t ! ,arabs _h hi!rto mo/ highly valu$1 & ! newly-conv]t$ ,muslim 0 taught to consid] z virtues1 qualities :i* hi!rto he _h look$ d[n ^u ) contempt4 ,to ! hea!n ,arab1 fri5d%ip & ho/ility 7 z a loan :i* he s\ght to repay ) int]e/1 & he prid$ himself on return+ evil = evil1 & look$ d[n on any :o act$ o!rwise z a weak nid]+4 ,he is ! p]fect man :o late & e>ly plotte? /ill ,to d a k9dness to 8 fri5ds & "w 8 foes "s ill4 ,to su* m5 ! ,prophet said1 8,recomp5se evil ) t :i* is bett]0 7xxiii4 #ih72 z !y desir$ ! =giv5ess ( ,god1 !y 7 to pass ov] & p>don (f5ces 7xxiv4 #bb71 & a ,p>adise1 va/ z ! heav5s & ! e>?1 0 prep>$ = ^? :o ma/]$ _! ang] & =gave o!rs4 7iii4 #abh47 ,! v in/itution ( pray] 0 je]$ at by ! ,arabs to :om ,muammad fir/ deliv]$ 8 message1 & "o ( ! h>de/ p>ts ( 8 task 0 to induce 9 !m t pi\s attitude ( m9d t[>ds ! ,creator1 :i* ,islam inculcates equally ) ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 b :i* 0 practically unkn[n to ! hea!n ,arabs4 ,?is self-suffici5cy & ?is lack ( ! religi\s _s1 jo9$ ) _! int5se pride ( race1 little fitt$ !m to receive ! tea*+s ( "o :o ma9ta9$ t 8,! mo/ wor?y ( hon\r 9 ! sight ( ,god is he t fe>e? ,him mo/0 7xlix4 #ac74 ,no m c\ld !y brook ! re/rictions t ,islam s\ght to lay ^u ! lic5ce ( _! lives2 w9e1 wom51 & song1 7 among ! ?+s mo/ de> to ! ,arab's he>t 9 ! days ( ! ignorance1 & ! ,prophet 0 /]n & sev]e 9 8 injunctions respect+ ea* ( !m4 ,?us1 f ! v beg9n+1 ,islam be>s ! /amp ( a mission>y religion t seeks to w9 ! he>ts ( m51 to conv]t !m & p]suade !m to ent] ! bro!rhood ( ! fai?ful2 & z x 0 9 ! beg9n+1 s has x cont9u$ to be up to ! pres5t day1 z w be ! object ( ! foll[+ pages to %[4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,islam ,,among ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,nations ,,( ,,we/]n ,,asia4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,muammad1 ! army he _h int5d$ = ,syria 0 despat*$ ?i!r by ,ab ,bakr1 9 spite ( ! prote/ations made by c]ta9 ,muslims 9 view ( ! !n di/urb$ /ate ( ,arabia4 ,he sil5c$ _! expo/ulations ) ! words3 8,i w n revoke any ord] giv5 by ! ,prophet4 ,m$9a may become ! prey ( wild bea/s1 b ! army mu/ c>ry out ! wi%es ( ,muammad40 ,?is 0 ! fir/ ( t wond]ful s]ies ( campaigns 9 :i* ! ,arabs ov]ran ,syria1 ,p]sia & ,nor!rn ,africa--ov]turn+ ! anci5t k+dom ( ,p]sia & despoil+ ! ,roman ,empire ( "s ( its faire/ prov9ces4 ,x does n fall )9 ! scope ( ?is "w to foll[ ! hi/ory ( ^! diff]5t campaigns1 b1 9 view ( ! expansion ( ! ,muslim fai? t foll[$ ! ,arab conque/s1 x is ( importance to discov] :at 7 ! circum/ances t made su* an expansion possible4 ,a great hi/orian #de has well put ! problem t meets u "h1 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,0 x g5u9e religi\s en?usiasm1 ! new /r5g? ( a fai? n[ = ! fir/ "t blossom+ =? 9 all its purity1 t gave ! victory 9 e battle to ! arms ( ! ,arabs & 9 s incr$ibly %ort a "t f\nd$ ! greate/ empire ! _w _h ev] se58 ,b evid5ce is want+ to prove t ?is 0 ! case4 ,! numb] 0 f> too small ( ^? :o _h giv5 _! allegiance to ! ,prophet & 8 tea*+ ) a free & he>tfelt conviction1 :ile on ! o!r h& all ! great] 0 ! numb] ( ^? :o _h be5 br\ght into ! ranks ( ! ,muhammadans only ?r\gh pressure f )\t or by ! hope ( worldly ga94 ,khlid1 #8t sword ( ! swords ( ,god1' exhibit$ 9 a v /rik+ mann] t mixture ( =ce & p]suasion :]eby he & _m ( ! ,quray% _h be5 conv]t$1 :5 he said t ,god _h seiz$ !m by ! he>ts & by ! hair & compell$ !m to foll[ ! ,prophet4 ,! pr\d feel+ too ( a common nationality _h mu* influ5ce--a feel+ :i* 0 m alive among ! ,arabs ( t "t ?an 7p]haps7 among any o!r p1 & :i* alone det]m9$ _m ?\s&s to give ! pref]5ce to _! c\ntryman & 8 religion be=e =eign tea*]s4 ,/ill m p[]ful 0 ! attraction (f]$ by ! sure prospect ( ga9+ booty 9 abundance1 9 fight+ = ! new religion & ( ex*ang+ _! b>e1 /ony des]ts1 :i* (f]$ !m only a mis]able subsi/5ce1 = ! fruitful & luxuriant c\ntries ( ,p]sia1 ,syria & ,egypt40 ,^! /up5d\s conque/s :i* laid ! f\ndations ( ! ,arab empire1 7 c]ta9ly n ! outcome ( a holy w>1 wag$ = ! propagation ( ,islam1 b !y 7 foll[$ by su* a va/ defection f ! ,*ri/ian fai? t ?is result has (t5 be5 suppos$ to h be5 _! aim4 ,?us ! sword came to be look$ ^u by ,*ri/ian hi/orians z ! in/rum5t ( ,muslim propag&a1 & 9 ! light ( ! success attribut$ to x ! evid5ces ( ! g5u9e mission>y activity ( ,islam 7 obscur$4 ,b ! _s :i* animat$ ! invad+ ho/s ( ,arabs :o p\r$ ov] ! conf9es ( ! ,byzant9e & ,p]sian empires1 0 no proselytis+ zeal = ! conv]sion ( s\ls4 ,on ! contr>y1 religi\s int]e/s appe> to h ent]$ b little into ! consci\sness ( ! protagoni/s ( ! ,arab armies4 #df ,?is expansion ( ! ,arab race is m rightly envisag$ z ! migration ( a vigor\s & en]getic p driv5 by hung] & want1 to leave _! inhospitable des]ts & ov]run ! ri*] l&s ( _! m =tunate neighb\rs4 #dg ,/ill ! unify+ pr9ciple ( ! movem5t 0 ! !ocracy e/abli%$ 9 ,m$9a1 & ! organisation ( ! new /ate proce$$ f ! devot$ companions ( ,muammad1 ! fai?ful deposit>ies ( 8 tea*+1 ^: moral weight & en?usiasm kept ,islam alive z ! (ficial religion1 despite ! indiff]5ce ( ^? ,arabs :o gave to x a m]e nom9al adh]5ce4 #dh ,x is n1 !re=e1 9 ! annals ( ! conqu]+ armies t we mu/ look = ! reasons :i* lead to ! s rapid spread ( ! ,muslim fai?1 b r 9 ! conditions prevail+ among ! conqu]$ peoples4 ,! national "* ( ?is e?nic movem5t ( migration naturally attract$ to ! invad+ ,arab ho/s ! outly+ repres5tatives ( ! ,arab race ?r\gh :om ! pa? ( ! conqu]+ armies lay4 ,accord+ly x is n surpris+ to f9d t _m ( ! ,*ri/ian ,b$\9s 7 swept into ! ru%+ tide ( ?is great movem5t & t ,arab tribes1 :o = c5turies _h pr(ess$ ! ,*ri/ian religion1 n[ ab&on$ x to embrace ! ,muslim fai?4 ,among ^! 0 ! tribe ( ! ,ban ,ghassn1 :o held sway ov] ! des]t ea/ ( ,pale/9e & s\!rn ,syria1 ( :om x 0 said t !y 7 8,lords 9 ! days ( ! ignorance & />s 9 ,islam40 #di ,aft] ! battle ( ,qdisiyyah 7,a4,h4 #ad7 9 :i* ! ,p]sian army "u ,ru/am _h be5 utt]ly discomfit$1 _m ,*ri/ians belong+ to ! ,b$\9 tribes on bo? sides ( ! ,euphrates came to ! ,muslim g5]al & said3 8,! tribes t at ! fir/ embrac$ ,islam 7 wis] ?an we4 ,n[ t ,ru/am ha? be5 sla91 we w accept ! new belief40 #ej ,simil>ly1 aft] ! conque/ ( nor!rn ,syria1 mo/ ( ! ,b$\9 tribes1 aft] hesitat+ a little1 jo9$ !mselves to ! foll[]s ( ! ,prophet4 #ea ,t =ce 0 n ! det]m9+ factor 9 ^! conv]sions may be judg$ f ! amicable relations t exi/$ betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian & ! ,muslim ,arabs4 ,muammad himself _h ent]$ into treaty ) sev]al ,*ri/ian tribes1 promis+ !m 8 protection & gu>antee+ !m ! free ex]cise ( _! religion & to _! cl]gy undi/urb$ enjoym5t ( _! old rights & au?ority4 #eb ,a simil> bond ( fri5d%ip unit$ 8 foll[]s ) _! fell[-c\ntrym5 ( ! old] fai?1 _m ( :om volunt>ily came =w>d to assi/ ! ,muslims 9 _! milit>y exp$itions 9 ! same _s ( loyalty to ! new gov]nm5t z _h caus$ !m to hold alo( f ! great apo/asy t rais$ ! /&>d ( revolt ?r\gh\t ,arabia imm$iately aft] ! dea? ( ! ,prophet4 #ec ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! ,*ri/ian ,arabs :o gu>d$ ! fronti] ( ! ,byzant9e empire bord]+ on ! des]t ?rew 9 _! lot ) ! invad+ ,muslim army1 :5 ,h]aclius refus$ any long] to pay !m _! accu/om$ subsidy = milit>y s]vice z w>d5s ( ! m>*es4 #ed ,9 ! battle ( ! ,bridge 7,a4,h4 #ac7 :5 a disa/r\s defeat 0 imm95t & ! panic-/rick5 ,arabs 7 hemm$ 9 betwe5 ! ,euphrates & ! ,p]sian ho/1 a ,*ri/ian *ief ( ! ,ban ayy sprang =w>d l ano!r ,spurius ,l>tius to ! side ( an ,arab ,horatius1 to assi/ ,mu?annah ! ,muslim g5]al 9 def5d+ ! bridge ( boats :i* c\ld alone af=d ! means ( an ord]ly retreat4 ,:5 fre% levies 7 rais$ to retrieve ?is disgrace1 among ! re9=cem5ts t came p\r+ 9 f e direction 0 a ,*ri/ian tribe ( ! ,ban ,namir1 :o dwelt )9 ! limits ( ! ,byzant9e empire1 & 9 ! ensu+ battle ( ,buwayb 7,a4,h4 #ac71 j be=e ! f9al *>ge ( ! ,arabs t turn$ ! =tune ( battle 9 _! fav\r1 ,mu?annah rode up to ! ,*ri/ian *ief & said3 8,ye are ( "o blood ) u2 come n[1 & z ,i *>ge1 *>ge ye ) me40 ,! ,p]sians fell back be=e _! furi\s onslaught1 & ano!r great victory 0 add$ to ! glori\s roll ( ,muslim triumphs4 ,"o ( ! mo/ gallant exploits ( ! day 0 p]=m$ by a y\? belong+ to ano!r ,*ri/ian tribe ( ! des]t1 :o ) 8 companions1 a company ( ,b$\9 horse-deal]s1 _h come up j z ! ,arab army 0 be+ drawn up 9 battle array4 ,!y ?rew !mselves into ! "r on ! side ( _! compatriots2 & :ile ! conflict 0 rag+ mo/ fi]cely1 ?is y\?1 ru%+ into ! c5tre ( ! ,p]sians1 slew _! lead]1 & leap+ on 8 ri*ly-cap>ison$ horse1 gallop$ back amid/ ! plaudits ( ! ,muslim l9e1 cry+ z he pass$ 9 triumph3 8,i am ( ! ,ban ,taghlib4 ,i am he t ha? sla9 ! *ief40 #ee ,! tribe to :i* ?is "y man boa/$ t he belong$ 0 "o ( ^? t elect$ to rema9 ,*ri/ian1 :ile o!r tribes ( ,mesopotamia1 su* z ! ,ban ,namir & ! ,ban ,quah1 became ,muslim4 ,! ,ban ,taghlib _h s5t an embassy to ! ,prophet z e>ly z ! ye> ,a4,h4 #i4 ,! hea!n memb]s ( ! deputation embrac$ ,islam & he made a treaty ) ! ,*ri/ians accord+ to :i* !y 7 to reta9 _! old fai? b 7 n to baptise _! *ildr54 ,a condition s entirely at v>iance ) ! usual tol]ant attitude ( ,muammad t[>ds ! ,*ri/ian ,arabs1 :o 7 all[$ to *oose betwe5 conv]sion to ,islam & ! paym5t ( jizyah & nev] compell$ to ab&on _! fai?1 has giv5 rise to ! conjecture t ?is condition 0 sugge/$ by ! ,*ri/ian families ( ! ,ban ,taghlib !mselves1 out ( motives ( economy4 #ef ,! long survival ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ?is tribe %[s t ?is condition 0 c]ta9ly n obs]v$4 ,! caliph ,um> =bade any pressure to be put ^u !m1 :5 !y %[$ !mselves unwill+ to ab&on _! old fai? & ord]$ t !y %\ld be left undi/urb$ 9 ! practice ( x1 b t !y 7 n to oppose ! conv]sion ( any memb] ( _! tribe to ,islam nor baptise ! *ildr5 ( su* z became ,muslims4 #eg ,!y 7 call$ ^u to pay ! jizyah #eh or tax impos$ on ! non-,muslim subjects1 b !y felt x to be humiliat+ to _! pride to pay a tax t 0 levi$ 9 return = protection ( life & prop]ty1 & petition$ ! caliph to be all[$ to make ! same k9d ( contribution z ! ,muslims did4 ,s 9 lieu ( ! jizyah !y paid a d\ble adaqah or alms1 #ei--:i* 0 a poor tax levi$ on ! fields & cattle1 etc41 ( ! ,muslims4 #fj ,x especially irk$ ! ,muslims t any ( ! ,arabs %\ld rema9 true to ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! majority ( ! ,ban ,tankh _h become ,muslim 9 ! ye> ,a4,h4 #ab1 :5 ) o!r ,*ri/ian ,arab tribes !y submitt$ to ,khlid b4 al-,wald1 #fa b "s ( !m appe> to h rema9$ true to _! old fai? = ne>ly a c5tury & a half1 s9ce ! caliph al-,mahd 7,a4,h4 #aeh-afi7 is said to h se5 a numb] ( !m :o dwelt 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,aleppo1 & le>n+ t !y 7 ,*ri/ians1 9 ang] ord]$ !m to accept ,islam--:i* !y did to ! numb] ( #ejjj1 & "o ( !m suff]$ m>tyrdom r ?an apo/atise4 #fb ,b = ! mo/ "p1 details are lack+ = any hi/ory ( ! disappe>ance ( ,*ri/ianity f among ! ,*ri/ian ,arab tribes ( ,nor!rn ,arabia2 !y seem to h become absorb$ 9 ! surr\nd+ ,muslim community by an almo/ ins5sible process ( 8peaceful p5etration02 _h attempts be5 made to conv]t !m by =ce :5 !y fir/ came "u ,muhammadan rule1 x w\ld n h be5 possible = ,*ri/ians to h surviv$ among !m up to ! times ( ! ,abbsid caliphs4 #fc ,! p ( rah _h likewise resi/$ all ! ef=ts made by ,khlid to induce !m to accept ! ,muslim fai?4 ,?is city 0 "o ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s 9 ! annals ( ,arabia1 & to ! m9d ( ! impetu\s h]o ( ,islam x seem$ t an appeal to _! ,arab blood w\ld be en\gh to induce !m to enrol !mselves ) ! foll[]s ( ! ,prophet ( ,arabia4 ,:5 ! besieg$ citiz5s s5t an embassy to ! ,muslim g5]al to arrange ! t]ms ( ! capitulation ( _! city1 ,khlid ask$ !m1 8,:o are y8 are y ,arabs or ,p]sians80 ,!n ,ad1 ! spokesman ( ! deputation1 repli$1 8,nay1 we are pure-blood$ ,arabs1 :ile o!rs among u are naturalis$ ,arabs40 ,kh4 8,_h y be5 :at y say y are1 y w\ld n h oppos$ u or hat$ our cause40 ,a4 8,our pure ,arab spee* is ! pro( ( :at ,i say40 ,kh4 8,y speak truly4 ,n[ *oose y "o ( ^! ?ree ?+s3 ei!r 7#a7 accept our fai?1 !n y\r rights & obligations w be ! same z ours1 :e!r y *oose to g into ano!r c\ntry or /ay 9 y\r own l&2 or 7#b7 pay jizyah2 or 7#c7 w> & battle4 ,v]ily1 by ,god6 ,i h come to y ) a p :o are m desir\s ( dea? ?an y are ( life40 ,a4 8,nay1 we w pay y jizyah40 ,kh4 8,ill-luck to y6 ,unbelief is a pa?less des]t & fooli% is ! ,arab :o1 :5 two guides meet him w&]+ !re9--! "o an ,arab & ! o!r n--leaves ! fir/ & accepts ! guidance ( ! =eign]40 #fd ,due provision 0 made = ! in/ruction ( ! new conv]ts1 = :ile :ole tribes 7 be+ conv]t$ to ! fai? ) su* rapidity1 x 0 necess>y to take precautions aga9/ errors1 bo? 9 respect ( cre$ & ritual1 su* z might naturally be fe>$ 9 ! case ( ill-in/ruct$ conv]ts4 ,accord+ly we f9d t ! caliph ,um> appo9t$ tea*]s 9 e c\ntry1 ^: duty x 0 to in/ruct ! p 9 ! tea*+s ( ! ,qurn & ! obs]vances ( _! new fai?4 ,! magi/rates 7 also ord]$ to see t all1 :e!r old or "y1 7 regul> 9 _! att5dance at public pray]1 especially on ,fridays & 9 ! mon? ( ,raman4 ,! importance atta*$ to ?is "w ( in/ruct+ ! new conv]ts may be judg$ f ! fact t 9 ! city ( ,kfah x 0 no less a p]sonage ?an ! /ate treasur] :o 0 entru/$ ) ?is task4 #fe ,f ! examples giv5 above ( ! tol]ation ext5d$ t[>ds ! ,*ri/ian ,arabs by ! victori\s ,muslims ( ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,hijrah & cont9u$ by succe$+ g5]ations1 we may surely inf] t ^? ,*ri/ian tribes t did embrace ,islam1 did s ( _! own *oice & free w4 #ff ,! ,*ri/ian ,arabs ( ! pres5t day1 dwell+ 9 ! mid/ ( a ,muhammadan population1 are a liv+ te/imony ( ?is tol]ation2 ,lay>d speaks ( hav+ come across an encampm5t ( ,*ri/ian ,arabs at al-,k>ak1 to ! ea/ ( ! ,dead ,sea1 :o diff]$ 9 no way1 ei!r 9 dress or 9 mann]s1 f ! ,muslim ,arabs4 #fg ,burckh>dt 0 told by ! monks ( ,m\nt ,s9ai t 9 ! la/ c5tury !re /ill rema9$ sev]al families ( ,*ri/ian ,b$\9s :o _h n embrac$ ,islam1 & t ! la/ ( !m1 an old woman1 di$ 9 #agej1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! g>d5 ( ! conv5t4 #fh ,_m ( ! ,arabs ( ! r5[n$ tribe ( ! ,ban ,ghassn1 ,arabs ( ! pure/ blood1 :o embrac$ ,*ri/ianity t[>ds ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 /ill reta9 ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & s9ce _! submission to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 ab\t two c5turies ago1 employ ! ,arabic language 9 _! religi\s s]vices4 #fi ,if we turn f ! ,b$\9s to consid] ! attitude ( ! settl$ inhabitants ( ! t[ns & ! non-,arab population t[>ds ! new religion1 we d n f9d t ! ,arab conque/ 0 s rapidly foll[$ by conv]sions to ,islam4 ,! ,*ri/ians ( ! great cities ( ! ea/]n prov9ces ( ! ,byzant9e empire seem = ! mo/ "p to h rema9$ fai?ful to _! ance/ral cre$1 to :i* inde$ !y /ill 9 l>ge numb]s cl+4 ,9 ord] t we may fully appreciate _! condition "u ! ,muslim rule1 & e/imate ! influ5ces t l$ to occasional conv]sions1 x w be well briefly to sket* _! situation "u ! ,*ri/ian rule ( ! ,byzant9e empire :i* fell back be=e ! ,arab arms4 ,a hundr$ ye>s be=e1 ,ju/9ian _h succe$$ 9 giv+ "s %[ ( unity to ! ,roman ,empire1 b aft] 8 dea? x rapidly fell asund]1 & at ?is "t !re 0 an entire want ( common national feel+ betwe5 ! prov9ces & ! seat ( gov]nm5t4 ,h]aclius _h made "s p>tially successful ef=ts to atta* ,syria aga9 to ! c5tral gov]nm5t1 b un=tunately ! g5]al me?ods ( reconciliation :i* he adopt$ _h s]v$ only to increase diss5sion in/ead ( allay+ x4 ,religi\s passions 7 ! only exi/+ sub/itute = national feel+1 & he tri$1 by prop\nd+ an exposition ( fai?1 t 0 int5d$ to s]ve z an eir5icon1 to /op all fur!r disputes betwe5 ! cont5d+ factions & unite ! h]etics to ! ,or?odox ,*ur* & to ! c5tral gov]nm5t4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on 7#dea7 _h ma9ta9$ t ,*ri/ 0 8to be ackn[l$g$ 9 two natures1 )\t confusion1 *ange1 division1 or sep>ation2 ! diff]5ce ( ! natures be+ 9 n[ise tak5 away by reason ( _! union1 b r ! prop]ties ( ea* nature be+ pres]v$1 & concurr+ into "o p]son & "o sub/ance1 n z x 7 divid$ or sep>at$ into two p]sons1 b "o & ! same ,son & only begott51 ,god ! ,^w40 ,?is c\ncil 0 reject$ by ! ,monophysites1 :o only all[$ "o nature 9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 :o 0 said to be a composite p]son1 hav+ all attributes div9e & human1 b ! sub/ance be>+ ^! attributes 0 no long] a duality1 b a composite unity4 ,! controv]sy betwe5 ! or?odox p>ty & ! ,monophysites1 :o fl\ri%$ p>ticul>ly 9 ,egypt & ,syria & 9 c\ntries outside ! ,byzant9e empire1 _h be5 hotly conte/$ = ne>ly two c5turies1 :5 ,h]aclius s\ght to effect a reconciliation by means ( ! doctr9e ( ,mono!letism3 :ile conc$+ ! duality ( ! natures1 x secur$ unity ( ! p]son 9 ! actual life ( ,*ri/1 by ! rejection ( two s]ies ( activities 9 ?is "o p]son2 ! "o ,*ri/ & ,son ( ,god effectuates t :i* is human & t :i* is div9e by "o div9e human ag5cy1 i4e4 !re is only "o w 9 ! ,inc>nate ,^w4 #gj ,b ,h]aclius %>$ ! fate ( s _m w\ld-be peace-mak]s3 = n only did ! controv]sy blaze up aga9 all ! m fi]cely1 b he himself 0 /igmatis$ z a h]etic & drew ^u himself ! wra? ( bo? p>ties4 ,inde$1 s bitt] 0 ! feel+ he ar\s$ t !re is /rong reason to believe t ev5 a majority ( ! or?odox subjects ( ! ,roman ,empire1 9 ! prov9ces t 7 conqu]$ dur+ ?is emp]or's reign1 7 ! well-wi%]s ( ! ,arabs2 !y reg>d$ ! emp]or ) av]sion z a h]etic1 & 7 afraid t he might comm5ce a p]secution 9 ord] to =ce ^u !m 8 ,mono!letic op9ions4 #ga ,!y !re=e readily--& ev5 eag]ly--receiv$ ! new ma/]s :o promis$ !m religi\s tol]ation1 & 7 will+ to compromise _! religi\s position & _! national indep5d5ce if only !y c\ld free !mselves f ! imm$iately imp5d+ dang]4 ,mi*ael ! ,eld]1 ,jacobite ,patri>* ( ,antio*1 writ+ 9 ! latt] half ( ! twelf? c5tury1 c\ld approve ! decision ( 8 co-religioni/s & see ! f+] ( ,god 9 ! ,arab conque/s ev5 aft] ! ,ea/]n *ur*es _h _h exp]i5ce ( five c5turies ( ,muhammadan rule4 ,aft] rec\nt+ ! p]secutions ( ,h]aclius1 he writes3 8,?is is :y ! ,god ( v5geance1 :o alone is all-p[]ful1 & *anges ! empire ( mortals z ,he w1 giv+ x to :omsoev] ,he w1 & uplift+ ! humble--behold+ ! wick$ness ( ! ,romans :o1 ?r\gh\t _! dom9ions1 cruelly plund]$ our *ur*es & our mona/]ies & condemn$ u )\t pity--br\ght f ! region ( ! s\? ! sons ( ,i%mael1 to deliv] u ?r\gh !m f ! h&s ( ! ,romans4 ,&1 if 9 tru?1 we h suff]$ "s loss1 because ! ca?olic *ur*es1 t _h be5 tak5 away f u & giv5 to ! ,*alc$onians1 rema9$ 9 _! possession2 = :5 ! cities submitt$ to ! ,arabs1 !y assign$ to ea* d5om9ation ! *ur*es :i* !y f\nd x to be 9 possession ( 7& at t "t ! great *ur* ( ,emessa & t ( ,h>ran _h be5 tak5 away f u72 nev]!less x 0 no slight advantage = u to be deliv]$ f ! cruelty ( ! ,romans1 _! wick$ness1 _! wra? & cruel zeal aga9/ u1 & to f9d ourselves at peace40 #gb ,:5 ! ,muslim army rea*$ ! valley ( ! ,jordan & ,ab ,ubaydah pit*$ 8 camp at ,fil1 ! ,*ri/ian inhabitants ( ! c\ntry wrote to ! ,arabs1 say+3 8,o ,muslims1 we pref] y to ! ,byzant9es1 ?\gh !y are ( our own fai?1 because y keep bett] fai? ) u & are m m]ciful to u & refra9 f do+ u inju/ice & y\r rule ov] u is bett] ?an !irs1 = !y h robb$ u ( our goods & our homes40 #gc ,! p ( ,emessa clos$ ! gates ( _! city aga9/ ! army ( ,h]aclius & told ! ,muslims t !y pref]r$ _! gov]nm5t & ju/ice to ! inju/ice & oppression ( ! ,greeks4 #gd ,su* 0 ! /ate ( feel+ 9 ,syria dur+ ! campaign ( #fcc-fci 9 :i* ! ,arabs gradually drove ! ,roman army out ( ! prov9ce4 ,& :5 ,damascus1 9 #fcg1 set ! example ( mak+ t]ms ) ! ,arabs1 & ?us secur$ immunity f plund] & o!r fav\rable conditions1 ! re/ ( ! cities ( ,syria 7 n sl[ to foll[4 ,emessa1 ,are?usa1 ,hi]opolis & o!r t[ns ent]$ into treaties :]eby !y became tribut>y to ! ,arabs4 ,ev5 ! patri>* ( ,j]usalem surr5d]$ ! city on simil> t]ms4 ,! fe> ( religi\s compulsion on ! "p ( ! h]etical emp]or made ! promise ( ,muslim tol]ation appe> m attractive ?an ! connection ) ! ,roman ,empire & a ,*ri/ian gov]nm5t1 & aft] ! fir/ t]rors caus$ by ! passage ( an invad+ army1 !re succe$$ a pr(\nd revulsion ( feel+ 9 fav\r ( ! ,arab conqu]ors4 #ge ,= ! prov9ces ( ! ,byzant9e empire t 7 rapidly acquir$ by ! pr[ess ( ! ,muslims f\nd !mselves 9 ! enjoym5t ( a tol]ation su* z1 on acc\nt ( _! ,monophysite & ,ne/orian op9ions1 _h be5 unkn[n to !m = _m c5turies4 ,!y 7 all[$ ! free & undi/urb$ ex]cise ( _! religion ) "s few re/rictions impos$ = ! sake ( prev5t+ any friction betwe5 ! adh]5ts ( ! rival religions1 or ar\s+ any fanaticism by ! o/5tati\s exhibition ( religi\s symbols t 7 s (f5sive to ,muslim feel+4 #gf ,! ext5t ( ?is tol]ation--s /rik+ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! sev5? c5tury--may be judg$ f ! t]ms grant$ to ! conqu]$ cities1 9 :i* protection ( life & prop]ty & tol]ation ( religi\s belief 7 giv5 9 return = submission & ! paym5t ( jizyah4 #gg ,! exact details ( ^! agreem5ts _c easily be dis5tangl$ f ! accretions ) :i* !y h become ov]laid1 b :e!r v]bally au!ntic or n1 !y are significant z repres5t+ ! hi/oric tradition accept$ by ! ,muslim hi/orians ( ! second c5tury ( ! ,hijrah--a tradition t c\ld h>dly h become e/abli%$ _h !re be5 extant evid5ce to ! contr>y4 ,z an example ( su* an agreem5t1 ! conditions #gh may be quot$ t are /at$ to h be5 drawn up :5 ,j]usalem submitt$ to ! caliph ,um> b4 al-,khab3 8,9 ! "n ( ,god1 ! ,m]ciful1 ! ,compassionate6 ,?is is ! security :i* ,um>1 ! s]vant ( ,god1 ! comm&] ( ! fai?ful1 grants to ! p ( lia4 ,he grants to all1 :e!r sick or s\nd1 security = _! lives1 _! possessions1 _! *ur*es & _! crosses1 & = all t conc]ns _! religion4 ,_! *ur*es %all n be *ang$ into dwell+ places1 nor de/roy$1 nei!r %all !y nor _! appurt5ances be 9 any way dim9i%$1 nor ! crosses ( ! inhabitants nor aught ( _! possessions1 nor %all any con/ra9t be put ^u !m 9 ! matt] ( _! fai?1 nor %all any "o ( !m be h>m$40 #gi ,tribute 0 impos$ ^u !m ( five dnrs = ! ri*1 f\r = ! middle class & ?ree = ! poor4 ,9 company ) ! ,patri>*1 ,um> visit$ ! holy places1 & x is said :ile !y 7 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,resurrection1 z x 0 ! appo9t$ h\r ( pray]1 ! ,patri>* bade ! caliph (f] 8 pray]s !re1 b he ?\ghtfully refus$1 say+ t if he 7 to d s1 8 foll[]s might aft]w>ds claim x z a place ( ,muslim wor%ip4 ,x is 9 h>mony ) ! same _s ( k9dly consid]ation = 8 subjects ( ano!r fai?1 t ,um> is record$ to h ord]$ an all[ance ( money & food to be made to "s ,*ri/ian lep]s1 app>5tly out ( ! public funds4 #hj ,ev5 9 8 la/ te/am5t1 9 :i* he enjo9s on 8 successor ! duties ( 8 high (fice1 he rememb]s ! dhimms 7or protect$ p]sons ( o!r fai?s73 8,i comm5d to 8 c>e ! dhimms1 :o enjoy ! protection ( ,god & ( ! ,prophet2 let him see to x t ! cov5ant ) !m is kept1 & t no great] burd5s ?an !y c be> are laid ^u !m40 #ha ,a lat] g5]ation attribut$ to ,um> a numb] ( re/rictive regulations :i* hamp]$ ! ,*ri/ians 9 ! free ex]cise ( _! religion1 b ,de ,goeje #hb & ,caetani #hc h prov$ )\t d\bt t !y are ! inv5tion ( a lat] age2 z1 h[ev]1 ,muslim !ologians ( less tol]ant p]iods accept$ ^! ord9ances z g5u9e1 !y are ( importance = =m+ a judgm5t z to ! condition ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es "u ,muslim rule4 ,?is s-call$ ord9ance ( ,um> runs z foll[s3--8,9 ! "n ( ,god1 ! ,m]ciful1 ! ,compassionate6 ,?is is a writ+ to ,um> b4 al-,khab f ! ,*ri/ians ( su* & su* a city4 ,:5 y m>*$ aga9/ u1 we ask$ ( y protection = ourselves1 our po/]ity1 our possessions & our co-religioni/s2 & we made ?is /ipulation ) y1 t we w n erect 9 our city or ! suburbs any new mona/]y1 *ur*1 cell or h]mitage2 #hd t we w n repair any ( su* build+s t may fall into ru9s1 or r5ew ^? t may be situat$ 9 ! ,muslim qu>t]s ( ! t[n2 t we w n refuse ! ,muslims entry into our *ur*es ei!r by night or by day2 t we w op5 ! gates wide to pass5g]s & travell]s2 t we w receive any ,muslim travell] into our h\ses & give him food & lodg+ = ?ree nights2 t we w n h>b\r any spy 9 our *ur*es or h\ses1 or conceal any enemy ( ! ,muslims2 t we w n tea* our *ildr5 ! ,qurn2 #he t we w n make a %[ ( ! ,*ri/ian religion nor invite any "o to embrace x2 t we w n prev5t any ( our k9sm5 f embrac+ ,islam1 if !y s desire4 ,t we w hon\r ! ,muslims & rise up 9 our assemblies :5 !y wi% to take _! seats2 t we w n imitate !m 9 our dress1 ei!r 9 ! cap1 turban1 s&als1 or p>t+ ( ! hair2 t we w n make use ( _! expressions ( spee*1 #hf nor adopt _! surnames2 t we w n ride on saddles1 or gird on swords1 or take to ourselves arms or we> !m1 or engrave ,arabic inscriptions on our r+s2 t we w n sell w9e2 t we w %ave ! front ( our heads2 t we w keep to our own /yle ( dress1 :]ev] we may be2 t we w we> girdles r\nd our wai/s2 t we w n display ! cross ^u our *ur*es or display our crosses or our sacr$ books 9 ! /reets ( ! ,muslims1 or 9 _! m>ket-places2 #hg t we w /rike ! bells #hh 9 our *ur*es lightly2 t we w n recite our s]vices 9 a l\d voice :5 a ,muslim is pres5t1 t we w n c>ry palm-bran*es or our images 9 procession 9 ! /reets1 t at ! burial ( our dead we w n *ant l\dly or c>ry light$ c&les 9 ! /reets ( ! ,muslims or _! m>ket-places2 t we w n take any slaves t h already be5 9 ! possession ( ,muslims1 nor spy into _! h\ses2 & t we w n /rike any ,muslim4 ,all ?is we promise to obs]ve1 on behalf ( ourselves & our co-religioni/s1 & receive protection f y 9 ex*ange2 & if we violate any ( ! conditions ( ?is agreem5t1 !n we =feit y\r protection & y are at lib]ty to treat u z enemies & rebels40 #hi ,! e>lie/ m5tion ( ?is docum5t is made by ,ibn azm1 :o di$ 9 ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury ( ! ,hijrah2 its provisions repres5t ! m intol]ant practice ( a lat] age1 & inde$ 7 regulations t 7 put into =ce ) no sort ( regul>ity1 "s outbur/ ( fanaticism be+ g5]ally ne$$ = any appeal to be made = _! application4 ,!re is abundant evid5ce to %[ t ! ,*ri/ians 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,muhammadan conque/ _h little to compla9 ( 9 ! way ( religi\s disabilities4 ,x is true t adh]5ce to _! anci5t fai? r5d]$ !m obnoxi\s to ! paym5t ( jizyah--a ^w :i* orig9ally d5ot$ tribute ( any k9d paid by ! non-,muslim subjects ( ! ,arab empire1 b came lat] on to be us$ = ! capitation-tax z ! fiscal sy/em ( ! new rul]s became fix$2 #ij b ?is jizyah 0 too mod]ate to con/itute a burd51 see+ t x releas$ !m f ! compulsory milit>y s]vice t 0 incumb5t on _! ,muslim fell[-subjects4 ,conv]sion to ,islam 0 c]ta9ly att5d$ by a c]ta9 pecuni>y advantage1 b 8 =m] religion c\ld h _h b little hold on a conv]t :o ab&on$ x m]ely to ga9 exemption f ! jizyah2 & n[1 in/ead ( jizyah1 ! conv]t _h to pay ! legal alms1 zakt1 annually levi$ on mo/ k9ds ( movable & immovable prop]ty4 #ia ,! pecuni>y temptation to escape ! incid5ce ( taxation by means ( conv]sion 0 consid]ably less5$ :5 f9ancial consid]ations compell$ ! ,arab gov]nm5t1 t[>ds ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury1 to insi/ on ! new conv]ts cont9u+ to pay jizyah ev5 aft] !y _h be5 receiv$ into ! community ( ! fai?ful4 #ib ,on ! o!r h& x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! non-,muslim sections ( ! population always ran ! risk ( becom+ ! victims ( fiscal oppression :5 ! /ate 0 9 ne$ ( rev5ue4 ,! rates ( jizyah levi$ by ! e>ly conqu]ors 7 n uni=m1 #ic & ! great ,muslim doctors1 ,ab anfah & ,mlik1 are n 9 agreem5t on "s ( ! less important details2 #id ! foll[+ facts tak5 f ! ,kitb al-,kh>j1 drawn up by ,ab ,ysuf at ! reque/ ( ,hrn al-,ra%d 7,a4,d4 #ghf-hji7 may be tak5 z g5]ally repres5tative ( ,muhammadan proc$ure "u ! ,abbsid ,caliphate4 ,! ri* 7 to pay =ty-eight dirhams #ie a ye>1 ! middle classes tw5ty-f\r1 :ile f ! poor1 i4e4 ! field-lab\r]s & artisans1 only twelve dirhams 7 tak54 ,?is tax c\ld be paid 9 k9d if desir$2 cattle1 m]*&ise1 h\sehold effects1 ev5 ne$les 7 to be accept$ 9 lieu ( specie1 b n pigs1 w9e1 or dead animals4 ,! tax 0 to be levi$ only on able-bodi$ males1 & n on wom5 or *ildr54 #if ,! poor :o 7 dep5d5t = _! livelihood on alms & ! ag$ poor :o 7 incapable ( "w 7 also specially except$1 z also ! bl9d1 ! lame1 ! incurables & ! insane1 unless !y happ5$ to be m5 ( weal?2 ?is same condition appli$ to prie/s & monks1 :o 7 exempt if dep5d5t on ! alms ( ! ri*1 b _h to pay if !y 7 well-to-d & liv$ 9 com=t4 ,! collectors ( ! jizyah 7 p>ticul>ly in/ruct$ to %[ l5i5cy1 & refra9 f all h>% treatm5t or ! infliction ( corporal puni%m5t1 9 case ( non-paym5t4 #ig ,?is tax 0 n impos$ on ! ,*ri/ians1 z "s w\ld h u ?9k1 z a p5alty = _! refusal to accept ! ,muslim fai?1 b 0 paid by !m 9 common ) ! o!r dhimms or non-,muslim subjects ( ! /ate ^: religion preclud$ !m f s]v+ 9 ! army1 9 return = ! protection secur$ = !m by ! arms ( ! ,musalmans4 ,:5 ! p ( ,hrah contribut$ ! sum agre$ ^u1 !y expressly m5tion$ t !y paid ?is jizyah on condition t 8! ,muslims & _! lead] protect u f ^? :o w\ld oppress u1 :e!r !y be ,muslims or o!rs40 #ih ,aga91 9 ! treaty made by ,khlid ) "s t[ns 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,hrah1 he writes3 8,if we protect y1 !n jizyah is due to u2 b if we d n1 !n x is n due40 #ii ,h[ cle>ly ?is condition 0 recognis$ by ! ,muhammadans may be judg$ f ! foll[+ incid5t 9 ! reign ( ! ,caliph ,um>4 ,! ,emp]or ,h]aclius _h rais$ an enorm\s army ) :i* to drive back ! invad+ =ces ( ! ,muslims1 :o _h 9 consequ5ce to conc5trate all _! en]gies on ! imp5d+ enc\nt]4 ,! ,arab g5]al1 ,ab ,ubaydah1 accord+ly wrote to ! gov]nors ( ! conqu]$ cities ( ,syria1 ord]+ !m to pay back all ! jizyah t _h be5 collect$ f ! cities1 & wrote to ! p1 say+1 8,we give y back ! money t we took f y1 z we h receiv$ news t a /rong =ce is advanc+ aga9/ u4 ,! agreem5t betwe5 u 0 t we %\ld protect y1 & z ?is is n n[ 9 our p[]1 we return y all t we took4 ,b if we are victori\s we %all consid] ourselves b\nd to y by ! old t]ms ( our agreem5t40 ,9 accordance ) ?is ord]1 enorm\s sums 7 paid back out ( ! /ate treasury1 & ! ,*ri/ians call$ d[n bless+s on ! heads ( ! ,muslims1 say+1 8,may ,god give y rule ov] u aga9 & make y victori\s ov] ! ,romans2 _h x be5 !y1 !y w\ld n h giv5 u back any?+1 b w\ld h tak5 all t rema9$ ) u40 #ajj ,z /at$ above1 ! jizyah 0 levi$ on ! able-bodi$ males1 9 lieu ( ! milit>y s]vice !y w\ld h be5 call$ ^u to p]=m _h !y be5 ,musalmans2 & x is v noticeable t :5 any ,*ri/ian p s]v$ 9 ! ,muslim army1 !y 7 exempt$ f ! paym5t ( ?is tax4 ,su* 0 ! case ) ! tribe ( al-,jurjimah1 a ,*ri/ian tribe 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,antio*1 :o made peace ) ! ,muslims1 promis+ to be _! allies & fight on _! side 9 battle1 on condition t !y %\ld n be call$ ^u to pay jizyah & %\ld receive _! prop] %>e ( ! booty4 #aja ,:5 ! ,arab conque/s 7 pu%$ to ! nor? ( ,p]sia 9 ,a4,h4 #bb1 a simil> agreem5t 0 made ) a fronti] tribe1 :i* 0 exempt$ f ! paym5t ( jizyah 9 consid]ation ( milit>y s]vice4 #ajb ,we f9d simil> in/ances ( ! remission ( jizyah 9 ! case ( ,*ri/ians :o s]v$ 9 ! army or navy "u ! ,turki% rule4 ,= example1 ! inhabitants ( ,meg>is1 a community ( ,albanian ,*ri/ians1 7 exempt$ f ! paym5t ( ?is tax on condition t !y furni%$ a body ( arm$ m5 to gu>d ! passes ov] ,m\nts ,ci?ron & ,g]anea1 :i* lead to ! ,i/hmus ( ,cor9?2 ! ,*ri/ians :o s]v$ z pione]s ( ! advance-gu>d ( ! ,turki% army1 repair+ ! roads & bridges1 7 likewise exempt f tribute & receiv$ grants ( l& quit ( all taxation2 #ajc & ! ,*ri/ian inhabitants ( ,hydra paid no direct taxes to ! ,sultan1 b furni%$ in/ead a cont+5t ( #bej able-bodi$ seam5 to ! ,turki% fleet1 :o 7 support$ out ( ! local treasury4 #ajd ,! ,s\!rn ,rumanians1 ! s-call$ ,armatoli1 #aje :o con/itut$ s important an elem5t ( /r5g? 9 ! ,turki% army dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 & ! ,mirdites1 a tribe ( ,albanian ,ca?olics :o occupi$ ! m\nta9s to ! nor? ( ,scut>i1 7 exempt f taxation on condition ( supply+ an arm$ cont+5t 9 "t ( w>4 #ajf ,9 ! same _s1 9 consid]ation ( ! s]vices !y r5d]$ to ! /ate1 ! capitation-tax 0 n impos$ ^u ! ,greek ,*ri/ians :o look$ aft] ! aqu$ucts t suppli$ ,con/ant9ople ) dr9k+ wat]1 #ajg nor on ^? :o _h *>ge ( ! p[d]-magaz9e 9 t city4 #ajh ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! ,egyptian peasants1 al?\gh ,muslim 9 fai?1 7 made exempt f milit>y s]vice1 a tax 0 impos$ ^u !m z on ! ,*ri/ians1 9 lieu !re(4 #aji ,liv+ "u ?is security ( life & prop]ty & su* tol]ation ( religi\s ?\ght1 ! ,*ri/ian community--especially 9 ! t[ns--enjoy$ a fl\ri%+ prosp]ity 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,caliphate4 ,muwiyah 7#ffa-fhj7 employ$ ,*ri/ians v l>gely 9 8 s]vice1 & o!r memb]s ( ! reign+ h\se foll[$ 8 example4 #aaj ,*ri/ians frequ5tly held high po/s at c\rt1 e4g4 a ,*ri/ian ,arab1 al-,akhal1 0 c\rt poet1 & ! fa!r ( ,/4 ,john ( ,damascus1 c\nsellor to ! caliph ,abd al-,malik 7#fhe-gje74 ,9 ! s]vice ( ! caliph al-,mutaim 7#hcc-hdb71 !re 7 two bro!rs1 ,*ri/ians1 :o /ood v high 9 ! confid5ce ( ! ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful3 ! "o1 nam$ ,salmyah1 seems to h occupi$ some:at ! position ( a mod]n secret>y ( /ate1 & no royal docum5ts 7 valid until c\nt]sign$ by him1 :ile 8 bro!r1 ,ibrhm1 0 entru/$ ) ! c>e ( ! privy seal1 & 0 set ov] ! ,bayt al-,ml or ,public ,treasury1 an (fice t1 f ! nature ( ! funds & _! disposal1 might h be5 expect$ to h be5 put into ! h&s ( a ,muslim2 s great 0 ! caliph's p]sonal affection = ?is ,ibrhm1 t he visit$ him 9 8 sickness1 & 0 ov]:elm$ ) grief at 8 dea?1 & on ! day ( ! fun]al ord]$ ! body to be br\ght to ! palace & ! ,*ri/ian rites p]=m$ !re ) great solemnity4 #aaa ,abd al-,malik appo9t$ a c]ta9 ,a?anasius1 a ,*ri/ian s*ol> ( ,edessa1 tutor to 8 bro!r1 ,abd al-,azz4 ,a?anasius accompani$ 8 pupil1 :5 he 0 appo9t$ gov]nor ( ,egypt1 & !re amass$ great weal?2 he is said to h possess$ #djjj slaves1 villages1 h\ses1 g>d5s1 & gold & silv] 8l /ones02 8 sons took a dnr f ea* ( ! soldi]s :5 !y receiv$ _! pay1 & z !re 7 #cj1jjj troops !n 9 ,egypt1 "s idea may be =m$ ( ! weal? t ,a?anasius accumulat$ dur+ ! tw5ty-"o ye>s t he sp5t 9 t c\ntry4 #aab ,at ! close ( ! eigh? c5tury1 a c]ta9 ,ab ,n al-,anbr 0 secret>y to ,ab ,ms b4 ,muab1 gov]nor ( ,mosul1 & us$ 8 p[]ful influ5ce = ! b5efit ( 8 ,*ri/ian co-religioni/s4 #aac ,9 ! reign ( al-,mutadid 7#hib-ijb71 ! gov]nor ( ,anbr1 ,um> b4 ,ysuf1 0 a ,*ri/ian1 & ! caliph approv$ ( ! appo9tm5t on ! gr\nd t if a ,*ri/ian 7 f\nd to be compet5t1 a po/ might well be giv5 to him1 z !re 7 bett] reasons = tru/+ a ,*ri/ian ?an ei!r a ,jew1 a ,muslim or a ,zoroa/rian4 #aad ,al-,muwaffaq1 :o 0 virtual rul] ( ! empire dur+ ! reign ( 8 bro!r al-,mutamid 7#hgj-hib71 entru/$ ! adm9i/ration ( ! army to a ,*ri/ian nam$ ,israel1 & 8 son1 al-,mutaid1 _h z "o ( 8 secret>ies ano!r ,*ri/ian1 ,malik b4 al-,wald4 ,9 a lat] reign1 t ( al-,muqtadir 7#ijh-icb71 a ,*ri/ian 0 aga9 9 *>ge ( ! w> (fice4 #aae ,nar b4 ,hrn1 ! ,prime ,m9i/] ( ,aud al-,dawlah 7#idi-ihb71 ( ! ,buwayhid dyna/y ( ,p]sia1 :o rul$ ov] ,s\!rn ,p]sia & ,irq1 0 a ,*ri/ian4 #aaf ,= a long "t1 ! gov]nm5t (fices1 especially 9 ! dep>tm5t ( f9ance1 7 fill$ ) ,*ri/ians & ,p]sians2 #aag to a mu* lat] date 0 su* ! case 9 ,egypt1 :]e at times ! ,*ri/ians almo/ entirely monopolis$ su* po/s4 #aah ,p>ticul>ly z physicians1 ! ,*ri/ians frequ5tly amass$ great weal? & 7 mu* hon\r$ 9 ! h\ses ( ! great4 ,gabriel1 ! p]sonal physician ( ! caliph ,hrn al-,ra%d1 0 a ,ne/orian ,*ri/ian & d]iv$ a ye>ly income ( #hjj1jjj dirhams f 8 private prop]ty1 9 addition to an emolum5t ( #bhj1jjj dirhams a ye> 9 return = 8 att5dance on ! caliph2 ! second physician1 also a ,*ri/ian1 receiv$ #bb1jjj dirhams a ye>4 #aai ,9 trade & comm]ce1 ! ,*ri/ians also atta9$ consid]able afflu5ce3 inde$ x 0 frequ5tly _! weal? t excit$ aga9/ !m ! jeal\s cupidity ( ! mob--a feel+ t fanatics took advantage (1 to p]secute & oppress !m4 ,fur!r1 ! non-,muslim communities enjoy$ an almo/ complete autonomy1 = ! gov]nm5t plac$ 9 _! h&s ! indep5d5t managem5t ( _! int]nal affairs1 & _! religi\s lead]s ex]cis$ judicial functions 9 cases t conc]n$ _! co-religioni/s only4 #abj ,_! *ur*es & mona/]ies 71 = ! mo/ "p1 n int]f]$ )1 except 9 ! l>ge cities1 :]e "s ( !m 7 turn$ into mosques--a measure t c\ld h>dly be object$ to 9 view ( ! enorm\s increase 9 ! ,muslim & correspond+ decrease 9 ! ,*ri/ian population4 ,rec5t hi/orical criticism has demon/rat$ ! impossibility ( ! leg5d t :5 ,damascus 0 tak5 by ! ,arabs1 ! *ur*es 7 equally divid$ betwe5 ! ,*ri/ians & ! conqu]ors1 on ! plea t :ile "o ,muslim g5]al made 8 way into ! city by ! ea/]n gate at ! po9t ( ! sword1 ano!r at ! we/]n gate receiv$ ! submission ( ! gov]nor ( ! city2 a simil> scrut9y ( hi/orical docum5ts z well z ( ! topography ( ! build+ has %[n t ! great ca!dral ( ,/4 ,john c\ld nev] h be5 us$ 9 ! mann] describ$ by "s ,arabic hi/orians z a common place ( wor%ip = bo? ,*ri/ians & ,muslims4 #aba ,b ! v fact t ^! hi/orians %\ld h believ$ t su* an arrangem5t cont9u$ = ne>ly eighty ye>s1 te/ifies to ! e>ly recognition ( ! lib]ty grant$ to ! ,*ri/ians ( practis+ ! obs]vances ( _! religion4 ,! op9ion ( ! ,muhammadan legi/s is v div]se on ?is "q1 f ! m lib]al anaf doctr9e1 :i* decl>es t1 ?\gh x is unlawful to con/ruct *ur*es & synagogues 9 ,muhammadan t]ritory1 ^? already exi/+ c be repair$ if !y h be5 de/roy$ or h fall5 into decay1 :ile 9 villages & hamlets1 :]e ! tok5s ( ,islam d n appe>1 new *ur*es & synagogues may be built--to ! intol]ant anbalite view t !y may nei!r be erect$ nor be re/or$ :5 damag$ or ru9$4 ,"s legi/s held t ! privileges v>i$ accord+ to treaty rights3 9 t[ns tak5 by =ce1 no new h\ses ( pray] might be erect$ by dhimms1 b if a special treaty _h be5 made1 ! build+ ( new *ur*es & synagogues 0 all[$4 #abb ,b l s _m ( ! lucubrations ( ,muhammadan legi/s1 ^! prescriptions bore b little relation to actual facts4 #abc ,s*oolm5 might agree t ! dhimms c\ld build no h\ses ( pray] 9 a city ( ,muslim f\ndation1 b ! civil au?ority p]mitt$ ! ,copts to erect *ur*es 9 ! new capital ( ,cairo4 #abd ,9 o!r cities also ! ,*ri/ians 7 all[$ to erect new *ur*es & mona/]ies4 ,! v fact t ,um> ,,ii 7#gag-gbj71 at ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,hijrah1 %\ld h ord]$ ! de/ruction ( all rec5tly con/ruct$ *ur*es1 #abe & t r m ?an a c5tury lat]1 ! fanatical al-,mutawakkil 7#hdg-hfa7 %\ld h _h to repeat ! same ord]1 %[s h[ little ! prohibition ( ! build+ ( new *ur*es 0 put into =ce4 #abf ,we h num]\s in/ances record$1 bo? by ,*ri/ian & ,muhammadan hi/orians1 ( ! build+ ( new *ur*es3 e4g4 9 ! reign ( ,abd al-,malik 7#fhe-gje71 a weal?y ,*ri/ian ( ,edessa1 nam$ ,a?anasius1 erect$ 9 8 native city a f9e *ur* d$icat$ to ! ,"m ( ,god1 & a ,bapti/]y 9 hon\r ( ! picture ( ,*ri/ t 0 reput$ to h be5 s5t to ,k+ ,abg>2 he also built a numb] ( *ur*es & mona/]ies 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,egypt1 among !m two magnific5t *ur*es 9 ,fus4 #abg ,"s ,*ri/ian *amb]la9s 9 ! s]vice ( ,abd al-,aziz b4 ,m>wn 7bro!r ( ,abd al-,malik71 ! gov]nor ( ,egypt1 obta9$ p]mission to build a *ur* 9 alwn1 :i* 0 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,john1 #abh ?\gh ?is t[n 0 a ,muslim creation4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #gaa a ,jacobite *ur* 0 built at ,antio* by ord] ( ! caliph al-,wald 7#gje-gae74 #abi ,9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! reign ( ,yazd ,,ii 7,a4,d4 #gbj71 ,mr ,elias1 ! ,jacobite ,patri>* ( ,antio*1 made a solemn entry into ,antio*1 accompani$ by 8 cl]gy & monks1 to consecrate a new *ur* :i* he _h caus$ to be built2 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he consecrat$ ano!r *ur* 9 ! village ( ,s>mada1 9 ! di/rict ( ,antio*1 & ! only opposition he met ) 0 f ! rival ,*ri/ian sect t accept$ ! ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on4 #acj ,9 ! foll[+ reign1 ,khlid al-,qasr1 :o 0 gov]nor ( ,arabian & ,p]sian ,irq f #gbd to #gch1 built a *ur* = 8 "m1 :o 0 a ,*ri/ian1 to wor%ip 94 #aca ,9 #gei ! build+ ( a *ur* at ,nisibis 0 complet$1 on :i* ! ,ne/orian bi%op1 ,cyprian1 _h exp5d$ a sum ( #ef1jjj dnrs4 #acb ,f ! same c5tury dates ! *ur* ( ,ab ,sirjah 9 ! anci5t ,roman =tress 9 old ,cairo4 #acc ,9 ! reign ( al-,mahd 7#gge-ghe7 a *ur* 0 erect$ 9 ,baghdd = ! use ( ! ,*ri/ian prison]s t _h be5 tak5 captive dur+ ! num]\s campaigns aga9/ ! ,byzant9e empire4 #acd ,ano!r *ur* 0 built 9 ! same city1 9 ! reign ( ,hrn al-,ra%d 7#ghf-hji71 by ! p ( ,saml1 :o _h submitt$ to ! caliph & receiv$ protection f him2 #ace dur+ ! same reign ,s]gius1 ! ,ne/orian ,metropolitan ( ,barah1 receiv$ p]mission to build a *ur* 9 t city1 #acf ?\gh x 0 a ,muslim f\ndation1 hav+ be5 creat$ by ! caliph ,um> 9 ! ye> #fch1 & a magnific5t *ur* 0 erect$ 9 ,babylon 9 :i* 7 en%r9$ ! bodies ( ! prophets ,daniel & ,eze*iel4 #acg ,:5 al-,mamn 7#hac-hcc7 0 9 ,egypt he gave p]mission to two ( 8 *amb]la9s to erect a *ur* on al-,muqaam1 a hill ne> ,cairo2 & by ! same caliph's leave1 a weal?y ,*ri/ian1 nam$ ,bukm1 built sev]al f9e *ur*es at ,brah 9 ,egypt4 #ach ,! ,ne/orian ,patri>*1 ,timo!us1 :o di$ ,a4,d4 #hbj1 erect$ a *ur* at ,takrt & a mona/]y at ,baghdd4 #aci ,9 ! t5? c5tury1 ! beautiful ,coptic *ur* ( ,ab ,sayfayn 0 built 9 ,fus4 #adj ,a new *ur* 0 built at ,jiddah 9 ! reign ( al-hir1 ! sev5? ,fimid caliph ( ,egypt 7#ajbj-ajce74 #ada ,new *ur*es & mona/]ies 7 also built 9 ! reign ( ! ,abbsid1 al-,mu/a 7#aagj-aahj74 #adb ,9 #aahg a *ur* 0 built at ,fus & d$icat$ to ,our ,lady ! ,pure ,virg94 #adc ,inde$1 s f> f ! developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* be+ hamp]$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( ,muhammadan rule1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,ne/orians exhibits a rem>kable outbur/ ( religi\s life & en]gy f ! "t ( _! becom+ subject to ! ,muslims4 #add ,alt]nately pett$ & p]secut$ by ! ,p]sian k+s1 9 ^: dom9ions by f> ! majority ( ! memb]s ( ?is sect 7 f\nd1 x _h pass$ a r prec>i\s exi/5ce & _h be5 subject$ to h>% treatm5t1 :5 w> betwe5 ,p]sia & ,byzantium expos$ x to ! suspicion ( sympa?is+ ) ! ,*ri/ian enemy4 ,b1 "u ! rule ( ! caliphs1 ! security !y enjoy$ at home enabl$ !m to vigor\sly pu% =w>d _! mission>y ent]prises abroad4 ,mission>ies 7 s5t into ,*9a & ,india1 bo? ( :i* 7 rais$ to ! dignity ( metropolitan sees 9 ! eigh? c5tury2 ab\t ! same p]iod !y ga9$ a foot+ 9 ,egypt1 & lat] spread ! ,*ri/ian fai? "r across ,asia1 & by ! elev5? c5tury _h ga9$ _m conv]ts f among ! ,tat>s4 #ade ,if ! o!r ,*ri/ian sects fail$ to exhibit ! same vigor\s life1 x 0 n ! fault ( ! ,muhammadans4 ,all 7 tol]at$ alike by ! supreme gov]nm5t1 & fur!rmore 7 prev5t$ f p]secut+ "o ano!r4 #adf ,9 ! fif? c5tury1 ,b>sauma1 a ,ne/orian bi%op1 _h p]suad$ ! ,p]sian k+ to set on foot a fi]ce p]secution ( ! ,or?odox ,*ur*1 by repres5t+ ,ne/orius z a fri5d ( ! ,p]sians & 8 doctr9es z approximat+ to _! own2 z _m z #ghjj ( ! ,or?odox cl]gy1 ) an enorm\s numb] ( laym51 are said to h be5 but*]$ dur+ ?is p]secution4 #adg ,ano!r p]secution 0 in/itut$ aga9/ ! ,or?odox by ,khusrau ,,ii1 aft] ! invasion ( ,p]sia by ,h]aclius1 at ! in/igation ( a ,jacobite1 :o p]suad$ ! ,k+ t ! ,or?odox w\ld always be fav\rably incl9$ t[>ds ! ,byzant9es4 #adh ,b ! pr9ciples ( ,muslim tol]ation =bade su* acts ( inju/ice z ^!3 on ! contr>y1 x seems to h be5 _! endeav\r to deal fairly by all _! ,*ri/ian subjects3 e4g4 aft] ! conque/ ( ,egypt1 ! ,jacobites took advantage ( ! expulsion ( ! ,byzant9e au?orities to rob ! ,or?odox ( _! *ur*es1 b lat] !y 7 re/or$ by ! ,muhammadans to _! rightful own]s :5 ^! _h made good _! claim to possess !m4 #adi ,9 view ( ! tol]ation ?us ext5d$ to _! ,*ri/ian subjects 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( ! ,muslim rule1 ! common hypo!sis ( ! sword z ! factor ( conv]sion seems h>dly satisfactory1 & we are compell$ to seek = o!r motives ?an t ( p]secution4 ,b un=tunately v few details are =?com+ & we are oblig$ to h rec\rse to conjecture4 #aej ,9 an age s prolific ( !ological speculation1 !re may well h be5 "s ?9k]s ^: tr5d ( ?\ght _h prep>$ !m = ! acceptance ( ! ,muhammadan position4 ,su* 7 ^? ,%ahrghn or l&$ proprietors 9 ,p]sia 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 :o 7 nom9ally ,*ri/ians1 b ma9ta9$ t ,*ri/ 0 an ord9>y man & t he 0 z "o ( ! ,prophets4 #aea ,!y appe> at times to h giv5 a good deal ( tr\ble to ! ,ne/orian cl]gy1 :o 7 at great pa9s to draw !m into ! pa?s ( or?odoxy2 #aeb b _! !ological position 0 m closely ak9 to ,islam ?an to ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 & !y probably w5t to swell ! ranks ( ! conv]ts aft] ! ,arab conque/ ( ! ,p]sian empire4 ,_m ,*ri/ian !ologians #aec h suppos$ t ! debas$ condition--moral & spiritual--( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* ( t p]iod mu/ h ali5at$ ! he>ts ( _m & driv5 !m to seek a heal?i] spiritual atmosph]e 9 ! fai? ( ,islam :i* _h come to !m 9 all ! vig\r ( new-born zeal4 #aed ,= example1 ,dean ,milman #aee asks1 8,:at 0 ! /ate ( ! ,*ri/ian _w 9 ! prov9ces expos$ to ! fir/ invasion ( ,mohamm$anism8 ,sect oppos$ to sect1 cl]gy wrangl+ ) cl]gy ^u ! mo/ ab/ruse & metaphysical po9ts ( doctr9e4 ,! or?odox1 ! ,ne/orians1 ! ,euty*ians1 ! ,jacobites 7 p]secut+ ea* o!r ) unexhau/$ animosity2 & x is n judg+ too sev]ely ! evils ( religi\s controv]sy to suppose t _m w\ld rejoice 9 ! degradation ( _! adv]s>ies "u ! yoke ( ! unbeliev]1 r ?an make common cause ) !m 9 def5ce ( ! common ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 h[ _m mu/ ?is incessant disputation h %ak5 ! f\ndations ( _! fai?6 ,x _h be5 wond]ful if ?\s&s _h n1 9 _! we>9ess & p]plexity1 s\ght refuge f ^! int]m9able & implacable controv]sies 9 ! simple1 intelligible tru? ( ! ,div9e ,unity1 ?\gh pur*as$ by ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! prophetic mission ( ,mohamm$40 ,simil>ly1 ,caetani sees 9 ! spread ( ,islam1 among ! ,*ri/ians ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*es1 a revulsion ( feel+ f ! dogmatic subtleties introduc$ into ,*ri/ian !ology by ! ,hell5i/ic _s4 8,= ! ,ea/1 ) its love ( cle> & simple concepts1 ,hell5ic culture 01 f ! religi\s po9t ( view1 a mis=tune1 because x *ang$ ! sublime & simple tea*+s ( ,*ri/ into a cre$ bri/l+ ) incompreh5sible dogmas1 full ( d\bts & unc]ta9ties2 ^! end$ ) produc+ a feel+ ( deep dismay & %ook ! v f\ndations ( religi\s belief2 s t :5 at la/ !re appe>$1 com+ out sudd5ly f ! des]t1 ! news ( ! new revelation1 ?is ba/>d ori5tal ,*ri/ianity1 torn asund] by int]nal discords1 wav]+ 9 its fundam5tal dogmas1 dismay$ by su* inc]titudes1 c\ld no long] resi/ ! temptations ( a new fai?1 :i* swept away at "o s+le /roke all mis]able d\bts1 & (f]$1 along ) simple1 cle> & undisput$ doctr9es1 great mat]ial advantages also4 ,! ,ea/ !n ab&on$ ,*ri/ & ?rew itself into ! arms ( ! ,prophet ( ,arabia40 #aef ,aga91 ,canon ,taylor #aeg says3 8,x is easy to und]/& :y ?is re=m$ ,judaism spread s swiftly ov] ,africa & ,asia4 ,! ,african & ,syrian doctors _h sub/itut$ ab/ruse metaphysical dogmas = ! religion ( ,*ri/3 !y tri$ to combat ! lic5ti\sness ( ! age by sett+ =? ! cele/ial m]it ( celibacy & ! angelic excell5ce ( virg9ity--seclusion f ! _w 0 ! road ( hol9ess1 dirt 0 ! *>act]i/ic ( monki% sanctity--! p 7 practically poly!i/s1 wor%ipp+ a cr[d ( m>tyrs1 sa9ts & angels2 ! upp] classes 7 effem9ate & corrupt1 ! middle classes oppress$ by taxation1 #aeh ! slaves )\t hope = ! pres5t or ! future4 ,z ) ! besom ( ,god1 ,islam swept away ?is mass ( corruption & sup]/ition4 ,x 0 a revolt aga9/ empty !ological polemics2 x 0 a mascul9e prote/ aga9/ ! exaltation ( celibacy z a cr[n ( piety4 ,x br\ght out ! fundam5tal dogmas ( religion--! unity & greatness ( ,god1 t ,he is m]ciful & righte\s1 t ,he claims ob$i5ce to ,8 w1 resignation & fai?4 ,x proclaim$ ! responsibility ( man1 a future life1 a day ( judgm5t1 & /]n retribution to fall ^u ! wick$2 & en=c$ ! duties ( pray]1 almsgiv+1 fa/+ & b5evol5ce4 ,x ?ru/ aside ! artificial virtues1 ! religi\s frauds & follies1 ! p]v]t$ moral s5tim5ts1 & ! v]bal subtleties ( !ological disputants4 ,x replac$ monki%ness by manl9ess4 ,x gave hope to ! slave1 bro!rhood to mank9d1 & recognition to ! fundam5tal facts ( human nature40 ,islam has1 moreov]1 be5 repres5t$ z a reaction aga9/ t ,byzant9e ecclesia/icism1 #aei :i* look$ ^u ! emp]or & 8 c\rt z a copy ( ! ,div9e ,maje/y on high1 & ! emp]or himself z n only ! supreme e>?ly rul] ( ,*ri/5dom1 b z ,high-prie/ also4 #afj ,"u ,ju/9ian ?is sy/em _h be5 h>d5$ into a despotism t press$ l an iron weight ^u cl]gy & laity alike4 ,9 #ecb ! widespread dissatisfaction 9 ,con/ant9ople ) bo? *ur* & /ate1 bur/ out into a revolt aga9/ ! gov]nm5t ( ,ju/9ian1 :i* 0 only suppress$ aft] a massacre ( #ce1jjj p]sons4 ,! ,gre5s1 z ! p>ty ( ! malcont5ts 0 t]m$1 _h made op5 & viol5t prote/ 9 ! circus aga9/ ! oppression ( ! emp]or1 cry+ out1 8,ju/ice has vani%$ f ! _w & is no m to be f\nd4 ,b we w become ,jews1 or r we w return aga9 to ,grecian paganism40 #afa ,! lapse ( a c5tury _h remov$ none ( ! gr\nds = ! dissatisfaction t "h f\nd su* viol5t expression1 b ! heavy h& ( ! ,byzant9e gov]nm5t prev5t$ ! r5ewal ( su* an outbreak z t ( #ecb & compell$ ! malcont5ts to dissemble1 ?\gh 9 #efj "s secret hea!ns 7 detect$ 9 ,con/ant9ople & puni%$4 #afb ,on ! bord]s ( ! empire1 h[ev]1 at a di/ance f ! capital1 su* malcont5ts 7 saf]1 & ! p]secut$ h]etics1 & o!rs dissatisfi$ ) ! ,byzant9e /ate-*ur*1 took refuge 9 ! ,ea/1 & "h ! ,muslim armies w\ld be welcom$ by ! spiritual *ildr5 ( ^? :o a hundr$ ye>s be=e _h desir$ to ex*ange ! ,*ri/ian religion = ano!r fai?4 ,fur!r1 ! g5]al adoption ( ! ,arabic language ?r\gh\t ! empire ( ! caliphate1 especially 9 ! t[ns & ! great c5tres ( population1 & ! gradual assimilation 9 mann]s & cu/oms t 9 ! c\rse ( ab\t two c5turies caus$ ! num]\s conqu]$ races to be l>gely m]g$ 9 ! national life ( ! rul+ race1 _h no d\bt a c\nt]p>t 9 ! religi\s & intellectual life ( _m memb]s ( ! protect$ religions4 ,! rationali/ic movem5t t s p[]fully influ5c$ ,muslim !ology f ! second to ! fif? c5tury ( ! ,hijrah may v possibly h influ5c$ ,*ri/ian ?9k]s1 & turn$ !m f a religion1 ! prevail+ tone ( ^: !ology seems at ?is "t to h be5 ,cr$o quia impossibile4 ,a ,muhammadan writ] ( ! f\r? c5tury ( ! ,hijrah has pres]v$ = u a conv]sation ) a ,coptic ,*ri/ian :i* may safely be tak5 z *>act]i/ic ( ! g5]al m5tal attitude ( ! re/ ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*es at ?is p]iod3-- 8,my pro( = ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity is1 t ,i f9d its tea*+s contradictory & mutually de/ructive1 = !y are repugnant to reason & revolt+ to ! intellect1 on acc\nt ( _! inconsi/5cy & mutual contr>iety4 ,no reflection c /r5g!n !m1 no discussion c prove !m2 & h[ev] ?\ghtfully we may inve/igate !m1 nei!r ! intellect nor ! s5ses c provide u ) any argum5t 9 support ( !m4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ,i h se5 t _m nations & mighty k+s ( le>n+ & s\nd judgm5t1 h giv5 9 _! allegiance to ! ,*ri/ian fai?2 s ,i conclude t if ^! h accept$ x 9 spite ( all ! contradictions ref]r$ to1 x is because ! pro(s !y h receiv$1 9 ! =m ( signs & miracles1 h compell$ !m to submit to x40 #afc ,on ! o!r h&1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ^? :o pass$ ov] f ,*ri/ianity to ,islam1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! rationali/ic t5d5cies ( ! age1 w\ld f9d 9 ! ,mutazilite pres5tm5t ( ,muslim !ology1 v mu* t 0 common to ! two fai?s1 s t z f> z ! articles ( belief & ! intellectual attitude t[>ds _m !ological que/ions 7 conc]n$1 ! transition 0 n s viol5t z might be suppos$4 ,to say no?+ ( ! num]\s fundam5tal doctr9es1 t w at once sugge/ !mselves to ^? ev5 :o h only a slight k ( ! tea*+s ( ! ,prophet1 !re 7 _m o!r common po9ts ( view1 t 7 ! direct consequ5ces ( ! close relation%ips betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian & ,muhammadan !ologians 9 ,damascus "u ! ,umayyad caliphs z also 9 lat] times2 = x has be5 ma9ta9$ t !re is cle> evid5ce ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,byzant9e !ologians on ! developm5t ( ! sy/ematic treatm5t ( ,muhammadan dogmatics4 ,! v =m & arrangem5t ( ! olde/ rule ( fai? 9 ! ,arabic language sugge/ a comp>ison ) simil> treatises ( ,/4 ,john ( ,damascus & o!r ,*ri/ian fa!rs4 #afd ,! olde/ ,arab fism1 ! tr5d ( :i* 0 purely t[>ds ! ascetic life 7z di/+ui%$ f ! lat] pan!i/ic fism7 orig9at$ l>gely "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 #afe ,su* influ5ce is especially traceable 9 ! doctr9es ( "s ( ! ,mutazilite sects1 #aff :o busi$ !mselves ) speculations on ! attributes ( ! div9e nature q 9 ! mann] ( ! ,byzant9e !ologians3 ! ,qad>iyyah or lib]t>ians ( ,islam probably borr[$ _! doctr9e ( ! fre$om ( ! w directly f ,*ri/ianity1 :ile ! ,murjiah 9 _! d5ial ( ! doctr9e ( et]nal puni%m5t 7 9 ?or\gh agreem5t ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* on ?is subject z aga9/ ! g5]ally receiv$ op9ion ( or?odox ,muslims4 #afg ,on ! o!r h&1 ! influ5ce ( ! m or?odox doctors ( ,islam 9 ! conv]sion ( unbeliev]s is atte/$ by ! tradition t tw5ty ?\s& ,*ri/ians1 ,jews & ,magians became ,muslims :5 ! great ,imm ,ibn anbal di$4 #afh ,a celebrat$ doctor ( ! same sect1 ,abu'l-,f>aj b4 al-,jawz 7,a4,d4 #aaae-abja71 ! mo/ le>n$ man ( 8 "t1 a popul> prea*] & mo/ prolific writ]1 is said to h boa/$ t j ! same numb] ( p]sons accept$ ! fai? ( ,islam at 8 h&s4 #afi ,fur!r1 ! va/ & unp>allel$ success ( ! ,muslim arms %ook ! fai? ( ! ,*ri/ian peoples t came "u _! rule & saw 9 ^! conque/s ! h& ( ,god4 #agj ,worldly prosp]ity !y associat$ ) ! div9e fav\r & ! ,god ( battle 7!y ?\ght7 w\ld surely give ! victory only into ! h&s ( 8 fav\r$ s]vants4 ,?us ! v success ( ! ,muhammadans seem$ to argue ! tru? ( _! religion4 ,! ,islamic ideal ( ! bro!rhood ( all believ]s 0 a p[]ful attraction t[>ds ?is cre$1 & ?\gh ! ,arab pride ( bir? /rove to refuse = sev]al g5]ations ! privileges ( ! rul+ race to ! new conv]ts1 /ill z 8cli5ts0 ( ! v>i\s ,arab tribes to :i* at fir/ !y us$ to be affiliat$1 !y receiv$ a recognis$ position 9 ! community1 & by ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,hijrah !y _h v9dicat$ = ?is ideal its true place 9 ,muslim !ology & at lea/ a !oretical recognition 9 ! /ate4 #aga ,b ! condition ( ! ,*ri/ians did n always cont9ue to be s tol]able z "u ! e>li] caliphs4 ,9 ! int]e/s ( ! true believ]s1 vexati\s conditions 7 sometimes impos$ ^u ! non-,muslim population 7or dhimms71 ) ! object ( secur+ = ! fai?ful sup]ior social advantages4 ,unsuccessful attempts 7 made by sev]al caliphs to exclude !m f ! public (fices4 ,decrees to ?is effect 7 pass$ by al-,manr 7#ged-gge71 al-,mutawakkil 7#hdg-hfa71 al-,muqtadir 7#ijh-icb71 & 9 ,egypt by al-mir 7#aaja-aacj71 "o ( ! ,fimid caliphs1 & by ! ,mamlk ,sultans 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 #agb ,b ! v fact t ^! decrees exclud+ ! dhimms f gov]nm5t po/s 7 s (t5 r5ew$1 is a sign ( ! want ( any cont9uity or p]si/5cy 9 putt+ su* intol]ant measures into practice4 ,9 fact !y may g5]ally be trac$ ei!r to popul> indignation excit$ by ! h>% & insol5t behavi\r ( ,*ri/ian (ficials1 #agc or to outbur/s ( fanaticism :i* =c$ ^u ! gov]nm5t acts ( oppression t 7 contr>y to ! g5]al _s ( ,muslim rule & 7 consequ5tly all[$ to lapse z soon z possible4 ,! beg9n+ ( a h>%] treatm5t ( ! native ,*ri/ian population dates f ! reign ( ,hrn al-,ra%d 7#ghf-hji7 :o ord]$ !m to we> a di/9ctive dress & give up ! gov]nm5t po/s !y held to ,muslims4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ord]s %[s h[ little "o at lea/ ( ! ord9ances ascrib$ to ,um> 0 obs]v$1 & ^! decrees 7 ! outcome1 n s mu* ( any purely religi\s feel+1 z ( ! political circum/ances ( ! "t4 ,! ,*ri/ians "u ,muhammadan rule h (t5 _h to suff] = ! bad fai? kept by =eign ,*ri/ian p[]s 9 _! relations ) ,muhammadan pr9ces1 & on ?is occasion x 0 ! trea*]y ( ! ,byzant9e ,emp]or1 ,nicephorus1 t caus$ ! ,*ri/ian "n to /9k 9 ! no/rils ( ,hrn4 #agd ,_m ( ! p]secutions ( ,*ri/ians 9 ,muslim c\ntries c be trac$ ei!r to di/ru/ ( _! loyalty1 excit$ by ! intrigues & int]f]5ce ( ,*ri/ian =eign]s & ! enemies ( ,islam1 or to ! bad feel+ /irr$ up by ! trea*]\s or brutal behavi\r ( ! latt] t[>ds ! ,musalmans4 ,religi\s fanaticism is1 h[ev]1 responsible = _m ( su* p]secutions1 z 9 ! reign ( ! ,caliph al-,mutawakkil 7#hdg-hfa71 "u :om sev]e measures ( oppression 7 tak5 aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,?is pr9ce took advantage ( ! /rong ,or?odox reaction t _h set 9 9 ,muhammadan !ology aga9/ ! rationali/ic & free?9k+ t5d5cies t _h _h free play "u =m] rul]s1--& came =w>d z ! *ampion ( ! extreme or?odox p>ty1 to :i* ! mass ( ! p z contra/$ ) ! high] classes belong$1 #age & :i* 0 eag] to exact v5geance = ! p]secutions x _h itself suff]$ 9 ! two prec$+ reigns2 #agf he s\ght to curry _! fav\r by p]secut+ ! ,mutazilites1 =bidd+ all fur!r discussions on ! ,qurn & decl>+ ! doctr9e t x 0 creat$1 to be h]etical2 he _h ! foll[]s ( ,al imprison$ & beat51 pull$ d[n ! tomb ( usayn at ,k>bal & =bade pilgrimages to be made to ! site4 ,! ,*ri/ians %>$ 9 ! suff]+s ( ! o!r h]etics2 = al-,mutawakkil put rigor\sly into =ce ! rules t _h be5 pass$ 9 =m] reigns prescrib+ a di/9ction 9 ! dress ( dhimms & ,muslims1 ord]$ t ! ,*ri/ians %\ld no long] be employ$ 9 ! public (fices1 d\bl$ ! capitation-tax1 =bade !m to h ,muslim slaves or use ! same ba?s z ! ,muslims1 & h>ass$ !m ) sev]al o!r re/rictions4 ,x is notewor?y t ! hi/orians ( ! ,ne/orian ,*ur*--:i* _h to suff] mo/ f ?is p]secution--describe x z some?+ new & individual to al-,mutawakkil1 & z ceas+ ) 8 dea?4 #agg ,"o ( 8 successors1 al-,muqtadir 7,a4,d4 #ijh-icb71 r5ew$ ^! regulations1 :i* ! lapse ( half a c5tury _h app>5tly caus$ to fall into disuse4 ,o!r outbur/s ( fanaticism l$ to ! de/ruction ( *ur*es & synagogues1 #agh & ! t]ror ( su* p]secution l$ to ! defection ( _m f ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 #agi ,b su* oppression 0 contr>y to ! tol]ant _s ( ,islam1 & to ! tea*+ traditionally ascrib$ to ! ,prophet2 #ahj & ! fanatical p>ty tri$ 9 va9 to en=ce ! p]si/5t execution ( ^! oppressive measures = ! humiliation ( ! non-,muslim population4 8,! ulama 7i4e4 ! le>n$1 ! cl]gy7 consid] ?is /ate ( ?+s2 !y weep & groan 9 sil5ce1 :ile ! pr9ces :o _h ! p[] ( putt+ d[n ^! crim9al abuses only %ut _! eyes to !m40 #aha ,! rules t a fanatical prie/hood may lay d[n = ! repression ( unbeliev]s _c always be tak5 z a crit]ion ( ! practice ( civil gov]nm5ts3 x is failure to realise ?is fact t has r5d]$ possible ! highly-col\r$ pictures ( ! suff]+s ( ! ,*ri/ians "u ,muhammadan rule1 drawn by writ]s :o h assum$ t ! prescriptions ( c]ta9 ,muslim !ologians repres5t$ an inv>iable practice4 ,su* outbur/s ( p]secution seem 9 "s cases to h be5 excit$ by ! alleg$ abuse ( _! position by ^? ,*ri/ians :o held high po/s 9 ! s]vice ( ! gov]nm5t2 !y ar\s$ consid]able ho/ility ( feel+ t[>ds !mselves by _! oppression ( ! ,muslims1 x be+ said t !y took advantage ( _! high position to plund] & annoy ! fai?ful1 treat+ !m ) great h>%ness & rud5ess & despoil+ !m ( _! l&s & money4 ,su* compla9ts 7 laid be=e ! caliphs al-,manr 7#ged-gge71 al-,mahd 7#gge-ghe71 al-,mamn 7#hac-hcc71 al-,mutawakkil 7#hdg-hfa71 al-,muqtadir 7#ijh-icb71 & _m ( _! successors4 #ahb ,!y also incurr$ ! odium ( _m ,muhammadans by act+ z ! spies ( ! ,abbsid dyna/y & hunt+ d[n ! adh]5ts ( ! displac$ ,umayyad family4 #ahc ,at a lat] p]iod1 dur+ ! "t ( ! ,crusades !y 7 accus$ ( treasonable correspond5ce ) ! ,crusad]s #ahd & br\ght on !mselves sev]e re/rictive measures :i* _c ju/ly be describ$ z religi\s p]secution4 ,9 proportion z ! lot ( ! conqu]$ peoples became h>d] to be>1 ! m irresi/ible 0 ! temptation to free !mselves f _! mis]ies1 by ! words1 8,!re is no god b ,god3 ,muammad is ! ,apo/le ( ,god40 ,:5 ! /ate 0 9 ne$ ( money--z 0 increas+ly ! case--! subject races 7 m & m burd5$ ) taxes1 s t ! condition ( ! non-,muslims 0 con/antly gr[+ m un5durable1 & conv]sions to ,islam increas$ 9 ! same proportion4 ,! dre>y record ( sc&als1 ) :i* ! pages ( ! ,*ri/ian hi/orians ( ?is lat] p]iod are fill$1 w\ld sugge/ t ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es _h fail$ to develop a moral fibre /rong en\gh to endure ! /ress ( adv]se conditions1 & :5 p]secution came1 ! reason = ! defection t foll[$ might--z ! hi/orian ( ! ,ne/orian ,*ur* sugge/s #ahe--;be s\ght = 9 ! prevail+ neglig5ce 9 ! p]=mance ( religi\s duties & ! evil life ( ! cl]gy4 ,fur!r causes t contribut$ to ! decrease ( ! ,*ri/ian population may be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! *ildr5 ( ! num]\s ,*ri/ian captive wom5 :o 7 c>ri$ (f to ! h>ems ( ! ,muslims _h to be br\ght up 9 ! religion ( _! fa!rs1 & 9 ! frequ5t temptation t 0 (f]$ to ! ,*ri/ian slave by an indulg5t ma/]1 ( pur*as+ 8 fre$om at ! price ( conv]sion to ,islam4 ,b ( any organis$ attempt to =ce ! acceptance ( ,islam on ! non-,muslim population1 or ( any sy/ematic p]secution int5d$ to /amp out ! ,*ri/ian religion1 we he> no?+4 ,_h ! caliphs *os5 to adopt ei!r c\rse ( action1 !y might h swept away ,*ri/ianity z easily z ,f]d9& & ,isabella drove ,islam out ( ,spa91 or ,l\is ,,xiv made ,prote/antism p5al 9 ,france1 or ! ,jews 7 kept out ( ,engl& = #cej ye>s4 ,! ,ea/]n ,*ur*es 9 ,asia 7 entirely cut (f f communion ) ! re/ ( ,*ri/5dom1 ?r\gh\t :i* no "o w\ld h be5 f\nd to lift a f+] on _! behalf1 z h]etical communions4 ,s t ! v survival ( ^! ,*ur*es to ! pres5t day is a /rong pro( ( ! g5]ally tol]ant attitude ( ! ,muhammadan gov]nm5ts t[>ds !m4 #ahf ,( ! anci5t ,*ur*es 9 ,we/]n ,asia at ! "t ( ! ,muhammadan conque/1 !re /ill survive ab\t #aej1jjj ,ne/orians1 #ahg & _! numb] w\ld h be5 l>g] b = ! proselytis+ ef=ts ( o!r ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es2 ! ,*aldees :o h submitt$ to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome numb] #gj1jjj1 9 #ahih ! ,ne/orian ,bi%op ,mr ,jonan1 ) sev]al ( ! cl]gy & #ae1jjj ,ne/orians 7 receiv$ into ! ,or?odox ,russian ,*ur*2 & numb]s ( ,ne/orians h also become ,prote/ants4 #ahh ,! ,jacobite ,patri>* ( ,antio* ex]cises jurisdiction ov] ab\t #hj1jjj memb]s ( ?is anci5t ,*ur*1 :ile #be1jjj families ( ,uniat ,jacobites obey ! ,syrian ,ca?olic ,patri>*4 #ahi ,belong+ to ! ,greek ,or?odox ,*ur*1 !re are #bh1hcf families "u ! ,patri>* ( ,antio* & m ?an #ae1jjj p]sons "u ! ,patri>* ( ,j]usalem1 #aij :ile ! ,mel*ites or ,greek-,ca?olics numb] ab\t #acj1jjj4 #aia ,! ,m>onite ,*ur*1 :i* has be5 9 union ) ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* s9ce ! ye> #aahb1 has a foll[+ ( #cjj1jjj4 #aib ,! m>vel is t ^! isolat$ & scatt]$ communities %\ld h surviv$ s long1 expos$ z !y h be5 to ! ravages ( w>1 pe/il5ce & fam9e1 #aic liv+ 9 a c\ntry t 0 = c5turies a cont9ual battle-field1 ov]run by ,turks1 ,mongols & ,crusad]s1 #aid x be+ fur!r rememb]$ t !y 7 =bidd5 by ! ,muhammadan law to make good ?is decay ( _! numb]s by proselytis+ ef=ts--if inde$ !y _h c>$ to d s1 = !y seem 7) ! exception ( ! ,ne/orians7 ev5 be=e ! ,muhammadan conque/1 to h lo/ t mission>y _s1 )\t :i*1 z hi/ory abundantly %[s1 no heal?y life is possible 9 a ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,x has also be5 sugge/$ t ! mona/ic ideal ( cont95ce s widespread 9 ! ,ea/1 & ! ,*ri/ian practice ( monogamy1 toge!r ) ! s5se ( insecurity & _! s]vile condition1 may h act$ z *ecks on ! gr[? ( ! ,*ri/ian population4 #aie ,( ! details ( conv]sion to ,islam we h h>dly any in=mation4 ,at ! "t ( ! fir/ occupation ( _! c\ntry by ! ,arabs1 ! ,*ri/ians appe> to h gone ov] to ,islam 9 v l>ge numb]s4 ,"s idea ( ! ext5t ( ^! e>ly conv]sions 9 ,irq = example may be =m$ f ! fact t ! income f taxation 9 ! reign ( ,um> 0 f #ajj to #abj million dirhams1 :ile 9 ! reign ( ,abd al-,malik1 ab\t fifty ye>s lat]1 x _h sunk to =ty millions3 :ile ?is fall 9 ! rev5ue is l>gely attributable to ! deva/ation caus$ by w>s & insurrections1 /ill x 0 *iefly due to ! fact t l>ge numb]s ( ! population _h become ,muhammadan & consequ5tly c\ld no long] be call$ ^u to pay ! capitation-tax4 #aif ,?is same p]iod witnesses ! conv]sion ( l>ge numb]s ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ,khursn1 z we le>n f a lett] ( a contempor>y ecclesia/ic1 ! ,ne/orian ,patri>* %yabh ,,iii1 address$ to ,simeon1 ! ,metropolitan ( ,rev-,arda%r & ,primate ( ,p]sia4 ,we possess s v few ,*ri/ian docum5ts ( ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,hijrah1 & ?is lett] be>s su* /rik+ te/imony to ! peaceful "* ( ! spread ( ! new fai?1 & has moreov] be5 s little notic$ by mod]n hi/orians--t x may well be quot$ "h at l5g?4 8,:]e are ?y sons1 ,o fa!r b]eft ( sons8 ,:]e is t great p ( ,m]v1 :o ?\gh !y beheld nei!r sword1 nor fire or tortures1 captivat$ only by love = a moiety ( _! goods1 h turn$ aside1 l fools1 f ! true pa? & ru%$ headlong into ! pit ( fai?lessness--into ev]la/+ de/ruction1 & h utt]ly be5 br\ght to n\ght1 :ile two prie/s only 7prie/s at lea/ 9 "n71 h1 l br&s snat*$ f ! burn+1 escap$ ! dev\r+ flames ( infidelity4 ,alas1 alas6 ,out ( s _m ?\s&s :o bore ! "n ( ,*ri/ians1 n ev5 "o s+le victim 0 consecrat$ unto ,god by ! %$d+ ( 8 blood = ! true fai?4 ,:]e1 too1 are ! sanctu>ies ( ,kirmn & all ,p]sia8 x is n ! com+ ( ,satan or ! m&ates ( ! k+s ( ! e>? or ! ord]s ( gov]nors ( prov9ces t h laid !m wa/e & 9 ru9s--b ! feeble brea? ( "o contemptible little demon1 :o 0 n deem$ wor?y ( ! hon\r ( demons by ^? demons :o s5t him on 8 err&1 nor 0 end[$ by ,satan ! s$uc] ) ! p[] ( diabolical deceit1 t he might display x 9 y\r l&2 b m]ely by ! nod ( 8 comm& he has ?r[n d[n all ! *ur*es ( y\r ,p]sia4444 ,& ! ,arabs1 to :om ,god at ?is "t has giv5 ! empire ( ! _w1 behold1 !y are among y1 z ye "k well3 & yet !y attack n ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 b1 on ! contr>y1 !y fav\r our religion1 d hon\r to our prie/s & ! sa9ts ( ! ,"l1 & conf] b5efits on *ur*es & mona/]ies4 ,:y !n h y\r p ( ,m]v ab&on$ _! fai? = ! sake ( ^! ,arabs8 & t1 too1 :5 ! ,arabs1 z ! p ( ,m]v !mselves decl>e1 h n compell$ !m to leave _! own religion b suff]$ !m to keep x safe & undefil$ if !y gave up only a moiety ( _! goods4 ,b =sak+ ! fai? :i* br+s et]nal salvation1 !y clung to a moiety ( ! goods ( ?is fleet+ _w3 t fai? :i* :ole nations h pur*as$ & ev5 to ?is day d pur*ase by ! %$d+ ( _! blood & ga9 !reby ! inh]itance ( et]nal life1 y\r p ( ,m]v 7 will+ to b>t] = a moiety ( _! goods--& ev5 less40 #aig ,! reign ( ! caliph ,um> ,,ii 7,a4,d4 #gag-gbj7 p>ticul>ly 0 m>k$ ) v ext5sive conv]sions3 he organis$ a zeal\s mission>y movem5t & (f]$ e k9d ( inducem5t to ! conqu]$ peoples to accept ,islam1 ev5 mak+ !m grants ( money2 on "o occasion he is said to h giv5 a ,*ri/ian milit>y (fic] ! sum ( #ajjj dnrs to induce him to accept ,islam4 #aih ,he in/ruct$ ! gov]nors ( ! prov9ces to invite ! dhimms to ! ,muslim fai?1 & al-,j>r b4 ,abd ,allh1 gov]nor ( ,khursn1 is said to h conv]t$ ab\t #djjj p]sons4 #aii ,he is ev5 said to h writt5 a lett] to ! ,byzant9e ,emp]or1 ,leo ,,iii1 urg+ on him ! acceptance ( ! fai? ( ,islam4 #bjj ,he abrogat$ ! decree pass$ 9 ,a4,d4 #gjj = ! purpose ( arre/+ ! impov]i%m5t ( ! treasury1 accord+ to :i* ! conv]t to ,islam 0 n releas$ f ! capitation-tax1 b 0 compell$ to cont9ue to pay x z be=e2 ev5 ?\gh ! dhimm apo/atis$ ! v day be=e 8 ye>ly paym5t ( ! jizyah 0 due or :ile 8 contribution 0 actually be+ weigh$ 9 ! scales1 x 0 to be remitt$ to ! new conv]t4 #bja ,he no long] exact$ ! kh>j f ! ,muhammadan own]s ( l&$ prop]ty1 & impos$ ^u !m ! f> light] burd5 ( a ti!4 ,^! measures1 ?\gh f9ancially mo/ ru9\s1 7 em95tly successful 9 ! way ! pi\s-m9d$ caliph desir$ !y %\ld be1 & enorm\s numb]s ha/5$ to enrol !mselves among ! ,muslims4 #bjb ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be suppos$ t su* worldly consid]ations 7 ! only influ5ces at "w 9 ! conv]sion ( ! ,*ri/ians to ,islam4 ,! controv]sial works ( ,/4 ,john ( ,damascus1 ( ! same c5tury1 give u glimpses ( ! zeal\s ,muslim /riv+ to und]m9e by 8 argum5ts ! f\ndations ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! v dialogue =m into :i* ^! treatises are ?r[n1 & ! frequ5t repetition ( su* phrases z 8,if ! ,s>ac5 asks y10--8,if ! ,s>ac5 says 444 !n tell him0 444--give !m an air ( vraisemblance & make !m appe> z if !y 7 int5d$ to provide ! ,*ri/ians ) ready answ]s to ! num]\s objections :i* _! ,muslim neighb\rs br\ght aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian cre$4 #bjc ,t ! aggressive attitude ( ! ,muhammadan disputant is mo/ prom95tly br\ght =w>d 9 ^! dialogues is only :at might be expect$1 x be+ no "p ( ?is great !ologian's purpose to en%r9e 9 8 writ+s an apology = ,islam4 ,8 pupil1 ,bi%op ,!odore ,ab ,qurrah1 also wrote sev]al controv]sial dialogues #bjd ) ,muhammadans1 9 :i* ! disputants range ov] all ! po9ts ( dispute betwe5 ! two fai?s1 ! ,muslim z be=e be+ ! fir/ to take up ! cudgels1 & enabl+ u to =m "s slight idea ( ! activity ) :i* ! cause ( ,islam 0 prosecut$ at ?is p]iod4 8,! ?\ghts ( ! ,ag>5es10 says ! bi%op1 8& all _! zeal1 are direct$ t[>ds ! d5ial ( ! div9ity ( ,god ! ,^w1 & !y /ra9 e ef=t to ?is end40 #bje ,! ,ne/orian ,patri>*1 ,timo!us1 us$ to hold discussions on religi\s matt]s 9 ! pres5ce ( ! caliphs1 al-,hd & ,hrn al-,ra%d1 & embodi$ !m 9 a "w t is n[ lo/4 #bjf ,timo!us _h secur$ 8 election to ! patri>*ate 9 ! face ( ! active opposition ( _m ( ! mo/ p[]ful ecclesia/ics ( 8 own ,*ur*2 among ^! 0 ,joseph1 ! metropolitan ( ,m]v1 :o intrigu$ aga9/ him ) ! caliph1 al-,mahd 7#gge-ghe71 b 0 p]suad$ by ! caliph to accept ,islam & 0 rew>d$ = 8 apo/asy ) ri* pres5ts & an (ficial appo9tm5t 9 ,barah4 #bjg ,^! details f ! fir/ two c5turies ( ! ,hijrah are meagre 9 ! extreme & r sugge/ ! exi/5ce ( proselytis+ ef=ts ?an furni% def9ite facts4 ,! e>lie/ docum5t ( a di/9ctly mission>y "* :i* has come d[n to u1 w\ld seem to date f ! reign ( al-,mamn 7#hac-hcc71 & takes ! =m ( a lett] #bjh writt5 by a c\s9 ( ! caliph to a ,*ri/ian ,arab ( noble bir? & ( consid]able di/9ction at ! c\rt1 & held 9 high e/eem by al-,mamn himself4 ,9 ?is lett] he begs 8 fri5d to embrace ,islam1 9 t]ms ( affectionate appeal & 9 language t /rik+ly illu/rates ! tol]ant attitude ( ! ,muslims t[>ds ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* at ?is p]iod4 ,?is lett] occupies an almo/ unique place 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! propagation ( ,islam1 & has on ?is acc\nt be5 giv5 9 full 9 an app5dix4 #bji ,9 ! same "w we h a report ( a spee* made by ! caliph at an assembly ( 8 nobles1 9 :i* he speaks 9 tones ( ! /ronge/ contempt ( ^? :o _h become ,muhammadans m]ely out ( worldly & selfi% motives1 & comp>es !m to ! ,hypocrites :o :ile pret5d+ to be fri5ds ( ! ,prophet1 9 secret plott$ aga9/ 8 life4 ,b j z ! ,prophet return$ good = evil1 s ! caliph resolves to treat ^! p]sons ) c\rtesy & =be>ance until ,god %\ld decide betwe5 !m4 #baj ,! record ( ?is compla9t on ! "p ( ! caliph is int]e/+ z indicat+ t dis9t]e/$ & g5u9e conviction 0 expect$ & look$ = 9 ! new conv]t to ,islam1 & t ! discov]y ( self-seek+ & unwor?y motives drew ^u him ! sev]e/ c5sure4 ,al-,mamn himself 0 v zeal\s 9 8 ef=ts to spread ! fai? ( ,islam1 & s5t invitations to unbeliev]s ev5 9 ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( 8 dom9ions1 su* z ,transoxania & ,f>ghnah4 #baa ,at ! same "t he did n abuse 8 royal p[]1 by attempt+ to =ce 8 own fai? ^u o!rs3 :5 a c]ta9 ,yazdnbakht1 a lead] ( ! ,mani*an sect1 came on a visit to ,baghdd #bab & held a disputation ) ! ,muslim !ologians1 9 :i* he 0 utt]ly sil5c$1 ! caliph tri$ to induce him to embrace ,islam4 ,b ,yazdnbakht refus$1 say+1 8,comm&] ( ! fai?ful1 y\r advice is he>d & y\r words h be5 li/5$ to2 b y are "o ( ^? :o d n =ce m5 to ab&on _! religion40 ,s f> f res5t+ ! ill-success ( 8 ef=ts1 ! caliph furni%$ him ) a bodygu>d1 t he might n be expos$ to insult f ! fanatical populace4 #bac ,"s scanty ref]5ces are made by ,*ri/ian hi/orians to cases ( ecclesia/ical dignit>ies :o became ,muhammadans1 e4g4 ,george1 ,bi%op ( ,barayn1 ab\t ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury1 hav+ be5 depos$ f 8 (fice = "s ecclesia/ical (f5ce1 ex*ang$ ! ,*ri/ian fai? = t ( ,islam1 #bad & ! conv]sion ( a bro!r ( ,gabriel1 metropolitan ( ,frs ab\t ! middle ( ! t5? c5tury1 only receives m5tion because ! fact ( 8 hav+ become a ,muslim 0 alleg$ z disqualify+ ,gabriel = election to ! patri>*ate ( ! ,ne/orian *ur*4 #bae ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! same c5tury1 ,!odore1 ! ,ne/orian ,bi%op ( ,be? ,g>mai1 became a ,muslim1 & !re is no m5tion ( any =ce or compulsion by ! ecclesia/ical hi/orian #baf :o records ! fact1 z !re und\bt$ly w\ld h be51 _h su* exi/$4 ,"s ye>s lat] 7betwe5 ,a4,d4 #ifb & #igi71 ,philox5os1 a ,jacobite ,bi%op ( dh>bayjn1 also became a ,muslim1 #bag & 9 ! foll[+ c5tury1 9 #ajaf1 ,ignatius1 #bah ! ,jacobite ,metropolitan ( ,takrt1 :o _h held ?is (fice = tw5ty-five ye>s1 set out = ,baghdd & embrac$ ,islam 9 ! pres5ce ( ! caliph al-,qdir1 tak+ ! "n ( ,ab ,muslim4 #bai ,x w\ld be exce$+ly int]e/+ if an ,apologia pro ,vita ,sua _h surviv$ to reveal to u ! religi\s developm5t t took place 9 ! m9d ( ei!r ( ^! conv]ts4 ,! ,*ri/ian *ronicl] h9ts at immorality 9 ! la/ ?ree cases1 b su* an accusation uncorroborat$ by any fur!r evid5ce is op5 to suspicion1 #bbj mu* z x w\ld be if br\ght =w>d by a ,roman ,ca?olic :5 record+ ! conv]sion ( a prie/ ( 8 own communion to ! ,prote/ant fai?4 ,x is d\btless ow+ to _! exalt$ position 9 ! ,*ur* t ! conv]sion ( ^! prom95t ecclesia/ics ( two ho/ile ,*ri/ian sects has be5 h&$ d[n to u1 :ile t ( m obscure individuals has n be5 record$4 ,z ,b>hebru br+s 8 ecclesia/ical *ronicle ne>] to 8 own "t1 he gives full] details ( ! c>e] ( su* conv]ts1 e4g4 9 record+ ! public lapse ( "s ( ! ,jacobite bi%ops1 9 ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury he makes p>ticul> m5tion ( ,a>on1 bi%op ( a t[n 9 ,khursn1 z hav+ become a ,muhammadan aft] hav+ be5 convict$ ( "s moral fault2 rep5t+ ( ?is *ange1 he wi%$ to rega9 8 episcopal /atus1 & :5 ?is 0 refus$ him1 w5t to ,con/ant9ople & abjur$ ! ,monophysite doctr9es ( ! ,jacobite ,*ur*2 !n app>5tly dissatisfi$ ) ! reception he receiv$ 9 ,con/ant9ople1 he return$ to ! ,jacobite ,patri>*1 b a second "t w5t ov] to ,islam 8)\t any reason02 !n rep5t+ aga91 he f9ally end$ 8 days among ! ,m>onites ( ,m\nt ,lebanon4 #bba ,a contempor>y ( ,b>hebru1 9 ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury--,daniel1 ,bi%op ( ,khabur--:o is said to h be5 pr(ici5t 9 secul> le>n+1 s\ght to be appo9t$ to ! diocese ( ,aleppo1 b disappo9t$ 9 ?is ambition1 he ab&on$ ! ,*ri/ian fai? & to ! grief & %ame ( all ,*ri/ian p 8became a ,muslim2 b ,god 7praise be to ,8 grace67 soon consol$ 8 afflict$ p & took away ! %ame f ! r$eem$1 ! r$eem$ ( ! ,"l2 = a few mon?s lat] t unhappy wret* di$ mis]ably 9 a c>avans]ai2 8 "n p]i%$1 he 0 tak5 away out ( our mid/1 & no man kn[e? 8 abid+ place40 #bbb ,b t ^! conv]sions 7 n m]ely isolat$ in/ances we h ! valuable evid5ce ( ,jacques de ,vitry1 ,bi%op ( ,acre 7#abaf-abbe71 :o ?us speaks ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* f 8 exp]i5ce ( x 9 ! ,holy ,l&3--8,weak5$ & lam5tably ensn>$1 nay r griev\sly w\nd$1 by ! ly+ p]suasions ( ! false prophet & by ! allurem5ts ( c>nal pleasure1 %e ha? sunk d[n1 & %e t 0 br\ght up 9 sc>let1 ha? embrac$ dunghills40 #bbc ,s f> ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es t h be5 describ$ z com+ )9 ! sph]e ( ,muhammadan influ5ce1 h be5 ! ,or?odox ,ea/]n ,*ur* & ! h]etical communions t _h sprung out ( x4 ,b ) ! close ( ! elev5? c5tury a fre% elem5t 0 add$ to ! ,*ri/ian population ( ,syria & ,pale/9e1 9 ! l>ge bodies ( ,crusad]s ( ! ,lat9 rite :o settl$ 9 ! k+dom ( ,j]usalem & ! o!r /ates f\nd$ by ! ,crusad]s1 :i* ma9ta9$ a prec>i\s exi/5ce = ne>ly two c5turies4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 occasional conv]sions to ,islam 7 made f among ^! =eign immigrants4 ,9 ! fir/ ,crusade1 = example1 a body ( ,g]mans & ,lomb>ds "u ! comm& ( a c]ta9 knight1 nam$ ,ra9aud1 _h sep>at$ !mselves f ! ma9 body & 7 besieg$ 9 a ca/le by ! ,saljq ,sultan1 ,arsln2 on pret5ce ( mak+ a sortie1 ,ra9aud & 8 p]sonal foll[]s ab&on$ _! un=tunate companions & w5t ov] to ! ,turks1 among :om !y embrac$ ,islam4 #bbd ,! hi/ory ( ! ill-fat$ second ,crusade pres5ts u ) a v rem>kable incid5t ( a simil> "*4 ,! /ory1 z told by ,odo ( ,deuil1 a monk ( ,/4 ,d5is1 :o1 9 ! capacity ( private *apla9 to ,l\is ,,vii1 accompani$ him on ?is ,crusade & wrote a graphic acc\nt ( x1 runs z foll[s4 ,:ile endeav\r+ to make _! way ov]l& ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or to ,j]usalem ! ,crusad]s su/a9$ a disa/r\s defeat at ! h&s ( ! ,turks 9 ! m\nta9-passes ( ,phrygia 7,a4,d4 #aadh71 & ) difficulty rea*$ ! seaport t[n ( ,attalia4 ,"h1 all :o c\ld af=d to satisfy ! exorbitant dem&s ( ! ,greek m]*ants1 took %ip = ,antio*2 :ile ! sick & w\nd$ & ! mass ( ! pilgrims 7 left beh9d at ! m]cy ( _! trea*]\s allies1 ! ,greeks1 :o receiv$ five hundr$ m>ks f ,l\is1 on condition t !y provid$ an escort = ! pilgrims & took c>e ( ! sick until !y 7 /rong en\gh to be s5t on aft] ! o!rs4 ,b no soon] _h ! army left1 ?an ! ,greeks in=m$ ! ,turks ( ! helpless condition ( ! pilgrims1 & quietly look$ on :ile fam9e1 disease & ! arr[s ( ! enemy c>ri$ havoc & de/ruction ?r\gh ! camp ( ^! un=tunates4 ,driv5 to desp]ation1 a p>ty ( ?ree or f\r ?\s& attempt$ to escape1 b 7 surr\nd$ & cut to pieces by ! ,turks1 :o n[ press$ on to ! camp to foll[ up _! victory4 ,! situation ( ! survivors w\ld h be5 utt]ly hopeless1 _h n ! sight ( _! mis]y melt$ ! he>ts ( ! ,muhammadans to pity4 ,!y t5d$ ! sick & reliev$ ! poor & />v+ ) op5-h&$ lib]ality4 ,"s ev5 b\ght up ! ,fr5* money :i* ! ,greeks _h got out ( ! pilgrims by =ce or cunn+1 & lavi%ly di/ribut$ x among ! ne$y4 ,s great 0 ! contra/ betwe5 ! k9d treatm5t ! pilgrims receiv$ f ! unbeliev]s & ! cruelty ( _! fell[-,*ri/ians1 ! ,greeks1 :o impos$ =c$ lab\r ^u !m1 beat !m & robb$ !m ( :at little !y _h left1 t _m ( !m volunt>ily embrac$ ! fai? ( _! deliv]]s4 ,z ! old *ronicl] says3 8,avoid+ _! co-religioni/s :o _h be5 s cruel to !m1 !y w5t 9 safety among ! infidels :o _h compassion ^u !m1 &1 z we he>d1 m ?an ?ree ?\s& jo9$ !mselves to ! ,turks :5 !y retir$4 ,oh1 k9dness m cruel ?an all trea*]y6 ,!y gave !m bread b robb$ !m ( _! fai?1 ?\gh x is c]ta9 t cont5t$ ) ! s]vices !y p]=m$1 !y compell$ no "o among !m to r5\nce 8 religion40 #bbe ,! increas+ int]c\rse betwe5 ,*ri/ians & ,muslims1 ! gr[+ appreciation on ! "p ( ! ,crusad]s ( ! virtues ( _! oppon5ts1 :i* s /rik+ly di/+ui%es ! lat] f ! e>li] *ronicl]s ( ! ,crusades1 #bbf ! num]\s imitations ( ,ori5tal mann]s & ways ( life by ! ,franks settl$ 9 ! ,holy ,l&1 did n fail to ex]cise a correspond+ influ5ce on religi\s op9ions4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable features ( ?is influ5ce is ! tol]ant attitude ( _m ( ! ,*ri/ian ,knights t[>ds ! fai? ( ,islam--an attitude ( m9d t 0 mo/ vehem5tly d5\nc$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,:5 ,uma b4 ,munqidh1 a ,syrian ,amr ( ! twelf? c5tury1 visit$ ,j]usalem1 dur+ a p]iod ( truce1 ! ,knights ,templ>1 :o _h occupi$ ! ,masjid al-,aq1 assign$ to him a small *apel adjo9+ x1 = him to say 8 pray]s 91 & !y /rongly res5t$ ! int]f]5ce ) ! devotions ( _! gue/ on ! "p ( a newly-arriv$ ,crusad]1 :o took ?is new dep>ture 9 ! direction ( religi\s fre$om 9 v bad "p4 #bbg ,x w\ld inde$ h be5 /range if religi\s que/ions _h n =m$ a topic ( discussion on ! _m occasions :5 ! ,crusad]s & ! ,muslims met toge!r on a fri5dly foot+1 dur+ ! frequ5t truces1 especially :5 x 0 religion itself t _h br\ght ! ,crusad]s into ! ,holy ,l& & set !m ^u ^! con/ant w>s4 ,:5 ev5 ,*ri/ian !ologians 7 l$ by _! p]sonal int]c\rse ) ! ,muslims to =m a ju/] e/imate ( _! religion1 & contact ) new modes ( ?\ght 0 unsettl+ ! m9ds ( m5 & giv+ rise to a sw>m ( h]esies1 x is n surpris+ t _m %\ld h be5 drawn into ! pale ( ,islam4 #bbh ,! r5egades 9 ! twelf? c5tury 7 9 suffici5t numb]s to be notic$ 9 ! /atute books ( ! ,crusad]s1 ! s-call$ ,assises ( ,j]usalem1 accord+ to :i*1 9 c]ta9 cases1 _! bail 0 n accept$4 #bbi ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to discov] :o 7 ! ,muslims :o busi$ !mselves 9 w9n+ ^! conv]ts to ,islam1 b !y seem to h left no record ( _! lab\rs4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t !y _h at _! head ! great ,salad9 himself1 :o is describ$ by 8 biograph] z sett+ be=e 8 ,*ri/ian gue/ ! beauties ( ,islam & urg+ him to embrace x4 #bcj ,! h]oic life & "* ( ,salad9 seems to h ex]cis$ an especial fasc9ation on ! m9ds ( ! ,*ri/ians ( 8 "t2 "s ev5 ( ! ,*ri/ian knights 7 s /rongly attract$ t[>ds him t !y ab&on$ ! ,*ri/ian fai? & _! own p & jo9$ !mselves to ! ,muslims2 su* 0 ! case1 = example1 ) a c]ta9 ,engli% ,templ>1 nam$ ,rob]t ( ,/4 ,albans1 :o 9 ,a4,d4 #aahe gave up ,*ri/ianity = ,islam & aft]w>ds m>ri$ a gr&-daught] ( ,salad94 #bca ,two ye>s lat]1 ,salad9 invad$ ,pale/9e & utt]ly defeat$ ! ,*ri/ian army 9 ! battle ( in1 ,guy1 k+ ( ,j]usalem1 be+ among ! prison]s4 ,on ! eve ( ! battle1 six ( 8 knights1 8possess$ ) a devili% _s10 des]t$ ! k+ & escap$ into ! camp ( ,salad91 :]e ( _! own accord !y became ,s>ac5s4 #bcb ,at ! same "t ,salad9 seems to h _h an und]/&+ ) ,raymund ,,iii1 ,c\nt ( ,tripoli1 accord+ to :i* he 0 to induce 8 foll[]s to ab&on ! ,*ri/ian fai? & g ov] to ! ,muslims2 b ! sudd5 dea? ( ! ,c\nt effectually put a /op to ! execution ( ?is s*eme4 #bcc ,! fall ( ,j]usalem & ! successes ( ,salad9 9 ! ,holy ,l& /irr$ up ,europe to und]take ! ?ird ,crusade1 ! *ief incid5t ( :i* 0 ! siege ( ,acre 7,a4,d4 #aahi-aaia74 ,! fe>ful suff]+s t ! ,*ri/ian army 0 expos$ to1 f fam9e & disease1 drove _m ( !m to des]t & seek relief f ! crav+s ( hung] 9 ! ,muslim camp4 ,( ^! des]t]s1 _m made _! way back aga9 aft] "s "t to ! army ( ! ,crusad]s2 on ! o!r h&1 _m elect$ to ?r[ 9 _! lot ) ! ,muslims2 "s1 tak+ s]vice "u _! =m] enemies1 /ill rema9$ true to ! ,*ri/ian fai? & 7we are told7 7 well pleas$ ) _! new ma/]s1 :ile o!rs embrac+ ,islam became good ,muslims4 #bcd ,! conv]sion ( ^! des]t]s is record$ also by ! *ronicl] :o accompani$ ,ri*>d ,i ^u ?is ,crusade3--8,"s ( our m5 7^: fate _c be told or he>d )\t griev\s sorr[7 yield+ to ! sev]ity ( ! sore fam9e1 9 a*iev+ ! salvation ( ! body1 incurr$ ! damnation ( _! s\ls4 ,= aft] ! great] "p ( ! affliction 0 pa/1 !y des]t$ & fl$ to ! ,turks3 nor did !y hesitate to become r5egades2 9 ord] t !y might prolong _! temporal life a little space1 !y pur*as$ et]nal dea? ) horrid blasphemies4 ,o baleful traffick+6 ,o %ameful de$ beyond all puni%m5t6 ,o fooli% man lik5$ unto ! fooli% bea/s1 :ile he flees f ! dea? t mu/ inevitably come soon1 he %uns n ! dea? un5d+40 #bce ,f ?is "t onw>ds ref]5ces to r5egades are n infrequ5tly to be met ) 9 ! writ+s ( ^? :o travell$ to ! ,holy ,l& & o!r c\ntries ( ! ,ea/4 ,! t]ms ( ! oa? :i* 0 propos$ to ,/4 ,l\is by 8 ,muhammadan captors :5 he 0 call$ ^u to promise to pay ! ransom impos$ ^u him 7,a4,d4 #abej71 7 sugge/$ by c]ta9 :ilom prie/s :o _h become ,muslims2 #bcf & :ile ?is bus9ess ( pay+ ! ransom 0 /ill be+ c>ri$ on1 ano!r r5egade1 a ,fr5*man1 born at ,prov9s1 came to br+ a pres5t to ! k+3 he _h accompani$ ,k+ ,john ( ,j]usalem on 8 exp$ition aga9/ ,damietta 9 #abai & _h rema9$ 9 ,egypt1 m>ri$ a ,muhammadan wife & become a great "l 9 t c\ntry4 #bcg ,! dang] ( ! pilgrims to ! ,holy ,l& becom+ conv]ts to ,islam 0 s cle>ly recognis$ at ?is "t t 9 a 8,remembrance10 writt5 ab\t #abff by ,amaury de la ,ro*e1 ! ma/] ( ! ,knights ,templ> 9 ,france1 he reque/s ! ,pope & ! legates ( ,france & ,sicily to prev5t ! poor & ! ag$ & ^? incapable ( be>+ arms f cross+ ! sea to ,pale/9e1 = su* p]sons ei!r got kill$ or 7 tak5 prison]s by ! ,s>ac5s or turn$ r5egades4 #bch ,ludolf de ,su*em1 :o travell$ 9 ! ,holy ,l& f #accf to #acda1 speaks ( ?ree r5egades he f\nd at ,hebron2 !y _h come f ! diocese ( ,m9d5 & _h be5 9 ! s]vice ( a ,we/phalian knight1 :o 0 held 9 high hon\r by ! ,soldan & o!r ,muhammadan pr9ces4 #bci ,^! scatt]$ notices are no d\bt significant ( m ext5sive conv]sions ( ,*ri/ians to ,islam1 ( :i* no record has come d[n to u3 e4g4 !re 7 said to be ab\t #be1jjj r5egades 9 ! city ( ,cairo t[>ds ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 #bdj & !re mu/ h be5 _m also to be f\nd 9 ! cities ( ! ,holy ,l& aft] ! disappe>ance ( ! ,lat9 pr9c$oms ( ! ,ea/4 ,b ! ,muhammadan hi/orians ( ?is p]iod seem to h be5 too busily engag$ 9 record+ ! exploits ( pr9ces & ! vicissitudes ( dyna/ies1 to turn _! att5tion to religi\s *anges 9 ! lives ( obscure individuals2 & 7z f> z ,i h be5 able to discov]7 !y z little notice ! conv]sions ( ,*ri/ians to ,islam z ( ^? ( _! own co-religioni/s to ,*ri/ianity4 ,consequ5tly1 we h to dep5d = our k ( bo? ( ^! classes ( ev5ts on ,*ri/ian writ]s1 :o1 :ile !y give u detail$ & sympa!tic acc\nts ( ! latt]1 be> unwill+ te/imony to ! exi/5ce ( in/ances ( ! =m] & repres5t ! motives ( ! r5egades 9 ! wor/ light possible4 ,! possibility ( any ,*ri/ian becom+ conv]t$ to ,islam f hone/ conviction1 probably nev] ent]$ into ! head ( any ( ^! writ]s1 & ev5 _h su* an idea occurr$ to !m !y w\ld h>dly h v5tur$ to expose !mselves to ! ?und]s ( ecclesia/ical c5sure by giv+ op5 expression to x4 ,z an example ( ! r>e in/ances ( su* a conv]sion be+ record$1 ! acc\nt may "h be cit$ :i* ,fr] von ,haim5dorf1 :o 0 9 ,cairo 9 #aefe1 gives ( ! conv]sion ( a ,g]man s*ol> :o _h /udi$ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,leipzig4 8,s$ dum nos hanc moram ,cairi nectimus1 accidit ut ,ju/us quidam ,/ev5ius ,g]manus ,hamel5sis qui 9 iisdem dibus nobiscum habitav]at1 fide ,*ri/ianorum abnegata ,turc>um religioni se initi&um atque circumcid5dum obtul]it4 ,vir erat doctus1 qui diu se ,witeb]g ac ,lipsi /udiis op]am d$isse spe nobis n>rabat3 v]um de hoc facto int]rogatus1 peculi>em nunc sibi ,spiritum adesse ajebat1 s9e cujus in/9ctu nihil vel fac]e sibi1 vel cogit>e fas esset2 qu hom9is apo/asia nimium quantum animos no/ros commovit1 et ad fugam quasi excitavit4 ,eodem quoque die ,judu quidam1 qui paucis diebus ante religionem ,mahumetanam amplexus fu]at1 triumphali pompa p] urbem circumducebatur2 quod idem cum ,/ev5io i/o futurum esse1 ,janiss>ii quidam nobis affirmabant40 #bda ,f ! hi/orical s\rces quot$ above1 we h z little in=mation respect+ ! numb] ( ^! conv]ts z ( ! proselytis+ ef=ts made to induce !m to *ange _! fai?4 ,a motive frequ5tly assign$ = go+ ov] to ,islam is ! desire to escape ! dea? p5alty by means ( apo/asy4 ,european travell]s make frequ5t m5tion ( su* cases4 ,a late example ( su* an acc\nt may be select$1 = ! picturesqu5ess ( its language1 f ! report ( a ,jesuit1 :o 0 9 ,cairo 9 #afbg2 he saw a ,copt :o1 hav+ all[$ himself to be c>ri$ away 8p>tly by passion & p>tly by ! viol5ce ( an indiscreet zeal1 _h kill$ 8 bro!r ) 8 own h&1 9 dete/ation ( 8 hav+ 9 a da/>dly mann] left ,jesus ,*ri/ to embrace ,mahometanism1 9 ord] to deliv] himself f ! vexation ( ! ,turks4 ,! poor man 0 at once seiz$ 9 ! heat ( 8 crime1 & he boldly confess$ t ! r5egade1 unwor?y ( be+ 8 bro!r1 c\ld only wipe out s black a spot by 8 blood4 ,he 0 urg$ to ab&on 8 fai? 9 ord] to save 8 life10 b he decl>$ t he 0 resolv$ to die a ,*ri/ian2 ! cruel torm5ts1 h[ev]1 inflict$ on him by ! execution]s1 weak5$ 8 resolution & he yield$ at ! la/ mom5t4 8,?is disa/] *ang$ him 9 a mom5t f a confessor into a r5egade1 f a m>tyr into an apo/ate1 f a sa9t into "o ( ! damn$1 & f an angel into a v]itable devil4 ,he made ! pr(ession ( fai? or r ( p]fidy1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,mahometans 444 he 0 set at lib]ty1 ! lib]ty n ( ! sons ( ,god1 b ( ! sons ( p]dition40 ,lat] on1 ! reproa*es ( 8 consci5ce caus$ him aga9 to recant & he 0 put to dea? by ! ,muhammadans = 8 apo/asy4 #bdb ,! monk ,bur*>d1 #bdc writ+ ab\t #abhc1 a few ye>s be=e ! ,crusad]s 7 driv5 out ( _! la/ /rongholds & ! ,lat9 p[] 9 ! ,ea/ came utt]ly to an end--repres5ts ! ,*ri/ian population z l>gely outnumb]+ ! ,muslims ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ,muhammadan _w1 ! latt] 7except 9 ,egypt & ,arabia7 =m+ n m ?an ?ree or f\r p] c5t4 ( ! :ole population4 ,?is language is und\bt$ly exagg]at$ & ! good monk 0 c]ta9ly ra% 9 assum+ t :at he obs]v$ 9 ! cities ( ! ,crusad]s & ( ! k+dom ( ,little ,arm5ia held good 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,ea/4 ,b 8 words may be c]ta9ly tak5 to indicate t dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,crusades !re _h be5 no widespread conv]sion to ,islam1 & t :5 ! ,muhammadans resum$ _! sov]eignty ov] ! ,holy ,l&1 !y ext5d$ ! same tol]ation to ! ,*ri/ians z be=e1 suff]+ !m to 8pur*ase peace & quiet0 by ! paym5t ( ! jizyah4 ,! presumption is t ! conv]sions t took place 7 ( individual ,*ri/ians1 :o 7 p]suad$ 9 _! own m9ds be=e !y took ! f9al /ep4 ,in/ances h already be5 giv5 ( ,*ri/ians :o took s]vice "u ,muhammadan ma/]s1 9 ! full enjoym5t ( _! own fai?1 & ! ,assises ( ,j]usalem made a di/9ction betwe5 8^? :o h d5i$ ,god & foll[ ano!r law0 & 8all ^? :o h done arm$ s]vice to ! ,s>ac5s & o!r miscreants aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians = m ?an a ye> & a day40 #bdd ,! native ,*ri/ians c]ta9ly pref]r$ ! rule ( ! ,muhammadans to t ( ! ,crusad]s1 #bde & :5 ,j]usalem fell f9ally & = ev] into ! h&s ( ! ,muslims 7,a4,d4 #abdd71 ! ,*ri/ian population ( ,pale/9e seems to h welcom$ ! new ma/]s & to h submitt$ quietly & cont5t$ly to _! rule4 #bdf ,?is same s5se ( security ( religi\s life "u ,muslim rule l$ _m ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ,asia ,m9or1 also1 ab\t ! same "t1 to welcome ! adv5t ( ! ,saljq ,turks z _! deliv]]s f ! hat$ ,byzant9e gov]nm5t1 n only on acc\nt ( its oppressive sy/em ( taxation1 b also ( ! p]secut+ _s ( ! ,greek ,*ur*1 :i* _h ) su* cruelty cru%$ ! h]esies ( ! ,paulicians & ! ,iconocla/s4 ,9 ! reign ( ,mi*ael ,,viii 7#abfa-abhb71 ! ,turks 7 (t5 invit$ to take possession ( ! small] t[ns 9 ! int]ior ( ,asia ,m9or by ! inhabitants1 t !y might escape f ! tyranny ( ! empire2 & bo? ri* & poor (t5 emigrat$ into ,turki% dom9ions4 #bdg ,"s acc\nt /ill rema9s to be giv5 ( two o!r ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es ( ,we/]n ,asia1 viz4 ! ,arm5ian & ! ,georgian4 ,( ! =m] x may be said t ( all ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*es t h come "u ,muhammadan rule1 ! ,arm5ian ,*ur* has probably giv5 few] ( its memb]s 79 proportion to ! size ( ! community7 to swell ! ranks ( ,islam1 ?an any o!r4 ,s 9 spite ( ! int]e/ t atta*es to ! /ory ( ! /ruggle ( ?is brave nation aga9/ ov]:elm+ odds & ( ! fidelity ) :i* x has clung to ! ,*ri/ian fai?--?r\gh c5turies ( w>f>e & oppression1 p]secution & exile--x does n come )9 ! scope ( ! pres5t volume to d m ?an briefly indicate its connection ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,muhammadans4 ,! ,arm5ian k+dom surviv$ ! %ock ( ! ,arab conque/1 & 9 ! n9? c5tury rose to be a /ate ( "s importance & fl\ri%$ dur+ ! decay ( ! caliphate ( ,baghdd1 b 9 ! elev5? c5tury 0 ov]?r[n by ! ,saljq ,turks4 ,a b& ( fugitives f\nd$ ! k+dom ( ,less] ,arm5ia1 b ?is too disappe>$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! national life ( ! ,arm5ian p /ill surviv$ 9 spite ( ! loss ( _! indep5d5ce1 &1 z 0 ! case 9 ,greece "u ! ,turks1 _! religion & ! national *ur* s]v$ z ! rally+ po9t ( _! eag]1 undy+ patriotism4 ,?\gh a c]ta9 numb]1 "u ! pressure ( cruel p]secution1 h embrac$ ,islam1 yet ! bulk ( ! race has rema9$ true to its anci5t fai?4 ,z ,tav]ni] #bdh r unsympa!tically rem>ks1 8,!re may be "s few ,arm5ians1 t embrace ,mahometanism = worldly int]e/1 b !y are g5]ally ! mo/ ob/9ate p]sons 9 ! _w1 & mo/ firm to _! sup]/iti\s pr9ciples40 ,! ,georgian ,*ur* 7f\nd$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! f\r? c5tury7 0 an (f%oot f ! ,greek ,*ur*1 ) :i* %e has always rema9$ 9 communion1 al?\gh f ! middle ( ! six? c5tury ! ,patri>* or ,ka?olikos ( ! ,georgian ,*ur* decl>$ himself indep5d5t4 ,torn asund] by int]nal discords & expos$ to ! successive attacks ( ,greeks1 ,p]sians1 ,arabs1 ,turks & ,mongols1 ! hi/ory ( ?is h]oic w>rior p is "o ( almo/ un9t]rupt$ w>f>e aga9/ =eign foes & ( fi]cely conte/$ feuds betwe5 native *iefs3 ! reigns ( "o or two p[]ful mon>*s :o secur$ = _! subjects brief int]vals ( peace1 s]v+ only to br+ out 9 m /rik+ contra/ ! normally unsettl$ /ate ( ! c\ntry4 ,! fi]ce indep5d5t _s ( ! ,georgians t c\ld n brook a =eign rule has (t5 exasp]at$ well-nigh to madness ! fury ( _! ,muhammadan neighb\rs1 :5 !y fail$ to impose ^u !m ei!r _! civil au?ority or _! religion4 ,x is ?is circum/ance--t a *ange ( fai? impli$ loss ( political indep5d5ce--:i* expla9s 9 a great measure ! fact t ! ,georgian ,*ur* inscribes ! names ( s _m m>tyrs 9 h] cal5d>1 :ile ! annals ( ! ,greek ,*ur* dur+ ! same p]iod h no su* hon\r$ roll to %[4 ,x 0 n until aft] ,georgia _h be5 ov]run by ! deva/at+ armies ( ! ,mongols1 leav+ ru9$ *ur*es & mona/]ies & pyramids ( human heads to m>k ! progress ( _! de/roy+ ho/s1 & consequ5tly ! spiritual wants ( ! p _h rema9$ long unprovid$ =1 ow+ to ! decl9e 9 ! numb]s & le>n+ ( ! cl]gy--t ,*ri/ianity began to lose gr\nd4 #bdi ,ev5 among ^? :o /ill rema9$ ,*ri/ian1 "s add$ to ! suff]+s ( ! cl]gy by plund]+ ! prop]ty ( ! ,*ur* & appropriat+ to _! own use ! rev5ues ( *ur*es & mona/]ies1 & ?us ha/5$ ! decay ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 #bej ,9 #adjj ! invasion ( ,tmr add$ a cr[n+ horror to ! suff]+s ( ,georgia1 & ?\gh = a brief p]iod ! rule ( ,alex&] ,i 7#adad-addb7 deliv]$ ! c\ntry f ! =eign yoke & drove out all ! ,muhammadans--aft] 8 dea? x 0 aga9 brok5 up into a numb] ( petty pr9c$oms1 f :i* ! ,turks & ! ,p]sians wre/$ ! la/ %r$s ( indep5d5ce4 ,b ! ,muhammadans always f\nd ,georgia to be a turbul5t & rebelli\s possession1 ev] ready to break out into op5 revolt at ! slighte/ opportunity4 ,bo? ,turks & ,p]sians s\ght to secure ! allegiance ( ^! tr\blesome subjects by means ( conv]sion to ,islam4 ,aft] ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople & ! increase ( ,turki% p[] 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ! inhabitants ( ,akhaltsikh & o!r di/ricts to ! we/ ( x became ,muhammadans4 #bea ,9 #aegi two ,georgian pr9ces--bro!rs--came on an embassy to ,con/ant9ople ) a l>ge ret9ue ( ab\t two hundr$ p]sons3 "h ! y\ng] bro!r toge!r ) 8 att5dants became a ,musalman1 9 ! hope 7x 0 said7 ( !reby supplant+ 8 eld] bro!r4 #beb ,at a r lat] date1 ! conque/s ( ! ,turks br\ght "s ( ! di/ricts 9 ! v c5tre ( ,georgia into _! p[]1 ! inhabitants ( :i* embrac$ ! cre$ ( ! conqu]ors4 #bec ,f ?is p]iod ,samtzkh1 ! mo/ we/]n portion ( ,georgia1 recognis$ ! suz]a9ty ( ,turkey3 its rul]s & p 7 all[$ to cont9ue undi/urb$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 b f #afbe ! rul+ dyna/y became ,muhammadan & _m ( ! *iefs & ! ari/ocracy foll[$ _! example4 ,*ri/ianity reta9$ its hold ^u ! peasants mu* long]1 b :5 ! cl]gy ( ,samtzkh refus$ allegiance to ! ,ka?olikos ( ,k>?li1 !re ceas$ to be regul> provision made = supply+ ! spiritual ne$s ( ! p3 ! nobles1 ev5 be=e _! conv]sion1 _h tak5 to plund]+ ! e/ates ( ! ,*ur*1 & aft] becom+ ,musalmans !y naturally ceas$ to assi/ x ) _! (f]+s1 & ! *ur*es & mona/]ies fall+ into decay 7 replac$ by mosques4 #bed ,! re/ ( ,georgia _h submitt$ to ,p]sia1 & :5 ,tav]ni] visit$ ?is "p ( ! c\ntry1 ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 he f\nd x divid$ into two k+doms1 :i* 7 prov9ces ( ! ,p]sian empire1 & 7 gov]n$ by native ,georgian pr9ces :o _h to turn ,muhammadan be=e be+ advanc$ to ?is dignity4 #bee ,"o ( ! fir/ ( su* pr9ces 0 ! ,ts>evit* ,con/ant9e1 son ( ,k+ ,alex&] ,,ii ( ,kakhe?1 :o _h be5 br\ght up at ! ,p]sian c\rt & _h !re embrac$ ,islam1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 #bef ,! fir/ ,muhammadan k+ ( ,k>?li1 ! ,ts>evit* ,ru/am 7#afcd-afeh71 _h also be5 br\ght up 9 ,p]sia1 & he & 8 successors to ! end ( ! c5tury 7 all ,muhammadans4 #beg ,tav]ni] describes ! ,georgians z be+ v ignorant 9 matt]s ( religion & ! cl]gy z unlett]$ & vici\s2 "s ( ! heads ( ! ,*ur* actually sold ! ,*ri/ian boys & girls z slaves to ! ,turks & ,p]sians4 #beh ,f ?is p]iod !re seems to h be5 a widespread apo/asy1 especially among ! high] classes & ^? :o s\ght to w9 ! fav\r ( ! ,p]sian c\rt4 #bei ,9 #agja ! occupant ( ! ?rone ( ,georgia1 ,wakhtang ,,vi1 0 a ,*ri/ian3 = ! fir/ sev5 ye>s ( 8 reign he 0 a prison] 9 ,ispahan1 :]e great ef=ts 7 made to induce him to become a ,muhammadan2 :5 he decl>$ t he pref]r$ to lose 8 ?rone r ?an pur*ase x at ! price ( apo/asy1 x is said t 8 y\ng] bro!r1 al?\gh he 0 ! ,patri>* ( ,georgia1 (f]$ to ab&on ,*ri/ianity & embrace ,islam1 if ! cr[n 7 be/[$ ^u him1 b ?\gh inve/$ by ! ,p]sians ) ! royal p[]1 ! ,georgians refus$ to accept him z _! rul]1 & drove him out ( ! k+dom4 #bfj ,t[>ds ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! k+ ( ,georgia plac$ 8 p "u ! protection ( ! ,russian cr[n4 ,hi!rto _! int5se patriotic feel+ _h help$ to keep ! ,*ri/ian fai? alive among !m s long z _! =eign invad]s _h be5 ,musalmans1 b n[ t ! =eign p[] t s\ght to rob !m ( _! indep5d5ce 0 ,*ri/ian1 ?is same feel+ op]at$ 9 "s ( ! di/ricts nor? ( ! ,caucasus to ! advantage ( ,islam4 ,9 ,daghi/an a c]ta9 ,d>v% ,manr endeav\r$ to unite ! diff]5t tribes ( ! ,caucasus to oppose ! ,russians2 prea*+ ! fai? ( ,islam he succe$$ 9 conv]t+ ! pr9ces & nobles ( ,ubi*i/an & ,daghi/an1 :o h rema9$ fai?ful to ,islam ev] s9ce2 _m ( ! ,circassians1 too1 7 conv]t$ by 8 prea*+1 & pref]r$ exile to submitt+ to ! ,russian rule4 #bfa ,b 9 #agia he 0 tak5 prison]1 & 9 #ahjj ,georgia 0 =mally incorporat$ 9 ! ,russian empire4 ,d>v% ,manr 0 n alone 9 8 ef=ts to conv]t ! ,circassians4 ,:5 ! treaty ( ,k*ak-,qan>ji 9 #aggd _h recognis$ ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,crimea & op5$ ! ,black ,sea to ,russian vessels1 ! ,turki% gov]nm5t became al>m$ at ! prospect ( a fur!r movem5t ( ,russian dom9ation along ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! ,black ,sea & resolv$ to make an attempt to /ir ! ,circassians to resi/ance4 ,a ,turki% (fic]1 nam$ ,f>a ,al1 0 s5t 9 #aghb to e/abli% a milit>y colony at ,anpa1 ne> ! outlet ( ! sea ( ,azov1 & to ent] into relations ) ! ,circassian tribes4 ,f>a ,al's fir/ c>e 0 to seek ! h& ( a daught] ( "o ( ! ,circassian beys1 (f]+ ri* pres5ts ( arms1 horses1 etc41 to h] fa!r2 ! m>riage 0 celebrat$ ) great pomp & c]emony1 & ,f>a ,al enc\rag$ 8 soldi]s to foll[ 8 example1 by promis+ to defray ! exp5ses ( _! nuptials4 ,! result 0 t a numb] ( ,circassian wom5 jo9$ ! little colony & accept$ ! religion ( _! husb&s1 & ) ! zeal ( new conv]ts won ov] to ,islam _! fa!rs & bro!rs4 ,an active movem5t ( proselytism began1 & ! ,circassians :o came 9 contact ) ! ,turki% colony appe> readily to h ab&on$ _! pagan beliefs = ! religion ( ! ,qurn1 ! mollas 7 kept busy 9 in/ruct+ ! new ,muslims1 & help _h to be s\ght f ,con/ant9ople to deal ) ! increas+ numb] ( conv]sions4 #bfb ,b ! "w ( ,f>a ,al 0 %ort-liv$2 he di$ 9 #aghe & 8 tomb 0 rev]5c$ z t ( a sa9t1 b 8 "w p]i%$ ) him4 ,anpa pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ,russians 9 #ahab1 & :5 ! resi/ance ( ! ,circassians 0 f9ally ov]come 9 #ahfd1 m ?an half a million ,circassian ,muhammadans migrat$ into ,turki% t]ritory4 ,"u ,russian law conv]sions to any fai? o!r ?an t ( ! ,or?odox ,*ur* 7 illegal1 & ! fur!r progress ( ,islam 0 /ay$ until ! promulgation ( ! edict ( tol]ation 9 #aije4 ,"o ( ! results ( ?is 9 ! ,caucasus 0 a l>ge accession to ,islam f among ! ,abkhazes1 :o _h long be5 nom9al conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity1 b n[ became ,muhammadans 9 su* numb]s t ! ,or?odox cl]gy became al>m$ & f\nd$ a special society = ! di/ribution ( religi\s tracts among !m1 9 ! hope ( combat+ ,muhammadan influ5ces4 #bfc ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,islam ,,among ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,nations ,,( ,,africa4 ,islam 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,africa by ! ,arab army t invad$ ,egypt "u ! comm& ( ,amr b4 al- 9 ,a4,d4 #fdj4 ,?ree ye>s lat] ! )drawal ( ! ,byzant9e troops ab&on$ ! va/ ,*ri/ian population into ! h&s ( ! ,muslim conqu]ors4 ,! rapid success ( ! ,arab invad]s 0 l>gely due to ! welcome !y receiv$ f ! native ,*ri/ians1 :o hat$ ! ,byzant9e rule n only = its oppressive adm9i/ration1 b also--& *iefly--on acc\nt ( ! bitt]ness ( !ological ranc\r4 ,! ,jacobites1 :o =m$ ! majority ( ! ,*ri/ian population1 _h be5 v r\ghly h&l$ by ! ,or?odox adh]5ts ( ! c\rt & subject$ to indignities t h n be5 =gott5 by _! *ildr5 ev5 to ! pres5t day4 #bfd ,"s 7 tortur$ & !n ?r[n into ! sea2 _m foll[$ _! ,patri>* into exile to escape f ! h&s ( _! p]secutors1 :ile a l>ge numb] disguis$ _! real op9ions "u a pret5d$ acceptance ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on4 #bfe ,to ^! ,copts1 z ! ,jacobite ,*ri/ians ( ,egypt are call$1 ! ,muhammadan conque/ br\ght a fre$om ( religi\s life su* z !y _h n enjoy$ = a c5tury4 ,on paym5t ( ! tribute1 ,amr left !m 9 undi/urb$ possession ( _! *ur*es & gu>ante$ to !m autonomy 9 all ecclesia/ical matt]s1 ?us deliv]+ !m f ! cont9ual int]f]5ce t _h be5 s griev\s a burd5 "u ! previ\s rule2 he laid 8 h&s on none ( ! prop]ty ( ! *ur*es & committ$ no act ( spoliation or pillage4 #bff ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,muhammadan rule !n1 ! condition ( ! ,copts seems to h be5 fairly tol]able1 #bfg & !re is no evid5ce ( _! widespread apo/asy to ,islam be+ due to p]secution or unju/ pressure on ! "p ( _! new rul]s4 ,ev5 be=e ! conque/ 0 complete1 :ile ! capital1 ,alex&ria1 /ill held out1 _m ( !m w5t ov] to ,islam1 #bfh & a few ye>s lat] ! example ^! _h set 0 foll[$ by _m o!rs4 #bfi ,9 ! reign ( ,u?mn 7,a4,d4 #fdc-fee71 ! rev5ue d]iv$ f ,egypt am\nt$ to twelve millions2 a few ye>s lat]1 9 ! reign ( ,muwiyah 7#ffa-fgi71 x _h fall5 to five millions ow+ to ! enorm\s numb] ( conv]sions3 "u ,um> ,,ii 7#gag-gbj7 x fell /ill l[]1 s t ! gov]nor ( ,egypt #bgj propos$ t 9 future ! conv]ts %\ld n be exempt$ f ! paym5t ( ! capitation-tax1 b ?is ! pi\s caliph refus$ to all[1 say+ t ,god _h s5t ,muammad to call m5 to a k ( ! tru? & n to be a collector ( taxes4 #bga ,b lat] rul]s recognis$ t = fiscal reasons su* a policy 0 ru9\s to ! /ate1 & insi/$ on ! conv]ts cont9u+ to pay taxes z be=e2 !re 01 h[ev]1 no cont9uity 9 su* a policy1 & individual gov]nors act$ 9 an arbitr>y & irregul> mann]4 #bgb ,:5 af b4 al-,wald1 :o 0 gov]nor ( ,egypt 9 ,a4,d4 #gdd1 promis$ t all ^? :o became ,muslims w\ld be exempt$ f ! paym5t ( jizyah1 z _m z #bd1jjj ,*ri/ians are report$ to h accept$ ,islam4 #bgc ,a simil> proclamation is said to h be5 made by al-,saff1 ! fir/ ( ! ,abbsid caliphs1 soon aft] 8 accession 9 ,a4,d4 #gej1 = 8he wrote to ! :ole ( 8 dom9ions say+ t e "o :o embrac$ 8 religion & pray$ accord+ to 8 fa%ion1 %\ld be quit ( ! jizyah1 & _m1 bo? ri* & poor1 d5i$ ! fai? ( ,*ri/ by reason ( ! magnitude ( ! taxation & ! burd5s impos$ ^u !m40 #bgd ,9 fact _m ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ,egypt seem to h ab&on$ ,*ri/ianity z lightly & z rapidly z1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury1 !y _h embrac$ x4 ,prior to t p]iod1 a v small section ( ! population ( ! valley ( ! ,nile 0 ,*ri/ian1 b ! suff]+s ( ! m>tyrs 9 ! p]secution ( ,diocletian1 ! /ories ( ! miracles !y p]=m$1 ! national feel+ excit$ by ! s5se ( _! opposition to ! dictates ( ! =eign gov]nm5t1 #bge ! assurance t a p>adise ( delights 0 op5$ to ! m>tyr :o di$ "u ! h&s ( 8 torm5tors1--all ^! ?+s /irr$ up an en?usiasm t result$ 9 an incr$ibly rapid spread ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 8,in/ead ( be+ conv]t$ by prea*+1 z ! o!r c\ntries ( ! ,ea/ 71 ,egypt embrac$ ,*ri/ianity 9 a fit ( wild en?usiasm1 )\t any prea*+1 or in/ruction be+ giv51 ) h>dly any k ( ! new religion beyond ! "n ( ,jesus1 ! ,messiah1 :o be/[$ a life ( et]nal happ9ess on all :o confess$ ,him40 #bgf ,9 ! sev5? c5tury ,*ri/ianity _h probably v little hold on a great mass ( ! p ( ,egypt4 ,! !ological cat*words t _! lead]s made use (1 to /ir up 9 !m feel+s ( hatr$ & opposition to ! ,byzant9e gov]nm5t1 c\ld h be5 intelligible to a v few1 & ! rapid spread ( ,islam 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,arab occupation 0 probably due less to def9ite ef=ts to attract ?an to ! inability ( su* a ,*ri/ianity to reta94 ,! !ological basis = ! exi/5ce ( ! ,jacobites z a sep>ate sect1 ! t5ets t !y _h s long & at s great a co/ /ruggl$ to ma9ta91 7 embodi$ 9 doctr9es ( ! mo/ ab/ruse & metaphysical "*1 & _m d\btless turn$ 9 utt] p]plexity & we>9ess f ! int]m9able controv]sies t rag$ ar\nd !m1 to a fai? t 0 summ$ up 9 ! simple1 intelligible tru? ( ! ,unity ( ,god & ! mission ( ,8 ,prophet1 ,muammad4 ,ev5 )9 ! ,coptic ,*ur* itself at a lat] p]iod1 we f9d evid5ce ( a movem5t :i*1 if n di/9ctly ,muslim1 0 at lea/ closely alli$ !reto1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( any sep>ate ecclesia/ical organisation 9 :i* x might f9d expression1 probably contribut$ to ! increase ( ! conv]ts to ,islam4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury1 !re 0 9 ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,an?ony 7ne> ,if on ! ,nile71 a monk nam$ ,balu1 8le>n$ 9 ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ri/ian religion & ! duties ( ! mona/ic life1 & skill$ 9 ! rules ( ! canon-law4 ,b ,satan caught him 9 "o ( 8 nets2 = he began to hold op9ions at v>iance ) ^? taught by ! ,?ree ,hundr$ & ,eighte5 7( ,nica72 & he corrupt$ ! m9ds ( _m ( ^? :o _h no k or in/ruction 9 ! ,or?odox fai?4 ,he ann\nc$ ) 8 impure m\?1 9 8 wick$ disc\rses1 t ,*ri/ our ,"l--to ,:om be glory--0 l "o ( ! prophets4 ,he associat$ ) ! l[e/ among ! foll[]s ( 8 religion1 clo!d z he 0 9 ! mona/ic habit4 ,:5 he 0 que/ion$ z to 8 religion & 8 cre$1 he pr(ess$ himself a believ] 9 ! ,unity ( ,god4 ,8 doctr9es prevail$ dur+ a p]iod :i* end$ 9 ! ye> #hci ( ! ,righte\s ,m>tyrs 7,a4,d4 #aabc72 !n he di$1 & 8 memory 0 cut (f = ev]40 #bgg ,fur!r1 a !ory ( ! ,*ri/ian life t f\nd its highe/ expression 9 asceticism ( ! grosse/ type #bgh c\ld (f] little attraction1 9 ! face ( ! m human morality ( ,islam4 #bgi ,on acc\nt ( ! l>ge numb]s ( ,copts t f "t to "t h become ,muhammadans1 !y h come to be consid]$ by ! foll[]s ( ! ,prophet z mu* m incl9$ to ! fai? ( ,islam ?an any o!r ,*ri/ian sect1 & ?\gh !y h _h to endure ! mo/ sev]e oppression & p]secution on _m occasions1 yet ! ,copts t h be5 ?us driv5 to ab&on _! fai? are said to h be5 few 9 comp>ison ) ^? :o h *ang$ _! religion volunt>ily1 #bhj & ev5 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 ,egypt 0 said to be ! mo/ tol]ant ( all ,muhammadan c\ntries1 !re 7 ye>ly conv]sions ( ! ,copts to ! ,muslim fai?4 #bha ,/ill1 p]secution & oppression h und\bt$ly play$ a v l>ge "p 9 ! r$uction ( ! numb]s ( ! ,copts1 & ! /ory ( ! suff]+s ( ! ,jacobite ,*ur* ( ,egypt1--p]secut$ alike by _! fell[ ,*ri/ians #bhb & by ! foll[]s ( ! dom9ant fai?1 is a v sad "o1 & _m ab&on$ ! religion ( _! fa!rs 9 ord] to escape f burd5some taxes & un5durable indignities4 ,! va/ diff]5ce 9 ?is respect betwe5 _! condition & t ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ,syria1 ,pale/9e & ,spa9 at ! same p]iod f9ds its explanation 9 ! turbul5t "* ( ! ,copts !mselves4 ,_! long /ruggle aga9/ ! civil & !ological despotism ( ,byzantium seems to h weld$ ! zealots into a national p>ty t c\ld z little brook ! =eign rule ( ! ,arabs z1 be=e1 t ( ! ,greeks4 ,! ris+ ( ! ,copts aga9/ _! new ma/]s 9 #fdf1 :5 !y drove ! ,arabs = a "t out ( ,alex&ria & op5$ ! gates ( ! city to ! ,byzant9e troops 7:o1 h[ev]1 treat$ ! un=tunate ,copts z enemies1 n hav+ yet =gott5 ! welcome !y _h be=e giv5 to ! ,muhammadan invad]s71 0 ! fir/ ( a long s]ies ( ris+s & insurrections1 #bhc--;excit$ frequ5tly by excessive taxation1--:i* expos$ !m to t]rible reprisals1 & caus$ ! lot ( ! ,jacobite ,*ri/ians ( ,egypt to be h>d] to be> ?an t ( any o!r ,*ri/ian sect 9 ?is or o!r c\ntries "u ,muhammadan rule4 ,b ! hi/ory ( ^! ev5ts belongs r to a hi/ory ( ,muhammadan p]secution & intol]ance ?an to ! scope ( ! pres5t "w4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be suppos$ t ! condition ( ! ,copts 0 inv>iably t ( a p]secut$ sect2 on ! contr>y !re 7 times :5 !y rose to positions ( great afflu5ce & importance 9 ! /ate4 ,!y fill$ ! po/s ( secret>ies & scribes 9 ! gov]nm5t (fices1 #bhd f>m$ ! taxes1 #bhe & 9 "s cases amass$ enorm\s weal?4 #bhf ,! annals ( _! ,*ur* furni% u ) _m in/ances ( ecclesia/ics :o 7 held 9 high fav\r & consid]ation by ! reign+ pr9ces ( ! c\ntry1 "u ! rule ( _m ( :om ! ,*ri/ians enjoy$ ! utmo/ tranquillity4 #bhg ,to su* a p]iod ( ! peace ( ! ,*ur* belongs an incid5t t l$ to ! absorption ( _m ,*ri/ians into ! body ( ! fai?ful4 ,dur+ ! reign ( al al-,dn 7,salad97 7#aafi-aaic7 ov] ,egypt1 ! condition ( ! ,*ri/ians 0 v happy "u ! auspices ( ?is tol]ant rul]2 ! taxes t _h be5 impos$ ^u !m 7 light5$ & sev]al swept away altoge!r2 !y cr[d$ into ! public (fices z secret>ies1 acc\ntants & regi/r>s2 & = ne>ly a c5tury "u ! successors ( ,salad91 !y enjoy$ ! same tol]ation & fav\r1 & _h no?+ to compla9 ( except ! corruption & deg5]acy ( _! own cl]gy4 ,simony _h become t]ribly rife among !m2 ! prie/hood 0 sold to ignorant & vici\s p]sons1 :ile po/ulants = ! sacr$ (fice :o 7 unable to pay ! sums dem&$ = ord9ation1 7 repuls$ ) scorn1 9 spite ( _! be+ wor?y & fit p]sons4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t ! spiritual & moral tra9+ ( ! p 0 utt]ly neglect$ & !re 0 a lam5table decay ( ! ,*ri/ian life4 #bhh ,s corrupt _h ! ,*ur* become t :51 on ! dea? ( ,john1 ! sev5ty-f\r? ,patri>* ( ! ,jacobites1 9 #abaf1 a successor 0 to be elect$1 ! cont5d+ p>ties :o pu%$ ! claims ( rival c&idates1 kept up a fi]ce & irreconcilable dispute = ne>ly tw5ty ye>s1 & all ?is "t c>$ less = ! griev\s sc&al & ! h>mful consequ5ces ( _! %ameless qu>rels ?an = ! ma9t5ance ( _! dogg$ & ob/9ately facti\s _s4 ,on m ?an "o occasion ! reign+ sultan tri$ to make peace betwe5 ! cont5d+ p>ties1 refus$ ! enorm\s bribes ( ?ree1 five1 & ev5 t5 ?\s& gold pieces t 7 (f]$ 9 ord] to induce him to secure ! election ( "o ( ! c&idates by ! pressure ( (ficial influ5ce1 & ev5 (f]$ to remit ! fee t x 0 cu/om>y = a newly-elect$ ,patri>* to pay1 if only !y w\ld put aside _! disputes & come to "s agreem5t1--b all to no purpose4 ,mean:ile _m episcopal sees fell vacant & !re 0 no "o to take ! place ( ! bi%ops & prie/s t di$ 9 ?is int]val2 9 ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,mac>ius alone !re 7 only f\r prie/s left z comp>$ ) ov] eighty "u ! la/ ,patri>*4 #bhi ,s utt]ly neglect$ 7 ! ,*ri/ians ( ! we/]n dioceses1 t !y all became ,muslims4 #bij ,to ?is bald /atem5t ( ! hi/orian ( ! ,coptic ,*ur*1 we un=tunately h no in=mation to add1 ( ! positive ef=ts made by ! ,musalmans to br+ ^! ,*ri/ians ov] to _! fai?4 ,t su* !re 71 !re c be v little d\bt1 especially z we "k t ! ,*ri/ians held public disputations & engag$ 9 writt5 controv]sies on ! respective m]its ( ! rival cre$s4 #bia ,t ^! conv]sions 7 n due to p]secution1 we "k f direct hi/orical evid5ce t dur+ ?is vacancy ( ! patri>*ate1 ! ,*ri/ians _h full & complete fre$om ( public wor%ip1 7 all[$ to re/ore _! *ur*es & ev5 to build new ones1 7 fre$ f ! re/rictions t =bade !m to ride on horses or mules1 & 7 tri$ 9 law-c\rts ( _! own1 :ile ! monks 7 exempt$ f ! paym5t ( tribute & grant$ c]ta9 privileges4 #bib ,h[ f> ?is incid5t is a typical case ( conv]sion to ,islam among ! ,copts x is difficult to say2 a p>allel case ( neglect is m5tion$ by two ,capu*9 mission>ies :o travell$ up ! ,nile to ,luxor 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :]e !y f\nd t ! ,copts ( ,luxor _h no prie/1 & "s ( !m _h n gone to confession or communion = fifty ye>s4 #bic ,"u su* circum/ances ! decay ( _! numb]s c readily be und]/ood4 ,a simil> neglect probably contribut$ to ! decay ( ! ,nubian ,*ur* :i* recognis$ ! primacy ( ! ,jacobite ,patri>* ( ,alex&ria1 z d ! ,abyss9ians to ! pres5t day4 ,! ,nubians _h be5 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity ab\t ! middle ( ! six? c5tury1 & reta9$ _! indep5d5ce :5 ,egypt 0 conqu]$ by ! ,arabs2 a treaty 0 made accord+ to :i* ! ,nubians 7 to s5d e ye> ?ree hundr$ & sixty slaves1 ) =ty m = ! gov]nor ( ,egypt1 :ile ! ,arabs 7 to furni% !m ) corn1 oil & raim5t4 #bid ,9 ! reign ( al-,mutaim 7#hcc-hdb71 ambassadors 7 s5t by ! caliph r5ew+ ?is treaty1 & ! k+ ( ,nubia visit$ ! capital1 :]e he 0 receiv$ ) great magnific5ce & dismiss$ ) co/ly pres5ts4 #bie ,9 ! twelf? c5tury !y 7 /ill all ,*ri/ian1 #bif & reta9$ _! old indep5d5ce 9 spite ( ! frequ5t exp$itions s5t aga9/ !m f ,egypt4 #big ,9 #abge ! nephew ( ! !n k+ ( ,nubia obta9$ f ! sultan ( ,egypt a body ( troops to assi/ him 9 8 revolt aga9/ 8 uncle1 :om he by _! help succe$$ 9 depos+2 9 return = ?is assi/ance he _h to c$e ! two nor!rnmo/ prov9ces ( ,nubia to ! sultan1 & z ! inhabitants elect$ to reta9 _! ,*ri/ian fai?1 an annual tribute ( "o dnr = ea* male 0 impos$ ^u !m4 #bih ,b ?is ,muhammadan ov]lord%ip 0 tempor>y only1 & ! ,nubians ( ! c$$ prov9ces soon reass]t$ _! indep5d5ce4 #bii ,b settlem5ts ( ,arabs _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,nubia = sev]al c5turies e>li] & ! ,arabs on ! ,blue ,nile _h s increas$ 9 numb] & weal? 9 ! t5? c5tury t !y 7 able to ask p]mission to build a mosque 9 ,soba1 #cjj ! capital ( ! ,*ri/ian k+dom4 #cja ,9 ! ?irte5? & especially f ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury !re began a g5]al process ( int]p5etration ?r\gh ! migration into ,nubia ( ,arabs1 especially ( ! ,juhaynah tribe1 :o int]m>ri$ ) ! wom5 ( ! l& & gradually succe$$ 9 break+ up ! p[] ( ! ,nubian pr9ces4 #cjb ,9 ! latt] half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ,ibn ,baah #cjc tells u t ! ,nubians 7 /ill ,*ri/ians1 ?\gh ! k+ ( _! *ief city1 ,dongola1 #cjd _h embrac$ ,islam 9 ! reign ( ,nir 7probably ,nir b4 ,quln1 "o ( ! ,mamlk sultans ( ,egypt1 :o di$ ,a4,d4 #acdj72 ! repeat$ exp$itions ( ! ,muslims s late z ! fifte5? c5tury _h n succe$$ 9 pu%+ _! conque/s s\? ( ! fir/ cat>act1 ne> :i* 0 _! la/ =tifi$ place1 #cje :ile ,*ri/ianity seems to h ext5d$ z f> up ! ,nile z ,s5na>4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,nubian k+dom appe>s to h come to an end p>tly ?r\gh int]nal diss5sions & p>tly ?r\gh ! attacks ( ,arab & ,negro tribes on its bord]s1 & f9ally by ! e/abli%m5t ( ! p[]ful ,fnj empire 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 #cjf ,b x is probable t ! progress ( ,islam 9 ! c\ntry 0 all ?is "t be+ promot$ by ! ,muhammadan m]*ants & o!rs t frequ5t$ x4 ,maqrz 7writ+ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury7 quotes "o ( ^? mission>y anecdotes :i* occur s r>ely 9 ! works ( ,arabic au?ors2 x is told by ,ibn ,salm al-,aswni1 & is ( int]e/ z giv+ u a liv+ picture ( ! ,muslim propag&i/ at "w4 ,?\gh ! conv]t ref]r$ to is nei!r a ,*ri/ian nor a ,nubian1 /ill ! /ory %[s t !re 0 su* a ?+ z conv]sion to ,islam 9 ,nubia 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,ibn ,salm says t he once met a man at ! c\rt ( ! ,nubian *ief ( ,muqurrah1 :o told him t he came f a city t lay ?ree mon?s' j\rney f ! ,nile4 ,:5 ask$ ab\t 8 religion1 he repli$1 8,my ,creator & ?y ,creator is ,god2 ! ,creator ( ! univ]se & ( all m5 is ,"o1 & 8 dwell+-place is 9 ,heav540 ,:5 !re 0 a de>? ( ra91 or :5 pe/il5ce attack$ !m or _! cattle1 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 w\ld climb up a high m\nta9 & !re pray to ,god1 :o accept$ _! pray]s & suppli$ _! ne$s be=e ev5 !y came d[n aga94 ,:5 he ackn[l$g$ t ,god _h nev] s5t !m a prophet1 ,ibn ,salm rec\nt$ to him ! /ory ( ! prophets ,moses & ,jesus & ,muammad1 & h[ by ! help ( ,god !y _h be5 enabl$ to p]=m _m miracles4 ,& he answ]$1 8,! tru? mu/ inde$ h be5 ) !m1 :5 !y did ^! ?+s2 & if !y p]=m$ ^! de$s1 ,i believe 9 !m40 #cjg ,v sl[ly & gradually ! ,nubians seem to h drift$ f ,*ri/ianity into ,muhammadanism4 #cjh ,! spiritual life ( _! ,*ur* _h sunk to ! l[e/ ebb1 & z no movem5t ( re=m sprang up 9 _! mid/1 & z !y _h lo/ t\* ) ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es beyond _! bord]s1 x 0 only natural t !y %\ld seek = an expression ( _! spiritual aspirations 9 ! religion ( ,islam1 ^: foll[]s _h s long borne witness to its liv+ p[] among !m1 & _h already won ov] "s ( _! c\ntrym5 to ! acceptance ( x4 ,a ,portuguese prie/1 :o travell$ 9 ,abyss9ia f #aebj-aebg1 has pres]v$ = u a picture ( ! ,nubians 9 ?is /ate ( transition2 he says t !y 7 nei!r ,*ri/ians1 ,jews nor ,muhammadans1 b _h come to be )\t fai? & )\t laws2 b /ill 8!y liv$ ) ! desire ( be+ ,*ri/ians40 ,?r\gh ! fault ( _! cl]gy !y _h sunk into ! grosse/ ignorance1 & n[ !re 7 no bi%ops or prie/s left among !m2 accord+ly !y s5t an embassy ( six m5 to ! k+ ( ,abyss9ia1 pray+ him to s5d prie/s & monks to in/ruct !m1 b ?is ! k+ refus$ to d )\t ! p]mission ( ! ,patri>* ( ,alex&ria1 & z ?is c\ld n be obta9$1 ! un=tunate ambassadors return$ unsuccessful to _! own c\ntry4 #cji ,! same writ] 0 in=m$ by a ,*ri/ian :o _h travell$ 9 ,nubia1 t he _h f\nd #aej *ur*es !re1 9 ea* ( :i* 7 /ill to be se5 ! figures ( ! crucifi$ ,*ri/1 ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 & o!r sa9ts pa9t$ on ! walls4 ,9 all ! =tresses1 also1 t 7 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 !re 7 *ur*es4 #caj ,be=e ! close ( ! foll[+ c5tury1 ,*ri/ianity _h entirely disappe>$ f ,nubia 8= want ( pa/ors10 b ! clos$ *ur*es 7 to be f\nd /ill /&+ ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\ntry4 #caa ,! ,nubians _h yield$ to ! p[]ful ,muhammadan influ5ces t surr\nd$ !m1 to :i* ! proselytis+ ef=ts ( ! ,muslims :o _h travell$ 9 ,nubia = c5turies pa/ no d\bt contribut$ a great deal2 on ! nor? 7 ,egypt & ! ,arab tribes t _h made _! way up ! ,nile & ext5d$ _! au?ority along ! banks ( t riv]2 #cab on ! s\?1 ! ,muhammadan /ate ( ! ,belloos1 sep>at+ !m f ,abyss9ia4 ,^! ,belloos1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 71 9 spite ( _! ,muslim fai?1 tribut>ies ( ! ,*ri/ian k+ ( ,abyss9ia2 #cac &--if !y may be id5tifi$ ) ! ,baliyyn1 :o1 toge!r ) _! neighb\rs1 ! ,bajah 7! inhabitants ( ! s-call$ isl& ( ,m]oe71 are spok5 ( by ,idrs1 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 z be+ ,jacobite ,*ri/ians1 #cad--;x is probable t !y _h only a few ye>s be=e be5 conv]t$ to ,islam1 at ! same "t z ! ,bajah1 :o _h be5 incorporat$ into ! ,muhammadan empire ( ! ,fnj1 :5 ^! latt] ext5d$ _! conque/s 9 #adii-aecj f ! s\? up to ! bord]s ( ,nubia & ,abyss9ia & f\nd$ ! p[]ful /ate ( ,s5na>4 ,:5 ! army ( ,amad ,gr invad$ ,abyss9ia & made its way "r ?r\gh ! c\ntry f s\? to nor?1 x effect$ a junction ab\t #aecd ) ! army ( ! sultan ( ,maseggia or ,mazaga1 a prov9ce "u ,muhammadan rule b tribut>y to ,abyss9ia1 ly+ betwe5 t c\ntry & ,s5na>2 9 ! army ( ?is sultan !re 7 #ae1jjj ,nubian soldi]s :o1 f ! acc\nt giv5 ( !m1 appe> to h be5 ,musalmans4 #cae ,fragm5t>y & insuffici5t z ^! data ( ! conv]sion ( ! ,nubians are1 we may c]ta9ly conclude f all we "k ( ! indep5d5t "* ( ?is p & ! t5acity ) :i* !y clung to ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 s long z x 0 a liv+ =ce among !m1 t _! *ange ( religion 0 a gradual "o1 ext5d+ ?r\gh sev]al c5turies4 ,let u n[ pass to ! hi/ory ( ,islam among ! ,abyss9ians1 :o _h receiv$ ,*ri/ianity two c5turies be=e ! ,nubians1 & l !m belong$ to ! ,jacobite ,*ur*4 ,! tide ( ,arab emigration does n seem to h set across ! ,r$ ,sea1 ! we/]n %ores ( :i* =m$ "p ( ! ,abyss9ian k+dom1 until _m c5turies aft] ,arabia _h accept$ ! fai? ( ! prophet4 ,up to ! t5? c5tury only a few ,muhammadan families 7 to be f\nd resid+ 9 ! coa/ t[ns ( ,abyss9ia1 b at ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury ! f\ndation ( an ,arab dyna/y ali5at$ "s ( ! coa/-l&s f ! ,abyss9ian k+dom4 ,9 #acjj a mission>y1 nam$ ,ab ,abd ,allh ,muammad1 made 8 way into ,abyss9ia1 call+ on ! p to embrace ,islam1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 hav+ collect$ ar\nd him #bjj1jjj m51 he attack$ ! rul] ( ,amh>a 9 sev]al engagem5ts4 #caf ,k+ ,saifa ,ard 7#acdb-acgj7 took en]getic measures aga9/ ! ,muhammadans 9 8 k+dom1 putt+ to dea? or driv+ into exile all ^? :o refus$ to embrace ,*ri/ianity4 #cag ,at ! close ( ! same c5tury ! di/urb$ /ate ( ! c\ntry1 ow+ to ! civil w>s t di/ract$ x1 made x possible = ! v>i\s ,arab settlem5ts along ! coa/ to make !mselves ma/]s ( ! entire seabo>d & drive ! ,abyss9ians into ! int]ior1 & ! k+1 ,baeda ,mrym 7#adfh-adgh71 is said to h sp5t ! great] "p ( 8 reign 9 fight+ aga9/ ! ,muhammadans on ! ea/]n bord] ( 8 k+dom4 #cah ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :ile ! p[]ful ,muhammadan k+dom ( ,adal1 betwe5 ,abyss9ia & ! s\!rn extremity ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 & "s o!rs 7 bitt]ly ho/ile to ! ,*ri/ian p[]1 !re 7 o!rs aga9 t =m$ peaceful tribut>ies ( 8,pre/] ,john02 e4g4 9 ,mass[ah !re 7 ,arabs :o kept ! flocks ( ! ,abyss9ian seigniors1 w&]+ ab\t 9 b&s ( ?irty or =ty ) _! wives & *ildr51 ea* b& hav+ its ,*ri/ian 8capta940 #cai ,"s ,musalmans are also m5tion$ z be+ 9 ! s]vice ( ! k+ & be+ entru/$ by him ) important po/s2 #cbj :ile "s ( ^! rema9$ fai?ful to ,islam1 o!rs embrac$ ! prevail+ religion ( ! c\ntry4 ,:at 0 impli$ 9 ! fact ( ^! ,muhammadan communities be+ tribut>ies ( ! k+ ( ,abyss9ia1 x is difficult to det]m9e4 ,! ,musalmans ( adya _h along ) o!r tribute to give up e ye> to ! k+ a maid5 :o _h to become a ,*ri/ian2 ?is cu/om 0 9 accordance ) an anci5t treaty1 :i* ! k+ ( ,abyss9ia has always made !m obs]ve1 8because he 0 ! /rong]02 besides ?is1 !y 7 =bidd5 to c>ry arms or put on w>-app>el1 &1 if !y rode1 _! horses 7 n to be saddl$2 8^! ord]s10 !y said1 8we h always obey$1 s t ! k+ may n put u to dea? & de/roy our mosques4 ,:5 ! k+ s5ds 8 p to fet* ! maid5 & ! tribute1 we put h] on a b$1 wa% h] & cov] h] ) a clo?1 & recite ! pray]s = ! dead ov] h] & give h] up to ! p ( ! k+2 & ?us did our fa!rs & our gr&fa!rs be=e u40 #cba ,^! ,muhammadan tribut>ies 7 *iefly to be f\nd 9 ! l[-ly+ c\ntries t =m$ ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,abyss9ia1 f ! ,r$ ,sea we/w>d to ,s5na>1 #cbb & on ! s\? & ! s\?-ea/ ( ! k+dom4 #cbc ,:at influ5ce ^! ,muhammadans _h on ! ,*ri/ian populations ) :i* !y 7 int]m+l$1 & :e!r !y made conv]ts to ,islam z 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 is matt] only ( conjecture4 ,c]ta9 x is1 h[ev]1 t :5 ! indep5d5t ,muhammadan rul] ( ,adal1 ,amad ,gr--himself said to h be5 ! son ( a ,*ri/ian prie/ ( ,aijjo1 :o _h left 8 own c\ntry & adopt$ ,islam 9 t ( ! ,adals #cbd--;invad$ ,abyss9ia f #aebh to #aedc1 _m ,abyss9ian *iefs ) _! foll[]s jo9$ 8 victori\s army & became ,musalmans1 & ?\gh ! ,*ri/ian populations ( "s di/ricts pref]r$ to pay jizyah1 #cbe o!rs embrac$ ! religion ( ! conqu]or4 #cbf ,b ! contempor>y ,muslim hi/orian himself tells u t 9 "s cases ?is conv]sion 0 ! result ( fe>1 & t suspicions 7 ent]ta9$ ( ! g5u95ess ( ! allegiance ( ! new conv]ts4 #cbg ,b su* app>5tly 0 n univ]sally ! case1 & ! widespread "* ( ! conv]sions 9 sev]al di/ricts give ! impression ( a popul> movem5t4 ,! ,*ri/ian *iefs :o w5t ov] to ,islam made use ( _! p]sonal influ5ce 9 induc+ _! troops to foll[ _! example4 ,!y 71 z we are told1 9 "s cases v ignorant ( _! own religion1 #cbh & ?us ! *ange ( fai? 0 a less difficult matt]4 ,p>ticul>ly in/rum5tal 9 conv]sions ( ?is k9d 7 ^? ,muhammadan *iefs :o _h previ\sly ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! k+ ( ,abyss9ia1 & ^? r5egades :o took ! opportunity ( ! invasion ( ! c\ntry by a conqu]+ ,musalman army to ?r[ (f _! allegiance at once to ,*ri/ianity & ! ,*ri/ian k+ & decl>e !mselves ,muhammadans once m4 #cbi ,"o ( ^! 9 #aeca wrote ! foll[+ lett] to ,amad ,gr3--8,i 0 =m]ly a ,muslim & ! son ( a ,muslim1 0 tak5 prison] by ! poly!i/s & made a ,*ri/ian by =ce2 b 9 my he>t ,i h always clung to ! true fai? & n[ ,i seek ! protection ( ,god & ( ,8 ,prophet & ( !e4 ,if ?\ wilt accept my rep5tance & puni% me n = :at ,i h done1 ,i w return 9 p5it5ce to ,god2 & ,i w devise means :]eby ! troops ( ! k+1 t are ) me1 may jo9 !e & become ,muslims20--& 9 fact ! great] "p ( 8 army elect$ to foll[ _! g5]al2 includ+ ! wom5 & *ildr5 _! numb]s are said to h am\nt$ to #bj1jjj s\ls4 #ccj ,b ) ! help ( ! ,portuguese1 ! ,abyss9ians succe$$ 9 %ak+ (f ! yoke ( _! ,muhammadan conqu]ors & ,amad ,gr himself 0 sla9 9 #aedc4 ,islam _h1 h[ev]1 ga9$ a foot+ 9 ! c\ntry1 :i* ! tr\bl\s condition ( affairs dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! sixte5? & ! foll[+ c5tury enabl$ x to reta91 ! rival ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es be+ too busily engag$ 9 cont5d+ ) "o ano!r1 to devote mu* att5tion to _! common enemy4 ,= ! successful proselytis+ ( ! ,jesuits & o!r ,roman ,ca?olic mission>ies & ! active int]f]5ce ( ! ,portuguese 9 all civil & political matt]s1 excit$ viol5t opposition 9 ! mass ( ! ,abyss9ian ,*ri/ians2--inde$ s bitt] 0 ?is feel+ t "s ( ! *iefs op5ly decl>$ t !y w\ld r submit to a ,muhammadan rul] ?an cont9ue _! alliance ) ! ,portuguese2 #cca--;& ! semi-religi\s1 semi-patriotic movem5t set on foot !reby1 rapidly assum$ su* va/ proportions z to lead 7ab\t #afcb7 to ! expulsion ( ! ,portuguese & ! exclusion ( all =eign ,*ri/ians f ! c\ntry4 ,! condition ( ,abyss9ia !n spe$ily became "o ( t]rible confusion & an>*y1 ( :i* "s tribes ( ! ,galla race took advantage1 to ?ru/ _! way "r into ! v c5tre ( ! c\ntry1 :]e _! settlem5ts rema9 to ! pres5t day4 ,! progress a*iev$ by ,islam dur+ ?is p]iod may be e/imat$ f ! te/imony ( a travell] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :o tells u t 9 8 "t ! adh]5ts ( ?is fai? 7 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,abyss9ia & =m$ a ?ird ( ! entire population4 #ccb ,dur+ ! foll[+ c5tury ! fai? ( ! ,prophet seems /eadily to h increas$ by means ( ! conv]sion ( isolat$ individuals "h & !re4 ,! abs5ce ( any /rong c5tral gov]nm5t 9 ! c\ntry fav\r$ ! rise ( petty indep5d5t *iefta9s1 _m ( :om _h /rong ,muhammadan sympa?ies1 ?\gh 79 accordance ) a fundam5tal law ( ! /ate7 all ! ,abyss9ian pr9ces _h to belong to ! ,*ri/ian fai?2 ! ,muhammadans1 too1 aspir+ to ! dignity ( ! ,abyss9ian ari/ocracy1 abjur$ ! fai? 9 :i* !y _h be5 born & pret5d$ conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity 9 ord] to get !mselves enroll$ 9 ! ord] ( ! nobles1 & z gov]nors ( ,*ri/ian prov9ces made use ( all _! influ5ce t[>ds ! spread ( ,islam4 #ccc ,"o ( ! *ief reasons ( ! success ( ?is fai? seems to h be5 ! moral sup]iority ( ! ,muslims z comp>$ ) t ( ! ,*ri/ian population ( ,abyss9ia4 ,rppell says t he frequ5tly notic$ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 travels 9 ,abyss9ia t :5 a po/ _h to be fill$ :i* requir$ t a ?or\ghly hone/ & tru/wor?y p]son %\ld be select$1 ! *oice always fell ^u a ,muhammadan4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! ,*ri/ians1 he says t !y 7 m active & en]getic2 t e ,muhammadan _h 8 sons taught to read & write1 :]eas ,*ri/ian *ildr5 7 only educat$ :5 !y 7 int5d$ = ! prie/hood4 #ccd ,?is moral sup]iority ( ! ,muhammadans ( ,abyss9ia ov] ! ,*ri/ian population goes f> to expla9 ! cont9u\s ?\gh sl[ progress made by ,islam dur+ ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies2 ! degradation & apa?y ( ! ,abyss9ian cl]gy & ! int]m9able feuds ( ! ,abyss9ian *iefs1 h left ,muhammadan influ5ces free to "w undi/urb$4 ,mr4 ,pl[d51 :o 0 ,engli% consul 9 ,abyss9ia f #ahdd to #ahfj1 speak+ ( ! abb1 ?ree ,tigr tribes dwell+ betwe5 #af & #ag #cj lat41 ! nor?-we/ ( ,mass[ah1 says t !y h become ,muhammadan 8)9 ! la/ #ajj ye>s1 & all1 save ! late/ g5]ation1 be> ,*ri/ian names4 ,!y h *ang$ _! fai?1 ?r\gh ! con/ant influ5ce ( ! ,muhammadans ) :om !y trade1 & ?r\gh ! gradual & n[ entire ab&onm5t ( ! c\ntry by ! ,abyss9ian *iefs1 too mu* occupi$ 9 ceaseless w>s ) _! neighb\rs40 #cce ,!y h a tradition t "o ( _! *iefs nam$ ,jwej reject$ ,*ri/ianity = ,islam1 9 ! belief t ! latt] fai? br\ght good luck & long life2 he !n said to 8 prie/1 8,break 9 pieces ! ,tbt02 #ccf ! prie/ answ]$1 8,i d>e n break 9 pieces ! ,tbt ( ,m>y02 s ,jwej seiz$ ! ,tbt ) 8 own h&s & cut x 9 pieces ) an axe2 ! ,*ri/ian prie/s !n adopt$ ,islam1 & all _! desc5dants are %aykhs ( ! tribe to ! pres5t day4 #ccg ,o!r sections ( ! population ( ! nor!rn di/ricts ( ! c\ntry 7 simil>ly conv]t$ to ,islam dur+ ! same p]iod1 because ! prie/s _h ab&on$ ^! di/ricts & ! *ur*es _h be5 suff]$ to fall into ru9s1--app>5tly entirely ?r\gh neglect1 z ! ,muhammadans "h are said to h be5 by no means fanatical nor to h borne any p>ticul> enmity to ,*ri/ianity4 #cch ,simil> te/imony to ! progress ( ,islam 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is giv5 by o!r travell]s1 #cci :o f\nd numb]s ( ,*ri/ians to be cont9ually pass+ ov] to t fai?4 ,! ,muhammadans 7 especially fav\r$ by ,ras ,al1 "o ( ! vice-reg5ts ( ,abyss9ia & practically ma/] ( ! c\ntry be=e ! accession ( ,k+ ,!odore 9 #ahec4 ,?\gh himself a ,*ri/ian1 he di/ribut$ po/s & ev5 ! spoils ( ! *ur*es among ! foll[]s ( ,islam1 & dur+ 8 reign "o half ( ! population ( ! c5tral prov9ces ( ,abyss9ia embrac$ ! fai? ( ! ,prophet4 #cdj ,su* deep roots _h ?is fai? n[ /ruck 9 ,abyss9ia t its foll[]s _h 9 _! h&s all ! comm]ce z well z all ! petty trade ( ! c\ntry1 enjoy$ va/ possessions1 7 ma/]s ( l>ge t[ns & c5tral m>kets1 & _h a firm hold ^u ! mass ( ! p4 ,inde$1 a ,*ri/ian mission>y :o liv$ = ?irty-five ye>s 9 ?is c\ntry1 rat$ ! success & ! zeal ( ! ,muslim propag&i/s s high z to say t 7 ano!r ,amad ,gr to arise & unfurl ! bann] ( ! ,prophet1 ! :ole ( ,abyss9ia w\ld become ,muhammadan4 #cda ,embroilm5ts ) ! ,egyptian gov]nm5t 7) :i* ,abyss9ia 0 at w> f #ahge to #ahhb7 br\ght ab\t a revulsion ( feel+ aga9/ ,muhammadanism3 hatr$ ( ! =eign ,muslim foe react$ ^u _! co-religioni/s )9 ! bord]4 ,9 #ahgh1 ,k+ ,john summon$ a ,convocation ( ! ,abyss9ian cl]gy1 :o proclaim$ him supreme arbit] 9 matt]s ( fai? & orda9$ t !re %\ld be b "o religion ?r\gh\t ! :ole k+dom4 ,*ri/ians ( all sects o!r ?an ! ,jacobite 7 giv5 two ye>s 9 :i* to become reconcil$ to ! national ,*ur*2 ! ,muhammadans 7 to submit )9 ?ree1 & ! hea!n )9 five1 ye>s4 ,a few days lat] ! k+ promulgat$ an edict t %[$ h[ little wor? 0 ! ?ree ye>s' grace all[$ to ! ,muhammadans2 = n only did he ord] !m to build ,*ri/ian *ur*es :]ev] !y 7 ne$$ & to pay ti!s to ! prie/s resid5t 9 _! respective di/ricts1 b also gave ?ree mon?s' notice to all ,muhammadan (ficials to ei!r receive baptism or resign _! po/s4 ,su* compulsory conv]sion 7consi/+ z x did m]ely ( ! rite ( baptism & ! paym5t ( ti!s7 0 naturally ( ! mo/ ineffectual "*1 & :ile outw>dly con=m+1 ! ,muslims 9 secret prote/$ _! loyalty to _! old fai?4 ,massaja saw "s su* g /raight f ! *ur* 9 :i* !y _h be5 baptis$ to ! mosque1 9 ord] to h ?is en=c$ baptism wip$ (f by "s holy man ( _! own fai?4 #cdb ,^! mass conv]sions 7 r5d]$ ! m ineffectual by be+ conf9$ to ! m51 = z ! royal edict _h made no m5tion ( ! wom5 !y 7 9 no way mole/$1--a circum/ance t probably prov$ to be ( consid]able significance 9 ! future hi/ory ( ,islam 9 ,abyss9ia1 z ,massaja be>s /rik+ te/imony to ! important "p ! ,muhammadan wom5 h play$ 9 ! diffusion ( _! fai? 9 ?is c\ntry4 #cdc ,by #ahhj ,k+ ,john is said to h compell$ ab\t #ej1jjj ,muhammadans to be baptis$1 z well z #bj1jjj memb]s ( "o ( ! pagan tribes & half a million ( ,gallas1 #cdd b z _! conv]sion w5t no fur!r ?an baptism & ! paym5t ( ti!s1 x is n surpris+ to le>n t ! only result ( ^! viol5t measures 0 to increase ! hatr$ & ho/ility ( bo? ! ,muslim & ! hea!n ,abyss9ians t[>ds ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 #cde ,! k+ ( ! petty /ate ( ,kafa 7:i* _h almo/ always ackn[l$g$ ! supremacy ( ,abyss9ia71--,sawo-,teh5o1--took advantage ( ! emb>rassm5t ( ,k+ ,john1 :o 0 ?reat5$ at once by ! ,italians & ! foll[]s ( ! ,mahd1 to ass]t 8 indep5d5ce1 & became a ,musalman1 9 ord] to d s m effectively4 ,he successfully resi/$ all attacks until #ahig1 :5 8 /ate 0 reconqu]$ & he himself tak5 prison] by ! ,emp]or ,m5elik1 ! =m] k+ ( ,%oa1 :o _h e/abli%$ 8 au?ority ov] ! :ole ( ,abyss9ia aft] ! dea? ( ,k+ ,john 9 #ahhi4 ,*ri/ianity 0 re-e/abli%$ z ! /ate religion ?r\gh\t ,kafa & ,*ri/ian wor%ip r5ew$ 9 ! *ur*es1 :i* _h be5 left un9jur$1 be+ ei!r %ut up or turn$ into mosques4 #cdf ,b ^! viol5t measures tak5 9 ! int]e/s ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? h fail$ to arre/ ! gr[+ p[] ( ,islam dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,:ole tribes t 7 once ,*ri/ian & /ill be> ,*ri/ian names1 su* z ,takls 78,plant ( ,jesus071 ,hebts 78,gift ( ,jesus07 & ,temrym 78,gift ( ,m>y071 h become ,muslim4 ,! two ,mnsa tribes :i* 7 entirely ,*ri/ian ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury _h become ,muslim1 = ! mo/ "p1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury2 ! propag&i/ ef=ts ( ! ,muslims :o conv]t$ !m appe> to h be5 facilitat$ ?r\gh ! ignorance ( ! ,*ri/ian cl]gy4 ,a simil> ,muhammadanis+ process has be5 go+ on = "s "t among o!r tribes also4 #cdg ,we mu/ return n[ to ! hi/ory ( ,africa 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 :5 ! ,arabs 7 pu%+ _! conque/s f ,ea/ to ,we/ along ! nor? coa/4 ,! comp>atively easy conque/ ( ,egypt1 :]e s _m ( ! inhabitants assi/$ ! ,arabs 9 br++ ! ,byzant9e rule to an end1 f\nd no p>allel 9 ! bloody campaigns & ! long-cont9u$ resi/ance t "h b>r$ _! fur!r progress1 & half a c5tury elaps$ be=e ! ,arabs succe$$ 9 mak+ !mselves complete ma/]s ( ! nor? coa/ f ,egypt to ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,x 0 n till #fih t ! fall ( ,c>?age br\ght ! ,roman rule 9 ,africa to an end = ev]1 & ! subjugation ( ! ,b]b]s made ! ,arabs supreme 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! details ( ^! campaigns x is no "p ( our purpose to consid]1 b r to attempt to discov] 9 :at way ,islam 0 spread among ! ,*ri/ian population4 ,un=tunately ! mat]ials available = su* a purpose are lam5tably sp>se & insuffici5t4 ,:at became ( t great ,african ,*ur* t _h giv5 su* sa9ts & !ologians to ,*ri/5dom8 ,! ,*ur* ( ,t]tullian1 ,/4 ,cyprian & ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :i* _h em]g$ victori\s out ( s _m p]secutions1 & _h s /\tly *ampion$ ! cause ( ,*ri/ian or?odoxy1 seems to h fad$ away l a mi/4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( def9ite in=mation1 x has be5 usual to ascribe ! disappe>ance ( ! ,*ri/ian population to fanatical p]secutions & =c$ conv]sions on ! "p ( ! ,muslim conqu]ors4 ,b !re are _m consid]ations t militate aga9/ su* a r\gh & ready settlem5t ( ?is "q4 ,fir/ ( all1 !re is ! abs5ce ( def9ite evid5ce 9 support ( su* an ass]tion4 ,massacres1 deva/ation & all ! o!r accompanim5ts ( a bloody & long-protract$ w>1 !re 7 9 horrible abundance1 b ( actual religi\s p]secution we h little m5tion1 & ! survival ( ! native ,*ri/ian ,*ur* = m ?an eight c5turies aft] ! ,arab conque/ is a te/imony to ! tol]ation t alone c\ld h r5d]$ su* a survival possible4 ,! causes t br\ght ab\t ! decay ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,nor? ,africa mu/ be s\ght = else:]e ?an 9 ! bigotry ( ,muhammadan rul]s4 ,b be=e attempt+ to enum]ate ^!1 x w be well to realise h[ v small mu/ h be5 ! numb] ( ! ,*ri/ian population at ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury--a circum/ance t r5d]s its cont9u$ exi/5ce "u ,muhammadan rule /ill m significant ( ! abs5ce ( =c$ conv]sion1 & leaves su* a hypo!sis mu* less plausibility ?an w\ld h be5 ! case _h ! ,arabs f\nd a l>ge & fl\ri%+ ,*ri/ian ,*ur* !re :5 !y comm5c$ _! conque/ ( nor!rn ,africa4 ,! ,roman prov9ces ( ,africa1 to :i* ! ,*ri/ian population 0 conf9$1 nev] ext5d$ f> s\?w>ds2 ! ,sah>a =ms a b>ri] 9 ?is direction1 s t ! bread? ( ! coa/ seldom exce$s #hj or #ajj miles4 #cdh ,?\gh !re 7 z _m z #ejj bi%oprics j be=e ! ,v&al conque/1 ?is numb] c s]ve z no crit]ion ( ! numb] ( ! fai?ful1 ow+ to ! practice obs]v$ 9 ! ,african ,*ur* ( appo9t+ bi%ops to ! mo/ inconsid]able t[ns & v frequ5tly to ! mo/ obscure villages1 #cdi & x is d\btful :e!r ,*ri/ianity ev] spread f> inl& among ! ,b]b] tribes4 #cej ,:5 ! p[] ( ! ,roman ,empire decl9$ 9 ! fif? c5tury1 diff]5t tribes ( ?is great race1 kn[n to ! ,romans "u ! names ( ,moors1 ,numidians1 ,libyans1 etc41 sw>m$ up f ! s\? to ravage & de/roy ! weal?y cities ( ! coa/4 ,^! invad]s 7 c]ta9ly hea!n4 ,! ,libyans1 ^: deva/ations are s pa!tically bewail$ by ,synesius ( ,cyr5e1 pillag$ & burnt ! *ur*es & c>ri$ (f ! sacr$ vessels = _! own idolatr\s rites1 #cea & ?is prov9ce ( ,cyr5aica nev] recov]$ f _! deva/ations1 & ,*ri/ianity 0 probably almo/ ext9ct "h at ! "t ( ! ,muslim invasion4 ,! ,moori% *iefta9 9 ! di/rict ( ,tripolis1 :o 0 at w> ) ! ,v&al k+ ,?orismund 7#dif-ebd71 b respect$ ! *ur*es & cl]gy ( ! or?odox1 :o _h be5 ill-treat$ by ! ,v&als1 decl>$ 8 hea!nism :5 he said1 8,i d n "k :o ! ,god ( ! ,*ri/ians is1 b if he is s p[]ful z he is repres5t$1 he w take v5geance on ^? :o insult him1 & succ\r ^? :o d him hon\r40 #ceb ,!re is "s probability t ! nomads ( ,mauritania also 7 v l>gely hea!n4 ,b :atev] may h be5 ! ext5t ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 x receiv$ a bl[ f ! ,v&al p]secutions f :i* x nev] recov]$4 ,= ne>ly a c5tury ! ,arian ,v&als p]secut$ ! or?odox ) rel5tless fury2 s5t _! bi%ops into exile1 =bade ! public ex]cise ( _! religion & cruelly tortur$ ^? :o refus$ to con=m to ! religion ( _! conqu]ors4 #cec ,:5 9 #ecd1 ,belis>ius cru%$ ! p[] ( ! ,v&als & re/or$ ,nor? ,africa to ! ,roman ,empire1 only #bag bi%ops met 9 ! ,synod ( ,c>?age #ced to resume ! direction ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,aft] ! fi]ce & long-cont9u$ p]secution to :i* !y _h be5 subject$ ! numb] ( ! fai?ful mu/ h be5 v mu* r$uc$1 & dur+ ! c5tury t elaps$ be=e ! com+ ( ! ,muhammadans1 ! inroads ( ! b>b>ian ,moors1 :o %ut ! ,romans up 9 ! cities & o!r c5tres ( population1 & kept ! m\nta9s1 ! des]t & ! op5 c\ntry = !mselves1 #cee ! preval5t disord] & ill-gov]nm5t1 & above all ! desolat+ plagues t signalis$ ! latt] half ( ! six? c5tury1 all comb9$ to c>ry on ! "w ( de/ruction4 ,five millions ( ,africans are said to h be5 consum$ by ! w>s & gov]nm5t ( ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian4 ,! weal?i] citiz5s ab&on$ a c\ntry ^: comm]ce & agriculture1 once s fl\ri%+1 _h be5 irretrievably ru9$4 8,su* 0 ! desolation ( ,africa1 t 9 _m p>ts a /rang] might w&] :ole days )\t meet+ ! face ei!r ( a fri5d or an enemy4 ,! nation ( ! ,v&als _h disappe>$2 !y once am\nt$ to an hundr$ & sixty ?\s& w>riors1 )\t includ+ ! *ildr51 ! wom51 or ! slaves4 ,_! numb]s 7 inf9itely surpass$ by ! numb] ( ,moori% families extirpat$ 9 a rel5tless w>2 ! same de/ruction 0 retaliat$ on ! ,romans & _! allies1 :o p]i%$ by ! climate1 _! mutual qu>rels1 & ! rage ( ! b>b>ians40 #cef ,9 #fdf1 ! ye> be=e ! victori\s ,arabs advanc$ f ,egypt to ! subjugation ( ! we/]n prov9ce1 ! ,african ,*ur* t _h *ampion$ s (t5 ! purity ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 0 /irr$ to its dep?s by ! /ruggle aga9/ ,mono!letism2 b :5 ! bi%ops ( ! f\r ecclesia/ical prov9ces 9 ! ar*bi%opric ( ,c>?age1 viz4 ,mauritania1 ,numidia1 ,byzac5a & ,africa ,proconsul>is1 held c\ncils to condemn ,mono!letism1 & wrote synodal lett]s to ! ,emp]or & ! ,pope1 !re 7 only sixty-eight bi%ops :o assembl$ at ,c>?age to repres5t ! la/-m5tion$ prov9ce1 & =ty-two = ,byzac5a4 ,! numb]s f ! o!r two dioceses are n giv51 b ! ,*ri/ian population _h und\bt$ly suff]$ mu* m 9 ^! ?an 9 ! two o!r dioceses :i* 7 ne>] to ! seat ( gov]nm5t4 #ceg ,x is exce$+ly unlikely t any ( ! bi%ops 7 abs5t on an occasion t excit$ s mu* feel+1 :5 zeal = ,*ri/ian doctr9e & political animosity to ! ,byzant9e c\rt bo? comb9$ 9 /imulat+ ?is movem5t1 & :5 ,africa took ! mo/ prom95t "p 9 /irr+ up ! opposition t l$ to ! conv5+ ( ! great ,lat]an ,c\ncil ( #fdh4 ,?is dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( ! ,african bi%ops c]ta9ly po9ts to a va/ decrease 9 ! ,*ri/ian population1 & 9 consid]ation ( ! num]\s causes contribut+ to a decay ( ! population1 too great /ress ev5 mu/ n be laid ^u ! numb] ( ^!1 because an episcopal see may cont9ue to be fill$ long aft] ! diocese has sunk into insignificance4 ,f ! consid]ations enum]at$ above1 x may c]ta9ly be inf]r$ t ! ,*ri/ian population at ! "t ( ! ,muhammadan invasion 0 by no means a l>ge "o4 ,dur+ ! fifty ye>s t elaps$ be=e ! ,arabs assur$ _! victory1 ! ,*ri/ian population 0 /ill fur!r r$uc$ by ! deva/ations ( ?is long conflict4 ,! city ( ,tripolis1 aft] su/a9+ a siege ( six mon?s1 0 sack$1 & ( ! inhabitants "p 7 put to ! sword & ! re/ c>ri$ (f captive into ,egypt & ,arabia4 #ceh ,ano!r city1 bord]+ on ! ,numidian des]t1 0 def5d$ by a ,roman c\nt ) a l>ge g>rison :i* bravely endur$ a blockade ( a :ole ye>2 :5 at la/ x 0 tak5 by /orm1 all ! males 7 put to ! sword & ! wom5 & *ildr5 c>ri$ (f captive4 #cei ,! numb] ( su* captives is said to h am\nt$ to sev]al hundr$s ( ?\s&s4 #cfj ,_m ( ! ,*ri/ians took refuge 9 flight1 #cfa "s into ,italy & ,spa91 #cfb & x w\ld almo/ seem t o!rs ev5 w&]$ z f> z ,g]many1 judg+ f a lett] address$ to ! diocese ( ,/4 ,boniface by ,pope ,gregory ,,ii4 #cfc ,9 fact1 _m ( ! great ,roman cities 7 q depopulat$1 & rema9$ un9habit$ = a long "t or 7 ev5 left to fall to ru9s entirely1 #cfd :ile 9 sev]al cases ! conqu]ors *ose entirely new sites = _! *ief t[ns4 #cfe ,z to ! scatt]$ remnants ( ! once fl\ri%+ ,*ri/ian ,*ur* t /ill rema9$ 9 ,africa at ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury1 x c h>dly be suppos$ t p]secution is responsible = _! f9al disappe>ance1 9 ! face ( ! fact t traces ( a native ,*ri/ian community 7 to be f\nd ev5 s late z ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,idrs1 ! f\nd] ( ! dyna/y 9 ,morocco t bore 8 "n1 is inde$ said to h compell$ by =ce ,*ri/ians & ,jews to embrace ,islam 9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #ghi1 :5 he _h j begun to c>ve out a k+dom = himself ) ! sword1 #cff b1 z f> z ,i h be5 able to discov]1 ?is incid5t is )\t p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( ! native ,*ur* ( ,nor? ,africa4 #cfg ,! v sl[ness ( its decay is a te/imony to ! tol]ation x mu/ h receiv$4 ,ab\t #cjj ye>s aft] ! ,muhammadan conque/ !re 7 /ill ne>ly =ty bi%oprics left1 #cfh & :5 9 #ajec ,pope ,leo ,,ix lam5ts t only five bi%ops c\ld be f\nd to repres5t ! once fl\ri%+ ,african ,*ur*1 #cfi ! cause is mo/ probably to be s\ght = 9 ! t]rible blood%$ & de/ruction wr\ght by ! ,arab hordes t _h p\r$ into ! c\ntry a few ye>s be=e & fill$ x ) incessant conflict & an>*y4 #cgj ,9 #ajgf1 ! ,african ,*ur* c\ld n provide ! ?ree bi%ops necess>y = ! consecration ( an aspirant to ! dignity ( ! episcopate1 9 accordance ) ! dem&s ( canon law1 & x 0 necess>y = ,pope ,gregory ,,vii to consecrate two bi%ops to act z coadjutors ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,c>?age2 b ! numb]s ( ! fai?ful 7 /ill s l>ge z to dem& ! creation ( fre% bi%ops to light5 ! burd5 ( ! "w1 :i* 0 too heavy = ^! ?ree bi%ops to p]=m unaid$4 #cga ,9 ! c\rse ( ! next two c5turies1 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* decl9$ /ill fur!r1 & 9 #abdf ! bi%op ( ,morocco 0 ! sole spiritual lead] ( ! remnant ( ! native ,*ur*4 #cgb ,up to ! same p]iod traces ( ! survival ( ,*ri/ianity 7 /ill to be f\nd among ! ,kabils ( ,alg]ia2 #cgc ^! tribes _h receiv$ "s slight in/ruction 9 ! t5ets ( ,islam at an e>ly p]iod1 b ! new fai? _h tak5 v little hold ^u !m1 & z ye>s w5t by !y lo/ ev5 :at little k !y _h at fir/ possess$1 s mu* s t !y ev5 =got ! ,muslim =mula ( pray]4 ,%ut up 9 _! m\nta9 fa/nesses & jeal\s ( _! indep5d5ce1 !y successfully resi/$ ! introduction ( ! ,arab elem5t into _! mid/1 & ?us ! difficulties 9 ! way ( _! conv]sion 7 v consid]able4 ,"s unsuccessful attempts to />t a mission among !m _h be5 made by ! inmates ( a mona/]y belong+ to ! ,qdiriyyah ord]1 ,sqiyah al-amr1 b ! hon\r ( w9n+ an entrance among !m = ! ,muslim fai? 0 res]v$ = a numb] ( ,&alusian ,moors :o 7 driv5 out ( ,spa9 aft] ! tak+ ( ,granada 9 #adib4 ,!y _h tak5 refuge 9 ?is mona/]y & 7 recognis$ by ! %aykh to be em95tly fitt$ = ! ardu\s task t _h previ\sly s completely baffl$ ! ef=ts ( 8 disciples4 ,be=e dismiss+ !m on ?is pi\s err&1 he ?us address$ !m3 8,x is a duty incumb5t ^u u to be> ! tor* ( ,islam into ^! regions t h lo/ _! inh]itance 9 ! bless+s ( religion2 = ^! unhappy ,kabils are :olly unprovid$ ) s*ools1 & h no %aykh to tea* _! *ildr5 ! laws ( morality & ! virtues ( ,islam2 s !y live l ! brute bea/s1 )\t ,god or religion4 ,to d away ) ?is unhappy /ate ( ?+s1 ,i h det]m9$ to appeal to y\r religi\s zeal & enlight5m5t4 ,let n ^! m\nta9e]s wall[ any long] 9 _! pitiable ignorance ( ! gr& tru?s ( our religion2 g & brea! ^u ! dy+ fire ( _! fai? & re-illum9e its sm\ld]+ emb]s2 purge !m ( :atev] errors may /ill cl+ to !m f _! =m] belief 9 ,*ri/ianity2 make !m und]/& t 9 ! religion ( our "l ,muammad--may ,god h compassion ^u him--dirt is n1 z 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion1 look$ ^u z acceptable 9 ! eyes ( ,god4 #cgd ,i w n disguise f y ! fact t y\r task is beset ) difficulties1 b y\r irresi/ible zeal & ! ard\r ( y\r fai? w enable y1 by ! grace ( ,god1 to ov]come all ob/acles4 ,g1 my *ildr51 & br+ back aga9 to ,god & ,8 ,prophet ^! unhappy p :o are wall[+ 9 ! mire ( ignorance & unbelief4 ,g1 my *ildr51 be>+ ! message ( salvation1 & may ,god be ) y & uphold y40 ,! mission>ies />t$ (f 9 p>ties ( five or six at a "t 9 v>i\s directions2 !y w5t 9 rags1 /aff 9 h&1 & *oos+ out ! wilde/ & lea/ frequ5t$ p>ts ( ! m\nta9s1 e/abli%$ h]mitages 9 caves & clefts ( ! rocks4 ,_! au/]ities & prolong$ devotions soon excit$ ! curiosity ( ! ,kabils1 :o aft] a %ort "t began to ent] into fri5dly relations ) !m4 ,little by little ! mission>ies ga9$ ! influ5ce !y desir$ ?r\gh _! k ( m$ic9e1 ( ! me*anical arts1 & o!r advantages ( civilisation1 & ea* h]mitage became a c5tre ( ,muslim tea*+4 ,/ud5ts1 attract$ by ! le>n+ ( ! new-com]s1 ga!r$ r\nd !m & 9 "t became mission>ies ( ,islam to _! fell[-c\ntrym51 until _! fai? spread ?r\gh\t all ! c\ntry ( ! ,kabils & ! villages ( ! ,alg]ian ,sah>a4 #cge ,! above incid5t is no d\bt illu/rative ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,islam 0 introduc$ among su* o!r sections ( ! indep5d5t tribes ( ! int]ior z _h receiv$ any ,*ri/ian tea*+1 b ^: k ( ?is fai? _h dw9dl$ d[n to ! obs]vance ( a few sup]/iti\s rites2 #cgf =1 cut (f z !y 7 f ! re/ ( ! ,*ri/ian _w & unprovid$ ) spiritual tea*]s1 !y c\ld h _h little 9 ! way ( positive religi\s belief to oppose to ! tea*+s ( ! ,muslim mission>ies4 ,!re is little m to add to ^! sp>se records ( ! decay ( ! ,nor? ,african ,*ur*4 ,a ,muhammadan travell]1 #cgg :o visit$ al-,j>d1 ! s\!rn di/rict ( ,tunis1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 tells u t ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 al?\gh 9 ru9s1 7 /ill /&+ 9 8 day1 n hav+ be5 de/roy$ by ! ,arab conqu]ors1 :o _h cont5t$ !mselves ) build+ a mosque 9 front ( ea* ( ^! *ur*es4 ,ibn ,khaldn 7writ+ t[>ds ! close ( ! f\rte5? c5tury71 speaks ( "s villages 9 ! prov9ce ( ,qa/liyyah1 #cgh ) a ,*ri/ian population ^: ance/ors _h liv$ !re s9ce ! "t ( ! ,arab conque/4 #cgi ,at ! end ( ! foll[+ c5tury !re 0 /ill to be f\nd 9 ! city ( ,tunis a small community ( native ,*ri/ians1 liv+ toge!r 9 "o ( ! suburbs1 q di/9ct f t 9 :i* ! =eign ,*ri/ian m]*ants resid$2 f> f be+ oppress$ or p]secut$1 !y 7 employ$ z ! bodygu>d ( ! ,sultan4 #chj ,^! 7 d\btless ! same p]sons z 7 congratulat$ on _! p]sev]ance 9 ! ,*ri/ian fai? by ,*>les ,v aft] ! capture ( ,tunis 9 #aece4 #cha ,?is is ! la/ we he> ( ! native ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 ,nor? ,africa4 ,! v fact ( its s long survival w\ld militate aga9/ any supposition ( =c$ conv]sion1 ev5 if we _h n abundant evid5ce ( ! tol]ant _s ( ! ,arab rul]s ( ! v>i\s ,nor? ,african k+doms1 :o employ$ ,*ri/ian soldi]s1 #chb grant$ by frequ5t treaties ! free ex]cise ( _! religion to ,*ri/ian m]*ants & settl]s1 #chc & to :om ,popes #chd recomm5d$ ! c>e ( ! native ,*ri/ian population1 :ile exhort+ ! latt] to s]ve _! ,muhammadan rul]s fai?fully4 #che ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,islam ,,among ,,! ,,*ri/ians ,,( ,,spa94 ,9 #gaa ! victori\s ,arabs introduc$ ,islam into ,spa93 9 #aejb an edict ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella =bade ! ex]cise ( ! ,muhammadan religion ?r\gh\t ! k+dom4 ,dur+ ! c5turies t elaps$ betwe5 ^! two dates1 ,muslim ,spa9 _h writt5 "o ( ! brighte/ pages 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ival ,europe4 ,h] influ5ce _h pass$ ?r\gh ,prov5ce into ! o!r c\ntries ( ,europe1 br++ into bir? a new poetry & a new culture1 & x 0 f h] t ,*ri/ian s*ol>s receiv$ :at ( ,greek philosophy & sci5ce !y _h to /imulate _! m5tal activity up to ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,b ^! triumphs ( ! civilis$ life--art & poetry1 sci5ce & philosophy--we mu/ pass ov] "h & fix our att5tion on ! religi\s condition ( ,spa9 "u ! ,muslim rule4 ,:5 ! ,muhammadans fir/ br\ght _! religion into ,spa9 !y f\nd ,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity firmly e/abli%$ aft] its conque/ ov] ,arianism4 ,! six? ,c\ncil ( ,tol$o _h enact$ t all k+s 7 to swe> t !y w\ld n suff] ! ex]cise ( any o!r religion b ! ,ca?olic1 & w\ld vigor\sly en=ce ! law aga9/ all diss5ti5ts1 :ile a subsequ5t law =bade any "o "u pa9 ( confiscation ( 8 prop]ty & p]petual imprisonm5t1 to call 9 "q ! ,holy ,ca?olic & ,apo/olic ,*ur*1 ! ,evangelical ,in/itutions1 ! def9itions ( ! ,fa!rs1 ! decrees ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! ,holy ,sacram5ts4 ,! cl]gy _h ga9$ = _! ord] a prepond]at+ influ5ce 9 ! affairs ( ! /ate2 #chf ! bi%ops & *ief ecclesia/ics sat 9 ! national c\ncils1 :i* met to settle ! mo/ important bus9ess ( ! realm1 ratifi$ ! election ( ! k+ & claim$ ! "r to depose him if he refus$ to abide by _! decrees4 ,! ,*ri/ian cl]gy took advantage ( _! p[] to p]secute ! ,jews1 :o =m$ a v l>ge community 9 ,spa92 edicts ( a brutally sev]e "* 7 pass$ aga9/ su* z refus$ to be baptis$2 #chg & !y consequ5tly hail$ ! invad+ ,arabs z _! deliv]]s f su* cruel oppression1 !y g>rison$ ! captur$ cities on behalf ( ! conqu]or & op5$ ! gates ( t[ns t 7 be+ besieg$4 #chh ,! ,muhammadans receiv$ z w>m a welcome f ! slaves1 ^: condition "u ! ,go?ic rule 0 a v mis]able "o1 & ^: k ( ,*ri/ianity 0 too sup]ficial to h any weight :5 comp>$ ) ! lib]ty & num]\s advantages !y ga9$1 by ?r[+ 9 _! lot ) ! ,muslims4 ,^! d[n-trodd5 slaves 7 ! fir/ conv]ts to ,islam 9 ,spa94 ,! remnants ( ! hea!n population ( :i* we f9d m5tion z late z ,a4,d4 #fic1 #chi probably foll[$ _! example4 ,_m ( ! ,*ri/ian nobles1 also1 :e!r f g5u9e conviction or f o!r motives1 embrac$ ! new cre$4 #cij ,_m conv]ts 7 won1 too1 f ! l[] & middle classes1 :o may well h embrac$ ,islam1 n m]ely outw>dly1 b f g5u9e conviction1 turn+ to x f a religion ^: m9i/]s _h left !m ill-in/ruct$ & unc>$ =1 & busi$ ) worldly ambitions _h plund]$ & oppress$ _! flocks4 #cia ,hav+ once become ,muslims1 ^! ,spani% conv]ts %[$ !mselves zeal\s adh]5ts ( _! adopt$ fai?1 & !y & _! *ildr5 jo9$ !mselves to ! ,puritan p>ty ( ! rigid ,muhammadan !ologians z aga9/ ! c>eless & luxuri\s life ( ! ,arab ari/ocracy4 #cib ,at ! "t ( ! ,muhammadan conque/ ! old ,go?ic virtues are said by ,*ri/ian hi/orians to h decl9$ & giv5 place to effem9acy & corruption1 s t ! ,muhammadan rule appe>$ to !m to be a puni%m5t s5t f ,god on ^? :o _h gone a/ray into ! pa?s ( vice2 #cic b su* a /atem5t is too frequ5t a commonplace ( ! ecclesia/ical hi/orian to be accept$ 9 ! abs5ce ( contempor>y evid5ce4 #cid ,b c]ta9ly z "t w5t on1 matt]s d n seem to h m5d$ !mselves2 & :5 ,*ri/ian bi%ops took "p 9 ! revels ( ! ,muhammadan c\rt1 :5 episcopal sees 7 put up to auction & p]sons suspect$ to be a!i/s appo9t$ z %eph]ds ( ! fai?ful1 & ^! 9 _! turn be/[$ ! (fice ( ! prie/hood on l[ & unwor?y p]sons1 #cie we may well suppose t x 0 n only 9 ! prov9ce ( ,elvira #cif t ,*ri/ians turn$ f a religion1 ! corrupt lives ( ^: m9i/]s _h br\ght x into discr$it1 #cig & s\ght a m cong5ial atmosph]e = ! moral & spiritual life 9 ! pale ( ,islam4 ,_h ecclesia/ical writ]s c>$ to *ronicle !m1 ,spa9 w\ld d\btless be f\nd to (f] in/ances ( _m a man leav+ ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* l ,bodo1 a deacon at ! ,fr5* c\rt 9 ! reign ( ,l\is ! ,pi\s1 :o 9 ,a4,d4 #hch became a ,jew1 9 ord] t 7z he said71 =sak+ 8 s9ful life1 he might 8abide /eadfa/ 9 ! law ( ! ,"l40 #cih ,x is v possible1 too1 t ! l+]+ rema9s ( ! old ,go?ic ,arianism--( :i*1 inde$1 !re _h be5 "s slight revival 9 ! ,spani% ,*ur* j be=e ! ,arab conque/ #cii--may h pr$ispos$ m5's m9ds to accept ! new fai? ^: ,*ri/ology 0 9 su* close agreem5t ) ,arian doctr9e1 #djj & a lat] age may h witness$ p>allels to t *ange ( fai? :i* is ! e>lie/ record$ in/ance ( conv]sion to ,islam 9 we/]n ,europe & occurr$ be=e ! ,arab invasion ( ,spa9--namely ! conv]sion ( a ,greek nam$ ,!odisclus1 :o succe$$ ,/4 ,isidore 7ob4 ,a4,d4 #fcf7 z ,ar*bi%op ( ,seville2 he 0 accus$ ( h]esy1 = ma9ta9+ t ,jesus 0 n "o ,god 9 unity ) ! ,fa!r & ! ,holy ,_s1 b 0 r ,son ( ,god by adoption2 he 0 accord+ly condemn$ by an ecclesia/ical synod1 depriv$ ( 8 ar*bi%opric & degrad$ f ! prie/hood4 ,:]eupon he w5t ov] to ! ,arabs & embrac$ ,islam among !m4 #dja ,( =c$ conv]sion or any?+ l p]secution 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,arab conque/1 we he> no?+4 ,inde$1 x 0 probably 9 a great measure _! tol]ant attitude t[>ds ! ,*ri/ian religion t facilitat$ _! rapid acquisition ( ! c\ntry4 ,! only compla9t t ! ,*ri/ians c\ld br+ aga9/ _! new rul]s = treat+ !m diff]5tly to _! non-,*ri/ian subjects1 0 t !y _h to pay ! usual capitation-tax ( =ty-eight dirhams = ! ri*1 tw5ty-f\r = ! middle classes1 & twelve = ^? :o made _! liv+ by manual lab\r3 ?is1 z be+ 9 lieu ( milit>y s]vice1 0 levi$ only on ! able-bodi$ males1 = wom51 *ildr51 monks1 ! halt1 & ! bl9d1 & ! sick1 m5dicants & slaves 7 exempt$ !refrom2 #djb x mu/ moreov] h appe>$ ! less oppressive z be+ collect$ by ! ,*ri/ian (ficials !mselves4 #djc ,except 9 ! case ( (f5ces aga9/ ! ,muslim religi\s law1 ! ,*ri/ians 7 tri$ by _! own judges & 9 accordance ) _! own laws4 #djd ,!y 7 left undi/urb$ 9 ! ex]cise ( _! religion2 #dje ! sacrifice ( ! mass 0 (f]$1 ) ! sw++ ( c5s]s1 ! r++ ( ! bell1 & all ! o!r solemnities ( ! ,ca?olic ritual2 ! psalms 7 *ant$ 9 ! *oir1 s]mons prea*$ to ! p1 & ! fe/ivals ( ! ,*ur* obs]v$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,!y d n appe> to h be5 condemn$1 l _! co-religioni/s 9 ,syria & ,egypt1 to we> a di/9ctive dress z sign ( _! humiliation1 & 9 ! n9? c5tury at lea/1 ! ,*ri/ian laity wore ! same k9d ( co/ume z ! ,arabs4 #djf ,!y 7 at "o "t ev5 all[$ to build new *ur*es4 #djg ,we read also ( ! f\nd+ #djh ( sev]al fre% mona/]ies 9 addition to ! num]\s conv5ts bo? = monks & nuns t fl\ri%$ undi/urb$ by ! ,muhammadan rul]s4 ,! monks c\ld appe> publicly 9 ! wooll5 robes ( _! ord] & ! prie/ _h no ne$ to conceal ! m>k ( 8 sacr$ (fice1 #dji nor at ! same "t did _! religi\s pr(ession prev5t ! ,*ri/ians f be+ entru/$ ) high (fices at c\rt1 #daj or s]v+ 9 ! ,muslim armies4 #daa ,c]ta9ly ^? ,*ri/ians :o c\ld reconcile !mselves to ! loss ( political p[] _h little to compla9 (1 & x is v noticeable t dur+ ! :ole ( ! eigh? c5tury we he> ( only "o attempt at revolt on _! "p1 namely at ,beja1 & 9 ?is !y appe> to h foll[$ ! lead ( an ,arab *ief4 #dab ,^? :o migrat$ into ,fr5* t]ritory 9 ord] t !y might live "u a ,*ri/ian rule1 c]ta9ly f>$ no bett] ?an ! co-religioni/s !y _h left beh9d4 ,9 #hab ,*>lemagne int]f]$ to protect ! exiles :o _h foll[$ him on 8 retreat f ,spa9 f ! exactions ( ! imp]ial (fic]s4 ,?ree ye>s lat] ,l\is ! ,pi\s _h to issue ano!r edict on _! behalf1 9 spite ( :i* !y _h soon aga9 to compla9 aga9/ ! nobles :o robb$ !m ( ! l&s t _h be5 assign$ to !m4 ,b ! evil 0 only *eck$ = a little "t to break out afre%1 & all ! edicts pass$ on _! behalf did n avail to make ! lot ( ^! un=tunate exiles m tol]able1 & 9 ! ,cagots 7i4e4 canes ,go?i71 a despis$ & ill-treat$ class ( lat] times1 we probably meet aga9 ! ,spani% colony t fl$ away f ,muslim rule to ?r[ !mselves ^u ! m]cy ( _! ,*ri/ian co-religioni/s4 #dac ,! tol]ation ( ! ,muhammadan gov]nm5t t[>ds its ,*ri/ian subjects 9 ,spa9 & ! fre$om ( int]c\rse betwe5 ! adh]5ts ( ! two religions br\ght ab\t a c]ta9 am\nt ( assimilation 9 ! two communities4 ,int]-m>riages became frequ5t2 #dad ,isidore ( ,beja1 :o fi]cely inveighs aga9/ ! ,muslim conqu]ors1 records ! m>riage ( ,abd al-,azz1 ! son ( ,ms1 ) ! wid[ ( ,k+ ,rod]ic1 )\t a ^w ( blame4 #dae ,_m ( ! ,*ri/ians adopt$ ,arab names1 & 9 outw>d obs]vances imitat$ to "s ext5t _! ,muhammadan neighb\rs1 e4g4 _m 7 circumcis$1 #daf & 9 matt]s ( food & dr9k foll[$ ! practice ( ! 8unbaptiz$ pagans40 #dag ,! v t]m ,muz>abes 7i4e4 mu/aribn or ,arabicis$7 appli$ to ! ,spani% ,*ri/ians liv+ "u ,arab rule1 is significant ( ! t5d5cies t 7 at "w4 ,! /udy ( ,arabic v rapidly began to displace t ( ,lat9 ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 #dah s t ! language ( ,*ri/ian !ology came gradually to be neglect$ & =gott54 ,ev5 "s ( ! high] cl]gy r5d]$ !mselves ridicul\s by _! ignorance ( correct ,lat9ity4 #dai ,x c\ld h>dly be expect$ t ! laity w\ld exhibit m zeal 9 su* a matt] ?an ! cl]gy1 & 9 #hed a ,spani% writ] br+s ! foll[+ compla9t aga9/ 8 ,*ri/ian fell[-c\ntrym53--8,:ile we are inve/igat+ _! 7i4e4 ! ,muslim7 sacr$ ord9ances & meet+ toge!r to /udy ! sects ( _! philosoph]s--or r philobragg]s--n = ! purpose ( refut+ _! errors1 b = ! exquisite *>m & = ! eloqu5ce & beauty ( _! language--neglect+ ! read+ ( ! ,scriptures1 we are b sett+ up z an idol ! numb] ( ! bea/4 7,apoc4 xiii4 #ah47 ,:]e n[adays c we f9d any le>n$ layman :o1 absorb$ 9 ! /udy ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1 c>es to look at ! works ( any ( ! ,lat9 ,fa!rs8 ,:o is !re ) any zeal = ! writ+s ( ! ,evangeli/s1 or ! ,prophets1 or ,apo/les8 ,our ,*ri/ian "y m51 ) _! elegant airs & flu5t spee*1 are %[y 9 _! dress & c>riage1 & are fam$ = ! le>n+ ( ! g5tiles2 intoxicat$ ) ,arab eloqu5ce !y gre$ily h&le1 eag]ly dev\r & zeal\sly discuss ! books ( ! ,*aldeans 7i4e4 ,muhammadans71 & make !m kn[n by prais+ !m ) e fl\ri% ( rhetoric1 kn[+ no?+ ( ! beauty ( ! ,*ur*'s lit]ature1 & look+ d[n ) contempt on ! /reams ( ! ,*ur* t fl[ =? f ,p>adise2 alas6 ! ,*ri/ians are s ignorant ( _! own law1 ! ,lat9s pay s little att5tion to _! own language1 t 9 ! :ole ,*ri/ian flock !re is h>dly "o man 9 a ?\s& :o c write a lett] to inquire aft] a fri5d's heal? intelligibly1 :ile y may f9d a c\ntless rabble ( all k9ds ( !m :o c le>n$ly roll out ! gr&iloqu5t p]iods ( ! ,*aldean tongue4 ,!y c ev5 make poems1 e l9e end+ ) ! same lett]1 :i* display high flights ( beauty & m skill 9 h&l+ metre ?an ! g5tiles !mselves possess40 #dbj ,9 fact ! k ( ,lat9 s mu* decl9$ 9 "o "p ( ,spa9 t x 0 f\nd necess>y to translate ! anci5t ,canons ( ! ,spani% ,*ur* & ! ,bible into ,arabic = ! use ( ! ,*ri/ians4 #dba ,:ile ! brilliant lit]ature ( ! ,arabs ex]cis$ su* a fasc9ation & 0 s zeal\sly /udi$1 ^? :o desir$ an education 9 ,*ri/ian lit]ature _h little m ?an ! mat]ials t _h be5 employ$ 9 ! tra9+ ( ! b>b>ic ,go?s1 & c\ld ) difficulty f9d tea*]s to induct !m ev5 into ?is l[ level ( culture4 ,z "t w5t on ?is want ( ,*ri/ian education increas$ m & m4 ,9 #aabe ! ,muz>abes wrote to ,k+ ,alfonso ( ,aragon3 8,we & our fa!rs h up to ?is "t be5 br\ght up among ! g5tiles1 & hav+ be5 baptis$1 freely obs]ve ! ,*ri/ian ord9ances2 b we h nev] _h x 9 our p[] to be fully in/ruct$ 9 our div9e religion2 =1 subject z we are to ! infidels :o h long oppress$ u1 we h nev] v5tur$ to ask = tea*]s f ,rome or ,france2 & !y h nev] come to u ( _! own accord on acc\nt ( ! b>b>ity ( ! hea!n :om we obey40 #dbb ,f su* close int]c\rse ) ! ,muslims & s dilig5t a /udy ( _! lit]ature--:5 we f9d ev5 s bigot$ an oppon5t ( ,islam z ,alv> #dbc ackn[l$g+ t ! ,qurn 0 compos$ 9 su* eloqu5t & beautiful language t ev5 ,*ri/ians c\ld n help read+ & admir+ x--we %\ld naturally expect to f9d signs ( a religi\s influ5ce3 & su* inde$ is ! case4 ,elip&us1 bi%op ( ,tol$o 7ob4 #haj71 an expon5t ( ! h]esy ( ,adoptionism--accord+ to :i* ! ,man ,*ri/ ,jesus 0 ,son ( ,god by adoption & n by nature--is expressly said to h arriv$ at ^! h]etical views ?r\gh 8 frequ5t & close int]c\rse ) ! ,muhammadans4 #dbd ,?is new doctr9e appe>s to h spread quickly ov] a great "p ( ,spa91 :ile x 0 successfully propagat$ 9 ,septimania1 :i* 0 "u ,fr5* protection1 by ,felix1 bi%op ( ,urgel 9 ,catalonia4 #dbe ,felix 0 br\ght be=e a c\ncil1 presid$ ov] by ,*>lemagne1 & made to abjure 8 error1 b on 8 return to ,spa9 he relaps$ into 8 old h]esy1 d\btless 7z 0 sugge/$ by ,pope ,leo ,,iii at ! "t7 ow+ to 8 int]c\rse ) ! pagans 7mean+ !reby ! ,muhammadans7 :o held simil> views4 #dbf ,:5 prom95t *ur*m5 7 s pr(\ndly influ5c$ by _! contact ) ,muhammadans1 we may judge t ! influ5ce ( ,islam ^u ! ,*ri/ians ( ,spa9 0 v consid]able1 inde$ 9 ,a4,d4 #icf a c\ncil 0 held at ,tol$o to consid] ! be/ means ( prev5t+ ?is int]c\rse f contam9at+ ! purity ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 #dbg ,x may readily be und]/ood h[ ^! influ5ces ( ,islamic ?\ght & practice--add$ to def9ite ef=ts at conv]sion #dbh--w\ld lead to mu* m ?an a m]e approximation & w\ld v spe$ily swell ! numb] ( ! conv]ts to ,islam s t _! desc5dants1 ! s-call$ ,muwallads--a t]m d5ot+ ^? n ( ,arab blood--soon =m$ a l>ge & important p>ty 9 ! /ate1 inde$ ! majority ( ! population ( ! c\ntry1 #dbi & z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! n9? c5tury we read ( attempts made by !m to %ake (f ! ,arab rule1 & on sev]al occasions lat] !y come =w>d actively z a national p>ty ( ,spani% ,muslims4 ,we h little or no details ( ! hi/ory ( ! conv]sion ( ^! ,new-,muslims4 ,in/ances appe>$ to h occurr$ "r up to ! la/ days ( ,muslim rule1 = :5 ! army ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella captur$ ,malaga 9 #adhg1 x is record$ t all ! r5egade ,*ri/ians f\nd 9 ! city 7 tortur$ to dea? ) %>p-po9t$ re$s1 & 9 ! capitulation t secur$ ! submission ( ,pur*5a two ye>s lat]1 an express promise 0 made t r5egades w\ld n be =c$ to return to ,*ri/ianity4 #dcj ,"s few apo/atis$ to escape ! paym5t ( "s p5alty inflict$ by ! law-c\rts4 #dca ,b ! majority ( ! conv]ts 7 no d\bt won ov] by ! impos+ influ5ce ( ! fai? ( ,islam itself1 pres5t$ to !m z x 0 ) all ! glam\r ( a brilliant civilisation1 hav+ a poetry1 a philosophy & an art well calculat$ to attract ! reason & dazzle ! imag9ation3 :ile 9 ! l(ty *ivalry ( ! ,arabs !re 0 free scope = ! exhibition ( manly pr[ess & ! knightly virtues--a c>e] clos$ to ! conqu]$ ,spani>ds t rema9$ true to ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,aga91 ! le>n+ & lit]ature ( ! ,*ri/ians mu/ h appe>$ v poor & meagre :5 comp>$ ) t ( ! ,muslims1 ! /udy ( :i* may well by itself h s]v$ z an inc5tive to ! adoption ( _! religion4 ,besides1 to ! dev\t m9d ,islam 9 ,spa9 c\ld (f] ! attractions ( a pi\s & zeal\s ,puritan p>ty ) ! or?odox ,muslim !ologians at its head1 :i* at times _h a prepond]at+ influ5ce 9 ! /ate & /ruggl$ e>ne/ly t[>ds a re=mation ( fai? & morals4 ,tak+ into consid]ation ! ard5t religi\s feel+ t animat$ ! mass ( ! ,spani% ,muslims & ! provocation t ! ,*ri/ians gave to ! ,muhammadan gov]nm5t ?r\gh _! trea*]\s intrigues ) _! co-religioni/s ov] ! bord]1 ! hi/ory ( ,spa9 "u ,muhammadan rule is s+ul>ly free f p]secution4 ,) ! exception ( ?ree or f\r cases ( g5u9e m>tyrdom1 ! only approa* to any?+ l p]secution dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( ! ,arab rule is to be f\nd 9 ! sev]e measures adopt$ by ! ,muhammadan gov]nm5t to repress ! madness = volunt>y m>tyrdom t broke out 9 ,cordova 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,at ?is "t a fanatical p>ty came into exi/5ce among ! ,*ri/ians 9 ?is "p ( ,spa9 7= app>5tly ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 ! re/ ( ! c\ntry _h no sympa?y ) ! movem5t71 :i* set itself op5ly & unprovok$ly to insult ! religion ( ! ,muslims & blaspheme _! ,prophet1 ) ! delib]ate int5tion ( incurr+ ! p5alty ( dea? by su* misguid$ ass]tion ( _! ,*ri/ian bigotry4 ,?is /range passion = self-immolation display$ itself ma9ly among prie/s1 monks & nuns betwe5 ! ye>s #hej & #hfj4 ,x w\ld seem t brood+1 9 ! sil5ce ( _! cloi/]s1 ov] ! decl9e ( ,*ri/ian influ5ce & ! decay ( religi\s zeal1 !y w5t =? to w9 ! m>tyr's cr[n--( :i* ! tol]ation ( _! infidel rul]s 0 robb+ !m--by means ( fi]ce attacks on ,islam & its f\nd]4 ,?us1 = example1 a c]ta9 monk1 by "n ,isaac1 came be=e ! ,q & pret5d$ t he wi%$ to be in/ruct$ 9 ! fai? ( ,islam2 :5 ! ,q _h exp\nd$ to him ! doctr9es ( ! ,prophet1 he bur/ out ) ! words3 8,he ha? li$ unto y 7may ! curse ( ,god consume him671 :o1 full ( wick$ness1 ha? l$ s _m m5 into p]dition1 & doom$ !m ) himself to ! pit ( hell4 ,fill$ ) ,satan & practis+ ,satanic juggl]y1 he ha? giv5 y a cup ( deadly w9e to "w disease 9 y1 & w expiate 8 guilt ) ev]la/+ damnation4 ,:y d ye n1 be+ end[$ ) und]/&+1 deliv] y\rselves f su* dang]s8 ,:y d ye n1 r5\nc+ ! ulc] ( 8 pe/il5tial doctr9es1 seek ! et]nal salvation ( ! ,gospel ( ! fai? ( ,*ri/80 #dcb ,on ano!r occasion two ,*ri/ians =c$ _! way into a mosque & !re revil$ ! ,muhammadan religion1 :i*1 !y decl>$1 w\ld v spe$ily br+ ^u its foll[]s ! de/ruction ( hell-fire4 #dcc ,?\gh ! numb] ( su* fanatics 0 n consid]able1 #dcd ! ,muhammadan gov]nm5t grew al>m$1 fe>+ t su* contempt = _! au?ority & disreg>d ( _! laws aga9/ blasphemy1 argu$ a widespread disaffection & a possible g5]al insurrection1 = 9 fact1 9 #hec ,muammad ,i _h to s5d an army aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians at ,tol$o1 :o1 incit$ by ,eulogius1 ! *ief apologi/ ( ! m>tyrs1 _h ris5 9 revolt on ! news ( ! suff]+s ( _! co-religioni/s4 #dce ,he is said to h ord]$ a g5]al massacre ( ! ,*ri/ians1 b :5 x 0 po9t$ out t no m5 ( any intellig5ce or rank among ! ,*ri/ians _h tak5 "p 9 su* do+s #dcf 7= ,alv> himself compla9s t ! majority ( ! ,*ri/ian prie/s condemn$ ! m>tyrs #dcg71 ! k+ cont5t$ himself ) putt+ into =ce ! exi/+ laws aga9/ blasphemy ) ! utmo/ rig\r4 ,! mod]ate p>ty 9 ! ,*ur* second$ ! ef=ts ( ! gov]nm5t2 ! bi%ops ana!matis$ ! fanatics1 & an ecclesia/ical c\ncil t 0 held 9 #heb to discuss ! matt] agre$ ^u me?ods ( repression #dch t ev5tually qua%$ ! movem5t4 ,"o or two isolat$ cases ( m>tyrdom are record$ lat]--! la/ 9 #ihc1 aft] :i* !re 0 none z long z ! ,arab rule la/$ 9 ,spa94 #dci ,b "u ! ,b]b] dyna/y ( ! ,almoravids at ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury1 !re 0 an outbur/ ( fanaticism on ! "p ( ! !ological zealots ( ,islam 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ians _h to suff] along ) ! ,jews & ! lib]al section ( ! ,muhammadan population--! philosoph]s1 ! poets & ! m5 ( lett]s4 ,b su* incid5ts are exceptions to ! g5]ally tol]ant "* ( ! ,muhammadan rul]s ( ,spa9 t[>ds _! ,*ri/ian subjects4 ,"o ( ! ,spani% ,muhammadans :o 0 driv5 out ( 8 native c\ntry 9 ! la/ expulsion ( ! ,moriscoes 9 #afaj1 :ile prote/+ aga9/ ! p]secutions ( ! ,inquisition1 makes ! foll[+ v9dication ( ! tol]ation ( 8 co-religioni/s3 8,did our victori\s ance/ors ev] once attempt to extirpate ,*ri/ianity out ( ,spa91 :5 x 0 9 _! p[]8 ,did !y n suff] y\r =efa!rs to enjoy ! free use ( _! rites at ! same "t t !y wore _! *a9s8 ,is n ! absolute injunction ( our ,prophet1 t :atev] nation is conqu]$ by ,musalman /eel1 %\ld1 ^u ! paym5t ( a mod]ate annual tribute1 be p]mitt$ to p]sev]e 9 _! own pri/9e p]suasion1 h[ absurd soev]1 or to embrace :at o!r belief !y !mselves be/ approv$ (8 ,if !re may h be5 "s examples ( =c$ conv]sions1 !y are s r>e z sc>ce to des]ve m5tion+1 & only attempt$ by m5 :o _h n ! fe> ( ,god1 & ! ,prophet1 be=e _! eyes1 & :o1 9 s do+1 h act$ directly & diametrically contr>y to ! holy precepts & ord9ances ( ,islam :i* _c1 )\t sacrilege1 be violat$ by any :o w\ld be held wor?y ( ! hon\rable epi!t ( ,musulman4444 ,y c nev] produce1 among u1 any blood?ir/y1 =mal tribunal1 on acc\nt ( diff]5t p]suasions 9 po9ts ( fai?1 t anywise approa*es y\r execrable ,inquisition4 ,our arms1 x is true1 are ev] op5 to receive all :o are dispos$ to embrace our religion2 b we are n all[$ by our sacr$ ,qurn to tyrannise ov] consci5ces4 ,our proselytes h all imag9able enc\ragem5t1 & h no soon] pr(ess$ ,god's ,unity & ,8 ,apo/le's mission b !y become "o ( u1 )\t res]ve2 tak+ to wife our daught]s1 & be+ employ$ 9 po/s ( tru/1 hon\r & pr(it2 we cont5t+ ourselves ) only oblig+ !m to we> our habit1 & to seem true believ]s 9 outw>d appe>ance1 )\t ev] (f]+ to exam9e _! consci5ces1 provid$ !y d n op5ly revile or pr(ane our religion3 if !y d t1 we inde$ puni% !m z !y des]ve2 s9ce _! conv]sion 0 volunt>ily1 & 0 n by compulsion40 #ddj ,?is v _s ( tol]ation 0 made "o ( ! ma9 articles 9 an acc\nt ( ! 8,apo/acies & ,treasons ( ! ,moriscoes10 drawn up by ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,val5cia 9 #afjb :5 recomm5d+ _! expulsion to ,philip ,,iii1 z foll[s3 8,t !y comm5d$ no?+ s mu* z t lib]ty ( consci5ce1 9 all matt]s ( religion1 :i* ! ,turks1 & all o!r ,muhammadans1 suff] _! subjects to enjoy40 #dda ,:at deep roots ,islam _h /ruck 9 ! he>ts ( ! ,spani% p may be judg$ f ! fact t :5 ! la/ remnant ( ! ,moriscoes 0 expell$ f ,spa9 9 #afaj1 ^! un=tunate p /ill clung to ! fai? ( _! fa!rs1 al?\gh = m ?an a c5tury !y _h be5 =c$ to outw>dly con=m to ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & 9 spite ( ! emigrations t _h tak5 place s9ce ! fall ( ,granada1 ne>ly #ejj1jjj are said to h be5 expell$ at t "t4 #ddb ,:ole t[ns & villages 7 des]t$ & ! h\ses fell into ru9s1 !re be+ no "o to rebuild !m4 #ddc ,^! ,moriscoes 7 probably all desc5dants ( ! orig9al inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 ) little or no admixture ( ,arab blood2 ! reasons t may be adduc$ 9 support ( ?is /atem5t are too l5g?y to be giv5 "h2 "o po9t only 9 ! evid5ce may be m5tion$1 d]iv$ f a lett] writt5 9 #acaa1 9 :i* x is /at$ t ( ! #bjj1jjj ,muhammadans !n liv+ 9 ! city ( ,granada1 n m ?an #ejj 7 ( ,arab desc5t1 all ! re/ be+ desc5dants ( conv]t$ ,spani>ds4 #ddd ,f9ally1 x is ( int]e/ to note t ev5 up to ! la/ days ( its p[] 9 ,spa91 ,islam won conv]ts to ! fai?1 = ! hi/orian1 :5 writ+ ( ev5ts t occurr$ 9 ! ye> #adii1 sev5 ye>s aft] ! fall ( ,granada1 draws att5tion to ! fact t among ! ,moors 7 a few ,*ri/ians :o _h lately embrac$ ! fai? ( ! ,prophet4 #dde ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,islam ,,among ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,nations ,,9 ,,europe ,,"u ,,! ,,turks4 ,we fir/ he> ( ! ,ottoman ,turks at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 flee+ be=e ! ,mongols1 to ! numb] ( ab\t #ej1jjj1 !y came to ! help ( ! ,sultan ( ,iconium1 & 9 return = _! s]vices bo? aga9/ ! ,mongols & ! ,greeks1 _h assign$ to !m a di/rict 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,?is 0 ! nucleus ( ! future ,ottoman empire1 :i*1 increas+ at fir/ by ! absorption ( ! petty /ates into :i* ! ,saljq ,turks _h split up1 aft]w>ds cross$ ov] into ,europe1 annex+ k+dom aft] k+dom1 until its victori\s gr[? receiv$ a *eck be=e ! gates ( ,vi5na 9 #afhc4 #ddf ,f ! e>lie/ days ( ! ext5sion ( _! k+dom 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ! ,ottomans ex]cis$ au?ority ov] ,*ri/ian subjects1 b x 0 n until ! anci5t capital ( ! ,ea/]n empire fell into _! h&s 9 #adec t ! relations betwe5 ! ,muslim ,gov]nm5t & ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 7 def9itely e/abli%$ on a fix$ basis4 ,"o ( ! fir/ /eps tak5 by ,muammad ,,ii1 aft] ! capture ( ,con/ant9ople & ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ord] 9 t city1 0 to secure ! allegiance ( ! ,*ri/ians1 by proclaim+ himself ! protector ( ! ,greek ,*ur*4 ,p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians 0 /rictly =bidd52 a decree 0 grant$ to ! newly elect$ patri>* :i* secur$ to him & 8 successors & ! bi%ops "u him1 ! enjoym5t ( ! old privileges1 rev5ues & exemptions enjoy$ "u ! =m] rule4 ,g5nadios1 ! fir/ patri>* aft] ! ,turki% conque/1 receiv$ f ! h&s ( ! ,sultan himself ! pa/oral /aff1 :i* 0 ! sign ( 8 (fice1 toge!r ) a purse ( a ?\s& gold5 ducats & a horse ) gorge\s trapp+s1 on :i* he 0 privileg$ to ride ) 8 tra9 ?r\gh ! city4 #ddg ,b n only 0 ! head ( ! ,*ur* treat$ ) all ! respect he _h be5 accu/om$ to receive f ! ,*ri/ian emp]ors1 b fur!r he 0 inve/$ ) ext5sive civil p[]4 ,! patri>*'s c\rt sat to decide all cases betwe5 ,greek & ,greek3 x c\ld impose f9es1 imprison (f5d]s 9 a prison provid$ = its own special use1 & 9 "s cases ev5 condemn to capital puni%m5t3 :ile ! m9i/]s & (ficials ( ! gov]nm5t 7 direct$ to en=ce its judgm5ts4 ,! complete control ( spiritual & ecclesia/ical matt]s 79 :i* ! ,turki% gov]nm5t1 unlike ! civil p[] ( ! ,byzant9e empire1 nev] int]f]$71 0 left entirely 9 8 h&s & ^? ( ! gr& ,synod :i* he c\ld summon :5ev] he pleas$2 & h]eby he c\ld decide all matt]s ( fai? & dogma )\t fe> ( int]f]5ce on ! "p ( ! /ate4 ,z a recognis$ (fic] ( ! imp]ial gov]nm5t1 he c\ld d mu* = ! alleviation ( ! oppress$1 by br++ ! acts ( unju/ gov]nors to ! notice ( ! ,sultan4 ,! ,greek bi%ops 9 ! prov9ces 9 _! turn 7 treat$ ) great consid]ation & 7 entru/$ ) s mu* jurisdiction 9 civil affairs1 t up to mod]n times !y h act$ 9 _! dioceses almo/ z if !y 7 ,ottoman prefects ov] ! or?odox population1 ?us tak+ ! place ( ! old ,*ri/ian ari/ocracy :i* _h be5 ext]m9at$ by ! conqu]ors1 & we f9d t ! high] cl]gy 7 g5]ally m active z ,turki% ag5ts ?an z ,greek prie/s1 & !y always taught _! p t ! ,sultan possess$ a div9e sanction1 z ! protector ( ! ,or?odox ,*ur*4 ,a *>t] 0 subsequ5tly publi%$1 secur+ to ! or?odox ! use ( su* *ur*es z _h n be5 confiscat$ to =m mosques1 & au?oris+ !m to celebrate _! religi\s rites publicly accord+ to _! national usages4 #ddh ,consequ5tly1 ?\gh ! ,greeks 7 num]ically sup]ior to ! ,turks 9 all ! ,european prov9ces ( ! empire1 ! religi\s tol]ation ?us grant$ !m1 & ! protection ( life & prop]ty !y enjoy$1 soon reconcil$ !m to ! *ange ( ma/]s & l$ !m to pref] ! dom9ation ( ! ,sultan to t ( any ,*ri/ian p[]4 ,inde$1 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 ! ,ottoman conqu]ors 7 welcom$ by ! ,greeks z _! deliv]]s f ! rapaci\s & tyrann\s rule ( ! ,franks & ! ,v5etians :o _h s long disput$ ) ,byzantium = ! possession ( ! ,peloponnesos & "s ( ! adjac5t p>ts ( ,greece2 by introduc+ into ,greece ! feudal sy/em1 ^! _h r$uc$ ! p to ! mis]able condition ( s]fs1 & z ali5s 9 spee*1 race & cre$1 7 hat$ by _! subjects1 #ddi to :om a *ange ( rul]s1 s9ce x c\ld n make _! condition worse1 w\ld (f] a possible *ance ( improv+ x1 & ?\gh _! deliv]]s 7 likewise ali5s1 yet ! infidel ,turk 0 inf9itely to be pref]r$ to ! h]etical ,ca?olics4 #dej ,! ,greeks :o liv$ "u ! imm$iate gov]nm5t ( ! ,byzant9e c\rt1 7 equally unlikely to be av]se to a *ange ( rul]s4 ,! degradation & tyranny t *>act]is$ ! dyna/y ( ! ,palologi are frightful to contemplate4 8,a corrupt ari/ocracy1 a tyrannical & innum]able cl]gy1 ! oppression ( p]v]t$ law1 ! exactions ( a despicable gov]nm5t1 & /ill m1 its monopolies1 its fiscality1 its armies ( tax & cu/om collectors1 left ! degrad$ p nei!r rights nor in/itutions1 nei!r *ance ( amelioration nor hope ( r$ress40 #dea ,le/ su* a judgm5t appe> dictat$ by a _s ( p>ty bias1 a contempor>y au?ority may be appeal$ to 9 support ( its correctness4 ,! ,russian annali/s :o speak ( ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople br+ a simil> indictm5t aga9/ its gov]nm5t4 8,)\t ! fe> ( ! law an empire is l a /e$ )\t re9s4 ,con/ant9e & 8 ance/ors all[$ _! gr&ees to oppress ! p2 !re 0 no m ju/ice 9 _! law c\rts2 no m c\rage 9 _! he>ts2 ! judges amass$ treasures f ! te>s & blood ( ! innoc5t2 ! ,greek soldi]s 7 pr\d only ( ! magnific5ce ( _! dress2 ! citiz5s did n blu% at be+ traitors2 ! soldi]s 7 n a%am$ to fly4 ,at l5g? ! ,"l p\r$ out ,8 ?und] on ^! unwor?y rul]s1 & rais$ up ,muammad1 ^: w>riors delight 9 battle1 & ^: judges d n betray _! tru/40 #deb ,?is la/ item ( praise #dec may s\nd /range 9 ! e>s ( a g5]ation t has con/antly be5 call$ ^u to prote/ aga9/ ,turki% inju/ice2 b x is cle>ly & abundantly borne out by ! te/imony ( contempor>y hi/orians4 ,! ,byzant9e hi/orian :o has h&$ d[n to u ! /ory ( ! capture ( ,con/ant9ople tells u h[ ev5 ! impetu\s ,byazd 0 lib]al & g5]\s to 8 ,*ri/ian subjects1 & made himself extremely popul> among !m by admitt+ !m freely to 8 society4 #ded ,murd ,,ii di/+ui%$ himself by 8 att5tion to ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice & by 8 re=ms ( ! abuses preval5t "u ! ,greek emp]ors1 & puni%$ )\t m]cy ^? ( 8 (ficials :o oppress$ any ( 8 subjects4 #dee ,= at lea/ a c5tury aft] ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople a s]ies ( able rul]s secur$1 by a firm & vigor\s adm9i/ration1 peace & ord] ?r\gh\t _! dom9ions1 & an admirable civil & judicial organisation1 if x did n provide an absolutely imp>tial ju/ice = ,muslims & ,*ri/ians alike1 yet caus$ ! ,greeks to be f> bett] (f ?an !y _h be5 be=e4 ,!y 7 h>ass$ by few] exactions ( =c$ lab\r1 extraord9>y contributions 7 r>ely levi$1 & ! taxes !y paid 7 a trifl+ burd5 comp>$ ) ! endless feudal obligations ( ! ,franks & ! c\ntless extortions ( ! ,byzant9es4 ,! ,turki% dom9ions 7 c]ta9ly bett] gov]n$ & m prosp]\s ?an mo/ p>ts ( ,*ri/ian ,europe1 & ! mass ( ! ,*ri/ian population engag$ 9 ! cultivation ( ! soil enjoy$ a l>g] measure ( private lib]ty & ( ! fruits ( _! lab\r1 "u ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,sultan ?an _! contempor>ies did "u t ( _m ,*ri/ian mon>*s4 #def ,a great impulse1 too1 0 giv5 to ! comm]cial activity ( ! c\ntry1 = ! e>ly ,sultans 7 always ready to fo/] trade & comm]ce among _! subjects1 & _m ( ! great cities ent]$ ^u an era ( prosp]ity :5 ! ,turki% conque/ _h deliv]$ !m f ! p>alys+ fiscal oppression ( ! ,byzant9e empire1 "o ( ! fir/ ( !m be+ ,nica1 :i* capitulat$ to ,urkhn 9 #accj "u ! mo/ fav\rable t]ms aft] a long-protract$ siege4 #deg ,l ! anci5t ,romans1 ! ,ottomans 7 great mak]s ( roads & bridges1 & !reby facilitat$ trade ?r\gh\t _! empire2 & =eign /ates 7 compell$ to admit ! ,greek m]*ants into ports f :i* !y _h be5 exclud$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,byzant9e emp]ors1 b n[ sail+ "u ! ,ottoman flag1 !y assum$ ! dress & mann]s ( ,turks1 & ?us secur$ f ! nations ( ,we/]n ,europe ! respect & consid]ation :i* ! ,ca?olics _h hi!rto always refus$ to ! memb]s ( ! ,greek ,*ur*4 #deh ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o notable exception to ?is g5]al good treatm5t & tol]ation1 viz4 ! tribute ( ,*ri/ian *ildr51 :o 7 =cibly tak5 f _! p>5ts at an e>ly age & enroll$ 9 ! fam\s corps ( ,janiss>ies4 ,in/itut$ by ,urkhn 9 #accj1 x =m$ = c5turies ! ma9/ay ( ! despotic p[] ( ! ,turki% ,sultans1 & 0 kept alive by a regul> contribution exact$ e f\r ye>s1 #dei :5 ! (fic]s ( ! ,sultan visit$ ! di/ricts on :i* ! tax 0 impos$1 & made a selection f among ! *ildr5 ab\t ! age ( sev54 ,! ,muhammadan legi/s attempt$ to apologise = ?is inhuman tribute by repres5t+ ^! *ildr5 z ! fif? ( ! spoil :i* ! ,qurn assigns to ! sov]eign1 #dfj & !y prescrib$ t ! injunction aga9/ =cible conv]sion #dfa %\ld be obs]v$ ) reg>d to !m also1 al?\gh ! t5d] age at :i* !y 7 plac$ "u ! in/ruction ( ,muslim tea*]s mu/ h made x practically ( none effect4 #dfb ,*ri/ian ,europe has always express$ its horror at su* a b>b>\s tax1 & travell]s 9 ! ,turki% dom9ions h pa9t$ t\*+ pictures ( desolat$ homes & ( p>5ts weep+ = ! *ildr5 torn f _! arms4 ,b :5 ! corps 0 fir/ in/itut$1 its numb]s 7 rapidly swell$ by volunt>y accessions f among ! ,*ri/ians !mselves1 #dfc & ! circum/ances "u :i* ?is tribute 0 fir/ impos$ may g f> to expla9 ! apa?y :i* ! ,greeks !mselves appe> to h exhibit$4 ,! :ole c\ntry _h be5 laid wa/e by w>1 & families 7 (t5 9 dang] ( p]i%+ ) hung]2 ! *ildr5 :o 7 ?us adopt$ 7 9 _m cases orphans1 :o w\ld o!rwise h be5 left to p]i%2 fur!r1 ! cu/om s widely preval5t at t "t ( sell+ ,*ri/ians z slaves may h made ?is tax appe> less appall+ ?an might h be5 expect$4 ,?is cu/om has1 moreov]1 be5 ma9ta9$ to h be5 only a cont9uation ( a simil> usage t 0 9 =ce "u ! ,byzant9e emp]ors4 #dfd ,x has ev5 be5 said t !re 0 seldom any necessity ( an appeal to =ce on ! "p ( ! (fic]s :o collect$ ! appo9t$ numb] ( *ildr51 b r t ! p>5ts 7 (t5 eag] to h _! *ildr5 enroll$ 9 a s]vice t secur$ = !m 9 _m cases a brilliant c>e]1 & "u any circum/ances a well-c>$-= & com=table exi/5ce1 s9ce ^! little captives 7 br\ght up & educat$ z if !y 7 ! ,sultan's own *ildr54 #dfe ,?is in/itution appe>s 9 a less b>b>\s light if x be true t ! p>5ts c\ld (t5 r$eem _! *ildr5 by a money paym5t4 #dff ,metrophanes ,kritop\los1 :o 0 ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople & aft]w>ds ( ,alex&ria1 writ+ 9 #afbe1 m5tions v>i\s devices adopt$ by ! ,*ri/ians = escap+ f ! burd5 ( ?is tax1 e4g4 !y pur*as$ ,muhammadan boys & repres5t$ !m to be ,*ri/ians1 or !y brib$ ! collectors to take ,*ri/ian boys :o 7 ( l[ bir? or _h be5 badly br\ght up or su* z 8des]v$ hang+40 #dfg ,?omas ,smi?1 among o!rs1 speaks ( ! possibility ( buy+ (f ! *ildr51 s impress$3 8,"s ( _! p>5ts1 out ( natural pity & out ( a true s5se ( religion1 t !y may n be ?us robb$ ( _! *ildr51 :o h]eby lie "u a necessity ( r5\nc+ _! ,*ri/ianity1 comp\nd = !m at ! rate ( fifty or a hundr$ doll>s1 z !y are able1 or z !y c "w ^u ! covet\sness ( ! ,turks m or less40 #dfh ,! ,*ri/ians ( c]ta9 cities1 su* z ,con/ant9ople1 & ( t[ns & isl&s t _h made ?is /ipulation at ! "t ( _! submission to ! ,turks1 or _h pur*as$ ?is privilege1 7 exempt$ f ! op]ation ( ?is cruel tax4 #dfi ,^! ext5uat+ circum/ances at ! outset1 & ! ease ) :i* m5 acquiesce 9 any e/abli%$ usage--?\gh s]v+ 9 no way z an excuse = s inhuman an in/itution--may help u to und]/& :at a travell] 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury calls ! 8unacc\ntable indiff]5ce0 #dgj ) :i* ! ,greeks seem to h fall5 9 ) ?is dem& ( ! new gov]nm5t1 :i* s mat]ially improv$ _! condition4 ,fur!r1 ! ,*ri/ian subjects ( ! ,turki% empire _h to pay ! capitation-tax1 9 return = protection & 9 lieu ( milit>y s]vice4 ,! rates fix$ by ! ,ottoman law 7 #b1 #e & #aj pia/res a head = e full-gr[n male1 accord+ to 8 income1 #dga wom5 & ! cl]gy be+ exempt4 #dgb ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ! rates 7 #ae1 #cj & #fj pia/res1 accord+ to income4 #dgc ,*ri/ian writ]s ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies g5]ally speak ( ?is tax z be+ a ducat a head1 #dgd b x is also v>i\sly describ$ z am\nt+ to #c1 #e or #e cr[ns or doll>s4 #dge ,! fluctuat+ ex*ange value ( ! ,turki% co9age 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury is ! probable explanation ( ! latt] v>iations4 ,to e/imate ) any exactitude h[ f> ?is tax 0 a burd5 to ^? :o _h to pay x1 w\ld require a l5g!n$ disquisition on ! pur*as+ value ( money at t p]iod & a comp>ison ) o!r items ( exp5diture4 #dgf ,b by itself x c\ld h>dly h =m$ a valid excuse = a *ange ( fai?1 z ,t\rne=t po9ts out1 :5 writ+ 9 #agjj ( ! conv]sion ( ! ,c&iots3 8,x mu/ be confess$1 ^! ,wret*es sell _! ,s\ls a ,p5nywor?3 all !y get 9 ex*ange = _! ,religion1 is a ,ve/1 & ! ,privilege ( be+ exempt f ! ,capitation-,tax1 :i* is n above five ,cr[ns a ye>40 #dgg ,s*effl] also1 :o is anxi\s to repres5t ! condition ( ! ,*ri/ians "u ,turki% rule 9 z black col\rs z possible1 admits t ! "o ducat a head 0 a trifl+ matt]1 & has to lay /ress on ! extraord9>y taxes1 w> contributions1 etc41 t !y 7 call$ ^u to pay4 #dgh ,! l& taxes 7 ! same bo? = ,*ri/ians & ,musalmans1 #dgi = ! old di/9ction betwe5 l&s on :i* ti! 0 paid by ! ,muhammadan proprietor1 & ^? on :i* kh>j 0 paid by ! non-,muhammadan proprietor1 0 n recognis$ by ! ,ottomans4 #dhj ,:atev] suff]+s ! ,*ri/ians _h to endure proce$$ f ! tyranny ( individuals1 :o took advantage ( _! (ficial position to extort money f ^? "u _! jurisdiction4 ,su* acts ( oppression 7 n only contr>y to ! ,muhammadan law1 b 7 r>e be=e ! c5tral gov]nm5t _h gr[n weak & suff]$ ! corruption & inju/ice ( local au?orities to g unpuni%$4 #dha ,!re is a v m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! acc\nts we h ( ! condition ( ! ,*ri/ians dur+ ! fir/ two c5turies ( ! ,turki% rule 9 ,europe & ^? ( a lat] date1 :5 ! p]iod ( decad5ce _h fully set 94 ,b x is noticeable t 9 ^? v times 9 :i* ! condition ( ! ,*ri/ians _h be5 mo/ intol]able !re is lea/ record ( conv]sion to ,islam4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ! condition ( ! ,*ri/ians 0 worse ?an at any o!r p]iod1 we f9d h>dly any m5tion ( conv]sions at all1 & ! ,turks !mselves are repres5t$ z utt]ly indiff]5t to ! progress ( _! religion & consid]ably infect$ ) scepticism & unbelief4 #dhb ,a fur!r pro( t _! suff]+s h be5 due to misgov]nm5t r ?an to religi\s p]secution is ! fact t ,muslims & ,*ri/ians suff]$ alike4 #dhc ,! ,*ri/ians w\ld1 h[ev]1 naturally be m expos$ to extortion & ill-treatm5t ow+ to ! difficulties t lay 9 ! way ( obta9+ r$ress at law1 & "s ( ! poore/ may ?us h s\ght a relief f _! suff]+s 9 a *ange ( fai?4 ,b if we except ! tribute ( ! *ildr51 to :i* ! conqu]$ ,greeks seem to h submitt$ ) s little %[ ( resi/ance1 & :i* ow$ its abolition1 n to any revolt or insurrection aga9/ its cont9uance1 b to ! increase ( ! ,turki% population & ( ! numb] ( ! r5egades :o 7 con/antly ent]+ ! ,sultan's s]vice1 #dhd--! treatm5t ( _! ,*ri/ian subjects by ! ,ottoman emp]ors--at lea/ = two c5turies aft] _! conque/ ( ,greece--exhibits a tol]ation su* z 0 at t "t q unkn[n 9 ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,! ,calv9i/s ( ,hung>y & ,transylvania1 & ! ,unit>ians ( ! latt] c\ntry1 long pref]r$ to submit to ! ,turks r ?an fall into ! h&s ( ! fanatical h\se ( ,hapsburg2 #dhe & ! ,prote/ants ( ,silesia look$ ) long+ eyes t[>ds ,turkey1 & w\ld gladly h pur*as$ religi\s fre$om at ! price ( submission to ! ,muslim rule4 #dhf ,x 0 to ,turkey t ! p]secut$ ,spani% ,jews fl$ = refuge 9 enorm\s numb]s at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 #dhg & ! ,cossacks :o belong$ to ! sect ( ! ,old ,believ]s & 7 p]secut$ by ! ,russian ,/ate ,*ur*1 f\nd 9 ! dom9ions ( ! ,sultan ! tol]ation :i* _! ,*ri/ian bre?r5 d5i$ !m4 #dhh ,well might ,mac>ius1 ,patri>* ( ,antio* 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 congratulate himself :5 he saw ! fe>ful atrocities t ! ,ca?olic ,poles inflict$ on ! ,russians ( ! ,or?odox ,ea/]n ,*ur*3 8,we all wept mu* ov] ! ?\s&s ( m>tyrs :o 7 kill$ by ^? impi\s wret*es1 ! enemies ( ! fai?1 9 ^! =ty or fifty ye>s4 ,! numb] probably am\nt$ to sev5ty or eighty ?\s& s\ls4 ,o y infidels6 ,o y mon/]s ( impurity6 ,o y he>ts ( /one6 ,:at _h ! nuns & wom5 done8 ,:at ! girls & boys & infant *ildr51 t y %\ld murd] !m8444 ,& :y d ,i pron\nce !m 7! ,poles7 accurs$8 ,because !y h %[n !mselves m debas$ & wick$ ?an ! corrupt wor%ipp]s ( idols1 by _! cruel treatm5t ( ,*ri/ians1 ?9k+ to aboli% ! v "n ( ,or?odox4 ,god p]petuate ! empire ( ! ,turks = ev] & ev]6 ,= !y take _! impo/1 & ent] into no acc\nt ( religion1 be _! subjects ,*ri/ians or ,naz>5es1 ,jews or ,sam>ians3 :]eas ^! accurs$ ,poles 7 n cont5t ) taxes & ti!s f ! bre?r5 ( ,*ri/1 ?\gh will+ to s]ve !m2 b !y subject$ !m to ! au?ority ( ! enemies ( ,*ri/1 ! tyrannical ,jews1 :o did n ev5 p]mit !m to build *ur*es1 nor leave !m any prie/s t knew ! my/]ies ( _! fai?40 #dhi ,ev5 9 ,italy !re 7 m5 :o turn$ long+ eyes t[>ds ! ,turks 9 ! hope t z _! subjects !y might enjoy ! fre$om & ! tol]ation !y despair$ ( enjoy+ "u a ,*ri/ian gov]nm5t4 #dij ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t ,islam 0 n spread by =ce 9 ! dom9ion ( ! ,sultan ( ,turkey1 & ?\gh ! want ( ev5-h&$ ju/ice & ! oppression ( unscrupul\s (ficials 9 ! days ( ! empire's decl9e1 may h driv5 "s ,*ri/ians to attempt to bett] _! condition by a *ange ( fai?1 su* cases 7 r>e 9 ! fir/ two c5turies ( ! ,turki% rule 9 ,europe1 to :i* p]iod ! mass ( conv]sions belong4 ,x w\ld h be5 wond]ful inde$ if ! ard\r ( proselytis+ t animat$ ! ,ottomans at ?is "t _h nev] c>ri$ !m beyond ! b\nds ( tol]ation e/abli%$ by _! own laws4 ,yet x has be5 said by "o :o 0 a captive among !m = tw5ty-two ye>s t ! ,turks 8compell$ no "o to r5\nce 8 fai?40 #dia ,simil> te/imony is borne by o!rs3 an ,engli% g5tleman :o visit$ ,turkey 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 tells u t 8,!re is seldom any compulsion ( consci5ce1 & !n n by dea?1 :]e no crim9al (f5ce gives occasion40 #dib ,writ+ ab\t ?irty ye>s lat] 79 #affc71 ! au?or #dic ( a ,trck5-,s*rifft says3 8,mean:ile he 7i4e4 ! ,turk7 w9s 7conv]ts7 by craft m ?an by =ce1 & snat*es away ,*ri/ by fraud out ( ! he>ts ( m54 ,= ! ,turk1 x is true1 at ! pres5t "t compels no c\ntry by viol5ce to apo/atise2 b he uses o!r means :]eby imp]ceptibly he roots out ,*ri/ianity4444 ,:at !n has become ( ! ,*ri/ians8 ,!y are n expell$ f ! c\ntry1 nei!r are !y =c$ to embrace ! ,turki% fai?3 !n !y mu/ ( !mselves h be5 conv]t$ into ,turks40 ,! ,turks consid]$ t ! greate/ k9dness !y c\ld %[ a man 0 to br+ him into ! salvation ( ! fai? ( ,islam1 #did & to ?is end !y left no me?od ( p]suasion untri$3 a ,dut* travell] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 tells u t :ile he 0 admir+ ! great mosque ( ,santa ,sophia1 "s ,turks ev5 tri$ to "w ^u 8 religi\s feel+s ?r\gh 8 /hetic s5se1 say+ to him1 8,if y become a ,musalman1 y w be able to come "h e day ( y\r life40 ,ab\t a c5tury lat]1 an ,engli% travell] #die _h a simil> exp]i5ce3 8,sometimes1 out ( an excess ( zeal1 !y w ask a ,*ri/ian civilly en\gh1 z ,i h be5 ask$ myself 9 ! ,portico ( ,sancta ,sophia1 :y w y n turn ,musalman1 & be z "o ( u80 ,! public rejoic+s t hail$ ! accession ( a new conv]t to ! fai?1 te/ify to ! ard5t love = s\ls :i* made ^! m5 su* zeal\s proselytis]s4 ,! new ,muslim 0 set ^u a horse & l$ 9 triumph ?r\gh ! /reets ( ! city4 ,if he 0 kn[n to be g5u9ely hone/ 9 8 *ange ( fai? & _h volunt>ily ent]$ ! pale ( ,islam1 or if he 0 a p]son ( good position1 he 0 receiv$ ) high hon\r & "s provision made = 8 support4 #dif ,!re 0 c]ta9ly abundant evid5ce = say+ t 8,! ,turks are prepo/]\sly zeal\s 9 pray+ = ! conv]sion1 or p]v]sion r1 ( ,*ri/ians to _! irreligi\s religion3 !y pray he>tily1 & e day 9 _! ,temples1 t ,*ri/ians may imbrace ! ,alcoran1 & become _! ,proselytes1 9 effect+ ( :i* !y leave no means unassai$ by fe> & flatt]y1 by puni%m5ts & rew>ds40 #dig ,^! zeal\s ef=ts = w9n+ conv]ts 7 r5d]$ ! m effective by c]ta9 conditions ( ,*ri/ian society itself4 ,=emo/ among ^! 0 ! degrad$ condition ( ! ,greek ,*ur*4 ,side by side ) ! civil despotism ( ! ,byzant9e empire1 _h aris5 an ecclesia/ical despotism :i* _h cru%$ all en]gy ( intellectual life "u ! weight ( a dogmatism t int]dict$ all discussion 9 matt]s ( morals & religion4 ,! only ?+ t di/urb$ ?is le?>gy 0 ! fi]ce controv]sial w> wag$ aga9/ ! ,lat9 ,*ur* ) all ! bitt]ness ( !ological polemics & race hatr$4 ,! religion ( ! p _h deg5]at$ into a scrupul\s obs]vance ( outw>d =ms1 & ! int5se f]v\r ( _! devotion f\nd an outlet 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,virg9 & ! sa9ts1 ( pictures & relics4 ,!re 7 _m :o turn$ f a ,*ur* ^: spiritual life _h sunk s l[1 & we>y ( int]m9able discussions on su* subtle po9ts ( doctr9e z ! ,d\ble ,procession ( ! ,holy ,_s1 & su* trivialities z ! use ( leav5$ & unleav5$ bread 9 ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t1 gladly accept$ ! cle> & intelligible !i/ic tea*+ ( ,islam4 ,we are told #dih ( l>ge numb]s ( p]sons be+ conv]t$1 n only f among ! simple folk1 b also le>n$ m5 ( e class1 rank & condition2 ( h[ ! ,turks made a bett] provision = ^? monks & prie/s :o embrac$ ! ,muslim cre$1 9 ord] t _! example might lead o!rs to be conv]t$4 ,:ile ,adrianople 0 /ill ! ,turki% capital 7e4g4 be=e #adec7 ! c\rt 0 ?rong$ ) r5egades1 & !y are said to h =m$ ! majority ( ! magnates !re4 #dii ,byzant9e pr9ces & o!rs (t5 pass$ ov] to ! side ( ! ,muhammadans1 & receiv$ a ready welcome among !m3 "o ( ! e>lie/ ( su* cases dates f #aadj :5 a nephew ( ! emp]or ,john ,comn5es embrac$ ,islam & m>ri$ a daught] ( ,masd1 ! ,sultan ( ,iconium4 #ejj ,aft] ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople1 ! upp] classes ( ,*ri/ian society %[$ mu* m read9ess to embrace ,islam ?an ! mass ( ! ,greeks2 among ! conv]ts we meet ) sev]al be>+ ! "n ( ! late imp]ial family ( ! ,palologi1 & ! le>n$ ,george ,amir\tzes ( ,trebizond ab&on$ ,*ri/ianity 9 8 decl9+ ye>s1 & ! names ( _m o!r su* individuals h f\nd a record4 #eja ,! new religion only dem&$ ass5t to its simple cre$1 8,!re is no god b ,god3 ,muammad is ! apo/le ( ,god02 z ! above-m5tion$ writ] #ejb says1 8,! :ole difficulty lies 9 ?is pr(ession ( fai?4 ,= if only a man c p]suade himself t he is a wor%ipp] ( ! ,"o ,god1 ! poison ( 8 error easily infects him "u ! guise ( religion4 ,?is is ! rock ( (f5ce on :i* _m h /ruck & fall5 into ! sn>e t has br\ght p]dition on _! s\ls4 ,?is is ! mill-/one t hung ab\t ! necks ( _m has plung$ !m into ! pit ( despair4 ,= :5 ^! fools he> ! ,turks execrate idolatry & express _! horror ( e image & picture z ?\gh x 7 ! fire ( hell1 & s cont9ually pr(ess & prea* ! wor%ip ( ,"o ,god1 !re no long] rema9s any room = suspicion 9 _! m9ds40 ,! fai? ( ,islam w\ld n[ be ! natural refuge = ^? memb]s ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* :o felt su* ye>n+s aft] a pur] & simpl] =m ( doctr9e z _h giv5 rise to ! ,paulician h]esy s fi]cely suppress$ a few c5turies be=e4 ,?is movem5t _h be5 v l>gely a prote/ aga9/ ! sup]/itions ( ! ,or?odox ,*ur*1 aga9/ ! wor%ip ( images1 relics & sa9ts1 & an ef=t aft] simplicity ( fai? & ! dev\t life4 ,z "s adh]5ts ( ?is h]esy 7 to be f\nd 9 ,bulg>ia ev5 s late z ! sev5te5? c5tury1 #ejc ! ,muhammadan conqu]ors d\btless f\nd _m :o 7 dissatisfi$ ) ! doctr9e & practice ( ! ,greek ,*ur*2 & z all ! conditions 7 unfav\rable to ! =mation ( any su* ,prote/ant ,*ur*es z arose 9 ! ,we/1 su* diss5ti5t spirits w\ld d\btless f9d a m cong5ial atmosph]e 9 ! religion ( ,islam4 ,!re is e reason to ?9k t su* 0 ! result ( ! unsuccessful attempt to ,prote/antise ! ,greek ,*ur* 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! guid+ _s ( ?is movem5t 0 ,cyril ,luc>is1 five times ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 f #afba to #afch2 z a "y man he _h visit$ ! ,univ]sities ( ,witt5b]g & ,g5eva1 = ! purpose ( /udy+ !ology 9 ! seats ( ,prote/ant le>n+1 & on 8 return he kept up a correspond5ce ) doctors ( ! re=m$ fai? 9 ,g5eva1 ,holl& & ,engl&4 ,b nei!r ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& nor ( ! ,lu!rans attract$ 8 sympa?ies s w>mly z ! tea*+s ( ,john ,calv91 #ejd :i* he /rove to introduce into ! ,greek ,*ur*2 8 ef=ts 9 ?is direction 7 w>mly support$ by ! ,calv9i/s ( ,g5eva1 :o s5t a le>n$ "y !ologian1 nam$ ,leg]1 to assi/ ! "w by translat+ into ,greek ! writ+s ( ,calv9i/ !ologians4 #eje ,cyril also f\nd w>m fri5ds 9 ! ,prote/ant embassies at ,con/ant9ople1 ! ,dut* & ,engli% ambassadors especially assi/+ him lib]ally ) funds2 ! ,jesuits1 on ! o!r h&1 support$ by ! ,ca?olic ambassadors1 tri$ 9 e way to ?w>t ?is attempt to ,calv9ise ! ,greek ,*ur*1 & actively second$ ! intrigues ( ! p>ty ( opposition among ! ,greek cl]gy1 :o f9ally compass$ ! dea? ( ! ,patri>*4 ,9 #afbi ,cyril publi%$ a ,confession ( ,fai?1 ! ma9 object ( :i* seems to h be5 to pres5t ! doctr9es ( ! ,or?odox ,*ur* 9 _! opposition to ,roman ,ca?olicism 9 su* a way z to imply a necess>y accord ) ,prote/ant tea*+4 #ejf ,f ,calv9 he borr[s ! doctr9es ( ,pr$e/9ation & salvation by fai? alone1 he d5ies ! infallibility ( ! ,*ur*1 rejects ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! int]pretation ( ,holy ,scripture1 & condemns ! adoration ( pictures3 9 8 acc\nt ( ! w & 9 _m o!r que/ions1 he incl9es r to ,calv9ism ?an to ! tea*+s ( ! ,or?odox ,*ur*4 #ejg ,! promulgation ( ?is ,confession ( ,fai? z repres5t+ ! tea*+ ( ! :ole ,*ur* ( :i* he 0 ! spiritual head1 excit$ viol5t opposition among ! mass ( ! ,greek cl]gy1 & a few weeks aft] ,cyril's dea? a synod 0 held to condemn 8 op9ions & pron\nce him to be ,ana!ma2 9 #afdb a second synod 0 held at ,con/ant9ople = ! same purpose1 :i* aft] refut+ ea* article ( ,cyril's ,confession 9 detail1 z ! fir/ _h done1 ?us fulm9at$ its curse ^u him & 8 foll[]s3--8,) "o cons5t & 9 unqualifi$ t]ms1 we condemn ?is :ole ,confession z full ( h]esies & utt]ly oppos$ to our or?odoxy1 & likewise decl>e t its compil] has no?+ 9 common ) our fai?1 b 9 calumni\s fa%ion has falsely *>g$ 8 own ,calv9ism on u4 ,all ^? :o read & keep x z true & blameless1 & def5d x by writt5 ^w or spee*1 we ?ru/ out ( ! community ( ! fai?ful z foll[]s & p>tak]s ( 8 h]esy & corruptors ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & comm& t :atev] be _! rank & /ation1 !y be treat$ z hea!n & publicans4 ,let !m be laid "u an ana!ma = ev] & cut (f f ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son & ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 ?is life & 9 ! life to come1 accurs$1 excommunicat$1 be lo/ aft] dea?1 & be p>tak]s ( ev]la/+ puni%m5t40 #ejh ,9 #afgb a ?ird synod met at ,j]usalem to repudiate ! h]etical articles ( ?is ,confession ( ,fai? & v9dicate ! or?odoxy ( ! ,greek ,*ur* aga9/ ^? :o repres5t$ h] z infect$ ) ,calv9ism4 ,! attempt to ,prote/antise ! ,greek ,*ur* ?us completely fail$ to a*ieve success3 ! doctr9es ( ,calv9 7 diametrically oppos$ to h] tea*+s1 & inde$ inculcat$ _m articles ( fai? t 7 m 9 h>mony ) ! t5ets ( ,muslim !ologians ?an ) ^? ( ! ,or?odox ,*ur*1 & :i* moreov] %e _h (t5 attack$ 9 h] controv]sies ) h] ,muhammadan adv]s>ies4 ,x is ?is approximation to ,islamic ?\ght :i* gives ?is movem5t t[>ds ,calv9ism a place 9 a hi/ory ( ! spread ( ,islam3 a man :o inveigh$ aga9/ ! adoration ( pictures1 decri$ ! au?ority & ! v in/itution ( ! prie/hood1 ma9ta9$ ! doctr9es ( absolute ,pr$e/9ation1 d5i$ fre$om to ! human w & 0 9 sympa?y ) ! /]n _s ( ,calv9ism t _h m 9 common ) ! ,old ?an ! ,new ,te/am5t--w\ld c]ta9ly f9d a m cong5ial atmosph]e 9 ,islam ?an 9 ! ,greek ,*ur* ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & !re c be little d\bt t among ! num]\s conv]ts ( ,islam dur+ t c5tury 7 to be f\nd m5 :o _h be5 ali5at$ f ! ,*ur* ( _! fa!rs ?r\gh _! lean+s t[>ds ,calv9ism4 #eji ,we h no def9ite in=mation z to ! numb] ( ! foll[]s ( ,cyril ,luc>is & ! ext5t ( ,calv9i/ic influ5ces 9 ! ,greek ,*ur*2 ! cl]gy1 jeal\s ( ! reputation ( _! ,*ur*1 ^: or?odoxy & immunity f h]esy 7 s boa/fully v9dicat$ by h] *ildr51 & _h ?us be5 impugn$ ?r\gh ! suspicion ( ,calv9ism1 wi%$ to repres5t ! h]etical patri>* z /&+ alone 9 8 op9ions4 #eaj ,b a foll[+ he und\bt$ly _h3 8 ,confession ( ,fai? _h receiv$ ! sanction ( a synod compos$ ( 8 foll[]s2 #eaa ^? :o sympa?is$ ) 8 h]esies 7 ana!matis$ bo? by ! second synod ( ,con/ant9ople 7#afdb7 & by ! synod ( ,j]usalem 7#afgb7 #eab--surely a mean+less repetition1 _h no su* p]sons exi/$2 moreov] ! names ( "s few ( ^! h come d[n to u3 ,sophronius1 ,metropolitan ( ,a!ns1 0 a w>m support] ( ! ,re=mation2 #eac a monk nam$ ,nicodemus ,met>as1 :o _h br\ght a pr9t+-press f ,london & issu$ h]etical treatises !refrom1 0 rew>d$ ) a metropolitan see by ,cyril 9 return = 8 s]vices2 #ead ! philosoph] ,corydaleus1 a fri5d ( ,cyril1 op5$ a ,calv9i/ic s*ool 9 ,con/ant9ople1 & ano!r ,greek1 ,g]ganos1 publi%$ a ,cate*ism s z to introduce ! tea*+s ( ,calv9 among 8 fell[-c\ntrym52 #eae & ,neophytus ,,ii1 :o 0 made ,patri>* 9 #afcf1 :ile ,cyril 0 9 exile 9 ! isl& ( ,rhodes1 0 8 disciple & adopt$ son2 he recall$ 8 ma/] f bani%m5t & resign$ ! patri>*al *air 9 8 fav\r4 #eaf ,9 a lett] to ! ,univ]sity ( ,g5eva 7dat$ ,july1 #afcf71 ,cyril writes t ,leg] _h ga9$ a l>ge numb] ( conv]ts to ,calv9ism by 8 writ+s & prea*+2 #eag 9 ano!r lett] address$ to ,leg]1 he describes h[ he _h made 8 influ5ce felt 9 ,c&ia4 #eah ,8 successor #eai 9 ! patri>*al *air 0 bani%$ to ,c>?age & !re /rangl$ by ! adh]5ts ( ,luc>is 9 #afci4 #ebj ,! ,calv9i/s are said to h ent]ta9$ hopes ( ,p>!nius ,i 7! successor ( ,cyril ,,ii71 b 8 untimely end 7:e!r by poison or bani%m5t is unc]ta97 disappo9t$ _! expectations4 #eba ,p>!nius ,,ii1 :o 0 ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople f #afdd to #afdf1 0 at he>t a ?or\gh ,calv9i/1 & ?\gh he did n v5ture op5ly to tea* ! doctr9es ( ,calv91 /ill 8 kn[n sympa?y ) !m caus$ him to be depos$1 s5t into exile & /rangl$4 #ebb ,?us ! influ5ce ( ,calv9ism 0 und\bt$ly m widespread ?an ! enemies ( ,cyril ,luc>is 7 will+ to admit1 & z /at$ above1 ^? :o refus$ to b[ to ! ana!mas ( ! synods t condemn$ _! lead]1 _h c]ta9ly m 9 common ) _! ,muhammadan neighb\rs ?an ) ! ,or?odox cl]gy :o ca/ !m out ( _! mid/4 ,!re is no actual evid5ce1 x is true1 ( ,calv9i/ic influ5ces 9 ,turkey facilitat+ conv]sion to ,islam1 #ebc b 9 ! abs5ce ( any o!r explanation x c]ta9ly seems a v plausible conjecture t su* 7 among ! factors t s enorm\sly increas$ ! numb] ( ! ,greek r5egades t[>ds ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury--a p]iod dur+ :i* ! numb] ( r5egades f among ! middle & l[] ord]s ( society is said to h be5 m consid]able ?an at any o!r "t4 #ebd ,frequ5t m5tion is made ( cases ( apo/asy f among ! cl]gy1 & ev5 among ! highe/ dignit>ies ( ! ,*ur*1 su* z a =m] ,metropolitan ( ,rhodes4 #ebe ,9 #afgf x is said t 9 ,cor9? "s ,*ri/ian p w5t ov] e day to 8! ,turki% abom9ation10 & t ?ree prie/s _h become ,musalmans ! ye> be=e2 #ebf 9 #afgi is record$ ! dea? ( a r5egade monk4 #ebg ,on ! occasion ( ! circumcision ( ,muaf1 son ( ,muammad ,,iv1 9 #afge1 !re 7 at lea/ two hundr$ proselytes made dur+ ! ?irte5 days ( public rejoic+1 #ebh & num]\s o!r in/ances may be f\nd 9 writ+s ( ?is p]iod4 ,a contempor>y writ] 7#affc7 has well describ$ ! m5tal attitude ( su* conv]ts4 8,:5 y mix ) ! ,turks 9 ! ord9>y int]c\rse ( life & see t !y pray & s+ ev5 ! ,psalms ( ,david2 t !y give alms & d o!r good works2 t !y ?9k highly ( ,*ri/1 hold ! ,bible 9 great hon\r1 & ! l2 t1 besides1 any ass may become p>i% prie/ :o plies ! ,bassa ) pres5ts1 & he w n urge ,*ri/ianity on y v mu*2 s y w come to ?9k t !y are good p & w v probably be sav$2 & s y w come to believe t y too may be sav$1 if y likewise become ,turks4 ,h]e) w ! ,holy ,tr9ity & ! crucifi$ ,son ( ,god1 ) _m o!r my/]ies ( ! fai?1 :i* seem q absurd to ! un5light5$ reason1 easily pass out ( y\r ?\ghts1 & imp]ceptibly ,*ri/ianity w q die out 9 y1 & y w ?9k t x is all ! same :e!r y be ,*ri/ians or ,turks40 #ebi ,?omas ,smi?1 :o 0 9 ,con/ant9ople 9 #affi1 speaks ( ! numb] ( ,*ri/ian conv]ts ab\t ?is p]iod1 b assigns bas] motives4 8',tis sad to consid] ! great numb] ( wret*$ p1 :o turn ,turks2 "s out ( me] desp]ation2 be+ n able to support ! bur!n ( slav]y1 & to avoid ! revil+s & insult+s ( ! ,infidels2 "s out ( a wanton light hum\r1 to put !mselves into a condition ( dom9e]+ & insult+ ov] o!rs 444 "s to avoid ! p5alties & inflictions due to _! he9\s crimes1 & to enjoy ! bruti% lib]ties1 t ,mahomet consecrat$ by 8 own example1 & recomm5d$ to 8 foll[]s4 ,^! are ! great & tempt+ argum5ts & motives ( _! apo/asy1 me] consid]ations ( ease1 pleasure & prosp]ity1 or else ( vanity & guilt2 = x _c be presum$1 t any ?r\gh conviction ( m9d %\ld be wr\ght ^u to embrace ! dotages & impo/ures ( ,turcisme40 #ecj ,records ( conv]sions aft] ?is p]iod are r>e1 b ,motraye gives an acc\nt ( sev]al r5egades1 :o became ,muhammadans 9 ,con/ant9ople 9 #agjc2 among !m 0 a ,fr5* prie/ & "s o!r ,fr5* ,ca?olics1 & "s prie/s f ,smyrna4 #eca ,ano!r feature 9 ! condition ( ! ,greek ,*ur* t contribut$ to ! decay ( its numb]s1 0 ! corruption & degradation ( its pa/ors1 p>ticul>ly ! high] cl]gy4 ,! sees ( bi%ops & ar*bi%ops 7 put up to auction to ! highe/ bidd]s1 & ! pur*as]s s\ght to rec\p !mselves by exact+ levies ( all k9ds f _! flocks2 !y burd5$ ! un=tunate ,*ri/ians ) taxes ord9>y & extraord9>y1 made !m pur*ase all ! sacram5ts at exorbitant rates1 baptism1 confession1 holy communion1 indulg5ces1 & ! "r ( ,*ri/ian burial4 ,"s ( ! cl]gy ev5 =m$ an unholy alliance ) ! ,janiss>ies1 & sev]al bi%ops _h _! names & ^? ( _! h\seholds inscrib$ on ! li/ ( "o ( _! ,ortas or regim5ts1 ! bett] to secure an immunity = _! excesses & escape ! puni%m5t ( _! crimes "u ! protection ( ?is corporation :i* ! weakness ( ! ,ottoman rul]s _h all[$ to assume su* a p[]ful position 9 ! /ate4 #ecb ,! evid5ce ( contempor>y eye-witnesses to ! oppressive behavi\r ( ! ,greek cl]gy pres5ts a t]rible picture ( ! suff]+s ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,t\rne=t 9 #agjj1 aft] describ+ ! election ( a new ,patri>*1 says3 8,we ne$ n at all d\bt b ! new ,patri>* makes ! be/ ( 8 "t4 ,tyranny succe$s to ,simony3 ! fir/ ?+ he does is to signify ! ,sultan's ord] to all ! ,ar*bi%ops & ,bi%ops ( 8 cl]gy3 8 greate/ /udy is to "k exactly ! rev5ues ( ea* ,prelate2 he imposes a tax ^u !m1 & enjo9s !m v /rictly by a second lett] to s5d ! sum dem&$1 o!rwise _! dioceses are adjudg'd to ! highe/ bidd]4 ,! ,prelates be+ us$ to ?is trade1 nev] sp>e _! ,suffragans2 ^! latt] torm5t ! ,papas3 ! ,papas flea ! ,p>i%ion]s & h>dly spr9kle ! lea/ drop ( ,holy ,wat]1 b :at !y are paid = be=eh&4 ,if aft]w>ds ! ,patri>* has occasion = money1 he f>ms out ! ga!r+ ( x to ! highe/ bidd] among ! ,turks3 he t gives mo/ = x1 goes into ,greece to cite ! ,prelates4 ,usually = tw5ty ?\s& cr[ns t ! cl]gy is tax'd at1 ! ,turk extorts two & tw5ty2 s t he has ! two ?\s& cr[ns = 8 pa9s1 besides hav+ 8 *>ges borne 9 e diocese4 ,9 virtue ( ! agreem5t he has made ) ! ,patri>*1 he deprives & int]dicts f all ecclesia/ical functions1 ^? prelates :o refuse to pay _! tax40 #ecc ,! ,*ri/ian cl]gy are ev5 said to h c>ri$ (f ! *ildr5 ( ! p>i%ion]s & sold !m z slaves1 to get money = _! simoniacal designs4 #ecd ,! extortions practis$ 9 ! sev5te5? h f\nd _! c\nt]p>t 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & ! suff]+s ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ! ,greek ,*ur* 9 ,bosnia1 be=e ! ,au/rian occupation1 exactly illu/rate ! words ( ,t\rne=t4 ,! ,metropolitan ( ,s]ajevo us$ to wr+ z mu* z #aj1jjj a ye> f 8 mis]able flock--a sum exactly d\ble ! sal>y ( ! ,turki% ,gov]nor himself--& to raise ?is enorm\s sum ! un=tunate p>i%ion]s 7 squeez$ 9 e possible way1 & ! ,turki% au?orities _h ord]s to assi/ ! cl]gy 9 levy+ _! exactions2 & :ole ,*ri/ian villages suff]$ ! fate ( sack$ cities1 = refus+1 or (t5 be+ unable1 to comply ) ! exorbitant dem&s ( ,*ri/ian ,prelates4 #ece ,su* unbe>able oppression on ! "p ( ! spiritual lead]s :o %\ld protect ! ,*ri/ian population1 has (t5 /irr$ x up to op5 revolt1 :5ev] a fav\rable opportunity has (f]$ itself4 #ecf ,x is n surpris+ !n to le>n t _m ( ! ,*ri/ians w5t ov] to ,islam1 to deliv] !mselves f su* tyranny4 #ecg ,ecclesia/ical oppression ( a r diff]5t "* is said to h be5 responsible = ! conv]sion ( ! ance/ors ( a small community ( ab\t #djjj ,s\!rn ,rumanians1 at ,noanta 9 ! ,megl5 di/rict ( ! vilayet ( ,salonika2 !y h a tradition t 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople p]suad$ ! reign+ ,sultan t only ! ,*ri/ians :o spoke ,greek c\ld be loyal subjects ( ! ,turki% empire2 ! ,sultan !reupon =bade ! ,*ri/ians to speak any?+ b ,greek1 on pa9 ( hav+ _! tongues cut out2 :5 ! news ( ?is rea*$ ,noanta1 a "p ( ! population fl$ into ! woods & f\nd$ fre% villages1 b ^? :o 7 left beh9d w5t ov] to ,islam1 ) _! bi%op at _! head1 9 ord] !reby to reta9 _! "m-tongue4 #ech ,?\gh ! mass ( ! p>i% cl]gy 7 innoc5t ( ! *>ges br\ght aga9/ _! sup]iors1 #eci /ill !y 7 v ignorant & illit]ate4 ,at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 !re 7 said to be h>dly twelve p]sons 9 ! :ole ,turki% dom9ions ?or\ghly skill$ 9 ! k ( ! anci5t ,greek language2 x 0 consid]$ a great m]it 9 ! cl]gy to be able to read1 :ile !y 7 q ignorant ( ! mean+ ( ! words ( _! s]vice-books4 #edj ,:ile !re 0 s mu* 9 ! ,*ri/ian society ( ! "t to repel1 !re 0 mu* 9 ! "* & life ( ! ,turks to attract1 & ! sup]iority ( ! e>ly ,ottomans z comp>$ ) ! degradation ( ! guides & tea*]s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* w\ld naturally impress dev\t m9ds t revolt$ f ! selfi% ambition1 simony & corruption ( ! ,greek ecclesia/ics4 ,*ri/ian writ]s con/antly praise ^! ,turks = ! e>ne/ness & int5sity ( _! religi\s life2 _! zeal 9 ! p]=mance ( ! obs]vances prescrib$ by _! fai?2 ! outw>d dec5cy & mode/y display$ 9 _! app>el & mode ( liv+2 ! abs5ce ( o/5tati\s display & ! simplicity ( life obs]vable ev5 9 ! great & p[]ful4 #eda ,! annali/ ( ! embassy f ! ,emp]or ,leopold ,i to ! ,ottoman ,porte 9 #affe-afff1 especially eulogises ! dev\tness & regul>ity ( ! ,turks 9 pray]1 & he ev5 goes s f> z to say1 8,n\s devons dire la confusion des ,*rti5s1 que les ,turcs tmoign5t beauc\p plus de so9 et de zle l'ex]cice de leur ,religion3 que les ,*rti5s n'en font p>otre la pratique de la leur4444 ,mais ce qui passe t\t ce que n\s exp]im5tons de dvot entre les ,*rti5s3 c'e/ que p5dant le tems de la prire1 v\s ne voyez pas une p]sonne di/raite de ses yeux3 v\s n'en voyez pas une qui ne soit atta*e l'objet de sa prire3 et pas une qui n'ait t\te la rvr5ce extrieure p\r son ,crateur1 qu'on peut exig] de la ,crature40 #edb ,ev5 ! behavi\r ( ! soldi]y receives its me$ ( praise4 ,dur+ ! m>* ( an army ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 we are told by ! secret>y to ! ,embassy s5t by ,*>les ,,ii to ! ,sultan1 _h no compla9ts to make ( be+ plund]$ or ( _! wom5 be+ maltreat$4 ,all ! tav]ns along ! l9e ( m>* 7 %ut up & seal$ two or ?ree days be=e ! arrival ( ! army1 & no w9e 0 all[$ to be sold to ! soldi]s "u pa9 ( dea?4 #edc ,_m a tribute ( praise is giv5 to ! virtues ( ! ,turks ev5 by ,*ri/ian writ]s :o bore !m no love2 "o su* :o _h a v poor op9ion ( _! religion1 #edd speaks ( !m z foll[s3--8,ev5 9 ! dirt ( ! ,alcoran y %all f9d "s jewels ( ,*ri/ian ,virtues2 & inde$ if ,*ri/ians w b dilig5tly read & obs]ve ! ,laws & ,hi/ories ( ! ,mahometans1 !y may blu% to see h[ zeal\s !y are 9 ! works ( devotion1 piety1 & *>ity1 h[ dev\t1 cleanly1 & rev]5d 9 _! ,mosques1 h[ ob$i5t to _! ,prie/1 t ev5 ! great ,turk himself w attempt no?+ )\t consult+ 8 ,mufti2 h[ c>eful are !y to obs]ve _! h\rs ( pray] five times a day :]ev] !y are1 or h[ev] employ$8 h[ con/antly d !y obs]ve _! ,fa/s f morn+ till night a :ole mon? toge!r2 h[ lov+ & *>itable ! ,muslemans are to ea* o!r1 & h[ c>eful ( /rang]s may be se5 by _! ,hospitals1 bo? = ! ,poor & = ,travell]s2 if we obs]ve _! ,ju/ice1 ,temp]ance1 & o!r moral ,v]tues1 we may truly blu% at our own coldness1 bo? 9 devotion & *>ity1 at our inju/ice1 intemp]ance1 & oppression2 d\btless ^! ,m5 w rise up 9 judgm5t aga9/ u2 & surely _! devotion1 piety1 & works ( m]cy are ma9 causes ( ! gr[? ( ,mahometism40 ,! same conclusion is drawn by a mod]n hi/orian1 #ede :o writes3--8,we f9d t _m ,greeks ( high tal5t & moral "* 7 s s5sible ( ! sup]iority ( ! ,mohamm$ans1 t ev5 :5 !y escap$ be+ draft$ into ! ,sultan's h\sehold z tribute-*ildr51 !y volunt>ily embrac$ ! fai? ( ,mahomet4 ,! moral sup]iority ( ,o?oman society mu/ be all[$ to h _h z mu* weight 9 caus+ ^! conv]sions1 :i* 7 num]\s 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 z ! p]sonal ambition ( individuals40 ,a g5]ation t has wat*$ ! decay ( ! ,turki% p[] 9 ,europe & ! successive curtailm5t ( its t]ritorial possessions1 & is accu/om$ to he>+ x spok5 ( z ! 8sick man10 de/9$ to a spe$y dissolution1 mu/ f9d x difficult to realise ! feel+s :i* ! ,ottoman empire inspir$ 9 ! e>ly days ( its rise 9 ,europe4 ,! rapid & widespread success ( ! ,turki% arms fill$ m5's m9ds ) t]ror & amazem5t4 ,"o ,*ri/ian k+dom aft] ano!r fell into _! h&s3 ,bulg>ia1 ,s]via1 ,bosnia1 & ,hung>y yield$ up _! indep5d5ce z ,*ri/ian /ates4 ,! pr\d ,republic ( ,v5ice saw "o possession aft] ano!r wre/$ f x1 until ! ,lion ( ,/4 ,m>k held sway on ! %ores ( ! ,adriatic alone4 ,ev5 ! safety ( ! ,et]nal ,city itself 0 m5ac$ by ! capture ( ,otranto4 ,*ri/ian lit]ature ( ! latt] half ( ! fifte5? & ( ! sixte5? c5turies is full ( direful =ebod+s ( ! fate t ?reat5$ ,*ri/ian ,europe unless ! victori\s progress ( ! ,turk 0 arre/$2 he is repres5t$ z a sc\rge 9 ! h& ( ,god = ! puni%m5t ( ! s9s & backslid+s ( ,8 p1 #edf or on ! o!r h& z ! unloos$ p[] ( ! ,devil work+ = ! de/ruction ( ,*ri/ianity "u ! hypocritical guise ( religion4 ,b--:at is mo/ important to notice "h--"s m5 began to ask !mselves1 8,is x possible t ,god w\ld all[ ! ,muhammadans to increase 9 su* c\ntless numb]s )\t good reason8 ,is x conceivable t s _m ?\s&s are to be damn$ l "o man8 ,h[ c su* multitudes be oppos$ to ! true fai?8 s9ce tru? is /rong] ?an error & is m lov$ & desir$ by all m51 x is n possible = s _m m5 to be fight+ aga9/ x4 ,h[ c\ld !y prevail aga9/ tru?1 s9ce ,god always helps & upholds ! tru?8 ,h[ c\ld _! religion s m>vell\sly increase1 if built ^u ! rott5 f\ndation ( error80 #edg ,su* ?\ghts1 we are told1 appeal$ /rongly to ! ,*ri/ian peoples t liv$ "u ! ,turki% rule1 & ) especial =ce to ! unhappy ,*ri/ian captives :o wat*$ ! ye>s drag we>ily on )\t hope ( release or respite f _! mis]y4 ,c we be surpris$ :5 we f9d su* a "o ask+ himself8 8,surely if ,god 7 pleas$ ) ! fai? to :i* y h clung1 ,he w\ld n h ?us ab&on$ y1 b w\ld h help$ y to ga9 y\r fre$om & return to x aga94 ,b z ,he has clos$ e av5ue ( fre$om to y1 p]*ance x is ,8 pleasure t y %\ld leave x & jo9 ?is sect & be sav$ !re940 #edh ,! ,*ri/ian slave :o ?us describes ! d\bts t arose 9 8 m9d z ! sl[-pass+ ye>s br\ght no relief1 d\btless gives expression "h to ?\ghts t sugge/$ !mselves to _m a hapless ,*ri/ian captive ) ov]:elm+ p]si/5cy1 until at la/ he broke away f ! ties ( 8 old fai? & embrac$ ,islam4 ,_m :o w\ld h be5 ready to die z m>tyrs = ! ,*ri/ian religion if ! my?ical *oice betwe5 ! ,qurn & ! sword _h be5 (f]$ !m1 felt m & m /rongly1 aft] long ye>s ( captivity1 ! influ5ce ( ,muhammadan ?\ght & practice1 & humanity won conv]ts :]e viol5ce w\ld h fail$4 #edi ,= ?\gh ! lot ( _m ( ! ,*ri/ian captives 0 a v pitiable "o1 o!rs :o held positions 9 ! h\seholds ( private individuals1 7 (t5 no worse (f ?an dome/ic s]vants 9 ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,z organis$ by ! ,muhammadan ,law1 slav]y 0 robb$ ( _m ( its h>%e/ features1 nor 9 ,turkey at lea/ does x seem to h be5 accompani$ by su* b>b>ities & atrocities z 9 ! pirate /ates ( ,nor!rn ,africa4 ,! slaves1 l o!r citiz5s1 _h _! rights1 & x is ev5 said t a slave might summon 8 ma/] be=e ! ,q = ill usage1 & t if he alleg$ t _! temp]s 7 s opposite1 t x 0 impossible = !m to agree1 ! ,q c\ld oblige 8 ma/] to sell him4 #eej ,! condition ( ! ,*ri/ian captives naturally v>i$ ) circum/ances & _! own capabilities ( adapt+ !mselves to a life ( h>d%ip2 ! ag$1 ! prie/s & monks1 & ^? ( noble bir? suff]$ mo/1 :ile ! physician & ! h&icraftsman receiv$ m consid]ate treatm5t f _! ma/]s1 z be+ s]vants t be/ repaid ! money sp5t ^u !m4 #eea ,! galley-slaves naturally suff]$ mo/ ( all1 inde$ ! k9de/ treatm5t c\ld h b little reliev$ ! h>d%ips incid5t to su* an occupation4 #eeb ,fur!r1 ! lot ( ! slaves :o 7 /ate prop]ty 0 m pitiable ?an t ( ^? :o _h be5 pur*as$ by private individuals4 #eec ,z a rule !y 7 all[$ ! free ex]cise ( _! religion2 9 ! /ate-prisons at ,con/ant9ople1 !y _h _! own prie/s & *apels1 & ! cl]gy 7 all[$ to adm9i/] ! consolations ( religion to ! galley-slaves4 #eed ,! numb] ( ! ,*ri/ian slaves :o embrac$ ,islam 0 enorm\s2 "s few cases h be5 record$ ( _! be+ ?reat5$ & ill-treat$ = ! v purpose ( induc+ !m to recant1 b z a rule ! ma/]s seldom =c$ !m to r5\nce _! fai?1 #eee & put ! greate/ pressure ^u !m dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( _! captivity1 aft] :i* !y let !m alone to foll[ _! own fai?4 #eef ,! majority ( ! conv]t$ slaves !re=e *ang$ _! religion ( _! own free *oice2 & :5 ! ,*ri/ian embassies 7 nev] sure f day to day t "s ( _! fell[-c\ntrym5 t _h accompani$ !m to ,con/ant9ople z dome/ic s]vants1 might n turn ,turk1 #eeg x c easily be und]/ood t slaves :o _h lo/ all hope ( return to _! native c\ntry1 & f\nd little 9 _! surr\nd+s to /r5g!n & cont9ue ! tea*+s ( _! e>li] ye>s1 w\ld yield to ! influ5ces t beset !m & w\ld feel few re/ra9ts to h9d] !m f ent]+ a new society & a new religion4 ,an ,engli% travell] #eeh ( ! sev5te5? c5tury has said ( !m3 8,few ev] return to _! native c\ntry2 & few] h ! c\rage & con/ancy ( reta9+ ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?1 9 :i* !y 7 educat$2 _! education be+ b mean1 & _! k b slight 9 ! pr9ciples & gr\nds ( x2 :]e( "s are fright5$ into ,turcism by _! impati5ce & too deep res5tm5ts ( ! h>d%ips ( ! s]vitude2 o!rs are entic$ by ! bl&i%m5ts & flatt]ies ( pleasure ! ,mahometan ,law all[s1 & ! allurem5ts !y h ( mak+ _! condition bett] & m easy by a *ange ( _! ,religion2 hav+ no hope left ( be+ r$eem$1 !y r5\nce _! ,savi\r & _! ,*ri/ianity1 & soon =get _! orig9al c\ntry1 & are no long] look$ ^u z /rang]s1 b pass = natives40 ,mu* ( c\rse dep5d$ ^u ! individual "* ( ! diff]5t ,*ri/ian slaves !mselves4 ,! anonym\s writ]1 s (t5 quot$ above1 ^: long captivity made him s compet5t to speak on _! condition1 divides !m into ?ree classes3--fir/1 ^? :o pass$ _! days 9 all simplicity1 n c>+ to tr\ble !mselves to le>n any?+ ab\t ! religion ( _! ma/]s2 = !m x 0 en\gh to "k t ! ,turks 7 infidels1 & s1 z f> z _! captive condition & _! yoke ( slav]y all[$1 !y avoid$ hav+ any?+ to d ) !m & _! religi\s wor%ip1 fe>+ le/ !y %\ld be l$ a/ray by _! errors1 & /riv+ to obs]ve ! ,*ri/ian fai? z f> z _! k & p[] w5t4 ,! second class consi/$ ( ^? ^: curiosity l$ !m to /udy & inve/igate ! do+s ( ! ,turks3 if1 by ! help ( ,god1 !y _h "t en\gh to dive into _! secrets1 & und]/&+ en\gh = ! inve/igation ( !m & light ( reason to f9d ! int]pretation !re(1 !y n only came out ( ! trial unsca!d1 b _h _! own fai? /r5g!n$4 ,! ?ird class includes ^? :o1 exam9+ ! ,muslim religion )\t due caution1 fail to dive into its dep?s & f9d ! int]pretation ( x & s are deceiv$2 believ+ ! errors ( ! ,turks to be ! tru?1 !y lose _! own fai? & embrace ! false religion ( ! ,muslims1 h]eby n only compass+ _! own de/ruction1 b sett+ a bad example to o!rs3 ( su* m5 ! numb] is inf9ite4 #eei ,conv]sion to ,islam did n1 z "s writ]s h affirm$1 release ! slave f 8 captivity & make him a free man1 #efj = emancipation 0 solely at ! discretion ( ! ma/]2 :o inde$ (t5 promis$ to set any slave free1 )\t ! paym5t ( ransom1 if only he w\ld embrace ,islam2 #efa b1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld also freely emancipate ! ,*ri/ian slave1 ev5 ?\gh he _h p]sev]$ 9 8 religion1 provid$ he _h prov$ himself a fai?ful s]vant1 & w\ld make provision = 8 old age4 #efb ,!re 7 _m o!rs :o1 l ! ,*ri/ian slaves1 sep>at$ f e>ly surr\nd+s & associations1 f\nd !mselves cut loose f old ties & ?r[n into ! mid/ ( a society animat$ by social & religi\s ideals ( an entirely novel "*4 ,! cr[ds ( ,*ri/ian workm5 t came w&]+ f ! conqu]$ c\ntries 9 ! fifte5? c5tury to ,adrianople & o!r ,turki% cities 9 se>* ( employm5t1 7 easily p]suad$ to settle !re & adopt ! fai? ( ,islam4 #efc ,simil>ly ! ,*ri/ian families t ,muammad ,,ii transport$ f conqu]$ prov9ces 9 ,europe into ,asia ,m9or1 #efd may well h become m]g$ into ! mass ( ! ,muslim population by almo/ imp]ceptible degrees1 z 0 ! case ) ! ,arm5ians c>ri$ away into ,p]sia by ,%h ,abbs ,i 7#aehg-afbi71 mo/ ( :om appe> to h pass$ ov] to ,islam 9 ! second g5]ation4 #efe ,dur+ ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies !re w\ld seem to h be5 a decay ( ! mission>y _s among ! ,turks1 b ! latt] ye>s ( ! reign ( ,sultan ,abd al-amd witness$ a r5ew$ int]e/ 9 ,muslim propag&a1 & ,turki% newspap]s began to record in/ances ( conv]sion4 ,among ! mo/ notewor?y ( su* conv]ts 7 "s eighte5 amrs ( ! pr9cely family ( ,%ihb 9 ,m\nt ,lebanon1 :i* _h be5 ,*ri/ian = ab\t a c5tury2 !y are said to claim desc5t f ! ,quray%1 & ! ,turks made e ef=t to br+ !m back to ! fold ( ,islam2 ^? :o became ,muslims 7 appo9t$ to lucrative po/s 9 ! ,turki% civil s]vice4 #eff ,9 ! foll[+ pages x is propos$ to give a m detail$ & p>ticul> acc\nt ( ! spread ( ,islam among ! ,*ri/ian populations ( ,albania1 ,s]via1 ,bosnia & ,crete1 z ! hi/ory ( ea* ( ^! c\ntries aft] its conque/ by ! ,ottomans pres5ts "s special features ( int]e/ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! propagation ( ,islam4 ,! ,albanians1 ) ! exception ( "s settlem5ts 9 ,greece1 #efg inhabit ! m\nta9\s c\ntry t /ret*es along ! ea/ %ore ( ! ,adriatic f ,mont5egro to ! ,gulf ( ,arta4 ,!y =m "o ( ! olde/ & pure/-blood$ races 9 ,europe & are said to belong to ! ,pelasgic bran* ( ! ,aryan /ock4 ,_! c\ntry 0 fir/ invad$ by ! ,turks 9 #achg1 b ! ,turki% =ces soon _h to )draw1 & ! au?ority ( ! ,sultan 0 recognis$ = ! fir/ "t 9 #adbc4 ,= a %ort p]iod ,albania rega9$ its indep5d5ce "u ,george ,ka/riota1 :o is bett] kn[n "u 8 ,muhammadan "n ( ,sc&]beg or ,sik&>beg4 ,rec5t inve/igations h e/abli%$ ! falsity ( ! romantic fictions t _h ga!r$ r\nd ! /ory ( 8 e>ly days--h[ t z a boy he _h be5 surr5d]$ z a ho/age to ! ,turks1 _h be5 br\ght up among !m z a ,muslim & _h won ! special fav\r ( ! ,sultan4 ,! tru? is1 t ! days ( 8 y\? 7 pass$ 9 8 native m\nta9s & 8 w>f>e ) ! ,turks began ) ! victory ga9$ ov] !m 9 #addd2 = m ?an tw5ty ye>s he ma9ta9$ a vigor\s & successful resi/ance to _! invad+ =ces1 b aft] 8 dea? 9 #adfg1 ! ,turks began aga9 to take possession ( ,albania4 ,krya1 ! capital ( ! ,ka/riot dyna/y1 fell into _! h&s elev5 ye>s lat]1 & f ?is date !re appe>s to h be5 no organis$ resi/ance ( ! :ole c\ntry1 ?\gh revolts 7 frequ5t & ! subjection ( ! c\ntry 0 nev] complete4 ,"s ( ! sea-port t[ns held out mu* long]2 ,durazzo 0 captur$ 9 #aeja1 :ile ,antiv>i1 ! nor!rnmo/ po9t ( ! sea-coa/ ( ,albania1 did n surr5d] until #aega4 ,! t]ms ( capitulation 7 t ! city %\ld reta9 its old laws & magi/rature1 t !re %\ld be free & public ex]cise ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 t ! *ur*es & *apels %\ld rema9 un9jur$ & might be rebuilt if !y fell into decay2 t ! citiz5s %\ld reta9 all _! movable & immovable prop]ty & %\ld n be burd5$ by any additional taxation4 ,! ,albanians "u ,turki% rule appe> always to h ma9ta9$ a k9d ( semi-autonomy1 & ! sev]al tribes & clans rema9$ z ess5tially indep5d5t z !y 7 be=e ! conque/4 ,?\gh vassals ( ! ,sultans1 !y w\ld n brook ! int]f]5ce ( ,turki% (ficials 9 _! int]nal adm9i/ration1 & !re is reason to believe t ! ,turki% ,gov]nm5t has nev] be5 able to appo9t or confirm any prov9cial gov]nor :o 0 n a native ( ,albania1 & _h n already e/abli%$ 8 influ5ce by 8 arms1 policy or connections4 #efh ,_! racial pride is int5se1 & to ! pres5t day1 ! ,albanian1 if ask$ :at he is1 w call himself a ,skipet>1 #efi be=e say+ :e!r he is a ,*ri/ian or a ,muhammadan--a v rem>kable in/ance ( national feel+ oblit]at+ ! fi]ce di/9ction betwe5 ^! two religions t s =cibly obtrudes itself 9 ! re/ ( ! ,ottoman empire4 ,! ,*ri/ian & ,muhammadan ,albanians alike1 j z !y speak ! same language1 s d !y *]i% ! same traditions1 & obs]ve ! same mann]s & cu/oms2 & pride 9 _! common nationality has be5 too /rong a bond to all[ diff]5ces ( religi\s belief to split ! nation into sep>ate communities on ?is basis4 #egj ,side by side !y s]v$ 9 ! irregul> troops1 :i* soon aft] ! ,turki% conque/ became ! ma9 dep5d5ce ( ! gov]nm5t 9 all its int]nal adm9i/ration1 & bo? classes f\nd ! same ready employm5t 9 ! s]vice ( ! local pa%as1 be+ acc\nt$ ! brave/ soldi]s 9 ! empire4 ,*ri/ian ,albanians s]v$ 9 ! ,ottoman army 9 ! ,crimean ,w>1 #ega & ?\gh !y h p]haps be5 a little m quiet & agricultural ?an _! ,muslim fell[-c\ntrym51 /ill ! diff]5ce has be5 small3 !y h always reta9$ _! arms & milit>y habits1 h always display$ ! same fi]ce1 pr\d1 untameable _s1 & be5 animat$ ) ! same int5se national feel+ z _! bre?r5 :o _h embrac$ ! cre$ ( ! ,prophet4 #egb ,! consid]ation ( ^! facts is ( importance 9 trac+ ! spread ( ,islam 9 ,albania1 = x appe>s to h be5 propagat$ v gradually by ! p ( ! c\ntry !mselves1 & n "u pressure ( =eign influ5ces4 ,! details t we possess ( ?is movem5t are v meagre1 z ! hi/ory ( ,albania f ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury to ! rise ( ,al ,pa%a ?ree hundr$ ye>s lat]1 is almo/ a blank2 :at k we h1 !re=e1 ( ! sl[ b cont9u\s accession ( conv]ts to ,islam dur+ ?is p]iod1 is d]iv$ f ! ecclesia/ical *ronicles ( ! v>i\s dioceses1 #egc & ! reports s5t 9 f "t to "t to ! ,pope & ! ,congregatio de ,propag&a ,fide4 #egd ,b x goes )\t say+ t ! v nature ( ^! s\rces gives ! in=mation d]iv$ f !m ! /amp ( imp]fection--especially 9 ! matt] ( ! motives assign$ = conv]sion4 ,= an ecclesia/ic ( ^? times to h ev5 ent]ta9$ ! possibility ( a conv]sion to ,islam f g5u9e conviction--mu* less h op5ly express$ su* an op9ion 9 writ+ to 8 sup]iors--is well-nigh inconceivable4 ,dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,islam appe>s to h made b little progress1 ?\gh ! tide ( conv]sion _h already set 94 ,9 #afaj ! ,*ri/ian population exce$$ ! ,muhammadan 9 ! proportion ( t5 to "o1 #ege & z mo/ ( ! villages 7 inhabit$ by ,*ri/ians1 ) a v small admixture ( ,muhammadans1 #egf ! conv]sions appe> to h be5 m frequ5t 9 ! l>ge t[ns4 ,9 ,antiv>i1 = example1 :ile _m ,*ri/ians elect$ to emigrate into ! neighb\r+ ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 ! majority ( ^? :o rema9$1 bo? high-born & l[1 w5t ov] gradually to ! ,muslim fai?1 s t ! ,*ri/ian population grew less & less day by day4 #egg ,z ! numb] ( accessions to ,islam increas$1 *ur*es 7 conv]t$ into mosques--a measure :i*1 ?\gh contr>y to ! t]ms ( ! capitulation1 seems ju/ifi$ by ! *ange 9 ! religion ( ! p4 #egh ,9 #afaj two collegiate *ur*es only rema9$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,lat9 ,*ri/ians1 b ^! appe> to h suffic$ = ! ne$s ( ! community2 #egi :at ?is am\nt$ to c only r\ghly be guess$ f ! words ( ,m>co ,bizzi3 8,!re are ab\t #fjj h\ses inhabit$ indiscrim9ately by ,muhammadans & ,*ri/ians--bo? ,lat9 & ,s*ismatics 7i4e4 ( ! ,or?odox ,greek ,*ur*73 ! numb] ( ! ,muhammadans is a little 9 excess ( ! ,*ri/ians1 & t ( ! ,lat9s 9 excess ( ! ,s*ismatics40 ,9 ! acc\nts we h ( ! social relations betwe5 ! ,*ri/ians & ! ,muslims1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( any %>p l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! two communities1 we f9d "s clue to ! mann] 9 :i* ,muhammadan influ5ces gradually ga9$ conv]ts f among ! ,*ri/ian population 9 proportion z ! vig\r & ! spiritual life ( ! ,*ur* decl9$4 ,x _h become v common = ,*ri/ian p>5ts to give _! daught]s 9 m>riage to ,muhammadans1 & = ,*ri/ian wom5 to make no objection to su* unions4 #ehj ,! male *ildr5 born ( ^! mix$ m>riages 7 br\ght up z ,musalmans1 b ! girls 7 all[$ to foll[ ! religion ( _! "m4 #eha ,su* p]mission 0 r5d]$ practically ineffective by ! action ( ! ,*ri/ian ecclesia/ics1 :o ord]$ ! mo!rs to be exclud$ f ! *ur*es & f p>ticipation 9 ! sacram5ts2 #ehb & consequ5tly 7?\gh ! p>i% prie/s (t5 disreg>d$ ! comm&s ( _! sup]iors7 _m ( ^! wom5 embrac$ ! fai? ( _! husb&s4 ,b ev5 !n !y kept up a sup]/iti\s obs]vance ( ! rite ( baptism1 :i* 0 suppos$ to be a sov]eign specific aga9/ leprosy1 wit*es & wolves1 #ehc & ,*ri/ian prie/s 7 f\nd ready to p&] to ?is sup]/ition = any ,muhammadan woman :o wi%$ to h h] *ildr5 baptis$4 #ehd ,?is good feel+ betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! two religions #ehe is simil>ly illu/rat$ by ! att5dance ( ,muhammadans at ! fe/ivals ( ,*ri/ian sa9ts2 e4g4 ,m>co ,bizzi says t on ! fea/-day ( ,/4 ,elias 7= :om ! ,albanians appe> to h _h a special devotion7 !re 7 z _m ,muhammadans pres5t 9 ! *ur* z ,*ri/ians4 #ehf ,ev5 to ! pres5t day we are told t ,albanian ,muhammadans rev]e ! ,virg9 ,m>y & ! ,*ri/ian sa9ts1 & make pilgrimages to _! %r9es1 :ile ,*ri/ians on ! o!r h& resort to ! tombs ( ,muslim sa9ts = ! cure ( ailm5ts or 9 fulfilm5t ( v[s4 #ehg ,9 ! t[n ( ,calevacci1 :]e !re 7 sixty ,*ri/ian & t5 ,muhammadan h\seholds1 ! foll[]s ( ! ,prophet contribut$ t[>ds ! support ( ! p>i% prie/1 z ! majority ( !m _h ,*ri/ian wives4 #ehh ,"u su* circum/ances x is h>dly surpris+ to le>n t _m op5ly pr(ess$ ,islam1 :ile satisfy+ _! consci5ces by say+ t !y pr(ess$ ,*ri/ianity 9 _! he>ts4 #ehi ,m>co ,bizzi has ?ree explanations to (f] = su* a lapse--! attraction ( worldly advantage1 ! desire to avoid ! paym5t ( tribute1 & ! want ( a suffici5tly l>ge numb] ( intellig5t cl]gy to supply ! spiritual ne$s ( ! c\ntry4 #eij ,conv]sions are frequ5tly ascrib$ to ! pressure ( ! burd5 ( taxation impos$ ^u ! ,*ri/ians1 & :ole villages are said to h apo/atis$ to avoid paym5t ( ! tribute4 ,z no details are giv51 x is impossible to judge :e!r !re 0 really suffici5t gr\nd = ! compla9t1 or :e!r ?is 0 n ! apology = _! conduct alleg$ by ! r5egades 9 ord] to make "s k9d ( excuse to _! =m] co-religioni/s--or inde$ an exagg]ation on ! "p ( ecclesia/ics to :om a g5u9e conv]sion to ,islam on rational gr\nds seem$ an absolute impossibility4 ,a c5tury lat] 79 #agjc7 ! capitation-tax 0 six reals a head = ea* male & ?is 7) ! exception ( a tax1 t]m$ sciat>accio1 ( ?ree reals a ye>7 0 ! only burd5 impos$ on ! ,*ri/ians exclusively4 #eia ,m5 mu/ h _h v little atta*m5t to _! religion to ab&on x m]ely 9 ord] to be quit ( s slight a p5alty1 & ) no o!r motive2 & ! v exi/5ce ( s l>ge a body ( ,*ri/ians 9 ,albania at ! pres5t "t %[s t ! burd5 c\ld n h be5 s heavy z to =ce !m into apo/asy )\t any o!r alt]native4 ,if only we _h some?+ m ?an vague g5]al compla9ts aga9/ ! 8,turki% tyranny10 we %\ld be bett] able to det]m9e h[ f> ?is c\ld h _h su* a prepond]at+ influ5ce z is ascrib$ to x3 b ! evid5ce alleg$ seems h>dly to w>rant su* a conclusion4 ,! vici\s practice foll[$ by ! ,ottoman ,c\rt ( sell+ po/s 9 ! prov9ces to ! highe/ bidd] & ! unc]ta9ty ( ! t5ure ( su* po/s1 (t5 result$ 9 ! occupants try+ to amass z l>ge a =tune z possible by extortions ( e k9d4 ,b su* burd5s are said to h weigh$ z heavily on ,muhammadans z ,*ri/ians4 #eib ,?\gh c]ta9ly an av>ici\s & unju/ (ficial may h f\nd x easi] to oppress ! ,*ri/ians ?an ! ,muslims1 especially :5 ! =m] 7 convict$ ( treasonable correspond5ce ) ! ,v5etians & o!r ,*ri/ian /ates & 7 suspect$ ( a wi% to revolt4 ,h[ev] ?is may h be51 !re c be little d\bt ( ! influ5ce ex]t$ by ! zeal\s activity & vigor\s life ( ,islam 9 ! face ( ! apa!tic & ignorant ,*ri/ian cl]gy4 ,if ,islam 9 ,albania _h _m su* expon5ts z ! ,mull1 ^: s9c]ity1 c\rtesy & fri5dl9ess are prais$ by ,m>co ,bizzi1 ) :om he us$ to discuss religi\s que/ions1 x may well h made its way4 #eic ,! majority ( ! ,*ri/ian cl]gy appe> to h be5 :olly unlett]$3 mo/ ( !m1 ?\gh !y c\ld read a little1 did n "k h[ to write1 & 7 s ignorant ( ! duties ( _! sacr$ call+ t !y c\ld n ev5 repeat ! =mula ( absolution by he>t4 #eid ,?\gh !y _h to recite ! mass & o!r s]vices 9 ,lat91 !re 7 v few :o c\ld und]/& any ( x1 z !y 7 ignorant ( any language b _! "m tongue1 & !y _h only a vague1 tradition>y k ( ! tru?s ( _! religion4 #eie ,m>co ,bizzi consid]$ ! inadequate episcopate ( ! c\ntry responsible = ^! evils1 z = ! small numb]s ( ! cl]gy1 & _! ignorance ( _! sacr$ call+1 & = ! l>ge numb] ( ,*ri/ians :o grew old & ev5 di$ )\t be+ confirm$1 & apo/atis$ almo/ ev]y:]e2 #eif & unless ?is 7 rem$i$ he prophesi$ a rapid decay ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! c\ntry4 #eig ,sev]al prie/s 7 also accus$ ( keep+ concub9es1 & ( drunk5ness4 #eih ,x may "h be obs]v$ t ! ,albanian prie/s 7 n ! repositories ( ! national aspirations & ideals1 z 7 ! cl]gy ( ! ,or?odox ,*ur* 9 o!r prov9ces ( ! ,turki% empire1 :o 9 spite ( _! ignorance kept alive among _! p t devotion to ! ,*ri/ian fai? :i* =m$ ! nucleus ( ! national life ( ! ,greeks4 #eii ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,albanians *]i%$ a national feel+ t 0 q ap>t f religi\s belief1 & ) reg>d to ! ,turks1 consid]$1 9 true feudal _s1 t z !y 7 ! ma/]s ( ! c\ntry !y ought to be obey$ :atev] comm&s !y gave4 #fjj ,!re is a curi\s /ory ( conv]sion :i* is said to h tak5 place ow+ to a want ( amicable relations betwe5 a ,*ri/ian prie/ & 8 p1 z foll[s3 8,_m ye>s s9ce1 :5 all ! c\ntry 0 ,*ri/ian1 !re /ood 9 ! city ( ,scut>i a beautiful image ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 to ^: %r9e ?\s&s flock$ e ye> f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry to (f] _! gifts1 p]=m _! devotions1 & be heal$ ( _! infirmities4 ,= "s cause or o!r1 h[ev]1 x fell out t !re 0 diss5sion betwe5 ! prie/ & ! p1 & "o day ! latt] came to ! *ur* 9 great cr[ds1 decl>+ t unless ! prie/ yield$ to !m !y w\ld !n & !re abjure ! fai? ( ,*ri/ & embrace 9 its /ead t ( ,muammad4 ,! prie/1 :e!r "r or wrong1 /ill rema9+ firm1 8 congregation tore ! ros>ies & crosses f _! necks1 trampl$ !m "u _! feet1 & go+ to ! ne>e/ mosque1 7 receiv$ by ! ,mollah into ! fold ( ! ,true ,believ]s40 #fja ,?r\gh ! neglig5ce & apa?y ( ! ,*ri/ian cl]gy _m abuses & irregul>ities _h be5 all[$ to creep into ! ,*ri/ian society2 9 "o ( :i*1 namely ! practice ( contract+ m>riages )\t ! sanction ( ! ,*ur* or any religi\s c]emony1 we f9d an approximation to ! ,muhammadan law1 :i* makes m>riage a civil contract4 ,9 ord] to rem$y ?is evil1 ! husb& & wife 7 to be exclud$ f ! ,*ur*1 until !y _h con=m$ to ! ecclesia/ical law & gone ?r\gh ! s]vice 9 ! regul> mann]4 #fjb ,9 ! c\rse ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! social conditions & o!r factors1 indicat$ above1 bore fruit abundantly1 & ! numb]s ( ! ,*ri/ian population began rapidly to decl9e4 ,9 ! brief space ( ?irty ye>s1 betwe5 #afbj & #afej1 ab\t #cjj1jjj ,albanians are said to h gone ov] to ,islam4 #fjc ,9 #afbd !re 7 only #bjjj ,ca?olics 9 ! :ole diocese ( ,antiv>i1 & 9 ! city itself only "o *ur*2 at ! close ( ! c5tury1 ev5 ?is *ur* 0 no long] us$ = ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 z !re 7 only two families ( ,roman ,ca?olics left4 #fjd ,9 ! :ole c\ntry g5]ally1 ! majority ( ! ,*ri/ian community 9 #afea 0 compos$ ( wom51 z ! male population _h apo/atis$ 9 su* l>ge numb]s to ,islam4 #fje ,matt]s 7 /ill worse at ! close ( ! c5tury1 ! ,ca?olics be+ !n few] 9 numb] ?an ! ,muhammadans1 ! proportions be+ ab\t #a to #a1 #fjf :]eas less ?an a hundr$ ye>s be=e1 !y _h outnumb]$ ! ,muhammadans 9 ! proportion ( #aj to #a2 #fjg 9 ! ,ar*bi%opric ( ,durazzo ! ,*ri/ian population _h decreas$ by ab\t half 9 tw5ty ye>s1 #fjh 9 ano!r t[n 79 ! diocese ( ,kroia7 ! entire population pass$ f ,*ri/ianity to ,islam 9 ! c\rse ( ?irty ye>s4 #fji ,9 spite ( ! frequ5t prote/s & regulations made by _! ecclesia/ical sup]iors1 ! p>i% prie/s cont9u$ to c\nt5ance ! op5 pr(ession ( ,islam along ) a secret adh]5ce to ,*ri/ianity1 on ! "p ( _m male memb]s ( _! flocks1 by adm9i/]+ to !m ! ,bless$ ,sacram5t2 ! result ( :i* 0 t ! *ildr5 ( su* p]sons1 be+ br\ght up z ,muhammadans1 7 = ev] lo/ to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 #faj ,simil>ly1 ,*ri/ian p>5ts /ill gave _! daught]s 9 m>riage to ,muhammadans1 ! p>i% prie/s c\nt5anc+ su* unions by adm9i/]+ ! sacram5t to su* wom51 #faa 9 spite ( ! fulm9ations ( ! high] cl]gy aga9/ su* indulg5ce4 #fab ,su* action on ! "p ( ! l[] cl]gy c h>dly1 h[ev]1 be tak5 z indicat+ any great zeal on behalf ( ! spiritual welf>e ( _! flocks1 9 ! face ( ! accusations br\ght aga9/ !m2 ! majority ( !m are accus$ ( be+ sc&al\s liv]s1 :o v seldom w5t to confession & held drunk5 revels 9 _! p>sonages on fe/ival days2 !y sold ! prop]ty ( ! ,*ur*1 frequ5tly abs5t$ !mselves f _! p>i%es1 & :5 c5sur$1 succe$$ 9 gett+ (f by putt+ !mselves "u ! protection ( ! ,turks4 #fac ,! ,re=m$ ,franciscans & ! ,obs]vants :o _h be5 s5t to m9i/] to ! spiritual wants ( ! p did no?+ b qu>rel & g to law ) "o ano!r2 mu* to ! sc&al ( ! laity & ! neglect ( ! mission4 #fad ,9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury five out ( ! twelve ,albanian sees 7 vacant2 ! diocese ( ,pullati _h n be5 visit$ by a bi%op = ?irty ye>s1 & !re 7 only two prie/s to #fcdh s\ls4 #fae ,9 "s p>i%es 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 !re _h be5 no prie/s = m ?an =ty ye>s2 & ?is 0 9 no way due to ! oppression ( ! 8,turki% tyrant10 = :5 at la/ f\r ,franciscan mission>ies 7 s5t1 !y report$ t !y c\ld g ?r\gh ! c\ntry & ex]cise _! sacr$ (fice )\t any h9drance :atev]4 #faf ,! bi%op ( ,sappa1 to ! great prejudice ( 8 diocese1 _h be5 long resid5t 9 ,v5ice1 :]e he is said to h liv$ a vici\s life1 & _h appo9t$ z 8 vic> an ignorant prie/ :o 0 a notori\s evil-liv]3 ?is man _h #ab1djj s\ls "u 8 *>ge1 &1 says ! ecclesia/ical visitor1 8?r\gh ! abs5ce ( ! bi%op !re is dang] ( 8 los+ 8 own s\l & compass+ ! de/ruction ( ! s\ls "u him & ( ! prop]ty ( ! ,*ur*40 #fag ,! bi%op ( ,scut>i 0 look$ ^u z a tyrant by 8 cl]gy & p1 & only succe$$ 9 keep+ 8 po/ ?r\gh ! aid ( ! ,turks2 #fah & ,zmaievi* compla9s ( ! bi%ops g5]ally t !y burd5$ ! p>i%es 9 _! diocese ) =c$ contributions4 #fai ,x appe>s t ,*ri/ian ecclesia/ics 7 au?oris$ by ! ,sultan to levy contributions on _! flocks4 ,?us ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,antiv>i 7#aeii-afjg7 0 all[$ to 8exact & receive0 two asp]s f ea* ,*ri/ian family1 twelve = e fir/ m>riage 7& d\ble ! am\nt = a second1 & quadruple = a ?ird m>riage71 & "o gold piece f ea* p>i% annually1 & x seems to h be5 possible to obta9 ! assi/ance ( ! ,turki% au?orities 9 levy+ ^! contributions4 #fbj ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,albania !re 0 n a s+le ,*ri/ian s*ool1 #fba & ! prie/s 7 pr(\ndly ignorant3 "s 7 s5t to /udy 9 ,italy1 b ,m>co ,crisio condemns ?is practice1 z su* prie/s 7 9 dang] ( f9d+ life 9 ,italy s pleasant t !y refus$ to return to _! native c\ntry4 ,) a prie/hood s ignorant & s c>eless ( _! sacr$ duties1 x is n surpris+ to le>n t ! common p _h no k ev5 ( ! rudim5ts ( _! fai?1 & t num]\s abuses & corruptions sprang up among !m1 :i* 8wr\ght ! utmo/ desolation to ?is v9ey>d ( ! ,"l40 #fbb ,_m ,*ri/ians liv$ 9 op5 concub9age = ye>s1 /ill1 h[ev]1 be+ admitt$ to ! sacram5ts1 #fbc :ile o!rs _h a plurality ( wives4 #fbd ,9 ?is latt] practice we notice an assimilation betwe5 ! habits ( ! two communities--! ,*ri/ian & ! ,muslim--:i* is fur!r illu/rat$ by ! admission ( ,muhammadans z sponsors at ! baptism ( ,*ri/ian *ildr51 :ile ! old sup]/iti\s cu/om ( baptis+ ,muhammadan *ildr5 0 /ill sanction$ by ! prie/s4 #fbe ,su* be+ ! /ate ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 ,albania 9 ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 "s v trifl+ inc5tive w\ld h be5 en\gh to br+ ab\t a widespread apo/asy2 & ! puni%m5t inflict$ on ! rebelli\s ,ca?olics 9 ! latt] half ( ! c5tury 0 a det]m9+ factor m ?an suffici5t to consummate ! t5d5cies t _h be5 draw+ !m t[>ds ,islam & to cause l>ge numb]s ( !m to fall away f ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,! rebelli\s movem5t ref]r$ to seems to h be5 in/igat$ by ,george1 ! ?irty-n9? ,ar*bi%op ( ,antiv>i 7#afce-afdd71 :o ?r\gh ! bi%ops ( ,durazzo1 ,scodra & ,alessio tri$ to induce ! lead]s ( ! ,*ri/ian community to conspire aga9/ ! ,turki% rule & h& ov] ! c\ntry to ! neighb\r+ ,*ri/ian p[]1 ! ,republic ( ,v5ice4 ,z 9 8 "t ,v5ice 0 at peace ) ! ,turks a fitt+ opportunity = ! hat*+ ( ?is plot did n occur1 b 9 #afde w> broke out betwe5 ,turkey & ! ,republic1 & ! ,v5etians made an unsuccessful attempt to capture ! city ( ,antiv>i1 :i* be=e ! ,turki% conque/ _h be5 9 _! possession = m ?an ?ree c5turies 7#abfb-aega74 ,! ,albanian ,ca?olics :o _h sid$ ) ! enemy & secretly giv5 !m assi/ance 7 sev]ely puni%$ & depriv$ ( _! privileges1 :ile ! ,greek ,*ri/ians 7:o _h ev]y?+ to fe> 9 ! ev5t ( ! re/oration ( ! ,v5etian rule & _h rema9$ fai?ful to ! ,turki% gov]nm5t7 7 lib]ally rew>d$ & 7 laud$ z ! savi\rs ( _! c\ntry4 ,_m ( ! ,ca?olics ei!r became ,muhammadans or jo9$ ! ,greek ,*ur*4 ,! latt] fact is v significant z %[+ t !re 0 no p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians z su*1 nor any attempt to =ce ! acceptance ( ,islam ^u !m4 ,! ,ca?olics :o became ,muhammadans did s to avoid ! odium ( _! position aft] ! failure ( _! plot1 & c\ld h ga9$ ! same end & h at ! same "t reta9$ _! ,*ri/ian fai? by jo9+ ! ,greek ,*ur*1 :i* 0 n only (ficially recognis$ by ! ,turki% gov]nm5t b 9 high fav\r 9 ,antiv>i at ?is "t3 s t ^? :o neglect$ to d s1 c\ld h _h v little atta*m5t to ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,! same rem>k holds good ( ! num]\s conv]sions to ,islam 9 ! succe$+ ye>s3 ,zmaievi* attributes !m 9 "s cases to ! desire to avoid ! paym5t ( tribute1 b1 f :at has be5 said above1 x is v unlikely t ?is 0 ! sole det]m9+ motive4 ,9 #afdi a /ill m widespread insurrection broke out1 an ,ar*bi%op ( ,antiv>i1 ,joseph ,m>ia ,bonaldo 7#afdf-afed71 be+ aga9 ! ma9 in/igator ( ! movem5t2 & ! lead+ citiz5s ( ,antiv>i1 ,scodra & o!r t[ns conspir$ to ?r[ op5 _! gates to ! army ( ! ,v5etian ,republic4 ,b ?is plot also fail$ & ! insurrection 0 =cibly cru%$ by ! ,turki% troops1 aid$ by ! diss5sions t arose among ! ,*ri/ians !mselves4 ,_m ,albanians ^: influ5ce 0 fe>$ 7 transport$ f _! own c\ntry into ! int]ior ( ! ,turki% dom9ions2 a body ( #cjjj m5 cross$ ! bord] into ,v5etian t]ritory2 ^? :o rema9$ 7 ov]aw$ by ! erection ( =tresses & ! m>*+ ( troops ?r\gh ! disaffect$ di/ricts1 :ile heavy f9es 7 impos$ ^u ! malcont5ts4 #fbf ,un=tunately ! ,*ri/ian writ]s :o compla9 ( ! 8unju/ tributes & vexations0 ) :i* ! ,turks oppress$ ! ,albanians1 s t !y apo/atis$ to ,islam1 #fbg make use only ( g5]al expressions1 & give u no details to enable u to judge :e!r or n su* compla9ts 7 ju/ifi$ by ! facts4 ,zmaievi* prefaces 8 acc\nt ( ! apo/asy ( #bjjj p]sons ) an enum]ation ( ! taxes & o!r burd5s ! ,*ri/ians _h to be>1 b all ^!1 he says1 7 common also to ! ,muhammadans1 ) ! exception ( ! capitation-tax ( six reals a ye> = ea* male1 & ano!r tax1 t]m$ sciat>accio1 ( ?ree reals a ye>4 #fbh ,he concludes ) ! words3 8,! nation1 w\nd$ by ^! taxes 9 its weake/ "p1 namely1 worldly int]e/1 to ! consid]ation ( :i* x has a s+ul> lean+ ei!r by nature or by necessity1 has giv5 j cause = lam5t+ ! deplorable loss ( ab\t #bjjj s\ls :o apo/atis$ f ! true fai? s z n to be subject to ! tribute40 #fbi ,!re is no?+ 9 8 report to %[ t ! taxes ! ,ca?olics _h to pay con/itut$ s intol]able a burd5 z to =ce !m to r5\nce _! cre$1 & ?\gh he attributes _m conv]sions to ,islam to ! desire ( escap+ ! tribute1 he says expressly t ^! apo/asies f ! ,*ri/ian fai? are ma9ly to be ascrib$ to ! extreme ignorance ( ! cl]gy1 #fcj 9 great measure also to _! practice ( admitt+ to ! sacram5ts ^? :o op5ly pr(ess$ ,islam :ile 9 secret adh]+ to ! ,*ri/ian fai?3 #fca 9 ano!r place he says1 speak+ ( ! cl]gy :o 7 n fit to be p>i% prie/s & _! practice ( adm9i/]+ ! sacram5ts to apo/ates & secret ,*ri/ians3 8,^! are precisely ! two causes f :i* h come all ! losses t ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* has su/a9$ 9 ,albania40 #fcb ,!re is v little d\bt t ! widespread apo/asy at ?is "t 0 ! result ( a long s]ies ( influ5ces simil> to ^? m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ pages1 & t ! deliv]ance f ! paym5t ( ! tribute 0 ! la/ l9k 9 ! *a94 ,:at active ef=ts ,muhammadans !mselves 7 mak+ to ga9 ov] ! ,*ri/ians to ,islam1 we c h>dly expect to le>n f ! report ( an ecclesia/ical visitor4 ,b we f9d m5tion ( a di/rict1 ! inhabitants ( :i*1 f _! int]c\rse ) ! ,turks1 _h 8contract$ ! vices ( ^! infidels10 & "o ( ! *ief causes ( _! fall+ away f ! ,*ri/ian fai? 0 _! contract+ m>riages ) ,turki% wom54 #fcc ,!re 7 no d\bt /rong ,muhammadan influ5ces at "w "h1 z also 9 ! two p>i%es ( ,biscascia & ,basia1 ^: jo9t population ( ne>ly a ?\s& s\ls 0 8expos$ to ! obvi\s risk ( apo/atis+ ?r\gh lack ( any pa/or10 & 7 8mu* tempt$ 9 _! fai?1 & ne$$ to be /r5g!n$ 9 x by wise & zeal\s pa/ors40 #fcd ,zmaievi* speaks ( "o ( ! old noble ,*ri/ian families 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,antiv>i :i* 0 repres5t$ at t "t by two bro!rs2 ! eld] ( ^! _h be5 8:e$l$0 by ! prom95t ,muhammadans ( ! place1 :o 7 closely relat$ to him1 into d5y+ 8 fai?2 ! y\ng] wi%$ to /udy = ! prie/hood1 9 :i* (fice 8he w\ld be ( mu* assi/ance to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ?r\gh ! high e/eem 9 :i* ! ,turks held 8 family2 :i* ?\gh poor 0 univ]sally respect$40 #fce ,?is inde$ is ano!r indication ( ! fact t ! ,muhammadans did n ill-treat ! ,*ri/ians1 m]ely z su*1 b only :5 !y %[$ !mselves to be politically disaffect$4 ,zmaievi*1 :o 0 himself an ,albanian1 & took up 8 resid5ce 9 8 diocese in/ead ( 9 ,v5etian t]ritory1 z _m ( ! ,ar*bi%ops ( ,antiv>i seem to h done1 #fcf 0 receiv$ ) 8extraord9>y hon\rs0 & ) 8m>vell\s c\rtesy10 n only by ! ,turki% (ficials g5]ally1 b also by ! ,supreme ,pa%a ( ,albania himself1 :o gave him ! place ( hon\r 9 8 ,divan1 always accompany+ him to ! door on 8 dep>ture & receiv+ him !re on 8 arrival4 #fcg ,?is 8b>b>ian0 :o 8%[$ himself m l a g5]\s-he>t$ ,*ri/ian ?an a ,turk10 gave m sub/antial m>ks ( good feel+ t[>ds ! ,*ri/ians by remitt+--at ! ,ar*bi%op's reque/--! tribute due = ! ensu+ ye> f f\r sep>ate t[ns4 #fch ,if any ( ! ,*ri/ian cl]gy 7 r\ghly treat$ by ! ,turks1 x seems g5]ally to h be5 due to ! suspicion ( treasonable correspond5ce ) ! enemies ( ! ,turks2 ecclesia/ical visits to ,italy seem also to h excit$--& 9 _m cases1 ju/ly--su* suspicions4 ,o!rwise ! ,*ri/ian cl]gy seem to h _h no reason to compla9 ( ! treatm5t !y receiv$ f ! ,muslims2 ,zmaievi* ev5 speaks ( "o p>i% prie/ be+ 8mu* belov$ by ! pr9cipal ,turks10 #fci & d\btless !re 7 p>allels 9 ,albania to ! case ( a prie/ 9 ! diocese ( ,treb9je 9 ,h]zegov9a1 :o 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 suspect$1 on acc\nt ( 8 famili> int]c\rse ) ,muhammadans1 ( hav+ =m$ an int5tion to embrace ,islam1 & 0 accord+ly s5t by 8 bi%op to ,rome "u safe cu/ody4 #fdj ,no subsequ5t p]iod ( ,albanian hi/ory appe>s to h witness$ su* widespread apo/asy z ! sev5te5? c5tury1 b !re h be5 occasional accessions to ,islam up to m rec5t times4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,albania1 ! c\ntry ( ! ,tosks1 ! prepond]ance ( ! ,muhammadan population plac$ ! ,*ri/ians at a disadvantage1 & a /ory is told ( ! ,k>amurtads1 inhabitants ( ?irty-six villages ne> ,pogoniani1 t up to ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury !y 7 ,*ri/ians1 b f9d+ !mselves unable to repel ! cont9ual attacks ( ! neighb\r+ ,muhammadan population ( ,leskoviki1 !y met 9 a *ur* & pray$ t ! sa9ts might "w "s miracle on _! behalf2 !y swore to fa/ till ,ea/] 9 expectation ( ! div9e assi/ance2 b ,ea/] came & no miracle 0 wr\ght1 s ! :ole population embrac$ ,islam2 soon aft]w>ds !y obta9$ ! arms !y requir$ & massacr$ _! old enemies 9 ,leskoviki & took possession ( _! l&s4 #fda ,community ( fai? 9 ,albania is nev] all[$ to /& 9 ! way ( a tribal feud4 ,ev5 up to ! n9ete5? c5tury ,albanian tribes & villages h *ang$ _! religion = v trivial reasons2 "p ( "o ,*ri/ian tribe is said to h turn$ ,muhammadan because _! prie/1 :o s]v$ sev]al villages & visit$ !m fir/1 insi/$ on say+ mass at an unreasonably e>ly h\r4 #fdb ,at ! pres5t day ! ,muhammadans 9 ,albania are said to numb] ab\t #a1jjj1jjj & ! ,*ri/ians #dhj1jjj1 b ! accuracy ( ^! figures is n c]ta94 ,! ,mirdites are entirely ,*ri/ian2 !y submitt$ to ! ,sultan on condition t no ,muslim w\ld be all[$ to settle 9 _! t]ritory1 b adh]5ts ( bo? ! rival cre$s are f\nd 9 almo/ all ! o!r tribes4 ,c5tral ,albania is said to be almo/ entirely ,muhammadan1 & ! foll[]s ( ,islam =m ab\t sixty p] c5t4 ( ! population ( ,nor!rn ,albania2 ! ,*ri/ian population atta9s its l>ge/ proportion 9 ,s\!rn ,albania1 especially 9 ! di/ricts bord]+ ^u ,greece4 ,! k+dom ( ,s]via fir/ paid tribute to ! ,ottomans 9 #acge & lo/ its indep5d5ce aft] ! disa/r\s defeat ( ,kossovo 7#achi71 :]e bo? ! k+ ( ,s]via & ! ,turki% sultan 7 left dead ^u ! field4 ,! successors ( ! two sov]eigns ent]$ into a fri5dly compact1 ! "y ,s]vian pr9ce1 ,/eph51 ackn[l$g$ ! suz]a9ty ( ,turkey1 gave 8 si/] 9 m>riage to ! new sultan1 ,byazd1 & =m$ ) him a league ( bro!rhood4 ,at ! battle ( ,nikopolis 7#acid71 :i* gave to ! ,turks assur$ possession ( ! :ole ,balkan p59sula1 except ! di/rict surr\nd+ ,con/ant9ople1 ! ,s]vian cont+5t turn$ ! wav]+ =tune ( ! battle & gave ! victory to ! ,turks4 ,on ! field ( ,angora 7#adjb71 :5 ! ,turki% p[] 0 annihilat$ & ,byazd himself tak5 prison] by ,tmr1 ,/eph5 0 pres5t ) 8 ,s]vian troops & f\ght bravely = 8 bro!r-9-law1 & in/ead ( tak+ ?is opportunity ( secur+ 8 indep5d5ce1 rema9$ fai?ful to 8 engagem5t1 & /ood by ! sons ( ,byazd until !y recov]$ _! fa!r's ?rone4 ,"u ! successor ( ,/eph51 ,george ,brankovi*1 ,s]via enjoy$ a semi-indep5d5ce1 b :5 9 #adch he rais$ ! /&>d ( revolt1 8 c\ntry 0 aga9 ov]run by ! ,turks4 ,!n = a "t ,s]via _h to ackn[l$ge ! suz]a9ty ( ,hung>y1 b ! defeat ( ,john ,hunyady at ,v>na 9 #addd br\ght h] once m "u tribute1 & 9 #adei %e f9ally became a ,turki% prov9ce4 ,x is n impossible t ! ,s]vians :o _h embrac$ ,islam aft] ! battle ( ,kossovo _h k ( ! fate ( ! little ,muslim community t _h be5 root$ out ( ,hung>y ab\t a c5tury be=e1 & !re=e pref]r$ ! dom9ation ( ! ,turks to t ( ! ,hung>ians4 ,yqt gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( 8 meet+1 ab\t ! ye> #abbh1 ) "s memb]s ( ?is gr\p ( foll[]s ( ! ,prophet 9 m$ival ,europe1 :o _h ow$ _! conv]sion to ,muslims :o _h settl$ among !m4 8,9 ! city ( ,aleppo1 ,i met a l>ge numb] ( p]sons call$ ,ba%kirs1 ) r$di% hair & r$di% faces4 ,!y 7 /udy+ law accord+ to ! s*ool ( ,ab anfah 7may ,god be well pleas$ ) him67 ,i ask$ "o ( !m :o seem$ to be an intellig5t fell[ = in=mation conc]n+ _! c\ntry & _! condition4 ,he told me1 #8,our c\ntry is situat$ on ! o!r side ( ,con/ant9ople1 9 a k+dom ( a p ( ! ,franks call$ ! ,hung>ians4 ,we are ,muslims1 subjects ( _! k+1 & live on ! bord] ( 8 t]ritory1 occupy+ ab\t ?irty villages1 :i* are almo/ l small t[ns4 ,b ! k+ ( ! ,hung>ians does n all[ u to build walls r\nd any ( !m1 le/ we %\ld revolt aga9/ him4 ,we are situat$ 9 ! mid/ ( ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 hav+ ! l& ( ! ,slavs on ! nor?1 on ! s\?1 t ( ! ,pope1 i4e4 ,rome 7n[ ! ,pope is ! head ( ! ,franks1 ! vic> ( ! ,messiah 9 _! eyes1 l ! comm&] ( ! fai?ful 9 ! eyes ( ! ,muslims2 8 au?ority ext5ds ov] all matt]s connect$ ) religion among ! :ole ( !m72 on ! we/1 ,&alusia2 on ! ea/1 ! l& ( ! ,greeks1 ,con/ant9ople & its prov9ces4' ,he add$1 #8,our language is ! language ( ! ,franks1 we dress aft] _! fa%ion1 we s]ve ) !m 9 ! army1 & we jo9 !m 9 attack+ all _! enemies1 because !y only g to w> ) ! enemies ( ,islam4' ,i !n ask$ him h[ x 0 !y _h adopt$ ,islam 9 spite ( _! dwell+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! unbeliev]s4 ,he answ]$1 #8,i h he>d sev]al ( our =efa!rs say t a long "t ago sev5 ,muslims came f ,bulg>ia & settl$ among u4 ,9 k9dly fa%ion !y po9t$ out to u our errors & direct$ u into ! "r way1 ! fai? ( ,islam4 ,!n ,god guid$ u & 7praise be to ,god67 we all became ,muslims & ,god op5$ our he>ts to ! fai?4 ,we h come to ?is c\ntry to /udy law2 :5 we return to our own l&1 ! p w d u hon\r & put u 9 *>ge ( _! religi\s affairs4'0 #fdc ,islam kept its gr\nd among ! ,ba%kirs ( ,hung>y until #acdj1 :5 ,k+ ,*>les ,rob]t compell$ all 8 subjects t 7 n yet ,*ri/ians to embrace ! ,*ri/ian fai? or quit ! c\ntry4 #fdd ,! ,s]vian ,muslims may1 !re=e1 well h be5 pleas$ to escape f ! rule ( ,hung>y1 l _! ,*ri/ian fell[-c\ntrym51 = :5 ^! 7 giv5 ! *oice betwe5 ! ,roman ,ca?olic rule ( ,hung>y & ! ,muslim rule ( ! ,turks1 ! devotion ( ! ,s]vians to ! ,greek ,*ur* l$ !m to pref] ! tol]ance ( ! ,muhammadans to ! uncompromis+ proselytis+ _s ( ! ,lat9s4 ,an old leg5d ?us repres5ts _! feel+s at ?is "t3--,! ,turks & ! ,hung>ians 7 at w>2 ,george ,brankovi* s\ght out ,john ,hunyady & ask$ him1 8,if y are victori\s1 :at w y d80 8,e/abli% ! ,roman ,ca?olic fai?10 0 ! answ]4 ,!n he s\ght out ! sultan & ask$ him1 8,if y come out victori\s1 :at w y d ) our religion80 8,by ! side ( e mosque %all /& a *ur*1 & e man %all be free to pray 9 :i*ev] he *ooses40 #fde ,! trea*]y ( "s ,s]vian prie/s =c$ ! g>rison ( ,belgrade to capitulate to ! ,turks2 #fdf simil>ly ! ,s]vians ( ,sem5dria1 on ! ,danube1 welcom$ ! ,turki% troops :o 9 #afjj deliv]$ !m f ! rule ( _! ,ca?olic neighb\rs4 #fdg ,! spread ( ,islam among ! ,s]vians began imm$iately aft] ! battle ( ,kossovo1 :5 a l>ge "p ( ! old feudal nobility1 su* z /ill rema9$ alive & did n take refuge 9 neighb\r+ ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 w5t ov] volunt>ily to ! fai? ( ! ,prophet1 9 ord] to keep _! old privileges undi/urb$4 #fdh ,9 ^! conv]t$ nobles ! sultans f\nd ! mo/ zeal\s propag&i/s ( ! new fai?4 #fdi ,b ! majority ( ! ,s]vian p clung firmly to _! old religion ?r\gh all _! tr\bles & suff]+s1 & only 9 ,/>a ,s]bia or ,old ,s]via1 #fej :i* n[ =ms ! nor?-ea/]n portion ( mod]n ,albania1 has !re be5 any v consid]able numb] ( conv]sions4 ,ev5 "h ! spread ( ,muhammadanism proce$$ v sl[ly until ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ! ,au/rians induc$ ! ,s]vians to rise 9 revolt &1 aft] ! ill-success ( ?is ris+1 ! !n ,patri>*1 ,ars5ius ,,iii ,ts]noevi*1 9 #afij emigrat$ ) #dj1jjj ,s]vian families across ! bord] into ,hung>y2 ano!r exodus 9 #agci ( #ae1jjj families "u ! lead]%ip ( ,ars5ius ,,iv ,jovanovi*1 well nigh d5ud$ ?is "p ( ! c\ntry ( its orig9al ,s]vian population4 #fea ,albanian coloni/s f ! s\? press$ into ! c\ntry vacat$ by ! fugitives3 ^! ,albanians at ! "t ( _! arrival 7 ,roman ,ca?olics = ! mo/ "p1 b aft] !y settl$ 9 ,old ,s]via !y gradually adopt$ ,islam & at ! pres5t "t ! remnant ( ,roman ,ca?olic ,albanians is b small1 ?\gh f "t to "t x is recruit$ by fre% arrivals f ! m\nta9s3 ! new-com]s1 h[ev]1 usually foll[ ! example ( _! pr$ecessors1 & aft] a :ile become ,muhammadans4 #feb ,aft] ?is ,albanian immigration1 ,islam began to spread m rapidly among ! remnant ( ! ,s]vian population4 ,! ,s]vian cl]gy 7 v ignorant & unlett]$1 !y c\ld only manage ) difficulty to read _! s]vice-books & h>dly any _h le>n$ to write2 !y nei!r prea*$ to ! p nor taught !m ! cate*ism1 consequ5tly 9 :ole villages sc>cely a man c\ld be f\nd :o knew ! ,"l's ,pray] or h[ _m comm&m5ts !re 72 ev5 ! prie/s !mselves 7 q z ignorant4 #fec ,aft] ! insurrection ( #afhi1 ! ,patri>* ( ,ipek1 ! ecclesia/ical capital ( ,s]via1 0 appo9t$ by ! ,porte1 b 9 #agcg1 z ! result ( ano!r rebellion1 ! ,s]vian ,patri>*ate 0 entirely suppress$ & ! ,s]vian ,*ur* made dep5d5t ^u ! ,greek ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,! *ur*es 7 fill$ ) ,greek bi%ops1 :o made common cause ) ! ,turki% ,beys & ,pa%as 9 ble$+ ! un=tunate ,*ri/ians3 _! national language 0 proscrib$ & ! ,old ,slavonic s]vice-books1 etc41 7 collect$ & s5t (f to ,con/ant9ople4 #fed ,) su* a cl]gy x is n surpris+ t ! ,*ri/ian fai? %\ld decl9e3 e4g4 9 ! commune ( ,gora 79 ! di/rict ( ,prizr571 :i* _h begun to become ,muhammadanis$ soon aft] ! great exodus ( #afij1 ! ,s]vians t /ill clung to ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 appeal$ aga9 & aga9 to ! ,greek bi%op ( ,prizr5 to s5d !m prie/s1 at lea/ occasionally1 b all 9 va92 _! *ildr5 rema9$ unbaptis$1 w$d+s & burials 7 conduct$ )\t ! bless+ ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! consecrat$ build+s fell into decay4 #fee ,9 ! neighb\r+ di/rict ( ,opolje1 simil>ly1 ! pres5t ,muslim population ( #iejj s\ls is probably = ! mo/ "p desc5d$ f ! orig9al ,slav inhabitants ( ! place4 #fef ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,bizzi f\nd 9 ! city ( ,jagnevo1 #abj ,roman ,ca?olic h\seholds1 #bjj ,greek & #ahj ,muhammadan2 #feg less ?an a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 e h\se 9 ! city 0 look$ ^u z ,muhammadan1 z ! head ( ea* family pr(ess$ ?is fai? & ! wom5 only1 ) "s ( ! *ildr51 7 ,*ri/ian4 #feh ,ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! village ( ,ljurs 0 entirely ,ca?olic2 9 #ahfc !re 7 #ij ,muslim & #bc ,*ri/ian families1 b at ! pres5t day ?is village1 toge!r ) ! surr\nd+ villages1 has :olly giv5 up ,*ri/ianity4 #fei ,until rec5tly "s l+]+ survivals ( _! old ,*ri/ian fai?1 su* z ! burn+ ( ! ,yule-log at ,*ri/mas1 etc41 7 /ill to be met ) 9 c]ta9 villages1 b su* cu/oms are n[ fa/ dy+ out4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,kossovo & ! d[nfall ( ! ,s]vian empire1 ! wild highl&s ( ,mont5egro af=d$ a refuge to ^? ,s]vians :o w\ld n submit to ! ,turks b 7 det]m9$ to ma9ta9 _! indep5d5ce4 ,x is n ! place "h to relate ! hi/ory ( ! h]oic /ruggles ( ?is brave p aga9/ ov]:elm+ odds1 h[ ?r\gh c5turies ( cont9ual w>f>e1 "u ! rule ( _! pr9ce-bi%ops1 #ffj !y h kept alive a free ,*ri/ian /ate :5 all _! bre?r5 ( ! same race _h be5 compell$ to submit to ,muhammadan rule4 ,:ile ! v basis ( _! sep>ate exi/5ce z a nation 0 _! firm adh]5ce to ! ,*ri/ian fai? x c\ld h>dly h be5 expect$ t ,islam w\ld h made its way among !m1 b 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury _m ,mont5egr9s 9 ! fronti] di/ricts became ,muhammadans & took s]vice ) ! neighb\r+ ,pa%as4 ,b 9 #agjc1 ,daniel ,petrovi*1 ! !n reign+ bi%op1 call$ ! tribes toge!r & told !m t ! only hope = _! c\ntry & _! fai? lay 9 ! de/ruction ( ! ,muhammadans liv+ among !m4 ,accord+ly1 on ,*ri/mas ,eve1 all ! conv]t$ ,mont5egr9s :o w\ld n =swe> ,islam & embrace ,*ri/ianity 7 massacr$ 9 cold blood4 #ffa ,to pass n[ to ,bosnia3--9 ?is c\ntry ! religi\s & social conditions ( ! p1 be=e ! ,turki% conque/1 m]it especial att5tion4 ,! majority ( ! population belong$ to a h]etical ,*ri/ian sect1 call$ ,bogomiles1 :o f ! ?irte5? c5tury _h be5 expos$ to ! p]secution ( ! ,roman ,ca?olics & aga9/ :om ,popes _h on sev]al occasions prea*$ a ,crusade4 #ffb ,9 #acbe1 ,pope ,john ,,xxii wrote ?us to ! k+ ( ,bosnia3 8,to our belov$ son & nobleman1 ,/eph51 ,pr9ce ( ,bosnia1--kn[+ t ?\ art a fai?ful son ( ! ,*ur*1 we !re=e *>ge !e to ext]m9ate ! h]etics 9 ?y dom9ion1 & to r5d] aid & assi/ance to ,fabian1 our ,inquisitor1 =asmu* z a l>ge multitude ( h]etics f _m & div]s p>ts collect$ ha? fl[$ toge!r into ! pr9cipality ( ,bosnia1 tru/+ !re to s[ _! obsc5e errors & dwell !re 9 safety4 ,^! m51 imbu$ ) ! cunn+ ( ! ,old ,fi5d1 & arm$ ) ! v5om ( _! fals5ess1 corrupt ! m9ds ( ,ca?olics by outw>d %[ ( simplicity & ! %am assumption ( ! "n ( ,*ri/ians2 _! spee* crawle? l a crab1 & !y creep 9 ) humility1 b 9 secret !y kill1 & are wolves 9 %eep's clo?+1 cov]+ _! be/ial fury z a means to deceive ! simple %eep ( ,*ri/40 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! suff]+s ( ! ,bogomiles became s intol]able t !y appeal$ to ! ,turks to deliv] !m f _! unhappy condition1 = ! k+ ( ,bosnia & ! prie/s 7 pu%+ ! p]secution ( ! ,bogomiles to an extreme :i* p]haps x _h nev] rea*$ be=e2 z _m z =ty ?\s& ( !m fl$ f ,bosnia & took refuge 9 neighb\r+ c\ntries2 o!rs :o did n succe$ 9 mak+ _! escape1 7 s5t 9 *a9s to ,rome4 ,b ev5 ^! viol5t measures did little to dim9i% ! /r5g? ( ! ,bogomiles 9 ,bosnia1 z 9 #adfb we are told t h]esy 0 z p[]ful z ev] 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! foll[+ ye>1 :5 ,bosnia 0 invad$ by ,muammad ,,ii1 ! ,ca?olic k+ f\nd himself des]t$ by 8 subjects3 ! keys ( ! pr9cipal =tress1 ! royal city ( ,bobovatz1 7 h&$ ov] to ! ,turks by ! ,bogomile gov]nor2 ! o!r =tresses & t[ns ha/5$ to foll[ ?is example1 & )9 a week sev5ty cities pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ,sultan1 & ,muammad ,,ii add$ ,bosnia to ! numb] ( 8 num]\s conque/s4 #ffc ,f ?is "t =? we he> b little ( ! ,bogomiles2 !y seem to h will+ly embrac$ ,islam 9 l>ge numb]s imm$iately aft] ! ,turki% conque/1 & ! re/ seem to h gradually foll[$ lat]1 :ile ! ,bosnian ,roman ,ca?olics emigrat$ into ! neighb\r+ t]ritories ( ,hung>y & ,au/ria4 ,x has be5 suppos$ by "s #ffd t a l>ge proportion ( ! ,bogomiles1 at lea/ 9 ! e>li] p]iod ( ! conque/1 embrac$ ,islam ) ! int5tion ( return+ to _! fai? :5 a fav\rable opportunity pres5t$ itself2 z1 be+ con/antly p]secut$ !y may h le>nt to d5y _! fai? = ! "t be+2 b t1 :5 ?is fav\rable opportunity nev] arriv$1 ?is int5tion mu/ h gradually be5 lo/ sight ( & at l5g? h be5 entirely =gott5 by _! desc5dants4 ,su* a supposition is1 h[ev]1 a pure conjecture & has no direct evid5ce to support x4 ,we may r f9d ! reason = ! will+ness ( ! ,bogomiles to all[ !mselves to be m]g$ 9 ! g5]al mass ( ! ,musalman believ]s1 9 ! num]\s po9ts ( lik5ess betwe5 _! peculi> beliefs & ! t5ets ( ,islam4 ,!y reject$ ! wor%ip ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 ! in/itution ( ,baptism & e =m ( prie/hood4 #ffe ,!y abom9at$ ! cross z a religi\s symbol1 & consid]$ x idolatry to b[ d[n be=e religi\s pictures & ! images & relics ( ! sa9ts4 ,_! h\ses ( pray] 7 v simple & unadorn$1 9 contra/ to ! gaudily decorat$ ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*es1 & !y %>$ ! ,muhammadan dislike ( bells1 :i* !y /yl$ 8! devil's trumpets40 ,!y believ$ t ,*ri/ 0 n himself crucifi$ b t "s phantom 0 sub/itut$ 9 8 place3 9 ?is respect agree+ p>tially ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,qurn4 #fff ,_! condemnation ( w9e & ! g5]al au/]ity ( _! mode ( life & ! /]n sev]ity ( _! outw>d demean\r w\ld s]ve z fur!r l9ks to b9d !m to ,islam1 #ffg = x 0 said ( !m3 8,y w see h]etics quiet & peaceful z lambs )\t1 sil5t1 & wan ) hypocritical fa/+1 :o d n speak mu* nor laugh l\d1 :o let _! be>d gr[1 & leave _! p]son incompt40 #ffh ,!y pray$ five times a day & five times a night1 repeat+ ! ,"l's ,pray] ) frequ5t kneel+s1 #ffi & w\ld ?us f9d x v little *ange to jo9 9 ! s]vices ( ! mosque4 ,i h br\ght toge!r "h ! _m po9ts ( lik5ess to ! tea*+s ( ,islam1 :i* we f9d 9 ?is ,bogomilian h]esy1 b !re 71 ( c\rse1 "s doctr9es ( a di/9ctly ,*ri/ian "* :i* an or?odox ,muslim c\ld n hold2 /ill1 ) s mu* 9 common1 x c easily be und]/ood h[ ! ,bogomiles may gradually h be5 p]suad$ to give up ^? doctr9es t 7 repugnant to ! ,muslim fai?4 ,_! ,mani*an dualism 0 equally irreconcilable ) ,muslim !ology1 b ,islam has always %[n itself tol]ant ( su* !ological speculations provid$ t !y did n issue 9 a s*ism & t a g5]al ass5t & cons5t 7 giv5 to ! ma9 pr9ciples ( its !ory & practice4 ,! ,turks1 z 0 _! usual cu/om1 (f]$ e advantage to induce ! ,bosnians to accept _! cre$4 ,all :o embrac$ ,islam 7 all[$ to reta9 _! l&s & possessions1 & _! fiefs 7 exempt f all taxation1 #fgj & x is probable t _m rightful heirs ( anci5t h\ses :o _h be5 dispossess$ = h]etical op9ions by ! ,ca?olic faction among ! nobility1 n[ embrac$ ! opportunity ( rega9+ _! old position by submission to ! dom9ant cre$4 ,! ,bosnian ,muhammadans reta9$ _! nationality & /ill = ! mo/ "p be> ,s]b names & speak only _! national tongue2 #fga at ! same "t !y h always ev9c$ a lively zeal = _! new fai?1 & by _! milit>y pr[ess1 _! devotion to ,islam & ! p[]ful influ5ce !y ex]cis$1 ! ,bosnian nobility rapidly rose into high fav\r 9 ,con/ant9ople & _m 7 entru/$ ) important (fices ( /ate1 e4g4 betwe5 ! ye>s #aedd & #afaa n9e /atesm5 ( ,bosnian orig9 fill$ ! po/ ( ,gr& ,vizi]4 ,! late/ t]ritorial acquisition ( ! ,ottoman conque/s 0 ! isl& ( ,crete1 :i* 9 #affi 0 wre/$ f ! h&s ( ! ,v5etian ,republic by ! capture ( ! city ( ,c&ia aft] a long & desp]ate siege ( ne>ly ?ree ye>s1 :i* clos$ a /ruggle ( tw5ty-five ye>s betwe5 ^! rival p[]s = ! possession ( ! isl&4 ,?is 0 n ! fir/ "t t ,crete _h come "u ,muslim rule4 ,e>ly 9 ! n9? c5tury ! isl& 0 sudd5ly seiz$ by a b& ( ,s>ac5 adv5tur]s f ,spa91 & x rema9$ 9 _! p[] = ne>ly a c5tury & a half 7,a4,d4 #hbe-ifa74 #fgb ,dur+ ?is p]iod well nigh ! :ole population ( ! isl& _h become ,muslim1 & ! *ur*es _h ei!r fall5 into ru9s or be5 turn$ into mosques2 b :5 ! au?ority ( ! ,byzant9e empire 0 once re-e/abli%$ "h1 ! p 7 conv]t$ aga9 to _! anci5t fai? ?r\gh ! skilful prea*+ ( an ,arm5ian monk1 & ! ,*ri/ian religion became ! only "o pr(ess$ on ! isl&4 #fgc ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! ,v5etians pur*as$ ! isl& f ,boniface1 ,duke ( ,monts]rat1 to ^: lot x _h fall5 aft] ! p>tition ( ! ,byzant9e empire1 & !y rul$ x ) a heavy h&1 app>5tly look+ ^u x only 9 ! light ( a pur*ase t 0 to be exploit$ = ! b5efit ( ! home gov]nm5t & its coloni/s4 ,_! adm9i/ration 0 s oppressive & tyrannical z to excite sev]al revolts1 :i* 7 cru%$ ) pitiless sev]ity2 on "o ( ^! occasions :ole cantons 9 ! prov9ces ( ,sfakia & ,lassiti 7 depopulat$1 & x 0 =bidd5 "u pa9 ( dea? to s[ any corn !re1 s t ^! di/ricts rema9$ b>r5 & uncultivat$ = ne>ly a c5tury4 #fgd ,! t]rific cruelty ) :i* ! ,v5etian s5ate suppress$ ! la/ ( ^! attempts at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury add$ a cr[n+ horror to ! mis]able condition ( ! unhappy ,cretans4 ,h[ t]rible 0 _! lot at ?is "t we le>n f ! reports ( ! commission]s s5t by ! ,v5etian s5ate 9 ! latt] "p ( ! same c5tury1 9 ord] to inquire into ! condition ( ! isl&]s4 ,! peasants 7 said to be cru%$ d[n by ! cruele/ oppression & tyranny on ! "p ( ! ,v5etian nobles1 _! feudal lords1 be+ r$uc$ to a worse condition ?an t ( slaves1 s t !y nev] d>$ ev5 to compla9 ( any inju/ice4 ,ea* peasant _h to d twelve days' =c$ lab\r = 8 feudal "l e ye> )\t paym5t1 & c\ld !n be compell$ to g on work+ = z long z 8 "l requir$ 8 s]vices at ! nom9al rate ( a p5ny a day2 8 v9ey>ds 7 mulct$ 9 a full ?ird ( _! produce1 b fraud & =ce comb9$ g5]ally succe$$ 9 appropriat+ z mu* z two-?irds2 8 ox5 & mules c\ld be seiz$ = ! s]vice ( ! "l1 :o _h a ?\s& o!r devices = squeez+ ! un=tunate peasant4 #fge ,! prote/s ( ^! commission]s prov$ ineffectual to induce ! ,v5etian s5ate to alleviate ! unhappy condition ( ! ,cretans & put a /op to ! cruelty & tyranny ( ! nobles3 x pref]r$ to li/5 to ! advice ( ,fra ,paolo ,s>pi :o 9 #afae ?us address$ ! ,republic on ! subject ( its ,greek colonies3 8,if ! g5tlem5 ( ^! ,colonies d tyrannize ov] ! villages ( _! dom9ion1 ! be/ way is n to seem to see x1 t !re may be no k9dness betwe5 !m & _! subjects40 #fgf ,x is n surpris+ to le>n f ! same s\rces t ! ,cretans long$ = a *ange ( rul]s1 & t 8!y w\ld n mu* /ick at submitt+ to ! ,turk1 hav+ ! example ( all ! re/ ( _! nation be=e _! eyes40 ,inde$1 _m at ?is "t fl$ into ,turkey to escape ! intol]able burd5 ( taxation1 foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( c\ntless o!rs1 :o f "t to "t _h tak5 refuge !re4 #fgg ,l>ge numb]s ( !m also emigrat$ to ,egypt1 :]e _m embrac$ ,islam4 #fgh ,especially gall+ to ! ,cretans 7 ! exactions ( ! ,lat9 cl]gy :o appropriat$ ! end[m5ts t belong$ ( "r to ! ,greek ecclesia/ics1 & did ev]y?+ !y c\ld to insult ! ,*ri/ians ( ! ,greek rite1 :o con/itut$ n9e-t5?s ( ! population ( ! isl&4 #fgi ,! ,turks1 on ! o!r h&1 conciliat$ _! good-w by re/or+ ! ,greek hi]>*y4 ,?is1 accord+ to a ,v5etian writ]1 0 br\ght ab\t 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 8,a c]ta9 papas or prie/ ( ,canea w5t to ,cusseim ! ,turki% g5]al1 & told him t if he desir$ to ga9 ! good-w ( ! ,cretan p1 & br+ dete/ation ^u ! "n ( ,v5ice1 x 0 necess>y = him to be> 9 m9d t ! /aun*e/ ( ! l9ks :i* keep civilis$ society f fall+ asund] is religion4 ,x w\ld be ne$ful = him to act 9 a way diff]5t f ! l9e foll[$ by ! ,v5etians4 ,^! did _! utmo/ to root out ! ,greek fai? & e/abli% t ( ,rome 9 its place1 ) :i* int]e/ !y _h made an injunction t !re %\ld be no ,greek bi%ops 9 ! isl&4 ,by ?us remov+ ^! v5]at$ & au?oritative %eph]ds1 !y ?\ght ! m easily to ga9 control ov] ! scatt]$ flocks4 ,?is prohibition _h caus$ su* di/ress 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,cretans t !y 7 ready to welcome ) joy & ob$i5ce any sov]eignty t w\ld l5d its w to ! re-in/itution ( ?is ord] 9 _! hi]>*y--an ord] s ess5tial = ! prop] ex]cise ( _! div9e wor%ip4 ,he add$1 t x w\ld be a fur!r means ( conciliat+ ! p if !y 7 assur$ t !y w\ld n only be confirm$ 9 ! old privileges ( _! religion1 b t new privileges w\ld be grant$ !m4 ,^! argum5ts seem$ to ,cusseim s plausible t he wrote at once to ,con/ant9ople ) a /atem5t ( !m4 ,"h !y 7 approv$1 & ! ,greek ,patri>* 0 bidd5 to in/itute an ar*bi%op :o %\ld be metropole ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,c&ia4 ,"u ! metropolitan sev5 o!r bi%ops 7 also to be nom9at$40 #fhj ,! ,turki% conque/ seems to h be5 v rapidly foll[$ by ! conv]sion ( l>ge numb]s ( ! ,cretans to ,islam4 ,x is n improbable t ! same patriotism z made !m cl+ to _! old fai? "u ! =eign dom9ation ( ! ,v5etians :o kept !m at arm's l5g? & reg>d$ any attempt at assimilation z an unp>donable indignity1 #fha & always tri$ to impress on _! subjects a s5se ( _! inf]iority--may h l$ !m to accept ! religion ( _! new ma/]s1 :i* at once rais$ !m f ! position ( subjects to t ( equals & gave !m a %>e 9 ! political life & gov]nm5t ( _! c\ntry4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! causes ( ! widespread conv]sion ( ! ,cretans1 x seems almo/ incr$ible t viol5ce %\ld h *ang$ ! religion ( a p :o _h = c5turies be=e clung firmly to _! old fai? despite ! p]secution ( a ho/ile & a =eign cre$4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! means by :i* ! ranks ( ,islam 7 fill$1 ?irty ye>s aft] ! conque/ we are told t ! majority ( ! ,muslims 7 r5egades or ! *ildr5 ( r5egades1 #fhb & 9 little m ?an a c5tury half ! population ( ,crete _h become ,muhammadan4 ,f "o end ( ! isl& to ! o!r1 n only 9 ! t[ns b also 9 ! villages1 9 ! inl& di/ricts & 9 ! v he>t ( ! m\nta9s1 7 7& are /ill7 f\nd ,cretan ,muslims :o 9 figure1 habits & spee* are ?or\ghly ,greek4 ,!re nev] has be51 & to ! pres5t day !re is n1 any o!r language spok5 on ! isl& ( ,crete except ,greek2 ev5 ! few ,turks to be f\nd "h _h to adopt ! language ( ! c\ntry & all ! firmans ( ! ,porte & decrees ( ! ,pa%as 7 read & publi%$ 9 ,greek4 #fhc ,! bitt] feel+s betwe5 ! ,*ri/ians & ,muhammadans ( ,crete t h made ! hi/ory ( ?is isl& dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury s sad a "o1 0 by no means s virul5t be=e ! outbreak ( ! ,greek revolution1 9 days :5 ! ,cretan ,muslims 7 v g5]ally 9 ! habit ( tak+ z _! wives ,*ri/ian maid5s1 ! *ildr5 ( _! ,*ri/ian fri5ds4 #fhd ,! social communication betwe5 ! two communities 0 fur!r signifi$ by _! common dress1 z ! ,cretans ( bo? cre$s dress$ s mu* alike t ! di/9ction 0 (t5 n ev5 recognis$ by resid5ts ( long /&+ or by ,greeks ( ! neighb\r+ isl&s4 #fhe ,rec5t political ev5ts h br\ght ab\t a consid]able dim9ution 9 ! ,muhammadan population ( ,crete4 ,9 #ahha ! numb] ( ,muhammadans 9 ! isl& 0 #gc1bcd2 9 #aiji1 9 consequ5ce ( cont9ual emigrations1 x _h be5 r$uc$ to #cc1dif4 #fhf ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,islam ,,9 ,,p]sia ,,& ,,c5tral ,,asia4 ,9 ord] to foll[ ! c\rse ( ! spread ( ,islam ea/w>d into ,c5tral ,asia1 we mu/ retrace our /eps to ! p]iod ( ! fir/ ,arab conque/s4 ,by ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury1 ! great dyna/y ( ! ,ssnids _h fall51 & ! va/ empire ( ,p]sia t = f\r c5turies _h )/ood ! might ( ,rome & ,byzantium1 n[ became ! h]itage ( ! ,muslims4 ,:5 ! armies ( ! /ate _h be5 r\t$1 ! mass ( ! p (f]$ little resi/ance2 ! reigns ( ! la/ repres5tatives ( ! ,ssnid dyna/y _h be5 m>k$ by t]rible an>*y1 & ! sympa?ies ( ! p _h be5 fur!r ali5at$ f _! rul]s on acc\nt ( ! support !y gave to ! p]secut+ policy ( ! /ate religion ( ,zoroa/rianism4 ,! ,zoroa/rian prie/s _h acquir$ an enorm\s influ5ce 9 ! /ate2 !y 7 well-nigh all-p[]ful 9 ! c\ncils ( ! k+ & arrogat$ to !mselves a v l>ge %>e 9 ! civil adm9i/ration4 ,!y took advantage ( _! position to p]secute all ^? religi\s bodies--7& !y 7 _m7--t diss5t$ f !m4 ,besides ! num]\s adh]5ts ( old] =ms ( ! ,p]sian religion1 !re 7 ,*ri/ians1 ,jews1 ,sabans & num]\s sects 9 :i* ! speculations ( ,gno/ics1 ,mani*ans & ,buddhi/s f\nd expression4 ,9 all ( ^!1 p]secution _h /irr$ up feel+s ( bitt] hatr$ aga9/ ! e/abli%$ religion & ! dyna/y t support$ its oppressions1 & s caus$ ! ,arab conque/ to appe> 9 ! light ( a deliv]ance4 #fhg ,! foll[]s ( all ^! v>i$ =ms ( fai? c\ld brea! aga9 "u a rule t grant$ !m religi\s fre$om & exemption f milit>y s]vice1 on paym5t ( a light tribute4 ,= ! ,muslim law grant$ tol]ation & ! "r ( pay+ jizyah n only to ! ,*ri/ians & ,jews1 b to ,zoroa/rians & ,sabans1 to wor%ipp]s ( idols1 ( fire & ( /one4 #fhh ,x 0 said t ! ,prophet himself _h di/9ctly giv5 directions t ! ,zoroa/rians 7 to be treat$ exactly l 8! p ( ! book10 i4e4 ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 & t jizyah might also be tak5 f !m 9 return = protection1 #fhi--;a tradition t probably arose 9 ! second c5tury ( ! ,hijrah1 :5 apo/olic sanction 0 s\ght = ! tol]ation t _h be5 ext5d$ to all ! foll[]s ( ! v>i\s fai?s t ,arabs _h f\nd 9 ! c\ntries !y _h conqu]$1 :e!r su* non-,muslims came "u ! category ,ahl al-,kitb or n4 #fij ,to ! di/ract$ ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 ,p]sia ! *ange ( gov]nm5t br\ght relief f ! oppression ( ! ,ssnid k+s1 :o _h fom5t$ ! bitt] /ruggles ( ,jacobites & ,ne/orians & add$ to ! confusion ( w>r+ sects4 ,"s ref]5ce has already #fia be5 made to e>li] p]secutions1 & ev5 dur+ ! expir+ agony ( ! ,ssnid dyna/y1 ,khusrau ,,ii1 exasp]at$ at ! defeat he _h suff]$ at ! h&s ( ! ,*ri/ian emp]or1 ,h]aclius1 ord]$ a fre% p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians )9 8 dom9ions1 a p]secution f :i* all ! v>i\s ,*ri/ian sects alike _h to suff]4 ,^! t]rible conditions may well h prep>$ m5's m9ds = t revulsion ( feel+ t facilitates a *ange ( fai?4 8,side by side ) ! political *aos 9 ! /ate 0 ! moral confusion t fill$ ! m9ds ( ! ,*ri/ians2 di/ract$ by su* an accumulation ( disa/]s & by ! moral agony wr\ght by ! furi\s conflict ( s _m w>r+ doctr9es among !m1 !y t5d$ t[>ds t peculi> frame ( m9d 9 :i* a new doctr9e f9ds x easy to take root1 mak+ a clean sweep ( su* a bewild]+ babel & /riv+ to recon/ruct fai? & society on a new basis4 ,9 o!r words ! p ( ,p]sia1 & especially ! ,semitic races1 7 j 9 ! v m5tal condition calculat$ to make !m welcome ! ,islamic revolution & urge !m on to en?usia/ically embrace ! new & rugg$ cre$1 :i* ) its complete & virile simplicity swept away at "o /roke all ^? d>k mi/s1 op5$ ! s\l to new1 allur+ & tangible hopes1 & promis$ imm$iate release f a mis]able /ate ( s]vitude40 #fib ,b ! ,muslim cre$ 0 mo/ eag]ly welcom$ by ! t[nsfolk1 ! indu/rial classes & ! artisans1 ^: occupations made !m impure accord+ to ! ,zoroa/rian cre$1 because 9 ! pursuance ( _! trade or occupations !y defil$ fire1 e>? or wat]1 & :o ?us1 outca/s 9 ! eyes ( ! law & treat$ ) scant consid]ation 9 consequ5ce1 embrac$ ) eag]ness a cre$ t made !m at once free m51 & equal 9 a bro!rhood ( fai?4 #fic ,nor 7 ! conv]sions f ,zoroa/rianism itself less /rik+3 ! fabric ( ! ,national ,*ur* _h fall5 ) a cra% 9 ! g5]al ru9 ( ! dyna/y t _h be=e upheld x2 hav+ no o!r c5tre r\nd :i* to rally1 ! foll[]s ( ?is cre$ w\ld f9d ! transition to ,islam a simple & easy "o1 ow+ to ! num]\s po9ts ( simil>ity 9 ! old cre$ & ! new4 ,= ! ,p]sian c\ld f9d 9 ! ,qurn _m ( ! fundam5tal doctr9es ( 8 old fai?1 ?\gh 9 a r diff]5t =m3 he w\ld meet aga9 ,ahuramazda & ,ahriman "u ! names ( ,allh & ,ibls2 ! creation ( ! _w 9 six p]iods2 ! angels & ! demons2 ! /ory ( ! primitive innoc5ce ( man2 ! resurrection ( ! body & ! doctr9e ( heav5 & hell4 #fid ,ev5 9 ! details ( daily wor%ip !re 7 simil>ities to be f\nd & ! foll[]s ( ,zoroa/] :5 !y adopt$ ,islam 7 enjo9$ by _! new fai? to pray five times a day j z !y _h be5 by ! ,ave/a4 #fie ,^? tribes 9 ! nor? ( ,p]sia t _h /ubbornly resi/$ ! ecclesia/ical organisation ( ! /ate religion1 on ! gr\nd t ea* man 0 a prie/ 9 8 own h\sehold & _h no ne$ ( any o!r1 & believ+ 9 a supreme be+ & ! immortality ( ! s\l1 taught t a man %\ld love 8 neighb\r1 conqu] 8 passions1 & /rive pati5tly aft] a bett] life--su* m5 c\ld h ne$$ v little p]suasion to induce !m to accept ! fai? ( ! ,prophet4 #fif ,islam _h /ill m po9ts ( contact ) "s ( ! h]etical sects ( ,p]sia1 t _h come "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 addition to ! causes above enum]at$ ( ! rapid spread ( ,islam 9 ,p]sia1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! political & national sympa?ies ( ! conqu]$ race 7 also enli/$ on behalf ( ! new religion ?r\gh ! m>riage ( usayn1 ! son ( ,al ) ,%hbn1 "o ( ! daught]s ( ,yazdagird1 ! la/ mon>* ( ! ,ssnid dyna/y4 ,9 ! desc5dants ( ,%hbn & usayn ! ,p]sians saw ! heirs ( _! anci5t k+s & ! inh]itors ( _! national traditions1 & 9 ?is patriotic feel+ may be f\nd ! explanation ( ! int5se devotion ( ! ,p]sians to ! ,alid faction & ! fir/ beg9n+s ( ,%ism z a sep>ate sect4 #fig ,t ?is widespread conv]sion 0 n due to =ce or viol5ce is evid5c$ by ! tol]ation ext5d$ to ^? :o /ill clung to _! anci5t fai?4 ,ev5 to ! pres5t day !re are "s small communities ( fire-wor%ipp]s to be f\nd 9 c]ta9 di/ricts ( ,p]sia1 & ?\gh ^! h 9 lat] ye>s (t5 _h to suff] p]secution1 #fih _! ance/ors 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,hijrah enjoy$ a rem>kable degree ( tol]ation1 _! fire-temples 7 respect$1 & we ev5 read ( a ,muhammadan g5]al 79 ! reign ( al-,mutaim1 ,a4,d4 #hcc-hdb71 :o ord]$ an imm & a muadhdh9 to be flogg$ because !y _h de/roy$ a fire-temple 9 ,sughd & built a mosque 9 its place4 #fii ,9 ! t5? c5tury1 ?ree c5turies aft] ! conque/ ( ! c\ntry1 fire-temples 7 to be f\nd 9 ,irq1 ,frs1 ,kirmn1 ,siji/n1 ,khursn1 ,jibl1 dh>bayjn & ,arrn1 i4e4 9 almo/ e prov9ce ( ,p]sia4 #gjj ,9 ,frs itself !re 7 h>dly any cities or di/ricts 9 :i* fire-temples & ,magians 7 n to be f\nd4 #gja ,al-,%ahra/n also 7writ+ z late z ! twelf? c5tury71 makes m5tion ( a fire-temple at ,isfniy1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,baghdd itself4 #gjb ,9 ! face ( su* facts1 x is surely impossible to attribute ! decay ( ,zoroa/rianism entirely to viol5t conv]sions made by ! ,muslim conqu]ors4 ,! numb] ( ,p]sians :o embrac$ ,islam 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,arab rule 0 probably v l>ge f ! v>i\s reasons giv5 above1 b ! late survival ( _! anci5t fai? & ! occasional record ( conv]sions 9 ! c\rse ( successive c5turies1 r5d] x probable t ! acceptance ( ,islam 0 bo? peaceful & volunt>y4 ,ab\t ! close ( ! eigh? c5tury1 ,smn1 a noble ( ,balkh1 hav+ receiv$ assi/ance f ,asad b4 ,abd-,allh1 ! gov]nor ( ,khursn1 r5\nc$ ,zoroa/rianism1 embrac$ ,islam & nam$ 8 son ,asad aft] 8 protector3 x is f ?is conv]t t ! dyna/y ( ! ,smnids 7,a4,d4 #hgd-iii7 took its "n4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! n9? c5tury1 ,k>m b4 ,%ahriyr 0 ! fir/ k+ ( ! ,qbsiyyah dyna/y :o became a ,musalman1 & 9 #hgc a l>ge numb] ( fire-wor%ipp]s 7 conv]t$ to ,islam 9 ,daylam ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,nir al-aqq ,ab ,muammad4 ,9 ! foll[+ c5tury1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #iab1 asan b4 ,al1 ( ! ,alid dyna/y on ! s\!rn %ore ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 :o is said to h be5 a man ( le>n+ & intellig5ce & well acqua9t$ ) ! religi\s op9ions ( diff]5t sects1 invit$ ! inhabitants ( ab>i/n & ,daylam1 :o 7 p>tly idolat]s & p>tly ,magians1 to accept ,islam2 _m ( !m respond$ to 8 call1 :ile o!rs p]si/$ 9 _! =m] /ate ( unbelief4 #gjc ,9 ! ye> ,a4,h4 #cid 7,a4,d4 #ajjc-ajjd71 a fam\s poet1 ,abu'l asan ,mihyr1 a native ( ,daylam1 :o _h be5 a fire-wor%ipp]1 0 conv]t$ to ,islam by a /ill m fam\s poet1 ! ,%>f al-,ri1 :o 0 8 ma/] 9 ! poetic art4 #gjd ,x 0 probably ab\t ! same p]iod t ! gr&fa!r ( ! great geograph]1 ,ibn ,khrddbih1 0 conv]t$ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( "o ( ! ,b>mecides1 #gje ^: ance/or _h be5 likewise a ,magian & high prie/ ( ! great ,fire ,temple ( ,nawbahr at ,balkh4 ,scanty z ^! notices ( conv]sion are1 !y appe> to h be5 volunt>y1 & ! ,zoroa/rians w\ld seem to h enjoy$ on ! :ole tol]ation = ! ex]cise ( _! religion up to ! close ( ! ,abbsid p]iod4 ,) ! ,mongol invasion a d>k] p]iod 9 _! hi/ory beg9s1 & ! mis]ies :i* ! ,p]sian ,muslims !mselves suff]$ seems to h g5]at$ 9 !m a _s ( fanatical intol]ance :i* expos$ ! ,zoroa/rians at times to cruel suff]+s4 #gjf ,9 ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury1 ,p]sia gave bir? to a movem5t t is ( int]e/ 9 ! mission>y hi/ory ( ,islam1 viz4 ! sect ( ! ,ismlians4 ,?is is n ! place to ent] into a hi/ory ( ?is sect or ( ! !ological position tak5 up by its foll[]s1 or ( ! social & political factors t l5t x /r5g?1 b x dem&s att5tion "h on acc\nt ( ! m>vell\s mission>y organisation :]eby x 0 propagat$4 ,! f\nd] ( ?is organisation--:i* rivals t ( ! ,jesuits = ! ke5 insight into human nature x displays & ! consummate skill ) :i* ! doctr9es ( ! sect 7 accommodat$ to v>y+ capacities & prejudices--0 a c]ta9 ,abd ,allh b4 ,maymn1 :o e>ly 9 ! n9? c5tury infus$ new life into ! ,ismlians4 ,he s5t out 8 mission>ies 9 all directions "u v>i\s guises1 v frequ5tly z fs b also z m]*ants & trad]s & ! l2 !y 7 in/ruct$ to be all ?+s to all m5 & to w9 ov] diff]5t classes ( m5 to allegiance to ! gr&ma/] ( _! sect1 by speak+ to ea* man1 z x 71 9 8 own language1 & accommodat+ _! tea*+ to ! v>y+ capacities & op9ions ( _! he>]s4 ,!y captivat$ ! ignorant multitude by ! p]=mance ( m>vels t 7 tak5 = miracles & by my/]i\s utt]ances t excit$ _! curiosity4 ,to ! dev\t !y appe>$ z models ( virtue & religi\s zeal2 to ! my/ics !y reveal$ ! hidd5 mean+ ( popul> tea*+s & initiat$ !m into v>i\s grades ( occultism accord+ to _! capacity4 ,tak+ advantage ( ! eag] look+-=w>d to a deliv]] t 0 common to s _m fai?s ( ! "t1 !y decl>$ to ! ,musalmans ! approa*+ adv5t ( ! ,imm ,mahd1 to ! ,jews t ( ! ,messiah1 & to ! ,*ri/ians t ( ! ,com=t]1 b taught t ! aspirations ( ea* c\ld alone be realis$ 9 ! com+ ( ,al z ! great deliv]]4 ,) ! ,%ah1 ! ,ismlian mission>y 0 to put himself =w>d z ! zeal\s p>tisan ( all ! ,%ah doctr9e1 0 to dwell ^u ! cruelty & inju/ice ( ! ,sunns t[>ds ,al & 8 sons1 & lib]ally abuse ! ,sunn ,khalfahs2 hav+ ?us prep>$ ! way1 he 0 to ins9uate1 z ! necess>y completion ( ! ,%ah sy/em ( fai?1 ! m esot]ic doctr9es ( ! ,ismlian sect4 ,9 deal+ ) ! ,jew1 he 0 to speak ) contempt ( bo? ,*ri/ians & ,muslims & agree ) 8 int5d$ conv]t 9 /ill look+ =w>d to a promis$ ,messiah1 b gradually lead him to believe t ?is promis$ ,messiah c\ld be none o!r ?an ,al1 ! great ,messiah ( ! ,ismlian sy/em4 ,if he s\ght to w9 ov] ! ,*ri/ian1 he 0 to dwell ^u ! ob/9acy ( ! ,jews & ! ignorance ( ! ,muslims1 to pr(ess rev]5ce = ! *ief articles ( ! ,*ri/ian cre$1 b g5tly h9t t !y 7 symbolic & po9t$ to a deep] mean+1 to :i* ! ,ismlian sy/em alone c\ld supply ! key2 he 0 also cauti\sly to sugge/ t ! ,*ri/ians _h some:at mis9t]pret$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,p>aclete & t x 0 9 ,al t ! true ,p>aclete 0 to be f\nd4 ,simil>ly ! ,ismlian mission>ies :o made _! way into ,india endeav\r$ to make _! doctr9es acceptable to ! ,h9dus1 by repres5t+ ,al z ! promis$ t5? ,avatr ( ,viu :o 0 to come f ! ,we/1 i4e4 7!y av]r$7 f ,alamt4 ,!y also wrote a ,mahd ,pura & compos$ hymns 9 imitation ( ^? ( ! ,vmcr9s or left-h& ktas1 ^: my/icism already pr$ispos$ _! m9ds to ! acceptance ( ! esot]ic doctr9es ( ! ,ismlians4 #gjg ,by su* means z ^! an enorm\s numb] ( p]sons ( diff]5t fai?s 7 unit$ toge!r to pu% =w>d an ent]prise1 ! real aim ( :i* 0 kn[n to v few4 ,! aspirations ( ,abd ,allh b4 ,maymn seem to h be5 entirely political1 b z ! means he adopt$ 7 religi\s & ! "o common bond--if any--t b\nd 8 foll[]s toge!r 0 ! dev\t expectation ( ! com+ ( ! ,imm ,mahd1 ! mission>y activity connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ?is sect des]ves ?is brief m5tion 9 ^! pages4 #gjh ,! hi/ory ( ! spread ( ,islam 9 ! c\ntries ( ,c5tral ,asia to ! nor? ( ,p]sia pres5ts little 9 ! way ( mission>y activity4 ,:5 ,qutaybah b4 ,muslim w5t to ,sam>q&1 he f\nd _m idols !re1 ^: wor%ipp]s ma9ta9$ t any man :o d>$ outrage !m w\ld p]i%2 ! ,muslim conqu]or1 undet]r$ by su* sup]/iti\s fe>s1 set fire to ! idols2 :]eupon a numb] ( p]sons embrac$ ,islam4 #gji ,!re is1 h[ev]1 b scanty record ( su* conv]sions 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,muslim advance into ,c5tral ,asia2 moreov] ! p ( ?is c\ntry seem (t5 to h pret5d$ to embrace ,islam = a "t & !n to h ?r[n (f ! mask & r5\nc$ _! allegiance to ! caliph z soon z ! conqu]+ armies 7 )drawn1 #gaj & x 0 n until ,qutaybah _h =cibly occupi$ ,bukhr = ! f\r? "t t he succe$$ 9 compell+ ! inhabitants to con=m to ! fai? ( _! conqu]ors4 ,9 ,bukhr & ,sam>q& ! opposition to ! new fai? 0 s viol5t & ob/9ate t none b ^? :o _h embrac$ ,islam 7 all[$ to c>ry arms1 & = _m ye>s ! ,muslims d>$ n appe> un>m$ 9 ! mosques or o!r public places1 :ile spies _h to be set to keep a wat* on ! new conv]ts4 ,! conqu]ors made v>i\s ef=ts to ga9 proselytes1 & ev5 tri$ to enc\rage att5dance at ! ,friday pray]s 9 ! mosques by rew>ds ( money1 & all[$ ! ,qurn to be recit$ 9 ,p]sian in/ead ( 9 ,arabic1 9 ord] t x might be intelligible to all4 #gaa ,! progress ( ,islam 9 ,transoxania 0 c]ta9ly v sl[3 "s ( ! inhabitants accept$ ! invitation ( ,um> ,,ii 7,a4,d4 #gag-gbj7 to embrace ,islam1 #gab & l>ge numb]s 7 conv]t$ ?r\gh ! prea*+ ( a c]ta9 ,ab ayd :o comm5c$ ?is mission 9 ,sam>q& 9 ! reign ( ,hi%m 7#gbd-gdc71 #gac b x 0 n until ! reign ( ,al-,mutaim 7,a4,d4 #hcc-hdb7 t ,islam 0 g5]ally adopt$ !re1 #gad "o ( ! reasons probably be+ ! m intimate relations e/abli%$ at ?is "t ) ! !n capital ( ! ,muhammadan _w1 ,baghdd1 ?r\gh ! enorm\s numb]s ( ,turks t _h flock$ 9 ?\s&s to jo9 ! army ( ! caliph4 #gae ,islam hav+ ?us ga9$ a foot+ among ! ,turki% tribes seems to h made b sl[ progress until ! middle ( ! t5? c5tury1 :5 ! conv]sion ( "s ( _! *iefta9s to ,islam1 l t ( ,clovis & o!r b>b>ian k+s ( ,nor!rn ,europe to ,*ri/ianity1 l$ _! clansm5 to foll[ _! example 9 a body4 ,pi\s leg5ds h gr[n up to supply ! lack ( sob] hi/orical record ( su* conv]sions4 ,! city ( ,khva rev]es z its national sa9t a ,muslim wre/l]--,pahlavn--:o 0 9 ! s]vice ( a hea!n k+ ( ,khwrizm4 ,! k+ ( ,india1 he>+ ( ! fame ( ?is ,pahlavn1 s5t 8 own c\rt wre/l] ) a *all5ge to ! k+ ( ,khwrizm4 ,a day 0 fix$ = ! trial ( /r5g? & ! nobles & p ( ,khva 7 summon$ to view ! spectacle2 ! vanqui%$ man 0 to h 8 head cut (f4 ,on ! day be=e1 ! sa9tly ,pahlavn 0 pray+ 9 ! mosque :5 he ov]he>d ! pray] ( an old woman3 8,o ,god1 suff] n my son to be beat5 by ?is inv9cible ,pahlavn1 = ,i h no o!r *ild40 ,t\*$ ) compassion = ! "m1 ,pahlavn lets ! ,indian wre/l] w9 ! day2 ! enrag$ k+ ord]s 8 head to be cut (f1 b at t v mom5t ! horse on :i* ! k+ is sitt+1 bolts1 c>ry+ 8 ma/] /raight t[>ds a dang]\s precipice4 ,pahlavn spr+s =w>d1 cat*es ! horse & rescues ! k+ f a horrible dea?4 ,9 gratitude ! k+ embraces ! true fai?1 & ! sa9tly wre/l]1 full ( joy1 goes away into ! des]t & becomes a h]mit4 #gaf ,a /range leg5d is told ( ! conv]sion ( ,stq ,bughr ,khn1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,muhammadan dyna/y ( ! lik-,khns ( ,k%g>1 ab\t ! middle ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,a pr9ce ( ! ,smnid h\se1 ,khwjah ,abu'l-,nar ,smn1 a man ( great piety & humility ( "*1 f9d+ no scope = ! ex]cise ( 8 tal5t = adm9i/ration1 resolv$ to become a m]*ant1 ) ! purpose ( spread+ ! true fai? 9 ! l&s ( ! unbeliev]s4 ,in/ead ( try+ to acquire a =tune by 8 comm]cial ent]prises1 he devot$ all 8 ga9s to ! fur!rance ( 8 proselytis+ ef=ts4 ,"o night ! ,prophet appe>$ to him 9 a dream1 say+3 8,arise1 & g into ,turki/an :]e ! pr9ce ,stq ,bughr ,khn only awaits y\r com+ to be conv]t$ to ,islam40 ,! "y pr9ce _h 9 a simil> mann] be5 w>n$ 9 a vision to expect ! arrival ( an in/ructor 9 ! fai?1 & :5 "s days lat] he met ,abu'l-,nar ,smn he 0 prep>$ to accept 8 tea*+ & become a ,musalman4 ,?is leg5d w\ld appe> to h be5 bas$ on ! hi/oric fact t ,islam made its way f ! ,smnid k+dom into ! neighb\r+ c\ntry ( ,turki/an1 & ! example ( ! rul] seems to h be5 foll[$ by 8 subjects1 = 9 ,a4,d4 #ifj z _m z #bjj1jjj t5ts ( ! ,turks1 i4e4 probably ! great] "p ( ! ,turki% population ( ,bughr ,khn's k+dom1 pr(ess$ ! fai? ( ,islam4 #gag ,leg5d cr$its him ) miracul\s p[]s 9 8 w>s aga9/ ! hea!n1 :5 a dev\r+ flame w\ld issue f 8 m\? & ! sword t he br&i%$ w\ld become =ty feet long4 ,by ! "t he _h rea*$ ! age ( n9ety-six1 ! t]ror ( 8 sword is said to h conv]t$ ! unbeliev]s f ! banks ( ! ,oxus 9 ! s\? to ,qurquram 9 ! nor?1 & j be=e 8 dea? he is said to h l$ 8 victori\s army into ,*9a1 & spread ,islam z f> z ,turfan4 #gah ,?is picturesque acc\nt ( a dyna/ic /ruggle ) ! ,buddhi/ k+dom ( ,khotan cr$its ! h]o ) a measure ( success :i* 0 n really a*iev$ until ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,h[ limit$ ! success ( ,stq ,bughr ,khn really 01 may be judg$ f ! fact t :5 8 successors among ! lik-,khns s\ght 9 #ajbf to contract matrimonial alliances ) pr9cesses ( ! h\se ( ,mamd ( ,ghazna1 ,mamd repli$ t he 0 a ,musalman1 :ile !y 7 unbeliev]s1 & t x 0 n ! cu/om to give ! si/]s & daught]s ( ,musalmans 9 m>riage to unbeliev]s1 b t1 if !y w\ld embrace ,islam1 ! matt] w\ld be consid]$4 #gai ,a few ye>s lat]1 9 #ajda-ajdb1 a numb] ( ,turks :o 7 /ill hea!n & liv+ 9 ,tibetan t]ritory s\ght p]mission f ,arsln ,khn b4 ,qadr ,khn to settle 9 8 dom9ions1 hav+ he>d ( ! ju/ice & mildness ( 8 rule2 :5 !y arriv$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,blsghn #gbj he s5t a message to !m urg+ !m to accept ,islam2 b !y refus$1 & z he f\nd !m to be peaceable & ob$i5t subjects1 he left !m alone4 ,!re is no record ( _! conv]sion1 :i* probably ensu$ 9 c\rse ( "t2 b !y c h>dly be id5tifi$ ) ! gr\p ( t5 ?\s& t5ts ( infidel ,turks :o embrac$ ,islam 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 z ^! latt] are expressly /at$ to h h>ri$ & plund]$ ! ,musalmans be=e _! conv]sion4 #gba ,! invasion ( ! ,q> ,khity into ,turki/an #gbb dealt a sev]e bl[ to ! p[] ( ,islam1 & z late z ! ?irte5? c5tury ! reports ( ,european travell]s %[ t !re 7 /ill important gr\ps ( ,buddhi/s1 ,mani*ans & ,*ri/ians 9 ^! p>ts4 #gbc ,( supreme importance to ,islam 0 ! conv]sion ( ! ,saljq ,turks1 b no record ( _! conv]sion rema9s beyond ! /atem5t t 9 ,a4,d4 #ief ,saljq migrat$ f ,turki/an ) 8 clan to ! prov9ce ( ,bukhr1 :]e he & 8 p en?usia/ically embrac$ ,islam4 #gbd ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! fam\s ,saljq ,turks1 ^: w>s & conque/s reviv$ ! fad+ glory ( ! ,muhammadan arms & unit$ into "o empire ! ,muslim k+doms ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,:5 at ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ! ,saljq empire _h lo/ all p[] except 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & :5 ,muammad ,ghr 0 ext5d+ 8 empire f ,khursn ea/w>d across ! nor? ( ,india1 !re 0 a great revival ( ! ,muslim fai? among ! ,afghns & _! c\ntry 0 ov]run by ,arab prea*]s & conv]ts f ,india1 :o set ab\t ! task ( proselytis+ ) rem>kable en]gy & boldness4 #gbe ,! traditions ( ! ,afghns repres5t ,islam z hav+ be5 peaceably introduc$ among !m4 ,!y say t 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,hijrah !y occupi$ ! ,ghr c\ntry to ! ea/ ( ,h]t1 & t ,khlid b4 ,wald came to !m !re ) ! tid+s ( ,islam & invit$ !m to jo9 ! /&>d ( ! ,prophet2 he return$ to ,muammad accompani$ by a deputation ( six or sev5 repres5tative m5 ( ! ,afghan p1 ) _! foll[]s1 & ^!1 :5 !y w5t back to _! own c\ntry1 set to "w to conv]t _! fell[-tribesm54 #gbf ,?is tradition is1 h[ev]1 devoid ( any hi/orical f\ndation1 & ! e>lie/ au!ntic record ( conv]sion to ,islam f among ! ,afghans seems to be t ( a k+ ( ,kbul 9 ! reign ( al-,mamn4 #gbg ,8 successors1 h[ev]1 seem to h relaps$ to ,buddhism1 = :5 ,yaqb b4 ,lay?1 ! f\nd] ( ! affrid dyna/y1 ext5d$ 8 conque/s z f> z ,kbul 9 #hga1 he f\nd ! rul] ( ! l& to be an 8idolat]10 & ,kbul n[ became really ,muhammadan = ! fir/ "t1 ! ,afghans probably be+ q will+ to take s]vice 9 ! army ( s r$\btable a conqu]or z ,yaqb b4 ,lay?1 #gbh b x 0 n until aft] ! conque/s ( ,sabaktign & ,mamd ( ,ghazna t ,islam became e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t ,afghani/an4 ,( ! fur!r hi/ory ( ,islam 9 ,p]sia & ,c5tral ,asia "s details w be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,islam ,,among ,,! ,,mongols ,,& ,,tat>s4 ,!re is no ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,islam t = t]ror & desolation c be comp>$ to ! ,mongol conque/4 ,l an avalan*e1 ! ho/s ( ,*+z ,khn swept ov] ! c5tres ( ,muslim culture & civilisation1 leav+ beh9d !m b>e des]ts & %apeless ru9s :]e be=e _h /ood ! palaces ( /ately cities1 girt ab\t ) g>d5s & fruitful corn-l&4 ,:5 ! ,mongol army _h m>*$ out ( ! city ( ,h]t1 a mis]able remnant ( =ty p]sons crept out ( _! hid+-places & gaz$ horror-/rick5 on ! ru9s ( _! beautiful city--all t 7 left out ( a population ( ov] #ajj1jjj4 ,9 ,bukhr1 s fam$ = its m5 ( piety & le>n+1 ! ,mongols /abl$ _! horses 9 ! sacr$ prec9cts ( ! mosques & tore up ! ,qurns to s]ve z litt]2 ^? ( ! inhabitants :o 7 n but*]$ 7 c>ri$ away into captivity & _! city r$uc$ to a%es4 ,su* too 0 ! fate ( ,sam>q&1 ,balkh & _m ano!r city ( ,c5tral ,asia1 :i* _h be5 ! glories ( ,islamic civilisation & ! dwell+-places ( holy m5 & ! seats ( s\nd le>n+--su* too ! fate ( ,baghdd t = c5turies _h be5 ! capital ( ! ,abbsid dyna/y4 ,well might ! ,muhammadan hi/orian %udd] to relate su* horrors2 :5 ,ibn al-,a?r comes to describe ! inroads ( ! ,mongols into ! c\ntries ( ,islam1 8= _m ye>s10 he tells u1 8,i %rank f giv+ a recital ( ^! ev5ts on acc\nt ( _! magnitude & my abhorr5ce4 ,ev5 n[ ,i come reluctant to ! task1 = :o w\ld deem x a light ?+ to s+ ! dea?-song ( ,islam & ( ! ,muslims1 or f9d x easy to tell ?is tale8 ,o t my "m _h n giv5 me bir?6 #8,oh1 w\ld t ,i _h di$ ere ?is1 & be5 a ?+ =gott51 =gott5 q6' #gbi ,_m fri5ds h urg$ me & /ill ,i /ood irresolute2 b ,i saw t x 0 ( no pr(it to =ego ! task & s ,i ?us resume4 ,i %all h to describe ev5ts s t]rible & calamities s /up5d\s t nei!r day nor night h ev] br\ght =? ! l2 !y fell on all nations1 b on ! ,muslims m ?an all2 & 7 "o to say t s9ce ,god creat$ ,adam ! _w has n se5 ! l1 he w\ld b tell ! tru?1 = hi/ory has no?+ to relate t at all approa*es x4 ,among ! greate/ calamities 9 hi/ory is ! slaught] t ,nebu*adnezz> wr\ght among ! *ildr5 ( ,israel & 8 de/ruction ( ! ,temple2 b :at is ,j]usalem 9 comp>ison to ! c\ntries t ^! accurs$ ones laid wa/e1 e t[n ( :i* 0 f> great] ?an ,j]usalem1 & :at 7 ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 9 comp>ison to ^? !y slew1 s9ce ! inhabitants ( "o ( ! cities !y de/roy$ 7 great] 9 numb]s ?an all ! *ildr5 ( ,israel8 ,let u hope t ! _w may nev] see ! l aga940 #gcj ,b ,islam 0 to rise aga9 f ! a%es ( its =m] gr&eur & ?r\gh its prea*]s w9 ov] ^! savage conqu]ors to ! acceptance ( ! fai?4 ,?is 0 a task = ! mission>y en]gies ( ,islam t 0 r5d]$ m difficult f ! fact t !re 7 two p[]ful competitors 9 ! field4 ,! spectacle ( ,buddhism1 ,*ri/ianity & ,islam emul\sly /riv+ to w9 ! allegiance ( ! fi]ce conqu]ors t _h set _! feet on ! necks ( adh]5ts ( ^! great mission>y religions1 is "o t is )\t p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,be=e ent]+ on a recital ( ?is /ruggle1 x w be well 9 ord] to ! compreh5sion ( :at is to foll[ briefly to glance at ! p>tition ( ! ,mongol empire aft] ! dea? ( ,*+z ,khn1 :5 x 0 split up into f\r sections & divid$ among 8 sons4 ,8 ?ird son1 ,ogoty1 succe$$ 8 fa!r z ,khqn & receiv$ z 8 %>e ! ea/]n portion ( ! empire1 9 :i* ,qbly aft]w>ds includ$ ! :ole ( ,*9a4 ,*aghaty ! second son took ! middle k+dom4 ,bt1 ! son ( 8 fir/-born ,jj1 rul$ ! we/]n portion z ,khn ( ! ,gold5 ,horde2 ,tuly ! f\r? son took ,p]sia1 to :i* ,hlg1 :o f\nd$ ! dyna/y ( ! lkhns1 add$ a great "p ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,! primitive religion ( ! ,mongols 0 ,%amanism1 :i* :ile recognis+ a supreme ,god1 (f]$ no pray]s to ,him1 b wor%ipp$ a numb] ( inf]ior div9ities1 especially ! evil spirits ^: p[]s = h>m _h to be deprecat$ by means ( sacrifices1 & ! s\ls ( ance/ors :o 7 consid]$ to ex]cise an influ5ce on ! lives ( _! desc5dants4 ,to propitiate ^! p[]s ( ! heav5 & ( ! l[] _w1 rec\rse 0 _h to ! ,%amans1 wiz>ds or m$ic9e-m51 :o 7 cr$it$ ) possess+ my/]i\s influ5ce ov] ! elem5ts & ! spirits ( ! dep>t$4 ,_! religion 0 n "o t 0 calculat$ to )/& long ! ef=ts ( a proselytis+ fai?1 possess$ ( a sy/ematic !ology capable ( satisfy+ ! dem&s ( ! reason & an organis$ body ( religi\s tea*]s1 :5 once ! ,mongols _h be5 br\ght into contact ) civilis$ races1 _h respond$ to _! civilis+ influ5ces & begun to pass out ( _! nomadic b>b>ism4 ,x s happ5$ t ! civilis$ races ) :i* ! conque/ ( ! ,mongols br\ght !m 9 contact compris$ l>ge numb]s ( ,buddhi/s1 ,*ri/ians & ,muhammadans1 & ! adh]5ts ( ^! ?ree great mission>y fai?s ent]$ into rivalry ) "o ano!r = ! conv]sion ( _! conqu]ors4 ,:5 n c>ri$ away by ! furi\s madness = de/ruction & insult t usually *>act]is$ _! campaigns1 ! ,%amani/ ,mongols %[$ !mselves rem>kably tol]ant ( o!r religions1 ^: prie/s 7 exempt$ f taxation & all[$ p]fect fre$om ( wor%ip4 ,buddhi/ prie/s held controv]sies ) ! ,%amans 9 ! pres5ce ( ,*+z ,khn2 & at ! c\rts ( ,mang ,khn & ,qbly ! ,buddhi/ & ,*ri/ian prie/s & ! ,muslim ,imms alike enjoy$ ! patronage ( ! ,mongol pr9ce4 #gca ,9 ! reign ( ! latt] mon>* ! ,mongols 9 ,*9a began to yield to ! p[]ful influ5ces ( ! surr\nd+ ,buddhism1 & by ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ! ,buddhi/ fai? seems to h ga9$ a complete asc5dancy ov] !m4 #gcb ,x 0 ! ,lamas ( ,tibet :o %[$ !mselves mo/ zeal\s 9 ?is "w ( conv]sion1 & ! p ( ,mongolia to ! pres5t day cl+ to ! same fai?1 z d ! ,kalmuks :o migrat$ to ,russia 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,al?\gh ,buddhism made itself f9ally supreme 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! empire1 at fir/ ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 0 by no means inconsid]able & great hopes 7 ent]ta9$ ( ! conv]sion ( ! ,mongols4 ,! ,ne/orian mission>ies 9 ! sev5? c5tury _h c>ri$ ! k ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? f we/ to ea/ across ,asia z f> z ! nor? ( ,*9a1 & scatt]$ communities 7 /ill to be f\nd 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! fam\s ,pre/] ,john1 ar\nd ^: "n clu/] s _m leg5ds ( ! ,middle ,ages1 is suppos$ to h be5 ! *ief ( ! ,k>ats1 a ,*ri/ian ,t>t> tribe liv+ to ! s\? ( ,lake ,baikal4 ,:5 ?is tribe 0 conqu]$ by ,*+z ,khn1 he m>ri$ "o ( ! daught]s ( ! !n *ief ( ! tribe1 :ile 8 son ,ogoty took a wife f ! same family4 ,ogoty's son1 ,kuyk1 al?\gh he did n himself become a ,*ri/ian1 %[$ great fav\r t[>ds ?is fai?1 to :i* 8 *ief m9i/] & "o ( 8 secret>ies belong$4 ,! ,ne/orian prie/s 7 held 9 high fav\r at 8 c\rt & he receiv$ an embassy f ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iv4 #gcc ,! ,*ri/ian p[]s bo? ( ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ look$ to ! ,mongols to assi/ !m 9 _! w>s aga9/ ! ,musalmans4 ,x 0 ,hayton1 ! ,*ri/ian ,k+ ( ,arm5ia1 :o 0 ma9ly in/rum5tal 9 p]suad+ ,mang ,khn to despat* ! exp$ition t sack$ ,baghdd "u ! lead]%ip ( ,hlg1 #gcd ! influ5ce ( ^: ,*ri/ian wife l$ him to %[ mu* fav\r to ! ,*ri/ians1 & especially to ! ,ne/orians4 ,_m ( ! ,mongols :o occupi$ ! c\ntries ( ,arm5ia & ,georgia 7 conv]t$ by ! ,*ri/ians ( ^! c\ntries & receiv$ baptism4 #gce ,! m>vell\s tales ( ! greatness & magnific5ce ( ,pre/] ,john1 t fir$ ! imag9ation ( m$ival ,europe1 _h giv5 rise to a belief t ! ,mongols 7 ,*ri/ians--a belief :i* 0 fur!r /r5g!n$ by ! false reports t rea*$ ,europe ( ! conv]sion ( v>i\s ,mongol pr9ces & _! zeal = ! ,*ri/ian cause4 ,x 0 "u ?is delusion t ,/4 ,l\is s5t an ambassador1 ,william ( ,rubruck1 to exhort ! great ,khqn to p]sev]e 9 8 suppos$ ef=ts = ! spread ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,b ^! reports 7 soon discov]$ to be )\t any f\ndation 9 fact1 ?\gh ,william ( ,rubruck f\nd t ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 freely tol]at$ at ! c\rt ( ,mang ,khn1 & ! adhesion ( "s few ,mongols to ?is fai? made ! ,*ri/ian prie/s hopeful ( /ill fur!r conque/s4 ,b s long z ,lat9s1 ,greeks1 ,ne/orians & ,arm5ians c>ri$ _! !ological diff]5ces into ! v mid/ ( ! ,mongol camp1 !re 0 v little hope ( mu* progress be+ made1 & x is probably ?is v want ( union among ! prea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity t caus$ _! ef=ts to meet ) s little success among ! ,mongols2 s t :ile !y 7 fight+ among "o ano!r1 ,buddhism & ,islam 7 ga9+ a firm foot+ = !mselves4 ,! haughty pret5sions ( ! ,roman ,pontiff soon caus$ ! pr\d conqu]ors ( half ! _w to )draw f 8 emiss>ies :at little fav\r !y might at fir/ h be5 incl9$ to %[1 & _m o!r circum/ances contribut$ to ! failure ( ! ,roman mission4 #gcf ,z = ! ,ne/orians1 :o _h be5 fir/ 9 ! field1 !y appe> to h be5 too degrad$ & apa!tic to take mu* advantage ( _! opportunities4 ,( ! ,ne/orians 9 ,*9a1 ,william ( ,rubruck #gcg says t !y 7 v ignorant & c\ld n ev5 und]/& _! s]vice books1 :i* 7 writt5 9 ,syriac4 ,he accuses !m ( drunk5ness1 polygamy & covet\sness1 & makes an unfav\rable comp>ison betwe5 _! lives & ^? ( ! ,buddhi/ prie/s4 ,_! bi%op paid !m v r>e visits--sometimes only once 9 fifty ye>s3 on su* occasions he w\ld orda9 all ! male *ildr51 ev5 ! babies 9 _! cradles4 ,! prie/s 7 eat5 up ) simony1 made a traffic ( ! sacr$ rites ( _! ,*ur* & conc]n$ !mselves m ) money-mak+ ?an ) ! propagation ( ! fai?4 #gch ,9 ! we/]n p>ts ( ! ,mongol empire1 :]e ! ,*ri/ians look$ to ! newly-ris5 p[] to help !m 9 _! w>s ) ! ,musalmans & to secure = !m ! possession ( ! ,holy ,l&1 ! alliance betwe5 ! ,*ri/ians & ! lkhns ( ,p]sia 0 %ort-liv$1 z ! victories ( ,bayb>s1 ! ,mamlk ,sultan ( ,egypt 7#abfj-abgg7 & 8 alliance ) ,b>aka ,khn1 gave ! lkhns q en\gh to d to look aft] _! own int]e/s4 ,! excesses t ! ,*ri/ians ( ,damascus & o!r cities committ$ dur+ ! brief p]iod 9 :i* !y enjoy$ ! fav\r ( ?is ,mongol dyna/y ( ,p]sia1 did mu* to discr$it ! ,*ri/ian "n 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 #gci ,9 ! c\rse ( ! /ruggle1 ! adh]5ts ( ei!r fai? 7 at times guilty ( mu* brutality4 ,"o example may be tak5 f ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury z told by al-,jzjn1 :o claims to h he>d ! /ory1 :ile 9 ,delhi1 f ! lips ( a c]ta9 ,sayyid ,a%raf al-,dn :o _h come !re f ,sam>q&4 8,! em95t ,sayyid ?us relat$1 t "o ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ,sam>q& atta9$ unto ! felicity ( ,islam1 & ! ,musalmans ( ,sam>q&1 :o are /aun* 9 _! fai?1 paid him great hon\r & rev]5ce1 & conf]r$ great b5efits ^u him4 ,unexpect$ly1 "o ( ! haughty ,mongol infidels ( ,*9a1 :o possess$ p[] & influ5ce1 & ! incl9ations ( :i* accurs$ "o 7 t[>ds ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 arriv$ at ,sam>q&4 ,! ,*ri/ians ( t city repair$ to t ,mongol1 & compla9$ say+3 #8,! ,musalmans are enjo9+ our *ildr5 to turn away f ! ,*ri/ian fai? & f s]v+ ,jesus--on :om be peace--& call+ ^u !m to foll[ ! religion ( ,muaf #gdj--on :om be peace--&1 9 case t gate becomes unclos$1 ! :ole ( our dep5d5ts w turn away f ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,by ?y p[] & au?ority devise a settlem5t ( our case4' ,! ,mongol comm&$ t ! y\?1 :o _h turn$ ,musalman1 %\ld be produc$1 & !y tri$ ) bl&i%m5t & k9dness1 & money & weal? to induce ! newly-conv]t$ ,musalman to recant1 b he refus$ to recant1 & put n (f f 8 he>t & _s t g>m5t ( fre%ness--! ,muslim fai?4 ,! ,mongol rul] !n turn$ ov] a leaf 9 8 temp]1 & began to speak ( sev]e puni%m5t2 & e puni%m5t1 :i* x 0 9 8 p[] to inflict1 or 8 sev]ity to devise1 he inflict$ ^u ! y\?1 :o1 f 8 great zeal = ! fai? ( ,islam1 did n recant1 & did n 9 any way ca/ away f 8 h& ! sweet draught ( religion ?r\gh ! bl[ ( infidel p]v]s5ess4 ,z ! y\? cont9u$ firm 9 ! true fai?1 & paid no he$ to ! promises & ?reats ( t deprav$ company1 ! accurs$ ,mongol comm&$ t !y %\ld br+ ! y\? to public puni%m5t2 & he dep>t$ f ! _w 9 ! felicity ( religion--may ,god rew>d & requite him6--& ! ,musalman community 9 ,sam>q& 7 ov]come ) despond5cy & con/]nation 9 consequ5ce4 ,a petition 0 got up1 & 0 atte/$ ) ! te/imony ( ! *ief m5 & cr$ible p]sons ( ! ,musalman religion dwell+ at ,sam>q&1 & we proce$$ ) t petition to ! camp ( ,b>aka ,khn1 & pres5t$ to him an acc\nt ( ! proce$+s & disposition ( ! ,*ri/ians ( t city4 ,zeal = ! ,muslim religion 0 manife/$ 9 ! m9d ( t mon>* ( exempl>y fai?1 & ! def5ce ( ! tru? became pr$om9ant 9 8 disposition4 ,aft] "s days1 he %[$ hon\r to ?is ,sayyid1 appo9t$ a body ( ,turks & confid5tial p]sons among ! *ief ,musalmans1 & comm&$ t !y %\ld slaught] ! ,*ri/ian company :o _h committ$ t dire oppression1 & despat* !m to hell4 ,:5 t m&ate _h be5 obta9$1 x 0 pres]v$ until t wret*$ sect _h assembl$ 9 ! *ur*1 !n !y seiz$ !m all toge!r1 & despat*$ ! :ole ( !m to hell1 & r$uc$ ! *ur* aga9 to bricks40 #gda ,= ,islam to ent] into competition ) su* p[]ful rivals z ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity 7 at ! outset ( ! p]iod ( ,mongol rule1 mu/ h appe>$ a well-nigh hopeless und]tak+4 ,= ! ,muslims _h suff]$ m f ! /orm ( ! ,mongol invasions ?an ! o!rs4 ,^? cities t _h hi!rto be5 ! rally+ po9ts ( spiritual organisation & le>n+ = ,islam 9 ,asia1 _h be5 = ! mo/ "p laid 9 a%es3 ! !ologians & pi\s doctors ( ! fai?1 ei!r sla9 or c>ri$ away into captivity4 #gdb ,among ! ,mongol rul]s--usually s tol]ant t[>ds all religions--!re 7 "s :o exhibit$ v>y+ degrees ( hatr$ t[>ds ! ,muslim fai?4 ,*+z ,khn ord]$ all ^? :o kill$ animals 9 ! ,muhammadan fa%ion to be put to dea?1 & ?is ord9ance 0 reviv$ by ,qbly1 :o by (f]+ rew>ds to in=m]s set on foot a %>p p]secution t la/$ = sev5 ye>s1 z _m poor p]sons took advantage ( ?is ready means ( ga9+ weal?1 & slaves accus$ _! ma/]s 9 ord] to ga9 _! fre$om4 #gdc ,dur+ ! reign ( ,kuyk 7#abdf-abdh71 :o left ! conduct ( affairs entirely to 8 two ,*ri/ian m9i/]s & ^: c\rt 0 fill$ ) ,*ri/ian monks1 ! ,muhammadans 7 made to suff] great sev]ities4 #gdd ,a contempor>y hi/orian1 al-,jzjn1 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! k9d ( treatm5t to :i* a ,muhammadan !ologian might be expos$ at ! c\rt ( ,kuyk4 8,tru/wor?y p]sons h relat$ t ,kuyk 0 con/antly be+ incit$ by ! ,buddhi/ prie/s to acts ( oppression t[>ds ! ,musalmans & ! p]secution ( ! fai?ful4 ,!re 0 an ,imm 9 t c\ntry1 "o ( ! m5 ( le>n+ among ! ,muslims 444 nam$ ,nr al-,dn1 al-,khwrazm4 ,a numb] ( ,*ri/ian laym5 & prie/s & a b& ( idol-wor%ipp+ ,buddhi/ prie/s made a reque/ to ,kuyk1 ask+ him to summon t ,imm ( ! ,musalmans t !y might hold a controv]sy ) him & get him to prove ! sup]iority ( ! fai? ( ,muammad & 8 prophetic mission--o!rwise1 he %\ld be put to dea?4 ,! ,khn agre$1 ! ,imm 0 s5t =1 & a discussion ensu$ ^u ! claim ( ,muammad to be a prophet & ! mann] ( 8 life z comp>$ ) t ( o!r prophets4 ,at l5g?1 z ! argum5ts ( ^? accurs$ ones 7 weak & devoid ( ! =ce ( tru?1 !y )drew _! h& f contradiction & drew ! m>k ( oppression & outrage on ! pages ( ! bus9ess & ask$ ,kuyk ,khn to tell ! ,imm to p]=m two g5uflexions 9 pray]1 accord+ to ! rites & ord9ances ( ! ,muhammadan law1 9 ord] t 8 unbecom+ movem5ts 9 ! p]=mance ( ?is act ( wor%ip might become manife/ to !m & to ! ,khn40 ,kuyk gave ! ord] accord+ly1 & ! ,imm & ano!r ,musalman :o 0 ) him p]=m$ ! ritual ( ! pray] accord+ to ! prescrib$ =ms4 8,:5 ! godly ,imm & ! o!r ,musalman :o 0 ) him1 _h plac$ _! =eheads on ! gr\nd 9 ! act ( pro/ration1 "s infidels :om ,kuyk _h summon$1 greatly annoy$ !m & knock$ _! heads ) =ce ^u ! gr\nd1 & committ$ o!r abom9able acts aga9/ !m4 ,b t godly ,imm endur$ all ?is oppression & annoyance & p]=m$ all ! requir$ =ms & c]emonies ( ! pray] & 9 no way curtail$ x4 ,:5 he _h repeat$ ! salutation1 he lift$ up 8 face t[>ds heav5 & obs]v$ ! =m ( #8,invoke y\r ,"l ) humility & 9 secret1' & hav+ ask$ p]mission to dep>t1 he return$ unto 8 own h\se40 #gde ,arghn 7#abhd-abia7 ! f\r? lkhn p]secut$ ! ,musalmans & took away f !m all po/s 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( ju/ice & f9ance1 & =bade !m to appe> at 8 c\rt4 #gdf ,9 spite ( all difficulties1 h[ev]1 ! ,mongols & ! savage tribes t foll[$ 9 _! wake #gdg 7 at l5g? br\ght to submit to ! fai? ( ^? ,muslim peoples :om !y _h cru%$ b5ea? _! feet4 ,un=tunately hi/ory %$s little light on ! progress ( ?is mission>y movem5t & only a few details relat+ to ! conv]sion ( ! m prom95t conv]ts h be5 pres]v$ to u4 ,scatt]$ up & d[n ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ! ,mongol empire1 !re mu/ h be5 _m ( ! foll[]s ( ! ,prophet :o lab\r$ successfully & unkn[n1 to w9 unbeliev]s to ! fai?4 ,9 ! reign ( ,ogoty 7#abbi-abda71 we read ( a c]ta9 ,buddhi/ gov]nor ( ,p]sia1 nam$ ,kurguz1 :o 9 8 lat] ye>s abjur$ ,buddhism & became a ,musalman4 #gdh ,9 ! reign ( ,tmr ,khn 7#acbc-acbh71 n&a1 a gr&son ( ,qbly & vic]oy ( ,kan-,su1 0 a zeal\s ,musalman & _h conv]t$ a great _m p]sons 9 ,tangut & won ov] a l>ge numb] ( ! troops "u 8 comm& to ! same fai?4 ,he 0 summon$ to c\rt & ef=ts 7 made to induce him to con=m to ,buddhism1 & on 8 refus+ to ab&on 8 fai? he 0 ca/ into prison4 ,b he 0 %ortly aft] set at lib]ty1 = fe> ( an insurrection among ! inhabitants ( ,tangut1 :o 7 mu* atta*$ to him4 #gdi ,! au?or ( ! ,muntakhab al-,tawrkh ass]ts t n&a built f\r mosques 9 ,khnbligh 7! mod]n ,pek+71 :i* provid$ accommodation = #a1jjj1jjj m5 at ! "t ( ! ,friday pray]2 b no cr$5ce c be giv5 to ?is or to 8 o!r /atem5ts reg>d+ ! spread ( ,islam 9 ,*9a1 9 view ( ! fact t he repres5ts n&a to h be5 ! successor ( ,tmr ,khn on ! imp]ial ?rone & gives an entirely fictiti\s acc\nt ( 8 desc5dants1 sev]al ( :om are repres5t$ z hav+ pr(ess$ ,islam1 ?\gh none ( ! five _h any exi/5ce except 9 ! imag9ation ( ! writ]4 #gej ,! fir/ ,mongol rul+ pr9ce :o pr(ess$ ,islam 0 ,b>aka ,khn1 :o 0 *ief ( ! ,gold5 ,horde f #abef to #abfg4 #gea ,accord+ to ,abu'l-,ghz he 0 conv]t$ aft] he _h come to ! ?rone4 ,he is said "o day to h fall5 9 ) a c>avan com+ f ,bukhr1 & tak+ two ( ! m]*ants aside1 to h que/ion$ !m on ! doctr9es ( ,islam1 & !y exp\nd$ to him _! fai? s p]suasively t he became conv]t$ 9 all s9c]ity4 ,he fir/ reveal$ 8 *ange ( fai? to 8 y\nge/ bro!r1 :om he induc$ to foll[ 8 example1 & !n made op5 pr(ession ( 8 new belief4 #geb ,b1 accord+ to al-,jzjn1 ,b>aka ,khn 0 br\ght up z a ,musalman f infancy1 &1 z soon z he 0 old en\gh to le>n1 0 taught ! ,qurn by "o ( ! ,ulam ( ! city ( ,khuj&4 #gec ,! same au?or 7:o compil$ 8 hi/ory dur+ ! lifetime ( ,b>aka ,khn71 /ates t ! :ole ( 8 army 0 ,musalman4 8,tru/wor?y p]sons h also relat$ t1 ?r\gh\t 8 :ole army1 x is ! etiquette = e horseman to h a pray]-c>pet ) him1 s t1 :5 ! "t = pray] arrives1 !y may occupy !mselves 9 _! devotions4 ,n a p]son 9 8 :ole army takes any intoxicat+ dr9k :atev]2 & great ,ulam1 consi/+ ( comm5tators1 traditioni/s1 juri/s1 & disputants1 are 9 8 society4 ,he has a great numb] ( religi\s books1 & mo/ ( 8 receptions & debates are ) ,ulam4 ,9 8 place ( audi5ce debates on ecclesia/ical law con/antly take place2 &1 9 8 fai?1 z a ,musalman1 he is exce$+ly /rict & or?odox40 #ged ,b>aka ,khn ent]$ into a close alliance ) ! ,mamlk ,sultan ( ,egypt1 ,rukn al-,dn ,bayb>s4 ,! initiative came f ! latt]1 :o _h giv5 a hospitable reception to a body ( troops1 two hundr$ 9 numb]1 belong+ to ! ,gold5 ,horde2 ^! m51 obs]v+ ! gr[+ enmity betwe5 _! ,khn & ,hlg1 ! conqu]or ( ,baghdd1 9 ^: army !y 7 s]v+1 took flight into ,syria1 :5ce !y 7 hon\rably conduct$ to ,cairo to ! c\rt ( ,bayb>s1 :o p]suad$ !m to embrace ,islam4 #gee ,bayb>s himself 0 at w> ) ,hlg1 :om he _h rec5tly defeat$ & driv5 out ( ,syria4 ,he s5t two ( ! ,mongol fugitives1 ) "s o!r envoys1 to be> a lett] to ,b>aka ,khn4 ,on _! return ^! envoys report$ t ea* pr9cess & amr at ! c\rt ( ,b>aka ,khn _h an imm & a muadhdh91 & ! *ildr5 7 taught ! ,qurn 9 ! s*ools4 #gef ,^! fri5dly relations betwe5 ,bayb>s & ,b>aka ,khn br\ght _m ( ! ,mongols ( ! ,gold5 ,horde into ,egypt1 :]e !y 7 prevail$ ^u to become ,musalmans4 #geg ,9 ,p]sia1 :]e ,hlg f\nd$ ! dyna/y ( ! lkhns1 ! progress ( ,islam among ! ,mongols 0 mu* sl[]4 ,9 ord] to /r5g!n himself aga9/ ! attacks ( ,b>aka ,khn & ! ,sultan ( ,egypt1 ,hlg accept$ ! alliance ( ! ,*ri/ian p[]s ( ! ,ea/1 su* z ! k+ ( ,arm5ia & ! ,crusad]s4 ,8 fav\rite wife 0 a ,*ri/ian & fav\rably dispos$ ! m9d ( h] husb& t[>ds h] co-religioni/s1 & 8 son ,abq ,khn m>ri$ ! daught] ( ! ,emp]or ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,?\gh ,abq ,khn did n himself become a ,*ri/ian1 8 c\rt 0 fill$ ) ,*ri/ian prie/s1 & he s5t envoys to sev]al ( ! pr9ces ( ,europe--,/4 ,l\is ( ,france1 ,k+ ,*>les ( ,sicily & ,k+ ,james ( ,aragon--to solicit _! alliance aga9/ ! ,muhammadans2 to ! same end also1 an embassy ( sixte5 ,mongols 0 s5t to ! ,c\ncil ( ,lyons 9 #abgd1 :]e ! spokesman ( ?is embassy embrac$ ,*ri/ianity & 0 baptis$ ) "s ( 8 companions4 ,great hopes 7 ent]ta9$ ( ! conv]sion ( ,abq1 b !y prov$ fruitless4 ,8 bro!r ,takdr1 #geh :o succe$$ him1 0 ! fir/ ( ! lkhns :o embrac$ ,islam4 ,he _h be5 br\ght up z a ,*ri/ian1 = 7z a contempor>y ,*ri/ian writ] #gei tells u71 8he 0 baptis$ :5 "y & call$ by ! "n ( ,ni*olas4 ,b :5 he 0 gr[n up1 ?r\gh 8 int]c\rse ) ,s>ac5s ( :om he 0 v fond1 he became a base ,s>ac51 &1 r5\nc+ ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 wi%$ to be call$ ,muammad ,khn1 & /rove ) all 8 might t ! ,t>t>s %\ld be conv]t$ to ! fai? & sect ( ,muammad1 & :5 !y prov$ ob/9ate1 n d>+ to =ce !m1 he br\ght ab\t _! conv]sion by giv+ !m hon\rs & fav\rs & gifts1 s t 9 8 "t _m ,t>t>s 7 conv]t$ to ! fai? ( ! ,s>ac5s40 ,?is pr9ce s5t ! news ( 8 conv]sion to ! ,sultan ( ,egypt 9 ! foll[+ lett]3--8,by ! p[] ( ,god ,almighty1 ! m&ate ( ,amad to ! ,sultan ( ,egypt4 ,god ,almighty 7prais$ be ,8 "n67 by ,8 grace prev5t+ u & by ! light ( ,8 guidance1 ha? guid$ u 9 our e>ly y\? & vig\r into ! true pa? ( ! k ( ,8 deity & ! confession ( ,8 unity1 to be> witness t ,muammad 7on :om re/ ! highe/ bless+s67 is ! ,prophet ( ,god1 & to rev]5ce ,8 sa9ts & ,8 pi\s s]vants4 #8,:om ,god %all please to guide1 t man's brea/ w ,he op5 to ,islam4' #gfj ,we ceas$ n to incl9e our he>t to ! promotion ( ! fai? & ! improvem5t ( ! condition ( ,islam & ! ,muslims1 up to ! "t :5 ! succession to ! empire came to u f our illu/ri\s fa!r & bro!r1 & ,god spread ov] u ! glory ( ,8 grace & k9dness1 s t 9 ! abundance ( ,8 fav\rs our hopes 7 realis$1 & ,he reveal$ to u ! bride ( ! k+dom1 & %e 0 br\ght =? to u a noble sp\se4 ,a ,qrilty or g5]al assembly 0 conv5$1 :]e9 our bro!rs1 our sons1 great nobles1 g5]als ( ! army & capta9s ( ! =ces1 met to hold c\ncil2 & !y 7 all agre$ on c>ry+ out ! ord] ( our eld] bro!r1 viz4 to summon "h a va/ levy ( our troops ^: numb]s w\ld make ! e>?1 despite its va/ness1 appe> too n>r[1 ^: fury & fi]ce onset w\ld fill ! he>ts ( m5 ) fe>1 be+ animat$ ) a c\rage be=e :i* ! m\nta9 peaks b[ d[n1 & a firm purpose t makes ! h>de/ rocks gr[ s(t4 ,we reflect$ on ?is _! resolution :i* express$ ! wi% ( all1 & we conclud$ t x ran c\nt] to ! aim we _h 9 view--to promote ! common weal1 i4e4 to /r5g!n ! ord9ance ( ,islam2 nev]1 z f> z lies 9 our p[]1 to issue any ord] t w n t5d to prev5t blood%$1 remove ! ills ( m51 & cause ! breeze ( peace & prosp]ity to bl[ on all l&s1 & ! k+s ( o!r c\ntries to re/ ^u ! c\* ( affection & b5evol5ce1 :]eby ! comm&s ( ,god w be hon\r$ & m]cy be %[n to ! p ( ,god4 ,h]e91 ,god inspir$ u to qu5* ?is fire & put an end to ^! t]rible calamities1 & make kn[n to ^? :o advanc$ ?is proposal 7( a levy7 :at x is t ,god has put into our he>ts to d1 namely1 to employ all possible means = ! heal+ ( all ! sickness ( ! _w1 & putt+ (f :at %\ld only be appeal$ to z ! la/ rem$y4 ,= we desire n to ha/5 to appeal to arms1 until we h fir/ decl>$ ! "r pa?1 & w p]mit x only aft] sett+ =? ! tru? & e/abli%+ x ) pro(s4 ,our resolve to c>ry out :atev] appe>s to u good & advantage\s has be5 /r5g!n$ by ! c\nsels ( ! ,%aykh al-,islm1 ! model ( div9es1 :o has giv5 u mu* assi/ance 9 religi\s matt]s4 ,we h appo9t$ our *ief ju/ice1 ,qutb al-,dn & ! ,atbak1 ,bah al-,dn1 bo? tru/wor?y p]sons ( ?is fl\ri%+ k+dom1 to make kn[n to y our c\rse ( action & be> witness to our good int5tions = ! common weal ( ! ,muslims2 & to make x kn[n t ,god has enlight5$ u1 & t ,islam annuls all t has gone be=e x1 & t ,god ,almighty has put x into our he>ts to foll[ ! tru? & ^? :o practice x4444 ,if "s conv9c+ pro( be requir$1 let m5 obs]ve our actions4 ,by ! grace ( ,god1 we h rais$ al(t ! /&>ds ( ! fai?1 & borne witness to x 9 all our ord]s & our practice1 s t ! ord9ances ( ! law ( ,muammad may be br\ght to ! =e & firmly e/abli%$ 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice laid d[n by ,amad4 ,:]eby we h fill$ ! he>ts ( ! p ) joy1 h grant$ free p>don to all (f5d]s1 & %[n !m indulg5ces1 say+1 #8,may ,god p>don ! pa/6' ,we h re=m$ all matt]s conc]n+ ! pi\s end[m5ts ( ,muslims giv5 = mosques1 colleges1 *>itable in/itutions1 & ! rebuild+ ( c>avans]ais2 we h re/or$ _! incomes to ^? to :om !y 7 due accord+ to ! t]ms laid d[n by ! donors4444 ,we h ord]$ ! pilgrims to be treat$ ) respect1 provision to be made = _! c>avans & = secur+ _! safety on ! pilgrim r\tes2 we h giv5 p]fect fre$om to m]*ants1 travell+ f "o c\ntry to ano!r1 t !y may g :]ev] !y please2 & we h /rictly prohibit$ our soldi]s & police f int]f]+ ) !m 9 _! com+s or go+s40 ,he seeks ! alliance ( ! ,sultan ( ,egypt 8s t ^! c\ntries & cities may aga9 be populat$1 ^! t]rible calamities be put d[n1 ! sword be return$ to ! scabb>d2 t all peoples may dwell 9 peace & quietness1 & ! necks ( ! ,muslims be fre$ f ! ills ( humiliation & disgrace40 #gfa ,to ! /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,mongols x is a relief to pass f ! recital ( nameless horrors & cont9ual blood%$ to a docum5t emanat+ f a ,mongol pr9ce & giv+ expression to su* humane & b5evol5t s5tim5ts1 :i* s\nd /range inde$ com+ f su* lips4 ,?is conv]sion ( _! *ief & ! p]secutions t he inflict$ on ! ,*ri/ians gave great (f5ce to ! ,mongols1 :o1 al?\gh n ,*ri/ians !mselves1 _h be5 long accu/om$ to int]c\rse ) ! ,*ri/ians1 & !y d5\nc$ _! *ief to ,qbly ,khn z "o :o _h ab&on$ ! foot/eps ( 8 =efa!rs4 ,a revolt broke out aga9/ him1 head$ by 8 nephew ,arghn1 :o compass$ 8 dea? & succe$$ him on ! ?rone4 ,dur+ 8 brief reign 7#abhd-abia71 ! ,*ri/ians 7 once m re/or$ to fav\r1 :ile ! ,musalmans _h to suff] p]secution 9 _! turn1 7 dismiss$ f _! po/s & driv5 away f ! c\rt4 #gfb ,! successors ( ,takdr 7 all hea!n1 until1 9 #abie1 ,ghzn1 ! sev5? & greate/ ( ! lkhns1 became a ,musalman & made ,islam ! rul+ religion ( ,p]sia4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?ree reigns ! ,*ri/ians _h ent]ta9$ great hopes ( ! conv]sion ( ! rul+ family ( ,p]sia1 :o _h %[n !m su* di/+ui%$ fav\r & entru/$ !m ) s _m important (fices ( /ate4 ,8 imm$iate pr$ecessor1 ! insurg5t ,bayd ,khn1 :o occupi$ ! ?rone = a few mon?s only 9 #abie1 c>ri$ 8 pr$ilection = ,*ri/ianity s f> z to try to put a /op to ! spread ( ,islam among ! ,mongols1 & accord+ly =bade any "o to prea* ! doctr9es ( ?is fai? among !m4 #gfc ,ghzn himself be=e 8 conv]sion _h be5 br\ght up z a ,buddhi/ & _h erect$ sev]al ,buddhi/ temples 9 ,khursn1 & took great pleasure 9 ! company ( ! prie/s ( ?is fai?1 :o _h come into ,p]sia 9 l>ge numb]s s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,mongol supremacy ov] t c\ntry4 #gfd ,he appe>s to h be5 naturally ( a religi\s turn ( m9d1 = he /udi$ ! cre$s ( ! diff]5t religions ( 8 "t1 & us$ to hold discussions ) ! le>n$ doctors ( ea* fai?4 #gfe ,ra%d al-,dn1 8 le>n$ m9i/] & ! hi/orian ( 8 reign1 ma9ta9$ ! g5u95ess ( 8 conv]sion to ,islam1 ! religi\s obs]vances ( :i* he zeal\sly kept ?r\gh\t 8 :ole reign1 ?\gh 8 contempor>ies 7& lat] writ]s h (t5 re-e*o$ ! imputation7 repres5t$ him z hav+ only yield$ to ! solicitations ( "s ,amrs & ,%aykhs4 #gff 8,besides1 :at int]e/$ motive10 asks 8 apologi/1 8c\ld h l$ s p[]ful a sov]eign to *ange 8 fai?3 mu* less1 a pr9ce ^: pagan ance/ors _h conqu]$ ! _w80 ,8 conv]sion1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly won ov] to 8 side ! he>ts ( ! ,p]sians1 :5 he 0 cont5d+ ) ,bayd = ! ?rone1 & ! ,muhammadan ,mongols 9 ! army ( 8 rival des]t$ to support ! cause ( _! co-religioni/4 ,^! 7 ! v consid]ations t 7 urg$ ^u ,ghzn by ,nawrz1 a ,muhammadan ,amr :o _h esp\s$ 8 cause & :o hail$ him z ! pr9ce :o1 accord+ to a prophecy1 0 to appe> ab\t ?is "t to protect ! fai? ( ,islam & re/ore x to its =m] spl5d\r3 if he embrac$ ,islam1 he c\ld become ! rul] ( ,p]sia3 ! ,musalmans1 deliv]$ f ! griev\s yoke ( ! ,pagan ,mongols1 w\ld esp\se 8 cause1 & ,god1 recognis+ 9 him ! savi\r ( ! true fai? f utt] de/ruction1 w\ld bless 8 arms ) victory4 #gfg ,aft] hesitat+ a little1 ,ghzn made a public pr(ession ( ! fai?1 & 8 (fic]s & soldi]s foll[$ 8 example3 he di/ribut$ alms to m5 ( piety & le>n+ & visit$ ! mosques & tombs ( ! sa9ts & 9 e way %[$ himself an exempl>y ,muslim rul]4 ,8 bro!r1 ,uljyt1 :o succe$$ him 9 #acjd1 "u ! "n ( ,muammad ,khudb&ah1 _h be5 br\ght up z a ,*ri/ian 9 ! fai? ( 8 "m & _h be5 baptis$ "u ! "n ( ,ni*olas1 b aft] 8 "m's dea?1 :ile he 0 /ill a "y man1 he became a conv]t to ,islam ?r\gh ! p]suasions ( 8 wife4 #gfh ,ibn ,baah says t 8 example ex]cis$ a great influ5ce on ! ,mongols4 #gfi ,f ?is "t =w>d ,islam became ! p>am\nt fai? 9 ! k+dom ( ! lkhns4 ,! details t we possess ( ! progress ( ,islam 9 ! ,middle ,k+dom1 :i* fell to ! lot ( ,*aghaty & 8 desc5dants1 are /ill m meagre4 ,sev]al ( ! pr9ces ( ?is l9e _h a ,muhammadan m9i/] 9 _! s]vice1 b !y %[$ !mselves unsympa!tic to ! fai? ( ,islam4 ,*aghaty h>ass$ 8 ,muhammadan subjects by regulations t re/rict$ _! ritual obs]vances 9 respect ( ! kill+ ( animals = food & ( c]emonial wa%+s4 ,al-,jzjn says t he 0 ! bitt]e/ enemy ( ! ,muslims among all ! ,mongol rul]s & did n wi% any "o to utt] ! ^w ,musalman be=e him except ) evil purpose4 #ggj ,orghana1 ! wife ( 8 gr&son & successor1 ,q>-,hlg1 br\ght up h] son z a ,musalman1 & "u ! "n ( ,mubrak ,%h he came =w>d 9 #abfd z "o ( ! claimants ( ! disput$ succession to ! ,*aghaty ,khnate2 b he 0 soon driv5 f ! ?rone by 8 c\s9 ,burq ,khn1 & appe>s to h ex]cis$ no influ5ce on behalf ( 8 fai?1 inde$ judg+ f _! names x w\ld n appe> t any ( 8 own *ildr5 ev5 adopt$ ! religion ( _! fa!r4 #gga ,burq ,khn is said to h 8_h ! bless$ness ( receiv+ ! light ( ! fai?0 a few days be=e 8 dea? 9 #abgj1 & to h tak5 ! "n ( ,suln ,ghiy? al-,dn1 #ggb b he 0 buri$ accord+ to ! anci5t fun]al rites ( ! ,mongols1 & n z a ,musalman1 & ^? :o _h be5 conv]t$ dur+ 8 reign relaps$ into _! =m] hea!nism4 ,x 0 n until ! next c5tury t ! conv]sion ( arm%rn ,khn1 ab\t #acbf1 caus$ ,islam to be at all g5]ally adopt$ by ! ,*aghaty ,mongols1 :o :5 !y foll[$ ! example ( _! *ief ?is "t rema9$ true to _! new fai?4 ,b ev5 n[ ! asc5dancy ( ,islam 0 n assur$1 = ,bzun :o 0 ,khn 9 ! next decade--! *ronology is unc]ta9--drove arm%rn f 8 ?rone1 & p]secut$ ! ,muslims1 #ggc & x 0 n until "s ye>s lat] t we he> ( ! fir/ ,musalman k+ ( ,k%g>1 :i* ! break-up ( ! ,*aghaty dyna/y _h erect$ into a sep>ate k+dom4 ,?is pr9ce1 ,tqluq ,tmr ,khn 7#acdg-acfc71 is said to h ow$ 8 conv]sion to a holy man f ,bukhr1 by "n ,%aykh ,jaml al-,dn4 ,?is ,%aykh1 9 company ) a numb] ( travell]s1 _h unwitt+ly trespass$ on ! game-pres]ves ( ! pr9ce1 :o ord]$ !m to be b\nd h& & foot & br\ght be=e him4 ,9 reply to 8 angry "q1 h[ !y _h d>$ int]f]e ) 8 hunt+1 ! ,%aykh plead$ t !y 7 /rang]s & 7 q unaw>e t !y 7 trespass+ on =bidd5 gr\nd4 ,le>n+ t !y 7 ,p]sians1 ! pr9ce said t a dog 0 wor? m ?an a ,p]sian4 8,yes10 repli$ ! ,%aykh1 8if we _h n ! true fai?1 we %\ld inde$ be worse ?an ! dogs40 ,/ruck ) 8 reply1 ! ,khn ord]$ ?is bold ,p]sian to be br\ght be=e him on 8 return f hunt+1 & tak+ him aside ask$ him to expla9 :at he meant by ^! words & :at 0 8fai?40 ,! ,%aykh !n set be=e him ! doctr9es ( ,islam ) su* f]v\r & zeal t ! he>t ( ! ,khn t be=e _h be5 h>d z a /one 0 melt$ l wax1 & s t]rible a picture did ! holy man draw ( ! /ate ( unbelief1 t ! pr9ce 0 conv9c$ ( ! bl9dness ( 8 own errors1 b said1 8,7 ,i n[ to make pr(ession ( ! fai? ( ,islam1 ,i %\ld n be able to lead my subjects into ! true pa?4 ,b be> ) me a little2 & :5 ,i h ent]$ into ! possession ( ! k+dom ( my =efa!rs1 come to me aga940 ,= ! empire ( ,*aghaty _h by ?is "t be5 brok5 up into a numb] ( petty pr9c$oms1 & x 0 _m ye>s be=e ,tqluq ,tmr succe$$ 9 unit+ "u 8 sway ! :ole empire z be=e4 ,mean:ile ,%aykh ,jaml al-,dn _h return$ to 8 home1 :]e he fell dang]\sly ill3 :5 at ! po9t ( dea?1 he said to 8 son ,ra%d al-,dn1 8,tqluq ,tmr w "o day become a great mon>*2 fail n to g & salute him 9 my "n & fe>lessly rem9d him ( ! promise he made me40 ,"s ye>s lat]1 :5 ,tqluq ,tmr _h re-won ! empire ( 8 fa!rs1 ,ra%d al-,dn made 8 way to ! camp ( ! ,khn to fulfil ! la/ wi%es ( 8 fa!r1 b 9 spite ( all 8 ef=ts he c\ld n ga9 an audi5ce ( ! ,khn4 ,at l5g? he devis$ ! foll[+ exp$i5t3 "o day 9 ! e>ly morn+1 he began to *ant ! call to pray]s1 close to ! ,khn's t5t4 ,enrag$ at hav+ 8 slumb]s di/urb$ 9 ?is way1 ! pr9ce ord]$ him to be br\ght into 8 pres5ce1 :]eupon ,ra%d al-,dn deliv]$ 8 fa!r's message4 ,tqluq ,khn 0 n unm9dful ( 8 promise1 & said3 8,ev] s9ce ,i asc5d$ ! ?rone ,i h _h x on my m9d t ,i made t promise1 b ! p]son to :om ,i gave ! pl$ge nev] came4 ,n[ y are welcome40 ,he !n repeat$ ! pr(ession ( fai? & became a ,muslim4 8,on t morn ! sun ( b\nty rose out ( ! ea/ ( div9e fav\r & effac$ ! d>k night ( unbelief4444 ,!y !n decid$ t = ! propagation ( ,islam !y %\ld int]view ! pr9ces "o by "o1 & x %\ld be well = ^? :o accept$ ! fai?1 b ^? :o refus$ %\ld be sla9 z hea!ns & idolat]s40 ,! fir/ to be exam9$ 0 a noble nam$ ,amr ,tlik4 ,! ,khn ask$ him1 8,w y embrace ,islam80 ,amr ,tlik bur/ into te>s & said3 8,?ree ye>s ago ,i 0 conv]t$ by "s holy m5 at ,k%g> & became a ,musalman1 b f fe> ( y ,i did n op5ly decl>e x40 ,!n ,tqluq ,khn rose up & embrac$ him1 & ! ?ree sat d[n aga9 toge!r4 ,9 ?is mann] !y exam9$ ! pr9ces "o by "o1 & !y all accept$ ,islam1 ) ! exception ( "o nam$ ,j>s1 :o sugge/$ a trial ( /r5g? betwe5 ! ,%aykh & 8 s]vant1 an infidel :o 0 above ! ord9>y /ature ( man & s /rong t he c\ld lift a two-ye>-old camel4 ,! ,%aykh accept$ ! *all5ge1 say+3 8,if ,i d n ?r[ him1 ,i w n require y to become a ,musalman4 ,if x is ,god's wi% t ! ,mongols become hon\r$ ) ! bless$ /ate ( ,islam1 ,he w d\btless give me suffici5t p[] to ov]come ?is man40 ,tqluq ,khn & ^? :o _h become ,musalmans ) him tri$ to dissuade ! holy man1 b he p]si/$ 9 8 purpose4 8,a l>ge cr[d assembl$1 ! infidel 0 br\ght 91 & he & ! ,%aykh advanc$ t[>ds "o ano!r4 ,! infidel1 pr\d ( 8 own /r5g?1 advanc$ ) a conceit$ air4 ,! ,%aykh look$ v small & weak beside him4 ,:5 !y came to bl[s1 ! ,%aykh /ruck ! infidel full 9 ! *e/1 & he fell s5seless4 ,aft] a little he came to aga91 & hav+ rais$ himself1 fell aga9 at ! feet ( ! ,%aykh1 cry+ out & utt]+ words ( belief4 ,! p rais$ l\d %\ts ( applause1 & on t day #afj1jjj p]sons cut (f ! hair ( _! heads & became ,musalmans4 ,! ,khn 0 circumcis$1 & ! lights ( ,islam dispell$ ! %ades ( unbelief40 ,f t "t ,islam became ! e/abli%$ fai? 9 ! settl$ c\ntries "u ! rule ( ! desc5dants ( ,*aghaty4 #ggd ,b _m ( ! nomad ,mongols appe> to h rema9$ outside ! pale ( ,islam up to ! e>ly "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 judg+ f ! viol5t me?ods adopt$ = _! conv]sion by ,muammad ,khn1 :o 0 ,khn ( ,mughali/n #gge ab\t #adaf4 8,muammad ,khn 0 a weal?y pr9ce & a good ,musalman4 ,he p]si/$ 9 foll[+ ! road ( ju/ice & equity1 & 0 s unremitt+ 9 8 ex]tions1 t dur+ 8 bless$ reign mo/ ( ! tribes ( ! ,mongols became ,musalmans4 ,x is well kn[n :at sev]e measures he _h rec\rse to1 9 br++ ! ,mongols to be believ]s 9 ,islam4 ,if1 = in/ance1 a ,mongol did n we> a turban1 a horse%oe nail 0 driv5 into 8 head3 & treatm5t ( ?is k9d 0 common4 ,may ,god recomp5se him ) good40 #ggf ,ev5 su* dra/ic measures 7 ineffectual 9 br++ ab\t a g5]al acceptance ( ,islam1 = z late z at ! close ( ! foll[+ c5tury1 #ggg a d]vi% nam$ ,isq ,wal f\nd scope = 8 proselytis+ activities 9 ,k%g>1 ,yrk& & ,khotan1 :]e he sp5t twelve ye>s 9 spread+ ! fai?2 #ggh he also work$ among ! ,kirghiz & ,kazaks1 f among :om he made #ahj conv]ts & de/roy$ eighte5 temples ( idols4 #ggi ,9 ! prec$+ pages "s attempt has be5 made to indicate "s ( ! /eps by :i* ! ,muslims won ov] to _! fai? ! savage hordes :o _h de/roy$ _! c5tres ( culture4 ,by sl[ degrees1 ,islam ?us began to em]ge out ( ! ru9s ( its =m] asc5dancy & take its place aga9 z a dom9ant fai?1 aft] m ?an a c5tury ( depression4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! /ruggle betwe5 ! foll[]s ( rival cre$s = ! adh]5ce ( ! ,mongols1 consid]ations ( political exp$i5cy und\bt$ly op]at$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,muslim p>ty1 & ! intrigues ( ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom caus$ ! ,*ri/ians to become suspect1 z ag5ts ( a =eign p[]2 b at ! beg9n+ su* ( ! ,mongols z 7 ,ne/orians c\ld put =w>d a bett] claim to be ! national p>ty & c\ld attack ! ,musalmans z adh]5ts ( a =eign fai?4 ,amad ,takdr 0 d5\nc$ by ,arghn z a traitor to ! law ( 8 fa!rs1 9 t he _h foll[$ ! way ( ! ,arabs :i* none ( 8 ance/ors _h kn[n4 #ghj ,! insurrection t caus$ arm%rn to be driv5 into exile1 ga9$ /r5g? f ! compla9t t ?is mon>* _h disreg>d$ ! ,yassq or anci5t code ( ,mongol in/itutes4 #gha ,b ?\gh ! issue ( ! /ruggle long rema9$ d\btful1 ,islam gradually ga9$ gr\nd 9 ! l&s ( :i* x _h be5 dispossess$4 ,! means :]eby ?is success 0 a*iev$ are obscure1 & ! scanty details set =? above leave mu* ( ! tale untold1 b en\gh has be5 record$ to indicate "s ( ! proselytis+ ag5cies t l$ to individual conv]sions4 n&a drank 9 ,islam ) 8 fo/]-"m's milk2 #ghb & ! remnant ( ! fai?ful1 especially ! old] families ( ,muhammadan ,turks1 ex]cis$ an almo/ ins5sible influ5ce on ! ,mongols :o settl$ d[n 9 _! mid/4 ,b ( special importance among ! proselytis+ ag5cies at "w 0 ! influ5ce ( ! pr & 8 spiritual disciples4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! pr(\nd disc\ragem5t :i* fill$ ! ,musalmans aft] ! flood ( ! ,mongol conque/ _h p\r$ ov] !m1 _! fir/ refuge 0 9 my/icism1 & ! pr1 or spiritual guide1 & religi\s ord]s--su* z ! ,naq%b&1 :i* 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ent]$ on a new p]iod ( its developm5t--brea!d new life into ! ,muslim community & inspir$ x ) fre% f]v\r4 8,9 ! h&s ( ! pr & 8 monks1 ! ,musalman 9 ,asia came to be an ag5t1 at fir/ passive & unconsci\s1 lat] on ! adh]5t ( a p>ty--! p>ty ( ! national fai?1 9 opposition to ! rule ( ! ,mongols1 :i* 0 at once =eign1 b>b>ic & secul>40 #ghc ,let u n[ return to ! hi/ory ( ,islam 9 ! ,gold5 ,horde4 ,! *ief camp+ gr\nd ( ?is section ( ! ,mongols 0 ! grassy pla9 wat]$ by ! ,volga1 on ! bank ( :i* !y f\nd$ _! capital city ,s]ai1 :i!r ! ,russian pr9ces s5t _! tribute to ! khn4 ,! conv]sion ( ,b>aka ,khn1 ( :i* m5tion has be5 made above1 & ! close int]c\rse ) ,egypt t subsequ5tly sprang up1 contribut$ consid]ably to ! progress ( ,islam1 & 8 example seems to h be5 gradually foll[$ by ^? ( ! ari/ocracy & lead]s ( ! ,gold5 ,horde t 7 ( ,mongol desc5t4 ,b _m tribes ( ! ,gold5 ,horde appe> to h res5t$ ! introduction ( ,islam into _! mid/1 & :5 ! conv]sion ( ,b>aka ,khn 0 op5ly proclaim$1 !y s5t to (f] ! cr[n1 ( :i* !y consid]$ him n[ unwor?y1 to 8 rival ,hlg4 ,inde$1 s /rong 0 ?is opposition1 t x seems to h l>gely contribut$ to ! =mation ( ! ,nogais z a sep>ate tribe4 ,!y took _! "n f ,nogy1 :o 0 ! *ief comm&] ( ! ,mongol =ces "u ,b>aka ,khn4 ,:5 ! o!r pr9ces ( ! ,gold5 ,horde became ,musalmans1 ,nogy rema9$ a ,%amani/ & ?us became a rally+ po9t = ^? :o refus$ to ab&on ! old religion ( ! ,mongols4 ,8 daught]1 h[ev]1 :o 0 m>ri$ to a ,%amani/1 became conv]t$ to ,islam "s "t aft] h] m>riage & _h to endure ! ill-treatm5t & contempt ( h] husb& 9 consequ5ce4 #ghd ,to zbek ,khn1 :o 0 lead] ( ! ,gold5 ,horde f #acac to #acdj1 & :o di/+ui%$ himself by 8 proselytis+ zeal1 x 0 said1 8,cont5t y\rself ) our ob$i5ce1 :at matt]s our religion to y8 ,:y %\ld we ab&on ! fai? ( ,*+z ,khn = t ( ! ,arabs80 ,b 9 spite ( ! /rong opposition to 8 ef=ts1 zbek ,khn succe$$ 9 w9n+ _m conv]ts to ! fai? ( :i* he 0 s ard5t a foll[] & :i* ow$ to 8 ef=ts its firm e/abli%m5t 9 ! c\ntry "u 8 sway4 #ghe ,a fur!r sign ( 8 influ5ce is f\nd 9 ! tribes ( ! zbeks ( ,c5tral ,asia1 :o take _! "n f him & 7 probably conv]t$ dur+ 8 reign4 ,he is said to h =m$ ! design ( spread+ ! fai? ( ,islam ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,russia1 #ghf b "h he met ) no success4 ,inde$1 ?\gh ! ,mongols 7 p>am\nt 9 ,russia = two c5turies1 !y appe> to h ex]cis$ v little influ5ce on ! p ( t c\ntry1 & lea/ ( all 9 ! matt] ( religion4 ,x is noticeable1 moreov]1 t 9 spite ( 8 zeal = ! spread ( 8 own fai?1 zbek ,khn 0 v tol]ant t[>ds 8 ,*ri/ian subjects1 :o 7 left undi/urb$ 9 ! ex]cise ( _! religion & ev5 all[$ to pursue _! mission>y lab\rs 9 8 t]ritory4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable docum5ts ( ,muhammadan tol]ation is ! *>t] t zbek ,khn grant$ to ! ,metropolitan ,pet] 9 #acac3--8;,by ! w & p[]1 ! greatness & m]cy ( ! mo/ ,high6 zbek to all our pr9ces1 great & small1 etc41 etc4 ,let no man insult ! metropolitan *ur* ( :i* ,pet] is ! head1 or 8 s]vants or 8 *ur*m52 let no man seize _! prop]ty1 goods or p1 let no man m$dle ) ! affairs ( ! metropolitan *ur*1 s9ce !y are div9e4 ,:oev] %all m$dle !re9 & transgress our edict1 w be guilty be=e ,god & feel ,8 wra? & be puni%$ by u ) dea?4 ,let ! metropolitan dwell 9 ! pa? ( safety & rejoice1 ) a j & upright he>t let him 7or 8 deputy7 decide & regulate all ecclesia/ical matt]s4 ,we solemnly decl>e t nei!r we nor our *ildr5 nor ! pr9ces ( our realm nor ! gov]nors ( our prov9ces w 9 any way int]f]e ) ! affairs ( ! *ur* & ! metropolitan1 or 9 _! t[ns1 di/ricts1 villages1 *ases & fi%]ies1 _! hives1 l&s1 mead[s1 =e/s1 t[ns & places "u _! bailiffs1 _! v9ey>ds1 mills1 w9t] qu>t]s = cattle1 or any ( ! prop]ties & goods ( ! *ur*4 ,let ! m9d ( ! metropolitan be always at peace & free f tr\ble1 ) uprightness ( he>t let him pray to ,god = u1 our *ildr5 & our nation4 ,:oev] %all lay h&s on any?+ t is sacr$1 %all be held guilty1 he %all incur ! wra? ( ,god & ! p5alty ( dea?1 t o!rs may be dismay$ at 8 fate4 ,:5 ! tribute or o!r dues1 su* z cu/om duties1 pl\gh-tax1 tolls or relays are levi$1 or :5 we wi% to raise troops among our subjects1 let no?+ be exact$ f ! ca!dral *ur*es "u ! metropolitan ,pet]1 or f any ( 8 cl]gy3 444 :atev] may be exact$ f ! cl]gy1 %all be return$ ?reefold4444 ,_! laws1 _! *ur*es1 _! mona/]ies & *apels %all be respect$2 :oev] condemns or blames ?is religion1 %all n be all[$ to excuse himself "u any pretext1 b %all be puni%$ ) dea?4 ,! bro!rs & sons ( prie/s & deacons1 liv+ at ! same table & 9 ! same h\se1 %all enjoy ! same privileges40 #ghg ,t ^! 7 no empty words & t ! tol]ation "h promis$ became a reality1 may be judg$ f a lett] s5t to ! ,khn by ,pope ,john ,,xxii 9 #acah1 9 :i* he ?anks ! ,muslim pr9ce = ! fav\r he %[$ to 8 ,*ri/ian subjects & ! k9d treatm5t !y receiv$ at 8 h&s4 #ghh ,! successors ( zbek ,khn d n appe> to h be5 animat$ by ! same zeal = ! spread ( ,islam z he _h %[n1 & c\ld n be expect$ to succe$ :]e he fail$4 ,s long z ! ,russians paid _! taxes1 !y 7 left free to wor%ip accord+ to _! own desires1 & ! ,*ri/ian religion _h become too closely int]tw9$ ) ! life ( ! p to be di/urb$1 ev5 _h ef=ts be5 made to turn !m f ! fai? ( _! fa!rs2 = ,*ri/ianity _h be5 ! national religion ( ! ,russian p = well-nigh ?ree c5turies be=e ! ,mongols e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ,russian t]ritory4 ,ano!r race _m ye>s be=e _h tri$ to w9 ! ,russians to ,islam b _h likewise fail$1 viz4 ! ,muslim ,bulg>ians :o 7 f\nd 9 ! t5? c5tury on ! banks ( ! ,volga1 & :o probably ow$ _! conv]sion to ! ,muslim m]*ants1 trad+ 9 furs & o!r commodities ( ! ,nor?2 _! conv]sion mu/ h tak5 place "s "t be=e ,a4,d4 #iba1 :5 ! caliph al-,muqtadir s5t an envoy to confirm !m 9 ! fai? & in/ruct !m 9 ! t5ets & ord9ances ( ,islam4 #ghi ,^! ,bulg>ians attempt$ ! conv]sion ( ,vladimir1 ! !n sov]eign ( ,russia1 :o 7! ,russian *ronicl] tells u7 _h f\nd x necess>y to *oose "s religion bett] ?an 8 pagan cre$1 b !y fail$ to ov]come 8 objections to ! rite ( circumcision & to ! prohibition ( w9e1 ! use ( :i*1 he decl>$1 ! ,russians c\ld nev] give up1 z x 0 ! v joy ( _! life4 ,equally unsuccessful 7 ! ,jews :o came f ! c\ntry ( ! ,khaz>s on ! ,caspian ,sea & _h won ov] ! k+ ( t p to ! ,mosaic fai?4 #gij ,aft] li/5+ to _! argum5ts1 ,vladimir ask$ !m :]e _! c\ntry 04 8,j]usalem10 !y repli$1 8b ,god 9 ,8 ang] has scatt]$ u ov] ! :ole _w40 8,!n y are curs$ ( ,god10 cri$ ! k+1 8& yet want to tea* o!rs3 begone6 we h no wi%1 l y1 to be )\t a c\ntry40 ,! mo/ fav\rable impression 0 made by a ,greek prie/ :o1 aft] a brief criticism ( ! o!r religions1 set =? ! :ole s*eme ( ,*ri/ian tea*+ beg9n+ ) ! creation ( ! _w & ! /ory ( ! fall ( man & end+ ) ! sev5 cum5ical c\ncils accept$ by ! ,greek ,*ur*2 !n he %[$ ! pr9ce a picture ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t ) ! righte\s ent]+ p>adise & ! wick$ be+ ?ru/ d[n into hell1 & promis$ him ! h]itage ( heav51 if he w\ld be baptis$4 ,b ,vladimir 0 unwill+ to make a ra% *oice ( a sub/itute = 8 pagan religion1 s he call$ 8 boy>ds toge!r & hav+ told !m ( ! acc\nts he _h receiv$ ( ! v>i\s religions1 ask$ !m = _! advice4 8,pr9ce10 !y repli$1 8e man praises 8 own religion1 & if y w\ld make *oice ( ! be/1 s5d wise m5 into ! diff]5t c\ntries to discov] :i* ( all ! nations hon\rs ,god 9 ! mann] mo/ wor?y ( ,him40 ,s ! pr9ce *ose out = ?is purpose t5 m5 :o 7 em95t = _! wisdom4 ,^! ambassadors f\nd among ! ,bulg>ians mean-look+ places ( wor%ip1 gloomy pray]s & solemn faces2 among ! ,g]man ,ca?olics religi\s c]emonies t lack$ bo? gr&eur & magnific5ce4 ,at l5g? !y rea*$ ,con/ant9ople3 8,let !m see ! glory ( our ,god10 said ! ,emp]or4 ,s !y 7 tak5 to ! *ur* ( ,santa ,sophia1 :]e ! ,patri>*1 clad 9 8 pontifical robes1 0 celebrat+ mass4 ,! magnific5ce ( ! build+1 ! ri* ve/m5ts ( ! prie/s1 ! ornam5ts ( ! alt>s1 ! sweet od\r ( ! inc5se1 ! rev]5t sil5ce ( ! p1 & ! my/]i\s solemnity ( ! c]emonial fill$ ! savage ,russians ) wond] & amazem5t4 ,x seem$ to !m t ?is *ur* mu/ be ! dwell+ ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 & t ,he manife/$ ,8 glory !re9 to mortals4 ,on _! return to ,kief1 ! ambassadors gave ! pr9ce an acc\nt ( _! mission2 !y spoke ) contempt ( ! religion ( ! ,prophet & _h little to say = ! ,roman ,ca?olic fai?1 b 7 en?usia/ic 9 _! eulogies ( ! ,greek ,*ur*4 8,e man10 !y said1 8:o has put 8 lips to a sweet draught1 h5ce=? abhors any?+ bitt]2 :]e=e we hav+ come to ! k ( ! fai? ( ! ,greek ,*ur* desire none o!r40 ,vladimir once m consult$ 8 boy>ds1 :o said unto him1 8,_h n ! ,greek fai? be5 be/ ( all1 ,olga1 y\r gr&mo!r1 ! wise/ ( mortals1 w\ld nev] h embrac$ x40 ,:]eupon ,vladimir hesitat$ no long] & 9 ,a4,d4 #ihh decl>$ himself a ,*ri/ian4 ,on ! day aft] 8 baptism he ?rew d[n ! idols 8 =efa!rs _h wor%ipp$1 & issu$ an edict t all ! ,russians1 ma/]s & slaves1 ri* & poor1 %\ld submit to be baptis$ into ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 #gia ,?us ,*ri/ianity became ! national religion ( ! ,russian p1 & aft] ! ,mongol conque/1 ! di/9ctive national *>act]i/ics ( ,russians & ,tat>s t h kept ! two races ap>t to ! pres5t day1 ! bitt] hatr$ ( ! ,tat> yoke1 ! devotion ( ! ,russians to _! own fai? & ! want ( religi\s zeal on ! "p ( ! ,tat>s1 kept ! conqu]$ race f adopt+ ! religion ( ! conqu]or4 ,especially has ! prohibition ( spiritu\s liquors by ! laws ( ,islam be5 suppos$ to h /ood 9 ! way ( ! adoption ( ?is religion by ! ,russian p4 ,x w\ld appe> t n until aft] ! promulgation ( ! edict ( religi\s tol]ation 9 #aije ?r\gh\t ! ,russian empire & ! active ,muslim propag&a t foll[$ x1 7 cases obs]v$ ( ,russians be+ conv]t$ to ,islam1 & ^? t h occurr$ are ascrib$ to ! /rong attraction ( ! mat]ial help (f]$ by ! ,tat>s to su* conv]ts & ! influ5ce ( ! moral /r5g? ( ! ,muslims !mselves4 #gib ,n t ! ,tat>s 9 ,russia _h be5 altoge!r inop]ative 9 promot+ ! spread ( ,islam dur+ ! prec$+ c5turies4 ,! di/9ctly ,hell5ic type ( face t is to be f\nd among ! s-call$ ,tat>s ( ! ,crimea has l$ to ! conjecture t ^! ,muhammadans h absorb$ into _! community ! ,greek & ,italian populations t !y f\nd settl$ on ! ,crimean p59sula1 & t we f9d among !m ! ,muhammadanis$ desc5dants ( ! indig5\s inhabitants1 & ( ! ,g5oese coloni/s4 #gic ,a travell] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury tells u t ! ,tat>s ( ! ,crimea tri$ to induce _! slaves to become ,muhammadans1 & won ov] _m ( !m to ?is fai? by promis+ !m _! lib]ty if !y w\ld be p]suad$4 #gid ,conv]sions to ,islam f among ! ,tat>s ( ! ,crimea are also report$ aft] ! proclamation ( religi\s lib]ty 9 #aije4 #gie ,a brief ref]5ce may "h be made to ! ,tat>s 9 ,li?uania1 :]e small gr\ps ( !m h be5 settl$ s9ce ! e>ly "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 ^! ,muslim immigrants1 dwell+ 9 ! mid/ ( a ,*ri/ian population1 h pres]v$ _! old fai?1 b 7probably = political reasons7 d n appe> to h attempt$ to proselytise4 ,b !y h be5 9 ! habit ( m>ry+ ,li?uanian & ,poli% wom51 ^: *ildr5 7 always br\ght up z ,muslims1 :]eas no ,muhammadan girl 0 p]mitt$ to m>ry a ,*ri/ian4 ,! gr& dukes ( ,li?uania 9 ! fifte5? c5tury enc\rag$ ! m>riage ( ,*ri/ian wom5 ) _! ,tat> troops1 on :om !y be/[$ grants ( l& & o!r privileges4 #gif ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s incid5ts 9 ! mission>y hi/ory ( ,islam is ! conv]sion ( ! ,kirghiz ( ,c5tral ,asia by ,tat> mulls1 :o prea*$ ,islam among !m 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 z emiss>ies ( ! ,russian gov]nm5t4 ,! ,kirghiz began to come "u ,russian rule ab\t #agca1 & = #abj ye>s all diplomatic correspond5ce 0 c>ri$ on ) !m 9 ! ,tat> language "u ! delusion t !y 7 e?nographically ! same z ! ,tat>s ( ! ,volga4 ,ano!r misund]/&+ on ! "p ( ! ,russian gov]nm5t 0 t ! ,kirghiz 7 ,musalmans1 :]eas 9 ! eighte5? c5tury !y 7 ne>ly all ,%amani/s1 z a l>ge numb] ( !m 7 /ill up to ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,at ! "t ( ! annexation ( _! c\ntry to ! ,russian empire only a few ( _! ,khns & ,sulns _h any k ( ! fai? ( ,islam--& t v confus$ & vague4 ,n a s+le mosque 0 to be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ,kirghiz ,/eppes1 or a s+le religi\s tea*] ( ! fai? ( ! ,prophet1 & ! ,kirghiz ow$ _! conv]sion to ,islam to ! fact t ! ,russians1 tak+ !m = ,muhammadans1 insi/$ on treat+ !m z su*4 ,l>ge sums ( money 7 giv5 = ! build+ ( mosques1 & mulls 7 s5t to op5 s*ools & in/ruct ! "y 9 ! t5ets ( ! ,muslim fai?3 ! ,kirghiz s*ol>s 7 to receive e day a small sum to support !mselves on1 & ! fa!rs 7 to be induc$ to s5d _! *ildr5 to ! s*ools by pres5ts & o!r means ( p]suasion4 ,an incontrov]tible pro( t ! ,musalman propag&a made its way into ! ,kirghiz ,/eppes f ! side ( ,russia1 is ! circum/ance t x 0 especially ^? ,kirghiz :o 7 m contigu\s to ,europe t fir/ became ,musalmans1 & ! old ,%amanism l+]$ up to ! n9ete5? c5tury among ^? :o w&]$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,khiva1 ,bukhr & ,khok&1 ?\gh ^! = c5turies _h be5 ,muhammadan c\ntries4 #gig ,?is is probably ! only in/ance ( a ,*ri/ian gov]nm5t co-op]at+ 9 ! promulgation ( ,islam1 & is ! m rem>kable inasmu* z ! ,russian gov]nm5t ( ?is p]iod 0 attempt+ to =ce ,*ri/ianity on its ,muslim subjects 9 ,europe1 9 cont9uation ( ! ef=ts made 9 ! sixte5? c5tury soon aft] ! conque/ ( ! ,khanate ( ,kazan4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury _m ( ! ,kirghiz dwell+ 9 ! va/ pla9s /ret*+ s\?w>ds f ! di/rict ( ,tobolsk t[>ds ,turki/an 7 /ill hea!n1 & ! ,russian gov]nm5t 0 approa*$ = p]mission = a ,*ri/ian mission to be e/abli%$ among !m4 ,b ?is reque/ 0 n grant$1 on ! gr\nd t 8^! p 7 z yet too wild & savage to be accessible to ! ,gospel4 ,b soon aft] o!r mission>ies1 n dep5d+ on ! good-w ( any gov]nm5t1 & hav+ m zeal & und]/&+1 occupi$ ?is field & won ! :ole ( ! ,kirghis tribe to ! fai? ( ,islam40 #gih ,aft] ! conque/ ( ,kazan by ! ,russians 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! occupation ( ! =m] ,tat> ,khanate 0 foll[$ up by an (ficial ,*ri/ian mission>y movem5t1 & a numb] ( ! hea!n population ( ! ,khanate 7 baptis$1 ! lab\rs ( ! cl]gy be+ actively second$ by ! police & ! civil au?orities1 b z ! ,russian prie/s did n und]/& ! language ( _! conv]ts & soon neglect$ !m1 x _h to be admitt$ t ! new conv]ts 8%amelessly reta9 _m horrid ,t>t> cu/oms1 & nei!r hold nor "k ! ,*ri/ian fai?40 ,:5 spiritual exhortations fail$1 ! gov]nm5t ord]$ its (ficials to 8pacify1 imprison1 put 9 irons1 & !reby untea* & fright5 f ! ,t>t> fai? ^? :o1 ?\gh baptis$1 d n obey ! admonitions ( ! ,metropolitan40 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! ,russian gov]nm5t made fre% ef=ts to conv]t ! hea!n tribes & ! relaps$ ,tat>s1 & held out _m inducem5ts to !m to become baptis$4 ,ca!r9e ,,ii 9 #aggh ord]$ t all ! new conv]ts %\ld sign a writt5 promise to ! effect t 8!y w\ld completely =sake _! infidel errors1 &1 avoid+ all int]c\rse ) unbeliev]s1 w\ld hold firmly & unwav]+ly ! ,*ri/ian fai? & its dogmas40 ,b 9 spite ( all1 ^! s-call$ 8baptis$ ,t>t>s0 7 ,*ri/ians only 9 "n1 & soon began to try to escape f ! propag&i/ ef=ts ( ! ,or?odox ,*ur* & ab&on$ ,*ri/ianity = ,islam1 _! s-call$ conv]sion m]ely s]v+ z a /epp+-/one to _! entrance into ! fai? ( ! ,prophet4 ,!y may1 inde$1 h be5 inscrib$ 9 ! (ficial regi/]s z ,*ri/ians1 b !y resolutely /ood out aga9/ any ef=ts t 7 made to ,*ri/ianise !m4 ,9 a semi-(ficial article1 publi%$ 9 #ahgb1 ! writ] says3 8,x is a fact wor?y ( att5tion t a long s]ies ( evid5t apo/asies co9cides ) ! beg9n+ ( measures to confirm ! conv]ts 9 ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,!re mu/ be1 !re=e1 "s collat]al cause produc+ ^? cases ( apo/asy precisely at ! mom5t :5 ! contr>y might be expect$40 ,! fact seems to be t ^! ,tat>s hav+ all ! "t rema9$ ,muhammadan at he>t1 resi/$ ! active measures tak5 to make _! nom9al pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity 9 any way a reality4 #gii ,b 9 ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ef=ts 7 made to ,*ri/ianise ^! hea!n & ,muslim tribes by means ( s*ools e/abli%$ 9 _! mid/4 ,9 ?is way x 0 hop$ to w9 ! y\ng] g5]ation1 s9ce o!rwise x seem$ impossible to ga9 an entrance = ,*ri/ianity among ! ,tat>s1 =1 z a ,russian pr(essor said1 8,! citiz5s ( ,kazan are h>d to w91 b we get "s little folk f ! villages on ! /eppe1 & tra9 !m 9 ! fe> ( ,god4 ,once !y are ) u !y c nev] turn back40 #hjj ,= ! ,russian crim9al code us$ to conta9 sev]e enactm5ts aga9/ ^? :o fell away f ! ,or?odox ,*ur*1 #hja & s5t5c$ any p]son convict$ ( conv]t+ a ,*ri/ian to ,islam to ! loss ( all civil rights & to imprisonm5t ) h>d lab\r = a t]m v>y+ f eight to t5 ye>s4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ! edicts ( ! gov]nm5t1 ,muslim propag&ism succe$$ 9 w9n+ ov] :ole villages to ! fai? ( ,islam1 especially among ! tribes ( nor?-ea/]n ,russia4 #hjb ,! t[n ( ,kazan is ! *ief c5tre ( ?is mission>y activity2 a l>ge numb] ( ,muslim publications are pr9t$ "h e ye>1 & mulls g =? f ! ,univ]sity to conv]t ! pagans 9 ! villages & br+ back to ,islam ! ,tat>s :o h all[$ !mselves to be baptis$4 ,! increas+ numb] ( ^! ,*ri/ian ,tat>s1 :o h gone to swell ! ranks ( ,islam1 has al>m$ ! cl]gy ( ! ,or?odox ,*ur*1 b _! ef=ts h fail$ to *eck ! success ( ! mulls4 #hjc ,especially s9ce ! edict ( tol]ation 9 #aije1 mass conv]sions h be5 report$1 e4g4 9 #aiji1 n9ety-"o families 9 ! village ( ,atomva are said to h become ,muhammadan1 #hjd & z _m z #ec1jjj p]sons betwe5 #aijf & #aiaj4 #hje ,?is propag&a is said to owe mu* ( its success to ! high] moral level ( life 9 ,muslim society1 z well z to ! /rong] feel+ ( solid>ity t prevails 9 x2 #hjf moreov]1 ! me?ods adopt$ by ! ,russian cl]gy1 support$ by ! gov]nm5t1 to make ! s-call$ ,*ri/ian ,tat>s m or?odox1 h caus$ ! ,*ri/ian fai? to become unpopul> among !m4 #hjg ,on ! o!r h&1 ! propag&a ( ,islam is v zeal\sly c>ri$ =w>d2 8e simple1 untaught ,moslem is a mission>y ( 8 religion1 & ! poor1 d>k1 untaught hea!n or half-hea!n tribes _c resi/ _! =ce4 ,9 _m villages ( baptis$ aborig9es ! m5 g away = ! w9t] to "w z tailors 9 ,moslem villages4 ,!re !y are conv]t$ to ,islam1 & !y return to _! villages z fanatics br++ ) !m ,moslem ideas ) :i* to influ5ce _! homes40 #hjh ,! tribes t h *iefly come "u ! influ5ce ( ?is mission>y movem5t are ! ,votiaks1 ! great] "p ( :om are baptis$ ,*ri/ians1 b _m became ,muslims 9 ! eighte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5turies2 & ! influ5ce ( ,islam is cont9ually gr[+ bo? among ^? t are ,*ri/ian & among ! small remnant t is /ill hea!n4 ,! ,*]emiss1 l ! ,votiaks1 are a ,f9ni% tribe1 ab\t a qu>t] ( :om are /ill hea!n1 b _m h already embrac$ ,islam & x is probable t mo/ ( !m w soon adopt ! same religion4 ,! movem5t ( ! ,*]emiss t[>ds ,islam made itself manife/ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury & ?\gh _m ( !m 7 nom9ally ,*ri/ian1 :ole villages ( !m became ,muhammadan despite ! laws =bidd+ conv]sion except to ! ,or?odox ,*ur*4 #hji ,!y became ,muhammadan ?r\gh _! imm$iate contact ) ! ,ba%kirs & ,tat>s1 ^: family & social cu/oms 7 v simil> to _! own4 ,! process sometimes began ) int]m>riages ) ,muhammadans--e4g4 9 "o village a ,*]emiss family int]m>ri$ ) "s ,ba%kirs & adopt$ _! fai?2 ! conv]ts be+ p]secut$ z 8circumcis$ dogs0 9 _! own village1 mov$ away & f\nd$ a new settlem5t "s miles (f1 "s weal?y ,ba%kirs help+ !m ) money2 b z !y 7 (ficially regi/]$ z hea!n1 !y c\ld n get p]mission = ! build+ ( a mosque1 s a few ,ba%kir families 9 ! neighb\rhood mov$ into ! new settlem5t1 9 ord] to make up ! numb] requisite = obta9+ ! necess>y (ficial p]mission4 #haj ,a simil> process has sev]al times occurr$ 9 o!r villages 9 :i* ,muhammadans h come to settle & h int]m>ri$ ) ,*]emiss4 #haa ,9 o!r cases !re has be5 a def9ite mission>y movem5t--e4g4 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! village ( ,k>akul 0 inhabit$ by ,*ri/ian ,*]emiss1 b %ortly aft] ! middle ( ! c5tury "s families 7 conv]t$ to ,islam by a ,*]emiss :o _h become a mull2 on 8 dea? he 0 succe$$ by a ,ba%kir f ano!r village4 ,lat] on1 ! conv]ts mov$ away to ,tat> & ,ba%kir villages1 _! place be+ tak5 by ,tat>s1 until ! :ole village became practically ,tat>1 few ( ! y\ng] g5]ation reta9+ any k ( ! ,*]emiss language1 & int]m>riages tak+ place only ) ,tat>s4 #hab ,ap>t f ?is proselytis+ activity1 !re has be5 a v di/9ct spread ( ,tat> influ5ce 9 spee* & mann]s among ! ,*]emiss4 ,! ,tat> language has spread among !m1 br++ ) x ! moral & religi\s ideas ( ,islam2 ! adoption ( ! ,tat> dress is held to be a sign ( sup]ior culture1 & if a ,*]emiss does n dress l a ,tat> he runs ! risk ( be+ laugh$ at by ! fir/ ,tat> he meets or by 8 fell[ ,*]emiss2 all ?is cultural movem5t t5ds to ! ultimate adoption ( ! ,tat> religion4 #hac ,aft] _! conv]sion1 ! ,*]emiss are said to be v zeal\s 9 ! propagation ( _! new fai? & receive ! assi/ance ( weal?y ,tat>s2 #had on ! o!r h&1 ! ,russians despise ! ,*]emiss z an inf]ior race & apply opprobri\s epi!ts ev5 to ^? among !m :o are ,*ri/ians4 #hae ,ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! ,*]emiss are /ill hea!n1 b ,muslim influ5ces are s p[]ful among !m t x is probable t 9 c\rse ( "t !y w = ! mo/ "p become ,muhammadans4 #haf ,! ,*uva%1 :o numb] ab\t #a1jjj1jjj1 h ne>ly all be5 baptis$2 !re are ab\t #bj1jjj ( !m t are /ill hea!n b ^! are gradually be+ absorb$ by ,islam1 :ile "s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*uva% h become ,muhammadans & ! re/ are com+ "u ,muslim influ5ces4 ,! ext5t ( _! zeal = _! conv]ts may be judg$ f ! in/ance ( a ,*ri/ian ,*uva% village1 ! prie/ ( :i* _h sp5t sev]al ye>s 9 collect+ ! #cjj r\bles necess>y = ! repair ( ! *ur*2 eight ,*uva% families became ,muhammadan & 9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s #bjjj r\bles 7 collect$ = ! build+ ( a mosque4 #hag ,su* ready activity is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,muslim propag&a n[ be+ c>ri$ among ! aborig9al tribes4 ,ea* family t accepts ,islam receives help ei!r 9 money or 9 k9d3 a h\se is built = "o2 a field1 cattle1 etc41 are pur*as$ = ano!r2 :5 sev]al families 9 a village are conv]t$1 a mosque is built = !m & a s*ool e/abli%$ = _! *ildr54 #hah ,( ! spread ( ,islam among ! ,tat>s ( ,sib]ia1 we h a few p>ticul>s4 ,x 0 n until ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury t x ga9$ a foot+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 b ev5 be=e ?is p]iod ,muhammadan mission>ies _h f "t to "t made _! way into ,sib]ia ) ! hope ( w9n+ ! hea!n population ov] to ! acceptance ( _! fai?1 b ! majority ( !m met ) a m>tyr's dea?4 ,:5 ,sib]ia came "u ,muhammadan rule1 9 ! reign ( ,k*um ,khn1 ! graves ( sev5 ( ^! mission>ies 7 discov]$ by an ag$ ,%aykh :o came f ,bukhr to se>* !m out1 be+ anxi\s t "s memorial %\ld be kept ( ! devotion ( ^! m>tyrs to ! fai?3 he 0 able to give ! names ( ?is numb]1 & up to ! la/ c5tury _! memory 0 /ill rev]$ by ! ,tat>s ( ,sib]ia4 #hai ,:5 ,k*um ,khn 7:o 0 desc5d$ f ,jj ,khn1 ! elde/ son ( ,*+z ,khn7 became ,khn ( ,sib]ia 7ab\t ! ye> #aegj71 ei!r by "r ( conque/ or 7accord+ to ano!r acc\nt7 at ! invitation ( ! p ^: ,khn _h di$ )\t issue1 #hbj he made e ef=t = ! conv]sion ( 8 subjects1 & s5t to ,bukhr ask+ = mission>ies to assi/ him 9 ?is pi\s und]tak+4 ,"o ( ! mission>ies :o 0 s5t f ,bukhr has left u an acc\nt ( h[ he set out ) a companion to ! capital ( ,k*um ,khn1 on ! bank ( ! ,irti%4 ,"h1 aft] two ye>s1 8 companion di$1 &1 = "s reasons t ! writ] does n m5tion1 he w5t back aga92 b soon aft]w>ds return$ to ! sc5e ( 8 lab\rs1 br++ ) him ano!r coadjutor1 :5 ,k*um ,khn _h appeal$ = help once m to ,bukhr4 #hba ,mission>ies also came to ,sib]ia f ,kazan4 ,b ! advanc+ tide ( ,russian conque/ soon br\ght ! proselytis+ ef=ts ( ,k*um ,khn to an end be=e mu* _h be5 accompli%$1 especially z _m ( ! tribes "u 8 rule (f]$ a /rong opposition to all attempts made to conv]t !m4 ,b ?\gh int]rupt$ by ! ,russian conque/1 ! progress ( ,islam 0 by no means /opp$4 ,mulls f ,bukhr & o!r cities ( ,c5tral ,asia & m]*ants f ,kazan 7 cont9ually active z mission>ies ( ,islam 9 ,sib]ia4 ,9 #agde an entrance 0 fir/ effect$ among ! ,b>aba ,tat>s 7betwe5 ! ,irti% & ! ,ob71 & ?\gh at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury _m 7 /ill hea!n1 !y h n[ all become ,musalmans4 #hbb ,! conv]sion ( ! ,kirghiz has already be5 spok5 ( above3 ! hi/ory ( mo/ ( ! o!r ,muslim tribes ( ,sib]ia is v obscure1 b _! conv]sion is probably ( a rec5t date4 ,among ! in/rum5ts ( ,muhammadan propag&a at ! pres5t "t1 x is int]e/+ to note ! l>ge place tak5 by ! folk-songs ( ! ,kirghiz1 9 :i*1 int]wov5 ) tale & leg5d1 ! ma9 tru?s ( ,islam make _! way into ! he>ts ( ! common p4 #hbc ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,islam ,,9 ,,india4 ,! ,muhammadan invasions ( ,india & ! f\ndation & gr[? ( ! ,muhammadan p[] 9 t c\ntry1 h f\nd _m hi/orians1 bo? among contempor>y & lat] writ]s4 ,b hi!rto no "o has attempt$ to write a hi/ory ( ! spread ( ,islam 9 ,india1 consid]$ ap>t f ! milit>y successes & adm9i/rative a*ievem5ts ( its adh]5ts4 ,inde$1 to _m1 su* a task mu/ appe> impossible4 ,= ,india has (t5 be5 pick$ out z a typical in/ance ( a c\ntry 9 :i* ,islam owes its exi/5ce & cont9uance 9 exi/5ce to ! settlem5t 9 x ( =eign1 conqu]+ ,muhammadan races1 :o h transmitt$ _! fai? to _! desc5dants1 & only succe$$ 9 spread+ x beyond _! own circle by means ( p]secution & =c$ conv]sions4 ,?us ! mission>y _s ( ,islam is suppos$ to %[ itself 9 its true light 9 ! brutal massacres ( ,brahmans by ,mamd ( ,ghazn1 9 ! p]secutions ( ,aurangzeb1 ! =cible circumcisions effect$ by ayd> ,al1 ,tp ,suln & ! l4 ,b among ! sixty-six millions ( ,indian ,musalmans !re are va/ numb]s ( conv]ts or desc5dants ( conv]ts1 9 ^: conv]sion =ce play$ no "p & ! only influ5ces at "w 7 ! tea*+ & p]suasion ( peaceful mission>ies4 ,?is class ( conv]ts =ms a v di/9ct gr\p by itself :i* c be di/+ui%$ f t ( ! =cibly conv]t$ & ! o!r het]og5e\s elem5ts ( :i* ,muslim ,india is made up4 ,! entire community may be r\ghly divid$ into ^? ( =eign race :o br\ght _! fai? into ! c\ntry along ) !m1 & ^? :o h be5 conv]t$ f "o ( ! previ\s religions ( ! c\ntry "u v>i\s inducem5ts & at _m diff]5t p]iods ( hi/ory4 ,! =eign settlem5t consi/s ( ?ree ma9 bodies3 fir/1 & num]ically ! mo/ important1 are ! immigrants f across ! nor?-we/ fronti]1 :o are f\nd *iefly 9 ,s9d & ! ,panjb2 next come ! desc5dants ( ! c\rt & armies ( ! v>i\s ,muhammadan dyna/ies1 ma9ly 9 ,upp] ,india & to a mu* small] ext5t 9 ! ,deccan2 la/ly1 all along ! we/ coa/ are settlem5ts probably ( ,arab desc5t1 ^: orig9al f\nd]s came to ,india by sea4 #hbd ,b ! numb] ( families ( =eign orig9 t actually settl$ 9 ,india is n[h]e great except 9 ! ,panjb & its neighb\rhood4 ,m ?an half ! ,muslim population ( ,india has inde$ assum$ appellations ( di/9ctly =eign races1 su* z ,%aykh1 ,beg1 ,khn1 & ev5 ,sayyid1 b ! great] portion ( !m are local conv]ts or desc5dants ( conv]ts1 :o h tak5 ! title ( ! p]son ( highe/ rank among/ ^? by :om !y 7 conv]t$ or h affiliat$ !mselves to ! ari/ocracy ( ,islam on ev5 less plausible gr\nds4 #hbe ,( ?is latt] section ( ! community--! conv]t$ natives ( ! c\ntry--"p no d\bt ow$ _! *ange ( religion to =ce & (ficial pressure1 b by f> ! majority ( !m ent]$ ! pale ( ,islam ( _! own free w4 ,! hi/ory ( ! proselytis+ movem5ts & ! social influ5ces t br\ght ab\t _! conv]sion has hi!rto receiv$ v little att5tion1 & mo/ ( ! commonly accessible hi/ories ( ! ,muhammadans 9 ,india1 :e!r writt5 by ,european or by native au?ors1 are m]e *ronicles ( w>s1 campaigns & ! a*ievem5ts ( pr9ces1 9 :i* little m5tion ( ! religi\s life ( ! "t f9ds a place1 unless x has tak5 ! =m ( fanaticism or intol]ance4 ,f ! biographies ( ! ,muslim sa9ts1 h[ev]1 & f local traditions1 some?+ may be le>n$ ( ! mission>y "w t 0 c>ri$ on q indep5d5tly ( ! political life ( ! c\ntry4 ,b be=e deal+ ) ^! x is propos$ to give an acc\nt ( ! (ficial propagation ( ,islam & ( ! "p play$ by ! ,muhammadan rul]s 9 ! spread ( _! fai?4 ,f ! fifte5? ye> aft] ! dea? ( ! ,prophet1 :5 an ,arab exp$ition 0 s5t into ,s9d1 up to ! eighte5? c5tury1 a s]ies ( ,muhammadan invad]s1 "s f\nd]s ( great empires1 o!rs m]e adv5tur]s1 p\r$ into ,india f ! nor?-we/4 ,:ile "s came only to plund] & retir$ lad5 ) spoils1 o!rs rema9$ to f\nd k+doms t h _h a la/+ influ5ce to ! pres5t day4 ,b ( none ( ^! d we le>n t !y 7 accompani$ by any mission>ies or prea*]s4 ,n t !y 7 indiff]5t to _! religion4 ,to _m ( !m1 _! invasion ( ,india appe>$ 9 ! light ( a holy w>4 ,su* 0 evid5tly ! ?\ght 9 ! m9ds ( ,mamd ( ,ghazn & ,tmr4 ,! latt]1 aft] 8 capture ( ,dehli1 writes z foll[s 9 8 autobiography3--8,i _h be5 at ,dehli fifte5 days1 :i* "t ,i pass$ 9 pleasure & enjoym5t1 hold+ royal ,c\rts & giv+ great fea/s4 ,i !n reflect$ t ,i _h come to ,h9du/n to w> aga9/ infidels1 & my ent]prise _h be5 s bless$ t :]ev] ,i _h gone ,i _h be5 victori\s4 ,i _h triumph$ ov] my adv]s>ies1 ,i _h put to dea? "s lacs ( infidels & idolat]s1 & ,i _h /a9$ my proselyt+ sword ) ! blood ( ! enemies ( ! fai?4 ,n[ ?is cr[n+ victory _h be5 won1 & ,i felt t ,i ought n to indulge 9 ease1 b r to ex]t myself 9 w>r+ aga9/ ! infidels ( ,h9du/n40 #hbf ,?\gh he speaks mu* ( 8 8proselyt+ sword10 x seems1 h[ev]1 to h s]v$ no o!r purpose ?an t ( s5d+ infidels to hell4 ,mo/ ( ! ,muslim invad]s seem to h act$ 9 a v simil> way2 9 ! "n ( ,allh1 idols 7 ?r[n d[n1 _! prie/s put to ! sword1 & _! temples de/roy$2 :ile mosques 7 (t5 erect$ 9 _! place4 ,x is true t ! (f] ( ,islam 0 g5]ally made to ! unbeliev+ ,h9dus be=e any attack 0 made ^u !m4 #hbg ,fe> occasionally dictat$ a timely acceptance ( su* (f]s & l$ to conv]sions :i*1 9 ! e>li] days ( ! ,muhammadan invasion at lea/1 7 g5]ally %ort-liv$ & ceas$ to be effective aft] ! retreat ( ! invad]4 ,an illu/ration 9 po9t is furni%$ by ! /ory ( ,h>datta1 a rs ( ,bul&%ahr1 ^: submission to ,mamd ( ,ghazn is ?us relat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( t conqu]or's campaigns writt5 by 8 secret>y4 8,at l5g? 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajai7 he 7i4e4 ,mamd7 arriv$ at ! =t ( ,b>ba1 #hbh 9 ! c\ntry ( ,h>dat1 :o 0 "o ( ! rs1 t is 8k+s10 9 ! ,h9d language4 ,:5 ,h>dat he>d ( ?is invasion by ! protect$ w>riors ( ,god1 :o advanc$ l ! waves ( ! sea1 ) ! angels ar\nd !m on all sides1 he became greatly agitat$1 8 /eps trembl$1 & he fe>$ = 8 life1 :i* 0 =feit$ "u ! law ( ,god4 ,s he reflect$ t 8 safety w\ld be/ be secur$ by con=m+ to ! religion ( ,islam1 s9ce ,god's sword 0 drawn f ! scabb>d1 & ! :ip ( puni%m5t 0 uplift$4 ,he came =?1 !re=e1 ) t5 ?\s& m51 :o all proclaim$ _! anxiety = conv]sion & _! rejection ( idols40 #hbi ,^! new conv]ts probably took ! e>lie/ opportunity ( apo/atis+ pres5t$ to !m by ! retreat ( ! conqu]or--a k9d ( action :i* we f9d ! e>ly ,muhammadan hi/orians ( ,india cont9ually compla9+ (4 ,= :5 ,qub al-,dn bak attack$ ,b>an 9 #aaic1 he 0 /\tly oppos$ by ,*&ras51 ! !n ,rj1 :o 0 a l9eal desc5dant ( ,h>datta & ^: v "n betrays 8 ,h9du fai?3 nor d we he> ( !re be+ any ,musalmans rema9+ "u 8 rule4 #hcj ,b ^! conqu]ors w\ld appe> to h _h v little ( t 8love = s\ls0 :i* animates ! true mission>y & :i* has a*iev$ su* great conque/s = ,islam4 ,! ,khiljs 7#abij-acbj71 ! ,tughlaqs 7#acbj-adab71 & ! ,lods 7#adea-aebf7 7 g5]ally too busily engag$ 9 fight+ to pay mu* reg>d to ! int]e/s ( religion1 or else ?\ght m ( ! exaction ( tribute ?an ( ! "w ( conv]sion4 #hca ,n t !y 7 entirely lack+ 9 religi\s zeal3 e4g4 ! ,ghakk>s1 a b>b>\s p 9 ! m\nta9\s di/ricts ( ! ,nor? ( ! ,panjb1 :o gave ! e>ly invad]s mu* tr\ble1 are said to h be5 conv]t$ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,muammad ,ghor at ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,_! *iefta9 _h be5 tak5 prison] by ! ,muhammadan mon>*1 :o induc$ him to become a ,musalman1 & !n confirm+ him 9 8 title ( *ief ( ?is tribe1 s5t him back to conv]t 8 foll[]s1 _m ( :om hav+ little religion ( _! own 7 easily prevail$ ^u to embrace ,islam4 #hcb ,accord+ to ,ibn ,baah1 ! ,khiljs (f]$ "s enc\ragem5t to conv]sion by mak+ x a cu/om to h ! new conv]t pres5t$ to ! sultan1 :o clad him 9 a robe ( hon\r & gave him a coll> & bracelets ( gold1 ( a value proportionate to 8 rank4 #hcc ,b ! mon>*s ( ! e>li] ,muhammadan dyna/ies z a rule ev9c$ v little proselytis+ zeal1 & x w\ld be h>d to f9d a p>allel 9 _! hi/ory to ! foll[+ passage f ! autobiography ( ,frz ,%h ,tughlaq 7#acea-achh73 8,i enc\rag$ my infidel subjects to embrace ! religion ( ! ,prophet1 & ,i proclaim$ t e "o :o repeat$ ! cre$ & became a ,musalman %\ld be exempt f ! jizyah1 or poll tax4 ,in=mation ( ?is came to ! e>s ( ! p at l>ge & great numb]s ( ,h9dus pres5t$ !mselves1 & 7 admitt$ to ! hon\r ( ,islam4 ,?us !y came =w>d day by day f e qu>t]1 &1 adopt+ ! fai?1 7 exon]at$ f ! jizyah1 & 7 fav\r$ ) pres5ts & hon\rs40 #hcd ,z ! ,muhammadan p[] became consolidat$1 & p>ticul>ly "u ! ,mughal dyna/y1 ! religi\s influ5ces ( ,islam naturally became m p]man5t & p]si/5t4 ,^! influ5ces are c]ta9ly app>5t 9 ! ,h9du !i/ic movem5ts t arose 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 & ,bi%op ,lefroy has conjectur$ t ! positive "* ( ,muslim tea*+ attract$ m9ds t 7 dissatisfi$ ) ! vagu5ess & subjectivity ( a ,pan!i/ic sy/em ( ?\ght4 8,:5 ,mohamm$anism1 ) its /rong grasp ( ! reality ( ! ,div9e exi/5ce &1 z fl[+ f ?is1 ( ! absolutely fix$ & objective "* ( tru?1 came into conflict ) ! haz9ess ( ,pan!i/ic ?\ght & ! subjectivity ( its belief1 x necess>ily foll[$1 n only t x triumph$ 9 ! /ruggle1 b also t x came z a v]itable tonic to ! life & ?\ght ( ,upp] ,india1 quick5+ into a fre% & m vigor\s life _m m9ds :i* nev] accept$ = !mselves its intellectual sway40 #hce ,a p[]ful inc5tive to conv]sion 0 (f]$1 :5 adh]5ce to an idolatr\s sy/em /ood 9 ! way ( advancem5t at ! ,muhammadan c\rts2 & ?\gh a _s ( tol]ance1 :i* rea*$ its culm9ation "u ! eclectic ,akb>1 0 v (t5 %[n t[>ds ,h9duism1 & respect$ ev51 = ! mo/ "p1 ! /ate end[m5ts ( t religion2 #hcf & ?\gh ! dread ( unpopul>ity & ! desire ( conciliation dictat$ a policy ( non-int]f]5ce & deprecat$ su* de$s ( viol5ce & su* outbur/s ( fanaticism z _h *>act]is$ ! e>li] p]iod ( invasion & triumph1 /ill su* motives ( self-int]e/ ga9$ _m conv]ts f ,h9duism to ! ,muhammadan fai?4 ,_m ,rajputs became conv]ts 9 ?is way1 & _! desc5dants are to ?is day to be f\nd among ! l&$ ari/ocracy4 ,! mo/ important p]haps among ^! is ! ,musalman bran* ( ! great ,ba*goti clan1 ! head ( :i* is ! premi] ,muhammadan noble ( ,oudh4 ,accord+ to "o tradition1 _! ance/or ,tilok ,*& 0 tak5 prison] by ! ,emp]or ,bb>1 & to rega9 8 lib]ty adopt$ ! fai? ( ,islam2 #hcg b ano!r leg5d places 8 conv]sion 9 ! reign ( ,humyn4 ,?is pr9ce hav+ he>d ( ! m>vell\s beauty ( ,tilok ,*&'s wife1 _h h] c>ri$ (f :ile %e 0 at a fair4 ,no soon]1 h[ev]1 0 %e br\ght to him ?an 8 consci5ce smote him & he s5t = h] husb&4 ,tilok ,*& _h despair$ ( ev] see+ h] aga91 & 9 gratitude he & 8 wife embrac$ ! fai? 8:i* taught su* g5]\s purity40 #hch ,^! conv]t$ ,rajputs are v zeal\s 9 ! practice ( _! religion1 yet (t5 betray _! ,h9du orig9 9 a v /rik+ mann]4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,bul&%ahr1 = example1 a l>ge ,musalman family1 :i* is kn[n z ! ,llkhn ,pahns1 /ill 7) "s exceptions7 reta9s its old ,h9du titles & family cu/oms ( m>riage1 :ile ,h9du bran*es ( ! same clan /ill exi/ side by side ) x4 #hci ,9 ! ,mirzapur di/rict1 ! ,gah>wr ,rajputs1 :o are n[ ,muslim1 /ill reta9 9 all dome/ic matt]s ,h9du laws & cu/oms & prefix a ,h9du honorific title to _! ,muhammadan names4 #hdj ,(ficial pressure is said nev] to h be5 m p]si/5tly br\ght to be> ^u ! ,h9dus ?an 9 ! reign ( ,aurangzeb4 ,9 ! ea/]n di/ricts ( ! ,panjb1 !re are _m cases 9 :i* ! ance/or ( ! ,musalman bran* ( ! village community is said to h *ang$ 8 religion 9 ! reign ( ?is zealot1 89 ord] to save ! l& ( ! village40 ,9 ,gurgaon1 ne> ,dehli1 !re is a ,h9du family ( ,banys :o /ill be> ! title ( ,%aykh 7:i* is commonly adopt$ by conv]t$ ,h9dus71 because "o ( ! memb]s ( ! family1 ^: l9e is n[ ext9ct1 became a conv]t 9 ord] to save ! family prop]ty f confiscation4 #hda ,_m ,rajput l&[n]s1 9 ! ,cawnpore di/rict1 7 compell$ to embrace ,islam = ! same reason4 #hdb ,9 o!r cases ! ance/or is said to h be5 c>ri$ z a prison] or ho/age to ,dehli1 & !re =cibly circumcis$ & conv]t$4 #hdc ,x %\ld be not$ t ! only au?ority = ^! =c$ conv]sions is family or local tradition1 & no m5tion ( su* 7z f> z ,i h be5 able to discov]7 is made 9 ! hi/orical acc\nts ( ,aurangzeb's reign4 #hdd ,x is e/abli%$ )\t d\bt t =c$ conv]sions h be5 made by ,muhammadan rul]s1 & x seems probable t ,aurangzeb's well-kn[n zeal on behalf ( 8 fai? has caus$ _m families ( ,nor!rn ,india 7! hi/ory ( ^: conv]sion has be5 =gott57 to attribute _! *ange ( fai? to ?is1 ! mo/ easily assignable cause4 ,simil>ly 9 ! ,deccan1 ,aurangzeb %>es ) ayd> ,al & ,tp ,suln 7^! be+ ! be/ kn[n ( mod]n ,muhammadan rul]s7 ! reputation ( hav+ =cibly conv]t$ sundry families & sections ( ! population1 ^: conv]sion und\bt$ly dates f a mu* e>li] p]iod1 f :i* no hi/orical record ( ! circum/ances ( ! case has come d[n4 #hde ,tp ,suln is probably ! ,muhammadan mon>* :o mo/ sy/ematically engag$ 9 ! "w ( =cible conv]sion4 ,9 #aghh he issu$ ! foll[+ proclamation to ! p ( ,malab>3 8,f ! p]iod ( ! conque/ until ?is day1 dur+ tw5ty-f\r ye>s1 y h be5 a turbul5t & refractory p1 & 9 ! w>s wag$ dur+ y\r ra9y season1 y h caus$ numb]s ( our w>riors to ta/e ! draught ( m>tyrdom4 ,be x s4 ,:at is pa/ is pa/4 ,h]eaft] y mu/ proce$ 9 an opposite mann]1 dwell quietly & pay y\r dues l good subjects2 & s9ce x is ! practice ) y = "o woman to associate ) t5 m51 & y leave y\r mo!rs & si/]s uncon/ra9$ 9 _! obsc5e practices1 & are !nce all born 9 adult]y1 & are m %ameless 9 y\r connections ?an ! bea/s ( ! field1 ,i h]eby require y to =sake ^! s9ful practices & to be l ! re/ ( mank9d2 & if y are disob$i5t to ^! comm&s1 ,i h made repeat$ v[s to hon\r ! :ole ( y ) ,islam & to m>* all ! *ief p]sons to ! seat ( ,gov]nm5t40 ,?is proclamation /irr$ up a g5]al revolt 9 ,malab>1 & e>ly 9 #aghi ,tp ,suln prep>$ to en=ce 8 proclamation ) an army ( m ?an tw5ty ?\s& m51 & issu$ g5]al ord]s t 8e be+ 9 ! di/rict )\t di/9ction %\ld be hon\r$ ) ,islam1 t ! h\ses ( su* z fl$ to avoid t hon\r %\ld be burn$1 t !y %\ld be trac$ to _! lurk+ places1 & t all means ( tru? & falsehood1 =ce or fraud %\ld be employ$ to effect _! univ]sal conv]sion40 ,?\s&s ( ,h9dus 7 accord+ly circumcis$ & made to eat beef2 b by ! end ( #agij ! ,briti% army _h de/roy$ ! la/ remnant ( ,tp ,suln's p[] 9 ,malab>1 & ?is mon>* himself p]i%$ e>ly 9 #agii at ! capture ( ,s]+apatam4 ,mo/ ( ! ,brahmans & ,nay>s :o _h be5 =cibly conv]t$1 subsequ5tly dis[n$ _! new religion4 #hdf ,h[ little 0 effect$ t[>ds ! spread ( ,islam by viol5ce on ! "p ( ! ,muhammadan rul]s may be judg$ f ! fact t ev5 9 ! c5tres ( ! ,muhammadan p[]1 su* z ,dehli & ,agra1 ! ,muhammadans 9 mod]n times 9 ! =m] di/rict h>dly exce$$ "o-t5?1 & 9 ! latt] !y did n =m "o-f\r? ( ! population4 #hdg ,a rem>kable example ( ! wor?lessness ( =c$ conv]sion is exhibit$ 9 ! case ( ,bodh ,mal1 ,raja ( ,majhauli1 9 ! di/rict ( ,gorakhpur2 he 0 arre/$ by ,akb> 9 default ( rev5ue1 c>ri$ to ,dehli1 & !re conv]t$ to ,islam1 receiv+ ! "n ( ,muammad ,salm4 ,b on 8 return 8 wife refus$ to let him into ! ance/ral ca/le1 &1 z app>5tly %e _h ! sympa?y ( 8 subjects on h] side1 %e gov]n$ 8 t]ritories dur+ ! m9ority ( 8 son ,bhawni ,mal1 s t ! ,h9du succession rema9$ undi/urb$4 #hdh ,until rec5tly !re 7 "s /range survivals ( a simil>ly futile false conv]sion1 noticeable 9 c]ta9 cu/oms ( a ,h9du sect call$ ! ,bi%nois1 ! pr9cipal t5et ( ^: fai? is ! r5unciation ( all ,h9du deities1 except ,viu4 ,!y us$ rec5tly to bury _! dead1 in/ead ( burn+ !m1 to adopt ,ghulm ,muammad & o!r ,muhammadan names1 & use ! ,muslim =m ( salutation4 ,!y expla9$ _! adoption ( ^! ,muhammadan cu/oms by say+ t hav+ once sla9 a ,q1 :o _h int]f]$ ) _! rite ( wid[-burn+1 !y _h comp\nd$ = ! (f5ce by embrac+ ,islam4 ,!y h n[1 h[ev]1 r5\nc$ ^! practices 9 fav\r ( ,h9du cu/oms4 #hdi ,b ?\gh "s ,muhammadan rul]s may h be5 m successful 9 =c+ an acceptance ( ,islam on c]ta9 ( _! ,h9du subjects ?an 9 ! la/-m5tion$ cases1 & :atev] tru? !re may be 9 ! ass]tion #hej t 8x is impossible ev5 to approa* ! religi\s side ( ! ,mahom$an position 9 ,india )\t survey+ fir/ its political aspect10 we und\bt$ly f9d t ,islam has ga9$ its greate/ & mo/ la/+ mission>y triumphs 9 times & places 9 :i* its political p[] has be5 weake/1 z 9 ,s\!rn ,india & ,ea/]n ,b5gal4 ,( su* mission>y movem5ts x is n[ propos$ to essay "s acc\nt1 comm5c+ ) ,s\!rn ,india & ! ,deccan1 !n aft] review+ ! hi/ory ( ,s9d1 ,cut* & ,guj>t1 pass+ to ,b5gal1 & f9ally notic+ "s mission>ies ^: "w lay outside ! above geographical limits4 ,( sev]al ( ! mission>ies to be ref]r$ to1 little is record$ beyond _! names & ! sph]e ( _! lab\rs2 accord+ly1 9 view ( ! g5]al de>? ( su* mission>y annals1 any available details h be5 giv5 at l5g?4 ,! fir/ adv5t ( ,islam 9 ,s\? ,india dates z f> back z ! eigh? c5tury1 :5 a b& ( refugees1 to :om ! ,mappillas trace _! desc5t1 came f ,irq & settl$ 9 ! c\ntry4 #hea ,! trade 9 spices1 ivory1 gems1 etc41 betwe5 ,india & ,europe1 :i* = _m hundr$ ye>s 0 conduct$ by ! ,arabs & ,p]sians1 caus$ a cont9ual /ream ( ,muhammadan influ5ce to fl[ 9 ^u ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\!rn ,india4 ,f ?is con/ant influx ( =eign]s !re result$ a mix$ population1 half ,h9du & half ,arab or ,p]sian1 9 ! trad+ c5tres along ! coa/4 ,v fri5dly relations appe> to h exi/$ betwe5 ^! ,muslim trad]s & ! ,h9du rul]s1 :o ext5d$ to !m _! protection & patronage 9 consid]ation ( ! increas$ comm]cial activity & consequ5t prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry1 t result$ f _! pres5ce 9 x1 #heb & no ob/acles 7 plac$ 9 ! way ( proselytis+1 ! native conv]ts receiv+ ! same consid]ation & respect z ! =eign m]*ants1 ev5 ?\gh be=e _! conv]sion !y _h belong$ to ! l[e/ grades ( society4 #hec ,! tradition>y acc\nt ( ! introduction ( ,islam into ,malab>1 z giv5 by a ,muhammadan hi/orian ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 repres5ts ! fir/ mission>ies to h be5 a p>ty ( pilgrims on _! way to visit ! foot-pr9t ( ,adam 9 ,ceylon2 on _! arrival at ,cranganore ! ,raja s5t = !m & ! lead] ( ! p>ty1 ,%aykh ,%>af b4 ,mlik1 :o 0 accompani$ by 8 bro!r1 ,mlik b4 ,dnr1 & 8 nephew1 ,mlik b4 abb1 took ! opportunity ( exp\nd+ to him ! fai? ( ,islam & ! mission ( ,muammad1 8& ,god caus$ ! tru? ( ! ,prophet's tea*+ to ent] into ! k+'s he>t & he believ$ !re92 & 8 he>t became fill$ ) love = ! ,prophet & he bade ! ,%aykh & companions come back to him aga9 on _! return f _! pilgrimage to ,adam's foot-pr9t40 #hed ,on ! return ( ! pilgrims f ,ceylon1 ! k+ secretly dep>t$ ) !m 9 a %ip b\nd = ! coa/ ( ,arabia1 leav+ 8 k+dom 9 ! h& ( vic]oys4 ,"h he rema9$ = "s "t1 & 0 j ab\t to return to 8 own c\ntry1 ) ! int5tion ( erect+ mosques !re & spread+ ! fai? ( ,islam1 :5 he fell sick & di$4 ,on 8 dea?-b$ he solemnly enjo9$ on 8 companions n to ab&on _! propos$ mission>y j\rney to ,malab>1 & to assi/ !m 9 _! lab\rs1 he gave !m lett]s ( recomm5dation to 8 vic]oys1 at ! same "t bidd+ !m conceal ! fact ( 8 dea?4 ,arm$ ) ^! lett]s1 ,%>af b4 ,mlik & 8 companions sail$ = ,cranganore1 :]e ! k+'s lett] secur$ = !m a k9dly welcome & a grant ( l&1 on :i* !y built a mosque4 ,mlik b4 ,dnr decid$ to settle !re1 b ,mlik b4 abb set out on a mission>y t\r ) ! object ( build+ mosques ?r\gh\t ,malab>4 8,s ,mlik b4 abb set out = ,quilon ) 8 worldly goods & 8 wife & "s ( 8 *ildr51 & he built a mosque !re2 !n leav+ 8 wife !re1 he w5t on to ,hl ,mrw1 #hee :]e he built a mosque02 & s ! n>rative cont9ues1 giv+ a li/ ( sev5 o!r places at :i* ! mission>y erect$ mosques1 f9ally return+ to ,cranganore4 ,lat] on1 he visit$ all ^! places aga9 to pray 9 ! mosque at ea* ( !m1 & came back 8prais+ & giv+ ?anks to ,god = ! manife/ation ( ! fai? ( ,islam 9 a l& fill$ ) unbeliev]s40 #hef ,9 spite ( ! circum/antial "* ( ?is n>rative1 !re is no evid5ce ( its hi/oricity4 ,popul> belief puts ! date ( ! ev5ts record$ z f> back z ! lifetime ( ! ,prophet2 ) a mild scepticism ,zayn al-,dn ?\ght t !y c\ld n h be5 e>li] ?an ! ?ird c5tury ( ! ,hijrah2 #heg b !re is no m au?ority = ! "o date ?an = ! o!r1 or = ! common ,mappilla tradition ( ! exi/5ce ( ! tomb ( a ,h9du k+ at ,zafr1 on ! coa/ ( ,arabia1 be>+ ! inscription1 8,abd al-,ramn al-,smir1 arriv$ ,a4,h4 #bab1 di$ ,a4,h4 #baf02 #heh & ! mosque at ,madyi1 said to h be5 f\nd$ by ,mlik b4 ,dnr1 be>s an inscription commemorat+ its erection 9 ,a4,d4 #aabd4 #hei ,b ! leg5d c]ta9ly be>s witness to ! peaceful "* ( ! proselytis+ influ5ces t 7 at "w on ! ,malab> coa/ = c5turies4 ,! ag5ts 9 ?is "w 7 *iefly ,arab m]*ants1 b ,ibn ,baah makes m5tion ( sev]al pr(ess$ !ologians f ,arabia & else:]e1 :om he met 9 v>i\s t[ns on ! ,malab> coa/4 #hfj ,! ,zamor9 ( ,calicut1 :o 0 "o ( ! *ief patrons ( ,arab trade1 is said to h enc\rag$ conv]sion to ,islam1 9 ord] to man ! ,arab %ips on :i* he dep5d$ = 8 aggr&isem5t1 & to h ord]$ t 9 e family ( fi%]m5 9 8 dom9ion "o or m ( ! male memb]s %\ld be br\ght up z ,muhammadans4 #hfa ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! ,mappillas 7 e/imat$ to h =m$ "o-fif? ( ! population ( ,malab>1 spoke ! same language z ! ,h9dus1 & 7 only di/+ui%$ f !m by _! long be>ds & peculi> head-dress4 ,b = ! arrival ( ! ,portuguese1 ! :ole ( ?is coa/ w\ld h become ,muhammadan1 because ( ! frequ5t conv]sions t took place & ! p[]ful influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! ,muslim m]*ants f o!r p>ts ( ,india1 su* z ,guj>t & ! ,deccan1 & f ,arabia & ,p]sia4 #hfb ,b !re w\ld appe> to be no record ( ! individuals :o took "p 9 ! propag&a1 except 9 ! case ( ! hi/orian ,abd al-,razzq1 :o has himself left an acc\nt ( 8 unsuccessful mission to ! c\rt ( ! ,zamor9 ( ,calicut4 ,he 0 s5t on ?is mission 9 ! ye> #adda by ! ,tmrid ,%h ,rukh ,bahdur1 9 response to an appeal made by an ambassador :o _h be5 s5t by ! ,zamor9 ( ,calicut to ?is mon>*4 ,! ambassador 0 himself a ,musalman & repres5t$ to ! ,sultan h[ excell5t & m]itori\s an action x w\ld be to s5d a special envoy to ! ,zamor91 8to invite him to accept ,islam 9 accordance ) ! injunction #8,summon ?\ to ! ways ( ?y ,"l ) wisdom & ) k9dly w>n+1' #hfc & op5 ! bolt ( d>kness & error t lock$ 8 b5ight$ he>t1 & let ! spl5d\r ( ! light ( ! fai? & ! brightness ( ! sun ( k %9e into ! w9d[ ( 8 s\l40 ,abd al-,razzq 0 *os5 = ?is task & aft] an adv5tur\s j\rney rea*$ ,calicut1 b appe>s to h met ) a cold reception1 & aft] rema9+ !re = ab\t six mon?s ab&on$ 8 orig9al purposes & made 8 way back to ,khursn1 :i* he rea*$ aft] an abs5ce ( ?ree ye>s4 #hfd ,ano!r community ( ,musalmans 9 ,s\!rn ,india1 ! ,ravuttans1 #hfe ascribe _! conv]sion to ! prea*+ ( mission>ies ^: tombs are held 9 v5]ation by !m to ! pres5t day4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ^! 0 ,sayyid ,na?> ,%h #hff 7,a4,d4 #ifi-ajci7 :o aft] _m w&]+s 9 ,arabia1 ,p]sia & ,nor!rn ,india1 settl$ d[n 9 ,tri*9opoly1 :]e he sp5t ! rema9+ ye>s ( 8 life 9 pray] & works ( *>ity1 & conv]t$ a l>ge numb] ( ,h9dus to ! fai? ( ,islam2 8 tomb is mu* resort$ to z a place ( pilgrimage & ! ,muhammadans re-nam$ ,tri*9opoly ,na?>nag>1 aft] ! "n ( _! sa9t4 #hfg ,sayyid ,ibrhm ,%ahd 7said to h be5 born ab\t ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury71 ^: tomb is at ,ervadi1 0 a militant h]o :o l$ an exp$ition into ! ,p&yan k+dom1 occupi$ ! c\ntry = ab\t twelve ye>s1 b 0 at l5g? sla92 8 son's life 01 h[ev]1 sp>$ 9 consid]ation ( ! b5efic5t rule ( 8 fa!r1 & a grant ( l& giv5 to him1 :i* 8 desc5dants enjoy to ! pres5t day4 ,! late/ ( ^! sa9ts1 ,%h al-amd 7#aecb-afjj71 0 born at ,manikpur 9 ,nor!rn ,india1 & sp5t mo/ ( 8 life 9 visit+ ! holy %r9es ( ,islam & 9 mission>y t\rs *iefly ?r\gh\t ,s\!rn ,india2 he f9ally settl$ 9 ,nagore1 :]e ! desc5dants ( 8 adopt$ son are /ill 9 *>ge ( 8 tomb4 #hfh ,ano!r gr\p ( ,muhammadans 9 ,s\!rn ,india1 ! ,dudekulas1 :o live by cotton clean+ 7z _! "n d5otes7 & by weav+ co>se fabrics1 attribute _! conv]sion to ,bb ,fakhr al-,dn1 ^: tomb !y rev]e at ,p5ukonda4 ,leg5d says t he 0 orig9ally a k+ ( ,s/n1 :o abdicat$ 8 ?rone 9 fav\r ( 8 bro!r & became a religi\s m5dicant4 ,aft] mak+ ! pilgrimage to ,mecca & ,m$9a1 he 0 bidd5 by ! ,prophet 9 a dream to g to ,india2 "h he met ,na?> ,%h1 ( ,tri*9opoly1 & became 8 disciple & 0 s5t by him 9 company ) #bjj religi\s m5dicants on a proselytis+ mission4 ,! leg5d goes on to say t !y f9ally settl$ at ,p5ukonda 9 ! vic9ity ( a ,h9du temple1 :]e _! pres5ce 0 unwelcome to ! ,raja ( ! place1 b in/ead ( appeal+ to =ce he appli$ sev]al te/s to discov] :e!r ! ,muhammadan sa9t or 8 own prie/ 0 ! bett] qualifi$ by sanctity to possess ! temple4 ,z a f9al te/1 he _h !m bo? ti$ up 9 sacks fill$ ) lime & ?r[n into tanks4 ,! ,h9du prie/ nev] re-appe>$1 b ,bb ,fakhr al-,dn ass]t$ ! sup]iority ( 8 fai? by be+ miracul\sly transport$ to a hill outside ! t[n4 ,! ,raja h]eupon became a ,musalman1 & 8 example 0 foll[$ by a l>ge numb] ( ! inhabitants ( ! neighb\rhood1 & ! temple 0 turn$ into a mosque4 #hfi ,! hi/ory ( ,islam 9 ,s\!rn ,india by no means always cont9u$ to be ( s peaceful a "*1 b x does n appe> t ! =cible conv]sions ( ! ,h9dus & o!rs to ,islam :i* 7 p]petrat$ :5 ! ,muhammadan p[] became p>am\nt "u ayd> ,al 7#agfg-aghb7 & ,tp ,suln 7#aghb-agii71 c be p>allel$ 9 ! e>li] hi/ory ( ?is "p ( ,india4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !re is no reason to d\bt t con/ant conv]sions by peaceful me?ods 7 made to ,islam f among ! l[] ca/es1 #hgj z is ! case at ! pres5t day :5 accessions to ,islam f "t to "t occur f among ! ,tiyans1 :o are said to =m "o ( ! mo/ progressive communities 9 ,india1 ! ,mukkuvans or fi%]man ca/e1 z well z f ! ,*]umans or agricultural lab\r]s1 & o!r s]f ca/es1 to :om ,islam br+s deliv]ance f ! disabilities atta*+ to ! outca/s ( ! ,h9du social sy/em2 occasionally1 also1 conv]ts are drawn f among ! ,nay>s & ! native ,*ri/ians4 ,9 ,ponnani1 ! resid5ce ( ! spiritual head ( ! majority ( ! ,muhammadans ( ,malab>1 !re is an association entitl$ ,m9nat al-,islm ,sabh1 :]e conv]ts are in/ruct$ 9 ! t5ets ( _! new fai? & mat]ial assi/ance r5d]$ to ^? "u in/ruction2 ! av]age numb] ( conv]ts receiv$ 9 ?is in/itution 9 ! c\rse ( ! fir/ ?ree ye>s ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 0 #gej4 #hga ,s num]\s h ^! conv]sions f ,h9duism be51 t ! t5d5cy ( ! ,muhammadans ( ! we/ z well z ! ea/ coa/ ( ,s\!rn ,india has be5 to rev]sion to ! ,h9du or aborig9al type1 &1 except 9 ! case ( "s ( ! nobl] families1 !y n[ 9 great "p pres5t all ! *>act]i/ics ( an aborig9al p1 ) v little ( ! orig9al =eign blood 9 !m4 #hgb ,9 ! we/]n coa/ di/ricts ! tyranny ( ca/e intol]ance is peculi>ly oppressive2 to give b "o in/ance1 9 ,travancore c]ta9 ( ! l[] ca/es may n come ne>] ?an sev5ty-f\r paces to a ,brahman1 & h to make a grunt+ noise z !y pass along ! road1 9 ord] to give w>n+ ( _! approa*4 ,simil> in/ances might be abundantly multipli$4 ,:at wond]1 !n1 t ! ,musalman population is fa/ increas+ ?r\gh conv]sion f ^! l[] ca/es1 :o !reby free !mselves f su* degrad+ oppression1 & raise !mselves & _! desc5dants 9 ! social scale8 ,9 fact ! ,mappillas on ! we/ coa/ are said to be increas+ s consid]ably ?r\gh accessions f ! l[] classes ( ,h9dus1 z to r5d] x possible t 9 a few ye>s ! :ole ( ! l[] races ( ! we/ coa/ may become ,muhammadans4 #hgc ,x 0 mo/ probably f ,malab> t ,islam cross$ ov] to ! ,laccadive & ,maldive ,isl&s1 ! population ( :i* is n[ entirely ,muslim4 ,! inhabitants ( ^! isl&s ow$ _! conv]sion to ! ,arab & ,p]sian m]*ants1 :o e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ! c\ntry1 int]m>ry+ ) ! natives1 & ?us smoo?+ ! way = ! "w ( active proselytism4 ,! date ( ! conv]sion ( ! fir/ ,muhammadan ,sultan ( ! ,maldive ,isl&s1 ,amad ,%anrzah1 #hgd has be5 conjectur$ to h occurr$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #abjj1 b x is v possible t ! ,muhammadan m]*ants _h introduc$ _! religion into ! isl& z mu* z ?ree c5turies be=e1 & ! process ( conv]sion mu/ und\bt$ly h be5 a gradual "o4 #hge ,no details1 h[ev]1 h come d[n to u4 ,at ,ml1 ! seat ( gov]nm5t1 is f\nd ! tomb ( ,%aykh ,ysuf ,%ams al-,dn1 a native ( ,tabrz1 9 ,p]sia1 :o is said to h be5 a successful mission>y ( ,islam 9 ^! isl&s4 ,8 tomb is /ill held 9 great v5]ation1 & always kept 9 good repair1 & 9 ! same "p ( ! isl& are buri$ "s ( 8 c\ntrym5 :o came 9 se>* ( him1 & rema9$ 9 ! ,maldives until _! dea?4 #hgf ,! introduction ( ,islam into ! neighb\r+ ,laccadive ,isl&s is attribut$ to an ,arab prea*]1 kn[n to ! isl&]s by ! "n ( ,mumba ,mulyaka2 8 tomb is /ill %[n at ,&ro? & z ! pres5t q ( t place claims to be tw5ty-six? 9 desc5t f him1 he probably rea*$ ^! isl&s "s "t 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 #hgg ,! ,deccan also 0 ! sc5e ( ! successful lab\rs ( _m ,muslim mission>ies4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t f v e>ly times ,arab trad]s _h visit$ ! t[ns on ! we/ coa/2 9 ! t5? c5tury we are told t ! ,arabs 7 settl$ 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! t[ns ( ! ,konkan1 hav+ int]m>ri$ ) ! wom5 ( ! c\ntry & liv+ "u _! own laws & religion4 #hgh ,"u ! ,muhammadan dyna/ies ( ! ,bahmanid 7#acdg-adij7 & ,bjpr 7#adhi-afhf7 k+s1 a fre% impulse 0 giv5 to ,arab immigration1 & ) ! trad] & ! soldi] ( =tune came ! mission>ies seek+ to make spiritual conque/s 9 ! cause ( ,islam1 & w9 ov] ! unbeliev+ p ( ! c\ntry by _! prea*+ & example1 = ( =cible conv]sions we h no record "u ! e>ly ,deccan dyna/ies1 ^: rule 0 *>act]is$ by a /rik+ tol]ation4 #hgi ,"o ( ^! ,arab prea*]s1 ,pr ,mahbr ,khamdyat1 came z a mission>y to ! ,deccan z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #acjd1 & among ! cultivat+ classes ( ,bjpr are to be f\nd desc5dants ( ! ,ja9s :o 7 conv]t$ by him4 #hhj ,ab\t ! close ( ! same c5tury a celebrat$ sa9t ( ,gulb>ga1 ,sayyid ,muammad ,gsd>z1 #hha conv]t$ a numb] ( ,h9dus ( ! ,poona di/rict1 & tw5ty ye>s lat] 8 lab\rs 7 cr[n$ ) a l success 9 ,belgaum4 #hhb ,at ,dahanu /ill reside ! desc5dants ( a relative ( "o ( ! greate/ sa9ts ( ,islam1 ,sayyid ,abd al-,qdir ,jln ( ,baghdd2 he came to ,we/]n ,india ab\t ! fifte5? c5tury1 & aft] mak+ _m conv]ts 9 ! ,konkan1 di$ & 0 buri$ at ,dahanu4 #hhc ,9 ! di/rict ( ,dh>w>1 !re are l>ge numb]s ( weav]s ^: ance/ors 7 conv]t$ by ,h%im ,pr ,guj>t1 ! religi\s tea*] ( ! ,bjpr k+1 ,ibrhm dil ,%h ,,ii1 ab\t ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,^! m5 /ill reg>d ! sa9t ) special rev]5ce & pay great respect to 8 desc5dants4 #hhd ,! desc5dants ( ano!r sa9t1 ,%h ,muammad diq ,s>ma/ usayn1 are /ill f\nd 9 ,nasik2 he is said to h be5 ! mo/ successful ( ,muhammadan mission>ies2 hav+ come f ,m$9a 9 #aefh1 he travell$ ov] ! great] "p ( ,we/]n ,india & f9ally settl$ at ,nasik--9 :i* di/rict ano!r v successful ,muslim mission>y1 ,khwjah ,khunmir usayn1 _h begun to lab\r ab\t fifty ye>s be=e4 #hhe ,two o!r ,arab mission>ies may be m5tion$1 ! sc5e ( ^: proselytis+ ef=ts 0 laid 9 ! di/rict ( ,belgaum1 namely ,sayyid ,muammad b4 ,sayyid ,al & ,sayyid ,um> ,aydrs ,ba%eban4 #hhf ,ano!r mission>y movem5t may be said r\ghly to c5tre r\nd ! city ( ,multan4 #hhg ,?is 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,arab conque/ 0 "o ( ! outpo/s ( ,islam1 :5 ,muammad b4 ,qsim _h e/abli%$ ,muhammadan supremacy ov] ,s9d 7,a4,d4 #gad74 ,dur+ ! ?ree c5turies ( ,arab rule !re 7 naturally _m accessions to ! fai? ( ! conqu]ors4 ,sev]al ,s9dian pr9ces respond$ to ! invitation ( ! ,caliph ,um> b4 ,abd al-,azz to embrace ,islam4 #hhh ,! p ( ,sw&>i--:o submitt$ to ,muammad b4 ,qsim & _h peace grant$ to !m on ! condition t !y w\ld ent]ta9 ! ,musalmans & furni% guides--are spok5 ( by al-,baldhur 7writ+ ab\t a hundr$ ye>s lat]7 z pr(ess+ ,islam 9 8 "t2 & ! despat*es ( ! conqu]or frequ5tly ref] to ! conv]sion ( ! unbeliev]s4 ,t ^! conv]sions 7 9 ! ma9 volunt>y1 may be judg$ f ! tol]ation t ! ,arabs1 aft] ! fir/ viol5ce ( _! onslaught1 %[$ t[>ds _! idolatr\s subjects4 ,! p ( ,brahmanbd1 = example1 ^: city _h be5 tak5 by /orm1 7 all[$ to repair _! temple1 :i* 0 a means ( livelihood to ! ,brahmans1 & nobody 0 to be =bidd5 or prev5t$ f foll[+ 8 own religion1 #hhi & g5]ally1 :]e submission 0 made1 qu>t] 0 readily giv51 & ! p 7 p]mitt$ ! ex]cise ( _! own cre$s & laws4 ,dur+ ! tr\bles t befell ! caliphate 9 ! latt] half ( ! n9? c5tury1 ,s9d1 neglect$ by ! c5tral gov]nm5t1 came to be divid$ among sev]al petty pr9ces1 ! mo/ p[]ful ( :om 7 ! ,amrs ( ,multan & ,mansra4 ,su* disunion naturally weak5$ ! political p[] ( ! ,musalmans1 :i* _h 9 fact begun to decl9e e>li] 9 ! c5tury4 ,= 9 ! reign ( al-,mutaim 7,a4,d4 #hcc-hdb71 ! ,indians ( ,s9dn #hij decl>$ !mselves indep5d5t1 b !y sp>$ ! mosque1 9 :i* ! ,musalmans 7 all[$ to p]=m _! devotions undi/urb$4 #hia ,! ,muhammadans ( ,multan succe$$ 9 ma9ta9+ _! political indep5d5ce1 & kept !mselves f be+ conqu]$ by ! neighb\r+ ,h9du pr9ces1 by ?reat5+1 if attack$1 to de/roy an idol :i* 0 held 9 great v5]ation by ! ,h9dus & 0 visit$ by pilgrims f ! mo/ di/ant p>ts4 #hib ,b 9 ! h\r ( its political decay1 ,islam 0 /ill a*iev+ mission>y successes4 ,al-,baldhur #hic tells ! foll[+ /ory ( ! conv]sion ( a k+ ( ,usayfn1 a c\ntry betwe5 ,ka%mr & ,multan & ,kbul4 ,! p ( ?is c\ntry wor%ipp$ an idol = :i* !y _h built a temple4 ,! son ( ! k+ fell sick1 & he desir$ ! prie/s ( ! temple to pray to ! idol = ! recov]y ( 8 son4 ,!y retir$ = a %ort "t1 & !n return$ say+3 8,we h pray$ & our supplications h be5 accept$40 ,b no long "t pass$ be=e ! y\? di$4 ,!n ! k+ attack$ ! temple1 de/roy$ & broke 9 pieces ! idol1 & slew ! prie/s4 ,he aft]w>ds invit$ a p>ty ( ,muhammadan trad]s1 :o made kn[n to him ! unity ( ,god2 :]eupon he believ$ 9 ! unity & became a ,muslim4 ,a simil> mission>y influ5ce 0 d\btless ex]cis$ by ! num]\s communities ( ,muslim m]*ants :o c>ri$ _! religion ) !m into ! infidel cities ( ,h9du/an4 ,arab geograph]s ( ! t5? & twelf? c5turies m5tion ! names ( _m su* cities1 bo? on ! coa/ & inl&1 :]e ! ,musalmans built _! mosques1 & 7 safe "u ! protection ( ! native pr9ces1 :o ev5 grant$ !m ! privilege ( liv+ "u _! own laws4 #hid ,! ,arab m]*ants at ?is "t =m$ ! m$ium ( comm]cial communication betwe5 ,s9d & ! neighb\r+ c\ntries ( ,india & ! outside _w4 ,!y br\ght ! produce ( ,*9a & ,ceylon to ! sea-ports ( ,s9d & f !re convey$ !m by way ( ,multan to ,turki/an & ,khursn4 #hie ,x w\ld be /range if ^! trad]s1 scatt]$ ab\t 9 ! cities ( ! unbeliev]s1 fail$ to exhibit ! same proselytis+ zeal z we f9d 9 ! ,muhammadan trad] else:]e4 ,to ! influ5ce ( su* trad+ communities 0 mo/ probably due ! conv]sion ( ! ,sammas1 :o rul$ ov] ,s9d f ,a4,d4 #acea to #aeba4 ,:ile ! reign ( ,n&a b4 ,bb9iyyah ( ?is dyna/y is specially m5tion$ z "o ( su* 8peace & security1 t nev] 0 ?is pr9ce call$ ^u to ride =? to battle1 & nev] did a foe take ! field aga9/ him10 #hif x is at ! same "t describ$ z be+ 8rem>kable = its ju/ice & an increase ( ,islam40 ,?is increase c\ld ?us only h be5 br\ght ab\t by peaceful mission>y me?ods4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ^! mission>ies 0 ! celebrat$ sa9t1 ,sayyid ,ysuf al-,dn1 a desc5dant ( ,abd al-,qdir ,jln1 :o 0 bidd5 9 a dream to leave ,baghdd = ,india & conv]t its inhabitants to ,islam4 ,he came to ,s9d 9 #adbb & aft] lab\r+ !re = t5 ye>s1 he succe$$ 9 w9n+ ov] to ,islam #gjj families ( ! ,lohna ca/e1 :o foll[$ ! example ( two ( _! numb]1 by "n ,sund>j & ,hansrj2 ^! m5 embrac$ ,islam1 aft] see+ "s miracles p]=m$ by ! sa9t1 & on _! conv]sion receiv$ ! names ( ,adamj & ,tj ,muammad respectively4 ,"u ! lead]%ip ( ! gr&son ( ! =m]1 ^! p aft]w>ds migrat$ to ,cut*1 :]e _! numb]s 7 increas$ by conv]ts f among ! ,cut* ,lohnas4 #hig ,s9d 0 also ! sc5e ( ! lab\rs ( ,pr adr al-,dn1 an ,isml mission>y1 :o 0 head ( ! ,khojah sect ab\t ! ye> #adcj4 ,9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( accommodation practis$ by ?is sect1 he took a ,h9du "n & made c]ta9 concessions to ! religi\s beliefs ( ! ,h9dus ^: conv]sion he s\ght to a*ieve1 & introduc$ among !m a book entitl$ ,dasavatr 9 :i* ,al 0 made out to be ! t5? ,avatr or inc>nation ( ,viu2 ?is book has be5 f ! beg9n+ ! accept$ scripture ( ! ,khojah sect1 & x is always read by ! b$side ( ! dy+ & p]iodically at _m fe/ivals2 x assumes ! n9e inc>nations ( ,viu to be true z f> z !y g1 b to fall %ort ( ! p]fect tru?1 & supplem5ts ?is imp]fect ,vaiav sy/em by ! c>d9al doctr9e ( ! ,ismlians1 ! inc>nation & com+ manife/ation ( ,al4 ,fur!r1 he made out ,brahm to be ,muammad1 ,viu to be ,al & ,adam ,siva4 ,! fir/ ( ,pr adr al-,dn's conv]ts 7 won 9 ! villages & t[ns ( ,upp] ,s9d3 he prea*$ also 9 ,cut* & f ^! p>ts ! doctr9es ( ?is sect spread s\?w>ds ?r\gh ,guj>t to ,bombay2 & at ! pres5t day ,khojah communities are to be f\nd 9 almo/ all ! l>ge trad+ t[ns ( ,we/]n ,india & on ! seabo>d ( ! ,indian ,ocean4 #hih ,pr adr al-,dn 0 n h[ev] ! fir/ ( ! ,ismlian mission>ies :o came into ,india4 ,he 0 prec$$ by ,abd ,allh1 a mission>y s5t f ,yaman ab\t #ajfg2 he is said to h be5 a man ( great le>n+1 & is cr$it$ ) ! p]=mance ( _m miracles1 :]eby he conv9c$ a l>ge numb] ( ,h9dus ( ! tru? ( 8 religion4 #hii ,! second ,isml mission>y1 ,nr al-,dn1 g5]ally kn[n by ! ,h9du "n he adopt$1 ,nr ,satg>1 0 s5t into ,india f ,alamt1 ! /ronghold ( ! ,gr& ,ma/] ( ! ,ismls1 & rea*$ ,guj>t 9 ! reign ( ! ,h9du k+1 ,siddh ,rj 7,a4,d4 #ajid-aadc74 #ijj ,he adopt$ a ,h9du "n b told ! ,muhammadans t 8 real "n 0 ,sayyid ,sadat2 he is said to h conv]t$ ! ,kanbs1 ,khrws & ,kors1 l[ ca/es ( ,guj>t4 #ija ,z ,nr ,satg> is rev]$ z ! fir/ mission>y ( ! ,khojahs1 s is ,abd ,allh believ$ by "s to h be5 ! f\nd] ( ! sect ( ! ,bohras1 a l>ge & important community ( ,%ahs1 ma9ly ( ,h9du orig91 :o are f\nd 9 consid]able numb]s 9 ! *ief comm]cial c5tres ( ! ,bombay ,presid5cy4 ,b o!rs ascribe ! hon\r ( be+ ! fir/ ,bohra mission>y to ,mull ,al1 ( ^: proselytis+ me?ods ! foll[+ acc\nt is giv5 by a ,%ah hi/orian3 8,z ! p ( ,guj>t 9 ^? days 7 infidels & accept$ z _! religi\s lead] an old man ^: tea*+ !y bl9dly foll[$1 ,mull ,al saw no alt]native b to g to ! old man & ask to become 8 disciple1 int5d+ to set be=e him su* conv9c+ argum5ts t he w\ld become a ,musalman1 & aft]w>ds to attempt ! conv]sion ( o!rs4 ,he accord+ly sp5t "s ye>s 9 ! s]vice ( ! old man1 & hav+ le>n$ ! language ( ! p ( ! c\ntry1 read _! books & acquir$ a k ( _! sci5ces4 ,/ep by /ep he unfold$ to ! enlight5$ m9d ( ! old man ! tru? ( ! fai? ( ,islam & p]suad$ him to become a ,musalman4 ,aft] 8 conv]sion1 "s ( 8 disciples foll[$ ! old man's example4 ,f9ally1 ! *ief m9i/] ( ! k+ ( t c\ntry became aw>e ( ! old man's conv]sion to ,islam1 & go+ to see him submitt$ to 8 spiritual guidance & likewise became a ,musalman4 ,= a long "t1 ! old man1 ! m9i/] & ! re/ ( ! conv]ts to ,islam1 kept ! fact ( _! conv]sion conceal$ & ?r\gh fe> ( ! k+ always took c>e to prev5t x com+ to 8 k2 b at l5g? ! k+ receiv$ a report ( ! m9i/]'s hav+ adopt$ ,islam & began to make inquiries4 ,"o day1 )\t giv+ previ\s notice1 he w5t to ! m9i/]'s h\se & f\nd him b[+ 8 head 9 pray] & 0 vex$ ) him4 ,! m9i/] recognis$ ! purpose ( ! k+'s visit1 & realis$ t 8 displeasure _h be5 excit$ by suspicions ar\s$ by 8 pray]1 ) its b[+ & pro/rations2 b ! guidance ( ,god & div9e grace befitt+ ! occasion1 he said t he 0 mak+ ^! movem5ts because he 0 wat*+ a s]p5t 9 ! corn] ( ! room4 ,:5 ! k+ turn$ t[>ds ! corn] ( ! room1 by div9e provid5ce he saw a snake !re1 & accept$ ! m9i/]'s excuse & 8 m9d 0 cle>$ ( all suspicions4 ,9 ! end ! k+ also secretly became a ,musalman1 b = reasons ( /ate conceal$ 8 *ange ( m9d2 :5 h[ev]1 ! h\r ( 8 dea? drew ne>1 he gave ord]s t 8 body 0 n to be burnt1 z is ! cu/om ( ! infidels4 ,subsequ5tly to 8 decease1 :5 ,suln ,zaf>1 "o ( ! tru/y nobles ( ,suln ,frz ,%h1 k+ ( ,dehl1 conqu]$ ,guj>t1 "s ( ! ,sunn nobles :o accompani$ him us$ argum5ts to make ! p jo9 ! ,sunn sect ( ! ,muslim fai?2 s "s ( ! ,bohras are ,sunns1 b ! great] "p rema9 true to _! orig9al fai?40 #ijb ,sev]al small gr\ps ( ,musalmans 9 ,cut* & ,guj>t trace _! conv]sion to ,imm ,%h ( ,prna1 #ijc :o 0 actively engag$ 9 mission>y "w dur+ ! latt] half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,he is said to h conv]t$ a l>ge body ( ,h9du cultivators1 by br++ ab\t a fall ( ra9 aft] two seasons ( sc>city4 ,on ano!r occasion meet+ a b& ( ,h9du pilgrims pass+ ?r\gh ,prna on _! way to ,b5>es1 he (f]$ to take !m !re2 !y agre$ & 9 a mom5t 7 9 ! holy city1 :]e !y ba!d 9 ! ,ganges & paid _! v[s2 !y !n awoke to f9d !mselves /ill 9 ,prna & adopt$ ! fai? ( ! sa9t :o c\ld p]=m su* a miracle4 ,he di$ 9 #aeab & 8 tomb 9 ,prna is /ill an object ( pilgrimage = ,h9dus z well z = ,muhammadans4 #ijd ,_m ( ! ,cut* ,musalmans t are ( ,h9du desc5t rev]5ce z _! spiritual lead] ,dwal ,%h ,pr1 ^: real "n 0 ,malik ,abd al-,laf1 #ije ! son ( "o ( ! nobles ( ,mamd ,bg>ah 7#adei-aeaa71 ! fam\s mon>* ( ! ,muhammadan dyna/y ( ,guj>t1 to ^: reign popul> tradition assigns ! date ( ! conv]sion ( _m ,h9dus4 #ijf ,x is 9 ,b5gal1 h[ev]1 t ! ,muhammadan mission>ies 9 ,india h a*iev$ _! greate/ success1 z f> z numb]s are conc]n$4 ,a ,muhammadan k+dom 0 fir/ f\nd$ "h at ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury by ,muammad ,bakhtiyr ,khilj1 :o conqu]$ ,bih> & ,b5gal & made ,gaur ! capital ( ! latt] prov9ce4 ,! long cont9uance ( ! ,muhammadan rule w\ld naturally assi/ ! spread ( ,islam1 & ?\gh ! ,h9du rule 0 re/or$ = t5 ye>s "u ! tol]ant ,rj ,kns1 ^: rule is said to h be5 popul> ) 8 ,muhammadan subjects1 #ijg 8 son1 ,jatmall1 r5\nc$ ! ,h9du religion & became a ,musalman4 ,aft] 8 fa!r's dea? 9 #adad he call$ toge!r all ! (fic]s ( ! /ate & ann\nc$ 8 int5tion ( embrac+ ,islam1 & proclaim$ t if ! *iefs w\ld n p]mit him to asc5d ! ?rone1 he 0 ready to give x up to 8 bro!r2 :]eupon !y decl>$ t !y w\ld accept him z _! k+1 :atev] religion he might adopt4 ,accord+ly1 sev]al le>n$ m5 ( ! ,muslim fai? 7 summon$ to witness ! ,raja r5\nce ! ,h9du religion & publicly pr(ess 8 acceptance ( ,islam3 he took ! "n ( ,jall al-,dn ,muammad ,%h1 & accord+ to tradition num]\s conv]sions 7 made dur+ 8 reign4 #ijh ,_m ( ^! 7 h[ev] due to =ce1 = 8 reign is signalis$ z be+ ! only "o 9 :i* any :olesale p]secution ( ! subject ,h9dus is record$1 dur+ ! five c5turies & a half ( ,muhammadan rule 9 ,ea/]n ,b5gal4 #iji ,conv]sions1 h[ev]1 (t5 took place at o!r times "u pressure f ! ,muhammadan gov]nm5t4 ,! ,rajas ( ,kh>agpur 7 orig9ally ,h9dus1 & became ,muhammadans because1 hav+ be5 defeat$ by "o ( ,akb>'s g5]als1 !y 7 only all[$ to reta9 ! family e/ates on ! condition t !y embrac$ ,islam4 ,! ,h9du ance/or ( ! family ( ,asad ,al ,khn1 9 ,*ittagong1 0 depriv$ ( 8 ca/e by be+ =c$ to smell beef & _h p]=ce to become a ,muhammadan1 & sev]al o!r in/ances ( ! same k9d might be quot$4 #iaj ,mur%id ,qul ,khn 7son ( a conv]t$ ,brahman71 :o 0 made gov]nor ( ,b5gal by ! ,emp]or ,aurangzeb at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 en=c$ a law t any (ficial or l&lord1 :o fail$ to pay ! rev5ue t 0 due or 0 unable to make good ! loss1 %\ld ) 8 wife & *ildr5 be compell$ to become ,muhammadans4 ,fur!r1 x 0 ! common law t any ,h9du :o =feit$ 8 ca/e by a brea* ( regulations c\ld only be re9/at$ by ! ,muhammadan gov]nm5t2 if ! gov]nm5t refus$ to int]f]e1 ! outca/ _h no means ( rega9+ 8 position 9 ! social sy/em ( ! ,h9dus1 & w\ld probably f9d no res\rce b to become a ,musalman4 #iaa ,! ,afghn adv5tur]s :o settl$ 9 ?is prov9ce also appe> to h be5 active 9 ! "w ( proselytis+1 = besides ! *ildr5 t !y _h by ,h9du wom51 !y us$ to pur*ase a numb] ( boys 9 times ( sc>city1 & educate !m 9 ! t5ets ( ,islam4 #iab ,b x is n 9 ! anci5t c5tres ( ! ,muhammadan gov]nm5t t ! ,musalmans ( ,b5gal are f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s1 b 9 ! c\ntry di/ricts1 9 di/ricts :]e !re are no traces ( settl]s f ! ,we/1 & 9 places :]e l[-ca/e ,h9dus & outca/s mo/ ab\nd4 #iac ,! simil>ity ( mann]s betwe5 ^! l[-ca/e ,h9dus & ! foll[]s ( ! ,prophet1 & ! ca/e di/9ctions :i* !y /ill reta91 z well z _! physical lik5ess1 all be> ! same te/imony & id5tify ! ,b5gal ,musalmans ) ! aborig9al tribes ( ! c\ntry4 ,"h ,islam met ) no consolidat$ religi\s sy/em to b> its progress1 z 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,india1 :]e ! ,muhammadan invad]s f\nd ,brahmanism full ( fre% life & vig\r aft] its triumphant /ruggle ) ,buddhism2 :]e1 9 spite ( p]secutions1 its influ5ce 0 an inspir+ =ce 9 ! opposition (f]$ by ! ,h9dus1 & reta9$ its hold on !m 9 ! h\r ( _! deepe/ di/ress & degradation4 ,b 9 ,b5gal ! ,muslim mission>ies 7 welcom$ ) op5 arms by ! aborig9es & ! l[ ca/es on ! v outskirts ( ,h9duism1 despis$ & condemn$ by _! pr\d ,aryan rul]s4 8,to ^! poor p1 fi%]m51 hunt]s1 pirates1 & l[-ca/e till]s ( ! soil1 ,islam came z a revelation f on high4 ,x 0 ! cre$ ( ! rul+ race1 its mission>ies 7 m5 ( zeal :o br\ght ! ,gospel ( ! unity ( ,god & ! equality ( m5 9 its sight to a despis$ & neglect$ population4 ,! initiatory rite r5d]$ relapse impossible1 & made ! proselyte & 8 po/]ity true believ]s = ev]4 ,9 ?is way ,islam settl$ d[n on ! ri*e/ alluvial prov9ce ( ,india1 ! prov9ce :i* 0 capable ( support+ ! mo/ rapid & d5se/ increase ( population4 ,compulsory conv]sions are occasionally record$4 ,b x 0 n to =ce t ,islam ow$ its p]man5t success 9 ,l[] ,b5gal4 ,x appeal$ to ! p1 & x d]iv$ ! great mass ( its conv]ts f ! poor4 ,x br\ght 9 a high] conception ( ,god1 & a nobl] idea ( ! bro!rhood ( man4 ,x (f]$ to ! teem+ l[ ca/es ( ,b5gal1 :o _h sat = ages abject on ! out]mo/ pale ( ! ,h9du community1 a free entrance into a new social organisation40 #iad ,! exi/5ce 9 ,b5gal ( def9ite mission>y ef=ts is said to be atte/$ by c]ta9 leg5ds ( ! zeal ( private individuals on behalf ( _! religion1 & ! graves ( "s ( ^! mission>ies are /ill hon\r$1 & are annually visit$ by hundr$s ( pilgrims4 #iae ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ^! 0 ,%aykh ,jall al-,dn ,tabrz1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #abdd4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ! great sa9t1 ,%ihb al-,dn ,suhraw>d4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 mission>y j\rneys he visit$ ,b5gal1 :]e a %r9e to :i* is atta*$ a ri* end[m5t 0 erect$ 9 8 hon\r1 ! real site ( 8 tomb be+ unkn[n4 ,_m miracles are ascrib$ to him2 among o!rs1 t he conv]t$ a ,h9du milkman to ,islam by a s+le look4 #iaf ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury !re 0 a rem>kable revival ( ! ,muhammadan religion 9 ,b5gal1 & sev]al sects t owe _! orig9 to ! influ5ce ( ! ,wahhb re=mation1 h s5t _! mission>ies ?r\gh ! prov9ce purg+ out ! remnants ( ,h9du sup]/itions1 awak5+ religi\s zeal & spread+ ! fai? among unbeliev]s4 #iag ,"s acc\nt /ill rema9s to be giv5 ( ,muslim mission>ies :o h lab\r$ 9 p>ts ( ,india o!r ?an ^? m5tion$ above4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ^! is ,%aykh ,isml1 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ! ,sayyids ( ,bukhr1 di/+ui%$ alike = 8 secul> & religi\s le>n+2 he is said to h be5 ! fir/ ,muslim mission>y :o prea*$ ! fai? ( ,islam 9 ! city ( ,lahore1 :i!r he came 9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #ajje4 ,cr[ds flock$ to li/5 to 8 s]mons1 & ! numb] ( 8 conv]ts swell$ rapidly day by day1 & x is said t no unbeliev] ev] came into p]sonal contact ) him )\t be+ conv]t$ to ! fai? ( ,islam4 #iah ,! conv]sion ( ! inhabitants ( ! we/]n pla9s ( ! ,panjb is said to h be5 effect$ ?r\gh ! prea*+ ( ,bah al-aqq ( ,multan #iai & ,bb ,f>d al-,dn ( ,pakpattan1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! end ( ! ?irte5? & beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5turies4 #ibj ,a biograph] ( ! latt] sa9t gives a li/ ( sixte5 tribes :o 7 won ov] to ,islam ?r\gh 8 prea*+1 b un=tunately provides u ) no details ( ?is "w ( conv]sion4 #iba ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ! ,muslim sa9ts ( ,india & a pione] ( ,islam 9 ,rajputana 0 ,khwjah ,mun al-,dn ,*i%t1 :o di$ 9 ,ajmr 9 ,a4,d4 #abcd4 ,he 0 a native ( ,saji/n to ! ea/ ( ,p]sia1 & is said to h receiv$ 8 call to prea* ,islam to ! unbeliev]s 9 ,india :ile on a pilgrimage to ,m$9a4 ,"h ! ,prophet appe>$ to him 9 a dream & ?us address$ him3 8,! ,almighty has entru/$ ! c\ntry ( ,india to !e4 ,g ?i!r & settle 9 ,ajmr4 ,by ,god's help1 ! fai? ( ,islam %all1 ?r\gh ?y piety & t ( ?y foll[]s1 be spread 9 t l&40 ,he obey$ ! call & made 8 way to ,ajmr :i* 0 !n "u ,h9du rule & idolatry prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,among ! fir/ ( 8 conv]ts "h 0 a ,yog1 :o 0 ! spiritual preceptor ( ! ,raja himself3 gradually he ga!r$ ar\nd him a l>ge body ( disciples :om 8 tea*+s _h won f ! ranks ( infidelity1 & 8 fame z a religi\s lead] became v widespread & attract$ to ,ajmr great numb]s ( ,h9dus :om he p]suad$ to embrace ,islam4 #ibb ,on 8 way to ,ajmr he is said to h conv]t$ z _m z #gjj p]sons 9 ! city ( ,delhi4 ,( imm5se importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ,islam 9 ,india 0 ! arrival 9 t c\ntry ( ,sayyid ,jall al-,dn1 :o is said to h be5 born at ,bukhr 9 #aaii4 ,he settl$ 9 ,u*1 n[ 9 ! ,bahawalpur t]ritory1 9 #abdd1 & conv]t$ numb]s ( p]sons 9 ! neighb\rhood to ,islam2 he di$ 9 #abia1 & 8 desc5dants1 _m ( :om are also rev]$ z sa9ts1 h rema9$ z gu>dians ( 8 %r9e up to ! pres5t day & =m ! c5tre ( a widespread religi\s influ5ce4 ,8 gr&son1 ,sayyid ,amad ,kabr1 kn[n z ,makhdm-i-,jahniyn1 is cr$it$ ) hav+ effect$ ! conv]sion ( sev]al tribes 9 ! ,punjab4 #ibc ,ab\t a mile to ! ea/ ( ,u* is situat$ ! %r9e ( asan ,kabr al-,dn1 son ( ,sayyid adr al-,dn1 :o 0 a contempor>y ( ,jall-al-,dn2 bo? fa!r & son are said to h made _m conv]ts1 & su* 0 ! influ5ce attribut$ to asan ,kabr al-,dn t x 0 said z soon z 8 glance fell ^u any ,h9du1 ! latt] w\ld accept ,islam4 #ibd ,r lat] 9 ! same c5tury1 a native ( ,p]sian ,irq1 by "n ,ab ,al ,qal&>1 came into ,india & took up 8 resid5ce at ,panipat1 :]e he di$ at ! ripe age ( #ajj1 9 ,a4,d4 #acbd4 ,! ,muslim ,rajputs ( ?is city1 numb]+ ab\t #cjj males1 are desc5d$ f a c]ta9 ,amr ,s+h :o 0 conv]t$ by ?is sa9t4 ,8 tomb is /ill held 9 hon\r & is visit$ by _m pilgrims4 ,ano!r su* 0 ,%aykh ,jall al-,dn1 a ,p]sian :o came into ,india ab\t ! latt] half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury & settl$ d[n at ,silha1 9 ,l[] ,assam1 9 ord] to conv]t ! p ( ^! p>ts to ,islam4 ,he a*iev$ a great reputation z a holy man1 & 8 proselytis+ lab\rs 7 cr[n$ ) em95t success4 #ibe ,9 m rec5t ye>s !re h be5 abundant witnesses = ,islam seek+ to spread ?is fai? 9 ,india--& ) v consid]able success2 ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury especially witness$ a great revival ( mission>y activity1 ! numb] ( annual conv]sions be+ v>i\sly e/imat$ at t51 fifty1 "o hundr$ & six hundr$ ?\s&4 #ibf ,b x is difficult to obta9 accurate in=mation on acc\nt ( ! peculi>ly individuali/ic "* ( ,muslim mission>y "w & ! abs5ce ( any c5tral organisation or ( any?+ 9 ! way ( mission>y reports1 & ! success t att5ds ! lab\rs ( ,muslim prea*]s is sometimes mu* exagg]at$1 e4g4 9 ! ,panjb a c]ta9 j ,muammad is said to h conv]t$ z _m z #bjj1jjj ,h9dus1 #ibg & a mawlav 9 ,bangalore boa/$ t 9 five ye>s he _h made z _m z #ajjj conv]ts 9 ?is city & its suburbs4 ,b t !re are ,muslim mission>ies engag$ 9 active & successful propag&i/ lab\rs is und\bt$1 & ! foll[+ examples are typical ( ! p]iod ref]r$ to4 ,mawlav ,baq usayn ,khn1 an it9]ant prea*]1 9 ! c\rse ( sev]al ye>s conv]t$ #bbh p]sons1 resid5ts ( ,bombay1 ,cawnpore1 ,ajmr1 & o!r cities4 ,mawlav asan ,al conv]t$ tw5ty-five p]sons1 twelve 9 ,poona1 ! re/ 9 ayd>abad & o!r p>ts ( ,india4 #ibh ,9 ! di/rict ( ,kh&e%1 9 ! ,bombay ,presid5cy1 ! prea*+ ( ! ,q ( ,nasirabad1 ,sayyid ,safd> ,al1 won ov] to ,islam a l>ge body ( artisans1 :o foll[ ! trade ( arm\r]s or blacksmi?s4 #ibi ,a numb] ( p]sons ( ! same trade1 :o =m a small community ( ab\t #bjj s\ls 9 ! di/rict ( ,nasik1 7 conv]t$ 9 a curi\s way ab\t #ahgj4 ,! ,presbyt]ian mission>ies ( ,nasik _h = a long "t be5 try+ to conv]t !m f ,h9duism1 & !y 7 9 a /ate ( hesitation z to :e!r or n to embrace ,*ri/ianity :5 a ,muhammadan faqr f ,bombay1 :o 0 well acqua9t$ ) _! habits ( ?\ght1 exp\nd$ to !m ! doctr9es ( ,islam & succe$$ 9 w9n+ !m ov] to t fai?4 #icj ,9 ,patiala1 ,mawlav ,ubayd ,allh1 a conv]t$ ,brahman ( great le>n+1 prov$ himself to be a zeal\s prea*] ( ,islam1 & 9 spite ( ! ob/acles t 7 at fir/ ?r[n 9 8 way by 8 relatives1 a*iev$ s great a success t 8 conv]ts almo/ fill$ an entire w>d ( ! city4 ,he wrote controv]sial works1 :i* h pass$ ?r\gh sev]al editions1 direct$ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian & ,h9du religions4 ,9 "o ( ^! books he ?us speaks ( 8 own conv]sion3 8,i1 ,muammad ,ubayd ,allh1 ! son ( ,mun%i ,ko ,mal1 resid5t ( ,payal1 9 ! ,patiala ,/ate1 decl>e t ?is poor man 9 8 *ildhood & dur+ ! lifetime ( 8 fa!r 0 held 9 ! bondage ( idol-wor%ip1 b ! m]cy ( ,god caught me by ! h& & drew me t[>ds ,islam1 i4e4 ,i came to "k ! excell5ce ( ,islam & ! defici5cies ( ,h9duism1 & ,i accept$ ,islam he>t & s\l & c\nt$ myself "o ( ! s]vants ( ! ,prophet ( ,god 7peace be ^u him674 ,at t "t intellig5ce1 :i* is ! gift ( ,god1 sugge/$ to me t x 0 m]e folly & laz9ess to bl9dly foll[ ! cu/oms ( "o's =efa!rs & be misl$ by !m & n make rese>*es into matt]s ( religion & fai?1 :]eon dep5d our et]nal bliss or mis]y4 ,) ^! ?\ghts ,i began to /udy ! curr5t fai?s & inve/igat$ ea* ( !m imp>tially4 ,i ?or\ghly explor$ ! ,h9du religion & conv]s$ ) le>n$ ,paits1 ga9$ a ?or\gh k ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 read ! books ( ,islam & conv]s$ ) le>n$ m54 ,9 all ( !m ,i f\nd errors & fallacies1 ) ! exception ( ,islam1 ! excell5ce ( :i* became cle>ly manife/ to me2 its lead]1 ,muammad ! ,prophet1 possesses su* moral excell5ces t no tongue c describe !m1 & he alone :o kn[s ! beliefs & ! liturgy1 & ! moral tea*+s & practice ( ?is fai?1 c fully realise !m4 ,praise be to ,god6 ,s excell5t is ?is religion t ev]y?+ 9 x leads ! s\l to ,god4 ,9 %ort1 by ! grace ( ,god1 ! di/9ction betwe5 tru? & falsehood became z cle> to me z night & day1 d>kness & light4 ,b al?\gh my he>t _h long be5 enlight5$ by ! brightness ( ,islam & my m\? fragrant ) ! pr(ession ( fai?1 yet my evil passions & ,satan _h b\nd me ) ! fett]s ( ! luxury & ease ( ?is fleet+ _w1 & ,i 0 9 evil case because ( ! outw>d obs]vances ( idolatry4 ,at l5g?1 ! grace ( ,god ?us admoni%$ me3 #8,h[ long wilt ?\ keep ?is priceless pe>l hidd5 )9 ! %ell & ?is refre%+ p]fume %ut up 9 ! casket8 ?\ %\lde/ we> ?is pe>l ab\t ?y neck & pr(it by ?is p]fume4' ,moreov] ! le>n$ h decl>$ t to conceal "o's fai? 9 ,islam & reta9 ! dress & habits ( infidels br+s a man to ,hell4 ,s 7,god be prais$67 on ! d al-,fir #abfd ! sun ( my conv]sion em]g$ f its scre5 ( cl\ds1 & ,i p]=m$ my devotions 9 public ) my ,muslim bre?r540 #ica ,_m ,muhammadan prea*]s h adopt$ ! me?ods ( ,*ri/ian mission>ies1 su* z /reet prea*+1 tract di/ribution1 & o!r ag5cies4 ,9 _m ( ! l>ge cities ( ,india1 ,muslim prea*]s may be f\nd daily exp\nd+ ! tea*+s ( ,islam 9 "s pr9cipal ?or\ghf>e4 ,9 ,bangalore ?is practice is v g5]al1 & "o ( ^! prea*]s1 :o 0 ! imm ( ! mosque ab\t ! ye> #ahij1 0 s popul> t he 0 ev5 sometimes invit$ to prea* by ,h9dus3 he prea*$ 9 ! m>ket-place1 & 9 ! c\rse ( sev5 or eight ye>s ga9$ =ty-two conv]ts4 ,9 ,bombay a ,muhammadan mission>y prea*es almo/ daily ne> ! *ief m>ket ( ! city1 & 9 ,calcutta !re are sev]al prea*+-/ations t are kept con/antly suppli$4 ,among ! conv]ts are occasionally to be f\nd "s ,europeans1 mo/ly p]sons 9 indig5t circum/ances2 ! mass1 h[ev]1 are ,h9dus4 #icb ,"s ( ! num]\s ,anjumans t h ( rec5t ye>s sprung up 9 ! *ief c5tres ( ,musalman life 9 ,india1 include among _! objects ! s5d+ ( mission>ies to prea* 9 ! baza>s2 su* are ! ,anjuman imyat-i-,islm ( ,lahore1 & ! ,anjuman m ,islm ( ,ajmr4 ,^! p>ticul> ,anjumans appo9t paid ag5ts1 b mu* ( ! "w ( prea*+ 9 ! baza>s is p]=m$ by p]sons :o are engag$ 9 "s trade or bus9ess dur+ ! work+ h\rs ( ! day & devote _! leisure "t 9 ! ev5+s to ?is pi\s "w4 ,mu* ( ! mission>y zeal ( ! ,indian ,musalmans is direct$ t[>ds c\nt]act+ ! anti-,islamic t5d5cies ( ! in/ruction giv5 by ,*ri/ian mission>ies & ! prea*]s ( ! rya ,samj1 & ! ef=ts made are ?us def5sive r ?an directly proselytis+4 ,"s prea*]s too turn _! att5tion r to ! /r5g!n+ ( ! f\ndation already laid1 & endeav\r to rid _! ignorant co-religioni/s ( _! ,h9du sup]/itions1 & in/il 9 !m a pur] =m ( fai?1 su* ef=ts be+ 9 _m cases ! cont9uation ( e>li] mission>y activity4 ,! "w ( conv]sion has inde$ be5 (t5 v imp]fect4 ,( _m1 nom9ally ,muslims1 x may be said t !y are half ,h9dus3 !y obs]ve ca/e rules1 !y jo9 9 ,h9du fe/ivals & practise num]\s idolatr\s c]emonies4 ,9 c]ta9 di/ricts also1 e4g4 9 ,mewt & ,gurgaon1 l>ge numb]s ( ,muhammadans may be f\nd :o "k no?+ ( _! religion b its "n2 !y h no mosques1 nor d !y obs]ve ! h\rs ( pray]4 ,?is is especially ! case among ! ,muhammadans ( ! villages or 9 p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e !y are isolat$ f ! mass ( believ]s2 b 9 ! t[ns ! pres5ce ( le>n$ religi\s m5 t5ds1 9 great measure1 to c\nt]act ! influ5ce ( =m] sup]/itions1 & makes = a pur] & m intellig5t =m ( religi\s life4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 h[ev]1 !re has be51 speak+ g5]ally1 a movem5t noticeable among ! ,indian ,muslims t[>ds a religi\s life m /rictly 9 accordance ) ! laws ( ,islam4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian mission s*ools has also be5 v great 9 /imulat+ among "s ,muhammadans ( ! y\ng] g5]ation a /udy ( _! own religion & 9 br++ ab\t a consequ5t awak5+ ( religi\s zeal4 ,inde$1 ! spread ( education g5]ally1 has l$ to a m intellig5t grasp ( religi\s pr9ciples & to an increase ( religi\s tea*]s 9 outly+ & hi!rto neglect$ di/ricts4 ,?is mission>y movem5t ( re=m 7f :atev] cause x may orig9ate71 may be obs]v$ 9 v diff]5t p>ts ( ,india4 ,9 ! ea/]n di/ricts ( ! ,panjb1 = example1 aft] ! ,mut9y1 a great religi\s revival took place4 ,prea*]s travell$ f> & wide ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 call+ ^u believ]s to ab&on _! idolatr\s practices & exp\nd+ ! true t5ets ( ! fai?4 ,n[1 9 consequ5ce1 mo/ villages1 9 :i* ,muhammadans own any consid]able portion1 h a mosque1 :ile ! gross] & m op5 idolatries are be+ discont9u$4 #icc ,9 ,rajputana also1 ! ,h9du tribes :o h be5 f "t to "t conv]t$ to ,islam 9 ! rural di/ricts1 are n[ becom+ m or?odox & regul> 9 _! religi\s obs]vances1 & are ab&on+ ! anci5t cu/oms :i* hi!rto !y _h obs]v$ 9 common ) _! idolatr\s neighb\rs4 ,! ,m]ts1 = example1 n[ foll[ ! or?odox ,muhammadan =m ( m>riage in/ead ( ! ,h9du ritual !y =m]ly obs]v$1 & h abjur$ ! fle% ( ! wild bo>4 #icd ,a simil> revival 9 ,b5gal has already be5 spok5 ( above4 ,su* movem5ts & ! ef=ts ( individual mission>ies are1 h[ev]1 q inadequate to expla9 ! rapid increase ( ! ,muhammadans ( ,india1 & "o is naturally l$ to inquire :at are ! causes o!r ?an ! normal increase ( population1 #ice :i* add s enorm\sly to _! numb]s4 ,! answ] is to be f\nd 9 ! social conditions ( life among ,h9dus4 ,! insults & contempt heap$ ^u ! l[] ca/es ( ,h9dus by _! co-religioni/s1 & ! impassable ob/acles plac$ 9 ! way ( any memb] ( ^! ca/es desir+ to bett] 8 condition1 %[ up 9 /rik+ contra/ ! b5efits ( a religi\s sy/em :i* has no outca/s1 & gives free scope = ! indulg5ce ( any ambition4 ,9 ,b5gal1 = example1 ! weav]s ( cotton piece-goods1 :o are look$ ^u z vile by _! ,h9du co-religioni/s1 embrace ,islam 9 l>ge numb]s to escape f ! l[ position to :i* !y are o!rwise degrad$4 #icf ,a v rem>kable in/ance ( a simil> k9d occurs 9 ! hi/ory ( ! nor?-ea/]n "p ( ! same prov9ce4 ,"h 9 ! ye> #aeej ! aborig9al tribe ( ! ,koc* e/abli%$ a dyna/y "u _! great lead]1 ,haju2 9 ! reign ( 8 gr&son1 :5 ! high] classes 9 ! /ate 7 receiv$ into ! pale ( ,h9duism1 #icg ! mass ( ! p f9d+ !mselves despis$ z outca/s1 became ,muhammadans4 #ich ,! escape t ,islam (f]s to ,h9dus f ! oppression ( ! high] ca/es 0 /rik+ly illu/rat$ 9 ,t9nevelli at ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a v l[ ca/e1 ! ,%an>s1 _h 9 rec5t ye>s become prosp]\s & _m ( !m _h built f9e h\ses2 !y ass]t$ t !y _h ! "r to wor%ip 9 temples1 f :i* !y _h hi!rto be5 exclud$4 ,a riot ensu$1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! ,%an>s suff]$ badly at ! h&s ( ,h9dus ( a high] ca/e1 & !y took refuge 9 ! pale ( ,islam4 ,six hundr$ ,%an>s 9 "o village became ,muslims 9 "o day1 & _! example 0 quickly foll[$ 9 o!r places4 #ici ,simil> in/ances might be giv5 f o!r p>ts ( ,india4 ,a ,h9du :o has 9 any way lo/ ca/e & be5 9 consequ5ce repudiat$ by 8 relations & by ! society ( :i* he has be5 accu/om$ to move1 w\ld naturally be attract$ t[>ds a religion t receives all )\t di/9ction1 & (f]s to him a grade ( society equal 9 ! social scale to t f :i* he has be5 bani%$4 ,su* a *ange ( religion might well be accompani$ ) s9c]e conviction1 b m5 also :o might be pr(\ndly indiff]5t to ! numb] or names ( ! deities !y 7 call$ ^u to wor%ip1 w\ld feel v ke5ly ! social o/racism entail$ by _! loss ( ca/e1 & become ,muhammadan )\t any religi\s feel+s at all4 ,! influ5ce ( ! /udy ( ,muhammadan lit]ature also1 & ! habitual contact ) ,muhammadan society1 mu/ (t5 make itself ins5sibly felt4 ,among ! ,rajput pr9ces ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 ,rajputana & ,bundelkh&1 su* t5d5cies t[>ds ,islamism 7 to be obs]v$1 #idj t5d5cies :i*1 _h ! ,mughal empire la/$1 w\ld probably h l$ to _! ultimate conv]sion4 ,!y n only respect$ ,muhammadan sa9ts1 b _h ,muhammadan tutors = _! sons2 !y also _h _! food kill$ 9 accordance ) ! regulations laid d[n by ! ,muhammadan law1 & jo9$ 9 ! ,muhammadan fe/ivals dress$ z faqrs1 & pray+ l true believ]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 conjectur$ t ! pres5t position ( affairs1 "u a gov]nm5t p]fectly imp>tial 9 matt]s religi\s1 is mu* m likely to promote conv]sions among ! ,h9dus g5]ally ?an 0 ! case "u ! rule ( ! ,muhammadan k+doms1 :5 ,h9duism ga9$ union & /r5g? f ! con/ant /ruggle ) an aggressive enemy4 #ida ,h9dus1 too1 (t5 flock 9 l>ge numb]s to ! tombs ( ,muslim sa9ts on ! day appo9t$ to commemorate !m1 & a *ildless fa!r1 ) ! feel+ t prompts a poly!i/ to leave no ,god unaddress$1 w pres5t 8 petition to ! ,god ( ! ,muhammadans1 & if *ildr5 are born to him1 app>5tly 9 answ] to ?is pray]1 ! :ole family w 9 su* a case 7& examples are n infrequ5t7 embrace ,islam4 #idb ,love = a ,muhammadan woman is occasionally ! cause ( ! conv]sion ( a ,h9du1 s9ce ! m>riage ( a ,muslim woman to an unbeliev] is absolutely =bidd5 by ! ,muslim law4 ,h9du *ildr51 if adopt$ by weal?y ,musalmans1 w\ld be br\ght up 9 ! religion ( _! new p>5ts2 & a ,h9du wife1 m>ri$ to a foll[] ( ! ,prophet1 w\ld be likely to adopt ! fai? ( h] husb&4 #idc ,z ! contr>y process c r>ely take place1 ! numb] ( ,muhammadans is b\nd to increase 9 proportion to t ( ! ,h9dus4 ,h9dus1 :o = "s reason or o!r h be5 driv5 out ( _! ca/e2 ! poor :o h become ! recipi5ts ( ,muhammadan *>ity1 or wom5 & *ildr5 :o h be5 protect$ :5 _! p>5ts h di$ or des]t$ !m--7su* cases w\ld naturally be frequ5t 9 times ( fam9e7--=m a cont9u\s ?\gh small /ream ( additions f ! ,h9dus4 #idd ,!re are (t5 local circum/ances fav\rable to ! gr[? ( ,islam2 = example1 x has be5 po9t$ out #ide t 9 ! villages ( ! ,t]ai1 9 :i* ! numb] ( ,h9dus & ,muhammadans happ5 to be equally balanc$1 any increase 9 ! pr$om9ance ( ! ,muhammadans is inv>iably foll[$ by disputes ab\t ! kill+ ( c[s & o!r practices (f5sive to ,h9du feel+4 ,! ,h9dus gradually move away f ! village1 leav+ beh9d ( _! cre$ only ! ,*amr pl\ghman 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,muhammadan peasants4 ,^! latt] ev5tually adopt ! religion ( _! ma/]s1 n f any conviction ( its tru?1 b f ! inconv5i5ce _! isolation entails4 ,"s /rik+ in/ances ( conv]sions f ! l[] ca/es ( ,h9dus are also f\nd 9 ! agricultural di/ricts ( ,oudh4 ,al?\gh ! ,muhammadans ( ?is prov9ce =m only "o-t5? ( ! :ole population1 /ill ! small gr\ps ( ,muhammadan cultivators =m 8scatt]$ c5tres ( revolt aga9/ ! degrad+ oppression to :i* _! religion hopelessly consigns ^! l[] ca/es40 #idf ,! advantages ,islam holds out to su* classes z ! ,kors & ,*amrs1 :o /& at ! l[e/ level ( ,h9du society1 & ! deliv]ance :i* conv]sion to ,islam br+s !m1 may be be/ und]/ood f ! foll[+ passage descriptive ( _! social condition z ,h9dus4 #idg 8,! l[e/ dep? ( mis]y & degradation is rea*$ by ! ,kors & ,*amrs1 ! weav]s & lea!r-cutt]s to ! re/4 ,_m ( ^! 9 ! nor!rn di/ricts are actually bond-slaves1 hav+ h>dly ev] ! _s to avail !mselves ( ! rem$y (f]$ by our c\rts1 & desc5d ) _! *ildr5 f g5]ation to g5]ation z ! value ( an old pur*ase4 ,!y hold ! pl\gh = ! ,brahman or ,*hattri ma/]1 ^: pride ( ca/e =bids him to t\* x1 & live ) ! pigs1 less unclean ?an !mselves1 9 sep>ate qu>t]s ap>t f ! re/ ( ! village4 ,always on ! v]ge ( />vation1 _! lean1 black1 & ill-=m$ figures1 _! /upid faces1 & _! repulsively fil?y habits reflect ! wret*$ de/9y :i* condemns !m to be l[] ?an ! bea/ among _! fell[-m51 & yet t !y are f> f incapable ( improvem5t is prov$ by ! active & useful /able s]vants drawn f among !m1 :o receive good pay & live well "u ,european ma/]s4 ,a *ange ( religion is ! only means ( escape op5 to !m1 & !y h little reason to be fai?ful to _! pres5t cre$40 ,x is ?is abs5ce ( class prejudices :i* con/itutes ! real /r5g? ( ,islam 9 ,india1 & enables x to w9 s _m conv]ts f ,h9duism4 ,to complete ?is survey ( ,islam 9 ,india1 "s acc\nt /ill rema9s to be giv5 ( ! spread ( ?is fai? 9 ,ka%mr & !nce beyond ! bord]s ( ,india into ,tibet4 ,( all ! prov9ces & /ates ( ,india 7) ! exception ( ,s9d7 ,ka%mr conta9s ! l>ge/ numb] ( ,muhammadans 7namely #gj p] c5t47 9 proportion to ! :ole population2 b un=tunately hi/orical facts t %\ld expla9 ! exi/5ce 9 ?is /ate ( s _m ,musalmans1 almo/ entirely ( ,h9du or ,tibetan orig91 are v scanty4 ,b all ! evid5ce leads u to attribute x on ! :ole to a long-cont9u$ mission>y movem5t inaugurat$ & c>ri$ out ma9ly by faqrs & d]vi%es1 among :om 7 ,ismlian prea*]s s5t f ,alamt4 #idh ,x is difficult to say :5 ?is ,islamis+ influ5ce fir/ made itself felt 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! fir/ ,muhammadan k+ ( ,ka%mr1 adr al-,dn1 #idi is said to h ow$ 8 conv]sion to a c]ta9 ,d>we% ,bulbul ,%h 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,?is sa9t 0 ! only religi\s tea*] :o c\ld satisfy 8 crav+ = religi\s tru? :51 dissatisfi$ ) 8 own ,h9du fai?1 he look$ = a m acceptable =m ( doctr9e4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! same c5tury 79 #achh7 ! progress ( ,islam 0 mo/ mat]ially fur!r$ by ! adv5t ( ,sayyid ,al ,hamadn1 a fugitive f 8 native city ( ,hamadn 9 ,p]sia1 :]e he _h incurr$ ! wra? ( ,tmr4 ,he 0 accompani$ by #gjj ,sayyids1 :o e/abli%$ h]mitages all ov] ! c\ntry & by _! influ5ce appe> to h assur$ ! acceptance ( ! new religion4 ,_! adv5t appe>s1 h[ev]1 to h also /irr$ up consid]able fanaticism1 z ,sultan ,sik&> 7#acic-adag7 acquir$ ! "n ( ,but%ikan f 8 de/ruction ( ,h9du idols & temples1 & 8 prime m9i/]1 a conv]t$ ,h9du1 set on foot a fi]ce p]secution ( ! adh]5ts ( 8 old fai?1 b on 8 dea? tol]ation 0 aga9 made ! rule ( ! k+dom4 #iej ,t[>ds ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 a mission>y1 by "n ,mr ,%ams al-,dn1 belong+ to a ,%ah sect1 came f ,irq1 &1 ) ! aid ( 8 disciples1 won ov] a l>ge numb] ( conv]ts 9 ,ka%mr4 ,:5 "u ,akb>1 ,ka%mr became a prov9ce ( ! ,mughal empire1 ! ,muhammadan influ5ce 0 naturally /r5g!n$ & _m m5 ( le>n+ came into ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! reign ( ,aurangzeb1 ! ,rajput ,raja ( ,ki%tw> 0 conv]t$ by ! miracles ( a c]ta9 ,sayyid ,%h ,f>d al-,dn & 8 conv]sion seems to h be5 foll[$ by t ( ! majority ( 8 subjects1 & along ! r\te :i* ! ,mughal emp]ors took on _! progresses into ,ka%mr we /ill f9d ,rajas :o are ! desc5dants ( ,muhammadanis$ ,rajputs4 #iea ,to ! nor? & nor?-ea/ ( ,ka%mr1 ! prov9ces ( ,balti/an & ,ladakh are inhabit$ by a mix$ ,tibetan race1 among :om ,islam has be5 firmly e/abli%$ = sev]al c5turies1 b ! date & mann] ( its introduction is unkn[n4 ,! ,muhammadans ( ,balti/an tell ( f\r bro!rs :o came f ,khursn & br\ght ab\t a revival ( ! fai?1 b appe> to h no tradition reg>d+ ! e>lie/ propag&i/s4 #ieb ,up to ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,islam appe>$ to be mak+ progress1 b ?is t5d5cy 0 c\nt]act$ by ! enc\ragem5t :i* ,mah>aja ,ranbir ,s+h gave to ! foll[]s ( ! ,buddhi/ fai?4 ,9 ,ladakh !re are a numb] ( half-ca/es1 call$ ,arghons1 #iec born ( ,tibetan mo!rs & ,muhammadan fa!rs1 trad]s :o h come to ,leh & p]suad$ ! ,tibetan wom5 !y m>ry to accept ,islam4 ,^! ,arghons are all ,musalmans &1 l _! fa!rs1 m>ry ,tibetan wives2 !y are said to be increas+ 9 numb]s m rapidly ?an ! pure ,tibetan /ock4 #ied ,islam has also be5 c>ri$ into ,tibet ,prop] by ,ka%mr m]*ants4 ,settlem5ts ( su* m]*ants are to be f\nd 9 all ! *ief cities ( ,tibet2 !y m>ry ,tibetan wives1 :o (t5 adopt ! religion ( _! husb&s2 & !re are n[ said to be z _m z #bjjj ,muhammadan families 9 ,lhasa4 #iee ,islam has made its way into ,tibet also f ,yunnan1 #ief & at ,su-*+1 on ! bord] ( ! ,sze-*wan prov9ce & ,tibet1 conv]ts are be+ won f among ! ,tibetan inhabitants4 #ieg ,muhammadan influ5ces are also said to h come f ,p]sia #ieh & f ,turke/an4 #iei ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,islam ,,9 ,,*9a4 ,tradition ascribes to ,muammad ! say+1 8,seek = k1 ev5 unto ,*9a40 #ifj ,?\gh !re is no hi/orical evid5ce = ^! words hav+ ev] be5 utt]$ by ! ,prophet1 x is n impossible t ! "n ( ?is c\ntry may h be5 kn[n to him1 = comm]cial relations betwe5 ,arabia & ,*9a _h be5 e/abli%$ long be=e 8 bir?4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ,arabia1 9 great measure1 t ,syria & ! ports ( ! ,levant receiv$ ! produce ( ! ,ea/4 ,9 ! six? c5tury1 !re 0 a consid]able trade betwe5 ,*9a & ,arabia by way ( ,ceylon1 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury ! comm]ce betwe5 ,*9a1 ,p]sia & ,arabia 0 /ill fur!r ext5d$1 ! t[n ( ,srf on ! ,p]sian ,gulf be+ ! *ief emporium = ! ,*9ese trad]s4 ,x 0 at ?is p]iod1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,tang dyna/y 7#fah-ijg7 t m5tion is fir/ made ( ! ,arabs 9 ! ,*9ese ,annals2 #ifa !y note ! rise ( ! ,muslim p[] 9 ,m$9a & briefly describe ! religi\s obs]vances ( ! new fai?4 ,! ,annals ( ,kwangtung ?us record ! com+ ( ! fir/ ,muslims into ,*9a3--8,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,tang dyna/y !re came to ,canton a l>ge numb] ( /rang]s1 f ! k+doms ( ,annam1 ,cambodia1 ,m$9a & sev]al o!r c\ntries4 ,^! /rang]s wor%ipp$ heav5 7i4e4 ,god7 & _h nei!r /atue1 idol nor image 9 _! temples4 ,! k+dom ( ,m$9a is close to t ( ,india1 & x is 9 ?is k+dom t ! religion ( ^! /rang]s1 :i* is diff]5t to t ( ,buddha1 orig9at$4 ,!y d n eat pork or dr9k w9e1 & !y reg>d z unclean ! fle% ( any animal n kill$ by !mselves4 ,!y are n[adays call$ ,hui ,hui4 #ifb444 ,hav+ ask$ & obta9$ f ! emp]or p]mission to reside 9 ,canton1 !y built magnific5t h\ses ( a /yle diff]5t to t ( our c\ntry4 ,!y 7 v ri* & obey$ a *ief *os5 by !mselves40 #ifc ,?\gh direct hi/orical evid5ce is lack+1 #ifd x is mo/ probable t ,islam 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,*9a by m]*ants :o foll[$ ! old-e/abli%$ sea r\te4 ,b ! e>lie/ record we c tru/ ref]s to diplomatic relations c>ri$ on by l&1 ?r\gh ,p]sia4 ,:5 ,yazdagird1 ! la/ ,ssnid k+ ( ,p]sia1 _h p]i%$1 8 son1 ,frz1 appeal$ to ,*9a = help aga9/ ! ,arab invad]s2 #ife b ! emp]or repli$ t ,p]sia 0 too f> di/ant = him to s5d ! requir$ troops4 ,b he is said to h despat*$ an ambassador to ! ,arab c\rt to plead ! cause ( ! fugitive pr9ce--probably also ) in/ructions to asc]ta9 ! ext5t & p[] ( ! new k+dom t _h aris5 9 ! ,we/1 & ! caliph ,u?mn is said to h s5t "o ( ! ,arab g5]als to accompany ! ,*9ese ambassador on 8 return 9 #fea1 & ?is fir/ ,muslim envoy 0 hon\rably receiv$ by ! emp]or4 ,9 ! reign ( ,wald 7#gje-gae71 ! fam\s ,arab g5]al1 ,qutaybah b4 ,muslim1 hav+ be5 appo9t$ gov]nor ( ,khursn1 cross$ ! ,oxus & began a s]ies ( successful campaigns1 9 :i* he successively subjugat$ ,bukhr1 ,sam>q& & o!r cities1 & c>ri$ 8 conque/s up to ! we/]n fronti] ( ! ,*9ese empire4 ,9 #gac he s5t envoys to ! emp]or1 :o 7accord+ to ,arab acc\nts7 dismiss$ !m ) valuable pres5ts4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 ! ,*9ese ,annals make m5tion ( an ambassador1 nam$ ,sulaymn1 :o came f ! caliph ,hi%m 9 #gbf to ! ,emp]or ,hsuan ,tsung4 ,^! diplomatic relations betwe5 ! ,arab & ! ,*9ese empires assum$ a new importance at ! close ( ?is emp]or's reign1 :51 driv5 f 8 ?rone by a usurp]1 he abdicat$ 9 fav\r ( 8 son1 ,su ,tsung 7,a4,d4 #gef74 ,! latt] s\ght ! help ( ! ,abbsid caliph1 al-,manr1 :o respond$ to ?is appeal by s5d+ a body ( ,arab troops1 & ) _! assi/ance ! emp]or succe$$ 9 recov]+ 8 two capitals1 ,si-ngan-fu & ,ho-nan-fu1 f ! rebels4 ,at ! end ( ! w>1 ^! ,arab troops did n return to _! own c\ntry1 b m>ri$ & settl$ 9 ,*9a4 ,v>i\s reasons are assign$ = ?is action on _! "p2 "o acc\nt repres5ts !m z hav+ return$ to _! native l& b1 be+ refus$ p]mission to rema9 on ! gr\nd t !y _h be5 s long 9 a l& :]e pork 0 eat51 !y w5t back aga9 to ,*9a2 accord+ to ano!r acc\nt !y 7 prep>$ to emb>k = ,arabia1 at ,canton1 :5 !y 7 taunt$ ) hav+ eat5 pork dur+ _! campaign1 & 9 consequ5ce !y refus$ to return home & run ! risk ( simil> taunts f _! own p2 :5 ! gov]nor ( ,canton tri$ to compel !m1 !y jo9$ ) ! ,arab & ,p]sian m]*ants1 _! co-religioni/s1 & pillag$ ! pr9cipal comm]cial h\ses 9 ! city2 ! gov]nor sav$ himself by tak+ refuge on ! city wall1 & 0 only able to return aft] he _h obta9$ f ! emp]or p]mission = ^! ,arab troops to rema9 9 ! c\ntry2 h\ses & l&s 7 assign$ to !m 9 diff]5t cities1 :]e !y settl$ d[n & int]m>ri$ ) ! wom5 ( ! c\ntry4 #iff ,! ,*9ese ,muhammadans h a leg5d t _! fai? 0 fir/ prea*$ 9 ,*9a by a mat]nal uncle ( ! ,prophet1 & 8 reput$ tomb at ,canton is highly v5]at$ by !m4 ,b !re is n ! slighte/ hi/orical base = ?is leg5d1 & x appe>s to be ( late gr[?4 #ifg ,x d\btless arose f a desire to connect ! hi/ory ( ! fai? 9 _! own l& z closely z possible ) apo/olic times--a fruitful s\rce ( leg5ds 9 c\ntries f> remov$ f ! c5tres ( ,muslim hi/ory4 #ifh ,b ( ! exi/5ce ( ,muslims 9 ,*9a1 especially ( m]*ants 9 ! port t[ns1 dur+ ! ,tang dyna/y !re is cle> evid5ce4 ,! ,*9ese annali/ ( ?is p]iod 7,a4,d4 #gac-gdb7 says t 8! b>b>ians ( ! ,we/ came into ! ,middle ,k+dom 9 cr[ds1 l a deluge1 f a di/ance ( at lea/ #ajjj leagues & f m ?an #ajj k+doms1 br++ z tribute _! sacr$ books1 :i* 7 receiv$ & deposit$ 9 ! hall set ap>t = translations ( sacr$ & canonical books1 9 ! imp]ial palace3 f ?is p]iod ! religi\s doctr9es ( ^! diff]5t c\ntries 7 ?us diffus$ & op5ly practis$ 9 ! empire ( ,tang40 #ifi ,an ,arab geograph]1 writ+ ab\t ! ye> #hea1 describes ^! settlem5ts & ! mosques :i* ^! m]*ants 7 all[$ to build = _! religi\s ex]cises2 #igj he /ates t he knew ( no ,*9aman hav+ embrac$ ,islam1 b z he makes ! same rem>k ( ! p ( ,india1 x may be t he 0 z ill-in=m$ 9 ! "o case z ! o!r4 #iga ,b !re is c]ta9ly no di/9ct evid5ce ( any proselytis+ activity on ! "p ( ! ,muslims 9 ,*9a1 & inde$ v little in=mation ab\t !m at all until ! p]iod ( ,mongol conque/s1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,^! conque/s result$ 9 a va/ immigration ( ,musalmans ( v>i\s nationalities1 ,arabs1 ,p]sians1 ,turks & o!rs into ! ,*9ese empire4 #igb ,"s came z m]*ants1 artisans1 soldi]s or coloni/s1 o!rs 7 br\ght 9 z prison]s ( w>4 ,a l>ge numb] ( !m settl$ p]man5tly 9 ! c\ntry & develop$ into a popul\s & fl\ri%+ community1 :i* gradually lo/ its orig9al racial peculi>ities ?r\gh int]m>riage ) ,*9ese wom54 ,sev]al ,muhammadans occupi$ high po/s "u ! ,mongol rul]s1 e4g4 ,abd al-,ramn1 :o 9 #abdd 0 appo9t$ head ( ! ,imp]ial f9ances & all[$ to f>m ! taxes impos$ ^u ,*9a1 #igc & ,um> ,%ams al-,dn1 commonly kn[n z ,sayyid ,ajall1 a native ( ,bukhr1 to :om ,qbly ,khn1 on 8 accession 9 #abei1 entru/$ ! managem5t ( ! ,imp]ial f9ances2 he 0 subsequ5tly gov]nor ( ,yunnan1 aft] ?is prov9ce _h be5 conqu]$ & add$ to ! ,*9ese empire4 #igd ,sayyid ,ajall di$ 9 #abgj1 leav+ beh9d him a reputation z an enlight5$ & upright adm9i/rator2 he built ,confucian temples z well z mosques 9 ,yunnan city4 #ige ,! desc5dants ( ,sayyid ,ajall play$ a great "p 9 ! e/abli%+ ( ,islam 9 ,*9a2 x 0 8 gr&son :o 9 #acce obta9$ f ! emp]or ! recognition ( ,islam z ! 8,true & ,pure ,religion0--a "n :i* x has kept to ! pres5t day1--& ano!r desc5dant ( ,sayyid ,ajall 0 au?oris$ by ! emp]or 9 #adbj to build mosques 9 ! capitals1 ,si-ngan-fu & ,nan-k94 #igf ,! ,*9ese hi/orians ( ! reign ( ,qbly ,khn make x a gr\nd ( compla9t aga9/ ?is mon>* t he did n employ ,*9ese (ficials 9 place ( ! immigrant ,turks & ,p]sians4 #igg ,! exalt$ position occupi$ by ,sayyid ,ajall & ! facilities ( communication betwe5 ,*9a & ! ,we/ e/abli%$ by ,mongol conque/1 attract$ a numb] ( su* p]sons into ! nor? ( ,*9a1 & x 0 probably z a result ( ^! immigrations t ^? scatt]$ ,muhammadan communities began to be =m$1 :i* h gr[n to l>ge proportions 9 mo/ ( ! prov9ces ( ,*9a4 ,m>co ,polo1 :o enjoy$ ! fav\r ( ,qbly ,khn & liv$ 9 ,*9a f #abge to #abib1 notes ! pres5ce ( ,muhammadans 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,yunnan4 #igh ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 all ! inhabitants ( ,talifu1 ! capital ( ,yunnan1 are said by a contempor>y hi/orian to h be5 ,musalmans2 #igi & ,ibn ,baah1 :o visit$ sev]al coa/ t[ns 9 ,*9a t[>ds ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 speaks ( ! he>ty welcome he receiv$ f 8 co-religioni/s1 #ihj & reports t 8,9 e t[n !re is a special qu>t] = ! ,muslims1 inhabit$ solely by !m1 :]e !y h _! mosques2 !y are hon\r$ & respect$ by ! ,*9ese40 #iha ,up to ?is p]iod ! ,muhammadans appe> to h be5 look$ ^u z a =eign community 9 ,*9a1 b aft] ! expulsion ( ! ,mongol dyna/y 9 ! latt] "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury !y receiv$ no fre% addition to _! numb]s f abroad1 9 consequ5ce ( ! policy ( isolation :i* ! ,*9ese gov]nm5t n[ adopt$2 & be+ ?us cut (f f communication ) _! co-religioni/s 9 o!r c\ntries1 !y t5d$1 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! empire1 gradually to become m]g$ into ! mass ( ! native population1 ?r\gh _! m>riages ) ,*9ese wom5 & _! adoption ( ,*9ese habits & mann]s4 ,! f\nd] ( ! new ,m+ dyna/y1 ! emp]or ,hungwu1 ext5d$ to !m _m privileges1 & _! fl\ri%+ condition dur+ ! p]iod t ?is dyna/y la/$ 7#acfh-afdd7 is %[n by ! l>ge numb] ( mosques erect$4 ,! emp]ors ( ?is dyna/y cultivat$ fri5dly relations ) ! ,muhammadan pr9ces on _! we/]n fronti]1 & !re 0 a frequ5t int]*ange ( embassies betwe5 !m & ! ,tmrid pr9ces4 ,"o ( ^! is ( int]e/ 9 ! mission>y hi/ory ( ,islam1 inasmu* z ,%h ,rukh ,bahdur 9 #adab took advantage ( ! arrival ( a ,*9ese embassy at 8 c\rt 9 ,sam>q&1 to include 9 8 answ] an invitation to ! emp]or to embrace ,islam4 ,he s5t ) 8 envoy1 :o accompani$ ! ,*9ese ambassadors on _! return1 two lett]s1 ! fir/ ( :i*1 writt5 9 ,arabic1 0 to ! foll[+ effect3--8,9 ! "n ( ,god1 ! ,m]ciful1 ! ,compassionate4 ,!re is no god save ,god3 ,muammad is ! ,apo/le ( ,god4 ,! ,apo/le ( ,god1 ,muammad 7peace be on him67 said3 #8,!re %all n cease to be 9 my *ur* a p abid+ 9 ! comm&m5ts ( ,god2 :osoev] fails to help !m or opposes !m1 %all nev] prosp]1 until ! comm&m5t ( ! ,"l come?4' ,:5 ! ,mo/ ,high ,god purpos$ to create ,adam & 8 race1 he said #8,i 0 a hidd5 treasure1 b x 0 my pleasure to become kn[n2 ,i !re=e creat$ man t ,i might be kn[n'2 ,x is manife/ f h5ce t ! div9e purpose 7great is ,8 p[] & exalt$ is ,8 ^w67 9 ! creation ( man 0 to make ,himself kn[n & uplift ! bann]s ( "r guidance & fai?4 ,:]e=e ,he s5t ,8 ,apo/le ) guidance & ! religion ( tru? t x might prevail ov] all o!r fai?s1 ?\gh ! poly!i/s turn away f x1 t he might make kn[n ! laws & ! ord9ances & ! obs]vances ( :at is lawful & unlawful1 & ,he gave him ! holy ,qurn miracul\sly t !reby he might put to sil5ce ! unbeliev]s & /op _! m\?s :5 !y discuss$ & disput$ ) him1 & by ,8 p]fect grace & ,8 all-p]vad+ guidance ,he has caus$ x to rema9 ev5 unto ! day ( judgm5t4 ,by ,8 p[] ,he ha? e/abli%$ 9 all ages & times & 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 9 ea/ & we/1 & 9 ,*9a1 a mighty mon>*1 "l ( great armies & au?ority1 to adm9i/] ju/ice & m]cy & spread ! w+s ( peace & security ov] ! heads ( m52 to enjo9 ^u !m righte\sness & w>n !m aga9/ evil & disob$i5ce & lift up among !m ! bann]s ( ! noble religion2 & he drives away idolatry & infidelity f among !m ?r\gh belief 9 ! unity ( ,god4 ,! ,mo/ ,high ,god ?us dispose? our he>ts by ,8 pa/ m]cies & ,8 ensu+ grace to /rive = ! e/abli%+ ( ! laws ( pure religion & ! cont9uance ( ! ord9ances ( ! %9+ pa?4 ,he also bids u adm9i/] ju/ice to our subjects 9 all suits & cases 9 accordance ) ! religion ( ! ,prophet & ! ord9ances ( ! ,*os5 ,"o1 & build mosques & colleges & mona/]ies & h]mitages & places ( wor%ip1 t ! tea*+ ( ! sci5ces & ! s*ools ( le>n+ may n cease nor ! memorials & injunctions ( religion be swept away4 ,see+ t ! cont9uance ( worldly prosp]ity & dom9ion1 & ! p]man5ce ( au?ority & rule dep5d ^u ! assi/ance giv5 to tru? & righte\sness & ! extirpation ( ! evils caus$ by idolatry & unbelief f ! e>?1 9 ! expectation ( bless+ & rew>d1 we1 !re=e1 hope t y\r ,maje/y & ! nobles ( y\r realm w agree ) u 9 ^! matt]s & jo9 u 9 /r5g!n+ ! f\ndations ( ! e/abli%$ law40 ,! o!r lett]1 writt5 9 ,p]sian1 makes a m direct appeal1 )\t ! rhetorical embelli%m5ts ( ! ,arabic3--8,! ,mo/ ,high ,god1 hav+ 9 ! dep? ( ,8 wisdom & ! p]fection ( ,8 p[] creat$ ,adam 7peace be ^u him671 made "s ( 8 sons prophets & apo/les & s5t !m among m5 to summon !m to ! tru?4 ,to c]ta9 ( ^! prophets1 su* z ,abraham1 ,moses1 ,david & ,muammad 7peace be ^u !m67 ,he gave a book & taught a law1 & ,he bade ! p ( _! "t foll[ ! law & ! religion ( ea* ( !m4 ,all ^! apo/les invit$ m5 to fai? 9 ! unity & to ! wor%ip ( ,god & =bade ! adoration ( ! sun1 moon & />s1 ( k+s & idols2 & ?\gh ea* "o ( ^! apo/les _h a sep>ate law1 yet !y 7 all agre$ 9 ! doctr9e ( ! unity ( ! ,mo/ ,high ,god4 ,at l5g?1 :5 ! apo/olic & prophetic (fice devolv$ on ! ,apo/le ,muammad ,muaf 7! peace & bless+ ( ,god be ^u him67 all o!r sy/ems ( law 7 abrogat$4 ,he 0 ! apo/le & ! prophet ( ! latt] age1 & x behoves ! :ole _w--lords & k+s & m9i/]s1 ri* & poor1 small & great1--to obs]ve 8 law & =sake all pa/ cre$s & laws4 ,?is is ! true & p]fect fai? & is call$ ,islam4 ,"s ye>s ago1 ,*+z ,khn took up arms & s5t 8 sons into v>i\s c\ntries & k+doms--,jj ,khn to ! conf9es ( ,s>y1 ,qrim & ,da%t ,qaf*q1 :]e "s mon>*s1 su* z zbek ,khn1 ,*n ,khn & ,urus ,khn1 became ,musalmans & obs]v$ ! law ( ,muammad 7peace be ^u him674 ,hlg ,khn 0 set ov] ,khursn1 ,irq & ! neighb\r+ c\ntries1 & "s ( 8 sons :o succe$$ him receiv$ into _! he>ts ! light ( ! law ( ,muammad 7peace be ^u him671 & 9 l mann] became ,musalmans1 & hon\r$ ) ! bless$ness ( ,islam pass$ into ! o!r _w1 su* z ! tru?ful k+1 ,ghzn1 & ,uljyt ,suln & ! =tunate k+1 ,ab ,sad ,bahdur1 until my hon\r$ fa!r1 ,amr ,tmr ,grgn1 succe$$ to ! ?rone4 ,he too obs]v$ ! law ( ,muammad 7peace be ^u him67 9 all ! c\ntries "u 8 rule1 & ?r\gh\t 8 reign ! foll[]s ( ! fai? ( ,islam enjoy$ complete prosp]ity4 ,n[ t by ! goodness & fav\r ( ,god ?is ,k+dom ( ,khursn1 ,irq1 ,m-w>-al-nahr1 etc41 has pass$ into my h&s1 ! adm9i/ration is c>ri$ on ?r\gh\t ! :ole k+dom 9 accordance ) ! pure law ( ! ,prophet2 righte\sness is enjo9$ & wrong =bidd51 & ! ,y>gh & ! in/itutes ( ,*+z ,khn h be5 aboli%$4 ,s9ce1 !n1 x is sure & c]ta9 t salvation & deliv]ance 9 ! day ( judgm5t1 & sov]eignty & felicity 9 ! pres5t _w1 dep5d ^u true fai? & ,islam1 & ! fav\r ( ! ,mo/ ,high ,god1 x is incumb5t ^u u to treat our subjects ) ju/ice & equity4 ,i hope t by ! b\nty & b5evol5ce ( ,god y too w obs]ve ! law ( ,muammad1 ! ,apo/le ( ,god 7peace be ^u him67 & /r5g!n ! religion ( ,islam1 s t y may ex*ange ! transitory sov]eignty ( ?is _w = ! sov]eignty ( ! _w to come40 #ihb ,x is n improbable t ^! lett]s gave rise to ! lat] leg5d ( "o ( ! ,*9ese emp]ors hav+ become a conv]t to ,islam4 #ihc ,?is leg5d is ref]r$ to1 among o!rs1 by a ,muhammadan m]*ant1 ,sayyid ,al ,akb>1 :o sp5t "s ye>s 9 ,pek+ at ! end ( ! fifte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 he speaks ( ! l>ge numb] ( ,musalmans :o _h settl$ 9 ,*9a2 9 ! city ( ,k5janfu !re 7 z _m z #cj1jjj ,muslim families2 !y paid no taxes & enjoy$ ! fav\r ( ! emp]or1 :o gave !m grants ( l&2 !y enjoy$ complete tol]ation = ! ex]cise ( _! religion1 :i* 0 fav\rably view$ by ! ,*9ese1 & conv]sions 7 freely p]mitt$2 9 ! capital itself !re 7 f\r great mosques & ab\t n9ety m 9 o!r prov9ces ( ! empire1--all erect$ at ! co/ ( ! emp]or4 #ihd ,up to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,man*u dyna/y 9 #afdd !re is no record ( any ,muhammadan upris+1 & ! foll[]s ( ,islam appe> to h be5 entirely cont5t ) ! religi\s lib]ty !y enjoy$2 b difficulties arose soon aft] ! adv5t ( ! new rul+ p[]1 & an insurrection 9 ! prov9ce ( ,kansu 9 #afdh 0 ! fir/ occasion on :i* any ,muhammadans rose 9 arms aga9/ ! ,*9ese gov]nm5t1 ?\gh x 0 n until ! n9ete5? c5tury t any su* revolt entail$ v disa/r\s consequ5ces1 or s]i\sly int]rupt$ ! amicable relations t _h subsi/$ f ! beg9n+ betwe5 ! ,*9ese ,muslims & _! rul]s4 ,! (ficial view ( ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t ( ^! relations is set =? 9 an edict publi%$ by ! emp]or ,yung ,*5 9 #agca3--8;,9 e prov9ce ( ! empire1 = _m c5turies pa/1 h be5 f\nd a l>ge numb] ( ,muhammadans :o =m "p ( ! p :om ,i reg>d z my own *ildr5 j z ,i d my o!r subjects4 ,i make no di/9ction betwe5 !m & ^? :o d n belong to _! religion4 ,i h receiv$ f c]ta9 (ficials secret compla9ts aga9/ ! ,muhammadans on ! gr\nd t _! religion diff]s f t ( ! o!r ,*9ese1 t !y d n speak ! same language1 & we> a diff]5t dress to ! re/ ( ! p4 ,!y are accus$ ( disob$i5ce1 haught9ess1 & rebelli\s feel+s1 & ,i h be5 ask$ to employ sev]e measures aga9/ !m4 ,aft] exam9+ ^! compla9ts & accusations1 ,i h discov]$ t !re is no f\ndation = !m4 ,9 fact1 ! religion foll[$ by ! ,musalmans is t ( _! ance/ors2 x is true _! language is n ! same z t ( ! re/ ( ! ,*9ese1 b :at a multitude ( diff]5t dialects !re are 9 ,*9a4 ,z to _! temples1 dress & mann] ( writ+1 :i* diff] f ^? ( ! o!r ,*9ese--^! are matt]s ( absolutely no importance4 ,^! are m]e matt]s ( cu/om4 ,!y be> z good a "* z my o!r subjects1 & !re is no?+ to %[ t !y int5d to rebel4 ,x is my wi%1 !re=e1 t !y %\ld be left 9 ! free ex]cise ( _! religion1 ^: object is to tea* m5 ! obs]vance ( a moral life1 & ! fulfilm5t ( social & civil duties4 ,?is religion respects ! fundam5tal basis ( ,gov]nm5t1 & :at m c be ask$ =8 ,if !n ! ,muhammadans cont9ue to conduct !mselves z good & loyal subjects1 my fav\r w be ext5d$ t[>ds !m j z mu* z t[>ds my o!r *ildr54 ,f among !m h come _m civil & milit>y (fic]s1 :o h ris5 to ! v highe/ ranks4 ,?is is ! be/ pro( t !y h adopt$ our habits & cu/oms1 & h le>n$ to con=m !mselves to ! precepts ( our sacr$ books4 ,!y pass _! exam9ations 9 lit]ature j l e "o else1 & p]=m ! sacrifices enjo9$ by law4 ,9 a ^w1 !y are true memb]s ( ! great ,*9ese family & endeav\r always to fulfil _! religi\s1 civil & political duties4 ,:5 ! magi/rates h a civil case br\ght be=e !m1 !y %\ld n conc]n !mselves ) ! religion ( ! litigants4 ,!re is b "o s+le law = all my subjects4 ,^? :o d good %all be rew>d$1 & ^? :o d evil %all be puni%$40 #ihe ,ab\t ?irty ye>s lat]1 8 successor1 ! ,emp]or ,ki5 ,lung1 %[$ di/+ui%$ m>ks ( 8 fav\r t[>ds ! ,muhammadans by ennobl+ two ,turk ,begs :o _h mat]ially help$ 9 suppress+ a revolt 9 ! nor?-we/ & ,k%g>1 & build+ palaces = !m 9 ,pek+2 he also erect$ a mosque = ! use ( ! ,turk ,begs :o visit$ ! ,imp]ial c\rt & = ! prison]s ( w> :o _h be5 br\ght to ! capital f ,k%g>4 ,among ^! prison]s 0 a beautiful girl :o became a fav\rite concub9e ( ! emp]or1 & x is /at$ t = love ( h] he built ?is mosque imm$iately opposite 8 own palace & erect$ a pavilion )9 ! palace gr\nds1 f :i* ! concub9e c\ld wat* h] fell[-c\ntrym5 at pray] & c\ld jo9 9 _! devotions4 ,?is mosque 0 built 9 ! ye>s #agfc-agfd & conta9s an inscription 9 f\r languages1 ! ,*9ese text ( :i* 0 writt5 by ! emp]or himself4 #ihf ,aft] cru%+ ! revolt 9 ,zung>ia1 ?is same emp]or ,ki5 ,lung1 9 #aggj transport$ ?i!r f o!r p>ts ( ,*9a t5 ?\s& milit>y coloni/s1 :o 7 foll[$ by _! families & o!r p]sons1 to re-p ! c\ntry1 & !y are all said to h embrac$ ! religion ( ! surr\nd+ ,muhammadan population4 #ihg ,:e!r su* mass conv]sions occurr$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! empire also1 we h no means ( tell+1 b ! exi/5ce ( a consid]able ,muhammadan population 9 e prov9ce ( ,*9a c h>dly be expla9$ m]ely by ref]5ce to =eign immigration & ! natural gr[? ( population1 #ihh ?\gh ! numb]s are l>g] 9 ^? prov9ces 9 :i* =eign ,muhammadans h settl$4 #ihi ,x is unlikely t ! ,muhammadans 9 ,*9a dur+ ! _m c5turies ( _! resid5ce 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 ! enjoym5t ( religi\s fre$om & ! lib]al patronage ( sev]al ( ! emp]ors1 %\ld h be5 entirely devoid ( t proselytis+ zeal :i* mod]n obs]v]s h not$ 9 _! desc5dants at ! pres5t day4 #iij ,to su* direct proselytis+ ef=ts mu/ h be5 due ! conv]sion ( ,*9ese ,jews to ,islam2 _! e/abli%m5t 9 ?is c\ntry dates f an e>ly p]iod1 !y held employm5ts "u ! ,gov]nm5t & 7 9 possession ( l>ge e/ates2 b by ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury a great "p ( !m _h be5 conv]t$ to ,islam4 #iia ,su* propag&a mu/ h be5 q quiet & unobtrusive1 & inde$ m public me?ods might h excit$ suspicions on ! "p ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 z is %[n by an int]e/+ report :i* 0 s5t to ! ,emp]or ,ki5 ,lung 9 #aghc by a gov]nor ( ! prov9ce ( ,khwang-,se4 ,x runs z foll[s3 8,i h ! hon\r respectfully to in=m y\r ,maje/y t an adv5tur] nam$ ,han-,fo-,yun1 ( ! prov9ce ( ,khwang-,se1 has be5 arre/$ on a *>ge ( vagrancy4 ,?is adv5tur] :5 int]rogat$ z to 8 occupation1 confess$ t = ! la/ t5 ye>s he _h be5 travell+ ?r\gh ! diff]5t prov9ces ( ! ,empire 9 ord] to obta9 in=mation ab\t 8 religion4 ,9 "o ( 8 boxes 7 f\nd ?irty books1 "s ( :i* _h be5 writt5 by himself1 :ile o!rs 7 9 a language t no "o "h und]/&s4 ,^! books praise 9 an extravagant & ridicul\s mann] a ,we/]n k+1 call$ ,muammad4 ,! above-m5tion$ ,han-,fo-,yun1 :5 put to ! torture1 at la/ confess$ t ! real object ( 8 j\rney 0 to propagate ! false religion taught 9 ^! books1 & t he rema9$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,%5-,si = a long] "t ?an any:]e else4 ,i h exam9$ ^! books myself4 ,"s are c]ta9ly writt5 9 a =eign language2 = ,i h n be5 able to und]/& !m3 ! o!rs t are writt5 9 ,*9ese are v bad1 ,i may add1 ev5 ridicul\s on acc\nt ( ! exagg]at$ praise giv5 9 !m to p]sons :o c]ta9ly d n des]ve x1 because ,i h nev] ev5 he>d ( !m4 ,p]haps ! above-m5tion$ ,han-,fo-,yun is a rebel f ,kan-,su4 ,8 conduct is c]ta9ly suspici\s1 = :at 0 he go+ to d 9 ! prov9ces ?r\gh :i* he has be5 travell+ = ! la/ t5 ye>s8 ,i int5d to make a s]i\s inquiry into ! matt]4 ,mean:ile1 ,i w\ld reque/ y\r ,maje/y to ord] ! /]eotyp$ plates1 t are 9 ! possession ( 8 family1 to be burnt1 & ! engrav]s to be arre/$1 z well z ! au?ors ( ! books1 :i* ,i h s5t to y\r ,maje/y desir+ to "k y\r pleasure 9 ! matt]40 #iib ,?is report be>s te/imony to ! activity ( at lea/ "o ,muhammadan mission>y 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & ! gr[? ( ,islam1 :i* ! ,jesuit mission>ies #iic not$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 0 probably n s little connect$ ) direct proselytism z "s ( !m suppos$4 ,du ,halde1 9 "o ( ! few passages he devotes to ! ,muhammadans 9 8 great "w1 #iid attributes ! increase 9 _! numb]s l>gely to _! habit ( pur*as+ *ildr5 9 times ( fam9e4 8,! ,mahometans h be5 settl$ = m ?an six hundr$ ye>s 9 v>i\s prov9ces1 :]e !y live q quietly1 because !y d n make any great ef=ts to spread _! doctr9es & ga9 proselytes1 & because 9 =m] times !y only increas$ 9 numb]s by ! alliances & m>riages !y contract$4 ,b = sev]al ye>s pa/ !y h cont9u$ to make v consid]able progress by means ( _! weal?4 ,!y buy up hea!n *ildr5 ev]y:]e2 & ! p>5ts1 be+ (t5 unable to provide !m ) food1 h no scruples 9 sell+ !m4 ,dur+ a fam9e t deva/at$ ! ,prov9ce ( ,*antong1 !y b\ght m ?an #aj1jjj ( !m4 ,!y m>ry !m1 & ei!r pur*ase or build = !m sep>ate qu>t]s 9 a t[n1 or ev5 :ole villages2 gradually 9 sev]al places !y ga9 su* influ5ce t !y d n let any "o live among !m :o does n g to ! mosque4 ,by su* means !y h multipli$ exce$+ly dur+ ! la/ c5tury40 ,simil>ly1 9 ! fam9e t deva/at$ ! prov9ce ( ,kwangtung 9 #agij1 z _m z t5 ?\s& *ildr5 are said to h be5 pur*as$ by ! ,muhammadans f p>5ts :o1 too poor to support !m1 7 will+ to "p ) !m to save !m f />vation2 ^! 7 all br\ght up 9 ! fai? ( ,islam4 #iie ,a ,*9ese ,musalman1 f ,yunnan1 nam$ ,sayyid ,sulaymn1 :o visit$ ,cairo 9 #ahid & 0 !re int]view$ by ! repres5tative ( an ,arabic j\rnal1 #iif decl>$ t ! numb] ( accessions to ,islam ga9$ 9 ?is way e ye> 0 beyond c\nt+4 ,simil> te/imony is giv5 by ,m4 d',ollone1 :o reports t ?is practice ( buy+ *ildr5 9 times ( fam9e prevails among ! ,muhammadans ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,*9a to ! pres5t day2 9 ! same way1 !y pur*as$ ! *ildr5 ( ,*ri/ian p>5ts :o 7 massacr$ by ! ,box]s 9 #aijj1 & br\ght !m up z ,musalmans4 #iig ,! ,muhammadans 9 ,*9a t5d to live toge!r 9 sep>ate villages & t[ns or to =m sep>ate ,muhammadan qu>t]s 9 ! t[ns1 :]e !y w n all[ any p]son to dwell among !m :o does n g to ! mosque4 #iih ,?\gh !y ?us 9 "s measure hold !mselves ap>t1 !y are c>eful to avoid ! op5 exhibition ( any specially di/+ui%+ features ( ! religi\s obs]vances ( _! fai?1 :i* may (f5d _! neighb\rs1 & !y h be5 c>eful to make concessions to ! prejudices ( _! ,*9ese fell[-c\ntrym54 ,9 _! ord9>y life !y are completely 9 t\* ) ! cu/oms & habits t prevail ar\nd !m2 !y we> ! pigtail & ! ord9>y dress ( ! ,*9ese1 & put on a turban1 z a rule1 only 9 ! mosque4 ,to avoid (f5d+ aga9/ a sup]/iti\s prejudice on ! "p ( ! ,*9ese1 !y also refra9 f build+ tall m9>ets1 :]ev] !y build !m at all4 #iii ,b = ! mo/ "p1 _! mosques con=m to ! ,*9ese type ( ar*itecture1 (t5 ) no?+ to di/+ui% !m f an ord9>y temple or dwell+4 #ajjj ,e mosque is oblig$ by law to h a tablet to ! emp]or1 ) ! inscription on x1 8,! emp]or1 ! immortal1 may he live = ev]10 & ! ,muhammadans pro/rate !mselves be=e x 9 accordance ) ! regul> ,*9ese cu/om1 ?\gh ) v>i\s exp$i5ts to satisfy _! consci5ces & avoid ! imputation ( idolatry4 #ajja ,ev5 9 ,*9ese ,t>t>y1 :]e ! special privilege is all[$ to ! ,musalman soldi]s1 ( rema9+ unmix$1 & ( =m+ a sep>ate body1 ! high] ,muhammadan (ficials we> ! dress prescrib$ to _! rank1 long m\/a*es & ! pigtail1 & on holidays !y p]=m ! usual homage dem&$ f (ficials1 to a portrait ( ! emp]or1 by t\*+ ! gr\nd ?ree times ) _! =ehead4 #ajjb ,simil>ly all ,muhammadan m&>9s & o!r (ficials 9 o!r prov9ces p]=m ! rites prescrib$ to _! (ficial position1 9 ! temples ( ,confucius on fe/ival days2 9 fact e precaution is tak5 by ! ,muslims to prev5t _! fai? f appe>+ to be 9 opposition to ! /ate religion1 & h]eby !y h succe$$ 9 avoid+ ! odium ) :i* ! adh]5ts ( =eign religions1 su* z ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity are reg>d$4 ,!y ev5 repres5t _! religion to _! ,*9ese fell[-c\ntrym5 z be+ 9 agreem5t ) ! tea*+s ( ,confucius1 ) only ?is diff]5ce1 t !y foll[ ! traditions ( _! ance/ors ) reg>d to m>riages1 fun]als1 ! prohibition ( pork1 w9e1 tobacco1 & games ( *ance1 & ! wa%+ ( ! h&s be=e meals4 #ajjc ,simil>ly ! writ+s ( ! ,*9ese ,muhammadans treat ! works ( ,confucius & o!r ,*9ese classics ) great respect1 & :]e possible1 po9t out ! h>mony betwe5 ! tea*+s conta9$ !re9 & ! doctr9es ( ,islam4 #ajjd ,! ,*9ese gov]nm5t1 9 its turn1 has always giv5 to its ,muhammadan subjects 7except :5 9 revolt7 ! same privileges & advantages z are enjoy$ by ! re/ ( ! population4 ,no (fice ( /ate is clos$ to !m2 & z gov]nors ( prov9ces1 g5]als1 magi/rates & m9i/]s ( /ate !y enjoy ! confid5ce & respect bo? ( ! rul]s & ! p4 ,n only d ,muhammadan names appe> 9 ! ,*9ese annals z ^? ( fam\s (fic]s ( /ate1 :e!r milit>y or civil1 b !y h also di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 ! me*anical arts & 9 sci5ces su* z ma!matics & a/ronomy4 #ajje ,! ,*9ese ,muhammadans are also said to be ke5 m5 ( bus9ess & successful trad]s2 !y monopolise ! beef trade & c>ry on o!r trades ) great success4 #ajjf ,!y are ?us 9 t\* ) e section ( ! national life & h e opportunity = c>ry+ on a propag&a1 b ! few ,*ri/ian mission>ies :o h conc]n$ !mselves ) ?is matt] are ( op9ion t !y are n animat$ ) any p>ticul> proselytis+ zeal4 #ajjg ,/ill1 _m rec5t conv]ts are to be met )1 & ! fact t a l>ge numb] ( ,*9ese ,muslims c cite ! "n ( ! p>ticul> ance/or :o fir/ embrac$ ,islam po9ts to a cont9u\s process ( conv]sion4 #ajjh ,app>5tly ! ,muslims are n all[$ to prea* _! fai? 9 ! /reets1 z ,prote/ant mission>ies d1 #ajji b 7z we h se5 above7 #ajaj !y d n fail to make use ( su* opportunities z pres5t !mselves = add+ to ! numb] ( _! sect4 ,"o ( _! religi\s text-books1 8,a ,guide to ! ,rites ( ! ,true ,religion0 7publi%$ 9 ,canton 9 #affh71 comm5ds ! "w ( proselytis+ & makes ref]5ce to su* z may h rec5tly become conv]ts f among ! hea!n4 #ajaa ,! fundam5tal doctr9es ( ,islam are taught to ! new conv]ts by means ( metrical prim]s1 #ajab & to ! influ5ce ( ! religi\s books ( ! ,*9ese ,muslims1 ,sayyid ,sulaymn attributes _m ( ! conv]sions made 9 rec5t ye>s4 #ajac ,! ,muslim sem9>y at ,ho*[ 9 ,kansu is said to tra9 !ological /ud5ts :o return to _! sev]al prov9ces1 at ! completion ( _! /udies1 to promulgate _! fai? !re1 #ajad & 9 upw>ds ( t5 prov9ces c5tres are said to h be5 />t$ :]e mulls are to be tra9$ = ,muslim propag&a4 #ajae ,milit>y (fic]s conv]t _m ( ! soldi]s s]v+ "u !m1 to ,islam1 & ,muslim m&>9s take advantage ( ! au?ority !y enjoy1 to w9 conv]ts1 b z !y are frequ5tly transf]r$ f "o place to ano!r1 !y are n able to ex]cise s mu* influ5ce z ,muslim milit>y (fic]s4 #ajaf ,conv]sions may also occasionally occur1 :i* are n ! result ( a direct propag&i/ appeal1 e4g4 a ,turki% travell] :o visit$ ,pek+ 9 #ahie report$ t he f\nd ?irty mosques !re1 among !m "o t _h orig9ally be5 a temple2 ?is _h be5 ! family temple ( a weal?y ,*9aman1 ^: life _h be5 sav$ dur+ ! ,box] insurrection by ! ,mufti ,wa-,ahonad 7,abd al-,ramn72 z a tok5 ( 8 gratitude1 he embrac$ ! fai? ( 8 deliv]]4 #ajag ,turki% & o!r ,muslim mission>ies h 9 rec5t ye>s be5 visit+ ,*9a & endeav\r+ to /ir up among ! ,*9ese ,muslims a m ?or\gh k ( _! fai? & to awak5 _! zeal1 b _! ef=ts seem s f> to h borne b little fruit4 #ajah ,9 #ahfg a ,russian writ]1 #ajai 9 a rem>kable "w on ,islam 9 ,*9a1 express$ ! op9ion t x 0 de/9$ to become ! national fai? ( ! ,*9ese empire & !reby entirely *ange ! political conditions ( ! ,ea/]n _w4 ,ne>ly half a c5tury has elaps$ s9ce ?is note ( al>m 0 s\nd$1 b no?+ has occurr$ s9ce to v]ify ^! progno/ications4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w\ld appe> t ,islam has be5 los+ r ?an ga9+ gr\nd dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 s9ce ! :olesale massacres t accompani$ ! suppression ( ! ,pan?ay ris+s 9 ,yunnan f #ahee to #ahgc & ! ,tungan rebellion 9 ,%5-si & ,kan-su 9 #ahfd-ahgg & #ahie-ahif1 r$uc$ ! ,muhammadan population by millions4 #ajbj ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! new ,republic has giv5 to ! ,*9ese ,muslims a fre$om ( activity unkn[n "u any prec$+ gov]nm5t1 b x is too e>ly yet to discov] h[ f> !y are likely to avail !mselves ( ! opportunities (f]$ by ! alt]$ conditions ( life4 ,! proselytism t /ill goes on1 re/rict$ z its sph]e may be1 indicates a /ill *]i%$ hope ( expansion4 ,?\gh f\r c5turies h elaps$ s9ce a ,muslim travell] #ajba 9 ,*9a c\ld discuss ! possibility ( ! conv]sion ( ! emp]or be+ foll[$ by t ( 8 subjects1 x 0 /ill possible = a ,*9ese ,muslim ( ! pres5t g5]ation to /ate t 8 co-religioni/s 9 t c\ntry look$ =w>d ) confid5ce to ! day :5 ,islam w\ld be triumphant ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ! ,*9ese empire4 #ajbb ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,islam ,,9 ,,africa4 ,! hi/ory ( ,islam 9 ,africa1 cov]+ z x does a p]iod ( well-nigh ?irte5 c5turies & embrac+ two-?irds ( ?is va/ cont95t1 ) its num]\s & div]se tribes & races1 pres5ts especial difficulties 9 ! way ( sy/ematic treatm5t1 z x is impossible to give a simultane\s acc\nt 9 *ronological ord] ( ! spread ( ?is fai? 9 all ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! cont95t4 ,its relations to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es ( ,egypt & ! re/ ( ,nor? ,africa1 ( ,nubia & ,abyss9ia h already be5 dealt ) 9 a =m] *apt]2 9 ! pres5t *apt] x is propos$ to trace its progress fir/ among ! hea!n population ( ,nor? ,africa1 !n ?r\gh\t ! ,sudan & along ! ,we/ coa/1 & la/ly along ! ,ea/ coa/ & 9 ,cape ,colony4 #ajbc ,! in=mation we possess ( ! spread ( ,islam among ! hea!n population ( ,nor? ,africa is h>dly less meagre ?an ! few facts record$ above reg>d+ ! disappe>ance ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,! ,b]b]s (f]$ a vigor\s resi/ance to ! progress ( ! ,arab arms1 & =ce seems to h _h m influ5ce ?an p]suasion 9 _! conv]sion4 ,:5ev] opportunity pres5t$ itself1 !y rebell$ aga9/ ! religion z well z ! rule ( _! conqu]ors1 & ,arab hi/orians decl>e t !y apo/asis$ z _m z twelve times4 #ajbd ,9 ! annals ( ! long /ruggle a few scanty ref]5ces to conv]sions are to be f\nd4 ,^! w\ld appe> sometimes to h be5 prompt$ by ! recognition ( ! fact t fur!r resi/ance to ! ,arab arms 0 useless4 ,:5 9 #gjc ! ,b]b]s made _! la/ /& aga9/ ! invad]s1 _! intrepid lead] & prophetess1 al-,kh9ah1 #ajbe =esee+ t ! =tune ( battle 0 to turn aga9/ !m1 s5t h] sons into ! camp ( ! ,muslim g5]al ) in/ructions t !y 7 to embrace ,islam & make common cause ) ! enemy2 %e h]self elect$ to fall fight+ ) h] c\ntrym5 9 ! great battle t cru%$ ! political p[] ( ! ,b]b]s & gave ,nor!rn ,africa into ! h&s ( ! ,arabs4 ,peace 0 made on condition t ! ,b]b]s w\ld furni% #ab1jjj combatants to ! ranks ( ! ,arab troops1 & ( ^! m5 two army-corps 7 =m$1 ea* ( :i* 0 plac$ "u ! comm& ( "o ( ! sons ( al-,kh9ah4 #ajbf ,by ?is device ( enli/+ ! ,b]b]s 9 _! armies1 ! ,arab g5]als hop$ to w9 !m to _! own religion by ! hope ( booty4 ,! army ( sev5 ?\s& ,b]b]s t sail$ f ,africa 9 #gaa "u ! comm& ( riq 7himself a ,b]b]7 to ! conque/ ( ,spa91 0 compos$ ( rec5t conv]ts to ,islam1 & _! conv]sion is expressly said to h be5 s9c]e3 le>n$ ,arabs & !ologians 7 appo9t$1 8to read & expla9 to !m ! sacr$ words ( ! ,qurn1 & in/ruct !m 9 all & e "o ( ! duties enjo9$ by _! new religion40 #ajbg ,ms1 ! great conqu]or ( ,africa1 %[$ 8 zeal = ! progress ( ,islam by devot+ ! l>ge sums ( money grant$ him by ! caliph ,abd al-,malik to ! pur*ase ( su* captives z gave promise ( %[+ !mselves wor?y *ildr5 ( ! fai?3 8= :5ev] aft] a victory !re 0 a numb] ( slaves put up = sale1 he us$ to buy all ^? :om he ?\ght w\ld will+ly embrace ,islam1 :o 7 ( noble orig91 & :o look$1 besides1 z if !y 7 active "y m54 ,to ^! he fir/ propos$ ! embrac+ ( ,islam1 & if1 aft] cleans+ _! und]/&+ & mak+ !m fit to receive its sublime tru?s1 !y 7 conv]t$ to ! be/ ( religions1 & _! conv]sion 0 a s9c]e "o1 he !n w\ld1 by way ( putt+ _! abilities to trial1 employ !m4 ,if !y ev9c$ good disposition & tal5ts he w\ld in/antly grant !m lib]ty1 appo9t !m to high comm&s 9 8 army1 & promote !m accord+ to _! m]its2 if1 on ! contr>y1 !y %[$ no aptitude = _! appo9tm5ts1 he w\ld s5d !m back to ! common dept ( captives belong+ to ! army1 to be aga9 dispos$ ( accord+ to ! g5]al cu/om ( draw+ out ! spoil by arr[s40 #ajbh ,h[ sup]ficial ! conv]sion ( ! ,b]b]s 0 may be judg$ f ! fact t :5 ! pi\s ,um> b4 ,abd al-,azz 9 ,a4,h4 #ajj 7,a4,d4 #gah7 appo9t$ ,isml b4 ,abd ,allh gov]nor ( ,nor? ,africa1 t5 le>n$ !ologians 7 s5t ) him to in/ruct ! ,muslim ,b]b]s 9 ! ord9ances ( _! fai?1 s9ce up to t "t !y d n seem to h recognis$ t _! new religion =bade to !m indulg5ce 9 w9e4 ,! new gov]nor is said to h %[n great zeal 9 invit+ ! ,b]b]s to accept ,islam1 b ! /atem5t t 8 ef=ts 7 cr[n$ ) su* success t n a s+le ,b]b] rema9$ unconv]t$ is c]ta9ly n correct4 #ajbi ,= ! conv]sion ( ! ,b]b]s 0 und\bt$ly ! "w ( sev]al c5turies2 ev5 to ! pres5t day !y reta9 _m ( _! primitive in/itutions :i* are 9 opposition to ,muslim law4 #ajcj ,islam took no firm root among !m until x assum$ ! =m ( a national movem5t & became connect$ ) ! e/abli%m5t ( native dyna/ies1 "u :i* _m ,b]b]s came )9 ! pale ( ,islam :o be=e _h look$ ^u ! acceptance ( ?is fai? z a sign ( loss ( political indep5d5ce4 ,( ^! v>i\s *anges ( political condition x is n ! place to speak "h1 b 9 a hi/ory ( ,muslim propag&a ! rise ( ! ,almoravids des]ves special m5tion z a great national movem5t t attract$ a great _m ( ! ,b]b] tribes to jo9 ! ,muslim community4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! elev5? c5tury1 ,yay b4 ,ibrhm1 a *ief ( ! anhja1 "o ( ! ,b]b] tribes ( ! ,sah>a1 on 8 return f a pilgrimage to ,mecca1 s\ght 9 ! religi\s c5tres ( ,nor!rn ,africa = a le>n$ & pi\s tea*]1 :o %\ld accompany him z a mission>y ( ,islam to 8 b5ight$ & ignorant tribesm53 at fir/ he f\nd x difficult to f9d a man will+ to leave 8 s*ol>ly retreat & brave ! dang]s ( ! ,sah>a1 b at l5g? he met 9 ,abd ,allh b4 ,ysn ! fit p]son1 bold en\gh to und]take s difficult a mission1 pi\s & au/]e 9 8 life1 & le>n$ 9 !ology1 law & o!r sci5ces4 ,s f> back z ! n9? c5tury ! prea*]s ( ,islam _h made _! way among ! ,b]b]s ( ! ,sah>a & e/abli%$ among !m ! religion ( ! ,prophet1 b ?is fai? _h f\nd v little acceptance !re1 & ,abd ,allh b4 ,ysn f\nd ev5 ! pr(ess$ ,muslims to be v lax 9 _! religi\s obs]vances & giv5 up to all k9ds ( vici\s practices4 ,he ard5tly ?rew himself into ! task ( conv]t+ !m to ! "r pa? & in/ruct+ !m 9 ! duties ( religion2 b ! /]nness ) :i* he rebuk$ _! vices & s\ght to re=m _! conduct1 ali5at$ _! sympa?ies f him1 & ! ill-success ( 8 mission almo/ drove him to ab&on ?is /iff-neck$ p & devote 8 ef=ts to ! conv]sion ( ! ,sudan4 ,be+ p]suad$1 h[ev]1 n to des]t ! "w he _h once und]tak51 he retir$ ) su* disciples z 8 prea*+ _h ga!r$ ar\nd him1 to an isl& 9 ! riv] ,s5egal1 :]e !y f\nd$ a mona/]y & gave !mselves up unceas+ly to devotional ex]cises4 ,! m dev\t-m9d$ among ! ,b]b]s1 /ung to rep5tance by ! ?\ght ( ! wick$ness t _h driv5 _! holy tea*] f _! mid/1 came humbly to 8 isl& to implore 8 =giv5ess & receive 8 in/ructions 9 ! sav+ tru?s ( religion4 ,?us day by day !re ga!r$ ar\nd him an increas+ b& ( disciples1 especially f among ! ,lamna1 a bran* ( ! anhja clan1 ^: numb]s swell$ at l5g? to ab\t a ?\s&4 ,abd ,allh b4 ,ysn !n recognis$ t ! "t _h come = laun*+ out ^u a wid] sph]e ( action1 & he call$ ^u 8 foll[]s to %[ _! gratitude to ,god = ! revelation he _h v\*saf$ !m1 by communicat+ ! k ( x to o!rs3 8,g to y\r fell[-tribesm51 tea* !m ! law ( ,god & ?reat5 !m ) ,8 *a/isem5t4 ,if !y rep5t1 am5d _! ways & accept ! tru?1 leave !m 9 peace2 if !y refuse & p]si/ 9 _! errors & evil lives1 invoke ! aid ( ,god aga9/ !m1 & let u make w> ^u !m until ,god decide betwe5 u40 ,h]eupon ea* man w5t to 8 own tribe & began to exhort !m to rep5t & believe1 b )\t success3 equally unsuccessful 7 ! ef=ts ( ,abd ,allh b4 ,ysn himself1 :o left 8 mona/]y 9 ! hope ( f9d+ ! ,b]b] *iefs m will+ n[ to li/5 to 8 prea*+4 ,at l5g? 9 #ajdb he put himself at ! head ( 8 foll[]s1 to :om he _h giv5 ! "n ( al-,murbin 7! s-call$ ,almoravids7--a "n d]iv$ f ! same root z ! rib #ajca or mona/]y on 8 isl& 9 ! ,s5egal1--& attack$ ! neighb\r+ tribes & =c$ ! acceptance ( ,islam ^u !m4 ,! success t att5d$ 8 w>like exp$itions appe>$ to ! tribes ( ! ,sah>a a m p]suasive argum5t ?an all 8 prea*+1 & !y v soon came =w>d volunt>ily to embrace a fai? t secur$ su* brilliant successes to ! arms ( its adh]5ts4 ,abd ,allh b4 ,ysn di$ 9 #ajei1 b ! movem5t he _h initiat$ liv$ aft] him & _m hea!n tribes ( ,b]b]s came to swell ! numb]s ( _! ,muslim fell[-c\ntrym51 embrac+ _! religion at ! same "t z ! cause !y *ampion$1 & p\r$ out ( ! ,sah>a ov] ,nor? ,africa & lat] on made !mselves ma/]s ( ,spa9 also4 #ajcb ,x is n improbable t ! o!r great national movem5t t orig9at$ among ! ,b]b] tribes1 viz4 ! rise ( ! ,almohads at ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury1 may h attract$ into ! ,muslim community "s ( ! tribes t _h up to t "t /ill /ood alo(4 ,_! f\nd]1 ,ibn ,tm>t1 popul>is$ ! /]nly ,unit>ian t5ets ( ?is sect by means ( works 9 ! ,b]b] language :i* exp\nd$ f 8 own po9t ( view ! fundam5tal doctr9es ( ,islam1 & he made a /ill fur!r concession to ! nationali/ _s ( ! ,b]b]s by ord]+ ! call to pray] to be made 9 _! own language4 #ajcc ,"s ( ! ,b]b] tribes1 h[ev]1 rema9$ hea!n up to ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 #ajcd b ! g5]al t5d5cy 0 naturally t[>ds an absorption ( ^! small] communities into ! l>g]4 ,! sixte5? c5tury witness$ ! bir? ( a movem5t ( active proselytis+ 9 ! ,maghrib1 :i* has be5 trac$ to ! reaction excit$ by ! successes ( ! ,*ri/ian p[]s 9 ,spa9 & ,nor? ,africa4 ,?is gave an imm5se impulse to ! in/itution ( ! 8m>ab\ts10 #ajce & l>ge numb]s ( !m set out f ! mona/ic settlem5ts 9 ! s\? ( ,morocco to c>ry a peaceful mission>y campaign ?r\gh\t ! ,maghrib1 r5ew+ ! fai? ( ! lukew>m adh]5ts ( ,islam & conv]t+ _! hea!n neighb\rs4 #ajcf ,to ?is proselytis+ movem5t ! ,muslim refugees f ,spa9 contribut$ _! "p1 z has be5 %[n above 7p4 #abg71 com+ to ! aid ( ! ,%uraf or desc5dants ( ,idrs b4 ,abd ,allh1 :o _h fl$ to ,morocco to escape ! wra? ( ,hrn al-,ra%d4 #ajcg ,f ! ,sah>a ! k ( ,islam fir/ spread among ! ,negroes ( ! ,sudan4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ?is movem5t is wrapp$ 9 obscurity1 b !re seems little d\bt t x 0 ! ,b]b]s :o fir/ introduc$ ,islam into ! l&s wat]$ by ! ,s5egal & ! ,nig]2 "h !y came 9 contact ) pagan k+doms1 "s ( !m 7e4g4 ,ghna & ,songhay7 ( great antiquity4 #ajch ,! two ,b]b] tribes1 ! ,lamna & ! ,jadla1 belong+ to ! anhja clan1 especially di/+ui%$ !mselves by _! religi\s zeal 9 ! "w ( conv]sion1 #ajci & ?r\gh _! ag5cy ! ,almoravid movem5t react$ on ! pagan tribes ( ! ,sudan4 ,! reign ( ,ysuf b4 ,t%fn1 ! f\nd] ( ,morocco 7,a4,d4 #ajfb7 & ! second amr ( ! ,almoravid dyna/y1 0 v fruitful 9 conv]sions1 & _m ,negroes "u 8 rule came to "k ( ! doctr9es ( ,muammad4 #ajdj ,9 #ajgf ! ,b]b]s :o _h be5 spread+ ,islam 9 ! k+dom ( ,ghna = "s "t1 drove out ! reign+ dyna/y1 :i* 0 probably ,fulbe1 & ?is anci5t k+dom became ?r\gh\t ,muhammadan2 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury x lo/ its indep5d5ce & 0 conqu]$ by ! ,m&+os4 #ajda ,( ! introduction ( ,islam into ! anci5t k+dom ( ,songhay1 :i* is said to h be5 9 exi/5ce z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #gjj1 we h only ! record t ! fir/ ,muhammadan k+ 0 nam$ ,z-kassi1 ! fifte5? mon>* ( ! ,z dyna/y2 8 conv]sion took place 9 ! ye> ,a4,h4 #djj 7,a4,d4 #ajji-ajaj71 & 9 ! ,songhay language he 0 /yl$ ,muslim-dam1 :i* impli$ t he _h adopt$ ,islam ( 8 own free w & n by compulsion1 b !re is no m5tion ( ! influ5ces to :i* he ow$ 8 conv]sion4 #ajdb ,9 ! same c5tury !re 7 f\nd$ on ! ,upp] ,nig] two cities1 de/9$ 9 succe$+ c5turies to ex]cise an imm5se influ5ce on ! developm5t ( ,islam 9 ! ,we/]n ,sudan1--,j5ne1 #ajdc f\nd$ 9 ,a4,h4 #dce 7,a4,d4 #ajdc-ajdd71 #ajdd & de/9$ to become an important trad+ c5tre1 & ,timbuktu1 ! great emporium = ! c>avan trade ) ! nor?1 f\nd$ ab\t ! ye> ,a4,d4 #aajj4 ,! k+ ( ,j5ne1 ,kunburu1 became a ,muslim t[>ds ! end ( ! six? c5tury ( ! ,hijrah 7i4e4 ab\t ,a4,d4 #abjj7 & 8 example 0 foll[$ by ! inhabitants ( ! city2 :5 he _h made up 8 m9d to embrace ,islam1 he is said to h collect$ toge!r all ! ulam 9 8 k+dom1 to ! numb] ( #dbjj--7;h[ev] exagg]at$ ?is numb] may be1 ! /ory w\ld seem to imply t ,islam _h already made consid]able progress 9 8 dom9ions7--& publicly 9 _! pres5ce decl>$ himself a ,muslim & exhort$ !m to pray = ! prosp]ity ( 8 city2 he !n _h 8 palace pull$ d[n & built a great mosque #ajde 9 its place4 #ajdf ,timbuktu1 on ! o!r h&1 0 a ,muhammadan city f ! beg9n+2 8nev] did ! wor%ip ( idols defile x1 nev] did any man pro/rate himself on its soil except 9 pray] to ,god ! ,m]ciful40 #ajdg ,9 lat] ye>s x became influ5tial z a seat ( ,muhammadan le>n+ & piety1 & /ud5ts & div9es flock$ !re 9 l>ge numb]s1 attract$ by ! enc\ragem5t & patronage !y receiv$4 ,ibn ,baah1 :o travell$ ?r\gh ?is c\ntry 9 ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 praises ! ,negroes = _! zeal 9 ! p]=mance ( _! devotions & 9 ! /udy ( ! ,qurn3 unless "o w5t v e>ly to ! mosque on ,friday1 he tells u1 x 0 impossible to f9d a place1 s cr[d$ 0 ! att5dance4 #ajdh ,9 8 "t1 ! mo/ p[]ful /ate ( ! ,we/]n ,sudan 0 t ( ,melle or ,mll1 :i* _h ris5 to importance ab\t a c5tury be=e1 aft] ! conque/ ( ,ghna by ! ,m&+os1 "o ( ! f9e/ races ( ,africa3 ,leo ,africanus #ajdi calls !m ! mo/ civilis$1 ! mo/ intellectual & mo/ respect$ ( all ! ,negroes1 & mod]n travell]s praise !m = _! indu/ry1 clev]ness & tru/wor?9ess4 #ajej ,^! ,m&+os h be5 among ! mo/ active mission>ies ( ,islam1 :i* has be5 spread by !m among ! neighb\r+ peoples4 #ajea ,accord+ to ! ,kano ,*ronicle x 0 ! ,m&+os :o br\ght ! k ( ,islam to ! ,hausa p2 ! date is unc]ta91 #ajeb z are mo/ dates connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,hausa /ates1 because ! ,fulbe1 :o conqu]$ !m at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 de/roy$ mo/ ( _! hi/orical records4 ,b ! importance ( ! adoption ( ,islam by ! ,hausas _c be exagg]at$2 !y are an en]getic & intellig5t p1 & _! rem>kable aptitude = trade has won = !m an imm5se influ5ce among ! v>i\s peoples ) :om !y h come 9 contact2 _! language has become ! language ( comm]ce = ! ,we/]n ,sudan1 & :]ev] ! ,hausa trad]s g--& !y are f\nd f ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea to ,cairo--!y c>ry ! fai? ( ,islam ) !m4 ,ref]5ces to _! mission>y activity w be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,b ( _! own adoption ( ! fai?1 z well z ( ! rise ( ! sev5 ,hausa /ates & _! dep5d5cies1 #ajec hi/orical evid5ce is almo/ entirely want+2 #ajed "o ( ! mission>ies ( ,islam to ,kano & ,kats5a w\ld c]ta9ly seem to h be5 a le>n$ & pi\s tea*] f ,tlems51 ,muammad b4 ,abd al-,k>m b4 ,muammad al-,majl1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! ye> #aejj2 #ajee possibly !y 7 affect$ by ! great wave ( ,muhammadan influ5ce :i* mov$ s\?w>d f ,egypt 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 #ajef ,! m]*ants ( ,kord(an & 9 ! ,ea/]n ,sudan g5]ally1 boa/ t !y are desc5d$ f ,arabs :o made _! way ?i!r aft] ! fall ( ! ,fimid caliphate ( ,egypt 9 #aaga4 ,b !re 7 probably /ill e>li] in/ances ( ,muslim influ5ce com+ into ,c5tral ,africa f ! nor?-ea/4 ,x 0 f ,egypt t ,islam spread into ,kanem1 a k+dom on ! ,n4 & ,n4,e4 ( ,lake ,*ad1 :i* %ortly aft] ! adoption ( ,islam rose to be a /ate ( consid]able importance & ext5d$ its sway ov] ! tribes ( ! ,ea/]n ,sudan to ! bord]s ( ,egypt & ,nubia2 ! fir/ ,muhammadan k+ ( ,kanem is said to h reign$ ei!r t[>ds ! close ( ! elev5? or 9 ! fir/ half ( ! twelf? c5tury4 #ajeg ,b ! details we possess ( ! spread ( ,islam f ! nor?-ea/ are ev5 m scanty ?an ^? already giv5 = ! hi/ory ( ! /ates ( ! ,we/]n ,sudan4 ,! m]e dates ( ! conv]sion ( k+s & ! e/abli%m5t ( ,muhammadan dyna/ies tell u v little2 b "o fact /&s out cle>ly f ?is meagre record1 namely ! extreme sl[ness ( ! process4 ,! survival ( consid]able gr\ps ( feti%-wor%ipp]s 9 ! mid/ ( t]ritories :i* = c5turies 7 "u ,muhammadan rule1 w\ld seem to indicate t ! influ5ce ( ,islam 0 long conf9$ to ! t[ns & only by degrees made its way among ! pagan population1 if inde$ x did n meet ) su* /ubborn resi/ance z has kept ! ,bamb>a pagan1 ?\gh 7dwell+ betwe5 ! ,upp] ,s5egal & ! ,upp] ,nig]7 !y h be5 hemm$ 9 by a ,muhammadan population = c5turies4 ,an unsuccessful attempt to conv]t ! ,bamb>a 0 made by a m>ab\t1 nam$ ,um>u ,kaba1 e>ly 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,?is man _h f\nd$ a new religi\s confrat]nity1 connect$ ) ! ,qdiriyyah1 & hav+ fail$ to attract 8 co-religioni/s to x1 he turn$ 8 att5tion to ! pagan ,bamb>a1 & endeav\r$ to conv]t !m to ,islam & enrol !m 9 8 ord]4 ,he seem$ to be on ! road to success & _h already conv]t$ a pagan village 9 ! prov9ce ( ,sans&+1 :5 ! *ief ( ! prov9ce drove ! mission>y across ! fronti] & ord]$ ! newly-conv]t$ ,bamb>a to return to _! old religi\s obs]vances4 #ajeh ,:]e int]m>riages ) su* races z ,arabs & ,b]b]s h be5 frequ5t1 a /eady process ( infiltration has gone on1 & ?is1 add$ to ! propag&i/ activities ( ^? races--,fulbe1 ,hausa & ,m&+o--:o h di/+ui%$ !mselves = _! zeal on behalf ( _! religion1 w\ld h contribut$ to ! m rapid gr[? ( a ,muhammadan population1 _h x n be5 = ! int]nec9e w>s t caus$ "o ,muhammadan /ate to "w ! de/ruction ( ano!r4 ,melle rose on ! ru9s ( ,ghna 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 to be cru%$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? by ,songhay1 :i* 9 its turn 0 desolat$ by ! ,moors a c5tury lat]4 ,z ^! ,muhammadan empires decl9$1 ) ! :olesale massacres *>act]i/ic ( w>f>e 9 ! ,sudan1 feti%ism rega9$ mu* ( ! gr\nd x _h lo/2 & z 9 ! ,*ri/ian1 s 9 ! ,muhammadan _w1 !re h be5 p]iods :5 mission>y zeal has sunk to a l[ ebb1 & ,muhammadans 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,sudan h be5 cont5t to leave ! paganism t surr\nd$ !m unt\*$ by any proselytis+ ef=ts4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! ,tunj> ,arabs1 emigrat+ s\? f ,tunis1 made _! way ?r\gh ,bornu & ,wadai to ,d>fur2 o!rs came 9 lat] f ! ea/2 #ajei "o ( _! numb] nam$ ,amad met ) a k9d reception f ! hea!n k+ ( ,d>fur1 :o took a fancy to him1 made him director ( 8 h\sehold & consult$ him on all occasions4 ,8 exp]i5ce ( m civilis$ me?ods ( gov]nm5t enabl$ him to introduce a numb] ( re=ms bo? into ! economy ( ! k+'s h\sehold & ! gov]nm5t ( ! /ate4 ,by judici\s managem5t1 he is said to h br\ght ! unruly *iefta9s into subjection1 & by portion+ out ! l& among ! poor] inhabitants to h put an end to ! con/ant int]nal raids1 !reby introduc+ a feel+ ( security & cont5tm5t be=e unkn[n4 ,! k+ hav+ no male heir gave ,amad 8 daught] 9 m>riage & appo9t$ him 8 successor1--a *oice t 0 ratifi$ by ! acclamation ( ! p1 & ! ,muhammadan dyna/y ?us in/itut$ has cont9u$ d[n to ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! civilis+ influ5ces ex]cis$ by ?is *ief & 8 desc5dants 7 d\btless accompani$ by "s "w ( proselytism1 b ^! ,arab immigrants seem to h done v little = ! spread ( _! religion among _! hea!n neighb\rs4 ,d>fur only def9itely became ,muhammadan ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( "o ( its k+s nam$ ,sulaymn :o began to reign 9 #aeif1 #ajfj & x 0 n until ! sixte5? c5tury t ,islam ga9$ a foot+ 9 ! o!r k+doms ly+ betwe5 ,kord(an & ,lake ,*ad1 su* z ,wadai & ,baghirmi4 ,! fir/ ,muhammadan k+ ( ,baghirmi 0 ,sultan ,abd ,allh1 :o reign$ f #aefh to #afjh1 b ! *ief c5tre ( ,muhammadan influ5ce at ?is "t 0 ! k+dom ( ,wadai1 :i* 0 f\nd$ by ,abd al-,k>m ab\t ,a4,d4 #afab1 & x 0 n until ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury t ! mass ( ! p ( ,baghirmi 7 conv]t$ to ,islam4 #ajfa ,b ! hi/ory ( ! ,muhammadan propag&a 9 ,africa dur+ ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies is v slight & :olly insignificant :5 comp>$ ) ! rem>kable revival ( mission>y activity dur+ ! pres5t c5tury4 ,"s p[]ful influ5ce 0 ne$$ to ar\se ! dormant en]gies ( ! ,african ,muslims1 ^: condition dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury seems to h be5 almo/ "o ( religi\s indiff]5ce4 ,_! spiritual awak5+ ow$ itself to ! influ5ce ( ! ,wahhb re=mation at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 :5ce x comes t 9 mod]n times we meet ) "s acc\nts ( proselytis+ movem5ts among ! ,negroes t are n q s =bidd+ly meagre z ^? j rec\nt$1 b pres5t u ) ample details ( ! rise & progress ( sev]al important mission>y ent]prises4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 a rem>kable man1 ,%aykh ,u?mn ,danfodio1 #ajfb arose f among ! ,fulbe #ajfc z a religi\s re=m] & w>rior-mission>y4 ,f ! ,sudan he made ! pilgrimage to ,mecca1 :5ce he return$ full ( zeal & en?usiasm = ! re=mation & propagation ( ,islam4 ,influ5c$ by ! doctr9es ( ! ,wahhbs1 :o 7 gr[+ p[]ful at ! "t ( 8 visit to ,mecca1 he d5\nc$ ! practice ( pray]s = ! dead & ! hon\r paid to dep>t$ sa9ts1 & deprecat$ ! excessive v5]ation ( ,muammad himself2 at ! same "t he attack$ ! two prevail+ s9s ( ! ,sudan1 drunk5ness & immorality4 ,up to t "t ! ,fulbe _h consi/$ ( a numb] ( small scatt]$ clans liv+ a pa/oral life2 !y _h e>ly embrac$ ,islam1 & hi!rto _h cont5t$ !mselves ) =m+ colonies ( %eph]ds & plant]s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,sudan4 ,! acc\nts we h ( !m 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 repres5t !m to be a peaceful & indu/ri\s p2 "o #ajfd :o visit$ _! settlem5ts on ! ,gambia 9 #agca speaks ( !m ?us3 8,9 e k+dom & c\ntry on ea* side ( ! riv] are p ( a tawny col\r1 call$ ,pholeys 7i4e4 ,fulbe71 :o resemble ! ,arabs1 ^: language mo/ ( !m speak2 = x is taught 9 _! s*ools1 & ! ,koran1 :i* is also _! law1 is 9 t language4 ,!y are m g5]ally le>n$ 9 ! ,arabic1 ?an ! p ( ,europe are 9 ,lat92 = !y c mo/ ( !m speak x2 ?\gh !y h a vulg> tongue call$ ,pholey4 ,!y live 9 hordes or clans1 build t[ns1 & are n subject to any ( ! k+s ( ! c\ntry1 ?o' !y live 9 _! t]ritories2 = if !y are us$ ill 9 "o nation !y break up _! t[ns & remove to ano!r4 ,!y h *iefs ( _! own1 :o rule ) su* mod]ation1 t e act ( gov]nm5t seems r an act ( ! p ?an ( "o man4 ,?is =m ( gov]nm5t is easily adm9i/]$1 because ! p are ( a good & quiet disposition1 & s well in/ruct$ 9 :at is j & "r1 t a man :o does ill is ! abom9ation ( all4444 ,!y are v indu/ri\s & frugal1 & raise mu* m corn & cotton ?an !y consume1 :i* !y sell at reasonable rates1 & are s rem>kable = _! hospitality t ! natives e/eem x a bless+ to h a ,pholey t[n 9 _! neighb\rhood2 besides1 _! behavi\r has ga9$ !m su* reputation t x is e/eem$ infam\s = any "o to treat !m 9 an inhospitable mann]4 ,?\gh _! humanity ext5ds to all1 !y are d\bly k9d to p ( _! own race2 & if !y "k ( any ( _! body be+ made a slave1 all ! ,pholeys w unite to r$eem him4 ,z !y h pl5ty ( food !y nev] suff] any ( _! own p to want2 b support ! old1 ! bl9d1 & ! lame1 equally ) ! o!rs4 ,!y are seldom angry1 & ,i nev] he>d !m abuse "o ano!r2 yet ?is mildness does n proce$ f want ( c\rage1 = !y are z brave z any p ( ,africa1 & are v exp]t 9 ! use ( _! arms1 :i* are ! assagay1 %ort cutlasses1 b[s & arr[s & ev5 guns ^u occasion4444 ,!y are /rict ,mahometans2 & sc>cely any ( !m w dr9k br&y1 or any?+ /rong] ?an wat]40 ,danfodio unit$ into "o p[]ful organisation ^! sep>ate communities1 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s ,hausa /ates4 ,! fir/ outbreak occurr$ 9 ! ye> #ahjb1 9 ! /ill pagan k+dom ( ,gob]1 :i* _h ga9$ asc5dancy ov] ! nor!rnmo/ ( ! ,hausa /ates2 ! attempt ( ! k+ ( ,gob] to *eck ! gr[+ p[] ( ! ,fulbe 9 8 dom9ions caus$ ,danfodio to raise ! /&>d ( revolt2 he soon f\nd himself at ! head ( a p[]ful army1 :i* attack$ n only ! pagan tribes1 =c+ ^u !m ! fai? ( ! ,prophet1 b also ! ,muhammadan ,hausa /ates4 ,^! fell "o aft] ano!r & ! :ole ( ,hausal& came "u ! rule ( ,danfodio be=e 8 dea? 9 #ahaf4 ,8 grave 9 ,sokoto is /ill an object ( rev]5ce to l>ge numb]s ( pilgrims4 ,he divid$ 8 k+dom among 8 two sons1 :o /ill fur!r ext5d$ ! b\nd>y ( ,fulbe rule2 ,adamaua1 f\nd$ 9 #ahcg on ! ru9s ( sev]al pagan k+doms1 m>ks ! limit ( _! conque/s to ! s\?-ea/2 & ! city ( ,ilor91 9 ! ,yoruba c\ntry1 f\nd$ 9 ! lifetime ( ,danfodio1 0 ! bulw>k ( ! ,pul empire to ! s\?-we/4 ,) v>y+ =tunes ! dom9ant p[] rema9$ ?r\gh\t ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 ! h&s ( ! ,fulbe1 :o %[$ !mselves cruel & fanatical propag&i/s ( ,islam1 until ,briti% adm9i/ration 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,nig]ia 9 #aijj4 ,! introduction ( law & ord] into ,s\!rn ,nig]ia has fav\r$ ! propag&a ( ,islam z 9 o!r p>ts ( ,africa t h come "u ,european rule4 ,! ,hausa ,muslims1 "s ( :om belong to ! ,tijniyyah ord]1 h be5 able to move freely ab\t ! c\ntry & to p5etrate among pagan tribes :i* _h hi!rto kept all ,muhammadan influ5ces rigidly at bay4 ,9 ! ,yoruba c\ntry p>ticul>ly ,islam is said to be rapidly ga9+ gr\nd4 ,!re is a leg5d ( an unsuccessful attempt made by a ,muslim mission>y z e>ly z ! elev5? or twelf? c5tury2 he 0 a ,hausa :o came to ,ife1 ! religi\s capital ( ! pagan ,yoruba c\ntry1 & us$ to call ! p toge!r & read !m passages f ! ,qurn2 he c\ld only speak ! ,yoruba language imp]fectly1 & ) a =eign acc5t he w\ld repeat to 8 li/5]s1 8,let u wor%ip ,allh3 ,he creat$ ! m\nta91 ,he creat$ ! l[l&1 ,he creat$ ev]y?+1 ,he creat$ u40 ,he did ?is f "t to "t )\t succe$+ 9 w9n+ a s+le conv]t1 & di$ a few mon?s aft] 8 arrival 9 ,ife4 ,aft] 8 dea? 8 ,qurn 0 f\nd hang+ on a peg 9 ! wall ( 8 room1 & x came to be wor%ipp$ z a feti%4 #ajfe ,:]e ?is e>ly apo/le ( ! fai? fail$1 8 mod]n co-religioni/s h a*iev$ a rem>kable success4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( an>*y be=e ! ,briti% occupation1 ! ,muslims 7 = ! mo/ "p congregat$ 9 l>ge1 wall$ t[ns1 b "u ! new conditions ( security !y are able to reside p]man5tly 9 villages1 & ne> ! sc5es ( _! agricultural lab\rs1 & ,muhammadan influ5ces h ?us become m widely ext5d$ ov] ! c\ntry4 ,z 9 ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa1 ! pres5ce ( ,muhammadans among ! native troops has be5 f\nd to be fav\rable to ! ext5sion ( _! fai?1 & ! pagan recruits (t5 adopt ,islam 9 ord] to escape ridicule & ga9 9 self-respect4 #ajff ,9 ! ,ijebu c\ntry also1 9 ,s\!rn ,nig]ia1 a q rec5t propag&i/ movem5t has be5 obs]v$2 ,islam 0 only introduc$ into ?is "p ( ! c\ntry 9 #ahic1 & 9 #aijh !re 0 "o t[n ) tw5ty1 & ano!r ) twelve mosques4 #ajfg ,?is rapid spread ( ! ,muslim fai? is p>ticul>ly noticeable along ! banks ( ! riv] ,nig] 9 ,s\!rn ,nig]ia2 a ,*ri/ian mission>y reports3 8,:5 ,i came out 9 #ahih !re 7 few ,mohamm$ans to be se5 bel[ ,iddah4 #ajfh ,n[ !y are ev]y:]e1 except+ bel[ ,abo1 & at ! pres5t rate ( progress !re w sc>cely be a hea!n village on ! riv]-banks by #aiaj40 #ajfi ,!re has ?us be5 mu* mission>y "w done = ,islam 9 ?is "p ( ,africa by m5 :o h nev] tak5 up ! sword to fur!r _! end1--! conv]sion ( ! hea!n4 ,su* h be5 ! memb]s ( "s ( ! great ,muhammadan religi\s ord]s1 :i* =m su* a prom95t feature ( ! religi\s life ( ,nor!rn ,africa4 ,_! ef=ts h a*iev$ great results dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & ?\gh d\btless mu* ( _! "w has nev] be5 record$1 /ill we h acc\nts ( "s ( ! movem5ts initiat$ by !m4 ,( ^! "o ( ! e>lie/ ow$ its inception to ,s ,amad b4 ,idrs1 #ajgj :o enjoy$ a wide reputation z a religi\s tea*] 9 ,mecca f #agig to #ahcc1 & 0 ! spiritual *ief ( ! ,khariyyah2 be=e 8 dea? 9 #ahce he s5t "o ( 8 disciples1 by "n ,muammad ,u?mn al-,amr ,ghan1 on a proselytis+ exp$ition into ,africa4 ,cross+ ! ,r$ ,sea to ,kossayr1 he made 8 way inl& to ! ,nile2 "h1 among a ,muslim population1 8 ef=ts 7 ma9ly conf9$ to enroll+ memb]s ( ! ord] to :i* he belong$1 b 9 8 j\rney up ! riv] he did n meet ) mu* success until he rea*$ ,awn2 f ?is po9t up to ,dongola1 8 j\rney became q a triumphant progress2 ! ,nubians ha/5$ to jo9 8 ord]1 & ! royal pomp ) :i* he 0 surr\nd$ produc$ an impressive effect on ?is p1 & at ! same "t ! fame ( 8 miracles attract$ to him l>ge numb]s ( foll[]s4 ,at ,dongola ,muammad ,u?mn left ! valley ( ! ,nile to g to ,kord(an1 :]e he made a long /ay1 & x 0 "h t 8 mission>y "w among unbeliev]s began4 ,_m tribes 9 ?is c\ntry & ab\t ,s5na> 7 /ill pagan1 & among ^! ! prea*+ ( ,muammad ,u?mn a*iev$ a v rem>kable success1 & he s\ght to make 8 influ5ce p]man5t by contract+ sev]al m>riages1 ! issue ( :i*1 aft] 8 dea? 9 #ahec1 c>ri$ on ! "w ( ! ord] he f\nd$--call$ aft] 8 "n ! ,amrghaniyyah4 #ajga ,a few ye>s be=e ?is mission>y t\r ( ,muammad ,u?mn1 ! troops ( ,muammad ,al1 ! f\nd] ( ! pres5t dyna/y ( ,egypt1 _h begun to ext5d _! conque/s into ! ,ea/]n ,sudan1 & ! emiss>ies ( ! v>i\s religi\s ord]s 9 ,egypt 7 enc\rag$ by ! ,egyptian gov]nm5t1 9 ! hope t _! lab\rs w\ld assi/ 9 ! pacification ( ! c\ntry1 to c>ry on a propag&a 9 ?is newly-acquir$ t]ritory1 :]e !y lab\r$ ) s mu* success1 t ! rec5t insurrection 9 ! ,sudan "u ! ,mahd has be5 attribut$ to ! religi\s f]v\r _! prea*+ excit$4 #ajgb ,9 ! ,we/ ( ,africa two ord]s h be5 especially in/rum5tal 9 ! spread ( ,islam1 ! ,qdiriyyah & ! ,tijniyyah4 ,! =m]1 ! mo/ widespread ( ! religi\s ord]s ( ,islam1 0 f\nd$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury by ,abd al-,qdir al-,jln1 said to be ! mo/ popul> & mo/ univ]sally rev]$ ( all ! sa9ts ( ,islam1 #ajgc--;& 0 introduc$ into ,we/]n ,africa 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 by emigrants f ,tuat1 "o ( ! oases 9 ! we/]n half ( ! ,sah>a2 !y made ,walata ! fir/ c5tre ( _! organisation1 b lat] on _! desc5dants 7 driv5 away f ?is t[n1 & took refuge 9 ,timbuktu1 fur!r to ! ea/4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! great spiritual revival t 0 s pr(\ndly influ5c+ ! ,muhammadan _w1 /irr$ up ! ,qdiriyyah ( ! ,sah>a & ! ,we/]n ,sudan to r5ew$ life & en]gy1 & be=e long1 le>n$ !ologians or small colonies ( p]sons affiliat$ to ! ord] 7 to be f\nd scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! ,we/]n ,sudan f ! ,s5egal to ! m\? ( ! ,nig]4 ,! *ief c5tres ( _! mission>y organisation are 9 ,kanka1 ,timbo 7,futah-,jallon7 & ,mus>du 79 ! ,m&+o c\ntry74 #ajgd ,^! initiates =m$ c5tres ( ,islamic influ5ce 9 ! mid/ ( a pagan population1 among :om !y receiv$ a welcome z public scribes1 legi/s1 writ]s ( amulets1 & s*oolma/]s3 gradually !y w\ld acquire influ5ce ov] _! new surr\nd+s1 & isolat$ cases ( conv]sion w\ld soon gr[ into a little b& ( conv]ts1 ! mo/ promis+ ( :om w\ld (t5 be s5t to complete _! /udies at ! *ief c5tres ( ! ord]1 or ev5 to ! s*ools ( ,kairwan or ,tripoli1 or to ! univ]sities ( ,fez & al-,azh> 9 ,cairo4 #ajge ,"h !y might rema9 = sev]al ye>s1 until !y _h p]fect$ _! !ological /udies1 & w\ld !n return to _! native place1 fully equipp$ = ! "w ( spread+ ! fai? among _! fell[-c\ntrym54 ,9 ?is way a leav5 has be5 introduc$ into ! mid/ ( feti%-wor%ipp]s & idolat]s1 :i* has gradually spread ! fai? ( ,islam surely & /eadily1 ?\gh by almo/ imp]ceptible degrees4 ,up to ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury mo/ ( ! s*ools 9 ! ,sudan 7 f\nd$ & conduct$ by tea*]s tra9$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,qdiriyyah & _! organisation provid$ = a regul> & cont9u\s sy/em ( propag&a among ! hea!n tribes4 ,! mission>y "w ( ?is ord] has be5 entirely ( a peaceful "*1 & has reli$ :olly on p]sonal example & precept1 on ! influ5ce ( ! tea*] ov] 8 pupils1 & on ! spread ( education4 #ajgf ,9 ?is way ! ,qdiriyyah mission>ies ( ! ,sudan h %[n !mselves true to ! pr9ciples ( _! f\nd] & ! univ]sal tradition ( _! ord]4 ,= ! guid+ pr9ciples t gov]n$ ! life ( ,abd al-,qdir 7 love ( 8 neighb\r & tol]ation3 ?\gh k+s & m5 ( weal? %[]$ _! gifts ^u him1 8 b\ndless *>ity kept him always poor1 & 9 none ( 8 books or precepts are to be f\nd any expressions ( ill-w or enmity t[>ds ! ,*ri/ians2 :5ev] he spoke ( ! p ( ! ,book1 x 0 only to express 8 sorr[ = _! religi\s errors1 & to pray t ,god might enlight5 !m4 ,?is tol]ant attitude he bequea!d z a legacy to 8 disciples1 & x has be5 a /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( 8 foll[]s 9 all ages4 #ajgg ,! ,tijniyyah1 belong+ to an ord] f\nd$ 9 ,algi]s t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 h1 s9ce _! e/abli%m5t 9 ! ,sudan ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 pursu$ ! same mission>y me?ods z ! ,qdiriyyah1 & _! num]\s s*ools h contribut$ l>gely to ! propagation ( ! fai?2 b1 unlike ! =m]1 !y h n refra9$ f appeal+ to ! sword to assi/ 9 ! fur!rance ( _! s*eme ( conv]sion1 &1 un=tunately = a true e/imate ( ! mission>y "w ( ,islam 9 ,we/]n ,africa1 ! fame ( _! ,jihds or religi\s w>s has ?r[n into ! %ade ! successes ( ! peaceful propag&i/1 ?\gh ! lab\rs ( ! latt] h be5 m effectual t[>ds ! spread ( ,islam ?an ! creation ( petty1 %ort-liv$ dyna/ies4 ,! records ( campaigns1 especially :5 !y h int]f]$ ) ! comm]cial projects or s*emes ( conque/ ( ! :ite m51 h naturally attract$ ! att5tion ( ,europeans m ?an ! unobtrusive lab\rs ( ! ,muhammadan prea*] & s*oolma/]4 ,b ! hi/ory ( su* movem5ts possesses ?is importance1 t--z has (t5 happ5$ 9 ! case ( ,*ri/ian missions also--conque/ has op5$ out new fields = mission>y activity1 & =cibly impress$ on ! m9ds ( ! fai?ful ! exi/5ce ( l>ge tracts ( c\ntry ^: inhabitants /ill rema9$ unconv]t$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! militant propag&i/ movem5ts on ! "p ( ! memb]s ( ! ,tijniyyah ord] owes its inception to al-jj ,um>1 :o _h be5 initiat$ into ?is ord] by a lead] ( ! sect ^: acqua9tance he made 9 ,mecca4 ,he 0 born 9 #agig1 ne> ,podor on ! ,l[] ,s5egal1 & appe>s to h be5 a man ( consid]able end[m5ts & p]sonal influ5ce1 & ( a comm&+ pres5ce4 ,he 0 ! son ( a m>ab\t & receiv$ a c>eful religi\s education2 he 0 already fam$ = 8 le>n+ & piety :5 he set out on ! pilgrimage to ,mecca 9 #ahbg4 ,he did n return to 8 own c\ntry until #ahcc1 :5 he comm5c$ an active propag&a ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,tijniyyah ord]1 fi]cely attack+ 8 co-religioni/s = _! ignorance & _! lukew>mness1 especially ! adepts ( ! ,qdiriyyah ord]1 ^: tol]ation p>ticul>ly excit$ 8 wra?4 ,he trav]s$ ! ,c5tral ,sudan1 w9n+ _m adh]5ts & receiv+ hon\r z a new prophet1 until ab\t #ahda he rea*$ ,futah-,jallon1 :]e he arm$ 8 foll[]s & comm5c$ a s]ies ( proselytis+ exp$itions aga9/ ^? tribes t /ill rema9$ pagan ab\t ! ,upp] ,nig] & ! ,s5egal4 ,x 0 9 "o ( ^! exp$itions t he met 8 dea? 9 #ahfe4 ,8 son1 ,amadu ,%aykhu1 succe$$ 9 hold+ toge!r ! v>i\s prov9ces ( 8 fa!r's k+dom = a few ye>s only2 int]nal conflicts & ! advance ( ! ,fr5* broke up ! ,tijniyyah empire1 & _! t]ritories pass$ "u ! rule ( ,france4 #ajgh ,"s m5tion has already be5 made ( ! introduction ( ,islam into ?is "p ( ,africa4 ,! se$ plant$ "h by ,abd ,allh b4 ,ysn & 8 companions1 0 fructifi$ by cont9ual contact ) ,muhammadan m]*ants & tea*]s1 & ) ! ,arabs ( ! oasis ( al-aw & o!rs4 ,a travell] ( ! fifte5? c5tury tells h[ ! ,arabs /rove to tea* ! ,negro *iefs ! law ( ,muammad1 po9t+ out h[ %ameful a ?+ x 0 = !m1 be+ *iefs1 to live )\t any ( ,god's laws1 & to d z ! base folk did :o liv$ )\t any law at all4 ,f :i* x w\ld appe> t ^! e>ly mission>ies took advantage ( ! impos+ "* ( ! ,muslim religion & con/itution to impress ! m9ds ( ^! uncivilis$ savages4 #ajgi ,we h ampl] details ( a m rec5t movem5t ( ! same k9d1 :i* _h be5 set on foot 9 ! s\? ( ,s5egambia by a ,m&+o1 nam$ amudu1 commonly kn[n by ! "n ,samory1 a pagan soldi] ( =tune born ab\t #ahdf1 :o became a ,muhammadan e>ly 9 ! c\rse ( 8 c>e] & f\nd$ an empire1 s\? ( ,s5egambia1 9 ! c\ntry wat]$ by ! upp] bas9 ( ! ,nig] & its tribut>ies4 ,an ,arabic acc\nt ( ! c>e] ( ,samory1 writt5 by a native *ronicl]1 gives u "s int]e/+ details ( 8 a*ievem5ts4 ,x beg9s z foll[s3 8,?is is an acc\nt ( ! ,jihd ( ! ,imm ,amadu amudu1 a ,m&+o4444 ,god conf]r$ ^u him ,8 help cont9ually aft] he began ! "w ( visit+ ! idolatr\s pagans1 :o dwell betwe5 ! sea & ! c\ntry ( ,wasulu1 ) a view ( invit+ !m to foll[ ! religion ( ,god1 :i* is ,islam4 ,"k all ye :o read ?is--t ! fir/ ef=t ( ! ,imm amudu 0 a t[n nam$ ,ful9diyah4 ,foll[+ ! ,book & ! ,law & ! ,traditions1 he s5t mess5g]s to ! k+ at t t[n1 ,s9didu by "n1 invit+ him to submit to 8 gov]nm5t1 ab&on ! wor%ip ( idols & wor%ip "o ,god1 ! ,exalt$1 ! ,true1 ^: s]vice is pr(itable to ,8 p 9 ?is _w & 9 ! next2 b !y refus$ to submit4 ,!n he impos$ a tribute ^u !m1 z ! ,qurn comm&s on ?is subject2 b !y p]si/$ 9 _! bl9dness & deafness4 ,! ,imm !n collect$ a small =ce ( ab\t five hundr$ m51 brave & valiant1 = ! ,jihd1 & he f\ght aga9/ ! t[n1 & ! ,"l help$ him aga9/ !m & gave him ! victory ov] !m1 & he pursu$ !m ) 8 horses until !y submitt$4 ,nor w !y return to _! idolatry1 = n[ all _! *ildr5 are 9 s*ools be+ taught ! ,qurn1 & a k ( religion & civilisation4 ,praise be to ,god = ?is40 #ajhj ,x is n possible "h to trace ! c\rse ( 8 conque/s1 :i* 7 m>k$ by :olesale massacres & deva/ation4 #ajha ,he rea*$ ! height ( 8 p[] ab\t #ahha1 %ortly aft] :i* he came 9 conflict ) ! ,fr5*1 :o took him prison] 9 #ahih aft] a s]ies ( h>ass+ campaigns4 ,he di$ 9 #aijj4 ,?\gh ! effect ( 8 conque/s 0 ! de/ruction ( l>ge numb]s ( pagans :o 7 massacr$ by 8 ru?less armies1 :ile o!rs 7 t]rifi$ into a nom9al acceptance ( ,islam1 he does n appe> to h put be=e him ! same di/9ctly religi\s aim z al-jj ,um> did4 #ajhb ,he left to ! ,qdiriyyah m>ab\ts ! task ( propag&a1 & !y ) _! accu/om$ traditions ( tol]ation are said to h done mu* to mitigate ! savag]y ( 8 proce$+s4 #ajhc ,!y op5$ s*ools 9 ! conqu]$ t[ns1 e/abli%$ !re ! organisation ( _! ord]1 & bo? in/ruct$ ! new conv]ts & s\ght to w9 fre% ones4 ,) reg>d to ^! militant movem5ts ( ,muhammadan propag&ism1 x is important to notice t x is n ! milit>y successes & t]ritorial conque/s t h mo/ contribut$ to ! progress ( ,islam 9 ^! p>ts2 = x has be5 po9t$ out t1 outside ! limits ( ^? fragm5ts ( ! empire ( al-jj ,um> t h def9itively rema9$ 9 ! h&s ( 8 successors1 ! =c$ conv]sions t he made h quickly be5 =gott51 & 9 spite ( ! mom5t>y gr&eur ( 8 successes & ! en?usiasm ( 8 armies1 v few traces rema9 ( ?is arm$ propag&a4 #ajhd ,! real importance ( ^! movem5ts 9 ! mission>y hi/ory ( ,islam 9 ,we/]n ,africa is ! religi\s en?usiasm !y /irr$ up1 :i* exhibit$ itself 9 a widespread mission>y activity ( a purely peaceful "* among ! hea!n populations4 ,^! ,jihds1 rightly look$ ^u1 are b incid5ts 9 ! mod]n ,islamic revival & are by no means *>act]i/ic ( ! =ces & activities t h be5 really op]ative 9 ! promulgation ( ,islam 9 ,africa3 inde$1 unless foll[$ up by di/9ctly mission>y ef=ts !y w\ld h prov$ almo/ :olly ineffectual 9 ! creation ( a true ,muslim community4 ,9 fact1 ! deva/at+ w>s & cruel viol5ce ( conqu]ors su* z al-jj ,um> & ,samory & especially ! emiss>ies ( ! ,tijniyyah h caus$ ! fai? ( ,islam to be bitt]ly hat$ by ! pagan tribes ( ! ,sudan 9 ! c\ntries wat]$ by ! ,s5egal & ! ,nig]4 ,ho/ility to ! ,muslim fai? has almo/ assum$ ) !m ! =m ( a national movem5t1 b /ill ?is ,muhammadan propag&a has spread ! fai? ( ! ,prophet 9 _m p>ts ( ,gu9ea & ,s5egambia1 to :i* ! ,fulbe #ajhe & m]*ants f ! ,hausa c\ntry 9 _! frequ5t trad+ exp$itions h br\ght ! k ( _! religion1 & h succe$$ dur+ ! la/ & ! pres5t c5tury 9 w9n+ l>ge numb]s ( conv]ts4 ,especially notewor?y is ! activity ( ^? ,qdiriyyah prea*]s & ,muslim trad]s :o h won fre% conv]ts to _! fai? s9ce ! ,fr5* occupation has br\ght peace to ! c\ntry2 ?is peaceful p5etration has be5 facilitat$ 9 ! ,fr5* ,sudan1 z 9 o!r p>ts ( ,africa t h rec5tly come "u ! sway ( ,european p[]s1 by ! consid]ation %[n by ,fr5* (ficials to ! educat$ classes1 :o are ( c\rse all ,muhammadans1 & by ! op5 contempt ) :i* ! degrad$ habits & sup]/itions ( ! pagan feti%-wor%ipp]s are reg>d$4 #ajhf ,b ! proselytis+ "w ( ! ord] t is n[ to be describ$ has nev] 9 any way be5 connect$ ) viol5ce or w> & has employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( religion only ! arts ( peace & p]suasion4 ,9 #ahcg a religi\s society 0 f\nd$ by an ,alg]ian jurisconsult1 nam$ ,sd ,muammad b4 ,al al-,sans1 ) ! object ( re=m+ ,islam & spread+ ! fai?2 be=e 8 dea? 9 #ahei1 he _h succe$$ 9 e/abli%+1 by ! %e] =ce ( 8 g5ius & )\t ! %$d+ ( blood1 a !ocratic /ate1 to :i* 8 foll[]s r5d] devot$ allegiance & ! limits ( :i* are e day be+ ext5d$ by 8 successors4 #ajhg ,! memb]s ( ?is sect are b\nd by rigid rules to c>ry out to ! full ! precepts ( ! ,qurn 9 accordance ) ! mo/ /rictly mono!i/ic pr9ciples1 :]eby wor%ip is to be giv5 to ,god alone1 & pray]s to sa9ts & pilgrimages to _! tombs are absolutely int]dict$4 ,!y mu/ ab/a9 f c(fee & tobacco1 avoid all int]c\rse ) ,jews or ,*ri/ians1 contribute a c]ta9 portion ( _! income to ! funds ( ! society1 if !y d n give !mselves up entirely to its s]vice1 & devote all _! en]gies to ! advancem5t ( ,islam1 resi/+ at ! same "t any concessions to ,european influ5ces4 ,?is sect is spread ov] ! :ole ( ,nor? ,africa1 hav+ religi\s h\ses scatt]$ ab\t ! c\ntry f ,egypt to ,morocco1 & f> into ! int]ior1 9 ! oases ( ! ,sah>a & ! ,sudan4 ,! c5tre ( its organisation 0 9 ! oasis ( ,jaghabb #ajhh 9 ! ,libyan des]t betwe5 ,egypt & ,tripoli1 :]e e ye> hundr$s ( mission>ies 7 tra9$ & s5t out z prea*]s ( ,islam to all p>ts ( nor!rn ,africa4 ,x is to ! religi\s h\se 9 ?is village t all ! bran* e/abli%m5ts 7said to be #aba 9 numb]7 look$ = c\nsel & in/ruction 9 all matt]s conc]n+ ! managem5t & ext5sion ( ?is va/ !ocracy1 :i* embrac$ 9 a m>vell\s organisation ?\s&s ( p]sons ( num]\s races & nations1 o!rwise sep>at$ f "o ano!r by va/ diff]5ces ( geographical situation & worldly int]e/s4 ,= ! success t has be5 a*iev$ by ! zeal\s & en]getic emiss>ies ( ?is association is enorm\s2 conv5ts ( ! ord] are to be f\nd n only all ov] ! nor? ( ,africa f ,egypt to ,morocco1 ?r\gh\t ! ,sudan1 9 ,s5egambia & ,somalil&1 b memb]s ( ! ord] are to be f\nd also 9 ,arabia1 ,mesopotamia & ! isl&s ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 #ajhi ,?\gh prim>ily a movem5t ( re=m 9 ! mid/ ( ,islam itself1 ! ,sansiyyah sect is also actively proselytis+1 & sev]al ,african tribes t 7 previ\sly pagan or m]ely nom9ally ,muslim1 h s9ce ! adv5t ( ! emiss>ies ( ?is sect 9 _! mid/1 become zeal\s adh]5ts ( ! fai? ( ! ,prophet4 ,?us1 = example1 ! ,sans mission>ies lab\r$ to conv]t t portion ( ! ,baele 7a tribe inhabit+ ! hill c\ntry ( ,enn$i1 ,e4 ( ,borku7 :i* 0 /ill hea!n1 & communicat$ _! own religi\s zeal to su* o!r sections ( ! tribe z _h only a v sup]ficial k ( ,islam1 & 7 ,muhammadan only 9 "n2 #ajij ! ,t$as ( ,tu or ,tibe/i1 9 ! ,sah>a1 ,s4 ( ,fezzan1 :o 7 likewise ,muhammadans only 9 "n :5 ! ,sansiyyah came among !m1 also be> witness to ! success ( _! ef=ts4 #ajia ,! mission>ies ( ?is sect also c>ry on an active propag&a 9 ! ,galla c\ntry & fre% work]s are s5t ?i!r e ye> f ,h>>1 :]e ! ,sansiyyah are v /rong & include among _! numb]s all ! *iefs 9 ! c\rt ( ! ,amr almo/ )\t exception4 #ajib ,9 ! fur!rance ( _! proselytis+ ef=ts ^! mission>ies op5 s*ools1 =m settlem5ts 9 ! oases ( ! des]t1 &--noticeably 9 ! case ( ! ,wadai--!y h ga9$ l>ge accessions to _! numb]s by ! pur*ase ( slaves1 :o h be5 educat$ at ,jaghabb & :5 deem$ suffici5tly well in/ruct$ 9 ! t5ets ( ! sect1 enfran*is$ & !n s5t back to _! native c\ntry to conv]t _! bre?r54 #ajic ,x w\ld appe>1 h[ev]1 t ! influ5ce ( ?is ord] is n[ on ! decl9e4 #ajid ,slight z ^! records are ( ! mission>y lab\rs ( ! ,muslims among ! pagan tribes ( ! ,sudan1 !y are ( importance 9 view ( ! g5]al de>? ( in=mation reg>d+ ! spread ( ,islam 9 ?is "p ( ,africa4 ,b :ile docum5t>y evid5ce is want+1 ! ,muhammadan communities dwell+ 9 ! mid/ ( feti%-wor%ipp]s & idolat]s1 z repres5tatives ( a high] fai? & civilisation1 are a liv+ te/imony to ! proselytis+ lab\rs ( ! ,muhammadan mission>ies1 & 7especially on ! s\?-we/]n bord]l& ( ,islamic influ5ce7 pres5t a /rik+ contra/ to ! pagan tribes demoralis$ by ! ,european g9 traffic4 ,?is contra/ has be5 well indicat$ by a mod]n travell]1 #ajie 9 speak+ ( ! degrad$ condition ( ! tribes ( ! ,l[] ,nig]3 8,9 /eam+ up ! riv] 7i4e4 ! ,nig]71 ,i saw little 9 ! fir/ #bjj miles to alt] my views1 = !re luxuriat$ 9 cong5ial union feti%ism1 cannibalism & ! g9 trade4 ,b z ,i left beh9d me ! l[-ly+ coa/ region1 & f\nd myself ne> ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( :at is call$ ! ,c5tral ,sudan1 ,i obs]v$ an ev]-increas+ improvem5t 9 ! appe>ance ( ! "* ( ! native2 cannibalism disappe>$1 feti%ism foll[$ 9 its wake1 ! g9 trade l>gely disappe>$1 :ile on ! o!r h&1 clo!s became m volum9\s & dec5t1 cleanl9ess ! rule1 :ile _! outw>d m dignifi$ be>+ /ill fur!r betok5$ a moral reg5]ation4 ,ev]y?+ indicat$ a leav5+ ( "s high] elem5t1 an elem5t t 0 cle>ly tak+ a deep hold on ! negro nature & mak+ him a new man4 ,t elem5t y w p]haps be surpris$ to le>n is ,mahomm$anism4 ,on pass+ ,lokoja at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,b5u ) ! ,nig]1 ,i left beh9d me ! mission>y outpo/s ( ,islam1 & ent]+ ! ,c5tral ,sudan1 ,i f\nd myself 9 a comp>atively well-gov]n$ empire1 teem+ ) a busy populace ( ke5 trad]s1 exp]t manufactur]s ( clo?1 brass "w & lea!r2 a p1 9 fact1 :o h made enorm\s advances t[>ds civilisation40 ,9 ord] to =m a j e/imate ( ! mission>y activity ( ,islam 9 ,nigritia1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t1 :ile on ! coa/ & along ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ! sph]e ( ,islamic influ5ce1 ! ,muhammadan mission>y is ! pione] ( 8 religion1 !re is /ill left beh9d him a va/ field = ,muslim propag&a 9 ! inl& c\ntries t /ret* away to ! nor? & ! ea/1 ?\gh x is long s9ce ,islam took firm root 9 ?is soil4 ,"s sections ( ! ,fnj1 ! pr$om9ant ,negro race ( ,s5na>1 are p>tly ,muhammadan & p>tly hea!n1 & ,muhammadan m]*ants f ,nubia are attempt+ ! conv]sion ( ! latt]4 #ajif ,! pagan tribe ( ! ,jukun1 #ajig ^: once p[]ful k+dom disappe>$ be=e ! victori\s developm5t ( ! ,fulbe1 has )/ood ! advanc+ influ5ce ( ,muhammadanism1 ?\gh ! =eign m9i/] ( _! k+ has always be5 a ,muslim & colonies ( ,hausas & o!r ,muhammadans h settl$ among !m2 b ^! ,muslim settl]s d n succe$ 9 mak+ any conv]ts f among ! ,jukun1 ^: traditions ( _! pa/ greatness make !m cl+ to ! national fai? ^: spiritual head%ip is ve/$ 9 _! k+4 #ajih ,x w\ld be easy also to enum]ate _m sections ( ! population ( ! ,sudan & ,s5egambia1 t /ill reta9 _! hea!n habits & beliefs1 or cov] ^! only ) a slight v5e] ( ,muhammadan obs]vance ev5 ?\gh !y h be5 79 mo/ cases7 surr\nd$ = c5turies by ! foll[]s ( ! ,prophet4 ,! ,konnohs1 an (f%oot ( ! great tribe ( ! ,m&+os1 are /ill l>gely pagan1 & x is only 9 rec5t ye>s t ,islam has be5 mak+ progress among !m4 #ajii ,consequ5tly1 ! rem>kable zeal = mission>y "w t has display$ itself among ! ,muhammadans ( ^! p>ts dur+ ! pres5t c5tury1 has n f> to g 9 ord] to f9d abundant scope = its activity4 ,h5ce ! importance1 9 ! mission>y hi/ory ( ,islam 9 ?is cont95t1 ( ! movem5ts ( re=m 9 ! ,muslim religion itself & ! revivals ( religi\s life1 to :i* att5tion has be5 drawn above4 ,! ,we/ ,coa/ is ano!r field = ,muhammadan mission>y ent]prise :]e ,islam f9ds itself confront$ ) a va/ population /ill unconv]t$1 9 spite ( ! progress x has made on ! ,gu9ea ,coa/1 9 ,si]ra ,leone & ,lib]ia1 9 :i* la/ !re are m ,muhammadans ?an hea!n4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ notices ( ,muslim mission>y activity 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,si]ra ,leone is to be f\nd 9 a petition = ! dissolution ( ! ,si]ra ,leone ,company1 ord]$ to be pr9t$ by ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 on ! #be? ,may1 #ahjb4 8,n m ?an sev5ty ye>s ago1 a small numb] ( ,mahom$ans e/abli%$ !mselves 9 a c\ntry ab\t =ty miles to ! nor?w>d ( ,si]ra ,leone1 call$ f !m ! ,m&+o ,c\ntry4 ,z is ! practice ( ! pr(essors ( t religion !y =m$ s*ools1 9 :i* ! ,arabic language & ! doctr9es ( ,mahomet 7 taught1 & ! cu/oms ( ,mahom$ans1 p>ticul>ly t ( n sell+ any ( _! own religion z slaves1 7 adopt$4 ,laws f\nd$ on ! ,koran 7 introduc$4 ,^? practices :i* *iefly contribute to depopulate ! coa/ 7 eradicat$1 & 9 spite ( _m inte/9e convulsions1 a great comp>ative degree ( civilisation1 union & security 7 introduc$4 ,population1 9 consequ5ce1 rapidly increas$ & ! :ole p[] ( t "p ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y are settl$ has gradually fall5 into _! h&s4 ,^? :o h be5 taught 9 _! s*ools are succe$+ to weal? & p[] 9 ! neighb\r+ c\ntries1 & c>ry ) !m a consid]able portion ( _! religion & laws4 ,o!r *iefs are adopt+ ! "n assum$ by ^! ,mahom$ans1 on acc\nt ( ! respect :i* att5ds x2 & ! religion ( ,islam seems likely to diffuse itself peaceably ov] ! :ole di/rict 9 :i* ! colony is situat$1 c>ry+ ) x ^? advantages :i* seem ev] to h att5d$ its victory ov] ,negro sup]/ition40 #aajj ,9 ! ,m5di c\ntry1 ab\t "o hundr$ miles s\? ( ,si]ra ,leone1 ,islam appe>s to h f\nd an entrance only 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 b to be n[ mak+ /eady progress4 8,! propag&ism is n conduct$ by any special ord] ( prie/s set ap>t = ! purpose1 b e ,musalman is an active mission>y4 ,"s half a doz5 ( !m1 m or less1 meet+ 9 a t[n1 :]e !y int5d to reside = any l5g? ( "t1 soon run up a mosque & beg9 "w4 ,!y fir/ approa* ! *ief ( ! t[n & obta9 8 cons5t to _! int5d$ act1 & p]haps 8 promise to become an adh]5t4 ,!y tea* him _! pray]s 9 ,arabic1 or z mu* z he c1 or c>es to1 commit to memory4 ,!y put him ?r\gh ! =ms & c]emonies us$ 9 pray+1 =bid him ! use ( alcoholic bev]ages--a re/riction z (t5 obs]v$ z n--& lo6 ! man is a conv]t40 #aaja ,on ! ,gu9ea ,coa/1 ,muslim influ5ces are spread *iefly by ,hausa trad]s :o are to be f\nd 9 all ! comm]cial t[ns on ?is coa/2 :5ev] !y =m a settlem5t1 !y at once build a mosque & by _! dev\t behavi\r1 & _! sup]ior culture1 !y impress ! hea!n inhabitants2 :ole tribes ( feti%-wor%ipp]s pass ov] to ,islam z ! result ( _! imitation ( :at !y recognise to be a high] civilisation ?an _! own1 )\t any p>ticul> ef=ts be+ necess>y = p]suad+ !m4 #aajb ,9 ,a%anti !re 0 a nucleus ( a ,muhammadan population to be f\nd z e>ly z #agej & ! mission>ies ( ,islam h lab\r$ !re ev] s9ce ) sl[ b sure success1 #aajc z !y f9d a ready welcome 9 ! c\ntry & h ga9$ = !mselves consid]able influ5ce at ! c\rt2 by means ( _! s*ools !y get a hold on ! m9ds ( ! y\ng] g5]ation1 & !re are said to be significant signs t ,islam w become ! pr$om9ant religion 9 ,a%anti1 z already _m ( ! *iefs h adopt$ x4 #aajd ,9 ,dahomey & ! ,gold ,coa/1 ,islam is daily mak+ fre% progress1 & ev5 :5 ! hea!n *iefta9s d n !mselves embrace x1 !y v frequ5tly all[ !mselves to come "u ! influ5ce ( its mission>ies1 :o "k h[ to take advantage ( ?is asc5dancy 9 _! lab\rs among ! common p4 #aaje ,dahomey & ,a%anti are ! mo/ important k+doms 9 ?is "p ( ! cont95t t are /ill subject to pagan rul]s1 & _! conv]sion is said to be a "q ( a %ort "t only4 #aajf ,9 ,lagos !re are well-nigh #aj1jjj ,muslims1 & all ! trad+ /ations ( ! ,we/ ,coa/ include 9 _! populations numb]s ( ,musalmans belong+ to ! sup]ior ,negro tribes1 su* z ! ,fulbe1 ! ,m&+os & ! ,hausa4 ,:5 ^! m5 come d[n to ! cities ( ! coa/1 z !y d 9 consid]able numb]s1 ei!r z trad]s or to s]ve z troops 9 ! armies ( ! ,european p[]s1 !y _c fail to impress by _! bold & indep5d5t be>+ ! ,negro ( ! coa/-l&2 he sees t ! believ]s 9 ! ,qurn are ev]y:]e respect$ by ,european gov]nors1 (ficials & m]*ants2 !y are n s f> remov$ f him 9 race1 appe>ance1 dress or mann]s z to make admission into _! bro!rhood impossible to him1 & to him too is (f]$ a %>e 9 _! privileges on condition ( conv]sion to _! fai?4 #aajg ,z soon z ! pagan ,negro1 h[ev] obscure or degrad$1 %[s himself will+ to accept ! tea*+s ( ! ,prophet1 he is at once admitt$ z an equal into _! society1 & admission into ! bro!rhood ( ,islam is n a privilege grudg+ly grant$1 b "o freely (f]$ by zeal\s & eag] proselytis]s4 ,=1 f ! m\? ( ! ,s5egal to ,lagos1 ov] two ?\s& miles1 !re is said to be h>dly any t[n ( importance on ! seabo>d 9 :i* !re is n at lea/ "o mosque1 ) active propag&i/s ( ,islam1 (t5 work+ side by side ) ! tea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity4 #aajh ,we mu/ n[ turn to ! hi/ory ( ! spread ( ,islam on ! o!r side ( ! cont95t ( ,africa1 ! inhabitants ( :i* 7 9 clos] proximity to ! l& :]e ?is fai? _h its bir?4 ,! facts record$ respect+ ! e>ly settlem5ts ( ! ,arabs on ! ,ea/ ,coa/ are v meagre2 accord+ to an ,arabic *ronicle :i* ! ,portuguese f\nd 9 ,kiloa #aaji :5 t t[n 0 sack$ by ,don ,francisco d',almeda 9 #aeje1 ! fir/ settl]s 7 a body ( ,arabs :o 7 driv5 into exile because !y foll[$ ! h]etical tea*+s ( a c]ta9 ,zayd1 #aaaj a desc5dant ( ! ,prophet1 aft] :om !y 7 call$ ,emozaydij 7probably or p ( ,zayd74 ,! ,zayd "h ref]r$ to is probably ,zayd b4 ,al1 a gr&son ( usayn & s great-gr&son ( ,al1 ! nephew ( ,muammad3 9 ! reign ( ! caliph ,hi%m he claim$ to be ! ,imm ,mahd & /irr$ up a revolt among ! ,%ah faction1 b 0 defeat$ & put to dea? 9 ,a4,h4 #abb 7,a4,d4 #gdj74 #aaaa ,!y seem to h liv$ 9 consid]able dread ( ! orig9al pagan inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 b succe$$ gradually 9 ext5d+ _! settlem5ts along ! coa/1 until ! arrival ( ano!r b& ( fugitives :o came f ! ,arabian side ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 n f> f ! isl& ( ,barayn4 ,^! came 9 ?ree %ips "u ! lead]%ip ( sev5 bro!rs1 9 ord] to escape f ! p]secution ( ! k+ ( ,lasah1 #aaab a city h>d by ! dwell+-place ( _! tribe4 ,! fir/ t[n !y built 0 ,magadaxo1 #aaac :i* aft]w>ds rose to su* p[] z to assume lord%ip ov] all ! ,arabs ( ! coa/4 ,b ! orig9al settl]s1 ! ,emozaydij1 belong+ z !y did to a diff]5t ,muhammadan sect1 be+ ,%ahs1 :ile ! new-com]s 7 ,sunns1 7 unwill+ to submit to ! au?ority ( ! rul]s ( ,magadaxo1 & retir$ into ! int]ior1 :]e !y became m]g$ into ! native population1 int]m>ry+ ) !m & adopt+ _! mann]s & cu/oms4 #aaad ,magadaxo 0 f\nd$ ab\t ! middle ( ! t5? c5tury & rema9$ ! mo/ p[]ful city on ?is coa/ = m ?an sev5ty ye>s1 :5 ! arrival ( ano!r exp$ition f ! ,p]sian ,gulf l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( a rival settlem5t fur!r s\?4 ,! lead] ( ?is exp$ition 0 nam$ ,al1 "o ( ! sev5 sons ( a c]ta9 ,sultan asan ( ,%iraz3 because 8 "m 0 an ,abyss9ian1 he 0 look$ d[n ^u ) contempt by 8 bro!rs1 ^: cruel treatm5t ( him aft] ! dea? ( _! fa!r1 det]m9$ him to leave 8 native l& & seek a home else:]e4 ,accord+ly1 ) 8 wife & *ildr5 & a small body ( foll[]s1 he set sail f ! isl& ( ,ormuz1 & avoid+ ,magadaxo1 ^: inhabitants belong$ to a diff]5t sect1 & hav+ he>d t gold 0 to be f\nd on ! ,zanzib> coa/1 he pu%$ on to ! s\? & f\nd$ ! city ( ,kiloa1 :]e he c\ld ma9ta9 a position ( indep5d5ce & be free f ! int]f]5ce ( 8 pr$ecessors fur!r nor?4 #aaae ,9 ?is way a numb] ( ,arab t[ns sprang up along ! ea/ coa/ f ! ,gulf ( ,ad5 to ! ,tropic ( ,capricorn1 on ! fr+e ( :at 0 call$ by ! m$ival ,arab geograph]s ! c\ntry ( ! ,zanj4 ,:atev] ef=ts may h be5 made by ! ,muhammadan settl]s to conv]t ! ,zanj1 no record ( !m seems to h surviv$4 ,!re is a curi\s /ory pres]v$ 9 an old collection ( travels writt5 probably 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! t5? c5tury1 :i* repres5ts ,islam z hav+ be5 introduc$ among "o ( ^! tribes by ! k+ ( x himself4 ,an ,arab trad+ vessel 0 driv5 out ( its c\rse by a tempe/ 9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #ibb & c>ri$ to ! c\ntry ( ! man-eat+ ,zanj1 :]e ! crew expect$ c]ta9 dea?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! k+ ( ! place receiv$ !m k9dly & ent]ta9$ !m hospitably = sev]al mon?s1 :ile !y dispos$ ( _! m]*&ise on advantage\s t]ms2 b ! m]*ants repaid 8 k9dness ) f\l trea*]y1 by seiz+ him & 8 att5dants :5 !y came on bo>d to bid !m f>ewell1 & !n c>ry+ !m (f z slaves to ,omam4 ,"s ye>s lat] ! same m]*ants 7 driv5 by a /orm to ! same port1 :]e !y 7 recognis$ by ! natives :o surr\nd$ !m 9 _! canoes2 giv+ !mselves up = lo/ ?is "t1 !y repeat$ = "o ano!r ! pray]s = ! dead4 ,!y 7 tak5 be=e ! k+1 :om !y discov]$ to _! surprise & confusion to be ! same !y _h s %amefully treat$ "s ye>s be=e4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( tak+ v5geance ^u !m = _! trea*]\s conduct1 he sp>$ _! lives & all[$ !m to sell _! goods1 b reject$ ) scorn ! ri* pres5ts !y (f]$4 ,be=e !y left1 "o ( ! p>ty v5tur$ to ask ! k+ to tell ! /ory ( 8 escape4 ,he describ$ h[ he _h be5 tak5 z a slave to ,barah & !nce to ,baghdd1 :]e he 0 conv]t$ to ,islam & in/ruct$ 9 ! fai?2 escap+ f 8 ma/]1 he jo9$ a c>avan ( pilgrims go+ to ,mecca1 & aft] p]=m+ ! prescrib$ rites1 rea*$ ,cairo & made 8 way up ! ,nile 9 ! direction ( 8 own c\ntry1 :i* he rea*$ at l5g? aft] enc\nt]+ _m dang]s & hav+ be5 m ?an once enslav$4 ,re/or$ once aga9 to 8 k+dom1 he taught 8 p ! fai? ( ,islam2 8& n[ ,i rejoice 9 t ,god ha? giv5 to me & to my p ! k ( ,islam & ! true fai?2 to no o!r 9 ! l& ( ! ,zanj ha? ?is grace be5 v\*saf$2 & x is because y h be5 ! cause ( my conv]sion1 t ,i p>don y4 ,tell ! ,muslims t !y may come to our c\ntry1 & t we--,muslims l !mselves--w treat !m z bro!rs40 #aaaf ,f ! same s\rce we le>n t ev5 at ?is e>ly p]iod1 ?is coa/-l& 0 frequ5t$ by l>ge numb]s ( ,arab trad]s1 yet 9 spite ( c5turies ( int]c\rse ) ! foll[]s ( ,islam1 ! orig9al inhabitants ( ?is coa/ 7) ! exception ( ! ,somalis7 h be5 rem>kably little influ5c$ by ?is religion4 ,ev5 be=e ! ,portuguese conque/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :at few conv]sions _h be5 made1 seem to h be5 :olly conf9$ to ! sea-bord]1 & ev5 aft] ! decl9e ( ,portuguese influ5ce 9 ?is "p ( ! _w1 & ! re/oration ( ,arab rule "u ! ,sayyids ( ,omam1 h>dly any ef=ts 7 made until ! tw5tie? c5tury to spread ! k ( ,islam among ! tribes ( ! int]ior1 ) ! exception ( ! ,galla & ,somali4 ,z a mod]n travell] has said3 8,dur+ ! ?ree exp$itions :i* ,i conduct$ 9 ,ea/ ,c5tral ,africa ,i saw no?+ to sugge/ ,mohamm$anism z a civilis+ p[]4 ,:atev] liv+ =ce might be 9 ! religion rema9$ lat5t4 ,! ,arabs1 or _! desc5dants1 9 ^! p>ts 7 n propag&i/s4 ,!re 7 no mission>ies to prea* ,islam1 & ! natives ( ,muscat 7 cont5t t _! slaves %\ld con=m1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 to ! =ms ( ! religion4 ,!y left ! ,ea/ ,african tribes1 :o inde$1 9 _! gross d>kness1 7 evid5tly cont5t to rema9 9 happy ignorance4 ,_! inaptitude = civilisation 0 /rik+ly %[n 9 ! /range fact t five hundr$ ye>s ( contact ) semi-civilis$ p _h left !m )\t ! fa9te/ reflection ( ! high] traits :i* *>act]is$ _! neighb\rs--n a s+le good se$ dur+ all ^! ye>s _h /ruck root & fl\ri%$40 #aaag ,giv5 up :olly to ! pursuits ( comm]ce or to slave-hunt+1 ! ,arabs 9 ,ea/]n ,africa exhibit$ a lukew>mness 9 promot+ ! int]e/s ( _! fai?1 :i* is 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! mission>y zeal display$ by _! co-religioni/s 9 o!r p>ts ( ,africa4 ,a notable exception is ! propag&i/ activity ( ! ,arab trad]s :o 7 admitt$ into ,ug&a 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 !y probably recognis$ t ! /urdy indep5d5ce ( ! ,bag&a made slave-raid+ among !m impossible1 s !y s\ght to ga9 _! confid5ce by w9n+ !m ov] to _! own fai?4 ,_m ( ! ,bag&a became ,muhammadans dur+ ! reign ( ,k+ ,mutesa1 b ,/anley's visit to ?is mon>* 9 #ahge l$ to ! introduction ( ,*ri/ian missions 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 & ! p[] ( ! ,muhammadans 9 ! /ate decl9$ ) ! rapid increase 9 ! numb]s ( ! ,*ri/ian conv]ts & ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,briti% ,protectorate4 #aaah ,b a numb] ( ,muhammadans /ill hold important positions 9 ,ug&a1 & x is /at$ t !re is a possibility ( ! ,ea/]n ,prov9ce becom+ ,muslim4 ,9 ! ri* tribut>y c\ntry ( ,busoga1 to ! nor? ( ,ug&a1 a l>ge numb] ( ^? 9 au?ority 7 said1 9 #aijf1 to be ,muhammadans4 #aaai ,b ) ?is exception ,islam 9 ,ea/ ,equatorial ,africa 0 up to ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury conf9$ to ! coa/-l&s & ! imm$iately adjo9+ c\ntry4 ,! explanation w\ld appe> to be t x 0 n to ! int]e/s ( ! slave-deal]s to spread ,islam among ! hea!n tribes f among :om !y obta9$ _! unhappy victims2 =1 once conv]t$ to ,islam1 ! native tribes w\ld ent] into ! bro!rhood ( ! fai? & c\ld n be raid$ & c>ri$ (f z slaves4 #aabj ,! suppression ( ! slave-trade1 ) ! ext5sion ( ,european rule ov] ,ea/ ,equatorial ,africa1 0 foll[$ by a rem>kable expansion ( ,muslim mission>y activity2 peace & ord] 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! int]ior1 railways & high roads 7 made1 & ! peaceful ,muslim trad] c\ld n[ make 8 way into di/ricts hi!rto clos$ to him4 ,! adm9i/ration select$ its (ficials f among ! m cultivat$ ,muhammadan section ( ! population2 ?\s&s ( po/s 7 creat$ by ! gov]nm5t ( ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa & giv5 to ,muhammadan (ficials1 ^: influ5ce 0 us$ to br+ ov] :ole villages to ,islam4 #aaba ,! tea*]s ( ! /ate s*ools 7 likewise ,muhammadans1 & z e>ly z ! la/ decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,swahili s*oolma/]s 7 obs]v$ to be c>ry+ on a lively & successful mission "w among ! p ( ,bondi & ! ,wadigo 7:o dwell a little inl& f ! coa/7 9 ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa4 #aabb ,b x 0 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 especially aft] ! suppression ( ! insurrection ( #aije 9 ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa1 t ! activity ( ?is new mission>y movem5t became /rik+ly noticeable 9 ! int]ior4 #aabc ,?is movem5t ( expansion has especially foll[$ ! railroads & ! great trade r\tes1 & has spread "r across ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa to its we/]n b\nd>y on ,lake ,tanganyika1 nor?w>d f ,usamb>a to ! ,kilimanj>o di/rict1 & s\?w>d to ,lake ,nyasa4 #aabd ,! work]s 9 ?is propag&a are m]*ants1 especially ,swahilis f ! coa/1 soldi]s & gov]nm5t (ficials4 #aabe ,! acceptance ( ,islam is look$ ^u z a sign ( an elevation to a high] civilisation & social /atus1 & ! ridicule ) :i* ! pagans are reg>d$ by ! ,muhammadans is said (t5 to be a det]m9+ factor 9 _! conv]sion4 #aabf ,an in/ance ( ! op]ation ( ?is feel+ may be tak5 f ,we/ ,usamb>a1 :i* 0 said 9 #ahia to be /ill clos$ to ,islam2 ! feel+ ( bo? *iefs & p 0 ho/ile to ! ,muhammadans1 :o 7 hat$ & fe>$ z slave-deal]s2 b :5 ! days ( ! slave-trade 7 ov] & an ord]$ adm9i/ration 0 e/abli%$1 ! fir/ native (ficials appo9t$ 7 almo/ entirely ,muhammadans2 !y impress$ ^u ! *iefs & o!r notables :o came 9 t\* ) !m t x 0 ! correct ?+ = ^? :o mov$ 9 (ficial circles to be ,muhammadans1 & !reby a*iev$ ! conv]sion ( "s ( ! great] *iefs1 :o aft]w>ds ex]cis$ a simil> influ5ce on *iefs ( an inf]ior degree4 #aabg ,!re seems to be little evid5ce ( ! activity ( pr(essional mission>ies or ( any ( ! religi\s ord]s1 b !re are n want+ evid5ces ( sy/ematic ef=ts1 su* z ^? ( a ,muslim tea*]1 :o is report$ to h regul>ly visit$ a di/rict 9 ! ,kilimanj>o c\ntry e week = five mon?s1 prea*+ ! fai? ( ,islam2 8 m9i/rations 7 welcom$ by ! p1 :om he ent]ta9$ ) fea/s ( rice1 etc4 #aabh ,9 ?is zeal\s propag&a x is noticeable t ! prea*]s ( ,islam d n conf9e _! att5tion to pagans only1 b seek also to w9 conv]ts f among ! native ,*ri/ians4 #aabi ,islam made its way into ,nyasal& also f ! ,ea/ ,coa/1 hav+ be5 introduc$ by ! slave-raid+ ,arabs & _! allies ! ,yaos1 ^: ance/ors came f ne> ! ,ea/ ,coa/ :]e !y _h long s9ce accept$ ,islam4 ,x is said t an ,arab is n[ seldom se5 9 ,nyasal&1 b ! ,yaos con/itute "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful native tribes 9 ,nyasal&1 & look ^u ,islam z _! national fai?4 ,?\gh !re appe>s to be no organis$ propag&a1 ,islam has spread v rapidly dur+ ! fir/ decade ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 & t among "s ( ! mo/ intellig5t tribes 9 ! c\ntry4 #aacj ,islam has a*iev$ a simil> success among ! ,galla & ! ,somali4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( ! ,galla settlem5ts 9 ,abyss9ia2 ^! immigrants1 :o are divid$ into sev5 pr9cipal clans1 ) ! g5]ic "n ( ,wollo-,galla1 7 probably all hea!n at ! "t ( _! incursion into ! c\ntry1 #aaca & a l>ge "p ( !m rema9 s to ! pres5t day4 ,aft] settl+ 9 ,abyss9ia !y soon became naturalis$ !re1 & 9 _m in/ances adopt$ ! language1 mann]s & cu/oms ( ! orig9al inhabitants ( ! c\ntry4 #aacb ,! /ory ( _! conv]sion is obscure3 :ile "s ( !m are said to h be5 =cibly baptis$ into ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 ! abs5ce ( any political p[] 9 ! h&s ( ! ,muhammadans precludes ! possibility ( any conv]ts to ,islam hav+ be5 made 9 a simil> fa%ion4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ^? 9 ! s\? 7 said to be mo/ly ,muhammadans1 ^? to ! ea/ & we/ *iefly pagans4 #aacc ,m rec5t in=mation po9ts to a fur!r increase 9 ! numb] ( ! foll[]s ( ! ,prophet1 & 9 #ahfg ,munz+] prophesi$ t 9 a %ort "t all ! ,galla tribes w\ld be ,muhammadan1 #aacd & z !y 7 said to be 8v fanatical10 we may presume t !y 7 by no means half-he>t$ or lukew>m 9 _! adh]5ce to ?is religion4 #aace ,! ,galla fre$man :om ,d\ghty met at ,khayb> c]ta9ly exhibit$ a rem>kable degree ( zeal = 8 own fai?4 ,he _h be5 c>ri$ (f f 8 home :5 a *ild & sold z a slave 9 ,jiddah2 :5 ,d\ghty ask$ him :e!r no ang] 0 left 9 8 he>t aga9/ ^? :o _h /ol5 him & sold 8 life to s]vitude 9 ! ends ( ! e>?1 8,yet "o ?+10 he answ]$1 8has recomp5s$ me1--t ,i rema9$ n 9 ignorance ) ! hea!n6--,oh1 ! wond]ful provid5ce ( ,ullah6 :]eby ,i am come to ?is c\ntry ( ! ,apo/le1 & to ! k ( ! religion60 #aacf 8,oh6 :at sweetness is !re 9 believ+6 ,tru/ me1 de> comrade1 x is a ?+ above t :i* any he>t may speak2 & w\ld ,god ?\ w]t come to ?is 7heav5ly7 k2 b ! ,"l w surely h a c>e ( !e1 t ?\ %\ld/ n p]i% )\t ! religion4 ,ay1 h[ good a ?+ x 7 to see !e a ,moslem1 & become "o ) u2 b ,i "k t ! "t is 9 ,god's h&3 ! ,"l's w be done40 #aacg ,among ! ,galla tribes ( ! true ,galla c\ntry1 ! population is p>tly ,muhammadan 7"s tribes hav+ be5 conv]t$ ab\t #aejj7 #aach & p>tly hea!n1 ) ! exception ( ^? tribes imm$iately bord]+ on ,abyss9ia :o 9 ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 7 =c$ by ! k+ ( t c\ntry to accept ,*ri/ianity4 #aaci ,among ! m\nta9s1 ! ,muhammadans are 9 a m9ority1 b on ! pla9s ! mission>ies ( ,islam h met ) /rik+ success1 & _! tea*+ f\nd a rapidly increas+ acceptance dur+ ! la/ c5tury4 ,antonio ,cec*i1 :o visit$ ! petty k+dom ( ,limmu 9 #ahgh1 gives an acc\nt ( ! conv]sion ( ,abba ,baghib1 #aadj ! fa!r ( ! !n reign+ *iefta91 by ,muhammadans :o = "s ye>s _h be5 pu%+ _! proselytis+ ef=ts 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! guise ( trad]s4 ,8 example 0 foll[$ by ! *iefs ( ! neighb\r+ ,galla k+doms & by ! (fic]s ( _! c\rts2 "p ( ! common p also 7 won ov] to ! new fai?1 & x cont9u$ to make progress among !m1 b ! great] "p cl+ firmly to _! anci5t cult4 #aada ,^! trad]s receiv$ a ready welcome at ! c\rts ( ! ,galla *iefs1 inasmu* z !y f\nd !m a m>ket = ! comm]cial products ( ! c\ntry & import$ objects ( =eign manufacture 9 ex*ange4 ,z !y made _! j\rneys to ! coa/ once a ye> only1 or ev5 once 9 two ye>s1 & liv$ all ! re/ ( ! "t 9 ! ,galla c\ntry1 !y _h pl5ty ( opportunities1 :i* !y knew well h[ to avail !mselves (1 = ! "w ( propagat+ ,islam1 & :]ev] !y set _! foot !y 7 sure 9 a %ort space ( "t to ga9 a l>ge numb] ( proselytes4 #aadb ,islam "h came 9 conflict ) ,*ri/ian mission>ies f ,europe1 ^: ef=ts1 ?\gh w9n+ = ,*ri/ianity a few conv]ts1 h be5 cr[n$ ) v little success1 #aadc--;ev5 ! conv]ts ( ,c>d9al ,massaja 7aft] he 0 expell$ f ^! p>ts7 ei!r embrac$ ,islam or end$ by believ+ nei!r 9 ,*ri/ nor 9 ,allh1 #aadd--:]eas ! ,muslim mission>ies a*iev$ a cont9u\s success1 & pu%$ _! way f> to ! s\?1 & cross$ ! ,wbi riv]4 #aade ,! majority ( ! ,galla tribes dwell+ 9 ! we/ ( ! ,galla c\ntry 7 /ill hea!n t[>ds ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b among ! mo/ we/]ly ( !m1 viz4 ! ,lega1 #aadf ! old nature wor%ip appe>$ to be on ! decl9e & ! gr[+ influ5ce ( ! ,muslim mission>ies made x probable t )9 a few ye>s ! ,lega w\ld all h ent]$ into ! pale ( ,islam4 #aadg ,! ,nor?-,ea/ ,africa ( ! pres5t day pres5ts inde$ ! spectacle ( a rem>kably en]getic & zeal\s mission>y activity on ! "p ( ! ,muhammadans4 ,sev]al hundr$s ( mission>ies come f ,arabia e ye>1 & !y h be5 ev5 m successful 9 _! lab\rs among ! ,somali ?an among ! ,galla4 #aadh ,! close proximity ( ! ,somali c\ntry to ,arabia mu/ h caus$ x v e>ly to h be5 ! sc5e ( ,muhammadan mission>y lab\rs1 b ( ^! un=tunately little record seems to h surviv$4 ,! p ( ,zayla 7 said by ,ibn awqal #aadi 9 ! second half ( ! n9? c5tury to be ,*ri/ians1 b 9 ! fir/ half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ,abu'l-,fid speaks ( !m z be+ ,musalmans4 #aaej ,! new fai? 0 probably br\ght across ! sea by ,arab m]*ants or refugees4 ,! ,somalis ( ! nor? h a tradition ( a c]ta9 ,arab ( noble bir? :o1 compell$ to flee 8 own c\ntry1 cross$ ! sea to ,adel1 :]e he prea*$ ! fai? ( ,islam among _! =efa!rs4 #aaea ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury a b& ( =ty-f\r ,arabs came z mission>ies f aramawt1 l&+ at ,b]b]ah on ! ,r$ ,sea1 & !nce disp]s$ ov] ! ,somali c\ntry to prea* ,islam4 ,"o ( !m1 ,%aykh ,ibrhm ,ab ,z>bay1 made 8 way to ! city ( ,h>> ab\t ,a4,d4 #adcj1 & ga9$ _m conv]ts !re1 & 8 tomb is /ill hon\r$ 9 t city4 ,a hill ne> ,b]b]ah is /ill call$ ! ,m\nt ( ,sa9ts 9 memory ( ^! mission>ies1 :o are said to h sat !re 9 solemn conclave be=e scatt]+ f> & wide to ! "w ( conv]sion4 #aaeb ,islam gradually became pr$om9ant ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,nor?-,ea/ ,africa1 b ! gr[+ p[] ( ! ,emp]or ,m5elik & 8 occupation ( ,h>> 9 #ahhf result$ 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( conv]sions to ,*ri/ianity4 #aaec ,9 ord] to complete ?is survey ( ,islam 9 ,africa1 x rema9s only to draw att5tion to ! fact t ?is religion has also made its entrance into ! extreme s\? ( ?is cont95t1 viz4 9 ,cape ,colony4 ,^! ,muhammadans ( ! ,cape are desc5dants ( ,malays1 :o 7 br\ght "h by ! ,dut* #aaed ei!r 9 ! sev5te5? or eighte5? c5tury2 #aaee !y speak a corrupt =m ( ! ,bo] dialect1 ) a consid]able admixture ( ,arabic1 & "s ,engli% & ,malay words4 ,a curi\s little book publi%$ 9 ?is dialect & writt5 9 ,arabic *>act]s 0 publi%$ 9 ,con/ant9ople 9 #ahgg by ! ,turki% m9i/] ( education1 to s]ve z a h&book ( ! pr9ciples ( ! ,muslim fai?4 #aaef ,! ?or\ghly ,dut* names t "s ( !m be>1 & ! type ( face obs]vable 9 _m ( !m1 po9t to ! probability t !y h at "s "t receiv$ into _! community "s p]sons ( ,dut* bir?1 or at lea/ t !y h 9 _! ve9s a consid]able admixture ( ,dut* blood4 ,!y h also ga9$ "s conv]ts f among ! ,hott5tots4 ,v little notice has be5 tak5 ( !m by ,european travell]s1 #aaeg or ev5 by _! co-religioni/s until rec5tly4 ,9 #ahai ,colebrooke _h drawn att5tion to ! gr[? ( ,islam 9 "s int]e/+ notes he wrote on ! ,cape ,colony3 8,mohamm$anism is said to be ga9+ gr\nd among ! slaves & free p ( col\r at ! ,cape2 t is to say1 m conv]ts among negroes & blacks ( e description are made f ,paganism to ! ,musleman1 ?an to ! ,*ri/ian religion1 not)/&+ ! zeal\s ex]tions ( pi\s mission>ies4 ,"o cause ( ?is p]v]sion is ass]t$ to be a m>k$ dis9cl9ation ( slave own]s to all[ _! slaves to be baptiz$2 aris+ f "s errone\s notions or ov]-*>g$ appreh5sions ( ! rights :i* a baptiz$ slave acquires4 ,slaves are c]ta9ly impress$ ) ! idea t su* a dis9cl9ation subsi/s1 & x is n an unfrequ5t answ] ( a slave1 :5 ask$ 8 motives = turn+ ,musleman1 t #8"s religion he mu/ h1 & he is n all[$ to turn ,*ri/ian4' ,prejudices 9 ?is respect are we>+ away2 & less disc\ragem5t is n[ giv5 to ! conv]sion ( slaves ?an h]et(ore4 ,ma/]s1 x is affirm$1 beg9 to f9d t _! slaves s]ve n ! worse = in/ruction receiv$ 9 religi\s duties4 ,mission>ies :o devote !mselves especially to ! religi\s in/ruction ( slaves 7& !re is "o 9 ea* ( ! pr9cipal t[ns7 h increas+ congregations1 & hope t _! lab\rs are n unfruitful4 ,b ! ,musleman prie/1 ) less ex]tion1 has a great] flock40 #aaeh ,dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s ! ,muhammadans 9 ,cape ,colony h be5 visit$ by "s zeal\s co-religioni/s f o!r c\ntries1 & m att5tion is n[ paid by !m to education1 & a deep] religi\s life has be5 /irr$ up among !m1 & !y are said to c>ry on a zeal\s propag&a1 especially among ! col\r$ p at ! ,cape & to a*ieve a c]ta9 success4 #aaei ,?is proselytis+ movem5t is especially /rong 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,cape ,colony4 ,x is said t !re is a movem5t on foot = ! f\nd+ ( a college at ,cl>emont1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,cape ,t[n1 :i* %all become a c5tre = ! propagation ( ,islam4 ,"o ( ! me?ods at pres5t employ$ is ! adoption ( neglect$ or ab&on$ *ildr51 :o are br\ght up 9 ! ,muslim fai?4 #aafj ,e ye> "s ( !m make ! pilgrimage to ,mecca1 :]e a special ,%aykh has be5 appo9t$ to look aft] !m4 #aafa ,! ,indian coolies t come to "w 9 ! diamond fields ( ,s\? ,africa are also said to be propag&i/s ( ,islam4 #aafb ,on acc\nt ( its isolat$ position1 #bbj to #edj miles f ! ma9l&1 ! isl& ( ,madagasc> calls = sep>ate m5tion4 ,! only tribe t has adopt$ ,islam is t ( ! ,antaimorona1 occupy+ a "p ( ! s\?-ea/ coa/2 !y und\bt$ly ow$ _! conv]sion to mission>ies f ,arabia1 b ! date at :i* ?is *ange ( fai? took place is entirely unkn[n2 tradition w\ld c>ry x back to ! v days ( ,muammad himself1 b x is n until ! sixte5? c5tury t we get1 9 ! works ( ,italian & ,portuguese geograph]s1 au!ntic m5tion ( ,muhammadans on ! isl&4 #aafc ,f ! hi/orical sket* giv5 above x may be se5 t peaceful me?ods h l>gely *>act]is$ ! ,muhammadan mission>y movem5t 9 ,africa1 & ?\gh ,islam has (t5 tak5 ! sword z an in/rum5t to fur!r its spiritual conque/s1 su* an appeal to viol5ce & blood%$ has 9 mo/ cases be5 prec$$ by ! peaceful ef=ts ( ! mission>y1 & ! prea*] has foll[$ ! conqu]or to complete ! imp]fect "w ( conv]sion4 ,x is true t ! success ( ,islam has be5 v l>gely facilitat$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,africa by ! worldly successes ( ,muhammadan adv5tur]s1 & ! erection ( ,muhammadan /ates on ! ru9s ( pagan k+doms1 & fire & blood%$ h (t5 m>k$ ! c\rse ( a ,jihd1 project$ = ! ext]m9ation ( ! infidel4 ,! words ( ! "y ,arab f ,bornu :om ,capta9 ,burton #aafd met 9 ! palace ( ! ,k+ ( ,abeokuta d\btless express ! aspirations ( _m an ,african ,muhammadan3 8,give ^? guns & p[d] to u1 & we w soon ,islamise ^! dogs03 & !y f9d an e*o 9 ! message t ,mungo ,p>k #aafe gives u z hav+ be5 s5t by ! ,muslim ,k+ ( ,futah ,toro to 8 pagan neighb\r3 8,) ?is knife ,abdulkad] w condesc5d to %ave ! head ( ,damel1 if ,damel w embrace ! ,mahomm$an fai?2 & ) ?is o!r knife ,abdulkad] w cut ! ?roat ( ,damel1 if ,damel refuses to embrace x2 take y\r *oice40 ,b mu* z ,islam may h ow$ to ! m>tial pr[ess ( su* fanatics z ^!1 !re is ! ov]:elm+ te/imony ( travell]s & o!rs to ! peaceful mission>y prea*+1 & quiet & p]si/5t lab\rs ( ! ,muslim propag&i/1 :i* h done m = ! rapid spread ( ,islam 9 mod]n ,africa ?an any viol5t measures3 by ! latt] its oppon5ts may inde$ h be5 ext]m9at$1 b by ! =m] *iefly1 h its conv]ts be5 made1 & ! "w ( conv]sion may /ill be obs]v$ 9 progress 9 _m regions ( ! coa/ & ! int]ior4 #aaff ,:]ev] ,islam has made its way1 !re is ! ,muhammadan mission>y to be f\nd be>+ witness to its doctr9es1--! trad]1 be he ,arab1 ,pul or ,m&+o1 :o comb9es proselytism ) ! sale ( 8 m]*&ise1 & ^: v pr(ession br+s him into close & imm$iate contact ) ^? he w\ld conv]t1 & dis>ms any possible suspicion ( s9i/] motives2 su* a man :5 he ent]s a pagan village soon attracts att5tion by 8 frequ5t ablutions & regul>ly recurr+ times ( pray] & pro/ration1 9 :i* he appe>s to be conv]s+ ) "s invisible be+1 & by 8 v assumption ( intellectual & moral sup]iority1 comm&s ! respect & confid5ce ( ! hea!n p1 to :om at ! same "t he %[s himself ready & will+ to communicate 8 high privileges & k2--! j or pilgrim :o has return$ f ,mecca full ( en?usiasm = ! spread ( ! fai?1 to :i* he devotes 8 :ole en]gies1 w&]+ ab\t f place to place1 support$ by ! alms ( ! fai?ful :o be> witness to ! tru? 9 ! mid/ ( _! pagan neighb\rs2--! /ud5t :o1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 k ( ,islamic !ology & law1 receives hon\r z a man ( le>n+3 sometimes1 too1 he practises m$ic9e1 or at lea/ he is 9 great requisition z a writ] ( *>ms1 texts f ! ,qurn1 :i* are sewn up 9 pieces ( lea!r or clo? & ti$ on ! arms1 or r\nd ! neck1 & :i* he c turn to acc\nt z a means ( add+ to ! numb] ( 8 conv]ts3 = in/ance1 :5 *ildless wom5 or ^? :o h lo/ _! *ildr5 9 infancy1 apply = ^! *>ms1 z a condition ( success ! obligation is always impos$ ^u !m ( br++ up _! future *ildr5 z ,muhammadans4 #aafg ,^! religi\s tea*]s1 or m>ab\ts1 or alfas z !y are v>i\sly t]m$1 are held 9 ! highe/ e/imation4 ,9 "s tribes ( ,we/]n ,africa e village conta9s a lodge = _! reception1 & !y are treat$ ) ! utmo/ def]5ce & respect3 9 ,d>fur !y hold ! highe/ rank aft] ^? :o fill ! (fices ( gov]nm5t3 among ! ,m&+os !y rank /ill high]1 & receive hon\r next to ! k+1 ! subord9ate *iefs be+ reg>d$ z _! inf]iors 9 po9t ( dignity3 9 ^? /ates 9 :i* ! ,qurn is made ! rule ( gov]nm5t 9 all civil matt]s1 _! s]vices are 9 great dem&1 9 ord] to int]pret its mean+4 ,s sacr$ are ! p]sons ( ^! tea*]s e/eem$1 t !y pass )\t mole/ation ?r\gh ! c\ntries ( *iefs1 n only ho/ile to ea* o!r1 b engag$ 9 actual w>f>e4 ,su* def]5ce is n only paid to !m 9 ,muhammadan c\ntries1 b also 9 ! pagan villages 9 :i* !y e/abli% _! s*ools1 :]e ! p respect !m z ! in/ructors ( _! *ildr51 & look ^u !m z ! m$ium betwe5 !mselves & ,heav51 ei!r = secur+ a supply ( _! necessities1 or = w>d+ (f or remov+ calamities4 #aafh ,_m ( ^! tea*]s h /udi$ 9 ! mosques ( ,qayrwn1 ,fas1 ,tripoli #aafi & o!r c5tres ( ,muslim le>n+2 b especially 9 ! mosque ( al-,azh> 9 ,cairo4 ,/ud5ts flock to x f all p>ts ( ! ,muslim _w1 & among !m is (t5 to be f\nd a cont+5t f ,negro ,africa1--/ud5ts f ,d>fur1 ,wadai & ,bornu1 & "s :o ev5 make _! way on foot f ! f> di/ant ,we/ ,coa/2 :5 !y h f9i%$ _! c\rses ( /udy 9 ,muslim !ology & jurisprud5ce1 !re are _m ( !m :o become mission>ies among ! hea!n population ( _! native l&4 ,s*ools are e/abli%$ by ^! mission>ies 9 ! t[ns !y visit1 :i* are frequ5t$ by ! pagan z well z ! ,muslim *ildr54 ,!y are taught to read ! ,qurn1 & in/ruct$ 9 ! doctr9es & c]emonies ( ,islam4 ,hav+ ?us ga9$ a foot+1 ! ,muhammadan mission>y1 by 8 sup]ior k & atta9m5ts1 is n sl[ to obta9 great influ5ce ov] ! p among :om he has come to live4 ,9 ?is he is aid$ by ! fact t 8 habits & mann] ( life are simil> 9 _m respects to _! own1 nor is he look$ ^u ) suspicion1 inasmu* z ! trad] has already prep>$ ! way = him2 & by int]m>riage ) ! natives1 be+ ?us receiv$ into _! social sy/em1 8 influ5ce becomes firmly root$ & p]man5t1 & s 9 ! mo/ natural mann] he gradually causes ! k ( ,islam to spread among !m4 ,8 propag&i/ ef=ts are fur!r facilitat$ by ! fact t ! deism :i* =ms ! backgr\nd ( ! religi\s consci\sness ( _m feti%-wor%ipp]s may pass by an easy transition into ! !ism ( ,islam1 toge!r ) "s o!r aspects ( _! !ology1 :ile _! g5]al outlook ^u life & sev]al ( _! religi\s in/itutions are capable ( tak+ on a ,muslim col\r+ & ( be+ transf]r$ to ! new sy/em ( fai? )\t und]go+ mu* modification4 #aagj ,! arrival ( ! ,muhammadan 9 a pagan c\ntry is also ! beg9n+ ( ! op5+ up ( a m ext5sive trade1 & ( communication ) great ,muhammadan trad+ c5tres su* z ,j5ne1 ,segu or ,kano1 & a %>e 9 ! advantages ( ?is mat]ial civilisation is (f]$1 toge!r ) ! religion ( ! ,prophet4 ,?us 8among ! uncivilis$ negro tribes ! mission>y may be always sure ( a ready audi5ce3 he c n only give !m _m tru?s reg>d+ ,god & man :i* make _! way to ! he>t & elevate ! intellect1 b he c at once communicate ! ,%ibbole? ( admission to a social & political communion1 :i* is a passport = protection & assi/ance f ! ,atlantic to ! ,wall ( ,*9a4 ,:]ev] a ,moslem h\se c be f\nd !re ! negro conv]t :o c repeat ! doz5 syllables ( 8 cre$1 is sure ( %elt]1 su/5ance & advice1 & 9 8 own c\ntry he f9ds himself at once a memb] ( an influ5tial1 if n ( a dom9ant ca/e4 ,?is seems ! real secret ( ! success ( ! ,moslem mission>ies 9 ,we/ ,africa4 ,x is great & rapid z reg>ds numb]s1 = ! simple reason t ! ,moslem mission>y1 f ! v fir/ pr(ession ( ! conv]t's belief1 acts practically on ^? pr9ciples reg>d+ ! equality & bro!rhood ( all believ]s be=e ,god1 :i* ,islam %>es ) ,*ri/ianity2 & he does ?is1 z a g5]al rule1 m spe$ily & decid$ly ?an ! ,*ri/ian mission>y1 :o g5]ally feels b\nd to require good evid5ce ( a conv]t$ he>t be=e he gives ! "r h& ( ,*ri/ian fell[%ip1 & :o has always to cont5d ) race prejudices n likely to die out 9 a s+le g5]ation :]e ! :ite ,*ri/ian has = g5]ations be5 kn[n z ma/]1 & ! black hea!n z slave40 #aaga ,x is important1 too1 to note t nei!r 8 col\r nor 8 race 9 any way prejudice ! ,negro 9 ! eyes ( 8 new co-religioni/s4 ,! progress ( ,islam 9 ,negritia has no d\bt be5 mat]ially advanc$ by ?is abs5ce ( any feel+ ( repulsion t[>ds ! ,negro--inde$ ,islam seems nev] to h treat$ ! ,negro z an inf]ior1 z has be5 unhappily too (t5 ! case 9 ,*ri/5dom4 #aagb ,?is consid]ation goes p>tly to expla9 ! success ( ,muslim z contra/$ ) ,*ri/ian missions among ! ,negro peoples4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 po9t$ out t ! ,negro conv]t to ,*ri/ianity is apt to feel t 8 ,european co-religioni/s belong to a /ratum ( civilisation ali5 to 8 own habits ( life1 :]eas he feels himself to be m at home 9 a ,muslim society4 ,?is has be5 well /at$ by a mod]n obs]v]1 9 ! foll[+ passage3--8,islam1 despite its %ortcom+s1 does n1 f ! ,nig]ian po9t ( view1 dem& race suicide ( ! ,nig]ian z an accompanim5t ( conv]sion4 ,x does n /ipulate revolution>y *anges 9 social life1 impossible at ! pres5t /age ( ,nig]ian developm5t2 nor does x und]m9e family or communal au?ority4 ,betwe5 ! conv]t] & conv]t$ !re is no abyss4 ,bo? are equal1 n 9 !ory1 b 9 practice1 be=e ,god4 ,bo? are ,african2 sons ( ! soil4 ,! doctr9e ( ! bro!rhood ( man is c>ri$ out 9 practice4 ,conv]sion does n mean = ! conv]t$ a break ) 8 int]e/s1 8 family1 8 social life1 8 respect = ! au?ority ( 8 natural rul]s4444 ,no "o c fail to be impress$ ) ! c>riage1 ! dignity ( ! ,nig]ian--inde$ ( ! ,we/ ,african--,mohamm$an2 ! :ole be>+ ( ! man sugge/s a consci\sness ( citiz5%ip1 a pride ( race :i* seems to say3 #8,we are diff]5t1 ?\ & ,i1 b we are m54' ,! spread ( ,islam 9 ,s\!rn ,nig]ia :i* we are witness+ to-day is ma9ly social 9 its action4 ,x br+s to ^? ) :om x comes 9 contact a high] /atus1 a l(ti] conception ( man's place 9 ! univ]se ar\nd him1 release f ! ?raldom ( a ?\s& sup]/iti\s fe>s40 #aagc ,accord+ to ,muhammadan tradition ,moses 0 a black man1 z may be se5 f ! foll[+ passages 9 ! ,qurn4 8,n[ draw ?y h& close to ?y side3 x %all come =? :ite1 b unhurt3--ano!r sign60 7xx4 #bc74 8,!n drew he =? 8 h&1 & lo6 x 0 :ite to ! behold]s4 ,! nobles ( ,ph>aoh's p said3 #8,v]ily ?is is an exp]t en*ant]'0 7vii4 #aje-f74 ,! foll[+ /ory also1 h&$ d[n to u f ! gold5 p]iod ( ! ,abbsid dyna/y1 is int]e/+ z evid5ce ( ,muhammadan feel+ ) reg>d to ! ,negro4 ,ibrhm1 a bro!r ( ,hrn al-,ra%d & ! son ( a negress1 _h proclaim$ himself ,caliph at ,baghdd1 b 0 defeat$ & =giv5 by al-,mamn1 :o 0 !n reign+ 7,a4,d4 #hai74 ,he ?us describes 8 int]view ) ! ,caliph3--8,al-,mamn said to me on my go+ to see him aft] hav+ obta9$ p>don3 #8,is x ?\ :o art ! ,negro khalfah8' to :i* ,i repli$3--#8,comm&] ( ! fai?ful6 ,i am he :om ?\ ha/ deign$ to p>don2 & x has be5 said by ! slave ( ,banul-zs3--8,:5 m5 extol _! wor?1 ! slave ( ! family ( zs c supply1 by 8 v]ses1 ! defect ( bir? & =tune40 ,?\gh ,i be a slave1 my s\l1 ?r\gh its noble nature1 is free2 ?\gh my body be d>k1 my m9d is fair4' ,to ?is al-,mamn repli$3 #8,uncle6 a je/ ( m9e has put y 9 a s]i\s mood4' ,he !n repeat$ ^! v]ses3 #8,blackness ( sk9 _c degrade an +5i\s m9d1 or less5 ! wor? ( ! s*ol> & ! wit4 ,let d>kness claim ! col\r ( y\r body3 ,i claim z m9e y\r fair & c&id s\l4'0 #aagd ,?us1 ! conv]t$ ,negro at once takes an equal place 9 ! bro!rhood ( believ]s1 nei!r 8 col\r nor 8 race nor any associations ( ! pa/ /&+ 9 ! way4 ,x is d\btless ! ready admission !y receive1 t makes ! pagan ,negroes will+ to ent] into a religi\s society ^: high] civilisation dem&s t !y %\ld give up _m ( _! old b>b>\s habits & cu/oms2 at ! same "t ! v fact t ! acceptance ( ,islam does imply an advance 9 civilisation & is a v di/9ct /ep 9 ! intellectual1 moral & mat]ial progress ( a ,negro tribe1 helps v l>gely to expla9 ! success ( ?is fai?4 ,! =ces array$ on its side are s p[]ful & asc5dant1 t ! b>b>ism1 ignorance & sup]/ition :i* x seeks to sweep away h little *ance ( mak+ a l5g!n$ resi/ance4 ,:at ! civilisation ( ,muslim ,africa implies to ! ,negro conv]t1 is admirably express$ 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,! wor/ evils :i*1 !re is reason to believe1 prevail$ at "o "t ov] ! :ole ( ,africa1 & :i* are /ill to be f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( x1 & ^?1 too1 n f> f ! ,gold ,coa/ & f our own settlem5ts--cannibalism & human sacrifice & ! burial ( liv+ infants--disappe> at once & = ev]4 ,natives :o h hi!rto liv$ 9 a /ate ( nak$ness1 or ne>ly s1 beg9 to dress1 & t neatly2 natives :o h nev] wa%$ be=e beg9 to wa%1 & t frequ5tly2 = ablutions are comm&$ 9 ! ,sacr$ ,law1 & x is an ord9ance :i* does n involve too sev]e a /ra9 on _! natural in/9cts4 ,! tribal organisation t5ds to give place to some?+ :i* has a wid] basis4 ,9 o!r words1 tribes coalesce into nations1 &1 ) ! increase ( en]gy & intellig5ce1 nations into empires4 ,_m su* in/ances c\ld be adduc$ f ! hi/ory ( ! ,s\dan & ! adjo9+ c\ntries dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,if ! w>like _s is ?us /imulat$1 ! c5tres f :i* w> spr+s are few] 9 numb] & fur!r ap>t4 ,w> is bett] organis$1 & is "u "s =m ( re/ra9t2 qu>rels are n pick$ = no?+2 !re is less indiscrim9ate plund]+ & great] security = prop]ty & life4 ,elem5t>y s*ools1 #aage l ^? describ$ by ,mungo ,p>k a c5tury ago1 spr+ up1 & ev5 if !y only tea* _! s*ol>s to recite ! ,koran1 !y are wor? some?+ 9 !mselves1 & may be a /ep to mu* m4 ,! well-built & neatly-kept mosque1 ) its call to pray] repeat$ five times a day1 its ,mecca-po9t+ ni*e1 its ,imm & its weekly s]vice1 becomes ! c5tre ( ! village1 in/ead ( ! gha/ly feti% or ,juju h\se4 ,! wor%ip ( "o ,god1 omnipot5t1 omnipres5t1 omnisci5t1 & compassionate1 is an immeasurable advance ^u any?+ :i* ! native has be5 taught to wor%ip be=e4 ,! ,arabic language1 9 :i* ! ,mussulman scriptures are always writt51 is a language ( extraord9>y copi\sness & beauty2 once le>n$ x becomes a l+ua franca to ! tribes ( half ! cont95t1 & s]ves z an introduction to lit]ature1 or r1 x is a lit]ature 9 itself4 ,x sub/itutes moreov]1 a writt5 code ( law = ! arbitr>y caprice ( a *iefta9--a *ange :i* is1 9 itself1 an imm5se advance 9 civilisation4 ,manufactures & comm]ce spr+ up1 n ! dumb trad+ or ! elem5t>y b>t]+ ( raw products :i* we "k f ,h]odotus to h exi/$ f ! e>lie/ times 9 ,africa1 nor ! c[rie %ells1 or gunp[d]1 or tobacco1 or rum1 :i* /ill s]ve z a *ief m$ium ( ex*ange all along ! coa/1 b manufactures involv+ consid]able skill1 & a comm]ce :i* is elaborately organis$2 & "u _! influ5ce1 & t ( ! m settl$ gov]nm5t :i* ,islam br+s 9 its tra91 !re h aris5 ^? great cities ( ,negrol& ^: v exi/5ce1 :5 fir/ !y 7 describ$ by ,european travell]s1 c\ld n b be half discr$it$4 ,i am f> f say+ t ! religion is ! sole cause ( all ?is comp>ative prosp]ity4 ,i only say x is consi/5t ) x1 & x enc\rages x4 ,climatic conditions & v>i\s o!r influ5ces co-op]ate t[>ds ! result2 b :at has ,pagan ,africa1 ev5 :]e ! conditions are v simil>1 to comp>e ) x8 ,z reg>ds ! individual1 x is admitt$ on all h&s t ,islam gives to its new ,negro conv]ts an en]gy1 a dignity1 a self-reliance1 & a self-respect :i* is all too r>ely f\nd 9 _! ,pagan or _! ,*ri/ian fell[-c\ntrym540 #aagf ,! words above quot$ 7 writt5 be=e ! p>tition ( ! great] "p ( ,africa among ! gov]nm5ts ( ,*ri/ian ,europe--,engl&1 ,france & ,g]many--b ! impos+ "* ( ,muslim civilisation has n ceas$ to impress ! ,negro m9d1 or to op]ate z "o ( ! influ5ces fav\rable to ! conv]sion ( ! ,african feti%-wor%ipp]s4 ,br\ght sudd5ly into contact ) ,european culture1 ^! h receiv$ an impulse to advance 9 ! pa? ( civilisation1 b be+ unable to bridge ov] ! gulf t sep>ates !m f _! =eign rul]s1 !y f9d 9 ,islam a culture correspond+ to _! ne$s & capable ( und]/&+ _! requirem5ts & aspirations4 #aagg ,s f>1 !re=e1 f ! ext5sion ( ,european dom9ation t5d+ to hamp] ! activities ( ,muhammadan propag&i/s1 x has to a v rem>kable degree contribut$ t[>ds ! progress ( ,islam4 ,! br++ ( peace to c\ntries =m]ly h>ass$ by w>s ( ext]m9ation or ! raids ( slave-hunt]s1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ord]$ me?ods ( gov]nm5t & adm9i/ration1 & ! increas$ facilities ( communication by ! mak+ ( roads & ! build+ ( railways1 h giv5 a great /imulus to trade & h enabl$ t active propag&i/1 ! ,muslim trad]1 to ext5d 8 influ5ce 9 di/ricts previ\sly untrodd51 & trav]se famili> gr\nd ) great] security4 ,fur!r1 ! suppression ( ! slave-trade has remov$ "o ( ! great ob/acles to ! spread ( ,islam 9 pagan ,africa1 because x 0 to ! int]e/ ( ! ,arab & o!r ,muhammadan slave-deal]s n to n>r[ ! field ( _! op]ations by admitt+ _! possible victims into ! bro!rhood ( ,islam4 #aagh ,conv]ts are n[ won f pagan tribes :i* 9 ! days ( ! slave-trade 7 unt\*$ by mission>y ef=t4 ,to ?is result ! ,european gov]nm5ts h contribut$ by employ+ ,muhammadans to fill ! subord9ate po/s 9 ! civil adm9i/ration 7s9ce among ! ,muhammadans alone 7 educat$ p]sons to be f\nd7 & di/ribut+ !m ?r\gh\t pagan di/ricts1 by employ+ ,muhammadan tea*]s 9 ! ,gov]nm5t s*ools1 & by recruit+ _! armies f among ,muhammadan tribes2 !y h ?us add$ to ! pre/ige ( ,islam 9 ! eyes ( ! pagan ,africans--a circum/ance t ! ,muslims h n be5 sl[ to make use (1 to ! advantage ( _! own fai?4 #aagi ,s little tru? is !re 9 ! /atem5t t ,islam makes progress only by =ce ( arms1 #aahj t on ! contr>y ! p>tition ( ,africa among ! ,european p[]s1 :o h wre/$ ! sword f ! h&s ( ! ,muslim *iefs n[ "u _! control1 has initiat$ a propag&a :i* seems likely to succe$ :]e c5turies ( ,muhammadan dom9ation h fail$4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,islam ,,9 ,,! ,,malay ,,ar*ipelago4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago dur+ ! la/ #fjj ye>s furni%es u ) "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ *apt]s 9 ! /ory ( ! spread ( ,islam by mission>y ef=ts4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ?is p]iod we f9d evid5ces ( a cont9u\s activity on ! "p ( ! ,muhammadan mission>ies1 9 "o or o!r at lea/ ( ! ,ea/ ,india isl&s4 ,9 e in/ance1 9 ! beg9n+1 _! "w _h to be c>ri$ on )\t any patronage or assi/ance f ! rul]s ( ! c\ntry1 b solely by ! =ce ( p]suasion1 & 9 _m cases 9 ! face ( sev]e opposition1 especially on ! "p ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,b 9 spite ( all difficulties1 & ) v>y+ success1 !y h prosecut$ _! ef=ts ) untir+ en]gy1 p]fect+ _! "w 7m especially 9 ! pres5t day7 :]ev] x has be5 p>tial or insuffici5t4 ,x is impossible to fix ! precise date ( ! fir/ introduction ( ,islam into ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,x may h be5 c>ri$ ?i!r by ! ,arab trad]s 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,hijrah1 long be=e we h any hi/orical notices ( su* influ5ces be+ at "w4 ,?is supposition is r5d]$ ! m probable by ! k we h ( ! ext5sive comm]ce ) ! ,ea/ c>ri$ on by ! ,arabs f v e>ly times4 ,9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ! trade ) ,ceylon 0 :olly 9 _! h&s4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! trade ) ,*9a1 ?r\gh ,ceylon1 receiv$ a great impulse1 s t 9 ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury ,arab trad]s 7 to be f\nd 9 great numb]s 9 ,canton2 :ile f ! t5? to ! fifte5? c5tury1 until ! arrival ( ! ,portuguese1 !y 7 undisput$ ma/]s ( ! trade ) ! ,ea/4 #aaha ,we may !re=e conjecture ) tol]able c]ta9ty t !y mu/ h e/abli%$ _! comm]cial settlem5ts on "s ( ! isl&s ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 z !y did else:]e1 at a v e>ly p]iod3 ?\gh no m5tion is made ( ^! isl&s 9 ! works ( ! ,arab geograph]s e>li] ?an ! n9? c5tury1 #aahb yet 9 ! ,*9ese annals1 "u ! date ,a4,d4 #fgd1 an acc\nt is giv5 ( an ,arab *ief1 :o f lat] notices is conjectur$ to h be5 ! head ( an ,arab settlem5t on ! we/ coa/ ( ,sumatra4 #aahc ,mission>ies mu/ also1 h[ev]1 h come to ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago f ! s\? ( ,india1 judg+ f c]ta9 peculi>ities ( ,muhammadan !ology adopt$ by ! isl&]s4 ,mo/ ( ! ,musalmans ( ! ,ar*ipelago belong to ! ,%fiiyyah sect1 :i* is at ! pres5t day pr$om9ant on ! ,corom&el & ,malab> coa/s1 z 0 ! case also ab\t ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury :5 ,ibn ,baah visit$ ^! p>ts4 #aahd ,s :5 we consid] t ! ,muhammadans ( ! neighb\r+ c\ntries belong to ! anafiyyah sect1 we c only expla9 ! preval5ce ( ,%fiiyyah tea*+s by assum+ !m to h be5 br\ght ?i!r f ! ,malab> coa/1 ! ports ( :i* 7 frequ5t$ by m]*ants f ,java1 z well z f ,*9a1 ,yaman & ,p]sia4 #aahe ,f ,india1 too1 or f ,p]sia1 mu/ h come ! ,%ism1 ( :i* traces are /ill f\nd 9 ,java & ,sumatra4 ,f ,ibn ,baah we le>n t ! ,muhammadan ,sultan ( ,samudra _h ent]$ into fri5dly relations ) ! c\rt ( ,dehli1 & among ! le>n$ doctors ( ! law :om ?is dev\t pr9ce especially fav\r$1 !re 7 two ( ,p]sian orig91 ! "o com+ f ,%iraz & ! o!r f ,ispahan4 #aahf ,b long be=e ?is "t m]*ants f ! ,deccan1 ?r\gh ^: h&s pass$ ! trade betwe5 ! ,musalman /ates ( ,india & ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 _h e/abli%$ !mselves 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! trad+ ports ( ^! isl&s1 :]e !y s[$ ! se$ ( ! new religion4 #aahg ,x is to ! proselytis+ ef=ts ( ^! ,arab & ,indian m]*ants t ! native ,muhammadan population1 :i* we f9d already 9 ! e>lie/ hi/orical notices ( ,islam 9 ^! p>ts1 owes its exi/5ce4 ,settl+ 9 ! c5tres ( comm]ce1 !y int]m>ri$ ) ! p ( ! l&1 & ^! hea!n wives & ! slaves ( _! h\seholds ?us =m$ ! nucleus ( a ,muslim community :i* its memb]s made e ef=t 9 _! p[] to increase4 ,! foll[+ description ( ! me?ods adopt$ by ^! m]*ant mission>ies 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 gives a picture ( :at 0 no d\bt ! practice ( _m prec$+ g5]ations ( ,muhammadan trad]s3--8,! bett] to introduce _! religion into ! c\ntry1 ! ,muhammadans adopt$ ! language & _m ( ! cu/oms ( ! natives1 m>ri$ _! wom51 pur*as$ slaves 9 ord] to increase _! p]sonal importance1 & succe$$ f9ally 9 incorporat+ !mselves among ! *iefs :o held ! =emo/ rank 9 ! /ate4 ,s9ce !y work$ toge!r ) great] ability & h>mony ?an ! natives1 !y gradually increas$ _! p[] m & m1 z hav+ numb]s ( slaves 9 _! possession1 !y =m$ a k9d ( conf$]acy among !mselves & e/abli%$ a sort ( mon>*y1 :i* !y made h]$it>y 9 "o family4 ,?\gh su* a conf$]acy gave !m great p[]1 yet !y felt ! necessity ( keep+ on fri5dly t]ms ) ! old ari/ocracy1 & ( ensur+ _! fre$om to ^? classes ^: support !y c\ld n af=d to disp5se )40 #aahh ,x mu/ h be5 9 "s su* way z ?is t ! diff]5t ,muhammadan settlem5ts 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago laid a firm political & social basis = _! proselytis+ ef=ts4 ,!y did n come z conqu]ors1 l ! ,spani% 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 or use ! sword z an in/rum5t ( conv]sion2 nor did !y arrogate to !mselves ! privileges ( a sup]ior & dom9ant race s z to degrade & oppress ! orig9al inhabitants1 b com+ simply 9 ! guise ( trad]s !y employ$ all _! sup]ior intellig5ce & civilisation 9 ! s]vice ( _! religion1 r ?an z a means t[>ds _! p]sonal aggr&isem5t & ! amass+ ( weal?4 #aahi ,) ?is g5]al /atem5t ( ! subsidi>y means adopt$ by !m1 let u foll[ 9 detail _! proselytis+ ef=ts ?r\gh ! v>i\s isl&s 9 turn4 ,tradition repres5ts ,islam z hav+ be5 introduc$ into ,sumatra f ,arabia4 ,b !re is no s\nd hi/orical basis = su* a belief1 & all ! evid5ce seems to po9t to ,india z ! s\rce f :i* ! p ( ,sumatra d]iv$ _! k ( ! new fai?4 ,active comm]cial relations _h exi/$ = c5turies betwe5 ,india & ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 & ! fir/ mission>ies to ,sumatra 7 probably ,indian trad]s4 #aaij ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no hi/orical record ( _! lab\rs1 & ! ,malay *ronicles ascribe ! hon\r ( be+ ! fir/ mission>y to ,atjeh1 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,sumatra1 to an ,arab nam$ ,abd ,allh rif1 :o is said to h visit$ ! isl& ab\t ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury2 "o ( 8 disciples1 ,burhn al-,dn1 is said to h c>ri$ ! k ( ! fai? d[n ! we/ coa/ z f> z ,priaman4 #aaia ,untru/wor?y z ?is record is1 x may yet possibly indicate ! exi/5ce ( "s proselytis+ activity ab\t ?is p]iod2 = ! ,malay *ronicle ( ,atjeh gives #abje z ! date ( ! accession ( ,jhan ,%h1 ! tradition>y f\nd] ( ! ,muhammadan dyna/y4 ,he is said to h be5 a /rang] f ! ,we/1 #aaib & to h come to ^! %ores to prea* ! fai? ( ! ,prophet2 he made _m proselytes1 m>ri$ a wife f among ! p ( ! c\ntry1 & 0 hail$ by !m z _! k+1 "u ! half-,sanskrit1 half-,arabic title ( ,sr ,padka ,suln4 ,= "s "t ! new fai? w\ld 9 all probability h be5 conf9$ to ! ports at :i* ,muhammadan m]*ants t\*$1 & its progress inl& w\ld be sl[]1 z "h x w\ld come up aga9/ ! /rong ,h9du influ5ces t _h _! c5tre 9 ! k+dom ( ,m5angkabau4 ,m>co ,polo1 :o sp5t five mon?s on ! nor? coa/ ( ,sumatra 9 #abib1 speaks ( all ! inhabitants be+ idolat]s1 except 9 ! petty k+dom ( ,p>lk on ! nor?-ea/ corn] ( ! isl&1 :]e1 too1 only ! t[nspeople 7 ,muhammadans1 = 8?is k+dom1 y mu/ "k1 is s mu* frequ5t$ by ! ,s>ac5 m]*ants t !y h conv]t$ ! natives to ! ,law ( ,mahommet10 b ! hill-p 7 all idolat]s & cannibals4 #aaic ,fur!r1 "o ( ! ,malay *ronicles says t x 0 ,sultan ,al ,mughyat ,%h1 :o reign$ ov] ,atjeh f #aejg to #aebb1 :o fir/ set ! example ( embrac+ ,islam1 9 :i* he 0 foll[$ by 8 subjects4 #aaid ,b x is n improbable t ! hon\r ( be+ ! fir/ ,muslim rul] ( ! /ate has be5 "h attribut$ z an add$ glory to ! mon>* :o f\nd$ ! greatness ( ,atjeh & began to ext5d its sway ov] ! neighb\r+ c\ntry1 & t he r effect$ a revival (1 or imp>t$ a fre% impulse to1 ! religi\s life ( 8 subjects ?an gave to !m _! fir/ k ( ! fai? ( ! ,prophet4 ,= ,islam _h c]ta9ly set firm foot 9 ,sumatra long be=e 8 "t4 ,accord+ to ! tradition>y acc\nt ( ! city ( ,samudra1 ! ,%>f ( ,mecca s5t a mission to conv]t ! p ( ,sumatra4 ,! lead] ( ! p>ty 0 a c]ta9 ,%aykh ,isml3 ! fir/ place on ! isl& at :i* !y t\*$1 aft] leav+ ,malab>1 0 ,pasuri 7probably situat$ a little way d[n ! we/ coa/71 ! p ( :i* 7 p]suad$ by _! prea*+ to embrace ,islam4 ,!y !n proce$$ nor?w>d to ,lambri & !n coa/$ r\nd to ! o!r side ( ! isl& & sail$ z f> d[n ! ea/ coa/ z ,aru1 ne>ly opposite ,malacca1 & 9 bo? ( ^! places _! ef=ts 7 cr[n$ ) a l success4 ,at ,aru !y made inquiries = ,samudra1 a city on ! nor? coa/ ( ! isl&1 :i* seems to h be5 ! special object ( _! mission1 & f\nd t !y _h pass$ x4 ,accord+ly !y retrac$ _! c\rse to ,p>lk1 :]e ,m>co ,polo _h f\nd a ,muhammadan community a few ye>s be=e1 & hav+ ga9$ fre% conv]ts "h also1 !y w5t on to ,samudra4 ,?is city & ! k+dom ( ! same "n _h lately be5 f\nd$ by a c]ta9 ,m>a ,silu1 :o 0 p]suad$ by ,%aykh ,isml to embrace ,islam1 & took ! "n ( al-,malik al-li4 ,he m>ri$ ! daught] ( ! k+ ( ,p>lk1 by :om he _h two sons1 & 9 ord] to h a pr9cipality to leave to ea*1 he f\nd$ ! ,muhammadan city & k+dom ( ,pasei1 also on ! nor? coa/4 #aaie ,! k+1 al-,malik al-,zhir1 :om ,ibn ,baah f\nd reign+ 9 ,samudra :5 he visit$ ! isl& 9 #acde1 0 probably ! eld] ( ^! two sons4 ,?is pr9ce display$ all ! /ate ( ,muhammadan royalty1 & 8 dom9ions ext5d$ = _m days' j\rney along ! coa/2 he 0 a zeal\s & or?odox ,muslim1 fond ( hold+ discussions ) jurisconsults & !ologians1 & 8 c\rt 0 frequ5t$ by poets & m5 ( le>n+4 ,ibn ,baah gives u ! names ( two jurisconsults :o _h come ?i!r f ,p]sia & also ( a noble :o _h gone on an embassy to ,dehli on behalf ( ! k+--:i* %[s t ,sumatra 0 already 9 t\* ) sev]al p>ts ( ! ,muhammadan _w4 ,al-,malik al-,zhir 0 also a great g5]al1 & made w> on ! hea!n ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry until !y submitt$ to 8 rule & paid tribute4 #aaif ,islam _h und\bt$ly by ?is "t made great progress 9 ,sumatra1 & aft] hav+ e/abli%$ itself along ! coa/1 began to make its way inl&4 ,! mission ( ,%aykh ,isml & 8 p>ty _h borne fruit abundantly1 = a ,*9ese travell] :o visit$ ! isl& 9 #adac1 speaks ( ,lambri z hav+ a population ( #ajjj families1 all ( :om 7 ,muslims 8& v good p10 :ile ! k+ & p ( ! k+dom ( ,aru 7 all ( ! same fai?4 #aaig ,x 0 ei!r ab\t ! close ( ! same c5tury or 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 t ! religion ( ! ,prophet f\nd adh]5ts 9 ! great k+dom ( ,m5angkabau1 ^: t]ritory at "o "t ext5d$ f "o %ore to ano!r1 & ov] a great "p ( ! isl&1 nor? & s\? ( ! equator4 #aaih ,?\gh its p[] _h by ?is "t mu* decl9$1 /ill z an anci5t /ronghold ( ,h9duism x pres5t$ great ob/acles 9 ! way ( ! progress ( ! new religion4 ,despite ?is fact1 ,islam ev5tually took firm] root among ! subjects ( ?is k+dom ?an among ! majority ( ! inhabitants ( ! int]ior ( ! isl&4 #aaii ,x is v rem>kable t ?is1 ! mo/ c5tral p ( ! isl&1 %\ld h be5 m ?or\ghly conv]t$ ?an ! inhabitants ( s _m o!r di/ricts t 7 m accessible to =eign influ5ces4 ,to ! pres5t day ! inhabitants ( ! ,batak c\ntry are /ill1 = ! mo/ "p1 hea!n2 b ,islam has ga9$ a foot+ among !m1 e4g4 "s liv+ on ! bord]s ( ,atjeh h be5 conv]t$1 by _! ,muhammadan neighb\rs1 #abjj o!rs dwell+ 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,rau c\ntry on ! equator h likewise become ,musalmans2 #abja on ! ea/ coa/ also conv]sions ( ,bataks1 :o come mu* 9 contact ) ,malays1 are n uncommon4 #abjb ,! fanatical ,padris 7p4 #cgb7 made /r5u\s ef=ts1 9 va91 to =ce ,islam ^u ! ,bataks at ! po9t ( ! sword1 lay+ wa/e _! c\ntry & putt+ _m to dea?2 b ^! viol5t me?ods did n w9 conv]ts4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! ,dut* ,gov]nm5t suppress$ ! ,padri ris+ & annex$ ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,batak c\ntry1 ,islam began to spread by peaceful means1 *iefly ?r\gh ! zeal\s ef=ts ( ! native subord9ate (ficials ( ! new rgime1 :o 7 all ,muhammadan ,malays1 #abjc b also ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! trad]s :o w&]$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 ^: proselytis+ activity 0 foll[$ up by ! js & o!r recognis$ tea*]s ( ! fai?4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ! ,bataks1 :o = c5turies _h (f]$ a p]t9aci\s resi/ance to ! entrance ( ,islam into _! mid/1 ?\gh !y 7 hemm$ 9 betwe5 two fanatical ,muhammadan populations1 ! ,a*9ese on ! nor? & ! ,malays on ! s\?1 h 9 rec5t ye>s respond$ ) en?usiasm to ! peaceful ef=ts made = _! conv]sion4 ,an explanation w\ld appe> to be f\nd 9 ! break+ d[n ( _! exclusive national *>act]i/ics ?r\gh ! ,dut* occupation & ! conque/ op5+ up _! c\ntry to =eign influ5ces1 :i* impli$ ! comm5cem5t ( a new era 9 _! cultural developm5t1 z well z 9 ! skilful proc$ure ( ! expon5ts ( ! new fai?1 :o knew h[ to accommodate _! tea*+s to ! exi/+ beliefs ( ! ,bataks & _! deep-root$ sup]/itions4 #abjd ,a consid]able impulse seems to h be5 giv5 to ,muslim propag&a by ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ian missions among ! ,bataks 9 #ahig1 & !y appe> ev5 to h pav$ ! way = its success4 ,two ,batak villages1 ! entire population ( :i* _h be5 baptis$1 are said to h gone ov] 9 a body to ,islam %ortly aft]w>ds4 #abje ,9 ,c5tral ,sumatra !re is /ill a l>ge hea!n population1 ?\gh ! majority ( ! inhabitants are ,muslims2 b ^! latt] are v ignorant ( _! religion1 ) ! exception ( a few js & religi\s tea*]s3 ev5 among ! p ( ,kor9tji1 :o are = ! mo/ "p zeal\s adh]5ts ( ! fai?1 !re are c]ta9 sections ( ! population :o /ill wor%ip ! gods ( _! pagan ance/ors4 #abjf ,ef=ts are1 h[ev]1 be+ made t[>ds a religi\s revival1 & ! ,muslim mission>ies are mak+ fre% conque/s f among ! hea!n1 especially along ! we/ coa/4 #abjg ,9 ! di/rict ( ,sipirok a religi\s tea*] atta*$ to ! mosque 9 ! t[n ( ! same "n1 9 a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 conv]t$ ! :ole population ( ?is di/rict to ,islam1 ) ! exception ( ! ,*ri/ians :o 7 to be f\nd !re1 mo/ly desc5dants ( =m] slaves1 #abjh & a lat] mission>y movem5t 9 ! fir/ decade ( ! tw5tie? c5tury succe$$ 9 w9n+ ov] to ,islam _m ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ?is di/rict1 ev5 "s liv+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! sph]e ( influ5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian mission4 #abji ,islam is traditionally repres5t$ to h be5 introduc$ into ,palembang ab\t #addj by ,rad5 ,ramat1 ( ^: propag&i/ activity an acc\nt w be giv5 bel[ 7p4 #cha74 ,b ,h9du influ5ces appe> to h be5 firmly root$ "h1 & ! progress ( ! new fai? 0 sl[4 ,ev5 up to ! n9ete5? c5tury ! ,muslims ( ,palembang 7 said to "k little ( _! religion except ! ext]nal obs]vances ( x1 ) ! exception ( ! inhabitants ( ! capital :o come into daily contact ) ,arabs2 #abaj b 9 ! fir/ decade ( ! tw5tie? c5tury !re w\ld appe> to h be5 a revival ( ! religi\s life & a gr[+ propag&a1 z ! ,colonial ,reports ( ! ,dut* ,gov]nm5t draw att5tion to ! cont9ual spread ( ,islam among ! hea!n population ( v>i\s di/ricts ( ,palembang4 #abaa ,x 0 f ,java t ,islam 0 fir/ br\ght into ! ,lampong di/ricts :i* =m ! s\!rn extremity ( ,sumatra1 by a *iefta9 ( ^! di/ricts1 nam$ ,m9ak ,kamala ,bumi4 ,ab\t ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury he cross$ ov] ! ,/rait ( ,sunda to ! k+dom ( ,bantam on ! we/ coa/ ( ,java1 :i* _h accept$ ! tea*+s ( ! ,muslim mission>ies a few ye>s be=e ! date ( 8 visit2 "h he1 too1 embrac$ ,islam1 & aft] mak+ ! pilgrimage to ,mecca1 spread ! k ( 8 newly adopt$ fai? among 8 fell[-c\ntrym54 #abab ,?is religion has made consid]able progress among ! ,lampongs1 & mo/ ( ! villages h mosques 9 !m1 b ! old sup]/itions /ill l+] on 9 p>ts ( ! int]ior4 #abac ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury a religi\s revival 0 set on foot 9 ,sumatra1 :i* 0 n )\t its influ5ce 9 promot+ ! fur!r propagation ( ,islam4 ,9 #ahjc ?ree ,sumatran js return$ f ,mecca to _! native c\ntry3 dur+ _! /ay 9 ! holy city !y _h be5 pr(\ndly influ5c$ by ! ,wahhb movem5t = ! re=mation ( ,islam1 & 7 n[ eag] to introduce ! same re=ms among _! fell[-c\ntrym5 & to /ir up 9 !m a pur] & m zeal\s religi\s life4 ,accord+ly !y began to prea* ! /rict mono!ism ( ! ,wahhb sect1 =bade pray]s to sa9ts1 dr9k+ & gambl+ & all o!r practices contr>y to ! law ( ! ,qurn4 ,!y made a numb] ( proselytes bo? f among _! co-religioni/s & ! hea!n population4 ,!y lat] decl>$ a ,jihd aga9/ ! ,bataks1 & 9 ! h&s ( unscrupul\s & ambiti\s m5 ! movem5t lo/ its orig9al "* & deg5]at$ into a savage & bloody w> ( conque/4 ,9 #ahba ^! s-call$ ,padris came into conflict ) ! ,dut* ,gov]nm5t & x 0 n until #ahch t _! la/ /ronghold 0 tak5 & _! p[] brok54 #abad ,all ! civilis$ ,malays ( ! ,malay ,p59sula trace _! orig9 to migrations f ,sumatra1 especially f ,m5angkabau1 ! fam\s k+dom m5tion$ above1 :i* is said at "o "t to h be5 ! mo/ p[]ful on ! isl&2 "s ( ! *iefs ( ! int]ior /ates ( ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,malay ,p59sula /ill receive _! inve/iture f ?is place4 ,at :at p]iod ^! colonies f ! he>t ( ,sumatra settl$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,p59sula1 is matt] ( conjecture1 b ,s+apore & ! s\!rn extremity ( ! ,p59sula seem to h receiv$ a colony 9 ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury1 by ! desc5dants ( :i* ,malacca 0 f\nd$ ab\t a c5tury lat]4 #abae ,f its advantage\s situation1 9 ! highway ( ea/]n comm]ce x soon became a l>ge & fl\ri%+ city1 & !re is little d\bt b t ,islam 0 introduc$ by ! ,muhammadan m]*ants :o settl$ "h4 #abaf ,! ,malay *ronicle ( ,malacca assigns ! conv]sion ( ?is k+dom to ! reign ( a c]ta9 ,suln ,muammad ,%h :o came to ! ?rone 9 #abgf4 ,he is said to h be5 reign+ "s ye>s be=e a %ip comm&$ by ,sd ,abd al-,azz came to ,malacca f ,jiddah1 & ! k+ 0 p]suad$ by ! new-com]s to *ange 8 fai? & to give up 8 ,malay "n = "o conta9+ ! "n ( ! ,prophet4 #abag ,b ! g5]al "* ( ?is docum5t makes its tru/wor?9ess exce$+ly d\btful1 #abah 9 spite ( ! likelihood t ! date ( s important an ev5t w\ld h be5 exactly not$ 7z 0 done 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,ar*ipelago7 by a p :o1 pr\d ( ! ev5t1 w\ld look ^u x z op5+ a new epo* 9 _! hi/ory4 ,a ,portuguese hi/orian gives a mu* lat] date1 namely #achd1 9 :i* ye>1 he says1 a ,q came f ,arabia & hav+ conv]t$ ! k+1 gave him ! "n ( ,muammad aft] ! ,prophet1 add+ ,%h to x4 #abai ,9 ! annals ( ,qu$a1 "o ( ! nor!rnmo/ ( ! /ates ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 we h a curi\s acc\nt ( ! introduction ( ,islam into ?is k+dom1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #aeja1 #abbj :i* 7dive/$ ( c]ta9 miracul\s incid5ts7 is z foll[s3 ,a le>n$ ,arab1 by "n ,%aykh ,abd ,allh1 hav+ come to ,qu$a1 visit$ ! ,raja & inquir$ :at 0 ! religion ( ! c\ntry4 8,my religion10 repli$ ! ,raja1 8& t ( all my subjects is t :i* has be5 h&$ d[n to u by ! p ( old4 ,we all wor%ip idols40 8,!n has y\r highness nev] he>d ( ,islam1 & ( ! ,qurn :i* desc5d$ f ,god to ,muammad1 & has sup]s$$ all o!r religions1 leav+ !m 9 ! possession ( ! devil80 8,i pray y !n1 if ?is be true10 said ! ,raja1 8to in/ruct & enlight5 u 9 ?is new fai?40 ,9 a transport ( holy f]v\r at ?is reque/1 ,%aykh ,abd ,allh embrac$ ! ,raja & !n in/ruct$ him 9 ! cre$4 ,p]suad$ by 8 tea*+1 ! ,raja s5t = all 8 j>s ( spirits 7to :i* he 0 mu* addict$71 & ) 8 own h&s empti$ !m on ! gr\nd4 ,aft] ?is he _h all ! idols ( ! palace br\ght out2 ! idols ( gold1 & silv]1 & clay1 & wood 7 all heap$ up 9 8 pres5ce1 & 7 all brok5 & cut to pieces by ,%aykh ,abd ,allh ) 8 sword & ) an axe1 & ! fragm5ts consum$ 9 ! fire4 ,! ,%aykh ask$ ! ,raja to assemble all 8 wom5 ( ! =t & palace4 ,:5 !y _h all come into ! pres5ce ( ! ,raja & ! ,%aykh1 !y 7 initiat$ into ! doctr9es ( ,islam4 ,! ,%aykh 0 mild & c\rte\s 9 8 demean\r1 p]suasive & s(t 9 8 language1 s t he ga9$ ! he>ts ( ! inmates ( ! palace4 ,! ,raja soon aft] s5t = 8 f\r ag$ m9i/]s1 :o1 on ent]+ ! hall1 7 surpris$ at see+ a ,%aykh seat$ ne> ! ,raja4 ,! ,raja expla9$ to !m ! object ( ! ,%aykh's com+2 :]eupon ! f\r *iefs express$ _! read9ess to foll[ ! example ( 8 highness1 say+1 8,we hope t ,%aykh ,abd ,allh w in/ruct u also40 ,! latt] he>+ ^! words1 embrac$ ! f\r m9i/]s & said t he hop$ t1 to prove _! s9c]ity1 !y w\ld s5d = all ! p to come to ! audi5ce hall1 br++ ) !m all ! idols t !y 7 wont to wor%ip & ! idols t _h be5 h&$ d[n by ! m5 ( =m] days4 ,! reque/ 0 compli$ ) & all ! idols kept by ! p 7 at t v "t br\ght d[n & !re de/roy$ & burnt to du/2 no "o 0 sorry at ?is demolition ( _! false gods1 all 7 glad to ent] ! pale ( ,islam4 ,%aykh ,abd ,allh aft] ?is said to ! f\r m9i/]s1 8,:at is ! "n ( y\r pr9ce80 ,!y repli$1 8,8 "n is ,pra ,ong ,mahwngs40 8,let u *ange x = "o 9 ! language ( ,islam10 said ! ,%aykh4 ,aft] "s consultation1 ! "n ( ! ,raja 0 *ang$ at 8 reque/ to ,sultan ,muzlaf al-,%h1 because1 ! ,%aykh av]r$1 x is a celebrat$ "n & is f\nd 9 ! ,qurn4 #abba ,! ,raja n[ built mosques :]ev] ! population 0 consid]able1 & direct$ t to ea* !re %\ld be atta*$ =ty-f\r ( ! inhabitants at lea/ z a settl$ congregation1 = a small] numb] w\ld h be5 few = ! duties ( religion4 ,s mosques 7 erect$ & great drums 7 atta*$ to !m to be beat5 to call ! p to pray] on ,fridays4 ,%aykh ,abd ,allh cont9u$ = "s "t to in/ruct ! p 9 ! religion ( ,islam2 !y flock$ to him f all ! coa/s & di/ricts ( ,qu$a & its vic9ity1 & 7 initiat$ by him into its =ms & c]emonies4 ,! news ( ! conv]sion ( ! inhabitants ( ,qu$a by ,%aykh ,abd ,allh rea*$ ,atjeh1 & ! ,sultan ( t c\ntry & a c]ta9 ,%aykh ,nr al-,dn1 an ,arab mission>y1 :o _h come f ,mecca1 s5t "s books & a lett]1 :i* ran z foll[s3--8,?is lett] is f ! ,sultan ( ,atjeh & ,nr al-,dn to our bro!r ! ,sultan ( ,qu$a & ,%aykh ,abd ,allh ( ,yaman1 n[ 9 ,qu$a4 ,we h s5t two religi\s books1 9 ord] t ! fai? ( ,islam may be firmly e/abli%$ & ! p fully in/ruct$ 9 _! duties & 9 ! rites ( ! fai?40 ,a lett] 0 s5t 9 reply by ! ,raja & ,%aykh ,abd ,allh1 ?ank+ ! donors4 ,s ,%aykh ,abd ,allh r$\bl$ 8 ef=ts1 & erect$ additional small mosques 9 all ! diff]5t villages = g5]al conv5i5ce1 & in/ruct$ ! p 9 all ! rules & obs]vances ( ! fai?4 ,! ,raja & 8 wife 7 con/antly ) ! ,%aykh1 le>n+ to read ! ,qurn4 ,! royal pair se>*$ also = "s maid5 ( ! l9eage ( ! ,rajas ( ! c\ntry1 to be ! ,%aykh's wife4 ,b no "o c\ld be f\nd :o 0 will+ to give 8 daught] ?us 9 m>riage because ! holy man 0 ab\t to return to ,baghdd1 & only wait$ until he _h suffici5tly in/ruct$ "s p]son to supply 8 place4 ,n[ at ?is "t ! ,sultan _h ?ree sons1 ,raja ,muazzam ,%h1 ,raja ,muammad ,%h1 & ,raja ,sulaymn ,%h4 ,^! names _h be5 borr[$ f ! ,qurn by ,%aykh ,abd ,allh & be/[$ ^u ! pr9ces1 :om he exhort$ to be pati5t & sl[ to ang] 9 _! int]c\rse ) _! slaves & ! l[] ord]s1 & to reg>d ) pity all ! s]vants ( ,god1 & ! poor & ne$y4 #abbb ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! lab\rs ( ,%aykh ,abd ,allh 7 cr[n$ ) complete success1 = we le>n f ! annals ( ,atjeh t a ,sultan ( ?is c\ntry :o conqu]$ ,qu$a 9 #afdi1 set himself to 8m firmly e/abli% ! fai? & de/roy ! h\ses ( ! ,li>0 or temples ( idols4 #abbc ,?us a c5tury & a half elaps$ be=e idolatry 0 completely root$ out4 ,we possess no o!r details ( ! hi/ory ( ! conv]sion ( ! ,malays ( ! ,p59sula1 b 9 _m places ! graves ( ! ,arab mission>ies :o fir/ prea*$ ! fai? to !m are hon\r$ by ^! p4 #abbd ,_! long int]c\rse ) ! ,arabs & ! ,muslims ( ! ea/ coa/ ( ,india has made !m v rigid obs]v]s ( _! religi\s duties1 & !y h ! reputation ( be+ ! mo/ exempl>y ,muhammadans ( ! ,ar*ipelago2 at ! same "t _! con/ant contact ) ! ,h9dus1 ,buddhi/s1 ,*ri/ians & pagans ( _! own c\ntry has made !m lib]al & tol]ant4 ,!y are v /rict 9 ! keep+ ( ! fa/ ( ,raman & 9 p]=m+ ! pilgrimage to ,mecca4 ,! religi\s int]e/s ( ! p are always consid]$ at ! same "t z _! temporal welf>e2 & :5 a village is f\nd to conta9 m ?an =ty h\ses & is consid]$ to be ( a size t necessitates its organisation & ! appo9tm5t ( ! regul> village (fic]s1 a public prea*] is always includ$ among ! numb] & a mosque is =mally built & in/itut$4 #abbe ,9 ! nor?1 :]e ! ,malay /ates bord] on ,siam1 ,islam has ex]cis$ consid]able influ5ce on ! ,siamese ,buddhi/s2 ^? :o h "h be5 conv]t$ are call$ ,samsams & speak a language t is a mix$ j>gon ( ! languages ( ! two p4 #abbf ,conv]ts are also made f among ! wild tribes ( ! ,p59sula4 #abbg ,! hi/ory ( ! spread ( ,islam 9 ,indo-,*9a is obscure2 ,arab & ,p]sian m]*ants probably introduc$ _! religion into ! sea-port t[ns f ! t5? c5tury onw>ds1 b its mo/ important expansion 0 due to ! immigrations ( ,malays :i* began at ! close ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 #abbh ,we mu/ n[ g back sev]al c5turies 9 ord] to foll[ out ! hi/ory ( ! conv]sion ( ,java4 ,! prea*+ & promulgation ( ! doctr9es ( ,islam 9 ?is isl& 7 und\bt$ly = a long "t entirely ! result ( ! lab\rs ( individual m]*ants or ( ! lead]s ( small colonies1 = 9 ,java !re 0 no c5tral ,muhammadan p[] to ?r[ 9 its influ5ce on ! side ( ! new religion or en=ce ! acceptance ( x by w>like means4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,muslim mission>ies came 9 contact ) a ,h9du civilisation1 t _h ?ru/ its roots deep into ! life ( ! c\ntry & _h rais$ ! ,javanese to a high level ( culture & progress--express+ itself moreov] 9 in/itutions & laws radically diff]5t to ^? ( ,arabia4 ,ev5 up to ! pres5t day1 ! ,muhammadan law has fail$ to e/abli% itself absolutely1 ev5 :]e ! au?ority ( ,islam is g5]ally pr$om9ant1 & !re is /ill a con/ant /ruggle betwe5 ! adh]5ts ( ! old ,malayan usages & ! js1 :o hav+ made ! pilgrimage to ,mecca1 return en?usia/ic = a /rict obs]vance ( ,muslim ,law4 ,consequ5tly ! "w ( conv]sion mu/ h proce$$ v sl[ly1 & we c say ) tol]able c]ta9ty t :ile "p ( ! hi/ory ( ?is proselytis+ movem5t may be dis5tangl$ f leg5ds & traditions1 mu* ( x mu/ rema9 :olly unkn[n to u4 ,9 ! ,malay ,*ronicle1 :i* purports to give u an acc\nt ( ! fir/ prea*]s ( ! fai?1 :at 0 und\bt$ly ! "w ( _m g5]ations & mu/ h be5 c>ri$ on ?r\gh _m c5turies1 is compress$ )9 ! compass ( a few ye>s2 &1 z frequ5tly happ5s 9 popul> hi/ories1 a few well-kn[n names ga9 ! fame & cr$it t belongs ( "r to ! pati5t lab\rs ( _! unkn[n pr$ecessors4 #abbi ,fur!r1 ! quiet1 unobtrusive lab\rs ( _m ( ^! mission>ies w\ld n be likely to attract ! notice ( ! *ronicl]1 ^: att5tion w\ld naturally be fix$ r on ! do+s ( k+s & pr9ces1 & ( ^? :o came 9 close relation%ip to !m4 ,b fail+ su* l>g] k1 we mu/ fa9 be cont5t ) ! facts t h be5 h&$ d[n to u4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages1 !re=e1 x is propos$ to give a brief sket* ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,muhammadan religion 9 ?is isl&1 z pres5t$ 9 ! native *ronicle1 :i*1 ?\gh full ( contradictions & fables1 has und\bt$ly a hi/orical f\ndation1 z is atte/$ by ! inscriptions on ! tombs ( ! *ief p]sonages m5tion$ & ! rema9s ( anci5t cities1 etc4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt !re=e may1 9 ! want ( any o!r au?orities1 be accept$ z sub/antially correct1 ) ! caution above m5tion$ aga9/ ascrib+ too mu* efficacy to ! proselytis+ ef=ts ( individuals4 ,! fir/ attempt to introduce ,islam into ,java 0 made by a native ( ! isl& ab\t ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! fir/ k+ ( ,pajaj>an1 a /ate 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! isl&1 left two sons2 ( ^!1 ! eld] *ose to foll[ ! pr(ession ( a m]*ant & und]took a trad+ exp$ition to ,india1 leav+ ! k+dom to 8 y\ng] bro!r1 :o succe$$ to ! ?rone 9 ! ye> #aaij ) ! title ( ,prabu ,mund+ ,s>i4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 w&]+s1 ! eld] bro!r fell 9 ) "s ,arab m]*ants1 & 0 by !m conv]t$ to ,islam1 tak+ ! "n ( j ,purwa4 ,on 8 return to 8 native c\ntry1 he tri$ ) ! help ( an ,arab mission>y to conv]t 8 bro!r & ! royal family to 8 new fai?2 b1 8 ef=ts prov+ unsuccessful1 he fl$ into ! jungle = fe> ( ! k+ & 8 unbeliev+ subjects1 & we he> no m ( him4 #abcj ,9 ! latt] half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 a mission>y movem5t1 :i* 0 att5d$ ) great] success1 0 in/itut$ by a c]ta9 ,mawln ,malik ,ibrhm1 :o l&$ on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,java ) "s ( 8 co-religioni/s1 & e/abli%$ himself ne> ! t[n ( ,gresik1 opposite ! isl& ( ,madura4 ,he is said to h trac$ 8 desc5t to ,zayn al-bidn1 a great-gr&son ( ! ,prophet1 & to h be5 c\s9 ( ! ,raja ( ,*]m54 #abca ,"h he occupi$ himself successfully 9 ! "w ( conv]sion1 & spe$ily ga!r$ a small b& ( believ]s ar\nd him4 ,lat] on1 he 0 jo9$ by 8 c\s91 ! ,raja ( ,*]m51 :o came 9 ! hope ( conv]t+ ! ,raja ( ! ,h9du ,k+dom ( ,majapahit1 & ( =m+ an alliance ) him by (f]+ 8 daught] 9 m>riage4 ,on 8 arrival he s5t 8 son1 diq ,muammad1 to ,majapahit to arrange an int]view1 :ile he busi$ himself 9 ! build+ ( a mosque & ! conv]sion ( ! inhabitants4 ,a meet+ ( ! two pr9ces took place accord+ly1 b be=e ! fav\rable impression !n produc$ c\ld be foll[$ up1 a sickness broke out among ! p ( ! ,raja ( ,*]m51 :i* c>ri$ (f 8 daught]1 ?ree ( 8 nephews :o _h accompani$ him1 & a great "p ( 8 ret9ue2 :]eupon he himself return$ to 8 own k+dom4 ,^! mis=tunes prejudic$ ! m9d ( ! ,raja ( ,majapahit aga9/ ! new fai?1 :i* he said %\ld h bett] protect$ its vot>ies3 & ! mission accord+ly fail$4 ,mawln ,ibrhm1 h[ev]1 rema9$ beh9d1 9 *>ge ( ! tombs #abcb ( 8 k9sfolk & co-religioni/s1 & himself di$ tw5ty-"o ye>s lat]1 9 #adai1 & 0 buri$ at ,gresik1 :]e 8 tomb is /ill v5]at$ z t ( ! fir/ apo/le ( ,islam to ,java4 ,a ,*9ese ,musalman1 :o accompani$ ! envoy ( ! ,emp]or ( ,*9a to ,java 9 ! capacity ( int]pret]1 six ye>s be=e ! dea? ( ,mawln ,ibrhm1 i4e4 9 #adac1 m5tions ! pres5ce ( 8 co-religioni/s 9 ?is isl& 9 8 8,g5]al ,acc\nt ( ! ,%ores ( ! ,ocean10 :]e he says1 8,9 ?is c\ntry !re are ?ree k9ds ( p4 ,fir/ ! ,muhammadans1 :o h come f ! we/1 & h e/abli%$ !mselves "h2 _! dress & food is clean & prop]2 second1 ! ,*9ese :o h run away & settl$ "h2 :at !y eat & use is also v f9e1 & _m ( !m h adopt$ ! ,muhammadan religion & obs]ve its precepts4 ,! ?ird k9d are ! natives1 :o are v ugly & unc\?1 !y g ab\t ) uncomb$ heads & nak$ feet1 & believe dev\tly 9 devils1 !irs be+ "o ( ! c\ntries call$ devil-c\ntries 9 ,buddhi/ books40 #abcc ,we n[ approa* ! p]iod 9 :i* ! rule ( ! ,muhammadans became pr$om9ant 9 ! isl&1 aft] _! religion _h be5 introduc$ into x = ne>ly a c5tury2 & "h x w be necess>y to ent] a little m closely into ! details ( ! hi/ory 9 ord] to %[ t ?is 0 n ! result ( any fanatical movem5t /irr$ up by ! ,arabs1 b r ( a revolution c>ri$ out by ! natives ( ! c\ntry !mselves1 #abcd :o 7?\gh !y naturally ga9$ /r5g? f ! bond ( a common fai?7 7 /irr$ up to unite 9 ord] to wre/ ! supreme p[] f ! h&s ( _! hea!n fell[-c\ntrym51 n by ! prea*+ ( a religi\s w>1 b ?r\gh ! exhortations ( an ambiti\s aspirant to ! ?rone :o _h a wrong to av5ge4 #abce ,! political condition ( ! isl& may be describ$ z foll[s3--,! c5tral & ea/]n prov9ces ( ! isl&1 :i* 7 ! mo/ weal?y & popul\s & ! fur!/ advanc$ 9 civilisation1 7 "u ! sway ( ! ,h9du k+dom ( ,majapahit4 ,fur!r we/ 7 ,*]ibon & sev]al o!r petty1 indep5d5t pr9c$oms2 :ile ! re/ ( ! isl&1 includ+ all ! di/ricts at its we/]n extremity1 0 subject to ! ,k+ ( ,pajaj>an4 ,! ,k+ ( ,majapahit _h m>ri$ a daught] ( ! pr9ce ( ,*ampa1 a small /ate 9 ,cambodia1 ea/ ( ! ,gulf ( ,siam4 #abcf ,%e be+ jeal\s ( a fav\rite concub9e ( ! ,k+1 he s5t ?is concub9e away to 8 son ,arya ,dam>1 gov]nor ( ,palembang 9 ,sumatra1 :]e %e gave bir? to a son1 ,rad5 ,patah1 :o 0 br\ght up z "o ( ! gov]nor's own *ildr54 ,?is *ild 7z we %all see7 0 de/9$ 9 aft] ye>s to "w a t]rible v5geance = ! cruel treatm5t ( 8 "m4 ,ano!r daught] ( ! pr9ce ( ,*ampa _h m>ri$ an ,arab :o _h come to ,*ampa to prea* ! fai? ( ,islam4 #abcg ,f ?is union 0 born ,rad5 ,ramat1 :o 0 c>efully br\ght up by 8 fa!r 9 ! ,muhammadan religion & is /ill v5]at$ by ! ,javanese z ! *ief apo/le ( ,islam to _! c\ntry4 #abch ,:5 he rea*$ ! age ( tw5ty1 8 p>5ts s5t him ) lett]s & pres5ts to 8 uncle1 ! ,k+ ( ,majapahit4 ,on 8 way1 he /ay$ = two mon?s at ,palembang1 z ! gue/ ( ,arya ,dam>1 :om he almo/ p]suad$ to become a ,musalman1 only he d>$ n op5ly pr(ess ,islam = fe> ( ! p :o 7 /rongly atta*$ to _! anci5t sup]/itions4 ,cont9u+ 8 j\rney ,rad5 ,ramat came to ,gresik1 :]e an ,arab mission>y1 ,%aykh ,mawln ,jumda 'l-,kubr1 hail$ him z ! promis$ ,apo/le ( ,islam to ,ea/ ,java1 & =etold t ! fall ( paganism 0 at h&1 & t 8 lab\rs w\ld be cr[n$ by ! conv]sion ( _m to ! fai?4 ,at ,majapahit he 0 v k9dly receiv$ by ! ,k+ & ! pr9cess ( ,*ampa4 ,al?\gh ! ,k+ 0 unwill+ himself to become a conv]t to ,islam1 yet he conceiv$ su* an atta*m5t & respect = ,rad5 ,ramat1 t he made him gov]nor ov] #cjjj families at ,ampel1 on ! ea/ coa/1 a little s\? ( ,gresik1 all[$ him ! free ex]cise ( 8 religion & gave him p]mission to make conv]ts4 ,"h aft] "s "t he ga9$ ov] mo/ ( ^? plac$ "u him1 to ,islam4 ,ampel 0 n[ ! *ief seat ( ,islam 9 ,java1 & ! fame ( ! rul] :o 0 s zeal\sly work+ = ! propagation ( 8 religion1 spread f> & wide4 ,h]eupon a c]ta9 ,mawln ,isq came to ,ampel to assi/ him 9 ! "w ( conv]sion1 & 0 assign$ ! task ( spread+ ! fai? 9 ! k+dom ( ,balambangan1 9 ! extreme ea/]n extremity ( ! isl&4 ,"h he cur$ ! daught] ( ! ,k+1 :o 0 griev\sly sick1 & ! grateful fa!r gave h] to him 9 m>riage4 ,%e ard5tly embrac$ ! fai? ( ,islam & h] fa!r all[$ himself to receive in/ruction 9 ! same1 b :5 ! ,mawln urg$ him to op5ly pr(ess x1 z he _h promis$ to d1 if 8 daught] 7 cur$1 he drove him f 8 k+dom1 & gave ord]s t ! *ild t 0 soon to be born ( 8 daught]1 %\ld be kill$4 ,b ! "m secretly s5t ! infant away to ,gresik to a ri* ,muhammadan wid[ #abci :o br\ght him up ) all a "m's c>e & educat$ him until he 0 twelve ye>s old1 :5 %e entru/$ him to ,rad5 ,ramat4 ,he1 aft] le>n+ ! hi/ory ( ! *ild1 gave him ! "n ( ,rad5 ,paku1 & 9 c\rse ( "t gave him also 8 daught] 9 m>riage4 ,rad5 ,paku aft]w>ds built a mosque at ,giri1 to ! s\?-we/ ( ,gresik1 :]e he conv]t$ ?\s&s to ! fai?2 8 influ5ce became s great1 t aft] ! dea? ( ,rad5 ,ramat1 ! ,k+ ( ,majapahit made him gov]nor ( ,ampel & ,gresik4 #abdj ,mean:ile sev]al missions 7 in/itut$ f ,gresik4 ,two sons ( ,rad5 ,ramat e/abli%$ !mselves at diff]5t p>ts ( ! nor?-ea/ coa/ & made !mselves fam\s by _! religi\s zeal & ! conv]sion ( _m ( ! inhabitants ( ^? p>ts4 ,rad5 ,ramat also s5t a mission>y1 by "n ,%aykh ,khalfah usayn1 across to ! neighb\r+ isl& ( ,madura1 :]e he built a mosque & won ov] _m to ! fai?4 ,we mu/ n[ return to ,arya ,dam>1 ! gov]nor ( ,palembang4 7,see p4 #chj47 ,he appe>s to h br\ght up 8 *ildr5 9 ! religion :i* he himself fe>$ op5ly to pr(ess1 & he n[ s5t ,rad5 ,patah1 :5 he _h rea*$ ! age ( tw5ty1 toge!r ) 8 fo/]-bro!r1 ,rad5 usayn1 :o 0 two ye>s y\ng]1 to ,java1 :]e !y l&$ at ,gresik4 ,rad5 ,patah1 aw>e ( 8 extraction & enrag$ at ! cruel treatm5t 8 "m _h receiv$1 refus$ to accompany 8 fo/]-bro!r to ,majapahit1 b /ay$ ) ,rad5 ,ramat at ,ampel :ile ,rad5 usayn w5t on to ! capital1 :]e he 0 well receiv$ & plac$ 9 *>ge ( a di/rict & aft]w>ds made g5]al ( ! army4 ,mean:ile ,rad5 ,patah m>ri$ a gr&daught] ( ,rad5 ,ramat1 & =m$ an e/abli%m5t 9 a place ( great natural /r5g? call$ ,b9t>a1 9 ! c5tre ( a m>%y c\ntry1 to ! we/ ( ,gresik4 ,z soon z ! ,k+ ( ,majapahit he>d ( ?is new settlem5t1 he s5t ,rad5 usayn to p]suade 8 bro!r to come to ! capital & pay homage4 ,?is ,rad5 usayn prevail$ ^u him to d1 & he w5t to ! c\rt1 :]e 8 lik5ess to ! k+ 0 at once recognis$1 & :]e he 0 k9dly receiv$ & =mally appo9t$ gov]nor ( ,b9t>a4 ,/ill burn+ = rev5ge & b5t on ! de/ruction ( 8 fa!r's k+dom1 he return$ to ,ampel1 :]e he reveal$ 8 plans to ,rad5 ,ramat4 ,! latt] endeav\r$ to mod]ate 8 ang]1 rem9d+ him t he _h nev] receiv$ any?+ b k9dness at ! h&s ( ! k+ ( ,majapahit1 8 fa!r1 & t :ile ! pr9ce 0 s j & s belov$1 8 religion =bade him to make w> ^u or 9 any way to injure him4 ,h[ev]1 unp]suad$ by ^! exhortations 7z ! sequel %[s71 ,rad5 ,patah return$ to ,b9t>a1 :i* 0 n[ daily increas+ 9 importance & population1 :ile great numb]s ( p 9 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry 7 be+ conv]t$ to ,islam4 ,he _h =m$ a plan ( build+ a great mosque1 b %ortly aft] ! "w _h be5 comm5c$1 news arriv$ ( ! sev]e illness ( ,rad5 ,ramat4 ,he ha/5$ to ,ampel1 :]e he f\nd ! *ief mission>ies ( ,islam ga!r$ r\nd ! b$ ( him !y look$ ^u z _! lead]4 ,among !m 7 ! two sons ( ,rad5 ,ramat m5tion$ above 7p4 #chb71 ,rad5 ,paku ( ,giri1 & five o!rs4 ,a few days aft]w>ds ,rad5 ,ramat brea!d 8 la/1 & ! only rema9+ ob/acle to ,rad5 ,patah's rev5geful s*emes 0 ?us remov$4 ,! eight *iefs accompani$ him back to ,b9t>a1 :]e !y assi/$ 9 ! completion ( ! mosque1 #abda & b\nd !mselves by a solemn oa? to assi/ him 9 8 attempt aga9/ ,majapahit4 ,all ! ,muhammadan pr9ces jo9$ ?is conf$]acy1 ) ! exception ( ,rad5 usayn1 :o ) all 8 foll[]s rema9$ true to 8 ma/]1 & refus$ to ?r[ 9 8 lot ) 8 rebelli\s co-religioni/s4 ,a l5g?y campaign foll[$1 into ! details ( :i* we ne$ n ent]1 b 9 #adgh1 #abdb aft] a desp]ate battle :i* la/$ sev5 days1 ,majapahit fell & ! ,h9du supremacy 9 ea/]n ,java 0 replac$ by a ,muhammadan p[]4 ,a %ort "t aft]1 ,rad5 usayn 0 besieg$ ) 8 foll[]s 9 a =tifi$ place1 compell$ to surr5d] & br\ght to ,ampel1 :]e he 0 k9dly receiv$ by 8 bro!r4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ^? :o rema9$ fai?ful to ! old ,h9du religion fl$ 9 #adha to ! isl& ( ,bali1 :]e ! wor%ip ( ,siva is /ill ! prevail+ religion4 #abdc ,o!rs seem to h =m$ small k+doms1 "u ! lead]%ip ( pr9ces ( ! h\se ( ,majapahit1 :i* rema9$ hea!n = "s "t aft] ! fall ( ! great ,h9du capital4 ,ev5 "u ,muslim *iefs ! population ( c5tral ,java long rema9$ hea!n1 & ! progress ( ,islam s\?w>d f ! e>ly c5tres ( mission>y ef=t on ! nor? coa/ 0 ! "w ( c5turies2 ev5 to ! pres5t day ! influ5ce ( _! old ,h9du fai? is /rik+ly manife/ 9 ! religi\s notions ( ! ,muslim population ( c5tral ,java4 ,"o rem>kable evid5ce ( ! deep roots t ,h9duism _h /ruck 9 ?is "p ( ! isl& is ! fact t x 0 n until #agfh t ! au?ority ( ! ,h9du law-books1 p>ticul>ly ! code ( ,manu1 gave way be=e a code ( laws m 9 accordance ) ! _s ( ,muslim legislation4 #abdd ,islam 0 introduc$ into ! ea/]n p>ts ( ! isl& "s ye>s lat]1 probably 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! foll[+ c5tury1 ?r\gh ! mission>y activity ( ,%aykh ,nr al-,dn ,ibrhm ( ,*]ibon4 ,he won = himself a great reputation by cur+ a woman afflict$ ) leprosy1 ) ! result t ?\s&s came to him to be in/ruct$ 9 ! t5ets ( ! new fai?4 ,at fir/ ! neighb\r+ *iefs tri$ to set !mselves aga9/ ! movem5t1 b f9d+ t _! opposition 0 ( no avail1 !y suff]$ !mselves to be c>ri$ along ) ! tide & _m ( !m became conv]ts to ,islam4 #abde ,%aykh ,nr al-,dn ,ibrhm ( ,*]ibon s5t 8 son1 ,mawln asan al-,dn1 to prea* ! fai? ( ,islam 9 ,bantam1 ! mo/ we/]ly prov9ce ( ! isl&1 & a dep5d5cy ( ! hea!n k+dom ( ,pajaj>an4 ,"h 8 ef=ts 7 att5d$ ) consid]able success1 among ! conv]ts be+ a body ( ascetics1 #hjj 9 numb]4 ,x is especially m5tion$ 9 ! annals ( ?is "p ( ! c\ntry t ! "y pr9ce won ov] ^? :om he conv]t$ to ,islam1 solely by ! g5tle means ( p]suasion1 & n by ! sword4 #abdf ,he aft]w>ds w5t ) 8 fa!r on a pilgrimage to ,mecca1 & on 8 return ext5d$ 8 p[] ov] ! neighb\r+ coa/ ( ,sumatra1 )\t ev] hav+ to draw ! sword1 & w9n+ conv]ts to ! fai? by peaceful me?ods alone4 #abdg ,b ! progress ( ,islam 9 ! we/ ( ,java seems to h be5 mu* sl[] ?an 9 ! ea/2 a long /ruggle ensu$ betwe5 ! wor%ipp]s ( ,siva & ! foll[]s ( ! ,prophet1 & x 0 probably n until ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury t ! ,h9du k+dom ( ,pajaj>an1 :i* at "o p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( ,java seems to h ex]cis$ suz]a9ty ov] ! pr9c$oms 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! isl&1 came to an end1 #abdh :ile o!r small] hea!n communities surviv$ to a mu* lat] p]iod1 #abdi--"s ev5 to ! pres5t day4 ,! hi/ory ( "o ( ^!--! s-call$ ,baduwis--is ( especial int]e/2 !y are ! desc5dants ( ! adh]5ts ( ! old religion1 :o aft] ! fall ( ,pajaj>an fl$ into ! woods & ! recesses ( ! m\nta9s1 :]e !y might un9t]rupt$ly c>ry out ! obs]vances ( _! ance/ral fai?4 ,9 lat] times1 :5 !y submitt$ to ! rule ( ! ,musalman ,sultan ( ,bantam1 !y 7 all[$ to cont9ue 9 ! ex]cise ( _! religion1 on condition t no increase %\ld be all[$ 9 ! numb]s ( ^? :o pr(ess$ ?is idolatr\s fai?2 #abej & /range to say1 !y /ill obs]ve ?is cu/om1 al?\gh ! ,dut* rule has be5 s long e/abli%$ 9 ,java & sets !m free f ! necessity ( ob$i5ce to ?is anci5t agreem5t4 ,!y /rictly limit _! numb] to =ty h\seholds1 & :5 ! community increases beyond ?is limit1 "o family or m has to leave ?is inn] circle & settle among ! ,muhammadan population 9 "o ( ! surr\nd+ villages4 #abea ,b1 ?\gh ! "w ( conv]sion 9 ! we/ ( ,java proce$$ m sl[ly ?an 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! isl&1 yet1 ow+ l>gely to ! fact t ,h9duism _h n tak5 su* deep root among ! p "h z 9 ! c5tre ( ! isl&1 ! victory ( ,islam ov] ! hea!n wor%ip :i* x supplant$ 0 m complete ?an 9 ! di/ricts :i* came m imm$iately "u ! rule ( ! ,rajas ( ,majapahit4 ,! ,muhammadan law is "h a liv+ =ce & ! civilisation br\ght into ! c\ntry f ,arabia has int]wov5 itself ) ! gov]nm5t & ! life ( ! p2 & x has be5 rem>k$ t at ! pres5t day ! ,muhammadans ( ! we/ ( ,java1 :o /udy _! religion at all or h p]=m$ ! pilgrimage to ,mecca1 =m z a rule ! mo/ intellig5t & prosp]\s "p ( ! population4 #abeb ,we h already se5 t l>ge sections ( ! ,javanese rema9$ hea!n = c5turies aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ,muhammadan k+doms 9 ! isl&2 at ! pres5t day ! :ole population ( ,java1 ) "s trifl+ exceptions1 is ,muhammadan1 & ?\gh _m sup]/itions & cu/oms h surviv$ among !m f ! days ( _! pagan ance/ors1 /ill ! t5d5cy is cont9ually 9 ! direction ( ! guidance ( ?\ght & conduct 9 accordance ) ! tea*+ ( ,islam4 ,?is long "w ( conv]sion has proce$$ peacefully & gradually1 & ! gr[? ( ,muslim /ates 9 ?is isl& belongs r to its political ?an to its religi\s hi/ory1 s9ce ! progress ( ! religion has be5 a*iev$ by ! "w r ( mission>ies ?an ( pr9ces4 ,:ile ! ,musalmans ( ,java 7 plott+ aga9/ ! ,h9du ,gov]nm5t & tak+ ! rule ( ! c\ntry into _! own h&s by =ce1 a revolution ( a :olly peaceful "* 0 be+ c>ri$ on 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,ar*ipelago ?r\gh ! prea*+ ( ! ,muslim mission>ies :o 7 sl[ly b surely a*iev+ success 9 _! proselytis+ ef=ts4 ,let u fir/ turn our att5tion to ! hi/ory ( ?is propag&i/ movem5t 9 ! ,molucca isl&s4 ,! trade 9 cloves mu/ h br\ght ! ,moluccas into contact ) ! isl&]s ( ! we/]n half ( ! ,ar*ipelago f v e>ly times1 & ! conv]t$ ,javanese & o!r ,malays :o came into ^! isl&s to trade1 spread _! fai? among ! inhabitants ( ! coa/4 #abec ,! companions ( ,magellan br\ght back a curi\s /ory ( ! way 9 :i* ^! m5 introduc$ _! religi\s doctr9es among ! ,muluccans4 8,! k+s ( ^! isl&s #abed a few ye>s be=e ! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds began to believe 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 induc$ by no o!r argum5t b t !y _h se5 a v beautiful little bird1 t nev] settl$ on ! e>? nor on any?+ t 0 ( ! e>?1 & ! ,mahometans1 :o trad$ z m]*ants 9 ^? isl&s1 told !m t ?is little bird 0 born 9 p>adise1 & t p>adise is ! place :]e re/ ! s\ls ( ^? t are dead4 ,& = ?is reason ^! seignors jo9$ ! sect ( ,mahomet1 because x promises _m m>vell\s ?+s ( ?is place ( ! s\ls40 #abee ,islam seems fir/ to h begun to make progress "h 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,a hea!n k+ ( ,tidor yield$ to ! p]suasions ( an ,arab1 nam$ ,%aykh ,manr1 & embrac$ ,islam toge!r ) _m ( 8 subjects4 ,! hea!n "n ( ! k+1 ,tjireli ,lijatu1 0 *ang$ to t ( ,jaml al-,dn1 :ile 8 elde/ son 0 call$ ,manr aft] _! ,arab tea*]4 #abef ,x 0 ! latt] pr9ce :o ent]ta9$ ! ,spani% exp$ition t rea*$ ,tidor 9 #aeba1 %ortly aft] ! ill-fat$ dea? ( ,magellan4 ,pigafetta1 ! hi/orian ( ?is exp$ition1 calls him ,raia ,sultan ,mauzor1 & says t he 0 m ?an fifty-five ye>s old1 & t n fifty ye>s _h pass$ s9ce ! ,muhammadans came to live 9 ^! isl&s4 #abeg ,islam seems to h ga9$ a foot+ on ! neighb\r+ isl& ( ,t]nate a little e>li]4 ,! ,portuguese1 :o came to ?is isl& ! same ye> z ! ,spani>ds rea*$ ,tidor1 7 in=m$ by ! inhabitants t x _h be5 introduc$ a little m ?an eighty ye>s4 #abeh ,accord+ to ! ,portuguese acc\nt #abei also ! ,sultan ( ,t]nate 0 ! fir/ ( ! ,muluccan *iefta9s :o became a ,muslim4 ,! leg5d ( ! introduction ( ,islam into ?is isl& tells h[ a m]*ant1 nam$ ,datu ,mull usayn1 excit$ ! curiosity ( ! p by read+ ! ,qurn al\d 9 _! pres5ce2 !y tri$ to imitate ! *>act]s writt5 9 ! book1 b c\ld n read !m1 s !y ask$ ! m]*ant h[ x 0 t he c\ld read !m1 :ile !y c\ld n2 he repli$ t !y mu/ fir/ believe 9 ,god & ,8 ,apo/le2 :]eupon !y express$ _! will+ness to accept 8 tea*+1 & became conv]t$ to ! fai?4 #abfj ,! ,sultan ( ,t]nate1 :o occupi$ ! =emo/ place among ! indep5d5t rul]s 9 ^! isl&s1 is said to h made a j\rney to ,gresik1 9 ,java1 9 ord] to embrace ! ,muhammadan fai? !re1 9 #adie4 #abfa ,he 0 assi/$ 9 8 propag&i/ ef=ts by a c]ta9 ,pati ,putah1 :o _h made ! j\rney f ,hitu 9 ,ambo9a to ,java 9 ord] to le>n ! doctr9es ( ! new fai?1 & on 8 return spread ! k ( ,islam among ! p ( ,ambo9a4 #abfb ,islam1 h[ev]1 seems at fir/ to h made b sl[ progress1 & to h met ) consid]able opposition f ^? isl&]s :o clung zeal\sly to _! old sup]/itions & my?ology1 s t ! old idolatry cont9u$ = "s "t crudely mix$ up ) ! tea*+s ( ! ,qurn1 & keep+ ! m9ds ( ! p 9 a p]petual /ate ( inc]titude4 #abfc ,! ,portuguese conque/ also made ! progress ( ,islam sl[] ?an x w\ld o!rwise h be54 ,!y drove out ! ,q1 :om !y f\nd in/ruct+ ! p 9 ! doctr9es ( ,muammad1 & spread ,*ri/ianity among ! hea!n population ) "s consid]able1 ?\gh %ort-liv$ success4 #abfd ,= :5 ! ,muluccans took advantage ( ! att5tion ( ! ,portuguese be+ occupi$ ) _! own dome/ic tr\bles1 9 ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 to try to %ake (f _! p[]1 !y in/itut$ a fi]ce p]secution aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 _m ( :om suff]$ m>tyrdom1 & o!rs recant$1 s t ,*ri/ianity lo/ all ! gr\nd x _h ga9$1 #abfe & f ?is "t onw>ds1 ! opposition to ! political dom9ation ( ! ,*ri/ians secur$ a readi] welcome = ! ,muslim tea*]s :o came 9 increas+ numb]s f ! we/4 #abff ,! ,dut* complet$ ! de/ruction ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,moluccas by driv+ out ! ,spani% & ,portuguese f ^! isl&s 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :]eupon ! ,jesuit fa!rs c>ri$ (f ! few rema9+ ,*ri/ians ( ,t]nate ) !m to ! ,philipp9es4 #abfg ,f ^! isl&s ,islam spread into ! re/ ( ! ,moluccas2 ?\gh = "s "t ! conv]sions 7 conf9$ to ! inhabitants ( ! coa/4 #abfh ,mo/ ( ! conv]ts came f among ! ,malays1 :o compose ! :ole population ( ! small] isl&s1 b inhabit ! coa/-l&s only ( ! l>g] ones1 ! int]ior be+ inhabit$ by ,alfurs4 ,b conv]ts 9 lat] times 7 drawn f among ! latt] also4 #abfi ,ev5 s e>ly z #aeba1 !re 0 a ,muhammadan k+ ( ,gilolo1 a k+dom on ! we/]n side ( ! nor!rn limb ( ! isl& ( ,halemah]a4 #abgj ,9 mod]n times ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 regulations1 devis$ = ! b5efit ( ! /ate-religion1 has facilitat$ to "s ext5t ! progress ( ! ,muhammadan religion among ! ,alfurs ( ! ma9l&1 e4g4 if any "o ( !m is discov]$ to h _h illicit int]c\rse ) a ,muhammadan girl1 he mu/ m>ry h] & become a ,muslim2 any ( ! ,alfur wom5 :o m>ry ,muhammadans mu/ embrace ! fai? ( _! husb&s2 (f5ces aga9/ ! law may be aton$ = by conv]sion to ,islam2 & 9 fill+ up any vacancy t may happ5 to occur among ! *iefs1 less reg>d is paid to ! lawful claims ( a c&idate ?an to 8 read9ess to become a ,musalman4 #abga ,simil>ly1 ,islam 9 ,borneo is mo/ly conf9$ to ! coa/1 al?\gh x _h ga9$ a foot+ 9 ! isl& z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 x 0 adopt$ by ! p ( ,banj>mas91 a k+dom on ! s\!rn side1 :i* _h be5 tribut>y to ! ,h9du k+dom ( ,majapahit1 until its ov]?r[ 9 #adgh2 #abgb !y ow$ _! conv]sion to "o ( ! ,muhammadan /ates t rose on ! ru9s ( ! latt]4 #abgc ,! /ory is t ! p ( ,banj>mas9 ask$ = assi/ance t[>ds ! suppression ( a revolt1 & t x 0 giv5 on condition t !y adopt$ ! new religion2 :]eupon a numb] ( ,muhammadans came ov] f ,java1 suppress$ ! revolt & effect$ ! "w ( conv]sion4 #abgd ,on ! nor?-we/ coa/1 ! ,spani>ds f\nd a ,muhammadan k+ at ,brunai1 :5 !y rea*$ ?is place 9 #aeba4 #abge ,a little lat]1 #aeej1 x 0 introduc$ into ! k+dom ( ,sukadana1 #abgf 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! isl&1 by ,arabs com+ f ,palembang 9 ,sumatra4 #abgg ,! reign+ k+ refus$ to ab&on ! fai? ( 8 fa!rs1 b dur+ ! =ty ye>s t elaps$ be=e 8 dea? 79 #aeij71 ! new religion appe>s to h made consid]able progress4 ,8 successor became a ,musalman & m>ri$ ! daught] ( a pr9ce ( a neighb\r+ isl&1 9 :i* app>5tly ,islam _h be5 long e/abli%$2 #abgh dur+ 8 reign1 a travell]1 #abgi :o visit$ ! isl& 9 #afjj1 speaks ( ,muhammadanism z be+ a common religion along ! coa/4 ,! inhabitants ( ! int]ior1 h[ev]1 he tells u1 7 all idolat]s--z inde$ !y rema9 = ! mo/ "p to ! pres5t day4 ,! progress ( ,islam 9 ! k+dom ( ,sukadana seems n[ to h drawn ! att5tion ( ! c5tre ( ! ,muhammadan _w to ?is di/ant spot1 & 9 ! reign ( ! next pr9ce1 a c]ta9 ,%aykh ,%ams al-,dn came f ,mecca br++ ) him a pres5t ( a copy ( ! ,qurn & a l>ge hyac9? r+1 toge!r ) a lett] 9 :i* ?is def5d] ( ! fai? receiv$ ! hon\rable title ( ,sultan ,muammad af al-,dn4 #abhj ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury "o ( ! inl& tribes1 call$ ! ,idaans1 dwell+ 9 ! int]ior ( nor? ,borneo1 is said to h look$ ^u ! ,muhammadans ( ! coa/ ) v great respect1 z hav+ a religion :i* !y !mselves _h n yet got4 #abha ,dalrymple1 :o obta9$ 8 in=mation on ! ,idaans ( ,borneo dur+ 8 visit to ,sulu f #agfa to #agfd1 tells u t !y 8ent]ta9 a j regret ( _! own ignorance1 & a mean idea ( !mselves on t acc\nt2 =1 :5 !y come into ! h\ses1 or vessels1 ( ! ,mahometans1 !y pay !m ! utmo/ v5]ation1 z sup]ior intellig5ces1 :o "k _! ,creator2 !y w n sit d[n :]e ! ,mahometans sleep1 nor w !y put _! f+]s into ! same *unam1 or betel box1 b receive a portion ) ! utmo/ humility1 & 9 e in/ance d5ote1 ) ! mo/ abject attitudes & ge/ure1 ! v5]ation !y ent]ta9 = a ,god unkn[n1 9 ! respect !y pay to ^? :o h a k ( ,him40 #abhb ,^! p appe> s9ce t "t to h embrac$ ! ,muhammadan fai?1 #abhc "o ( ! num]\s in/ances ( ! p[]ful impression t ,islam produces ^u tribes t are l[ d[n 9 ! scale ( civilisation4 ,f "t to "t o!r accessions h be5 ga9$ 9 ! p]sons ( ! num]\s coloni/s1 ,arabs1 ,bugis & ,malays1 z well z ,*9ese 7:o h _h settlem5ts "h s9ce ! sev5? c5tury71 #abhd & ( ! slaves introduc$ into ! isl& f diff]5t c\ntries2 s t at ! pres5t day ! ,muhammadans ( ,borneo are a v mix$ race4 #abhe ,_m ( ^! =eign]s 7 /ill hea!n :5 !y fir/ came to ,borneo1 & ( a high] civilisation ?an ! ,dyaks :om !y conqu]$ or drove into ! int]ior1 :]e !y mo/ly /ill rema9 hea!n1 except 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! isl&1 9 :i* f "t to "t small tribes ( ,dyaks embrace ,islam4 #abhf ,:5 ! pagan ,dyaks *ange _! fai?1 x is m commonly ! case t !y yield to ! p]suasions ( ! ,muhammadan r ?an to ^? ( ! ,*ri/ian mission>y1 or1 hav+ fir/ embrac$ ,*ri/ianity !y !n pass ov] to ,islam1 & ! ,muhammadans are mak+ zeal\s ef=ts to w9 conv]ts bo? f among ! hea!n & ! ,*ri/ian ,dyaks4 #abhg ,9 ! isl& ( ,celebes we f9d a simil> sl[ gr[? ( ! ,muhammadan religion1 tak+ its rise among ! p ( ! coa/ & sl[ly mak+ its way into ! int]ior4 ,only ! m civilis$ portion ( ! inhabitants has1 h[ev]1 adopt$ ,islam2 ?is is ma9ly divid$ into two tribes1 ! ,macass>s & ! ,bugis1 :o inhabit ! s\?-we/ p59sula1 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 also =m+ a l>ge proportion ( ! coa/ population on ! o!r p59sulas4 ,! int]ior ( ! isl&1 except 9 ! s\?-we/ p59sula :]e ne>ly all ! inhabitants are ,muhammadan1 is /ill hea!n & is populat$ *iefly by ! ,alfurs1 a race l[ 9 ! scale ( civilisation1 :o also =m ! majority ( ! inhabitants ( ! nor?1 ! ea/ & ! s\?-ea/ p59sulas2 at ! extremity ( ! fir/ ( ^! p59sulas1 9 ,m9ahassa1 !y h 9 l>ge numb]s be5 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity2 ! ,muhammadans did n make _! way hi!r until aft] ! ,portuguese _h ga9$ a firm foot+ 9 ?is "p ( ! isl&1 & ! ,alfurs :om !y conv]t$ to ,roman ,ca?olicism 7 turn$ into ,prote/ants by ! ,dut*1 ^: mission>ies h lab\r$ 9 ,m9ahassa ) v consid]able success4 ,b ,islam is sl[ly mak+ its way among ! hea!n tribes ( ,alfurs 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! isl&1 bo? 9 ! di/ricts directly adm9i/]$ by ! ,dut* ,gov]nm5t1 & ^? "u ! rule ( native *iefs4 #abhh ,:5 ! ,portuguese fir/ visit$ ! isl& ab\t #aedj1 !y f\nd only a few ,muhammadan /rang]s 9 ,g[a1 ! capital ( ! ,macass> k+dom1 ! natives be+ /ill unconv]t$1 & x 0 n until ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury t ,islam began to be g5]ally adopt$ among !m4 ,! hi/ory ( ! movem5t is especially int]e/+1 z we h "h "o ( ! few cases 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity & ,islam h be5 compet+ = ! allegiance ( hea!n p4 ,"o ( ! incid5ts 9 ?is conte/ is ?us admirably told by an old compil]3 8,! discov]y ( s consid]able a c\ntry 0 look$ ^u by ! ,portuguese z a ,matt] ( ,great ,consequ5ce1 & ,measures 7 tak5 to secure ! ,affections ( ^? :om x 0 n f\nd easy to conqu]2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 capable ( be+ oblig$1 or r5d]$ useful1 z _! allies1 by good usage4 ,! ,p 7 mu* brav]1 & )al _h mu* bett] ,s5se ?an mo/ ( ! ,indians2 & !re=e1 aft] a little ,conv]sation ) ! ,europeans1 !y began1 9 g5]al1 to disc]n t !re 0 no ,s5se or ,mean+ 9 _! own ,religion2 & ! few ( !m :o _h be5 made ,*ri/ians by ! c>e ( ,don ,antonio ,galvano 7,gov]nor ( ! ,moluccas71 7 n s ?or\ghly in/ruct$ !mselves z to be able to tea* !m a new ,fai?4 ,! :ole ,p1 9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 disclaim$ _! old ,sup]/itions1 & became ,dei/s at once2 b1 n satisfi$ ) ?is1 !y det]m9$ to s5d1 at ! same "t1 to ,malacca & to ,a*91 #abhi to desire f ! "o1 ,*ri/ian ,prie/s2 & f ! o!r1 ,doctors ( ! ,mohamm$an ,law2 resolv+ to embrace ! ,religion ( ^? ,tea*]s :o came fir/ among !m4 ,! ,portugeze h hi!rto be5 e/eem$ zeal\s en\gh = _! ,religion2 b x seems t ,don ,ruis ,p]]a1 :o 0 !n ,gov]nor ( ,malacca1 0 a little defici5t 9 8 ,conc]n = ! ,fai?1 s9ce he made a great & v unnecess>y delay 9 s5d+ ! ,prie/s t 7 desir$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,que5 ( ,a*9 be+ a furi\s ,mohamm$an no soon] receiv$ an ,acc\nt ( ?is ,disposition 9 ! p ( ! ,isl& ( ,celebes ?an %e imm$iately dispat*$ a vessel full ( ,doctors ( ! ,law1 :o 9 a %ort "t1 e/abli%$ _! ,religion effectually among ! ,inhabitants4 ,"s "t aft] came ! ,*ri/ian ,prie/s1 & inveigh$ bitt]ly aga9/ ! ,law ( ,mohamm$ b to no ,purpose2 ! ,p ( ,celebes _h made _! ,*oice1 & !re 0 no ,possibility ( br++ !m to alt] x4 ,"o ( ! ,k+s ( ! ,isl&1 inde$1 :o _h be=e embrac$ ,*ri/ianity1 p]si/$ 9 ! ,fai?1 & mo/ ( 8 ,subjects 7 conv]t$ to x2 b /ill1 ! ,bulk ( ! ,p ( ,celebes cont9u$ ,mohamm$ans1 & are s to ?is ,day1 & ! greate/ ,zealots = _! ,religion ( any 9 ! ,indies40 #abij ,?is ev5t is said to h occurr$ 9 ! ye> #afjc4 #abia ,! frequ5t ref]5ces to x 9 contempor>y lit]ature make x impossible to d\bt ! g5u95ess ( ! /ory4 #abib ,9 ! little pr9cipality ( ,tallo1 to ! nor? ( ,g[a1 ) :i* x has always be5 conf$]at$1 is /ill to be se5 ! tomb ( "o ( ! mo/ fam\s mission>ies to ! ,macass>s1 by "n ,khab ,tungal4 ,! pr9ce ( ?is /ate1 aft] 8 conv]sion prov$ himself a mo/ zeal\s *ampion ( ! new fai?1 & x 0 ?r\gh 8 influ5ce t x 0 g5]ally adopt$ by all ! tribes speak+ ! ,macass> language4 ,! sequel ( ! movem5t is n ( s peaceful a "*4 ,! ,macass>s 7 c>ri$ away by _! zeal = _! newly adopt$ fai?1 to make an attempt to =ce x on _! neighb\rs ! ,bugis4 ,! k+ ( ,g[a made an (f] to ! k+ ( ,boni to consid] him 9 all respects z an equal if he w\ld wor%ip ! "o true ,god4 ,! latt] consult$ 8 p on ! matt]1 :o said1 8,we h n yet f\ght1 we h n yet be5 conqu]$40 ,!y tri$ ! issue ( a battle & 7 defeat$4 ,! k+ accord+ly became a ,muhammadan & began on 8 own acc\nt to attempt by =ce to impose 8 own belief on 8 subjects & on ! small] /ates1 8 neighb\rs4 ,/range to say1 ! p appli$ = help to ! k+ ( ,macass>1 :o s5t ambassadors to dem& f ! k+ ( ,boni an answ] to ! foll[+ que/ions1--,:e!r ! k+1 9 8 p]secution1 0 in/igat$ by a p>ticul> revelation f ! ,prophet8--or :e!r he paid ob$i5ce to "s anci5t cu/om8--or foll[$ 8 own p]sonal pleasure8 ,if = ! fir/ reason1 ! k+ ( ,g[a reque/$ in=mation2 if = ! second1 he w\ld l5d 8 cordial co-op]ation2 if = ! ?ird1 ! k+ ( ,boni mu/ desi/1 = ^? :om he presum$ to oppress 7 ! fri5ds ( ,g[a4 ,! k+ ( ,boni made no reply & ! ,macass>s hav+ m>*$ a great army into ! c\ntry defeat$ him 9 ?ree successive battles1 =c$ him to fly ! c\ntry1 & r$uc$ ,boni into a prov9ce4 ,aft] ?irty ye>s ( subjection1 ! p ( ,boni1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! ,dut*1 revolt$ aga9/ ! ,macass>s1 & assum$ ! head%ip ( ! tribes ( ,celebes1 9 ! place ( _! =m] ma/]s4 #abic ,! propagation ( ,islam c]ta9ly seems to h be5 gradual & sl[ among ! ,bugis1 #abid b :5 !y _h once adopt$ ! new religion1 x seems to h /irr$ !m up to action1 z x did ! ,arabs 7?\gh ?is newly-awak5$ en]gy 9 ei!r case turn$ 9 r diff]5t directions71--& to h made !m :at !y are n[1 at once ! brave/ m5 & ! mo/ ent]pris+ m]*ants & navigators ( ! ,ar*ipelago4 #abie ,9 _! trad+ vessels !y make _! way to all p>ts ( ! ,ar*ipelago1 f ! coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea to ,s+apore1 & _! num]\s settlem5ts1 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( :i* ! ,bugis h p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$ !mselves1 h introduc$ ,islam into _m a hea!n isl&3 e4g4 "o ( _! colonies is to be f\nd 9 a /ate t ext5ds ov] a consid]able "p ( ! s\? coa/ ( ,flores1 :]e1 int]m+l+ ) ! native population1 :i* =m]ly consi/$ p>tly ( ,roman ,ca?olics1 !y h succe$$ 9 conv]t+ all ! inhabitants ( ?is /ate to ,islam4 #abif ,9 _! native isl& ( ,celebes also ! ,bugis h comb9$ proselytis+ ef=ts ) _! comm]cial ent]prises1 & 9 ! little k+dom ( ,bolang-,mongond\ 9 ! nor!rn p59sula #abig !y h succe$$1 9 ! c\rse ( ! pres5t c5tury1 9 w9n+ ov] to ,islam a ,*ri/ian population ^: conv]sion dates f ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! fir/ ,*ri/ian k+ ( ,bolang-,mongond\ 0 ,jacobus ,manopo 7#afhi-agji71 9 ^: reign ,*ri/ianity spread rapidly1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india ,company & ! prea*+ ( ! ,dut* cl]gy4 #abih ,8 successors 7 all ,*ri/ian until #ahdd1 :5 ! reign+ ,raja1 ,jacobus ,manuel ,manopo1 embrac$ ,islam4 ,8 conv]sion 0 ! cr[n ( a s]ies ( proselytis+ ef=ts t _h be5 9 progress s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 = x 0 ab\t ?is "t t ! zeal\s ef=ts ( "s ,muhammadan trad]s--,bugis & o!rs--won ov] "s conv]ts to ,islam 9 "o ( ! coa/ t[ns ( ! s\!rn k+dom1 ,mongond\2 f ?is same t[n two trad] mission>ies1 akm ,bagus & ,imm ,tuwko by "n1 set out to spread _! fai? ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ?is k+dom4 ,!y made a beg9n+ ) ! conv]sion ( "s slaves & native wom5 :om !y m>ri$1 & ^! little by little p]suad$ _! fri5ds & relatives to embrace ! new fai?4 ,f ,mongond\ ,islam spread into ! nor!rn k+dom ,bolang2 "h1 9 #ahcj1 ! :ole population 0 ei!r ,*ri/ian or hea!n1 ) ! exception ( two or ?ree ,muhammadan settl]s2 b ! zeal\s prea*]s ( ,islam1 ! ,bugis1 & ! ,arabs :o assi/$ !m 9 _! mission>y lab\rs1 soon a*iev$ a wide-spread success4 ,! ,*ri/ians1 ^: k ( ! doctr9es ( _! religion 0 v slight & ^: fai? 0 weak1 7 ill prep>$ ) ! weapons ( controv]sy to meet ! attacks ( ! rival cre$2 despis$ by ! ,dut* ,gov]nm5t1 neglect$ & well-nigh ab&on$ by ! au?orities ( ! ,*ur*1 !y began to look on ^! =eign]s1 "s ( :om m>ri$ & settl$ among !m1 z _! fri5ds4 ,z ! "w ( conv]sion progress$1 ! visits ( ^! ,bugis & ,arabs1--at fir/ r>e1--became m frequ5t1 & _! influ5ce 9 ! c\ntry v greatly increas$1 s mu* s t ab\t #ahcb an ,arab m>ri$ a daught] ( ! k+1 ,cornelius ,manopo1 :o 0 himself a ,*ri/ian2 _m ( ! *iefs1 & "s ( ! mo/ p[]ful among !m1 ab\t ! same "t1 ab&on$ ,*ri/ianity & embrac$ ,islam4 ,9 ?is way ,islam _h ga9$ a firm foot+ 9 8 k+dom be=e ,raja ,jacobus ,manuel ,manopo became a ,muslim 9 #ahdd2 ?is pr9ce _h made repeat$ applications to ! ,dut* au?orities at ,manado to appo9t a successor to ! ,*ri/ian s*oolma/]1 ,jacobus ,ba/iaan1--^: dea? _h be5 a great loss to ! ,*ri/ian community--b to no purpose1 & le>n+ f ! resid5t at ,manado t ! ,dut* ,gov]nm5t 0 q indiff]5t z to :e!r ! p ( 8 /ate 7 ,*ri/ians or ,muhammadans1 s long z !y 7 loyal1 op5ly decl>$ himself a ,musalman & tri$ e means to br+ 8 subjects ov] to ! same fai?4 ,an ,arab mission>y took advantage ( ! occurr5ce ( a t]rible e>?quake 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 to prophecy ! de/ruction ( ,bolang-,mongond\1 unless ! p spe$ily became conv]t$ to ,islam4 ,_m 9 _! t]ror ha/5$ to foll[ ?is advice1 & ! ,raja & 8 nobles l5t _! support to ! mission>ies & ,arab m]*ants1 ^: me?ods ( deal+ ) ! dilatory 7 n always ( ! g5tle/4 ,ne>ly half ! population1 h[ev]1 /ill rema9s hea!n1 b ! progress ( ,islam among !m1 ?\gh sl[1 is cont9u\s & sure4 #abii ,! neighb\r+ isl& ( ,sambawa likewise probably receiv$ its k ( ?is fai? f ,celebes1 ?r\gh ! prea*+ ( mission>ies f ,macass> betwe5 #aedj & #aeej4 ,all ! m civilis$ inhabitants are true believ]s & are said to be /rict] 9 ! p]=mance ( _! religi\s duties ?an any ( ! neighb\r+ ,muhammadan peoples4 ,?is is l>gely due to a revivali/ movem5t set on foot by a c]ta9 j ,ali aft] ! disa/r\s eruption ( ,m\nt ,tambora 9 #ahae1 ! fe>ful suff]+ t ensu$ !reon be+ made use ( to /ir up ! p to a m /rict obs]vance ( ! precepts ( _! religion & ! lead+ ( a m dev\t life4 #acjj ,at ! pres5t "t ,islam /ill cont9ues to w9 ov] fre% conv]ts 9 ?is isl&4 #acja ,! ,sasaks ( ! neighb\r+ isl& ( ,lombok also ow$ _! conv]sion to ! prea*+ ( ! ,bugis1 :o =m a l>ge colony "h1 hav+ ei!r cross$ ov] ! /rait f ,sambawa or come directly f ,celebes3 at any rate ! conv]sion appe>s to h tak5 place 9 a peaceable mann]4 #acjb ,! population ( ,lombok falls into two di/9ct divisions1 ! ,sasaks & ! ,bal9ese2 ! fir/ ( ^!1 consi/+ ( ! ,muhammadan ,sasaks1 ! orig9al inhabitants ( ! isl&1 f> outnumb]s ! second1 b ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury !y came "u ! rule ( ! ,bal9ese & soon f\nd _! isl& ov]run by sw>ms ( ! ,h9du neighb\rs4 #acjc ,! rule ( ! ,bal9ese 0 v oppressive1 & !y made ef=ts--?\gh ) little success--to br+ _! ,muslim subjects ov] to ,h9duism2 ! ,sasaks tri$ 9 va9 to %ake (f ! yoke ( _! oppressors1 & m ?an once appeal$ to ! ,dut* ,gov]nm5t1 be=e ! exp$ition ( #ahid br\ght peace to ! isl& & e/abli%$ an ord]ly adm9i/ration "u ,dut* rule4 ,! new gov]nm5t br\ght ) x a l>ge numb] ( native ,muhammadan (ficials1 :o ?r[ 9 _! influ5ce on ! side ( _! own fai?1 & x is ?us expect$ t "o ( ! results ( ! ,dut* conque/ ( ,lombok w be to give a great impetus to ,islam 9 ?is isl&4 #acjd ,9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s we f9d a /ruggle betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,islam = ! allegiance ( ! inhabitants1 some:at simil> 9 "* to t 9 ,celebes1 b m /]n & endur+1 entangl+ ! ,spani>ds & ! ,muslims 9 a fi]ce & bloody conflict1 ev5 up to ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x is unc]ta9 :5 ,islam fir/ rea*$ ^! isl&s4 #acje ,! tradition>y annals ( ,m9danao repres5t ,islam z hav+ be5 introduc$ f ,johore1 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula1 by a c]ta9 ,%>f ,kabungsuwan1 :o settl$ ) a numb] ( foll[]s 9 ! isl& & m>ri$ !re4 ,he is said to h refus$ to l& until ! m5 :o came to meet him on 8 arrival promis$ to embrace ,islam1 & ^! e>ly records give ! impression t ! l&+ ( ,kabungsuwan & ! conv]sion ( ! p ( ,m9danao at fir/ proce$$ q peacefully2 b aft] he _h e/abli%$ 8 p[]1 he began to conqu] ! neighb\r+ *iefs & tribes1 & !y accept$ 8 religion 9 submitt+ to 8 au?ority4 #acjf ,! ,spani>ds :o discov]$ !m 9 #aeba1 f\nd ! population ( ! nor!rn isl&s to be rude & simple pagans1 :ile ,m9danao & ! ,sulu ,isl&s 7 occupi$ by m civilis$ ,muhammadan tribes4 #acjg ,! latt] up to ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury successfully resi/$ = ! mo/ "p all ! ef=ts ( ! ,*ri/ians t[>ds conque/ & conv]sion1 s t ! ,spani% mission>ies despair$ ( ev] effect+ _! conv]sion4 #acjh ,! success ( ,islam z comp>$ ) ,*ri/ianity has be5 due 9 a great measure to ! diff]5t =m "u :i* ^! two fai?s 7 pres5t$ to ! natives4 ,! adoption ( ! latt] impli$ ! loss ( all political fre$om & national indep5d5ce1 & h5ce came to be reg>d$ z a badge ( slav]y4 ,! me?ods adopt$ by ! ,spani>ds = ! propagation ( _! religion 7 calculat$ to make x unpopul> f ! beg9n+2 _! viol5ce & intol]ance 7 9 /rong contra/ to ! conciliatory behavi\r ( ! ,muhammadan mission>ies1 :o le>n$ ! language ( ! p1 adopt$ _! cu/oms1 int]m>ri$ ) !m1 & melt+ into ! mass ( ! p1 nei!r arrogat$ to !mselves ! exclusive rights ( a privileg$ race nor condemn$ ! natives to ! level ( a degrad$ ca/e4 ,! ,spani>ds1 on ! o!r h&1 7 ignorant ( ! language1 habits & mann]s ( ! natives2 _! intemp]ance & above all _! av>ice & rapacity br\ght _! religion into odium2 :ile its propagation 0 int5d$ to s]ve z an in/rum5t ( _! political advancem5t4 #acji ,x is n difficult !re=e to und]/& ! opposition (f]$ by ! natives to ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* inde$ only became ! religion ( ! p 9 ^? p>ts 9 :i* ! inhabitants 7 weak en\gh1 or ! isl& small en\gh1 to enable ! ,spani>ds to effect a total subjugation2 ! native ,*ri/ians aft] _! conv]sion _h to be =c$ to p]=m _! religi\s duties ?r\gh fe> ( puni%m5t1 & 7 treat$ exactly l s*ool-*ildr54 #acaj ,up to ! "t ( ! ,am]ican occupation ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s ! indep5d5t ,muhammadan k+dom ( ,m9danao 0 a refuge = ^? :o wi%$ to escape f ! hat$ ,*ri/ian gov]nm5t2 #acaa ! isl& ( ,sulu1 also1 ?\gh nom9ally a ,spani% possession s9ce #ahgh1 =m$ ano!r c5tre ( ,muhammadan opposition to ,*ri/ianity1 ,spani%-kn[+ r5egades ev5 be+ f\nd "h4 #acab ,we h no c]ta9 hi/orical evid5ce z to h[ long ! inhabitants ( ! ,sulu ,isl&s _h be5 ,muhammadan1 be=e ! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,! annals ( ,sulu give ! "n ( ,%>f ,k>m al-,makhdm z ! fir/ mission>y ( ,islam 9 ^! isl&s4 ,he is said to h be5 an ,arab :o w5t to ,malacca ab\t ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury & conv]t$ ,suln ,muammad ,%h & ! p ( ,malacca to ,islam4 ,cont9u+ 8 j\rney ea/w>d1 he rea*$ ,sulu ab\t ! ye> #achj & settl$ 9 ,bwansa1 #acac ! old capital ( ,sulu1 :]e ! p built a mosque = him & _m ( ! *iefs accept$ 8 tea*+s4 ,he is said to h visit$ almo/ e isl& ( ! ,ar*ipelago & to h made conv]ts 9 _m places2 8 grave is said to be on ! isl& ( ,sibutu4 #acad ,! next mission>y is said to h be5 ,ab ,bakr1 :o is also /at$ to h be5 an ,arab1 & to h comm5c$ 8 mission>y lab\rs 9 ,malacca & to h made 8 way to ,palembang & ,brunei1 & rea*$ ,sulu ab\t #adej2 he built mosques & c>ri$ on a successful propag&a4 ,! ,muslim k+ ( ,bwansa1 ,raja ,bag9da1 gave him 8 daught] 9 m>riage1 & appo9t$ him 8 heir1 & ,ab ,bakr is cr$it$ ) hav+ organis$ ! gov]nm5t & legislation ( ,sulu on or?odox ,muslim l9es z f> z local cu/om w\ld all[4 #acae ,?\gh s long conv]t$1 ! p ( ,sulu are f> f be+ rigid ,muhammadans1 inde$1 ! influ5ce ( ! num]\s ,*ri/ian slaves t !y c>ri$ (f f ! ,philipp9es 9 _! pr$atory excursions us$ to be s great t x 0 ev5 ass]t$ #acaf t 8!y w\ld long ere ?is h become pr(ess$ ,*ri/ians b f ! presci5ce t su* a *ange1 by inve/+ a pr$om9at+ influ5ce 9 ! prie/hood1 w\ld inevitably und]m9e _! own au?ority1 & pave ! way to ! transf] ( _! dom9ions to ! ,spani% yoke1 an occurr5ce :i* fatal exp]i5ce has too =cibly in/ruct$ all ! surr\nd+ nations t unw>ily embrace ! ,*ri/ian p]suasion40 ,fur!r1 ! aggressive behavi\r ( ! ,spani% prie/s :o e/abli%$ a mission 9 ,sulu creat$ 9 ! m9d ( ! p a viol5t antipa?y to ! =eign religion4 #acag ,s9ce ! ,am]ican occupation ( ! ,philipp9es1 ! influ5ce ( ,islam has be5 consid]ably re/rict$1 & is n[ conf9$ to ! isl& ( ,palawan1 ! s\? coa/ ( ,m9danao & ! ar*ipelago ( ,sulu4 #acah ,b x is said to be seek+ to ext5d its propag&a among ! nor!rn isl&s1 & to h made a beg9n+ ( mission>y activity ev5 9 ,manila4 ,c]ta9 conditions are said to fav\r its success1 especially ! fact t ! ,filip9os are prejudic$ aga9/ ,*ri/ianity on acc\nt ( ! abuses t l$ !m to take up arms aga9/ ! ,spani% fri>s4 #acai ,z has be5 already m5tion$1 ,islam has be5 mo/ fav\rably receiv$ by ! m civilis$ races ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 & has tak5 b little root among ! l[] races4 ,su* are ! ,papuans ( ,new ,gu9ea1 & ! isl&s to ! nor?-we/ ( x1 viz4 ,waigyu1 ,misool1 ,waigama & ,salawatti4 ,^! isl&s1 toge!r ) ! p59sula ( ,on91 on ! nor?-we/ ( ,new ,gu9ea1 7 9 ! sixte5? c5tury subject to ! ,sultan ( ,batjan1 #acbj "o ( ! k+s ( ! ,moluccas4 ,?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! ,muhammadan rul]s ( ,batjan1 ! ,papuan *iefs ( ^! isl&s adopt$ ,islam1 #acba & ?\gh ! mass ( ! p 9 ! int]ior h rema9$ hea!n up to ! pres5t day1 ! inhabitants ( ! coa/ are ,muhammadans l>gely no d\bt ow+ to ! influ5ce ( settl]s f ! ,moluccas4 #acbb ,9 ,new ,gu9ea itself1 v few ( ! ,papuans seem to h become ,muhammadans4 ,islam 0 introduc$ into ! we/ coa/ 7probably 9 ! p59sula ( ,on97 by ,muhammadan m]*ants1 :o propagat$ _! religion among ! inhabitants1 z e>ly z #afjf4 #acbc ,b x appe>s to h made v little progress dur+ ! c5turies t h elaps$ s9ce !n1 #acbd & ! ,papuans h %[n z mu* reluctance to become ,muhammadans z to accept ! tea*+s ( ! ,*ri/ian mission>ies1 :o h lab\r$ among !m )\t mu* success s9ce #ahee4 ,! ,muhammadans ( ! neighb\r+ isl&s h be5 accus$ ( hold+ ! ,papuans 9 too great contempt to make ef=ts to spread ,islam among !m4 #acbe ,! "n ( "o mission>y1 h[ev]1 is f\nd1 a c]ta9 ,imm ,dikir 78 ,dhikr71 :o came f "o ( ! isl&s on ! s\?-ea/ ( ,c]am ab\t #ahef & introduc$ ,islam into ! little isl& ( ,adi1 s\? ( ! p59sula ( ,on92 aft] fulfill+ 8 mission he return$ to 8 own home1 resi/+ ! importunities ( ! inhabitants to settle among !m4 #acbf ,muhammadan trad]s f ,c]am & ,goram are report$ to h made a numb] ( conv]ts f among ! hea!n dur+ ! fir/ decade ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 #acbg ,simil> ef=ts are be+ made to conv]t ! ,papuans ( ! neighb\r+ ,kei ,isl&s4 ,9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !re 7 said to be h>dly any ,muhammadans on ^! isl&s1 ) ! exception ( ! desc5dants ( immigrants f ! ,b&a ,isl&s2 "s "t be=e1 mission>ies f ,c]am _h succe$$ 9 mak+ "s conv]ts1 b ! precepts ( ! ,qurn 7 v little obs]v$1 bo? =bidd5 meats & intoxicat+ liquors be+ indulg$ 94 ,! wom51 h[ev]1 7 said to be /rict] 9 _! adh]5ce to _! fai? ?an ! m51 s t :5 _! husb&s wi%$ to indulge 9 sw9e's fle%1 !y _h to d s 9 secret1 _! wives n all[+ x to be br\ght into ! h\se4 #acbh ,b 9 #ahhg x 0 not$ t !re _h be5 a revival ( religi\s life among ! ,kei isl&]s1 & ! numb] ( ,muhammadans 0 daily increas+4 ,arab m]*ants f ,madura1 ,java1 & ,bali prov$ !mselves zeal\s propag&i/s ( ,islam & left no means untri$ to w9 conv]ts1 sometimes en=c+ _! argum5ts by ?reats & viol5ce1 & at o!r times by bribes3 z a rule new conv]ts 7 said to get #bjj flor9s' wor? ( pres5ts1 :ile *iefs receiv$ z mu* z a ?\s& flor9s4 #acbi ,at ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ab\t #hjjj ( ! ,kei isl&]s 7 said to be ,muhammadan out ( a total population ( #bc1jjj4 #accj ,! above sket* ( ! spread ( ,islam f we/ to ea/ ?r\gh ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago comprises b a small "p ( ! hi/ory ( ! mission>y "w ( ,islam 9 ^! isl&s4 ,_m ( ! facts ( ?is hi/ory are :olly unrecord$1 & :at c be glean$ f native *ronicles & ! works ( ,european travell]s1 (ficials & mission>ies is necess>ily fragm5t>y & incomplete4 ,b !re is evid5ce en\gh to %[ ! exi/5ce ( peaceful mission>y ef=ts to spread ! fai? ( ,islam dur+ ! la/ six hundr$ ye>s3 sometimes inde$ ! sword has be5 drawn 9 support ( ! cause ( religion1 b prea*+ & p]suasion r ?an =ce & viol5ce h be5 ! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( ?is mission>y movem5t4 ,! m>vell\s success t has be5 a*iev$ has be5 l>gely ! "w ( trad]s1 :o won _! way to ! he>ts ( ! natives1 by le>n+ _! language1 adopt+ _! mann]s & cu/oms1 & began quietly & gradually to spread ! k ( _! religion by fir/ conv]t+ ! native wom5 !y m>ri$ & ! p]sons associat$ ) !m 9 _! bus9ess relations4 ,in/ead ( hold+ !mselves ap>t 9 pr\d isolation1 !y gradually melt$ into ! mass ( ! population1 employ+ all _! sup]iority ( intellig5ce & civilisation = ! "w ( conv]sion & mak+ su* skilful compromises 9 ! doctr9es & practices ( _! fai? z 7 ne$$ to recomm5d x to ! p !y wi%$ to attract4 #acca ,9 fact1 z ,buckle said ( !m1 8,! ,mahometan mission>ies are v judici\s40 #accb ,beside ! trad]s1 !re h be5 numb]s ( :at may be call$ pr(essional mission>ies--!ologians1 prea*]s1 jurisconsults & pilgrims4 ,! latt] h1 9 rec5t ye>s1 be5 especially active 9 ! "w ( proselytis+1 9 /irr+ up a m vigor\s & consi/5t religi\s life among _! fell[-c\ntrym51 & 9 purg+ away ! l+]+ rema9s ( hea!n habits & beliefs4 ,! numb] ( ^? :o make ! pilgrimage to ,mecca f all p>ts ( ! ,ar*ipelago is con/antly on ! increase1 & !re is 9 consequ5ce a proportionate gr[? ( ,muhammadan influ5ce & ,muhammadan ?\ght4 ,up to ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! ,dut* ,gov]nm5t tri$ to put ob/acles 9 ! way ( ! pilgrims & pass$ an ord] t no "o %\ld be all[$ to make ! pilgrimage to ! holy city )\t a passport1 = :i* he _h to pay #aaj flor9s2 & any "o :o evad$ ?is ord] 0 on 8 return compell$ to pay a f9e ( d\ble t am\nt4 #accc ,accord+ly x is n surpris+ to f9d t 9 #aheb ! numb] ( pilgrims 0 s l[ z sev5ty1 b 9 ! same ye> ?is ord] 0 resc9d$1 & s9ce !n1 !re has be5 a /eady increase4 ,! av]age numb] ( pilgrims dur+ ! la/ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 #gjjj--;dur+ ! fir/ decade ( ! tw5tie?1 #gcjj2 #accd b ! numb]s v>y consid]ably f ye> to ye>1 ! l>ge/ record$ numb] f ! ,dut* ,indies be+ #ad1bcd 9 #aiaj4 #acce ,su* an increase is no d\bt l>gely due to ! increas$ facilities ( communication betwe5 ,mecca & ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 b1 z a ,*ri/ian mission>y has obs]v$1 ?is by no means 8dim9i%es ! importance ( ! fact1 especially z ! ,hadjis1 ^: numb]s h gr[n s rapidly1 h by no means lo/ 9 quality :at !y ga9$ 9 quantity2 on ! contr>y1 !re are n[ among/ !m _m m ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! doctr9es ( ,islam1 & :olly imbu$ ) ,moslem fanaticism & hatr$ aga9/ ! unbeliev]s1 ?an !re =m]ly 740 #accf ,! reports ( ! ,dut* ,gov]nm5t & ( ,*ri/ian mission>ies be> unanim\s te/imony to ! influ5ce & ! proselytis+ zeal ( ^! pilgrims :o return to _! homes z at once re=m]s & mission>ies4 #accg ,beside ! pilgrims :o cont5t !mselves ) m]ely visit+ ! sacr$ places & p]=m+ ! due c]emonies1 & ^? :o make a long] /ay 9 ord] to complete _! !ological /udies1 !re is a l>ge colony ( ,malays 9 ,mecca at ! pres5t "t1 :o h tak5 up _! resid5ce p]man5tly 9 ! sacr$ city4 ,^! are 9 con/ant communication ) _! fell[-c\ntrym5 9 _! native l&1 & _! ef=ts h be5 l>gely effectual 9 purg+ ,muhammadanism 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago f ! contam9ation ( hea!n cu/oms & modes ( ?\ght t h surviv$ f an e>li] p]iod4 ,a l>ge numb] ( religi\s books is also pr9t$ 9 ,mecca 9 ! v>i\s languages spok5 by ! ,malay ,muhammadans & c>ri$ to all p>ts ( ! ,ar*ipelago4 ,inde$ ,mecca has be5 well said to h m influ5ce on ! religi\s life ( ^! isl&s ?an on ,turkey1 ,india or ,bukhr4 #acch ,z might be anticipat$ f a consid]ation ( ^! facts1 !re has be5 ( rec5t ye>s a v great awak5+ ( mission>y activity 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 & ! return$ pilgrims1 :e!r z m]*ants or religi\s tea*]s1 become prea*]s ( ,islam :]ev] !y come 9 contact ) a hea!n population4 ,! religi\s ord]s moreov] h ext5d$ _! organisation to ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 #acci ev5 ! y\nge/ ( !m--! ,sansiyyah--f9d+ adh]5ts 9 ! mo/ di/ant isl&s1 #acdj "o ( ! signs ( its influ5ce be+ ! adoption ( ! "n ,sans by _m ,malays1 :5 9 ,mecca !y *ange _! native = ,arabic names4 #acda ,! ,dut* ,gov]nm5t has be5 accus$ by ,*ri/ian mission>ies ( fav\r+ ! spread ( ,islam2 h[ev] ?is may h be51 x is c]ta9 t ! "w ( ! ,muslim mission>ies is facilitat$ by ! fact t ,malay1 :i* is spok5 by h>dly any b ,muhammadans1 has be5 adopt$ z ! (ficial language ( ! ,dut* ,gov]nm5t1 except 9 ,java2 & z ! ,dut* civil s]vants are ev]y:]e att5d$ by a cr[d ( ,muhammadan subord9ate (ficials1 political ag5ts1 cl]ks1 int]pret]s & trad]s1 !y c>ry ,islam ) !m into e place !y visit4 ,all p]sons t h to d bus9ess ) ! ,gov]nm5t are oblig$ to le>n ! ,malay language1 & !y seldom le>n x )\t at ! same "t becom+ ,musalmans4 ,9 ?is way ! mo/ influ5tial p embrace ,islam1 & ! re/ soon foll[ _! example4 #acdb ,?us ,islam is at ! pres5t "t rapidly driv+ out hea!nism f ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,conclusion4 ,to ! mod]n ,*ri/ian _w1 mission>y "w implies mission>y societies1 paid ag5ts1 subscriptions1 reports & j\rnals2 & mission>y ent]prise )\t a regul>ly con/itut$ & cont9u\s organisation seems a misnom]4 ,! ecclesia/ical con/itution ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* has1 f ! v beg9n+ ( its hi/ory1 made provision = ! propagation ( ,*ri/ian tea*+ among unbeliev]s2 its mission>ies h be5 9 mo/ cases1 regul>ly orda9$ prie/s or monks2 ! mona/ic ord]s 7f ! ,b5$ict9es d[nw>ds7 & ! mission>y societies ( m mod]n times h devot$ !mselves ) special & conc5trat$ att5tion to ! fur!r+ ( a dep>tm5t ( ,*ri/ian "w t1 f ! fir/1 has be5 recognis$ to be "o ( ! prime duties ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b 9 ,islam ! abs5ce ( any k9d ( prie/hood or any ecclesia/ical organisation :atev] has caus$ ! mission>y en]gy ( ! ,muslims to exhibit itself 9 =ms v diff]5t to ^? t appe> 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian missions3 !re are no mission>y societies1 #acdc no specially tra9$ ag5ts1 v little cont9uity ( ef=t4 ,! only exception appe>s to be f\nd 9 ! religi\s ord]s ( ,islam1 ^: organisation resembles to "s ext5t t ( ! mona/ic ord]s ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,b ev5 "h ! abs5ce ( ! prie/ly ideal1 ( any !ory ( ! sep>at5ess ( ! religi\s tea*] f ! common body ( believ]s or ( ! necessity ( a special consecration & au?orisation = ! p]=mance ( religi\s functions1 makes ! fundam5tal diff]5ce 9 ! two sy/ems /& out z cle>ly z else:]e4 ,:atev] disadvantages may be entail$ by ?is want ( a prie/ly class1 specially set ap>t = ! "w ( propagat+ ! fai?1 are comp5sat$ = by ! consequ5t feel+ ( responsibility re/+ on ! individual believ]4 ,!re be+ no int]m$i>y betwe5 ! ,muslim & 8 ,god1 ! responsibility ( 8 p]sonal salvation re/s ^u himself alone3 consequ5tly he becomes z a rule mu* m /rict & c>eful 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 religi\s duties1 he takes m tr\ble to le>n ! doctr9es & obs]vances ( 8 fai?1 & ?us becom+ deeply impress$ ) ! importance ( !m to himself1 is m likely to become an expon5t ( ! mission>y "* ( 8 cre$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! unbeliev]4 ,! w\ld-be proselytis] has n to ref] 8 conv]t to "s au?oris$ religi\s tea*] ( 8 cre$ :o may =mally receive ! neophyte into ! body ( ! ,*ur*1 nor ne$ he dread ecclesia/ical c5sure = committ+ ! s9 ( ,korah4 ,accord+ly1 h[ev] great an exagg]ation x may be to say1 z has be5 said s (t51 #acdd t e ,muhammadan is a mission>y1 /ill x is true t e ,muhammadan may be "o1 & few truly dev\t ,muslims1 liv+ 9 daily contact ) unbeliev]s1 neglect ! precept ( _! ,prophet3 8,summon !m to ! way ( ?y ,"l ) wisdom & ) k9dly w>n+40 #acde ,?us x is t1 side by side ) ! pr(essional propag&i/s1--! religi\s tea*]s :o h devot$ all _! "t & en]gies to mission>y "w1--! annals ( ! propagation ( ! ,muslim fai? conta9 ! record ( m5 & wom5 ( all ranks ( society1 f ! sov]eign #acdf to ! peasant1 & ( all trades & pr(essions1 :o h lab\r$ = ! spread ( _! fai?1--! ,muslim trad]1 unlike 8 ,*ri/ian bro!r1 %[+ himself especially active 9 su* "w4 ,9 a li/ ( ,indian mission>ies publi%$ 9 ! j\rnal ( a religi\s & philan?ropic society ( ,lahore #acdg we f9d ! names ( s*oolma/]s1 ,gov]nm5t cl]ks 9 ! ,canal & ,opium ,dep>tm5ts1 trad]s 7includ+ a deal] 9 camel-c>ts71 an editor ( a newspap]1 a book-b9d] & a workman 9 a pr9t+ e/abli%m5t4 ,^! m5 devote ! h\rs ( leisure left !m aft] ! completion ( ! day's lab\r1 to ! prea*+ ( _! religion 9 ! /reets & baza>s ( ,indian cities1 seek+ to w9 conv]ts bo? f among ,*ri/ians & ,h9dus1 ^: religi\s beliefs !y controv]t & attack4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! propagation ( ,islam has n be5 ! "w ( m5 only1 b t ,muslim wom5 h also tak5 _! "p 9 ?is pi\s task4 ,sev]al ( ! ,mongol pr9ces ow$ _! conv]sion to ! influ5ce ( a ,muslim wife1 & ! same 0 probably ! case ) _m ( ! pagan ,turks :5 !y _h c>ri$ _! raids into ,muhammadan c\ntries4 ,! ,sansiyyah mission>ies :o came to "w among ! ,tb1 to ! nor? ( ,lake ,*ad1 op5$ s*ools = girls1 & took advantage ( ! p[]ful influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! wom5 among ^! tribes 7z among _! neighb\rs1 ! ,b]b]s71 9 _! ef=ts to w9 !m ov] to ,islam4 #acdh ,9 ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa1 ! pagan natives :o leave _! homes = six mon?s or m1 to "w on ! railways or plantations1 are conv]t$ by ! ,muhammadan wom5 ) :om !y contract tempor>y alliances2 ^! wom5 refuse to h any?+ to d ) an uncircumcis$ kfir1 & to escape ! disgrace atta*+ to su* an appellation1 _! husb&s become circumcis$ & ?us receive an entry into ,muslim society4 #acdi ,! progress ( ,islam 9 ,abyss9ia dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! la/ c5tury has be5 said to be 9 l>ge measure due to ! ef=ts ( ,muhammadan wom51 especially ! wives ( ,*ri/ian pr9ces1 :o _h to pret5d a conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity on ! occasion ( _! m>riage1 b br\ght up _! *ildr5 9 ! t5ets ( ,islam & work$ 9 e possible way = ! advancem5t ( t fai?4 #acej ,on ! we/]n fronti] ( ,abyss9ia1 !re is a pagan tribe call$ ! ,boruns2 "s ( ^! m5 :o _h enli/$ 9 a negro regim5t1 "u ! ,anglo-,egyptian gov]nm5t ( ! ,sudan1 7 conv]t$ to ,islam by ! wives ( ! black soldi]s :ile ! battalion 0 return+ to ,kh>tum4 #acea ,! ,tat> wom5 ( ,kazan are said to be especially zeal\s z propag&i/s ( ,islam4 #aceb ,! pr(ess$ devotee1 because %e happ5s to be a woman1 is n !reby deb>r$ f tak+ h] place ) ! male sa9t 9 ! company ( ! prea*]s ( ! fai?4 ,! leg5d ( ! holy wom51 desc5d$ f ,al1 :o are said to h fl[n ?r\gh ! air f ,k>bal to ,lahore1 & !re by ! influ5ce ( _! dev\t lives ( pray] & fa/+ to h won ! fir/ conv]ts f ,h9duism to ,islam1 #acec c\ld h>dly h orig9at$ if ! influ5ce ( su* holy wom5 7 a ?+ q unkn[n4 ,"o ( ! mo/ v5]at$ tombs 9 ,cairo is t ( ,nafsah1 ! great-gr&daught] ( asan 7! m>tyr$ son ( ,al71 ^: !ological le>n+ excit$ ! admiration ev5 ( h] great contempor>y1 ,imm al-,%fi1 & ^: piety & au/]ities rais$ h] to ! dignity ( a sa9t3 x is relat$ ( h] t :5 %e settl$ 9 ,egypt1 %e happ5$ to h z h] neighb\rs a family ( dhimms ^: daught] 0 s griev\sly afflict$ t %e c\ld n move h] limbs b _h to lie on h] back all day4 ,! p>5ts ( ! poor girl _h to g "o day to ! m>ket & ask$ _! pi\s ,muslim neighb\r to look aft] _! daught] dur+ _! abs5ce4 ,nafsah1 fill$ ) love & pity1 und]took ?is "w ( m]cy2 & :5 ! p>5ts ( ! sick girl 7 gone1 %e lift$ up h] s\l 9 pray] to ,god on behalf ( ! helpless invalid4 ,sc>cely 0 h] pray] end$ ?an ! sick girl rega9$ ! use ( h] limbs & 0 able to g to meet h] p>5ts on _! return4 ,fill$ ) gratitude1 ! :ole family became conv]ts to ! religion ( _! b5efactor4 #aced ,ev5 ! ,muslim prison] w on occasion embrace ! opportunity ( prea*+ 8 fai? to 8 captors or to 8 fell[-prison]s4 ,! fir/ introduction ( ,islam into ,ea/]n ,europe 0 ! "w ( a ,muslim jurisconsult :o 0 tak5 prison]1 probably 9 "o ( ! w>s betwe5 ! ,byzant9e empire & its ,muhammadan neighb\rs1 & 0 br\ght to ! c\ntry ( ! ,pe*5egs #acee 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,he set be=e _m ( !m ! tea*+s ( ,islam & !y embrac$ ! fai? ) s9c]ity1 s t x began to be spread among ?is p4 ,b ! o!r ,pe*5egs :o _h n accept$ ! ,muslim religion1 took umbrage at ! conduct ( _! fell[-c\ntrym5 & f9ally came to bl[s ) !m4 ,! ,muslims1 :o numb]$ ab\t twelve ?\s&1 successfully )/ood ! attack ( ! unbeliev]s1 ?\gh !y 7 m ?an d\ble _! numb]1 & ! remnant ( ! defeat$ p>ty embrac$ ! religion ( ! victors4 ,be=e ! close ( ! elev5? c5tury ! :ole nation _h become ,muhammadan & _h among !m m5 le>n$ 9 ,muslim !ology & jurisprud5ce4 #acef ,9 ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,jahngr 7#afje-afbh7 !re 0 a c]ta9 ,sunn !ologian1 nam$ ,%aykh ,amad ,mujaddid1 :o especially di/+ui%$ himself by ! en]gy ) :i* he controv]t$ ! doctr9es ( ! ,%ahs3 ! latt]1 be+ at ?is "t 9 fav\r at c\rt1 succe$$ 9 hav+ him imprison$ on "s frivol\s *>ge2 dur+ ! two ye>s t he 0 kept 9 prison he conv]t$ to ,islam sev]al hundr$ idolat]s :o 7 8 companions 9 ! same prison4 #aceg ,9 m rec5t times1 an ,indian mawlav1 :o _h be5 s5t5c$ to transportation = life to ! ,&aman ,isl&s by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 because he _h tak5 an active "p 9 ! ,wahhb conspiracy ( #ahfd1 conv]t$ _m ( ! convicts be=e 8 dea?4 ,9 ,c5tral ,africa1 an ,arab *ief condemn$ to dea? by ! ,belgians1 sp5t 8 la/ h\rs 9 try+ to conv]t to ,islam ! ,*ri/ian mission>y :o _h be5 s5t to br+ him ! consolations ( religion4 #aceh ,su* be+ ! mission>y zeal ( ! ,muslims1 t !y are ready to speak 9 season & out ( season1--z ,d\ghty1 ) f9e insight1 says1 8,_! talk is cont9ually 7)\t hypocrisy7 ( religion1 :i* is ( g5ial dev\t remembrance to !m10 #acei--let u n[ consid] "s ( ! causes t h contribut$ to _! success4 ,=emo/ among ^! is ! simplicity #acfj ( ! ,muslim cre$1 ,!re is no god b ,god2 ,muammad is ! ,apo/le ( ,god4 ,ass5t to ^! two simple doctr9es is all t is dem&$ ( ! conv]t1 & ! :ole hi/ory ( ,muslim dogmatics fails to pres5t any attempt on ! "p ( ecclesia/ical assemblies to =ce on ! mass ( believ]s any symbol c\*$ 9 m elaborate & complex t]ms4 ,?is simple cre$ dem&s no great trial ( fai?1 ar\ses z a rule no p>ticul> intellectual difficulties & is )9 ! compass ( ! meane/ intellig5ce4 ,un5cumb]$ ) !ological subtleties1 x may be exp\nd$ by any1 ev5 ! mo/ unv]s$ 9 !ological expression4 ,! fir/ half ( x enunciates a doctr9e t is almo/ univ]sally accept$ by m5 z a necess>y po/ulate1 :ile ! second half is bas$ on a !ory ( man's relation%ip to ,god t is almo/ equally wide-spread1 viz4 t at int]vals 9 ! _w's hi/ory ,god grants "s revelation ( ,himself to m5 ?r\gh ! m\?piece ( inspir$ prophets4 ,?is1 ! rationali/ic "* ( ! ,muslim cre$1 & ! advantage x reaps !refrom 9 its mission>y ef=ts1 h n[h]e be5 m admirably br\ght out ?an 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces ( ,pr(essor ,montet3-- 8,islam is a religion t is ess5tially rationali/ic 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ?is t]m consid]$ etymologically & hi/orically4 ,! def9ition ( rationalism z a sy/em t bases religi\s beliefs on pr9ciples furni%$ by ! reason1 applies to x exactly4 ,x is true t ,muammad1 :o 0 an en?usia/ & possess$1 too1 ! ard\r ( fai? & ! fire ( conviction1 t preci\s quality he transmitt$ to s _m ( 8 disciples1--br\ght =w>d 8 re=m z a revelation3 b ?is k9d ( revelation is only "o =m ( exposition & 8 religion has all ! m>ks ( a collection ( doctr9es f\nd$ on ! data ( reason4 ,to believ]s1 ! ,muhammadan cre$ is summ$ up 9 belief 9 ! unity ( ,god & 9 ! mission ( ,8 ,prophet1 & to ourselves :o coldly analyse 8 doctr9es1 to belief 9 ,god & a future life2 ^! two dogmas1 ! m9imum ( religi\s belief1 /atem5ts t to ! religi\s man re/ on ! firm basis ( reason1 sum up ! :ole doctr9al tea*+ ( ! ,qurn4 ,! simplicity & ! cle>ness ( ?is tea*+ are c]ta9ly among ! mo/ obvi\s =ces at "w 9 ! religion & ! mission>y activity ( ,islam4 ,x _c be d5i$ t _m doctr9es & sy/ems ( !ology & also _m sup]/itions1 f ! wor%ip ( sa9ts to ! use ( ros>ies & amulets1 h become graft$ on to ! ma9 trunk ( ! ,muslim cre$4 ,b 9 spite ( ! ri* developm5t1 9 e s5se ( ! t]m1 ( ! tea*+s ( ! ,prophet1 ! ,qurn has inv>iably kept its place z ! fundam5tal />t+-po9t1 & ! dogma ( ! unity ( ,god has always be5 proclaim$ !re9 ) a gr&eur1 a maje/y1 an inv>iable purity & ) a note ( sure conviction1 :i* x is h>d to f9d surpass$ outside ! pale ( ,islam4 ,?is fidelity to ! fundam5tal dogma ( ! religion1 ! elem5tal simplicity ( ! =mula 9 :i* x is enunciat$1 ! pro( t x ga9s f ! f]vid conviction ( ! mission>ies :o propagate x1 are s _m causes to expla9 ! success ( ,muhammadan mission>y ef=ts4 ,a cre$ s precise1 s /ripp$ ( all !ological complexities & consequ5tly s accessible to ! ord9>y und]/&+1 might be expect$ to possess & does inde$ possess a m>vell\s p[] ( w9n+ its way into ! consci5ces ( m540 #acfa ,bi%op ,lefroy consid]s t ! 8secret ( ! extraord9>y p[] = conque/ & advance :i* ,islam has 9 its be/ ages ev9c$0 is to be f\nd 9 its recognition ( ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god r ?an ! ,unity ( ,god4 8,n s mu* t ,god is "o z t ,god ,,is--t ,8 exi/5ce is ! ultimate fact ( ! univ]se--t ,8 w is supreme--,8 sov]eignty absolute--,8 p[] limitless 444 ! conviction t1 amid/ all ! *aos & confusion & disord]s ( ! _w :i* s fe>fully obscure x1 !re is nev]!less1 an ultimate ,w1 resi/less1 supreme1 & t man is call$ to be a m9i/] ( t ,w1 to promulgate x1 to compel--if necess>y by v simple & elem5t>y means inde$--ob$i5ce to t ,w--?is x 0 :i* weld$ ! ,mohamm$an ho/s into s inv9cible an eng9e ( conque/1 :i* inspir$ !m ) a _s ( milit>y subord9ation & discipl9e1 z well z ) a contempt ( dea?1 su* z has probably nev] be5 surpass$ 9 any sy/em--?is x is :i*1 s f> z x is /ill 9 any true s5se op]ative among/ ,mohammadans1 gives at once t backbone ( "*1 t firmness ( det]m9ation & /r5g? ( w1 & also t uncompla9+ pati5ce & submission 9 ! pres5ce ( ! bitt]e/ mis=tune1 :i* *>act]ise & adorn ! be/ adh]5ts ( ! cre$40 #acfb ,:5 ! conv]t has accept$ & le>n$ ?is simple cre$1 he has !n to be in/ruct$ 9 ! five practical duties ( 8 religion3 7#a7 recital ( ! cre$1 7#b7 obs]vance ( ! five appo9t$ times ( pray]1 7#c7 paym5t ( ! legal alms1 7#d7 fa/+ dur+ ! mon? ( ,raman1 & 7#e7 ! pilgrimage to ,mecca4 ,! obs]vance ( ?is la/ duty has (t5 be5 object$ to z a /range survival ( idolatry 9 ! mid/ ( ! mono!ism ( ! ,prophet's tea*+1 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t to him x connect$ itself ) ,abraham1 ^: religion x 0 8 mission to re/ore4 #acfc ,b above all--& h]e9 is its supreme importance 9 ! mission>y hi/ory ( ,islam--x orda9s a ye>ly ga!r+ ( believ]s1 ( all nations & languages1 br\ght toge!r f all p>ts ( ! _w1 to pray 9 t sacr$ place t[>ds :i* _! faces are set 9 e h\r ( private wor%ip 9 _! di/ant homes4 ,no fet* ( religi\s g5ius c\ld h conceiv$ a bett] exp$i5t = impress+ on ! m9ds ( ! fai?ful a s5se ( _! common life & ( _! bro!rhood 9 ! bonds ( fai?4 ,"h1 9 a supreme act ( common wor%ip1 ! ,negro ( ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa meets ! ,*9aman f ! di/ant ea/2 ! c\rtly & poli%$ ,ottoman recognises 8 bro!r ,muslim 9 ! wild isl&] f ! f>!/ end ( ! ,malayan ,sea4 ,at ! same "t ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,muhammadan _w ! he>ts ( believ]s are lift$ up 9 sympa?y ) _! m =tunate bre?r5 ga!r$ toge!r 9 ! sacr$ city1 z 9 _! own homes !y celebrate ! fe/ival ( d al-,a or 7z x is call$ 9 ,turkey & ,egypt7 ! fea/ ( ,bayrm4 ,_! visit to ! sacr$ city has be5 to _m ,muslims ! exp]i5ce t has /irr$ !m up to 8/rive 9 ! pa? ( ,god10 & 9 ! prec$+ pages con/ant ref]5ce has be5 made to ! active "p tak5 by ! js 9 mission>y "w4 ,besides ! in/itution ( ! pilgrimage1 ! paym5t ( ! legal alms is ano!r duty t cont9ually rem9ds ! ,muslim t 8! fai?ful are bro!rs0 #acfd--;a religi\s !ory t is v /rik+ly realis$ 9 ,muhammadan society & seldom fails to express itself 9 acts ( k9dness t[>ds ! new conv]t4 ,:atev] be 8 race1 col\r or antec$5ts he is receiv$ into ! bro!rhood ( believ]s & takes 8 place z an equal among equals4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 true1 z "s ,european writ]s h ma9ta9$1 t if an unbeliev] is ! slave ( a ,muslim 8 conv]sion to ,islam procures = him 8 manumission1 =1 accord+ to ,muhammadan law1 ! conv]sion ( a slave does n affect ! prior /ate ( bondage2 #acfe & ! condition ( ! ,muslim slave has v>i$ mu* accord+ to ! "* ( 8 ma/]4 ,b fre$om is 9 _m in/ances ! rew>d ( conv]sion1 & dev\t m9ds h ev5 recognis$ 9 enslavem5t ,god's guidance to ! true fai?1 z ! negroes f ! ,upp] ,nile c\ntries1 :om ,d\ghty met 9 ,arabia4 8,9 ^? ,africans !re is no res5tm5t t !y h be5 made slaves 444 ev5 ?\gh cruel m5-/eal]s r5t !m f _! p>5tage4 ,! patrons :o paid _! price h adopt$ !m into _! h\seholds1 ! males are circumcis$ &--t :i* enfran*ises _! s\ls1 ev5 9 ! long passion ( home-sickness--,god has visit$ !m 9 _! mi%ap2 !y c say #8x 0 ,8 grace1' s9ce !y be !reby ent]$ into ! sav+ religion4 ,?is1 !re=e1 !y ?9k is ! bett] c\ntry1 :]e !y are ! ,"l's free m51 a l& ( m civil life1 ! soil ( ! two ,sanctu>ies1 ! l& ( ,mohamm$3--= su* !y d give ,god ?anks t _! bodies 7 sometime sold into slav]y60 #acff ,v effective also1 bo? 9 w9n+ & reta9+1 is ! ord9ance ( ! daily pray]s five times a day4 ,montesquieu #acfg has well said1 8,une religion *>ge de beauc\p de pratiques atta*e plus elle qu'une autre qui l'e/ mo9s2 on ti5t beauc\p aux *oses dont on e/ cont9uellem5t occup40 ,! religion ( ! ,muslim is cont9ually pres5t ) him & 9 ! daily pray] manife/s itself 9 a solemn & impressive ritual1 :i* _c leave ei!r ! wor%ipp] or ! spectator unaffect$4 ,sad b4 asan1 an ,alex&rian ,jew1 :o embrac$ ,islam 9 ! ye> #abih1 speaks ( ! sight ( ! ,friday pray] 9 a mosque z a det]m9+ factor 9 8 own conv]sion4 ,dur+ a sev]e illness he _h _h a vision 9 :i* a voice bade him decl>e himself a ,muslim4 8,& :5 ,i ent]$ ! mosque0 7he goes on7 8& saw ! ,muslims /&+ 9 r[s l angels1 ,i he>d a voice speak+ )9 me1 #8,?is is ! community ^: com+ 0 ann\nc$ by ! prophets 7on :om be bless+s & peace67'2 & :5 ! prea*] came =? clad 9 8 black robe1 a deep feel+ ( awe fell ^u me 444 & :5 he clos$ 8 s]mon ) ! words1 #8,v]ily ,god enjo9e? ju/ice & k9dness & ! giv+ ( gifts to k9sfolk1 & ,he =bidde? wick$ness & wrong & oppression4 ,he w>ne? y2 haply ye w be m9dful4' #acfh ,& :5 ! pray] began1 ,i 0 mightily uplift$1 = ! r[s ( ! ,muslims appe>$ to me l r[s ( angels1 to ^: pro/rations & g5uflections ,god ,almighty 0 reveal+ ,himself1 & ,i he>d a voice )9 me say+1 #8,if ,god spake twice unto ! p ( ,israel ?r\gh\t ! ages1 v]ily ,he speake? unto ?is community 9 e "t ( pray]1' & ,i 0 conv9c$ 9 my m9d t ,i _h be5 creat$ to be a ,muslim40 #acfi ,if ,r5an c\ld say1 8,je ne suis jamais entr dans une mosque sans une vive motion1 le dirai-je8 sans un c]ta9 regret de n'tre pas musulman10 #acgj x c be readily und]/ood h[ ! sight ( ! ,muslim trad] at pray]1 8 frequ5t pro/rations1 8 absorb$ & sil5t wor%ip ( ! ,unse51 w\ld impress ! hea!n ,african1 endu$ ) t /rong s5se ( ! my/]i\s su* z g5]ally accompanies a l[ /age ( civilisation4 ,curiosity w\ld naturally prompt inquiry1 & ! k ( ,islam ?us imp>t$ might sometimes w9 ov] a conv]t :o might h turn$ aside _h x be5 (f]$ uns\ght1 z a free gift4 ,( ! fa/ dur+ ! mon? ( ,raman1 x ne$ only be said t x is a piece ( /&+ evid5ce aga9/ ! !ory t ,islam is a religi\s sy/em t attracts by p&]+ to ! self-indulg5ce ( m54 ,z ,c>lyle has said1 8,8 religion is n an easy "o3 ) rigor\s fa/s1 lavations1 /rict complex =mulas1 pray]s five times a day1 & ab/95ce f w9e1 x did n succe$ by be+ an easy religion40 ,b\nd up ) ^! & o!r ritual obs]vances1 b n encumb]$ or obscur$ by !m1 ! articles ( ! ,muslim cre$ are incessantly f9d+ outw>d manife/ation 9 ! life ( ! believ]1 & ?us1 becom+ inextricably int]wov5 ) ! r\t9e ( 8 daily life1 make ! individual ,musalman an expon5t & tea*] ( 8 cre$ f> m ?an is ! case ) ! adh]5ts ( mo/ o!r religions4 #acga ,c\*$ 9 su* %ort & simple language1 8 cre$ makes b little dem& ^u ! intellect1 & ! def9it5ess1 positiv5ess1 & m9ut5ess ( ! ritual leave ! believ] 9 no d\bt z to :at he has to d1 & ^! duties p]=m$1 he has ! satisfaction ( feel+ t he has fulfill$ all ! precepts ( ! ,law4 ,9 ?is union ( rationalism & ritualism1 we may f9d1 to a great ext5t1 ! secret ( ! p[] t ,islam has ex]cis$ ov] ! m9ds ( m54 8,if y w\ld w9 ! great masses give !m ! tru? 9 r\nd$ =m1 neat & cle>1 9 visible & tangible guise40 #acgb ,_m o!r circum/ances might be adduc$ t h contribut$ t[>ds ! mission>y success ( ,islam--circum/ances peculi> to p>ticul> times & c\ntries4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ ! advantage t ,muhammadan mission>y "w d]ives f ! fact ( its be+ s l>gely 9 ! h&s ( trad]s1 especially 9 ,africa & o!r uncivilis$ c\ntries :]e ! p are naturally suspici\s ( ! =eign]4 ,=1 9 ! case ( ! trad]1 8 well-kn[n & h>mless avocation secures to him an immunity f any su* feel+s ( suspicion1 :ile 8 k ( m5 & mann]s1 8 comm]cial savoir-faire1 ga9 = him a ready reception1 & remove t feel+ ( con/ra9t :i* might naturally arise 9 ! pres5ce ( ! /rang]4 ,he lab\rs "u no su* disadvantages z hamp] ! pr(ess$ mission>y1 :o is liable to be suspect$ ( "s s9i/] motive1 n only by p ^: range ( exp]i5ce & m5tal horizon are limit$ & to :om ! idea ( any man endur+ ! p]ils ( a long j\rney & lay+ aside e mundane occupation = ! sole purpose ( ga9+ proselytes1 is inexplicable1 b also by m civilis$ m5 ( ! _w :o are v prone to d\bt ! s9c]ity ( ! paid mission>y ag5t4 ,! circum/ances are v diff]5t :5 ,islam has n to appe> z a suppliant 9 a =eign c\ntry1 b /&s =? pr\dly z ! religion ( ! rul+ race4 ,9 ! prec$+ pages x has be5 %[n t ! !ory ( ! ,muslim fai? enjo9s tol]ation & fre$om ( religi\s life = all ^? foll[]s ( o!r fai?s :o pay tribute 9 return = protection1 & ?\gh ! pages ( ,muhammadan hi/ory are /a9$ ) ! blood ( _m cruel p]secutions1 /ill1 on ! :ole1 unbeliev]s h enjoy$ "u ,muhammadan rule a measure ( tol]ation1 ! l ( :i* is n to be f\nd 9 ,europe until q mod]n times4 ,=cible conv]sion 0 =bidd51 9 accordance ) ! precepts ( ! ,qurn3--8,let !re be no compulsion 9 religion0 7ii4 #beg74 8,wilt ?\ compel m5 to become believ]s8 ,no s\l c believe b by ! p]mission ( ,god0 7x4 #ii1 #ajj74 ,! v exi/5ce ( s _m ,*ri/ian sects & communities 9 c\ntries t h be5 = c5turies "u ,muhammadan rule is an abid+ te/imony to ! tol]ation !y h enjoy$1 & %[s t ! p]secutions !y h f "t to "t be5 call$ ^u to endure at ! h&s ( bigots & fanatics1 h be5 excit$ by "s special & local circum/ances r ?an inspir$ by a settl$ pr9ciple ( intol]ance4 #acgc ,at su* times ( p]secution1 ! pressure ( circum/ances has driv5 _m unbeliev]s to become--outw>dly at lea/--,muhammadans1 & _m in/ances might be giv5 ( individuals :o1 on p>ticul> occasions1 h be5 h>ass$ into submission to ! religion ( ! ,qurn4 ,b su* oppression is :olly )\t ! sanction ( ,muhammadan law1 ei!r religi\s or civil4 ,! passages 9 ! ,qurn t =bid =c$ conv]sion & enjo9 prea*+ z ! sole legitimate me?od ( spread+ ! fai? h already be5 quot$ above 7,introduction1 pp4 #e-f71 & ! same doctr9e is upheld by ! decisions ( ! ,muhammadan doctors4 ,:5 ,moses ,maimonides1 :o "u ! fanatical rule ( ! ,almohads _h feign$ conv]sion to ,islam1 fl$ to ,egypt & !re op5ly decl>$ himself to be a ,jew1 a ,muslim jurisconsult f ,spa9 d5\nc$ him = 8 apo/asy & dem&$ t ! extreme p5alty ( ! law %\ld be inflict$ on him = ?is (f5ce2 b ! case 0 qua%$ by al-,q al-,fil1 ,abd al-,ram b4 ,al1 #acgd "o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ,muslim judges1 & ! prime m9i/] ( ! great ,salad91 :o au?oritatively decl>$ t a man :o _h be5 conv]t$ to ,islam by =ce c\ld n be rightly consid]$ to be a ,muslim4 #acge ,9 ! same _s1 :5 ,ghzn 7#abie-acjd7 discov]$ t ! ,buddhi/ monks :o _h become ,muhammadans at ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign 7:5 _! temples _h be5 de/roy$7 only made a pret5ce ( be+ conv]t$1 he grant$ p]mission to all ^? :o s wi%$ to return to ,tibet1 :]e among _! ,buddhi/ fell[-c\ntrym5 !y w\ld be free once m to foll[ _! own fai?4 #acgf ,tav]ni] tells u a simil> /ory ( "s ,jews ( ,ispahan :o 7 s griev\sly p]secut$ by ! gov]nor 8t ei!r by =ce or cunn+ he caus$ !m to turn ,mahometans2 b ! k+ 7,%h ,abbs ,,ii7 7#afdb-affg71 und]/&+ t only p[] & fe> _h con/ra9$ !m to turn1 suff]'d !m to resume _! own religion & to live 9 quiet40 #acgg ,a /ory ( a mu* e>li] travell] #acgh 9 ,p]sia1 9 #adgh1 %[s h[ ev5 9 ^? turbul5t times a ,muhammadan gov]nor set himself to sev]ely cru% an outbur/ ( fanaticism ( ! same "*4 ,a ri* ,arm5ian m]*ant ( ! city ( ,tabrz 0 sitt+ 9 8 %op "o day :5 a j1 #acgi ) a reputation = sanctity1 com+ up to him importun$ him to become a ,musalman & ab&on 8 ,*ri/ian fai?2 :5 ! m]*ant express$ 8 int5tion ( rema9+ /eadfa/ 9 8 religion & (f]$ ! fell[ alms ) ! hope ( gett+ rid ( him1 he repli$ t :at he want$ 0 n 8 alms b 8 conv]sion2 & at l5g?1 enrag$ at ! p]si/5t refusal ( ! m]*ant1 sudd5ly snat*$ a sword out ( ! h& ( a by/&] & /ruck ! m]*ant a mortal bl[ on ! head & !n ran away4 ,:5 ! ,gov]nor ( ! city he>d ! news1 he 0 v angry & ord]$ ! murd]] to be pursu$ & captur$2 ! culprit hav+ be5 br\ght into 8 pres5ce1 ! gov]nor /abb$ him to dea? ) 8 own h& & ord]$ 8 body to be ca/ =? to be dev\r$ by dogs1 say+3 8,:at6 is ?is ! way 9 :i* ! religion ( ,muammad spreads80 ,at nightfall1 ! common p took up ! body & buri$ x1 :]eupon ! ,gov]nor1 enrag$ at ?is contempt ( 8 ord]1 gave up ! place = ?ree or f\r h\rs to be sack$ by 8 soldi]s & aft]w>ds impos$ a f9e z a fur!r p5alty2 also he call$ ! son ( ! m]*ant to him & com=t$ him & c>ess$ him ) good & k9dly words4 ,ev5 ! mad al-kim 7#iif-ajbj71 ^: p]secutions caus$ _m ,jews & ,*ri/ians to ab&on _! own fai? & become ,musalmans1 aft]w>ds all[$ ^! unwill+ conv]ts to return aga9 to _! own religion & rebuild _! ru9$ places ( wor%ip4 #achj ,neglect$ z ! ,ea/]n ,*ri/ians h be5 by _! ,*ri/ian bre?r5 9 ! ,we/1 un>m$ = ! mo/ "p & utt]ly def5celess1 x w\ld h be5 easy = any ( ! p[]ful rul]s ( ,islam to h utt]ly root$ out _! ,*ri/ian subjects or bani%$ !m f _! dom9ions1 z ! ,spani>ds did ! ,moors1 or ! ,engli% ! ,jews = ne>ly f\r c5turies4 ,x w\ld h be5 p]fectly possible = ,salm ,i 79 #aead7 or ,ibrhm 79 #afdf7 to h put into execution ! b>b>\s notion !y conceiv$ ( ext]m9at+ _! ,*ri/ian subjects1 j z ! =m] _h massacr$ #dj1jjj ,%ahs ) ! aim ( e/abli%+ uni=mity ( religi\s belief among 8 ,muhammadan subjects4 ,! muftis :o turn$ ! m9ds ( _! ma/]s f su* a cruel purpose1 did s z ! expon5ts ( ,muslim law & ,muslim tol]ance4 #acha ,/ill1 ?\gh ! pr9ciple t f\nd s mu* fav\r 9 ,g]many 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury #achb--;,cuius regio eius religio1--0 nev] adopt$ by any ,muhammadan pot5tate1 x is obvi\s t ! fact ( ,islam be+ ! /ate religion c\ld n fail to h _h "s influ5ce 9 increas+ ! numb] ( its adh]5ts4 ,p]sons on :om _! religi\s fai? sat lightly w\ld be readily influ5c$ by consid]ations ( worldly advantage1 & ambition & self-int]e/ w\ld take ! place ( m laudable motives = conv]sion4 ,/4 ,augu/9e made a simil> compla9t 9 ! fif? c5tury1 t _m ent]$ ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* m]ely because !y hop$ to ga9 "s temporal advantage !reby3 8,quam multi non qua]unt ,iesum1 nisi ut illis faciat b5e secundum tempus6 ,alius negotium habet1 qua]it int]cessionem cl]icorum2 alius premitur a pot5tiore1 fugit ad ecclesiam2 alius pro se vult int]v5iri apud eum apud quem p>um valet3 ille sic1 ille sic2 impletur quotidie talibus ecclesia40 #achc ,moreov]1 to ! b>b>\s & uncivilis$ tribes t saw ! glory & maje/y ( ! empire ( ! ,arabs 9 ! heyday ( its p[]1 ,islam mu/ h appe>$ z impos+ & h ex]cis$ z p[]ful a fasc9ation z ! ,*ri/ian fai? :5 pres5t$ to ! ,b>b>ians ( ,nor!rn ,europe1 :5 8,!y f\nd ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,empire--,*ri/ianity ref9$ & complex1 imp]i\s & pomp\s--,*ri/ianity en?ron$ by ! side ( k+s1 & sometimes p>am\nt above !m40 #achd ,add$ to ?is mu/ (t5 h be5 ! sl[1 p]si/5t influ5ce ( daily contact ) ,muslim life & ?\ght1 su* z l$ ev5 a ,ne/orian writ] ( ! twelf? c5tury to add words ( bless+ to ! m5tion ( ! "n ( ! ,prophet & ! e>ly caliphs1 #ache & to pray = ! m]cy ( ,god on ! caliph ,um> b4 ,abd al-,azz4 #achf ,9 mod]n times ,*ri/ian mission>ies compla9 t ! sy/em ( public in/ruction 9 ,egypt "u ! ,briti% occupation1 accord+ to :i* 8,*ri/ian boys are (t5 compell$ to sit & li/5 to ! ,koran & ,dn 7religi\s tea*+7 be+ taught to _! ,moslem companions :5 !re is no room :]e !y c be sep>at$10 #achg t5ds to give ! ,muhammadans a prepond]at+ influ5ce ov] _! ,*ri/ian fell[-/ud5ts4 ,"o ( ! mo/ active ( ! foll[]s ( ! late ,muft ,muammad ,abduh 0 orig9ally a ,coptic m$ical /ud5t1 :o _h be5 won ov] to ,islam ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! religi\s in/ruction he _h he>d giv5 9 s*ool h\rs4 #achh ,b ! recital ( su* motives z little acc\nts = all cases ( conv]sion 9 ! "o religion z 9 ! o!r1 & !y %\ld n make u lose sight ( o!r factors 9 ! mission>y life ( ,islam1 ^: influ5ce has be5 ( a m di/9ctly religi\s "*4 ,=emo/ among ^! is ! influ5ce ( ! dev\t lives ( ! foll[]s ( ,islam4 ,/range z x may appe> to a g5]ation accu/om$ to look ^u ,islam z a cloak = all k9ds ( vice1 x is nev]!less true t 9 e>li] times _m ,*ri/ians :o h come into contact ) a liv+ ,muslim society h be5 pr(\ndly impress$ by ! virtues exhibit$ !re92 if ^! c\ld s /rike ! travell] & ! /rang]1 !y w\ld no d\bt h "s influ5ce ( attraction on ! unbeliev] :o came 9 daily contact ) !m4 ,ricoldus de ,monte ,crucis1 a ,dom9ican mission>y :o visit$ ! ,ea/ at ! close ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ?us breaks out 9 praise ( ! ,muslims among :om he _h lab\r$3 8,ob/upuimus1 quomodo 9 lege tante p]fidie pot]ant op]a tante p]fectionis inv5iri4 ,ref]emus igitur hic brevit] op]a p]fectionis ,s>rac5orum4444 ,quis enim non ob/upescat1 si dilig5t] consid]et1 quanta 9 ipsis ,s>rac5is sollicitudo ad /udium1 devocio 9 oratione1 mis]icordia ad paup]es1 rev]5cia ad nom5 ,dei et prophetas et loca sancta1 gravitas 9 moribus1 affabilitas ad extraneos1 concordia et amor ad suos80 #achi ,william ,petit ( ,newburgh 9 simil> mann]1 t[>ds ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 prais$ ! sobriety ( ! ,s>ac5s z ! outcome ( ! tea*+ ( _! ,prophet & z inspir+ !m ) a s5se ( moral sup]iority ov] ! ,*ri/ians3 8,gulosos v]o atque ebriosos1 orbi t]r>um graves abom9atus1 sobrietatem docuit1 ciborum delicias sugillavit1 v9i usum1 praet]quam paucis c]tisque diebus solemnibus1 int]dixit ,macometus4 ,inde e/1 quod cum ,s>rac5i 9 fluxu libid9um de sui1 ut dictum e/1 s$uctoris indulg5tia prob5tur esse spurcissimi2 no/ris1 proh dolor6 9 frugalitate sup]iores esse vid5tur1 nobisque1 proh pudor6 comessationum et ebrietatum sordes improp]ant4 ,d5ique malleus ,*ri/iani nom9is ,salad9us ante annos aliquot1 cum no/rorum mores explorans1 audisset quod pluribus 9 pr&io f]culis ut]5tur1 dixisse f]tur1 #8tales ,t]ra ,sancta indignos esse4' ,unde con/at1 quod luxus no/rorum conspectus ,ag>5os1 de frugalitate gloriantes1 contra nos incitet animetque tanquam dic5tes2 #8,deus d]eliquit crapulatos i/os1 p]sequamur et compreh5damus1 quia non e/ qui eripiat4'0 #acij ,! lit]ature ( ! ,crusades is ri* 9 su* appreciations ( ,muslim virtues1 :ile ! ,ottoman ,turks 9 ! e>ly days ( _! rule 9 ,europe receiv$ _m a tribute ( praise f ,*ri/ian lips1 z has already be5 %[n 9 a =m] *apt]4 ,at ! pres5t day !re are two *ief factors 7beyond su* ( ! above-m5tion$ z /ill hold good7 t make = mission>y activity 9 ! ,muslim _w4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! revival ( religi\s life :i* dates f ! ,wahhb re=mation at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 ?\gh ?is new dep>ture has long lo/ all political significance outside ! conf9es ( ,najd1 z a religi\s revival its influ5ce is felt ?r\gh\t ,africa1 ,india & ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago ev5 to ! pres5t day1 & has giv5 bir? to num]\s movem5ts :i* take rank among ! mo/ p[]ful influ5ces 9 ! ,islamic _w4 ,9 ! prec$+ pages x has already be5 %[n h[ closely connect$ _m ( ! mod]n ,muslim missions are ) ?is wide-spread revival3 ! f]vid zeal x has /irr$ up1 ! new life x has infus$ into exi/+ religi\s in/itutions1 ! impetus x has giv5 to !ological /udy & to ! organisation ( devotional ex]cises1 h all s]v$ to awake & keep alive ! innate proselytis+ _s ( ,islam4 ,side by side ) ?is re=m movem5t1 is ano!r ( an entirely diff]5t "*--=1 to m5tion "o po9t ( diff]5ce only1 :ile ! =m] is /rongly oppos$ to ,european civilisation1 ! latt] is r 9 sympa?y ) mod]n ?\ght & (f]s a pres5tm5t ( ,islam 9 accordance !re)1--viz4 ! ,pan-,islamic movem5t1 :i* seeks to b9d all ! nations ( ! ,muslim _w 9 a common bond ( sympa?y4 ,?\gh 9 no way s significant z ! o!r1 /ill ?is tr5d ( ?\ght gives a p[]ful /imulus to mission>y lab\rs2 ! ef=t to realise 9 actual life ! ,muslim ideal ( ! bro!rhood ( all believ]s reacts on collat]al ideals ( ! fai?1 & ! s5se ( a va/ unity & ( a common life runn+ ?r\gh ! nations inspirits ! he>ts ( ! fai?ful & makes !m bold to speak 9 ! pres5ce ( ! unbeliev]s4 ,:at fur!r influ5ce ^! two movem5ts w h on ! mission>y life ( ,islam1 ! future only c %[4 ,b _! v activity at ! pres5t day is a pro( t ,islam is n dead4 ,! spiritual en]gy ( ,islam is n1 z has be5 s (t5 ma9ta9$1 comm5surate ) its political p[]4 #acia ,on ! contr>y1 ! loss ( political p[] & worldly prosp]ity has s]v$ to br+ to ! front ! f9] spiritual qualities :i* are ! true/ inc5tives to mission>y "w4 ,islam has le>n$ ! uses ( adv]sity1 & s f> f a decl9e 9 worldly prosp]ity be+ a presage ( ! decay ( ?is fai?1 x is significant t ^? v ,muslim c\ntries t h be5 longe/ "u ,*ri/ian rule %[ !mselves mo/ active 9 ! "w ( proselytis+4 ,! ,indian & ,malay ,muhammadans display a zeal & en?usiasm = ! spread ( ! fai?1 :i* "o looks = 9 va9 9 ,turkey or ,morocco4 ,,app5dix ,i4 ,,lett] ,,( ,,al-,h,,%im ,,invit+ ,,al-,,k9d ,,to ,,embrace ,,islam4 ,! foll[+ is ! text ( al-,h%im's lett] invit+ al-,k9d to embrace ,islam3--8,9 ! "n ( ,god1 ! ,m]ciful1 ! ,compassionate4 ,i h begun ?is lett] ) ! salutation ( peace & bless+ aft] ! fa%ion ( my "l & ! "l ( ! prophets1 ,muammad1 ! ,apo/le ( ,god 7may ! peace & m]cy ( ,god be ^u him674 ,= ^? tru/wor?y1 righte\s & tru?ful p]sons :o h h&$ d[n to u ! traditions ( our ,prophet 7peace be ^u him67 h relat$ ?is tradition conc]n+ him t su* 0 8 habit & t :5ev] he began to conv]se ) m5 he w\ld comm5ce ) ! salutation ( peace & bless+ & made no di/9ction ( dhimms & illit]ate1 betwe5 ,muslims & poly!i/s1 say+ #8,i am s5t to be k9d & consid]ate to all m5 & n to deal r\ghly or h>%ly ) !m1' & quot+ ! words ( ,god1 #8,v]ily ,god is k9d & m]ciful to believ]s4' ,likewise ,i h obs]v$ t ^? ( our ,khalfahs t ,i h met1 foll[$ ! foot/eps ( _! ,prophet 9 c\rtesy1 nobility1 graci\sness & b5efic5ce1 & made no di/9ctions 9 ?is matt] & pref]r$ none be=e ano!r4 ,s ,i h foll[$ ?is excell5t way & h begun my lett] ) ! salutation ( peace & bless+1 t ,i be blam$ ( none :o sees my lett]4 8,i h be5 guid$ !re9 by my affection t[>ds y because my "l & prophet1 ,muammad 7may ! peace & m]cy ( ,god be ^u him67 us$ to say t love ( k9sm5 is true piety & religion4 ,s ,i h writt5 ?is to y 9 ob$i5ce to ! ,apo/le ( ,god 7may ! peace & m]cy ( ,god be ^u him671 feel+ b\nd to %[ gratitude = ! s]vices y h done u1 & because ( ! love & affection & incl9ation t y %[ t[>ds u1 & because ( ! fav\r ( my "l & c\s9 ! ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful 7may ,god assi/ him67 t[>ds y & 8 tru/ 9 y & 8 praise ( y4 ,s 9 all s9c]ity desir+ = y :at ,i desire = myself1 my family & my p>5ts1 ,i w set =? ! religion t we hold1 & t ,god has approv$ ( = u & = all creatures & = :i* ,he has promis$ a good rew>d 9 ! end & safety f puni%m5t :5 unto ,him we %all return4444 ,s ,i h s\ght to ga9 = y :at ,i w\ld ga9 = myself2 & see+ y\r high moral life1 va/ le>n+1 nobility ( "*1 y\r virtu\s behavi\r1 l(ty qualities & y\r ext5sive influ5ce ov] y\r co-religioni/s1 ,i h _h compassion on y le/ y %\ld cont9ue 9 y\r pres5t fai?4 ,!re=e ,i h det]m9$ to set be=e y :at ! fav\r ( ,god has reveal$ to u & to exp\nd unto y our fai? ) good & g5tle spee*1 foll[+ ! comm&m5t ( ,god1 #8,dispute n ) ! p ( ! book except 9 ! be/ way4' 7xxix4 #de47 ,s ,i w discuss ) y only 9 words well-*os51 good & mild2 p]*ance y may be ar\s$ & return to ! true pa? & incl9e unto ! words ( ! ,mo/ ,high ,god :i* ,he has s5t d[n to ! la/ ( ! ,prophets & "l ( ! *ildr5 ( ,adam1 our ,prophet ,muammad 7! peace & bless+ ( ,god be ^u him674 ,i h n despair$ ( success1 b _h hope ( x = y f ,god :o %[e? ! "r pa? to :omsoev] ,he wille?1 & ,i h pray$ t ,he may make me an in/rum5t to ?is end4 ,god 9 ,8 p]fect book says #8,v]ily ! religion be=e ,god is ,islam' 7iii4 #ag71 & aga91 confirm+ ,8 fir/ say+1 #8,& :oso desire? any o!r religion ?an ,islam1 x %all by no means !re=e be accept$ f him1 & 9 ! next _w he %all be among ! lo/' 7iii4 #gi71 & aga9 ,he confirms x decisively1 :5 ,he says1 #8,o believ]s1 fe> ,god z ,he des]ve? to be fe>$2 & die n )\t hav+ become ,muslims4' 7iii4 #ig47 8,& y "k--7,may ,god deliv] y f ! ignorance ( unbelief & op5 y\r he>t to ! light ( fai?67--t ,i am "o ov] :om _m ye>s h pass$ & ,i h s\nd$ ! dep?s ( o!r fai?s & weigh$ !m & /udi$ _m ( _! books especially y\r books40 ,"h he enum]ates ! *ief books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 & expla9s h[ he has /udi$ ! v>i\s ,*ri/ian sects4 8,i h met ) _m monks1 fam\s = _! au/]ities & va/ k1 h visit$ _m *ur*es & mona/]ies1 & h att5d$ _! pray]s4444 ,i h obs]v$ _! extraord9>y dilig5ce1 _! kneel+ & pro/rations & t\*+ ! gr\nd ) _! *eeks & beat+ x ) _! =eheads & humble be>+ ?r\gh\t _! pray]s1 especially on ,sunday & ,friday nights1 & on _! fe/ivals :5 !y keep wat* all night /&+ on _! feet prais+ & glorify+ ,god & confess+ ,him1 & :5 !y sp5d ! :ole day /&+ 9 pray]1 cont9ually repeat+ ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/1 & 9 ! days ( _! retreats :i* !y call ,holy ,week :5 !y /& b>efoot$ 9 sackclo? & a%es1 ) mu* weep+ & %$d+ ( te>s cont9ually1 & wail+ ) /range cries4 ,i h se5 also _! sacrifices1 ) :at cleanl9ess !y keep ! bread = x1 & ! long pray]s !y recite ) great humility :5 !y elevate x ov] ! alt> 9 ! well-kn[n *ur* at ,j]usalem ) ^? cups full ( w9e1 & ,i h obs]v$ also ! m$itations ( ! monks 9 _! cells dur+ _! six fa/s1--i4e4 ! f\r great] & ! two less1 etc4 ,on all su* occasions ,i h be5 pres5t & obs]vant ( ! p4 ,also ,i h visit$ _! ,metropolitans & ,bi%ops1 r5[n$ = _! le>n+ & _! devotion to ! ,*ri/ian fai? & extreme au/]ity 9 ! _w1 & h discuss$ ) !m imp>tially1 seek+ = ! tru?1 lay+ aside all cont5ti\sness1 o/5tation ( le>n+ & imp]i\sness 9 alt]cation & bitt]ness & pride ( race4 ,i h giv5 !m opportunity to ma9ta9 _! argum5ts & speak out _! m9ds )\t int]ruption or br[beat+1 z is done by ! vulg> & illit]ate & fooli% p]sons among our co-religioni/s :o h no pr9ciple to "w up to or reasons on :i* to re/1 or religi\s feel+ or good mann]s to re/ra9 !m f rud5ess2 _! spee* is b br[beat+ & pr\d alt]cation & !y h no k or argum5ts except tak+ advantage ( ! rule ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,:5ev] ,i h held discussions ) !m & ask$ !m to speak freely z _! reason1 _! cre$ & _! conclusion prompt$1 !y h spok5 op5ly & )\t deception ( any k9d1 & _! inw>d feel+s h be5 laid b>e to me z pla9ly z _! outw>d appe>ance4 ,s ,i h writt5 at su* l5g? to y 7may ,god %[ y ! bett] way67 aft] long consid]ation & pr(\nd inquiry & inve/igation1 s t none may suspect t ,i am ignorant ( ! ?+s :]e( ,i write & t all into ^: h&s ?is lett] may come1 may "k t ,i h an accurate k ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 8,s1 n[ 7may ,god %[] ,8 bless+s ^u y67 ) ?is k ( y\r religion & s long-/&+ an affection 7= y71 ,i invite y to accept ! religion t ,god has *os5 = me & ,i = myself1 assur+ y entrance into ,p>adise & deliv]ance f ,hell4 ,& x is ?is1--,y %all wor%ip ! "o ,god1 ! only ,god1 ! ,et]nal1 ,he begette? n1 nei!r is ,he begott51 :o ha? no consort & no son1 & !re is none l unto ,him4 ,?is is ! attribute :]e) ,god has d5om9at$ ,himself1 = none ( ,8 creatures c\ld "k ,him bett] ?an ,he ,himself4 ,i h invit$ y to ! wor%ip ( ?is ! ,"o ,god1 ^: attribute is su*1 & 9 ?is my lett] ,i h add$ no?+ to t :]e) ,he has d5om9at$ ,himself 7high & exalt$ be ,8 "n above :at !y associate ) ,him674 ,?is is ! religion ( y\r fa!r & our fa!r1 ,abraham 7may ! bless+s ( ,god re/ ^u him671 = he 0 a anf & ,muslim4 8,!n ,i invite y 7may ,god h y 9 ,8 keep+67 to be> witness & ackn[l$ge ! prophetic mission ( my "l & ! "l ( ! sons ( ,adam1 & ! *os5 "o ( ! ,god ( all worlds & ! seal ( ! prophets1 ,muammad 444 s5t by ,god ) glad tid+s & w>n+s to all mank9d4 #8,he x is :o ha? s5t ,8 ,apo/le ) ! guidance & a religion ( ! tru?1 t ,he may make x victori\s ov] e o!r religion1 albeit !y :o assign p>tn]s to ,god be av]se f x4' 7ix4 #cc47 ,s he invit$ all m5 f ! ,ea/ & f ! ,we/1 f l& & sea1 f m\nta9 & f pla91 ) compassion & pity & good words1 ) k9dly mann]s & g5tl5ess4 ,!n all ^! p accept$ 8 invitation1 be>+ witness t he is ! apo/le ( ,god1 ! ,creator ( ! worlds1 to ^? :o are will+ to give he$ to admonition4 ,all gave will+ ass5t :5 !y beheld ! tru? & fai?fulness ( 8 words1 & s9c]ity ( 8 purpose1 & ! cle> argum5t & pla9 pro( t he br\ght1 namely ! book t 0 s5t d[n to him f ,god1 ! l ( :i* _c be produc$ by m5 or ,j9ns4 #8,say3 ,assur$ly if mank9d & ! ,j9ns %\ld conspire to produce ! l ( ?is ,qurn1 !y c\ld n produce its l1 ?\gh ! "o %\ld help ! o!r4' 7xvii4 #ia47 ,& ?is is suffici5t pro( ( 8 mission4 ,s he invit$ m5 to ! wor%ip ( ! ,"o ,god1 ! only ,god1 ! ,self-suffic+1 & !y ent]$ into 8 religion & accept$ 8 au?ority )\t be+ =c$ & )\t unwill+ness1 b r humbly ackn[l$g+ him & solicit+ ! light ( 8 guidance1 & 9 8 "n becom+ victori\s ov] ^? :o d5i$ 8 div9e mission & reject$ 8 message & scornfully entreat$ him4 ,s ,god set !m up 9 ! cities & subject$ to !m ! necks ( ! nations ( m51 except ^? :o he>k5$ to !m & accept$ _! religion & bore witness to _! fai?1 :]eby _! blood1 _! prop]ty & _! hon\r 7 safe & !y 7 exempt f humbly pay+ jizyah40 ,he !n enum]ates ! v>i\s ord9ances ( ,islam1 su* z ! five daily pray]s1 ! fa/ ( ,raman1 ,jihd2 exp\nds ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ! dead & ! la/ judgm5t1 & rec\nts ! joys ( ,p>adise & ! pa9s ( ,hell4 8,s ,i h admoni%$ y3 if y believe 9 ?is fai? & accept :atev] is read to y f ! reveal$ ,^w ( ,god1 !n y w pr(it f my admonition & my writ+ to y4 ,b if y refuse & cont9ue 9 y\r unbelief & error & cont5d aga9/ ! tru?1 ,i %all h my rew>d1 hav+ fulfill$ ! comm&m5t4 ,& ! tru? w judge y40 ,he !n enum]ates v>i\s religi\s duties & privileges ( ! ,muslim1 & concludes4 8,s n[ 9 ?is my lett] ,i h read to y ! words ( ! great & high ,god1 :i* are ! words ( ! ,tru?1 ^: promises _c fail & 9 ^: words !re is no deceit4 ,!n give up y\r unbelief & error1 ( :i* ,god disapproves & :i* calls = puni%m5t1 & speak no m ( ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/1 ^! words t y y\rself admit to be s confus+3 & give up ! wor%ip ( ! cross :i* br+s loss & no pr(it1 = ,i wi% y to turn away f x1 s9ce y\r le>n+ & nobility ( s\l are degrad$ !reby4 ,= ! great & high ,god says3 #8,v]ily1 ,god w n =give ! union ( o!r gods ) ,himself2 b o!r ?an ?is w ,he =give to :om ,he please?4 ,& :oso unite? gods ) ,god1 ha? devis$ a great wick$ness4' 7iv4 #ea47 ,& aga93 #8,surely n[ are !y infidels :o say1 8,god is ! ,messiah1 ,son ( ,m>y20 = ! ,messiah said1 8,o *ildr5 ( ,israel6 wor%ip ,god1 my ,"l & y\r ,"l40 ,v]ily1 ^? :o jo9 o!r gods ) ,god1 ,god do? exclude f ,p>adise1 & _! abode ! ,fire2 & = ! wick$ no help]s6 ,!y surely are infidels :o say1 8,god is a ?ird ( ?ree30 = !re is no god b "o ,god2 & if !y refra9 n f :at !y say1 a griev\s *a/isem5t %all assur$ly befall su* ( !m z believe n4 ,w !y n1 !re=e1 turn unto ,god1 & ask p>don ( ,him8 s9ce ,god is ,=giv+1 ,m]ciful6 ,! ,messiah1 ,son ( ,m>y1 is b an ,apo/le2 o!r ,apo/les h fl\ri%$ be=e him2 & 8 "m 0 a j p]son2 !y bo? ate food4' 7v4 #gf-i47 ,!n leave ?is pa? ( error & ?is long & /ubborn cl++ to y\r religion & ^? burd5some & we>isome fa/s :i* are a con/ant tr\ble to y & are ( no use or pr(it & produce no?+ b we>9ess ( body & torm5t ( s\l4 ,embrace ?is fai? & take ?is1 ! "r & easy pa?1 ! true fai?1 ! ample law & ! way t ,god has *os5 = ,8 fav\r$ ones & to :i* ,he has invit$ ! p ( all religions1 t ,he may %[ ,8 k9dness & fav\r to !m by guid+ !m into ! true pa? by means ( ,8 guidance1 & fill up ! measure ( ,8 goodness unto m54 8,s ,i h advis$ y & paid ! debt ( fri5d%ip & s9c]e love1 = ,i h desir$ to take y to myself1 t y & ,i may be ( ! same op9ion & ! same fai?1 = ,i h f\nd my ,"l say+ 9 8 p]fect ,book3 #8,v]ily ! unbeliev]s among ! p ( ! ,book & among ! poly!i/s1 %all g into ! fire ( ,hell to abide !re9 = ev]4 ,( all creatures !y are ! wor/4 ,b !y v]ily :o believe & d ! ?+s t are "r--^! ( all creatures are ! be/4 ,_! recomp5se ) _! ,"l %all be g>d5s ( ,ed51 'nea? :i* ! riv]s fl[1 9 :i* !y %all abide = ev]more4 ,god is well pleas$ ) !m1 & !y ) ,him4 ,?is1 = him :o fe>e? 8 ,"l4' 7xcviii4 #e-h47 #8,ye are ! be/ folk t ha? be5 rais$ up = mank9d4 ,ye enjo9 :at is j1 & ye =bid :at is evil1 & ye believe 9 ,god3 & if ! p ( ! book _h believ$1 x _h surely be5 bett] = !m4 ,believ]s !re are among !m1 b mo/ ( !m are disob$i5t4' 7iii4 #ajf47 ,s ,i h _h compassion ^u y le/ y might be among ! p ( ,hell :o are ! wor/ ( all creatures1 & ,i h hop$ t by ! grace ( ,god y may become "o ( ! true believ]s ) :om ,god is well pleas$ & !y ) ,him1 & !y are ! be/ ( all creatures1 & ,i h hop$ t y w jo9 y\rself to t religion :i* is ! be/ ( ! religions rais$ up = m54 ,b if y refuse & p]si/ 9 y\r ob/9acy1 cont5ti\sness & ignorance1 y\r infidelity & error1 & if y reject my words & refuse ! s9c]e advice ,i h (f]$ y 7)\t look+ = any ?anks or rew>d7--!n write :atev] y wi% to say ab\t y\r religion1 all t y hold to be true & e/abli%$ by /rong pro(1 )\t any fe> or appreh5sion1 )\t curtailm5t ( y\r pro(s or concealm5t ( y\r beliefs2 = ,i purpose only to li/5 pati5tly to y\r argum5ts & to yield to & ackn[l$ge all t is conv9c+ !re91 submitt+ will+ly )\t refus+ or reject+ or fe>1 9 ord] t ,i may comp>e y\r acc\nt & m9e4 ,y are free to set =? y\r case2 br+ =w>d no plea t fe> prev5t$ y f mak+ y\r argum5ts complete & t y _h to put a bridle on y\r tongue1 s t y c\ld n freely express y\r argum5ts4 ,s n[ y are free to br+ =w>d all y\r argum5ts1 t y may n accuse me ( pride1 inju/ice or p>tiality3 = t is f> f me4 8,!re=e br+ =w>d all ! argum5ts y wi% & say :atev] y please & speak y\r m9d freely4 ,n[ t y are safe & free to say :atev] y please1 appo9t "s arbitrator :o w imp>tially judge betwe5 u & lean only t[>ds ! tru? & be free f ! emp]y ( passion3 & t arbitrator %all be ,reason1 :]eby ,god makes u responsible = our own rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,h]e9 ,i h dealt ju/ly ) y & h giv5 y full security & am ready to accept :atev] decision ,reason may give = me or aga9/ me4 ,= #8!re is no compulsion 9 religion' 7ii4 #beg7 & ,i h only invit$ y to accept our fai? will+ly & ( y\r own accord & h po9t$ out ! hide\sness ( y\r pres5t belief4 ,peace be ) y & ! m]cy & bless+s ( ,god60 ,!re c be v little d\bt b t ?is docum5t has come d[n to u 9 an imp]fect condition & has suff]$ mutilation at ! h&s ( ,*ri/ian copyi/s3 ! almo/ entire abs5ce ( any refutation ( su* di/9ctively ,*ri/ian doctr9es z t ( ! ,bless$ ,tr9ity1 & ! ref]5ces to su* attacks to be f\nd 9 al-,k9d's reply1 c]ta9ly indicate ! excision ( su* passages z might h giv5 (f5ce to ,*ri/ian read]s4 #acib ,,app5dix ,,ii4 ,,controv]sial ,,lit]ature ,,betwe5 ,,muslims ,,& ,,! ,,foll[]s ,,( ,,o!r ,,fai?s4 ,al?\gh ,islam has _h no organis$ sy/em ( propag&a1 no tract societies or simil> ag5cies ( mission>y "w1 !re has be5 no lack ( reason$ pres5tm5ts ( ! fai? to unbeliev]s1 p>ticul>ly to ,*ri/ians & ,jews4 ,( ^! x is n propos$ to give a detail$ acc\nt "h1 b x is ( importance to draw att5tion to _! exi/5ce if only to remove ! wide-spread misconception t mass conv]sion is ! prevail+ *>act]i/ic ( ! spread ( ,islam & t individual conviction has =m$ no "p ( ! propag&i/ s*emes ( ! ,muslim mission>y4 ,! beg9n+s ( ,muhammadan controv]sy aga9/ unbeliev]s are to be f\nd 9 ! ,qurn itself1 b f ! n9? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era beg9s a long s]ies ( sy/ematic treatises ( ,muhammadan ,apologetics1 :i* has be5 actively cont9u$ to ! pres5t day4 ,! numb] ( su* works direct$ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian fai? has be5 f> m num]\s ?an ! ,*ri/ian refutations ( ,islam1 & "s ( ! able/ ( ,muslim ?9k]s h employ$ _! p5s 9 _! composition1 e4g4 ,ab ,ysuf b4 ,isq al-,k9d 7,a4,d4 #hac-hgc71 al-,masd 7ob4 ,a4,d4 #ieh71 ,ibn azm 7,a4,d4 #iid-ajfd71 al-,ghazl 7ob4 ,a4,d4 #aaaa71 etc4 ,x is int]e/+ also to note t sev]al r5egades h writt5 apologies = _! *ange ( fai? & 9 def5ce ( ! ,muslim cre$1 e4g4 ,ibn ,jazlah 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 ,ysuf al-,lubnn & ,%aykh ,ziydah b4 ,yay 9 ! ?irte5?1 ,abd ,allh b4 ,abd ,allh 9 ! fifte5?1 ,d>we% ,al 9 ! sixte5?1 ,amad b4 ,abd ,allh1 an ,engli%man born at ,cambridge1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 etc4 ,^! latt] 7 all ,*ri/ians be=e _! conv]sion1 b ,jewi% r5egades also1 ?\gh few] 9 numb]1 h be5 among ! apologi/s ( ,islam4 ,9 ,india1 besides _m ,muhammadan books writt5 aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian religion1 !re is an enorm\s numb] ( controv]sial works aga9/ ,h9duism3 z to :e!r ! ,muhammadans h be5 equally active 9 o!r hea!n c\ntries1 ,i h no in=mation4 ,! read] w f9d a va/ /ore ( in=mation on ,muslim controv]sial lit]ature 9 ! foll[+ writ+s3 ,moritz ,/e9s*neid]3 ,polemis*e und apologetis*e ,litt]atur 9 arabis*] ,spra*e1 zwis*5 ,muslim51 ,*ri/5 und ,jud54 7,leipzig1 #ahgg72 ,ignaz ,goldzih]3 b] ,muhamm$anis*e ,polemik geg5 ,ahl al-kitb 7,z4,d4,m4,g41 vol4 #cb1 p4 #cda ff4 #ahgh72 ,m>t9 ,s*re9]3 ,zur ,ges*i*te d] ,polemik zwis*5 ,jud5 und ,muhamm$an]n 7,z4,d4,m4,g41 vol4 #db1 p4 #eia ff4 #ahhh72 ,w4 ,a4 ,%$d3 ,islam & ! ,ori5tal ,*ur*es1 pp4 #beb-c2 ,c>l ,gt]bock3 ,d] ,islam 9 ,li*te d] byzant9is*5 ,polemik4 7,b]l91 #aiab47 ,,app5dix ,,iii4 ,,muslim ,,mission>y ,,societies4 ,! =mation ( societies = c>ry+ on a propag&a 9 an organis$ & sy/ematic mann] is a rec5t developm5t 9 ! mission>y hi/ory ( ,islam--z inde$ x is comp>atively rec5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian missions4 ,su* ,muslim mission>y societies w\ld appe> to h be5 =m$ 9 consci\s imitation ( simil> organisations 9 ! ,*ri/ian _w1 & are n 9 !mselves ! mo/ *>act]i/ic expressions ( ! mission>y _s 9 ,islam4 ,9 ! ,we/]n _w !re is v little to note4 ,no attempt seems to h be5 made to =m su* a society be=e ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & ! e>lie/ ef=ts 7 att5d$ ) little success4 ,:5 ,h4 ,m4 ,/anley 9 #ahge urg$ 9 ! ,engli% ,press ! s5d+ ( a ,*ri/ian mission to ,k+ ,mutesa ( ,ug&a1 ! wide-spread att5tion paid to 8 appeal l$ to ! =mation ( a mission>y society 9 ,con/ant9ople = ! propagation ( ,islam 9 t c\ntry1 b no ,muhammadan mission>ies 7 ev] s5t to ,ug&a1 & ! outbreak ( ! ,russo-,turki% w> 9 #ahgh div]t$ ! att5tion ( ! ,turks f any su* ent]prise4 #acic ,a simil> failure to e/abli% organis$ mission>y ef=t 0 manife/$ :5 ! ,anglo-,egyptian ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,sudan m>k$ out zones ( influ5ce = v>i\s ,*ri/ian mission>y societies 9 di/ricts ! natives ( :i* 7 hea!n2 "s ,muslims ( ,cairo claim$ t a "p ( ! t]ritory %\ld be allott$ to ! foll[]s ( ,islam2 :]eupon ! ,gov]nm5t repli$ t all !y _h to d 0 to s5d ! mission>ies & ! same facilities w\ld be af=d$ to !m z to ! ,*ri/ian mission>ies2 b ! necess>y organisation 0 lack+ & ! matt] 0 all[$ to drop4 #acid ,9 #aiaj ,%aykh ,ra%d1 ! editor ( al-,manr1 f\nd$ a mission>y society 9 ,cairo1 ! object ( :i* is to e/abli% a college 7entitl$ ,dr al-dawah wal-ir%d7 = ! tra9+ ( mission>ies & apologi/s = ,islam1 :o are to be s5t prim>ily into hea!n & ,*ri/ian l&s1 b also into ^? ,muhammadan c\ntries 9 :i* attempts are be+ made to induce ! ,muhammadans to ab&on _! fai?4 #acie ,b x is 9 ,india t !re has be5 ! greate/ expansion ( su* organisations4 ,"o ( ! be/ organis$ ( ^! is probably ! ,anjuman imyat-i-,islm ( ,lahore1 b propag&i/ "w =ms only a small "p ( ! wide field ( its activities & x _c !re=e be describ$ z a mission>y society pure & simple4 ,! orig9al purpose = :i* ! ,anjuman m ,islm ( ,ajm] 0 f\nd$ 0 to answ] ! objections urg$ aga9/ ,islam by ! memb]s ( ! rya ,samj1 b x includ$ among its objects ! prea*+ ( ,islam & ! provid+ ( food & clo?+ to new conv]ts4 #acif ,! ,anjuman ,waz-i-,islm1 z its "n d5otes1 conc5trat$ its ef=ts on ! prea*+ ( ,islam1 &1 :ile ,mawlav ,baq usayn ,khn 7p4 #bhc7 0 its ,secret>y1 publi%$ li/s ( ! conv]ts ga9$--z did also ! ,anjuman-i-,islm & ! ,anjuman ,tablgh-i-,islm 7:i* aim$ at ! conv]sion ( ! ,h9du unt\*ables7 e/abli%$ 9 ayd>abad 7,deccan71 b x does n appe> t ei!r ( ^! societies cont9ues to exi/4 #acig ,among ! societies t h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury are ! ,madrasa ,ilhiyyt at ,cawnpore1 = ! tra9+ ( mission>ies & ! publication ( tracts 9 def5ce ( ,islam & 9 refutation ( attacks made ^u x2 & ! ,anjuman ,i%at wa ,talm-i-,islm at ,balah 9 ! ,panjb1 ) simil> objects4 ,b ! l>ge/ ( ^! organisations is ! ,anjuman ,hidyat al-,islm ( ,dehl1 to :i* z _m z tw5ty-f\r o!r societies1 #acih 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,india1 are affiliat$2 ?is ,anjuman s5ds out mission>ies to prea* ! doctr9es ( ,islam & to hold controv]sies ) non-,muslims1 & publi%es controv]sial lit]ature1 especially 9 refutation ( ! attacks made by ! memb]s ( ! rya ,samj4 ,,titles ,,( ,,works ,,cit$ ,,by ,,abbreviat$ ,,ref]5ces4 7,! ,titles1 etc41 ( books quot$ once only1 are giv5 9 full 9 ! foot-notes47 ,aa 7,p4 ,j4 ,b4 ,robid van d]73 ,reiz5 na> ,n$]l&s* ,nieuw-,gu9ea1 met ,ges*i$- en ,a>drijkskundige ,toeli*t+54 7,! ,hague1 #ahgi47 ,abd al-,razzq al-,sam>q&i3 ,mala al-sadayn wa majma al-barayn4 7,india ,(fice ,,ms4 ,no4 #bgjd47 ,abh4 f4 d4 ,k4 d4 ,m4 hrsg4 v4 d4 ,d4 ,m4 ,g43 ,abh&lung5 fr die ,kunde des ,morg5l&es1 h]ausgegeb5 von d] ,deuts*5 ,morg5lndis*5 ,gesells*aft4 7,leipzig47 ,abu'l-,fid3 ,gographie d',ab\lfda1 traduite p> ,m4 ,re9aud4 7,p>is1 #ahdh47 ,abu'l-,ghz3 ,hi/oire des ,mogols et des ,t>t>es p> ,ab\l-,ghzi ,behd\r ,khan1 traduite p> le ,b>on ,desmaisons4 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahga-d47 ,ab li3 ,! ,*ur*es & ,mona/]ies ( ,egypt1 edit$ & translat$ by ,b4 ,t4 ,a4 ,evetts4 7,ox=d1 #ahie47 ,ab ,%mah3 ,arabis*e ,quell5beitrge zur ,ges*i*te d] ,kreuzzge b]setzt und h]ausgegeb5 von ,e4 ,p4 ,go]g5s und ,r4 ,rhri*t4 ,er/] ,b&3 ,zur ,ges*i*te al ad-dn's4 7,b]l91 #ahgi47 ,ab ,ubayd al-,bakr3 ,fragm5ts de gographes et d'hi/ori5s ,arabes et ,p]sans 9dits1 relatifs aux anci5s peuples du ,caucase et de la ,russie mridionale1 traduits p> ,c4 ,defrm]y4 7,j4 ,a4 ivme srie4 ,tome xiii1 #ahdi47 ,ab ,ysuf3 ,kitb al-,kh>j4 7,cairo1 ,a4,h4 #acjb47 ,ad5ey 7,w4 ,f473 ,! ,greek & ,ea/]n ,*ur*es4 7,ed9burgh1 #aijh47 ,amad b4 ,yay b4 al-,murta3 ,al-,mutazilah1 be+ an extract f ! ,kitb al-,milal wal-,nial1 edit$ by ,t4 ,w4 ,arnold4 7,leipzig1 #aijb47 ,allgret 7,e473 ,l',islamisme en ,afrique4 7,revue ,*rti5ne1 iiime sr41 tome xiv4 7,p>is1 #aija477 ,alv>3 7#a7 ,alv>i ,cordub5sis ,epi/olae4 7,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat4 tom4 cxxi47 ---- 7#b7 ,indiculus ,lum9osus4 7id4 ib47 ,alv>ez3 ,viaggio nella ,e?iopia al ,prete ,ianni fatto p> ,don ,francesco ,alv>ez ,portughese4 7#aebj-bg47 7,ramusio1 ,tom4 i47 ,am>i 7,mi*ele73 ,/oria dei ,musulmani di ,sicilia4 7,flor5ce1 #ahed-gb47 ,aml9eau 7,e473 tude sur le ,*ri/ianisme en gypte au septime sicle4 7,p>is1 #ahhg47 ,amr b4 ,mattai3 ,m>is1 ,amri et ,slibae ,de ,patri>*is ,ne/orianorum ,comm5t>ia1 ed4 ,h5ricus ,gismondi4 ,p>s ,alt]a4 7,romae1 #ahif47 ,&]son 7,john73 ,*9ese ,mohamm$ans4 7,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 vol4 i4 ,london1 #ahgb47 ,&riess5 7,w4 ,f473 ,de ,islam 9 ,n$]l&s* ,indi4 7,vrag5 van d5 ,dag4 ,am/]dam1 #ahhi47 ,arabfaqh3 ,hi/oire de la conqute de l',abyss9ie 7,x,v,ie sicle7 p> ,*ihab ed-did ,am$ b5 ,abd el-,qd] surnomm ,arab-,faqih4 ,texte arabe publi p> ,r5 ,basset4 7,p>is1 #ahig-aiji47 ,arg5sola 7,b4 ,leon>do de73 ,conqui/a de las ,islas ,malucas4 7,madrid1 #afji47 ,arm9jon 7,pi]re73 trang]s et protgs dans l'empire ottoman4 7,p>is1 #aijc47 ,art9 7,yac\b ,pa%a73 ,engl& 9 ! ,sudan1 translat$ by ,george ,robb4 7,london1 #aiaa47 ,asbo? 7,j4 de73 ,an (ficial t\r ?r\gh ,bosnia & ,h]zegov9a4 7,london1 #ahij47 ,assemani 7,j4 ,s473 ,biblio!ca ,ori5talis ,clem5t9o-,vaticana4 7,rome1 #agai-bh47 ,azd3 ,fut al-,%m by ,muammad ibn ,abd ,allh al-,azd al-,bar1 edit$ by ,w4 ,n4 ,lees4 7,calcutta1 #ahed47 ,bah al-,dn3 ,vita et res ge/ae ,salad9i1 auctore ,bohad9o filio ,sj$dadi4 ,edidit ,a4 ,s*ult5s4 7,lugduni ,batavorum1 #agcb47 ,baldhur3 ,lib] ,expugnationis ,regionum1 auctore ,immo ,ahm$ ibn ,jahja ibn ,djbir al-,beldsor1 ed4 ,m4 ,j4 de ,goeje4 7,leid51 #ahff47 ,b>b>o3 ,viaggio di ,iosafa ,b>b>o nella ,p]sia4 7,ramusio1 ,tom4 ii47 ,b>bi] de ,meyn>d 7,a4 ,c473 ,un docum5t turc sur la ,circassie4 7,c5t5aire de l'cole des ,langues ,ori5tales ,vivantes4 ,recueil de ,mmoires publi p> les ,pr(esseurs de l'cole4 ,p>is1 #ahie47 ,b>bosa 7,odo>do73 ,libro di ,odo>do ,b>bosa ,portoghese dell',indie ,ori5tali1 #aeaf4 7,ramusio1 ,tom4 i47 ,b>hebru3 7#a7 ,gregorii ,b>hebraei ,*ronicon ,ecclesia/icum1 ed4 ,j4 ,b4 ,abbeloos et ,t4 ,j4 ,lamy4 7,l\va91 #ahgb-gg47 ---- 7#b7 ,abu'l-,f>aj1 ,tarkh ,mukhtaar al-,duwal1 ed4 ,a4 lin4 7,bairut1 #ahij47 ---- 7#c7 ,gregorii ,abulph>agii sive ,b>-,hebraei ,*ronicon ,syriacum1 ed4 et v]t4 ,p4 ,j4 ,bruns et ,g4 ,g4 ,kirs*4 7,lipsiae1 #aghi47 ,b>ros 7,j4 de73 ,da ,asia4 7,lisbon1 #aggg-h47 ,basset 7,r573 tudes sur l',hi/oire d'?iopie4 7,p>is1 #ahhb47 ,ba/ian 7,a473 ,die ,vlk] des /li*5 ,asi54 7,leipzig1 #ahff47 ,baudi] 7,mi*el73 ,hi/oire ,gnrale de la ,religion des ,turcs4 7,r\51 #afda47 ,baudiss9 7,w4 ,w4 ,graf von73 ,eulogius und ,alv>4 ,e9 ,abs*nitt spanis*] ,kir*5ges*i*te aus d] ,zeit d] ,maur5h]rs*aft4 7,leipzig1 #ahgb47 ,baumg>t5 7,m>t973 ,! travels (4 7,a ,collection ( ,voyages & ,travels4 ,london1 #ageb47 ,beck] 7,c4 ,h473 7#a7 ,mat]iali5 zur ,k5ntnis des ,islam 9 ,deuts*-,o/afrika4 7,d] ,islam1 vol4 ii4 ,/rassburg1 #aiaa47 ---- 7#b7 ,papyri ,s*ott-,re9h>dt ,i41 h]ausgegeb5 und erklrt4 7,v]ff5tli*ung5 aus d] ,heidelb]g] ,papyrus-,sammlung1 iii47 7,heidelb]g1 #aijf47 ---- 7#c7 ,zur ,ges*i*te des /li*5 ,sdn4 7,d] ,islam1 vol4 i4 ,/rassburg1 #aiaj47 ,beke 7,t4 ,c473 ,r\tes 9 ,abyss9ia4 7,j4 ,r4 ,ggr4 ,soc41 vol4 xiv41 #ahdd47 ,bel93 ,fetwa relatif la condition des ,zimmis et p>ticulirem5t des ,*rti5s1 en pays musulmans1 depuis l'tablissem5t de l'islamisme1 jusqu'au milieu du viiie sicle de l'hgire1 traduit de l'arabe p> ,m4 ,bel94 7,j4 ,a4 ivme srie1 tome xviii41 #ahea47 ,bell 7,h4 ,i473 ,greek ,papyri 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,catalogue1 ) ,texts1 vol4 iv4 ,! ,aphrodito ,papyri1 edit$ by ,h4 ,i4 ,bell4 ,) an app5dix ( ,coptic ,papyri1 edit$ by ,w4 ,e4 ,crum4 7,london1 #aiaj47 ,bellew 7,h4 ,w473 ,! races ( ,afghani/an4 7,calcutta1 #ahhj47 ,b5$ict ( ,pet]bor\gh3 ,ge/a ,regis ,h5rici ,secundi ,b5$icti ,abbatis4 ,edit$ by ,william ,/ubbs4 7,london1 #ahfg47 ,b]g 7,l4 ,w4 ,c4 van d573 7#a7 ,de ,moham$aans*e gee/elijkheid en de gee/elijke go$]5 op ,java en ,mado]a4 7,ts4 ind4 t4- l4- vk4 ,vol4 xxvii41 #ahha47 ---- 7#b7 ,le adhram\t et les ,colonies ,arabes dans l',ar*ipel ,indi54 7,batavia1 #ahhf47 ,bijdr4 t4 d4 t4 l4 en vlk43 ,bijdrag5 tot de ,taal-1 ,l&- en ,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 uitgegev5 door het ,kon9klijk ,in/ituut voor de ,taal-1 ,l&- en ,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi4 7's ,grav5hage47 ,bizzi3 ,relatione della visita fatta da me1 ,m>9o ,bizzi1 ,arcivescovo d',antiv>i1 nelle p>ti della ,tur*ia1 ,antiv>i1 ,albania e ,s]via1 alla ,santit di ,no/ro ,signore ,papa ,paolo ,qu9to4 #afaj4 7,biblio!ca ,b>b]9a1 ,rome4 ,nr4 lxiii4 #ac47 ,blau3 ,*ronik d] ,sulne von ,bornu1 be>beitet von ,otto ,blau4 7,,zdmg41 vol4 #f4 #aheb47 ,blo*et 7,e473 ,introduction l',hi/oire des ,mongols de ,fadl ,allah ,ra%id ed-,d94 78,e4 ,j4 ,w4 ,gibb ,memorial0 ,s]ies4 xii47 7,london1 #aiaj47 ,bl\nt3 ,a voyage into ! ,levant2 a brief relation ( a j\rney lately p]=m$ by ,ma/] ,h5ry ,bl\nt1 ,g5tleman4 #afcd-cf4 7,a ,collection ( ,voyages & ,travels4 ,london1 #agde47 ,blunt 7,w4 ,s473 ,! ,future ( ,islam4 7,london1 #ahhc47 ,blyd5 7,e4 ,w473 ,*ri/ianity1 ,islam & ! ,negro ,race4 7,london1 #ahhh47 ,bobrovnik(f 7,s473 ,moslems 9 ,russia4 7,! ,moslem ,_w1 vol4 i4 ,london1 #aiaa47 ,bokemey] 7,h473 ,die ,molukk54 7,leipzig1 #ahhh47 ,bonav5tura di ,s4 ,antonio3 ,in=matione di ,fra ,bonav5tura di ,s4 ,antonio1 ,re=mato di ,s4 ,francesco1 ,missrio d',albania4 7,assisi1 li #cj ,luglio1 #afeb47 7,biblio!ca ,*igiana1 ,rome4 ,g4 iii41 #id47 ,bonet-,maury 7,g473 ,l',islamisme et le ,*ri/ianisme en ,afrique4 7,p>is1 #aijf47 ,b\*e 7,pi]re73 ,la ,cte des ,esclaves et le ,dahomey4 7,p>is1 #ahhe47 ,brets*neid] 7,e473 7#a7 ,m$ival ,rese>*es f ,ea/]n ,asiatic ,s\rces4 7,london1 #ahhh47 ---- 7#b7 ,on ! ,k possess$ by ! ,anci5t ,*9ese ( ! ,arabs & ,arabian ,colonies4 7,london1 #ahga47 ,broomhall 7,m>%all73 ,islam 9 ,*9a4 7,london1 #aiaj47 ,brosset 7,m4 ,f473 ,hi/oire de la ,gorgie4 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahdi-eh47 ,brumund 7,j4 ,f4 ,g473 ,bijdrag5 tot de k5nis van het ,h9doesme op ,java4 7,v]h4 ,bat4 ,g54 van ,k4 en ,w4 ,deel xxxiii4 #ahfh47 ,budge 7,e4 ,a4 ,wallis73 ,! ,egyptian ,sdn1 its hi/ory & monum5ts4 7,london1 #aijg47 ,bur*>d3 ,bur*>di de ,monte ,sion ,descriptio ,t]rae ,sanctae4 7,p]egr9atores ,m$ii ,aevi ,quatuor4 ,ed4 ,j4 ,c4 ,m4 ,laur5t4 ,lipsiae1 #ahfd47 ,burckh>dt 7,j4 ,l473 7#a7 ,travels 9 ,nubia4 7,london1 #ahai47 ---- 7#b7 ,travels 9 ,syria & ! ,holy ,l&4 7,london1 #ahbb47 ,burton 7,ri*>d ,f473 7#a7 ,abeokuta & ! ,cam>oon ,m\nta9s4 7,london1 #ahfc47 ---- 7#b7 ,fir/ ,footpr9ts 9 ,ea/ ,africa4 7,london1 #ahef47 ,busbecq 7,augi] ,ghisl5 de73 ,omnia quae extant4 7,am/elodami1 #affj47 ,bus9ello 7,p473 ,hi/oris*e ,na*ri*t5 von d] ,regi]ungs>t d] osmanis*5 ,mon>*ie4 7,leipzig1 #aggh47 ,caetani 7,leone1 ,pr9cipe di ,teano73 ,annali dell',islm4 7,milano1 #aije- 47 ,cahun 7,lon73 ,introduction l'hi/oire de l',asie4 ,turcs et ,mongols4 7,p>is1 #ahif47 ,camp5 7,c4 ,f4 ,h473 ,nalez+5 op het op/el ov] de godsdi5/begripp5 d] ,halemah]as*e ,alfo]54 7,ts4 ind4 t4- l4- vk4 ,deel xxviii4 #ahhc47 ,canne 7,h4 ,d473 ,bijdrage tot de ,ges*i$5is d] ,lampongs4 7,ts4 ind4 t4- l4- vk4 ,deel xi4 #ahfb47 ,cantacuz5os3 ,trattato di ,!odoro ,sp&ug9o ,cantacus9o de' co/umi de' ,tur*i4 7,v5ice1 #aegc47 ,*avannes 7,e473 ,docum5ts sur les ,t\-,kiue 7,turcs7 ,occid5taux4 7,sbornik ,trudov ,or*onskoy ,exp$icii4 ,,vi4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #aijc47 ,*irgh ,al3 ,maulavi ,*]agh ,ali3 ,a ,critical ,exposition ( ! ,popul> ,jihd4 7,bombay1 #ahhe47 ,*wolsohn 7,d473 ,die ,ssabi] und d] ,ssabismus4 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahef47 ,*ytru 7,david73 ,oratio de /atu ecclesi>um hoc tempore 9 ,graecia1 ,asia1 ,africa1 ,ung>ia1 ,bomia1 etc4 7,witteb]gae1 #aehj47 ,cl>k 7,e4 ,l473 ,! ,races ( ,european ,turkey4 7,new ,york1 #ahgh47 ,comuleo3 ,in/ruttioni al ,revdo ,don ,aless&ro ,comuleo ,ar*iprete di ,s4 ,girolamo di ,roma m&ato da ,papa ,clem5te ,ottavo al ,gran ,duca di ,moscovia1 et altri ,pr9cipi1 et ,pot5tati delle ,p>ti ,sett5trionali4 ,con una ,relatione del ,m$esimo ,comuleo fatta ,s4 ,santit sopra le cose del ,turco4 7,biblio!ca ,b>b]9a1 ,rome4 ,nr4 lviii4 #cc47 ,cont5son 7,l4 de73 ,*rti5s et ,musulmans4 7,p>is1 #aija47 ,coolsma 7,s473 ,de ,z5d+eeuw voor ,n$]l&s* ,oo/-,indi4 7,utre*t1 #aija47 ,corn>o 7,f473 ,creta ,sacra1 au?ore ,flam9io ,cornelio4 7,v5ice1 #agee47 ,crawfurd 7,john73 7#a7 ,a ,descriptive ,diction>y ( ! ,indian ,isl&s & adjac5t ,c\ntries4 7,london1 #ahef47 ---- 7#b7 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 7,ed9burgh1 #ahbj47 ,creasy 7,sir ,edw>d ,s473 ,hi/ory ( ! ,ottoman ,turks4 7,london1 #ahgh47 ,crisio3 ,summ>io della ,relatione della ,visita di ,albania1 fatta p] ord9e della ,sac4 ,congne da ,don ,m>co ,crisio ,sac]dote ,albanese4 #afea4 7,biblio!ca ,*igiana1 ,rome4 ,g4 iii4 #id47 ,crusius 7,m>t973 ,turcograecia4 7,basileae1 #aehd47 ,dalrymple 7,a473 ,essay t[>ds an acc\nt ( ,sulu4 7,j\rnal ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago & ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,vol4 iii4 ,s+apore1 #ahdi47 ,dalton 7,e4 ,t473 ,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal4 7,calcutta1 #ahgb47 ,delafosse 7,maurice73 ,les confrries musulmanes et le m>ab\tisme dans les pays du ,sngal et du ,nig]4 7,r5seignem5ts ,coloniaux et ,docum5ts publis p> le ,comit de l',afrique ,franaise et le ,comit du ,m>oc4 ,no4 #d4 ,p>is1 #aiaa47 ,depont 7,octave7 et ,coppolani 7,octave73 ,les confrries religieuses musulmanes4 7,alg]1 #ahig47 ,devria 7,gabriel73 ,orig9e de l',islamisme en ,*9e4 7,c5t5aire de l'cole des ,langues ,ori5tales ,vivantes4 ,recueil de ,mmoires publi p> les ,pr(esseurs de l'cole4 ,p>is1 #ahie47 ,dobs*tz 7,e4 von73 ,die confessionell5 ,v]hltnisse 9 ,edessa unt] d] ,arab]h]rs*aft4 7,zeits*rift fr wiss5s*aftli*e ,!ologie4 #da;er ,jahrgang1 #ahih47 ,dll+] 7,j4 ,j4 ,t473 ,mohamm$'s ,religion na* ihr] inn]5 ,entwicklung und ihrem ,e9flusse auf das ,leb5 d] ,vlk]4 7,muni*1 #ahch47 ,doro/amus 7,a?anasius73 ,neue/e ,bes*reibung d]] ,grie*is*5 ,*ri/5 9 d] ,trckey1 aufgesetzt von ,jacob ,elssn]4 7,b]l91 #agcg47 ,d\ghty 7,*>les ,m473 ,travels 9 ,arabia ,des]ta4 7,cambridge1 #ahhh47 ,d\sa3 ,georgii ,d\sae de ,it9]e suo ,con/ant9opolitano epi/ola4 7,lugduni ,batavorum1 #aeii47 ,d\tt 7,e473 ,notes sur l',islam maghrib94 7,revue de l',hi/oire des ,religions1 ,,xl1 ,,xli4 ,p>is1 #ahii1 #aijj47 ,dozy 7,r4 ,p4 ,a473 7#a7 ,essai sur l'hi/oire de l',islamisme4 7,leyde1 #ahgi47 ---- 7#b7 ,hi/oire des ,musulmans d',espagne4 7,leyde1 #ahfa47 ---- 7#c7 ,re*]*es sur l'hi/oire et la littrature de l',espagne p5dant le moy5 ge1 #cme d4 7,leyde1 #ahha47 ,dries* 7,g4 ,c4 von d573 ,hi/oris*e ,na*ri*t von d] ,rm4 ,kays]l4 ,gross-,bots*aft na* ,con/ant9opel1 wel*e 444 d] ,graf ,damian ,hugo von ,virmondt rhmli*/ v]ri*tet4 7,nrnb]g1 #agbc47 ,dulauri] 7,m4 ,e473 ,addition au mmoire intitul ,li/e des pays qui relevai5t de l'empire javanais de ,madjapahit4 7,j4 ,a4 ivme srie1 tome xiii4 #ahdi47 ,duveyri] 7,h473 ,la confrrie musulmane de ,sdi ,mohamm$ ,b5 ,al ,es-,s5os4 7,p>is1 #ahhf47 ,ea/ 7,d4 ,j473 ,we/]n ,africa4 7,london1 #ahdd47 ,elias ( ,nisibis3 ,f4 ,bae?g53 ,fragm5te syris*] und arabis*] ,hi/orik]4 7,abh4 f4 d4 ,k4 d4 ,m4 hrsg4 v4 d4 ,,dmg4 ,vol4 iii4 ,no4 #c4 #ahhd47 ,elliot 7,sir ,h4 ,m473 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,india1 z told by its own hi/orians4 ,! ,muhammadan ,p]iod4 ,edit$ by ,pr(4 ,john ,d[son4 7,london1 #ahgb-g47 ,encyclopa$ie van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 met m$ew]k+ van v]s*ill5de ambt5>51 gele]d5 en (fici]51 sam5ge/eld door ,p4 ,a4 van d] ,li? en ,j4 ,f4 ,snelleman4 7,leid51 #ahii-aije47 ,enhueb] 7,j4 ,b473 ,diss]tatio de ha]esi ,elip&i et ,felicis4 7,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat4 tom4 ci47 ,eruslanov 7,p473 c 4 7,mosc[1 #ahie47 ,eulogius3 ,memoriale ,sanctorum4 7,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 tom4 cxv47 ,euty*ius3 ,euty*ii ,patri>*ae ,alex&r9i ,annales1 ed4 ,l4 ,*eikho1 ,b4 ,c>ra de ,vaux1 ,h4 ,zayyat4 7,corpus ,scriptorum ,*ri/ianorum ,ori5talium4 ,scriptores ,arabici4 ,s]4 iii4 ,tom4 vi-vii4 ,p>is1 #aijf-i47 ,evans 7,a4 ,j473 ,?r\gh ,bosnia & ! ,h]zegov9a4 7,london1 #ahgf47 ,f>lati 7,daniel73 ,illyricum ,sacrum4 7,v5ice1 #agfi-ahai47 ,f9lay 7,g473 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 f its ,conque/ by ! ,romans to ! pres5t "t4 7,ox=d1 #ahgg47 ,firi%tah3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,rise ( ! ,mahom$an ,p[] 9 ,india1 translat$ f ! ,p]sian ( ,mahom$ ,kasim ,f]i%ta by ,john ,briggs4 7,london1 #ahbi47 ,=get 7,d4 ,a473 ,l',islam et le ,*ri/ianisme dans l',afrique ,c5trale4 7,p>is1 #aijj47 ,=re/ 7,t473 ,a ,voyage to ,new ,gu9ea & ! ,moluccas4 7,london1 #aggi47 ,f\rnel 7,h5ri73 ,les ,b]b]s4 tude sur la conqute de l',afrique p> les ,arabes4 7,p>is1 #ahge47 ,fr]e 7,sir ,b>tle73 7#a7 ,ea/]n ,africa z a field = ,mission>y ,lab\r4 7,london1 #ahgd47 ---- 7#b7 ,indian ,missions4 #crd4 ed4 7,london1 #ahgd47 ,gaetan3 ,relatione di ,ivan ,gaetan del discoprim5to dell',isole ,moluc*e4 7,ramusio1 ,tom4 i47 ,gairdn] 7,w4 ,h4 ,t473 ,! ,reproa* ( ,islam4 7,london1 #aiji47 ,g>nett 7,l4 ,m4 ,j473 ,! ,wom5 ( ,turkey & _! ,folklore4 ,! ,jewi% & ,moslem ,wom54 7,london1 #ahia47 ,gaszt[tt 7,?ade73 ,la ,pologne et l',islam4 7,p>is1 #aijg47 ,gazette] ( ! ,bombay ,presid5cy4 7,bombay1 #ahgg-aijd47 ,gazette] ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ( ,india4 7,allahabad1 #ahgd-hd47 ,gazette] ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,oudh4 7,luckn[1 #ahgg47 ,gazette] ( ,rajputana4 7,calcutta1 #ahgi47 ,georgieviz 7,b>?olomaeus73 ,de ,turc>um ,moribus ,epitome4 7#aeih47 ,georgir5es 7,joseph73 ,a ,description ( ! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ,samos1 ,nic>ia1 ,patmos & ,m\nt ,a?os4 7,london1 #afgh47 ,g]la* 7,/ephan73 ,tage-,bu* d] von zwe5 444 ,rmis*5 ,kays]n 444 an die ,ottommanis*e ,p=te 444 abgef]tigt5 444 ,ges&ts*aft4 7,frankfurt1 #afgd47 ,gfrr] 7,a4 ,f473 ,byzant9is*e ,ges*i*t51 hrsg4 von ,j4 ,b4 ,weiss4 7,graz1 #ahgb-g47 ,ghulm ,s>w>3 ,khaznat al-,afy4 7,lahore1 n4 d47 ,gibbon 7,edw>d73 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire4 7,london1 #ahha47 ,gmel9 7,m4 ,f473 ,*ri/5sclav]ei und ,r5egat5?um unt] d5 ,vlk]n des ,islam4 7,b]l91 #ahgc47 ,gob9eau 7,a4 de73 7#a7 ,les ,religions et les ,philosophies dans l',asie ,c5trale4 7,p>is1 #ahfe47 ---- 7#b7 ,trois ,ans en ,asie4 7,p>is1 #ahei47 ,goldzih] 7,ignaz73 ,muhamm$anis*e ,/udi54 7,halle1 #ahhi-ij47 ,got!il 7,r4 ,j4 ,h473 ,dhimmis & ,moslems 9 ,egypt4 7,old ,te/am5t & ,semitic ,/udies 9 memory ( ,william ,ra9ey ,h>p]4 ,vol4 ii4 ,*icago1 #aijh47 ,gr5>d3 ,j4-,l4 ,dutreuil de ,rh9s4 ,mission ,sci5tifique dans ,la ,haute ,asie1 #ahij-ahie4 ,i,ime ,p>tie4 ,le ,turke/an et le ,tibet1 tude e?nographique et sociologique1 p> ,f4 ,gr5>d4 ,i,i,ime ,p>tie4 ,hi/oire1 ,l+ui/ique1 ,ar*ologie1 ,gographie1 p> ,f4 ,gr5>d4 7,p>is1 #ahih47 ,gr5>d3 ,la lg5de de ,sato ,boghra ,khn et l'hi/oire1 p> ,m4 ,f4 ,gr5>d4 7,j\rnal ,asiatique1 ixme srie1 tome xv4 ,p>is1 #aijj47 ,gro5eveldt 7,w4 ,p473 ,notes on ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago & ,malacca1 compil$ f ,*9ese s\rces4 7,v]h4 ,bat4 ,g54 van ,k4 en ,w4 ,deel xxxix4 #ahhj47 ,grosi] 7,j4 ,b4 ,g4 ,a473 ,de la ,*9e1 ou description gnrale de cet empire4 7,p>is1 #ahai47 ,guignes 7,c4 ,l4 ,j4 de73 ,hi/oire gnrale des ,huns1 des ,turcs1 des ,mogols4 7,p>is1 #agef-h47 ,hackett 7,j473 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,or?odox ,*ur* ( ,cyprus4 7,london1 #aija47 ,hageman 7,j473 ,bijdrage tot de ,ges*i$5is van ,borneo4 7,ts4 ind4 t4- l4- vk4 ,deel vi4 #ahef47 ,hamm]-,purg/all 7,joseph von73 7#a7 ,ges*i*te des osmanis*5 ,rei*es4 7,pe/h1 #ahbg-ce47 ---- 7#b7 ,des osmanis*5 ,rei*s ,/aatsv]fassung und ,/aatsv]waltung4 7,wi51 #ahae47 ---- 7#c7 ,ges*i*te d] ,gold55 ,horde 9 ,kipts*ak4 7,pe/h1 #ahdj47 ---- 7#d7 ,ges*i*te d] ,il*an54 7,d>m/adt1 #ahdb-c47 ,haneb]g 7,b473 ,das muslimis*e ,kriegsre*t4 7,muni*1 #ahga47 ,hasselt 7,a4 ,l4 von73 ,volksbes*rijv+ van ,midd5-,sumatra4 7,leid51 #ahhb74 ,hauri 7,j473 ,d] ,islam 9 se9em ,e9fluss auf das ,leb5 se9] ,bek5n]4 7,leid51 #ahhc47 ,haywood 7,a4 ,h4 ,w473 ,?r\gh ,timbuctu & across ! ,great ,sah>a4 7,london1 #aiab47 ,hefele 7,c4 ,j473 ,beitrge zur ,kir*5ges*i*te1 ,ar*ologie und ,liturgik4 7,tb+51 #ahfd47 ,helff]i* 7,adolf73 ,d] ,we/go?is*e ,arianismus und die ,spanis*e ,ketz]-,ges*i*te4 7,b]l91 #ahfj47 ,h]tzb]g 7,g4 ,f473 ,ges*i*te d] ,byzant9] und des ,osmanis*5 ,rei*es4 7,b]l91 #ahhb-c47 ,hidyah3 ,! ,h$ya1 or ,guide3 ,a ,comm5t>y on ! ,mussulman ,laws1 translat$ by ,*>les ,hamilton4 7,london1 #agia47 ,hill al-b3 ,tarkh al-,wuz> ed4 ,h4 ,f4 ,am$roz4 7,beirut1 #aijd47 ,hill 7,a>on73 ,a ,full & ,j ,acc\nt ( ! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,ottoman ,empire4 7,london1 #agji47 ,hovell 7,g4 ,w4 ,w4 ,c4 ,b>on von73 ,de ,kei-eil&54 7,ts4 ind4 t4- l4- vk4 ,deel xxxiii4 #ahij47 ,holl&] 7,j4 ,j4 de73 ,h&leid+ bij de ,beoef5+ d] ,l&- en ,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s* ,oo/-,indi4 7,br$a1 #ahhd47 ,hov$53 ,*ronica ,magi/ri ,rog]i de ,hov$5e1 edit$ by ,william ,/ubbs4 7,london1 #ahfh-ga47 ,h[or? 7,sir ,h4 ,h473 ,hi/ory ( ! ,mongols4 7,london1 #ahgf-hj47 ,hurgronje 7,c4 ,sn\ck73 7#a7 ,de beteek5is van d5 ,islam voor zijne belijd]s 9 ,oo/-,indi4 7,leid51 #ahhc47 ---- 7#b7 ,de ,sjatt>ijjah-secte4 7,m$4 ,n$4 ,z5del+g54 ,vol4 xxxii4 #ahhh47 ---- 7#c7 ,mekka4 7,! ,hague1 #ahhh-i47 ,ibbetson 7,d4 ,c4 ,j473 ,! ,musulmans ( ! ,panjab4 7,indian ,evangelical ,review4 ,vol4 x4 ,calcutta1 #ahhd47 ,ibn ab ,usaybiah3 ,uyn al-anb f abaqt al-aibb4 7,cairo1 ,a4,h4 #abii47 ,ibn ab ,z>3 ,r\dh el-,k>tas4 ,hi/oire des ,s\v]a9s du ,maghreb1 traduit de l',arabe p> ,a4 ,beaumi]4 7,p>is1 #ahfj47 ,ibn al-,a?r3 ,ibn el-,a?iri ,*ronicon quod p]fectissimum inscribitur1 ed4 ,c4 ,j4 ,tornb]g4 7,leid51 #ahea-gf47 ,ibn ,baah3 ,voyages d',ibn ,bat\tah1 texte arabe1 accompagn d'une traduction p> ,c4 ,defrm]y et ,b4 ,r4 ,sangu9etti4 7,p>is1 #ahec-h47 ,ibn awqal3 ,kitb al-maslik wal-mamlik1 ed4 ,m4 ,g4 ,de ,goeje4 7,biblio!ca ,geographorum ,arabicorum ,,ii4 ,leid51 #ahgc47 ,ibn ,isq3 ,das ,leb5 ,muhamm$'s na* ,muhamm$ ,ibn ,i%k1 be>beitet von ,abd el-,malik ,ibn ,his*am1 hrsg4 von ,f4 ,w/5feld4 7,gtt+51 #ahei47 ,ibn ,khaldn3 ,kitb al-ib> wa dwn al-mubtada wal khab> f ayym al-,arab wal ,b>b>4 7,blq1 #ahfg47 ,ibn ,khallikn3 ,biographical ,diction>y1 translat$ by ,b>on ,mac ,guck9 de ,slane4 7,p>is1 #ahdc-ga47 ,ibn ,sad3 al-abaqt4 ,biographi5 ,muhamm$s1 se9] ,gefhrt5 und d] spt]5 ,trg] des ,islams bis zum ,jahre #bcj d] ,flu*t1 hrsg4 von ,e4 ,sa*au1 etc4 7,leid51 #aijd- 47 ,ibn ,sad3 ,die ,s*reib5 ,muhammads und die ,ges&ts*aft5 an ihn4 7,skizz5 und ,vor>beit5 von ,j4 ,wellhaus54 ,vi]tes ,heft4 ,b]l91 #ahhi47 ,idrs3 ,description de l',afrique et de l',espagne1 publie p> ,r4 ,dozy et ,m4 ,j4 de ,goeje4 7,leid51 #ahff47 ,in=matione del ,segret>io de ,propag&a ,fide circa la missione d',albania de fratri ,ri=mati di ,s4 ,francesco4 7,biblio!ca ,*igiana1 ,rome4 ,g4 iii4 #id47 ,innes 7,c4 ,a473 ,malab> & ,anj5go3 by ,c4 ,a4 ,innes1 edit$ by ,f4 ,b4 ,evans4 7,madras ,di/rict ,gazette]s47 7,madras1 #aijh47 ,is5b]g 7,c4 ,m473 ,abess9i54 7,bonn1 #ahdd47 ,i%ok ( ,romgla3 ,*ronique de ,mi*el le ,gr&1 traduite sur la v]sion armni5ne du prtre ,is*k p> ,victor ,langlois4 7,v5ise1 #ahfh47 ,isidori ,pac5sis ,*ronicon4 7,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 tom4 xcvi47 ,islam & ,missions1 be+ pap]s read at ! second ,mission>y ,conf]5ce on behalf ( ! ,mohamm$an ,_w at ,luckn[1 ,janu>y #bc-bh1 #aiaa1 edit$ by ,e4 ,m4 ,:]ry1 ,s4 ,m4 ,zwem]1 ,c4 ,g4 ,mylrea4 7,new ,york1 etc41 #aiaa47 ,iakhr3 ,kitb ,maslik wal-,mamlik1 ed4 ,m4 ,j4 de ,goeje4 7,biblio!ca ,geographorum ,arabicorum4 ,i4 ,leid51 #ahgj47 ,j4 ,a43 ,j\rnal ,asiatique4 7,p>is47 ,j4 ,a4 ,s4 ,b43 ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal4 7,calcutta47 ,j4 ,r4 ,ggr4 ,soc43 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society4 7,london47 ,jacques de ,vitry3 ,jacobi de ,vitriaco ,libri ,duo4 ,quorum prior ,ori5talis1 sive ,hi]osolymitan3 ,alt]1 ,occid5talis ,hi/ori nom9e inscribitur4 ,op] ,d4 ,francisci ,mos*i editi4 7,duaci1 #aeig47 ,jadr9zew 7,n473 ,sibir53 ,geographis*e1 e?nographis*e und hi/oris*e ,/udi51 be>beitet von ,ed4 ,petri4 7,j5a1 #ahhf47 ,jessup 7,h4 ,h473 ,! ,mohamm$an ,mission>y ,"q4 7,philadelphia1 #ahgi47 ,john ( ,gorz3 ,vita ,ioannis ,abbatis ,gorzi5sis1 auctore ,ioanne ,abbate ,s4 ,arnulfi4 7,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 tom4 cxxxvii47 ,john ( ,nikiu3 ,*ronique de ,jean1 vque de ,niki\4 ,publi et traduit p> ,h4 ,zot5b]g4 7,notices et extraits des ,manuscrits de la ,biblio?que ,nationale4 ,tome xxiv4 ,premire ,p>tie4 ,p>is1 #ahhc47 ,jo9ville3 uvres de ,jean1 ,sire de ,jo9ville1 ed4 ,n4 de ,wailly4 7,p>is1 #ahfg47 ,joselian 7,plato73 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,georgian ,*ur*1 translat$ by ,s4 ,c4 ,malan4 7,london1 #ahff47 ,jzjn3 ,m9hj-i-,sirj al-,jzjn1 abaqt-i-,nir1 ed4 ,w4 ,nassau ,lees4 7,calcutta1 #ahfd47 ,kanitz 7,f473 ,die =ts*reit5de ,arnautisirung und ,muham$anisirung ,alt-,s]bi5s4 7,oe/]rei*is*e ,monatss*rift fr d5 ,ori5t4 ,vi5na1 ,m>*1 #ahhh47 ,k>ams9 7,n4 ,m473 ,hi/oire de l',empire de ,russie4 7,p>is1 #ahai-bf47 ,keane 7,a4 ,h473 ,asia1 edit$ by ,sir ,ri*>d ,temple4 7,london1 #ahhb47 ,k]n 7,h473 ,ov] d5 invlo$ d] ,indis*e1 ,arabis*e en ,europees*e bes*av+ op de volk5 van d5 ,indis*5 ,ar*ipel4 7,leid51 #ahhc47 ,khoj ,vttnt by ,sa*$n ,nnj4 7,amadbd1 #ahib47 ,kitb al-,fihri/1 h]ausgegeb5 von ,g4 ,flgel4 7,leipzig1 #ahga-b47 ,klamro? 7,m473 ,d] ,islam 9 ,deuts*o/afrika4 7,b]l91 #aiab47 ,klapro? 7,j4 von73 ,ap]u des entreprises des ,mongols en ,gorgie et en ,armnie dans le xiiie sicle4 7,j4 ,a4 srie ii41 tome xii4 #ahcc47 ,krehl 7,ludolf73 ,das ,leb5 des ,muhamm$4 7,leipzig1 #ahhd47 ,krem] 7,a4 von73 7#a7 ,culturges*i*te des ,ori5ts unt] d5 ,*alif54 7,vi5na1 #ahge47 ---- 7#b7 ,culturges*i*tli*e ,/reifzge auf dem ,gebiete des ,islams4 7,leipzig1 #ahgc47 ---- 7#c7 ,ges*i*te d] h]rs*5d5 ,ide5 des ,islams4 7,leipzig1 #ahfh47 ---- 7#d7 ,notiz5 gesammelt auf e9em ,ausfluge na* ,palmyra4 7,sitzb4 d4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss41 ,philos4-hi/4 ,cl4 ,vol4 v4 #ahej47 ,krieg] 7,maximilian73 ,new ,gu9ea4 7,b]l91 #ahii47 ,kritop\los 7,metrophanes73 ,metrophanis ,critopuli ,confessio4 7,e4 ,j4 ,kimmel3 ,monum5ta ,fidei ,ecclesiae ,ori5talis4 ,p>s4 ,,ii47 7,j5ae1 #ahej47 ,kumm 7,h4 ,k4 ,w473 ,khont-hon-n(]1 ! ,l&s ( ,e?iopia4 7,london1 #aiaj47 ,kyriakos 7,a4 ,diom$es73 ,ges*i*te d] ori5talis*5 ,kir*5 von #adec-ahih4 7,leipzig1 #aijb47 ,la ,jonquire 7,a4 de73 ,hi/oire de l',empire ,ottoman4 7,p>is1 #ahha47 ,la ,saussaye 7,p4 ,d4 ,*antepie de73 ,lehrbu* d] ,religionsges*i*te4 7,freiburg ,i4 ,b41 #ahhg-i47 ,lamm5s 7,h5ri73 tudes sur le rgne du ,calife ,omaiyade ,moawia ,i]4 7,univ]sit ,sa9t-,joseph1 ,beyr\? 7,syrie74 ,mlanges de la ,facult ,ori5tale1 ,i47 7,beyr\?1 #aijf47 ,lane 7,e4 ,w473 ,! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians4 #e? ed4 7,london1 #ahfj47 ,laur5t 7,j4 ,c4 ,m473 ,p]egr9atores ,m$ii ,aevi ,quatuor4 7,lipsiae1 #ahfd47 ,lazr 7,victor73 ,die ,sdrumn5 d] ,trkei und d] angr5z5d5 ,lnd]4 7,buk>e/1 #aiaj47 ,le ,*ateli] 7,a473 7#a7 ,les ,confrries musulmanes du ,h$jaz4 7,p>is1 #ahhg47 ---- 7#b7 ,l',islam au xixe sicle4 7,p>is1 #ahhh47 ---- 7#c7 ,l',islam dans l',afrique ,occid5tale4 7,p>is1 #ahii47 ,le ,qui5 7,mi*ael73 ,ori5s ,*ri/ianus4 7,p>is1 #agdj47 ,lea 7,h4 ,c473 ,! ,moriscos ( ,spa93 _! conv]sion & expulsion4 7,london1 #aija47 ,leake 7,w4 ,m473 ,rese>*es 9 ,greece4 7,london1 #ahad47 ,leo ,africanus3 ,della ,descrittione dell',africa1 p> ,giovani ,lioni ,africano4 7,ramusio1 ,tom4 i47 ,leslie 7,gaulti] de73 ,l',ambassade la ,porte ,ottomane1 ordonne p> ,sa ,maje/ ,impriale1 ,lopold ,i41 excute p> ,gaulti] de ,leslie1 ,comte du ,s4 ,empire4 7#affe-ff47 7,rycaut1 tome ii47 ,liefr9ck 7,f4 ,a473 ,bijdrage tot de k5nis van het eil& ,bali4 7,ts4 ind4 t4- l4- vk4 ,deel xxxiii4 #ahij47 ,littmann 7,enno73 ,bem]kung5 b] d5 ,islam 9 ,nordabess9i54 7,d] ,islam1 vol4 i4 ,/rassburg1 #aiaj47 ,l[ 7,col4 ,james73 ,a ,translation ( ! ,k$dah ,annals4 7,j\rnal ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago & ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,s+apore1 #ahdi47 ,luca 7,jean de73 ,relations des ,t>t>es4 7,!v5ot47 ,ludolf de ,su*em3 ,ludolphi1 ,rectoris ,ecclesiae ,p>o*ialis 9 ,su*em1 de ,it9]e ,t]rae ,sanctae ,lib]1 h]ausgegeb5 von ,f4 ,deycks4 7,/uttg>t1 #ahea47 ,lttke 7,moritz73 7#a7 ,aegypt5s neue ,zeit4 7,leipzig1 #ahgc47 ---- 7#b7 ,d] ,islam und se9e ,vlk]4 7,gt]sloh1 #ahgh47 ,luitpr&i 7,pseudo-7 ,*ronicon4 7,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat4 tom4 cxxxvi47 ,lyall 7,sir ,alfr$ ,c473 ,asiatic ,/udies4 7,london1 #ahhb47 ,,msos3 ,mit!ilung5 des ,sem9>s fr ,ori5talis*e ,spra*54 ,b]l94 ,mac>ius 7,patri>* ( ,antio*73 ,travels (1 f ! ,arabic ( ! ,ar*deacon ,paul1 translat$ by ,f4 ,c4 ,belf\r4 7,london1 #ahbi-cd47 ,mack5zie 7,g4 ,muir7 & ,irby 7,a4 ,p473 ,travels 9 ! ,slavonic ,prov9ces ( ,turkey-9-,europe4 7,london1 #ahfg47 ,mack5zie 7,k4 ,r4 ,h473 ,s*amyl & ,circassia4 ,*iefly f mat]ials collect$ by ,dr4 ,fri$ri* ,wagn]1 edit$ by4 7,london1 #ahed47 ,mc,nair 7,f473 ,p]ak & ! ,malays4 7,london1 #ahgh47 ,mabb al-,manbij3 ,agapius ,episcopus ,mabbug5sis1 ,hi/oria ,univ]salis1 ed4 ,p4 ,l4 ,*eikho4 7,corpus ,scriptorum ,*ri/ianorum ,ori5talium4 ,scriptores ,arabici4 ,s]4 iii41 tom4 v4 ,b]yti1 #aiab47 ,makn3 ,hi/oria ,s>ac5ica1 arabice olim ex>ata a ,georgio ,elmac9o et lat9e r$dita op] ,?omae ,erp5ii4 7,lugduni ,batavorum1 #afbe47 ,makk>3 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,mohamm$an ,dyna/ies ( ,spa91 by ,ahm$ ibn ,mohamm$ ,al-,makk>1 translat$ by ,pascual de ,gayangos4 7,london1 #ahdj-dc47 ,maqrz3 7#a7 ,a %ort hi/ory ( ! ,copts1 translat$ f ! ,arabic by ,s4 ,c4 ,malan4 7,london1 #ahgc47 ---- 7#b7 ,hi/oire des ,sultans ,maml\ks de l'gypte1 traduite p> ,m4 ,quatremre4 7,p>is1 #ahcg-de47 ,mr b4 ,sulaymn3 ,m>is1 ,amri et ,slibae ,de ,patri>*is ,ne/orianorum ,comm5t>ia1 ed4 ,h5ricus ,gismondi4 ,p>s ,prior4 7,romae1 #ahii47 ,m>sd5 7,william73 ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra4 7,london1 #ahaa47 ,m>sigli 7,l4 ,f473 ,/ato ,milit>e dell',imp]io ,ottomanno4 7,am/]dam1 #agcb47 ,mas ,latrie 7,j4 ,m4 ,j4 ,l4 de73 7#a7 ,hi/oire de l'le de ,*ypre s\s le rgne des pr9ces de la maison de ,lusignan4 7,p>is1 #aheb-fa47 ---- 7#b7 ,relations et comm]ce de l',afrique sept5trionale avec les nations *rti5nes au moy5 ge4 7,p>is1 #ahhf47 ,massaja 7,guglielmo73 ,i miei tr5tac9que anni di missione nell',alta ,etiopia4 7,roma1 #ahhe-ic47 ,massimiliano ,transilvano3 ,epi/ola di1 della ammirabile et /up5da nauvigatione fatta p] gli ,spagnuoli lo anno ,,mdxix4 attorno il mondo4 7,ramusio1 tom4 i47 ,masd3 ,les ,prairies d',or4 ,texte et traduction p> ,c4 ,b>bi] de ,meyn>d et ,pavet de ,c\rteille4 7,p>is1 #ahfa-gg47 ,m$4 ,n$4 ,z5del+g543 ,m$$eel+5 van wege het ,n$]l&s*e ,z5del+g5oots*ap4 7,rott]dam47 ,m5av9o 7,g4 ,a473 ,vita et ,legge ,tur*esca4 7,v5ice1 #aegc47 ,m5zel 7,!odor73 ,das ,korps d] ,janits*>54 7,beitrge zur ,k5ntnis des ,ori5ts4 ,b& i4 ,jahrbu* d] ,mn*n] ,ori5talis*5 ,gesells*aft1 #aijb-c4 ,b]l947 ,m]5sky 7,a473 ,mohamm$anismus und ,*ri/5tum 9 ,kampfe um die ,neg]lnd] ,afrikas4 7,allgeme9e ,missions-,zeits*rift1 ,b& xxi4 ,gt]sloh1 #ahid47 ,me?ods ( ,mission ,"w among ,moslems1 ,be+ ^? ,pap]s read at ! ,fir/ ,mission>y ,conf]5ce on behalf ( ! ,mohamm$an ,_w held at ,cairo ,april #d?-#i?1 #aijf1 & ! discussions !reon1 :i* by ord] ( ! ,conf]5ce 7 n to be issu$ to ! public1 b 7 to be privately pr9t$ = ! use ( mission>ies & ! fri5ds ( missions4 7,new ,york1 etc41 #aijf47 ,metzg] 7,e473 ,die ,baduwis auf ,java4 7,globus1 ,b& xliii4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahhc47 ,mey] 7,p4 ,c473 ,er=s*ungsges*i*te und ,/aat5bildung5 des ,we/sudan4 7,ergnzung%eft ,no4 #aba zu 8,pet]manns ,mitteilung5407 7,go?a1 #ahig47 ,mi*ael ! ,eld]3 ,*ronique de ,mi*ael le ,syri51 patri>*e jacobite d',antio*e 7#aaff-aaii71 dite 444 p> ,j4 ,b4 ,*abot4 7,p>is1 #ahii-aija47 ,migne1 ,patr4 ,gr43 ,patrologia ,graeca4 7,p>is1 #aheg-ff47 ---- ,patr4 ,lat43 ,patrologia ,lat9a4 7,p>is1 #ahdd-ee47 ,milman 7,h4 ,h473 ,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity4 7,london1 #ahgb47 ,mis*li* und ,lipp]t3 ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te d] ,haussa/aat5 von ,a4 ,mis*li*4 ,mit ,e9leitung von ,julius ,lipp]t4 7,,msos ,,vi4 7#aijc71 ,ab!ilung ,,iii47 ,mission d',ollone3 ,re*]*es sur les ,musulmans ,*9ois p> le comm&ant ,d',ollone1 le capita9e ,de ,fleurelle1 le capita9e ,lepage1 le lieut5ant ,de ,boyve4 tudes de ,a4 ,vissire4 ,notes de ,e4 ,blo*et et de div]s savants4 7,p>is1 #aiaa47 ,mohamm$an ,_w3 ,! ,mohamm$an ,_w ( to-day1 be+ pap]s read at ! ,fir/ ,mission>y ,conf]5ce on behalf ( ! ,mohamm$an ,_w held at ,cairo1 ,april #d?-#i?1 #aijf4 7,new ,york1 etc41 #aijf47 ,mont]o y ,vidal 7,d4 ,jos73 ,hi/oria de la ,pirat]ia ,malayo-mahometana en ,m9danao1 ,jol y ,borneo4 7,madrid1 #ahhh47 ,moor 7,j4 ,h473 ,notices ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 7,s+apore1 #ahcg47 ,moore 7,francis73 ,travels 9 ! ,inl& ,p>ts ( ,africa4 7,! ,_w display$2 or a curi\s collection ( voyages & travels4 ,london1 #agfj47 ,morgan 7,j473 ,mahometism expla9$4 7,london1 #agbc-e47 ,mori 7,l4 ,j473 ,hi/oire de l'?iopie4 7,p>is1 #aijd47 ,moslem ,_w 7,!71 a qu>t]ly review ( curr5t ev5ts1 lit]ature1 & ?\ght among ,mohamm$ans1 & ! progress ( ,*ri/ian ,missions 9 ,moslem l&s4 7,london1 #aiaa- 47 ,mll] 7,augu/73 ,d] ,islam im ,morg5- und ,ab5dl&4 7,b]l91 #ahhe-g47 ,mll] 7,g4 ,f473 ,sammlung ,russis*] ,ges*i*te4 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #agfa47 ,muammad b4 ,u?mn al-a%i%3 ,voyage au pays des ,s5\ssia1 p> le *eikh ,mohamm$ b5 ,otsmane el-,ha*ai*i1 traduit p> ,v4 ,s]res et ,lasram4 7,p>is1 #aijc47 ,muammad ayd>3 ,! ,t>ikh-i-,ra%idi ( ,mirza ,muhammad ,haid>1 ,dughlt4 ,an ,engli% v]sion1 444 by ,n4 ,elias & ,e4 ,d5ison ,ross4 7,london1 #ahie74 ,muir 7,sir ,william73 7#a7 ,! ,caliphate2 its rise1 decl9e & fall4 7,london1 #ahia47 ---- 7#b7 ,life ( ,mahomet4 7,london1 #aheh-fa47 ,munz+] 7,w]n]73 ,abess9i54 7,pet]mann's ,mit!ilung54 ,go?a1 #ahfg47 ,n>%akhi3 ,description de ,b\kh>a p> ,mohamm$ ,n]*akhy1 publi p> ,*>les ,s*ef]4 7,p>is1 #ahib47 ,ne&] 7,a473 7#a7 ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion & ,*ur*4 7,london1 #ahea-h47 ---- 7#b7 ,memorials ( ,*ri/ian ,life4 7,london1 #aheb47 ,nets*] 7,e473 ,kronijk van ,sambas en van ,soekadana4 7,ts4 ind4 t4- l4- vk4 ,deel i4 #aheb47 ,newbold 7,t4 ,j473 ,political & ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ! ,briti% ,settlem5ts 9 ! ,/raits ( ,malacca4 7,london1 #ahci47 ,ni*olson 7,reynold ,a473 ,a ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ! ,arabs4 7,london1 #aijg47 ,niemann 7,g4 ,k473 ,inleid+ tot de k5nis van d5 ,islam4 7,rott]dam1 #ahfa47 ,ohsson 7,c4 d'73 ,hi/oire des ,mongols4 7,! ,hague1 #ahcd-e47 ,ohsson 7,m4 d'73 ,tableau gnral de l',empire ,o?oman4 7,p>is1 #ahbj47 ,olivi] 7,l473 ,la ,bosnie et l',h]zgov9e1 ouvrage publi s\s la direction de ,l\is ,olivi]4 7,p>is1 n4d47 ,oppel 7,a473 ,die religis5 ,v]hltnisse von ,afrika4 7,zeits*rift d] ,gesells*aft fr ,erdkunde zu ,b]l94 ,vol4 xxii4 #ahhg47 ,ord]ici ,vitalis ,hi/oria ,ecclesia/ica4 7,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat4 tom4 clxxxviii47 ,palm] 7,h4 ,r473 ,! ,kano ,*ronicle1 translat$ ) an introduction4 7,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute4 ,vol4 xxxviii4 #aijh47 ,palmi]i 7,aurelio73 ,die ,polemik des ,islam4 ,aus dem ,itali5is*5 b]setzt von ,pr(4 ,val5t9 ,holz]4 7,salzburg1 #aijb47 ,panci]a 7,b473 ,i ,musulmani4 7,flor5ce1 #ahgg47 ,pa%ley 7,rob]t73 ,travels 9 ,crete4 7,london1 #ahcg47 ,paulits*ke 7,philipp73 ,h>>4 ,=s*ungsreise na* d5 ,soml- und ,galla-lnd]n ,o/-,afrikas4 7,leipzig1 #ahhh47 ,pavy3 uvres de ,mgr4 ,l4- ,a4- ,a4 ,pavy1 vque d',alg]4 7,p>is1 #aheh47 ,p]ceval 7,a4 ,p4 ,causs9 de73 ,essai sur l'hi/oire des ,arabes avant l',islamisme1 p5dant l'poque de ,mahomet1 et jusqu' la rduction de t\tes les tribus s\s la loi musulmane4 7,p>is1 #ahdg-h47 ,p]rot 7,georges73 ,l'le de ,crte4 7,p>is1 #ahfg47 ,phrantzes 7,georgios73 ,annales1 ed4 ,b4 ,g4 ,niebuhr4 7,bonnae1 #ahch47 ,pi*l] 7,a473 ,ges*i*te des ,prote/antismus 9 d] ori5talis*5 ,kir*e im #ag4 ,jahrhund]t1 od] ,d] ,patri>* ,cyrillus ,luc>is und se9e ,zeit4 7,muni*1 #ahfb47 ,pigafetta 7,m4 ,antonio73 ,viaggio atorno il mondo fatto et descritto p]4 7,ramusio1 ,tom4 i47 ,pitzipios 7,j4 ,g473 ,l'glise ori5tale4 7,rome1 #ahee47 ,pl[d5 7,w4 ,c473 ,travels 9 ,abyss9ia & ! ,galla ,c\ntry4 7,london1 #ahfh47 ,po5s5 7,c473 ,briev5 ov] d5 ,islam uit de ,b9n5l&5 van ,java4 7,leid51 #ahhf47 ,polo 7,m>co73 ,! ,book ( ,s] ,m>co ,polo1 ! ,v5etian1 conc]n+ ! ,k+doms & ,m>vels ( ! ,ea/1 translat$ & edit$ by ,sir ,h5ry ,yule4 ,?ird ,edition1 revis$ by ,h5ri ,cordi]4 7,london1 #aijc47 ,prutz 7,h473 ,kulturges*i*te d] ,kreuzzge4 7,b]l91 #ahhc47 ,r4 du ,m4 ,m43 ,revue du ,monde ,musulman1 publi p> la ,mission ,sci5tifique du ,m>oc4 7,p>is47 ,rabba? 7,anto9e73 ,docum5ts 9dits p\r s]vir l',hi/oire du ,*ri/ianisme en ,ori5t4 ,tome premi]4 7,p>is1 #aije47 ,radl(f 7,w473 ,aus ,sib]i54 7,leipzig1 #ahhd47 ,raffles 7,?omas ,/am=d73 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,java4 7,london1 #ahag47 ,ramusio 7,g4 ,b473 ,navigationi et ,viaggi4 7,v5ice1 #aeei47 ,ra%d al-,dn3 ,jmi al-,tawrkh4 ,t>ikh-i ,m\b>ek-i ,ghazani1 hi/oire des ,mongols1 dite p> ,e4 ,blo*et4 7,gibb ,memorial ,s]ies1 vol4 xviii47 7,london1 #aiaa47 ,rav]ty3 abakt-i-,nir3 a g5]al hi/ory ( ! ,muammadan ,dyna/ies ( ,asia1 by ,m9hj-ud-,dn1 ,ab-,um>-i-,umn4 7,london1 #ahha47 ,reade 7,w4 ,w9wood73 ,african ,sket* ,book4 7,london1 #ahgc47 ,reclus 7,elise73 ,n\velle ,gographie ,univ]selle4 7,p>is1 #ahgf-ia47 ,re9aud1 see ,abu'l-,fid4 ,r5audot 7,e473 ,hi/oria ,patri>*>um ,alex&r9orum ,jacobit>um4 7,p>is1 #agac47 ,report ( ,c5t5>y ,conf]5ce on ! ,prote/ant ,missions ( ! ,_w1 held 9 ,london1 #ahhh1 edit$ by ,rev4 ,j4 ,j4 ,john/on4 7,london1 #ahhi47 ,rev4 col4 int43 ,revue ,coloniale ,int]nationale4 7,am/]dam47 ,ri*t] 7,j473 ,die ,propag&a des ,islam als ,wegbe/reit]9 d] mod]n5 ,mission4 7,missionswiss5s*aftli*e ,/udi54 ,fe/s*rift zum #gj4 ,geburt/ag des ,h]rn ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,gu/av ,w>neck47 7,b]l91 #aijd47 ,ri$el 7,j4 ,g4 ,f473 7#a7 ,de ,sluik- en ,kroe%>ige ,rass5 tuss*5 ,selebes en ,papua4 7,! ,hague1 #ahhf47 ---- 7#b7 ,! ,isl& ( ,flores or ,pulan ,bunga4 ,! ,tribes betwe5 ,sika & ,mangg>aai4 7,rev4 col4 int41 tome ii4 #ahhf47 ,r9n 7,l\is73 ,m>ab\ts et ,kh\an4 7,algi]s1 #ahhd47 ,roscoe 7,john73 ,! ,bag&a4 7,london1 #aiaa47 ,ross 7,alex&]73 ,a ,ne$ful ,caveat1 or ,admonition1 = !m :o desire to "k :at ,use may be made (1 or if !re be dang] 9 ,read+ ! ,alcoran4 7,! ,alcoran ( ,mahomet1 translat$ out ( ,arabick into ,fr5*1 by ,sieur de ,ry]1 4444 & newly ,engli%$1 = ! satisfaction ( all t desire to look into ! ,turki% ,vanities47 7,london1 #afhh47 ,r\ffa] 7,g4 ,p473 ,het tijdp]k van godsdi5/ov]gang 7#adjj-afjj7 9 d5 ,maleis*5 ,ar*ipel4 7,bijdr4 t4d4t4l4 en vlk41 dl4 #ej47 7#ahii47 ,rubruck3 ,! ,j\rney ( ,william ( ,rubruck to ! ,ea/]n ,p>ts ( ! ,_w1 #abec-ee1 z n>rat$ by himself4 ,translat$ 444 by ,william ,woodville ,rockhill4 7,hakluyt ,society4 ,second ,s]ies4 ,no4 iv47 7,london1 #aijj47 ,rppell 7,edu>d73 ,reise 9 ,abyss9i54 7,frankfurt am ,ma91 #ahch47 ,rycaut 7,sir ,paul73 ,hi/oire de l'tat prs5t de l'empire ottoman1 traduit de l',anglais de ,monsieur ,ricaut1 p> ,m4 ,briot4 7,am/]dam1 #afgb47 ,sa*au 7,edu>d73 b] d5 zweit5 ,*alif5 ,om>4 ,e9 ,*>akt]bild aus d] lte/5 ,ges*i*te des ,islams4 7,sitzungsb]i*te d] ,knigli*5 ,preussis*5 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft54 ,b]l91 #aijb47 ,sacy 7,le ,bon ,silve/re de73 ,expos de la ,religion des ,druzes4 7,p>is1 #ahch47 alb b4 ,yann3 ,m>is1 ,amri et ,slibae ,de ,patri>*is ,ne/orianorum ,comm5t>ia1 ed4 ,h5ricus ,gismondi4 ,p>s ,alt]a4 7,romae1 #ahif47 ,salmon 7,c4 ,s473 ,briti% ,policy 9 ,we/ ,africa4 7,contempor>y ,review1 #ahhb47 ,samson3 ,samsonis ,abbatis ,cordub5sis ,apologeticus ,lib]4 7,h5rique ,florez3 ,espaa ,sagrada1 tom4 xi47 7,madrid1 #agdg-gd47 ,sansov9o 7,francesco73 ,hi/oria ,univ]sale dell',orig9e et ,imp]io de' ,tur*i4 7,v5ice1 #aegc47 ,sayyid ,al ,akb>3 ,trois *apitres du ,khitay ,namh4 ,texte p]san et traduction franaise p> ,*>les ,s*ef]4 7,mlanges ,ori5taux4 ,publications de l'cole des ,langues ,ori5tales ,vivantes4 ,i,ie srie4 ,vol4 ix4 ,p>is1 #ahhc47 ,s*ack 7,a4 ,f4 ,graf von73 ,poesie und ,kun/ d] ,arab] 9 ,spani5 und ,sicili54 7,/uttg>t1 #ahgg47 ,s*ef] 7,c473 ,notice sur les relations des peuples musulmans avec les ,*9ois1 depuis l'ext5sion de l',islamisme jusqu' la f9 du ,x,ve sicle4 7,c5t5aire de l'cole des ,langues ,ori5tales ,vivantes1 #agie-ahie4 ,recueil de ,mmoires publis p> les ,pr(esseurs de l'cole4 ,p>is1 #ahie47 ,s*effl] 7,johannes73 ,trck5-,s*rifft3 von d5 ,ursa*5 d] ,trckis*5 ,ueb]ziehung und d] ,z]tretung des ,volckes ,gottes4 7#affd47 ,s*iltb]g] 7,hans73 ,reisebu*1 h]ausgegeb5 von ,v4 ,langmantel4 7,tb+51 #ahhe47 ,semp] 7,c473 ,die ,philipp95 und ihre ,bewohn]4 7,wrzburg1 #ahfi47 ,sev]us3 ,sev]us b5 el ,moqaffa1 ,hi/oria ,patri>*>um ,alex&r9orum1 ed4 ,c4 ,f4 ,seybold4 7,corpus ,scriptorum ,*ri/ianorum ,ori5talium4 ,scriptores ,arabici4 ,s]4 iii4 ,tom4 ix47 7,b]yti1 #aijd- 47 ,%$d 7,w4 ,a473 ,islam & ! ,ori5tal ,*ur*es4 7,philadelphia1 #aijd47 ,silb]nagl 7,isidor73 ,v]fassung und geg5wrtig] ,be/& smtli*] ,kir*5 des ,ori5ts4 #bte ,auflage4 7,reg5sburg1 #aijd47 ,simon 7,g473 ,islam und ,*ri/5tum im ,kampf um die ,erob]ung d] animi/is*5 ,heid5welt4 ,beoba*tung5 aus d] ,mohamm$an]mission 9 ,ni$]lndis*-,indi54 7,b]l91 #aiaj47 ,sitz4 d4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss41 ,philos4-hi/4 ,cl43 ,sitzungsb]i*te d] philosophis*-hi/oris*5 ,classe d] kais]li*5 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft54 7,vi5na47 ,smi? 7,?omas73 ,rem>ks ^u ! ,mann]s1 ,religion & ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,turks4 7,london1 #afgh47 ,smi? 7,w4 ,j473 ,! ,pres5t ,phases ( ! ,mohamm$an ,"q4 7,! ,*ur*man4 ,london1 ,jan41 #ahhh47 ,spons 7,jacob73 ,reis5 dur* ,itali51 ,dalmati51 ,grie*5l& und die ,morg5lnd]4 7,nrnb]g1 #agac47 ,spr5g] 7,a473 ,das ,leb5 und die ,lehre des ,mohammad4 7,b]l91 #ahfa47 ,/e9s*neid] 7,moritz73 ,polemis*e und apologetis*e ,litt]atur 9 arabis*] ,spra*e1 zwis*5 ,muslim51 ,*ri/5 und ,jud54 7,leipzig1 #ahgg47 ,/irl+-,maxwell 7,sir ,william73 ,don ,john ( ,au/ria4 7,london1 #ahhc47 ab>3 ,annales quos scripsit ,abu ,djaf> ,mohamm$ ibn ,dj>ir ,at-ab>i1 ed4 ,m4 ,j4 de ,goeje et alii4 7,leid51 #ahhe-ic47 ,tarkh al-,sdn3 ,t>ikh es-,s\dan p> ,abd]rahman b5 ,abdallah b5 ,imran b5 ,amir es-,sadi4 ,texte arabe dit p> ,o4 ,h\das4 7,p>is1 #ahih47 ,tav]ni] 7,j4 ,b473 7#a7 ,! six voyages4 7,london1 #afgg47 ---- 7#b7 ,travels 9 ,india4 7,london1 #afgh47 ---- 7#c7 ,a ,new ,relation ( ! ,inn]-,"p ( ! ,gr& ,seignor's ,s]aglio4 7,london1 #afgg47 ,!v5ot 7,m473 ,relations de div]s voyages curieux4 7,p>is1 #afif47 ,?i]sant 7,p4 ,dabry de73 ,le ,mahomtisme en ,*9e4 7,p>is1 #ahgh47 ,?omas ( ,m>g3 ,! ,book ( ,gov]nors3 ! ,hi/oria ,mona/ica ( ,?omas1 ,bi%op ( ,m>g ,a4,d4 #hdj1 edit$ by ,e4 ,a4 ,wallis ,budge4 7,london1 #ahic47 ,?omson 7,joseph73 7#a7 ,mohamm$anism 9 ,c5tral ,africa4 7,contempor>y ,review1 ,dec41 #ahhf47 ---- 7#b7 ,note on ! ,african ,tribes ( ! ,briti% ,empire4 7,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,vol4 xvi4 ,london1 #ahhg47 ,tijn3 ,voyage du ,s*eikh ,et-,tidjani dans la rg5ce de ,tunis1 p5dant les annes #gjf1 #gjg1 et #gjh de l'hgire 7#acjf-acji72 traduit de l'arabe p> ,m4 ,alphonse ,r\sseau4 7,j4 ,a4 ivme srie1 tome xx41 #aheb47 ,t\rne=t 7,j4 ,p473 ,a ,voyage into ! ,levant4 7,london1 #agda47 ,ts4 ind4 t4- l4- vk43 ,tijds*rift voor ,indis*e ,taal-1 ,l&- en ,volk5kunde4 7,batavia47 ,tur*ic ,spurciti et ,p]fidi ,suggillatio et ,confutatio4 7,p>is1 #aeaf47 ,ubayd ,allh3 ,tufat al-,h9d4 7,dihl1 ,a4,h4 #acji47 ,uma b4 ,munqidh3 ,kitb al-,itibr1 ed4 ,h4 ,d]5b\rg4 iime ,p>tie3 ,texte arabe de l'autobiographie d',ousma4 7,publications de l'cole des ,langues ,ori5tates ,vivantes4 iime sr41 tome xii 7iime ,p>tie74 7,p>is1 #ahhf477 ,vambry 7,arm9ius73 7#a7 ,ges*i*te ,bo*>a's4 7,/uttg>t1 #ahgb47 ---- 7#b7 ,sket*es ( ,c5tral ,asia4 7,london1 #ahfh47 ,vasil'ev 7,v4 ,p473 4 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahfg47 ,v5i]o3 ,descrittione dell',imp]io ,tur*esco del ,rev]mo ,monsre ,maffeo ,v5i]o1 ,arcivescovo di ,corf4 7,r4 ,d4 ,m>ci ,biblio!ca1 ,v5ice4 ,classe vii41 ,cod4 #hhb47 ,v]h4 ,bat4 ,g54 van ,k4 en ,w43 ,v]h&el+5 van het ,bataviaas* ,g5oots*ap van ,kun/5 en ,wet5s*app54 7,batavia47 ,ve? 7,p4 ,j473 7#a7 ,at*9 en zijne betrekk+5 tot ,n$]l&4 7,leid51 #ahgc47 ---- 7#b7 ,borneo's ,we/]-,afdeel+4 7,zaltbommel1 #ahed47 ---- 7#c7 ,java1 geographis*1 e?nologis*1 hi/oris*4 ,twe$e ,druk bew]kt door ,j4 ,f4 ,snelleman en ,j4 ,f4 ,ni]mey]4 7,ha>lem1 #ahif-aijg47 ,vivi5 de ,sa9t-,m>t9 7,l473 ,n\veau ,dictionnaire de ,gographie ,univ]selle4 7,p>is1 #ahgi-ie47 ,,wzkm3 ,wi5] ,zeits*rift fr die ,kunde des ,morg5l&es4 ,waitz 7,!odor73 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]4 7,leipzig1 #ahfj47 ,wansleb5 7,j4 ,m473 ,hi/oire de l'glise d',alex&rie4 7,p>is1 #afgg47 ,waf3 ,ges*i*te2 p]sis* h]ausgegeb5 und deuts* b]setzt von ,hamm]-,purg/all4 7,vi5na1 #ahef47 ,weil 7,gu/av73 ,ges*i*te d] ,*alif54 7,mannheim1 #ahdf-ea47 ,wellhaus5 7,j473 ,skizz5 und ,vor>beit54 7,b]l91 #ahhe-ii47 ,we/]mann 7,d473 ,islam 9 ! ,we/ & ,c5tral ,sudan4 7,! ,int]national ,review ( ,missions1 vol4 i4 ,ed9burgh1 #aiab47 ,wetz] und ,welte's ,kir*5lexicon4 ,zweite ,auflage4 7,freiburg im ,breisgau1 #ahhe sqq47 ,:i%aw 7,b4 & ,e4 ,m473 ,arabic ,spa94 7,london1 #aiab47 ,wilk5 7,n4 ,p47 en ,s*w>z 7,j4 ,a473 7#a7 ,g$a*t5 ov] het /i*t5 e5] z5d+ 9 ,bolang-,mongond\4 7,m$4 ,n$4 ,z5del+g54 ,vol4 xi41 #ahfg47 ---- 7#b7 ,het ,heid5dom en de ,islam 9 ,bolang-,mongond\4 7id4 id47 ,wise 7,james73 ,! ,muhammadans ( ,ea/]n ,b5gal4 7,j4 ,a4 ,s4 ,b4 ,vol4 lxiii41 ,"p iii41 #ahid47 ,wright 7,william73 ,a %ort ,hi/ory ( ,syriac ,lit]ature4 7,london1 #ahid47 ,w/5feld 7,f473 ,die ,ges*i*ts*reib] d] ,arab] und ihre ,w]ke4 7,gtt+51 #ahhb47 ,yay b4 dam3 ,le livre de l',impt ,fonci]1 publi p> ,?4 ,w4 ,juynboll4 7,leide1 #ahif47 ,yqt3 ,mujam al-,buldn4 ,jacut's ,geographis*es ,wrt]bu*1 h]ausgegeb5 von ,f4 ,w/5feld4 7,leipzig1 #ahff-gc47 ,yule 7,h473 ,ca?ay & ! ,way ?i!r4 7,london1 #ahff47 ,,zdmg3 ,zeits*rift d] deuts*5 morg5lndis*5 ,gesells*aft4 7,leipzig47 ,zayn al-,dn3 ,tuhfa al-mujhidn4 ,hi/oria dos ,portugueses no ,malab> por ,z9adm4 ,manuscripto ,arabe publicado e traduzido por ,david ,lopes4 7,lisboa1 #ahih47 ,z5k] 7,j4 ,t473 ,das *9esis*e ,rei*1 na* dem trkis*5 ,khata9ame4 7,z4,d4,m4,g41 vol4 xv4 ,leipzig1 #ahfa47 ,zmaievi*3 ,notizie univ]sali dello /ato di ,albania e dell'op]ato da ,monsig4 ,v9c5zo ,zmaievi*1 arcivescovo di ,antiv>i1 esam9ate nelle ,congregationi ,g5]ali di ,propag&a ,fide di #c ,debr4 #agjc-ab ,febr4 #agjd4 7,biblio!ca ,b>b]9a1 ,rome1 ,nr ,l4 #abf47 ,zoll+] 7,h473 7#a7 ,! ,isl& ( ,lombok4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 vol4 v4 7,s+apore1 #ahea47 ---- 7#b7 ,v]slag van e5e reis na> ,bima en ,soembawa4 7,v]h4 ,bat4 ,g54 van ,k4 en ,w4 ,deel xxiii4 #ahej47 ,zwem] 7,s4 ,m473 ,islam3 ,a ,*all5ge to fai?4 7,new ,york1 #aijh47 ,,notes #a ,e4g4 ,! spread ( ,islam 9 ,sicily & ! mission>y lab\rs ( ! num]\s ,muslim sa9ts4 #b ,de ,tr9itate1 i4 #e4 7,migne1 tom4 xlii1 p4 #hbc47 #c ,accord+ly ! read] w f9d no acc\nt ( ! rec5t hi/ory ( ,arm5ia or ,crete1 or inde$ ( any "p ( ! empire ( ! ,turks dur+ ! pres5t c5tury--a p]iod s+ul>ly b>r5 ( mission>y ent]prise on _! "p4 #d ,phrantzes1 p4 #e4 #e ,! /ud5t ( ! lit]ature ( ,sci5ce or ( ! ,f9e ,arts f9ds ! libr>ies at ,s\? ,k5s+ton op5 till #aj o'clock on ?ree ev5+s e week1 b ! "o libr>y 9 ?is c\ntry t aims at any complet5ess is available only to su* /ud5ts z are at leisure dur+ ! day-"t4 #f ,a note on ,mr4 ,lyall's article3 8,mission>y ,religions40 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,july1 #ahgd4 #g ,reclus1 vol4 v4 p4 #dcc2 ,gaszt[tt1 p4 #cbj sqq4 #h ,?is mis9t]pretation ( ! ,muslim w>s ( conque/ has aris5 f ! assumption t w>s wag$ = ! ext5sion ( ,muslim dom9ation ov] ! l&s ( ! unbeliev]s impli$ t ! aim 9 view 0 _! conv]sion4 ,goldzih] has well po9t$ out ?is di/9ction 9 8 ,vorlesung5 b] d5 ,islam3 8,0 ,muhamm$ zun*/ 9 se9em arabis*5 ,umkreise getan1 das h9t]ls/ er als ,te/am5t fr die ,zukunft se9] ,geme9de3 ,bekmpfung d] ,unglubig51 die ,ausbreitung ni*t s sehr des ,glaub5s als se9] ,ma*tsphre1 die die ,ma*tsphre ,allahs i/4 ,es i/ dabei d5 ,kmpf]n des ,islams zun*/ ni*t s sehr um ,bekehrung als um ,unt]w]fung d] ,unglubig5 zu tun40 7p4 #be47 #i ,see ,enh>di ,fuld5sis ,annales1 ,a4,d4 #ggg4 8,saxones po/ multas cdes et v>ia bella afflicti1 t&em *ri/iani effecti1 ,francorum dicioni subduntur40 ,g4 ,h4 ,p]tz3 ,monum5ta ,g]mani ,hi/orica1 vol4 i4 p4 #cdi4 7,see also pp4 #aef1 #aei47 #aj 8,tum zelo propag& fidei succ5sus1 b>b>a regna iu/o c]tam9e aggressus1 devictas subditasque nationes *ri/ian legi subiugavit40 7,brevi>ium ,romanum4 ,iun4 #ai47 #aa ,ma?ur9 ,veyssire de la ,croze3 ,hi/oire du ,*ri/ianisme des ,indes1 pp4 #ebi-eca4 7,! ,hague1 #agbd47 #ab ,revue de l',hi/oire des ,religions1 vol4 xi4 p4 #hi4 #ac ,konrad ,maur]3 ,die ,bekehrung des norwegis*5 ,/ammes zum ,*ri/5?ume1 vol4 i4 p4 #bhd4 7,mn*51 #ahee47 #ad ,jean1 ,sire de ,jo9ville3 ,hi/oire de ,sa9t ,l\is1 ed4 ,n4 de ,wailly1 p4 #cj 7 #ec74 #ae ,sev]us1 p4 #aia 7ll4 #ba-bb74 #af ,ibn ,isq1 p4 #abj4 #ag ,id4 p4 #aee4 #ah ,he is fam\s ?r\gh\t ! ,muhammadan _w z ! fir/ muadhdh94 #ai ,ibn ,isq1 p4 #bai-bbj4 ab> makes no m5tion ( ?is mission & ,caetani 7i4 p4 #bgh7 accord+ly sugge/s t x is a lat] inv5tion4 #bj ,ibn ,isq1 pp4 #bbe-f4 #ba ,ibn ,isq1 pp4 #bhf-g4 #bb ,caetani1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ccd-e4 #bc ,ibn ,isq1 p4 #bia sq4 #bd ,! appo9tm5t ( ! fa/ ( ,raman 7,qurn ii4 #agi-hd71 is d\btless ano!r sign ( ! break+ ) ! ,jews1 ! fa/ on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t be+ ?us aboli%$4 #be 8,ab] ,gottes ,bots*aft i/ ni*t auf die ,arab] bes*rnkt4 ,se9 ,wille gilt fr alle ,creatur1 es heis*t unb$+t5 ,gehorsam von all] ,m5s*heit1 und dass ,muhamm$ als se9 ,bote d5selb5 ,gehorsam zu heis*5 b]e*tigt und v]pfli*tet sei1 s*e9t von ,anfang an e9 integrir5d] ,be/&!il se9es ,g$ank5sy/em gewes5 zu se940 7,sa*au1 pp4 #bic-d47 ,goldzih] 7,vorlesung5 b] d5 ,islam1 p4 #be sqq47 & ,nldeke 7,,wzkm1 vol4 xxi4 pp4 #cjg-h7 express a simil> op9ion4 #bf ,on ! d\btful au!nticity ( ^! lett]s1 see ,caetani1 vol4 i4 p4 #gbe sqq4 #bg ,x seems /range t 9 ! face ( ^! passages1 "s h d5i$ t ,islam 0 orig9ally int5d$ by its f\nd] to be a univ]sal religion4 ,?us ,sir ,william ,muir says1 8,t ! h]itage ( ,islam is ! _w1 0 an aft]?\ght4 ,! idea1 spite ( mu* prophetic tradition1 _h be5 conceiv$ b dimly1 if at all1 by ,mahomet himself4 ,8 _w 0 ,arabia1 & = x ! new disp5sation 0 orda9$4 ,f fir/ to la/ ! summons 0 to ,arabs & to none o!r4444 ,! se$ ( a univ]sal cre$ _h inde$ be5 s[n2 b t x ev] g]m9at$ 0 due to circum/ance r ?an design40 7,! ,caliphate1 pp4 #dc-d47 ,caetani is ! late/ expon5t ( ?is view4 7,annali dell',islm1 vol4 v4 pp4 #cbc-d47 #bh ,ibn ,sad1 #aj4 ,?is /ory may inde$ be apocryphal1 b is significant at lea/ ( ! e>ly realisation ( ! mission>y "* ( ,islam4 #bi ,a4 von ,krem] 7#c71 pp4 #cji1 #caj4 #cj ,?is w\ld seem to be ackn[l$g$ ev5 by ,muir1 :5 speak+ ( ! massacre ( ! ,ban ,qurayah 7,a4,h4 #f73 8,! o/5sible gr\nds ^u :i* ,mahomet proce$$ 7 purely political1 = z yet he did n pr(ess to =ce m5 to jo9 ,islam1 or to puni% !m = n embrac+ x40 7,muir 7#b71 vol4 iii4 p4 #bhb47 #ca ,ibn ,isq1 p4 #fdh sq4 #cb ,muir 7#b71 vol4 iv4 pp4 #ajg-h4 ,see also ,caetani1 vol4 i4 p4 #ffc4 8,assai pi *e tutte le pr$i*e del ,pr(eta1 assai pi *e tutta la bont delle dottr9e islami*e1 siffatti vantaggi milit>i contribuirono al aum5t>e il num]o dei seguaci4 ,la rapidit della diffusione dell',islm div5ne 9 special modo s5sibile p] il contegno et p] lo spirito di toll]anza1 di lib]t1 e di opportunismo1 *e diresse il ,pr(eta nei suoi rapporti con i conv]titi40 #cc ,ibn ,isq1 p4 #idc-d4 7,?is /ory re/s on some:at d\btful au?ority1 cf4 ,caetani1 vol4 i4 p4 #faj47 #cd ,ibn ,sad1 #aah4 #ce ,ibn ,isq1 pp4 #beb-d4 #cf ,caetani1 vol4 ii4 t4 i4 p4 #cda4 #cg ,ibn ,sad1 #ef4 #ch ,ibn ,sad1 #he4 #ci ,id4 #hf4 #dj ,id4 #ia4 #da ,see ,spr5g]1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #cfj-a4 #db ,caetani1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dcc4 #dc ,caetani1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dbi4 #dd ,?is has be5 n[h]e m fully & excell5tly br\ght out ?an 9 ! s*ol>ly "w ( ,pr(4 ,ignaz ,goldzih] 7,muhamm$anis*e ,/udi51 vol4 i471 f :i* ,i h d]iv$ ! foll[+ consid]ations4 #de ,dll+]1 pp4 #e-f4 #df ,caetani1 ,/udi di ,/oria ,ori5tale1 ,i1 p4 #cfe sqq4 7,milano1 #aiaa47 #dg ,?is int]pretation ( ! ,arab conque/s z ! la/ ( ! great ,semitic migrations has be5 work$ out 9 a ma/]ly mann] by ,caetani1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #hca-fa4 #dh ,caetani1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dee2 vol4 v4 p4 #eba4 78,9 ,madnah si =m un consid]evole nucleo religioso1 compo/o d'elem5ti et]og5ei1 ma =se 9 maggioranza mad9esi1 i quali pres]o l',islm molto sul s]io e c]c>ono s9c]am5te di oss]v>e la nuova dottr9a1 p] la conv9zione *e1 cos ag5do facevan b5e1 ed 9 devoto omaggio alla volont del ,pr(eta407 #di ,masd1 tome iv4 p4 #bch4 #ej ,muir's ,caliphate1 pp4 #aba-b4 #ea ,caetani1 vol4 iii4 p4 #had 7 #cbc74 #eb ,caetani1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bfj1 #bii1 #cea4 #ec ,id4 pp4 #gib-c2 vol4 iii4 p4 #bec 7 #h74 #ed ,id4 pp4 #aaab-ae4 #ee ,muir1 ,caliphate1 pp4 #ij-d4 #ef ,caetani1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bii4 ,wellhaus51 iv4 p4 #aef 7n4 #e74 #eg ab>1 ,prima ,s]ies1 p4 #bdhb4 #eh ,= an exhau/ive /udy ( ! jizyah1 ) a ma/]ly array & critical exam9ation ( all ! available hi/orical mat]ials1 see ,caetani1 vol4 v4 p4 #cai sqq42 = ,egypt dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ( ,muslim rule1 see ,bell1 p4 #afg sqq41 & ,beck]1 ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te ,aegypt5s unt] dem ,islam1 p4 #ha sqq4 #ei ,caetani 7vol4 iv4 p4 #bbg7 believes t ?is /ory is ! inv5tion ( a lat] epo*1 to expla9 ! fiscal anomaly ( a ,*ri/ian tribe be+ treat$ z if x 7 ,muslim4 #fj ,! few meagre notices ( ?is tribe 9 ! works ( ,arabic hi/orians h be5 admirably summ>is$ by ,lamm5s3 ,le ,*antre des ,omiades4 7,j4 ,a41 ix4 sr41 tome iv4 pp4 #ig-i1 #dch-ei47 ,see also ,caetani1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bbg sqq4 #fa ,caetani1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aahj4 #fb ,b>hebru 7#c71 pp4 #acd-e4 #fc ,caetani1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hbh4 #fd ab>1 i4 p4 #bjda4 #fe ,masd1 tome iv4 p4 #bef4 #ff 8,gli ,arabi nei primi anni non p]seguit>ono invece alcuno p] ragioni di f$e1 non si di$]o p5a alcuna p] conv]tire *ic*essia1 sic* sotto l',islm1 dopo le prime conqui/e1 i cri/iani ,semiti god]no d'una toll]anza religiosa quale non si era mai vi/a da v>ie g5]azioni40 7,caetani1 vol4 v4 p4 #d47 #fg ,sir ,h5ry ,lay>d3 ,e>ly ,adv5tures 9 ,p]sia1 ,susiana & ,babylonia1 vol4 i4 p4 #ajj4 7,london1 #ahhg72 ,r4 ,h>tmann3 ,die ,h]rs*aft von al-,k>ak4 7,d] ,islam1 vol4 ii4 p4 #acg47 #fh ,burckh>dt 7#b71 p4 #efd4 #fi ,w4 ,g4 ,palgrave3 ,essays on ,ea/]n ,que/ions1 pp4 #bjf-h4 7,london1 #ahgb47 #gj ,i4 ,a4 ,dorn]3 ,a ,sy/em ( ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #bae-af4 7,london1 #ahhe47 ,j4 ,c4 ,rob]tson3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bbf4 7,london1 #ahge47 #ga ,t su* fe>s 7 n :olly gr\ndless may be judg$ f ! emp]or's intol]ant behavi\r t[>ds _m ( ! ,monophysite p>ty 9 8 progress ?r\gh ,syria aft] ! defeat ( ! ,p]sians 9 #fbg4 7,see ,mi*ael ! ,eld]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dab1 & ,caetani1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajdi47 ,= ! outrages committ$ by ! ,byzant9e soldi]s on _! co-religioni/s 9 ! reign ( ,con/ans ,,ii 7#fdb-ffh71 see ,mi*ael ! ,eld]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ddc4 #gb ,mi*ael ! ,eld]1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dab-ac4 ,b>hebru1 ab\t a c5tury lat]1 wrote 9 a simil> /ra94 7,*ronicon ,ecclesia/icum1 ed4 ,j4 ,b4 ,abbeloos et ,lamy1 p4 #dgd47 #gc ,azd1 p4 #ig4 #gd ,baldhur1 p4 #acg4 #ge ,caetani1 vol4 iii4 p4 #hac2 vol4 v4 p4 #cid4 78,gli abitanti accett>ono con non celato favore il mutam5to di gov]no1 app5a ebb]o compreso *e gli ,arabi avrebb]o rispettato i loro diritti individuali1 ed avrebb]o lasciata completa lib]t di cosci5za 9 mat]ia religiosa4 ,9 ,siria1 citt ed int]i di/retti si affrett>ono a tratt>e con gli ,arabi an*e prima della rotta f9ale dei ,greci4 ,nel ,sawd si lasci>ono passivam5te sopraff>e accett&o il nuovo dom9io s5za pattuire condizioni di sorta2 probabile *e an*e 9 ,siria que/o fosse il caso p] molte regioni remote dalle gr&i vie di comunicazioni407 #gf ,got!il has br\ght toge!r a valuable collection ( docum5t>y evid5ce z to ! condition ( ! protect$ peoples "u ,muslim rule 9 8 8,dhimms & ,moslems 9 ,egypt40 #gg ,baldhur1 pp4 #gd 7ad f9471 #aaf1 #aba 7m$474 #gh ,= a discussion ( ?is docum5t1 see ,caetani1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ieb sqq4 #gi ab>1 i4 p4 #bdje4 #hj ,baldhur1 p4 #abi4 #ha ,ibn ,sad1 ,,iii1 i4 p4 #bdf4 #hb ,mmoire sur la conqute de la ,syrie1 p4 #adc sq4 #hc ,annali dell',islm1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ieg4 #hd ,"s au?orities on ,muhammadan law held t ?is rule did n ext5d to villages & hamlets1 9 :i* ! con/ruction ( *ur*es 0 n to be prev5t$4 7,hidyah1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bai47 #he 8,! ,ulam are divid$ 9 op9ion on ! "q ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,qurn3 ! sect ( ,mlik =bids x3 t ( ,ab anfah all[s x2 & ,%fi has two op9ions on ! subject3 on ! "o h&1 he c\nt5ances ! /udy ( x1 z indicat+ a lean+ t[>ds ,islam2 & on ! o!r h&1 he =bids x1 because he fe>s t ! unbeliev] :o /udies ! ,qurn be+ /ill impure may read x solely ) ! object ( turn+ x to ridicule1 s9ce he is ! enemy ( ,god & ! ,prophet :o wrote ! book2 n[ z ^! two /atem5ts are contradictory1 ,%fi has no =mally /at$ op9ion on ?is matt]40 7,bel91 p4 #ejh47 #hf ,su* z ! =ms ( greet+1 etc41 t are only to be us$ by ,muslims to "o ano!r4 #hg ,ab ,ysuf 7p4 #hb7 says t ,*ri/ians 7 to be all[$ to g 9 procession once a ye> ) crosses1 b n ) bann]s2 outside ! city1 n inside :]e ! mosques 74 #hh ,! nqs1 lit4 an oblong piece ( wood1 /ruck ) a rod4 #hi ,got!il1 pp4 #chb-d1 :]e ref]5ces are giv5 to ! v>i\s v]sions ( ?is docum5t4 #ij ,!re is evid5ce to %[ t ! ,arab conqu]ors left un*ang$ ! fiscal sy/em t !y f\nd prevail+ 9 ! l&s !y conqu]$ f ! ,byzant9es1 & t ! explanation ( jizyah z a capitation-tax is an inv5tion ( lat] juri/s1 ignorant ( ! true condition ( affairs 9 ! e>ly days ( ,islam4 7,caetani1 vol4 iv4 p4 #faj 7 #bca72 vol4 v4 p4 #ddi47 ,h4 ,lamm5s3 ,zid ibn ,abhi4 7,rivi/a degli ,/udi ,ori5tali1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bae47 #ia ,goldzih]1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ej-g1 #dbg-cj4 ,caetani1 vol4 v4 p4 #caa sqq4 #ib ,caetani1 vol4 v4 pp4 #dbd 7 #geb71 #dcb4 #ic ,baldhur1 pp4 #abd-e4 #id ,a4 von ,krem] 7#a71 vol4 i4 pp4 #fj1 #dcf4 #ie ,a dirham is ab\t fivep5ce4 #if ,bell1 pp4 xxv1 #agc4 #ig ,ab ,ysuf1 pp4 #fi-ga4 #ih ab>1 ,prima ,s]ies1 p4 #bjee4 #ii ,id4 p4 #bjej4 #ajj ,ab ,ysuf1 p4 #ha4 #aja ,baldhur1 p4 #aei4 #ajb ab>1 ,prima ,s]ies1 p4 #bffe4 #ajc ,m>sigli1 vol4 i4 p4 #hf 7he calls !m 8,musellim074 #ajd ,f9lay1 vol4 vi4 pp4 #cj1 #cc4 #aje ,lazr1 p4 #ef4 #ajf ,de la ,jonquire1 p4 #ad4 #ajg ,?omas ,smi?1 p4 #cbd4 #ajh ,doro/amus1 p4 #cbf4 #aji ,de la ,jonquire1 p4 #bfe4 #aaj ,lamm5s1 p4 #ac4 #aaa ,ibn ,ab ,usaybiah1 vol4 i4 p4 #afd4 #aab ,mi*ael ! ,eld]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dge4 #aac ,mr b4 ,sulaymn1 p4 #ga 7l4 #af74 ,ab ,n al-,anbr wrote a refutation ( ! ,qurn & o!r !ological works 7,wright1 p4 #aia n4 #c74 #aad ,mr b4 ,sulaymn1 p4 #hd4 #aae ,hill al-b1 p4 #ie4 #aaf ,ibn al-,a?r1 vol4 ix4 p4 #af4 #aag ,von ,krem] 7#a71 vol4 i4 pp4 #afg-h4 ,lamm5s1 p4 #aa4 #aah ,r5audot1 pp4 #dcj1 #edj4 #aai ,von ,krem] 7#a71 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ahj-a4 #abj ,von ,krem] 7#a71 vol4 i4 p4 #ahc4 #aba ,caetani1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #cej sq41 #chg sqq4 #abb ,got!il1 pp4 #cfj-a4 ,goldzih]3 ,zur ,lit]atur des ,i*tilf al-mahib1 ,,zdmg41 vol4 #ch1 pp4 #fgc-d4 #abc ,on ?is !oretical "* ( mu* ( ,muslim legal lit]ature1 see ,sn\ck ,hurgronje3 ,mohamm$anis*es ,re*t 9 ,!orie und ,wirkli*keit4 #abd ,got!il1 p4 #cfc4 #abe ,got!il1 pp4 #ceh-i1 h[ev]1 d\bts :e!r !re is evid5ce = attribut+ ?is intol]ance to ,um> ,,ii4 #abf ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 ,i,vme srie1 tome xviii4 7#ahea71 pp4 #dcc1 #dej4 ab>1 ,,iii1 p4 #adai4 #abg ,mi*ael ! ,eld]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dgf4 ,r5audot1 p4 #ahi4 #abh ,euty*ius1 ,,ii1 p4 #da init4 ,sev]us 7p4 #aci7 says 8two *ur*es40 #abi ,von ,krem] 7#a71 vol4 ii4 p4 #age4 #acj ,mi*ael ! ,eld]1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dij1 #dia4 #aca ,ibn ,khallikn1 vol4 i4 p4 #dhe4 #acb ,elias ( ,nisibis1 p4 #abh4 #acc ,a4 ,j4 ,butl]3 ,! ,anci5t ,coptic ,*ur*es ( ,egypt1 vol4 i4 p4 #aha4 7,ox=d1 #ahhd47 #acd ,yqt1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ffb4 #ace ,yqt1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fgj4 #acf ,mr b4 ,sulaymn1 p4 #gc4 #acg ,i%ok ( ,romgla1 p4 #bff4 #ach ,euty*ius1 ,,ii1 p4 #eh4 #aci ,von ,krem] 7#a71 vol4 ii4 pp4 #age-f4 #adj ,butl]3 ,anci5t ,coptic ,*ur*es ( ,egypt1 vol4 i4 p4 #gf4 #ada ,r5audot1 p4 #cii4 #adb ,i%ok ( ,romgla1 p4 #ccc4 #adc ,ab li1 p4 #ib4 #add ,a ,dom9ican monk f ,flor5ce1 by "n ,ricoldus de ,monte ,crucis1 :o visit$ ! ,ea/ ab\t ! close ( ! ?irte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 speaks ( ! tol]ation ! ,ne/orians _h enjoy$ "u ,muhammadan rule "r up to 8 "t3 8,et ego inv5i p] antiquas hi/orias et aut5ticas aput ,s>ac5os1 quod ipsi ,ne/or9i amici fu]unt ,ma*ometi et conf$]ati cum eo1 et quod ipse ,ma*ometus m&auit suis po/]is1 quod ,ne/or9os maxime cons]u>5t4 ,quod usque hodie dilig5t] obs]uant ipsi ,s>rac5i40 7,laur5t1 p4 #abh47 #ade ,j4 ,lab\rt3 ,de ,timo!o ,i1 ,ne/orianorum ,patri>*a1 p4 #cg sqq4 7,p>is1 #aijd47 #adf ,e4 von ,dobs*tz1 p4 #cij-a4 #adg ,mi*ael ! ,eld]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dci-dj4 #adh ,makn1 p4 #ab4 ,j4 ,lab\rt3 ,le ,*ri/ianisme s\s la dyna/ie sassanide1 p4 #aci sq4 7,p>is1 #aijd47 #adi ,r5audot1 p4 #afi4 #aej ,von ,krem] well rem>ks3 8,wir v]dank5 dem un]mdli*5 ,sammelfleiss d] arabis*5 ,*roni/5 uns]e ,k5ntniss d] politis*5 und militris*5 ,ges*i*te j5] ,zeit51 wel*e s g5au i/ als dies nur imm] auf e9e ,entf]nung von zwlf ,jahrhund]t5 d] ,fall se9 kann2 alle9 g]ade die inn]e ,ges*i*te j5] d5kwrdig5 ,epo*e1 die ,ges*i*te des ,kampfes e9] neu51 roh5 ,religion geg5 die alt5 ho*gebildet51 zum ,!ile b]bildet5 ,culte i/ kaum 9 ihr5 allgeme9/5 ,umriss5 bekannt40 7,von ,krem] 7#b71 pp4 #a-b47 #aea ,?omas ( ,m>g1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cji sq4 #aeb ,?omas ( ,m>g1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #caj1 #cbd sq4 #aec ,cf4 9 addition to ! passages quot$ bel[1 ,m,cl9to* ,/rong's ,cyclopdia1 sub art4 ,mohamm$anism1 vol4 vi4 p4 #dbj4 ,james ,freeman ,cl>ke3 ,t5 ,great ,religions1 ,"p ii4 p4 #ge4 7,london1 #ahhc47 #aed ,?us ! ,emp]or ,h]aclius is repres5t$ by ! ,muhammadan hi/orian z say+1 8,_! religion is a new religion :i* gives !m new zeal40 7ab>1 p4 #bajc47 #aee ,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #baf-ag4 #aef ,caetani1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ajde-f4 #aeg ,a pap] read be=e ! ,*ur* ,congress at ,wolv]hampton1 ,octob] #g?1 #ahhg4 #aeh ,= ! oppressive fiscal sy/em "u ! ,byzant9e empire1 see ,gfrr]3 ,byzant9is*e ,ges*i*t51 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ccg-i1 #chi-ia1 #dej4 #aei 8,d] ,islam w> e9 ,rck/oss geg5 d5 ,missbrau*1 wel*5 ,ju/9ian mit d] ,m5s*heit1 besond]s ab] mit d] *ri/li*5 ,religion trieb1 d]5 ob]/es gei/li*es und weltli*es ,haupt er zu se9 behauptete4 ,dass d] ,arab] ,mahom$1 wel*] #ega d] *ri/li*5 ,zeitre*nung1 se*s ,jahre na* dem ,tode ,ju/9ians1 das ,li*t d] ,welt erblickte1 mit se9] ,lehre un]hrtes ,glck ma*te1 v]dankte er gross5!ils dem ,abs*eu1 wel*5 die im ,umkreise des byzant9is*5 ,rei*es angesess55 ,vlk]1 wie die b5a*b>t5 ,nation51 b] die von dem ,basileus begang55 ,greuel empf&540 7,gfrr]3 ,byzant9is*e ,ges*i*t51 vol4 ii4 p4 #dcg47 #afj ,id4 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bif-cjf1 #ccg4 #afa ,id4 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ddb-d4 #afb ,id4 vol4 ii4 p4 #dde4 #afc ,masd1 vol4 ii4 p4 #chg4 #afd ,von ,krem] 7#b71 p4 #h4 #afe ,id4 p4 #ed & 7#c71 p4 #cb4 ,ni*olson1 p4 #bca4 #aff ,among ! ,mutazilite philosoph]s1 ,muammad b4 al-,huzayl1 ! tea*] ( al-,mamn1 is said to h conv]t$ m ?an ?ree ?\s& p]sons to ,islam4 7,amad b4 ,yay b4 al-,murta1 p4 #bf1 l4 #g47 #afg ,von ,krem] 7#b71 pp4 #c1 #g-h4 ,c4 ,h4 ,beck]3 ,*ri/li*e ,polemik und islamis*e ,dogm5bildung 7,zeits*rift fr ,assyriologie1 xxvi4 #aiab74 #afh ,ibn ,khallikn1 vol4 i4 p4 #de4 #afi ,w/5feld1 p4 #ajc4 #agj ,mi*ael ! ,eld]1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dab-ac4 ,caetani1 vol4 v4 p4 #ejh4 78,le vittorie sui ,greci e sui ,p]siani non solam5te erano il trionfo della razza araba sulle popolazioni delle prov9cie conqui/ate1 ma nella m5te ori5tale *e v$e 9 tutto la mano di ,dio1 co/ituivano un trionfo del pr9cipio islamico su quello cri/iano e mazdei/a1 ma sovrattutto sul cri/iano407 #aga ,goldzih]1 vol4 i4 *aps4 #c & #d4 #agb ,! la/ ( ^! 0 prompt$ by ! discov]y ( an attempt on ! "p ( ! ,*ri/ians to burn ! city ( ,cairo4 7,de ,guignes1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #bjd-e47 ,got!il1 p4 #cei1 ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 ,i,vme srie1 tome xviii4 7#ahea71 pp4 #ded1 #dee1 #dfc1 #dhd1 #dia4 #agc ,assemani1 tom4 iii4 p>s4 #b1 p4 c4 ,r5audot1 pp4 #dcb1 #fjc1 #fjg4 #agd ,muir3 ,! ,caliphate1 p4 #dge4 #age ,von ,krem] 7#c71 p4 #bdf4 #agf ,muir 7#a71 pp4 #ejh1 #eaf-ag4 #agg ,mr b4 ,sulaymn1 p4 #gi sq4 alb b4 ,yuann1 p4 #ga4 #agh ,got!il1 p4 #cfd sqq4 #agi ,mr b4 ,sulaymn1 p4 #aad 7ll4 #ad-af74 #ahj ,?is tradition appe>s 9 sev]al =ms1 e4g4 8,:oev] wrongs "o ) :om a compact has be5 made 7i4e4 a dhimm7 & lays on him a burd5 beyond 8 /r5g?1 ,i w be 8 accus]40 7,baldhur1 p4 #afb1 f947 7,yay b4 dam1 p4 #ed 7f9471 adds ! words1 8till ! day ( judgm5t407 8,:oev] does viol5ce to a dhimm :o has paid 8 jizyah & evid5c$ 8 submission--8 enemy am ,i40 7,usd al-,ghba1 quot$ by ,goldzih]1 9 ! ,jewi% ,encyclopdia1 vol4 vi4 p4 #fee47 ,! ,*ri/ian hi/orian al-,makn 7p4 #aa7 gives1 8,:oev] torm5ts ! dhimms1 torm5ts me40 #aha ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 ,i,vme srie1 tome xix4 p4 #aji4 7,p>is1 #aheb47 ,see also ,r4 ,got!il3 ,a ,fetwa on ! appo9tm5t ( ,dhimms to (fice4 7,zeits*rift fr ,assyriologie1 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #bjc sqq47 #ahb ,bel91 pp4 #dce-dj1 #ddb1 #ddh1 #def1 #dei-fa1 #dgi-hj4 #ahc ,id4 p4 #dce1 n4 #b4 #ahd ,id4 p4 #dgh4 #ahe ,mr b4 ,sulaymn 7p4 #aae1 ll4 #a-b7 (f]s ?is explanation ( ! defections t foll[$ ! p]secution t[>ds ! close ( ! t5? c5tury3 #ahf ,! ,caliph ( ,egypt1 al-kim 7,a4,d4 #iif-ajbj71 did 9 fact ord] all ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians to leave ,egypt & emigrate into ! ,byzant9e t]ritory1 b yield$ to _! entreaties to revoke 8 ord]s4 7,maqrz 7#a71 p4 #ia47 ,x w\ld h be5 q possible1 h[ev]1 = him to h en=c$ its execution z x w\ld h be5 = ! f]oci\s ,salm ,i 7#aeab-aebj71 :o ) ! design ( putt+ an end to all religi\s diff]5ces 9 8 dom9ions caus$ #dj1jjj ,%ahs to be massacr$1 to h complet$ ?is politic s*eme by ! ext]m9ation ( ! ,*ri/ians also4 ,b 9 all[+ himself to be dissuad$ f ?is design1 he mo/ c]ta9ly act$ 9 accordance ) ! g5]al policy adopt$ by ,muhammadan rul]s t[>ds _! ,*ri/ian subjects4 7,f9lay1 vol4 v4 pp4 #bi-cj47 #ahg ,silb]nagl1 p4 #bfh4 #ahh ,id4 p4 #ced4 #ahi ,id4 pp4 #cjg1 #cfj4 #aij ,id4 p4 #be-f4 #aia ,id4 p4 #cce4 #aib ,id4 p4 #chd4 #aic ,see ,a4 von ,krem] 7#a71 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dij-b4 #aid ,! sack ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,crusad]s 9 #abjd may be tak5 z a type ( ! treatm5t t ! ,ea/]n ,*ri/ians met ) at ! h&s ( ! ,lat9s4 ,b>hebru compla9s t ! mona/]y ( ,h>ran 0 sack$ & plund]$ by ,c\nt ,goscel91 ,"l ( ,emessa1 9 #aahd1 j z ?\gh he _h be5 a ,s>ac5 or a ,turk4 7,b>hebru 7#a71 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ejf-h47 #aie ,h4 ,h4 ,milman1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bah4 #aif ,a4 von ,krem] 7#a71 vol4 i4 p4 #agb4 #aig ,assemani1 tom4 iii4 ,p>s ,prima1 pp4 #acj-a4 #aih ,ibn ,sad1 abaqt1 vol4 v4 p4 #beh4 #aii ,id4 p4 #bhe4 #bjj ,mabb al-,manbij1 p4 #ceh 7ll4 #b-c74 #bja ,ibn ,sad1 abaqt1 vol4 v4 p4 #bfb4 #bjb ,augu/ ,mll]1 vol4 i4 p4 #ddj4 #bjc ,migne3 ,patr4 ,gr41 tom4 #if1 pp4 #accf-dh4 #bjd ,migne3 ,patr4 ,gr41 tom4 #ig1 pp4 #aebh-i1 #aedh-fa4 #bje ,id4 p4 #aeeg4 #bjf ,amr b4 ,mattai1 p4 #fe4 #bjg ,id4 p4 #gb4 #bjh ,rislah ,abd ,allh b4 ,isml al-,h%im il ,abd al-,mas b4 ,isq al-,k9d1 pp4 #a-cg4 7,london1 #ahhe47 #bji ,app5dix ,i4 ,= an acc\nt ( ,muslim controv]sial lit]ature1 see ,app5dix ,,ii4 #baj ,k9d1 pp4 #aaa-ac4 #baa ,baldhur1 pp4 #dcj4 #bab ,x is v probable t ! occasion ( ?is visit ( ,yazdnbakht to ,baghdd 0 ! summon+ ( a great assembly ( ! lead]s ( all ! religi\s bodies ( ! p]iod1 by al-,mamn1 :5 x _h come to 8 e>s t ! enemies ( ,islam decl>$ t x ow$ its success to ! sword & n to ! p[] ( argum5t3 9 ?is meet+1 ! ,muslim doctors def5d$ _! religion aga9/ ?is imputation1 & ! unbeliev]s are said to h ackn[l$g$ t ! ,muslims _h satisfactorily prov$ _! po9t4 7,amad b4 ,yay b4 al-,murta3 ,al-munyah wa'l-amal f %> kitb al-milal wa'l-nial4 ,briti% ,museum1 ,or4 #cicg1 fol4 #ec 7b71 ll4 #i-aa47 #bac ,kitb al-,fihri/1 vol4 i4 p4 #cch4 #bad ,b>hebru 7#a71 vol4 iii4 p4 #aid4 #bae ,mr b4 ,sulaymn1 p4 #aja 7ll4 #c-d74 #baf ,b>hebru 7#a71 vol4 iii4 p4 #bcj4 #bag ,id41 7#a71 vol4 iii4 p4 #bdh4 #bah ,all ! ,jacobite ,patri>*s assum$ ! "n ( ,ignatius2 be=e 8 consecration he 0 call$ ,m>k b> ,qq4 #bai ,b>hebru 7#a71 vol4 iii4 pp4 #bhh-ij4 ,elias ( ,nisibis1 pp4 #aec-d4 ,he return$ to ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 h[ev]1 be=e 8 dea?1 :i* took place ab\t tw5ty ye>s lat]4 ,two simil> cases are record$ 9 ! annals ( ! ,jacobite ,patri>*s ( ,antio* 9 ! sixte5? c5tury3 ( ^! "o1 nam$ ,jo%ua1 became a ,muhammadan 9 #aeag1 b aft]w>ds recant+ fl$ to ,cyprus 7at t "t 9 ! h&s ( ! ,v5etians71 :]e pro/rate at ! door ( a *ur* 9 p5it5tial humility he suff]$ all :o w5t 9 or out to tread ov] 8 body2 ! o!r1 ,nimat ,allh 7flor4 #aefj71 hav+ abjur$ ,*ri/ianity = ,islam1 s\ght absolution ( ,pope ,gregory ,,xiii 9 ,rome4 7,b>hebru 7#a71 vol4 ii4 pp4 #hdg-h47 #bbj ,9 fact ,elias ( ,nisibis1 ! contempor>y *ronicl] ( ! conv]sion ( ! ,jacobite ,patri>*1 makes no m5tion ( su* a fail+1 nor does ,mr b4 ,sulaymn 7pp4 #aae-af71 ! hi/orian ( ! rival ,ne/orian ,*ur*1 ?\gh he accuses him ( plund]+ ! sacr$ vessels & ornam5ts ( ! *ur*es4 ,z ,wright 7,syriac ,lit]ature1 p4 #aib7 says ( ,joseph ( ,m]v1 8,we ne$ n believe all ! evil t ,b>hebru tells u ( ?is unhappy man40 #bba ,b>hebru 7#a71 vol4 ii4 p4 #eah4 #bbb ,id4 vol4 ii4 p4 #gab sq4 #bbc ,hi/oria ,ori5talis1 ,c4 #ae 7p4 #de74 #bbd ,de ,guignes1 tome ii4 7,seconde ,p>tie71 p4 #ae4 #bbe ,odo de ,diogilo4 7,de ,ludovici vii4 ,it9]e4 ,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 tom4 cxcv4 p4 #abdc47 8,vitantes igitur sibi crudeles socios fidei1 int] infideles sibi compati5tes ibant securi1 et sicut audivimus plusquam tria millia iuv5um sunt illis rec$5tibus sociati4 ,o pietas omni proditione crudelior6 ,dantes panem fidem tollebant1 quamvis c]tum sit quia1 cont5ti s]vitio1 nem9em neg>e cogebant40 #bbf ,guizot3 ,hi/oire de la civilisation en ,europe1 p4 #bcd4 7,p>is1 #ahhb47 #bbg ,uma b4 ,munqidh1 p4 #ii4 #bbh ,prutz1 pp4 #bff-g4 #bbi ,assises de la ,c\r des ,b\rgeois4 7,recueil des hi/ori5s des ,croisades1 ,assises de ,jrusalem1 tome ii4 p4 #cbe47 #bcj ,bah al-,dn1 p4 #be4 #bca ,rog] ,hov$51 vol4 ii4 p4 #cjg4 #bcb ,b5$ict ( ,pet]bor\gh1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aa-ab4 #bcc ,id41 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bj-a4 ,rog] ,hov$51 vol4 ii4 pp4 #caf1 #cbb4 #bcd ,ab ,%mah1 p4 #aej4 #bce ,it9]>ium ,p]egr9orum et ,ge/a ,regis ,ri*>di1 p4 #aca4 7,*ronicles & ,memorials ( ! reign ( ,ri*>d ,i4 ,edit$ by ,william ,/ubbs47 7,london1 #ahfd47 #bcf ,jo9ville1 p4 #bch4 #bcg ,id4 p4 #bfb4 #bch ,mas ,latrie 7#a71 vol4 ii4 p4 #gb4 #bci ,ludolf de ,su*em1 p4 #ga4 #bdj ,lion>do ,frescobaldi1 quot$ 9 ! preface ( ,defrm]y & ,sangu9etti's edition ( ,ibn ,baah1 vol4 i4 p4 xl4 #bda ,*ri/ophori ,fr]i ab ,haim5dorf ,it9]>ium gypti1 p4 #db4 7,norimb]g1 #afbj47 #bdb ,le ,voyage en ,e?iopie entrepris p> le ,pre ,aym>d ,gur94 7,rabba?1 pp4 #ag-ah47 #bdc 8,not&um autem 9 rei v]itate1 licet quidam contr>ium s5ciant1 qui ea volunt ass]]e1 que non vid]unt1 quod ori5s totus ultra m>e ,yndiam et ,e?iopiam nom5 ,*ri/i confitetur et pr$icat1 pret] solos ,s>rac5os et quosdam ,turcomannos1 qui 9 ,cappadocia s$em hab5t1 ita quod pro c]to ass]o1 sicut p] memet ipsum vidi et ab aliis1 quibus notum erat1 audivi1 quod semp] 9 omni loco et regno pret]quam 9 ,egypto et ,arabia1 ubi plurimum habitant ,s>rac5i et alii ,ma*ometum sequ5tes1 pro uno ,s>rac5o trig9ta vel amplius inv5ies ,*ri/ianos4 ,v]um tam51 quod ,*ri/iani omnes transm>9i natione sunt ori5tales1 qui licet s9t ,*ri/iani1 quia tam5 usum armorum non hab5t multum1 cum impugnantur a ,s>rac5is1 ,t>t>is1 vel aliis quibuscumque1 subiciuntur eis et tributis pacem et quietem emunt1 et ,s>rac5i sive alii1 qui eis dom9antur1 balivos suos et exactores 9 t]ris illis ponunt4 ,et inde contigit1 quod regnum illud dicitur esse ,s>rac5orum1 cum tam5 9 rei v]itate sunt omnes ,*ri/iani pret] ipsos balivos et exactores et aliquos de familia ipsorum1 sicut oculis meis vidi 9 ,cilicia et ,arm5ia m9ori1 que e/ subdita dom9io ,t>t>orum40 7,bur*>di de ,monte ,sion1 ,descriptio ,t]r ,sanct1 p4 #ij47 #bdd ,recueil des hi/ori5s des ,croisades4 7,assises de ,jrusalem1 tome i4 p4 #cbe47 #bde ,prutz1 pp4 #adf-g1 #aej4 #bdf ,! prelates ( ! ,holy ,l& wrote z foll[s1 9 #abdd1 conc]n+ ! invasion ( ! ,khw>izmians1 :om ,sultan ,ayyb _h call$ 9 to assi/ him 9 driv+ out ! ,crusad]s3--8,p] totam t]ram usque ad p>tes ,naz>e? et ,saphet lib]e nullo resi/5te discurrunt1 occupantes e&em1 et int] se quasi propriam divid5tes1 p] villas et cazalia ,*ri/ianorum legatos et bajulos prficiunt1 suscipi5tes a ru/icis r$ditus et tributa1 qu ,*ri/ianis pr/>e solebant1 qui jam ,*ri/ianis ho/es effecti et rebelles dictis ,corosm9is univ]salit] adhs]unt40 7,mat!i ,p>isi5sis ,*ronica ,majora1 ed4 ,h4 ,r4 ,lu>d1 vol4 iv4 p4 #cdc47 7,london1 #ahgb-hc47 #bdg ,f9lay1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #ceh-i4 ,j4 ,h4 ,krause3 ,die ,byzant9] des ,mittelalt]s1 p4 #bgf4 7,halle1 #ahfi47 #bdh ,tav]ni] 7#a71 p4 #agd4 #bdi ,joselian1 p4 #abe4 ,all ! ,abkhazes1 ,djikhe!s1 ,ossetes1 ,kab>des & ,ki/he!s fell away f ! ,*ri/ian fai? ab\t ?is "t4 #bej ,id4 p4 #abg4 #bea ,id4 p4 #adc4 #beb ,david ,*ytru1 p4 #di4 #bec ,joselian1 p4 #aeg4 #bed ,brosset1 ,i,ie p>tie1 ,ire livraison1 pp4 #bbg-ce4 ,description gographique de la ,gorgie p> le ,ts>vit* ,wakh\*t1 p4 #gi4 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahdb47 #bee ,! ,six ,voyages1 p4 #abc4 #bef ,joselian1 p4 #adi4 #beg ,id4 pp4 #afj-a4 #beh ,tav]ni] 7#a71 pp4 #abd1 #abf4 ,he e/imates ! numb] ( ,muhammadans at ab\t twelve ?\s&4 7,id4 p4 #abc47 #bei ,brosset1 ,i,ie p>tie1 ,ire livraison1 pp4 #he1 #aha4 #bfj ,docum5s orig9aux sur les relations diplomatiques de la ,gorgie avec la ,france v]s la f9 du rgne de ,l\is ,,xiv1 recueillis p> ,m4 ,brosset jeune4 7,j4 ,a4 #bme srie1 tome ix4 7#ahcb71 pp4 #aig1 #dea47 #bfa ,mack5zie1 p4 #g4 ,g>nett1 p4 #aid4 #bfb ,b>bi] de ,meyn>d1 p4 #de sqq4 #bfc ,r4 du ,m4 ,m41 ,,vii1 p4 #cbj 7#aiji74 #bfd ,aml9eau1 p4 #c2 ,caetani1 vol4 iv4 p4 #ha sq4 ,ju/9ian is said to h _h #bjj1jjj ,copts put to dea? 9 ! city ( ,alex&ria1 & ! p]secutions ( 8 successors drove _m to take refuge 9 ! des]t4 7,wansleb53 ,! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ,egypt1 p4 #aa47 7,london1 #afgh47 #bfe ,r5audot1 p4 #afa4 ,sev]us1 p4 #ajf4 #bff ,john1 ,jacobite bi%op ( ,nikiu 7second half ( sev5? c5tury71 p4 #ehd4 ,caetani1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #eae-af4 #bfg ,bell1 p4 xxxvii4 ,b ! exactions & h>d%ips t1 accord+ to ,maqrz1 ! ,copts _h to endure ab\t sev5ty ye>s aft] ! conque/ h>dly all[ u to ext5d ?is p]iod s f> z ,von ,ranke does3 8,von ,aegypt5 weiss man dur* die be/immte/5 ,zeugnisse1 dass si* die ,e9wohn] 9 d5 n*/5 ,jahrhund]t5 unt] d] arabis*5 ,h]rs*aft 9 e9em ertrgli*5 ,zu/& befund5 hab540 7,weltges*i*te1 vol4 v4 p4 #aec1 #d? ed47 #bfh ,john ( ,nikiu1 p4 #efj4 #bfi ,id4 p4 #ehe4 8,or beauc\p des gypti5s1 qui tai5t de faux *rti5s1 r5ir5t la sa9te religion or?odoxe et le baptme qui donne la vie1 embrassr5t la religion des ,musulmans1 les ennemis de ,dieu1 et acceptr5t la dte/able doctr9e de ce mon/re1 c'e/--dire de ,mahomet2 ils p>tagr5t l'g>em5t de ces idoltres et prir5t les armes contre les *rti5s40 #bgj ,qurra b4 ,%>k 7gov]nor ( ,egypt f #gji to #gad71 or 8 pr$ecessor1 appe>s to h insi/$ on ! conv]ts cont9u+ to pay jizyah4 7,beck]1 ,papyri ,s*ott-,re9h>dt1 p4 #ah47 #bga ,ibn ,sad1 abaqt1 vol4 v4 p4 #bhc4 #bgb ,caetani1 vol4 iv4 p4 #fah2 vol4 v4 pp4 #chd-e4 #bgc ,sev]us1 pp4 #agb-c4 #bgd ,id4 pp4 #bje-f4 #bge 8,sans aucun d\te il y eut dans la multiplicit des m>tyrs une sorte de rsi/ance nationale contre les g\v]neurs trang]s40 7,aml9eau1 p4 #eh47 #bgf ,aml9eau1 pp4 #eg-h4 #bgg ,ab li1 pp4 #afc-d4 #bgh ,aml9eau1 pp4 #ec-d1 #fi-gj4 #bgi ,ab li gives an acc\nt ( "s monks :o embrac$ ! fai? ( ! ,prophet1 & ^! are probably repres5tative ( a l>g] numb] ( :om ! hi/orian has left no record1 z lack+ ! peculi> circum/ances ( loss to ! mona/]y or ( recantation t made su* in/ances ( int]e/ to him 7pp4 #abh1 #adb74 #bhj ,lane1 pp4 #edf1 #edi4 #bha ,lttke 7#a71 vol4 i4 pp4 #cj1 #ce4 ,dr4 ,&rew ,watson writes3 8,no ye> has pass$ dur+ my resid5ce ( =ty-f\r ye>s 9 ! ,nile valley )\t my he>+ ( sev]al in/ances ( defection4 ,! causes are1 *iefly1 ! hope ( worldly ga9 ( v>i\s k9ds1 sev]e & cont9u$ p]secution1 exposure to ! cruelty & rapacity ( ,moslem neighb\rs1 & p]sonal indignities z well z political disabilities ( v>i\s k9ds40 7,islam 9 ,egypt3 ,mohamm$an ,_w1 p4 #bd47 #bhb ,sev]us1 pp4 #abb1 #abf1 #adc4 ,"o ( ! v fir/ occasions on :i* !y _h to compla9 ( excessive taxation 0 :5 ,m5as1 ! ,*ri/ian prefect ( ,l[] ,egypt1 extort$ f ! city ( ,alex&ria #cb1jeg pieces ( gold1 in/ead ( #bb1jjj :i* ,amr _h fix$ z ! am\nt to be levi$4 7,john ( ,nikiu1 p4 #ehe47 ,r5audot 7p4 #afh7 says t aft] ! re/oration ( ! ,or?odox hi]>*y1 ab\t sev5ty ye>s aft] ! ,muhammadan conque/1 ! ,copts suff]$ z mu* at its h&s z at ! h&s ( ! ,muhammadans !mselves4 #bhc ,maqrz m5tions five o!r ris+s ( ! ,copts t _h to be cru%$ by =ce ( arms1 )9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,arab dom9ation4 7,maqrz 7#b71 pp4 #gf-hb47 #bhd ,r5audot1 pp4 #ahi1 #cgd1 #dcj1 #edj4 #bhe ,id4 p4 #fjc4 #bhf ,id4 pp4 #dcb1 #fjg4 ,nir-i-,khusrau3 ,saf>-nmah1 ed4 ,s*ef]1 pp4 #aee-f4 #bhg ,r5audot1 pp4 #bab1 #bbe1 #cad1 #cgd1 #edj4 #bhh ,r5audot1 p4 #chh4 #bhi ,id4 pp #efg1 #ega1 #egd-e4 #bij ,wansleb51 p4 #cj4 ,wansleb5 m5tions ano!r in/ance 7"u diff]5t circum/ances7 ( ! decay ( ! ,coptic ,*ur*1 9 ! isl& ( ,cyprus1 :i* 0 =m]ly "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ,coptic ,patri>*3 "h !y 7 s p]secut$ by ! ,or?odox cl]gy1 :o enjoy$ ! protection ( ! ,byzant9e emp]ors1 t ! ,patri>* c\ld n induce prie/s to g !re1 & consequ5tly all ! ,copts on ! isl& ei!r accept$ ,islam or ! ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on1 & _! *ur*es 7 all %ut up4 7,id4 p4 #ca47 #bia ,r5audot1 p4 #cgg4 #bib ,r5audot1 p4 #ege4 #bic ,relation du voyage du ,sayd ou de la ,!bayde fait en #affh1 p> les ,,pp4 ,protais et ,*>les-,franois d',orleans1 ,capu*9s ,missionaires1 p4 #c4 7,!v5ot1 vol4 ii47 #bid ,caetani1 vol4 iv4 p4 #ebj4 #bie ,i%ok ( ,romgla1 pp4 #bgb-c4 #bif ,idrs1 p4 #cb4 #big ,maqrz 7#b71 tome i4 #bme p>tie1 p4 #aca4 #bih ,maqrz1 pp4 #abh-cj4 #bii ,burckh>dt 7#a71 p4 #did4 #cjj ,ab\t twelve miles above ! mod]n ,kh>tum4 #cja ,art91 pp4 #fb1 #add4 #cjb ,beck]1 ,ges*i*te des /li*5 ,sdn1 p4 #afj4 #cjc ,vol4 iv4 p4 #cif4 #cjd ,slat9 ,pa%a records a tradition curr5t among ! ,danagla ,arabs t ?is t[n 0 f\nd$ by _! ance/or1 ,dangal1 :o call$ x aft] 8 own "n4 7,?is h[ev] is impossible1 inasmu* z ,dongola 0 9 exi/5ce 9 anci5t ,egyptian times1 & is m5tion$ on ! monum5ts4 ,see ,vivi5 de ,sa9t-,m>t91 vol4 ii4 p4 #he47 ,accord+ to _! tradition1 ?is ,dangal1 ?\gh a slave1 rose to be rul] ( ,nubia1 b paid tribute to ,bahnesa1 ! ,coptic bi%op ( ! entire di/rict ly+ betwe5 ! pres5t ,s>ras & ,debba4 7,fire & ,sword 9 ! ,sudan1 p4 #ac47 7,london1 #ahif47 #cje ,ibn ,salm al-,aswn1 quot$ by ,maqrz3 ,kitb al-,khia1 vol4 i4 p4 #aij4 7,cairo1 ,a4,h4 #abgj47 #cjf ,budge1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aii4 ,art91 p4 #add4 #cjg ,maqrz3 ,kitb al-,khia1 vol4 i4 p4 #aic4 #cjh ,mori1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dag-ah4 #cji ,"l ,/anley ( ,ald]ley 9 8 translation ( ,alv>ez' ,n>rative f ! orig9al ,portuguese1 gives ! answ] ( ! k+ z foll[s3 8,he said to !m t he _h 8 ,abima f ! c\ntry ( ! ,moors1 t is to say f ! ,patri>* ( ,alex&ria2 444 h[ !n c\ld he give prie/s & fri>s s9ce ano!r gave !m0 7p4 #ceb74 7,london1 #ahha47 #caj ,viaggio nella ,e?iopia al ,prete ,ianni fatto p> ,don ,francesco ,alv>ez ,portughese 7#aebj-aebg74 7,ramusio1 tom4 i4 pp4 #bjj1 #bej47 #caa ,wansleb51 p4 #cj4 ,= descriptions ( ! ru9s t /ill rema91 see ,budge1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bii sqq41 & ,g4 ,s4 ,nileham1 ,*ur*es 9 ,l[] ,nubia4 7,philadelphia1 #aiaj47 #cab ,burckh>dt 7#a71 p4 #acc4 #cac ,alv>ez1 p4 #bej4 #cad ,idrs1 p4 #cb4 #cae ,arabfaqh1 p4 #cbc4 #caf ,maqrz 7#b71 tome ii4 #bme p>tie1 p4 #ahc4 #cag ,basset1 p4 #bdj4 #cah ,id41 p4 #bdg4 #cai ,alv>ez4 7,ramusio1 tom4 i4 pp4 #bah1 #bdb1 #bdi47 #cbj ,arabfaqh1 pp4 #hc1 #aia4 #cba ,arabfaqh1 p4 #bge-f4 #cbb ,id4 pp4 #cai1 #cbd4 #cbc ,id4 pp4 #bh1 #abi1 #bge4 #cbd ,pl[d51 p4 #cf4 #cbe ,arabfaqh1 pp4 #cba1 #cce1 #cdc4 #cbf ,id4 passim4 #cbg ,id4 pp4 #age1 #aie1 #bdh4 #cbh ,id4 p4 #agh4 #cbi ,arabfaqh1 pp4 #cd-e1 #abj-a1 #ahb-c1 #bdd1 #cbg4 #ccj ,arabfaqh1 pp4 #aha-b1 #ahf4 #cca ,iobi ,ludolfi ad suam ,hi/oriam ?iopicam ,comm5t>ius1 p4 #dgd4 7,frankfurt a4 ,m41 #afia47 #ccb ,hi/oire de la ,haute ,e?iopie1 p> le ,r4 ,p4 ,manoel d',almeda1 p4 #g4 7,!v5ot1 vol4 ii47 #ccc ,massaja1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bje-f4 8,ognuno compr5de *e mov5te di que/e conv]sioni ess5do la sete di regn>e1 nel fatto non si riducevano *e ad una =malit e/]na1 re/&o poi i nuovi conv]titi v]i mussulmani nei cuori e nei co/umi4 ,e p]ci accadeva *e1 elevati alla dignit di ,rs1 si circondavano di mussulmani1 d&o ad essi la maggior p>te degli impieghi e colm&oli di titoli1 ric*ezze e favori3 e cos l',abiss9ia cri/iana invasa e popolata da que/a pessima razza1 pass coll'&> del tempo sotto il giogo dell'islamismo40 7,id4 p4 #bjf47 #ccd ,rppell1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cbh1 #cff4 #cce ,pl[d51 p4 #ae4 #ccf ,tbt1 ! ark ( ! cov5ant4 #ccg ,littmann1 pp4 #fi-gj4 #cch ,pl[d51 pp4 #h-i4 #cci ,beke1 pp4 #ea-b4 ,is5b]g1 p4 #cf4 #cdj ,reclus1 vol4 x4 p4 #bdg4 ,massaja1 vol4 xi4 p4 #abe4 #cda ,massaja1 vol4 xi4 p4 #abd4 #cdb ,massaja1 vol4 xi4 pp4 #gg-h4 #cdc ,id4 pp4 #abd1 #abe4 #cdd ,oppel1 p4 #cjg4 ,reclus1 tome x4 p4 #bdg4 #cde ,massaja1 vol4 xi4 pp4 #gi1 #ha4 #cdf ,mori1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ddi4 #cdg ,littmann1 pp4 #fh-gj4 ,k4 ,c$]qui/3 ,islam & ,*ri/ianity 9 ,abyss9ia1 p4 #aed 7,! ,moslem ,_w1 vol4 ii474 #cdh ,gibbon1 vol4 i4 p4 #afa4 #cdi ,id4 vol4 ii4 p4 #bab4 #cej ,c4 ,o4 ,ca/iglioni3 ,re*]*es sur les ,b]bres atlantiques1 pp4 #if-g4 7,milan1 #ahbf47 #cea ,synesii ,cata/asis4 7,migne3 ,patr4 ,gr41 tom4 lxvi4 p4 #aefi47 #ceb ,ne&] 7#b71 p4 #cbj4 #cec ,gibbon1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #cca-c4 #ced ,id4 vol4 v4 p4 #aae4 #cee ,tijn1 p4 #bja4 ,gibbon1 vol4 v4 p4 #abb4 #cef ,gibbon1 vol4 v4 p4 #bad4 #ceg ,ne&] 7#a71 vol4 v4 pp4 #bed-e4 ,j4 ,e4 ,t4 ,wilts*3 ,h&-book ( ! geography & /ati/ics ( ! ,*ur*1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dcc-d4 7,london1 #ahei47 ,j4 ,b\rni*on3 ,l',invasion musulmane en ,afrique1 pp4 #cb-c4 7,t\rs1 #ahij47 #ceh ,leo ,africanus4 7,ramusio1 tom4 i4 p4 #gj1 ,d47 #cei 8,deus51 una citt anti*issima edificata da ,romani dove conf9a il regno di ,buggia col dis]to di ,numidia40 7,id4 p4 #ge1 ,f47 #cfj ,pavy1 vol4 i4 p4 iv4 #cfa 8,t\s ceux qui ne se conv]tir5t pas l'islamisme1 ou qui 7cons]vant leur foi7 ne v\lur5t pas s'oblig] pay] la capitation1 dur5t pr5dre la fuite devant les armes musulmanes40 7,tijn1 p4 #bja47 #cfb ,leo ,africanus4 7,ramusio1 tom4 i4 p4 #g47 #cfc 8,afros passim ad ecclesia/icos ord9es 7proc$5tes7 prt5d5tes nulla ratione suscipiat 7,bonifacius71 quia aliqui eorum ,mani*i1 aliqui rebaptizati spius sunt probati40 ,epi/4 iv4 7,migne3 ,patr4 ,lat41 tom4 lxxxix1 p4 #ejb47 #cfd ,leo ,africanus4 7,ramusio1 pp4 #fe1 #ff1 #fh1 #fi1 #gf47 #cfe ,qayrwn or ,cairoan1 f\nd$ ,a4,h4 #ej2 ,fez1 f\nd$ ,a4,h4 #ahe2 al-,mahdiyyah1 f\nd$ ,a4,h4 #cjc2 ,maslah1 f\nd$ ,a4,h4 #cae2 ,m>occo1 f\nd$ ,a4,h4 #dbd4 7,ab'l-,fid1 tome ii4 pp4 #aih1 #ahf1 #bjj1 #aia1 #ahg47 #cff ,ibn ,ab ,z>1 p4 #af4 #cfg ,a d\btful case ( =c$ conv]sion is attribut$ to ,abd al-,mum91 :o conqu]$ ,tunis 9 #aaei4 ,see ,de ,mas ,latrie 7#b71 pp4 #gg-h4 8,deux auteurs arabes1 ,ibn-al-,a?ir1 contempora91 mais vivant ,damas au milieu de l'exaltation religieuse que provoquai5t les victoires de ,salad91 l'autre ,el-,tidjani1 visitant l',afrique ori5tale au quatorzime sicle1 ont crit que le sultan1 matre de ,tunis1 =a les *rti5s et les juifs tablis dans cette ville embrass] l'islamisme1 et que les rfractaires fur5t impitoyablem5t massacrs4 ,n\s d\tons de la ralit de t\tes ces mesures4 ,si l'arrt fatal fut prononc dans l'emportem5t du triomphe et p\r satisfaire quelques exig5ces mom5tanes1 il dut tre lud ou rvoqu1 tant il tait contraire au pr9cipe de la lib]t religieuse respect jusque-l p> t\s les pr9ces maugreb9s4 ,ce qu'il y a de c]ta91 c'e/ que les *rti5s et les juifs ne t>dr5t pas rep>atre ,tunis et qu'on voit les *rti5s avant la f9 du rgne d',abd-el-,m\m5 tablis ,tunis et y j\issant comme p> le pass de la lib]t1 de leurs tablissem5ts1 de leur comm]ce et de leur religion4444 #8,accompagn a9si p> ,dieu mme dans sa m>*e1 dit un anci5 auteur maugreb91 il trav]sa victorieusem5t les t]res du ,zab et de l',ifrikiah1 conqurant le pays et les villes1 accordant l'aman ceux qui le dem&ai5t et tuant les rcalcitrants4' ,ces d]ni]s mots confirm5t notre s5tim5t sur sa politique l'g>d des *rti5s qui acceptr5t l'arrt fatal de la de/9e40 #cfh ,de ,mas ,latrie 7#b71 pp4 #bg-h4 #cfi ,s4 ,leonis ,,ix4 ,pap ,epi/4 lxxxiii4 7,migne3 ,patr4 ,lat41 tom4 cxliii4 p4 #gbh47 ,?is lett] deals ) a qu>rel = prec$5ce betwe5 ! bi%ops ( ,gummi & ,c>?age1 & x is q possible t ! disord]$ condition ( ,africa at ! "t may h kept ! ,african bi%ops ignorant ( ! condition ( o!r sees besides _! own & ^? imm$iately adjac5t1 & t accord+ly ! in=mation suppli$ to ! ,pope repres5t$ ! numb] ( ! bi%ops z be+ small] ?an x really 04 #cgj ,a4 ,mll]1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #fbh-i4 #cga ,s4 ,gregorii ,,vii4 ,epi/ola xix4 7,lib] t]tius74 7,migne3 ,patr4 ,lat41 tom4 cxlviii4 p4 #ddi47 #cgb ,de ,mas ,latrie1 p4 #bbf4 ,a numb] ( ,spani% ,*ri/ians1 ^: ance/ors _h be5 deport$ to ,morocco 9 #aabb1 7 to be f\nd !re z late z #achf1 :5 !y 7 all[$ to return to ,seville ?r\gh ! good (fices ( ! !n sultan ( ,morocco4 7,:i%aw1 pp4 #ca-d47 #cgc ,c4 ,trumelet3 ,les ,sa9ts de l',islam1 p4 xxxiii4 7,p>is1 #ahha47 #cgd ,comp>e ! articles publi%$ by a ,junta held at ,madrid 9 #aeff1 = ! re=mation ( ! ,moriscoes2 "o ( :i* runs z foll[s3 8,t nei!r !mselves1 _! wom51 nor any o!r p]sons %\ld be p]mitt$ to wa% or ba! !mselves ei!r at home or else:]e2 & t all _! ba?+ h\ses %\ld be pull$ d[n & demoli%$40 7,j4 ,morgan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bef47 #cge ,c4 ,trumelet3 ,les ,sa9ts de l',islam1 pp4 xxvi-xxxvii4 #cgf ,leo ,africanus says t at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury all ! m\nta9e]s ( ,alg]ia & ( ,buggia1 ?\gh ,muhammadans1 pa9t$ black crosses on _! *eeks & palms ( ! h& 7,ramusio1 i4 p4 #fa72 simil>ly ! ,ban ,mzab to ! pres5t day /ill keep up "s religi\s obs]vances correspond+ to excommunication & confession 7,oppel1 p4 #bii71 & "s nomad tribes ( ! ,sah>a obs]ve ! practice ( a k9d ( baptism & use ! cross z a decoration = _! /uffs & weapons4 7,de ,mas ,latrie 7#b71 p4 #h47 #cgg ,tijn1 p4 #bjc4 #cgh ,! mod]n ,t\z]1 9 ,tunis4 #cgi ,tarkh al-duwal al-islmiyyah bil maghrib1 ,i4 p4 #adf4 7ed4 ,de ,slane4 ,alg]1 #ahdg47 #chj ,leo ,africanus4 7,ramusio1 tom4 i4 p4 #fg47 #cha ,pavy1 vol4 i4 p4 vii4 #chb ,de ,mas ,latrie 7#b71 pp4 #fa-b1 #bff-g4 ,l4 del ,m>mol-,c>avajal3 ,de l',afrique1 tome ii4 p4 #ed4 7,p>is1 #affg47 #chc ,de ,mas ,latrie 7#b71 p4 #aib4 #chd e4g4 ,innoc5t ,,iii1 ,gregory ,,vii1 ,gregory ,,ix & ,innoc5t ,,iv4 #che ,de ,mas ,latrie 7#b71 p4 #bgc4 #chf ,baudiss91 p4 #bb4 #chg ,helff]i*1 p4 #fh4 #chh ,makk>1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bhj-b4 #chi ,baudiss91 p4 #g4 #cij ,dozy 7#b71 tome ii4 pp4 #de-f4 #cia ,a4 ,mll]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dfc4 #cib ,dozy 7#b71 tome ii4 pp4 #dd-f4 #cic ,s ,/4 ,boniface 7,a4,d4 #gde1 ,epi/4 lxii474 8,sicut aliis g5tibus ,hispani et ,prov9ci et ,burgundionum populis contigit1 qu sic a ,deo rec$5tes =nicat sunt1 donec index omnipot5s talium crim9um ultrices pnas p] ignorantiam legis ,dei et p] ,s>ac5os v5ire et svire p]misit40 7,migne3 ,patr4 ,lat41 tom4 lxxxix4 p4 #gfa47 ,eulogius3 lib4 i4 #cj4 8,9 cuius 7i4e4 g5tis ,s>ac5ic7 ditione no/ro compell5te fac9ore sceptrum ,hispani translatum e/40 7,migne3 ,patr4 ,lat41 tom4 cxv4 p4 #gfa47 ,simil>ly ,alv> 7#b71 #ah4 8,et prob>e no/ro vitio inlatum int5tabo flagellum4 ,no/ra hc1 fratres1 no/ra desidia pep]it mala1 no/ra impuritas1 no/ra levitas1 no/ra morum obscnitas 444 unde tradidit nos ,dom9us qui in/itiam diligit1 et cuius vultus quitatem dec]nit1 ipsi be/i conrod5dos0 7pp4 #eca-b74 #cid ,dozy 7#c71 tome i4 pp4 #ae-bj4 ,:i%aw1 pp4 #ch1 #dd4 #cie ,samson1 pp4 #cgg-h1 #cha4 #cif ,dozy 7#b71 tome ii4 p4 #baj4 #cig ,bi%op ,egila1 :o 0 s5t to ,s\!rn ,spa9 by ,pope ,hadrian ,i1 t[>ds ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury1 on a mission to c\nt]act ! gr[+ influ5ce ( ,muslim ?\ght1 d5\nces ! ,spani% prie/s :o liv$ 9 concub9age ) m>ri$ wom54 7,helff]i*1 p4 #hc47 #cih ,alv>i ,cordub5sis1 ,epi/4 xix4 8,ob m]itum t]n retributionis devovi me s$ulum 9 lege ,dom9i consi/]e40 7,migne3 ,patr4 ,lat41 tom4 cxxi4 p4 #eab47 #cii ,helff]i*1 pp4 #gi-hj4 #djj 8,b$5kt man nun1 wie wi*tig g]ade die altte/am5tli*e ,idee des ,prophet5?ums 9 d] ,*ri/ologie des g]manis*5 ,arianismus na*klang und au* na* d] ,annahme des ka?olis*5 ,dogmas 9 dem religis5 ,bewus/se9 d] ,we/go!n haft5 blieb1 s wird man es sehr erklrli* f9d51 dass unmittelb> na* dem ,e9fall d] ,arab] die v]w&t5 ,vor/ellung5 des ,mohamm$anismus unt] d5 gekne*tet5 ,*ri/5 auftau*t540 7,helff]i*1 p4 #hb47 #dja ,luc ,diaconi ,tud5sis ,*ronicon ,mundi4 7,&reas ,s*ottus3 ,hispani ,illu/rat1 tom4 iv4 p4 #ec47 7,franc(urti1 #afjc-h47 #djb ,dozy 7#b71 tome ii4 p4 #da4 ,:i%aw1 p4 #ag4 #djc ,dozy 7#b71 tome ii4 p4 #ci4 #djd ,baudiss91 pp4 #aa-ac1 #aif4 #dje ,eulogius3 ,mem4 ,sanct41 lib4 i4 #cj1 8int] ipsos s9e mole/ia fidei degimus0 7p4 #gfa74 ,id41 ib41 lib4 i4 #ah1 8,quos nulla prsidialis viol5tia fidem suam neg>e compulit1 nec a cultu sanct pique religionis amovit0 7p4 #gea74 ,john ( ,gorz 7:o visit$ ,spa9 ab\t ! middle ( ! t5? c5tury7 #abd1 87,*ri/iani71 qui 9 regno eius lib]e div9is suisque rebus utebantur40 ,a ,spani% bi%op ?us describ$ ! condition ( ! ,*ri/ians to ,john ( ,gorz4 8,peccatis ad hc devoluti sumus1 ut paganorum subiaceamus ditioni4 ,resi/]e pote/ati v]bo prohibemur apo/oli4 ,tantum hoc unum relictum e/ solatii1 quod 9 tant calamitatis malo legibus nos propriis uti non prohib5t2 qui quos dilig5tes ,*ri/ianitatis vid]9t obs]vatores1 colunt et amplectuntur1 simul ipsorum convictu delectantur4 ,pro tempore igitur hoc videmur t5]e consilii1 ut quia religionis nulla inf]tur iactura1 cet]a eis obsequamur1 iussisque eorum 9 quantum fidem non imp$iunt obtemp]emus0 #abb 7p4 #cjb74 #djf ,baudiss91 pp4 #af-ag4 #djg ,eulogius1 ob4 #hei 7,mem4 ,sanct4 lib4 iii4 c4 #c7 speaks ( *ur*es rec5tly erect$ 7ecclesias nup] /ructas74 ,! *ronicle falsely ascrib$ to ,luitpr& records ! erection ( a *ur* at ,cordova 9 #hie 7p4 #aaac74 #djh ,eulogius3 ,mem4 ,sanct41 lib4 iii4 c4 #aa 7p4 #hab74 #dji ,baudiss91 p4 #af4 #daj ,id4 p4 #ba1 & ,john ( ,gorz1 #abh 7p4 #cjf74 #daa ,:i%aw1 pp4 #bgb1 #cja4 #dab ,dozy 7#b71 tome ii4 p4 #db4 #dac ,baudiss91 pp4 #if-g4 #dad ,see ! lett] ( ,pope ,hadrian ,i to ! ,spani% bi%ops3 8,porro div]sa capitula qu ex illis audivimus p>tibus1 id e/1 quod multi dic5tes se ca?olicos esse1 communem vitam g]5tes cum ,iudis et non baptizatis paganis1 tam 9 escis quamque 9 potu et 9 div]sis erroribus nihil pollui se inquiunt3 et illud quod inhibitum e/1 ut nulli liceat iugum duc]e cum infidelibus1 ipsi enim filias suas cum alio b5$ic5t1 et sic populo g5tili trad5tur40 7,migne3 ,patr4 ,lat41 tome xcviii4 p4 #che47 #dae ,isidori ,pac5sis ,*ronicon1 #db 7p4 #abff74 #daf ,alv>3 ,indic4 ,lum41 #ce 7p4 #ec74 ,john ( ,gorz1 #abc 7p4 #cjc74 #dag ,lett] ( ,hadrian ,i1 p4 #che4 ,john ( ,gorz1 #abc 7p4 #cjc74 #dah ,"s ,arabic v]ses ( a ,*ri/ian poet ( ! elev5? c5tury are /ill extant1 :i* exhibit consid]able skill 9 h&l+ ! language & metre4 7,von ,s*ack1 ,,ii4 #ie47 #dai ,abbot ,samson gives u specim5s ( ! bad ,lat9 writt5 by "s ( ! ecclesia/ics ( 8 "t1 e4g4 8,cum contempti essemus simplicitas *ri/iana10 b 8 correction is h>dly mu* bett]1 8cont5ti essemus simplicitati *ri/ian0 7pp4 #djd1 #djf74 #dbj ,alv>3 ,indic4 ,lum41 #ce 7pp4 #eed-f74 #dba ,von ,s*ack1 vol4 ii4 p4 #if4 #dbb ,ord]ic ,vitalis1 p4 #ibh4 #dbc ,alv>3 ,ind4 ,lum41 #bi4 8,compositionem v]borum1 et preces omnium eius membrorum quotidie pro eo eleganti facundia1 et v5u/o confectas eloquio1 nos hodie p] eorum volum9a et oculis legimus et pl]umque miramur40 7,migne3 ,patr4 ,lat41 tome cxxi4 p4 #edf47 #dbd ,enhueb]1 #bf1 p4 #cec4 #dbe ,helff]i*1 p4 #hh4 #dbf 8,po/modum transgressus legem ,dei1 fugi5s ad paganos cons5taneos1 p]iuratus effectus e/40 ,frob5ii diss]tatio de hresi ,elip&i et ,felicis1 xxiv4 7,migne3 ,patr4 ,lat41 tome ci4 p4 #cac47 #dbg ,pseudo-,luitpr&i ,*ronicon1 #cda 7p4 #aaae74 8,basilius ,toletanum concilium contrahit2 quo providetur1 ne ,*ri/iani detrim5tum accip]5t convictu ,s>ac5orum40 #dbh ,!re is little record ( su*1 b !y seem ref]r$ to 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces ( ,eulogius 7,lib] ,apologeticus ,m>tyrum1 #bj71 on ,muammad3 8,cuius quidem erroris insaniam1 prdicationis deliram5ta1 et impi novitatis prcepta quisquis ca?olicorum cognosc]e cupit1 evid5tius ab eiusdem sect cultoribus p]scrut&o adv]tet4 ,quoniam sacrum se quidpiam t5]e et cr$]e autumantes1 non modo privatis1 s$ ap]tis vocibus vatis sui dogmata prdicant40 7,migne3 ,patr4 ,lat41 tome cxv4 p4 #hfb47 #dbi ,dozy 7#b71 tome ii4 p4 #ec4 #dcj ,lea1 ,! ,moriscos1 pp4 #ag1 #ah4 #dca ,samson1 p4 #cgi4 #dcb ,eulogius3 ,mem4 ,sanct4 ,pref41 #b4 7,migne1 tom4 cxv4 p4 #gcg47 #dcc ,id4 c4 xiii4 7p4 #gid47 #dcd ,! numb] ( ! m>tyrs is said n to h exce$$ =ty4 7,w4 ,h4 ,prescott3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,reign ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 vol4 i4 p4 #cdb1 n47 7,london1 #ahdf47 #dce ,dozy 7#b71 tome ii4 pp4 #afa-b4 #dcf ,eulogius3 ,mem4 ,sanct4 ,i1 iii4 c4 vii4 7p4 #hje74 8,pro eo quod nullus sapi5s1 nemo urbanus1 nullusque proc]um ,*ri/ianorum huiusce modi rem p]petrasset1 idcirco non deb]e univ]sos p]im]e ass]ebant1 quos non prx p]sonalis dux ad prlium40 #dcg ,alv>3 ,ind4 ,lum41 #ad4 8,nonne ipsi qui videbantur column1 qui putabantur ,ecclesi petr1 qui cr$ebantur electi1 nullo cog5te1 nem9e provocante1 iudicem adi]unt1 et 9 prs5tia ,cynicorum1 imo ,epicureorum1 ,dei m>tyres infamav]unt8 ,nonne pa/ores ,*ri/i1 doctores ,ecclesi1 episcopi1 abbates1 presbyt]i1 proc]es et magnati1 hreticos eos esse publice clamav]unt8 et publica pr(essione s9e desquisitione1 absque int]rogatione1 qu nec imm95te mortis s5t5tia erant dic5da1 spontanea voluntate1 et lib]o m5tis arbitrio1 protul]unt80 7,migne3 tom4 cxxi4 p4 #ebi47 #dch ,alv>3 ,indic4 ,lum41 #ae4 8,quid obt5d5dum e/ de illis quos ecclesia/ice int]diximus1 et a quibus ne aliqu&o ad m>tyrii surg]5t palmam iuram5tum extorsimus8 quibus errores g5tilium infr+]e vetuimus1 et mal$ictum ne mal$ictionibus impet]5t8 ,evangelio et cruce educta vi iur>e improbit] fecimus1 imo f]alit] et bellu9o t]rore coegimus1 m9antes inaudita supplicia1 et mon/ruosa promitt5tes truncationum membrorum v>ia et horr5da dictu audituve flagella80 7,migne3 tom4 cxxi4 p4 #ecj47 #dci ,baudiss91 p4 #aii4 #ddj ,morgan1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #big-h1 #cde4 #dda ,id4 p4 #caj4 #ddb ,lea1 ,! ,moriscos1 p4 #bei4 #ddc ,morgan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ccg4 #ddd ,id4 p4 #bhi4 #dde ,/irl+-,maxwell1 vol4 i4 p4 #aae4 #ddf ,?is is no place to give a hi/ory ( ^! t]ritorial acquisitions1 :i* may be briefly summ$ up ?us4 ,9 #acec ! ,ottoman ,turks fir/ pass$ ov] into ,europe & a few ye>s lat] ,adrianople 0 made _! ,european capital4 ,"u ,byazd 7#achi-adjb71 _! dom9ions /ret*$ f ! gan to ! ,danube1 embrac+ all ,bulg>ia1 ,mac$onia1 ,!ssaly & ,?race1 ) ! exception ( ,*alkidike & ! di/rict j r\nd ,con/ant9ople4 ,murd ,,ii 7#adba-adea7 occupi$ ,*alkidike & pu%$ 8 conque/s to ! ,adriatic4 ,muammad ,,ii 7#adea-adha7 by ! ov]?r[ ( ,con/ant9ople1 ,albania1 ,bosnia & ,s]via1 became ma/] ( ! :ole ,s\?-,ea/]n p59sula1 ) ! exception ( ! p>ts ( ! coa/ held by ,v5ice & ,mont5egro4 ,sulaymn ,,ii 7#aebj-aeff7 add$ ,hung>y & made ! gan an ,ottoman sea4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ,crete 0 won & ,podolia c$$ by ,pol&4 #ddg ,phrantzes1 pp4 #cje-f4 #ddh ,f9lay1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ebb4 ,pitzipios1 seconde p>tie1 p4 #ge4 ,m4 d',ohsson1 vol4 iii4 p4 #eb-d4 ,arm9jon1 vol4 i4 p4 #af4 #ddi ,a travell] :o visit$ ,cyprus 9 #aejh draws ! foll[+ picture ( ! tyranny ( ! ,v5etians 9 _! =eign possessions3 8,all ! inhabitants ( ,cyprus are slaves to ! ,v5etians1 be+ oblig$ to pay to ! /ate a ?ird "p ( all _! increase or income1 :e!r ! product ( _! gr\nd or corn1 w9e1 oil1 or ( _! cattle1 or any o!r ?+4 ,besides1 e man ( !m is b\nd to "w = ! /ate two days ( ! week :]ev] !y %all please to appo9t him3 & if any %all fail1 by reason ( "s o!r bus9ess ( _! own1 or = indisposition ( body1 !n !y are made to pay a f9e = z _m days z !y are abs5t f _! "w3 & :i* is m1 !re is ye>ly "s tax or o!r impos$ on !m1 ) :i* ! poor common p are s flead & pillag$ t !y h>dly h :]e)al to keep s\l & body toge!r40 7,! ,travels ( ,m>t9 ,baumg>t51 p4 #cgc47 ,see also ! passages quot$ by ,hackett1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,or?odox ,*ur* ( ,cyprus1 p4 #ahc4 #dej ,f9lay1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ejb4 #dea ,urquh>t1 quot$ by ,cl>k3 ,races ( ,european ,turkey1 p4 #hb4 #deb ,k>ams91 vol4 v4 p4 #dcg4 #dec ,m>t9 ,crusius writes 9 ! same _s3 8,et mirum e/1 int] b>b>os1 9 tanta tant urbis colluvie1 nullas cdes audiri1 vim iniu/am non f]ri1 ius cuivis dici4 ,ideo ,con/ant9opol9 ,sultanus1 ,refugium totius orbis scribit3 quod omnes mis]i1 ibi tutissime lat5t3 quodque omnibus 7tam infimis quam summis3 tam ,*ri/ianis quam infidelibus7 iu/itia adm9i/retur40 7,turcogrcia1 p4 #dhg47 7,basile1 #aehd47 #ded ,phrantzes1 p4 #ha4 #dee ,phrantzes1 p4 #ib4 #def ,f9lay1 vol4 v4 pp4 #e1 #abc4 ,ad5ey1 p4 #caa4 ,g]la*1 writ+ 9 ! ye> #aegg1 says3 8,wo ,*ri/5 od] ,jud5 9 d5 ,ort5 wohn51 da es ,kadi od] ,ri*t] und ,subbassi od] ,vgte hat1 dass die geme95 ,trck5 ni*t ihres ,gefall5s mit ihn5 umbgeh5 drff51 s9d sie viel lieb] unt] d5 ,trck51 dann unt] d5 ,*ri/54 ,wann sie ,jhrli* ihr5 ,tribut geb51 s9d sie h]na* frey4 ,ab] 9 d] ,*ri/5heit i/ das gantze ,jahr des ,geb5s ke9 ,ende40 7,tage-,bu*1 p4 #dac47 #deg ,h]tzb]g1 pp4 #dfg1 #fdf1 #fej4 #deh ,f9lay1 vol4 v4 pp4 #aef-g4 #dei ,?is int]val 01 h[ev]1 n a fix$ "o2 at fir/1 ! levy took place e sev5 or five ye>s1 b lat] at m frequ5t int]vals accord+ to ! exig5cies ( ! /ate4 7,m5zel1 p4 #eb47 ,metrophanes ,kritop\los1 writ+ 9 #afbe1 /ates t ! collectors came to ! cities e sev5? ye> & t ea* city _h to contribute ?ree or f\r1 or at lea/ two boys 7p4 #bje74 #dfj ,qurn1 viii4 #db4 #dfa ,id4 x4 #ii4 #ajj4 #dfb 8,on ne =ait cep5dant pas les jeunes ,*rti5s *ang] de foi4 ,les pr9cipes du g\v]nem5t s'y opposai5t aussi bi5 que les prceptes du ,c\r'ann2 et si des (fici]s1 mus p> leur fanatisme1 usai5t quelquefois de contra9te1 leur conduite cet g>d p\vait bi5 tre tolre2 mais elle n'tait jamais autorise p> les *efs40 7,m4 d',ohsson1 tome iii4 pp4 #cig-h47 #dfc ,h]tzb]g1 p4 #dgb4 #dfd 8,s$ hoc tri/issimum e/1 quod1 ut olim ,*ri/iani imp]atores1 ex s+ulis oppidis1 c]tum num]um lib]orum1 9 quibus egregia indoles pr ct]is elucebat1 deleg]unt3 quos ad publica (ficia militi togat et bellic 9 ,aula educ>i cur>unt3 ita ,turci1 occupato ,grcorum imp]io1 idem ius eripi5di patribus familias lib]os +5iis eximiis prditos1 usurpant40 7,david ,*ytru1 pp4 #ab-ad47 #dfe ,creasy1 p4 #ii4 ,m4 d',ohsson1 tome iii4 p4 #cig4 ,m5zel1 p4 #ec4 ,?omas ,smi?1 speak+ ( su* p>5ts1 says3 8,o!rs1 to ! great %ame & di%on\r ( ! ,religion1 ,*ri/ians only 9 "n1 "p ) !m freely & readily en\gh1 n only because !y are rid ( ! tr\ble & *>ge ( !m1 b 9 hopes !y may1 :5 !y are gr[n up1 get "s consid]able comm& 9 ! gov]nm5t40 7,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,greek ,*ur*1 p4 #ab4 ,london1 #afhj47 ,9 ! reign ( ,murd ,i1 ,*ri/ian troops 7 employ$ 9 collect+ ?is tribute ( ,*ri/ian *ildr54 7,f9lay1 vol4 v4 p4 #de47 #dff 8,v]um tam5 hos 7lib]os7 pecunia r$im]e a conquisitoribus spe p>5tibus licet40 7,david ,*ytru1 p4 #ac47 ,de la ,guilletire m5tions x 9 #affi z "o ( ! privileges ( ! ,a!nians4 7,an ,acc\nt ( a ,late ,voyage to ,a!ns1 p4 #bgb4 ,london1 #afgf47 #dfg ,confessio1 p4 #bje4 #dfh ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,greek ,*ur*1 p4 #ab4 7,london1 #afhj47 #dfi ,m5zel1 p4 #eb4 ,?omas ,smi?3 ,de ,moribus ac ,in/itutis ,turc>um1 p4 #ha4 7,oxonii1 #afgb47 #dgj ,hill1 p4 #agd4 #dga ,joseph von ,hamm] 7#b71 vol4 ii4 p4 #aea4 ,hans ,s*iltb]g]1 :o 0 captur$ by ! ,turks 9 #acif & return$ home to ,muni* aft] ?irty-two ye>s' captivity1 /ates t ! tax ! ,*ri/ians _h to pay did n am\nt to m ?an two pf5nig a mon?4 7,reisebu*1 p4 #ib47 #dgb ,soli ,sac]dotes1 quasi 9 honorem sacri illius1 quo funguntur1 ,deo ita ord9ante1 m9i/]ii hoc factum sit1 una cum fm9is1 ab hoc tributo p5d5do immunes hab5tur4 7,de ,grc ,hodi]no ,/atu ,epi/ola1 au?ore ,?oma ,smi?o1 p4 #ab47 7,trajecti ad ,rh5um1 #afih47 #dgc ,silb]nagl1 p4 #fj4 #dgd ,m>t9 ,crusius1 p4 #dhg2 ,sansov9o1 p4 #fg2 ,georgieviz1 p4 #ih-i2 ,s*effl]1 #ef2 ,h]tzb]g1 p4 #fdh2 ,de la ,jonquire1 p4 #bfg4 ,a "w publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #aeie1 entitl$ 8,! ,e/ate ( ,*ri/ians liv+ "u ! subjection ( ! ,turke10 /ates ! capitation-tax = male *ildr5 to h be5 eight %ill+s 7p4 #b74 ,mi*el ,baud9 says "o sequ9 a head = e male4 7,hi/oire du ,s]rail1 p4 #g4 ,p>is1 #affb47 #dge ,georgir5es1 p4 #i2 ,t\rne=t1 vol4 i4 p4 #ia2 ,tav]ni] 7#c71 p4 #aa4 #dgf ,9 a "w publi%$ by ,joseph ,georgir5es1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,samos1 9 #afgh1 dur+ a visit to ,london1 he gives u an acc\nt ( ! income ( 8 own see1 ! details ( :i* are n likely to h be5 consid]$ extortionate1 z !y 7 "h set d[n = ! b5efit ( ,engli% read]s3 9 comp>+ ! sums "h m5tion$1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t he speaks ( ! capitation-tax z be+ ?ree cr[ns or doll>s 7pp4 #h-i74 8,at 8 7i4e4 ! ,ar*bi%op's7 fir/ com+1 ! ,papas or ,p>i% ,prie/ ( ! ,*ur* ( 8 ,resid5ce pres5ts him fifte5 or tw5ty doll]s1 !y ( ! o!r ,*ur*es accord+ to _! ,abilities4 ,! fir/ ye> ( 8 com+1 e ,p>i% ,prie/ pays him f\r doll]s1 & ! foll[+ ye> two4 ,e ,layman pays him =ty-eight asp]s0--7,9 ! comm]cial treaty ) ,engl&1 conclud$ 9 ! ye> #afge1 ! value ( ! doll> 0 fix$ at eighty asp]s 7,f9lay1 v4 #bh77--8;& ! foll[+ ye>s tw5ty-f\r4 ,! ,samians pay "o ,doll] = a ,lic5ce2 all ,/rang]s two2 b he t comes aft] fir/ m>riage = a ,lic5ce = a second or ?ird1 pays ?ree or f\r0 7pp4 #cc-d74 #dgg ,t\rne=t1 vol4 i4 p4 #ia4 #dgh ,s*effl]1 #ef4 8,0 ab] au* d5 ,ducat5 anbelangt1 s w]det ihr mit demselb5 9 eurem ,s9n eb5] mass5 greuli* betrog54 ,d5n es i/ zw> wahr1 dass d] ,trckis*e ,kys] ord5tli* ni*t mehr nimt als vom ,haupt e95 ,ducat53 ab] wo bleib5 die ,zlle und auss]ord5tli*e ,anlag58 nehm5 dann se9e ,knigli*e ,v]wes] und ,hauptleute ni*ts8 muss man zu ,krieg5 ni*ts auss] ord5tli* geb58444 ,0 ab] die auss] ord5tli*e ,anlag5 betrifft2 die /eig5 und fall5 na* d5 bs5 ,zeit51 und mss5 von d5 ,trckis*5 ,unt]?an5 s wohl gegeb5 w]d5 als bey uns40 #dgi ,f9lay1 vol4 v4 pp4 #bd-e4 ,h4 von ,moltke3 ,brief b] ,zu/nde und ,begeb5heit5 9 d] ,trkei aus d5 ,jahr5 #ahce bis #ahci1 pp4 #bgd1 #ced4 7#e? ed41 ,b]l91 #ahia47 #dhj ,hamm] 7#b71 vol4 i4 p4 #cdf4 #dha 8,! h>d lot ( ! ,*ri/ian subjects ( ! ,sultan has at all times aris5 f ! fact t ! c5tral au?ority at ,con/ant9ople has b little real au?ority ?r\gh\t ! ,empire ( ,turkey4 ,x is ! petty tyranny ( ! village (ficials1 %>p5$ by p]sonal hatr$1 :i* has in/igat$ ^? acts ( atrocity to :i*1 bo? 9 =m] times1 & /ill m at ! pres5t day1 ! ,*ri/ians 9 ,turkey are subject$4 ,9 ! days ( a nation's greatness ju/ice & ev5 magnanimity t[>ds a subject race are possible2 ^!1 h[ev]1 are r>ely f\nd to exi/ 9 ! "t ( a nation's decay40 7,rev4 ,w4 ,d5ton3 ,s]via & ! ,s]vians1 p4 #ae4 ,london1 #ahfb47 ,g]la*1 pp4 #di1 #eb4 #dhb ,bus9ello1 pp4 #dc-d4 #dhc 8,! c5tral gov]nm5t ( ! ,sultan has g5]ally treat$ its ,mussulman subjects ) z mu* cruelty & inju/ice z ! conqu]$ ,*ri/ians4 ,! suff]+s ( ! ,greeks 7 caus$ by ! insol5ce & oppression ( ! rul+ class & ! corruption t reign$ 9 ! ,o?oman adm9i/ration1 r ?an by ! direct ex]cise ( ! ,sultan's p[]4 ,9 8 private affairs1 a ,greek _h a bett] *ance ( obta9+ ju/ice f 8 bi%op & ! eld]s ( 8 di/rict ?an a ,turk f ! cadi or ! voivode40 7,f9lay1 vol4 vi4 pp4 #d-e47 8,x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t ! ,*ri/ians are ! only "p ( ! population t is oppress$ & mis]able4 ,turki% misgov]nm5t is uni=m1 & falls ) a heavy h& ^u all alike4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! k+dom ! pov]ty ( ! ,mussulmans may be actually worse ?an ! pov]ty ( ! ,*ri/ians1 & x is _! condition :i* mo/ excites ! pity ( ! travell]40 7,william ,=sy?3 ,! ,slavonic ,prov9ces ,s\? ( ! ,danube1 pp4 #aeg-h4 ,london1 #ahgf47 8,all ?is oppression & mis]y 7i4e4 9 ! nor? ( ,asia ,m9or7 falls ^u ! ,mohamm$an population equally ) ! ,*ri/ian40 7,james ,bryce3 ,transcaucasia & ,ar>at1 p4 #cha47 8,l',europe s'imag9e que les *rti5s seuls sont s\mis1 en ,turquie1 l'arbitraire1 aux s\ffrances1 aux avilissem5ts de t\te nature1 qui naiss5t de l'oppression2 il n'en e/ ri56 ,les musulmans1 prcism5t p>ce que nulle puissance trangre ne s'intresse eux1 sont peut-tre plus indignem5t spolis1 plus c\rbs s\s le j\g que ceux qui mconnaiss5t le prophte40 7,de la ,jonquire1 p4 #ejg47 8,to judge f :at we h already obs]v$1 ! l[e/ ord] ( ,*ri/ians are n 9 a worse condition 9 ,asia ,m9or ?an ! same class ( ,turks2 & if ! ,*ri/ians ( ,european ,turkey h "s advantages aris+ f ! effects ( ! sup]iority ( _! numb]s ov] ! ,turks1 ^? ( ,asia h ! satisfaction ( see+ t ! ,turks are z mu* oppress$ by ! m5 9 p[] z !y are !mselves2 & !y h to deal ) a race ( ,mussulmans g5]ally mild]1 m religi\s1 & bett] pr9cipl$ ?an ^? ( ,europe40 7,w4 ,m4 ,leake3 ,j\rnal ( a ,t\r 9 ,asia ,m9or1 p4 #g4 ,london1 #ahbd47 ,cf4 also ,laur5ce ,oliphant3 ,! ,l& ( ,gilead1 pp4 #cbj-c1 #ddf4 7,london1 #ahhj47 #dhd ,x 0 9 ! sixte5? c5tury t ! tribute ( *ildr5 fell into desuetude1 & ! la/ record$ example ( its exaction 0 9 ! ye> #afgf4 #dhe ,de la ,jonquire1 p4 #ccc4 ,s*effl]1 #de-f4 ,gaszt[tt1 p4 #ea4 #dhf 8,d5n i* hre mit gross] ,v]wund]ung und ,be/rtzung1 dass ni*t alle9 unt] d5 geme95 ,pvel ,r$5 im ,s*wange gehn1 es sey unt] dem ,trck5 au* gut wohn53 wann man e95 ,ducat5 von ,haupt gebe1 s wre man frey2 ,item er liesse die ,religion frey2 man wrde die ,kir*5 wi$] bekomm52 und 0 v]glei*53 sond]n dass au* &re1 die es wol bess] v]/eh5 sollt51 si* dess5 erfreu51 und b] ihr eig5 ,unglck frolock56 wel*es ni*t alle9 ,halssbr*ige1 sond]n au* ,gottlose ,v]mess5heit5 seynd1 die aus ke9em &rem ,grunde1 als aus dem ,gei/ d] ,ketz]ey1 d] zum ,auffruhr und gntzli*] ,ausreitung des ,*ri/5?umbs g5eigt i/1 h]komm540 7,s*effl]1 #dh47 #dhg ,h]tzb]g1 p4 #fej4 #dhh ,de la ,jonquire1 p4 #cd4 ,a simil> contra/ 0 made 9 #afje by ,ri*>d ,/ap]1 an ,engli% m]*ant :o _h be5 9 ,turkey z e>ly z #aegh3 8,& not)/&+ t ! ,turks 9 g5]al be a mo/ wick$ p1 walk+ 9 ! works ( d>kness 444 yet not)/&+ d !y p]mit all ,*ri/ians1 bo? ,greeks & ,lat9s1 to live 9 _! religion & freely to use to _! consci5ce1 all[+ !m *ur*es = _! div9e s]vice1 bo? 9 ,con/ant9ople & v _m o!r places1 :]eas to ! contr>y by pro( ( twelve ye>s' resid5ce 9 ,spa9 ,i c truly affirm1 we are n only =c$ to obs]ve _! popi% c]emonies1 b 9 dang] ( life & goods0 7,m4 ,ep/e93 ,! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,levant ,company1 p4 #eg4 ,london1 #aijh47 #dhi ,mac>ius1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ahc1 #afe4 ,cf4 ! memorial pres5t$ by ,poli% refugees f ,russia to ! ,sublime ,porte1 9 #ahec4 7,gaszt[tt1 p4 #bag47 #dij 8,alii speciem sibi qu&am confix]unt /ultam lib]tatis 444 quod quum sub ,*ri/iano consequuturos se desp]5t1 ideo vel ,turcam mall5t3 quasi is b5ignior sit 9 l>gi5da lib]tate hac1 quam ,*ri/ianus40 7,ioannis ,ludovici ,vivis ,de ,conditione ,vit ,*ri/ianorum sub ,turca1 pp4 #bbj1 #bbe47 7,basile1 #aech47 8,quidam obganniunt1 lib]am esse sub ,turca fidem40 7,o?onis ,brunfelsii ad ,pr9cipes et ,*ri/ianos omnes ,oratio1 p4 #acc47 7,basile1 #aech47 ,ub]tus ,folieta1 a noble ( ,g5oa1 writ+ ab\t #aegg1 says1 8,spe mecum quaesivi 444 qua re fiat1 ut tot de no/ris hom9ibus ad illos cont95t] transfugiant1 ,*ri/ianaque religione eiurata ,mahumetan sect nom9a d5t40 7,de ,causis ,magnitud9is ,turc>um ,imp]ii1 col4 #abji47 7,!saurus ,antiquitatum et ,hi/ori>um ,itali1 cur ,joannis ,georgii ,grvii1 tom4 i4 ,lugduni ,batavorum1 #agbe47 #dia ,tur*ic ,spurciti ,suggillatio1 fol4 xvii4 7a74 #dib ,bl\nt1 vol4 i4 p4 #edh4 #dic ,s*effl]1 #ea1 #ec4 #did ,d\sa1 p4 #ch4 ,busbecq1 p4 #aij4 #die ,?omas ,smi?1 p4 #cb4 #dif ,?omas ,smi?1 p4 #db4 ,bl\nt1 vol4 i4 p4 #edh4 ,georgieviz1 p4 #bj4 ,s*iltb]g]1 pp4 #hc-d4 ,baudi]1 pp4 #adi1 #cac4 #dig ,alex&] ,ross1 p4 ix4 ,baudi]1 p4 #cag4 ,cf4 also ,rycaut1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgf4 8,on croit m]it] beauc\p que de faire un ,proselyte1 il n'y a p]sonne assez ri*e p\r avoir un esclave qui n'en veille un jeune1 qui soit capable de recevoir sans pe9e t\tes sortes d'impressions1 et qu'il puisse appell] son conv]ti1 af9 de m]it] l'honneur d'avoir augm5t le nombre des fidles40 ,?omas ,smi? relates h[ ! old man :o %[$ him ! tomb ( ,urkhn at ,brusa 8+5ti cum f]vore1 oculis ad ,clum elevatis1 ,deum precatus e/ ut nos ad fidem ,musulmannicam suo tempore t&em conv]t]e dign>etur3 ,hoc nimirum e/ summum erga nos affectus te/imonium1 qui ex i/o falso et imp]itissimo zelo solet pr(lu]e40 7,epi/ol duae1 qu>um alt]a ,de ,moribus ac ,in/itutis ,turc>um agit1 p4 #bj47 7,oxonii1 #afgb47 #dih ,by an anonym\s writ] :o 0 a captive 9 ,turkey f #adcf to #adeh4 ,tur*ic ,spurciti ,suggillatio1 fol4 xvii4 7a74 #dii ,tur*ic ,spurciti ,suggillatio1 fol4 xi4 7b74 ,lion>do ( ,scio1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,mityl5e1 :o 0 pres5t at ! tak+ ( ,con/ant9ople1 speaks ( ! l>ge numb] ( r5egades 9 ! besieg+ army3 8,*i circond la citt1 e *i insegn a' tur*i l'ord9e1 se non i pessimi *ri/iani8 ,io son te/imonio1 *e i ,greci1 *'i ,lat9i1 *e i ,t$es*i1 *e gli ,ung>i1 e *e ogni altra g5]ation di *ri/iani1 mescolati co' tur*i imp>>ono l'op]e e la f$e loro1 i quali dom5ticatisi della f$e *ri/iana1 espugnavano la citt4 ,o empij *e r9ega/i ,*ri/o4 ,o settatori di anti*ri/o1 dannati alle p5e inf]nali1 que/o hora il vo/ro tempo40 7,sansov9o1 p4 #beh47 #ejj ,j4 ,h4 ,krause3 ,die ,byzant9] des ,mittelalt]s1 pp4 #che-f4 7,halle1 #ahfi47 #eja ,h]tzb]g1 p4 #faf4 ,f9lay1 vol4 v4 p4 #aah4 #ejb ,tur*ic ,spurciti ,suggillatio1 fol4 xix4 7a74 #ejc ,rycaut1 vol4 i4 pp4 #gaj-aa4 ,bizzi1 fol4 #di 7b74 #ejd ,pi*l]1 pp4 #afd1 #agb4 #eje ,id4 p4 #adc4 #ejf ,pi*l]1 p4 #adh4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 :e!r ,cyril 0 really ! au?or ( ?is docum5t be>+ 8 "n4 7,kyriakos1 p4 #ajj47 #ejg ,id4 pp4 #ahc-i4 #ejh ,id4 p #bbf4 #eji ,z reg>ds ! ,*ri/ian captives ! ,prote/ants c]ta9ly _h ! reputation among ! ,turks ( %[+ a great] incl9ation t[>ds conv]sion ?an ! ,ca?olics4 7,gmel91 p4 #ba47 #eaj ,pi*l]1 pp4 #baa1 #bbg4 #eaa ,id4 pp4 #aha1 #bbh4 #eab ,id4 pp4 #bbb1 #bbf4 #eac ,pi*l]1 p4 #agc4 #ead ,id4 pp4 #abh1 #acb1 #adc4 #eae ,id4 p4 #adc4 #eaf ,le ,qui51 tom4 i4 col4 #ccd4 #eag ,pi*l]1 p4 #agb4 #eah ,hefele1 vol4 i4 p4 #dgc4 #eai ,cyril ,,ii ( ,b]rha4 #ebj ,le ,qui51 tom4 i4 col4 #cce4 #eba ,id4 tom4 i4 col4 #ccf4 #ebb ,id4 tom4 i4 col4 #ccg4 #ebc ,h[ev]1 9 an e>li] attempt made by ! ,prote/ant !ologians ( ,tb+5 7#aegc-gg7 to introduce ! doctr9es ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur* into ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*1 ! ,vaivode ,qu>qu> ( ,samtskhe? 9 ,georgia embrac$ ! ,confession ( ,augsburg1 b 9 #aehj became a ,muslim4 7,joselian1 p4 #adj47 #ebd ,s*effl]1 #ec-f4 ,f9lay1 vol4 v4 pp4 #aah-ai4 #ebe ,hamm] 7#a71 vol4 vi4 p4 #id4 #ebf ,spon1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eg4 #ebg ,hamm] 7#a71 vol4 vi4 p4 #cfd4 #ebh ,e>ly ,voyages & ,travels 9 ! ,levant1 edit$ by ,j4 ,!odore ,b5t1 p4 #baj4 7,london1 #ahic47 ,simil>ly1 ,mi*el ,baudi] concludes 8 description ( ! fe/ivities 9 ,con/ant9ople on ! occasion ( ! circumcision ( ,muammad ,,iii 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ) an acc\nt ( ! conv]sion ( a l>ge numb] ( ,*ri/ians4 8,dur+ ! spectacles ( ?is solemnity1 ! wret*$ ,grecians ran by tr\pes 9 ?is place to make !mselves ,mahometans2 ,"s ab&on$ ,*ri/ianitie to avoid ! oppression ( ! ,turkes1 o!rs = ! hope ( private pr(it4444 ,! numb] ( ^! ca/-awayes 0 f\nd to be above f\re ?\s& s\les40 7,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,s]rail1 & ( ! ,c\rt ( ! ,gr& ,seigneur ,emp]\r ( ! ,turkes1 pp4 #ic-d4 7,london1 #afce47 ,hi/oire g5]ale du ,s]rail1 et de la ,c\r du ,gr& ,seigneur1 ,emp]eur des ,turcs1 pp4 #hi-ij4 7,p>is1 #afca477 #ebi ,s*effl]1 #ee4 #ecj ,?omas ,smi?3 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,greek ,*ur*1 pp4 #ae-af4 7,london1 #afhj47 #eca ,a4 de la ,motraye3 ,voyages en ,europe1 ,asie et ,afrique1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cjf1 #cjh4 7,la ,haye1 #agbg47 #ecb ,pitzipios1 ,seconde ,p>tie1 pp4 #hc-g4 ,pi*l]1 p4 #bi4 #ecc ,t\rne=t1 vol4 i4 p4 #ajg4 ,spon uses mu* ! same language1 vol4 i4 p4 #ef4 #ecd ,gaulti] de ,leslie1 p4 #acg4 #ece ,a4 ,j4 ,evans1 p4 #bfg4 ,simil>ly ,mack5zie & ,irby say3 8,9 mo/ p>ts ( ,old ,s]bia ! idea we f\nd associat$ ) a bi%op1 0 t ( a p]son :o c>ri$ (f :at few p>as ! ,turks _h left0 7p4 #beh74 ,a simil> acc\nt ( ! cl]gy ( ! ,greek ,*ur* is giv5 by a writ] 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes 7tome #ig1 p4 #ccf71 :o n>rates ! foll[+ /ory3 8,au db de ce sicle1 ,tirnova1 un c]ta9 pope du nom de ,joa*im1 ador de ses ouailles1 dte/ de son vque1 reut l'ordre1 un j\r1 de faire la corve du fumi] dans l'curie piscopale4 ,il se rebiffa3 aussitt la valetaille l'assaillit c\ps de f\r*e4 ,mais notre homme tait vig\reux3 il se dbattit1 et1 laissant sa tunique en gage1 s'en fut t\t *aud *ez le cadi4 ,le soleil n'tait pas c\* qu'il dev5ait bon ,musulman40 #ecf ,pitzipios1 ,seconde ,p>tie1 p4 #hg4 #ecg ,id4 ,seconde ,p>tie1 p4 #hg4 ,pi*l]1 p4 #bi4 #ech ,lazr1 p4 #bbc4 #eci ,f9lay1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #aec-d4 #edj ,t\rne=t1 vol4 i4 p4 #ajd4 ,cf4 ,pi*l]1 pp4 #bi1 #ca4 ,spon1 vol4 i4 p4 #dd4 #eda ,tur*ic ,spurciti ,suggillatio1 fol4 xiii4 7b72 fol4 xv4 7b72 fol4 xvii4 7b72 fol4 xx4 7a74 ,v5i]o1 pp4 #cb1 #cf4 ,busbecq1 p4 #agd4 #edb ,gaulti] de ,leslie1 pp4 #ahj1 #ahb4 #edc ,rycaut1 vol4 i4 p4 #fhi4 ,see also ,georgieviz1 pp4 #ec-d1 & ,m5av9o1 p4 #gc4 #edd ,alex&] ,ross1 p4 ix42 he calls ! ,qurn a 8gallimaufry ( ,errors 7a ,brat z de=m$ z ! ,p>5t1 & z full ( ,h]esies1 z 8 scald head 0 ( scurf710--8a hodg podge made up ( ^! f\r ,+r$i5ts4 #a4 ,( ,contradictions4 #b4 ,( ,blasphemy4 #c4 ,( ridicul\s ,fables4 #d4 ,( ,lyes40 #ede ,f9lay1 vol4 v4 p4 #bi4 #edf ,s*iltb]g]1 p4 #if4 #edg ,tur*ic ,spurciti ,suggillatio1 fol4 xii4 7b71 xiii4 7a74 #edh ,id4 fol4 xxvii4 7a74 #edi 8,dum corpora ext]ius fov5do sub pietatis specie non occidit3 int]ius fidem auf]5do animas sua diabolica a/utia occid]e int5dit4 ,huius rei te/imonium innum]abilis multitudo fidelium esse pote/4 ,quorum multi promptissimi ess5t pro fide ,*ri/i et su>um anim>um salute 9 fide ,*ri/i mori3 quos tam5 cons]v&o a morte corporali3 et ductos 9 captivitatem p] successum temporis suo infectos v55o fidem ,*ri/i turpit] neg>e facit40 ,tur*ic ,spurciti ,suggillatio1 fol4 i42 cf4 fol4 vi4 7a74 #eej ,m5av9o1 p4 #if4 ,john ,h>ris3 ,navigantium atque ,it9]antium ,biblio!ca1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hai4 7,london1 #agfd47 #eea 8,dieses muss man d5 ,trk5 na*sag51 dass sie die ,di5] und ,sclav51 dur* d]5 ,fleiss und ,bemhung sie si* e95 ,nutz5 s*aff5 knn51 sehr wol und (t bess]1 als die ,*ri/ian die ihrige1 halt5 444 und wann e9 ,kne*t 9 e9] ,kun/ erfahr5 i/1 gehet ihm ni*ts &]s als die ,freyheit ab1 auss] wel*e er alles &]e hat1 0 e9 frey] ,m5s* si* nur wns*5 kan40 7,g4 ,c4 von d5 ,dries*1 p4 #acb47 #eeb ,sir ,william ,/irl+-,maxwell says ( ^!3 8,! poor wret*es :o tugg$ at ! o> on bo>d a ,turki% %ip ( w> liv$ a life nei!r m nor less mis]able ?an ! galley-slaves "u ! sign ( ! ,cross4 ,h>d "w1 h>d f>e1 & h>d knocks 7 ! lot ( bo?4 ,a%ore1 a ,turki% or ,alg]9e prison 01 p]haps1 m noisome 9 its fil? & d>kness ?an a prison at ,naples or ,b>celona2 b at sea1 if !re 7 degrees ( mis]y1 ! ,*ri/ian 9 ,turki% *a9s probably _h ! advantage2 = 9 ! ,sultan's vessels ! o>-gang 0 (t5 ! prop]ty ( ! capta91 & ! own]'s natural t5d]ness = 8 own 0 sometimes suppos$ to int]f]e ) ! dis*>ge ( 8 duty40 7,vol4 i4 pp4 #ajb-c47 #eec ,gmel91 p4 #af4 #eed ,id4 p4 #bc4 #eee ,john ,h>ris3 ,navigantium atque ,it9]antium ,biblio!ca1 vol4 ii4 p4 #haj4 #eef 8,die er/5 ,jahre s9d fr sol*e unglckli*e ,leute am bes*wehrli*/51 absond]li* w5n sie no* jung1 weil die ,trk5 selbige entw$] mit ,s*mei*eln1 od]1 wann dieses ni*ts v]fang5 w1 mit d] ,s*rfe zu ihr5 ,glaub5 zu br+5 su*52 wann ab] dies] ,/urm b]wund51 wird man f9d51 dass die ,gefang5s*aft nirg5d ertrgli*] als bey d5 ,trk5 seye40 7,g4 ,c4 von d5 ,dries*1 p4 #acb47 ,moreov] ,georgieviz says t ^? :o p]sev]$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian fai? 7 set free aft] a c]ta9 fix$ p]iod4 8,si 9 ,*ri/iana fide p]sev]av]9t1 /atuitur c]tum tempus s]vi5di1 quo elapso lib]i fiunt 444 ,v]um illis qui no/ram religionem abiur>unt1 nec c]tum tempus e/ s]vi5di1 n$ ullum ius 9 patriam r$eundi1 spes lib]tatis solummodo p5det a dom9i arbitrio0 7p4 #hg74 ,simil>ly ,m5av9o1 p4 #fe4 ,cantacuz5os gives ?is p]iod z sev5 ye>s3--8,grata la compagnia *e essi fanno a gli s*iavi loro1 p]cio*e ,maumetto gli ha fra l'altre cose com&ato *e egli non si possa t5] 9 s]vit uno s*iavo pi *e sette anni1 et p]ci nessuno o r>o colui *e a tal com&am5to voglia contraf>e0 7p4 #abh74 #eeg 8,fromme ,*ri/51 die na* d] ,trkei od] 9 &]e muham$anis*e ,lnd] kam51 hatt5 ,anlass g5ug zur ,trau] b] die ,hufigkeit des ,abfalls ihr] ,glaub5sg5oss51 und besond]s die ,s*rift5 d] ,ord5sgei/li*5 s9d voll von sol*5 ,klag54 ,bei d5 ,sclav5 konnte si* imm] no* e9 ,gefhl des ,mitleids dem d] ,missbilligung beimis*51 ab] (t g5ug mus/e man die bitt]/5 ,erfahrung5 au* an frei5 ,l&sleut5 ma*54 ,die *ri/li*5 ,ges&t5 w>5 ke95 ,tag si*]1 ob ihn5 ni*t ,leute von ihrem ,gefolge davon lief51 und man t gut d>an1 d5 ,tag ni*t vor dem ,ab5d zu lob540 7,gmel91 p4 #bb47 ,cf4 ,von d5 ,dries*1 p4 #afa4 #eeh ,?omas ,smi?1 pp4 #add-e4 #eei ,tur*ic ,spurciti ,suggillatio1 fol4 xxxv4 7a74 #efj ,m4 d',ohsson1 vol4 iii4 p4 #acc4 ,georgieviz1 p4 #hg 7quot$ above74 ,m5av9o1 p4 #ie4 #efa ,von d5 ,dries*1 p4 #bej4 #efb ,id4 p4 #aca-b4 #efc ,tur*ic ,spurciti ,suggillatio1 fol4 xi4 #efd ,h]tzb]g1 p4 #fba4 #efe 8,! old ,p dy+1 ! "y ones g5]ally turn ,mahumetans3 s t n[ 7#afee7 y c h>dly meet ) two ,*ri/ian ,arm5ians 9 all ^? fair ,pla9s1 :i* _! fa!rs 7 s5t to manure40 ,tav]ni] 7#a71 p4 #af4 #eff ,h4 ,h4 ,jessup3 ,fifty-?ree ,ye>s 9 ,syria1 vol4 ii4 p4 #feh4 7,new ,york1 #aiaj47 #efg ,= a li/ ( ^!1 see ,f9lay1 vol4 vi4 pp4 #bh-i4 #efh ,leake1 p4 #bej4 #efi ,! "n by :i* ! ,albanians always call !mselves1 lit4 rock-dwell]s4 #egj ,"o ( !mselves1 an ,albanian ,*ri/ian1 speak+ ( ! enmity exi/+ betwe5 ! ,*ri/ians & ,muhammadans ( ,bulg>ia1 says3 8,ab] fr ,albani5 lieg5 die ,sa*5 ganz &]s4 ,die ,muselmnn] s9d ,albanes51 wie die ,*ri/52 sie spre*5 dieselbe ,spra*e1 sie hab5 dieselb5 ,sitt51 sie folg5 d5selb5 ,gebru*51 sie hab5 dieselb5 ,tradition52 sie und die ,*ri/5 hab5 si* niemals gehas/1 zwis*5 ihn5 h]rs*t ke9e ,jahrhund]te alte ,fe9ds*aft4 ,d] ,unt]s*i$ d] ,religion w> niemals e9 zu e9] sy/ematis*5 ,tr5nung treib5des ,motiv2 ,muselmnn] und ,*ri/5 hab5 /ets1 mit w5ig5 ,ausnahm51 auf glei*em ,fusse gelebt1 si* d] glei*5 ,re*te erfreu5d1 dieselb5 ,pfli*t5 erfll5d40 7,wassa ,eff5di3 ,albani5 und die ,albanes51 p4 #ei47 7,b]l91 #ahgi47 #ega ,f9lay1 vol4 v4 p4 #df4 #egb ,cl>k1 pp4 #age-g4 ,! ,mirdites1 :o are v fanatical ,roman ,ca?olics 79 ! diocese ( ,alessio71 w n suff] a ,muhammadan to live 9 _! m\nta9s1 & no memb] ( _! tribe has ev] abjur$ 8 fai?2 7 any ,mirdite to attempt to d s1 he w\ld c]ta9ly be put to dea?1 unless he succe$$ 9 mak+ good 8 escape f ,albania4 7,hecqu>d3 ,hi/oire de la ,haute ,albanie1 p4 #bbd47 #egc ,publi%$ 9 ,f>lati's ,illyricum ,sacrum4 #egd ,aless&ro ,comuleo1 #aeic4 ,bizzi1 #afaj4 ,m>co ,crisio1 #afea4 ,fra ,bonav5tura di ,s4 ,antonio1 #afeb4 ,zmaievi*1 #agjc4 #ege ,bizzi1 fol4 #fj1 b4 #egf ,bizzi1 fol4 #ce1 a4 #egg ,f>lati1 vol4 vii4 pp4 #ajd1 #ajg4 #egh ,x is also compla9$ t ! ,ar*bi%op's palace 0 appropriat$ by ! ,muhammadans1 b x _h be5 left unoccupi$ = eight ye>s1 z ,ar*bi%op ,ambrosius 7flor4 #aegi-aeih7 _h f\nd x prud5t to g into exile1 hav+ attack$ ,islam 8) m f]v\r ?an caution1 inveigh+ aga9/ ,muammad & damn+ 8 ,satanic doctr9es40 7,f>lati1 vol4 vii4 p4 #ajg47 #egi ,bizzi1 fol4 #i1 :]e he says1 8,e comunicai quella matt9a quasi tutta la ,*ri/ianit lat9a40 ,f a comp>ison ) /ati/ics giv5 by ,zmaievi* 7fol4 #bbg7 ,i w\ld haz>d ! conjecture t ! ,lat9 ,*ri/ian community at ?is "t am\nt$ to r ov] a ?\s& s\ls4 #ehj ,bizzi1 fol4 #bg1 b2 #ch1 b4 #eha ,v5i]o1 fol4 #cd4 ,?is 0 also ! cu/om 9 "s villages ( ,albania z late z ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 see ,w4 ,m4 ,leake3 ,travels 9 ,nor!rn ,greece1 vol4 i4 p4 #di4 7,london1 #ahce73 8,9 "s villages1 ,mahometans are m>ri$ to ,greek wom51 ! sons are educat$ z ,turks1 & ! daught]s z ,*ri/ians2 & pork & mutton are eat5 at ! same table40 #ehb ,bizzi1 fol4 #ch1 b4 ,f>lati1 tom4 vii4 p4 #aeh4 #ehc ,bizzi1 fol4 #aj1 b4 ,v5i]o1 fol4 #cd4 #ehd ,%ortly aft] ,m>co ,bizzi's arrival at ,antiv>i a ,muhammadan lady ( high rank wi%$ to h h] *ild baptis$ by ! ,ar*bi%op himself1 :o tells u t %e compla9$ bitt]ly to "o ( ! lead+ ,*ri/ians ( ! city t 8io non mi fossi degnato di f> a lei que/o piac]e1 il qual quotidianam5te vi5 fatto dai miei preti a ri*ie/a di qualsivoglia plebeo0 7fol4 #aj1 b74 #ehe ,= mod]n in/ances ( ! h>moni\s relations subsi/+ betwe5 ! foll[]s ( ! two fai?s liv+ toge!r 9 ! same village1 see ,hyac9! ,hecqu>d3 ,hi/oire et description de la ,haute ,albanie 7pp4 #aec1 #afb1 #bjj74 7,p>is1 #aheh47 #ehf ,bizzi1 fol4 #ch1 a4 #ehg ,g>nett1 p4 #bfg4 #ehh ,bizzi1 fol4 #cf1 b4 #ehi ,id4 fol4 #ch1 b2 #cg1 a4 #eij ,bizzi1 fol4 #ch1 b2 #fa1 a2 #cg1 a2 #cc1 b4 #eia ,zmaievi*1 fol4 #e4 ,! ,v5etian real 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 0 equal to a ,turki% pia/re4 7,bus9ello1 p4 #id47 #eib ,bizzi1 fol4 #ab-ac4 ,zmaievi*1 fol4 #e4 #eic ,bizzi1 fol4 #aj-aa4 #eid ,id4 fol4 #ca1 b4 #eie ,id4 fol4 #fj1 b4 #eif ,id4 fol4 #cc1 b4 8,qui d]iva il puoco num]o de ,sac]doti 9 quelle p>ti e la puoca loro intellig5za 9 quel me/i]o2 il gran num]o de' ,*ri/iani1 *e invec*iano1 et anco morono s5za il sacram5to della ,conf]matione et apo/atano della f$e quasi p] tutto40 #eig 8,se l',albania non ricev] qual*e maggior agiuto 9 m5o di anni &] a male quasi tutta quella ,*ri/ianit p] il puoco num]o dei ,vescovi e dei ,sac]doti di qual*e intellig5za40 7,id4 fol4 #fa1 a47 #eih ,id4 fol4 #cf1 a4 ,id4 fol4 #fd1 b4 #eii ,f9lay1 vol4 v4 pp4 #aec-d4 ,cl>k1 p4 #bij4 #fjj 8,e quei mis]i hanno f]mata la consci5tia 9 cr$] di non pecc> p] simil coniuntioni 7i4e4 ! giv+ ( ,*ri/ian girls 9 m>riage to ,muhammadans7 p] ess] i tur*i signori del paese1 e *e p] non si possa1 n devea f> altro *e obb$irli qu&o com&ano qualsivoglia cosa40 7,bizzi1 fol4 #ch1 b47 #fja ,g>nett1 p4 #bfh4 #fjb ,bizzi1 fol4 #ch1 b2 #fc1 a4 #fjc ,kyriakos1 p4 #ab4 #fjd ,f>lati1 tom4 vii4 pp4 #abd1 #ada4 #fje ,m>co ,crisio1 p4 #bjb4 #fjf ,zmaievi*1 fol4 #bbg4 #fjg ,bizzi1 fol4 #fj1 b4 #fjh ,zmaievi*1 fol4 #acg4 #fji ,zmaievi*1 fol4 #aeg4 #faj ,zmaievi*1 fol4 #aa1 #aei4 #faa ,zmaievi*1 fol4 #ac4 #fab ,bizzi1 fol4 #ch1 b4 ,f>lati1 vol4 vii4 p4 #aeh4 #fac ,zmaievi*1 fol4 #ac-ad4 #fad ,in=matione circa la missione d',albania1 fol4 #aif4 #fae ,crisio1 fol4 #bjd4 #faf ,fra ,bonav5tura1 fol4 #bja4 #fag ,m>co ,crisio1 fol4 #bjb1 #bje4 #fah ,id4 fol4 #bje4 #fai ,zmaievi*1 fol4 #ac4 #fbj ,f>lati1 tom4 vii4 p4 #aji4 ,bizzi1 fol4 #ai1 b4 #fba ,m>co ,crisio1 fol4 #bje4 #fbb ,zmaievi*1 fol4 #aa4 #fbc ,id4 fol4 #cb4 #fbd ,crisio1 fol4 #bjd4 #fbe ,zmaievi*1 fol4 #aa4 ,f>lati1 vol4 vii4 p4 #aea4 #fbf ,f>lati1 vol4 vii4 pp4 #abf-cb4 ,zmaievi*1 fol4 #d-e1 fol4 #bj4 #fbg 8,pl]ique1 ut se iniquis tributis et vexationibus exim]5t1 paullatim a ,*ri/iana religione defic]e coep]unt40 7,f>lati1 tom4 vii4 p4 #caa47 #fbh ,zmaievi* fol4 #e4 #fbi ,id4 fol4 #e4 #fcj ,zmaievi*1 fol4 #ae1 #aig4 #fca ,id4 fol4 #aa4 #fcb ,id4 fol4 #acg4 #fcc ,id4 fol4 #adi4 #fcd ,id4 fol4 #adc-d4 #fce ,zmaievi*1 fol4 #bb4 #fcf ,f>lati1 tom4 vii4 p4 #ada4 #fcg ,zmaievi*1 fol4 #g1 #ag4 #fch ,id4 fol4 #i4 #fci ,id4 fol4 #ada4 #fdj ,f>lati1 vol4 vi4 p4 #cag4 #fda ,eliot1 p4 #dja4 #fdb ,id4 p4 #cib4 #fdc ,yqt1 vol4 i4 p4 #dfi sq4 #fdd ,gographie d',ab\lfda1 traduite p> ,m4 ,re9aud1 tome ii4 pp #bid-e4 #fde ,enrique ,dupuy de ,lme3 ,los ,esclavos y ,turqua1 pp4 #ag-ah4 7,madrid1 #ahgg47 #fdf ,de la ,jonquire1 p4 #bae4 #fdg ,id4 p4 #bij4 #fdh ,kanitz1 p4 #cg4 #fdi ,id4 pp4 #cg-h4 #fej ,a map ( ?is c\ntry is giv5 by ,mack5zie & ,irby 7p4 #bdc73 x conta9s ,prizr51 ! old ,s]vian capital1 ,ipek1 ! seat ( ! ,s]vian ,patri>*1 & ! battle-field ( ,kossovo4 #fea ,kanitz1 p4 #cg4 #feb ,mack5zie & ,irby1 pp4 #bej-a4 #fec ,f>lati1 vol4 vii4 pp4 #abg-h4 #fed ,mack5zie & ,irby1 pp4 #cgd-e4 ,kanitz1 p4 #ci4 #fee ,id4 pp4 #ci-dj4 #fef ,kanitz1 p4 #ch4 #feg ,bizzi1 fol4 #dh1 b4 #feh ,zmaievi*1 fol4 #ahb4 #fei ,kanitz1 p4 #ch4 #ffj ,mont5egro 0 rul$ by bi%ops f #aeaf to #aheb4 #ffa ,e4 ,l4 ,cl>k1 pp4 #cfb-c4 #ffb ,honorius ,,iii 9 #abba1 ,gregory ,,ix 9 #abch1 ,innoc5t ,,iv 9 #abdf1 ,b5$ict ,,xii 9 #accg4 ,! ,inquisition 0 e/abli%$ 9 #abia4 #ffc ,asbo?1 pp4 #db-ie4 ,evans1 pp4 xxxvi-xlii4 #ffd ,asbo?1 pp4 #if-g4 #ffe 8,!y revile ! c]emonies ( ! *ur* & all *ur* dignit>ies1 & !y call or?odox prie/s bl9d ,ph>isees1 & bay at !m z dogs at horses4 ,z to ! ,"l's ,supp]1 !y ass]t t x is n kept accord+ to ,god's comm&m5t1 & t x is n ! body ( ,god1 b ord9>y bread40 7,kosmas1 quot$ by ,evans1 pp4 xxx-xxxi47 #fff ,srah iv4 #aef4 #ffg ,cf4 ! admiration ( ! ,turks = ,*>les ,,xii ( ,sw$54 8,son op9itret s'ab/5ir du v91 et sa rgul>it assi/] deux fois p> j\r aux prires publiques1 leur faisai5t dire3 ,c'e/ un vrai musulman40 7uvres de ,voltaire1 tome #bc1 p4 #bjj47 7,p>is1 #aghe47 #ffh ,kosmas1 quot$ by ,evans1 p4 xxxi4 #ffi ,asbo?1 p4 #cf4 ,wetz] und ,welte1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ige4 #fgj ,olivi]1 pp4 #ag-ah4 #fga ,olivi]1 p4 #aac4 #fgb ,am>i1 vol4 i4 p4 #afc2 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfj4 #fgc ,corn>o1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bje-h4 #fgd ,p]rot1 p4 #aea4 #fge ,pa%ley1 vol4 i4 p4 #cj2 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bhd1 #bia-b4 #fgf ,id4 vol4 ii4 p4 #bih4 #fgg ,pa%ley1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhe4 #fgh ,id4 vol4 i4 p4 #cai4 #fgi ,p]rot1 p4 #aea4 #fhj ,*>les ,edw>des3 ,lett]s f ,crete1 pp4 #ij-b4 7,london1 #ahhg47 #fha ,pa%ley1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aea-b4 #fhb ,id4 vol4 i4 p4 #i4 #fhc ,p]rot1 p4 #aei4 #fhd ,pa%ley1 vol4 i4 pp4 #aj1 #aie4 #fhe ,t4 ,a4 ,b4 ,spratt3 ,travels & ,rese>*es 9 ,crete1 vol4 i4 p4 #dg4 7,london1 #ahfe47 #fhf ,r4 du ,m4 ,m4 vii4 p4 #ii4 #fhg ,caetani1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #iaj-aa4 ,a4 de ,gob9eau 7#a71 pp4 #ee-f4 #fhh ,ab ,ysuf3 ,kitb al-,kh>j1 p4 #gc4 #fhi ,id4 p4 #gd & ,baldhur1 pp4 #ga 7f9471 #gi1 #hj4 #fij ,caetani1 vol4 v4 pp4 #cfa 7 #faa n4 #a71 #cid-e1 #deg4 #fia pp4 #fh-i4 #fib ,caetani1 vol4 ii4 p4 #iaj4 #fic ,a4 de ,gob9eau 7#b71 pp4 #cjf-aj4 #fid ,dozy 7#a71 p4 #aeg4 #fie ,haneb]g1 p4 #e4 #fif ,dozy 7#a71 p4 #aia4 ,a4 de ,gob9eau 7#a71 p4 #ee4 #fig ,les croyances ,mazdennes dans la religion ,*iite1 p> ,ahm$-,bey ,agaeff4 7,transactions ( ! ,n9? ,int]national ,congress ( ,ori5tali/s1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #eji-aa4 ,london1 #ahic47 ,= o!r po9ts ( contact1 see ,goldzih]3 ,islamisme et ,p>sisme4 7,revue de l',hi/oire des ,religions1 xliii4 p4 #a4 sqq47 #fih ,dosabhai ,framji ,k>aka3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,p>sis1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ef-i1 #fb-g4 7,london1 #ahhd47 ,nicolas de ,khanik(f says t !re 7 #ab1jjj families ( fire-wor%ipp]s 9 ,kirmn at ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury4 7,mmoire sur la p>tie mridionale de l',asie c5trale1 p4 #aic4 ,p>is1 #ahfa47 #fii ,*wolsohn1 vol4 i4 p4 #bhg4 #gjj ,masd1 vol4 iv4 p4 #hf4 #gja ,iakhr1 pp4 #ajj1 #aah4 ,ibn awqal1 pp4 #ahi-aij4 #gjb ,kitb al-milal wal-nial1 edit$ by ,cureton1 "p i4 p4 #aih4 #gjc ,masd1 vol4 viii4 p4 #bgi2 vol4 ix4 pp4 #d-e4 #gjd ,ibn ,khallikn1 vol4 iii4 p4 #eag4 #gje ,kitb al-,fihri/1 ed4 ,flgel1 p4 #adi 7l4 #b74 #gjf ,= a compreh5sive sket* ( _! condition "u ,muslim rule1 see ,d4 ,m5ant3 ,les ,zoroa/ri5s de ,p]se4 7,r4 du ,m4 ,m4 iii4 pp4 #aic sqq41 p4 #dba sqq47 #gjg ,khoj ,vrittnt1 pp4 #ada-h4 ,= a fur!r acc\nt ( ,ismlian mission>ies 9 ,india1 see *ap4 ix4 #gjh ,le ,bon ,silve/re ,de ,sacy3 ,expos de la ,religion des ,druzes1 tome i4 pp4 lxvii-lxxvi1 cxlviii-clxii4 #gji ,baldhur1 p4 #dba4 #gaj ,n>%akh1 p4 #df4 #gaa ,id4 p4 #dg4 #gab ,baldhur1 p4 #dbf4 #gac ab>1 ii4 pp4 #aejg sqq4 #gad ,baldhur1 p4 #dca4 #gae ,augu/ ,mll]1 vol4 i4 p4 #ebj4 #gaf ,cahun1 p4 #aej4 #gag ,ibn al-,a?r1 vol4 viii4 p4 #cif 7ll4 #ai-bj47 ,gr5>d1 pp4 #g sq41 #db-c4 #gah ,gr5>d1 pp4 #i-aj4 8,d'une gu]re d'ambition la tradition fait une gu]re sa9te1 elle attribue ,sato ,boghra ,khn une conqute qui a t accomplie rellem5t p> son d\zime successeur2 p> une confusion absurde1 elle donne le nom de ce d]ni] l'oncle infidle de ,sato4 ,non cont5te de rduire deux p]sonnages en un seul1 elle prte au mme pr9ce une m>*e sur ,t\rfn1 c'e/--dire contre les ,ouig\r1 qui e/ en effet l'uvre d'un troisime40 7,id4 p4 #ej47 #gai ,rav]ty1 p4 #ije4 #gbj ,?is 0 ! capital ( ! ,khns ( ,turki/an dur+ ! t5? & elev5? c5turies1 b ! exact site is unc]ta94 #gba ,n>%akh1 pp4 #bcd-e4 #gbb ,rav]ty1 pp4 #ibe-g4 #gbc ,gr5>d1 p4 #gf4 #gbd ,rav]ty1 p4 #aag4 #gbe ,bellew1 p4 #if4 #gbf ,id4 pp4 #ae-af4 #gbg ,baldhur1 p4 #djb4 #gbh ,augu/ ,mll]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bi4 #gbi ,qurn1 xix4 #bc4 #gcj ,ibn al-,a?r1 vol4 xii4 pp4 #bcc-d4 #gca ,william ( ,rubruck1 pp4 #ahb1 #aia4 ,c4 d',ohsson1 tome ii4 p4 #dhh4 #gcb ,de ,guignes1 tome iii4 pp4 #bjj1 #bjc4 #gcc ,id4 vol4 iii4 p4 #aae4 #gcd ,id4 p4 #abe4 ,cahun1 p4 #cia4 #gce ,klapro?1 p4 #bjd4 #gcf ,c4 d',ohsson1 tome ii4 pp4 #bbf-g4 ,cahun1 p4 #djh sq4 #gcg ,( ?is writ] ,yule says1 8,he gives an unfav\rable acc\nt ( ! lit]ature & morals ( _! cl]gy1 :i* des]ves m weight ?an su* /atem5ts reg>d+ ^? look$ ^u z s*ismatics g5]ally d2 = ! n>rative ( ,rubruquis gives "o ! impression ( be+ writt5 by a ?or\ghly hone/ & intellig5t p]son40 7,ca?ay & ! ,way ,?i!r1 vol4 i4 p4 xcviii47 #gch ,william ( ,rubruck1 pp4 #aeh-i4 #gci ,maqrz 7#b71 tome i4 #are p>tie1 pp4 #ih1 #ajf4 #gdj ,! ,*os5 ,"o--,muammad4 #gda ,jzjn1 pp4 #ddh-ej4 ,rav]ty1 pp4 #abhh-ij4 #gdb ,s notori\sly brutal 0 ! treatm5t !y receiv$ t ev5 ! ,*9ese %[m5 9 _! exhibitions ( %ad[ figures exult+ly br\ght =w>d ! figure ( an old man ) a :ite be>d dragg$ by ! neck at ! tail ( a horse1 z %[+ h[ ! ,mongol horsem5 behav$ t[>ds ! ,musalmans4 7,h[or?1 vol4 i4 p4 #aei47 #gdc ,rav]ty1 p4 #aadf4 ,h[or?1 vol4 i4 pp4 #aab1 #bgc4 ,?is edict 0 only )drawn :5 x 0 f\nd t x prev5t$ ,muhammadan m]*ants f visit+ ! c\rt & t trade suff]$ 9 consequ5ce4 #gdd ,h[or?1 vol4 i4 p4 #afe4 #gde ,jzjn1 pp4 #djd-e4 ,rav]ty1 p4 #aafj sqq4 #gdf ,de ,guignes1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bfe4 #gdg ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ?ree-f\r?s ( ! ,mongol ho/s 7 ,turks4 7,cahun1 p4 #bgi47 #gdh ,c4 d',ohsson1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aba4 #gdi ,ra%d al-,dn1 pp4 #fjj-b4 #gej ,blo*et1 pp4 #gd-g4 #gea ,x is ( int]e/ to note t ,najm al-,dn ,mukhtr al-,zhid 9 #abfj compil$ = ,b>aka ,khn a treatise :i* gave ! pro(s ( ! div9e mission ( ! ,prophet1 a refutation ( ^? :o d5i$ x1 & an acc\nt ( ! controv]sies betwe5 ,*ri/ians & ,muslims4 7,/e9s*neid]1 pp4 #fc-d47 #geb ,abu'l-,ghz1 tome ii4 p4 #aha4 #gec ,jzjn1 p4 #ddg4 ,rav]ty1 pp4 #abhc-d4 #ged ,jzjn1 p4 #ddg4 ,rav]ty1 pp4 #abhe-f4 #gee ,maqrz 7#b71 tome i4 pp4 #ahj-a1 #ahg4 #gef ,maqrz 7#b71 tome i4 p4 #bae4 #geg ,id4 p4 #bbb4 #geh ,waf calls him ,nikdr be=e1 & ,amad aft]1 8 conv]sion4 #gei ,hayton4 7,ramusio1 tome ii4 p4 #fj1 c47 #gfj ,qurn1 vi4 #abe4 #gfa ,waf1 pp4 #bca-d4 #gfb ,de ,guignes1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #bfc-e4 #gfc ,c4 d',ohsson1 tome iv4 pp4 #ada-b4 #gfd ,id4 ib4 p4 #adh4 #gfe ,id4 ib4 p4 #cfe4 #gff ,id4 ib4 pp4 #adh1 #ced4 ,cahun1 p4 #dcd4 #gfg ,c4 d',ohsson1 tome iv4 pp4 #abh1 #acb4 #gfh ,hamm]-,purg/all3 ,ges*i*te d] ,il*an51 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahb4 ,x is n improbable t ! captive ,muslim wom5 took a consid]able "p 9 ! conv]sion ( ! ,mongols to ,islam4 ,wom5 appe> to h occupi$ an hon\r$ position among ! ,mongols1 & _m in/ances might be giv5 ( _! hav+ tak5 a prom95t "p 9 political affairs1 j z already sev]al cases h be5 m5tion$ ( ! influ5ce !y ex]cis$ on _! husb&s 9 religi\s matt]s4 ,william ( ,rubruck tells u h[ he f\nd ! influ5ce ( a ,muslim wife an ob/acle 9 ! way ( 8 proselytis+ lab\rs3 8,on ! day ( ,p5teco/ a c]ta9 ,s>ac5 came to u1 & :ile 9 conv]sation ) u1 we began exp\nd+ ! fai?1 & :5 he he>d ( ! bless+s ( ,god to man 9 ! inc>nation1 ! resurrection ( ! dead1 ! la/ judgm5t1 & ! wa%+ away ( s9s 9 baptism1 he said he wi%$ to be baptis$2 b :ile we 7 mak+ ready to baptise him1 he sudd5ly jump$ on 8 horse say+ he _h to g home to consult ) 8 wife4 ,& ! next day talk+ ) u he said he c\ld n possibly v5ture to receive baptism1 = !n he c\ld n dr9k cosmos0 7m>e's milk74 7,rubruck1 pp4 #ij-a47 #gfi ,ibn ,baah1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eg4 #ggj ,jzjn1 pp4 #cha1 #cig4 ,rav]ty1 pp4 #aaaj1 #aade-f4 #gga ,ra%d al-,dn1 pp4 #agc-d1 #ahh4 #ggb ,abu'l-,ghz1 tome ii4 p4 #aei4 #ggc ,ibn ,baah1 tome iii4 p4 #dg4 #ggd ,abu'l-,ghz1 tome ii4 pp4 #aff-h4 ,muammad ayd>1 pp4 #ac-ae4 #gge ,:5 ! p[] ( ! ,*aghaty ,khns decl9$1 a portion ( ! ea/]n division ( _! realm became practically indep5d5t "u ! "n ( ,mughali/n1 a pa/oral c\ntry suit$ to ! habits ( nomad h]dsm51 9 :at is n[ kn[n z ,*9ese ,turki/an4 #ggf ,muammad ayd>1 pp4 #eg-h4 #ggg ,9 ! reign ( ,abd al-,k>m1 :o 0 ,khn ( ,k%g> f ,a4,h4 #ihc to #ajjc 7,a4,d4 #aege-aeid74 #ggh ,m>t9 ,h>tmann3 ,d] ,islamis*e ,ori5t1 vol4 i4 p4 #bjc4 7,b]l91 #ahii47 #ggi ,id4 p4 #bjb4 #ghj ,assemani1 tome iii4 p>s4 ii4 p4 cxvi4 #gha ,ibn ,baah1 vol4 iii4 p4 #dj4 #ghb ,ra%d al-,dn1 p4 #fjj1 l4 #a4 #ghc ,cahun1 p4 #daj4 #ghd ,h[or?1 vol ii4 p4 #ajae4 #ghe ,ab'l-,ghz1 tome ii4 p4 #ahd4 #ghf ,de ,guignes1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cea4 #ghg ,k>ams91 vol4 iv4 pp4 #cia-d4 #ghh ,hamm]-,purg/all3 ,ges*i*te d] ,gold55 ,horde 9 ,kipts*ak1 p4 #bij4 #ghi ,de ,bas*kiris quae memoriae prodita sunt ab ,ibn-,foszlano et ,jakuto1 int]prete ,c4 ,n4 ,fraehnio4 7,mmoires de l',acadmie ,impriale des ,sci5ces de ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg1 tome viii4 p4 #fbf4 #ahbb47 #gij ,ab ,ubayd al-,bakr1 pp4 #dgj-a4 #gia ,k>ams91 tome i4 pp4 #bei-ga4 #gib ,bobrovnik(f1 p4 #ac4 #gic ,reclus1 tome v4 p4 #hca4 ,r4 du ,m4 ,m41 tome iii4 pp4 #gf1 #gh4 #gid ,relation des ,t>t>es1 p> ,jean de ,luca1 p4 #ag4 7,!v5ot1 tome i47 #gie ,islam & ,missions1 p4 #beg4 #gif ,gaszt[tt1 pp4 #cba-c4 ,r4 du ,m4 ,m41 xi4 7#aiaj71 pp4 #bhg sqq4 #gig ,! ,russian ,policy reg>d+ ,c5tral ,asia4 ,an hi/orical sket*4 ,by ,pr(4 ,v4 ,grigorief4 7,eug5e ,s*uyl]3 ,turki/an1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dje-f4 #e? ed4 ,london1 #ahgf72 ,franz von ,s*w>z3 ,turke/an1 p4 #eh4 7,freiburg1 #aiaj47 #gih ,islam & ,missions1 pp4 #bea-b1 #bee4 #gii ,d4 ,mack5zie ,wallace3 ,russia1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bdb-d4 7,london1 #ahgg1 #d? ed47 ,r4 du ,m4 ,m41 vol4 ix4 7#aiji71 p4 #bdi4 ,bobrovnik(f1 p4 #e sqq4 #hjj ,w4 ,hepwor? ,dixon3 ,free ,russia1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhd4 7,london1 #ahgj47 #hja ,e4g4 8,en #ahhc1 des paysans ,tat>s du village d',apoz( tai5t p\rsuivis1 devant le tribunal de ,kazan1 p\r avoir ab&onn l'or?odoxie4 ,les accuss dcl>ai5t avoir t\j\rs t musulmans2 sept d'entre eux n'en fur5t pas mo9s condamns1 comme apo/ats1 aux travaux =cs4444 ,beauc\p de ces relaps ont t dports en ,sibrie40 ,anatole ,l]oy-,beaulieu3 ,l',empire des ,ts>s et les ,russes1 tome iii4 p4 #fde4 7,p>is1 #ahhi-ic47 #hjb ,d4 ,mack5zie ,wallace3 ,russia1 vol4 i4 p4 #bde4 #hjc ,palmi]i1 pp4 #he-f4 ,r4 du ,m4 ,m41 i4 7#aijg71 pp4 #afb sq4 #hjd ,r4 du ,m4 ,m41 ix4 7#aiji71 p4 #bid4 #hje ,id4 x4 7#aiaj71 p4 #dac4 ,id4 i4 7#aijg71 p4 #bgc4 #hjf ,id4 ix4 p4 #beb4 #hjg ,id4 p4 #bdi4 #hjh ,bobrovnik(f1 p4 #ab4 #hji ,reclus1 tome v4 pp4 #gdf1 #gdh4 #haj ,eruslanov1 pp4 #c1 #f4 #haa ,id4 pp4 #g-h4 #hab ,id4 pp4 #e-f4 #hac ,eruslanov1 pp4 #i1 #ac4 #had ,id4 pp4 #ag1 #bj1 #cf4 #hae ,id4 pp4 #ch-i4 #haf ,bobrovnik(f1 p4 #bb4 #hag ,id4 pp4 #ba-b1 #ca4 #hah ,id4 p4 #ac4 ,islam & ,missions1 p4 #beg4 #hai ,g4 ,f4 ,mll]3 ,sammlung ,russis*] ,ges*i*te1 vol4 vii4 p4 #aia4 #hbj ,id4 vol4 vii4 pp4 #ahc-d4 #hba ,radl(f1 vol4 i4 p4 #adg4 #hbb ,jadr9zew1 p4 #ach4 ,radl(f1 vol4 i4 p4 #bda4 #hbc ,radl(f1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dgb1 #dig4 #hbd ,c5sus ( ,india1 #ahia4 ,g5]al ,report by ,j4 ,a4 ,ba9es1 p4 #afg4 7,london1 #ahic47 #hbe ,id4 pp4 #abf1 #bjg4 #hbf ,elliot1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ddh4 #hbg ,muammad b4 ,qsim invit$ ! ,h9du pr9ces to embrace ,islam1 & ! invad]s :o foll[$ him 7 probably equally obs]vant ( ! religi\s law4 7,elliot1 vol4 i4 pp4 #age1 #bjg47 #hbh ,or ,b>an1 ! old "n ( ,bul&%ahr4 #hbi ,elliot1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #db-c4 #hcj ,gazette] ( ! ,n4,w4,p41 vol4 iii4 "p ii4 p4 #he4 #hca 8,! milit>y adv5tur]s1 :o f\nd$ dyna/ies 9 ,nor!rn ,india & c>v$ out k+doms 9 ! ,dekhan1 c>$ little = ?+s spiritual2 mo/ ( !m _h inde$ no "t = proselytism1 be+ cont9ually engag$ 9 conque/ or 9 civil w>4 ,!y 7 usually r\gh ,t>t>s or ,moghals2 !mselves ill-gr\nd$ 9 ! fai? ( ,mahom$1 & unt\*$ by ! true ,semitic en?usiasm :i* inspir$ ! fir/ ,arab /&>d be>]s ( ,islam4 ,! empire :i* !y set up 0 purely milit>y1 & x 0 kept 9 t /ate by ! half success ( _! conque/s & ! comp>ative failure ( _! spiritual invasion4 ,!y 7 /rong en\gh to prev5t any?+ l religi\s amalgamation among ! ,h9dus1 & to *eck ! ga!r+ ( tribes into nations2 b s f> 7 !y f conv]t+ ,india1 t among ! ,mahomm$ans !mselves _! own fai? nev] acquir$ an entire & exclusive monopoly ( ! high (fices ( adm9i/ration40 7,sir ,alfr$ ,c4 ,lyall3 ,asiatic ,/udies1 p4 #bhi47 7,london1 #ahhb47 #hcb ,firi%tah1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahd4 #hcc ,ibn ,baah1 tome iii4 p4 #aig4 #hcd ,elliot1 vol4 iii4 p4 #chf4 #hce ,mank9d & ! ,*ur*1 p4 #bhf4 7,london1 #aijg47 #hcf ,sir ,ri*>d ,temple3 ,india 9 #ahhj1 p4 #afd4 7,london1 #ahha47 ,punjab ,/ates ,gazette]s1 vol4 xxxvi ,a1 ,bahawalpur1 p4 #ahc4 #hcg ,manual ( ,titles = ,oudh1 p4 #gh4 7,allahabad1 #ahhi47 #hch ,gazette] ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,oudh1 vol4 i4 p4 #dff4 #hci ,gazette] ( ! ,n4,w4,p41 vol4 iii4 "p ii4 p4 #df4 #hdj ,gazette] ( ! ,n4,w4,p41 vol4 xiv4 "p ii4 p4 #aai4 ,9 ! ,cawnpore di/rict1 ! ,musalman bran* ( ! ,dikhit family obs]ves ,muhammadan cu/oms at bir?s1 m>riages1 & dea?s1 &1 ?\gh !y _c1 z a rule1 recite ! pray]s 7namz71 !y p]=m ! or?odox obeisances 7sijdah74 ,b at ! same "t !y wor%ip ,*a*ak ,dev to av]t small-pox1 & keep up _! fri5dly int]c\rse ) _! old ca/e bre?r51 ! ,?akurs1 9 dome/ic occurr5ces1 & are g5]ally call$ by common ,h9du names4 7,gazette] ( ! ,n4,w4,p41 vol4 vi4 p4 #fd47 #hda ,ibbetson1 p4 #afc4 #hdb ,gazette] ( ! ,n4,w4,p41 vol4 vi4 p4 #fd4 ,comp>e also id4 vol4 xiv4 "p iii4 p4 #dg4 8,muhammadan cultivators are n num]\s2 !y are usually ,nau-,muslims4 ,mo/ ( !m assign ! date ( _! conv]sion to ! reign ( ,aurangzeb1 & repres5t x z ! result sometimes ( p]secution & sometimes z made to enable !m to reta9 _! rights :5 unable to pay rev5ue40 #hdc ,ibbetson1 p4 #afc4 #hdd ,inde$ ,firi%tah di/9ctly says3 8,zeal\s = ! fai? ( ,mahomm$1 he rew>d$ proselytes ) a lib]al h&1 ?\gh he did n *oose to p]secute ^? ( diff]5t p]suasions 9 matt]s ( religion40 7,! ,hi/ory ( ,h9do/an1 translat$ f ! ,p]sian1 by ,alex&] ,d[1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cfa47 7,london1 #ahab47 #hde ,! ,bombay ,gazette]1 vol4 xxii4 p4 #bbb2 vol4 xxiii4 p4 #bhb4 #hdf ,innes1 pp4 #gb-c1 #aij4 #hdg ,sir ,w4 ,w4 ,hunt]3 ,! ,religions ( ,india4 7,! ,times1 ,febru>y #be?1 #ahhh47 #hdh ,gazette] ( ! ,n4,w4,p41 vol4 vi4 p4 #eah4 #hdi ,gazette] ( ! ,n4,w4,p41 vol4 v4 "p i4 pp4 #cjb-c4 #hej ,sir ,alfr$ ,c4 ,lyall3 ,asiatic ,/udies1 p4 #bcf4 #hea ,a tomb 9 ! cemet]y ( ,pantaly9i ,kollam be>s an inscription ) ! date ,a4,h4 #aff4 7,innes1 p4 #dcf47 #heb ,zayn al-,dn1 pp4 #cd-e4 #hec ,id4 p4 #cf 7init474 #hed ,id4 p4 #ba4 #hee ,! mod]n ,madyi4 #hef ,zayn al-,dn1 pp4 #bc-d4 #heg ,id4 p4 #be4 #heh ,innes1 p4 #da4 #hei ,id4 p4 #cih4 #hfj ,ibn ,baah1 tome iv4 pp4 #hb1 #hh1 etc4 #hfa ,innes1 p4 #aij4 #hfb ,obo>do ,b>bosa1 p4 #caj4 ,simil>ly x has be5 conjectur$ t b = ! arrival ( ! ,portuguese1 ,ceylon might h become a ,muhammadan k+dom4 ,= be=e ! ,portuguese armam5ts appe>$ 9 ! ,indian seas1 ! ,arab m]*ants 7 undisput$ ma/]s ( ! trade ( ?is isl& 7:]e inde$ !y _h =m$ comm]cial e/abli%m5ts c5turies be=e ! bir? ( ! ,prophet71 & 7 to be f\nd 9 e sea-port & city1 :ile ! facilities = comm]ce attract$ l>ge numb]s ( fre% arrivals f _! settlem5ts 9 ,malab>4 ,"h z else:]e ! ,muslim trad]s int]m>ri$ ) ! natives ( ! c\ntry & spread _! religion along ! coa/4 ,b no v active proselytis+ movem5t w\ld seem to h be5 c>ri$ on1 or else ! ,s+halese %[$ !mselves unwill+ to embrace ,islam1 z ! ,muhammadans ( ,ceylon at ! pres5t day appe> mo/ly to be ( ,arab desc5t4 7,sir ,james ,em]son ,t5n5t3 ,ceylon1 vol4 i4 pp4 #fca-c47 7#e? ed41 ,london1 #ahfj47 #hfc ,qurn1 xvi4 #abf4 #hfd ,abd al-,razzq3 ,mala al-sadayn1 fol4 #agc4 #hfe ,!y are f\nd *iefly 9 ! ,tamil-speak+ di/ricts ( ,madura1 ,t9nevelly1 ,coimbatore1 ,nor? ,arcot & ! ,nilgiris4 #hff ,! ,imp]ial ,gazette] ( ,india 7vol4 xxiv4 p4 #dg7 spells 8 "n ,ndir ,%h2 ,qdir usayn ,khn calls him ,na?ad ,vali4 #hfg ,madras ,di/rict ,gazette]s4 ,tri*9opoly1 vol4 i4 p4 #cch4 7,madras1 #aijg47 ,qdir usayn ,khn3 ,s\? ,indian ,musalmans1 p4 #cf4 7,madras1 #aiaj47 #hfh ,qdir usayn ,khn1 pp4 #cf-h4 #hfi ,qdir usayn ,khn1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ci-db4 ,madras ,di/rict ,gazette]s4 ,anantapur1 vol4 i4 pp4 #aic-d4 7,madras1 #aije47 #hgj ,zayn al-,dn1 pp4 #cc 7l4 #d71 #cf 7l4 #a74 #hga ,innes1 p4 #aij4 ,c5sus ( ,india1 #aiaa4 ,vol4 xii4 ,"p4 ,i4 p4 #ed4 #hgb ,report on ! ,c5sus ( ! ,madras ,presid5cy1 #ahga1 by ,w4 ,r4 ,corni%1 pp4 #ga1 #gb1 #aji4 7,madras1 #ahgd47 #hgc ,report ( ! ,second ,dec5nial ,mission>y ,conf]5ce held at ,calcutta #ahhb-c 7pp4 #bbh1 #bcc1 #bdh74 7,calcutta1 #ahhc47 #hgd ,ibn ,baah1 tome iv4 p4 #abh4 ,ibn ,baah resid$ 9 ! ,maldive ,isl&s dur+ ! ye>s #acdc-d & m>ri$ 8! daught] ( a ,vizi] :o 0 gr&son ( ! ,suln ,dd1 :o 0 a gr&son ( ! ,suln ,amad ,%anrzah0 7tome iv4 p4 #aed72 f ?is /atem5t ! date ,a4,d4 #abjj has be5 conjectur$4 #hge ,h4 ,c4 ,p4 ,bell3 ,! ,maldive ,isl&s1 pp4 #bc-e1 #eg-h1 #ga4 7,colombo1 #ahhc47 #hgf ,memoir on ! ,inhabitants ( ! ,maldive ,isl&s4 ,by ,j4 ,a4 ,"y & ,w4 ,*ri/oph]4 7,transactions ( ! ,bombay ,geographical ,society f #ahcf to #ahch1 p4 #gd4 ,bombay1 #ahdd47 #hgg ,innes1 pp4 #dhe1 #dib4 #hgh ,masd1 tome ii4 pp4 #he-f4 #hgi ,! ,bombay ,gazette]1 vol4 x4 p #acb2 vol4 xvi4 p4 #ge4 #hhj ,id4 vol4 xxiii4 p4 #bhb4 #hha ,sometimes call$ ,sayyid ,makhdm ,gsd>z4 #hhb ,! ,bombay ,gazette]1 vol4 xviii4 p4 #eja2 vol4 xxi4 pp4 #bah1 #bbc4 #hhc ,id4 vol4 xiii4 "p i4 p4 #bca4 #hhd ,id4 vol4 xxii4 p4 #bdb4 #hhe ,id4 vol4 xvi4 pp4 #ge-f4 #hhf ,id4 vol4 xxi4 p4 #bjc4 #hhg ,at ! "t ( ! ,arab conque/ ! dom9ions ( ! ,h9du rul] ( ,s9d ext5d$ z f> nor? z ?is city1 :i* is n[ no long] includ$ 9 ?is prov9ce4 #hhh ,baldhur1 p4 #dda 7f947 #hhi ,elliot1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ahe-f4 #hij ,probably ! ,s9dn 9 ,abrsa1 ! s\!rn di/rict ( ,cut*4 #hia ,baldhur1 p4 #ddf4 #hib ,iakhr1 pp4 #agc-d4 #hic ,baldhur1 p4 #ddf4 #hid ,iakhr1 loc4 cit4 ,ibn awqal1 p4 #bcj sq4 ,idrs 7,gographie d'drisi1 traduite p> ,p4 ,a4 ,jaub]t1 vol4 i4 p4 #age sqq474 #hie ,masd1 vol4 i4 p4 #bjg4 #hif ,elliot1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgc4 #hig ,bombay ,gazette]1 vol4 i4 p4 #ic4 #hih ,khoj ,vttnt1 p4 #bjh4 ,sir ,b>tle ,fr]e3 ,! ,khojas3 ! ,disciples ( ! ,old ,man ( ! ,m\nta94 ,macmillan's ,magaz9e1 vol4 xxxiv4 pp4 #dca1 #dcc-d4 7,london1 #ahgf47 #hii ,bombay ,gazette]1 vol4 ix4 "p ii4 p4 #bf4 #ijj ,k4 ,b4 ,fazalullah ,lutfullah conjectures t ,nr ,satg> came to ,india r lat]1 9 ! reign ( ,bhma ,,ii 7,a4,d4 #aagi-abdb47 7,bombay ,gazette]1 vol4 ix4 "p ii4 p4 #ch47 #ija ,khoj ,vttnt1 p4 #aed-h4 #ijb ,nr ,allh al-,%%t>3 ,majlis al-,mum9n1 fol4 #fe4 7,india ,(fice ,,ms4 ,no4 #adjj47 #ijc ,a t[n t5 miles s\?-we/ ( ,ahmadabad4 #ijd ,bombay ,gazette]1 vol4 ix4 "p ii4 pp4 #ff1 #gf4 #ije ,bombay ,gazette]1 vol4 v4 p4 #hi4 #ijf ,id4 vol4 ii4 p4 #cgh2 vol4 iii4 pp4 #cf-g4 #ijg ,s ,firi%tah1 b see ,h4 ,blo*mann3 ,contributions to ! ,geography & ,hi/ory ( ,b5gal4 7,j4 ,a4 ,s4 ,b41 vol4 xlii4 ,no4 #a1 pp4 #bfd-f4 #ahgc47 #ijh ,j4 ,h4 ,rav5%aw3 ,gaur3 its ru9s & inscriptions1 p4 #ii4 7,london1 #ahgh47 ,firi%tah1 vol4 iv4 p4 #ccg4 #iji ,wise1 p4 #bi4 #iaj ,c5sus ( ,india1 #aija1 vol4 vi4 "p i4 p4 #agj4 #iaa ,id4 p4 #cj4 #iab ,*>les ,/ew>t3 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,b5gal1 p4 #agf4 7,london1 #ahac47 ,h4 ,blo*mann3 ,contributions to ! ,geography & ,hi/ory ( ,b5gal4 7,j4 ,a4 ,s4 ,b41 vol4 xlii4 ,no4 #a1 p4 #bbj4 #ahgc47 #iac ,! ,indian ,evangelical ,review1 p4 #bgh4 7,janu>y #ahhc47 #iad ,sir ,w4 ,w4 ,hunt]3 ,! ,religions ( ,india4 7,! ,times1 ,febru>y #be1 #ahhh47 ,see also ,wise1 p4 #cb4 #iae ,wise1 p4 #cg4 #iaf ,blo*mann1 op4 cit4 p4 #bfj4 #iag ,wise1 pp4 #dh-ee4 #iah ,ghulm ,s>w>3 ,khaznat al-,afy1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bcj4 #iai ,o!rwise kn[n z ,%aykh ,bah al-,dn ,zak>iyy4 #ibj ,ibbetson1 p4 #afc4 #iba ,agh> ,al3 ,jawhir-i-,f>d 7,a4,h4 #ajcc71 p4 #cie4 7,lahore1 #ahhd47 #ibb ,elliot1 vol4 ii4 p4 #edh4 #ibc ,punjab ,/ates ,gazette]s1 vol4 xxxvi ,a4 ,bahawalpur ,/ate4 7,lahore1 #aijh71 p4 #afj sqq4 ,! names ( "s ( ! tribes :o ascribe _! conv]sion to ,makhdm-i-,jahniyn are giv5 on p4 #afb4 #ibd ,id4 p4 #aga4 #ibe ,ibn ,baah1 tome iv4 p4 #bag4 ,yule1 p4 #eae4 #ibf ,! ,indian ,evangelical ,review1 vol4 xvi1 pp4 #eb-c4 7,calcutta1 #ahhi-ij47 ,! ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y #ahhi1 p4 #agj4 ,! ,spectator1 ,octob] #ae1 #ahhg1 p4 #achb4 #ibg ,g>c9 de ,tassy3 ,la ,langue et la ,littrature ,h9d\/anies de #ahej #ahfi1 p4 #cdc4 7,p>is1 #ahgd47 #ibh ,mawlav asan ,al furni%$ me ) ^! figures "s ye>s be=e 8 dea? 9 #ahif4 ,9 an obitu>y notice publi%$ 9 8,! ,moslem ,*ronicle0 7,april #d1 #ahif71 ! foll[+ qua9t acc\nt is giv5 ( 8 life3 8,9 private & s*ool life1 he 0 m>k$ z a v intellig5t lad & made consid]able progress 9 8 s*ola/ic c>e] )9 a %ort "t4 ,he pass$ ,entrance at a v e>ly age & receiv$ s*ol>%ip ) :i* he w5t up to ! ,fir/ ,art1 b %ortly aft] 8 innate anxiety to seek tru? prompt$ him to g abroad ! _w1 & ab&on+ 8 /udies he mix$ ) p]sons ( diff]5t p]suasions1 ,fakirs1 ,p&its1 & ,*ri/ians1 ent]$ *ur*es1 & roam$ ov] wild]ness & =e/s & cities ) no?+ to help him on except 8 s9c]e hopes & absolute reliance on ! m]cy ( ! ,great ,"l2 = "o ye> he w&]$ 9 v>i\s regions ( religion until 9 #ahgd he accept$ ! po/ ( a head ma/] 9 a ,patna s*ool4444 ,z he 0 born to become a mission>y ( ! ,moslem fai?1 he felt an imp]ceptible crav+ to quit 8 po/1 f :i* he us$ to get ,rs4 #ajj p] m5sem4 ,he t5d]$ 8 resignation1 mu* to ! reluctance ( 8 fri5ds1 & ma9ta9$ himself = "s "t by publi%+ a mon?ly j\rnal1 #8,noorul ,islam4' ,he gave sev]al lectures on ,islam at ,patna1 & !n w5t to ,calcutta1 :]e he deliv]$ 8 lecture 9 ,engli%1 :i* produc$ su* effect on ! audi5ce t sev]al ,european cl]gym5 v\*saf$ ! tru? ( ,islam1 & a notable g5tleman1 ,babu ,bep9 ,*&ra ,pal1 0 ab\t to become ,musalman4 ,he 0 invit$ by ! p at ,dacca1 :]e 8 prea*+s & lectures left 8 "n imb$d$ 9 ! he>ts ( ! citiz5s4 ,8 v>i\s books & pamphlets & successive lectures 9 ,urdu & 9 ,engli% 9 ! diff]5t cities & t[ns 9 ,india gave him a hi/oric "n 9 ! _w4 ,"s "o hundr$ m5 became ,musalmans on he>+ 8 lectures & read+ 8 books40 ,8 mission>y zeal manife/$ itself up to ! la/ h\r ( 8 life1 :5 he 0 ov]he>d to say1 8,abjure y\r religion & become a ,musalman40 ,on be+ que/ion$1 he said he 0 talk+ to a ,*ri/ian4 #ibi ,bombay ,gazette]1 vol4 xii4 p4 #abf4 #icj ,id4 vol4 xvi4 p4 #ha4 #ica ,tufat al-,h9d1 p4 #c4 7,dehli1 ,a4,h4 #acji47 #icb ,! ,indian ,evangelical ,review1 #ahhd1 p4 #abh4 ,g>c9 de ,tassy3 ,la ,langue et la ,littrature ,h9d\/anies de #ahej #ahfi1 p4 #dhe4 7,p>is1 #ahgd47 ,g>c9 de ,tassy3 ,la ,langue et la ,littrature ,h9d\/anies en #ahga1 p4 #ab4 7,p>is1 #ahgb47 #icc ,ibbetson1 p4 #ahd4 #icd ,! ,rajputana ,gazette]1 vol4 i4 p4 #ij2 vol4 ii4 p4 #dg4 7,calcutta1 #ahgi47 #ice ,on ^! z !y affect ! ,muhammadans1 see ! ,c5sus ( ,india1 #aija4 ,vol4 vi4 p4 #agb4 #icf ,e4 ,t4 ,dalton1 p4 #cbd4 #icg ,= an acc\nt ( su* ,h9duis+ ( ! aborig9al tribes see ,sir ,alfr$ ,lyall3 ,asiatic ,/udies1 pp4 #ajb-d4 #ich ,e4 ,t4 ,dalton1 p4 #hi4 #ici ,! ,mission>y ,review ( ! ,_w1 ,n4,s4 vol4 xiii1 pp4 #gb-c4 7,new ,york1 #aijj47 #idj ,sir ,alfr$ ,lyall 7,asiatic ,/udies1 p4 #bi7 speaks ( ! p]ceptible proclivity t[>ds ! fai? ( ,islam occasionally exhibit$ by "s ( ! ,h9du *iefs4 #ida ,gazette] ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,oudh1 vol4 i4 p4 xix4 #idb ,to give "o in/ance only3 9 ,ghtampur1 9 ! di/rict ( ,cawnpore1 "o bran* ( a l>ge family is ,muslim 9 ob$i5ce to ! v[ ( _! ance/or1 ,ghtam ,deo ,bais1 :o :ile pray+ = a son at ! %r9e ( a ,muhammadan sa9t1 ,madr ,%h1 promis$ t if 8 pray] 7 grant$1 half 8 desc5dants %\ld be br\ght up z ,muslims4 7,gazette] ( ! ,n4,w4,p41 vol4 vi4 pp4 #fd1 #bch47 ,! wor%ip ( ,muhammadan sa9ts is s common among c]ta9 l[-ca/e ,h9dus t 9 ! ,c5sus ( #ahia1 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces & ,oudh alone1 #b1ccc1fdc ,h9dus 7or #egh p] c5t4 ( ! total ,h9du population ( ^! prov9ces7 return$ !mselves z wor%ipp]s ( ,muhammadan sa9ts4 7,c5sus ( ,india1 #ahia1 vol4 xvi4 "p i4 pp4 #bag1 #bdd47 7,allahabad1 #ahid47 #idc ,in/ances ( su* causes ( conv]sion are giv5 9 ! ,c5sus ( ,india1 #aija4 ,vol4 vi4 ,b5gal1 "p4 i1 ,app5dix ,,ii4 #idd ,report on ! ,c5sus ( ! ,n4,w4,p4 & ,oudh1 #ahha1 by ,edw>d ,:ite1 p4 #fb4 7,allahabad1 #ahhb47 #ide ,id4 p4 #fc4 #idf ,gazette] ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,oudh1 vol4 i4 p4 xix4 #idg ,gazette] ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,oudh1 vol4 i4 pp4 xxiii-xxiv4 #idh ,khoj ,vttnt1 p4 #ada4 #idi ,or ,%ams al-,dn1 accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 see ,muammad ,hayd>1 p4 #dcc 7n4 #b74 #iej ,firi%tah1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #dfd1 #dfi4 #iea ,f4 ,drew3 ,! ,jummoo & ,ka%mir ,t]ritories1 pp4 #eh1 #aee4 7,london1 #ahge47 #ieb ,drew1 op4 cit4 p4 #cei4 #iec ,on ?is ^w see ,yule's ,m>co ,polo1 vol4 i4 p4 #bij4 #ied ,amad ,%h3 ,f\r ye>s 9 ,tibet1 pp4 #de1 #gd4 7,b5>es1 #aijf47 #iee ,broomhall1 p4 #bjf4 ,tu ,w5-siu1 ! lead] ( ! ,pan?ay rebellion f #ahef to #ahgc1 :o = sixte5 ye>s 0 practically ,sultan ( half ! prov9ce ( ,yunnan1 issu$ a proclamation 9 ,lhasa itself1 at ! outset ( 8 revolt1 9 ord] to ga9 ,muhammadan recruits4 7,id4 p4 #acb47 #ief ,mission d',ollone1 pp4 #bjg1 #bbf1 #bcc4 #ieg ,broomhall1 p4 #bjf4 #ieh ,a4 ,ba/ian3 ,die ,ges*i*te d] ,indo*9es51 p4 #aei4 7,leipzig1 #ahff47 #iei ,r4 du ,m4 ,m41 tome i4 p4 #bge4 7#aijg47 #ifj ,kanz al-,umml1 vol4 v4 p4 #bjb4 #ifa ,brets*neid] 7#b71 p4 #f4 #ifb ,on ! orig9 ( ?is "n1 see ,devria1 p4 #caa2 ,mission d',ollone1 p4 #dbj sqq4 #ifc ,de ,?i]sant1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ai-bj4 #ifd ,d',ollone gives ! foll[+ w>n+ z to ! unc]ta9ty ( our k ( ,islam 9 ,*9a3--8,or ri5 n'e/ mo9s connu que l',islam *9ois4 ,on ne sait exactem5t ni comm5t il s'e/ propag dans l',empire1 ni combi5 d'adeptes il a runis1 ni si sa doctr9e e/ pure1 ni quelle e/ son organisation1 ni s'il possde des relations avec le re/e du monde musulman40 7,mission d',ollone1 p4 #a47 ,! ref]5ces to ,*9a 9 ,arabic & ,p]sian writ]s h be5 collect$ by ,s*ef]1 8,notice sur les relations des peuples musulmans avec les ,*9ois40 #ife ,*avannes1 p4 #agb4 #iff ,de ,?i]sant1 vol4 i4 pp4 #gj-a4 #ifg ,?is leg5d has be5 exhau/ively discuss$ by ,broomhall3 ,islam 9 ,*9a1 cap4 iv1 vii4 #ifh ,?us ! p ( ,khotan claim t ,islam 0 fir/ br\ght to _! l& by ,jaf>1 a c\s9 ( ! ,prophet 7,gr5>d3 ,mission ,dutreuil de ,rh9s1 t4 iii4 p4 #b71 & ! ,*ams ( ,cambodia ascribe _! conv]sion to "o ( ! fa!rs-9-law ( ,muammad4 7,r4 du ,m4 ,m41 vol4 ii4 p4 #ach47 #ifi ,de ,?i]sant1 vol4 i4 p4 #aec4 #igj ,re9aud3 ,relation des ,voyages faits p> les ,arabes et les ,p]sans dans l',inde et la ,*9e1 i4 pp4 #ac1 #fd4 7,p>is1 #ahde47 #iga ,id4 p4 #eh4 #igb ,t !re 0 "s migration we/w>d also ( ,*9ese into ! conqu]$ c\ntries ( ,islam1 :]e !y w\ld come )9 ! sph]e ( its religi\s influ5ce1 we le>n f ! di>y ( a ,*9ese monk :o travell$ ?r\gh ,c5tral ,asia to ,p]sia 9 ! ye>s #abba-d2 speak+ ( ,sam>q&1 he says1 8,*9ese workm5 are liv+ ev]y:]e40 7,brets*neid] 7#a71 vol4 i4 p4 #gh47 #igc ,h[or?1 vol4 i4 p4 #afa4 #igd ,= ,*9ese biographies ( ,sayyid ,ajall1 see ,r4 du ,m4 ,m41 viii4 p4 #cdd sqq4 & xi4 p4 #c sqq42 ,mission d',ollone1 p4 #be sqq4 #ige ,broomhall1 p4 #abg4 #igf ,mission d',ollone1 pp4 #dce-f4 #igg ,h[or?1 vol4 i4 p4 #beg4 #igh ,m>co ,polo1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bai1 #bgd2 vol4 ii4 p4 #ff4 #igi ,ra%d al-,dn 7,yule's ,ca?ay1 p4 #i74 #ihj ,vol4 iv4 pp4 #bgj1 #bhc4 #iha ,id4 p4 #beh4 #ihb ,abd al-,razzq al-,sam>q&3 ,mala al-sadayn1 foll4 #fj-a4 7,blo*et1 pp4 #bdi-eb47 #ihc ,z5k]1 pp4 #gih-i4 ,mlanges ,ori5taux1 p4 #fe4 7,publications de l'cole des ,langues ,ori5tales ,vivantes1 ,sr4 ii4 t4 #i47 7,p>is1 #ahhc47 #ihd ,s*ef]1 pp4 #bi-cj4 ,z5k]1 p4 #gif4 #ihe ,de ,?i]sant1 tome i4 pp4 #aed-f4 #ihf ,broomhall1 p4 #ib sqq4 ,devria3 ,musulmans et ,mani*ens *9ois4 7,j4 ,a4 #ime ,sr41 tome x4 p4 #ddg sqq47 #ihg ,de ,?i]sant1 tome i4 pp4 #afc-d4 #ihh ,! ,muhammadans are said to be m prolific ?an ! ord9>y ,*9ese1 & ! ,*9ese c5sus1 :i* c\nts accord+ to families1 e/imates six = a ,muhammadan family & five = ! ord9>y ,*9ese4 7,broomhall1 pp4 #aig1 #bjc47 #ihi ,broomhall1 9 *ap4 xii4 ( 8 ,islam 9 ,*9a1 gives ! total z betwe5 five & t5 millions4 ,d',ollone puts x z l[ z f\r millions 7p4 #dcj74 #iij ,vide infra1 pp4 #cji-caj4 #iia ,cl>k ,abel3 ,n>rative ( a j\rney 9 ! int]ior ( ,*9a1 p4 #cfa4 7,london1 #ahah47 #iib ,de ,?i]sant1 tome ii4 pp4 #cfa-c4 #iic ,"o mission>y1 writ+ f ,pek+ 9 #agba1 says1 8,la secte des ,mahomtans s't5d de plus en plus40 7,lettres difiantes et curieuses1 tome xix4 p4 #adj47 #iid ,j4 ,b4 du ,halde3 ,description gographique1 hi/orique1 *ronologique1 politique et physique de l',empire de la ,*9e1 tome iii4 p4 #fd4 7,p>is1 #agce47 #iie ,&]son1 p4 #aea4 ,grosi]1 tome iv4 p4 #ejg4 #iif ,?am>t al-,funn1 #ag? ,%awwl1 p4 #c4 7,bayrt1 ,a4,h4 #acaa47 #iig ,mission d',ollone1 p4 #bgi4 ,r4 du ,m4 ,m41 tome ix4 pp4 #egg1 #egh4 #iih ,broomhall1 p4 #bbf4 ,grosi]1 tome iv4 p4 #ejh4 #iii ,vasil'ev1 p4 #ae4 #ajjj ,broomhall1 p4 #bcg4 #ajja ,id4 pp4 #ahf1 #bbh4 #ajjb ,arm9ius ,vambry3 ,travels 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 p4 #djd4 7,london1 #ahfd47 #ajjc ,vasil'ev1 p4 #af4 #ajjd ,de ,?i]sant1 tome ii4 pp4 #cfg1 #cgb4 #ajje ,de ,?i]sant1 tome i4 p4 #bdg4 ,?am>t al-,funn1 #bh? ,%abn1 p4 #c4 #ajjf ,broomhall1 p4 #bbd4 #ajjg ,du ,halde1 loc4 cit4 ,broomhall1 p4 #bhb4 #ajjh ,mission d',ollone1 pp4 #baj1 #dca4 #ajji ,broomhall1 pp4 #bgd1 #bhb4 #ajaj ,p4 #cjg4 #ajaa ,broomhall1 pp4 #bca-b4 #ajab ,w4 ,j4 ,smi?1 p4 #age4 ,mission d',ollone1 p4 #djg sqq4 #ajac ,?am>t al-,funn1 loc4 cit4 #ajad ,broomhall1 p4 #bdj4 #ajae ,! ,mission>y ,review ( ! ,_w1 vol4 xxv4 p4 #ghf 7#aiab74 #ajaf ,mission d',ollone1 p4 #dca4 #ajag ,r4 du ,m4 ,m41 iii4 p4 #abd 7#aijg74 #ajah ,broomhall1 pp4 #bdb1 #bhf1 #bib sqq4 #ajai ,vasil'ev1 pp4 #c1 #e1 #ad1 #ag4 #ajbj ,= a long] li/ ( ,muhammadan insurrections1 see ,mission d',ollone1 p4 #dcf4 #ajba ,sayyid ,al ,akb>3 ,khity ,nmah1 p4 #hc4 8,if ! emp]or ( ,*9a embraces ,islam1 8 subjects mu/ inevitably become ,muslims too1 because !y all wor%ip him to su* an ext5t t !y accept :atev] he says1 & :5 t light com+ f ! ,we/ gr[s 9 /r5g?1 ! unbeliev]s ( ! ,ea/ w come flock+ into ,islam )\t %[+ any cont5tion1 because !y are free f all fanaticism 9 matt]s ( religion40 #ajbb ,?am>t al-,funn1 #bf? ,%awwl1 p4 #c4 7,a4,h4 #acaa47 #ajbc ,an excell5t map ( ! ext5t ( ,islam 9 ,africa is to be f\nd 9 8,! ,int]national ,review ( ,missions10 vol4 i4 p4 #feb4 #ajbd ,f\rnel1 vol4 i4 p4 #bga4 #ajbe i4e4 ! div9] or prie/ess2 h] real "n is unkn[n4 #ajbf ,f\rnel1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbd4 #ajbg ,makk>1 vol4 i4 p4 #bec4 #ajbh ,makk>1 vol4 i4 p4 lxv4 #ajbi ,f\rnel1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgj4 #ajcj ,= ^! & ! h]etical movem5ts t reveal survivals ( ! e>li] ,b]b] fai?1 see ,goldzih]1 ,mat]iali5 zur ,k5ntniss d] ,almohad5bewegung 9 ,nordafrika 7,z ,d ,m ,g1 vol4 xli1 p4 #cg sqq474 #ajca ,on ?is ^w1 see ,d\tt1 ,notes sur l',islam maghrib94 7,revue de l'hi/oire des religions1 tom4 xli4 p4 #bd-f47 #ajcb ,ibn ab ,z>1 pp4 #afh-gc4 ,a4 ,mll]1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #faa-ac4 #ajcc ,ibn ab ,z>1 p4 #bej4 ,goldzih]1 op4 laud41 p4 #ga4 #ajcd ,leo ,africanus4 7,ramusio1 tom4 i4 p4 #aa47 #ajce 4 #ajcf ,d\tt1 xl4 p4 #ced2 xli4 pp4 #bf-g4 #ajcg ,depont et ,coppolani1 p4 #abg sq4 #ajch ,x is n ! place "h to deal ) ! rise & political hi/ory ( ! v>i\s k+doms ( ! ,we/]n ,sudan2 ?is has be5 done mo/ fully = ! ,engli% read] by ,lady ,lug>d 9 h] "w entitl$1 8,a ,tropical ,dep5d5cy4 ,an ,outl9e ( ! ,anci5t ,hi/ory ( ! ,we/]n ,sudan1 ) an ,acc\nt ( ! ,mod]n ,settlem5t ( ,nor!rn ,nig]ia40 7,london1 #aije47 ,see also ,h4 ,f4 ,helmolt3 ,! ,_w's ,hi/ory1 vol4 iii4 *ap4 ix4 7,london1 #aijc47 #ajci ,blau1 p4 #cbb4 #ajdj ,leo ,africanus4 7,ramusio1 tom4 i4 pp4 #g1 #gg47 #ajda ,mey]1 p4 #ia4 #ajdb ,tarkh al-,sdn1 p4 #c4 #ajdc ,j9n or ,di5n4 #ajdd ,s ,mey] foll[+ ,b>?2 ! ,tarkh al-,sdn 7p4 #ab7 places ! date ab\t ?ree c5turies e>li]4 #ajde ,flix ,dubois gives a plan & recon/ruction ( ?is mosque1 :i* 0 de/roy$ by ord] ( ,%aykhu ,amadu ab\t #ahcj1 9 8,tomb\ct\ la ,my/rieuse10 *ap4 ix4 #ajdf ,tarkh al-,sdn1 pp4 #ab-ac4 #ajdg ,tarkh al-,sdn1 p4 #ba4 #ajdh ,ibn ,baah1 tome iv4 pp4 #dba-b4 #ajdi ,ramusio1 tom4 i4 p4 #gh4 #ajej ,w9wood ,reade describes !m z 8a tall1 h&some1 light-col\r$ race1 ,moslems 9 religion1 possess+ horses & l>ge h]ds ( cattle1 b also cultivat+ cotton1 gr\nd-nuts1 & v>i\s k9ds ( corn4 ,i 0 mu* pleas$ ) _! k9d & hospitable mann]s1 ! grave & decor\s aspect ( _! wom51 ! cleanl9ess & sil5ce ( _! villages40 7,w4 ,w9wood ,reade3 ,african ,sket*book1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjc47 #ajea ,waitz1 ,i,ier ,!il1 pp4 #ah-ai4 #ajeb ,palm] 7p4 #ei7 places its introduction into ,kano betwe5 ,a4,d4 #acdi & #ache1 ano!r ,hausa *ronicle makes ! reign ( ! fir/ ,muhammadan k+ ( ,zozo beg9 ab\t #adef4 7,j\rnal ( ! ,african ,society1 vol4 ix4 p4 #afa47 #ajec ,= ! v>i\s enum]ations ( ^!1 see ,mey]1 p4 #bg4 #ajed ,z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,muslim _w1 tradition places ! fir/ introduction ( ,islam 9 ! lifetime ( ! f\nd] & gives ! "n ( al-,fazz1 a reput$ companion ( ! ,prophet1 z ! apo/le ( ! ,hausa p4 7,j4 ,lipp]t3 ,sudanica4 ,,msos1 iii4 "p #c1 p4 #bjd4 ,b]l91 #aijj47 #ajee ,mis*li* & ,lipp]t1 pp4 #ach-i4 #ajef ,mey]1 loc4 cit4 ,art9 ,pa%a 7p4 #fb7 puts ! beg9n+ ( ?is infiltration ( ,muslim ,arabs z e>ly z ! eigh? c5tury4 #ajeg ,beck]1 ,ges*i*te des /li*5 ,sdn1 p4 #afb-c4 ,blau1 p4 #cbb4 ,oppel1 p4 #bhi4 ,at ! close ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ,um> b4 ,idrs mov$ 8 capital to ! we/ ( ,lake ,*ad 9 ! t]ritory ( ,bornu1 by :i* "n ! k+dom ( ,kanem became h5ce=? kn[n4 #ajeh ,maurice ,delafosse1 p4 #hg4 #ajei ,beck]3 ,ges*i*te des /li*5 ,sdn1 pp4 #afa-b4 #ajfj ,r4 ,c4 ,slat9 ,pa%a3 ,fire & ,sword 9 ! ,sudan1 pp4 #ch1 #dj-b4 7,london1 #ahif47 #ajfa ,we/]mann1 p4 #fbh4 #ajfb ,oppel1 p4 #bib4 ,mey]1 pp4 #cf-g4 ,we/]mann1 pp4 #fbi-cj4 #ajfc ,fulbe 7s+4 ,pul7 is ! "n by :i* ^! p call !mselves2 upw>ds ( a hundr$ v>iants are appli$ to !m by _! neighb\rs1 ! commone/ ( :i* are ,fulah & ,fulani4 7,mey]1 p4 #bh47 #ajfd ,francis ,moore1 pp4 #ge-g4 #ajfe ,r4 ,e4 ,d5nett3 ,nig]ian ,/udies1 pp4 #ab1 #ge4 7,london1 #aiaj47 #ajff ,islam & ,missions1 pp4 #ga-c4 ,! ,moslem ,_w1 pp4 #bif-g1 #cea4 #ajfg ,*ur* ,mission>y ,review 7#aijh71 p4 #fdj4 #ajfh ,a t[n on ! ,nig]1 j s\? ( ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,s\!rn ,nig]ia4 #ajfi ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society ,intellig5c] 7#aijb71 p4 #cec4 #ajgj ,r9n1 pp4 #djc-d4 #ajga ,le ,*ateli] 7#a71 pp4 #bca-c4 #ajgb ,le ,*ateli] 7#b71 pp4 #hi-ia4 #ajgc ,r9n1 p4 #age4 #ajgd ,bonet-,maury1 p4 #bci4 #ajge ,id4 p4 #bcj4 #ajgf ,le ,*ateli] 7#b71 pp4 #ajj-i4 #ajgg ,r9n1 p4 #agd4 #ajgh ,oppel1 pp4 #bib-c4 ,blyd51 p4 #aj4 ,le ,*ateli] 7#c71 p4 #afg sqq4 #ajgi ,delle ,navigationi di ,mess] ,alvise da ,ca da ,mo/o4 7,a4,d4 #aded47 ,ramusio1 tome i4 p4 #aja4 #ajhj ,blyd51 pp4 #ceg-fj4 #ajha ,?is has be5 set =? 9 detail by ,le ,*ateli] 7#c71 p4 #bbe sqq4 #ajhb ,le ,*ateli] 7#c71 p4 #bcg4 8,samory n'int]v9t pas directem5t dans la "q religieuse40 ,l4 ,g4 ,b+] arriv$ at ! same conclusion1 z ! result ( p]sonal acqua9tance ) ,samory4 7,le ,pril de l',islam1 p4 #bj47 7,p>is1 #aijf47 #ajhc ,le ,*ateli] 7#c71 pp4 #bch-dj4 #ajhd ,le ,*ateli] 7#b71 p4 #aab4 ,r4 du ,m4 ,m41 vol4 xii4 p4 #bb4 #ajhe 8,! ,fulanis are all f]v5t ,mohamm$ans4 ,:]ev] !re are ,fulanis !re w be f\nd a mosque40 7,haywood1 p4 #bjj47 #ajhf ,le ,*ateli] 7#c71 pp4 #bca1 #bgc1 #cjc4 ,we/]mann1 pp4 #fcb-c4 #ajhg ,muammad b4 ,u?mn al a%i%1 p4 #hd sqq4 #ajhh ,9 #ahie ,sd al-,mahd1 ! son & successor ( ,sd ,muammad al-,sans1 migrat$ to ,kufra1 z be+ m c5tral ?an ,jaghabb 7,muammad b4 ,u?mn al-a%i%1 pp4 #aaa-ae71 b lat] w5t fur!r s\? to ! region ( ,borku & ,tibe/i1 :]e he di$ 9 #aijb4 ,! head ( ! ord] 9 #aijh 0 ,sd ,amad1 a relative ( ! f\nd]4 7,j4 ,c4 ,e4 ,falls3 ,drei ,jahre 9 d] ,libys*5 ,w/e1 p4 #bgd47 7,freiburg1 #aiaa47 #ajhi ,ri$el 7#a71 pp4 #g1 #ei1 #afb4 #ajij ,g4 ,na*tigal3 ,sah>a und ,sudan1 vol4 ii4 p4 #age4 7,b]l91 #ahgi-ha47 #ajia ,duveyri]1 p4 #de4 #ajib ,paulits*ke1 p4 #bad4 #ajic ,h4 ,duveyri]3 ,la ,confrrie musulmane de ,sdi ,mohamm$ ,b5 ,al ,es-,s5\s1 passim4 7,p>is1 #ahhf47 ,l\is ,r9n3 ,m>ab\ts et ,kh\ans1 pp4 #dha-eac4 ,n4 ,sl\s*3 ,les ,s5\ssiya en ,tripolita9e4 7,r4 du ,m4 ,m41 vol4 i4 p4 #afi sqq474 ,= a bibliography ( ! ,sansiyyah movem5t1 see ,d] ,islam1 iii4 pp4 #ada-b1 #cab4 #ajid ,r4 du ,m4 ,m41 vol4 i4 p4 #aha2 vol4 viii4 pp4 #fd-e4 #ajie ,joseph ,?omson 7#b71 p4 #ahe4 #ajif ,oppel1 p4 #cjc4 #ajig ,9 ! ,muri ,prov9ce ( ,nor!rn ,nig]ia4 #ajih ,j\rnal ( ! ,african ,society1 vol4 vii4 pp4 #cgi-ha4 #ajii ,haywood1 p4 #cc4 #aajj ,claude ,george3 ,! ,rise ( ,briti% ,we/ ,africa1 pp4 #abj-a4 7,london1 #aijb47 #aaja ,islam & ,missions1 pp4 #gc-d4 #aajb ,lipp]t3 b] die ,b$eutung d] ,haussanation fr uns]e ,togo- und ,kam]unkolonie1 p4 #bjj4 ,,msos1 ,b& x4 7#aijg71 ,abteilung ,,iii4 #aajc ,waitz3 ,i,ier ,!il1 p4 #bej4 #aajd ,c4 ,s4 ,salmon1 p4 #hia4 #aaje ,pi]re ,b\*e1 p4 #bef4 #aajf ,blyd51 p4 #ceg4 #aajg ,c4 ,s4 ,salmon1 p4 #hhg4 #aajh ,blyd51 p4 #bjb4 ,we/]mann1 pp4 #fcc-d4 #aaji ,situat$ on an isl& ab\t #b ,s4 ( ,zanzib>4 #aaaj 8,hum ,m\ro *amado ,zaide1 que foi neto de ,hocem filho de ,ale o sobr9ho de ,maham$40 7,de ,b>ros1 ,dec4 i4 ,liv4 viii4 cap4 iv4 p4 #baa47 #aaaa ,ibn ,khaldn1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #ih-ajj4 #aaab ,possibly a mi/ake = al-z4 ,see ,ibn ,baah1 tome ii4 pp4 #bdg-h4 #aaac ,or 7to give x its ,arabic "n7 ,maqdi%4 #aaad ,j4 de ,b>ros3 ,dec4 i4 ,liv4 viii4 cap4 iv4 pp4 #baa-ab4 #aaae ,de ,b>ros1 id4 pp4 #bbd-e4 ,see also ,ju/us ,/r&es3 ,die ,portugies5zeit von ,deuts*- und ,englis*-,o/afrika1 p4 #ha sqq4 7,b]l91 #ahii47 #aaaf ,kitb ajib al-,h9d ou ,livre des ,m]veilles de l',inde1 publi p> ,p4 ,a4 van d] ,li?1 pp4 #ea-fj4 7,leid51 #ahhc47 #aaag ,mohamm$anism 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 by ,joseph ,?omson1 p4 #hgg4 #aaah ,roscoe1 p4 #bbi sq4 #aaai ,zwem]1 p4 #bcf4 ,gairdn] 7p4 #bf7 gives ! numb] ( ,muhammadans z #bjj1jjj out ( a population ( f\r millions1 b he does n /ate f :at s\rce he d]ives ^! figures4 ,roscoe 7p4 #f7 gives ! total population ( ,ug&a z ab\t "o million only4 #aabj ,ri*t]1 pp4 #adf-g1 #aed4 ,m]5sky1 p4 #aef4 ,klamro?1 p4 #d4 #aaba ,r4 du ,m4 ,m41 vol4 ix4 7#aiji71 p4 #cbb4 #aabb ,osc> ,baumann3 ,usamb>a und se9e ,na*b>gebiete1 pp4 #ada1 #aec4 7,b]l91 #ahia47 #aabc ,beck]1 ,islam 9 ,deuts*-,o/afrika1 p4 #aj4 #aabd ,id4 p4 #ac sqq4 ,klamro?1 pp4 #ad-bh4 #aabe ,id4 p4 #ec4 #aabf ,klamro?1 pp4 #ba1 #be1 #ed4 #aabg ,id4 pp4 #bc-d4 #aabh ,id4 p4 #bf4 #aabi ,id4 p4 #fg4 #aacj ,beck]3 ,islam 9 ,deuts*-,o/afrika1 p4 #ad4 ,! ,moslem ,_w1 vol4 ii4 p4 #c sqq4 #aaca ,a contempor>y ,e?iopic acc\nt ( ^! tribes1--,ges*i*te d] ,galla4 ,b]i*t e9es abess9is*5 ,mn*es b] die ,invasion d] ,galla 9 se*zehnt5 ,jahrhund]t4 ,text und b]setzung hrsg4 von ,a4 ,w4 ,s*lei*l] 7,b]l91 #ahic71--seems c]ta9ly to repres5t !m z hea!n1 ?\gh no detail$ acc\nt is giv5 ( _! religion4 ,reclus 7tome x4 p4 #ccj71 h[ev]1 supposes !m to h be5 ,muhammadan at ! "t ( _! invasion4 #aacb ,h5ry ,salt3 ,a ,voyage to ,abyss9ia1 p4 #bii4 7,london1 #ahad47 #aacc ,james ,bruce3 ,travels to discov] ! s\rce ( ! ,nile1 #bnd ed4 vol4 iii4 p4 #bdc4 7,ed9burgh1 #ahje47 #aacd ,munz+]1 p4 #djh4 #aace ,i4 ,l4 ,krapf3 ,reis5 9 ,o/-,africa1 ausgefhrt 9 d5 ,jahr5 #ahcg-ee1 vol4 i4 p4 #ajf4 7,korn?al1 #aheh47 #aacf ,arabia ,des]ta1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afh4 #aacg ,id41 vol4 ii4 p4 #aji4 #aach ,mori1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bdh4 #aaci ,reclus1 tome4 x4 p4 #cji4 ,basset1 pp4 #bgj-a4 #aadj ,:5 ! ,roman ,ca?olics op5$ a mission among ! ,gallas 9 #ahdf1 ,abba ,baghib said to !m3 8,_h y come ?irty ye>s ago1 n only ,i1 b all my c\ntrym5 might h embrac$ y\r religion2 b n[ x is impossible40 7,massaja1 vol4 iv4 p4 #ajc47 #aada ,da ,zeila alle fronti]e del ,caffa1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afj4 7,rome1 #ahhf-g47 ,massaja1 vol4 iv4 p4 #ajc2 vol4 vi4 p4 #aj4 #aadb ,massaja1 vol4 iv4 p4 #ajb4 #aadc ,speak+ ( ! failure ( ,*ri/ian missions1 ,cec*i says3 8di ci si deve ric]c>e la causa nello esp&]si *e fece quaggi 9 que/i ultimi anni l'islamismo1 portato da c5t9aja di preti e m]canti musulmani1 cui non facevano difetto i mezzi1 l'a/uzia e la pi5a conosc5za della l+ua40 7,op4 cit4 vol4 ii4 p4 #cdb47 #aadd ,id41 p4 #cdc4 #aade ,reclus1 tome xiii4 p4 #hcd4 #aadf ,! ,lega are f\nd 9 long4 #i to #i #cj & lat4 ,e4 #cd #ce to #ce4 #aadg ,reclus1 tome x4 p4 #cej4 #aadh ,paulits*ke1 pp4 #ccj-a4 #aadi ,ibn awqal1 p4 #da4 #aaej ,abu'l-,fid1 tome ii4 #are p>tie1 pp4 #bca-b4 #aaea ,docum5ts sur l'hi/oire1 la gographie et le comm]ce de l',afrique ,ori5tale1 recueillis p> ,m4 ,guilla94 ,deuxime p>tie1 tome i4 p4 #cii4 7,p>is1 #ahef47 #aaeb ,r4 ,f4 ,burton3 ,fir/ ,footpr9ts 9 ,ea/ ,africa1 pp4 #gf1 #djd4 7,london1 #ahef47 #aaec ,r4 du ,m4 ,m41 vi4 p4 #bhh4 7#aijh47 #aaed ,! ,cape ( ,good ,hope 0 9 ! possession ( ! ,dut* f #afeb to #agie2 re/or$ to !m aft] ! ,peace ( ,ami5s 9 #ahjb1 x 0 re-occupi$ by ! ,briti% z soon z w> broke out aga94 #aaee ,among ^! 0 ,%aykh ,ysuf1 a religi\s tea*] ( great influ5ce 9 ,java & ! la/ *ampion ( ! indep5d5ce ( ,bantam2 9 #afid he 0 remov$ by ! ,dut* to ,cape ,colony z a prison] ( /ate1 toge!r ) 8 family & num]\s att5dants2 8 tomb is /ill reg>d$ z a holy place4 7,g4 ,m4 ,!al3 ,hi/ory & ,e?nography ( ,africa s\? ( ! ,zambesi1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfc47 7,london1 #aiji47 #aaef ,m4 ,j4 de ,goeje3 ,mohamm$aans*e ,propag&a1 pp4 #b1 #f4 7,ov]g$rukt uit de ,n$]l&s*e ,spectator1 ,no4 #ea1 #ahha47 #aaeg ,att5tion 0 drawn to !m 9 #ahad by a ,mr4 ,campbell4 ,see ,william ,adams3 ,! ,mod]n ,voyag] & ,travell]1 vol4 i4 p4 #ic4 7,london1 #ahcd47 #aaeh ,sir ,t4 ,e4 ,colebrooke3 ,! ,life ( ,h4 ,t4 ,colebrooke1 p4 #cce4 7,london1 #ahgc47 #aaei ,f4 ,coill>d3 ,au ,cap de ,bonne ,esprance4 7,j\rnal des missions vangliques1 avril #ahii1 p4 #bfe47 #aafj ,kumm1 p4 #bcc4 #aafa ,c4 ,sn\ck ,hurgronje 7#c71 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bif-g4 #aafb ,jacques ,bonzon3 ,les ,missionaires de l',islam en ,afrique4 7,revue ,*rti5ne1 tome xiii4 p4 #bie47 7,p>is1 #ahic47 #aafc ,g4 ,f]r&1 ,les ,musulmans ,madagasc>1 pp4 #ai1 #ej sqq41 #ach4 7,p>is1 #ahia47 ,id4 ,les ,migrations musulmanes et juives ,madagasc>4 7,revue de l',hi/oire des ,religions1 vol4 lii4 p4 #cha sqq47 #aafd ,ri*>d ,f4 ,burton 7#a71 vol4 i4 p4 #bef4 #aafe ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,africa1 *ap4 xxv4 ad f94 #aaff ,d4 ,j4 ,ea/1 pp4 #aah-bj4 ,w4 ,w9wood ,reade1 vol4 i4 p4 #cab4 ,blyd51 pp4 #ac1 #bjb4 #aafg ,bi%op ,cr[!r on ,islam 9 ,we/]n ,africa4 7,*ur* ,mission>y ,intellig5c]1 p4 #bed1 ,april #ahhh47 #aafh ,d4 ,j4 ,ea/1 pp4 #aab-ac4 ,blyd51 p4 #bjb4 #aafi ,x is said t ov] a ?\s& mission>ies ( ,islam leave ,tripoli e ye> to "w 9 ! ,sudan4 7,paulits*ke1 p4 #cca47 #aagj ,= a detail$ exam9ation ( ^! po9ts ( contact1 see ,=get1 p4 #bh sqq4 ,m]5sky1 p4 #aee4 #aaga ,sir ,b>tle ,fr]e 7#a71 pp4 #ah-ai4 #aagb ,e4 ,w4 ,blyd51 pp4 #ah-bd4 ,e4 ,allgret1 p4 #bjj4 ,we/]mann1 pp4 #fdd-e4 ,9 a v int]e/+1 b n[ =gott51 debate be=e ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,london1 on ! ,ef=ts ( ,mission>ies among ,savages1 a case 0 m5tion$ ( a ,*ri/ian mission>y 9 ,africa :o m>ri$ a negress3 ! feel+ aga9/ him 9 consequ5ce 0 s /rong t he _h to leave ! colony4 ,! ,muslim mission>y lab\rs "u no su* disadvantage4 7,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,london1 vol4 iii4 #ahfe47 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! way 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity & ,islam pres5t !mselves to ! ,african is well br\ght out by "o :o is himself a ,negro1 9 ! foll[+ passage3--8,t&is que les missions r5voi5t une poque indf9ie l'tablissem5t du pa/orat indigne1 les prtres musulmans pntr5t dans l'intrieur de l',afrique1 tr\v5t un accs facile *ez les paens et les conv]tiss5t l'islam4 ,de sorte qu'auj\rd'hui les ngres reg>d5t l'islam comme la religion des noirs1 et le *ri/ianisme comme la religion des blancs4 ,le *ri/ianisme1 p5s5t-ils1 appelle le ngre au salut1 mais lui assigne une place tellem5t basse que1 dc\rag1 il se dit3 #8,je n'ai ni "p ni portion dans cette affaire4' ,l'islam appelle le ngre au salut et lui dit3 #8,il ne dp5d que de toi p\r arriv] aussi haut que possible4' ,alors1 le ngre en?\siasm se livre corps et me au s]vice de cette religion40 ,l'islam et le *ri/ianisme en ,afrique d'aprs un ,africa94 7,j\rnal des ,missions vangliques4 #fc;e anne1 p4 #bjg47 7,p>is1 #ahhh47 #aagc ,e4 ,d4 ,morel3 ,nig]ia1 its p & its problems1 pp4 #baf-ag4 7,london1 #aiaa47 #aagd ,ibn ,khallikn1 vol4 i4 p4 #ah4 #aage 8,extracts f ! ,koran =m ! e>lie/ read+ lessons ( *ildr51 & ! comm5t>ies & o!r works f\nd$ ^u x furni% ! pr9cipal subjects ( ! advanc$ /udies4 ,s*ools ( diff]5t grades h exi/$ = c5turies 9 v>i\s int]ior negro c\ntries1 & "u ! provision ( law1 9 :i* ev5 ! poor are educat$ at ! public exp5se1 & 9 :i* ! des]v+ are c>ri$ on _m ye>s ?r\gh long c\rses ( regul> in/ruction4 ,nor is ! sy/em always conf9$ to ! ,arabic language1 or to ! works ( ,arabic writ]s4 ,a numb] ( native languages h be5 r$uc$ to writ+1 books h be5 translat$ f ! ,arabic & orig9al works h be5 writt5 9 !m4 ,s*ools also h be5 kept 9 :i* native languages are taught40 ,condition & ,"* ( ,negroes 9 ,africa4 ,by ,!odore ,dwight4 7,me?odi/ ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,janu>y #ahfi47 ,dr4 ,blyd5 7pp4 #bjf-g7 m5tions ! foll[+ books z read by ,muslims 9 ,we/]n ,africa3 ,maqmt ( arr1 portions ( ,ari/otle & ,plato translat$ into ,arabic1 an ,arabic v]sion ( ,hippocrates1 & ! ,arabic ,new ,te/am5t & ,psalms issu$ by ! ,am]ican ,bible ,society4 ,= ! lit]ature ( ! ,muslims 9 ,ea/ ,africa1 see ,beck]3 ,islam 9 ,deuts* ,o/afrika1 p4 #ah sqq4 #aagf ,mohamm$anism 9 ,africa1 by ,r4 ,boswor? ,smi?4 7,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,decemb] #ahhg1 pp4 #gih-hjj47 #aagg ,le ,*ateli]1 7#c71 p4 #cdh4 #aagh ,=get1 p4 #ie4 ,m]5sky1 p4 #aef4 78,d5 ,v]tret]n des ,islam ab] /& ihr ,vorteil1 d] ,gew9n1 d5 die ,unt]drckung d] ,e+ebor55 br+t1 hh] als die ,ausbreitung ihres ,glaub5s4 ,htte man die ,vlk] ,afrikas dur* die ,ma*t gei/ig] ,waff5 unt] gtigem ,entgeg5komm5 zu ,mohamm$an]n gema*t1 s wr5 sie ,glaub5sg5oss51 glei*b]e*tigte ,brd]1 die man ni*t mehr b]aub51 zu ,sklav5 ma*51 od] als ,sklav5 nur ,arbeit ausnutz5 knnte407 #aagi ,we/]mann1 p4 #fdc4 ,l4 de ,cont5son1 p4 #bdd4 ,kumm1 p4 #abb4 #aahj ,?us ,m]5sky1 discuss+ ! failure ( ,islam to dom9ate ! :ole ( ,africa aft] c5turies ( occupation says3--8,wir seh5 die ,ursa*e fr diese m]kwrdige ,ers*e9ung 9 d5 ,beziehung51 9 d55 bei d5 ,mohamm$an]n die uss]e ,gewalt zum ,islam und zur ,ausbreitung des ,islam /eht4 ,beides /eht und fllt mite9&]1 dr+t mite9&] vor und geht mite9&] au* wi$] zurck40 7p4 #aef47 #aaha ,niemann1 p4 #ccg4 #aahb ,re9aud3 ,gographie d',ab\lfda1 tome i4 p4 cccxxxix4 #aahc ,gro5eveldt1 pp4 #ad1 #ae4 #aahd ,ibn ,baah1 tome iv4 pp4 #ff1 #hj4 #aahe ,ve? 7#c71 vol4 i4 p4 #bca4 ,ibn ,baah1 tome iv4 p4 #hi4 #aahf ,ibn ,baah1 tome iv4 pp4 #bcj1 #bcd4 #aahg ,sn\ck ,hurgronje 7#a71 pp4 #h-i4 #aahh ,padre ,ga9za1 quot$ by ,c4 ,semp]1 p4 #fg4 #aahi ,crawfurd 7#b71 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfe4 #aaij ,sn\ck ,hurgronje3 ,l',arabie et les ,indes ,nerl&aises4 7,revue de l',hi/oire des ,religions1 vol4 lvii4 p4 #fi sqq47 #aaia ,de ,holl&]1 vol4 i4 p4 #eha4 ,ve? 7#a71 p4 #fj4 #aaib ,?is vague ref]5ce w\ld fit ei!r ,arabia1 ,p]sia or ,india2 b if su* a p]son z ,jhan ,%h ev] exi/$1 he probably came f ! ,corom&el or ,malab> coa/4 7,*ronique du ,royaume d',at*eh1 traduite du ,malay p> ,ed4 ,dulauri]1 p4 #g47 #aaic ,m>co ,polo1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhd4 #aaid ,ve? 7#a71 p4 #fa4 #aaie ,yule's ,m>co ,polo1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bid1 #cjc4 #aaif ,ibn ,baah1 tome iv4 pp4 #bcj-f4 #aaig ,gro5eveldt1 p4 #id4 #aaih ,at ! height ( its p[]1 x /ret*$ f #b ,n4 to #b ,s4 on ! we/ coa/1 & f #a ,n4 to #b ,s4 on ! ea/ coa/1 b 9 ! sixte5? c5tury x _h lo/ its control ov] ! ea/ coa/4 7,de ,holl&]1 vol4 i4 p4 #c47 #aaii ,m>sd51 p4 #cdc4 #abjj ,j4 ,h4 ,moor4 7,app5dix1 p4 #a47 #abja ,m>sd51 p4 #cee4 #abjb ,godsdi5/ige v]s*ijnsel5 en toe/&5 9 ,oo/-,indi4 7,uit de ,koloniale ,v]slag5 van #ahhf en #ahhg47 ,m$4 ,n$4 ,z5del+g54 vol4 xxxii4 pp4 #age-f4 7#ahhh47 ,9 #aiji1 out ( a total ( #ejj1jjj ,bataks1 #cjj1jjj 7 /ill pagan1 b #abe1jjj 7 ,muslim & #hj1jjj ,*ri/ian4 7,r4 du ,m4 ,m41 vol4 viii4 p4 #ahc47 #abjc ,j4 ,w>neck3 ,die ,religion d] ,batak1 p4 #abb4 7,leipzig1 #aiji47 #abjd ,g4 ,r4 ,simon3 ,die ,propag&a des ,halbmondes4 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,skizzi]ung des ,islam unt] d5 ,batakk51 pp4 #dbe1 #dbi-dcj4 7,allgeme9e ,missions-,zeits*rift1 vol4 xxvii4 #aijj47 #abje ,r4 du ,m4 ,m41 vol4 viii4 7#aiji71 p4 #ahc4 #abjf ,a4 ,l4 van ,hassalt1 pp4 #ee1 #fh4 #abjg ,m$4 ,n$4 ,z5del+g54 id4 p4 #agc4 7,koloniaal ,v]slag van #aiaa1 p4 #bf2 #aiab1 p4 #ag47 #abjh ,uit het ,koloniaal ,v]slag van #ahhi4 7,m$4 ,n$4 ,z5del+g54 vol4 xxxiv4 p4 #afh47 7#ahij47 #abji ,koloniaal ,v]slag van #aiaj1 p4 #cj4 #abaj ,de ,holl&]1 vol4 i4 p4 #gjc4 #abaa ,koloniaal ,v]slag van #aijd1 p4 #hj2 #aije1 p4 #df2 #aiji1 p4 #dg2 #aiaj1 p4 #cc2 #aiaa1 p4 #bi2 #aiab1 p4 #ba4 #abab ,canne1 p4 #eaj4 #abac ,m>sd51 p4 #cja4 #abad ,niemann1 pp4 #cef-i4 #abae ,j4 ,h4 ,moor1 p4 #bee4 #abaf 8,depois que e/es de induzidos por os ,m\ros ,p>seos1 e ,guz>ates 7que alli vi]am residir por causa d comm]cio71 de ,g5tios os conv]tram secta de ,maham$4 ,da qual conv]so por alli concorr]em v>ias naes1 comeou laur> e/a inf]na pe/e pela virz9hana de ,malaca40 7,de ,b>ros1 ,dec4 ii4 ,liv4 vi4 cap4 i4 p4 #ae47 #abag ,ari/ide ,m>re3 ,malka4 ,hi/oire des rois malays de ,malka4 ,traduit et extrait du ,livre des ,annales malayses1 intitul en arabe ,sellet al ,seltyn1 p4 #h4 7,p>is1 #ahgd47 #abah ,crawfurd 7#a71 pp4 #bda-b4 #abai ,de ,b>ros1 ,dec4 iv4 ,liv4 ii4 cap4 #a4 #abbj ,b>bosa1 writ+ 9 #aeaf1 speaks ( ! num]\s ,muhammadan m]*ants t frequ5t$ ! port ( ,qu$a4 7,ramusio1 tom4 i4 p4 #cag47 #abba ,! =m does n actually occur 9 ! ,qurn2 ref]5ce is probably made to "s su* passage z xxvi4 #ij3 8,& p>adise %all be br\ght ne> ! pi\s40 #abbb ,a translation ( ! ,k$dah ,annals1 by ,lieut4-,col4 ,james ,l[1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #dgd-g4 #abbc ,a translation ( ! ,k$dah ,annals1 by ,lieut4-,col4 ,james ,l[1 vol4 iii4 p4 #dhj4 #abbd ,newbold1 vol4 i4 p4 #beb4 #abbe ,mc,nair1 pp4 #bbf-i4 #abbf ,j4 ,h4 ,moor1 p4 #bdb4 #abbg ,newbold1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ajf1 #cif4 #abbh ,r4 du ,m4 ,m41 tome ii 7#aijg71 pp4 #acg-h4 #abbi ,sn\ck ,hurgronje 7#a71 p4 #i4 #abcj ,ve? 7#c71 vol4 i4 p4 #bae4 ,raffles 7ed4 ( #ahcj71 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ajc1 #ajd1 #ahc4 #abca ,! situation ( ,*]m5 is n c]ta94 ,ve? 7#c71 vol4 i4 p4 #bcj1 conjectures t x may h be5 9 ,india1 b ,r\ffa] 7p4 #aaen7 gives good reasons = plac+ x 9 ,sumatra4 #abcb ,a description ( ! pres5t condition ( ^! tombs1 on "o ( :i* traces ( an inscription 9 ,arabic *>act]s are /ill visible1 is giv5 by ,j4 ,f4 ,g4 ,brumund1 p4 #ahe4 #abcc ,gro5eveldt1 pp4 vii4 #di-ej4 #abcd ,k]n1 p4 #ba4 #abce ,ve? 7#c71 vol4 i4 pp4 #bcc-db4 ,raffles1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aac-cc4 #abcf ,r\ffa]1 h[ev]1 places ?is ,*ampa1 n 9 ,cambodia1 b on ! nor? coa/ ( ,atjeh & id5tifies x ) ! mod]n ,djeumpa4 7,encyclopa$ie van ,n4-,i41 vol4 iv4 p4 #bjf47 #abcg ,rema9s ( m9>ets & ,muhammadan tombs are /ill to be f\nd 9 ,*ampa4 7,ba/ian1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dih-i47 #abch ,?is g5ealogical table w make cle> ^! relation%ips1 z well z o!rs ref]r$ to lat] 9 ! text3-- ,k+ ( ,*ampa4 ------------------- a daught] a daught] an nam$ ,arab mission>y ,a concub9e ,angka ,wijya ,drwati k+ ( ,majapahit ,arya ,dam> ,rad5 ,ramat4 ,rad5 usayn ---------------------------------------- --- --- a daught] ,rad5 ,paku ,rad5 ,patah a daught] #abci ,! memory ( ?is woman is held 9 great hon\r by ! ,javanese1 & _m come to pray by h] grave4 ,see ,brumund1 p4 #ahf4 #abdj ,ve? 7#c71 vol4 i4 pp4 #bce-f4 #abda ,?is mosque is /ill /&+ & is look$ ^u by ! ,javanese z "o ( ! mo/ sacr$ objects 9 _! isl&4 #abdb ,!re seems little d\bt t ?is date is too e>ly4 ,a /udy ( ! ,portuguese au?orities po9ts to ! conclusion t ,majapahit did n fall until =ty ye>s lat]4 7,r\ffa]1 p4 #add47 #abdc ,! p ( ! ,bali to ! pres5t day h resi/$ ! mo/ zeal\s ef=ts ( ! ,muhammadans to induce !m to accept ! fai? ( ,islam1 ?\gh f "t to "t conv]sions h be5 made & a small native ,muhammadan community has be5 =m$1 numb]+ ab\t #cjjj s\ls out ( a population ( ov] #hfb1jjj4 ,! fav\rable situation ( ! isl& = purposes ( trade has always attract$ a numb] ( =eign]s to its %ores1 :o h 9 _m cases tak5 up a p]man5t resid5ce 9 ! isl&4 ,:ile "s ( ^! settl]s h always held !mselves alo( f ! natives ( ! c\ntry1 o!rs h =m$ matrimonial alliances ) !m & h consequ5tly become m]g$ into ! mass ( ! population4 ,x is ow+ to ! ef=ts ( ! latt] t ,islam has made ?is v sl[ b sure progress1 & ! ,muhammadans ( ,bali are said to =m an en]getic & fl\ri%+ community1 full ( zeal = ! promotion ( _! fai?1 :i* at lea/ impresses _! pagan neighb\rs1 ?\gh n successful 9 p]suad+ !m to d5y _! fav\rite food ( sw9e's fle% = ! sake ( ! wor%ip ( ,allh4 7,liefr9ck1 pp4 #bda-c47 #abdd ,encyclopa$ie van ,n4-,i41 vol4 ii4 p4 #ebc4 #abde ,ve? 7#c71 vol4 i4 pp4 #bde1 #bhd4 #abdf ,raffles1 vol4 ii4 p4 #caf4 #abdg ,ve? 7#c71 vol4 i4 pp4 #bhe-f4 #abdh ,ve? 7#c71 vol4 i4 pp4 #cje1 #cah-i4 #abdi ,a travell] 9 ,java 9 #aeif m5tions two or ?ree hea!n k+doms ) a l>ge hea!n population4 7,niemann1 p4 #cdb47 #abej ,raffles1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #acb-c4 #abea ,metzg]1 p4 #bgi4 #abeb ,l4 ,w4 ,c4 van d5 ,b]g 7#a71 pp4 #ce-f4 ,c4 ,po5s51 pp4 #c-h4 #abec ,de ,b>ros1 ,dec4 iii4 ,liv4 v4 ,cap4 v4 pp4 #egi-hj4 ,arg5sola1 p4 #aa ,b4 #abed ,at ?is p]iod1 ! ,moluccas 7 = ! mo/ "p "u ! rule ( f\r pr9ces1 viz4 ^? ( ,t]nate1 ,tidor1 ,gilolo & ,batjan4 ,! fir/ 0 by f> ! mo/ p[]ful3 8 t]ritory ext5d$ ov] ,t]nate & ! neighb\r+ small isl&s1 a portion ( ,halemah]a1 a consid]able "p ( ! ,celebes1 ,ambo9a & ! ,b&a isl&s4 ,! ,sultan ( ,tidor rul$ ov] ,tidor & "s small neighb\r+ isl&s1 a portion ( ,halemah]a1 ! isl&s ly+ betwe5 x & ,new ,gu9ea1 toge!r ) ! we/ coa/ ( ! latt] & a "p ( ,c]am4 ,! t]ritory ( ! ,sultan ( ,gilolo seems to h be5 conf9$ to ! c5tral "p ( ,halemah]a & to a "p ( ! nor? coa/ ( ,c]am2 :ile ! ,sultan ( ,batjan rul$ *iefly ov] ! ,batjan & ,obi gr\ps4 7,de ,holl&]1 vol4 i4 p4 #e47 #abee ,massimiliano ,transilvano4 7,ramusio1 tom4 i4 p4 #cea ,d47 #abef ,p4 ,j4 ,b4 ,c4 ,robid van d] ,aa1 p4 #ah4 #abeg ,pigafetta1 tome i4 pp4 #cfe1 #cfh4 #abeh 8,segundo a conta que elles dam1 ao tempo que os nossos descubriram aquellas ,ilhas1 hav]ia p\co mais de oit5ta annos1 que nellas t9ha entrada e/a pe/e40 7,j4 de ,b>ros3 ,da ,asia1 ,dec4 iii4 ,liv4 v4 ,cap4 v4 p4 #ehj47 #abei ,de ,b>ros1 id4 ib4 #abfj ,simon1 p4 #ac4 #abfa ,bokemey]1 p4 #ci4 #abfb ,simon1 p4 #ac4 #abfc ,arg5sola1 pp4 #c-d4 #abfd ,id4 p4 #ae ,b4 #abfe ,id4 pp4 #ig1 #ih4 #abff ,id4 pp4 #aee & #aeh1 :]e he calls ,t]nate 8e/e receptaculo de setas1 donde ti55 escuela todas las apo/asias2 y p>ticul>m5te los torpes sequazes de ,mahoma4 ,y desde el anno de mil y qu9i5tos y o*5ta y c9co1 en que los ,hol&eses t5t>on aquellos m>es1 ha/a e/e tiempo no han cessado de tra] sect>ios1 y capitanes pyratas4 ,e/os llevan las riquezas de ,assia1 y en su lug> dexan aquella falsa dotr9a1 con que haz5 infrutuosa la conv]sion de tantas almas40 #abfg ,_! desc5dants are /ill to be f\nd 9 ! prov9ce ( ,cavit 9 ! isl& ( ,luzon4 7,crawfurd 7#a71 p4 #he47 #abfh ,w4 ,f4 ,&riess51 p4 #bbb4 #abfi ,t4 ,=re/1 p4 #fh4 #abgj ,pigafetta4 7,ramusio1 vol4 i4 p4 #cff47 #abga ,camp51 p4 #cdf4 ,koloniaal ,v]slag van #aiaj1 p4 #ef2 #aiaa1 p4 #eb4 #abgb ,dulauri]1 p4 #ebh4 #abgc ,damak1 on ! nor? coa/ ( ,java1 opposite ! s\? ( ,borneo4 #abgd ,hageman1 pp4 #bcf-i4 #abge ,pigafetta4 7,ramusio1 tom4 i4 pp4 #cfc-d47 #abgf ,?is k+dom _h be5 f\nd$ by a colony f ! ,h9du k+dom ( ,majapahit 7,de ,holl&]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fg71 & w\ld naturally h come "u ,muslim influ5ce aft] ! conv]sion ( ! ,javanese4 #abgg ,dozy 7#a71 p4 #chf4 #abgh ,ve? 7#b71 vol4 i4 p4 #aic4 #abgi ,olivi] de ,noort4 7,hi/oire gnrale des voyages1 vol4 xiv4 p4 #bbe47 7,! ,hague1 #agef47 #abhj i4e4 ,pure 9 ,religion2 he di$ ab\t #afgg2 8 fa!r does n seem to h tak5 a ,muhammadan "n1 at lea/ he is only kn[n by 8 hea!n "n ( ,panembahan ,giri-,kusuma4 7,nets*]1 pp4 #ad-ae47 #abha ,?omas ,=re/1 p4 #cga4 #abhb ,essay t[>ds an acc\nt ( ,sulu1 p4 #eeg4 #abhc ,b4 ,panci]a1 p4 #afa4 #abhd ,j4 ,hageman1 p4 #bbd4 #abhe ,ve? 7#b71 vol4 i4 p4 #agi4 #abhf ,de ,holl&]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fa4 #abhg ,coolsma1 p4 #eef4 ,koloniaal ,v]slag van #aiaa1 pp4 #ch1 #da2 #aiab1 p4 #cj4 #abhh ,m$4 ,n$4 ,z5del+g54 vol4 xxxii4 p4 #agg2 vol4 xxxiv4 p4 #agj4 #abhi i4e4 ,atjeh4 #abij ,a ,compleat ,hi/ory ( ! ,rise & ,progress ( ! ,portugeze ,empire 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,collect$ *iefly f _! own ,writ]s4 ,john ,h>ris3 ,navigantium atque ,it9]antium ,biblio!ca1 vol4 i4 p4 #fhb4 7,london1 #agfd47 #abia ,crawfurd 7#a71 p4 #ia4 ,! ,encyclopa$ie van ,n4-,i4 7vol4 i4 p4 #baf7 gives #afjf z ! date4 #abib ,f]n&ez ,nav>ette1 a ,spani% prie/1 :o w5t to ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s 9 #afdf4 7,collection ( ,voyages & ,travels1 p4 #bcf4 ,london1 #ageb47 ,tav]ni]1 :o visit$ ,macass> 9 #afdh4 7,travels 9 ,india1 p4 #aic47 7,london1 #afgh47 ,it9]>ium ,ori5tale ,r4 ,p4 ,f4 ,philippi ,s,sma4 ,tr9itate ,c>melitae ,discalceati ab ipso conscriptum1 p4 #bfg4 7,lugduni1 #afdi47 #abic ,crawfurd 7#b71 vol4 ii4 pp4 #che-i4 #abid 8,no extraord9>y ex]tion seems = a long "t to h be5 made on behalf ( ! new religion4 ,an abhorr5ce ( innovation & a mo/ p]t9aci\s & religi\s adh]5ce to anci5t cu/om1 di/+ui% ! p ( ,celebes beyond all ! o!r tribes ( ! ,ea/]n isles2 & ^! w\ld1 at fir/1 prove ! mo/ s]i\s ob/acles to ! dissem9ation ( ,mahometanism4 ,x 0 ?is1 probably1 :i* def]r$ ! adoption ( ! new religion = s long a p]iod1 & till x _h recomm5d$ itself by we>+ ! g>b ( antiquity40 7,crawfurd 7#b71 vol4 ii4 p4 #chg47 #abie ,crawfurd 7#a71 p4 #ge4 ,de ,holl&]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bab4 #abif ,id4 vol4 ii4 p4 #fff4 ,ri$el 7#b71 p4 #fg4 #abig ,to ! ea/ ( ,m9ahassa1 betwe5 long4 #abd #de & #abc #bj1 ) a population t has be5 v>i\sly e/imat$ at #ce1jjj & #ej1jjj4 7,de ,holl&]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bdg47 #abih ,wilk5 7#a71 pp4 #db-d4 #abii ,wilk5 7#b71 pp4 #bgf-i4 ,koloniaal ,v]slag van #aiaj1 p4 #eb2 #aiaa1 p4 #dg4 #acjj ,zoll+] 7#b71 pp4 #abf1 #afi4 #acja ,m$4 ,n$4 ,z5del+g54 xxxii4 p4 #agg2 xxxiv4 p4 #agj4 #acjb ,zoll+] 7#a71 p4 #ebg4 #acjc ,de ,holl&] 79 #ahhb7 gave ! numb]s z #bj1jjj ,bal9ese & #chj1jjj ,sasaks4 7,vol4 i4 p4 #dhi47 #acjd ,encyclopa$ie van ,n4-,i4 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dcb-d1 #ebd4 ,w4 ,cool3 ,) ! ,dut* 9 ! ,ea/4 ,an outl9e ( ! milit>y op]ations 9 ,lombok1 #ahid4 7,london1 #ahig47 #acje ,capta9 ,?omas ,=re/1 writ+ 9 #agge1 says t ,arabs came to ! isl& ( ,m9danao #cjj ye>s be=e & t ! tomb ( ! fir/ ,arab1 a ,%>f f ,mecca1 0 /ill %[n--8a rude heap ( coral rock /ones0 7pp4 #bja1 #cac74 #acjf ,n4 ,n4 ,saleeby3 ,/udies 9 ,moro ,hi/ory1 ,law & ,religion1 pp4 #bd-e1 #ec-e4 7,manila1 #aije47 #acjg ,relatione di ,ivan ,gaetan del discoprim5to dell',isole ,moluc*e4 7,ramusio1 tom4 i4 p4 #cge ,e47 #acjh 8,se mue/ran tan ob/9ados la gracia de ,dios y tan af]rados sus cre5cias1 que es casi moralm5te imposible su conv]sion al cri/ianismo40 7,c>tas de los ,,pp4 de la ,compaia de ,jess de la ,missin de ,filip9as1 #ahgi1 quot$ by ,mont]o y ,vidal1 tom4 i4 p4 #ba47 #acji ,crawfurd 7#b71 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bgd-bhj4 #acaj 8,ils sont peu soigneux de satisfaire au devoir du ,*ri/ianisme qu'ils ont receu1 et il les y faut contra9dre p> la cra9te du *a/im5t1 et g\v]n] comme des enfans l'escole40 ,relation des ,isles ,philipp9es1 ,faite p> un ,religieux1 p4 #g4 7,!v5ot1 vol4 i47 #acaa 8,a ,m9danao1 les ,tagal de l',e/1 fuyant le j\g abhorr de leurs matres ca?oliques1 se gr\p5t *aque j\r davantage aut\r des *efs des dyna/ies nationales4 ,plus de #cfj1jjj sectateurs du coran y reconnaiss5t un sultan indp5dant4 ,aux jsuites *asss de l'le1 aux reprs5tants du culte (ficiel1 se sub/itu5t comme matres religieux et ducateurs de la population1 les missionnaires musulmans de la ,*9e et de l',inde1 qui rnov5t a9si la propag&e1 comm5ce p> les invasions arabes40 7,a4 le ,*ateli] 7#b71 p4 #de47 #acab ,mont]o y ,vidal1 vol4 i4 p4 #hf4 #acac ,situat$ ?ree miles we/ ( ,jolo1 ! pres5t capital4 #acad ,n4 ,m4 ,saleeby3 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,sulu1 pp4 #aej1 #aeh-i4 7,manila1 #aijh47 #acae ,n4 ,m4 ,saleeby3 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,sulu1 pp4 #aej1 #afb-c4 #acaf ,j4 ,h4 ,moor4 7,app5dix1 p4 #cg47 #acag ,dalrymple1 p4 #edi4 #acah ,r4 du ,m4 ,m41 vii4 pp4 #aae-af4 7#aiji47 #acai ,! ,mission>y ,review ( ! ,_w1 ,n4,s41 vol4 xiv4 p4 #hgg4 7,new ,york1 #aija47 #acbj ,! fir/ pr9ce ( ,batjan :o became a ,muhammadan 0 a c]ta9 ,zayn al-bidn1 :o 0 reign+ 9 #aeba :5 ! ,portuguese fir/ came to ! ,moluccas4 #acba ,robid van d] ,aa1 pp4 #cej1 #ceb-c4 #acbb ,id4 p4 #adg 7,misool71 8,de /r&bewon]s zijn all5 ,mahom$an54444 ,de b]gbewon]s zijn heid5540 ,id4 p4 #ec 7,salawatti71 8,e5 kle9 deel d] bevolk+ van het eil& belijdt de le] van ,mahom$4 ,het groot/e deel be/aat e*t] uit ,papoes*e heid551 e5ige tot het ,mahom$aans*e gelo( zijn ov]gegaan1 al?ans d5 s*ijn da>van aannem540 ,id4 p4 #bij 7,waigyu74 ,"s ( ! ,papuans ( ! isl& ( ,gebi1 betwe5 ,waigyu & ,halemah]a1 h be5 conv]t$ by ! ,muhammadan settl]s f ! ,moluccas4 7,crawfurd 7#a71 p4 #adc47 #acbc ,robid van d] ,aa1 p4 #ceb4 #acbd ,capta9 ,=re/1 h[ev]1 9 #agge1 tells u t 8,_m ( ! ,papuas turn ,musselm540 7,voyage to ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #fh47 #acbe ,robid van d] ,aa1 p4 #ga4 8,de ,papoe is te woe/ van a>d1 om behoefte aan godsdi5/ te gevoel54 ,ev5m9 als de ,*ri/elijke le] tot nog toe +ang bij hem heeft kunn5 v9d51 z\ de ,mahom$aans*e godsdi5/ slag51 wanne] da>toe bij deze volks/amm5 pog+ g$aan w]d4 ,voorzoov] mij is geblek5 op vijf reiz5 na> dit l&1 hebb5 no* ,tidoreez51 no* ,c]amm]s ( &]5 ooit ern/ige pog+5 g$aan1 om de le] van ,mahom$ hi] 9 te vo]54444 ,sle*ts ze] we9ige ho(d51 zooals de ,radja ,ampat van ,waigeoe1 ,salawatti1 ,misool en ,waigama1 mog5 als belijd]s van die le] aangem]kt word52 zij en e5ige hunn] blo$v]want5 v]vull5 sommige gelo(svorm51 doordi5 zij me]mal5 te ,tidor gewee/ zijn en da> niet ga>ne als gewone ,papoes bes*\wd word54 ,ond] de eig5lijke bevolk+ is nooit gepoogd1 d5 ,islam intevo]51 miss*i5 wel uit e]bi$ voor di5 godsdi5/1 die te v]hev5 is voor de ,papoes40 #acbf ,robid van d] ,aa1 p4 #cai4 #acbg ,koloniaal ,v]slag van #aijf1 p4 #gj2 #aiaa1 p4 #eb4 #acbh ,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 vol4 vii4 pp4 #fd1 #ga4 7,s+apore1 #ahec47 #acbi ,g4 ,w4 ,w4 ,c4 ,b>on von ,hovell1 p4 #abj4 ,krieg]1 p4 #dcf4 #accj ,encyclopa$ie van ,n4-,i41 vol4 ii4 p4 #baj4 #acca ,crawfurd 7#b71 pp4 #bge1 #cjg4 #accb ,buckle's ,miscellane\s & ,po/hum\s ,works1 edit$ by ,hel5 ,taylor1 vol4 i4 p4 #eid4 7,london1 #ahgb47 #accc ,neimann1 pp4 #djf-g4 #accd ,c4 ,sn\ck ,hurgronje3 ,de hadji-politiek d] ,indis*e ,rege]+1 p4 #ab4 7,ov]druk uit ,onze ,eeuw1 #aiji47 #acce ,id43 ,notes sur le m\vem5t du pl]9age de la ,mecque aux ,indes ,nerl&aises4 7,r4 du ,m4 ,m41 vol4 xv4 pp4 #dji1 #dab47 #accf ,report ( ,c5t5>y ,conf]5ce on ,prote/ant ,missions1 vol4 i4 p4 #ba4 ,niemann1 p4 #djg4 #accg ,m$4 ,n$4 ,z5del+g54 vols4 xxxii41 xxxiv4 passim4 #acch ,sn\ck ,hurgronje 7#c71 vol4 ii4 pp4 xv4 #cci-cic4 ,encyclopa$ie van ,n4-,i41 vol4 ii4 pp4 #egf-i4 #acci e4g4 ! ,qdiriyyah1 ,naq%b&iyyah & ,sammniyyah4 7,c4 ,sn\ck ,hurgronje 7#b71 p4 #ahf47 ,id4 7#c7 vol4 ii4 p4 #cgb1 etc4 #acdj ,j4 ,g4 ,f4 ,ri$el 7#a71 pp4 #g1 #ei1 #afb4 #acda ,sn\ck ,hurgronje 7#c71 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbc4 #acdb ,hauri1 p4 #cac4 ,encyclopa$ie van ,n4-,i41 vol4 ii4 p4 #ebd4 #acdc ,organisations bas$ on ! model ( ,*ri/ian mission>y societies d n beg9 to make _! appe>ance until ! tw5tie? c5tury2 "s acc\nt ( ^! is giv5 9 ,app5dix ,,iii4 #acdd 8 t\t musulman1 quelque monda9 qu'il soit1 le proslytisme semble tre en quelque sorte inn40 7,sn\ck ,hurgronje1 ,revue de l',hi/oire des ,religions1 vol4 lvii4 p4 #ff47 8,d] ,muslim i/ von ,natur ,missionr 444 ,er treibt ,mission auf eigne ,fau/ und ,ko/540 7,munz+]1 p4 #daa47 ,sn\ck ,hurgronje 7#a71 p4 #h2 ,lttke 7#b71 p4 #cj2 ,julius ,ri*t]1 p4 #aeb2 ,m]5sky1 p4 #aed4 #acde ,qurn1 xvi4 #abf4 #acdf ,see ! int]e/+ lett] address$ by ,mawl ,isml1 ,%>f ( ,morocco1 9 #afih to ,k+ ,james ,,ii1 invit+ him to embrace ,islam4 7,revue de l',hi/oire des ,religions1 vol4 xlvii4 p4 #agd sqq47 #acdg ,anjuman imyat-i-,islm k mhwr rislah1 pp4 #e-ac4 7,lahore1 ,octob] #ahhi47 #acdh ,duveyri]1 p4 #ag4 #acdi ,klamro?1 p4 #ab4 #acej ,massaja1 vol4 xi4 pp4 #abd-e4 #acea ,art91 p4 #aai4 #aceb ,r4 du ,m4 ,m41 ix4 7#aiji71 p4 #beb4 #acec ,ghulm ,s>w>3 ,khaznat al-,afy1 vol4 ii4 p4 #djg-h4 #aced ,goldzih]1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cjc-d4 #acee ,! ,pe*5egs at t "t occupi$ ! c\ntry betwe5 ! l[] ,danube & ! ,don1 to :i* !y _h migrat$ f ! banks ( ! ,ural at ! end ( ! n9? c5tury4 7,k>ams91 vol4 i4 pp4 #ahj-a47 #acef ,ab ,ubayd al-,bakr 7di$ #ajid71 pp4 #dfg-h4 #aceg ,ghulm ,s>w>3 ,khaznat al-,afy1 vol4 i4 p4 #fac4 #aceh ,d4 ,craw=d3 ,?9k+ ,black1 p4 #bjb4 7,london1 #aiac47 #acei ,d\ghty1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ci4 #acfj ,?is 0 emphasis$ by ,m>racci 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 8,si e?nicus my/]ia humani intellectus captum exc$5tia1 vel naturali conditioni et imbecillitati difficillima1 si non impossibilia1 cum ,alcoranica doctr9a comp>av]it1 /atim ab 8 refugiet1 et ad illa obviis ulnis accurret40 7,alcorani textus 444 translatus1 p4 #i4 ,patavii1 #afih47 #acfa ,ed\>d ,montet3 ,la propag&e *rti5ne et ses adv]saires musulmans1 pp4 #ag-ah4 7,p>is1 #ahij47 #acfb ,mank9d & ! ,*ur*1 p4 #bhc-d4 7,london1 #aijg47 #acfc ,qurn1 ii4 #aah-bf4 #acfd ,qurn1 xlix4 #aj4 #acfe ,w4 ,h4 ,macnaght53 ,pr9ciples & ,prec$5ts ( ,moohummudan ,law1 p4 #cab4 7,madras1 #ahhb47 #acff ,arabia ,des]ta1 vol4 i4 pp4 #eed-e4 #acfg ,de l',esprit des ,lois1 livre xxv4 *ap4 #b4 #acfh ,qur41 *ap4 xvi4 v4 #ib4 #acfi ,goldzih]1 ,sad b4 asan d',alex&rie4 7,revue des tudes ,juives1 tome xxx4 pp4 #ag-ah47 7,p>is1 #ahie47 #acgj ,erne/ ,r5an3 ,l',islamisme et la ,sci5ce1 p4 #ai4 7,p>is1 #ahhc47 ,?is has be5 emphasis$ by _m obs]v]s1 b x w be en\gh "h to quote ! words ( an em95t ,*ri/ian bi%op4 8,no "o :o comes 9 contact = ! fir/ "t ) ,mohamm$ans c fail to be /ruck by ?is aspect ( _! fai?4444 ,:]ev] "o may be1 9 op5 /reet1 9 railway /ation1 9 ! field1 x is ! mo/ ord9>y ?+ to see a man1 )\t ! slighte/ t\* ( ,ph>isaism or p>ade1 quietly & humbly leav+ :atev] pursuit he may be at ! mom5t engag$ 91 9 ord] to say 8 pray]s at ! appo9t$ h\r4 ,on a l>g] scale1 no "o :o has ev] se5 ! c\rty>d ( ! ,great ,mosque at ,delhi on ! la/ ,friday 9 ! fa/-mon? 7,ramazan7 fill$ to ov]fl[+ )1 p]haps1 #ae1jjj wor%ipp]s1 all :olly absorb$ 9 pray]1 & manife/+ ! pr(\nde/ rev]5ce & humility 9 e ge/ure1 c fail to be deeply impress$ by ! sight1 or to get a glimpse ( ! p[] :i* und]lies su* a sy/em2 :ile ! v regul>ity ( ! daily call to pray]1 z x r+s out at e>lie/ dawn1 be=e light comm5ces1 or amid all ! noise & bu/le ( ! bus9ess h\rs1 or aga9 z ! ev5+ closes 91 is fraught ) ! same message40 7,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,lefroy3 ,mank9d & ! ,*ur*1 pp4 #bhg-h4 7,london1 #aijg477 #acga 8,"o may notice & admire ! k9d ( *ivalr\s pride :i* ! av]age ,mohamm$an takes 9 8 fai?40 7,bi%op ,lefroy3 ,mank9d & ! ,*ur*1 p4 #bhi47 #acgb ,a4 ,ku553 ,national ,religions & ,univ]sal ,religions1 p4 #ce4 7,london1 #ahhb47 #acgc e4g4 ,! p]secution1 "u al-,mutawakkil1 by ! or?odox reaction aga9/ all =ms ( deviation f ! popul> cre$3 9 ,p]sia & o!r p>ts ( ,asia ab\t ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 9 rev5ge = ! dom9e]+ & insult+ behavi\r ( ! ,*ri/ians 9 ! h\r ( _! advancem5t & p[] "u ! e>ly ,mongols4 7,maqrz 7#b71 ,tome i4 ,premire ,p>tie1 pp4 #ih1 #ajf47 ,assemani 7tom4 iii4 p>s4 ii4 p4c471 speak+ ( ! causes t h excit$ ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians "u ,muhammadan rule1 says3--8,non r>o p]secutionis procellam excit>unt mutuae ,*ri/ianorum ipsorum simultates1 sac]dotum lic5tia1 praesulum fa/us1 tyrannica magnatum pote/as1 et m$icorum praes]tim scrib>umque de supremo 9 g5tem suam imp]io alt]cationes40 ,dur+ ! crusades ! ,*ri/ians ( ! ,ea/ frequ5tly fell "u ! suspicion ( fav\r+ ! invasions ( _! co-religioni/s f ! ,we/1 & 9 mod]n ,turkey ! movem5t = ,greek ,indep5d5ce & ! religi\s sympa?ies x excit$ 9 ,*ri/ian ,europe contribut$ to make ! lot ( ! subject ,*ri/ian races h>d] ?an x w\ld h be51 _h !y n be5 suspect$ ( disloyalty & disaffection t[>ds _! ,muhammadan rul]4 ,de ,gob9eau has express$ himself v /rongly on ?is "q ( ! tol]ation ( ,islam3 8,si l'on sp>e la doctr9e religieuse de la ncessit politique qui s\v5t a p>l et agi en son nom1 il n'e/ pas de religion plus tolrante1 on p\rrait presque dire plus indiffr5te sur la foi des hommes que l',islam4 ,cette disposition organique e/ si =te qu'en dehors des cas o la raison d'tat mise en jeu a port les g\v]nem5ts musulmans se faire arme de t\t p\r t5dre l'unit de foi1 la tolrance la plus complte a t la rgle f\rnie p> le dogme4444 ,qu'on ne s'arrte pas aux viol5ces1 aux cruauts commises dans une occasion ou dans une autre4 ,si on y reg>de de prs1 on ne t>d]a pas y dc\vrir des causes t\tes politiques ou t\tes de passion huma9e et de tempram5t *ez le s\v]a9 ou dans les populations4 ,le fait religieux n'y e/ invoqu que comme prtexte et1 en ralit1 il re/e en dehors40 7,a4 de ,gob9eau 7#a71 pp4 #bd-e47 #acgd ,= a biography ( him1 see ,ibn ,khallikn1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aaa-ae4 #acge ,b>hebru 7#b71 pp4 #dag-ah4 #acgf ,c4 d',ohsson1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bha4 #acgg ,tav]ni] 7#a71 p4 #afj4 #acgh ,viaggio di ,iosafa ,b>b]o nella ,p]sia4 7,ramusio1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aaa47 #acgi ,if inde$ by ,azi is meant j4 #achj ,makn1 p4 #bfj4 ,simil>ly1 ab\t a c5tury be=e1 al-,muqtadir 7,a4,d4 #ijh-icb7 gave ord]s = ! rebuild+ ( "s *ur*es at ,ramlah 9 ,pale/9e :i* _h be5 de/roy$ by ,muhammadans dur+ a riot1 ! cause ( :i* is n record$4 7,euty*ius1 ii4 p4 #hb47 ,ab li makes m5tion ( ! rebuild+ ( a great _m *ur*es & mona/]ies 9 ,egypt :i* _h ei!r be5 de/roy$ 9 "t ( w> 7e4g4 dur+ ! invasion ( ! ,ghuzz & ! ,kurds 9 #aafd7 7pp4 #ia1 #if1 #aab1 #abj71 be5 wreck$ by fanatics 7pp4 #he-f1 #ahb1 & ,maqrz quot$ 9 ! ,app5dix pp4 #cbg-h71 or fall5 into decay 7pp4 #e1 #hg1 #ajc-d74 #acha ,a4 de la ,jonquire1 pp4 #bjc1 #bac1 #cab4 #achb ,e4 ,*>vriat3 ,hi/oire de la ,gu]re de ,tr5te ,ans1 tome ii4 pp4 #fae1 #fbe4 7,p>is1 #ahgh47 #achc ,9 ,ioannis ,evangelium ,tractatus1 xxv4 #aj4 #achd ,c4 ,m]ivale3 ,! ,conv]sion ( ! ,nor!rn ,nations1 p4 #ajb4 7,london1 #ahff47 #ache ,mr b4 ,sulaymn1 p4 #fb 7ll4 #d1 #f1 #ac74 ,! le>n$ ,m>onite1 ,ysuf ,simn al-,simn1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ?us express$ 8 horror at su* a concession to ,muslim s5tim5t3 8,mahometi eiusque sect>iorum laudes p]sequitur1 et quod s9e horrore dici nequit1 illius pseudo-prophetae nom5 es adiuncto praeconio memorat1 quo ,mahometani sol5t1 nimirum 40 7,assemani1 tom4 iii1 p>s4 i4 p4 #ehe47 #achf ,mr b4 ,sulaymn1 p4 #fe 7l4 #af74 #achg ,me?ods ( ,mission ,"w among ,moslems1 p4 #fb4 #achh ,id4 pp4 #fa-d4 #achi ,laur5t1 p4 #aca4 #acij ,hi/oria ,r]um ,anglic>um ,willelmi ,p>vi de ,newburgh1 ed4 ,hans ,claude ,hamilton1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aeh4 7,london1 #ahef47 #acia ,fr$]ick ,d5ison ,maurice 0 giv+ expression to "o ( ! mo/ commonly receiv$ op9ions reg>d+ ?is fai? :5 he said1 8,x has be5 prov$ t ,mahometanism c only ?rive :ile x is aim+ at conque/40 7,! ,religions ( ! ,_w1 p4 #bh47 7,cambridge1 #aheb47 #acib ,simil>ly1 ! ,spani% editor ( ! controv]sial lett]s t pass$ betwe5 ,alv> & 8! transgressor0 7a ,*ri/ian conv]t to ,judaism71 adds ! foll[+ note aft] ,epi/4 xv43 8,quatuordecim 9 hac pag9a ita abrasae sunt l9iae1 ut nec v]bum unum legi possit4 ,folium subsequ5s exsecuit possessor codicis1 ne transgressoris deliram5ta leg]5tur40 7,migne1 ,patr4 ,lat41 tom4 cxxi4 p4 #dhc47 #acic ,ri*t]1 pp4 #afd-e4 #acid ,art91 p4 #ce4 #acie ,! ,moslem ,_w1 vol4 i4 p4 #dda4 ,r4 du ,m4 ,m41 vol4 xv4 p4 #cgd2 vol4 xviii4 pp4 #baf1 #bbd4 #acif ,rajputana ,h]ald1 ,april #ag1 #ahhi4 #acig ,mohamm$an ,_w ( ,to-day1 p4 #ahc4 #acih ,a li/ ( ^! is giv5 on p4 #ai ( ! ,annual ,report = ! ye> #acbh ,h4