,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,antiquat$ spell+s h be5 pres]v$4 ,typographical & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,! text usually uses a comma to designate a decimal po9t1 al?\gh a p]iod is us$ 9 "s in/ances4 ,! *anges m5tion$ 9 ! ,,errata h be5 appli$ to ! text4 ,,rese>*es1 ,,*emical ,,& ,,philosophical2 ,,*iefly ,,conc]n+ ,,nitr\s ,,oxide1 ,,or ,,dephlogi/icat$ ,,nitr\s ,,air1 ,,& ,,its ,,respiration4 ,by ,,humphry ,,davy1 ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,( ,,! ,,m$ical ,,pneumatic ,,in/itution4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,= ,j4 ,,johnson1 ,,/4 ,,paul',s ,,*ur*-,,y>d1 ,,by ,,biggs ,,& ,,cottle1 ,,bri/ol1 #ahjj4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,introduction1 xi4 ,,rese>* ,i4 ,into ! analysis ( ,,nitric ,,acid & ,,nitr\s ,,gas1 & ! production ( ,,nitr\s ,,oxide4 ,,division ,i4 ,,exp]im5ts & ,,obs]vations on ! composition ( ,,nitric ,,acid1 & on its comb9ations ) ,,wat] & ,,nitr\s ,,gas4 #a4 ,prelim9>ies #a #b4 ,production ( ari=m ,nitr\s ,acid #c #c4 ,specific gravity ( ,gases #f #d4 ,exp]im5t on ! =mation ( ,nitr\s ,acid #aa #e4 ,conclusions #ag #f4 ,exp]im5ts on ! comb9ation ( ,nitr\s ,gas ) ,nitric ,acid #ag #g4 ,additional ,exp]im5ts #bc #h4 ,conclusions #bi #i4 ,mr4 ,,?omson',s ,!ory ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,nitric & ,nitr\s ,acid #cj #aj4 ,composition ( ! diff]5t ,nitr\s ,acids #cf #aa4 ,comb9ation ( ,nitric ,acid ) ,wat] #ch #ab4 ,( ,nitr\s ,vapor #db #ac4 ,comp>ison ( ! results ) ^? ( ,cav5di% & ,lavoisi] #dc ,,division ,,ii4 ,,exp]im5ts & ,,obs]vations on ! composition ( ,,ammoniac & on its comb9ations ) ,,wat] & ,,nitric ,,acid4 #a4 ,analysis ( ,ammoniac #ef #b4 ,specific gravity ( ,ammoniac #fb #c4 ,( ! quantities ( true ,ammoniac 9 ,ammoniacal ,solutions #fe #d4 ,composition ( ,nitrate ( ,ammoniac #ga #e4 ,decomposition ( ,c>bonate ( ,ammoniac1 by ,nitr\s ,acid #ge #f4 ,decomposition ( ,sulphate ( ,ammoniac by ,nitre #gg #g4 ,non-exi/5ce ( ,ammoniacal ,nitrites #gi #h4 ,s\rces ( error 9 ,analysis #hj #i4 ,loss 9 ,solutions ( ,nitrate ( ,ammoniac dur+ evaporation #hc ,,division ,,iii4 ,,decomposition ( ,,nitrate ( ,,ammoniac--,prep>ation ( ,,respirable ,,nitr\s ,,oxide4 #a4 ,( ! heat requir$ = ! decomposition ( ,nitrate ( ,ammoniac #hd #b4 ,decomposition ( ,nitrate ( ,ammoniac--,production ( respirable ,nitr\s ,oxide--its prop]ties #hf #c4 ,( ! ,gas rema9+ aft] ! absorption ( ,nitr\s ,oxide by ,wat] #hi #d4 ,specific ,gravity ( ,nitr\s ,oxide #id #e4 ,analysis ( ,nitr\s ,oxide #ie #f4 ,m9ute exam9ation ( ! decomposition ( ,nitrate ( ,ammoniac #aja #g4 ,( ! heat produc$ dur+ ! decomposition ( ,nitrate ( ,ammoniac #ajh #h4 ,decomposition ( ,nitrate ( ,ammoniac at high temp]atures #aji #i4 ,speculations on ! decompositions ( ,nitrate ( ,ammoniac #aac #aj4 ,( ! prep>ation ( ,nitr\s ,oxide = exp]im5ts on respiration #aag ,,division ,,iv4 ,,exp]im5ts & ,,obs]vations on ! composition ( ,,nitr\s ,,gas1 & on its absorption by diff]5t bodies4 #a4 ,prelim9>ies #abb #b4 ,analysis ( ,nitr\s ,gas by ,*>coal #abf #c4 ,analysis ( ,nitr\s ,gas by ,pyrophorus #acb #d4 ,additional obs]vations on ! composition ( ,nitr\s ,gas #acd #e4 ,absorption ( ,nitr\s ,gas by ,wat] #adj #f4 ,absorption ( ,nitr\s ,gas by ,wat] ( diff]5t k9ds #adg #g4 ,absorption ( ,nitr\s ,gas by solution ( pale gre5 ,sulphate ( ,iron #aeb #h4 ,absorption ( ,nitr\s ,gas by solution ( gre5 muriate ( ,iron #agi #i4 ,by ,solution ( ,nitrate ( ,iron #ahg #aj4 ,by o!r metallic ,solutions #ahi #aa4 ,action ( sulphurat$ ,hydrog5e on solution ( gre5 sulphate ( iron impregnat$ ) ,nitr\s ,gas #aia #ab4 ,additional ,obs]vations #aic ,,division ,v4 ,,exp]im5ts & ,,obs]vations on ! production ( ,,nitr\s ,,oxide f ,,nitr\s ,,gas & ,,nitric ,,acid 9 diff]5t modes4 #a4 ,prelim9>ies #aig #b4 ,conv]sion ( ,nitr\s ,gas into ,nitr\s ,oxide by alkal9e sulphites #aii #c4 ,by ,muriate ( ,t9 #bjb #d4 ,by ,sulphurat$ ,hydrog5e #bjc #e4 ,decomposition ( ,nitr\s ,gas by ,nasc5t ,hydrog5e #bjf #f4 ,miscellane\s ,obs]vations #bji #g4 ,recapitulation #baa #h4 ,production ( ,nitr\s ,oxide f ,metallic ,solutions #bac #i4 ,additional ,obs]vations relat+ to ! production ( ,nitr\s ,oxide #bai #aj4 ,decomposition ( ,aqua regia by plat9a1 & evolution ( a gas analog\s to oxyg5at$ muriatic acid1 & nitrog5e #bbb #aa4 ,action ( ! electric sp>k on a mixture ( ,nitrog5e & ,nitr\s gas #bbi #ab4 ,g5]al rem>ks on ! production ( ,nitr\s ,oxide #bca ,,rese>* ,,ii4 ,into ! comb9ations ( ,,nitr\s ,,oxide1 & its decomposition4 ,,division ,i4 ,,exp]im5ts & ,,obs]vations on ! comb9ations ( ,,nitr\s ,,oxide4 #a4 ,comb9ation ( ,wat] ) ,nitr\s ,oxide #bce #b4 ---- ( ,nitr\s ,oxide ) fluid inflammable bodies #bdj #c4 ,action ( fluid ,acids on ,nitr\s ,oxide #bdd #d4 ---- ( ,sal9e ,solutions #bde #e4 ---- ( ,gases #bdh #f4 ,action ( ari=m ,nitr\s ,oxide on ! alkalies--,hi/ory ( ! discov]y ( ! comb9ations ( ,nitr\s ,oxide1 ) ! alkalies #bed #g4 ,comb9ation ( ,nitr\s ,oxide ) ,pota% #bfb #h4 ,comb9ation ( ,nitr\s ,oxide ) ,soda #bfh #i4 ---- ---- ---- ) ,ammoniac #bfi #aj4 ,probability ( =m+ comp\nds ( ,nitr\s ,oxide & ! alkal9e e>?s #bgc #aa4 ,additional ,obs]vations #bgd #ab4 ,! prop]ties ( ,nitr\s oxide resemble ^? ( ,acids #bgf ,,division ,,ii4 ,decomposition ( ,,nitr\s ,,oxide by combu/ible ,bodies4 #a4 ,prelim9>ies #bgh #b4 ,conv]sion ( ,nitr\s ,oxide into ,nitr\s ,acid & a gas analog\s to ,atmosph]ic ,air by ignition #bgi #c4 ,decomposition ( ,nitr\s ,oxide by ,hydrog5e #bhf #d4 ---- ---- ---- by ,phosphorus #bic #e4 ---- ---- by ,phosphorat$ ,hydrog5e #cjj #f4 ---- ---- by ,sulphur #cjc #g4 ---- ---- by ,sulphurat$ ,hydrog5e #cjf #h4 ---- ---- by ,*>coal #caa #i4 ---- ---- by ,hydroc>bonate #cac #aj4 ,combu/ion ( ,iron 9 ,nitr\s ,oxide #caf #aa4 ---- ( ,pyrophorus #cah #ab4 ---- ( ! ,tap] #cai #ac4 ---- ( diff]5t ,comp\nd ,bodies #cba #ad4 ,g5]al ,conclusions relat+ to ! decomposition ( ,nitr\s ,oxide1 & to its analysis #cbb #ae4 ,obs]vations on ! comb9ations ( ,oxyg5e & ,nitrog5e #cbe ,,rese>* ,,iii4 ,relat+ to ! ,,respiration ( ,,nitr\s ,,oxide & ,,o!r ,,gases4 ,,division ,i4 ,,exp]im5ts & ,,obs]vations on ! effects produc$ ^u ,animals by ! respiration ( ,,nitr\s ,,oxide4 #a4 ,prelim9>ies #ccc #b4 ,on ! respiration ( ,nitr\s ,oxide by w>m-blood$ ,animals #ccf #c4 ,effects ( ! respiration ( ,nitr\s ,oxide ^u ,animals1 z comp>$ ) ^? produc$ by _! imm]sion 9 ,hydrog5e & ,wat] #cdc #d4 ,( ! *anges effect$ 9 ! organisation ( w>m-blood$ ,animals1 by ! respiration ( ,nitr\s ,oxide #cdg #e4 ,( ! respiration ( mixtures ( ,nitr\s ,oxide & o!r ,gases1 by w>m-blood$ ,animals #ceh #f4 ,recapitulation ( facts relat+ to ! respiration ( ,nitr\s ,oxide1 by w>m-blood$ ,animals #cfj #g4 ,( ! respiration ( ,nitr\s ,oxide1 by amphibi\s ,animals #cfb #h4 ,effects ( ,solution ( ,nitr\s ,oxide on ,fi%es #cff #i4 ,effects ( ,nitr\s ,oxide on ,insects #cgj ,,division ,,ii4 ,( ! *anges effect$ 9 ,,nitr\s ,,oxide & o!r ,gases1 by ! ,respiration ( ,animals4 #a4 ,prelim9>ies #cgc #b4 ,absorption ( ,nitr\s ,oxide by ,v5\s ,blood #cgd #c4 ,( ! *anges effect$ 9 ,nitr\s ,oxide by ,respiration #chh #d4 ,respiration ( ,hydrog5e #djj #e4 ,additional ,obs]vations & ,exp]im5ts on ! ,respiration ( ,nitr\s ,oxide #daa #f4 ,( ! ,respiration ( ,atmosph]ic ,air #dbi #g4 ,respiration ( ,oxyg5e #dci #h4 ,obs]vations on ! *anges effect$ 9 ! blood by ,atmosph]ic ,air & ,oxyg5e #dde #i4 ,obs]vations on ! ,respiration ( ,nitr\s ,oxide #ddi ,,rese>* ,,iv4 ,relat+ to ! ,,effects produc$ by ! ,,respiration ( ,,nitr\s ,,oxide ^u diff]5t ,,individuals4 ,,division ,i4 ,,hi/ory ( ! ,discov]y4--,,effects produc$ by ! ,respiration ( diff]5t ,,gases4 #a4 ,respirability ( ,nitr\s ,oxide #def #b4 ,effects ( ,nitr\s ,oxide #deh #c4 ,g5]al ,effects ( ,nitr\s ,oxide on ! ,heal? #dfd #d4 ,respiration ( ,hydrog5e #dff #e4 ---- ( ,nitrog5e #dfg #f4 ,effects ( ,hydroc>bonate #dfh #g4 ---- ( ,c>bonic ,acid #dgb #h4 ---- ( ,oxyg5e #dgc #i4 ---- ( ,nitr\s ,gas #dge #aj4 ,mo/ ext5sive action ( ,nitr\s ,oxide produces no debility #dhe ,,division ,,ii4 ,,details ( ! ,effects produc$ by ! ,respiration ( ,,nitr\s ,,oxide ^u diff]5t ,individuals1 furni%$ by ,!mselves4 #a4 ,detail ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,tob9 #dig #b4 ---- ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,clayfield #ejb #c4 ,lett] f ,dr4 ,k+lake #ejc #d4 ,detail ( ,mr4 ,s\!y #ejg #e4 ,lett] f ,dr4 ,roget #eji #f4 ,lett] f ,mr4 ,james ,?omson #eab #g4 ,detail ( ,mr4 ,col]idge #eaf #h4 ---- ( ,mr4 ,w$gwood #eah #i4 ---- ( ,mr4 ,g4 ,burnet #ebj #aj4 ---- ( ,mr4 ,t4 ,pople #eba #aa4 ---- ( ,mr4 ,hammick #ebb #ab4 ---- ( ,dr4 ,blake #ebd #ac4 ---- ( ,mr4 ,wanfey #ebe #ad4 ---- ( ,mr4 ,rickman #ebf #ae4 ---- ( ,mr4 ,lovell ,edgwor? #ebg #af4 ---- ( ,mr4 ,g4 ,b$=d #ebh #ag4 ---- ( ,miss ,ryl& #ecj #ah4 ,lett] f ,mr4 ,m4 ,m4 ,coates #ecj ,,division ,,iii4 ,ab/racts f additional ,details--,obs]vations on ! effects ( ,,nitr\s ,,oxide1 by ,dr4 ,,b$does--,conclusion4 #a4 ,ab/racts f additional details #ecc #b4 ,( ! effects ( ,nitr\s ,oxide on delicate females #ecg #c4 ,obs]vations on ! effects ( ,nitr\s ,oxide by ,dr4 ,,b$does #eda #d4 ,conclusion #edh ,,app5dix4 ,no4 ,i4 ,( ! effects ( ,nitr\s ,oxide on ,vegetables #efa ,no4 ,,ii4 ,table ( ! ,weight & ,composition ( ! comb9ations ( ,nitrog5e #eff ,no4 ,,iii4 ,additional ,obs]vations #efg ,no4 ,,iv4 ,description ( a ,m]curial ,airhold]1 & ,brea?+ ,ma*9e1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,,clayfield4 #egc ,no4 ,v4 ,proposals = ! ,pres]vation ( ,accid5tal ,obs]vations 9 ,m$ic9e4 ,by ,dr4 ,,b$does4 #egg ,,introduction4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! discov]y ( ! respirability & extraord9>y effects ( nitr\s oxide1 or ! dephlogi/icat$ nitr\s gas ( ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 made 9 ,april #agii1 9 a mann] to be p>ticul>ly describ$ h]eaft]1#a ,i 0 induc$ to c>ry on ! foll[+ inve/igation conc]n+ its composition1 prop]ties1 comb9ations1 & mode ( op]ation on liv+ be+s4 #a ,a %ort acc\nt ( ?is discov]y has be5 giv5 9 ,dr4 ,b$does's ,notice ( "s ,obs]vations made at ! ,pneumatic ,in/itution1 & 9 ,mr4 ,ni*olson's ,phil4 ,j\rnal = ,may & ,decemb] #agii4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is inve/igation1 ,i h met ) _m difficulties2 "s aris+ f ! novel & obscure nature ( ! subject1 & o!rs f a want ( co9cid5ce 9 ! obs]vations ( diff]5t exp]im5tali/s on ! prop]ties & mode ( production ( ! gas4 ,by ext5d+ my rese>*es to ! diff]5t sub/ances connect$ ) nitr\s oxide2 nitr\s acid1 nitr\s gas & ammoniac2 & by multiply+ ! comp>isons ( facts1 ,i h succe$$ 9 remov+ ! great] numb] ( ^? difficulties1 & h be5 enabl$ to give a tol]ably cle> hi/ory ( ! comb9ations ( oxyg5e & nitrog5e4 ,by employ+ bo? analysis & syn!sis :5ev] ^! me?ods 7 equally applicable1 & comp>+ exp]im5ts made "u diff]5t circum/ances1 ,i h endeav\r$ to gu>d aga9/ s\rces ( error2 b ,i _c flatt] myself t ,i h altoge!r avoid$ !m4 ,! physical sci5ces are almo/ :olly dep5dant on ! m9ute obs]vation & comp>ison ( prop]ties ( ?+s n imm$iately obvi\s to ! s5ses2 & f ! difficulty ( discov]+ e possible mode ( exam9ation1 & f ! modification ( p]ceptions by ! /ate ( feel+1 x appe>s ne>ly impossible t all ! relations ( a s]ies ( phnom5a c be discov]$ by a s+le inve/igation1 p>ticul>ly :5 ^! relations are complicat$1 & _m ( ! ag5ts unkn[n4 ,=tunately = ! active & progressive nature ( ! human m9d1 ev5 exp]im5tal rese>* is only a me?od ( approximation to tru?4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( facts1 ,i h be5 guid$ z mu* z possible by obvi\s & simple analogies only4 ,h5ce ,i h seldom ent]$ into !oretical discussions1 p>ticul>ly conc]n+ light1 heat1 & o!r ag5ts1 :i* are kn[n only by isolat$ effects4 ,e>ly exp]i5ce has taught me ! folly ( ha/y g5]alisation4 ,we are ignorant ( ! laws ( corpuscul> motion2 & an imm5se mass ( m9ute obs]vations conc]n+ ! m complicat$ *emical *anges mu/ be collect$1 probably be=e we %all be able to asc]ta9 ev5 :e!r we are capable ( discov]+ !m4 ,*emi/ry 9 its pres5t /ate1 is simply a p>tial hi/ory ( phnom5a1 consi/+ ( _m s]ies m or less ext5sive ( accurately connect$ facts4 ,) ! mo/ important ( ^! s]ies1 ! arrangem5t ( ! comb9ations ( oxyg5e or ! antiphlogi/ic !ory discov]$ by ,lavoisi]1 ! *emical details 9 ?is "w are capable ( be+ connect$4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce1 x w be unnecess>y to ent] into discussions conc]n+ ! importance ( inve/igations relat+ to ! prop]ties ( physiological ag5ts1 & ! *anges effect$ 9 !m dur+ _! op]ation4 ,by means ( su* inve/igations1 we arrive ne>] t[>ds t po9t f :i* we %all be able to view :at is )9 ! rea* ( discov]y1 & :at mu/ = ev] rema9 unkn[n to u1 9 ! phnom5a ( organic life4 ,!y are ( imm$iate utility1 by enabl+ u to ext5d our analogies s z to inve/igate ! prop]ties ( untri$ sub/ances1 ) great] accuracy & probability ( success4 ,! fir/ ,rese>* 9 ?is "w *iefly relates to ! production ( nitr\s oxide & ! analysis ( nitr\s gas & nitr\s acid4 ,9 ?is !re is little t c be prop]ly call$ m9e2 & if by repeat+ ! exp]im5ts ( o!r *emi/s1 ,i h sometimes be5 able to make m m9ute obs]vations conc]n+ phnom5a1 & to draw diff]5t conclusions1 x is :olly ow+ to ! use ,i h made ( ! in/rum5ts ( inve/igation discov]$ by ! illu/ri\s fa!rs ( *emical philosophy1#b & s successfully appli$ by !m to ! discov]y ( tru?4 #b ,cav5di%1 ,prie/ley1 ,black1 ,lavoisi]1 ,s*eele1 ,kirwan1 ,guyton1 ,b]?ollet1 c4 ,9 ! second ,rese>* ! comb9ations & composition ( nitr\s oxide are inve/igat$1 & an acc\nt giv5 ( its decomposition by mo/ ( ! combu/ible bodies4 ,! ?ird ,rese>* conta9s obs]vations on ! action ( nitr\s oxide ^u animals1 & an inve/igation ( ! *anges effect$ 9 x by respiration4 ,9 ! f\r? ,rese>* ! hi/ory ( ! respirability & extraord9>y effects ( nitr\s oxide is giv51 ) details ( exp]im5ts on its p[]s made by diff]5t individuals4 ,i _c close ?is introduction1 )\t ackn[l$g+ my obligations to ,dr4 ,b$does4 ,9 ! conception ( _m ( ! foll[+ exp]im5ts1 ,i h be5 aid$ by 8 conv]sation & advice4 ,!y 7 execut$ 9 an ,in/itution :i* owes its exi/5ce to 8 b5evol5t & philosophic ex]tions4 ,d[ry-,squ>e1 ,hotwells1 ,bri/ol4 ,june #be?1 #ahjj4 ,,rese>* ,i4 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,analysis ,,( ,,nitric ,,acid ,,& ,,nitr\s ,,gas ,,& ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,nitr\s ,,oxide4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,i4 ,,m]curial ,,airhold] & ,,brea?+ ,,ma*9e4 ,l[ry sculp4 ,,rese>* ,i4 ,,into ,,! ,,production ,,& ,,analysis ,,( ,,nitr\s ,,oxide1 ,,& ,,! ,a,,ri=m ,,fluids ,,relat$ ,,to ,,x4 ,,division ,i4 ,,exp]im5ts & ,,obs]vations on ! composition ( ,,nitric ,,acid1 & on its comb9ations ) ,,wat] & ,,nitr\s ,,gas4 ,i4 ,?\gh s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ,pneumatic ,*emi/ry1 no sub/ance has be5 m ! subject ( exp]im5t ?an ,nitr\s ,acid2 yet /ill ! greate/ unc]ta9ty exi/s ) reg>d to ! quantities ( ! pr9ciples ent]+ into its composition4 ,9 comp>+ ! exp]im5ts ( ! illu/ri\s ,cav5di% on ! syn!sis ( nitr\s acid1 ) ^? ( ,lavoisi] on ! decomposition ( nitre by *>coal1 we f9d a mu* great] diff]5ce 9 ! results ?an c be acc\nt$ = by suppos+ ! acid =m$1 & t decompos$1 ( diff]5t degrees ( oxyg5ation4 ,9 ! mo/ accurate exp]im5t ( ,cav5di%1 :5 ! nitr\s acid appe>$ to be 9 a /ate ( deoxyg5ation1 #a ( nitrog5e comb9$ ) ab\t #b1cdf ( oxyg5e4#c ,9 an e>li] exp]im5t1 :5 ! acid 0 probably fully oxyg5at$1 ! nitrog5e employ$ 0 to ! oxyg5e ne>ly z #a to #b1ib4d ,lavoisi]1 f 8 exp]im5ts on ! decomposition ( nitre1 & comb9ation ( nitr\s gas & oxyg5e1 concludes1 t ! p]fectly oxyg5at$1 or :at he calls nitric acid1 is compos$ ( ne>ly #a nitrog5e1 ) #c1i ( oxyg5e2 & ! acid 9 ! la/ /ate ( deoxyg5ation1 or nitr\s acid1 ( ab\t #c oxyg5e ) #a nitrog5e4#e #c ,phil4 ,trans4 v4 #gh1 p4 #bgj4 #d ,phil4 ,trans4 v4 #ge p4 #cha4 #e ,elem4 ,k]r's ,trans4 page #gf1 & #baf1 & ,mem4 des ,sav4 ,etrang4 tom4 #g1 page #fbi4 ,great z ! diff]5ce is betwe5 ! e/imations ( ^! philosoph]s1 we f9d diff]5ces /ill great] 9 ! acc\nts ( ! quantities ( nitr\s gas necess>y to saturate a giv5 quantity ( oxyg5e1 z laid d[n by v accurate exp]im5tali/s4 ,on ! "o h&1 ,prie/ley f\nd #a ( oxyg5e cond5s$ by #b ( nitr\s gas1 & ,lavoisi] by #a4 ,on ! o!r1 ,+5h\z1 ,s*]]1 & ,de la ,me!rie1 /ate ! quantity necess>y to be f #c to #e4f ,humbolt1 :o has lately inve/igat$ ,eudiometry ) great +5uity1 consid]s ! mean quantity ( nitr\s gas necess>y to saturate #a ( oxyg5e1 z ab\t #b1ee4g #f ,+5h\z sur les ,vegetaux1 pag4 #bje4 ,de la ,me!rie4 ,essai sur diff]5s ,airs1 pag4 #beb4 #g ,annales de ,*imie1 tome #bh1 p4 #afh4 ,,ii4 ,to reconcile ^! diff]5t results is impossible1 & ! imm$iate connection ( ! subject ) ! production ( nitr\s oxide1 z well z its g5]al importance1 oblig$ me to se>* = means ( accurately det]m9+ ! composition ( nitr\s acid 9 its diff]5t degrees ( oxyg5ation4 ,! fir/ desid]atum 0 to asc]ta9 ! nature & composition ( a fluid acid1 :i* by be+ depriv$ (1 or comb9$ ) nitr\s gas1 might become a /&>d ( comp>ison = all o!r acids4 ,to obta9 ?is acid ,i %\ld h pref]r$ ! imm$iate comb9ation ( oxyg5e & nitrog5e ov] wat] by ! electric sp>k1 _h x be5 possible to obta9 9 ?is way by a common app>atus suffici5t = ext5sive exam9ation2 b on c>efully p]us+ ! labori\s exp]im5ts ( ,cav5di%1 ,i gave up all ?\ghts ( attempt+ x4 ,my fir/ exp]im5ts 7 made on ! decomposition ( nitre1 =m$ f a kn[n quantity ( pale nitr\s acid ( kn[n specific gravity1 by phosphorus1 t91 & *>coal3 b 9 ^? processes1 unasc]ta9able quantities ( nitr\s acid1 ) excess ( nitr\s gas1 always escap$ undecomp\nd$1 & f ! non-co9cid5ce ( results1 :]e diff]5t quantities ( combu/ible sub/ances 7 employ$1 ,i _h reasons = believ+ t wat] 0 g5]ally decompos$4 ,be=e ^! exp]im5ts 7 attempt$1 ,i _h analiz$ nitr\s gas & nitr\s oxide1 9 a mann] to be p>ticul>ly describ$ h]eaft]2 s t a k ( ! quantities ( nitr\s gas & oxyg5e ent]+ into ! composition ( any acid1 enabl$ me to det]m9e ! proportions ( nitrog5e & oxyg5e x conta9$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( :i* ,i attempt$ to comb9e toge!r oxyg5e & nitr\s gas1 9 su* a mann] z to absorb ! nitr\s acid =m$ by wat]1 9 an app>atus by :i* ! quantities ( ! gases employ$1 & ! increase ( weight ( ! wat]1 might be asc]ta9$2 b ?is process likewise fail$4 ,x 0 impossible to procure ! gases p]fectly free f nitrog5e1 & dur+ _! comb9ation1 ?is nitrog5e made to pass into a pneumatic app>atus communicat+ ) a vessel conta9+ ! wat] c>ri$ ov] ) x1 mu* nitr\s acid vapor1 ( diff]5t composition f ! acid absorb$4 ,aft] _m unsuccessful trials1 ,dr4 ,prie/ley's exp]im5ts on nitr\s vapor#h induc$ me to suppose t oxyg5e & nitr\s gas1 made to comb9e out ( ! contact ( bodies hav+ aff9ity = oxyg5e1 w\ld rema9 p]man5tly ari=m1 & on ?r[+ !m sep>ately into an exhau/$ glass balloon1 ,i f\nd t ?is 0 actually ! case2 increase ( temp]ature 0 produc$1 & orange color$ nitr\s acid gas =m$1 :i* aft] rema9+ = _m days 9 ! globe1 at a temp]ature bel[ #ef1 did n 9 ! slighte/ degree cond5se4 #h ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations1 ,vol4 iii4 la/ edition1 page #aje1 c4 ,?is fact af=d$ me ! means n only ( =m+ a /&>d acid1 b likewise ( asc]ta9+ ! specific gravity ( nitr\s acid 9 its ari=m /ate4 ,,iii4 ,previ\s to ! exp]im5t1 = ! purpose ( correct+ incid5tal errors1 ,i 0 induc$ to asc]ta9 ! specific gravity ( ! gases employ$1 p>ticul>ly z ,i 0 unacqua9t$ ) any process by :i* ! weight ( nitr\s gas _h be5 accurately det]m9$4 ,mr4 ,kirwan's e/imation1 :i* is g5]ally adopt$1 be+ f\nd$ ^u ! comp>ison ( ! loss ( weight ( a solution ( copp] 9 dilute nitr\s acid1 ) ! quantity ( gas produc$4#i ,! in/rum5ts t ,i made use ( = conta9+ & measur+ my gases1 7 two m]curial airhold]s graduat$ to ! cubic in* ( ,ev]>d1 & furni%$ ) /op-cocks4#aj #i ,:5 copp] is dissolv$ 9 dilute nitr\s acid1 c]ta9 quantities ( nitrog5e are g5]ally produc$1 likewise ! nitr\s gas c>ries (f 9 solution "s nitr\s acid4 #aj ,?is airhold]1 consid]$ z a pneumatic in/rum5t1 is ( great] importance1 & capable ( a m ext5sive application ?an any o!r4 ,x 0 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,,clayfield1 & 9 its =m is analog\s to ,mr4 ,,watt',s hydraulic bell[s1 consi/+ ( a glass bell play+ "u ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 9 a space betwe5 two cyl9d]s fill$ ) m]cury4 ,a p>ticul> acc\nt ( x w be giv5 9 ! app5dix4 ,!y 7 weigh$ 9 a glass globe1 ( ! capacity ( #ajh cubic in*es1 :i* ) ! small glass /op-cock affix$ to x1 0 equal1 :5 fill$ ) atmosph]ic air1 to #agee gra9s4 ,! balance t ,i employ$1 :5 load$ ) a p\nd1 turn$ ) less ?an "o eigh? ( a gra94 ,into a m]curial airhold]1 ( ! capacity ( #bjj cubic in*es1 #afj cubic in*es ( nitr\s gas 7 ?r[n f a solution ( m]cury 9 nitr\s acid4 #gj measures ( ?is 7 agitat$ = "s m9utes 9 a solution ( sulphate ( iron1#aa till ! dim9ution 0 complete4 ,! nitrog5e rema9+ h>dly fill$ a measure2 & if we suppose ) ,humbolt#ab t a v small portion ( x 0 absorb$ ) ! nitr\s gas1 ! :ole quantity x conta9$ may be e/imat$ at #j1jadb1 or _/4 #aa ,?is absorption w be h]eaft] p>ticul>ly treat$ (4 #ab ,annales de ,*imie4 ,tome xviii4 page #aci4 #ge cubic in*es receiv$ f ! airhold] into an exhau/$ balloon1 increas$ x 9 weight #be1e gra9s2 !rmomet] be+ #ef1 & b>omet] #cj1i4 ,& all[+ = ! small quantity ( nitrog5e 9 ! gas1 #ajj cubic in*es ( x w weigh #cd4c gra9s4 ,"o hundr$ & ?irty cubic in*es ( oxyg5e 7 procur$ f oxide ( manganese & sulphuric acid1 by heat1 & receiv$ 9 ano!r m]curial airhold]4 #aj measures ( x1 m+l$ ) #bf ( ! nitr\s gas1 gave1 aft] ! residuum 0 expos$ to solution ( sulphate ( iron1 r m ?an "o measure4 ,h5ce we may conclude t x conta9$ ab\t #j1a nitrog5e4 #fj cubic in*es ( x weigh$ #bj1ge gra9s2 & acc\nt+ = ! nitrog5e conta9$ 9 ^!1 #ajj gra9s ( pure oxyg5e w weigh #ce1ji gra9s4 ,atmosph]ical air 0 decompos$ by nitr\s gas 9 excess2 & ! residuum wa%$ ) solution ( sulphate ( iron till ! ,nitrog5e rema9$ pure2 #hg cubic in*es ( x weigh$ #bf1e gra9s1 !rmomet] be+ #dh1 b>omet] #cj1a2 #ajj w consequ5tly weigh #cj1de4 #ij cubic in*es ( ! air ( ! laboratory n depriv$ ( its c>bonic acid1 weigh$ #bh1ge gra9s2 !rmomet] #ec1 b>omet] #cj3 #ajj cubic in*es w consequ5tly weigh #ca1i4ac #af measures ( ?is air1 ) #af nitr\s gas1 ( kn[n composition1 dim9i%$ to #ai4 ,h5ce x conta9$ ab\t1#bf oxyg5e4#ad ,9 comp>+ my results ) ^? ( ,lavoisi] & ,kirwan1 ! e/imation ( ! weights ( nitrog5e & oxyg5e is v little diff]5t1 ! corrections = temp]ature & pressure be+ made1 f t ( ^? celebrat$ philosoph]s4 ,! fir/ makes oxyg5e to weigh#ae #cd1ba1 & nitrog5e #cj1jfd p] c5t2 & ! la/1 oxyg5e #cd1af & nitrog5e #cj1e4 #ac ,a table ( ! specific gravities ( ^! gases1 & o!r gases1 h]eaft] to be m5tion$1 r$uc$ to a b>ometrical & !rmometrical /&>d1 w be giv5 9 ! app5dix4 #ad #dj measures1 expos$ to solution ( pota%1 gave an absorption ( n q a qu>t] ( a measure3 h5ce x conta9$ an inconsid]able quantity ( c>bonic acid4 #ae ,trait ,elem5taire4 #af ,essai sur le phlogi/ique1 page #cj4 ,! specific gravity ( nitr\s gas1 accord+ to ,kirwan1 is to t ( common air z #aaid to #ajjj4 ,h5ce x %\ld weigh ab\t #cg gra9s p] c5t4 ,?is diff]5ce f my e/imation is n ne>ly s great z ,i expect$ to h f\nd x4#ag ,,iv4#ah ,! !rmomet] 9 ! laboratory /&+ at #ee1 & ! b>omet] at #cj1a1 ,i n[ proce$$ to my exp]im5t4 ,! oxyg5e t ,i employ$ 0 ( ! same composition z t :i* ,i _h previ\sly weigh$4 ,! nitr\s gas conta9$1#jaff nitrog5e4 ,= ! purpose ( comb9+ ! gases1 a glass balloon 0 procur$1 ( ! capacity ( #adh cubic in*es1 ) a glass /op-cock adapt$ to x1 hav+ its upp] orifice tubulat$ & graduat$ = ! purpose ( conta9+ & measur+ a fluid4 ,! :ole weight ( ?is globe & its app5dages1 :5 fill$ ) common air1 0 #bjff1e gra9s4 #ag ,! dim9ution ( ! specific gravity ( ! gas f ! quantity ( nitrog5e evolv$ 9 8 exp]im5t1 probably de/roy$1 9 "s measure1 ! s\rce ( error f ! nitr\s acid c>ri$ ov]4 #ah ,exp]im5t ,i4 ,x 0 p>tially exhau/$ by ! air-pump1 & lo/ 9 weight j #cb gra9s4 ,f :5ce we may conclude t ab\t #ae gra9s ( air rema9$ 9 x4 ,9 ?is /ate ( exhau/ion x 0 imm$iately cem5t$ to ! /op-cock ( ! m]curial airhold]1 & ! communication be+ made ) great caution1 #hb cubic in*es ( nitr\s gas ru%$ into ! globe1 on ! outside ( :i* a slight increase ( temp]ature 0 p]ceiv$1 :ile ! gases on ! inside appe>$ ( a deep orange4 ,be=e ! common temp]ature 0 re/or$1 ! communication 0 /opp$1 & ! globe remov$4 ,! increase ( weight 0 #bi1be gra9s2 :5ce x appe>$ t #a1ad gra9s ( common air1 "p ( :i* _h be5 conta9$ 9 ! /op-cocks1 _h ent]$ ) ! nitr\s gas4 ,:il/ x 0 cool+1 f ! accid5tal loos5+ ( ! /opp] ( ! cock1 #c gra9s m ( common air ent]$4#ai #ai ,t no great] contraction took place dep5d$ on ! solution ( ! nitr\s acid =m$ 9 ! nitr\s gas2 a phnom5on to be expla9$ h]eaft]4 ,! communication 0 n[ made betwe5 ! globe & ! m]curial airhold] conta9+ oxyg5e4 #fd cubic in*es 7 sl[ly press$ 91 :5 ! outside ( ! globe became w>m]1 & ! color on ! inside *ang$ to a v d>k orange4 ,z x cool$1 #f cubic in*es m sl[ly ent]$2 b no new increase ( temp]ature1 or *ange ( color took place4 ,! globe be+ n[ completely cold1 0 /opp$1 remov$1 & weigh$2 x _h ga9$ #bd1e gra9s1 f :5ce x appe>s t #j1d gra9s ( common air conta9$ 9 ! /op-cocks1 _h ent]$ ) ! oxyg5e4#bj #bj ,i judg$ x exp$i5t always to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( air 9 ! /op-cocks by weight1 z x 0 impossible to jo9 !m s z to h always an equal capacity4 ,! upp] tubes ( ! two /op-cocks n jo9$1 conta9$ ne>ly an in* & half4 ,to absorb ! nitr\s acid gas1 #da gra9s ( wat] 7 introduc$ by ! tube ( ! /op-cock1 :i* ?\gh clos$ z rapidly z possible1 mu/ h suff]$ ne>ly1#e gra9s ( air to ent] at ! same "t1 z ! increase ( weight 0 #da1e gra9s4 ,! d>k orange ( ! globe dim9i%$ rapidly2 x became w>m at ! bottom1 & moi/ on ! sides4 ,aft] a few m9utes ! color _h almo/ :olly disappe>$4 ,to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( ari=m fluid absorb$1 ! globe 0 aga9 atta*$ to ! m]curial air app>atus1 conta9+ #adj cubic in*es ( common air4 ,:5 ! communication 0 made1 #ea cubic in*es ru%$ 91 & x ga9$ 9 weight #af1e gra9s4 ,a quantity ( fluid equal to #ed gra9s 0 n[ tak5 out ( ! globe4 ,on exam9ation x prov$ to be slightly t+$ ) gre51 & occupi$ a space equal to t fill$ by #da1e gra9s ( wat]4 ,its specific gravity 0 consequ5tly #a1cja4 ,to asc]ta9 if any unabsorb$ ari=m nitr\s acid rema9$ 9 ! globe1 #ac gra9s ( solution ( ammonia 7 introduc$ 9 ! same mann] z ! wat]1 & aft] "s m9utes1 :5 ! :ite vapor _h cond5s$1 ! communication 0 aga9 made ) ! m]curial airhold] conta9+ common air4 ,a m9ute quantity ent]$1 :i* c\ld n be e/imat$ at m ?an ?ree f\r?s ( an in*1 & ! globe 0 increas$ 9 weight ab\t #ac1be gra9s4#ba ,common air 0 n[ ?r[n into ! globe till ! residual gases ( ! exp]im5t 7 judg$ to be displac$2 x weigh$ #bajf1e gra9s1 t is1 #dj gra9s m ?an x _h weigh$ :5 fill$ ) common air be=e ! exp]im5t4#bb #ba ,t is1 by ! solution ( ammonia1 & air4 #bb ,! foll[+ is an acc\nt ( ! increase & dim9ution ( weight ( ! globe1 z x 0 not$ 9 ! j\rnal4 ,globe fill$ ) common air gr4 #bjff1e ,aft] exhau/ion #bjcd1e ,aft] introduction ( nitr\s gas1 #hb cubic in*es #bjfd1be ,aft] ! accid5tal admission ( common air #bjfg1be ,aft] ! admission ( oxyg5e #bjia1ge ---- ---- #da gra9s ( wat] #bacc1be ---- ---- #ea cubic in*es ( air #badi1ge ,tak5 out #ed gra9s ( solution #bjie1ge ,introduc$ #ac gra9s ( ammoniacal solution #baji1be ,aft] introduction ( common air #bajf1e ,& if f ^? #dj gra9s we take #ac = ! solution ( ammonia introduc$1 ! rema9d]1 #bg1 w be ! quantity ( solution ( nitr\s acid 9 wat] rema9+ 9 ! globe1 :i* add$ to #ed1 equals #ha gra9s1 ! :ole quantity =m$2 b if f ?is be tak5 #da gra9s1 ! quantity ( wat]1 ! rema9d] #dj gra9s1 w be ! quantity ( nitr\s acid gas absorb$ 9 ! solution4 ,to f9d ! absolute quantity ( nitr\s acid =m$1 we mu/ f9d ! specific gravity ( t absorb$2 b z dur+1 & aft] its absorption1 #ag gra9s ( air1 equal to #ec1b cubic in*es ent]$1 x evid5tly fill$ su* a space4 #ec1b cubic in*es ( x consequ5tly weigh #dj gra9s1 & #ajj cubic in*es #ge1ag gra9s4 ,!n1#ge cubic in*es weigh1#ef gra9s1 & ?is add$ to #dj1 makes #dj1ef gra9s1 equal to #ec1ie cubic in*es1 ! :ole quantity ( ari=m nitr\s acid produc$4 ,b ! quantity ( nitr\s gas ent]+ into ?is1 all[+ = ! nitrog5e x conta9$1 is #bg1f gra9s1 equal to ab\t #hj1e cubic in*es2 & ! oxyg5e is #dj1ef-bg1f to #ab1if gra9s1 or #cf1i cubic in*es4 ,v4 ,!re c\ld exi/ 9 ?is exp]im5t no circum/ance connect$ ) inaccuracy1 except ! impossibility ( v m9utely det]m9+ ! quantities ( common air :i* ent]$ ) ! gases f ! /op-cocks4 ,b if errors h aris5 f ?is s\rce1 !y mu/ be v inconsid]able2 z w appe> f a calculation ( ! specific gravity ( ! nitr\s acid gas1 f\nd$ on ! volume ( ! gases t ent]$ ! globe4 ,! air t rema9$ 9 ! globe aft] exhau/ion 0 #ae gra9s #dgbc cub4 94 ,! nitr\s gas introduc$ 0 #hb ,common air #ac ,oxyg5e #gj ,common air #a ---- ,:ole quantity ( air ?r[n into ! globe #bac ,f :i* subtract its capacity #adh ---- ,! rema9d] is #fe #bc ,decimals are omitt$1 because ! excess ( ! two fir/ numb]s is exactly correct$ by ! defici5cy ( ! la/4 ,& ?is rema9d] tak5 f #hj1e nitr\s gas #cf1i oxyg5e1 leaves #eb1d cubic in*es1 :i* is ! space occupi$ by ! nitr\s acid gas1 & :i* diff]s f #ec1ie only by #a1ee cubic in*es4 ,i ought to h obs]v$1 t be=e ?is conclusive exp]im5t1 two simil> ones _h be5 made4 ,9 comp>+ ! results ( "o ( !m1 p]=m$ ) ! assi/ance ( my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,,joseph ,,prie/ley1 ,dr4 ,,prie/ley',s elde/ son1 & *iefly detail$ by him 9 ! j\rnal1 ,i f9d a co9cid5ce great] ?an c\ld be ev5 well expect$1 :]e ! processes are s complex4 ,accord+ to t exp]im5t1 #da1e gra9s ( nitr\s acid gas fill a space equal to #ec cubic in*es1 & are compos$ ( ne>ly #bi nitr\s gas1 & #ab1e oxyg5e4 ,we may !n conclude1 ,fir/1 t #ajj cubic in*es ( nitr\s acid1 su* z exi/s 9 !#bd ari=m /ate saturat$ ) oxyg5e1 at temp]ature #ee1 & atmosph]ic pressure #cj1a weigh #ge1ag gra9s4 #bd ,z is evid5t f ! sup]abundant quantity ( oxyg5e ?r[n into ! globe4 ,secondly1 t #ajj gra9s ( x are compos$ ( #fh1jf nitr\s gas1 & #ca1id oxyg5e4 ,or assum+ :at w be h]eaft] prov$1 t #ajj p>ts ( nitr\s gas consi/ ( #ee1ie oxyg5e1 & #dd1je nitrog5e1 ( #bi1i nitrog5e1 & #gj1a oxyg5e2 or tak+ away decimals1 ( #cj ( ! "o to #gj ( ! o!r4 ,?irdly1 t #ajj gra9s ( pale gre5 solution ( nitr\s acid 9 wat]1 ( specific gravity #a1cja1 are compos$ ( #ej1fb wat]1 & #di1ch acid ( ! above composition4 ,,vi4 ,hav+ ?us asc]ta9$ ! composition ( a /&>d acid1 my next object 0 to obta9 x 9 a m cond5s$ /ate1 z x 0 o!rwise impossible to saturate x to its full ext5t ) nitr\s gas4 ,b ?is ,i c\ld effect 9 no o!r way ?an by comp>+ mixtures ( kn[n quantities ( wat]1 & acids ( diff]5t specific gravities & colors1 ) ! acid ( #a1cja4 ,= ! purpose ( comb9+ my acids ) wat]1 ,i made use ( a cyl9d] ab\t #h in*es long1 &1#c in*es 9 diamet]1 accurately graduat$ to gra9 measures1 & furni%$ ) a v tight /opp]4 ,! conc5trat$ acid 0 fir/ sl[ly p\r$ into x1 & ! wat] gradually add$ till ! requir$ specific gravity 0 produc$2#be ! cyl9d] be+ clos$ & agitat$ aft] ea* addition1 s z to produce comb9ation )\t any lib]ation ( ela/ic fluid4 #be ,! weight ( ! acid p\r$ into ! cyl9d] be+ kn[n1 its specific gravity 0 kn[n f ! space x occupi$ 9 ! phial4 ,! weight ( wat] be+ likewise kn[n1 ! specific gravity ( ! solution1 :5 ! common temp]ature 0 produc$1 0 giv5 by ! cond5sation4 ,aft] mak+ a numb] ( exp]im5ts ) acids ( diff]5t colors 9 ?is advantage\s way1 ,i at l5g? f\nd t #ij gra9s ( a deep yell[ acid1 ( specific gravity #a1e1 became1 :5 m+l$ at #dj ) #gg1e gra9s ( wat]1 ( specific gravity #a1cjb1 & ( a light gre5 t+e1 z ne>ly z possible resembl+ t ( ! /&>d acid4 ,suppos+1 !n1 t ^! acids conta9 ne>ly ! same relative proportions ( oxyg5e & nitrog5e1 #ajj gra9s ( ! deep yell[ acid ( #a1e1 are compos$ ( #ia1i gra9s true nitr\s acid1#bf & #h1a gra9s ( wat]4 #bf ,t is1 su* z x exi/s 9 ! ari=m /ate at #ee4 ,f ! /rong aff9ity ( nitr\s acid = wat]1 we may suppose t ?is acid gas conta9s a l>g] proportion ( x ?an ! o!r gases4 ,to asc]ta9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! composition ( ?is acid1 & t ( ! pale1 or nitric acid1 ( ! same specific gravity1 ,i ins]t$ #aej gra9s ( x into a small cyl9drical mattrass ( ! capacity (1#e cubic in*es1 accurately graduat$ to gra9 measures1 & connect$ by a curv$ tube ) ! wat] app>atus4 ,aft] heat _h be5 appli$ to ! bottom ( ! mattrass = a few m9utes1 ! color ( ! fluid gradually *ang$ to a deep r$1 :il/ ! globules ( gas =m$ at ! bottom ( ! acid1 7 almo/ :olly absorb$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,9 a %ort "t deep r$ vap\r began to fill ! tube1 & be+ cond5s$ by ! wat] 9 ! app>atus1 0 conv]t$ into a bright gre5 fluid1 at ! same "t t m9ute globules ( gas 7 giv5 out4 ,z ! heat appli$ became m int5se1 a v s+ul> phnom5on pres5t$ itself2 ! cond5s$ vapor1 increas$ 9 quantity1 at l5g? fill$ ! curvature ( ! tube1 & :5 expell$1 =m$ itself into d>k gre5 sph]ules1 :i* sunk to ! bottom ( ! wat]1 re/$ = a mom5t1 & !n resolv$ !mselves into nitr\s gas4#bg #bg ,?is appe>ance w be expla9$ h]eaft]4 ,:5 ! acid 0 become completely pale1 x 0 suff]$ to cool1 & weigh$4 ,x _h lo/ ne> #ae gra9s1 & 0 ( specific gravity #a1dia4 #b cubic in*es & qu>t] ( nitr\s gas only 7 collect$4 ,f ?is exp]im5t evid5tly no conclusions c\ld be drawn1 z ! nitr\s gas _h c>ri$ ov] ) x mu* nitr\s acid 79 ! =m ( :at ,dr4 ,prie/ley calls nitr\s vapor7 & 0 p>tially dissolv$ ) x 9 ! wat]4#bh #bh ,?is phnom5on w be p>ticul>ly expla9$ h]eaft]4 ,to asc]ta91 !n1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pale & yell[ acids1 ,i 0 oblig$ to make use ( syn!sis1 comp>$ ) analysis1 c>ri$ on 9 a diff]5t mode1 by means ( ! foll[+ app>atus4 ,,vii4 ,to ! /op-cock ( ! upp] cyl9d] ( ! m]curial airhold]1 a capill>y tube 0 adapt$1 b5t s z to be capable ( introduction into an orifice 9 ! /opp] ( a graduat$ phial simil> to t employ$ = m+l+ acids ) wat]1 & suffici5tly long to rea* ! bottom4 ,) ano!r orifice 9 ! /opp] ( ! phial 0 connect$ a simil> tube curv$1 = ! purpose ( conta9+ a fluid1 & ( increas$ diamet] at ! extremity4#bi #ej cubic in*es ( pure nitr\s gas#cj 7 ?r[n into ! m]curial app>atus4 ,! graduat$ phial1 conta9+ #ij gra9s ( nitric acid1 ( specific gravity #a1e1 0 plac$ on ! top ( ! airhold+ cyl9d]1 & made to communicate ) x by means ( ! /op-cock & fir/ tube4 ,into ! second tube a small quantity ( solution ( pota% 0 plac$4 ,:5 all ! junctures 7 c>efully cem5t$1 by press+ on ! airhold]1 ! nitr\s gas 0 sl[ly pass$ into ! phial1 & absorb$ by ! nitr\s acid x conta9$2 :il/ ! small quantities ( nitrog5e evolv$1 sl[ly drove =w>d ! solution 9 ! curv$ tube2 f ! height ( :i*1 z comp>$ ) t ( ! m]cury 9 ! conduc+ tube1 ! pressure on ! air 9 ! cyl9d] 0 kn[n4 ,9 proportion z ! nitr\s gas 0 absorb$1 ! phial became w>m1 & ! acid *ang$ color2 x fir/ became /raw-color$1 !n pale yell[1 & :5 ab\t #g cubic in*es _h be5 comb9$ ) x1 bright yell[4 ,x _h ga9$ 9 weight ne>ly #c gra9s1 & 0 become ( specific gravity #a1dif4 #bi ,! outl9e only ( ?is app>atus is giv5 "h1 z f> z 0 necess>y to make ! exp]im5t intelligible2 a detail$ acc\nt ( x1 & ( its g5]al application1 w be giv5 9 ! app5dix4 #cj ,t is1 f nitr\s acid & m]cury4 ,?is exp]im5t af=d$ me an approximation to ! real diff]5ce betwe5 nitric & yell[ nitr\s acid2 & le>n+ f x t nitric acid 0 dim9i%$ 9 specific gravity by comb9ation ) nitr\s gas1 ,i procur$ a pale acid ( specific gravity #a1ejd4ca ,aft] ?is acid _h be5 comb9$ 9 ! same mann] z be=e1 ) ab\t #h cubic in*es ( nitr\s gas1#cb x became ne>ly ( specific gravity #a1e1 & _h ga9$ 9 weight ab\t #c gra9s4 #ca ,a pale acid ( #a4eb1 by be+ conv]t$ into yell[ acid1 became ne>ly ( specific gravity #ae1a4 #cb ,x is impossible to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( gas absorb$ to m ?an a qu>t] ( a cubic in*1 z ! fir/ portions ( nitr\s gas ?r[n into ! graduat$ cyl9d] are comb9$ ) ! oxyg5e ( ! common air 9 x1 to =m nitr\s acid1 & h5ce ! slight excess ( weight4 ,assum+ ! accuracy ( ?is exp]im5t z a f\ndation = calculation1 ,i endeav\r$ 9 ! same mann] to asc]ta9 ! diff]5ces 9 ! composition ( ! orange color$ acids1 & ! acids conta9+ /ill l>g] proportions ( nitr\s gas4 #ic gra9s ( ! bright yell[ acid ( #a1e became1 :5 #f cubic in*es ( gas _h be5 pass$ ?r\gh x1 orange color$ & fum+1 :il/ ! undissolv$ gas increas$ 9 quantity s mu* z to r5d] x impossible to conf9e x by ! solution ( pota%4 ,:5 #i cubic in*es _h pass$ ?r\gh1 x became d>k orange4 ,x _h ga9$ 9 weight #b1ge gra9s1 & 0 become ( specific gravity #a1dh ne>ly4 ,h5ce x 0 evid5t t mu* nitr\s gas _h pass$ ?r\gh x undissolv$4 #be cubic in*es m ( nitr\s gas 7 n[ sl[ly s5t ?r\gh x3 x fir/ became ( a light olive1 !n ( a d>k olive1 !n ( a muddy gre51 !n ( a bright gre51 & la/ly ( a blue gre54 ,aft] its assumption ( ?is color1 ! gas appe>$ to pass ?r\gh x unalt]$1 & l>ge globules ( fluid1 ( a d>k] gre5 ?an ! re/1 rema9$ at ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 & :5 agitat$1 did n comb9e ) x4 ,! increase ( weight 0 only #a gra91 & ! acid 0 ( specific gravity #a1dgd ne>ly4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t x 0 evid5t t ! unabsorb$ nitr\s gas _h c>ri$ ov] ) x a consid]able quantity ( nitr\s acid4 ,i endeav\r$ to correct ! errors result+ f ?is circum/ance1 by connect+ ! curv$ tube fir/ ) a small wat] app>atus1 & aft]w>ds ) a m]curial app>atus2 b :5 ! wat] app>atus 0 us$1 ! great] "p ( ! unabsorb$ gas 0 dissolv$ ) ! nitr\s acid x held 9 solution1 by ! wat]2 & :5 m]cury 0 employ$1 ! nitr\s acid t came ov] 0 decompos$1 & ! quantity ( nitr\s gas evolv$1 9 consequ5ce increas$4 ,z x 0 possible t a small defici5cy ( weight might arise f ! r$ vapor giv5 out dur+ ! processes ( weigh+ & exam9+ ! acid 9 ! la/ exp]im5t1 #ce cubic in*es ( nitr\s gas 7 v sl[ly pass$ ?r\gh #ij gra9s ( pale nitr\s acid1 ( specific gravity #a1e3 x became ( simil> appe>ance to t j describ$1 _h ga9$ 9 weight #f1ge gra9s1 & 0 become ( specific gravity #a1dge4 ,^! exp]im5ts did n af=d approximations suffici5tly accurate t[>ds ! composition ( deoxyg5at$ acids1 conta9+ m nitr\s gas ?an ! d>k orange color$4 ,to obta9 !m1 a solution consi/+ ( #id1be gra9s ( blue gre51 or p]fectly nitrat$ acid1 7if we may be all[$ to employ ! t]m71 ( specific gravity #a1dge1 0 ins]t$ into a graduat$ phial1 & connect$ by a curv$ tube1 ) ! m]curial airhold]2 9 ! conductor ( :i* a small quantity ( wat] 0 ins]t$ to absorb ! nitr\s acid :i* might be c>ri$ ov] by ! gas4 ,heat 0 sl[ly appli$ to ! phial1 & nitr\s gas giv5 out ) great rapidity4 ,:5 #d cubic in*es 7 collect$1 ! acid became d>k olive1 :5 #i d>k r$1 :5 #ac bright orange1 & :5 #ah pale4 ,x _h lo/ #ca gra9s1 & :5 completely cool1 0 ( specific gravity #a1ejb ne>ly4 ,! wat] 9 ! app>atus 0 t+$ ( a light blue2 f :5ce we may conclude t "s ( ! nitr\s gas 0 absorb$ by x ) ! nitr\s acid3 b x w be h]eaft] prov$ t ! orange color$ acid is ! mo/ nitrat$ acid capable ( comb9+ undecomp\nd$ ) wat]1 & t ! color x communicates to a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 is light blue4 ,if !n we take #f1a gra9s1 ! quantity ( gas collect$1 f #ca ! loss1 ! rema9d] is #bd1i1 :i* reason+ f ! syn!tical exp]im5t1 may be suppos$ to conta9 ne>ly #c cubic in*es ( nitr\s gas4 ,consequ5tly1 #id1be gra9s ( d>k gre5 acid1 ( specific gravity #a1dge1 are compos$ ( ne>ly #ba cubic in*es1 or #g1b gra9s ( nitr\s gas1 & #hg1je gra9s ( pale nitr\s acid1 ( #a1ejd4 ,,viii4 ,comp>+ ! diff]5t syn!tical & analytical exp]im5ts1 we may conclude ) tol]able accuracy1 t #ib1ge gra9s ( bright yell[1 or /&>d acid ( #a1e1 are compos$ ( #b1ge gra9s ( nitr\s gas1 & #ij gra9s ( nitric acid ( #a1ejd2 b #ib1ge gra9s ( /&>d acid conta9 #he1bc gra9s ( nitr\s acid1 compos$ ( ab\t #bg1bc ( oxyg5e1 & #eh1 nitr\s gas3 n[ f #eh1 take #b1ge1 & ! rema9d] #ee1be1 is ! quantity ( nitr\s gas conta9$ 9 #ij gra9s ( nitric acid ( #a1ejd2 consequ5tly1 #ajj gra9s ( x are compos$ ( #h1de wat]1 & #ia1ee true acid1 conta9+ #fa1cb nitr\s gas1 & #cj1bc oxyg5e2 or #bg1ja nitrog5e1 & #fd1ed oxyg5e3 & ! nitrog5e 9 nitric acid1 is to ! oxyg5e z #a to #b1chi4 ,,ix4 ,my +5i\s fri5d1 ,mr4 ,,james ,,?omson1 has communicat$ to me "s obs]vations relat+ to ! composition ( nitr\s acid 7t is1 ! orange color$ acid71 f :i* he draws a conclusion :i* is1 9 my op9ion1 c\nt5anc$ by all ! facts we are 9 possession (1 namely1 8t x ought n to be consid]$ z a di/9ct & less oxyg5at$ /ate ( acid1 b simply z nitric or pale acid1 hold+ 9 solution1 t is1 loosely comb9$ )1 nitr\s gas40#cc #cc ,9 a lett] to me1 dat$ ,oct4 #bh1 #agii1 aft] giv+ an acc\nt ( "s exp]im5ts on ! phlogi/ication ( nitric acid by heat & light1 he says1 8,x 0 f an att5tive exam9ation ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! nitric acid 0 phlogi/icat$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 t ,i 0 confirm$ 9 ! suspicion ,i _h long be=e ent]ta9$1 ( ! real diff]5ce betwe5 ! nitr\s & nitric acids4 ,x is n en\gh to %ew t 9 ! nitr\s acid1 7t is1 ! nitric hold+ nitr\s gas 9 solution71 ! proportion ( oxyg5e 9 ! :ole comp\nd is less ?an t ent]+ into ! composition ( ! nitric acid1 & t x is !re=e less oxyg5at$4 ,by ! same mode ( reason+ we might prove t wat]1 by absorb+ c>bonic acid gas1 became less oxyg5at$1 :i* is absurd4 ,%\ld any "o attempt to prove 7:i* w be necess>y to sub/antiate ! g5]ally receiv$ doctr9e7 t ! oxyg5e ( ! nitr\s gas comb9es ) ! oxyg5e ( ! acid1 & ! nitrog5e1 9 l mann]1 s t ! result+ acid1 :5 nitr\s gas is absorb$ by nitric acid1 is a b9>y comb9ation ( oxyg5e & nitrog5e1 he w\ld f9d x some:at m difficult ?an he at fir/ imag9$2 x appe>s to me impossible4 ,x is mu* m consonant ) exp]im5t to suppose t nitr\s acid is no?+ m ?an nitric acid hold+ nitr\s gas 9 solution1 :i* might 9 con=mity to ! pr9ciples ( ! ,fr5* nom5clature1 be call$ nitrate ( nitrog5e4 ,! difficulty1 & 9 "s cases ! impossibility1 ( =m+ nitrites1 arises f ! weak aff9ity :i* nitr\s gas has = nitric acid1 comp>$ ) t ( o!r sub/ances2 & ! decomposition ( nitr\s acid 7t is1 nitrate ( nitrog5e7 by an alkal9e or metallic sub/ance1 is p]fectly analog\s to ! decomposition ( any o!r nitrate1 ! nitr\s gas be+ displac$ by ! sup]ior aff9ity ( ! alkali = ! acid4 8,agreeable to ?is !ory1 ! salts d5om9at$ nitrites are 9 fact triple salts1 or t]n>y comb9ations ( nitric acid1 nitr\s gas1 & salifiable bases40 ,?is !ory is p]fectly new to me4 ,o!r ,*emi/s to :om ,i h m5tion$ x1 h likewise consid]$ x z new4 ,yet 9 a subsequ5t lett] ,mr4 ,?omson m5tions t he _h be5 told ( ! belief ( a simil> op9ion among ! ,fr5* ,*emi/s4 ,x is impossible to call any sub/ance a simple acid t is incapable ( ent]+ undecomp\nd$ into comb9ation ) ! alkalies1 c2 b x w appe> h]eaft] t ! salts call$ 9 ! new nom5clature nitrites1 _c be directly =m$4 ,if1 inde$1 x c\ld be prov$1 t ! heat produc$ by ! comb9ation ( nitr\s acid ) salifiable bases1 0 ! only cause ( ! p>tial decomposition ( x1 & t :5 ?is process 0 effect$ 9 su* a way z to prev5t increase ( temp]ature1 no nitr\s gas 0 lib]at$1 ! common !ory might h "s f\ndation2 b ?\gh dilute phlogi/icat$ nitr\s acid comb9es#cd ) alkal9e solutions )\t decomposition1 yet no excess ( nitr\s gas is f\nd 9 ! solid salt3 x is ei!r dis5gag$ 9 proportion z ! wat] is evaporat$1 or x absorbs oxyg5e f ! atmosph]e1 & becomes nitric acid4 #cd ,9 "s exp]im5ts made on ! nitrites ( pota%1 & ( ammoniac1 be=e ,i 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! composition ( nitric acid1 ,i f\nd t a light olive-color$ acid ( #a1bh1 0 capable ( be+ saturat$ by weak solutions ( pota% & ammoniac1 )\t los+ any nitr\s gas2 b aft] ! evaporation ( ! neutralis$ solution1 at v l[ temp]atures1 ! salts 9 all _! prop]ties resembl$ nitrates4 ,9 proportion z ! nitr\s acids conta9 m nitr\s gas1 s 9 proportion d !y m readily give x out4 ,f ! blue gre5 acid x is lib]at$ sl[ly at ! temp]ature ( #ej1 & f ! gre5 likewise on agitation4 ,! orange col\r$ & yell[ acids d n require a heat above #bjj to free !m ( _! nitr\s gas2 & all ! color$ acids1 :5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e absorb oxyg5e1 & become by degrees pale4 ,if ! nitr\s vap\r1 i4 e4 su* z is dis5gag$ dur+ ! d5itration ( ! color$ acids1 0 capable ( comb9+ ) ! alkalies1 x might be suppos$ a di/9ct acid1 & call$ nitr\s acid2 & ! acids ( diff]5t colors might be consid]$ simply z comp\nds ( ?is acid ) nitric acid2 b x appe>s to be no?+ m ?an a solution ( nitric acid 9 nitr\s gas1 incapable ( cond5sation1 undecomp\nd$1 & :5 decomp\nd$ & cond5s$1 con/itut+ ! d>k gre5 acid1 :i* is immiscible ) wat]1#ce & uncomb9able ) ! alkalies4#cf #ce ,z is evid5t f ! curi\s appe>ance ( ! d>k gre5 sph]ules1 repulsive bo? to wat]1 & light gre5 acid4 #cf ,t is1 undecomp\nd$4 ,x seems !re=e reasonable1 till we are 9 possession ( new lights on ! subject1 to consid]1 ) ,mr4 ,?omson1 ! deoxyg5at$ or nitr\s acids simply z solutions ( nitr\s gas compos$ ( sulphuric acid1 metallic oxides1 & nitr\s gas4#cg #cg ,! exi/5ce ( ^! bodies w be h]eaft] prov$4 ,suppos+ ! tru? ( ^! pr9ciples accord+ to ! logic ( ! ,fr5* nom5clature1 !re is no acid to :i* ! t]m nitr\s acid ought to be appli$2 b z x has be5 us$ to signify ! acids hold+ 9 solution nitr\s gas1 x is p]haps bett] /ill to apply x to ^? sub/ances1 ?an to inv5t = !m new names4 ,a nom5clature1 accurately express+ _! con/itu5t p>ts1 w\ld be too complex1 & l all o!r nom5clatures f\nd$ ^u !ory1 liable to p]petual alt]ations4 ,_! composition is kn[n f _! specific gravity & _! colors2 h5ce x is bett] to d5ote x by ^? physical prop]ties3 ?us orange nitr\s acid1 ( specific gravity #a1dhj1 w signify a solution ( nitr\s gas 9 nitric acid1 9 :i* ! nitric acid is to ! nitr\s gas1 ne>ly z #hg to #e1 & to ! wat] z #aa to #a4 ,x4 ,! e/imation ( ! composition ( ! yell[ & orange color$ nitr\s acids giv5 9 ! foll[+ table1 may be consid]$ z tol]ably accurate1 be+ d$uc$ f ! syn!tical exp]im5ts 9 ! six? section1 comp>$ ) ! analytical ones4 ,b z 9 ! syn!tical exp]im5t1 :5 ! acid became gre51 x 0 impossible to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( nitr\s gas t pass$ ?r\gh x unabsorb$1 & z 9 ! analysis ! quantity ( nitr\s gas dissolv$ by ! wat] at diff]5t p]iods ( ! exp]im5t c\ld n be asc]ta9$1 ! acc\nts ( ! composition ( ! gre5 acids mu/ be consid]$ only z v imp]fect approximations to tru?4 ,,table ,i4 ,conta9+ ,approximations to ! quantities ( ,,nitric ,,acid1 ,,nitr\s ,,gas1 & ,,wat] 9 ,,nitr\s ,,acids1 ( diff]5t colors & specific gravities4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #ajj ,specific ,nitric ,wat] ,nitr\s ,p>ts ,gravity ,acid gas ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,sol4 ,nitric ,acid #a1ejd c #ia1ee #h1de -- -- ,yell[ ,nitr\s#ch #a1ejb o #ij1e #h1c #a1b ,bright ,yell[ o #a1ejj n #hh1id #h1aj #b1if ,d>k ,orange f #a1dhj t #hf1hd #g1f #e1ef ,light ,olive #a1dgi a #hf1jj #g1ee #f1de ,d>k ,olive #a1dgh i #he1d #g1e #g1a ,bright ,gre5 #a1dgf n #hd1h #g1dd #g1gf ,blue ,gre5#ci #a1dge #hd1f #g1d #h1jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ 8,,footnote #ch0 #ch ,! blue gre5 acid is n homog5eal 9 its composition1 x is compos$ ( ! blue gre5 sph]ules & ! bright gre5 acid4 ,! blue gre5 sph]ules are ( great] specific gravity ?an ! d>k gre5 acid1 probably because !y conta9 little or no wat]4 #ci ,! composition ( ! acids ?us m>k$1 is giv5 f calculations4 ,,table ,,ii4 ,b9>y ,proportions ( ,,oxyg5e & ,,nitrog5e 9 ,,nitric & ,,nitr\s ,,acids4#dj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ajj ,p>ts ,oxyg5e ,nitro- ,nitro-,oxyg5e g5e g5e ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,nitric ,acid c #gj1ej #bi1ej #a #b1chi --------------- o --------------- -------------- ,bright yell[ n #gj1aj #bi1ij #a #b1cdd ,nitr\s t ,proportions4 --------------- a --------------- ,nitrog5e4 -------------- ,orange col\r$ i #fi1fc #cj1cg ,unity4 #a #b1bib --------------- n --------------- -------------- ,d>k ,gre5 #fi1jh #cj1ib #a #b1bcj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #dj ,nitr\s gas conta9s #dd1je ,nitrog5e1 & #ee1ie ,oxyg5e1 z has be5 said be=e4 ,,xi4 ,i h be=e m5tion$ t dilute nitric acids are incapable ( dissolv+ s mu* nitr\s gas 9 proportion to _! quantities ( true acid1 z conc5trat$ ones4 ,dur+ _! absorption ( x1 !y g ?r\gh simil> *anges ( color2 #ccj gra9s ( nitric acid1 ( specific gravity #a1cf1 aft] #ej cubic in*es ( gas _h be5 pass$ ?r\gh x1 became blue gre51 & ( specific gravity #a1cea4 ,x _h ga9$ 9 weight b #c gra9s2 & :5 ! nitr\s gas 0 driv5 f x by heat into a wat] app>atus1 b #g cubic in*es 7 collect$4#da ,f ! dim9ution ( specific gravity ( nitric acid by comb9ation ) nitr\s gas1 & f ! small] attraction ( nitric acid = nitr\s gas1 9 proportion z x is dilut$1 x is probable t ! nitrat$ acids1 9 _! comb9ations ) wat]1 d n contract s mu* z#db nitric acids ( ! same specific gravities4 ,! aff9ities result+ f ! small attraction ( nitr\s gas = wat]1 & its great] attraction = nitric acid1 mu/ be su* z to less5 ! aff9ity ( nitric acid & wat] = ea* o!r4 #da ,a great portion ( x1 ( c\rse1 dissolv$ 9 ! wat] ) ! nitr\s acid c>ri$ ov]4 #db ,_! *anges ( volume1 correspond+ to *anges ( temp]ature1 mo/ probably1 are likewise diff]5t4 ,h5ce x w\ld require an inf9ite numb] ( exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ! real quantities ( acid1 nitr\s gas1 & wat]1 conta9$ 9 ! diff]5t dilut$ nitr\s acids2 & aft] ^! quantities 7 det]m9$1 !y w\ld probably h no important connection ) ! *emical arrangem5t4 ,z yet1 our in/rum5ts ( exp]im5t are n suffici5tly exact to af=d u ! means ( asc]ta9+ ! ratio 9 :i* ! attraction ( nitric acid#dc = wat] dim9i%es 9 its progress t[>ds saturation4 #dc ,probably 9 ! ratio ( ! squ>e ( ! quantity ( wat] unit$ to x4 ,! e/imations 9 ! foll[+ table1 ( ! real quantities ( nitric acid 9 solutions ( diff]5t specific gravities1 7 d$uc$ f exp]im5ts made 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 section ,,vi1 except t ! phial employ$ 0 long]1 n>r[]1 & graduat$ to half gra9s4 ,! temp]ature1 at ! "t ( comb9ation1 0 f #dj to #df4 ,,table ,,iii4 ,( ! ,quantities ( ,true ,,nitric ,,acid 9 solutions ( diff]5t ,,specific ,,gravities4 ---------------------------------------- - #ajj ,p>ts ,nitric ,true ,acid#dd ,wat] ,acid ( specific gravity ---------------- -------------------- #a1ejdj c #ia1ee #h1de #a1ddge o #hj1ci #ai1fa #a1dbhe n #ga1fe #bh1ce #a1cijf t #fb1if #cg1jd #a1ceea a #ef1hh #dc1ab #a1cahf i #eb1jc #dg1ig #a1cjdb n #di1jd #ej1if #a1bhca #df1jc #ec1ig #a1bjij #de1bg #ed1gc ---------------------------------------- - #dd ,! quantities ( ,oxyg5e & ,nitrog5e 9 any solution1 may be ?us f\nd---- ,let ,a ! true acid1 ,x ! oxyg5e1 & ,y ! nitrog5e4 ,!n #bch ,a ,a ,x ------------ & ,y -------- #bci #bci ,,xii4 ,! blue gre5 sph]ules m5tion$ 9 section ,v4 produc$ by ! cond5sation ( nitr\s vapor1 & by ! comb9ation ( nitric acid ) nitr\s gas1 may be consid]$ z saturat$ solutions ( nitr\s gas 9 nitric acid4 ,! comb9ations ( nitric acid & nitr\s gas conta9+ a l>g] proportion ( nitr\s gas1 are incapable ( exi/+ 9 ! fluid /ate at common temp]atures2 &1 z appe>s f ! fir/ exp]im5t1 an increase ( volume takes place dur+ _! =mation4 ,!y consequ5tly ought to be look$ ^u z solutions ( nitric acid 9 nitr\s gas1 id5tical ) ! nitr\s vapor ( ,prie/ley4 ,f ! rese>*es ( ?is great discov]]1 we le>n t nitr\s vapor is decomposable1 bo? by wat] & m]cury4 ,h5ce x is almo/ impossible accurately to asc]ta9 its composition4 ,9 "o ( 8 exp]im5ts1#de :5 m ?an #acj gra9s ( /rong nitr\s acid 7 expos$ = two days to ne>ly #bdg cubic in*es ( nitr\s gas1 ov] wat]3 ab\t half ( ! acid 0 dissolv$1 & deposit$ ) ! gas 9 ! wat]4#df #de ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations2 la/ edition1 vol4 #a1 page #chd4 #df ,nitr\s gas1 hold+ 9 solution nitr\s acid1 is m readily absorb$ by wat] ?an :5 9 its pure =m1 f be+ pres5t$ to x 9 a m cond5s$ /ate 9 ! gre5 acid1 =m$ by ! contact ( wat] & nitr\s vapor4 ,,xiii4 ,9 comp>+ ! results ( my fundam5tal exp]im5t on ! composition ( nitr\s acid1 ) ^? ( ,cav5di%1 ! great co9cid5ce betwe5 !m gave me v high satisfaction1 z af=d+ additional pro(s ( accuracy4 ,if ! acid =m$ 9 ! la/ exp]im5t ( ?is illu/ri\s philosoph] be suppos$ analog\s to ! light gre5 acid =m$ 9 my fir/ exp]im5t1 our e/imations w be almo/ id5tical4 ,lavoisi]'s acc\nt ( ! composition ( ! nitric & nitr\s acids1 has be5 g5]ally adopt$4 ,accord+ to 8 e/imation1 ^! sub/ances conta9 a mu* l>g] quantity ( oxyg5e ?an ,i h assign$ to !m4 ,! fundam5tal exp]im5ts ( ?is great philosoph] 7 made at an e>ly p]iod ( pneumatic *emi/ry1#dg on ! decomposition ( nitre by *>coal2 & he consid]$ ! nitrog5e evolv$1 & ! oxyg5e ( ! c>bonic acid produc$ 9 ?is process1 z ! compon5t p>ts ( ! nitric acid conta9$ 9 ! nitre4 #dg ,mem4 des ,savans ,etrang]s1 v4 xi4 #bbf4 ,vide ,kirwan sur le phlogi/ique pag4 #aaj4 ,i h be=e m5tion$ ! lib]ation ( nitr\s acid1 9 ! decomposition ( nitre by combu/ible bodies2 & ,i _h reasons = suspect+ t ?is circum/ance 0 n ! only s\rce ( inaccuracy4 ,t my suspicions 7 well f\nd$1 w appe> f ! foll[+ exp]im5ts3 ,,exp]im5t a4 ,i introduc$ into a /rong glass tube1 #c in*es long1 & ne>ly1#c wide1 a mixture ( #aj gra9s ( pulv]is$1 well burnt *>coal1 & #fj gra9s ( nitre4 ,x 0 fir$ by means ( t\*-pap]1 & ! tube in/antly plung$ "u a j> fill$ ) dry m]cury4 ,a quantity ( gas1 cl\d$ ) d5se :ite vapor 0 collect$4 ,:5 ?is vapor 0 precipitat$1 s t ! surface ( ! m]cury c\ld be se51 x appe>$ :ite1 z if act$ on by nitr\s acid4 ,on introduc+ a little oxyg5e into ! j>1 copi\s r$ fumes appe>$4 ,,exp4 b4 ,a simil> mixture 0 fir$#dh "u ! j>1 ! top ( ! m]cury be+ cov]$ ) a small quantity ( r$ cabbage juice1 r5d]$ gre5 by an alkali4 ,?is juice1 exam9$ :5 ! vapor 0 precipitat$1 0 become r$1 & on introduc+ to x a little c>bonate ( pota%1 a slight eff]vesc5ce took place4 #dh ,9 ?is exp]im5t1 z well z 9 ! la/1 "s ( ! mixture 0 ?r[n into ! j> undecomp\nd$4 ,,exp4 c4 ,five gra9s ( *>coal1 & #bj ( nitre1 7 n[ fir$ 9 ! same mann] z be=e1 ! m]cury be+ cov]$ ) a /ratum ( wat]4 ,aft] ! precipitation ( ! vapor on ! introduction ( oxyg5e1 no r$ fumes 7 p]ceiv$4 ,,exp4 d4 #cj gra9s ( nitre1 #e ( *>coal1 & five ( silici\s e>?1#di 7 n[ m+l$ & fir$4 ,! gas receiv$ "u m]cury 0 compos$ ( #ah c>bonic acid1 & ne>ly #ab nitrog5e4#ej ,a little muriatic acid 0 p\r$ on ! residuum 9 ! tube2 a slight eff]vesc5ce took place4 #di ,to deta* ! pota% f ! c>bonic acid4 #ej ,?is nitrog5e conta9$ a little nitr\s gas1 z x gave r$ fumes :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,! free nitr\s acid 0 decompos$ by ! m]cury1 z x 0 n cov]$ ) wat]4 ,,exp4 e4 ,! top ( ! m]cury 9 ! j> 0 n[ cov]$ ) a little dilut$ muriatic acid1 & a small glass tube fill$ ) a mixture ( #c gra9s ( *>coal1 & #bj nitre4 ,aft] ! deflagration1 ! tube itself ) ! residuum x conta9$1 7 ?r[n into ! j>4 ,! c>bonic acid 0 quickly deta*$ f !m by ! muriatic acid1 & ! :ole quantity ( gas g5]at$ 9 ! process1 obta9$2 x measur$ #ae cubic in*es4 #d cubic in*es ( x expos$ to solution ( pota%1 dim9i%$ to #a_/2 #g ( ! rema9d]1 ) #h ( oxyg5e1 gave only #ab4 ,,exp4 f4 #fj gra9s ( nitre1 & #i ( *>coal 7 fir$1 ! top ( ! m]cury 9 ! j> be+ cov]$ ) wat]4 ,aft] ! deflagration1 ! tube t _h conta9$ !m 0 introduc$1 & ! c>bonic acid conta9$ by ! c>bonate ( pota%1 dis5gag$ by muriatic acid4 #cj measures ( ! gases evolv$ 7 expos$ to cau/ic pota%2 #bj exactly 7 absorb$1 ! #aj rema9+1 ) #aj ( oxyg5e1 dim9i%$ to #ag4 ,,exp4 g4 ,a mixture ( nitre & *>coal 7 deflagrat$ ov] a little wat] 9 ! m]curial j>3 aft] ! precipitation ( ! vapor1 ! wat] 0 absorb$ by filtrat+ pap]4 ,?is filtrat+ pap]1 heat$ 9 a solution ( pota%1 gave a fa9t smell ( ammoniac4 ,,exp4 h4 ,wat] impregnat$ ) ! vapor produc$ 9 ! deflagration1 0 heat$ ) quicklime1 & pres5t$ sep>ately to ?ree p]sons accu/om$ to *emical odors4 ,two ( !m in/antly recognis$ ! ammoniacal smell1 ! o!r c\ld n asc]ta9 x4 ,pap] r$d5$ ) cabbage juice 0 quickly turn$ gre5 by ! vapor4 ,^! exp]im5ts are suffici5t to %ew t ! decomposition ( nitre by *>coal is a v complex process1 & t ! int5se degree ( heat produc$ may effect *anges 9 ! sub/ances employ$1 :i* we are unable to e/imate4 ,! products1 in/ead ( be+ simply c>bonic acid1 & nitrog5e1 are c>bonic acid1 nitrog5e1 nitr\s acid1 probably ammonia1 & sometimes nitr\s gas4 ,! nitr\s acid is dis5gag$ f ! base by ! int5se heat4 ,conc]n+ ! =mation ( ! ammonia1 x is useless to reason till we h obta9$ unequivocal te/imonies ( its exi/5ce2 x may be produc$ ei!r by ! decomposition ( ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! nitre1 by ! comb9ation ( its oxyg5e ) ! *>coal1 & ( its nasc5t hydrog5e ) ! nitrog5e ( ! nitric acid2 or f "s unkn[n decomposition ( ! pota%4 ,z nei!r ,lavoisi] nor ,b]?ollet f\nd nitr\s gas produc$ 9 ! decomposition ( nitre by *>coal1 :5 a wat] app>atus 0 employ$2 & z x 0 n uni=mly evolv$ 9 my exp]im5ts1 ! mo/ probable supposition is1 t x arises f ! decomposition ( a portion ( ! free nitr\s acid int5sely heat$1 by ! m]cury4 ,9 none ( my exp]im5ts 0 ! :ole ( ! nitre & *>coal decompos$1 "s ( x 0 uni=mly ?r[n ) ! gases into ! m]curial app>atus4 ,! nitrog5e evolv$1 z f> z ,i c\ld asc]ta9 by ! common te/s1 0 m+l$ ) no inflammable gas4 ,if we consid] exp]im5t f z accurate1 ) reg>d to ! relative quantities ( c>bonic acid & nitrog5e produc$1 !y are to ea* o!r ne>ly z #bj to #h2 t is1 all[+ #b = ! nitr\s gas1 & consequ5tly1 reason+ 9 ! same mann] z ,lavoisi]1 conc]n+ ! composition ( nitric acid1 x %\ld be compos$ ( #a nitrog5e to #c1ch oxyg5e4 ,b ?\gh ! quantity ( oxyg5e 9 ?is e/imation is f> %ort ( t giv5 9 81 yet /ill x is too mu*4 ,f :atev] s\rce ! errors arise1 :e!r f ! evolution ( phlogi/icat$ nitr\s acid1 or ! decomposition ( wat]1 or ! production ( nitr\s gas1 !y all t5d to increase ! proportion ( ! c>bonic acid to ! nitrog5e4 ,i am unacqua9t$ ) any exp]im5t f :i* accurate op9ions conc]n+ ! diff]5t relative proportions ( oxyg5e & nitrog5e 9 ! nitric & nitr\s acids c\ld be d$uc$4 ,lavoisi]'s calculation is f\nd$ on 8 fundam5tal exp]im5t1 & on ! comb9ation ( nitr\s gas & oxyg5e4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley's exp]im5t m5tion$ 9 section #ab1 on ! absorption ( nitr\s gas by nitr\s acid1 f :i* ,kirwan#ea d$uces ! composition ( ! diff]5tly color$ nitr\s acids1 0 made ov] wat]1 by :i*1 z is evid5t f a m9ute exam9ation ( ! facts#eb1 ! great] portion ( ! nitr\s gas employ$ 0 absorb$4 #ea ,essay on phlogi/on4 #eb ,dr4 ,prie/ley says1 8,hav+ fill$ a phial conta9+ exactly ! quantity ( f\r p5nyweights ( wat]1 ) /rong1 pale1 yell[ _s ( nitre1 ) its m\? q close to ! top ( a l>ge receiv] /&+ 9 wat]1 ,i c>efully drew out almo/ all ! common air1 & !n fill$ x ) nitr\s air2 & z ?is 0 absorb$1 ,i kept putt+ 9 m & m1 till 9 less ?an two days x _h completely absorb$ #acj ounce measures4 ,pres5tly aft] ?is process began1 ! surface ( ! acid assum$ a deep orange color1 & :5 #bj or #cj ounce measures ( air 7 absorb$1 x became gre5 at ! top3 ?is gre5 desc5d$ l[] & l[]1 till x rea*$ ! bottom ( ! phial4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! process1 ! evaporation 0 p]ceiv$ to be v great1 & :5 ,i took x out1 ! quantity 0 f\nd to h dim9i%$ to "o half4 ,also x _h become1 by means ( ?is process1 & ! evaporation toge!r1 exce$+ weak1 & 0 r blue ?an gre540 ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations1 vol4 #a1 p4 #chd4 ,la/ edition4 ,,xiv4 ,! op9ions h]et(ore adopt$ respect+ ! quantities ( real or true acid 9 solutions ( nitr\s acid ( diff]5t specific gravities1 h be5 f\nd$ on exp]im5ts made on ! nitro-neutral salts1 ! mo/ accurate ( :i* are ^? ( ,kirwan1 ,b]gman1 & ,w5zel4 ,! great diff]5ce 9 ! results ( ^! celebrat$ m51 proves ! difficulty ( ! inve/igation1 & ! exi/5ce ( s\rces ( error4#ec ,kirwan d$uces ! composition ( ! solutions ( nitr\s acid 9 wat]1 f an exp]im5t on ! =mation ( nitrat$ soda4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t1 #cf1je gra9s ( soda 7 saturat$ by #ade gra9s ( nitr\s acid1 ( specific gravity #a1bged4 ,by a te/ exp]im5t1 he f\nd ! quantity ( salt =m$ to be #he1adb gra9s4#ed ,h5ce he concludes t #ajj p>ts ( nitr\s acid1 ( specific gravity #a1eedc1 conta9 #gc1ed ( ! /ronge/1 or mo/ conc5trat$ acid4 #ec ,see ,mr4 ,keir's excell5t obs]vations on ?is subject4 ,*em4 ,dict4 ,art4 ,acid4 #ed ,iri% ,transactions1 vol4 #d1 p4 #cd4 ,suppos+ 8 e/imation p]fectly true1 #ajj p>ts ( ! ari=m acid ( #ee w\ld be compos$ ( #gd1ed ( 8 real acid1 & #be1df wat]4 ,9 exam9+1 h[ev]1 "o ( 8 lat] exp]im5ts1#ee we %all f9d reasons = conclud+1 t ! acid 9 nitrat$ soda _c conta9 mu* less wat] ?an ! ari=m acid4 ,a solution ( c>bonat$ soda1 conta9+ #abe gra9s ( real alkali1 0 saturat$ by #cjf1b gra9s ( nitr\s acid1 ( specific gravity #a1daf4 ,! evaporation 0 c>ri$ on 9 a temp]ature n exce$+ #abj1 & ! residuum expos$ to a heat ( #djj = six h\rs1 at ! end ( :i* "t x weigh$ #cjh gra9s4 ,n[ accord+ to my e/imation1 #cjf gra9s ( nitric acid1 ( #a1daf1 %\ld conta9 #bae true acid2 & we c h>dly suppose1 b t dur+ ! evaporation & consequ5t long exposure to heat1 "s ( ! nitrat$ soda 0 lo/ ) ! wat]4 #ee ,addit4 ,obs4 pag4 #gd4 ,b]gman e/imates ! quantity ( wat] 9 ?is salt at #be1 & ! acid at #dc p] c5t2 b 8 real acid 0 n s conc5trat$ z ,kirwan's1 consequ5tly ! nitric acid 9 nitrat$ soda %\ld conta9 m wat] ?an my true acid4 ,w5zel1 f an exp]im5t on ! composition ( nitrat$ soda1 concludes t x conta9s #cg1dh ( alkali1 & #fb1eb ( nitr\s acid2 & #ajjj ( ?is acid1 f ,kirwan's calculation1 conta9 #hab1f ( 8 real acid2 consequ5tly1 #ajj p>ts ( my ari=m acid %\ld conta9 #ic1bh ( ,w5zel's acid1 & #f1gb ( wat]4 ,i saturat$ ) pota% #ed gra9s ( solution ( nitric acid1 ( specific gravity #a1cja4 ,evaporat$ at ab\t #bab1 x produc$ #ff gra9s ( nitre4 ,?is nitre expos$ to a high] temp]ature1 & kept 9 fusion = "s "t1 0 r$uc$ to #fj gra9s4 ,n[ f ! table1 #ed ( #a1cja1 %\ld conta9 #bf1e ( true acid4 ,b accord+ to ,kirwan's e/imation1 #ajj p>ts ( dry nitre conta9 #ddef ( 8 real acid1 ) #d wat]2 consequ5tly #fj %\ld conta9 #bf1d4 #ef ,additional ,obs]vations1 page #gj4 ,aga91 #ij gra9s ( acid1 ( specific gravity #a1ejd1 saturat$ ) pota%1 & treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 gave #agc gra9s ( dry nitre4 ,consequ5tly1 #ajj p>ts ( x %\ld conta9 #dg1c gra9s ( true acid4 ,n[ ,lavoisi]#eg all[s ab\t #ea ( dry acid to #ajj gra9s ( nitre1 & ,w5zel #eb4 ,f ,b]?ollet's#eh exp]im5ts1 #ajj gra9s ( nitre1 9 _! decomposition by heat1 give out ne>ly #di gra9s ( gas4#ei ,h5ce x appe>s t ! ari=m acid1 t is1 ! true acid ( my table1 conta9s r less wat] ?an ! acid suppos$ to exi/ 9 nitre4 #eg ,elem5ts1 pag4 #ajc1 ,k]r's ,translation4 #eh ,mem4 ,acad4 #aghg4 #ei ,z well z oxyg5e & nitrog5e1 ,mr4 ,watt's exp]im5ts prove t mu* phlogi/icat$ nitr\s acid is produc$4 ,,division ,,ii4 ,,exp]im5ts & ,,obs]vations on ! composition ( ,,ammoniac & on its comb9ations ) ,,wat] & ,,nitric ,,acid4 ,i4 ,analysis ( ,,ammoniac or ,,volatile ,,alkali4 ,! =mation & decomposition ( volatile alkali 9 _m processes1 0 obs]v$ by ,prie/ley1 ,s*eele1 ,b]gman1 ,kirwan1 & ,higg9s2 b to ,b]?ollet we owe ! discov]y ( its con/itu5t p>ts1 & _! proportions to ea* o!r4 ,^! proportions ?is excell5t philosoph] d$uc$ f an exp]im5t on ! decomposition ( ari=m ammoniac by ! electric sp>k3#fj a process 9 :i* no app>5t s\rce ( error exi/s4 #fj ,j\rnal de ,physique1 #aghf4 ,tom4 #b1 pag4 #agf4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 8 e/imations h be5 made1 ! proportions ( oxyg5e & hydrog5e 9 wat] h be5 m accurately det]m9$4 ,?is circum/ance1 z well z ! conviction ( ! impossibility ( too m9utely scrut9iz+ facts1 fundam5tal to a great mass ( reason+1 induc$ me to make ! foll[+ exp]im5ts4 ,a porcela9 tube 0 provid$1 op5 at bo? ends1 & well glaz$ inside & outside1 its diamet] be+ ab\t1#e in*es4 ,to "o end ( ?is1 a glass tube 0 affix$1 curv$ = ! purpose ( communicat+ ) ! wat] app>atus4 ,) ! o!r end a glass retort 0 accurately connect$1 conta9+ a mixture ( p]fectly cau/ic slack$ lime1 & muriate ( ammoniac4 ,! wat] 9 ! app>atus = receiv+ ! gases _h be5 previ\sly boil$1 to expel ! air x might conta91 & dur+ ! exp]im5t 0 yet w>m4 ,:5 ! tube _h be5 r$d5$ 9 a furnace adapt$ to ! purpose1 ! flame ( a _s lamp 0 appli$ to ! bottom ( ! retort4 ,a great quantity ( gas 0 collect$ 9 ! wat] app>atus2 ( ?is ! fir/ portions 7 reject$1 & ! la/ transf]r$ to ! m]curial tr\gh4 ,a small quantity exam9$1 did n at all dim9i% ) nitr\s gas1 & burnt ) a lamb5t :ite flame1 9 contact ) common air4 #b ( ?is gas1 equal to #aaj gra9 measures1 7 fir$ ) #b1 equal to #hj1 ( oxyg5e1 9 a detonat+ tube1 by ! electric sp>k4 ,!y 7 r$uc$ to #b1 or #ij4 ,on introduc+ to ! rema9d] a solution ( /rontian1 x became slightly cl\d$ on ! top1 & an absorption ( "s gra9 measures took place4 ,x 0 evid5t1 !n1 t 9 ?is exp]im5t1 *>coal#fa _h be5 someh[ pres5t 9 ! tube2 :i* be+ dissolv$ by ! nasc5t hydrog5e1 _h r5d]$ x slightly c>bonat$1 & 9 consequ5ce made ! results inconclusive4 #fa ,?\gh ! tube _h nev] be5 us$1 & 0 app>5tly clean & dry on ! inside1 x mu/ h conta9$ some?+ 9 ! =m ( du/1 capable ( furni%+ ei!r hydroc>bonate1 or *>coal4 ,a tube ( ?ick gre5 glass c>efully made clean1 0 n[ employ$1 inclos$ 9 ! porcela9 tube4 ,e o!r precaution 0 tak5 to prev5t ! exi/5ce ( s\rces ( error1 & ! exp]im5t conduct$ z be=e4 #adj gra9 measures ( ! gas produc$1 fir$ ) #abj ( oxyg5e1 left1 9 two exp]im5ts1 ne>ly #aaj4 ,solution ( /rontian plac$ 9 contact ) ! residuum1 did n become cl\d$1 & no absorption 0 p]ceiv$4 ,n[ #aej measures ( gas 7 de/roy$1 & if we take ,lavoisi]'s & ,meusni]'s e/imation ( ! composition ( wat]1 & suppose ! weight ( oxyg5e to be #ce gra9s1 & t ( hydrog5e #b1f ! hundr$ cubic in*es2 ! oxyg5e employ$ w be to ! hydrog5e z #bdc to #egf4 ,put x = ! oxyg5e1 & y = ! hydrog5e4 ,!n x y #aej x 3 y 33 #bdc 3 #egf #bdcy x ------------ #egf #haiy #hfdjj y #aje x #de ,& #adj - #aje #ce ,consequ5tly1 ! nitrog5e 9 ammoniac is to ! hydrog5e z #ce3 #aje 9 volume3 & #ac1c gra9s ( ammoniac are compos$ ( #aj1f nitrog5e1 7suppos+ t #ajj cubic in*es weigh #cj1de gra9s7 & #b1g hydrog5e4 ,accord+ to ,b]?ollet1 ! weight ( ! nitrog5e 9 ammoniac is to t ( ! hydrog5e z #aba to #bi4fb ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is e/imation & m9e is s small z to be almo/ unwor?y ( notice1 & arises mo/ probably f ! slight diff]5ce betwe5 ! acc\nts ( ,lavoisi] & ,monge1 ( ! composition ( wat]1 & ! diff]5t weights assign$ to ! gases employ$4 #fb ,j\rnal de ,physique1 #aghf1 t4 #b1 #agg4 ,we may !n conclude1 t #ajj gra9s ( ammoniac are compos$ ( ab\t #hj nitrog5e1 & #bj hydrog5e4 ,! decomposition ( ammoniac by heat1 z well z by ! electric sp>k1 0 fir/ discov]$ by ,prie/ley4 ,9 an exp]im5t#fc :5 ari=m ammoniac 0 s5t ?r\gh a heat$ tube f a cau/ic solution ( ammoniac 9 wat]1 ?is great discov]] obs]v$ t an inflammable gas 0 produc$1 ?\gh 9 no great quantity1 & t a fluid black5$ by matt]1 probably c>bonace\s1 likewise came ov]4 #fc ,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 #gi1 page #bid4 ,9 my exp]im5ts ! :ole ( ! ammoniac appe>$ to be decompos$2 ! quantity ( gas g5]at$ 0 imm5se1 & n cl\d$1 z is usually ! case ) gases g5]at$ at high temp]atures4 ,x is possible1 t ! l>g] quantity ( wat] c>ri$ ov] 9 8 exp]im5t1 by its /rong attraction = ammoniac 9 ! ari=m /ate1 might h1 9 "s measure1 ret>d$ ! decomposition4 ,x is h[ev]1 m probable to suppose1 t a fissure exi/$ 9 ! e>!n tube he employ$1 ?r\gh :i* a c]ta9 quantity ( gas escap$1 & coaly matt] ent]$4 ,prie/ley f\nd t ! metallic oxides :5 /rongly heat$1 decompos$ ammoniac1 ! metal be+ revivifi$ & wat] & nitrog5e produc$4#fd ,! e/imations ( ! composition ( ammoniac t may be d$uc$ f 8 exp]im5ts on ! oxide ( lead1 diff] v little f ^? already detail$4 #fd ,vol4 #b1 page #cih4 ,,ii4 ,specific gravity ( ,ammoniac4 ,f ! great solubility ( ammoniac 9 wat]1 x is difficult to asc]ta9 its specific gravity 9 ! same mann] z t ( a gas comb9able to no great ext5t ) t fluid4 ,x is impossible to prev5t ! exi/5ce ( a small quantity ( solution ( ammoniac 9 ! m]curial airhold]1#fe or app>atus conta9+ ! gas2 & dur+ ! dim9ution ( ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e on ?is solution1#ff a c]ta9 quantity ( gas is lib]at$ f x1 & h5ce a s\rce ( error4 #fe ,ammoniac g5]at$ at a temp]ature above t ( ! atmosph]e1 always deposits ammoniacal solution dur+ its r$uction to ! common temp]ature4 #ff ,by ! introduction ( ari=m ammoniac into ! exhau/$ globe4 ,to asc]ta91 !n1 ! weight ( ammoniac1 ,i employ$ an app>atus simil> to t us$ = ! absorption ( nitr\s gas by nitric acid4 #ej cubic in*es ( gas 7 collect$ 9 ! m]curial airhold]1 f ! decomposition ( muriate ( ammoniac by lime2 !rmomet] be+ #eh1 & b>omet] #bi1f4 #ajj gra9s ( dilut$ sulphuric acid 7 introduc$ into ! small graduat$ cyl9d]1 :i* aft] be+ c>efully weigh$1 0 made to communicate ) ! airhold]1 ! curv$ tube conta9+ a small quantity ( wat]4 ,! gas 0 sl[ly pass$ into ! fluid1 & ! globules :olly absorb$ be=e !y rea*$ ! top2 mu* increase ( temp]ature be+ consequ5t4 ,:5 ! absorption 0 compleat1 ! phial 0 increas$ 9 weight exactly #i gra9s4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$ ?ree times4 ,! diff]5ce ( weight1 :i* 0 probably connect$ ) alt]ations ( temp]ature & pressure1 nev] am\nt$ to m ?an "o six? ( a gra94 ,we may !n conclude1 t at temp]ature #eh1 & atmosph]ic pressure #bi1f1 #ajj cubic in*es ( ammoniac weigh #ah gra9s4 ,accord+ to ,kirwan1 #ajj cubic in*es ( alkal9e air#fg weigh #ah1af gra9s2 b>omet] #cj1 !rmomet] #fa4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! e/imations1 ! corrections = temp]ature & pressure be+ made1 is trifl+4 #fg ,additional ,obs]vations1 page #ajg4 ,,iii4 ,( ! quantities ( true ,ammoniac 9 ,aque\s ,ammoniacal ,solutions1 ( diff]5t specific gravities4 ,to asc]ta9 ! quantities ( ammoniac1 su* z exi/s 9 ! ari=m /ate1 saturat$ ) moi/ure1 9 solutions ( diff]5t specific gravities1 ,i employ$ ! app>atus = absorption s (t5 m5tion$4 ,!rmomet] be+ #eb1 ! m]curial airhold] 0 fill$ ) ammoniacal gas1 & ! graduat$ phial1 conta9+ #ej gra9s ( pure wat]1 connect$ ) x4 ,dur+ ! absorption ( ! gas1 ! phial became w>m4 ,:5 ab\t #cj cubic in*es _h be5 pass$ ?r\gh1 x 0 suff]$ to cool1 & weigh$3 x _h ga9$ #e1be gra9s1 & ! fluid fill$ a space equal to t occupi$ by #egfh gra9s ( wat]4 #fh ,x is necess>y 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 t ! greate/ c>e be obs]v$ 9 ! introduction & extraction ( ! capill>y tube4 ,if x is introduc$ dry1 !re w be a s\rce ( error f ! moi/ure adh]+ to x :5 tak5 out4 ,i !re=e always wett$ x be=e its introduction1 & took c>e t no m fluid adh]$ to x aft] ! exp]im5t1 ?an be=e4 ,consequ5tly1 #ajj gra9s ( solution ( ammoniac 9 wat] ( specific gravity1#ifhd conta9 #i1ejb gra9s ( ammoniac4 ,! app>atus be+ adju/$ z be=e1 #ej gra9s ( pure wat] 7 n[ p]fectly saturat$ ) ammoniac4 ,!y ga9$ 9 weight #ag gra9s1 & :5 p]fectly cool1 fill$ a space equal to #gd ( wat]4 ,consequ5tly #ajj gra9s ( aque\s ammonial solution ( specific gravity1#ijed conta9 #be1cg grams ( ammoniac4 ,! two solutions 7 m+l$ toge!r2 b no alt]ation ( temp]ature took place4 ,consequ5tly ! result+ specific gravity might h be5 f\nd by calculation4 ,on m+l+ a l>ge quantity ( cau/ic solution ( ammoniac ) ( its weight ( wat]1 ( exactly ! same temp]ature1 no alt]ation ( x 0 p]ceptible by a s5sible !rmomet]4--,h5ce ! two exp]im5ts#fi be+ assum$ z data1 ! int]m$iate e/imations 9 ! foll[+ table1 7 f\nd by calculation4 #fi ,previ\s to ^? exp]im5ts1 ,i _h made a numb] ( o!rs on ! comb9ation ( ammoniac ) wat]4--,my design 01 to asc]ta9 ! dim9ution ( specific gravity = e ?ree gra9s ( ammoniac absorb$2 b ?is ,i f\nd impossible4 ,! capill>y tube1 :5 tak5 out ( ! phial1 always c>ri$ ) x a m9ute portion ( ! solution1 :i* p>tially evaporat$ be=e x c\ld be aga9 introduc$2 & ?us ! s\rces ( error increas$ 9 proportion to ! numb] ( exam9ations4 ,,table ,,iv4 ,( approximations to ! quantities ( ,,ammoniac1 su* z exi/s 9 ! ari=m /ate1 saturat$ ) wat] at #eb1 9 ,,aque\s ,,ammoniacal ,,solutions ( diff]5t specific gravities4 --------------------------------- #ajj ,ammoniac4 ,wat]4 ,specific ,gravity4 ---------- ------------------ #ijed #be1cg #gd1fc #iaff #bb1jg #gg1ic #ibee #ai1ed #hj1df #icbf c #ag1eb #hb1dh #iche o #ae1hh #hd1ab #idce n #ad1ec #he1dg #idgf t #ac1df #hf1ed #ieac a #ab1dj #hg1fj #iede i #aa1ef #hh1dd #iegc n #aj1hb #hi1ah #ieig #aj1ag #hi1hc #ifai #i1fj #ij1dj #ifhd #i1ej #ij1ej #ifci #i1ji #ij1ia #igac #g1ag #ib1hc --------------------------------- ,z yet no mode has be5 discov]$ = obta9+ gases 9 a /ate ( absolute dryness2 consequ5tly we are ignorant ( ! diff]5t quantities ( wat] !y hold 9 solution at diff]5t temp]atures4 ,z f> z we are acqua9t$ ) ! comb9ations ( ammoniac1 !re is no /ate 9 :i* x exi/s s free f moi/ure1 z :5 ari=m1 at l[ temp]atures4 ,t no consid]able s\rce ( error exi/$ 9 ! two exp]im5ts1 is evid5t f ! trifl+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! e/imations ( ! quantities ( real ammoniac1 9 ! solution (1#ifhd1 z f\nd 9 ! fir/ exp]im5t1 & z giv5 by calculation f ! la/4 ,! quantity ( ammoniac 9 a solution ( specific gravity n 9 ! table1 may be ?us det]m9$--f9d ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two specific gravities ne>e/ to x 9 ! table2 d1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 _! quantities ( alkali1 b2 likewise ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! giv5 specific gravity & t ne>e/ to x1 c4 !n d 3 b 33 c 3 x bc & x ---------- d ,:i*1 add$ to ! quantity ( ! l[] specific gravity1 is ! alkali s\ght4 ,! diff]5ces 9 specific gravity ( ! solutions ( ammoniac at temp]atures betwe5 #d,o & #fegj are s trifl+ z to be h>dly asc]ta9able1 by our imp]fect in/rum5ts1 & consequ5tly are unwor?y ( notice4 #gj ,! expansion f increase ( temp]ature is probably great 9 proportion to ! quantity ( ammoniac 9 ! solution4 ,x is possible at v l[ temp]atures to obta9 ammoniacal solutions ( less specific gravity ?an1#i1 b !y are incapable ( be+ kept = any l5g? ( "t "u ! common pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,,iv4 ,comb9ations ( ,ammoniac ) ,nitric ,acid1 ,composition ( ,nitrate ( ,ammoniac1 c4 #bjj gra9s ( ammoniacal solution1 ( specific gravity1#ijef1 7 saturat$ by #che1e gra9s ( nitric acid1 ( specific gravity #a1cjf4 ,! comb9ation 0 effect$ 9 a long phial1 ! nitr\s acid add$ v sl[ly1 & ! phial clos$ aft] e addition1 to prev5t any evaporation 9 consequ5ce ( ! great increase ( temp]ature4#ga ,! specific gravity ( ! solution1 :5 r$uc$ to ! common temp]ature1 0 #a1ae4 ,evaporat$ at a heat ( #bab1gb x gave #bed gra9s ( salt ( fibr\s cry/alization4 ,?is salt 0 dissolv$ 9 #cca gra9s ( wat]2 ! specific gravity ( ! solution 0 #a1adh ne>ly4 #ga ,f ! comb9ation4 #gb ,i _h be=e prov$ t at ?is temp]ature ! salt nei!r decompos$ nor sublim$4 ,h5ce x 0 evid5t t "s ( ! salt _h be5 lo/ dur+ ! evaporation4 ,to f9d ! quantity lo/1 fibr\s nitrate ( ammoniac 0 dissolv$ 9 small quantities 9 ! solution1 ! specific gravity ( :i* 0 exam9$ aft] e addition ( #c gra9s4 ,:5 #af gra9s _h be5 add$ to x1 x became ( #a1ae4 ,consequ5tly1 ! solution compos$ ( #bjj gra9s ( ammoniacal1 & ( #che1e ( nitric acid solution1 conta9$ #bfb gra9s ( salt ( fibr\s cry/alization1 & ( ?is salt #h gra9s 7 lo/ dur+ ! evaporation4 ,b ! alkali 9 #bjj gra9s ( ammoniacal solution (1#ijef #ej1e gra9s4 ,& ! true nitric acid 9 #che1e gra9s ( solution ( #a1cjf #aij gra9s4 ,!n #bfb-bdj1e #ba1e1 ! quantity ( wat]4 ,& #bfb gra9s ( fibr\s cry/aliz$ nitrate ( ammoniac1 conta9 #aij gra9s true acid1 #ej1e ammoniac1 & #ba1e wat]4 ,& #ajj p>ts conta9 #gb1e acid4 #ai1c ammoniac1 & #h1b wat]4 ,9 proportion z ! temp]ature employ$ = ! evaporation ( nitro-ammoniacal solutions1 is above or bel[ #bab1 s 9 proportion does ! salt produc$ conta9 m or less wat] ?an ! fibr\s nitrate4 ,b :atev] may h be5 ! temp]ature ( evaporation1 ! acid & alkali appe> always to be 9 ! same proportions to ea* o!r4 ,( ! salts conta9+ diff]5t quantities ( wat]1 two v>ieties mu/ be p>ticul>ly notic$4 ,! prismatic nitrate ( ammoniac1 produc$ at ! common temp]atures ( ! atmosph]e1 & conta9+ its full quantity ( wat] ( cry/alisation2 & ! compact nitrate ( ammoniac1 ei!r amorph\s1 or compos$ ( delicately ne$l$ cry/als1 =m$ at #cjj1 & conta9+ b little m wat] ?an exi/s 9 nitric acid & ammoniac4 ,to discov] ! composition ( ! prismatic nitrate ( ammoniac1 #bjj gra9s ( fibr\s salt 7 dissolv$ 9 ! smalle/ possible quantity ( wat]1 & evaporat$ 9 a temp]ature n exce$+ #gj4 ,! great] "p ( ! salt 0 compos$ ( p]fectly =m$ tetrahdral prisms1 t]m9at$ by tetrahdral pyramids4 ,x _h ga9$ 9 weight ab\t #h1e gra9s4 ,consequ5tly #ajj gra9s ( prismatic nitrate ( ammoniac may be suppos$ to conta9 #fi1e acid1 #ah1d ammoniac1 & #ab1a wat]4 ,to asc]ta9 ! composition ( ! compact nitrate ( ammoniac1 ,i expos$ 9 a deep porcela9 cup1 #djj gra9s ( ! fibr\s salt1 9 a temp]ature bel[ #cjj4 ,x quickly became fluid1 & sl[ly gave out its wat] )\t any ebullition1 or lib]ation ( gas4 ,:5 x 0 become p]fectly dry1 x _h lo/ #cc gra9s4 ,i suspect$1 t 9 ?is exp]im5t "s ( ! salt _h be5 c>ri$ (f ) ! wat]2 to det]m9e ?is1 ,i introduc$ into a small glass retort1 #dfj gra9s ( fibr\s salt2 x 0 kept at a heat bel[ #cbj1 9 communication ) a m]curial app>atus1 9 a regulat$ air-furnace1 till x 0 p]fectly dry3 x _h lo/ #bc gra9s4 ,no gas1 except ! common air ( ! retort came ov]1 & ! fluid collect$ _h b a fa9t ta/e ( nitrate ( ammoniac4 ,?\gh 9 ?is exp]im5t ,i _h remov$ all ! fluid reta9$ 9 ! neck ( ! retort1 /ill a few drops rema9$ 9 ! head1 & on ! sides1 :i* ,i c\ld n obta94 ,x 0 ( importance to me to be accurately acqua9t$ ) ! composition ( ! compact salt1 & = t reason ,i comp>$ ^! analytical exp]im5ts ) a syn!tical "o4 ,i saturat$ #bjj gra9s ( solution ( ammoniac1 (1#ijef ) acid1 asc]ta9$ ! specific gravity ( ! solution1 evaporat$ x at #bab1 & fus$ & dri$ x at ab\t #cjj-bfj4 ,x gave #bdf gra9s ( salt1 & a solution made ( ! same specific gravity z t evaporat$1 indicat$ a loss ( #i gra9s4 ,consequ5tly1 #bee gra9s ( ?is salt conta9 #ej1e gra9s alkali1 #ajj gra9s acid1 & #ad1e gra9s wat]4 ,we may !n conclude1 t #ajj p>ts ( compact nitrate ( ammoniac conta9 #gd1e acid1 #ai1h alkali1 & #e1g wat]4 ,v4 ,decomposition ( ,c>bonate ( ,ammoniac by ,nitric ,acid4 ,9 my fir/ exp]im5ts on ! production ( nitrate ( ammoniac1 ,i endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 its composition by decomp\nd+ c>bonate ( ammoniac by nitric acid2 & 9 mak+ = ?is purpose1 ! analysis ( c>bonate ( ammoniac1 ,i discov]$ t !re exi/$ _m v>ieties ( ?is salt1 conta9+ v diff]5t proportions ( c>bonic acid1 alkali1 & wat]2 ! c>bonic acid & wat] be+ sup]abundant 9 x1 9 proportion z ! temp]ature ( its =mation 0 l[1 & ! alkali 9 proportion z x 0 high3 & n only t a diff]5t salt 0 =m$ at e diff]5t temp]ature1 b likewise t ! diff]5ce 9 !m 0 s great1 t ! c>bonate ( ammoniac =m$ at #cjj conta9$ m ?an #ej p] c5t alkali1 :il/ t produc$ at #fj conta9$ only #bj4gc ,i f\nd #baj gra9s ( c>bonate ( ammoniac1 :i* f comp>ison ) o!r salts previ\sly analis$1 ,i suspect$ to conta9 ab\t #bj or #ba p] c5t alkali1 saturat$ by #bjj gra9s ( nitric acid ( #a1ejd4 ,b ?\gh ! c>bonate 0 dissolv$ 9 mu* wat]1 /ill1 f ! smell ( ! c>bonic acid g5]at$1 ,i suspect t a small portion ( ! nitric acid 0 dissolv$1 & c>ri$ (f by x4 ,! solution1 evaporat$ at ab\t #bjj1 & aft]w>ds expos$ to a temp]ature bel[ #cjj1 gave #bcb gra9s ( compact salt4 ,b reason+ f ! quantity ( acid 9 #bjj gra9s ( nitric acid ( #a1ejd1 x ought to h giv5 #bde4 ,consequ5tly #ac 7 lo/ by evaporation2 & ?is loss agrees ) t 9 ! o!r exp]im5ts4 #gc ,a p>ticul> acc\nt ( ! exp]im5ts f :i* ^! facts 7 d$uc$1 0 pr9t$ 9 ,septemb]1 & w appe> 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,rese>*es4 ,,vi4 ,decomposition ( ,sulphate ( ,ammoniac by ,nitre4 ,z a *eap mode ( obta9+ nitrate ( ammoniac1 ,dr4 ,,b$does propos$ to decompose nitre by sulphate ( ammoniac1 :i* is a well kn[n article ( comm]ce4 ,f syn!sis ( sulphate ( ammoniac1 comp>$ ) analysis made 9 ,augu/ #agii1gd ,i conclud$ t #ajj gra9s ( prismatic salt 7 compos$ ( ab\t #ah gra9s ammoniac1 #dd acid1 & #ch wat]2 & suppos+ #ajj gra9s ( nitre to conta9 #ej acid1 #ajj gra9s ( sulphate ( ammoniac w require = _! decomposition #acd gra9s ( nitre1 & =m #ij1i gra9s ( compact nitrate ( ammoniac4 #gd ,& :i* w be publi%$1 ) an acc\nt ( its p]fect decomposition at a high temp]ature1 9 ! ,rese>*es4 ,to asc]ta9 if ! sulphate ( pota% & nitrate ( ammoniac c\ld be easily sep>at$1 ,i add$ to a heat$ saturat$ solution ( sulphate ( ammoniac1 pulv]is$ nitre1 till ! decomposition 0 complete4 ,aft] ?is decomposition1 ! solution conta9$ a slight excess ( sulphuric acid1 :i* 0 comb9$ ) lime1 & ! :ole set to evaporate at a temp]ature bel[ #bej4 ,z soon z ! sulphate ( pota% began to cry/alise1 ! solution 0 suff]$ to cool1 & !n p\r$ (f f ! cry/alis$ salt1 :i* appe>$ to conta9 no nitrate ( ammoniac4 ,aft] a second evaporation & cry/alisation1 almo/ ! :ole ( ! sulphate appe>$ to be deposit$1 & ! solution ( nitrate ( ammoniac 0 obta9$ ne>ly pure3 x 0 evaporat$ at #bab1 & gave fibr\s cry/als4 ,,vii4 ,non-exi/5ce ( ,ammoniacal ,nitrites4 ,i attempt$ 9 diff]5t modes to comb9e nitr\s acids ) ammoniac1 s z to =m ! salts :i* h be5 suppos$ to exi/1 & call$ nitrites ( ammoniac2 b )\t success4 ,i fir/ decompos$ a solution ( c>bonate ( ammoniac by dilute olive color$ acid2 b 9 ?is process1 ?\gh no heat 0 g5]at$1 yet all ! nitr\s gas appe>$ to be lib]at$ ) ! c>bonic acid4#ge ,i !n comb9$ a small quantity ( nitr\s gas1 ) a solution ( nitrate ( ammoniac4 ,b aft] evaporat+ ?is solution at #gj-hj1 ,i c\ld n detect ! exi/5ce ( nitr\s gas 9 ! solid salt2 x 0 giv5 out dur+ ! evaporation & cry/alisation1 & =m$ into nitr\s acid by ! oxyg5e ( ! atmosph]e4 ,i likewise heat$ nitrate ( ammoniac to diff]5t degrees1 & p>tially decompos$ x1 to asc]ta9 if 9 any case ! acid 0 phlogi/icat$ by heat3 b 9 no exp]im5t c\ld ,i detect ! exi/5ce ( nitr\s acid 9 ! heat$ salt1 :5 x _h be5 previ\sly p]fectly neutralis$4 #ge ,:5 nitr\s gas exi/s 9 neutro-sal9e solutions1 !y are always color$ m or less int5sely1 f yell[ to olive1 9 proportion to ! quantity comb9$ ) !m4 ,:5 nitrate ( ammoniac1 inde$1 ) excess ( nitric acid1 is expos$ to heat1 ! sup]abundant nitric acid becomes phlogi/icat$1 & is !n lib]at$ f ! salt1 :i* rema9s neutral4#gf #gf ,h5ce a nitrate ( ammoniac ) excess ( acid1 :5 expos$ to heat1 fir/ becomes yell[1 & !n :ite4 ,we may !re=e conclude t nitr\s gas has little or no aff9ity = solid nitrate ( ammoniac1 & t no sub/ance exi/s to :i* ! "n nitrite ( ammoniac c ) propriety be appli$4 ,,viii4 ,( ! s\rces ( error 9 ,analysis4 ,to comp>e my syn!sis ( nitrate ( ammoniac ) analysis1 ,i endeav\r$ to sep>ate ! ammoniac & nitric acid f ea* o!r1 )\t decomposition4 ,b 9 go+ ?r\gh ! analytical process1 ,i soon discov]$ t x 0 impossible to make x accurate1 )\t _m collat]al labori\s exp]im5ts on ! quantities ( ammoniac soluble 9 wat] at diff]5t temp]atures4 ,at a temp]ature above #bab1 ,i decompos$1 by cau/ic slack$ lime1 #ej gra9s ( compact nitrate ( ammoniac 9 a retort communicat+ ) ! m]curial airhold]1 ! moi/ure 9 :i* _h be5 previ\sly saturat$ ) ammoniac4 #bb cubic in*es ( gas 7 collect$ at #ch1 & f ! loss ( weight ( ! retort1 x appe>$ t #ac gra9s ( solution ( ammoniac 9 wat]1 _h be5 deposit$ by ! gas4 ,n[ evid5tly1 ?is solution mu/ h conta9$ mu* m alkali 9 proportion to its wat] ?an t ( #ee1 o!rwise ! quantity ( ammoniac 9 #ej gra9s ( salt w\ld h>dly equal #h gra9s4#gg #gg ,! acc\nts giv5 by diff]5t *emi/s ( ! composition ( nitrate ( ammoniac1 are extremely discordant2 !y h be5 *iefly d$uc$ f decompositions ( c>bonate ( ammoniac 7! v>ieties ( :i* h be5 h]et(ore unkn[n7 by nitr\s acids ( unkn[n degrees ( nitration4 ,h5ce !y are p>ticul>ly errone\s ) reg>d to ! alkal9e "p4 ,w5zel supposes x to be #cb p] c5t1 & ,kirwan #bd4 ,addit4 ,obs]v4 pag4 #abj4 ,,ix4 ,( ! loss ( ,solutions ( ,nitrate ( ,ammoniac dur+ evaporation4 ,! mo/ conc5trat$ solution ( nitrate ( ammoniac capable ( exi/+ at #fj1 is ( specific gravity #a1cjd1 & conta9s #cc wat]1 & #fg fibr\s salt1 p] c5t4 ,:5 ?is solution is evaporat$ at temp]atures betwe5 #fj & #ajj1 ! salt is increas$ 9 weight by ! addition ( wat] ( cry/alisation1 & no portion ( x is lo/4 ,dur+ ! evaporation ( solutions ( specific gravity #a1adf & #a1ae1 at temp]atures bel[ #abj1 ,i h nev] detect$ any loss ( salt4 ,:5 ! temp]ature ( evaporation is #bab1 ! loss is g5]ally f #c to #d gra9s p] c5t2 & :5 f #bcj to ! /&>d ( _! ebullition1 f #d to #f gra9s4 ,9 proportion z solutions are m dilut$1 _! loss 9 evaporation at equal temp]atures is great]4 ,,division ,,iii4 ,decomposition ( ,,nitrate ( ,,ammoniac3 prep>ation ( ,,respirable ,,nitr\s ,,oxide2 its ,,analysis4 ,i4 ,( ! heat requir$ = ! decomposition ( ,,nitrate ( ,,ammoniac4 ,! decomposition ( nitrate ( ammoniac has be5 suppos$ by ,cornette#gh to take place at temp]atures bel[ #bab1 & its sublimation at #bcd4 ,kirwan1 f ! non-co9cid5ce 9 ! acc\nts ( its composition1 has imag9$ t x is p>tially decomposable1 ev5 by a heat ( #hj4gi #gh ,mem4 ,p>4 #aghc4 ,see ,iri% ,trans4 vol4 #d4 #gi ,addit4 ,obs4 pag4 #abj4 ,to asc]ta9 ! *anges effect$ by increase ( temp]ature 9 ?is salt1 a glass retort 0 provid$1 tubulat$ = ! purpose ( introduc+ ! bulb ( a !rmomet]4 ,aft] x _h be5 made to communicate ) ! m]curial airhold]1 & plac$ 9 a furnace1 ! heat ( :i* c\ld be easily regulat$1 ! !rmomet] 0 introduc$1 & ! retort fill$ ) ! salt1 & c>efully lut$2 s t ! appe>ances produc$ by diff]5t temp]atures c\ld be accurately obs]v$1 & ! products evolv$ obta9$4 ,f a numb] ( exp]im5ts made 9 ?is mann] on diff]5t salts1 ! foll[+ conclusions 7 drawn4 #a/4 ,compact1 or dry nitrate ( ammoniac1 und]goes little or no *ange at temp]atures bel[ #bfj4 #b;dly4 ,at temp]atures betwe5 #bge & #cjj1 x sl[ly sublimes1 )\t decomposition1 or )\t becom+ fluid4 #c;dly4 ,at #cbj x becomes fluid1 decomposes1 & /ill sl[ly sublimes2 x nei!r assum+1 or cont9u+ 91 ! fluid /ate1 )\t decomposition4 #d?ly4 ,at temp]atures betwe5 #cdj & #dhj1 x decomposes rapidly4 #e?ly4 ,! prismatic & fibr\s nitrates ( ammoniac become fluid at temp]atures bel[ #cjj1 & und]go ebullition at temp]atures betwe5 #cfj & #djj1 )\t decomposition4 #f?ly4 ,!y are capable ( be+ heat$ to #dcj )\t decomposition1 or sublimation1 till a c]ta9 quantity ( _! wat] is evaporat$4 #g?ly4 ,at temp]atures above #dej !y und]go decomposition1 )\t previ\sly los+ _! wat] ( cry/alisation4 ,,ii4 ,decomposition ( ,nitrate ( ,ammoniac2 production ( respirable ,nitr\s ,oxide2 its prop]ties4 #bjj gra9s ( compact nitrate ( ammoniac 7 introduc$ into a glass retort1 & decompos$ sl[ly by ! heat ( a _s lamp4 ,! fir/ portions ( ! gas t came ov] 7 reject$1 & ! la/ receiv$ 9 j>s conta9+ m]cury4 ,no lum9\s appe>ance 0 p]ceiv$ 9 ! retort dur+ ! process1 & almo/ ! :ole ( ! salt 0 resolv$ into fluid & gas4 ,! fluid _h a fa9t acid ta/e1 & conta9$ "s undecomp\nd$ nitrate4 ,! gas collect$ exhibit$ ! foll[+ prop]ties4-- a4 ,a c&le burnt 9 x ) a brilliant flame1 & crackl+ noise4 ,be=e its ext9ction1 ! :ite inn] flame became surr\nd$ ) an ext]ior blue "o4 b4 ,phosphorus introduc$ into x 9 a /ate ( inflammation1 burnt ) inf9itely great] vividness ?an be=e4 c4 ,sulphur introduc$ into x :5 burn+ ) a feeble blue flame1 0 in/antly ext+ui%$2 b :5 9 a /ate ( active inflammation 7t is1 =m+ sulphuric acid7 x burnt ) a beautiful & vivid rose-color$ flame4 d4 ,inflam$ *>coal1 depriv$ ( hydrog5e1 introduc$ into x1 burnt ) mu* great] vividness ?an 9 ! atmosph]e4 e4 ,to "s f9e twi/$ iron wire a small piece ( cork 0 affix$3 ?is 0 inflam$1 & ! :ole introduc$ into a j> ( ! air4 ,! iron burn$ ) great vividness1 & ?rew out bright sp>ks z 9 oxyg5e4 f4 #cj measures ( x expos$ to wat] previ\sly boil$1 0 rapidly absorb$2 :5 ! dim9ution 0 complete1 r m ?an a measure rema9$4 g4 ,pure wat] saturat$ ) x1 gave x out aga9 on ebullition1 & ! gas ?us produc$ reta9$ all its =m] prop]ties4 h4 ,x 0 absorb$ by r$ cabbage juice2 b no alt]ation ( color took place4 i4 ,its ta/e 0 di/9ctly sweet1 & its odor slight1 b agreeable4 j4 ,x und]w5t no dim9ution :5 m+l$ ) oxyg5e or nitr\s gas4 ,su* 7 ! obvi\s prop]ties ( ! ,,nitr\s ,,oxide1 or ! gas produc$ by ! decomposition ( nitrate ( ammoniac 9 a temp]ature n exce$+ #ddj4 ,o!r prop]ties ( x w be h]eaft] demon/rat$1 & its aff9ities fully inve/igat$4 ,,iii4 ,( ! gas rema9+ aft] ! absorption ( ,nitr\s ,oxide by ,wat]4 ,9 expos+ nitr\s oxide at diff]5t times to ra9 or spr+ wat]1 & wat] t _h be5 lately boil$1 ,i f\nd t ! gas rema9+ aft] ! absorption 0 always lea/ :5 boil$ wat] 0 employ$1 ?\gh f ! mode ( production ( ! nitr\s oxide1 ,i _h reason to believe t its composition 0 g5]ally ! same4 ,?is circum/ance induc$ me to suppose t "s ( ! residuum might be gas previ\sly conta9$ 9 ! wat]1 & lib]at$ f x 9 consequ5ce ( ! /rong] aff9ity ( t fluid = nitr\s oxide4 ,b ! great] "p ( x1 ,i conjectur$ to consi/ ( nitrog5e produc$ 9 consequ5ce ( a complete decomposition ( "p ( ! acid1 by ! hydrog5e4 ,x 0 9 endeavor+ to asc]ta9 ! relative purity ( nitr\s oxide produc$ at diff]5t p]iods ( ! process ( ! decomposition ( nitrate ( ammoniac1 t ,i discov]$ ! true reason ( ! appe>ance ( residual gas4 ,i decompos$ "s pure nitrate ( ammoniac 9 a small glass retort2 & aft] suff]+ ! fir/ portions to escape ) ! common air1 ,i caught ! rema9d] 9 ?ree sep>ate vessels /&+ 9 ! same tr\gh1 fill$ ) wat] t _h be5 long boil$1 & :i* at ! "t ( ! exp]im5t 0 s w>m t ,i c\ld sc>cely be> my h&s 9 x4 ,! diff]5t quantities collect$ gave ! same int5se brilliancy to ! flame ( a tap]4 #bf measures ( ea* ( !m 7 sep>ately ins]t$ into #c graduat$ cyl9d]s1 ( ne>ly ! same capacity1 ov] ! same boil$ wat]4 ,z ! wat] cool$1 ! gas 0 absorb$ by agitation4 ,:5 ! dim9ution 0 complete1 ! residuum 9 ea* cyl9d] fill$1 z ne>ly z possible1 ! same space2 ab\t two ?irds ( a measure4 ,to ea* ( ! residuums ,i add$ two measures ( nitr\s gas2 !y gave copi\s r$ vapor1 & aft] ! cond5sation fill$ a space r less ?an two measures4 ,h5ce ! residual gas conta9$ m oxyg5e ?an common air4 ,i n[ introduc$ #bf measures ( gas f "o ( ! vessels into a cyl9d] fill$ ) unboil$ spr+ wat] ( ! same k9d4#hj ,aft] ! absorption 0 complete1 ne> two measures rema9$4 ,^! add$ to two measures ( nitr\s air1 dim9i%$ to #b1e ne>ly4 #hj ,two measures ( air dispell$ f ?is wat] by boil+1 m+l$ ) #b ( nitr\s gas1 dim9i%$ to #b1d ne>ly4 ,^! exp]im5ts induc$ me to believe t ! residual gas 0 n produc$ 9 ! decomposition ( nitrate ( ammoniac1 b t x 0 :olly lib]at$ f ! wat]4 ,to asc]ta9 ?is po9t ) precision1 ,i di/ill$ a small quantity ( ! same k9d ( wat]1 :i* _h be5 ne> an h\r 9 ebullition1 into a graduat$ cyl9d] conta9+ m]cury4 ,to ?is ,i introduc$ ab\t "o ?ird ( its bulk1 i4 e4 #ab measures ( nitr\s oxide1 :i* _h be5 c>efully g5]at$ 9 ! m]curial app>atus4 ,aft] ! absorption1 a small globule ( gas only rema9$1 :i* c\ld h>dly h equall$ "o f\r? ( a measure4 ,on admitt+ to ?is globule a m9ute quantity ( nitr\s gas1 an evid5t dim9ution took place4 ,?\gh ?is exp]im5t prov$ t 9 proportion z ! wat] 0 free f air1 ! residuum 0 less1 & ?\gh !re 0 no reason to suppose t ! ebullition & di/illation _h fre$ ! wat] f ! :ole ( ! air x _h held 9 solution1 /ill ,i consid]$ a decisive exp]im5t want+ to det]m9e :e!r nitr\s oxide 0 ! only gas produc$ 9 ! sl[ decomposition ( nitrate ( ammoniac1 or :e!r a m9ute quantity ( oxyg5e 0 n likewise evolv$4 ,i receiv$ ! middle "p ( ! product ( a decomposition ( nitrate ( ammoniac1 "u a cyl9d] fill$ ) dry m]cury1 & introduc$ to x "s /rong solution ( ammoniac4 ,aft] ! :ite cl\d produc$ by ! comb9ation ( ! ammoniacal vapor ) ! nitric acid susp5d$ 9 ! nitr\s oxide1 _h be5 completely precipitat$1 ,i introduc$ a small quantity ( nitr\s gas4 ,no :ite vapor 0 produc$4 ,n[ if any gas comb9able ) nitr\s gas _h exi/$ 9 ! cyl9d]1 ! quantity ( nitr\s acid produc$1 h[ev] small1 w\ld h be5 r5d]$ p]ceptible by ! ammoniacal fumes2 = :5 a m9ute globule ( common air 0 admitt$ into ! cyl9d]1 :ite cl\ds 7 in/antly p]ceptible4 ,x seems !re=e reasonable to conclude1 #a4 ,t ! residual gas ( nitr\s oxide1 is air previ\sly conta9$ 9 ! wat]1 7:i* 9 no case c be p]fectly fre$ f x by ebullition71 & lib]at$ by ! /rong] attraction ( t fluid = nitr\s oxide4 #b4 ,t nitrate ( ammoniac1 at temp]atures bel[ #ddj1 is decomp\nd$ into pure nitr\s oxide1 & fluid4 #c4 ,t 9 asc]ta9+ ! purity ( nitr\s oxide f its absorption by wat]1 corrections ought to be made = ! quantity ( gas dispell$ f ! wat]4 ,?is quantity 9 common wat] di/ill$ "u m]cury be+ ab\t _/2 9 wat] simply boil$1 & us$ :5 hot1 ab\t _/2 & 9 common spr+ wat]1 _/4 ,,iv4 ,specific gravity ( ,nitr\s ,oxide4 ,to und]/& accurately ! *anges tak+ place dur+ ! decomposition ( nitrate ( ammoniac1 we mu/ be acqua9t$ ) ! specific gravity & composition ( nitr\s oxide4 #ij cubic in*es ( x1 conta9+ ab\t _/ common air1 introduc$ f ! m]curial airhold] into an exhau/$ globe1 increas$ x 9 weight #dd1ge gra9s2 !rmomet] be+ #ea1 & atmosph]ic pressure #cj1g4 #ajf cubic in*es1 ( simil> composition1 weigh$ 9 l mann]1 gave at ! same temp]ature & pressure ne>ly #eb1be gra9s2 & 9 ano!r exp]im5t1 :5 ! !rmomet] 0 #da1 #ec gra9s4 ,s t acc\nt+ = ! small quantity ( common air conta9$ 9 ! gases weigh$1 we may conclude1 t #ajj cubic in*es ( pure nitr\s oxide weigh #ej1a gra9s at temp]ature #ej1 & atmosph]ic pressure #cj1g4 ,i 0 a little surpris$ at ?is great specific gravity1 p>ticul>ly z ,i _h expect$1 f ,dr4 ,prie/ley's obs]vations1 to f9d x less heavy ?an atmosph]ical air4 ,?is philosoph] suppos$1 f "s appe>ances produc$ by ! mixture ( x ) ari=m ammoniac1 t x 0 ev5 ( less specific gravity ?an t gas4#ha #ha ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations1 vol4 #b1 pag4 #hi4 ,la/ ,edition4 ,v4 ,analysis ( ,nitr\s ,oxide4 ,! nitr\s oxide may be analis$1 ei!r by *>coal or hydrog5e2 dur+ ! combu/ion ( o!r bodies 9 x1 small portions ( nitr\s acid are g5]ally =m$1 z w be fully expla9$ h]eaft]4 ,! gas t ,i employ$ 0 g5]at$ f compact nitrate ( ammoniac1 & 0 9 its highe/ /ate ( purity1 z x left a residuum ( _/ only1 :5 absorb$ by boil$ wat]4 #aj cubic in*es ( x 7 ins]t$ into a j> graduat$ to1#a cubic in*es1 conta9+ dry m]cury4 ,?r\gh ?is m]cury a piece ( *>coal :i* _h be5 depriv$ ( its hydrog5e by long exposure to heat1 weigh+ ab\t a gra91 0 introduc$1 :ile yet w>m4 ,no p]ceptible absorption ( ! gas took place4#hb #hb ,a m9ute quantity1 h[ev]1 mu/ h be5 absorb$1 & giv5 out aga9 :5 ! *>coal 0 heat$4 ,!rmomet] be+ #df1 ! focus ( a l5s 0 ?r[n on ! *>coal1 :i* in/antly took fire1 & burnt vividly = ab\t a m9ute1 ! gas be+ increas$ 9 volume4 ,aft] ! vivid combu/ion _h ceas$1 ! focus 0 aga9 ?r[n on ! *>coal2 x cont9u$ to burn = ne> t5 m9utes1 :5 ! process /opp$4 ,! gas1 :5 ! orig9al pressure & temp]ature 7 re/or$1 fill$ a space equal to #ab1e cubic in*es4 ,on introduc+ to x a small quantity ( /rong solution ( ammoniac#hc1 :ite vapor 0 in/antly p]ceiv$1 & aft] a %ort "t ! r$uction 0 to ab\t #aj1a cubic in*es2 s t app>5tly1 #b1d cubic in*es ( c>bonic acid _h be5 =m$4 ,! #aj1a cubic in*es ( gas rema9+ 7 expos$ to wat] :i* _h be5 long 9 ebullition1 & :i* 0 introduc$ :il/ boil+1 "u m]cury4 ,aft] ! absorption ( ! nitr\s oxide by ! wat]1 ! gas rema9+ 0 equal to #e1c4 #hc ,/rong solution ( ammoniac has no attraction = nitr\s oxide4 ,b on comb9+ a cubic in* ( pure nitr\s oxide ) "s ( ! same wat]1 :i* _h be5 receiv$ "u m]cury 9 a sep>ate vessel1 ne>ly _/ rema9$4 ,consequ5tly we may conclude1 t #e1a ( a gas unabsorbable by wat]1 0 produc$ 9 ! combu/ion4 ,?is gas ext+ui%$ flame1 gave no dim9ution ) oxyg5e1 & ! slighte/ possible ) nitr\s gas4 ,:5 an electric sp>k 0 pass$ ?r\gh x1 m+l$ ) oxyg5e2 no inflammation1 or p]ceptible dim9ution took place4#hd ,we may consequ5tly conclude t x 0 nitrog5e1 m+l$ ) a m9ute portion ( common air1 expell$ f ! wat]4 #hd ,! gas 0 exam9$ by ^? te/s 9 ord] to prove t no wat] _h be5 decompos$4 ,! *>coal 0 dim9i%$ 9 bulk to "o half ne>ly1 b ! loss ( weight c\ld n be asc]ta9$1 z its pores 7 fill$ ) m]cury4 ,n[ #e cubic in*es ( nitr\s oxide 7 absorb$ by ! wat]1 consequ5tly #e 7 decomp\nd$ by ! *>coal2 & ^! produc$ #e1a cubic in*es ( nitrog5e2 & by giv+ _! oxyg5e to ! *>coal1 app>5tly #b1d ( c>bonic acid4 ,b #e cubic in*es ( nitr\s oxide weigh #b1e gra9s1 & #e1a cubic in*es ( nitrog5e #a1ee2 !n #b1e-a1ee 1#ie4 ,s t reason+ f ! relative specific gravities ( nitrog5e & nitr\s oxide1 #b1e gra9s ( ! la/ are compos$ ( #a1ee nitrog5e1 &1#ie oxyg5e4 ,b f _m exp]im5ts made on ! specific gravity ( c>bonic acid1 9 ,augu/1 #agii1 ,i conclud$ t #ajj cubic in*es ( x weigh$ #dg1e gra9s1 !rmomet] be+ #fj1a1 & b>omet] #bi1e4 ,consequ5tly1 mak+ ! necess>y corrections1 #b1d cubic in*es ( x weigh #a1ad gra9s2 & on ,lavoisi]'s & ,guyton's#he e/imation ( its composition1 ^! #a1ac gra9s conta9 #h1b ( oxyg5e4 #he ,see ! curi\s pap] ( ?is excell5t philosoph]1 on ! combu/ion ( ! diamond1 9 :i* he proves t *>coal is1 9 fact1 oxide ( diamond4 ,annales de ,*imie1 xxxi4 ,s t1 draw+ conclusions f ! quantity ( c>bonic acid =m$ 9 ?is exp]im5t1 #b1e gra9s ( nitr\s oxide w be compos$ (1#hb oxyg5e1 & #a1fh nitrog5e4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! e/imations is consid]able1 & yet n m ?an might h be5 expect$1 if we consid] ! probable s\rces ( error 9 ! exp]im5t4 #a4 ,x is likely t v>iable m9ute quantities ( hydrog5e rema9 comb9$ ) *>coal1 ev5 aft] x has be5 long expos$ to a r$ heat4 #b4 ,x is probable t ! nitrog5e & c>bonic acid produc$ 7 capable ( dissolv+ m wat] ?an t held 9 solution by ! nitr\s oxide2 & if s1 !y 7 m cond5s$ ?an if saturat$ ) moi/ure1 & h5ce ! quantity ( c>bonic acid "u-rat$4 ,we may consequ5tly suppose ! e/imation f\nd$ on ! quantity ( nitrog5e evolv$1 mo/ correct2 & mak+ a small all[ance = ! diff]5ce1 conclude1 t #ajj gra9s ( nitr\s oxide are compos$ ( ab\t #cg oxyg5e1 & #fc nitrog5e2 exi/+ 9 a mu* m cond5s$ /ate ?an :5 9 _! simple =ms4 ,! tol]able accuracy ( ?is /atem5t w be h]eaft] demon/rat$ by a numb] ( exp]im5ts on ! combu/ion ( diff]5t bodies 9 nitr\s oxide1 detail$ 9 ,rese>* ,,ii4 ,,vi4 ,m9ute exam9ation ( ! decomposition ( ,nitrate ( ,ammoniac4 ,into a retort weigh+ #dac1ge gra9s1 & ( ! capacity ( #g1e cubic in*es1 #ajj gra9s ( pulv]is$ compact nitrate ( ammoniac 7 introduc$4 ,to ! neck ( ?is retort 0 adapt$ a recipi5t1 weigh+ #gaa gra9s1 tubulat$ = ! purpose ( communicat+ ) ! m]curial airhold]1 & ( ! capacity ( #h1c cubic in*es4 ,temp]ature be+ #ej & atmosph]ic pressure #cj1f1 ! recipi5t 0 ins]t$ into a vessel ( cold wat]1 & made to communicate ) ! airhold]4 ,! heat ( a _s lamp 0 !n sl[ly appli$ to ! retort3 ! salt quickly began to decompose1 & to liquify4 ,! temp]ature 0 s regulat$1 z to keep up an equable & sl[ decomposition4 ,dur+ ?is decomposition1 no lum9\s appe>ance 0 p]ceiv$ 9 ! retort2 ! gas t came into ! airhold] 0 v little cl\d$1 & mu* wat] cond5s$ 9 ! receiv]4 ,aft] ! process 0 f9i%$1 ! communication betwe5 ! m]curial airhold] & ! recipi5t 0 pres]v$ till ! common temp]ature 0 re/or$ to ! retort4 ,! volume ( ! gas 9 ! cyl9d] 0 #he1e cubic in*es4 ,! absolute quantity ( nitr\s oxide 9 ^? #he1e cubic in*es1 x 0 difficult to asc]ta9 ) great nicety1 on acc\nt ( ! common air previ\sly conta9$ 9 ! vessels4 #de measures ( x1 expos$ to well boil$ wat]1 dim9i%$ by agitation to #h measures4 ,s t reason+ f ! quantity ( air1 :i* %\ld h be5 expell$ f ! wat] by ! nitr\s oxide1 we may conclude t ! #he1e cubic in*es 7 ne>ly pure4 ,! retort n[ weigh$ #dai1be gra9s1 consequ5tly #e1e gra9s ( salt rema9$ 9 x4 ,?is salt 0 *iefly collect$ ab\t ! l[] "p ( ! neck1 & conta9$ r m wat] ?an ! compact nitrate1 z 9 "s places x 0 cry/alis$4 ,! recipi5t ) ! fluid x conta9$1 weigh$ #gei gra9s4 ,x _h consequ5tly ga9$ 9 weight #dh gra9s4 ,n[ ! #he1e cubic in*es ( nitr\s oxide produc$1 weigh ab\t #db1e gra9s2 & ?is add$ to #dh & #e1e1 #if gra9s2 s t ab\t #d gra9s ( salt & fluid 7 lo/1 probably by be+ c>ri$ ov] & deposit$ by ! gas4#hf #hf ,?is 0 actually ! case2 = on exam9+ ! conduct+ tube ! day aft] ! exp]im5t1 "s m9ute cry/als ( prismatic nitrate ( ammoniac 7 p]ceiv$ 9 x4 ,z mu* ( ! fluid z c\ld be tak5 out ( ! recipi5t1 weigh$ #df gra9s1 & held 9 solution mu* nitrate ( ammoniac ) sup]abundance ( acid4 ,?is acid requir$ = its saturation1 #c ( c>bonate ( ammoniac 7conta9+1 z well z ,i c\ld guess71 ab\t #bj p] c5t alkali4 ,! :ole solution evaporat$1 gave #ah gra9s ( compact nitrate ( ammoniac4 ,b reason+ f ! quantity ( c>bonate ( ammoniac employ$1 ! free nitric acid 0 equal to #b1ge gra9s1 & ?is mu/ h =m$ #c1ef gra9s ( salt4 ,consequ5tly ! salt pre-exi/+ 9 ! solution 0 ab\t #ad1dd gra9s4 ,b besides ! fluid tak5 out ( ! recipi5t1 #b gra9s rema9$ 9 x3 let u suppose ?is1 & ! #d gra9s lo/1 to conta9 #b ( salt1 &1#f ( free acid4 ,!n ! undecomp\nd$ salt is #e1e #ad1d #b #ba1i ,! free acid #b1ge 1#f #c1ce ,gas #db1e ,wat] #cb1be ------------ #ajj ,n[ ab\t #gh1a gra9s ( salt 7 decomp\nd$1 & =m$ into #db1e gra9s ( gas1 #c1ce gra9s acid1 & #cb1be gra9s wat]4 ,b !re is e reason to suppose1 t 9 ?is process1 :5 ! hydrog5e ( ! ammoniac comb9es ) a portion ( ! oxyg5e ( ! nitric acid to =m wat]1 & ! nitrog5e ent]s into union ) ! nitrog5e & rema9+ oxyg5e ( ! nitric acid1 to =m nitr\s oxide2 t wat] pre-exi/+ 9 nitric acid & ammoniac1 su* z !y exi/$ 9 ! ari=m /ate1 is deposit$ ) ! wat] produc$ by ! new arrangem5t1 & n :olly comb9$ ) ! nitr\s oxide =m$4 ,h5ce x is impossible to det]m9e ) great exactness1 ! quantity ( wat] :i* 0 absolutely =m$ 9 ?is exp]im5t4 #gh1a gra9s ( salt are compos$ ( #ae1d alkali1 #eh acid1 & #d1g wat]4 ,& reason+ f ! diff]5t aff9ities ( wat] = nitric acid1 ammoniac1 & nitr\s oxide1 x is probable t ammoniac1 9 its decomposition1 divides its wat] 9 su* a ratio1 betwe5 ! nitrog5e furni%$ to ! nitr\s oxide1 & ! hydrog5e ent]+ into union ) ! oxyg5e ( ! nitric acid1 z to enable u to assume1 t ! hydrog5e requires = its saturation ne>ly ! same quantity ( oxyg5e z :5 9 ! ari=m /ate2 or t x c]ta9ly _c require less4 ,b #ae1d alkali conta9 #c1jh hydrog5e1 & #ab1cb nitrog5e2#hg & #c1jh hydrog5e require #ag1d ( oxyg5e to =m #bj1dh ( wat]4 #hg ,ow+ "p ( _! weight to an unkn[n quantity ( wat]4 ,n[ #cb1e gra9s ( wat] exi/$ be=e ! exp]im5t2 #d1g gra9s ( wat] 7 conta9$ by ! salt decompos$1 & #cb1e-d1g #bg1h3 & #bg1h-bj1dh1 ! quantity g5]at$1 #g1eb1 ! quantity exi/+ 9 ! nitric acid4 ,b ! nitric acid decompos$ is #eh-c1ce to #ed1g2 & #ed1g-g1e #dg1b1 :i* ent]$ into new comb9ations4 ,^! #dg1b consi/ ( #cc1b oxyg5e1 & #ad1 nitrog5e4 ,& #cc1b-ag1d1 ! quantity employ$ to =m ! wat]1 #ae1h1 :i* comb9$ ) #ad1j1 nitrog5e ( ! nitric acid1 & #ab1cb ( t ( ! ammoniac1 to =m #db1ab ( nitr\s oxide4 ,& on ?is e/imation1 #ajj p>ts ( nitr\s oxide w\ld conta9 #cg1f oxyg5e1 & #fb1d nitrog5e2 a computation mu* ne>] ! results ( ! analysis ?an c\ld h be5 expect$1 p>ticul>ly z s _m unavoidable s\rces ( error exi/$ 9 ! process4 ,! exp]im5t t ,i h detail$ is ! mo/ accurate ( f\r1 made on ! same quantity ( salt4 ,! o!rs 7 c>ri$ on at r high] temp]atures1 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 m wat] & salt 7 sublim$ ) ! gas4 ,to ,b]?ollet1 we owe ! discov]y ( ! products evolv$ dur+ ! sl[ decomposition ( nitrate ( ammoniac2 b z ?is philosoph] 9 8 exam9ation ( ?is process1 *iefly design$ to prove ! exi/5ce ( hydrog5e 9 ammoniac1 he did n asc]ta9 ! quantity ( gas produc$1 or m9utely exam9e its prop]ties2 f two ( !m1 its absorption by wat] & its capability ( support+ ! vivid combu/ion ( a tap]1 he inf]r$ its id5tity ) ! dephlogi/icat$ nitr\s gas ( ,prie/ley1 & conclud$ t x 0 nitr\s gas ) excess ( pure air4#hh #hh ,mem4 de ,p>is4 #aghe1 & ,j\rnal de ,physique1 #aghf1 page #age4 ,,vii4 ,( ! heat produc$ dur+ ! decomposition ( nitrate ( ammoniac4 ,to asc]ta9 :e!r ! temp]ature ( nitrate ( ammoniac 0 increas$ or dim9i%$ aft] x _h be5 rais$ to ! po9t ess5tial to its decomposition1 dur+ ! evolution ( nitr\s oxide & wat]2 t is1 9 common language1 :e!r heat 0 g5]at$ or absorb$ 9 ! process2 ,i introduc$ a !rmomet] into ab\t #aejj gra9s ( fibr\s nitrate ( ammoniac1 r5d]$ liquid 9 a deep porcela9 cup4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! evaporation1 ! temp]ature 0 ab\t #chj1 ! fire be+ c>efully regulat$4 ,z soon z ! decomposition took place1 ! !rmomet] began to rise2 9 less ?an a qu>t] ( a m9ute x 0 #daj1 9 two m9utes x 0 #dfj4 ,! cup 0 remov$ f ! fire2 ! decomposition /ill w5t on rapidly1 & = ab\t a m9ute ! !rmomet] 0 /ation>y4 ,x !n gradually & sl[ly fell2 9 ?ree m9utes x 0 #ddj1 9 five m9utes #dbj1 9 sev5 m9utes #dje 9 n9e m9utes #cfj & 9 ?irte5 m9utes #cjg1 :5 ! decomposition _h ne>ly ceas$1 & ! salt began to solidify4 ,f ?is exp]im5t1 x is evid5t t an increase ( temp]ature is produc$ by ! decomposition ( nitrate ( ammoniac3 ?\gh ! capacity ( wat] & nitr\s oxide = heat1 suppos+ ! tru? ( ! common doctr9e1 & reason+ f analogy1 mu/ be consid]ably great] ?an t ( ! salt4 ,,viii4 ,( ! decomposition ( ,nitrate ( ,ammoniac at high temp]atures1 & production ( ,nitr\s gas1 ,nitrog5e1 ,nitr\s ,acid1 & ,wat]4 ,at an e>ly p]iod ( my inve/igation relat+ to ! nitr\s oxide1 ,i discov]$ t :5 a heat above #fjj 0 appli$ to nitrate ( ammoniac1 s t a vivid lum9\s appe>ance 0 produc$ 9 ! retort1 c]ta9 portions ( nitr\s gas1 & nitrog5e1 7 evolv$ ) ! nitr\s oxide4 ,b ,i 0 = "s "t ignorant ( ! precise nature ( ?is decomposition1 & d\btful ) reg>d to ! possibility ( effect+ x 9 su* a mann] z to prev5t ! production ( nitr\s oxide altoge!r4 ,i fir/ attempt$ to decompose nitrate ( ammoniac at high temp]atures1 by introduc+ x into a well coat$ gre5 glass retort1 hav+ a wide neck1 communicat+ ) ! pneumatic app>atus1 & /rongly heat$ 9 an air-furnace4 ,b ?\gh 9 ?is process a detonation always took place1 & mu* light 0 produc$1 yet /ill ! great] portion ( ! gas g5]at$ 0 nitr\s oxide2 ! nitr\s gas & nitrog5e nev] am\nt+ to m ?an "o ?ird ( ! :ole4 ,aft] break+ _m retorts by explosions1 )\t ga9+ any accurate results1 ,i employ$ a porcela9 tube1 curv$ s z to be capable ( introduction into ! pneumatic app>atus1 & clos$ at "o end4 ,! clos$ end 0 heat$ r$1 nitrate ( ammoniac introduc$ into x1 & all ! latt] portions ( gas produc$ 9 ! explosion1 receiv$ 9 ! pneumatic app>atus1 fill$ ) w>m wat]4 ,?ree explosions 7 requir$ to fill a j> ( ! capacity ( #bj cubic in*es4 ,! gas produc$ 9 ! fir/1 :5 x came ov]1 0 transp>5t & d>k orange1 simil> 9 its appe>ance to ! nitr\s acid gas produc$ 9 ! fir/ exp]im5t2 b x spe$ily became :ite & cl\d$1 :il/ a slight dim9ution ( volume took place4 ,:5 ! second portion 0 g5]at$ & m+l$ ) ! cl\d$ gas1 x aga9 became transp>5t & yell[ = a %ort "t1 & !n assum$ ! same appe>ance z be=e4 ,! wat] 9 ! tr\gh1 aft] ?is exp]im5t1 _h an acid ta/e1 & quickly r$d5$ cabbage juice r5d]$ gre5 by an alkali4 #f cubic in*es ( ! gas produc$ 7 expos$ to boil$ wat]1 b little or no absorption took place4 ,h5ce1 evid5tly1 x conta9$ no nitr\s oxide4 ,!y 7 !n expos$ to solution ( sulphate ( iron3 ! solution quickly became d>k color$1 & an absorption ( #a1f took place on agitation4#hi #hi ,! absorption ( nitr\s gas by sulphate ( iron1 c4 w be treat$ ( 9 ! next division4 ,! gas rema9+ in/antly ext+ui%$ ! tap]1 & 0 consequ5tly nitrog5e4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$1 ) ne>ly ! same results4 ,we may !n conclude1 t at high temp]atures1 nitrate ( ammoniac is :olly resolv$ into wat]1 nitr\s acid1 nitr\s gas1 & nitrog5e2 :il/ a vivid lum9\s appe>ance is produc$4 ,! transp>5cy & orange color produc$ 9 ! gas t _h be5 cl\d$1 by new portions ( x1 d\btless arose f ! solution ( ! nitric acid & wat] =m+ ! cl\d1 9 ! heat$ nitr\s vapor produc$1 s z to con/itute an ari=m triple comp\nd2 :il/ ! cl\d9ess & absorption subsequ5t 7 produc$ by ! dim9i%$ temp]ature1 :i* de/roy$ ! t]n>y comb9ation1 & sep>at$ ! nitr\s acid & wat] f ! nitr\s gas4 ,f ! rapidity ) :i* ! deflagration ( nitrate ( ammoniac proce$s1 & f ! imm5se quantity ( light produc$1 x is reasonable to suppose t a v great increase ( temp]ature takes place4 ,! tube 9 :i* ! decomposition has be5 effect$1 is always ignit$ aft] ! process4 ,,ix4 ,speculations on ! decompositions ( ,nitrate ( ,ammoniac4 ,all ! phnom5a ( *emi/ry concur 9 prov+1 t ! aff9ity ( "o body1 ,a1 = ano!r1 ,b1 is n de/roy$ by its comb9ation ) a ?ird1 ,c1 b only modifi$2 ei!r by cond5sation1 or expansion1 or by ! attraction ( ,c = ,b4 ,on ?is pr9ciple1 ! attraction ( comp\nd bodies = ea* o!r mu/ be resolv$ into ! reciprocal attractions ( _! con/itu5ts1 & consequ5tly ! *anges produc$ 9 !m by v>iations ( temp]ature expla9$1 f ! alt]ations produc$ 9 ! attractions ( ^? con/itu5ts4 ,?us 9 nitrate ( ammoniac1 f\r aff9ities may be suppos$ to exi/3 #a4 ,t ( hydrog5e = nitrog5e1 produc+ ammoniac4 #b4 ,t ( oxyg5e = nitr\s gas1 produc+ nitric acid4 #c4 ,t ( ! hydrog5e ( ammoniac = ! oxyg5e ( nitric acid4 #d4 ,t ( ! nitrog5e ( ammoniac = ! nitr\s gas ( nitric acid4 ,at temp]atures bel[ #cjj1 ! salt1 f ! equilibrium betwe5 ^! aff9ities1 pres]ves its exi/5ce4 ,n[ :5 its temp]ature is rais$ to #djj1 ! attractions ( hydrog5e = nitrog5e1#ij & ( nitr\s gas = oxyg5e1#ia are dim9i%$2 :il/ ! attraction ( hydrog5e = oxyg5e#ib is increas$2 & p]haps t ( nitrog5e = nitr\s gas4 #ij ,z is evid5t f ! decomposition ( ammoniac by heat4 #ia ,nitric acid is phlogi/icat$ by heat1 z appe>s f ,dr4 ,prie/ley's exp]im5ts4 ,vol4 #c1 p4 #bf4 #ib ,z is evid5t f ! increase ( temp]ature requir$ = ! =mation ( wat]4 ,h5ce ! =m] equilibrium ( aff9ity is de/roy$1 & a new "o produc$4 ,! hydrog5e ( ! ammoniac comb9es ) ! oxyg5e ( ! nitric acid to g5]ate wat]2 & ! nitrog5e ( ! ammoniac ent]s into comb9ation ) ! nitr\s gas to =m nitr\s oxide3 & ! wat] & nitr\s oxide produc$1 mo/ probably exi/ 9 b9>y comb9ation 9 ! ari=m /ate1 at ! temp]ature ( ! decomposition4 ,b :5 a heat above #hjj is appli$ to nitrate ( ammoniac1 ! attractions ( nitrog5e & hydrog5e = ea* o!r1 & ( oxyg5e = nitr\s gas1#ic are /ill m dim9i%$2 :il/ t ( nitrog5e = nitr\s gas is de/roy$1 & t ( hydrog5e = oxyg5e increas$ to a great ext5t3 likewise a new attraction takes place2 t ( nitr\s gas = nitric acid1 to =m nitr\s vapor4#id ,h5ce a new arrangem5t ( pr9ciples is rapidly produc$2 ! nitrog5e ( ammoniac hav+ no aff9ity = any ( ! s+le pr9ciples at ?is temp]ature1 ent]s into no b9>y comp\nd3 ! oxyg5e ( ! nitric acid =ms wat] ) ! hydrog5e1 & ! nitr\s gas comb9es ) ! nitric acid to =m nitr\s vapor4 ,all ^! sub/ances mo/ probably exi/ 9 comb9ation at ! temp]ature ( _! production2 & at a l[] temp]ature1 assume ! =ms ( nitr\s acid1 nitr\s gas1 nitrog5e1 & wat]4 #ic ,= ammoniac & nitr\s oxide are bo? decompos$ at ! r$ heat1 & oxyg5e giv5 out f nitric acid :5 x is pass$ ?r\gh a heat$ tube4 #id ,:5ev] nitr\s acid is produc$ at high temp]atures1 x is always highly phlogi/icat$1 provid$ x has n be5 long 9 contact ) oxyg5e4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,prie/ley pass$ nitric acid ?r\gh a tube heat$ r$1 he procur$ mu* oxyg5e1 & phlogi/icat$ acid2 & ! wat] 9 ! app>atus employ$ 0 fully impregnat$ ) nitr\s air4 ,h5ce x w\ld appe>1 t heat dim9i%es ! attraction betwe5 oxyg5e & nitr\s gas1 & increases ! aff9ity ( nitr\s gas = nitr\s acid4 ,mr4 ,,james ,,?omson1 ^: !ory ( ! ,nitr\s ,acid ,i h already m5tion$1 f "s exp]im5ts on ! phlogi/ication ( ,nitric ,acid by heat1 :i* he has communicat$ to me1 concludes ) great ju/ness1 t a portion ( ! acid is always completely decompos$ 9 ?is process3 ! oxyg5e lib]at$1 & ! nitr\s gas comb9$ ) ! rema9+ acid4 ,i h avoid$ ent]+ into any discussions conc]n+ ! light & heat produc$ 9 ?is process2 because ^! phnom5a _c be reason$ ^u z isolat$ facts1 & _! relation to g5]al !ory w be treat$ ( h]eaft]4 ,x4 ,on ! prep>ation ( ,nitr\s ,oxide = exp]im5ts on ,respiration4 ,:5 compact nitrate ( ammoniac is sl[ly decompos$1 ! nitr\s oxide produc$ is almo/ imm$iately fit = respiration2 b z "o "p ( ! salt beg9s to decompose be=e ! o!r is r5d]$ fluid1 a consid]able loss is produc$ by sublimation4 ,= ! production ( l>ge quantities ( nitr\s oxide1 fibr\s nitrate ( ammoniac %\ld be employ$4 ,?is salt und]goes no decomposition till ! great] "p ( its wat] is evaporat$1 & 9 consequ5ce at ! comm5cem5t ( t process1 is uni=mly heat$4 ,! gas produc$ f fibr\s nitrate1 mu/ be suff]$ to re/ at lea/ = an h\r aft] its g5]ation4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t x is g5]ally fit = respiration4 ,if exam9$ be=e1 x w be f\nd to conta9 m or less ( a :ite vapor1 :i* has a disagreeable acidul\s ta/e1 & /rongly irritates ! fauces & lungs4 ,?is vapor1 mo/ probably1 consi/s ( acid nitrate ( ammoniac & wat]1 :i* 7 dissolv$ by ! gas at ! temp]ature ( its production1 & aft]w>ds sl[ly precipitat$4 ,x is f\nd 9 less quantity :5 compact nitrate is employ$1 because m salt is sublim$ 9 ?is process1 :i* be+ rapidly precipitat$1 c>ries ) x ! acid & wat]4 ,:atev] salt is employ$1 ! la/ portions ( gas produc$1 g5]ally conta9 less vapor1 & may 9 consequ5ce be respir$ soon] ?an ! fir/4 ,! nitrate ( ammoniac %\ld nev] be decompos$ 9 a metallic vessel1#ie nor ! gas produc$ suff]$ to come 9 contact ) any metallic surface2 = 9 ?is case ! free nitric acid w be decompos$1 & 9 consequ5ce1 a c]ta9 quantity ( nitr\s gas produc$4 #ie ,except x be gold or plat9a4 ,! app>atus t has be5 g5]ally employ$ 9 ! m$ical pneumatic in/itution1 = ! production ( nitr\s oxide1 consi/s #a4 ,( a glass retort1 ( ! capacity ( two or ?ree qu>ts1 orific$ at ! top1 & furni%$ ) a gr\nd /opp]4 #b4 ,( a glass tube1 conical = ! purpose ( receiv+ ! neck ( ! retort2 ab\t 1#d in*es wide 9 ! n>r[e/ "p1 #d feet long1 curv$ at ! extremity1 s z to be capable ( introduction into an airhold]1 & inclos$ by t9 plate to pres]ve x f injury4 #c4 ,( airhold]s ( ,mr4 ,watt's inv5tion1 fill$ ) wat] saturat$ ) nitr\s oxide4 #d4 ,( a common air-furnace1 provid$ ) damp]s = ! regulation ( ! heat4 ,! retort1 aft] ! ins]tion ( ! salt1 is connect$ ) ! tube1 c>efully lut$1 & expos$ to ! heat ( ! furnace1 on a conv5i5t /&4 ,! temp]ature is nev] suff]$ to be above #ejj4 ,aft] ! decomposition has proce$$ = ab\t a m9ute1 s t ! gas evolv$ f ! tube enl>ges ! flame ( a tap]1 ! curv$ end is ins]t$ into ! airhold]1 & ! nitr\s oxide pres]v$4 ,! wat] ?r[n out ( ! airhold]s 9 consequ5ce ( ! introduction ( ! gas1 is pres]v$ 9 a vessel adapt$ = ! purpose1 & employ$ to fill !m aga92 = if common wat] 0 to be employ$ 9 e exp]im5t1 a great loss ( gas w\ld be produc$ f absorption4 ,a p\nd ( fibr\s nitrate ( ammoniac1 decompos$ at a heat n above #ejj1 produces ne>ly #e cubic feet ( gas2 :il/ f a p\nd ( compact nitrate ( ammoniac1 r>ely m ?an #d1be cubic feet c be collect$4 ,= ! production ( nitr\s oxide 9 quantities n exce$+ #bj qu>ts1 a mode /ill m simple ?an t ,i h j describ$ may be employ$4 ,! salt may be decompos$ by ! heat ( an arg&s lamp1 or a common fire1 9 a tubulat$ glass retort1 ( #bj or #cj cubic in*es 9 capacity1 furni%$ ) a long neck1 curv$ at ! extremity2 & ! gas receiv$ 9 small airhold]s4 ,?us1 if ! pleasurable effects1 or m$ical prop]ties ( ! nitr\s oxide1 %\ld ev] make x an article ( g5]al reque/1 x may be procur$ ) mu* less "t1 labor1 & exp5ce1#if ?an mo/ ( ! luxuries1 or ev5 necess>ies1 ( life4 #if ,a p\nd ( nitrate ( ammoniac co/s ab\t #es4 #aj;d4 ,?is p\nd1 prop]ly decompos$1 produces r m ?an #cd mod]ate doses ( air2 s t ! exp5ce ( a dose is ab\t #b;d4 ,:at fluid /imulus c be procur$ at s *eap a rate8 ,,division ,,iv4 ,,exp]im5ts & ,,obs]vations on ! ,,composition ( ,,nitr\s ,,gas1 & on its ,,absorption by diff]5t bodies4 ,i4 ,prelim9>ies4 ,9 my acc\nt ( ! composition ( nitric acid1 9 ,division ,i4 ,i gave an e/imation ( ! quantities ( oxyg5e & nitrog5e comb9$ 9 nitr\s gas3 ,i %all n[ detail ! exp]im5ts on :i* t e/imation is f\nd$4 ,at an e>ly p]iod ( my rese>*es relat+ to nitr\s oxide1 f ! obs]vation ( ! phnom5a tak+ place dur+ ! production ( ?is sub/ance1 ,i _h conclud$1 t ! common op9ion ) reg>d to ! composition ( nitr\s gas1 0 v di/ant f ! tru?4 ,i _h inde$ analys$ nitr\s gas1 by conv]t+ x into nitr\s oxide1 be=e ,i attempt$ to asc]ta9 its composition by imm$iately sep>at+ ! con/itu5t pr9ciples f ea* o!r3 & my fir/ hopes ( ! possibility ( effect+ ?is1 7 d]iv$ f ,dr4 ,prie/ley's exp]im5ts on ! combu/ion ( pyrophorus 9 nitr\s gas1 & on ! *anges effect$ 9 x1 by heat$ iron & *>coal4 ,?is great philosoph] f\nd1 t pyrophorus plac$ 9 contact ) nitr\s gas1 burnt ) great vividness1 :il/ ! gas 0 dim9i%$ 9 volume to ab\t "o half1 :i* g5]ally consi/$ ( nitrog5e & nitr\s oxide4 ,he likewise f\nd1 iron heat$ by a l5s 9 nitr\s gas1 increas$ 9 weight1 :il/ ! gas 0 dim9i%$ ab\t 1 & conv]t$ into nitrog5e4#ig ,he heat$ common *>coal1 & *>coal ( copp]1#ih 9 nitr\s gas by a l5s4 ,:5 common *>coal 0 employ$1 ! gas 0 nei!r increas$ or dim9i%$ 9 bulk1 b :olly conv]t$ into nitrog5e2 :5 *>coal ( copp] 0 us$1 ! volume 0 a little increas$1 & ! gas rema9+ consi/$ ( _/ nitrog5e1 & _/ c>bonic acid4 #ig ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations1 vol4 ,,ii4 pag4 #ej4 ,la/ ,edition4 #ih ,t is1 *>coal produc$ by ! decomposition ( spirits ( w9e4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pag4 #ci4 ,9 8 exp]im5ts on ! iron & pyrophyrus1 ! nitr\s gas 0 evid5tly decompos$4 ,f ! great quantity ( nitrog5e produc$ 9 ^? on ! *>coal1 x seems likely t bo? ! common *>coal1#ii & ! *>coal ( copp] employ$ conta9$ atmosph]ical air1 :i* be+ dispell$ by ! heat ( ! l5s1 0 decompos$ by ! nitr\s gas3 inde$1 till ,i made ! foll[+ exp]im5t1 ,i suspect$ t ! c>bonic acid produc$1 :5 ! *>coal ( copp] 0 employ$1 arose f a decomposition ( ! nitr\s acid1 =m$ 9 ?is way4 #ii ,dr4 ,prie/ley says1 8hav+ heat$ iron 9 nitr\s air1 ,i proce$$ to heat 9 ! same air1 a piece ( *>coal n long aft] x _h be5 subject$ to a /rong heat cov]$ ) s&4 ,! sun n %9+ imm$iately1 aft] ! *>coal 0 introduc$ into ! vessel ( air1 ?r\gh ! m]cury by :i* x 0 conf9$1 "p ( ! air 0 absorb$2 b on heat+ ! *>coal1 ! quantity 0 increas$4 ,hav+ cont9u$ ! progress z long z ,i ?\ght necess>y1 ,i exam9$ ! air & f\nd x to be ab\t z mu* z ! orig9al quantity ( nitr\s air2 b x 0 all phlogi/icat$ air ext+ui%+ a c&le & hav+ no mixture ( fix$ air 9 x40--,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #ci4 ,i introduc$ a piece ( well-burnt *>coal1 :i* c\ld h>dly h weigh$ ! eigh? ( a gra91 :il/ r$ hot1 "u a cyl9d] fill$ ) m]cury1 & admitt$ to x half a cubic in* ( nitr\s gas4 ,a slight absorption took place4 ,! sun be+ v bright1 ,i kept ! *>coal 9 ! focus ( a small l5s = ne> a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! gas occupi$ a space ne>ly z be=e ! exp]im5t1 & a v m9ute portion ( ! *>coal _h be5 consum$4 ,on introduc+ into ! cyl9d] a small quantity ( solution ( /rontian1 a :ite precipitation 0 p]ceiv$1 & ! gas sl[ly dim9i%$ to ab\t ?ree t5?s ( a cubic in*4 ,to ^! ?ree t5?s a little common air 0 admitt$1 :5 v slight r$ fumes 7 p]ceiv$4 ,?is exp]im5t conv9c$ me1 t ! attraction ( *>coal = ! oxyg5e ( nitr\s gas1 at high temp]atures1 0 suffici5tly /rong to effect a sl[ decomposition ( x4 ,to be m accurately acqua9t$ ) ?is decomposition1 & to le>n ! quantities ( c>bonic acid & nitrog5e produc$ f a kn[n quantity ( nitr\s gas1 ,i proce$$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,,ii4 ,analysis ( ,nitr\s ,gas by ,*>coal4 ,a quantity ( nitr\s gas 0 procur$ 9 a wat] app>atus1 f ! decomposition ( nitr\s acid by m]cury4 ,a portion ( x 0 transf]r$ to ! m]curial tr\gh4 ,aft] ! m]cury & ! j> _h be5 dri$ by bibul\s pap]1 #dj measures ( ?is portion 7 agitat$ 9 a solution ( sulphate ( iron4 ,! gas rema9+ aft] ! absorption 0 complete1 fill$ ab\t a measure & half2 s t ! nitr\s gas conta9$ ne>ly _/ nitrog5e4 ,!rmomet] be+ #ec1 a small piece ( well-burnt *>coal1 ! weight ( :i* c\ld h>dly h equall$ a qu>t] ( a gra91 0 introduc$ ignit$1 into a small cyl9d] fill$ ) m]cury1 graduat$ to1#aj gra9 measures2 to ?is1 #af measures1 equal to #afj gra9 m4 ( nitr\s gas1 7 admitt$4 ,an absorption ( ab\t "o measure & half took place4 ,:5 ! focus ( a l5s 0 ?r[n on ! *>coal1 a slight increase ( ! gas 0 produc$1 f ! emission ( t :i* _h be5 absorb$4 ,aft] ! process _h be5 c>ri$ on = ab\t a half an h\r1 ! *>coal evid5tly began to fume1 & to consume v sl[ly1 ?\gh no alt]ation 9 ! volume ( ! gas 0 obs]v$4 ,! sun n con/antly %9+1 ! progress ( ! exp]im5t 0 n[ & !n /opp$3 b tak+ ! :ole "t1 ! focus c\ld n h be5 appli$ to x = less ?an f\r h\rs4 ,:5 ! process 0 f9i%$1 ! gas 0 increas$ 9 bulk ne>ly ?ree qu>t]s ( a measure4 ,a drop ( wat] 0 introduc$ into ! cyl9d]1 by means ( a small glass tube1 on ! supposition t ! c>bonic acid1 & nitrog5e1 might be capable ( hold+ 9 solution1 m wat] ?an t conta9$ 9 ! nitr\s gas decompos$2 b no alt]ation ( volume took place4 ,:5 #bj gra9 measures ( solution ( pale gre5#ajj sulphate ( iron 7 introduc$ into ! cyl9d]1 !y became r yell[] ?an be=e1 b n d>k at ! edges1 z is always ! case :5 nitr\s gas is pres5t4 ,on agitation1 a dim9ution ( ne>ly half a measure 0 produc$1 d\btless f ! absorption ( "s ( ! c>bonic acid by ! solution4 #ajj ,t is1 sulphate ( iron conta9+ oxide ( iron1 9 ! fir/ degree ( oxyg5ation4 ,a small quantity ( cau/ic pota%1 mu* m ?an 0 suffici5t to decompose ! sulphate ( iron1 0 n[ introduc$4 ,a rapid dim9ution took place1 & ! gas rema9+ fill$ ab\t #h measures4 ,?is gas 0 agitat$ = "s "t ov] wat]1 b no absorption took place4 ,two measures ( x 7 !n transf]r$ into a detonat+ cyl9d] ) two measures ( oxyg5e4 ,! electric sp>k 0 puff$ ?r\gh !m1 b no dim9ution 0 produc$4 ,h5ce x 0 nitrog5e1 m+l$ ) no asc]ta9able quantity ( hydrog5e3 consequ5tly little or no wat] c\ld h be5 decompos$ 9 ! process4 ,n[ suppos+1 = ! great] ease ( calculation1 ea* ( ! measures employ$1 cubic in*es4 #af ( nitr\s gas--_/ #ae1d 7 decompos$1 & ^! weigh1 mak+ ! necess>y corrections1 #e1b2 b #g1d nitrog5e 7 produc$1 & ^! weigh ab\t #b1b4 ,s t reason+ f ! relative specific gravities ( nitr\s gas & nitrog5e1 #e1b gra9s ( nitr\s gas w be compos$ ( #c oxyg5e1 & #b1b nitrog5e4 ,b #h1g ( c>bonic acid 7 produc$1 :i* weigh #d1a gra9s1 & consi/ ( #b1i oxyg5e1 & #a1b *>coal4#aja ,consequ5tly1 draw+ conclusions f ! quantity ( c>bonic acid =m$1 #e1b gra9s ( nitr\s gas w consi/ ( #b1i oxyg5e1 & #b1c nitrog5e4 #aja ,t is1 c>bon1 or oxide ( diamond4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ^! e/imations is mu* less ?an c\ld h be5 expect$2 & tak+ ! mean proportions1 x w\ld be inf]r$ f !m1 t #ajj gra9s ( nitr\s gas1 conta9 #ef1e oxyg5e1 & #dc1e nitrog5e4 ,i repeat$ ?is exp]im5t ) results n v diff]5t1 except t ! increase ( volume 0 r great]1 & t m unabsorbable gas rema9$2 :i* probably dep5d$ on ! decomposition ( a m9ute quantity ( wat]1 t _h adh]$ to ! *>coal 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! m]cury4 ,z nitr\s gas is decomposable into nitr\s acid1 & nitrog5e1 by ! electric sp>k2 x occurr$ to me1 t a c]ta9 quantity ( nitr\s acid might h be5 possibly produc$1 9 ! exp]im5ts on ! decomposition ( nitr\s gas1 by ! int5sely ignit$ *>coal4 ,to asc]ta9 ?is circum/ance1 ,i introduc$ into #ab measures ( nitr\s gas1 a small piece ( *>coal :i* _h be5 j r$d5$4 ,! sun be+ v bright1 ! focus ( ! l5s 0 kept on x = r m ?an an h\r & qu>t]4 ,9 ! middle ( ! process x began to fume & to sp>kle1 z if 9 combu/ion4 ,9 ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r1 ! gas 0 increas$ r m ?an half a measure2 b no alt]ation ( volume took place aft]w>ds4 ,! m]cury 0 n :ite on ! top z is usually ! case :5 nitr\s acid is produc$4 ,on introduc+ into ! cyl9d] a little pale gre5 sulphate ( iron1 & !n add+ prussiate ( pota%1 a :ite precipitate only 0 produc$4 ,n[1 if ! m9ute/ quantity ( nitric acid _h be5 =m$1 x w\ld h be5 decompos$ by ! pale gre5 oxide ( iron1 & h5ce1 a visible quantity ( prussian blue#ajb produc$1 z w be fully expla9$ h]eaft]4 #ajb ,t is1 blue prussiate ( iron4 ,,iii4 ,analysis ( ,nitr\s ,gas by ,pyrophorus4 ,i plac$ "s newly made pyrophorus1 ab\t z mu* z w\ld fill a qu>t] ( a cubic in*1 9 a j> fill$ ) dry m]cury1 & introduc$ to x1 f\r cubic in*es ( nitr\s gas1 procur$ f m]cury & nitric acid4 ,x in/antly took fire & burnt ) great vividness = "s mom5ts4 ,aft] ! combu/ion _h ceas$1 ! gas 0 dim9i%$ ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( a cubic in*4 ,! rema9d] 0 n exam9$2 = ! dim9ution appe>$ to g on = "s "t1 aft]2 9 an half h\r1 :5 x 0 compleat1 x 0 to #b cubic in*es4 ,a tap]1 introduc$ into ^!1 burnt ) an enl>g$ flame1 blue at ! edges2 f :5ce x appe>$1 t !y 7 compos$ ( nitrog5e & nitr\s oxide4 ,i n[ introduc$ ab\t half a cubic in* ( pyrophorus to two cubic in*es ( nitr\s gas2 ! combu/ion took place1 & ! gas 0 rapidly dim9i%$ to "o half2 & on suff]+ x to rema9 five m9utes to "o ?ird ne>ly2 :i* ext+ui%$ flame4 ,suspect+ t ?is great dim9ution 0 ow+ to ! absorption ( "s ( ! nitrog5e =m$1 by ! *>coal ( ! pyrophorus1 ,i c>efully made a quantity ( pyrophorus2 employ+ m ?an two ?irds ( alumn1 to "o ?ird ( sug>4 ,to r m ?an half ( a cubic in* ( ?is1 two cubic in*es ( nitr\s gas1 :i* conta9$ ab\t _/ nitrog5e1 7 admitt$4 ,aft] ! combu/ion1 ! gas rema9+1 app>5tly fill$ a space equal to #a1b cubic in*es2 b1 z on acc\nt ( ! burnt pyrophyrus 9 ! j>1 x 0 impossible to asc]ta9 ! volume ) nicety1 x 0 c>efully & :olly transf]r$ into ano!r j>4 ,x fill$ a space equal to #a1ae cubic in*es ne>ly4 ,:5 wat] 0 admitt$ to ?is gas no absorption took place4 ,x und]w5t no dim9ution ) nitr\s gas1 & a tap] plung$ into x 0 in/antly ext+ui%$4 ,we may consequ5tly conclude t x 0 nitrog5e4 ,n[ #b cubic in*es ( nitr\s gas weigh1#fhf gra9s1 & #a1a ( nitrog5e--1#je1 ! quantity previ\sly conta9$ 9 ! gas to #a1je1 #c1ai4 ,h5ce1#fhf ( nitr\s gas w\ld be compos$ (1#cfg oxyg5e1 & 1#cai nitrog5e2 & #ajj gra9s w\ld conta9 #ec1d oxyg5e1 & #df1f nitrog5e4 ,,iv4 ,additional obs]vations on ! combu/ion ( bodies 9 ,nitr\s ,gas1 & on its ,composition4 ,?\gh phosphorus may be fus$1 & ev5 sublim$1 9 nitr\s gas1 )\t produc+ ! slighte/ lum9\s appe>ance1#ajc yet :5 x is introduc$ into x 9 a /ate ( active inflammation1 x burns ) almo/ z mu* vividness z 9 oxyg5e4#ajd ,h5ce x is evid5t1 t at ! heat ( ignition1 phosphorus is capable ( attract+ ! oxyg5e f ! nitrog5e ( nitr\s gas4 #ajc ,no lum9\s appe>ance is produc$ :5 phosphorus is introduc$ into pure nitr\s gas4 ,x has be5 (t5 obs]v$1 t phosphorus is lum9\s 9 nitr\s gas1 t has n be5 long 9 contact ) wat] aft] its production4 ,?is phnom5on1 ,i suspect1 dep5ds ei!r on ! decomposition ( ! nitric acid held 9 solution by ! nitr\s gas2 or on ! comb9ation ( ! phosphorus ) oxyg5e loosely adh]+ to ! b9>y ari=m comp\nd ( nitric acid & nitr\s gas4 ,i h n yet exam9$ if nitr\s gas c be conv]t$ into nitr\s oxide by long exposure to heat$ phosphorus3 x appe>s1 h[ev]1 v probable4 #ajd ,p]haps ?is fact has be5 notic$ be=e2 ,i h n1 h[ev]1 met ) x 9 any *emical "w4 ,i attempt$ to analise nitr\s gas1 by introduc+ into a kn[n quantity ( x1 conf9$ by m]cury1 phosphorus1 9 a vessel conta9+ a m9ute quantity ( oxyg5e4#aje ,! phosphorus 0 inflam$ ) an ignit$ iron wire1 by :i*1 at ! mom5t ( ! combu/ion1 ! vessel conta9+ x 0 rais$ f ! m]cury into ! nitr\s gas4 ,b aft] mak+ 9 ?is way1 five ( six unsuccessful exp]im5ts1 ,i desi/$4 ,:5 ! communication betwe5 ! vessels 0 made be=e ! oxyg5e 0 ne>ly comb9$ ) ! phosphorus1 nitr\s acid 0 =m$1 :i* in/antly de/roy$ ! combu/ion2 :51 on ! contr>y1 ! phosphorus 0 suff]$ to consume almo/ ! :ole ( ! oxyg5e1 x 0 n suffici5tly ignit$ :5 introduc$1 to decompose ! nitr\s gas4 #aje ,?is mode ( inflam+ bodies 9 gases1 n capable ( support+ combu/ion at l[ temp]atures1 w be p>ticul>ly describ$ h]eaft]4 ,9 "o exp]im5t1 inde$1 ! phosphorus burnt = a mom5t 9 ! nitr\s gas2 ! dim9ution h[ev] 0 slight1 & n m ?an ( x 0 decompos$4 ,sulphur1 introduc$ 9 a /ate ( vivid inflammation1 into nitr\s gas1 0 in/antly ext+ui%$4 ,i pass$ a /rong electric %ock ?r\gh equal p>ts ( hydrog5e & nitr\s gas1 conf9$ by m]cury 9 a detonat+ tube2 b no inflammation1 or p]ceptible dim9ution1 0 produc$4 #ai1b gra9 measures ( hydrog5e 7 fir$ by ! electric %ock1 ) #aj ( nitr\s oxide1 & #f ( nitr\s gas2 ! dim9ution 0 to #ag2 & pale gre5 sulphate ( iron admitt$ to ! residuum1 0 n discolor$4 ,consequ5tly ! nitr\s gas 0 decompos$ by ! hydrog5e1 & z w be h]eaft] m cle>ly und]/ood1 ne>ly z mu* nitrog5e furni%$ by x1 z w\ld h be5 produc$ f half ! quantity ( nitr\s oxide4 ,suspect+ t phosphorat$ hydrog5e might inflame ) nitr\s gas1 ,i pass$ ! electric sp>k ?r\gh #a measure ( phosphorat$ hydrog5e1 & #d ( nitr\s gas2 b no dim9ution 0 p]ceptible4 ,i likewise pass$ ! electric sp>k ?r\gh #a ( nitr\s gas1 ) #b ( phosphorat$ hydrog5e1 )\t inflammation4 ,p]haps if ,i _h tri$ _m o!r diff]5t proportions ( ! gases1 ,i %\ld h at la/ discov]$ "o1 9 :i* !y w\ld h inflam$2 =1 z w be se5 h]eaft]1 nitr\s oxide _c be decompos$ by ! comp\nd combu/ible gases1 except def9ite quantities are employ$4 ,f ,dr4 ,prie/ley's exp]im5ts on iron & pyrophorus1 & f ! exp]im5ts ,i h detail$1 on *>coal1 phosphorus1 & hydrog5e1 x appe>s t at c]ta9 temp]atures1 nitr\s gas is decomposable by mo/ ( ! combu/ible bodies3 ev5 ! ext9ction ( sulphur1 :5 introduc$ into x 9 a /ate ( inflammation1 dep5ds p]haps1 on ! small] quantity ( heat produc$ by ! combu/ion ( ?is body1 ?an t ( mo/ o!rs4 ,! analysis ( nitr\s gas by *>coal1 z af=d+ data = det]m9+ imm$iately ! quantities ( oxyg5e & nitrog5e1 ought to be consid]$ z mo/ accurate2 & correct+ x by mean calculations d]iv$ f ! decomposition ( nitr\s gas by pyrophorus & hydrog5e1 & its conv]sion into nitr\s oxide1 a process to be describ$ h]eaft]1 we may conclude1 t #ajj gra9s ( nitr\s gas are compos$ ( #ee1ie oxyg5e1 & #dd1je nitrog5e2 or tak+ away decimals1 ( #ef oxyg5e1 & #dd nitrog5e4 ,?is e/imation w agree v well ) ! mean proportions t w\ld be giv5 f ,dr4 ,prie/ley's exp]im5ts on ! decomposition ( nitr\s gas by iron2 b z he nev] asc]ta9$ ! purity ( 8 nitr\s gas1#ajf & probably employ$ diff]5t k9ds 9 diff]5t exp]im5ts1 x is impossible to fix on any "o1 f :i* accurate conclusions c be drawn4 ,lavoisi]'s e/imation ( ! quantities ( oxyg5e & nitrog5e ent]+ into ! composition ( nitr\s gas1 has be5 g5]ally adopt$4 ,he supposes #fd p>ts ( nitr\s gas to be compos$ ( #dc ( oxyg5e1 & #bj ( nitrog5e4#ajg #ajf ,elem5ts ,engli% ,trans4 edit4 i4 pag4 #baf4 #ajg ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pag4 #dj1 #b;d4 ,ed4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is acc\nt & m9e is v great inde$2 b ,i h already1 9 ,division #a/1 po9t$ out s\rces ( error 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ?is great man1 on ! decomposition ( nitre by *>coal2 :i* exp]im5ts 7 fundam5tal1 bo? to 8 acc\nts ( ! con/itution ( nitr\s acid1 & nitr\s gas4 ,v4 ,( ! absorption ( ,nitr\s ,gas by ,wat]4 ,among/ ! prop]ties ( nitr\s gas notic$ by its great discov]]1 is t ( absorbability by wat]4 ,9 expos+ nitr\s air to di/ill$ wat]1 ,dr4 ,prie/ley f\nd a dim9ution ( ! volume ( gas1 ne>ly equal to "o t5? ( ! bulk ( ! wat]2 & by boil+ ! wat] ?us impregnat$1 he procur$ aga9 a c]ta9 portion ( ! nitr\s gas4 ,humbolt1 9 8 pap] on eudiometry1 m5tions ! dim9ution ( nitr\s gas by wat]4 ,?is dim9ution1 he supposes to arise f ! decomposition ( a portion ( ! nitr\s gas1 by ! wat]1 & ! consequ5t =mation ( nitrate ( ammoniac4#ajh #ajh ,he says1 8,on a obs]v1 7depuis qu'on travaille sur le puret de l'air7 que le gaz nitreux1 sec\ avec l'eau1 en s\ffre une dim9ution de volume4 ,quelques physici5s attribu5t ce *angem5t une vraie absorption1 une dissolution du gaz nitreux dans l'eau2 d'autres l'air cont5u dans les int]/ices de t\s les fluides4 ,le cit4 ,vanbr$a1 ,delft1 a fait des re*]*es trs-exactes sur l'influ5ce des eaux de pluie et de puit1 sur les nombres eudiomtriques2 et les belles expri5ces du cit4 ,hass5fratz1 sur l'abondance d'oxygne1 cont5ue dans les eaux de neige et de pluie1 sont suppos] que l'air des int]/ices de l'eau j\e un rle important dans l'absorption du gaz nitreux4 ,en comp>ant ces effets avec les phnomnes obs]v dans la decomposition du sulfate de f]1 n\s supposmes1 le cit4 ,tassa]t et moi1 que le simple contact du gaz nitreux avec l'eau di/ille p\rroit bi5 caus] une dcomposition de ce d]ni]4 ,n\s exam9mes soigneusem5t une petite quantit d'eau di/ille1 sec\e avec beauc\p de gas nitreux trs-pur1 et n\s tr\vmes1 au moy5 de la t]re calcaire1 et l'acide muriatique1 qu'il s'y =me du nitrate d'ammoniaque4 ,l'eau se dcompose en cette opration1 p> un d\ble aff9it de l'oxyg5e p\r le gaz nitreux1 et de l'hydrogne p\r l'azote2 il se =me de l'acide nitrique et de l'ammoniaque2 et1 quoique la quantit du d]ni] p>oisse trop petite p\r en valu] exactm5t la quantit1 son exi/5ce cep5dant se manife/e1 7 ne pas sans d\t]7 p> le dgagem5t des vapeurs1 qui blan*iss5t dans la proximit de l'acide muriatique4 ,voil un fait bi5 frappant que la composition d'une sub/ance alcal9e p> le contact d'une acide1 et de l'eau40 ,annales de ,*imie1 t4 xxviii4 pag4 #aec4 ,i confess1 t ev5 be=e ! foll[+ exp]im5ts 7 made1 ,i 0 b little incl9$ to adopt ?is op9ion3 ! small dim9ution ( nitr\s gas by wat]1 & ! uni=m limits ( ?is dim9ution1 r5d]$ x extremely improbable4 a4 ,to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( nitr\s gas absorbable by pure wat]1 & ! limits ( absorption1 ,i introduc$ into a glass retort ab\t #e ounces ( wat]1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly boil$ = "s h\rs4 ,! neck ( ! retort 0 inv]t$ 9 m]cury1 & ! wat] made to boil4 ,aft] a ?ird ( x _h be5 di/ill$1 s t no air c\ld possibly rema9 9 ! retort1 ! rema9d] 0 driv5 ov]1 & cond5s$ 9 an inv]t$ j> fill$ ) m]cury4 ,to ?ree cubic in*es ( ?is wat]1#aji conf9$ 9 a cyl9d] graduat$ to1#je cubic in*es1 #e cubic in*es ( nitr\s gas1 conta9+ ne>ly "o ?irtie? nitrog5e1 7 introduc$4 #aji ,:i* 0 c]ta9ly z free f air z x ev] c be obta9$4 ,aft] agitation = ne> an h\r1 r m ?an _/ ( a cubic in* appe>$ to be absorb$2 b ?\gh ! process 0 cont9u$ = ne> two h\rs long]1 no fur!r dim9ution took place4 ,! rema9+ gas 0 introduc$ into a tube graduat$ to1#jb cubic in*es4 ,x measur$ _/2 h5ce _/ _h be5 absorb$4 ,consequ5tly1 #ajj cubic in*es ( pure wat] are capable ( absorb+ #aa1h ( nitr\s gas4 ,9 ! wat] ?us impregnat$ ) nitr\s gas ,i c\ld di/+ui% no peculi> ta/e2#aaj x did n at all alt] ! color ( blue cabbage juice4 #aaj ,dr4 ,prie/ley f\nd di/ill$ wat]1 saturat$ ) nitr\s air1 to acquire an a/r+5t ta/e & pung5t smell4 ,9 "s unboil$ impregnat$ pump wat]1 ,i once ?\ght t ,i p]ceiv$ a subacid ta/e2 b x 0 extremely slight1 & probably ow+ to nitr\s acid =m$ by ! union ( ! oxyg5e ( ! common air 9 ! wat]1 ) "s ( ! nitr\s gas4 b4 ,to det]m9e if ! absorption ( nitr\s gas 0 ow+1 to a decomposition ( x by ! wat]1 z ,humbolt has suppos$1 or to a simple solution2 ,i procur$ "s nitr\s gas f nitr\s acid & m]cury1 conta9+ ab\t "o sev5tie? nitrog5e4 1#e cubic in*es ( x1 m+l$ ) 1#be1 ( oxyg5e1 f sulphuric acid & manganese left a residuum (1#jc4 #e cubic in*es m 7 introduc$ to #c ( wat]1 procur$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! la/ exp]im5t1 9 ! same cyl9d]4 ,aft] ! dim9ution 0 complete1 ! cyl9d] 0 transf]r$ 9 a small vessel conta9+ m]cury1 into a wat] ba?1 & ne>ly cov]$ by ! wat]4 ,z ! ba? 0 heat$1 small globules ( gas 7 giv5 out f ! impregnat$ wat]1 & :5 x began to boil1 ! production ( gas 0 /ill m rapid4 ,aft] an h\r's ebullition1 ! volume ( heat$ gas 0 equal to #a1d cubic in*es ne>ly4 ,! cyl9d] 0 n[ tak5 out ( ! ba?1 & quickly r5d]$ cool by be+ plac$ 9 a wat] app>atus4 ,at ! common temp]ature ! gas occupi$1 z ne>ly z possible1 ! space (1#e cubic in*es3 ^!1#e m+l$ )1#be ( oxyg5e1 ( ! same k9d z t employ$ be=e1 left a residuum ne>ly equal to1#jc4 ,f ?is exp]im5t1 :i* 0 repeat$ ) ne>ly ! same results1 x is evid5t1 #a4 ,t nitr\s gas is n decomposable by pure wat]4 #b4 ,t ! dim9ution ( volume ( nitr\s gas plac$ 9 contact ) wat]1 is ow+ to a simple solution ( x 9 t fluid4 #c4 ,t at ! temp]ature ( #bab1 nitr\s gas is incapable ( rema9+ 9 comb9ation ) wat]4 ,humbolt's op9ion relat+ to ! decomposition ( nitr\s gas by wat]1 is f\nd$ ^u ! dis5gagem5t ( vapor f di/ill$ wat] impregnat$ ) nitr\s gas1 by means ( lime1 :i* became :ite 9 ! proximity ( ! muriatic acid4 ,b ?is is a v imp]fect1 & fallaci\s te/1 ( ! pres5ce ( ammoniac4 ,i h ?is day1 ,april #b1 #ahjj1 heat$ #d cubic in*es ( di/ill$ wat]1 impregnat$ ) nitr\s gas1 ) cau/ic lime2 ! vapor c]ta9ly became a little :it] :5 held ov] a vessel conta9+ muriatic acid2 b ! vapor ( di/ill$ wat] produc$ precisely ! same appe>ance1#aaa :i* 0 ow+1 mo/ likely1 to ! comb9ation ( ! acid ) ! aque\s vapor4 ,inde$1 :5 ,i add$ a p>ticle ( nitrate ( ammoniac1 :i* might h equall$ "o tw5tie? ( a gra91 to ! lime & impregnat$ wat]1 ! increas$ :it5ess ( ! vapor 0 b b>ely p]ceptible1 ?\gh ?is quantity ( nitrate ( ammoniac is mu* m consid]able ?an t :i* c\ld h be5 =m$1 ev5 suppos+ ! nitr\s gas decompos$4 #aaa ,z c>bonic acid & ammoniac are bo? products ( animalisation1 is x n probable t our common wat]s p>ticul>ly ^? 91 & ne> t[ns & cities1 conta9 c>bonate ( ammoniac8 ,if s1 ?is salt w always exi/ 9 !m aft] di/illation4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts on c>bonate ( ammoniac1 to :i* ,i h (t5 allud$1 ,i f\nd1 9 di/ill+ a solution ( ?is salt 9 wat]1 t be=e half ( ! wat] _h pass$ into ! recipi5t1 ! c>bonate ( ammoniac _h sublim$2 s t ! di/ill$ solution 0 mu* /rong] ?an be=e1 :il/ ! wat] rema9+ 9 ! retort 0 ta/eless4 ,w ?is supposition at all expla9 ,humbolt's mi/ake8 ,,vi4 ,( ! absorption ( ,nitr\s ,gas by ,wat] ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,9 agitat+ nitr\s gas ov] spr+ wat]1 ! dim9ution r>ely am\nts to m ?an "o ?irtie?1 ! volume ( wat] be+ tak5 z unity4 ,i at fir/ suspect$ t ?is great diff]cnce 9 ! quantity ( gas absorb$ by spr+ wat]1 & pure wat]1 dep5d$ on c>bonic acid conta9$ 9 ! la/1 dim9i%+ ! attraction ( x = nitr\s gas3 b by long boil+ a quantity ( spr+ wat] conf9$ by m]cury1 ,i obta9$ f x ab\t "o tw5tie? ( its bulk ( air1 :i* gave ne>ly ! same dim9ution ) nitr\s gas1 z atmosph]ic air4 ,?is fact induc$ me to ref] ! diff]5ce ( dim9ution to ! decomposition ( ! atmosph]ic air held 9 solution by ! wat]1 ! oxyg5e ( :i* ,i suppos$ to be conv]t$ into nitric acid1 by ! nitr\s gas1 :il/ ! nitrog5e 0 lib]at$2 & h5ce ! increas$ residuum4 a4 ,i expos$ to pure wat]1 t is1 wat] procur$ by di/illation "u m]cury1 nitr\s gas1 conta9+ a kn[n quantity ( nitrog5e4 ,aft] ! absorption 0 complete1 ,i f\nd ! same quantity ( nitrog5e 9 ! residuum1 z 0 conta9$ 9 a volume ( gas equal to ! :ole quantity employ$4 b4 ,spr+ wat] boil$ = "s h\rs1 & suff]$ to cool "u m]cury1 absorb$ a quantity ( nitr\s gas equal to "o ?irte5? ( its bulk2 :i* is n mu* less ?an t absorb$ by pure wat]4 c4 ,i expos$ to spr+ wat]1 #aj measures ( nitr\s gas2 ! composition ( :i* _h be5 accurately asc]ta9$2 ! dim9ution 0 "o tw5ty-eigh?1 ! volume ( wat] be+ tak5 z unity4 ,on plac+ ! residuum 9 contact ) solution ( sulphate ( iron1 ! nitrog5e rema9+ 0 ne>ly "o tw5tie? m ?an _h be5 conta9$ by ! gas be=e its exposure to wat]4 d4 ,di/ill$ wat] 0 saturat$ ) common air1 by be+ agitat$ = "s "t 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,nitr\s gas plac$ 9 contact ) ?is wat]1 und]w5t a dim9ution ( _/2 ! volume ( wat] be+ unity4 ,! gas rema9+ aft] ! absorption conta9$ ab\t "o tw5ty-sev5? nitrog5e m ?an be=e4 e4 ,nitr\s gas expos$ to wat] comb9$ ) ab\t "o f\r? ( its volume ( c>bonic acid1 dim9i%$ to _/#aab ne>ly4 ,! rema9d] conta9$ little or no sup]abundant nitrog5e4 #aab ,! wat] /ill be+ unity4 ,f ^! obs]vations x appe>s1 t ! diff]5t degrees ( dim9ution ( nitr\s gas by diff]5t k9ds ( wat]1 may dep5d ^u v>i\s causes4 #a4 ,less nitr\s gas w be absorb$ by wat] hold+ 9 solution e>?y salts1 ?an by pure wat]2 & 9 ?is case ! dim9ution ( ! attraction ( wat] = nitr\s gas w probably be 9 ! ratio ( ! quantities ( salt comb9$ ) x4 a4 b4 #b4 ,! app>5t dim9ution ( nitr\s gas 9 wat]1 hold+ 9 solution atmosph]ic air1 w be less ?an 9 pure wat]1 ?\gh ! absolute dim9ution w be great]2 = ! same portion w be absorb$1 :il/ ano!r portion is comb9$ ) ! oxyg5e ( ! atmosph]ic air conta9$ 9 ! wat]2 & f ! dis5gagem5t ( ! nitrog5e ( ?is air1 arises an increas$ residuum4 c4 d4 #c4 ,probably 9 wat]s conta9+ nitrog5e1 hydrog5e1 & o!r gases1 absorbable only to a slight ext5t1 ! app>5t dim9ution w be less1 on acc\nt ( ! dis5gagem5t ( ^? gases f ! wat]1 by ! /rong] aff9ity ( nitr\s gas = t fluid4 #d4 ,9 wat] conta9+ c>bonic acid1 & probably "s o!r acid gases1 ! dim9ution w be small 9 proportion to ! quantity ( gas conta9$ 9 ! wat]3 ! aff9ity ( ?is fluid = nitr\s gas be+ dim9i%$ by its great] aff9ity = ! sub/ance comb9$ ) x4 e4 ,! diff]5t dim9ution ( nitr\s gas :5 agitat$ 9 diff]5t k9ds ( wat]1 has be5 long obs]v$ by exp]im5t]s on ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ! atmosph]e1 & v>i\s solutions h be5 giv5 ( ! phnom5on2 ! mo/ s+ul> is t ( ,humbolt4#aac ,he supposes t ! app>5t dim9ution ( nitr\s gas is less 9 spr+ wat] ?an di/ill$ wat]1 on acc\nt ( ! decomposition ( ! c>bonate ( lime conta9$ 9 ! spr+ wat]1 by ! nitr\s acid =m$ f ! contact ( nitr\s gas ) ! wat]2 ! c>bonic acid dis5gag$ f ?is decomposition increas+ ! residuum4 #aac ,he says 8#ajj p>ties de gaz nitreux1 7 #j4ad d'azote7 sec\es avec l'eau di/ille1 rcemm5t cuite1 dim9u5t en volume de #j4aa1 ou #j4ab4 ,ce mme gaz1 en contact avec l'eau de puits1 ne p]d que #j4jb4 ,la cause de cette diffr5ce de #j4i1 ou #j4aj1 ne doit pas tre attribue ni l'impurit de l'air atmosphrique1 cont5u dans les int]/ices de l'eau1 ni la dcomposition de cette eau mme4 ,elle n'e/ qu'app>5te2 c> l'acide nitrique1 qui se =me p> le contact du gaz nitreux avec l'eau de puits1 en dcompose le c>bonate de *aux4 ,il se dgage de l'acide c>bonique1 qui1 en augm5tant le volume du residu1 r5d l'absorption du gaz nitreux mo9s s5sible4 ,p\r dt]m9] la quantit de cet acide c>bonique1 je lavai le rsidu avec de l'eau de *aux4 ,dans un gr& nombre d'expri5ces1 le volume dim9ua de #j4ji1 ou #j4jg4 ,il faut en conduire que l'eau de puits absorbe rellem5t #i #b1 ou #g #b p>ties de gas nitreux1 c'e/--dire1 peu-prs la mme quantit que l'eau di/ille40 ,annales ,de ,*imie1 xxviii4 pag4 #aed4 ,?is op9ion may be confut$ )\t ev5 ref]5ce to my obs]vations4 ,x is1 inde$1 altoge!r unwor?y ( a philosoph]1 g5]ally acute & +5i\s4 ,he seems to h =gott5 t c>bonic acid is absorbable by wat]4 ,,vii4 ,( ! absorption ( ,nitr\s ,gas1 by solution ( pale gre5 ,sulphate ( ,iron4 a4 ,! discov]y ( ! exact diff]5ce betwe5 ! sulphates ( iron1 is ow+ to ,pr\/4#aad ,accord+ to ! +5i\s rese>*es ( ?is *emi/1 !re exi/ two v>ieties ( sulphate ( iron1 ! gre5 & ! r$4 ,! oxide 9 ! gre5 sulphate conta9s _/ oxyg54 ,?is salt1 :5 pure1 is insoluble 9 _s ( w9e2 its solution 9 wat] is ( a pale gre5 color2 x is n alt]$ by ! gallic acid1 & af=ds a :ite precipitate ) alkal9e prussiates4 #aad ,ni*olson's ,phil4 ,j\r4 ,no4 #a1 p4 #dec4 ,! r$ sulphate ( iron is soluble 9 alcohol & uncry/alizable2 its oxide conta9s _/ oxyg5e4 ,x =ms a black precipitate ) ! gallic acid1 & ) ! alkal9e prussiates1 a blue "o4 ,! common sulphates ( iron g5]ally consi/ ( comb9ations ( ^! two v>ieties 9 diff]5t proportions4 ,! gre5 sulphate may be conv]t$ into ! r$ by oxyg5at$ muriatic acid or nitric acid4 ,! common sulphate may be conv]t$ into gre5 sulphate1 by agitation 9 contact ) sulphurat$ hydrog5e4 ,! gre5 sulphate has a /rong aff9ity = oxyg5e1 x attracts x f ! atmosph]e1 f oxyg5at$ m>9e acid1 & nitric acid4 ,! alkalies precipitate f x a pale gre5 oxide1 :i* if expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 rapidly becomes yell[ r$4 ,! r$ sulphate ( iron has no aff9ity = oxyg5e1 & :5 decompos$ by ! alkalies1 gives a r$ precipitate1 :i* und]goes no alt]ation :5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e4#aae #aae ,i h be5 able to make ^! obs]vations on ! sulphates ( iron1 mo/ ( !m aft] ,pr\/4 b4 ,! absorption ( nitr\s gas by a solution ( sulphate ( iron1 0 long ago discov]$ by ,prie/ley4 ,dur+ ?is absorption1 he rem>k$ a *ange ( color 9 ! solution1 analog\s to t produc$ by ! mixture ( x ) nitric acid4 ,?is *emical fact has be5 lately appli$ by ,humbolt1 to ! discov]y ( ! nitrog5e g5]ally m+l$ ) nitr\s gas4 ,vauquel9 & ,humbolt h publi%$ a memoir1 on ! causes ( ! absorption#aaf ( nitr\s gas by solution ( sulphate ( iron4 ,!y saturat$ an ounce & half ( sulphate ( iron 9 solution1 ) #ahj cubic in*es ( nitr\s gas4 #aaf ,annales de ,*imie1 vol4 xxviii4 pag4 #ahb4 ,?us impregnat$ x /rongly r$d5$ t9cture ( turnsoyle2 :5 m+l$ ) sulphuric acid1 gave nitric acid vapor2 & saturat$ ) pota%1 ammoniacal vapor4 ,by analysis1 x produc$ z mu* ammoniac z t conta9$ 9 #d gra9s ( ammoniacal muriate1 & a quantity ( nitric acid equal to t exi/+ 9 #ag gra9s ( nitre4 ,h5ce !y conclud$1 t ! nitr\s gas & a portion ( ! wat] ( ! solution1 _h mutually decompos$ ea* o!r2 ! oxyg5e ( ! wat] comb9+ ) ! oxyg5e & a portion ( ! nitrog5e ( nitr\s gas to =m nitric acid2 & its hydrog5e unit+ ) ! rema9+ nitrog5e1 to g5]ate ammoniac4 ,!y h tak5 no notice ( ! nature ( ! sulphate ( iron employ$1 :i* 0 mo/ probably ! common or mix$ sulphate2 nor ( ! attraction ( ! oxide ( iron 9 ?is sub/ance = oxyg5e4 c4 ,be=e ,i 0 acqua9t$ ) ! obs]vations ( ,pr\/1 ! common facts relat+ to ! oxyg5ation ( vitriol ( iron induc$ me to suppose1 t ! attraction ( ?is sub/ance = oxyg5e 0 9 "s way connect$ ) ! process ( absorption4 ,! comp>ison ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,humbolt & ,vauquel91 ) ! obs]vations ( ,pr\/1 enabl$ me to discov] ! true nature ( ! process4 ,i procur$ a solution ( r$ sulphate ( iron1 by pass+ oxyg5at$ muriatic acid ?r\gh a solution ( common sulphate ( iron1 till x gave only a r$ precipitate1 :5 m+l$ ) cau/ic pota%4 ,to nitr\s gas conf9$ by m]cury1 a small quantity ( ?is solution 0 introduc$4 ,on agitation1 its color alt]$ to muddy gre52 b ! absorption t took place 0 extremely trifl+3 9 half an h\r x did n am\nt to1#b1 ! volume ( ! solution be+ unity1 :5 x _h ne>ly rega9$ ! yell[ color4 ,i n[ obta9$ a solution ( gre5 sulphate ( iron1 by dissolv+ iron fil+s 9 dilut$ sulphuric acid4 ,! solution 0 agitat$ 9 contact ) sulphurat$ hydrog5e1 & aft]w>ds boil$2 :5 x gave a :ite precipitate ) prussiate ( pota%4 ,a small quantity ( ?is solution agitat$ 9 nitr\s gas1 quickly became ( an olive br[n1 & ! gas 0 dim9i%$ ) great rapidity2 9 two m9utes1 a quantity equal to f\r times ! volume ( ! solution1 _h be5 absorb$4 ,^! facts conv9c$ me t ! solubility ( nitr\s gas 9 common sulphate ( iron1 *iefly dep5d$ ^u ! pale gre5 sulphate conta9$ by x2 & t ! attraction ( "o ( ! con/itu5ts ( ?is sub/ance1 ! gre5 oxide ( iron1 = oxyg5e1 0 "o ( ! causes ( ! phnom5on4 d4 ,gre5 sulphate ( iron rapidly decomposes nitric acid4 ,x 0 consequ5tly difficult to conceive h[ any aff9ities exi/+ betwe5 nitr\s gas1 wat]1 & gre5 sulphate ( iron1 c\ld produce ! nitric acid f\nd 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,vauquel9 & ,humbolt4 ,to asc]ta9 if ! pres5ce ( a great quantity ( wat] de/roy$ ! p[] ( gre5 sulphate ( iron to decompose nitric acid1 ,i introduc$ into a cubic in* ( solution ( gre5 sulphate ( iron1 two drops ( conc5trat$ nitric acid4 ,! solution assum$ a v light olive color2 prussiate ( pota% m+l$ ) a little ( x1 gave a d>k gre5 precipitate4 ,h5ce ! nitric acid _h be5 evid5tly decompos$4 ,z no nitr\s gas 0 giv5 out1 :i* is always ! case :5 nitric acid is p\r$ on cry/alis$ sulphate ( iron1 ,i suspect$ t a compleat decomposition ( ! acid _h tak5 place2 b :5 ! solution 0 heat$1 a few m9ute globules ( gas 7 lib]at$1 & x gradually became slightly cl\d$4 ,hav+ (t5 rem>k$ t no precipitation is ev] produc$ dur+ ! conv]sion ( gre5 sulphate ( iron into r$1 by oxyg5at$ muriatic acid1 or conc5trat$ nitric acid1 ,i c\ld ref] ! cl\d9ess to no o!r cause ?an to ! =mation ( ammoniac4 ,to asc]ta9 if ?is sub/ance _h be5 produc$1 a quantity ( slack$ cau/ic lime 0 ?r[n into ! solution4 ,on ! application ( heat1 ! ammoniacal smell 0 di/9ctly p]ceptible1 & ! vapor held ov] orange nitr\s acid1 gave d5se :ite fumes4 e4 ,:5 ,i consid]$ ?is fact ( ! decomposition ( nitric acid & wat] by ! solution ( gre5 sulphate ( iron1 & ! *ange ( color effect$ 9 x by ! absorption ( nitr\s gas1 exactly analog\s to t produc$ by ! decomposition ( nitric acid2 ,i 0 induc$ to believe t ! nitric acid f\nd 9 ! analysis ( ,vauquel9 & ,humbolt1 _h be5 =m$ by ! comb9ation ( "s ( ! nitr\s gas ?r[n into ! solution ) ! oxyg5e ( ! atmosph]e3 & t ! absorbability ( nitr\s gas1 by solution ( gre5 sulphate ( iron1 0 ow+ to a decomposition produc$ by ! comb9ation ( its oxyg5e ) ! gre5 oxide ( iron1 & ( its nitrog5e ) ! hydrog5e dis5gag$ f wat]1 decomp\nd$ at ! same "t4 ,to asc]ta9 ?is1 ,i procur$ a quantity ( nitr\s gas3 x 0 suff]$ to rema9 9 contact ) wat] = "s h\rs aft] its production4 ,transf]r$ to ! m]curial app>atus1 x gave no :ite vapor :5 plac$ 9 contact ) solution ( ammoniac2 & consequ5tly held no nitric acid 9 solution4 ,into a graduat$ j> fill$ ) m]cury1 a cubic in* ( conc5trat$ solution ( pure gre5 sulphate ( iron 0 introduc$1 & #g cubic in*es ( nitr\s gas admitt$ to x4 ,! solution imm$iately became d>k olive at ! edges1 & on agitation ?is color 0 diffus$ ?r\gh x4 ,9 #c m9utes1 :5 ne> #e cubic in*es _h be5 absorb$1 ! dim9ution ceas$4 ,! solution 0 n[ ( a bright olive br[n1 & transp>5t at ! edges4 ,aft] x _h re/$ = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 no f>!r absorption 0 obs]v$2 ! color 0 ! same1 & no precipitation c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,a little ( x 0 ?r[n into a small glass tube1 "u ! m]cury1 & exam9$ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,its ta/e 0 r m a/r+5t ?an t ( solution ( gre5 sulphate2 x did n at all alt] ! color ( r$ cabbage juice4 ,:5 a little ( x 0 p\r$ on ! m]cury1 x soon lo/ its color1 its ta/e became acid1 & x quickly r$d5$ cabbage juice1 ev5 r5d]$ gre5 by an alkali4 ,to ! solution rema9+ 9 ! m]curial j>1 a small quantity ( prussiate ( pota% 0 introduc$1 to asc]ta9 if any r$ sulphate ( iron _h be5 =m$2 b in/ead ( ! production ( ei!r a blue1 or a :ite precipitate1 ! :ole ( ! solution became opaque1 & *ocolate color$4 ,surpris$ at ?is appe>ance1 ,i 0 at fir/ induc$ to suppose1 t ! ammoniac =m$ by ! nitrog5e ( ! nitr\s gas & ! hydrog5e ( ! wat]1 _h be5 suffici5t to precipitate f ! sulphuric acid1 ! r$ oxide ( iron produc$1 & t ! color ( ! mixture 0 ow+ to ?is precipitation4 ,to dissolve any uncomb9$ oxide t might exi/ 9 ! solution1 ,i add$ a v m9ute quantity ( dilut$ sulphuric acid2 b little alt]ation ( color 0 produc$4 ,h5ce1 evid5tly1 no r$ oxide _h be5 =m$4 ,?is unexpect$ result oblig$ me to !orise a second "t1 by suppos+ t nitrate ( ammoniac _h be5 produc$1 :i* by comb9+ ) ! :ite prussiate ( iron1 g5]at$ a new comb9ation4 ,b on m+l+ toge!r gre5 sulphate ( iron1 prussiate ( pota%1 & nitrate ( ammoniac 9 ! atmosph]e1 ! mixture rema9$ p]fectly :ite4 ,to asc]ta9 if any nitric acid exi/$1 comb9$ ) any ( ! bases1 9 ! impregnat$ solution1 ,i introduc$ into x an equal bulk ( dilut$ sulphuric acid3 x became r pal]2 b no gre5 or blue t+e 0 produc$4 ,t ! prussic acid _h n be5 decompos$1 0 evid5t f ! bright gre5 produc$1 :5 less ?an a gra9 ( dilute nitric acid 0 admitt$ into ! solution4 f4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts x 0 evid5t1 t no r$ sulphate ( iron1 or nitric acid1 & consequ5tly no ammoniac1 _h be5 produc$ aft] ! absorption ( nitr\s gas by gre5 sulphate ( iron4 ,& :5 ,i comp>$ !m ) ! obs]vations ( ,prie/ley1 :o _h expell$ by heat a m9ute quantity ( nitr\s gas f an impregnat$ solution ( common sulphate ( iron1 & :o f\nd common air phlogi/icat$ by /&+ 9 contact ) x1 ,i began to suspect t nitr\s gas 0 simply dissolv$ 9 ! solution1 )\t und]go+ decomposition4 g4 ,to det]m9e m accurately ! nature ( ! process1 ,i introduc$ into a m]curial cyl9d] #daj gra9s ( solution ( gre5 sulphate ( iron1 occupy+ a space ne>ly equal to a cubic in* & qu>t]2 x 0 saturat$ ) nitr\s gas1 by absorb+ #h cubic in*es4 ,?is saturat$ solution exhibit$ ! same appe>ance z ! la/2 & aft] rema9+ ne> an h\r unt\*$1 _h evid5tly deposit$ no oxide ( iron1 nor ga9$ any acid prop]ties4 ,into a small mattrass fill$ ) m]cury1 hav+ a tight /opp] ) a curv$ tube adapt$ to x1 ! great] "p ( ?is solution 0 introduc$2 judg+ f ! capacity ( ! mattrass1 ab\t #ej gra9s ( x might h be5 lo/4 ,to prev5t common air f com+ 9 contact ) ! solution1 ! /opp] 0 introduc$ into ! mattrass "u ! m]cury2 ! curv$ tube connect$ ) a graduat$ cyl9d] fill$ ) t sub/ance2 & ! mattrass br\ght ov] ! side ( ! m]curial tr\gh4 ,b 9 spite ( ^! precautions a l>ge globule ( common air got into ! top ( ! mattrass1 f ! curvature ( ! tube4 ,:5 ! heat ( a _s lamp 0 appli$ to ! solution1 x gave out gas ) great rapidity1 & gradually lo/ its color4 ,:5 #e cubic in*es 7 collect$ x became p]fectly pale gre51 :il/ a yell[ r$ precipitate 0 deposit$ on ! bottom ( ! mattrass4 ,on p\r+ a little ( ! cle> solution into prussiate ( pota%1 x gave only :ite prussiate ( iron4 ,b on introduc+ a p>ticle ( sulphuric acid into ! solution1 suffici5t to dissolve "s ( ! r$ precipitate1 & !n p\r+ a little ( x into a solution ( prussiate ( pota%1 x gave a f9e blue prussiate ( iron4 ,h5ce ! r$ precipitate 0 evid5tly r$ yell[ oxide ( iron4 ,i n[ exam9$ ! gas1 suspect+ t x 0 nitr\s oxide4 ,on m+l+ a little ( x ) atmosph]ic air1 x gave r$ vapor1 & dim9i%$4 ,solution ( sulphate ( iron introduc$ to ! rema9d]1 almo/ :olly absorb$ x3 ! small residual globule ( nitrog5e c\ld n equal "o ?irtie? ( a cubic in*4 ,consequ5tly x 0 nitr\s gas1 ne>ly pure4 ,cau/ic pota% 0 n[ introduc$ into ! solution1 till all ! oxide ( iron 0 precipitat$4 ,! solution1 :5 heat$1 gave a /rong smell ( ammoniac1 & d5se :ite fumes :5 held ov] muriatic acid4 ,x 0 kept at ! heat ( ebullition till ! evaporation _h be5 ne>ly compleat$4 ,sulphuric acid p\r$ ^u ! residuum gave no yell[ fumes1 or nitric acid vapor 9 any way p]ceptible2 ev5 :5 heat$ & made to boil1 !re 0 no indication ( ! production ( any vapor1 except t ( ! sulphuric acid4 h4 ,?is exp]im5t1 comp>$ ) ! o!rs1 seem$ almo/ to prove1 t nitr\s gas comb9$ ) solution ( pale gre5 sulphate ( iron1 at ! common temp]ature1 )\t decomposition2 & t :5 ! impregnat$ solution 0 heat$1 ! great] portion ( gas 0 dis5gag$1 :il/ ! rema9d] 0 decomp\nd$ by ! gre5 oxide ( iron2 :i* attract$ at ! same "t oxyg5e f ! wat] & ! nitr\s gas2 :il/ _! o!r con/itu5t pr9ciples1 hydrog5e & nitrog5e1 ent]$ into union z ammoniac4 ,:il/1 h[ev]1 ,i 0 reason+ ^u ?is s+ul> *emical *ange1 z af=d+ presumptive pro(s 9 favor ( ! ex]tion ( simple aff9ities by ! con/itu5t p>ts ( comp\nd sub/ances1 a d\bt conc]n+ ! decomposition ( ! nitr\s gas occurr$ to me4 ,z ne> z ,i c\ld guess at ! quantity ( nitr\s gas conta9$ by ! impregnat$ solution1 at lea/ ( x mu/ h be5 expell$ undecomp\nd$4 ,m ?an a qu>t] ( a cubic in* ( common air _h be5 pres5t 9 ! mattrass3 ! oxyg5e ( ?is common air mu/ h comb9$ ) ! nitr\s gas1 to =m nitric acid4 ,might n ?is nitric acid h be5 decompos$1 & furni%$ oxyg5e to ! r$ oxide ( iron1 & nitrog5e to ! small quantity ( ammoniac f\nd 9 ! solution1 z 9 d8 i4 ,i n[ introduc$ to a solution ( gre5 sulphate conf9$ by m]cury1 nitr\s gas1 p]fectly free f nitric acid4 ,:5 ! solution 0 saturat$1 a portion ( x 0 introduc$ into a small mattrass fill$ ) dry m]cury1 9 ! m]curial tr\gh4 ,! curv$ tube 0 clos$ by a small cork at ! top1 & fill$ ) nitr\s gas2 x 0 !n adapt$ to ! mattrass1 :i* 0 rais$ f ! tr\gh1 & ! solution ?us effectually pres]v$ f ! contact ( ! atmosph]e4 ,:5 ! heat ( a _s lamp 0 appli$ to ! mattrass1 x began to give out gas ) great rapidity4 ,aft] "s "t ! solution lo/ its d>k color1 & became turbid4 ,:5 ! production ( nitr\s gas _h ceas$1 x 0 suff]$ to cool4 ,a copi\s r$ precipitate _h fall5 d[n2 :i*1 exam9$ by ! same te/s z 9 ! la/ exp]im5t1 prov$ to be r$ oxide ( iron4 ,! solution treat$ ) lime1 z be=e1 gave ammoniac2 b ) sulphuric acid1 n ! slighte/ indications ( nitric acid4 k4 ,hav+ ?us procur$ full evid5ce ( ! decomposition ( nitr\s gas 9 ! heat$ solution1 9 ord] to ga9 a m accurate acqua9tance ) ! aff9ities ex]t$1 ,i endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( nitr\s gas decompos$ by a giv5 solution1 "u kn[n circum/ances4 ,into a cyl9d] ( ! capacity ( #bj cubic in*es1 inv]t$ 9 m]cury1 #aaej gra9s ( solution ( gre5 sulphate ( iron1 ( specific gravity #a1d1 7 introduc$4 ,nitr\s gas 0 admitt$ to x1 & aft] "s "t #ba cubic in*es 7 absorb$4 ,! impregnat$ solution 0 ?r[n into a mattrass1 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! la/ exp]im5t1 & ! same precautions tak5 to pres]ve x f ! contact ( atmosph]ic air4 ,a quantity 0 lo/ dur+ ! process ( transf]r+1 :i*1 reason+ f ! space occupi$ 9 ! mattrass by ! rema9+ portion1 z det]m9$ by exp]im5t aft]w>ds1 mu/ h am\nt$ ne>ly to #bdj gra9s4 ,! curv$ tube f ! mattrass 0 n[ made to communicate ) ! m]curial airhold]4 ,by ! application ( heat #ab1e cubic in*es ( nitr\s gas 7 collect$1 aft] ! common temp]ature _h be5 re/or$ to ! mattrass2 :i* 0 suff]$ to rema9 9 communication ) ! conduct+ tube4 ,! solution 0 n[ pale gre51 t is1 ( its natural color1 & a consid]able quantity ( r$ oxide ( iron _h be5 deposit$4 ,solid cau/ic pota% 0 introduc$ into x1 till all ! gre5 oxide ( iron _h be5 precipitat$1 & till ! solution r5d]$ gre51 r$ cabbage juice4 ,a tube 0 n[ accurately connect$ ) ! mattrass1 b5t1 & introduc$ into a small quantity ( dilut$ sulphuric acid4 ,ne>ly half ( ! fluid 9 x 0 sl[ly di/ill$ into ! sulphuric acid1 by ! heat ( a _s lamp4 ,! impregnat$ acid evaporat$ at a heat above #bab1 & gave a small quantity ( cry/alis$ salt1 :i* b>ely am\nt$ to two gra9s & qu>t]3 x _h e prop]ty ( sulphate ( ammoniac4 ,sulphuric acid 9 excess 0 p\r$ on ! residuum1 & ! :ole di/ill$ by a heat n exce$+ #cjj1 into a small quantity ( wat]4 ,?is wat]1 aft] ! process1 ta/$ /rongly ( sulphuric acid2 x _h no peculi> odor4 ,t9 ?r[n into x :5 heat$1 0 n p]ceptibly oxydat$2 m+l$ ) /rontitic lime wat]1 x gave a copi\s :ite precipitate1 & aft] ! precipitation became almo/ ta/eless4 ,h5ce x evid5tly conta9$ no nitric acid4 ,! #ab1e cubic in*es ( undecomp\nd$ gas t came ov] 7 exam9$2 & acc\nt+ = ! small quantity ( common air previ\sly conta9$ 9 ! airhold]1 mu/ h be5 almo/ pure4 l4 ,n[ suppos+ #ibg gra9s ( ! impregnat$ solution 7includ+ ! weight ( ! nitr\s gas71 to h be5 op]at$ ^u1 ?is mu/ h conta9$ ab\t #af1g cubic in*es ( nitr\s gas4 ,b #ab1e cubic in*es escap$ undecomp\nd$3 h5ce #d1b 7 decompos$2 & ^! weigh #a1dd gra9s1 & are compos$ (1#h oxyg5e1 &1#fd nitrog5e4#aag ,consequ5tly1 ! nitr\s gas mu/ h furni%$1#h ( oxyg5e to ! gre5 oxide ( iron4 ,b1#fd ( nitrog5e require1#ae ( hydrog5e to =m1#gi ( ammoniac3#aah consequ5tly #a ( wat] 0 decomp\nd$1 & ?is furni%$1#he ( oxyg5e to ! gre5 oxide ( iron4 #aag ,division ,,iv4 ,section #e4 #aah ,division ,,ii4 ,section #a4 ,! gre5 oxide ( iron conta9s _/ oxyg5e2 ! r$ _/4 ,b ! :ole quantity ( oxyg5e suppli$ f ! wat] & nitr\s gas is #j1h #j1he #a1fe2 & calculat+ on ! diff]5ce ( ! composition ( ! r$ & gre5 oxide ( iron1 #e1g gra9s ( r$ oxide mu/ h be5 deposit$1 & consequ5tly ^! w\ld saturate z mu* acid z1#gi gra9s ( ammoniac1 or #d1a gra9s ( gre5 oxide ( iron4#aai ,& suppos+ ! ammoniac 9 sulphate ( ammoniac to be to ! acid z #a is to #c1abj #c4b gra9s ( sulphate ( ammoniac mu/ h be5 =m$1 conta9+ ab\t #b1d gra9s acid2 & !n #f1e gra9s ( gre5 sulphate ( iron mu/ h be5 decompos$4 #aai ,no precipitation takes place dur+ ! conv]sion ( solution ( gre5 sulphate into r$2 & ! acid appe>s saturat$4 #abj ,division ,,ii1 ,section #f4 ,h5ce we ga9 ! foll[+ equation3 #f1e gre5 s4 #b1da sul4 acid #d1a gr4 ox4 iron4 #a1dd nit4 gas 1#fd nitrog5e 1#h oxyg5e4 #a wat] 1#he oxyg5e1 1#ae hydrog5e1 equal #c1b sul4 am4 #b1da s4 acid 1#fd nit4 1#ae hyd4 #e1g r4 ox4 iron #d1a gr4 ox4 iron #a1f oxyg4 ,?\gh ! e/imation ( ! quantities 9 ?is equation mu/ n be consid]$ z /rictly accurate1 on acc\nt ( ! degree ( unc]ta9ty t rema9s conc]n+ ! exact num]ical expression ( ! quantities ( ! con/itu5ts ( wat]1 ammoniac1 & ! o!r comp\nd bodies employ$2 yet z f\nd$ on a simple quantity1 t is1 ! nitr\s gas decompos$1 x _c be v di/ant f ! tru?4 ,! sulphate ( ammoniac giv5 by exp]im5t1 is consid]ably less ?an t :i* 0 really produc$2 mu* ( x 0 probably c>ri$ (f dur+ ! evaporation ( ! sup]abundant acid4 ,! conclusions t may be drawn f ?is exp]im5t1 af=d a /rik+ in/ance ( ! importance ( ! application ( ! sci5ce ( quantity to ! *emical *anges3 = ! data be+ "o *emical fact1 ! decomposition ( a giv5 quantity ( nitr\s gas by kn[n ag5ts2 ! composition ( nitr\s gas1 ( wat]1 ammoniac1 ! oxides ( iron1 & sulphate ( ammoniac2 we are able n only to det]m9e ! quantities ( ! simple con/itu5ts t h ent]$ into new arrangem5ts1 b likewise ! composition ( two comp\nd bodies1 ! gre5 & r$ sulphates ( iron4#aba #aba ,accord+ to ! e/imation 9 ! equation1 #f4e ( dry gre5 sulphate ( iron conta9 #d4a gre5 oxide ( iron1 & #b4d ( ,kirwan's real sulphuric acid2 & #h4a r$ sulphate ( iron1 conta9 #b4d acid1 & #e4g r$ oxide ( iron4 m4 ,?\gh f ! exp]im5ts 9 e x appe>$ t no decomposition ( nitr\s gas _h be5 produc$ dur+ or ev5 aft] its absorption by solution ( sulphate ( iron at ! common temp]ature2 yet a suspicion t x might take place sl[ly1 & t indications ( x might be giv5 by deposition1 induc$ me to exam9e m9utely two impregnat$ solutions1 "o ( :i* _h be5 at re/1 conf9$ by m]cury1 = #ai h\rs1 & ! o!r = #bg4 ,9 nei!r ( !m c\ld ,i discov] any deposition1 or alt]ation ( color1 :i* might d5ote a *ange4 ,two cubic in*es ( oxyg5e 7 admitt$ to half a cubic in* ( "o ( ^! solutions4 ,! oxyg5e 0 sl[ly absorb$1 & ! solution gradually lo/ its color4 ,to asc]ta9 if dur+ ! conv]sion ( ! nitr\s gas held 9 solution by sulphate ( iron1 into nitric acid1 by ! oxyg5e ( ! atmosph]e at ! common temp]ature1 any wat] 0 decompos$2 ,i suff]$ an impregnat$ solution1 weigh+ ne>ly two ounces1 to rema9 9 contact ) ! atmosph]e at #eg-fb1 till x 0 become p]fectly pale4 ,x !n _h a /rong acid ta/e1 eff]vesc$ ) c>bonate ( pota%1 & gave a blue precipitate ) prussiate ( pota%4--,x 0 saturat$ ) quicklime1 & heat$3 slight indications ( ! pres5ce ( ammoniac 7 p]ceiv$4 ,z 9 ?is exp]im5t ! nitric acid _h be5 mo/ probably decompos$ by ! gre5 oxide ( iron1 z 9 f1 ,i s5t oxyg5at$ muriatic acid ?r\gh an impregnat$ solution1 till all ! gre5 oxide ( iron 0 conv]t$ into r$1 & all ! nitr\s gas into nitric acid4 ,?is solution saturat$ ) pota%1 & heat$1 gave no ammoniacal smell4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts we may conclude1 #a/4 ,t solution ( r$ sulphate ( iron has little or no aff9ity = nitr\s gas#abb2 & t solution ( common sulphate absorbs nitr\s gas only 9 proportion z x conta9s gre5 sulphate4 #abb ,! muddy gre5 color produc$ 9 a solution ( r$ sulphate ( iron agitat$ 9 nitr\s gas1 dep5d$ ^u impurities 9 ! m]cury4 ,i h s9ce f\nd1 t :5 ! solution is completely oxyg5at$1 ! dim9ution is b>ely p]ceptible4 #b;dly4 ,t solutions ( gre5 sulphate ( iron dissolve nitr\s gas 9 quantities proportionable to _! conc5tration1 )\t effect+ any decomposition ( x at common temp]atures4 ,& ! solubility ( nitr\s gas 9 solution ( gre5 sulphate1 may be suppos$ to dep5d on an equilibrium ( aff9ity1 produc$ by ! foll[+ simple attractions3 #a4 ,t ( gre5 oxide ( iron = ! oxyg5e ( nitr\s gas & wat]4 #b4 ,t ( ! hydrog5e ( ! wat] = ! nitrog5e ( ! nitr\s gas4 #c4 ,t ( ! pr9ciples ( ! sulphuric acid1 = nitrog5e & hydrog5e4 #c;dly4 ,t at high temp]atures1 t is1 f #bjj to #cjj1 ! equilibrium ( aff9ity produc+ ! b9>y comb9ation betwe5 nitr\s gas & solution ( gre5 sulphate ( iron is de/roy$2 ! attraction ( ! gre5 oxide ( iron = oxyg5e be+ increas$2 :il/ probably t ( nitrog5e = hydrog5e is dim9i%$4 ,h5ce ! nitr\s gas is ei!r lib]at$1#abc 9 consequ5ce ( ! aff9ity betwe5 oxyg5e & hydrog5e1 & oxyg5e & nitrog5e n foll[+ ! same ratio ( alt]ation on increas$ temp]ature2 or decompos$1 because at a c]ta9 temp]ature ! gre5 oxide ex]ts su* aff9ities ^u wat] & nitr\s gas1 z to attract oxyg5e f bo? ( !m to =m r$ oxide2 :il/ ! /ill exi/+ aff9ity betwe5 ! hydrog5e ( ! "o1 & ! nitrog5e ( ! o!r1 disposes !m to comb9e to =m ammoniac4 #abc ,p]haps ! lib]ation ( nitr\s gas f ! solution takes place at a l[] temp]ature ?an its decomposition4 ,i h always obs]v$ t ! quantity ( yell[ precipitate is great] :5 ! solution is rapidly made to boil4 ,7 x possible to heat x to a c]ta9 temp]ature at once1 probably a compleat decomposition w\ld take place4 #d?ly4 ,t ! *ange ( color produc$ by introduc+ nitric acid to solution ( common sulphate ( iron1 exactly analog\s to t occasion$ 9 x by impregnation ) nitr\s gas1 is ow+ to ! decomposition ( ! acid1 by ! comb9ation ( its oxyg5e ) ! gre5 oxide ( iron1 & ( its nitr\s gas ) ! solution4 #e?ly4 ,t nitr\s gas 9 comb9ation ) solution ( gre5 sulphate ( iron1 is capable ( ex]t+ a /rong aff9ity ^u free or loosely comb9$ oxyg5e1 & ( unit+ ) x to =m nitric acid4 n4 ,! products obta9$ f a solution ( sulphate ( iron saturat$ ) nitr\s gas1 by ,vauquel9 & ,humbolt1 & _! consequ5t mi/ake ) reg>d to ! nature ( ! process ( absorption1#abd mu/ h aris5 f exposure ( _! impregnat$ solution to ! atmosph]e4 #abd ,annales de ,*imie4 ,t4 #ch1 pag4 #ahg4 ,inde$1 f ! acidity ( x1 on exam9ation1 f ! small portion ( ammoniac1 & ! l>ge quantity ( nitric acid obta9$1 x appe>s mo/ probable t ! :ole ( ! nitr\s gas employ$ 0 conv]t$ into nitric acid1 by comb9+ ) atmosph]ic oxyg5e2 = no nitric acid c\ld h be5 obta9$ 9 ! mode 9 :i* !y op]at$1 unless ! gre5 oxide ( iron 9 ! solution _h be5 previ\sly conv]t$ into r$4 ,,viii4 ,on ! absorption ( ,nitr\s ,gas by solution ( gre5 ,muriate ( ,iron4 a4 ,! analogy betwe5 ! aff9ities ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! muriate & sulphate ( iron1 induc$ me to conjecture t !y possess$ simil> p[]s ( absorb+ nitr\s gas2 & ,i soon f\nd t ?is 0 actually ! case2 = on agitat+ half a cubic in* ( solution ( muriat$ iron1 procur$ by dissolv+ iron fil+s 9 muriatic acid1 9 nitr\s gas1 ! gas 0 absorb$ ) great rapidity1 :il/ ! solution assum$ a deep & bright br[n t+e4 b4 ,pr\/1#abe :o z ,i h be=e m5tion$1 supposes ! exi/5ce ( two oxides ( iron only1 "o conta9+ _/ oxyg5e1 ! o!r _/1 has assum$1 t ! muriatic acid1 & mo/ o!r acids z well z ! sulphuric1 are capable ( comb9+ ) ^! oxides1 & ( =m+ ) ea* ( !m a di/9ct salt4 ,he has1 h[ev]1 detail$ no exp]im5ts on ! muriates ( iron4 #abe ,annales de ,*imie1 xxiii4 pag4 #he2 or ,ni*olson's ,phil4 ,j\rnal vol4 i4 pag4 #de4 ,z ^! salts are /ill m di/9ct f ea* o!r 9 _! prop]ties ?an ! sulphates1 & z ^! prop]ties are connect$ ) ! phnom5on ( ! absorption & decomposition ( nitr\s gas1 ,i %all detail ! obs]vations ,i h be5 able to make ^u !m4 c4 ,:5 iron fil+s h be5 dissolv$ 9 pure muriatic acid1 & ! solution pres]v$ f ! contact ( air1 x is ( a pale gre5 color1 & gives a :ite precipitate ) alkal9e prussiates4 ,! alkalies ?r[ d[n f x a light gre5 oxide ( iron4 ,:5 evaporat$1 x gives cry/als almo/ :ite1 :i* are extremely soluble 9 wat]2 b insoluble 9 alcohol4 ,! solution ( gre5 muriate ( iron has a great aff9ity = oxyg5e1 & attracts x f ! atmosph]e1 f nitric acid1 & probably f oxyg5at$ muriatic acid4 ,:5 r$ oxide ( iron is dissolv$ 9 muriatic acid1 or :5 nitric acid is decompos$ by solution ( gre5 muriate ( iron2 ! r$ muriate ( iron is produc$4 ,! solution ( ?is salt is ( a deep br[n r$1 its odor is peculi>1 & its ta/e1 ev5 9 a v dilut$ /ate1 highly a/r+5t4 ,x acts ^u animal & vegetable matt]s 9 a mann] some:at analog\s to ! oxyg5at$ muriatic acid1 r5d]+ !m yell[i% :ite1 or yell[4#abf #abf ,probably by giv+ !m oxyg5e2 :]eas ! gre5 muriate & sulphate black5 animal sub/ances2 mo/ likely by ab/ract+ f !m oxyg5e4 ,sulphuric acid p\r$ ^u x1 produces a smell resembl+ t ( oxyg5at$ muriatic acid4 ,evaporat$ at a l[ temp]ature1 x gives an uncry/alisable d>k1 orange color$ salt1 :i* is soluble 9 alcohol1 & :5 decompos$ by ! alkalies1 gives a r$ precipitate4 ,) prussiate ( pota% x gives prussian blue4 ,! common muriate ( iron consi/s ( diff]5t proportions ( ^! two salts4 ,x may be conv]t$ into r$ muriate by conc5trat$ nitric acid1 or into gre5 by sulphurat$ hydrog5e4 d4 ,to asc]ta9 if solution ( r$ muriate ( iron 0 capable ( absorb+ nitr\s gas1 ,i introduc$ into a j> fill$ ) m]cury1 a cubic in* ( nitr\s gas1 & admitt$ to x ne>ly half a cubic in* ( solution ( r$ muriate ( iron4 ,no discoloration took place4 ,by mu* agitation1 h[ev]1 an absorption ( ne>ly1#b 0 produc$1 & ! solution became ( a muddy gre54 ,b ?is *ange ( color1 & probably ! absorption1 0 9 consequ5ce ( ! oxydation ( ei!r ! m]cury1 or "s imp]fect metals comb9$ ) x1 by ! oxyg5e ( ! r$ muriate4 ,= ,i aft]w>ds f\nd1 t precisely ! same *ange ( color 0 produc$ :5 a solution 0 agitat$ ov] m]cury4 e4 ,i introduc$ to a cubic in* ( conc5trat$ solution ( gre5 muriate ( iron1 #g cubic in*es ( nitr\s gas1 free f nitric acid2 ! solution in/antly became color$ at ! edges1 & on agitation absorb$ ! gas ) mu* great] rapidity ?an ev5 sulphate ( iron2 9 a m9ute1 only a qu>t] ( a cubic in* rema9$4 ,! solution appe>$ ( a v d>k br[n1 b evid5tly no precipitation _h tak5 place 9 x1 & ! edges1 :5 view$ aga9/ ! light1 7 transp>5t & puce color$4 ,five cubic in*es m ( nitr\s gas 7 n[ dissolv$ 9 ! solution4 ,! int5sity ( ! color increas$1 & aft] an h\r no deposition _h tak5 place4 ,a little ( x 0 !n exam9$ 9 ! atmosph]e2 x _h a mu* m a/r+5t ta/e ?an ! unimpregnat$ solution1 & effect$ no *ange 9 r$ cabbage juice4 ,:5 prussiate ( pota% 0 introduc$ into x1 its color *ang$ to olive br[n4 ,a few drops ( ! solution1 t _h accid5tally fall5 on ! m]cury1 soon became colorless1 & !n eff]vesc$ ) c>bonate ( pota%1 & ta/$ /rongly acid4 ,! rema9d] ( ! impregnat$ solution1 :i* mu/ h ne>ly equall$1#ge cubic in*es1 0 introduc$ into a mattrass1 hav+ a /opp] & curv$ tube1 z 9 ! exp]im5ts on ! solution ( sulphate ( iron2 great c>e be+ tak5 to pres]ve x f ! contact ( air4 ,! mattrass 0 heat$ by a _s lamp1 ! curv$ tube be+ 9 communication ) a m]curial cyl9d]4 ,ne> #h cubic in*es ( nitr\s gas 7 collect$1 :5 ! solution became ( a muddy yell[4 ,x 0 suff]$ to cool1 & exam9$4 ,a small quantity ( yell[ precipitate cov]$ ! bottom ( ! mattrass2 ! fluid 0 pellucid1 & light gre54 ,a little ( x ?r[n on prussiate ( pota%1 gave a :ite precipitate1 color$ by /reaks ( light blue4 ,:5 ! yell[ precipitate 0 p>tly dissolv$ by sulphuric acid1 a drop ( ! solution1 m+l$ ) prussiate ( pota%1 gave a deep blue gre54 ,h5ce1 evid5tly1 ! precipitate 0 r$ oxide ( iron4 ,cau/ic pota% 9 excess 0 introduc$ into ! rema9d] ( ! solution1 & x 0 heat$4 ,x gave an evid5t smell ( ammoniac1 & d5se :ite fumes1 :5 held ov] /rong phlogi/icat$ nitr\s acid4 ,:5 half ( x 0 evaporat$1 sulphuric acid 9 excess 0 p\r$ on ! rema9d]2 muriatic acid 0 lib]at$1 n p]ceptibly comb9$ ) any nitric acid4 f4 ,9 an exp]im5t t ,i made to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( nitr\s gas capable ( comb9+ ) solution ( gre5 muriate ( iron2 ,i f\nd t1#ge cubic in*es ( saturat$ solution absorb$ ab\t #ah ( nitr\s gas1 :i* is ne>ly d\ble ! quantity comb9able ) an equal portion ( ! /ronge/ solution ( sulphate ( iron4 ,a "p ( ?is impregnat$ solution1 heat$ sl[ly1 gave out m gas 9 proportion to ! quantity x conta9$1 ?an ! la/1 & consequ5tly produc$ less precipitate2 s t ,i am incl9$ to suppose x probable1 t at a c]ta9 temp]ature1 all ! dissolv$ nitr\s gas may be dispell$ f a solution4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts we may conclude1 #a/4 ,t ! solution ( gre5 muriate ( iron absorbs nitr\s gas 9 consequ5ce ( ne>ly ! same aff9ities z solution ( gre5 sulphate ( iron2 its capability ( absorb+ l>g] quantities dep5d+ mo/ probably on its great] conc5tration 7t is1 on ! great] solubility ( ! muriate ( iron71 & p]haps1 9 "s measure1 on a new comb9+ aff9ity1 t ( muriatic acid = oxyg5e4 #b;dly4 ,t at c]ta9 temp]atures nitr\s gas is ei!r lib]at$ f solution ( gre5 muriate1 or decompos$1 by ! comb9ation ( its oxyg5e ) gre5 oxide ( iron1 & ( its nitrog5e ) hydrog5e1 produc$ f wat] decomp\nd$ by ! oxide at ! same "t4 ,,ix4 ,absorption ( ,nitr\s ,gas by ,solution ( ,nitrate ( ,iron4 a4 ,z well z two sulphates & two muriates ( iron1 !re exi/ two nitrates4#abg ,:5 conc5trat$ nitric acid is made to act ^u iron1 nitr\s gas is dis5gag$ ) great rapidity1 & ) great increase ( temp]ature3 ! solution assumes a yell[i% t+e1 & z ! process goes on1 a yell[ r$ oxide is precipitat$4 #abg ,! exi/5ce ( gre5 nitrate 0 n suspect$ by ,pr\/4 ,nitrate ( iron made 9 ?is way1 gives a bright blue m+l$ ) prussiate ( pota%1 & decompos$ by ! alkalies1 a r$ precipitate4 ,its solution has little or no aff9ity = nitr\s gas4 b4 ,:5 v dilute nitric acid1 t is1 su* z ( specific gravity #a1af1 is made to oxydate iron1 )\t ! assi/ance ( heat1 ! solution gives out no gas = "s "t1 & becomes d>k olive br[n3 :5 neutralis$ x gives1 decompos$ by ! alkalies1 a light gre5 precipitate2 & m+l$ ) prussiate ( pota%1 pale gre5 prussiate ( iron4 ,x owes its color to ! nitr\s gas x holds 9 solution4 ,by exposure to ! atmosph]e x becomes pale1 ! nitr\s gas comb9$ ) x be+ conv]t$ into nitric acid4 ,x is !n capable ( absorb+ nitr\s gas1 & consi/s ( pale nitrate ( iron1 m+l$ ) r$ nitrate4 ,i h n yet obta9$ a nitrate ( iron giv+ only a :ite precipitate ) prussiate ( pota%1 t is1 su* z conta9s only oxide ( iron at its m9imum ( oxydation2 = :5 pure gre5 oxide ( iron is dissolv$ by v dilute nitric acid1 a small quantity ( ! acid is g5]ally decompos$1 :i* is likewise ! case 9 ! decomposition ( nitre by gre5 sulphate ( iron4 ,! solutions ( nitrate ( iron1 h[ev]1 procur$ 9 bo? ( ^! modes1 absorb nitr\s gas ) rapidity1 & by sulphurat$ hydrog5e might probably be conv]t$ into pale nitrate4 ,z x is impossible to obta9 conc5trat$ solutions ( pale nitrate ( iron1 *iefly conta9+ gre5 oxide1 its p[]s ( absorb+ nitr\s gas _c be comp>$ ) ! muriatic & sulphuric solutions1 unless !y are made ( ne>ly ! same specific gravity4 ,nitr\s gas is dis5gag$ by heat f ! impregnat$ solution ( nitrate ( iron1 at ! same "t t mu* r$ oxide ( iron is precipitat$4 ,:e!r any nitr\s gas is decompos$1 ,i h n yet asc]ta9$2 = :5 unimpregnat$ pale nitrate ( iron is heat$1 a "p ( ! acid1 & ( ! wat] ( ! solution1 is decompos$ by ! gre5 oxide ( iron2#abh & 9 consequ5ce ammoniac1 & r$ nitrate ( iron =m$1 :il/ r$ oxide is precipitat$4 #abh ,9 ?is process nitr\s oxide is sometimes giv5 out1 z w be se5 h]eaft]4 ,x4 ,absorption ( ,nitr\s ,gas by o!r ,metallic ,solutions4 a4 ,:ite prussiate ( iron 9 contact ) wat] absorbs nitr\s gas to a great ext5t1 & becomes d>k *ocolate4#abi b4 ,conc5trat$ solution ( sulphate ( t91 probably at its m9imum ( oxydation1 absorbs "o eigh? ( its bulk ( nitr\s gas1 & becomes br[n1 )\t deposition4 c4 ,solution ( sulphate ( z9c absorbs ab\t "o t5? ( its volume ( nitr\s gas1 & becomes gre54 d4 ,solution ( muriate ( z9c#acj absorbs ne>ly ! same quantity1 & becomes orange br[n4 #abi ,h5ce we le>n :y no nitr\s gas is dis5gag$ :5 impregnat$ solution ( sulphate ( iron is decompos$ by prussiate ( pota%1 z 9 ,div4 ,,iv4 ,sec4 vii4 #acj ,9 bo? ( ^! solutions ! metal is at its m9imum ( oxydation4 ,! absorption ( a small quantity ( nitr\s gas by :ite vitriol 0 obs]v$ by ,prie/ley4 e4 ,^! are all ! metallic sub/ances on :i* ,i h exp]im5t$4 ,x is m ?an probable t !re exi/ o!rs possess+ simil> p[]s ( absorb+ nitr\s gas4 ,:5ev] ! metals capable ( decompos+ wat] exi/ 9 solutions at _! m9imum ( oxydation1 ! aff9ities ex]t$ by !m on nitr\s gas & wat]1 w be su* z to produce comb9ation4 ,! p[]s ( metallic solutions to comb9e ) nitr\s gas at common temp]atures1 z well z to decompose x at high] temp]atures1 w probably be 9 ! ratio ( ! aff9ity ( ! metallic oxides !y conta91 = oxyg5e4 ,,xi4 ,! action ( ,sulphurat$ ,hydrog5e on solution ( ,gre5 ,sulphate ( ,iron1 impregnat$ ) ,nitr\s ,gas4 a4 ,9 an exp]im5t on ! absorption ( nitr\s gas by solution ( gre5 sulphate ( iron1 ,i introduc$ an unboil$ solution ( common sulphate1 depriv$ ( r$ oxide ( iron by sulphurat$ hydrog5e1 into a j> fill$ ) nitr\s gas2 ! absorption took place z usual1 & ne>ly six ( gas ent]$ into comb9ation1 ! volume ( ! solution be+ unity4 ,on apply+ heat to a "p ( ?is impregnat$ solution1 ! :ole ( ! nitr\s gas x conta9$ 7z ne>ly z ,i c\ld guess71 0 expell$ undecomp\nd$1 & no yell[ precipitate produc$4 ,prussiate ( pota% p\r$ into x gave only :ite prussiate ( iron2 & :5 x 0 heat$ ) lime1 no ammoniacal smell 0 p]ceptible4 ,i c\ld ref] ?is phnom5on to no o!r cause ?an to ! exi/5ce ( a small quantity ( sulphurat$ hydrog5e 9 ! solution4 ,t ?is 0 ! real cause ,i f\nd f ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 b4 ,"o "p ( a solution ( gre5 sulphate ( iron1 =m$ by ! agitation ( common sulphate ( iron 9 contact ) sulphurat$ hydrog5e1 0 boil$ = "s m9utes to expel ! small quantity ( gas reta9$ by x undecomp\nd$4 ,x _h !n no peculi> smell1 & gave a :ite prussiate ( iron ) prussiate ( pota%2 ! o!r "p _h a fa9t odor ( sulphurat$ hydrog5e1 & gave a dirty :ite precipitate ) prussiate ( pota%4 ,ne>ly equal quantities ( ea* 7 saturat$ ) nitr\s gas1 & heat$4 ,! unboil$ impregnat$ solution gave out all its nitr\s gas undecomp\nd$2 :il/ 9 ! boil$ solution x 0 p>tly decompos$1 yell[ precipitate & ammoniac be+ =m$4 c4 ,?is s+ul> phnom5on ( ! p[] ( a m9ute quantity ( sulphurat$ hydrog5e1 9 prev5t+ ! decomposition ( nitr\s gas & wat]1 by gre5 oxide ( iron1 w mo/ probably take place 9 o!r impregnat$ solutions4 ,x seems to dep5d on ! /rong aff9ity ( ! hydrog5e ( sulphurat$ hydrog5e = oxyg5e4 ,,xii4 ,additional ,obs]vations4 a4 ,= sep>at+ nitr\s gas f gases absorbable to no great ext5t by wat]2 a well boil$ solution ( gre5 muriate ( iron %\ld be employ$4 ,nitr\s gas agitat$ 9 ?is is rapidly absorb$1 & x has no aff9ity =1 or action on1 nitrog5e1 hydrog5e1 or hydroc>bonate4 b4 ,nitr\s gas c>efully obta9$ f m]cury & nitric acid1 :5 receiv$ "u m]cury1 or boil$ wat]1 & absorb$ by solution ( gre5 muriate1 or sulphate ( iron1 r>ely leaves a residuum ( _/ ( its volume3 pres]v$ ov] common wat]1 & absorb$1 ! rema9d] is g5]ally f _/ to _/1 f ! nitrog5e dis5gag$ by ! decomposition ( ! common air conta9$ 9 ! wat]4 c4 ,! nitr\s gas c>efully obta9$ f ! decomposition ( nitric acid ( #a1bf1 by copp]1 ,i h h>dly ev] f\nd to conta9 m ?an f _/ to _/ nitrog5e1 :5 receiv$ ?r\gh common wat]3 :5 boil$ wat] is employ$1 ! residuum is ne>ly ! same z t ( nitr\s gas obta9$ f m]cury4 d4 ,consequ5tly ! gas f ^? two solutions may be us$ 9 common4 ,x is m ?an probable1 t ! small quantities ( nitrog5e g5]ally m+l$ ) nitr\s gas f copp] & m]cury1 arise ei!r f ! common air ( ! vessels 9 :i* x 0 produc$1 or t ( ! wat] ov] :i* x 0 receiv$4 ,!re is no reason = suppos+ t x is g5]at$ by a complete decomposition ( a portion ( ! acid4#aca #aca ,humbolt1 :o is ! fir/ philosoph] t has appli$ ! solution ( sulphate ( iron to asc]ta9 ! purity ( nitr\s gas1 ass]ts t he uni=mly f\nd nitr\s gas obta9$ f solution ( copp] 9 nitr\s acid1 to conta9 f six t5?s to "o t5? nitrog5e4 ,annales de ,*imie1 vol4 xxviii4 pag4 #adg4 e4 ,:5ev] nitr\s oxide is m+l$ ) nitr\s gas & nitrog5e1 x mu/ be sep>at$ by well boil$ wat]2 & aft] ! corrections are made = ! quantity ( air dis5gag$ f ! wat]1 ! nitr\s gas absorb$ by ! muriatic solution4 ,,division ,v4 ,,exp]im5ts & ,,obs]vations on ! production ( ,,nitr\s ,,oxide f ,,nitr\s ,,gas & ,,nitric ,,acid1 9 diff]5t modes4 ,i4 ,prelim9>ies4 a4 ,! op9ions ( ,prie/ley#acb & ,kirwan1#acc relat+ to ! causes ( ! conv]sion ( nitr\s gas into nitr\s oxide1 7 f\nd$ on ! !ory ( phlogi/on4 ,! fir/ ( ^! philosoph]s obta9$ nitr\s oxide by plac+ nitr\s gas 9 contact ) moi/5$ iron fil+s1 or ! alkal9e sulphures4 ,! la/ by expos+ x to sulphurat$ hydrog5e4 #acb ,vol4 ii4 pag4 #ee4 #acc ,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 lxxvi4 pag4 #acc4 ,! ,dut* *emi/s1#acd ! late/ exp]im5tali/s on nitr\s oxide1 h suppos$ t ! production ( ?is sub/ance dep5ds ^u ! simple ab/raction ( a portion ( ! oxyg5e ( nitr\s gas4 ,!y obta9$ nitr\s oxide by expos+ nitr\s gas to muriate ( t91 to copp] 9 solution ( ammoniac1 & likewise by pass+ x ov] heat$ sulphur4 #acd ,j\rnal de ,physique1 tom4 xliii4 #cbc4 ,! dim9ution ( volume su/a9$ by nitr\s gas dur+ its conv]sion into nitr\s oxide1 has nev] be5 accurately asc]ta9$2 x has g5]ally be5 suppos$ to be f two ?irds to eight t5?s4 b4 ,nitr\s gas may be conv]t$ into nitr\s oxide 9 two modes4 ,fir/1 by ! simple ab/raction ( a portion ( its oxyg5e1 by bodies possess+ a /rong aff9ity = t pr9ciple1 su* z alkal9e sulphites1 muriate ( t91 & dry sulphures4 ,second1 by ! comb9ation ( a body ) a portion bo? ( its oxyg5e & nitrog5e1 su* z hydrog5e1 :5 ei!r 9 a nasc5t =m1 or a peculi> /ate ( comb9ation4 c4 ,ea* ( ^! modes w be di/9ctly treat$ (2 & to prev5t unnecess>y repetitions1 ,i %all give an acc\nt ( ! g5]al mann] 9 :i* ! foll[+ exp]im5ts on ! conv]sion ( nitr\s gas into nitr\s oxide1 h be5 conduc$4 ,nitr\s gas1 ! purity ( :i* has be5 accurately asc]ta9$ by solution ( muriate ( iron1 is introduc$ into a graduat$ j> fill$ ) dry m]cury4 ,if a fluid sub/ance is design$ = ! conv]sion ( ! gas into nitr\s oxide1 x is heat$1 to expel any loosely comb9$ air :i* might be lib]at$ dur+ ! process2 & !n c>efully introduc$ into ! j>1 by means ( a small phial4 ,aft] ! process is f9i%$1 & ! dim9ution accurately not$1 ! nitr\s oxide =m$ is absorb$ by pure wat]4 ,if any nitr\s gas rema9s1 x is cond5s$ by solution ( muriate ( iron2 o!r residual gases are exam9$ by ! common te/s4 ,! quantity ( nitr\s oxide dissolv$ by ! fluid is det]m9$ by a comp>ative exp]im5t2 & ! corrections = temp]ature & pressure be+ guess$ at1 ! conclusions drawn4 ,if a solid sub/ance is us$1 r m nitr\s gas ?an t design$ = ! conv]sion1 is introduc$ into ! j>4 ,! sub/ance is br\ght 9 contact ) ! gas1 by be+ c>ri$ "u ! m]cury2 & z a little common air g5]ally adh]es to x1 a small portion ( ! nitr\s gas is transf]r$ into a graduat$ tube1 aft] ! ins]tion1 & its purity asc]ta9$4 ,9 o!r respects ! process is conduct$ z m5tion$ above4 ,,ii4 ,( ! conv]sion ( ,nitr\s gas into ,nitr\s ,oxide1 by ,alkal9e ,sulphites4 ,! alkal9e sulphites1 p>ticul>ly ! sulphite ( pota%1 conv]t nitr\s gas into nitr\s oxide1 ) mu* great] rapidity ?an any o!r bodies4 ,at temp]ature #df1 #af cubic in*es ( nitr\s gas 7 conv]t$1 9 less ?an an h\r1 into #g1h ( nitr\s oxide1 by ab\t #ajj gra9s ( pulv]is$ sulphite ( pota%1 conta9+ its wat] ( cry/alisation4 ,no s5sible increase ( temp]ature 0 produc$ dur+ ! process1 no wat] 0 decompos$1 & ! quantity ( nitrog5e rema9+ aft] ! exp]im5t1 0 exactly equal to t previ\sly conta9$ 9 ! nitr\s gas4 ,! nitr\s oxide produc$ f nitr\s gas by sulphite ( pota%1 has all ! prop]ties ( t g5]at$ f ! decomposition ( nitrate ( ammoniac4 ,x gives1 z w be se5 h]eaft]1 ! same products by analysis4 ,phosphorus1 ! tap]1 sulphur1 & *>coal1 burn 9 x ) vivid light4 ,x is absorbable by wat]1 & capable ( expulsion f x unalt]$1 by heat4 ,nitr\s gas is conv]t$ into nitr\s oxide by ! alkal9e sulphites ) ! same read9ess1 :e!r expos$ to ! light1 or depriv$ ( its influ5ce4 ,! solid sulphites act ^u nitr\s gas mu* m readily ?an _! conc5trat$ solutions2 !y %\ld h[ev] always be suff]$ to reta9 _! wat] ( cry/alisation1 or o!rwise !y attract moi/ure f ! gas1 & r5d] x dri]1 & 9 consequ5ce m cond5s$ ?an x w\ld o!rwise be4 ,9 case p]fectly dry sulphites are employ$1 ! gas %\ld be always saturat$ ) moi/ure aft] ! exp]im5t1 by introduc+ into ! cyl9d] a drop ( wat]4 ,! sulphites1 aft] exposure to nitr\s gas1 are ei!r f\nd :olly1 or p>tially1 conv]t$ into sulphates4 ,consequ5tly ! conv]sion ( nitr\s gas into nitr\s oxide by ^! bodies1 simply dep5ds on ! ab/raction ( a portion ( its oxyg5e2 ! nitrog5e & rema9+ oxyg5e assum+ a m cond5s$ /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,if we reason f ! diff]5t specific gravities ( nitr\s oxide & nitr\s gas1 z comp>$ ) ! dim9ution ( volume ( nitr\s gas1 dur+ its conv]sion into nitr\s oxide1 #ajj p>ts ( nitr\s gas1 suppos+ ! =m] e/imation ( ! composition ( nitr\s oxide giv5 9 ,division ,,iii1 accurate1 w\ld consi/ ( #ed oxyg5e1 & #df nitrog5e2 :i* is n f> f ! true e/imation4 ,or assum+ ! composition ( nitr\s gas1 z giv5 9 ,division ,,iv1 x w\ld appe> f ! dim9ution1 t #ajj p>ts ( nitr\s oxide consi/$ ( #ch oxyg5e1 & #fb nitrog5e4 ,,iii4 ,conv]sion ( ,nitr\s ,gas into ,nitr\s ,oxide1 by ,muriate ( ,t91 & dry ,sulphures4 a4 ,nitr\s gas expos$ to dry muriate ( t91 is sl[ly conv]t$ into nitr\s oxide3 dur+ ?is process ! app>5t dim9ution is to ab\t "o half2 b if ! products are nicely exam9$1 & ! necess>y corrections made1 ! real dim9ution ( nitr\s gas by muriate ( t91 w be ! same z by ! sulphites2 t is1 #ajj p>ts ( x w be conv]t$ into #dh ( nitr\s oxide4 ,dur+ ?is conv]sion1 no wat] is decompos$1 & no nitrog5e evolv$4 ,solution ( muriate ( t9 conv]ts nitr\s gas into nitr\s oxide2 b ) mu* less rapidity ?an ! solid salt4 b4 ,nitr\s gas expos$ to dry & p]fectly well made sulphures1 p>ticul>ly su* z are produc$ f cry/alis$ alumn#ace & *>coal n suffici5tly inflammable to burn 9 ! atmosph]e1 is conv]t$ into nitr\s oxide by ! simple ab/raction ( a portion ( its oxyg5e1 & consequ5tly und]goes a dim9ution ( _/4 ,x is probable1 t all ! bodies hav+ /rong aff9ity = oxyg5e w1 at c]ta9 temp]atures1 conv]t nitr\s gas into nitr\s oxide4 ,prie/ley1 & ! ,dut* *emi/s1 effect$ ! *ange by heat$ sulphur4 ,p]haps nitr\s gas s5t ?r\gh a tube heat$1 b n ignit$1 ) phosphorus1 w\ld be conv]t$ into nitr\s oxide4 #ace ,t is1 alumn conta9+ sulphate ( pota%4 ,,iv4 ,decomposition ( ,nitr\s ,gas1 by ,sulphurat$ ,hydrog5e4 a4 ,:5 nitr\s gas & sulphurat$ hydrog5e are m+l$ toge!r1 a decomposition ( !m sl[ly takes place4 ,! gases are dim9i%$1 sulphur deposit$1 nitr\s oxide =m$1 & signs ( ! production ( ammoniac#acf & wat] p]ceiv$4 #acf ,! production ( ammoniac 9 ?is process 0 obs]v$ by ,kirwan & ,au/94 ,9 ?is process no sulphuric1 or sulphure\s acid is produc$2 consequ5tly none ( ! sulphur is oxydat$1 & ( c\rse ! *anges dep5d ^u ! comb9ation ( ! hydrog5e ( ! sulphurat$ hydrog5e1 ) diff]5t portions ( ! oxyg5e & nitrog5e ( ! nitr\s gas1 to =m wat] & ammoniac1 ! rema9+ oxyg5e & nitrog5e assum+ ! =m ( nitr\s oxide4 ,?is s+ul> ex]tion ( attractions by a simple body1 appe>s highly improbable a priori1 nor did ,i admit x1 till ! =mation ( ammoniac1 & ! non-oxyg5ation ( ! sulphur1 7 made evid5t by _m exp]im5ts4 ,9 ^? exp]im5ts1 ! dim9ution ( ! nitr\s gas 0 n uni=mly ! same4 ,x v>i$ f _/ to _/4 ,9 ! mo/ accurate ( !m1 #e cubic in*es ( nitr\s gas 7 conv]t$ into #b4b ( nitr\s oxide4 ,consequ5tly ! quantity ( ammoniac =m$ 01#jdg gra9s4 ,9 exp]im5ts on ! conv]sion ( nitr\s gas into nitr\s oxide1 by sulphurat$ hydrog5e1 ! gases %\ld be r5d]$ z dry z possible4 ,! pres5ce ( wat] consid]ably ret>ds ! decomposition4 b4 ,! sulphures#acg dissolv$ 9 wat] conv]t nitr\s gas into nitr\s oxide4 ,?is decomposition is n1 h[ev]1 produc$ by ! simple ab/raction ( oxyg5e f ! nitr\s gas to =m sulphuric acid4 ,x dep5ds z well on ! decomposition ( ! sulphurat$ hydrog5e dissolv$ 9 ! solution1 or lib]at$ f x4 ,9 ?is process sulphur is deposit$ on ! surface ( ! fluid1 sulphuric acid is =m$1 & ! dim9ution1 mak+ ! necess>y corrections1 is ne>ly ! same z :5 free sulphurat$ hydrog5e is employ$4 #acg ,solution ( sulphure ( /rontian1 or b>ytes1 %\ld be us$4 ,dur+ ! conv]sion ( nitr\s gas into nitr\s oxide by ^? bodies1 a ?9 film is deposit$ on ! surface ( ! solution4 ,?is film exam9$1 is f\nd to consi/ ( sulphur & sulphate4 ,possibly ! nitr\s gas is :olly decompos$ by ! hydrog5e ( ! sulphurat$ hydrog5e 9 ! solution1 :il/ ! sulphate is produc$ f wat] decomp\nd$ by ! sulphur to =m m gas = ! saturation ( ! hydro-sulphure4 ,x is extremely probable t sulphurat$ hydrog5e1 9 comb9ation ) ! alkalies1 z well z ) wat]1 is capable ( be+ sl[ly decompos$ by nitr\s gas4 ,v4 ,decomposition ( ,nitr\s ,gas by ,nasc5t ,hydrog5e4 a4 ,:5 nitr\s gas1 is expos$ to wett$ iron fil+s1 a dim9ution ( its volume sl[ly takes place2 & aft] a c]ta9 "t1 x is f\nd conv]t$ into nitr\s oxide4 ,9 ?is process ammoniac#ach is =m$1 & ! iron p>tially oxydat$4 #ach ,z 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ,prie/ley & ,au/91 & z ,i h prov$ by _m exp]im5ts4 ,! wat] 9 contact ) ! iron is decompos$ by ! comb9ation ( its oxyg5e ) t sub/ance1 & ( its hydrog5e ) a portion ( ! oxyg5e & nitrog5e ( ! nitr\s gas1 to =m wat] & ammoniac4 ,t ! iron is n oxydat$ at ! exp5ce ( ! oxyg5e ( ! nitr\s gas1 appe>s v probable f ! analogy betwe5 ?is process1 & ! mutual decomposition ( nitr\s gas & sulphurat$ hydrog5e4 ,besides1 dry iron fil+s effect no *ange :atev] 9 nitr\s gas1 at common temp]atures4 ,i h g5]ally f\nd ab\t #ab ( nitr\s gas conv]t$ into #e ( nitr\s oxide 9 ?is process2 :i* is n v diff]5t f ! dim9ution by sulphurat$ hydrog5e4 ,x takes place equally well 9 light & d>kness2 b m rapidly 9 w>m wea!r ?an 9 cold4 b4 ,nitr\s gas expos$ to a l>ge surface ( z9c1 9 contact ) wat]1 is sl[ly conv]t$ into nitr\s oxide2 at ! same "t t ammoniac is g5]at$1 & :ite oxide ( z9c =m$4 ,?is process appe>s to dep5d1 l ! la/1 ^u ! decomposition ( wat] by ! aff9ities ( "p ( ! oxyg5e & nitrog5e ( nitr\s gas1 = its hydrog5e1 to =m ammoniac & wat]2 & by t ( z9c = its oxyg5e4 ,z9c plac$ 9 contact ) wat]1 & conf9$ by m]cury1#aci decomposes x at ! common temp]ature4 ,z9c1 :5 p]fectly dry1 does n 9 ! slighte/ degree act ^u nitr\s gas4 #aci ,z ,i h f\nd by exp]im5t4 ,i h n be5 able to det]m9e exactly ! dim9ution ( volume ( nitr\s gas1 dur+ its conv]sion into nitr\s oxide by z9c4 ,9 "o exp]im5t #bj measures ( nitr\s gas1 conta9+ ab\t1#jc nitrog5e1 7 dim9i%$ to #i1 aft] an exposure ( eight days to wett$ z9c2 b f an accid5t1 ,i 0 n able to asc]ta9 ! exact quantity ( nitr\s oxide =m$4 c4 ,x is probable t mo/ ( ! imp]fect metals w be f\nd capable ( oxydation1 by ! decomposition ( wat]1 :5 its hydrog5e is attract$ by ! oxyg5e & nitrog5e ( nitr\s gas4 ,i h ?is day 7,april #ad1 #ahjj71 exam9$ two portions ( nitr\s gas1 "o ( :i* _h be5 expos$ to copp] fil+s1 & ! o!r to p[d] ( t91 = tw5ty-?ree days4 ,! gas t _h be5 expos$ to copp] 0 dim9i%$ ne>ly two fif?s4 ,! tap] burnt 9 x ) an enl>g$ flame1 blue at ! edges4 ,h5ce x evid5tly conta9$ nitr\s oxide4 ,! nitr\s gas 9 contact ) t9 _h und]gone a dim9ution ( "o f\r? only1 & did n support flame4 ,,vi4 ,miscellane\s ,obs]vations on ! conv]sion ( ,nitr\s ,gas into ,nitr\s ,oxide4 a4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley f\nd nitr\s gas expos$ to a mixture ( iron fil+s & sulphur1 ) wat]1 conv]t$ aft] a c]ta9 "t1 into nitr\s oxide4 ,sulphurat$ hydrog5e is always produc$ dur+ ! comb9ation ( iron & sulphur1 :5 !y are 9 contact ) wat]2 & by ! hydrog5e ( ?is 9 ! nasc5t /ate1 ! nitr\s gas is mo/ probably decompos$4 b4 ,gre5 oxide ( iron moi/5$ ) wat]1 expos$ to nitr\s gas1 sl[ly ga9s an orange t+e1 :il/ ! gas is dim9i%$4 ,mo/ likely x is conv]t$ into nitr\s oxide2 b ?is ,i h n asc]ta9$4 c4 ,i expos$ nitr\s gas1 to ! foll[+ bodies ov] m]cury = _m days1 )\t any dim9ution1 or app>5t *ange 9 its prop]ties4 ,alcohol1 sac*>9e matt]1 hydroc>bonate1 sulphure\s acid1 & phosphorus4 d4 ,cry/alis$ sulphate1 & muriate ( iron1 absorb a small quantity ( nitr\s gas1 & become d>k color$ on ! outside2 b aft] ?is absorption1 7:i* probably dep5ds on _! wat] ( cry/alisation17 has tak5 place1 no *ange is effect$ 9 ! gas rema9+4 e4 ,! p[] ( iron to decompose wat] be+ mu* increas$ by increase ( temp]ature1 nitr\s gas is conv]t$ into nitr\s oxide mu* m rapidly :5 plac$ 9 contact ) a surface ( heat$ iron1 ?an :5 expos$ to x at common temp]atures4 ,dur+ ! decomposition ( nitr\s gas 9 ?is way1 ammoniac#adj is =m$4 f4 ,! curi\s exp]im5ts ( ,r\ppe1#ada on ! absorption ( gases by *>coal1 comp>$ ) ! phnom5a notic$ 9 ?is ,division1 r5d] x probable t hydrog5e 9 a /ate ( loose comb9ation ) *>coal1 w be f\nd to conv]t nitr\s gas into nitr\s oxide4 #adj ,z 0 obs]v$ by ,miln]4 ,nitr\s gas pass$ ov] heat$ z9c1 or t91 ,i d\bt n w be f\nd conv]t$ into nitr\s oxide4 #ada ,annales de ,*imie1 xxxii4 p4 #c4 ,,vii4 ,recapitulation ( conclusions conc]n+ ! conv]sion ( ,nitr\s ,gas into ,nitr\s ,oxide4 a4 ,c]ta9 bodies hav+ a /rong aff9ity = oxyg5e1 z ! sulphites1 dry sulphures1 muriate ( t91 c4 conv]t nitr\s gas into nitr\s oxide1 by simply attract+ a portion ( its oxyg5e2 :il/ ! rema9+ oxyg5e ent]s into comb9ation ) ! nitrog5e1 & !y assume a m cond5s$ /ate ( exi/5ce4 b4 ,nitr\s gas is conv]t$ into nitr\s oxide by hydrog5e1 9 a peculi> /ate ( exi/5ce1 z 9 sulphurat$ hydrog5e2 & t by a s]ies ( v complex aff9ities4 ,bo? oxyg5e & nitrog5e are attract$ f ! nitr\s gas by ! hydrog5e1 9 su* proportions z to =m wat] & ammoniac1 :il/ ! rema9+ oxyg5e & nitrog5e#adb assume ! =m ( nitr\s oxide4 #adb ,! decomposition & recomposition ( wat]1 9 ?is process1 are analog\s to "s ( ! phnom5a obs]v$ by ! +5i\s ,mrs4 ,fulhame4 c4 ,nitr\s gas plac$ 9 contact ) bodies1 su* z iron & z9c decompos+ wat]1 is conv]t$ into nitr\s oxide1 at ! same "t t ammoniac is =m$4 ,x is difficult to asc]ta9 ! exact rationale ( ?is process4 ,= ei!r ! nasc5t hydrog5e produc$ by ! decomposition ( ! wat] by ! metallic sub/ance may comb9e ) portions ( bo? ! oxyg5e & nitrog5e ( ! nitr\s gas2 & ?us by =m+ wat] & ammoniac1 conv]t x into nitr\s oxide4 ,or ! metallic sub/ance may attract at ! same "t oxyg5e f ! wat] & nitr\s gas1 :il/ ! nasc5t hydrog5e ( ! wat] seizes ^u a portion ( ! nitrog5e ( ! nitr\s gas to =m ammoniac4 ,! degree ( dim9ution1 & ! analogy betwe5 ?is process & ! decomposition ( nitr\s gas by sulphurat$ hydrog5e1 r5d] ! fir/ op9ion mo/ probable4 ,,viii4 ,! production ( ,nitr\s ,oxide dur+ ! oxydation ( ,t91 ,z9c1 & ,iron1 9 ,nitric ,acid4 a4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley discov]$1 t dur+ ! solution ( t91 z9c1 & iron1 9 nitric acid1 c]ta9 portions ( nitr\s oxide 7 produc$1 m+l$ ) quantities ( nitr\s gas1 & nitrog5e1 v>y+ 9 proportion z ! acid employ$ 0 m or less conc5trat$4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t ammoniac is =m$ dur+ ! solution ( t91 z9c1 & iron1 9 dilut$ nitric acid4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ^! processes wat] is decompos$4 ,i _h design$ to inve/igate m9utely ^! phnom5a1 s z to asc]ta9 ! quantities ( wat] & acid decomp\nd$1 & ( ! new products g5]at$4 ,b aft] go+ ?r\gh "s exp]im5ts on ! oxydation ( t9 )\t ga9+ conclusive results1 ! labor1 & sacrifice ( "t !y dem&$1 oblig$ me to desi/ f pursu+ ! subject1 till ,i _h complet$ m important inve/igations4 ,i %all detail ! few obs]vations :i* h occurr$ to me1 relat+ to ! production ( nitr\s oxide f metallic solutions4 b4 ,:5 t9 is dissolv$ 9 conc5trat$ nitric acid1 su* z ( #a4d1 nitr\s oxide is produc$1 m+l$ ) g5]ally m ?an twice its bulk ( nitr\s gas4 ,9 ?is process b little free nitrog5e is evolv$1 & ! t9 is *iefly precipitat$ 9 ! =m ( a :ite p[d]4 ,if ! solution1 aft] ! g5]ation ( ^! products1 is saturat$ ) lime1 & heat$1 ! ammoniacal smell is di/9ct4 ,:5 nitric acid ( specific gravity #a4bd1 is made to act ^u t92 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! process1 ne>ly equal p>ts ( nitr\s gas & nitr\s oxide are produc$2 z x advances1 ! proportion ( nitr\s oxide to ! nitr\s gas increases3 ! l>ge/ quantity ( nitr\s oxide t ,i h f\nd 9 ! gas procur$ f t9 is 1 ! rema9d] be+ nitr\s gas & nitrog5e4 ,:5 t9 is oxydat$ 9 an acid ( less specific gravity ?an #a4ji1 ! quantities ( gas dis5gag$ are v small1 & consi/ ( nitrog5e1 m+l$ ) m9ute portions ( nitr\s oxide1 & nitr\s gas4 ,:5ev] ,i h saturat$ solutions ( t9 9 nitric acid ( diff]5t specific gravities1 ) lime1 & aft]w>ds heat$ !m1 ! ammoniacal smell has be5 uni=mly p]ceptible1 & g5]ally mo/ di/9ct :5 dilut$ acids h be5 employ$4 c4 ,:5 z9c is dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 :atev] is its specific gravity1 c]ta9 quantities ( nitr\s oxide are produc$4 ,nitric acids ( great] specific gravity ?an #a4b1 act ^u z9c ) great rapidity1 & great increase ( temp]ature4 ,! gases dis5gag$ f ^! solutions consi/ ( nitr\s gas1 nitr\s oxide1 & nitrog5e2 ! nitr\s oxide r>ely equals "o ?ird ( ! :ole4 ,:5 nitric acid ( #a1ajd is made to dissolve z9c1 ! gas obta9$ 9 ! middle ( ! process consi/s *iefly ( nitr\s oxide4 ,f su* a solution ,i obta9$ gas :i* gave a residuum ( "o six? only :5 absorb$ by wat]4 ,! tap] burnt 9 x ) a brilliant flame1 & sulphur ) a vivid rose-color$ light4 #ajj gra9s ( granulat$ z9c1 dur+ _! solution 9 #cjj gra9s ( nitric acid1 ( #a1dc1 dilut$ ) #ad times its weight ( wat]1 produc$ #bf cubic in*es ( gas4 ,( ?is gas _/ 7 nitr\s1 _/#cf nitr\s oxide1 & ! rema9d] nitrog5e4 ,! solution saturat$ ) lime & heat$1 gave a di/9ct smell ( ammoniac4 d4 ,dur+ ! solution ( iron 9 conc5trat$ nitric acid1 ! gas giv5 out is *iefly nitr\s2 x is h[ev] g5]ally m+l$ ) m9ute quantities ( nitr\s oxide4 ,:5 v dilute nitric acids are made to act ^u iron1 by ! assi/ance ( heat1 nitr\s oxide is produc$ 9 consid]able quantities1 m+l$ ) nitr\s gas & nitrog5e2 ! proportions ( :i* are small] z ! process advances4#adc ,! fluid rema9+ aft] ! oxydation & solution ( iron 9 nitric acid1 always conta9s ammoniac4 #adc ,f "o ( ,dr4 ,prie/ley's exp]im5ts1 x appe>s t hydrog5e gas is sometimes dis5gag$ dur+ ! solution ( iron 9 v dilute nitric acid by heat4 ,?is phnom5on has nev] occurr$ to me4 e4 ,z dur+ ! solution ( t91 z9c1 & iron1 9 nitric acid1 ! quantity ( acid is dim9i%$ 9 proportion z ! process advances1 x is reasonable to suppose t ! relative quantities ( ! gases evolv$ are p]petually v>y+4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( a dissolution1 ! nitr\s gas g5]ally pr$om9ates1 9 ! middle nitr\s oxide1 & at ! end nitrog5e4 f4 ,dur+ ! g5]ation ( nitr\s gas1 nitr\s oxide1 & ammoniac1 f ! decomposition ( solution ( nitric acid 9 wat]1 by t91 z9c1 & iron1 v complex attractions mu/ exi/ betwe5 ! con/itu5ts ( ! sub/ances employ$4 ,! acid & ! wat] are decompos$ at ! same "t1 & 9 proportions diff]5t z ! solution is m conc5trat$1 by ! comb9ation ( _! oxyg5e ) ! metallic body4 ,! nitr\s gas is produc$ by ! comb9ation ( ! metal ) _/ ( ! oxyg5e ( ! acid4 ,! nitr\s oxide is mo/ probably g5]at$ by ! decomposition ( a portion ( ! nitr\s gas dis5gag$1 by ! nasc5t hydrog5e ( ! wat] decomp\nd$2 "s ( x may be possibly =m$ f a m complete decomposition ( ! acid4 ,! production ( ammoniac may arise1 probably f two causes2 f ! decomposition ( ! nitr\s gas by ! comb9ation ( ! nasc5t hydrog5e ( ! wat]1 ) portions ( its oxyg5e & nitrog5e at ! same "t2 & f ! union ( hydrog5e ) nasc5t nitrog5e lib]at$ 9 consequ5ce ( a complete decomposition ( "p ( ! acid4 ,,ix4 ,additional ,obs]vations on ! production ( ,nitr\s ,oxide4 a4 ,:5 nitric acid is comb9$ ) muriatic acid1 or sulphuric acid1#add ! quantities ( nitr\s oxide produc$ f its decomposition by t91 z9c1 & iron1 are r increas$ ?an dim9i%$4 ,! nitr\s oxide obta9$ f ^! solutions is1 h[ev]1 nev] suffici5tly pure = physiological exp]im5ts4 ,x is always m+l$ ) ei!r nitr\s gas1 nitrog5e1 or hydrog5e1 & sometimes ) all ( !m4 #add ,z 0 discov]$ by ,prie/ley1 & ! ,dut* ,*emi/s4 b4 ,f ! solutions ( bismu?1 nickel1 lead1 & copp]1 9 dilut$ nitric acid1 ,i h nev] obta9$ any p]ceptible quantity ( nitr\s oxide3 ! gas produc$ is nitr\s1 m+l$ ) diff]5t portions ( nitrog5e4 ,antimony & m]cury1 dur+ _! solution 9 aqua regia1 give out only nitr\s gas4 ,probably none ( ! metallic bodies1 except ^? t decompose wat] at temp]atures bel[ ignition1 w g5]ate nitr\s oxide f nitric acid4 ,on cobalt & manganese ,i h nev] _h an opportunity ( exp]im5t+3 manganese w probably produce nitr\s oxide4 c4 ,dur+ ! solution ( vegetable matt]s#ade 9 nitric acid1 by heat1 v m9ute portions ( nitr\s oxide are sometimes produc$1 always h[ev] m+l$ ) l>ge quantities ( nitr\s gas1 & c>bonic acid4 #ade ,su* z ! leaves1 b>k1 & wood1 ( trees4 ,:5 nitric acid is decomp\nd$ by e!r1 fix$ oils1 volatile oils1 or alcohol1 t[>ds ! end ( ! process small quantities ( nitr\s oxide are produc$1 & sometimes suffici5tly pure to support ! flame ( ! tap]4#adf d4 ,:5 gre5 oxide ( iron is dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 nitr\s oxide is produc$1 m+l$ ) nitrog5e & nitr\s gas4 e4 ,dur+ ! conv]sion ( gre5 sulphate1 or gre5 muriate ( iron into r$1 by ! decomposition ( dilute nitric acid1 nitr\s oxide is =m$1 m+l$ ) diff]5t proportions ( nitr\s gas & nitrog5e4 f4 ,:5 solution ( gre5 nitrate ( iron is heat$1 a "p ( ! acid is decompos$1 r$ oxide is precipitat$1 r$ nitrate =m$1 & impure nitr\s oxide evolv$4 g4 ,:5 iron is introduc$ into a solution ( nitrate ( copp]1 ! copp] is precipitat$ 9 its metallic /ate1 :il/ nitr\s oxide1 m+l$ ) small portions ( nitrog5e1 is produc$4#adg #adf ,z ,i h obs]v$ aft] ,prie/ley4 #adg ,z 0 discov]$ by ,prie/ly4 ,bo? z9c & t9 precipitate copp] 9 its metallic =m f solution 9 ! nitric acid4 ,dur+ ^! precipitations1 c]ta9 quantities ( nitr\s oxide are g5]at$1 m+l$ h[ev] ) l>g] quantities ( nitrog5e ?an t produc$ f decomposition by iron4 ,9 all ^! processes ammoniac is =m$1 & wat] consequ5tly decompos$4 ,! decomposition ( wat] & nitric acid1 dur+ ! precipitation ( copp] f solution ( nitrate ( copp]1 by t91 z9c1 & iron1 dep5ds ^u ! /rong aff9ity ( ^? metals = oxyg5e1 & _! p[]s ( comb9+ ) a l>g] quantity ( x ?an copp]4 ,x4 ,decomposition ( ,aqua ,regia by ,plat9a1 & evolution ( a ,gas analog\s to ,oxyg5at$ ,muriatic ,acid1 & ,nitrog5e4 a4 ,de la ,me!rie1 9 8 essay on diff]5t airs1 has ass]t$ t ! gas produc$ by ! solution ( plat9a 9 nitro-muriatic acid1 is id5tical ) ! dephlogi/icat$ nitr\s gas ( ,prie/ly4 ,he calls x nitr\s gas ) excess ( pure air1 & affirms t x dim9i%es1 bo? ) nitr\s gas & common air4 b4 ,i introduc$ into a vessel conta9+ #cj gra9s ( plat9a1 #bjej gra9s ( aqua regia1 compos$ ( equal p>ts1 by weight1 ( conc5trat$ nitric acid ( #a1dc1 & muriatic acid ( #a1af4 ,at ! common temp]ature1 t is1 #di1 no action betwe5 ! acid & plat9a appe>$ to take place4 ,on ! application ( ! heat ( a _s lamp1 ! solution gradually became yell[ r$1 & gas 0 giv5 out ) rapidity4 ,"s ( ?is gas receiv$ 9 a j> fill$ ) w>m wat]1 appe>$ ( a bright yell[ color4 ,on agitation1 ! great] "p ( x 0 absorb$ by ! wat]1 & ! rema9d] ext+ui%$ flame4 ,:5 x 0 receiv$ ov] m]cury1 x act$ ^u x ) great rapidity1 & =m$ on ! surface a :ite cru/4 ,z ! process ( solution advanc$1 ! color ( ! acid *ang$ to d>k r$1 at ! same "t t ! production ( gas 0 mu* increas$2 m ?an #dj cubic in*es 7 soon collect$ 9 ! wat] app>atus4 ,diff]5t portions ( ! gas 7 exam9$1 x exhibit$ ! foll[+ prop]ties3 #a4 ,its color 0 orange r$1#adh & its smell exactly resembl$ t ( oxyg5at$ muriatic acid4 #b4 ,:5 agitat$ 9 boil$ wat]1 x 0 rapidly absorb$1 leav+ a residuum ( r m ?an "o twelf?4 #c4 ,! tap] burnt 9 x ) increas$ brilliancy1 ! flame be+ long1 & deep r$ at ! edges4 #d4 ,iron introduc$ into x ignit$1 burnt ) a dull r$ light4 #e4 ,gre5 vegetables expos$ to x 7 in/antly r5d]$ :ite4 #f4 ,x und]w5t no dim9ution1 m+l$ ) atmosph]ic air4 #g4 ,:5 m+l$ ) nitr\s gas1 x gave d5se r$ vapor1 & rapid dim9ution4 #adh ,?is deep color dep5d$1 9 "s measure1 ^u ! nitro-muriatic vapor susp5d$ 9 x4 ,i h s9ce obs]v$ t x is m int5se 9 proportion z ! heat employ$ = ! production ( ! gas has be5 /rong]4 ,! natural color ( ! peculi> gas is deep yell[4 c4 ,f ! exhibition ( ^! prop]ties1 x 0 evid5t t ! gas produc$ dur+ ! solution ( plat9a 9 aqua regia1 *iefly consi/$ ( oxyg5at$ muriatic acid1 or ( a gas highly analog\s to x4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 difficult to conceive h[ a body1 by comb9+ ) a portion ( ! oxyg5e ( nitro-muriatic acid1 c\ld produce f x oxyg5at$ muriatic acid1 app>5tly m+l$ ) v small portions ( any o!r gas4 d4 ,to asc]ta9 :e!r any p]man5t gas 0 produc$ dur+ ! ebullition ( aqua regia1 ( ! same composition z t us$ = ! solution ( ! plat9a2 ,i kept a l>ge quantity ( x boil+ = "s "t1 9 communication ) ! wat] app>atus2 ! gas g5]at$ appe>$ to be :olly nitro-muriatic1 & 0 absorb$ z fa/ z produc$1 by ! wat]4 e4 ,to det]m9e :e!r any nitr\s oxide 0 m+l$ ) ! peculi> gas1 z well z ! nature & quantity ( ! unabsorbable gas1 nitr\s gas 0 gradually add$ to #ba cubic in*es ( ! gas produc$ f a new solution1 till ! dim9ution 0 complete3 ! gas rema9+ equall$ #b1c cubic in*es2 x 0 unabsorbable by wat]1 & ext+ui%$ flame4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t1 :5 ! la/ portions ( gas f a solution 7 c>efully receiv$ 9 wat] previ\sly boil$1 #ab cubic in*es agitat$ 9 wat] left a residuum ( #a4c2 :il/ ! same quantity decompos$ by nitr\s gas1 conta9+1#jb nitrog5e1 left ab\t #a4e4 ,h5ce x appe>$ t ! ari=m products ( ! solution consi/$ ( ! peculi> gas analog\s to oxyg5at$ muriatic acid1 & ( a small quantity ( nitrog5e4 f4 ,consequ5tly a portion ( ! nitric acid ( ! aqua regia _h be5 decompos$2 b if x _h giv5 oxyg5e bo? to ! plat9a & muriatic acid1 ! quantity ( nitrog5e evolv$ ought to h be5 mu* m consid]able4 g4 ,to asc]ta9 if any wat] _h be5 decompos$1 & ! nitrog5e cond5s$ 9 ! solution by its hydrog5e1 to =m ammoniac1 ,i saturat$ a solution ) lime1 & heat$ x1 b no ammoniacal smell 0 p]ceiv$4 h4 ,to det]m9e if any nitrog5e _h ent]$ into *emical comb9ation ) muriatic acid & oxyg5e1 s z to =m an ari=m triple comp\nd1 analog\s 9 its prop]ties to oxyg5at$ muriatic acid1 ,i expos$ "s ( ! gas to m]cury1 expect+ t ?is sub/ance1 by comb9+ ) its oxyg5e1 w\ld effect a complete decomposition2 & ?is 0 actually ! case3 = ! gas 0 at fir/ rapidly dim9i%$1 & ! m]cury became oxydat$2 its volume1 h[ev]1 soon increas$2 & ! residual gas appe>$ to be nitr\s1 m+l$ ) mu* nitrog5e4 ,! exact proportions ( ea*1 f an accid5t1 ,i c\ld n det]m9e4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 inconclusive1 because ! nitro-muriatic acid susp5d$ 9 ! peculi> gas1 f :i* x c probably be nev] p]fectly fre$1 act$ 9 common ) x ^u ! m]cury1 & produc$ nitr\s gas3 & ?is nitr\s gas1 at ! mom5t ( its production1 =m$ nitr\s acid by comb9+ ) ! oxyg5e ( ! peculi> gas2 & ! nitr\s acid g5]at$#adi 0 aga9 decompos$ by ! m]cury2 & h5ce nitr\s gas evolv$1 & possibly "s nitrog5e4 #adi ,! decomposition ( ari=m nitr\s acid by m]cury1 0 fir/ not$ by ,prie/ley2 vol4 iii4 pag4 #aja4 ,?is decomposition ,i h (t5 _h occasion to obs]ve4 ,9 read+ ,humbolt's pap] on eudiometry1 ,annales de ,*imie1 xxviii1 pag4 #aej1 ,i 0 n a little surpris$ to f9d t he takes no notice ( ?is fact4 ,he seems to suppose t nitr\s acid c rema9 ari=m1 & ev5 be cond5s$1 9 contact ) m]cury1 )\t alt]ation4 ,he says1 8,9 m+l+ #ajj p>ts ( atmosph]ic air ) #ajj ( nitr\s air1 ! air imm$iately became r$1 b all ! acid produc$ rema9$ ari=m2 & aft] eighte5 h\rs "s drops only ( acid 7 =m$1 :i* swam ^u ! m]cury40 i4 ,peculi> circum/ances prev5t$ me at ?is "t f completely inve/igat+ ! subject4 ,x rema9s d\btful :e!r ! gas consi/s simply ( highly oxyg5at$ muriatic acid & nitrog5e1#aej produc$ by ! decomposition ( nitric acid f ! coalesc+ aff9ities ( plat9a & muriatic acid = oxyg5e2 or :e!r x is compos$ ( a peculi> gas1 analog\s to oxyg5at$ muriatic acid1 & nitrog5e1 g5]at$ f "s unkn[n aff9ities4#aea #aej ,lavoisi] has said conc]n+ aqua regia1 8,9 solutions ( metals 9 ?is acid1 z 9 all o!r acids1 ! metals are fir/ oxydat$1 by attract+ a "p ( ! oxyg5e f ! comp\nd radical4 ,?is occasions ! dis5gagem5t ( a p>ticul> species ( gas n hi!rto describ$1 :i* may be call$ nitro-muriatic gas4 ,x has a v disagreeable smell1 & is fatal to animal life :5 respir$2 x attacks iron1 & causes x to ru/2 x is absorb$ 9 consid]able quantities by wat]40 ,elem4 ,eng4 #bcg4 #aea ,i h no d\bt b t ! gas procur$ f ! solution ( gold 9 aqua regia1 is analog\s to t produc$ f plat9a4 ,"s v uncommon circum/ances are att5dant on ! solution ( plat9a3 #a/4 ,! imm5se quantity ( acid requir$ = ! solution ( a m9ute quantity ( plat9a4 #b;d4 ,! great quantity ( gas produc$ dur+ ! solution ( ?is m9ute quantity4 #c;d4 ,! int5se r$ color ( ! solution1 & its p]fectly acid prop]ties aft] x ceases to act ^u ! metal4 ,,xi4 ,on ! action ( ! ,electric ,sp>k on a mixture ( ,nitrog5e & ,nitr\s ,gas4 ,?9k+ x possible t nitr\s gas & nitrog5e might be made to comb9e by ! action ( ! electric sp>k1 s z to =m nitr\s oxide1 ,i introduc$ #bj gra9 measures ( ea* ( !m into a small detonat+ tube1 graduat$ to gra9s1 /&+ ov] m]cury1 & conta9+ a v small quantity ( cabbage juice r5d]$ gre5 by an alkali4 ,aft] electric sp>ks _h be5 pass$ ?r\gh ! gases = an h\r & half1 !y 7 dim9i%$ to ab\t #cb1 & ! cabbage juice 0 slightly r$d5$4 ,on introduc+ ab\t #aj measures ( hydrog5e1 & pass+ ! electric sp>k ?r\gh ! :ole1 no inflammation or dim9ution 0 p]ceptible4 ,h5ce ! cond5sation mo/ probably arose :olly f ! =mation ( nitr\s acid1#aeb by ! m intimate union ( ! oxyg5e ( nitr\s gas ) "s ( its nitrog5e1 z 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,prie/ley4 #aeb ,= if nitr\s oxide _h be5 =m$1 x w\ld h be5 decompos$ by ! hydrog5e4 ,z ! nasc5t nitrog5e1 9 ! decomposition ( nitrate ( ammoniac1 comb9es ) a portion ( oxyg5e & nitrog5e1 to =m nitr\s oxide2 x is probable t nitr\s oxide may be produc$ dur+ ! passage ( nitr\s gas & ammoniac ?r\gh a heat$ tube4 ,,xii4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4 ,!re are no reasons = suppos+ t nitr\s oxide is =m$ 9 any ( ! processes ( nature2 & ! nice equilibrium ( aff9ity by :i* x is con/itut$1 =bids u to hope = ! p[] ( compos+ x f its simple pr9ciples4 ,we mu/ be cont5t to produce x1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 f ! decomposition ( nitric acid4 ,& z 9 ! decomposition ( nitrate ( ammoniac1 n only all ! nitrog5e ( ! nitric acid ent]s into ! composition ( ! nitr\s oxide produc$1 b likewise t ( ! ammoniac1 ?is process is by f> ! *eape/1 z well z ! mo/ exp$iti\s4 ,a mode ( produc+ ammoniac at little exp5ce1 has be5 propos$ by ,mr4 ,watt4 ,cond5s$ 9 ! sulphuric acid1 x c be easily made to comb9e ) nitric acid1 f ! decomposition ( nitre by d\ble aff9ity4 ,& ?us1 if ! hopes :i* ! exp]im5ts at ! end ( ^? rese>*es induce u to indulge1 d n prove fallaci\s1 a sub/ance :i* has be5 h]et(ore almo/ exclusively appropriat$ to ! de/ruction ( mank9d1 may become1 9 ! h&s ( philosophy1 a means ( produc+ heal? & pleasurable s5sation4 ,,rese>* ,,ii4 ,,into ,,! ,,comb9ations ,,( ,,nitr\s ,,oxide1 ,,& ,,its ,,decomposition ,,by ,,combu/ible ,,bodies4 ,,division ,i4 ,,exp]im5ts & ,,obs]vations on ! ,,comb9ations ( ,,nitr\s ,,oxide4 ,i4 ,comb9ation ( ,wat] ) ,nitr\s ,oxide4 a4 ,! discov]] ( nitr\s oxide fir/ obs]v$ its solubility 9 wat]2 & x has s9ce be5 notic$ by diff]5t exp]im5tali/s4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley f\nd t wat] dissolv$ ab\t "o half ( its bulk ( nitr\s oxide1 & t at ! temp]ature ( ebullition1 ?is sub/ance 0 incapable ( rema9+ 9 comb9ation ) x4#aec #aec ,exp]im5ts & obs]vations1 vol4 ii4 pag4 #ha4 b4 ,i introduc$ to #i cubic in*es ( pure wat]1 i4 e4 wat] di/ill$ "u m]cury1 #g cubic in*es ( nitr\s oxide1 :i* _h be5 obta9$ ov] m]cury1 f ! decomposition ( nitrate ( ammoniac1 & 9 consequ5ce 0 p]fectly pure4 ,aft] !y _h rema9$ toge!r = #aa h\rs1 temp]ature be+ #df1 dur+ :i* "t !y 7 frequ5tly agitat$1 ! gas rema9+ 0 #b1c2 consequ5tly #d1g cubic in*es _h be5 absorb$4 ,& !n1 #ajj cubic in*es1 #becjj gra9s ( wat]1 w absorb #ed cubic in*es1 #bg gra9s1 ( nitr\s oxide4 c4 ,! ta/e ( wat] impregnat$ ) nitr\s oxide1 is di/9ctly sweeti%2 x is s(t] ?an common wat]1 &1 9 my op9ion1 mu* m agreeable to ! palate4 ,x produces no alt]ation 9 vegetable blues1 & effects no *ange ( color 9 metallic solutions4 d4 ,?9k+ t wat] impregnat$ ) nitr\s oxide might probably produce "s effects :5 tak5 into ! /oma*1 by giv+ out its gas1 ,i drank1 9 ,june1 #agii1 ab\t #c ounces ( x1 b )\t p]ceiv+ any effects4 ,a few days ago1 consid]+ ?is quantity z inadequate1 ,i took at two draughts ne>ly a p9t1 fully saturat$2 & at ?is "t ,mr4 ,joseph ,prie/ley drank ! same quantity4 ,we nei!r ( u p]ceiv$ any rem>kable effects4 ,s9ce t "t ,i h drank ne> ?ree p9ts ( x 9 ! c\rse ( a day4 ,9 ?is in/ance x appe>$ to act z a diuretic1 & ,i imag9$ t x exp$it$ dige/ion4 ,z a matt] ( ta/e1 ,i %\ld always pref] x to common wat]4 e4 ,two cubic in*es ( pure wat]1 t _h be5 made to absorb ab\t #a1a cubic in*es ( nitr\s oxide2 :5 kept = "s "t 9 ebullition1 & !n rapidly cool$1 produc$ ne>ly #a ( gas4 ,sulphur burnt 9 ?is gas ) a vivid rose-color$ flame4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t1 9 :i* ! gas 0 expell$ by heat f impregnat$ wat]1 & absorb$ aga9 aft] mu* agitation on cool+2 ! residuum 0 h>dly p]ceptible1 & mo/ likely dep5d$ ^u "s gas :i* _h adh]$ to ! m]cury1 & 0 lib]at$ dur+ ! ebullition4 ,h5ce x appe>s t nitr\s oxide is expell$ unalt]$ f its aque\s solution by heat4 f4 ,i h be=e m5tion$1 ,division ,,iii1 t nitr\s oxide1 dur+ its comb9ation ) spr+ wat]1 expels ! common air dissolv$ 9 x4 ,?is common air g5]ally am\nts to "o sixte5?1 ! volume ( ! wat] be+ unity4 ,a correction on acc\nt ( ?is circum/ance mu/ be made = ! app>5t defici5cy ( dim9ution1 & = ! common air m+l$ 9 consequ5ce1 ) nitr\s oxide dur+ its absorption by common wat]4 g4 ,wat] impregnat$ ) nitr\s gas absorb$ nitr\s oxide2 b ! residual gas 0 mu* great] ?an t ( common wat]1 & gave r$ fumes ) atmosph]ic air4 ,nitr\s gas agitat$ = a long :ile ov] wat] highly impregnat$ ) nitr\s oxide1 0 n 9 ! slighte/ degree dim9i%$1 9 "o exp]im5t inde$ x 0 r increas$2 d\btless f ! lib]ation ( "s nitr\s oxide f ! wat] by ! agitation4 h4 ,nitr\s oxide kept 9 contact ) aque\s solution ( sulphurat$ hydrog5e & (t5 agitat$1 0 n 9 ! slighte/ degree dim9i%$4 ,sulphurat$ hydrog5e1 introduc$ into a solution ( nitr\s oxide1 0 rapidly absorb$1 & z ! process advanc$1 ! nitr\s oxide 0 giv5 out4 i4 ,wat] impregnat$ ) c>bonic acid1 possess$ no action ^u nitr\s oxide1 & did n 9 ! slighte/ degree absorb x4 ,:5 c>bonic acid 0 introduc$ to an aque\s solution ( nitr\s oxide2 ! ari=m acid 0 absorb$1 & ! nitr\s oxide lib]at$4 k4 ,f ^! obs]vations x appe>s t nitr\s oxide has less aff9ity = wat]1 ?an ev5 ! weak] acids1 sulphurat$ hydrog5e & c>bonic acid2 z inde$ "o might h conjectur$ a priori f its degree ( solubility3 likewise t x has a /rong] attraction = wat] ?an ! gases n possess$ ( acid or alkal9e prop]ties2 x expell+ f wat] nitr\s gas1 oxyg5e1 & common air2 probably hydroc>bonate1 hydrog5e1 & nitrog5e4 ,,ii4 ,comb9ations ( ,nitr\s ,oxide ) ,fluid ,inflammable ,bodies4 a4 ,vitriolic e!r absorbs nitr\s oxide 9 mu* l>g] quantities ?an wat]4 ,a cubic in* ( e!r1 at temp]ature #eb1 comb9$ ) a cubic in* & sev5 t5?s ( nitr\s oxide4 ,e!r ?us impregnat$ 0 n at all alt]$ 9 its appe>ance2 its smell 0 precisely ! same1 b ! ta/e appe>$ less pung5t1 & m agreeable4 ,nitr\s oxide is lib]at$ unalt]$ f e!r at a v l[ temp]ature1 t is1 at ab\t ! boil+ po9t ( ?is fluid4 ,= expell+ nitr\s oxide f impregnat$ e!r1 & = asc]ta9+ 9 g5]al ! quantity ( gases comb9$ ) fluids1 ,i h lately made use ( a v simple me?od1 :i* x may n be amiss to describe4 ,! impregnat$ fluid is introduc$ into a small ?9 tube1 graduat$ to1#je cubic in*es1 ?r\gh m]cury4 ,! quantity ( fluid %\ld nev] equal m ?an a fif? or six? ( ! capacity ( ! tube4 ,! l[] "p ( ! tube is adapt$ to an orifice 9 ! %elf ( ! m]curial app>atus1 s z to make an angle ( ab\t #dj ) ! surface ( ! m]cury4 ,! flame ( a small _s lamp is !n appli$ to t "p ( ! tube conta9+ ! fluid2 & aft] ! expulsion ( ! gas f x1 ! heat is rais$ s z to drive out ! fluid ?r\gh ! orifice ( ! tube4 ,?us ! lib]at$ gas is pres]v$ 9 a /ate prop] = accurate exam9ation4 ,impregnat$ e!r1 dur+ its comb9ation ) wat]1 gives out ! great] "p ( its nitr\s oxide4 ,dur+ ! lib]ation ( nitr\s oxide f e!r1 by its comb9ation ) wat]1 a v curi\s phnom5on takes place4 ,if ! wat] employ$ is color$1 s t x may be se5 9 a /ratum di/9ct f ! impregnat$ e!r1 at ! po9t ( contact a numb] ( small sph]ules ( fluid w be p]ceiv$1 app>5tly repulsive bo? to wat] & e!r2 ^! sph]ules become gradually cov]$ ) m9ute globules ( gas1 & z ?is gas is lib]at$ f _! surfaces1 !y gradually disappe>4 b4 ,alcohol dissolves consid]able quantities ( nitr\s oxide4 #b cubic in*es ( alcohol1 at #eb1 comb9$ ) #b1d cubic in*es ( nitr\s oxide4 ,! alcohol ?us impregnat$ _h a ta/e r sweet] ?an be=e1 b 9 o!r physical prop]ties 0 n p]ceptibly alt]$4 ,nitr\s oxide is incapable ( rema9+ 9 comb9ation ) ?is fluid at ! temp]ature ( ebullition2 x is lib]at$ f x unalt]$ by heat4 ,impregnat$ alcohol1 dur+ its comb9ation ) wat]1 gives out ! great] "p ( its comb9$ nitr\s oxide3 on m+l+ ! two fluids toge!r1 at ! po9t ( contact ! alcohol becomes cov]$ ) an inf9ite numb] ( small globules ( gas1 :i* cont9ue to be g5]at$ dur+ ! :ole ( ! comb9ation1 & 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! fluid r5d] x almo/ opaque4 c4 ,! ess5tial oils absorb nitr\s oxide to a great] ext5t ?an ei!r alcohol or e!r4 1#e cubic in*es ( oil ( c>ui comb9$ ) #a1b cubic in*es ( nitr\s oxide at #ea4 ,! color ( ! oil ?us impregnat$ 0 r pal] ?an be=e4 ,nitr\s oxide is expell$ unalt]$ f impregnat$ oil ( c>ui1 by heat4 #a ( oil ( turp5t9e absorb$ ne>ly #b ( nitr\s oxide1 at #eg4 ,its prop]ties 7 n s5sibly alt]$ f ?is comb9ation1 & ! gas 0 expell$ f x undecomp\nd$1 by heat4 d4 ,z well z ! ess5tial oils1 ! fix$ oils dissolve nitr\s oxide at l[ temp]atures1 :il/ at high temp]atures !y d n rema9 9 comb9ation4 #a ( olive oil absorb$1 at #fa1 #a1b ( nitr\s oxide1 b )\t und]go+ any app>5t physical *ange4 ,,iii4 ,action ( ,fluid ,acids on ,nitr\s ,oxide4 a4 ,nitr\s oxide expos$ to conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 und]goes no *ange1 & suff]s no dim9ution1 t may n be acc\nt$ = f ! ab/raction ( a portion ( its wat] by ! acid4 b4 ,nitr\s oxide is sc>cely at all soluble 9 nitr\s acid1 & expos$ to t sub/ance1 und]goes no alt]ation4 c4 ,muriatic acid1 ( specific gravity #a1ad absorbs ab\t a ?ird ( its bulk ( nitr\s oxide4 ,x suff]s no app>5t *ange 9 its prop]ties f be+ ?us impregnat$1 & ! gas is aga9 giv5 out f x on ! application ( heat4 d4 ,acetic acid absorbs ne>ly "o ?ird ( its bulk ( nitr\s oxide4 e4 ,aqua regia1 t is1 ! nitro-muriatic acid1 absorbs a v m9ute portion ( nitr\s oxide4 f4 ,nitr\s oxide 0 expos$ to a new comp\nd acid1 consi/+ ( oxyg5at$ muriatic acid1 & sulphuric acid1 :i* ,i discov]$ 9 ,july1 #agii1 & ( :i* an acc\nt w be %ortly publi%$2 b x 0 nei!r absorb$ or alt]$4 ,i h be=e m5tion$ t ! aque\s solutions ( sulphurat$ hydrog5e & c>bonic acid1 nei!r dissolve or alt] nitr\s oxide4 ,,iv4 ,action ( ,sal9e ,solutions1 & o!r ,sub/ances1 on ,nitr\s ,oxide4 a4 ,nitr\s oxide expos$ to conc5trat$ solution ( gre5 sulphate ( iron1 at #eh1 und]w5t no p]ceptible dim9ution2 n ev5 aft] x _h be5 suff]$ to rema9 9 contact ) x = half an h\r4 b4 ,x und]w5t dim9ution ( ne>ly1#b :5 agitat$ 9 contact ) a solution ( r$ sulphate ( iron1 ! volume ( ! solution be+ unity4 c4 ,solution ( gre5 sulphate ( iron1 fully impregnat$ ) nitr\s gas1 did n 9 ! slighte/ degree absorb nitr\s oxide1 & appe>$ to h no action ^u x4 d4 ,solution ( gre5 muriate ( iron1 :e!r impregnat$ ) nitr\s gas1 or unimpregnat$1 has no aff9ity =1 or action ^u1 nitr\s oxide4 e4 ,solution ( r$ muriate ( iron 9 alcohol1 absorb$ ne>ly "o fif? ( its bulk1 ( nitr\s oxide4 f4 ,solution ( prussiate ( pota% absorb$ ne>ly "o ?ird ( its volume1 ( nitr\s oxide1 :i* 0 aga9 expell$ f x by heat4 g4 ,solution ( nitrate ( copp] appe>$ to h no aff9ity = nitr\s oxide4 h4 ,conc5trat$ solution ( nitrate ( ammoniac1 at #eh1 absorb$ "o eigh? ( its bulk ( nitr\s oxide4 i4 ,solutions ( alkal9e sulphures absorb nitr\s oxide 9 quantities proportionable to ! wat] !y conta92 x is expell$ f !m unalt]$ by heat4 ,none ( ! hydro-sulphures dissolve m ?an half _! bulk ( nitr\s oxide4 k4 ,conc5trat$ solutions ( ! sulphites possess little or no action on nitr\s oxide2 dilut$ solutions absorb x 9 small quantities4 l4 ,conc5trat$ solution ( muriate ( t9 absorbs ab\t "o eigh? ( nitr\s oxide2 m dilute solutions absorb l>g] quantities4 ,f ^! obs]vations we le>n1 t neutro-sal9e solutions 9 g5]al1 h v feeble attractions = nitr\s oxide2 & z solutions ( gre5 muriate1 & sulphate ( iron1 :e!r free f nitr\s gas1 or impregnat$ ) x1 possess no action ^u nitr\s oxide1 nitr\s gas may be sep>at$ f ?is sub/ance by ^? solutions ) great] facility ?an nitr\s oxide c be sep>at$ f nitr\s gas1 by wat] or alcohol4 ,*>coal absorbs nitr\s oxide z well z all o!r gases2 & x is dis5gag$ f x by heat4 ,i h z yet f\nd no o!r solid body1 n possess$ ( alkal9e prop]ties1 capable ( absorb+ nitr\s oxide 9 any /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,! bodies possess+ ! /ronge/ aff9ity = oxyg5e1 ! dry sulphites1 muriate ( t91 ! common sulphures1 :ite prussiate ( pota%1 & gre5 oxide ( iron1 d n 9 ! slighte/ degree act on nitr\s oxide at common temp]atures4 ,v4 ,action ( diff]5t ,gases on ,nitr\s ,oxide4 a4 #ab measures ( muriatic acid gas 7 m+l$ ) #g measures ( nitr\s oxide at #ef4 ,aft] rema9+ toge!r = a m9ute1 !y fill$ a space equal to #ai measures4 ,:5 wat] 0 introduc$ to !m1 ! muriatic acid 0 absorb$ mu* m sl[ly ?an if x _h be5 unm+l$4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t1 :5 ! gases 7 saturat$ ) wat]1 #i measures ( ea* ( !m1 :5 m+l$ & suff]$ to rema9 9 contact = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 fill$ a space ne>ly equal to #ai2 & aft] ! muriatic acid _h be5 absorb$ by pota%1 ! nitr\s oxide rema9$ unalt]$ 9 its prop]ties4 ,f ! expansion1 x appe>s mo/ probable t ari=m muriatic acid1 & nitr\s oxide1 h a c]ta9 aff9ity = ea* o!r1 & t !y comb9e :5 m+l$ toge!r2 = 9 ! la/ exp]im5t1 ! increase ( volume _c be acc\nt$ = by suppos+ t nitr\s oxide und]goes less *ange ( volume ?an muriatic acid1 by ari=m comb9ation ) wat]1 & t ! expansion dep5d$ ^u ! solution ( "s ( its comb9$ wat] by ! muriatic acid4 ,t muriatic acid & nitr\s oxide h a slight aff9ity = ea* o!r1 likewise appe>s f ! absorption ( nitr\s oxide by aque\s solution ( muriatic acid4 ,?9k+ t nitr\s oxide might attract muriatic acid f its solution 9 wat]1 ,i expos$ a m9ute quantity ( fluid muriatic acid to nitr\s oxide2 b no alt]ation ( volume took place 9 ! gas4 b4 #f measures ( nitr\s oxide 7 m+l$ ) #aa measures ( sulphure\s acid1 saturat$ ) wat]2 aft] rema9+ at re/ = six m9utes1 !y fill$ a space ne>ly equal to #ah measures4 ,expos$ to wat]1 ! sulphure\s acid 0 absorb$1 b n ne>ly s rapidly z :5 9 a free /ate4 ,sulphur burnt ) a vivid flame 9 ! residual nitr\s oxide4 #g measures ( sulphure\s acid 7 n[ m+l$ ) #h ( nitr\s oxide4 ,!y fill$ a space ne>ly equal to #ae1 & no f>!r expansion took place aft]w>ds4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts x appe>s probable t sulphure\s acid1 & nitr\s oxide1 h "s aff9ity = ea* o!r4 c4 #aa measures ( c>bonic acid 7 m+l$ ) #h ( nitr\s oxide2 !y fill$ a space ne>ly equal to #ai measures4 ,on expos+ ! mixture to cau/ic pota%1 ! c>bonic acid 0 absorb$1 & ! nitr\s oxide rema9$ pure4 ,h5ce x appe>s t c>bonic acid & nitr\s oxide d n comb9e ) ea* o!r4 d4 ,oxyg5at$ muriatic acid1 & nitr\s oxide1 7 m+l$ 9 a wat] app>atus3 !re 0 a slight appe>ance ( cond5sation2 b ?is 0 mo/ probably ow+ to absorption by ! wat]2 on agitation1 ! oxyg5at$ muriatic acid 0 absorb$1 & ! great] "p ( ! nitr\s oxide rema9$ unalt]$4 e4 ,sulphurat$ hydrog5e & nitr\s oxide1 m+l$ toge!r1 nei!r exp&$ or contract$2 expos$ to solution ( pota%1 ! acid#aed only 0 absorb$4 #aed ,! exp]im5ts ( ,b]?ollet h cle>ly prov$ ! p]fect acidity ( ?is sub/ance4 f4 #aj measures ( nitr\s gas 7 admitt$ to #ab ( nitr\s oxide at #ei4 ,!y fill$ a space equal to #bb1 & aft] rema9+ toge!r = an h\r1 _h und]gone no *ange4 ,solution ( muriate ( iron absorb$ ! nitr\s gas )\t affect+ ! nitr\s oxide4 g4 ,nitr\s oxide 0 successively m+l$ ) oxyg5e1 atmosph]ic air1 hydroc>bonate1 phosphorat$ hydrog5e1 hydrog5e1 & nitrog5e1 at #eg2 x appe>$ to possess no action on any ( !m1 & 0 sep>at$ by wat]1 ! gases rema9+ unalt]$4 h4 ,z nitr\s oxide 0 soluble 9 e!r1 alcohol1 & ! o!r inflammable fluids1 x 0 reasonable to suppose t its aff9ity = ^? bodies w\ld enable !m to unite ) x 9 ! ari=m /ate4 ,at ! sugge/ion ( ,dr4 ,b$does ,i made ! foll[+ exp]im5t3 ,to #ab measures ( nitr\s oxide1 at #ed1 ,i introduc$ a s+le drop ( e!r2 ! gas imm$iately began to exp&1 & 9 f\r m9utes fill$ a space equal to sixte5 measures & a qu>t]4 ,:5 an inflam$ tap] 0 plung$ into ! gas ?us hold+ e!r 9 solution1 a light blue flame sl[ly pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,a consid]able dim9ution ( temp]ature is mo/ probably produc$1 f ! great expansion ( nitr\s oxide dur+ its comb9ation ) e!r4 ,a drop ( alcohol 0 admitt$ to #ad measures ( nitr\s oxide4 ,9 five m9utes1 ! gas fill$ a space equal to fifte5 & a ?ird2 b no f>!r dim9ution took place aft]w>ds4 ,a m9ute quantity ( oil ( turp5t9e 0 introduc$ to #ad measures ( nitr\s oxide2 x fill$1 9 #d m9utes1 a space r less ?an #ad2 & no f>!r *ange took place aft]w>ds4 ,mo/ likely ?is contraction arose f ! precipitation ( ! wat] dissolv$ 9 ! gas by ! /rong] aff9ity ( ! oil = nitr\s oxide4 ,to asc]ta9 ) c]ta9ty if any oil _h be5 dissolv$ by ! gas1 ,i introduc$ into x a small quantity ( ammoniac4 ,x imm$iately became slightly cl\d$1 mo/ probably f ! =mation ( soap1 by ! comb9ation ( ! dissolv$ oil ) ! ammoniac4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts we le>n1 t :5 nitr\s oxide is m+l$ ) ei!r c>bonic acid1 oxyg5e1 common air1 hydroc>bonate1 sulphurat$ hydrog5e1 hydrog5e1 or nitrog5e1 !y may be sep>at$ f ea* o!r )\t mak+ any all[ance = contraction or expansion2 b if a mixture ( ei!r muriatic acid1 or sulphure\s acid gas1 ) nitr\s oxide1 is exp]im5t$ ^u2 9 ! absorption ( ! acid by alkalies1 ! app>5t volume ( gas cond5s$ w be less ?an ! real "o1 by a quantity equal to ! sum ( expansion f comb9ation4 ,consequ5tly a correction mu/ be made on acc\nt ( ?is circum/ance4 ,?\gh alcohol1 e!r1 ess5tial oils1 & ! fluid inflammable bodies 9 g5]al1 dissolve nitr\s oxide ) mu* great] rapidity ?an wat]1 yet z we are n p]fectly acqua9t$ ) _! action on unabsorbable gases1 x is bett] to employ wat] = sep>at+ nitr\s oxide f ^! sub/ances2 p>ticul>ly z t fluid is m or less comb9$ ) all gases1 & z we are acqua9t$ ) ! ext5t ( its action ^u !m4 ,by pursu+ ! subject ( ! solution ( ess5tial oils 9 gases1 we may probably discov] a mode ( obta9+ !m 9 a /ate ( absolute dryness4 ,= if o!r gases z well z nitr\s oxide1 h a /rong] aff9ity = oils ?an = wat]1 wat] mo/ probably w be precipitat$ f !m dur+ _! solution ( oils2 & aft] _! saturation ) oil1 x is likely t !y are capable ( be+ depriv$ ( t sub/ance by ammoniac4 ,,vi4 ,action ( ari=m ,nitr\s ,oxide 9 ! ,alkalies4 ,hi/ory ( ! discov]y ( ! comb9ations ( ,nitr\s ,oxide ) ! ,alkalies4 a4 ,:5 nitr\s oxide 9 a free /ate is expos$ to ! solid cau/ic alkalies & alkal9e e>?s1 at common temp]atures1 x is nei!r absorb$ nor act$ ^u2 :5 x is plac$ 9 contact ) solutions ( !m 9 wat]1 a small quantity is dissolv$2 b ?is comb9ation appe>s to dep5d on ! wat] ( ! solution1 = ! gas c be expell$ unalt]$1 at ! temp]ature ( ebullition4 b4 ,cau/ic pota% 0 expos$ to nitr\s oxide = #ac h\rs3 ! dim9ution 0 n to "o fiftie?1 & ?is slight cond5sation mo/ probably dep5d$ ^u its comb9ation ) ! wat] ( ! gas4 ,conc5trat$ solution ( pota% absorb$ a f\r? ( its bulk ( nitr\s oxide4 ,:5 ! impregnat$ solution 0 heat$1 globules ( gas 7 giv5 out f x rapidly2 b ! quantity collect$ 0 too small to exam9e4 ,soda1 :e!r solid or 9 solution1 exhibit$ exactly ! same phnom5a ) nitr\s oxide4 ,! solution ( soda absorb$ ne> a qu>t] ( its bulk ( gas4 c4 #aa measures ( ammoniacal gas 7 m+l$ ) #h measures ( nitr\s oxide ov] dry m]cury1 bo? ( ! gases be+ saturat$ ) wat]4 ,no *ange ( appe>ance 0 produc$ by ! mixture1 & !y fill$1 aft] two m9utes1 a space equal to #ai4 ,on ! introduction ( a little wat]1 ! ammoniac 0 absorb$1 & ! nitr\s oxide rema9$ unalt]$1 = x 0 dissolv$ by wat] z rapidly z if x _h nev] be5 m+l$ ) ammoniac4#aee #aee ,! ,dut* *emi/s h ass]t$1 t mixture ) ammoniac prev5ts ! absorption ( nitr\s oxide by wat]1 ei!r :olly or p>tially4 ,j\rnal de ,physique1 t4 xliii4 "p ii4 pag4 #cbg4 ,x is difficult to acc\nt = _! mi/ake4 #g measures ( nitr\s oxide1 expos$ to #f measures ( solution ( ammoniac 9 wat]1 0 9 an h\r dim9i%$ to #d ne>ly4 ,:5 ! solution 0 heat$ ov] m]cury1 p]man5t gas 0 produc$1 :i* 0 unabsorbable by a m9ute quantity ( wat]1 & soluble 9 a l>ge quantity2 consequ5tly x 0 nitr\s oxide4 d4 ,nitr\s oxide 0 expos$ to dry cau/ic /rontian2 x und]w5t a dim9ution ( ne>ly "o =tie?1 :i* mo/ likely 0 ow+ to ! comb9ation ( ! /rontian ) its wat]4 #aa measures ( nitr\s oxide 7 agitat$ 9 contact ) #h ( /rontian lime wat]3 ne>ly #d measures 7 absorb$4 ,! impregnat$ solution expos$ to heat1 rapidly gave out its gas2 #c measures 7 soon collect$1 :i* m+l$ ) a small quantity ( hydrog5e1 & inflam$ by ! tap]1 gave a sm>t detonation4 e4 ,nitr\s oxide expos$ to lime & argil1 bo? wet & dry1 0 n 9 ! slighte/ degree act$ ^u4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts x is evid5t t nitr\s oxide 9 ! ari=m /ate _c be comb9$ ei!r ) ! alkalies1 or ! alkal9e e>?s4 ,t a comb9ation may be effect$ betwe5 nitr\s oxide & ^! sub/ances1 x mu/ be pres5t$ to !m1 9 ! nasc5t /ate4 ,! salts compos$ ( ! alkalies & nitr\s oxide1 are n analog\s to any o!r comp\nd sub/ances1 be+ possess$ ( v s+ul> prop]ties4 ,be=e ^! prop]ties are detail$1 x may n be amiss to give an acc\nt ( ! accid5tal way 9 :i* ,i discov]$ ! mode ( comb9ation4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #agii1 design+ to make a v delicate exp]im5t1 ) a view to asc]ta9 if any wat] 0 decompos$ dur+ ! conv]sion ( nitr\s gas into nitr\s oxide1 by sulphite ( pota%1 ,i expos$ #bjj gra9s ( cry/alis$ sulphite ( pota%1 conta9+ great sup]abundance ( alkali1 to #ad cubic in*es ( nitr\s gas1 conta9+ "o eighte5? nitrog5e4 ,! alkali 0 employ$ to pres]ve any ammoniac t might be =m$1 9 ! free /ate1 z x w\ld o!rwise comb9e ) sulphure\s acid4#aef #aef ,sulphure\s acid saturates m pota% ?an sulphuric acid1 s t mo/ probably dur+ ! conv]sion ( sulphite ( pota% into sulphate1 portions ( sulphure\s acid are dis5gag$4 ,! volume ( gas dim9i%$ ) great rapidity2 9 two h\rs & t5 m9utes x 0 r$uc$ to #f_/1 :i* ,i consid]$ z ! limit ( dim9ution4 ,accid5tally1 h[ev]1 suff]+ x to rema9 = ?ree h\rs long]1 ,i 0 mu* surpris$ by f9d+ t n q #b cubic in*es rema9$1 :i* consi/$ ( nitr\s oxide1 m+l$ ) ! nitrog5e t exi/$ be=e ! exp]im5t4 ,9 acc\nt+ !oretically = ?is phnom5on1 diff]5t suppositions necess>ily pres5t$ !mselves4 #a/1 ,x 0 possible1 t ?\gh sulphite ( pota%1 & pota%1 sep>ately possess$ no action on free nitr\s oxide1 yet 9 comb9ation !y might ex]t su* aff9ities ^u x z ei!r to absorb x1 or make x ent] into new comb9ations4 #b;dly4 ,x 0 m probable t ! cau/ic pota%1 ?\gh incapable ( cond5s+ ari=m nitr\s oxide1 0 yet possess$ ( a /rong aff9ity = x :5 9 ! nasc5t /ate1 & t ! nitr\s oxide cond5s$ 9 ! exp]im5t _h be5 comb9$ 9 ?is /ate ) ! free alkali4 ,to asc]ta9 if ! comp\nd ( pota% & sulphite ( pota% ) sulphate1 0 capable ( act+ ^u nitr\s oxide1 ,i suff]$ a quantity ( ?is sub/ance to rema9 9 contact ) ! gas = ne> a day3 no *ange :atev] took place4 ,to det]m9e :e!r ! dim9ution ( nitr\s oxide dep5d$ ^u its absorption 9 ! nasc5t /ate1 by ! peculi> comp\nd ( pota% & sulphite ( pota%1 or if x 0 simply ow+ to ! alkali4 ,i m+l$ a solution ( sulphite ( pota% ) cau/ic soda2 ! salt1 aft] be+ evaporat$ at a l[ temp]ature1 0 expos$ to nitr\s gas4 ,! nitr\s oxide =m$ 0 absorb$1 b 9 r less quantities ?an :5 alkal9e sulphite ( pota% 0 employ$4 ,h5ce x 0 evid5t t ! alkali 0 ! ag5t t _h cond5s$ ! nitr\s oxide 9 ^? exp]im5ts1 = soda is incapable ( comb9+ ei!r ) sulphate1 or sulphite ( pota%4 ,to asc]ta9 :e!r any *ange 9 ! con/itution ( ! nitr\s oxide _h be5 produc$ by ! cond5sation1 ,i introduc$ a small quantity ( sulphite ( pota%1 ) excess ( alkali1 t _h absorb$ nitr\s oxide1 into a long & ?9 cyl9drical tube fill$ ) m]cury2 & incl9+ x at an angle ( #ce ) ! plane ( ! m]cury1 appli$ ! heat ( a _s lamp to t "p ( ! tube conta9+ ! salts2 :5 ! glass became v hot1 gas 0 giv5 out ) rapidity2 9 less ?an a m9ute ! tube 0 full4 ,?is gas 0 transf]$ into ano!r tube1 & exam9$2 x prov$ to be nitr\s oxide 9 its highe/ /ate ( purity2#aeg = a portion ( x absorb$ by common wat]1 left no m ?an a residuum ( _/1 & sulphur burnt 9 x ) a vivid rose-color$ flame4 #aeg ,h5ce we le>n t sulphite ( pota%1 :5 /rongly heat$1 does n decompose nitr\s oxide1 ev5 9 ! nasc5t /ate4 ,be+ n[ satisfi$ t ! alkalies 7 capable ( comb9+ ) nitr\s oxide2 to inve/igate ) precision ! nature ( ^! new comp\nds1 ,i proce$$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,,vii4 ,comb9ation ( ,nitr\s ,oxide ) ,pota%4 a4 ,into a solution ( sulphite ( pota%1 :i* _h be5 made by pass+ sulphure\s acid gas f a m]curial airhold] into cau/ic pota% dissolv$ 9 wat]1 ,i introduc$ #ag gra9s ( dry pota%4 ,! :ole evaporat$ at a l[ temp]ature1 gave #adc gra9s ( salt4 ,?is salt 0 n :olly compos$ ( sulphite ( pota% & pota%2 x conta9$ z well1 a m9ute quantity ( c>bonate1 & sulphate ( pota%1 =m$ dur+ ! evaporation4#aeh #aeh ,see ! excell5t memoir ( ,f\rcroy & ,vauquel9 on ! sulphure\s acid1 & its comb9ations4 ,annales de ,*imie1 ii1 #ed4 ,or ,ni*olson's ,phil4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 i1 pag4 #cac4 #abj gra9s ( x f9ely pulv]is$1 & reta9+ ! wat] ( cry/alisation1 7 expos$ to #ae cubic in*es ( nitr\s gas1 ov] m]cury4 ,! nitr\s gas dim9i%$ ) great rapidity1 & 9 ?ree h\rs a cubic in* & n9e t5?s only rema9$1 :i* consi/$ ( ne>ly "o ?ird nitr\s oxide1 & two ?irds nitrog5e t _h pre-exi/$ 9 ! nitr\s gas4 ,! increase ( weight ( ! salt c\ld n be det]m9$1 z "s ( x 0 lo/ by adh]+ to ! vessel 9 :i* ! comb9ation 0 effect$1 & to ! m]cury4 ,x pres5t$ no di/9ct s]ies ( cry/alisations1 ev5 :5 exam9$ by ! magnifi]2 r5d]$ gre5 vegetable blues1 & its ta/e 0 v diff]5t f t ( ! rema9+ quantity ( salt t _h be5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e4 ,a portion ( x /rongly heat$ ov] m]cury1 gave out gas ) great rapidity1 :i* _h all ! prop]ties ( ! pure/ nitr\s oxide4 ,:5 wat] 0 p\r$ ^u "s ( x1 no gas 0 giv5 out1 & ! :ole 0 equably & gradually dissolv$4 ,alcohol1 z well z e!r1 appe>$ incapable ( dissolv+ any "p ( x4 ,:5 muriatic acid 0 introduc$ into x1 conf9$ by m]cury1 a rapid eff]vesc5ce took place4 ,"p ( ! gas dis5gag$ 0 sulphure\s acid1 & c>bonic acid2 ! rema9d] 0 nitr\s oxide4 b4 ,i made a numb] ( exp]im5ts ^u salts procur$ 9 ! mann] ,i h j describ$1 ) a view to obta9 ! comp\nd ( nitr\s oxide & pota%1 free f admixture ( o!r salts4 ,:5 ! mix$ salt 0 boil$ 9 alcohol or e!r1 no "p ( x appe>$ to be dissolv$4 ,f9d+ t little or no gas 0 giv5 out dur+ ! ebullition ( conc5trat$ solutions ( ! mix$ salts1 ,i attempt$ to sep>ate ! sulphate1 sulphite1 & c>bonate ( pota%1 f ! comb9ation ( nitr\s oxide & pota%1 by successive evaporations & cry/alisations4 ,b ?\gh 9 ?is way x 0 ne>ly fre$ f sulphate ( pota%1 yet ! extreme & ne>ly equal solubility ( ! o!r salts1 prev5t$ me f completely sep>at+ !m f ea* o!r4 ,by expos+1 h[ev]1 v f9ely pulv]is$ sulphite ( pota%1 m+l$ ) alkali1 = a great l5g? ( "t to nitr\s gas1 x 0 almo/ :olly conv]t$ into sulphate2 & aft] ! sep>ation ( ?is solution1 evaporation1 & cry/alisation1 at a l[ temp]ature1 ,i obta9$ ! new comb9ation1 m+l$ ) v little c>bonate ( pota%1 & /ill less ( sulphite4 ,! m9ute quantity ( sulphite *iefly appe>$ 9 v small cry/als2 di/9ct f ! mass ( salt1 :i* possess$ no regul> cry/alisation1 & 0 almo/ :olly compos$ ( ! new comp\nd1 intimat$ m+l$ ) a little c>bonate4 ,! new comp\nd1 z ne>ly z ,i c\ld e/imate f ! quantity ( nitr\s oxide absorb$1 consi/$ ( ab\t #c alkali1 to #a ( nitr\s oxide1 by weight4 ,x exhibit$ ! foll[+ prop]ties3 #a4 ,its ta/e 0 cau/ic1 & possess$ ( a pung5cy diff]5t f ei!r pota% or c>bonate ( pota%4 #b4 ,x r5d]$ vegetable blues gre51 :i* might possibly dep5d ^u ! c>bonate ( pota% mix$ ) x4 #c4 ,pulv]is$ *>coal m+l$ ) a few gra9s ( x1 & inflam$1 burnt ) flight sc9tillations4 ,project$ into z9c 9 a /ate ( fusion1 a slight inflammation 0 produc$4 #d4 ,:5 ei!r sulphuric1 muriatic1 or nitric acid 0 introduc$ to x "u m]cury1 x gave out nitr\s oxide1 m+l$ ) a little c>bonic acid4 #e4 ,?r[n into a solution ( sulphurat$ hydrog5e1 gas 0 dis5gag$ f x1 b 9 quantities too m9ute to be exam9$4 #f4 ,:5 c>bonic acid 0 ?r[n into a solution ( x 9 wat]1 gas 0 dis5gag$2 on exam9ation x prov$ to be nitr\s oxide4 #g4 ,a conc5trat$ solution ( x kept 9 ebullition 9 a cyl9d]1 conf9$ by m]cury1 gave out a few globules ( gas1 :i* 7 too m9ute to be exam9$1 & probably consi/$ ( common air previ\sly conta9$ 9 ! wat]4 c4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts made to asc]ta9 ^! prop]ties all ! salt 0 exp5d$1 o!rwise ,i %\ld h endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 :at quantity ( gas w\ld h be5 lib]at$ by heat f a giv5 weight2 & likewise :at w\ld h be5 ! effects ( admixture ( x ) oil4 ,:5 "s ( ! mix$ salt 0 m+l$ ) oil ( turp5t9e1 "p ( x 0 dissolv$1 & ! fluid became :ite2 b no gas 0 giv5 out4 ,on ?is co>se exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 ,i _c place mu* dep5dance4 ,if ! comb9ation ( nitr\s oxide & pota% is capable ( comb9+ ) oil )\t decomposition1 b>ytes & /rontian#aei w probably sep>ate ! oil f x1 & ?us x may possibly be obta9$ 9 a /ate ( purity4 #aei ,unless ! sum ( aff9ity ( ! pota%1 oil1 nitr\s oxide1 & e>?s1 %\ld be in* z to enable ! nitr\s oxide to comb9e ) ! e>?1 :il/ ! oil & alkali rema9$ 9 comb9ation1 c4 ,9 a r\gh exp]im5t made on ! conv]sion ( nitr\s gas into nitr\s oxide1 by conc5trat$ solution ( sulphite ( pota% ) excess ( alkali1 v little ( ! nitr\s oxide 0 absorb$4 ,h5ce x is probable t wat] less5s ! aff9ity ( pota% = nasc5t nitr\s oxide4 ,,viii4 ,comb9ation ( ,nitr\s ,oxide ) ,soda4 ,! union ( nitr\s oxide ) soda is effect$ 9 ! same mann] z ) pota%4 ,! alkali1 m+l$ by solution & evaporation1 ) ei!r sulphite ( soda1 or ( pota%1 is expos$ to nitr\s gas2 ! nitr\s oxide is cond5s$ by x at ! mom5t ( g5]ation1 & ! comb9ation effect$4 ,z f> z ,i h be5 able to obs]ve1 nitr\s oxide is n absorb$ to s great an ext5t by soda1 z pota%4 ,i h n yet be5 able to obta9 ! comb9ation ( nitr\s oxide ) soda 9 its pure /ate4 ,to ! atta9m5t ( ?is end1 difficulties id5tical ) ^? notic$ 9 ! la/ section pres5t !mselves4 ,x is extremely difficult to procure ! soda p]fectly free f c>bonic acid1 & ?\gh by us+ sulphite ( pota% ! sulphate =m$ is easily sep>at$1 yet /ill evaporation & cry/alisation w n dis5gage ! sulphite & c>bonate f ! new comp\nd4 ,! comp\nd ( soda & nitr\s oxide1 m+l$ ) a little sulphite & c>bonate ( soda1 0 rapidly soluble1 bo? 9 w>m & cold wat]1 )\t eff]vesc5ce4 ,its solution1 heat$ to ebullition1 gave out no gas4 ,! ta/e ( ! solid salt 0 cau/ic1 & m acrid ?an t ( ! mixture ( c>bonate & sulphite ( soda4 ,:5 ca/ ^u z9c 9 fusion1 x burnt ) a :ite flame4 ,:5 heat$ to #djj or #ejj1 x gave out nitr\s oxide ) rapidity4 ,nitr\s oxide 0 expell$ f x by ! sulphuric1 muriatic1 & c>bonic acids1 ,i believe1 by sulphurat$ hydrog5e4#afj #afj ,= :5 a little ( ! mix$ salt 0 introduc$ into a solution ( sulphurat$ hydrog5e1 globules ( gas 7 giv5 out dur+ ! solution4 ,,ix4 ,comb9ation ( ,nitr\s ,oxide ) ,ammoniac4 ,i attempt$ to effect ?is comb9ation by conv]t+ nitr\s gas into nitr\s oxide1 by sulphite ( ammoniac1 wett$ ) /rong solution ( cau/ic ammoniac2 b )\t success2 = ! :ole ( ! nitr\s oxide produc$ rema9$ 9 a free /ate4 ,:5 ,i expos$ sulphite ( pota%1 m+l$ by solution & evaporation ) highly alkal9e c>bonate ( ammoniac1#afa to nitr\s gas1 ! dim9ution 0 ne>ly "o f\r? m ?an if pure sulphite ( pota% _h be5 employ$4 ,h5ce x appe>s mo/ likely t ammoniac is capable ( comb9ation ) nitr\s oxide 9 ! nasc5t /ate4 #afa ,c>bonate ( ammoniac =m$ at a high temp]ature1 conta9+ ne> #fj p] c5t alkali1 & capable ( comb9+ ) small quantities ( acids )\t giv+ out its c>bonic acid4 ,( ?is salt a p>ticul> acc\nt w be giv5 9 ! exp]im5ts on ! ammoniacal salts1 :i* ,i h (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts on ! conv]sion ( nitr\s gas into nitr\s oxide1 by nasc5t hydrog5e1 & by sulphurat$ hydrog5e1 ,res4 ,i4 ,divis4 ,v4 probably ! wat] =m$ at ! same "t ) ! ammoniac & nitr\s oxide1 prev5t$ !m f ent]+ into comb9ation2 possibly ! peculi> comp\nd 0 =m$1 b 9 quantities s m9ute z n to be di/+ui%$ f simple ammoniac2#afb = ev5 ! exi/5ce ( ammoniac 9 ^! processes1 is b b>ely p]ceptible4 ,if x %\ld be prov$ by future exp]im5ts1 t 9 ! decomposition ( nitr\s gas by nasc5t hydrog5e1 a peculi> comp\nd ( nitr\s oxide1 wat] & ammoniac1 is =m$1 x w af=d pro(s 9 favor ( ! doctr9e ( pr$ispos+ aff9ity2#afc = !n ?is decomposition might be suppos$ to dep5d ^u ! disposition ( oxyg5e1 hydrog5e & nitrog5e to assume ! /ates ( comb9ation 9 :i* !y might =m a triple comp\nd1 ( wat]1 nitr\s oxide1 & ammoniac4 #afb ,x may n be amiss to m5tion "s appe>ances tak+ place 9 ! decomposition ( nitr\s gas by sulphurat$ hydrog5e1 ?\gh x is useless to !orise conc]n+ !m4 ,! sulphur deposit$ is at fir/ yell[2 z ! process proce$s1 x becomes :ite1 & 9 "s in/ances ,i h suspect$ a dim9ution ( x4 #afc ,pr$ispos+ aff9ity1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* at fir/ consid]ation x is difficult to admit1 may be easily acc\nt$ = by suppos+ ! attractions ( ! simple pr9ciples ( comp\nd sub/ances4 ,& ?is doctr9e w apply 9 all in/ances :]e ! con/itution ( bodies is kn[n4 ,pr$ispos+ aff9ity ought n to be consid]$ z ! aff9ity ( non-exi/+ bodies = ea* o!r2 b z ! mutual aff9ity ( _! simple pr9ciples1 dispos+ !m to assume new arrangem5ts4 ,nitr\s oxide might probably be made to comb9e ) ammoniac by expos+ a mixture ( nitr\s gas & ari=m ammoniac1 to ! sulphites4 ,x is probable t nitr\s oxide may be comb9$ ) ammoniac1 by means ( d\ble aff9ity4 ,p]haps sulphate ( ammoniac & ! comb9ation ( pota% ) nitr\s oxide m+l$ toge!r 9 solution1 w\ld be conv]t$ into sulphate ( pota% & ! comp\nd ( nitr\s oxide1 & ammoniac4 ,x4 ,probability ( =m+ ,comp\nds ( ,nitr\s ,oxide & ! ,alkal9e ,e>?s4 ,i attempt$ to comb9e nitr\s oxide ) lime & /rontian1 by expos+ sulphites ( lime & /rontian ) excess ( e>?1 to nitr\s gas2 b ?is process did n succe$3 ! dim9ution took place s sl[ly z to de/roy all hopes ( ga9+ any results 9 a def9ite "t4 ,sulphite ( pota% is decomposable by b>ytes1 /rontian1 & lime2#afd consequ5tly x 0 impossible to employ ?is sub/ance to effect ! comb9ation4 ,z ! dry sulphures1 :5 well made1 conv]t nitr\s gas into nitr\s oxide1 x is probable t ! union ( ! e>?s ) nasc5t nitr\s oxide may be effect$ by expos+ nitr\s gas to _! sulphures1 conta9+ an excess ( e>?4 #afd ,see ! above m5tion$ elaborate memoir ( ,f\rcroy & ,vauquel94 ,p]haps ! comb9ation ( nitr\s oxide ) /rontian may be effect$ by introduc+ ! comb9ation ( pota% & nitr\s oxide into /rontian lime wat]4 ,x is probable t nitr\s oxide may be comb9$ ) clay & magnesia1 by expos+ ^! bodies1 m+l$ ) sulphite ( pota% or soda1 to nitr\s gas4 ,,xi4 ,additional ,obs]vations on ! comb9ations ( ,nitr\s ,oxide ) ! ,alkalies4 ,a desire to complete physiological inve/igations relat+ to nitr\s oxide1 has hi!rto prev5t$ me f pursu+ to a great] ext5t1 ! exp]im5ts on ! comb9ation ( ?is sub/ance ) ! alkalies1 c4 ,z soon z an opportunity occurs1 ,i purpose to resume ! subject4 ,! obs]vations detail$ 9 ! =ego+ sections are suffici5t to %[ t nitr\s oxide is capable ( ent]+ into intimate union ) ! fix$ alkalies3 & z ! comp\nds =m$ by ?is union are insoluble 9 alcohol1 decomposable by ! acids1 & heat1 & possess$ ( peculi> prop]ties1 !y ought to be consid]$ z a new class ( sal9e sub/ances4 ,if x is ?\ght prop]1 on a f>!r inve/igation ( _! prop]ties1 to signify !m by specific names1 !y may1 accord+ to ! usually adopt$ fa%ion ( nom5clature1 be call$ nitroxis3 ?us ! nitroxi ( pota% w\ld signify ! salt =m$ by ! comb9ation ( nitr\s oxide ) pota%4 ,future exp]im5ts mu/ det]m9e ! diff]5t aff9ities ( nitr\s oxide = ! alkalies1 & alkal9e e>?s4 ,) reg>d to ! uses ( ^! new comp\nds x is difficult to =m a guess4 ,:5 !y are obta9$ pure1 & fully saturat$ ) nitr\s oxide1 on acc\nt ( ! l[ temp]ature at :i* _! gas is lib]at$1 !y w probably con/itute detonat+ comp\nds4 ,f _! facility ( decomposition by ! weak] acids1 !y may possibly be us$ m$ic9ally1 if ev] ! evolution ( nitr\s oxide 9 ! /oma* %\ld be f\nd b5eficial 9 diseases4 ,,xii4 ,! prop]ties ( ,nitr\s ,oxide resemble ^? ( ,acids4 ,if we 7 incl9$ to g5]alise1 & to place nitr\s oxide among a kn[n class ( bodies1 its prop]ties w\ld c]ta9ly induce u to consid] x z m analog\s to ! acids ?an to any o!r sub/ances2 = x is capable ( unit+ ) wat] & ! alkalies1 & is insoluble 9 mo/ ( ! acids4 ,x diff]s1 h[ev]1 f ! /rong] acids1 9 n possess+ ! s\r ta/e1#afe & ! p[] ( r$d5+ vegetable blues3 & f bo? ! /rong] & weak] acids1 9 n be+ comb9able :5 9 a p]fectly free /ate1 at common temp]atures1 ) ! alkalies4 ,if x %\ld be prov$ by future exp]im5ts1 t cond5sation by cold gave x ! capability ( imm$iately =m+ neutro-sal9e comp\nds ) ! alkalies2 x ought to be consid]$ z ! weake/ ( ! acids4 ,till ^? exp]im5ts are made1 its extraord9>y *emical & physiological prop]ties are suffici5t to induce u to consid] x z a body sui g5]is4 #afe ,! diff]5t p]sons :o h respir$ nitr\s oxide h1 z w be se5 h]eaft]1 giv5 diff]5t acc\nts ( ! ta/e2 ! great] numb] h call$ x sweet1 "s metallic4 ,"o ( my fri5ds1 9 a lett] to me dat$ ,nov4 #ac1 #agii1 conta9+ a detail ( "s exp]im5ts made on ! respiration ( nitr\s oxide1 at ,birm+ham1 d5otes ! ta/e ( x by ! t]m 8sweeti% fa9tly acidul\s40 ,to me ! ta/e bo? ( ! gas & ( its solution 9 wat]1 has always appe>$ fa9tly sweeti%4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t nitr\s gas1 :i* conta9s 9 its composition a quantity ( oxyg5e s mu* great] ?an nitr\s oxide1 %\ld nev]!less possess no acid prop]ties4 ,x is uncomb9able ) alkalies1 v little soluble 9 wat]1 & absorbable by ! acids4 ,,division ,,ii4 ,on ! ,,decomposition ( ,,nitr\s ,,oxide by ,,combu/ible ,,bodies4 ,its ,,analysis4 ,,obs]vations on ! diff]5t comb9ations ( ,,oxyg5e & ,,nitrog5e4 ,i4 ,prelim9>ies4 ,f ! phnom5a m5tion$ 9 ,res4 ,i4 ,divis4 ,,iii4#aff x appe>s t ! combu/ible bodies burn 9 nitr\s oxide at c]ta9 temp]atures4 ,! exp]im5ts 9 ?is ,division 7 in/itut$ = ! purpose ( inve/igat+ ! precise nature ( ^! combu/ions1 ) a view ( asc]ta9+ exactly ! composition ( nitr\s oxide4 #aff ,section #b4 ,x w be se5 h]eaft] t v high temp]atures are requir$ = ! decomposition ( nitr\s oxide1 by mo/ ( ! combu/ible bodies1 & t 9 ?is process heat & light are produc$ to a v great ext5t4 ,^! ag5ts alone are possess$ ( a consid]able p[] ( action on nitr\s oxide2 ( :i* x is necess>y to give an acc\nt1 t we may be able to und]/& ! phnom5a 9 ! foll[+ sections4 ,,ii4 ,conv]sion ( ,nitr\s ,oxide into ,nitr\s ,acid1 & a ,gas analog\s to ,atmosph]ic ,air1 by ,ignition4 a4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley ass]ts1 t nitr\s oxide expos$ = a c]ta9 "t to ! action ( ! electric sp>k1 is r5d]$ immiscible ) wat]1 & capable ( dim9ution ) nitr\s gas1 )\t suff]+ any alt]ation ( volume2 & likewise t ! same *anges are effect$ 9 x by exposure to ignit$ incombu/ible bodies4#afg #afg ,vol4 ii4 pag4 #ia4 ,! ,dut* *emi/s /ate1 t ! electric sp>k pass$ ?r\gh nitr\s oxide1 occasions a small dim9ution ( its volume1 & t ! gas rema9+ is analog\s to common air4#afh ,!y conclude t ?is *ange dep5ds on ! sep>ation ( its con/itu5t p>ts1 oxyg5e & nitrog5e1 f ea* o!r4 #afh ,j\rnal de ,physique1 tom4 xliii1 "p ii4 pag4 #ccj4 ,!y effect$ ! same *ange by pass+ x ?r\gh a heat$ tube4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley _h publi%$ an acc\nt ( simil> exp]im5ts m ?an two ye>s be=e4 ,none ( ^! *emi/s h suspect$ ! production ( nitr\s acid 9 ?is process4 b4 ,nitr\s oxide und]goes no *ange :atev] f ! simple action ( light4 ,i expos$ "s ( x1 conf9$ by m]cury1 = _m days to ?is ag5t1 (t5 pass+ ?r\gh x conc5trat$ rays by means ( a small l5s4 ,:5 exam9$ x appe>$1 z well z ,i c\ld e/imate1 ( ! same degree ( purity z at ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t4 c4 ,a temp]ature bel[ t ( ignition effects no alt]ation 9 ! con/itution ( nitr\s oxide4 ,i pass$ nitr\s oxide f a retort conta9+ decompos+ nitrate ( ammoniac1 ?r\gh a gre5 glass tube1 /rongly heat$ 9 an air-furnace1 b n suff]$ to und]go ignition4 ,! gas1 receiv$ 9 a wat] app>atus exhibit$ ! same prop]ties z ! pure/ nitr\s oxide2 "s ( x absorb$ by wat]1 left a residuum ( n q "o ?irte5?4 d4 ,! action ( ! electric sp>k = a long :ile cont9u$1 conv]ts nitr\s oxide into a gas analog\s to atmosph]ic air1 & nitr\s acid4 ,i pass$ ab\t #aej /rong %ocks f a small ,leyd5 phial1 ?r\gh #g t5 gra9 measures ( pure nitr\s oxide4 ,aft] ?is x fill$ a space r less ?an six measures3 ! m]cury 0 r5d]$ :ite on ! top1 z if x _h be5 act$ on by nitric acid4 ,six measures ( nitr\s gas m+l$ ) ! residual gas ( ! exp]im5t1 ov] m]cury cov]$ by a little wat]1 gave r$ fumes1 & rapid dim9ution4 ,9 five m9utes ! volume ( ! gases ne>ly equall$ t54 ,!rmomet] 9 ?is exp]im5t 0 #eh4 ,electric sp>ks 7 pass$ = an h\r & half ?r\gh #g t5 gra9 measures ( nitr\s oxide ov] m]cury cov]$ ) a little r$ cabbage juice1 previ\sly saturat$ ) nitr\s oxide1 & r5d]$ gre5 by an alkali4 ,aft] ! process ! gas fill$ a space equal to r m ?an six measures & half1 & ! juice 0 become ( a pale r$4 ,! gas 0 introduc$ into a small tube fill$ ) pure wat]1 & agitat$2 no absorption 0 p]ceptible3 #g measures ( nitr\s gas add$ to x gave r$ fumes1 & aft] six m9utes a dim9ution to #i ne>ly4 #f measures ( common air f ! g>d51 ) #g ( nitr\s gas1 gave exactly #i4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t x 0 evid5t t nitr\s oxide 0 conv]t$ into a gas analog\s to atmosph]ic air1 at ! same "t t an acid 0 =m$4 ,!re c\ld be little d\bt b t ?is 0 ! nitr\s acid4 ,to asc]ta9 x1 h[ev]1 ) great] c]ta9ty1 ! electric sp>k 0 pass$ ?r\gh #f measures ( nitr\s oxide1 ov] a little solution ( gre5 sulphate ( iron1 conf9$ by m]cury4 ,z ! process w5t on1 ! color ( ! solution became r d>k]4 ,:5 ! dim9ution 0 complete1 a little prussiate ( iron 0 add$ to ! solution4 ,a precipitate ( pale blue prussiate ( pota% 0 produc$4 c4 ,nitr\s oxide 0 pass$ f decompos+ nitrate ( ammoniac1 ?r\gh a porcela9 tube well glaz$ inside & outside1 /rongly ignit$ 9 an air-furnace1 & communicat+ ) ! wat] app>atus4 ,! gas collect$ 0 r5d]$ opaque by d5se r$ vapor4 ,x appe>$ :olly unabsorbable by wat]4 ,aft] ! precipitation ( its vapor1 a c&le burnt 9 x ) ne>ly ! same brilliancy z 9 atmosph]ic air4 #bj measures ( x t _h be5 agitat$ 9 wat] imm$iately aft] its production1 m+l$ ) #dj measures ( nitr\s gas1 dim9i%$ to ab\t #dg4e2 :]eas #bj measures t _h rema9$ unagitat$ = "s "t aft] _! g5]ation1 introduc$ to ! same quantity ( nitr\s gas1 gave ne>ly #di4 #bj measures ( atmosph]ic air1 ) #dj ( ! same nitr\s gas1 7 cond5s$ to #df4 ,! wat] ) :i* ! gas _h be5 9 contact1 0 /rongly acid4 ,a little ( x p\r$ into a solution ( gre5 sulphate ( iron1 & !n m+l$ ) prussian alkali1 produc$ a gre5 precipitate4 ,h5ce ! acid x conta9$ 0 evid5tly nitr\s4 ,t no s\rce ( error c\ld h exi/$ 9 ?is exp]im5t f fissure 9 ! tube1 ,i prov$1 by s5d+ wat] ?r\gh x :il/ ignit$1 aft] ! process1 f ! same retort 9 :i* ! nitrate ( ammoniac _h be5 decompos$2 a few globules ( air only 7 produc$1 n equal to "o t5? ( ! volume ( ! wat] boil$1 & :i* 7 d\btless previ\sly conta9$ 9 x4 ,i h repeat$ ?is exp]im5t two or ?ree times1 ) simil> results2 :5ev] ! air 0 agitat$ 9 wat] imm$iately aft] its production1 x gave almo/ ! same dim9ution ) nitr\s gas z common air2 :51 on ! contr>y1 x has be5 suff]$ to rema9 = "s "t 9 contact ) ! phlogi/icat$ nitr\s acid susp5d$ 9 x1 ! cond5sation has be5 less ) nitr\s gas by five or six hundr$ p>ts4 ,h5ce ,i am incl9$ to believe1 t if x 7 possible to cond5se all ! nitr\s acid =m$1 imm$iately aft] its g5]ation1 s z to prev5t x f absorb+ oxyg5e f ! p]man5t gas1 ?is gas w\ld be f\nd id5tical ) ! air ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! *anges effect$ by fire on nitr\s oxide are n analog\s to ^? produc$ by x 9 o!r bodies2 = ! p[] ( ?is ag5t seems g5]ally uni=m1 ei!r 9 :olly sep>at+ ! con/itu5t pr9ciples ( bodies f ea* o!r1 or 9 mak+ !m ent] into m intimate union4#afi #afi ,on ! "o h&1 x decomposes ammoniac into hydrog5e & nitrog5e1 :il/ on ! o!r1 x conv]ts free oxyg5e & nitrog5e into nitr\s acid4 ,x likewise conv]ts nitr\s gas into nitr\s acid & nitrog5e4 ,till we are m accurately acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( heat1 light1 & electricity1 we %all probably be unable to expla9 ^! phnom5a4 ,x is a s+ul> phnom5on1 t :il/ x cond5ses "o "p ( ! oxyg5e & nitrog5e ( nitr\s oxide1 9 ! =m ( nitr\s acid2 x %\ld cause ! rema9d] to exp&1 9 ! /ate ( atmosph]ic air4 ,does n ?is fact af=d an inf]5ce 9 favor ( ! *emical composition ( atmosph]ic air8 ,,iii4 ,decomposition ( ,nitr\s ,oxide by ,hydrog5e1 at ! temp]ature ( ,ignition4 ,9 ! foll[+ exp]im5ts on ! decomposition ( nitr\s oxide by hydrog5e1 ! gases 7 c>efully g5]at$ 9 ! m]curial app>atus1 & _! purity asc]ta9$ by ! te/s m5tion$ 9 ,rese>* ,i4 ,!y 7 measur$ 9 small tubes graduat$ to gra9s1 & !n transf]r$ into ! detonat+ tube1 :i* 0 eight t5?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & graduat$ to t5 gra9 measures4 ,! space occupi$ by ! gases be+ not$ aft] ! inflammation by ! electric %ock1 gre5 muriate ( iron1 & prussiate ( pota%1 7 successively introduc$1 to asc]ta9 if any nitr\s acid _h be5 =m$4 ,! absorption1 if any took place1 0 m>k$1 & ! gases transf]r$ into a n>r[ gra9 measure tube1 & _! bulk & composition accurately asc]ta9$4 b4 ,! hydrog5e employ$ 0 procur$ f wat] by means ( z9c & sulphuric acid4 #ej gra9 measures ( x fir$ by ! electric sp>k1 ) #cj gra9 measures ( oxyg5e conta9+ "o elev5? nitrog5e1 gave a residuum ( ab\t #d4 ,nitr\s gas m+l$ ) ^? #d1 indicat$ ! pres5ce ( r less ?an #a ( unconsum$ oxyg5e4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t #bc ( x1 ) #bj ( ! same oxyg5e left r m ?an #f residuum4 ,! nitr\s oxide 0 app>5tly pure1 = x left a rema9d] ( ab\t 1#je only1 :5 absorb$ by common wat]4 c4 #cj ( hydrog5e 7 fir$ ) #dj ( nitr\s oxide2 ! concussion 0 v great1 & ! light giv5 out bright r$2 no p]ceptible quantity ( nitr\s acid 0 =m$2 ! residual gas fill$ a space equal to #eb4 ,no "p ( x 0 absorbable by wat]1 x gave no dim9ution ) nitr\s gas1 :5 x 0 m+l$ ) a little oxyg5e1 & aga9 act$ on by ! electric sp>k1 an inflammation & slight dim9ution 0 produc$4 d4 #cc ( hydrog5e 7 fir$ ) #ce ( nitr\s oxide3 nitr\s acid 0 produc$ 9 v m9ute quantity2 ! gas t rema9$ 0 n absorbable by wat]1 & fill$ a space equal to #cg gra9s4 ,nitr\s gas m+l$ ) ^!1 und]w5t a v slight dim9ution4 e4 #df hydrog5e 7 fir$ ) #df nitr\s oxide4 ,! quantity ( nitr\s acid =m$ 0 j suffici5t to t+e ! :ite prussiate ( pota%4 ,! gases fill$ a space equal to #di1 gave no p]ceptible dim9ution ) nitr\s gas1 & did n inflame ) oxyg5e4 f4 #dj hydrog5e 7 fir$ ) #ci nitr\s oxide2 no p]ceptible quantity ( nitr\s acid 0 =m$4 ,! residual gas fill$ a space equal to #da2 0 unabsorbable by wat]1 und]w5t no dim9ution :5 m+l$ ) nitr\s gas2 or :5 act$ on by ! electric sp>k 9 contact ) oxyg5e4 g4 #bj hydrog5e 7 fir$ ) #fd nitr\s oxide2 aft] detonation ! expansion ( ! gases 0 great] 9 ?is exp]im5t ?an any ( ! prec$+ ones2 d5se :ite fumes 7 obs]v$ 9 ! cyl9d]1 & a sl[ contraction ( volume took place4 ,aft] a little gre5 muriate ( iron _h be5 admitt$1 ! gases fill$ a space equal to #gc3 prussiate ( pota% m+l$ ) ! muriate1 gave a deep] blue ?an 9 any ( ! prec$+ exp]im5ts4 ,! residual gas 0 unabsorbable by wat]3 #fe ( x1 m+l$ ) #fe ( nitr\s gas1 dim9i%$ to #ic2 :il/ #fe ( common air1 ) #fe ( nitr\s gas1 gave #hd4 h4 #h ( hydrog5e 7 fir$ ) #ed ( nitr\s oxide2 ! same phnom5a z 7 obs]v$ 9 ! la/ exp]im5t took place2 nitr\s acid 0 =m$2 aft] ! absorption ( :i* ! residual gas fill$ a space equal to #ee4 #ej ( ?is1 ) an equal quantity ( nitr\s gas1 dim9i%$ to #gf4 ,9 ^! processes ! temp]atures 7 f #ef to #fa4 ,^! exp]im5ts are select$ z ! mo/ accurate ( ne>ly fifty1 made on ! inflammation ( diff]5t quantities ( nitr\s oxide & hydrog5e4 ,z ,mr4 ,keir f\nd muriatic acid 9 ! fluid1 produc$ by ! inflammation ( oxyg5e & hydrog5e 9 clos$ vessels1 9 ,dr4 ,prie/ley's exp]im5ts1 ,i pres]v$ ! residual gas ( ab\t #c cubic in*es ( nitr\s oxide1 t _h be5 detonat$ at diff]5t times ) less ?an a cubic in* & half ( hydrog5e2 b solution ( nitrate ( silv] 0 n cl\d$ :5 agitat$ 9 ?is gas1 nor :5 introduc$ into ! detonat+ tube 9 :i* ! inflammation _h be5 made4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts we le>n t nitr\s oxide is decomposable at ! heat ( ignition1 by hydrog5e1 9 a v>iety ( proportions4 ,:5 ! quantity ( hydrog5e v little exce$s t ( ! nitr\s oxide1 bo? ( ! gates disappe>1 wat] is produc$1 no nitr\s acid is =m$1 & ! volume ( nitrog5e evolv$ is r great] ?an t ( ! nitr\s oxide decompos$4 ,:5 ! quantity ( hydrog5e is less ?an t ( ! nitr\s oxide1 wat]1 nitr\s acid1 oxyg5e & nitrog5e1 are g5]at$ 9 diff]5t proportions2 "o "p ( ! nitr\s oxide is mo/ probably :olly decompos$ by ! hydrog5e1 & ! o!r "p conv]t$ into nitr\s acid & atmosph]ic air1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ignition4 ,f exp]im5ts c1 d1 & e1 ! composition ( nitr\s oxide may be d$uc$4 ,9 exp]im5t d1 #ci ( nitr\s oxide 7 decompos$ by #dj ( hydrog5e1 & conv]t$ into #da ( nitrog5e4 ,n[ f b x appe>s t #dj ( hydrog5e require = _! cond5sation ab\t #bj4h ( oxyg5e 9 volume2 s t f\nd+ ! e/imation ^u ! quantity ( hydrog5e consum$1 #ajj p>ts ( nitr\s oxide w\ld consi/ ne>ly ( #fc4a ( nitrog5e1 & #cf4i ( oxyg5e4 ,b #da ( nitrog5e weigh #ab4d1 ,res4 ,i4 ,div4 ,i4 ,consequ5tly1 d$uc+ ! composition ( nitr\s oxide f ! quantity ( nitrog5e evolv$1 #ajj p>ts ( x w\ld consi/ ( #fc4e nitrog5e1 & #cf4e oxyg5e4 ,^! e/imations are v little diff]5t f ^? :i* may be d$uc$ f ! o!r exp]im5ts1 & ! co9cid5ce is 9 favor ( _! accuracy4 ,f ! foll[+ exp]im5t x appe>s t ! temp]ature requir$ = ! decomposition ( nitr\s oxide by hydrog5e mu/ be high] ?an t :i* is necess>y to produce ! inflammation ( hydrog5e ) oxyg5e4 ,i introduc$ into small tubes fill$ ) equal p>ts ( nitr\s oxide & hydrog5e1 /&+ on a surface ( m]cury1 iron wires ignit$ to diff]5t degrees1 f ! dull r$ to ! vivid :ite heat4 ,! gases 7 always inflam$ by ! :ite & vivid r$ heats2 b nev] by ! dull r$ heat1 ?\gh ! la/ uni=mly inflam$ mixtures ( oxyg5e & hydrog5e1 & atmosph]ic air & hydrog5e4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley#agj fir/ detonat$ toge!r nitr\s oxide & hydrog5e2 8 exp]im5t 0 repeat$ by ! ,dut* *emi/s1 :o f\nd t :5 a small quantity ( hydrog5e 0 employ$1 ! nitr\s oxide 0 p>tially conv]t$ into a gas analog\s to common air4 ,_! e/imation ( its composition1 :i* is n f> remov$ f ! tru?1 0 f\nd$ on ?is phnom5on4#aga #agj ,vol4 ii4 pag4 #hc4 #aga ,j\rnal de ,physique1 tom4 xliii4 "p #b1 pag4 #cca4 ,!y suppos$ x to consi/ ( ab\t #cg1e oxyg5e1 & #fb1e nitrog5e4 ,! ne>ness ( ?is acc\nt to ! tru? is s+ul>1 :5 we consid] t !y 7 nei!r acqua9t$ ) ! specific gravity ( nitr\s oxide1 nor ) ! production ( nitr\s acid 9 ?is exp]im5t4 ,,iv4 ,decomposition ( ,nitr\s ,oxide by ,phosphorus4 a4 ,phosphorus introduc$ into pure nitr\s oxide at common temp]atures1 is n at all lum9\s4 ,x is capable ( be+ fus$1 & ev5 sublim$ 9 x1 )\t und]go+ acidification1 & )\t effect+ any alt]ation 9 its composition4 ,ab\t #b gra9s ( phosphorus 7 fus$1 & gradually sublim$1 9 #b cubic in*es ( pure nitr\s oxide1 ov] m]cury1 by ! heat ( a burn+ l5s4 ,no alt]ation 0 produc$ 9 ! volume ( gas1 & a portion ( x absorb$ by wat]1 left a residuum ( "o twelf? only4 ,phosphorus 0 sublim$ 9 pure nitr\s oxide ov] m]cury1 9 a d>k room1 by an iron heat$ ne>ly to ignition2 b no lum9\s appe>ance 0 p]ceptible1 nor 0 any gas decompos$4 b4 ,phosphorus decomposes nitr\s oxide at ! temp]ature ( ignition1 ) great] or less rapidity1 accord+ to ! degree ( heat4 ,we h already se51 t :5 phosphorus 9 active inflammation is introduc$ into nitr\s oxide1 x burns ) int5sely vivid light4 ,phosphorus 0 sublim$ by a heat$ wire 9 a j> fill$ ) nitr\s oxide1 /&+ ov] w>m m]cury4 ,9 ?is /ate ( sublimation an iron heat$ dull r$ 0 introduc$ to x by be+ rapidly pass$ ?r\gh ! m]cury2 a light blue flame surr\nd$ ! wire1 & disappe>$ z soon z x ceas$ to be r$4 ,to phosphorus sublim$ z be=e1 9 nitr\s oxide1 ov] w>m m]cury1 a ?ick wire ignit$ to :it5ess 0 introduc$2 a t]rible detonation took place1 & ! j> 0 %att]$ 9 pieces4 ,by employ+ ?ick conical j>s1#agb conta9+ only a small quantity ( nitr\s oxide1 ,i effect$ ! detonation sev]al times ) safety2 b on acc\nt ( ! great expansion ( ! ela/ic products1 ! j> 0 g5]ally ei!r rais$ f ! m]cury1 or portions ( gas 7 ?r[n out ( x4 ,h5ce ,i 0 unable to asc]ta9 ! exact *anges produc$ by ?is mode ( decomposition4 #agb ,exp]im5ts on ! detonation ( nitr\s oxide ) phosphorus 9 ?is way require great att5tion4 ,! detonat+ j> %\ld be v conical2 ! nitr\s oxide employ$ %\ld nev] equal m ?an "o eigh? ( ! capacity ( ! j>4 ,! wire = ! inflammation mu/ be v ?ick1 & curv$ s z to be easily introduc$ into ! j>4 ,:5 ignit$1 x mu/ be in/antane\sly pass$ ?r\gh ! heat$ m]cury into ! j>4 ,p]haps ! electric sp>k might be advantage\sly appli$ = detonat+ phosphoric vapor ) nitr\s oxide4 c4 ,z my fir/ attempts to asc]ta9 ! con/itution ( nitr\s oxide 7 made on its decomposition by phosphorus1 ,i employ$ _m diff]5t modes ( p>tially ignit+ ?is sub/ance 9 x ov] m]cury1 s z to produce a combu/ion )\t explosion4 ,! fir/ me?od adopt$ 0 inflammation by means ( oxyg5at$ muriate ( pota%4 ,a small p>ticle ( oxyg5at$ muriate ( pota% 0 ins]t$ into ! phosphorus to be burnt4 ,on ! application ( a wire1 mod]ately hot1 to ! po9t ( ins]tion1 ! salt 0 decompos$ by ! phosphorus1 & suffici5t fire g5]at$ & p>tially appli$ by ! slight explosion1 to produce ! combu/ion ( ! phosphorus1 )\t ! previ\s sublimation ( any "p ( x4 ,! second way employ$ 0 ! ignition ( a "p ( ! phosphorus1 by means ( ! combu/ion ( a small portion ( t9d] ( cotton1#agc or pap]1 9 contact ) x1 by ! burn+ glass4 #agc ,x w be se5 h]eaft] t ^! bodies are easily inflam$ 9 nitr\s oxide4 ,! ?ird1 & mo/ successful mode1 0 by introduc+ into ! graduat$ j> conta9+ ! nitr\s oxide1 ! phosphorus 9 a small tube conta9+ oxyg5e1 s balanc$ z to swim on ! surface ( ! m]cury1 )\t communicat+ ) ! nitr\s oxide4 ,! phosphorus 0 fir$ 9 ! oxyg5e ) an ignit$ iron wire1 by :i* at ! mom5t ( combu/ion1 ! tube conta9+ x 0 rais$ into ! nitr\s oxide1 & ?us ! inflammation cont9u$4 d4 ,9 diff]5t exp]im5ts1 made ) accuracy1 ,i f\nd t ! :ole ( a quantity ( nitr\s oxide 0 nev] decomposable by ignit$ phosphorus2 ! combu/ion always /opp$ :5 ! nitr\s oxide rema9+ 0 to ! nitrog5e evolv$ z ab\t #a to #e2 likewise t ! volume ( nitrog5e produc$ 0 r less ?an t ( ! nitr\s oxide decompos$1 & t ?is defici5cy arose f ! =mation ( nitr\s acid by ! int5se ignition produc$ dur+ ! process4 ,( "o exp]im5t ,i %all give a detail4 ,temp]ature be+ #dh1 two cubic in*es ( pure nitr\s oxide1 :i* _h be5 g5]at$ ov] m]cury1 7 introduc$ into a j> ( ! capacity ( #i cubic in*es1 graduat$ to1#a cubic in*es1 & mu* enl>g$ at ! base4 ,a gra9 ( phosphorus 0 ins]t$ into a small vessel ab\t "o ?ird ( an in* long1 & half an in* 9 diamet]1 conta9+ ab\t #ae gra9 measures ( v pure oxyg5e2 ?is vessel1 :i* swam on ! surface ( ! m]cury1 0 c>efully introduc$ into ! j> conta9+ ! nitr\s oxide4 ,! phosphorus 0 fir$ by means ( a heat$ wire1 & be=e ! oxyg5e 0 :olly consum$1 ! vessel conta9+ x elevat$ into ! nitr\s oxide4 ,! combu/ion 0 extremely vivid & rapid4 ,aft] ! atmosph]ic temp]ature 0 re/or$1 ! gas 0 r5d]$ opaque by d5se :ite vapor4 ,:5 ?is _h be5 precipitat$1 & ! small vessel remov$ f ! j>1 ! gas fill$ a space ne>ly equal to #a4i cubic in*es4 ,on introduc+ to x a little solution ( gre5 muriate ( iron1 & prussiate ( pota%1 gre5 prussiate ( iron 0 produc$3 h5ce1 evid5tly1 nitr\s acid _h be5 =m$4 ,on ! admission ( pure wat]1 an absorption ( r m ?an1#c took place4 ,! #af measures rema9+ und]w5t no p]ceptible dim9ution ) nitr\s gas2 ! tap] plung$ into !m 0 in/antly ext+ui%$4 ,to asc]ta9 if ! phosphoric acid produc$ 9 ! exp]im5ts made "u m]cury did n 9 "s measure prev5t ! decomposition ( ! :ole ( ! nitr\s oxide by ! phosphorus1 ,i introduc$ into a mixture ( #e nitrog5e & #a nitr\s oxide1 ignit$ phosphorus3 b x 0 imm$iately ext+ui%$4#agd ,! ,dut* ,*emi/s f\nd t phosphorus might be fus$ 9 nitr\s oxide )\t be+ lum9\s4 ,!y ass]t t phosphorus 9 a /ate ( inflammation1 introduc$ into ?is gas1 0 imm$iately ext+ui%$2 ?\gh :5 tak5 out into ! atmosph]e1 x aga9 burnt ( its own accord4#age ,x is difficult to acc\nt = _! mi/ake4 #agd ,phosphorus burnt feebly ) a :ite flame 9 a mixture ( #d nitrog5e & #a nitr\s oxide4 #age ,j\rnal de ,physique1 xliii4 #cbh4 ,v4 ,decomposition ( ,nitr\s ,oxide by ,phosphorat$ ,hydrog5e4 a4 ,x has be5 m5tion$ 9 ,res4 ,,ii4 ,div4 ,i4 t phosphorat$ hydrog5e & nitr\s oxide posses no action on ea* o!r1 at atmosph]ic temp]atures4 ,phosphorat$ hydrog5e m+l$ ) nitr\s oxide1 is capable ( be+ inflam$ by ! electric sp>k1 or by ignition4 b4 ,e4 #a4 #aj gra9 measures ( phosphorat$ hydrog5e1 c>efully produc$ by means ( phosphorus & solution ( cau/ic alkali1 7 m+l$ ) #eb measures ( nitr\s oxide4 ,! electric sp>k pass$ ?r\gh !m1 produc$ a vivid inflammation4 ,! ela/ic products 7 cl\d$ ) d5se :ite vapor1 & aft] "s m9utes fill$ a space ne>ly equal to #fj4 ,on ! introduction ( wat]1 no absorption took place4 ,:5 #dc ( nitr\s gas 7 admitt$1 ! :ole dim9i%$ to #gj4 ,e4 #b4 #be ( nitr\s oxide 7 fir$ ) #aj ( phosphorat$ hydrog5e1 by ! electric sp>k4 ,aft] detonation#agf !y fill$ a space exactly equal to #be4 ,on ! admission ( solution ( gre5 sulphate ( iron1 & prussiate ( pota%1 no blue or gre5 precipitate 0 produc$4 ,on ! introduction ( wat]1 no dim9ution 0 p]ceiv$4 #be ( nitr\s gas m+l$ ) !m1 gave exactly #ej4 #agf ,9 ?is exp]im5t1 z 9 ! la/1 d5se :ite vapor 0 produc$4 ,e4 #c4 #aj ( nitr\s oxide1 m+l$ ) #bj ( phosphorat$ hydrog5e1 c\ld n be inflam$4 #be ( nitr\s oxide1 ) #bj phosphorat$ hydrog5e1 inflam$4 ,! gas aft] detonation1 0 r5d]$ opaque by d5se :ite vapor1 & fill$ a space ne>ly equal to #de4 ,no absorption took place :5 wat] 0 introduc$4 ,on admitt+ a little oxyg5e no :ite fumes1 or dim9ution1 0 p]ceiv$4 ,! electric sp>k pass$ ?r\gh ! mixture1 produc$ an explosion1 ) great dim9ution4 c4 ,f ,e4 #a x appe>s1 t :5 a small quantity ( phosphorat$ hydrog5e is inflam$ ) nitr\s oxide1 bo? ! phosphorus & hydrog5e are consum$2 :il/ ! sup]abundant nitr\s oxide1 is conv]t$ into nitr\s acid & atmosph]ic air1 by ! ignition2 or a c]ta9 quantity is p>tially decompos$ into atmosph]ic air by ! comb9ation ( a portion ( its oxyg5e ) ! combu/ible gas4 ,f ,e4 #b we le>n1 t :5 ! phosphorat$ hydrog5e & nitr\s oxide are to ea* o!r z #be to #aj ne>ly1 !y bo? disappe>1 :il/ nitrog5e is evolv$1 & wat] & phosphoric acid produc$4 ,reason+ conc]n+ ! composition ( nitr\s oxide f ?is exp]im5t1 we %\ld conclude t x 0 compos$ ( ab\t #ch oxyg5e1 & #fb nitrog5e4 ,! result ( ,e4 #c is int]e/+2 we are taught f x t ! aff9ity ( phosphorus = ! oxyg5e ( nitr\s oxide is /rong] ?an t ( hydrog5e1 at ! temp]ature ( ignition2 s t :5 phosphorat$ hydrog5e is m+l$ ) a quantity ( nitr\s oxide1 n conta9+ suffici5t oxyg5e to burn bo? its con/itu5t p>ts1 ! phosphorus only is consum$1 :il/ ! hydrog5e is lib]at$4 ,9 repeat+ ! exp]im5ts ) phosphorat$ hydrog5e t _h rema9$ = "s h\rs 9 ! m]curial app>atus1 ,i did n ga9 exactly ! same results2 = a l>g] quantity ( x 0 requir$ to decompose ! nitr\s oxide1 ?an 9 ! =m] exp]im5ts2 d\btless f its hav+ deposit$ a portion ( its phosphorus4 ,!y confirm1 h[ev]1 ! above m5tion$ conclusions4 ,9 ! c\rse ( exp]im5t+1 ,i pass$ ! electric sp>k1 = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 ?r\gh ab\t #fj measures ( phosphorat$ hydrog5e4 ,x und]w5t no alt]ation ( volume4 ,phosphorus 0 app>5tly precipitat$ f x1 & x _h :olly lo/ its p[] ( inflam+1 9 contact ) common air4 ,,vi4 ,decomposition ( ,nitr\s ,oxide by ,sulphur4 ,f ! phnom5a be=e m5tion$1#agg relat+ to ! combu/ion ( sulphur 9 nitr\s oxide1 x 0 evid5t t ?is gas 0 only decomposable by x1 at a mu* high] temp]ature ?an common air4 #agg ,res4 ,i4 ,div4 ,,iii4 ,s4 ,,ii4 ,i introduc$ into sulphur 9 contact ) nitr\s oxide1 ov] m]cury heat$ to #aab-aad1 a wire int5sely ignit$4 ,x lo/ mu* ( its heat 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! m]cury1 b /ill appe>$ r$ 9 ! vessel4 ,! sulphur rapidly fus$1 & sublim$ )\t be+ at all lum9\s4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$ five or six times1 b 9 no in/ance c\ld ! combu/ion ( sulphur1 by means ( ! ignit$ wire1 be effect$4 ,i inflam$ sulphur 9 nitr\s oxide 9 ! same mann] z phosphorus2 namely1 by introduc+ x into ! small vessel fill$ ) oxyg5e1 & ignit+ x by means ( ! heat$ wire4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts ! sulphur burnt ) a vivid rose-color$ light1 & mu* sulphuric1 ) a little sulphure\s acid1 0 =m$4 ,exp]im5t+ 9 ?is way ,i 0 nev]1 h[ev]1 able to decompose m ?an "o ?ird ( ! quantity ( nitr\s oxide employ$2 n only ! nitrog5e evolv$1 b likewise ! sulphuric & sulphure\s acids produc$1 /opp+ ! combu/ion4 ,i f\nd t sulphur 9 a /ate ( vivid inflammation1 :5 introduc$ into a mixture ( "o f\r? nitrog5e1 & ?ree f\r?s nitr\s oxide1 burnt ) a flame v mu* enl>g$1 & ( a vivid rose color4 ,9 "o ?ird nitrog5e1 & two ?irds nitr\s oxide1 x burnt feebly ) a yell[ flame4 ,9 equal p>ts ( nitr\s oxide & nitrog5e1 x 0 in/antly ext+ui%$4 ,sulphur burnt feebly1 ) a light yell[ flame1 :5 introduc$ ignit$ into a mixture ( #e nitr\s gas1 & #f nitr\s oxide4 ,9 "o ?ird nitr\s oxide1 & two ?irds nitr\s gas1 x 0 in/antly ext+ui%$4 ,f _m circum/ances1 ,i am incl9$ to believe t sulphur is incapable1 at any temp]ature1 ( sl[ly decompos+ nitr\s oxide1 s z to burn 9 x ) a blue flame1 =m+ sulphure\s acid alone4 ,x appe>s to attract oxyg5e f x only :5 int5sely ignit$1 s z to =m *iefly sulphuric acid1 & t ) great rapidity1 & vivid inflammation4 ,,vii4 ,decomposition ( ,nitr\s ,oxide by ,sulphurat$ ,hydrog5e4 a4 ,?\gh nitr\s oxide & sulphurat$ hydrog5e d n act ^u ea* o!r at common temp]atures1 yet !y und]go a mutual decomposition :5 m+l$ toge!r 9 c]ta9 proportions1 & ignit$ by ! electric sp>k4 ,f m ?an tw5ty exp]im5ts made on ! inflammation ( sulphurat$ hydrog5e 9 nitr\s oxide1 ,i select ! foll[+ z ! mo/ conclusive & accurate4 ,! temp]ature at :i* !y 7 made 0 f #da to #di4 b4 ,e4 #a4 ,ab\t #ce measures ( nitr\s oxide 7 fir$ ) #aj ( sulphurat$ hydrog5e2 ! expansion dur+ inflammation 0 v great1 & ! flame sky-blue4 ,imm$iately aft]1 ! gases fill$ a space equal to #dh ne>ly4 ,:ite fumes 7 !n =m$1 & !y gradually contract$ to #dj4 ,on ! admission ( a little /rontian lime wat]1 a slight absorption took place1 ) :ite precipitation2 & ! volume occupi$ by ! residual gas ne>ly equall$ #cg4 ,on admitt+ nitr\s gas to ^!1 no p]ceptible dim9ution took place4 ,e4 #b4 #bj sulphurat$ hydrog5e1 ) #be nitr\s oxide1 c\ld n be inflam$4 #cj nitr\s oxide1 ) #bb sulphurat$ hydrog5e1 c\ld n be inflam$4 #ce nitr\s oxide1 ) #bj sulphurat$ hydrog5e1 inflam$ ) vivid blue light1 & great expansion4 ,aft] ! explosion1 ! gases fill$ exactly ! same space z be=e ! exp]im5t2 no :ite fumes 7 p]ceiv$1 & no f>!r contraction occurr$4 ,on ! addition ( /rontian lime wat]1 a copi\s precipitation1 ) dim9ution1 took place2 & ! residual gas fill$ a space ne>ly equal to #ce4 ,e4 #c4 #dg nitr\s oxide1 & #ad sulphurat$ hydrog5e1 inflam$4 ,aft] ! explosion1 ! gases fill$ a space ne>ly equal to #fe2 !n :ite fumes =m$1 & !y gradually dim9i%$ to #eb4 ,on ! introduction ( muriate ( /rontian1 a copi\s :ite precipitate 0 produc$2 & on ! addition ( wat]1 no fur!r absorption took place4 ,to ! residual #eb1 ab\t #bj ( nitr\s gas 7 add$2 !y fill$ toge!r a space equal to ab\t #fg4 c4 ,9 none ( ! exp]im5ts made on ! inflammation ( sulphurat$ hydrog5e & nitr\s oxide1 c\ld ,i asc]ta9 ) c]ta9ty ! precipitation ( sulphur4 ,9 "o or two processes ! detonat+ tube 0 r5d]$ a little :ite at ! po9ts ( contact ) ! m]cury2 b ?is 0 mo/ probably ow+ to ! oxydation ( ! m]cury1 ei!r by ! heat$ sulphuric acid =m$1 or f nitr\s acid produc$ by ! ignition4 ,! pres5ce ( nitr\s acid ,i c\ld n asc]ta9 9 ^! processes by my usual te/s1 because ! combu/ion ( sulphur ov] :ite prussiate ( iron1 conv]ts x into light gre54 ,:5 ,i introduc$ an inflam$ tap] into ab\t #c p>ts ( sulphurat$ hydrog5e1 & #b p>ts ( nitr\s oxide1 9 :i* proportions !y c\ld n h be5 fir$ by ! electric sp>k1 a blue flame pass$ ?r\gh !m1 & mu* sulphur 0 deposit$ on ! sides ( ! vessel4 ,b ?is sulphur mo/ probably ow$ its =mation to ! decomposition ( a portion ( sulphurat$ hydrog5e n burnt1 by ! sulphure\s acid =m$ f ! combu/ion ( ! o!r portion4 ,we may !n conclude ) probability1 t sulphurat$ hydrog5e & nitr\s oxide w n decompose ea* o!r1 :5 act$ on by ! electric sp>k1 unless _! proportions are su* z to enable ! :ole ( ! sulphurat$ hydrog5e to be decompos$1 s t bo? ( its con/itu5ts may become oxyg5at$1 by attract+ oxyg5e f ! nitr\s oxide3 likewise1 t :5 ! sulphurat$ hydrog5e is at its maximum ( inflammation1 ! hydrog5e & sulphur =m ) ! :ole ( ! oxyg5e ( nitr\s oxide1 wat] & sulphure\s acid2 ,e4 #b3 :]eas at its m9imum !y produce wat]1 & *iefly1 p]haps :olly1 sulphuric acid2 at ! same "t t ! nitr\s oxide p>tially decompos$1 is conv]t$ into nitrog5e1 & a gas analog\s to atmosph]ic air1 or into nitrog5e1 nitr\s acid1 & atmosph]ic air4 ,e4 #a4 ,e4 #c4 ,by pursu+ ^? exp]im5ts1 & us+ l>g] quantities ( gas1 we may probably be able to asc]ta9 f !m ) accuracy1 ! composition ( sulphuric & sulphure\s acids4 ,i own ,i 0 disappo9t$ 9 ! results1 = ,i expect$ to h be5 able to asc]ta9 f !m1 ! relative aff9ities ( sulphur1 & hydrog5e = ! oxyg5e ( nitr\s oxide1 at ! temp]ature ( ignition4 ,i conjectur$ t nitr\s oxide1 m+l$ ) excess ( sulphurat$ hydrog5e1 w\ld h be5 decompos$1 & "o ( ! pr9ciples ( x evolv$ unalt]$1 z 0 ! case ) phosphorat$ hydrog5e4 ,if we e/imate ! composition ( nitr\s oxide f ! quantity ( nitrog5e produc$ 9 ,e4 #b1 x is compos$ ( ab\t #fa nitrog5e1 & #ci oxyg5e4 ,,viii4 ,decomposition ( ,nitr\s ,oxide by ,*>coal4 ,an acc\nt ( ! analysis ( nitr\s oxide by *>coal is giv5 9 ,res4 ,i4 ,div4 ,,iii4 ,i h lately made two exp]im5ts on ! combu/ion ( *>coal 9 nitr\s oxide1 9 :i* e precaution 0 tak5 to prev5t ! exi/5ce ( s\rces ( error4 ,( "o ( ^! ,i %all give a detail4 ,e4 ,temp]ature be+ #ea1 ab\t a gra9 ( *>coal1 :i* _h be5 expos$ = "s h\rs to a r$ heat1 0 introduc$ :il/ ignit$1 "u m]cury1 & transf]r$ into a graduat$ j>1 conta9+ #c cubic in*es ( pure nitr\s oxide1 /&+ ov] dry m]cury4 ,! focus ( a burn+ l5s 0 ?r[n on ! *>coal2 x in/antly inflam$1 & burnt ) great vividness = ne> a m9ute1 ! gas be+ mu* exp&$4 ,! focus 0 cont9ually appli$ to x = t5 m9utes1 :5 ! process appe>$ at an end4 ,! gases1 :5 ! common temp]ature & pressure 7 re/or$1 fill$ a space equal to #d1b cubic in*es4 ,on introduc+ into !m a few gra9 measures ( solution ( gre5 muriate ( iron1 = ! d\ble purpose ( saturat+ !m ) moi/ure1 & asc]ta9+ if any nitr\s acid _h be5 =m$1 no *ange ( volume took place2 & prussiate ( pota% gave ) ! muriate a :ite precipitate only4 ,on ! admission ( a small quantity ( conc5trat$ solution ( cau/ic pota%1 a dim9ution ( ! gas sl[ly took place2 :5 x 0 complete ! volume equall$ ab\t #c4je cubic in*es4 ,by agitation 9 well boil$ wat]1 ab\t1#i ( ^! 7 absorb$2 ! rema9d] appe>$ to be pure nitrog5e4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! e/imation f\nd$ ^u ! nitrog5e evolv$1 & t d$uc$ f ! c>bonic acid g5]at$ 9 ?is exp]im5t1 is n ne>ly s great z 9 t ,res4 ,i4 ,div4 ,,iii4 ,tak+ ab\t ! mean proportions1 we %\ld conclude t nitr\s oxide 0 compos$ ( ab\t #ch oxyg5e1 & #fb nitrog5e4 ,*>coal burnt ) great] vividness ?an 9 common air1 9 a mixture ( "o ?ird nitrog5e & two ?irds nitr\s oxide4 ,9 equal p>ts ( nitr\s oxide & nitrog5e1 its light 0 b>ely p]ceptible4 ,9 "o ?ird nitr\s oxide1 & two ?irds nitrog5e1 x 0 almo/ imm$iately ext+ui%$4 ,z *>coal burns vividly 9 nitr\s gas1 :5 x has be5 previ\sly ignit$ to :it5ess1 ,i introduc$ x into a mixture ( equal p>ts ( nitr\s oxide & nitr\s gas2 x burnt ) a deep & bright r$4 ,,ix4 ,decomposition ( ,nitr\s ,oxide by ,hydroc>bonate4 ,nitr\s oxide1 & hydroc>bonate1 possess no action on ea* o!r1 except at high temp]atures4 ,:5 m+l$ 9 c]ta9 proportions1 & expos$ to ! electric %ock1 a new arrangem5t ( _! pr9ciples takes place4 ,e4 #a4 ,temp]ature be+ #ec1 #ce ( nitr\s oxide1 m+l$ ) #ae ( hydroc>bonate1 7 fir$ by ! electric sp>k2 ! inflammation 0 v vivid1 & ! light produc$1 bright r$4 ,aft] ! explosion1 ! space occupi$ by ! gases equall$ ab\t #fj4 ,on ! admission ( solution ( /rontian1 a copi\s :ite precipitate 0 produc$1 & ! gas dim9i%$ by agitation1 to r m ?an #ce4 ,:5 #cf ( nitr\s gas 7 add$ to ^!1 :ite fumes appe>$ & ! :ole dim9i%$ to #fb4 ,:5 a little muriatic acid 0 p\r$ on ! :ite precipitate f ! solution ( /rontian1 gas 0 evolv$ f x1 & x 0 gradually dissolv$4 ,e4 #b4 #bb nitr\s oxide 7 inflam$ ) #bj hydroc>bonate2 aft] ! explosion1 !y fill$ a space equal to #de2 :5 /rontian lime wat] 0 introduc$1 :ite precipitation took place1 & ! dim9ution 0 to #ca4 ,to ^! #ca1 #ad ( nitr\s oxide 7 admitt$1 & ! electric sp>k pass$ ?r\gh !m2 an inflammation took place3 c>bonic acid 0 =m$1 aft] ! absorption ( :i*1 ! gas rema9+ fill$ a space equal to #dc1 & did n dim9i% ) nitr\s gas4 ,! hydroc>bonate employ$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 0 procur$ f alcohol by means ( sulphuric acid4 ,9 ano!r set ( exp]im5ts made ) less accuracy1 ! same g5]al results 7 obta9$4 ,:5ev] hydroc>bonate inflam$ ) nitr\s oxide1 bo? its con/itu5ts 7 oxyg5at$2 9 all cases c>bonic acid 0 =m$1 & 9 no in/ance free hydrog5e evolv$1 or *>coal precipitat$4 ,9 ! decomposition ( nitr\s oxide by hydroc>bonate1 ! residual nitrog5e is less ?an 9 o!r combu/ions4 ,?is circum/ance ,i am unable to expla94 ,reason+ f analogy1 !re c be little d\bt1 b t :5 hydroc>bonate is inflam$ ) excess ( nitr\s oxide1 x w be only p>tially decomp\nd$1 or conv]t$ into nitrog5e1 nitr\s acid1 & atmosph]ic air4 ,! ,dut* ,*emi/s h ass]t$1 t *>coal does n burn 9 nitr\s oxide1 except 9 consequ5ce ( ! previ\s decomposition ( ! gas by ! hydrog5e always conta9$ 9 ?is sub/ance2 & likewise1 t :5 hydroc>bonate & nitr\s oxide 7 m+l$ toge!r1 & fir$ by ! electric sp>k1 ! hydrog5e only 0 burnt1 :il/ ! *>coal 0 precipitat$4 ,x is difficult to acc\nt = ^! num]\s mi/akes4 ,_! !ory ( ! non-respirability ( nitr\s oxide 0 f\nd$ ^u !m4 ,!y suppos$ t ! *ief use ( respiration 0 to deprive ! blood ( its sup]abundant c>bon1 by ! comb9ation ( atmosph]ic oxyg5e ) t pr9ciple2 & t nitr\s oxide 0 highly fatal to life1 because x 0 incapable ( de-c>bonat+ ! blood#agh66 #agh ,j\rnal de ,physique1 xliii4 #ccd4 ,x4 ,combu/ion ( ,iron 9 ,nitr\s ,oxide4 ,i introduc$ into a j> ( ! capacity ( #bj cubic in*es1 conta9+ #aa cubic in*es ( nitr\s oxide1 ov] m]cury1 a small quantity ( f9e iron wire twi/$ toge!r1 & hav+ affix$ to x a p>ticle ( cork4 ,on ?r[+ ! focus ( a burn+ glass on ! cork1 x in/antly inflam$1 & ! fire 0 communicat$ to ! wire1 :i* burnt ) great vividness = "s mom5ts1 project+ brilliant :ite sp>ks4 ,aft] x _h ceas$ to burn ! gas 0 increas$ 9 volume r m ?an ?ree t5?s ( an in*4 ,! nitr\s acid te/s 7 introduc$1 b no acid appe>$ to h be5 =m$4 ,on expos+ ! gas to wat]1 ne> #d1b cubic in*es 7 absorb$3 ! #g1a rema9+ appe>$ to be pure nitrog5e4 ,f ?is exp]im5t x is evid5t t iron at ! temp]ature ( ignition1 is capable ( decompos+ nitr\s oxide2 likewise t x is incapable ( burn+ 9 x :5 x conta9s m ?an ?ree fif?s nitrog5e4 ,i attempt$ to inflame z9c 9 nitr\s oxide1 9 ! same way z iron2 b )\t success4 ,by keep+ ! focus ( a burn+ glass ^u "s z9c fil+s1 9 a small quantity ( nitr\s oxide1 ,i conv]t$ a little ( ! z9c into :ite oxide1 & consequ5tly decompos$ a portion ( ! gas4 ,,xi4 ,combu/ion ( ,pyrophorus 9 ,nitr\s ,oxide4 ,pyrophorus1 :i* inflames 9 nitr\s gas1 & atmosph]ic air1 at or ev5 bel[ #dj1 requires = its combu/ion 9 nitr\s oxide a mu* high] temp]ature4 ,x w n burn 9 x1 or alt] x1 ev5 at #bab4 ,i h (t5 inflam$ pyrophorus 9 nitr\s oxide ov] m]cury1 by means ( a wire /rongly heat$1 b n ignit$4 ,! light produc$ by ! ignition ( pyrophorus 9 nitr\s oxide is :ite1 l t produc$ by x 9 oxyg5e3 9 nitr\s gas x is r$4 ,:5 pyrophorus burns out 9 nitr\s oxide1 a little increase ( ! volume ( gas is produc$4 ,/rontian lime wat] agitat$ 9 ?is gas becomes cl\d$2 b ! quantity ( c>bonic acid =m$ is extremely m9ute4 ,i h nev] made any delicate exp]im5ts on ! combu/ion ( pyrophorus 9 nitr\s oxide4 ,,xii4 ,combu/ion ( ! ,tap] 9 ,nitr\s ,oxide4 ,x has be5 notic$ by diff]5t exp]im5tali/s1 t ! tap] burns ) a flame consid]ably enl>g$ 9 nitr\s oxide3 sometimes ) a vivid light & crackl+ noise1 z 9 oxyg5e2 at o!r times ) a :ite c5tral flame1 surr\nd$ by a feeble blue "o4 ,my exp]im5ts on ! combu/ion ( ! tap] 9 nitr\s oxide1 7 *iefly made ) a view to asc]ta9 ! cause ( ! d\ble flame4 ,:5 ! inflam$ tap] is introduc$ into pure nitr\s oxide1 x burns at fir/ ) a brilliant :ite light1 & sp>kles z 9 oxyg5e4 ,z ! combu/ion goes on1 ! brilliancy ( ! flame dim9i%es2 x gradually l5g!ns1 & becomes surr\nd$ ) a pale blue cone ( light1 f ! apex ( :i* mu* unburnt *>coal is ?r[n (f1 9 ! =m ( smoke4 ,! flame cont9ues d\ble to ! end ( ! process4 ,:5 ! residual gases are exam9$ aft] combu/ion1 mu* nitr\s acid is f\nd susp5d$ 9 !m2 & !y are compos$ ( c>bonic acid1 nitrog5e1 & ab\t "o f\r? ( undecomp\nd$ nitr\s oxide4 ,! d\ble flame dep5ds ^u ! nitr\s acid =m$ by ! ignition2 = x c be produc$ by plung+ ! tap] into common air conta9+ nitr\s acid vapor1 or into a mixture ( nitr\s oxide & nitrog5e1 ?r\gh :i* nitr\s acid has be5 diffus$4 ,x is nev] p]ceiv$ 9 ! combu/ion ( ! tap]1 till mu* nitr\s acid is =m$4 ,9 attempt+ to respire "s residual gas ( nitr\s oxide1 9 :i* a tap] _h burnt out1 ,i f\nd x s highly impregnat$ ) nitr\s acid1 z to disable me f ev5 tak+ x into my m\?4 ,! tap] burns 9 a mixture ( equal p>ts nitr\s oxide & nitrog5e1 at fir/ ) a flame ne>ly ! same z t ( a c&le 9 common air2 :ite4 ,be=e its ext9ction ! int]ior :ite flame1 & ext]ior blue flame1 are p]ceiv$4 ,! tap] is in/antly ext+ui%$ 9 a mixture ( "o f\r? nitr\s oxide1 & ?ree f\r?s nitrog5e4 ,9 a mixture ( equal p>ts nitr\s oxide & nitr\s gas1 ! tap] burns at fir/ ) ne>ly z mu* brilliancy z 9 pure nitr\s oxide2 gradually ! d\ble & feeble flame is produc$4 ,,xiii4 ,on ! ,combu/ion ( diff]5t ,comp\nd ,bodies 9 ,nitr\s ,oxide4 ,all ! solid & fluid comp\nd inflammable bodies on :i* ,i h exp]im5t$1 burn 9 nitr\s oxide1 at high temp]atures4 ,wood1 cotton1 & pap]1 are easily inflam$ 9 x by ! burn+ glass4 ,dur+ _! combu/ion1 nitr\s acid is always =m$1 c>bonic acid1 & wat] produc$1 & nitrog5e evolv$1 r less 9 bulk ?an ! nitr\s oxide decompos$4 ,i h already m5tion$ t alcohol & e!r are soluble 9 nitr\s oxide4 ,:5 an ignit$ body is introduc$ into ! solution ( alcohol1 or e!r 9 nitr\s oxide1 a slight explosion takes place4 ,,xiv4 ,g5]al ,conclusions relat+ to ! ,decomposition ( ,nitr\s ,oxide1 & to its ,analysis4 ,f :at has be5 said 9 ! prec$+ sections1 x appe>s t ! inflammable bodies1 9 g5]al1 require = _! combu/ion 9 nitr\s oxide1 mu* high] temp]atures ?an ^? at :i* !y burn 9 atmosph]ic air1 or oxyg5e4 ,:5 int5sely heat$ !y decompose x1 ) ! production ( mu* heat & light1 & become oxyg5at$4 ,dur+ ! combu/ion ( solid or fluid bodies1 produc+ flame1 9 nitr\s oxide1 nitr\s acid is g5]at$1 mo/ probably f a new arrangem5t ( pr9ciples1 analog\s to ^? obs]v$ 9 ,sect4 ,,ii1 by ! ignition ( t "p ( ! gas n 9 contact ) ! burn+ sub/ance4 ,likewise :5 nitr\s oxide 9 excess is decomcompos$ by inflammable gases1 nitr\s acid1 & sometimes a gas analog\s to common air1 is produc$1 d\btless f ! same cause4 ,pyrophorus is ! only body t inflames 9 nitr\s oxide1 bel[ ! temp]ature ( ignition4 ,phosphorus burns 9 x ) ! blue flame1 probably =m+ ) its oxyg5e only phosphore\s acid at ! dull r$ heat1 & ) ! int5sely vivid flame1 produc+ phosphoric acid at ! :ite heat4 ,hydrog5e1 *>coal1 sulphur1 iron1 & ! comp\nd inflammable bodies1 decompose x only at heats equal to1 or above1 t ( ignition3 probably ea* a diff]5t temp]ature4 ,f ! phnom5a 9 ,sect4 ,v4 x appe>s1 t at ! temp]ature ( int5se ignition1 phosphorus has a /rong] aff9ity = ! oxyg5e ( nitr\s oxide ?an hydrog5e2 & reason+ f ! diff]5t degrees ( combu/ibility ( ! inflammable bodies1 9 mixtures ( nitr\s oxide & nitrog5e1 & f o!r phnom5a1 we may conclude ) probability1 t at ab\t ! :ite heat1 ! aff9ity ( ! combu/ible bodies = oxyg5e takes place 9 ! foll[+ ord]4 ,phosphorus1 hydrog5e1 *>coal1#agi iron1 sulphur1 c4 ,?is ord] ( attraction is v diff]5t f t obta9+ at ! r$ heat2 9 :i* temp]ature *>coal & iron h a mu* /rong] aff9ity = oxyg5e ?an ei!r phosphorus or hydrog5e4#ahj #agi ,z is prov$ by ! decomposition ( oxide ( iron & sulphuric acid by *>coal1 at t temp]ature4 #ahj ,hydrog5e at or ab\t ! r$ heat1 appe>s to attract oxyg5e /rong] ?an phosphorus4 ,see ,dr4 ,prie/ley's exp]im5ts1 vol4 i4 page #bfb4 ,! smalle/ quantity ( oxyg5e giv5 9 ! diff]5t analyses ( nitr\s oxide j detail$1 is ?irty five hundr$ p>ts2 ! greate/ proportion is ?irty-n9e4 ,tak+ ! mean e/imations f ! mo/ accurate exp]im5ts1 we may conclude t #ajj gra9s ( ! kn[n pond]able matt] ( nitr\s oxide1 consi/ ( ab\t #cf1g oxyg5e1 & #fc1c nitrog5e2 or tak+ away decimals1 ( #cg oxyg5e to #fc nitrog5e2 :i* is id5tical ) ! e/imation giv5 9 ,rese>* ,i4 ,,xv4 ,obs]vations on ! comb9ations ( ,oxyg5e & ,nitrog5e4 ,dur+ ! decompositions ( ! comb9ations ( oxyg5e & nitrog5e by combu/ible bodies1 a consid]able mom5t>y expansion ( ! act+ sub/ances1 & ! bodies 9 contact ) !m is g5]ally produc$1 connect$ ) increas$ temp]ature2 :il/ light is (t5 g5]at$ to a great ext5t4 ,( ! causes ( ^! phnom5a we are at pres5t ignorant4 ,our k ( !m mu/ dep5d ^u ! discov]y ( ! precise nature ( heat & light1 & ( ! laws by :i* !y are gov]n$4 ,! application ( g5]al hypo!ses to isolat$ facts c be ( little utility2 = ?is reason ,i %all at pres5t =be> to ent] into any discussions conc]n+ ^? ag5ts1 :i* are imp]ceptible to ! s5ses1 & kn[n only by solit>y effects4 ,analysis & syn!sis cle>ly prove t oxyg5e & nitrog5e con/itute ! kn[n pond]able matt] ( atmosph]ic air1 nitr\s oxide1 nitr\s gas1 & nitric acid4 ,t ! oxyg5e & nitrog5e ( atmosph]ic air exi/ 9 *emical union1 appe>s almo/ demon/rable f ! foll[+ evid5ces4 #a/4 ,! equable diffusion ( oxyg5e & nitrog5e ?r\gh e "p ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* c h>dly be suppos$ to dep5d on any o!r cause ?an an aff9ity betwe5 ^! pr9ciples4#aha #aha ,t attraction mu/ be call$ *emical1 :i* enables bodies ( diff]5t specific gravities to unite 9 su* a mann] z to produce a comp\nd1 9 e "p ( :i* ! con/itu5ts are f\nd 9 ! same proportions to ea* o!r4 ,atmosph]ic air1 exam9$ aft] hav+ be5 at p]fect re/ 9 clos$ vessels1 = a great l5g? ( "t1 conta9s 9 e "p ! same proportions ( oxyg5e & nitrog5e2 :]eas if no aff9ity exi/$ betwe5 ^! pr9ciples1 foll[+ ! laws ( specific gravity1 !y ought to sep>ate2 ! oxyg5e =m+ ! inf]ior1 ! nitrog5e ! sup]ior /ratum4 ,! supposition ( ! *emical composition ( atmosph]ic air1 has be5 advanc$ by _m philosoph]s4 ,! two fir/ evid5ces h be5 (t5 notic$4 #b;dly4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! specific gravity ( atmosph]ic air1 & a mixture ( #bg p>ts oxyg5e & #gc nitrog5e1 z f\nd by calculation2 a diff]5ce app>5tly ow+ to expansion 9 consequ5ce ( comb9ation4 #c;dly4 ,! conv]sion ( nitr\s oxide into nitr\s acid1 & a gas analog\s to common air1 by ignition4 #d?ly4 ,! solubility ( atmosph]ic air undecomp\nd$ 9 wat]4 ,,atmosph]ic ,,air1 !n1 may be consid]$ z ! lea/ intimate ( ! comb9ations ( nitrog5e & oxyg5e4 ,x is an ela/ic fluid1 p]man5t at all kn[n temp]atures1 consi/+ (1#gc nitrog5e1 &1#bg oxyg5e4 ,x is decomposable at c]ta9 temp]atures1 by mo/ ( ! bodies possess+ aff9ity = oxyg5e4 ,x is soluble 9 ab\t ?irty times its bulk ( wat]1 & z f> z we are acqua9t$ ) its aff9ities1 incapable ( comb9+ ) mo/ ( ! simple & comp\nd sub/ances4 #ajj cubic in*es ( x weigh ab\t #ca gra9s at #ee temp]ature1 & #cj atmosph]ic pressure4 ,,nitr\s ,,oxide is a gas unalt]able 9 its con/itution1 at temp]atures bel[ ignition4 ,x is compos$ ( oxyg5e & nitrog5e1 exi/+ p]haps 9 ! mo/ intimate union :i* ^? sub/ances are capable ( assum+4#ahb ,its prop]ties approa* to ^? ( acids4 ,x is decomposable by ! combu/ible bodies at v high temp]atures1 is soluble 9 d\ble its volume ( wat]1 & 9 half its bulk ( mo/ ( ! inflammable fluids4 ,x is comb9able ) ! alkalies1 & capable ( =m+ ) !m peculi> salts4 #ajj gra9s ( x are compos$ ( ab\t #fc nitrog5e1 & #cg oxyg5e4 #ajj cubic in*es ( x weigh #ej gra9s1 at #ee temp]ature1 & #cj atmosph]ic pressure4 #ahb ,= x is unalt]able by ^? bodies :i* are capable ( attract+ oxyg5e f nitr\s gas & nitr\s acid1 at common temp]atures4 ,,nitr\s ,,gas is compos$ ( ab\t1#ef oxyg5e1 &1#dd nitrog5e1 9 intimate union4 ,x is soluble 9 twelve times its bulk ( wat]1 & is comb9able ) ! acids1 & c]ta9 metallic solutions2 x is possess$ ( no acid prop]ties1 & is decomposable by mo/ ( ! bodies t attract oxyg5e /rongly1 at high temp]atures4 #ajj cubic in*es ( x weigh ab\t #cd gra9s1 at ! mean temp]ature & pressure4 ,,nitric ,,acid is a sub/ance p]man5tly ari=m at common temp]atures1 compos$ ( ab\t #a nitrog5e1 to #b1c oxyg5e4 ,x is soluble to a great ext5t 9 wat]1 & comb9able ) ! alkalies1 & nitr\s gas4 ,x is decomposable by mo/ ( ! combu/ible bodies1 at c]ta9 temp]atures4 #ajj cubic in*es ( x weigh1 at ! mean temp]ature & pressure1 ne>ly #gf gra9s4 ,,rese>* ,,iii4 ,,relat+ ,,to ,,! ,,respiration ,,( ,,nitr\s ,,oxide1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,gases4 ,,division ,i4 ,,exp]im5ts & ,,obs]vations on ! ,,effects produc$ ^u ,,animals by ! ,,respiration ( ,,nitr\s ,,oxide4 ,i4 ,prelim9>ies4 ,! t]m respirable1 9 its physiological application1 has be5 diff]5tly employ$4 ,"s times by ! respirability ( a gas has be5 meant1 its p[] ( support+ life = a great l5g? ( "t1 :5 repeat$ly appli$ to ! blood 9 ! lungs4 ,at o!r times all gases h be5 consid]$ z respirable1 :i* 7 capable ( introduction into ! lungs by volunt>y ef=ts1 )\t any relation to _! vitality4 ,9 ! la/ s5se ! ^w respirable is mo/ prop]ly employ$4 ,9 ?is s5se x is us$ 9 ! foll[+ sections4 ,non-respirable gases are ^?1 :i* :5 appli$ to ! ext]nal organs ( respiration1 /imulate ! muscles ( ! epiglottis 9 in* a way z to keep x p]fectly close on ! glottis2 ?us prev5t+ ! smalle/ p>ticle ( gas f ent]+ into ! bron*ia1 9 spite ( volunt>y ex]tions2 su* are c>bonic acid1 & acid gases 9 g5]al4#ahc #ahc ,see ! curi\s exp]im5ts ( ,rosi]1 ,j\rnal de ,physique1 #aghf1 vol4 #a1 pag4 #dai4 ,( respirable gases1 or ^? :i* are capable ( be+ tak5 into ! lungs by volunt>y ef=ts4 ,"o only has ! p[] ( uni=mly support+ life2--atmosph]ic air4 ,o!r gases1 :5 respir$1 soon] or lat] produce dea?2 b 9 diff]5t modes4 ,"s1 z nitrog5e & hydrog5e1 effect no positive *ange 9 ! v5\s blood4 ,animals imm]s$ 9 ^! gases die ( a disease produc$ by privation ( atmosph]ic air1 analog\s to t occasion$ by _! subm]sion 9 wat]1 or non-respirable gases4 ,o!rs1 z ! diff]5t v>ieties ( hydroc>bonate1 de/roy life by produc+ "s positive *ange#ahd 9 ! blood1 :i* probably imm$iately r5d]s x incapable ( supply+ ! n]v\s & muscul> fibres ) pr9ciples ess5tial to s5sibility & irritability4 ,oxyg5e1 :i* is capable ( be+ respir$ = a mu* great] l5g? ( "t ?an any o!r gas1 except common air1 f9ally de/roys life2 fir/ produc+ *anges 9 ! blood1 connect$ ) new liv+ action4#ahe #ahd ,z appe>s f ! exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,b$does2 likewise ^? ( ,mr4 ,watt4 #ahe ,z appe>s f ! exp]im5ts ( ,lavoisi] & ,dr4 ,b$does2 & z w be se5 h]eaft]4 ,aft] exp]im5ts1 to be detail$ h]eaft]1 made ^u myself & o!rs1 _h prov$ t nitr\s oxide 0 respirable1 & capable ( support+ life = a long] "t ?an any ( ! gases1 except atmosph]ic air & oxyg5e1 ,i 0 anxi\s to asc]ta9 ! effects ( x ^u animals1 9 cases :]e its action c\ld be c>ri$ to a full ext5t2 & to comp>e ! *anges occasion$ by x 9 _! organs1 ) ^? produc$ by o!r p[]s4 ,,ii4 ,on ! respiration ( ,nitr\s ,oxide by w>m-blood$ ,animals4 ,! nitr\s oxide employ$ 9 ! foll[+ exp]im5ts1 0 procur$ f nitrate ( ammoniac1 & receiv$ 9 l>ge j>s1 fill$ ) wat] previ\sly saturat$ ) ! gas4 ,! animal 0 introduc$ into ! j>1 by be+ c>ri$ "u ! wat]2 aft] its introduction1 ! j> 0 made to re/ on a %elf1 ab\t half an in* bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]2 & ! animal c>efully support$1 s z to prev5t 8 m\? f re/+ 9 ! wat]4 ,?is mode ( exp]im5t+1 ei!r "u wat] or m]cury1 is absolutely necess>y1 to asc]ta9 ) accuracy ! effects ( pure gases on liv+ be+s4 ,9 "s exp]im5ts t ,i made on ! respiration ( nitr\s oxide1 by animals t 7 plung$ into j>s ( x op5$ 9 ! atmosph]e1 & imm$iately clos$ aft] _! introduction1 ! unkn[n quantities ( common air c>ri$ 91 7 always suffici5t to r5d] ! results p]fectly inaccurate4 ,animals suff] little or no?+ by be+ pass$ ?r\gh wat]4 ,t ! phnom5a 9 ^! exp]im5ts might be m accurately obs]v$1 two or ?ree p]sons 7 always pres5t at ! "t ( _! execution1 & an acc\nt ( !m 0 not$ d[n imm$iately aft]4 a4 ,a /\t & heal?y "y cat1 ( f\r or five mon?s old1 0 introduc$ into a l>ge j> ( nitr\s oxide4 ,= t5 or twelve mom5ts he rema9$ p]fectly quiet1 & !n began to make viol5t motions1 ?r[+ himself r\nd ! j> 9 e direction4 ,9 two m9utes he appe>$ q exhau/$1 & sunk quietly to ! bottom ( ! j>4 ,on apply+ my h& to ! ?orax1 ,i f\nd t ! he>t beat ) extreme viol5ce2 on feel+ ab\t ! neck1 ,i c\ld di/9ctly p]ceive a /rong & quick pulsation ( ! c>otids4 ,9 ab\t ?ree m9utes ! animal reviv$1 & pant$ v mu*2 b /ill cont9u$ to lie on 8 side4 ,8 inspirations !n became long] & deep]1 & he sometimes utt]$ v feeble cries4 ,9 f\r m9utes ! pulsations ( ! he>t appe>$ quick] & feebl]4 ,8 inspirations 7 at long int]vals1 & v irregul>2 9 five m9utes ! pulse 0 h>dly p]ceptible2 he made no motions1 & appe>$ :olly s5seless4 ,aft] five m9utes & qu>t] he 0 tak5 out1 & expos$ to ! atmosph]e be=e a w>m fire4 ,9 a few seconds he began to move1 & to take deep inspirations4 ,9 five m9utes he attempt$ to rise on 8 legs2 b soon fell aga91 ! extremities be+ slightly convuls$4 ,9 eight or n9e m9utes he 0 able to walk1 b 8 motions 7 /agg]+ & unequal1 ! "r leg be+ convuls$1 :il/ ! o!r 0 app>5tly /iff & immoveable2 9 ab\t half an h\r he 0 almo/ completely recov]$4 b4 ,a heal?y kitt51 ( ab\t six weeks old1 0 introduc$ into nitr\s oxide4 ,%e v soon began to make viol5t ex]tions1 & 9 less ?an a m9ute fell to ! bottom ( ! receiv]1 z if apoplectic4 ,at ?is mom5t1 apply+ my h& to h] side1 ,i felt ! he>t beat+ ) great viol5ce4 ,%e cont9u$ gasp+1 ) long inspirations1 = ?ree m9utes & half2 at ! end ( five m9utes & half %e 0 tak5 out completely dead4 c4 ,ano!r kitt5 ( ! same bre$ 0 introduc$ into nitr\s oxide1 ! day aft]4 ,%e exhibit$ ! same phnom5a1 & di$ 9 x 9 ab\t five m9utes & half4 d4 ,a small dog t _h accid5tally met ) a dislocation ( ! v]tebr ( ! lo9s1 & 0 9 great pa91 z manife/$ by 8 moan+ & :9+1 0 introduc$ into a l>ge j> ( nitr\s oxide4 ,he imm$iately became quiet1 & lay on 8 side 9 ! j>1 brea?+ v deeply4 ,9 f\r m9utes 8 respiration became noisy1 & 8 eyes sp>kl$ v mu*4 ,i 0 n able to apply my h& to ! ?orax4 ,9 five m9utes he appe>$ s5seless1 & 9 sev5 m9utes 0 p]fectly dead4 e4 ,a /rong rabbit1 ( t5 or twelve mon?s old1 0 introduc$ into nitr\s oxide4 ,he imm$iately began to /ruggle v mu*1 & 9 a m9ute fell d[n s5seless3 9 two m9utes ! legs became convuls$1 & 8 inspirations 7 deep & noisy3 9 less ?an five m9utes he appe>$ p]fectly dead4 f4 ,a rabbit ( a mon? old introduc$ into nitr\s oxide1 became s5seless 9 less ?an a m9ute2 ! pulsations ( ! he>t 7 v /rong at ?is mom5t3 !y gradually became weak]1 & 9 ?ree m9utes & half ! animal 0 dead4 g4 ,ano!r rabbit ( ! same bre$1 aft] be+ r5d]$ s5seless 9 nitr\s oxide 9 a m9ute & half1 0 tak5 out4 ,he soon became convuls$2 9 a m9ute began to brea! quickly2 9 two m9utes attempt$ to rise1 b /agg]$1 & fell aga9 on 8 side4 ,8 h9d] legs 7 p>alytic = ne> five m9utes4 ,9 tw5ty he _h almo/ recov]$4 h4 ,a middle siz$ gu9ea-pig 0 mu* convuls$1 aft] be+ 9 nitr\s oxide = a m9ute4 ,9 two m9utes & half he 0 s5seless4 ,tak5 out at ?is p]iod1 he rema9$ = "s m9utes by ! side ( a w>m fire1 )\t mov+2 8 =e legs !n became convuls$2 8 h9d legs 7 p]fectly p>alytic4 ,9 ?is /ate he cont9u$1 )\t attempt+ to rise or move1 = ne> an h\r1 :5 he di$4 i4 ,a l>ge & old gu9ea-pig di$ 9 nitr\s oxide1 exhibit+ ! same phnom5a z ! o!r animals1 9 ab\t five m9utes & qu>t]4 ,a "y "o 0 kill$ 9 ?ree m9utes & half4 j4 ,a small gu9ea-pig1 aft] brea?+ nitr\s oxide = a m9ute & half1 0 tak5 out1 & plac$ be=e a w>m fire4 ,he 0 = a few m9utes a little convuls$2 b 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r got q well1 & did n relapse4 k4 ,a l>ge m\se introduc$ into nitr\s oxide1 0 = a few seconds v active4 ,9 half a m9ute he fell d[n s5seless2 9 a m9ute & qu>t] he appe>$ p]fectly dead4 l4 ,a m\se tak5 out ( nitr\s oxide1 aft] be+ 9 x = half a m9ute1 cont9u$ convuls$ = "s m9utes1 b f9ally recov]$4 m4 ,a "y h5 0 introduc$ into a vessel fill$ ) nitr\s oxide4 ,%e imm$iately began to /ruggle v mu*2 fell on h] brea/ 9 less ?an half a m9ute1 & 9 two m9utes 0 q dead4 n4 ,a goldf9* di$ 9 nitr\s oxide 9 less ?an a m9ute4 ,9 ea* ( ^! exp]im5ts a c]ta9 absorption ( ! gas 0 always p]ceiv$1 ! wat] ris+ 9 ! j> dur+ ! respiration ( ! animal4 ,f !m we le>n #a/4 ,t nitr\s oxide is de/ructive :5 respir$ = a c]ta9 "t to ! w>m-blood$ animals1 app>5tly previ\sly excit+ !m to a great ext5t4 #b;dly4 ,t :5 its op]ation is /opp$ be=e compleat exhau/ion is br\ght on1 ! heal?y liv+ action is capable ( be+ gradually reproduc$1 by enabl+ ! animal to respire atmosph]ic air4 #c;dly4 ,t exhau/ion & dea? is produc$ 9 ! small animals by nitr\s oxide soon] ?an 9 ! l>g] ones1 & 9 "y animals ( ! same species1 9 a %ort] "t ?an 9 old ones1 z inde$ ,dr4 ,b$does _h conjectur$ a priori w\ld be ! case4 ,mo/ ( ! animals de/roy$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts 7 exam9$ aft] dea?2 ! appe>ances 9 _! organs 7 peculi>4 ,to prev5t unnecess>y repetitions1 an acc\nt ( !m w be giv5 9 ! f\r? section4 ,,iii4 ,effects ( ! respiration ( ,nitr\s ,oxide ^u animals1 z comp>$ ) ^? produc$ by _! imm]sion 9 ,hydrog5e & ,wat]4 ,be=e ! foll[+ exp]im5ts 7 made1 a numb] ( circum/ances _h conv9c$ me t nitr\s oxide act$ on animals by produc+ "s positive *ange 9 _! blood1 connect$ ) new liv+ action ( ! irritable & s5sitive organs1 & t]m9at+ 9 _! dea?4 ,to asc]ta9 h[ev]1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! effects ( ?is gas & ^? ( hydrog5e & non-respirable gases1 ,i proce$$ 9 ! foll[+ way4 a4 ,( two heal?y rabbits ( ab\t two mon?s old1 ( ! same bre$1 & ne>ly ( ! same size4 ,"o 0 introduc$ into nitr\s oxide4 ,9 a half a m9ute1 x _h fall5 d[n app>5tly s5seless4 ,on apply+ my h& to ! ?orax1 ! action ( ! he>t appe>$ at fir/1 v quick & /rong1 x gradually became weak]1 & 9 two m9utes & half1 ! animal 0 tak5 out q dead4 ,! o!r 0 introduc$ into a j> ( pure hydrog5e ?r\gh wat]4 ,he imm$iately began to /ruggle v mu*1 & 9 a qu>t] ( a m9ute fell on 8 side4 ,on feel+ ! ?orax1 ! pulsations ( ! he>t appe>$ v quick & feeble1 !y gradually dim9i%$2 8 brea?+ became mom5t>ily %ort]1 & 9 r m ?an ?ree qu>t]s ( a m9ute1 he 0 tak5 out dead4 ,dr4 ,k+lake 0 pres5t at ?is exp]im5t1 & aft]w>ds dissect$ bo? ( ! animals4 b4 ,( two simil> rabbits ( ! same bre$1 ne>ly ?ree mon?s old4 ,"o 0 introduc$ into nitr\s oxide1 & aft] be+ r5d]$ s5seless by ! respiration ( x = ne>ly a m9ute & half1 0 expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 be=e a w>m fire4 ,he recov]$ gradually1 b 0 occasionally convuls$1 & _h a p>alysis ( "o ( 8 h9d] legs = "s m9utes3 9 an h\r he 0 able to walk4 ,! o!r1 aft] be+ imm]g$ 9 hydrog5e = ne> half a m9ute1 0 re/or$ to ! atmosph]e app>5tly inanimate4 ,9 less ?an a m9ute he began to brea!1 & to utt] a feeble noise2 9 two m9utes 0 able to walk1 & 9 less ?an ?ree m9utes appe>$ p]fectly recov]$4 c4 ,a kitt5 ( ab\t two mon?s old1 0 introduc$ into a j> ( nitr\s oxide1 at ! same "t t ano!r ( ! same bre$ 0 plung$ "u a j> ( wat]4 ,!y bo? /ruggl$ v mu*4 ,! animal 9 ! nitr\s oxide fell s5seless be=e t "u wat] _h ceas$ to /ruggle1 & to ?r[ out air f its lungs4 ,9 two m9utes & ?ree qu>t]s1 ! animal "u wat] 0 q dead3 x 0 tak5 out & expos$ to heat & air1 b did n %ew ! slighte/ signs ( life4 ,at ! end ( ?ree m9utes & half1 ! animal 9 nitr\s oxide began to gasp1 brea?+ v sl[ly2 at f\r m9utes & ?ree qu>t]s x 0 yet alive2 at ! end ( five m9utes & qu>t] x appe>$ p]fectly dead4 ,x 0 tak5 out1 & did n recov]4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts x 0 evid5t1 t animals liv$ at lea/ twice z long 9 nitr\s oxide z 9 hydrog5e or wat]4 ,consequ5tly f ?is circum/ance alone1 !re 0 e reason to suppose t _! dea? 9 nitr\s oxide c\ld n dep5d on ! simple privation ( atmosph]ic air2 b t x 0 ow+ to "s peculi> *anges effect$ 9 ! blood by ! gas4 ,,iv4 ,( ! *anges effect$ 9 ! ,organisation ( w>m-blood$ ,animals1 by ! respiration ( ,nitr\s ,oxide4 ,! ext]nal appe>ance ( animals t h be5 de/roy$ 9 nitr\s oxide1 is v little diff]5t f t ( ^? kill$ by privation ( atmosph]ic air4 ,! fauces & tongue appe> ( a d>k r$1 & ! eyes are dull1 & a little protrud$4 ,_! int]nal organs1 h[ev]1 exhibit a v peculi> *ange4 ,! lungs are pale br[n r$1 & cov]$ "h & !re ) purple spots2 ! liv] is ( a v bright r$1 & ! muscul> fibre 9 g5]al d>k4 ,bo? ! auricles & v5tricles ( ! he>t are fill$ ) blood4 ,! auricles contract = m9utes aft] ! dea? ( ! animal4 ,! blood 9 ! left v5tricle1 & ! aorta1 is ( a t+e betwe5 purple & r$1 :il/ t 9 ! "r v5tricle is ( a d>k color1 r m purple ?an ! v5\s blood4 ,b ^! appe>ances1 & _! causes1 w be bett] und]/ood aft] ! foll[+ comp>ative obs]vations are read4 a4 ,( two simil> rabbits1 ab\t eight mon?s old1 "o ,a1 0 kill$ by exposure = ne> six m9utes to nitr\s oxide1 ! o!r1 ,b1 0 de/roy$ by a bl[ on ! head4 ,!y 7 bo? op5$ z spe$ily z possible4 ,! lungs ( ,b 7 pale1 & uni=m 9 _! appe>ance2 ?is organ 9 ,a 0 r$d]1 & e :]e m>k$ ) purple spots4 ,! liv] ( ,a 0 ( a d>k & bright r$1 t ( ,b ( a pale r$ br[n4 ,! diaphragm ( ,b1 :5 cut1 0 /rongly irritable2 t ( ,a r d>k]1 & sc>ce at all contractile4 ,all ! cavities ( ! he>t contract$ = m ?an #ej m9utes 9 ,b4 ,! auricles contract$ = ne> #be m9utes ) =ce & velocity 9 ,a3 b ! v5tricles 7 almo/ inactive4 ,! v5a cava1 & ! "r auricle1 9 ,a1 7 fill$ ) blood1 app>5tly a %ade d>k] ?an 9 ,b4 ,! blood 9 ! left auricle1 & ! aorta1 appe>$ 9 ,a ( a purple1 a %ade bright] ?an t ( ! v5\s blood4 ,9 ! left auricle ( ,b x 0 r$4 ,i op5$ ! head ( ea*1 b n )\t injur+ ! bra9s1 s t ,i 0 unable to make any accurate comp>ison4 ,! color ( ! bra9 9 ,a appe>$ r d>k] ?an 9 ,b4 b4 ,two rabbits1 ,c & ,d1 7 de/roy$1 ,c by imm]sion 9 nitr\s oxide1 ,d 9 hydrog5e3 !y 7 bo? dissect$ by ,dr4 ,k+lake4 ,! blood 9 ! pulmon>y ve9 & ! left auricle ( ,c 0 ( a diff]5t t+e1 f t 9 ,d m incl9$ to purple r$4 ,! membrane ( ! lungs 9 ,c 0 cov]$ ) purple spots1 t ( ,d 0 pale & uni=m 9 its appe>ance4 ,! bra9 9 ,c 0 r d>k] ?an 9 ,d2 b !re 0 no p]ceptible effusion ( blood into ! v5tricles ei!r 9 ,d or ,c4 ,! liv] 9 ,c 0 ( a bright] r$ ?an 9 heal?1 t 9 ,d r pal]4 c4 ,9 ! la/ exp]im5t1 ! comp>ative irritability ( ! v5tricles & auricles ( ! he>t & ! muscul> fibre 9 ! two animals1 _h n be5 exam9$4 ,t ^! circum/ances might be notic$1 two rabbits1 ,e & ,f 7 kill$2 ,e "u wat] 9 ab\t a m9ute1 & ,f 9 nitr\s oxide 9 ?ree m9utes4 ,!y 7 imm$iately op5$1 & aft] a m9ute1 ! appe>ance ( ! he>t1 & organs ( respiration obs]v$4 ,bo? ! "r & left v5tricles ( ! he>t 9 ,f contract$ b v feebly2 ! auricles regul>ly & quickly contract$2 ! aorta appe>$ p]fectly full ( blood4 ,9 ,e1 a feeble contraction ( ! left s9us v5osus & auricle 0 obs]v$2 ! left v5tricle did n contract3 ! "r contract$1 b m sl[ly ?an 9 ,f4 ,9 a few m9utes1 ! contractions ( ! v5tricles 9 ,f _h ceas$1 :il/ ! auricles contract$ z /rongly & quickly z be=e4 ,! blood 9 ! pulmon>y ve9s ( ,f 0 r ( a r$d] purple ?an 9 ,e2 ! diff]5ce ( ! blood 9 ! v5a cava 0 h>dly p]ceptible1 p]haps x 0 a little m purple 9 ,f4 ,! membran\s sub/ance ( ! lungs 9 ,f 0 spott$ ) purple z f extravasat$ blood1 :il/ t 9 ,e 0 pale4 ,! bra9 9 ,f 0 d>k] ?an 9 ,e4 ,on op5+ ! v5tricles no extravasation ( blood 0 p]ceptible4 ,! auricles ( ! he>t 9 ,f contract$ /rongly = ne> tw5ty m9utes1 & !n gradually _! motion became less frequ5t2 9 tw5ty-eight m9utes x _h :olly ceas$4 ,! "r auricle & v5tricle 9 ,e1 occasionally contract$ = half an h\r4 ,! liv]s ( bo? animals 7 simil> :5 !y 7 fir/ op5$1 ( a d>k r$2 t ( ,f pres]v$ its color = "s "t :5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e2 :il/ t ( ,e almo/ imm$iately became pal] "u ! same circum/ances4 ,! p]i/altic motion cont9u$ = ne>ly an equal "t 9 bo? animals4 d4 ,! /]num ( a "y rabbit 0 remov$ s t ! he>t & lungs c\ld be p]ceiv$1 & he 0 introduc$ into a vessel fill$ ) nitr\s oxide2 ! blood 9 ! pulmon>y ve9s gradually became m purple1 & ! he>t appe>$ to beat quick] ?an be=e1 all ! muscles contract+ ) great =ce4 ,aft] he _h be5 9 ab\t a m9ute1 spots began to appe> on ! lungs1 ?\gh ! contractions ( ! he>t became quick] & weak]2 9 ?ree m9utes & half he 0 q dead2 aft] dea? ! v5tricles contract$ v feebly1 ?\gh ! contractions ( ! auricles 7 z /rong almo/ aft] ! end ( five m9utes z at fir/4 ,?is animal 0 pass$ ?r\gh wat] saturat$ ) nitr\s oxide2 possibly ?is fluid _h "s effect on 8 organs4 ,besides ^! animals1 _m o!rs1 z gu9ea-pigs1 mice & birds1 7 dissect$ aft] be+ de/roy$ 9 nitr\s oxide2 9 all ( !m ! same g5]al appe>ance 0 obs]v$4 ,_! muscul> fibre almo/ always appe>$ less irritable ?an t ( animals de/roy$1 by organic lsion ( "p ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,! v5tricles ( ! he>t 9 g5]al1 contract$ feebly & = a v %ort "t2 :il/ ! auricles cont9u$ to act = a great l5g? ( "t4 ,! lungs 7 d>k 9 _! appe>ance1 & always suffus$ "h & !re ) purple2 ! blood 9 ! pulmon>y ve9s :5 slightly obs]v$1 appe>$ d>k1 l v5\s blood1 b :5 m9utely exam9$1 0 evid5tly mu* m purple4 ,! blood 9 ! v5a cava1 0 d>k] ?an t 9 ! pulmon>y ve9s4 ,! c]ebrum 0 d>k4 ,9 a late exp]im5t1 ,i ?\ght ,i p]ceiv$ a slight extravasation ( blood 9 "o ( ! v5tricles ( ! bra9 9 a rabbit de/roy$ 9 nitr\s oxide2 b z ?is appe>ance _h n occurr$ 9 ! animals ,i _h exam9$ be=e1 or 9 ^? dissect$ by ,dr4 ,k+lake1 & ,mr4 ,k+1 ,surgeon1 ,i am incl9$ to ref] x to an accid5tal cause4 ,at my reque/1 ,mr4 ,smi?1 ,surgeon1 exam9$ ! bra9 ( a "y rabbit t _h be5 kill$ 9 8 pres5ce 9 nitr\s oxide2 he 0 ( op9ion t no effusion ( blood into ! v5tricles _h tak5 place4 ,9 comp>+ ! ext]nal appe>ance ( ! crural n]ves 9 two rabbits t _h be5 dissect$ by ,dr4 ,k+lake1 hav+ be5 de/roy$ "o 9 hydrog5e1 ! o!r 9 nitr\s oxide1 we c\ld p]ceive no p]ceptible diff]5ce4 ,x des]ves to be notic$1 t :5ev] ! gall bladd] & ! ur9>y bladd] h be5 exam9$ 9 animals de/roy$ 9 nitr\s oxide1 !y h be5 always di/5d$ ) fluid2 :i* is h>dly ev] ! case 9 animals kill$ by privation ( atmosph]ic air4 ,9 ! infancy ( my exp]im5ts on ! action ( nitr\s oxide ^u animals1 ,i ?\ght t x r5d]$ ! v5\s blood less coagulable2 b ?is ,i n[ f9d to be a mi/ake4 ,! blood f ! pulmon>y ve9s ( animals kill$ 9 nitr\s oxide1 does n s5sibly diff] 9 ?is respect f ! art]ial blood ( ^? de/roy$ 9 hydrog5e1 & bo? become v]milion ne>ly 9 ! same "t :5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e4 ,9 describ+ ! v>i\s %ades ( color ( ! blood 9 ! prec$+ obs]vations on ! diff]5t dissect$ animals1 ! pov]ty ( ! language ( color1 has oblig$ me to adopt t]ms1 :i* ,i fe> w h>dly convey to ! m9d ( ! read]1 di/9ct notions ( ! diff]5ces obs]vable by m9ute exam9ation 9 ! v5\s & art]ial blood ( animals t die ( privation ( atmosph]ic air1 & ( ^? de/roy$ by ! action ( nitr\s oxide4 ,?is diff]5ce c only be obs]v$ 9 ! vessels by means ( a /rong light2 x may h[ev] be easily notic$ 9 ! fluid blood by ! introduction ( x f ! art]ies or ve9s at ! mom5t ( _! incision1 betwe5 two poli%$ surfaces ( :ite glass1#ahf s closely adapt$ to ea* o!r1 z to prev5t ! blood f com+ 9 contact ) ! atmosph]e4 #ahf ,! col\r ( common v5\s blood1 exam9$ 9 ?is way1 resembles t ( ! pa9t call$ by col\r-m5 r$ o*re2 t ( blood saturat$ ) nitr\s oxide1 approa*es to ! t+e ( lake4 ,hav+ f\r or five times _h an opportunity ( ble$+ p 9 ! arm = trifl+ compla9ts1 ,i h always receiv$ ! blood 9 phials1 fill$ ) v>i\s gases1 9 a mode to be describ$ h]eaft]4 ,v5\s blood agitat$ 9 nitr\s oxide1 comp>$ ) simil> blood 9 common air1 hydrog5e1 & nitrog5e1 0 always d>k] & m purple ?an ! fir/1 & mu* bright] & m florid ?an ! two la/1 :i* 7 n diff]5t 9 _! color f v5\s blood1 receiv$ betwe5 two surfaces ( glass4 ,x w be se5 h]eaft]1 t ! coagulum ( v5\s blood is r5d]$ m purple :5 expos$ to nitr\s oxide1 :il/ ! gas is absorb$2 likewise t blood alt]$ by nitr\s oxide1 is capable ( be+ aga9 r5d]$ v]milion1 by exposure to ! air4 ,! appe>ances notic$ 9 ! above m5tion$ exp]im5ts1 9 ! lungs ( animals de/roy$ 9 nitr\s oxide1 are simil> to ^? obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,b$does1 9 animals t _h be5 made to brea! oxyg5e = a great l5g? ( "t4 ,!re 7 _m reasons = suppos+ t ! l>ge purple spots 9 ! lungs ( animals de/roy$ 9 nitr\s oxide1 7 ow+ to extravasation ( v5\s blood f ! capill>y vessels2 _! coats be+ brok5 by ! highly increas$ art]ial action4 ,to asc]ta9 :e!r ^! phnom5a exi/$ at a p]iod ( ! action ( nitr\s oxide1 :5 ! animal 0 recov]able by exposure to ! atmosph]e4 ,i introduc$ a rabbit ( six mon?s old1 into a vessel ( nitr\s oxide1 & aft] a m9ute1 :5 x _h fall5 d[n app>5tly apoplectic1 plung$ him :olly "u wat]2 he imm$iately began to /ruggle1 & :at surpris$ me v mu*1 di$ 9 less ?an a m9ute aft] subm]sion4 ,on op5+ ! ?orax1 ! blood 9 ! pulmon>y ve9s 0 ne>ly ( ! color ( t 9 animals t h be5 simply dr[n$4 ,! lungs 7 "h & !re1 m>k$ ) a few po9ts2 b !re 7 no l>ge purple spots1 z 9 animals t h be5 :olly de/roy$ 9 nitr\s oxide3 ! "r side ( ! he>t only contract$4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t1 ! excitem5t f ! action ( ! gas 0 probably c>ri$ to su* an ext5t1 z to produce indirect debility4 ,!re are reasons = suppos+1 t animals aft] hav+ be5 excit$ to b a small ext5t by ! respiration ( nitr\s oxide1 w live "u wat] = a great] l5g? ( "t1 ?an animals previ\sly made to brea! common air4 ,v4 ,( ! respiration ( mixtures ( ,nitr\s ,oxide1 & o!r gases1 by w>m-blood$ ,animals4 a4 ,a rabbit ( ne> two mon?s old1 0 introduc$ into a mixture ( equal p>ts hydrog5e & nitr\s oxide ?r\gh wat]4 ,he imm$iately began to /ruggle2 9 a m9ute fell on 8 side2 9 ?ree m9utes gasp$1 & made long inspirations2 & 9 f\r m9utes & half1 0 dead4 ,on dissection1 he exhibit$ ! same appe>ances z animals de/roy$ 9 nitr\s oxide4 b4 ,a l>ge & /rong m\se 0 introduc$ into a mixture ( ?ree p>ts hydrog5e to "o "p nitr\s oxide4 ,he imm$iately began to /ruggle v mu*1 9 half a m9ute1 became convuls$1 & 9 ab\t a m9ute1 0 q dead4 c4 ,into a mixture ( "o oxyg5e1 & ?ree nitr\s oxide1 a small gu9ea-pig 0 introduc$4 ,he imm$iately began to /ruggle1 & 9 two m9utes repos$ on 8 side1 brea?+ v deeply4 ,he made aft]w>ds no viol5t muscul> motion2 b liv$ quietly = ne> f\rte5 m9utes3 at ! end ( :i* "t1 8 legs 7 mu* convuls$4 ,he 0 tak5 out1 & recov]$4 d4 ,a m\se liv$ app>5tly )\t suff]+1 = ne> t5 m9utes1 9 a mixture ( #a atmosph]ic air1 & #c nitr\s oxide1 at ! end ( elev5 m9utes he began to /ruggle1 & 9 ?irte5 m9utes became mu* convuls$4 e4 ,a cat ( ?ree mon?s old1 liv$ = sev5te5 m9utes1 9 a v l>ge quantity ( a mixture ( #a atmosph]ic air1 & #ab nitr\s oxide4 ,on h] fir/ introduction %e 0 v mu* agitat$ & convuls$1 9 a m9ute & half %e fell d[n z if apoplectic1 & cont9u$ brea?+ v deeply dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! "t1 sometimes utt]+ v feeble cries4 ,:5 tak5 out1 %e appe>$ almo/ inanimate1 b on be+ laid be=e ! fire1 gradually began to brea! & move2 be+ = "s "t1 l mo/ ( ! animals t h recov]$ aft] brea?+ nitr\s oxide1 convuls$ on "o side1 & p>alytic ! o!r4 f4 ,a goldf9* liv$ = ne> five m9utes 9 a mixture ( equal p>ts nitr\s oxide & oxyg5e1 )\t app>5tly suff]+4 ,tak5 out1 he appe>$ fa9t & languid1 b f9ally recov]$4#ahg #ahg ,small birds suff] mu* f cold :5 introduc$ into gases ?r\gh wat]4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t1 ! goldf9* 0 imm$iately ins]t$ into a l>ge m\!d phial1 fill$ ) ! gases1 & op5$ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,,vi4 ,recapitulation ( facts relat+ to ! respiration ( ,nitr\s ,oxide1 by w>m-blood$ ,animals4 #a4 ,w>m-blood$ animals die 9 nitr\s oxide inf9itely soon] ?an 9 common air or oxyg5e2 b n ne>ly 9 s %ort a "t z 9 gases incapable ( effect+ positive *anges 9 ! v5\s blood1 or 9 non-respirable gases4 #b4 ,! l>g] animals live long] 9 nitr\s oxide ?an ! small] ones1 & "y animals die 9 x soon] ?an old ones ( ! same species4 #c4 ,:5 animals1 aft] brea?+ nitr\s oxide1 are remov$ f x be=e compleat exhau/ion has tak5 place1 !y are capable ( be+ re/or$ to heal? "u ! action ( atmosph]ic air4 #d4 ,peculi> *anges are effect$ 9 ! organs ( animals by ! respiration ( nitr\s oxide4 ,9 animals de/roy$ by x1 ! art]ial blood is purple r$1 ! lungs are cov]$ ) purple spots1 bo? ! holl[ & compact muscles are app>5tly v inirritable1 & ! bra9 is d>k color$4 #e4 ,animals are de/roy$ by ! respiration ( mixtures ( nitr\s oxide & hydrog5e ne>ly 9 ! same "t z by pure nitr\s oxide2 !y are capable ( liv+ = a great l5g? ( "t 9 nitr\s oxide m+l$ ) v m9ute quantities ( oxyg5e or common air4 ,^! facts w be reason$ ^u 9 ! next division4 ,,vii4 ,( ! respiration ( ,nitr\s ,oxide by amphibi\s ,animals4 ,z f ! =ego+ exp]im5ts1 x appe>$ t ! nitr\s oxide de/roy$ w>m-blood$ animals by increas+ ! liv+ action ( _! organs to su* an ext5t1 z f9ally to exhau/ _! irritability & s5sibility2 x 0 reasonable to conjecture t ! cold-blood$ animals1 possess$ ( volunt>y p[] ov] respiration1 w\ld s regulate ! quantity ( nitr\s oxide appli$ to ! blood 9 _! lungs z to be> its action = a great l5g? ( "t4 ,?is conjecture 0 put to ! te/ ( exp]im5t2 ! foll[+ facts w prove its error4 a4 ,( two middle siz$ wat]-liz>ds1 "o 0 introduc$ into a small j> fill$ ) nitr\s oxide1 ov] moi/ m]cury1 by be+ pass$ ?r\gh ! m]cury2 ! o!r 0 made to brea! hydrog5e1 by be+ c>ri$ into x 9 ! same mann]4 ,! liz>d 9 nitr\s oxide1 9 two or ?ree m9utes1 began to make viol5t motions1 appe>$ v uneasy1 & roll$ ab\t ! j> 9 e direction1 sometimes attempt+ to climb to ! top ( x4 ,! animal 9 hydrog5e 0 all ?is "t v quiet1 & crawl$ ab\t ! vessel )\t be+ app>5tly mu* affect$4 ,at ! end ( twelve m9utes1 ! liz>d 9 nitr\s oxide 0 ly+ on 8 back seem+ly dead2 b on agitat+ ! j> he mov$ a little2 at ! end ( fifte5 m9utes he did n move on agitation1 & 8 paws 7 re/+ on 8 belly4 ,he 0 n[ tak5 out /iff & app>5tly lifeless1 b aft] be+ expos$ to ! atmosph]e = ?ree or f\r m9utes1 took an inspiration1 & mov$ 8 head a little2 he !n rais$ ! end ( 8 tail1 ?\gh ! middle ( x 0 /ill /iff & did n b5d :5 t\*$4 ,8 f\r legs rema9$ close to 8 side1 & 7 app>5tly useless2 b on prick+ !m ) ! po9t ( a lancet1 !y became convuls$4 ,aft] be+ introduc$ into %all[ wat]1 he 0 able to crawl 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r1 ?\gh 8 motions 7 v irregul>4 ,9 an h\r he 0 q well4 ,! animal 9 hydrog5e appe>$ to h suff]$ v little 9 ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r1 & _h rais$ himself aga9/ ! side ( ! j>4 ,at ! end ( an h\r he 0 tak5 out1 & v soon recov]$4 b4 ,"s h\rs aft]1 ! same liz>ds 7 aga9 exp]im5t$ ^u4 ,t :i* _h be5 ins]t$ into hydrog5e 9 ! la/ exp]im5t1 be+ n[ ins]t$ into nitr\s oxide4 ,?is liz>d 0 app>5tly lifeless 9 f\rte5 m9utes1 hav+ tumbl$ & wri!d himself v mu* dur+ ! fir/ t5 m9utes4 ,tak5 out aft] be+ 9 tw5ty-five m9utes1 he did n recov]4 ,! o!r liz>d liv$ 9 hydrog5e = ne> an h\r & qu>t]1 tak5 out aft] an h\r & tw5ty m9utes1 he 0 dead4 ,^! animals 7 bo? op5$1 b ! visc]a ( ! nitr\s oxide liz>d 7 s mu* injur$ by ! knife1 t no accurate comp>ison ( !m ) ^? ( ! o!r c\ld be made1 ,i ?\ght t ! lungs appe>$ r r$d]4 c4 ,( two simil> l>ge wat]-liz>ds1 "o 0 introduc$ into a vessel /&+ ov] m]cury1 :olly fill$ ) wat] t _h be5 long boil$ & suff]$ to cool "u m]cury4 ,! animal v (t5 rose to ! top ( ! j> z1 if 9 se>* ( air1 dur+ ! fir/ half h\r2 b %ew$ no o!r signs ( uneas9ess4 ,at ! end ( ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r1 he became v weak1 & appe>$ sc>cely able to swim 9 ! wat]4 ,tak5 out at ! end ( fifty m9utes1 he recov]$4 ,! o!r 0 ins]t$ into nitr\s oxide4 ,aft] mu* /ruggl+1 he became s5seless 9 ab\t fifte5 m9utes1 & lay on 8 back4 ,tak5 out at ! end ( tw5ty m9utes1 he rema9$ = a long "t motionless & /iff1 b 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r1 began to move "s ( 8 limbs4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts1 we may conclude1 t wat]-liz>ds1 & mo/ probably ! o!r amphibi\s animals1 die 9 nitr\s oxide 9 a mu* %ort] "t ?an 9 hydrog5e or pure wat]2 consequ5tly _! dea? 9 x _c dep5d on ! simple privation ( atmosph]ic air4 ,at ! season ( ! ye> 9 :i* ?is inve/igation 0 c>ri$ on1 ,i 0 unable to procure frogs or toads4 ,?is ,i regret v mu*4 ,suppos+ t cold-blood$ animals die 9 nitr\s oxide f positive *anges effect$ 9 _! blood by ! gas1 x w\ld be extremely int]e/+ to notice ! app>5t alt]ations tak+ place 9 _! organs ( respiration & circulation dur+ its action1 :i* c\ld easily be done1 ! membran\s sub/ance ( _! lungs be+ transp>5t4 ,! increase or dim9ution ( ! irritability ( _! muscul> fibre1 might be det]m9$ by comp>ative galvanic exp]im5ts4 ,,viii4 ,effects ( solution ( nitr\s oxide 9 wat] on ,fi%es4 a4 ,a small fl\nd] 0 introduc$ into a vessel fill$ ) solution ( nitr\s oxide 9 wat] ov] m]cury4 ,he rema9$ at re/ = t5 m9utes & !n began to move ab\t ! j> 9 diff]5t directions4 ,9 a half an h\r he 0 app>5tly dy+1 ly+ on 8 side 9 ! wat]4 ,he 0 n[ tak5 out1 & introduc$ into a vessel fill$ ) wat] saturat$ ) common air1 he v soon recov]$4 b4 ,( two l>ge ?ornbacks1#ahh equally brisk & lively4 ,"o1 ,a1 0 introduc$ into a j> conta9+ ne>ly #c cubic in*es ( wat]1 saturat$ ) nitr\s oxide1 & :i* previ\s to its impregnation _h be5 long boil$2 ! o!r1 ,b1 0 introduc$ into an equal quantity ( wat] :i* _h be5 depriv$ ( air by di/illation ?r\gh m]cury4 #ahh ,i use ! popul> "n4 ,?is fi% is v common 9 e "p ( ,engl&2 x is ne>ly ( ! same size & color z ! m9n[1 & is di/+ui%$ f x by two small bony excres5ces at ! orig9 ( ! belly4 ,x is extremely susceptible4 ,a1 appe>$ v quiet = two or ?ree m9utes1 & !n began to move up & d[n 9 ! j>1 z if agitat$4 ,9 eight m9utes 8 motions became v irregul>1 & he d>t$ obliquely f "o side ( ! j> to ! o!r4 ,9 twelve m9utes1 he became /ill1 & mov$ 8 gills v sl[ly4 ,9 fifte5 m9utes he appe>$ dead4 ,aft] sixte5 m9utes he 0 tak5 out1 b %ew$ no signs ( life4 ,b 0 v quiet = f\r m9utes & half4 ,he !n began to move ab\t ! j>4 ,9 sev5 m9utes he _h fall5 on 8 back1 b /ill cont9u$ to move 8 gills4 ,9 elev5 m9utes he 0 motionless2 tak5 out aft] ?irte5 m9utes1 he did n recov]4 c4 ,( two ?ornbacks1 "o1 ,c 0 introduc$ into ab\t an ounce ( boil$ wat] 9 contact ) hydrog5e1 /&+ ov] m]cury4 ,! o!r1 ,d1 0 introduc$ into well boil$ wat] saturat$ ) nitr\s oxide1 & /&+ 9 contact ) x ov] m]cury4 ,c liv$ ne> ?irte5 m9utes1 & di$ )\t be+ previ\sly mu* agitat$4 ,d 0 app>5tly motionless1 aft] hav+ ! same affections z ,a 9 ! la/ exp]im5t1 9 sixte5 m9utes4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t he 0 tak5 out & introduc$ into common wat]4 ,he soon began to move 8 gills1 & 9 less ?an a qu>t] ( an h\r 0 s f> recov]$ z to be able to swim4 ,! la/ exp]im5t 0 repeat$ on two small] ?ornbacks2 t 9 ! aque\s solution ( nitr\s oxide liv$ ne> sev5te5 m9utes1 t 9 ! wat] 9 contact ) hydrog5e1 ab\t fifte5 & half4 ,! exp]im5ts 9 ,res4 ,i4 ,div4 #c1 prove ! difficulty1 & inde$ almo/ impossibility ( driv+ f wat] by boil+1 ! :ole ( ! atmosph]ic air held 9 solution by x2 !y likewise %[ t nitr\s oxide by its /rong aff9ity = wat]1 is capable ( expell+ air f t fluid aft] no m c be procur$ f x by ebullition4 ,h5ce1 if wat] saturat$ ) nitr\s oxide _h no positive effects ^u fi%es2 !y ought to die 9 x mu* soon] ?an 9 wat] depriv$ ( air by ebullition4 ,f _! liv+ 9 x r long]2#ahi we may conclude1 t !y are de/roy$ n by privation ( atmosph]ic air1 b f "s positive *ange effect$ 9 _! blood by ! gas4 #ahi ,a priori ,i expect$ t fi%es1 l amphibi\s animals w\ld h be5 v quickly de/roy$ by ! action ( nitr\s oxide4 ,a long :ile ago1 f obs]v+ t ! gills ( fi% became r ( a light] r$ dur+ _! dea?1 9 ! atmosph]e2 ,i conjectur$ t ! disease ( :i* !y di$1 0 probably hyp]oxyg5ation ( ! blood connect$ ) highly increas$ animal heat4 ,= n only is oxyg5e pres5t$ to _! blood 9 mu* l>g] quantities 9 atmosph]ic air ?an 9 its aque\s solution2 b likewise1 to use common language1 9 a /ate 9 :i* x conta9s mu* m lat5t heat4 ,)\t h[ev] lay+ any /ress on ?is supposition1 ,i _h ! curiosity to try :e!r ?ornbacks w\ld live longe/ 9 atmosph]ic air or nitr\s oxide4 ,9 "o exp]im5t1 !y appe>$ to die 9 !m ne>ly 9 ! same "t4 ,9 ano!r1 ! fi% 9 nitr\s oxide liv$ ne>ly half z long aga9 z t 9 atmosph]ic air4 ,,ix4 ,effects ( ,nitr\s ,oxide on ,insects4 ,! w+$ insects furni%$ ) brea?+ holes1 become motionless 9 nitr\s oxide v spe$ily2 be+ h[ev] possess$ ( a c]ta9 volunt>y p[] ov] respiration1 !y sometimes recov]1 aft] hav+ be5 expos$ to x = "s m9utes1 "u ! action ( atmosph]ic air4 ,a butt]fly 0 introduc$ into a small j>1 fill$ ) pure nitr\s oxide1 ov] m]cury1 ,he /ruggl$ a little dur+ ! fir/ two or ?ree seconds2 9 ab\t sev5 seconds1 8 legs became convuls$1 & 8 w+s 7 wrapt r\nd 8 body2 9 ab\t half a m9ute he 0 s5seless2 tak5 out aft] six m9utes1 he did n recov]4 ,ano!r butt]fly introduc$ into hydrog5e1 became convuls$ 9 ab\t a qu>t] ( a m9ute1 0 s5seless 9 tw5ty seconds1 & tak5 out aft] five m9utes1 did n revive4 ,a l>ge drone1 aft] be+ 9 nitr\s oxide = a m9ute & a qu>t]1 0 tak5 out s5seless4 ,aft] be+ = "s "t expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 he began to move1 & at la/ rose on 8 w+s4 ,= "s "t1 h[ev]1 he 0 unable to fly 9 a /raight l9e2 & (t5 aft] describ+ circles 9 ! air1 fell to ! gr\nd z if giddy4 ,a l>ge fly1 became motionless 9 nitr\s oxide aft] be+ convuls$1 9 ab\t half a m9ute4 ,ano!r 0 r5d]$ s5seless 9 hydrog5e1 9 less ?an a qu>t] ( a m9ute4 ,a fly introduc$ into hydroc>bonate1 dropt imm$iately s5seless2 tak5 out aft] ab\t a qu>t] ( a m9ute1 he recov]$2 b l ! fly t _h liv$ aft] exposure to nitr\s oxide1 0 = "s "t v]tig9\s4 ,flies live mu* long] "u wat]1 alcohol1 or oil1 ?an 9 non-respirable gases1 or gases incapable ( support+ life4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( air always cont9ues atta*$ 9 ! fluid to ! f9e hairs surr\nd+ _! brea?+ holes1 suffici5t to support life = a %ort "t4 ,snails & e>?-worms1 live 9 nitr\s oxide a long :ile1 !y die 9 x h[ev]1 mu* soon] ?an 9 wat] or hydrog5e2 probably f ! same causes z ! amphibi\s animals4 ,,division ,,ii4 ,( ! ,,*anges effect$ 9 ,,nitr\s ,,oxide1 & o!r ,,gases1 by ! ,,respiration ( ,,animals4 ,i4 ,prelim9>ies4 ,z soon z ,i _h discov]$ t nitr\s oxide 0 respirable1 & possess$ ( extraord9>y p[]s ( action on liv+ be+s1 ,i 0 anxi\s to be acqua9t$ ) ! *anges effect$ 9 x by ! v5\s blood4 ,to inve/igate ^! *anges1 appe>$ at fir/ a simple problem2 ,i soon h[ev] f\nd t x involv$ mu* prelim9>y k ( ! *emical prop]ties & aff9ities ( nitr\s oxide4 ,aft] ,i _h asc]ta9$ by exp]im5ts detail$ 9 ! prec$+ ,rese>*es1 ! composition ( ?is gas its comb9ations1 & ! physical *anges effect$ by x 9 liv+ be+s1 ,i began my enquiry relat+ to ! mode ( its op]ation4 ,f9d+ t ! residual gas ( nitr\s oxide aft] x _h be5 brea!d = "s "t 9 silk bags1 0 *iefly nitrog5e1 ,i at fir/ conjectur$ t nitr\s oxide 0 decompos$ 9 respiration 9 ! same mann] z atmosph]ic air1 & its oxyg5e only comb9$ ) ! v5\s blood2 ! foll[+ exp]im5ts soon h[ev] conv9c$ me ( my error4 ,,ii4 ,absorption ( ,nitr\s ,oxide by v5\s blood4 ,*anges effect$ 9 ! blood by diff]5t ,gases4 a4 ,?\gh ! laws ( ! coagulability ( ! blood are unkn[n1 yet we are c]ta9 t at ! mom5t ( coagulation1 a p]fectly new arrangem5t ( its pr9ciples takes place2 consequ5tly1 _! p[]s ( comb9ation mu/ be newly modifi$4 ,! aff9ities ( liv+ blood c only be asc]ta9$ dur+ its circulation 9 ! vessels ( animals4 ,at ! mom5t ( effusion f ^? vessels1 x beg9s to pass ?r\gh a s]ies ( *anges1 :i* fir/ produce coagulation1 & f9ally its compleat decomposition4 ,consequ5tly1 ! action ( fluid blood ^u gates out ( ! vessels1 w be m analog\s to t ( circulat+ blood 9 proportion z x is m spe$ily plac$ 9 contact ) !m4 b4 ,to asc]ta9 ! *anges effect$ 9 nitr\s oxide by fluid v5\s blood4 ,a j>1 six in*es long & half an in* wide1 graduat$ to1#je cubic in*es1 hav+ a tight /opp] adapt$ to x1 0 fill$ ) nitrog5e1 :i* is a gas incapable ( comb9+ )1 & possess+ no p[] ( a action ^u v5\s blood4 ,a l>ge orifice 0 made 9 ! ve9 ( a tol]ably heal?y man1 & ! /opp] remov$ f ! j>1 :i* 0 br\ght 9 contact ) ! arm s z to receive ! blood1 & press$ close aga9/ ! sk91 9 su* a way z to leave an orifice j suffici5t = ! escape ( ! nitrog5e1 z ! blood fl[$ 94 ,:5 ! j> 0 full1 x 0 clos$1 & c>ri$ to ! pneumatic app>atus1 ! m]cury ( :i* _h be5 previ\sly a little w>m$4 ,a small quantity ( ! blood 0 transf]r$ into ano!r j> to make room = ! gas4 ,! rema9+ quantity equall$ exactly two cubic in*es2 to ?is 0 introduc$ z spe$ily z possible1 elev5 measures equal to1#ee cubic in*es ( nitr\s oxide1 :i* left a residuum ( _/ only1 :5 absorb$ by boil$ wat]1 & 0 consequ5tly1 p]fectly pure4 ,on agitation1 a rapid dim9ution ( ! gas took place4 ,9 ! mass ( blood :i* 0 opaque1 b little *ange ( color c\ld be p]ceiv$2 b t portion ( x diffus$ ov] ! sides ( ! j>1 0 evid5tly ( a bright] purple ?an ! v5\s blood4 ,x 0 agitat$ = two or ?ree m9utes1 & !n suff]$ to re/2 9 eight m9utes x _h :olly coagulat$2 a small quantity ( s]um _h sep>at$1 & 0 diffus$ ov] ! coagulum4 ,?is coagulum 0 d>k2 b evid5tly ( a m purple t+e ?an t ( v5\s blood2 no gas _h app>5tly be5 lib]at$ dur+ its =mation4 ,! nitr\s oxide rema9+1 0 n q equal to sev5 measures2 h5ce1 at lea/ f\r measures ( x _h be5 absorb$4 ,to asc]ta9 ! nature ( ! residuum1 x 0 necess>y to transf] x into ano!r vessel1 b ?is ,i f\nd v difficult to accompli%1 on acc\nt ( ! coagulat$ blood4 ,by pi]c+ ?r\gh ! coagulum & remov+ "p ( x by means ( curv$ iron =ceps1 ,i at la/ contriv$ to introduce ab\t #d measures ( ! gas into a small cyl9d]1 graduat$ to1#be cubic in*es1 9 :i* x occupi$ ( c\rse1 ne>ly #i measures2 :5 a little solution ( /rontian 0 admitt$ to ^!1 x became v slightly cl\d$2 b ! absorption t took place did n m ?an equal half its bulk4 ,consequ5tly1 ! quantity ( c>bonic acid evolv$ f ! blood1 or =m$1 mu/ h be5 extremely m9ute4 ,on ! introduction ( pure wat]1 a rapid absorption ( ! gas took place1 & aft] agitation1 n q #c measures rema9$4 ,^! did n p]ceptibly dim9i% ) nitr\s gas2 _! quantity 0 too small to be exam9$ by any o!r te/2 b !re is reason to suppose t !y 7 *iefly compos$ ( nitrog5e4 ,f ?is exp]im5t1 x appe>$ t nitr\s oxide is absorb$ :5 plac$ 9 contact ) v5\s blood2 at ! same "t1 t a v m9ute quantity ( c>bonic acid & probably nitrog5e is produc$4 c4 ,9 ano!r simil> exp]im5t :5 ne>ly half a cubic in* ( nitr\s oxide 0 absorb$ by ab\t a cubic in* & ?ree qu>t]s ( fluid blood1 ! residual gas did n equal m ?an 1 ! quantity absorb$ be+ tak5 z unity4 ,?is fact induc$ me to suppose t ! absorption ( nitr\s oxide by v5\s blood1 0 ow+ to a simple solution ( ! gas 9 t fluid1 analog\s to its solution 9 wat] or alcohol4 ,to asc]ta9 if nitr\s oxide c\ld be expell$ f blood impregnat$ ) x1 by heat2 ,i introduc$ to #b cubic in*es ( fluid blood tak5 f ! m$ial ve91 ab\t1#f cubic in*es ( nitr\s oxide4 ,aft] agitation1 9 sev5 m9utes ne>ly1#d 7 absorb$4 ,9 t5 m9utes1 aft] ! blood _h completely coagulat$1 ! cyl9d] conta9+ x1 0 transf]r$ 9 contact ) m]cury1 into a vessel ( solution ( salt 9 wat]2 ?is solution 0 heat$ & made to boil4 ,dur+ its ebullition1 ! :ole ( ! blood became ei!r :ite or pale br[n1 & =m$ a solid coh]5t mass2 :il/ small globules ( gas 7 giv5 out f x4 ,9 a few m9utes1 ab\t1#be ( gas _h collect$4 ,aft] ! vessel _h cool$1 ,i attempt$ to transf] ?is gas into a small graduat$ j> 9 ! m]curial app>atus1 b 9 va92 ! mass 9 ! j> 0 s solid & t\gh1 t ,i c\ld n remove x4 ,by transf]r+ x to ! wat] app>atus1 ,i succe$$ 9 displac+ en\gh ( ! coagulum to suff] ! wat] to come 9 contact ) ! gas2 an absorption ( ne>ly half ( x took place2 h5ce1 ,i conjecture1 t nitr\s oxide _h be5 giv5 out by ! impregnat$ blood4 d4 ,"s fre% d>k coagulum ( v5\s blood1 0 expos$ to nitr\s oxide4 ,a v slight alt]ation ( color took place at ! surface ( ! blood1 p]ceptible only 9 a /rong light1 & a m9ute quantity ( gas 0 absorb$4 ,a tap] burnt 9 ! rema9+ gas z brilliantly z be=e1 h5ce1 x _h app>5tly suff]$ no alt]ation4 e4 ,to comp>e ! physical *anges effect$ 9 ! v5\s blood by nitr\s oxide1 ) ^? produc$ by o!r gases1 ,i made ! foll[+ exp]im5ts4--,i fill$ a l>ge phial1 conta9+ ne> #ad cubic in*es1 ) blood f ! ve9 ( ! arm ( a man1 & imm$iately transf]r$ x to ! m]curial app>atus4 ,diff]5t portions ( x 7 ?r[n into small graduat$ cyl9d]s1 fill$ ) ! foll[+ gases3 nitrog5e1 nitr\s gas1 common air1 oxyg5e1 nitr\s oxide1 c>bonic acid1 & hydroc>bonate4 ,! blood 9 ea* ( !m 0 successively agitat$ till x began to coagulate2 & mak+ all[ances = ! diff]5t p]iods ( agitation1 !re 0 no m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! times ( coagulation4 ,! color ( ! coagulum 9 e "p ( ! cyl9d]1 conta9+ nitrog5e1 0 ! same v d>k r$4 ,:5 x 0 agitat$ s z to t+e ! sides ( ! j>1 x appe>$ exactly ( ! color ( v5\s blood receiv$ betwe5 two surfaces ( glass2 no p]ceptible absorption ( ! gas _h tak5 place4 ,! blood 9 nitr\s gas 0 d>k1 & mu* m purple on ! top ?an t 9 nitrog5e4 ,:5 agitat$ s z to adh]e to ! j> z a ?9 surface1 ?is purple 0 evid5tly deep & bright4 ,an absorption ( r m ?an ( ! volume ( gas _h tak5 place4 ,! blood 9 oxyg5e & atmosph]ic air1 7 ( a mu* bright] t+e ?an t 9 any ( ! o!r gases4 ,on ! top1 ! color 0 v]milion1 b no p]ceptible absorption _h tak5 place4 ,! coagulum 9 nitr\s oxide1 :5 exam9$ 9 ! mass 0 d>k1 & h>dly di/+ui%able 9 its color f v5\s blood2 b :5 m9utely notic$ at ! surface :]e x 0 cov]$ ) s]um1 & 9 its diffusion ov] ! sides ( ! j>1 x appe>$ ( a f9e purple r$1 a t+e bright] ?an ! blood 9 nitr\s gas4 ,an absorption _h tak5 place 9 ?is cyl9d]1 m consid]able ?an 9 any ( ! o!rs4 ,9 c>bonic acid1 ! coagulum 0 ( a br[n r$1 mu* d>k] ?an ! v5\s blood1 & a slight dim9ution ( gas _h tak5 place4 ,9 ! hydroc>bonate1#aij ! blood 0 r$1 a %ade d>k] ?an ! oxyg5at$ blood1 & a v slight dim9ution ( ! gas#aia 0 p]ceptible4 #aij ,! hydroc>bonate employ$1 0 procur$ f alcohol1 by means ( sulphuric acid4 ,?is gas conta9s m c>bon1 ?an hydroc>bonate f wat] & *>coal4 #aia ,! curi\s fact ( ! r$d5+ ( v5\s blood by hydroc>bonate1 0 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,b$does4 f4 ,to human blood t _h be5 saturat$ ) nitr\s oxide :il/ w>m & con/antly agitat$ = f\r or five m9utes1 to prev5t its uni=m coagulation1 oxyg5e 0 introduc$2 ! r$ purple on ! surface ( x1 imm$iately *ang$ to v]milion2 & on agitation1 ?is color 0 diffus$ ?r\gh x4 ,on comp>+ ! t+e ) t ( oxyg5at$ blood1 no p]ceptible diff]5ce c\ld be obs]v$4 ,no *ange ( volume ( ! oxyg5e introduc$1 _h tak5 place2 & consequ5tly1 no nitr\s oxide _h be5 evolv$ f ! blood4 g4 ,blood1 impregnat$ ) nitr\s gas1 0 expos$ to oxyg5e2 b aft] agitation 9 x = _m m9utes1 no *ange ( its d>k purple t+e c\ld be obs]v$1 ?\gh a slight dim9ution ( ! oxyg5e appe>$ to take place4 h4 ,blood t _h be5 r5d]$ v]milion 9 e "p by long agitation 9 atmosph]ic air1 ! coagulum ( :i* 0 brok5 & diffus$ ) ! coagulable lymph ?r\gh ! s]um1 0 expos$ to nitr\s oxide2 = "s m9utes no p]ceptible *ange ( color took place2 b by agitation = two or ?ree h\rs1 x evid5tly affirm$ a purple t+e1 :il/ a a slight absorption ( gas took place4 ,x nev] h[ev]1 became ne>ly s d>k z v5\s blood t _h be5 expos$ to nitr\s oxide4 i4 ,blood1 oxyg5at$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! la/ exp]im5t1 ! coagulum ( :i* _h be5 brok51 0 expos$ to nitr\s gas4 ,! surface ( x imm$iately became purple1 & by agitation = a few m9utes1 ?is color 0 diffus$ ?r\gh x4 ,a slight dim9ution ( ! gas 0 obs]v$4 ,on comp>+ ! t+e ) t ( v5\s blood t _h be5 previ\sly expos$ to nitr\s gas1 !re 0 no p]ceptible diff]5ce4 k4 ,blood expos$ to oxyg5at$ muriatic acid is :olly alt]$ 9 its con/itution & physical prop]ties1 z has be5 (t5 notic$2 ! coagulum becomes black 9 "s p>ts1 & br[n & :ite 9 o!rs4 ,v5\s blood1 aft] agitation 9 hydrog5e or nitrog5e1 oxyg5ates :5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e 9 ! same mann] z simple v5\s blood4 ,i _h ! curiosity to try :e!r v5\s blood expos$ to hydrog5e1 w\ld reta9 its p[] ( be+ oxyg5at$ long] ?an blood saturat$ ) nitr\s oxide3 = ?is purpose "s simil> black coagulum 0 agitat$ = "s "t 9 two phials1 "o fill$ ) hydrog5e1 ! o!r ) nitr\s oxide4 ,!y 7 !n suff]$ to re/ = ?ree days at a temp]ature f ab\t #ef to #fc4 ,aft] be+ op5$1 no (f5sive smell 0 p]ceiv$ 9 ei!r ( !m1 ! blood 9 hydrog5e 0 r d>k] ?an at ! "t ( _! exposure1 :il/ t 9 nitr\s oxide 0 ( a bright] purple4 ,on be+ agitat$ = "s "t 9 ! atmosph]e1 ! blood 9 nitr\s oxide became r$1 b n ( s bright a t+e z oxyg5at$ v5\s blood4 ,! color ( ! blood 9 hydrog5e did n at all alt]4 l4 ,to asc]ta9 :e!r impregnation ) nitr\s oxide accel]at$ or ret>d$ ! putrefaction ( ! blood2 ,i expos$ v5\s blood 9 f\r phials1 ! fir/ fill$ ) hydroc>bonate1 ! second ) hydrog5e2 ! ?ird ) atmosph]ic air1 & ! f\r? ) nitr\s oxide4 ,exam9$ aft] a =tnight1 ! blood 9 hydrog5e & common air 7 bo? black1 & /unk v mu*2 t 9 hydroc>bonate 0 r$1 & p]fectly sweet2 t 9 nitr\s oxide appe>$ purple & _h no disagreeable smell4 ,9 a second exp]im5t1 :5 blood 0 expos$ = ?ree weeks to hydroc>bonate & nitr\s oxide1 t 9 nitr\s oxide 0 d>k] ?an be=e & /unk a little2 t 9 hydroc>bonate 0 /ill p]fectly sweet4 ,! p[] ( hydroc>bonate to prev5t ! putrefaction ( animal matt]s1 0 long ago notic$ by ,mr4 ,watt4 m4 ,hav+ accid5tally cut "o ( my f+]s s z to lay b>e a little muscul> fibre1 ,i introduc$ x :il/ ble$+ into a bottle ( nitr\s oxide2 ! blood t trickl$ f ! w\nd evid5tly became mu* m purple2 b ! pa9 0 nei!r alleviat$ or increas$4 ,:5 h[ev]1 ! f+] 0 tak5 out ( ! nitr\s oxide & expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 ! w\nd sm>t$ m ?an x _h done be=e4 ,aft] x _h ceas$ to ble$1 ,i ins]t$ x ?r\gh wat] into a vessel ( nitr\s gas2 b x did n become m pa9ful ?an be=e4 ,f all ^! obs]vations1 we may conclude1 #a/4 ,t :5 nitr\s oxide is agitat$ 9 fluid v5\s blood1 a c]ta9 portion ( ! gas is absorb$2 :il/ ! color ( ! blood *anges f d>k r$ to r$ purple4 #b;dly4 ,t dur+ ! absorption ( nitr\s oxide by ! v5\s blood1 m9ute portions ( nitrog5e & c>bonic acid are produc$1 ei!r by evolution f ! blood1 or f a decomposition ( "p ( ! nitr\s oxide4 #c;dly4 ,t v5\s blood impregnat$ ) nitr\s oxide is capable ( oxyg5ation2 & vice v]sa2 t oxyg5at$ blood may be comb9$ ) nitr\s oxide4 ,:5 blood sep>at$ into coagulum & s]um1 is expos$ to nitr\s oxide1 x is mo/ probable t ! gas is *iefly absorb$ by ! s]um4 ,t nitr\s oxide h[ev] is capable ( act+ ^u ! coagulum1 is evid5t f d4 ,9 ! fluid blood1 z we %all see h]eaft]1 nitr\s oxide is absorb$ by ! attractions ( ! :ole comp\nd4 ,,iii4 ,( ! *anges effect$ 9 ,nitr\s ,oxide by ,respiration4 ,to asc]ta9 :e!r ! *anges effect$ 9 nitr\s oxide by ! circulat+ blood act+ ?r\gh ! moi/ coats ( ! pulmon>y ve9s ( liv+ animals1 7 highly analog\s to ^? produc$ 9 x by fluid v5\s blood remov$ f ! vessels1 ,i f\nd extremely difficult4 ,i h be=e obs]v$1 t :5 animals are made to respire nitr\s oxide1 a c]ta9 absorption ( ! gas always takes place2 b ! small] animals1 ! only ones t c be exp]im5t$ ^u 9 ! m]curial app>atus1 die 9 nitr\s oxide s spe$ily & occasion s slight a dim9ution ( gas1 t ,i judg$ x useless to attempt to analise ! residuum ( _! respiration1 :i* supports flame z well z pure nitr\s oxide1 & is *iefly absorbable by wat]4 ,9 ! infancy ( my rese>*es1 ,i (t5 respir$ nitr\s oxide 9 a l>ge glass bell1 furni%$ ) a brea?+ tube & /op-cock1 & pois$ 9 wat] saturat$ ) ! gas4 ,9 two or ?ree exp]im5ts 9 :i* ! no/rils be+ clos$ aft] ! exhau/ion ( ! lungs1 ! gas 0 inspir$ f ! bell & respir$ into x1 a consid]able dim9ution 0 p]ceiv$1 & by ! te/ ( lime wat] "s c>bonic acid appe>$ to h be5 =m$2 b on acc\nt ( ! absorption ( ?is c>bonic acid by ! impregnat$ wat]1 & ! lib]ation ( nitr\s oxide f x1 x 0 impossible to det]m9e ) ! lea/ accuracy1 ! quantities ( products aft] respiration4 ,ab\t ?is "t likewise1 ,i (t5 exam9$ ! residuum ( nitr\s oxide1 aft] x _h be5 respir$ 9 silk bags4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts :5 ! gas _h be5 brea!d = a long "t1 a consid]able dim9ution ( x 0 obs]v$1 & ! rema9d] ext+ui%$ flame & gave a v slight dim9ution ) nitr\s gas4 ,b ! great quantity ( ?is rema9d] z well z o!r phnom5a1 conv9c$ me t ?\gh ! oil$ silk 0 app>5tly air-tight :5 dry1 "u slight pressure1 yet dur+ ! action ( respiration1 ! moi/ & w>m gas expir$1 p5etrat$ ?r\gh x1 :il/ common air ent]$ ?r\gh ! wett$ surface4 ,to asc]ta9 accurately1 ! *anges effect$ 9 nitr\s oxide by respiration1 ,i 0 oblig$ to make use ( ! l>ge m]curial airhold] m5tion$ 9 ,rese>* ,i4 ( ! capacity ( #bjj cubic in*es4 ,! upp] cyl9d] ( x 0 accurately balanc$ s z to be con/antly "u ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,to an ap]ture 9 x1 a /op-cock hav+ a v l>ge orifice 0 adapt$1 curv$ & flatt5$ at its upp] extremity1 s z to =m an air-tight m\?-piece4 ,by accurately clos+ ! nose1 & br++ ! lips tight on ! m\?-piece1 aft] a few trials ,i 0 able to brea! oxyg5e or common air 9 ?is ma*9e = two m9utes or two m9utes & half1 )\t any o!r uneasy feel+ ?an t produc$ by ! incl9ation ( ! neck & *e/ t[>ds ! cyl9d]4 ,! p[] ( uni=mly exhau/+ ! lungs & fauces to ! same ext5t1 ,i did n acquire till aft] _m exp]im5ts4 ,at la/1 by pres]v+ exactly ! same po/ure aft] exhau/ion ( ! lungs be=e ! inspiration ( ! gas to be exp]im5t$ ^u1 & dur+ its compleat expiration1 ,i f\nd t ,i c\ld always reta9 ne>ly ! same quantity ( gas 9 ! bron*ial vessels & fauces2 ! diff]5ce 9 ! volume expir$ at diff]5t times1 nev] am\nt+ to a cubic in* & half4 ,by connect+ ! conduct+ pipe ( ! m]curial airhold]1 dur+ ! respiration ( ! gas1 ) a small tr\gh ( m]cury by means ( a curv$ tube1 x became a p]fect & excell5t brea?+ ma*9e4 ,= by ex]t+ a c]ta9 pressure on ! airhold+ cyl9d]1 x 0 easy to ?r[ a quantity ( gas aft] e inspiration or expiration1 into tubes fill$ ) m]cury /&+ 9 ! tr\gh4 ,9 ^! tubes x c\ld be accurately analis$1 & ?us ! *anges tak+ place at diff]5t p]iods ( ! process asc]ta9$4 ,:5ev] ,i brea!d pure nitr\s oxide 9 ! m]curial airhold]1 aft] a compleat volunt>y exhau/ion ( my lungs1 ! pleasurable delirium 0 v rapidly produc$1 & be+ oblig$ to /oop on ! cyl9d]1 ! det]m9ation ( blood to my head f ! increas$ art]ial action 9 less ?an a m9ute became s great1 z (t5 to deprive me ( volunt>y p[] ov] ! muscles ( ! m\?4 ,h5ce1 ,i c\ld nev] rely on ! accuracy ( any exp]im5t1 9 :i* ! gas _h be5 respir$ = m ?an ?ree qu>t]s ( a m9ute4 ,i 0 able to respire ! gas ) great accuracy = m ?an half a m9ute2 x at fir/1 r increas+ ?an dim9i%+ ! p[] ( volition2 b ev5 9 ?is %ort "t1 v /rong s5sations 7 always produc$1 ) s5se ( fulness ab\t ! head1 some:at al>m+2 a feel+ :i* h>dly ev] occurs to me :5 ! gas is brea!d 9 ! natural po/ure4 ,9 all ! num]\s exp]im5ts t ,i made on ! respiration ( nitr\s oxide 9 ?is way1 a v consid]able dim9ution ( gas always took place2 & ! dim9ution 0 g5]ally app>5tly great] to ! eye dur+ ! fir/ f\r or five inspirations4 ,! residual gas ( an exp]im5t 0 always exam9$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,aft] be+ transf]r$ ?r\gh m]cury into a graduat$ cyl9d]1 a small quantity ( conc5trat$ solution ( cau/ic pota% 0 introduc$ to x1 & suff]$ to rema9 9 contact ) x = "s h\rs2 ! dim9ution 0 !n not$1 & ! quantity ( gas absorb$ by ! pota%1 judg$ to be c>bonic acid4 ,to ! rema9d]1 twice its bulk ( pure wat] 0 admitt$4 ,aft] agitation & re/ = f\r or five h\rs1 ! absorption by ?is 0 notic$1 & ! gas absorb$ consid]$ z nitr\s oxide4 ,! residual unabsorbable gas 0 m+l$ ov] wat] ) twice its bulk ( nitr\s gas2 & by ?is means1 its composition1 :e!r x consi/$ :olly ( nitrog5e1 or ( nitrog5e m+l$ ) small quantities ( oxyg5e1 asc]ta9$4 ,f a numb] ( exp]im5ts made at diff]5t times on ! respiration ( nitr\s oxide1 ,i select ! foll[+ z ! mo/ accurate4 ,e4 #a4 ,at temp]ature #ed1 ,i brea!d #ajb cubic in*es ( nitr\s oxide1 :i* conta9$ ne> _/ common air1 = ab\t half a m9ute1 sev5 inspirations & sev5 expirations be+ made4 ,aft] e expiration1 an evid5t dim9ution ( gas 0 p]ceiv$2 & :5 ! la/ full expiration 0 made1 x fill$ a space equal to #fb cubic in*es4 ,^! #fb cubic in*es analis$1 7 f\nd to consi/ ( ,c>bonic acid #c1b ,nitr\s oxide #bi1j ,oxyg5e #d1a ,nitrog5e #be1g -------- #fb1j -------- ,h5ce1 acc\nt+ = ! two cubic in*es ( common air previ\sly m+l$ ) ! nitr\s oxide1 #ga cubic in*es _h disappe>$ 9 ?is exp]im5t4 ,9 ! la/ respirations1 ! quantity ( gas 0 s mu* dim9i%$1 z to prev5t ! full expansion ( ! lungs2 & h5ce ! app>5t dim9ution 0 v mu* less aft] ! fir/ f\r inspirations4 ,e4 #b4 ,at temp]ature #dg1 ,i brea!d #ahb cubic in*es ( nitr\s oxide1 m+l$ ) #b cubic in*es ( atmosph]ic air1 :i* previ\sly exi/$ 9 ! airhold]1 = ne> #dj seconds2 hav+ 9 ?is "t made #h respirations4 ,! dim9ution aft] ! fir/ full inspiration1 appe>$ to a by-/&] ne>ly uni=m4 ,:5 ! la/ compleat expiration 0 made1 ! gas fill$ a space equal to #abh cubic in*es1 ! common temp]ature be+ re/or$4 ,^! #abh cubic in*es analis$1 7 f\nd to consi/ ( ,c>bonic acid #e1be ,nitr\s oxide #hh1ge ,oxyg5e #e1jj ,nitrog5e #bi1jj ,consequ5tly1 9 ?is exp]im5t1 #ic1be cubic in*es ( nitr\s oxide _h disappe>$4 ,9 ea* ( ^! exp]im5ts1 ! cyl9d] 0 cov]$ ) cond5s$ watry vapor exactly 9 ! same mann] z if common air _h be5 brea!d 9 x4 ,x ought to be obs]v$ t1 ,e4 #a4 0 made 9 ! morn+1 f\r h\rs & half aft] a mod]ate breakfa/2 :]eas1 ,e4 #b4 0 made b an h\r & qu>t] aft] a pl5tiful d9n]2 at :i* ne> ?ree f\r?s ( a p9t ( table-be] _h be5 drank4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts we le>n1 t nitr\s oxide is rapidly absorb$ by ! v5\s blood1 ?r\gh ! moi/ coats ( ! pulmon>y ve9s4 ,b z aft] a compleat volunt>y exhau/ion ( ! lungs1 mu* residual air mu/ rema9 9 ! bron*ial vessels & fauces1 z appe>s f _! incapability ( compleatly collaps+1 x is evid5t t ! gas expir$ aft] e inspiration ( nitr\s oxide ma/ be m+l$ ) diff]5t quantities ( ! residual gas ( ! lungs2#aib :il/ aft] a complete expiration1 mu* ( ! unabsorb$ nitr\s oxide mu/ rema9 z residual gas 9 ! lungs4 ,n[ :5 a complete expiration is made aft] ! brea?+ ( atmosph]ic air1 x is evid5t t ! residual gas ( ! lungs consi/s ( nitrog5e1#aic m+l$ ) small portions ( oxyg5e & c>bonic acid4 ,& ^! are ! only products f\nd aft] ! respiration ( nitr\s oxide4 #aib ,by lungs1 ,i mean 9 ?is place1 all ! int]nal organs ( respiration4 #aic ,because ^! products are =m$ dur+ ! respiration ( common air4 ,to asc]ta9 :e!r ^! products 7 p>tially produc$1 dur+ ! process ( respiration1 z ,i 0 incl9$ to believe f ! exp]im5ts 9 ! la/ section1 or :e!r !y 7 :olly ! residual gases ( ! lungs1 ,i f\nd extremely difficult4 ,i at fir/ ?\ght ( brea?+ nitr\s oxide imm$iately aft] my lungs _h be5 fill$ ) oxyg5e2 & to comp>e ! products rema9+ aft] ! full expiration1 ) ^? produc$ aft] a full expiration ( pure oxyg5e2 b on ! supposition t oxyg5e & nitr\s oxide1 :5 appli$ toge!r to ! v5\s blood1 mu/ effect *anges 9 x diff]5t f ei!r ( !m sep>ately1 ! idea 0 rel9qui%$4 ,i attempt$ to inspire nitr\s oxide1 aft] hav+ made two inspirations & a complete expiration ( hydrog5e2 b 9 ?is exp]im5t ! effects ( ! hydrog5e 7 s debilitat+1 & ! consequ5t /imulation by ! nitr\s oxide s great1 z to deprive me ( s5se4 ,aft] ! fir/ ?ree inspirations1 ,i lo/ all p[] ( /&+1 & fell on my back1 c>ry+ 9 my lips ! m\?-piece sep>at$ f ! cyl9d]1 to ! great al>m ( ,mr4 ,patrick ,dwy]1 :o 0 not+ ! p]iods ( inspiration4 ,?\gh exp]im5ts on successive inspirations ( pure nitr\s oxide might g f> to det]m9e :e!r or no any nitrog5e1 c>bonic acid & oxyg5e 7 products ( respiration1 yet ,i di/9ctly saw t x 0 impossible 9 ?is way to asc]ta9 _! quantities1 suppos+ !m produc$1 unless ,i c\ld fir/ det]m9e ! capacity ( my lungs2 & ! diff]5t proportions ( ! gases rema9+ 9 ! bron*ial vessels aft] a compleat expiration1 :5 atmosph]ic air _h be5 respir$4 ,9 "s exp]im5ts 7t ,i made on ! respiration ( hydrog5e1 ) a view to det]m9e :e!r c>bonic acid 0 produc$ by ! comb9ation ( c>bon loosely comb9$ 9 ! v5\s blood1 ) ! oxyg5e respir$1 or :e!r x 0 simply giv5 out z excrem5titi\s by ?is blood7 ,i f\nd1 )\t h[ev] be+ able to solve ! problem ,i _h propos$ to myself1 t 9 ! respiration ( pure hydrog5e1 little or no alt]ation ( volume took place2 & t ! residual gas 0 m+l$ ) "s nitrog5e1 & a little oxyg5e & c>bonic acid4 ,f ! comp>ison ( ^! facts ) ^? notic$ 9 ! la/ section & 9 ,r4 ,,iii4 ,div4 ,i4 !re 0 e reason to suppose t hydrog5e 0 n absorb$ or alt]$ :5 respir$3 b only m+l$ ) ! residual gases ( ! lungs4 ,h5ce1 by mak+ a full expiration ( atmosph]ic air1 & aft]w>ds tak+ six or sev5 respirations ( hydrog5e 9 ! m]curial airhold]1 & !n mak+ a compleat expiration1 ,i conjectur$ t ! residual gas & ! hydrog5e w\ld be s m+l$1 z t ne>ly ! same proportions %\ld rema9 9 ! bron*ial vessels1 z 9 ! airhold]4 ,by asc]ta9+ ^! proportions & calculat+ f !m1 ,i hop$ to be able to asc]ta9 ) tol]able exactness1 ! capacity ( my fauces & bron*ia1 z well z ! composition ( ! gas rema9+ 9 !m1 aft] a complete expiration ( common air4 ,,iv4 ,respiration ( ,hydrog5e4 ,! hydrog5e t ,i employ$1 0 procur$ f ! decomposition ( wat] by means ( clean iron fil+s & dilut$ sulphuric & muriatic acids4 ,x 0 brea!d 9 ! same mann] z nitr\s oxide1 9 ! l>ge m]curial airhold]4 ,aft] a compleat volunt>y exhau/ion ( my lungs 9 ! usual po/ure1 ,i f\nd great difficulty 9 brea?+ hydrog5e = s long z half a m9ute1 s z to make a compleat expiration ( x4 ,x produc$ uneasy feel+s 9 ! *e/1 mom5t>y loss ( muscul> p[]1 & sometimes a transi5t gidd9ess4 ,9 "s ( ! exp]im5ts t ,i made2 on acc\nt ( ! gidd9ess1 ! results 7 r5d]$ inconclusive1 by my remov+ my m\? f ! m\?-piece aft] expiration1 be=e ! assi/ant c\ld turn ! /op-cock4 ,! purity ( ! hydrog5e 0 asc]ta9$ imm$iately be=e ! exp]im5t by ! te/ ( nitr\s gas1 & by detonation ) oxyg5e or atmosph]ic air2 g5]ally #ab measures ( atmosph]ic air 7 fir$ ) #d ( ! hydrog5e1 & if ! dim9ution 0 to t5 or a little m1 ! gas 0 judg$ to be pure4 ,aft] ! exp]im5t1 :5 ! compleat expiration _h be5 made & ! common temp]ature re/or$2 ! volume ( ! gas 0 notic$1 & !n a small quantity ( x ?r[n into ! m]curial app>atus by means ( ! conduct+ tube1 to be exam9$4 ,! c>bonic acid 0 sep>at$ by f x by means ( solution ( pota% or /rontian2 ! quantity ( oxyg5e x conta9$1 0 asc]ta9$ by means ( nitr\s gas ( kn[n composition2 ! sup]abundant nitr\s gas 0 absorb$ by solution ( muriate ( iron2 & ! proportions ( hydrog5e & nitrog5e 9 ! rema9+ gas1 discov]$ by inflammation ) atmosph]ic air or oxyg5e 9 ! detonat+ tube by ! electric sp>k4 a4 ,! two foll[+ exp]im5ts made ^u quantities ( hydrog5e1 equal to ^? ( ! nitr\s oxide respir$ 9 ! exp]im5ts 9 ! la/ section1 are giv5 z ! mo/ accurate ( five4 ,e4 #a4 ,i respir$ at #ei #ajb cubic in*es ( hydrog5e app>5tly pure1 = r less ?an half a m9ute1 mak+ 9 ?is "t sev5 quick respirations4 ,aft] ! complete expiration1 :5 ! common temp]ature 0 re/or$1 ! gas occupi$ a space equal to #ajc cubic in*es ne>ly4 ,^! analis$ 7 f\nd to consi/ ( ,c>bonic acid #d1j ,oxyg5e #c1g ,nitrog5e #ag1c ,hydrog5e #gh1j ---------- #ajc1j ,n[ z 9 ?is exp]im5t1 ! gas 0 increas$ 9 bulk only a cubic in*2 suppos+ t aft] ! compleat expiration ! gas 9 ! lungs1 bron*ia & fauces 0 ( ne>ly simil> composition ) t 9 ! airhold]1 & t no hydrog5e _h be5 absorb$ by ! blood1 x w\ld foll[ t #bd cubic in*es ( hydrog5e rema9$ 9 ! int]nal organs ( respiration1 & consequ5tly1 by ! rule ( proportion1 ab\t #g1h ( ! mix$ residual gas ( ! common air4 ,& !n ! :ole quantity ( residual gas ( ! lungs1 suppos+ ! temp]ature #ei1 w\ld h be5 #ca1h cubic in*es2 b z its temp]ature 0 ne>ly t ( ! int]nal p>ts ( ! body1 #ih1 x mu/ h fill$ a great] space2 calculat+ f ! exp]im5ts ( ,guyton & ,v]nois1#aid ab\t #cg1eaie cubic in*es4 ,f ! increase ( volume1 x w\ld appe> t a m9ute quantity ( gas _h be5 g5]at$ dur+ ! respiration1 & ?is 01 z we %all see h]eaft]1 mo/ probably c>bonic acid4#aif ,likewise !re is reason to suppose1 t a little ( ! residual oxyg5e mu/ h be5 absorb$4 ,mak+ all[ances = ^? circum/ances1 x w\ld foll[1 t ! #cg1e cubic in*es ( gas rema9+ 9 my lungs1 aft] a compleat expiration ( atmosph]ic air at animal heat #ih1 equal to #ca1h cubic in*es at #ei1 7 compos$ ( ,nitrog5e #ba1i ,c>bonic acid #d1i ,oxyg5e #e1j -------- #ca1h #aid ,annales de ,*imie1 vol4 #a1 page #bgi4 #aie ,?is is only an imp]fect approximation2 ! ratio ( ! increase ( expansibility ( gases to ! increase ( temp]ature1 has n yet be5 asc]ta9$4 ,x is probable t ! expansibility ( gases is alt]$ by _! mixture4 #aif ,= !re is no reason to suppose ! production ( nitrog5e4 ,e4 #b4 ,i respir$ = ne> a half a m9ute 9 ! m]curial airhold] at #fa1 #ahb cubic in*es ( hydrog5e2 hav+ made dur+ ?is "t1 six long inspirations4 ,aft] ! la/ expiration1 ! gas fill$ a space ne>ly equal to #ahd cubic in*es1 & analis$1 0 f\nd to consi/ ( ,c>bonic acid #d1h ,oxyg5e #d1f ,nitrog5e #ba1j ,hydrog5e #aec1f ---------- #ahd1j ,n[ 9 ?is exp]im5t1 reason+ 9 ! same mann] z be=e1 #bh1d cubic in*es ( hydrog5e mu/ h rema9$ 9 ! lungs1 & likewise #e1e ( ! atmosph]ic residual gas4 ,consequ5tly1 ! :ole residual gas 0 ne>ly equal to #cd cubic in*es at #fa1 :i* at #ih w\ld become ab\t #dj1d cubic in*es4 ,& reason+ z be=e1 x w\ld appe> f ?is exp]im5t1 t ! quantity ( gas rema9+ 9 my lungs aft] a compleat volunt>y respiration1 equall$ at #ih1 ab\t #dj cubic in*es1 & at #fa1 #cd ne>ly3 mak+ ! necess>y corrections2 t aft] common air _h be5 brea!d1 ^! #cd cubic in*es consi/$ ( ,c>bonic acid #d1a ,oxyg5e #e1e ,nitrog5e #bd1d b4 ,x w\ld h be5 possible to prove ! tru? ( ! po/ulate on :i* ! exp]im5ts 7 f\nd$1 by respir+ common air or oxyg5e aft] ! compleat expiration ( ! hydrog5e1 = ! same "t z ! hydrog5e 0 respir$ & 9 equal quantities4 ,= if portions ( hydrog5e 7 f\nd 9 ! airhold] equal to ^? ( ! residual gases 9 ! two exp]im5ts1 x w\ld prove t a uni=m mixture ( residual gas ) ! gas inspir$1 0 produc$ by ! respiration4 ,t ?is mixture mu/ h tak5 place1 appe>$1 h[ev]1 s evid5t f analog\s facts1 t ,i judg$ ! exp]im5tal pro( unnecess>y4 ,inde$1 z mo/ gases1 ?\gh ( diff]5t specific gravities1 :5 br\ght 9 contact ) ea* o!r1 assume "s sort ( union1 x is m ?an probable1 t gas inspir$ into ! lungs1 f be+ plac$ 9 contact ) ! residual gas on su* an ext5sive surface1 mu/ in/antly m+le ) x4 ,h5ce1 possibly "o deep inspiration & compleat expiration ( ! :ole ( a quantity ( hydrog5e1 w be suffici5t to det]m9e ! capacity ( ! lungs aft] compleat volunt>y exhau/ion1 & ! nature ( ! residual air4 ,t two inspirations are suffici5t1 appe>s probable f ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,e4 #c4 ,aft] a compleat volunt>y expiration ( common air1 ,i made two deep inspirations ( #ada cubic in*es ( hydrog5e4 ,aft] ! compleat expiration1 !y fill$ a space equal to r m ?an #adb cubic in*es1 & analis$1 7 f\nd to consi/ ( ,c>bonic acid #c1a ,oxyg5e #d1e ,nitrog5e #ah1h ,hydrog5e #aae1f ---------- #adb1j ,n[ calculat+ on ! exhau/$ capacity ( my lungs f ?is exp]im5t1 suppos+ uni=m mixture1 !y w\ld conta9 aft] expiration ( common air1 ab\t #cj1g cubic in*es at #eh1 equal to #cf at #ih1 compos$ ( ab\t ,nitrog5e #bj1i ,oxyg5e #e1h ,c>bonic acid #d1j -------- #cj1g ,"o %\ld suppose a priori t 9 ?is exp]im5t mu* less ( ! residual oxyg5e ( ! lungs mu/ h be5 absorb$1 ?an 9 ,expts4 #a & #b2 yet !re is no v m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! portions evolv$4 ,t a tol]ably accurate mixture took place1 appe>s f ! quantity ( nitrog5e4 ,! small] quantity ( c>bonic acid is an evid5ce 9 fav\r ( its evolution f ! v5\s blood4 c4 ,x is reasonable to suppose t ! pressure ^u ! residual gas ( ! exhau/$ lungs1 mu/ be ne>ly equal to t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,b z aque\s vap\r is p]petually giv5 out by ! exhal5ts1 & p]haps evolv$ f ! moi/ coats ( ! pulmon>y vessels1 x is likely t ! residual gas is n only fully saturat$ ) moi/ure at #ih1 b likewise impregnat$ ) uncomb9$ vapor2 & h5ce its volume enl>g$ beyond ! increm5t ( expansion ( temp]ature4 ,consid]+ all ^! circum/ances1 & calculat+ f ! mean ( ! ?ree exp]im5ts on ! composition ( ! residual gas1 ,i conclud$1 #a/4 ,t ! exhau/$ capacity ( my lungs 0 equal to ab\t #da cubic in*es4 #b;dly4 ,t ! gas conta9$ 9 my bron*ial vessels & fauces1 aft] a compleat expiration ( atmosph]ic air1 0 equal to ab\t #cb cubic in*es1 its temp]ature be+ r$uc$ to #ee4 #c;dly4 ,t ^! #cb cubic in*es 7 compos$ ( ab\t ,nitrog5e #bc1j ,c>bonic acid #d1a ,oxyg5e #d1i d4 ,9 _m exp]im5ts made 9 ! m]curial airhold] on ! capacity ( my lungs "u diff]5t circum/ances1 ,i f\nd t ,i ?rew out ( my lungs by a full =c$ expiration at temp]atures f #eh to #fb cub4 cub4 94 94 ,aft] a full volunt>y inspiration1 f #ahi to #aia ,aft] a natural inspiration1 f #gh to #gi ,aft] a natural expiration1 f #fg to #fh ,s t mak+ ! corrections = temp]ature1 x w\ld appe>1 t my lungs 9 a /ate ( volunt>y inspiration1 conta9$ ab\t #bed cubic in*es2 9 a /ate ( natural inspiration ab\t #ace2 9 a /ate ( natural expiration1 ab\t #aah2 & 9 a /ate ( =c$ expiration #da4aig #aig ,?is capacity is mo/ probably bel[ ! m$ium1 my *e/ is n>r[1 measur+ 9 circumf]5ce1 b #bi in*es1 & my neck r long & sl5d]4 ,z ! exhau/$ capacity z well z implet$ capacity ( ! int]nal organs ( respiration mu/ be diff]5t 9 diff]5t individuals1 accord+ z ! =ms & size ( _! ?orax1 fauces1 & bron*ia are diff]5t1 x w\ld be almo/ useless to endeav\r to asc]ta9 a /&>d capacity4 ,x is h[ev] probable1 t a ratio exi/s betwe5 ! quantities ( air inspir$ 9 ! natural & =c$ inspiration1 ^? expir$ 9 ! natural & =c$ expiration1 & ! :ole capacity ( ! lungs4 ,if ?is ratio 7 asc]ta9$1 a s+le exp]im5t on ! natural inspiration & expiration ( common air1 w\ld enable u to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( residual gas 9 ! lungs ( any individual aft] a compleat =c$ expiration4#aih #aih ,dr4 ,goodwyn 9 8 excell5t "w on ! connexion ( life ) respiration1 has detail$ "s exp]im5ts on ! capacity ( ! lungs aft] natural expiration4 ,he makes ! m$ium capacity ab\t #aji cubic in*es1 :i* agrees v well ) my e/imation4--page #bg4 ,v4 ,additional obs]vations & exp]im5ts on ! ,respiration ( ,nitr\s ,oxide4 a4 ,hav+ ?us asc]ta9$ ! capacity ( my lungs1 & ! composition ( ! residual gas ( expiration1 ,i proce$$ to reason conc]n+ ! exp]im5ts 9 section ,,iii1 on ! respiration ( nitr\s oxide4 ,9 ,exp4 ,i4 ne>ly #ajj cubic in*es ( nitr\s oxide1 mak+ ! corrections on acc\nt ( ! common air1 7 respir$ = half a m9ute4 ,9 ?is "t1 !y 7 r$uc$ to #fb cubic in*es1 :i* consi/$ ( #c1b c>bonic acid1 #bi nitr\s oxide1 #d1a oxyg5e1 & #be1g nitrog5e4 ,b1 z appe>s f ! la/ section1 !re exi/$ 9 ! lungs be=e ! inspiration ( ! nitr\s oxide1 ab\t #cb cubic in*es ( gas1 consi/+ ( #bc nitrog5e1 #d1a c>bonic acid1 & #d1i oxyg5e1 temp]ature be+ r$uc$ to #ei4 ,?is gas mu/ h be5 p]fectly m+l$ ) ! nitr\s oxide dur+ ! exp]im5t2 & consequ5tly1 ! residual gas 9 ! lungs aft] ! exp]im5t1 0 ( ! same composition z t 9 ! airhold]4 ,suppos+ x z be=e1 to be ab\t #cb cubic in*es3 f ! rule ( proportion1 !y w be compos$ ( ,nitr\s oxide #ad1g ,nitrog5e #ac1c ,c>bonic acid #a1i ,oxyg5e #b1a ,& ! :ole quantity ( gas 9 ! lungs & ! airhold]1 suppos+ ! temp]ature #ei1 w equal #id cubic in*es1 :i* are compos$ ( ,nitr\s oxide #dc1g ,nitrog5e #ci1j ,c>bonic acid #e1b ,oxyg5e #f1a -------- #id ,b be=e ! exp]im5t1 ! gas 9 ! lungs & airhold] equall$ #acd cubic in*es1 & ^!1 reckon+ = ! common air1 7 compos$ ( ,nitr\s oxide #ajj ,nitrog5e1 #bd1c ,c>bonic acid #d1a ,oxyg5e #e1f ,h5ce1 x appe>s1 t #ef1c cubic in*es ( nitr\s oxide 7 absorb$ 9 ?is exp]im5t1 & #ac1g ( nitrog5e produc$1 ei!r by evolution f ! blood1 or decomposition ( ! nitr\s oxide4 ,! quantities ( c>bonic acid & oxyg5e approa* s ne> to ^? exi/+ aft] ! respiration ( hydrog5e1 t !re is e reason to believe t no portion ( !m 0 produc$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! absorption1 or decomposition ( ! nitr\s oxide4 b4 ,9 ,exp4 #b1 calculat+ 9 ! same mann]1 be=e ! fir/ inspiration1 a quantity ( gas equal to #baf1e cubic in*es at #dg1 exi/$ 9 ! lungs & airhold]1 & ^! #baf1e cubic in*es 7 compos$ ( ,nitr\s oxide1 #ahb1j ,nitrog5e #bd1i ,c>bonic acid #d1a ,oxyg5e #e1e ------------ #baf1e ,aft] ! compleat expiration1 #afj cubic in*es rema9$ 9 ! lungs & airhold]1 :i* 0 compos$ ( ,nitr\s oxide #aaj1f ,nitrog5e #cf1c ,c>bonic acid #f1h ,oxyg5e #f1c ,h5ce1 x appe>s1 t #ga1d cubic in*es ( nitr\s oxide 7 absorb$ 9 ?is exp]im5t1 & ab\t #ab ( nitrog5e produc$4 ,! quantity ( c>bonic acid & oxyg5e is r great] ?an t :i* exi/$ 9 ! exp]im5ts on hydrog5e4 c4 ,f ^! e/imations1 ,i le>n$ t a small quantity ( nitrog5e 0 produc$ dur+ ! absorption ( nitr\s oxide 9 respiration4 ,x rema9$ to det]m9e1 :e!r ?is nitrog5e ow$ its production to evolution f ! blood1 or to ! decomposition ( a portion ( ! nitr\s oxide4 ,analogical evid5ces 7 n 9 fav\r ( ! hypo!sis ( decomposition4 ,x 0 difficult to suppose t a body requir+ ! temp]ature ( ignition = its decomposition by ! mo/ inflammable bodies1 %\ld be p>tially absorb$ & p>tially decomp\nd$ at #ih1 by a fluid app>5tly possess$ ( uni=m attractions4 ,x 0 m easy to believe1 t f ! imm5se quantity ( nitrog5e tak5 into ! blood 9 nitr\s oxide2 ! sy/em soon became ov]*>g$ ) ?is pr9ciple1 :i* n be+ :olly exp5d$ 9 new comb9ations dur+ liv+ action1 0 lib]at$ 9 ! ari=m /ate by ! exhal5ts1 or ?r\gh ! moi/ coats ( ! ve9s4 ,n[ if ! la/ rationale 7 true1 x w\ld foll[1 t ! quantity ( nitrog5e produc$ 9 respiration1 ought to be increas$ 9 proportion z a great] quantity ( nitr\s oxide ent]$ into comb9ation ) ! blood4 d4 ,to asc]ta9 :e!r ?is 0 ! case1 ,i made aft] full volunt>y exhau/ion ( my lungs1 "o full volunt>y inspiration & expiration ( #ajh cubic in*es ( nitr\s oxide4 ,aft] ?is1 x fill$ a space ne>ly equal to #ii cubic in*es4 ,! quantities ( c>bonic acid & oxyg5e 9 ^! 7 n det]m9$2 b by ! te/ ( absorption by wat]1 !y appe>$ to conta9 only #ah nitrog5e2 :i* is v little m ?an %\ld h be5 giv5 f ! residual gas ( ! lungs4 ,9 a second exp]im5t1 ,i made two respirations ( #ajh cubic in*es ( nitr\s oxide ne>ly pure4 ,! dim9ution 0 to #ie4 ,on analys+ ^! #ie1 ,i f\nd to my great surprise1 t !y conta9$ only #ag nitrog5e4 ,h5ce1 ,i c\ld n b suspect "s s\rce ( error 9 ! process4 ,i n[ introduc$ into a /rong new silk bag1 ! sides ( :i* 7 9 p]fect contact1 ab\t #h qu>ts ( nitr\s oxide4 ,f ! mode ( introduction1 ?is nitr\s oxide mu/ h be5 m+l$ ) a little common air1 n h[ev] suffici5t to di/urb ! results4 ,i !n adapt$ a cork cem5t$ to a long curv$ tube to my "r no/ril2 ! tube 0 made to communicate ) ! wat] app>atus2 & ! left no/ril be+ accurately clos$1 & ! m\?-piece ( ! silk bag tightly adapt$ to ! lips1 ,i made a full expiration ( ! common air ( my lungs1 inspir$ nitr\s oxide f ! bag1 & by c>efully clos+ ! m\?-piece ) my tongue1 expir$ x ?r\gh ! curv$ tube into ! wat] app>atus4 ,9 ?is way1 ,i made n9e respirations ( nitr\s oxide4 ,! expir$ gas ( ! fir/ respiration 0 n pres]v$2 b "p ( ! gas ( ! second1 ?ird1 fif?1 sev5? & n9?1 7 caught 9 sep]ate graduat$ cyl9d]s4 ,! second1 analis$ by absorption1 consi/$ ( ab\t #bi absorbable gas1 :i* mu/ h be5 *iefly nitr\s oxide2 & #ag unabsorbable gas1 :i* mu/ h be5 *iefly nitrog5e2 & ! ?ird ( #bb absorbable gas1 & #h unabsorbable4 ,! fif? 0 compos$ ( #bg to #f2 ! sev5? ( #bc to #g1 & ! n9? ( #bf to #aa4 e4 ,?\gh ! results ( ^! exp]im5ts 7 n s conclusive z c\ld be wi%$2 yet1 comp>+ !m ) ^? ( ! exp]im5ts 9 section ,,iii4 x seem$ reasonable to conclude1 t ! production ( nitrog5e 0 increas$1 9 proportion z ! blood became m fully impregnat$ ) nitr\s oxide4 ,f ?is conclusion1 comp>$ ) ! phnom5on notic$ 9 section #b1 & 9 ,div4 ,i4 section #d1 ,i am induc$ to believe t ! production ( nitrog5e dur+ ! respiration ( nitr\s oxide1 is n ow+ to ! decomposition ( "p ( ! nitr\s oxide1 9 ! ari=m /ate imm$iately by ! attraction ( ! r$ p>ticles ( v5\s blood = its oxyg5e2 b t x is r ow+ to a new arrangem5t produc$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( ! impregnat$ blood1 dur+ circulation2 f :i*1 becom+ sup]saturat$ ) nitrog5e1 x gives x out ?r\gh ! moi/ coats ( ! vessels4 ,= if any portion ( nitr\s oxide 7 decompos$ imm$iately by ! r$ p>ticles ( ! blood1 "o %\ld conjecture1 t ! quantity ( nitrog5e produc$1 ought to be great] dur+ ! fir/ inspirations1 be=e ^! p>ticles became fully comb9$ ) cond5s$ oxyg5e4 ,if on ! contr>y1 ! :ole ( ! nitrog5e & oxyg5e ( ! nitr\s oxide 7 bo? comb9$ ) ! blood1 & c>ri$ ?r\gh ! pulmon>y ve9s & left *amb] ( ! he>t to ! art]ies2 !n1 suppos+ ! oxyg5e *iefly exp5d$ 9 liv+ action1 :il/ ! nitrog5e 0 only p>tially consum$ 9 new comb9ations1 x w\ld foll[1 t ! v5\s blood ( animals made to brea! nitr\s oxide1 hyp]-saturat$ ) nitrog5e1 mu/ be diff]5t f common v5\s blood2 & ?is we h reason to believe f ! phnom5a 9 ,div4 ,i4 section #d1 is actually ! case4 f4 ,besides ! nitrog5e g5]at$ dur+ ! respiration ( nitr\s oxide1 we h notic$ ! evolution ( o!r products1 c>bonic acid1#aii & wat]4 #aii ,! oxyg5e z we h be=e notic$1 mo/ probably :olly exi/$ 9 ! residual gas4 ,n[ z ne>ly equal quantities ( c>bonic acid are produc$1 :e!r hydrog5e or nitr\s oxide is respir$1 provid$ ! process is c>ri$ on = ! same "t2 !re is e reason to believe1 z we h said be=e1 t no "p ( ! c>bonic acid produc$1 is g5]at$ f ! imm$iate decomposition ( nitr\s oxide by c>bon exi/+ 9 ! blood4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 x mu/ be ei!r evolv$ f ! v5\s blood2 or =m$1 by ! sl[ comb9ation ( ! oxyg5e ( ! residual air ( respiration ) ! *>coal ( ! blood4 ,b if x 0 produc$ by ! decomposition ( residual atmosph]ic air1 x w\ld foll[1 t its volume mu/ be mu* less ?an t ( ! oxyg5e ( ! residual air1 :i* _h disappe>$2 = "s ( ?is oxyg5e mu/ h be5 absorb$ by ! blood1 & dur+ ! conv]sion ( oxyg5e into c>bonic acid by *>coal1 a slight dim9ution ( volume is produc$4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts :5 nitr\s oxide & hydrog5e 7 respir$ = ab\t half a m9ute1 ! m$ium quantity ( c>bonic acid produc$1 0 #e1f cubic in*es ne>ly4 ,n[ we w assume1 t ! quantity ( c>bonic acid produc$1 is 9 ! ratio ( ! oxyg5e dim9i%$2 & !re is e reason to believe1 t 9 ! expiration ( atmosph]ic air1 ! expir$ air & ! residual air are ne>ly ( ! same composition4 ,h5ce1 no m c>bonic acid c rema9 9 ! lungs or be produc$ f ! residual gas aft] ! compleat expiration ( common air1 ?an t :i* c be g5]at$ f a volume ( atmosph]ic air equal to ! residual gas ( ! lungs4 ,! residual gas ( ! lungs1 aft] compleat expiration1 equals at #ee1 #cb cubic in*es1 & #cb cubic in*es ( common air conta9 #h4f cubic in*es ( oxyg5e4 ,b 9 ! exp]im5ts on ! respiration ( hydrog5e1 n only #e4f cubic in*es ( c>bonic acid 7 produc$1 b m ?an #d ( residual oxyg5e rema9$ unabsorb$4 ,h5ce x appe>s impossible t all ! c>bonic acid evolv$ f ! lungs dur+ ! respiration ( nitr\s oxide or hydrog5e c\ld h be5 produc$ by ! comb9ation ( *>coal 9 ! v5\s blood ) residual atmosph]ic oxyg5e3 !re is consequ5tly e reason to believe t x is :olly or p>tially lib]at$ f ! v5\s blood ?r\gh ! moi/ coats ( ! vessels4 g4 ,! wat] c>ri$ out ( ! lungs 9 solution by ! expir$ gas ( nitr\s oxide1 c\ld nei!r h be5 :olly or p>tially =m$ by ! decomposition ( nitr\s oxide4 ,! coats ( ! vessels 9 ! lungs1 & inde$ 9 ! :ole int]nal surface ( ! body1 are always cov]$ ) moi/ure1 & ! solution ( "p ( ?is moi/ure by ! inspir$ heat$ gas1 & its deposition by ! expir$ gas1 are suffici5t causes = ! appe>ance ( ! phnom5on4 ,!re are no reasons = suppos+ t any ( ! residual atmosph]ic oxyg5e is imm$iately comb9$ ) fix$ or nasc5t hydrog5e1 or hydroc>bonate1 9 ! v5\s blood at #ih1 by sl[ combu/ion1 & consequ5tly none = suppos+ t wat] is imm$iately =m$ 9 respiration4 ,! evolution ( wat] f ! vessels 9 ! lungs1 is almo/ c]ta9 f num]\s analogies4 h4 ,z f ! exp]im5ts 9 section ,,ii4 x appe>$ t nitr\s oxide 0 capable ( be+ comb9$ ) oxyg5at$ blood1 & vice v]sa1 blood impregnat$ ) nitr\s oxide capable ( oxyg5ation2 ,i 0 curi\s to asc]ta9 :at *anges w\ld be effect$ 9 nitr\s oxide :5 x 0 respir$1 m+l$ ) atmosph]ic air or oxyg5e4 ,= ?is purpose1 )\t mak+ a v delicate exp]im5t1 ,i brea!d 9 ! l>ge m]curial airhold] ab\t #aab cubic in*es ( nitr\s oxide1 m+l$ ) #dd ( common air1 = ne> half a m9ute1 9 ! usual mode4 ,! gas1 aft] expiration1 fill$ a space ne>ly equal to #aai4 ,i did n exactly asc]ta9 ! composition ( ! residual gas2 x support$ flame r bett] ?an common air1 & aft] ! nitr\s oxide 0 absorb$1 gave mu* less dim9ution ) nitr\s gas ?an atmosph]ic air4 i4 ,i brea!d a mixture ( f\r qu>ts ( nitr\s oxide ) ?ree qu>ts ( hydrog5e1 9 a dry silk bag1 = ne> a m9ute2 an evid5t dim9ution 0 produc$2 b on acc\nt ( ! mode ( exp]im5t+ x 0 impossible to det]m9e ! quantity ( nitr\s oxide absorb$1 or ! exact nature ( ! products4 ,:5 a tap] 0 introduc$ into a little ( ! residual gas1 x inflam$ ) a v feeble explosion4 ,n[ a mixture ( #d p>ts nitr\s oxide & #c hydrog5e1 detonates :5 inflam$ ) v great viol5ce4 k4 ,nitr\s oxide c be respir$ )\t dang] by ! human animal = a mu* long] "t ?an t requir$ = ! dea? ( ! small] quadrup$s 9 x4 ,i h brea!d x two or ?ree times 9 a consid]able /ate ( purity1 9 a dry silk bag1 = f\r m9utes & qu>t] & f\r m9utes & half3 "s diseas$ individuals h respir$ x = upw>ds ( five m9utes4 ,9 ! infancy ( my exp]im5ts1 f g5]al appe>ances1 ,i ?\ght t ! proportion ( nitr\s oxide absorb$ 9 respiration 0 great] 9 ! fir/ inspirations ?an ! la/2 b ?is ,i h s9ce f\nd to be a mi/ake4 ,9 ! la/ respirations ! app>5t absorption is inde$ less2 b ?is is on acc\nt ( ! increas$ evolution ( nitrog5e f ! blood4 ,:5 nitr\s oxide is respir$ = a long "t1 ! la/ inspirations are always full] & quick] ?an ! fir/2 b ! consumption by ! same individual is ne>ly 9 ! ratio ( ! "t ( respiration4 ,?ree qu>ts1 i4 e4 ab\t #agd cubic in*es1 are consum$ s z to be unfit = respiration1 by an heal?y individual ) lungs ( mod]ate capacity1 9 ab\t a m9ute & qu>t]2 six qu>ts1 or #cdh cubic in*es1 la/ g5]ally = two m9utes & half or two m9utes & ?ree qu>t]s2 eight qu>ts1 or #dfd cubic in*es1 = m ?an ?ree m9utes & half2 & twelve1 or #fif cubic in*es1 = ne>ly five4 ,! quantities ( nitr\s oxide absorb$ by ! same individual1 w1 z !re is e reason to suppose1 be diff]5t "u diff]5t circum/ances1 & w probably be gov]n$ 9 "s measure by ! /ate ( ! heal?4 ,x is reasonable to suppose1 t ! velocity ( ! circulation mu/ h a consid]able influ5ce on ! absorption ( nitr\s oxide2 probably 9 proportion z x is great] a l>g] quantity ( gas w be consum$ 9 equal times4 ,i am incl9$ f two or ?ree exp]im5ts1 to believe t nitr\s oxide is absorb$ m rapidly aft] he>ty meals or dur+ /imulation f w9e or spirits1 ?an at o!r times4 ,z its absorption appe>s to dep5d on a simple solution 9 ! v5\s blood2 probably dim9ution ( temp]ature w increase its capability ( be+ absorb$4 l4 ,! quantities ( nitr\s oxide absorb$ by diff]5t individuals1 w probably be gov]n$ 9 "s measure by ! size ( _! lungs & ! surface ( ! blood vessels1 all o!r circum/ances be+ ! same4 ,f ! obs]vations t ,i h be5 able to make on ! absorption ( nitr\s oxide1 z comp>$ ) ! capacity ( ! lungs1 ! range ( ! consumption ( diff]5t individuals does n ext5d to m ?an a p9t1 or #cj cubic in*es at ! maximum dose4 ,we may !re=e conclude1 t ! m$ium consumption ( nitr\s oxide by ! respiration ( diff]5t individuals1 is n f> f two cubic in*es1 or ab\t a gra9 e second1 or #abj cubic in*es1 or #fj gra9s e m9ute4 m4 ,:5 nitr\s oxide is brea!d 9 tight silk bags1 t[>ds ! end ( ! exp]im5t z ! int]nal surface becomes moi/1 z ,i h be=e m5tion$1 a c]ta9 quantity ( common air p5etrates ?r\gh x & becomes mix$ ) ! residual gas ( ! exp]im5t2 b ?is quantity is always too small to de/roy any ( ! effects ( ! nitr\s oxide4 ,! residual gas ( ! common air1 ! nitrog5e & c>bonic acid produc$ 9 ! process1 & ! residuum ( ! admitt$ atmosph]ic air1 h>dly ev] am\nt aft] ! exp]im5t1 to "o half ( ! volume ( ! nitr\s oxide absorb$4 ,!re is consequ5tly1 a p]fect propriety 9 successively inspir+ & expir+ ! :ole ( a giv5 quantity ( nitr\s oxide1 till x is ne>ly consum$4 ,9 ! respiration ( nitr\s oxide z ! gas is absorb$ & n decompos$1 little w be ga9$ 9 effect1 by p]petually inspir+ & expir+ new portions1 :il/ an imm5se quantity ( gas w be idly wa/$1 & ?is circum/ance1 consid]+ ! exp5ce ( ! sub/ance1 is ( importance4 ,,vi4 ,on ! respiration ( ,atmosph]ic ,air4 ,hav+ ?us asc]ta9$ ! absorption ( nitr\s oxide 9 respiration1 & ! evolution ( nitrog5e & c>bonic acid f ! lungs dur+ its absorption3 consid]+ atmosph]ic air z a comp\nd 9 :i* pr9ciples id5tical ) ^? 9 nitr\s oxide exi/$1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t quantities & loos] comb9ation1 ,i 0 anxi\s to comp>e ! *anges effect$ 9 ?is gas by respiration1 ) ^? produc$ 9 nitr\s oxide & oxyg5e2 p>ticul>ly z !y are connect$ ) ! heal? & life ( animals4 ,! +5i\s exp]im5ts ( ,lavoisi] & ,goodwyn1 prove ! consumption ( oxyg5e 9 respiration1 & ! production ( c>bonic acid4 ,f _m exp]im5ts on ! respiration ( common air1 ,dr4 ,prie/ly suspect$ t a c]ta9 portion ( nitrog5e1 z well z oxyg5e1 0 absorb$ by ! v5\s blood4 b4 ,9 ! foll[+ exp]im5ts on ! respiration ( atmosph]ic air 9 ! m]curial airhold]2 ! composition ( ! gas be=e inspiration & aft] expiration1 0 asc]ta9$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,=ty measures ( x 7 agitat$ ov] m]cury 9 solution ( cau/ic pota%1 & suff]$ to rema9 9 contact ) x = two or ?ree h\rs4 ,! dim9ution 0 not$1 & ! gas absorb$ judg$ to be c>bonic acid4 ,tw5ty measures ( ! gas1 fre$ f c>bonic acid1 7 m+l$ ) ?irty ( nitr\s gas1 9 a tube (1#e in*es diamet]2 !y 7 n agitat$1#bjj b suff]$ to re/ = an h\r or an h\r & half1 :5 ! volume occupi$ by !m 0 notic$3 & #ej-m ! volume occupi$1 divid$ by #c consid]$ z ! oxyg5e x1 & #bj-x consid]$ z ! nitrog5e4 #bjj ,:5 !y are agitat$1 a great] proportion ( nitr\s gas is absorb$1 cond5s$ 9 ! nitric acid by ! wat]2 & to f9d ! oxyg5e1 7#ej - m7 7#ej - m7 x -------------------- or ------------------ 4 7#c1d7 7#c1e7 c4 ,to asc]ta9 ! *anges effect$ 9 atmosph]ic air by s+le inspirations1 ,i made1 aft] a compleat volunt>y exhau/ion ( my lungs1 at temp]ature #fa1 "o inspiration & expiration ( #ada cubic in*es ( atmosph]ic air4 ,aft] expiration1 !y fill$ a space equal to #aci cubic in*es ne>ly4 ,^! #aci cubic in*es analis$ 7 f\nd to consi/ ( ,nitrog5e #aja ,oxyg5e #cb ,c>bonic acid #f ,! #ada cubic in*es be=e inspiration1 7 compos$ ( #ajc nitrog5e1 #a c>bonic acid & #cg oxyg5e4 ,! "t tak5 to p]=m ! inspiration & full expiration1 0 ne>ly a qu>t] ( a m9ute4 ,i repeat$ ?is exp]im5t sev5 or eight times1 & ! quantity ( oxyg5e absorb$ 0 g5]ally f #e to #f cubic in*es1 ! c>bonic acid =m$ f #e to #e1e1 & ! quantity ( nitrog5e app>5tly dim9i%$ by f #a to #c cubic in*es4 ,e4 #b4 ,i made1 aft] a volunt>y expiration ( common air1 "o inspiration & full expiration ( #ajj cubic in*es ( atmosph]ic air4 ,x 0 dim9i%$ ne>ly to #ih or #ii cubic in*es1 & analis$1 0 f\nd to consi/ ( ,nitrog5e #ga1g ,oxyg5e #bb1e ,c>bonic acid #d1e ,?is exp]im5t ,i likewise repeat$ f\r or five times1 ) v little diff]5ce ( result1 & !re always seem$ to be a small dim9ution ( nitrog5e4 ,i made no corrections on acc\nt ( ! residual air ( ! lungs 9 ^! processes1 because !re 0 e reason to suppose t x 0 always ( simil> composition4 c4 ,be=e ,i c\ld asc]ta9 :e!r simil> *anges 7 effect$ 9 atmosph]ic air1 by natural inspirations z by =c$ ones1 ,i 0 oblig$ to practise respiration 9 ! m]curial airhold]1 by diff]+ ! conduct+ tube to communicate ) ! atmosph]e till ,i _h atta9$ ! p[] ( brea?+ 9 x naturally1 )\t labor or att5tion2 ,i !n f\nd by a numb] ( exp]im5ts1 t ,i took into my lungs at e natural inspiration1 ab\t #ac cubic in*es ( air1 & t ,i ?rew out ( my lungs at e expiration1#bja r less ?an ?is quantity2 ab\t #ab cubic in*es4 #bja ,! dim9ution ( air by s+le inspirations1 0 p>ticul>ly notic$ by ,dr4 ,goodwyn4 ,! mean composition ( ! #ac cubic in*es ( air inspir$1 0 cub4 94 ,nitrog5e #i1e ,oxyg5e #c1d ,c>bonic acid #j1a ,t ( ! #ab1g ( air expir$ ,nitrog5e #i1c ,oxyg5e #b1b ,c>bonic acid #a1b ,^! results ,i ga9$ f m ?an #bj exp]im5ts1 s t ,i c\ld n possibly ent]ta9 any d\bt ( ?is accuracy4 ,i f\nd1 by mak+ a p]son obs]ve my respirations :5 ,i 0 inatt5tive to ! process1 t ,i made ab\t #bf or #bg natural inspirations 9 a m9ute4 ,s t calculat+ f ! above e/imations1 x w\ld foll[1 t #ca1f cubic in*es ( oxyg5e 7 consum$1 & #e1b in*es ( nitrog5e lo/ 9 respiration e m9ute1 :il/ #bf1f cubic in*es ( c>bonic acid 7 produc$4 ,to collect ! products ( a great numb] ( natural expirations s z to asc]ta9 :e!r _! composition correspond$ ) ! above acc\nts1 ,i proce$$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,i fa/5$ my lips tight on ! m\?-piece ( ! exhau/$ airhold]1 & suff]+ my no/rils to rema9 op51 inspir$ naturally ?r\gh !m1 ?r[+ ! expir$ air ?r\gh my m\? into ! airhold]4 ,9 _m exp]im5ts1 ,i f\nd t 9 ab\t a half a m9ute1 ,i made 9 ?is way #ad or #ae expirations4 ,! mean quantity ( air collect$ 0 #aga cubic in*es1 & consi/$ ( cub4 94 ,nitrog5e #abh ,oxyg5e #bi ,c>bonic acid #ad ,comp>+ ^! results ) ! =m] ones1 we f9d ! mean quantities ( air respir$ 9 equal t]ms r less2 b ! proportions ( c>bonic acid1 nitrog5e & oxyg5e 9 ! respir$ air1 ne>ly id5tical4 e4 ,to asc]ta9 ! *anges effect$ 9 a giv5 quantity ( atmosph]ic air by cont9u$ respirations1 ,i brea!d aft] a compleat expiration1 at temp]ature #fc1 #afa cubic in*es ( air = ne> a m9ute1 mak+ 9 ?is "t1 #ai deep inspirations4 ,aft] ! compleat expiration1 :i* 0 v c>efully made1 ! gas fill$ a space ne>ly equal to #aeb cubic in*es1 s t #i cubic in*es ( gas _h disappe>$4 ,! #aeb cubic in*es analis$1 7 f\nd to consi/ ( cub4 94 ,nitrog5e #aaa1f ,oxyg5e #bc1 ,c>bonic acid1 #ag1d ,! #afa cubic in*es be=e inspiration1 7 compos$ ( cub4 94 ,nitrog5e #aag1j ,oxyg5e #db1d ,c>bonic acid #a1f ,b ! residual gas 9 ! lungs be=e ! exp]im5t1 0 ( diff]5t composition f t rema9+ 9 ! lungs aft] ! exp]im5t4 ,mak+ corrections on acc\nt ( ?is circum/ance1 z 9 section ,,iv4 x appe>s t ab\t #e1a ( nitrog5e 7 absorb$ 9 respiration1 #bc1i ( oxyg5e consum$1 & #ab ( c>bonic acid produc$4 ,i repeat$ ?is exp]im5t ?ree times2 9 ea* exp]im5t ! dim9ution aft] respiration1 0 ne>ly ! same2 & ! residual gas mak+ ! necess>y all[ances1 ( simil> composition4 ,s t suppos+ ! exi/5ce ( no s\rce ( error 9 ! exp]im5ts f :i* ! quantity & composition ( ! residual gas ( ! lungs 7 e/imat$ 9 section ,,iv4 ! absorption ( nitrog5e by ! v5\s blood1 appe>s almo/ demon/rat$4 f4 ,to comp>e ! *anges effect$ 9 atmosph]ic air by respiration ( ! small] quadrup$s1 ) ^? 9 ! exp]im5ts j detail$1 ,i introduc$ into a j> ( ! capacity ( #bj cubic in*es fill$ ) m]cury 9 ! m]curial tr\gh1 #ae cubic in*es ( atmosph]ic air :i* _h be5 depriv$ ( its c>bonic acid by long exposure1 to solution ( pota%4 ,temp]ature be+ #fd1 a heal?y small m\se 0 quickly pass$ "u ! m]cury into ! j>1 & suff]$ to re/ on a v ?9 bit ( *eese1 :i* 0 admitt$ imm$iately aft]4 ,he cont9u$ = ne> #dj m9utes )\t app>5tly suff]+1 occasionally rais+ himself on 8 h9d legs4 ,at ! end ( #ej m9utes1 he 0 ly+ on 8 side1 & 9 #ee m9utes 0 app>5tly dy+4 ,he 0 n[ c>efully tak5 out ?r\gh ! m]cury by ! tail1 & expos$ be=e ! fire1 :]e he soon recov]$4 ,aft] ! *eese _h be5 c>efully remov$1 ! gas 9 ! j> fill$ a space ne>ly equal to #ad cubic in*es2 s t a dim9ution ( a cubic in* _h tak5 place4 ,^! #ad cubic in*es analis$1 7 f\nd to consi/ ( cub4 94 ,c>bonic acid #b1j ,oxyg5e #a1d ,nitrog5e #aj1f ,! #ae cubic in*es be=e ! exp]im5t1 consi/$ ( cub4 94 ,oxyg5e #d ,nitrog5e #aa ,h5ce x appe>$1 t #b1f cubic in*es ( oxyg5e _h be5 consum$1 #b cubic in*es ( c>bonic acid produc$1 & ab\t #j1d ( nitrog5e lo/4 ,! relation betwe5 ! quantities ( oxyg5e consum$ 9 ?is exp]im5t1 & ! c>bonic acid produc$1 are ne>ly ! same z t ( ^? 9 ! exp]im5ts j detail$2 b ! quantity ( nitrog5e lo/ is mu* small]4 ,,vii4 ,respiration ( ,oxyg5e4 ,! gases be=e & aft] respiration1 7 analis$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 ! la/ section1 except t #c ( nitr\s gas 7 always employ$ to "o ( oxyg5e4 ,e4 ,i4 ,at temp]ature #ec1 aft] a full =c$ respiration1 ,i respir$ 9 ! m]curial airhold]1 = half a m9ute1 #ajb cubic in*es ( oxyg5e1 mak+ sev5 v long & deep inspirations4 ,aft] ! compleat expiration1 ! gases fill$ a space equal to #ic cubic in*es2 ^! #ic cubic in*es analis$1 7 f\nd to consi/ ( cub4 94 ,c>bonic acid #e1i ,nitrog5e #cc1h ,oxyg5e #ec1c ,! #ajb cubic in*es be=e ! exp]im5t1 7 compos$ ( cub4 94 ,oxyg5e #gh ,nitrog5e #bd ,! residual gas 9 ! lungs be=e ! exp]im5t1 0 #cb cubic in*es1 & compos$ ( ab\t #bc nitrog5e1 #d1a c>bonic acid1 & #d1i oxyg5e1 ,section ,,iv4 ,! residual gas aft] expiration1 0 compos$ ( #ah1b oxyg5e1 #b c>bonic acid1 & #aa1h nitrog5e4 ,h5ce ! :ole ( ! gas 9 ! lungs & airhold] be=e inspiration1 0 #acd cubic in*es1 compos$ ( cub4 94 ,oxyg5e #hb1i ,nitrog5e #dg1j ,c>bonic acid #d1a ,& aft] respiration1 #abe cubic in*es1 consi/+ ( cub4 94 ,oxyg5e #ga1e ,nitrog5e #de1f ,c>bonic acid #g1i ,s t comp>+ ! quantities1 x appe>s1 t #aa1d ( oxyg5e & #a1d ( nitrog5e1 7 consum$ 9 ?is exp]im5t1 & #c1h ( c>bonic acid produc$4 ,i 0 mu* surpris$ at ! small quantity ( oxyg5e t _h be5 consum$ 9 ?is exp]im5t4 ,?is quantity 0 less ?an t exp5d$ dur+ ! respiration ( atmosph]ic air = half a m9ute3 ! portion ( c>bonic acid evolv$ 0 likewise small]4 ,i c\ld detect no s\rce ( inaccuracy1 & x 0 difficult to suppose t ! great] dep? & fulness ( ! inspirations c\ld make any diff]5ce4 ,e4 #b4 ,i n[ respir$ at ! same temp]ature1 aft] a full expiration1 #afb cubic in*es ( gas1 compos$ ( #acc oxyg5e & #bj nitrog5e = two m9utes1 imitat+ z mu* z possible1 ! natural respiration4 ,aft] ! exp]im5t1 !y fill$ a space equal to #abc cubic in*es4 ,& :5 ! analysis & calculations _h be5 made z 9 ! la/ exp]im5t1 x appe>$ t #eg cubic in*es ( oxyg5e1 & #b ( nitrog5e _h be5 absorb$1 :il/ #ba cubic in*es ( c>bonic acid _h be5 =m$4 ,n[ f ! e/imations 9 ! la/ section1 x appe>s t #fc cubic in*es ( oxyg5e are consum$1 & ab\t #eb cubic in*es ( c>bonic acid produc$ e two m9utes dur+ ! natural respiration ( common air4 ,s t suppos+ ! exp]im5t accurate1 #f cubic in*es ( oxyg5e less are absorb$1 & #cj cubic in*es less ( c>bonic acid produc$ e m9ute1 :5 oxyg5e ne>ly pure is respir$1 ?an :5 atmosph]ic air is respir$4 ,bo? ^! exp]im5ts 7 made 9 ! morn+1 at a "t :5 ,i 0 9 p]fect heal?2 s t !re c\ld be app>5tly no s\rce ( error f accid5tal circum/ances4 ,! uncommon & unexpect$ nature ( ! results1 made me h[ev]1 v sceptical conc]n+ !m2 & be=e ,i w\ld draw any inf]5ces1 ,i resolv$ to asc]ta9 ! comp>ative consumption ( atmosph]ic air & oxyg5e by ! small] quadrup$s1 = :i* purpose1 ,i made ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,e4 #c4 ,( two /rong & heal?y small mice1 app>5tly ( ! same bre$1 & exactly simil>4 ,"o 0 introduc$ into a j> conta9+ #aj cubic in*es & half ( oxyg5e1 & #c cubic in*es ( nitrog5e1 & made to re/ on a bit ( *eese4 ,! o!r 0 introduc$ into a j> conta9+ fifte5 cubic in*es & half ( atmosph]ic air1 & made to re/ 9 ! same mann] on *eese4 ,! m\se 9 oxyg5e began app>5tly to suff] 9 ab\t half an h\r1 & occasionally pant$ v mu*2 9 ab\t an h\r he lay d[n on 8 side z if dy+4 ,! j>s 7 (t5 agitat$1 t ! gases might be well m+l$4 ,! m\se 9 atmosph]ic air became v feeble 9 #dj m9utes1 & at ! end ( #ej m9utes 0 tak5 out ?r\gh ! m]cury alive1 b unable to /&4 ,! m\se 9 oxyg5e 0 tak5 out 9 ! same mann] aft] an h\r & qu>t]1 alive1 b motionless1 & brea?+ v deeply4 ,! gas 9 ! j>s 0 exam9$4 ,t 9 ! oxyg5e j> fill$ a space exactly equal to #ab1g cubic in*es1 & analis$1 0 f\nd to consi/ ( #a1g c>bonic acid1 #b1f ( nitrog5e1 & #h1d ( oxyg5e4 ,s t absolutely1 #b1a cubic in*es ( oxyg5e &1#d ( nitrog5e _h be5 consum$1 & #a1g ( c>bonic acid produc$4 ,! gas 9 ! atmosph]ic air j> 0 dim9i%$ ne>ly to #ad1d1 & consi/$ ( #b1a c>bonic acid1 #a1d oxyg5e2 & #aj1i nitrog5e4 ,s t #b1g ( oxyg5e &1#e ( nitrog5e1 _h be5 consum$ by ! m\se2 & #b1a ( c>bonic acid produc$4 ,h5ce x appe>s1 t ! m\se 9 atmosph]ic air consum$ ne>ly "o ?ird m oxyg5e & produc$ ne>ly "o f\r? m c>bonic acid 9 respiration 9 #ee m9utes1 ?an ! o!r 9 an h\r & qu>t] 9 oxyg5e4 ,& if we consid] ! p]petual dim9ution ( ! oxyg5e ( ! atmosph]ic air2 f :i* at la/ x became almo/ incapable ( support+ ! life ( ! animal2 we may conclude1 t ! quantity ( oxyg5e consum$ by x1 _h ! air be5 p]petually r5ovat$1 w\ld h be5 mu* m consid]able4 ,i design v %ortly1 to repeat ^! exp]im5ts1 & to make o!rs on ! comp>ative consumption ( oxyg5e & atmosph]ic air1 by ! l>g] quadrup$s4 ,:atev] may be ! results1 ,i hope to be able to asc]ta9 f !m1 :y pure oxyg5e is incapable ( support+ life4 ,,viii4 ,obs]vations on ! *anges effect$ 9 ! blood1 by atmosph]ic air & oxyg5e4 ,f ! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,cigna & ,dr4 ,prie/ley1#bjb x appe>s t ! coagulum ( ! v5\s blood becomes florid at its surface :5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 ?\gh cov]$ & def5d$ f ! imm$iate contact ( air by a v ?ick /ratum ( s]um4 #bjb ,dr4 ,prie/ley f\nd t x likewise became florid at ! surface :5 cov]$ by milk2 b t x und]w5t little or no alt]ation ( color "u wat] & mo/ o!r fluids4--,vol4 #c4 p4 #cgb4 ,h5ce x is evid5t1 t s]um is capable ( dissolv+ ei!r ! :ole comp\nd atmosph]ic air1 or ! oxyg5e ( x4 ,suppos+ :at inde$ is mo/ probable f num]\s analogies1 t x dissolves ! :ole comp\nd2 x w\ld foll[1 t ! color+ ( ! coagulum ( blood "u s]um1 dep5d$ ^u ! decomposition ( ! atmosph]ic air cond5s$ 9 ! s]um1 ! oxyg5e#bjc ( x comb9+ ) ! r$ p>ticles1 & ! nitrog5e ei!r rema9+ dissolv$ 9 ! fluid1 or be+ lib]at$ ?r\gh x into ! atmosph]e4 ,n[ ! circulat+ blood consi/s ( r$ p>ticles1 float+ 9 & diffus$ ?r\gh s]um & coagulable lymph4 #bjc ,!re are _m analog\s decompositions4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley notic$ 7& ,i h (t5 made ! obs]vation7 t gre5 oxide ( iron1 or ! precipitate f pale gre5 sulphate ( iron by cau/ic alkali1 became r$ at ! surface1 :5 cov]$ by a ?ick /ratum ( wat]4 ,9 my exp]im5ts on ! gre5 muriate & sulphate ( iron1 ,i obs]v$ t "p ( "s d>k oxide ( iron :i* 0 at ! bottom ( a tr\gh ( wat] #i in*es deep1 became r$ at ! surface ne>ly 9 ! same "t z ano!r portion ( ! same precipitation t 0 expos$ to ! atmosph]e4 ,?is oxyg5ation mu/ dep5d ^u ! decomposition ( atmosph]ic air con/antly dissolv$ by ! wat]4 ,9 natural respiration1 ! r$ p>ticles are r5d]$ ( a bright] t+e dur+ ! passage ( ! blood ?r\gh ! pulmon>y ve9s4 ,& z we h se5 9 ! la/ sections1 dur+ respiration atmosph]ic air is decompos$2 all ! oxyg5e ( x consum$1 app>5tly a small portion ( ! nitrog5e lo/1 & a consid]able quantity ( c>bonic acid produc$4 ,x seems !re=e reasonable to suppose1 t ! :ole comp\nd atmosph]ic air pass+ ?r\gh ! moi/ coats ( ! vessels is fir/ dissolv$ by ! s]um ( ! v5\s blood1 & 9 its cond5s$ /ate1 decompos$ by ! aff9ity ( ! r$ p>ticles = its oxyg5e2 ! great] "p ( ! nitrog5e be+ lib]at$ unalt]$2 b a m9ute portion ( x possibly rema9+ cond5s$ 9 ! s]um & coagulable lymph1 & pass+ ) !m into ! left *amb] ( ! he>t4 ,f ! exp]im5ts on ! respiration ( nitr\s oxide & hydrog5e1 x appe>s t a c]ta9 portion ( ! c>bonic acid produc$ 9 respiration1 is evolv$ f ! v5\s blood2 b z a mu* great] quantity is g5]at$ dur+ ! respiration ( common air & oxyg5e1 ?an dur+ t ( hydrog5e 9 equal times1 x is n impossible b t "s portion ( x may be =m$ by ! comb9ation ( *>coal 9 ! r$ p>ticles ) ! oxyg5e dissolv$ 9 ! s]um2 b ?is c only be det]m9$ by f>!r exp]im5ts4 ,suppos+ t no "p ( ! wat] evolv$ 9 solution by ! expir$ gas ( common air is =m$ imm$iately 9 respiration1 x w foll[ t a v consid]able quantity ( oxyg5e mu/ be con/antly comb9$ ) ! r$ p>ticles1 ev5 all[+ ! consumption ( a c]ta9 portion ( x to =m c>bonic acid2 = ! c>bonic acid evolv$1 r>ely am\nts to m ?an ?ree f\r?s ( ! volume ( ! oxyg5e consum$4 ,p]haps ! s]um ( ! blood is capable ( dissolv+ a l>g] quantity ( atmosph]ic air ?an ( pure oxyg5e4 ,on ?is supposition1 x w\ld be easy to expla9 ! small] consumption ( oxyg5e 9 ! exp]im5ts 9 ! la/ section4 ,,ix4 ,obs]vations on ! respiration ( ,nitr\s ,oxide4 ,! exp]im5ts 9 ! fir/ ,division ( ?is ,rese>*1 prove t nitr\s oxide :5 respir$ by animals1 produces peculi> *anges 9 _! blood & 9 _! organs1 fir/ connect$ ) increas$ liv+ action2 b t]m9at+ 9 dea?4 ,f ! exp]im5ts 9 ?is ,division1 x appe>s1 t nitr\s oxide is rapidly absorb$ by ! circulat+ v5\s blood1 & ( c\rse its cond5s$ oxyg5e & nitrog5e di/ribut$ 9 ! blood ov] ! :ole ( ! sy/em4 ,conc]n+ ! *anges effect$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( ! impregnat$ blood dur+ circulation & its action ^u ! n]v\s & muscul> fibre2 x is useless to reason 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k4 ,x w\ld be easy to =m !ories ref]r+ ! action ( blood impregnat$ ) nitr\s oxide1 to its p[] ( supply+ ! n]v\s & muscul> fibre ) su* proportions ( cond5s$ nitrog5e1 oxyg5e & light or e!rial fluid1 z enabl$ !m m rapidly to pass ?r\gh ^? *anges :i* con/itute _! life3 b su* !ories w\ld be only collections ( t]ms d]iv$ f kn[n phnom5a & appli$ by loose analogies ( language to unkn[n ?+s4 ,we are unacqua9t$ ) ! composition ( dead organis$ matt]2 & new in/rum5ts ( exp]im5t & new modes ( rese>* mu/ be f\nd1 be=e we c asc]ta9 ev5 our capabilities ( discov]+ ! laws ( life4 ,,rese>* ,,iv4 ,,relat+ ,,to ,,! ,,effects ,,produc$ ,,by ,,! ,,respiration ,,( ,,nitr\s ,,oxide4 ,,division ,i4 ,,hi/ory ( ! ,,discov]y4--,effects produc$ by ! ,,respiration ( diff]5t ,,gases4 ,a %ort "t aft] ,i began ! /udy ( ,*emi/ry1 9 ,m>* #agih1 my att5tion 0 direct$ to ! dephlogi/icat$ nitr\s gas ( ,prie/ley1 by ,dr4 ,mit*ill's ,!ory ( ,contagion4#bjd #bjd ,dr4 ,mit*ill attempt$ to prove f "s phnom5a connect$ ) contagi\s diseases1 t dephlogi/icat$ nitr\s gas :i* he call$ oxide ( septon1 0 ! pr9ciple ( contagion1 & capable ( produc+ ! mo/ t]rible effects :5 respir$ by animals 9 ! m9ute/ quantities or ev5 :5 appli$ to ! sk9 or muscul> fibre4 ,! fallacy ( ?is ,!ory 0 soon demon/rat$1 by a few co>se exp]im5ts made on small quantities ( ! gas procur$ f z9c & dilut$ nitr\s acid4 ,w\nds 7 expos$ to its action1 ! bodies ( animals 7 imm]s$ 9 x )\t injury2 & ,i brea!d x m+l$ 9 small quantities ) common air1 )\t rem>kable effects4 ,an inability to procure x 9 suffici5t quantities1 prev5t$ me at ?is "t1 f pursu+ ! exp]im5ts to any great] ext5t4 ,i communicat$ an acc\nt ( !m to ,dr4 ,b$does4 ,9 #agii1 my situation 9 ! ,m$ical ,pneumatic ,in/itution1 made x my duty to inve/igate ! physiological effects ( ! ari=m fluids1 ! prop]ties ( :i* pres5t$ a *ance ( useful ag5cy4 ,at ?is p]iod ,i recomm5c$ ! inve/igation4 ,a consid]able "t elaps$ be=e ,i 0 able to procure ! gas 9 a /ate ( purity1 & my fir/ exp]im5ts 7 made on ! mixtures ( nitr\s oxide1 nitrog5e & nitr\s gas1 :i* are produc$ dur+ metallic solutions4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*1 ,i prep>$ a l>ge quantity ( impure nitr\s oxide f ! nitr\s solution ( z9c4 ,( ?is ,i (t5 brea!d ! quantities ( a qu>t & two qu>ts g5]ally m+l$ ) m ?an equal p>ts ( oxyg5e or common air4 ,9 ! mo/ decisive ( ^? trials1 its effects appe>$ to be depress+1 & ,i imag9$ t x produc$ a t5d5cy to fa9t+3 ! pulse 0 c]ta9ly r5d]$ sl[] "u its op]ation4 ,at ?is "t1 ,mr4 ,s\!y respir$ x 9 an highly dilut$ /ate2 x occasion$ a slight degree ( gidd9ess1 & consid]ably dim9i%$ ! quickness ( 8 pulse4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,coates likewise respir$ x highly dilut$1 ) simil> effects4 ,9 ,april1 ,i obta9$ nitr\s oxide 9 a /ate ( purity1 & asc]ta9$ _m ( its *emical prop]ties4 ,reflections ^u ^! prop]ties & ^u ! =m] trials1 made me resolve to endeav\r to inspire x 9 its pure =m1 = ,i saw no o!r way 9 :i* its respirability1 or p[]s c\ld be det]m9$4#bje #bje ,i did n attempt to exp]im5t ^u animals1 because !y die ne>ly 9 equal times 9 non-respirable gases1 & gases incapable ( support+ life & possess$ ( no action on ! v5\s blood4 ,i 0 aw>e ( ! dang] ( ?is exp]im5t4 ,x c]ta9ly w\ld nev] h be5 made if ! hypo!sis ( ,dr4 ,mit*ill _h 9 ! lea/ influ5c$ my m9d4 ,i ?\ght t ! effects might be possibly depress+ & pa9ful1 b !re 7 _m reasons :i* induc$ me to believe t a s+le inspiration ( a gas app>5tly possess+ no imm$iate action on ! irritable fibre1 c\ld nei!r de/roy or mat]ially injure ! p[]s ( life4 ,on ,april #aa?1 ,i made ! fir/ inspiration ( pure nitr\s oxide2 x pass$ ?r\gh ! bron*ia )\t /imulat+ ! glottis1 & produc$ no uneasy feel+ 9 ! lungs4 ,! result ( ?is exp]im5t1 prov$ t ! gas 0 respirable1 & induc$ me to believe t a f>!r trial ( its effects might be made )\t dang]4 ,on ,april #af?1 ,dr4 ,k+lake be+ accid5tally pres5t1 ,i brea!d ?ree qu>ts ( nitr\s oxide f & into a silk bag = m ?an half a m9ute1 )\t previ\sly clos+ my nose or exhau/+ my lungs4 ,! fir/ inspirations occasion$ a slight degree ( gidd9ess4 ,?is 0 succe$$ by an uncommon s5se ( fulness ( ! head1 accompani$ ) loss ( di/9ct s5sation & volunt>y p[]1 a feel+ analog\s to t produc$ 9 ! fir/ /age ( intoxication2 b unatt5d$ by pleasurable s5sation4 ,dr4 ,k+lake1 :o felt my pulse1 in=m$ me t x 0 r5d]$ quick] & full]4 ,?is trial did n satisfy me ) reg>d to its p[]s2 comp>+ x ) ! =m] ones ,i 0 unable to det]m9e :e!r ! op]ation 0 /imulant or depress+4 ,i communicat$ ! result to ,dr4 ,b$does1 & on ,april ! #ag?1 he 0 pres5t1 :5 ! foll[+ exp]im5t 0 made4 ,hav+ previ\sly clos$ my no/rils & exhau/$ my lungs1 ,i brea!d f\r qu>ts ( nitr\s oxide f & into a silk bag4 ,! fir/ feel+s 7 simil> to ^? produc$ 9 ! la/ exp]im5t2 b 9 less ?an half a m9ute1 ! respiration be+ cont9u$1 !y dim9i%$ gradually1 & 7 succe$$ by a s5sation analog\s to g5tle pressure on all ! muscles1 att5d$ by an highly pleasurable ?rill+1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! *e/ & ! extremities4 ,! objects ar\nd me became dazzl+ & my he>+ m acute4 ,t[>ds ! la/ inspirations1 ! ?rill+ increas$1 ! s5se ( muscul> p[] became great]1 & at la/ an irresi/ible prop5sity to action 0 indulg$ 92 ,i recollect b indi/9ctly :at foll[$2 ,i "k t my motions 7 v>i\s & viol5t4 ,^! effects v soon ceas$ aft] respiration4 ,9 t5 m9utes1 ,i _h recov]$ my natural /ate ( m9d4 ,! ?rill+ 9 ! extremities1 cont9u$ long] ?an ! o!r s5sations4#bjf ,?is exp]im5t 0 made 9 ! morn+2 no languor or exhau/ion 0 consequ5t1 my feel+s ?r\gh\t ! day 7 z usual1 & ,i pass$ ! night 9 undi/urb$ repose4 #bjf ,dr4 ,b$does has giv5 "s acc\nt ( ?is exp]im5t1 9 8 ,notice ( "s obs]vations made at ! ,m$ical ,pneumatic ,in/itution4 ,x 0 notic$ 9 ,mr4 ,ni*olson's ,phil4 ,j\rnal = ,may #agii4 ,! next morn+ ! recollections ( ! effects ( ! gas 7 v indi/9ct1 & _h n rem>ks writt5 imm$iately aft] ! exp]im5t recall$ !m to my m9d1 ,i %\ld h ev5 d\bt$ ( _! reality4 ,i 0 will+ inde$ to attribute "s ( ! /rong emotion to ! en?usiasm1 :i* ,i suppos$ mu/ h be5 necess>ily connect$ ) ! p]ception ( agreeable feel+s1 :5 ,i 0 prep>$ to exp]i5ce pa9ful s5sations4 ,two exp]im5ts h[ev]1 made 9 ! c\rse ( ?is day1 ) sceptism1 conv9c$ me t ! effects 7 solely ow+ to ! specific op]ation ( ! gas4 ,9 ea* ( !m ,i brea!d five qu>ts ( nitr\s oxide = r a long] "t ?an be=e4 ,! s5sations produc$ 7 simil>1 p]haps n q s pleasurable2 ! muscul> motions 7 mu* less viol5t4 ,hav+ ?us asc]ta9$ ! p[]s ( ! gas1 ,i made _m exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ! l5g? ( "t = :i* x might be brea!d ) safety1 its effects on ! pulse1 & its g5]al effects on ! heal? :5 (t5 respir$4 ,i f\nd t ,i c\ld brea! n9e qu>ts ( nitr\s oxide = ?ree m9utes1 & twelve qu>ts = r m ?an f\r4 ,i c\ld nev] brea! x 9 any quantity1 s long z five m9utes4 ,:5ev] its op]ation 0 c>ri$ to ! highe/ ext5t1 ! pleasurable ?rill+ at its height ab\t ! middle ( ! exp]im5t1 gradually dim9i%$1 ! s5se ( pressure on ! muscles 0 lo/2 impressions ceas$ to be p]ceiv$2 vivid ideas pass$ rapidly ?r\gh ! m9d1 & volunt>y p[] 0 altoge!r de/roy$1 s t ! m\?-piece g5]ally dropt f my unclos$ lips4 ,:5ev] ! gas 0 9 a high /ate ( purity1 x ta/$ di/9ctly sweet to ! tongue & palate1 & _h an agreeable odor4 ,i (t5 ?\ght t x produc$ a feel+ some:at analog\s to ta/e1 9 its application to my lungs4 ,9 "o or two exp]im5ts1 ,i p]ceiv$ a di/9ct s5se ( w>m? 9 my *e/4 ,i nev] felt f x any ?+ l oppressive respiration3 my inspirations became deep 9 proportion z ,i brea!d x long]2 b ?is phnom5on arose f increas$ en]gy ( ! muscles ( respiration1 & f a desire ( increas+ ! pleasurable feel+s4 ,g5]ally :5 ,i brea!d f six to sev5 qu>ts1 muscul> motions 7 produc$ to a c]ta9 ext5t2 sometimes ,i manife/$ my pleasure by /amp+ or laugh+ only2 at o!r times1 by danc+ r\nd ! room & vocif]at+4 ,aft] ! respiration ( small doses1 ! exhil>ation g5]ally la/$ = five or six m9utes only4 ,9 "o or two exp]im5ts :5 t5 qu>ts _h be5 brea!d = ne> f\r m9utes1 an exhil>ation & a s5se ( slight intoxication la/$ = two or ?ree h\rs4 ,on ,may #c;d4 ,to asc]ta9 :e!r ! gas w\ld accel]ate or ret>d ! progress ( sleep1 ,i brea!d at ab\t #h o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 #be qu>ts ( nitr\s oxide1 9 quantities ( six at a "t1 all[+ b %ort int]vals betwe5 ea* dose4 ,! feel+s 7 mu* less pleasurable ?an usual1 & dur+ ! consumption ( ! two la/ doses1 almo/ indiff]5t2 inde$ ! gas 0 brea!d r too soon aft] its production & conta9$ "s susp5d$ acid vap\r :i* /imulat$ ! lungs s z to induce c\gh+4 ,aft] ! exp]im5ts1 = ! fir/ "t ,i 0 some:at depress$ & debilitat$2 my prop5sity to sleep h[ev]1 came on at ! usual h\r1 & z usual 0 indulg$ 91 my repose 0 s\nd & unbrok54 ,betwe5 ,may & ,july1 ,i habitually brea!d ! gas1 occasionally ?ree or f\r times a day = a week toge!r2 at o!r p]iods1 f\r or five times a week only4 ,! doses 7 g5]ally f six to n9e qu>ts2 _! effects appe>$ undim9i%$ by habit1 & 7 h>dly ev] exactly simil>4 ,sometimes ,i _h ! feel+s ( int5se intoxication1 att5d$ ) b little pleasure2 at o!r times1 sublime emotions connect$ ) highly vivid ideas2 my pulse 0 g5]ally increas$ 9 fulness1 b r>ely 9 velocity4 ,! g5]al effects ( its op]ation ^u my heal? & /ate ( m9d1 are extremely difficult ( description2 nor c ,i well discrim9ate betwe5 its ag5cy & t ( o!r physical & moral causes4 ,i slept mu* less ?an usual1 & previ\s to sleep1 my m9d 0 long occupi$ by visible imag]y4 ,i _h a con/ant desire ( action1 a re/lessness1 & an uneasy feel+ ab\t ! prcordia analog\s to ! sickness ( hope4 ,b p]haps ^! phnom5a 9 "s measure dep5d$ on ! int]e/ & lab\r connect$ ) ! exp]im5tal inve/igation relat+ to ! production ( nitr\s oxide1 by :i* ,i 0 at ?is "t incessantly occupi$4 ,my appetite 0 z usual1 & my pulse n mat]ially alt]$4 ,sometimes = an h\r aft] ! inspiration ( ! gas1 ,i exp]i5c$ a species ( m5tal indol5ce#bjg pleas+ r ?an o!rwise1 & nev] end+ 9 li/lessness4 #bjg ,mild physical pleasure is p]haps always de/ructive to action4 ,almo/ all our p[]ful volunt>y actions1 arise ei!r f hope1 fe>1 or desire2 & ! mo/ p[]ful f desire1 :i* is an emotion produc$ by ! coalesc5ce ( hope or ideal pleasure ) physical pa94 ,dur+ ! la/ week 9 :i* ,i brea!d x uni=mly1 ,i imag9$ t ,i _h increas$ s5sibility ( t\*3 my f+]s 7 pa9$ by any ?+ r\gh1 & ! too? edge produc$ f slight] causes ?an usual4 ,i 0 c]ta9ly m irritable1 & felt m acutely f trifl+ circum/ances4 ,my bodily /r5g? 0 r dim9i%$ ?an increas$4 ,at ! end ( ,july1 ,i left (f my habitual c\rse ( respiration2 b ,i cont9u$ occasionally to brea! ! gas1 ei!r = ! sake ( enjoym5t1 or ) a view ( asc]ta9+ its op]ation "u p>ticul> circum/ances4 ,9 "o in/ance1 :5 ,i _h head-a*e f indige/ion1 x 0 imm$iately remov$ by ! effects ( a l>ge dose ( gas2 ?\gh x aft]w>ds return$1 b ) mu* less viol5ce4 ,9 a second in/ance1 a slight] degree ( head-a*e 0 :olly remov$ by two doses ( gas4 ,! p[] ( ! imm$iate op]ation ( ! gas 9 remov+ int5se physical pa91 ,i _h a v good opportunity ( asc]ta9+4 ,9 cutt+ "o ( ! unlucky tee? call$ d5tes sapi5ti1 ,i exp]i5c$ an ext5sive inflammation ( ! gum1 accompani$ ) great pa91 :i* equally de/roy$ ! p[] ( repose1 & ( consi/5t action4 ,on ! day :5 ! inflammation 0 mo/ tr\blesome1 ,i brea!d ?ree l>ge doses ( nitr\s oxide4 ,! pa9 always dim9i%$ aft] ! fir/ f\r or five inspirations2 ! ?rill+ came on z usual1 & uneas9ess 0 = a few m9utes1 swall[$ up 9 pleasure4 ,z ! =m] /ate ( m9d h[ev] return$1 ! /ate ( organ return$ ) x2 & ,i once imag9$ t ! pa9 0 m sev]e aft] ! exp]im5t ?an be=e4 ,9 ,augu/1 ,i made _m exp]im5ts ) a view ( asc]ta9+ :e!r any analogy exi/$ betwe5 ! s5sible effects ( ! diff]5t gases :i* are soon] or lat] fatal to life :5 respir$1 & ^? ( nitr\s oxide4 ,i respir$ f\r qu>ts ( ,hydrog5e#bjh ne>ly pure produc$ f z9c & muriatic acid1 = ne> a m9ute1 my lungs be+ previ\sly exhau/$ & my no/rils c>efully clos$4 ,! fir/ six or sev5 inspirations produc$ no s5sations :atev]2 9 half a m9ute1 ,i p]ceiv$ a disagreeable oppression ( ! *e/1 :i* oblig$ me to respire v quickly2 ?is oppression gradually increas$1 till at la/ ! pa9 ( suffocation compell$ me to leave (f brea?+4 ,i felt no gidd9ess dur+ or aft] ! exp]im5t2 my pulse 0 r5d]$ feebl] & quick]2 & a by-/&] in=m$ me t t[>ds ! la/1 my *eeks became purple4 #bjh ,pure hydrog5e has be5 (t5 respir$ by diff]5t ,philosoph]s1 p>ticul>ly by ,s*eele1 ,fontana1 & ! adv5tur\s & un=tunate ,rosi]4 ,9 a second exp]im5t1 :5 ! hydrog5e 0 procur$ f iron & dilut$ sulphuric acid1 ,i 0 unable to respire x = s long z ?ree qu>t]s ( a m9ute2 a transi5t gidd9ess & muscul> debility 7 produc$1 ! pulse 0 r5d]$ v feeble1 & ! pa9 ( suffocation 0 great] ?an be=e4 ,i brea!d ?ree qu>ts ( ,nitrog5e m+l$ ) a v small portion ( c>bonic acid1 = ne> a m9ute4 ,x produc$ no alt]ation 9 my s5sations = ! fir/ tw5ty seconds2 !n ! pa9ful s5se ( suffocation gradually came on1 & increas$ rapidly 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! m9ute1 s z to oblige me to desi/ f ! exp]im5t4 ,my pulse 0 r5d]$ feebl] & quick]4 ,i felt no affection :atev] 9 ! head4 ,mr4 ,watt's obs]vations on ! respiration ( dilut$ ,hydroc>bonate by m51 & ,dr4 ,b$does's exp]im5ts on ! de/ruction ( animals by pure hydroc>bonate1 prov$ t its effects 7 highly delet]i\s4 ,z x de/roy$ life app>5tly by r5d]+ ! muscul> fibre inirritable )\t produc+ any previ\s excitem5t1 ,i 0 anxi\s to comp>e its s5sible effects ) ^? ( nitr\s oxide1 :i* at ?is "t ,i believ$ to de/roy life by produc+ ! highe/ possible excitem5t1 end+ 9 lsion ( organisation4 ,9 ! fir/ exp]im5t1 ,i brea!d = ne> a m9ute1 ?ree qu>ts ( hydroc>bonate m+l$ ) ne>ly two qu>ts ( atmosph]ic air4#bji ,x produc$ a slight gidd9ess & pa9 9 ! head1 & a mom5t>y loss ( volunt>y p[]3 my pulse 0 r5d]$ mu* quick] & feebl]4 ,^! effects h[ev]1 w5t (f 9 five m9utes1 & ,i _h no return ( gidd9ess4 #bji ,i believe x _h nev] be5 brea!d be=e by any individual1 9 a /ate s little dilut$4 ,embold5$ by ?is trial1 9 :i* ! feel+s 7 n unlike ^? ,i exp]i5c$ 9 ! fir/ exp]im5ts on nitr\s oxide1 ,i resolv$ to brea! pure hydroc>bonate4 ,= ?is purpose1 ,i introduc$ into a silk bag1 f\r qu>ts ( gas ne>ly pure1 :i* 0 c>efully produc$ f ! decomposition ( wat] by *>coal an h\r be=e1 & :i* _h a v /rong & disagreeable smell4 ,my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,james ,tob91 ,junr4 be+ pres5t1 aft] a =c$ exhau/ion ( my lungs1 ! nose be+ accurately clos$1 ,i made ?ree inspirations & expirations ( ! hydroc>bonate4 ,! fir/ inspiration produc$ a sort ( numbness & loss ( feel+ 9 ! *e/ & ab\t ! pectoral muscles4 ,aft] ! second inspiration1 ,i lo/ all p[] ( p]ceiv+ ext]nal ?+s1 & _h no di/9ct s5sation except a t]rible oppression on ! *e/4 ,dur+ ! ?ird expiration1 ?is feel+ disappe>$1 ,i seem$ s9k+ into annihilation1 & _h j p[] en\gh to drop ! m\?-piece f my unclos$ lips4 ,a %ort int]val mu/ h pass$ dur+ :i* ,i respir$ common air1 be=e ! objects ab\t me 7 di/+ui%able4 ,on recollect+ myself1 ,i fa9tly articulat$1 8,i d n ?9k ,i %all die40 ,putt+ my f+] on ! wri/1 ,i f\nd my pulse ?read-l & beat+ ) excessive quickness4 ,9 less ?an a m9ute1 ,i 0 able to walk1 & ! pa9ful oppression on ! *e/ direct$ me to ! op5 air4 ,aft] mak+ a few /eps :i* c>ri$ me to ! g>d51 my head became giddy1 my knees trembl$1 & ,i _h j suffici5t volunt>y p[] to ?r[ myself on ! grass4 ,"h ! pa9ful feel+ ( ! *e/ increas$ ) su* viol5ce z to ?reat5 suffocation4 ,at ?is mom5t1 ,i ask$ = "s nitr\s oxide4 ,mr4 ,dwy] br\ght me a mixture ( oxyg5e & nitr\s oxide4 ,i brea!d ?is = a m9ute1 & believ$ myself reliev$4 ,9 five m9utes1 ! pa9ful feel+s began gradually to dim9i%4 ,9 an h\r !y _h ne>ly disappe>$1 & ,i felt only excessive weakness & a slight swimm+ ( ! head4 ,my voice 0 v feeble & indi/9ct4 ,?is 0 at two o'clock 9 ! aft]noon4 ,i aft]w>ds walk$ sl[ly = ab\t half an h\r1 ) ,mr4 ,tob91 ,junr4 & on my return1 0 s mu* /rong] & bett]1 z to believe t ! effects ( ! gas _h disappe>$2 ?\gh my pulse 0 #abj & v feeble4 ,i cont9u$ )\t pa9 = ne> ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r2 :5 ! gidd9ess return$ ) su* viol5ce z to oblige me to lie on ! b$2 x 0 accompani$ ) nausea1 loss ( memory1 & defici5t s5sation4 ,9 ab\t an h\r & half1 ! gidd9ess w5t (f1 & 0 succe$$ by an excruciat+ pa9 9 ! =ehead & betwe5 ! eyes1 ) transi5t pa9s 9 ! *e/ & extremities4 ,t[>ds night ^! affections gradually dim9i%$4 ,at t51#baj no disagreeable feel+ except weakness rema9$4 ,i slept s\nd1 & awoke 9 ! morn+ v feeble & v hungry4 ,no recurr5ce ( ! symptoms took place1 & ,i _h ne>ly recov]$ my /r5g? by ! ev5+4 ,i h be5 m9ute 9 ! acc\nt ( ?is exp]im5t because x proves1 t hydroc>bonate acts z a s$ative1 i4 e4 t x produces dim9ution ( vital action1 & debility1 )\t previ\sly excit+4 ,!re is e reason to believe1 t if ,i _h tak5 f\r or five inspirations in/ead ( ?ree1 !y w\ld h de/roy$ life imm$iately )\t produc+ any pa9ful s5sation4 ,p]haps mo/ ( ! uneasy feel+s aft] ! exp]im5t1 7 connect$ ) ! return ( ! heal?y condition ( organs4#baa #baj ,i ought to obs]ve1 t betwe5 eight & t51 ,i took by ! advice ( ,dr4 ,b$does1 two or ?ree doses ( dilut$ nitric acid4 #baa ,by :atev] cause ! exhau/ion ( organs is produc$1 pa9 is almo/ uni=mly connect$ ) _! return+ heal?4 ,pa9 is r>ely ev] p]ceiv$ 9 limbs debilitat$ by fatigue till aft] !y h be5 = "s h\rs at re/4 ,pa9 is uni=mly connect$ ) ! recov]y f ! debility induc$ by typhus1 (t5 ) ! recov]y f t produc$ by ! /imulation ( opium & alcohol4 ,ab\t a week aft] ?is exp]im5t1 ,i attempt$ to respire ,c>bonic acid1 n be+ at ! "t acqua9t$ ) ! exp]im5ts ( ,rosi]4 ,i introduc$ into a silk bag f\r qu>ts ( well wa%$ c>bonic acid produc$ f c>bonate ( ammoniac#bab by heat1 & aft] a compleat volunt>y exhau/ion ( my lungs1 attempt$ to inspire x4 ,x ta/$ /rongly acid 9 ! m\? & fauces1 & produc$ a s5se ( burn+ at ! top ( ! uvula4 ,9 va9 ,i made p[]ful volunt>y ef=ts to draw x into ! w9dpipe2 at ! mom5t t ! epiglottis 0 rais$ a little1 a pa9ful /imulation 0 induc$1 s z to close x spasmodically on ! glottis2 & ?us 9 repeat$ trials ,i 0 prev5t$ f tak+ a s+le p>ticle ( c>bonic acid into my lungs4 #bab ,c>bonic acid is produc$ 9 ?is way 9 a high /ate ( purity1 & ) great read9ess4 ,i tri$ to brea! a mixture ( two qu>ts ( common air & ?ree ( c>bonic acid1 )\t success2 x /imulat$ ! epiglottis ne>ly 9 ! same mann] z pure c>bonic acid1 & 0 p]fectly non-respirable4 ,i f\nd t a mixture ( ?ree qu>ts ( c>bonic acid ) sev5 ( common air 0 respirable1 ,i brea!d x = ne> a m9ute4 ,at ! "t1 x produc$ a slight degree ( gidd9ess1 & an incl9ation to sleep4 ,^! effects h[ev]1 v rapidly disappe>$ aft] ,i _h ceas$ to brea!1#bac & no o!r affections foll[$4 #bac ,c>bonic acid possesses no action on art]ial blood4 ,h5ce p]haps1 its slight effects :5 brea!d m+l$ ) l>ge quantities ( common air4 ,its effects are v m>k$ ^u v5\s blood6 ,if x 7 ?r[n =cibly into ! lungs ( animals1 ! mom5t>y application ( x to ! pulmon>y v5\s blood w\ld probably de/roy life4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( exp]im5ts on nitr\s oxide1 ,i sev]al times brea!d ,oxyg5e procur$ f manganese by heat1 = f ?ree to five m9utes4 ,9 respir+ eight or t5 qu>ts2 = ! fir/ two or ?ree m9utes ,i c\ld p]ceive no effects4 ,t[>ds ! end1 ev5 :5 ,i brea!d v sl[ly1 my respiration became oppress$1 & ,i felt a s5sation analog\s to t produc$ by ! want ( fre% air2 ?\gh b little ( ! oxyg5e _h be5 consum$4 ,9 "o exp]im5t :5 ,i brea!d f & into a bag conta9+ #bj qu>ts ( oxyg5e = ne> six m9utes2 ,dr4 ,k+lake felt my pulse1 & f\nd x n alt]$ 9 velocity1 b r h>d] ?an be=e4 ,i p]ceiv$ no effects b ^? ( oppression on ! *e/#bad4 #bad ,9 a conv]sation ) ,mr4 ,watt1 relat+ to ! p[]s ( gases1 t excell5t philosoph] told me he _h = "s "t ent]ta9$ a suspicion1 t ! effects attribut$ to oxyg5e produc$ f manganese by heat1 9 "s measure dep5d$ ^u nitr\s acid susp5d$ 9 ! gas1 =m$ dur+ ignition by ! union ( "s ( ! oxyg5e ( ! manganese ) nitrog5e likewise cond5s$ 9 x4 ,9 ! c\rse ( exp]im5ts on nitr\s acid1 detail$ 9 ,rese>* ,i4 made 9 ,septemb]1 ,octob]1 & ,decemb]1 #agii1 ,i sev]al times exp]i5c$ a sev]e oppression on ! *e/ & difficulty ( respiration1 n unanalog\s to t produc$ by oxyg5e1 b mu* m viol5t1 f brea?+ an atmosph]e load$ ) nitr\s acid vap\r4 ,?is fact seem$ to confirm ,mr4 ,watt's suspicion4 ,i confess1 h[ev]1 t ,i h nev] be5 able to detect any smell ( nitr\s acid1 ei!r by means ( my own organs or ^? ( o!rs1 dur+ ! production ( oxyg5e2 :5 ! gas is suff]$ to pass into ! atmosph]e4 ,! oxyg5e brea!d 9 ! exp]im5ts detail$ 9 ! text1 _h be5 = "s days 9 contact ) wat]4 ,hav+ obs]v$ 9 my exp]im5ts ^u v5\s blood1 t ,nitr\s gas r5d]$ t fluid ( a purple t+e1 v l ! color g5]at$ 9 x by nitr\s oxide2 & f9d+ no pa9ful effects produc$ by ! application ( nitr\s gas to ! b>e muscul> fibre1 ,i began to imag9e t ?is gas might be brea!d ) impunity1 provid$ x 7 possible 9 any way to free ! lungs ( common air be=e inspiration1 s z to prev5t ! =mation ( nitr\s acid4 ,on ?is supposition1 dur+ a fit ( en?usiasm produc$ by ! respiration ( nitr\s oxide1 ,i resolv$ to endeav\r to brea! ,nitr\s gas4 #aad cubic in*es ( nitr\s gas 7 introduc$ into ! l>ge m]curial airhold]2 two small silk bags ( ! capacity ( sev5 qu>ts 7 fill$ ) nitr\s oxide4 ,aft] a =c$ exhau/ion ( my lungs1 my nose be+ accurately clos$1 ,i made ?ree inspirations & expirations ( nitr\s oxide 9 "o ( ! bags1 to free my lungs z mu* z possible f atmosph]ic oxyg5e2 !n1 aft] a full expiration ( ! nitr\s oxide1 ,i transf]r$ my m\? f ! m\?-piece ( ! bag to t ( ! airhold]1 & turn+ ! /op-cock1 attempt$ to inspire ! nitr\s gas4--,9 pass+ ?r\gh my m\? & fauces1 x ta/$ a/r+5t & highly disagreeable2 x occasion$ a s5se ( burn+ 9 ! ?roat1 & produc$ a spasm ( ! epiglottis s pa9ful z to oblige me to desi/ in/antly f attempts to inspire x4 ,aft] mov+ my lips f ! m\?-piece1 :5 ,i op5$ !m to inspire common air1 ari=m nitr\s acid 0 in/antly =m$ 9 my m\?1 :i* burnt ! tongue & palate1 injur$ ! tee?1 & produc$ an inflammation ( ! muc\s membrane :i* la/$ = "s h\rs4 ,z aft] ! respiration ( nitr\s oxide 9 ! exp]im5ts 9 ! la/ ,rese>*1 a small portion ( ! residual atmosph]ic air rema9$ 9 ! lungs1 m+l$ ) ! gas1 aft] =c$ expiration2 x is mo/ probable t a m9ute portion ( nitr\s acid 0 =m$ 9 ?is exp]im5t1 :5 ! nitr\s gas 0 tak5 into ! m\? & fauces1 :i* might produce its /imulat+ prop]ties4 ,if s1 p]haps ,i owe my life to ! circum/ance2 = suppos+ ,i _h tak5 an inspiration ( nitr\s gas1 & ev5 t x _h produc$ no positive effects1 x is highly improbable1 t by brea?+ nitr\s oxide1 ,i %\ld h fre$ my lungs f x1 s z to h prev5t$ ! =mation ( nitr\s acid :5 ,i aga9 inspir$ common air4 ,i nev] design aga9 to attempt s ra% an exp]im5t4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb] ,i (t5 respir$ nitr\s oxide m+l$ ) diff]5t proportions ( common air or oxyg5e4 ,! effects produc$ by ! dilut$ gas 7 mu* less viol5t ?an ^? produc$ by pure nitr\s oxide4 ,!y 7 g5]ally pleasant3 ! ?rill+ 0 n (t5 p]ceiv$1 b a s5se ( exhil>ation 0 almo/ con/ant4 ,betwe5 ,septemb] & ! end ( ,octob]1 ,i made b few exp]im5ts on respiration1 almo/ ! :ole ( my "t be+ devot$ to *emical exp]im5ts on ! production & analysis ( nitr\s oxide4 ,at ?is p]iod my heal? be+ some:at injur$ by ! con/ant lab\r ( exp]im5t+1 & ! p]petual inhalation ( ! acid vap\rs ( ! laboratory1 ,i w5t into ,cornwall2 :]e new associations ( ideas & feel+s1 common ex]cise1 a pure atmosph]e1 luxuri\s diet & mod]ate indulg5ce 9 w9e1 9 a mon? re/or$ me to heal? & vigor4 ,nov4 #bg?4 ,imm$iately aft] my return1 be+ fatigu$ by a long j\rney1 ,i respir$ n9e qu>ts ( nitr\s oxide1 hav+ be5 precisely ?irty-?ree days )\t brea?+ any4 ,! feel+s 7 diff]5t f ^? ,i _h exp]i5c$ 9 =m] exp]im5ts4 ,aft] ! fir/ six or sev5 inspirations1 ,i gradually began to lose ! p]ception ( ext]nal ?+s1 & a vivid & int5se recollection ( "s =m] exp]im5ts pass$ ?r\gh my m9d1 s t ,i call$ out 8:at an amaz+ concat5ation ( ideas60 ,i _h no pleasurable feel+ :atev]1 ,i us$ no muscul> motion1 nor did ,i feel any disposition to x2 aft] a m9ute1 :5 ,i made ! note ( ! exp]im5t1 all ! uncommon s5sations _h vani%$2 !y 7 succe$$ by a slight sor5ess 9 "o ( ! arms & 9 ! leg3 9 ?ree m9utes ^! affections likewise disappe>$4 ,f ?is exp]im5t ,i 0 incl9$ to suppose t my newly acquir$ heal? _h dim9i%$ my susceptibility to ! effects ( ! gas4 ,ab\t t5 days aft]1 h[ev]1 ,i _h an opportunity ( prov+ ! fallacy ( ?is supposition4 ,imm$iately aft] a j\rney ( #abf miles1 9 :i* ,i _h no sleep ! prec$+ night1 be+ mu* exhau/$1 ,i respir$ sev5 qu>ts ( gas = ne> ?ree m9utes4 ,x produc$ ! usual pleasurable effects1 & slight muscul> motion4 ,i cont9u$ exhil>at$ = "s m9utes aft]w>ds3 b 9 half an h\r f\nd myself nei!r m or less exhau/$ ?an be=e ! exp]im5t4 ,i _h a great prop5sity to sleep4 ,i repeat$ ! exp]im5t f\r or five times 9 ! foll[+ week1 ) simil> effects4 ,my susceptibility 0 c]ta9ly n dim9i%$4 ,i ev5 ?\ght t ,i 0 m affect$ ?an =m]ly by equal doses4 ,?\gh1 except 9 "o in/ance1 :5 inde$ ! gas 0 impure1 ,i _h exp]i5c$ no decisive exhau/ion aft] ! excitem5t f nitr\s oxide1 yet /ill ,i 0 f> f be+ satisfi$ t x 0 unanalog\s to /imulants 9 g5]al4--,no exp]im5t _h be5 made 9 :i* ! excitem5t f nitr\s oxide _h be5 kept up = s great a l5g? ( "t & c>ri$ to s great an ext5t z t 9 :i* x is uni=mly succe$$ by excessive debility "u ! ag5cy ( o!r p[]s4 ,x occurr$ to me1 t suppos+ nitr\s oxide to be a /imulant ( ! common class1 x w\ld foll[ t ! debility produc$ 9 consequ5ce ( excessive /imulation by a kn[n ag5t1 ought to be increas$ aft] excitem5t f nitr\s oxide4#bae #bae ,9 ! same mann] z ! debility f intoxication by two bottles ( w9e is increas$ by a ?ird4 ,to asc]ta9 :e!r ?is 0 ! case1 ,i made on ,decemb] #bc;d1 at f\r ,p4 ,m4 ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,i drank a bottle ( w9e 9 l>ge draughts 9 less ?an eight m9utes4 ,:il/ ,i 0 dr9k+1 ,i p]ceiv$ a s5se ( fulness 9 ! head1 & ?robb+ ( ! art]ies1 n unanalog\s to t produc$ 9 ! fir/ /age ( nitr\s oxide excitem5t4 ,aft] ,i _h f9i%$ ! bottle1 ?is fulness increas$1 ! objects ar\nd me became dazzl+1 ! p[] ( di/9ct articulation 0 lo/1 & ,i 0 unable to walk /eadily4 ,at ?is mom5t ! s5sations 7 r pleasurable ?an o!rwise1 ! s5se ( fulness 9 ! head soon h[ev] increas$ s z to become pa9ful1 & 9 less ?an an h\r ,i sunk into a /ate ( ins5sibility4#baf #baf ,i ought to obs]ve t my usual dr9k is wat]1 t ,i _h be5 little accu/om$ to take w9e or spirits1 & _h nev] be5 compleatly intoxicat$ b once be=e 9 ! c\rse ( my life4 ,?is w acc\nt = ! p[]ful effects ( a s+le bottle ( w9e4 ,9 ?is situation ,i mu/ h rema9$ = two h\rs or two h\rs & half4 ,i 0 awak5$ by head-a*e & pa9ful nausea4 ,! nausea cont9u$ ev5 aft] ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* _h be5 eject$4 ,! pa9 9 ! head e m9ute increas$2 ,i 0 nei!r fev]i% or ?ir/y2 my bodily & m5tal debility 7 excessive1 & ! pulse feeble & quick4 ,9 ?is /ate ,i brea!d = ne> a m9ute & half five qu>ts ( gas1 :i* 0 br\ght to me by ! op]ator = nitr\s oxide2 b z x produc$ no s5sations :atev]1 & app>5tly r increas$ my debility1 ,i am almo/ conv9c$ t x 0 f "s accid5t1 ei!r common air1 or v impure nitr\s oxide4 ,imm$iately aft] ?is trial1 ,i respir$ #ab qu>ts ( oxyg5e = ne> f\r m9utes4 ,x produc$ no alt]ation 9 my s5sations at ! "t2 b imm$iately aft] ,i imag9$ t ,i 0 a little exhil>at$4 ,! head-a*e & debility /ill h[ev] cont9u+ ) viol5ce1 ,i exam9$ "s nitr\s oxide :i* _h be5 prep>$ 9 ! morn+1 & f9d+ x v pure1 respir$ sev5 qu>ts ( x = two m9utes & half4 ,i 0 unconsci\s ( head-a*e aft] ! ?ird inspiration2 ! usual pleasurable ?rill+ 0 produc$1 volunt>y p[] 0 de/roy$1 & vivid ideas rapidly pass$ ?r\gh my m9d2 ,i made /rides across ! room1 & cont9u$ = "s m9utes mu* exhil>at$4 ,imm$iately aft] ! exhil>ation _h disappe>$1 ,i felt a slight return ( ! head-a*e2 x 0 connect$ ) transi5t nausea4 ,aft] two m9utes1 :5 a small quantity ( acidifi$ w9e _h be5 ?r[n f ! /oma*1 bo? ! nausea & head-a*e disappe>$2 b languor & depression n v diff]5t 9 degree f ^? exi/+ be=e ! exp]im5t1 succe$$4 ,!y h[ev]1 gradually w5t (f be=e b$ "t4 ,i slept s\nd ! :ole ( ! night except = a few m9utes1 dur+ :i* ,i 0 kept awake by a trifl+ head-a*e4 ,9 ! morn+1 ,i _h no long] any debility4 ,no head-a*e or gidd9ess came on aft] ,i _h aris51 & my appetite 0 v great4 ,?is exp]im5t prov$1 t debility f intoxication 0 n increas$ by excitem5t f nitr\s oxide4 ,! head-a*e & depression1 x is probable1 w\ld h cont9u$ long] if x _h n be5 adm9i/]$4 ,is x n likely t ! slight nausea foll[+ ! effects ( ! gas 0 produc$ by new excitability giv5 to ! /oma*8 ,to asc]ta9 ) c]ta9ty1 :e!r ! mo/ ext5sive action ( nitr\s oxide compatible ) life1 0 capable ( produc+ debility1 ,i resolv$ to brea! ! gas = su* a "t & 9 su* quantities1 z to produce excitem5t equal 9 duration & sup]ior 9 int5sity to t occasion$ by high intoxication f opium or alcohol4 ,to habituate myself to ! excitem5t1 & to c>ry x on gradually4 ,on ,decemb] #bf?1 ,i 0 inclos$ 9 an air-tight brea?+-box1#bag ( ! capacity ( ab\t #i cubic feet & half1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,dr4 ,k+lake4 ,aft] ,i _h tak5 a situation 9 :i* ,i c\ld by means ( a curv$ !rmomet] ins]t$ "u ! arm1 & a /op-wat*1 asc]ta9 ! alt]ations 9 my pulse & animal heat1 #bj qu>ts ( nitr\s oxide 7 ?r[n into ! box4 ,= ?ree m9utes ,i exp]i5c$ no alt]ation 9 my s5sations1 ?\gh imm$iately aft] ! introduction ( ! nitr\s oxide ! smell & ta/e ( x 7 v evid5t4#bah #bag ,! plan ( ?is box 0 communicat$ by ,mr4 ,watt4 ,an acc\nt ( x w be detail$ 9 ! ,rese>*es4 #bah ,! nitr\s oxide 0 too dilut$ to act mu*2 x 0 m+l$ ) ne> #cb times its bulk ( atmosph]ic air4 ,9 f\r m9utes ,i began to feel a slight gl[ 9 ! *eeks1 & a g5]ally diffus$ w>m? ov] ! *e/1 ?\gh ! temp]ature ( ! box 0 n q #ej4 ,i _h neglect$ to feel my pulse be=e ,i w5t 92 at ?is "t x 0 #ajd & h>d1 ! animal heat 0 #ih4 ,9 t5 m9utes ! animal heat 0 ne> #ii1 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r #ii4e1 :5 ! pulse 0 #ajb1 & full] ?an be=e4 ,at ?is p]iod #bj qu>ts m ( nitr\s oxide 7 ?r[n into ! box1 & well-m+l$ ) ! mass ( air by agitation4 ,9 #be m9utes ! animal heat 0 #ajj1 pulse #abd4 ,9 #cj m9utes1 #bj qu>ts m ( gas 7 introduc$4 ,my s5sations 7 n[ pleasant2 ,i _h a g5]ally diffus$ w>m? )\t ! slighte/ moi/ure ( ! sk91 a s5se ( exhil>ation simil> to t produc$ by a small dose ( w9e1 & a disposition to muscul> motion & to m]rim5t4 ,9 ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r ! pulse 0 #ajd1 & animal heat n #ii1e1 ! temp]ature ( ! *amb] 0 #fd4 ,! pleasurable feel+s cont9u$ to increase1 ! pulse became full] & sl[]1 till 9 ab\t an h\r x 0 #hh1 :5 ! animal heat 0 #ii4 #bj qu>ts m ( air 7 admitt$4 ,i _h n[ a great disposition to laugh1 lum9\s po9ts seem$ frequ5tly to pass be=e my eyes1 my he>+ 0 c]ta9ly m acute & ,i felt a pleasant lightness & p[] ( ex]tion 9 my muscles4 ,9 a %ort "t ! symptoms became /ation>y2 brea?+ 0 r oppress$1 & on acc\nt ( ! great desire ( action1 re/ 0 pa9ful4 ,i n[ came out ( ! box1 hav+ be5 9 precisely an h\r & qu>t]4 ,! mom5t aft]1 ,i began to respire #bj qu>ts ( unm+l$ nitr\s oxide4 ,a ?rill+ ext5d+ f ! *e/ to ! extremities 0 almo/ imm$iately produc$4 ,i felt a s5se ( tangible ext5sion highly pleasurable 9 e limb2 my visible impressions 7 dazzl+ & app>5tly magnifi$1 ,i he>d di/9ctly e s\nd 9 ! room ( my situation4#bai ,by degrees z ! pleasurable & 0 p]fectly aw>e s5sations increas$1 ,i lo/ all connection ) ext]nal ?+s2 tra9s ( vivid visible images rapidly pass$ ?r\gh my m9d & 7 connect$ ) words 9 su* a mann]1 z to produce p]ceptions p]fectly novel4 ,i exi/$ 9 a _w ( newly connect$ & newly modifi$ ideas4 ,i !oris$2 ,i imag9$ t ,i made discov]ies4 ,:5 ,i 0 awak5$ f ?is semi-deliri\s trance by ,dr4 ,k+lake1 :o took ! bag f my m\?1 ,indignation & pride 7 ! fir/ feel+s produc$ by ! sight ( ! p]sons ab\t me4 ,my emotions 7 en?usia/ic & sublime2 & = a m9ute ,i walk$ r\nd ! room p]fectly reg>dless ( :at 0 said to me4 ,z ,i recov]$ my =m] /ate ( m9d1 ,i felt an incl9ation to communicate ! discov]ies ,i _h made dur+ ! exp]im5t4 ,i endeav\r$ to recall ! ideas1 !y 7 feeble & indi/9ct2 "o collection ( t]ms1 h[ev]1 pres5t$ itself3 & ) ! mo/ int5se belief & prophetic mann]1 ,i exclaim$ to ,dr4 ,k+lake1 8,no?+ exi/s b ?\ghts6--! univ]se is compos$ ( impressions1 ideas1 pleasures & pa9s60 #bai ,9 all ^! exp]im5ts aft] ! fir/ m9ute1 my *eeks became purple4 ,ab\t ?ree m9utes & half only1 _h elaps$ dur+ ?is exp]im5t1 ?\gh ! "t z measur$ by ! relative vividness ( ! recollect$ ideas1 appe>$ to me mu* long]4 ,n m ?an half ( ! nitr\s oxide 0 consum$4 ,aft] a m9ute1 be=e ! ?rill+ ( ! extremities _h disappe>$1 ,i brea!d ! rema9d]4 ,simil> s5sations 7 aga9 produc$2 ,i 0 quickly ?r[n into ! pleasurable trance1 & cont9u$ 9 x long] ?an be=e4 ,= _m m9utes aft] ! exp]im5t1 ,i exp]i5c$ ! ?rill+ 9 ! extremities1 ! exhil>ation cont9u$ ne>ly two h\rs4 ,= a mu* long] "t ,i exp]i5c$ ! mild enjoym5t be=e describ$ connect$ ) indol5ce2 no depression or feebl5ess foll[$4 ,i ate my d9n] ) great appetite & f\nd myself lively & dispos$ to action imm$iately aft]4 ,i pass$ ! ev5+ 9 execut+ exp]im5ts4 ,at night ,i f\nd myself unusually *e]ful & active2 & ! h\rs betwe5 elev5 & two1 7 sp5t 9 copy+ ! =ego+ detail f ! common-place book & 9 arrang+ ! exp]im5ts4 ,9 b$ ,i enjoy$ pr(\nd repose4 ,:5 ,i awoke 9 ! morn+1 x 0 ) consci\sness ( pleasurable exi/5ce1 & ?is consci\sness m or less1 cont9u$ ?r\gh ! day4 ,s9ce ,decemb]1 ,i h v (t5 brea!d nitr\s oxide4 ,my susceptibility to its p[] is r increas$ ?an dim9i%$4 ,i f9d six qu>ts a full dose1 & ,i am r>ely able to respire x 9 any quantity = m ?an two m9utes & half4 ,! mode ( its op]ation is some:at alt]$4 ,x is inde$ v diff]5t at diff]5t times4 ,i am sc>cely ev] excit$ into viol5t muscul> action1 ! emotions are g5]ally mu* less int5se & sublime ?an 9 ! =m] exp]im5ts1 & n (t5 connect$ ) ?rill+ 9 ! extremities4 ,:5 tr\bl$ ) indige/ion1 ,i h be5 two or ?ree times unpleasantly affect$ aft] ! excitem5t ( ! gas4 ,c>dialgia1 eructations & unpleasant fulness ( ! head 7 produc$4 ,i h (t5 felt v great pleasure :5 brea?+ x alone1 9 d>kness & sil5ce1 occupi$ only by ideal exi/5ce4 ,9 two or ?ree in/ances :5 ,i h brea!d x amid/ noise1 ! s5se ( he>+ has be5 pa9fully affect$ ev5 by mod]ate int5sity ( s\nd4 ,! light ( ! sun has sometimes be5 disagreeably dazzl+4 ,i h once or twice felt an uneasy s5se ( t5sion 9 ! *eeks & transi5t pa9s 9 ! tee?4 ,:5ev] ,i h brea!d ! gas aft] excitem5t f moral or physical causes1 ! delight has be5 (t5 int5se & sublime4 ,on ,may #e?1 at night1 aft] walk+ = an h\r amid/ ! sc5]y ( ! ,avon1 at ?is p]iod r5d]$ exquisitely beautiful by bright moon%9e2 my m9d be+ 9 a /ate ( agreeable feel+1 ,i respir$ six qu>ts ( newly prep>$ nitr\s oxide4 ,! ?rill+ 0 v rapidly produc$4 ,! objects ar\nd me 7 p]fectly di/9ct1 & ! light ( ! c&le n z usual dazzl+4 ,! pleasurable s5sation 0 at fir/ local & p]ceiv$ 9 ! lips & ab\t ! *eeks4 ,x gradually h[ev]1 diffus$ itself ov] ! :ole body1 & 9 ! middle ( ! exp]im5t 0 = a mom5t s int5se & pure z to absorb exi/5ce4 ,at ?is mom5t1 & n be=e1 ,i lo/ consci\sness2 x 0 h[ev]1 quickly re/or$1 & ,i endeav\r$ to make a by-/&] acqua9t$ ) ! pleasure ,i exp]i5c$ by laugh+ & /amp+4 ,i _h no vivid ideas4 ,! ?rill+ & ! pleasurable feel+ cont9u$ = _m m9utes2 ,i felt two h\rs aft]w>ds1 a slight recurr5ce ( !m1 9 ! int]m$iate /ate betwe5 sleep+ & wak+2 & ,i _h dur+ ! :ole ( ! night1 vivid & agreeable dreams4 ,i awoke 9 ! morn+ ) ! feel+ ( re/less en]gy1 or t desire ( action connect$ ) no def9ite object1 :i* ,i _h (t5 exp]i5c$ 9 ! c\rse ( exp]im5ts 9 #agii4 ,i h two or ?ree times s9ce respir$ nitr\s oxide "u simil> circum/ances2 b nev] ) equal pleasure4 ,dur+ ! la/ =tnight1 ,i h brea!d x v (t52 ! effects h be5 p[]ful & ! s5sations uncommon2 b pleasurable only 9 a slight degree4 ,i ought to h obs]v$ t a desire to brea! ! gas is always awak5$ 9 me by ! sight ( a p]son brea?+1 or ev5 by t ( an air-bag or an airhold]4 ,i h ?is day1 ,june #e?1 respir$ f\r l>ge doses ( gas4 ,! fir/ two tak5 9 ! morn+ act$ v p[]fully2 b produc$ no ?rill+ or o!r pleasurable feel+s4 ,! effects ( ! ?ird brea!d imm$iately aft] a he>ty d9n] 7 pleasant1 b nei!r int5se or intoxicat+4 ,! f\r? 0 respir$ at night 9 d>kness & sil5ce aft] ! occurr5ce ( a circum/ance :i* _h produc$ "s anxiety4 ,?is dose affect$ me p[]fully & pleasantly2 a slight ?rill+ 9 ! extremities 0 produc$2 an exhiliration cont9u$ = "s "t1 & ,i h _h b little return ( uneas9ess4 #aa ,p4 ,m4 ,f ! nature ( ! language ( feel+1 ! prec$+ detail conta9s _m imp]fections2 ,i h endeav\r$ to give z accurate an acc\nt z possible ( ! /range effects ( nitr\s oxide1 by mak+ use ( t]ms /&+ = ! mo/ simil> common feel+s4 ,we are incapable ( recollect+ pleasures & pa9s ( s5se4#bbj ,x is impossible to reason conc]n+ !m1 except by means ( t]ms :i* h be5 associat$ ) !m at ! mom5t ( _! exi/5ce1 & :i* are aft]w>ds call$ up amid/ tra9s ( concomitant ideas4 #bbj ,physical pleasure & pa9 g5]ally occur connect$ ) a comp\nd impression1 i4 e4 an organ & "s object4 ,:5 ! idea left by ! comp\nd impression1 is call$ up by be+ l9k$ accid5tally to "s o!r idea or impression1 no recurr5ce1 or ! slighte/ possible1 ( ! pleasure or pa9 9 any =m w take place4 ,b :5 ! comp\nd impression itself exi/s )\t ! physical pleasure or pa91 x w awak5 ideal or intellectual pleasure or pa91 i4 e4 hope or fe>4 ,s t physical pleasure & pa9 are to hope & fe>1 :at impressions are to ideas4 ,= in/ance1 assum+ no accid5tal association1 ! *ild does n fe> ! fire be=e he is burnt4 ,:5 he puts 8 f+] to ! fire he feels ! physical pa9 ( burn+1 :i* is connect$ ) a visible comp\nd impression1 ! fire & 8 f+]4 ,n[ :5 ! comp\nd idea ( ! fire & 8 f+]1 left by ! comp\nd impression are call$ up by 8 "m1 say+1 8,y h burnt y\r f+]10 no?+ l fe> or ! pa9 ( burn+ is connect$ ) x4 ,b :5 ! f+] is br\ght ne> ! fire1 i4 e4 :5 ! comp\nd impression aga9 exi/s1 ! ideal pa9 ( burn+ or ! passion ( fe> is awak5$1 & x becomes connect$ ) ^? v actions :i* remov$ ! f+] f ! fire4 ,:5 pleasures & pa9s are new or connect$ ) new ideas1 !y c nev] be intelligibly detail$ unless associat$ dur+ _! exi/5ce ) t]ms /&+ = analog\s feel+s4 ,i h sometimes exp]i5c$ f nitr\s oxide1 s5sations simil> to no o!rs1 & !y h consequ5tly be5 indescribable4 ,?is has be5 likewise (t5 ! case ) o!r p]sons4 ,( two p>alytic pati5ts :o 7 ask$ :at !y felt aft] brea?+ nitr\s oxide1 ! fir/ answ]$1 8,i d n "k h[1 b v que]40 ,! second said1 8,i felt l ! s\nd ( a h>p40 ,probably 9 ! "o case1 no analog\s feel+s _h ev] occurr$4 ,9 ! o!r1 ! pleasurable ?rill+s 7 simil> to ! s5sations produc$ by music2 & h5ce1 !y 7 connect$ ) t]ms =m]ly appli$ to music4 ,,division ,,ii4 ,,details ( ! ,,effects produc$ by ! ,,respiration ( ,,nitr\s ,,oxide ^u diff]5t ,,individuals furni%$ by ,,!mselves4 ,! exp]im5ts relat$ 9 ! foll[+ details1 7 made 9 ! ,m$ical ,pneumatic ,in/itution4 ,ab/racts f _m ( !m h be5 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,b$does4#bba #bba ,notice ( "s ,obs]vations made at ! ,m$ical ,pneumatic ,in/itution4 ,i4 ,detail ( ,,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,tob94 ,hav+ se5 ! rem>kable effects produc$ on ,mr4 ,davy1 by brea?+ nitr\s oxide1 ! #ah? ( ,april2 ,i became desir\s ( tak+ "s4 ,a day or two aft] ,i brea!d #b qu>ts ( ?is gas1 return+ x back aga9 into ! same bag1 aft] two or ?ree 9 inspirations1 brea?+ became difficult1 & ,i occasionally admitt$ common air into my lungs4 ,:ile ! respiration 0 cont9u$1 my s5sations became m pleasant4 ,on tak+ ! bag f my m\?1 ,i /agg]$ a little1 b felt no o!r effect4 ,on ! second "t ( mak+ ! exp]im5t1 ,i took ne>ly f\r qu>ts1 b /ill f\nd x difficult to cont9ue brea?+ long1 ?\gh ! air :i* 0 left 9 ! bag 0 f> f be+ impure4 ,! effects h[ev]1 9 ?is case1 7 m /rik+ ?an 9 ! =m]4 ,increas$ muscul> action 0 accompani$ by v pleasurable feel+s1 & a /rong desire to cont9ue ! inspiration4 ,on remov+ ! bag f my m\?1 ,i laugh$1 /agg]$1 & attempt$ to speak1 b /amm]$ exce$+ly1 & 0 utt]ly unable to pron\nce "s words4 ,my usual /ate ( m9d1 h[ev]1 soon return$4 ,on ! #bi?1 ,i aga9 brea!d f\r qu>ts4 ,! pleasant feel+s produc$ at fir/1 urg$ me to cont9ue ! inspiration ) great eag]ness4 ,^! feel+s h[ev]1 w5t (f t[>ds ! end ( ! exp]im5t1 & no o!r effects foll[$4 ,! gas _h probably be5 brea!d too long1 z x w\ld n support flame4 ,i !n propos$ to ,mr4 ,davy1 to inhale ! air by ! m\? f "o bag1 & to expire x f ! nose into ano!r4 ,?is me?od 0 pursu$ ) less ?an ?ree qu>ts1 b ! effects 7 s p[]ful z to oblige me to take 9 a little common air occasionally4 ,i soon f\nd my n]v\s sy/em agitat$ by ! highe/ s5sations ( pleasure1 :i* are difficult ( description2 my muscul> p[]s 7 v mu* increas$1 & ,i w5t on brea?+ ) great vehem5ce1 n f a difficulty ( inspiration1 b f an eag] avidity = m air4 ,:5 ! bags 7 exhau/$ & tak5 f me1 ,i cont9u$ brea?+ ) ! same viol5ce1 !n sudd5ly />t+ f ! *air1 & vocif]at+ ) pleasure1 ,i made t[>ds ^? t 7 pres5t1 z ,i wi%$ !y %\ld p>ticipate 9 my feel+s4 ,i /ruck g5tly at ,mr4 ,davy & a /rang] ent]+ ! room at ! mom5t1 ,i made t[>ds him1 & gave him sev]al bl[s1 b m 9 ! _s ( good hum\r ?an ( ang]4 ,i !n ran ?r\gh diff]5t rooms 9 ! h\se1 & at la/ return$ to ! laboratory some:at m compos$2 my spirits cont9u$ mu* elevat$ = "s h\rs aft] ! exp]im5t1 & ,i felt no consequ5t depression ei!r 9 ! ev5+ or ! day foll[+1 b slept z s\ndly z usual4 ,on ! #e? ( ,may1 ,i aga9 attempt$ to brea! nitr\s oxide1 b x happ5$ to conta9 susp5d$ nitr\s vap\r :i* r5d]$ x non-respirable4 ,on ! #g?1 ,i inspir$ #g qu>ts ( pure gas m+l$ ) an equal quantity ( common air1 ! s5sations 7 pleasant1 & my muscul> p[] mu* increas$4 ,on ! #h?1 ,i inspir$ five qu>ts )\t any mixture ( common air1 b ! effects 7 n equal to ^? produc$ ! day be=e2 ,inde$ !re 7 reasons = suppos+ t ! gas 0 impure4 ,on ! #ah?1 ,i brea!d ne>ly six qu>ts ( ! pure nitr\s oxide4 ,x is n easy to describe my s5sations2 !y 7 sup]ior to any ?+ ,i ev] be=e exp]i5c$4 ,my /ep 0 firm1 & all my muscul> p[]s increas$4 ,my s5ses 7 m alive to e surr\nd+ impression2 ,i ?rew myself into sev]al !atrical attitudes1 & trav]s$ ! laboratory ) a quick /ep2 my m9d 0 elevat$ to a mo/ sublime height4 ,x is giv+ b a fa9t idea ( ! feel+s to say1 t !y resembl$ ^? produc$ by a repres5tation ( an h]oic sc5e on ! /age1 or by read+ a sublime passage 9 poetry :5 circum/ances contribute to awak5 ! f9e/ sympa?ies ( ! s\l4 ,9 a few m9utes ! usual /ate ( m9d return$4 ,i cont9u$ 9 good spirits = ! re/ ( ! day1 & slept s\ndly4 ,s9ce ! #ah? ( ,may1 ,i h v (t5 brea!d nitr\s oxide4 ,9 ! fir/ exp]im5ts :5 pure1 its effects 7 g5]ally simil> to ^? j describ$4 ,lately ,i h seldom exp]i5c$ vivid s5sations4 ,! pleasure produc$ by x is slight & tranquil1 ,i r>ely feel sublime emotions or increas$ muscul> p[]4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,tob94 ,octob]1 #agii4 ,,ii4 ,detail ( ,,mr4 ,,wm4 ,,clayfield4 ,! fir/ "t t ,i brea!d ! nitr\s oxide1 x produc$ feel+s analog\s to ^? ( intoxication4 ,i 0 = "s "t unconsci\s ( exi/5ce1 b at no p]iod ( ! exp]im5t exp]i5c$ agreeable s5sations1 a mom5t>y nausea foll[$ x2 b unconnect$ ) languor or head-a*e4 ,aft] ?is ,i sev]al times respir$ ! gas1 b on acc\nt ( ! fulness 9 ! head & app>5t ?robb+ ( ! art]ies 9 ! bra91#bbb always desi/$ to brea! be=e ! full effects 7 produc$4 ,9 two exp]im5ts h[ev]1 :5 by p[]ful volunt>y ef=ts ,i succe$$ 9 brea?+ a l>ge quantity ( gas = "s m9utes1 ,i _h highly pleasurable ?rill+s 9 ! extremities1 & su* increase ( muscul> p[]1 z to be oblig$ to ex]t my limbs ) viol5ce4 ,aft] ^! exp]im5ts1 no languor or depression foll[$4 ,,william ,,clayfield4 #bbb ,9 "s ( ^! exp]im5ts1 he>+ 0 r5d]$ m acute4 ,,iii4 ,lett] f ,,dr4 ,,k+lake4 ,9 compliance ) y\r desire1 ,i w endeav\r to give y a fai?ful detail ( ! effects produc$ on my s5sations by ! inhalation ( nitr\s oxide4 ,my fir/ inspiration ( x 0 limit$ to f\r qu>ts1 dilut$ ) an equal quantity ( atmosph]ic air4 ,aft] a few inspirations1 a s5se ( additional fre$om & p[] 7call x en]gy if y please7 agreeably p]vad$ ! region ( ! lungs2 ?is 0 quickly succe$$ by an almo/ deliri\s b highly pleasurable s5sation 9 ! bra91 :i* 0 soon diffus$ ov] ! :ole frame1 imp>t+ to ! muscul> p[] at once an encreas$ disposition & tone = action2 b ! m5tal effect ( ! excitem5t 0 su* z to absorb 9 a sort ( intoxicat+ placidity1 & delight1 volition1 or r ! p[] ( volunt>y motion4 ,^! effects 7 9 a great] or less degree protract$ dur+ ab\t five m9utes1 :5 ! =m] /ate return$1 ) ! diff]5ce h[ev] ( feel+ m *e]ful & al]t1 = sev]al h\rs aft]4 ,x seem$ also to h _h ! fur!r effect ( reviv+ rheumatic irritations 9 ! %\ld] & knee-jo9ts1 :i* _h n be5 previ\sly felt = _m mon?s4 ,no p]ceptible *ange 0 induc$ 9 ! pulse ei!r at or subsequ5t to ! "t ( inhal+ ! gas4 ,! effects produc$ by a second trial ( its p[]s1 7 m ext5sive1 & conc5trat$ on ! bra94 ,9 ?is in/ance1 ne>ly six qu>ts undilut$1 7 accurately & fully inhal$4 ,z on ! =m] occasion1 x imm$iately prov$ agreeably respirable1 b be=e ! :ole quantity 0 q exhau/$1 its ag5cy 0 ex]t$ s /rongly on ! bra91 z progressively to susp5d ! s5ses ( see+1 he>+1 feel+1 & ultimately ! p[] ( volition itself4 ,at ?is p]iod1 ! pulse 0 mu* augm5t$ bo? 9 =ce & frequ5cy2 slight convulsive twit*es ( ! muscles ( ! arms 7 also induc$2 no pa9ful s5sation1 nausea1 or languor1 h[ev]1 ei!r prec$$1 accompani$1 or foll[$ ?is /ate1 nor did a m9ute elapse be=e ! bra9 ralli$1 & resum$ its wont$ faculties1 :5 a s5se ( gl[+ w>m? ext5d+ ov] ! sy/em1 0 spe$ily succe$$ by a re-in/atem5t ( ! equilibrium ( heal?4 ,! m p]man5t effects 7 7z 9 ! fir/ exp]im5t7 an invigorat$ feel ( vital p[]1 improv$ spirits1 transi5t irritations 9 diff]5t p>ts1 b n s *>act]i/ically rheumatic z 9 ! =m] in/ance4 ,among ! circum/ances mo/ wor?y ( reg>d 9 consid]+ ! prop]ties & adm9i/ration ( ?is p[]ful arial ag5t1 may be rank$1 ! fact ( its be+ 7contr>y to ! prevail+ op9ion#bbc7 bo? highly respirable1 & salut>y1 t x impresses ! bra9 & sy/em at l>ge ) a m or less /rong & durable degree ( pleasurable s5sation1 t unlike ! effect ( o!r viol5tly excit+ ag5ts1 no s5sible exhau/ion or dim9ution ( vital p[] accrues f ! ex]tions ( its /imulant prop]ty1 t its mo/ excessive op]ation ev51 is nei!r p]man5tly nor transi5tly debilitat+2 & f9ally1 t x fairly promises "u judici\s application1 to prove an extremely effici5t rem$y1 z well 9 ! va/ tribe ( diseases orig9at+ f defici5t irritability & s5sibility1 z 9 ^? proce$+ f morbid associations1 & modifications1 ( ^? vital pr9ciples4 ,if y %\ld deem any ?+ conta9$ 9 ?is cursory n>rative capable ( subs]v+ 9 any degree ! practical advantages likely to result f y\r sci5tific & valuable inve/igation ( ! g5u9e prop]ties ( ! nitr\s oxide1 x is p]fectly at y\r disposal4 ,i am ,y\r s9c]e fri5d1 ,,rob]t ,,k+lake4 ,bri/ol1 ,june #ad?1 #agii4 ,to ,,mr4 ,,davy4 #bbc ,dr4 ,mit*ill 7an ,am]ican ,*emi/7 has errone\sly suppos$ its full admission to ! lungs1 9 its conc5trat$ /ate1 to be incompatible ) animal life1 & t 9 a m dilut$ =m x op]ates z a pr9cipal ag5t 9 ! production ( contagi\s diseases1 c4 ,?is gratuit\s position is ?us unqualifi$ly affirm$4 8,if a full inspiration ( gase\s oxyd be made1 !re w be a sudd5 ext9ction ( life2 & ?is accord+ly acc\nts = ! fact relat$ by ,russel 7,hi/ory ( ,aleppo1 p4 #bcb47 & confirm$ by o!r obs]v]s1 ( _m p]sons fall+ d[n dead sudd5ly1 :5 /ruck ) ! contagion ( ! plague40 ,vide ,rem>ks on ! ,gase\s ,oxyd ( ,azote1 by ,samuel ,la?am ,mit*ill1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,iv4 ,detail ( ,,mr4 ,,s\!y4 ,9 brea?+ ! nitr\s oxide1 ,i c\ld n di/+ui% betwe5 ! fir/ feel+s x occasion$ & an appreh5sion ( :i* ,i 0 unable to dive/ myself4 ,my fir/ def9ite s5sation 0 a dizz9ess1 a fulness 9 ! head1 su* z to induce a fe> ( fall+4 ,?is 0 mom5t>y4 ,:5 ,i took ! bag f my m\?1 ,i imm$iately laugh$4 ,! laugh 0 involunt>y b highly pleasurable1 accompani$ by a ?rill all ?r\gh me2 & a t+l+ 9 my toes & f+]s1 a s5sation p]fectly new & delightful4 ,i felt a fulness 9 my *e/ aft]w>ds2 & dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! day1 imag9$ t my ta/e & he>+ 7 m ?an commonly quick4 ,c]ta9 ,i am t ,i felt myself m ?an usually /rong & *e>ful4 ,9 a second trial1 by cont9u+ ! inhalation long]1 ,i felt a ?rill 9 my tee?2 & brea?+ /ill long] ! ?ird "t1 became s full ( /r5g? z to be compell$ to ex]cise my arms & feet4 ,n[ aft] an int]val ( "s mon?s1 dur+ :i* my heal? has be5 mat]ially impair$1 ! nitr\s oxide produces an effect ^u me totally diff]5t4 ,half ! quantity affects me1 & its op]ation is m viol5t2 a slight laught] is fir/ induc$1#bbd & a desire to cont9ue ! inhalation1 :i* is c\nt]act$ by fe> f ! rapidity ( respiration2 inde$ my brea? becomes s %ort & quick1 t ,i h no d\bt b ! quantity :i* ,i =m]ly brea!d1 w\ld n[ de/roy me4 ,! s5sation is n pa9ful1 nei!r is x 9 ! slighte/ degree pleasurable4 ,,rob]t ,,s\!y4 #bbd ,9 ! =m] exp]im5ts1 ,mr4 ,s\!y g5]ally respir$ six qu>ts1 n[ he is unable to consume two4 ,9 an exp]im5t made s9ce ?is pap] 0 drawn up1 ! effect 0 r pleasurable4 ,v4 ,lett] f ,,dr4 ,,roget4 ,! effect ( ! fir/ inspirations ( ! nitr\s oxide 0 t ( mak+ me v]tig9\s1 & produc+ a t+l+ s5sation 9 my h&s & feet3 z ^! feel+s increas$1 ,i seem$ to lose ! s5se ( my own weight1 & imag9$ ,i 0 s9k+ into ! gr\nd4 ,i !n felt a dr[s9ess gradually /eal ^u me1 & a dis9cl9ation to motion2 ev5 ! actions ( inspir+ & expir+ 7 n p]=m$ )\t ef=t3 & x also requir$ "s att5tion ( m9d to keep my no/rils clos$ ) my f+]s4 ,i 0 gradually r\s$ f ?is torpor by a k9d ( delirium1 :i* came on s rapidly t ! air-bag dropt f my h&s4 ,?is s5sation increas$ = ab\t a m9ute aft] ,i _h ceas$ to brea!1 to a mu* great] degree ?an be=e1 & ,i sudd5ly lo/ sight ( all ! objects ar\nd me1 !y be+ app>5tly obscur$ by cl\ds1 9 :i* 7 _m lum9\s po9ts1 simil> to :at is (t5 exp]i5c$ on ris+ sudd5ly & /ret*+ out ! arms1 aft] sitt+ long 9 "o position4 ,i felt myself totally incapable ( speak+1 & = "s "t lo/ all consci\sness ( :]e ,i 01 or :o 0 ne> me4 ,my :ole frame felt z if viol5tly agitat$3 ,i ?\ght ,i pant$ viol5tly3 my he>t seem$ to palpitate1 & e art]y to ?rob ) viol5ce2 ,i felt a s++ 9 my e>s2 all ! vital motions seem$ to be irresi/ibly hurri$ on1 z if _! equilibrium _h be5 de/roy$1 & e ?+ 0 runn+ headlong into confusion4 ,my ideas succe$$ "o ano!r ) extreme rapidity1 ?\ghts ru%$ l a torr5t ?r\gh my m9d1 z if _! velocity _h be5 sudd5ly accel]at$ by ! bur/+ ( a b>ri] :i* _h be=e reta9$ !m 9 _! natural & equable c\rse4 ,?is /ate ( extreme hurry1 agitation1 & tumult1 0 b transi5t4 ,e unnatural s5sation gradually subsid$2 & 9 ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r aft] ,i _h ceas$ to brea! ! gas1 ,i 0 ne>ly 9 ! same /ate 9 :i* ,i _h be5 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! exp]im5t4 ,i _c rememb] t ,i exp]i5c$ ! lea/ pleasure f any ( ^! s5sations4 ,i c h[ev]1 easily conceive1 t by frequ5t repetition ,i might reconcile myself to !m1 & possibly ev5 receive pleasure f ! same s5sations :i* 7 !n unpleasant4 ,i am s5sible t ! acc\nt ,i h be5 able to give ( my feel+s is v imp]fect4 ,= h[ev] calculat$ _! viol5ce & novelty 7 to leave a la/+ impression on ! memory1 ^! circum/ances 7 = t v reason unfav\rable to accuracy ( comp>ison ) s5sations already famili>4 ,! nature ( ! s5sations !mselves1 :i* bore great] resemblance to a half deliri\s dream ?an to any di/9ct /ate ( m9d capable ( be+ accurately rememb]$1 contributes v mu* to increase ! difficulty4 ,& z x is above two mon?s s9ce ,i made ! exp]im5t1 _m ( ! m9ut] circum/ances h probably escap$ me4 ,i rema91 ,y\rs1 c4 ,p4 ,,roget4 ,to ,,mr4 ,,davy4 ,,vi4 ,lett] f ,,mr4 ,,james ,,?omson4 ,! fir/ "t ,i respir$ nitr\s oxide1 ! exp]im5t 0 made "u a /rong impression ( fe>1 & ! quantity ,i brea!d n suffici5t1 z y in=m$ me1 to produce ! usual effect4 ,i did n note v accurately my s5sations4 ,i rememb] ,i exp]i5c$ a slight degree ( v]tigo aft] ! ?ird or f\r? inspiration2 & brea!d ) increas$ vigor1 my inspirations be+ mu* deep] & m vehem5t ?an ord9>y4 ,i 0 enabl$ ! next "t ,i made ! exp]im5t1 to att5d m accurately to my s5sations1 & y h ! obs]vations ,i made on !m at ! "t4 ,aft] ! f\r? inspiration1 ,i exp]i5c$ ! same increas$ action ( ! lungs1 z 9 ! =m] case4 ,my inspirations became uncommonly full & /rong1 att5d$ ) a ?rill+ s5sation ab\t ! *e/1 highly pleasurable1 :i* increas$ to su* a degree z to induce a fit ( involunt>y laught]1 :i* ,i 9 va9 endeav\r$ to repress4 ,i felt a slight gidd9ess :i* la/$ = a few mom5ts only4 ,my inspirations n[ became m vehem5t & frequ5t2 & ,i inhal$ ! air ) an avidity /rongly indicative ( ! pleasure ,i receiv$4 ,t peculi> ?rill :i* ,i _h at fir/ exp]i5c$ at ! *e/1 n[ p]vad$ my :ole frame2 & dur+ ! two or ?ree la/ inspirations1 0 att5d$ ) a rem>kable t+l+ 9 my f+]s & toes4 ,my feel+s at ?is mom5t are n to be describ$3 ,i felt a high1 an extraord9>y degree ( pleasure1 diff]5t f t produc$ by w9e1 be+ dive/$ ( all its gross accompanim5ts1 & yet approa*+ ne>] to x ?an to any o!r s5sation ,i am acqua9t$ )4 ,i am c]ta9 t my muscul> /r5g? 0 = a "t mu* increas$4 ,my disposition to ex]t x 0 su* z ,i c\ld n repress1 & ! satisfaction ,i felt 9 any viol5t ex]tion ( my legs & arms is h>dly to be conceiv$4 ,^! vivid s5sations 7 n ( long duration2 !y dim9i%$ ins5sibly1 & 9 little m ?an a qu>t] ( an h\r ,i c\ld p]ceive no diff]5ce betwe5 ! /ate ,i 0 !n 91 & t previ\s to ! respiration ( ! air4 ,! obs]vations ,i made on repeat+ ! exp]im5t1 d n diff] f ! prec$+1 except 9 ! circum/ance ( ! involunt>y laught]1 :i* ,i nev] aft]w>ds exp]i5c$1 ?\gh ,i brea!d ! air sev]al times2 & 9 ! foll[+ curi\s fact1 :i*1 z x 0 dep5d5t on circum/ances1 did n always occur4 ,hav+ respir$ ! same quantity ( air z usual1 & ) precisely ! same effects1 ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d myself affect$ a few m9utes aft]w>ds ) ! recurr5ce ( a pa9 9 my back & knees1 :i* ,i _h exp]i5c$ ! prec$+ day f fatigue 9 walk+4 ,i 0 r incl9$ to deem ?is an accid5tal co9cid5ce ?an an effect ( ! air2 b ! same ?+ con/antly occurr+ :5ev] ,i brea!d ! air1 %ortly aft] suff]+ pa9 ei!r f fatigue1 or any o!r accid5tal cause1 left no d\bt on my m9d z to ! accuracy ( ! obs]vation4 ,i h n[ giv5 y ! sub/ance ( ! notes ,i made :il/ ! impressions 7 /rong on my m9d4 ,i _c add any ?+ f recollection t w at all add to ! accuracy ( ?is acc\nt1 or assi/ ^? :o h n respir$ ?is air1 9 =m+ a cle>] idea ( its extraord9>y effects4 ,x is extremely difficult to convey to o!rs by means ( words1 any idea ( p>ticul> s5sations1 ( :i* !y h _h no exp]i5ce4 ,x c only be done by mak+ use ( su* t]ms z are expressive ( s5sations t resemble !m1 & 9 ^! our vocabul>y is v defective4 ,to be able at all to compreh5d ! effects ( nitr\s oxide1 x is necess>y to respire x1 & aft] t1 we mu/ ei!r inv5t new t]ms to express ^! new & p>ticul> s5sations1 or atta* new ideas to old ones1 be=e we c communicate intelligibly ) ea* o!r on ! op]ation ( ?is extraord9>y gas4 ,i am c4 ,,james ,,?omson4 ,london1 ,sept4 #ba1 #agii4 ,to ,,mr4 ,,davy4 ,,vii4 ,detail ( ,,mr4 ,,col]idge4 ,! fir/ "t ,i inspir$ ! nitr\s oxide1 ,i felt an highly pleasurable s5sation ( w>m? ov] my :ole frame1 resembl+ t :i* ,i rememb] once to h exp]i5c$ aft] return+ f a walk 9 ! sn[ into a w>m room4 ,! only motion :i* ,i felt incl9$ to make1 0 t ( laugh+ at ^? :o 7 look+ at me4 ,my eyes felt di/5d$1 & t[>ds ! la/1 my he>t beat z if x 7 leap+ up & d[n4 ,on remov+ ! m\?-piece ! :ole s5sation w5t (f almo/ in/antly4 ,! second "t1 ,i felt ! same pleasurable s5sation ( w>m?1 b n ,i ?9k1 9 q s great a degree4 ,i wi%$ to "k :at effect x w\ld h on my impressions2 ,i fix$ my eye on "s trees 9 ! di/ance1 b ,i did n f9d any o!r effect except t !y became dimm] & dimm]1 & look$ at la/ z if ,i _h se5 !m ?r\gh te>s4 ,my he>t beat m viol5tly ?an ! fir/ "t4 ,?is 0 aft] a he>ty d9n]4 ,! ?ird "t ,i 0 m viol5tly act$ on ?an 9 ! two =m]4 ,t[>ds ! la/1 ,i c\ld n avoid1 nor inde$ felt any wi% to avoid1 beat+ ! gr\nd ) my feet2 & aft] ! m\?-piece 0 remov$1 ,i rema9$ = a few seconds motionless1 9 great extacy4 ,! f\r? "t 0 imm$iately aft] breakfa/4 ,! few fir/ inspirations affect$ me s little t ,i ?\ght ,mr4 ,davy _h giv5 me atmosph]ic air3 b soon felt ! w>m? beg9n+ ab\t my *e/1 & spread+ upw>d & d[nw>d1 s t ,i c\ld feel its progress ov] my :ole frame4 ,my he>t did n beat s viol5tly2 my s5sations 7 highly pleasurable1 n s int5se or app>5tly local1 b ( m unm+l$ pleasure ?an ,i _h ev] be=e exp]i5c$4#bbe ,s4 ,t4 ,,col]idge4 #bbe ,! doses 9 ^! exp]im5ts 7 f five to sev5 qu>ts4 ,,viii4 ,detail ( ,,mr4 ,,w$gwood4 ,july #bc1 ,i call$ on ,mr4 ,davy at ! ,m$ical ,in/itution1 :o ask$ me to brea! "s ( ! nitr\s oxide1 to :i* ,i cons5t$1 be+ r a sceptic z to its effects1 nev] hav+ se5 any p]son affect$4 ,i fir/ brea!d ab\t six qu>ts ( air :i* prov$ to be only common atmosph]ic air1 & :i* consequ5tly produc$ no effect4 ,i !n _h #f qu>ts ( ! oxide giv5 me 9 a bag undilut$1 & z soon z ,i _h brea!d ?ree or f\r respirations1 ,i felt myself affect$ & my respiration hurri$1 :i* effect increas$ rapidly until ,i became z x 7 entranc$1 :5 ,i ?rew ! bag f me & kept brea?+ on furi\sly ) an op5 m\? & hold+ my nose ) my left h&1 hav+ no p[] to take x away ?\gh aw>e ( ! ridicul\sness ( my situation4 ,?\gh app>5tly depriv$ ( all volunt>y motion1 ,i 0 s5sible ( all t pass$1 & he>d e ?+ t 0 said2 b ! mo/ s+ul> s5sation ,i _h1 ,i feel x impossible accurately to describe4 ,x 0 z if all ! muscles ( ! body 7 put into a viol5t vibratory motion2 ,i _h a v /rong incl9ation to make odd antic motions ) my h&s & feet4 ,:5 ! fir/ /rong s5sations w5t (f1 ,i felt z if ,i 7 light] ?an ! atmosph]e1 & z if ,i 0 go+ to m\nt to ! top ( ! room4 ,i _h a metallic ta/e left 9 my m\?1 :i* soon w5t (f4 ,be=e ,i brea!d ! air1 ,i felt a good deal fatigu$ f a v long ride ,i _h _h ! day be=e1 b aft] brea?+1 ,i lo/ all s5se ( fatigue4 ,,ix4 ,detail ( ,,mr4 ,,george ,,burnet4 ,i _h nev] he>d ( ! effects ( ! nitr\s oxide1 :5 ,i brea!d six qu>ts ( x4 ,i felt a delici\s tremor ( n]ve1 :i* 0 rapidly propagat$ ov] ! :ole n]v\s sy/em4 ,z ! action ( inhal+ proce$s1 an irresi/ible appetite to repeat x is excit$4 ,!re is n[ a g5]al swell ( s5sations1 vivid1 /rong1 & inconceivably pleasurable4 ,!y /ill become m vigor\s & gl[+ till !y are communicat$ to ! bra91 :5 an ard5t flu% ov]spreads ! face4 ,at ?is mom5t ! tube ins]t$ 9 ! air-bag 0 tak5 f my m\?1 or ,i mu/ h fa9t$ 9 extacy4 ,! op]ation be+ ov]1 ! /r5g? & turbul5ce ( my s5sations subsid$4 ,to ?is succe$$ a /ate ( feel+ uncommonly s]5e & tranquil4 ,e n]ve be+ g5tly agitat$ ) a lively enjoym5t4 ,x 0 natural to expect t ! effect ( ?is exp]im5t1 w\ld ev5tually prove debilitat+4 ,s f> f ?is ,i cont9u$ 9 a /ate ( high excitem5t ! rema9d] ( ! day aft] two o'clock1 ! "t ( ! exp]im5t1 & exp]i5c$ a fl[ ( spirits n m]ely *e>ful1 b unusually joy\s4 ,,george ,,burnet4 ,x4 ,detail ( ,,mr4 ,t4 ,,pople4 ,a disagreeable s5sation z if break+ out into a pr(use p]spiration1 t5sion ( ! tympanum1 *eeks & =ehead2 almo/ total loss ( muscul> p[]2 aft]w>ds increas$ p[]s bo? ( body & m9d1 v vivid s5sations & highly pleasurable4 ,^? pleasant feel+s 7 n new1 !y 7 felt1 b 9 a less degree1 on asc5d+ "s high m\nta9s 9 ,glamorgan%ire4 ,on tak+ x ! second "t1 !re 0 a disagreeable feel+ ab\t ! face4 ,9 a fewseconds1 ! feel+s became pleasurable2 all ! faculties absorb$ by ! f9e pleas+ feel+s ( exi/5ce )\t consci\sness2 an involunt>y bur/ ( laught]4 ,,?omas ,,pople4 ,,xi4 ,detail ( ,,mr4 ,,hammick4 ,hav+ nev] he>d any ?+ ( ! mode ( op]ation ( nitr\s oxide1 ,i brea!d gas 9 a silk bag = "s "t1 & f\nd no effects1 b oppression ( respiration4 ,aft]w>ds ,mr4 ,davy told me t ,i _h be5 brea?+ atmosph]ic air4 ,9 a second exp]im5t made )\t kn[+ :at gas 0 9 ! bag1 ,i _h n brea!d half a m9ute1 :5 f ! extreme pleasure ,i felt1 ,i unconci\sly remov$ ! bag f my m\?2 b :5 ,mr4 ,davy (f]$ to take x f me1 ,i refus$ to let him h x1 & said eag]ly1 8let me brea! x aga91 x is highly pleasant6 x is ! /ronge/ /imulant ,i ev] felt68 ,i 0 cold :5 ,i began to respire1 b _h imm$iately a pleasant gl[ ext5d+ to my toes & f+]s4 ,i exp]i5c$ f ! air a pleasant ta/e :i* ,i c only call sweetly a/r+5t2 x cont9u$ = "s "t3 ! s5se ( exhil>ation 0 la/+4 ,?is air ,mr4 ,davy told me 0 nitr\s oxide4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t1 :5 ,i brea!d a small dose ( nitr\s oxide1 ! effects 7 slight1 & sometime aft]w>ds ,i felt an unusual yawn+ & languor4 ,! la/ "t t ,i brea!d ! gas1 ! feel+s 7 ! mo/ pleasurable ,i ev] exp]i5c$2 my head appe>$ light1 !re 0 a great w>m? 9 ! back & a g5]al unusual gl[2 ! ta/e 0 di/+ui%able = "s "t z 9 ! =m] exp]im5t4 ,my ideas 7 m vivid1 & foll[$ ! natural ord] ( association4 ,i c\ld n refra9 f muscul> action4 ,,/eph5 ,,hammick1 ,junr4 ,sept4 #ae?4 ,,xii4 ,detail ( ,,dr4 ,,blake4 ,dr4 ,blake inhal$ ab\t six qu>ts ( ! air1 0 affect$ dur+ ! process ( respir+ x ) a slight degree ( v]tigo1 :i* 0 almo/ imm$iately succe$$ by a ?rill+ s5sation ext5d+ ev5 to ! extremities1 accompani$ by a mo/ happy /ate ( m9d & highly pleasurable ideas4 ,he felt a great prop5sity to laugh1 & 8 behavi\r 9 "s measure appe>$ ludicr\s to ^? ar\nd him4 ,muscul> p[] seem$ agreeably increas$1 ! pulse acquir$ /r5g? & firmness1 b its frequ5cy 0 some:at dim9i%$4 ,he p]ceiv$ r an unpleasant ta/e 9 ! m\? & ab\t ! fauces = "s h\rs aft]w>ds1 b 9 e o!r respect1 8 feel+s 7 com=table dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! day4 ,decemb]1 #cj?4 ,to ,,mr4 ,,davy4 ,,xiii4 ,detail ( ,,mr4 ,,wansey4 ,i brea!d ! gas out ( a silk bag1 believ+ x to be nitr\s oxide1 & 0 mu* surpris$ to f9d t x produc$ no s5sations4 ,aft] ! exp]im5t1 ,mr4 ,davy told me x 0 common air4 ,i !n brea!d a mixture ( common air & nitr\s oxide4 ,i felt a k9d ( intoxication 9 ! middle ( ! exp]im5t1 & /opp+ to express ?is1 de/roy$ any f>!r effects4 ,i n[ brea!d pure nitr\s oxide2 ! effect 0 gradual1 & ,i at fir/ exp]i5c$ fulness 9 ! head1 & aft]w>ds s5sations s delightful1 t ,i c comp>e !m to no o!rs1 except ^? :i* ,i felt 7be+ a lov] ( music7 ab\t five ye>s s9ce 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 9 "s ( ! gr& *oruses 9 ! ,messiah1 f ! unit$ p[]s ( #gjj in/rum5ts ( music4 ,i cont9u$ exhil>at$ ?r\gh\t ! day1 slept at night rem>kably s\nd1 & exp]i5c$ :5 ,i awoke 9 ! morn+1 a recurr5ce ( pleas+ s5sation4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t1 ! effects 0 /ill great]1 ! pulse 0 r5d]$ full] & quick]1 ,i felt a s5se ( ?robb+ 9 ! head ) highly pleasurable ?rill+s all ov] ! frame4 ,! new feel+s 7 at la/ s p[]ful z to absorb all p]ception4 ,i di/+ui%$ dur+ & aft] ! exp]im5t1 a ta/e on ! tongue1 l t produc$ by ! contact ( z9c & silv]4 ,,h5ry ,,wansey4 ,,xiv4 ,detail ( ,,mr4 ,,rickman4 ,on inhal+ ab\t six qu>ts1 ! fir/ alt]$ feel+ 0 a t+l+ 9 ! elb[s n unlike ! effect ( a slight electric %ock4 ,soon aft]w>ds1 an involunt>y & provok+ dizz9ess z 9 drunk5ness4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! inhalation1 ?is symptom decreas$2 ?\gh ! nose 0 /ill involunt>y held fa/ aft] ! air-bag 0 remov$4 ,! dose 0 probably an und]*>ge1 z no extraord9>y s5sation 0 felt m ?an half a m9ute aft] ! inhalation4 ,j4 ,,rickman4 ,,xv4 ,detail ( ,,mr4 ,,lovell ,,edgwor?4 ,my fir/ s5sation 0 an univ]sal & consid]able tremor4 ,i !n p]ceiv$ "s gidd9ess 9 my head1 & a viol5t dizz9ess 9 my sight2 ^? s5sations by degrees subsid$1 & ,i felt a great prop5sity to bite ?r\gh ! wood5 m\?-piece1 or ! tube ( ! bag ?r\gh :i* ,i inspir$ ! air4 ,aft] ,i _h brea!d all ! air t 0 9 ! bag1 ,i eag]ly wi%$ = m4 ,i !n felt a /rong prop5sity to laugh1 & did bur/ into a viol5t fit ( laught]1 & cap]$ ab\t ! room )\t hav+ ! p[] ( re/ra9+ myself4 ,by degrees ^! feel+s subsid$1 except ! tremor :i* la/$ = an h\r aft] ,i _h brea!d ! air1 & ,i felt a weakness 9 my knees4 ,! pr9cipal feel+ ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! "t1 or :at ,i %\ld call ! *>act]i/ical "p ( ! effect1 0 a total difficulty ( re/ra9+ my feel+s1 bo? corporeal & m5tal1 or 9 o!r words1 n hav+ any comm& ( "o'self4 ,,xvi4 ,detail ( ,,mr4 ,g4 ,,b$=d4 ,i inhal$ #f qu>ts4 ,exp]i5c$ a s5sation ( fulness 9 ! extremities & 9 ! face1 ) a desire & p[] ( expansion ( ! lungs v pleasurable4 ,feel+s simil> to intoxication 7 produc$1 )\t be+ disagreeable4 ,:5 ! bag 0 tak5 away1 an involunt>y ?\gh agreeable laught] took place1 & ! extremities 7 w>m4 ,9 ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r aft] ! above exp]im5t1 ,i inhal$ #h qu>ts4 ,! w>m? & fulness ( ! face & extremities 7 soon] produc$ dur+ ! inspiration4 ,! c&le & ! p]sons ab\t me1 assum$ ! same appe>ances z took place dur+ ! effect produc$ by w9e1 & ,i c\ld p]ceive no det]m9ate outl9e4 ,! desire & p[] to exp& ! lungs 0 increas$ beyond t 9 ! =m] exp]im5t1 & ! :ole body & limbs seem$ dilat$ )\t ! s5se ( t5sion1 x 0 z if ! bulk 0 increas$ )\t any addition to ! specific gravity ( ! body1 :i* 0 highly pleasant4 ,! provocation to laught] 0 n s great z 9 ! =m] exp]im5t1 & :5 ! bag 0 remov$1 ! w>m? almo/ sudd5ly gave place to a coldness ( ! extremities1 p>ticul>ly ( ! h&s :i* 7 ! fir/ to become w>m dur+ ! inspiration4 ,a slight s5sation ( fulness n am\nt+ to pa9 9 ! head1 has cont9u$ = "s m9utes4 ,aft] ! fir/ exp]im5t1 a s5sation 9 ! wri/s & elb[s took place1 simil> to t produc$ by ! electric %ock4 ,g4 ,c4 ,,b$=d4 ,m>* #cj?1 #ahjj4 ,,xvii4 ,detail ( ,,miss ,,ryl&4 ,aft] hav+ brea!d five qu>ts ( gas1 ,i exp]i5c$ = a %ort "t a quickness & difficulty ( brea?+1 :i* 0 succe$$ by extreme languor1 resembl+ fa9t+1 )\t ! v unpleasant s5sation ) :i* x is usually att5d$4 ,x entirely depriv$ me ( ! p[] ( speak+1 b n ( recollection1 = ,i he>d e ?+ t 0 said 9 ! room dur+ ! "t2 & ,mr4 ,davy's rem>k 8t my pulse 0 v quick & full48 ,:5 ! languor began to subside1 x 0 succe$$ by re/lessness1 accompani$ by involunt>y muscul> motions4 ,i 0 w>m] ?an usual1 & v sleepy = sev]al h\rs4 ,,xviii4 ,lett] f ,,mr4 ,m4 ,m4 ,,coates4 ,i w1 z y reque/1 endeav\r to describe to y ! effect produc$ on me la/ ,sunday fe'nnight by ! nitr\s oxide1 & w at ! same "t tell y :at 0 ! previ\s /ate ( my m9d on ! subject4 ,:5 ,i sat d[n to brea! ! gas1 ,i believ$ t x ow$ mu* ( its effect to ! pr$ispos+ ag5cy ( ! imag9ation1 & _h no expectation ( its s5sible influ5ce on myself4 ,hav+ ignorantly brea!d a bag ( common air )\t any effect1 my d\bts !n arose to positive unbelief4 ,aft] a few inspirations ( ! nitr\s oxide1 ,i felt a fulness 9 my head1 :i* increas$ ) ea* inhalation1 until1 exp]i5c+ symptoms :i* ,i ?\ght indicat$ approa*+ fa9t+1 ,i ceas$ to brea! x1 & 0 !n confirm$ 9 my belief ( its inability to produce 9 me any pleasurable s5sation4 ,b aft] a few seconds1 ,i felt an immod]ate fl[ ( spirits1 & an irresi/ible prop5sity to viol5t laught] & danc+1 :i*1 be+ fully consci\s ( ! viol5ce ( my feel+s1 & ( _! irrational exhibition1 ,i made great b ineffectual ef=ts to re/ra92 ?is 0 my /ate = sev]al m9utes4 ,dur+ ! re/ ( ! day1 ,i exp]i5c$ a degree ( hil>ity altoge!r new to me4 ,= six or sev5 days aft]w>ds1 ,i seem$ to feel mo/ exquisitely at e n]ve1 & 0 mu* indispos$ to my s$5t>y pursuits2 ?is acute s5sibility has be5 gradually dim9i%+2 b ,i /ill feel some:at ( ! effects ( ?is novel ag5t4 ,y\r's truly1 ,m4 ,m4 ,,coates4 ,to ,mr4 ,,davy4 ,june #aa?1 #ahjj4 ,,division ,,iii4 ,,ab/racts f ,,additional ,,details4--,,obs]vations on ! ,,effects ( ,,nitr\s ,,oxide1 by ,dr4 ,,b$does4--,,conclusion4 ,i4 ,ab/racts f additional ,details4 ,! trials relat$ 9 ! foll[+ ab/racts1 h be5 *iefly made s9ce ! publication ( ,dr4 ,b$does's ,notice4 ,_m ( ! individuals brea!d ! gas f pure curiosity4 ,o!rs ) a disbelief ( its p[]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,,wynne1 ,m4 ,p4 brea!d five qu>ts ( dilut$ nitr\s oxide1 )\t any s5sation4 ,six qu>ts produc$ fulness 9 ! *e/1 heat 9 ! h&s & feet1 & s5se ( t5sion 9 ! f+]s1 slight b pleasant s5sations4 ,sev5 qu>ts produc$ no new or diff]5t effects4 ,mr4 ,,mack9to% sev]al times brea!d nitr\s oxide4 ,he _h s5se ( fulness 9 ! head1 ?rill+s1 t+l+ 9 ! f+]s1 & g5]ally pleasurable feel+s4 ,mr4 ,,john ,,cave1 ,junr4 f brea?+ f\r qu>ts ( nitr\s oxide1 felt s5sations z f sup]ior w9e1 & g5]al pleasant feel+s4 ,mr4 ,,mi*ael ,,ca/le1 f five qu>ts1 exp]i5c$ s5sations ( heat & ?rill+1 g5]al spirits height5$ consid]ably z f w9e2 aft]w>ds1 slight pa9 9 ! back ( ! head4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,,c>dwell1 f five qu>ts1 _h feel+s s pleasurable z almo/ to de/roy consci\sness2 almo/ convuls$ ) laught]2 = a long "t c\ld n ?9k ( ! feel+ )\t laugh+2 s5sation ( lightness = "s "t aft]4 ,mr4 ,,j>man1 f five qu>ts1 great pleasure1 laught]1 c]ta9ly bett] spirits1 gl[ 9 ! *eeks :i* cont9u$ long4 ,! g5tleman :o furni%$ ! prec$+ detail1 _h he>d ( ! effects ( nitr\s oxide1 & 0 prep>$ to exp]i5ce new s5sations3 ,i !re=e gave him a bag ( common air :i* he respir$1 believ+ x to be nitr\s oxide2 & 0 mu* surpris$ t no effects 7 produc$4 ,he !n brea!d five qu>ts ( nitr\s oxide1 & aft] ! exp]im5t1 gave ?is acc\nt ( 8 s5sations4 ,rev4 ,w4 ,a4 ,,cane1 aft] inhal+ ! gas1 felt ! mo/ delici\s s5sations accompani$ by a ?rill ?r\gh e "p ( 8 body4 ,he did n ?9k x possible s *>m+ an effect c\ld h be5 produc$4 ,he _h he>d ( ! gas2 b ! result ( ! exp]im5t f> exce$$ 8 expectations4 ,may #f?1 #ahjj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,,joseph ,,prie/ley f brea?+ nitr\s oxide1 g5]ally _h unpleasant fulness ( ! head & ?robb+ ( ! art]ies1 :i* prev5t$ him f cont9u+ ! respiration4 ,dr4 ,,b$does m5tion$ 9 8 ,notice1 t ,mr4 ,,josiah ,,w$gwood & ,mr4 ,,?omas ,,w$gwood exp]i5c$ r unpleasant feel+s f ! gas4 ,mr4 ,,josiah ,,w$gwood has s9ce repeat$ ! trial1 ! effects 7 p[]ful1 b n 9 ! slight$ degree pleasant4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,,b\lton & ,mr4 ,g4 ,,watt h be5 mu* less affect$ ?an any individuals4 ,_m o!r p]sons h respir$ ! gas1 b z _! acc\nts conta9 no?+ unnotic$ 9 ! details1 x is useless to p>ticul>ise !m4 ,! cases ( all ! males :o h be5 unpleasantly affect$ s9ce we h le>nt to prep>e ! gas ) accuracy1 are relat$ 9 ?is ,section & 9 ! la/ ,division4 ,^? :o h be5 pleasurably affect$ aft] a fair trial & ^: cases are n notic$1 g5]ally exp]i5c$ fulness 9 ! head1 heat 9 ! *e/1 pleasurable ?rill+s1 & consequ5t exhil>ation4 ,to p]sons :o h be5 unaccu/om$ to brea! ?r\gh a tube1 we h usually giv5 common air till !y h le>nt to respire ) accuracy3 & 9 cases :]e ! =m ( ! m\? has prev5t$ ! lips f be+ accurately clos$ on ! brea?+ tube1 by ! advice ( ,mr4 ,watt1 we h us$ a t9 plate conical m\?-piece fix$ to ! *eeks1 & accurately adapt$ to ! lips2 by means ( :i* precautions1 all our lat] trials h be5 p]fectly conclusive4 ,,ii4 ,( ! effects ( ,nitr\s ,oxide ^u p]sons incl9$ to hy/]ical & n]v\s affections4 ,! case ( ,miss---- ,n4 & o!r cases1 detail$ by ,dr4 ,b$does 9 8 ,notice1 seem$ to prove t ! action ( nitr\s oxide 0 capable ( produc+ hy/]ical & n]v\s affections 9 delicate & irritable con/itutions4 ,on ?is subject1 we h lately acquir$ additional facts4 ,miss ,e4 a "y lady :o _h be5 subject to hy/]ic fits1 brea!d ?ree qu>ts ( nitr\s oxide m+l$ ) mu* common air1 & felt no effects b a slight t5d5cy to fa9t+4 ,%e !n brea!d f\r qu>ts ( pure nitr\s oxide3 h] fir/ inspirations 7 deep1 h] la/ v feeble4 ,at ! end %e dropt ! bag f h] lips1 & cont9u$ = "s mom5ts motionless4 ,h] pulse :i* at ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t 0 /rong1 appe>$ to me to be at ?is "t1 quick] & weak]4 ,%e soon began to move h] h&s & talk$ = "s m9utes incoh]5tly1 z if ignorant ( :at _h pass$4 ,9 less ?an a qu>t] ( an h\r1 %e _h recov]$1 b c\ld give no acc\nt ( h] s5sations4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( languor cont9u$ ?r\gh ! day4 ,a "y lady :o nev] _h hy/]ical attacks1 wi%$ to brea! ! gas4 ,i in=m$ h] ( ! disagreeable effects x _h sometimes produc$1 & advis$ h] if %e _h ! slighte/ t5d5cy to n]v\s affection1 n to make ! trial4 ,%e p]si/$ 9 h] resolution4 ,to asc]ta9 ! influ5ce ( imag9ation1 ,i fir/ gave h] a bag ( common air1 :i* %e decl>$ produc$ no effect4 ,i !n ord]$ = h] a qu>t ( nitr\s oxide m+l$ ) two qu>ts ( common air2 b f ! mi/ake ( ! p]son :o prep>$ x1 ?ree qu>ts ( nitr\s oxide 7 adm9i/]$ ) "o ( common air4 ,%e brea!d ?is = ne> a m9ute1 & aft] ! exp]im5t1 describ$ h] s5sations z unpleasant1 & said %e felt at ! mom5t z if %e 0 dy+4 ,! unpleasant feel+s quickly w5t (f1 & a few m9utes aft]1 %e _h app>5tly recov]$ h] =m] /ate ( m9d4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! day1 h[ev]1 a viol5t head-a*e came on1 & 9 ! ev5+ aft] %e _h tak5 a m$ic9e :i* op]at$ viol5tly1 hy/]ical affections 7 produc$1 foll[$ by great debility4 ,!y occasionally return$ = _m days1 & ! cont9u$ weak & debilitat$ = a great l5g? ( "t4 ,mrs4 ,s4 a delicate lady1 liable to n]v\s affections :o _h he>d ( ! cases j detail$1 *ose to brea! ! gas4 ,by ?ree qu>ts %e 0 ?r[n into a trance1 :i* la/$ = ?ree or f\r m9utes4 ,on recov]+1 ! c\ld give no acc\nt ( h] feel+s1 & _h "s languor = half an h\r aft]w>ds4 ,^! phnom5a h r5d]$ u cauti\s 9 adm9i/]+ ! gas to delicate females4 ,9 a few in/ances h[ev]1 x has be5 tak5 by p]sons ( ?is class1 & ev5 by ^? incl9$ to hy/]ical & n]v\s compla9ts ) pleasurable effects4 ,miss ,l4 a "y lady :o _h =m]ly _h hy/]ical fits1 brea!d a qu>t ( nitr\s oxide ) ?ree qu>ts ( common air )\t effects4 ,two qu>ts ( nitr\s oxide ) "o ( common air produc$ a slight gidd9ess2 f\r qu>ts ( nitr\s oxide produc$ a fit ( immod]ate laught]1 :i* 0 succe$$ by slight exhil>ation1 h] spirits 7 good ?r\gh\t ! day1 & no depression foll[$4 ,miss ,b4 ,y---- & ,miss ,s4 ,y---- bo? delicate b heal?y "y ladies1 7 affect$ v pleasantly2 ea* by ?ree qu>ts ( nitr\s oxide1 ! fir/ "t ( respir+ x4 ,miss ,b ,y---- cont9u$ exhil>at$ & 9 high spirits = "s h\rs aft] ! dose4 ,miss ,s4 ,y---- _h a slight head-a*e1 :i* did n g (f = "s h\rs4 ,mrs4 ,f4 incl9$ to be hy/]ical1 brea!d f\r qu>ts ( nitr\s oxide m+l$ ) common air4 ,%e 0 giddy & describ$ h] feel+s z odd2 b _h n ! slighte/ languor aft] ! exp]im5t4 ,,iii4 ,obs]vations on ! effects ( ,nitr\s ,oxide1 by ,,dr4 ,,b$does4 ,nei!r my notes nor my recollection supply mu* 9 addition to :at ,i =m]ly /at$ 9 ! ,notice ( ,obs]vations at ! ,pneumatic ,in/itution4 ,longman4 ,! gas ma9ta9s its fir/ "* z well 9 its effects on me1 z 9 ! b5efit x conf]s on "s ( ! p>alytic1 & ! injury x does or ?reat5s to ! hy/]ical & ! exquisitely s5sible4 ,i f9d t five or six qu>ts op]ate z p[]fully z ev]4 ,i seem to make a giv5 quantity g f>!r by hold+ my brea? s t ! gas may be absorb$ 9 a great degree )\t return+ into ! bag1 & !re=e1 be z little heat$ be=e inspiration z possible4--,?is may be fancy4 ,aft] innum]able trials1 ,i h nev] once felt lassitude or depression#bbf4 ,mo/ commonly ,i am s5sible ( a grateful gl[ circum prcordia4 ,?is has cont9u$ = h\rs4--,9 two or ?ree in/ances only has inhalation fail$ to be foll[$ by pleasurable feel+1 x has nev] be5 foll[$ by ! contr>y4 ,on a few occasions be=e ! gas 0 exhau/$1 ,i h f\nd x impossible to cont9ue brea?+4 #bbf ,( ! facts on :i* ,br[n f\nd$ 8 law ( indirect debility1 no prud5t man w lose sight ei!r 9 practis+ or /udy+ m$ic9e4 ,!y are incontrov]tible4--,& our new facts may d\btless be conciliat$ to ! ,brunonian doctr9e4 ,b to suppose t ! exp5diture ( a quality or a sub/ance or a _s1 & its r5ewal or accumulation are ! g5]al pr9ciples ( animal phnom5a1 seems to me a griev\s & baneful error4 ,i believe x (t5 happ5s t excitem5t & excitability increase1 & t !y (t5] decrease toge!r2--,9 %ort1 )\t g5]aliz+ 9 a mann]1 ( :i* ,br[n & simil> !ori/s _h no conception1 our notions ( ! liv+ _w w 9 my op9ion1 cont9ue to be z confus$ z ! elem5ts are said to h be5 9 *aos4 ,on "s future occasion1 ,i may presume to po9t out ! region ?r\gh :i* ,i imag9e ! pa? to w9d1 t w lead ! obs]v]s ( "s di/ant g5]ation to a po9t1 :5ce !y may enjoy a view ( ! subtle1 busy & intricate movem5ts ( ! organic creation z cle> z ,newton obta9$ ( ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly masses4 ,! pulse at fir/ becomes full] & /rong]4 ,:5ev]1 aft] exposure to a cold w9d1 ! w>m? ( ! room has creat$ a gl[ 9 ! *eeks1 ! gas has increas$ ?is to /rong flu%+--:i* common air brea!d 9 ! same way1 fail$ to d4 ,sev]al times ,i h f\nd t a cut :i* _h ceas$ to be pa9ful has sm>t$ afre%1 & on tak+ two doses 9 succession1 ! sm>t+ ceas$ 9 ! int]val & return$ dur+ ! second respiration4 ,i _h no previ\s expectation ( ! fir/ sm>t+4 ,! only "t ,i 0 ne> r5d]+ myself ins5sible to pres5t objects by v c>efully brea?+ sev]al doses 9 quick succession1 ,i =cibly exclaim$1 ,,tones6--,9 fact1 besides a g5]al ?rill+1 !re seem$ to be quick & /rong alt]ations 9 ! degree ( illum9ation ( all surr\nd+ objects2 & ,i felt z if compos$ ( f9ely vibrat+ /r+s4 ,on ?is occasion1 ! sk9 seem$ 9 a /ate ( con/riction & ! lips glu$ to ! m\?-piece1 & ! muc\s membrane ( ! lungs contract$1 b n pa9fully4 ,h[ev]1 no con/riction or corrugation ( ! sk9 c\ld be se54 ,i am consci\s ( hav+ made a great numb] ( obs]vations :ile brea?+1 :i* ,i c\ld nev] recov]4 ,imm$iately aft]w>ds ,i h (t5 caught myself walk+ ) a hurri$ /ep & busy 9 soliloquy4 ,! condition ( g5]al s5sation be+ z :ile he>+ *e>ful music1 or aft] good news1 or a mod]ate quantity ( w9e4 ,mr4 ,john ,cave1 ,junr4 & 8 ?ree fri5ds1 z well z o!rs1 comp>$ ! effects to ,*ampagne4 ,mo/ p]sons h _h ! idea ( ! effect ( f]m5t$ liquors excit$ by ! gas4 ,x 7 to be wi%$ t we _h1 = a /&>d ( comp>ison1 obs]vations on ! effect ( ^! liquors z div]sifi$ & z accurate z we h obta9$ conc]n+ ! gas2 nor w\ld m uni=mity 9 ! action ( ^! sub/ances be obs]v$ if ! enquiry 7 /rictly pursu$4 ,opium & spirits seem1 9 p>ticul> /ates to sick5 & di/ress 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 h[ diff]5tly does w9e at an e>ly h\r & fa/+ act ^u ^? :o are accu/om$ to take x only aft] d9n]6 ,i ?\ght x might be an amus+ spectacle to see ! diff]5t t9ts ( blood fl[+ f a w\nd by a lee* 9 consequ5ce ( brea?+ diff]5t airs4 ,! purple f ! nitr\s oxide 0 v evid5t4 ,oxyg5e1 we ?\ght1 occasion$ a quick] fl[ & bright] color 9 ! blood4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t1 an inflam$ area r\nd ! puncture f a lee* appli$ ! day be=e1 0 judg$ by sev]al spectators to become mu* m crimson on ! respiration ( ab\t #bj qu>ts ( oxyg5e gas1 :i* possibly acts m p[]fully on inflam$ p>ts4#bbg ,^! & _m simil> exp]im5ts1 require to be repeat$ on ! blood ( s+le art]ies op5$ 9 w>m & cold animals4 #bbg ,aft] writ+ ?is1 ,i 0 pres5t :5 an invalid1 9 ^: foot ! g\t1 aft] mu* w&]+1 _h at la/ fix$1 brea!d #ab qu>ts ( oxyg5e gas4 ,:ile brea?+1 he eag]ly po9t$ to ! inflam$ leg2 & aft]w>ds said he _h felt 9 x a new s5sation1 some:at l t5sion4--,i nev] _h se5 oxyg5e respir$ :]e !re 0 s mu* local inflammation4 ,june #ah4 ,aft] f\r qu>ts ( oxyg5e ) #f ( nitr\s oxide & !n #f ( nitr\s oxide alone1 viol5t it*+ ( ! w\nds made by ! lee*2 & r$ness & tum\r4--,bo? _h heal$1 & ,i did n expect to feel any ?+ m f !m4--,i tri$ ?is aga9 ) two doses ( nitr\s oxide--,! yell[ halo r\nd "o w\nd *ang$ to crimson1 & !re 0 s mu* /++ & swell+ t ,i fe>$ suppuration4--,absorption "h 0 rapid4 ,x has appe>$ to me t ,i c\ld hold my brea? uncommonly long :5 respir+ oxyg5e gas mix$ ) nitr\s oxide4 ,:ile try+ ?is to-day1 7#ag? ,june71 ,i ?\ght ! s5se ( smell mu* m acute aft] ! nitr\s oxide ?an be=e ,i began to respire at all2 & !n ,i felt consci\s t ?is increas$ acut5ess _h be=e repeat$ly occurr$--a fact v capable1 ,i appreh5d1 ( a pneumatological int]pretation4 ,"t by my feel+s has always appe>$ long] ?an by a wat*4 ,i ?\ght ( try+ to obs]ve :e!r :ile ,i alt]nately brea!d quantities ( nitr\s oxide & oxyg5e gas & common air1 ,i c\ld obs]ve any diff]5ce 9 ! op]ation ( a bli/] beg9n+ to bite ! sk94 ,x w\ld be ( consequ5ce to asc]ta9 ! effect ( regulat+ by compression ! fl[ ( blood1 :ile /imulants ( v>i\s k9ds 7& heat$ bodies among ! re/7 7 appli$ to or ne> ! extremities--because 9 erisipelas & v>i\s inflammatory affections1 a ready & pleasant cure might be effect$ by p>tial compression ( ! art]ies go+ to ! diseas$ "p2 & a great improvem5t 9 practice ?us obta9$4 ,b ,i %\ld run into an endless digression1 7 ,i to enum]ate possible physiological exp]im5ts ) artificial airs1 or to speculate on ! me*anical improvem5t ( m$ic9e1 :i* at pres5t z f> z me*anical means ( affect+ ! liv+ sy/em are conc]n$1 is ) u 9 a /ate t w\ld almo/ disgrace a nation ( savages4 ,,iv4 ,,conclusion4 ,f ! facts detail$ 9 ! prec$+ pages1 x appe>s t ! imm$iate effects ( nitr\s oxide ^u ! liv+ sy/em1 are analog\s to ^? ( diffusible /imuli4 ,bo? increase ! =ce ( circulation1 produce pleasurable feel+1 alt] ! condition ( ! organs ( s5sation1 & 9 _! mo/ ext5sive action de/roy life4 ,9 ! mode ( op]ation ( nitr\s oxide & diffusible /imuli1 consid]able diff]5ces h[ev]1 exi/4 ,diffusible /imuli act imm$iately on ! muscul> & n]v\s fibre4 ,nitr\s oxide op]ates ^u !m only by produc+ peculi> *anges 9 ! composition ( ! blood4 ,diffusible /imuli affect t "p ( ! sy/em mo/ p[]fully to :i* !y are appli$1 & act on ! :ole only by means ( its sympa?y ) t "p4 ,nitr\s oxide 9 comb9ation ) ! blood1 is univ]sal 9 its application & action4 ,we "k v little ( ! nature ( excitem5t2 z h[ev]1 life dep5ds imm$iately on c]ta9 *anges effect$ 9 ! blood 9 respiration1 & ultimately on ! supply ( c]ta9 nutritive matt] by ! lymphatics2 x is reasonable to conclude1 t dur+ ! action ( simulat+ sub/ances1 f ! increas$ =ce ( circulation1 n only m oxyg5e & p]haps nitrog5e mu/ be comb9$ ) ! blood 9 respiration1#bbh b likewise m fluid nutritive matt] suppli$ to x 9 circulation4 #bbh ,see ,dr4 ,b$does's ,consid]ations1 "p #a4 page #bf4 ,8 obs]vations 9 ! note 9 ! la/ section1 w likewise apply "h4--,is n heal?y liv+ action dep5dant ^u a c]ta9 equilibrium betwe5 ! pr9ciples suppli$ to ! blood by ! pulmon>y ve9s f respiration & by ! lymphatics f absorption8 ,does n s5sibility m imm$iately dep5d ^u respiration8 ,deprive an animal "u /imulation1 ( air1 & x in/antly dies2 probably if absorption c\ld be prev5t$1 x w\ld likewise spe$ily die4 ,x w\ld be curi\s to try :e!r intoxication f f]m5t$ liquors _c be prev5t$ by brea?+ dur+ _! op]ation1 an atmosph]e depriv$ ( "p ( its oxyg5e4 ,by ?is oxyg5e & nutritive matt] excitability may be kept up3 & exhau/ion consequ5t to excitem5t only produc$1 9 consequ5ce ( a defici5cy ( "s ( ! nutritive pr9ciples1 :i* are suppli$ by absorption4 ,:5 nitr\s oxide is brea!d1 nitrog5e 7a pr9ciple "u common circum/ances *iefly c>ri$ into ! blood by ! absorb5ts 9 fluid comp\nds7 is suppli$ 9 respiration2 a great] quantity ( oxyg5e is comb9$ ) ! blood ?an 9 common respiration1 :il/ less c>bonic acid & probably less wat] are evolv$4 ,h5ce a small] quantity ( nutritive matt] is probably requir$ f ! absorb5ts dur+ ! excitem5t f nitr\s oxide1 ?an dur+ ! op]ation ( /imulants2 & 9 consequ5ce1 exhau/ion f ! exp5diture ( nutritive matt] m seldom occasion$4 ,s9ce ,rese>* ,,iii4 has be5 pr9t$1 ,i h endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 ! quantities ( nitrog5e produc$ :5 nitr\s oxide is respir$ = a consid]able "t4 ,9 "o exp]im5t1 :5 ,i brea!d ab\t f\r qu>ts ( gas 9 a glass bell ov] impregnat$ wat] = ne> a m9ute1 x 0 dim9i%$ to ab\t two qu>ts2 & ! residuum ext+ui%$ flame4 ,n[ ! exp]im5ts 9 ,rese>* ,,ii4 prove t :5 nitr\s oxide is decompos$ by combu/ible bodies1 ! quantity ( nitrog5e evolv$ is r great] 9 volume ?an ! pre-exi/+ nitr\s oxide4 ,h5ce mu* ( ! nitrog5e tak5 into ! sy/em dur+ ! respiration ( nitr\s oxide1 mu/ be ei!r c>ri$ into new comb9ations1 or giv5 out by ! capill>y vessels ?r\gh ! sk94 ,x w\ld be curi\s to asc]ta9 :e!r ! quantity ( ammoniac 9 ! sal9e matt]s held 9 solution by ! secret$ fluids is increas$ aft] ! respiration ( nitr\s oxide4 ,exp]im5ts made ^u ! consumption ( nitr\s oxide m+l$ ) atmosph]ic air by ! small] animals1 w\ld g f> to det]m9e :e!r any nitrog5e is giv5 out ?r\gh ! sk94 ,! v>i\s effects ( nitr\s oxide ^u diff]5t individuals & ^u ! same individuals at diff]5t times1 prove t its p[]s are capable ( be+ modifi$ bo? by ! peculi> condition ( organs1 & by ! /ate ( g5]al feel+4 ,reason+ f common phnom5a ( s5sation1 p>ticul>ly ^? relat+ to heat1 x is probable t pleasurable feel+ is uni=mly connect$ ) a mod]ate increase ( n]v\s action2 & t ?is increase :5 c>ri$ to c]ta9 limits1 produces mix$ emotion or sublime pleasure2 & beyond ^? limits occasions absolute pa94 ,comp>+ ! facts 9 ! la/ division1 x is likely t individuals possess$ ( high heal? & little s5sibility1 w g5]ally be less pleasurably affect$ by nitr\s oxide ?an su* z h m s5sibility1 9 :om ! emotions w sometimes s f> ent] ! limits ( pa9 z to become sublime2#bbi :il/ ! n]v\s action 9 su* z h exquisite s5sibility1 w be s mu* increas$ z (t5 to produce disagreeable feel+4 ,modification ( ! p[]s ( nitr\s oxide by mixture ( ! gas ) oxyg5e or common air1 w probably enable ! mo/ delicately s5sible to respire x )\t dang]1 & ev5 ) pleasurable effects3 h]et(ore x has be5 adm9i/]$ to su* only 9 its pure =m or m+l$ ) small quantities ( atmosph]ic air1 & 9 its pure =m ev5 ! mo/ robu/ are unable to respire x ) safety = m ?an five m9utes4 #bbi ,sublime emotion ) reg>d to natural objects1 is g5]ally produc$ by ! connection ( ! pleasure ( beauty ) ! passion ( fe>4 ,! muscul> actions#bcj sometimes connect$ ) ! feel+s produc$ by nitr\s oxide1 seem to dep5d 9 a great measure ^u ! p>ticul> habits ( ! individual2 !y w usually be ( t k9d :i* is produc$ ei!r by common pleasurable feel+s or /rong emotions4 #bcj ,! immortal ,,h>tley has demon/rat$ t all our motions are orig9ally automatic1 & g5]ally produc$ by ! action ( tangible ?+s on ! muscul> fibre4 ,! common actions ( adults may be di/+ui%$ into two k9ds2 volunt>y actions1 & mix$ automatic actions4 ,! fir/ are produc$ by ideas1 or by ideas connect$ ) passions4 ,! second by impression1 or by pleasure & pa94 ,9 volunt>y action1 regul> associations ( ideas & muscul> motions exi/3 z :5 a *emi/ p]=ms a pre-conceiv$ exp]im5t4 ,9 mix$ automatic actions1 ! simple motions produc$ by impression are connect$ ) s]ies ( motions =m]ly volunt>y1 b n[ produc$ )\t ! int]v5tion ( ideas3 z :5 a p]son accu/om$ to play on ! h>psi*ord1 f accid5tally /rik+ a key1 is induc$ to p]=m ! s]ies ( motions :i* produce a well-rememb]$ tune4 ,evid5tly ! muscul> actions produc$ by nitr\s oxide are mix$ automatic motions4 ,hy/]ical affection is occasion$ by nitr\s oxide1 probably only 9 consequ5ce ( ! /rong emotion produc$1 :i* de/roys ! p[] ( ! w1 & calls up s]ies ( automatic motions =m]ly connect$ ) a v>iety ( less p[]ful b simil> feel+s4 ,! quickness ( ! op]ation ( nitr\s oxide1 w probably r5d] x useful 9 cases ( extreme debility produc$ by defici5cy ( common excit+ p[]s4 ,p]haps x may be advantage\sly appli$ m+l$ ) oxyg5e or common air1 to ! recov]y ( p]sons app>5tly dead f suffocation by dr[n+ or hang+4 ,! only diseases 9 :i* nitr\s oxide has be5 hi!rto employ$1 are ^? ( defici5t s5sibility4--,an acc\nt ( its ag5cy 9 p>alytic affections1 w be spe$ily publi%$ by ,dr4 ,b$does4 ,z by its imm$iate op]ation ! tone ( ! irritable fibre is increas$1 & z exhau/ion r>ely foll[s ! viol5t muscul> motions sometimes produc$ by x1 x is n unreasonable to expect advantages f x 9 cases ( simple muscul> debility4 ,! app>5t g5]al transi5cy ( its op]ation 9 ! pure =m 9 s+le doses has be5 consid]$ z (f]+ argum5ts aga9/ its p[] ( produc+ la/+ *anges 9 ! con/itution4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be easy to keep up excitem5t ( diff]5t degrees ( int5sity = a great l5g? ( "t1 ei!r by adm9i/]+ ! unm+l$ gas 9 rapid successive doses1 or by pres]v+ a p]man5t atmosph]e1 conta9+ diff]5t proportions ( nitr\s oxide & common air1 by means ( a brea?+ *amb]4#bca ,t s+le doses nev]!less1 are capable ( produc+ p]man5t effects 9 "s con/itutions1 is evid5t1 z well f ! hy/]ical cases z f "s ( ! details--p>ticul>ly t ( ,mr4 ,m4 ,m4 ,coates4 #bca ,see ,r4 ,,iv4 ,div4 ,i4 page #dgh4 ,z nitr\s oxide 9 its ext5sive op]ation appe>s capable ( de/roy+ physical pa91 x may probably be us$ ) advantage dur+ surgical op]ations 9 :i* no great effusion ( blood takes place4 ,f ! /rong incl9ation ( ^? :o h be5 pleasantly affect$ by ! gas to respire x aga91 x is evid5t1 t ! pleasure produc$1 is n lo/1 b t x m+les ) ! mass ( feel+s1 & becomes intellectual pleasure1 or hope4 ,! desire ( "s individuals acqua9t$ ) ! pleasures ( nitr\s oxide = ! gas has be5 (t5 s /rong z to induce !m to brea! ) eag]ness1 ! air rema9+ 9 ! bags aft] ! respiration ( o!rs4 ,z hydroc>bonate acts z a s$ative1#bcb & dim9i%es liv+ action z rapidly z nitr\s oxide increases x1 on ! common !ory ( excitability#bcc x w\ld foll[1 t by diff]5tly modify+ ! atmosph]e by means ( ?is gas & nitr\s oxide1 we %\ld be 9 possession ( a regul> s]ies ( excit+ & depress+#bcd p[]s applicable to e deviation ( ! con/itution f heal?3 b ! common !ory ( excitability is mo/ probably f\nd$ on a false g5]alisation4 ,! modifications ( diseas$ action may be inf9ite & specific 9 diff]5t organs2 & h5ce out ( ! p[] ( ag5ts op]at+ on ! :ole ( ! sy/em4 #bcb ,r4 ,,iv4 ,div4 ,i4 page #dfg4 #bcc ,t ( ,br[n modifi$ by 8 disciples4 #bcd ,suppos+ ! increase or dim9ution ( liv+ action :5 produc$ by diff]5t ag5ts1 uni=m1 simil> & diff]+ only 9 degree2 x w\ld foll[1 t c]ta9 mixtures ( hydroc>bonate & nitr\s oxide1 or hydrog5e & nitr\s oxide1 ought to be capable ( support+ ! life ( animals = a mu* long] "t ?an pure nitr\s oxide4 ,f ! exp]im5ts 9 ,res4 ,,iii4 ,div4 ,i4 x appe>s h[ev]1 t ?is is n ! case4 ,x w\ld seem1 t 9 life1 a v>iety ( diff]5t corpuscul> *anges are capable ( produc+ phnom5a app>5tly simil>2 s t 9 ! sci5ce ( liv+ action1 we are incapable ( reason+ conc]n+ causes f effects4 ,:5ev] we attempt to comb9e our scatt]$ physiological facts1 we are /opp$ by ! want ( num]\s int]m$iate analogies2 & s loosely connect$ or s indep5dant ( ea* o!r1 are ! diff]5t s]ies ( phnom5a1 t we are r>ely able to make probable conjectures1 mu* less c]ta9 pr$ictions conc]n+ ! results ( new exp]im5ts4 ,an imm5se mass ( pneumatological1 *emical1 & m$ical in=mation mu/ be collect$1 be=e we %all be able to op]ate ) c]ta9ty1 on ! human con/itution4 ,pneumatic *emi/ry 9 its application to m$ic9e1 is an art 9 infancy1 weak1 almo/ useless1 b app>5tly possess$ ( capabilities ( improvem5t4 ,to be r5d]$ /rong & mature1 %e mu/ be n\ri%$ by facts1 /r5g!n$ by ex]cise1 & cauti\sly direct$ 9 ! application ( h] p[]s by rational scepticism4 ,,app5dix4 ,no4 ,i4 ,effects ( ,nitr\s ,oxide on ,vegetation4 ,9 ,july #agii1 ,i introduc$ two small plants ( spurge into nitr\s oxide1 9 contact ) a little wat] ov] m]cury2 aft] rema9+ 9 x two days1 !y pres]v$ _! heal?y appe>ance1 & ,i c\ld n p]ceive t any gas _h be5 absorb$4 ,i 0 prev5t$ by an accid5t1 f keep+ !m long] 9 ! gas4 ,a small plant ( m9t introduc$ into nitr\s oxide & expos$ to light1 9 ?ree days became d>k olive & spott$ ) br[n2 & 9 ab\t six days 0 q dead4--,ano!r simil> plant1 kept 9 ! d>k 9 nitr\s oxide1 did n alt] 9 color = five days1 & at ! end ( sev5 days1 0 only a little yell[] ?an be=e4 ,i c\ld n asc]ta9 :e!r any gas _h be5 absorb$4 ,i introduc$ into nitr\s oxide ?r\gh wat]1 a heal?y budd+ rose1 ?9k+ t its colors might be r5d]$ bright] by ! gas4 ,i 0 disappo9t$1 x v spe$ily fad$ & di$2 possibly injur$ by ! solution ( nitr\s oxide 9 wat]4 ,( two r[s ( peas j appe>+ above gr\nd2 ,i wat]$ "o ) solution ( nitr\s oxide 9 wat]1 & ! o!r ) common wat] daily1 = a =tnight4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t1 ,i c\ld p]ceive no diff]5ce 9 _! gr[?1 & aft]w>ds !y cont9u$ to gr[ equally fa/4 ,i introduc$ ?r\gh wat] into six phials1 "o ( :i* conta9$ hydrog5e1 "o oxyg5e1 "o common air1 "o hydroc>bonate1 "o c>bonic acid1 & "o nitr\s oxide1 six simil> plants ( m9t1 _! roots be+ 9 contact ) wat] & _! leaves expos$ to light4 ,! plant 9 c>bonic acid began to fade 9 less ?an two days1 & 9 f\r 0 dead4 ,t 9 hydrog5e di$ 9 less ?an five days2 t 9 nitr\s oxide did n fade mu* = ! fir/ two days1 b on ! ?ird1 droop$ v mu*1 & 0 dead at ! same "t z t 9 hydrog5e4 ,! plant 9 oxyg5e = ! fir/ f\r days1 look$ fl\ri%+ & 0 c]ta9ly ( a f9] gre5 ?an be=e1 gradually h[ev]1 its leaves became spott$ ) black & dropp$ (f "o by "o1 till at ! end ( t5 days !y _h all disappe>$4 ,at ?is "t ! plant 9 common air look$ sickly & yell[1 :il/ t 9 hydroc>bonate 0 gre5] & m fl\ri%+ ?an ev]4 ,i h detail$ ^! exp]im5ts n on acc\nt ( any important conclusions t may be drawn f !m2 b ) a view ( induc+ o!rs to repeat !m1 & to exam9e ! *anges effect$ 9 ! gases4 ,if x %\ld be f\nd by future exp]im5ts1 t hydroc>bonate g5]ally increas$ vegetation1 x w\ld ?r[ "s light ^u ! use ( manures1 conta9+ putrefy+ animal & vegetable sub/ances1 f :i* ?is gas is p]petually evolv$4 ,! *emi/ry ( vegetation ?\gh imm$iately connect$ ) agriculture1 ! art on :i* we dep5d = subsi/5ce1 has be5 b little inve/igat$4 ,! discov]ies ( ,prie/ley & ,+5h\sz1 seem to prove t x is )9 ! rea* ( our in/rum5ts ( exp]im5t4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,,approximations ,,to ,,! ,composition & ,weight ( ! ari=m ,,comb9ations ( ,,nitrog5e ,at temp]ature #ee1 & atmosph]ic pressure #cj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ajj ,cubic ,94 gra9s ,nitrog5e ,oxyg5e ---------------------------------------- ------- ,nitro- ,) ,nitrog5e #cj4jd g5e ,oxy- ,oxyg5e #ce4jf g5e ----------------------- #ajj ------------------ ,atmosph]4 air w #ca4aj;gra9s #gc4jj #bg4jj ,nitr\s oxide e #ej4bj are #fc4cj #cf4gj ,nitr\s gas i #cd4bf;com- #dd4je #ee4ie ,nitric acid g #gf4jj pos$ #bi4ej #gj4ej h ( ------------------ ,nitrog5e,hydrog5e ------------------------------ ------------------ ,) hydro-,ammoniac #ah4je #hj4jj #bj4jj g5e ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,no4 ,,iii4 ,additional ,obs]vations4 a4 ,9 ,res4 #a/4 ,div4 ,,iv4 ,sect4 ,,iii4 9 ! analysis ( nitr\s gas by pyrophorus1 z no absorption took place :5 ! residual nitrog5e 0 expos$ to wat]1 ,i inf]r$ t if any c>bonic acid 0 =m$ x 0 9 quantity s m9ute1 z to be unwor?y ( notice4 ,a few days ago1 ,i compleatly decompos$ a quantity ( nitr\s gas by pyrophorus1 :5 ! residual nitrog5e 0 expos$ to solution ( /rontian1 ! fluid became slightly cl\d$2 b no p]ceptible absorption took place4 b4 ,if !re 0 ! lea/ probability 9 any ( ,dr4 ,girtann]'s speculations on ! composition ( ,azote1#bce ! exp]im5ts on ! exhau/$ capacity#bcf ( ! lungs 9 ,res4 ,,iii4 might be suppos$ inconclusive4 ,b !re appe>s to be no m reason = suppos+ t hydrog5e is conv]t$ into nitrog5e by respiration1 ?an = suppos+ t x is conv]t$ into wat]1 c>bonic acid or oxyg5e2 = all ^! products are evolv$ :5 t gas is respir$4 ,f ! comp>ison ( ,exp4 #a ) ,exp4 #c1 ,res4 iii4 ,div4 ii4 ,sec4 #d1 x is almo/ demon/rat$ t no asc]ta9able *ange is effect$ 9 hydrog5e by respiration4 ,! exp]im5t ( ! accurate ,s*eele 9 :i* hydrog5e aft] be+ respir$ ?irty times 9 a bladd] :olly lo/ its inflammability1 may be easily acc\nt$ = f its mixture ) ! residual gases ( ! lungs4 #bce ,annales de ,*imie1 #ajj2 & ,mr4 ,tillo*'s ,phil4 ,magaz9e4 #bd4 #bcf ,i regret mu* t ,i c\ld n procure ,dr4 ,m5zies's obs]vations on ,respiration1 :ile ,i 0 mak+ ! exp]im5ts on ! capacity ( ! lungs3 !y w\ld probably h sav$ me "s labor4 ,ab\t a =tnight ago1 ,i respir$1 aft] =c$ volunt>y exhau/ion ( my lungs1 my nose be+ accurately clos$1 ?ree qu>ts ( hydrog5e 9 a silk bag1 at f\r int]vals1 = ne> five m9utes4 ,aft] ?is x 0 highly inflammable1 & burnt ) a gre5i% :ite flame 9 contact ) ! atmosph]e2 b 0 n s explosive z be=e4#bcg #bcg ,if loosely comb9$ c>bon exi/s 9 v5\s blood1 hydrog5e may probably dissolve a portion ( x :5 respir$ & become slightly c>bonat$4 ,at lea/ !re is z mu* probability 9 ! supposition t c>bon 9 loose aff9ity may comb9e ) hydrog5e at #ih z t x may comb9e ) oxyg5e4 c4 ,f :at we h lately he>d ( ! curi\s exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,volta & ,mr4 ,c>lisle1 x is v probable t ! conv]sion ( nitr\s gas into nitr\s oxide :5 expos$ to wett$ z9c1 copp] & t91 9 contact ) m]cury1 z describ$ 9 ,res4 ,i4 ,div4 ,v4 may 9 "s measure dep5d on ! action ( ! galvanic fluid4 ,:il/ ,i 0 engag$ 9 ! exp]im5ts on ?is conv]sion1 ,dr4 ,b$does#bch m5tion$ to me "s curi\s facts notic$ by ,humboldt & ,ritt]1 relat+ to ! oxydation ( metals by ! decomposition ( wat]1 :i* induc$ me to exam9e ! phnom5a ) m att5tion ?an ,i %\ld h o!rwise done4--,i recollect obs]v+ t "s ( ! wett$ z9c fil+s 9 nitr\s gas on ! side ( ! j> n 9 contact ) ! surface ( m]cury1 7 v sl[ly oxydat$4 ,:il/ on ! surface ( ! m]cury :]e small globules ( t sub/ance 7 m+l$ ) ! fil+s ( z9c1 ! decomposition w5t on mu* m rapidly2 possibly ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! moi/ure1 a s]ies ( galvanic circles 7 =m$4 #bch ,dr4 ,,b$does has s9ce fav\r$ me ) ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ^! facts4 8,mr4 ,humboldt 7ueb] die g]eizte ,fas] ,i4 #dgc1 #agig7 quotes "p ( a lett] f ,dr4 ,a%1 9 :i* x is said t if two f9ely poli%$ plates ( homog5e\s z9c be moi/5$ & laid toge!r1 little effect foll[s--b if z9c & silv] be tri$ 9 ! same way1 ! :ole surface ( ! silv] w be cov]$ ) oxydat$ z9c4 ,lead & quicksilv] act z p[]fully on ea* o!r1 & s d iron & copp]4--,mr4 ,humboldt 7p4 #dgd7 says t1 9 repeat+ ?is exp]im5t1 he saw air-bubbles asc5d1 :i* he supposes to h be5 hydrog5e gas f ! decomposition ( wat]--,:5 he plac$ z9c simply on moi/ glass1 ! same phnom5a took place1 b m sl[ly & lat]4 ,! quantity ( oxyd ( z9c ^u ! glass alone 0 9 #bj h\rs to t on ! silv] z "o to ?ree4 ,9 a v +5i\s b obscurely writt5 tract by ,mr4 ,ritt]1 entitl$1 ,evid5ce t ! galvanic action exi/s 9 organic nature1 #hvo4 ,j5a1 #ahjj--,! au?or obs]ves1 t ! c>e ( ,dr4 ,a% & ,mr4 ,humboldt t ! metals %\ld t\* ea* o!r 9 z _m po9ts z possible 0 sup]flu\s1 ev5 if we c\ld grant t two metallic plates might be made by poli%+1 to t\* 9 a numb] ( po9ts4 ,to %ew t x 0 suffici5t if by t\*+ 9 "o po9t only !y %\ld =m a compleat galvanic circle1 he dropp$ a s+le drop ( di/ill$ wat] ^u ! bu/ ( a l>ge silv] co94 ,a piece ( pure z9c 0 plac$ ) its "o end on ! edge ( ! co91 :ile ! o!r 0 support$ by a bit ( glass4 ,! drop ( wat] 0 nei!r 9 contact ) ! glass nor ) ! po9t at :i* ! metals t\*$4 ,! mat]ials 7 left 9 ?is situation = f\r h\rs at ! temp]ature ( #fh4 ,on tak+ !m ap>t1 ! wat] _h become q milky & _h half disappe>$2 & ,mr4 ,ritt] actually sep>at$ a quantity ( :ite oxide t _h be5 produc$ 9 ! exp]im5t4 ,! pieces ( metal 7 clean$ & laid toge!r 9 ! same mann]1 only t n[ a piece ( pap] 0 put betwe5 ! metals at _! =m] po9t ( contact4 ,9 f\r h\rs fir/1 & aft]w>ds 9 t51 a fa9t r+ ( oxide only _h be5 produc$ ( :i* ! quantity c\ld n be e/imat$1 nor c\ld x be sep>at$4 ,9 ?is case1 ! z9c _h sc>ce lo/ any ?+ ( its spl5d\r2 9 ! =m] x _h be5 corrod$4 ,9 _m repetitions ( ! exp]im5t1 he f\nd t f> m oxide 0 =m$ :5 ! metals t\*$1 ?an :5 !y 7 sep>at$ to ! slighte/ di/ance by an insolat+ body1 ev5 air4 ,on expos+ ^! app>atuses ) some:at m wat] to a consid]able heat = f\r m9utes1 ! wat] 9 ! int]rupt$ circle cont9u$ q cle>1 :ile t 9 ! o!r _h become milk-:ite4 ,! same phnom5a 7 pres5t$ by o!r pairs ( metals 9 a degree proportional to _! galvanic activity2 viz4 by z9c & molybdna1 z9c & bismu?1 z9c & copp]1 z also ) t9 & silv]1 t9 & molybdna1 & lead & silv]4 ,! exp]im5t ) t9 0 p>ticul>ly decisive1 = :5 9 contact ) no o!r metal x 0 sc>cely at all oxydat$ by wat]1 ?\gh oxydation took place :5 t9 0 br\ght into contact ) silv]1 & bo? 7 connect$ at ! o!r end by a drop ( wat]--,:at !re=e took place 9 ,dr4 ,a%'s exp]im5t1 arose f an aggregation ( galvanic circles ( diff]5t =ms4 ,by ! =ego+ exp]im5ts1 concludes ,mr4 ,ritt]1 :i* ?\gh capable ( ! mo/ v>i\s modifications1 uni=mly co9cide 9 _! ma9 result1 x is abundantly prov$ t galvanic circles c be =m$ ( m]ely inorganic bodies1 by ^: completion !re is produc$ an action :i* ceases :5 ! circle is op5$4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is has be5 %ewn1 proves also t ?is action c effectuate s5sible modifications 9 organic bodies2 & ! process by :i* ^! modifications h be5 effect$1 made x evid5t t !y 7 n consequ5ces ( a mom5t>y action ( ! circle1 b ( an action t is kept up :ile ! circle rema9s entire2 = ! process :i* br\ght ?is action "u ! cognizance ( ! s5ses w5t on1 :ile ! circle 0 unbrok51 & its figure n br\ght back to t ( a l9e4 ,x is sc>ce necess>y to obs]ve t ! exp]im5ts "h quot$1 are f> f be+ ! only ones on :i* ! above conclusions re/40 ,t4 ,b4 d4 ,9 ,res4 ,,ii4 ,div4 ,i4 x is /at$1 t nitr\s oxide dur+ its solution by common wat]1 expels ab\t _/ ( atmosph]ic air ! volume ( ! wat] be+ unity4 ,f ! delicate exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,pe>son1 on ! passage ( ! electric sp>k ?r\gh wat]1 x appe>s h[ev] probable1 t mu* m ?an _/ ( atmosph]ic air is sometimes held 9 solution by t fluid1#bci possibly ! :ole ( ! air is n expell$ by nitr\s oxide1 ow+ to "s unkn[n law ( saturation by :i* an equilibrium ( aff9ity is produc$1 =m+ a triple comp\nd4 #bci ,possibly a ratio exi/s betwe5 ! solubility ( gases 9 wat]1 & ! solubility ( wat] 9 gases4 ,x is probable f ,mr4 ,wm4 ,h5ry's curi\s exp]im5ts on ! muriatic acid1 t ! absolute quantity ( wat] 9 _m gases1 may be asc]ta9$ by means ( its decomposition by ! electric sp>k4 ,no4 ,,iv4 ,,description ,,( ,a ,,m]curial ,,airhold]4 ,sugge/$ by an inspection ( ,mr4 ,,watt',s ,ma*9e = conta9+ ,factiti\s ,airs4 ,by ,,william ,,clayfield4 ,sev]al modes ( c\nt]act+ ! pressure ( a decreas+ column ( m]cury hav+ be5 ?\ght ( 9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,w4 ,cox1 ! foll[+ 0 at la/ adopt$ z ! mo/ simple & effectual4 ,plate #a ,fig4 #a1 repres5ts a section ( ! ma*9e1 :i* consi/s ( a /rong glass cyl9d] ,a cem5t$ to "o ( ! same k9d ,b1 fitt$ to ! solid block ,c1 into :i* ! glass tube ,d is cem5t$ = convey+ air into ! moveable receiv] ,e4 ,! brass axis ,f1 ,fig4 #b1 hav+ a d\ble be>+ at a1 a1 is t]m9at$ at "o end by ! :eel ,g1 ! circumf]5ce ( :i* is equal to ! dep? ( ! receiv]1 s t x may be drawn to ! surface ( ! m]cury by ! cord b 9 "o revolution2 to ! o!r end is fitt$ ! :eel ,h1 ov] :i* ! balance cord c runs 9 an opposite direction 9 ! spiral groove e1 a front view ( ! :eel ,h is %ewn at ,fig4 #c4 ,hav+ load$ ! receiv] ) ! weight ,i1 some?+ heavi] ?an may be necess>y to =ce x ?r\gh ! m]cury1 x is balanc$ by ! small weight ,k1 :i* hangs f t "p ( ! spiral :]e ! radius is equal to t ( ! :eel ,g1 f ?is po9t ! radius ( ! spiral mu/ be increas$ 9 su* proportion1 t 9 e "p ( its circuit1 ! weight ,k may be an exact c\nt]poise to ! airhold]4 ,9 ?is way1 s little friction w be produc$1 t m]ely plung+ ! l[] orifice ( ! tube ,d "u m]cury conta9$ 9 ! small vessel ,l1 w be suffici5t to ov]come e resi/ance1 & to =ce ! gas dis*>g$ f ! beak ( a retort into ! receiv]1 :]e :atev] may be its quantity1 x w be subject$ to a pressure exactly correspond+ to t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! edge ( ! :eel ,h be+ graduat$1 ! balance cord c may be made to indicate its volume4 ,%\ld x at any "t be necess>y to r$uce ! pressure to ! m$ium /&>d ( ! b>omet]1 x may easily be done by graduat+ ! l[] end ( ! tube ,d1 & add+ to ! weights ,i or ,k1 z may be f\nd necess>y2 ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! tube po9t+ out ! increase or dim9ution4 ,! concavity at ! top ( ! int]nal cyl9d] is int5d$ to conta9 any liquid x may be ?\ght prop] to expose to ! action ( ! gas4 ,! upp] orifice f1 ) its gr\nd /opp]1 is p>ticul>ly useful 9 convey+ air f ! retort g1 ) its curv$ neck1 into ! receiv]1 )\t its pass+ ?r\gh ! tube ,d4 ,9 all cases :]e a rapid extrication ( gas is expect$ ! retort g1 %\ld be firmly lut$ to ! orifice & ! weight ,i1 remov$ f ! top ( ! receiv]1 ?is by dim9i%+ ! pressure1 w admit ! gas to exp& freely 9 ! airhold] at ! in/ant ( its =mation1 & prev5t an explosion ( ! vessels4 ,! same caution mu/ be obs]v$ :5ev] any inflammation ( gas is produc$ by ! electric sp>k4 ,! air may be readily transf]r$ ?r\gh wat] or ev5 m]cury by ! tube h1 ,fig4 #a4 ,to prev5t an absorption ( m]cury 9 case ( a cond5sation tak+ place 9 ! retort made use ( = g5]at+ air1 ,mr4 ,davy has appli$ ! /op-cock i1 to :i* ! neck is firmly lut$4 ,?is /op-cock is likewise ( great s]vice 9 saturat+ wat] ) acid or alkal9e gases1 :i* may be effect$ by lut+ "o end ( ! tube k to ! /op-cock1 & plung+ ! o!r into ! fluid 9 ! small vessel l1 cem5t$ at top1 & t]m9at+ 9 ! b5t funnel m--! tube h hav+ be5 previ\sly remov$1 & ! l[] orifice ( ! tube ,d ei!r sunk to a consid]able dep? 9 m]cury1 or clos$ ) a gr\nd /opp]4 ,! b5d ( ! funnel m1 may be accurately clos$ by ! introduction ( a few l9es ( m]cury4 ,! application ( ! /op-cock n1 has enabl$ ,mr4 ,davy to p]=m "s exp]im5ts on respiration ) consid]able accuracy4 ,note4 ,?is app>atus 0 fir/ describ$ 9 ! ?ird "p ( ,dr4 ,b$does's ,consid]ations2 its relation to ,mr4 ,davy's exp]im5ts ) ! improvem5ts x has lately receiv$1 may probably be deem$ suffici5t to excuse ! re-pr9t+ x4--,! weight ,i4 ,fig4 #b1 hav+ be5 omitt$ 9 ! plate1 ! read] mu/ supply ! defici5cy4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,proposals ,,= ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,accid5tal ,,obs]vations ,,9 ,,m$ic9e4 ,9 times beyond ! rea* ( hi/ory1 ! m$ic9al application ( sub/ances c\ld h aris5 f no o!r s\rce ?an accid5t4 ,among articles ( ! mat]ia m$ica ( kn[n orig91 we are indebt$ to accid5t = "s ( ! mo/ preci\s4 ,accid5t is e day pres5t+ to diff]5t individuals ! spectacle ( phnom5a1 aris+ f uncommon quantities ( drugs on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r1 f uncommon conditions ( ! sy/em1 :]e ord9>y p[]s only h be5 kn[+ly or rec5tly appli$4 ,:at is said ( drugs may be ext5d$ to natural ag5ts & m5tal affections4 ,f conv]sation ) a v>iety bo? ( m$ical practition]s & unpr(essional obs]v]s1 ! au?or ( ?is proposal is p]suad$ t su* au!ntic occurr5ces only1 z h pres5t$ !mselves to p]sons n[ liv+ w\ld1 if !y c\ld be br\ght toge!r1 compose a body ( fact1 s in/ructive to ! philosoph]1 & useful to ! physician1 t he despairs ( f9d+ a t]m wor?y to *>act]ize x4 ,9 "s cases1 ! influ5ce ( unsuspect$ p[]s w\ld be detect$4 ,9 o!rs1 res\rces available to ! purpose ( re/or+ heal? 9 desp]ate situations w\ld be directly pres5t$1 or c\ld be detect$ by a %ort & easy process ( reason+4 ,"s anomal\s obs]vations1 by %ew+ ! abs5ce or ag5cy ( conte/$ causes1 w\ld p]=m ! (fice ( exp]im5ta crucis--,unusual affections occur ( :i* an exact acc\nt w\ld be among ! means ( remov+ f physic its opprobri\s unc]ta9ty3 = ?is unc]ta9ty frequ5tly dep5ds ^u our inability to di/+ui% ! subtl] diff]5ces 9 cases :i* resemble ea* o!r 9 _! gross] features4 ,no /rik+ fact c be accurately /at$1 9 conjunction ) its antec$5t & concomitant circum/ances1 )\t improv+ our acqua9tance ) human nature4 ,our acquisitions 9 ?is mo/ important bran* ( k1 may be comp>$ to a numb] ( brok5 s]ies1 ( :i* we h n always m ?an "o or two memb]s4 ,b e new accession bids fair to fill up "s defici5cy2 & a l>ge supply w\ld contribute t[>ds connect+ s]ies app>5tly indep5d5t1 & work+ up ! :ole into "o gr& all-compreh5d+ *a94 ,!re are compla9ts1 & ^? by f> too frequ5t1 :]e no kn[n process has a claim to ! title ( rem$ial4 ,"h ! :ole *ance ( pres]vation dep5ds on ! physician's capacity = br++ toge!r facts t h h]et(ore /ood remote4 ,b no p[] ( comb9ation c avail :]e !re are no ideas to comb9e4 ,e new obs]vation !re=e1 may be consid]$ z a /&>d trunk1 s5d+ =? analogies z s _m bran*es cr[n$ ) blossoms1 "s ( :i* _c fail to be succe$$ by salut>y fruits4 ,& 7 x n absurd to ext5d ! illu/ration ( s pla9 a po9t1 x might be add$1 t :5 by ! cont9ual int]position ( new trunks1 ! bran*es are br\ght ne> toge!r1 ! produce ( ea* w be ennobl$ by ! action ( _! respective pr9ciples ( fecundation4 ,:5ev] ! au?or has be5 able to obta9 c]ta9 in=mation conc]n+ any unusual appe>ance 9 animal nature1 x has be5 8 cu/om to pres]ve x2 & among 8 pap]s he has memor&ums :i* prove t to our pres5t circumscrib$ ideas conc]n+ ! dose ( m$ic9es may be sometimes imput$ failures 9 practice2 t c]ta9 signs are n to be tak5 9 ! receiv$ signification2 & t _m measures are adopt$ or omitt$ to ! detrim5t ( invalids1 because x is assum$ t circum/ances are necess>ily connect$ :i* may exi/ sep>ately1 or t "o giv5 natural op]ation is inconsi/5t ) ano!r1 to :i* x may really be syn*ron\s or next 9 ord]4 ,assidu\s obs]vation ( ! daily /ates ( ! human microcosm w be ! unfail+ consequ5ce ( att5tion to its /rik+ phnom5a4 ,su* is ! progress ( curiosity4 ,su* ! orig9 ( all ! sci5ces4 ,! m uni=mly cle> ! sky "u :i* !y t5d$ _! flocks1 ! less likely 7 ! %eph]ds ( ,*alda1 to f\nd ! sci5ce ( ! />s4 ,& h[ev] ! disposition to /udy a/ronomy might h be5 /r5g!n$ by ! co9cid5ce betwe5 ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius & ! ov]fl[+ ( ! ,nile1 x mu/1 ,i conceive1 h be5 awak5$ by ! aspect ( meteors & eclipses4 ,:atev] m9ute & au!ntic in=mation ?is imp]fect /atem5t may produce1 z soon z x %all am\nt to a c]ta9 mass1 ! au?or w pres5t x to ! public arrang$4 ,he flatt]s himself t no correspond5t w eke out by supposition ! defect ( g5u9e obs]vation1 )\t cle>ly di/+ui%+ ! "o f ! o!r4 ,he /ill m confid5tly hopes t none w be in/igat$ by ?is adv]tisem5t to ex]cise 8 inv5tion 9 ! mann] ( ,psalmanas> & ,*att]ton4 ,:e!r any lit]>y =g]y c be innoc5t is que/ion$--b a =g$ m$ical report is a drawn dagg] :i* ! arm ( a cr$ul\s physician may any day plunge into ! he>t ( 8 def5celess pati5t4 ,! au?or has he>d "s inconsid]ate wits av[1 t !y h transmitt$ to ! v5d]s ( quack m$ic9es imag9>y cures1 atte/$ by fictiti\s signatures2 & x is n )\t appreh5sion f ! prop5sity ( m5 to display +5uity & to relate wond]s t he ann\nces ! pres5t design4 ,b he %all be on 8 gu>d1 & hopes to baffle attempts at imposition4 ,,?omas ,,b$does4 ,,rodney-,,place1 ,clifton1 ,june #ahjj4 ,,end4 ,,errata4 ,page #ai l9e #ae = is read are -- #ce -- #g -- = pr9ciple read pr9ciples -- #db -- #aa -- = take read takes -- #fh ,table #e -- = #e1hh read #ae1hh -- #id -- #d -- = #a_/ read _/4 -- #ie -- #d -- = #cg read #cj1g -- #if -- #c -- = #ch read _/ -- #aje -- #i -- = exactitude read exactness -- #abi -- #ba -- = #da read #d1a -- #acb -- #d -- = into read 9 -- #adc -- #ac -- = #be read 1#be -- #ahf -- #ae -- = by read f -- #bjh la/ l9e -- = ab/ract$ read attract$ -- #bch -- #e -- = gas read oxide -- #bei -- #d -- = #ab read #b -- #bhc -- #d -- = pota% read iron -- #cae -- #ad -- dele 9 -- #dji -- #ae -- = respiration read expiration -- #dfd -- #aj -- = latt] end read end -- #edc -- #c -- = exhalation read inhalation4 ,a few lit]al errors are left to ! read]'s correction4 ,n4 ,b4 ,! t]m ignit$ is sometimes us$ to signify any temp]ature equal to or above a r$ heat1 :e!r appli$ to solids1 fluids1 or ari=m sub/ances4 ,! reasons = ! use ( ! t]ms nitrog5e & nitr\s oxide1 are giv5 9 ,mr4 ,ni*olson's ,j\rnal = ,janu>y4 ,spe$ily w be ,publi%$ ,,obs]vations on ! ,ext]nal & ,int]nal ,use ( ,,nitr\s ,,acid4 ,demon/rat+ its ,,p]man5t ,,efficacy 9 ,,v5]eal ,,compla9ts2 ,& ext5d+ its use to o!r dang]\s & pa9ful ,diseases4 ,,communicat$ ,by v>i\s ,practition]s 9 ,,europe & ,,asia4 ,,to ,,?omas ,,b$does1 ,m4 ,d4 ,( ! ,publi%] may be _h1 price #as4 #f;d4 ,,notice ( ,,obs]vations ,,at ,,! ,,pneumatic ,,in/itution1 ,by ,,?omas ,,b$does1 ,m4 ,d4 ,?is ,notice conta9s "s trials ( nitr\s oxide by heal?y p]sons1 n 9 ! pres5t "w1 & "s cases ( palsy successfully treat$ by t gas4 ,pr9t$ by ,biggs & ,cottle1 ,/4 ,augu/9e's ,back4