,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,v>iations 9 hyph5ation h be5 /&>dis$ b all o!r spell+ & punctuation rema9s un*ang$4 ,italics are repres5t$ ?us italic4 ,,! ,,orig9s ,,( ,,art ,illu/ration3 ,publi%]'s monogram ,,! ,,orig9s ,,( ,,art ,a ,,psy*ological ,,sociological ,,inquiry ,,by ,,yrj ,,hirn ,,lectur] ,,on ,,/hetic ,,& ,,mod]n ,,lit]ature ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,f9l&1 ,,hels+=s ,london ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,new ,,york3 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #aijj ,all rights res]v$ ,,preface ,! aim & scope ( ?is book is suffici5tly indicat$ by its title4 ,i h endeav\r$ ?r\gh\t to re/rict my att5tion to que/ions connect$ ) ! orig9s ( art4 ,po9ts ( hi/ory & criticism h be5 t\*$ ^u only 9 s f> z !y appe>$ to contribute t[>ds ! elucidation ( ?is purely psy*ological & sociological problem4 ,9 ord] to save space z well z to sp>e ! read]'s att5tion1 ! descriptive p>ts h be5 conc5trat$ z mu* z possible4 ,z a rule1 only "o e?nological example1 :i* has be5 select$ z typical1 is describ$ 9 ! text1 :ile ! corroborat+ examples are repres5t$ by ref]5ces 9 ! footnotes4 ,& ev5 ( ^! ref]5ces only su* are adduc$ z h be5 consid]$ especially significant4 ,only 9 "o matt] h ,i aim$ at complet5ess1 viz4 t ( ref]5ce to au?ors f :om ,i h borr[$ facts or obs]vations4 ,& :5ev] 9 e>li] lit]ature ,i h f\nd !ories :i* h appe>$ simil> to ! views advanc$ 9 ?is book1 ^! simil>ities h be5 po9t$ out 9 ! footnotes4 ,!re is "o po9t1 h[ev]1 to :i* ! read]'s att5tion %\ld be call$ 9 ?is ,preface4 ,:5 treat+ ( ! art-impulse ,i h--especially 9 ! t5? *apt]--m5tion$ 9 ! footnotes "s mod]n writ]s on /hetic1 :o1 al?\gh />t+ f diff]5t assumptions1 h arriv$ at a conception ( art :i* 9 _m po9ts may be comp>$ to ! "o advanc$ 9 ?is book4 ,?is comp>ison1 h[ev]1 has n be5 c>ri$ out 9 ! text4 ,consid]ations ( space acc\nt = ?is omission2 b x has a fur!r gr\nd 9 ! circum/ances "u :i* ! pres5t "w has orig9at$4 ,a "p ( x1 conta9+ ! exam9ation ( feel+ & its expression1 & ! *apt] on 8,animal ,display10 0 publi%$ 9 ,sw$i% z e>ly z #ahifa--t is1 be=e ! above-m5tion$ au?ors _h made _! !ories kn[n4 ,?is is n m5tion$ 9 ord] to raise any futile que/ions ( priority1 b only z a ju/ification ( ! way 9 :i* my conclusions h be5 pres5t$4 ,x has appe>$ to me t ! cont9uity ( ! argum5t c\ld n b h be5 brok5 if1 in/ead ( proce$+ f my orig9al />t+-po9t1 ,i _h bas$ my conclusions ^u a critical exam9ation ( mod]n /hetic doctr9es4 ,& ,i tru/ t ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! !sis ( ?is book & o!r emotionali/ic explanations w appe> ) suffici5t cle>ness to ! att5tive read] ev5 if !y h n be5 expressly po9t$ out 9 ! text4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 _m po9ts1 a full] treatm5t ( :i* might h be5 to ! advantage ( ! book4 ,! =ce ( circum/ances has compell$ me to aim at brevity be=e any?+4 ,b ev5 if x _h be5 possible to give ?is /udy a f> great] compreh5siv5ess1 ! difficulties ( express+ myself 9 a =eign tongue w\ld h )held me f any avoidable amplification4 ,i h con/antly be5 consci\s ( my audacity 9 appe>+ be=e ! ,engli% public )\t suffici5tly ma/]+ ! ,engli% language1 & ,i h be5 anxi\s n to make my (f5ce great] by any numb] ( pages ?an x already is4 ,t x has be5 possible at all to publi% ?is rese>* 9 ,engli% is only a result ( ! k9d assi/ance :i* ,i h receiv$ f my ,engli% fri5ds4 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,g4 ,g4 ,b]ry 9 ,ox=d1 & ,mr4 ,leon>d ,pom]oy 9 ,london1 :o h revis$ p>ts ( ! manuscript4 ,& ,i am fur!r indebt$ to my publi%]s = procur+ me ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,gwynn 9 prep>+ ! book = ! press4 ,he has help$ me to avoid ne$lessly te*nical expressions1 & 9 o!r ways has giv5 ! "w a m readable /yle4 ,b he has n re/rict$ himself to ^! em5dations4 ,he has assi/$ me ) valuable sugge/ions z well z ) in=mation4 ,! improvem5t :i* ! "w has d]iv$ f 8 collaboration c be suffici5tly appreciat$ only by its au?or4 ,9 purely sci5tific matt]s ,i h b5efit$ mu* f discussions ) /ud5ts ( psy*ology & sociology 9 my own c\ntry z well z 9 ,engl&4 ,my ?anks are due to all ( !m1 b especially to my old fri5ds1 ,dr4 ,edw>d ,we/]m>ck & ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,wallas*ek4 ,! 8,li/ ( ,au?orities quot$0 & ! ,indexes h be5 compil$ by my wife4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 only ! lea/ important "p ( ! assi/ance :i* ?r\gh\t ! book has be5 r5d]$ to me by ! con/ant collaborator 9 all my rese>*es4 ,y4 ,h4 ,,hels+=s1 ,augu/ #aijj4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,,! ,,problem ,,/at$ #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,art-,,impulse #ah ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,feel+-,,tone ,,( ,,s5sation #cj ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,emotions #dc ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,enjoym5t ,,( ,,pa9 #ef ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,social ,,expression #gb ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,d$uction ,,( ,,art-,,=ms #hf ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,art ,,! ,,reliev] #ajb ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,art #aaa ,,*apt] ,x ,,objections ,,& ,,answ]s #acd ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,concrete ,,orig9s ,,( ,,art #adc ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,art ,,& ,,in=mation #adi ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,hi/orical ,,art #afd ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,animal ,,display #ahf ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,art ,,& ,,sexual ,,selection #bjc ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,orig9s ,,( ,,self-,,decoration #bad ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,erotic ,,art #bbh ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,art ,,& ,,"w #bdi ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,art ,,& ,,w> #bfa ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,art ,,& ,,magic #bgh ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,conclusions #bih ,,li/ ,,( ,,au?orities ,,quot$ #cjg ,,index ,,( ,,au?ors #cbc ,,index ,,( ,,subjects #cbh ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,problem ,,/at$ ,:51 "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago1 ,baumg>t5 wrote ! treatise to :i* he gave ! "n ,ae/hetica1 & :i* he describ$ z a 8!ory ( lib]al arts & beautiful ?9k+10 x seem$ to him ne$ful to apologise = attract+ att5tion to a field ( inquiry s l[ & s5su\s z t prov9ce ( philosophy to :i* he !n affix$ a "n4 ,_m1 he ?\ght1 might reg>d art & beauty1 :i* appeal prim>ily to ! s5ses1 z subjects b5ea? ! dignity ( philosoph]s4#b ,yet ! !ories & ! ideas :i* 7 fir/ br\ght toge!r z an organis$ body ( ?\ght 9 ,baumg>t5's %ort manual _h s deeply influ5c$ ! speculations ( 8 age t1 a g5]ation lat]1 ! mo/ important que/ions ( life came to be treat$ z /hetic problems4 ,! philosophy ( art1 f> f ne$+ to ju/ify its exi/5ce1 dom9at$ all philosophy--e?ics1 metaphysics1 & ev5 cosmogony4 ,imag9ation 0 treat$ z ! rul+ faculty 9 all creation1 & beauty 0 ref]r$ to z ! crit]ion1 n only 9 art1 b 9 morality4 ,yet ! importance ?us giv5 to /hetic speculation 0 transitory1 & ! p]iod dur+ :i* philosoph]s 7 conc]n$1 n only to f9d a g5]al crit]ion ( beauty = ! arts1 b also to apply t crit]ion f> beyond ! sph]e ( art1 has be5 succe$$ by an age :i* neglects speculation on art & beauty = o!r tasks :i* are reg>d$ z f> m important4 ,su* rapid *anges )9 a few g5]ations appe> almo/ incompreh5sible4 ,b !y c easily be expla9$ if we take into acc\nt ! intimate connection :i* always exi/s betwe5 /hetic speculation & prevail+ curr5ts ( ?\ght4 ,9 ,mr4 ,bosanquet's ,hi/ory ( /hetic x has be5 po9t$ out ) great cle>ness to :at ext5t ! e>li] prosp]ity ( /hetic /udies 0 caus$ by ! g5]al philosophical situation4 ,! !ory ( /hetic1 z set =? 9 ,baumg>t5's *apt] on cognitio s5sitiva1 & fur!r develop$ 9 ,kant's ,kritik d] ,ur!ilskraft1 dealt1 z is well kn[n1 ) a =m ( judgm5t :i* is nei!r purely rational nor purely s5sual4#c ,9 metaphysics1 = philosoph]s :o _h to /ruggle ) :at seem$ to !m an irreconcilable opposition betwe5 reason & ! s5ses1 ?is conception ( a m$iative faculty mu/ h satisfi$ a mo/ urg5t ne$4 ,simil>ly we may suppose t ! e?ical obs]v] felt himself emancipat$ f ! n>r[ antagonism betwe5 body & _s by look+ at our actions 9 ! /hetic way4 ,9 proportion1 h[ev]1 z g5]al sci5ce has be5 able to d away ) ! old dualism ( high] & l[] faculties1 ! judgm5t ( ta/e has necess>ily lo/ importance4 ,9 ! developm5t ( moni/ic philosophy & moni/ic morals we may ?us see "o important factor1 by ! influ5ce ( :i* /hetic has be5 ou/$ f its c5tral position4 ,! evolution ( mod]n art has be5 /ill m injuri\s to /hetic speculation ?an ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,9 ! palmy days ( art-philosophy conditions 7 em95tly fav\rable to univ]sal g5]alisations4 ,! great p]iods ( art1 classical antiquity & ! ,r5aissance1 7 s remote t only _! simple/ & mo/ sali5t features 7 disc]n$4 ,nor did ! art ( ! p]iod exhibit ! bewild]+ multiplicity ( a f]tile age1--lea/ ( all 9 ,g]many1 ! home & c5tre ( /hetic inquiry4 ,! =mative arts 7 less important ?an ev] be=e2 music1 :i* 0 s soon to eclipse all o!r arts1 _h n yet awak5$ ! int]e/ ( philosoph]s4 ,! crafts 7 at a l[ ebb2 l&scape-g>d5+ is inde$ ! only k9d ( appli$ art t we he> ab\t at ?is "t4 ,beauty1 art1 ! ideal--^! & all o!r g5]al notions mu/ h be5 sugge/$ ) unsurpassable simplicity by ?is uni=m & monoton\s arti/ic output4 ,x is easy to und]/& ! eag]ness & ! delight ) :i* ! e>li] writ]s on /hetic1 once ! impulse giv51 drew conclusions1 made comp>isons1 & laid d[n laws4 ,b x is equally evid5t t speculative zeal 0 b\nd to fall (f z soon z ! prov9ce ( art 0 enl>g$ & its products diff]5tiat$4 ,ev5 ! m intimate k ( classical culture :i* 0 subsequ5tly ga9$1 necessitat$ important corrections 9 /hetic dogmas4 ,! arti/ic activities ( savage tribes1 :i* h be5 practically unkn[n to /hetic writ]s until rec5t ye>s1 display _m features t _c be h>monis$ ) ! g5]al laws4 ,& 9 a yet high] degree contempor>y art defies ! g5]alisations ( a uni=m !ory4 ,) great] ma/]y ov] mat]ials & te*nique1 ! diff]5t arts h be5 able to produce m & m specialis$ =ms ( beauty4 ,! pa9t]'s ideal c no long] be confus$ ) t ( ! poet or ! /ory-tell]1 nor ! sculptor's ) t ( ! actor4 ,pure music1 pure poetry1 pure pa9t+1 ?us develop into isolat$1 indep5d5t arts1 ( :i* ea* "o e/abli%es its own laws & conditions = itself4 ,! critic :o1 9 spite ( ?is evolution1 tries to apply a n>r[ /hetic /&>d ( beauty to all ! v>i\s arts may inde$--accord+ to 8 influ5ce--delay ! public appreciation ( mod]n works1 & ?us indirectly imp$e arti/ic developm5t4 ,b no am\nt ( !oris+ w enable him to arre/ ! gr[? ( arti/ic =ms ^: v exi/5ce contradicts ! g5]alisations ( ! old sy/ems4 ,& he is equally p[]less to /op su* violations ( ! suppos$ fronti]s ( ! diff]5t arts z cont9ually occur1 = in/ance1 9 descriptive music1 or 9 poetry l t ( ,gauti]1 :i* aims at produc+ a pictorial impression by means ( words4 ,x is only natural t1 9 times s inopportune1 g5]al speculations on art & beauty h be5 m & m ab&on$ 9 fav\r ( detail$ /udies 9 ! te*nicalities ( art1 hi/orical rese>*es 9 :i* works ( art are consid]$ *iefly z docum5ts be>+ on culture1 & exp]im5ts on ! physiology & psy*ology ( /hetic p]ception4 ,= art itself & its developm5t x w\ld p]haps be unimportant if a sci5ce :i* has nev] ex]cis$ any great positive & direct influ5ce on arti/ic production %\ld completely disappe>4 ,b f ! !oretical po9t ( view x w\ld be matt] = regret if arti/ic activities ceas$ to be consid]$ z a :ole4 ,& s also w\ld x be if /hetic feel+s1 judgm5ts ( ta/e1 & ideals ( beauty came to be treat$ only 9 app5dices to works on psy*ology4 ,x is true t all ^! notions h irrem$iably lo/ _! =m] metaphysical & philosophical importance4 ,b 9 comp5sation1 art & beauty h = mod]n ?9k+ acquir$ a social & psy*ological significance4 ,to det]m9e ! "p :i* ! production & ! enjoym5t ( works ( art play 9 _! relation to ! o!r factors ( individual & social life--t is inde$ a task :i* is mom5t\s en\gh to be treat$ 9 a sci5ce ( its own4 ,mod]n /hetic1 !re=e1 has /ill its own ends1 :i*1 if n s ambiti\s z ^? ( ! =m] speculative sci5ce ( beauty1 are nev]!less ( no small importance4 ,^! ends1 h[ev]1 c no long] be atta9$ by ! proc$ure ( ! old /hetic sy/ems4 ,z ! problems h *ang$ ) *ang+ conditions1 s too ! me?ods mu/ be br\ght into l9e ) ! g5]al sci5tific developm5t4 ,hi/orical & psy*ological inve/igation mu/ replace ! dialectic treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,art c no long] be d$uc$ f g5]al1 philosophical1 & metaphysical pr9ciples2 x mu/ be /udi$--by ! me?ods ( inductive psy*ology--z a human activity4 ,beauty _c be consid]$ z a semi-transc5d5tal reality2 x mu/ be int]pret$ z an object ( human long+ & a s\rce ( human enjoym5t4 ,9 /hetic prop]1 z well z 9 ! philosophy ( art1 e rese>* mu/ />t1 n f !oretical assumptions1 b f ! psy*ological & sociological data ( ! /hetic life4 ,su* a proc$ure1 h[ev]1 is encumb]$ ) difficulties1 ( :i* ! writ]s on speculative /hetic 7 sc>cely aw>e4 ,:5 !ories ( art & beauty 7 bas$ on g5]al a priori pr9ciples1 !re c\ld n possibly be any d\bt z to ! po9t ( dep>ture 9 ! sev]al rese>*es4 ,b :5 we h no assumptions to />t f1 ! v dem>cation ( ! subject may become a matt] ( unc]ta9ty4 ,9 ! philosophy ( art1 to :i* dep>tm5t ( /hetic ,i wi% to re/rict my rese>*es 9 ! pres5t "w1 ?is difficulty ( =mulat+ ! data & qusita--! facts :i* we h to g ^u1 & ! facts :i* we wi% to f9d out--con/itutes ! fir/1 & by no means ! lea/ important1 problem4 ,if we are to emb>k ^u a sci5tific treatm5t ( art )\t any preconceiv$ def9itions1 ! aim & conditions ( su* treatm5t c only be det]m9$ by exam9+ ! prevail+ notions on ! subject1 z !y are express$ 9 language & 9 lit]ature4 ,z an int]pretation = g5]al use & ( g5]al applicability1 a !ory ( art c claim att5tion only if x con=ms to ! recognis$ usage ( ! pr9cipal /hetic t]ms4 ,9 ! v>i\s def9itions ( art :i* are conta9$ 9 ! diff]5t /hetic sy/ems1 we mu/ !re=e try to f9d "s po9t ( unity f :i* to approa* our subject4 ,! difficulties ( su* a task are evid5t to any "o :o has gone ?r\gh ! disc\rag+ exp]i5ce ( read+ a hi/ory ( /hetic4 ,! inve/igator :o seeks an accurate dem>cation ( ! :ole area ( art1 z di/+ui%$ f o!r dep>tm5ts ( life1 meets ) p>tial def9itions :i* c be appli$ only to c]ta9 fix$ =ms ( art4 ,we ne$ m5tion b a few ( ! mo/ typical in/ances4 ,ev5 an ard5t admir] ( ,ta9e is compell$ to admit t 8 g5]alisations are too exclusively d]iv$ f ! /udy ( poetry & ! =mative arts4 ,9 ! same way x is only by labori\s adju/m5ts t ! !ory ( ,vis*] c be appli$ to music & lyric poetry2 ! aphorisms ( ,rusk9 d n ev5 pret5d to apply to any b ! =mative arts2 & ,mr4 ,m>%all's /hetic ,pr9ciples--to adduce "o ( ! mo/ rec5t attempts 9 g5]al art-!ory--are too obvi\sly ^? ( an exp]t 9 ar*itecture4 ,9 none ( ! mod]n sy/ems has suffici5t room be5 made = c]ta9 =ms ( art :i*1 f ! evolutioni/'s /&po9t1 are ( ! highe/ importance3 su* z act+1 danc+1 & decoration4 ,all ! "o-sid$ def9itions are1 moreov]1 s inconsi/5t ) ea* o!r t x seems impossible to make up = _! individual defici5cies by an eclectic comb9ation4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at1 !re=e1 if "s writ]s on art1 confus$ by ! bewild]+ contradictions ( /hetic !ories1 h call$ 9 "q ! v exi/5ce ( any univ]sal art-crit]ion4#d ,^? :o adopt ?is attitude--:i* seems ! m ju/ifi$ n[ t ! arts h become widely diff]5tiat$--d5y ! possibility1 n only ( all g5]al art-philosophy1 b also ( any sociological & psy*ological treatm5t ( arti/ic activities z a :ole4 ,b ev5 if all o!r hypo!ses are bani%$1 /hetic rese>* _c possibly disp5se ) ! fundam5tal assumption ( ! unity ( art4 ,& 9 po9t ( fact !re c be f\nd 9 mo/ sy/ems1 if we d n insi/ on too m9ute & positive dem>cations1 at lea/ "o common quality :i* is ascrib$ to all its diff]5t =ms4 ,not)/&+ ! mutual contradictions ( art-!ories1 ! believ]s 9 a g5]al /hetic c always appeal to ! cons5t ) :i* ! majority ( au?ors h upheld ! negative crit]ion ( art4 ,metaphysicians z well z psy*ologi/s1 ,hegelians z well z ,d>w9ians1 all agree 9 decl>+ t a "w1 or p]=mance1 :i* c be prov$ to s]ve any utilit>ian1 non-/hetic object mu/ n be consid]$ z a g5u9e "w ( art4 ,true art has its "o end 9 itself1 & rejects e extrane\s purpose3 t is ! doctr9e :i*1 ) m or less explicitness1 has be5 /at$ by ,kant1#e ,s*ill]1#f ,sp5c]1#g ,h5nequ91#h ,grosse1#i ,grant ,all51#aj & o!rs4 ,& popul> op9ion agrees 9 ?is respect ) ! conclusions ( sci5ce4 ,?is di/9ctive quality ( indep5d5ce seems !re=e to af=d u a conv5i5t />t+-po9t = ! treatm5t ( art 9 g5]al4 ,ow+ to its negative "*1 ?is crit]ion does n give u mu* in=mation z to ! real qualities ( art4 ,b ev5 ! poore/ def9ition is en\gh to beg9 )1 if x only holds good ) reg>d to all p>ticul> cases4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 we ne$ only apply ! te/ ( indep5d5ce 9 ! concrete in/ance to f9d t ev5 ! applicability ( ?is s+le accept$ crit]ion may be s]i\sly disput$4 ,!re is sc>cely any au?or1 h[ev] he may =mulate 8 g5]al def9itions ( art1 :o w\ld assess ! relative value ( art-works accord+ to _! degrees ( dis9t]e/$ness4 ,no c&id man w\ld1 = in/ance1 n[adays cont5d t an arabesque composition is p] se m /hetically pure ?an a /atue or a poem4#aa ,b we may ev5 g f>!r4 ,we mu/ "q :e!r e "w ( art ought to be degrad$ f its /hetic rank1 if x c be convict$ ( hav+ s]v$ any ext]nal utilit>ian purpose4 ,?is /rict conception ( ! /hetic b\nd>ies has be5 eloqu5tly attack$ by ,guyau 9 8 celebrat$ treatise1 ,le pr9cipe de l'art et de la posie4#ab ,?\gh ! ultimate conclusions ( ?is "w are p]haps n s cle> z might be desir$1 yet we d n see h[ 8 attitude 9 e/imat+ concrete manife/ations ( art c be assail$4 ,x w\ld1 to take an example1 be absurd to cont5d t ! s++ ( ,taillef] lo/ 9 /hetic value by contribut+ to ! victory ( ,ha/+s4 ,& h[ev] /rictly we may insi/ ^u ! requirem5t t e g5u9e "w ( art %\ld h be5 creat$ purely = its own sake1 we _c possibly conceal ! fact t "s ( ! _w's f9e/ love lyrics 7 orig9ally compos$1 n 9 /hetic fre$om1 :i* is indep5d5t ( all by-purposes1 b ) ! express end ( ga9+ ! e> & ! fav\r ( a belov$ woman4 ,! influ5ce :i* su* =eign1 non-/hetic motives h ex]cis$ on art w also become m & m app>5t ) increas$ k ( ! conditions ( /hetic production4 ,! fur!r ! psy*ological biograph] pu%es 8 indiscreet rese>*es into ! private life ( individual arti/s1 ! m (t5 w he f9d t "s =m ( int]e/--p]sonal1 political1 e?ical1 religi\s--ent]s into ! s-call$ dis9t]e/$ /hetic activity4 ,su* in/ances mu/ induce undogmatic au?ors to relax to "s ext5t ! /rict application ( ?is crit]ion4 ,& ev5 ^? philosoph]s :o1 9 spite ( ! hi/orical evid5ce1 insi/ ^u apply+ x w be compell$ to admit t !y h tak5 = works ( g5u9e art productions :i*1 f _! philosophic /&po9t1 h no claim to ! title4 ,! dang] ( su* mi/akes is all ! great] :5 "o has to deal ) ! l[] /ages ( arti/ic developm5t4 ,9 po9t ( fact rec5t e?nological rese>*es h conclusively prov$ t x is n only difficult1 b q impossible1 to apply ! crit]ion ( /hetic indep5d5ce to ! productions ( savage & b>b>\s tribes4 ,x is true t ! l>ge prov9ce ( primitive art has n z yet 9 its entirety be5 made ! subject ( sy/ematic /udy4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! results :i* h be5 arriv$ at ) reg>d to decoration1 its mo/ typical =m1 amply be> out our view4 ,9 almo/ e case :]e ! ornam5ts ( a tribe h be5 closely exam9$1 x has appe>$ t :at to u seems a m]e embelli%m5t is = ! natives 9 "q full ( practical1 non-/hetic significance4 ,c>v+s on weapons & implem5ts1 tattoo+s1 wov5 & plait$ patt]ns1 all ( :i* ! uncritical obs]v] is apt to take = purely arti/ic compositions1 are n[ expla9$ z religi\s symbols1 own]s' m>ks1 or ideograms4 ,!re is /ill room = discussion z to :e!r 9 c]ta9 individual int]pretations ! t5d5cy to look = conceal$ mean+s has n be5 c>ri$ too f>4 ,b !re c be no d\bt t ! g5]al pr9ciples :i* to _m /ud5ts seem$ s fanta/ic :5 fir/ =mulat$ by ,/olpe1 ,read1#ac & o!rs1 h d]iv$ additional support f e fre% inquiry into primitive sy/ems ( decoration4 ,! isolat$ rese>*es :i* h be5 c>ri$ on )9 ! dep>tm5t ( primitive lit]ature & drama all po9t 9 ! same direction4 ,:]ev] e?nologi/s h ! opportunity ( ga9+ "s insight into ! inn] life ( a savage tribe1 !y are surpris$ at ! religi\s or magical significance :i* lies conceal$ beh9d ! mo/ app>5tly trivial ( amusem5ts4 ,& x is to be rem>k$ t !y h le>n$ to appreciate ?is esot]ic mean+1 n by a clos] /udy ( ! manife/ations !mselves1 b ?r\gh in=mation acquir$ by int]c\rse ) ! natives4 ,!re is (t5 n a s+le feature 9 a savage dance :i* w\ld give ! un9itiat$ any reason to suspect ! non-/hetic purpose4 ,:5 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ,kaffirs1 or ,negroes p]=m a dance 9 :i* all ! movem5ts ( ! animals !y hunt are imitat$1 we unavoidably see 9 _! antics an in/ance ( primitive b /ill purely arti/ic drama4 ,x is only f ! descriptions ( ,catl91 ,li*t5/e91 & ,reade#ad t we le>n t ^! pantomimes h 9 reality q z practical a purpose z ^? imitations & repres5tations ( animals by :i* hunt]s all ov] ! _w try to entice _! game )9 %oot+ di/ance4 ,accord+ to ! doctr9e ( sympa!tic magic1 x is simply an axiomatic tru? t ! copy ( a ?+ may at any di/ance influ5ce ! ?+ itself1 & t ?us a buffalo dance1 ev5 :5 x is p]=m$ 9 ! camp1 may compel ! buffaloes to come )9 range ( ! hunt]s4 ,b ! deceptive appe>ance ( dis9t]e/$ness1 :i* 9 ^! cases might h l$ "o to mi/ake a m]e piece ( hunt+ magic = a specim5 ( pure dramatic art1 is apt to make u cauti\s ab\t accept+ z indep5d5tly /hetic any p]=mance ( primitive man4 ,9 ! songs & dances by :i* savages exhort !mselves to "w & regulate _! ex]tions we f9d an aspect ( utilit>ian advantage :i* is real & n imag9>y4 ,evid5tly also ?is advantage1 & n any indep5d5t /hetic pleasure1 is--int5tionally or un9t5tionally--aim$ at 9 ! w>-pantomimes1 ! boat+ songs1 dances1 etc4 ,& x is no d\bt = ?is reason t music & dance h atta9$ s surpris+ a developm5t 9 ! l[] /ages ( culture4 ,9 try+1 !re=e1 to expla9 ! hi/orical developm5t ( art1 we are compell$ to take into acc\nt t =eign purpose :i* is repudiat$ 9 art-!ory4 ,if e "w ( art 7 really an end 9 itself--a ,selb/zweck--/&+ q isolat$ f all ! practical utilities ( life1 x w\ld be no?+ less ?an a miracle t art %\ld be met ) 9 tribes :i* h n yet le>nt to satisfy1 nor ev5 to feel1 ! mo/ elem5t>y necessities ( life4 ,9 su* a case x is n music only :i* w\ld1 z ,wallace ?9ks1 h to be expla9$ by sup]natural causes3#ae primitive art 9 all its dep>tm5ts w\ld baffle our attempts at rational int]pretation4 ,by /udy+1 h[ev]1 ! arti/ic activities ( savage & b>b>\s man 9 _! connection ) 8 non-/hetic life1 writ]s on evolution>y /hetic h succe$$ 9 solv+ ?is great crux ( art-hi/ory4 ,! dances1 poems1 & ev5 ! =mative arts ( ! l[] tribes possess inde$1 z e e?nologi/ w admit1 unque/ionable /hetic value4 ,b ?is art is seldom free & dis9t]e/$2 x has g5]ally a usefulness--real or suppos$--& is (t5 ev5 a necessity ( life4#af ,a hi/orical conception ( art is ?us1 x appe>s1 incompatible ) a /rict ma9t5ance ( ! /hetic crit]ion4 ,b x may /ill be ask$ :e!r we are !re=e compell$ to jo9 ,guyau 9 aboli%+ all di/9ctions betwe5 art & o!r manife/ations ( human en]gy4#ag ,by do+ away ) ! only def9ition :i* is common to ! majority ( /hetic sy/ems1 we %\ld dissociate ourselves f all previ\s views on art4 ,& x seems h>d to believe t all dogmatic writ]s on /hetic1 "o-sid$ z !y may (t5 seem1 h f\nd$ _! !ories on a pure fiction4 ,! indep5d5t /hetic activity1 :i* simply aims at its own satisfaction1 _c h be5 inv5t$ = ! sake ( ! sy/ems4 ,! m]e fact t s _m !ories h be5 propos$ = its explanation furni%es1 x seems to u1 a suffici5t pro( t ! conception ( ?is activity corresponds to "s psy*ological reality4 ,c]ta9ly ! 8end 9 itself0 has n play$ s important a "p 9 ! practice ( arti/s z writ]s on /hetic w\ld h u believe2 & x is impossible to di/+ui% its effects 9 concrete individual in/ances4 ,b f all we "k ( ! life & "w ( arti/s1 !re appe>s to be a t5d5cy--m or less consci\sly foll[$1 x is true1 9 diff]5t cases--to make ! "w its own end4 ,& 9 ! public we c 9 ! same way notice an incl9ation--:i* gr[s ) increas+ culture--to reg>d art z some?+ :i* exi/s = its own sake1 & to contemplate its manife/ations ) indep5d5t /hetic att5tion4 ,:atev] we may ?9k ab\t ! g5esis ( p>ticul> pictures & poems1 we "k t at lea/ !y ne$ no utilit>ian1 non-/hetic ju/ification 9 ord] to be appreciat$ by u4 ,& ) z mu* assurance z we c ev] feel 9 comp>ative psy*ology we may take x = grant$ t ! same way ( look+ at art has prevail$ 9 o!r /ages ( culture z well4 ,h[ev] cauti\s "o may be 9 draw+ conclusions f analogies betwe5 high] & l[] =ms1 a clos] /udy ( primitive art mu/ ne$s compel e "o to admit t ^! dances1 poems1 & ornam5ts1 ev5 if !y orig9ally s]v$ practical1 religi\s1 or political aims1 may at lea/ h come by degrees to be enjoy$ 9 ! same way z we enjoy our art4 ,by d5y+ su* subjective indep5d5ce 9 ! creation & enjoym5t ( art1 we %\ld be no less guilty ( "o-sid$ness ?an ^? au?ors :o d5y t g5u9e art has ev] be5 influ5c$ by 8=eign purposes40 ,if x is presumptu\s to adduce any p>ticul> works or manife/ations 9 pro( ( free & indep5d5t production1 x may be no less audaci\s to cont5d t ev5 ! mo/ primitive =m ( art has fl\ri%$ 9 tribes de/itute ( all /hetic crav+s4 ,!re is room = discussion on ! degree ( influ5ce :i* 8autotelic0#ah arti/ic activity has ex]cis$ 9 p>ticul> works & manife/ations4 ,x may also be made an object ( rese>* to det]m9e at :i* precise /age ( developm5t /hetic att5tion becomes s emancipat$ z to entitle u to speak ( a pure & free art-life4 ,b x does n seem t su* inquiries c ev] lead to any positive result4 ,! m "o /udies art1 especially primitive art1 f a comp>ative & hi/orical po9t ( view1 ! m "o is compell$ to admit ! impossibility ( decid+ :]e ! non-/hetic motives end & ! /hetic motives beg94 ,! only result we c rea* is ! some:at indef9ite "o t x is z impossible to expla9 away ! arti/ic purpose z x is to detect its pres5ce 9 a pure /ate 9 any concrete "w ( art4 ,= art-philosophy z a di/9ct sci5ce ev5 ?is non-committal conclusion is ( vital importance4 ,x gives u a "r to reg>d all ! =ms & developm5ts ( art z witnesses to an activity :i* t5ds to become m & m indep5d5t ( ! imm$iate utilities ( life4 ,?is t5d5cy1 on ! o!r h&1 n only af=ds u a po9t ( unity f :i* to />t ^u a rese>* into ! g5]al philosophy ( art2 x also pres5ts to u "o ( ! greate/ problems ( ! same sci5ce4 ,h[ x is t mank9d has come to devote en]gy & zeal to an activity :i* may be almo/ entirely devoid ( a utilit>ian purpose is inde$ ! riddle1 sociological z well z psy*ological1 :i* w\ld seem 9 ! fir/ place to claim ! att5tion ( ! philosoph]4 ,to ! writ] ( ?is book1 at any rate1 x appe>$ t a discussion1 & an attempt at solution1 ( ?is seem+ p>adox 0 a task suffici5tly important & int]e/+ to =m ( itself ! subject ( a special inve/igation4 ,b al?\gh ! aspects ( autotelic arti/ic activity give u at once a datum & a problem on :i* we may confid5tly base our rese>*1 we mu/ n ov]look ! peculi> difficulties t w necess>ily arise f ! exclusively psy*ological1 non-hi/orical "* ( ?is basis4 ,a hi/oric /udy ( art %[s u t ! arti/ic activity prop] c nev] be expla9$ by exam9+ concrete works z we meet !m 9 reality4 ,:5ev] we h to deal ) art z autotelic1 ! ne$ ( !oretical ab/raction =ces itself ^u u ) irresi/ible cog5cy4 ,x is ( no avail to argue f ! data ( art-hi/ory1 because we c nev] fully "k ! m5tal orig9 ( ! works4 ,! problem pres5t$ to u by ! t5d5cy to engage 9 arti/ic production & arti/ic enjoym5t = _! own sake c only be solv$ by /udy+ ! psy*ology bo? ( arti/s & ( _! public4 ,! 8art-impulse0 & ! 8art-s5se10 z ref]r+ to subjective t5d5cies 9 creators & spectators1 are ! *ief notions ) :i* we h to op]ate 9 su* an inve/igation4 ,& :5 we are oblig$ to introduce ! notion ( ! 8"w ( art0 we h to rememb] t ?is t]m1 /rictly speak+1 ref]s to an ab/ract & ideal datum4 ,only by ?us re/rict+ our att5tion to ! psy*ical facts c we atta9 any cle> conception ( t autotelic aspect ( art on :i* s mu* /ress has be5 laid 9 all /hetic philosophy4 ,x is ne$less to say1 h[ev]1 t ev5 a purely philosophic int]pretation ( art w\ld be impossible )\t a k ( its works & manife/ations z !y appe> 9 real life1 ) all _! extrane\s1 non-/hetic elem5ts4 ,! psy*ological exam9ation mu/ !re=e necess>ily be supplem5t$ by an hi/orical "o4 ,! me?ods ( ! latt] rese>* _c be ! same z ^? us$ 9 a /rictly /hetic inquiry4 ,& ! words w naturally be employ$ 9 a diff]5t s5se4 ,we d n at t /age dem& ( a poem1 a pa9t+1 or a drama1 t x %\ld fulfil m ?an ! te*nical requirem5ts ( ! sev]al arts4 ,! ornam5tation ( a vase1 e4g4 is 9 ?is s5se a "w ( art ev5 if x s]ves a magical1 i4e4 a suppos$ practical purpose4 ,inde$ x is mo/ advantage\s1 if we wi% to br+ out ! influ5ce ( sociological factors ) ! greate/ possible cle>ness1 to conc5trate our att5tion ^u ! v qualities :i* we h to disreg>d 9 ! treatm5t ( purely arti/ic activity4 ,! productions ( primitive tribes1 9 :i* art is s closely connect$ ) life1 supply ! mo/ pr(itable mat]ial = su* a /udy4 ,aft] hav+ exam9$1 9 ^! simple =ms1 all ! sociological aspects ( art1 x w be possible to place ! two art-factors 9 ! mo/ illu/rative anti!sis & to /udy _! mutual influ5ce4 ,f ?is x %\ld be possible to sugge/--al?\gh 9 ?is "w no detail$ attempt w be made to foll[ out ! reason+--:y x is t ! concrete "w ( art1 al?\gh its hi/orical orig9 may be entirely non-/hetic1 has always prov$ s em95tly adapt$ to s]ve ! ne$s ( ! purely ae/hetic crav+4 ,& by />t+ f ! conception ( /hetic activities :i* has be5 arriv$ at on psy*ological gr\nds1 x %\ld also be possible to det]m9e ! p>ticul> qualities 9 individual works ( art :i* make !m m or less able to satisfy ?is crav+4 ,?us a !ory ( ! psy*ological & sociological orig9s ( art may furni% sugge/ions = ^? :i* h be5 consid]$ z di/9ctive ( /hetic prop]1 su* z ! critical e/imation ( works ( art1 or ! d]ivation ( laws :i* gov]n arti/ic production4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,art-,,impulse ,!re are two ?+s :i* h to be inve/igat$--! reason :y works ( art are creat$1 & ! reason :y works ( art are enjoy$4 ,by *oos+ at ! outset to approa* art 9 its active aspect--to exam9e into ! impulse ( ! arti/--we d n des]t ! c5tral field ( /hetic inquiry4 ,on ! contr>y1 x seems t a /udy ( art-production af=ds ! mo/ conv5i5t />t+-po9t = any compreh5sive treatm5t ( art2 all ! m because e /hetic pleasure1 ev5 :5 app>5tly mo/ passive1 always involves an elem5t ( unconsci\s arti/ic creation4#ai ,:5 absorb$ 9 ! beauty ( nature we d 9 fact appe> to ourselves to be entirely receptive2 b 9 tru? our enjoym5t1 if ! enjoym5t has any /hetic value at all1 is always m or less d]iv$ f ! activity ( our own m9d4 ,x does n matt] mu*1 f ! psy*ological po9t ( view1 :e!r we make an abortive b orig9al ef=t to select & arrange ! impressions :i* we receive1 z is ! case :5 a new aspect ( nature delights u1 or :e!r we m]ely reproduce at second h& ! impression orig9ally arrang$ by an arti/1 z happ5s :5 we admire a /atue1 or recognise 9 a l&scape "s effect t ,turn] has record$4#bj ,9 ei!r case ! passive attitude c nev] be expla9$ )\t ref]5ce to ! active "o4 ,9 ! hi/oric int]pretation ( art x is ( no less importance to /udy its productive side4 ,x is only by consid]+ art z an activity t we c expla9 ! great influ5ce :i* x has ex]cis$ on social z well z on individual life4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 views :i* c only be prop]ly e/abli%$ 9 ! lat] *apt]s4 ,"h we h m]ely to dwell on ! aspects :i* pres5t !mselves to ! psy*ological obs]v]2 & !re is no d\bt t f 8 po9t ( view ! impulse to produce works ( pure art con/itutes ! *ief /hetic problem4 ,if once ! creation has be5 satisfactorily acc\nt$ =1 x is relatively easy to expla9 ! subsequ5t enjoym5t ( art4 ,accord+ly1 by conc5trat+ our att5tion on ! art-impulse we approa* ! art-problem at its v core4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 cont5d$ by "s au?ors t ! indep5d5ce ( ext]nal motives is no?+ peculi> to art-production4 ,!re is1 und\bt$ly1 a c]ta9 k9d ( sci5tific /udy--= in/ance1 "s dep>tm5ts ( high] ma!matics--:i* may be c>ri$ on entirely = its own sake )\t any reg>d to practical application1 or ev5 to increas$ k ( nature4 ,& x is ev5 m impossible to f9d any imm$iate utilit>ian purpose = all ! int5se activity1 m5tal & physical1 :i* is devot$ to sports & games4 ,e "o kn[s t ! 8end 9 itself0 :i* any ( ^! af=ds may 9 _m cases ex]cise z great an attraction z any ( ! utilit>ian aims 9 life4 ,*ess is said to h a demoniac p[] ov] its devotees1 & ! atta*m5t ( a golf] to 8 game c only be describ$ 9 ! language ( ! mo/ int5se passion4 ,! same sacrifice ( en]gy & int]e/s to a "o-sid$ & app>5tly useless purpose1 :i* 9 art seems s my/]i\s1 may ?us1 z ,pr(essor ,groos rem>ks1 be f\nd 9 activities ( f> less repute4#ba ,x is evid5t t if arti/ic creation 7 9 no wise diff]5t f ^! o!r examples ( autotelic manife/ations1 !re w\ld be no gr\nd = consid]+ ! art-impulse z a sep>ate or di/9ctive problem4 ,we c sc>cely believe1 h[ev]1 t ev5 ,pr(essor ,groos himself w\ld s]i\sly ma9ta9 ! p>allel betwe5 art-production & ! la/-m5tion$ activities4 ,!re are inde$ cases 9 :i* a man ( sci5ce devotes 8 :ole en]gy to a task :i* is s ab/ract t x seems to give no satisfaction to ! crav+ = positive tru?4 ,b x is always an op5 "q :e!r ! attractiv5ess ( su* rese>*es is n1 /rictly speak+1 m /hetic ?an sci5tific4 ,high] ma!matics is p]haps1 = ^? t live 9 ! _w ( ab/ract quantities1 only an ab/ract =m ( art1 a s\ndless music or a wordless poetry4 ,9 o!r cases ! eag]ness ) :i* pure sci5ce is pursu$ z an autotelic end may be expla9$ z a result ( acquir$ habits4 ,l ! mis]1 ! passionate rese>*] may (t5 gradually lose sight ( ! ultimate aim ( 8 activity & conc5trate all 8 att5tion on ! means4 ,!re c be no "q ( d5y+ ! emotional value & ! great attractive =ce :i* ?us comes to be atta*$ to ^! second>y purposes4 ,b 9 comp>+ su* autotelic activities to ^? ( art we h to rememb] t ! passion1 h[ev] int5se x may be1 is probably n prim>y b d]iv$2 & x is 9 any case self-evid5t t x c be develop$ only 9 exceptional cases & 9 peculi>ly pr$ispos$ individuals4 ,by ! same crit]ion we c also sep>ate ! art-desire f ! love ( games & sports4 ,h[ev] passionate ! sport+ mania may be 9 individuals or nations1 x c nev] be comp>$ z a univ]sal & prim>y impulse ) ! crav+ = /hetic creation4 ,philosoph]s :o be/[ _! :ole att5tion only on ! mature works :i* c be /udi$ 9 ! hi/ory ( art1 may inde$ cont5d t ev5 ! art-impulse is giv5 to "s fav\r$ few4 ,b ?is view1 :i* w\ld r$uce all art-life to ! /atus ( a great & m>vell\s exception1 _c possibly be upheld 9 a psy*ological /hetic4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 ! fact t ! p]c5tage ( executive arti/s 9 mod]n nations is an almo/ negligible quantity4 ,x is also probable t--contr>y to a common notion--! poets1 ! pa9t]s1 & ! dramati/s =m a di/9ct class ev5 among ! l[] tribes4#bb ,b 9 treat+ ! art-impulse z a psy*ological ph5om5on ! inquiry _c be re/rict$ to ! few individuals :o publicly practise a c]ta9 art4 ,z f> z ! arti/ic p[]s are conc]n$1 ^! und\bt$ly /& ap>t f ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,b we are n entitl$ to ma9ta9 t !y are also di/+ui%$ by "s peculi> psy*ical impulse4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( arti/ic p]fection1 !re is all ! _w betwe5 ! y\?ful v]ses ( ,goe! & ! dogg]el ( a common s*oolboy4 ,b1 psy*ologically1 ! s*oolboy's dogg]el may be ! result ( z /rong a crav+ = poetic expression z any ( ! _w's greate/ poems4#bc ,bad or good1 kn[n or unkn[n1 e manife/ation ( arti/ic activity is equally illu/rative = our purpose4 ,we h to c\nt ) ! imm5se numb] ( dilettanti :o produce 9 privacy & 9 secret1 z well z ) recognis$ arti/s4 ,& ev5 ^? un=tunate p]sons :o h nev] be5 able to f9d = !mselves any satisfactory mode ( /hetic expression may /ill be adduc$ 9 pro( ( ! univ]sality ( ! arti/ic desire4 ,if ! notion ( art is conceiv$ 9 its mo/ g5]al s5se1 e normal man1 at "s "t ( 8 life at lea/1 is an arti/--9 aspiration1 if n 9 capacity4 ,if1 moreov]1 we take into consid]ation ! eag]ness & devotion :i* is lavi%$ ^u arti/ic activity--n lea/1 p]haps1 by ^? :o h nev] appe>$ z arti/s--we %all be compell$ to admit t ! art-impulse is n only common]1 b also /rong] & deep]1 ?an any ( ! above-m5tion$ non-utilit>ian impulses4 ,if x c be expla9$ at all1 x is only by d]iv+ x f "s great & fundam5tal t5d5cy ( ! human m9d4 ,?is fact has1 naturally en\gh1 n be5 realis$ by ^? writ]s on /hetic :o only /udy ! ideal "w ( art z x appe>s among civilis$ nations4 ,9 %ort1 ! great sy/ems ( /hetic philosophy h nev] expressly /at$ ! problem ( f9d+ an orig9 = ! art-impulse2 & any int]pretation ( t impulse :i* may be d]iv$ con/ructively f _! speculations ^u ! "w ( ackn[l$g$ arti/s is irreconcilable ) ! wid] notion ( art z a univ]sal human activity4 ,if ! aim ( e arti/ really 71 z ,vis*] mu/ h ?\ght1 to re9/ate by ! creation ( a semblance ! ,idea 9 ! position f :i* x is 9 ,reality always ?ru/ by mat]ial accid5ts2 if he desir$1 = in/ance1 to %[ a human "* z x w\ld be b = ! accid5ts ( life2#bd or if1 to use ! language ( ,ta9e1 ! arti/'s ma9 object 7 to produce a repres5tation ( nature 9 :i* ! ess5tial *>act]s enjoy an absolute sov]eignty2 if he /rove to depict a lion 9 su* a way to emphasise specially ^! leon9e traits :i* di/+ui% ! lion f any o!r great cat1#be--!n x w\ld be h>d to und]/& ! attraction :i* art has ex]cis$ on p :o are almo/ devoid ( intellectual crav+s4 ,we c\ld n possibly f9d any connection betwe5 mod]n & primitive art4 ,nor c\ld we expla9 :y1 = in/ance1 poetry & music are s (t5 cultivat$ by p]sons :o d n o!rwise %[ ! slighte/ eag]ness to und]/& ! hidd5 nature ( ?+s1 :o d n m$dle ) ideas or 8dom9at+ faculties40 ,ev5 9 ! case ( philosophically-m9d$ arti/s su* motives are probably some:at feeble4 ,! intellectuali/ic def9itions may p]haps expla9 ! /hetic qualities ( ! "w ( art itself4 ,b !y c nev] acc\nt = ! con/ra9+ =ce by :i* e g5u9e "w ( art is call$ into exi/5ce4 ,!re are "s au?ors1 h[ev]1 :o h felt ! ne$ ( a dynamic explanation ( ! art-impulse1 :i* %\ld trace ! motive =ce to its orig94 ,x 0 s ) ,ari/otle :5 he int]pret$ arti/ic production z a manife/ation ( ! desire to imitate4 ,by ?is !ory art is inde$ br\ght into connection ) a g5]al animal impulse1 ! /hetic importance ( :i* c sc>cely be ov]e/imat$4 ,x is only by ref]5ce to ! psy*ology ( imitative movem5ts t we %all be able to expla9 ! enjoym5t ( art4 ,b x seems1 nev]!less1 some:at /ra9$ to make imitation ! basis & purpose ( arti/ic activity1 see+ t !re are v>i\s =ms ( art1 z1 = in/ance1 ar*itecture & purely lyrical music or poetry1 9 :i* we c sc>cely detect any imitative elem5t at all4 ,! !ories ( ,ari/otle1 ( ,s5eca1 & all _! mod]n foll[]s1 c only be upheld if ! ^w 8imitation0 is us$ 9 a mu* wid] s5se ?an t :i* x g5]ally be>s4 ,b ev5 ^? :o1 ) ,engel1 w\ld consid] ! bodily movem5ts z 8imitat+ ! ?\ghts10#bf or ^? :o 9 /hetic w\ld speak ( 8circul>y reaction0#bg z a ph5om5on ( imitation1 w\ld f9d x h>d to discov] 9 any ( ^! relatively automatic manife/ations su* a m5tal compulsion z t :i* impels to arti/ic activity4 ,moreov]1 z we ne$ sc>cely po9t out1 art 9 all its =ms always /rives aft] some?+ m ?an a m]e lik5ess4 ,x seems equally sup]flu\s to emphasise ! fact t no g5u9e arti/ has made x 8 sole object to please4 ,! fatal confusion betwe5 art-!ory & ! sci5ce ( beauty has inde$ l$ "s writ]s on /hetic to d]ive arti/ic activities f an impulse to 8produce objects or objective conditions :i* %\ld attract by pleas+40#bh ,su* views w especially recomm5d !mselves to ^? :o believe 9 an animal art call$ =? by sexual selection4 ,nor c x be d5i$ t ! means ( attraction employ$ 9 ! competition = ! fav\r ( ! opposite sex supply a "p ( ! mat]ial :i* is us$ 9 ! v>i\s arts4#bi ,) ! arti/ic impulse itself1 :i*1 accord+ to its v def9ition1 is indep5d5t ( ext]nal motives1 ! v>i\s means ( attraction h no connection :atev]4#cj ,f ! !oretical po9t ( view x is und\bt$ly easi] to def5d ,pr(essor ,baldw9's way ( /at+ ! case1 9 :i* ! 8self-exhibit+ impulse0 takes ! place ( ! 8in/9ct to attract by pleas+40#ca ,figuratively speak+1 an elem5t ( self-exhibition is involv$ 9 e arti/ic creation :i* addresses itself to a public4 ,& )\t a public--9 ! l>ge/ s5se ( ! ^w--no art w\ld ev] h appe>$4 ,b x seems some:at difficult to make ?is self-exhibit+--9 a s5se :i* implies an actual audi5ce--! aim & purpose (1 = in/ance1 ! mo/ intimate & p]sonal examples ( lyrical poetry4 ,x may ( c\rse be cont5d$1 by ^? :o advocate ! importance ( ! la/-m5tion$ int]pretations1 t ! v>iety ( art-=ms compels u to assume1 n "o1 b sev]al art-impulses4 ,at ?is /age ( our rese>* we _c ent] ^u a discussion ( su* views2 b x w at lea/ be admitt$ t explanations :i* c be appli$ 9 ! :ole field ( art mu/ be pref]able to p>tial def9itions4 ,?is m]it ( univ]sality1 at lea/1 _c be d5i$ to ! !ories :i* d]ive art f ! play+ impulse4 ,! notion ( a sportive activity involves precisely t fre$om f ext]nal1 consci\sly utilit>ian motives :i*1 accord+ to ! cons5sus ( almo/ all writ]s on /hetic1 is requir$ 9 e g5u9e manife/ation ( art4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t x 0 by ref]5ce to ! play-impulse t ,s*ill] tri$ to di/+ui% arti/ic production f all 8unfree0 =ms ( activity4#cb ,x is true t ! notion ( 8play0 z us$ by ,s*ill] & ,sp5c]--:o has giv5 ! !ory a physiological f\ndation--is *iefly important z a negative dem>cation4 ,b ev5 ,s*ill] br+s 9 a positive factor :5 he speaks ( ! =ce by :i* 8ov]fl[+ life itself urges ! animal to action0 78w5n das b]flssige ,leb5 si* selb/ zur ,?tigkeit /a*elt074#cc ,9 ,sp5c]'s !ory1 on ! o!r h&1 ! 8excessive read9ess0 to n]v\s dis*>ge :i* accompanies e surplus ( vig\r1 & :i*1 9 8 view1 acc\nts = play1 repres5ts a motor elem5t1 ! impell+ =ce ( :i* mu/ be consid]$ z v /rong4#cd ,z is well kn[n1 ,sp5c]1 ,wallace1 & ,hudson h appli$ ?is pr9ciple ( surplus en]gy to expla9 s-call$ animal art1 reject+ ! !ory :i* ascribes /hetic judgm5t to ! female4#ce ,z =mulat$ by ! la/-m5tion$ au?ors1 ! play-!ory is1 h[ev]1 op5 to objection f a physiological po9t ( view4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ by ,dr4 ,wallas*ek t1 9 speak+ ( animals1 ! phrase 8surplus ( vig\r0 ought to be sup]s$$ by 8inapplicability ( en]gy0 or 8unemploy$ en]gy40#cf ,& /ill m explicitly ,pr(essor ,groos has %[n t a /or$-up supply ( en]gy is by no means a necess>y condition = play4#cg ,b ^! criticisms h by no means depriv$ ! play-in/9ct ( its importance z a dynamic factor4 ,s9ce ,groos by 8 epo*-mak+ rese>*es has be5 able to prove t ! majority ( games--especially ! games ( y\?--are bas$ ^u in/9cts1 we c adduce z an impell+ =ce 8! demon in/9ct t urges & ev5 compels to activity n only if & s long z ! vessel ov]fl[s 7to use a figure ( spee*71 b ev5 :5 !re is b a la/ drop left 9 x40#ch ,by consid]+ arti/ic activity z a k9d ( play1 "o is !re=e able to acc\nt = its great attractiv5ess1 ev5 :5 no 8surplus ( vig\r0 c be %[n to exi/4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt] we did inde$ cont5d t ! 8compulsion0 :i* prompts to arti/ic activity is too /rong to be ev5 comp>$ ) ! passion = sports & games4 ,b ?is sup]iority may ( c\rse be expla9$ z a result ( "s peculi>ity ( ?is special k9d ( play4 ,z a matt] ( fact art is1 9 a f> high] degree ?an any ( ! sports & games1 able to satisfy ! greate/ & mo/ fundam5tal in/9cts ( man4 ,groos has tri$ to prove t ! arti/ic motives :i* 9 all times h be5 mo/ popul>1 (f] to ! spectator z well z to ! produc] an opportunity = w>like & erotic /imulation2#ci & ,guyau _h already rem>k$ h[ important a "p ! moods ( w>1 or r ( /ruggle1 play 9 all enjoym5t ( art4#dj ,x is easy to und]/& ! eag] prosecution ( an activity :i* ?us af=ds free1 if imag9>y1 ex]cise = in/9cts & t5d5cies :i* w\ld o!rwise be ?w>t$ by ! n>r[ re/rictions ( social life4 ,we are all animals 9 captivity1 & we eag]ly seize e k9d ( vic>i\s function :i* c give at lea/ a memory ( ! life f :i* we are exclud$4 ,at l[] /ages ( social evolution1 :]e in/9cts are m 9 h>mony ) life1 ! play-elem5t 9 art mu/ evid5tly be ( /ill great] importance4 ,arti/ic production & arti/ic enjoym5t provide ex]cise = ^? v functions :i* are mo/ important 9 real life4 ,art fulfils a great social mission1 & is develop$ 9 subs]vi5ce to ! /ruggle = life4 ,! play-!ory1 z =mulat$ by ,pr(essor ,groos1 af=ds1 !re=e1 9 _m cases an explanation ( ! high arti/ic level rea*$ by ! l[] tribes4 ,9 our hi/orical treatm5t ( primitive dances & dramas we %all be cont9ually oblig$ to h rec\rse to ?is !ory4 ,& x w ?us appe> t x is no defici5t appreciation ( its importance :i* compels u to look else:]e = an explanation = ! arti/ic impulse4 ,play & art h inde$ _m important *>act]i/ics 9 common4 ,nei!r ( !m has any imm$iate practical utility1 & bo? ( !m d nev]!less s]ve "s ( ! fundam5tal ne$s ( life4 ,all art1 !re=e1 c 9 a c]ta9 s5se be call$ play4 ,b art is some?+ m ?an ?is4 ,! aim ( play is atta9$ :5 ! surplus ( vig\r is dis*>g$ or ! in/9ct has _h its mom5t>y ex]cise4 ,b ! function ( art is n conf9$ to ! act ( production2 9 e manife/ation ( art1 prop]ly s call$1 some?+ is made & some?+ survives4 ,x is true t 9 c]ta9 manife/ations--= in/ance 9 ! dance or 9 act+--! effect is de/roy$ z soon z creat$2 x survives only 9 ! rhy?m devis$ by ! danc]1 or 9 ! spectator's memory ( ! "p play$4 ,b ?is is accid5tal1 n ess5tial to ! nature ( ! arts z arts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no?+ 9 ! nature ( ! play-impulse to call = a /]eotyp+ ( ! /ate ( m9d & feel+s to :i* x gives rise4 ,/ill less c ! arti/ic qualities1 su* z beauty & rhy?m1 :i*1 h[ev] difficult to def9e sci5tifically1 always *>act]ise works ( art1 be int]pret$ z a result ( ! play-impulse4 ,! !ories ( ,s*ill]1 ,sp5c]1 & ,groos may inde$ expla9 ! negative crit]ion ( art1 b !y _c1 any m ?an ! imitation !ories or ! ,d>w9ian int]pretation1 give u any positive in=mation z to ! nature ( art4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! art-impulse z a t5d5cy to /hetic production1 we mu/ br+ x into connection ) "s function1 f ! nature ( :i* ! specifically arti/ic qualities may be d]iv$4 ,su* a function is to be f\nd1 we believe1 9 ! activities ( emotional expression4 ,x is !re=e to ! psy*ology ( feel+ & expression t we %all turn = ! solution ( ! problem ( ! art-impulse4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,feel+-,,tone ,,( ,,s5sation ,be=e attempt+ to prove t ! impell+ =ce 9 art-creation is to be expla9$ by ! psy*ology ( feel+1 we mu/ fir/ pay "s att5tion to ! g5]al !ory ( emotional /ates4 ,x w\ld be impossible to ass]t any?+ ab\t ! /hetic importance ( su* activities z h _! orig9 9 emotional conditions )\t fir/ hav+ made out ! relation betwe5 feel+ & movem5t4 ,9 ?is purely psy*ological inve/igation x is advantage\s to po/pone all /hetic consid]ations4 ,! important ?+ is to get hold ( ! m5tal factors 9 _! simple/ possible =m4 ,ev5 ! l[e/ feel+s1 !re=e1 ! feel+-tones ( m]e physical s5sation or ! vague/ emotional /ates1 su* z com=t or discom=t1 :i* are ov]look$ 9 all works on /hetic prop]1 may be ( great value 9 ?is prelim9>y discussion4 ,x is pref]able to beg9 ) ! feel+-tones ( def9itely physical orig91 because ^! h$onic elem5ts h be5 subject$ to an exp]im5tal inve/igation :i* c\ld nev] be und]tak5 ) reg>d to ! complex emotions & s5tim5ts4 ,z e>ly z #ahhg ,fr publi%$ "s important rese>*es on ! relation betwe5 s5sation & movem5t4 ,by submitt+ p]sons to v>i\s ext]nal /imuli1 he %[$ t e su* /imulus calls =? a modification ( ! activities ( ! body1 :i* modification1 accord+ to ! int5sity & ! duration ( ! /imulus1 takes ! "* ei!r ( enhancem5t or ( arre/4 ,9 all cases :5 ! app>atus us$ 9 ! exp]im5ts indicat$ a %ort5$ reaction-"t & an increas$ developm5t ( en]gy1 ! subject ( ! exp]im5t _h exp]i5c$ a feel+ ( pleasure4 ,e pa9ful /imulus1 on ! o!r h&1 0 connect$ ) a dim9ution ( en]gy4#da ,^! results h be5 corroborat$ 9 ! ma9 by ! lat] rese>*es ( ,lehmann4 ,he has n1 h[ev]1 re/rict$ 8 att5tion to ! developm5t ( en]gy1 b has also measur$ ! *anges 9 pulsation & respiration :i* occur "u ! influ5ce ( v>i\s /imuli4 ,8 conclusions are ^!3-- 8,simple pleasurable s5sations are accompani$ by dilatation ( ! blood-vessels1 & p]haps also by an increase 9 ! amplitude ( he>t-contraction1 toge!r ) an increase 9 ! inn]vation ( ! volunt>y muscles1 at lea/ ( ^? connect$ ) respiration4 ,9 s5sations ( pa9 "o has to di/+ui% ! fir/ %ock ( irritation f ! subsequ5t /ate4 ,at ! mom5t ( irritation !re ensues a deep] inhalation1 &1 if ! irritation is /rong1 also an increase 9 ! inn]vation ( volunt>y muscles4 ,!n !re g5]ally foll[s a relaxation40#db ,! physiological !ory ( pleasure & pa9 :i* c be d$uc$ f ^! exp]im5ts is1 h[ev]1 nei!r new nor orig9al4 ,fr has himself po9t$ out t 8 rese>*es only s]ve to prove ! views :i* h be5 advanc$ ) m or less explicitness by ,kant1 ,ba91 ,d>w91 & ,dumont4#dc ,all au?ors :o h closely /udi$ ! movem5ts ( expression h also rem>k$ t pleasurable feel+s are accompani$ by a t5d5cy t[>ds increas$ activity 7,gratiolet1 ,d>w91 ,ba91 ,b\illi]1 ,mantegazza74#dd ,& ! popul> views on pleasure & pa91 z we f9d !m express$ 9 lit]ature1 all agree on ?is po9t3 8,la joie e/ l'air vital de notre me4 ,la tri/esse e/ un a/hme compliqu d'atonie40#de ,e "o kn[s t movem5t & un*eck$ increas$ activity g5]ally create pleasure4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 functional inhibition is 9 our exp]i5ce closely connect$ ) feel+s ( pa94 ,al?\gh ^! broad facts are univ]sally recognis$1 !re is nev]!less no unanimity ) reg>d to _! int]pretation4 ,x may be held1 on ! "o h&1 t ! p]ception ( ^? objective conditions :i* call =? pleasure is accompani$ by a t5d5cy to movem5t4 ,t1 conv]sely1 movem5t creates pleasure w\ld ?us be ! result ( an association4 ,b x may also be cont5d$ t ! functional enhancem5t1 ! /imulation itself1 :5 pres5t to consci\sness1 is p]ceiv$ z pleasure1 & t ! feel+-tone creat$ by movem5t is ?us n indirect & second>y1 b1 on ! contr>y1 is a typical pleasure4 ,we d n by any means d5y ! influ5ce :i* associative processes ex]cise on all our feel+s & on ! activities connect$ ) !m4 ,z has be5 %[n by ,d>w91 animals z well z primitive man h e>n$ _! *ief enjoym5t1 outside _! delight ( w>m? & repose1 by viol5t actions1 su* z hunt+1 w>1 & pair+ fights4#df ,& if x be object$ t memories f ^? di/ant times _c n[ influ5ce our feel+s1 x mu/ at lea/ be admitt$ t )9 ! life ( ! individual a firm f\ndation is laid = association betwe5 pleasure & activity4#dg ,indep5d5tly ( all g5]al !ories1 we mu/ !re=e reckon ) association z a factor by :i* ! motor elem5t ( pleasure is greatly increas$4 ,b x seems to u impossible to make ! remembrance--consci\s or unconsci\s--( e>li] simil> /ates ! only gr\nd ( ! activity :i* is connect$ ) pleasurable feel+s4 ,x is at lea/ f> m simple & consi/5t to expla91 ) ,hamilton & ,ba91 ! activity itself z ! physiological condition ( pleasure4 ,if any increase ( function--:e!r br\ght ab\t by *emical1 me*anical1 or psy*ical 7t is1 indirectly me*anical7 influ5ces--be consid]$ z a physiological condition ( pleasure1 & any arre/ ( function 9 ! same way be consid]$ z a c\nt]p>t ( pa91 !n all /ates ( pleasure or pa9 may be includ$ 9 "o common int]pretation4 ,only x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! increase ( function c nev] be measur$ by any absolute /&>d4 ,! same /imulus :i* 9 "o individual calls =? pleasure may 9 ano!r individual cause pa91 & ! same bodily activity :i* we enjoy :5 9 a vigor\s /ate ( heal? may occasion suff]+ :5 we are weak or ill4 ,su* v>iations are evid5tly condition$ by ! v>y+ functional p[]s ( ! organs involv$4 ,:5 ^! p[]s are r$uc$1 a /imulus1 or a movem5t :i* usually produces a /imulat+ effect1 may in/ead call =? depression & pa94 ,9 e explanation ( pleasure-pa91 att5tion mu/ !re=e be paid n only to ! claims :i* are made on ! sev]al organs by ! objective causes 7/imuli or movem5ts71 b also to ! capacity ( ! organs to meet ^! claims4 ,?is capacity1 on ! o!r h&1 is evid5tly dep5d5t ^u ! supply ( en]gy af=d$ by ! nutritive processes4 ,9 ! endeav\r to pay due att5tion to bo? ^! factors ,lehmann has be5 l$ to ?is conclusion3 8,pleasure & pa9 may 9 all cases be assum$ to be ! psy*ical outcome ( ! relation betwe5 ! consumption ( en]gy :i* at a giv5 mom5t is dem&$ f ! organs1 & ! supply ( en]gy :i* is af=d$ by nutrition40#dh ,9 ! c\rse ( a l5g?y & labori\s inve/igation ,m>%all has arriv$ at a v simil> result3 8,pleasure & pa9 are det]m9$ by ! relation betwe5 ! en]gy giv5 out & ! en]gy receiv$ at any giv5 mom5t by ! physical organs :i* det]m9e ! cont5t ( t mom5t40 ,pleasure is exp]i5c$1 accord+ to ,m>%all's def9ition1 :5ev] a surplus ( /or$ en]gy is dis*>g$ 9 ! reaction to ! /imulus2 pa9 is exp]i5c$ :5ev] a /imulus claims a great] developm5t ( en]gy 9 ! reaction ?an ! organ is capable ( af=d+4#di ,9 ?is mode ( treatm5t due att5tion is paid to ^? !ories accord+ to :i* ! conditions ( pleasure are to be s\ght1 n 9 exp5diture ( =ce1 b 9 ! receiv+ ( =ce or 9 ! recov]y ( balance4#ej ,b ?\gh ?is po9t has its own importance1 x _c by any means be put on a level ) ! dynamic aspect4 ,pleasure c nev] arise :5 ! organs are n well-n\ri%$1 /rong1 & capable ( function2 b x arises only on ! condition t !y actually d p]=m a function4 ,z ,m>%all has rightly rem>k$1 !re is no reason to believe t surplus ( vig\r & receipt ( n\ri%m5t 9 !mselves c\ld ev] be objects ( consci\sness4#ea ,z long z we c speak ( m5tal /ates1 ^! mu/ be accompani$ by correspond+ activities4 ,! *ief m]it ( ,m>%all's !sis is precisely ?is1 t e emotional /ate1 indep5d5tly ( its tone & ( its p]ceptible manife/ations1 c be int]pret$ 9 t]ms ( activity4 ,pleasure1 acute or massive1 appe>s z ! result ( a /imulus1 :i*1 ow+ to a happy proportion betwe5 its int5sity & ! functional capacity ( ! organ1 has modifi$ ! bodily functions 9 su* a way z to produce manife/ations ( en]gy4 ,pa91 acute or massive1 appe>s z ! result ( a /imulus1 possibly ( ! same k9d1 :i*1 ow+ to a disproportion aris+ f its own great] int5sity or ! small] functional capacity 9 ! organ1 has call$ =? a functional inhibition--t is to say1 t k9d ( activity :i* is manife/$ to u z an arre/ ( en]gy4 ,x w\ld be too sangu9e to expect ! real nature ( pleasure & pa9 to be exhau/ively def9$ 9 any =mula su* z ! above4 ,f a !oretical po9t ( view grave objections may und\bt$ly be rais$ aga9/ ,m>%all's !ory z well z aga9/ e g5]al int]pretation ( emotional /ates4 ,x may ev5 be admitt$1 & we desire to admit x z soon z possible1 t 9 sev]al cases x seems extremely difficult to d]ive ! feel+-tone ( ev5 ! simple/ s5sations f ! proportion betwe5 8en]gy giv5 out & en]gy receiv$40#eb ,b s9ce1 z f> z we c see1 simil> difficulties meet u 9 ! application ( e exi/+ emotional !ory1 = ! pres5t we mu/ consid] ! con/ructions ( ,mr4 ,m>%all1 not)/&+ _! speculative & necess>ily unsafe "*1 z af=d+ u ! mo/ consi/5t explanation ( ! h$onic ph5om5a4 ,9 an e>li] "w1 ,fr/udi] till en kon/filos(i 7,a ,prelim9>y ,/udy = a ,philosophy ( ,art71 ,i h tri$ to discuss & refute "s ( ! argum5ts :i* c be adduc$ aga9/ ?is !ory4 ,9 ! pres5t "w su* a !oretic digression w\ld lead u too f> away f ! ma9 subject4 ,= a "r und]/&+ ( ! relation betwe5 feel+ & 8expressional0 movem5ts x is n necess>y1 we believe1 to adopt exclusively any "o ( ! emotional !ories4 ,we %all be q cont5t if x is admitt$ t ,mr4 ,m>%all's int]pretation af=ds u a s*eme or =mula by ! aid ( :i* we c acc\nt1 if n = ! nature1 at lea/ = ! ext]nal manife/ations ( our feel+s4 ,9 apply+ 8 def9itions to ! v>i\s k9ds ( pleasure & pa91 ,mr4 ,m>%all has rec\rse to ?ree important pr9ciples1 viz4 ! limit$ am\nt ( en]gy :i* our sy/em is capable ( develop+ at any giv5 mom5t1 ! /orage ( surplus supplies ( n\ri%m5t1 & ! transf]5ce ( en]gy f "o organ to ano!r4 ,by ref]r+ to ^! pr9ciples he has be5 able to br+ "u 8 explanation ^? feel+s :i* seem to correspond n to 8activities10 b to 8/ates40#ec ,z is well kn[n1 ,hamilton _h already po9t$ out ! important1 ?\gh unsuspect$1 elem5t ( activity :i* is involv$ 9 our enjoym5t ( dolce f> ni5te4#ed ,b ) ! physiology at 8 comm& he c\ld sc>cely h expla9$ :y re/ aft] heavy "w is always accompani$ by em95tly pleasurable feel+s4 ,if x be assum$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! case ( psy*ical ef=t1 e4g41 ! call ^u our limit$ fund ( en]gy has r$uc$ ! vegetative functions to inactivity1 & t ?is inactivity has caus$ a /orage ( nutritive supply1 !n x is self-evid5t t ! vegetative functions1 z soon z ! "o-sid$ ef=t has ceas$1 mu/ dis*>ge _! surplus 9 movem5ts ( a pleasurable "*4 ,! pa9 aris+ f re/rict$ activity c equally be expla9$ 9 t]ms ( movem5t4 ,if we believe t our sy/em has a limit$ am\nt ( en]gy :i*--z long z life is ma9ta9$--mu/ necess>ily be active 9 "s direction or o!r1 !n we %all also und]/& t any?+ :i* closes ! natural & usual outlet ( ?is en]gy w give rise to activities 9 relat$ organs1 ! nutritive /ate ( :i* does n pres5t ! conditions ( pleasurable function4 ,mr4 ,m>%all has tri$ to indicate ! details ( ! transition by :i* inactivity 9 "o organ causes excessive activity 9 o!r organs4 ,8 description ( ! 8gorg+ ( ! nutritive *annels10 8! call+ = aid ( ! disabl$ elem5ts10 etc41 is1 h[ev]1 too figurative & poetical to be ( any importance 9 a psy*ological argum5t4#ee ,tak5 z a vague & necess>ily co>se metaphor1 ?is physiological image may1 h[ev]1 illu/rate a process :i* p]haps c nev] be exactly analys$1 b :i* is nev]!less famili> to ev]ybody4 ,no "o :o has exp]i5c$ 9 any high] degree ! diffus$ s5sation ( gnaw+ inactivity c d\bt ! active elem5t 9 ?is corrod+ feel+4 ,"o seems to feel h[ ! *eck$ & ?w>t$ impulses dev\r+ly turn !mselves inw>d4 ,poetical lit]ature is full ( passionate outcries aga9/ ! tortures :i* impos$ inaction inflicts on active spirits2 & mod]n autobiographies give u pa!tic examples ( ! suff]+s ( ^? ^: intellectual activity has be5 div]t$ f outw>d aims to int]nal analysis4 ,! c&id confessions ( ,amiel & ,ki]kega>d %[ ! inevitable necessity ) :i* m5tal en]gy1 if arre/$ 9 its natural c\rse1 f9ds itself an outlet 9 de/ructive activity4 ,?is tru? _h already be5 express$ 9 simple & dra/ic =m 9 ,logau's old epigram3-- ,e9 ,mhl/e9 und e9 ,m5s*5h]z wird /ets h]umgetrieb54 ,w5n beides ni*t zu reib5 hat1 wird beides selb/ z]rieb54 ,! displacem5t ( m5tal att5tion correspond+ to ! transf]5ce ( en]gy f "o organ to ano!r 9 ! inevitable se>* = a *annel ( outlet causes arre/$ activity to be felt z an unbe>able massive pa92 b ?is process implies at ! same "t a possibility ( relief4 ,if ! suff]+s ( re/riction c be consid]$ z br\ght ab\t by arre/$ impulses :i* h turn$ inw>ds1 !n x is evid5t t any outw>d activity may ov]come ! ob/ruction4 ,pleasure c p]haps n be a*iev$ be=e ! *eck$ organ resumes its functions2 b ev5 a vic>i\s activity 9 "s relat$ organ may relieve ! pa94 ,h5ce ! diffus$1 undirect$ movem5ts by :i* we in/9ctively try to get rid ( a feel+ ( re/riction4 ,e high-/rung emotional /ate :i* has n yet f\nd its appropriate expression af=ds an in/ance ( ?is s5sation4 ,exalt$ delight !re=e (t5 manife/s itself 9 ec/atic dances & songs1 :i*1 prop]ly speak+1 r relieve an incipi5t pa9 ?an express a pleasure4 ,viol5t movem5ts act z unconsci\s exp$i5ts by :i* ! organism re/ores itself to its normal balance4 ,a simil> in/9ct ought1 "o w\ld expect1 to op]ate 9 s5sations ( acute pa94 ,9 po9t ( fact1 an obscure consci\sness ( ! limitation ( functional en]gy1 or1 to put x 9 psy*ological t]ms1 ( att5tive p[]1 leads u to seek & f9d relief f pa9 9 viol5t movem5t4 ,"s ( ! frantic dances ( savage tribes und\bt$ly s]ve to dead5 ! suff]+s inflict$ by ritual tortures4 ,b x is1 ( c\rse1 only 9 exceptional cases t ^! an/hetic exp$i5ts are int5tionally resort$ to4 ,z a rule !y are to be consid]$ z a radiation ( n]v\s t5sion1 & are s little consci\s t we c sc>cely ev5 call !m in/9ctive4 ,besides all ! motor manife/ations :i* ?us foll[ ^u a s5sation ( sev]e pa9 9 almo/ direct physiological sequ5ce1 "s pantomimic activity ( def5ce or avoidance w g5]ally be call$ =? by ! notion ( an objective s\rce ( pa94 ,ow+ to associations d]iv$ f e>li] simil> /ates1 ?is reaction may (t5 appe> ev5 :5 !re is no def9ite object :i* c be assign$ z ! cause ( ! feel+4 ,among primitive p ! pantomime ( pa9 und\bt$ly has its gr\nd 9 a my?ological conception ( ! nature ( feel+4 ,pa9 is reg>d$ z a concrete ?+ :i* ! body may be capable ( %ak+ (f or avoid+4 ,crude z x may seem1 ?is illusion is s closely b\nd up ) our in/9ctive reactions t ev5 ! mo/ enlight5$ man c nev] completely emancipate himself f its influ5ce4 ,!re is ?us ne>ly always an intellectual factor :i* co-op]ates ) ! physical t5d5cy t[>ds en]getic reaction to pa94 ,?us pa91 not)/&+ its inhibitive "*1 may act1 especially :5 x is acute1 z a motor incitem5t4 ,h5ce ! curi\s cases ( fav\rable m$ical effects produc$ by sev]e physical suff]+1 :i* may s]ve n only z a di/raction ( ! att5tion1 b also z a positive /imulation ( s9k+ vitality4 ,h5ce also ! enhanc$ intellectual activity :i* (t5 foll[s ^u pa94#ef ,!re 0 p]haps m malignity ?an tru? 9 ! rem>k ( ,mi*elet t ,flaub]t might imp]il 8 tal5t by cur+ 8 boils2#eg b !re are unque/ionable in/ances to prove t w\nds & acute diseases h ex]cis$ a p[]ful excit+ influ5ce on c]ta9 arti/ic temp]am5ts4 ,all ^! /imulat+ effects ( pa9 mu/ naturally be tak5 into acc\nt 9 e emotional !ory4 ,b !y c by no means be adduc$1 z ,fe*n] ?9ks1 z an argum5t aga9/ ! def9ition :i* we h already giv54#eh ,reactions to pa9 foll[1 inde$1 s imm$iately ^u ! s5sation1 t !y _c be sep>at$ 9 "t f its prop] expression4 ,b x mu/ always be rememb]$ t ! activities1 :e!r ( wri?+ "u ! influ5ce ( pa9 or ( combat+ x1 are second>y manife/ations by :i* ! feel+-tone is gradually weak5$4 ,:e!r ! /imulat+ effects appe> at ! v mom5t ( impression or only :5 ! s5sation has become fully consci\s1 pa9 is always1 we believe1 at its ke5e/ :5 ! outw>d developm5t ( en]gy is l[e/4 ,if ! notion 8expression0 is conceiv$ 9 its /ricte/ s5se1 i4e4 z ! physiological c\nt]p>t ( ! emotional /ate1 !n pa9 has only "o expression--inhibition4 ,) reg>d to /ates ( pleasure x is m difficult to make any di/9ction betwe5 prim>y & second>y manife/ations4 ,e new movem5t is a new expression ( ! same feel+ :i*--z long z fatigue does n set up its peculi> pa9--is only enhanc$ by ^! repeat$ 8somatic resonances40 ,if pleasure is orig9at$ by ! increas$ function ( "o individual organ1 !n ?is /imulation mu/1 ow+ to ! solid>ity ( ! functions1 gradually ext5d ov] wid] areas 9 ! sy/em4 ,! m num]\s ! organs :i* take "p 9 ! activity1 ! m num]\s also are our s5sations ( function1 & ! great] ! ga9 ( our pleasure 9 ri*ness & v>iety4 ,an undef9$ feel+ ( vig\r1 assurance1 or p[] c only acquire di/9ctness & int5sity by express+ itself 9 "s mode ( physical or m5tal activity4 ,b :ile /imulation is ?us directly connect$ ) ! feel+-tone ( pleasurable /ates1 x mu/ be admitt$1 on ! o!r h&1 t--z has be5 rem>k$ above--associative influ5ces also contribute t[>ds enhanc+ _! active manife/ations4 ,by ^! second>y motor-impulses1 h[ev]1 ! orig9al feel+ is only increas$4 ,x c !re=e be said t pleasure fe$s & nurtures itself by expression4 ,pa91 on ! contr>y1 increases 9 /r5g? 9 ! same degree z ! inhibition ext5ds ov] ! organism4 ,b x c only be weak5$ by active manife/ations4 ,movem5ts1 z we h %[n1 deliv] u f ! massive1 indi/9ct pa9s ( re/riction z well z mitigate our acute suff]+s4 ,! life-pres]v+ t5d5cy :i*1 "u ! feel+ ( pleasure1 leads u to movem5ts :i* int5sify ! s5sation & make x m di/9ct = consci\sness1 compels u 9 pa9 to seek = relief & deliv]ance 9 viol5t motor dis*>ge4 ,9 ei!r case ! activity is call$ expressional1 & x seems difficult to avoid ?is equivocal usage4 ,b x is indisp5sable to make a /rict di/9ction betwe5 ! expression :i* op]ates 9 ! direction ( ! initial feel+ itself1 & ! expression by :i* ?is feel+ is weak5$4 ,?is di/9ction w appe> ) great] cle>ness 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 :]e we %all apply ! laws ( expression to ! complex emotional /ates4 ,!n x w also be possible = u to po9t out "s /hetic result ( ! psy*ological survey :i* p]haps may seem = ! mom5t a dep>ture f our prop] subject4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,emotions ,! discussion ( complex emotional /ates on :i* we ent] 9 ! pres5t *apt] w be subject to ! same res]vation z 0 our previ\s discussion ( simple s5sation-feel+4 ,x is n propos$ to attempt a def9itive explanation ( ! nature ( emotion1 nor ev5 to criticise ! v>i\s emotion-!ories :i* h be5 advanc$ 9 psy*ological lit]ature4 ,= ! purposes ( an /hetic inve/igation we are only conc]n$ ) ! ext]nal aspects1 ! outw>d manife/ations1 ( m5tal /ates4 ,we ne$ n !re=e dilate ^u ! controv]sies z to ! exact relation betwe5 simple feel+ & emotion4 ,x is en\gh = u t all au?ors--^? :o consid] pa9 & pleasure z elem5ts sui g5]is z well z ^? :o c\nt !m among s5sations or emotions--agree 9 emphasis+ ! prom95t h$onic elem5t :i* ent]s into all our emotions4 ,/>t+ f ?is univ]sally recognis$ fact1 we %all try to expla9 ! impulse to expression1 z x appe>s 9 complex emotions1 by ! same laws :i* we d$uc$ f an exam9ation ( simple h$onic /ates4 ,! legitimacy ( su* a c\rse w sc>cely be conte/$ by any "o :o admits ! vital & necess>y connection betwe5 emotional /ates & movem5t-s5sations4 ,& 9 po9t ( fact1 ?is connection does n seem to be d5i$ by _m mod]n psy*ologi/s4 ,!re is inde$ mu* controv]sy z to ! be/ mode ( =mulat+ ! well-kn[n !ory due to ,james & ,lange1 & !re is also mu* to discuss 9 its g5]al !oretic aspect4 ,b ! obs]vation on :i* ?is !ory 0 bas$ by ,james1 viz4 t x is impossible = u to imag9e any emotion :i* is n connect$ ) feel+s ( bodily symptoms1 seems n[adays to be pretty safe aga9/ attack4 ,be=e & aft] ,james1 ! fundam5tal importance ( bodily *anges has be5 ackn[l$g$ by almo/ all au?ors :o h specially /udi$ ! emotional /ates4 ,we ne$ only ref] to ,ba91 ,ribot1 ,fr1 ,paulhan1 & ,godf]naux4#ei ,ev5 ,pr(essor ,/\t1 :o on g5]al gr\nds takes exception to ! views ( ,james1 leaves unassail$ ! !sis f :i* ! latt] />ts 9 8 *apt] on ! emotions4#fj ,& x is ev5 some:at sup]flu\s to adduce all ^! au?orities 9 support ( a fact :i* mu/ h be5 not$ by e "o :o pays any att5tion to 8 own m5tal /ates4 ,we nev] exp]i5ce any int5se emotion1 su* z fe>1 ang]1 or sorr[1 )\t at ! same "t exp]i5c+ "s di/9ct s5sation ( *ange 9 our functions ( respiration & circulation1 z well z 9 ! activities ( our volunt>y muscles4 ,9 ! case ( emotions ( slight int5sity1 :]e no *anges ( ?is "* are p]ceptible1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t !y d nev]!less occur1 only on a mu* small] scale1 & possibly 9 diff]5t organs4 ,! cl9ical & exp]im5tal rese>*es ( m$ical sci5ce1 z well z exp]im5ts und]tak5 9 psy*ological laboratories1 t5d to prove t all ideas1 ev5 ( ! mo/ ab/ract k9d1 are accompani$ by modifications ( organic activity1 simil> to1 b weak] ?an1 ^? :i* accompany ! simple s5sations4 ,x is only natural1 !re=e1 to conclude t ! feel+-elem5t 9 emotions & s5tim5ts1 z well z 9 simple pa9 & pleasure1 is correlat$ ) ! quality--/imulat+ or inhibitive--& int5sity ( ^! modifications4 ,all h$onic /ates1 :e!r call$ =? directly by a simple physiological /imulus1 or indirectly by ! m$iation ( p]ceptions1 memories1 & ideas1 c ?us1 9 s f> z !y are feel+s1 be consid]$ z ess5tially alike4 ,! complete emotion1 su* z joy or ang]1 ) all its elem5ts ( ?\ght & consci\s or unconsci\s volition1 is ( c\rse some?+ q diff]5t f ! simple feel+-tone ( m]e pleasure or pa94 ,physiological psy*ology does n1 z its oppon5ts ma9ta91 assimilate gratifications ( ! s5se ( ta/e to /hetic enjoym5t or religi\s exaltation4 ,we all[ rank to a s5tim5t 9 virtue ( ! m5tal conceptions by :i* x is ju/ifi$ 9 ! brea/ ( ! p]son :o feels x4 ,b ! /r5g? ( su* a s5tim5t1 z feel+1 we deem to be proportion$ to ! organic *anges by :i* en?usiasm & devotion1 j z mu* z s5sual pleasure1 are always accompani$4 ,we d n ass]t t ^! organic *anges are always id5tical 9 k9d4 ,9 ! simple/ =ms ( h$onic s5sation--s5sation prop]--!y h _! ma9 equival5t 9 *anges ( ! vegetative functions2 9 ! emotions !y are accompani$ by movem5ts ( our volunt>y muscles2 & 9 ! s5tim5ts !y may correspond to an activity :i* takes place *iefly 9 ! organ ( ?\ght4 ,& f ^! diff]5ces arise o!r important diff]5ces 9 duration z well z 9 int5sity ( ! pleasure-pa94 ,b all ^! v>i\s limitations _c modify ! ess5tial fact1 :i* is1 t pleasure is always connect$ ) an enhancem5t1 & pa9 ) a depression1 ( ! vital functions4 ,= a satisfactory explanation ( our emotions x w\ld no d\bt be desirable to h all ! complicat$ physiological concomitants r$uc$ to simple t]ms ( functional enhancem5t & functional arre/4 ,su* a r$uction c1 h[ev]1 be und]tak5 only 9 a few fav\rable cases4 ,we c easily see1 = in/ance1 t 9 pride & humiliation a s]ies ( p]ceptions & ideas h br\ght ab\t conditions ( facilitat$ & *eck$ activity simil> to ^? :i*1 9 s5sational pleasure-pa91 are creat$ by simple physiological /imuli4#fa ,we may also agree ) ,lehmann :5 he endeav\rs to prove t ! pa9 a *ild exp]i5ces :5 its "m leaves its b$side c be r$uc$ to a s5sation ( arre/$ activity4#fb ,& we may 9 ! same way expla9 our own feel+s aft] losses :i*1 f our po9t ( view1 are m s]i\s1 z l>gely due to ! fact t an occasion ( activity = our s5ses1 ?\ghts1 or bodily p[]s has be5 sudd5ly )drawn4 ,b x w\ld be too labori\s to ent] ^u su* an analysis ( all our comp\nd emotions1 & x is also sup]flu\s4 ,ev5 :5 ! organic conditions ( pleasure & pa9 _c be detect$ among ! intricate mass ( intellectual & volitional elem5ts :i* make up :at we c obs]ve ( an emotion1 we mu/ /ill1 f analogy1 conclude t "s k9d ( functional enhancem5t or arre/ corresponds to ! feel+-tone4 ,see+1 !n1 t :at we may call 8pure feel+0 rema9s ! same 9 all possible comb9ations1 we mu/ expect to meet ) ! same ph5om5a 9 connection ) ! manife/ations ( ! high] emotions & s5tim5ts1 z ^? already describ$ 9 case ( simple pa9 or pleasure4 ,x is true t 9 fully =m$ ang]1 joy1 contempt1 & s on1 ! t5d5cy to expression = expression's sake--z :5 a *ild laughs or dances = m]e joy--is seldom f\nd pure & unmix$4 ,b ev5 9 su* complex /ates we may 9 ! ab/ract di/+ui% ! impulse directly & inh]5tly connect$ ) ! physiological *ange--! impulse :i* t5ds automatically to br+ out ! tone ( pleasure ) m prom95ce or to relieve ! tone ( pa9--f all ! consci\s & volitional activities by :i* ! ext]nal cause ( ! feel+ is ei!r approa*$ or avoid$4 ,we h only to rememb] t1 z 0 ! case ) s5sation-feel+s1 ^? int5tional movem5ts :i* are directly or by virtue ( association connect$ ) an emotion w always "w 9 ! same direction z ! purely automatic expression4 ,) reg>d to ang]1 = in/ance1 we c 9 !ory1 at all ev5ts1 di/+ui% ! activity :i* foll[s z a purely physiological reaction ^u ! initial inhibition1 & :i* !re=e is q undirect$ by any idea ( attack+ an enemy1 f ! consci\s reaction by :i* we /rive ) all our p[]s to ov]come & annihilate a real or imag9>y foe4 ,b we "k t bo? ^! k9ds ( expression produce simil> m5tal effects4 ,:e!r we conc5trate our att5tion on ! elem5t ( pure feel+ & its accompany+ activities1 or on ! int]mixture ( intellectual & volitional elem5ts by :i* ! emotion is di/+ui%$ f simple pleasure-pa91 we %all ?us f9d t active manife/ations always enhance ! positive tone ( feel+1 :i* is 9 itself ! c\nt]p>t ( a functional enhancem5t1 & relieve ! negative tone1 :i* is ! c\nt]p>t ( functional arre/4 ,to prove ?is ass]tion ) reg>d to all ! diff]5t emotions w\ld mean an unnecess>y repetition ( ! argum5ts adduc$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,we ne$ !re=e only dwell on a few individual cases 9 :i* ! effects ( expression1 ow+ to ! complex nature ( all fully develop$ emotions1 are subject to mis9t]pretation4 ,x has1 = in/ance1 (t5 be5 cont5d$ 9 psy*ological lit]ature t pleasurable emotions lose 9 /r5g? 9 ! same degree z !y are express$4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 :o f9ds ! physiological basis ( all emotion 9 n]v\s t5sion1 has tri$ to prove t joy is always /ronge/ :5 mo/ re/ra9$4 ,b ! argum5t he adduces is by no means unimpea*able4 ,he says t p :o %[ ! f9e/ appreciation ( hum\r are (t5 capable ( say+ & do+ ! mo/ laughable ?+s ) ! utmo/ gravity4#fc ,9 ?is in/ance joy has1 h[ev]1 be5 conf\nd$ ) ! s5se ( ! comic1 :i* is ( c\rse a purely intellectual gift1 & :i* does n ev5 presuppose a *e]ful disposition4 ,! less ! exp5diture ( n]v\s =ce on outw>d activity1 ! great] is ! effici5cy ) :i* ! "w ( ?\ght c be c>ri$ on4#fd ,!re is ?us a physiological reason :y he :o laughs lea/ utt]s ! be/ jokes4 ,b all ! fools ^: m\?s ov]fl[ ) laught] 7risus abundat 9 ore /ultorum7 may no d\bt (t5 be happi] ?an ! mo/ tal5t$ hum\ri/4 ,no sane man w\ld say t ,swift 0 happy4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 und5iable t ev5 joy gradually decreases if x is all[$ an unimp$$ outlet4 ,b t is (t5 a result ( bodily fatigue1 :i* makes ?\ght z well z feel+ impossible4 ,pleasure may also increase qua feel+1 if its mo/ outw>d manife/ations are controll$4 ,b h]eby ! activity has only1 z ,sp5c] himself rem>ks1 be5 direct$ into new *annels4#fe ,! motor impulses reflect !mselves inw>ds & accumulate :5 _! outlet is /opp$4 ,f bodily movem5ts1 :i* are its simple/ & mo/ natural expression1 joy may ?us be div]t$ into ! region ( ?\ght4 ,:5 a savage has atta9$ s high a /ate ( developm5t z to be able to control ! impulse to dance & yell = joy1 ! fir/ di?yramb has be5 compos$4 ,x is impossible = u to e/imate ! relative importance ( int]nal & ext]nal activity4 ,all we c say is t a joy1 ! outw>d expressions ( :i* are controll$1 probably ga9s 9 durability4 ,b on ! o!r h& x is possible t a joy :i* has be5 all[$ a free dis*>ge1 9 ! v mom5t ( expression is /rong] qua feel+4 ,if ! motor impulses f9d no outlet 9 any direction1 ! emotional /ate w1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 become m & m affect$ ) elem5ts ( pa94 ,:5 ! physiological c\nt]p>t ( an emotion takes ! =m ( an inhibition1 ! feel+-tone w ( c\rse ga9 9 int5sity 9 ! same degree z wid] & wid] areas ( activity come "u ! influ5ce ( ! arre/4 ,?is law c also be obs]v$ 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t ( all pa9-emotions4 ,sorr[1 despair1 humiliation1 & s on1 are relatively mild z long z ! inhibition is re/rict$ to ! volunt>y muscles4 ,!y acquire _! full & prop] /r5g? z feel+ only :5 ! involunt>y activities take "p 9 ! functional di/urbance4 ,& we c (t5 notice 9 ourselves h[1 9 ! same degree z a pa9ful emotion increases1 ! inhibition cuts its way deep] & deep] into ! organism4#ff ,humiliation1 :i* ( all emotions is ! mo/ hopelessly & irr$eemably pa9ful1 is 9 its high] degrees always accompani$ by functional *anges :i* make !mselves felt ev5 9 our dige/ive organs4 ,lit]ature1 to :i* 9 que/ions ( emotional psy*ology we mu/ apply = ! in=mation :i* no exp]im5t c supply1 proves t x is h>d to swall[4 ,x has a bitt] ta/e1 & is sick5+ ev5 9 purely physical s5se4#fg ,! greate/ grief1 on ! o!r h&1 t man has be5 able to imag9e manife/s itself physiologically z a complete int]nal z well z ext]nal p>alysis1 su* z is sugge/$ by ! ,greek my? ( ! sorr[+ "m turn$ into /one4 ,! progress ( functional inhibition f organ to organ & ! accompany+ increase ( ! pa9-emotion does ( c\rse g5]ally take place )\t ! co-op]ation ( volition4 ,b ! increase ( an incipi5t pa9-s5tim5t c also be facilitat$ by volunt>y ef=ts4 ,z ,pr(essor ,james rem>ks1 we may effectively /r5g!n a mood ( sadness if we only consi/5tly arre/ ! activity ( all ! organs :i* are "u ! control ( our w4#fh ,& x is well kn[n t mu* is possible 9 ! way ( work+ up feel+s ( melan*oly4 ,x may seem some:at /range t ! cultivation ( su* pa9ful /ates has atta9$ s high a developm5t 9 man4 ,b ! app>5t p>adox is solv$ if we direct our att5tion to ! second>y tones ( pleasure :i* c always be d]iv$ f artificial moods ( suff]+4 ,s5tim5tal reflection is able to extract f !m a peculi> satisfaction :i* is highly appreciat$ by c]ta9 temp]am5ts4 ,we ne$ only ref] to ! lit]ature ( romanticism1 :i* gives u mo/ in/ructive in/ances ( pride 9 s5sibility4 ,ano!r k9d ( enjoym5t is atta9$ :5 p]sons :o consid] !mselves unfairly treat$ by cruel =tune delib]ately fe$ ^u _! own suff]+s4 ,z ,sp5c] has %rewdly po9t$ out1 !y w infallibly d]ive a pleasurable s5sation ( _! own value :5 contra/+ _! fate ) ! happ9ess :i* !y consid] _! due4#fi ,melan*oly p1 on ! o!r h&1 may p]haps be incl9$ to make !mselves z helpless & un=tunate z possible = ! sake ( exp]i5c+ bo? sides ( t 8love ( ! helpless0#gj :i*1 accord+ to ,sp5c]1 is ! mo/ primordial =m ( altrui/ic feel+4 ,! expressions & pantomimes ( sadness (t5 /rike u z a k9d ( self-c>ess+ 9 :i* ! suff]]1 by division ( 8 own p]sonality1 enjoys ! d\ble pleasure ( giv+ & receiv+4 ,accord+ to ! mo/ consi/5t t]m9ology1 ?is t5d5cy to enhance feel+ by volunt>y co-op]ation ) functional inhibition ought p]haps to be consid]$ z ! *>act]i/ic expression ( pa9ful emotion4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 z has already be5 po9t$ out 9 our treatm5t ( s5sation-feel+1 m 9 con=mity ) ord9>y usage--& also ) etymology--to apply ! ^w expression to ^? active1 outw>d manife/ations by :i* ! inhibition is reliev$4 ,!re c be no inconv5i5ce 9 do+ s if we only keep con/antly 9 m9d ! di/9ction betwe5 ! expression :i* enhances & ! expression :i* relieves4 ,z long z ^! two notions are conf\nd$1 a consi/5t explanation ( emotional /ates is q impossible4 ,! contradictions 9 ,pr(essor ,james' brilliant *apt] on ! emotions furni% u ) a ready pro( ( ?is impossibility4 ,if he _h bas$ 8 !ory ^u a close discrim9ation ( ei!r class ( expression1 z !y c be di/+ui%$ 9 simple s5sational feel+1 he w\ld probably n h cont5d$ t sorr[ is increas$ by sobb+1#ga :ile admitt+ 9 ano!r passage t 8dry & %runk5 sorr[0 is m pa9ful ?an any 8cry+ fit40#gb ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible to d5y t sigh+1 sobb+1 twi/+ ! h&s1 & o!r active manife/ations are (t5 effectively us$1 by actors1 = example1 z means = work+ up despair or sorr[s4#gc ,b x seems to u indubitable t ^! movem5ts :5 !y succe$ 9 creat+ ! real feel+ d s by help ( association4 ,a pa9-emotion :i* has be5 call$ into exi/5ce by su* dramatic me*anism is !re=e seldom q g5u9e4 ,real sorr[1 hate1 or ang]1 z pa9-feel+s1 are on _! physiological side mu* m deeply seat$ ?an ^! surface expressions1 :i*1 prop]ly speak+1 are m]ely a reproduction ( ! usual reactions ^u ! prim>y feel+4 ,!y are !re=e n to be easily /irr$ up by aid ( mimetic action4 ,x may p]haps be cont5d$ t ^! rem>ks apply only to ! artificial creation ( pa9-emotion4 ,:5 "u ! sway ( v]itable sorr[ we und\bt$ly feel z if ! m5tal /ate 7 really int5sifi$ dur+ its expression by ! direct influ5ce ( ! muscul> activities1 :i* con/itute ! sigh+1 sobb+1 or cry+4 ,z f> z ! comp\nd emotion is conc]n$1 ?is obs]vation is unque/ionably correct4 ,sorr[1 ) all its intellectual & volitional elem5ts1 may become m di/9ct = consci\sness ! m x is actively express$4 ,b ! pa9 itself1 :i* con/itutes ! prim>y & initial /ate ( ?is emotion1 has by no means be5 increas$4 ,on ! contr>y1 a cry+ fit1 = in/ance1 z ev5 ,pr(essor ,james admits1 may be accompani$ by a k9d ( excitem5t :i* has a peculi> tone ( pung5t pleasure4#gd ,! same process c be obs]v$ 9 ! c\rse ( all ! s-call$ pa9-emotions4 ,dur+ active expression1 :ile ! g5]al m5tal /ate increases 9 def9it5ess1 ! purely 8alg$onic0 elem5t ( pa9 is gradually weak5$ or *ang$4 ,ang]1 :i* beg9s ) an inhibition & a vascul> contraction1 to :i*1#ge on ! m5tal side1 corresponds a feel+ ( int5se pa91 is ?us 9 its active /age a decid$ly pleasurable emotion4#gf ,fe>1 :i* 9 its initial /age is p>alys+ & depress+1 (t5 *anges 9 tone :5 ! fir/ %ock has be5 reliev$ by motor reaction4#gg ,& to "s ext5t ! same may be said ev5 ( despair4 ,9 e pa9-emotion :]e !re is a developm5t ( active en]gy involv$ 9 ! reaction ^u ! initial feel+1 ! tone ( ?is feel+ is apt to und]go "s *ange ow+ to ! influ5ce ( ?is activity4 ,?is circum/ance expla9s :y expression = expression's sake z a life-pres]v+ pr9ciple occupies s important a place 9 ! life ( man4 ,b x also acc\nts = ano!r ph5om5on :i*1 al?\gh n directly connect$ ) ! expressional impulse1 is /hetically s important t x _c prop]ly be pass$ ov] 9 ?is "w4 ,we ref] to ! app>5t p>adox t ang]1 fe>1 sorr[1 not)/&+ _! di/9ctly pa9ful initial /age1 are (t5 n only n avoid$1 b ev5 delib]ately s\ght4 ,tak5 9 connection ) ^? p]haps ev5 m curi\s cases1 9 :i* s5sation-feel+s ( pa9 are int5tionally provok$1 ?is app>5t inv]sion ( ! normal c\rse con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ important problems 9 emotional psy*ology4 ,! "q ( su* 8luxuries ( grief10 or1 to use a m appropriate ,g]man phrase1 8,die ,wonne des ,leids10 is1 h[ev]1 s complicat$ t its treatm5t w require a *apt] to itself4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,enjoym5t ,,( ,,pa9 ,we h po9t$ out t enjoym5t c be d]iv$ by s5tim5tal reflection on moods ( sadness4 ,su* ref9$ =ms ( ! 8luxury ( grief0 presuppose a c]ta9 intellectual developm5t & a t5d5cy to introspection1 :i* _c possibly be assum$ 9 primitive man4 ,b z ! active =ms ( ! s-call$ pa9-emotions are highly appreciat$--we may ev5 say indulg$ 9 z enjoym5ts--by ! l[] tribes ( man1 !re mu/ evid5tly be "s m imm$iate cause ( ?is delight4 ,& we are ! m tempt$ to look = ?is cause 9 ! emotional process itself1 by ! fact t ev5 bodily pa9s1 :i* d n admit ( any s5tim5tal int]pretation1 may be delib]ately excit$4 ,we rem>k$ 9 our treatm5t ( ! simple emotional elem5ts1 t pleasure & pa9 c 9 no case be e/imat$ by any absolute measure4 ,n[ t we h to f9d "s explanation ( ! delight 9 pa91 :i* applies to purely physical z well z to m5tal pa91 we beg9 by admitt+ t ! relative "* ( feel+ probably acc\nts = _m in/ances 9 :i* ! pa9 is m]ely app>5t4 ,! same ext]nal /imulus :i* acts on "o individual ) hyp]normal /r5g?1 & !re=e evokes pa91 may 9 ! case ( ano!r individual :o has dull] s5ses1 produce a weak] impression1 & ?us call =? a pleasurable reaction4 ,! ta/e & smell anomalies ( hy/]ical pati5ts af=d u good examples ( su* abnormal pleasure4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are pl5ty ( in/ances1 too famili> to be enum]at$1 9 :i* an impression :i* a sick p]son w\ld call pa9ful br+s pleasure to a heal?y "o4 ,aga91 ! p[] ( receiv+ pleasurable s5sations f /rong /imuli may (t5 be increas$ by ex]cise4 ,mr4 ,m>%all has appli$ 8 psy*o-physiological pr9ciples to ! int]pretation ( ^! 8acquir$ pleasure-gett+s0 & ?\gh he p]haps does n exhau/ively & conv9c+ly expla9 ! process1 he at lea/ gives a graphic & cle> acc\nt ( its mo/ probable c\rse4 ,he ?9ks t a hyp]normal /imulus indirectly increases ! blood-supply to ! /imulat$ organ4 ,?is organ w !re=e1 if ! op]ation ( ! /imulus is n too prolong$1 /ore up "s portion ( unus$ nutritive =ce dur+ ! subsequ5t repose4 ,& ?us1 if ! same /imulus is %ortly aft]w>ds repeat$1 ! organ w be able to respond ) great] facility & int5sity1 i4e4 react "u ! conditions ( pleasurable reaction4 ,9 ?is way ,m>%all acc\nts = ! classic in/ances ( acquir$ lik+ = olives & tobacco4#gh ,x is probable t a simil> influ5ce ( repeat$ ex]cise may also op]ate 9 ! dep>tm5t ( comp\nd emotions4 ,lehmann1 :o expla9s ! trans=mation ( orig9ally pa9ful impressions into pleasurable ones 9 a some:at diff]5t way1 viz4 by 8 law ( 8! indisp5sability ( accu/om$ ?+s0 ref]s to ?is law ^? in/ances 9 :i* p]sons :o h _h _m tr\bles gr[ s accu/om$ to !m1 t 9 a mom5t ( ease !y feel a k9d ( loss4#gi ,! validity ( ?is law w be recognis$ by e "o :o has any opportunity ( obs]v+ ! vaguely & weakly unpleasant feel+ :i* sometimes appe>s :5 we are sudd5ly lib]at$ f "s pursu+ anxiety4 ,& ! indisp5sability ( accu/om$ s5sations may impel p]sons to create new m5tal pa9s or worries to replace ! old ones4 ,yet ! m]e crav+ = cu/om>y s5sations _c expla9 ^? cases ( g5u9e luxury 9 grief 9 :i* pa9-s5sations & pa9-emotions are s\ght precisely because !y are pa9ful4 ,b if we take into acc\nt ! p[]ful /imulat+ effect :i* is produc$ by acute pa91 we may easily und]/& :y p submit to mom5t>y unpleasantness = ! sake ( enjoy+ ! subsequ5t excitem5t4 ,?is motive leads to ! delib]ate creation n only ( pa9-s5sations1 b also ( emotions 9 :i* pa9 ent]s z an elem5t4 ,! viol5t activity :i* is involv$ 9 ! reaction aga9/ fe>1 & /ill m 9 t aga9/ ang]1 af=ds u a s5sation ( pleasurable excitem5t :i* is well wor? ! co/ ( ! pass+ unpleasantness4 ,x is1 moreov]1 notori\s t "s p]sons h develop$ a peculi> art ( mak+ ! initial pa9 ( ang] s transi5t t !y c enjoy ! active elem5ts 9 x ) almo/ undivid$ delight4 ,su* an accompli%m5t is f> m difficult 9 ! case ( sorr[4 ,! reactions are "h seldom all[$ s free a c\rse z to be able to *ange ! feel+-tone ( ! /ate4 ,moreov]1 ! remembrance ( ! objective cause w always t5d to reawak5 ! orig9al feel+ ) its accompany+ inhibition4 ,besides1 a man ( culture & ref9em5t is g5]ally det]r$ by a k9d ( respect = 8 own emotional life f artificially /irr+ up /ates ( sorr[ = 8 own enjoym5t4 ,?is reluctance1 h[ev]1 does n seem to exi/ 9 l[] /ages ( developm5t4 ,! cry+ fea/s ( ! ,maoris & ! ,todas--:i* af=d a /rik+ p>allel to ! c]emonial wail+s ( anci5t ,greece--are no d\bt1 :atev] _! ritual significance may be1 att5d$ ) a k9d ( pleasure4#hj ,by seiz+ on "s real or fictiti\s cause = grief--! dea? ( a ,l9os or an ,adonis--! p>ticipants succe$1 we imag9e1 9 creat+ a /ate ( sorr[ 9 :i* ! active & /imulat+ elem5ts outweigh ! pa94 ,h[ev] b>b>\s ?is k9d ( amusem5t may seem to u1 x is by no means c]ta9 t we h completely outgr[n su* pleasures4 ,! delight 9 witness+ ! p]=mance ( a trag$y und\bt$ly involves ! enjoym5t ( a borr[$ pa91 :i*1 by unconsci\s sympa!tic imitation1 we make p>tially our own4#ha ,& ! same ph5om5on appe>s 9 a yet crud] =m 9 ! cu/om1 s g5]al among ! l[] classes ( mo/ c\ntries1 ( visit+ fun]als & simil> c]emonies :]e sorr[ c be contemplat$ & %>$4 ,ev5 civilis$ man is ?us able to enjoy ! pleasure :i* may be connect$ ) emotions ( sorr[ & despair1 at lea/ 9 second-h& reproduction4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to g ?r\gh all ! v>i\s emotional /ates 9 ord] to prove t e "o ( !m1 if x c p] se be enjoy$ 79 nature or art71 is ei!r prim>ily or by its reactions connect$ ) an increase ( outw>d activity4 ,b we mu/ po9t out t ! pleasure d]iv$ f ?is motor excitem5t is (t5 /ill fur!r enhanc$ by ! ag5cy ( an intellectual elem5t :i* is simpl] ?an s5tim5tal reflection1 & does n presuppose any t5d5cy t[>ds introspection4 ,9 pa9 z 9 pleasure1 9 suff]+ z 9 voluptu\sness1 we atta9 a height5$ & enri*$ s5sation ( life4 ,! m we love life1 ! m mu/ we also enjoy ?is s5sation1 ev5 if x be call$ into exi/5ce by pa94 ,less+1 :o _c possibly be call$ morbid1 confesses to ?is ta/e 9 an int]e/+ lett] writt5 to ,m5delssohn3 8,d>9n s9d wir do* wohl e9ig1 l4,f41 dass alle ,leid5s*aft5 entw$] heftige ,begi]d5 od] heftige ,v]abs*eu5g5 s9d8 ,au* d>9n3 dass wir uns bei j$] heftig5 ,begi]de od] ,v]abs*euung1 e9es grss] ,grads uns]] ,realitt bewus/ s9d und dass dieses ,bewus/se9 ni*t &]s als ang5ehm se9 kann8 ,folgli* s9d alle ,leid5s*aft51 au* die all]unang5ehm/51 als ,leid5s*aft5 ang5ehm40#hb 78,we are agre$ 9 ?is1 my de> fri5d1 t all passions are ei!r vehem5t crav+s or vehem5t loa?+s1 & also t 9 e vehem5t crav+ or loa?+ we acquire an increas$ consci\sness ( our reality1 & t ?is consci\sness _c b be pleasurable4 ,consequ5tly1 all our passions1 ev5 ! mo/ pa9ful1 are1 z passions1 pleasurable407 ,& ,helvetius has express$ almo/ ! same idea3 8,n\s s\hait]ons donc1 p> des impressions t\j\rs n\velles1 tre *aque in/ant av]tis de notre exi/5ce1 p>ceque *acun de ces av]tissem5ts e/ p\r n\s un plaisir40#hc 78,accord+ly1 we %all desire1 by means ( con/antly r5ew$ impressions1 to be at e mom5t rem9d$ ( our exi/5ce1 because ea* ( ^! rem9d]s is = u a pleasure407 ,= ! sake ( ?is 8av]tissem5t0 ( exi/5ce1 individuals ( int5se vital temp]am5t1 l ,ri*>d ,jeff]ies & ,m>yia ,ba%kirtseff1 h positively lov$ _! v suff]+s4#hd ,x is evid5t t pa9 z a sign ( life & function may be especially welcome :5 ! vital s5sation has = any reason become weak5$4 ,! self-w\nd+s ( ! hea!n & ,*ri/ian sa9ts1 al?\gh no d\bt fully ju/ifi$ to ! suff]]s !mselves by religi\s motives1 may ?us h _h _! inn]mo/ unconsci\s motive 9 an endeav\r to ov]come t an/hesia :i* is s usual an accompanim5t ( hy/]ical di/urbances4#he ,x is h>d to believe t ! tortures :i* !y inflict ^u !mselves are really felt z neutral or pleasurable4 ,b we c easily und]/& t su* torture1 al?\gh m or less pa9ful1 may af=d a k9d ( satisfaction by compell+ ! sl[ & dull s5ses to function4 ,pr(essor ,lange has 9 8 "w on ! emotions laid special /ress ^u ?is po9t4 8,x is a condition ( our well-be+10 he says1 8t our s5sorial c5tres %\ld be 9 a c]ta9 degree ( activity call$ =? by ! impressions :i* rea* !m ?r\gh ! s5sorial n]ves f ! outside4 ,if f "s cause or o!r--= in/ance1 f a decrease 9 ! functional p[]s ( ^! c5tres--!re arises an ins5sibility1 an/hesia1 !n we feel a long+ to =ce !m to _! usual activity by address+ to !m an abnormally /rong appeal1 or1 9 o!r words1 by int5sify+ ! ext]nal impressions & !reby neutralis+ ! ins5sibility40#hf ,?is pr9ciple has1 inde$1 z appli$ by ,lange to ! expressions ( ang]1 be5 m]cilessly ridicul$ by ,wundt4#hg ,b x seems to u t ! obs]vation itself c sc>cely be conte/$4 ,:e!r we expla9 x z a case ( ! indisp5sability ( ! accu/om$ or z ! result ( "s peculi> ye>n+ = life--a s\l-desire1 z ,mr4 ,jeff]ies w\ld h call$ x--a defici5t consci\sness ( function is 9 mo/ cases di/9ctly unpleasant4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 x seems z if an increas$ consci\sness ( function 7 p] se pleasurable4 ,x is ( c\rse difficult to prove by exact argum5t ! exi/5ce ( a feel+ :i* c be obs]v$ only z ! inn]mo/ conceal$ motive ( our life4 ,b on z /rong evid5ce z c ev] be adduc$ on matt]s ( emotional life1 we may believe t 9 e consci\s life !re op]ates a dim in/9ctive crav+ = full] & great] consci\sness1 or1 if ! expression be pref]r$1 = ! mo/ complete self-realisation4 ,happ9ess itself has be5 def9$ by a philosoph] s little incl9$ to my/icism z ,mr4 ,br9ton1 z 8! increas+ consci\sness ( self40#hh ,x is !re=e easy to und]/& :y1 :5 ?is consci\sness has be5 blunt$ by "s cause or o!r1 we may ev5 long = suff]+ & pa9 z a means ( escap+ ! dulness1 empt9ess1 & d>kness ( ins5sibility4 ,x may seem to be a di/urbance ( all normal in/9cts t pa9--an elem5t ho/ile to vital activity--c ?us be pref]r$ to a /ate ! unpleasantness ( :i* is only diffuse4 ,b we h to rememb] t ! abs5ce ( s5sation & function fright5s u by its simil>ity to :at we fe> m ?an pa94 ,! suff]+s ( ins5sibility1 ?is highe/ possible =m ( t$ium1 :i*--if we are to judge f ! descriptions 9 lit]ature & poetry--may 9 !mselves be unbe>able en\gh1 mu/ ne$s be unusually ke5 9 individuals :o are giv5 up to philosophic reflection4 ,! feel+ ( inanity :i* is caus$ by a susp5se ( vital s5sations is apt to spread itself ov] ! :ole field ( s5se-exp]i5ce4#hi ,9 default ( /rong impressions1 ) _! subsequ5t reactions1 we may lose ! s5se n only ( our own exi/5ce1 b also ( t ( ! ext]nal _w4#ij ,! relatively neutral evid5ce ( our high] s5ses does n af=d u ! same assurance ( reality z is giv5 by gross] impressions1 :i* affect u m directly 9 ! way ( pleasure or pa94 ,on purely physiological gr\nds !re may ?us be produc$ a morbid conception ( ! univ]se :i*1 hav+ nei!r ego nor non-ego to rely on1 lacks ! conviction ei!r ( subjective or objective exi/5ce4 ,f ?is v]tig9\s inanity1 :i* mu/ br+ e philosophic temp]am5t into despair1 life deliv]s u by ! same means :i* ,molire uses to confute ! ,pyrrhoni/s4 ,pa9 is ! mo/ conv9c+ reality we c imag9e4 ,x may !re=e1 ev5 :5 x is n delib]ately s\ght =1 af=d a welcome support to ?\ght4 8,suffice x !e ,?y pa9 is a reality40 7,,t5nyson1 8,! ,two ,voices074 ,9 ?is connection1 h[ev]1 we h n to dwell on ! philosophical importance ( pa94 ,we are "h only conc]n$ ) its significance = ! imm$iate s5se ( life4 ,& 9 ?is respect we believe t an artificial creation ( pa9 may play "s "p n only 9 ang]1 b 9 ! expression ( all high-/rung emotions4 ,x is well kn[n t ! orgia/ic /ate ( m9d1 :e!r orig9ally caus$ by religi\s exaltation or by erotic delirium1 may (t51 :5 x has rea*$ its highe/ /age1 express itself 9 self-lac]ation4 ,^! facts are no d\bt difficult to int]pret4 ,b x seems ju/ifiable to assume t a t5d5cy t[>ds ! creat+ ( pa9-s5sations may h be5 d]iv$ f ! emotional process itself4 ,expla9$ 9 ?is way1 orgia/ic self-tortures may be adduc$ z ! mo/ rem>kable pro(s ( ?is desire = an enhanc$ s5se ( life :i* lies at ! bottom ( all our appet5ce4 ,h[ev] en]getically /rong emotions may acc5tuate our exi/5ce1 & h[ev] deeply we may enjoy ! 8realisation ( ourselves0 :i* we f9d 9 ! viol5t excitem5t accompany+ !m1 high-/rung /ates are naturally b\nd to be foll[$ by exhau/ion & /upor4 ,& ?us ev5 ! intoxication ( life1 ?is mo/ p[]ful ( s5sations1 soon] or lat] passes its climax & s9ks into dull ins5sibility4 ,! l[] ! function by ! incitem5t ( :i* ! exaltation is produc$1 ! great] probably is its orgia/ic p[]4 ,b its duration is also s mu* ! %ort]4 ,a wild dance1 = in/ance1 inv>iably ends 9 impot5t pro/ration1 dur+ :i* ! p[] ( function & s5sation is completely exhau/$4 ,z long z ! m5tal desire = increas$ excitem5t is unsatisfi$1 ?is /ate mu/ be di/9ctly disagreeable4 ,h5ce all ! fr5etic manife/ations by :i* man1 :5 rag+ 9 insatiable exaltation1 /rives to awake & r\se 8 fail+ p[]s ( enjoym5t4 ,9 ! :ole doma9 ( comp>ative psy*ology !re c sc>cely be adduc$ an example :i* ?r[s s mu* light on ! orgia/ic /ate ( m9d z ! ,bac*anal fr5zy4 ,& ! descriptions ( ?is 8,dionysis*] ,zu/&0 :i* are to be f\nd 9 classic lit]ature give u ! mo/ complete idea ( ! v>i\s exp$i5ts by :i* ! devotee tries to ma9ta9 & increase 8 /ate ( exaltation 9 spite ( ! gr[+ t5d5cy to relaxation4 ,by noise1 ro>+1 & l\d cries1 by fr5etic dance & wild actions1 ! 8,ma5ads0 /rive to pres]ve & recov] ! fad+ s5se ( life1 :i* ev] baffles _! ex]tions4 ,& z ! la/1 infallible means ( excitem5t1 resort$ to :5 all o!r /imulations h prov$ unable to /ir up ! dull$ s5ses1 we may expla9 ! tortures :i* ! p>tly ins5sible ,bac*ante inflicts ^u h]self4 8,suum ,bac*is non s5tit saucia vulnus40#ia ,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( orgia/ic exaltation connect$ ) self-torture--z t ( ! t>antella danc]s1 ( ! d]vi%es1 ( ! %amans1 & o!rs--9 :i* ! creation ( pa9-s5sations may be expla9$ z a desp]ate device = enhanc+ ! int5sity ( ! emotional /ate4 ,acute pa9 (t5 makes x possible to ov]come mom5t>ily ! exhau/ion or ! dulness :i* unfits u = "w4 ,& x is evid5t t pa9 may produce a simil> excitem5t :5 we require an increase ( en]gy1 n = ! sake ( obta9+ ! greate/ possible result f a work+ activity1 b = ! sake ( extract+ ! greate/ possible enjoym5t out ( an emotional /ate4 ,b if ?is int]pretation be admitt$ z possible1 !re w be ample room = discussion z to its application to individual cases4 ,= x is to be rememb]$ t ev5 pa9 may fulfil ! task ( reliev+ a n]v\s t5sion4 ,9 cases ( bodily suff]+ c\nt] irritation may ?us br+ ab\t a :olesome div]sion ( ! att5tion f an o!rwise unbe>able pa94#ib ,& x is unque/ionable t self-inflict$ lac]ations dur+ viol5t emotion (t5 subs]ve ! same purpose4 ,:5 a savage sc>ifies himself on receiv+ bad news1 or at a fun]al fea/1 8 action is an in/9ctive ef=t to procure relief f ! ov]p[]+ feel+s4#ic ,t he is n simply p]=m+ a sacrificial rite1#id b is m]ely seek+ ! relief :i* exp]i5ce has taught him may be af=d$ by pa9 z well z by ! subsequ5t exhau/ion 7especially f loss ( blood71 is prov$ by ! fact t ! same exp$i5t is employ$ 9 ord] to ov]come humiliation or bodily pa94#ie ,x is n /imulation1 b a lull+ ( ! s5ses1 :i* is "h aim$ at4 ,x mu/ also be admitt$ t ev5 ! o!r orgia/ic manife/ations may s]ve z purely ca?>tic means ( reliev+ emotional pressure4 ,x is1 z has already be5 rem>k$1 impossible to decide 9 individual cases :e!r an activity ( expression--a dance1 = in/ance--s]ves to enhance a pleasurable feel+ or to relieve a pa94 ,suff]+1 sorr[1 & despair may (t51 9 _! outw>d reactions1 borr[ ! =ms ( expression :i* are usually connect$ ) joy4 ,?us fr5etic games & dances are (t5 met ) on occasions :5 we %\ld lea/ ( all expect !m1 z1 = in/ance1 9 "t ( fam9e1 epidemic1 or w>4#if ,su* p>adoxical manife/ations1 9 :i* an ov]/ra9$ despair attempts to obta9 "s k9d ( relief1 are ext]nally n to be di/+ui%$ f ! g5u9e expression ( joy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an abnormally /rong emotion1 :i* is prim>ily caus$ by ! objective conditions ( pleasure1 may 9 its excess be p]ceiv$ z a pa94 ,joy itself c ?us be felt z an oppressive burd51 :i* we try ) all our p[] to get rid (4 ,! motor dis*>ges1 by :i* we seek relief f su* a 8,no? d] ,flle und d] b]flle10 c1 h[ev]1 only indirectly (f] u any real deliv]ance4 ,a wild dance1 = in/ance1 w inevitably acc5tuate ! orig9al feel+ z a consci\s /ate1 & !reby increase its int5sity4 ,b ) ?is increase ! crav+ = relief w also become /rong]4 ,z long z expression is unable to satisfy ! ev]-gr[+ n]v\s t5sion1 !re mu/ rema9 an elem5t ( 8nev] en\gh0 9 ! orgia/ic exaltation4 ,x is only :5 repeat$ solicitation has br\ght on bodily exhau/ion t a real release is atta9$4 ,!re is no d\bt t su* a relief-br++ exhau/ion 0 ! ultimate aim ( all ^? exalt$ manife/ations to :i* ! poor t>antuli & ! ,vitus danc]s ab&on$ !mselves4 ,b ! problem pres5t$ by ! simil>ity betwe5 ! pa?ological despair :i* con/itutes ! initial /age ( su* epidemic m5tal disord]s1 & ! oppressive feel+ ( joy ^: expression has be5 ?w>t$1 is s difficult t we c h>dly expect to obta9 a decisive answ] to su* que/ions z :e!r1 = example1 ! mnadic exaltation is to be consid]$ z a melan*olic or a *e]ful /ate ( m9d4 ,& 9 mo/ cases x w\ld probably be equally impossible to asc]ta9 :e!r 9 a giv5 manife/ation we h to d ) pleasure t seeks enhancem5t1 or ) pa9 t seeks relief 9 exhau/ion4 ,:ile e "o is ?us free to int]pret ! facts accord+ to 8 optimi/ic or pessimi/ic bias1 x mu/ nev]!less be consid]$ z a confusion ( ideas to make ! que/ ( unconsci\sness a univ]sal & fundam5tal impulse 9 man4 ,x is impossible = u to assign any psy*ological importance to commonplaces on ! enviable /ate ( ! ins5sible & ! happ9ess to be f\nd 9 unconsci\sness4 ,x is only :5 x deliv]s u f pa9 t a /ate ( p>tial ins5sibility & cessation ( function may be p]ceiv$ z relatively agreeable4 ,t an absolute abs5ce ( feel+ c\ld af=d u any pleasure is a psy*ological contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,?is illusion ( unconsci\sness c1 h[ev]1 be easily expla9$ by ! fact t int5se emotional /ates are g5]ally dom9at$ by a s+le preoccupation4 ,a /rong feel+1 by reason ( ! limitations ( our consci\sness1 annihilates ext]nal s5sations & ideas4 ,ec/asy1 t 8ov]-consci\s0 /ate ( highly conc5trat$ activity1 rises above space & "t to a /ate 9 :i* we feel lib]at$ f all =ms ( p]ception4 ,b ! highe/ pleasure :i* we may ?us exp]i5ce is n1 z ,wagn] 9 8 pessimi/ic p]iod w\ld h x1 a s9k+ & dr[n+ ( ourselves 9 unconsci\sness2 x is f> r-- 8endlos ewig e9bewuszt40 ,to enjoy s ri* & complete a s5sation ( life has1 we believe1 be5 ! object = :i*1 ea* 9 8 own mann]1 all m5 ( /rong vitality h /riv54 ,ev5 if !re are individuals s un=tunate t = !m a cessation ( life & function appe>s z ! highe/ end ( desire1 su* negative in/ances ne$ h>dly be tak5 into acc\nt 9 a survey ( univ]sal human impulses4 ,! long+ = unconsci\sness is moreov] s passive a condition ( m9d1 t by itself x c\ld nev] expla9 expressional activities ( ! m viol5t or elaborate sort4 ,& x is ev5 m insuffici5t z an explanation ( all ^? second>y expressions :i* are to occupy u 9 ! sequel4 ,art production w\ld nev] h rea*$ s high a developm5t if x _h s]v$ only z a s$ative = human feel+s4 ,b nei!r does art1 any m ?an ! direct activities ( expression1 involve m]e excitem5t2 x too fulfils1 & ) ev5 great] efficacy1 a reliev+ & ca?>tic mission4 ,:ile supply+ man ) a means ( int5sify+ ! feel+s connect$ ) all ! v>i$ activities ( ! s\l1 art at ! same "t be/[s ^u him t inw>d calm 9 :i* all /rong emotions f9d _! relief4 ,e int]pretation ( art :i* does n pay due att5tion to bo? ( ^! aspects mu/ ne$s be "o-sid$ & incomplete4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,social ,,expression ,9 ord] to f9d an explanation ( ! nature & orig9 ( ! art-impulse we 7 compell$ to ent] ^u a digression on ! g5]al psy*ology ( feel+4 ,x appe>$ f ?is ha/y exam9ation t 9 ! motor concomitants ( physical z well z ( m5tal feel+ we h to d ) a =m ( activity :i*1 tak5 by itself1 is indep5d5t ( all ext]nal motives4 ,x 0 %[n t ! diffusion ( a feel+-tone always corresponds to "s active manife/ation1 g5]ally outw>d1 :i* increases 9 ! same degree z ! /ate ( consci\sness ga9s 9 int5sity & di/9ctness4 ,besides ^! imm$iate trans=mations ( en]gy :i*1 ow+ to ! law ( in]tia1 foll[ ! prim>y enhancem5t or inhibition ( function1 we met ) reactions ( a m consci\s k9d1 by :i* ! organism /rives to ov]come ! inhibition ( pa91 & to keep up ! excitem5t ( pleasure4 ,& x 0 also f\nd t ! univ]sal animal desire to increase e pleasure & to relieve e pa9 has giv5 rise to a multitude ( second>y manife/ations1 by :i* we try to su/a9 e pleasure1 to make x m di/9ct = consci\sness1 & ?us enhance x by expression1 :ile1 dur+ /ates ( pa91 we /rive = relief 9 div]sion or 9 viol5t motor dis*>ge4 ,f9ally x 0 rem>k$ t by ! side ( ?is expressional impulse we mu/ take acc\nt ( a ye>n+ aft] increas$ consci\sness1 :i* leads u to pursue1 ev5 at ! risk ( "s pass+ pa91 all feel+s & emotions by :i* our s5sation ( life is re9=c$ & int5sifi$4 ,all ^! impulses1 accompani$ by high] or l[] degrees ( consci\s endeav\r1 are psy*ical ph5om5a ( fundam5tal importance4 ,!y are n re/rict$ to any p>ticul> /age ( culture4 ,& _! co]cive =ce is equal--nay1 ev5 sup]ior to t ( ! imitative impulse1 ! play-impulse1 & ! impulse 8to attract by pleas+40 ,if we c\ld d$uce ! desire = arti/ic creation f ! activities connect$ ) feel+1 we %\ld "h f9d ! explanation ( its univ]sality z well z ( its =ce4 ,b among ! manife/ations describ$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s !re is none :i* directly leads u to ! arti/ic activity4 ,z aga9/ ! ,spieltrieb !ories x 0 object$ t play nev] develops ( itself into art1 s x may n[ be object$1 ) z mu* reason1 t all imm$iate or second>y emotional manife/ations1 h[ev] int]e/+ !y may be1 give u no in=mation on arti/ic manife/ations4 ,! in/9ctive t5d5cy to express ov]ma/]+ feel+1 to enhance pleasure1 & to seek relief f pa91 =ms ! mo/ deep-seat$ motive ( all human activity4 ,we c !re=e d]ive ! di/9ctive qualities ( arti/ic production f ?is impulse only :5 x has be5 prov$ t art is bett] able ?an any o!r k9d ( m5tal function to s]ve & satisfy ! requirem5ts :i* arise f ?is impulse :5 x occurs 9 its pure/ =m4 ,t ?is is ! case1 is ! fundam5tal hypo!sis ^u :i* ?is "w is bas$4 ,x 0 impossible to prove its validity z long z emotional manife/ations 7 treat$ z ph5om5a 9 ! psy*ical life ( ! individual4 ,= art is 9 its inn]mo/ nature a social activity4 ,9 ord] to elucidate ! connection betwe5 art-impulse & emotional activities1 we mu/ !re=e exam9e ! latt] z !y appe> 9 ! social relations ( mank9d4 ,we d n believe t any new pr9ciples are necess>y = ?is purpose4 ,we ne$ only apply to social ph5om5a ! same laws :i* 7 f\nd to be valid = ! emotional life ( ! individual4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! legitimacy ( su* a c\rse may be que/ion$1 we mu/ fir/ devote "s pages to a treatm5t ( :at we may call--if ! expression is all[$--! int]9dividual life4 ,?is digression br+s u into a field ( inquiry--t ( ! psy*ical conditions ( social life--:i* dur+ rec5t ye>s has be5 ! object ( c]ta9 mo/ important sci5tific rese>*es4 ,! inve/igations into ! psy*ology ( masses1 z well z ! exp]im5ts on sugge/ive !rapeutics1 h prov$ to h[ great an ext5t m5tal /ates may be transmitt$ f individual to individual by unconsci\s imitation ( ! accompany+ movem5ts4 ,! doctr9e ( univ]sal sympa?y1 a cle> /atem5t ( :i* 0 giv5 long ago 9 ! e?ical !ory ( ,adam ,smi?1#ig has ?us acquir$ a psy*ological ju/ification 9 ! mod]n !ories ( imitative movem5t4 ,contempor>y sci5ce has at la/ le>n$ to appreciate ! fundam5tal importance ( imitation = ! developm5t ( human culture4#ih ,& "s au?ors h ev5 gone s f> z to endeav\r to d$uce all sociological laws f ?is "o pr9ciple4 ,at ! same "t natural hi/ory has begun to pay m & m att5tion to ! indisp5sability ( imitation = ! full developm5t ( in/9cts1 z well z = tra9+ 9 ^? activities :i* are ! mo/ necess>y 9 life4#ii ,x is =tunate = ! !ory ( art t ! importance ( ! imitative functions has ?us be5 simultane\sly ackn[l$g$ 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce4 ,:atev] "o may ?9k ( ! some:at audaci\s g5]alisations :i* h be5 made 9 ! rec5t application ( ?is new pr9ciple1 x is inconte/able t ! /hetic activities c be und]/ood & expla9$ only by ref]5ce to univ]sal t5d5cy to imitate4 ,x is also significant t writ]s on /hetic _h felt !mselves compell$ to set up a !ory ( imitation long be=e exp]im5tal psy*ologi/s _h begun to turn _! att5tion 9 ?is direction4 ,9 ,g]many ! enjoym5t ( =m & =m-relations has s9ce ,vis*]'s "t be5 int]pret$ z ! result ( ! movem5ts by :i* n only our eye1 b also our :ole body1 foll[s ! outl9es ( ext]nal ?+s4#ajj ,9 ,france ,j\ffroy /at$ ! condition = ! receiv+ ( /hetic impressions to be a 8p[] ( int]nally imitat+ ! /ates :i* are ext]nally manife/$ 9 liv+ nature40#aja ,9 ,engl&1 f9ally1 ,v]non ,lee & ,an/ru!r ,?ompson h f\nd$ a !ory ( beauty & ugl9ess ^u ?is same psy*ical impulse to copy 9 our own unconsci\s movem5ts ! =ms ( objects4#ajb ,& 9 ! writ+s (1 = in/ance1 ,home1#ajc ,hog>?1#ajd ,dugald ,/ew>t1#aje & ,sp5c]1#ajf !re c be f\nd a multitude ( isolat$ rem>ks on ! influ5ce :i* is 9 a direct way ex]cis$ on our m5tal life by ! p]ception ( l9es & =ms4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! !ories & obs]vations1 h[ev]1 ! imitative activity has be5 notic$ only 9 s f> z x contributes to ! /hetic delight :i* may be d]iv$ f s5sual impressions4 ,b its importance is by no means s re/rict$ z ?is2 on ! contr>y1 we believe x to be a fundam5tal condition = ! exi/5ce ( intuition itself4 ,)\t all ^! imp]ceptible trac+ movem5ts ) :i* our body accompanies ! adaptation ( ! eye-muscles to ! outl9es ( ext]nal objects1 our notions ( dep?1 height1 & di/ance1 & s on1 w\ld c]ta9ly be f> less di/9ct ?an !y are4#ajg ,on ! o!r h&1 ! habit ( execut+ su* movem5ts has1 s to say1 br\ght ! ext]nal _w )9 ! sph]e ( ! int]nal4 ,! _w has be5 measur$ ) man z a /&>d1 & objects h be5 translat$ into ! language ( m5tal exp]i5ce4 ,! impressions h h]eby ga9$ n only 9 emotional tone1 b also 9 intellectual compreh5sibility4#ajh ,great] /ill is ! importance ( imitation = our intuition ( mov+ objects4 ,& a difficult movem5t itself is fully und]/ood only :5 x has be5 imitat$1 ei!r int]nally or 9 actual outw>d activity4 ,! idea ( a movem5t1 !re=e1 is g5]ally associat$ ) an arre/$ impulse to p]=m x4#aji ,clos] introspection w %[ e "o to h[ great a "p our k1 ev5 ( p]sons1 is built up ( motor elem5ts4 ,by unconsci\sly & imp]ceptibly copy+ 9 our own body ! ext]nal behavi\r ( a man1 we may le>n to und]/& him ) b5evol5t or malevol5t sympa?y4#aaj ,& x w no d\bt be admitt$ by mo/ read]s t ! reason :y !y "k _! fri5ds & foes bett] ?an !y "k any "o else is t !y c>ry ! remembrance ( !m n only 9 _! eyes1 b 9 _! :ole body4 ,:5 9 idle mom5ts we f9d ! memory ( an abs5t fri5d surg+ up 9 our m9d ) no app>5t reason1 we may (t5 note1 to our a/oni%m5t1 t we h j be5 unconsci\sly adopt+ "o ( 8 *>act]i/ic attitudes1 or imitat+ 8 peculi> ge/ures or gait4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be object$ t ! above-m5tion$ in/ances ref] only to a p>ticul> class ( individuals4 ,9 o!r m9ds1 x w be said1 ! _w-picture is entirely built up ( visual & ac\/ic elem5ts4 ,x is also impossible to d5y t ! classification ( m9ds 9 diff]5t types1 :i* mod]n psy*ology has introduc$1 is z legitimate z x is advantage\s = ! purposes ( rese>*4 ,b we c h>dly believe t su* divisions h 9 view any?+ m ?an a relative pr$om9ance ( ! sev]al psy*ical elem5ts4#aaa ,x is easily und]/ood t a man 9 ^: /ore ( memory visual or ac\/ic images occupy ! =emo/ place may be incl9$ to d5y t motor s5sations ( unconsci\s copy+ ent] to any ext5t into 8 psy*ical exp]i5ce4 ,b an exclusively visual _w-image1 if su* a ?+ is possible1 mu/ evid5tly be n only emotionally poor]1 b also intellectually less di/9ct & less complete1 ?an an intuition1 9 :i* su* motor elem5ts are includ$4 ,! importance ( motor s5sations 9 ! psy*ology ( k is by itself ( no /hetic int]e/4 ,! "q has be5 t\*$ ^u 9 ?is connection only because ( ! illu/ration :i* x gives to ! imitation !ory4 ,if1 z we believe is ! case1 x is really necess>y1 = ! purpose ( acquir+ a complete compreh5sion ( ?+s & ev5ts1 to 8exp]i5ce0 !m--t is to say1 to pursue & seize ^u !m1 n only ) ! p>ticul> organ ( s5se to :i* !y appeal1 b also by trac+ movem5ts ( ! :ole body1 !n !re is no ne$ to wond] at ! univ]sality ( ! imitative impulse4 ,imitation does n only1 accord+ to ?is view1 facilitate our tra9+ 9 useful activities1 & aid u 9 d]iv+ an /hetic delight f our s5sations3 x s]ves also1 & p]haps prim>ily1 z an exp$i5t = ! accommodat+ ( ourselves to ! ext]nal _w1 & = ! expla9+ ( ?+s by ref]5ce to ourselves4 ,x is !re=e natural t imitative movem5ts %\ld occupy s great a place among ! activities ( *ildr5 & primitive m54 ,& we c also und]/& :y ?is fundam5tal impulse1 :i* has play$ s important a "p 9 racial z well z 9 individual education1 may become s great z to be a disease & dom9ate ! :ole ( consci\s life4#aab ,z *ildr5 we all imitat$ be=e we compreh5d$1 & we h le>n$ to compreh5d by imitat+4#aac ,x is only :5 we h gr[n famili> by imitation ) ! mo/ important data ( p]ception t we become capable ( appropriat+ k 9 a m rational way4 ,al?\gh no adult has any ne$ to resort to ext]nal imitation 9 ord] to compreh5d new impressions1 x is /ill only natural t 9 a pa?ological condition he %\ld relapse into ! primitive imitative reaction4 ,& x is equally natural t an int]nal1 i4e4 arre/$1 imitation %\ld take place 9 all our p]ceptions4 ,aft] ?is explanation ( ! univ]sality ( ?is ph5om5on we h no fur!r ne$ to occupy ourselves ) ! g5]al psy*ology ( imitation4 ,we h "h only to take notice ( its importance = ! communication ( feel+4 ,z is well kn[n1 x is only 9 cases ( abnormally increas$ s5sibility--= in/ance1 9 "s ( ! /ages ( hypnotism & ?\ght transmission--t ! motor c\nt]p>t ( a m5tal /ate c be imitat$ ) su* fai?fulness & complet5ess t ! imitator is !reby enabl$ to p>take ( all ! intellectual elem5ts ( ! /ate exi/+ 9 ano!r4 ,! h$onic qualities1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* are physiologically condition$ by mu* simpl] motor c\nt]p>ts1 may ( c\rse be transmitt$ ) f> great] p]fection3 x is easi] to sugge/ a pleasure ?an a ?\ght4 ,x is also evid5t t x is ! mo/ g5]al h$onic & volitional elem5ts :i* h be5 consid]$ by ! ,g]man au?ors on /hetic 9 _! !ories on int]nal imitation 78,die inn]e ,na*ahmung074 ,!y seem to h ?\ght t ! adoption ( ! attitudes & ! p]=mance ( ! movem5ts :i* usually accompany a giv5 emotional /ate w also succe$ to "s ext5t 9 produc+ a simil> emotional /ate4 ,?is assumption is p]fectly legitimate1 ev5 if ! connection betwe5 feel+ & movem5t be int]pret$ 9 ! associative way4 ,& x ne$s no ju/ification :5 ! motor *anges are consid]$ z ! physiological correlate ( ! feel+ itself4 ,ev]yday exp]i5ce af=ds _m examples ( ! way 9 :i* feel+s are call$ into exi/5ce by ! imitation ( _! expressive movem5ts4 ,a *ild repeats ! smiles & ! laught] ( its p>5ts1 & c ?us p>take ( _! joy long be=e x is able to und]/& its cause4#aad ,adult life naturally does n give u _m opportunities ( obs]v+ ?is pure =m ( direct & almo/ automatic transmission4 ,b ev5 9 adult life we may (t5 meet ) an ex*ange ( feel+ :i* seems almo/ indep5d5t ( any intellectual communication4 ,lov]s "k x1 & intimate fri5ds l ! bro!rs ,gonc\rt1#aae to say no?+ ( p :o /& 9 s close a rapport ) ea* o!r z a hypnotis] & 8 subject4#aaf ,& ev5 :]e !re is no previ\s sympa!tic relation1 a /ate ( joy or sadness may (t51 if x is only di/9ctly express$1 pass ov]1 s to say1 f ! individual :o has be5 "u ! influ5ce ( its objective cause1 to ano!r :o1 z x 71 borr[s ! feel+1 b rema9s unconsci\s ( its cause4 ,we exp]i5ce ?is ph5om5on almo/ daily 9 ! influ5ce ex]t$ ^u u by social int]c\rse1 & ev5 by ^? aspects ( nature--= in/ance1 blue op5 sky or ov]hang+ m\nta9s--:i* naturally call up 9 u ! physical manife/ation ( emotional /ates4 ,! co]cive =ce ) :i* our surr\nd+s--animate or inanimate--compel u to adopt ! feel+s :i* are sugge/$ by _! attitudes1 =ms1 or movem5ts1 is p]haps z a rule too weak to be notic$ by a self-controll$1 unemotional man4 ,b if we want an example ( ?is influ5ce at its /ronge/1 we ne$ b rememb] h[ difficult x is = an individual to resi/ ! contagion ( collective feel+4#aag ,on public occasions ! common mood1 :e!r ( joy or sorr[1 is (t5 communicat$ ev5 to ^? :o 7 orig9ally possess$ by ! opposite feel+4 ,s p[]ful is ! infection ( great excitem5t t--accord+ to ,m4 ,fr--ev5 a p]fectly sob] man :o takes "p 9 a dr9k+ b\t may (t5 be tempt$ to jo9 9 ! antics ( 8 drunk5 comrades 9 a sort ( second-h& intoxication1 8drunk5ness by induction40#aah ,9 ! great m5tal epidemics ( ! ,middle ,ages ?is k9d ( contagion op]at$ ) m fatal results ?an ev] be=e or aft]w>ds4 ,b ev5 9 mod]n times a popul> /reet riot may (t5 %[ u some?+ ( ! same ph5om5on4 ,! great tumult 9 ,london 9 #ahhf af=d$1 x is said1 a good opportunity ( obs]v+ h[ p :o _h orig9ally ma9ta9$ an indiff]5t attitude 7 gradually c>ri$ away by ! g5]al excitem5t1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( jo9+ 9 ! outrages4#aai ,9 ?is in/ance ! contagi\s effect ( expressional movem5ts 0 und\bt$ly facilitat$ by _! connection ) s prim>y an impulse z t ( rap9e & de/ruction4 ,b ! case is ! same ) all ! activities :i* appe> z ! outw>d manife/ations ( our /ronge/ feel+-/ates4 ,!y all consi/ ( in/9ctive actions ) :i* e "o is well famili> f 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,x is !re=e natural t ang]1 hate1 or love may be communicat$ almo/ automatically f an individual to masses1 & f masses to individuals4 ,n[ t ! pr9ciple ( ! int]9dividual diffusion ( feel+ has be5 /at$ & expla9$1 we may return to our ma9 l9e ( rese>* & exam9e its be>+s on ! expressional impulse4 ,we h se5 t 9 ! social surr\nd+s ( ! individual !re is enact$ a process resembl+ t :i* takes place )9 8 own organism4 ,j z functional modifications spread f organ to organ1 j z wid] & wid] zones ( ! sy/em are br\ght into p>ticipation 9 ! prim>y enhancem5t or inhibition1 s a feel+ is diffus$ f an individual to a circle ( sympa?is]s :o repeat its expressional movem5ts4 ,& j z all ! wid5$ 8somatic resonances0 contribute to ! prim>y feel+-tone increas$ /r5g? & increas$ def9it5ess1 s mu/ ! emotional /ate ( an individual be enhanc$ by retroactive /imulation f ! expressions by :i* ! /ate has1 s to say1 be5 cont9u$ 9 o!rs4 ,by ! reciprocal action ( prim>y movem5ts & borr[$ movem5ts1 :i* mutually imitate ea* o!r1 ! social expression op]ates 9 ! same way z ! individual expression4 ,& we are entitl$ to consid] x z a second>y result ( ! g5]al expressional impulse1 t :5 ma/]$ by an ov]p[]+ feel+ we seek enhancem5t or relief by retroaction f sympa?is]s1 :o reproduce & 9 _! expression repres5t ! m5tal /ate by :i* we are dom9at$4 ,9 po9t ( fact we c obs]ve 9 ! manife/ations ( all /rong feel+s :i* h n f\nd a satisfactory relief 9 individual expression1 a pursuit ( social resonance4 ,a happy man wants to see glad faces ar\nd him1 9 ord] t f _! expression he may d]ive fur!r n\ri%m5t & increase = 8 own feel+4 ,h5ce ! b5evol5t attitude ( m9d :i* z a rule accompanies all /rong & pure joy4 ,h5ce also ! widespread t5d5cy to express joy by gifts or hospitality4 ,9 moods ( depression we simil>ly desire a response to our feel+ f our surr\nd+s4 ,9 ! dep? ( despair we may long = a univ]sal cataclysm to ext5d1 z x 71 our own pa94 ,z joy naturally makes m5 good1 s pa9 (t5 makes !m h>d & cruel4 ,t ?is is n always ! case is a result ( ! increas$ p[] ( sympa?y :i* we ga9 by e exp]i5c$ pa94 ,moreov]1 we h ne$ ( sympa!tic rapport = our motor reactions aga9/ pa94 ,all ! active manife/ations ( sorr[1 despair1 or ang] :i* are n :olly pa9ful 9 !mselves are facilitat$ by ! reciprocal influ5ce ( collective excitem5t4 ,?us all /rong feel+s1 :e!r pleasurable or pa9ful1 act z socialis+ factors4#abj ,?is socialis+ action may be obs]v$ at all /ages ( developm5t4 ,ev5 ! animals seek _! fell[s 9 ord] to /imulate !mselves & ea* o!r by ! common expression ( an ov]p[]+ feel+4 ,z has be5 rem>k$ by ,esp9as1 ! flock+ toge!r ( ! male birds dur+ ! pair+ season is p]haps z mu* due to ?is crav+ = mutual /imulation z to ! desire to compete = ! fav\r ( ! h54#aba ,! h[l+ *oirs ( ! macaws#abb & ! drum conc]ts ( ! *impanzees#abc are /ill bett] & unmi/akable in/ances ( collective emotional expression4 ,9 man we f9d ! results ( ! same crav+ = social expression 9 ! ga!r+s = rejoic+ or m\rn+ :i* are to be met ) 9 all tribes1 ( all degrees ( developm5t4 ,& z a /ill high] developm5t ( ! same fundam5tal impulse1 !re appe>s 9 man ! arti/ic activity4 ,! m consci\s our crav+ = retroaction f sympa?is]s1 ! m !re mu/ also be develop$ 9 u a consci\s endeav\r to cause ! feel+ to be appropriat$ by z _m z possible & z completely z possible4 ,! expressional impulse is n satisfi$ by ! resonance :i* an occasional public1 h[ev] sympa!tic1 is able to af=d4 ,its natural aim is to br+ m & m s5ti5t be+s "u ! influ5ce ( ! same emotional /ate4 ,x seeks to vanqui% ! refractory & ar\se ! indiff]5t4 ,an e*o1 a true & p[]ful e*o--t is :at x desires ) all ! en]gy ( an unsatisfi$ long+4 ,z a result ( ?is crav+ ! expressional activities lead to arti/ic production4 ,! "w ( art pres5ts itself z ! mo/ effective means by :i* ! individual is enabl$ to convey to wid] & wid] circles ( sympa?is]s an emotional /ate simil> to t by :i* he is himself dom9at$4 ,we propose 9 ! next *apt] to indicate ! way 9 :i* art 9 its v>i\s =ms has s]v$ ! expressional crav+4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,d$uction ,,( ,,art-,,=ms ,9 ! sci5ce ( art _m hypo!ses h be5 advanc$ z to ! ord] 9 :i* ! diff]5t art-=ms h made _! appe>ance4 ,we d n int5d to br+ =w>d any new argum5ts on ?is mu*-debat$ "q4 ,ev5 if our k ( prehi/oric man 7 s complete & tru/wor?y z to entitle u to draw any conclusions z to ! e>lie/ /ages 9 art-developm5t1 su* an appeal to hi/ory w\ld 9 ! pres5t connection con/itute a grave confusion ( /&po9ts4 ,z long z we are occupi$ ) t ab/ract datum1 ! purely arti/ic activity1 we _c possibly f9d any support = our reason+ 9 exi/+ works ( art1 conc]n+ :i* ! "q may always be rais$ :e!r ! motive 0 or 0 n a purely autotelic art-impulse4 ,we %all !re=e 9 ! foll[+ pages entirely ignore ! "q ( hi/orical sequ5ce & re/rict our att5tion to ! v>i\s degrees ( !oretical priority4 ,/>t+ f ! int]pretation ( arti/ic activity :i* 0 po/ulat$1 b n yet prov$1 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 we %all consid] ^? art-=ms z mo/ primordial :i* /& 9 ! close/ connection ) ! expression ( feel+4 ,by comp>+ ^? manife/ations ( art-activity :i* are f our /&po9t elem5t>y1 ) ! non-/hetic expression ( emotional /ates1 we %all try to isolate ! peculi>ly arti/ic qualities 9 _! simple/ possible =m4 ,if ! result ( su* a treatm5t prove consi/5t ) g5]al /hetic ideals1 z exhibit$ 9 ! lit]ature ( art1 ?is fact w naturally g to ! cr$it ( our explanation4 ,! pure/ & mo/ typical expression ( simple feel+ is t :i* consi/s ( m]e r&om movem5ts4 ,^? activities1 :e!r ( ! :ole body or ( special p>ts1--! l>ynx1 = in/ance1--:i* foll[ imm$iately ^u1 or r accompany1 a /ate ( pleasure or pa91 are 9 !mselves entirely non-/hetic4 ,?us x is impossible to see any?+ arti/ic 9 ! spectacle ( a man leap+ or %\t+ = joy4 ,yet ! l[e/ k9d ( lyrical music & lyrical 8gymna/ic0 dance may be almo/ z directly connect$ ) ! orig9al /ate ( feel+ z ^! purely expressional activities4 ,! only diff]5ce is t 9 music & dance ! movem5ts h be5 limit$ & re/ra9$ by ! adoption ( a fix$ sequ5ce 9 "t4 ,?is fix$ sequ5ce 9 "t--! rhy?m--mu/ !re=e1 f our po9t ( view1 be consid]$ z ! simple/ ( all art-=ms4 ,if we 7 to give a complete acc\nt ( ! psy*ology ( rhy?m1 x w\ld be impossible n to resort to a sociological & hi/orical mode ( treatm5t4 ,by ,dr4 ,wallas*ek's rese>*es on primitive music x has be5 conclusively %[n h[ important a "p rhy?m1 z a means ( facilitat+ co-op]ation1 has play$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4#abd ,& ?is utilit>ian explanation has rec5tly be5 c>ri$ ev5 f>!r by ,pr(essor ,b*]1 :o po9ts out ! invaluable sav+ ( ef=t :i* ! individual obta9s by regulat+ 8 movem5ts 9 a fix$ sequ5ce ( "t4#abe ,we may ?9k t ,pr(essor ,b*] has /ret*$ 8 po9t too f> 9 endeav\r+ to d]ive almo/ all music & poetry f ! economical exig5cies ( lab\r2#abf b !re c be no d\bt t 9 :i*ev] way ! ultimate orig9 ( musical arts be expla9$1 _! developm5t is l>gely due to ! practical advantages ( rhy?m4 ,^! consid]ations1 h[ev]1 :i* w be develop$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s1 ne$ n deta9 u "h1 :]e we h to d ) ! presumably non-utilit>ian & purely /hetic "w ( art4 ,if ! practical advantages ( economy & co-op]ation c be elim9at$1--if we c imag9e a dance & a song :i* has n = its aim ! facilitation or regulation ( "s =m ( "w or ! /imulation ( "s ef=t1 :i*1 9 %ort1 has its sole aim & purpose 9 itself1--!n ! art-elem5t 9 ?is dance or song mu/ be explicable )\t ref]5ce to 8=eign0 purposes4 ,! only explanation we h be5 able to f9d is "o :i* br+s u back to ! /&po9t ( ! la/ *apt]4 ,look+ ^u art z an ess5tially social activity1 we naturally be/[ our ma9 att5tion ^u rhy?m z a factor ( unification4 ,b z we are n all[$ to take into acc\nt its importance = practical co-op]ation1 we c only int]pret x z a means ( br++ ab\t emotional community4 ,& x is evid5t t ! fix$ sequ5ce 9 "t1 :5 us$ = ! purpose ( communicat+ a /ate ( feel+1 mu/ produce ! same effect z :5 x s]ves ! purpose ( diffus+ & regulat+ ! impulses to "w4 ,?is fact c also be obs]v$ 9 all cases ( social expression4 ,! mo/ g5]al & simple /ates ( emotional excitem5t1 su* z a fe/ive mood or a w>like intoxication1 may inde$ be diffus$ ) suffici5t efficacy by simple contagi\s imitation4 ,b ev5 ) reg>d to su* em95tly infecti\s feel+s1 if a great mass ( m5 is to be collectively & simultane\sly /imulat$ by a common execution ( ! appropriate expressive movem5ts1 ^! movem5ts mu/ be regulat$ by ! adoption ( a rhy?m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z soon z ! expression is fix$ 9 rhy?mical =m its contagi\s p[] is incalculably increas$4 ,by its incessant & regul> recurr5ce1 ! rhy?m takes a ru?less hold ( ! att5tion1 & !reby compels ev5 ! mo/ recalcitrant to yield to ! p[] ( ! transmitt$ feel+4#abg ,z evid5ce ( ! irresi/ibility ) :i* a rhy?mical expression may r\se an audi5ce to an almo/ unvolunt>y imitation1 "o may ref] to ! famili> effects ( ! s\!rn dances4 ,! t>antella1 z is well kn[n1 (t5 entices ! unwill+ z well z ! will+ to jo9 9 its wild movem5ts4 ,& ! same is said ( sev]al o!r ,spani% & ,italian dances4 ,we ne$ only ref] to ! apologue ( ! ,f&ango1 s (t5 us$ z a motive ( ballets1 9 :i* ! dance1 br\ght into c\rt = caus+ di/urbance1 compels judge & jury to yield to its temptations & dissolve ! sitt+ = a fi]ce gambade4#abh ,su* /ories give an exagg]at$ yet typical example ( ! great influ5ce :i* ! sight ( danc+ ex]cises on ! lively ,lat9 nations4 ,an impassive ,nor!rn] c inde$ always ma/] ! impulse to jo9 actively 9 a wild dance4 ,b ev5 he _c avoid %>+ ! excitem5t by int]nal imitation4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible to decide ) any exactitude :e!r ! effects :i* a dance-p]=mance ex]cises on ! spectators are ma9ly due to ! movem5ts !mselves or to ! rhy?m by :i* !y are regulat$4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to e/imate at its prop] value ! importance ( "t1 x is necess>y to exam9e x z x appe>s :5 isolat$ f bodily movem5t4 ,! l[e/ types ( music1 9 :i* ! elem5t ( melody is ( no importance1 %[ u rhy?m 9 its simple/ & pure/ =m4 ,su* in/rum5ts z drums1 tom-toms1 & ca/anets may s]ve z a mo/ effective means ( emotional excitation4 ,! same exaltation or depression1 :i* 9 a dance is convey$ by a s]ies ( v>i$ expressive movem5ts1 may be transmitt$ ) almo/ equal effectiv5ess by a simple sequ5ce ( s\nds4 ,any gr\p ( ac\/ic impressions foll[+ ea* o!r 9 a fix$ rhy?m may1 indep5d5tly ( _! "*1 ar\se 9 ! li/5] ! same modifications ( functions & activities1 & h5ce also ! same emotional /ate1 z 0 orig9ally express$ by ?is p>ticul> "t-sequ5ce4 ,?us pure feel+1 z x appe>s :5 ab/raction has be5 made ( all intellectual elem5ts1 c be z x 7 ext]ioris$ 9 rhy?mical =m4 ,&1 :i* is ( /ill great] importance1 a pure feel+ c 9 ?is ext]iorisation be fix$ d[n = future repetition4 ,ev5 9 its simple/ manife/ations art is ?us capable ( rais+ an emotional /ate beyond ! limitations ( space & "t4 ,x is mo/ natural1 :5 speak+ ( ! connection betwe5 feel+ & rhy?m1 to ref] to dance & ! simple/ vocal & in/rum5tal music4 ,b x goes )\t say+ t ! effects are ! same 9 k9d1 al?\gh less 9 degree1 :5 ! "t-sequ5ce is impress$ ^u our m9d 9 "s m indirect way4 ,?us1 by appropriat+ ! elem5t ( rhy?m1 :i* ent]s into all poetry1 we may 9 recit+ or read+ a v]se p>take ( an emotional /ate 9 ! same way z we d :5 jo9+1 actively or 8int]nally10 ! movem5ts ( a dance4 ,simil>ly1 ! =mative & decorative arts may1 by compell+ our eye to foll[ a regul> arrangem5t ( l9es & figures1 transmit to u an emotional excitem5t by ! m$iation ( rhy?m4 ,ornam5t1 t purely popul> art1 may !re=e be comp>$ z to its psy*ological effects ) simple popul> dances & melodies4#abi ,9 ^! ?ree logically mo/ primordial arts1 viz4 gymna/ic dance1 geometric ornam5t1 & unmelodic1 simply rhy?mical music or s++1 ! unmotiv$ 8objectless0 feel+ is express$ 9 a m$ium :i* directly conveys to u its accompany+ modifications ( activity4 ,not)/&+ ! meagr5ess ( _! intellectual cont5t1 ^! purely lyrical =ms1 if we may s call !m1 are !re=e emotionally sugge/ive to a high degree4 ,g5]al & indi/9ct moods1 su* z a feel+ ( ease1 ( lib]ation f re/ra9t1 ( assurance & p[]1 etc41 may by !m be transmitt$ ) unsurpassable fidelity4 ,b _! expressive p[] is also conf9$ to su* purely h$onic /ates4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 ! feel+ =ms a "p ( a diff]5tiat$ & fully =m$ emotion1 ! impulse to social expression mu/ avail itself ( "s m adequate means ( transmission4 ,9 po9t ( fact !re w ne>ly always1 ev5 9 ! mo/ impulsive outbur/ ( pleasure or pa91 ent] an elem5t ( simple dramatic repres5tation1 by :i* "s ( ! m5tal qualities di/9ctive ( ! v>i\s emotions are communicat$4 ,) reg>d to danc+1 = in/ance1 we c only speak 9 ! ab/ract ( any simply 8gymna/ic0 =ms4#acj ,ev5 if ! movem5ts orig9ally aim at no?+ b enhancem5t or relief = an indi/9ct emotional /ate1 !y w unavoidably take ! "* ( su* movem5ts z h be5 connect$ ) "s emotion1 & !reby1 9 spectators z well z 9 p]=m]s1 awak5 "s fa9t revival ( ?is complex /ate ( feel+4 ,?is process c be v cle>ly obs]v$ 9 ! case ( ! pseudo-pantomimes :i* are s g5]al among l[] tribes4 ,:5 a savage is 9 a high-/rung /ate ( feel+1 he g5]ally resorts to ! same movem5ts :i* h s]v$ him to express ! greate/ & mo/ frequ5t excitem5ts ( 8 life4 ,among w>like tribes ! dances ( joy1 z well z _! developm5ts1 salutation dances1 & complim5t>y dances1#aca g5]ally h a di/9ct milit>y "*4#acb ,no d\bt x may be cont5d$ t ! p>ticul> "* ( ^! pantomimes 0 orig9ally a result ( political consid]ations4 ,9 a milit>y /ate ( society x is p]haps simply a measure ( safety to receive /rang]s ) ?reats4 ,b h[ev] important ?is utilit>ian aspect may be1 x seems m probable t a great "p ( ^! app>5tly unmotiv$ pantomimes1 :i* are execut$ :5 we %\ld expect only a simple outbur/ ( joy1 are be/ int]pret$ z real in/ances ( borr[$ expression1 necessitat$ by ! limitations ( our means ( expression & fur!r$ by associative processes4 ,9 ! life ( self-conta9$ educat$ m5 we d n g5]ally meet ) ?is ph5om5on 9 s di/9ct a =m4 ,b ev5 "h ! fragm5t>y pantomimes into :i* a man (t5 falls :5 ma/]$ by a q indi/9ct feel+--we ne$ only ref] to ! erotic "* ( embraces & o!r ge/ures ( joy--%[ u t expression always adds an elem5t ( def9it5ess to ! psy*ical /ate express$4 ,:5 treat+ ( ! reactions consequ5t ^u bodily pa91 we h already _h to take into acc\nt ! species ( imag9ative mat]ialisation1 z ?\gh pa9 7 a concrete ?+1 a %irt ( ,nessus1 by :i* a suff]] is g5]ally induc$ to expla9 8 automatic movem5ts4 ,"h we ne$ only po9t out t a simil>1 s to speak1 my?og5ic influ5ce1 a natural t5d5cy to p]sonification1 results n only f reactions to pa91 b also f all expressive activities4 ,an indi/9ct mood ( pleasure ?us g5]ally passes ov] into a joy--t is1 a feel+ :i* is ref]r$ to "s cause1 imag9>y or real--:5 ! functional enhancem5t has rea*$ our volunt>y muscles4 ,an oppression1 :i* 9 its orig9 may be purely physiological1 is trans=m$1 :5 ! bodily modifications become m diff]5tiat$1#acc into fe> ( some?+ unkn[n--= in/ance1 "s imp5d+ dang]4 ,s9ce x is s difficult = ! individual himself to p]ceive a m5tal /ate z "o ( pure s5sation ) no elem5t ( ?\ght1 we ne$ n wond] t 8 expression always transmits to ! spectator some?+ m ?an ! m]e excitem5t or depression ( simple feel+4 ,h[ev] /rictly we try to isolate ! pure rhy?m ( a lyrical p]=mance1 !re w always slip into x an elem5t ( mimetic expression--we d n "k ( a bett] adjective--:i* sugge/s a m5tal /ate1 di/9ct] & bett] def9$ ?an t ( pure feel+4 ,9 reality1 !re=e1 ! dramatic =ms ( danc+ are no less primordial ?an ^? purely rhy?mical manife/ations :i* ! necessities ( treatm5t h compell$ u to consid] z a sep>ate gr\p4#acd ,x is also evid5t t ! dramatic or mimetic elem5t w increase 9 importance z ! endeav\r to repres5t m5tal /ates & transmit !m to outsid]s becomes m consci\s & delib]ate4 ,we h dealt at suffici5t l5g? ) ! transmission ( emotion by mimetic expression4 ,a /rik+ in/ance ( ?is process has already be5 f\nd outside ! doma9 ( art 9 ! contagi\sness ( collective /ates ( m9d4 ,:5 art adopts emotional transmission z an end 9 itself1 ?is contagi\sness is naturally increas$4 ,on ! side ( ! executant we h to suppose a consci\s endeav\r to make ! mimic expression z easily appropriat$ z possible2 on ! side ( ! spectator an increas$ read9ess to p>take ( ! express$ feel+4 ,a !atrical audi5ce1 inde$1 unlike a riot\s mob1 does n g5]ally g s f> z to imitate its lead]1 ! actor1 by actual movem5t4 ,consci\s ( ! fictiti\s "* ( ! p]=mance1 ! spectators are able to resi/ ! sub-consci\s volitional impulses :i* !y receive4 ,b :ile ?us controll+ _! outw>d activity1 ^? :o att5tively foll[ ! act+ may nev]!less appropriate 9 an almo/ direct mann] ! feel+s repres5t$4 ,al?\gh !y rema9 passive spectators & pres]ve an appe>ance ( immobility1 !y are apt to foll[1 9 a k9d ( abridgm5t1 ! attitudes & facial play ( ! p]=m]s4 ,at ! mo/ critical /ages ( a popul> melodrama ! audi5ce always falls into an unconsci\s pantomime1 :i*1 z ,engel rem>k$1 to ! psy*ological obs]v] is ( f> great] int]e/ ?an t enact$ on ! /age4#ace ,9 ! high] =ms ( dramatic art ?is direct transmission ( feel+ no d\bt loses a great deal ( its importance4 ,b we believe t e att5tive playgo] has occasional opportunities ( obs]v+1 9 himself if n 9 8 neighb\rs1 fa9t traces ( an unconsci\s & involunt>y imitation :i* foll[s all ! movem5ts ( ! p]=m]s4 ,su* imitation w1 ( c\rse1 become m & m pron\nc$ ! m ! dialogue gives place to pantomimic action1 & ! m vividly & conv9c+ly ?is action is repres5t$4 ,z an example ( ! p[] ) :i* a good mimic may compel ev5 ! mo/ critical spectator to p>ticipate 9 emotional moods1 we _c quote any?+ bett] ?an ! description ( ,g>rick 9 ,li*t5b]g's ,briefe aus ,engl&4 8,8 facial expression is s p[]ful z to invite imitation4 ,:5 he is grave 8 audi5ce is grave4 ,:5 he fr[ns ! h\se fr[ns1 & x smiles :5 he smiles4 ,9 8 hidd5 pleasure1 & 9 8 intimate mann]1 :51 9 an aside1 he gives ! audi5ce 8 confid5ce1 !re is some?+ s w9n+ t "o's :ole s\l goes out to ?is fasc9at+ man40#acf ,x may be ?\ght t ! above describ$ processes occur only 9 ^? arts :i* c be call$ dramatic 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,if ?is 7 ! case1 ! pr9ciple ( emotional transmission by direct imitation w\ld ( c\rse be ( v re/rict$ /hetic importance4 ,we ?9k1 h[ev]1 t a hi/rionic elem5t c be notic$1 ) great] or less di/9ctness1 no d\bt1 9 all ! v>i\s =ms ( arti/ic production4 ,x c]ta9ly ent]s into lit]ature1 :]e popul> au?ors1 especially ( ! s5tim5tal class1 always possess$ ! secret ( sugge/+ feel+s by repres5t+ _! manife/ations 9 8contagi\s0 description4 ,& x plays an important "p 9 all ! arts ( design1 =mative z well z decorative4 ,we may (t5 cat* ourselves fa9tly imitat+ movem5ts or attitudes repres5t$ 9 sculpture4 ,& ?is influ5ce ( sugge/ion is felt n only1 z ,pr(essor ,lange ?9ks1 9 ! case ( melodramatic sculpture--expressive ( ! mo/ viol5t passions--x contributes also1 9 no slight degree1 to our enjoym5t ( ! =ms :i* repres5t ! g5tl] moods4#acg ,h[ev] calm & impassive ! facial expression ( a /atue may be1 ! attitude ( ! body w always communicate to u a feel+ ( "s k9d1 ( /r5g? & assurance1 or p]haps ( settl$ melan*oly4 ,9 ! art ( pa9t+ ?is mimetic pr9ciple t5ds to be lo/ among ! descriptive elem5ts4 ,! direct transmission ( feel+ is replac$ by an indirect & associative "o4 ,/ill1 !re are few works1 if any1 9 :i* ! hi/rionic factor is entirely lack+4 ,x may be detect$ ) especial cle>ness 9 s5tim5tal or comic figure-pa9t+1 :i* (t5 lit]ally infects u ) ! emotions x repres5ts4 ,:5 look+ at a ,japanese c>icature1 = in/ance1 ( ! gods ( happ9ess1 we (t5 laugh ) ! laught] ( ! picture long be=e we h realis$ ! cause ( x1 or =mulat$ any judgm5t z to ! arti/ic m]its ( ! repres5tation4 ,x is true t pictorial art has _m bran*es 9 :i* ! human figure does n appe> at all4 ,b ?is abs5ce does n by any means entail a complete loss ( mimetic sugge/iv5ess4 ,z our p]ceptions1 :e!r ( animate or inanimate objects1 are always accompani$ by a complete or abortive imitation1 any k9d ( =m or movem5t may call =? 9 u activities di/9ctive ( "s emotional mood4 ,j z a rhy?mic s]ies ( simple ac\/ic or visual impressions may occasion 9 u ! functional modifications accompany+ simple feel+1 & !reby ar\se 9 u ! m5tal /ate ( :i* ?is rhy?m is an ext]iorisation1 s ! mimic movem5ts :i* are ! physiological c\nt]p>ts ( di/9ct emotion may be1 s to speak1 translat$ into l9es & =ms1 by :i* ! emotion is reproduc$ 9 o!r m9ds4 ,?us ev5 an object ( h&icraft--a vase1 = in/ance--may1 by ! sugge/iv5ess ( its %ape1 affect our emotional life 9 an almo/ imm$iate way4 ,& geometric ornam5t has an equal1 if n ev5 great]1 p[] ( conjur+ up 9 u emotional /ates1 :i* we read into ! angles & volutes4 ,f9ally1 ! concrete objects ( nature are full ( 8expressive qualities0 :i* make !m available z a means ( convey+ our feel+s4 ,! :ole _w ( visual reality c ?us be us$ 9 a k9d ( indirect mimetism1--a dramatic expression1 s to speak1 9 :i* natural & ab/ract =ms replace ! human body4 ,! c\rse ( our argum5t has l$ u to emphasise ! lyrical & dramatic elem5ts 9 arti/ic activity4 ,b we d n by any means wi% to und]rate ! fact t x is only a v small m9ority ( works ! nature ( :i* c be exhau/ively describ$ by ^! two qualities4 ,) increas$ importance ( ! intellectual elem5ts accompany+ ! emotional /ates1 direct emotional sugge/ion mu/ unavoidably appe> an inadequate means ( communication4 ,a joy or a sorr[1 toge!r ) a notion ( "s objective cause ( x1 rapture or admiration1 ang]1 hate1 or despair1--all ^! & simil> /ates c be completely convey$ to an outsid] only 9 s f> z !y h be5 acc\nt$ = to 8 intellect4 ,z ! !oretically late/ manife/ation ( ! crav+ = social expression !re w ?us appe> an impulse to repres5t or describe objective ev5ts or ?+s1 by :i* a feel+ simil> to t ( ! produc+ arti/ may be call$ =? 9 8 audi5ce4 ,& ?us 9 almo/ all art-=ms1 9 ornam5t & music z well z 9 pa9t+ & novels1 !re w be f\nd an imitation ( nature :i* s]ves :at 9 ! wide/ use ( ! t]m we may call an epic purpose4 ,! intellectual ju/ification ( a feel+ by repres5tation ( a cause & ! ord]ly =m ( its direct or second>y expression are1 h[ev]1 9 !mselves insuffici5t to secure a response2 ! att5tion & goodwill ( ! audi5ce mu/ fir/ be conciliat$4 ,a sympa!tic rapport always presupposes a /ate ( compliance 9 at lea/ "o ( ! p>ties involv$4 ,:5 seek+ by means ( a "w ( art to obta9 a response to an ov]ma/]+ feel+ ! arti/ is ?us con/ra9$ to ex]cise p]suasion ^u 8 real or fictiti\s public4 ,z ,m4 ,sully-,prudhomme has f9ely rem>k$1 x is only by fir/ c>ess+ our s5ses t art r\ses our feel+s & awak5s our ?\ghts4#ach ,besides t elem5t ( beauty :i* c be imm$iately d]iv$ f ! express$ cont5t1 & t elem5t ( gracefulness :i* foll[s z result ( ! psy*ical fre$om atta9$ by expression1 !re are 9 ne>ly all works ( art qualities ^: aim is exclusively to please4 ,if we may risk a some:at audaci\s p>allel1 we may say t ! "w ( art1 9 ! same way z a liv+ organism1 an animal or a plant1 entices ! att5tion & *>ms ! s5ses ) ! beauty ( its 8means ( attraction10 n = ! sake ( ^! attractions !mselves1 b = ! secret !y at ! same "t conceal & disclose4 ,all ^! allurem5ts might easily cause a sup]ficial obs]v] to lose sight ( ! simple fact :i* lies at ! bottom ( ! arti/ic "w1 viz4 ! feel+-/ate :i* dem&s expression & response4 ,we ?us see :y ! impulse to attract by pleas+ has be5 consid]$ z synonym\s ) ! art-impulse4 ,z has already be5 rem>k$1 su* an int]pretation _c acc\nt = ! co]cive =ce ( ! arti/ic impulse4 ,& equally ) ! !ories bas$ ^u ! epic or descriptive elem5ts 9 art1 x is incompatible ) ! pr9ciple ( ! unity ( art4 ,if ! logical evolution ( ! art-=ms is conceiv$ 9 ! way we h describ$1 all ! v>i\s manife/ations ( arti/ic activity c be d]iv$ f "o common pr9ciple4 ,& by ! aid ( ?is "o pr9ciple we are able to expla9 ! =ce ( t impulse :i*1 ) simil> co]cive =ce1 urges to creation )9 ! v>i\s art-=ms4 ,h[ev] mu* ! arti/ic impulse may become diff]5tiat$ ) ! progress ( culture1 its inn]mo/ nature w always rema9 ! same4 ,h[ev] complex its manife/ations1 _! aim is always to secure a fai?ful response to an ov]ma/]+ feel+4 ,! m accompli%$ ! "w ( art1 ! m its creator w become indep5d5t ( ! *ance audi5ce1 :i* by its sympa!tic expression produces an enhanc+ retroaction on 8 feel+4 ,he le>ns to give 8 m5tal /ates an embodim5t :i* facilitates _! reproduction 9 wid] surr\nd+s4 ,?us ! expressional impulse directs him to place himself 9 sympa!tic rapport ) a fictiti\s public4 ,he creates1 t is to say1 expresses himself1 = an ideal spectator1--= po/]ity or = himself4 ,) a pr\d indiff]5ce to 8 mo/ imm$iate social environm5t1 he may ?us consid] 8 own production z p]fectly exempt ( any social motivation4 ,! aphorism ( ,mill1 8,all poetry is a soliloquy10 w\ld no d\bt be accept$ by _m ( ! mo/ em95t poets4 ,b ! psy*ological obs]v] _c help rem>k+ t 9 su* soliloquies ! ego s]ves z a sub/itute = an ext]nal public4 ,! arti/ has 9 a s5se a d\ble capacity2 & arti/ic creation 9 solitude may be always expla9$ by ! fact t ! creator exi/s also z 8 own spectator4 ,! production ( ev5 ! mo/ individuali/ic & mo/ isolat$ arti/s c !re=e be expla9$ only by sociological consid]ations4 ,& ! same is ! case ) ^? arti/s :o "w only = po/]ity4 ,x w\ld be wrong to say t art 9 any "o ( its high] manife/ations aims at transmitt+ a feel+4 ,its purpose is f> r an immortalisation4 ,b ?is v desire to p]petuate a m5tal /ate1 ?is desire :i* con/ra9s ! arti/ to /rive indefatigably = ! atta9m5t ( a =m1 capable ( imp>t+ to all m5 ( e c\ntry & e age ! same enhancem5t & ! same rapture :i* he has himself exp]i5c$--?is highe/ manife/ation ( ! expressional impulse--c be fully expla9$ only by ref]5ce to ! enhanc+ & reliev+ p[] ( social expression4 ,9 :atev] light ! art-impulse may appe> to ! reflect+ consci\sness ( ! produc+ arti/1 ?is is ! only consi/5t int]pretation at :i* we c arrive by an exam9ation ( ! arti/ic activity on psy*ological gr\nds4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,art ,,! ,,reliev] ,9 ! endeav\r to secure ! transmission & p]petuation ( a feel+1 ! expressional activity gradually loses its purely impulsive "*4 ,f an almo/ reflex outlet = abnormal n]v\s pressure1 x is m & m trans=m$ into delib]ate arti/ic production1 :i* is consci\s ( its aim z well z ( ! means = atta9+ x4 ,! elaboration ( a "w ( art1 9 :i* ! expression ( a feel+-/ate is to be conc5trat$1 & conc5trat$ 9 a way :i* n only facilitates b ev5 en=ces 9 ! spectator ! assimilation ( ?is /ate1 is a complicat$ op]ation :i* _c ( c\rse take place )\t ! effectual co-op]ation ( intellectual & volitional activities4 ,& _! co-op]ation1 on ! o!r h&1 mu/ evid5tly ex]cise "s influ5ce on ! primordial feel+4 ,x is a famili> obs]vation1 duly emphasis$ 9 all psy*ological h&books1 t /rong feel+s make cle> ?\ght impossible4 ,ev]yday exp]i5ce1 z well z sci5tific exp]im5t1 gives unmi/akable evid5ce ( ! influ5ce :i* abnormal excitem5t or depression ex]cises1 n only on our ideas & _! associations1 b ev5 on ! p]ceptions4 ,! conv]se has p]haps n be5 /at$ s (t54 ,/ill1 x does n admit ( d\bt t int5sifi$ intellectual activity may1 9 "s cases1 ev5 m effectually ?an motor reaction1 ov]come ! tyranny ( a hyp]normal feel+4 ,x is true t e m5tal /ate becomes m di/9ct z a ph5om5on ( consci\sness :5 our ?\ghts are direct$ t[>ds x4 ,feel+s ( l[ & mod]ate int5sity may ev5 be enhanc$ 9 _! purely emotional aspect if we let our intellect play on !m4 ,b z soon z a great] int5sity ( feel+ is rea*$1 ?is relation is rev]s$4 ,joy :i* is s great z to be a burd51 8,die ,no? d] ,flle10#aci & numb+ despair1 mu/ inevitably decrease :5 !re is an increase ( di/9ctness 9 _! intellectual elem5ts4 ,! m we c compel ourselves to contemplate ) cool & cle> att5tion ! causes & manife/ations ( su* high-/rung /ates1 ! m we are also able to ma/] !m4 ,x is a famili> exp]i5ce to ev]yone t /rong fe> c be vanqui%$1 if only we c succe$ 9 div]t+ all our att5tion to its objective s\rce1 & 8/>e ! dang] 9 ! face40 ,:5 ! att5tion is conc5trat$ & int5sifi$ to ! utmo/ degree1 x may ev51 z 9 ! case ( fasc9ation1 entirely prev5t1 to our own dang]1 ! v rise ( ?is self-pres]v+ emotion4 ,9 arti/ic creation we are n conc]n$ ) an int5tional or un9t5tional ef=t to ov]come feel+4 ,on ! contr>y ! aim is "h to keep ! /ronge/ possible hold ( x 9 ord] to give x ! mo/ effective embodim5t4 ,s irreconcilable1 h[ev]1 is ! conflict betwe5 emotional excitem5t & intellectual activity1 t ! latt]1 ev5 :5 x expressly s]ves ! purposes ( emotional enhancem5t1 mu/ neutralise ! excess ( feel+4 ,a /ate ( /rong pleasure or pa9 c nev] be r5d]$ intelligible to outsid]s1 unless its expression is bridl$ & discipl9$ by ?\ght4 ,by be+ ?us embodi$ 9 a fix$ =m ! feel+ ga9s 9 conceivability z well z 9 infecti\s p[]4 ,b :ile ! effect on spectators & li/5]s is 9 ?is way increas$1 ! arti/ic =m influ5ces ! feel+ subject himself 9 a q diff]5t way4 ,its v cle>ness & di/9ctness necess>ily br+s some?+ ( t calm :i* all excitem5t seeks z relief4 ,! imm$iate reaction :i* ! "w ( art ex]cises on its own creator is ( c\rse mo/ easily se5 & und]/ood 9 ! 8high]0 art-=ms ) _! pron\nc$ intellectual elem5ts4 ,lit]>y in/ances ( ! 8poetic cure0 = h>ass+ or oppress+ emotion are too num]\s to be m5tion$4 ,! only po9t we ne$ dwell on is ! "q h[ ^! in/ances are to be int]pret$4 ,:5 a poet seeks to give %ape & =m to 8 own suff]+s by means ( fiction1 ! relief he obta9s is no d\bt 9 "p an effect ( ! div]sion ( activity into ! *annels ( expression4 ,b to a /ill great] degree x may be a result ( ! heal?ful influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! contemplation ( objective reality 9 ! f9i%$ "w ( art4 ,su* an influ5ce is unmi/akable 9 ! mo/ illu/ri\s in/ance ( arti/ic production z a life-pres]v+ exp$i5t3 ,goe!'s ,leid5 des jung5 ,w]!r4 ,9 8 memoirs ! old poet frankly & unres]v$ly describes h[1 :5 lac]at$ by ! conflict betwe5 hypo*ondriac1 suicidal ?\ghts & an in]adicable love ( life & *e]fulness1 he resort$ to ! old homely rem$y ( writ+ d[n 8 suff]+s4 ,he lays especial /ress on 8 desire to give def9ite =m & body to 8 vague feel+s ( di/ress4 ,& z we read t aft]w>ds1 :5 ! "w lay f9i%$ be=e him1 8b\nd 9 bo>ds1 z a picture 9 its frame1 s z to prove ! m conv9c+ly its individual & concrete exi/5ce10 he c\ld feel 8free & joyful1 & entitl$ to a new life10 we _c b expla9 ?is r5ew$ c\rage to live z a result ( ! s5sation ( security & support :i* ! behold+ ( ext]nal =m af=ds4#adj ,?us1 to beg9 )1 by its "* z a palpable1 objective reality1 ! "w ( art may dim9i% ! subjective di/urbance 9 :i* x orig9ates4 ,?is influ5ce is supplem5t$ by ! retroaction ( ! /hetic qualities1 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se ( ! t]m1 su* z beauty1 symmetry1 & ! l1 by :i* an arti/ always seeks1 int5tionally or un9t5tionally1 to arre/ ! att5tion ( 8 public4 ,! m !re=e ! "w gr[s 9 def9it5ess 9 ! ?\ght & "u ! h& ( ! arti/1 ! m x w repress & subdue ! *aotic tumult ( emotional excitem5t4 ,! ,dionysiac rapture1 z ! anci5ts w\ld h said1 gives place to ,apoll9e s]5ity4 ,9 language prun$ ( my?ological symbolism1 ?is only means t art is bett] able ?an any ( ! imm$iate expressional activities to give complete & effective relief f emotional pressure4 ,& x fur!r implies t h[ev] e>ne/ly an arti/ may /rive to communicate to 8 public ! exact feel+ he has himself exp]i5c$1 ! emotional cont5t express$ 9 8 "w w always be ( ano!r & m h>moni\s "* ?an ! m5tal /ate by :i* 8 production 0 orig9ally call$ into exi/5ce4 ,to ! ext5t t arti/ic =m appe>s 9 a giv5 "w or manife/ation !re w also be pres5t1 indep5d5tly ( ! subject1--*e]ful or sad1 passionate or calm1--a s5se ( m5tal lib]ation1 :i* atones = ! excesses ( emotional excitem5t4 ,9 a f9al & exhau/ive treatm5t ( /hetic problems ?is influ5ce ( arti/ic =m w\ld ne$ to be trac$ ?r\gh all ! dep>tm5ts ( art-activity4 ,& x w\ld be "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ p>ts ( su* a rese>* to e/imate ! relative p[] ) :i* art 9 its v>i\s bran*es is able to assuage at ! same "t z x excites4 ,we ne$ n "h und]take su* a ?or\gh comp>ative exam9ation ( ! diff]5t arts4 ,:at has be5 said ab\t lit]>y creation may be appli$ 9 sub/ance to =mative production z well4 ,& x ev5 rema9s true ) reg>d to ^? mo/ lyrical & imm$iately expressive arts :i* seem to be altoge!r de/itute ( objective =m & intellectual cont5t4 ,al?\gh x has (t5 be5 said t ! l[e/ k9ds ( music are purely emotional manife/ations1 we may /ill disc]n an elem5t ( =m 9 ! rhy?m :i* regulates ev5 ! simple/ songs & dances4#ada ,& ! creation ( ?is =m und\bt$ly requires a c]ta9 am\nt ( consci\s int5tion & intellectual activity4 ,x is !re=e natural t ! int5se/ & mo/ abnormally enhanc$ feel+ %\ld exclude ! possibility ( rhy?mical movem5t4 ,exalt$ joy & viol5t despair are 9 _! ext]nal manife/ations n only inh>moni\s & ungraceful1 b also unrhy?mic4#adb ,b by subject+ ! expression to ! yoke ( a fix$ "t ord] we may succe$ 9 h>monis+ x4 ,& :ile ! regul> recurr5ce ( int]vals facilitates our movem5ts--:i* !reby ga9 9 ease & gracefulness--! vehem5ce ( our feel+ w be abat$4 ,?us x is possible t al?\gh rhy?m p[]fully re9=ces musical or dramatic excitem5t1 x may at ! same "t ex]cise a re/ra9+ influ5ce on hyp]normal feel+4 ,& its effects 9 music & dance %[ u1 9 ! simple/ & mo/ compreh5sive ( all examples1 ! importance ( arti/ic =m4 ,! musical ka?>sis or relief to s5sation always involves /imulation1 b x may nev]!less affect u z a s$ative4 ,! m ! =m-elem5t & att5tion to =m ga9 9 prom95ce1 ! m effectual also is ! reliev+ influ5ce ( art4 ,:]e ! /imulative elem5t is pr$om9ant 9 a "w ( art1 !re ! relief is less complete4 ,?is contra/1 :i* c be obs]v$ at all /ages ( arti/ic developm5t1 is em95tly conspicu\s 9 anci5t art1 :]e high & l[ =ms are (t5 to be f\nd 9 close juxtaposition4 ,! sup]iority ( ,greek music ov] ,phrygian music 0 a fav\rite topic ( ! old writ]s on art1 & ! leg5d ( ! conte/ betwe5 ,apollo & ,m>syas s]v$ z a my?ological v>iation on ! same !me4 ,lyre & flute /ood z symbols = two diff]5t classes ( art1 ( :i* "o 0 viol5t1 orgia/ic1 & b>b>\s1 :ile ! o!r 0 calm 9 its ,olympian s]5ity4#adc ,b ! contra/ express$ 9 ^! p>ables by ! anci5t au?ors & "s ( _! mod]n foll[]s is n s %>p 9 reality4 ,ev5 ! lively notes ( a flute may1 to use ! old metaphor1 by _! b\nd "t ex]cise a k9d ( re/ra9+ influ5ce on ! passions4 ,& on ! o!r h& ! s$ative p[] ( s(t music is by no means s great z has (t5 be5 cont5d$4 ,:ile act+ hygi5ically z a cure = excess ( passion or sorr[ x _c produce any moral result prop]ly s call$4 ,z ,m4 ,comb>ieu has po9t$ out 9 8 acute criticism ( ,c>d9al ,p]raud's ,eury?mie et ,h>monie1 x is an inconte/able fact1 :i* has only too (t5 be5 ov]look$ by ,platonis+ philosoph]s1 t ev5 ! mo/ immoral feel+s may be express$ 9 p]fect melody4#add ,! musical1 & /ill m ! m]ely rhy?mical1 =m _c *ange ! quality ( ^! feel+s2 x c only deprive !m ( _! dang]\s int5sity4 ,! m5tal /ate !reby ga9s 9 pure & unm+l$ pleasure2 x becomes ennobl$ z enjoym5t1 b x is by no means moralis$1 at lea/ n accord+ to mod]n views4 ,x is only f ! /&po9t ( a purely h$onic sy/em ( e?ics t music1 or any o!r art1 c be said to ex]cise an imm$iate moral influ5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 try+ to summ>ise our rese>*es on ! diff]5ces betwe5 arti/ic & non-arti/ic expression ( emotional /ates 9 a compreh5sive conclusion1 we are aga9 l$ to t em95tly illu/rative in/ance--! ,bac*antic condition ( ! anci5t ,ma5ads4 ,we h se5 t 9 _! description ( ,dionysiac mania ! classical au?ors enum]ate almo/ all ! v>i\s orgia/ic manife/ations :i* c be f\nd 9 all p]iods 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,& if anci5t lit]ature af=ds u an epitome ( ! v>i\s exp$i5ts to :i* ! expressional impulse resorts 9 its endeav\r to enhance & relieve an emotional /ate1 ! =ce ( ?is crav+ = expression1 on ! o!r h&1 n[h]e appe>s ) su* conv9c+ cle>ness z 9 ! ,dionysiac monum5ts ( classical art4 ,! frieze ar\nd ! ,bac*ic c&elabra 9 ! ,l\vre proves bett] ?an any psy*ological analysis to h[ great a degree ! ,dionysiac /ate is alloy$ ) pa9 & ! long+ = relief4 ,if ^! ,ma5ads be comp>$ ) ! figures on ! great vases 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & ) ! v>i\s ,agave reliefs1 x w /ill m conclusively appe> t x is real di/ress :i* compels ! danc]s to seek 9 ev]-increas+ excitem5t deliv]ance f ! burd5 ( _! feel+s4 ,no movem5t c\ld be m eloqu5tly expressive ( ! correspond+ psy*ical /ate ?an ! peculi> toss on ! head & ! backw>d curve ( ! upp] trunk :i* c always be recognis$ 9 ! mo/ viol5t ( ! danc]s4 ,an approa* to ?is attitude 78opi/hotonos07 sometimes appe>s1 z ,sp5c] rem>ks 9 8 essay on ! ,physiology ( ,laught]1 9 movem5ts ( great joy1 :i* has n be5 able to f9d expression by ! usual *annels ( dis*>ge4#ade ,b !re is no d\bt t1 h[ev] pleasurable ! quality ( ! orig9al /ate may h be51 its tone mu/ h be5 radically trans=m$ be=e x c\ld produce ^! /ra9$ po/ures4 ,a feel+ :i* di/orts ! body by its ef=ts to f9d relief1 :i* is n satisfi$ ) ! wild cries1 ! dances1 & all ! madness ( ! ,bac*ic intoxication1 mu/ 9 its abnormal exagg]ation be p]ceiv$ z a pa94 ,! pa?ological "* ( ?is feel+ appe>s fur!r f ! fact t ! v same movem5t may be obs]v$ 9 ,pi]re ,breughel's pa9t+s ( hy/]ic pati5ts & 9 ,m4 ,*>cot's photographs f ,la ,salptrire4#adf ,& ?is same backw>d toss ( ! head may be se5 9 sculptures ( wit*es1 ! m$ival ,bac*antes1 :]e x sometimes gives an impression ( pr\d & insol5t defiance1 sometimes "o ( pr(\nd melan*oly4#adg ,b 9 ! reliefs repres5t+ ,bac*ic orgies1 side by side ) ! danc]s ^: di/ort$ attitude & viol5t movem5ts betray ! pa9 und]ly+ ! appe>ance ( revel & riot1 !re may always be se5 ! figures ( wom5 mov+ ) easy & graceful /ep4 ,! fre$om ( _! motion %[s t !y at lea/ h f\nd deliv]ance f ! oppression ( ov]/rung feel+4 ,! n]v\s t5sion :i* 9 _! companions manife/s itself 9 unrhy?mic1 inh>moni\s leap+s & )+s1 has 9 _! case f\nd relief & giv5 place to a feel+ ( re/ & calm4 ,?is expression ( peace 9 _! faces1 attitudes1 & drap]ies af=ds an in/ructive comm5t on ! ,greek notion ( ,dionysos1 ! god ( music1 :o1 ) all 8 wildness is none ! less able to /ill ! tempe/s ( ov]p[]+ feel+s4 ,?is god ( music1 z conceiv$ by ^? :o gave him a place among ! ,olympians1 0 n a symbol ( dissolute pleasure4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! my?s tell u h[ ^? :o oppose 8 ritual !mselves fall victims to a mania ev5 m viol5t ?an ! ,bac*ic fr5zy itself4 ,8 devotees1 on ! o!r h&1 receive f ! /irr+ notes ( 8 flute & cymbals a det]m9ate =m & m\ld = _! o!rwise vehem5t & irregul> expression-movem5ts4 ,_! joy loses its defiant & b>b>ic "*1 _! black despair is dissolv$ into g5tle sadness4 ,rightly1 !re=e1 0 ,dionysos salut$ z a deliv]] :51 ) 8 m]ry crew1 he m>*$ f village to village4 ,l him art moves among m51 ennobl+ _! joy & blunt+ ! edge ( _! suff]+s4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,art ,accord+ to an old !ory ! classical drama orig9at$ 9 ! ,dionysiac cultus4#adh ,! arti/ic developm5t ( savage & b>b>\s tribes supplies _m analogies :i* /rongly support ?is view4 ,! simple/ drama & ! mo/ primitive poetry h 9 mo/ nations be5 connect$ ) orgia/ic rites :i*1 f ! psy*ological po9t ( view1 closely resemble ! ,bac*ic c]emonies4 ,b we may g /ill fur!r4 ,x has be5 cont5d$ on good gr\nds t ev5 ! =mative arts made _! e>lie/ appe>ance on ! occasion ( great public fe/ivals4#adi ,x might seem t if ?is view c\ld only be corroborat$ by a suffici5t body ( e?nological evid5ce1 !re w\ld be no ne$ ( any fur!r argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! emotionali/ic int]pretation ( art4 ,grant$ t ! simple/ manife/ations ( all ! diff]5t arts s]v$ prim>ily z means ( height5+ a fe/ive mood1 !n ! psy*ological orig9 ( ! arti/ic activity ought to be asc]ta9$ by an analysis ( high-pit* feel+4 ,! same m5tal causes & conditions :i* call$ =? ! mo/ primitive manife/ations ( art1 & det]m9$ _! "*1 may naturally be assum$ to h influ5c$ 9 great] or less degree ! high] =ms z well4 ,& ?us 9 fur!r support ( our view we might simply ref] to ! /udy ( a typical exaltation ) :i* ! prec$+ *apt] 0 conclud$4 ,we h "h an app>5tly easy solution ( ! problem be=e u4 ,b by resort+ to x we %\ld expose ourselves to ! risk ( mi/akes :i* is inh]5t 9 e hi/orical me?od4 ,n only is x impossible1 z has already be5 rem>k$1 to make any positive ass]tion z to ! purely /hetic & autotelic "* ( a giv5 manife/ation3 x is almo/ equally difficult to quote a rite or practice ! int]pretation ( :i*1 f ! emotional /&po9t1 is cle> & undisput$4 ,ev5 ! wild antics ( ! ,ma5ads1 9 spite ( ! num]\s analogies to !m pres5t$ by ! diseas$ m5tal /ates ( mod]n man1 h be5 expla9$ by "s ar*ologi/s z a /]eotyp$ ritual4 ,! self-w\nd+ & ! te>+ up ( liv+ animals h be5 int]pret$ z diff]5t =ms ( a sacrificial cult2 ! frantic ge/ures & songs z dramatic repres5tations ( anci5t my?s4#aej ,x w\ld require too cumbr\s an app>atus m]ely to /ate & criticise exi/+ !ories on ?is po9t4 ,& ev5 if we c\ld prove t ! ,bac*antic manife/ations may be expla9$ )\t ref]5ce to religi\s or commemorative int5tions 9 ! danc]s1 z purely emotional activities1 grave objections w\ld /ill rema9 to be answ]$4 ,f ! m$ical po9t ( view x might be ma9ta9$ t ! ,dionysiac /ate1 z well z all analog\s conditions among savage & civilis$ nations1 is a purely pa?ological ph5om5on4#aea ,by connect+ arti/ic production ) ^! /ates we %\ld !re=e expose ourselves to ! accusation ( treat+ art z an abnormality4 ,& x w\ld be ( no use to appeal to ,nietzs*e's brilliant b unconv9c+ def5ce ( ! position t ! anci5t ,dionysiac orgies ought really to be consid]$ z spl5did disord]s ( heal? & ov]fl[+ vig\r4#aeb ,x is !re=e necess>y to /ate explicitly t :at we h said ab\t ! ,dionysiac /ate mu/ by no means be tak5 z ref]r+ to actual hi/oric facts kn[n ab\t ! bac*anals4 ,! descriptions ( ,euripides & o!r classical au?ors are valuable z expressions ( ! pr$om9ant notions ( art q indep5d5tly ( ! reality :i* may or may n h correspond$ to !m4 ,! corybantic mania af=d$ to ! ,greek m9d a typical simile by :i* to illu/rate t /ate ( =mless excitem5t :i* prec$es ! arti/ic creation4 ,9 ! my?ical descriptions ( ! melan*olia ( ! ,?yiads1 & 9 ! sculptural repres5tations ( _! dances & extravagances1 x 0 easy to recognise--m by in/9ct1 p]haps1 ?an by reflection--! same dissatisfaction & ! same long+ = full] & deep] expression :i* compels ! arti/ to seek 9 /hetic production comp5sation = ! defici5cies ( life4 ,& ! feel+ ( lib]ation1 :i* 9 ! arti/1 ^u ! atta9m5t ( arti/ic =m1 sup]s$es ov]ma/]+ & inh>moni\s excitem5t1 seem$ explicable by ! analogy ( ! relief :i* ! my?ical ,dionysus be/[$ ^u 8 devotees4 ,at a "t1 !re=e1 :5 danc+ occupi$ a prom95t place among ! arts1 x mu/ h be5 q natural to consid] ! god ( dance & music z an embodim5t ( ! feel+s & impulses ( arti/ic creation4 ,= mod]n times1 h[ev]1 ?is poetic p>able has sc>cely ev5 an illu/rative value4 ,x w\ld be too f>-fet*$ to treat ! simple1 lyrical dance & song z a g5]al type ( art1 see+ t 9 real life danc+ has long ago be5 almo/ entirely sup]s$$ by m complicat$ =ms ( arti/ic activity4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only 9 su* direct manife/ations z ! simple/ song1 dance1 & poetry t ! arti/ic activity itself is accessible to our analysis4 ,) reg>d to ^? high] =ms ( art 9 :i* ! dramatic & epic elem5ts play an important "p1 x may inde$ be cont5d$ t ev5 !y orig9ate 9 an emotional crav+ = expression4 ,& x c be prov$1 z we h tri$ to %[ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 t su* a !ory gives u ! be/ explanation ( ! life-pres]v+ influ5ce ( arti/ic creation4 ,b x is n to be conceal$ t1 z f> z pa9t+1 sculpture1 & ! high] =ms ( poetry are conc]n$1 ?is view is exclusively bas$ ^u hypo!sis4 ,x _c be consid]$ z e/abli%$ s long z we h no au!ntic in=mation on ! feel+s & impulses :i* direct a sculptor or a pa9t] 9 8 "w4 ,! only compet5t witnesses :o c give u ?is in=mation--namely1 ! arti/s !mselves--h g5]ally paid too little att5tion to !oretic problems to make any obs]vations on _! own m5tal /ates dur+ ! task ( creation2 & ev5 :5 !y d s !y are det]r$ by a natural s5se ( propriety f mak+ any public revelations on a matt] :i* affects _! mo/ intimate emotional life4 ,all ! m imp]t95t w\ld x be = an outsid] to make a priori ass]tions on ! psy*ical motives = _! "w4 ,:ile entitl$ to speak ) "s confid5ce on ! simple1 univ]sal arts1 ! !oretical obs]v] _c1 ) reg>d to ! specialis$ crafts1 rely ^u ei!r exp]i5ce or sympa!tic und]/&+4 ,! only safe po9t ( dep>ture is "h ! objective "w4 ,our int]pretation c be consid]$ z conclusively e/abli%$ only if we are able to %[ t ! di/9ctive qualities ( ! "w ( art1 z met ) 9 ! highe/ manife/ations ( art1 are su* z to provide "s emotional /ate ) ! mo/ adequate & mo/ conv9c+ expression4 ,! "w ( art has be5 ! subject ( !oretical inve/igation to a f> great] ext5t ?an ! arti/ic impulse4 ,:5 exam9+ its di/9ctive qualities we c !re=e con/antly avail ourselves ( ! rese>*es ( e>li] writ]s on /hetic4 ,!re is no ne$ to se>* = ! problems to be solv$ nor to ju/ify ! s*eme ( inquiry4 ,we h to %[ t our int]pretation ( ! arti/ic activity is consi/5t ) ! g5]al pr9ciples accord+ to :i* ! value ( art-works is e/imat$4 ,^! pr9ciples1 on ! o!r h&1 c evid5tly be discov]$ only by /udy+ ! judgm5ts on art :i* h be5 embodi$ 9 /hetical lit]ature4 ,ow+ to ! mutual contradictions betwe5 ! sev]al /hetic sy/ems1 su* a /udy is inde$ n an easy "o4 ,b if m9or diff]5ces are disreg>d$ x is n impossible to f9d a common /&>d on :i* almo/ all writ]s agree4 ,= :ile ! !ories on art1 z diff]5t f o!r dep>tm5ts ( life1 h be5 bas$ ^u v>y+ philosophical assumptions1 ! ideal ( excell5ce 9 art has1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( all real /heticians1 be5 develop$ "u ! influ5ce ( a close famili>ity ) ! be/ manife/ations ( liv+ art4 ,not)/&+ ! ev]-v>y+ curr5ts ( ta/e & ! individual pr$ilections :i* affect ev5 ! mo/ imp>tial judgm5t1 x is ?us possible to po9t to a common fund ( simple & ca?olic pr9ciples ( criticism4 ,z f> z ! lyrical =ms ( art are conc]n$ we ne$ n dwell at any l5g? on ! /hetic requirem5ts :i* !y are g5]ally expect$ to fulfil4 ,x is easy to und]/& t1 h[ev] "o may expla9 ! purpose ( arti/ic activity & ! impulse :i* leads to x1 ! accompli%$ "w ( art mu/ always possess "s elem5t ( s5sual beauty :i* may attract & hold ! att5tion4 ,if we 7 attempt+ a complete treatm5t ( all /hetic problems we might attempt to prove t su* qualities appe> to a v great ext5t z un9t5tional by-products ( arti/ic expression4 ,! p]fect gracefulness1 = example1 :i* =ms ! di/+ui%+ m]it ( all g5u9e art1 is seldom a result ( consci\s endeav\r4 ,z1 accord+ to its nature1 pleasure is necess>ily accompani$ by facilitat$ conditions ( life1 an arti/ic manife/ation w g5]ally be graceful 9 ! same degree z x expresses pure & unm+l$ joy4 ,& ev5 if ! feel+ :i* orig9ally call$ =? a dance1 a song1 or a drama is "o ( pa91 its expression w unavoidably acquire "u ! influ5ce ( arti/ic =m an elem5t ( ease4 ,! fre$om1 &1 /ill m1 ! unconsci\sness1 t *>act]ise ! 8inspir$0 creation may ?us clo! ) a peculi> grace ev5 ! repres5tation ( su* m5tal /ates z 9 real life manife/ !mselves 9 ! mo/ inh>moni\s =ms4#aec ,9 ! same way dignity1 ! quality complem5t>y to grace1 may be d$uc$ directly f ! emotional conditions ( arti/ic activity4 ,?is explanation does n apply1 h[ev]1 to su* special qualities z1 = in/ance1 symmetry & proportion4 ,nei!r c x be d5i$ t ^! qualities may be ( incalculable importance 9 art z means ( height5+ ! effectiv5ess ( ! "w4 ,b we hold t a problem l t ( symmetry belongs to ! sci5ce ( beauty r ?an to ! !ory ( art4 ,by a symmetrical arrangem5t ( its p>ts1 or by a "r proportion betwe5 !m1 an object may inde$ become a ?+ ( beauty2 b x acquires an arti/ic "* only 9 s f> z ?is symmetry & proportion p]=m or assi/ ! function ( expression4 ,ev5 among ! mo/ au?ors :o lay mo/ /ress on ! p>am\nt importance ( =m !re are few :o cont5d t ^! ab/ract qualities c by !mselves be/[ ! title ( art ^u a "w or a manife/ation4 ,q diff]5t is ! case ( ^? /hetic laws :i* h be5 d$uc$ f ! arts ( description4 ,z ! majority ( writ]s on /hetic h re/rict$ _! att5tion to works ( art 9 :i* nature has be5 imitat$ or repres5t$1 x is only natural t arti/ic m]it %\ld be ?\ght to dep5d on ! relation ( ! copy to ! orig9al4 ,! mo/ simple explanation is und\bt$ly t :i* is adopt$ by a l>ge section ( ! public1 viz41 t an arti/ic manife/ation is p]fect 9 proportion z x gives a fai?ful r5d]+ ( objective nature4 ,= all t has be5 cont5d$ by ! oppon5ts ( ! reali/ic movem5ts :i* pr$om9at$ 9 ! eighties1 we d n ?9k t _m produc+ au?ors h be5 guid$ 9 _! "w by su* n>r[ notions4 ,9 /hetic lit]ature at lea/ s radical a realism has be5 upheld only by a few isolat$ au?ors4#aed ,ev] s9ce ,ari/otle's "t x has be5 laid d[n t a "w ( art mu/ be some?+ o!r & bett] ?an a m]e copy4 ,& /hetic sci5ce f its fir/ beg9n+ has 9 ! ma9 agre$ ^u ! g5]al pr9ciples by :i* arti/ic imitation atta9s p]fection4 ,^! pr9ciples1 =mulat$ ) v>y+ cle>ness 9 ! e>li] sy/ems1 h f\nd _! mo/ philosophical elaboration 9 ! works ( ,vis*] & ,ta9e4 ,9 8 ,hegelian t]m9ology ! ,g]man au?or puts x t ! "w ( art mu/ %[ u1 9 an /hetic semblance1 ! full & :ole pres5ce ( an idea :i* is und]ly+ ! ?+s repres5t$4 ,9 ! philosophy ( ,ta9e1 :i*1 by mak+ sci5ce its po9t ( dep>ture1 diff]s s greatly f ,hegelianism & yet resembles x s /rik+ly 9 g5]al "*1 ! same ?\ght has be5 express$ 9 ! doctr9e ( dom9ant qualities4#aee ,if ^! crit]ia are dive/$ ( ! te*nical g>b :i* makes !m s inconv5i5t to h&le1 !y appe> to re/ ultimately on a simple obs]vation :i* may be repeat$ 9 all /hetic exp]i5ce4 ,we f9d 9 all descriptive art-works a subord9ation ( qualities suppos$ to be ( inf]ior importance to :at philosoph]s ( ,ta9e's s*ool t]m 8la facult matresse40 ,9 mo/ works too !re may be f\nd a relation ( ! repres5t$ ?+ to ! re/ ( nature1 :i* 9 a ,hegelian m9d may awak5 ! notion ( a g5]al idea beh9d ! individual ph5om5on4 ,b1 z we h already obs]v$1 x is a m>k ( excessive intellectualism to assume t ! desire to discov] pr$om9ant qualities or hidd5 ideas is ! impell+ =ce 9 art-creation4 ,& we %all n[ endeav\r to %[ t x is equally "o-sid$ to consid] ! enjoym5t ( art z condition$ by increas$ intellectual k ( individual or univ]sal ph5om5a & ideas4 ,! defects ( intellectuali/ic art-!ories are p]haps mo/ manife/ 9 ! sy/em ( ,ta9e4 ,ta9e himself seems to believe t ! 8facult mre0 really exi/s1 & t x c be n only repres5t$ by an arti/ical treatm5t ( nature1 b also discov]$ by sci5tific /udy2 he is consequ5tly unable to make any prop] di/9ction betwe5 ! dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce & art4#aef ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 8 own critical /udies %[ u h[ incompatible is ! pr9ciple ( dom9ant faculties ) a purely sci5tific conception ( reality4 ,too (t51 9 ! attempt to d$uce e manife/ation & e p]sonality f a det]m9ate1 all-expla9+ & all-condition+ quality1 he loses sight ( ! ri* v>iety ( life1 & ga9s in/ead m]ely a brilliant =mula4 ,?us1 h[ev] sugge/ive 8 criticisms may be1 !y are seldom sci5tifically exact4 ,!re is none1 h[ev]1 ( all 8 admir]s :o w\ld wi% to h any?+ *ang$ 9 8 writ+s on art2 = we "k t by ?is v "o-sid$ness1 :i* is ! s\rce ( 8 sci5tific %ortcom+s1 he has at ! same "t atta9$ 8 greate/1 ?\gh p]haps un9t5tional1 triumphs z an arti/4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is we ne$ only ref] to "o in/ance3 8 celebrat$ description ( ! lion4#aeg ,objections may be rais$ f ! zoological po9t ( view to 8 select+ ! lion z a repres5tative ( animal /r5g?1 & f ! anatomical po9t ( view to 8 d$uc+ its :ole configuration f ! /ructure ( its jaws4 ,b x is impossible to d5y t precisely by su* a "o-sid$ & exagg]at$ portrait ,ta9e has succe$$ 9 giv+ an expression to 8 admiration = elem5t>y =ce bett] ?an w\ld h be5 possible by a sci5tifically fai?ful description4 ,accord+ly ,ta9e's lion1 9 spite ( its faults f ! po9t ( view ( sci5ce1 rema9s a classical illu/ration ( ! /hetic importance ( dom9ant qualities4 ,if we try to expla9 :y x is t ! subord9ation ( all *>act]s "u "o 8facult matresse10 al?\gh unfav\rable to sci5tific compreh5sion1 is nev]!less s useful = arti/ic repres5tation1 we %all be unavoidably l$ to t di/9ction betwe5 sci5tific & arti/ic purposes :i* has be5 ov]look$ 9 ! intellectuali/ic sy/ems ( /hetic4 ,! "w ( art does n claim to give u1 nor d we expect to receive f x1 increas$ k z to ! real nature or pr$om9ant *>act]s ( ?+s & ev5ts4 ,we only wi% to get ! cle>e/ & /ronge/ impression ( ! feel+s ) :i* an object has be5 contemplat$ by ! arti/4 ,x is !re=e to ! psy*ological conditions = convey+ a feel+-/ate by help ( intellectual m$iation t we %\ld look = ! explanation ( ^? laws ( arti/ic composition :i* ,vis*] & ,ta9e h int]pret$ 9 a mann] exclusively intellectuali/ic1 & !re=e un/hetic4 ,! desire to fix a pass+ emotional /ate--9 ord] to facilitate ei!r ! revival ( ! same /ate or its transmission to outsid]s--by help ( intellectual elem5ts ) :i* ! feel+s h be5 associat$1 is n re/rict$ to ! purely arti/ic m5tal processes4 ,9 religion & 9 love ?is endeav\r to evade ! transi5ce ( feel+ is especially evid5t4 ,& "h we may obs]ve a selection ( ! intellectual elem5ts & a mode ( treat+ !m1 :i*1 al?\gh x _c be call$ arti/ic1 is nev]!less some:at analog\s to ! selective treatm5t ( nature :i* takes place 9 arti/ic repres5tation4 ,! in/itutors ( religion h all be5 well aw>e ( ! fact t x is n immat]ial :at k9d ( ideas & s5sations are *os5 to embody a feel+4 ,!y h und]/ood h[ impossible x is to impress an emotional /ate on ! m9d by ! m$iation ( complex conceptions1 :i*1 to be fully app]ceiv$1 necessitate a p>ticul> activity ( ! intellectual functions4 ,:5 seek+ a means ( convey+ & p]petuat+ _! deepe/ tea*+1 !y h always1 m in/9ctively p]haps ?an by any process ( consci\s se>*1 be5 l$ to intellectual notions ( ! simple/ possible k9d4 ,a s+le impression ( sight1 t\*1 or ev5 ( ta/e1 may ?us1 by artificial association1 be made ! be>] ( an emotional cont5t :i* c\ld n possibly be convey$ ) any?+ l ! same fulness by a less conc5trat$ m$ium4 ,9 virtue1 !re=e1 ( _! v simplicity1 ! vehicles & symbols ( religi\s ritualism are ! mo/ p[]ful ( all means ( emotional sugge/ion4 ,!y (f] u a simple impression :i* we c easily embrace ) our s5ses1 & by ! aid ( :i* we c infuse into our m9d a ri* complex ( all ! moods1 su* z rev]5ce1 ec/asy1 & awe1 :i* ent] 9 ! religi\s /ate4 ,9 its mo/ abnormally exalt$ developm5ts love may give rise to a feti*i/ic adoration ( objects connect$ ) ! belov$ :i* is psy*ologically analog\s to ! cults ( religion4 ,& ! same t5d5cy to select "s s+le repres5tation or object z vehicle ( a psy*ical /ate1 :i* is s manife/ 9 ! case ( ^! high-/rung emotions1 may also be notic$ 9 connection ) feel+s ( l[] int5sity4 ,9 all dep>tm5ts ( psy*ical life we may ?us f9d a corroboration ( ! ass]tion1 :i* 0 already express$ by ,hem/]huis 9 8 speculations on our desires1 :i* always aim at 8un gr& nombre d'ides dans le plus petit espace de temps possible40#aeh ,we ne$ only consult our memories--= example1 ( l&scapes we h se5--to f9d t ! emotional elem5t ( ! recollection1 our admiration1 is always closely b\nd up ) "s s+le feature ( ! impression4 ,we may inde$ be able to revive ! visual image itself by all[+ ! m9d's eye gradually to pass along all its details4 ,b ! subjective feel+s 9 :i* we appropriat$ ! impression & made x our own w n be resuscitat$ until we arrive at "o p>ticul> detail--a s+le tree1 or p]haps a figure--& conc5trate our att5tion ^u t4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ?is law ( emotional me*anics tea*es u to look ) a selective att5tion on ev]y?+ ( :i* we wi% to pres]ve a vivid remembrance4 ,! m emotional our intuition ( a giv5 :ole1 ! great] is always our desire to conc5trate x ^u a s+le impression :i* supports & recon/itutes ! orig9al vision4 ,! art ( arrang+ great complexes ( intellectual & emotional elem5ts ar\nd s+le focal po9ts1 s to speak1 may und\bt$ly be greatly develop$ by ex]cise4 ,b ! proc$ure itself does n presuppose any consci\s int5tion4 ,x occurs almo/ z an in/9ctive exp$i5t = escap+ ! incompatibility betwe5 diffus$ intellectual att5tion & /rong feel+4 ,on purely psy*ological gr\nds1 !re=e1 we may adopt ! aphorism ( ,teufelsdrckh3 8,= ! s\l1 ( its own unity1 always gives unity to :atev] x looks on ) love40#aei ,z ! arti/ic repres5tation ( nature1 accord+ to our view1 expressly s]ves ! purpose ( p]petuat+ an emotional /ate1 we %\ld expect to meet ) su* a unity 9 e "w ( descriptive art4 ,& ?is assumption may be amply corroborat$ by ref]5ce to art-hi/ory4 ,we ne$ n g = examples to su* extreme s*ools z t ( ^? mod]n ,fr5* pa9t]s :o endeav\r to make e l9e 9 _! pictures conv]ge t[>ds a po9t or a %>p angle4 ,)9 ! doma9 ( univ]sally recognis$ art we may obs]ve h[ ! arti/ always tries to create a c5tre ( gravity by acc5tuat+ "s s+le feature 9 ! ev5t1 ! l&scape1 or ! figure :i* s]ves z 8 model4 ,! pr9ciple is ! same z t ( :i* we avail ourselves :5 endeav\r+ to pres]ve an emotional /ate 9 our memory = future enjoym5t4 ,b ! proc$ure mu/ necess>ily be some:at *ang$ :5 ! task is add$ ( enabl+ outsid]s to p>take ( ! moods we h exp]i5c$4 ,x is n !n a matt] ( indiff]5ce :i* p>ticul> detail ( a complex impression we s+le out z focal1 & 9 :i* way we arrange ! bulk ( ! impression ar\nd ?is focus4 ,inde$1 any r&om quality1 if x is giv5 prom95ce & emphasis1 may s]ve z a means ( attract+ att5tion to ! "w4 ,b if "o wi%es to imp>t to spectators ! exact emotional mood1 ( :i* a giv5 fragm5t ( nature acts z a repres5tative1 x is n suffici5t to attract ! att5tion ( ! spectators4 ,we mu/ also induce ! spectators to look ^u ! :ole ( our model f our po9t ( view4 ,in/ead ( ! casual connection by :i* 9 our own m9d emotional memories may be b\nd up ) "s s+le s5sation memory1 we mu/ try to introduce a causal connection :i* p]suades ! outsid] to agree ) our *oice ( ! focal quality4 ,! features select$ = acc5tuation are to be made c5tral1 n only 9 ! te*nical1 b also 9 ! logical s5se4 ,figuratively speak+1 x is n en\gh t ! l9es 9 a picture %\ld conv]ge t[>ds a c]ta9 "p2 ?is "p mu/ also appe> to ! spectator z ! "o 9 :i* all o!r p>ts h _! cause & _! explanation4 ,?us ! arti/ic imitation ( nature w necess>ily be connect$ ) a se>* = a pr$om9ant quality1 & an endeav\r to repres5t ?is quality z a 8facult mre40 ,! ?+s & ev5ts :i* are select$ = ! embodim5t ( a giv5 emotional /ate become display$ 9 su* a way t _! :ole be+ appe>s to be d]iv$ f ! "o quality :i* is mo/ suit$ to repres5t ?is emotional /ate4 ,! imitation is trans=m$ into a con/ruction1 or r recon/ruction1 by :i* objective nature is adju/$ s z to h>monise ) ! subjective po9t ( view4 ,su* a process ( adju/+ nature to ! requirem5ts ( emotional transmission ne$ n always lead to any def9ite & concrete "w ( art4 ,x may also1 z an unrealis$ t5d5cy1 accompany our intuition4 ,& x is only by virtue ( ?is creative elem5t t ! feel+ = nature may be plac$ on a level ) arti/ic production4 ,if we are to expla91 ) ,ri*>d ,wagn]1 ! /hetic att5tion ( ! layman z ! result ( a natural poetic gift 78,natrli*e ,di*tungsgabe071 we _c possibly--z he does--base ! arti/ic value ( ?is att5tion on ! fact t x is 8conc5trat+0 & 8isolat+40#afj ,= s is necess>ily e emotional way ( look+ at ?+s4 ,arti/ic treatm5t ( nature1 on ! o!r h&1 :e!r abortive or c>ri$ to completion1 always involves an endeav\r to make ! conc5trat$ & isolat$ view acceptable to o!rs4 ,z we _c expla9 ! creation ( concrete works ( art )\t ref]5ce to a crav+ = social expression1 s we _c di/+ui% ! arti/ic f ! non-arti/ic intuition )\t assum+ a t5d5cy--unconsci\s & un9t5tional x may be1 b none ! less p[]ful--to socialise ! emotional cont5t1 :i* is connect$ ) a giv5 intuition4 ,! pot5tial poet or pa9t]1 ^: embryo "w is b\nd to rema9 = ev] a fact only ( 8 own exp]i5ce1 is seldom apt to realise ! purpose ( 8 endeav\r2 he is n aw>e t he is compos+ a poem or a picture = himself z spectator or audi5ce4 ,in/9ctively1 h[ev]1 he pursues 9 ! adju/+ ( 8 intuition an end :i* is ess5tially simil> to t ( ! actually creat+ arti/4 ,9 bo? ^! cases ( creation ! impell+ motive is1 we believe1 an emotional "o4 ,& 9 bo? cases ! creative activity aims at mak+ an emotional mood indep5d5t ( ! accid5tal & individual conditions "u :i* x orig9ally appe>$4 ,in/ead ( an intuition1 ! emotional cont5t ( :i* is conc5trat$ 9 a conv5tional symbol1 compreh5sible only to ! initiat$1 or 9 arbitr>y c5tres ( association1 significant only = ^? by :om !y h be5 select$1 ! arti/ic imag9ation tries to con/ruct an intuition :i*1 if embodi$ 9 ext]nal =m1 w\ld by its own =ce impress itself1 ) all its accompany+ emotional elem5ts1 ^u any spectator4 ,x t5ds1 9 %ort1 :e!r consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 to p]petuate & to transmit a complex ( feel+4 ,we may n[ und]/& :y x is t ! arti/ic activity has s (t5 be5 int]pret$ 9 an intellectuali/ic _s4 ,! se>* = an all-condition+ & all-expla9+ 8facult mre0 by ! help ( :i* to convey 9 ! mo/ =cible way a repres5tation ( ?+s & ev5ts1 may1 ( c\rse1 easily be tak5 = an endeav\r to discov] ! real nature ( ^! ?+s & ev5ts4 ,&1 9 po9t ( fact1 e arti/ :o has a true & ke5 eye = nature & life w necess>ily light ^u qualities :i*1 :ile af=d+ ! mo/ appropriate c5tre ( gravity = 8 repres5tation1 are1 also 9 ! intellectuali/ic s5se1 explanatory ( ! subjects repres5t$4 ,by mak+ e feature ( 8 model conv]ge t[>ds ?is select$ quality1 he may ?us produce an imitation :i*1 ev5 if x deviates f ! visible reality1 may appe> tru] ?an ?is reality itself4 ,9 proportion z 8 repres5tation ?us conv9ces u ( its con=mity ) ! actual or ess5tial nature ( ?+s1 x w1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 elicit a readi] response f ! spectator4 ,x is only natural1 !re=e1 t ! v works :i* h ex]cis$ ! mo/ p[]ful influ5ce on mank9d %\ld af=d app>5t support to ! views ( intellectuali/ic philosoph]s4 ,nor c x be wond]$ at t critics1 9 apportion+ c5sure & praise1 h atta*$ s great an importance to ! degree ( exactness ) :i* a "w ( art repres5ts ?+s or ideas4 ,su* an attitude on ! "p ( art-judges becomes ! m explicable :5 "o takes into acc\nt ! hi/orical conditions "u :i* ! sev]al =ms ( descriptive art h develop$4 ,poetic & pictorial repres5tation h bo? be5 ext5sively us$ = intellectual purposes4 ,& x _c be expect$ t ! ess5tial aims ( arti/ic activity--z !y appe> to u :5 we !oretically di/+ui% ?is activity f o!r =ms ( life--%\ld be cle>ly compreh5d$ z long z ! concrete works s]ve a non-/hetic purpose4 ,9 proportion1 h[ev]1 z m exact & conv5i5t me?ods replace ! poetic & pictorial means ( ?\ght-conveyance1 art w become fre] to realise its own ends & consequ5tly be judg$ m & m on its intr9sic m]its4 ,z rhy?mic =m & rhyme ga9$ 9 di/9ctly arti/ic "* f ! "t :5 ! inv5tion ( sy/ems ( writ+ reliev$ !m f ! mnemonic task ( pres]v+ a record ( ev5ts1 s an /hetic emancipation ( ! =mative arts w necess>ily foll[ z a result ( increas$ effici5cy 9 ! me*anical means ( record+ sights4 ,& 9 po9t ( fact rec5t movem5ts 9 art h already %[n u h[ pa9t+ has gr[n m consci\s ( its ess5tial aims1 f be+ compell$ to give up competition ) in/antane\s photography4 ,x is only ! mo/ n>r[ =ms1 h[ev]1 ( naturali/ically imitative art t are ?us made sup]flu\s by sci5tific inv5tions4 ,^? arti/s ^: aim is1 n to atta9 ! level ( nature by s]vile imitation1 b to rival x by idealisation1 w always be able to po9t to _! task ( repres5t+ ess5tial qualities z "o :i* rema9s = ev] a pr]ogative ( arti/ic production4 ,b !re are o!r signs :i* make u believe t ev5 ?is =m ( intellectuali/ic purpose w gradually lose importance = creators z well z = spectators4 ,! curr5ts ( ?\ght :i* n[ prevail are sc>cely su* z to fav\r ! cont9uance ( pr(ess$ly or cov]tly metaphysical doctr9es ( art4 ,& ev5 if philosophical op9ion1 :i*1 aft] all1 only has to d ) ! second>y ju/ification ( feel+s & impulses1 _h rema9$ un*ang$ ev] s9ce ,hegel's "t1 ! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 ! v p]sonality ( mod]n man c\ld n b ex]cise an important influ5ce on ! production & e/imation ( art4 ,! intellectuali/ic illusion t e arti/ic repres5tation has some?+ to tea* u ab\t ! ess5tial nature ( ! ?+s repres5t$1 c only arise on condition ( !re be+ a c]ta9 agreem5t betwe5 ! _w-view ( ! arti/ & t ( 8 public4 ,x presupposes a c]ta9 uni=mity 9 ! intellectual make ( ! individual creators & spectators4 ,?is condition1 h[ev]1 is fulfill$ less ?an ev] 9 mod]n life4 ,by ! influ5ce ( ! increas+ division ( lab\r1 *>act]s become m & m diff]5tiat$2 & ^! diff]5t *>act]s naturally develop diff]5t ways ( look+ at ?+s4 ,! deviations f actual nature :i* are to be met ) 9 ! "w ( an individual arti/ h !re=e a poor *ance ( conv9c+ ea* individual spectator t !y are 9 con=mity ) ess5tial reality1 z he is apt to conceive x f 8 individual po9t ( view4 ,in/ead ( ! 8et]nal tru?s0 s (t5 spok5 ( 9 e>li] /hetic lit]ature1 we n[ read ab\t ! 8illusions p>ticulires0 ( ! sev]al arti/s4 ,?is sceptical attitude w\ld ( c\rse exclude all vivid /hetic life if ! motives ( arti/ic production & enjoym5t 7 su* z intellectuali/ic au?ors decl>e !m to be4 ,x _c be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! *ang$ conceptions ( art-activity h ex]cis$ any influ5ce on ! practice ( arti/s4 ,! same eag]ness ) :i* works 7 creat$ :5 !y 7 ?\ght to repres5t ! ess5tial nature ( ?+s is n[ display$ by ^? :o are endeav\r+ to produce works :i* (t5 d n ev5 pret5d to give m ?an _! p]sonal impressions4 ,& ! critical public has %[n itself ready to adopt a correspond+ attitude 9 e/imat+ ! value ( arti/ic manife/ations4 ,x no long] lays ! *ief /ress on ! intellectuali/ic requirem5t t arti/ic repres5tation %\ld be true to nature4 ,x dem&s be=e all t ! "w ( art %\ld give a fai?ful r5d]+ ( ! feel+s ) :i* ! repres5t$ fragm5t ( nature has be5 compreh5d$ by ! arti/4 ,s9c]ity1 z involv+ poetical tru?fulness1 ?us becomes ! *ief claim :i* is set up = a "w ( mod]n art4 ,x may be object$ t ! pr9ciples ( art-criticism :i* n[ prevail are too closely b\nd up ) a transi5t movem5t to be adduc$ z pro( 9 a discussion ( art 9 g5]al4 ,:5 ! contempor>y curr5t ( subjectivism has be5 succe$$ by new s*ools ( art1 ! claim = objective v]acity may aga9 acquire great] importance4 ,we h no desire to cont5d t su* an evolution w\ld be :olly regrettable4 ,x is impossible 9 e/imat+ works ( art to put aside all logical & e?ical consid]ations2 & atta*m5t to tru? is too in]adicable an e?ical in/9ct n to influ5ce--consci\sly or unconsci\sly--our /hetic judgm5ts4 ,b al?\gh x is nei!r possible nor desirable to exclude reg>d = intellectuali/ic elem5ts1 x may be !oretically advantage\s to emphasise ! di/9ct "* ( ! /hetic judgm5t4 ,mod]n criticism1 z x has develop$ "u ! influ5ce ( mod]n subjective art1 exhibits1 we believe1 ! ess5tially arti/ic way ( enjoy+ & e/imat+ art4 ,al?\gh ?is attitude1 ow+ to diff]5t influ5ces1 has be5 n[ m1 n[ less1 /rictly ma9ta9$ 9 v>i\s p]iods ( art hi/ory1 x has always be5 adh]$ to by all :o enjoy art = its own sake4 ,:5ev] we reg>d a "w ( art )\t any second>y motive1 we are n conc]n$ ) ! objective realities :i* x depicts4 ,we are n int]e/$ 9 ! hi/oric ,laura ^: praises we read 9 a poem4 ,= all we c>e %e may 9 reality h be5 lame1 & r$-hair$1 & hump-back$4 ,we are q cont5t$ if we receive a fai?ful impression ( ! beauty ) :i* %e *>m$ h] poet4 ,:5 x has be5 prov$ t ! rules gov]n+ ! arti/ic adju/m5t ( reality1 :i* h be5 /at$ & v9dicat$ on ! basis ( intellectuali/ic !ories1 may be equally well d$uc$ f an emotionali/ic int]pretation1 ! argum5t c easily be ext5d$ s z to cov] ! pr9ciples gov]n+ ! selection ( subjects & motives = arti/ic repres5tation4 ,x is requir$ 9 ! ,hegelian /hetic t e s+le ph5om5on :i* is repres5t$ 9 a "w ( art %\ld sugge/ ! pres5ce ( a great] & m univ]sal idea4#afa ,9 ,goe!'s !ory ( /yle 9 art we meet ) ! same claim--:i* is closely connect$ ) 8 g5]al philosophy ( nature--t e individual =m or movem5t %\ld h some?+ to tell u ab\t ! _w-process4#afb ,& :5 ,ta9e tries to lay d[n a scale ( gradation = ! relative value ( works ( art1 he assigns ! highe/ place to ^? works 9 :i* ! qualities exhibit$ are1 fir/ly1 z rem>kable & ess5tial z possible1 & 9 :i*1 secondly1 ^! rem>kable & ess5tial qualities h be5 made z pr$om9ant z possible4#afc ,x c easily be se5 t ! reason+ :i* is "h appli$ to ! *oice betwe5 diff]5t ?+s is exactly ! same :i* 0 us$ ) reg>d to ! diff]5t features ( ! same ?+2 & ! psy*ological int]pretation is1 !re=e1 also ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,z ! crav+ = ! fulle/ & mo/ adequate expression ( an emotional /ate influ5ces ! arti/ 9 8 repres5tation ( a giv5 fragm5t ( nature or life1 s ?is crav+ mu/ also influ5ce 8 selection ( ! model to be repres5t$4 ,ow+ to v>iations 9 temp]am5t & /hetic pr$ilections ! relative significance ( ^! two aspects may be diff]5tly e/imat$ 9 diff]5t art-s*ools4 ,b ! ma9 pr9ciple _c be invalidat$ by ! fact t1 = example1 9 ,fr5* art & ,fr5* /hetic ! def9it5ess is emphasis$ at ! co/1 p]haps1 ( ri*ness1 :ile 9 ,engli% art sugge/iv5ess is (t5 all[$ to make up = lack ( conc5tration4#afd ,a ca?olic !ory mu/ necess>ily acc\nt = all ! v>y+ /hetic ideals :i* h influ5c$ arti/ic production4 ,al?\gh x mu/ be consid]$ z ess5tially non-/hetic to cont5d1 z ,mr4 ,rusk9 did at "o "t1 t 8t art is greate/ :i* conveys to ! m9d ( ! spectator by any means :atsoev] ! greate/ numb] ( ! greate/ ideas10#afe x mu/1 on ! o!r h&1 be admitt$ t an individual ?+ is adequate z a means ( convey+ ! fulness ( feel+ only if ?r\gh ?is individual ?+ !re c be sugge/$ a multitude ( o!r ?+s recall$ & repres5t$4 ,)\t assum+ ! philosophical pr9ciples f :i* ,ta9e has d]iv$ 8 !ory ( ! ideal 9 art1 we may !re=e und]/& & accept 8 scale ( gradation ( ! relative value ( works ( art4 ,& simil>ly we may int]pret 9 an emotionali/ic way all ! rules ( arti/ic composition & ( conv5tionalis+ treatm5t ( nature :i* h be5 propos$ by intellectuali/ic au?ors on /hetic4 ,! nude figure 9 pa9t+ & sculpture1 z well z ! simple my?ological !mes 9 poetry & lit]ature1 w ?us = ev] reta9 _! pre-em95ce z subjects ( arti/ic treatm5t4 ,b ?is pre-em95ce does n dep5d = its ju/ification ^u ! fact t !y give u an inc>nation ( ! philosophical notion ( ! ideal man4 ,x is suffici5tly acc\nt$ = by _! p[] ( convey+ a full] & ri*] emotional cont5t ?an any individually def9$ motive4 ,?us x c be expla9$ :y ev5 spectators :o h almo/ completely outgr[n--or1 if ! expression is pref]r$1 h fall5 away f--ideali/ic ways ( ?\ght are nev]!less ready to appreciate ! ideali/ic feel+ 9 ! art ( ,puvis de ,*avannes4 ,x _c be d5i$1 h[ev]1 t ^? motives :i* 9 ! ,hegelian /hetic are consid]$ z beautiful p> excell5ce h be5 relatively neglect$ 9 mod]n art4 ,to "s ext5t ?is circum/ance may be expla9$ by ! notion :i* is ga9+ m & m gr\nd 9 ! public m9d--to wit1 t 9 e s+le ph5om5on we may see a rsum ( ! :ole process ( evolution4 ,= x is evid5t t a spectator :o has once adopt$ ?is philosophical way ( look+ at ?+s may f9d ev5 a well-repres5t$ piece ( /ill-life q z ri* & /hetically saturat$ z a pa9t+ ( ! mo/ univ]sal motive4 ,a m important cause1 h[ev]1 is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t mod]n art1 :5 endeav\r+ to convey l>ge & full cont5ts by s+le vehicle-impressions1 has le>n$ to avail itself ( vehicles :i* _c1 prop]ly speak+1 be call$ ei!r typical or repres5tative4 ,9 lit]ature especially we may obs]ve t au?ors dwell ) in/9ctive pr$ilection on ! description ( sc5es & ev5ts :i* op5 our eyes to l>ge views beh9d !m4 ,x w\ld be impossible to *>act]ise all su* fav\rite motives z beautiful2 x is also (t5 difficult to %[ t !re is any g5]al idea embodi$ 9 !m4 ,b !y h inv>iably ! quality ( be+ emotional c5tres1 9 :i* a multiplicity ( feel+s & s5sations has be5 unit$4 ,by ?is quality !y become apt to s]ve ! purposes :i* are ess5tial to ! arti/ic crav+2 & by ! same quality !y satisfy ! requirem5t ( fulle/ possible enjoym5t :i* is made by ! spectator4 ,:at we dem& ( ! p]fect "w ( art is--to resort to an (t5-us$ image--t x %all be z a %ell1 :i* we may lift 9 our h& & br+ to our e>1 b 9 :i*1 not)/&+ its smallness1 we may he> ! ro>+ & s++ ( ! sea4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,objections ,,& ,,answ]s ,if ! prec$+ discussion has be5 to any degree conv9c+1 ! read] may p]haps h put to himself a "q :i* has (t5 pres5t$ itself to ! au?or--:y no complete /hetic sy/em has be5 bas$ on ! psy*ology ( feel+4 ,9 rec5t times "s attempts h inde$ be5 made to d$uce ! /hetic value ( art-works f _! emotional cont5t4#aff ,b we d n "k ( any compreh5sive !ory 9 :i* all ! di/9ctive features ( art _h be5 consi/5tly expla9$ by ref]5ce to an emotionali/ic pr9ciple4 ,?is fact is s mu* ! m rem>kable z ! importance ( feel+ has be5 at lea/ accid5tally ackn[l$g$ by "s ( ! greate/ writ]s on /hetic1 su* z1 = in/ance1 ,ta9e & ,rusk94#afg ,x _c h be5 )\t "s reason t ^! au?ors h refra9$ f bas+ _! art-!ories on ! notion ( a crav+ = expression1--:i* w\ld h provid$ a cle> l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 /hetic & non-/hetic activities1--& h in/ead expla9$ art z an intellectual function1 :i* appe>s confus$ alt]nately ) sci5tific1 philosophic1 & e?ical activity4 ,an attempt to trace ! causes ( ?is attitude w contribute to a fur!r elucidation ( ! emotionali/ic !ory ( art4 ,x may be cont5d$ ) "s appe>ance ( tru? t z soon z au?ors1 :o are !mselves arti/s1 h pron\nc$ _! op9ion on ! purposes ( _! own art1 ^? :o are n arti/s h no call to cont9ue ! discussion4 ,b ?is w\ld be to ov]look ! fact t ! pure arti/1 z well z ! purely arti/ic activity1 mu/ be consid]$ z an ab/raction4 ,! b5t ( ,goe!'s g5ius1 = example1 0 p]haps by nature q z mu* t[>ds sci5ce1 p>ticul>ly philosophy1 z t[>ds art4 ,?us1 al?\gh an arti/ may himself lay ! *ief /ress on ! intellectual or e?ical elem5ts 9 8 "w1 8 op9ion %\ld n induce u to give up ! purely /hetic crit]ia :i* we ne$ = ! !oretical def9ition ( art-production z an activity to itself4 ,x is aga9 only natural t intellectuali/ic elem5ts %\ld occupy ! =emo/ place 9 ! practical art-ideals :i* arti/s place be=e !mselves & ea* o!r4 ,te*nical p]fection is ! only quality :i* c be consci\sly & int5tionally aim$ at4 ,9 works1 !re=e1 :i*1 l ,h]r ,hir?'s ,physiologie d] ,kun/1 are writt5 f ! po9t ( view ( ! executive arti/1 ?is quality has receiv$ special att5tion4#afh ,= ^? :o tea* x or le>n x1 art mu/ unavoidably appe> z be+ *iefly a p[] & a skill4 ,b = ! !oretical obs]v] x is evid5t t no k9d ( te*nical accompli%m5t1 h[ev] wond]ful x may be 9 itself1 c imp>t to a "w t purely /hetic m]it1 art-value4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! op9ions ( arti/s & !ori/s may !re=e to a great ext5t h _! gr\nd 9 ! diff]5t aspects ( art1 diff]5tly emphasis$ by ei!r side to suit its own purposes4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be object$ t 9 ! case ( _m arti/s & /heticians x has be5 m ?an a negative cause :i* has det]r$ !m f ! emotionali/ic int]pretation4 ,goe!'s zeal\s *ampion%ip ( ! intellectuali/ic elem5ts 9 art 0 no d\bt "p ( 8 crusade aga9/ prevail+ s5tim5talism4#afi ,!re are _m expressions 9 ! /hetic writ+s ( ,s*ill] :i* 9 _! exagg]ation w\ld appe> q incompreh5sible if we did n take into acc\nt ! polemic position :i* he ma9ta9$ t[>ds ! romantic curr5ts 9 art4#agj ,9 m rec5t times ! reaction aga9/ ! s5tim5tal ideals has giv5 rise to !ories :i* are /ill m intellectuali/ic ?an ! maxims ( ,g]man classicism4 ,by _! dislike ( t art :i* exhibits all ! p]sonal & mo/ intimate emotions ( ! arti/1 ! ,fr5* ,p>nassians h be5 l$ to d5y completely ! "p ( feel+ 9 all g5u9e art2 & ! m]e exi/5ce ( su* a poetic s*ool may be ?\ght to prove ! inadequacy ( ! int]pretation ( art :i* has be5 put =w>d 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,! noble/ expression ( ! p]sonal pride t compels ! arti/ to conceive 8 production z a purely intellectual function may be f\nd 9 ,leconte de ,lisle's sonnet 8,les ,montreurs10 :]e ! poet refuses to be a begg> = ! gross pity or laught] ( ! cr[d4 ,dans mon orgueil muet1 dans ma tombe sans gloire1 ,duss-je m'engl\tir p\r l't]nit noire1 ,je ne te v5drai pas mon ivresse ou mon mal1 ,je ne livr]ai pas ma vie tes hues1 ,je ne dans]ai pas sur ton trteau banal ,avec tes hi/rions et tes pro/itues4#aga ,no?+ c\ld inde$ be fur!r f our int5tions ?an to ent] ! li/s aga9/ ! s-call$ ,p>nassian ideas4 ,at a "t :5 intimate confessions seem to be ! mo/ s\ght-= ?+s 9 lit]ature1 we h reason to value e appeal to ! dignity ( ! arti/4 ,b x is only a confusion ( ideas :i* c lead any "o to ?9k t ?is dignity w\ld be 9 any way infr+$ by ! adoption ( an emotionali/ic art-!ory4 ,we h be5 especially anxi\s n to be misund]/ood on ?is po9t1 & ?is is ! only reason :y 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s we h tak5 s mu* pa9s to dis5tangle ! psy*ology ( feel+1 especially ! relation betwe5 simple feel+ & emotions4 ,! ^w feel+1 z x is us$ colloquially1 g5]ally involves only ! fully =m$ emotions1 especially ^? :i* are pa9ful4 ,ow+ to ?is n>r[ & inadequate usage1 e "o :o speaks ( ! importance ( feel+ = art exposes himself to ! accusation ( s5tim5talism4 ,b x is suffici5t to po9t out1 ) reg>d to su* misconceptions1 t ev5 pride1 joy1 elation1 & all ! o!r pleasurable /ates1 may be q z emotional z any sorr[ or melan*oly4 ,! poem ( ,leconte de ,lisle1 quot$ above1 may !re=e1 9 spite ( all t ! au?or himself may h object$ aga9/ su* an int]pretation1 be consid]$ z an expression ( feel+4 ,& we c 9 ! same way po9t out t 9 e "o ( ! mo/ or?odox ,p>nassian poems "s emotional /ate has be5 express$ by ! poet & convey$ to ! read]4 ,x is only by virtue ( ?is elem5t t ! poems ( ?is s*ool h atta9$ to _! high poetical quality4 ,)9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! pictorial arts want ( precision 9 ! use ( t]ms has giv5 rise to a confusion :i* is ev5 great] ?an t :i* prevails ) reg>d to poetry4 ,x has be5 a natural result ( intellectuali/ic views t 9 e pa9t+ ! subject1 ! situation repres5t$1 has be5 consid]$ z ! mo/ important elem5t4 ,z ! endeav\r to give an explanatory repres5tation ( ext]nal ?+s & ev5ts has be5 assum$ z ess5tial to ! arti/ic crav+1 s ! ess5ce ( ! arti/ic "w1 its real cont5t1 has be5 look$ = 9 ! ?+s & ev5ts depict$4 ,especially :5 pa9t+s are designat$ by a descriptive title1 spectators w be apt to turn _! att5tion solely to ^? situations or impressions :i* c be subsum$ "u ! title4 ,if !y _c f9d any emotional elem5t 9 ! subject1 !y decl>e ! :ole pa9t+ to be devoid ( feel+4 ,& = ?is misconception !y may ev5 f9d support 9 ! utt]ances ( ! arti/s2 = !re are _m pa9t]s :o1 fe>+ le/ !y might be confus$ ) ! melodramatic s5sation-mong]s1 h emphatically pron\nc$ _! abhorr5ce ( all emotional sugge/ion4 ,= ! unbiass$ obs]v]1 h[ev]1 x is evid5t t ! pa9t]'s joy ov] a col\r or a nuance1 or ! melan*oly :i* c be express$1 )\t any an?ropomorphic elem5t1 by a m]e relation betwe5 light & %ad[1 may be z emotional /ates z ^? :i* are embodi$ 9 ! humor\s or s5tim5tal subjects ( g5re-pa9t+4 ,e arti/ic repres5tation1 :e!r l&scape1 figure1 or /ill-life1 always conveys to u "s emotional mood ( ! pa9t]4 ,if ?is feel+ elem5t has be5 convey$ 9 "s pictures ) great] di/9ctness ?an 9 o!rs1 ?is fact mu/ n prev5t u f ackn[l$g+ t x ent]s into e k9d ( art4 ,we d n say1 !re=e1 ) ,pr(essor van ,dyke1 8,art to ,phidias 0 a matt] ( =m2 to ,titian a matt] ( col\r2 to ,corot a matt] ( feel+20#agb b we say1 ,art to ,phidias 0 a matt] ( feel+ express$ by =m2 to ,titian a matt] ( feel+ express$ by col\r2 & to ,corot a matt] ( feel+ express$ by lights4 ,9 ! ess5tial unity ( all feel+ we may ?us f9d ! po9t 9 :i* all =ms ( art1 not)/&+ _! diff]5t subjects & mat]ials1 h _! unity4 ,by lay+ ! *ief /ress on ! emotional mood :i* 9 e "w is convey$ f creator to spectator1 we save ! tr\ble ( divid+ ! works into diff]5t classes4 ,we ne$ n !n assume any peculi> pr9ciple ( admiration = te*nical skill to expla9 ! enjoym5t ( ,dut* pa9t+ or ( ,greek sculpture4 ,nor ne$ we put ourselves to ! pa9s ( decid+ :e!r ! subject or ! execution is to be consid]$ m important4 ,! problem ( cont5t & =m1 s mu* debat$ ?r\gh\t intellectuali/ic /hetic1 does n exi/ = ! emotionali/ic int]pretation1 :i* sees ! ess5ce ( art 9 ! feel+ embodi$1 sometimes 9 a great & important subject1 sometimes 9 "s insignificant feature ( nature or life4 ,& ! elem5t ( te*nical p]fection becomes ackn[l$g$ 9 its prop] light :5 int]pret$ z ! indisp5sable condition = effectually a*iev+ su* an embodim5t4 ,x w\ld be impossible1 h[ev]1 to expla9 z m]ely a confusion ( /&po9ts ! fact t c]ta9 s*ools ( art h be5 consid]$ entirely unemotional4 ,to "s ext5t1 no d\bt1 ! defici5t appreciation ( purely pictorial art is ! result ( ! disa/r\s influ5ce :i* has1 especially 9 ,engl&1 be5 ex]cis$ by prevail+ curr5ts ( criticism4 ,by sy/ematically div]t+ ! att5tion ( ! public f ! ess5tial elem5t 9 pa9t+1 ! lead]s ( ta/e may1 no d\bt1 accompli% great ?+s 9 dead5+ ! art-s5se ( nations4 ,b x is sc>cely probable t1 ev5 if he knew bett] ?an to look = a 8/ory0 & lit]>y int]e/ 9 a "w ( pure pa9t+1 ! g5]al spectator w\ld be able to enjoy ! tat d'me :i* is express$ 9 an intrieur ( ,v] ,me] or a l&scape ( ,:i/l]4 ,to him a pa9t+ ! :ole subject ( :i* is sun%9e1 & ! figures ( :i* h no mission b t ( absorb+ or reflect+ ! light1 w\ld appe> inane & cold4 8,pictorial ideas10 :i* may repres5t su* a weal? ( feel+ = ! initiat$1 are ?us to ! arti/ically un$ucat$ devoid ( any emotional cont5t4 ,?\gh emphasis+ z mu* z possible ! unity ( art1 we are compell$ to admit t ! feel+s :i* are convey$ 9 its high] & l[] =ms may be ess5tially diff]5t4 ,:ile meet+ 9 ! 8l[]0 art ( our own & e>li] times ) an expression ( ! mo/ g5]al emotions & in/9cts :i*1 by ! v vehem5ce ( _! pa?os1 may awak5 ! av]sion ( ! ref9$ critic1 we p>take1 9 ! high] art-=ms1 ( feel+s t c be d]iv$ only f a dispassionate contemplation ( nature4 ,?is diff]5ce betwe5 high] & l[] manife/ations1 ?\gh especially m>k$ 9 pa9t+1 c be obs]v$ 9 all =ms ( art4 ,we h no wi% to d5y ! necessity ( discrim9at+ betwe5 ^! 8/hetic feel+s0 ( ! high] art-=ms & ! elem5t>y affections1 :i* =m ! cont5t ( ! s5tim5tal1 or1 z ! ,g]man philosoph]s w\ld say1 pa?ological art4 ,! moods ( /hetic contemplation are1 on ! contr>y1 ( s great significance t we c easily und]/& :y !y h be5 made ! basis ( s _m sy/ems ( art-philosophy4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! pres5t "w1 :i* does n pret5d to lay d[n a detail$ crit]ion ( p]fection 9 art1 b :i* only aims at expla9+ ! mo/ g5]al social & psy*ological aspects ( art-activity1 x is necess>y to adh]e to ! elem5t :i* is common to all art1 high] z well z l[]1 primitive or b>b>ic z well z civilis$4 ,& we c only1 9 pass+1 indicate ! direction 9 :i* we believe an explanation is to be s\ght = ! developm5t ( /hetic att5tion & ref9$ art-s5se--^? great problems :i* c\ld be prop]ly treat$ only 9 a sep>ate "w4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out by sev]al au?ors on /hetic1 & ev5 emphasis$ to excess1 t a c]ta9 indep5d5ce ( ! /ruggle = life is a condition = ! appe>ance ( a high] art4 ,x is inde$ a curr5t fallacy t art mu/ be ! gr[? ( culture & prosp]ity4 ,b x is nev]!less inconte/able1 t ! peculi> art-s5se1 ! arti/ic intuition p> excell5ce1 c be develop$ only 9 nations & individuals :o--be x by success 9 ! /ruggle = life1 by advantage\s circum/ances1 or simply by a natural ligh!>t$ness ( _! own--h gr[n sup]ior to c>e = life's necessities4 ,?is factor1 h[ev]1 is only a negative condition4 ,by itself m]e indep5d5ce ( wants c\ld nev] h taught any "o to d]ive an ev] deep] & /rong] pleasure f a ?+ :i* /&s 9 no imm$iate relation to ! prim>y emotions or ! prim>y desires ( ! behold] or ! arti/4 ,! /hetic education ( mank9d1 its gr[? 9 arti/ic ref9em5t1 c\ld n h be5 accompli%$ )\t ! influ5ce ( m positive factors4 ,9 look+ = su* factors we unavoidably come to t datum :i* has be5 c>efully exclud$ f ! pres5t "p ( our rese>*1 namely1 ! concrete "w ( art4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! conditions ( _! orig91--:e!r utilit>ian or n1--poems1 pa9t+s1 & sculptures mu/ all h occasion$ ex]cise ( t int]e/ & att5tion :i* is indep5d5t ( ! mo/ imm$iate utilit>ian int]e/s4 ,ev5 if poems1 = in/ance1 7 writt5 ) a purpose prim>ily hi/orical1 !y mu/ h af=d$ bo? to ! poet & to 8 audi5ce ! opportunity to consid] !m z pure works ( art4 ,j z moral feel+s h be5 gradually develop$ "u ! influ5ce ( actions :i* may orig9ally h be5 q non-e?ical1 s ! ref9em5t ( /hetic s5se has be5 promot$ by works ( art1 :i* may !mselves h s]v$ entirely non-/hetic purposes4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,concrete ,,orig9s ,,( ,,art ,by expla9+ ! art-impulse z a =m ( social expression we h acc\nt$ = art-creation & art-enjoym5t z activities :i* h _! end 9 !mselves4 ,! emotionali/ic int]pretation suppli$ u ) a pr9ciple1 :i* we 7 able to apply to all /ages1 ! l[] z well z ! high]1 ( art-developm5t4 ,)\t committ+ ourselves to any def9ite /atem5ts z to ! purely /hetic & autotelic "* ( ! individual works ( art1 we felt ourselves to be "r 9 assum+ t a desire ( 8expression = its own sake10 or r = ! sake ( its imm$iately enhanc+ or reliev+ effects on feel+1 may h op]at$ z an art-factor on all /ages ( culture1 & ?us h giv5 an autotelic value ev5 to ! l[e/ manife/ations ( art4 ,! driv+ =ce 9 art-creation became compreh5sible by ?is assumption2 & ! mo/ di/9ctive features ( ! creation itself c\ld be d$uc$ f ?is psy*ological pr9ciple4 ,9 attempt+1 h[ev]1 to expla9 ! ref9em5t ( arti/ic att5tion1 we c\ld no long] proce$ ) purely psy*ical factors4 ,we 7 compell$ to appeal to ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! concrete "w ( art4 ,! psy*ological demon/ration prov+ inadequate1 x 0 necess>y to supplem5t x by an hi/orical argum5t4 ,x may be ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t 9 ref]r+ to ! educative effects ( ! "w ( art we ne$ n des]t ! doma9 ( a /rictly /hetic & psy*ological inquiry4 ,!re is no?+ improbable 9 ! supposition t ! products ( an activity ( !mselves influ5ce ?is activity1 s z to br+ ab\t gradually a ?or\gh *ange ( its "*4 ,f ! expressional impulse1 :i* 9 ! l[] /ages ( culture gives rise to crude & simple manife/ations1 !re might ?us be d]iv$1 by ! retroactive effects ( ^! manife/ations !mselves1 an increas+ly ref9$ =m ( expression4 ,b su* a sequ5ce ( t5d5cy1 h[ev] cle> & consi/5t x may appe> at ! outset1 _c possibly be ?\ght ( z unsupport$ by outside influ5ces4 ,! m we exam9e x1 ! m we %all f9d t ! s]ies ( causes is insuffici5t to expla9 ! s]ies ( effects4 ,?is view1 to :i* we are necess>ily l$ by inve/igat+ any p]iod ( art-hi/ory1 =ces itself ^u u ) p>ticul> cog5cy :5 we turn our att5tion to ! e>lie/ /ages ( art-developm5t4 ,be=e ! fir/ "w ( art _h be5 creat$1 ! art-impulse z well z ! art-s5se mu/ necess>ily h be5 9 a v undevelop$ /ate4 ,! /hetic crav+s _c possibly h ga9$ any consci\sness ( _! purposes ere !y _h realis$ !mselves 9 "s objective works4 ,( ^! objective works1 on ! o!r h&1 x is only ! simple/ =ms t c be d]iv$ solely f ! pure art-impulse4 ,we may consid] a lyrical dance1 or ev5 a lyrical song1 z direct outbur/s ( an emotional pressure1 :i*1 if unreliev$1 w\ld prove dang]\s to ! sy/em4 ,b we c sc>cely imag9e t any human be+ %\ld be able to inv5t1 say1 a fully =m$ drama simply 9 ord] to convey 9 ! mo/ efficaci\s mann] ! feel+ by :i* he is dom9at$4 ,& x is yet m difficult to und]/& h[ ! crav+ aft] social expression c\ld h creat$1 m]ely = its own satisfaction1 su* highly develop$ art-=ms z pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,:ile we are able to d]ive ! m5tal compulsion :i* =ces ! arti/ to production1 & ! /hetic qualities :i* give _! di/9ctive "* to 8 productions f ! psy*ological notion ( ! art-impulse1 we are compell$ to look else:]e = ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! concrete te*nical m$ium ( :i* he avails himself 9 fulfill+ 8 purpose4 ,z 9 ?is inve/igation we are no long] conc]n$ ) ! ab/ract & ideal "w ( art1 x seems t we may n[ reasonably appeal to ^? !ories :i* we be=e f\nd inadequate only because !y did n acc\nt = ! purely /hetic qualities ( arti/ic activity4 ,! play-impulse1 ! impulse to attract by pleas+1 ! imitative impulse1 etc41 al?\gh !y give u no in=mation z to ! ess5tially arti/ic crit]ion1 may nev]!less h call$ into exi/5ce works & manife/ations :i* fulfil ! requirem5ts ( ! sev]al art-=ms4 ,man may h compos$ dramas1 may h pa9t$ pictures1 may h made poems1 9 play1 or out ( ! desire to please1 or out ( ! inborn ta/e = mimicry4 ,9 p>ticul> ! play-impulse mu/1 z we h already admitt$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is "w1 be dealt ) z a factor ( incalculable importance 9 ! hi/ory ( art4 ,9 8 conclusive rese>*es on animal & human play ,pr(essor ,groos has succe$$ 9 %[+ t ! *ief classes ( art-=ms are already =e%ad[$ 9 ! v>i\s =ms ( exp]im5tation--t mo/ g5]al & mo/ important k9d ( play :i* c be obs]v$ n only among *ildr51 b ev5 among ! high] animals4#agc ,9 ! outcome ( ?is simple & common activity we h1 x may be said1 a suffici5t bulk ( raw mat]ial ( :i* ! art-impulse1 :5 once fully develop$1 c avail itself 9 ord] to fulfil its own ess5tially arti/ic purposes4 ,& x w\ld !re=e seem z if !re 7 no fur!r problem to be solv$ ) reg>d to ! evolution ( art4 ,adh]5ts ( ?is view may1 moreov]1 po9t to ! fact t1 ap>t f all ! motive factors repres5t$ by ! v>i\s non-/hetic impulses1 ! developm5t ( art has be5 fav\r$ by influ5ces ( a m passive or /atic "*4 ,x has evid5tly be5 ( vital importance to ! evolution ( ar*itecture & decoration t ?+s ( useful nature h provid$ ^! arts ) a k9d ( concrete frame )9 :i* to display _! manife/ations4 ,! effects ( ?is mat]ial condition are s mu* ! great] because ) 8 con/itutional cons]vatism man--:e!r civilis$ or primitive--always all[s himself to be b\nd by old =ms long aft] he has rel9qui%$ ! te*nical proc$ures :i* h orig9ally call$ ^! =ms into exi/5ce4 ,by ! sci5tific 8biological0 rese>*es on decorative art x has be5 conclusively %[n h[ great a portion ( ! ornam5tal 8/ore0 consi/s ( l9es & comb9ations ( l9es :i* h q automatically be5 borr[$ f an e>li] te*nique4 ,decorative motives1 :i* to ! un9itiat$ obs]v] appe> z products ( spontane\s arti/ic activity1 ?us reveal !mselves to ! hi/orical /ud5t z un9t5tional by-products ( "w4 ,:]e e>li] inve/igators assum$ an /hetic composition1 mod]n rese>*es ref] to ! =ce ( m5tal in]tia & ! crav+s ( expectant att5tion4#agd ,!re is no int5tion "h to und]value ! me?ods :i* are n[adays employ$ 9 ! /udy ( decorative art1 & :i*1 inde$1 ! writ] himself has endeav\r$ to apply 9 "s e>li] /udies on art-!ory4 ,9 ! pres5t rese>*1 h[ev]1 x w\ld be inappropriate to trace 9 detail ! evolution by :i* =ms orig9at+ 9 m]e utility--z 9 basket-"w--are gradually trans=m$ into patt]ns or o!r arti/ic decorations2 = ?is process1 h[ev] f]tile 9 effects x may be consid]$1 _c acc\nt = t ph5om5on :i*1 above all1 con/itutes ! ma9 object ( our inve/igation4 ,al?\gh ! psy*ical causes adduc$ above und5iably h call$ into exi/5ce "s ( ! mo/ famili> ideas 9 decoration1 !y _c possibly expla9 ! importance :i* decoration itself has atta9$ 9 ! v>i\s human societies4 ,& ! same rem>k evid5tly applies to all ! o!r psy*ological s\rces f :i* art may be d]iv$4 ,! play-impulse1 = example1 no d\bt sugge/s a concrete s\rce1 b x c 9 no way expla9 ! important position :i* art occupies z a lead+ factor 9 social life4 ,9 ord] to und]/& :y ev5 9 ! l[e/ /ages ( developm5t art has be5 ackn[l$g$ z a purpose wor?y ( be+ s]i\sly pursu$1 we mu/ inve/igate ?is activity 9 its connection ) ! mo/ important biological & sociological purposes ( life4 ,we propose 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s to exam9e ! mo/ p[]ful non-/hetic factors t h fav\r$ ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! sev]al art-=ms4 ,& :ile we are keep+ 9 view especially su* utilit>ian requirem5ts z ^? ( intellectual in=mation1 ( /imulation = "w or w>1 ( sexual propitiation or ( magic effici5cy1 we %all be compell$ to leave out ( consid]ation all di/9ctively /hetic factors & conditions4 ,accord+ly we %all n be able to ma9ta9 9 ?is hi/orical & e?nological inquiry ! /ricte/ /hetic di/9ctions4 ,b we hope t ! unavoidable vagu5ess 9 our t]m9ology w n obscure ^? limitations & dem>cations :i* h--p]haps ev5 too labori\sly--be5 laid d[n 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is "w4 ,to pres]ve consi/5cy betwe5 our inquiries into ! ab/ract & ! concrete orig9s ( art1 x ne$ only be /at$1 once & = all1 t ! sev]al works & manife/ations1 z !y are to be treat$ h]eaft]1 are1 /rictly speak+1 only ! raw mat]ial ( art1 if art is to be consid]$ 9 ! pure/ s5se z an autotelic activity4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,art ,,& ,,in=mation ,x is well kn[n t1 9 ! e>li] classical times1 philosophy1 hi/ory1 & sci5ce 7 insep>ably connect$ ) poetry4 ,& x is z famili> a tru? t pictographs & ideograms 7 us$ = writ+ be=e phonetic signs _h be5 inv5t$4 ,b x is n en\gh to recall t poetry & ! arts ( design h 9 ?is way be5 s]v+ ! requirem5ts ( intellectual in=mation2 x c also be %[n t among primitive tribes e "o ( ! l[] art-=ms--! dance1 ! pantomime1 & ev5 ! ornam5t--has be5 ( great importance z a means ( int]*ang+ ?\ghts4 ,:5 attempt+ 9 ?is *apt] to take a cursory survey ( ! v>i\s art-=ms z us$ = purely intellectual purposes1 we f9d x mo/ advantage\s to />t ) ! dramatic examples4 ,x is true t ! art ( ! !atre1 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w1 mu/ be consid]$ z a late1 p]haps ev5 z ! v late/1 result ( arti/ic evolution4 ,a lit]>y drama1 :i* fulfils all ! claims ( a "w ( art1 is possible only on a highly advanc$ level ( culture1 & x has consequ5tly by mo/ au?ors on /hetic be5 consid]$ z ! late/ ( all art-=ms4#age ,:5 deal+1 h[ev]1 ) ! productions ( primitive tribes1 we h to adopt a l[] /hetic /&>d4 ,al?\gh we d n meet ) any trag$ies1 nor ev5 ) any real com$ies1 at ?is /age ( evolution1 we c at lea/ po9t to ! fact t simple f>ces1 pantomimes1 & pantomimic dances are to be f\nd among tribes :i* h s f> be5 unable to create any k9d ( epics1 & ^: lyrical poetry is re/rict$ to a few rhy?mical phrases ) no intr9sic mean+4 ,& if we use ! ^w 9 its wide/ s5se1 s z to include e repres5tation by action1 drama c be spok5 ( z ! v e>lie/ ( all ! imitative arts4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly 9 use long be=e ! inv5tion ( writ+1 ei!r by pictures or lett]s2 p]haps x is ev5 old] ?an language itself4 ,z an outw>d sign ( ?\ght1 action is m imm$iate ?an words4 ,dramatic communication does n ev5 presuppose any consci\s int5tion nor any common cons5t4 ,x may appe> on ! side ( ! 8speak]0 z ! un*eck$ result ( ! 8,e9halts/reb510 ! univ]sal impulse to put into ge/ure any idea ( action :i* is di/9ctly conceiv$--= in/ance to cl5* ! fi/ at ! ?\ght ( /rik+--& x may be compreh5d$ )\t any ef=t by ! audi5ce1 :i* by unconsci\s imitation p>takes ( ! communicat$ ?\ghts4#agf ,su* pantomimic =ms ( intellectual ex*ange seldom inde$ occur 9 civilis$ life4 ,! 8,e9halts/reb50 9 a civilis$ man is g5]ally lo/ dur+ ! transf] f ?\ght to ^w4 ,pantomimic display1 :i* involves an unnecess>y wa/e ( =ce & "t1 0 doom$ to disappe>ance ) ! gr[+ developm5t ( conv5tional language4 ,moreov]1 ! rules ( propriety t5d to conf9e1 at lea/ 9 educat$ society1 ! language ( ! body )9 z n>r[ limits z possible4 ,b z soon z1 by pa?ological influ5ces1 ^! conditions are annull$1 ev5 civilis$ man necess>ily falls back ^u pantomimic language4 ,9 ! extreme =ms ( aphasia we may ?us obs]ve h[ /rong ! mimetic impulse is :5 un*eck$4 ,!re is ! m reason to consid] ^! pa?ological in/ances z 9 "s degree typical ( ! primeval me?ods ( communication1 z x is only by assum+ an e>li] sy/em ( impulsive1 self-int]pret+ signs t we c expla9 ! subsequ5t developm5t ( conv5tional ^w or ge/ure-language4#agg ,we _c1 h[ev]1 argue f cases ( m5tal di/urbance z to ! orig9al language ( primitive man4 ,= example1 ev5 if aphasia c\ld be consid]$ z a case ( atavism1#agh we c\ld sc>cely comp>e ! mimic capabilities ( mod]n man ) ^? ( ! unkn[n1 wordless be+ ^: sy/em ( expressive signs1 al?\gh he 7 compell$ to rely exclusively ^u x1 _c possibly h be5 br\ght to any great degree ( p]fection4 ,illu/rations f deaf-mutes & f ! isolat$ specim5s ( 8homo sapi5s f]us0--,mr4 ,kipl+'s ,m[gli--are = ! same reason inadequate4#agi ,z long z e?nology is ignorant ( any wordless tribes1 our notions z to ! assum$ dramatic language re/ entirely ^u psy*ological d$uctions4#ahj ,b ! probability ( ^! d$uctions is1 m or less1 support$ by :at we "k ab\t ! l[e/ tribes n[ exi/+4 ,x is true t ! in=mation on ?is po9t is ev5 m inconsi/5t ?an is usual 9 e?nological evid5ce4 ,b al?\gh due all[ance mu/ be made = ! errors into :i* a defici5t k ( ! primitive cu/om & languages has l$ ! v>i\s au?ors1 !re w nev]!less rema9 a suffici5t body ( facts prov+ ! important "p :i* pantomimic communication plays 9 ! l[] /ages ( m5tal evolution4 ,bu%m51 ,au/ralians1 & ,eskimos %[ u a highly develop$ dramatic language4#aha ,9 "s p>ts ( ,au/ralia x has be5 notic$ t ! /ore ( ge/ures is ri*e/ among tribes :i* h enjoy$ ! lea/ contact ) ,europeans4#ahb ,& a fur!r gr\nd = consid]+ ?is mode ( ?\ght-conveyance z old & primitive is af=d$ by ! fact t1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,ro?1 its 8use is /rictly en=c$ on c]ta9 special occasions1 su* z "s ( ! initiation c]emonies40#ahc ,mr4 ,fras] also believes t ge/ure-language is taught at ! ,bora c]emonies4#ahd ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be presumption to see 9 e in/ance ( dramatic ?\ght-communication a rudim5t ( an old & primitive language4 ,!re are _m causes :i* fav\r ! adaptation & elaboration ( mimic language ev5 aft] a sy/em ( phonetic signs has be5 e/abli%$4 ,9 a passage :i* has already be5 quot$ ,mr4 ,ro? obs]ves t pantomimic ideograms mu/ be v advantage\s 8on ! w>-pa? or ! *ase1 :]e sil5ce is s ess5tial an adjunct to success40#ahe ,ano!r reason /ill m important is ! fact t pantomimic action c be und]/ood by p :o speak diff]5t languages4 ,among civilis$ nations we may f9d _m in/ances ( ! high /ate ( developm5t :i* ge/ure-language has atta9$ 9 bord] c\ntries :]e diff]5t peoples mu/ necess>ily (t5 meet4#ahf ,& x is significant t among primitive tribes ge/ures & motions are n[h]e s full ( significance & intellectual expressiv5ess z on ! pla9s ( ,au/ralia1#ahg among ! savages 9 ! int]ior p>ts ( ,brazil1#ahh & on ! great prairies ( ,nor? ,am]ica1#ahi--;9 a ^w1 9 c\ntries :]e ! break+ up ( a nation into small vagrant tribes has be5 ! cause ( an extreme dialectical dissev]ance4 ,"u ^! conditions1 h[ev]1 ! impulsive1 self-int]pret+ pantomime is apt to develop gradually into an elaborate sy/em ( conv5tional signs4 ,! ge/ure-language ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 = example1 :i* consi/s almo/ entirely ( abbreviat$ 8moves0 ( indication & del9eation1 is no d\bt em95tly adapt$ to fulfil ! practical requirem5ts ( compreh5sibility & explicitness4 ,b x has n mu* to d ) dramatic art 9 any s5se ( ! ^w4 ,( a m imm$iate importance = art-hi/ory are ! pantomimics :i* accompany public speak+4 ,9 a /ate ( society :]e e memb] is entitl$ to take "p 9 ! common delib]ations1 oral language w (t5 prove an inadequate vehicle ( ?\ght4 ,only ?r\gh display+ 8 spee* 9 action is ! *ief or ! prie/ capable ( mak+ its purport compreh5sible to ! l>ge audi5ces at a popul> meet+4 ,rhetoric1 !re=e1 is /ill among _m primitive tribes :at x us$ to be 9 classical antiquity--a dramatic z well z a lit]>y art4#aij ,a pantomime w1 ( c\rse1 by virtue ( its great] vividness1 convey its cont5t ( ?\ghts & feel+s ) a f> great] effici5cy ?an a m]ely spok5 oration4 ,x may1 :5 especially infecti\s1 induce ! audi5ce to jo9 9 x z a dramatic *orus4 ,& ev5 :5 ! imitation :i* x calls =? rema9s purely int]nal1 ?is imitation1 nev]!less1 enables ! spectators to appropriate ! text ( ! act$ oration 9 a way :i* is deep] & f> m complete ?an c\ld ev] be possible ) reg>d to an oral spee*4 ,z a natural sign ( emotion pantomimic language op5s1 z ,home w\ld say 9 8 qua9t way1 8a direct av5ue to our he>t40#aia ,x is no wond]1 !re=e1 t dramatic p]=mances on all b ! highe/ /ages ( culture h be5 us$ = political agitation z well z = religi\s edification4#aib ,we %all 9 ! foll[+ pages1 :5 treat+ ( ! religi\s & political aspects ( art1 obta9 a fitt+ opportunity ( exam9+ ^! =ms ( drama4 ,9 ! pres5t connection we ne$ only ref] to !m z means ( fur!r emphasis+ ! utilit>ian aspect ( mimic repres5tation 9 ! int]c\rse betwe5 savages4 ,aft] hav+ realis$ h[ on ! l[] /ages ( culture practical advantages z well z social & religi\s consid]ations concur 9 fav\r+ ! developm5t ( ?is e>ly language1 we may und]/& ! surpris+ly high dramatic ability ( primitive peoples4 ,b :ile psy*ological z well z sociological reasons ?us confirm u 9 consid]+ dramatic action z ! e>lie/ means ( convey+ intellectual in=mation1 we are nev]!less compell$ to admit t ev5 9 primitive /ages ! o!r art-=ms also may h s]v$ ?is purpose4 ,9 reality x is impossible to draw any %>p di/9ction betwe5 dumb-drama & primitive poetry4 ,! pantomimic p]=mance w 9 mo/ cases spontane\sly supplem5t itself ) a recital1 spok5 or sung4 ,9 ! simple repres5tations !re=e ( real occurr5ces :i* *>act]ise ! l[e/ =ms ( n>rative art ^! two means ( intellectual expression g5]ally appe> toge!r4 ,& 9 ?is connection "o w also meet ) an e>ly manife/ation ( pictorial art 9 ! =m ( an extempore design1 :i* s]ves to br+ out m fully & cle>ly ! cont5t ( ! recital4 ,! transition f a del9eative ge/ure to a cont\r-design is inde$ s direct & easy t x mu/ h tak5 place ev5 among tribes on a v l[ plane ( culture4 ,9 "s in/ances we c di/9ctly see h[ ! "o art gr[s out ( ! o!r4 ,mr4 ,mall]y has describ$ a dialogue betwe5 "s ,alaskan ,indians1 9 :i* ! left h& is us$ z an imag9>y draw+ bo>d ^u :i* l9es are drawn ) ! index f+] ( ! "r h&4#aic ,h]r von ,/e95 has obs]v$ t ! natives 9 ,c5tral ,brazil1 z soon z ! ge/ures prove insuffici5t = convey+ an idea1 fa%ion an explanatory design 9 ! s&4#aid ,^! designs are only a projection on a diff]5t surface ( ! h&-movem5ts ) :i* 9 _! pantomimic language !y describe ! outl9es ( ! objects 9 ! air4 ,"o is tempt$1 !re=e1 to f9d 9 ^! transf]r$ ge/ures ! orig9 ( pictorial art4 ,& su* an hypo!sis seems ! m probable z 9 "s tribes--p>ticul>ly among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians--! picture-signs = d5ot+ ?+s & ph5om5a h evid5tly be5 d]iv$ f ! correspond+ ge/ure-signs4#aie ,b x is1 z ,pr(essor ,groos cauti\sly rem>ks1 difficult to "k :e!r any primitive man c\ld ev] h ?\ght ( del9eat+ ! cont\rs ( an object _h he n be=eh& possess$ "s idea ( draw+4#aif ,)\t endeav\r+ to solve ?is "q ( orig9s1 x is suffici5t = our purpose to /ate t a k9d ( extempore design1 almo/ z spontane\s & fugitive z ! dramatic art1 appe>s toge!r ) ! mimic & poetic repres5tations4 ,& we h n[ only to devote our att5tion to ^! v>i\s means ( in=mation 9 s f> z !y may give rise to a manife/ation ( art1 :ile s]v+ ! purely intellectual purpose ( convey+ or elucidat+ a ?\ght-cont5t4 ,x is only natural t ! requirem5ts ( practical life %\ld call into exi/5ce v>i\s k9ds ( mimic1 pictorial1 or lit]>y in=mation :i* h little :atev] to d ) art1 ev5 if ?is notion is conceiv$ 9 its wide/ s5se4 ,!re is no reason = u to delay our argum5t by enum]at+ pantomimics1 ge/ures1 or pa9t+s :i* aim at communicat+ notices ( trivial importance1 su* z directions ab\t ! way to be tak5 by travell]s1 w>n+s ) reg>d to dang]\s passages1 etc4#aig ,ev5 z a purely te*nical product a "w is ( little int]e/ z long z its subject is s poor & insignificant4 ,we feel ju/ifi$1 !re=e1 9 re/rict+ our att5tion to su* manife/ations z pres5t 9 _! cont5ts "s degree ( coh]5ce & cont9uity4 ,! simple/ examples ( purely n>rative art :i* fulfil ! te*nical claims ( a complete "w w ( c\rse appe> :5 ! text ( ! n>ration consi/s ( "s real occurr5ce :i* is repres5t$ ) all its episodes & incid5ts4 ,primitive life af=ds _m inducem5ts to su* relation4 ,! m5 :o h return$ f w>1 or f a hunt+ or a fi%+ exp$ition1 w ?us (t5 repeat _! exp]i5ces 9 a dramatic dance p]=m$ be=e ! wom5 & *ildr5 at home4 ,al?\gh 9 _m cases !re is reason to suppose t ev5 ^! p]=mances may be execut$ to satisfy "s sup]/iti\s or religi\s motive1 !y h und\bt$ly1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 be5 prompt$ by ! desire to revive & communicate ! memories ( ev5tful days4 ,o!r incid5ts t h made a /rong impression ^u ! m9ds ( ! p are 9 ! same way display$ 9 pantomimic action4 ,x is suffici5t "h to ref] to ! elaborate dramas 8,com+ f ,t[n0 p]=m$ by ,macusi *ildr51 9 :i* all ! episodes ( a j\rney are reproduc$ ) ! utmo/ possible exactness1#aih to ! ,corrobb]rees 9 ,que5sl&1 9 :i* incid5ts ( individual or tribal int]e/s1 su* z hunt+ or w> adv5tures1 b only ^? ( rec5t occurr5ce1 are enact$1#aii & to ! p]=mance 9 a ,wanyoro village1 :]e ,m4 de ,bellefond's behavi\r dur+ a rec5t battle 0 closely imitat$4#bjj ,at ! dramatic ent]ta9m5t held be=e "s memb]s ( ,capta9 ,cook's exp$ition an elopem5t sc5e :i* _h 9 reality tak5 place "s "t previ\sly 0 p]=m$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! runaway girl h]self4 ,! play is said to h made a v /rong impression ^u ! poor girl1 :o c\ld h>dly refra9 f te>s :5 %e saw h] own escapade ?us reproduc$4#bja ,! imitation ( ! real action 0 9 ?is case evid5tly design$ z puni%m5t = ! guilty spectator2 & z ! piece conclud$ ) a sc5e repres5t+ ! girl's return to h] fri5ds & ! unfav\rable reception %e met ) f !m1 x t5d$ no d\bt to ex]cise a salut>y influ5ce4 ,?is nave little int]lude1 ) its satirical & moralis+ ve91 naturally rem9ds u ( ^? old f>ces :i* c&idly def9$ !mselves z adaptations ( "s 8sc&ale du qu>ti]40 ,l elle fut excute ,icy v\s e/ repres5te4#bjb ,! wordless pantomimes & dramatic dances ( ! mod]n savages give u no in=mation ( ?is k9d4 ,b !re is no d\bt t a clos] inve/igation w\ld reveal t a great numb] ( ! comical & h]oical episodes :i*1 are describ$ 9 e?nological lit]ature h _h _! prototypes 9 "s incid5ts ( rec5t occurr5ce4 ,?is op9ion c only be corroborat$ by ext5d+ our inve/igation to ! o!r dep>tm5ts ( n>rative art4 ,:atev] o!r m]its "o might discov] 9 primitive poetry1 its /r5g? does c]ta9ly n lie 9 inv5tion4 ,:5 ! songs conta9 any n>rative elem5t at all1 x ref]s to "s simple exp]i5ce ( ! day4 ,travel1 hunt+1 & w> af=d ! !mes = ! simple/ epical poems z well z = ! mo/ primitive dramatic recitals4#bjc ,& any ev5t ( unusual occurr5ce w ( c\rse be made use ( by ! poets4 ,travell]s :o h le>n$ to und]/& ! languages ( ! natives !y soj\rn ) h (t5 obs]v$ t _! own p]sons h be5 describ$ 9 impromptu songs4#bjd ,sometimes ^! songs h a satirical t5d5cy2#bje sometimes !y are compos$ z glorifications ( ! :ite man4#bjf ,b !re is no ne$ to assume ei!r ( ^! t5d5cies 9 e case4 ,! m]e fact ( 8 be+ a /range & new ?+ qualifies ! ,european z a fitt+ subject = ! primitive drama & poetry4 ,& on ! same gr\nds all ! m>vels ( civilisation--! rifles1 /eam]s & s on--w (t5 be describ$ 9 poetry4#bjg ,9 ! savage m9d ^! unkn[n facts w easily give rise to ! mo/ m>vell\s int]pretations4 ,= an in/ance ( su* app>5tly fanta/ic products ( poetic imag9ation1 :i* 9 reality h _! orig9 9 an unavoidable miscon/ruction ( an unkn[n reality1 we ne$ only ref] to ! description ( ,capta9 ,cook's %ips 9 ! ,hawaii song1 :i* has be5 tak5 d[n by ,m4 de ,v>igny4 ,! %ips !mselves are spok5 ( z great isl&s1 _! ma/s are trees1 ! sailors are gods1 :o dr9k blood 7i4e4 cl>et71 & eat fire & smoke ?r\gh long tubes 7i4e4 pipes71 & c>ry ab\t ?+s :i* !y keep 9 holes 9 _! flanks4#bjh ,x is b natural to assume t--if rese>*es on ! orig9s ( ! subjects 7 possible--! seem+ ri*ness ( inv5tion 9 _m simil> poems c\ld be acc\nt$ = by ! defici5t obs]vation & ! faults ( memory 9 un$ucat$ man4 ,& by su* rese>*es ! importance ( actual exp]i5ce w\ld be sub/antiat$ ev5 ) reg>d to ! art ( b>b>ic nations4 ,z to ! songs ( ! l[] savages1 to :i* we h to re/rict our att5tion at pres5t1 x is1 z %[n by ! above adduc$ examples1 unnecess>y to appeal to ?is explanation4 ,n less ephem]al ?an ! lit]>y subjects are ! motives ( primitive pictorial art4 ,9 ,h]r von d5 ,/e95's acc\nt ( ! ,x+u tribes we c f9d "s mo/ typical examples ( su* explanatory designs by :i* ! poetic & dramatic recitals ( battles1 travels1 etc41 are supplem5t$4#bji ,ow+ to _! fugitive "* ^! simple manife/ations c nev] be r$uc$ to a sci5tific acc\nt4 ,b !re is reason to believe t 9 all p>ts ( ! _w pictures h be5 drawn 9 ! air or 9 ! s&1 ( :i* !re rema9 no m trace ?an ( ! ge/ure t is ov] or ( ! unwritt5 poem t is =gott54 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t 9 "s in/ances at lea/ !re h rema9$ traces ( ^! ephem]al n>rations4 ,! picture might h be5 drawn on "s piece ( b>k or clo? in/ead ( on ! s&1 ! pantomime might h be5 repeat$ ev5 aft] its subject _h lo/ its actuality1 or ! text rememb]$ aft] x _h s]v$ its imm$iate purpose 9 ! n>ration4 ,! fugitive recital1 :e!r pictorial1 mimic1 or oral1 :i* lives only = ! mom5t might 9 ?is way h become a p]man5t "w1 convey+ ! cont5ts ( ! n>rative to future times4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t z soon z su* a means ( pres]v+ a record ( pa/ ev5ts _h be51 int5tionally or accid5tally1 discov]$1 x w\ld h imm$iately be5 turn$ to acc\nt4 ,!re is1 aft] all1 b "o /ep betwe5 ! impromptu dance or poem1 :i* tells ( a rec5t occurr5ce1 & ! "w ( art1 :i* =w>ds ! memory ( ! same occurr5ce to consecutive g5]ations4 ,e?nological sci5ce %[s1 h[ev]1 t ?is di/9ction is by no means a !oretical "o only4 ,!re are tribes among/ ! l[] savages 9 :i* ! pantomimes & dances ref] only to ! mo/ rec5t ev5ts4 ,& if among/ ^! tribes "s pictures or "s dances h be5 pres]v$ f old] times1 !y appe> to be q isolat$ exceptions1 ! pres5ce ( :i* "o is tempt$ to attribute to accid5t r ?an design4 ,x is only :5 we look to a high] degree ( culture t we f9d a commemorative art1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 appe>+4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( comp>ative psy*ology ?is fact is easily expla9$4 ,! di/ance betwe5 an impromptu recital ( a rec5t occurr5ce & hi/orical art & lit]ature1 z we und]/& !m to-day1 h[ev] %ort x may appe>1 cov]s p]haps ! mo/ mom5t\s progress t man has made 9 8 advancem5t t[>ds culture4 ,:e!r commemorative art is to be consid]$ z retrospective ) reg>d to some?+ t is pa/1 ! memory ( :i* x endeav\rs to revive1 or z direct$ t[>ds future g5]ations :om ! arti/ w\ld wi% to make p>ticipators ( ! pres5t1 x presupposes a p[] ( conf]r+ att5tion ^u matt]s ! int]e/ 9 :i* is n conf9$ to ! imm$iate pres5t4 ,no psy*ologi/ w\ld include ?is faculty among ! attributes ( ^? 9 ! l[e/ /age ( m5tal developm5t4 ,e?nological sci5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 %[s t x is z yet lack+ 9 "s ( ! exi/+ tribes ( ! l[] savages4 ,9 an /hetic rese>* x is ( ! highe/ importance to "k exactly :5 & :]e ?is attribute appe>s4 ,9 ! g5]al hi/ory ( art no date c be m significant ?an t :i* m>ks ! comm5cem5t ( a l>g] conception 9 ! m9d ( ! arti/ ( ! public = :om he works1 br++ 9 its tra91 z x does1 wid] aims conc]n+ 8 "w4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,hi/orical ,,art ,x is exce$+ly difficult to decide at :at precise /age 9 ! evolution ( mank9d we c fir/ di/+ui% signs ( a true commemorative art4 ,x seems pretty evid5t t ! l[e/ ( ! kn[n tribes--su* z ! ,v$das1 ! ,bubis1 ! ,kubus--live exclusively 9 & = ! pres5t1 )\t any memories or traditions z to _! pa/4 ,:5 we turn our att5tion1 h[ev]1 to tribes 9 ! some:at high] condition ( culture we f9d t ! /atem5ts ( travell]s are n at "o ) reg>d to ?is4 ,! ,fuegians are said by ,m4 ,hyades to lack any k9d ( hi/ory & tradition4#baj ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 "o ( _! pantomimical dances 7or r dramas7 has be5 expla9$ by ,m4 ,m>tial1 ano!r memb] ( ! ,cape ,horn exp$ition1 z commemorat+ ! revolt ( ! m5 aga9/ ! wom51 8:o =m]ly _h ! au?ority & possess$ ! secrets ( sorc]y40#baa ,! inconsi/5cy betwe5 ^! two ass]tions c1 h[ev]1 be expla9$ by ! fact t ,hyades evid5tly _h 9 view only ! oral tradition4 ,! int]pretation ( ,m4 ,m>tial aga9 seems to be m]ely hypo!tical4 ,mr4 ,bridges1 :o is m compet5t ?an any "o else to speak ab\t ?is tribe1 does n allude to any commemorative elem5t 9 ! 8,k9a10 al?\gh ev5 he ?9ks t ^! plays1 9 :i* ! p>ts 7 =m]ly act$ by wom51 are old & traditional 9 _! =m4#bab ,a simil> inconsi/5cy 9 ! use ( t]ms has no d\bt be5 ! cause ( ! conflict+ reports on ! traditional poetry ( ! ,gre5l&]s4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( _! 8,wiss5s*aft50 ,cranz says t !y h no h]oic songs describ+ ! do+s ( _! ance/ors4 ,b ! v word+ ( ?is negation--8,!y "k no?+ ab\t !m except t !y 7 brave hunt]s1 & slew ! old ,norsem50--%[s t x c by no means be adduc$ to prove complete default ( oral tradition4#bac ,& 9 ano!r passage ,cranz expressly says t ! ,eskimos1 at _! sunfea/s1 praise ! feats ( _! ance/ors4#bad ,x is m difficult to br+ into accord ! v>i\s /atem5ts conc]n+ ! ,melanesians4 ,mr4 ,codr+ton sees a di/+ui%+ feature ( ?is e?nological gr\p 9 ! fact t !y1 9 contra/ to ! ,polynesians1 are conspicu\sly devoid ( native hi/ory & oral tradition4#bae ,b ?is rule is evid5tly subject to at lea/ "o important exception1 z ! ,fijians are kn[n to celebrate subjects f _! leg5d>y hi/ory 9 _! *oral dance-songs4#baf ,"o is l$ to believe1 !re=e1 t 9 "s o!r isl&1 also ( ! ,melanesian gr\p1 traditional poetry & traditional dramas may h exi/$1 b escap$ ! att5tion ( ! e?nologi/s4 ,negative /atem5ts are nev] to be unres]v$ly reli$ ^u1 lea/ ( all p]haps 9 acc\nts ( uncivilis$ m54 ,! case ( ! ,navajo af=ds an in/ructive & w>n+ example1 :i* falls exactly )9 ! limits ( ! pres5t inve/igation4 ,9 spite ( ! /atem5t by ,dr4 ,le!rman1 :o is ackn[l$g$ to h be5 a 8man ( unusual ability10 t ! ,navajos _h 8no k ( _! orig9 or ( ! hi/ory ( _! tribe10#bag ,dr4 ,wa%+ton ,mat!ws has be5 able to ga!r 8 impos+ collection ( hi/orical songs & traditional commemorative cu/oms4#bah ,an incid5t ( ?is k9d is apt to make u sceptical ) reg>d to ! ass]tion ( ,capta9 ,cook1 :i* has1 h[ev]1 be5 unres]v$ly quot$ by ,lubbock & ,sp5c]1 t ! ,maoris1 a race not$ = old leg5ds & anci5t lore1 9 #aggj _h no recollection ( ,tasman's visit to _! isl&4#bai ,& "o is incl9$ to d\bt ! tru/wor?9ess ( ,s*oolcraft's in=mant :5 he says t ! ,appala*ian ,indians _h lo/ all recollection ( ,de ,soto's exp$ition4#bbj ,comp>$ ) ! /atem5ts conc]n+ ! ,l5ape & ! ,mohicans1 :o /ill rememb] ,hudson1 & ! ,iroquois & ! ,algonqu9s1 :o pres]ve traditions ( ! fir/ :ite immigrants1#bba ?is ass]tion w1 9 any case1 lose its =ce z a judgm5t ^u ! :ole ,nor? ,am]ican race1 9 :i* s5se x has1 h[ev]1 be5 us$ by ,lubbock4#bbb ,on a clos] inve/igation ! ,*9ooks w p]haps be also dis*>g$ f ! unfav\rable v]dict pass$ ^u !m by ,kane1 :o c\ld nev] he> any traditions z to _! =m] orig94#bbc ,x is safe/1 !re=e1 m]ely to /ate g5]ally & approximately t among ! l[] savages ! commemorative elem5t is lo/ sight ( amid ! prevail+ impromptu productions4 ,) high] culture ! commemorative incl9ation appe>s to become int5sifi$4 ,b its gr[? _c be consid]$ z closely accompany+ ! g5]al m5tal evolution4 ,:atev] great treasures ( epical poetry & lit]ature may "s day be f\nd among/ ! ,melanesians1 _! relative inf]iority 9 ?is respect c nev] be conte/$4 ,:5 a gr\p l ?is1 not)/&+ its unsurpass$ ability 9 =mative art1--:i*1 h[ev]1 seems to sugge/ a commemorative purpose1#bbd--;c be outdone 9 matt]s ( oral hi/ory & tradition1 n only by ! ,polynesians b ev51 x w\ld seem1 by ! ,au/ralians1#bbe !re is ( c\rse no possibility ( apply+ ! g5]al s*eme ( evolution to fix ! def9ite beg9n+s ( commemorative art4 ,a priori ass]tions d n c\nt 9 a "q 9 :i* ! reality defeats ! assumptions ( probability 9 su* a surpris+ mann]4 ,be=e ! e?nological k becomes m complete no /atem5t z to traditional art c be accept$ z def9ite4 ,! scant9ess ( reliable in=mation does n1 h[ev]1 con/itute ! greate/ difficulty4 ,! facts !mselves1 ev5 if _! au!nticity is grant$1 are (t5 liable to ! mo/ inconsi/5t int]pretations4 ,= an exact appreciation ( ! influ5ce :i* ! commemorative impulse has ex]cis$ on ! hi/ory ( art x is insuffici5t to enum]ate examples1 h[ev] _m might be f\nd1 ( traditionally pres]v$ works ( art4 ,! really important ?+ is to di/+ui% works :i* c be consid]$ z g5u9e specim5s ( hi/orical art1 i4e4 z ! outcome ( a commemorative int5tion1 f ! m]e survivals :i* resemble ^! 9 s confus+ a mann]4 ,9 almo/ e arti/ic manife/ation we c read a /ory ( ! pa/4 ,! t5acity ) :i* ! old =ms & ! old te*nical proc$ures are reta9$ l5ds a docum5t>y value to e ornam5t1 picture1 or poem4 ,by au?ors ) a pr$ilection = hi/oric int]pretations ?is record elem5t is apt to be consid]$ z int5tionally aim$ at4 ,! euhem]i/ic view w 9 ?is way be appli$ to ! hi/ory ( art1 ) results t are (t5 z extravagant z ! my?ological !ories !mselves4 ,= e detail 9 a dance or dramatic p]=mance a reason has be5 look$ = 9 "s ev5t ( real occurr5ce4 ,?is me?od has its /rong & s5sible side--& a v s5sible "o inde$--9 t x does away ) ! idea ( a ri* & creative imag9ation 9 primitive man4 ,x c also be appli$ to ) great advantage = ! explanation ( arti/ic manife/ation1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be q incompreh5sible4#bbf ,b its use is n1 any m ?an t ( any o!r g5]al !ory1 to be recomm5d$ z a ma/]-key to all ! my/]ies ( c]emonialism & ritual art4 ,! %ortcom+s ( ! me?od are /rongly emphasis$ by ! fact t x has fail$ 9 cases :i* h be5 *os5 expressly = its illu/ration4 ,=emo/ among/ ! advocates ( euhem]ism 9 ! /udy ( c]emonial /&s ,capta9 ,b\rke1 :o has tak5 up & ext5d$ to ! rites & dramas ( ! liv+ savages ! !ory ( ,higg9s1 t all c]emonies ( antiquity 7 creat$ ) a view ( pres]v+ to ! memory anci5t le>n+ & anci5t traditions4#bbg ,x w\ld be extremely unfair to accuse ?is indefatigable hunt] aft] analogies ( a limit$ und]/&+4 ,9 que/ions ( rituali/ic detail1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ^? ( ! fl\r-spr9kl+ cu/oms1 8 comp>ative /udies are n only unsurpass$ z pro(s ( le>n+1 b are also full ( valuable & in/ructive sugge/ions4#bbh ,! /ately array ( facts :i* he has collect$ f all /ages ( culture does n1 h[ev]1 conv9ce any imp>tial read] ( ! correctness ( ! ma9 ass]tions 9 8 books4 ,a /ud5t ( comp>ative psy*ology1 = in/ance1 w always rememb] ! psy*o-pa?ological influ5ces :i* ev]y:]e & always t5d to provoke ! same sort ( horrid1 scatological orgies1 9 :i* ,capta9 ,b\rke has se5 a commemoration ( "s old1 exceptional conditions ( life4#bbi ,z to ! snake-dance at ,walpi1 :i* =ms ! subject ( 8 e>lie/ great "w1 x _c be d5i$ t "s details 9 ! rite & "s ( ! c]emonial p>aph]nalia are illu/rative ( a way ( life :i* presumably pr$om9at$ among/ ! prehi/oric ,pueblo-,indians4#bcj ,f ! dance "o might !re=e recon/ruct an epitomis$ hi/ory ( ! tribe1 :i* w\ld supplem5t ! tales t are told by ! con/ructional details ( ! 8kiva0 ar*itecture & ! decorative adornm5ts ( ! ,pueblo pott]y4#bca ,b x seems unju/ifiable to adduce1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] has done1 ?is rite z a typical specim5 ( commemorative ance/or-wor%ip4#bcb ,9 attempt+ to expla9 ! orig9 & ! purpose ( ! rite1 ! lat] inve/igators h also on good gr\nds neglect$ to appeal to ! commemorative int5tion4 ,z has be5 conclusively %[n by ! consummate rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,fewkes1 ! snake-c]emonials are ma9ly & *iefly to be consid]$ z dramatic expressions ( ! wat]-cult1 :i* p]meates e dep>tm5t 9 ! life ( ! ,pueblo-,indians4#bcc ,?r\gh su* an int]pretation ! drama is br\ght into close connection ) ! religi\s sy/em z well z ) ! practical necessities ( ! ,pueblo-,indians4 ,its significance z ! mo/ important ( all ! national c]emonies is easily und]/ood1 :5 ! rite 9 its entirety is reg>d$ z only an active =m ( ! same pray] = ra91 :i* is pictorially convey$ 9 ! s&-mosaics & 9 ! pa9t$ ornam5ts ( ! tribe4#bcd ,its v>i\s details1 on ! o!r h&1 w f9d _! mo/ uns\ght-= explanation :5 consid]$ z contribut+ to ! great propitiatory purpose4 ,:atev] value & int]e/ an euhem]i/ic int]pretation might h = a /ud5t ( ! prehi/oric ,pueblo-life1 ! psy*o-sociological conditions ( ! rite1 s to speak1 c be fully compreh5d$ only :5 !y are inve/igat$ 9 connection ) ! ideas ( ritual magic & religi\s propitiation4 ,! same view holds good1 we believe1 ) reg>d to almo/ all ! religi\s c]emonies ( uncivilis$ man1 al?\gh x may be impossible to prove x 9 e individual case1 z ! facts !mselves g5]ally are entangl$ 9 a mo/ exasp]at+ mann]4 ,!y mu/ be deta*$ n only f ! !oretical con/ructions ( ! an?ropologi/s1 b also f ! euhem]i/ic int]pretations ( ! natives !mselves4 ,! native dogmatism w (t5 be ev5 m mislead+ ?an t ( ! sci5ti/s4 ,x is a well-kn[n ph5om5on1 :i* (t5 repeats itself1 t :5 a high] /age ( culture is rea*$ ! orig9al significance ( a rite or a cu/om falls into oblivion4 ,! cu/om itself1 w1 h[ev]1 ) ! t5aci\s cons]vatism t *>act]ises man1 be rigor\sly ma9ta9$ long aft] its orig9 has be5 =gott54 ,among/ ! l[] savages no o!r ju/ification ( ^! c]emonies--incompreh5sible to ! p>ticipants !mselves--is necess>y ?an ! (t-quot$ 8our fa!rs did s be=e u40 ,b ) increas$ intellectual developm5t !re mu/ arise a crav+ = "s reasonable explanation4 ,! semi-civilis$ man nev] c>es to admit to h[ great an ext5t 8 actions are automatical4 ,h5ce ! rationalisation ( rites & cu/oms1--famili> to e /ud5t ( ,*ri/ian !ology1--:i* has its beg9n+s ev5 9 ! high] /ages ( savag]y4 ,! rationalisation mo/ readily adopt$ by tribes )\t develop$ philosophical or e?ical notions is ! hi/orical "o4 ,! simple & hone/ argum5t 8because our fa!rs did s0 is replac$ by ! fictiti\s motive ( keep+ up ! memory ( ! do+s ( ! fa!rs4 ,:5 once ?is reason+ obta9s full p[] x w soon cov] ! :ole field ( ritual life4 ,e incompreh5sible feature 9 c]emonies or cu/oms w be expla9$ ?r\gh ref]5ce to ! pa/4 ,& :5 k ( ev5ts falls %ort ( af=d+ su* an explanation1 popul> imag9ation w always be prone to sub/itute itself = ! miss+ reality4#bce ,9 ?is way a commemorative excuse c easily be f\nd = e app>5tly illogical action 9 life4 ,9 fact1 ! creation ( 8etiological0 or ju/ificatory hi/ory & my?ology is by no means limit$ to ! dep>tm5t ( religi\s ritualism4 ,ev5 m trivial actions1 su* z games & pa/imes1 w1 among/ tribes ) develop$ hi/orical t5d5cies1 be connect$ ) imag9>y occurr5ces1 :i* latt] w be f\nd to acc\nt = e detail 9 su* games & pa/imes4 ,) ! ,*]okee ,indians1 = example1 we f9d a mo/ intricate animal /ory1 9 :i* ! action ( ! bat1 ! eagle1 & o!r creatures closely correspond to ! movem5ts ( ! diff]5t p>ticipators 9 ! national ball-play4#bcf ,al?\gh mu* may be said 9 fav\r ( ! +5i\s hypo!sis ( ,pr(essor ,groos1 :o sugge/s t milit>y games1 su* z *ess & draughts1 may h be5 develop$ f dramatic n>ratives ( real battles1 supplem5t$ p]haps ) maps drawn 9 ! s& & simple symbols--/ones1 pebbles1 etc4--repres5t+ ! v>i\s armies & soldi]s2#bcg & al?\gh x may reasonably be assum$ t ! bea/s 9 ! animal /ory ( ! ,*]okees repres5ts ! totems ( "s old ,indian *iefs1--a /ory l ?is mu/ be consid]$ z second>y1 9 its details at lea/1 to ! play4 ,m artificial /ill x s\nds :5 ! ,moondahs 9 ,b5gal affirm t _! popul> ,ea/]-game ( pu%+ eggs ! "o aga9/ ! o!r 9 reality s]ves z a means ( commemorat+ ! feats ( ,s+ ,bonga1 :o1 ) a s+le h5's egg1 cru%$ ! iron globes ( 8 rivals4#bch ,un=tunately1 x is b seldom t ! commemorative motive %[s its fictiti\s nature ) s mu* evid5ce z 9 ?is game4 ,9 mo/ cases !re w always be a d\bt z to :e!r ! religi\s drama1 poem1 or design 0 orig9ally int5d$ z a means ( convey+ k ( "s real or leg5d>y ev5t1 or :e!r ! idea ( ^! ev5ts 0 d]iv$ f a simple game1 a propitiative poem1 or a magical design4 ,we h quot$ "s in/ances 9 :i* ! hi/orical int]pretation is second>y only4 ,b !re c\ld easily be adduc$ o!r in/ances 9 :i* ! opposite is ! case4 ,anci5t poems1 ^: hi/orical & leg5d>y "* is q inconte/able1 may (t5 be us$ z *>ms 9 magical c]emonies4#bci ,x seems q impossible !re=e to pron\nce any def9ite judgm5t z to priority betwe5 my? & c]emony )\t special inve/igation ( e s+le case4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( pictorial art x is sc>cely less difficult to sep>ate ! g5u9ely commemorative elem5ts f ! close int]weav+ ( diff]5t motives1 :i* call into exi/5ce a "w ( art4 ,=emo/ 9 rank among/ all ! works ( design & sculpture t h influ5c$ arti/ic evolution /& ! lik5esses ( a deceas$ p]son :i* are plac$ by ! relatives on 8 grave or 9 8 home4 ,to civilis$ man x is mo/ natural to look ^u ^! effigies z tok5s ( lov+ remembrance by :i* ! survivors endeav\r to keep fre% ! memory ( ! dep>t$4 ,x is also easy = u to und]/& t ! pi\s feel+s ext5d$ t[>ds su* effigies may acquire an almo/ religi\s "*4 ,!re is some?+ to be said !re=e on behalf ( ! view t commemorative monum5ts h be5 ! pr$ecessors ( idols prop]4 ,lubbock1 :o int]prets ,erman's description ( ! ,o/yak religion#bdj 9 ?is way1 quotes 9 fur!r corroboration ,! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 9 :i* "w !re is to be f\nd a detail$ acc\nt ( ! evolution ( idolatry f memorial images4#bda ,! probability1 h[ev]1 is t 9 pictorial z well z 9 dramatic art ! purely commemorative int5tion belongs to ! latt] /ages ( culture4 ,x seems 9 mo/ cases to be beyond d\bt t among ! l[e/ tribes ! images s]ve z p>aph]nalia 9 ! animi/ic rites4 ,!y are ei!r tak5 to be embodim5ts ( ! ance/ors' s\l1 or receptacles 9 :i* ?is s\l1 if prop]ly invok$1 might take up its abode = ! occasion4 ,& simil> sup]/iti\s notions are ent]ta9$1 n only ) reg>d to ! monum5ts prop] erect$ on ! graves ( p[]ful ance/ors1 b also ) reg>d to su* m9or works z1 e4g41 ! dolls :i* are (t5 prep>$ by ,we/ ,african mo!rs :5 !y h lo/ a fav\rite *ild4#bdb ,! vague & indi/9ct "* ( ^! images %[s u also t no intellectual record ( ! individual has be5 aim$ at4 ,no m ?an ! poetic effusions ( regret ) :i* ! pi\s survivors endeav\r to propitiate ! names ( ! deceas$1 d ^! =mative works ( 8pietas0 give u any in=mation z to ! p]sonality ( him :om !y pret5d to repres5t4 ,?is g5]al notion1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be all[$ to prev5t u f admitt+ t among sundry tribes ( mank9d ! images may be hi/orical4 ,?is is ass]t$ ) reg>d to ! ,bongos by ,s*we9fur?1 & ) reg>d to ! ,gold ,coa/ negroes by ,cruick%ank4 ,! wood5 effigies on ! ,m>quesas ,isl&s are describ$ by ,h]r ,s*meltz z 8con/ruct$ 9 memory ( celebrat$ memb]s ( ! tribe40#bdc ,! ,melanesian sculptures also1 accord+ to ,codr+ton1 are *iefly commemorative4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t accord+ to 8 own description a sort ( religi\s respect is paid at lea/ to "s ( !m4#bdd ,m und5iably commemorative examples are to be f\nd 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,al?\gh no attempt to reproduce lik5esses is made 9 ^! colossal wood5 /atues1 !y nev]!less m ne>ly approa* ! idea ( monum5tal commemorative portraiture ?an any simil> works ( primitive art4 ,! patt]ns ( tattoo+1 t infallible means ( id5tification among/ ! ,maoris1 r5d] x possible to pres]ve ! memories ( ! individual ance/ors ?r\gh pictorial repres5tation4#bde ,n less problematic ?an ance/ral sculptures are ! mu*-debat$ rock-pa9t+s & engrav+s t c be f\nd 9 e "p ( ! _w4 ,h]r ,&ree f9ds a sort ( le>n$ bias 9 ! g5]al t5d5cy to look = "s s]i\s1 sacr$1 or hi/orical mean+ 9 e petroglyph4 ,he po9ts1 v s5sibly z x seems1 to ! prevail+ impulse ( ! idle h& to scrat* "s figures1 h[ev] mean+less1 on e invit+ & empty surface4 ,especially at mu* frequ5t$ localities--su* z meet+-places1 common ?or\ghf>es1 & places ( re/ = travell]s--:]e ! draw+s ( previ\s visitors call = imitation1 ?is temptation mu/ be look$ ^u z a v /rong "o4#bdf ,!re is no reason = reg>d+ ! savage & ! prehi/oric man z devoid ( an impulse1 :i*1 z we all "k1 %[s its /r5g? among ! v l[e/ & mo/ primitive lay]s ( civilis$ society4 ,x is unnecess>y1 !re=e1 to f9d any?+ m rem>kable 9 ! petroglyphs ?an is to be f\nd 9 ! famili> pictures on walls1 trees1 & rocks :i* h be5 wantonly decorat$ by ! mod]n v&al4 ,?is common-s5se explanation is und\bt$ly suffici5t to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( _m mu*-debat$ works ( glyphic art4 ,b h[ev] s\nd )9 its prop] limits x _c be ext5d$ s z to give a g5]al solution ( ! petroglyph problem4 ,x is n likely1 z ,mr4 ,im ,?urn obs]ves1 t pictures su* z ! rock-engrav+s 9 ,guiana1 to produce :i* mu/ h co/ s mu* "t & tr\ble1 %\ld h _! orig9 9 m]e caprice & idl5ess4#bdg ,b ev5 if ! s]i\s aspect ( ! petroglyphs is grant$ !re /ill rema9s ! difficulty ( det]m9+ _! special purpose4 ,! hi/orical explanation1 al?\gh x w\ld appe> ! mo/ natural = u to adopt1 is n to be tak5 unres]v$ly ) reg>d to tribes on a l[ degree ( developm5t4 ,:at to u seems a sort ( picture-writ+ might possibly s]ve a purpose any?+ b communicative4 ,! s-call$ ideograms ( ! ,nicob>ese h1 = example1 accord+ to ,h]r ,svoboda1 = _! object ! di/raction ( ! att5tion ( ! malevol5t demons f _! h\ses & implem5ts#bdh4 ,:5 inve/igat+ ! ritual1 especially ! fun]al c]emonies1 "o meets ) v>i\s specim5s ( simil> ideography1 ! ?\ght-convey+ purpose ( :i* is deceptive4 ,by ! above examples ! ambigu\s "* ( primitive art-works has be5 prov$ almo/ ad nauseam4 ,x appe>s t e s+le conclusion bas$ ^u isolat$ e?nological examples only is liable to be upset aft] a clos] /udy ( ! facts4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to make any positive ass]tions z to ! commemorative elem5t 9 art we ne$ "s saf] & m reliable gr\nds ( argum5t ?an ! inconsi/5t /ories ( travell]s4 ,we h1 9 o!r words1 to inve/igate ! social & psy*ological conditions :i*1 9 ! respective cases1 speak = or aga9/ ! assumption ( a commemorative impulse z a motive = art-production4 ,ow+ to our defici5t k ( primitive life we are n able to rely ^u ^! social & psy*ological data 9 e individual case4 ,b we may nev]!less arrive at "s broad results :i* 9 ! ma9 tally )1 & corroborate ! evid5ce af=d$ by1 ! majority ( e?nological facts4 ,x is easy to und]/& :y hi/orical art holds no high place among ! l[]--t is1 ! hunt+ & fi%+--tribes4 ,ev5 if1 z is ! case 9 ,au/ralia1 e unusual occurr5ce is repres5t$ 9 art ) a view ( keep+ up its memory1#bdi ^! accid5tal int]ruptions 9 a monoton\s life _c possibly contribute to ! developm5t ( an hi/orical int]e/--t is to say1 a commemorative att5tion 9 ! p4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 we meet1 9 b>b>ic & semi-b>b>ic tribes1 ) a fl\ri%+ traditional art1 we c also1 9 mo/ cases1 po9t to "s peculi> features 9 _! life :i* h call$ = commemoration4 ,9 a g5]al survey ( traditional poetry "o _c b be /ruck by ! great preval5ce ( leg5ds ab\t migrations4#bej ,z travels & incid5ts ( travel 7 f\nd to provide a fav\rite subject = ! pantomimes & poems describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 s ^! exp]i5ces h also ex]cis$ an important influ5ce on ! songs t h be5 pres]v$ by oral tradition4 ,& z we meet ) num]\s in/ances ( improvis$ drama & poetry call$ =? by s em95tly int]e/+ an occurr5ce z ! visit ( "s :ite p1 s we c also trace ! same !me 9 manife/ations ( hi/orical art f dim & di/ort$ n>rations up to ri*ly detail$ descriptions l ^? ( ! ,hawajian songs or ( ! ,mangaian 8,drama ( ,cook40#bea ,! influ5ce :i* ^! motives h ex]cis$ on ! hi/ory ( art is only 9 accordance ) ! univ]sal laws ( psy*ology4 ,tribal memory1 no less ?an individual memory1 is dep5d5t = its developm5t on "s fav\rable ext]nal influ5ces t /imulate ! att5tion4 ,x mu/ n surprise u1 !re=e1 t ! v>y+ exp]i5ces ( w> h ev]y:]e act$ z a /rong inc5tive on ! commemorative impulse4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 we h to c\nt ) a factor ( /ill great] importance 9 ! directly utilit>ian advantage :i* milit>y nations d]ive f hi/orical art4 ,?r\gh rec\nt+ or repres5t+ ! exploits ( e>li] g5]ations1 ! desc5dants acquire t heal?y feel+ ( pride :i* is ! mo/ important factor ( success 9 all brutal =ms ( ! /ruggle = life4 ,s x has come ab\t t hi/oric art has ev]y:]e rea*$ its highe/ /ate ( developm5t among/ nations :o h _h to hold _! own vi et armis aga9/ neighb\r+ tribes1 or 9 ! mid/ ( :i* antagoni/ic families h f\ght = supremacy4 ,! m ! social in/itutions h be5 influ5c$ by ! cu/oms ( w>1 ! m important is usually ! "p :i* commemoration plays 9 public life4 ,x is highly prom95t 9 semi-feudal ,polynesia1#beb :]e dome/ic w>f>e 0 at all times ( regul> occurr5ce2 x has develop$ to "s ext5t 9 w>like ,fiji1#bec not)/&+ ! ,melanesian indiff]5ce = ! pa/2 & x has obta9$ ! position ( a /ate function 9 milit>y despotisms1 su* z ! b>b>ic k+doms ( ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica & ,we/]n ,africa4#bed ,9 isolat$ tribes1 on ! o!r h&1 ^: :ole /ruggle has be5 "o aga9/ nature1 hi/orical art is g5]ally to be f\nd at a v l[ ebb4 ,t bygone ev5ts h be5 pres]v$ 9 hi/ory & art *iefly = ! sake ( _! effect 9 enhanc+ ! national pride c also be conclud$ f ! way 9 :i* humiliat+ incid5ts are treat$4 ,!re are1 x is true1 a few isolat$ & unhappy tribes :i* keep up "s dim traditions ( _! +lori\s pa/4#bee ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 defeats are totally ignor$ 9 ! e>lie/ *ronicles4 ,if1 h[ev]1 an unsuccessful battle %\ld h provok$ arti/ic manife/ations1 ^! aim at mask+ ! humiliation4#bef ,! anci5t hi/ory ( ,greece af=ds ! mo/ curi\s examples ( my?s & inv5tions by means ( :i* ! popul> imag9ation contriv$ to conceal disagreeable tru?s4 ,! fate ( ,phryni*os1 :o 0 f9$ = hav+ reviv$ ! memory ( ! defeat at ,miletus1 %[s t ,greece1 ev5 at a mu* lat] p]iod1 pres]v$ ! same primitive ideas z to ! raison d'tre ( hi/oric art4 ,x is ne$less to po9t out to h[ great an ext5t simil> conceptions /ill prevail among/ all w>like nations1 civilis$ & b>b>\s alike4 ,we mu/ n ov]look ! fact1 h[ev]1 t defeats are (t5 repres5t$ 9 unmask$ =m = ! purpose ( /irr+ up a rev5geful _s4 ,b ?is app>5t exception only proves ! rule4 ,by appeal+ to ! w\nd$ dignity ( ! p1 poems & dramas ( ?is k9d s]ve ! crav+s ( collective pride z effectively--al?\gh1 no d\bt1 indirectly--z manife/ations ( ! opposite ord]4 ,an increas$ att5tion to ! pa/1 ) a correspond+ ri*ness ( traditional art1 c also g5]ally be f\nd 9 nations :]e rev5ge is consid]$ z a sacr$ duty bequea!d to desc5dants by _! ance/ors4 ,:5 hi/oric art is reg>d$ z a means ( h&+ d[n to po/]ity a k ( ! pres5t1 a connection ) ! same gr\p ( emotions is easily discov]able4 ,! great works ( commemoration are all monum5ts ( boa/+4 ,by ! gr&iloqu5t hi]oglyphs on palaces & pyramids & by ! extoll+ hymns t he ord]s to be sung 9 8 praise1 ! exultant h]o endeav\rs to w9 f future admir]s a me$ ( praise :i* %all qu5* 8 unsatisfi$ ?ir/ = glorification4 ,ev5 9 ?is case1 !re=e1 hi/ory1 9 its psy*ological s5se--t is1 ! conc5tration ( att5tion ^u times o!r ?an ! pres5t--has be5 born ( pride4 ,by rely+ on ?is emotionali/ic int]pretation we c expla9 ! o!rwise extraord9>y developm5t ( commemorative art among/ tribes on relatively l[ /ages ( intellectual developm5t4 ,! same explanation also acc\nts = ! arti/ic value ( ! primitive records4 ,! int5sely emotional elem5t ( exultation1 pride1 & boa/+ t p]vades s _m ( ! commemorative poems & dramas makes ?is k9d ( hi/ory an art 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x is ne$less to po9t out expressly t lit]>y & =mative arts may be us$ = convey+ ?\ght-cont5ts :i* _c1 prop]ly speak+1 be call$ hi/orical4 ,we h re/rict$ our att5tion to ! unmi/akably commemorative =ms1 because 9 ^! alone c ! purpose ( in=mation be isolat$ ) any degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,by trac+ ! gradual developm5t ( n>rative art f ^? simple/ manife/ations 9 :i* ! "w is imm$iately connect$ ) ! real occurr5ce t call$ x into exi/5ce1 up to ! m complex =ms ( transmitt$ art1 9 :i* di/ant ev5ts are repres5t$1 we h endeav\r$ to keep our argum5t )9 ! limits ( positive rese>*4 ,?is safe gr\nd we %\ld be compell$ to ab&on if we 7 to engage 9 ! o!rwise s fasc9at+ task ( une>?+ hi/orical elem5ts 9 my?ological tradition4 ,x seems impossible1 moreov]1 to treat ( su* art-=ms z ! nature-my?s1 ! tales1 & ! animal /ories )\t br++ 9 ^? factors :i* %\ld especially be kept outside ! pres5t rese>*--! art-impulse1 ! play-impulse1 or ! delight 9 pure inv5tion = inv5tion's sake2 :]eas we are ju/ifi$ 9 treat+ ev5 ! highe/ purely commemorative art z ! developm5t ( an activity :i* 0 connect$ ) ! utilit>ian end ( in=mation4 ,x mu/ n be ov]look$1 h[ev]1 t primitive art (f]s "s important & purely didactic manife/ations :i* h no hi/orical purpose4 ,?us1 among savages & b>b>ians1 dramatic p]=mances1 poetic recitals1 & pictorial repres5tations (t5 s]ve z means ( exp\nd+ religi\s or philosophical doctr9es4 ,we ne$ only ref] to ! mo/ /rik+ in/ances1 su* z ! ,au/ralian miracle-plays1 9 :i* ! old m5 enact be=e ! boys a repres5tation ( dea? & resurrection4#beg ,al?\gh less elaborate 9 dramatic detail & /age-managem5t1 ! fragm5t>y dramas 9 :i* ! ,indian %aman novitiates are suppos$ to be kill$ & recall$ to life pres5t to u a sc>cely less int]e/+ result ( ! same great ?\ght4#beh ,!re are inde$1 especially 9 ?is lat] example1 good reasons = assum+ t ! simulat$ dea? & resurrection are suppos$ to effect1 9 a magical way1 "s k9d ( spiritual reg5]ation 9 ! novitiates on ^: behalf ! drama is p]=m$4 ,b :ile admitt+ ?is1 we may nev]!less take x = grant$ t an endeav\r to elucidate ! doctr9es ( ! %aman prie/hood may be comb9$ ) ! magical rite 9 "q4 ,& simil>ly1 ) reg>d to analog\s c]emonies 9 o!r tribes1 we feel ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ ! pres5ce ( a didactic purpose4 ,! m ! doctr9al sy/em becomes fix$ & elaborat$1 ! great] ne$ w !re ensue ( af=d+ ^! doctr9es a cle> expression 9 ! objective =ms ( art4 ,:at has be5 said ab\t religi\s & philosophical subjects 9 dramatical art ref]s equally to poems & pa9t+s4 ,we h !re=e to reg>d ! requirem5ts ( religi\s in/ruction z a factor :i* has fav\r$ ! developm5t ( art 9 all its dep>tm5ts4 ,b we h no means ( asc]ta9+ at :at precise /age 9 ! evolution ?is factor1 z di/9ct f o!r motives1 began to ex]cise its influ5ce4 ,! settlem5t ( ?is special po9t1 h[ev]1 is n indisp5sable to a g5]al compreh5sion ( ! pr9ciples ( art-hi/ory4 ,x is m important1 f our po9t ( view1 to det]m9e ! influ5ce :i* ! purely intellectual motive ( convey+ ) ! greate/ possible cle>ness a ?\ght-cont5t1 be x hi/orical1 religi\s1 or philosophical1 has ex]cis$ on ! arti/ic repres5tations ( life & nature4 ,al?\gh ( itself ess5tially non-/hetic1 ?is purpose has nev]!less call$ into exi/5ce "s mo/ important /hetic qualities4 ,especially 9 n>rative pa9t+ we may (t5 obs]ve h[ ! virtues ( exactness1 explicitness1 & compreh5sibility give a "* ( beauty to repres5tations :i* may h orig9at$ 9 a purely practical int5tion4 ,z has be5 cle>ly po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,walt] ,crane1 ! ,egyptian hi]oglyphs h rea*$ _! 8wond]ful pit* ( ab/ract yet exact *>act]isation0 precisely because !y _h ! "* & ! purpose ( a 8decorative record40 ,! same necessity1 viz4 t 8e object _h to be cle>ly def9$ s z to be recognis$ at once & easily deciph]$10#bei is und\bt$ly to a great degree responsible = ! elem5t ( beauty :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! pictography ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,practical utility has 9 ?is way subs]v$ ! developm5t ( an att5tion to ! picturesque side ( ?+s4 ,b "o has only to look at ! m symbolical sy/ems ( ideographic writ+1 su* z ! ,assyrian1 ! ,mexican1 & ! ,*9ese1 9 ord] to und]/& t ! intellectual requirem5t by itself nev] w\ld h creat$ an arti/ic repres5tation ( nature4#bfj ,?is di/9ction is especially indisp5sable = a "r conception ( ! intellectual elem5ts 9 poetry4 ,x is und5iable t "s ( ! mo/ important qualities 9 lit]ature 7 develop$ dur+ ! "t :5 x 0 us$ *iefly z a means = convey+ in=mation4 ,! practical consid]ations !re9 h und\bt$ly influ5c$ ! =m ( ! oral n>rative4 ,x is evid5t1 = example1 t ! metrical & rhy?mical recital mu/ h prov$ ! m s]viceable :5ev] a ?\ght-cont5t 0 to be pres]v$ = futurity4 ,b ?is fact gives no au?orisation to ^? curi\s !ories accord+ to :i* poetry 0 inv5t$ & develop$1 ?anks to its m]its z a mnemonic device4 ,x is1 z 0 long s9ce rem>k$ by ,br[n1#bfa difficult to und]/& h[ rhy?m1 numb]s1 & v]se c\ld h be5 devis$ z assi/ance = ! memory1 suppos+ no?+ ( t k9d to h be5 exi/+ be=e4 ,& ev5 if we admit t !y c\ld h be5 inv5t$ by accid5t1 x is pla91 :5 we fix our m9d on ! ess5tial qualities ( poetry1 t ! use ( rhy?m & metre to aid memory c\ld only h suppli$ a me*anical condition to facilitate ! developm5t ( poetic art4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,animal ,,display ,9 a treatm5t ( ! relation betwe5 art & sexual life ! facts mu/ necess>ily be classifi$ "u two diff]5t head+s1 namely1 ! influ5ce ( arti/ic activity ^u sexual selection & ! importance ( erotic motives 9 works ( art4 ,^! two po9ts ( view h inde$ (t5 be5 conf\nd$ ) ea* o!r4 ,b x w soon appe> f ! foll[+ h[ indisp5sable x is to ma9ta9 ! di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,9 mod]n lit]ature !re has sc>cely appe>$ any treatise ( ! same importance1 n only = ! !ory ( art1 b also = /hetic prop]1 z ! *apt]s on sexual selection 9 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,z is well kn[n1 ,d>w9 supposes a necess>y connection betwe5 beauty & art4 ,he takes x = grant$ t music1 poetry1 drama1 & ! re/ *iefly aim at pleas+4 ,:5 he sees t activities & =ms1 :i* at lea/ te*nically correspond to ! v>i\s k9ds ( art1 are to be met ) n only among ! l[] tribes ( man1 b ev5 among "s ( ! high] animals1 he !re=e expla9s ^! =ms & activities z emanat+ f a consci\s or unconsci\s endeav\r to please ?r\gh beauty4 ,& = ?is endeav\r he f9ds a reason 9 ! necessity ( ga9+ pref]5ce 9 ! fav\r ( ! female4 ,by end[+ ! female ) /hetic att5tion & /hetic judgm5t#bfb he has be5 able n only to expla9 ! appe>ance ( art among/ savages & animals1 b also to acc\nt = ! importance ( beauty 9 life4 ,9 ! =ego+ argum5ts we h already ) suffici5t cle>ness pron\nc$ our diss5t f ,d>w9's prim>y supposition4 ,9 ! *apt] ^u ! art-impulse we h tri$ to %[ t ?is t5d5cy 9 its ess5ce is some?+ q diff]5t f ! t5d5cy to 8attract by pleas+40 ,b ) all ?is !oretical argum5tation x has ( c\rse n be5 prov$ t ! endeav\r ( ! males to w9 ! fav\r ( ! females by s++1 danc+1 & o!r simil> p]=mances has ex]cis$ no influ5ce on ! hi/ory ( art4 ,h[ev] little ^! activities may h to d ) real art1 !y might1 h[ev]1 h af=d$ a raw mat]ial to be us$ by ! art-impulse prop] = its own purposes4 ,9 ?is connection x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to discuss ! "q1 ,to :at ext5t has /hetic *oice1 ex]cis$ by ei!r ( ! sexes 9 select+ a mate1 fav\r$ ! developm5t ( arti/ic activities 9 ! o!r sex8 ,! /hetic !ory ( ,d>w9 has its *ief int]e/ 9 ! fact t x c be appli$ to ! activities ( animals z well z to ^? ( m54 ,d>w9 himself has *os5 ! majority ( 8 examples f bird life1 & 8 critics h g5]ally re/rict$ ! discussion to ! zoological application ( 8 !sis4 ,z ! data ( animal psy*ology are less complicat$ ?an ! correspond+ facts 9 ! m5tal life ( man1 x is 9 e respect advantage\s to beg9 ) ?is suppos$ animal art4 ,:5 ! illu/rations are *os5 f bird life ! argum5tation c1 moreov]1 be h&l$ ) a fre$om :i* w\ld be impossible 9 discuss+ ! delicate que/ions ( human erotics & sexual life4 ,! !ory ( an appeal to "s primordial /hetic appreciation 9 ! h5 birds is "o :i*1 h[ev] well x may acc\nt = ! beautiful plumage ( "s species & = ! melodi\s s++ ( "s o!rs1 necess>ily mu/ ar\se objections f ! po9t ( view ( comp>ative psy*ology4 /hetic judgm5t presupposes a c]ta9 developm5t n only ( intellectual qualities1 b also ( moral self-re/ra9t4 ,9 o!r words1 x might be said t att5tion to beauty1 :e!r manife/$ 9 =ms or col\rs or s\nds1 always is :at ,ribot calls an 8att5tion volontaire40#bfc ,x is h>d to believe t ! h5 really has rea*$ su* a /ate ( spiritual fre$om t1 :5 look+ at ! f9]y & ! antics ( h] rival suitors1 %e c\ld be able to be/[ h] att5tion ^u ! /hetic qualities 9 ! display4 ,"o has only to "w out into all its details & consequ5ces ! idea ( a bird :o approves or disapproves ! p]=mance1 & :o1 aft] balanc+ ! m]its ( ! v>i\s competitors1 aw>ds h] prize to ! "o ne>e/ h] ideal ( beauty1 9 ord] to realise ! improbability1 n to say ! absurdity1 ( ?is avian connoisseur%ip4 ,m4 ,esp9as1 :o describes 9 detail ! dilemma ( ! anxi\sly hesitat+ arbit]1 has add$ no?+ to ! !ory ( /hetic selection4 ,b x may safely be said t 8 illu/ration ( ! !sis acts z a c>icature ( x4#bfd ,! improbability ( an /hetic judgm5t is yet m palpable :5 "o consid]s ! /ate ( m9d 9 :i* ! h5 is likely to be on ! occasion4 ,x has inde$ be5 cont5d$ ) reg>d to "s species--z1 = in/ance1 ! satyr bird--t ! h5 behaves ) a p]fect calm & indiff]5ce dur+ ! display ( ! cock4#bfe ,b x w\ld be und\bt$ly too ra% to =m any g5]al conclusion on ! gr\nd ( h] outw>d %[ 9 "s s+le in/ances4 ,among/ ! wood-birds1 on ! o!r h&1 ! h5s are kn[n to be s excit$ dur+ ! 8,balz0 t !y c easily be caught ) ! h&s4#bff ,to all ^! a priori objections !re may also be add$ ! rem>k ( ,g$des & ,?omson1 t if ! females ( insects & birds _h really call$ into exi/5ce all ! detail$ patt]ns on ! dresses ( _! respective males by ! ex]cise ( /hetic selection1 !y w\ld possess m discrim9ation ?an is %[n 9 _! pr$ilection = any sort ( gaudy-col\r$ objects1 su* z pebbles1 slips ( pap]1 & rags4#bfg ,h[ev] great ! psy*ological improbability ( ! suppos$ /hetic selection1 !re is /ill m reason to take exception to x f an evolutioni/ic po9t ( view4 ,! female appreciation = gaudy & gorge\s dresses mu/ necess>ily1 z ,d>w9 himself rem>ks1 9 _m cases give rise to a plumage1 z a result ( :i* ! males become encumb]$ 9 _! movem5ts & easily discov]$ by _! enemies4#bfh /hetic judgm5t1 :i* is 9 itself s incompreh5sible1 w\ld ?us h be5 develop$ 9 a cont9u\s conflict ) natural selection4 ,?is circum/ance1 m ?an any?+ else1 makes x indisp5sable to look = "s m utilit>ian cause ( ! second>y sexual *>act]s & activities ?an ! hypo!tical necessity ( satisfy+ a s5se ( beauty 9 ! female sex4 ,by ! !ory t has be5 advanc$ by ,wallace1 & fur!r develop$ by ,we/]m>ck1 ! nuptial dresses ( ! males h inde$ be5 acc\nt$ = 9 a simple way4#bfi ,ref]5ce to ! ne$ ( recognisable m>ks = e diff]5t species c expla9 ! mo/ prom95t *>act]i/ics 9 male plumage )\t any appeal to an /hetic s5se4 ,?is ne$1 toge!r ) ! equally great indisp5sability ( protective col\r+1 mu/ necess>ily give rise to precisely su* brilliant col\r$ spots on a monoton\s or pla9 surface z are s (t5 f\nd on ! bodies ( ! nor!rn birds4 ,! gaudi] coloration ( ! tropical species1 on ! o!r h&1 appe>s z a result ( _! m brilliant surr\nd+s4 ,ev5 "h protective col\r+ (t5 leaves to ! col\r ( recognition only a n>r[ & limit$ space1 on :i* ?is has to develop itself ) s mu* ! great] int5sity4 ,9 ?is way "o c f9d a reason n only = ! decorations1 :i* are beautiful accord+ to our /&>d1 b also = ! inh>moni\s & gl>+ col\r-comb9ations4 ,an adh]5t ( sexual selection c1 h[ev]1 easily object t ^! !ories1 h[ev] s\nd & s5sible !y may be1 /ill leave ! ma9 po9t 9 ,d>w9's !sis q unaffect$4 ,:5 try+ to prove ! exi/5ce ( an /hetic judgm5t 9 birds1 he did n lay s mu* /ress ^u decorative plumage itself z ^u ! fact ( its be+ display$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! h54 ,if second>y sexual *>act]s _h _! only purpose 9 facilitat+ recognition betwe5 individuals ( ! same species1 !n ^! elaborate p]=mances w\ld be q sup]flu\s4 ,& ?is argum5t c ( c\rse be fur!r /r5g!n$ by ref]5ce to ! musical & danc+ ent]ta9m5ts giv5 by ! males4 ,any !ory :i* leaves ^! activities unexpla9$ mu/ !re=e be reg>d$ z incomplete4 ,9 ,mr4 ,wallace's ,d>w9ism due att5tion has inde$ be5 paid to pre-nuptial p]=mances4 ,b 8 explanation1 viz4 t ! danc+ & s++1 etc41 are only ! effect ( an inn] impulse to movem5t & activity :i* accompanies sexual maturity1#bgj c b incompletely unriddle ! problem4 ,= ! purpose ( af=d+ an outfl[ to a surplus ( vig\r or ( dis*>g+ a n]v\s t5sion1 activities ( a f> simpl] "* w\ld h be5 suffici5t4 ,z1 h[ev]1 among/ birds ) gorge\s plumage e movem5t 9 ! display t5ds t[>ds exhibit+ _! spl5d\r ) ! greate/ possible clat1 an influ5ce ^u ! h5 _c be argu$ away4 ,x is1 z ,d>w9 rem>ks1 impossible to believe t ! ,argus pheasant1 = in/ance1 %\ld h develop$ precisely su* a curi\s & peculi> sort ( dance1 ?r\gh :i* 8 beautiful dress is s effectively %[n =?1 if ?is dance _h be5 ( no effect ^u its spectators4#bga ,?is effect _c1 z has be5 %[n above1 be consid]$ an /hetic "o4 ,x is also difficult to believe t ! h51 z x has be5 sugge/$1 %\ld appreciate ! second>y sexual *>act]s z signs ( great] or small] vital =ce1 & ?us pref] n ! mo/ beautiful1 b ! mo/ vigor\s & ard5t mate4#bgb ,:e!r x is f\nd$ on an /hetic judgm5t or on an e/imation ( ! =ce display$1 h] consci\s *oos+ seems to be alike improbable4 ,b if x is difficult to believe t ! display ( ! males c\ld call =? an intellectual activity 9 ! h51 su* z t ( comp>+ & valu+ ! m]its ( ! rival suitors1#bgc "o c safely assume t x might influ5ce h] emotional & in/9ctive life4 ,& = ! production ( su* an effect !re is no ne$ to suppose any int]v5+ /hetic activity4 ,consid]+ ! close p>allelism :i* %[s itself 9 ! developm5t ( ei!r sex1 x w\ld only be natural if a col\r & voice alt]ation 9 ! cock1 :i* und5iably is dep5d5t ^u sexual rip5+1#bgd %\ld directly & almo/ physiologically imply a reaction 9 ! sexual life ( ! h54 ,! m en]getically ! male =ces himself ^u ! att5tion ( ! female by ! conspicu\s visual & ac\/ic signs ( 8 sex1 ! m p[]ful mu/ necess>ily be ! emotional response 9 h]4 ,if second>y sexual *>act]s are int]pret$ 9 ?is way1 z signs1 by :i* ! sex ( ! male is manife/$ 9 an unmi/akable mann]1 !n "o c easily und]/& ! influ5ce ( a prolong$ display4 ,:5 ! cock is exhibit+ 8 plumes or p\r+ =? 8 notes1 & !reby impress+ ^u 8 female li/5] ! notion ( 8 malehood1 he _c b produce 9 h] an enhanc$ incl9ation = pair+4#bge ,%e ne$s no /hetic appreciation or intellectual judgm5t 9 ord] to compreh5d ! simple text ( all 8 utt]ances4 ,) all h] in/9cts & impulses %e c at once grasp ! only ?+ %e wants to "k--! ?+ t is br\ght home to h] ) a great] & great] cle>ness dur+ ! cont9uation ( 8 p]=mance1 namely1 t ! passionate actor 9 front ( h] is a mature repres5tative ( ! o!r sex4 ,& besides ?is1 ! second>y sexual *>act]s & activities tell ano!r tale ( no less importance4 ,if ! col\rs & ! tones ( ! cock1 z ,we/]m>ck has %[n1 are ( great consequ5ce = facilitat+ f a di/ance recognition betwe5 memb]s ( ! same species1#bgf _! biological significance is p]haps yet great] :5 !y1 dur+ ! display be=e ! h51 acc5tuate ! community ( species4 ,by virtue ( h] inh]it$ con/itution1 ! in/9ctive life ( ! h5 w be deep] /irr$ ! m ! male is able to %[ t he 8we>s ! fea!rs ( h] tribe40 ,x is evid5t t ! effect ^u ! h5 mu/ be great] 9 proportion z ! sex m>ks & species m>ks ( ! male are m cle>ly def9$1 & !re=e easi] to p]ceive4 ,n only z means ( recognition1 b also z in/rum5ts = sexual incitem5t1 col\r-patt]ns ) luc5t po9ts mu/ be m advantage\s ?an any o!r sy/em ( decoration4 ,x is easily und]/ood t a design l t on ! tails ( pheasants & peacocks is em95tly capable ( attract+ ! female att5tion to ! display+ cock4 ,b x w\ld be /ret*+ ! !ory too f> if ! m>vell\s 8balls on sockets0 7 expla9$ z no?+ b conspicu\s signals1 ! mean+ ( :i* ! h5 is able to deciph] by help ( h] inh]it$ in/9cts4 ,! influ5ce ( ! display is among/ ^! species und\bt$ly /r5g!n$ by an action :i* is q indep5d5t ( any sexual associations4 ,besides acc5tuat+ ! sex & k9d ( ! cock1 ^! lum9\s sph]es w1 moreov]1 9 virtue ( _! v smallness & brilliancy1 provoke a /imulation 9 ! m9d ( ! h5 be=e :om !y are vibrat$4 ,to und]/& ?is effect1 x is necess>y to inve/igate ! m g5]al "q ( animal appreciation ( brilliancy4 ,! p[]ful attraction ex]cis$ by luc5t ?+s c be suffici5tly prov$ by num]\s in/ances f ! life ( insects & fi%es z well z ( high] animals4 ,x is ne$less to dwell ^u ! v>i\s means by :i* man has avail$ himself ( ?is disa/r\s pr$ilection 9 ord] to entice animals )9 rea* ( 8 weapons4#bgg ,m important 9 ?is connection is ! mania = collect+ lu/r\s objects t has be5 notic$ 9 ! case ( rav5s1 jays1 magpies1 jackdaws1 goldf9*es1 *iff-*affs1 sea-pies1 etc4#bgh ,x has sc>cely ev] be5 sugge/$ t ! ?ievi% jackdaw is prompt$ by any /hetic lik+ = brilliant plate4 ,b z x %[s itself among/ ! atlas birds & ! b[] birds1 ?is exagg]ation ( ! appropriative impulse has be5 reg>d$ z an indication ( arti/ic incl9ation4 ,x has be5 cont5d$ t ^! birds n only appreciate %9+ & gorge\s objects1 b ev5 und]/& h[ to arrange !m accord+ to a decorative plan4#bgi ,no "o w d5y t /ructures1 su* z1 = in/ance1 ! g>d5s ( ! atlas birds1 :i* h be5 depict$ by ,becc>i1 are mo/ wond]ful specim5s ( animal indu/ry4#bhj ,b x is und\bt$ly mislead+ to speak ( !m z arti/ic4 ,z f> z c be judg$ f ! descriptions--:i* are seldom complete--! arrangem5t ( ! objects seems to be q accid5tal4 ,d>w9 has inde$ collect$ "s mo/ eulogi/ic acc\nts ( ! decorative ta/e ( ! ,au/ralian b[] bird4 ,b he has also1 c&idly en\gh1 illu/rat$ !m ) a picture1 on :i* an irregul> heap ( %ells & bones is to be se5 9 front ( ! b[]4 ,& ! description he borr[s f ,mr4 ,/range is yet m significant4 ,to judge f ?is acc\nt1 :i* is fur!r corroborat$ by ! /atem5t ( ,capta9 ,/okes1 ! *ief int]e/ ( ! birds seems to be n ! arrang+ ( _! treasures1 b ! play+ ) !m4 ,x has be5 notic$ t ! cock ( ! great b[] bird amuses himself by fly+ to & fro 9 ! b[] c>ry+ a %ell 9 8 bill1 :i* he picks up on "o side & c>ries to ! o!r4#bha ,on an an?ropomorphic int]pretation su* a behavi\r w\ld p]haps indicate a desire ( try+ "s new decorative effect4 ,b x seems m natural to assume t brilliant objects1 ev5 aft] !y h be5 /or$ up 9 ! ne/1 /ill ex]cise _! irresi/ible attraction1 & !reby tempt ! birds to repeat$ trifl+ ) !m4 ,if ! suppos$ r$ecorations ( ! g>d5s be acc\nt$ = 9 ?is mann]1 !n !re is no reason = consid]+ ! collect+ impulse 9 ! ,au/ralian birds z any?+ m ?an a high] developm5t ( ! same t5d5cy :i* %[s itself 9 our common magpies & jackdaws4 ,by ! ,au/ralian in/ances1 h[ev]1 ! g5]al pr$ilection = brilliant objects is br\ght into connection ) ! pair+ dresses ( pheasants1 peacocks1 & humm+ birds4 ,! small & brilliant objects ) :i* ! b[] birds play dur+ _! pair+ season rem9d u irresi/ibly ( ! 8balls on sockets0 & ( ! ocelli designs ( ! colibri4#bhb ,x is true t ! pheasants c>ry on _! tail :at ! ,au/ralian birds keep 9 _! bill4 ,b ap>t f ?is unimportant diff]5ce1 ! display seems to be ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,9 ,mr4 ,/range's lett] x is said t ! cock1 :5 p]=m+ ! exalt$ antics t prec$e pair+1 8runs to ! b[]1 picks up a gaudy fea!r or a spott$ leaf1 p\rs =? "s peculi> notes1 & runs ?r\gh ! pavilion40 ,x is n q cle> f ?is word+ :e!r ! objects really are exhibit$ be=e ! h54 ,b "o may safely assume t %e 9 any case has paid "s att5tion to h] consort's p]=mance4 ,%e has decid$ly n1 any m ?an ! pea-h51 receiv$ any sort ( /hetic impression f ! display4 ,b ! brilliancy has und\bt$ly /imulat$ h]1 z x /imulates all ! o!r birds quot$ 9 ?is connection1 9 a purely physiological way4 ,?is action1 on ! o!r h&1 is suffici5tly expla9$ by rec5t rese>*es on ! physiological effects :i* ! contemplation ( conc5trat$ lu/re produces on animal organisms4 ,x is also well kn[n t objects ) exactly ! same qualities z ! ocelli on ! peacock's tail play an important "p 9 hypnotic exp]im5ts4 ,& ! primitive %amans z well z ! mod]n cultivators ( 8cry/al-gaz+0 are acqua9t$ ) ! peculi> effects ( prolong$ gaz+ on glass-balls or ! %9+ surface ( wat]4 ,m famili> /ill is ! fasc9at+ influ5ce ex]cis$ by t lu/r\s little globe1 ! human eye4 ,9 all ^! v>i\s examples ! smallness ( ! object fett]s ! att5tion1 & !reby makes ! m9d a def5celess prey to ! images1 feel+s1 & impulses :i* = ! mom5t invade x4 ,! lu/re1 on ! o!r h&1 w1 to use ! language ( ,m4 ,b9et1 /r5g!n ! int5sity ( ^! m5tal images4#bhc ,!re is no reason :y ^! effects1 :i* presuppose no sort ( intellectual activity1 %\ld n take place 9 animals z well z 9 man4 ,9 ! case ( ! peacock1 !re=e1 ! idea 8male0 w impr9t itself ) great] & m efficacy ^u ! m9d ( ! h5 :5 %e is expos$ on e side to ! tw9kl+ eyes on ! exp&$ tail ( h] mate4 ,ev5 9 ! v cases t h be5 reg>d$ z ! mo/ inconte/able pro(s ( a ta/e = ! beautiful1 ! influ5ce on ! h5 c ?us be expla9$ z "o :i* directly1 i4e4 )\t any /hetic m$iation1 has s]v$ ! int]e/s ( pair+4 ,b x may /ill be ask$1 ,:5ce ! ne$ ( /r5g!n+ & int5sify+ ! emotions 9 ! female1 :i* mu/ already h be5 awak5$ by ! m]e pres5ce ( ! male8 ,?is objection1 h[ev]1 is easily met by a ref]5ce to ! psy*ological aspects ( pair+4 ,?r\gh\t ! animal k+dom ! males h to conqu] a resi/ance f ! side ( ! females4 ,?is in/9ctive coyness1 ! importance ( :i* = ! ma9t5ance ( ! species is incalculable & self-evid5t1 con/itutes by itself a suffici5t cause = ! suppos$ /hetic *>act]s & activities ( ! males4#bhd ,x has made x necess>y = !m to h a /ately c>riage1 :i* makes !m bigg] & m pomp\s ?an ev]1 & to display _! bodies 9 fly+ tricks1 or dances & antics1--9 a ^w1 to emphasise _! sex z en]getically z possible by col\rs & tunes & movem5ts4 ,& ?is necessity has1 by means ( a natural selection1 call$ =? a col\r+ :i* is n only easily recognisable f a di/ance1 b :i* also =ces itself on ! s5ses :5 se5 at close qu>t]s4 ,! /hetic judgm5t ( ! h5 =ms ! pivot ( ! :ole ,d>w9ian !ory4 ,:5 x has be5 elim9at$1 x is !re=e q sup]flu\s to controv]t ! ass]tion1 :i* ,d>w9 himself w\ld n positively def5d1 t ! p]=mances ( ! males h orig9at$ 9 an arti/ic endeav\r4#bhe ,once grant$ an in/9ctive coyness 9 ! h51 :i* mu/ be ov]come by e possible means1 "o c easily und]/& t second>y sexual *>act]s & activities w\ld gradually appe> 9 ! males4 ,! expressive movem5ts 9 :i* !y seek to relieve _! n]v\s t5sion af=d a mat]ial out ( :i* natural selection w %ape1 z ! mo/ effective means ( incitation1 ! v>i\s =ms ( display1 or dance1 or song4 ,z is well kn[n1 ,wallace1#bhf ,sp5c]1#bhg & ,hudson#bhh h ev5 cont5d$ t emotional pressure1 or1 z !y put x1 ov]fl[+ vitality1 by itself con/itutes a suffici5t explanation ( ! 8,balz40 ,9 ! above treatm5t ( ! "q1 :i* 9 its ma9 po9ts accords ) ! conclusive rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,groos1 we h endeav\r$ to %[ t ! v>i\s sorts ( display nev] c\ld h rea*$ _! special & diff]5tiat$ =ms if x _h n be5 = ! necessity ( ov]com+ female coyness4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is necessity c\ld nev] h creat$ out ( no?+ all ^! complicat$ activities4 ,x is difficult--p]haps ev5 impossible--to make any g5]al ass]tions ab\t ! relative importance ( ^! two explanations4#bhi ,! only po9t :i* x is necess>y to br+ out 9 ?is connection is t a sort ( nuptial p]=mance w\ld h appe>$ among/ ! males ev5 indep5d5tly ( its influ5ce ^u ! h54 ,! hygi5ic ne$ ( an outbur/ is "o reason1 & a v /rong "o inde$1 = su* motor manife/ations4 ,b x seems also z if _! purpose ought n to be re/rict$ to ?is ca?>tic effect4 ,! 8lek0 ( ! wood-birds t5ds no d\bt to increase n]v\s =ce at ! same "t z x relieves ! t5sion4 ,m4 ,esp9as ?9ks t ! males1 :5 collect+ 9 great numb]s dur+ ! pair+ season1 are l$ by an unconsci\s desire to /imulate _! feel+s by ! view ( o!r equally excit$ fell[-males4#bij ,su* an unconsci\s desire ( enhanc+ n]v\s =ce probably lies also beh9d ! incl9ation = brilliant objects & ! trifl+ ) !m 9 ! b[]s4#bia ,t a sort ( artificial /imulation really is necess>y may p]haps be conclud$ f ,brehm's g5]al rem>k ab\t ! sexual life ( birds3 8,! pair+ is (t5 repeat$1 & /ill m (t5 ineffectually attempt$40#bib ,9 a private communication to ,groos1 ,pr(essor ,ziegl]1 ! em95t zoologi/1 also ref]s to ! increas$ n]v\s activity :i* is necess>y = pair+1 & ! passionate preludes :i* prec$e x 9 s _m animals4#bic ,by ^! two pr9ciples1 viz4 ! necessity ( ov]com+ ! in/9ctive coyness ( ! h5 & t ( /imulat+ ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! cock1 x is1 we believe1 possible to acc\nt = all ! second>y sexual *>act]s & activities :i* 9 ,d>w9's !ory necessitat$ ! hypo!sis ( an animal /hetic4 ,:5 ! directly physiological importance ( ! nuptial preludes is ackn[l$g$ "o c also1 )\t appeal+ to ! effects ( association1 expla9 ! occurr5ce ( a 8lek0 9 birds :o h already made _! *oice ( mate4#bid ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 we ne$ n give up any "o ( ! g5]al results at :i* ,d>w9 arriv$ 9 8 rese>*es4 ,al?\gh consci\s selection on ! "p ( ! h5 mu/ be d5i$1 ! fact t %e cons5ts to c\ple only ) ! cock :o has be5 able to /ir h] feel+s bett] ?an any o!r1 con/itutes a k9d ( unconsci\s *oice4 ,x may seem unnecess>y1 !re=e1 to lay s mu* /ress ^u ! !oretical inappropriat5ess ( ,d>w9's language4 ,! /hetical t]ms 9 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man c\ld easily be ex*ang$ = m physiological ones )\t any important alt]ation 9 ! ma9 !sis ( ! book4 ,& x mu/ ev5 be conc$$ t1 ow+ to ! extreme cauti\sness :i* 0 su* a rem>kable peculi>ity ( ,d>w91 ?is sub/itution w\ld n be requir$ 9 m ?an a few passages4 ,he himself (t5 speaks ( ornam5tal plumage z a means ( 8excit+10 or 8*>m+10 or 8fasc9at+0 ! females2#bie once he ev5 re/ricts himself to say+ t ! h5s 8pref]1 or are unconsci\sly excit$ by1 ! m beautiful males40#bif ,f ! biological po9t ( view x w\ld !re=e be pret5ti\s to claim any importance = ?is re=mulation ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory4 ,b1 f :at mu/ be ! dom9at+ po9t ( view 9 ?is "w1 x is by no means unnecess>y to dis5tangle ! confusion betwe5 /hetic appreciation & physiological /imulation4 ,! /hetic coroll>ies1 :i* are ! mo/ important 9 ?is connection1 w be greatly modifi$ z soon z ! m physiological int]pretation is appli$ to ! v>i\s manife/ations ( animal art4 ,:5 ,d>w9 *ose to end[ ! h5 ) an aborig9al /hetic judgm5t he 0 at once confront$ by a difficulty :i* 0 p]haps ev5 great] ?an t ( locat+ ! beg9n+s ( art 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,! facts compell$ him to admit t 9 "s species ?is /hetic judgm5t seem$ to be a v bad "o inde$4#big ,:5 second>y sexual *>act]s are reg>d$ z signs by :i* ! k9d & sex ( ! males are acc5tuat$1 ?is app>5t inconsi/5cy is easily und]/ood4 ,! h>% cry & ! inh>moni\s col\r+ ( ! macaw#bih tell _! tale z eloqu5tly & conv9c+ly z any ( ! /hetic *>act]s ( ! o!r birds4 ,! ro>+ ( ! battle bump1#bii ! disagreeable miaul+ ( ! peacock1 & ! bleat+ call-note ( ! gre5f9*#cjj no d\bt cause z great a pleasure 9 _! respective h5s z is ev] caus$ by ! song ( ! night+ale 9 8 mate4 ,t ! second>y sexual *>act]s ( ! birds on ! :ole are s mu* m beautiful ?an ^? ( ! mammals is n ! result ( any orig9ally high] /&>d ( beauty ) _! respective females4 ,! sup]iority ( ! birds is q suffici5tly acc\nt$ = by ! peculi> conditions ( _! life1 :i* necessitate & call =? graceful %ape z well z graceful movem5ts4 ,_! gorge\s col\r+1 on ! o!r h&1 is und\bt$ly--z has be5 %[n above--to "s ext5t at lea/ condition$ by ! gaudy col\r+ ( ! tropical l&scape4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$1 moreov]1 t not)/&+ _! und5iable spl5d\r1 ! dresses ( ! birds by no means g5]ally fulfil ! claims ( ta/eful composition4 ,:5 appreciat+ ! plumage & ! songs ( ! birds1 we usually look ^u !m z pieces ( nature4 ,we admire !m z we admire ! woods & fl[]s & e o!r manife/ation ( nature & life4 ,?is attitude mu/ necess>ily be giv5 up z soon z a consci\s t5d5cy is assum$ 9 8animal art40 ,:5 we reg>d ! second>y sexual *>act]s 9 ! mann] ( ,d>w9--z results ( an /hetic *oice--we _c help miss+ all ! /hetic qualities ( h>mony & composition1 :i* are nev] expect$1 & !re=e nev] miss$1 9 ! objects ( nature4 ,if ! prop] di/9ction betwe5 art & nature is ma9ta9$1 x w be possible to comb9e an unabat$ admiration = ! m>vels ( beauty 9 bird life ) a d5ial ( 8animal art40 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,art ,,& ,,sexual ,,selection ,! explanation :i* we h giv5 9 ! prec$+ *apt] ( ! pair+ dresses ( ! birds c ( c\rse be equally well appli$ to ! second>y sexual *>act]s ( man4 ,& x holds good also1 we believe1 ) reg>d to ! mo/ primitive volunt>y alt]ations 9 ! appe>ance ( ei!r sex4 ,x is true1 inde$1 t artificial embelli%m5ts or de=mations1 ! "w ( ! individual himself1 nev] c appeal s /rongly to ! in/9cts ( ! o!r sex z ^? alt]ations :i* are physiologically connect$ ) sexual developm5t4 ,b :51 z is ! case ) mo/ primitive tribes1 ! s-call$ means ( attraction h rema9$ almo/ un*ang$ dur+ innum]able successive g5]ations1 "o may safely conclude t ! in/9cts ( ei!r sex w gradually gr[ prompt to react ) em95t =ce ^u impressions receiv$ f su* individuals z exhibit ^! conv5tional signs ( _! sex & tribe4 ,:e!r ! acquir$ qualities are consid]$ z h]$it>y1 or :e!r ! consi/5cy 9 ! pr$ilections ( all ! memb]s ( ! same tribe be expla9$--9 ! ,weissmannian or ! neo-,d>w9ian way--z a result ( selection1 !re w always be f\nd 9 ei!r sex a sort ( con/itutional lik+ = c]ta9 fix$ qualities 9 ! appe>ance ( ! opposite sex4 ,an appe>ance & a behavi\r :i*1 9 ! ance/ors ( an individual1 male or female1 h /irr$ ! in/9ctive life ( ! opposite sex ?r\gh g5]ations pa/ by1 mu/ ne$s improve 8 or h] *ances 9 c\rt%ip4 ,! m a suitor approa*es ! ideal :i* unconsci\sly1 & "o may say physiologically1 is embodi$ 9 ! inh]it$ impulses ( e female1 ! m helplessly is %e expos$ to ! fasc9ation ( 8 *>ms4 ,& :51 at a c]ta9 high] /ate ( developm5t1 ! males beg9 to practise a selection betwe5 rival females1 !y w und\bt$ly be influ5c$ 9 _! *oice by ! same sort ( inh]it$ pr$ilections4 ,& !re is no reason :y ^! pr$ilections %\ld be re/rict$ to anatomical qualities--:y artificial adornm5ts1 p]haps ev5 deta*$ gems1 :i* h only be5 traditional dur+ "s g5]ations1 %\ld n influ5ce sexual pref]5ces 9 ! same direct way--t is1 )\t any int]v5tion ( an /hetic judgm5t1 z second>y sexual *>act]s prop] influ5ce !m4 ,?is circum/ance ju/ifies u 9 treat+ ! outw>d physical appe>ance & ! conv5tional means ( embelli%+ x 9 conjunction ) ea* o!r4 ,an outw>d sign1 :e!r natural or artificial1 :i* has (t5 en\gh be5 connect$ ) ! impression ( ! o!r sex w necess>ily t5d to awak5 sexual feel+s4 ,= su* an effect x is ( c\rse n indisp5sable t ^! signs %\ld h orig9at$ 9 an endeav\r to *>m ! sex4 ,z 9 ! =ego+ *apt]1 we h to keep ! "q ( influ5ce ^u ! o!r sex ap>t f ! "q ( ! positive causes--t is1 consci\s or unconsci\s motives1 :i* h call$ =? ! v>i\s second>y sexual *>act]s & activities4 ,= conv5i5ce ( exposition x is advantage\s to beg9 ) ! fir/-m5tion$ phase ( ! problem4 ,)\t z yet pron\nc+ any def9ite views z to ! aims ! pursuit ( :i* has l$ to ! diff]5t sy/ems ( adornm5t1 we may safely ma9ta9 t any conspicu\s g>m5ts1 indep5d5tly ( _! ornam5tal qualities1 :i* h s]v$ to di/+ui% ! adult & m>riageable individuals f o!r memb]s ( ! tribe1 h be5 ( importance z means ( attraction4 ,accord+ to ! +5i\s explanation ( ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck1 ev5 clo?+ 0 orig9ally inv5t$ n to conceal nudity1 b to set x (f4#cja ,!re is room1 z w be %[n lat] on1 = object+ to any def9ite /atem5t ) reg>d to a "q su* z ?is1 ! answ] to :i* is to be s\ght = 9 sev]al directions at once4 ,b !re c be no d\bt ab\t ! fact t ! simple/ dresses1 & especially ^? :i* h be5 int]pret$ z indicat+ a s5se ( mode/y1 practically acc5tuate ! ?+s !y te*nically conceal4 ,at a /age ( developm5t :]e nudity is ! normal /ate1 veil+ mu/ necess>ily sugge/ ! same emotions z unveil+ 9 a civilis$ society4 ,z ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck has be5 able to %[1 dresses are adopt$ by a majority ( tribes on ! atta9m5t ( pub]ty & on ! occasions ( great fea/s2 x is !re=e natural t !y %\ld act z p[]ful sexual incitem5ts4#cjb ,& ?is view receives additional support f ! argum5ts ( its oppon5ts4 ,! l>ge collection ( facts t ,dr4 ,s*urtz has quot$ 9 pro( ( 8 ass]tion t clo?+ orig9ally aim$ at 8! concealm5t ( sexual diff]5ces0 may ( c\rse be int]pret$ ) equal &1 we believe1 ) great] probability 9 ! inv]se s5se4#cjc ,"o has only to look1 = example1 at "s ( ! ri*ly-embroid]$ c9ctures ( ! ,guiana natives 9 ord] to und]/& t ^! cov]+s1 :atev] may h be5 _! orig9al purpose1 c nev] h act$ z an effective means ( div]t+ ! att5tion4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! sexes w1 h[ev]1 be emphasis$ n only by ! special g>m5ts = :i* ,dr4 ,s*urtz proposes ! above-m5tion$ explanation1 b also by e article ( dress or ornam5t4 ,= ! intellectuali/ically prejudic$ obs]v] x is und\bt$ly mo/ natural to consid] ! v>i\s k9ds ( fix$ or deta*$ ornam5t1 su* z pa9t+s & tattoo+s1 ribbons1 laces1 coll>s1 & s on1 z means ( influ5c+ an /hetic s5se 9 ! spectator4 ,b x is evid5tly m 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( comp>ative psy*ology to assume t all ^! g>nitures orig9ally _h _! ma9 significance n z beautify+ ?+s or z ?+s ( beauty !mselves1 b z m>ks by :i* ! p]sonality ( ! decorat$ man or woman 0 di/+ui%$4 ,to illu/rate ?is argum5t x is n necess>y to g back to ! primitive /ages4 ,ev5 among civilis$ m51 gems & jewels1 :5 se5 on a memb] ( ! opposite sex1 h *iefly a symbolic value4 ,9 ! /r+ ( pe>ls :i* encircles a woman's neck1 or 9 ! gay fea!r ( a man's hat1 ! *>m & fasc9ation ( a :ole human be+ are conc5trat$ to a s+le focus4 ,to ! lov]'s att5tion ev]y?+ t has "s connection ) ! belov$ %9es ) a borr[$ light4 ,we all "k t h&k]*iefs & %oes c be ador$ ) an almo/ feti*i/ic devotion4 ,all ! m mu/ a gem :i* is conspicu\sly c>ri$ on ! body be able to imbibe & exhale ! *>ms ( its we>]4 ,! lyrical poetry ( all ages is !re to prove ! emotional value :i* c ?us be atta*$ to lifeless ?+s4 ,& ! psy*ology ( ! emotions 9 its turn gives a simple explanation ( ! fact t lov+ imag9ation always dwells ) pr$ilection ^u "s s+le "p ( ! attire ( ! belov$4 ,a small & conspicu\s object :i* c easily be embrac$ by ! s5ses af=ds a vehicle :i* c c>ry into ! m9d ! :ole complex ( feel+s & impulses t are atta*$ to ! notion ( ! belov$4 ,well kn[+ ?is law ( emotional me*anics1 an intellig5t woman :o is anxi\s to please does n cov] h]self ) jewels & ornam5ts4 ,%e pref]s "s s+le brilliant gem1 :i* does n s mu* call = admiration itself1 z draw att5tion to h] *>ms & height5 ! impression :i* !y produce4 ,x may seem v f>-fet*$ to expla9 ! primitive means ( attraction by ref]5ce to ! art ( pleas+ among mod]n m54 ,b h[ev] mu* ! =ms ( c\rt%ip may h be5 *ang$ by high] developm5t1 _! psy*ological basis is /ill ! same at all /ages ( culture4 ,!re is no ne$1 z f> z purely erotic purposes are conc]n$1 to embelli% ! appe>ance2 :at is want$ is only to enable ! appe>ance itself to produce its mo/ effectual impression4 ,:5 ?is po9t is kept 9 m9d1 x is easily und]/ood t ornam5ts su* z a simple piece ( glass 9 ! hair or a b& ( %ells twi/$ ar\nd ! neck c be z *>m+ 9 ! eyes ( primitive man z any ( ! gems t are us$ among civilis$ nations4 ,& !re is no reason to d\bt t ! savage beaux & belles really h increas$ _! *ances by putt+ wood5 slabs 9 _! lips & e>s1 or p9s ( bone ?r\gh _! nose4 ,9 ! la/-m5tion$ cases ! effect has1 moreov]1 be5 /r5g!n$ by ! appe>ance ( /rang5ess t is giv5 to ! face by de=m+ adornm5ts4 ,eyes t might pass by ) indiff]5ce an accu/om$ impression1 are unavoidably arre/$ by any extraord9>y "*4 ,z among/ ! birds & mammals1 horns1 accresc5ces1 & gorge\s plumage1 indep5d5tly ( _! possible /hetic qualities1 assi/ ! males 9 c\rt+ ! females1 s also among/ m5 any means ( correct+ ! normal appe>ance1 be x ?r\gh flatt5+ ! head1 fill+1 extract+1 or black5+ ! tee?1 elongat+ ! e>s or compress+ ! wai/1 w1 9 virtue only ( its s+ul>ity1 act z an effectual in/rum5t ( *>m+4#cjd ,= ! m>riageable individual x has evid5tly be5 advantage\s to be di/+ui%$ by ^! extravagant trans=mations1 :i*1 z is well kn[n1 are usually inflict$ at ! v "t ( pub]ty4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 among individuals s di/+ui%$1 ^? :o extort an int]e/ = _! p]son by ! mo/ s+ul> qualities ought to h an increas$ *ance ( *>m+ ! opposite sex4 ,9 ! discussion ( sexual pref]5ces !re has be5 mu* talk ( a suppos$ con/itutional pr$ilection = novelty & v>iation4 ,b x is und\bt$ly m 9 accordance ) ! /rictly psy*ological position to d\bt :e!r1 9 ! primitive /ages1 novelty really has be5 appreciat$ = its own sake1 or :e!r x is only by facilitat+ ! att5tion1 & !reby int5sify+ ! impression1 t x has ga9$ ! fav\r ( ! opposite sex = "o p>ticul> male or female4 ,:i*ev] =mula may be pref]r$ 9 ! int]pretation1 x rema9s z an indisputable fact t ev5 9 "s ( ! high] animals an exceptional appe>ance gives an advantage 9 c\rt%ip4 ,x is ne$less to po9t out to h[ great an ext5t 9 civilis$ communities man is influ5c$ 9 sexual pref]5ce by a bias = a peculi> appe>ance :i* di/+ui%es ! *os5 "o f any o!r man or woman4 ,?is pr$ilection1 h[ev]1 is always neutralis$ by a repugnance = ev]y?+ t deviates too mu* f ! common *>act]i/ics ( ! gr\p4 ,! two pr9ciples :i* h regulat$ ! developm5t ( second>y sexual *>act]s--to wit1 ! necessity ( m>ks = acc5tuat+ sex-di/9ction & t ( tribal signs--are ?us br\ght into conflict ) ea* o!r4 ,?is conflict is p>ticul>ly conspicu\s 9 ! l[] /ages ( developm5t4 ,ow+ to ! peculi> conditions ( life :i* prevail "h1 ! second pr9ciple w g5]ally be ( especial importance among ! savage tribes ( mank9d4 ,! obs]vation has (t5 be5 made t too great uni=mity ( "w imp$es ! developm5t ( individual *>act]s 9 physical appe>ance4 ,9 savage communities1 :]e ! division ( lab\r is almo/ unkn[n1 all m5 mu/ necess>ily be m or less l "o ano!r4#cje ,especially if ! home ( ! tribe be "s closely def9$ area ( uni=m climatic conditions1 !re w be )9 ! tribe almo/ no mat]ial = selection4 ,:]e endogamic m>riage prevails1 ! conception 8lov]10 :i* is transmitt$ f "m to daught]1 & :i*1 by 8objective h]$ity10 becomes impr9t$ on ! m9d ( e girl t gr[s up 9 ?is n>r[ milieu1 mu/ !re=e be "o ) a v re/rict$ cont5t4 ,alongside ( ?is increas+ pr$ilection = a fix$ & n>r[ly circumscrib$ type ( ! opposite sex !re w1 z its complem5t>y feel+1 develop a /rong antipa?y to e feature t div]ges f ?is type4 ,= ! evolution ( national ideals ?is negative influ5ce has be5 ( p]haps ev5 great] importance ?an ! positive pref]5ces4 ,x is evid5t t /rictly endogam\s m>riage cu/oms c\ld nev] be upheld 9 tribes :i* h any int]c\rse ) _! neighb\rs if ! social in/itution 7 n support$ by a real psy*ological av]sion to outsid]s4 ,x has !re=e be5 congru\s ) ! advantages ( society to promote 9 ! y\? ! feel+ t any man or woman outside ! tribe is a be+ ) :om no emotional ex*ange is to be ?\ght (4 ,to make ?is feel+ possible1 on ! o!r h&1 x is necess>y t ev]y?+ :i* is connect$ ) ! =eign] %\ld be held up to contempt4 ,_! dress1 _! language1 _! mann]s1 & s on1 h ?us be5 consid]$ z some?+ to be kept at a di/ance4 ,x is ne$less to po9t out t m>riage sy/ems are n alone responsible = ! developm5t ( ?is feel+4 ,religi\s diff]5ces1 s important 9 primitive communities1 h und\bt$ly (t5 giv5 rise to ! common notion t p outside "o's own tribe d n1 prop]ly speak+1 belong to ! human species4 ,cont9ual w> induces a feel+ ( contempt1 :i* 9 ! /rong] tribe is m+l$ ) pride & 9 ! weak] ) bitt]ness1 & :i* 9 bo? cases ext5ds to ! smalle/ details ( physical appe>ance & behavi\r4 ,& ap>t f all reg>d to ^! social causes1 ! primitive man1 9 civilis$ z well z 9 savage nations1 is always apt to look ^u ev]y?+ unusual ) a feel+ ( scornful disda94 ,no d\bt su* a disda9 c ev5 be co9cid5t ) exogam\s m>riage cu/oms4 ,b x seems evid5t t x mu/ ev]y:]e h /rongly influ5c$ sexual selection dur+ ^? unkn[n endogamic p]iods 9 :i* ! racial & tribal diff]5ces 7 develop$ & fix$4#cjf ,& x may ev5 n[ be obs]v$ among liv+ tribes ( man to h[ great a degree antipa?y to e detail 9 ! outw>d appe>ance ( =eign]s precludes union betwe5 memb]s ( diff]5t tribes4 ,! national & p>o*ial dresses ( mod]n peasants no d\bt ex]cise a great influ5ce on ! love-life ( ! respective boys & girls4 ,! mo/ tell+ example t c\ld be quot$ 9 ?is connection is ! case ( ,savakot & yrmiset 9 ,ea/]n ,f9l&4 ,:5 exam9+ a ,savakko y\? z to ! reason :y none ( 8 tribe _h ev] *os5 a wife f among _! neighb\rs1 ,ahlqvi/#cjg receiv$ ! *>act]i/ic answ]3 8,se ku9 on heill yrmisill ni9 hirve vaatte5 mani]i ni9 siih5 ei meidn pojat uskalla puuttua0--t is1 ,z ^! yrm girls h su* horrid dresses1 our boys d n d>e to approa* !m4 ,?is in/ance1 al?\gh x is "o ( mod]n times & ref]s to relatively civilis$ individuals1 c no d\bt be consid]$ z illu/rative ) reg>d to ! di/+ui%+ m>ks & dresses ( primitive m54 ,! outw>d signs ( ! tribe n only ex]cise a /rong attraction ^u all its memb]s2 !y are also = outsid]s associat$ ) a repugnance :i* is p]haps equally /rong4 ,9 ! same way z x has be5 advantage\s = ! "y ( bo? sexes to h an appe>ance :i* appeals z p[]fully z possible to ! in/9ctive pr$ilections ( ! opposite sex1 x has be5 necess>y = !m n to exhibit qualities :i* c\ld be conf\nd$ ) ^? ( ! ali54 ,! individual :o endeav\rs to attract att5tion = 8 p]son by a conspicu\s & extravagant appe>ance is1 !re=e1 n>r[ly re/rict$ )9 ! b\nd>ies prescrib$ by tribal sympa?ies & antipa?ies4 ,! safe/ exp$i5t by :i* to di/+ui% himself f o!rs )\t outrag+ ! national idea is1 !re=e1 t ( exagg]at+ ! common *>act]i/ics ( ! tribe4 ,^! !oretical reason+s c be amply corroborat$ by e?nological facts4 ,z e>ly z #ahad ,humboldt obs]v$ & comm5t$ ^u ! fact t ! de=mations :i* appe> mo/ arbitr>y g5]ally only t5d to c>ry into excess "s natural peculi>ity ( ! tribe4#cjh ,& s9ce 8 "t1 num]\s in/ances h be5 adduc$ 9 ! e?nological lit]ature1 all po9t+ 9 ! same direction4 ,9 ! case ( p :o black5 _! tee? x has be5 rem>k$ t ! d5tal enamel is naturally d>k] ?an usual2 :]e heads are artificially de=m$1 x is f\nd t !re exi/s a g5]al disposition to develop po9t$ or flat crania2 :]e ! hair-gr[? is scanty1 baldness is artificially produc$2 & s =?4#cji ,by exagg]at+ & acc5tuat+ 9 _! own appe>ance ! common qualities ( ! tribe1 ! individual males or females h ?us creat$ a m & m diff]5tiat$ tribal type4 ,& ! inh]it$ pr$ilections & av]sions ( ! opposite sex h1 on ! o!r h&1 by cont9u\sly influ5c+ positive & negative *oice1 contribut$ to ! fix+ ( ^! types z tribal ideals1 n ( beauty1 b ( sexual attractiv5ess4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,orig9s ,,( ,,self-,,decoration ,x is evid5t1 z might be prov$ by m num]\s & detail$ ref]5ces ?an x has be5 possible to adduce above1 t precisely su* bodily de=mations1 su* sy/ems ( di/+ui%+ ornam5t1 & su* conspicu\s articles ( clo?+ & decoration z are mo/ g5]ally f\nd among bo? ! primitive & ! cultivat$ tribes ( mank9d h be5 ( especial importance z means ( sexual attraction4 ,no?+ c\ld be m natural1 !re=e1 ?an to expla9 ! v>i\s =ms ( cosmetics z s _m endeav\rs to "w ^u ! pref]5ces--:e!r aris+ f ! /hetic s5se or f associat$ ideas ( sexual excitem5t--( ! opposite sex4 ,su* an explanation1 moreov]1 d]ives support f ! ass]tion ( ! primitives !mselves1 :o (t5 positively /ate t !y dress & array !mselves = ! purpose ( w9n+ ! love ( _! wom54 ,& x has on its side ! m]its ( simplicity & unity4 ,by br++ toge!r "u "o head all ! diff]5t =ms ( self-decorative art x dis5tangles ! diff]5t que/ions ( primitive /hetics 9 a mo/ plausible mann]4 ,h[ev] allur+ ?is uni=m explanation may be = lov]s ( cle>ness & !oretical consi/5cy1 x mu/ nev]!less be ab&on$ ^u an imp>tial exam9ation ( ! e?nological facts4 ,x is no d\bt conceivable t a m or less consci\s desire ( acquir+ ! fav\r ( ! opposite sex %\ld h call$ =? all ! v>i\s means ( attraction4 ,z 0 %[n above1 !y c\ld 9 su* a case h sc>cely develop$ a m effectual con=mation ?an !y really h done4 ,b f ! effect we are n entitl$ to draw any conclusion z to ! int5tion4 ,:5 consid]+ all ! v>i\s motives1 (t5 almo/ incompreh5sible to ! civilis$ m9d1 :i* gov]n ! activities ( primitive man1 "o loses ! confid5ce t is necess>y 9 ord] to accept any g5]al explanation1 h[ev] probable x may seem4 ,a c>eful & imp>tial exam9ation c only lead to ! result t sc>cely any =m ( dress or ornam5t c be quot$ :i* c\ld be consid]$ ) c]ta9ty z an outcome ( ! impulse to attract & *>m ! opposite sex4 ,to beg9 ) ! class :i* /&s 9 ! close/ connection ) sexual life1 we h already %[n t all ! v>i\s cov]+s by :i* primitive man conceals 8 nak$ness1 by attract+ ! att5tion are likely to produce a sort ( sexual /imulation 9 ! primitive spectator4#caj ,9 "s cases1--= in/ance t ( ! danc+ girdles1 :i* are especially put on = ! occasion ( erotic dances & fe/ivals1--?is /imulation is evid5tly int5tional4#caa ,b x seems impossible to assume t a k ( ?is effect c h be5 ! motive = ! use ( ^? phallocrypts :i* are worn by ! ,amaxosas 9 ,s\? ,africa1 by ! natives ( ,c5tral ,brazil1 by ! ,melanesians 9 ! ,admiralty ,isl&s & on ! nor?-we/]n & s\?-we/]n coa/s ( ,new ,gu9ea1 by ! ,au/ralians ( nor?-we/]n ,c5tral ,que5sl&1 & by ! ,polynesians ( ! ,m>quesas ,isl&s4#cab ,z f> z we "k1 x is only 9 ,au/ralia t ^! ?+s are especially employ$ at corroborees & public rejoic+s4#cac ,nor is !re any?+ t c\ld attract ! eye 9 all ! simple bamboo %eets t c be se5 at ! ,museum fr ,vlk]kunde 9 ,b]l94 ,9 "s cases !y h p]haps be5 worn = ! purely practical purpose ( protect+ a s5sitive "p aga9/ insect bites4#cad ,b x seems m probable1 on an exam9ation ( _! %ape1 t !y really are int5d$ z means ( concealm5t 9 ! prop] mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,!re is ( c\rse no reason :y !y %\ld n be consid]$ z fulfill+ ! requirem5ts ( mode/y4 ,b ev5 if su* be _! purpose n[1 x is difficult to assume t !y 7 orig9ally call$ into exi/5ce by a feel+ :i*1 f ! evolutioni/ po9t ( view1 "o r w\ld consid] z a product ( clo!s ?an z _! cause4#cae ,?is difficulty1 h[ev]1 is easily avoid$ by ref]5ce to ano!r feel+ :i* 9 psy*ical evolution has probably prec$$ ! appe>ance ( mode/y4 ,x is p]haps impossible to decide at :at /age sexual life began to be surr\nd$ ) feel+s ( %ame1--9 o!r words1 9 :at in/ances "o is entitl$ to speak ( mode/y & consci\s *a/ity4 ,b !re is no d\bt t ev5 among ! l[e/ savages ! facts ( g5]ation are reg>d$ ) a wond] :i* sometimes approa*es awe1 & sometimes rises to religi\s respect4#caf ,s9ce at a some:at high] degree ( developm5t phallic symbols occupy s dom9ant a place 9 religi\s sy/ems1 x is only natural to suppose t ! realities repres5t$ by ^! symbols h be5 reg>d$ by ! primitive ) sup]/iti\s feel+s4 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t !re are _m primitive tribes :i*1 9 ! same way z ! aborig9es ( ! ,new ,hebrides1 cov] !mselves 9 ! mo/ scrupul\s mann]1 8n at all f a s5se ( dec5cy1 b to avoid ,n>ak1 i4e4 magic influ5ce10 ! sight ev5 ( ano!r man's nak$ness be+ consid]$ z mo/ dang]\s4#cag ,! l>ge preval5ce ( phallic motives 9 amulets & magically protect+ pa9t+s1#cah ! suppos$ effective sorc]y ( indec5t ge/ures1 s widely us$ ev5 n[ by ! mod]n ,italians1#cai indicate t ! organs ( g5]ation h be5 univ]sally consid]$ z ! seat ( a p[]ful & dang]\s magic4 ,p]haps ?is sup]/iti\s idea has ev5 be5 ! orig9al s\rce ( ! notion t exposure involves ! grave/ (f5ce aga9/ ! hon\r ( ! behold]4#cbj ,sometimes1 on ! o!r h&1 dread ( ?is suppos$ my/]i\s p[] may h prompt$ ! evolution ( moral in/itutions1 & ?us indirectly fur!r$ ! moral feel+s4 ,b x is evid5t t ev5 be=e any su* trans=mation took place reg>d = public safety may h induc$ ! males to conceal ! seat ( s dang]\s an influ5ce4 ,! reproductive organs1 h[ev]1 are n only1 9 virtue ( _! connection ) ! my/]i\s miracle ( life1 objects ( sup]/iti\s awe3 !y !mselves1 ow+ to ! same consid]ation1 ne$ m ?an any?+ else to be protect$ aga9/ dang]\s influ5ces4 ,fe> ( ! evil eye has ?us1 z ,ratzel sugge/s1 _h some?+ to d ) ! orig9 ( male & female dress4#cba ,& ! notion ( malignant looks is only "o ( ! sup]/itions t keep ! savage man 9 a /ate ( con/ant fe>4 ,all ! innum]able spirits t populate 8 atmosph]e con/itute s _m dang]s1 aga9/ :i* he has to protect himself by e possible means4 ,?is necessity is probably ev5 great] = ! female sex ?an = ! m54 ,9 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5's "w on ,au/ralia !re is "o passage :i* sugge/s ano!r possible cause = ! orig9 ( female dress4 ,:5 speak+ ab\t ! s\ls ( ance/ors1 :i*1 = ! purpose ( re9c>nation1 try to f9d a way to ! bodies ( "y wom51 ! au?ors say t 8_s *ildr5 are also suppos$ to be especially fond ( travell+ 9 :irlw9ds1 & on see+ "o ( ^!1 :i* are v frequ5t at c]ta9 times ( ! ye>1 approa*+ h] a woman w at once run away40#cbb ,n[1 ?is notion t ! w9d is capable ( br++ ab\t impregnation is by no means conf9$ to ! ,au/ralian aborig9es4 ,mr4 ,h>tl& has be5 able to adduce te/imonies ( its occurr5ce n only 9 savage tribes1 b also among ! ,romans ( ,virgil's "t4#cbc ,& ! ,hott5tots h an almo/ simil> sup]/ition1 viz4 t a p\r+ ra91 :5 fall+ on ! nak$ body1 promotes conception4#cbd ,! belief 9 ! f]tilis+ p[]s ( sun%9e1 well kn[n f ,european folklore & frequ5tly illu/rat$ 9 lit]ature1 f ! ,dana leg5ds upw>ds to ! my/]i\s w>n+s ( ,hamlet to ,ophelia1 c ( c\rse be quot$ z indications ( ! same univ]sal 8folk-belief40#cbe ,x w\ld only be natural if ! wom51 :o s anxi\sly try to escape f ! dang]s ( fecundation t surr\nd !m on all sides 9 ! atmosph]e1 _h f\nd out ! simple exp$i5t ( protect+ !mselves by clo?+4 ,we _c1 ( c\rse1 positively ass]t t ! we>+ ( clo!s 0 orig9ally due to sup]/iti\s reasons4 ,we h only wi%$ to po9t out t su* an hypo!sis c be propos$ & consi/5tly def5d$4 ,x acc\nts n only = ! especial "* ( ! simple/ dresses1 b also1 :i* is m important1 = ! fact ( _! be+ adopt$ only :5 sexual maturity is rea*$4 ,!re are o!r reasons1 moreov]1 :y ?is la/-m5tion$ circum/ance1 :i* app>5tly af=ds s /rong support to ! !ory ( ,d>w9 & 8 foll[]s1 _c be adduc$ z decisively solv+ ! problem ( purely decorative g>m5ts4 ,9 lay+ s great a /ress ^u ! "t ( life :5 ! body is decorat$ = ! fir/ "t1#cbf ! advocates ( ! !ory ( erotic propitiation seem to h ov]look$ t almo/ ev]y:]e sexual maturity co9cides ) civic majority4 ,!re is ?us some?+ to be said = ! view t tattoo+1 fea!r-dresses1 & s on1 are conf]r$ ^u "y m5 & wom5 z outw>d signs ( _! *ang$ /atus4 ,& simil>ly all ult]ior decorations c be expla9$ z indications ( lat] acquir$ rank4 ,9 e?nological lit]ature1 especially 9 ,g]man works1 a great body ( facts has be5 produc$ :i* speak 9 fav\r ( su* an analogy betwe5 primitive ornam5ts & mod]n signs ( rank & m]it4#cbg ,by rely+ on ?is int]pretation too we may (t5 expla91 )\t any ref]5ce to ! advantages ( c\rt%ip1 ! fact t 9 primitive races m5 are g5]ally m decorat$ ?an wom54 ,an extreme ,d>w9i/ may p]haps object t ! proportion betwe5 ! ornam5ts ( ! sexes has be5 inv]t$ s9ce ! male sex began to practise selection4 ,b x is to be rememb]$ t ev5 n[ 9 ! classes = :i* rank di/9ctions are mo/ important1 viz4 9 milit>y & diplomatic circles1 m5 g5]ally are m gorge\sly array$ ?an wom54#cbh ,& x may fur!r be adduc$ z an exception :i* proves ! rule t on ,pelew & ,ponape ,isl&s1 :]e mo!rs give *ildr5 _! rank1 wom5 are ri*ly tattoo$4#cbi ,x _c ( c\rse be cont5d$ t man at ! l[e/ /ages ( culture c\ld h int5tionally creat$ a fix$ sy/em ( signs = d5ot+ rank & m]it4 ,any?+ ( t k9d presupposes a social diff]5tiation :i* has n yet be5 arriv$ at by all savage tribes4 ,9 ?us sub/itut+ di/9ction-m>ks = ! means ( attraction "o might !re=e app>5tly be expos$ to ! repro( ( pref]r+ ! complex to ! simple4 ,su* a criticism mu/1 h[ev]1 lose its =ce :5 appli$ to ! !ories :i* try to trace ! developm5t ( di/9ctive m>ks back to _! mo/ simple & primitive s\rces4 ,von d5 ,/e951 9 ^: "w ^! que/ions are subject$ to a detail$ /udy1 has1 ) special ref]5ce to ! ,x+u tribes 9 ! int]ior ( ,brazil1 succe$$ 9 amply corroborat+ ! !ory ( ,sp5c] t ! simple/ ornam5ts h be5 trophies ( w> & *ase4 ,9 ! fea!r cr[ns ( ! *iefs1 = example1 we may ?us see only a lat] developm5t ( pr\dly arrang$ spoils ( *ase1 by :i* a successful hunt] proclaims 8 a*ievem5ts4#ccj ,& ! incis$ sc>s s common among savage tribes c1 9 accordance ) ! same +5i\s explanation1 be consid]$ z imitations ( ! glori\s w\nds ) :i* em95t w>riors h be5 adorn$ :5 return+ f battle4#cca ,9 ! cases :]e ?is int]pretation holds true ! *ief aim ( ! decoration is1 ( c\rse1 n to make ! man m beautiful & *>m+1 b only to %[ (f 8 skill & c\rage1 & ?us to inspire respect & fe>4 ,x is ne$less to po9t out t 9 times ( w> su* decorations mu/ be ( em95t advantage by inspir+ _! we>] ) pride at ! same "t t !y /rike 8 enemies ) t]ror4 ,b boa/+ adornm5ts are by no means re/rict$ to milit>y purposes4 ,_m app>5tly ornam5tal sc>s & tattoo+s are probably worn z pr\d traces ( h]oic feats p]=m$ at initiations or fun]al c]emonies4#ccb ,&1 to quote in/ances ( less l(ty pride1 !re is no end to ! cases 9 :i* gems are worn *iefly = produc+ an impression ( weal?4#ccc ,x w\ld be absurd to suppose t ?is %[ ( val\r or weal? mu/ always be address$ to wom54 ,! impulse to o/5tation has ?us und5iably1 indep5d5t ( sexual selection1 aid$ 9 ! orig9 ( self-decoration4 ,x is n necess>y = ! pres5t purpose to submit to a close analysis all ! o!r !ories ( bodily embelli%m5t :i* oppose an unre/rict$ application ( ! ,d>w9ian int]pretation4 ,suffice x to say t facts exi/ :i* support almo/ e "o ( ^! views4 ,?us x seems q unque/ionable t tattoo+s (t5 s]ve z a means ( convey+ intellectual in=mation4#ccd ,n only are exploits ( val\r :i* provide an occasion = boa/+ ornam5t regi/]$ by incisions on ! body1 b ?is primitive record may also be us$ 9 ord] to commemorate o!r ev5ts t h made a great impression on ! individual 9 "q4 ,! mo/ in/ructive example ( su* ess5tially commemorative self-decoration t is kn[n 9 e?nological lit]ature is no d\bt ! tattoo+ ( ,tepane1 ! native ( ! ,ea/]n ,isl& :om ,dr4 ,/olpe met 9 ,tahiti4 ,on 8 "r =e-arm ?is highly int]e/+ individual wore a patt]n :i*1 al?\gh insignificant at fir/ sight1 on clos] exam9ation %[$ itself to be no?+ less ?an a pictorial description ( ! memorable ev5t :5 ! great /one idols1 n[ outside ! ,briti% ,museum1 7 haul$ d[n f _! orig9al place to ! ,briti% %ip :i* 0 go+ to take !m ov] sea4 ,among ! figures on ?is little hi/orical picture ,tepane himself 0 able to po9t out ! fir/ & second (fic] ( ! ,topaz1 :o1 /&+ some:at ap>t1 wat*$ ! "w ( ! sailors4#cce ,x is inde$ exceptional to meet ) su* complete reali/ic draw+s among ! 8motives0 ( tattoo4 ,b !re is no d\bt t by symbolical repres5tation sights & ev5ts h (t5 be5 record$ on ! body1 ?is mo/ primitive ( all commonplace-books4 ,!re is no default ( in/ances %[+ t decoration1 fix$ z well z deta*$1 has be5 l>gely us$ z a magical protection aga9/ illness1 bewit*+1 or evil eye4#ccf ,?is sup]/iti\s int5tion appe>s ) unmi/akable evid5ce 9 ! decorations ( ! ,x+u tribes ( ! int]ior ,brazil1 :]e *ildr5 & pregnant wom51 i4e4 p]sons :o p>ticul>ly ne$ to be gu>d$ aga9/ malignant influ5ces1 are ri*ly decorat$ ) coll>s ( beads1 tee?1 bones1 & s on4#ccg ,among ^! ,indians ,pr(essor von d5 ,/e95 0 also able to f9d "s typical examples ( ! process1 :i* has be5 obs]v$ 9 sev]al o!r tribes1 by :i* a cosmetic pa9t+ ( ! body is develop$ f a purely practical greas+ ) e>? or fat1 execut$ 9 ord] to pres]ve ! sk9 aga9/ wea!r or insect bites4#cch ,p]haps m important /ill ?an any ( ! above-m5tion$ motives is ! "o to :i* ,h]r ,lipp]t has call$ att5tion4#cci ,9 a nation :]e1 ow+ to ! undevelop$ division ( lab\r1 all p necess>ily become m or less l ea* o!r1 ! individual mu/1 he ?9ks1 feel a /rong desire to develop a fix$ ego1 a p]sonality ap>t1 :i* c be di/+ui%$ f all 8 fell[s4 ,?is crav+ may p]haps1 z ,lipp]t ?9ks1 h some?+ to d ) ! gr[? ( a philosophical consci\sness4 ,b x may also be consid]$ f a purely practical po9t ( view4 ,9 ! same way z ornam5ts on weapons & implem5ts (t5 s]ve z own]s' m>ks1#cdj s ! ornam5ts on ! body may s]ve z means ( id5tify+1 = social & political purposes1 ! man :o is decorat$ ) !m4 ,! ,moko patt]ns ( ! ,maoris1 = in/ance1 h 9 fact be5 us$ z legally recognis$ m>ks1 & copies ( !m appli$1 in/ead ( signatures1 to docum5ts4#cda ,:e!r ! utilit>ian or ! m philosophic explanation be pref]r$1 x is evid5t t1 ev5 if !re _h be5 no necessity to attract ! att5tion ( ! opposite sex1 ! impulse to create an appe>ance :i* is at lea/ to "s degree p]sonal w\ld h l$ to ! diff]5t sy/ems ( embelli%m5t4 ,?us among p :o we> clo!s any details 9 dresses & gems w\ld be made di/9ctive2 :]e ! nak$ body is lightly col\r$1 s z to make tattoo+ conspicu\s1 di/+ui%+ patt]ns w\ld be incis$2 among d>k] nations1 on ! o!r h&1 simple sc>s w\ld be cut2 & f9ally1 9 ! blacke/ tribes1 on ^: sk9 n ev5 sc>s /& out1 modes ( hair-dress+ w\ld af=d a la/ exp$i5t = diff]5tiation4 ,& x is evid5t t tribes 9 _! int]c\rse ) ea* o!r w\ld be l$ by ! same consid]ations z individuals4#cdb ,ev5 9 a fictiti\s unisexual mank9d !re might ?us h appe>$ precisely ! same k9d ( common & fix$ signs by :i* tribes are diff]5tiat$ f ea* o!r1 & ( individual signs by :i* memb]s ( ! same tribe are di/+ui%$ by v>iations f ! common type4 ,^! signs mu/ necess>ily1 z 0 %[n 9 ! =ego+1 ex]cise a p[]ful influ5ce on ! opposite sex1 & _! developm5t may !re=e h be5 to "s ext5t fur!r$ by sexual selection4 ,b x seems impossible to cont5d t !y h be5 inv5t$ only = ! purposes ( c\rt%ip4#cdc ,we h deem$ x sup]flu\s to report 9 ?is connection all ! in/ances :i* %[ t among sundry tribes ( mank9d self-decoration is execut$ especially ) a view ( pleas+4 ,= copi\s collections ( su* facts x is suffici5t to ref] to ! works ( ,we/]m>ck & ,joe/4 ,o!r int]e/+ in/ances h lat] be5 communicat$ by ,f9s*1 ,/irl+1 ,/oke1 & o!rs4#cdd ,:ile necess>ily sceptical ) reg>d to !ories on sexual pref]5ce z a univ]sal1 art-creat+ influ5ce1 we h ( c\rse no reason to d\bt ! accuracy ( individual /atem5ts4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! pres5t rese>* we h only to emphasise ! fact t !re is no possibility ( decid+ ) any c]ta9ty 9 h[ great a degree consid]ations = ! fav\r ( ! opposite sex h influ5c$ ! developm5t ( self-decoration4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,erotic ,,art ,:5 f ! disc\rag+ exam9ation ( decorative arts z connect$ ) sexual selection we turn our att5tion to ! dep>tm5t ( poetry & drama1 we reasonably expect to atta9 "s less ambigu\s results4 ,9 e "w ( lit]>y art "o %\ld ?9k t ! subject ought to af=d "s indication z to its purpose4 ,! dances1 songs1 & pantomimes ( ! l[] tribes are1 h[ev]1 9 ?is respect n v in/ructive4 ,no d\bt !re c be quot$ a great numb] ( arti/ic manife/ations 9 :i* love is repres5t$ or describ$ 9 all its phases4 ,b we are n !reby ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t ^! dramas1 pantomimes1 & poems 7 call$ into exi/5ce by ! pref]5ces ( ! o!r sex4 ,x w\ld be absurd to adduce ! pornographic art ( mod]n times z pro( ( sexual selection4 ,& x is equally absurd to cite 9 fav\r ( ,d>w9's !sis travell]s' tales ( indec5t dances or c]emonies 9 :i* no m5tion is made ( ! pres5ce ( ! opposite sex4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be conc$$ t ! influ5ce ( sex on ! evolution ( art _c1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] seems to ?9k1 be completely disprov$ by an appeal to ! m]e fact t erotic motives occupy s insignificant a space 9 ! mo/ primitive art4#cde ,ev5 if !re 7 any c]ta9ty t ! exi/+ de>? ( in=mation on erotic dances & poems corresponds ) a real lack ( erotic art1 x might /ill be ma9ta9$ t ! fav\r ( ! o!r sex 0 ! aim ( all ! purely lyrical k9ds ( music & dance4 ,& ! analogy ) our own /age ( culture might be adduc$ z a witness t activities & manife/ations :i* 9 _! orig9al purpose are any?+ b erotic may /ill be us$ z effective means ( c\rt%ip4 ,w> dances1 = example1 9 :i* all ! qualities ( ! male body are display$ mu/ ( c\rse be em95tly capable ( *>m+ ! opposite sex4 ,al?\gh und\bt$ly call$ into exi/5ce by ! ne$ ( milit>y ex]cise & w>like /imulation1 ?is k9d ( dramatic art may !re=e h be5 assi/$ 9 its developm5t by ! enc\rag+ influ5ce ( female spectators4#cdf ,9 :i* cases su* an influ5ce has op]at$1 & h[ great h be5 its effects1 c only be det]m9$ by a close exam9ation n only ( ! works ( art !mselves1 b also1 & *iefly1 ( ! circum/ances connect$ ) ! p]=mance ( !m4 ,z poetry & drama on primitive /ages g5]ally h ref]5ce to a p>ticul> occasion1 ^! circum/ances ought to appe> ) great] cle>ness ?an 9 ! case ( pictorial arts4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is rese>* !re is1 h[ev]1 a great defici5cy ( reliable in=mation4 ,9 ! descriptions ( dances & pantomimes :i* c be ga!r$ f ! lit]ature ( travel ! mo/ important po9t is g5]ally omitt$--:e!r ! p]=mances 9 "q 7 execut$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! o!r sex or n4 ,f ! g5]al records ( savage life "o may inde$ draw "s conclusions be>+ ^u ?is "q4 ,b ^! conclusions1 ev5 :51 tak5 ap>t1 !y seem to be suffici5tly reliable1 are1 :5 consid]$ collectively1 full ( contradiction4 ,) reg>d to a great numb] ( tribes ! /rict sep>ation betwe5 ! sexes :i* prevails 9 all phases ( social life--9 "w z well z 9 amusem5ts--provides a negative argum5t aga9/ ! !ory ( female influ5ce on art4 ,?is circum/ance has ( c\rse be5 adduc$ by oppon5ts ( ! selection !ory2 & x 0 ,mr4 ,gurney's *ief objection to ,wagn]'s ass]tion t ! e>lie/ popul> dances 7 erotic pantomimes4#cdg ,b ! adh]5ts ( ,d>w9's !ory are no less able to support _! ass]tion by e?nological facts4 ,?is is made obvi\s1 = in/ance1 by ,wallas*ek's ,primitive ,music1 :i* "w1 z f> z we "k1 gives ! mo/ complete acc\nt exi/5t ( primitive dances & pantomimes4 ,aft] hav+ enum]at$ a great v>iety ( tribes 9 :i* ! sexes are sep>at$ :5 danc+1 ! au?or says1 8,z a rule1 h[ev]1 bo? sexes dance toge!r40 ,& he !n corroborates ?is /atem5t by a /ill great] numb] ( in/ances 9 :i* dances1 (t5 ( a decid$ly erotic "*1 are p]=m$ ei!r by bo? sexes toge!r or by "o sex be=e ! o!r4#cdh ,?us facts confront facts 9 a mo/ bewild]+ contradiction :i* is inde$ try+ to ! believ] 9 e?nological argum5tation4 ,no s\nd /ati/ician w\ld base any conclusions on majorities made up ( su* confus$ masses ( contradictory in/ances4 ,! "q ( sex influ5ce on art w\ld !re=e be = ev] undecid$ if !re 7 no exp$i5t = classify+ ! units & balanc+ !m aga9/ ea* o!r 9 great] gr\ps4 ,su* a classification is ( c\rse no less possible ?an x is necess>y4 ,b x presupposes a close exam9ation ( e s+le in/ance quot$4 ,ow+ to our insuffici5t k ( "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ tribes1 a satisfactory arrangem5t is !re=e z yet involv$ 9 great difficulty4 ,9 ?is "w1 at any rate1 x w\ld n be possible to ent] into all ^! detail$ rese>*es4 ,we %all re/rict ourselves to a few %ort indications ( ! mode 9 :i* we ?9k t ?is mu*-debat$ "q is to be solv$4 ,9 all t has be5 writt5 aga9/ ,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man !re is p]haps no?+ t is s relevant to ! ma9 issue z ,mr4 ,hudson's criticism4 ,he obs]ves t ,d>w9 has ga!r$ toge!r f all regions ( ! globe unconnect$ facts ab\t v>i\s species )\t closely exam9+ ! habits & actions ( ^! species4#cdi ,x goes )\t say+ t su* an exam9ation w\ld be extremely difficult ) reg>d to animals1 ! social life ( :i* is z yet s insuffici5tly kn[n4 ,= "o n a zoologi/1 at lea/1 x w\ld be too audaci\s to pres5t any classification ( ! in/ances1 & !re=e we did n ev5 m5tion ?is possibility 9 ! treatm5t ( animal art4 ,9 ?is connection1 h[ev]1 "o may sugge/1 )\t positively ass]t+1 t p]haps ev5 ! animal manife/ations ( dance & music may be classifi$ 9 gr\ps :i* correspond to ! prevail+ social conditions ( ! respective species4 ,!re is at lea/ a /rik+ simil>ity betwe5 ! types ( song1 s]5e ) all _! passion1 ) :i* ! males ( ! monogam\s song/]s ent]ta9 _! mates--^? mates :i*1 if "o may believe ! bro!rs ,mll]1 h be5 *os5 ev5 be=e ! pair+ season4#cej ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ^! graceful & h>moni\s utt]ances /& 9 ! /ronge/ contra/ to ! vehem5t display ( promiscu\s wood-birds & polygam\s f[l4 ,h[ev] presumptu\s x may be to draw any g5]al conclusions f ^! co9cid5ces1 x is evid5tly indisp5sable1 :5 treat+ ( sexual selection 9 man1 to look = "s connection betwe5 ! v>i\s =ms ( c\rt%ip & prevail+ social in/itutions4 ,?is necessity 0 fully und]/ood by ,d>w9 himself4#cea ,b x has be5 too mu* ov]look$ by 8 successors1 :o1 :5 discuss+ 8 !sis1 h def5d$ or attack$ x by promiscu\s collections ( facts 9 :i* b>b>ic ,malays & deg5]ate ,polynesians are quot$ alongside primitives l ! ,v$das & ,fuegians4 ,if ?is confusion is dis5tangl$ by a prop] arrangem5t ( ! in/ances accord+ to /ages ( culture1 ! seem+ inconsi/5cy ( ! e?nological evid5ce w be remov$4 ,!re is a prima facie gr\nd = believ+ t ! employm5t ( art = ga9+ ! fav\r ( ! o!r sex is *>act]i/ic ( a c]ta9 advance 9 social developm5t4 ,! tribes 9 :i* we h mo/ reason to suppose t ! practice ( self-decoration does n re/ on political or religi\s gr\nds1 & may ?us aim exclusively at pleas+1 are to be f\nd among ! ,polynesians1 ! ,malays1 & "s ( ! nations ( ,india4 ,f ,polynesia also ,b]*on d]iv$ 8 *ief support = ! curi\s ass]tion--:i* seems to be true ( sc>cely any o!r e?nological prov9ce--t ! patt]ns us$ 9 tattoo+ are q indiff]5t1 provid$ only t !y effectually embelli% ! decorat$ "p ( ! body2#ceb 9 %ort1 t tattoo+ has a purely decorative purpose4 ,) reg>d to danc+1 !re also is practis$ 9 ,tahiti1 by ! dramatic society ( ! ,areoi1 a dance mo/ typical ( ! k9d :i* aims at an erotic excitem5t 9 ! spectators4#cec ,z is well kn[n1 ! 8ori5tal0 danc+1 su* z is p]=m$ 9 ! b>b>ic ,negro /ates & 9 ! ,mohamm$an communities ( ,nor!rn ,africa1 z well z 9 ,p]sia1 ,turkey1 ,*9a1 & ,japan1 is ma9ly a gross pantomime ( physical love execut$ by a woman to ! delight ( h] male spectators4#ced ,9 mo/ ( ^! cases1 h[ev]1 ! danc]s are outca/ wom51 :o are paid ) money = _! p]=mance4 ,some:at clos]1 x seems1 is ! connection betwe5 erotic dance & sexual selection 9 ! native population ( ! ,ea/ ,indian ,isl&s4#cee ,& f9ally1 among ! aborig9al tribes ( ,india1 ! ,mund>is1 ,rasas1 ,kolhs1 ,son?als1 ,bhuiyas1 ,*ukmas1 & ,khy\ng?as1 c\rt%ip is p]vad$ by art & /hetic activities4#cef ,9 "s ( ! villages !re /ill survives ! same k9d ( romantic love-mak+ :i* is s well kn[n f ! old ,indian poems & tales4 ,! ,bhuiya y\?s pay visits to ! camp ( ! girls1 & are receiv$ by !m ) dances & songs2 &1 says ,mr4 ,dalton1 8aft] su* daylong fe/ivals ! morn+ dawns on m ?an "o pair ( pl$g$ lov]s40#ceg ,9 ! ,bay> tribe "o ( ! 8me?ods ( br++ ab\t m>riage0 is a dance1 p]=m$ by bo? sexes1 :o face ea* o!r 9 r[s & ex*ange impromptu love c\plets4 ,simil> fe/ivals are also met ) among ! ,b5dk>s & ,khonds4#ceh ,! ,hos & ,mund>is1 on ! o!r h&1 af=d an example ( sexual selection 9 its grosse/ =m at _! ye>ly fe/ivals1 dur+ :i* excit$ dionysiac dances & obsc5e & blasphem\s spee*es are connect$ ) wild promiscu\s orgies4#cei ,9 ! improvis$ ditties t are sung dur+ ^! dances ,d>w9 w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h f\nd ! mo/ conv9c+ pro(s ( ! applicability ( 8 !ory to poetry4 ,among love-inspir$ songs few specim5s c be f\nd :i* are s g5u9e1 & at ! same "t s full ( delicate feel+1 z ! h>ve/ antiphonies sung by ! ,khy\ng?a boys & girls4#cfj ,h[ high an op9ion ( ! p[] 9 poetry to *>m is held by ^! tribes c be judg$ f ! fact t ! ,*ukmas nev] all[ any songs b ^? ( a religi\s "* to be sung 9 _! villages4 ,our girls w\ld be demoralis$1 !y say1 if boys 7 all[$ to s+ freely4 ,:5 liv+ 9 ! jungle1 h[ev]1 :]e ! rules ( morality are lax]1 ! ,*ukmas all[ _! poetry great] lic5se4#cfa ,x is ne$less to say t "s k9d ( erotic poetry is g5]ally to be f\nd 9 all ! tribes :]e danc+ expresses love4 ,!re h be5 translat$ "s exquisite samples ( erotic songs compos$ by ! ,malay tribes ( ,java & ,sumatra4 ,9 "s in/ances x is q evid5t t ^! songs h be5 us$ z means ( w9n+ ! fav\r ( ! wom54 ,9 o!r cases1 h[ev]1 x seems safe/ to draw no conclusions z to _! purpose4 ,at any rate1 love occupies an important place 9 ! poetry :i* has be5 collect$ 9 ,malaysia1 n only among ! ,malays prop]1 b also among ! ,tagals1 ,alfuras1 ,battaks1 etc4#cfb ,9 "s ( _! danc+ songs ! ,au/ralian aborig9al poets are said to describe ! *>ms ( _! swee!>ts4#cfc ,b we "k ( no poems 9 :i* !y appe> to be directly address$4 ,nei!r h we f\nd any decisive /atem5t z to ! "* ( ! erotic poetry 9 ,tahiti & ,new ,zeal&4#cfd ,pur] & m unmi/akable examples ( s++ us$ z a means ( erotic propitiation c be adduc$ f "s ( ! ,am]ican nations4 ,! ,iroquois1 = :om danc+ fe/ivals are ( great importance 9 ! int]c\rse betwe5 ! sexes1 are well aw>e ( ! p[]s ( a s]5ade :5 !y wi% to entice a girl f h] hut to a meet+4#cfe ,9 old ,mexico & ,p]u1 :]e erotic poetry _h rea*$ a high degree ( ref9em5t1 songs & music 7 und\bt$ly us$ 9 c\rt%ip4#cff ,b ) ^! b>b>ic b n savage peoples we h already left primitive man f> beh9d4 ,x is und5iable t increas$ k ( ! v>i\s tribes ( mank9d may necessitate important corrections 9 ! above review ( erotic art4 ,!re might be collect$1 = in/ance1 specim5s ( love-inspir$ poetry f ! really primitive tribes1 su* z ! ,v$das1 ! ,fuegians1 etc4 ,p]haps also x may be prov$ t danc+ & s++ really s]ve ! purposes ( erotic propitiation to a mu* great] ext5t ?an travell]s hi!rto h be5 able to discov]4 ,b ! g5]al conclusions are v unlikely to be *ang$ by any fur!r rese>*es4 ,x is suffici5tly obvi\s t ! ,d>w9ian /hetic has its *ief support 9 ! productions ( b>b>ic nations1 ^: social conditions h be5 em95tly fav\rable = ! developm5t ( erotic art4 ,?is view might be 9 dang] if we _h no k ( any arti/ic activity 9 ! mo/ primitive tribes4 ,b z a relatively develop$ religi\s drama1 & p]haps ev5 "s traditional my?ical songs h be5 f\nd among ! ,fuegians2#cfg z ! ,v$das h at lea/ "o dance1 possibly religi\s1 & v>i\s magic poems2#cfh z ! ,bu%m5 are ma/]s ( pictorial art & develop a great dramatic p[] 9 _! pantomimic imitations ( animals2#cfi z among ! ,au/ralians ! surpris+ly high developm5t ( !atrical managem5t & in/ruction#cgj /&s 9 ! /ronge/ contra/ to _! poor erotic lyric2--9 a ^w1 z ! religi\s1 sup]/iti\s1 & traditional =ms ( art among ! l[] savages h su* an unmi/akable pr$om9ance ov] ^? ( erotic propitiation1 !re is no e?nological support = ! ass]tion t ! beg9n+s ( art 7 due to ! impulse 8to attract by pleas+40 ,x may1 ( c\rse1 be argu$ t ! ,fuegians1 ! ,v$das1 ! ,bu%m51 & ! re/1 f> f repres5t+ primitive man1 are really to be consid]$ z deg5]ate types4 ,& x may fur!rmore be cont5d$ t be=e m>riage cu/oms & o!r social in/itutions _h rea*$ ^? =ms :i* n[ prevail among ! l[] tribes1 ! promiscu\s int]c\rse betwe5 all males & females dur+ a fix$ pair+ season mu/ h produc$ an erotic art4 ,:atev] value su* reason+ may h1 x at any rate implies ! admission t ! art-creat+ influ5ce ( sexual selection _c be prov$ on hi/orical gr\nds4 ,! "q h[ primitive society is to be recon/ruct$ _c z yet be consid]$ to be f9ally solv$4 ,b ev5 if ! orig9al m>riage cu/oms _h be5 su* z ,d>w9 supposes1 & ev5 if c\rt%ip at ?is unkn[n /age ( evolution _h be5 c>ri$ on by means ( art1#cga ! fact t sev]al exi/+ tribes appe> to be q devoid ( poetic & dramatic =ms ( erotic propitiation re/ricts ! validity ( ,d>w9's pr9ciple 9 a consid]able degree4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! attraction ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory is ( c\rse obvi\s4 ,aft] hav+ realis$ ! important "p :i* sexual selection plays 9 ! 8arti/ic0 activities ( animals1 "o is naturally tempt$ to apply ! same pr9ciple to all simil> activities 9 m54 ,! influ5ce ( erotic pref]5ces is a biological datum1 &1 z su*1 a pr9ciple ( a m univ]sal ord]1 s to speak1 ?an any "o ( ! social or religi\s motives4#cgb ,h[ev] advantage\s x may be to apply ?is all-embrac+ explanation to ! :ole field ( art1 a descriptive /udy ( ! facts mu/ ne$s compel u to pay att5tion to ! sociological influ5ces :i* assi/ or imp$e ! op]ation ( sexual selection4 ,!re is no d\bt t !re are "s second>y sexual *>act]s & activities :i* are develop$ "u all social conditions4 ,& x is no less c]ta9 t bo? sexes are ev]y:]e influ5c$ by individual pr$ilections4 ,b ^! pr$ilections _c1 ( c\rse1 be reg>d$ z factors ( importance 9 a society :]e /rictly-fix$ m>riage cu/oms all[ ! p>tn]s no fre$om ( *oice4 ,!y w1 on ! o!r h&1 produce special & diff]5tiat$ means ( attraction :]e1 ei!r f demoralisation1 z 9 ,tahiti1 or z ! result ( in/itutional polygamy1 z 9 ! ,mohamm$an c\ntries1 or ow+ to free & idyllic conditions ( life1 z among ! v>i\s tribes ( ,india1 competition = ! fav\r ( a male or a female is unre/rict$4 ,x is impossible1 )\t transgress+ ! limits ( ! pres5t "w1 to give a complete acc\nt ( ! influ5ces ( society on erotic art4 ,an au?or :o %\ld be able to embrace 9 8 treatm5t all /ages ( evolution1 ! late/ & mo/ highly develop$ z well z ! e>lie/1 w\ld und\bt$ly contribute an int]e/+ *apt] to art-philosophy if he 7 to expla9 9 detail & ) examples h[1 e4g41 lyric poetry has *ang$ ) *ang$ m>riage cu/oms4 ,tak+ ! art ( hi/oric nations1 ! contra/ betwe5 ! lit]ature ( polygam\s ,ori5tals & t ( ,europeans1 ^: notions ( love are influ5c$ by m>riage in/itutions at lea/ (ficially monogam\s1 w\ld af=d an opportunity = mo/ sugge/ive comp>isons4 ,& ev5 )9 ! limits ( mod]n art a comp>ison p]haps equally in/ructive may be made betwe5 ! diff]5t classes ( society ) _! v>y+ =ms ( sexual life4 ,no task c\ld be m int]e/+ ?an t ( f9d+ out to h[ great an ext5t ! m>vell\sly ref9$ & diff]5tiat$ expressions ( romantic love :i* *>act]ise "s s*ools ( mod]n poetry are dep5d5t ^u ! peculi> =ms ( sexual life prevail+ among ! upp] classes4 ,z social factors ( p[]ful1 ?\gh nev] suffici5tly recognis$ influ5ce1 ! veil$ poly&ry & polygamy :i* lie at ! bottom ( mod]n society h und\bt$ly influ5c$ /hetic notions z well z arti/ic activities4 ,by caus+ a division ( ! sexual impulses ^! conditions h facilitat$ ! developm5t ( an ideal & /hetic love-lit]ature :i* nev] w\ld h appe>$1 & _c ev5 be und]/ood1 among nations :]e ?is division does n exi/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! same causes h1 z x is ne$less to po9t out1 produc$ a lit]ature & an art :i*1 by _! delib]ate grossness1 /& 9 ! /ronge/ contra/ n only to ! romantic utt]ances ( civilis$ nations1 b ev5 to ! m nave products ( primitive tribes4 ,we _c 9 ?is connection d m ?an indicate ^! g5]al views1 ! validity ( :i* may be easily te/$ by ! read] by application to mod]n art4 ,)9 ! b\nd>ies ( e?nological art--t is1 betwe5 ! /ages ( evolution repres5t$ by ,ti]ra del ,fuego on "o side & anci5t ,mexico at ! o!r end--!re c1 h[ev]1 be f\nd suffici5t pro(s ( ! g5]al law :i* manife/s itself m fully 9 ! ri*] & m highly diff]5tiat$ products ( mod]n art4 ,love1 al?\gh fundam5tally "o & uni=m z a feel+1 is 9 its utt]ances ev] *ang+ ) *ang+ conditions ( life4 ,if its gr\nd is biological1 its nuances are always det]m9$ by sociological influ5ces4 ,)\t tak+ into due acc\nt all ^! nuances x is impossible to ass]t any?+ ab\t ! influ5ces ( sexual selection on art4 ,! consid]ations adduc$ 9 ?is *apt] h l$ to results :i*1 by _! negative "*1 may seem to be v unsatisfactory4 ,x 0 %[n fir/ ( all t arti/ic activities1 9 s f> z !y emphasise ! qualities ( ei!r sex1 mu/ necess>ily ex]cise an attractive influ5ce on ! opposite sex4 ,f a psy*ological po9t ( view we tri$ to prove t ! v>i\s =ms ( self-decoration1 su* z are to be met ) among primitive tribes1 mu/ h be5 em95tly effectual z means ( su* attraction4 ,b we 71 on ! o!r h&1 compell$ to admit t ! prim>y orig9 ( dress & ornam5ts 9 _m cases c\ld be q z well expla9$ )\t any ref]5ce to ! relation betwe5 ! sexes4 ,?us x became necess>y to exam9e closely ! dramatic & poetic art = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ 9 :i* tribes competition = ! fav\r ( ! opposite sex c be assum$ z a cause ( ! art4 ,! e?nological evid5ce1 z quot$ 9 ! works on sexual selection1 appe>$ too incomplete & inconsi/5t to admit ( any g5]al conclusions be+ drawn1 & x seem$ indisp5sable to sift ! in=mation z well z to classify ! in/ances4 ,in/ead ( "o all-expla9+ pr9ciple1 :i* c\ld be appli$ 9 all ! v>i\s cases1 we 7 confront$ by a multitude ( causes & conditions1 all ( :i* ne$$ to be inve/igat$ sep>ately & weigh$ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,a read] :o ?9ks e discussion fruitless :i* leads to no dogmatic conclusion might p]haps object t our re-exam9ation ( ?is mu*-debat$ "q has utt]ly fail$ 9 its purposes4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 be all[$ to po9t out t al?\gh our inve/igation has n l$ to any def9ite e/imate ( ! importance ( sexual pref]5ces = ! developm5t ( art1 x may p]haps h contribut$ 9 "s degree to ! elucidation ( ! connection betwe5 art1 beauty1 & sex4 ,we h se5 t ev5 9 ! conditions :i* are ! mo/ fav\rable = its influ5ce1 sexual selection c nev] by itself create any quality ( beauty4 ,:at k9d ( ideal ! pref]5ces ( ei!r sex are able to call into exi/5ce is suffici5tly %[n by ! hide\s de=mations ( ! body :i* are to be f\nd among primitive tribes z well z among ! mo/ civilis$ nations4 ,:]ev]1 ?r\gh fav\rable conditions ( life & "w1 beauty1 i4e4 grace & h>mony1 is develop$ 9 ! human body & its movem5ts1 !re ^! qualities w (t5 be enhanc$ by ! selection t is ex]cis$ by ei!r sex4 ,b ?is selection c1 ( c\rse1 be ( influ5ce only :]e ! sexes enjoy fre$om ( *oice4 ,?is inquiry ?us leads to ! g5]al conclusion1 :i*1 we hope1 w be confirm$ by ! reason+ ( all ! foll[+ *apt]s1 t ! problems ( beauty & art c nev] be sep>at$ f ! g5]al problems ( social life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h endeav\r$ to %[ t sexual selection has only call$ =? arti/ic activities 9 uncivilis$ man :5 ! conditions h be5 especially fav\rable4 ,z a cause ( arti/ic activity1 sexual selection does n op]ate ev]y:]e4 ,b ev5 :]e !re is no competition betwe5 rivals1 sexual emotions may /ill f9d an arti/ic expression4 ,9 %ort1 sexual selection is a cause ( erotic art1 b x is n ! only cause4 ,) less fre$om ( *oice = ! females1 !re is1 ( c\rse1 less ne$ = ! males to develop especial activities = ! purpose ( erotic propitiation4 ,b ev5 :]e ! female is ?us depriv$ ( ! signal influ5ce :i* %e1 ?r\gh h] fav\r+ or reject+ selection1 c ex]cise on ! appe>ance & ! activities ( ! race1 h] in/9ctive coyness may necessitate "s means ( erotic p]suasion4 ,?is purpose is already s]v$ by ! v>i\s k9ds ( c>ess+ movem5ts :i* are to be f\nd n only among m51 b also among _m species ( animals4#cgc ,b x is also probable t primitive man1 9 ! same way z ! birds1 may h resort$ to song & dance z a mode ( w9n+ ! female's cons5t4 ,^! activities1 :i* are prelim9>y to pair+1 _c1 ( c\rse1 be ( ! same importance to evolution z ^? :i* aim at secur+ pref]5ce 9 ! selection ( mates4 ,b !y may none ! less atta9 a high degree ( developm5t4 ,9 deg5]ate tribes especially1 erotic danc+ is no d\bt us$ z an effectual aphrodisiac4 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 to seek = biological advantages 9 erotic dances1 pantomimics1 & poems4 ,! /rong emotional t5sion :i* accompanies pair+ mu/ ( itself give rise to "s mode ( seek+ relief by s\nd or movem5t4 ,^! manife/ations1 on ! o!r h&1 w by association revive ! pleasurable feel+s ) :i* !y h be5 connect$4 ,z1 moreov]1 among primitive m5 sexual exaltation is "o ( ! /ronge/--9 peaceful tribes ev5 ! /ronge/--feel+ :i* occurs 9 _! life1 any o!r rapture w borr[ ! =m ( its expression f ?is elem5t>y passion4 ,x is well kn[n t ev5 9 civilis$ nations int5se delight t5ds to express itself 9 erotic ge/ures4 ,9 "s cases1 z1 e4g41 t ( abnormal religi\s exaltation1 "o might ?9k t a /ate ( high-/rung emotion1 by susp5d+ all intellectual life1 does 9 fact leave a man at ! m]cy ( ov]:elm+ animal impulses4 ,! exagg]at$ devotion ( all emotional religions sets at lib]ty ! bte huma9e1 :i* c be kept "u control only by ! cont9u\s competition ) ! high] faculties4 ,9 o!r in/ances1 su* z ^? :5 p :o h receiv$ "s good news feel an incl9ation to embrace or kiss ea* o!r1 x is m natural to assume a process ( association4 ,9 ei!r case ! psy*ology ( civilis$ man enables u to und]/& :y erotic dances are s g5]ally us$ by primitive tribes1 ev5 on occasions :5 !y seem lea/ appropriate4 ,x w\ld be sup]flu\s to und]take an e?nological review ( erotic motives 9 art4 ,z we h already rem>k$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 !re are tribes :i*1 accord+ to ! reports ( travell]s1 n only are completely devoid ( erotic art 9 ! s5se ( love-propitiation1 b d n ev5 all[ love any place z a subject ( art4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 safe/ to draw no conclusions f ?is defici5cy ( data4 ,erotic art1 z ev]y?+ else connect$ ) sexual life1 has too (t5 be5 ov]look$ by e?nological au?ors4 ,savage1 ,w4 ,ellis1 ,wyatt ,gill1 ,romilly1 & _m o!rs1 consid] !mselves b\nd by mode/y to pass ov] su* pantomimes z are 8too indelicate & obsc5e to be m5tion$40#cgd ,ev5 ! bro!rs ,s>as91 :o o!rwise h aim$ at ! greate/ possible complet5ess 9 _! acc\nt ( ! ,v$das1 c&idly say t !y h obs]v$ no 8,lu/tnze10 b also nev] inquir$ ab\t !m4#cge ,x w\ld n be surpris+1 !re=e1 if "s less discreet travell] %\ld at "s future "t describe hi!rto unkn[n erotic dances & songs f1 say1 ! ,bu%m5 or ! ,&amanese4 ,& !re is ! m reason to anticipate t a clos] intimacy ) primitive man may br+ to light illu/rations ( erotic art1 z 9 _m savage tribes sexual matt]s are h$g$ 9 by taboo1 & are especially conceal$ f :ite visitors4#cgf ,on ! o!r h& x is v probable t ! erotic elem5t 9 primitive art has (t5 be5 ov]rat$4 ,x seems d\btful :e!r ! expressions 8improp]0 & 8indec5t10 z us$ by ! travell]s 9 descriptions ( dances & dramas1 are always int5d$ to signify t ! repres5tations 9 "q 7 ( an erotic nature4#cgg ,& ev5 :51 = ! civilis$ spectator1 a pantomime appe>s to be mo/ immoral1 ?is impression may be due to a misund]/&+ ( its real mean+4 ,no d\bt1 ignorance ( ! language & ! cu/oms ( ! v>i\s tribes has (t5 occasion$ false int]pretations4 ,mr4 ,reeves1 :o w>ns u aga9/ uncritical belief 9 travell]s' tales1 has be5 able to adduce f 8 own exp]i5ce a mo/ tell+ example ( su* a mi/ake4 ,:5 witness+ a p]=mance ( %ort dramas1 8mekes10 9 ,samoa1 he & 8 p>ty felt extremely %ock$ by ! indec5t action ( "o ( ! int]ludes4 ,aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 he le>n$ f ! natives t ! objectionable pantomime 0 only int5d$ to repres5t ! movem5ts ( a woman ga!r+ fi%es 9 a basket4#cgh ,9 a descriptive acc\nt ( primitive art x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be necess>y to reckon ) all ^! inadequacies ( e?nological evid5ce4 ,! g5]al results1 su* z are want$ = a philosophical treatm5t1 w\ld n be affect$ by corrections 9 s+le in/ances4 ,! probability is t 9 e tribe1 indep5d5tly ( its social /ate & ( its =ms ( sexual selection1 erotic feel+s h always express$ !mselves 9 "s way or o!r4 ,) v>y+ conditions ( life ^! modes ( expression h1 ( c\rse1 acquir$ great] or less importance = art4 ,:]e w> occupies ! att5tion ( ! tribe to an exclusive degree1 erotic motives c nev] occupy a prom95t place 9 art4 ,:]e1 z is alleg$ to be ! case among "s ,au/ralian tribes1 notions ( decorum =bid any expression ( ! feel+s ( affection & love1 love songs & dances w h>dly be publicly ackn[l$g$ 9 public art4#cgi ,on ! o!r h&1 an erotic lit]ature w be prom95t 9 su* communities z t ( ,tahiti4#chj ,& :51 z 9 ,kams*atka1 poems g5]ally are compos$ by wom51 x is only natural t _! subjects %\ld be *iefly 8love1 hate1 grief1 & hope40#cha ,^! facts are all s self-evid5t t !re is no ne$ to argue ^u !m4 ,m int]e/+ ?an all ^! sociological ag5cies is ! influ5ce ( prevail+ religi\s & sup]/iti\s notions4 ,z has be5 already po9t$ out1 sexual taboo has 9 _m cases *eck$ ! developm5t ( erotic poetry & dance z a public art4 ,b p]haps m frequ5t ?an ! cases ( su* prev5tion are ^? :]e !y h be5 fur!r$ by phallic sy/ems ( religion4 ,?is is ( c\rse an additional reason = caution 9 accus+ primitive art ( immorality :5 x %ocks our feel+s ( mode/y4#chb ,?us ! indec5cy ( religi\s sculptures connect$ ) ance/or-wor%ip has und\bt$ly (t5 a s]i\s & symbolical mean+4#chc ,9 "s tribes indec5t pantomimes1 :i* o!rwise are /rictly =bidd51 w be p]=m$1 evid5tly = "s sup]/iti\s reason1 at fun]al c]emonies4#chd ,p]haps1 also1 "s sup]/iti\s notion ab\t sympa!tic magic lies beh9d ! obsc5e rites & songs :i* s (t5 accompany w$d+ c]emonies4 ,?is pr9ciple appe>s m unmi/akable 9 ! dramatic rites :i* are p]=m$ by _m p z means ( remov+ /]ility4 ,f9ally1 ow+ to a comb9ation ( sympa!tic magic & animi/ic conceptions ( nature1 erotic pantomime has acquir$ a prom95t place among agricultural rites4 ,all ^! manife/ations ( pictorial & lit]>y art1 :i* 9 aim & int5tion _c1 prop]ly speak+1 be call$ erotic at all1 w be treat$ ( 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,9 ?is connection x is only necess>y to m5tion ! naturali/ic dramas :i* 9 ,africa & ,au/ralia are repres5t$ at ! initiation ( boys 9 manhood4 ,we ne$ n expla9 t ! p]=mances 9 ! male camps1 by :i* ! y\?s are introduc$ to all ! features ( m5's life1 naturally assume an obsc5e "*4 ,b x is int]e/+ t ! pantomimes1 :i*1 f our /&po9t at lea/1 are s revolt+1 sometimes seem to be meant to s]ve ! int]e/s ( morality4 ,mr4 ,ma!ws1 9 8 description ( ! ,bora c]emony among ! ,kamil>oi1 says t ?is pantomimic repres5tation 0 enact$ = ! purpose ( tea*+ y\?s to ab/a9 f homo-sexual vices4#che ,kn[+ ! degree ( immorality :i* has be5 rea*$ by _m savage tribes1 "o may readily und]/& t ! old m5 9 ! tribe h resort$ to ^! radical means ( dissuad+ ! boys f vice4 ,& "o feels tempt$ to apply ,mr4 ,ma!ws' explanation to simil> rites 9 o!r tribes ?an ! ,kamil>oi4 ,! initiation c]emonies ( ! ,amazulus1 = in/ance1 :i* w\ld 9 no case be possible 9 any b extremely deg5]ate nations1 might be expla9$ on ! same hypo!sis4#chf ,x is significant t ! ,kamil>oi1 9 v9dication ( _! obsc5e art1 h hit ^u ! v same apology :i* 0 adduc$ 9 def5ce ( ! ,fr5* lit]ature ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,b 9 bo? cases1 among ! primitives z well z 9 civilis$ communities1 ! suppos$ b5eficial effects ( erotic art seem to be v que/ionable4 ,:]e dances1 dramas1 & songs speak only ( s5sual pleasure1 !y w soon kill intellectual inquisitiv5ess z well z zeal = "w4 ,sir ,h5ry ,john/on1 :o has m "r ?an any "o else to speak ab\t ! populations ( ,africa1 ?9ks t ! sudd5 arre/ 9 ! intellectual developm5t ( ,african boys :i* c g5]ally be notic$ at ! "t ( pub]ty is a result ( ! ov]p[]+ sexual /imulation to :i* !y are at t "t expos$4#chg ,z ! same cause1 i4e4 an art & a social life :i* are full ( erotic sugge/ions1 op]ates 9 _m savage tribes1 x may p]haps acc\nt to "s ext5t = ! fact1 rec5tly comm5t$ ^u by ,kidd1 t1 not)/&+ ! m>vell\s tea*abl5ess ( primitive *ildr51 savages always prove inf]ior to :ite m5 aft] ! atta9m5t ( maturity4#chh ,& x gives a reason = ! t5d5cy--fruitless1 no d\bt1 b none ! less s9c]e--:i* is to be f\nd among "s ( ! /ronge/ nations1 ! anci5t ,maori1 = in/ance1 to repress & qu5* by all possible means ! developm5t ( an art t aims delib]ately at erotic /imulation4#chi ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,art ,,& ,,"w ,9 our treatm5t ( erotic art we h be5 l$ f> away f ! connection betwe5 art & ! ma9t5ance ( species4 ,:atev] ! case may be = animals & ^? primitive m5 ^: sexual life is re/rict$ )9 a %ort & fix$ pair+ season1 an artificial /imulation ( ! erotic feel+s is no biological requirem5t = ! exi/+ tribes ( man4 ,:]e art has ma9ly s]v$ ?is purpose1 x has n1 z has be5 %[n1 by any means ex]cis$ a b5eficial influ5ce on ! race4 ,! mo/ typical illu/rations 9 ! la/ *apt] 7 !re=e f\nd 9 ! arti/ic productions ( deg5]ate tribes :i* no d\bt w\ld1 if br\ght into conflict ) less lic5ti\s neighb\rs1 prove inf]ior 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,& all ^! in/ances af=d invaluable argum5ts to ^? philosoph]s :o consid] art z a *eck+ & weak5+ factor 9 progress4 ,x is hop$1 h[ev]1 t ! pres5t *apt] w contribute t[>ds ! refutation ( su* "o-sid$ views4 ,we int5d to adduce in/ances f v>i\s /ages ( culture :i* w br+ out ! importance ( art z a fav\r+ factor 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,x is evid5t t a pantomimic imitation ( any activity mu/1 z ex]cise & /imulation1 facilitate ! subsequ5t real execution ( ! same activity4 ,individuals & nations :o h gr[n famili> 9 play ) ! mo/ important actions 9 life's "w h ?us acquir$ an unque/ionable advantage 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,aft] ! publication ( ,pr(essor ,groos's great works on animal & human recreations x is ne$less to dwell ^u ?is po9t4 ,?is em95t psy*ologi/ has1 ) reg>d to ! evolution>y value ( sportive repres5tations--or1 z he pref]s to say1 8pr-pres5tations0--( life1 be5 l$ to consid] !m z bas$ on inh]it$ in/9ctive impulses4 ,in/ead ( ! play-impulse1 :i* only s]ves to provide an outfl[ = ! sup]flu\s en]gy 9 ! organism1 he has ?us introduc$ ! conception ( an activity :i* ex]cises an important positive influ5ce on life4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 8 consummate rese>*es h br\ght out ) especial cle>ness ! intimate connection betwe5 play & art4 ,a great _m ( ! in/ances he has collect$ pres5t all ! te*nical qualifications ( a manife/ation ( dramatic art4 ,z ,groos himself rem>ks1 only ! addition ( a dis9t]e/$ /hetic att5tion 9 ! play]s is ne$$ 9 ord] to trans=m ! in/9ctive activities into arti/ic ones4 ,h[ ?is transition has tak5 place is a "q :i* w und\bt$ly be treat$ 9 ! great sy/em ( art-philosophy to :i* ! hi!rto publi%$ works ( ,pr(essor ,groos con/itute ! introduction4 ,we h !re=e only to po9t out h[ mu* support ^! views d]ive f ! /udy ( primitive art4 ,9 ! v>i\s tribes1 ) _! diff]+ types ( life1 !re is af=d$ a s+ul> opportunity ( obs]v+ ! connection betwe5 play1 or art1 & ! s]i\s occupations ( life4 ,! games ( ! *ildr51 z well z ! dances & pantomimes ( ! full-gr[n1 almo/ ev]y:]e correspond to ! prevail+ activities 9 ! v>i\s communities4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ! ,malays1 ! ,maoris1 ! tribes ( ,c5tral ,asia1 & o!rs1 all furni% in/ances ( ! famili> law t ! amusem5ts ( w>like nations ma9ly consi/s 9 ex]cises :i* are prelim9>y to1 or rem9isc5t (1 ! exp]i5ces ( battle4 ,a w> dance or a mimic fight is ! traditional type n only ( _! public ent]ta9m5ts1 b also ( _! /ate c]emonial4 ,no example c\ld be m tell+ ?an t ( ! ,dahomey /ate dances1 :i*1 h[ev] !y may beg91 always seem to end ) an imitation ( ! greate/ social action 9 ! c\ntry--decapitation4#cij ,:]e ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is a conte/ ) nature & n ) fell[-m51 a hunt+ or fi%+ pantomime usually takes ! place ( ^! milit>y p]=mances4 ,x is true t su* repres5tations ( "w (t5 lose _! importance 9 national art :5 ! conditions ( life gr[ easi]4 ,mr4 ,tapl9 ?us contra/s ! ri* & v>i$ ent]ta9m5ts ( ! ,polynesians1 :o )\t any ex]tion obta9 _! subsi/5ce f _! b\ntiful soil1 ) ! amusem5ts ( ! poor ,n>r9y]i1 :o ev5 9 _! dances & pantomimes h always practis$ 8^? arts :i* 7 necess>y to get a liv+40#cia ,b x is significant t ev5 ! inhabitants ( ^! 8happy isl&s0 9 _! dramatic p]=mances introduce imitations ( r[+1 fight+1 & o!r k9ds ( common "w4 ,& at /ill high] degrees ( developm5t1 :]e ! division ( lab\r has giv5 rise to special trades1 all ^! v>i\s crafts w (t51 z 0 ! case 9 ,dahomey1 9 anci5t ,p]u1 & 9 m$ival ,europe1 be a fav\rite subject = pantomimic repres5tation4#cib ,if su* repres5tations h be5 ( no especial value z ex]cise1 !y may nev]!less1 by br++ ab\t an association betwe5 "w & pleasure1 h made toil & lab\r less repugnant4 ,! ex]tions call$ =? by ! /ruggle = exi/5ce h ?us at all /ages ( culture1 except t ( mod]n indu/rialism1 be5 to "s ext5t facilitat$ by art4 ,p]haps ev5 m important 9 _! influ5ces ?an ! imitation ( "w 9 play or drama are ! arti/ic activities :i* accompany ! actual p]=mance ( "w4 ,z ^! k9ds ( dance & song h be5 some:at ov]look$ by ,pr(essor ,groos1 !re is reason to make !m ! subject ( a clos] inve/igation4 ,:5 expla9+ ! manife/ations ( art :i* c ?us1 9 ! lit]al mean+ ( ! ^w1 be call$ songs & dances ( action1 we h to divide our att5tion betwe5 two diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,fir/1 ! ne$ ( /imulation & regulation ( ! "w ( ! individual1 &1 second1 ! ne$ ( co-op]ation 9 ! "w ( diff]5t individuals4 ,9 bo? ^! respects art has _h an importance among primitive tribes :i* c sc>cely be ov]rat$4 ,x is well kn[n t at a l[] degree ( m5tal developm5t ! p[] ( in/antane\s muscul> ex]tion is f> less ?an among educat$ m54 ,broca's exp]im5ts %[$ t artisans ) some:at tra9$ intellig5ce g5]ally rea*$ high] figures on a dynamomet] ?an work+ m5 :o 7 only us$ to bodily ex]tions4 ,& ! ,negroes1 ^: =ces 7 te/$ by ,fr1 7 f> bel[ ! av]age ( ,europeans4#cic ,z 9 ^! exp]im5ts ! natives 7 introduc$ to new & unaccu/om$ movem5ts1 ! evid5ce ( ! psy*ometric app>atus mu/ be consid]$ z some:at ext5uat$ by ! circum/ances4 ,broadly speak+1 ^! exp]im5ts c1 h[ev]1 be tak5 z indications ( a g5]al psy*ological law4#cid ,! exp]im5tal evid5ce is1 moreov]1 corroborat$ by ! common compla9ts ( ,europeans :o h _h to rely on natives4 ,! sl[ness ) :i* ! primitive man gets into sw+ ) 8 "w has no d\bt be5 ref]r$ to times )\t numb] by slavekeep]s :5 advocat+ _! me?ods ( treat+ natives4 ,/range to say1 !re are "s tribes :i* !mselves c&idly admit _! own in]tness1 & volunt>ily submit to :ipp+ 9 ord] to get 8_! blood a little agitat$40#cie ,! sl[ness & ! ins5sibility ( ! ,gu>ani are1 h[ev]1 z appe>s f ,mr4 ,r5gg]'s description1 exceptional & pa?ological4#cif ,b x seems z if almo/ all tribes _h inv5t$ "s means ( incit+ !mselves to "w4 ,only1 ^! means are seldom su* z ,europeans w\ld feel incl9$ to avail !mselves ( :5 urg+ on _! work]s4 ,t !y c nev]!less be z effectual z ev5 ! slavekeep]s :ip is %[n by ,signor ,salvado4 ,8 description ( 8 exp]i5ces ) ,au/ralian natives z f>m-lab\r]s is delightful3 8,h[ (t510 says he1 8h ,i n us$ _! danc+ songs 9 ord] to enc\rage & urge !m on 9 _! "w4 ,i h se5 !m1 n once1 b a ?\s& times ly+ on ! gr\nd ) m9ds & bodies we>i$ by _! lab\r2 yet z soon z !y he>d me s++ ! ,ma*iel-,ma*iel1 :i* is "o ( _! commone/ & fav\rite danc+ songs1 !y w\ld yield to an irresi/ible impulse1 & rise & jo9 me ) _! voices4 ,!y w\ld ev5 beg9 to dance joyfully & cont5t$ly1 especially :5 !y saw me s++ & danc+ among !m1 l any o!r savage4 ,aft] a few m9utes ( danc+ ,i w\ld seize ! opportunity to cry out to !m 9 a m]ry voice1 ,m+o6 ,m+o6 a ^w mean+ brea/1 :i* is also us$ 9 ! same way z our ^w c\rage4 ,aft] su* an exhortation !y w\ld gradually set to "w aga94 ,& !y w\ld beg9 afre% ) su* goodwill & eag]ness1 t x seem$ z if ! dance ( ,ma*iel _h communicat$ to !m new c\rage & new vig\r40#cig ,f _m p>ts ( ! _w !re may be quot$ examples ( savages :o always raise a *ant :5 compell$ to ov]come _! natural laz9ess4#cih ,9 _m cases !y seem1 z 9 ,salvado's anecdote1 to avail !mselves ( words & melodies :i* p]haps 7 orig9ally int5d$ only = amusem5t4#cii ,b x is also well kn[n t work+ m5 ev]y:]e /imulate !mselves by special songs ( exhortation4#djj ,& :5 employ$ 9 prolong$ & monoton\s "w !y ev]y:]e seem to "k t toil may be reliev$ by song4#dja ,! majority ( ^! "w poems may p]haps be ( no great poetical or musical m]it1 b t does n affect _! great evolutioni/ic importance4 ,:e!r ,noir is "r or n 9 8 !ory t language has develop$ f ! "w cries ( primitive m51#djb !re is no d\bt t "s ( ! simple/ & p]haps e>lie/ specim5s ( poetry are to be f\nd among ! %ort ditties sung by lab\r]s dur+ _! "w4 ,! /imulus :i* is provid$ by su* songs is easily und]/ood )\t any explanation4 ,b _! invigorat+ p[] w be p]ceiv$ m cle>ly :5 we take into acc\nt t emotional susceptibility to musical impressions :i* has be5 rem>k$ 9 s _m primitive tribes4#djc ,besides ^! invigorat+ effects1 e musical accompanim5t w also1 by virtue ( its rhy?mic elem5ts1 regulate ! movem5ts ( "w1 & !reby produce a sav+ ( =ce deploy$4 ,:5 ! words ( ! "w-songs ref] to ! action itself1 ! effect w be /r5g!n$ by v]bal sugge/ion4 ,x is true t _m ( ! songs :i* are sung dur+ ! manufacture ( weapons & ut5sils1 dur+ boat-build+ & su*-l1 are magical 9 _! int5tion4#djd ,b !re is no d\bt t ! ideas ( poetical magic are to a great ext5t d]iv$ f a psy*ological exp]i5ce ( ! sugge/ive p[] ( words4 ,)\t committ+ ourselves to any sup]/ition1 we c easily believe t--9 ,polynesia z well z 9 anci5t ,f9l&--canoes 7 bett] built :5 ! 8boat-build+0 song 0 prop]ly recit$ by ! build]4 ,only we pref] to ?9k t ! magic op]at$ on ! workman & n on 8 mat]ial4 ,! psy*ological influ5ce ( ! "w dances is /ill easi] to und]/&4 ,prelim9>y movem5ts1 ev5 :5 undirect$1 always make ! subsequ5t action m effective2 witness a golf]'s fl\ri% be=e driv+4 ,z ,lagrange has po9t$ out1 _! effect w be to develop t am\nt ( animal heat :i* is necess>y = e muscul> contraction4#dje ,:51 moreov]1 !y are fix$ & diff]5tiat$ 9 _! =m1 ! influ5ce w ( c\rse be all ! great]4 ,by e attempt to execute a special movem5t1 ! idea ( su* movem5t is made m & m di/9ct4 ,& z h]eby ! ideomotor =ce ( ?is repres5tation is increas$1 ! f9al action mu/ be execut$ ) great] ease & great] efficacy4 ,! validity ( ?is law may be easily prov$ by exp]im5tal psy*ology4 ,fr has 9 8 dynamometrical te/s obs]v$ t ! second pressure always atta9s a high] figure ?an ! fir/ "o4 8,la premire pression a p\r effet de r5=c] la reprs5tation m5tale du m\vem5t40#djf ,)\t any !oretical k ( ^! psy*ological facts1 ! common man has always be5 able to avail himself ( ! b5eficial effects :i* are to be d]iv$ f prelim9>y imitations ( any difficult movem5t4 ,h5ce ! curi\s pantomimes ( exp]im5tation :i* we may always obs]ve 9 ! artisan :o has to give a f9i%+ t\* to 8 "w1 or 9 ! a?lete :o tries to p]=m a new & unaccu/om$ ex]cise4 ,! psy*ology ( movem5t-p]ception1 z we h describ$ x 9 ! =ego+1 makes x evid5t t a simil> prompt+ influ5ce may be ex]cis$ by ! actions ( o!rs4#djg ,?is is an exp]i5ce :i* mu/ h occurr$1 we %\ld imag9e1 to e "o :o has be5 coa*$ 9 golf by a pr(essional4 ,:5 conc5trat+ 8 att5tion ^u ea* successive movem5t 9 ! in/ructor's model p]=mance1 ! beg9n] 9 sports & gymna/ics receives ) 8 :ole body1 s to speak1 an impression ( ! ex]cise he has to g ?r\gh4 ,! repres5tation ?us ga9s 9 di/9ctness z well z 9 motor =ce1 & ! subsequ5t movem5t is execut$ 9 an almo/ automatic way4 ,^! famili> facts f ! psy*ology ( ev]yday life w expla9 :y among ! savage tribes we s (t5 meet ) ! in/itution ( ! prsul4 ,:5 any lab\r is to be p]=m$ :i* requires ! co-op]ation ( _m h&s1 su* z ! h>ve/ or r[+1 ! prsul demon/rates 9 dance or pantomime ! sequ5ce ( movem5ts :i* ! o!rs h to g ?r\gh4#djh ,by ! sugge/ive influ5ce ( 8 p]=mance all ! individual work]s are /imulat$ 9 _! ex]tions4 ,m important1 h[ev]1 ?an ?is /imulation is ! co-ord9ation ( lab\r :i* is effect$ by ! elem5t ( rhy?m 9 song & dance4 ,we h 9 a previ\s *apt] spok5 at suffici5t l5g? ( ! incalculable /hetic importance ( rhy?m z a means ( produc+ emotional community betwe5 diff]5t individuals4 ,9 ?is connection we h /ill to po9t out t a fix$ "t-division mu/ 9 ! same way facilitate common activity4 ,f ! hi/orical po9t ( view ?is practical aspect is und\bt$ly ! m important4 ,h[ev] fundam5tal & primordial ! /hetic function ( ! p]ception ( rhy?m may seem = ! !ori/1 x is mo/ probable t ! developm5t ( ?is faculty has be5 *iefly fur!r$ by its utilit>ian advantages4 ,!re is no d\bt t ev5 ! mo/ primitive man may feel ! want ( associat+ 8 fell[-m5 9 8 emotions1 & t = ?is purpose he may be able to give ! expression ( !m a fix$ rhy?mical =m4 ,b ! p[] ( p]ceiv+ ?is "t-division z a rhy?m1 & ( obey+ x closely 9 song & dance1 w\ld1 z ,dr4 ,wallas*ek has %[n1 c]ta9ly n h atta9$ s high a degree ( developm5t if ?is p[] _h n1 by facilitat+ common activity1 be5 ( su* imm5se advantage = ! ma9t5ance ( species4#dji ,x goes )\t say+ t any "w :i* necessitates ! co-op]ation ( sev]al work]s mu/ be execut$ ) great] effici5cy ! m closely ! individuals foll[ to a common rhy?m4 ,!re is no d\bt1 !re=e1 t1 z ,sp5c] rem>ks1 ! incompet5ce ( ! ,arab & ,nubian boatm5 on ! ,nile is *iefly a result ( _! inability to act toge!r4 ,z an ,arab dragoman is report$ to h said1 a few ,europeans w\ld1 by virtue only ( _! sup]ior p[]s ( co-op]ation1 d 9 a few m9utes :at n[ occupies hundr$s ( m54#daj ,su* an incapacity = conc]t$ action is1 h[ev]1 q exceptional among ! l[] tribes ( m54 ,"s tribes1 z e4g4 ! f>m] ,negroes 9 ,we/ ,africa & ! ,malay & ,polynesian boatm51 are ev5 fam\s = ! wond]ful regul>ity ( _! "w4#daa ,?is regul>ity1 on ! o!r h&1 has be5 expla9$ by all travell]s z a result ( ! rhy?mical songs by :i* _! "w is accompani$4 ,x is significant t ! mo/ typical specim5s ( work+ songs & dances %\ld be met ) 9 ! tribes ( ,oceania4 ,! insul> life1 :i* ev5 9 o!r respects has be5 s fav\rable to ! developm5t ( art1 has necessitat$ a mo/ intimate co-op]ation betwe5 individuals4#dab ,h5ce ! developm5t ( canoe dances & boat+ songs1 by help ( :i* ! movem5ts ( ! r[]s are adju/$ accord+ to common & fix$ rhy?ms4#dac ,! same necessity has ( c\rse produc$ simil> results1 9 a great] or less degree1 9 e community :]e ! type ( life makes collective action ne$ful4 ,x has n giv5 rise to any important manife/ations ( art among ! pa/oral tribes1 9 :i* individuals c d well en\gh )\t help f ea* o!r4 ,9 agricultural societies1 on ! o!r h&1 x has call$ =? ^? s[+ & h>ve/ dances or songs :i* are s famili> 9 ! folklore ( ! civilis$ nations4#dad ,&1 m ?an any o!r ( life's occupations1 w> has requir$ an active coh]5ce betwe5 ! individual memb]s ( ! tribe4 ,! influ5ce ( milit>y in/itutions on art is1 h[ev]1 9 m ?an "o respect s important t its treatm5t mu/ be res]v$ = a special *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,art ,,& ,,w> ,9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology ,mr4 ,sp5c] has devot$ "s ( 8 mo/ =cible p>agraphs to a treatm5t ( ! social influ5ces ( w>4 ,by adduc+ & comp>+ ) ea* o!r types ( social life among diff]5t tribes1 he has be5 able to %[ h[ milit>y cu/oms ev]y:]e t5d to r$uce ! individual lib]ty & /r5g!n ! c5tral p[]4#dae ,_m o!r writ]s on sociology h p]ceiv$ & comm5t$ on ! truism t ! int]nal coh]5ce ( tribes has be5 *iefly produc$ by ! ne$ ( comb9ation = def5sive purposes4#daf ,b p]haps suffici5t att5tion has n be5 paid to ! %>e :i* art has _h 9 ! developm5t ( ^? peculi>ities :i* are common to all milit>y nations4 ,& yet z a means ( facilitat+ tribal unity ( action & feel+1 music & dance mu/ be ( exceptional sociological importance 9 w>like communities4#dag ,we %all !re=e meet ) highly develop$ *oral dances 9 ^? nations 9 ^: life w> is a cu/om>y occurr5ce4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1#dah z well z ! ,dahomeyans1#dai are not$ = ! soldi]-l regul>ity ( _! dances4 ,b n[h]e among ! l[] tribes ( mank9d is ! "t-s5se s ref9$ z among ! pre-em95tly w>like ,maori4 ,not)/&+ ! furi\s movem5ts 9 _! w> dances1 ! ge/iculation ( all ! p>ticipants is always uni=m & regul>4#dbj ,accord+ to ,cruise ! v slighte/ motions ( _! f+]s are simultane\s2#dba &1 if we are to believe ,mr4 ,bidwill1 ev5 _! eyes all move toge!r4#dbb ,highly accompli%$ danc]s z are c]ta9 o!r ,polynesian tribes#dbc less w>like ?an ! ,maori1 x w be admitt$ t su* a pit* ( m ?an ,prussian precision w\ld nev] h be5 atta9$ if x 7 n = its milit>y advantages4 ,to ! same cause "o is also tempt$ to ascribe ! regul>ity ( ! ,kaffir dances1#dbd :i* by _! *oral "* /& 9 s m>k$ a contra/ to ! amusem5ts ( ! neighb\r tribe1 ! peaceful ,hott5tots1 among :om e danc] acts 8sep>ately = himself40#dbe ,x is evid5t t a regul> co-op]ation 9 fight+ is effectually promot$ by rhy?mical music4 ,& we d 9 fact f9d t music1 especially in/rum5tal music1 at ! l[] /ages ( developm5t is closely connect$ ) w>4#dbf ,x is1 h[ev]1 m natural to assume t milit>y music1 & simil>ly milit>y poetry & dance1 h _h _! *ief importance n z regulat+ b z /imulat+ influ5ces4 ,!re are _m tribes :i* seem q unable to obs]ve any k9d ( milit>y discipl9e4 ,b ev5 9 ! undevelop$ & unme?odical w>f>e ( ! l[e/ savages1 music1 songs1 & dances h be5 us$ z means ( infus+ c\rage & /r5g?4 ,! psy*ology ( ^! milit>y /imuli is ( c\rse ! same z t ( indu/rial art4 ,b ! g5]al pr9ciples appe> ) f> great] cle>ness :5 appli$ to ?is peculi> k9d ( activity4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! ne$ ( /imulation is nev] s great z :5 a man has to risk 8 life 9 an op5 battle4 ,if 9 "w he has to ov]come 8 natural in]tia1 laz9ess1 he has "h to ov]come ! /ill /rong] ob/acle ( fe>4 ,contr>y to ! romantic notions ( popul> lit]ature1 primitive man seems to be timor\s r ?an brave :5 n enc\rag$ by adv5titi\s excitem5t4#dbg ,?is c[>dice c1 h[ev]1 to a great ext5t be expla9$ by defective milit>y organisation4 ,:]e ! mutual support :i* ! well-drill$ soldi]s ( a regul> army r5d] ea* o!r is lack+1 ! ne$ ( p]sonal c\rage is ( c\rse s mu* ! great]4 ,civilis$ w>f>e tries to avoid ! conflict betwe5 ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation & ( a soldi]'s duty by ! pressure ( /rict discipl9e2 savage w>f>e1 :i* _c c\nt on ! same =ces ( submission & m5tal control1 is compell$ to m9imise ?is conflict by dead5+ ! consci\sness ( p]il4 ,h5ce ! indisp5sability ( "s means ( produc+ viol5t excitem5t by :i* ! necess>y =getfulness ( dang] & dea? may be atta9$4#dbh ,ap>t f ! influ5ce ( fe>1 ! task ( slaught] is "o :i*1 f its v nature1 _c be p]=m$ 9 cold blood4 ,ev5 :]e ! elem5t ( dang] is abs5t1 z :5 un>m$ foes are kill$ or tortur$1 ! savage execution]s d n g5]ally get to "w /raight away4 ,z soon z a beg9n+ has be5 made1 a sort ( intoxication w inde$ be produc$ by m5tal z well z physical ag5cies1 su* z ! sight ( blood or ! pride ( conque/4 ,b ?is intoxication1 s eag]ly desir$ by savages 9 civilis$ z well z 9 primitive communities1 _c be produc$ ev5 9 ! l[e/ tribes ( man )\t a prelim9>y work+ up4 ,! passion ( cruelty1 l t ( love1 is1 9 its high] & m ec/atic =ms1 too ov]:elm+ 9 its m5tal effects to be atta9$ )\t an artificial enhancem5t ( psy*ical capacity4 ,b :]eas ! erotic feel+s t5d ) gr[+ developm5t to become m & m a private matt]1 cruelty is among w>like tribes an emotion ( national importance4 ,! incitem5t to slaught] is !re=e apt to become social--t is1 common to sev]al individuals at once4 ,?is is "o ( ! reasons :y w> is ( s mu* great] importance ?an love z a motive = tribal art4 ,!re are "s tribes 9 :i* ! soldi]s try to acquire c\rage & ?ir/ = blood by magical exp$i5ts1 su* z sme>+ !mselves ) "s p[]ful ungu5t1 or eat+ ! raw meat ( a newly slaught]$ ox4#dbi ,sometimes a jo9t tattoo+ ( ! :ole corps ) a common patt]n is und]tak51 mo/ probably = ! same magical purpose4#dcj ,b h[ev] effectually su* c]emonies may be suppos$ to op]ate1 savages d n g5]ally put s mu* tru/ 9 !m z to give up _! fav\rite means ( /imulation--music & danc+4 ,9 p :o s9c]ely believe 9 _! own magic any rite w ( c\rse ar\se increas$ confid5ce & c\rage4 ,b ?is sugge/ive influ5ce is only indirect 9 comp>ison ) ! imm$iate psy*ological effects ( incit+ dances4 ,popul> novels h famili>is$ u all ) ! weird w> dances :i* play su* an important "p 9 ! w>f>e ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,9 its ma9 features ?is type ( pantomimic incitem5t is ! same ev]y:]e--among ! ,african & ,oceanic tribes z well z among ! savage nations describ$ 9 classic lit]ature4#dca ,by imitat+ ! movem5ts ( a real fight1 by exult+ cries1 deaf5+ noise1 & br&i%+ ( weapons1 ! danc]s "w !mselves up to a pit* ( fr5zy :i* _c be comp>$ to any?+ b a transi5t madness4 ,especially among ! nations ( ,am]ica w> dances (t5 ar\se s mu* excitem5t1 ev5 :5 p]=m$ dur+ times ( p]fect peace1 t !y become dang]\s to fri5dly & peaceful onlook]s4#dcb ,"h also--j z 9 ! ,hung>ian 8,enli/m5t0--danc+ is us$ z a means ( entic+ m5 to jo9 ! ranks ( ! w> *ief :o wants recruits = "s w>-exp$ition4#dcc ,x is evid5t t ! influ5ce ( su* pantomimes is n re/rict$ to a g5]alis$ /imulation & enc\ragem5t4 ,^! %am fights1 j z ! sportive imitations ( "w1 mu/ facilitate ! execution ( ^? movem5ts :i* !y imitate4 ,& ev5 ^? :o d n jo9 ! dance w pr(it by wat*+ ! evolutions :i* !y !mselves w aft]w>ds be call$ on to p]=m 9 reality4 ,?us !re may orig9ally h be5 a v utilit>ian reason = ! curi\s w>f>e ( ! ,headhunt]s ( ,c]am1 :o always h ! ,jakalele dance p]=m$ 9 front ( _! fight+ l9e4 ,x is pa!tic to read t ev5 9 _! w>s ) ! ,dut*m5 a few fanta/ically dress$ danc]s head ! advance aga9/ ! repeat+ guns ( ! ,european =ce4#dcd ,?is fact1 :i* is c]ta9ly n )\t its p>allels 9 o!r savage tribes1 gives ! mo/ conv9c+ pro( ( ! indisp5sability ( pantomimic /imulation to savage w>f>e4 ,al?\gh less intimately connect$ ) fight+ itself1 poetry has _h = w> an importance :i* c sc>cely be e/imat$ at a mu* l[] rate4 ,words1 ( c\rse1 c nev] provoke su* a direct & almo/ physiological /imulation z ! imitation ( actions4 ,b words1 on ! o!r h&1 h a great] effect on ! m9d4 ,! sugge/ive p[] ( ! w> songs is also atte/$ by ! descriptions ( travell]s among v>i\s tribes4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 = in/ance1 f\r or five mis*iev\sly incl9$ old wom5 c soon /ir up =ty or fifty m5 to any de$ ( blood by means ( _! *ants1 :i* are accompani$ by te>s & groans1 until ! m5 are work$ into a p]fect /ate ( fr5zy4#dce 8,! savage blood ( ! ,ahts always boil$ :5 ! w> songs 7 recit$1 _! f+]s work$ convulsively on ! paddles1 & _! eyes gleam$ f]oci\sly2 altoge!r !y 7 two hundr$ murd]\s-look+ villa9s40#dcf ,9 ,a%anti & 9 ,new ,zeal&--9 %ort1 among/ all ! mo/ w>like tribes--! milit>y s+]s are able to br+ !mselves & _! audi5ce up to a pit* ( fr5zy :i* is almo/ equal to t produc$ by ! dances4#dcg ,9 "o ( ! prec$+ *apt]s we h already po9t$ out h[ invaluable a support hi/oric art has giv5 to national pride4 ,?is feel+1 on ! o!r h&1 is nev] s indisp5sable z 9 "t ( w>4 ,:]ev] a tribe has any traditions ( its pa/ hi/ory1 su* traditions are always reviv$ & recit$ to ! soldi]s be=e & dur+ ! battles4#dch ,& if a p has no glori\s ance/ors to boa/ (1 x c none ! less ga9 ! necess>y confid5ce by glorify+ its own val\r & revil+ its enemies4 ,ev5 tribes l ! ,bakairis1 = example1 are ?us able to 8s+ !mselves full ( c\rage0 9 boa/+ & defiant exultation4#dci ,accord+ to compet5t obs]v]s1 su* songs are m p>ticul>ly employ$ :5 ! natives are afraid4#ddj ,! expression ( brav]y1 ev5 if orig9ally affect$1 mu/ necess>ily awak5 "s real feel+ ( pride or confid5ce4 ,contempt1 on ! o!r h&1 h[ev] labori\sly work$ up1 is ! mo/ effectual means ( pres]v+ equanimity "u ! /ress ( depress+ feel+s1 admiration1 envy1 or fe>4 ,songs & pantomimes1 su* z1 = in/ance1 ^? ) :i* ! ,polynesians inv>iably beg9 _! battles1 mu/ !re=e h a great p[] ( embold5+ ! w>riors4#dda ,& :ile su* outw>d %[s ( val\r enable ! p]=m]s to reconqu] _! c\rage1 ! enemy is intimidat$ by ^! manife/ations ( a feel+ :i* is z yet incipi5t )9 !mselves4 ,9 w>f>e1 :]e ! ho/ile armies /& )9 sight & he>+ ( ea* o!r1 ?is consid]ation mu/ ( c\rse be ( extreme importance4 ,x seems1 inde$1 z if natural selection _h develop$ 9 man an almo/ in/9ctive t5d5cy to ov]come fe> by simulat+ ! expressions prop] to val\r & m5ace4 ,j z animals1 :5 fright5$1 make !mselves bigg] & m =midable to _! enemies1 :e!r f fe> or ang] we "k n1 s man tries to awak5 fe> 9 ! enemy confront+ him at ! same "t1 & by ! same means1 z he vanqui%es 8 own fe>4 ,?is appe>s ) especial cle>ness 9 w>s betwe5 savage races1 :]e bo? sides (t5 seem to be z timid z !y try to appe> =midable & c\rage\s4 ,_! ?reats & boa/+s are t]rify+ en\gh1 b ! real fights are v bloodless & free f dang]4 ,among ! ,cammas 8! words really seem to d m damage ?an ! bl[s40#ddb ,! gallant game ( bluff is 9 primitive politics n re/rict$ to diplomatic negotiations2 x plays an important "p 9 ! actual fight+4 ,?is rema9s true ev5 ) reg>d to tribes :i* are capable ( real c\rage1 n only 9 /eal?y assault1 b also 9 op5 battle4 ,! ,maorian milit>y pantomimes af=d ! be/ example ( su* a manife/ation1 :i* n only /imulates ! w>riors to fight & regulates _! movem5ts 9 ! battle1 b also1 z a ,european travell] has be5 compell$ to admit1 8/rikes t]ror into ! he>t ( any man40#ddc ,9 ?is case ! t]rible effect is fur!r /r5g!n$ by ! hide\s grimaces1 roll+ ( ! eyes1 protrud+ ( ! tongue1 & s on1 ) :i* ! w>riors accompany _! dance4#ddd ,s important is ?is di/ortion ( ! c\nt5ance consid]$ by ! ,maoris1 t in/ruction 9 ! art ( grimac+ =ms a "p 9 _! milit>y education4#dde ,! mo/ w>like ( savage tribes ?us does n despise ! nave exp$i5t :i* con/itutes almo/ ! sole means ( self-def5ce among peaceful ,eskimos4#ddf ,& s highly d ! ,maoris appreciate ! t]rify+ effects ( ! protrud$ tongue1 t !y c>ve ! grimace ^u _! spe>s1 ! 8hanis10 evid5tly 9 ! belief t su* repres5tations w--p]haps by "s magic p[]--demoralise ! enemy4#ddg ,?is pictorial pantomime br+s u to ! employm5t ( =mative arts 9 w>4 ,to "s ext5t ev5 pa9t+1 especially 9 its decorative bran*es1 may be consid]$ z a means ( exhortation4 ,! v>i\s decorations ( ! body :i* are usually adopt$ = fight+ no d\bt raise ! c\rage ( _! we>]s4 ,a fe/ival dress1 :5 assum$ = battle--= example1 by ! ,khonds--mu/ ne$s br+ ) x a light & fe/ive mood4#ddh ,! r$ col\r1 s (t5 us$ 9 milit>y dress1 t5ds1 on ! o!r h&1 to ar\se increas$ vig\r by direct physiological z well z by associative action4#ddi ,p]haps also1 z "s old au?ors sugge/1 ! use ( r$ may h _h a negative importance by conceal+ ! w\nds & ! blood1 :i* else might depress ! m5 & enc\rage _! enemies4#dej ,l e beautiful ?+1 highly ornam5t$ weapons w af=d _! own]s an invigorat+ feel+ ( pride1 :i*1 h[ev]1--to judge f ! unh]oic "* ( _m tribes ^: weapons are mo/ gorge\sly decorat$1--does n seem to be ( any great milit>y advantage4#dea ,milit>y ensigns1 su* z bann]s1 /&>ds1 & ! l1 w naturally1 z outw>d symbols ( ! tribe1 ex]cise an excit+ influ5ce on ! w>riors4 ,ev5 = b>b>\s nations1 ) _! undevelop$ feel+s ( patriotism1 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w1 a flag may repres5t la patrie en m>*e4 ,well kn[+ ! moral value ( ^! app>5tly unimportant ?+s1 ! ,aztecs employ$ 9 _! army m5 ^: only task 0 8to remove f ! eyes ( ! enemy e object t c\ld height5 _! c\rage & inflame _! pride40#deb ,! importance ( field badges is ( c\rse increas$ :51 z g5]ally is ! case1 !y are adorn$ ) "s religi\s or magical repres5tation4 ,be x a tutel> sa9t1 a hea!n god1 or simply a totem animal1 :i* is depict$1 ^! images w always be reli$ ^u z a /rong support to ! army4#dec ,! m>vell\s tales ( assi/ance af=d$ by idols :i* h be5 c>ri$ 9 ! front ( battle may ( c\rse h "s real f\ndation 9 ! enc\rag+ m5tal effects produc$ ^u ! w>riors4 ,x ?us appe>s t ornam5ts1 pa9t+1 & sculpture h be5 ( no small influ5ce 9 enhanc+ ! fight+ p[]s ( w>like nations4 ,among ! l[] tribes ( man ^! arts are1 h[ev]1 on ! :ole mu* m appreciat$ z means ( fright5+ ! enemy4 ,z 0 m5tion$ 9 a prec$+ *apt]1 "s bodily de=mations are1 if we may believe ! natives1 und]tak5 solely = ?is purpose4#ded ,o!r w>like tribes endeav\r to make !mselves dread$ by _! enemies by /a9+ _! bodies ) gha/ly col\rs1 blood-r$1 azure1 or black4 ,tattoo+ may1 ( c\rse1 (t5 aim at ! same end4 ,& among ! deta*$ ornam5ts !re is an especial class--= :i* ! ,g]man e?nologi/s h inv5t$ ! *>act]i/ic designation 8,s*recks*muck0--:i* are only worn 9 ord] to make ! appe>ance m frightful4 ,! w> helmets ( ! ,?l9keets#dee & ! curi\s too? masks ( ! ,papuas are ! mo/ typical specim5s ( ?is pre-em95tly w>like decoration4#def ,! highe/ developm5t ( art z a means ( t]rify+ is1 h[ev]1 to be f\nd 9 ! decorat$ %ields ( ! ,dyaks4 ,no =m ( pictorial ?reat c\ld be m effectual ?an ! devices :i* ornam5t ! face ( ^! gha/ly weapons4 ,a gr9n+ m\?1 ) %>p tusks 9 ei!r jaw1 is always to be f\nd 9 ! middle ( ! %ield4 ,above x /& a pair ( />+1 circul> eyes1 usually surr\nd$ by d>k & light conc5tric r+s4 ,sometimes also !re is a highly simplifi$ outl9e ( ! l[] p>ts ( ! body4 ,! trunk is completely ignor$1 & arms & legs are q swamp$ 9 a bewild]m5t ( entangl$ l9es1 :i* ext5d ov] ! :ole surface ( ! %ield4 ,b 9 ?is ornam5tation ! w>like motive is repeat$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,tusks protrude f ! scrolls1 & big r\nd eyes />e m5ac+ly out betwe5 !m4 ,?us ev5 ! decorative 8padd+0 7,e9fllung7 op]ates z a multipli$ expression ( defiant m5ace4 ,z an eloqu5t comm5t>y on ?is text ! :ole %ield is fur!rmore hung ) tufts ( human hair1--trophies ( vanqui%$ enemies1--:i* p>tly conceal ! br[n1 r$1 & black design4#deg ,! :ole composition1 :i* 9 a description may seem m]ely biz>re & brutal1 is1 h[ev]1 execut$ ) a sev]e symmetry & a wild grace :i* af=d a mo/ peculi> contra/ to ! weird motive4 ,by ^! /hetic qualities ! ornam5tation acquires an art-value :i* is q indep5d5t ( its suppos$ milit>y advantages4 ,"o c inde$ easily und]/& t ! savage foes ( ! ,dyaks may be p>alys$ ) t]ror :5 confront$ 9 battle ) ^? gl>+ eyes & m5ac+ jaws4 ,b ev5 ! civilis$ obs]v] :o exam9es at 8 ease ! %ields :i* /& 9 ! glass cases ( e?nological collections mu/ ne$s be impress$ by _! p[]4 ,?\gh !y d n fright5 u1 !y are n1 z might be expect$1 m]e examples ( ridicul\s grimace4 ,!y /ill extort our admiration = t weird k9d ( beauty :i*1 9 primitive art z well z 9 animal w>n+ colorationn1 is s (t5 f\nd 9 close connection ) ! feel+s ( t]ror4 ,we h deem$ x pr(itable to dwell at "s l5g? on ^! rem>kable products ( savage decorative art4 ,! demon %ields ( ! ,dyaks1 9 spite ( ! fact t _! motives h evid5tly be5 borr[$ f ,*9ese & ,indian art1#deh are em95tly repres5tative ( ! nation & its social milieu4 ,^! wild m5 ( ! woods h be5 able to express 9 _! ornam5tal composition1 bett] ?an w\ld h be5 possible 9 any high] =m ( art1 all ! int5se feel+s ( _! wild romantic life4 ,! t]ror & intoxication ( slaught]1 z !y are exp]i5c$ 9 a tribe = :i* furtive murd] is ! holie/ ( all religi\s actions1 speak _! viol5t language 9 ! gl>+ patt]ns4 ,b at ! same "t ! elegant design1 :i* is s *>act]i/ic a peculi>ity ( ! %ields1 z well z ( e o!r specim5 ( ,dyak art1 corresponds to ! graceful & elegant p]sonal appe>ance :i*1 accord+ to ! unanim\s v]dict ( all travell]s1 di/+ui%es ^! fi]ce savages4#dei ,& x seems z if ?is gracefulness1 no less ?an ! weird emotional cont5t ( ! pictures1 may be d]iv$ f ! cu/om ( head-hunt+4 ,! cont9u\s insecurity :i* has giv5 its own "* ev5 to ! ,dyak ar*itecture#dfj has ( c\rse n be5 )\t its influ5ce on ! physical developm5t ( ! tribe itself4 ,:]e assault f insidi\s enemies is always to be expect$1 & :]e ! type ( fight+ is s+le combat1 lightness & suppl5ess ( movem5t mu/ be indisp5sable = ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,we c1 !re=e1 easily und]/& h[ ^! p h acquir$ t natural grace :i* simil> utilit>ian causes h develop$ among all m\nta9\s animals1 & among mo/ bea/s ( prey4#dfa ,nor is x difficult to compreh5d t ?is beauty ( ! human body1 once call$ into exi/5ce by natural selection1 mu/ h awak5$ /hetic att5tion to =m & grace1 & ?us indirectly influ5c$ ev5 ! manife/ations ( ornam5tal art4 ,if x be object$ t su* sociological explanations ( decorative patt]ns are too f>-fet*$1 we at once ref] to ! m>vell\s ,maori ornam5ts1 9 :i* ! temp]am5t ( ano!r w>like tribe has f\nd a mo/ *>act]i/ic expression4 ,l ! fanta/ic convolutions on ! ,dyak %ields1 ! flam+ scrolls ( black & r$ :i* ext5d ov] ! ceil+s & walls ( ! ,maori h\ses unmi/akably atte/ _! orig9 f a nation :i* w> has made viol5t1 vigor\s1 & int5sely en]getic4#dfb ,g5]ally speak+1 x may be futile to seek = any diff]5tiat$ expressional qualities 9 su* an imp]sonal & unemotional art z t ( l9e> ornam5t4 ,b 9 face ( ^! p[]ful designs ev5 ! mo/ neutral obs]v] w be /ruck ) ! /rong emotional exaltation :i* has "h f\nd a v5t1 n 9 words1 or s\nds1 or images1 b 9 pure l9es & col\rs4 ,su* mighty /rokes1 s full ( life & agitation1 c\ld nev] h be5 drawn by any peaceful & quiet natives4 ,! velocity & ! wild inspiration ( ^! patt]ns are only possible 9 a nation :i* has exp]i5c$ 9 cont9u\s fights an ev]-repeat$ /ate ( high-/rung emotional excitem5t4 ,! m (ficial ,maori decorative art1 ! ,moko1 z well z ! ,maori sculpture1 probably because ( _! close connection ) religion1 are too rigid 9 _! traditional "* to admit ( any /rongly pron\nc$ emotional cont5t4 ,b ! influ5ce ( w>like exaltation has in/ead made itself felt 9 ! poetical productions ( ! race4 ,&1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 b = ! milit>y type ( life danc+ c\ld n h rea*$ s m>vell\s a degree ( developm5t4 ,ow+ to ! m organis$ "* ( ,maori w>f>e1 milit>y cu/oms d n1 z among ! ,dyaks1 aim *iefly at produc+ suppl5ess & graceful movem5ts 9 ! individual4 ,b "o has only to read ! en?usia/ic descriptions ( ! pa9t] ,e>le 9 ord] to realise ! influ5ce :i* milit>y cu/oms h ev5 "h ex]cis$ on ! developm5t ( pla/ic beauty4#dfc ,! ,dyaks & ,maoris are b two ( ! mo/ typical among savage tribes ^: arti/ic productions h gr[n up "u ! auspices ( w>4 ,= a complete acc\nt ( art 9 its connection ) w> x w\ld be necess>y to dwell on ! w> songs ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1#dfd to give "s acc\nt ( ! art-/yle :i* is f\nd 9 ! milit>y despotisms ( ,we/]n ,africa1#dfe & to describe 9 detail ! poetry :i* has be5 call$ into exi/5ce by ! cont9u\s tribal feuds ( ! ,nor? ,african nomadic hordes4#dff ,9 its broad aspects1 h[ev]1 ! /hetic importance ( w> w1 we hope1 appe> ) suffici5t cle>ness f ! cursory review :i* has be5 giv5 above4 ,we h se5 t w>1 z ! h>de/ =m ( ! /ruggle = life1 has ne$$1 m ?an any o!r k9d ( "w1 ! support :i* /hetic /imulation af=ds to practical activities4 ,& ! art :i* has develop$ "u its influ5ce has1 to a great] degree ?an is usual 9 primitive production1 fulfill$ ! conditions ( emotional community & emotional int5sity4 ,moreov]1 ! requirem5ts ( fight+ h call$ =? /hetic qualities ( p[] & gracefulness 9 ! physical type :i* seem to be reflect$ ev5 9 arti/ic creation4 ,?us ! art-production ( milit>y tribes has ev]y:]e1 indep5d5tly ( racial & climatic influ5ces1 acquir$ "s common qualities2 _! decorative arts1 z well z _! poetry & dramatic dances1 are always *>act]is$ by an int5se & =cible life1 :i* is (t5 comb9$ ) dignifi$ p[] & graceful elegance4 ,all ^! are1 ( c\rse1 only re/rict$ m]its1 :i* correspond to "s /rik+ defici5cies4 ,x is easily und]/ood t art-life 9 a milit>y /ate ( society always t5ds to be circumscrib$ )9 ! n>r[ b\nd>ies ( tribal sympa?y4 ,x may also be po9t$ out1 at lea/ z a curi\s & significant co9cid5ce1 t descriptive & figurative art1 9 ! s5se ( reali/ic1 fai?ful r5d]+ ( nature & life1 has nev] atta9$ any high developm5t among ! mo/ milit>y tribes4 ,su* a sympa!tic int]e/ 9 ! picturesque qualities ( ! human & animal body z t :i* *>act]ises ! art ( ! prehi/oric ,european cave-dwell]s1 ! ,bu%m51 & ! ,eskimo1 does n seem compatible ) ! cu/oms ( w>4 ,9 ?is connection x is n our bus9ess to e/imate critically ! comp>ative importance ( ^! m]its & defici5cies3 we h only to po9t out ! und5iable significance :i*1 f an hi/orical po9t ( view1 mu/ be accord$ to w> z a factor 9 ! developm5t ( art4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,art ,,& ,,magic ,sympa!tic magic has 9 rec5t times become a fav\rite subject ( sci5tific /udy4 ,we may !re=e proce$ to trace ! influ5ce :i* ?is important factor has ex]cis$ on ! developm5t ( art-=ms )\t go+ ?r\gh ! lab\r ( pres5t+ & describ+ ! evid5ce ( its occurr5ce at ! diff]5t /ages ( evolution4 ,x is suffici5t to ref] to ! copi\s & detail$ rese>*es ( ,h>tl&1 ,fraz]1 ,brang]-,fraud1 & o!rs4 ,:at we ne$ is only a psy*ological int]pretation ( all ! facts :i* h be5 br\ght toge!r by ^! au?ors4 ,! in/ances ( sympa!tic magic are naturally divid$ into two ma9 classes1 :i*1 broadly speak+1 correspond to ! two types ( association4 ,b j z 9 psy*ology x is (t5 difficult to decide :e!r a giv5 associative process has its orig9 9 a relation ( contiguity or 9 "o ( simil>ity1 s x is (t5 an op5 "q to :i* gr\p a giv5 sup]/ition is to be assign$4 ,x may ev5 be possible to d$uce bo? gr\ps f "o common & fundam5tal magical pr9ciple4 ,h[ev] ! def9itive !oretical explanation may turn out1 we h = ! pres5t to uphold a di/9ction betwe5 ! two =ms4 ,& 9 ord] to />t f ! facts t are simpl] & easi] to expla91 we %all fir/ devote our att5tion to sympa!tic magic bas$ on a mat]ial connection betwe5 ?+s4 ,! sup]/iti\s notions :i* c be br\ght toge!r "u ?is head+ are famili> to e "o4 ,!re is sc>cely a s+le book on e?nology or folklore :i* does n pres5t "s illu/rations ( ! belief t by act+ ^u a "p ( a giv5 :ole we may influ5ce ?is :ole z well z all its o!r p>ts4 ,?is univ]sal doctr9e ( a solid>ity betwe5 ! ?+s t h ent]$ z p>ts 9 ! same mat]ial totality has giv5 rise all ov] ! _w to beliefs & practices :i*1 al?\gh v>y+ 9 details1 are ess5tially simil> 9 g5]al "*4 ,we ne$ only ref] to ! well-kn[n folk-beliefs z to ! necessity ( caution 9 dispos+ ( clipp+s ( hair or nails1 ( saliva1 or any?+ else remov$ f ! human body4 ,su* objects1 x is suppos$1 w\ld give any enemy into ^: h&s !y might fall ! p[] ( injur+ ?r\gh !m ! p]son f :om !y _h proce$$4#dfg ,almo/ equally univ]sal is ! belief t close relatives1 z be+ +r$i5ts 9--or p]haps r p>tak]s (--! same :ole1 ! family1 are b\nd toge!r 9 a q mat]ial solid>ity ( suff]+4 ,f ! sociological po9t ( view ?is gr\p ( sup]/itions1 ow+ to ! social importance ( ! la/-m5tion$ totality1 is ( especial int]e/2 & !re=e ! curi\s cu/oms conc]n+ ! relation betwe5 a fa!r & 8 unborn *ild1 betwe5 husb& & wife1 ance/ors & desc5dants1 etc41 :i* no d\bt are all bas$ on ! idea ( a mat]ial connection1 h be5 treat$ ( ) due complet5ess 9 sociological lit]ature4#dfh ,equally valuable = ! psy*ological int]pretation1 al?\gh less pregnant ) social import1 are all ! petty tricks ( sorc]y 9 connection ) hunt+1 fi%+1 agriculture1 & s on1 :i* are practis$ ev5 n[ among mo/ ,european nations4#dfi ,f ! array ( facts ins]t$ by ,mr4 ,h>tl& 9 8 monum5tal comm5t>y on ! ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 we c =m an op9ion ( ! wide & deep-go+ influ5ces :i* ! belief 9 magical connection betwe5 ?+s mat]ially connect$ has ex]cis$ 9 all dep>tm5ts ( life4 ,& besides ?is e?nological app>atus1 ,mr4 ,h>tl& gives u 9 ?is "w a mo/ complete & def9ite acc\nt ( ! _w-view :i* lies beh9d all ^! sup]/iti\s beliefs & practices4 ,m light1 h[ev]1 is ?r[n on ! philosophy ( ?is sup]/ition by ! rese>*es ( ,m4 ,ro*as d',aiglun ?an by any "w on sci5tific e?nology & folklore4 ,?is is n said 9 ord] to detract 9 any way f ! m]its ( ,messrs4 ,h>tl& & ,fraz]4 ,b al?\gh no?+ c\ld surpass ! erudition ( ^! s*ol>s1 !y c\ld n1 9 po9t ( sympa!tic & intellig5t repres5tation1 /& on a level ) an au?or :o himself believes 9 ! reality ( 8 facts4 ,= ^?1 !re=e1 :o wi% to und]/& ! motives1 consci\s or unconsci\s1 by :i* ! adepts ( sympa!tic magic ju/ify _! practices1 no?+ c\ld be m in/ructive ?an a p]usal ( ,l'extriorisation de la motricit & ,l'extriorisation de la s5sibilit4 ,9 ^! works ,m4 ,ro*as has n only m9utely summ>is$ ! sev5te5? c5tury !ories & obs]vations ( ,digby & ,pap93#dgj he has also supplem5t$ ^! old 8facts0 ) 8 own exp]im5ts on objects t h be5 saturat$ ) s5sibility & motor p[] by contact ) liv+ bodies4 ,! p[] ( relics1 love philtres1 & *>ms is ?us expla9$ 9 a way :i*1 h[ev] fanta/ic1 is nev]!less und5iably consi/5t & me?odical4#dga ,a savage or an un$ucat$ man w\ld inde$ be unable to put 8 case 9 ! logical =m :i* ,m4 ,ro*as gives x4 ,b if he und]/ood sci5tific t]m9ology1 he w\ld d\btless ratify1 z a true int]pretation ( 8 own vague conceptions1 ! !ory ( s5sitive & motor effluvia :i* emanate f all liv+ be+s1 & l9k !m to all objects to :i* !y may pass4 ,z a bona fide /atem5t ( magic pr9ciples 9 ! language ( mod]n psy*ology & mod]n physics1 ,m4 ,ro*as' works br+ ! old sup]/itions home to u ) unsurpassable =ce4 ,we le>n "h to appreciate ! p[]ful influ5ce :i* may 9 all times be ex]cis$ by ! und]ly+ belief 9 an invisible magical *a9 connect+ ?+s :i* appe> to be sev]$4 ,:5 we see a man ( mod]n civilisation fall+ back ^u ^! crude notions1 :i* appe>$ = a long "t to be q =gott51 we mu/ ne$s be conv9c$ t ! _w-view ( magic1 h[ev] errone\s1 is1 s to speak1 a con/itutional fallacy ( ! human m9d4 ,9 e dep>tm5t ( human e?os1 !re=e1 !re is reason to look = ! possible effects ( ^! conceptions4 ,= ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 we h to admit t sympa!tic magic 9 its simple/ =m seems to be )\t any influ5ce on ! orig9 ( works ( art4 ,x is v diff]5t ) ! second k9d ( magic--namely1 t :]e ! occult influ5ce is bas$ ^u a lik5ess betwe5 ?+s4 ,to judge f ! lit]ature ( e?nology & folklore1 ?is pr9ciple seems to be almo/ z univ]sal z t ( magic by virtue ( mat]ial connection4 ,its influ5ce c be trac$ 9 beliefs & practices1 n only ( ! l[e/ savages1 b also ( civilis$ nations4 ,x has receiv$ elaborate !oretical ju/ification 9 ! old sy/ems ( ,greek philosophy1 9 ! !ories ( ,agrippa & ,p>acelsus1 & 9 ! t5ets ( mod]n homopa?s4 ,& !re are ev5 "s real facts1 su* z ! b5eficial effects ( inoculation & ! 8ka?>sis0 action ( poetry--! cur+ ( sorr[ by trag$y--:i* are sometimes quot$ 9 support ( ! !sis t 8l affects l40#dgb ,ap>t f all reg>d to su* spuri\s argum5ts ! !ory ( ?is =m ( magic is sc>cely less irrational ?an t und]ly+ ! fir/ gr\p ( facts4 ,f our po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 ev5 ! crude/ =ms ( 8homopa?ic0 magic are ( f> great] int]e/ ?an ! examples ( sorc]y by means ( mat]ial connection4 ,:]eas ! adepts ( ! latt] ne$ only procure a nail1 a tuft ( hair1 or a few articles ( clo?+ belong+ to ! man !y wi% to bewit*1 ! sorc]] :o works by simil>ities is compell$ to create a repres5tation ( ?+s & be+s 9 ord] to acquire an influ5ce ov] !m4 ,?us magical purposes call =? imitations ( nature & life :i*1 al?\gh ess5tially non-/hetic 9 _! int5tion1 may nev]!less be ( importance = ! hi/orical evolution ( art4 ,to h[ great an ext5t works ( art d]ive _! mat]ial f old magical practices1 ! real mean+ ( :i* has gradually fall5 into oblivion1 may be %[n 9 all ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( art4 ,!re is n a s+le =m ( imitation :i* has n be5 m or less influ5c$ by ?is pr9ciple4 ,pantomimic repres5tation1 :i* = u is ( value only 9 virtue ( its intellectual or emotional expressiv5ess1 0 9 l[] /ages ( culture us$ z a magical exp$i5t4 ,ev5 a s+le ge/ure may1 accord+ to primitive notions1 br+ ab\t effects correspond+ to its import1#dgc & a complete drama is s9c]ely believ$ to cause ! actual occurr5ce ( ! action :i* x repres5ts4 ,/ud5ts ( folklore "k t !re is practically no limits to ! effects :i* primitive man claims to produce by magical imitation4 ,he draws ! ra9 f heav5 by repres5t+ 9 dance & drama ! appropriate meteorological ph5om5a4#dgd ,he regulates ! movem5ts ( ! sun & enc\rages x 9 ! lab\r ( its w&]+s by 8 dramatic sun-rituals2#dge & he may ev5 influ5ce ! *ange ( ! seasons by dramas 9 :i* he drives w9t] away & br+s summ] 94#dgf ,by ^? phallic rites to :i* we h already ref]r$ 9 ! *apt] on erotic art1 he tries 9 ! same way to act ^u ! great biological ph5om5a ( human life4#dgg ,& aga91 :5 sickness is to be cur$1 he tries to subdue ! demons ( disease--to neutralise _! action or to entice !m out ( ! body ( ! pati5t--by imitat+ 9 pantomime ! symptoms ( ! p>ticul> compla9t4#dgh ,f9ally1 :5 ! assi/ance ( a div9e p[] is requir$1 ! god himself may be conjur$ to take 8 abode 9 ! body ( ! p]=m]1 :o imitates :at is believ$ to be 8 appe>ance1 movem5ts1 & behavi\r4#dgi ,?us ! belief 9 ! effectual p[] ( imitation has all ov] ! _w giv5 rise to common dramatic motives z univ]sal z ! belief itself1 & uni=m z ! *ief requirem5ts ( mank9d4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 _m in/ances ( dramatic ritual ! purpose ( :i* is z yet a matt] ( discussion4 ,) reg>d to "s ( ! symbolic dances repres5t+ hunt+ or fi%+ or ! movem5ts ( game-animals1 mu* may be said 9 fav\r ( ,mr4 ,f>r]'s view t ! object ( ! pantomime is to make cle>] to ! deity a pray] reg>d+ ! ?+s imitat$4#dhj ,simil>ly x is op5 to d\bt :e!r ! dramatic p]=mances at initiation c]emonies1 su* z1 = in/ance1 ! kang>oo dance describ$ by ,coll9s1 are meant to imp>t in/ruction conc]n+ ! cu/oms ( ! animals to ! novitiates1 or to conf] ^u !m a magic p[] ov] ! game4#dha ,9 ! !rapeutic practices ( primitive tribes we may f9d /ill m puzzl+ po9ts ( controv]sy4 ,! suck+ cure1 = in/ance1 by :i* ! m$ic9e-man pret5ds to extract f ! pati5t ! cause ( 8 illness 9 ! =m ( "s small object--a pebble1 a tuft ( hair1 or ! l--may be1 z ,pr(essor ,tylor ?9ks1 a m]e 8knavi% trick40#dhb ,b x is also possible1 we believe1 t1 at lea/ orig9ally1 x may h be5 p]=m$ z a bona fide magic1 bas$ ^u ! notion ( ! efficacy ( vehicles & symbolic action4 ,! me?od ( re/or+ sick p & sick cattle to heal? by pull+ !m ?r\gh a n>r[ op5+1 = in/ance1 9 a tree1 :i* has be5 expla9$ by mo/ au?ors z a case ( magical transf]5ce by contact--i4e4 transf]5ce ( ! disease f ! pati5t & ( ! vital p[] repres5t$ by ! tree to him#dhc--ought1 accord+ to ! brilliant hypo!sis ( ,pr(essor ,nyrop1 to be consid]$ z a magically symbolic repres5tation ( reg5]ation4#dhd ,:ile leav+ undecid$ all ^! subtle que/ions1 ea* ( :i* w\ld require a *apt] ( its own 9 ord] to be def9itively treat$1 we h only to ma9ta9 ! great probability :i* /&s on ! side ( ! dramatic int]pretation4 ,h[ev] fanta/ic ! belief 9 a magical connection betwe5 simil> ?+s may appe> at ! outset1 a cont9u$ e?nological /udy mu/ ne$s conv9ce e "o ( its incalculable importance 9 ! life ( primitive man4 ,& su* a conviction c only become confirm$ by an exam9ation ( ! influ5ce :i* ?is sup]/ition has ex]cis$ on ! =mative arts4 ,! belief 9 picture magic is ev9c$ by its negative z well z by its positive results4 ,all ov] ! _w we meet ) ! fe> ( be+ depict$4 ,9 s f> z ?is sup]/ition has giv5 rise to a prohibition ( pa9t+ & sculpture1 x has ?us s]i\sly arre/$ ! developm5t ( art4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! same notion has commonly call$ =? pictorial repres5tation1 ! aim ( :i* is to ga9 a p[] ov] ! ?+s & be+s repres5t$4 ,mo/ frequ5t1 p]haps1 ( all ^! specim5s ( magical art are ! volts1 i4e4 ^? dolls & draw+s us$ = bewit*+1 :i* are spok5 ( z e>ly z 9 ! anci5t ,*aldean incantations1 :i* are us$ by ! majority ( savage tribes1 & :i* may incid5tally be f\nd ev5 n[ among ! ,european nations4#dhe ,b ow+ to _! necess>ily cl&e/9e "* ^! *>ms h nev] ex]cis$ any important influ5ce on ! pictorial art4 ,m important1 f ! hi/orical po9t ( view1 ?an ^! black & cryptic arts is ! :ite magic by :i* social b5efits are pursu$4 ,j z ! pr9cipal =ms ( magical drama correspond to ! *ief requirem5ts ( mank9d1 s ! mo/ important magical sculptures & pa9t+s are f\nd 9 connection ) agricultural rites1#dhf ! obs]vances ( hunt+ & fi%+1#dhg m$ical practices1#dhh & c]emonies = remov+ /]ility4#dhi ,& 9 ! same way z dramatic repres5tation1 b ) f> great] efficacy1 pictorial repres5tation has be5 able to satisfy ! highe/ mat]ial z well z spiritual requirem5t by br++ ! deity 9 concrete relation ) man ?r\gh ! sympa!tic =ce ( ! image4 ,! art ( conjur+ a _s to take its abode 9 :at is believ$ to be a c\nt]feit ( its correspond+ body has ?us giv5 rise to ! fa%ion+ ( idols & ! subsequ5t ador+ ( !m4 ,al?\gh ess5tially ! same z 9 ! simple m$ical cures & ! practices ( sorc]y1 pictorial magic has 9 ^! cases ( idol-mak+ ex]cis$ a m f>-rea*+ & ?or\gh influ5ce on mank9d ?an 9 any ( its o!r manife/ations4 ,we ne$ n dwell at any l5g? on ! sup]/itions connect$ ) poetic or lit]>y descriptions ( ?+s4 ,! univ]sal objection to ! m5tion+ ( prop] names is evid5tly bas$ ^u a belief 9 ! efficacy ( words4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is same belief lies beh9d ! equally univ]sal use ( incantations4 ,songs t are sung 9 ord] to facilitate ! lab\r ( work]s & to increase ! result ( x1 poems t aim at conjur+ ! fav\r ( a h>d-he>t$ or indiff]5t woman1 *>ms = invok+ or expell+ spirits1 & m$ical spells1--all ^! =ms ( poetic magic are too famili> to be m ?an m5tion$4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! civilis$ obs]v] ! above-quot$ examples ( dramatic1 pictorial1 & poetic magic may seem to h an obvi\s & ready explanation4 ,a "w ( art always gives to ! spectator1 & no d\bt also to ! creator1 an illusion ( reality4 ,z1 moreov]1 primitive man is notori\sly unable to di/+ui% betwe5 subjective & objective reality1 x seems natural to assume t x is ! m5tal illusion creat$ by 8 "w :i* makes ! magician believe t he has acquir$ a p[] ov] ! ?+s repres5t$ by x4 ,& ?is assumption is all ! m tempt+ because ev5 to civilis$1 enlight5$ man !re is some?+ magical 9 ! mom5t>y satisfaction :i* art af=ds to all our unfulfill$ long+s by its semblance ( reality4 ,/rong desire always creates = itself an imag9>y gratification :i* easily leads ! uncritical m9d to a belief 9 ! p[] ( w ov] ! ext]nal _w4 ,! :ole ( art-creation may ?us be look$ ^u z an embodim5t ( ! greate/ wi%es ( mank9d1 :i* h s\ght ! mo/ conv9c+ appe>ance ( _! fulfilm5t 9 ! =m & %ape ( objective works4 ,:at is 9 u a consci\s & int5tional self-deception1 may be 9 ! unsophi/icat$ man a real illusion4 ,! ma9 psy*ological aspects ( ! activity c\ld n be *ang$ by ^! diff]5t subjective attitudes on ! "p ( ! produc]4 ,! ess5tial po9t is t 9 bo? cases ! greate/ possible resemblance to ! orig9al w\ld be s\ght = 9 ord] to increase 9 ! "o case ! magical efficacy ( ! "w1 9 ! o!r ! pleasure to be d]iv$ f ! illusion4 ,! belief 9 a magical connection betwe5 simil> ?+s w\ld ?us ex]cise an incalculable influ5ce on ! gr[? ( realism 9 art4 ,b1 un=tunately1 ?is easy explanation is n corroborat$ by an imp>tial exam9ation ( ! l[] /ages ( art-developm5t4 ,! /atem5t ( ,m4 ,guaita z to ! volt1 ,plus la ressemblance e/ complte plus le malfice a *ance de russir1#dij does n appe> to be borne out by ! evid5ce4 ,! only in/ance we "k ( 9 :i* great] or less resemblance to ! model is ?\ght ( z be>+ on ! magical efficacy ( a pa9t+ is t ( ! ,ea/ ,indian arti/s4 ,we are told t x 0 9 ord] to evade ! ,mohamm$an prohibition ( pa9t+ t !y resort$ to t /yle ( treat+ nature1 bord]+ on c>icature1 :i* is s *>act]i/ic (1 say1 ,javanese art4#dia ,simil>ly x is by an appeal to _! virtue ( non-resemblance t arti/s among ! ,laos def5d _! pictures z be+ h>mless & innoc5t4#dib ,b su* ref]5ces to b>b>ic or semi-b>b>ic art d n tell u mu* ab\t ! conditions prevail+ at ! beg9n+ ( art-developm5t4 ,! primitive man :o avails himself ( dolls & draw+s 9 ord] to bewit* is g5]ally q indiff]5t to ! life-l "* ( 8 magical in/rum5ts4 ,! typical volt gives only a crude outl9e ( ! human body1 &1 :i* is mo/ rem>kable1 x does n display any lik5ess to ! man :o is to be bewit*$4 ,z a rule ! same vagu5ess c also be notic$ 9 ! pa9t+s & sculptures :i* s]ve ! aims ( m$ical cure & religi\s cultus4 ,) due all[ance = ! defici5t te*nical ability & ! nave sugge/ibility ( primitive man1 x seems h>d to believe t illusion c\ld h be5 ei!r int5d$ or effect$ by ! rude works ( pictorial magic4 ,?us x becomes d\btful :e!r ! belief 9 ! magical p[] ( pa9t+ & sculpture c h be5 bas$ ^u a confusion betwe5 subjective & objective reality4 ,?is d\bt c only be increas$ :5 we see h[ little confid5ce primitive m5 !mselves put 9 ! m]e lik5ess z su*4 ,:5 ,m4 ,ro*as produc$ 8 mod]n imitations ( ! volt1 he 0 always anxi\s to h 8 wax dolls suffici5tly saturat$ by contact ) ! p]son ov] :om !y 7 int5d$ to give him p[]4#dic ,& 9 ?is he closely foll[$ ! me?ods ( ! native sorc]]s1 :o g5]ally tri$ to increase ! effici5cy ( _! magical in/rum5ts by atta*+ to !m su* objects z nail-cutt+s1 locks ( hair1 or pieces ( clo? belong+ to ! man to be bewit*$4#did ,9 ! mak+ ( idols we c (t5 obs]ve ! same pr9ciple4 ,! /atue itself is n sacr$ by virtue ( its =m2 x acquires div9e p[] only by be+ put 9 mat]ial connection ) ! deity4 ,! mo/ obvi\s example is t ( ! ,we/ ,african ,negroes1 :o1 :5 !y wi% to transplant ! wood deity f 8 orig9al home to _! t[ns & villages1 build up a wood5 doll ( bran*es tak5 f ! tree 9 :i* he lives4#die ,! god is c]ta9ly suppos$ to feel a special temptation to take up 8 abode 9 ! idol made 9 8 own lik5ess2 b x is evid5t t ! mat]ial l9k e/abli%$ by ! *oice ( ! wood is ?\ght ( z be+ ( no less1 p]haps ev5 ( great]1 importance ?an ! resemblance4 ,! same close & insep>able comb9ation ( magic by connection & magic by simil>ity meets u 9 ! ance/or /atues ( ,new ,gu9ea1 :i* conta9 ! skull ( ! dead 9 holl[s inside _! head4#dif ,& al?\gh ! proc$ure is m indirect1 ! und]ly+ ?\ght is nev]!less ! same 9 ! curi\s practices f\nd1 e4g41 on ! isl& ( ,nias4 ,! _s ( ! deceas$ is "h conduct$ to 8 /atue by means ( "s small animal :i* has be5 f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( 8 grave4#dig ,9 none ( ^! examples--:i* might be supplem5t$ by analog\s in/ances f v>i\s tribes--d we see any h9t ( t mann] ( reg>d+ /atues & pa9t+s :i* prevails among civilis$ m54 ,:ile ) u ! m5tal impression on ! spectator con/itutes1 s to speak1 ! object & ! ess5tial purport ( ! "w ( art1 ! magicians & ! idolat]s seem to look *iefly = mat]ial p[] & influ5ce 9 _! simulacra4 ,! way 9 :i* pictorial art is us$ = curative purposes af=ds u--if fur!r pro(s are want$--a /ill m tell+ example ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! magical & ! ae/hetic po9ts ( view4 ,no?+ c\ld be m crude & primitive ?an ! notions held by ! ,navajo ) reg>d to ! salut>y influ5ces ( _! fam\s s&-pa9t+s4 ,! cure is effect$1 !y believe1 n by ! pati5t's look+ at ! repres5t$ figures1 b by 8 roll+ himself on !m1 or hav+ ! pigm5ts ( ! mosaic appli$ to ! correspond+ p>ts ( 8 own body4 ,! m ( ! sacr$ s& he c ?us atta* to 8 body1 ! m complete is 8 recov]y4#dih ,among o!r tribes at ! same /age ( developm5t z ! ,navajos ! prevail+ views are almo/ equally mat]iali/ic4#dii ,& ev5 among ! b>b>ic & semi-civilis$ peoples1 al?\gh we d n meet ) q z gross sup]/itions1 ! fundam5tal idea ( pictorial magic appe>s (t5 to be ! same4 ,! p[] ( a pa9t+ or a sculpture is ?\ght ( z some?+ :i* is q indep5d5t ( its m5tal effects ^u ! spectator4 ,t int]pretation ( sympa!tic magic1 !re=e1 :i* to u seem$ mo/ natural1 _c possibly be appli$ to its l[] =ms4 ,z ! concepts by :i* primitive man ju/ifies to himself 8 beliefs & practices are naturally vague & hazy1 x may seem futile to attempt to recon/ruct 8 reason+4 ,no?+ f9al or def9ite c be ass]t$ on s obscure a topic4 ,b we may legitimately discuss ! mo/ consi/5t & mo/ probable way 9 :i* to acc\nt = ! v>i\s =ms ( sympa!tic magic4 ,& ) reg>d to ?is "q ( probabilities we may rely to "s ext5t ^u ! illu/rative & sugge/ive analogies to primitive ?\ght :i* c be f\nd 9 sci5tific philosophies4 ,= x is evid5t t a philosophical doctr9e1 if x fits 9 ) ! facts ( primitive sup]/ition1 may be explanatory ( ^? vague & lat5t notions :i*1 )\t logical ju/ification or sy/ematical arrangem5t1 lie 9 ! m9d ( ! magician & ! idolat]4 ,su* a doctr9e is pres5t$ to u 9 ! famili> emanation-!ories1 accord+ to :i* e image ( a ?+ con/itutes a concrete "p ( t ?+ itself4 ,accord+ to ! cle> & sy/ematic /atem5t ( ?is doctr9e giv5 by ! old ,epicurean philosoph]s1 %ad[s1 reflections 9 a mirror1 visions1 & ev5 m5tal repres5tations ( di/ant objects1 are all caus$ by ?9 membranes1 :i* cont9ually deta* !mselves f ! surface ( all bodies & move onw>d 9 all directions ?r\gh space4#ejj ,if !re are su* ?+s z necess>y misconceptions1 ?is is c]ta9ly "o4 ,su* g5]al facts ( s5su\s exp]i5ce z reflection1 %ad[1 & mirage w naturally appe> z ! result ( a purely mat]ial decortication--z 9 a transf] picture4#eja ,h[ ne> at h& ?is !ory may lie ev5 to ! mod]n m9d appe>s f ! curi\s fact t su* a man z ,balzac fell back ^u x :5 attempt+ to expla9 ! newly-inv5t$ dagu]reotype1 t mo/ m>vell\s ( all image-ph5om5a4#ejb ,to ! primitive m9d x is only natural to apply ?is reason+ ev5 to artificial images4 ,:e!r ! lik5ess ( a ?+ is fa%ion$ by nature 9 wat] or air1 or :e!r x be made by man1 x is 9 bo? cases ?\ght ( z depriv+ ! ?+ itself ( "s "p ( its sub/ance4 ,su* a notion1 :i* _c surprise u :5 met ) among ! l[] savages1 seems to h be5 at ! bottom ( ev5 ! ,mohamm$an prohibition ( ! =mative arts4#ejc ,x is evid5t t1 :]ev] images are expla9$ 9 ?is crude mann]1 magic by simil>ity 9 reality becomes m]ely a case ( magic by contiguity4 ,! mat]iali/ic ?\ght :i* lies beh9d ! belief 9 a solid>ity betwe5 simil> ?+s appe>s n[h]e s cle>ly z )9 ! dep>tm5t ( pictorial magic4 ,b we believe t its influ5ce c also be trac$ 9 all ! o!r sup]/itions reg>d+ sympa!tic causation4 ,9 spite ( t feel+ ( sup]iority s common 9 nations :i* h no lean+ t[>ds =mative arts1 poetical & musical magic 9 its l[] =ms is f\nd$ on q z crude a conception z any idolatry or pictorial sorc]y4 ,x w\ld inde$ be unnatural if ! !ory ( corporeal emanations _h n be5 appli$ to ac\/ic z well z to optical ph5om5a4 ,to ! unsci5tific m9d s\nds & rev]b]ations are some?+ q synonym\s ) sights & reflections4 ,! s\nds connect$ ) ! impression ( a be+1 ?+1 or ph5om5on w !re=e be conceiv$ z be+ a "p ( ! be+1 ?+1 or ph5om5on itself4 ,to ^! easily-expla9$ notions !re are to be add$ ! peculi> sup]/itions ent]ta9$ ) reg>d to a class ( s\nds :i* are only associat$ ) ?+s1 viz4 _! names4 ,to ! primitive man a "n lit]ally con/itutes a "p ( ! object x d5otes4 ,! magician may !re=e get ! ma/]y ov] ! spirits he invokes & ! m5 he bewit*es by m]ely m5tion+ _! names4#ejd ,9 _m cases a mo/ pot5t spell consi/s ( un9telligible words1 :i* to ! conjur] himself has no mean+ at all4 ,9 o!r cases1 al?\gh ! words really h a s5se1 we c easily obs]ve t !y are n us$ = ! purpose ( creat+ an illusion ( reality4 ,! typical incantation may inde$ 9 a mann] be call$ descriptive4 ,! s+] is anxi\s n to pass by any detail1 ! omitt+ ( :i* may be injuri\s to ! pot5cy ( 8 magic4 ,b ! result is only a sort ( inv5tory1 :i* seldom sugge/s a full & vivid m5tal picture4 ,_m ( ! ,%aman pray]s & songs %[ u by _! :ole "* t 9 _! case at lea/ poetical illusion has _h no?+ to d ) ! belief 9 ! p[] ( words ov] ?+s4#eje ,?us1 accord+ to ! magical-_w view1 a sy/em ( mat]ial connections l9ks toge!r 9 close solid>ity ?+s & _! images1 s\nds1 or names4 ,b ?is network ( connections may ev51 we believe1 ext5d fur!r1 s z to br+ into its *a9 ( causation qualities & actions1 9 %ort1 ab/ract notions1 :i* _c be consid]$ z mat]ial objects possess+ mat]ial p>ts4 ,j z an image :i* pres5ts ! figure & %ape ( a giv5 ?+ is conceiv$ z a "p ( t ?+ itself1 s all ?+s :i* h di/9ctive qualities 9 common may be ?\ght ( z be+ p>ts ( a common :ole4 ,z a fanta/ic b /ill natural product ( ! primitive m9d1 !re may ?us appe> ! idea ( an invisible connection1 :i* b9ds toge!r all ?+s simil> & draws !m to ea* o!r4 ,vaguely & dimly ev5 savages may h be5 able to anticipate 9 "s measure ^? impos+ ?\ghts :i* receiv$ an organis$ & consi/5t /atem5t 9 ! doctr9e ( univ]sal ideas4 ,b to primitive man ^! 8ideas0 mu/ appe> z concrete objects & be+s1 ex]cis+ _! influ5ce on ph5om5a 9 a q mat]ial mann]4 ,to ^? :o are famili> ) t peculi> comb9ation ( spiritual conceptions ( ! _w & mat]ial conceptions ( ! _s :i* makes up ! primitive cosmology1 ?is explanation w n appe> f>-fet*$ or /ra9$4 ,b x is to be admitt$ t 9 _m cases x may be difficult1 or ev5 impossible1 to lay "o's f+] on ! elem5ts ( magic by contiguity :i* lie at ! root ( a giv5 in/ance ( imitative wit*craft4 ,no d\bt ! m5tal effects produc$ by ! imitation on its creator & spectators w 9 _m cases contribute to ! belief 9 its p[]4 ,9 ! m arti/ic =ms ( poetic magic ! sugge/ive p[] ( ! words replaces ! brute =ce ( _! s\nd4 ,& 9 dramatic magic an illusion1 :e!r int5d$ or un9t5d$1 mu/ necess>ily affect ! p]=m]s z well z _! audi5ce4 ,!re=e1 h[ev] ! psy*ological basis ( magic may be expla9$1 x _c be d5i$ t 9 "s ( its developm5ts magic has become closely connect$ ) art4 ,! self-deceit by :i* we enjoy 9 art ! confusion betwe5 real & unreal is inde$1 by its int5tional "*1 di/9ct f ! illusion to :i* primitive man is l$1 m p]haps by 8 defici5t p[]s ( obs]vation ?an by any /r5g? ( imag9ative faculty4 ,b /ill !re exi/s a k9%ip1 & t belief 9 an ov]lapp+ ( ! tangible & intangible life :i* is fo/]$ by magic 9 ! l[] art af=ds1 z x 71 a premonition ( ! effects produc$ by imag9ation 9 ! high]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,conclusions ,!re are sev]al aspects ( ! hi/ory ( art :i* h _h to be ignor$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,a /ud5t ( e?nology1 = in/ance1 w blame u because 9 our ha/y review ( primitive art no m5tion has be5 made ( ! important influ5ce :i* political in/itutions & religi\s sy/ems h ex]cis$ on ! developm5t ( art4 ,nor c !re be any "q ( d5y+ t ^! factors ought to be prop]ly treat$ ( 9 e rese>* :i* aims at a descriptive complet5ess4 ,f ! hi/orical po9t ( view inde$ no?+ c\ld be m int]e/+ ?an to pursue ?r\gh\t ! g5]al hi/ory ( art t l9e ( inve/igation :i* ,mr4 ,posnett has appli$ to ! /udy ( lit]ature4 ,n only 9 ! l[] /ages ( culture1 b also among civilis$ nations1 "o might %[ h[ 9 all its =ms & bran*es art has be5 influ5c$ = good & bad by ! progress ( political developm5t4 ,tribal drama1 tribal sculpture1 & tribal poetry might ?us be in/ructively contra/$ ) ! art ( commonweal?s & mon>*ic /ates4 ,/ill wid] results might be atta9$ by trac+ ^? diff]5ces 9 types ( art :i* arise f diff]5ces 9 ! religi\s sy/ems4 ,b su* rese>*es1 h[ev] important !y might be1 w\ld n h mu* be>+ ^u ! subject ( ! pres5t "w4 ,not)/&+ ! diff]5tiation ( art-=ms t has aris5 f ! v>y+ political & religi\s conditions1 we d n meet 9 ^! diff]5t =ms ) any pr9ciple ( art t has n be5 treat$ ( already 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,to expla91 = in/ance1 ! art :i* s]ves z a means ( political propitiation1 we ne$ only ref] to our inve/igation ( ! /hetic =ms ( sexual selection4 ,x is true t songs1 dances1 & pantomimes w necess>ily *ange 9 "* :5 address$ to a *ief or k+ in/ead ( to a woman4 ,b ! purpose--to ga9 ! fav\r ( ! spectator--is /ill ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,& f ?is id5tity ( purpose !re arises a g5]al simil>ity betwe5 all manife/ations ( propitiatory art1 :i*1 f our po9t ( view1 is m important ?an ! individual diff]5ces ( ^! manife/ations4 ,z 9 tribes :]e social conditions h fav\r$ ! developm5t ( sexual selection erotic art acquires ! di/9ction ( attractiv5ess & s5su\s beauty1 s ^! qualities w also be prom95t 9 ! songs & dances by :i* p endeav\r to conciliate ! fav\r & b5evol5ce ( a mighty rul]4 ,& z on ! l[] /ages ( culture m5 attribute to _! gods _! own lik+s & av]sions1 ! same qualities w naturally be f\nd to *>act]ise ^? classes ( art by :i* wor%ipp]s pay _! homage to a div9e spectator4 ,&1 f9ally1 z a conspicu\s outcome ( ! motive 8to attract by pleas+0 we meet ) a simil> gr\p ( dances1 songs1 & pantomimes address$ to ! spirits ( ! deceas$--^? spectators ^: fav\r or disfav\r is ( p>am\nt importance to primitive man4 ,side by side ) ?is elem5t ( propitiation we f9d 9 ! arti/ic manife/ations connect$ ) fun]al c]emonies examples ( almo/ all ^? aspects ( art to :i* att5tion has be5 call$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,! purpose ( in=mation is repres5t$ by pictorial1 poetic1 or dramatic repres5tations 9 :i* ! do+s ( ! deceas$ are display$ be=e ! survivors4#ejf ,! dances & songs may 9 _m cases be reasonably expla9$ z aim+ at a /imulation ( ! _s1 :i* c]ta9ly ne$s an increase ( =ce 9 ord] to surm\nt all ! h>d%ips & ! we>y w&]+s ( its transitional life4#ejg ,9 o!r cases fun]al art is evid5tly int5d$ to produce ^u invisible enemies ! same k9d ( t]rify+ effects :i* h already be5 spok5 ( 9 connection ) milit>y pa9t+s & pantomimes4#ejh ,&1 la/ly1 x is probably 9 ! endeav\r to ex]t a sympa!tic influ5ce ^u ! combats :i* ! deceas$ mu/ und]go be=e he c atta9 8 peace & re/ t ! survivors hold magical %am-fights & tugs ( w> ov] 8 grave4#eji ,?us 9 ?is "o bran* ( art we c see h[ ea* ( ! sociological art-pr9ciples is ( mu* wid] applicability ?an has be5 possible to trace )9 ! limits ( ?is "w4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! crucial in/ance ( fun]al art %[s u h[ ev5 9 su* arti/ic manife/ations z at ! outset appe> to be q irr$ucible we may by a clos] inve/igation reveal ! influ5ce ( ^? g5]al factors :i* h be5 select$ = treatm5t 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,& !re=e1 )\t ent]+ ^u a detail$ exam9ation ( all ! v>y+ =ms ( art1 we feel entitl$ to hold t ! utilit>ian motives ( in=mation1 propitiation1 /imulation1 & magical effici5cy af=d a suffici5tly complete li/--f a !oretical po9t ( view--( ! mo/ important non-/hetic factors t h fav\r$ ! developm5t ( art4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! att5tive read] w probably h rem>k$ t ^? v aspects ( art ) :i* we h be5 engag$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ?is "w broadly correspond to "s ( ! mo/ important int]pretations ( ! art-impulse (f]$ by /hetic !ories4 ,to give in=mation--t is1 to wid5 our k ( nature & life2 to propitiate--t is1 to flatt] our s5ses by ! display ( beauty2 to /imulate--t is1 to height5 our vital en]gy1 & ?us make life easi] to live & life's "w easi] to p]=m2 to "w magic--t is1 to produce an illusion ( reality capable ( lead+ to a confusion betwe5 ! subjective & objective _w2--^! are all purposes :i* h be5 repres5t$ z ess5tial to art4 ,f our summ>y inve/igation ( primitive art x has1 we hope1 appe>$ h[ fully we admit ! close connection ( ^! purposes ) ! hi/orical developm5t ( art4 ,& x might be %[n1 if our inve/igation 7 pursu$ into ! lat] /ages ( developm5t1 t art on its highe/ plane /ill be>s ! same relation to concrete utilities z x does on ! l[e/4 ,art nev] ceases to in=m1 nev] ceases to please1 nev] ceases to /imulate1 nev] loses some?+ ( a magical efficacy4 ,b :ile ackn[l$g+ ! importance ( all ^! purposes1 we h1 on ! o!r h&1 to ma9ta9 ! view :i* 0 set out 9 ! psy*ological *apt]s ( ! op5+--t x is only by assum+ an indep5d5t art-impulse t we c expla9 ! ess5tial "* ( art4 ,to make pla9 ! di/9ction betwe5 ^! two po9ts ( view x is advisable to summ>ise 9 brief ! argum5ts ( ei!r "p ( our inve/igation4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt]s ! writ] attempt$ to %[ t ! art-impulse 9 its broade/ s5se mu/ be tak5 z an outcome ( ! natural t5d5cy ( e feel+-/ate to manife/ itself ext]nally1 ! effect ( su* a manife/ation be+ to height5 ! pleasure & to relieve ! pa94 ,we f\nd 9 ?is fact ! prim>y s\rce ( art z an individual impulse4 ,b art is ess5tially social2 & ?is also we expla9$ on psy*ological gr\nds4 ,! second>y effect ( ! ext]iorisation ( a feel+-/ate is to awak5 simil> feel+s 9 o!r human be+s :o p]ceive ! manife/ation2 & _! sympa!tic feel+ acts ^u ! au?or ( ! orig9al manife/ation1 height5+ 9 him ! feel+-/ate :i* gave rise to x4 ,n[1 all works ( art h a common elem5t not)/&+ _! div]sity4 ,!y express1 ea* 9 _! own m$ium1 a mood or moods ( ! arti/2 !y arise1 t is1 out ( ! impulse to expression1 :i* is z primitive z feel+ itself4 ,e man seeks automatically to height5 8 feel+s ( pleasure & to relieve 8 feel+s ( pa94 ,! arti/ is ! man :o f9ds t he c ga9 su* enhancem5t or relief1 n only by ! direct action ( giv+ expression to 8 feel+1 b also by ar\s+ a k9dr$ feel+ 9 o!rs4 ,h5ce orig9ates 9 him t desire to transmit 8 moods to an ext]nal audi5ce :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z ! simple/ & mo/ primordial inducem5t to arti/ic production4 ,& also z a fur!r means ( realis+ ! same purpose !re arises ! endeav\r to give ! arti/ic product--t is to say1 ! ext]nalis$ expression ( 8 mood--a =m :i* may facilitate ! revival ( ! orig9al /ate 9 an ev] wid] circle ( sympa?is]s4 ,?us f ! reflex outlet = a /rong emotional pressure we are l$ to a delib]ate creation1 9 :i* ! intellectual & volitional elem5ts prepond]ate increas+ly ov] ! automatic1 emotional impulse4 ,b f ?is ga9 9 consci\sness !re does n result any *ange 9 ! ess5tial "* ( ! arti/ic activity4 ,h[ev] great ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! highe/ =ms ( art1 su* z1 = in/ance1 a drama or a sculpture1 & ! primitive dance-pantomime1 ! und]ly+ impulse is /ill ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,p]petuation--t is1 expression :i* is address$ to a fictiti\s audi5ce--c only be expla9$ by ref]5ce to ! enhanc+ & reliev+ effects :i* man has exp]i5c$ z results ( emotional transmission4 ,& all ! int5tional activities1 ! arti/ic composition1 ! arti/ic te*nique1 & s on1 by :i* p]petuation is secur$ c ?us be reg>d$ z subs]vi5t to ! emotionali/ic purpose4 ,moreov]1 ^! same activities1 h[ev] unemotional !y may be 9 !mselves1 w enable ! arti/ to extort an increas$ emotional value f 8 8motives02 = in/ance1 ! great] a man's skill 9 sugge/+ ! peculi> ?rill ( col\r1 ! great] w be 8 pleasure 9 col\r itself4 ,te*nical excell5cy1 :i* to ! outsid] is a cold & neutral ?+1 may ?us to ! arti/ & to ! intellig5t critic be full ( expressional significance4 ,f :i*ev] po9t ( view we may look at art1 we %all h to int]pret its c5tral & ess5tial *>act]i/ics 9 t]ms ( feel+4 ,9 ?is way we c acc\nt = x z a self-suffic+1 or z we h said1 autotelic activity4 ,& 9 ?is way only c we expla9 ! /r5g? ( t compell+ =ce :i* urges an arti/ to an ex]tion f :i* he d]ives no ext]nal utility4 ,b x _c be cont5d$ t primitive human nature furni%es n only ! impulse to expression b also ! m$ium4 ,! arti/ 9 man _h ! feel+2 he _h to discov] a way to ext]iorise x4 ,ne>e/ p]haps to primitive art lie ! imm$iate manife/ations by regulat$ ge/ure & regulat$ s\nds ( ! voice1 :i* are also 9 _! highe/ developm5t ! mo/ pot5t means = transmitt+ an emotion4 ,yet ! diff]5t utilities ( life (f]$ also o!r means--z x 71 words ( a language--9 :i* ! feel+ c\ld express itself & transmit itself f m9d to m9d4 ,! man :o us$ draw+ z a means ( communicat+ ?\ghts c\ld express 9 a draw+ ! t]ror :i* a bea/ inspir$ or ! delight he _h d]iv$ f wat*+ its movem5ts4 ,& j z ! purpose ( imp>t+ in=mation--:e!r by ^w or image--af=d$ a natural m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! art-impulse c\ld "w to its own ends1 s also ! purpose ( propitiation af=d$ 9 dance or decoration some?+ :i* might be div]t$ f its orig9al object & be us$ ) ! s+le int5tion ( express+1 = in/ance1 ! danc]'s mood4 ,simil>ly ea* ( ! o!r purposes t h be5 discuss$ or allud$ to af=d$1 z x 71 a concrete mat]ial = art--a %ape 9 :i* ! primitive impulse to ge/ure c\ld embody & develop itself4 ,& beyond ! fact t art has be5 oblig$ to avail itself ( m$ia :i* h orig9ally be5 call$ into exi/5ce by utilit>ian1 non-/hetic ne$s1 !re lies ano!r fact4 ,to ^! ext]nal 8orig9s0 we c also trace "s ( ! mo/ important qualities :i* we appreciate 9 a "w ( art4 ,9 ?is way x is op5 to u to expla9 h[ sev]al ( ! virtues ( art1 z we "k x1 may be d]iv$ f ! primitive ne$s :i* x subs]v$2 h[1 = in/ance1 ! lucidity ( art may f9d its explanation 9 art's use = convey+ in=mation2 h[ ! s5su\s & attractive qualities ( all art may be trac$ to ! ne$ = propitiat+ fav\r2 h[ ! p[] t resides 9 art to brace & /imulate ! m9d may be transmitt$ f ! days :5 ! arti/ 0 appo9t$ to n]ve 8 fell[s = "w or w>4 ,&1 la/ly1 x might be argu$ t a mo/ *>act]i/ic quality ( art1 ! imag9ation1 :i* is 9 a s5se fai? 9 ! reality ( ! unreal 7:e!r native to ! human m9d or n71 may h be5 imm5sely height5$ by ! use ( art = purposes ( magic1 :i* fuses ! visible & ! invisible4 ,!re is ?us sugge/$ a fur!r po9t4 ,we 7 able to d]ive ^? qualities ( arti/ic composition1 :i* 9 all /hetic sy/ems h be5 insi/$ on z ! mo/ primordial1 f ! di/9ctive qualities ( ! self-suffic+ art-impulse1 by %[+ h[ ! unity1 ! conc5tration1 & ! subord9ation ( p>ts to a :ole correspond to ! unity ( a feel+-/ate :i* x is ! object ( ! art-impulse to convey & to p]petuate 9 its entirety4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we are =c$ to ackn[l$ge t by ! side ( ^! primordial qualities !re exi/ c]ta9 second>y qualities :i* h be5 ( great importance 9 facilitat+ & secur+ ! transmission & p]petuation ( ! orig9al feel+-/ate2 & we h %[n h[ ^! qualities arise out ( ! vassalage by :i* art 9 its hi/orical developm5t has be5 b\nd to ! necessities & utilities ( practical life4 ,= ^? :o crave a !oretical basis = ! e/imation ( art !re is (f]$ a field ( rese>* 9 ! comp>ison & relative valuation ( ^! two ord]s ( qualities4 ,by /udy+ ! alt]nate influ5ces :i* ! prim>y & ! d]iv$ factors h ex]cis$ on ! "* ( works ( art1 x may ev5 be possible to lay d[n a k9d ( scale by :i* to rank g5]al qualities z well z individual manife/ations4 ,b all ?is tra9 ( ?\ght1 ?\gh cognate to our inquiry1 is n a "p ( x4 ,?is book has aim$ simply to give an answ] to ! "q1 ,h[ did art orig9ate8 ,to ^? m9ds :i* see no value 9 an /hetic inquiry t nei!r purposes to (f] guidance = ! arti/ 9 produc+ works ( art1 nor = ! /ud5t 9 appreciat+ !m1 ! :ole discussion may probably appe> futile4 ,! au?or on 8 "p has ?\ght t su* inve/igation into an important & typical human en]gy mu/ be ( int]e/ at lea/1 if n ( value4 ,b ^u ! practical "q x is 8 p]sonal op9ion t ! loss w\ld be great] ?an ! ga9 if !ories & judgm5ts bas$ ^u philosophical consid]ations 7 all[$ to influ5ce ei!r ! production or ! enjoym5t ( art4 ,,au?orities ,,quot$ ,abbott1 ,*>les ,c41 ,primitive ,indu/ry3 or1 ,illu/rations ( ! ,h&iwork ( ! ,native ,races ( ! ,nor!rn ,atlantic ,seabo>d ( ,am]ica4 ,salem1 ,mass4 #ahha4 ,ab]cromby1 ,john1 ,! ,pre-& ,proto-hi/oric ,f9ns1 bo? ,ea/]n & ,we/]n1 ) ! ,magic ,songs ( ! ,we/ ,f9ns4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahih4 ,abh&lung5 d] ,knigli*4 s*sis*5 ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft54 ,leipzig4 ,abh&lung5 und ,b]i*te des ,knigl4 zoologis*5 und an?ropologis*-e?nographis*5 ,museums zu ,dresd54 ,b]l94 ,academy1 ,!4 ,london4 ,aco/a1 ,joseph de1 ,! ,natural & ,moral ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies4 ,trans4 ed4 by ,c4 ,r4 ,m>kham4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,acta ,societatis ,sci5ti>um ,f5nic4 ,hels+=s4 ,actes de l'acadmie nationale des sci5ces1 belles-lettres et arts de ,bordeaux4 ,p>is4 ,ahlqvi/1 ,aug41 ,mui/elmia matkoilta ,v5jll vuos9a #ahed-aheh4 ,hels+=s1 #ahei4 ,ahlqvi/1 ,aug41 ,unt] ,wogul5 und ,o/jak54 ,9 ,acta ,societatis ,sci5ti>um ,f5nic4 ,tomus ,,xiv4 #ahhe4 ,all51 ,grant1 ,! ,col\r-,s5se3 ,its ,orig9 & ,developm5t4 ,london1 #ahgi4 ,all51 ,grant1 ,physiological /hetics4 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,!4 ,publi%$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,wa%+ton4 ,wa%+ton4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 ,!4 ,worce/]1 ,mass4 ,amiel1 ,h5ri-,frdric1 ,fragm5ts d'un j\rnal intime4 ,septime d4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,g5ve1 #ahig4 ,&ree1 ,ri*>d1 ,e?nographis*e ,p>allel5 und ,v]glei*e4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahgh4 ,neue ,folge4 ,leipzig1 #ahhi4 ,angas1 ,george ,fr5*1 ,polynesia2 a ,popul> ,description ( ! ,physical ,features1 ,inhabitants1 ,natural ,hi/ory1 & ,productions ( ! ,isl&s ( ! ,pacific4 ,london #ahff4 ,angas1 ,george ,fr5*1 ,savage ,life & ,sc5es 9 ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahdg4 ,annal5 des ,k4-,k4 naturhi/oris*5 ,h(museums4 ,wi54 ,annali del museo civico di /oria naturale di ,g5ova4 ,g5ova4 ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,wa%+ton4 ,annual ,report ( ! ,bo>d ( ,reg5ts ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,wa%+ton4 ,annual ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological & ,geographical ,survey4 ,wa%+ton4 ,ar*]1 ,william1 ,masks or ,faces8 ,a ,/udy 9 ! ,psy*ology ( ,act+4 ,london1 #ahhh4 ,ar*iv fr ,an?ropologie4 ,brauns*weig4 ,aubry1 ,paul d'1 ,la contagion du meurtre4 ,deuxime dition entirem5t refondue4 ,p>is1 #ahid4 ,bailey1 ,john1 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,wild ,tribes ( ! ,v$dahs ( ,ceylon4 ,9 ,transactions ( ! ,e?nological ,society ( ,london4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,new ,s]ies1 #ahfc4 ,ba91 ,alex&]1 ,! ,emotions & ! ,w4 #crd ed4 ,london1 #ahge4 ,ba91 ,alex&]1 ,! ,s5ses & ! ,intellect4 #d? ed4 ,london1 #ahid4 ,bak]1 ,!odor1 b] die ,musik d] nordam]ikanis*5 ,wild54 ,leipzig1 #ahhb4 ,baldw91 ,james ,m>k1 ,m5tal ,developm5t 9 ! ,*ild & ! ,race4 ,new ,york1 #ahie4 ,baldw91 ,james ,m>k1 ,social & ,e?ical ,int]pretations 9 ,m5tal ,developm5t4 ,new ,york1 #ahig4 ,balf\r1 ,h5ry1 ,! ,evolution ( ,decorative ,art4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,bancr(t1 ,hub]t ,h[e1 ,! ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,i4-,v4 ,new ,york1 #ahge-ahgf4 ,b>r+ton1 ,da9es1 ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ! ,s++ ( ,birds4 ,9 ,philosophical ,transactions4 #aggc4 ,b>tels1 ,m>x1 ,die ,m$ic9 d] ,naturvlk]4 ,leipzig1 #ahic4 ,ba%kirtseff1 ,m>ie1 ,j\rnal4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,p>is1 #ahij4 ,bat*elor1 ,john1 ,! ,a9u ( ,japan4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,batt51 ,geo4 ,g4 ,see ,glimpses4 ,baumg>t51 ,alex&] ,g41 ,ae/hetica4 ,trajecti cis ,viadrum4 #agej4 ,becc>i1 ,o41 ,le capanne ed i gi>d9i dell' ,amblyornis inornata4 ,9 ,annali del museo civico di /oria naturale di ,g5ova4 ,,ix4 7#ahgf-ahgg47 ,bee*am1 ,john1 ,a%antee & ! ,gold ,coa/4 ,london1 #ahda4 ,b]*on ,le ,tat\age4 ,9 ,actes de l'acadmie de ,bordeaux4 #ahhe4 ,br5g]-,fraud1 ,l4 ,j4 ,b41 ,sup]/itions et survivances tudies au po9t de vue de leur orig9e et de leurs trans=mations4 ,i4-,v4 ,p>is1 #ahif4 ,b]nays1 ,jacob1 ,zwei ,abh&lung5 b] die ari/otelis*e ,!orie des ,drama4 ,b]l91 #ahhj4 ,b]ni]1 ,flix1 ,?orie de l'art du comdi51 ou ,manuel ?tral4 ,p> ,ari/ippe4 ,p>is1 #ahbe4 ,bidwill1 ,john ,c>ne1 ,rambles 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,london1 #ahda4 ,b9et1 ,alfr$1 ,le fti*isme dans l'am\r4 ,la vie psy*ique des micro-organismes4 ,l'int5sit des images m5tales1 etc4 ,deuxime dition4 ,p>is1 #ahia4 ,b+]1 ,g41 ,du ,nig] au ,golfe de ,gu9e1 p> le pays de ,kong et le ,mossi4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,p>is1 #ahib4 ,blum5tritt1 ,f]d9&1 ,v]su* e9] ,e?nographie d] ,philipp954 ,ergnzung%eft ,nr4 #fg zu ,pet]mann's ,mit!ilung54 7#ahhb47 ,bock1 ,c>l1 ,temples & ,elephants3 ! ,n>rative ( a ,j\rney ( ,exploration ?r\gh ,upp] ,siam & ,lao4 ,london1 #ahhd4 ,bhme1 ,franz ,m41 ,ges*i*te des ,tanzes 9 ,deuts*l&4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,leipzig1 #ahhf4 ,boletim da soci$ade de geographia de ,lisboa4 ,lisboa4 ,bonghi1 ,rugg]o1 ,die rmis*5 ,fe/e4 ,deuts* von ,alfr$ ,ruhemann4 ,wi51 #ahia4 ,bonwick1 ,james1 ,daily ,life & ,orig9 ( ! ,tasmanians4 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,bosanquet1 ,b]n>d1 ,a ,hi/ory ( /hetic4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,b\illi]1 ,francisque1 ,du plaisir et de la d\leur4 ,p>is1 #ahfe4 ,b\rget1 ,paul1 tudes et portraits4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,p>is1 #ahhi4 ,b\rgo+1 ,j4 ,fr41 ,mod]n ,/ate ( ,spa94 ,trans4 f ! la/ ,p>is ed4 ( #ahjg4 ,i4-,,iv4 ,london1 #ahjh4 ,b\rke1 ,john ,g41 ,! ,m$ic9e-m5 ( ! ,apa*e4 ,9 ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?n4 ,,ix4 ,b\rke1 ,j4 ,g41 ,scatologic ,rites ( all ,nations4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahia4 ,b\rke1 ,j4 ,g41 ,! ,snake-,dance ( ! ,moquis ( ,arizona4 ,london1 #ahhd4 ,brehm1 ,a4 ,e41 ,?i]leb54 #c41 gnzli* neube>beitete ,aufl4 von ,pe*uel-,loes*e4 ,i4-,x4 ,leipzig und ,wi51 #ahib4 ,br5n]1 ,joa*im von1 ,besu* bei d5 ,kannibal5 ,sumatras4 ,wrzburg1 #ahid4 ,brire1 ,essai sur le symbolisme antique d',ori5t4 ,p>is1 #ahdg4 ,br9ton1 ,daniel ,g41 ,essays ( an ,am]icani/4 ,philadelphia1 #ahij4 ,br9ton1 ,daniel ,g41 ,! ,l5ape & _! ,leg5ds4 ,philadelphia1 #ahhe4 ,br9ton1 ,daniel ,g41 ,nagualism3 ,a ,/udy ( ,native ,am]ican ,folk-lore & ,hi/ory4 ,philadelphia1 #ahid4 ,br9ton1 ,daniel ,g41 ,! ,pursuit ( ,happ9ess4 ,philadelphia1 #ahid4 ,br9ton1 ,daniel ,g41 ,races & ,peoples4 ,lectures on ! ,sci5ce ( ,e?nography4 ,new ,york1 #ahij4 ,br9ton1 ,daniel ,g41 ,religions ( ,primitive ,peoples4 ,new ,york & ,london1 #ahig4 ,br9ton1 ,daniel ,g41 ,report ^u ! ,collections exhibit$ at ! ,columbian ,hi/orical ,exposition 7,madrid74 ,wa%+ton1 #ahie4 ,br[n1 ,g]ald ,baldw91 ,! ,f9e ,arts4 ,london1 #ahia4 ,br[n1 ,john1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,rise & ,progress ( ,poetry1 ?r\gh its sev]al ,species4 ,newca/le1 #agfd4 ,b*]1 ,k>l1 ,arbeit und ,rhytmus4 ,zweite1 />k v]mehrte ,auflage4 ,leipzig1 #ahii4 ,b*n]1 ,ludwig1 ,liebe und ,liebesleb5 9 d] ,?i]welt4 ,zweite1 sehr v]mehrte ,auflage4 ,leipzig1 #ahhe4 ,buckl&1 ,a4 ,w41 ,an?ropological ,/udies4 ,london1 #ahia4 ,buffon1 ,g4 ,l4 ,l41 ,hi/oire naturelle des oiseaux4 ,i4-,x4 ,p>is1 #aggj-ga4 ,bur*ell1 ,william ,john1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,s\!rn ,africa4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahbb-ahbd4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,see ,annual ,report4 ,burke1 ,edmund1 ,a ,philosophical ,inquiry into ! ,orig9 ( our ,ideas ( ! ,sublime & ,beautiful4 ,new ed4 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,burton1 ,ri*>d ,f41 ,! ,city ( ! ,sa9ts & across ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s to ,cali=nia4 ,london1 #ahfa4 ,burton1 ,ri*>d ,f41 ,! ,lake ,regions ( ,c5tral ,africa4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahfj4 ,burton1 ,ri*>d ,f41 ,a ,mission to ,gelele1 ,k+ ( ,dahome4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahfd4 ,burton1 ,ri*>d ,f41 ,two ,trips to ,gorilla ,l& & ! ,cat>acts ( ! ,congo4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,burton1 ,ri*>d ,f41 ,zanzib>2 ,city1 ,isl&1 & ,coa/4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahgb4 ,cahusac1 ,la danse anci5ne et mod]ne4 ,la ,haye1 #aged4 ,calmeil1 ,l4 ,f41 ,de la folie4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,p>is1 #ahde4 ,calv]t1 ,alb]t ,f41 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,london1 #ahid4 ,cam]on1 ,a4 ,l4 ,p41 ,notes on "s ,tribes ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,9 ,j\rn4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 ,,xiv4 ,campbell1 ,john1 ,a ,p]sonal ,n>rative ( ,?irte5 ,ye>s' ,s]vice among/ ! ,wild ,tribes ( ,khondi/an4 ,london1 #ahfd4 ,c>lyle1 ,?omas1 ,s>tor ,res>tus4 ,illu/rat$ by ,edmund ,j4 ,sullivan4 ,london1 #ahih4 ,c>p5t]1 ,edw>d1 ,angels' ,w+s3 ,a ,s]ies ( ,essays on ,art & its ,relation to ,life4 ,london1 #ahih4 ,c>v]1 ,jona?an1 ,?ree ,ye>s' ,travel ?r\gh ! ,int]ior ,p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,philadelphia1 #agif4 ,casalis1 ,e41 ,! ,basutos3 or1 ,tw5ty-?ree ,ye>s 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,london1 #ahfa4 ,ca/rn1 ,m4 ,a41 ,nordiska resor o* =skn+>4 ,i4-,,vi4 ,hels+=s1 #aheb-ahgj4 ,catl91 ,george1 ,illu/rations ( ! ,mann]s1 ,cu/oms1 & ,condition ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,*amisso1 ,adelb]t von1 ,bem]kung5 und ,ansi*t5 von dem ,natur=s*] d] ,exp$ition4 ,9 ,kotzebue1 ,otto von1 ,entdeckungs-,reise4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,*ampfleury4 ,see ,fleury1 ,jules4 ,*>cot1 ,j4 ,m41 et ,ri*]1 ,paul1 ,les dmoniaques dans l'art4 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 ,*>d91 ,voyages en ,p]se et autres lieux de l'ori5t4 ,n\velle dition augm5te p> ,l4 ,langls4 ,i4-,x4 ,p>is1 #ahaa4 ,clavig]o1 ,francesco ,sav]io1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,mexico4 ,transl4 f ! orig9al ,italian by ,*>les ,cull54 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #aghg4 ,cl]cq1 ,f4 ,s4 ,a4 de1 met ,m$ew]k+ van ,j4 ,d4 ,e4 ,s*meltz4 ,e?nographis*e ,bes*rijv+ van de ,we/-en ,noordku/ van ,n$]l&s* ,nieuw-,gu9ea4 ,leid51 #ahic4 ,codr+ton1 ,r4 ,h41 ,! ,melanesians1 ,/udies 9 _! ,an?ropology & ,folk-,lore4 ,ox=d1 #ahia4 ,coll9s1 ,david1 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,engli% ,colony 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,i-,,ii4 ,london1 #agih-ahjb4 ,congrs int]national d'an?ropologie et d'ar*ologie prhi/oriques4 ,,ixme session ,lisbonne1 #ahhj4 ,lisbonne1 #ahhd4 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,!4 ,london4 ,cook1 ,james1 ,an ,acc\nt ( a ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w 9 ! ,ye>s #agfh-agga4 ,london1 #aggc4 ,cook1 ,james1 ,a ,voyage t[>ds ! ,s\? ,pole1 & r\nd ! ,_w4 ,p]=m$ 9 ! ,ye>s #aggb-agge4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #aggg4 ,cook1 ,james1 ,a ,voyage to ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,9 ! ,ye>s #aggf-aghj4 ,i4-,,iii4 ,london1 #aghe4 ,corni%1 ,c4 ,j41 ,life at ! ,zoo4 ,notes & ,traditions ( ! ,reg5t's ,p>k ,g>d5s4 #bnd ,ed4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,crane1 ,walt]1 ,! ,bases ( ,design4 ,london1 #ahih4 ,cranz1 ,david1 ,david ,cranz ,hi/orie von ,grnl& en?alt5d die ,bes*reibung des ,l&es und d] ,e9wohn]1 etc4 ,zweyte ,auflage4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,b>by & ,leipzig1 #aggj4 ,crawley1 ,a4 ,e41 ,sexual ,taboo4 ,9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute4 ,,xxiv4 ,creuz]1 ,georg ,fri$ri*1 ,symbolik und ,my?ologie d] alt5 ,vlk]4 ,i4-,,vi4 ,leipzig1 #ahai-ahbc4 ,cruick%ank1 ,brodie1 ,eighte5 ,ye>s on ! ,gold ,coa/ ( ,africa4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahec4 ,cruise1 ,ri*>d ,a41 ,j\rnal ( a ,t5 ,mon?s' ,resid5ce 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,london1 #ahbc4 ,curr1 ,edw>d ,m41 ,! ,au/ralian ,race3 its ,orig91 ,languages1 ,cu/oms1 etc4 ,i4-,,iv4 ,melb\rne1 #ahhf-hg4 ,cz]w9ski1 ,alb]t1 ,ges*i*te d] ,tanzkun/4 ,leipzig1 #ahfb4 ,dale1 ,godfrey1 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,pr9cipal ,cu/oms & ,habits ( ! ,natives inhabit+ ! ,bondei ,c\ntry4 ,9 ,j\rn4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 ,,xxv4 ,dall1 ,william ,h41 ,alaska & its ,res\rces4 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,dalton1 ,edw>d ,tuite1 ,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal4 ,calcutta1 #ahgb4 ,dania1 ,tideskrift = folkeml og folkem9d]4 ,kjb5havn4 ,d>w91 ,*>les1 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man4 #bnd ,edition4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahhh4 ,d>w91 ,*>les1 ,! ,expression ( ! ,emotions 9 ,man & ,animals4 #bnd ed41 edit$ by ,francis ,d>w94 ,london1 #ahij4 ,d>w91 ,*>les1 ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 #f? ,edition4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahhh4 ,davy1 ,john1 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,int]ior ( ,ceylon4 ,london1 #ahba4 ,day1 ,francis1 ,obs]vations on ! ,&amanese4 ,9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal4 #ahgj4 ,delbuf1 ,j41 lm5ts de psy*ophysique gnrale et spciale4 ,p>is1 #ahhc4 ,des*amps1 mile1 ,au pays des ,v$das4 ,ceylon4 ,p>is1 #ahib4 ,dieff5ba*1 ,erne/1 ,travels 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahdc4 ,dobrizh(f]1 ,m>t91 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,abipones1 an ,eque/rian ,p4 ,f ! ,lat94 ,i4-,,iii4 ,london1 #ahbb4 ,db51 ,gu/af von1 ,om ,lappl& o* ,lapp>ne1 fretrdesvis de sv5ske4 ,/ockholm1 #ahgc4 ,dumont1 ,leon1 ,?orie sci5tifique de la s5sibilit4 ,le plaisir et la pe9e4 ,p>is1 #ahge4 ,dy]1 ,l\is1 ,/udies ( ! ,gods 9 ,greece at c]ta9 ,sanctu>ies rec5tly excavat$4 ,london1 #ahia4 ,e>le1 ,augu/us1 ,a ,n>rative ( a ,n9e ,mon?s' ,resid5ce 9 ,new ,zeal& 9 #ahbg4 ,london1 #ahcb4 ,ehr5rei*1 ,paul1 ,ueb] die ,botocudos d] brasilianis*5 ,prov9z5 ,espiritu santo und ,m9as ,g]aes4 ,9 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie4 ,,xix4 #ahhg4 ,elliot1 ,h5ry ,m41 ,memoirs on ! ,hi/ory1 ,folk-lore1 & ,di/ribution ( ! ,races ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ( ,india4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahfi4 ,ellis1 ,a4 ,b41 ,! ,ee-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave-,coa/ ( ,we/ ,africa4 ,london1 #ahij4 ,ellis1 ,a4 ,b41 ,! ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/ ( ,we/ ,africa4 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,ellis1 ,a4 ,b41 ,! ,yoruba-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave-,coa/ ( ,we/ ,africa4 ,london1 #ahid4 ,ellis1 ,a4 ,b41 ,we/ ,african ,sket*es4 ,london1 #ahha4 ,ellis1 ,havelock1 ,man & ,woman4 ,london1 #ahid4 ,ellis1 ,havelock1 ,! ,new ,_s4 #crd ed4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,ellis1 ,william1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 dur+ a ,resid5ce ( ne>ly eight ,ye>s 9 ! ,society & ,s&wi* ,isl&s4 #bnd ed4 ,i4-,,iv4 ,london1 #ahcb4 ,elwor?y1 ,fr$]ick ,?omas4 ,! ,evil ,eye4 ,an ,acc\nt ( ?is anci5t & widespread ,sup]/ition4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,emmanuel1 ,maurice1 ,la danse grecque antique d'aprs les monum5ts figurs4 ,p>is1 #ahif4 ,engel1 ,j4 ,j41 ,ide5 zu e9] ,mimic4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,b]l91 #aghe4 ,erman1 ,adolph1 ,travels 9 ,sib]ia4 ,trans1 f ! ,g]man1 by ,william ,desbor\gh ,cooley4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahdh4 ,esp9as1 ,alfr$1 ,des socits animales4 #bnd ed4 ,p>is1 #ahgh4 ,eyre1 ,edw>d ,john1 ,j\rnals ( ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y into ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 etc41 9 ! ,ye>s #ahdj-a4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahde4 ,faguet1 mile1 ,drame anci51 drame mod]ne4 ,p>is1 #ahih4 ,f>r]1 ,james ,anson1 ,milit>y ,mann]s & ,cu/oms4 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,f>r]1 ,james ,anson1 ,primitive ,mann]s & ,cu/oms4 ,london1 #ahgi4 ,fe*n]1 ,gu/av ,!odor1 ,vors*ule d] ,ae/hetik4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,leipzig1 #ahgf4 ,fr1 ,*41 ,! ,pa?ology ( ,emotions4 ,physiological & ,cl9ical ,/udies4 ,r5d]$ into ,engli% by ,rob]t ,p>k4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,fr1 ,*41 ,s5sation et m\vem5t3 tudes exprim5tales de psy*o-mcanique4 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 ,fewkes1 ,j4 ,walt]1 assi/$ by ,a4 ,m4 ,/eph5 & ,j4 ,g4 ,ow5s4 ,! ,snake ,c]emonials at ,walpi4 ,be+ ,vol4 ,,iv4 ( 8,a ,j\rnal ( ,am]ican ,e?nology & ,ar*aeology40 ,figui]1 ,l\is1 ,hi/oire du m]veilleux dans les temps mod]nes4 ,i4-,,iv4 ,p>is1 #ahfj4 ,f9s*1 ,otto1 ,e?nologis*e ,erfahrung5 und ,beleg/cke aus d] ,sdsee4 ,9 ,annal5 des ,k4-,k4 naturhi/oris*5 ,h(museums4 ,wi54 ,f9s*1 ,otto1 ,samoafahrt54 ,reis5 9 ,kais]-,wilhelms-,l& und ,engli%-,neu-,gu9ea 9 d5 ,jahr5 #ahhd und #ahhe4 ,leipzig1 #ahhh4 ,f9s*1 ,otto1 ,ueb] die ,bewohn] von ,ponap4 ,9 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie4 ,,xii4 #ahhj4 ,fison1 ,lorim]1 ,! ,nanga1 or ,sacr$ ,/one ,enclosure1 ( ,wa9imala1 ,fiji4 ,9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute4 ,,xiv4 ,fleury1 ,jules1 ,hi/oire de la c>icature s\s la rpublique1 l'empire et la re/auration p> ,*ampfleury4 ,p>is1 #ahgd4 ,=bes1 ,fr$]ick ,e41 ,dahomey & ! ,dahomans4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahea4 ,=bes1 ,h5ry ,o41 ,a ,naturali/'s ,w&]+s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago f #ahgh to #ahhe4 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,=n&]1 ,abraham1 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,polynesian ,race1 its ,orig9 & ,migrations4 ,i4-,,iii4 ,london1 #ahgh-ahhe4 ,f\ille1 ,alfr$1 ,la psy*ologie des ides-=ces4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,p>is1 #ahic4 ,fras]1 ,john1 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,sydney1 #ahib4 ,fraz]1 ,j4 ,g41 ,totemism4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhg4 ,fraz]1 ,j4 ,g41 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh4 ,a ,/udy 9 ,comp>ative ,religion4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahij4 ,freyc9et1 ,l\is de1 ,voyage aut\r du monde p5dant les annes #ahag-ahbj4 ,i4-,,ix4 ,p>is1 #ahbd-ahdd4 ,frits*1 ,gu/av1 ,die ,e+ebor55 ,sd-,afrikas4 ,breslau1 #ahgb4 ,fhr] dur* das ,museum fr ,vlk]kunde4 ,h]ausgegeb5 von d] ,g5]al-,v]waltung4 ,se*/e ,auflage4 ,b]l91 #ahie4 ,fyt*e1 ,alb]t1 ,burma ,pa/ & ,pres5t4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,gaidoz1 ,h5ri1 ,un vieux rite mdical4 ,p>is1 #ahib4 ,gas\1 ,samuel1 ,! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,diey]ie ,tribe4 ,9 ,woods' ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,g$des1 ,patrick1 & ,?omson1 ,j4 ,ar?ur1 ,! ,evolution ( ,sex4 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,gill1 ,william ,wyatt1 ,f ,d>kness to ,light 9 ,polynesia1 ) ,illu/rative ,clan ,songs4 ,london1 #ahid4 ,gill1 ,william ,wyatt1 ,! ,s\? ,pacific & ,new ,gu9ea4 ,sydney1 #ahib4 ,glimpses ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago4 ,e?nographical1 ,geographical1 ,hi/orical4 ,translat$ f ! ,dut* by ,geo4 ,g4 ,batt54 ,s+apore1 #ahid4 ,globus1 ,illu/ri]te ,zeits*rift fr ,lnd] und ,vlk]kunde4 ,brauns*weig4 ,godd51 ,g]trude ,m41 ,ng & o!r ,fronti] ,tribes ( ,n4,e4 ,india4 ,9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute4 ,,xxvi4 ,godf]naux1 ,&r1 ,le s5tim5t et la p5se et leurs pr9cipaux aspects physiologiques4 ,p>is1 #ahid4 ,goe!1 ,goe!'s ,di*tung und ,wahrheit4 ,na* d5 vorzugli*/5 ,quell5 revidirte ,ausgabe4 ,mit ,e9leitung und ,anm]kung5 von ,g4 von ,loep]4 ,b]l9 #ahgf4 ,gonc\rt1 ,edmond et ,jules de1 ,j\rnal4 ,i4-,,ix4 ,p>is1 #ahhg-ahif4 ,goon]atne1 ,d&ris de ,silva1 ,on ,demonology & ,wit*craft 9 ,ceylon4 ,9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,ceylon ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 #ahfe-ahff4 ,gratiolet1 ,pi]re1 ,de la physionomie et des m\vem5ts d'expression4 ,p>is #ahfe4 ,grey1 ,george1 ,j\rnals ( two ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y 9 ,nor?-,we/ & ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 dur+ ! ye>s #ahcg-ahci4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahda4 ,grimm1 ,jacob1 ,teutonic ,my?ology4 ,translat$ f ! f\r? edition ) ,notes & ,app5dix by ,james ,/ev5 ,/allybrass4 ,i4-,,iv4 ,london1 #ahhj-ahhh4 ,groos1 ,k>l1 ,die ,spiele d] ,m5s*54 ,j5a1 #ahii4 ,groos1 ,k>l1 ,! ,play ( ,animals4 ,a ,/udy ( ,animal ,life & ,in/9ct4 ,translat$ ) ! au?or's co-op]ation by ,elizabe? ,l4 ,baldw94 ,) a ,preface & an ,app5dix by ,j4 ,m>k ,baldw94 ,london1 #ahih4 ,grosse1 ,ern/1 ,die ,anfnge d] ,kun/4 ,freiburg1 i4 ,b4 #ahid4 ,grove1 ,mrs4 ,lilly1 ,danc+1 by ,mrs4 ,lilly ,grove & o!r ,writ]s4 ,) ,musical ,examples4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,guaita1 ,/anislas de1 ,essais de sci5ces maudites4 ,i4-,,ii41 #a4 ,p>is1 #ahij1 #ahia4 ,gurney1 ,edmund1 ,p[] ( ,s\nd4 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,guyau ,jean ,m>ie1 ,l'art au po9t de vue sociologique4 ,p>is1 #ahhi4 ,guyau ,jean ,m>ie1 ,les problmes de l'e/htique contempora9e4 ,p>is1 #ahhd4 ,haddon1 ,alfr$ ,c41 ,evolution 9 ,art3 z illu/rat$ by ! ,life-,hi/ories ( ,designs4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,haddon1 ,alfr$ ,c41 ,! ,e?nography ( ! ,we/]n ,tribe ( ,torres ,/raits4 ,9 ,j\rn4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 ,,xix4 ,haddon1 ,alfr$ ,c41 ,! ,/udy ( ,man4 ,london1 #ahih4 ,hall1 ,*>les ,francis1 ,arctic ,rese>*es & ,life among ! ,esquimaux3 be+ ! ,n>rative ( an ,exp$ition 9 ,se>* ( ,sir ,john ,frankl9 9 ! ye>s #ahfj-ahfb4 ,new ,york1 #ahfe4 ,hamilton1 ,augu/us1 ,! ,art-workman%ip ( ! ,maori ,race4 ,dun$91 #ahif4 ,9 progress4 ,hamilton1 ,william1 ,lectures on ,metaphysics & ,logic4 #g? ,ed4 ,i4-,,iv4 ,ed9burgh & ,london1 #ahhb-hd4 ,hanslick1 ,edu>d1 ,vom ,musikalis*-,s*n54 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,revision d] ,ae/hetik d] ,tonkun/4 ,sieb5te v]mehrte und v]bess]te ,auflage4 ,leipzig1 #ahhe4 ,hansson1 ,ola1 ,ks]i] i my/ik4 ,/ockholm1 #ahig4 ,h>less1 ,e41 ,lehrbu* d] pla/is*5 ,anatomie4 ,i4-,,iii4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahef-eh4 ,h>nack1 ,otto1 ,die klassis*e ,ae/hetik d] ,deuts*54 ,wrdigung d] kun/!oretis*5 ,arbeit5 ,s*ill]'s1 ,goe!'s und ihr] ,freunde4 ,leipzig1 #ahib4 ,h>tl&1 ,edw9 ,sidney1 ,! ,leg5d ( ,p]seus4 ,a ,/udy ( ,tradition 9 ,/ory1 ,cu/om1 & ,belief4 ,i4-,,iii4 ,london1 #ahid-if4 ,heck]1 ,j4 ,f4 ,c41 ,die gross5 ,volkskrankheit5 des ,mittelalt]s4 ,gesammelt und 9 erweit]te ,be>beitung h]ausgegeb5 von ,dr4 ,augu/ ,hirs*4 ,b]l91 #ahfe4 ,heckeweld]1 ,john1 ,hi/ory1 ,mann]s1 & ,cu/oms ( ! ,indian ,nations :o once inhabit$ ,p5nsylvania & ! ,neighb\r+ ,/ates4 ,new & ,revis$ ,edition4 ,) an ,introduction & ,notes by ,william ,c4 ,rei*el4 ,philadelphia1 #ahgf4 7,memoirs ( ! ,hi/orical ,society ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,vol4 ,,xii47 ,he91 ,alois ,raimund1 ,die bild5d5 ,kn/e bei d5 ,dayaks auf ,borneo4 ,wi51 #ahij4 ,hellwald1 ,fr4 von1 ,die m5s*li*e ,familie na* ihr] ,ent/ehung und natrli*5 ,entwickelung4 ,leipzig1 #ahhi4 ,helvetius1 ,de l'esprit4 ,hem/]huis1 ,f41 uvres philosophiques4 ,n\velle dition4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,p>is1 #ahji4 ,h5nequ91 mile1 ,la critique sci5tifique4 ,p>is1 #ahhh4 ,h]iot1 ,george1 ,travels ?r\gh ! ,canadas4 ,london1 #ahjg4 ,h]n%eim1 ,franz1 ,sdsee-,er9n]ung5 7#ahge-hj74 ,mit e9em e9leit5d5 ,vorwort von ,dr4 ,otto ,f9s*4 ,b]l91 #ahhc4 ,hickson1 ,sydney ,j41 ,a ,naturali/ 9 ,nor? ,celebes4 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,hill1 ,david ,j41 ,! ,fe/al ,developm5t ( ,art4 ,9 ,! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly4 ,vol4 ,,xlii4 ,hill1 ,ri*>d & ,george ,?ornton1 ,notes on ! ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,sydney1 #ahib4 ,hirn1 ,yrj1 ,fr/udi] till en kon/filos(i p psykologisk grundval4 ,hels+=s1 #ahif4 ,hirn1 ,yrj1 ,skildr+> ur ,puebl(olk5s kon/lif4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,hels+=s1 #ahih4 ,to be cont9u$4 7,repr9t$ f ,m$del&5 af ,geografiska ,fr5+5i ,f9l&4 ,v47 ,hir?1 ,georg1 ,aufgab5 d] ,kun/physiologie4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,mn*5 und ,leipzig1 #ahia4 ,h(fman1 ,miscellane\s ,e?nographic ,obs]vations on ,indians inhabit+ ,nevada1 ,cali=nia1 & ,arizona4 ,9 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 & ,geogr4 ,survey4 ,t5? ,annual ,report1 #ahgf4 ,h(fmei/]1 ,w41 ,travels 9 ,ceylon & ,cont95tal ,india4 ,transl4 f ! ,g]man4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahdh4 ,hog>?1 ,william1 ,! ,analysis ( ,beauty4 ,london1 #agec4 ,holmes1 ,edmond1 ,:at is ,poetry8 ,london1 #aijj4 ,holub1 ,emil1 ,sieb5 ,jahre 9 ,sd-,afrika4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,wi51 #ahha4 ,holz1 ,arno1 ,die ,kun/3 ihr ,wes5 und ihre ,gesetze4 ,b]l91 #ahia4 ,home1 ,h41 ,"l ,kames1 ,elem5ts ( ,criticism4 #f? ed4 ,) ! ,au?or's la/ ,corrections & ,additions4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,ed9burgh1 #aghe4 ,horn ,exp$ition1 ,!4 ,see ,report4 ,h[itt1 ,a4 ,w41 ,on "s ,au/ralian ,c]emonies ( ,initiation4 ,9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute4 ,,xiii4 ,hudson1 ,w4 ,h41 ,! ,naturali/ 9 ,la ,plata4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,humboldt1 ,alex&] de1 & ,bonpl&1 ,aim1 ,p]sonal ,n>rative ( ,travels to ! ,equ9octial ,regions ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 dur+ ! ye>s #agii-ahjd4 ,transl4 f ! ,fr5* by ,hel5 ,m>ia ,williams4 ,i4-,,vii4 ,london1 #ahad-bi4 ,hyades1 ,p41 et ,d5ik]1 ,j41 ,an?ropologie1 ,e?nographie4 ,9 ,mission sci5tifique du ,cap ,horn1 #ahhb-ahhi4 ,tome ,,vii4 #ahia4 ,im ,?urn1 ,ev]>d ,f41 ,primitive ,games4 ,georget[n1 #ahij4 ,repr9t$ f 8,timehri40 ,im ,?urn1 ,ev]>d ,f41 ,among ! ,indians ( ,guiana1 be+ ,sket*es *iefly ,an?ropologic f ! ,int]ior ( ,briti% ,guiana4 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie4 ,leid54 ,int]national ,congress ( ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology4 ,second session4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,jacob[ski1 ,ludwig1 ,die ,anfnge d] ,poesie4 ,dresd5 und ,leipzig1 #ahia4 ,jagor1 ,f41 ,reis5 9 d5 ,philipp954 ,b]l91 #ahgc4 ,james1 ,william1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahij4 ,james1 ,william1 ,! ,physical ,basis ( ,emotion4 ,9 ,! ,psy*ological ,review1 #ahid4 ,jeff]ies1 ,ri*>d1 ,! ,/ory ( my ,he>t4 #d? ,ed4 ,london1 #ahid4 ,joe/1 ,wilhelm1 ,tt[ir51 ,n>b5zei*n5 und ,krp]bemal54 ,neb/ ,orig9almit!ilung5 von ,o4 ,f9s* und ,j4 ,kub>y4 ,b]l91 #ahhg4 ,joe/1 ,wilhelm1 ,welt-,fahrt54 ,beitrge zur ,lnd]-und ,vlk]kunde4 ,i4-,,iii4 ,b]l91 #ahij4 ,john/on1 ,h5ry1 ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa4 ,london1 #ahig4 ,john/one1 ,j4 ,c41 ,maoria4 ,a ,sket* ( ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,aborig9al ,inhabitants ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,j\ffroy ,?omas ,simon1 ,c\rs d'e/htique4 ,p>is1 #ahdc4 ,j\rnal des ,museum ,godeffroy4 ,hamburg4 ,j\rnal1 ,a1 ( ,am]ican ,e?nology & ,ar*ology4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,walt] ,fewkes4 ,bo/on & ,new ,york4 ,j\rnal1 ,!1 ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,london4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,ceylon ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society4 ,colombo4 ,kane1 ,paul1 ,w&]+s ( an ,arti/ among ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,london1 #ahei4 ,kant1 ,immanuel1 ,kritik d] ,ur!ilskraft4 ,h]ausgegeb5 von ,b5no ,erdmann4 ,leipzig1 #ahhj4 ,keat+1 ,william ,h41 ,n>rative ( an ,exp$ition to ! ,s\rce ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,riv]1 etc4 ,p]=m$ 9 ! ,ye> #ahbc "u ! ,comm& ( ,/eph5 ,h4 ,long4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,philadelphia1 #ahbd4 ,kidd1 ,b5jam91 ,social ,evolution4 ,n9ete5? ,?\s&4 ,london1 #ahih4 ,ki]kega>d1 ,sr51 ,ent5-,ell]4 ,et livsfragm5t1 udgivet af ,victor ,eremita4 ,i4-,,ii4 #d;de ,udgave4 ,kjb5havn1 #ahgh4 ,k+sley1 ,m>y ,h41 ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa4 ,london1 #ahig4 ,k+sley1 ,m>y ,h41 ,we/ ,african ,/udies4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,kle9paul1 ,rudolf1 ,spra*e ohne ,worte4 ,idee e9] allgeme95 ,wiss5s*aft d] ,spra*e4 ,leipzig1 #ahhh4 ,kle9s*midt1 ,!odor1 ,!odor ,kle9s*midts ,reis5 auf d5 ,viti-,inseln1 na* se95 briefli*5 ,mit!ilung5 be>beitet4 ,9 ,j\rnal des ,museum ,godeffroy4 ,heft ,,xiv4 #ahgi4 ,koel]1 ,h]mann1 ,e9ige ,notiz5 b] die ,e+eborn5 an d] ,o/k/e des ,/4 ,v9c5t ,golfs 9 ,sd-,au/rali51 #ahcg und #ahch4 ,9 ,monatsb]i*te b] die ,v]h&lung5 d] ,gesells*aft fr ,erdkunde zu ,b]l91 #ahda-ahdb4 ,kolbe1 ,pet]1 ,reise an das ,capo du ,bonne ,esp]ance4 ,nrnb]g1 #agai4 ,kollmann1 ,paul1 ,! ,victoria ,nyanza4 ,! ,l&1 ! ,races & _! ,cu/oms1 ) ,specim5s ( "s ( ! ,dialects4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,knigli*es e?nographis*es ,museum zu ,dresd54 ,publikation54 ,dresd54 ,kotzebue1 ,otto von1 ,entdeckungs-,reis5 9 die ,sd-,see1 etc4 ,unt]nomm5 9 d5 ,jahr5 #ahae-ahah4 ,i4-,,iii4 ,weim>1 #ahba4 ,kreem]1 ,j41 ,ra9 ,prev5t]s4 ,9 ,glimpses ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago4 ,kub>y1 ,j41 ,weit]e ,na*ri*t5 von d] ,insel ,ponap4 ,na* briefli*51 vom ,jan4 #ahgd datirt5 ,mit!ilung5 ,j4 ,kub>ys4 ,9 ,j\rnal des ,museum ,godeffroy4 ,heft ,,viii4 #ahge4 ,kussmaul1 ,a41 ,di/urbances ( ,spee*4 ,9 ,ziemss51 ,cyclopdia ( ! ,practice ( ,m$ic9e4 ,vol4 ,,xiv4 ,lafitau1 ,murs des sauvages amriqua9s comp>es aux murs des premi]s temps4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,p>is1 #agbd4 ,lagrange1 ,f]n&1 ,physiologie des ex]cices du corps4 #d;ime d4 ,p>is1 #ahij4 ,la+1 ,alex&] ,gordon1 ,travels 9 ! ,timannee1 ,kooranko1 & ,soolima ,c\ntries 9 ,we/]n ,africa4 ,london1 #ahbe4 ,lancet1 ,!1 ,a ,j\rnal ( ,briti% & ,=eign ,m$ic9e1 etc4 ,london4 ,l&a1 ,diego de1 ,relation des *oses de ,yucatan4 ,texte espagnol et traduction franaise p> l',abb ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg4 ,p>is1 #ahfd4 7,coll4 des docum5ts p\r s]vir l'tude de l'hi/oire et de la philologie de l',amrique anci5ne4 ,vol4 ,,iii47 ,l&]1 ,ri*>d1 ,records ( ,capta9 ,clapp]ton's la/ ,exp$ition to ,africa4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahcj4 ,l&]1 ,ri*>d & ,john1 ,j\rnal ( an ,exp$ition to explore ! ,c\rse & ,t]m9ation ( ! ,nig]4 ,i4-,,iii4 ,london1 #ahcb4 ,lang1 ,&rew1 ,! ,mak+ ( ,religion4 ,london1 #ahih4 ,lang1 ,&rew1 ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,lang1 ,gideon ,s41 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia4 ,melb\rne1 #ahfe4 ,lange1 ,c>l1 ,bidrag til nydels]nes fysiologi som grundlag = en rationel /etik4 ,kjb5havn1 #ahii4 ,lange1 ,c>l1 b] ,gem?sbewegung54 ,autorisirte b]setzung von ,dr4 ,h4 ,kurella4 ,leipzig1 #ahhg4 ,lange1 ,julius1 ,om kun/vrdi4 ,to =$rag4 ,kjb5havn1 #ahgf4 ,le ,bon1 ,gu/ave1 ,psy*ologie des f\les4 ,p>is1 #ahie4 ,leconte de ,lisle ,j4 ,m41 ,pomes b>b>es4 ,p>is1 #ahhi4 ,lee1 ,v]non4 ,see ,v]non ,lee4 ,lehmann1 ,alfr$1 ,die ,hauptgesetze des m5s*li*5 ,gefhlsleb5s4 ,unt] ,mitwirkung des ,v]fass]s b]setzt von ,f4 ,b5dix54 ,leipzig1 #ahib4 ,l5ormant1 ,franois1 ,die ,magie und ,wahrsagekun/ d] ,*alder4 ,autorisirte1 von ,v]fass] b$eut5d v]bess]te und v]mehrte deuts*e ,ausgabe4 ,j5a1 #ahgh4 ,l5z1 ,osk>1 ,skizz5 aus ,we/afrika4 ,selb/]lebnisse4 ,b]l91 #ahgh4 ,less+1 ,got?old ,ephraim1 ,gelehrt] ,briefwe*sel zwis*5 ,d4 ,johann ,jacob ,reiske1 ,moses ,m5delssohn und ,got?old ,ephraim ,less+4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,b]l91 #aghi4 ,le!rman1 ,jona1 ,sket* ( ! ,navajo ,tribe ( ,indians1 ,t]ritory ( ,new ,mexico4 ,9 ,annual ,report ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,x4 ,= #ahee4 ,pr9t$ #ahef4 ,let\rneau1 ,*>les1 ,la gu]re dans les div]ses races huma9es4 ,p>is1 #ahie4 ,lev]t91 ,osc>1 ,/udi] fv] f>s o* f>sr] i ,frankrike mellan r5aissanc5 o* ,molire4 ,upsala1 #ahhh4 ,lew91 ,t4 ,h41 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india4 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,li*t5b]g1 ,georg ,*ri/oph1 ,v]mis*te ,s*rift5 na* dem ,tode gesammelt und h]ausgegeb54 ,i4-,,ix4 ,gtt+54 #ahjj-ahjf4 ,li*t5/e91 ,h5ry1 ,travels 9 ,s\!rn ,africa 9 ! ,ye>s #ahjc-ahjf4 ,translat$ f ! orig9al ,g]man by ,annie ,plumptre4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahab-ahae4 ,l9dsay1 ,w4 ,laud]1 ,m9d 9 ! ,l[] ,animals 9 ,heal? & ,disease4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahgi4 ,lipp]t1 ,julius1 ,kulturges*i*te d] ,m5s*heit 9 ihrem organis*5 ,aufbau4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhf-ahhg4 ,lipps1 ,!odor1 ,raumae/hetik und geometris*-optis*e ,tus*ung54 ,leipzig1 #ahig4 7,s*rift5 d] ,ges4 fr psy*ologis*e ,=s*ung4 ,,ii4 #i-aj47 ,lisiansky1 ,urey1 ,a ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w1 9 ! ,ye>s #ahjc-ahjf4 ,london1 #ahad4 ,liv+/one1 ,david1 ,mission>y ,travels & ,rese>*es 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,london1 #aheg4 ,lloyd1 ,george ,?omas1 ,?irty-?ree ,ye>s 9 ,tasmania & ,victoria4 ,london1 #ahfb4 ,lloyd1 ,l41 ,! ,game ,birds & ,wild ,f[l ( ,sw$5 & ,norway4 #bnd ed4 ,london1 #ahfg4 ,lobeck1 ,*r4 ,augu/us1 ,aglaophamus sive de !ologiae my/icae graecorum causis4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,regimontii ,prussorum1 #ahbi4 ,lombroso1 ,ces>e1 ,! ,man ( ,g5ius4 ,london1 #ahia4 ,lubbock1 ,john1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,civilisation & ! ,primitive ,condition ( ,man4 #e? ed4 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,lubbock1 ,john1 ,pre-,hi/oric ,times1 z illu/rat$ by ,anci5t ,rema9s1 & ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ,mod]n ,savages4 #e? ed4 ,london & ,ed9burgh1 #ahij4 ,lucretius1 ,t4 ,lucreti ,c>i ,de r]um natura libri sex4 ,edit$ by ,h4 ,a4 ,j4 ,munro4 ,f\r? edition4 ,i4-,,iii4 ,cambridge1 #ahhf4 ,lumholtz1 ,c>l1 ,among ,cannibals1 an ,acc\nt ( f\r ,ye>s' ,travel 9 ,au/ralia1 etc4 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,ltke1 ,voyage aut\r du monde4 ,traduit du russe4 ,i4-,,iii4 ,p>is1 #ahce-ahcf4 ,macph]son1 ,samuel ,*>t]s1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india4 ,edit$ by 8 ,bro!r1 ,william ,macph]son4 ,london1 #ahfe4 ,magitot1 ,l\is ,flix mile1 ,essai sur les mutilations e?niques4 ,9 ,congrs ,int]national d'an?ropologie et d'ar*ologie prhi/oriques4 ,comptes r5dus4 ,session ,,ix4 #ahhj4 ,lisbonne1 #ahhd4 ,mall]y1 ,g>rick1 ,picture-writ+ ( ! ,am]ican ,indians4 ,9 ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,x4 ,mall]y1 ,g>rick1 ,sign ,language among ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians comp>$ ) t among o!r ,peoples & ,deaf-mutes4 ,9 ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,i4 ,man1 ,e4 ,h41 ,on ! ,aborig9al ,inhabitants ( ! ,&aman ,isl&s4 ,9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute4 ,vol4 ,,xii4 ,man+1 ,fr4 ,e41 ,old ,new ,zeal&4 ,by a ,pakeha ,maori4 ,auckl&1 #ahfc4 ,mann1 ,rob]t ,james1 ,! ,kaffir ,race ( ,natal4 ,9 ,transactions ( ! ,e?nological ,society ( ,london4 ,new ,s]ies4 ,vol4 ,v4 ,mantegazza1 ,p41 ,die ,physiologie des ,hasses1 aus dem ,itali5is*5 von ,r4 ,teus*]4 ,j5a #ahhi4 ,mantegazza1 ,p41 ,physiognomy & ,expression4 ,london #ahij4 ,m>*1 ,h4 ,colley1 ,evolution & ,psy*ology 9 ,art4 ,9 ,m9d4 ,new s]ies4 ,v4 #ahif4 ,m>*1 ,h4 ,colley1 ,polynesian ,ornam5t a ,my?ography2 or1 a ,symbolism ( ,orig9 & ,desc5t4 ,9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute4 ,,xxii4 ,m>kham1 ,clem5ts ,r41 ,ollanta4 ,an anci5t ,yuca ,drama4 ,transl4 f ! orig9al ,qui*ua4 ,london1 #ahga4 ,m>ques1 ,a41 ,notes p\r s]vir une monographie des les de ,samoa4 ,9 ,boletim da ,soci$ade de ,geographia4 ,,viii4 ,s]ie ,no4 #a4 #ahhh4 ,m>ryat1 ,frank ,s41 ,borneo & ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,london1 #ahdh4 ,m>sd51 ,william1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,sumatra4 #crd ed4 ) ,corrections1 ,additions1 & ,plates4 ,london1 #ahaa4 ,m>%all1 ,h5ry ,rutg]s1 /hetic ,pr9ciples4 ,new ,york1 #ahie4 ,m>%all1 ,h5ry ,rutg]s1 ,pa91 ,pleasure1 & /hetics4 ,london1 #ahid4 ,m>%all1 ,william ,e41 ,a ,phr5ologi/ among/ ! ,todas4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,m>tial1 ,l4 ,f41 ,hi/oire du voyage4 ,9 ,mission sci5tifique du ,cap ,horn4 #ahhb-ahhc4 ,tome ,i4 #ahhh4 ,m>t91 ,k41 ,reis5 9 d5 ,molukk51 9 ,ambon1 d5 ,uliass]n1 ,s]an 7,c]am7 und ,buru4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,leid51 #ahid4 ,mason1 ,otis ,t41 ,! ,orig9s ( ,inv5tion3 ,a ,/udy ( ,indu/ry among ,primitive ,peoples4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,ma!w1 ,john1 ,m>y ,riv] & ,bunya-,bunya ,c\ntry4 ,9 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race4 ,,iii4 ,ma!ws1 ,r4 ,h41 ,! ,bora1 or ,initiation ,c]emonies ( ! ,kamil>oi ,tribe4 ,9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute4 ,,xxiv4-,,xxv4 ,mat!ws1 ,wa%+ton1 ,! ,m\nta9 ,*ant4 ,a ,navajo ,c]emony4 ,9 ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,v4 ,mat!ws1 ,wa%+ton1 ,navaho ,leg5ds collect$ & translat$4 ,bo/on & ,new ,york1 #ahig4 7,memoirs ( ,! ,am]ican ,folk-,lore ,society4 ,vol4 ,v47 ,mat!ws1 ,wa%+ton1 ,! ,pray] ( a ,navajo ,%aman4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/ ,vol4 ,i4 #ahhh4 ,maupassant1 ,guy de1 ,des ,v]s4 ,p>is1 #ahhj4 ,metz1 ,f41 ,! ,tribes inhabit+ ! ,neilgh]ry ,hills2 _! ,social ,cu/oms & ,religi\s ,rites4 #bnd enl>g$ ed4 ,mangalore1 #ahfd4 ,mey]1 ,adolf ,b]nh>d1 ,bild]s*rift5 des o/9dis*5 ,ar*ipels und d] ,sdsee4 ,9 ,knigli*es e?nographis*es ,museum zu ,dresd54 ,publikation54 ,dresd51 #ahha4 ,mi*elet1 ,j41 ,hi/oire de ,france4 ,i4-,,xvii4 ,p>is1 #ahcc-fg4 ,mi*elet1 ,j41 ,la sorcire4 #b;ime d4 ,bruxelles et ,leipzig1 #ahfc4 ,m9d1 ,a qu>t]ly ,review ( ,psy*ology & ,philosophy4 ,london4 ,mission sci5tifique du ,cap ,horn4 #ahhb-ahhc4 ,i4-,,vii4 ,p>is1 #ahhh-ahia4 ,mit*ell1 ,ar?ur1 ,! ,pa/ 9 ! ,pres5t3 ,:at is ,civilisation8 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhj4 ,molli51 ,g41 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,africa to ! ,s\rces ( ! ,s5egal & ,gambia1 p]=m$ 9 ! ,ye> #ahah4 ,london1 #ahbj4 ,monatsb]i*te b] die ,v]h&lung5 d] ,gesells*aft fr ,erdkunde zu ,b]l94 ,b]l94 ,mooney1 ,james1 ,! ,*]okee ,ball ,play4 ,9 ,! ,am]4 ,an?ropologi/4 ,,iii4 ,morgan1 ,lewis ,h41 ,league ( ! ,ho-de'-no-sau-nee1 or ,iroquois4 ,ro*e/]1 #ahea4 ,moseley1 ,h4 ,n41 ,on ! ,inhabitants ( ! ,admiralty ,isl&s4 ,9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute4 ,,vi4 ,m\at1 ,fr$]ic ,j41 ,adv5tures & ,rese>*es among ! ,&aman ,isl&]s4 ,london1 #ahfc4 ,mll]1 ,fri$ri*1 ,allgeme9e ,e?nographie4 ,zweite umge>b4 und v]m4 ,auflage4 ,wi51 #ahgi4 ,mull]1 ,h5drik ,p4 ,n41 ,indu/rie des ,cafres du sud-e/ de l',afrique4 ,description des objets reprsnts p> ,joh4 ,f4 ,snelleman4 ,leyde1 s4a4 ,mulsant1 ,e41 et ,v]raux1 ,ed\>d1 ,hi/oire naturelle des oiseaux-m\*es4 ,i4-,v4 ,lyon1 #ahgd-gh4 ,mundy1 ,godfrey ,*>les1 ,our ,antipodes3 or1 ,resid5ce & ,rambles 9 ! ,au/ralasian ,colonies4 #d? ed4 ,london1 #aheg4 ,mu/]s1 ,george ,*awor?1 ,at ,home ) ! ,patagonians4 #bnd ed4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,na*tigal1 ,gu/av1 ,sahr und ,sdn4 ,ergebnisse se*sjhrig] ,reis5 9 ,afrika4 ,i4-,,iii4 ,b]l91 #ahgi-ahhi4 ,nagele1 ,anton1 ,d] ,s*lang5-,cultus4 ,9 ,zeits*rift fr ,vlk]psy*ologie und ,spra*wiss5s*aft4 ,vol4 ,,xvii4 ,nevill1 ,hugh1 ,! ,vddas ( ,ceylon4 ,9 ,! ,taprobanian4 ,,ii4 ,nietzs*e1 ,fri$ri*1 ,die ,geburt d] ,tragdie4 ,dritte ,auflage4 ,leipzig1 #ahid4 ,nilsson1 ,s41 ,sk&9avisk ,fauna4 ,fogl>na4 #c4 uppl4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,lund1 #aheh4 ,noir1 ,ludwig1 ,d] ,ursprung d] ,spra*e4 ,ma9z1 #ahgg4 ,nyrop1 ,kri/iac1 ,kludetrt4 ,9 ,dania4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,oldfield1 ,augu/us1 ,on ! ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia4 ,9 ,transactions ( ! ,e?nological ,society ( ,london4 ,new ,s]ies4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #ahfe4 ,ovi$o1 ,f]n&ez de1 ,hi/oire des ,indes4 ,traduite de ,ca/illan4 ,p>is1 #aeee4 ,p>k]1 ,edw>d ,/one1 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia4 ,melb\rne1 #ahed4 ,paulhan1 ,fr41 ,les phnomnes affectifs et les lois de leur app>ition4 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 ,pron1 ,f41 ,voyage de dc\v]tes aux t]res ,au/rales1 p5dant les annes #ahjj-ahjd4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,p>is1 #ahjg-ahaf4 ,pes*el1 ,osc>1 ,vlk]kunde4 ,zweite unv]nd]te ,auflage4 ,leipzig1 #ahge4 ,pet]mann1 ,a41 ,mit!ilung5 aus ,ju/us ,p]!s' geographis*] ,an/alt4 ,go?a4 ,pe!rick1 ,john1 ,egypt1 ! ,s\dan & ,c5tral ,africa4 ,ed9burgh & ,london4 #ahfa4 ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,london4 ,philosophis*e ,/udi51 h]ausgegeb5 von ,wilhelm ,wundt4 ,leipzig4 ,poe1 ,e4 ,a41 ,works4 ,i4-,x4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,polack1 ,j4 ,s41 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahdj4 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,!4 ,new ,york4 ,posnett1 ,hut*eson ,macaulay1 ,comp>ative ,lit]ature4 ,london1 #ahhf4 ,p\lton1 ,edw>d ,bagnall1 ,! ,col\rs ( ,animals1 _! ,mean+ & ,use4 ,london1 #ahij4 ,p[]s1 ,/ephan1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia4 ,u4,s4 ,geograph4 & ,geolog4 ,survey ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,region4 ,contributions to ,nor? ,am]ican ,e?nology4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahgg4 ,prell]1 ,l41 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie4 #d4 ,aufl4 von ,c>l ,rob]t4 ,b]l94 ,9 progress4 ,prey]1 ,w41 ,die ,seele des ,k9des4 ,dritte v]mehrte ,auflage4 ,leipzig1 #ahij4 ,prit*>d1 ,w4 ,t41 ,polynesian ,rem9isc5ces2 or1 ,life 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific ,isl&s4 ,london1 #ahff4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal4 ,calcutta4 ,psy*ological ,review1 ,!4 ,new ,york & ,london4 ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,!4 ,london4 ,quilt]1 ,h>ry1 ,s5t5tiae ,artis4 ,london1 #ahhf4 ,raffles1 ,?omas ,/am=d1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,java4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,second ed4 ,london1 #ahcj4 ,ral/on1 ,w4 ,r4 ,s41 ,! ,songs ( ! ,russian ,p1 z illu/rative ( ,slavonic ,my?ology & ,russian ,social ,life4 ,london1 #ahgb4 ,rapp1 ,a41 ,die ,mnade im grie*is*5 ,cultus1 9 d] ,kun/ und ,poesie4 ,9 ,rhe9is*es ,museum4 ,,xxvii4 ,ratzel1 ,fri$ri*1 ,vlk]kunde4 ,i4-,,iii4 ,leipzig4 #ahhe-ahhh4 ,read1 ,*>les ,h41 ,on ! ,orig9 & ,sacr$ ,"* ( ,c]ta9 ,ornam5ts ( ! ,s4,e4 ,pacific4 ,9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute4 ,,xxi4 ,reade1 ,w4 ,w9wood1 ,savage ,africa4 ,london1 #ahfc4 ,reade1 ,w4 ,w9wood1 ,! ,african ,sket*-book4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,rclus1 lie1 ,l'me comme s\ffle1 ombre et reflet4 dition de la 8,socit n\velle40 7,bruxelles71 #ahif4 ,rclus1 lie1 ,les primitifs4 ,p>is1 #ahhe4 ,reeves1 ,edw>d1 ,br[n ,m5 & ,wom53 or1 ,! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s 9 #ahie & #ahif4 ,london1 #ahih4 ,r5gg]1 ,j4 ,r41 ,naturges*i*te d] ,saeuge?i]e von ,p>aguay4 ,basel1 #ahcj4 ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,see ,annual ,report4 ,report on ! ,"w ( ! ,horn ,sci5tific ,exp$ition to ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,"p ,,iv4 ,an?ropology4 ,edit$ by ,baldw9 ,sp5c]4 ,london & ,melb\rne1 #ahif4 ,revue ,critique4 ,p>is4 ,revue des deux mondes4 ,p>is4 ,revue philosophique4 ,p>is4 ,rhe9is*es ,museum fr ,philologie1 ,ges*i*te und grie*is*e ,philosophie4 ,bonn4 ,ribot1 ,?41 ,psy*ologie de l'att5tion4 ,p>is1 #ahhi4 ,ribot1 ,?41 ,! ,psy*ology ( ! ,emotions4 ,london1 #ahig4 ,ri*>dson1 ,john1 ,arctic ,se>*+ ,exp$ition4 ,a ,j\rnal ( a ,boat-,voyage ?r\gh ,rup]t's ,l& & ! ,arctic ,sea4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahea4 ,ri5zi1 ,g4 ,l4 ,dom5y de1 ,ocanie3 revue gographique et e?nographique4 ,i4-,,iii4 ,p>is1 #ahcf-ahcg4 7,l'univ]s pittoresque47 ,rit*ie1 ,david1 ,d>w9ism & ,politics4 ,second edition1 ) two additional essays on ,human ,evolution4 ,london1 #ahia4 ,robley1 ,major-,g5]al1 ,moko2 or ,maori ,tattoo+4 ,london1 #ahif4 ,ro*as d',aiglun1 ,alb]t de1 ,l'extriorisation de la s5sibilit4 #c;ime d4 ,p>is1 #ahie4 ,rohde1 ,erw91 ,psy*e4 ,seel5cult und ,un/]bli*keitsglaube d] ,grie*54 ,freiburg i4 ,b4 und ,leipzig1 #ahid4 ,romanes1 ,george ,j41 ,animal ,intellig5ce4 #crd ed4 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,romanes1 ,george ,j41 ,d>w9 & aft] ,d>w94 ,i4-,,iii4 ,london1 #ahib-ahig4 ,romanes1 ,george ,j41 ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,man4 ,orig9 ( ,human ,faculty4 ,london1 #ahhh4 ,romilly1 ,hugh ,ha/+s1 ,f my ,v]&ah 9 ,new ,gu9ea4 ,) an ,introduction by ,&rew ,lang4 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,romilly1 ,hugh ,ha/+s1 ,! ,we/]n ,pacific & ,new ,gu9ea4 ,second edition4 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,ro?1 ,h4 ,l+1 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,tasmania4 ,preface by ,edw>d ,b4 ,tylor4 ,london1 #ahij4 ,ro?1 ,walt] ,e41 ,e?nological ,/udies among ! ,nor?-,we/ ,c5tral ,que5sl& ,aborig9es4 ,brisbane & ,london1 #ahig4 ,rusk91 ,john1 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s4 ,i4-,,vi4 ,orp+ton1 #ahhh4 ,rusk91 ,john1 ,! ,laws ( ,fsole4 ,orp+ton1 #ahgi4 ,rusk91 ,john1 ,lectures on ,art4 #e? ed4 ,london1 #ahij4 ,rusk91 ,john1 ,! ,que5 ( ! ,air3 be+ a ,/udy ( ! ,greek ,my?s ( ,cl\d & ,/orm4 ,london1 #ahfi4 ,/4 ,john1 ,sp5s]1 ,life 9 ! ,=e/s ( ! ,f> ,ea/2 or1 ,travels 9 ,nor!rn ,borneo4 ,i4-,,ii4 #bnd ed41 revis$4 ,london1 #ahfc4 ,salvado1 ,r41 ,voyage en ,au/ralie4 ,traduit de l'ltali5 p> ,*>les ,aub]ive4 ,p>is1 #ahfa4 ,s>as91 ,paul und ,fritz1 ,ergebnisse naturwiss5s*aftli*] ,=s*ung5 auf ,ceylon4 ,dritt] ,b&4 ,die ,w$das von ,ceylon4 ,wiesbad51 #ahib-ahic4 ,savage1 ,john1 ,"s ,acc\nt ( ,new ,zeal&1 p>ticul>ly ! ,bay ( ,isl&s1 etc4 ,london1 #ahjg4 ,sayce1 ,a4 ,h41 ,introduction to ! ,sci5ce ( ,language4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,s*]]1 ,wilhelm1 ,poetik4 ,b]l91 #ahhh4 ,s*ill]1 b] die /hetis*e ,erziehung des ,m5s*54 ,s*legel1 ,a4 ,w4 von1 ,smmtli*e ,w]ke4 ,i4-,,xii4 ,leipzig1 #ahdf-dg4 ,s*meltz1 ,j4 ,d4 ,e4 und ,krause1 ,r41 ,die e?nographis*-an?ropologis*e ,ab!ilung des ,museum ,godeffroy 9 ,hamburg4 ,hamburg1 #ahha4 ,s*meltz1 ,j4 ,d4 ,e4 ,see ,cl]cq1 ,f4 ,s4 ,a4 de4 ,s*midkunz1 ,hans1 ,psy*ologie d] ,sugge/ion4 ,mit rztli*-psy*ologis*5 ,ergnzung5 von ,franz ,c>l ,g]/]4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahib4 ,s*midt1 ,emil1 ,ceylon4 ,b]l91 s4a4 ,s*neid]1 ,georg ,he9ri*1 ,d] ?i]is*e ,wille4 ,leipzig1 #ahhj4 ,s*neid]1 ,wilhelm1 ,die ,naturvlk]3 ,missv]/ndnisse1 ,missdeutung5 und ,mis%&lung54 ,i4-,,ii4 ,pad]born und ,mn/]1 #ahhe-ahhf4 ,s*omburgk1 ,ri*>d1 ,reis5 9 ,briti% ,guiana 9 d5 ,jahr5 #ahdj-ahdd4 ,i4-,,iii4 ,leipzig1 #ahdg-ahdh4 ,s*oolcraft1 ,h5ry ,r41 ,in=mation respect+ ! ,hi/ory1 ,condition1 & ,prospects ( ! ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i4-,,vi4 ,philadelphia1 #ahea-ahfj4 ,s*rmann1 ,c4 ,w41 ,! ,port ,l9coln ,tribe4 ,9 ,woods1 ,j4 ,d41 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,s*urtz1 ,h41 ,amulette und ,zaub]mittel4 ,9 ,ar*iv fr ,an?ropologie4 ,,xxii4 #ahic4 ,s*urtz1 ,h41 ,das ,aug5ornam5t und v]w&te ,probleme4 ,9 ,abh&lung5 d4 k4 s4 ,gesells*4 d4 ,wiss5s*aft54 ,,xxxvi4 #ahie4 ,s*urtz1 ,h41 ,grundzge e9] ,philosophie d] ,tra*t 7mit besond]] ,b]cksi*tigung d] ,neg]tra*t574 ,/uttg>t1 #ahia4 ,s*we9fur?1 ,georg1 ,artes ,africanae4 ,illu/rations & ,descriptions ( ,productions ( ! ,indu/rial ,arts ( ,c5tral ,african ,tribes4 ,leipzig & ,london1 #ahge4 ,s*we9fur?1 ,georg1 ,im ,h]z5 von ,africa4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,leipzig1 #ahgd4 ,scott1 ,col9 ,a41 ,sex & ,art4 ,9 ,! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology4 ,,vii4 #ahif4 ,seck5dorff1 ,g4 von1 ,vorlesung5 b] ,deklamation und ,mimik4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahaf4 ,sel5ka1 ,emil und ,l5ore1 ,sonnige ,welt54 ,o/asiatis*e ,reise-,skizz54 ,wiesbad51 #ahif4 ,%elley1 ,p]cy ,bys%e1 ,a ,def5ce ( ,poetry4 ,edit$ ) ,introduction & ,notes by ,alb]t ,s4 ,cook4 ,bo/on1 #ahia4 ,%oot]1 ,joseph1 ,! ,kafirs ( ,natal & ! ,zulu ,c\ntry4 ,london1 #aheg4 ,%ortl&1 ,edw>d1 ,! ,s\!rn ,di/ricts ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,london1 #ahea4 ,%ortl&1 ,edw>d1 ,traditions & ,sup]/itions ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s4 ,london1 #ahed4 ,sirr1 ,h5ry ,*>les1 ,ceylon & ! ,c+alese4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahej4 ,sittl1 ,k>l1 ,ges*i*te d] grie*is*5 ,lit]atur bis auf ,alex&] d5 ,gross54 ,i4-,,iii4 ,mn*51 #ahhd-hg4 ,skeat1 ,walt] ,william1 ,malay ,magic1 be+ an ,introduction to ! ,folk-lore & ,popul> ,religion ( ! ,malay ,p59sula4 ,) a ,preface by ,*>les ,otto ,blagd54 ,london1 #aijj4 ,smi?1 ,adam1 ,! ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts4 ,new ed4 ,london1 #ahec4 ,smi?1 ,edmond ,reuel1 ,! ,araucanians2 or1 ,notes ( a ,t\r among ! ,indian ,tribes ( ,s\!rn ,*ili4 ,new ,york1 #ahee4 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,see ,annual ,report4 ,smy?1 ,r4 ,br\gh1 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,victoria3 ) ,notes relat+ to ! ,habits ( ! ,natives ( o!r ,p>ts ( ,au/ralia & ,tasmania4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,soldi1 mile1 ,la langue sacre4 ,la cosmoglyphie4 ,le my/re de la cration4 ,p>is1 #ahig4 ,som]ville1 ,boyle ,t41 ,notes on "s ,isl&s ( ! ,new ,hebrides4 ,9 ,j\rn4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 ,,xxiii4 ,s\riau1 ,paul1 ,l'e/htique du m\vem5t4 ,p>is1 #ahhi4 ,sp>rman1 ,&]s1 ,resa till ,goda ,hopps-,udd51 ,sdra ,pol>krets5 o* omkr+ jordklotet4 ,i41 #a-b4 ,,ii4 ,/ockholm1 #aghc-ahah4 ,sp5c]1 ,baldw91 & ,gill51 ,j4 ,f41 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,sp5c]1 ,baldw94 ,see ,report ( ! ,"w ( ! ,horn ,exp$ition4 ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 ,descriptive ,sociology2 or1 ,gr\ps ( ,sociological ,facts1 classifi$ & arrang$4 ,compil$ & ab/ract$ by ,david ,duncan1 ,ri*>d ,s*eppig1 & ,james ,colli]4 ,division ,i41 ,nos4 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f4 ,london1 #ahgd1 #ahge1 #ahgf1 #ahgh2 ,division ,,ii41 ,nos4 #b1 #g4 ,london1 #ahgd1 #ahhj2 ,division ,,iii41 ,nos4 #a1 #h4 ,london1 #ahgc1 #ahha4 ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 ,essays3 ,sci5tific1 ,political1 & ,speculative4 ,i4-,,iii4 ,libr>y ed4 ,london1 #ahia4 ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology4 ,i4-,,ii4 #crd ed4 ,london1 #ahij4 ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,?ird edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 ,london & ,ed9burgh1 #ahhe4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,london & ,ed9burgh4 #ahgi-hb4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,london & ,ed9burgh1 #ahif4 ,sproat1 ,gilb]t ,malcolm1 ,sc5es & ,/udies ( ,savage ,life4 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,/anley1 ,hiram ,m41 ,/udies 9 ! ,evolution>y ,psy*ology ( ,feel+4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,/>cke1 ,c4 ,n41 ,! ,primitive ,family 9 its ,orig9 & ,developm5t4 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,/e91 ,k4 ,he9ri* von1 ,goe! und ,s*ill]4 ,beitrge zur /hetik d] deuts*5 ,klassik]4 ,leipzig1 s4a4 ,/e951 ,k>l von d51 ,dur* ,c5tral-,brasili54 ,exp$ition zur ,er=s*ung des ,s*+ im ,jahre #ahhd4 ,leipzig1 #ahhf4 ,/e951 ,k>l von d51 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,c5tral-,brasili5s3 ,reises*ild]ung5 und ,ergebnisse d] zweit5 ,s*+-,exp$ition1 #ahhg-ahhh4 ,b]l91 #ahid4 ,/]n1 ,paul1 ,e9fhlung und ,association 9 d] neu]5 /hetik4 ,e9 ,beitrag zur psy*ologis*5 ,analyse d] /hetis*5 ,ans*auung4 ,hamburg und ,leipzig1 #ahih4 ,/ev5s1 ,hrolf ,vaughan1 ,mat]iali5 zur ,k5ntniss d] wild5 ,/mme auf d] ,halb9sel ,malka4 ,9 ,v]ff5tli*ung5 aus dem knigli*5 ,museum fr ,vlk]kunde4 ,b& ,,ii4 ,hefte #c-d4 #ahib4 ,/ev5son1 ,matilda ,coxe1 ,! ,sia4 ,9 ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 ,,xi4 ,/ev5son1 ,mrs4 ,tilly ,e41 ,! ,religi\s ,life ( ! ,zui ,*ild4 ,9 ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,v4 ,/ew>t1 ,dugald1 ,elem5ts ( ! ,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d4 ,i4-,,iii4 ,london1 #agib-ahbg4 ,/ew>t1 ,dugald1 ,philosophical ,essays4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahaj4 ,/irl+1 ,e4 ,c41 ,an?ropology4 ,9 ,report ( ! ,"w ( ! ,horn ,sci5tific ,exp$ition4 ,"p ,,iv4 ,edit$ by ,baldw9 ,sp5c]4 ,/okes1 ,j4 ,lort1 ,discov]ies 9 ,au/ralia2 9 ! ,ye>s #ahcg-dc4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahdf4 ,/oll1 ,otto1 ,sugge/ion und ,hypnotismus 9 d] ,vlk]psy*ologie4 ,leipzig1 #ahid4 ,/olpe1 ,hjalm>1 ,ueb] die ,tt[irung d] ,o/]-,insulan]4 ,9 ,abh&lung5 und ,b]i*te des k4 zool4 und an?ropol4-e?nogr4 ,museums zu ,dresd51 #ahii4 ,fe/s*rift fr ,a4 ,b4 ,mey]4 ,/olpe1 ,hjalm>1 ,utveckl+sfreteels] i naturfolk5s ornam5tik4 ,9 ,ym]4 #ahij-ia4 ,/\t1 ,g4 ,f41 ,analytic ,psy*ology4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahif4 ,/\t1 ,g4 ,f41 ,a ,manual ( ,psy*ology4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,/rick]1 ,s41 ,/udi5 b] die ,bewegungsvor/ellung54 ,wi51 #ahhb4 ,sully1 ,james1 ,! ,human ,m9d4 ,a ,text-,book ( ,psy*ology4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,sully-,prudhomme ,r5 ,franois ,arm&1 ,l'expression dans les beaux-arts4 ,application de la psy*ologie l'tude de l'arti/e et des beaux-arts4 7uvres de ,sully-,prudhomme4 ,,iii47 ,p>is1 #ahhc4 ,svoboda1 ,adalb]t1 ,kritis*e ,ges*i*te d] ,ideale4 ,i4 ,leipzig1 #ahhf4 ,svoboda1 ,w41 ,die ,bewohn] des ,nicob>5 ,ar*ipels4 ,9 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie4 ,v4 ,swett5ham1 ,frank ,a!l/ane1 ,malay ,sket*es4 ,london & ,new ,york1 #ahie4 ,symons1 ,ar?ur1 ,! ,symboli/ ,movem5t 9 ,lit]ature4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,ta9e1 ,h41 ,de l'idal dans l'art4 ,p>is1 #ahfg4 ,ta9e1 ,h41 ,philosophie de l'art4 ,p>is1 #ahfe4 ,tapl91 ,g41 ,! ,folk-lore1 ,mann]s1 ,cu/oms1 & ,languages ( ! ,s\? ,au/ralian ,aborig9es4 ,fir/ ,s]ies4 ,adelaide1 #ahgi4 ,tapl91 ,g41 ,! ,n>r9y]i4 ,9 ,woods1 ,j4 ,d41 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,taprobanian1 ,!1 ,a ,dravidian ,j\rnal ( ,ori5tal ,/udies 9 & ar\nd ,ceylon4 ,edit$ by ,hugh ,nevill4 ,bombay4 ,t>de1 ,g41 tudes pnales et sociales4 ,lyon et ,p>is1 #ahib4 ,t>de1 ,g41 ,f\les et sectes au po9t de vue crim9el4 ,9 ,revue des deux mondes4 ,tome ,,cxx4 #ahic4 ,t>de1 ,g41 ,la logique sociale4 ,p>is1 #ahie4 ,taylor1 ,ri*>d1 ,te ,ika a ,maui2 or1 ,new ,zeal& & its ,inhabitants4 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,t5n5t1 ,james ,em]son1 ,ceylon4 #e? ed41 ?or\ghly revis$4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahfj4 ,tet5s1 ,alf41 und ,johann ,kub>y1 ,die ,k>ol959sel ,yap od] ,guap4 ,9 ,j\rnal des ,museum ,godeffroy4 ,,ii4 ,?omson1 ,ar?ur ,s41 ,! ,/ory ( ,new ,zeal&3 ,pa/ & ,pres5t--,savage & ,civiliz$4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahei4 ,tilsku]54 ,kjb5havn4 ,tol/oy1 ,leo1 ,:at is ,art8 ,translat$ by ,a4 ,maude4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,transactions ( ! ,e?nological ,society ( ,london4 ,london4 ,turn]1 ,george1 ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia3 ,mission>y ,life1 ,travels1 & ,rese>*es 9 ! ,isl&s ( ! ,pacific4 ,london1 #ahfa4 ,turn]1 ,george1 ,samoa a ,hundr$ ,ye>s ago & long be=e4 ,) a ,preface by ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor4 ,london1 #ahhd4 ,tylor1 ,edw>d ,b41 ,primitive ,culture4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahia4 ,tylor1 ,edw>d ,b41 ,rese>*es into ! e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d & ! ,developm5t ( ,civilization4 #crd ed41 revis$4 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 & ,geogr4 ,survey4 ,see ,annual ,report1 & ,p[]s1 ,/ephan4 ,vanc\v]1 ,george1 ,a ,voyage ( ,discov]y to ! ,nor? ,pacific ,ocean1 & r\nd ! ,_w1 etc41 p]=m$ 9 ! ,ye>s #agij-ie4 ,i4-,,iii4 ,london1 #agih4 ,van ,dyke1 ,john ,c41 ,pr9ciples ( ,art4 ,new ,york1 #ahhg4 ,van ,ende1 ,u41 ,hi/oire naturelle de la croyance4 ,premire p>tie4 ,l'animal4 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 ,v>igny1 ,c4 de1 ,quatorze ans aux les ,s&wi*4 ,p>is1 #ahgd4 ,v]h&lung5 d] ,b]l9] ,gesells*aft fr ,an?ropologie1 ,e?nologie und ,urges*i*te4 ,b]l94 ,v]non ,lee & ,an/ru!r ,?ompson1 ,beauty & ,ugl9ess4 ,9 ,! ,contempor>y ,review4 ,vol4 ,,lxxii4 #ahig4 ,v]ff5tli*ung5 aus dem knigli*5 ,museum fr ,vlk]kunde4 ,b]l94 ,vis*]1 ,fri$]i* ,!odor1 ,ae/hetik od] ,wiss5s*aft des ,s*n54 ,i4-,,iii4 ,reutl+5 und ,leipzig1 #ahdf-aheg4 ,vodskov1 ,h4 ,s41 ,sjl$yrkelse og ,naturdyrkelse4 ,bidrag til ,be/emmels5 af d5 mytologiske ,metode4 ,fr/e ,b9d3 ,rig-,v$a og ,edda4 ,kjb5havn1 #ahij4 ,wagn]1 ,ri*>d1 ,gesammelte ,s*rift5 und ,di*tung54 ,i4-,x4 ,leipzig1 #ahga-hc4 ,waitz1 ,!odor1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]4 ,i4-,,vi4 7,!il ,,vi4 von ,g4 ,g]l&47 ,leipzig1 #ahei-gb4 ,walh\se1 ,m4 ,j41 ,"s ,acc\nt ( a ,leaf-we>+ ,tribe on ! ,we/]n ,coa/ ( ,india4 ,9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute4 ,,iv4 ,walkley1 ,a4 ,b41 ,frames ( ,m9d4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,wallace1 ,alfr$ ,russel1 ,d>w9ism3 an ,exposition ( ! ,!ory ( ,natural ,selection1 ) "s ( its ,applications4 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,wallace1 ,alfr$ ,russel1 ,tropical ,nature1 & o!r ,essays4 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,wallas*ek1 ,ri*>d1 ,natural ,selection & ,music4 ,9 ,int]national ,congress ( ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology4 ,second ,session4 #ahib4 ,wallas*ek1 ,ri*>d1 ,on ! ,diff]5ce ( ,"t & ,rhy?m 9 ,music4 ,9 ,m9d4 ,,iv4 ,wallas*ek1 ,ri*>d1 ,primitive ,music4 ,an ,inquiry into ! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,music1 ,songs1 ,in/rum5ts1 ,dances1 & ,pantomimes ( ,savage ,races4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,w>d1 ,h]b]t1 ,e?nographical ,notes relat+ to ! ,congo ,tribes4 ,9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute4 ,,xxiv4 ,welck]1 ,f4 ,g41 ,kle9e ,s*rift5 zur grie*is*5 ,litt]aturges*i*te4 ,i4 ,bonn1 #ahdd4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,edw>d1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage4 #bnd ed4 ,london1 #ahid4 ,we/on1 ,walt]1 ,cu/oms & ,sup]/itions 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,c5tral ,japan4 ,9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute4 ,,xxvi4 ,wilk51 ,g4 ,a41 ,h&leid+ voor de ,v]gelijk5de ,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi4 ,leid51 #ahic4 ,williams1 ,?omas1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians2 ,ext5d$1 ) ,notices ( ,rec5t ,ev5ts2 by ,james ,calv]t4 ,edit$ by ,george ,/r+] ,r[e4 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,wilson1 ,c4 ,t41 & ,felk91 ,r4 ,w41 ,ug&a & ! ,egyptian ,s\dan4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,w9t]bottom1 ,?omas1 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,native ,africans 9 ! ,neighb\rhood ( ,si]ra ,leone4 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahjc4 ,wissmann1 ,h]mann von1 ,im inn]n ,afrikas4 #c4 ,aufl4 ,leipzig1 #ahia4 ,wissmann1 ,h]mann von1 ,unt] deuts*] ,flagge qu] dur* ,afrika von ,we/ na* ,o/4 ,von #ahhj bis #ahhc aus gefhrt4 ,b]l91 #ahhi4 ,woldt1 ,a41 ,die ,kultusgeg5/nde d] ,gold5 und ,giljak54 ,9 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie4 ,i4 ,wood1 ,j4 ,g41 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,man2 be+ an ,acc\nt ( ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! uncivilis$ ,races ( ,m54 ,i4-,,ii4 ,london1 #ahfh-ahgj4 ,woods1 ,j4 ,d41 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,adelaide1 #ahgi4 ,wundt1 ,wilhelm1 ,e?ik4 ,e9e ,unt]su*ung d] ,?atsa*5 und ,gesetze des sittli*5 ,leb5s4 ,zweite umge>b4 ,aufl4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahib4 ,wundt1 ,wilhelm1 ,zur ,lehre von d5 ,gem?sbewegung54 ,9 ,philosophis*e ,/udi54 ,,vi4 ,wuttke1 ,he9ri*1 ,ges*i*te d] ,s*rift und des ,s*rift?ums von d5 roh5 ,anfang5 des ,s*reib5s 9 d] ,tatuirung bis zur ,legung elektromagnetis*] ,drhte4 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,b>tels1 #fg ,ba%kirtseff1 #fa ,bat*elor1 #fg1 #aei ,baumg>t51 #a1 #b ,becc>i1 #aie ,bee*am1 #bfe ,b]*on1 #bcc ,br5g]-,fraud1 #bgh1 #bhc1 #bhd1 #bhf ,b]nays1 #fj ,b]ni]1 #fg ,bidwill1 #bfb1 #bfd1 #bfi ,b9et1 #ha1 #aig ,b+]1 #bbf1 #bhg ,blum5tritt1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bff ,boccaccio1 #fh ,bock1 #bbg1 #bij ,bhme1 #beb ,bonghi1 #bhc ,bonwick1 #aei1 #afj ,bosanquet1 #b ,b\illi]1 #cb1 #cg1 #ea ,b\rget1 #abb ,b\rgo+1 #hi ,b\rke1 #fg1 #afi ,brehm1 #hd1 #ahi1 #aii ,br5n]1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bei1 #bia ,bridges1 #afe ,brire1 #bhc ,br9ton1 #fc1 #fg1 #aef1 #agd1 #baa1 #bab1 #bcf1 #bhe ,broca1 #beb ,br[n1 ,baldw91 #aaa ,br[n1 ,john1 #id1 #ahe ,b*]1 #hh1 #ajf1 #bed1 #bee1 #beg1 #bei ,b*n]1 #aid1 #bdc ,buckl&1 #bbf ,buffon1 #aib ,bur*ell1 #bbb ,burke1 #gg ,burton1 #aeb1 #agi1 #bbd1 #bcc1 #bea1 #beb1 #bed1 #bei1 #bff ,cahusac1 #id1 #bff ,calmeil1 #fa ,calv]t1 #bfg ,cam]on1 #ahb ,campanella1 #gg ,campbell1 #bfc ,c>lyle1 #abc ,c>p5t]1 #acd ,c>v]1 #ib1 #ahc1 #bff ,casalis1 #bfb1 #bff1 #bhe1 #bhg ,ca/rn1 #bhe ,catl91 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#baf1 #bbb ,williams1 #afe1 #bfb1 #bhc ,wilson & ,felk91 #aeh ,w9t]bottom1 #bed1 #bhe ,wissman1 #bed ,woldt1 #bhg ,wood1 #aeb1 #bfe1 #bfh1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #bga ,woods1 #aei1 #afj1 #bbd1 #bcc1 #bea1 #bfb1 #bgi1 #bhc ,wundt1 #fb1 #bba ,wuttke1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbd1 #bbf1 #bga ,wzn1 #bia ,za*]1 #bhd ,ziegl]1 #bjj ,zoysa1 de1 #bcg ,,index ,,( ,,subjects ,acquir$ pleasure-gett+s1 #eg ,act+1 psy*ology (1 #eb1 #ec ,activity & feel+1 #cb-ce2 activity involv$ 9 dolce f> ni5te1 #cg /hetic1 its position z a sci5ce1 #a1 #b1 #d1 #e2 its developm5t #a-c2 its me?ods1 #e1 #f feel+s1 #ada judgm5t1 presuppos+ "s degree ( intellectual & moral developm5t1 #ahh ( ! h51 #ahg2 its developm5t 9 app>5t conflict ) natural selection1 #ahi ,agricultural rites1 #bhg ,an/hesia & self-w\nd+s1 #fa-fe ,ance/or wor%ip1 #age ,ang]1 #dg1 #dh1 #ed1 #fb ,animal display1 #ahf-bjb ,animat+ idols1 means (1 #bia ,aphasia1 #aea ,apoll9e s]5ity v]sus ,dionysiac rapture1 #aje ,ar*itecture1 !1 ( ! ,dyaks1 #bgd2 ( ! ,maoris1 #bge ,art1 z expla9$ by sup]natural causes1 #ab2 z excitem5t & s$ative1 #gj1 #ga2 z connect$ ) sexual selection1 #bjc-bac2 its high] & l[] =ms1 #adj !1 ( animals1 #bjb ! reliev]1 #ajb-aaj ,art-impulse1 !1 #ae1 #ah-bi1 #hd1 #he1 #ajj1 #aja1 #cjc2 a racial possession ( mank9d1 #ba1 #bb2 intellectuali/ic def9itions1 #bc ,art-s5se1 ! conditions ( its developm5t1 #ada1 #adb ,arti/ic intuition1 #abe ,association betwe5 pleasure & activity1 #cc ,attract by pleas+1 impulse to1 #bd1 #be1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #bad1 #bae1 #bcc sq4 8,attractive0 qualities ( ! "w ( art1 #ii ,autotelic activities outside ! dep>tm5t ( art1 #ai1 #bj2 "* ( art1 #g-ae1 #hh1 #cjd 8,balls on sockets10 #aic ,bird-%ap$ amulets1 #bhg ,boa/+ adornm5ts1 #bbb ,boat+-songs & dances1 #bei1 #bfj ,brilliancy1 ! physiological effects creat$ by1 #aid-aig ,*oral dances1 #bfa ,*orus1 !1 9 ! anci5t drama1 #id ,classification ( in/ances ( erotic art1 #bca-bch ,clo?+1 ! orig9 (1 #bjd-bjf1 #bae-bbj ,cognitio s5sitiva1 #b ,collective feel+1 #ha1 #hb psy*ology1 #gd-he ,consci\sness ( self1 #fb-fd ,contempt1 expression (1 its importance 9 primitive tactics1 #bfh1 #bfi ,c\vade1 #bhj ,coyness ( ! female1 #aig1 #aih ,creation1 arti/ic1 involv$ 9 arti/ic enjoym5t1 #ah1 #ai ,crit]ion ( art1 !1 #g sq4 ,cry+ fea/s & c]emonial wail+s1 #ei ,cure1 m$ical1 ( re/or+ p by pull+ !m ?r\gh a n>r[ op5+1 #bhe1 #bhf ,dance1 #hg1 #hi1 #ib1 #bcj ,dances1 *oral1 #bfb2 common to bo? sexes or sep>ate1 #bcj1 #bca2 connect$ ) sexual selection1 #bcc-bce2 ) w>1 #bff1 #bfg2 ) "w1 #bea1 #bec1 #bed ,dance-pantomimes1 obsc5e1 #bcc1 #bde ,danc+ girdles1 #bae ,deaf-mutes1 _! language1 #aea1 #aee ,dea? & resurrection repres5t$ 9 primitive drama1 #ahb-ahd ,decoration1 bodily1 subs]v+ a commemorative purpose1 #bbc2 us$ z a means ( fright5+1 #bgb2 z a means ( individual & tribal id5tification1 #bbe-bbg2 z magical protection1 #bah1 #bbd2 d5otes civic majority1 #bbj2 execut$ 9 ord] to protect ! sk91 #bbd2 d5ot+ rank or weal?1 #bbb ,decorative art1 !1 ( milit>y tribes1 #bgg ,demon-%ields ( ! ,dyaks1 #bgb-bgd ,dignity1 #aaf ,dionysiac /ate1 !1 #fd1 #fe1 #aje1 #aji1 #aab1 #aac ,dionysos1 god ( art & music1 #aaj ,dis9t]e/$ness1 !1 ( arti/ic activity4 ,see ,autotelic ,"* ( ,art ,drama1 ! e>lie/ ( imitative arts1 #adi1 #aej ,dramatic elem5t1 !1 ( art1 #ie-ih 8,e9halts/reb510 #aej ,emanations1 magic !ory (1 #bha1 #bic ,emotional elem5t1 !1 9 art1 #acg-aci1 #cjc ,emotions1 ! psy*ology (1 #db-ee2 connection betwe5 emotions & movem5t-s5sations1 #dd-dg ,enjoym5t ( pa91 #ee1 #ef-ga ,enli/m5t1 dances (1 #bff ,ephem]al "* ( primitive art1 #afa ,epic elem5t1 !1 9 art1 #ih1 #ii ,epidemics1 m5tal1 #fi1 #ha ,erotic art1 #bch-bdh2 de>? ( in=mation on1 #bbi1 #bdd2 spuri\s in/ances (1 #bde ge/ures & pantomimes us$ z expressions ( joy1 #bdc1 #bdd pantomimes & dances p]=m$ ) a moral int5tion1 #bdg1 #bdh poems1 #bce1 #bcf1 #bdf propitiation1 #bcd-bcf ,etiological my?s1 #aga1 #agb ,euhem]ism1 #afh1 #afi ,europeans z subjects ( primitive art1 #afj1 #aff1 #afg1 #agh ,exp]im5tation1 plays (1 #ade ,expression ( feel+1 #da1 #db1 #dg-ed2 prim>y & second>y =ms ( expression1 #db1 #dg1 #eb1 #fh1 #fi1 #aii2 expression z a my?og5ic factor1 #ic1 #id 8,expressive qualities10 !1 ( nature1 #ih ,extempore design1 #aef1 #afa 8,facult matresse10 #aah-abj1 #abf ,f&ango1 apologue conc]n+ !1 #hi ,fasc9ation1 #ajc ,fe>1 #eb1 #ed1 #ajc ,feel+-tone ( s5sation1 #cj-db2 exp]im5ts on s5sation1 feel+ & movem5t1 #ca2 dynamic conditions ( feel+1 #cb-ce2 /atic conditions ( feel+1 #ce2 association betwe5 pleasure & movem5t1 #cc2 pa9s ( re/riction1 #ch2 pa9 z motor incitem5t1 #dj1 #ff1 #bec2 relative "* ( pleasure & pa91 #ef1 #eg2 acquir$ pleasure-gett+s1 #eg2 ! philosophical importance ( pa91 #fc1 #fd ,fe/al developm5t ( art1 #aaa 8,=eign0 purposes1 !1 9 art1 #aj-ab1 #ae-ag1 #abg1 #adg1 #adh1 #cja1 #cjd-cjf ,=m & cont5t1 #aci ,fr5* & ,engli% art1 diff]5ce betwe51 #aca ,fun]al c]emonies & art1 #cjj dances ( obsc5e "*1 #bag ,g>rick1 ! contagi\s p[] ( 8 act+1 #if ,ge/ure-language1 #aea-aed ,gracefulness1 #aaf1 #bge1 #bgf ,grief1 #ej ,grimac+1 its importance = primitive tactics1 #bgj 8,gymna/ic0 dances1 #ib 8,happ9ess0 ( ! unconsci\s1 #fi1 #gj ,high] & l[] =ms ( art1 di/9ction betwe51 #adj ,hi/orical art1 #afd-ahb1 #bbc & psy*ological me?ods1 di/9ction betwe51 #af1 #aab1 #adh1 #cja poems us$ 9 magical c]emonies1 #agc ,hi/ory born ( pride1 #aha ,hi/rionic factor 9 lit]ature1 #if2 9 =mative arts1 #if1 #ig 8,homo sapi5s f]us10 #aea ,humiliation1 #df1 #ej ,hunt+ & fi%+ rites1 #bhe1 #bhg ,idea1 !1 its place 9 ,g]man-/hetic sy/ems1 #bc1 #aah ,ideal ( beauty1 !1 & sexual selection1 #bjb1 #bac1 #bda1 #bdb ,ideali/ic s*ools ( art1 #acb ,idols1 #agd1 #bhh1 #bia 8,illusions p>ticulires0 v]sus ess5tial qualities1 #abh1 #abi ,imitation1 impulse to1 #bd2 connect$ ) ! in/9cts1 #ge sympa!tic1 #ei1 #gd-he1 #if ,see ,int]nal ,imitation1 ,pa?ologic ,imitation ,impregnation by w9d1 ra91 or sun%9e1 #bai ,indisp5sability ( accu/om$ s5sations1 #eh ,9 effigie s5t5ces1 #bhg ,in=mation & art1 #adi-afc1 #ahd1 #ahe ,in/antane\s muscul> ex]tion1 p[] (1 #beb1 #bec ,insul> life1 its influ5ce on art1 #bei ,intellectual elem5ts ( ! arti/ic activity2 _! influ5ce on ! m5tal /ate ( ! arti/1 #ajb-ajg ,inv5tion 9 primitive art1 #afj1 #afa ,jakalele dance 9 ,c]am1 #bff1 #bfg ,joy1 #dh2 di/+ui%$ f ! s5se ( comic1 #dh1 #di2 pantomimic expression (1 #ib-id1 #bdd 8,k9a0 7,fuegian drama71 #afe ,limit$ am\nt ( en]gy1 #cf1 #cg ,lu/re4 ,see ,brilliancy ,luxury ( s5tim5tal sorr[1 #ea4 ,see also ,enjoym5t ( ,pa9 ,lyre & flute1 allegory (1 #ajg ,ma5ads1 #fe1 #ajh-aaj1 #aab ,magic & art1 #bgh-big two classes (1 #bgh1 #bgi2 by connection1 #bgi-bhb1 #bia-bid2 by lik5ess1 #bhb-bij2 exp$i5ts = acquir+ c\rage 9 w>1 #bfe2 p[] ( ! obsc5e1 #bag2 pantomimes1 #aa2 songs1 #bhh1 #bie ,masses1 psy*ology (4 ,see ,collective ,psy*ology ,means ( attraction1 #bjc-bac ,m$ical rites1 #bhd1 #bhg ,milit>y dances1 #bfe1 #bff2 us$ z salutation1 #ib1 #ic2 p]=m$ be=e female spectators1 #bbi dresses & uni=ms1 #bgj2 ensigns1 #bga2 signals1 #bfc ,mode/y & clo?+1 #baf-bah ,moko tattoo+ us$ z a means ( id5tification1 #age1 #bbe ,moods ( sadness delib]ately enhanc$1 #ea ,moral influ5ce ( art1 #ajh ,movem5t-p]ception1 ! dynamog5ic influ5ce (1 #beg ,music1 #hg ,n>rative art1 its simple/ =ms1 #aeg-afa ,novelty1 pr$ilection =1 #bjh 8,opi/hotonos10 #aji ,ornam5t1 conceal$ mean+ (1 #aj & mimetic transmission ( feel+1 #ih & rhy?m1 #ia ,ornam5ts1 !1 ( ! ,dyaks1 #bgb-bgd2 ( ! ,maoris1 #bge1 #bgf ,pa91 pantomimic expression (1 #ci1 #dj1 #ic1 #id4 ,see also ,feel+-tone ,pantomimics1 erotic1 #bcc-bce1 #bde-bdh2 magic1 #aa1 #bhc1 #bhd2 milit>y1 #bfe1 #bff2 n>rative1 #aeb-aee2 repres5t+ "w1 #bej-beb1 #beg ,p>nassians1 #acf1 #acg ,pa?ologic imitation1 #gi ,petroglyphs1 #age1 #agf ,phallic amulets1 #bag2 rites1 #bhd1 #bhg ,phallocrypts1 #bae1 #baf ,pictographs1 #adi1 #aee-aeg1 #afa ,pictorial art1 !1 ( ! ,bu%m51 #bcg2 pray]s1 #bhe ,play1 z connect$ ) art1 #bi2 ) ex]cise1 #bej1 #bea2 ) ! in/9cts1 #bg ,play-impulse1 #bf-bh1 #ade1 #adf1 #bej ,please1 impulse to1 #bd1 #be ,pleasure4 ,see ,feel+-tone ,political propitiation & art1 #bii ,portraiture1 commemorative1 #agd1 #age ,practical motives = clo?+ & self-decoration1 #baf1 #bbd ,prsul1 #beg ,prelim9>y movem5ts1 _! dynamog5ic influ5ce1 #bef ,pride1 #df1 #acg1 #aha1 #bbb1 #bfh ,proportion1 #aag ,ra9-mak+ & ra9-prev5t+1 #bhc1 #bhd ,realism & magic1 #bhi-bij ,reali/ic movem5t 9 lit]ature1 #aag1 #aah ,recognition m>ks1 #aij ,religi\s doctr9es influ5c+ erotic art1 #bdf ,repugnance = qualities deviat+ f ! tribal type1 #bji1 #baj ,retroaction f sympa?is]s1 crav+ =1 #hd ,rhetoric1 primitive1 #aed ,rhy?m1 #hg-ia1 #beh-bfj ,salutation dances1 #ib ,s& pa9t+s1 !1 ( ! ,navajos1 #bib ,sc>ification1 #fa1 #ff1 #fg ,sc>s ( ! ,au/ralians expla9$ by ,koel] z means ( id5tification1 #bbe ,sci5ce z an end 9 itself1 #ai1 #bj ,second>y sexual *>act]s1 #aij-aib2 activities1 #aia ,selb/zweck4 ,see ,autotelic ,"* ( ,art ,self-exhibit+ impulse1 #be ,self-w\nd+s1 #fa1 #ff1 #fg ,s5tim5talism1 #acf1 #acg ,sex-di/9ction1 m>ks = acc5tuat+1 #aib1 #bji ,sexual ideal1 #bjd1 #bac1 #bdb ,social conditions influ5c+ erotic art1 #bch-bdb2 expression1 #gb-he1 esp4 #hc-he ,solid>ity ( suff]+ betwe5 memb]s ( ! same family1 #bgi ,songs1 ephem]al1 #aei1 #afj2 erotic1 #bce1 #bcf1 #bdf2 exhort+ to "w1 #bed1 #bee1 #bei2 magic1 #bee1 #bef1 #bhh1 #bie2 milit>y1 #bfg-bfi ,sport z end 9 itself1 #bj1 #ba ,/orage ( nutritive supply1 #cf1 #cg ,suck+ cure1 #bhe ,sun-rituals1 #bhd ,sup]/iti\s motives = clo?+1 #bag-bai1 #bbd ,surplus ( vig\r1 #bf1 #aih ,symmetry1 #aag ,sympa!tic imitation1 #ei1 #gd-he1 #aed1 #aee2 magic4 ,see ,magic ,tangi1 #ei ,te*nical m$ium1 !1 ( art1 #ade2 p]fection 9 art1 #ace1 #aci1 #cjc ,te*nique1 its influ5ce on decorative art1 #adf1 #adg ,!atrical managem5t & rgie among ! ,au/ralians1 #bcg ,!urgic rites1 #bhd1 #bhh ,"t-s5se1 its high developm5t among primitive tribes1 #bfb ,trade-dances1 #beb ,traditions1 primitive1 pres]v+ ! memory ( ,european visitors1 #aff1 #afg1 #agh ,trag$y1 enjoym5t (1 #ei ,transf]5ce ( en]gy1 #cf1 #cg ,travels describ$ 9 primitive art1 #aeh-afj1 #agh ,trophies1 #bba ,univ]sal ideas1 _! importance 9 /hetic sy/ems1 #acj2 _! place 9 primitive philosophy1 #bif ,vehicles ( emotional transmission1 #abj-abd ,vital s5sation & pa91 #fj-fe ,volts1 #bhf ,w>1 its social influ5ce1 #bfa2 its influ5ce on art1 #bfa-bgg2 on pla/ic beauty1 #bgf2 on decorative art1 #bge-bgg2 a prom95t subject 9 hi/ory & n>rative art1 #agh-ahj2 ! ne$ ( /imulation =1 #bfc ,w]!r1 #ajd1 #aje ,wit*es1 ,bac*antes1 & hy/]ic pati5ts1 #aji ,wordless tribes1 /ories ab\t1 #aeb ,"w1 /imulation to1 #beb-beg2 regulation (1 #hh1 #beg-bfj2 & art1 #ab1 #hh1 #bdi-bfj ,,! ,,end ,pr9t$ by ,r4 ,r4 ,,cl>k1 ,,limit$1 ,ed9burgh4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,fr/udi] till en kon/filos(i1 ,hels+=s1 #ahif4 ,a summ>y 9 ,g]man ( ?is book c be read 9 ,zeits*rift fr ,psy*ologie und ,physiologie d] ,s9nesorgane1 ,bd4 xvi4 pp4 #bcc-bce4 #b ,baumg>t51 ,ae/hetica1 pp4 #a1 #c1 #f sq4 #c ,bosanquet1 ,hi/ory ( /hetic1 pp4 #agc1 #ahg4 #d ,cf4 e4g4 ,hanslick1 ,vom musikalis* ,s*n51 p4 #c4 #e ,kant1 ,kritik d] ,ur!ilskraft1 p4 #adg1 to be comp>$ ) ,kant's *apt]s on beauty4 #f ,s*ill]1 b] die /hetis*e ,erziehung des ,m5s*51 passim4 #g ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ii4 pp4 #fbh1 #fcb4 ,cf4 also ! extracts f a lett] writt5 by ,mr4 ,sp5c] to ,m4 ,guyau1 quot$ 9 ,les problmes de l'e/htique contempora9e1 p4 #ah4 #h ,h5nequ91 ,la critique sci5tifique1 pp4 #bf-bh4 #i ,grosse1 ,die ,anfnge d] ,kun/1 pp4 #df1 #dg4 #aj ,grant ,all51 ,physiological /hetics1 pp4 #cb1 #cc4 #aa ,cf4 ,kant1 l4c4 p4 #ff4 #ab ,guyau1 ,les problmes de l'e/htique contempora9e1 livre i4 #ac ,cf4 ,/olpe1 ,utveckl+sfreteels] i naturfolk5s ornam5tik1 i4-ii4 9 ,ym]1 #ahij-ahia4 ,an ,engli% translation by ,mrs4 ,h4 ,c4 ,m>* is publi%$ 9 ,transactions ( ! ,ro*dale ,lit]>y & ,sci5tific ,society1 #ahia4 ,read1 8,on ! ,orig91 etc41 ( ,c]ta9 ,ornam5ts ( ! ,s4 ,e4 ,pacific10 9 ,j\rn4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxi4 ,cf4 also ,m>*1 8,polynesian ,ornam5t1 a ,my?ography10 9 ,j\rn4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxii4 #ad ,catl91 ,illu/rations1 etc41 i4 pp4 #abg1 #abh1 ,m&an buffalo dance4 ,a simil> dance among ! ,iroquois has be5 describ$ by ,morgan 7,iroquois1 p4 #bhg71 :o does n1 h[ev]1 speak ( any magical purpose4 ,al?\gh some:at diff]5tly expla9$ by ,catl91 ! ,si\x be> dance 7l4c4 i4 p4 #bde7 is no d\bt z magical 9 its int5tion z ! buffalo dance4 ,! same int]pretation holds good also1 we believe1 ) reg>d to ! gorilla dance ( ! ,negroes 7,reade1 ,savage ,africa1 pp4 #aie1 #aif7 & ! hunt+ pantomimics ( ! ,koossa ,kaffirs 7,li*t5/e91 ,travels1 i4 p4 #bfi74 #ae ,wallace1 ,d>w9ism1 pp4 #dfg1 #dfh4 #af ,= a direct opposition to ,mr4 ,wallace's views on ?is po9t see ,wallas*ek1 ,primitive ,music1 pp4 #bgh1 #bgi4 ,cf4 also ,rit*ie1 ,d>w9ism & ,politics1 pp4 #aaj-aad4 #ag ,cf4 ,guyau1 ,les problmes de l'e/htique contempora9e1 pp4 #ae1 #bd4 #ah ,= ?is *>act]i/ic t]m ,i am indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,j4 ,m4 ,baldw94 #ai ,cf4 *ap4 ix4 9 ! sequel4 #bj ,"s brilliant & sugge/ive rem>ks on ?is po9t may be f\nd 9 ,guyau1 ,les problmes de l'e/htique contempora9e1 p4 #ab2 & 9 ,havelock ,ellis1 ,! ,new ,_s1 pp4 #bcd-bcf4 #ba ,groos1 ,die ,spiele d] ,m5s*51 pp4 #ejh1 #eji4 #bb ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #bja-bca4 #bc ,?is view1 viz4 t ! /hetic crav+s are a 8racial0 possession ( mank9d1 has be5 cle>ly & consi/5tly ma9ta9$ by ,m>%all1 cf4 /hetic ,pr9ciples1 p4 #gj2 ,pa91 ,pleasure & /hetics1 pp4 #ajj1 #aja4 #bd ,vis*]1 /hetik1 vol4 i4 p4 #ec2 vol4 iii4 pp4 #c-aj4 #be ,ta9e1 ,philosophie de l'art1 pp4 #eg-gj4 #bf ,engel1 ,ide5 zu e9] ,mimik1 i4 p4 #ig4 #bg ,cf4 z to ! significance ( ?is process1 & its connection ) ! imitative process1 ,baldw91 ,m5tal ,developm5t1 p4 #bfd4 #bh ,m>%all1 /hetic ,pr9ciples1 p4 #fb2 cf4 ,pa91 ,pleasure1 & /hetics1 p4 #ajd4 #bi ,cf4 *apt]s xiv4-xvi4 9 ! sequel4 #cj ,cf4 ,m>%all1 ,pa91 ,pleasure1 & /hetics1 p4 #ajd4 78,nor c we ) ,kant & ,s*ill] hold t ! #8art-impulse' is especially connect$ ) ! #8play-impulse' ?r\gh lack ( end1 if ,i am "r t an end = art-"w is disc]nible 9 attraction ?r\gh ! pleas+ ( o!rs407 #ca ,baldw91 ,social & ,e?ical ,int]pretations1 p4 #aea2 cf4 pp4 #aej1 #aeb4 #cb ,s*ill]1 b] die /hetis*e ,erziehung des ,m5s*51 esp4 ,brief #ae4 #cc ,ibid4 ,brief #bg1 quot$ 9 ,groos1 ,! ,play ( ,animals1 p4 #b4 #cd ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #fbi1 #fcj4 #ce ,sp5c]1 8,! ,orig9 ( ,music10 9 ,m9d1 xv4 #deb1 #dec2 repr9t$ 9 ! la/ edition ( ,essays1 ii4 pp4 #dcj1 #dca2 ,wallace1 ,d>w9ism1 pp4 #bha1 #bhd1 #bhg1 #bib2 ,hudson1 ,! ,naturali/ 9 ,la ,plata1 pp4 #bhj-bhf4 #cf ,wallas*ek1 8,natural ,selection & ,music0 9 ,int]national ,congress ( ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology1 second session1 #ahib1 p4 #gd2 ,primitive ,music1 pp4 #bga1 #bgb4 ,^! utt]ances ( ,wallas*ek ought to be quot$ z express+ 8 views1 & n ! e>li] passage 9 ,m9d1 #ahia1 p4 #cgf1 f :i* ,groos concludes t ,wallas*ek agrees ) ,sp5c]4 ,cf4 ,groos1 ,! ,play ( ,animals1 p4 #f4 ,z e>ly z #ahia1 ,wallas*ek po9t$ out ! importance ( music & dances z prep>ations & n only repres5tations ( ! mo/ important actions 9 life4 ,cf4 l4c4 p4 #gd4 #cg ,groos1 ,! ,play ( ,animals1 pp4 #ah-bd4 #ch ,groos1 l4c4 p4 #ba4 #ci ,groos1 ,die ,spiele d] ,m5s*51 pp4 #baf-cef4 #dj ,guyau1 ,les problmes de l'e/htique contempora9e1 p4 #i3 8,on p\rrait donc1 en cont9uant la p5se de ,m4 ,sp5c]1 all] jusqu' dire que l'art1 cette espce de jeu raff9 a son orig9e ou du mo9s sa premire manife/ation dans l'in/9ct de la lutte1 soit contre la nature1 soit contre les hommes40 ,cf4 also ,guyau1 ,l'art au po9t de vue sociologique1 p4 #ad1 :]e ,guyau 9 a brilliant passage %[s h[ an elem5t ( passionate /ruggle & conque/ ent]s ev5 9 ! mo/ ab/ract reason+4 ,to be comp>$ ) ! *apt]s ( ,groos on ,kampfspiele4 #da ,fr1 ,s5sation et m\vem5t1 pp4 #cd1 #fd2 cf4 ,! ,pa?ology ( ,emotions1 p4 #bjf4 #db ,lehmann1 ,hauptgesetze des m5s*li*5 ,gefhlsleb5s1 pp4 #hi1 #ie4 #dc ,fr1 ,s5sation et m\vem5t1 p4 #fd4 #dd ,gratiolet1 ,de la physionomie1 pp4 #dg1 #ec2 ,d>w91 ,! ,expression ( ! ,emotions1 pp4 #hj1 #bjg2 ,ba91 ,! ,emotions & ! ,w1 pp4 #aa1 #ab2 ,b\illi]1 ,du plaisir et de la d\leur1 pp4 #ej1 #ea2 ,mantegazza1 ,physiognomy & ,expression1 pp4 #aad1 #aae4 #de ,amiel1 ,j\rnal1 i4 p4 #bjh4 #df ,d>w91 ,! ,expression ( ! ,emotions1 p4 #ha4 #dg ,lehmann1 ,hauptgesetze1 pp4 #bih-cja4 #dh ,lehmann1 ,hauptgesetze1 p4 #bad4 #di ,m>%all1 ,pa91 ,pleasure1 & /hetics1 pp4 #bbb1 #bbc4 #ej ,dumont1 ,?orie sci5tifique de la s5sibilit1 pp4 #fg1 #fh2 ,delbuf1 lm5ts de psy*ophysique1 pp4 #ahb1 #aia4 #ea ,m>%all1 l4c4 p4 #agd4 #eb ,cf4 ,/\t1 ,manual ( ,psy*ology1 pp4 #bcf-bci4 #ec ,cf4 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 i4 p4 #bgc4 #ed ,hamilton1 ,lectures1 ii4 p4 #dgh2 cf4 also ,b\illi]1 ,du plaisir et de la d\leur1 pp4 #eb-fb4 #ee ,m>%all1 ,pa91 ,pleasure1 & /hetics1 p4 #bac2 cf4 ,dr4 ,/\t's ke5 criticism ( ?is explanation1 ,analytic ,psy*ology1 ii4 pp4 #bid1 #bie4 #ef ,fr1 ,! ,pa?ology ( ,emotions1 pp4 #bge1 #bgf2 ,lombroso1 ,! ,man ( ,g5ius1 pp4 #aea1 #aeb2 ,ribot1 ,! ,psy*ology ( ! ,emotions1 p4 #df 78,obs]vations on ! b5eficial effects creat$ on melan*olic pati5ts by physical pa9074 #eg ,gonc\rt1 ,j\rnal des1 ii4 p4 #bej4 #eh ,cf4 ,fe*n]1 ,vors*ule d] ,ae/hetik1 ii4 p4 #bfe2 cf4 also ,m>%all1 ,pa91 ,pleasure1 & /hetics1 p4 #ahg4 #ei ,ba91 ,! ,emotions & ! ,w1 pp4 #e1 #f2 cf4 also ,! ,s5ses & ! ,intellect1 p4 #bij2 ,ribot1 ,! ,psy*ology ( ! ,emotions1 pp4 #ig1 #aab2 ,fr1 ,! ,pa?ology ( ,emotions1 p4 #dd2 ,paulhan1 ,les phnomnes affectifs1 p4 #cg2 ,godf]naux1 ,le s5tim5t et la p5se1 p4 #ff4 #fj ,/\t1 ,manual ( ,psy*ology1 p4 #bif4 #fa ,a treatm5t 9 detail ( ?is po9t has be5 giv5 9 my ,fr/udi] till en kon/filos(i1 pp4 #eg-ei4 #fb ,lehmann1 ,hauptgesetze1 pp4 #cjh1 #cji4 #fc ,sp5c]1 ,essays1 ii4 p4 #deg4 #fd ,cf4 ,james1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ii4 p4 #dff2 ,d>w91 ,! ,expression ( ! ,emotions1 p4 #gf4 #fe ,sp5c]1 l4c4 ii4 pp4 #def1 #deg4 #ff ,= ! conv5i5ce ( treatm5t we "h re/rict our att5tion to ^? emotional processes ! initial /ages ( :i* are accompani$ by *anges ( activity 9 ! volunt>y muscles4 #fg ,^! l+ui/ic facts might h af=d$ ,pr(essor ,mantegazza a fur!r argum5t 9 fav\r ( 8 physiognomical !sis t ! expression ( injur$ self-e/eem is simil> to t ( gu/atory pa94 ,cf4 ,mantegazza1 ,physiognomy & ,expression1 p4 #acj4 #fh ,james1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ii4 p4 #dfc3 8,sit all day 9 a mop+ po/ure1 sigh1 & reply to ev]y?+ 9 a dismal voice1 & y\r melan*oly l+]s40 #fi ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ii4 pp4 #eij1 #eia4 ,cf4 also ) reg>d to ! enjoym5t :i* c by reflection be d]iv$ f sorr[1 fe>1 & o!r pa9-emotions1 ,paulhan1 ,les phnomnes affectifs1 pp4 #aai1 #abj2 ,hamilton1 ,lectures1 ii4 pp4 #dha-dhd2 ,b\illi]1 ,du plaisir et de la d\leur1 pp4 #fb-gb4 #gj ,sp5c]1 l4c4 ii4 pp4 #fbc-fbf4 #ga ,james1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ii4 pp4 #dfb1 #dfc4 #gb ,james1 l4c4 pp4 #ddd1 #dde4 ,x is to be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! m elaborate /atem5t ( 8 !ory1 :i* ,pr(essor ,james has giv5 9 ,! ,psy*ological ,review1 #ahid1 he pays due att5tion to ! influ5ce by :i* 8expression0 may *ange ! tone ( an emotion4 ,cf4 especially p4 #eai ab\t fe>3 8:5 ! runn+ has actually comm5c$1 x gives rise to exhil>ation by its effects on brea?+ & pulse1 etc41 9 ?is case1 & n to fe>40 #gc ,! int]e/+ contributions to ! psy*ology ( act+1 :i* h be5 br\ght toge!r by ,mr4 ,william ,ar*] 9 8 ,masks or ,faces1 d n give u mu* reliable in=mation z to ! "p :i* ! 8expressional movem5ts0 play 9 a delib]ate /irr+ up ( an emotion4 ,ev5 if we 7 to accept all ! te/imonies ( actors & actresses z a te/able evid5ce1 we c\ld sc>cely decide :e!r ! emotional /ate ( an actor :o plays 8 "p 9 p]fect s9c]ity is *iefly a result ( 8 los+ himself 9 ! fictiti\s situation1 or :e!r ?is /ate foll[s z a retroaction ex]cis$ by ! artificial p]=mance ( weep+1 laugh+1 sobb+1 etc4 ,cf4 ,ar*]1 ,masks or ,faces1 pp4 #acc-acf4 ,"s int]e/+ rem>ks on ?is po9t c also be f\nd 9 ,dugald ,/ew>t's ,elem5ts ( ! ,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d1 iii4 pp4 #afh1 #ahe4 #gd ,james1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ii4 p4 #ddd4 #ge ,cf4 ,lehmann1 ,hauptgesetze1 pp4 #ajg-aaa1 :]e ! pa9-elem5t ( ang] is emphasis$ 9 opposition to ,pr(essor ,lange's description ( ?is emotion4 #gf ,a detail$ acc\nt ( ! v>i\s /ages ( ang] has be5 giv5 by me 9 ,fr/udi] till en kon/filos(i1 pp4 #gc-gg4 ,cf4 also ,lange1 ,nydels]nes fysiologi1 pp4 #af-ai1 & ,lange1 ,ueb] ,gemue?sbewegung51 pp4 #bh-ce4 #gg ,cf4 ,m>%all1 ,pa91 ,pleasure1 & /hetics1 p4 #bdf2 ,sully1 ,! ,human ,m9d1 ii4 p4 #ia2 ,hamilton1 ,lectures1 ii4 p4 #dhc4 ,x _c be d5i$1 h[ev]1 t t]ror (t5 becomes int5sifi$ z a pa9ful feel+ 9 proportion z ! he>t-beat+s1 ! quiv]+s1 & all ! o!r active manife/ations increase4 #gh ,m>%all1 ,pa91 ,pleasure1 & /hetics1 p4 #bbf2 cf4 ,sully1 ,! ,human ,m9d1 ii4 p4 #cd4 #gi ,lehmann1 ,hauptgesetze1 pp4 #aie1 #aif4 #hj ,taylor1 ,te ,ika ,a ,maui1 p4 #age1 on ! ,tangi fea/s 9 ,new ,zeal&2 ,welck]1 ,kle9e ,s*rift51 i4 pp4 #bf-ca2 ,sittl1 ,ges*4 d4 grie*4 ,lit]atur1 i4 p4 #bd4 ,= a sympa!tic int]pretation ( su* fea/s ( sorr[ see ,rclus1 ,les primitifs1 pp4 #bci1 #bdj4 ,cf4 also ! rem>ks ( ,lobeck1 ,aglaophamus1 i4 pp4 #fhh-fij1 & ,groos1 ,die ,spiele d] ,m5s*51 p4 #ch4 ,! above adduc$ in/ances %[ u t ev5 ! art ( primitive man does n be> out ! views rec5tly br\ght into prom95ce by ,h]ck5ra? & ,faguet 7,faguet1 ,drame anci51 drame mod]ne1 pp4 #b1 #g1 #ab71 & s ably /at$ by ,mr4 ,walkley 7,frames ( ,m9d1 pp4 #a-g71 accord+ to :i* ! enjoym5t ( trag$y z well z t ( com$y c be r$uc$ to a malevol5tly pleasurable consci\sness ( our own security 9 contra/ to ! suff]+s ( o!rs4 ,comp>ative psy*ology t5ds f> m to support ^? au?ors :o cont5d t 9 trag$y we enjoy t pleasure :i* inh]5tly exi/s 9 sorr[ itself4 ,cf4 ,%elley1 ,a ,def5ce ( ,poetry1 p4 #ce4 #ha ,lobeck1 ,aglaophamus1 i4 p4 #fhh4 8,de hoc univ]so g5]e dic]e licet id quod res habet1 hom9is naturae quodam in/9ctu ut laet&i ita lug5di causas sibi f+]e2 unde e/1 quod ali5a fun]a sequuntur1 quod ignotis sepul*ris adsid5t1 quod praet]itorum malorum memoriam refricant40 #hb ,less+1 ,gelehrt] ,briefwe*sel1 pp4 #ade1 #adf1 quot$ 9 ,b]nays' ,zwei ,abh&lung51 p4 #add4 ,cf4 also ,s*]]1 ,poetik1 p4 #aab4 ,s*]]1 :o ?9ks t ! phrase 8,bewus/se9 uns]] ,realitt0 is too ab/ract 9 its word+1 proposes 9 its place 8,freude an uns selb/0 7delight 9 ourselves74 #hc ,helvetius1 ,de l'esprit1 disc\rs iii4 *4 v4 #hd ,jeff]ies1 ,! ,/ory ( ,my ,he>t1 especially p4 #abh2 ,ba%kirtseff1 ,j\rnal1 ii4 pp4 #abf1 #eca1 #ecb2 cf4 also i4 pp4 #ff1 #fg2 ii4 pp4 #aae1 #bij4 #he ,! purely pa?ological motives ( ! self-w\nd+s ( ,*ri/ian fanatics appe> ) unmi/akable cle>ness f ! in/ances t h be5 collect$ 9 m$ical lit]ature1 cf4 especially ,calmeil1 ,de la folie1 ii4 pp4 #cbg1 #cbh1 #cge-chj1 #chd1 #djd1 #dje2 ,figui]1 ,hi/4 du m]veilleux1 i4 pp4 #cgb1 #cgc1 #cgf1 #cgi2 ,/oll1 ,sugge/ion und ,hypnotismus1 pp4 #cfb-cfe4 ,we ne$ n dwell 9 ?is connection ^u ! sexually excit+ effects :i* may be creat$ by flagellation4 ,?is po9t has be5 suffici5tly elucidat$ by ! above-m5tion$ au?ors4 #hf ,lange1 ,gem?sbewegung51 pp4 #cc1 #cd4 #hg ,wundt1 ,philosophis*e ,/udi51 vi4 pp4 #cea1 #ceb 7,zur ,lehre von ,gem?sbewegung574 #hh ,br9ton1 ,! ,pursuit ( ,happ9ess1 p4 #ah4 #hi ,ki]kega>d1 ,ent5 ,ell]1 i4 pp4 #bc1 #bd4 #ij ,ribot1 ,! ,psy*ology ( ! ,emotions1 p4 #cgf4 #ia ,on ! self-w\nd+s ( ! ,ma5ads cf4 ,prell]1 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie1 i4 #b4 p4 #fef2 ,lobeck1 ,aglaophamus1 i4 p4 #fgb4 #ib ,cf4 ,m>%all1 ,pa91 ,pleasure1 & /hetics1 p4 #bei4 #ic ,= a copi\s collection ( in/ances see ,joe/1 ,tt[ir51 pp4 #cd1 #ce2 ,s*neid]1 ,die ,naturvlk]1 i4 pp4 #aaa-aac2 cf4 also ,smy?1 ,victoria1 i4 p4 #aab 7,! ,n>r9y]i72 ,cranz1 ,hi/orie von ,grnl&1 ii4 p4 #cca2 ,dall1 ,alaska1 p4 #dag 7,! ,kygani72 ,s*oolcraft1 ,in=mation1 iv4 p4 #ff 7,dacotas72 v4 p4 #afh 7,k5i/5os72 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 p4 #daj 7,tahiti72 ,cook4 7#a/7 ,voyage1 p4 #ajd 7,tahiti72 ,taylor1 ,te ,ika ,a ,maui1 p4 #ajb 7,maoris74 #id ,x _c be d5i$1 h[ev]1 t 9 _m cases ! self-w\nd+ is execut$ z a traditional1 sup]/iti\s1 or sacrificial rite4 ,! ,maori fun]al c]emonies1 9 :i* ! app>5tly impulsive & exalt$ cutt+ is 8done ) consid]able me?od & regul>ity1 s z to make ! sc>s ornam5tal r ?an o!rwise10 c ?us sc>cely be adduc$ z a g5u9e in/ance ( emotional expression4 ,cf4 ,robley1 ,moko1 p4 #df4 ,/ill less are we entitl$ to speak 9 ?is connection ( ^? ,polynesian fun]al c]emonies 9 :i* ! survivors lac]ate !mselves & all[ ! blood to drop on ! face ( ! corpse or "u its bi]4 ,cf4 ! in/ances ( su* sup]/iti\s self-w\nd+s collect$ 9 ,h>tl&1 ,! ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 ii4 pp4 #bda1 #cba-cbe4 #ie ,on w\nd+s 9 m$ical cures1 cf4 esp4 ,b>tels1 ,m$ic9 d] ,naturvlk]1 pp4 #bfg-bga2 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 ii4 pp4 #fi1 #gj 7,! ,diey]ie ,tribe1 by ,gason72 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,tasmania1 pp4 #ge1 #gf2 ,man1 ,j\rn4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 p4 #he 7,&amanese72 ,m\at1 ,&aman ,isl&s1 p4 #cjg2 ,b\rke1 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n41 #ahhg-hh1 p4 #dga 7,m$ic9e-m5 ( ! ,apa*e4 ,sc>ification resort$ to 9 ord] to relieve exhau/ion72 ,keat+1 ,n>rative ( an ,exp$ition1 i4 p4 #bbf1 quotes ! int]e/+ conceptions ent]ta9$ by ! ,sauks & ,foxes z to ! result ( lac]ations4 ,! w\nds are inflict$ at fun]als1 8n = ! purpose ( mortification1 or to create a pa91 :i* %all1 by divid+ _! att5tion1 efface ! recollection ( _! loss1 b entirely f a belief t _! grief is int]nal1 & t ! only way ( dispell+ x is to give x a v5t ?r\gh :i* to escape40 ,!re seems to be no d\bt t simil> notions h l$ to ! cur+ ( bodily pa9 by ble$+4 ,z to lac]ation z a means ( ov]com+ humiliation see ,curr1 l4c4 ii4 p4 #gj 7,diey]ie74 ,ev5 joy1 :5 abnormally /rong1 seems (t5 to express itself 9 ?is way4 ,ellis1 ,pol4 ,res4 i4 p4 #daj 7,tahiti72 ,prit*>d1 ,pol4 ,rem4 p4 #ach 7,samoa72 ,pron1 ,voyage1 i4 p4 #bbg 7,tasmanians1 :o scrat* !mselves 9 ! face & te> ! hair 9 _! en?usiasm1 :5 he>+ ! ,m>seillaise p]=m$72 ,b]ni]1 ,l'art du comdi51 p4 #caj4 ,z connect$ ) ! emotion ( joy we may also expla9 ! occurr5ces ( self-w\nd+s at meet+s betwe5 fri5ds4 ,cf4 esp4 ,lumholtz1 ,among ,cannibals1 pp4 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,x is n to be ov]look$ t 9 _m tribes fri5ds express _! delight at meet+s by a c]emonial weep+ & wail+4 ,cf4 ,man1 ,j\rn4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 p4 #adg2 ,day1 ,proc4 ,z4 ,soc4 ,b5gal1 #ahgj1 p4 #aeg1 bo? on ! ,&amanese2 ,bat*elor1 ,! ,a9u1 p4 #aje2 ,taylor1 ,te ,ika ,a ,maui1 p4 #ajc2 ,angas1 ,savage ,life1 ii4 pp4 #cb1 #gc1 #aji1 all on ,new ,zeal&2 ,freyc9et1 ,voyage1 ii4 p4 #ehi 7,! ,s&wi* ,isl&s72 ,l&]1 ,j\rnal1 i4 pp4 #adh1 #adi 7,yoruba ,c\ntry72 & ! in/ances quot$ 9 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ii4 pp4 #bj1 #gj1 #ga4 ,z ?is app>5tly p>adoxical expression c be expla9$ 9 _m cases z a conv5tional c]emony1 :i* is n accompani$ by any g5u9e feel+1 s ! self-w\nd+ may (t5 be a purely ritual obs]vance4 ,b al?\gh "s ( ! above adduc$ in/ances c ?us be consid]$ z spuri\s1 we nev]!less feel "r 9 assum+ t an impulsive creation ( pa9 is g5]ally to be d]iv$ f ! psy*ical conditions accompany+ high-/rung emotion4 ,?is is also ! conclusion at :i* ,mr4 ,br9ton & ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang h arriv$4 ,cf4 ,br9ton1 ,religion ( ,primitive ,peoples1 p4 #bac2 ,lang1 ,! ,mak+ ( ,religion1 p4 #caj4 #if ,we ne$ only ref] to su* p]iods z ! fifte5? c5tury & ! "t ( ! great revolution4 ,z to ! abnormally exagg]at$ crav+ = amusem5t dur+ ^! unhappy times1 cf4 especially ! rem>ks ( ,mi*elet1 ,hi/oire de ,france1 iv4 pp4 #djf1 #djg2 ,*ampfleury1 ,hi/4 de la c>icature s\s la rpublique1 pp4 #bge1 #bgi2 ,heck]1 ,volkskrankheit51 pp4 #aeb1 #aec2 ,gonc\rt1 ,j\rnal des1 ii4 pp4 #ahj1 #aha2 & ! ,introduction to ,boccaccio's ,decam]one4 #ig ,smi?1 ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 pp4 #d1 #e4 ,cf4 ! important elaboration ( ?is !ory 9 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 ,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d1 iii4 pp4 #aga1 #agd4 #ih ,cf4 especially ! works ( ,t>de1 ,s*midkunz1 ,baldw94 #ii ,cf4 ,groos1 ,! ,play ( ,animals1 pp4 #gb1 #gf sq4 #ahb4 #ajj ,!re c be no "q1 9 ?is connection1 ( ent]+ ^u ! debate betwe5 ! adh]5ts ( ,rob]t ,vis*]1 ,groos1 & o!rs1 & ! associationi/s1 ,lipps & ,/]n1 :o wi% to put o!r notions1 su* z recognition or 8,v]s*melzung0 in/ead ( ! imitation4 ,:atev] reason ,dr4 ,/]n may h to criticise ! =mulation ( ! ,g]man /hetic !ories ( visual intuition1 we d n see t he has be5 able to refute !m 9 _! fundam5tal po9ts4 ,cf4 ,/]n1 ,e9fhlung und ,association1 passim4 #aja ,j\ffroy1 ,c\rs d'e/htique1 pp4 #bi1 #bef1 #bei1 #bfa4 #ajb ,v]non ,lee & ,an/ru!r ,?ompson1 8,beauty & ,ugl9ess10 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review1 vol4 xxii4 #ahig2 cf4 especially pp4 #ceg1 #edd1 #edh1 #eej1 #eed4 #ajc ,home1 ,elem5ts ( ,criticism1 i4 pp4 #agh-aha4 #ajd ,cf4 ,hog>?1 ,analysis ( ,beauty1 pp4 #bf-bh4 #aje ,dugald ,/ew>t1 ,philosophical ,essays1 pp4 #djb-djd1 #djh 78,on ! ,sublime074 #ajf ,sp5c]1 ,essays1 ii4 p4 #chf 78,gracefulness074 #ajg ,cf4 ,v]non ,lee & ,an/ru!r ,?ompson1 l4c4 pp4 #eej1 #fhf1 #fhg2 cf4 also ,f\ille1 ,psy*ologie des ides-=ces1 ii4 pp4 #ei-fd4 #ajh ,pr(4 ,lipps1 :o does n believe 9 an 8int]nal imitation10 says t ! an?ropomorphic int]pretation ( outw>d reality 8rckt uns die ,d+e nh]1 ma*t sie uns v]traut] und damit zuglei* v]me9tli* v]/ndli*]0 78br+s ! ?+s ne>] to u1 makes !m m famili>1 & !reby produces an illusion t !y are m compreh5sible074 ,accord+ to ! view :i* we h adopt$ above1 ! ga9 9 compreh5sibility is real1 & n only illusory4 ,cf4 ,lipps1 ,raumae/hetik1 p4 #f4 #aji ,cf4 ) reg>d to ! above argum5t ! *apt] on movem5t-p]ception 9 ,/rick]'s ,die ,bewegungsvor/ellung51 especially pp4 #bj1 #ba4 ,cf4 also ! rem>ks 9 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 ,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d1 iii4 pp4 #aj1 #aa1 #aeg4 #aaj ,cf4 ! (t5-quot$ /ory ( ,campanella's device to div9e ! ?\ghts ( p by imitat+ _! behavi\r1 z told1 = example1 9 ,burke's ,! ,sublime & ! ,beautiful1 pp4 #ih1 #ii4 ,mr4 ,/anley quotes "o ( ,poe's tales1 9 :i* ! same trick is us$ by a detective 7,evolution>y ,psy*ology ( ,feel+1 p4 #cfd74 #aaa ,cf4 ,groos1 ,die ,spiele d] ,m5s*51 p4 #dcj4 #aab ,an almo/ simian t5d5cy to imitation has be5 notic$ among sev]al primitive races1 su* z ! ,au/ralians 7,sp5c]1 ,descr4 ,soc4 ,div4 i4 ,no4 #c1 p4 #e1 quot+ ,/urt7 & ! ,fuegians 7,sp5c]1 ibid4 quot+ ,w$del74 ,z is well kn[n1 imitation is 9 tribes ( a hy/]ical disposition1 su* z ! ,malays & ! ,lapps1 apt to become an endemic disease4 ,cf4 ) reg>d to ! ,malays1 ,swett5ham1 ,malay ,sket*es1 pp4 #gj-hb2 ,/oll1 ,sugge/ion und ,hypnotismus1 p4 #gd2 ) reg>d to ! ,lapps1 ,db51 ,lappl&1 p4 #aib2 ,s*midkunz1 ,psy*ologie d] ,sugge/ion1 p4 #aii4 ,in/ances ( contagi\s m5tal diseases & pa?ological imitation among civilis$ nations are too famili> to be enum]at$4 #aac ,cf4 ,baldw91 ,m5tal ,developm5t1 p4 #djc4 #aad ,prey]1 ,die ,seele des ,k9des1 p4 #bbh2 cf4 ,h>less1 ,lehrb4 d4 pla/4 ,anatomie1 p4 #abe1 & ,dugald ,/ew>t1 ,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d1 iii4 pp4 #f1 #g1 #aic1 #aid4 #aae ,gonc\rt1 ,j\rnal des1 i4 p4 #bha3--;,hi] j'tais un b\t de la gr&e table du *teau4 ,edmond l'autre b\t causait avec ,?rse4 ,je n'ent5dais ri51 mais qu& il s\riait1 je s\riais involontairem5t et dans la mme pose de tte4444 ,jamais me p>eille n'a t mise en deux corps4 #aaf ,cf4 especially ,b9et1 ,le fti*isme dans l'am\r1 p4 #bdh4 #aag ,= a treatm5t ( ! int]9dividual transmission ( feel+1 9 :i* ! *ief po9ts ( mod]n !ories on mob-m9d are anticipat$1 see ,dugald ,/ew>t1 ,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d1 iii4 pp4 #bjh-baa4 #aah ,fr1 ,! ,pa?ology ( ,emotions1 p4 #bab4 #aai ,lancet1 #ahhf1 i4 pp4 #cab1 #cac1 quot$ 9 ,aubry1 ,la contagion du meurtre1 pp4 #bbj-bbc2 ,le ,bon1 ,psy*ologie des f\les1 p4 #df4 #abj ,we ne$ sc>cely rem>k1 9 ?is connection1 t e unhappy exp]i5ce awak5s ! crav+ = assi/ance & consolation1 & !re=e indirectly gives rise to an ef=t to create sympa?y4 ,?is po9t mu/1 h[ev]1 be pass$ ov] :5 treat+ ( impulsive1 purely emotional manife/ations4 ,z to ! pleasures & consolations ( mutual sympa?y1 comp>e1 moreov]1 ,smi?1 ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 pp4 #aj-ac1 especially p4 #ab4 #aba ,esp9as1 ,des socitis animales1 p4 #cbh4 #abb ,brehm1 ,?i]leb51 i4 pp4 #bjd1 #bje1 #bjh4 #abc ,van ,ende1 ,hi/4 nat4 de la croyance1 ,i4 ,l'animal1 p4 #bah2 ,brehm1 l4c4 p4 #hg4 #abd ,wallas*ek1 ,primitive ,music1 pp4 #bcj1 #bca2 ,grosse1 ,die ,anfnge d] ,kun/1 p4 #bai4 ,cf4 also ,s*legel1 ,a4 ,w41 ,smmtl4 ,w]ke1 vii4 pp4 #adi1 #aej 7,briefe b] ,poesie1 ,silb5masz und ,spra*e71 :]e a simil> !ory is advanc$4 #abe ,b*]1 ,arbeit und ,rhy?mus1 passim4 #abf ,b*]1 l4c4 passim4 ,comp>e1 h[ev]1 p4 #cjf z to ! diff]5ce betwe5 lab\r 9 ! mod]n s5se & ! work+ activity ( primitive man4 #abg ,cf4 ,s\riau1 ,l'e/htique du m\vem5t1 p4 #gj4 #abh ,b\rgo+1 ,mod]n ,/ate ( ,spa91 ii4 pp4 #bii1 #cjj4 #abi ,v]non ,lee & ,an/ra!r ,?ompson1 8,beauty & ,ugl9ess10 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review1 vol4 lxxii4 #ahig1 p4 #eei3 8,to ?is quality ( m]e complexity ( surface1 patt]n adds by its regul>ity ! p[] ( compell+ ! eye & brea? to move at an ev5 & unbrok5 pace4 ,ev5 ! simple/1 !re=e1 ( ! patt]ns ev] us$ h a p[] ak9 to t ( m>* music1 = !y compel our organism to a regul> rhy?mical mode ( be+40 #acj ,! expression 8gymna/ic10 z di/+ui%$ f pantomimic dance1 is borr[$ f ,grosse1 ,die ,anfnge d] ,kun/4 #aca ,t ! dances ( salutation & homage 9 mo/ cases really are to be d]iv$ f ! expression ( joy has be5 %[n by ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 iii4 p4 #bja1 & might be corroborat$ by in/ances ref]r+ to all ! details ( complim5t>y c]emonialism4 #acb ,c>v]1 ,travels1 pp4 #ahj-ahb 7,lake ,pep972 ,m>t91 ,molukk51 p4 #eg 7,lectimor72 ,polack1 ,! ,new ,zeal&]s1 i4 p4 #hh 7,maoris74 ,cf4 also ,ri5zi1 ,ocanie1 iii4 p4 #agj1 on ! frequ5t qu>rels betwe5 ,europeans & ,maoris t h aris5 f a misund]/&+ ( ^! k9ds ( salutation4 ,john/one1 ,maoria1 p4 #di3 8,! w> dance 0 practis$ bo? z a m>tial ex]cise & z an amusem5t1 & 0 consid]$ equally adapt$ to give hon\rable reception to fri5dly visitors or to intimidate an enemy on ! field ( battle40 #acc ,cf4 ! in/ances collect$ by ,fr1 ,pa?ology ( ,emotions1 pp4 #cfj-cij2 & ,godf]naux1 ,le s5tim5t et la p5se1 pp4 #fe sq4 ,a p[]ful description ( ! my?og5ic ju/ifications by :i* anxiety creates to itself a reason is giv5 9 ,maupassant's poem 8,t]reur0 9 ,des ,v]s1 pp4 #ai1 #bj4 #acd ,cf4 on ! infecti\s influ5ce ( dramatic p]=mances1 ,cahusac1 ,la danse1 i4 pp4 #aff1 #afg2 ii4 pp4 #fa1 #fb2 ,jacob[ski1 ,anfnge d] ,poesie1 pp4 #abg-abi2 ,t>de1 8,f\les et sectes10 9 ,revue des deux ,mondes1 vol4 cxx4 7#ahic71 especially p4 #cfh4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to po9t out to h[ great an ext5t ! emotional conveyance by means ( dramatic action mu/ h be5 /r5g!n$ by ! *orus1 :i*1 by its laught] or wail+1 af=ds a k9d ( model expression to ! spectator4 ,possibly1 inde$1 ! ,greek *orus develop$ f a c]emonial 9 :i* *orus & audi5ce 7 n di/9ct b id5tical--a ritual ( wail+s or rejoic+s provok$ by ! recital ( a traditional /ory4 ,?is view1 curi\sly 9 advance ( 8 times1 is sugge/$ by ,br[n1 an eighte5? c5tury philosoph] 7,hi/ory ( ! ,rise ( ,poetry1 pp4 #abf-abh73 8,h[ came x to pass t 9 ! m b>b>\s p]iods ! numb] ( ! *orus %\ld be s mu* great]8 ,manife/ly because t rude age bord]$ on ! savage times1 :5 ! :ole audi5ce _h sympa?is$ ) ! n>rative actor1 & became z "o g5]al *oir40 #ace ,engel1 ,ide5 zu e9] ,mimic1 i4 pp4 #hf-hh2 cf4 also ,seck5dorff1 ,vorlesung5 b] ,declamation und ,mimik1 ii4 p4 #e2 ,sully-,prudhomme1 ,l'expression dans les-beaux arts1 pp4 #if1 #ig4 #acf ,li*t5b]g1 ,briefe aus ,engl&1 ,v]mis*te ,s*rift51 iii4 p4 #bfb4 #acg ,lange1 ,nydels]nes fysiologi1 pp4 #afh1 #afi4 ,z to ! importance ( imitative reaction = our enjoym5t ( sculpture1 cf4 ,v]non ,lee & ,an/ru!r ,?ompson1 ,! ,contempor>y ,review1 vol4 lxxii41 pp4 #fgg-fgi4 #ach ,sully-,prudhomme1 ,l'expression dans les beaux-arts1 pp4 #d1 #e4 #aci ,nietzs*e1 ,die ,geburt d] ,tragdie1 p4 #h4 #adj ,goe!1 ,di*tung und ,wahrheit1 iii4 p4 #acb4 ,?is in/ance has be5 adduc$ by ,pr(essor ,julius ,lange 9 support ( 8 emotionali/ic art-!ory2 ,om ,kun/vrdi1 pp4 #gb-hd4 #ada ,wallas*ek1 ,m9d1 ,n4,s4 iv4 p4 #cd1 8,on ! ,diff]5ce ( ,"t & ,rhy?m 9 ,music20 ,b*]1 ,arbeit und ,rhy?mus1 p4 #cjf4 #adb ,cf4 ,emmanuel1 ,la danse grecque antique1 p4 #abg4 #adc ,cf4 ,creuz]1 ,symbolik und ,my?ologie1 iii4 p4 #aee2 ,rusk9 avails himself ( ! same allegory 9 ,! ,que5 ( ! ,air1 pp4 #ff-gj4 #add ,revue ,critique1 #ahif1 ii4 pp4 #chf1 #chg2 cf4 also ,groos1 ,die ,spiele d] ,m5s*51 pp4 #aaj1 #dgf4 #ade ,sp5c]1 ,essays1 ii4 #dfj4 #adf ,cf4 ,*>cot & ,ri*]1 ,les dmoniaques dans l'art1 p4 #cg2 ,emmanuel1 ,la danse grecque antique1 pp4 #ajb1 #aif-aih1 #cjb1 #cjc4 #adg ,mi*elet1 ,la ,sorcire1 p4 #hj4 #adh ,cf4 = example1 ,dy]1 ,gods 9 ,greece1 pp4 #aad-aag4 #adi ,cf4 ,br[n1 ,! ,f9e ,arts1 pp4 #bb-ce1 #da-gj2 & ,hill 9 ,pop4 ,sc4 ,mon?ly1 vol4 xlii4 pp4 #gcd-gdi4 #aej ,rapp1 ,rhe9is*es ,museum1 xxvii4 p4 #b 78,die ,mnade im grie*is*5 ,cultus074 #aea ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 pp4 #cca1 #cdc4 #aeb ,nietzs*e1 ,die ,geburt d] ,tragdie1 pp4 #f1 #g4 #aec ,a detail$ treatm5t ( gracefulness 9 art & life has be5 giv5 by ! au?or 9 ,fr/udi] till en kon/filos(i1 pp4 #acb-adg4 #aed ,cf4 ,holz1 ,die ,kun/1 p4 #aag4 ,x is only fair to add t 9 _! own novels ! au?ors ( ?is s*ool h involunt>ily fail$ to support _! !oretical pr9ciples4 #aee ,cf4 *ap4 i4 #aef ,cf4 ,ta9e1 ,philosophie de l'art1 pp4 #gb1 #gc4 #aeg ,ibid4 pp4 #eb1 #ec4 #aeh ,hem/]huis1 uvres1 i4 pp4 #ad-ah1 #bd1 #ff 7,lettre sur la sculpture1 ,lettre sur les dsirs74 ,a simil> ?\ght 0 appli$ by ,poe to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples 9 poetic composition & has ex]cis$ a great influ5ce on rec5t lit]>y movem5ts4 ,cf4 ,poe1 ,works1 vi4 pp4 #c-f 7,! poetic pr9ciple74 ,= a fur!r elaboration ( ?is notion cf4 ,b\rget1 tudes et portraits1 i4 pp4 #bbe1 #bbf2 ,hansson1 ,ks]i] i my/ik1 pp4 #adj1 #ada2 ,symons1 ,! ,symboli/ ,movem5t1 p4 #acg 7,/phane ,mall>m74 #aei ,c>lyle1 ,s>tor ,res>tus1 p4 #ahj4 #afj ,wagn]1 ,ges4 ,s*rift51 iv4 p4 #ci 7,op] und ,drama74 #afa ,cf4 *ap4 ii4 9 ! prec$+4 #afb ,cf4 ! quotations adduc$ by ,h>nack1 ,die klassis*e /hetik1 pp4 #abd1 #adc1 #afa1 #afd1 #afe4 ,cf4 also von ,/e91 ,goe! und ,s*ill]1 /hetik d] deuts*5 ,klassik]1 pp4 #be1 #bg4 #afc ,ta9e1 ,de l'idal dans l'art1 pp4 #ai1 #ej1 #acj1 #age4 #afd ,= an int]e/+ comp>ison betwe5 ,fr5* & ,engli% ideals ( art1 comp>e ! aphorisms ( ,mr4 ,quilt] 9 ,s5t5ti ,artis1 pp4 #g1 #aba1 ) ! views ( ,ta9e1 z express$1 = example1 9 ,l'idal dans l'art1 p4 #adh4 #afe ,cf4 ,rusk91 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 #a1 i4 ii4 #h2 iii4 iv4 #c1 #ba1 #bd1 #bh4 #aff ,tol/oy1 ,:at is ,art8 ,julius ,lange1 ,om ,kun/vrdi4 ,cf4 also ! rem>ks 9 ,c>p5t]1 ,angels' ,w+s1 ! poetic !ory ( ,holmes1 z set =? 9 ,:at is ,poetry8 & ! def9ition ( ,m>*1 8,evolution & ,psy*ology 9 ,art10 ,m9d1 ,n4,s4 v4 p4 #ddb4 #afg ,ta9e1 ,philosophie de l'art1 p4 #ej4 ,= a j appreciation ( ! "p ( feel+ 9 art see also ,de l'idal dans l'art1 p4 #aeb2 ,rusk91 ,! ,laws ( ,fsole1 *ap4 i4 pp4 #a-g2 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 iii4 iv4 i4 #ac1 #ad2 ,lectures on ,art1 pp4 #hj1 #ha4 #afh ,hir?1 ,aufgab5 d] ,kun/physiologie1 pp4 #ad-af4 #afi ,cf4 von ,/e91 ,goe! und ,s*ill]1 /hetik d] deuts*5 ,klassik]1 p4 #cb4 #agj ,cf4 ! quotations f ,s*ill]'s lett]s to ,goe!1 adduc$ by ,h>nack 9 ,die klassis*e /hetik d] ,deuts*51 pp4 #hi-ib4 #aga ,leconte de ,lisle1 ,pomes b>b>es1 p4 #bba4 #agb ,van ,dyke1 ,pr9ciples ( ,art1 p4 #bha4 #agc ,groos1 ,! ,play ( ,animals1 pp4 #cbg1 #cbh4 #agd ,cf4 especially ,m>*1 8,evolution & ,psy*ology 9 ,art10 9 ,m9d1 ,n4,s4 v4 7#ahif72 ,balf\r1 ,! ,evolution ( ,decorative ,art2 ,haddon1 ,evolution 9 ,art1 & ! pap]s ( ,holmes 9 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 iii4 iv4 vi41 & 9 ,! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 iii4 #age ,= a rec5t def5ce ( ?is !ory see ,t>de1 ,la logique sociale1 pp4 #dde1 #ddf4 #agf ,cf4 *ap4 vi4 9 ! prec$+4 #agg ,cf4 ,mall]y 9 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 i4 pp4 #bhc1 #bhd1 #cdg2 ,sayce1 ,introd4 to ! ,sci5ce ( ,language1 i4 pp4 #ib-id1 #aje-ajg2 ii4 pp4 #cjf-cjh4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t 9 ma9ta9+ ! priority ( pantomimic language ,mr4 ,mall]y always emphasises ! 8in/9ctive0 "* ( ?is means ( communication4 ,cp4 ,rep4 ,bur4 i4 pp4 #cdj1 #cdg4 ,pr(essor ,sayce seems to conceive ge/ure-language z consi/+ only ( dramatically imitat+ 8moves0 or s\nds1 7l4c4 i4 p4 #ajg74 ,pr(essor ,tylor1 on ! o!r h&1 :o takes up a critical position ) reg>d to ! !ory ( ge/ure-language z an int]m$iate /age ( evolution1 speaks ( ge/ure-language z made up by del9eations & indications 7,e>ly ,hi/4 ( ,mank9d1 pp4 #ae1 #af74 ,9 a !oretical discussion x is evid5tly necess>y to ma9ta9 a /rict di/9ction betwe5 ^! diff]5t k9ds ( pantomimic ?\ght-conveyance1 :i* are no d\bt accompani$ by diff]5t degrees ( int5tion4 ,cp4 ,romanes1 ,m5tal ,evol4 9 ,man1 pp4 #hf1 #ajc4 #agh ,cf4 ,kussmaul 9 ,ziemss5's ,cyclopdia1 p4 #ad1 esp4 p4 #ehg 7,di/urbances ( ,spee*47 #agi ,cf4 ,romanes1 l4c4 pp4 #aac1 #adh1 #adi1 on ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! con/ructions ( spok5 language on ! ge/ure-language ( deaf-mutes4 #ahj ,cf4 ,tylor1 l4c4 pp4 #gd-gi1 on ! improbability ( ! /ories ab\t tribes :o _c make !mselves und]/ood by ea* o!r )\t ! help ( ge/ures4 ,dr4 ,tylor's criticism ( ,capta9 ,burton's /atem5t t ! ,aropahos 8c h>dly conv]se ) "o ano!r 9 ! d>k0 has be5 amply confirm$ by ! subsequ5t rese>*es ( ,mall]y4 ,cf4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 i4 pp4 #cad1 #cae4 ,naturally1 !re=e1 "o feels incl9$ to adopt a sceptical attitude ) reg>d to ,miss ,k+sley's ass]tion t ! language ( ! ,bubis 8dep5ds s mu* on ge/ure t !y _c talk 9 x to ea* o!r 9 ! d>k0 7,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa1 p4 #dci74 ,cf41 h[ev]1 ) reg>d to ! elem5t ( ge/ure 9 ,we/ ,african languages1 ,k+sley1 ,we/ ,african ,/udies1 p4 #bcg4 #aha ,wood1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,man1 i4 p4 #bff 7,bu%m572 ,cranz1 ,hi/orie von ,grnl&1 i4 p4 #bgi4 ,z to ! ,au/ralians ! /atem5ts are some:at contradictory4 ,mr4 ,curr 7,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 p4 #ic7 says t 8"s tribes express a few ?+s by signs made ) _! h&s2 b1 on ! :ole1 ! ,au/ralian is v little giv5 to ge/iculation40 ,?is /atem5t1 h[ev]1 has be5 expressly enc\nt]$ by ,mr4 ,/irl+1 :o describes a v ext5sive sy/em ( signs4 ,rep4 ,horn ,exp$4 iv4 ,an?ropology1 pp4 #aaa-abe4 ,cf4 also ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes1 p4 #ejj4 #ahb ,/irl+1 l4c4 p4 #aab4 #ahc ,ro?1 ,w4 ,e41 ,n4,w4,c4 ,que5sl& ,aborig9es1 pp4 #ga sq4 #ahd ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #be4 #ahe ,ro?1 ,w4 ,e41 ,n4,w4,c4 ,que5sl&1 p4 #ga4 ,cf4 a rem>k 9 ! same direction by ,mall]y1 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 i4 p4 #cab4 #ahf ,see ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 p4 #ahg2 ,mall]y1 l4c4 pp4 #bie1 #cjg2 ,sayce1 ,introd4 ,sci5ce ( ,lang4 i4 p4 #ic4 ,comp>e also ! classic in/ance ( ,sicily1 meet+-gr\nd ( s _m peoples4 #ahg ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #be2 ,ro?1 l4c4 p4 #ga4 #ahh ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,c5tral-,brasili5s1 p4 #gb2 ,mall]y1 l4c4 p4 #cjg4 #ahi ,mall]y1 l4c4 pp4 #caa1 #cab4 ,t ! ge/ure-language ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians is to be expla9$ z a result ( peculi> geographical conditions 0 rem>k$ already by ,dugald ,/ew>t1 ,elem5ts ( ! ,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d1 iii4 pp4 #ai-bb4 #aij ,cf4 ! int]e/+ descriptions ( ,maori political meet+s 9 ,e>le1 ,new ,zeal&1 p4 #ia2 ,%ortl&1 ,traditions ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 p4 #aga4 #aia ,home1 ,elem5ts ( ,criticism1 i4 p4 #dce4 #aib ,= an appreciation ( pantomimic action z means ( convey+ religi\s feel+s see ,mr4 ,tylor's description ( ! s]vice 9 ! deaf-dumb in/itution ( ,b]l91 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 p4 #cc4 #aic ,mall]y 9 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol4 i4 p4 #cgj4 #aid ,von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,c5tral-,brasili5s1 p4 #bdd4 #aie ,mall]y 9 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol4 i4 p4 #cgj4 ,cf4 also ,mall]y1 l4c4 x4 7#ahhh-hi71 7,picture-writ+ ( ! ,n4,a4 ,indians74 ,t ! pictographic elem5ts to a l>ge ext5t h be5 influ5c$ by ! manual signs 0 rem>k$ already 9 #ahcf by ,raf9esque4 ,cf4 ,br9ton1 ,! ,l5ape1 p4 #aeb1 :]e ! m]its & ! priority ( ?is peculi> au?or are v9dicat$4 #aif ,groos1 ,die ,spiele d] ,m5s*51 p4 #djf4 #aig ,= examples ( pictorial art subs]vi5t to su* purely practical purposes see ,mall]y1 l4c4 x4 pp4 #cbi-cge4 #aih ,im ,?urn1 ,primitive ,games1 pp4 #bgc1 #bge4 #aii ,ro?1 ,n4,w4,c4 ,que5sl& ,aborig9es1 pp4 #aag1 #aah4 ,oldfield 78,! ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia10 9 ,trans4 ,e?nol4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4 iii4 p4 #beg7 describes a ,wat*&ie pantomime1 imitat+ ! proce$+s ( ! :ite man 9 hunt+ :ales1 & compos$ by an old native :o _h "s "t be=e visit$ ! coa/4 #bjj ,wilson & ,felk91 ,ug&a1 ii4 p4 #de4 ,= imitations ( ! :ite man 9 dramatic dances see also ,l&]1 ,clapp]ton's ,la/ ,exp$ition1 i4 pp4 #abj1 #aba2 ,cook1 ,voyage ,t[>ds ! ,s\? ,pole 7#b ,voy471 i4 p4 #cfh4 #bja ,cook1 ,voyage ,t[>ds ! ,s\? ,pole 7#b ,voy471 i4 p4 #cef 7,huahe9e74 #bjb ,lev]t91 ,f>s o* f>sr]1 p4 #gh1 especially ! quotation f ,*appuy's 8,l'av>e cornu0 7#aehj74 #bjc ,= songs describ+ ! incid5ts 9 a travel see ,bat*elor1 ,! ,a9u1 pp4 #abc1 #abd2 ,*amisso1 9 ,kotzebue's ,reis51 iii4 p4 #fg 7,radack72 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes1 pp4 #ch1 #ci 7,tapl91 8,! ,n>r9y]i072 ,grey1 ,j\rnals1 ii4 p4 #bec2 ,polack1 ,new ,zeal&]s1 ii4 pp4 #afg1 #afh4 ,on curr5t ev5ts z subjects ( primitive poetry cf4 ,bonwick1 ,tasmanians1 p4 #bi2 ,k+sley1 ,travels1 p4 #ff1 7,bubis72 ,curr1 ,au/ralian ,race1 iii4 p4 #afi 7,ma!w1 ,m>y ,riv] ,natives72 ,metz1 ,neilgh]ry ,hills1 p4 #cj 7,todas72 ,ahlqvi/1 ,acta ,soc4 ,sci5t4 ,f5n4 xiv4 78,wogul5 und ,o/jak5072 ,day1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,z4 ,soc4 #ahgj1 p4 #aeg 7,obs]v4 on ! ,&amanese72 ,ehr5rei* 9 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 xix4 p4 #cb 7,botokudos72 ,erman1 ,travels 9 ,sib]ia1 ii4 pp4 #db1 #dc 7,o/yak songs & pantomimes74 #bjd ,cf4 ,bonwick1 ,daily ,life & ,orig9 ( ! ,tasmanians1 p4 #bi2 ,l5z1 ,skizz5 aus ,we/ ,afrika1 pp4 #aaj1 #aaa 7,abongos72 ,s*neid]1 ,die ,naturvlk]1 ii4 p4 #bce1 #bcf 7,int]ior ,africa74 #bje ,cf4 ,eyre1 ,exp$itions into ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ii4 p4 #bdj2 ,cruick%ank1 ,eighte5 ,ye>s on ! ,gold ,coa/1 ii4 p4 #bff4 #bjf ,/4 ,john1 ,f> ,ea/1 i4 p4 #aad 7,kayans ( ,b>am72 ,pe!rick1 ,egypt1 p4 #acj 7,hassanyeh ,arabs72 ,molli51 ,travels1 p4 #gd 7,jol(fs74 #bjg ,woods1 l4c4 pp4 #ch1 #ci 7,tapl91 8,! ,n>r9y]i074 ,cf4 ! solos 9 ! ,atiu canoe-song1 describ+ ! guns ( ,capta9 ,cook4 ,gill1 ,f ,d>kness to ,light1 p4 #bfc4 ,on ! song ( ! ,m>%all ,isl&]s describ+ ! %ips ( ! ,russian exp$ition1 ! dresses ( ! sailors1 etc41 see ,ri5zi1 ,ocanie1 ii4 p4 #aif4 #bjh ,v>igny1 ,quatorze ans aux ,iles ,s&wi*1 pp4 #ah-bc1 p>ticul>ly p4 #ai4 ,a %ort ref]5ce to ! same song c be f\nd 9 ,=n&]1 ,! ,polynesian ,race1 ii4 p4 #aga4 #bji ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n1 pp4 #bdd sq41 #bdh1 #bdi4 #baj ,hyades1 9 ,mission sci5tifique du ,cap ,horn1 vii4 p4 #bec4 #baa ,m>tial1 ibid4 i4 p4 #bad4 #bab ,mr4 ,bridges' unpubli%$ "w1 quot$ by ,hyades1 l4c4 vii4 p4 #cgg4 #bac ,cranz1 ,hi/orie von ,grnl&1 i4 p4 #bib4 #bad ,cranz1 l4c4 p4 #bbi4 #bae ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #dg1 #dh2 cf4 ,romilly1 ,my ,v]&ah 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #hg4 #baf ,kle9s*midt1 9 ,j\rnal des ,museum ,godeffroy1 xiv4 #ahgi1 p4 #bfh4 78,reis5 auf d5 ,viti ,inseln4 ,insel ,vatu ,lele074 ,williams1 ,fiji1 pp4 #ii1 #adb2 ,sp5c]1 ,descriptive ,sociology1 ,division ,i4 ,nr4 iii4 p4 #fj4 #bag ,le!rman1 9 ,smi?sonian ,report1 #ahee1 pp4 #bie1 #bif 7,! ,navajo tribe74 #bah ,cf4 ,mat!ws1 ,navaho ,leg5ds1 pp4 #bb-bf1 :]e ! ass]tions ( ,dr4 ,le!rman are quot$ & oppos$4 #bai ,cook4 7#a/7 ,voyage1 p4 #chh2 ,lubbock1 ,prehi/oric ,times1 p4 #dbf2 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 iii4 p4 #gh4 #bbj ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes1 ii4 p4 xii4 #bba ,s*oolcraft1 l4c4 i4 p4 #ah4 #bbb ,lubbock1 l4c4 p4 #dbf4 #bbc ,kane1 ,w&]+s1 p4 #agi4 #bbd ,see infra1 p4 #age4 #bbe ,) reg>d to ! traditional art ( ! ,au/ralian natives comp>e ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes1 pp4 #bbj sq4 #dgc1 #dhe2 ,lloyd1 ,tasmania & ,victoria1 p4 #dff4 #bbf ,cf4 e4g4 ,/e951 ,dur* ,c5tral ,brasili51 pp4 #bff1 #bfg1 on a ,yuruna dance4 #bbg ,cf4 ,b\rke1 ,scatologic ,rites1 p4 #be4 #bbh ,b\rke1 8,! ,m$ic9e-m5 ( ! ,apa*e10 9 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol4 ix4 #ahhg-hh4 #bbi ,cf4 ,b\rke1 ,scatologic ,rites1 pp4 #f1 #g1 #fd1 & ! au?or's ,fr/udi] till en kon/filos(i1 pp4 #aad1 #aai4 #bcj ,b\rke1 ,! ,snake-,dance ( ! ,moquis1 pp4 #agh1 #agi4 #bca ,cf4 ! au?or's ,skildr+> ur ,pueblo folk5s kon/lif 7,! ,art-life ( ! ,pueblo-,indians71 passim4 #bcb ,cf4 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 p4 #gig4 #bcc ,cf4 especially ,fewkes1 8,! ,snake ,c]emonials at ,walpi10 9 ,j\rn4 ,am]ican ,e?nology & ,ar*ology1 vol4 iv41 especially pp4 #aai1 #abd4 #bcd ,a detail$ acc\nt ( ^! pray]s has be5 giv5 9 ,pueblo folk5s kon/lif1 passim4 #bce ,cf4 ,tylor1 ,prim4 ,culture1 i4 pp4 #cib sq4 #bcf ,mooney1 9 ,! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 iii4 pp4 #ajh1 #aji 78,! ,*]okee ,ball-,play074 #bcg ,groos1 ,die ,spiele d] ,m5s*51 pp4 #bdf1 #bdg4 #bch ,rclus1 ,les ,primitifs1 p4 #cef4 ,= "s unmi/akable examples ( my?s second>y to ! correspond+ rites see ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #ddc4 #bci ,cf4 ,ab]cromby1 ,pre-& ,proto-hi/oric ,f9ns1 i4 pp4 #ceh1 #cei1 ii4 p4 #da4 #bdj ,erman1 ,travels1 ii4 pp4 #ej1 #ea4 #bda ,lubbock1 ,orig9 ( ,civilisation1 pp4 #cef sq4 #bdb ,cf4 ,k+sley1 ,travels1 p4 #dgc4 ,on ! difficulty ( decid+ :e!r a giv5 piece ( sculpture is to be int]pret$ z an idol or z a m]ely memorial portrait1 see ,br9ton1 ,report ^u ! ,collections1 etc41 p4 #cc4 #bdc ,s*we9fur?1 ,artes ,african1 pl4 viii4 f4 #e2 ,cruick%ank1 ,eighte5 ,ye>s on ! ,gold ,coa/1 ii4 pp4 #bgj1 #bga2 ,s*meltz1 ,e?nol4 ,ab!il4 des ,mus4 ,godeffroy1 p4 #bda4 #bdd ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #agc1 #agd4 ,! same views h be5 express$ by ,f9s*1 ,e?nologis*e ,erfahrung51 pp4 #bee-beg2 ,samoafahrt51 pp4 #dg-di1 #ge1 #age4 #bde ,polack1 ,new ,zeal&1 i4 pp4 #aae1 #aaf1 #bcf1 #bcg2 ,robley1 ,moko1 pp4 #hh sq4 ,cf4 ab\t 8,moko0-tattoo+ z a means ( recognis+ individuals1 liv+ or dead1 ,robley1 l4c4 pp4 #aca1 #adf1 #adg1 #aei4 #bdf ,&ree1 ,e?nographis*e ,p>allel51 i4 pp4 #beh-bfa4 ,! rem>ks ( ,h]r ,&ree h be5 emphatically support$ by von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,c5tral ,brasili5s1 p4 #bdd2 cf4 also ,h(fman1 ,e?nographic ,obs]vations1 9 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 & ,geogr4 ,survey1 #ahgf1 especially p4 #dge4 #bdg ,im ,?urn1 ,indians ( ,guiana1 pp4 #djc-daj4 ,on simil> gr\nds ! application ( ,h]r ,&ree's !ory to ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,petroglyphs has be5 oppos$ by ,mall]y1 9 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol4 x4 pp4 #bh1 #bi 78,picture-writ+ ( ! ,am]ican ,indians074 #bdh ,svoboda1 9 ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie1 v4 pp4 #afb1 #afc4 ,cf4 also ,mey]1 ,bild]s*rift5 des ,o/9dis*5 ,ar*ipels1 p4 #a4 #bdi ,cf4 ,grey1 ,j\rnals1 ii4 p4 #caj4 #bej ,z typical illu/rations ( ?is class ( leg5ds we may in/ance ! ,polynesian poems quot$ by ,=n&]1 ,! ,polynesian ,race1 ii4 #ab-ai1 #bhd-bhf4 #bea ,cf4 pp4 #afj1 #afa1 9 ! prec$+1 & ,gill1 ,f ,d>kness to ,light1 pp4 #bdh-bfd4 #beb ,see ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 i4 p4 #bhf2 iv4 pp4 #gi1 #aja1 #aje2 ,prit*>d1 ,polynesian ,rem9isc5ces1 p4 #abe2 ,polack1 ,new ,zeal&]s1 ii4 p4 #afg2 &1 above all1 ! collection ( traditional w>-poetry f ! ,h]vey ,gr\p1 publi%$ by ,gill 9 ,f ,d>kness to ,light4 #bec ,cf4 above1 p4 #afe4 #bed ,ovi$o1 ,hi/oire des ,indes1 pp4 #fi1 #gj2 ,m>kham1 9 ! ,introduction to 8 translation ( ,ollanta1 pp4 #a1 #b2 ,sp5c]1 ,descr4 ,soc4 ii4 pp4 #ac1 #fh1 #gj1 #ga2 ,=bes1 ,dahomey1 ii4 p4 #ac4 ,on hi/orical songs among ! milit>y tribes ( ,africa cf4 also ,%oot]1 ,! ,kafirs1 p4 #bfh2 ,burton1 ,lake ,regions1 i4 p4 #bfc 7,wagogos74 ,z reg>ds ! influ5ce ( w> on e>ly ,arab poetry see ,posnett1 ,comp>ative ,lit]ature1 p4 #acc4 #bee ,cf4 e4g4 ! humble traditions ( ! ,kubus1 z quot$ by ,=bes1 ,w&]+s1 p4 #bdc4 #bef ,la+1 ,travels1 p4 #ahf 7,village ,kamia72 ,dobrizh(f]1 ,! ,abipones1 ii4 pp4 #dcj1 #dca4 #beg ,p>k]1 ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 pp4 #be1 #bf2 ,h[itt 9 ,j\rn4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xiii4 pp4 #dec1 #ded 7,au/ralian c]emonies ( initiation71 & ,cam]on 9 ! same j\rnal1 xiv4 p4 #ceh 7,tribes ( ,n4,s4 ,wales72 ! la/ two in/ances quot$ 9 ,fraz]1 ,totemism1 p4 #dg4 ,see also ,fison1 8,! ,nanga10 9 ,j4 ,a4 ,i4 xiv41 esp4 p4 #bb1 on an initiation c]emony 9 ,fiji1 repres5t+ ! ance/ors ly+ dead & com+ to life aga91 :i* curi\sly resembles ,coll9s's description & pictures ( an ,au/ralian initiation 7,coll9s1 ,n4,s4 ,wales1 i4 p4 #ege74 ,= a some:at analog\s drama 9 ,ea/ ,africa see ,dale1 ,j\rn4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxv4 p4 #ahi 7,bondi c\ntry74 ,= int]pretation ( all ^! rites see ,fraz]1 ,totemism1 p4 #dg2 & ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 pp4 #cdc-cei4 #beh ,c>v]1 ,travels1 pp4 #age-ahj2 ,s*oolcraft1 ,in=mation1 v4 pp4 #dbh sq4 ,bo? quot$ by ,fraz]4 ,to be comp>$ ) ! initiation into ! ,secret ,society ( ,nkimba--,w>d 9 ,j\rn4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxiv4 pp4 #bhh1 #bhi 7,congo tribes74 #bei ,crane1 ,bases ( ,design1 p4 #ahi4 #bfj ,cf4 ,haddon1 ,evolution 9 ,art1 pp4 #bbj1 #bba4 #bfa ,br[n1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,orig9 & ,rise ( ,poetry1 pp4 #di1 #ej4 #bfb ,d>w91 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 ii4 pp4 #ajc1 #abd1 #abe2 cf4 also ii4 pp4 #dcf1 #dcg1 & ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 i4 p4 #aji4 #bfc ,ribot1 ,psy*ologie de l'att5tion1 pp4 #dd1 #de4 #bfd ,esp9as1 ,des socits animales1 p4 #bhd4 #bfe ,brehm1 ,?i]leb51 v4 pp4 #fja1 #fjb2 cf4 also ,wallace1 ,tropical ,nature1 p4 #aii4 #bff ,nilsson1 ,fogl>na1 ii4 p4 #ef2 ,lloyd1 ,game ,birds & ,wild ,f[l1 p4 #ha4 #bfg ,g$des & ,?omson1 ,! ,evolution ( ,sex1 p4 #bh4 #bfh ,d>w91 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 ii4 pp4 #ajg-aji1 #beb4 #bfi ,cf4 ,wallace1 ,tropical ,nature1 pp4 #aif-aih1 ,d>w9ism1 p4 #bhd2 ,we/]m>ck1 ,human ,m>riage1 pp4 #bdd1 #bej4 #bgj ,wallace1 ,tropical ,nature1 pp4 #aic1 #bji1 #baj1 #bac2 ,d>w9ism1 pp4 #bhd1 #bhg1 #bib1 #bid4 #bga ,d>w91 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 ii4 p4 #ajc4 #bgb ,cf4 ,wallace1 ,d>w9ism1 p4 #bic2 ,tropical ,nature1 p4 #aii4 #bgc ,cf4 ,s*neid]1 ,d] ,?i]is*e ,wille1 p4 #cfg4 #bgd ,cf4 ab\t ! relation betwe5 sexual rip5+ & ! developm5t ( ! vocal organs1 ,buffon1 ,hi/4 nat4 des oiseaux1 i4 pp4 #ba1 #bb4 #bge ,= "s sugge/ive rem>ks 9 ?is direction see ,esp9as1 ,des socits animales1 p4 #cac2 & ! anonym\s pap] on 8,! ,desc5t ( ,man0 9 ,! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 #ahga1 vol4 cxiii4 p4 #fb4 #bgf ,we/]m>ck1 ,human ,m>riage1 pp4 #bde1 #bdi4 #bgg ,l9dsay1 ,m9d 9 ! ,l[] ,animals1 i4 p4 #beb1 #bec2 ii4 pp4 #abf1 #bai1 #bbj2 ,grant ,all51 ,! ,col\r ,s5se1 pp4 #aai1 #aeg1 #afg2 ,romanes1 ,animal ,intellig5ce1 p4 #bdg4 #bgh ,d>w91 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 ii4 pp4 #abc-abe2 ,nilsson1 ,fogl>na1 i4 pp4 #bjb1 #bjf2 ,l9dsay1 ,m9d 9 ! ,l[] ,animals1 ii4 p4 #aeb2 ,corni%1 ,life at ! ,zoo1 pp4 #aja-ajc1 #aje1 #ajf4 #bgi ,romanes1 ,d>w91 i4 p4 #cha2 ,b*n]1 ,liebe und ,liebes-,leb51 p4 #eb4 #bhj ,becc>i1 8,le capanne dell' ,amblyornis inornata10 9 ,annali del museo civico di /oria naturale di ,g5ova1 ix4 pp4 #chb-cia4 #bha ,d>w91 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 ii4 p4 #gg4 #bhb ,cf4 especially ! dresses ( ,homophania insectivora1 ,petasophora cyanotis1 & ,/eganura und]woodi1 z depict$ 9 ,mulsant1 ,hi/4 nat4 des oiseaux-m\*es1 ,pl4 #fb1 #ia;a1 #aaj4 #bhc ,b9et1 ,le fti*isme dans l'am\r1 etc41 pp4 #beg sq4 7,l'int5sit des images m5tales74 #bhd ,groos1 ,! ,play ( ,animals1 pp4 #bdc1 #bhc2 cf4 also ,hellwald1 ,die m5s*li*e ,familie1 pp4 #ad-af2 ,van ,ende1 ,hi/4 nat4 de la croyance1 ,i4 ,l'animal1 p4 #bch4 #bhe ,d>w91 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 ii4 pp4 #ajf1 #ajg4 #bhf ,wallace1 ,d>w9ism1 pp4 #bhd1 #bhg1 #bib1 #bid4 #bhg ,sp5c]1 ,essays1 ii4 pp4 #dbg1 #dcj1 #dca4 ,"s ( ! argum5ts ( ,sp5c] _h be5 adduc$ by ,b>r+ton 9 8 polemic aga9/ ,buffon4 ,cf4 ,philosophical ,transactions1 #aggc1 pp4 #bfb1 #bfc 7,exp]im5ts on ! s++ ( birds74 #bhh ,hudson1 ,! ,naturali/ 9 ,la ,plata1 pp4 #bhj sq4 #bhi ,a m detail$ acc\nt ( ?is "q has be5 giv5 9 ! au?or's ,fr/udi] till en kon/filos(i1 pp4 #bi1 #cj4 #bij ,esp9as1 ,des socits animales1 p4 #cbh4 #bia ,= exp]im5ts prov+ ! invigorat+ effects ( col\r-impression ^u ! animal organism1 p>ticul>ly ^u insects1 see ,fr1 ,pa?ology ( ,emotions1 p4 #bc4 #bib ,brehm1 ,?i]leb51 iv4 p4 #bj2 cf4 also ,s*neid]1 ,d] ?i]is*e ,wille1 p4 #agb2 ,esp9as1 l4c4 p4 #bhf2 ,groos1 ,! ,play ( ,animals1 pp4 #bdb-bdd4 #bic ,groos1 l4c4 p4 #bdb4 #bid ,groos1 ,! ,play ( ,animals1 pp4 #bdd1 #bde2 ,die ,spiele d] ,m5s*51 pp4 #cbi-cdj4 #bie ,d>w91 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 ii4 pp4 #ah1 #id1 #aaj1 #acg4 #bif ,ibid4 ii4 p4 #bea4 ,:5 advocat+ ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( sexual selection1 ,pr(essor ,p\lton seems to use ! notion 8/hetic appreciation0 9 ?is wide s5se4 ,cf4 ,col\rs ( ,animals1 p4 #bhf4 #big ,cf4 ,d>w91 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 ii4 pp4 #fg1 #gd4 #bih ,ibid4 ii4 p4 #fg4 #bii ,nilsson1 ,fogl>na1 ii4 p4 #ahe4 #cjj ,ibid4 ii4 p4 #h2 i4 p4 #eji4 #cja ,we/]m>ck1 ,human ,m>riage1 pp4 #bjj1 #bja1 #bab4 #cjb ,ibid4 pp4 #aif1 #aih4 #cjc ,s*urtz1 ,grundzge e9] ,philosophie d] ,tra*t1 pp4 #ba1 #eg1 #gg1 #hj4 #cjd ,z reg>ds ^! v>i\s means ( 8embelli%m5t0 see ! collection ( in/ances 9 ,magitot1 8,les mutilations e?niques10 9 ,congrs d'an?ropologie1 #ahhj4 #cje ,cf4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,human ,m>riage1 pp4 #bfe1 #bff2 ,lipp]t1 ,kulturges*i*te1 i4 pp4 #cfh1 #cfi4 #cjf ,cf4 ,br9ton1 ,races & ,peoples1 p4 #dc4 #cjg ,ahlqvi/1 ,mui/elmia1 p4 #aa4 #cjh ,humboldt1 ,travels1 iii4 p4 #bcf2 cf4 ,joe/1 ,tt[ir51 pp4 #ad1 #ae2 ,br9ton1 ,races & ,peoples1 p4 #db4 #cji ,we/]m>ck1 ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #bfc2 ,lipp]t1 ,kulturges*i*te1 i4 pp4 #djb-dje4 #caj ,cf4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,human ,m>riage1 pp4 #aie1 #bjj1 #bja4 #caa ,we/]m>ck1 l4c4 pp4 #aif-aih2 cf4 also ,f9s*1 ,e?nologis*e ,erfahrung51 p4 #dd 7,new ,zeal&74 #cab ,frits*1 ,die ,e+ebor55 ,sd-,afrikas1 pp4 #eh1 #ei2 ,/e951 ,"u d5 ,naturvlk]n1 pp4 #aia1 #aib2 ,lisiansky1 ,voyage1 p4 #hf2 ,moseley 9 ,j\rn4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 vi4 p4 #cih2 ,f9s*1 l4c4 pp4 #fd1 #he1 #bbe2 ,ro?1 ,w4 ,e41 ,n4,w4,c4 ,que5sl& ,aborig9es1 p4 #aac2 ,wilk51 ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 pp4 #cg1 #ch2 ,fhr] dur* das ,museum fr ,vlk]kunde1 p4 #hg4 #cac ,ro?1 l4c4 p4 #aad4 #cad ,wilk51 l4c4 p4 #ch2 cf4 also ,/e951 l4c4 pp4 #aie1 #aif4 #cae ,we/]m>ck1 ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #bji4 #caf ,= "s curi\s sup]/itions ( ?is k9d see ,s*neid]1 ,die ,naturvlk]1 i4 p4 #bfi4 #cag ,som]ville1 9 ,j\rn4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxiii4 p4 #cfh 7,notes on ! ,new ,hebrides74 #cah ,elwor?y1 ,! ,evil ,eye1 pp4 #af1 #adh-aed2 ,s*urtz1 9 ,ar*iv fr ,an?ropologie1 xxii4 p4 #fj 7,amulette und ,zaub]mittel72 ,svoboda1 ,ges*i*te d] ,ideale1 i4 pp4 #bid-bif1 on obsc5e amulets 9 classical art4 ,x may be rem>k$ t i?yphallic talismans are especially num]\s 9 & ab\t ,new ,gu9ea4 ,cf4 ,s*meltz 9 ,de ,cl]cq1 ,n$]l&s* ,nieuw-,gu9ea1 p4 #bdd4 #cai ,kle9paul1 ,spra*e ohne ,worte1 p4 #bge4 ,cf4 also ! obsc5e & indec5t "* ( ! devil dances on ,ceylon--,sirr1 ,ceylon1 ii4 p4 #eb4 ,to ! same sup]/iti\s motives we may p]haps also ascribe ! occurr5ce ( improp] dances & pantomimes at fun]als1 i4e4 at an occasion :5 !re is especial reason to fe> ! influ5ce ( malignant spirits4 ,= in/ances ( su* fun]al c]emonies see ,la+1 ,travels1 p4 #cfh 7,soolimas72 ,metz1 ,neilgh]ry ,hills1 pp4 #gg1 #gh 7,badagas72 ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 vi4 p4 #djg 7,polynesia74 ,! int]pretation ( ^! peculi> rites mu/1 h[ev]1 necess>ily be only hypo!tical4 ,= o!r explanations ( !m see ,rclus1 ,les ,primitifs1 p4 #bdb1 & ,svoboda1 l4c4 i4 p4 #eeg4 #cbj ,on exposure z an (f5ce cf4 ! in/ructive in/ances quot$ 9 ,ellis1 ,man & ,woman1 p4 #fa4 #cba ,ratzel1 ,vlk]kunde1 i4 p4 #fd4 ,on sup]/iti\s motives = cov]+ ! organs ( g5]ation cf4 also ,crawley 9 ,j\rn4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxiv41 especially pp4 #dda1 #ddb 7,sexual ,taboo74 ,! ,bible text 7,g5esis ix4 #ba-be71 :i* has be5 int]pret$ by ,s*urtz 7,philosophie d] ,tra*t1 p4 #ef7 z a case ( mode/y1 is und\bt$ly to be expla9$ by ref]5ce to phallic sup]/itions4 #cbb ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes1 p4 #abe4 ,on some:at simil> notions ent]ta9$ by ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 cf4 ! in/ances quot$ 9 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 p4 #bd4 #cbc ,h>tl&1 ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 i4 pp4 #agi1 #ahj2 cf4 also ,m>sd51 ,sumatra1 p4 #big 7,lampongs74 #cbd ,h>tl&1 l4c4 i4 p4 #agj4 #cbe ,ibid4 i4 p4 #agj2 ,fraz]1 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 p4 #bcg4 #cbf ,cf4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,human ,m>riage1 pp4 #agc sq42 ,joe/1 ,tt[ir51 p4 #ef4 #cbg ,cf4 ,tet5s & ,kub>y 9 ,j\rnal des ,museum ,godeffroy1 ii4 p4 #af 7,yap72 ,kub>y1 l4c4 viii4 p4 #acc 7,pelew ,isl&s3 ,gems & bracelets z badges & class di/9ctions72 ,angas1 ,polynesia1 pp4 #bic1 #big 7,tahiti3 diff]5t ranks among ! ,areoi di/+ui%$ by diff]5t tattoo+s72 ,s*meltz1 ,e?nol4 ,ab!ilung des ,museum ,godeffroy1 pp4 #ahb sq41 #bei-bfa1 #dgh sq4 7,fiji2 ,m>quesas ,isl&s2 ,samoa3 tattoo+s z connect$ ) di/9ctions ( rank74 ,^! facts are1 z ,s*meltz rem>ks1 9 direct opposition to ! /atem5ts ( ,f9s* 9 ,v]h&lung5 d4 ,b]l9 ,an?ropol4 ,gesells*aft1 #ahgi1 p4 #dad4--,ltke does n himself ?9k t ! ri*ness ( tattoo patt]ns on ! ,c>ol9e ,isl&s /&s 9 any relation to ! rank ( ! tattoo$ individual2 b he admits t "s memb]s ( 8 exp$ition _h got su* an impression1 ,voyage1 i4 pp4 #cei1 #cfj4 ,! belief ( ! ,fijians1 to :i* s curi\s an analogy has be5 f\nd among ! ,eskimos 7,lubbock1 ,prehi/4 ,times1 p4 #efe2 ,hall1 ,arctic ,rese>*es1 p4 #egj71 t only tattoo$ p are entitl$ to happ9ess aft] dea? may p]haps be connect$ ) notions ( an ,elysium res]v$ = individuals ( a c]ta9 rank4 ,cf4 also ,ym]1 iv4 p4 #cag1 on ! views ( ! ,pelew isl&]s z to nose ornam5ts z a condition = ent]+ ! realm ( spirits1 & ,f9s*1 ,e?nol4 ,erfahrung51 p4 #caf1 quot+1 ) res]vation1 ,kirby on a ,gilb]t's ,isl& p>adise1 op5 only to ! spirits ( tattoo$ p4 ,) reg>d to ! ,african tribes we are unable to adduce any unambigu\s in/ances ( sc>s z d5ot+ rank & /atus4 ,see1 h[ev]1 ,ellis1 ,ee-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #adf4 #cbh ,wundt1 ,e?ik4 p4 #aeb4 #cbi ,kub>y1 ,j\rnal des ,museum ,godeffroy1 viii4 p4 #acc 7,pelew & ,ponape ,isl&]s74 #ccj ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ii4 pp4 #ge1 #agd sq41 #ahd sq42 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n1 p4 #agi4 #cca ,) reg>d to ! lat] developm5ts ( su* triumphal signs comp>e e4g4 ,wuttke1 ,ges*i*te d4 ,s*rift1 i4 pp4 #ajh sq42 ,wilk51 ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 pp4 #cf1 #cg2 ,joe/1 ,welt-,fahrt51 ii4 p4 #cja 7,=mosa72 ,bur*ell1 ,travels1 ii4 p4 #ece 7,ba*ap9s74 #ccb ,s*neid]1 ,die ,naturvlk]1 i4 pp4 #aji1 #aaj2 ,robley1 ,moko1 p4 #df2 ,godd5 9 ,j\rn4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxvi4 p4 #ahe 7,nagas72 ,man1 ,j\rn4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 p4 #ce1 ?9ks t ! ,&amanese tattoo+ is execut$ 8prim>ily z ornam5tal1 & second>ily z prov+ ! c\rage ( ! individual & 8 7or h]7 p[] ( endur+ pa940 #ccc ,s*neid]1 l4c4 i4 p4 #ajg4 #ccd ,on tattoo+ z a pictography comp>e ,wuttke1 ,ges*i*te d] ,s*rift1 i4 pp4 #ig-ii1 #ajb4 #cce ,/olpe1 ,tt[irung d] ,o/]-,insulan]1 p4 #h4 #ccf ,cf4 ,s>as91 ,=s*ung5 auf ,ceylon1 iii4 p4 #eaa 7,magical cords worn by ! ,v$das3 ! cu/om consid]$ to be ( ,s+halese orig972 ,man1 ,j\rn4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xii4 p4 #hf 7,bone necklaces worn by ! ,&amanese z a cure = sickness72 ,ibid4 p4 #agj 7,sup]/iti\s notions ( ! ,&amanese ) reg>d to tattoo+72 ,/ev5s1 8,wilde ,/mme ,malkas10 9 ,v]ff4 d4 ,mus4 ,vlk]kunde1 ii4 p4 #ade 7,amulet coll>s72 ,m>%all1 ,todas1 p4 #di 7,r+s & bracelets z *>ms72 ,elliot1 ,memoirs on ! ,races ( ! ,n4 ,w4 ,prov9ces ( ,india1 i4 p4 #bdj 7,black 8m\*es0 worn on ! face = av]t+ evil eye72 ,bock1 ,temples & ,elephants1 p4 #agj 7,sup]/iti\s tattoo+s among ,burmese & ,ngi\s72 ,smy?1 ,victoria1 i4 p4 #aab2 & ,tapl91 8,! ,n>r9y]i10 9 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes1 p4 #ba 7,hair ( deceas$ worn ar\nd ! head 9 ord] to make 8! eyes l>ge & ! sight ke5072 ,ro?1 ,tasmania1 p4 #gf 7,bones ( deceas$ worn z amulets72 ,k+sley1 ,travels1 p4 #ddh 7,*>m-gems 9 ,w4 ,africa72 ,ellis1 ,w4 ,african ,sket*es1 p4 #i 7,bodily pa9t+ z m$ical cure among ,fantis71 pp4 #aia1 #aib 7,tattoo+ suppos$ to /r5g!n a *ild74 ,= fur!r int]e/+ in/ances see ,wuttke1 ,ges*i*te d] ,s*rift1 i4 p4 #gg2 cf4 also ! facts ab\t lac]ation z m$ical cure collect$ on p4 #fg 9 ! prec$+4 #ccg ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n1 p4 #ahd4 #cch ,ibid4 l4c4 pp4 #agc1 #ahf2 cf4 ! ass]tions ( ,burton1 ,lake ,regions1 ii4 p4 #fc 7,wajiji ,tribe3 ,tattoo+ expla9$ z a protection aga9/ ! humid atmosph]e72 ,ro?1 ,tasmania1 pp4 #aci-ada4 #cci ,lipp]t1 ,kulturges*i*te1 i4 pp4 #ah1 #cfe1 #cff4 #cdj ,cf4 ,haddon1 ,evolution 9 ,art1 p4 #bjc2 ,grosse1 ,anfnge d] ,kun/1 pp4 #acj-acc4 #cda ,robley1 ,moko1 pp4 #aj-af4 ,cf41 h[ev]1 ,%ortl& 7,new ,zeal&1 pp4 #af1 #ag71 :o expla9s ,moko z be+ only a 8fa%ionable mode ( adornm5t10 & ,dieff5ba* 7,new ,zeal&1 ii4 p4 #cd71 :o ?9ks t ! use ( ,moko = signatures is a mod]n inv5tion4 ,tattoo+s :i* s]ve z individual m>ks ( recognition are m5tion$ by ,h]iot1 ,travels ?r\gh ! ,canadas1 p4 #bic2 ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #de2 ,h]r ,koel] 7,monatsb]i*te d] ,gesells*aft fr ,erdkunde1 iii4 p4 #ea7 ?9ks t ! sc>s ( ! ,au/ralians--8^! g5ealogical indices0--may to "s ext5t make up = ! want ( prop] names4 #cdb ,) reg>d to m>ks ( tribal di/9ction comp>e ! facts collect$ by ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ii4 pp4 #gb-ge2 ,fraz]1 ,totemism1 pp4 #bf-cj4 ,ev5 ^? :o d n believe 9 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s ass]tion t ! pa9t+s1 coiffures1 tattoo+s1 etc41 aim at an imitation ( ! totem animal1 w be compell$ to admit t !y (t5 s]ve z means ( di/+ui%+ memb]s ( ! same totem gr\p4 ,buckl&1 ,an?ropological ,/udies1 pp4 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bca 7,on tattoo+72 ,/>cke1 ,! ,primitive ,family1 pp4 #db1 #fb2 ,wuttke1 ,ges*i*te d] ,s*rift1 i4 pp4 #hj sq4 ,fur!r in/ances1 unm5tion$ by ^! au?ors1 are to be f\nd 9 ,godd51 ,j\rn4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxvi4 pp4 #ahd1 #ahe 7,nagas & o!r ,fronti] ,tribes ( ,nor?-,ea/ ,india72 ,fyt*e1 ,burma1 i4 pp4 #cea1 #ceb 7,khy5gs said to tattoo _! wom5 9 ord] to prev5t _! be+ c>ri$ (f by neighb\r+ tribes72 ,im ,?urn1 ,indians ( ,guiana1 pp4 #aif1 #cje2 ,dobrizh(f]1 ,! ,abipones1 ii4 p4 #ai2 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,c5tral ,brasili5s1 pp4 #agi1 #ahj1 #aij2 ,k+sley1 ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa1 pp4 #ecj1 #eca2 ,ellis1 ,we/ ,african ,sket*es1 p4 #aia2 ,ee-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #adf2 ,l&]1 ,j\rnal1 iii4 p4 #fa 7,kacundas72 ,john/on1 ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa1 pp4 #dbb-dbd2 ,w>d 9 ,j\rn4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxiv4 p4 #bid 7,congo ,tribes72 ,wissman1 ,im ,inn]5 ,afrikas1 p4 #bdf 7,bacubas74 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,nig] tribes ,m4 ,b+] has succe$$ 9 m9utely classify+ ! tattoo patt]ns accord+ to tribes & families 7,b+]1 ,du ,nig]1 etc41 ii4 pp4 #djh-daa74 ,x is evid5tly impossible to decide to h[ great a degree ! uni=mity 9 ! decorative sy/ems ( ! sev]al tribes has its orig9 9 an int5tional endeav\r to develop a di/9ct tribal appe>ance4 ,x may 9 _m cases be m]ely a result ( limit$ p[]s ( inv5tion4 ,z to ! sc>ification ( ! ,au/ralian natives ! evid5ce seems to be contradictory4 ,if we are to believe ,mr4 ,tapl9's in=m]1 incisions on ! body w\ld h be5 us$ by ! ,noocoonas 9 ord] to di/+ui% tribes 8be=e :ites came0 7,tapl91 ,folklore ( ,s4 ,au/ralia1 p4 #fe74 ,^! ass]tions h1 h[ev]1 be5 call$ 9 "q by ! in=m]s ( ,curr 7,au/ralian ,race1 ii4 pp4 #dfh1 #dge71 by ,sp5c] & ,gill5 7,native ,tribes1 pp4 #db-dd71 & by ,/irl+ 7,rep4 ,horn ,exp4 ,,iv4 ,an?ropology1 p4 #bd72 cf4 also ,ro?1 ,n4 ,w4 ,c4 ,que5sl&1 pp4 #aaj1 #aae4 #cdc ,= "s fur!r in/ances illu/rat+ ! use ( 8decoration0 = purely practical purposes see ,mall]y1 9 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?nol4 x4 p4 #dah2 ,we/]m>ck1 ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #agf4 #cdd ,f9s*1 ,e?nologis*e ,erfahrung51 pp4 #bhc1 #bhd 7,mikronesia72 9 ,v]h&lung5 d4 ,b]l9 ,an?ropol4 ,gesells*aft1 #ahgi1 p4 #dad 7,m>kesas ,isl&s72 & 9 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 xii4 p4 #cjh 7,ponape72 ,/irl+ 9 ,rep4 ,horn ,exp4 iv4 p4 #ca 7,c5tral ,au/ralia72 ,/okes1 ,discov]ies1 i4 pp4 #eh1 #ei 7,s\?-,we/]n ,au/ralia72 ,bock1 ,temples & ,elephants1 pp4 #agj-agb 7,laos74 #cde ,sp5c]1 ,essays1 ii4 pp4 #dcc-dce 7,! ,orig9 ( ,music74 #cdf ,on ! /imulat+ influ5ce :i* wom5 may ex]cise on w>riors1 & on ! s5sitiv5ess ( w>riors to female appreciation or criticism1 see = example ,sp5c]1 ,descr4 ,soc4 ,div4 ,i4 ,nr4 iii4 p4 #fj 7,tasmanians72 ,nr4 v4 p4 #c 7,b$\9s72 ,mantegazza1 ,physiologie des ,hasses1 pp4 #adc-ade4 #cdg ,gurney1 ,p[] ( ,s\nd1 p4 #aei1 quot$ by ,wallas*ek1 ,primitive ,music1 p4 #baa4 #cdh ,wallas*ek1 l4c4 pp4 #baj-bac4 #cdi ,hudson1 ,! ,naturali/ 9 ,la ,plata1 p4 #bgi4 #cej ,groos1 ,! ,play ( ,animals1 pp4 #bdd1 #bde4 #cea ,d>w91 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 ii4 pp4 #chg-dji4 #ceb ,b]*on1 8,le tat\age10 9 ,actes de l',acadmie de ,bordeaux1 #ahhe1 pp4 #hjf1 #hjg4 ,cf4 also ,joe/1 ,tt[ir51 pp4 #bi1 #ec-ee1 #fj-fe4 ,al?\gh ,b]*on himself rem>ks 7p4 #haa7 t 9 ,polynesia ! rev]5ce = tattoo+ is dy+ out1 he has n happ5$ to ?9k t ?is circum/ance may h be5 ! cause ( ! laxity 9 tattoo composition4 #cec ,cf4 ,cook1 7#a/7 ,voyage1 pp4 #bjf-bjh2 cf4 p4 #bfe 7,tahiti74 ,= o!r ,polynesian erotic dances see ,m>ques 9 ,boletim da ,soci$ade de ,geographia de ,lisboa1 viii4 p4 #fj 7,samoa72 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #abe2 ,gill1 ,s\?4 ,pacific1 p4 #bj 7,h]vey ,isl&s72 ,ri5zi1 ,ocanie1 iii4 p4 #afj 7,maori ,slave ,girls74 ,on ,polynesian dance p>ties1 arrang$ 9 ord] to br+ into notice ! daught]s ( ! *iefs & nobles1 cf4 ,gill1 ,f ,d>kness to ,light1 pp4 #bi1 #bec 7,mangaia72 ,ellis1 ,pol4 ,res4 i4 pp4 #bae-bag 7,tahiti72 ,vanc\v]1 ,voyage1 i4 p4 #aai4 7,tahiti74 ,examples ( simil> dances & pantomimes1 (t5 9 pla9 connection ) sexual orgies1 c be f\nd among ,au/ralians & ,melanesians4 ,cf4 especially ,eyre1 ,exp$itions into ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ii4 p4 #bce2 ,ma!w 9 ,curr1 ,au/ralian ,race1 iii4 pp4 #afh1 #afi 7,m>y ,riv] ,natives74 ,koel] 9 8 li/ ( ,au/ralian words describes 8,korrobbora0 z an obsc5e dance-pantomime p]=m$ by m5 be=e ! wom52 ,monatsb]4 d4 ,ges4 fr ,erdkunde zu ,b]l91 iii4 p4 #ec2 ,ma!ws 9 ,j\rn4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxv4 pp4 #bbf-bbh 7,kamil>oi72 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes1 p4 #ch 7,tapl91 8,! ,n>r9y]i071 p4 #bdc 7,s*rmann1 8,port ,l9coln ,tribe10 m5 & wom5 danc+ "s r\nds toge!r72 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes1 p4 #cha4 ,few ( ^! facts1 h[ev]1 entitle u to assume a simple purpose ( pleas+ ! opposite sex4 #ced ,burton1 ,zanzib>1 i4 pp4 #dcj1 #dca2 ,ellis1 ,we/ ,african ,sket*es1 p4 #bbf 7,c\ntry ,dance 9 ,mankess972 ,la+1 ,travels1 pp4 #ajd1 #aje 7,timannees72 ,na*tigal1 ,sahr und ,sdn1 i4 pp4 #aja1 #ajb 7,murzuk1 ,fezzn72 ,sp>rman1 ,resa1 i4 p4 #dba 7,hott5tots74 ,= g5]al descriptions ( ?is k9d ( danc+ see ,fr4 ,mll]1 ,allgeme9e ,e?nographie1 p4 #agb4 #cee ,m>sd51 ,sumatra1 p4 #bih 7,lampong ,c\ntry72 ,br5n]1 ,besu* bei d5 ,kannibal51 p4 #cca 7,sumatra72 ,joe/1 ,weltfahrt51 ii4 pp4 #aei1 #afj 7,s]am72 ,blum5tritt1 ,filipp951 p4 #ag 7,tagals71 p4 #da 7,catalangaus74 #cef ,dalton1 ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 pp4 #aif-aih 7,hos & ,mund>is72 ,lew91 ,wild ,races1 pp4 #abc-abe 7,khy\ng?a ,love ,songs71 p4 #ahh 7,*ukma ,songs72 ,mll]1 l4c4 p4 #dga 7,kolh ,dances74 #ceg ,dalton1 l4c4 pp4 #adb-add 7,bhuiyas74 #ceh ,ibid4 pp4 #ace1 #adi1 #cjj4 #cei ,ibid4 p4 #aif4 #cfj ,lew91 ,wild ,races1 pp4 #abc-abe4 #cfa ,ibid4 p4 #ahh4 #cfb ,sel5ka1 ,sonnige ,welt51 pp4 #cdi-ceb2 ,br5n]1 ,besu* bei d5 ,kannibal51 pp4 #cbh sq4 7,bataks72 ,=bes1 ,w&]+s1 p4 #adi2 ,m>sd51 ,sumatra1 pp4 #aig1 #aih1 #bfg2 ,ri5zi1 ,ocanie1 i4 pp4 #acd1 #ace1 all on poetry f ,sumatra2 ,blum5tritt1 ,filipp951 p4 #ag2 ,jagor1 ,filipp951 p4 #bcf 7,bisayas72 ,m>t91 ,mollukk51 pp4 #bib1 #bic2 ,hickson1 ,celebes1 pp4 #bgb-bgd1 #cja-cjd4 #cfc ,curr1 ,au/ralian ,race1 iii4 pp4 #afh1 #afi4 #cfd ,cf4 on ! erotic poetry 9 ,tahiti1 ,cook1 7#crd7 ,voyage1 ii4 p4 #adi2 on ,maori erotic poetry1 ,dieff5ba*1 ,new ,zeal&1 ii4 p4 #eg4 #cfe ,morgan1 ,iroquois1 pp4 #bfj1 #bhd-bhg2 ,bak]1 ,musik d] ,nordam]ikanis*5 ,wild51 p4 #ef4 #cff ,cf4 ,br9ton1 ,essays1 pp4 #bic-big2 ,m>kham1 ,ollanta1 pp4 #a1 #b4 #cfg ,hyades1 ,mission ,sci5tifique1 vii4 p4 #cgg2 cf4 p4 #bci4 #cfh ,bailey1 ,trans4 ,e?nol4 ,soc4 ,n4 ,s4 ii4 p4 #cja2 ,davy1 ,ceylon1 p4 #aah2 ,des*amps1 ,au pays des ,v$das1 pp4 #chf-chi2 ,em]son ,t5n5t1 ,ceylon1 ii4 p4 #dej2 ,h(fmei/]1 ,travels1 p4 #afd2 ,s>as91 ,ergebnisse1 iii4 pp4 #eab-eah1 #edf2 ,s*midt1 ,ceylon1 pp4 #gc1 #gd2 ,de ,zoysa1 ,j\rn4 ,ceylon ,br4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 #ahha1 p4 #aad1--;all on ,v$da danc+4 ,s>as91 l4c4 pp4 #eaj1 #eai-ebc2 ,bailey1 l4c4 p4 #bhi2 ,des*amps1 l4c4 pp4 #chf sq42 ,nevill 9 ,! ,taprobanian1 ii4 pp4 #aba-abg2 ,de ,zoysa1 l4c4 pp4 #ih-aae1--;all on ,v$da poetry4 #cfi ,see ,frits*1 ,e+ebor55 ,sd-,afrikas1 pp4 #dbe1 #dbf2 ,holub1 ,sd-,afrika1 ii4 pp4 #dfe1 #dfi1 #dgj2 & ! int]e/+ communication 9 ,! ,academy1 #ahgh1 p4 #dfc4 #cgj ,ro?1 ,w4 ,e41 ,n4 ,w4 ,c4 ,que5sl& ,aborig9es1 pp4 #aai1 #abj1 #aca2 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes1 passim 7,on ! elaborate decorations & p>aph]nalia us$ 9 ! dramatic rites ( initiation72 ,hill & ,?ornton1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 pp4 #g1 #h2 ,lang1 ,au/ralia1 pp4 #bh1 #bi4 #cga ,cf4 ,d>w91 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 ii4 pp4 #djj1 #dja1 #dah4 #cgb ,scott1 8,sex & ,art10 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 vii41 especially p4 #ahc4 #cgc ,cf4 ,b*n]1 ,liebe und ,liebes-,leb51 p4 #ec4 #cgd ,savage1 ,new ,zeal&1 pp4 #hd1 #he2 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,res4 i4 p4 #bag 7,tahiti72 ,gill1 ,! ,s\?4 ,pacific1 p4 #bj2 ,romilly1 ,my ,v]&ah 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #hh4 #cge ,s>as91 ,ergebnisse1 iii4 p4 #eah4 #cgf ,cf4 e4g4 ,john/on1 ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa1 p4 #djh2 ,crawley1 8,sexual ,taboo10 passim1 9 ,j\rn4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxiv4 #cgg ,cf4 e4g4 ,ltke1 ,voyage1 ii4 pp4 #bgf1 #bgg1 on ,ts*ukts*i dance2 ,cook1 7#crd7 ,voyage1 i4 p4 #bea1 on ! dance ( ! ,hapaee wom51 "s ( ! motions 9 :i* w\ld1 by a ,european1 be ?\ght r indec5t1 ?\gh p]haps !y meant only to display ! a/oni%+ v>iety ( _! movem5ts4 #cgh ,reeves1 ,br[n ,m5 & ,wom51 p4 #afj4 #cgi ,curr1 ,au/r4 ,race1 iii4 p4 #afi 7,ma!w1 ,m>y ,riv]71 on songs describ+ ! *>ms ( a swee!>t4 8,su* songs are only kn[n to a few individuals1 & are sung 9 private40 #chj ,cook4 7#crd7 ,voyage1 ii4 p4 #adi4 #cha ,sp5c]1 ,descr4 ,soc4 ,division ,i4 ,nr4 v4 p4 #cj4 #chb ,cf4 ,john/on1 ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa1 p4 #djh4 #chc ,s*urtz1 ,das ,aug5ornam5t1 pp4 #di1 #ed4 #chd ,cf4 p4 #bag 9 ! prec$+4 #che ,ma!ws 9 ,j\rn4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxiv4 p4 #dbd4 #chf ,frits*1 ,die ,e+ebor55 ,sd-,afrikas1 p4 #adj4 #chg ,john/on1 ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa1 p4 #djh4 #chh ,kidd1 ,social ,evolution1 p4 #bgi2 cf4 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 pp4 #hh1 #hi4 #chi ,john/one1 ,maoria1 p4 #dc4 #cij ,cf4 ,burton1 ,mission to ,gelele1 i4 pp4 #df1 #ea1 #baj1 #bfg1 #chb2 ii4 p4 #aj2 ,=bes1 ,dahomey1 i4 p4 #bd4 #cia ,woods1 ,native ,tribes1 p4 #cg 7,tapl91 8,! ,n>r9y]i074 #cib ,burton1 ,mission to ,gelele1 i4 pp4 #adi1 #aej2 ,aco/a1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies1 ii4 p4 #ddd4 ,= ,european trade dances see1 e4g41 ,bhme1 ,tanz 9 ,deuts*l&1 i4 pp4 #fc sq41 #bji4 #cic ,fr1 ,s5sation et m\vem5t1 p4 #d4 #cid ,cf4 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 p4 #dh4 #cie ,r5gg]1 ,saeuge?i]e von ,p>aguay1 p4 #ab4 #cif ,cf4 ! facts adduc$ by ,r5gg]1 l4c4 p4 #aa4 #cig ,salvado1 ,voyage en ,au/ralie1 pp4 #ahb1 #ahc4 #cih ,z reg>ds ! g5]al psy*ology ( musical & poetical exhortation to "w cf4 ,*>d91 ,voyages1 i4 p4 #afj1 quot$ 9 ,b*]'s ,arbeit und ,rhy?mus1 pp4 #dh1 #cfg4 ,= typical in/ances see ,reade1 ,! ,african ,sket* ,book1 ii4 p4 #cac 7,krum572 ,wissman1 ,unt] deuts*5 ,flagge1 p4 #dc 7,we/ ,african ,c>ri]s72 ,burton1 ,lake ,regions1 ii4 p4 #bia 7,ea/ ,africa72 ,grove1 ,danc+1 p4 #af 7,egypt72 ,turn]1 ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia1 pp4 #cag1 #cde2 ,lew91 ,wild ,races1 p4 #bga 7,lhoosai72 ,?omson1 ,new ,zeal&1 i4 p4 #afg2 ,dieff5ba*1 ,new ,zeal&1 ii4 p4 #eg4 #cii ,cf4 ,! satirical & erotic boat songs ( ! ,gold ,coa/ ,negroes--,w9t]bottom1 ,africans ( ,si]ra ,leone1 i4 p4 #aab1 & ! hi/orical & erotic pl\gh+ songs ( ! anci5t ,p]uvians--,m>kham1 ,ollanta1 pp4 #a1 #b4 #djj ,a collection ( su* work+ songs f among v>i\s civilis$ nations has be5 br\ght toge!r by ,pr(essor ,b*] 9 8 ,arbeit und ,rhy?mus4 #dja ,cf4 e4g4 ! int]e/+ *apt] on mill songs 9 ,b*]'s above-m5tion$ "w4 ,z an add5dum to ?is collection we may adduce ! corn-gr9d+ song ( ! ,mapu* wom5--,smi?1 ,! ,araucanians1 p4 #cjf4 #djb ,noir1 ,d] ,ursprung d] ,spra*e1 pp4 #cca sq4 #djc ,cf4 e4g4 ,l5z1 ,skizz5 aus ,we/africa1 pp4 #aih1 #aii1 on ! excit+ effects ex]cis$ by tam-tam music on ! ,ok&es4 #djd ,see ! boat-build+ songs ( ! ,h]vey ,isl&]s 7,gill1 ,s\? ,pacific1 p4 #bb71 :i* =m s /rik+ an analogy to ! magical 8,runos0 ( ! old ,f9ns4 ,cf4 also ,mason1 ,orig9s ( ,inv5tion1 p4 #aej 7,maoris74 #dje ,lagrange1 ,physiologie des ex]cises du corps1 pp4 #cb-ce2 ,s\riau1 ,l'e/htique du movem5t1 pp4 #eh1 #ei4 #djf ,fr1 ,s5sation et m\vem5t1 p4 #ab4 #djg ,cf4 ! dynamog5ic exp]im5ts ( ,fr1 ,s5sation et m\vem5t1 pp4 #ac1 #ad1 & ! rem>ks ( ,s*midkunz1 ,psy*ologie d] ,sugge/ion1 p4 #bbb4 #djh ,b*]1 ,arbeit und ,rhy?mus1 p4 #bfa2 ,polack1 ,new ,zeal&]s1 i4 p4 #bbb2 ii4 pp4 #ca-cb 7on ! *iefs :o1 /&+ up 9 ! canoes1 direct ! r[+ ) help ( _! spe>-trun*eons72 ,kollman1 ,! ,victoria ,nyanza1 p4 #afd 7,ussukuma74 #dji ,cf4 pp4 #hg-ia 9 ! prec$+4 #daj ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ii4 pp4 #bga1 #bgb4 #daa ,la+1 ,travels1 pp4 #beb1 #bec2 ,br5n]1 ,kannibal5 ,sumatras1 p4 #beh2 ,%ortl&1 ,traditions & ,sup]/itions ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 pp4 #adj1 #add1 #ade1 #aej4 #dab ,vodskov1 ,sjl$yrkelse og ,naturdyrkelse1 pp4 lxxix4-lxxxi42 ,ratzel1 ,vlk]kunde1 ,i4 ,e9leitung1 p4 #hi4 #dac ,on songs & dances connect$ ) boat+ see ,mull]1 ,indu/rie des ,cafres1 p4 #dg2 ,burton1 ,gorilla ,l&1 i4 pp4 #aff1 #afg2 ,sp5c]1 ,descr4 ,soc4 ,div4 i4 ,nr4 #c1 p4 #fb 7,javanese72 ,angas1 ,savage ,life1 i4 p4 #ajb 7,au/ralia1 canoe dance ( ! ,rufus72 ,smy?1 ,victoria1 i4 pp4 #agd1 #age 7,au/ralian canoe dance72 ,ri5zi1 ,ocanie1 iii4 p4 #aei 7,new ,zeal&71 & ! facts collect$ by ,b*]1 ,arbeit und ,rhy?mus1 pp4 #ahj-aia4 #dad ,b*]1 l4c4 pp4 #bjj-bjb4 #dae ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 pp4 #eec-eee1 #efg-egd4 #daf ,mit*ell1 ,! ,pa/ 9 ! ,pres5t1 p4 #aib2 ,groos1 ,die ,spiele d] ,m5s*51 pp4 #dce1 #dcg4 #dag ,cf4 ,wallas*ek 9 ,int]national ,congress ( ,psy*ology1 #bnd ,session1 p4 #ge4 #dah ,cf4 e4g4 ,lafitau1 ,murs des sauvages1 i4 p4 #ebb 78,les ,iroquois1 et les autres sauvages leurs vois9s072 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 p4 #bi 7,k>ok74 #dai ,cf4 ,=bes1 ,dahomey1 ii4 p4 #fa4 ,mr4 ,=bes's admiration = ! discipl9e & ord] display$ 9 ! mass movem5ts w be well und]/ood by all :o witness$ ! ,dahomeyan dances p]=m$ at ! ,cry/al ,palace 9 ! summ] season #ahic4 #dbj ,?omson1 ,new ,zeal&1 i4 pp4 #abf1 #abg2 ,e>le1 ,new ,zeal&1 p4 #gj2 ,mundy1 ,our ,antipodes1 pp4 #abi1 #ahc2 ,%ortl&1 ,trad4 & ,sup]/4 ( ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 pp4 #aej-aeb4 #dba ,cruise1 ,new ,zeal&1 pp4 #cj1 #ca4 #dbb ,bidwill1 ,rambles 9 ,new ,zeal&1 pp4 #ha1 #hb4 #dbc ,on ensemble & exact "t 9 danc+ cf4 ,cook1 7#a/7 ,voyage1 pp4 #bjf-bjh 7,tahiti72 7#crd7 ,voyage1 i4 p4 #ahh 7,wateoo71 pp4 #bdg1 #bdh1 #bee 7,hapaee72 ,ellis1 ,pol4 ,res4 i4 p4 #bae2 ,m>ques 9 ,boletim1 etc41 viii4 p4 #ei 7,samoa72 ,reeves1 ,br[n ,m5 & ,wom51 p4 #aeh 7,samoa72 ,williams1 ,fiji1 p4 #adb2 ,kle9s*midt 9 ,j\rn4 d4 ,mus4 ,godeffroy1 xiv4 p4 #bfh 7,fiji72 ,ltke1 ,voyage1 i4 p4 #chc 7,ualan4 ,c>ol9e ,isl&s72 ,tet5s & ,kub>y 9 ,j\rn4 d4 ,mus4 ,godeffroy1 ii4 p4 #bc 7,yap1 ,c>ol9e ,isl&s72 ,h]n%eim1 ,sudsee-,er9n]ung51 p4 #cd 7,yap74 ,! same virtues h also be5 admir$ 9 ,au/ralian danc+4 ,see e4g4 ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 p4 #ff2 ,smy?1 ,victoria1 i4 p4 #afh2 ii4 p4 #bid2 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes1 pp4 xxxii41 xxxiii41 #bgb4 ,cf4 also ,dalton1 ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 pp4 #bed1 #bee 7,orons72 ,lew91 ,wild ,races1 p4 #bbg 7,kumis72 p4 #cac 7,%5doos74 #dbd ,frits*1 ,e+ebor55 ,sd-,afrikas1 p4 #ia 7,ama ,xosa72 ,casalis1 ,! ,basutos1 p4 #adg 7,kaffir & ,basuto dance74 #dbe ,frits*1 l4c4 p4 #cbh4 ,! au?ority ( ,h]r ,frits* gives suffici5t cr$it to ?is ass]tion1 al?\gh x is 9 direct opposition to ! /atem5t ( ,kolbe1 ,reise1 pp4 #ecj1 #eca4 ,h]r ,frits*'s acc\nt ( ,hott5tot danc+ is1 moreov]1 9 sub/antial agreem5t ) ,sp>rman's description1 ,resa1 i4 pp4 #cge1 #cgf4 #dbf ,cf4 ) reg>d to ! employm5t ( horns1 drums1 pipes1 etc41 z milit>y signals1 ,wallas*ek1 ,primitive ,music1 pp4 #hh1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #aaa-aac4 #dbg ,see1 = in/ance1 ! descriptions ( ,khond w>f>e 9 ,sp5c]1 ,descriptive ,sociology1 ,division ,i4 ,nr4 #e1 p4 #ag 7quot+ ,campbell1 ,khondi/an1 p4 #db71 & ! reflections ( ,mr4 ,bidwill on ,maori c\rage z dep5d5t ^u musical & saltatory /imulation1 ,rambles 9 ,new ,zeal&1 pp4 #hb1 #hc4 ,z ^! in/ances ref] to tribes :i* h be5 not$ = ! p]sonal brav]y :i* !y develop :5 excit$1 ! ne$ ( artificial excitem5t mu/ be f> /rong] among timid tribes4 #dbh ,cf4 ! acute reflections ( ,cook1 7#a/7 ,voyage1 p4 #cdd4 #dbi ,bee*am1 ,a%anti1 p4 #baa2 ,s*oolcraft1 ,in=mation1 i4 pp4 #gi1 #hj 7,dacotas72 ,wood1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,man1 i4 p4 #aaf 7,kaffir w> m$ic9e74 #dcj ,kub>y on ,micronesian w> tattoo+s 9 ,joe/1 ,tt[ir51 p4 #hj4 #dca ,mann 9 ,trans4 ,e?n4 ,soc4 ,n4 ,s4 v4 p4 #bie 7,kaffirs72 ,liv+/one1 ,miss4 ,travels1 pp4 #aih1 #aii 7,makololo dance demon/ration z a prep>ation to an int5d$ fight72 ,s*oolcraft1 ,in=mation1 iv4 p4 #fb 7,dacotas dance :5 !y come 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! enemy's c\ntry72 ,s*omburgk1 ,guiana1 ii4 7,macusis72 ,cook1 7#a/7 ,voyage1 pp4 #dfg1 #dfh1 & ,angas1 ,savage ,life1 i4 pp4 #cbh1 #cbi 7,maoris72 ,cahusac1 ,la danse1 i4 p4 #ajh1 on ! anci5t ,e?iopians1 quot+ ,lukianos4 ,e?nological lit]ature af=ds numb]less descriptions ( dances p]=m$ z an ex]cise to battle4 ,z 9 ! pres5t connection we h only to deal ) means ( /imulation1 :i* imm$iately prec$e ! real action1 all ^! in/ances are n to ! po9t4 #dcb ,c>v]1 ,travels1 pp4 #agd1 #age2 ,s*oolcraft1 ,in=mation1 iii4 p4 #ahg1 quot+ ,cold5 7( #agdg7 on ! ,iroquois2 ,aco/a1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies1 ii4 p4 #ddd 7,p]u72 cf4 also ,lang1 ,au/ralia1 p4 #bi2 ,blum5tritt1 ,filipp951 p4 #af 7,tagal excitem5t dur+ ! p]=mance ( w>-pantomimes74 #dcc ,heckeweld]1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,indian ,nations1 p4 #bji2 ,s*oolcraft1 ,in=mation ii4 p4 #ei 7,n4,a4 ,indians 9 g5]al72 v4 pp4 #ebf1 #fhd 7,*ippewas & ,coman*es72 ,morgan1 ,iroquois1 pp4 #bfh1 #cci2 ,burton1 ,city ( ! ,sa9ts1 p4 #agg 7,prairie ,indians72 ,casalis1 ,! ,basutos1 pp4 #ccd1 #cce2 ,cz]v9ski1 ,ges*i*te des ,tanzes1 pp4 #bea1 #beb 7,hung>y74 #dcd ,joe/1 ,weltfahrt51 ii4 pp4 #afj1 #afa4 ,on a simil> in/itution among ! ,negroes see ,mantegazza1 ,physiologie des ,hasses1 p4 #cah4 #dce ,grey1 ,j\rnals1 ii4 p4 #cjc2 cf4 also ,calv]t1 ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 p4 #cb2 ,salvado1 ,voyage1 p4 #ahb4 #dcf ,sproat1 ,sc5es & ,/udies1 p4 #aij4 #dcg ,cf4 especially ! quotations f ,dupuis 9 ,sp5c]1 ,descr4 ,soc4 ,division ,i4 ,nr4 #d1 p4 #dg 7,a%antis72 ,ellis1 ,pol4 ,res4 i4 p4 #bhg 7,tahiti72 ,cook1 7#a/7 ,voyage1 p4 #cdd 7,new ,zeal&74 #dch ,dobrizh(f]1 ,! ,abipones1 ii4 pp4 #cff1 #cfg1 #dbb-dbd1 #dbg2 ,?omson1 ,new ,zeal&1 i4 pp4 #abf1 #afi4 #dci ,dobrizh(f]1 l4c4 pages adduc$ above2 ,/e951 ,dur* ,c5tral-,brazili51 p4 #age1 cf4 also p4 #afe4 #ddj ,cf4 ,dobrizh(f]1 l4c4 ii4 pp4 #cgf1 #che sq4 #dda ,cf4 ,ellis1 ,pol4 ,res4 i4 p4 #bhf 7,tahiti72 ,sp5c]1 ,descr4 ,soc4 ,division ,i4 ,nr4 #c1 p4 #ae 7,fiji72 ,?omson1 ,new ,zeal&1 i4 p4 #abh2 ,prit*>d1 ,pol4 ,rem4 p4 #ef2 ,wood1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,man1 ii4 pp4 #eh1 #ei1 #bhj1 #cef 7,au/ralia1 ,fiji1 ,samoa74 ,h[ great a "p ( ! boa/ful expressions ( contempt = ! enemy plays 9 ! w>f>e ( ! ,am]ican tribes c be se5 f ,h]iot1 ,travels1 p4 #ddi 7,iroquois74 ,cf4 also ,eyre1 ,exp$itions into ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ii4 p4 #bbd2 ,s*we9fur?1 ,im ,h]z5 von ,afrika1 ii4 p4 #be 7,niam ,niam72 ,%oot]1 ,! ,kafirs1 pp4 #aig-aii2 ,wood1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,man1 i4 p4 #eha 7,cammas74 #ddb ,wood1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,man1 i4 p4 #eha4 ,a typical & in/ructive example ( undang]\s w>f>e on ! ,m>%all ,isl&s is describ$ by ,f9s* 9 ,e?nologis*e ,erfahrung51 p4 #cib4 #ddc ,bidwill1 ,rambles 9 ,new ,zeal&1 p4 #ha2 cf4 ,cook1 7#crd7 ,voyage1 pp4 #afa1 #afb4 #ddd 7,man+71 ,old ,new ,zeal&1 p4 #di2 ,polack1 ,new ,zeal&]s1 i4 p4 #hh2 ii4 pp1 #aff1 #afg4 #dde ,polack1 l4c4 i4 p4 #bh4 #ddf ,ri*>dson1 ,arctic ,exp$ition1 i4 p4 #cef2 ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races1 i4 p4 #fh4 #ddg ,angas1 ,savage ,life1 ii4 pp4 #adi1 #aej2 ,wood1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,man1 ii4 pp4 #afa1 #afb4 #ddh ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india1 p4 #gi4 #ddi ,cf4 ,grosse1 ,anfnge d] ,kun/1 pp4 #eh-fj4 #dej ,wuttke1 ,ges*i*te d] ,s*rift1 p4 #gd1 quot+ ,silius ,italicus1 ,aelianus1 & ,val]ius ,maximus4 ,fur!r quotations adduc$ 9 ,f>r]1 ,milit>y ,mann]s & ,cu/oms1 pp4 #bbb-bbd4 ,cf4 also ,let\rneau1 ,la gu]re1 p4 #aec4 #dea ,cf4 ! rem>ks ( ,wood 9 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,man1 ii4 p4 #eii4 #deb ,clavig]o1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 i4 p4 #cga4 #dec ,z to magical pa9t+s on bann]s1 /&>ds1 & %ields1 see ,he91 ,die bild5d5 ,kn/e bei d5 ,dayaks auf ,borneo1 pp4 #ga1 #gb4 ,cf4 also ! old ,slavonic traditions relat$ by ,nagele 9 ,zeits*rift fr ,vlk]psy*ologie1 xvii4 p4 #bgh 7,d] ,s*lang5-,cultus74 #ded ,joe/1 ,tt[ir51 p4 #bj2 ,polack1 ,new ,zeal&]s1 i4 p4 #bh 7,tahiti de=mations ( ! skull74 #dee ,bancr(t1 ,native ,races1 i4 pp4 #aja1 #aje 7,?l9keets74 #def ,romilly1 ,my ,v]&ah1 p4 #db2 ,f9s*1 ,samoafahrt51 p4 #ia1 ,atlas1 ,tafel xxii42 ,e?nologis*e ,erfahrung51 p4 #ii 7,motu1 ,new ,gu9ea71 p4 #bdc 7,kais] ,wilhelms ,l&1 ,new ,gu9ea71 p4 #fcj 7,bism>ck-,ar*ipel74 ,"s f9e specim5s to be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #deg ,9 lat] times1 h[ev]1 ! ,dyaks h begun to avail !mselves = ?is purpose ( ! hair ( _! deceas$4 ,cf4 ,he91 ,die ,bild5d5 ,kn/e bei d5 ,dayaks1 p4 #gd4 #deh ,he91 ,die ,bild5d5 ,kn/e bei d5 ,dayaks auf ,borneo1 p4 #he4 #dei ,m>ryat1 ,borneo1 pp4 #ad1 #ae1 #gd-gf2 ,sel5ka1 ,sonnige ,welt51 pp4 #hj1 #ha4 #dfj ,he91 l4c4 p4 #ai4 #dfa ,= detail$ argum5ts on ?is po9t see ! au?or's ,fr/udi] till en kon/filos(i1 *ap1 iv41 8,on ,gracefulness40 #dfb ,cf4 ! illu/rations 9 ,hamilton's ,! ,art ,workman%ip ( ! ,maori ,race4 #dfc ,e>le1 ,new ,zeal&1 pp4 #afj1 #afa2 cf4 also ,john/one1 ,maoria1 p4 #ej4 #dfd ,cf4 especially ! specim5s translat$ 9 ,s*oolcraft1 ,in=mation1 ii4 pp4 #ei sq4 #dfe ,see ! specim5s ( lea!r1 bone1 & textile works pres]v$ 9 e?nological collections1 especially 9 ,muse de ,trocadro1 ,p>is4 #dff ,cf4 ,posnett1 ,comp>ative ,lit]ature1 p4 #acc4 #dfg ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 vol4 i4 p4 #ajb2 ,lang1 ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 i4 pp4 #id-ajj2 ,fraz]1 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 pp4 #i-ab1 #aic-bjf4 ,= fur!r in/ructive in/ances see ,ellis1 ,ee ,peoples1 pp4 #ih1 #ii2 ,t%i ,peoples1 pp4 #ajh1 #aji2 ,curr1 ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 pp4 #de-dh2 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes1 pp4 #bc-bf 7,facts ref]r+ to ,polynesia & ,au/ralia72 ,kotzebue1 ,entdeckungsreise1 ii4 p4 #bj 7,hawaji72 ,dieff5ba*1 ,new ,zeal&1 ii4 p4 #ei2 ,mu/]s1 ,patagonia1 p4 #ab 7,tehuel*es74 #dfh ,see lit]ature on ! ,c\vade1 & on ! precautions to be obs]v$ by m5 :o expect to become fa!rs4 ,we _c "h dwell on ! int]e/+ !ories1 accord+ to :i* totemi/ic doctr9es & regulations ought to be int]pret$ z bas$ ^u ! conception ( a q mat]ial sub/ratum1 connect+ = et]nity ) ea* o!r all individuals & g5]ations ( ! same family4 ,h[ev] fanta/ic !y may h appe>$1 ! probability ( ^! views has und5iably be5 increas$ by ! publication ( ^? hi!rto unkn[n details ( ,au/ralian c]emonialism t h be5 br\ght to light by ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill54 ,b 9 que/ions l ^! x seems almo/ impossible to discrim9ate betwe5 symbolical ideas & actions on ! "o h&1 & magical practices bas$ on a real belief on ! o!r4 #dfi ,cf4 ,&ree1 ,e?nographis*e ,p>allel51 ,neue ,folge1 p4 #df2 ,h>tl&1 ,! ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 ii4 p4 #bfg4 #dgj ,cf4 ,ro*as1 ,l'extriorisation de la s5sibilit1 pp4 #aag-aci4 #dga ,ibid4 p4 #gb4 #dgb ,= ! mo/ illu/ri\s & at ! same "t mo/ lucid /atem5t ( ?is analogy see ! rem>ks ( ,milton 9 ! preface to ,samson ,agoni/es4 #dgc ,cf4 ! curi\s in/ances & int]pretations 9 ,brire1 ,essai sur le symbolisme1 pp4 #ch-da4 #dgd ,= dramatic elem5ts 9 ! c]emonies ( ra9-mak+1 see ,fraz]1 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 pp4 #ac-ah1 #bj2 ,br5g]-,fraud1 ,sup]/itions et survivances1 i4 *ap4 viii42 iii4 pp4 #agg-bjg2 ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,my?ology1 pp4 #eic-eie 7vol4 ii472 ,lang1 ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 i4 pp4 #ig1 #ih2 ii4 p4 #gh4 ,fur!r in/ances 9 ,ro?1 ,n4 ,w4 ,c4 ,que5sl&1 pp4 #afg1 #afh2 ,woods1 ,native ,tribes1 pp4 #bgf-bgh 7,gason1 8,diey]ie ,tribe072 ,williams1 ,fiji1 p4 #aid2 ,dalton1 ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #bfa 7,oraons72 ,skeat1 ,malay ,magic1 p4 #ajh2 ,we/on 9 ,j\rn4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxvi4 p4 #cj 7,highl&s ( ,c5tral ,japan72 ,/ev5son 9 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 #ahhi-ij1 pp4 #hj1 #id1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aae1 #aaf 7,! ,sia72 ,ral/on1 ,songs ( ! ,russian ,p1 pp4 #bbg1 #bbh2 ,bonghi1 ,rmis*e ,fe/e1 p4 #aha4 ,equally int]e/+ is ! curi\s k9d ( negative magic t is practis$ by ! ,javanese 8ra9 prev5t]s40 ,see ,glimpses ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 pp4 #fh-gj 7,j4 ,kreem]1 8,ra9 ,prev5t]s074 #dge ,fraz]1 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 pp4 #bb1 #bc2 ,grove1 ,danc+1 p4 #he2 ,ral/on1 ,songs ( ! ,russian ,p1 pp4 #ahf-ahh1 #bdc sq4 #dgf ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,my?ology1 pp4 #gfd-ggb 7vol4 ii472 ,ral/on1 l4c4 pp4 #baj1 #bdd-bdf2 ,za*]1 8,kampf des ,somm]s und ,w9t]s10 9 ,globus1 xxxi4 pp4 #bff-bfi1 #bhd-bhf4 #dgg ,br5g]-,fraud1 l4c4 v4 pp4 #agg-bff2 ,h>tl&1 ,! ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 i4 pp4 #agc1 #agd2 ,soldi1 ,la langue sacre1 p4 #cag 7,france72 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 p4 #afi 7,! ,s5el74 #dgh ,sel5ka1 ,sonnige ,welt51 pp4 #dbi-dca 7,s9halese72 ,fras]1 ,aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 p4 #fe4 #dgi ,t ! prie/s :o 9 dance & drama imp]sonate a god are consid]$--& p]haps also consid] !mselves--z embodim5ts ( ?is god is a view ! probability ( :i* is borne out by _m details ( religi\s ritualism4 ,if def9ite pro(s are want$ we ne$ only ref] to ! express /atem5ts ( ! ,zui ,indians z relat$ by ,mrs4 ,/ev5son1 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 #ahhi-ij1 p4 #aaf 7,/ev5son1 8,! ,sia072 #ahhc-hd1 p4 #edi 7,/ev5son1 8,religi\s ,life ( ! ,zui ,*ild074 #dhj ,fair]1 ,primitive ,mann]s & ,cu/oms1 pp4 #fe1 #ff4 ,?is view may ( c\rse also be appli$ to ! int]pretation ( 8pictorial pray]s10 su* z e4g4 ! wond]ful s&-mosaics ( ! ,pueblo ,indians4 #dha ,coll9s1 ,! ,engli% ,colony ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 i4 p4 #cfg4 #dhb ,z reg>ds ?is almo/ univ]sal practice see ! collection ( in/ances 9 ,tylor1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory1 pp4 #bgg-bgi2 & ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 p4 #adf2 ,pes*el1 ,vlk]kunde1 p4 #bgd2 ,/oll1 ,sugge/ion und ,hypnotismus1 pp4 #aff1 #afg4 ,fur!r in/ructive in/ances 9 ,br9ton1 ,nagualism1 p4 #aa 7,mod]n ,mexico72 ,ca/ru1 ,nordiska ,resor4 i4 p4 #acg 7,russian ,lapps72 ,casalis1 ,! ,basutos1 p4 #bhj2 ,lumholtz1 ,among ,cannibals1 p4 #bha 7,au/ralia74 ,w9t]bottom1 ,native ,africans ( ,si]ra ,leone1 i4 pp4 #beb1 #bec1 adduces "s e?nological examples1 & ref]s = comp>ison to ,p>acelsus4 #dhc ,br5g]-,fraud1 ,sup]/4 et surviv4 i4 pp4 #ebc-edj2 cf4 also ,gaidoz1 ,un vieux rite m$ical1 pp4 #gc-hd4 #dhd ,nyrop1 8,kludetra$et0 9 ,dania1 i41 p>ticul>ly pp4 #ba-bc2 cf4 also ,dania1 i4 p4 #caj2 iii4 pp4 #aci-ada4 #dhe ,l5ormant1 ,magie und ,wahrsagekun/ d] ,*alder1 p4 #gc2 ,ro*as1 ,l'extriorisation de la s5sibilit1 pp4 #gd-aac 7ri* collection ( in/ances ref]r+ to savage tribes1 to m$ival ,europe1 & to mod]n folklore72 fur!r in/ances 9 ,skeat1 ,malay ,magic1 pp4 #efi-egd2 ,romilly1 ,we/]n ,pacific1 p4 #ce 7,new ,brita972 ,sel5ka1 ,sonnige ,welt51 p4 #bae 7,japan74 ,t ?is crude sup]/ition has be5 at ! bottom ( _m c]emonies :i*1 f our po9t ( view1 appe> purely symbolical is %[n by ! curi\s dea?-s5t5ces on abs5t crim9als--to be execut$ 9 effigy1 8jusqu' mort s'en suive0--:i* ,m4 ,t>de has une>!d f among ! old law-proce$s ( ,prigord4 ,t>de1 tudes pnales et sociales1 p4 #bda4 #dhf ,cf4 z to dolls repres5t+ ! corn spirits1 ,fraz]1 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 pp4 #ccb-cdf4 #dhg ,haddon 9 ,j\rn4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xix4 p4 #dbg 7,tribe ( ,torres ,/rait2 ,models ( ,dugong us$ z *>ms to attract ! fi%es72 ,woldt 9 ,ar*1 fr ,e?nographie1 i4 p4 #ajf 7,kultusgeg5/nde d] ,gold5 und ,giljak52 sculptures ( fi%es us$ = ! same purpose by ! ,golds72 ,sp5c]1 quot+ ,motol9ia1 ,descr4 ,soc4 ,div4 ii4 ,nr4 #b1 p4 #ci 7simil> cu/oms among ! old ,azteks74 #dhh ,cf4 especially ! ,s9halese masks repres5t+ ! symptoms ( v>i\s diseases z exhibit$ 9 ! ,museum fr ,vlk]kunde 9 ,b]l94 #dhi ,on images ( *ildr5 worn by b>r5 wom5 9 ord] to remove /]ility see ,b+]1 ,du ,nig]1 ii4 p4 #bcj 7,agnis1 ,wol(s72 ,casalis1 ,! ,basutos1 p4 #bea2 ,taylor1 ,te ,ika a ,maui1 p4 #bac2 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 p4 #cah 7,ni%9am74 ,9 ?is connection we may also ref] to ! bird-%ap$ amulets ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 :i* by "s au?ors h be5 expla9$ z emblematic ( mat]nity4 ,cf4 ,abbott1 ,primitive ,indu/ry1 p4 #cgj4 ,:e!r !y also h be5 ?\ght ( z possess+ a magical efficacy is1 h[ev]1 impossible to decide4 #dij ,guaita1 ,sci5ces maudites1 ii41 i4 p4 #ahe4 #dia ,raffles1 ,hi/ory ( ,java1 i4 pp4 #cge1 #cgf4 ,= a simil> reason+ cf4 ,skeat1 ,malay ,magic1 pp4 #bc1 #bd4 #dib ,bock1 ,temples & ,elephants1 p4 #bde4 #dic ,ro*as1 ,l'extriorisation de la s5sibilit1 p1 #aja4 #did ,cf4 e4g4 ,goon]atne 9 ,j\rn4 ,ceylon ,bran* ,r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 #ahfe1 #ahff1 p4 #ga 7,demonology 9 ,ceylon72 ,skeat1 ,malay ,magic1 pp4 #de1 #ega4 ,! same comb9ation ( ! two classes ( magic1 z appli$ to a m$ical cure1 is in/anc$ by ,walh\se 9 ,j\rn4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 iv4 p4 #cgb 7,acc\nt ( a leaf-we>+ tribe74 #die ,cf4 ,ellis1 ,yoruba ,peoples1 pp4 #ii1 #bgh2 ,t%i ,peoples1 pp4 #ih1 #aja1 #agf1 #aie4 #dif ,s*urtz 9 ,abh&lung5 d4 ,s*s4 ,ges4 d4 ,wiss5s*4 ,ph4 ,cl4 xv4 p4 #eb1 quot+ ,de ,cl]cq en ,s*meltz1 ,nieuw ,gu9ea1 p4 #ahe4 ,= an int]e/+ analogy see ,de ,l&a1 ,relation des causes de ,yucatan1 p4 #aii4 #dig ,s*urtz1 l4c4 p4 #dg4 ,cf4 ) reg>d to o!r means ( animat+ idols by contact1 ,br5n]1 ,kannibal5 ,sumatras1 pp4 #bbe1 #bbf2 ,pleyte ,wzn 9 ,globus1 lx4 p4 #bhi 7,religise ,ans*aung5 d] ,bataks74 #dih ,mat!ws1 ,! ,m\nta9 ,*ant1 9 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,e?n4 #ahhc1 #ahhd1 especially pp4 #dbf1 #dbg4 #dii ,cf4 ! ,kalmuck tales quot$ 9 ,/oll1 ,sugge/ion und ,hypnotismus1 p4 #ca4 #ejj ,cf4 ,lucretius1 ,de r]um natura1 iv4 vv4 #a-ajce4 #eja ,cf4 ! facts collect$ by ,rclus 9 8 pamphlet1 ,l'me comme s\ffle1 ombre et reflet1 & by ,fraz] 9 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 pp4 #adc-adi4 #ejb ,ro*as1 ,l'extriorisation de la s5sibilit1 p4 #ajc4 #ejc ,&ree1 ,e?nographis*e ,p>allel51 ,neue ,folge1 p4 #ai4 #ejd ,cf4 ,ellis1 ,ee-speak+ ,peoples1 p4 #ih4 #eje ,cf4 z ! p]haps mo/ typical example1 ,mat!ws1 8,! ,pray] ( a ,navajo ,%aman10 9 ,! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 i4 7#ahhh74 #ejf ,cf4 e4g4 ,svoboda1 ,ges*4 d4 ,ideale1 i4 pp4 #die1 #dif4 #ejg ,cf4 ! !ories ( ,rclus & ,svoboda ref]r$ to 9 p4 #bag1 note #d1 ( ! prec$+4 #ejh ,cf4 e4g4 ! typical in/ances ( ,naga fun]al c]emonies describ$ by ,dalton 9 ,e?nology ( ,b5gal1 p4 #dj4 #eji ,?is int]pretation seems to be indicat$ e4g4 9 ! case ( ! rope-pull+ at ,*ukma fun]als 7,lew91 ,wild ,races1 p4 #ahe74 ,z to ! use ( tugs ( w> = purposes ( agricultural magic cf4 ,haddon1 ,! ,/udy ( ,man1 pp4 #bgj-bgf4