,a ,,lecture ,,on ,,/a9$ ,,glass ,,by ,,pr(essor ,r4 ,,ann+ ,,bell ,r4,a41 ,r4,w4,s4 ,publi%$ at ,! ,royal ,college ( ,art ,/ud5ts' ,common ,room1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ,s4,w4#g2 & pr9t$ by ,george ,w4 ,jones at ,! ,sign ( ,! ,dolph9 9 ,g\gh ,squ>e1 ,fleet ,/reet1 ,london4 ,copyright4 ,all ,rights ,res]v$4 ,a ,,lecture ,,on ,,/a9$ ,,glass1 ,,deliv]$ ,,9 ,,! ,,royal ,,college ,,( ,,art ,,/ud5ts' ,,common ,,room1 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,r4 ,,ann+ ,,bell1 ,r4,a41 ,r4,w4,s41 ,,on ,,tuesday1 #ca,,/ ,,janu>y1 #aibb4 ,my subject ( ,/a9$ ,glass is a v wide1 vague1 l>ge sort ( subject1 & ( c\rse x is q impossible to talk ab\t x 9 any ?or\gh way 9 ! c\rse ( an ev5+4 ,y want to write books ab\t x4 ,i ?\ght x w\ld be int]e/+ to y1 p]haps1 to talk ab\t ! m rec5t v>iations & *anges1 ! evolution 9 ! use ( glass4 ,! fact t ?is modification 9 ,/a9$ ,glass is v l>gely ! "w ( arti/s tra9$ 9 ?is ,college %\ld int]e/ y p>ticul>ly4 ,/a9$ ,glass1 commonly s-call$--x is a misnom]1 = x is really col\r$ & pa9t$ glass--is "o ( ! ?ree great ,*ri/ian decorative arts3 ,mosaic1 ,/a9$ ,glass1 ,fresco4 ,!y are 9 sequ5ce1 r\ghly speak+1 b !y ov]lap4 ,fir/1 ,mosaic 9 ! e>li] t5 c5turies4 ,x began ab\t ! #d? c5tury & w5t on to ! ,r5aissance1 :5 its "* *ang$4 ,y !n get ,/a9$ ,glass1 ov]lapp+ x ab\t ! #ab? c5tury2 & ! ?ird great ,*ri/ian art is ,fresco ,pa9t+1 :i* fl\ri%$ f ! #ad? c5tury onw>d1 foll[+ a long & sl[ developm5t f a v e>ly p]iod4 ,^! ?ree seem to be ! ma9 arts ?r\gh :i* ! expression ( ! ,*ri/ian religi\s s*eme1 its /ory1 & its emotion h be5 convey$--,sculpture has f\nd expression 9 all religions4 ,!y h a consid]able sympa?y 9 ! fact t !y all dem& pla9 surfaces1 flat or curv$1 & are all closely associat$ ) ar*itecture4 ,ea* ( !m also has be5 s important1 s dom9at+1 t x has affect$ ! ar*itectural treatm5t ( ! build+s :i* x 0 design$ to adorn4 ,col\r$ & pa9t$ glass is ! out/&+ decorative treatm5t ( ! ,go?ic p]iod--! age ( ! ca!drals4 ,! e>lie/ /a9$ glass :i* we "k is1 ,i believe1 ( ! #aj? or #aa? c5tury1 & !re are b few examples exi/+ n[4 ,! great p]iod runs f ab\t #abjj to #aeej or s 9 its full vig\r4 ,t is ! big cycle ( /a9$ glass2 x w5t on liv+ aft] t1 & is reviv+1 ,i am glad to say1 n[adays2 b ^? c5turies %[$ its highe/ & fulle/ developm5t4 ,x 0 !n t ! conditions ( life & ar*itecture all[$ its complete/ opportunity ( expression4 ,aft] t x 0 adapt$--) a mu* simpl] treatm5t1 ) f> less col\r1 ) m pa9t+ on cle> glass--to dome/ic decorative "w1 & y w see a good deal ( ,cont95tal "w ( a v pleasant & attractive type ( ! #af? & #ag? c5turies4 ,! practical function ( /a9$ glass is comp>able ) t ( mosaic4 ,mosaic is an enri*m5t ( ! %ad[4 ,build+s design$ = mosaic usually h q small w9d[s1 l[ d[n 9 ! big domes or sp>sely set 9 ! side walls1 & x is ! mosaic enri*m5t ( %ad[1 vaguely lit by reflect$ light f ^! w9d[s1 :i* gives x its highe/ beauty4 ,! peculi> *>m ( mosaic dep5ds l>gely on ! gold treatm5t ( ! backgr\nd1 :i* is inf9itely m attractive :5 se5 on curv$ surfaces & lit f bel[4 ,/a9$ glass is a me?od ( glorify+ & modify+ ! light :i* ent]s a build+2 x has a wide range1 f a limpid cl>ity to ri* & ev5 sombre dep?s4 ,its p[] ( emotional sugge/ion is consid]able & ?is1 d\btless1 comm5d$ x to ! m$iaeval my/ics4 ,! spiritual function ( /a9$ glass is1 l t ( mosaic1 by a noble beauty ( treatm5t1 to pres5t elevat$ e?ical & religi\s ideas 9 a wor?y way4 ,x may d ?is by means ( symbolism1 or by typify+ virtues & moral qualities by individual figures ( great *>act]s f my?ology or f religi\s hi/ory4 ,= symbolism & ^! type-figures x is peculi>ly suit$4 ,fur!r1 its function is to enhance & to deep5 ! mood ( religi\s exaltation :i* ! ar*itecture ( ! build+ has already sugge/$ to ! wor%ipp]4 ,/a9$ glass is ess5tially a me?od ( /r5g!n+1 c>ry+ fur!r & enri*+ ! mood 9 :i* ! wor%ipp] f9ds himself :5 he ent]s ^? noble build+s1 s full ( ! s5se ( aspiration & exaltation1 & ( ! my/]y :i* lies beh9d ! outw>d %[ ( ?+s4 ,t is j by way ( %[+ y ! sort ( attitude :i*1 ,i believe1 we %\ld adopt t[>ds /a9$ glass4 ,y mu/ realise t y\r "w is m ?an mak+ pleasant & agreeable col\r & /rik+ a casual note ( beauty4 ,y h m ?an t to c>ry out1 & deep] feel+s to express4 ,n[ to come d[n to ! mat]ial1 to :at is call$ /a9$ glass4 ,! fact is x is m]ely col\r$ glass4 ,x is glass melt$ & mix$ up 9 ! pot ) v>i\s col\r$ oxides1 gre51 blue or r$1 :atev] y want4 ,!n ! bl[-pipe is put 91 & ) a quantity ( ! /icky mixture atta*$ to x is !n bl[n out into a l>ge bulb1 j z ord9>y w9d[ glass is1 & cut (f & flatt5$ out on big tables to cool4 ,! beauty ( ! quality ( /a9$ glass is v l>gely ow+ to ! irregul>ity ( ! ?ickness ( x1 & y (t5 get subtle v>iations 9 ! col\r1 /reaks1 blot*es ( col\r & s on2 ! ?ickness ( ! glass makes q an appreciable diff]5ce 9 ! dep? ( ! col\r1 z y c easily imag9e4 ,"o selects f ! l>ge %eet ( glass ! p>ticul> piece :i* conta9s a tone ( col\r "o wi%es to use4 ,ano!r treatm5t ( glass is v l>gely us$4 ,?is is call$ 8fla%0 glass4 ,x 0 f\nd t if ! glass 7 col\r$ "r ?r\gh ) vigor\s blues1 ruby r$s1 & gre5s1 x became s deep t y did n get en\gh light ?r\gh x4 ,s q e>ly !y f\nd out a me?od by :i* a film ( col\r c\ld be appli$ to a %eet ( cle> glass1 usually ( a gre5i% t+e4 ,y h ! same ?ickness ( glass z 9 ! o!r me?od1 b ! col\r is 9 a ?9 /ratum on ! surface ( x4 ,?is 8fla%0 glass has ano!r advantage :i* we occasionally make use (2 y c "w away ! ?9 v5e] ( col\r1 leav+ only ! de> glass1 an obvi\s me?od = mak+ patt]ns4 ,x us$ to be done by means ( a :eel ) :i* y gr\nd away ! surface r labori\sly1 n[ y /op out ) ,brunswick ,black ! p>ts y d n want to elim9ate & apply acid--x is ! same me?od z 9 et*+--& :5 y get d[n to ! cle> glass y get rid ( ! acid4 ,!n y c pa9t 9 y\r br[n pa9t or yell[ /a91 & y get q an attractive effect4 ,y w (t5 see x done 9 ri* robes & 9 cr[ns & ?+s l t2 x is q useful & workmanlike1 b if x is us$ too mu* x becomes tricky & pretty4 ,n[ = ! practice ( ! craft4 ,i am afraid ?is w be v commonplace talk to ^? /ud5ts :o are work+ at /a9$ glass1 b possibly "s o!rs w be int]e/$4 ,i p>ticul>ly hope ! m advanc$ pa9t] /ud5ts may be int]e/$1 = x is to !m "o r looks to take to /a9$ glass 9 ! la/ ye>s ( _! education :5 !y h become fairly compet5t 9 draw+ & design1 t is ! "t :5 /a9$ glass %\ld become to !m a v attractive & fruitful means ( expression4 ,! mod]n practice is extremely l ! old practice4 ,! craft has ! great attraction to my m9d ( be+ "o ( ^? crafts :i* h *ang$ v little all ?r\gh ! ages1 & ! work%op me?od ( execut+ /a9$ glass n[ is v mu* :at x 0 9 ! e>lie/ days4 ,! tools are v mu* ! same1 too1 except t = cutt+ ! glass n[adays we use ! m conv5i5t mod]n diamond4 ,! old me?od 0 simple b r labori\s4 ,:5 y want$ to cut out a piece ( glass y got a r /\ti% iron wire :i* y made r$ hot1 & y drew ! iron wire ov] ! l9es y want$ to break1 & !n ) ano!r tool y j nipp$ x (f all r\nd4 ,!y did ! mo/ extraord9>ily elaborate ?+s 9 ^? days ) ^!4 ,i ?9k !y got t[>ds ! lat] p]iod to be f> too fond ( %[+ (f _! skill4 ,!y cut mo/ prepo/]\s1 irregul> & odd %apes to %[ !y c\ld d !m2 x 0 a case ( ! skilful craftsman gett+ a bit beyond himself4 ,aft] ! glass cutt+ comes ! pa9t+4 ,?is is done 9 ! same way z x always 01 & ! lead+ too4 ,!re are sev]al sizes ( leads1 #a_/b 941 #c_/h 941 & #a_/d 941 etc4 ,x is j a piece ( n>r[ lead flang$ 9 ! middle to sep>ate ! adjac5t pieces ( glass1 & :5 ! lead is fix$ all r\nd ! pieces1 cem5t is put 9 to hold x toge!r4 ,y want to be a good plumb] to d x v well1 z ,i ?9k our /ud5ts h f\nd out4 ,i ?9k all :o practise ! art %\ld g ?r\gh ! work%op & le>n to cut ! glass & to lead x up2 x is n a v s]i\s "p ( _! tra9+2 x is n necess>y t !y %\ld become exp]t plumb]s1 b !y %\ld le>n h[ & :y x is done4 ,i %\ld v mu* l to h an exp]t plumb] & an exp]t glazi] to d t "p ( ! "w = ! m advanc$ /ud5ts1 s t !y c\ld get on m quickly ) advanc$ "w4 ,b ,i am afraid we %all n h t j yet1 ow+ to ! ne$ = economy all r\nd4 ,n[ gett+ fur!r on1 ,i take x ! e>li] p design$ _! w9d[s 9 a mu* m simple way ?an we d4 ,!y _h no c>toons1 ,i ?9k4 ,i believe t !y set ! "w out on ! long wood5 b5* on :i* ! glass is laid to be lead$ up & cut1 & m>k$ x out ) *>coal4 ,v (t5 !y _h to use up bits ( glass !y _h got1 & make ! designs fit into ^!1 z glass 0 v exp5sive4 ,aga91 ! e>ly "w is g5]ally bas$ on geometrical =ms4 ,a tall w9d[ w\ld be cut up into sev5 or eight diamonds1 circles1 quatrefoils1 or su* l2 ) ornam5tal detail 9 betwe54 ,t gives an opportunity ( us+ up v small pieces ( glass4 ,9 ^? days lab\r 0 n v valuable & glass 01 & s !y did n l to wa/e any bits4 ,n[adays y cut a l>ge %eet ( glass1 y get a few bits out ( x1 & (t5 t is ab\t all y c use ( x4 ,!y _h v few col\rs1 & z y c\ld n g v f> wrong ) a limit$ palette1 ,i really ?9k v mu* ( ! beauty ( ! e>lie/ glass is because !y c\ld n help !mselves4 ,! e>li] glass 0 glazi]s' "w1 x 0 ! m5 ?9k+ ( lead+ x up r ?an ( ! pa9t]'s "w1 :o made ! design4 ,!n ab\t #acjj somebody discov]$ t extraord9>ily effective & useful mat]ial1 ! yell[ /a94 ,x 0 f\nd t a solution ( silv] pa9t$ on ! glass w\ld give1 accord+ to its /r5g? & accord+ to ! fir+1 all sorts ( %ades ( yell[4 ,?is l$ !m to escape f ! co>se note 9 /a9$ glass4 ,blues1 r$s & gre5s are v good z a rule1 b ! neutral col\rs are r poor1 ! purples are n v good1 & yell[ is incl9$ to be co>se4 ,! yell[ /a9 0 ( great assi/ance1 & !y c\ld get ne>ly all ! yell[s !y want$2 x 0 v mu* m manageable because !y c\ld %ade x (f4 ,! next ?+ is ! pa9t1 :i* is j a sort ( br[n mono*rome4 ,x is a col\r :i* has an aff9ity ) glass1 :i*1 :5 fir$1 fuses into ! glass & becomes "p ( x4 ,!re are :at are call$ enamel col\rs1 t is to say !y are enamels pa9t$ on & fir$ ov] ! glass 9 ! same way t ! br[n pa9t is fir$ on1 & !y give1 ( c\rse1 v>iations ( col\r necess>y 9 h]aldry1 etc4 ,?is me?od is r to be di/ru/$1 because x c only be us$ safely 9 small quantities2 x is incl9$ to fly & disappe> 9 l>ge spaces4 ,we h n[ dealt ) ! ma9 mat]ials3 ! glass1 ! leads1 ! /a9 & ! pa9t1 & ,i ?9k ,i h said all t is necess>y ab\t ! mat]ials !mselves4 ,once y "k y\r mat]ials1 ! production ( a /a9$ glass w9d[ is ess5tially & prop]ly a piece ( communal "w4 ,i d n a bit sympa?ise ) ^? p :o say !y d ! :ole ?+ !mselves4 ,:y %\ld a man :o is capable ( design+ a ?+ well be a plumb] & glazi]2 he ought n to4 ,x is l ! p :o insi/ on build+ _! own h\ses1 ! sort ( p :o we> s&als & live on nuts4 ,besides x is s unsocial2 x is s mu* bett] t x %\ld be a communal art4 ,i l to ?9k t ! man :o cuts ! glass & ! re/ h "s k9d ( int]e/ 9 do+ ! "w2 !y are n m]ely y\r slaves to d a cut-&-dri$ job1 m]ely arbitr>ily4 ,i l to talk x ov] ) ! m51 f :om1 too1 y (t5 get q useful sugge/ions4 ,my own tra9+ has be5 entirely t way4 ,i le>n$ /a9$ glass backw>ds1 really4 ,i began by design+ w9d[s1 & !n le>n$ h[ to "w !m--design+ !m all wrong1 & talk+ to ! fell[s 9 ! %op & le>n+ ab\t x t way4 ,i _h ! ord9>y tra9+ ( a pa9t]1 ,i ?\ght a /a9$ glass w9d[ 0 ! k9d ( ?+ y j did ) *>coals & 8g5ius40 ,i see n[ q con/antly 9 a work%op 9 ,scotl& my fir/ /a9$ glass ef=ts2 !y are a v valuable lesson 9 mode/y--!y are q absurd4 ,!y turn$ out well en\gh because ! fell[s 9 ! work%op knew _! job2 !y did x1 & talk$ to me1 & ,i _h ! s5se to see !y knew ! "w bett] ?an ,i did1 & we got ! "w out pretty well 9 ! end4 ,y p "h ) a useful craft %op1 ) all ! mat]ials to h&1 h a trem5d\s advantage ov] u old] p :o j _h to f9d out ! be/ way we c\ld4 ,x 0 ye>s & ye>s be=e ,i really got to d x 9 a workmanlike way1 & ,i am /ill f9d+ out all sorts ( faults4 ,fir/ ( all1 ( c\rse1 y get a commission2 t is q a difficult ?+ to d4 ,! subject is next settl$2 t also is (t5 a v difficult ?+1 p>ticul>ly if y h a ,committee4 ,!n y make a design &1 hav+ got ! design approv$1 y get ! templates1 & set ! ?+ out on ! c>toon4 ,:5 y h to ask = templates1 see t y get !m made ( c>dbo>d or ( pap]1 o!rwise ! local build] w s5d y an enorm\s con/ruction ( wood1 :i* is v unmanageable1 co/s a lot 9 travel1 & is v awkw>d = sett+ out4 ,a piece ( old wallpap] or br[n pap] w d well = templates1 c>efully m>k$ z to _! relative places 9 ! w9d[ & p>ticul>ly ) ! 8inside0 well m>k$ z well z cut out to ! %apes4 ,(t5 all y ne$ is ! head ( ! w9d[ above ! 8spr++0 & figures %[+ :at l5g? x is bel[4 ,y _c tru/ ! masonry if x is n mod]n1 & n always !n2 old "w is almo/ always irregul>4 ,!re is a decorative w9d[ ov] !re 7po9t+71 ^? lights are extremely irregul>1 & we _h to h a template ( e bit ( x2 "o light is ab\t #a-a_/b 94 wid] at ! bottom ?an ! top4 ,!y s5t ! templates c>efully measur$ up1 & ,i set up ! c>toons4 ,x seem$ all "r1 ! w9d[ 0 made & s5t d[n & put up4 ,:5 ,i got to see x 9 ! *ur*1 ,i f\nd ! w9d[s 7 n horizontal at ! bottom1 ! middle "o 0 #a 94 l[] ?an ?is "o1 & ! o!r "o #a 94 l[] ?an t aga94 ,! result 0 ^! saddle b>s1 :i* are q /raight on ! c>toons1 made ?ree /eps 9 ! w9d[4 ,x is really r disconc]t+ to see ! saddle b>s runn+ across slightly out ( ! true1 x cat*es ! eye ( a p]son us$ to mak+ /a9$ glass4 ,i 0 v angry ) myself :5 ,i saw x on ! op5+ day4 ,y mu/ be q sure t ! %apes ( ! w9d[ are accurately produc$1 & y mu/ n tru/ y\r template ( ! top ( "o light to d = ! o!rs2 y want "o = ea*4 ,ev5 9 rec5t "w1 h[ev] good ! mason is1 !re is q (t5 "s slight v>iation4 ,hav+ got y\r templates1 y n[ get !m trac$ out on ! c>toon1 :i* has to be done v c>efully4 ,hav+ set out ! %ape ( ! w9d[1 y place ! saddle b>s across4 ,! function ( ^! saddle b>s is to hold ! w9d[ up2 )\t !m ! weight ( glass 9 a long w9d[ w\ld bulge x out or drag x d[n4 ,^! b>s are usually ab\t #a 94 wide1 & ! w9d[ is ti$ to !m by means ( copp] wires4 ,an advantage ( t is t if ! w9d[ has to be tak5 out1 y only h to take out a piece at a "t1 j untwi/ ! wires & take ea* piece betwe5 ! b>s away sep>ately4 ,if y =get to m>k 9 ! saddle b>s on ! c>toon1 y may f9d :5 y come lat] to settle _! positions t !y cross a face or o!r important "p ( y\r design4 ,aft] y h got y\r c>toon set out1 y />t mak+ y\r draw+1 & !re are a numb] ( c>toons "h :i* %[ ! v>y+ treatm5ts diff]5t p use4 ,! usual me?od is to draw !m 9 *>coal1 & leave ! col\r to be tak5 f ! small sket*4 ,y w see "s v admirable sket*es "h by ,m>t9 ,trav]s1 "o ( our old /ud5ts4 ,"o c fairly tru/ to ^! to d ! ma9 col\r ( ! w9d[4 ,!y are s close to ! design 9 detail1 t ! sket* is q en\gh to make ! glass f )\t col\r+ ! c>toon4 ,i f9d myself r less decid$ ?an t1 & ,i am s incl9$ to v>y ! design on ! c>toons1 t ,i h to col\r !m j to make sure ,i am n los+ ! proportion or ! di/ribution ( col\r4 ,if y are able to /ick close to y\r sket*1 y d n ne$ to col\r ! c>toon2 if y are a p]son :o v>ies1 x is be/ to col\r ! c>toon4 ,!re is also ?is to be said4 ,"o is v mu* incl9$1 9 do+ elaborate *>coal draw+s1 to put 9 a great deal too mu* detail & n to tru/ ! glass en\gh2 glass itself is su* a *>m+ mat]ial t (t5 ! less detail on x 9 pa9t1 ! bett] ! effect4 ,:5 y h done y\r c>toon1 x goes into ! work%op1 & is laid d[n on a l>ge b5*1 a /ret* ( trac+ l95 is plac$ ov] x1 & ! middle l9e ( ea* ( ! leads is trac$4 ,t l9e is drawn s z to be z ?ick z ! c5tral flange 9 ! lead4 ,x is to sep>ate ! two pieces ( glass4 ,y h n[ a map ( ! w9d[4 ,!n all ^! %apes are numb]$1 & !y are ei!r cut out or ano!r trac+ is made & is cut out & numb]$ aga92 ! col\r$ glass1 :i* has already be5 *os51 is !n laid ov] ! pap] %apes ( ! sep>ate pieces1 & is cut out & also numb]$1 all y\r pieces ( glass are numb]$ & correspond to ! numb]s on ! trac+1 s t _! places may be readily f\nd4 ,be=e ?is y mu/ h *os5 ! glass4 ,if y are n ! head ( a work%op1 ! mo/ practical me?od is to g ?r\gh & *oose ) ! =eman1 :o is (t5 a v intellig5t man4 ,y *oose ! ma9 col\rs1 y *oose y\r two or ?ree pr9cipal r$s & two or ?ree pr9cipal blues & gre5s1 & z !y naturally c>ry ?r\gh ! w9d[1 !y keep ! key "r4 ,!n y h to leave x to him to *oose ! m9or t9ts1 ! v>i\s v>iations 9 ^! %ades ( 8:ite40 ,!re are a great _m v>iations2 y want an exp]t man to *oose ^?1 y _c d x y\rself unless y own ! work%op & sp5d y\r life 9 x1 because y d n "k ! /ock4 ,if y d own ! %op & sp5d y\r life at x1 y f9d 9 a %ort "t y h got ! bus9ess to get1 y h got to keep y\r m5 employ$1 pay y\r r5t & wages2 y sp5d mo/ ( y\r "t 9 gett+ ! "w1 & ! re/ ( y\r "t do+ ! c>toons2 & y h n got "t to look into ! details ( *oos+ ! glass4 ,x is n a practical ?+4 ,nobody :o is ess5tially a /a9$ glass man c d ! :ole "w himself1 he has got to tru/ to o!r m52 x is necess>ily a piece ( communal "w4 ,! m5 "w bett] if !y h an int]e/ 9 x4 ,( c\rse1 ?\gh1 y sup]vise ! :ole & alt] any piece y don't l4 ,y h ! glass *os51 ! ma9 t9ts1 & !y are !n cut out1 & ! %apes all be+ settl$ by means ( ! bits ( pap] ,i spoke (1 !n !y are fix$ z y see "h on a l>ge %eet ( pla9 glass1 fix$ 9 ! positions !y are 9 on ! c>toon2 all ! sep>ate pieces ( glass = z l>ge a portion z x is conv5i5t to pa9t at "o "t4 ,!n y put x up aga9/ ! light1 & y pa9t !m f y\r c>toon1 or !y are pa9t$ by a compet5t man4 ,t is ! beg9n+ ( ! f9al /age4 ,aft] !y are pa9t$ once1 !y are fir$1 & g5]ally pa9t$ a second "t1 & sometimes !y are done a ?ird "t1 ) a sort ( turp5t9e pa9t--!y call x 8t>40 ,ea* "t x is fir$ ! pa9t fades a little3 ! second pa9t+ is l>gely ne$$ to /r5g!n :at is fir$ away 9 ! fir/4 ,"o is suppos$ to "k :at is to happ5 9 ! fir+1 b sometimes un=tunate accid5ts happ54 ,aft] x is all pa9t$ ! leads are put r\nd ^! pieces1 !y are cem5t$ toge!r1 & t is ! w9d[ f9i%$ = fix+4 ,n[ a ^w ab\t ! mod]n t5d5cies 9 /a9$ glass1 & ,i am v glad to say ?is is illu/rat$ v l>gely by old /ud5ts ( ?is s*ool4 ,i speak ( mod]n t5d5cies z comp>$ ) ^? ( ?irty or =ty ye>s ago1 mod]n works s9ce ! ,go?ic revival--su* z ! "w done by arti/s ( /&+ & di/9ction1 ! works ( ,rossetti1 ,madox ,br[n1 ,burne-,jones1 ,william ,morris1 & o!rs--,i ?9k ! pr9cipal alt]ation has be5 v mu* 9 ! use ( lead+4 ,t s\nds1 p]haps1 unimportant & vague to ^? :o h n be5 work+ 9 /a9$ glass1 b x is really ( ! fir/ importance4 ,! lead+1 !oretically1 & almo/ always 9 m$iaeval p1 0 simply done to sep>ate "o figure or "o col\r f ano!r1 to sep>ate ! head f ! clo?+1 & ! arm\r f ! surcoat1 & su* ?+s z t4 ,y _h ! lead l9es drawn z f> z possible simply r\nd ! =m1 y w\ld h lead l9es r\nd e sep>ate col\r1 b1 if y c\ld help x1 y tri$ n to h any lead l9es across4 ,y tri$ to arrange x s t y c\ld h a pla9 piece ( col\r ) lead l9es r\nd x1 & no int]f]+ b>s across4 ,mod]n "w has brok5 away f t v mu*1 ,i ?9k myself to ! advantage ( ! art ( /a9$ glass4 ,! use ( lead l9es n only to emphasise =m b = /ructural reasons & to emphasise important p>ts ( ! design1 to give quality to ! col\r1 & also to give opportunities ( v>iation ( ! col\r1 is "o mod]n t5d5cy4 ,x 0 l>gely sugge/$ to mod]n m5 by ! fact t old glass z y see x n[ is s mu* brok5 up by cross l9es1 because x broke accid5tally & has be5 m5d$4 ,!y 7 s clev] t !y (t5 cut r\nd dang]\s %apes :i* did n la/1 & _h to be lead$ across to hold ! w9d[ toge!r4 ,^! prov$ to be s attractive 9 enri*+ ! w9d[ t ! sugge/ion 0 tak5 up1 & x has n[ become a vici\s mann]ism1 9 fact ,i h he>d ( a man :o _h a /a9$ glass w9d[ delib]ately brok5 up1 & j lead$ up ! cracks4 ,b y may d x :5 y feel t x helps y\r design1 if x emphasises int]e/+ po9ts1 or enri*es ! col\r4 ,ano!r t5d5cy ( mod]n glass is ! t5d5cy to ! use ( silh\ette aga9/ pla9 silv]y glass4 ,x is go+ back to ! lat] middle ages1 :5 !y 7 fond ( ?is treatm5t4 ,! silh\ette treatm5t has v>i\s qualities1 v>i\s advantages2 x emphasises &1 ,i ?9k1 makes necess>y a r symbolic treatm5t ( /a9$ glass1 & z ,i ?9k ! symbolic is ! m di/+ui%$1 ! m noble use ( ! mat]ial1 ?is treatm5t has a /rong appeal4 ,ano!r t5d5cy 9 ! "w ( contempor>y design]s :i* ,i regret is ! abs5ce ( bord]+4 ,!y are s incl9$ to treat figures & qu>ries "r up to ! mullion or wall )\t any bord]4 ,x is sev]e & simple1 b y lose ! advantage 9 col\r v (t54 ,?is is a po9t = ^? ( y :o are attempt+ to treat mod]n subjects 9 /a9$ glass1 because mod]n subjects are v difficult4 ,we h n ! advantage our lucki] ance/ors _h ( see+ p all r\nd u we>+ ri* & /rong col\rs1 col\rs ak9 to ^? ( glass1 & also f9e textures2 black broadclo? is n l ! black velvet worn by g5tlem5 9 ! old days4 ,y mu/ f9d y\r col\rs some:]e else if y want to use mod]n figures1 & y mu/ manage someh[ by means ( bord]s or ! decorative crosspieces :i* divide ! w9d[4 ,s ,i w\ld sugge/ t y %\ld pay z mu* att5tion to ! use ( bord]s z y possibly c4 ,y c h a v good1 r silv]y picture )\t mu* col\r+1 su* z mod]n subjects w\ld probably dem&1 & yet get y\r col\r by hav+ a r ri* & wide bord]4 ,mod]n figures look be/ 9 q small areas usually4 ,ano!r t5d5cy1 n v important1 b v helpful to col\r1 is t 9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s ! light glass has be5 us$ mu* :it] & cle>]4 ,:5 ,i began to d /a9$ glass ! correct ?+ 0 a k9d ( dull gre51 r a sage gre51 a 8gre5]y1 yall]y0 k9d ( ?+4 ,i ?9k x 0 because ! dulli% gre5 /uff 0 ?\ght to give a less new or mod]n effect4 ,z y probably "k1 v little glass is :ite1 x ne>ly all has "s t9t1 b contra/+ /rong col\r knocks x out1 & makes y ?9k x is cle>4 ,!re are a few sorts ( glass ( a really cle>1 limpid quality1 b y _c use !m too mu*2 !y are f> too dazzl+4 ,ano!r t5d5cy is1 ,i ?9k1 to use m prim>y col\rs2 /rong col\rs are us$ m & n s _m second>y %ades3 t is because ! /rong col\rs1 ! real col\rs1 r$ & blue & gre51 ! sob] & ! sombre1 ! deep & ri* col\rs1 are ! mo/ effective contra/ ) ?is v silv]y :ite4 ,:5 y get into half tones ( br[ns & greys1 y get r a dull effect4 ,! "w done by good m5 ?irty or =ty ye>s ago is (t5 ( t "*4 ,if y g to ,*ri/*ur* ,ca!dral1 ,ox=d1 !re are sev]al w9d[s by ,burne-,jones & ,morris1 q good ones1 b !y look r wa%$ out1 except ! e>lie/ "o :i*1 on ! contr>y1 is v vivid4 ,x is p>tly because ! glass itself is n z deep & /rong z x might be1 & p>tly because !re is n en\gh lead1 ! pieces are r too big1 & p>tly1 p]haps1 because !re is "s v good old glass to be se5 ne> by4 ,ano!r t5d5cy :i* is a good "o is ! increas$ reliance ^u pa9t+ 9 l9e1 ! increas+ avoidance ( t flat1 mat affair1 :i* has be5 ! work%op tradition up till rec5tly4 ,l _m mod]n work%op traditions x is simply "o ( incompet5ce & m5tal idl5ess1 x means !y did n "k h[ to d x bett]1 & y c\ld also employ *eap] lab\r1 because y d n want ! same type ( educat$ man to d x4 ,!re is n[ a s*ool ( "y arti/s :o are do+ v good "w1 & ,i hope we %all soon h m--bo? m5 & wom54 ,l pott]y pa9t+1 x mu/ n be timid1 y h got to d x ) a decid$1 firm1 /eady /roke1 x does n d to be feeble1 any m ?an x does on pott]y2 x is ! vigor\s1 quick l9e y want3 vig\r is ev5 m important ?an academic accuracy4 ,b ( c\rse a good man c d x correctly4 ,!re is also consid]ably m re/ra9t 9 ! am\nt ( patt]n on co/ume1 bord]s1 etc41 & !re=e m reliance on ! quality ( ! glass itself4 ,^? elaborate & +5i\s patt]ns s g5]al 91 at any rate1 ! great] numb] ( late n9ete5?-c5tury w9d[s are f\nd to be t$i\s & worry+2 _! object 01 z a rule1 to enri* a r poor quality ( glass4 ,nev]!less well-design$ patt]n "w is v useful :5 judici\sly us$4 ,n[ a few words to /ud5ts :o propose to take up ! /udy ( /a9$ glass4 ,fir/ ( all get ?or\ghly us$ to ! mat]ial & practise pa9t+ x1 leav+ ! design ( less important detail until ! glass is be+ h&l$4 ,! con/ant dang] to ! design] is ! c>toon4 ,i f9d t new /ud5ts are f> too apt to make elaborate c>toons be=e !y are suffici5tly famili> ) ! glass itself1 & to cov] !m ) details ( ornam5t ( a "* :i* w n really help ! result4 ,/a9$ glass is sev]e & at ! same "t ri*4 ,z ) e te*nique ! subject mu/ be insep>able f ! treatm5t4 ,! arti/'s subject t is4 ,?is is n ! same z t :i* ! spectator reg>ds z ! 8subject10 & x is n ! 8art = art's sake0 subject4 ,x is n beauty divorc$ f mean+1 except 9 ! simpl] =ms ( lead light+ or patt]ns 9 col\r4 ,^! are (t5 useful1 (t5 want$1 b !y d n dem& ! highe/ imag9ative qualities :i* our art c express4 ,i h little sympa?y ) ! desire to r$uce our arts to ! ab/ract4 ,x is too au/]e & too puritanical an ideal4 ,!y are ! bett]1 ,i ?9k1 :]e ! "w is conceiv$ 9 a mom5t ( f]v5t exaltation4 ,x may be religi\s1 x may come f poetry1 f music1 f ! ext]nal beauty ( ,nature2 x may come z ! w9d comes1 "o kn[s n :5ce1 b x sets a flame1 z x 71 to ! imag9ative m9d1 & 9 t flame ! arti/ic subject is born4 ,n[ )\t a real grasp ( ! craft ?is mom5t is wa/$4 ,no?+ is weld$4 ,! beautiful possibility _c come to ! bir?1 x is )\t =m1 x has no bodily %ape1 & is b "o ( ^? pitiful unrealis$ & unrealisable glimpses ?r\gh ! veil :i* =m ! trag$y ( ! incomplete arti/4 ,only :5 y are s famili> & s easy ) y\r means ( expression t _! limitations1 _! s-call$ re/ra9ts1 are to y a help & a happy fre$om & z natural to y z ! organs ( y\r body1 c y hope to realise ! gift :i* is (f]$ to y & trans=m x into y\r own arti/ic expression4 ,?is does n imply t 8to c>ry out ! c>ry+ out0 w necess>ily be easy1 any m ?an x is always easy to make y\r body obey y\r wi%es2 b x w be natural1 & ! trans=mation w be unconsci\s1 j z a s*ool-boy is trans=m$ into a cricket] q unconsci\sly1 b yet cricket is n easy4 ,to get d[n to facts1 :at all ?is means is t y mu/ "w at y\r te*nique until y nev] dream ( want+ /a9$ glass to d ! ?+s :i* /a9$ glass won't d4 ,n[ /a9$ glass is at its be/1 z ,i h said1 a sev]e & yet ri* =m ( decoration4 ,x c1 9 its light] uses1 express a sort ( qua9tness or :imsicality1 x c tell ! go?ic fairy tale--gobl9s1 elves1 gnomes1 x c express a some:at grimmi% =m ( fantasy4 ,i rememb] see+ a capital piece ( "w--q small--giv+ ! *>act]s ( t /range old ,corni% song 8,widdicombe ,fair10 a r macabre /ory--) ! ,gho/ ( ! ,old ,grey ,m>e1 ,pet] ,hawke & ! re/ ( ! r\t4 ,b x _c easily be gay & x c nev] be frivol\s4 ,h[ depress+ is re/aurant /a9$ glass6 ,i am speak+ ( /a9$ glass1 i4e41 col\r$ glass4 ,:ite glass1 pa9t$1 c convey a c]ta9 s$ate *e]fulness1 z "o may see 9 #af? & #ag? c5tury dome/ic "w2 & :5 enamell$1 z 9 ! ,swiss "w1 x ev5 has a sort ( sprightl9ess1 ( a ,teutonic r ?an ( a ,lat9 type4 ,excursions along ^! pa?s might give v int]e/+ results to ^? ^: temp]am5ts lead !m to su* adv5tures4 ,!y h be5 by no means explor$--& "s ( our /ud5ts are gift$ t way4 ,we mod]n p /& at a disadvantage comp>$ to our ance/ors 9 t ! surr\nd+s ( our lives are n s imm$iately sugge/ive ( treatm5t 9 glass z ^? :i* !y enjoy$4 ,?9k ( ! luck ( t man 9 ,ri*>d ,,ii's "t :o _h to put 8le ,disp5c]s0 r\nd ! *oir at ,tewkesbury4 ,n1 ( c\rse1 a great imag9ative subject1 b a v pleasant1 int]e/+1 & easy job--gorge\s knights 9 surcoats ) _! arms emblazon$4 ,& !n ?9k ( be+ ask$ to d a mod]n ,cab9et ,c\ncil6 ,nev]!less !re are sugge/ions to be got f mod]n life1 & ,i am glad to see t our /ud5ts are aw>e ( x--*ildr51 wom5--m5 are m difficult4 ,texture z well z col\r is a difficulty1 x _c q be ignor$4 ,b ! great1 ! pr(\nd difficulty is ! abs5ce ( symbolic figures1 ( *>act]s :i* h be5 8canonis$0 9 our times by popul> acclaim1 & symbolism mu/ be widely & readily recognis$ to be ( value4 ,?9k ( all ! great moral qualities--& ^! are naturally ! motives ( mu* /a9$ glass4 ,is x lead]%ip 9 w>8 ,x is n ,g5]al ,haig1 nor ev5 ,fo*1 y\r m9d flies to--b ,jo%ua or ,david1 or ,godfrey de ,b\illon4 ,is x /atesman%ip8 ,x is n ,lloyd ,george or ,glad/one1 or ev5 ,william ,pitt--b r ,moses or ,gregory1 ,hildebr& or ,anselm4 ,is x patriotism & self sacrifice8 ,well1 !re are _m graves 8:i* are = ev] ,engl&10 & yet--x is ,joan ( ,arc we ?9k (4 ,probably1 ,flor5ce ,night+ale & ,g5]al ,gordon are ! only *>act]s :i* h be5 8canonis$0 9 rec5t times4 ,& ev5 9 ! case ( ,gordon does ! pres5t g5]ation feel ab\t him z we old] ones did1 :o wat*$ 8 trag$y & *]i% 8 memory8 ,if x comes to o!r ?an moral virtues1 to figures typify+ factors 9 ! /ructure ( ,society--,law1 ,k+%ip1 ,comm]ce1 ,lab\r8 ,law w\ld sc>cely be a ,"l ,*ancellor 7or ,ju/9ian71 b aga9 ,moses1 ) ! ,tablets giv5 him f ,! ,m\nt4 ,k+%ip w\ld h>dly be a mod]n sov]eign--b ,b>b>ossa z 9 ! ,spani% ,*apel1 or ,*>lemagne1 or our own ,k+ ,ar?ur4 ,comm]ce is1 ,i confess1 a difficulty4 ,i ?9k possibly ! graci\s figure ( ,v5ice w\ld be be/4 ,c]ta9ly n ! ,port ( ,london ,au?ority or ,sir ,alfr$ ,mond or ,"l ,lev]hulme6 ,= ,lab\r1 n t gorilla-l figure1 ) a huge jaw & no back to its head1 br&i%+ a pick or a hamm]1 s fav\r$ by ! advanc$ politicians1 & "s sculptors1 ( to-day4 ,b r--! %eph]ds foll[+ ! angel to ! l[ly mang]4 ,x foll[s !n1 t ^? :o wi% to excel 9 /a9$ glass design+ %\ld h a wide culture & real imag9ation1 a s\nd k ( ! necess>y te*nique1 & a ?or\gh delight 9 ! craft4 ,i feel sure1 too1 t !y w\ld be all ! bett] = /udy & design 9 o!r me?ods ( arti/ic expression 9 ord] to avoid t /al5ess & repetition :i* too (t5 comes to ^? :o practice "o =m ( art alone4 ,,rob]t ,,ann+ ,,bell4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,text 9 italics is indicat$ by und]scores4 ,no *anges 7 made to ! text z pr9t$4 ,:ile orig9al copyright in=mation has be5 reta9$1 ?is book is 9 ! public doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4