,,transcriber',s ,,notes ,in the plain text version words in ,italics are denoted by underscores and bold text like this4 ,the book cover was modified by the ,transcriber and has been added to the public domain4 ,a number of words in this book have both hyphenated and non-hyphenated variants4 ,for the words with both variants present the one more used has been kept4 ,obvious punctuation and other printing errors have been corrected4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 8,havelok had all he wanted to eat40 ,,modern ,,essays ,,and ,,stories ,a ,,book ,,to ,,awaken ,,appreciation ,,of ,,modern ,,prose1 ,,and ,,to ,,develop ,,ability ,,and ,,originality ,,in ,,writing ,,edited1 ,,with ,,introduction1 ,,notes1 ,,suggestive ,,questions1 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation1 ,,directions ,,for ,,writing1 ,,and ,,original ,,illustrations ,,by ,,frederick ,,houk ,,law1 ,,ph4,d4 ,head of the ,department of ,english in the ,stuyvesant ,high ,school1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,editor of ,modern ,short ,stories1 etc4 ,illustration ,,new ,,york ,,the ,,century ,,co4 ,,copyright1 #aibb1 ,,by ,,the ,,century ,,co4 ,,all ,,rights ,,reserved1 ,,including ,,the ,,right ,,to ,,reproduce ,,this ,,book1 ,,or ,,portions ,,thereof1 ,,in ,,any ,,form4 #cabj ,,preface ,in all schools pupils are expected to write 8essays0 but1 curiously enough1 essay-reading and essay-writing are taught but little4 ,in spite of that neglect1 the essay is so altogether natural and spontaneous in spirit1 so intensely personal in expression1 and so demanding of excellence of prose style1 that it is the form1 par excellence1 for consideration in school if teachers are to show pupils much concerning the art of writing well4 ,the essay is to prose what the lyric is to poetry--complete1 genuine and beautiful self-expression1 or better still1 self-revelation4 ,most of the writing done in schools is straightforward narration of events1 without much1 if any1 attempt to show personal reactions on those events--mere diary-like accounts1 at best2 mechanical descriptions that aim to present exterior appearance without attempting to reveal inner meanings or to show awakened emotions2 and stereotyped explanations and arguments drawn1 for the most part1 from books of reference or from slight observation4 ,beyond all this mechanical work lies a field of throbbing personal life1 of joyous reactions on all the myriads of interests that lie close at hand1 of meditations on the wonders of plant and animal life1 of humorous or philosophic comments on human nature1 and of all manner of vague dreams and aspirations aroused by 8,such sights as youthful poets dream ,on summer eves by haunted stream40 ,without the slightest question1 it is the duty of the school1 and of the teacher in particular1 to lead pupils to appreciate honesty and originality in unapplied1 unpragmatic self-expression1 and to show pupils how they themselves may gain the very real pleasure of putting down on paper permanent records of their own intimate thinking4 ,joseph ,addison's ,the ,sir ,roger de ,coverley ,papers and ,washington ,irving's ,sketch ,book have for many years made valiant but unsuccessful efforts to fill the places that should be filled by more modern representatives of the essay4 ,macaulay's ,essay on ,johnson is a biographical article for an encyclopedia2 his essays on ,clive and on ,hastings are polemics2 and ,carlyle's ,essay on ,burns is a critical disquisition4 ,with the exception of ,the ,sir ,roger de ,coverley ,papers1 all these so-called essays are of considerable length and are unfitted to serve as the best examples of the essay form2--for the essay1 like the lyric1 demands brevity3 it is1 after all1 only a quick flash of self-revelation1--not a sustained effort4 ,then again1 who would wish to learn to write like ,addison1 like ,washington ,irving1 like ,macaulay1 or like ,carlyle6 ,those great writers couched their thoughts in the language-fashions of their days1 just as they clothed their bodies in the garments of their times4 ,to imitate either their style of expression or their costumes would be to make one's self ridiculous1 or to take part in a species of masquerade4 ,the extremely ,latinized vocabulary of #agaa1 or the resonant periods and marked antitheses of #ahej1 are as old-fashioned to-day as are the once highly respected periwigs1 great-coats and silver shoe buckles of the past4 ,the thoughts of yesterday are not the thoughts of to-day4 ,there is1 in serious reality1 such a thing as 8an old-fashioned point of view40 ,with all due reverence for the past1 the best teachers of to-day believe that it is just as necessary for students to use present-day methods of expression and to cultivate present-day interests as it is to take advantage of the railroad1 the telegraph1 the telephone1 the automobile1 and the thousand other mechanical contrivances that aid life to-day1 but which were unknown in #agaa or in #ahej4 ,the type of essay that should be studied in school should concern modern interests2 represent the modern point of view2 discuss subjects in which young students are interested2 be expressed in present-day language and1 in general1 should set forward an example that pupils may directly and successfully imitate4 ,in order to do all this to the best advantage the essays chosen for study should be exceedingly short4 ,to a young student essays of any considerable length1 unless the subject matter is of unusually intensive interest1 present insuperable difficulties4 ,short essays1 on the other hand1 appear to him exactly what they are1--charmingly delightful expressions of personal opinion4 ,the essays in this book1 instead of telling about coffee houses or stage coaches1 ,scotch peasants or literary circles in ,london or ,edinburgh1 tell about such subjects as ,christmas crowds1 church bells1 walking1 dogs1 the wind1 children1 the streets of ,new ,york1 school experiences1 and various modern ideals in work1 in literature1 and in life4 ,most of the essays are exceedingly short1 only one or two being more than a few pages in length4 ,the essays here given represent various types1 including not only the chatty1 familiar essay but also informational essays1 critical essays1 biographical essays1 story essays1 and one or two examples of highly poetic prose4 ,an informal introduction1 paving the way to a sympathetic understanding1 precedes every essay4 ,notes below the pages of text explain immediately all the literary or historical allusions with which a young reader might not be familiar1 their close position to the text making it unnecessary for a student to hunt for an explanation4 ,suggestive questions given immediately after every essay make it possible for the teacher to assign lessons quickly2 they also enable the student to study by himself and to feel assured that he will not miss any important point4 ,twenty subjects1 suitable as subjects for essays to be written by the student in direct imitation of the essay that immediately precedes them1 follow every selection4 ,in addition to this great number of appropriate modern subjects1 more than #ejj in number1 on which young students can express their real selves1 there are given1 in connection with every list of subjects1 directions for writing1--such as a teacher might give a class when assigning written work4 ,the subject-lists and the directions for writing give the teacher a remarkable opportunity to stimulate a class as never before2 to awaken a spirit of genuine self-expression2 and to teach ,english composition in a way that he can not possibly do through the medium of any of our present-day rhetorics4 99 99 99 99 99 ,for the advantage of those teachers who wish to combine the teaching of the essay and of the short story1 and who may not have at hand any suitable collection of short stories1 the book includes not only introductory material concerning the nature of the short story and the development of the short story form1 but also a series of stories of unusual interest for young readers1 so chosen and so arranged that they represent the development of the short story through the legendary tale1 the historical story1 and the romantic story of adventure1 to the story of realism and of character4 ,in every case the story chosen is one that any student will enjoy and will understand immediately1 as well as one that he can imitate both with pleasure and with success4 ,introductions1 foot notes1 suggestive questions1 subjects for written imitation1 and directions for writing1 follow every story4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if the book is used both as a means of awakening literary appreciation and developing honesty1 originality1 and power in written self-expression it will give pleasure to teachers and students alike4 ,,introduction ,i ,,the ,,writing ,,of ,,essays 8,the plowman1 near at hand1 ,whistles o'er the furrowed land1 ,and the milkmaid singeth blithe44440 ,why8 ,simply because they are happy2 because they are healthy and vigorous1 and at work2 because they are doing something that interests them2 because their hearty enjoyment in life must express itself in some other way than in work alone3 in fact1 they whistle and sing just for the doing of it1--not that they wish any other person to hear them1 and not that they wish to teach anything to anyone4 ,their whistling and singing are spontaneous1 and for the sake of expression alone4 ,many of the best ,english essays were written just for the joy of self-expression4 ,serious workers in life1 in their leisure moments1 have let their pens move1 as it were1 automatically1 in a sort of frank and full expression somewhat akin to the plowman's whistling and the milkmaid's singing4 ,certainly in that joyous spirit ,michel de ,montaigne1 in the sixteenth century1 wrote the delightfully familiar essays that have charmed readers for over three hundred years1 and that established the essay as a literary type4 ,in a like vein1 frankly and personally1 ,charles ,lamb1 who died in the first half of the nineteenth century1 wrote intimate confessions of his thoughts1--his memories of schooldays and of early companionships and familiar places1--writing with all the warmth and color of affectionate regard4 ,happily1 and because he was glad to be alive1 ,robert ,louis ,stevenson1 almost in our own days1 wrote of his love of the good outdoor world with its brooks and trees and stars1 of his love of books and high thought1 and his admiration of a manly attitude toward life4 ,for such people writing for the sake of expression was just as pure joy as the plowman's whistling and the milkmaid's singing4 ,ordinary people write at least the beginnings of essays when they write letters1--not business letters in which they order yards of cloth1 or complain that goods have not been delivered1--not letters that convey any of the business of life1--but rambling1 gossipy1 self-revealing letters1 so illuminated with personality that they carry the very spirit of the writers4 ,everyone1 at times1 talks or writes in a gossipy way of the things that interest him4 ,he likes to escape from the world of daily tasks1 of orders1 directions1 explanations and arguments1 and to talk or write almost without purpose and just for the sake of saying something4 ,in that sense everyone is a natural essayist4 ,the true essayist1 like the pleasant conversationalist1 expresses himself because it gives him pleasure4 ,out of his rich experience and wide observation he speaks wisely and kindly4 ,he has no one story to tell and no one picture to present4 ,he follows no rules and he aims at no very serious purpose4 ,he does not desire to instruct nor to convince4 ,like the conversationalist1 he is ready to leave some things half-said and to emphasize some subjects1 not because it is logical to do so but because he happens to like them4 ,he is ready at any moment to tell an anecdote1 to introduce humor or pathos1 or to describe a scene or a person--if so doing fits his mood4 ,in general1 the true essayist is like the musician who improvises3 he 8,lets his fingers wander as they list1 ,and builds a bridge from dreamland40 ,of all possible kinds of prose writing1 the essay1 therefore1 gives the greatest freedom4 ,the essayist may reveal himself completely and in any manner that he pleases4 ,he may tell of his delight in wandering by mountain streams1 or in mingling with the crowds in city streets2 he may tell of his thoughts as he meditated by ancient buildings or in the solemn half-darkness of age-old churches2 he may dream of a long-gone childhood or look ahead into a roseate future2 he may talk of people whom he has known1 of books that he has read1 or of the ideals of life4 ,any subject is his1 and any method of treatment is his1--just so long as his first thought is the frank and full expression of himself4 ,to write an essay1--even though it be only a paragraph1--is to gain the pleasure of putting at least a little of one's real self down on paper--just because to do so is pleasure4 ,,ii ,,the ,,nature ,,of ,,the ,,essay ,the essay1 then1 instead of being a formal composition1 is characterized by a lack of formality4 ,it is a species of very friendly and familiar writing4 ,like good conversation1 it turns in any direction1 and drops now and then into interesting anecdotes or pleasant descriptions1 but never makes any attempt to go to the heart of a subject4 ,however serious an essay may be it never becomes extremely formal or all-inclusive4 ,a chapter in a textbook includes all that the subject demands and all that the scope of treatment permits4 ,it presents well-organized information in clear1 logical form4 ,it aims definitely to explain or to instruct4 ,it may reveal nothing whatever concerning its writer4 ,an essay1 on the other hand1 includes only those parts of the subject that interest the writer2 it avoids logical form1 and is just as chatty1 wandering1 anecdotal and aimless as is familiar talk4 ,it focuses attention1 not on subject-matter but on the personality of the writer4 ,the essay does not reveal a subject3 it reveals personal interests in a subject4 ,it touches instead of analyzing4 ,it comments instead of classifying4 ,truth may sparkle in an essay as gold sparkles in the sand of an ,alaskan river1 but the presentation of the truth in a scientific sense is no more the purpose of the essay than is the presentation of the gold the purpose of the river4 ,in the eighteenth century1 essayists like ,joseph ,addison1 ,richard ,steele1 ,oliver ,goldsmith and ,samuel ,johnson1 commented freely upon eighteenth century manners and customs1 but they made no attempt to present a careful survey of the subject4 ,every writer wrote of what happened to interest him4 ,to-day it is possible to draw from the great body of eighteenth century essays material for an almost complete survey of manners and customs in that period--but that result is only an accident4 ,the writers did not intend it4 ,the essayist is not concerned with giving accurate and logically-arranged information4 ,he thinks only of telling how his subject appeals to him1 of telling whether or not he likes it1 and why4 ,the more personally he writes1 the better we like his work4 ,in his revelation of himself we find a sort of revelation of ourselves as well1--and we like his work in proportion to that revelation4 ,naturally1 a good essay is short2 for self-revelation is given in flashes1 as it were1--in sparkles of thought that gleam only for a moment4 ,many so-called essays of great length are either only partly essays1 or else are made up of a number of essays put together4 ,stevenson's ,an ,inland ,voyage is partly a straightforward story of a canoe trip1 and partly a series of essays on subjects suggested by the trip4 ,it is possible to draw from a self-revealing book of considerable length a great number of essays on a wide variety of subjects4 ,the essays gleam in the pages of ordinary material as diamonds gleam in their settings of gold4 ,the essay1 as a literary type1 is written comment upon any subject1 highly informal in nature1 extremely personal in character1 and brief in expression4 ,it is also usually marked by a notable beauty of style4 ,,iii ,,types ,,of ,,the ,,essay ,just as there are many kinds of houses and many kinds of boats so there are many kinds of essays4 ,some essays tend to emphasize the giving of information1 lean very strongly toward formality1 and place comparatively little weight on personality1--and yet even such essays1 as compared with other and more serious writings1 are discursive and personal4 ,they are like some people who seem to favor extreme formality without ever quite attaining it4 ,other essays are critical4 ,they point out the good and the bad1 and they set forward ideals that should be reached4 ,the criticism they give is not measured and accurate like the criticism a cabinet-maker might make concerning the construction of a desk4 ,it is more or less personal and haphazard like the remarks of one who knows what he likes and what he does not like but who does not wish to bother himself by going into minute details4 ,many essays tell stories1 but never for the sake of the stories alone4 ,they use the stories as frameworks on which to hang thought1 or as illustrations to emphasize thought4 ,the essays hold beyond and above everything the personality of the one who writes4 ,almost all essays are in some sense biographical1 but they reveal stories of lives1 instead of telling the stories in organized form4 ,the little of biography that essays tell is just enough to permit the writers to recall the memories of childhood1 and the varied affections and interests of life4 ,for real biography one must go elsewhere than to essays4 ,some essays lift one into a fine and close communion with their writers1 and give intimate companionship with a human soul4 ,they are the best of all essays4 ,such essays are always extremely familiar1 and deeply personal1 like the essays of ,michel de ,montaigne and ,charles ,lamb4 ,about such essays is an aroma1 a fascination1 a delight1 that makes them a joy forever4 ,as one reads such essays he feels that he is walking and talking with the writers1 and that he hears them express noble and uplifting thoughts4 ,the terse style of ,francis ,bacon2 the magical phrases of ,sir ,thomas ,browne2 the well-rounded sentences of ,joseph ,addison1 ,sir ,richard ,steele and ,oliver ,goldsmith2 the poetic prose of ,thomas de ,quincey2 the charm of the pages of ,charles ,lamb and ,robert ,louis ,stevenson1--all this is in no sense accidental4 ,the intimate revelation of self1 such as is always made by the best essayists1 creates the most pleasing style4 ,genuine self-expression1 whether it be the fervor of an impassioned orator1 the ardor of a lyric poet1 or the meditative mood of the essayist1 always tends to embody itself in an appropriate style4 ,for that reason much of the best prose of the language is to be found in the works of the great essayists4 ,some writers1 like ,thomas de ,quincey1 have so felt the significance of beauty of style1 and have so appreciated its relationship to the revelation of mood and personality1 that they seem1 in some cases1 to have written for style alone4 ,their essays are unsurpassed tissues of prose and poetry4 ,,iv ,,the ,,development ,,of ,,the ,,essay ,through the medium of spoken or written meditations men have always expressed their personalities1 and thereby have approached the writing of essays4 ,many sections of the ,bible are practically essays1 especially those passages in ,ecclesiastes that speak concerning friendship1 wisdom1 pride1 gossip1 vengeance1 punishment and topics of similar type4 ,in the ancient ,greek and ,roman orations are essay-like sections in which the speakers paused for a moment to express their innermost thoughts about life1 patriotism1 duty1 or the great fact of death4 ,cicero1 one of the most remarkable ,romans1 wrote admirably and with a spirit of familiarity and frankness1 on friendship1 old age1 and immortality4 ,in all ages1 in speeches1 in letters1 and in longer works1 essay-like productions appeared4 ,the invention of the modern essay1--that is1 of the extremely informal1 intimate and personal meditation1--came in #aega1 in ,france4 ,the inventor of the new type of literature was ,michel de ,montaigne1 a retired scholar1 counsellor and courtier1 who found a studious refuge in the old tower of ,montaigne1 where he meditated and wrote for nine years4 ,his essays1 which were first published in #aehj1 are so delightfully informal1 so frankly personal1 so clever and well-aimed in humor1 and so wise1 that they are almost without parallel4 ,in #afja an ,italian1 ,giovanni ,florio1 translated ,montaigne's essays into ,english4 ,immediately the essays became popular and they have deeply influenced the writing of essays in ,english4 ,in #aeig ,francis ,bacon published the first of his essays1 but he did not write with the familiarity that characterized ,montaigne4 ,nevertheless1 his work1 together with that of ,montaigne1 is to be regarded as representing the beginning of the modern essay4 ,it was not until the development of the newspaper in the eighteenth century that the essay found its real period of growth as a literary type4 ,in the first half of the eighteenth century ,the ,tatler and ,the ,spectator1 and similar periodicals1 gave an opportunity for the publication of short prose compositions of a popular nature4 ,joseph ,addison and ,richard ,steele1 writing with kindly humor on the foibles of the day1 did much to establish the popularity of the essay4 ,samuel ,johnson1 ,oliver ,goldsmith and other writers1 in other periodicals1 continued the writing of essays1 and made the power of the essay known4 ,until the time of ,charles ,lamb1 in the first half of the nineteenth century1 no ,english writer had even approached the familiar charm of ,montaigne4 ,bacon had written in a formal manner2 his followers had held before them the thought of teaching rather than the thought of self-revelation2 the eighteenth century writers had delighted in character studies and in observations on social life and customs4 ,lamb1 on the other hand1 wrote not to instruct but to communicate2 not about the world but about himself4 ,he restored the essay to its position as a means of self-revelation4 ,the most notable fact about ,lamb's essays is that they reveal him to us as one of the persons whom we know best4 ,at the same time humor1 pathos and beauty of expression are so remarkable in ,lamb's essays that they alone give them permanent value4 ,other writers of the essay1 like ,leigh ,hunt1 ,sydney ,smith1 ,william ,hazlitt1 and ,francis ,jeffrey1 wrote powerfully but none of them with a charm equal to that of ,lamb4 ,thomas de ,quincey1 writing in a highly poetic style1 did much to stimulate poetic prose4 ,lord ,macaulay1 in a number of critical and biographical essays1 wrote forcefully1 logically1 and with a high degree of mastery of style but he paid slight attention to self-revelation4 ,it is evident1 then1 that there are two marked types of the essay1--one1 the formal1 purposive composition2 and the other informal and intensely personal in nature4 ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson1 ,matthew ,arnold1 ,john ,ruskin1 and ,james ,russell ,lowell represent the first type4 ,many excellent articles in periodicals1 and many of the best of editorial articles in newspapers are in reality essays of the formal kind4 ,washington ,irving1 ,oliver ,wendell ,holmes1 ,henry ,d4 ,thoreau1 ,george ,william ,curtis and many others represent the second type4 ,in modern times the world has been blessed by the writing of a number of essays of the charming1 familiar type4 ,john ,burroughs has revealed his love for the world of nature2 ,henry ,van ,dyke has taken us among the mountains and along the rivers2 and ,gilbert ,k4 ,chesterton1 ,arnold ,bennett1 ,samuel ,m4 ,crothers1 ,charles ,dudley ,warner1 ,hamilton ,wright ,mabie1 ,brander ,matthews1 ,agnes ,repplier and a host of others have written on many and varied subjects4 ,great essayists1 like great novelists or great poets or great dramatists1 are rare4 ,it is only now and then that a ,montaigne1 a ,charles ,lamb1 or a ,robert ,louis ,stevenson appears4 ,it is to the glory of literature1 however1 that there are so many who write in the field of the essay1 and who approach true greatness1 even if they do not attain it4 ,v ,,essays ,,well ,,worth ,,reading ,joseph ,addison ,the ,spectator ,sir ,richard ,steele ,apochrypha1 ,the ,ecclesiasticus ,arnold1 ,matthew ,culture and ,anarchy ,bacon1 ,francis ,essays ,bennett1 ,arnold ,how to ,live on #bd ,hours a ,day ,browne1 ,sir ,thomas ,religio ,medici ,bible1 ,the ,holy ,ecclesiastes ,burroughs1 ,john ,birds and ,bees 0 0 ,locusts and ,wild ,honey 0 0 ,wake ,robin 0 0 ,winter ,sunshine 0 0 ,accepting the ,universe ,carlyle1 ,thomas ,heroes and ,hero ,worship ,curtis1 ,george ,william ,prue and ,i ,chesterfield1 ,lord ,letters to ,his ,son ,crothers1 ,samuel ,m4 ,the ,gentle ,reader ,emerson1 ,ralph ,waldo ,essays ,goldsmith1 ,oliver ,the ,citizen of the ,world ,grayson1 ,david ,adventures in ,contentment ,harrison1 ,frederic ,the ,choice of ,books ,hearn1 ,lafcadio ,out of the ,east ,holmes1 ,oliver ,wendell ,the ,autocrat of the ,breakfast ,table 0 0 0 ,the ,professor at the ,breakfast,table 0 0 0 ,the ,poet at the ,breakfast ,table 0 0 0 ,over the ,teacups ,irving1 ,washington ,the ,sketch ,book ,johnson1 ,samuel ,the ,idler 0 0 ,the ,rambler ,lamb1 ,charles ,essays ,lowell1 ,james ,russell ,among ,my ,books ,matthews1 ,brander ,aspects of ,fiction ,mabie1 ,hamilton ,wright ,essays on ,nature and ,culture ,macaulay1 ,thomas ,babington ,milton ,maeterlinck1 ,maurice ,field ,flowers 0 0 ,news of the ,spring 0 0 ,old ,fashioned ,flowers ,mitchell1 ,donald ,g4 ,reveries of a ,bachelor 0 0 0 ,dream ,life ,montaigne1 ,michel de ,essays ,pater1 ,walter ,appreciations ,de ,quincey1 ,thomas ,vision of ,sudden ,death 0 0 ,dream ,fugue ,repplier1 ,agnes ,in ,our ,convent ,days ,ruskin1 ,john ,sesame and ,lilies ,roosevelt1 ,theodore ,the ,strenuous ,life ,ross1 ,e4 ,a4 ,sin and ,society ,shairp1 ,john ,campbell ,studies in ,poetry and ,philosophy ,stevenson1 ,robert ,louis ,inland ,voyage 0 0 0 ,travels with a ,donkey 0 0 0 ,virginibus ,puerisque 0 0 0 ,memories and ,portraits 0 0 0 ,later ,essays ,thoreau1 ,henry ,david ,a ,week on the ,concord and ,merrimac ,rivers 0 0 0 ,walden 0 0 0 ,the ,maine ,woods 0 0 0 ,cape ,cod ,van ,dyke1 ,henry ,little ,rivers 0 0 0 ,fisherman's ,luck ,wagner1 ,charles ,the ,simple ,life ,white1 ,gilbert ,the ,natural ,history and ,antiquities of ,selborne ,,vi ,,the ,,writing ,,of ,,short ,,stories ,you cross a street and narrowly escape being run over by an automobile2 or you go on a picnic and have delightful experiences2 or you return from travel1 with the memory of happy adventures--at once an uncontrollable impulse besets you to tell some one what you experienced4 ,that desire to interest some one else in the series of actions that interested you1 is the basis of all story-telling4 ,in one of its simplest forms story-telling is personal and concerns events that actually occurred to the story-teller4 ,such narration uses the words 8,i10 8me0 and 8mine10 seeks no development1 aims at no climax1 and strikes at interest only through telling of the unusual4 ,when you stand before an abandoned farm-house and see its half-fallen chimney1 its decayed boards1 its gaping windows1 and the wild vines that clamber into what was once a home your imagination takes fire1 and you think of happier days that the house has seen4 ,you imagine the man and woman who built it2 the children who played in its doorways2 and the happy gatherings or sad scenes that marked its story4 ,that quick imagination of the might-be and the might-have-been is the beginning both of realism and of romance4 ,the story you would tell would use the third person1 in all probability2 would seek an orderly development1 and would aim at climax4 ,when you stand in your window on a winter day and watch thousands of snow-flakes float down from the sky1 circling in fantastic whirls1 you see them as so many white fairies led by a master spirit in revel and dance4 ,you are ready to tell1 with whatever degree of fancy and skill you can command1 the story of the-world-as-it-is-not and as-it-never-will-be4 ,a story of that kind is pure romance4 ,whenever you tell what happened to you or to some one else2 or what might have been or might be2 or of what could not possibly be1 your object is to interest some one else in what interests you4 ,you use many expedients to capture and to hold interest3 you make a quick beginning1 or careful preparation for the climax2 you make your story as real or as striking as you can make it2 you cut it short or you tell it at length2 or you hold the reader's attention on some point of interest that you do not reveal in full until the last4 ,whatever you do to capture and to hold interest makes for art in story-telling4 ,when an airplane descends unexpectedly in a country town every one in the place wishes1 as soon as possible1 to learn whence the aviator came and what experiences he had4 ,human curiosity is insatiable1 and for that reason people love to hear stories as well as to tell them4 ,in fact1 people gain distinct advantages by reading stories4 ,they become acquainted with many types of character2 they see all sorts of interesting events that they could never see in reality2 they see what happens under certain circumstances1 and thereby they gain practical lessons4 ,through their reading they gain such vivid experiences that they are likely to have a larger outlook upon life4 ,,vii ,,nature ,,of ,,the ,,short ,,story ,brevity is the first essential of a short story1 and yet under the term1 8brief10 may be included a story that is told in one or two paragraphs1 and a story that is told in many pages4 ,a story that is so long that it cannot be read easily at a single sitting is not a short story4 ,to make one strong impression on the mind of the reader1 and to make that impression so powerfully that it will leave the reader pleased1 convinced and emotionally moved is the principal aim of a good short story4 ,to the production of that one effect everything in the story1--characters1 action1 description1 and exposition1--points with the definiteness of an established purpose4 ,all else is omitted1 and thus all the parts of the story are both necessary and harmonious4 ,centralizing everything on the production of one effect makes every short story complete in itself4 ,the purpose having been accomplished there is nothing more to be said4 ,the end is the end4 ,a convincing sense of reality characterizes every excellent short story4 ,the author himself appears only as one who narrates truth1 not at all as one who has moved the puppets of imagination4 ,the story seems a transcript from real experience4 ,the characters1--not the author1--make the plot4 ,their personalities reveal themselves in action4 ,the entire story is founded substantially upon life and appears as a photographic glimpse of reality4 ,as in all other writing1 the greater the art of the writer in adapting style to thought1 in using language effectively1 the better production4 ,word-choice1 power of phrasing1 and skill in artistic construction count for as much in the short story as in any other type of literature4 ,,viii ,,types ,,of ,,the ,,short ,,story ,since the short story represents life1 it has as many types as there are interests in life4 ,it may confine itself to the ordinary events of life in city or country1 at home or abroad2 it may concern past events in various regions2 or it may look with a prophetic glance into the distant future4 ,it may concern nothing but verifiable truth or be highly imaginative1 delicately fanciful1 or notably grotesque4 ,it may draw interest from quaint places and odd characters1 or it may appeal through vividness of action4 ,it may aim to do nothing more than to arouse interest and to give pleasure for a moment1 or it may endeavor to teach a truth4 ,among the many types of the short story1 a few are especially worthy of note4 ,folk-lore stories are stories that have been told by common people for ages4 ,they come direct from the experience and the common sense of ordinary people4 ,they represent the interests1 the faith and the ideals of the race from which they come4 ,fables are very short stories that point out virtues and defects in human character presented in the guise of animal life4 ,legends are stories that have come down to us from a time beyond our own4 ,they are less simple and direct than the ordinary folk-lore story4 ,undoubtedly founded on actual occurrences they have tinged fact with a poetic beauty that ennobles them and often gives them highly ethical values4 ,stories of adventure emphasize startling events rather than character4 ,love stories emphasize courtship and the episodes of romantic love4 ,local color stories reveal marked characteristics of custom and language1 and the oddities of life notable in a particular locality4 ,dialect stories make use of the language peculiarities found in common use by a particular type of people4 ,stories of the supernatural deal with ghostly characters and uncanny forces4 ,stories of mystery present puzzling problems1 and slowly1 step by step1 lead the readers to satisfactory solutions4 ,animal stories1 whether realistic or romantic1 concern the lives of animals4 ,stories of allegory1 through symbolic characters and events1 reveal moral truths4 ,stories of satire1 by ridiculing types of character1 social customs1 or methods of action1 tend to awaken a spirit of reform4 ,stories of science present narratives based upon the exposition and the actual use of scientific facts4 ,stories of character emphasize notable personalities1 place stress upon motive and the inner nature rather than upon outer action1 and clarify the reader's understanding of human character4 ,,ix ,,the ,,development ,,of ,,the ,,short ,,story ,although the beginnings of the short story existed in the past1 and although tales were told in all ages1 the short story1 in its present form1 is a comparatively new type of literature4 ,the short1 complete1 realistic narrative designed to produce a single strong impression1 came into being in the first half of the nineteenth century4 ,the first writer to point out and to exemplify the principles of the modern short story was ,edgar ,allan ,poe1 #ahji-ahdi4 ,as early as #djjj ,b4,c4 the ,egyptians composed the ,tales of the ,magicians1 and in the pre-,christian eras the ,greeks and other peoples wrote short prose narratives4 ,folk-lore tales go back to very early times4 ,the celebrated ,gesta ,romanorum is a collection of anecdotes and tales drawn from many ages and peoples1 including the ,greeks1 the ,egyptians and the peoples of ,asia4 ,in the early periods of the history of ,europe and of ,england many narratives centered around the supposed exploits of romantic characters like the ancient ,greeks and ,trojans1 ,alexander the ,great1 ,charlemagne and ,king ,arthur4 ,in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries the ,italians became skilful in the telling of tales called novelle4 ,giovanni ,boccaccio1 #acac-acge1 brought together from wide and varied sources a collection of one hundred such tales in a volume called ,il ,decamerone4 ,he united the tales by imagining that seven ladies and three gentlemen who had fled from ,florence to avoid the plague1 pass their time in story-telling4 ,his work had the deepest influence on many later writers1 including particularly the ,english poet1 ,geoffrey ,chaucer1 #acdj-adjj1 whose ,canterbury ,tales re-tell some of ,boccaccio's stories4 ,chaucer imagines that a number of people1 representing all the types of ,english life1 tell stories as they journey slowly to the shrine of ,thomas ,becket at ,canterbury4 ,his stories intimately reveal the actual ,england of his day4 ,he is the first great realist4 ,in the sixteenth century many writers1 particularly in ,italy1 ,france and ,spain1 told ingenious stories that developed new interest in story-telling and story-reading4 ,the writing of character studies and the development of periodicals led1 in the eighteenth century1 to such essays as ,the ,sir ,roger de ,coverley ,papers1 written for ,the ,spectator by ,joseph ,addison1 #afgb-agai1 and ,sir ,richard ,steele1 #afgb-agbi4 ,the doings of ,sir ,roger de ,coverley are told so realistically and so entertainingly that it was evident that such material could be used not only to illustrate the thought of an essayist but also for its own sake in stories founded on character4 ,about the beginning of the nineteenth century stories of an uncanny nature1--of ghosts and strange events1--the so-called 8,gothic0 stories1--became widely popular4 ,two ,german writers1 ,e4 ,t4 ,a4 ,hoffmann1 #aggf-ahbb1 and ,ludwig ,tieck1 #aggc-ahec1 wrote with such peculiar power that they led other writers to imitate them4 ,among the followers of ,tieck and ,hoffmann the most notable name is that of ,edgar ,allan ,poe4 ,poe's contemporaries1 ,washington ,irving1 #aghc-ahei1 and ,nathaniel ,hawthorne1 #ahjd-ahfd1 likewise showed the influence of the 8,gothic0 school of writing4 ,irving turned the ghostly into humor1 as in ,the ,legend of ,sleepy ,hollow2 ,hawthorne wrote of the mysterious in terms of fancy and allegory1 as in ,ethan ,brand1 ,the ,birth ,mark1 and ,rappaccini's ,daughter2 ,poe directed all his energy to the production of single effect1--frequently the effect of horror1 as in ,the ,cask of ,amontillado1 ,the ,black ,cat and ,the ,pit and the ,pendulum4 ,poe's natural ability as a constructive artist1 and his genuine interest in story-telling1 led him to formulate the five principles of the short story3--brevity1 single effect1 verisimilitude1 the omission of the non-essential1 and finality4 ,from the time when ,poe pointed the way the short story has had an unparalleled development4 ,french writers like ,guy de ,maupassant2 ,british writers like ,rudyard ,kipling2 ,russian writers like ,count ,leo ,tolstoi1 and ,american writers like ,o4 ,henry1 ,richard ,harding ,davis1 ,frank ,r4 ,stockton1 ,mary ,e4 ,wilkins ,freeman1 ,thomas ,bailey ,aldrich1 ,f4 ,hopkinson ,smith1 ,jack ,london1 and a thousand others1 have carried on the great tradition4 ,x ,,authors ,,of ,,short ,,stories ,,well ,,worth ,,reading ,volumes containing short stories by the following writers will be found in any public library4 ,any one who wishes to gain an understanding of the principles of the short story should read a number of stories by every writer named in the list4 ,thomas ,bailey ,aldrich ,washington ,irving ,hans ,christian ,andersen ,myra ,kelly ,james ,matthew ,barrie ,rudyard ,kipling ,alice ,brown ,jack ,london ,henry ,cuyler ,bunner ,brander ,matthews ,richard ,harding ,davis ,ian ,maclaren ,margaret ,deland ,fiona ,mc,leod ,sir ,arthur ,conan ,doyle ,edgar ,allan ,poe ,eugene ,field ,thomas ,nelson ,page ,mary ,e4 ,wilkins ,freeman ,ernest ,thompson ,seton ,hamlin ,garland ,f4 ,hopkinson ,smith ,nathaniel ,hawthorne ,frank ,r4 ,stockton ,joel ,chandler ,harris ,robert ,louis ,stevenson ,o4 ,henry ,ruth ,mc,enery ,stuart ,bret ,harte ,henry ,van ,dyke ,,contents ,,page ,,preface v ,,introduction ix ,i ,,the ,,writing ,,of ,,essays ix ,,ii ,,nature ,,of ,,the ,,essay xi ,,iii ,,types ,,of ,,the ,,essay xii ,,iv ,,the ,,development ,,of ,,the ,,essay xiv ,v ,,essays ,,well ,,worth ,,reading xvi ,,vi ,,the ,,writing ,,of ,,short ,,stories xviii ,,vii ,,nature ,,of ,,the ,,short ,,story xix ,,viii ,,types ,,of ,,the ,,short ,,story xx ,,ix ,,the ,,development ,,of ,,the ,,short ,,story xxii ,x ,,authors ,,of ,,short ,,stories ,,well ,,worth ,,reading xxiv ,,the ,,familiar ,,essay ,,the ,,pup-,,dog ,robert ,palfrey ,utter #c ,,chewing ,,gum ,charles ,dudley ,warner #aa ,,the ,,mystery ,,of ,,ah ,,sing ,robert ,l4 ,duffus #af ,,old ,,doc ,opie ,read #ai ,,christmas ,,shopping ,helen ,davenport #bf ,,sunday ,,bells ,gertrude ,henderson #bh ,,discovery ,georges ,duhamel #ca ,,the ,,furrows ,gilbert ,k4 ,chesterton #cf ,,meditation ,,and ,,imagination ,hamilton ,wright ,mabie #dj ,,who ,,owns ,,the ,,mountains8 ,henry ,van ,dyke #di ,,the ,,legendary ,,story ,,running ,,wolf ,algernon ,blackwood #ee ,,the ,,biographical ,,essay ,,how ,i ,,found ,,america ,anzia ,yezierska #gg ,,memories ,,of ,,childhood ,william ,henry ,shelton #id ,a ,,visit ,,to ,,john ,,burroughs ,sadakichi ,hartmann #ajj ,,washington ,,on ,,horseback ,h4 ,a4 ,ogden #ajh ,,the ,,historical ,,story ,,havelok ,,the ,,dane ,george ,philip ,krapp #aah ,,the ,,story ,,essay ,,politics ,,up ,,to ,,date ,frederick ,lewis ,allen #acf ,,free6 ,charles ,hanson ,towne #adc ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,adventure ,,prunier ,,tells ,a ,,story ,t4 ,morris ,longstreth #adh ,,the ,,didactic ,,essay ,,the ,,american ,,boy ,theodore ,roosevelt #afh ,,the ,,spirit ,,of ,,adventure ,hildegarde ,hawthorne #agf ,,vanishing ,,new ,,york ,robert and ,elizabeth ,shackleton #ahd ,,the ,,songs ,,of ,,the ,,civil ,,war ,brander ,matthews #bjc ,,locomotion ,,in ,,the ,,twentieth ,,century ,h4 ,g4 ,wells #baj ,,the ,,writing ,,of ,,essays ,charles ,s4 ,brooks #bai ,,the ,,rhythm ,,of ,,prose ,abram ,lipsky #bbe ,,the ,,realistic ,,story ,,the ,,chinaman',s ,,head ,william ,rose ,bent #bcj ,,getting ,,up ,,to ,,date ,roberta ,wayne #bci ,,the ,,lion ,,and ,,the ,,mouse ,joseph ,b4 ,ames #bec ,,the ,,critical ,,essay ,,coddling ,,in ,,education ,henry ,seidel ,canby #bfg ,a ,,successful ,,failure ,glenn ,frank #bga ,,the ,,drolleries ,,of ,,clothes ,agnes ,repplier #bgh ,,poetic ,,prose ,,children ,yukio ,ozaki #bhd ,,ships ,,that ,,lift ,,tall ,,spires ,,of ,,canvas ,ralph ,d4 ,paine #bhg ,,personality ,,in ,,correspondence ,,the ,,statue ,,of ,,general ,,sherman ,theodore ,roosevelt #bia ,,the ,,roosevelt ,,saint-,,gaudens ,,correspondence ,,concerning ,,coinage ,theodore ,roosevelt and ,augustus ,saint-,gaudens #bib ,,the ,,symbolic ,,story ,,hi-,,brasil ,ralph ,durand #cjj ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,,facing ,,page 8,havelok had all he wanted to eat40 ,frontispiece ,the feeling stole over him without the slightest warning4 ,he was not alone #fj ,my great-grandmother #if ,colonel ,humphreys landed in the ditch #aaf 8,you made a fine signal0 #afd ,it has been called the oldest building in ,new ,york #ahh 8,a-ah1 mystery60 said ,mrs4 ,revis1 clasping her beautiful hands and gazing upward4 8,i adore mystery60 #bcf 8,isn't this great6 ,they're here1 every one of them6 ,you're awfully good to let us use the phonograph0 #bdh ,at the very take-off1 a gasp of horror was jolted from his lips #bfd ,the fluctuations of fashion are alternately a grievance and a solace #bhj ,its humming shrouds were vibrant with the eternal call of the sea #bhh ,designing the ten- and twenty-dollar gold pieces #bib ,,modern ,,essays ,,and ,,stories ,,the ,,familiar ,,essay ,,the ,,pup-,,dog ,by ,,robert ,,palfrey ,,utter 7#ahge--74 ,associate ,professor of ,english in the ,university of ,california4 ,he taught for a time at ,harvard and also at ,amherst4 ,he is a delightful essayist1 and contributes frequently to various magazines4 ,the writer of a familiar essay selects any subject in which he is interested4 ,sometimes the more trifling the subject seems to be1 the more delightful is the essay4 ,trifles1 in fact1 make up life1 and around them center many of our deepest interests4 ,the very charm of the familiar essay lies in its ability to call attention to the value of trifles1--to the little things in life1 to little events1 and to all the odds and ends of human interests4 ,the familiar essay is nothing more than happy talk that gives us1 as it were1 a walk or a chat with one who has a keen mind1 a ready wit1 and a pleasant spirit4 ,the ,pup-,dog is an unusually excellent illustration of the familiar essay4 ,we all love him1--the pup-dog1--the good friend about whom ,mr4 ,utter has written so amusingly1 so understandingly1 and so sympathetically4 ,as we read we can see the dog jumping and hear him barking2 we laugh at his antics2 we are1 in fact1 taking a walk with ,mr4 ,utter while he talks to us about his dog1--or our dog4 ,any dog is a pup-dog so long as he prefers a rat1 dead or alive1 to chocolate fudge1 a moldy bone to sponge cake1 a fight with a woodchuck to hanging round the tea-table for sweet biscuit4 ,of course he will show traits of age as years advance1 but usually they are physical traits1 not emotional4 ,for the most part dogs' affections burn warmly1 and their love of life and experience brightly1 while life lasts4 ,they remain young1 as poets do4 ,every dog is a pup-dog1 but some are more so than others4 ,most so of all is the ,irish terrier4 ,to me he stands as the archetype of the dog1 and the doggier a dog is1 the better ,i like him4 ,i love the collie2 none better4 ,i have lived with him1 and ranged the hills with him in every kind of weather1 and you can hardly tell me a story of his loyalty and intelligence that ,i cannot go you one better4 ,but the collie is a gentleman4 ,he has risen from the ranks1 to be sure1 but he is every inch the gentleman1 and just now ,i am speaking of dogs4 ,the terrier is every inch a dog1 and the ,irish is the terrier par excellence4 ,the man who mistakes him for an ,airedale1 as many do1 is one who does not know an ,irishman from a ,scot4 ,the ,airedale has a touch of the national dourness2 ,i believe that he is a ,calvinist at heart1 with a severe sense of personal responsibility4 ,the ,irish terrier can atone vicariously or not at all for his light-hearted sins4 ,the ,airedale takes his romance and his fighting as seriously as an ,alan ,breck4 ,the ,irish terrier has all the imagination and humor of his race2 he has a rollicking air2 he is whimsical1 warm-hearted1 jaunty1 and has the gift of blarney4 ,he loves a scrimmage better than his dinner1 but he bears no malice4 ,his fellest earthly foes1 ,cats1 he does but affect to hate4 ,the terrier family is primarily a jolly1 good-natured crowd whose business it is to dig into the lairs of burrowing creatures and fight them at narrow quarters4 ,the signal for the fight is the attack on the intrusive nose4 ,you can read this family history in the pup-dog's treatment of the cat4 ,the cat of his own household with whom he is brought up he rallies with good-humored banter1 but he is less likely to hurt her than she him4 ,he will take her with him on his morning round of neighborhood garbage-pails1 and even warm her kittens on his back as he lies in the square of sunshine on the kitchen floor1 till they begin to knead their tiny claws into him in a futile search for nourishment2 then he shakes them patiently off and seeks rest elsewhere4 ,he will chase any cat as long as she will run2 if she refuses to run1 he will dance round her and bark1 trying to get up a game4 8,be a sport60 he taunts her4 8,take a chance60 ,but if she claws his nose1 she treads on the tail of his coat1 and no ,irish gentleman will stand for that4 ,similar are his tactics with human creatures4 ,first he tries a small bluff to see if he can start anything4 ,if his victim shows signs of fear1 he redoubles his effort1 his tail the while signaling huge delight at his success4 ,if the victim shows fight1 he may develop the attack in earnest4 ,the victim who shows either fear or fight betrays complete ignorance of dog nature1 for the initial bluff is always navely transparent2 the pup-dog may have a poker face1 but his tail is a rank traitor4 ,a nest of yellow-jackets in a hole in the ground challenges his every instinct4 ,he cocks his ear at the subterranean buzzing1 tries a little tentative excavation with cautious paw4 ,soon one of the inmates scores on the tip of his nose1 and war is declared in earnest4 ,there are leaping attacks with clashing of teeth1 and wildly gyrating rear-guard actions4 ,custom cannot stale the charm of the spot2 all summer1 so long as there is a wing stirring1 hornets shall be hot i' the mouth4 ,the degree of youth which the pup-dog attains and holds is that of the human male of eleven or twelve years4 ,he nurses an inextinguishable quarrel with the hair-brush4 ,his hatred of the formal bath is chronic1 but he will paddle delightedly in any casual water out of doors1 regardless of temperatures and seasons4 ,at home he will sometimes scoff at plain1 wholesome food1 but to the public he gives the impression that his family systematically starve him1 and his dietetic experiments often have weird and disastrous results4 ,you can never count on his behavior except on formal occasions1 when you know to a certainty that he will disgrace you4 ,his curiosity is equaled only by his adroitness in getting out of awkward situations into which it plunges him4 ,his love of play is unquenchable by weariness or hunger2 there is no time when the sight of a ball will not rouse him to clamorous activity4 ,for fine clothes he has a satiric contempt1 and will almost invariably manage to land a dirty footprint on white waist-coat or 8ice-cream pants0 in the first five minutes of their immaculacy4 ,he is one hundred per cent4 motor-minded2 when he is 8stung with the splendor of a sudden thought10 he springs to immediate action4 ,in the absence of any ideas he relaxes and sleeps with the abandon of a jute door-mat4 ,dog meets dog as boy meets boy1 with assertions of superiority1 challenge1 perhaps fight1 followed by friendship and play4 ,no wonder that with pup-boys the pup-dog is so completely at one2 his code is their code1 and whither they go he goes--except to school4 ,with ,september come the dull days for him4 ,no more the hordes of pirates and bandits with bandanas and peaked hats1 belts stuck full of dirks and 8ottermaticks10 sweep up and down the sidewalk on bicycles in open defiance of the law1 raiding lawns and gardens1 scattering shrieking tea-parties of little girls and dolls1 haling them aboard the lugger in the next lot and holding them for fabulous ransom4 ,there is always some one who will pay it with an imposing check signed 8,theodore ,wilson ,roosevelt ,woodrow ,rockefeller40 ,he prances with flopping ears beside the flying wheels1 crouches in ambush1 gives tongue in the raid1 flies at the victims and tears their frocks1 mounts guard in the cave1 and shares the bandits' last cookie4 ,but when the pirates become orderly citizens1 his day begins after school and ends with supper4 ,with his paws on the window-sill1 his nose making misty spots on the glass1 he watches them as they march away in the morning1 then he makes a perfunctory round of the neighborhood1 inspecting garbage-pails and unwary cats4 ,after that there is nothing to do but relax in the ,september sunshine and exist in a coma till the pirates return and resume their normal functions1 except for his routine attempt to intimidate the postman and the iceman4 ,perhaps he might succeed some happy day2 who knows8 ,the pup-dog in the open is the best of companions2 his exuberant vitality and unquenchable zest for things in general give him endless variety4 ,there are times1 perhaps1 when you see little of him2 he uses you as a mobile base of operations1 and runs an epicycloidal course with you as moving center1 showing only a flash of his tail on one horizon or the flop of his ears on the other4 ,you hear his wild cries of excitement when he starts a squirrel or a rabbit4 ,by rare luck you may be called in time to referee a fight with a woodchuck1 or once in a happy dog's age you may see him1 a khaki streak through the underbrush1 in pursuit of a fox4 ,at last you hear the drumming of his feet on the road behind you2 he shoots past before he can shift gears1 wheels1 and lands a running jump on your diaphragm by way of reporting present for duty4 ,thereafter he sticks a little closer1 popping out into the road or showing his tousled face through the leaves at intervals of two or three hundred yards to make sure that you are still on the planet4 ,then you may enjoy his indefatigable industry in counting with his nose1 his tail quivering with delight1 the chinks of old stone walls4 ,you may light your pipe and sit by for an hour as he energetically follows his family tradition in digging under an old stump1 shooting the sand out behind with kangaroo strokes1 tugging at the roots with his teeth1 and pausing from time to time to grin at you with a yard of pink tongue completely surrounded by leaf mold4 ,you may admire his zeal as inspector of chipmunks1 mice1 frogs1 grasshoppers1 crickets1 and such small deer4 ,anything that lives and tries to get away from him is fair game except chickens4 ,if round the turn of the road he plumps into a hen convention1 memories of bitter humiliations surge up within him1 and he blushes1 and turns his face aside4 ,other dogs he meets with tentative growling1 bristling1 and tail-wagging1 by way of asserting that he will take them on any terms they like2 fight or frolic1 it is all one to him4 ,you cannot win his allegiance by feeding him1 though he always has his bit of blarney ready for the cook4 ,he loves all members of the family with nice discrimination for their weaknesses3 the pup-boy who cannot resist an invitation to romp2 the pup-girl who cannot withstand begging blandishments of nose and paw1 but will subvert discipline and share food with him whenever and wherever she has it4 ,he will welcome with leapings and gyrations any one of them after a day's absence or an hour's1 but his whole-souled allegiance is to the head of the house2 his is the one voice that speaks with authority2 his the first welcome always when the family returns in a group4 ,that loyalty1 burning bright and true to the last spark of life1 that unfailing welcome on which a man can count more surely than on any human love--indeed1 there is no secret in a man's love for a dog1 however we may wonder at the dog's love for the man4 ,let ,argos and ,ulysses#a stand as the type of it1 though to me it lacks something of the ideal1 not in the image of the dog1 but in the conduct of the man4 ,were ,i disguised for peril of my life1 and my dog1 after the wanderings and dangers of many years1 lifted his head and knew me and then died1 ,i think no craft could withhold my feelings from betraying me4 8,dogs know their friends10 we say1 as if there were mystery in the knowledge4 ,the password of the fraternity is not hidden2 you may hear it anywhere4 ,it was spoken at my own hearth when the pup-dog1 wet with autumn rain1 thrust himself between my guest and the andirons and began to steam4 ,my guest checked my remonstrance4 8,don't disturb him on my account1 you know4 ,i rather like the smell of a wet dog10 he added apologetically4 ,the word revealed a background that made the speaker at once and forever my guest-friend4 ,in it ,i saw boy and dog in rain and snow on wet trails1 their camp in narrow shelter1 where they snuggle together with all in common that they have of food and warmth4 ,he who shared his boyhood with a pup-dog will always share whatever is his with members of the fraternity4 ,he will value the wagging of a stubby tail above all dog-show points and parlor tricks4 ,he will not be rash to chide affectionate importunity1 nor to set for his dog higher standards than he upholds for himself4 ,do you never nurse a grouch and express it in appropriate language8 ,do you never take direct action when your feelings get away with you8 ,when the like befalls the pup-dog1 have ready for him such sympathy as he has always ready for you in your moods4 ,treat him as an equal1 and you will get from him human and imperfect results4 ,you will never know exactly what your pup-dog gets from you2 he tries wistfully to tell you1 but leaves you still wondering4 ,but you may have from him a share of his perennial puphood1 and you do well to accept it gratefully whenever he offers it4 ,take it when it comes1 though the moment seem inopportune4 ,you may be roused just as you settle for a nap by a moist nose thrust into your hand1 two rough brown paws on the edge of your bunk1 a pair of bright eyes peering through a jute fringe4 ,up he comes1 steps over you1 and settles down between you and the wall with a sigh4 ,then1 if you shut your eyes1 you will find that you are not far from that place up on the hill--the big rock and the two oaks--where the pup-boy that used to be you used to snuggle down with that first old pup-dog you ever had4 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,what is the effect of the title8 #b4 ,how does ,mr4 ,utter make us love the dog8 #c4 ,what knowledge of dog life does the writer show8 #d4 ,point out words or expressions that are usually applied only to human beings1 that are here applied to dogs4 #e4 ,point out adjective effects4 #f4 ,how does the writer make the dog seem amusing8 #g4 ,how does the writer make the dog seem admirable8 #h4 ,what human characteristics are attributed to the dog8 #i4 ,point out noteworthy examples of humor4 #aj4 ,show how the writer employs detail as a means of emphasis4 #aa4 ,point out examples of especially effective metaphor4 #ab4 ,what is said concerning the pup-boy and the pup-girl8 #ac4 ,how does the essay make us feel toward dogs8 #ad4 ,what is the effect of the closing sentences8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,my ,dog #aa4 ,cats #b4 ,lap ,dogs #ab4 ,kittens #c4 ,police ,dogs #ac4 ,rabbits #d4 ,hounds #ad4 ,mice #e4 ,shepherd ,dogs #ae4 ,squirrels #f4 ,boston ,bulls #af4 ,horses #g4 ,great ,danes #ag4 ,robins #h4 ,newfoundland ,dogs #ah4 ,sea ,gulls #i4 ,greyhounds #ai4 ,cows #aj4 ,stray ,dogs #bj4 ,fish ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,select for your subject some animal with which you are intimately familiar1 and in which you are especially and sympathetically interested4 ,write about that animal in such a way that you will bring to the surface its most humorous qualities and its most admirable qualities4 ,give a great number of details concerning the animal's habits1 but give those details in a gossipy manner4 ,use quotations1 if you can1 or make allusions to books4 ,make all your work emphasize goodness4 ,make your closing paragraph your most effective paragraph1--one that will appeal to sentiment4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,according to ,homer's ,odyssey when ,ulysses returned after many years of wandering1 his old dog 8,argos0 recognized him1 even in disguise4 ,,chewing ,,gum#b ,by ,,charles ,,dudley ,,warner 7#ahbi-aijj74 ,a celebrated ,american essayist and editor4 ,for many years he wrote brilliant papers for ,harper's ,magazine in the departments called 8,the ,editor's ,drawer0 and 8,the ,editor's ,study40 ,he became the first ,president of the ,national ,institute of ,arts and ,letters4 ,he was a great influence for good4 ,among his books are ,my ,summer in a ,garden2 ,back-,log ,studies2 ,in the ,wilderness2 ,the ,relation of ,literature to ,life2 ,as ,we ,were ,saying2 ,their ,pilgrimage4 ,he edited the valuable 8,american ,men of ,letters ,series10 and the remarkable work called ,library of the ,world's ,best ,literature1 a collection of extracts from the world's literature1 with which every student should be acquainted4 ,the familiar essay takes for its subject anything that awakens the interest of the essayist4 ,charles ,dudley ,warner wrote with freedom and humor on a great number of subjects that in themselves suggest light and humorous treatment rather than serious thinking4 ,among his many informal essays is the one that follows1 entitled ,chewing ,gum4 ,what ,mr4 ,warner says in the essay is by no means serious4 ,it is like the spoken reflections of an amused observer who has had his attention attracted to the common ,american habit of chewing gum in public4 ,at the same time1 under the kindly and facetious remarks1 is an undercurrent of satire--and satire means criticism4 ,in language that is unfortunately understood by the greater portion of the people who speak ,english1 thousands are saying on the first of ,january1 a far-off date that it is wonderful any one has lived to see--8,let us have a new deal60 ,it is a natural exclamation1 and does not necessarily mean any change of purpose4 ,it always seems to a man that if he could shuffle the cards he could increase his advantages in the game of life1 and1 to continue the figure which needs so little explanation1 it usually appears to him that he could play anybody else's hand better than his own4 ,in all the good resolutions of the new year1 then1 it happens that perhaps the most sincere is the determination to get a better hand4 ,many mistake this for repentance and an intention to reform1 when generally it is only the desire for a new shuffle of the cards4 ,let us have a fresh pack and a new deal1 and start fair4 ,it seems idle1 therefore1 for the moralist to indulge in a homily about annual good intentions1 and habits that ought to be dropped or acquired1 on the first of ,january4 ,he can do little more than comment on the passing show4 ,it will be admitted that if the world at this date is not socially reformed it is not the fault of the ,drawer1#c and for the reason that it has been not so much a critic as an explainer and encourager4 ,it is in the latter character that it undertakes to defend and justify a national industry that has become very important within the past ten years4 ,a great deal of capital is invested in it1 and millions of people are actively employed in it4 ,the varieties of chewing gum that are manufactured would be a matter of surprise to those who have paid no attention to the subject1 and who may suppose that the millions of mouths they see engaged in its mastication have a common and vulgar taste4 ,from the fact that it can be obtained at the apothecary's1 an impression has got abroad that it is medicinal4 ,this is not true4 ,the medical profession do not use it1 and what distinguishes it from drugs--that they also do not use--is the fact that they do not prescribe it4 ,it is neither a narcotic nor a stimulant4 ,it cannot strictly be said to soothe or to excite4 ,the habit of using it differs totally from that of the chewing of tobacco or the dipping of snuff4 ,it might1 by a purely mechanical operation1 keep a person awake1 but no one could go to sleep chewing gum4 ,it is in itself neither tonic nor sedative4 ,it is to be noticed also that the gum habit differs from the tobacco habit in that the aromatic and elastic substance is masticated1 while the tobacco never is1 and that the mastication leads to nothing except more mastication4 ,the task is one that can never be finished4 ,the amount of energy expended in this process if capitalized or conserved would produce great results4 ,of course the individual does little1 but if the power evolved by the practice in a district school could be utilized1 it would suffice to run the kindergarten department4 ,the writer has seen a railway car--say in the ,west--filled with young women1 nearly every one of whose jaws and pretty mouths was engaged in this pleasing occupation2 and so much power was generated that it would1 if applied1 have kept the car in motion if the steam had been shut off--at least it would have furnished the motive for illuminating the car by electricity4 ,this national industry is the subject of constant detraction1 satire1 and ridicule by the newspaper press4 ,this is because it is not understood1 and it may be because it is mainly a female accomplishment3 the few men who chew gum may be supposed to do so by reason of gallantry4 ,there might be no more sympathy with it in the press if the real reason for the practice were understood1 but it would be treated more respectfully4 ,some have said that the practice arises from nervousness--the idle desire to be busy without doing anything--and because it fills up the pauses of vacuity in conversation4 ,but this would not fully account for the practice of it in solitude4 ,some have regarded it as in obedience to the feminine instinct for the cultivation of patience and self-denial--patience in a fruitless activity1 and self-denial in the eternal act of mastication without swallowing4 ,it is no more related to these virtues than it is to the habit of the reflective cow in chewing her cud4 ,the cow would never chew gum4 ,the explanation is a more philosophical one1 and relates to a great modern social movement4 ,it is to strengthen and develop and make more masculine the lower jaw4 ,the critic who says that this is needless1 that the inclination in women to talk would adequately develop this1 misses the point altogether4 ,even if it could be proved that women are greater chatterers than men1 the critic would gain nothing4 ,women have talked freely since creation1 but it remains true that a heavy1 strong lower jaw is a distinctively masculine characteristic4 ,it is remarked that if a woman has a strong lower jaw she is like a man4 ,conversation does not create this difference1 nor remove it2 for the development of the lower jaw in women constant mechanical exercise of the muscles is needed4 ,now1 a spirit of emancipation1 of emulation1 is abroad1 as it ought to be1 for the regeneration of the world4 ,it is sometimes called the coming to the front of woman in every act and occupation that used to belong almost exclusively to man4 ,it is not necessary to say a word to justify this4 ,but it is often accompanied by a misconception1 namely1 that it is necessary for woman to be like man1 not only in habits1 but in certain physical characteristics4 ,no woman desires a beard1 because a beard means care and trouble1 and would detract from feminine beauty1 but to have a strong and1 in appearance1 a resolute underjaw may be considered a desirable note of masculinity1 and of masculine power and privilege1 in the good time coming4 ,hence the cultivation of it by the chewing of gum is a recognizable and reasonable instinct1 and the practice can be defended as neither a whim nor a vain waste of energy and nervous force4 ,in a generation or two it may be laid aside as no longer necessary1 or men may be compelled to resort to it to preserve their supremacy4 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,why does the writer make use of some very colloquial expressions8 #b4 ,why did he use a number of long and somewhat formal words8 #c4 ,in what sense is the essay a ,new ,year's essay8 #d4 ,show how the author produces humor4 #e4 ,show how the author avoids harshness of criticism4 #f4 ,what makes the essay forceful8 #g4 ,in what respects is the essay fantastic8 #h4 ,what advantage does the writer gain by appearing to support the habit of chewing gum8 #i4 ,point out examples of kindly satire4 #aj4 ,what is the author's purpose8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,whistling #aa4 ,teasing #b4 ,lateness #ab4 ,crowding #c4 ,whispering #ac4 ,rudeness #d4 ,giggling #ad4 ,inquisitiveness #e4 ,writing notes #ae4 ,untidiness #f4 ,complaining #af4 ,forgetfulness #g4 ,hurrying #ag4 ,conceit #h4 ,carelessness #ah4 ,obstinacy #i4 ,making excuses #ai4 ,vanity #aj4 ,borrowing #bj4 ,impatience ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,you are to write of some habit that is common and that is more or less annoying to well-bred people4 ,make your words1 in mock seriousness1 appear to defend the habit that you ridicule4 ,make your style of writing somewhat ponderous1 as though you were writing with the utmost gravity1 but be sure to write in such a way that your essay will convey your sense of the ridiculous4 ,let your whole essay so ridicule the annoying habit that you will tend to destroy it4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,from ,as ,we ,were ,saying1 by ,charles ,dudley ,warner4 ,copyright by ,harper and ,brothers4 #c ,drawer4 ,the ,editor's ,drawer of ,harper's ,magazine for which ,mr4 ,warner wrote many of his best essays4 ,,the ,,mystery ,,of ,,ah ,,sing ,by ,,robert ,l4 ,,duffus ,an editorial writer for the ,new ,york ,globe1 to which1 on ,october #e1 #aiba1 he contributed the following humorous editorial article4 ,as we go about in daily life various people attract our attention2 their peculiarities amuse us1 and we make semi-humorous but kindly remarks concerning them4 ,such remarks are the germs of essays like the following4 ,in the essay1 ,the ,mystery of ,ah ,sing1 there is humor but not a single unkind word4 ,the essay makes us smile1 but with sympathy and understanding4 ,such essays1 trivial as they may be1 are restful and pleasing4 ,ah ,sing comes on ,tuesdays to get the washing and on ,saturdays to bring it back4 ,he is an urbane1 smiling person1 who appears to view life impersonally and dispassionately4 ,one would say that he realized that the career of ,ah ,sing was not of prime importance in a population so numerous and a universe so extensive4 ,he loves to ask questions4 ,how old is the mistress of the house8 ,where did she come from8 ,how much does the master of the house earn8 ,what does he do8 ,why haven't they any children8 ,where did they get all the books and pictures8 ,ah ,sing always wants to know about the vacations1 both before and after taking1 and looks intelligent when places like ,nantucket and the ,thousand ,islands are mentioned4 ,he follows the family fortunes like an old retainer1 and seems to possess a kind of feudal loyalty4 ,it would be morally impossible1 not to say physically1 to give the washing to any one but ,ah ,sing4 ,he would come for it1 and the mistress of the house would sink through the floor with contrition and embarrassment4 ,he may die out of his job1 or go back to ,china out of it1 there to live like a mandarin1 but he will not be fired out of it4 ,never will he join the army of unemployed2 never will he stand humbly asking work4 ,he is a monopoly1 an institution1 a friend4 ,so far one gets with ,ah ,sing4 ,to lose him would be like losing a beloved pipe or a comfortable pair of slippers4 ,he belongs amid the furniture of living1 and is as simple1 homely1 and admirable as grandpa's picture on the wall4 ,but what is ,ah ,sing thinking about8 ,what is going on across that gulf which separates him from us8 ,how many transmigrations must we all go through before we could know ,ah ,sing as well as we know the family from ,indiana which moved in next door last week8 ,how shall we penetrate to the soul of ,ah ,sing8 ,if we could answer these questions we could present ourselves forthwith at ,washington with the solution of the world's most vexatious problem4 ,but the answers are dark1 ,ah ,sing is remote1 and the ,east and the ,west have not yet met4 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,in what respects is ,ah ,sing a mystery8 #b4 ,why did the author write about ,ah ,sing8 #c4 ,what are ,ah ,sing's amusing characteristics8 #d4 ,what are ,ah ,sing's best characteristics8 #e4 ,show that the author's language is original4 #f4 ,show that the essay increases in effect toward the end4 #g4 ,how does the author avoid unkindness or satire8 #h4 ,how does the essay affect the reader8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,the ,janitor #aa4 ,grandmother #b4 ,the ,peanut ,man #ab4 ,the ,milk ,man #c4 ,the ,auctioneer #ac4 ,the ,small ,boy #d4 ,the ,blind ,man #ad4 ,the ,newspaper ,man #e4 ,the ,tramp #ae4 ,the ,usher #f4 ,the ,old ,soldier #af4 ,the ,policeman #g4 ,the ,violin ,player #ag4 ,the ,street ,sweeper #h4 ,the ,dancing ,teacher #ah4 ,mother #i4 ,the ,scrub ,woman #ai4 ,the ,neighbors #aj4 ,the ,baby #bj4 ,relatives ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,write1 with all kindness1 about some one who amuses you4 ,do not include in your essay anything that will be in the nature of fault-finding or complaint4 ,point out1 in a humorous way1 the admirable and praiseworthy characteristics of the person about whom you write4 ,instead of writing a list of characteristics use original expressions that will indicate the real spirit of the character4 ,,old ,,doc ,by ,,opie ,,read 7#aheb--74 ,an ,american journalist1 noted for his work as ,editor of ,the ,arkansas ,traveller4 ,among his books1 most of which concern life in ,arkansas1 are3 ,len ,gansett2 ,my ,young ,master2 ,an ,arkansas ,planter2 ,up ,terrapin ,river2 ,a ,kentucky ,colonel2 ,on the ,suwanee ,river2 ,miss ,polly ,lop2 ,the ,captain's ,romance2 ,the ,jucklins4 ,the character sketch is interesting for the same reason that gossip is interesting3 we notice our neighbors and are curious to learn more about them4 ,we are all sharp observers of our fellows4 ,we see their oddities1 their cranks1 and their amusing habits just as clearly as we see their virtues4 ,we laugh and we admire--in much the same spirit that a mother laughs at her baby1 however much she loves it4 ,character sketches have been popular for many centuries4 ,chaucer's ,prologue to ,the ,canterbury ,tales is really a series of shrewdly-true character sketches keenly tipped with humor1 and full of genuine respect for goodness4 ,sir ,thomas ,overbury 7#aeha-afac7 wrote a number of strongly pointed sketches of character4 ,a hundred years later ,joseph ,addison and ,sir ,richard ,steele conceived the whimsical1 good-hearted ,sir ,roger de ,coverley and his company of associates4 ,out of such work grew not only the character sketch of to-day but also material for the short story and the novel4 ,mr4 ,read's presentation of the country doctor of the ,old ,south is a striking example of the character sketch4 ,following the example set by ,addison in #agaa ,mr4 ,read first describes the character and then tells an anecdote that reveals personality4 ,the entire sketch is redolent with good-humor4 ,his house was old1 with cedar-trees about it1 a big yard1 and in the corner a small office4 ,in this professional hut there was only one window1 the glass of which was dim with dust blown from the road4 ,in the gentle breeze the lilacs and the roses swopped their perfume1 while the guinea-hen arose from her cool nest1 dug beneath the dahlias1 to chase a katydid along the fence1 and then with raucous cry to shatter the silence4 ,the furnishings of the office were less than modest4 ,in one corner a swayed bed threatened to fall1 in another a wash-stand stood epileptic on three legs4 ,nailed against the wall was a protruding cabinet1 giving off sick-room memories4 ,the village druggist1 compounder of the essences of strange and peculiar 8yarbs10 might have bitter and pungent medicines1 but ,old ,doc1 himself an extractor of wild juices1 had discovered the secret of the swamp4 ,to go into his office and to come forth with no sign was a confession of the loss of smell4 ,sheep-shearing fills the nostrils with woolly dullness1 but sheep-shearers could scent ,old ,doc as he drove along the road4 ,in every country the rural doctor is a natural sprout from the soil4 ,his profession is almost as old as the daybreak of time4 ,he bled the ancient ,egyptian1 blistered the knight of the ,middle ,ages1 and poisoned the arrow of the ,iroquois4 ,he has been preserved in fiction1 pickled in the drama1 spiced in romance1 and peppered in satire2 but nowhere was he so pronounced a character as in ,america1 in the ,south4 ,he knew politics1 but was not a politician4 ,he looked upon man as a machinist viewing an engine1 but was not an atheist4 ,he cautioned health and flattered sickness4 ,he listened with more patience to an old woman harping on her trouble than to a man in his prime relating his experience4 ,his books were few1 and the only medical journal found in his office was a sample copy4 ,when his gathered lore failed him1 he was wise in silence4 ,to confess to any sort of ignorance would have crippled his trade4 ,it was an art to keep loose things from rattling in his head when he shook it1 and of this art he was a perfect master4 ,in raiment he was not over-adorned1 but near him you felt that you were in the presence of clothes4 ,philosophy's trousers might bag at the knees1 theology's black vestment might be shy a button1 art might wear a burr entangled in its tresses1 and even the majesty of the law might go forth in slippers gnawed by a playful puppy2 but old doc's 8duds10 strong as they were in nostril penetration1 must hug the image of neatness4 ,he was usually four years behind the city's fashion1 but this was shrewdly studied1 for to dress too much after the manner of the flowing present would have branded him a foppish follower4 ,the men might carp at his clean shirt every day1 but it won favor with the women2 and while robust medicine may steal secret delight from seeing two maul-fisted men punch each other in a ring1 it must openly profess a preference for the scandals that shock society4 ,at no place along the numerous roads traversed by old doc was there a sign-post with a finger pointing toward the attainment of an ultimate ambition4 ,no senate house1 no woolsack of greatness1 waited for him4 ,the chill of foul weather was his most natural atmosphere2 and should the dark night turn from rain to sleet1 it was then that he heard a knock and a 8,hello60 at his door4 ,down through the miry bottom-land and up the flint hillside flashed the light of his gig-lamp1 striking responsive shine from the eye of the fascinated wolf4 ,the farther he had to travel1 the less likely was he to collect his bill4 ,usury might sell the widow's cow1 for no one expected business to have a daintiness of touch2 but if ,doc sued for his fee1 he was met even by the court with a sour look4 ,a summons to court as an expert witness in a murder trial gold-starred the banner of his career4 ,it was then that he turned back to his heavy book1 used mainly to prop the door open4 ,out of this lexicon he dug up words to confound the wise lawyer4 ,it was in vain that the judge commanded him to talk not like the man in the moon1 but like a man of this earth2 he was not to be shaken from a pedestal that had cost him sweat to mount4 ,the jury sat amazed at his learning4 ,asked to explain the meaning of a term1 he would proceed to heap upon it a pile of incomprehensible jargon4 ,it was like cracking the bones of the skeleton that stood behind his door1 and giving to each splinter a sesquipedalian name4 ,when told that he might 8stand down10 he walked off to enjoy his victory4 ,at the tavern1 in the evening1 he might be invited to sit in the game1 done with the hesitating timidity of awed respect2 but at cards it was discovered that he was an easy dabbler in common talk1 not to say the profanity of the flat-boatmen4 ,out of this atmosphere there arises the vision of old ,doctor ,rickney of ,mississippi4 ,he had appeared in court as an expert witness1 and the county newspaper had given him a column of monstrous words1 written by the doctor himself4 ,he had examined the judge for life insurance1 and it was hinted that he had been invited to attend a meeting of the medical convention1 away off in ,philadelphia4 ,his professional cup was now about to foam over1 when there fell an evil time4 ,bill ,saunders1 down with a sort of swamp fever1 was told by ,dr4 ,rickney that his recovery was impossible4 ,bill was stubborn1 and declined to accept ,doc's verdict4 8,why1 you poor old sot10 said ,doc1 8you must be nearer the end than ,i thought1 since you have so little mind as to doubt my word4 ,here's your fever so high that it has almost melted my thermometer1 and yet you question my professional forecast4 ,and1 besides1 don't you know that you have ruined your constitution with liquor80 ,bill blew a hot breath4 8,i don't know nothin' about constitutions nur the statuary of limitations1 but ,i'm snickered if ,i'm goin' to die to please you nur nobody4 ,all ,i need right now is possum baked along with about a peck of yams40 8,possum6 ,why1 by eleven-thirty to-night you'll be as dead as any possum40 ,bill drew another hot breath1 and the leaves on a branch of honeysuckle peeping in at the open window were seen to wither with heat4 8,i've got a hoss out thar in the stable1 ,doc1 an' he's jes as good as any hoss you ever rid4 ,an' ,i tell you whut ,i'll do3 ,i'll bet him ag'in yo' hoss that ,i'll be up an' around in five weeks40 ,doc gave him a pitying look4 8,all right2 ,i'll just take that bet40 ,doc told it about the neighborhood1 and along toward midnight1 sitting in the rear room of a drug-store1 he took out his watch1 looked at it1 and remarked3 8,well1 by this time ,bill ,saunders is dead1 and his horse belongs to me40 ,the druggist spoke4 8,i know the horse1 and would like to have him4 ,what'll you take for him1 ,doc80 8,take for him6 ,that horse is worth a hundred and fifty of as bright gold dollars as was ever dug out of the earth4 ,take for him60 says he4 8,ain't he worth it1 ,nick80 ,nick1 a yellowish lout1 was sitting on the floor1 with his back against the wall4 ,for the most part his requirement of society was a mouthful of tobacco and a place to spit1 and of the latter he was not over-careful4 ,he added no more to civilization than worm-blight adds to a grape-vine1 but without him no native drama could have been written4 ,he was as native to the neighborhood as a wrinkle is to a ram's horn4 ,in the absence of all other wit1 he knew where his interest lay4 ,therefore he haggled not to respond to ,doc's appeal4 ,doc had steadied his wife down from the high shakes of ague1 had time and again reminded ,nick of that fact1 but had not yet received the five bushels of corn and the four pumpkins of average size1 the physician's legitimate levy4 ,here was a chance on ,nick's part to throw off at least two bushels4 ,he arose1 and dusted the seat of his brown jeans4 8,doc10 said he1 8nobody don't know no mo' about nobody's hoss nur ,i do4 ,an' ,i'm sayin' it without the fear of bein' kotch in a lie that ,bill's hoss is wuth two hundred an' seventy-fi' dollars of as good money as ever built a church40 8,you've heard him10 was ,doc's triumphant turn to the druggist4 8,but let me tell you4 ,about a half-hour from now ,i've got to catch the ,lady ,blanche for ,memphis1 on my way to attend the medical convention in ,philadelphia4 ,i've got to read a paper on snake-bite40 ,nick broke in upon him4 8,i'll bet it's the ,guv'ment that is a axin' you to do it40 8,well1 we won't discuss that10 was ,doc's dismissal of the subject4 ,then he turned again to the druggist4 8,got to get to that convention2 and as ,i'll have a good deal of entertaining to do1 ,i'll need a hundred extra4 ,so you just give me a hundred dollars and take the horse4 ,but you'll have to be quick about it1 for ,i just heard the ,lady ,blanche blowing around the bend40 ,the druggist snatched at the knob or his safe1 swung the door open1 and seized a hundred dollars4 ,one afternoon1 five weeks later1 when the ,lady ,blanche touched the shore on her way down1 ,old ,doc stepped off4 ,there on a bale of cotton1 smoking a cob pipe1 sat ,bill ,saunders4 8,w'y1 hello1 ,doc60 ,doc dropped his carpet-bag1 caught up the tail of his coat1 and with it blotted the sweat on his brow4 8,fine day10 said ,bill4 8',lowed we'd have a little rain1 but the cloud looked like it had business summers else4 ,an' by the way1 ,doc1 up whar you been what's that liquor as distroys the constitution wuth by the gallon80 ,doc reached down and took up his carpet-bag4 8,bill ,saunders1 sir1 ,i don't want anything to do with you4 ,i gave you my confidence1 but you have deceived me4 ,and now1 sir1 your lack of integrity----0 8,gives me a hoss10 ,bill interrupted4 8,an' say1 ,doc1 ,i seed the druggist man jest now1 an' he said suthin' about a hundred dollars you owed him40 ,doc walked up to the cotton-bale and placed his carpet-bag on it1 close beside ,bill4 8,saunders10 said he1 8in this thing is a pistol nearly a foot and a half long4 ,now ,i'll give you my horse all right1 even if you are the most unreliable man ,i ever saw1 and ,i'll pay the druggist his hundred2 but if you go around the neighborhood boasting that you got well after ,i gave you up1 something is going to flash1 and it won't be out of a black bottle1 either1 but right out of ,old ,miss ,betsy1 here in this carpet-bag4 ,i don't blame you for getting well1 as a sort of a lark1 you understand2 but when you make a serious affair of it1 you hurt my professional pride4 ,old ,miss ,betsy is right in here4 ,do you gather me80 8,i pick up yo' threads putty well1 ,doc1 ,i think40 8,all right2 and see that with them threads you sew up your mouth4 ,you may be proof against the pizen of the swamp1 but you ain't proof against the jolt of a lead-mine4 ,that's all40 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,how does the description of the doctor's home emphasize character8 #b4 ,what was the doctor's ability8 #c4 ,how does the writer make the doctor a universal character as well as a local character8 #d4 ,how does the writer produce humor8 #e4 ,how does the writer arouse our respect for the doctor8 #f4 ,how does the writer arouse our sympathy8 #g4 ,what character trait does the anecdote reveal8 #h4 ,why does the writer use so much conversation in telling the anecdote8 #i4 ,what advantage does the writer gain by ending the sketch so abruptly8 #aj4 ,how does the sketch affect the reader8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,the ,druggist #aa4 ,the ,teacher #b4 ,a ,borrowing ,neighbor #ab4 ,the ,minister #c4 ,the ,natural ,leader #ac4 ,the ,policeman #d4 ,the ,peanut ,man #ad4 ,the ,expressman #e4 ,the ,milkman #ae4 ,the ,freshman #f4 ,the ,iceman #af4 ,the ,senior #g4 ,the ,conductor #ag4 ,the ,college ,student #h4 ,the ,clerk #ah4 ,the ,elevator ,boy #i4 ,the ,postman #ai4 ,the ,farmer #aj4 ,the ,lawyer #bj4 ,the ,grocer ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,select for your subject a person in whom you see many laughable traits1 but whom you really admire4 ,sum up his characteristics briefly and suggestively4 ,make your humor the kind that will awaken smiles but not ridicule4 ,use exaggeration in moderation4 ,be particularly careful to select words that will convey the half-humorous1 half-serious thought that you wish to communicate4 ,end your sketch by telling an anecdote that will emphasize one or more of the characteristics that you have mentioned4 ,tell the anecdote in a 8snappy0 way1 with crisp dialogue4 ,,christmas ,,shopping ,by ,,helen ,,davenport 7#ahhb--74 ,mrs4 ,helen ,davenport ,gibbons is a graduate of ,bryn ,mawr4 ,her literary work appears in various publications4 ,among her books are ,the ,red ,rugs of ,tarsus2 ,les ,turcs ont ,passe ,l62 ,a ,little ,gray ,home in ,france2 ,paris ,vistas4 ,a good essay is much like part of a conversation1--the part spoken by an interesting speaker4 ,it is breezy1 unconventional1 and free in its use of familiar terms4 ,how well all this is brought out in the following extract from an essay on ,christmas4 ,my husband and ,i would not miss that day-before-,christmas last-minute rush for anything4 ,and even if ,i risk seeming to talk against the sane and humane 8shop-early-for-,christmas0 propaganda1 ,i am going to say that the fun and joy of ,christmas shopping is doing it on the twenty-fourth4 ,avoid the crowds8 ,i don't want to6 ,i want to get right in the middle of them4 ,i want to shove my way up to counters4 ,i want to buy things that catch my eye and that ,i never thought of buying and wouldn't buy on any day in the year but ,december twenty-fourth4 ,i want to spend more money than ,i can afford4 ,i want to experience that panicky feeling that ,i really haven't enough things1 and to worry over whether my purchases can be divided fairly among my quartet4 ,i want to go home after dark1 reveling in the flare of lamps lighting up mistletoe1 holly wreaths1 and ,christmas-trees on hawkers' carts1 stopping here and there to buy another pound of candy or a box of dates or a foolish bauble for the tree4 ,i want to shove bundle after bundle into the arms of my protesting husband and remind him that ,christmas comes but once a year until he becomes profane4 ,and1 once home1 on what other winter evening would you find pleasure in dumping the whole lot on your bed1 adding to the jumble of toys and books already purchased or sent by friends1 and1 all other thoughts banished1 calmly making the children's piles despite aching back and legs1 impatient husband1 cross servants1 and a dozen dinner-guests waiting in the drawing-room8 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,by what rhetorical means does the writer communicate her emotion8 #b4 ,show how the writer makes detail contribute to effect4 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,christmas ,gifts #aa4 ,making ,gifts for ,friends #b4 ,giving a ,party #ab4 ,collecting #c4 ,new ,year's ,day #ac4 ,going to ,games #d4 ,fourth of ,july #ad4 ,buying a ,hat #e4 ,memorial ,day #ae4 ,crowds #f4 ,family ,reunions #af4 ,spending ,money #g4 ,answering ,letters #ag4 ,hurrying #h4 ,holidays #ah4 ,christmas ,trees #i4 ,vacation ,days #ai4 ,school ,celebrations #aj4 ,callers #bj4 ,just ,foolishness6 ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,write on a subject in which you think you are1 perhaps1 excusably foolish4 ,be frankly honest and genuinely enthusiastic4 ,write in such a way that you will make your readers sympathize with you in your 8foolishness40 ,,sunday ,,bells ,by ,,gertrude ,,henderson ,at different times ,miss ,henderson has lived in ,indiana1 ,california and ,new ,york4 ,during the ,world ,war she gave active patriotic service4 ,she contributes to various publications4 ,the bells of ,sunday have given subjects to many poets and to many essayists4 ,their sound is full of suggestions of peace1 calm and the solemnity of worship4 ,the writer of the following essay expresses1 as she says1 the emotions of many people4 ,it is that seizing upon what is1 at the same time1 intensely personal and yet universal that gives the essay its power4 ,although the essay is written in a gossipy style it has a quiet spirit entirely in harmony with its subject4 ,are all of us potentially devotees1 ,i wonder4 ,when the bells ring and ,i look up to the aspiring steeples against the sky in the middle of a ,sunday morning1 or when ,i hear them sounding upon the quiet of the ,sunday evening dusk or sending their clear-toned invitation out through the secular bustle of the mid-week streets and in at doors and windows1 summoning1 summoning1 there is that in me that hears them and starts up and would obey4 ,it must be something my grandmothers left there--my long line of untraceable grandmothers back1 back through the hundreds of years4 ,i wonder if in all the other people of this questioning generation whose thoughts have separated them from the firm1 sustaining certainties of the past the same ghostly allegiance rises1 the same vague emotions stir and quiver at the evoking of the ,sunday bells4 ,i should think it altogether likely1 for ,i have never found that in anything very real in me ,i am at all different from everybody else ,i meet4 ,the ,sunday bells6 ,i sit in the morning quiet and ,i hear them ringing near4 ,they are not so golden-voiced1 those first bells1 as if they had been more lately made2 but ,i think it may be they go the deeper into my feelings for that4 ,some people pass1 leisurely at first1 starting early and strolling at ease through the peaceful ,sunday morning on the way to church1 talking together as they go3 ladies1 middle-aged and elderly1 the black-dressed ,sunday ladies whose serene wontedness suggests that they have passed this very way to that very goal one morning in seven since their lives began2 a father with his boy and girl2 three frolicsome youngsters together in their ,sunday clothes loitering through the sunny square with many divagations1 and chattering happily as they go1--,i am not so sure their blithe steps will end at the church door1--but yet they may2 a young girl1 fluttering pink ruffles and hurrying4 ,i think she is going to sing in the choir and must be there early4 ,she has the manner of one who fears she is already the least moment late for flawless earliness4 ,other young girls with their young men are walking consciously together in tempered ,sunday sweethearting4 ,and so on and on till the bell has rung a last summons1 and the music has risen1 and given way to silence1 and the last belated comers have hurried by1 looking at accusing watches1 and gone within1 to lose their consciousness of guilt in that cool interior whose concern is with eternity1 not time4 ,along all the other streets of the diverse town ,i fancy them streaming1 gathering in at the various doors on one business bent1 obeying one impulse in their many ways1 one common1 deep-planted instinct that not one of them can philosophize back to its ultimate1 sure source1 though it masters them all--the source that is deeper than lifelong habit or childhood teaching or the tradition of the race2 the source out of which all these came in their dim beginnings4 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,how does the writer show that her subject has universal appeal8 #b4 ,why does she describe people on their way to church8 #c4 ,what types of people does she mention8 #d4 ,how does the writer give the essay a quiet spirit8 #e4 ,point out examples of repetition4 #f4 ,what is the effect of the last sentence8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,organ ,music #aa4 ,church ,interiors #b4 ,the ,violin #ab4 ,store ,windows #c4 ,an ,orchestra #ac4 ,sympathy with ,sorrow #d4 ,a ,brass ,band #ad4 ,weddings #e4 ,patriotic ,songs #ae4 ,receptions #f4 ,singing in ,chorus #af4 ,the ,dance #g4 ,a ,procession #ag4 ,evening #h4 ,going to ,church #ah4 ,a ,stormy ,night #i4 ,marching #ai4 ,solitude #aj4 ,team ,work #bj4 ,whistling ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,show that your subject is one that appeals to almost every person1 and that it appeals to you in particular4 ,show the connection between your subject and various types of people4 ,give your essay a serious note1 especially at the close4 ,,discovery ,by ,,georges ,,duhamel 7#ahhd--74 ,a surgeon in the service of the ,french army during the ,world ,war4 ,he turned to authorship as a means of distraction from the horrors of war4 ,his work entitled ,civilization won the ,goncourt ,prize for ,fiction4 ,among his other works are ,the ,new ,book of ,martyrs2 ,combat2 ,heart's ,domain4 ,an open eye and an attentive ear do much to make life enjoyable1--that is the thought of ,georges ,duhamel's essay on ,discovery4 ,it is evident that the writer deeply appreciates the pleasure of exploration1 even though the exploration be among the humblest and least-noticed objects4 ,perhaps some recent experience turned his attention to the thought1 8,discovery is delightful40 ,at any rate1 he has seized upon the idea1--as though it were one of the things that he has discovered1--and writes his meditation on it with the easy interest with which he observes the gravel in a bubbling brook or a lily floating on the surface of the water4 ,discovery6 ,it seems as if this word were one of a cluster of magic keys--one of those keys that make all doors open before our feet4 ,we know that to possess is to understand1 to comprehend4 ,that1 in a supreme sense1 is what discovery means4 ,to understand the world can well be compared to the peaceful1 enduring wealth of the great landowner2 to make discoveries is1 in addition to this1 to come into sudden1 overflowing riches1 to have one of these sudden strokes of fortune which double a man's capital by a windfall that seems like an inspiration4 ,the life of a child who grows up unconstrainedly is a chain of discoveries1 an enriching of each moment1 a succession of dazzling surprises4 ,i cannot go on without thinking of the beautiful letter ,i received to-day about my little boy4 ,it said3 ,your son knows how to find extraordinary riches1 inexhaustible treasures1 even in the barrenest fields1 and when ,i set him on the grass1 ,i cannot guess the things he is going to bring out of it4 ,he has an admirable appreciation of the different kinds of soil2 if he finds sand1 he rolls in it1 buries himself in it1 grabs up handfuls1 and flings them delightedly over his hair4 ,yesterday he discovered a mole-hole1 and you cannot imagine all the pleasure he took in it4 ,he also knows the joys of a slope which one can descend on one's feet or head over heels1 or by rolling1 and which is also splendid for somersaults4 ,every rise of ground interests him1 and ,i wish you could see him pushing his cart up them4 ,there is a little ditch where on the edge he likes to lie with his feet at the bottom and his body pressed tight against the slope4 ,he played interminably the other day on top of a big stone4 ,he kept stroking it2 he had truly found a new pleasure there4 ,and as for me1 ,i find my wealth in watching him discover all these things4 ,it is thus a child of fifteen months gives man lessons in appreciation4 ,unfortunately1 most systems of education do their best to substitute hackneyed phrases for the sense of discovery4 ,a series of conventions are imposed on the child2 he ceases to discover and experience the objects in the world in pinning them down with dry1 formal labels by the help of which he can recognize them4 ,he reduces his moral life little by little to the dull routine of classifying pins and pegs and in this fashion begins the journey to maturity4 ,discover6 ,you must discover in order to be rich4 ,you must not be satisfied to accept the night good humoredly1 to go to sleep after a day empty of all discovery4 ,there are no small victories1 no negligible discoveries2 if you bring back from your day's journey the memory of the white cloud of pollen the ripe plantain lets fall in ,may at the stroke of your switch1 it may be little1 but your day is not lost4 ,if you have only encountered on the road the tiny urn of jade which the moss delightedly balances at the end of its frail stem1 it may seem little1 but be patient4 ,to-morrow will perhaps be more fruitful4 ,if for the first time you have seen a swarm of bees go by in search of a hive1 or heard the snapping pods of the broom scattering its seeds in the heat1 you have nothing to complain of1 and life ought to seem beautiful to you4 ,if1 on that same day1 you have also enriched your collection of humanity with a beautiful or an interesting face1 confess that you will go to sleep upon a treasure4 ,there will be days when you will be like a peaceful sovereign seated under a tree3 the whole world will come to render homage to you and bring you tribute4 ,those will be your days of contemplation4 ,there will be days when you will have to take your staff and wallet and go and seek your living along the highways4 ,on these days you must be contented with what you gain from observing1 from hunting4 ,have no fear3 it will be beautiful4 ,it is sweet to receive2 it is thrilling to take4 ,you must by turns charm and compel the universe4 ,when you have gazed long at the tawny rock1 with its lichens1 its velvety mosses1 it is most amusing to lift it up4 ,then you will discover its weight and the little nest of orange-bellied salamanders that live there in the cool4 ,you have only to lie among the hairy mints and the horse-tails to admire the religious dance of the dragon-fly going to lay its eggs in the brook1 or to hear in early ,june the clamorous orgy of the tree-toads1 drunk with love2 and it is very pleasant1 too1 to dip one's hands in the water1 to stir the gravel at the bottom1 whence bubble up a thousand tiny1 agile existences or to pick the fleshy stalk of the water-lily that lifts its tall head out of the depths4 ,there are people who have passed a plant a thousand times without ever thinking of picking one of its leaves and rubbing it between their fingers4 ,do this always1 and you will discover hundreds of new perfumes4 ,each of these perfumes may seem quite insignificant1 and yet when you have breathed it once1 you wish to breathe it again2 you think of it often1 and something has been added to you4 ,it is an unending game1 and it resembles love1 this possession of a world that now yields itself1 now conceals itself4 ,it is a serious1 divine game4 ,marcus ,aurelius1#d whose philosophy cannot be called futile1 does not hesitate1 amid many austere counsels1 to urge his friends to the contemplation of those natural spectacles that are always rich in meaning and suggestion4 ,he writes3 ,everything that comes forth from the works of nature has its grace and beauty4 ,the face wrinkles in middle age1 the very ripe olive is almost decomposed1 but the fruit has1 for all that1 a unique beauty4 ,the bending of the corn toward the earth1 the bushy brows of the lion1 the foam that drips from the mouth of the wild boar and many other things1 considered by themselves1 are far from being beautiful2 nevertheless1 since they are accessory to the works of nature1 they embellish them and add a certain charm4 ,thus a man who has a sensitive soul1 and who is capable of deep reflection1 will see in whatever exists in the world hardly anything that is not pleasant in his eyes1 since it is related in some way to the totality of things4 ,this philosopher is right1 as the poets are right4 ,as our days permit us1 let us reflect and observe2 let us never cease to see in each fragment of the great whole a pure source of happiness4 ,like children drawn into a marvelous dance1 let us not relax our hold upon the hand that sustains us and directs us4 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,point out examples of figurative language4 #b4 ,define what the writer means by 8discovery40 #c4 ,what is the value of discovery8 #d4 ,what joy does a child possess that many grown people do not have8 #e4 ,what criticism of modern education does the writer make8 #f4 ,what is the writer's ideal of education8 #g4 ,what sort of discoveries does the writer wish people to make8 #h4 ,what powers does the writer wish people to cultivate8 #i4 ,what sort of life does the writer admire8 #aj4 ,what is the advantage of quoting from ,marcus ,aurelius8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,experimenting #aa4 ,study #b4 ,travel #ab4 ,collecting #c4 ,work #ac4 ,science #d4 ,play #ad4 ,astronomy #e4 ,recreation #ae4 ,the ,weather #f4 ,exercise #af4 ,the ,stars #g4 ,walking #ag4 ,clouds #h4 ,contests #ah4 ,bees #i4 ,religion #ai4 ,cats #aj4 ,sympathy #bj4 ,houses ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,think of something you do that gives you real pleasure3 that is your subject4 ,your object is to lead other people to share in what pleases you4 ,intimate1 as the author does1 what various thrills may be experienced4 ,write enthusiastically1 and1 if possible1 with charm4 ,do not command your reader1 but entice him into the joys that you possess4 ,give a supporting quotation from some one whose words will be respected4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,marcus ,aurelius 7#aba-ahj74 ,a ,roman emperor and soldier1 author of ,the ,meditations of ,marcus ,aurelius1 a book of such wise and kindly philosophy that it is still widely popular4 ,,the ,,furrows#e ,by ,,gilbert ,k4 ,,chesterton 7#ahgd74 ,one of the greatest of living ,english essayists4 ,he is notable for originality of thought and expression4 ,his habit of turning ideas1 as it were1 8upside-down10 makes his work peculiarly challenging4 ,he has written under many types of literature4 ,among his books are ,robert ,browning2 ,charles ,dickens2 ,heretics2 ,tremendous ,trifles2 ,alarms and ,discursions2 ,the ,victorian ,age in ,literature4 ,many essays are like poems3 from some subject that lies well within common experience they spring to a height of emotion4 ,such is the case with the essay that follows4 ,mr4 ,chesterton looked upon an ordinary plowed field4 ,at once his imagination took fire and he saw in the field a significance1 a beauty1 that the everyday observer might not note4 ,it is the interpretation of what ,carlyle calls 8the ideal in the actual0 that makes ,mr4 ,chesterton's essay so appealing4 ,as ,i see the corn grow green all about my neighborhood1 there rushes on me for no reason in particular a memory of the winter4 ,i say 8rushes10 for that is the very word for the old sweeping lines of the plowed fields4 ,from some accidental turn of a train-journey or a walking tour1 ,i saw suddenly the fierce rush of the furrows4 ,the furrows are like arrows2 they fly along an arc of sky4 ,they are like leaping animals2 they vault an inviolable hill and roll down the other side4 ,they are like battering battalions2 they rush over a hill with flying squadrons and carry it with a cavalry charge4 ,they have all the air of ,arabs sweeping a desert1 of rockets sweeping the sky1 of torrents sweeping a watercourse4 ,nothing ever seemed so living as those brown lines as they shot sheer from the height of a ridge down to their still whirl of the valley4 ,they were swifter than arrows1 fiercer than ,arabs1 more riotous and rejoicing than rockets4 ,and yet they were only thin straight lines drawn with difficulty1 like a diagram1 by painful and patient men4 ,the men that plowed tried to plow straight2 they had no notion of giving great sweeps and swirls to the eye4 ,those cataracts of cloven earth2 they were done by the grace of ,god4 ,i had always rejoiced in them2 but ,i had never found any reason for my joy4 ,there are some very clever people who cannot enjoy the joy unless they understand it4 ,there are other and even cleverer people who say that they lose the joy the moment they do understand it4 ,thank ,god ,i was never clever1 and could always enjoy things when ,i understood them and when ,i didn't4 ,i can enjoy the orthodox ,tory1 though ,i could never understand him4 ,i can also enjoy the orthodox ,liberal1 though ,i understand him only too well4 99 99 99 99 99 ,but the splendor of furrowed fields is this3 that like all brave things they are made straight1 and therefore they bend4 ,in everything that bows gracefully there must be an effort at stiffness4 ,bows are beautiful when they bend only because they try to remain rigid2 and sword-blades can curl like silver ribbons only because they are certain to spring straight again4 ,but the same is true of every tough curve of the tree-trunk1 of every strong-backed bend of the bough2 there is hardly any such thing in ,nature as a mere droop of weakness4 ,rigidity yielding a little1 like justice swayed by mercy1 is the whole beauty of the earth4 ,the cosmos is a diagram just bent beautifully out of shape4 ,everything tries to be straight2 and everything just fortunately fails4 ,the foil may curve in the lunge2 but there is nothing beautiful about beginning the battle with a crooked foil4 ,so the strict aim1 the strong doctrine1 may give a little in the actual fight with facts2 but that is no reason for beginning with a weak doctrine or a twisted aim4 ,do not be an opportunist2 try to be theoretic at all the opportunities2 fate can be trusted to do all the opportunist part of it4 ,do not try to bend1 any more than the trees try to bend4 ,try to grow straight1 and life will bend you4 ,alas6 ,i am giving the moral before the fable2 and yet ,i hardly think that otherwise you could see all that ,i mean in that enormous vision of the plowed hills4 ,these great furrowed slopes are the oldest architecture of man2 the oldest astronomy was his guide1 the oldest botany his object4 ,and for geometry1 the mere word proves my case4 99 99 99 99 99 ,but when ,i looked at those torrents of plowed parallels1 that great rush of rigid lines1 ,i seemed to see the whole huge achievement of democracy4 ,here was more equality2 but equality seen in bulk is more superb than any supremacy4 ,equality free and flying1 equality rushing over hill and dale1 equality charging the world--that was the meaning of those military furrows1 military in their identity1 military in their energy4 ,they sculptured hill and dale with strong curves merely because they did not mean to curve at all4 ,they made the strong lines of landscape with their stiffly driven swords of the soil4 ,it is not only nonsense1 but blasphemy1 to say that man has spoilt the country4 ,man has created the country2 it was his business1 as the image of ,god4 ,no hill1 covered with common scrub or patches of purple heath1 could have been so sublimely hilly as that ridge up to which the ranked furrows rose like aspiring angels4 ,no valley1 confused with needless cottages and towns1 can have been so utterly valleyish as that abyss into which the down-rushing furrows raged like demons into the swirling pit4 ,it is the hard lines of discipline and equality that mark out a landscape and give it all its mold and meaning4 ,it is just because the lines of the furrow are ugly and even that the landscape is living and superb4 ,as ,i think ,i have remarked before1 the ,republic is founded on the plow4 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,explain the figures of speech that occur in the essay4 #b4 ,why did ,mr4 ,chesterton use so many figures of speech8 #c4 ,how can you account for his poetic language8 #d4 ,what leads him to think the furrows beautiful8 #e4 ,what meaning does the writer find in the plowed field8 #f4 ,explain in full the last paragraph of the essay4 #g4 ,in what respect is the ,republic1 8founded on the plow08 #h4 ,what does the essay show concerning ,mr4 ,chesterton's personality8 #i4 ,in what respects is his style original8 #aj4 ,by what means does he gain emphasis8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,a ,river #aa4 ,a ,house #b4 ,a ,road #ab4 ,a ,book #c4 ,a ,cloud #ac4 ,a ,bridge #d4 ,the ,sunshine #ad4 ,a ,railroad ,track #e4 ,a ,stone ,wall #ae4 ,an ,airplane #f4 ,a ,horse #af4 ,a ,flag #g4 ,a ,tree #ag4 ,a ,pen #h4 ,a ,garden #ah4 ,a ,valley #i4 ,a ,mountain #ai4 ,a ,high ,building #aj4 ,the ,wind #bj4 ,a ,telescope ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,take for your subject anything that is extremely familiar4 ,show your reader both the physical beauty that any one may observe and also the inner beauty that the average person is not so likely to note4 ,write in such a way that you will show your real emotions towards your subject4 ,make your essay rise steadily in power and let your last paragraph present the thought that you wish to leave with your reader4 ,,footnotes3 #e ,from 8,alarms and ,discursions10 by ,gilbert ,k4 ,chesterton4 ,copyright1 #aiaa1 by ,dodd1 ,mead and ,company4 ,,meditation ,,and ,,imagination#f ,by ,,hamilton ,,wright ,,mabie 7#ahdf-aiaf74 ,an ,american essayist and journalist1 for many years editor of ,the ,outlook4 ,his literary work was so important that he was made a member of the ,american ,academy of ,arts and ,letters4 ,among his books are ,nature in ,new ,england2 ,my ,study ,fire2 ,short ,studies in ,literature2 ,essays on ,books and ,culture2 ,the ,life of the ,spirit2 ,japan ,to-day and ,to-morrow4 ,essayists are natural lovers of books4 ,in the records of human experience they find subjects that stimulate the imagination1 arouse the sentiments1 and lead to meditation4 ,almost every essayist draws largely1 for the better illustration of his thought1 from the field of literature4 ,to him the characters of history or of fiction are almost as real as those of to-day4 ,in the realm of books the essayist sees an expansion of the world in which he lives4 ,in addition1 he makes the acquaintance of others who have meditated on the many interests of life4 ,he looks upon authors1 living or dead1 as upon a company of friends4 ,in their companionship he gains unceasing delight4 ,mr4 ,hamilton ,wright ,mabie sets forward very pleasingly the way in which a reader may gain the most from books4 ,there is a book in the ,british ,museum which would have1 for many people1 a greater value than any other single volume in the world2 it is a copy of ,florio's translation of ,montaigne1#g and it bears ,shakespeare's autograph on a flyleaf4 ,there are other books which must have had the same ownership2 among them were ,holinshed's 8,chronicles10#h and ,north 's translation of ,plutarch4#i ,shakespeare would have laid posterity under still greater obligations1 if that were possible1 if in some autobiographic mood he had told us how he read these books2 for never1 surely1 were books read with greater insight and with more complete absorption4 ,indeed1 the fruits of this reading were so rich and ripe that the books from which their juices came seem but dry husks and shells in comparison4 ,the reader drained the writer dry of every particle of suggestiveness1 and then recreated the material in new and imperishable forms4 ,the process of reproduction was individual1 and is not to be shared by others2 it was the expression of that rare and inexplicable personal energy which we call genius2 but the process of absorption may be shared by all who care to submit to the discipline which it involves4 ,it is clear that ,shakespeare read in such a way as to possess what he read2 he not only remembered it1 but he incorporated it into himself4 ,no other kind of reading could have brought the ,east out of its grave1 with its rich and languorous atmosphere steeping the senses in the charm of ,cleopatra1 or recalled the massive and powerfully organized life of ,rome about the person of the great ,csar4 ,shakespeare read his books with such insight and imagination that they became part of himself2 and so far as this process is concerned1 the reader of to-day can follow in his steps4 ,the majority of people have not learned this secret2 they read for information or for refreshment2 they do not read for enrichment4 ,feeding one's nature at all the sources of life1 browsing at will on all the uplands of knowledge and thought1 do not bear the fruit of acquirement only2 they put us into personal possession of the vitality1 the truth1 and the beauty about us4 ,a man may know the plays of ,shakespeare accurately as regards their order1 form1 construction1 and language1 and yet remain almost without knowledge of what ,shakespeare was at heart1 and of his significance in the history of the human soul4 ,it is this deeper knowledge1 however1 which is essential for culture2 for culture is such an appropriation of knowledge that it becomes a part of ourselves4 ,it is no longer something added by the memory2 it is something possessed by the soul4 ,a pedant is formed by his memory2 a man of culture is formed by the habit of meditation1 and by the constant use of the imagination4 ,an alert and curious man goes through the world taking note of all that passes under his eyes1 and collects a great mass of information1 which is in no sense incorporated into his own mind1 but remains a definite territory outside his own nature1 which he has annexed4 ,a man of receptive mind and heart1 on the other hand1 meditating on what he sees1 and getting at its meaning by the divining-rod of the imagination1 discovers the law behind the phenomena1 the truth behind the fact1 the vital force which flows through all things1 and gives them their significance4 ,the first man gains information2 the second gains culture4 ,the pedant pours out an endless succession of facts with a monotonous uniformity of emphasis1 and exhausts while he instructs2 the man of culture gives us a few facts1 luminous in their relation to one another1 and freshens and stimulates by bringing us into contact with ideas and with life4 ,to get at the heart of books we must live with and in them2 we must make them our constant companions2 we must turn them over and over in thought1 slowly penetrating their innermost meaning2 and when we possess their thought we must work it into our own thought4 ,the reading of a real book ought to be an event in one's history2 it ought to enlarge the vision1 deepen the base of conviction1 and add to the reader whatever knowledge1 insight1 beauty1 and power it contains4 ,it is possible to spend years of study on what may be called the externals of the 8,divine ,comedy10 and remain unaffected in nature by this contact with one of the masterpieces of the spirit of man as well as of the art of literature4 ,it is also possible to so absorb ,dante's#aj thought and so saturate one's self with the life of the poem as to add to one's individual capital of thought and experience all that the poet discerned in that deep heart of his and wrought out of that intense and tragic experience4 ,but this permanent and personal possession can be acquired by those alone who brood over the poem and recreate it within themselves by the play of the imagination upon it4 ,a visitor was shown into ,mr4 ,lowell's#aa room one evening not many years ago1 and found him barricaded behind rows of open books2 they covered the table and were spread out on the floor in an irregular but magic circle4 8,still studying ,dante80 said the intruder into the workshop of as true a man of culture as we have known on this continent4 8,yes10 was the prompt reply2 8always studying ,dante40 ,a man's intellectual character is determined by what he habitually thinks about4 ,the mind cannot always be consciously directed to definite ends2 it has hours of relaxation4 ,there are many hours in the life of the most strenuous and arduous man when the mind goes its own way and thinks its own thoughts4 ,these times of relaxation1 when the mind follows its own bent1 are perhaps the most fruitful and significant periods in a rich and noble intellectual life4 ,the real nature1 the deeper instincts of the man1 come out in these moments1 as essential refinement and genuine breeding are revealed when the man is off guard and acts and speaks instinctively4 ,it is possible to be mentally active and intellectually poor and sterile2 to drive the mind along certain courses of work1 but to have no deep life of thought behind these calculated activities4 ,the life of the mind is rich and fruitful only when thought1 released from specific tasks1 flies at once to great themes as its natural objects of interest and love1 its natural sources of refreshment and strength4 ,under all our definite activities there runs a stream of meditation2 and the character of that meditation determines our wealth or our poverty1 our productiveness or our sterility4 ,this instinctive action of the mind1 although largely unconscious1 is by no means irresponsible2 it may be directed and controlled2 it may be turned1 by such control1 into a ,pactolian stream1#ab enriching us while we rest and ennobling us while we play4 ,for the mind may be trained to meditate on great themes instead of giving itself up to idle reverie2 when it is released from work it may concern itself with the highest things as readily as with those which are insignificant and paltry4 ,whoever can command his meditations in the streets1 along the country roads1 on the train1 in the hours of relaxation1 can enrich himself for all time without effort or fatigue2 for it is as easy and restful to think about great things as about small ones4 ,a certain lover of books made this discovery years ago1 and has turned it to account with great profit to himself4 ,he thought he discovered in the faces of certain great writers a meditative quality full of repose and suggestive of a constant companionship with the highest themes4 ,it seemed to him that these thinkers1 who had done so much to liberate his own thought1 must have dwelt habitually with noble ideas2 that in every leisure hour they must have turned instinctively to those deep things which concern most closely the life of men4 ,the vast majority of men are so absorbed in dealing with material that they appear to be untouched by the general questions of life2 but these general questions are the habitual concern of the men who think4 ,in such men the mind1 released from specific tasks1 turns at once and by preference to these great themes1 and by quiet meditation feeds and enriches the very soul of the thinker4 ,and the quality of this meditation determines whether the nature shall be productive or sterile2 whether a man shall be merely a logician1 or a creative force in the world4 ,following this hint1 this lover of books persistently trained himself1 in his leisure hours1 to think over the books he was reading2 to meditate on particular passages1 and1 in the case of dramas and novels1 to look at characters from different sides4 ,it was not easy at first1 and it was distinctively work2 but it became instinctive at last1 and consequently it became play4 ,the stream of thought1 once set in a given direction1 flows now of its own gravitation2 and reverie1 instead of being idle and meaningless1 has become rich and fruitful4 ,if one subjects 8,the ,tempest10#ac for instance1 to this process1 he soon learns it by heart2 first he feels its beauty2 then he gets whatever definite information there is in it2 as he reflects1 its constructive unity grows clear to him1 and he sees its quality as a piece of art2 and finally its rich and noble disclosure of the poet's conception of life grows upon him until the play belongs to him almost as much as it belonged to ,shakespeare4 ,this process of meditation habitually brought to bear on one's reading lays bare the very heart of the book in hand1 and puts one in complete possession of it4 ,this process of meditation1 if it is to bear its richest fruit1 must be accompanied by a constant play of the imagination1 than which there is no faculty more readily cultivated or more constantly neglected4 ,some readers see only a flat surface as they read2 others find the book a door into a real world1 and forget that they are dealing with a book4 ,the real readers get beyond the book1 into the life which it describes4 ,they see the island in 8,the ,tempest02 they hear the tumult of the storm2 they mingle with the little company who1 on that magical stage1 reflect all the passions of men and are brought under the spell of the highest powers of man's spirit4 ,it is a significant fact that in the lives of men of genius the reading of two or three books has often provoked an immediate and striking expansion of thought and power4 ,samuel ,johnson1#ad a clumsy boy in his father's book-shop1 searching for apples1 came upon ,petrarch1#ae and was destined henceforth to be a man of letters4 ,john ,keats1#af apprenticed to an apothecary1 read ,spenser's 8,epithalamium0#ag one golden afternoon in company with his friend1 ,cowden ,clarke1#ah and from that hour was a poet by the grace of ,god4 ,in both cases the readers read with the imagination1 or their own natures would not have kindled with so sudden a flash4 ,the torch is passed on to those only whose hands are outstretched to receive it4 ,to read with the imagination1 one must take time to let the figures reform in his own mind2 he must see them with great distinctness and realize them with great definiteness4 ,benjamin ,franklin#ai tells us1 in that 8,autobiography0 which was one of our earliest and remains one of our most genuine pieces of writing1 that when he discovered his need of a larger vocabulary he took some of the tales which he found in an odd volume of the 8,spectator0#bj and turned them into verse2 8and after a time1 when ,i had pretty well forgotten the prose1 turned them back again4 ,i also sometimes jumbled my collections of hints into confusion1 and after some weeks endeavoured to reduce them into the best order before ,i began to form the full sentences and compleat the paper40 ,such a patient recasting of material for the ends of verbal exactness and accuracy suggests ways in which the imagination may deal with characters and scenes in order to stimulate and foster its own activity4 ,it is well to recall at frequent intervals the story we read in some dramatist1 poet1 or novelist1 in order that the imagination may set it before us again in all its rich vitality4 ,it is well also as we read to insist on seeing the picture as well as the words4 ,it is as easy to see the bloodless duke before the portrait of 8,my ,last ,duchess10 in ,browning's#ba little masterpiece1 to take in all the accessories and carry away with us a vivid and lasting impression1 as it is to follow with the eye the succession of words4 ,in this way we possess the poem1 and make it serve the ends of culture4 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,what did ,shakespeare gain from the reading of books8 #b4 ,what wrong ways of reading does ,mr4 ,mabie point out8 #c4 ,what is the difference between a pedant and a man of culture8 #d4 ,what does ,mr4 ,mabie mean by the expression1 8,to get at the heart of books08 #e4 ,what should a book do for a reader8 #f4 ,why does ,mr4 ,mabie tell the anecdote of ,mr4 ,lowell8 #g4 ,explain the difference between helpful meditation and idle reverie4 #h4 ,what characteristics may be gained from great writers8 #i4 ,what does ,mr4 ,mabie mean by saying that one should read imaginatively8 #aj4 ,what does the essay show concerning the personality of ,mr4 ,mabie8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,study and 8,cramming0 #aa4 ,leisure and ,hurry #b4 ,fair ,play and ,trickery #ab4 ,thrift and ,waste #c4 ,selfishness and ,unselfishness #ac4 ,courage and ,cowardice #d4 ,school ,spirit and ,lack of #ad4 ,persistence ,school ,spirit #e4 ,reasons for ,success and #ae4 ,ambition for ,failure #f4 ,the ,gentleman and the ,boor #af4 ,thoughtfulness #g4 ,kindness and ,brutality #ag4 ,loyalty #h4 ,care and ,carelessness #ah4 ,will ,power #i4 ,promptness and ,tardiness #ai4 ,honor #aj4 ,respect and ,insolence #bj4 ,the ,kindly ,life ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,you have noticed that ,mr4 ,mabie began his essay by telling about ,shakespeare's reading4 ,he then set forward the ideal that ,shakespeare's method of reading represents4 ,you must follow the same plan4 ,begin your essay by telling of some one person who represents in some way the ideal of which you write4 ,that very specific example will lead your reader into the thought that you wish to emphasize1--that there is1 in connection with your subject1 an ideal method of proceeding1 and a method that is less ideal4 ,after you have made this specific introduction1 set forward your own ideas4 ,do as ,mr4 ,mabie did1 and give many specific examples that will make your thought clear and emphatic4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,from 8,books and ,culture0 by ,hamilton ,wright ,mabie4 ,copyright by ,dodd1 ,mead and ,co4 #g ,florio's ,montaigne4 ,john ,florio 7#aeec-afbe74 ,a teacher of ,french and ,italian in ,oxford ,university1 who in #afjc translated the essays of ,montaigne1 one copy of which1 autographed by ,shakespeare1 is in the ,british ,museum in ,london4 ,from him ,shakespeare perhaps learned ,french and ,italian4 ,in all probability many of the passages of wit and wisdom in plays like ,hamlet and ,the ,tempest1 as well as in other plays1 were suggested by ,florio's translation of ,montaigne4 #h ,holinshed's ,chronicles4 ,ralph ,holinshed 78-#aehj874 ,author of ,chronicles of ,englande1 ,scotlande1 and ,irelande1 a book published in #aegg1 from which ,shakespeare drew material for many of his historical plays4 #i ,north's ,plutarch4 ,sir ,thomas ,north 7#aece8-afja871 translated from the ,french ,plutarch's ,lives1 originally written in ,greek in the first century ,a4,d4 ,from these remarkable biographies ,shakespeare learned the stories that he embodied in such plays as ,antony and ,cleopatra and ,coriolanus4 #aj ,dante ,alighieri 7#abfe-acba71 an ,italian poet1 author of ,the ,divine ,comedy1 a work of such surpassing merit that its author is regarded as one of the five greatest writers of all time4 #aa ,james ,russell ,lowell 7#ahai-ahia74 ,an ,american poet and essayist1 noted for his love of books4 #ab ,pactolian ,stream1 a river in ,asia ,minor in which gold was found4 #ac ,the ,tempest1 one of ,shakespeare's most poetic comedies1 written about #afaa4 #ad ,samuel ,johnson 7#agji-aghd71 the great literary leader of the eighteenth century1 noted for his work as an essayist4 #ae ,francesco ,petrarch 7#acjd-acgd71 one of the most noted ,italian poets4 #af ,john ,keats 7#agie-ahba71 an ,english poet especially noted for the rich beauty of his style4 #ag ,edmund ,spenser 7#aeeb8-aeii71 the celebrated author of ,the ,farie ,queen and of other poems noted for rich imaginative power4 ,his ,epithalamium1 perhaps his best poem1 was written in honor of his marriage to ,elizabeth ,boyle4 #ah ,cowden ,clarke 7#aghg-ahgg71 an ,english publisher and ,shakespearian scholar1 a friend of ,john ,keats4 #ai ,benjamin ,franklin 7#agjf-agij71 a great ,american philosopher and patriot whose life story is told in his ,autobiography4 #bj ,the ,spectator1 a daily paper published by ,joseph ,addison1 ,sir ,richard ,steele and others from ,march #a1 #agaa1 to ,december #f1 #agab4 #ba ,robert ,browning 7#ahab-ahhi74 ,one of the greatest of ,english poets4 ,my ,last ,duchess is one of his many powerful dramatic monologues4 ,,who ,,owns ,,the ,,mountains8#bb ,by ,,henry ,,van ,,dyke 7#aheb--74 ,one of the most popular ,american essayists4 ,after many years of service as a ,presbyterian minister he became ,professor of ,english ,literature in ,princeton ,university4 ,during the early part of the ,world ,war he was ,u4 ,s4 ,minister to the ,netherlands and ,luxembourg1 where his services were notably patriotic4 ,his poems1 essays and short stories have won wide and well-deserved popularity4 ,among them are ,the ,poetry of ,tennyson2 ,the ,other ,wise ,man2 ,the ,first ,christmas ,tree2 ,fisherman's ,luck2 ,the ,blue ,flower2 ,out of ,doors in the ,holy ,land2 ,the ,unknown ,quantity2 ,collected ,poems4 ,dr4 ,van ,dyke was at one time ,president of the ,national ,institute of ,arts and ,letters4 ,something of the spirit of sunset and of the quietness of the woods and mountains has crept into ,dr4 ,van ,dyke's essay4 ,we sit with him and look off at the ridges and hollows of forest4 ,we find our own thoughts about the beauty of earth expressed as we can not express them4 ,we are lifted in meditation as ,dr4 ,van ,dyke was lifted when he looked off at the great hills4 ,power to reveal inner meanings in the world of outdoors and of man1 and to ennoble the soul1 is one of the reasons why the essay has such a high place in the affections of those who love literature4 ,who ,owns the ,mountains8 shows both the felicity of ,dr4 ,van ,dyke's style and the nobility of his thought4 ,it was the little lad that asked the question2 and the answer also1 as you will see1 was mainly his4 ,we had been keeping ,sunday afternoon together in our favorite fashion1 following out that pleasant text which tells us to 8behold the fowls of the air40 ,there is no injunction of ,holy ,writ less burdensome in acceptance1 or more profitable in obedience1 than this easy out-of-doors commandment4 ,for several hours we walked in the way of this precept1 through the untangled woods that lie behind the ,forest ,hills ,lodge1#bc where a pair of pigeon-hawks had their nest2 and around the brambly shores of the small pond1 where ,maryland yellow-throats and song-sparrows were settled2 and under the lofty hemlocks of the fragment of forest across the road1 where rare warblers flitted silently among the tree-tops4 ,the light beneath the evergreens was growing dim as we came out from their shadow into the widespread glow of the sunset1 on the edge of a grassy hill1 overlooking the long valley of the ,gale ,river1 and uplooking to the ,franconia ,mountains4 ,it was the benediction hour4 ,the placid air of the day shed a new tranquillity over the consoling landscape4 ,the heart of the earth seemed to taste a repose more perfect than that of common days4 ,a hermit-thrush1 far up the vale1 sang his vesper hymn2 while the swallows1 seeking their evening meal1 circled above the riverfields without an effort1 twittering softly1 now and then1 as if they must give thanks4 ,slight and indefinable touches in the scene1 perhaps the mere absence of the tiny human figures passing along the road or laboring in the distant meadows1 perhaps the blue curls of smoke rising lazily from the farm-house chimneys1 or the family groups sitting under the maple-trees before the door1 diffused a sabbath atmosphere over the world4 ,then said the lad1 lying on the grass beside me1 8,father1 who owns the mountains80 ,i happened to have heard1 the day before1 of two or three lumber companies that had bought some of the woodland slopes2 so ,i told him their names1 adding that there were probably a good many different owners1 whose claims taken all together would cover the whole ,franconia range of hills4 8,well10 answered the lad1 after a moment of silence1 8,i don't see what difference that makes4 ,everybody can look at them40 ,they lay stretched out before us in the level sunlight1 the sharp peaks outlined against the sky1 the vast ridges of forest sinking smoothly towards the valleys1 the deep hollows gathering purple shadows in their bosoms1 and the little foothills standing out in rounded promontories of brighter green from the darker mass behind them4 ,far to the east1 the long comb of ,twin ,mountain extended itself back into the untrodden wilderness4 ,mount ,garfield lifted a clear-cut pyramid through the translucent air4 ,the huge bulk of ,lafayette ascended majestically in front of us1 crowned with a rosy diadem of rocks4 ,eagle ,cliff and ,bald ,mountain stretched their line of scalloped peaks across the entrance to the ,notch4 ,beyond that shadowy vale1 the swelling summits of ,cannon ,mountain rolled away to meet the tumbling waves of ,kinsman1 dominated by one loftier crested billow that seemed almost ready to curl and break out of green silence into snowy foam4 ,far down the sleeping ,landaff valley the undulating dome of ,moosilauke trembled in the distant blue4 ,they were all ours1 from crested cliff to wooded base4 ,the solemn groves of firs and spruces1 the plumed sierras of lofty pines1 the stately pillared forests of birch and beech1 the wild ravines1 the tremulous thickets of silvery poplar1 the bare peaks with their wide outlooks1 and the cool vales resounding with the ceaseless song of little rivers1--we knew and loved them all2 they ministered peace and joy to us2 they were all ours1 though we held no title deeds and our ownership had never been recorded4 ,what is property1 after all8 ,the law says there are two kinds1 real and personal4 ,but it seems to me that the only real property is that which is truly personal1 that which we take into our inner life and make our own forever by understanding and admiration and sympathy and love4 ,this is the only kind of possession that is worth anything4 ,a gallery of great paintings adorns the house of the ,honorable ,midas ,bond1#bd and every year adds a new treasure to his collection4 ,he knows how much they cost him1 and he keeps the run of the quotations at the auction sales1 congratulating himself as the price of the works of his well-chosen artists rises in the scale1 and the value of his art treasures is enhanced4 ,but why should he call them his8 ,he is only their custodian4 ,he keeps them well varnished1 and framed in gilt4 ,but he never passes through those gilded frames into the world of beauty that lies behind the painted canvas4 ,he knows nothing of those lovely places from which the artist's soul and hand have drawn their inspiration4 ,they are closed and barred to him4 ,he has bought the pictures1 but he cannot buy the key4 ,the poor art student who wanders through his gallery1 lingering with awe and love before the masterpieces1 owns them far more truly than ,midas does4 ,pomposus ,silverman#be purchased a rich library a few years ago4 ,the books were rare and costly4 ,that was the reason why ,pomposus bought them4 ,he was proud to feel that he was the possessor of literary treasures which were not to be found in the houses of his wealthiest acquaintances4 ,but the threadbare ,bcherfreund1#bf who was engaged at a slender salary to catalogue the library and take care of it1 became the real proprietor4 ,pomposus paid for the books1 but ,bcherfreund enjoyed them4 ,i do not mean to say that the possession of much money is always a barrier to real wealth of mind and heart4 ,nor would ,i maintain that all the poor of this world are rich in faith and heirs of the kingdom4 ,but some of them are4 ,and if some of the rich of this world 7through the grace of ,him with whom all things are possible7 are also modest in their tastes1 and gentle in their hearts1 and open in their minds1 and ready to be pleased with unbought pleasures1 they simply share in the best things which are provided for all4 ,i speak not now of the strife that men wage over the definition and the laws of property4 ,doubtless there is much here that needs to be set right4 ,there are men and women in the world who are shut out from the right to earn a living1 so poor that they must perish for want of daily bread1 so full of misery that there is no room for the tiniest seed of joy in their lives4 ,this is the lingering shame of civilization4 ,some day1 perhaps1 we shall find the way to banish it4 ,some day1 every man shall have his title to a share in the world's great work and the world's large joy4 ,but meantime it is certain that1 where there are a hundred poor bodies who suffer from physical privation1 there are a thousand poor souls who suffer from spiritual poverty4 ,to relieve this greater suffering there needs no change of laws1 only a change of heart4 ,what does it profit a man to be the landed proprietor of countless acres unless he can reap the harvest of delight that blooms from every rood of ,god's earth for the seeing eye and the loving spirit8 ,and who can reap that harvest so closely that there shall not be abundant gleaning left for all mankind8 ,the most that a wide principality can yield to its legal owner is a living4 ,but the real owner can gather from a field of goldenrod1 shining in the ,august sunlight1 an unearned increment of delight4 ,we measure success by accumulation4 ,the measure is false4 ,the true measure is appreciation4 ,he who loves most has most4 ,how foolishly we train ourselves for the work of life6 ,we give our most arduous and eager efforts to the cultivation of those faculties which will serve us in the competitions of the forum and the market-place4 ,but if we were wise1 we should care infinitely more for the unfolding of those inward1 secret1 spiritual powers by which alone we can become the owners of anything that is worth having4 ,surely ,god is the great proprietor4 ,yet all ,his works ,he has given away4 ,he holds no title-deeds4 ,the one thing that is ,his1 is the perfect understanding1 the perfect joy1 the perfect love1 of all things that ,he has made4 ,to a share in this high ownership ,he welcomes all who are poor in spirit4 ,this is the earth which the meek inherit4 ,this is the patrimony of the saints in light4 8,come1 laddie10 ,i said to my comrade1 8let us go home4 ,you and ,i are very rich4 ,we own the mountains4 ,but we can never sell them1 and we don't want to40 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,in what does real ownership consist8 #b4 ,why is it wrong to 8measure success by accumulation08 #c4 ,what is 8spiritual poverty08 #d4 ,how may you truly own a book8 #e4 ,how may you truly own a beautiful scene8 #f4 ,how may you become a really rich person8 #g4 ,how may you truly own a beautiful picture8 #h4 ,how does ,dr4 ,van ,dyke introduce his principal thought8 #i4 ,what is the spirit of the essay8 #aj4 ,make a list of the most beautiful sentences4 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,the ,fountain of ,youth #aa4 ,spendthrifts #b4 ,the ,place of ,happiness #ab4 ,hidden ,treasures #c4 ,a ,wise ,person #ac4 ,angels in ,reality #d4 ,successful ,people #ad4 ,real ,strength #e4 ,a ,truly ,useful ,life #ae4 ,my ,own ,city #f4 ,a ,wide ,traveler #af4 ,a ,master of ,men #g4 ,comfort #ag4 ,having ,one's ,way #h4 ,the ,best ,medicine #ah4 ,a ,wise ,reader #i4 ,an ,explorer in ,daily ,life #ai4 ,heroism at ,home #aj4 ,investing for the ,future #bj4 ,sunshine ,all the ,time ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,show1 in your essay1 that all people have at their command some wealth1 or some wonderful power1 that they little suspect4 ,show how they may make use of the opportunity that lies before them4 ,in order to do this1 lead into your thought as naturally as ,dr4 ,van ,dyke leads into his4 ,you will write more wisely and more sincerely if you set your thoughts in motion from some real experience1--from some time when you were genuinely impressed and uplifted in spirit4 ,,footnotes3 #bb ,from 8,fisherman's ,luck10 by ,henry ,van ,dyke4 ,copyright1 #aije1 by ,charles ,scribner's ,sons4 #bc ,the scene mentioned in the essay is in the ,white ,mountain region in ,new ,hampshire1 one of the most beautiful regions in the ,united ,states4 #bd ,midas ,bond4 ,greek legend tells of ,midas1 king of ,phrygia1 who had the power of turning into gold everything that he touched4 8,bond0 is of course1 a modern synonym for wealth4 #be ,pomposus ,silverman4 ,another combination of a classical and a modern expression1--a haughty lord of silver4 #bf ,bcherfreund4 ,lover of books4 ,,the ,,legendary ,,story ,,running ,,wolf ,by ,,algernon ,,blackwood 7#ahfi--74 ,an ,english author and journalist4 ,he is a graduate of the ,university of ,edinburgh4 ,for a time he was on the staff of the ,new ,york ,sun1 and of the ,new ,york ,times4 ,he is the author of ,the ,lost ,valley2 ,paris ,garden2 ,a ,prisoner in ,fairyland2 ,the ,starlight ,express4 ,he writes with strongly suggestive power4 ,the legend and its origin and development1 are well illustrated in the story of ,running ,wolf4 ,some hundred years before the story begins1 so the author says1 certain tragic events had occurred in the ,canadian backwoods4 ,from those events had grown beliefs held by all who lived within the region4 ,the author very cleverly makes his story a continuation of the legend4 ,running ,wolf deals not only with the beliefs of a primitive people but also with the supernatural4 ,it suggests an unhappy1 wandering spirit unable to escape from the chains of earth4 ,in its treatment of the supernatural the story is surpassingly powerful4 ,it gains every effect through the power of suggestion4 ,at no time does the story1 in so many words1 say that the supernatural is present4 ,instead1 it places the reader in a position where it is natural to infer something beyond the ordinary4 ,in other words1 the story does what life does3 it presents facts and leaves people to draw their own conclusions4 ,over the entire story hangs an atmosphere entirely in keeping with the events narrated4 ,the reader feels drawn into the solemn silence of the vast forest2 he knows the loneliness of little-visited lakes1 and the black terror that surrounds a wilderness camp-fire at night4 ,the story is rich with foreshadowing1 sentence after sentence pointing toward the climax and emphasizing the single effect that is produced4 ,because of its hauntingly suggestive power ,running ,wolf is a remarkable story of the supernatural4 8,loneliness in a backwoods camp brings charm1 pleasure1 and a happy sense of calm until1 and unless1 it comes too near4 ,once it has crept within short distance1 however1 it may easily cross the narrow line between comfort and discomfort40 ,the man who enjoys an adventure outside the general experience of the race1 and imparts it to others1 must not be surprised if he is taken for either a liar or a fool1 as ,malcolm ,hyde1 hotel clerk on a holiday1 discovered in due course4 ,nor is 8enjoy0 the right word to use in describing his emotions2 the word he chose was probably 8survive40 ,when he first set eyes on ,medicine ,lake he was struck by its still1 sparkling beauty1 lying there in the vast ,canadian backwoods2 next1 by its extreme loneliness2 and1 lastly--a good deal later1 this--by its combination of beauty1 loneliness1 and singular atmosphere1 due to the fact that it was the scene of his adventure4 8,it 's fairly stiff with big fish10 said ,morton of the ,montreal ,sporting ,club4 8,spend your holiday there--up ,mattawa way1 some fifteen miles west of ,stony ,creek4 ,you'll have it all to yourself except for an old ,indian who's got a shack there4 ,camp on the east side--if you'll take a tip from me40 ,he then talked for half an hour about the wonderful sport2 yet he was not otherwise very communicative1 and did not suffer questions gladly1 ,hyde noticed4 ,nor had he stayed there very long himself4 ,if it was such a paradise as ,morton1 its discoverer and the most experienced rod in the province1 claimed1 why had he himself spent only three days there8 8,ran short of grub10 was the explanation offered2 but to another friend he had mentioned briefly1 8flies10 and to a third1 so ,hyde learned later1 he gave the excuse that his half-breed 8took sick10 necessitating a quick return to civilization4 ,hyde1 however1 cared little for the explanations2 his interest in these came later4 8,stiff with fish0 was the phrase he liked4 ,he took the ,canadian ,pacific train to ,mattawa1 laid in his outfit at ,stony ,creek1 and set off thence for the fifteen-mile canoe-trip without a care in the world4 ,traveling light1 the portages did not trouble him2 the water was swift and easy1 the rapids negotiable2 everything came his way1 as the saying is4 ,occasionally he saw big fish making for the deeper pools1 and was sorely tempted to stop2 but he resisted4 ,he pushed on between the immense world of forests that stretched for hundreds of miles1 known to deer1 bear1 moose1 and wolf1 but strange to any echo of human tread1 a deserted and primeval wilderness4 ,the autumn day was calm1 the water sang and sparkled1 the blue sky hung cloudless over all1 ablaze with light4 ,toward evening he passed an old beaver-dam1 rounded a little point1 and had his first sight of ,medicine ,lake4 ,he lifted his dripping paddle2 the canoe shot with silent glide into calm water4 ,he gave an exclamation of delight1 for the loveliness caught his breath away4 ,though primarily a sportsman1 he was not insensible to beauty4 ,the lake formed a crescent1 perhaps four miles long1 its width between a mile and half a mile4 ,the slanting gold of sunset flooded it4 ,no wind stirred its crystal surface4 ,here it had lain since the red-skin's god first made it2 here it would lie until he dried it up again4 ,towering spruce and hemlock trooped to its very edge1 majestic cedars leaned down as if to drink1 crimson sumachs shone in fiery patches1 and maples gleamed orange and red beyond belief4 ,the air was like wine1 with the silence of a dream4 ,it was here the red men formerly 8made medicine10 with all the wild ritual and tribal ceremony of an ancient day4 ,but it was of ,morton1 rather than of ,indians1 that ,hyde thought4 ,if this lonely1 hidden paradise was really stiff with big fish1 he owed a lot to ,morton for the information4 ,peace invaded him1 but the excitement of the hunter lay below4 ,he looked about him with quick1 practised eye for a camping-place before the sun sank below the forests and the half-lights came4 ,the ,indian's shack1 lying in full sunshine on the eastern shore1 he found at once2 but the trees lay too thick about it for comfort1 nor did he wish to be so close to its inhabitant4 ,upon the opposite side1 however1 an ideal clearing offered4 ,this lay already in shadow1 the huge forest darkening it toward evening2 but the open space attracted4 ,he paddled over quickly and examined it4 ,the ground was hard and dry1 he found1 and a little brook ran tinkling down one side of it into the lake4 ,this outfall1 too1 would be a good fishing spot4 ,also it was sheltered4 ,a few low willows marked the mouth4 ,an experienced camper soon makes up his mind4 ,it was a perfect site1 and some charred logs1 with traces of former fires1 proved that he was not the first to think so4 ,hyde was delighted4 ,then1 suddenly1 disappointment came to tinge his pleasure4 ,his kit was landed1 and preparations for putting up the tent were begun1 when he recalled a detail that excitement had so far kept in the background of his mind--,morton's advice4 ,but not ,morton's only1 for the storekeeper at ,stony ,creek had reinforced it4 ,the big fellow with straggling mustache and stooping shoulders1 dressed in shirt and trousers1 had handed him out a final sentence with the bacon1 flour1 condensed milk1 and sugar4 ,he had repeated ,morton's half-forgotten words3 8,put yer tent on the east shore4 ,i should10 he had said at parting4 ,he remembered ,morton1 too1 apparently4 8,a shortish fellow1 brown as an ,indian and fairly smelling of the woods4 ,traveling with ,jake1 the half-breed40 ,that assuredly was ,morton4 8,didn't stay long1 now1 did he80 he added in a reflective tone4 8,going ,windy ,lake way1 are yer8 ,or ,ten ,mile ,water1 maybe80 he had first inquired of ,hyde4 8,medicine ,lake40 8,is that so80 the man said1 as though he doubted it for some obscure reason4 ,he pulled at his ragged mustache a moment4 8,is that so1 now80 he repeated4 ,and the final words followed him down-stream after a considerable pause--the advice about the best shore on which to put his tent4 ,all this now suddenly flashed back upon ,hyde's mind with a tinge of disappointment and annoyance1 for when two experienced men agreed1 their opinion was not to be lightly disregarded4 ,he wished he had asked the storekeeper for more details4 ,he looked about him1 he reflected1 he hesitated4 ,his ideal camping-ground lay certainly on the forbidden shore4 ,what in the world1 he wondered1 could be the objection to it8 ,but the light was fading2 he must decide quickly one way or the other4 ,after staring at his unpacked dunnage and the tent1 already half erected1 he made up his mind with a muttered expression that consigned both ,morton and the storekeeper to less pleasant places4 8,they must have some reason10 he growled to himself2 8fellows like that usually know what they're talking about4 ,i guess ,i'd better shift over to the other side--for to-night1 at any rate40 ,he glanced across the water before actually reloading4 ,no smoke rose from the ,indian's shack4 ,he had seen no sign of a canoe4 ,the man1 he decided1 was away4 ,reluctantly1 then1 he left the good camping-ground and paddled across the lake1 and half an hour later his tent was up1 firewood collected1 and two small trout were already caught for supper4 ,but the bigger fish1 he knew1 lay waiting for him on the other side by the little outfall1 and he fell asleep at length on his bed of balsam boughs1 annoyed and disappointed1 yet wondering how a mere sentence could have persuaded him so easily against his own better judgment4 ,he slept like the dead2 the sun was well up before he stirred4 ,but his morning mood was a very different one4 ,the brilliant light1 the peace1 the intoxicating air1 all this was too exhilarating for the mind to harbor foolish fancies1 and he marveled that he could have been so weak the night before4 ,no hesitation lay in him anywhere4 ,he struck camp immediately after breakfast1 paddled back across the strip of shining water1 and quickly settled in upon the forbidden shore1 as he now called it1 with a contemptuous grin4 ,and the more he saw of the spot1 the better he liked it4 ,there was plenty of wood1 running water to drink1 an open space about the tent1 and there were no flies4 ,the fishing1 moreover1 was magnificent2 ,morton's description was fully justified1 and 8stiff with big fish0 for once was not an exaggeration4 ,the useless hours of the early afternoon he passed dozing in the sun1 or wandering through the underbrush beyond the camp4 ,he found no sign of anything unusual4 ,he bathed in a cool1 deep pool2 he reveled in the lonely little paradise4 ,lonely it certainly was1 but the loneliness was part of its charm2 the stillness1 the peace1 the isolation of this beautiful backwoods lake delighted him4 ,the silence was divine4 ,he was entirely satisfied4 ,after a brew of tea1 he strolled toward evening along the shore1 looking for the first sign of a rising fish4 ,a faint ripple on the water1 with the lengthening shadows1 made good conditions4 ,plop followed plop1 as the big fellows rose1 snatched at their food1 and vanished into the depths4 ,he hurried back4 ,ten minutes later he had taken his rods and was gliding cautiously in the canoe through the quiet water4 ,so good was the sport1 indeed1 and so quickly did the big trout pile up in the bottom of the canoe that1 despite the growing lateness1 he found it hard to tear himself away4 8,one more10 he said1 8and then ,i really will go40 ,he landed that 8one more10 and was in the act of taking it off the hook1 when the deep silence of the evening was curiously disturbed4 ,he became abruptly aware that some one watched him4 ,a pair of eyes1 it seemed1 were fixed upon him from some point in the surrounding shadows4 ,thus1 at least1 he interpreted the odd disturbance in his happy mood2 for thus he felt it4 ,the feeling stole over him without the slightest warning4 ,he was not alone4 ,the slippery big trout dripped from his fingers4 ,he sat motionless1 and stared about him4 ,nothing stirred2 the ripple on the lake had died away2 there was no wind2 the forest lay a single purple mass of shadow2 the yellow sky1 fast fading1 threw reflections that troubled the eye and made distances uncertain4 ,but there was no sound1 no movement2 he saw no figure anywhere4 ,yet he knew that some one watched him1 and a wave of quite unreasoning terror gripped him4 ,the nose of the canoe was against the bank4 ,in a moment1 and instinctively1 he shoved it off and paddled into deeper water4 ,the watcher1 it came to him also instinctively1 was quite close to him upon that bank4 ,but where8 ,and who8 ,was it the ,indian8 ,here1 in deeper water1 and some twenty yards from the shore1 he paused and strained both sight and hearing to find some possible clue4 ,he felt half ashamed1 now that the first strange feeling passed a little4 ,but ,illustration3 8,the feeling stole over him without the slightest warning4 ,he was not alone40 7page #fj7 the certainty remained4 ,absurd as it was1 he felt positive that some one watched him with concentrated and intent regard4 ,every fiber in his being told him so2 and though he could discover no figure1 no new outline on the shore1 he could even have sworn in which clump of willow bushes the hidden person crouched and stared4 ,his attention seemed drawn to that particular clump4 ,the water dripped slowly from his paddle1 now lying across the thwarts4 ,there was no other sound4 ,the canvas of his tent gleamed dimly4 ,a star or two were out4 ,he waited4 ,nothing happened4 ,then1 as suddenly as it had come1 the feeling passed1 and he knew that the person who had been watching him intently had gone4 ,it was as if a current had been turned off2 the normal world flowed back2 the landscape emptied as if some one had left a room4 ,the disagreeable feeling left him at the same time1 so that he instantly turned the canoe in to the shore again1 landed1 and1 paddle in hand1 went over to examine the clump of willows he had singled out as the place of concealment4 ,there was no one there1 of course1 or any trace of recent human occupancy4 ,no leaves1 no branches stirred1 nor was a single twig displaced2 his keen and practised sight detected no sign of tracks upon the ground4 ,yet1 for all that1 he felt positive that a little time ago some one had crouched among these very leaves and watched him4 ,he remained absolutely convinced of it4 ,the watcher1 whether ,indian1 hunter1 stray lumberman1 or wandering half-breed1 had now withdrawn1 a search was useless1 and dusk was falling4 ,he returned to his little camp1 more disturbed perhaps than he cared to acknowledge4 ,he cooked his supper1 hung up his catch on a string1 so that no prowling animal could get at it during the night1 and prepared to make himself comfortable until bed-time4 ,unconsciously1 he built a bigger fire than usual1 and found himself peering over his pipe into the deep shadows beyond the firelight1 straining his ears to catch the slightest sound4 ,he remained generally on the alert in a way that was new to him4 ,a man under such conditions and in such a place need not know discomfort until the sense of loneliness strikes him as too vivid a reality4 ,loneliness in a backwoods camp brings charm1 pleasure1 and a happy sense of calm until1 and unless1 it comes too near4 ,it should remain an ingredient only among other conditions2 it should not be directly1 vividly noticed4 ,once it has crept within short range1 however1 it may easily cross the narrow line between comfort and discomfort1 and darkness is an undesirable time for the transition4 ,a curious dread may easily follow--the dread lest the loneliness suddenly be disturbed1 and the solitary human feel himself open to attack4 ,for ,hyde1 now1 this transition had been already accomplished2 the too intimate sense of his loneliness had shifted abruptly into the worse condition of no longer being quite alone4 ,it was an awkward moment1 and the hotel clerk realized his position exactly4 ,he did not quite like it4 ,he sat there1 with his back to the blazing logs1 a very visible object in the light1 while all about him the darkness of the forest lay like an impenetrable wall4 ,he could not see a foot beyond the small circle of his camp-fire2 the silence about him was like the silence of the dead4 ,no leaf rustled1 no wave lapped2 he himself sat motionless as a log4 ,then again he became suddenly aware that the person who watched him had returned1 and that same intent and concentrated gaze as before was fixed upon him where he lay4 ,there was no warning2 he heard no stealthy tread or snapping of dry twigs1 yet the owner of those steady eyes was very close to him1 probably not a dozen feet away4 ,this sense of proximity was overwhelming4 ,it is unquestionable that a shiver ran down his spine4 ,this time1 moreover1 he felt positive that the man crouched just beyond the firelight1 the distance he himself could see being nicely calculated1 and straight in front of him4 ,for some minutes he sat without stirring a single muscle1 yet with each muscle ready and alert1 straining his eyes in vain to pierce the darkness1 but only succeeding in dazzling his sight with the reflected light4 ,then1 as he shifted his position slowly1 cautiously1 to obtain another angle of vision1 his heart gave two big thumps against his ribs and the hair seemed to rise on his scalp with the sense of cold that shot horribly up his spine4 ,in the darkness facing him he saw two small and greenish circles that were certainly a pair of eyes1 yet not the eyes of ,indian1 hunter1 or of any human being4 ,it was a pair of animal eyes that stared so fixedly at him out of the night4 ,and this certainty had an immediate and natural effect upon him4 ,for1 at the menace of those eyes1 the fears of millions of long dead hunters since the dawn of time woke in him4 ,hotel clerk though he was1 heredity surged through him in an automatic wave of instinct4 ,his hand groped for a weapon4 ,his fingers fell on the iron head of his small camp ax1 and at once he was himself again4 ,confidence returned2 the vague1 superstitious dread was gone4 ,this was a bear or wolf that smelt his catch and came to steal it4 ,with beings of that sort he knew instinctively how to deal1 yet admitting1 by this very instinct1 that his original dread had been of quite another kind4 8,i'll damned quick find out what it is10 he exclaimed aloud1 and snatching a burning brand from the fire1 he hurled it with good aim straight at the eyes of the beast before him4 ,the bit of pitch-pine fell in a shower of sparks that lit the dry grass this side of the animal1 flared up a moment1 then died quickly down again4 ,but in that instant of bright illumination he saw clearly what his unwelcome visitor was4 ,a big timber wolf sat on its hindquarters1 staring steadily at him through the firelight4 ,he saw its legs and shoulders1 he saw its hair1 he saw also the big hemlock trunks lit up behind it1 and the willow scrub on each side4 ,it formed a vivid1 clear-cut picture shown in clear detail by the momentary blaze4 ,to his amazement1 however1 the wolf did not turn and bolt away from the burning log1 but withdrew a few yards only1 and sat there again on its haunches1 staring1 staring as before4 ,heavens1 how it stared6 ,he 8shoed0 it1 but without effect2 it did not budge4 ,he did not waste another good log on it1 for his fear was dissipated now1 and a timber wolf was a timber wolf1 and it might sit there as long as it pleased1 provided it did not try to steal his catch4 ,no alarm was in him any more4 ,he knew that wolves were harmless in the summer and autumn1 and even when 8packed0 in the winter1 they would attack a man only when suffering desperate hunger4 ,so he lay and watched the beast1 threw bits of stick in its direction1 even talked to it1 wondering only that it never moved4 8,you can stay there forever1 if you like10 he remarked to it aloud1 8for you cannot get at my fish1 and the rest of the grub ,i shall take into the tent with me40 ,the creature blinked its bright green eyes1 but made no move4 ,why1 then1 if his fear was gone1 did he think of certain things as he rolled himself in the ,hudson ,bay blankets before going to sleep8 ,the immobility of the animal was strange1 its refusal to turn and bolt was still stranger4 ,never before had he known a wild creature that was not afraid of fire4 ,why did it sit and watch him1 as with purpose in its dreadful eyes8 ,how had he felt its presence earlier and instantly8 ,a timber wolf1 especially a solitary timber wolf1 was a timid thing1 yet this one feared neither man nor fire4 ,now as he lay there wrapped in his blankets inside the cozy tent1 it sat outside beneath the stars1 beside the fading embers1 the wind chilly in its fur1 the ground cooling beneath its planted paws1 watching him1 steadily watching him1 perhaps until the dawn4 ,it was unusual1 it was strange4 ,having neither imagination nor tradition1 he called upon no store of racial visions4 ,matter of fact1 a hotel clerk on a fishing holiday1 he lay there in his blankets1 merely wondering and puzzled4 ,a timber wolf was a timber wolf and nothing more4 ,yet this timber wolf--the idea haunted him--was different4 ,in a word1 the deeper part of his original uneasiness remained4 ,he tossed about1 he shivered sometimes in his broken sleep1 he did not go out to see1 but he woke early and unrefreshed4 ,again1 with the sunshine and the morning wind1 however1 the incident of the night before was forgotten1 almost unreal4 ,his hunting zeal was uppermost4 ,the tea and fish were delicious1 his pipe had never tasted so good1 the glory of this lonely lake amid primeval forests went to his head a little2 he was a hunter before the ,lord1#bg and nothing else4 ,he tried the edge of the lake1 and in the excitement of playing a big fish1 knew suddenly that it1 the wolf1 was there4 ,he paused with the rod1 exactly as if struck4 ,he looked about him1 he looked in a definite direction4 ,the brilliant sunshine made every smallest detail clear and sharp--boulders of granite1 burned stems1 crimson sumach1 pebbles along the shore in neat1 separate detail--without revealing where the watcher hid4 ,then1 his sight wandering farther inshore among the tangled undergrowth1 he suddenly picked up the familiar1 half-expected outline4 ,the wolf was lying behind a granite boulder1 so that only the head1 the muzzle1 and the eyes were visible4 ,it merged in its background4 ,had he not known it was a wolf1 he could never have separated it from the landscape4 ,the eyes shone in the sunlight4 ,there it lay4 ,he looked straight at it4 ,their eyes1 in fact1 actually met full and square4 8,great ,scot60 he exclaimed aloud1 8why1 it's like looking at a human being60 ,and from that moment1 unwittingly1 he established a singular personal relation with the beast4 ,and what followed confirmed this undesirable impression1 for the animal rose instantly and came down in leisurely fashion to the shore1 where it stood looking back at him4 ,it stood and stared into his eyes like some great wild dog1 so that he was aware of a new and almost incredible sensation--that it courted recognition4 8,well6 well60 he exclaimed again1 relieving his feelings by addressing it aloud1 8if this doesn't beat everything ,i ever saw6 ,what d' you want1 anyway80 ,he examined it now more carefully4 ,he had never seen a wolf so big before2 it was a tremendous beast1 a nasty customer to tackle1 he reflected1 if it ever came to that4 ,it stood there absolutely fearless and full of confidence4 ,in the clear sunlight he took in every detail of it--a huge1 shaggy1 lean-flanked timber wolf1 its wicked eyes staring straight into his own1 almost with a kind of purpose in them4 ,he saw its great jaws1 its teeth1 and its tongue1 hung out1 dropping saliva a little4 ,and yet the idea of its savagery1 its fierceness1 was very little in him4 ,he was amazed and puzzled beyond belief4 ,he wished the ,indian would come back4 ,he did not understand this strange behavior in an animal4 ,its eyes1 the odd expression in them1 gave him a queer1 unusual1 difficult feeling4 ,had his nerves gone wrong8 he almost wondered4 ,the beast stood on the shore and looked at him4 ,he wished for the first time that he had brought a rifle4 ,with a resounding smack he brought his paddle down flat upon the water1 using all his strength1 till the echoes rang as from a pistol-shot that was audible from one end of the lake to the other4 ,the wolf never stirred4 ,he shouted1 but the beast remained unmoved4 ,he blinked his eyes1 speaking as to a dog1 a domestic animal1 a creature accustomed to human ways4 ,it blinked its eyes in return4 ,at length1 increasing his distance from the shore1 he continued fishing1 and the excitement of the marvelous sport held his attention--his surface attention1 at any rate4 ,at times he almost forgot the attendant beast2 yet whenever he looked up1 he saw it there4 ,and worse2 when he slowly paddled home again1 he observed it trotting along the shore as though to keep him company4 ,crossing a little bay1 he spurted1 hoping to reach the other point before his undesired and undesirable attendant4 ,instantly the brute broke into that rapid1 tireless lope that1 except on ice1 can run down anything on four legs in the woods4 ,when he reached the distant point1 the wolf was waiting for him4 ,he raised his paddle from the water1 pausing a moment for reflection2 for this very close attention--there were dusk and night yet to come--he certainly did not relish4 ,his camp was near2 he had to land2 he felt uncomfortable even in the sunshine of broad day1 when1 to his keen relief1 about half a mile from the tent1 he saw the creature suddenly stop and sit down in the open4 ,he waited a moment1 then paddled on4 ,it did not follow4 ,there was no attempt to move2 it merely sat and watched him4 ,after a few hundred yards1 he looked back4 ,it was still sitting where he left it4 ,and the absurd1 yet significant1 feeling came to him that the beast divined his thought1 his anxiety1 his dread1 and was now showing him1 as well as it could1 that it entertained no hostile feeling and did not meditate attack4 ,he turned the canoe toward the shore2 he landed2 he cooked his supper in the dusk2 the animal made no sign4 ,not far away it certainly lay and watched1 but it did not advance4 ,and to ,hyde1 observant now in a new way1 came one sharp1 vivid reminder of the strange atmosphere into which his commonplace personality had strayed3 he suddenly recalled that his relations with the beast1 already established1 had progressed distinctly a stage further4 ,this startled him1 yet without the accompanying alarm he must certainly have felt twenty-four hours before4 ,he had an understanding with the wolf4 ,he was aware of friendly thoughts toward it4 ,he even went so far as to set out a few big fish on the spot where he had first seen it sitting the previous night4 8,if he comes10 he thought1 8he is welcome to them4 ,i've got plenty1 anyway40 ,he thought of it now as 8he40 ,yet the wolf made no appearance until he was in the act of entering his tent a good deal later4 ,it was close on ten o'clock1 whereas nine was his hour1 and late at that1 for turning in4 ,he had1 therefore1 unconsciously been waiting for him4 ,then1 as he was closing the flap1 he saw the eyes close to where he had placed the fish4 ,he waited1 hiding himself1 and expecting to hear sounds of munching jaws2 but all was silence4 ,only the eyes glowed steadily out of the background of pitch darkness4 ,he closed the flap4 ,he had no slightest fear4 ,in ten minutes he was sound asleep4 ,he could not have slept very long1 for when he woke up he could see the shine of a faint red light through the canvas1 and the fire had not died down completely4 ,he rose and cautiously peeped out4 ,the air was very cold2 he saw his breath4 ,but he also saw the wolf1 for it had come in1 and was sitting by the dying embers1 not two yards away from where he crouched behind the flap4 ,and this time1 at these very close quarters1 there was something in the attitude of the big wild thing that caught his attention with a vivid thrill of startled surprise and a sudden shock of cold that held him spellbound4 ,he stared1 unable to believe his eyes2 for the wolf's attitude conveyed to him something familiar that at first he was unable to explain4 ,its pose reached him in the terms of another thing with which he was entirely at home4 ,what was it8 ,did his senses betray him8 ,was he still asleep and dreaming8 ,then1 suddenly1 with a start of uncanny recognition1 he knew4 ,its attitude was that of a dog4 ,having found the clue1 his mind then made an awful leap4 ,for it was1 after all1 no dog its appearance aped1 but something nearer to himself1 and more familiar still4 ,good heavens6 ,it sat there with the pose1 the attitude1 the gesture in repose of something almost human4 ,and then1 with a second shock of biting wonder1 it came to him like a revelation4 ,the wolf sat beside that camp-fire as a man might sit4 ,before he could weigh his extraordinary discovery1 before he could examine it in detail or with care1 the animal1 sitting in this ghastly fashion1 seemed to feel his eyes fixed on it4 ,it slowly turned and looked him in the face1 and for the first time ,hyde felt a full-blooded1 superstitious fear flood through his entire being4 ,he seemed transfixed with that nameless terror that is said to attack human beings who suddenly face the dead1 finding themselves bereft of speech and movement4 ,this moment of paralysis certainly occurred4 ,its passing1 however1 was as singular as its advent4 ,for almost at once he was aware of something beyond and above this mockery of human attitude and pose1 something that ran along unaccustomed nerves and reached his feeling1 even perhaps his heart4 ,the revulsion was extraordinary1 its result still more extraordinary and unexpected4 ,yet the fact remains4 ,he was aware of another thing that had the effect of stilling his terror as soon as it was born4 ,he was aware of appeal1 silent1 half-expressed1 yet vastly pathetic4 ,he saw in the savage eyes a beseeching1 even a yearning1 expression that changed his mood as by magic from dread to natural sympathy4 ,the great gray brute1 symbol of cruel ferocity1 sat there beside his dying fire and appealed for help4 ,this gulf betwixt animal and human seemed in that instant bridged4 ,it was1 of course1 incredible4 ,hyde1 sleep still possibly clinging to his inner being with the shades and half-shapes of dream yet about his soul1 acknowledged1 how he knew not1 the amazing fact4 ,he found himself nodding to the brute in half-consent1 and instantly1 without more ado1 the lean gray shape rose like a wraith and trotted off swiftly1 but with stealthy tread into the background of the night4 ,when ,hyde woke in the morning his first impression was that he must have dreamed the entire incident4 ,his practical nature asserted itself4 ,there was a bite in the fresh autumn air2 the bright sun allowed no half-lights anywhere2 he felt brisk in mind and body4 ,reviewing what had happened1 he came to the conclusion that it was utterly vain to speculate2 no possible explanation of the animal's behavior occurred to him3 he was dealing with something entirely outside his experience4 ,his fear1 however1 had completely left him4 ,the odd sense of friendliness remained4 ,the beast had a definite purpose1 and he himself was included in that purpose4 ,his sympathy held good4 ,but with the sympathy there was also an intense curiosity4 8,if it shows itself again10 he told himself1 8,i'll go up close and find out what it wants40 ,the fish laid out the night before had not been touched4 ,it must have been a full hour after breakfast when he next saw the brute2 it was standing on the edge of the clearing1 looking at him in the way now become familiar4 ,hyde immediately picked up his ax and advanced toward it boldly1 keeping his eyes fixed straight upon its own4 ,there was nervousness in him1 but kept well under2 nothing betrayed it2 step by step he drew nearer until some ten yards separated them4 ,the wolf had not stirred a muscle as yet4 ,its jaws hung open1 its eyes observed him intently2 it allowed him to approach without a sign of what its mood might be4 ,then1 with these ten yards between them1 it turned abruptly and moved slowly off1 looking back first over one shoulder and then over the other1 exactly as a dog might do1 to see if he was following4 ,a singular journey it was they then made together1 animal and man4 ,the trees surrounded them at once1 for they left the lake behind them1 entering the tangled bush beyond4 ,the beast1 ,hyde noticed1 obviously picked the easiest track for him to follow2 for obstacles that meant nothing to the four-legged expert1 yet were difficult for a man1 were carefully avoided with an almost uncanny skill1 while yet the general direction was accurately kept4 ,occasionally there were windfalls to be surmounted2 but though the wolf bounded over these with ease1 it was always waiting for the man on the other side after he had laboriously climbed over4 ,deeper and deeper into the heart of the lonely forest they penetrated in this singular fashion1 cutting across the arc of the lake's crescent1 it seemed to ,hyde2 for after two miles or so1 he recognized the big rocky bluff that overhung the water at its northern end4 ,this outstanding bluff he had seen from his camp1 one side of it falling sheer into the water2 it was probably the spot1 he imagined1 where the ,indians held their medicine-making ceremonies1 for it stood out in isolated fashion1 and its top formed a private plateau not easy of access4 ,and it was here1 close to a big spruce at the foot of the bluff upon the forest side1 that the wolf stopped suddenly and for the first time since its appearance gave audible expression to its feelings4 ,it sat down on its haunches1 lifted its muzzle with open jaws1 and gave vent to a subdued and long-drawn howl that was more like the wail of a dog than the fierce barking cry associated with a wolf4 ,by this time ,hyde had lost not only fear1 but caution1 too2 nor1 oddly enough1 did this warning howl revive a sign of unwelcome emotion in him4 ,in that curious sound he detected the same message that the eyes conveyed--appeal for help4 ,he paused1 nevertheless1 a little startled1 and while the wolf sat waiting for him1 he looked about him quickly4 ,there was young timber here2 it had once been a small clearing1 evidently4 ,ax and fire had done their work1 but there was evidence to an experienced eye that it was ,indians and not white men who had once been busy here4 ,some part of the medicine ritual1 doubtless1 took place in the little clearing1 thought the man1 as he advanced again toward his patient leader4 ,the end of their queer journey1 he felt1 was close at hand4 ,he had not taken two steps before the animal got up and moved very slowly in the direction of some low bushes that formed a clump just beyond4 ,it entered these1 first looking back to make sure that its companion watched4 ,the bushes hid it2 a moment later it emerged again4 ,twice it performed this pantomime1 each time1 as it reappeared1 standing still and staring at the man with as distinct an expression of appeal in the eyes as an animal may compass1 probably4 ,its excitement1 meanwhile1 certainly increased1 and this excitement was1 with equal certainty1 communicated to the man4 ,hyde made up his mind quickly4 ,gripping his ax tightly1 and ready to use it at the first hint of malice1 he moved slowly nearer to the bushes1 wondering with something of a tremor what would happen4 ,if he expected to be startled1 his expectation was at once fulfilled2 but it was the behavior of the beast that made him jump4 ,it positively frisked about him like a happy dog4 ,it frisked for joy4 ,its excitement was intense1 yet from its open mouth no sound was audible4 ,with a sudden leap1 then1 it bounded past him into the clump of bushes1 against whose very edge he stood and began scraping vigorously at the ground4 ,hyde stood and stared1 amazement and interest now banishing all his nervousness1 even when the beast1 in its violent scraping1 actually touched his body with its own4 ,he had1 perhaps1 the feeling that he was in a dream1 one of those fantastic dreams in which things may happen without involving an adequate surprise2 for otherwise the manner of scraping and scratching at the ground must have seemed an impossible phenomenon4 ,no wolf1 no dog certainly1 used its paws in the way those paws were working4 ,hyde had the odd1 distressing sensation that it was hands1 not paws1 he watched4 ,and yet1 somehow1 the natural1 adequate surprise he should have felt1 was absent4 ,the strange action seemed not entirely unnatural4 ,in his heart some deep hidden spring of sympathy and pity stirred instead4 ,he was aware of pathos4 ,the wolf stopped in its task and looked up into his face4 ,hyde acted without hesitation then4 ,afterward he was wholly at a loss to explain his own conduct4 ,it seemed he knew what to do1 divined what was asked1 expected of him4 ,between his mind and the dumb desire yearning through the savage animal there was intelligent and intelligible communication4 ,he cut a stake and sharpened it1 for the stones would blunt his ax-edge4 ,he entered the clump of bushes to complete the digging his four-legged companion had begun4 ,and while he worked1 though he did not forget the close proximity of the wolf1 he paid no attention to it2 often his back was turned as he stooped over the laborious clearing away of the hard earth2 no uneasiness or sense of danger was in him any more4 ,the wolf sat outside the clump and watched the operations4 ,its concentrated attention1 its patience1 its intense eagerness1 the gentleness and docility of the gray1 fierce1 and probably hungry brute1 its obvious pleasure and satisfaction1 too1 at having won the human to its mysterious purpose--these were colors in the strange picture that ,hyde thought of later when dealing with the human herd in his hotel again4 ,at the moment he was aware chiefly of pathos and affection4 ,the whole business was1 of course1 not to be believed1 but that discovery came later1 too1 when telling it to others4 ,the digging continued for fully half an hour before his labor was rewarded by the discovery of a small whitish object4 ,he picked it up and examined it--the finger-bone of a man4 ,other discoveries then followed quickly and in quantity4 ,the cache was laid bare4 ,he collected nearly the complete skeleton4 ,the skull1 however1 he found last1 and might not have found at all but for the guidance of his strangely alert companion4 ,it lay some few yards away from the central hole now dug1 and the wolf stood nuzzling the ground with its nose before ,hyde understood that he was meant to dig exactly in that spot for it4 ,between the beast's very paws his stake struck hard upon it4 ,he scraped the earth from the bone and examined it carefully4 ,it was perfect1 save for the fact that some wild animal had gnawed it1 the teeth-marks being still plainly visible4 ,close beside it lay the rusty iron head of a tomahawk4 ,this and the smallness of the bones confirmed him in his judgment that it was the skeleton not of a white man1 but of an ,indian4 ,during the excitement of the discovery of the bones one by one1 and finally of the skull1 but1 more especially1 during the period of intense interest while ,hyde was examining them1 he had paid little1 if any1 attention to the wolf4 ,he was aware that it sat and watched him1 never moving its keen eyes for a single moment from the actual operations1 but of sign or movement it made none at all4 ,he knew that it was pleased and satisfied1 he knew also that he had now fulfilled its purpose in a great measure4 ,the further intuition that now came to him1 derived1 he felt positive1 from his companion's dumb desire1 was perhaps the cream of the entire experience to him4 ,gathering the bones together in his coat1 he carried them1 together with the tomahawk1 to the foot of the big spruce where the animal had first stopped4 ,his leg actually touched the creature's muzzle as he passed4 ,it turned its head to watch1 but did not follow1 nor did it move a muscle while he prepared the platform of boughs upon which he then laid the poor worn bones of an ,indian who had been killed1 doubtless1 in sudden attack or ambush1 and to whose remains had been denied the last grace of proper tribal burial4 ,he wrapped the bones in bark2 he laid the tomahawk beside the skull2 he lit the circular fire round the pyre1 and the blue smoke rose upward into the clear bright sunshine of the ,canadian autumn morning till it was lost among the mighty trees far overhead4 ,in the moment before actually lighting the little fire he had turned to note what his companion did4 ,it sat five wards away1 he saw1 gazing intently1 and one of its front paws was raised a little from the ground4 ,it made no sign of any kind4 ,he finished the work1 becoming so absorbed in it that he had eyes for nothing but the tending and guarding of his careful ceremonial fire4 ,it was only when the platform of boughs collapsed1 laying their charred burden gently on the fragrant earth among the soft wood ashes1 that he turned again1 as though to show the wolf what he had done1 and seek1 perhaps1 some look of satisfaction in its curiously expressive eyes4 ,but the place he searched was empty4 ,the wolf had gone4 ,he did not see it again2 it gave no sign of its presence anywhere2 he was not watched4 ,he fished as before1 wandered through the bush about his camp1 sat smoking round his fire after dark1 and slept peacefully in his cozy little tent4 ,he was not disturbed4 ,no howl was ever audible in the distant forest1 no twig snapped beneath a stealthy tread1 he saw no eyes4 ,the wolf that behaved like a man had gone forever4 ,it was the day before he left that ,hyde1 noticing smoke rising from the shack across the lake1 paddled over to exchange a word or two with the ,indian1 who had evidently now returned4 ,the redskin came down to meet him as he landed1 but it was soon plain that he spoke very little ,english4 ,he emitted the familiar grunts at first2 then bit by bit ,hyde stirred his limited vocabulary into action4 ,the net result1 however1 was slight enough1 though it was certainly direct3 8,you camp there80 the man asked1 pointing to the other side4 8,yes40 8,wolf come80 8,yes40 8,you see wolf80 8,yes40 ,the ,indian stared at him fixedly a moment1 a keen1 wondering look upon his coppery1 creased face4 8,you 'fraid wolf80 he asked after a moment's pause4 8,no10 replied ,hyde1 truthfully4 ,he knew it was useless to ask questions of his own1 though he was eager for information4 ,the other would have told him nothing4 ,it was sheer luck that the man had touched on the subject at all1 and ,hyde realized that his own best rle was merely to answer1 but to ask no questions4 ,then1 suddenly1 the ,indian became comparatively voluble4 ,there was awe in his voice and manner4 8,him no wolf4 ,him big medicine wolf4 ,him spirit wolf40 ,whereupon he drank the tea the other had brewed for him1 closed his lips tightly1 and said no more4 ,his outline was discernible on the shore1 rigid and motionless1 an hour later1 when ,hyde's canoe turned the corner of the lake three miles away1 and landed to make the portages up the first rapid of his homeward stream4 ,it was ,morton who1 after some persuasion1 supplied further details of what he called the legend4 ,some hundred years before1 the tribe that lived in the territory beyond the lake began their annual medicine-making ceremonies on the big rocky bluff at the northern end2 but no medicine could be made4 ,the spirits1 declared the chief medicine man1 would not answer4 ,they were offended4 ,an investigation followed4 ,it was discovered that a young brave had recently killed a wolf1 a thing strictly forbidden1 since the wolf was the totem animal of the tribe4 ,to make matters worse1 the name of the guilty man was ,running ,wolf4 ,the offense being unpardonable1 the man was cursed and driven from the tribe3 8,go out4 ,wander alone among the woods1 and if we see you1 we slay you4 ,your bones shall be scattered in the forest1 and your spirit shall not enter the ,happy ,hunting ,grounds till one of another race shall find and bury them40 8,which meant10 explained ,morton1 laconically1 his only comment on the story1 8probably forever40 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,show that the suggestions of the supernatural rise with cumulative power4 #b4 ,how does the author make the setting contribute to the effect of the story8 #c4 ,what is the character of the hero8 #d4 ,why did the author make the hero a solitary character8 #e4 ,why is the author so slow in introducing the wolf8 #f4 ,what is the hero's attitude toward the supernatural8 #g4 ,how does the hero's attitude toward the supernatural affect the reader8 #h4 ,point out the various means by which the author makes the story seem true4 #i4 ,what is the character of the wolf8 #aj4 ,why does the author hold the story of the legend until the last8 #aa4 ,did ,hyde believe the wolf was a 8spirit-wolf08 #ab4 ,divide the story into a series of important incidents4 #ac4 ,show how style contributes to effect4 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,the ,haunted ,house #aa4 ,the ,dancing ,squirrels #b4 ,mysterious ,footprints #ab4 ,footsteps at ,night #c4 ,a ,strange ,echo #ac4 ,the ,lost ,cemetery #d4 ,warned in ,time #ad4 ,the ,woman in ,black #e4 ,a ,haunting ,dream #ae4 ,the ,dead ,patriot #f4 ,my ,great-,grandfather #af4 ,the ,cat ,that ,came ,back #g4 ,the ,old ,grave #ag4 ,the ,church ,bell #h4 ,the ,ruined ,church #ah4 ,the ,old ,battlefield #i4 ,tap6 ,tap6 ,tap6 #ai4 ,the ,indians' ,camp #aj4 ,prophetic ,birds #bj4 ,the ,hessian's ,grave ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,if you are to imitate ,running ,wolf successfully you must first think of a story of the supernatural1 a simple1 easily-understood story that will have a foundation of fact1 and that will appear to be reasonable in its use of the supernatural4 ,then1 without introducing your story immediately1 show how a person who knows nothing of it takes part in a series of events that lead him to understand the story4 ,make the setting of your story one that will contribute strongly to the central effect4 ,do not give any definite explanation of the events that you narrate4 ,give your reader such an abundance of suggestion that he will be led to infer a supernatural explanation4 ,hold until the last the basic story on which you found your entire narration4 ,,footnotes3 #bg ,a reference to ,genesis #aj3i1 where ,nimrod is called 8a mighty hunter before the ,lord40 ,,the ,,biographical ,,essay ,,how ,i ,,found ,,america ,by ,,anzia ,,yezierska ,in #ahif ,miss ,yezierska came from ,plotzk in ,russian ,poland1 where she was born4 ,after hard experiences in a 8sweat shop0 she became a teacher of cooking4 ,she is the author of ,hungry ,hearts4 ,her dialect stories1 strongly realistic and touching1 appear in many magazines4 ,an autobiography is a straightforward story of the life of the writer4 ,an autobiographical essay is a meditation on the events in one's own life4 ,how ,i ,found ,america is an autobiographical essay4 ,it does not tell the story of the writer's life3 it tells the writer's thoughts preceding and after her arrival in ,america4 ,as in all good essays1 the subject is much greater than the writer4 ,the meditation is purely personal1 but it stirs a response in every thoughtful reader4 ,it asks and answers the questions3 8,what do oppressed foreigners think ,america to be80 8,what do immigrants find ,america to be80 8,how can we make immigrants into the most helpful ,americans80 ,the anecdotes that make the parts of the essay are as graphic as so many bold drawings4 ,the principal sections of the essay are as distinct as the chapters of a book4 ,at all times this essay concerns the question1 8,what is it to be an ,american80 ,in some respects this particular essay is like a musical composition2 for it begins with a sort of prelude1 rises through a series of movements1 and culminates in a triumphant close1 the whole composition being marked by the presence of a strong motif--the exaltation of the true spirit of ,america4 ,every breath ,i drew was a breath of fear1 every shadow a stifling shock1 every footfall struck on my heart like the heavy boot of the ,cossack4 ,on a low stool in the middle of the only room in our mud hut sat my father1 his red beard falling over the ,book of ,isaiah1 open before him4 ,on the tile stove1 on the benches that were our beds1 even on the earthen floor1 sat the neighbors' children1 learning from him the ancient poetry of the ,hebrew race4 ,as he chanted1 the children repeated3 ,the voice of him that crieth in the wilderness1 ,prepare ye the way of the ,lord4 ,make straight in the desert a highway for our ,god4 ,every valley shall be exalted1 ,and every mountain and hill shall be made low1 ,and the crooked shall be made straight1 ,and the rough places plain1 ,and the glory of ,god shall be revealed1 ,and all flesh shall see it together4 ,undisturbed by the swaying and chanting of teacher and pupils1 old ,kakah1 our speckled hen1 with her brood of chicks1 strutted and pecked at the potato-peelings that fell from my mother's lap as she prepared our noon meal4 ,i stood at the window watching the road1 lest the ,cossack come upon us unawares to enforce the ukase of the czar1 which would tear the last bread from our mouths3 8,no chadir ,hebrew school shall be held in a room used for cooking and sleeping40 ,with one eye ,i watched ravenously my mother cutting chunks of black bread4 ,at last the potatoes were ready4 ,she poured them out of an iron pot into a wooden bowl and placed them in the center of the table4 ,instantly the swaying and chanting ceased4 ,the children rushed forward4 ,the fear of the ,cossack was swept away from my heart by the fear that the children would get my potato1 and deserting my post1 with a shout of joy ,i seized my portion and bit a huge mouthful of mealy delight4 ,at that moment the door was driven open by the blow of an iron heel4 ,the ,cossack's whip swished through the air4 ,screaming1 we scattered4 ,the children ran out--our livelihood with them4 8,oi weh60 wailed my mother1 clutching at her breast1 8is there a ,god over us and sees all this80 ,with grief-glazed eyes my father muttered a broken prayer as the ,cossack thundered the ukase3 8,a thousand-ruble fine1 or a year in prison1 if you are ever found again teaching children where you're eating and sleeping40 8,gottunieu60 then pleaded my mother1 8would you tear the last skin from our bones8 ,where else should we be eating and sleeping8 ,or should we keep chadir in the middle of the road8 ,have we houses with separate rooms like the czar80 ,ignoring my mother's protests1 the ,cossack strode out of the hut4 ,my father sank into a chair1 his head bowed in the silent grief of the helpless4 ,my mother wrung her hands4 8,god from the world1 is there no end to our troubles8 ,when will the earth cover me and my woes80 ,i watched the ,cossack disappear down the road4 ,all at once ,i saw the whole village running toward us4 ,i dragged my mother to the window to see the approaching crowd4 8,gevalt6 what more is falling over our heads80 she cried in alarm4 ,masheh ,mindel1 the water-carrier's wife1 headed a wild procession4 ,the baker1 the butcher1 the shoemaker1 the tailor1 the goatherd1 the workers in the fields1 with their wives and children pressed toward us through a cloud of dust4 ,masheh ,mindel1 almost fainting1 fell in front of the doorway4 8,a letter from ,america60 she gasped4 8,a letter from ,america60 echoed the crowd as they snatched the letter from her and thrust it into my father's hands4 8,read1 read60 they shouted tumultuously4 ,my father looked through the letter1 his lips uttering no sound4 ,in breathless suspense the crowd gazed at him4 ,their eyes shone with wonder and reverence for the only man in the village who could read4 ,masheh ,mindel crouched at his feet1 her neck stretched toward him to catch each precious word of the letter4 ,to my worthy wife1 ,masheh ,mindel1 and to my loving son1 ,sushkah ,feivel1 and to my darling daughter1 the apple of my eye1 the pride of my life1 ,tzipkeleh6 ,long years and good luck on you6 ,may the blessings from heaven fall over your beloved heads and save you from all harm6 ,first ,i come to tell you that ,i am well and in good health4 ,may ,i hear the same from you6 ,secondly1 ,i am telling you that my sun is beginning to shine in ,america4 ,i am becoming a person--a business man4 ,i have for myself a stand in the most crowded part of ,america1 where people are as thick as flies and every day is like market-day at a fair4 ,my business is from bananas and apples4 ,the day begins with my push-cart full of fruit1 and the day never ends before ,i can count up at least two dollars' profit4 ,that means four rubles4 ,stand before your eyes1 ,i1 ,gedalyah ,mindel1 four rubles a day2 twenty-four rubles a week6 8,gedalyah ,mindel1 the water-carrier1 twenty-four rubles a week60 ,the words leaped like fire in the air4 ,we gazed at his wife1 ,masheh ,mindel1 a dried-out bone of a woman4 8,masheh ,mindel1 with a husband in ,america1 ,masheh ,mindel the wife of a man earning twenty-four rubles a week6 ,the sky is falling to the earth60 ,we looked at her with new reverence4 ,already she was a being from another world4 ,the dead1 sunken eyes became alive with light4 ,the worry for bread that had tightened the skin of her cheek-bones was gone4 ,the sudden surge of happiness filled out her features1 flushing her face as with wine4 ,the two starved children clinging to her skirts1 dazed with excitement1 only dimly realized their good fortune in the envious glances of the others4 ,but the letter went on3 ,thirdly1 ,i come to tell you1 white bread and meat ,i eat every day1 just like the millionaires4 ,fourthly1 ,i have to tell you that ,i am no more ,gedalyah ,mindel4 ,mister ,mindel they call me in ,america4 ,fifthly1 ,masheh ,mindel and my dear children1 in ,america there are no mud huts where cows and chickens and people live all together4 ,i have for myself a separate room1 with a closed door1 and before any one can come to me1 he must knock1 and ,i can say1 8,come in10 or 8,stay out10 like a king in a palace4 ,lastly1 my darling family and people of the village of ,sukovoly1 there is no czar in ,america4 ,my father paused4 ,the hush was stifling4 8,no czar--no czar in ,america60 ,even the little babies repeated the chant1 8,no czar in ,america60 ,in ,america they ask everybody who should be the ,president4 ,and ,i1 ,gedalyah ,mindel1 when ,i take out my citizen's papers1 will have as much to say who shall be our next ,president as ,mr4 ,rockefeller1 the greatest millionaire4 ,fifty rubles ,i am sending you for your ship-ticket to ,america4 ,and may all ,jews who suffer in ,golluth from ukases and pogroms live yet to lift up their heads like me1 ,gedalyah ,mindel1 in ,america4 ,fifty rubles6 ,a ship-ticket to ,america6 ,that so much good luck should fall on one head6 ,a savage envy bit us4 ,gloomy darts from narrowed eyes stabbed ,masheh ,mindel4 ,why should not we1 too1 have a chance to get away from this dark land6 ,has not every heart the same hunger for ,america1 the same longing to live and laugh and breathe like a free human being8 ,america is for all4 ,why should only ,masheh ,mindel and her children have a chance to the ,new ,world8 ,murmuring and gesticulating1 the crowd dispersed4 ,every one knew every one else's thought--how to get to ,america4 ,what could they pawn8 ,from where could they borrow for a ship-ticket8 ,silently1 we followed my father back into the hut from which the ,cossack had driven us a while before4 ,we children looked from mother to father and from father to mother4 8,gottunieu6 the czar himself is pushing us to ,america by this last ukase40 ,my mother's face lighted up the hut like a lamp4 8,meshugeneh ,yideneh60 admonished my father4 8,always your head in the air4 ,what--where--,america8 ,with what money8 ,can dead people lift themselves up to dance80 8,dance80 ,the samovar and the brass pots rechoed my mother's laughter4 8,i could dance myself over the waves of the ocean to ,america40 ,in amazed delight at my mother's joy1 we children rippled and chuckled with her4 ,my father paced the room1 his face dark with dread for the morrow4 8,empty hands1 empty pockets2 yet it dreams itself in you--,america10 he said4 8,who is poor who has hopes on ,america80 flaunted my mother4 8,sell my red-quilted petticoat that grandmother left for my dowry10 ,i urged in excitement4 8,sell the feather-beds1 sell the samovar10 chorused the children4 8,sure1 we can sell everything--the goat and all the winter things10 added my mother4 8,it must be always summer in ,america40 ,i flung my arms around my brother1 and he seized ,bessie by the curls1 and we danced about the room1 crazy with joy4 8,beggars60 said my laughing mother4 8,why are you so happy with yourselves8 ,how will you go to ,america without a shirt on your back1 without shoes on your feet80 ,but we ran out into the road1 shouting and singing3 8,we'll sell everything we got2 we're going to ,america4 ,white bread and meat we'll eat every day in ,america1 in ,america60 ,that very evening we brought ,berel ,zalman1 the usurer1 and showed him all our treasures1 piled up in the middle of the hut4 8,look6 ,all these fine feather-beds1 ,berel ,zalman60 urged my mother4 8,this grand fur coat came from ,nijny#bh itself4 ,my grandfather bought it at the fair40 ,i held up my red-quilted petticoat1 the supreme sacrifice of my ten-year-old life4 ,even my father shyly pushed forward the samovar4 8,it can hold enough tea for the whole village10 he declared4 8,only a hundred rubles for them all60 pleaded my mother1 8only enough to lift us to ,america6 ,only one hundred little rubles60 8,a hundred rubles6 ,pfui60 sniffed the pawnbroker4 8,forty is overpaid4 ,not even thirty is it worth40 ,but1 coaxing and cajoling1 my mother got a hundred rubles out of him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,steerage1 dirty bundles1 foul odors1 seasick humanity2 but ,i saw and heard nothing of the foulness and ugliness about me4 ,i floated in showers of sunshine2 visions upon visions of the ,new ,world opened before me4 ,from lip to lip flowed the golden legend of the golden country3 8,in ,america you can say what you feel1 you can voice your thoughts in the open streets without fear of a ,cossack40 8,in ,america is a home for everybody4 ,the land is your land1 not1 as in ,russia1 where you feel yourself a stranger in the village where you were born and reared1 the village in which your father and grandfather lie buried40 8,everybody is with everybody alike in ,america4 ,christians and ,jews are brothers together40 8,an end to the worry for bread1 an end to the fear of the bosses over you4 ,everybody can do what he wants with his life in ,america40 8,there are no high or low in ,america4 ,even the ,president holds hands with ,gedalyah ,mindel40 8,plenty for all4 ,learning flows free1 like milk and honey40 8,learning flows free40 ,the words painted pictures in my mind4 ,i saw before me free schools1 free colleges1 free libraries1 where ,i could learn and learn and keep on learning4 ,in our village was a school1 but only for ,christian children4 ,in the schools of ,america ,i'd lift up my head and laugh and dance1 a child with other children4 ,like a bird in the air1 from sky to sky1 from star to star1 ,i'd soar and soar4 8,land6 land60 came the joyous shout4 ,all crowded and pushed on deck4 ,they strained and stretched to get the first glimpse of the 8golden country10 lifting their children on their shoulders that they might see beyond them4 ,men fell on their knees to pray4 ,women hugged their babies and wept4 ,children danced4 ,strangers embraced and kissed like old friends4 ,old men and old women had in their eyes a look of young people in love4 ,age-old visions sang themselves in me1 songs of freedom of an oppressed people4 ,america6 ,america6 ,between buildings that loomed like mountains we struggled with our bundles1 spreading around us the smell of the steerage4 ,up ,broadway1 under the bridge1 and through the swarming streets of the ,ghetto1 we followed ,gedalyah ,mindel4 ,i looked about the narrow streets of squeezed-in stores and houses1 ragged clothes1 dirty bedding oozing out of the windows1 ash-cans and garbage-cans cluttering the sidewalks4 ,a vague sadness pressed down my heart1 the first doubt of ,america4 8,where are the green fields and open spaces in ,america80 cried my heart4 8,where is the golden country of my dreams80 ,a loneliness for the fragrant silence of the woods that lay beyond our mud hut welled up in my heart1 a longing for the soft1 responsive earth of our village streets4 ,all about me was the hardness of brick and stone1 the smells of crowded poverty4 8,here's your house1 with separate rooms like a palace10 said ,gedalyah ,mindel1 and flung open the door of a dingy1 airless flat4 8,oi weh60 cried my mother in dismay4 8,where's the sunshine in ,america80 ,she went to the window and looked out at the blank wall of the next house4 8,gottunieu6 ,like in a grave so dark60 8,it ain't so dark2 it's only a little shady10 said ,gedalyah ,mindel1 and lighted the gas4 8,look only60--he pointed with pride to the dim gas-light--8,no candles1 no kerosene lamps1 in ,america4 ,you turn on a screw1 and put to it a match1 and you got it light like with sunshine40 ,again the shadow fell over me1 again the doubt of ,america4 ,in ,america were rooms without sunlight2 rooms to sleep in1 to eat in1 to cook in1 but without sunshine1 and ,gedalyah ,mindel was happy4 ,could ,i be satisfied with just a place to sleep in and eat in1 and a door to shut people out1 to take the place of sunlight8 ,or would ,i always need the sunlight to be happy8 ,and where was there a place in ,america for me to play8 ,i looked out into the alley below1 and saw pale-faced children scrambling in the gutter4 8,where is ,america80 cried my heart4 ,my eyes were shutting themselves with sleep4 ,blindly ,i felt for the buttons on my dress2 and buttoning1 ,i sank back in sleep again--the dead-weight sleep of utter exhaustion4 8,heart of mine10 my mother's voice moaned above me1 8father is already gone an hour4 ,you know how they'll squeeze from you a nickel for every minute you're late4 ,quick only60 ,i seized my bread and herring and tumbled down the stairs and out into the street4 ,i ate running1 blindly pressing through the hurrying throngs of workers1 my haste and fear choking every mouthful4 ,i felt a strangling in my throat as ,i neared the sweat-shop prison2 all my nerves screwed together into iron hardness to endure the day's torture4 ,for an instant ,i hesitated as ,i faced the grated windows of the old building4 ,dirt and decay cried out from every crumbling brick4 ,in the maw of the shop raged around me the roar and the clatter1 the merciless grind1 of the pounding machines4 ,half-maddened1 half-deadened1 ,i struggled to think1 to feel1 to remember4 ,what am ,i8 ,who am ,i8 ,why am ,i here8 ,i struggled in vain1 bewildered and lost in a whirlpool of noise4 8,america--,america1 where was ,america80 it cried in my heart4 ,then came the factory whistle1 the slowing down of the machines1 the shout of release hailing the noon hour4 ,i woke as from a tense nightmare1 a weary waking to pain4 ,in the dark chaos of my brain reason began to dawn4 ,in my stifled heart feelings began to pulse4 ,the wound of my wasted life began to throb and ache4 ,with my childhood choked with drudgery1 must my youth1 too1 die unlived8 ,here were the odor of herring and garlic1 the ravenous munching of food1 laughter and loud1 vulgar jokes4 ,was it only ,i who was so wretched8 ,i looked at those around me4 ,were they happy or only insensible to their slavery8 ,how could they laugh and joke8 ,why were they not torn with rebellion against this galling grind1 the crushing1 deadening movements of the body1 where only hands live1 and hearts and brains must die8 ,i felt a touch on my shoulder and looked up4 ,it was ,yetta ,solomon1 from the machine next to mine4 8,here's your tea40 ,i stared at her1 half-hearing4 8,ain't you going to eat nothing80 8,oi weh1 ,yetta6 ,i can't stand it60 ,the cry broke from me4 8,i didn't come to ,america to turn into a machine4 ,i came to ,america to make from myself a person4 ,does ,america want only my hands1 only the strength of my body1 not my heart1 not my feelings1 my thoughts80 8,our heads ain't smart enough10 said ,yetta1 practically4 8,we ain't been to school1 like the ,american-born40 8,what for did ,i come to ,america but to go to school1 to learn1 to think1 to make something beautiful from my life80 8',sh6 ',sh6 ,the boss6 the boss60 came the warning whisper4 ,a sudden hush fell over the shop as the boss entered4 ,he raised his hand4 ,there was breathless silence4 ,the hard1 red face with the pig's eyes held us under its sickening spell4 ,again ,i saw the ,cossack and heard him thunder the ukase4 ,prepared for disaster1 the girls paled as they cast at one another sidelong1 frightened glances4 8,hands10 he addressed us1 fingering the gold watch-chain that spread across his fat stomach1 8it's slack in the other trades1 and ,i can get plenty girls begging themselves to work for half what you're getting2 only ,i ain't a skinner4 ,i always give my hands a show to earn their bread4 ,from now on ,i'll give you fifty cents a dozen shirts instead of seventy-five1 but ,i'll give you night-work1 so you needn't lose nothing40 ,and he was gone4 ,the stillness of death filled the shop4 ,every one felt the heart of the other bleed with her own helplessness4 ,a sudden sound broke the silence4 ,a woman sobbed chokingly4 ,it was ,balah ,rifkin1 a widow with three children4 8,oi weh60--she tore at her scrawny neck1--8the bloodsucker6 the thief6 ,how will ,i give them to eat1 my babies1 my hungry little lambs60 8,why do we let him choke us80 8,twenty-five cents less on a dozen--how will we be able to live80 8,he tears the last skin from our bones40 8,why didn't nobody speak up to him80 ,something in me forced me forward4 ,i forgot for the moment how my whole family depended on my job4 ,i forgot that my father was out of work and we had received a notice to move for unpaid rent4 ,the helplessness of the girls around me drove me to strength4 8,i'll go to the boss10 ,i cried1 my nerves quivering with fierce excitement4 8,i'll tell him ,balah ,rifkin has three hungry mouths to feed40 ,pale1 hungry faces thrust themselves toward me1 thin1 knotted hands reached out1 starved bodies pressed close about me4 8,long years on you60 cried ,balah ,rifkin1 drying her eyes with a corner of her shawl4 8,tell him about my old father and me1 his only bread-giver10 came from ,bessie ,sopolsky1 a gaunt-faced girl with a hacking cough4 8,and ,i got no father or mother1 and four of them younger than me hanging on my neck40 ,jennie ,feist's beautiful young face was already scarred with the gray worries of age4 ,america1 as the oppressed of all lands have dreamed ,america to be1 and ,america as it is1 flashed before me1 a banner of fire4 ,behind me ,i felt masses pressing1 thousands of immigrants2 thousands upon thousands crushed by injustice1 lifted me as on wings4 ,i entered the boss's office without a shadow of fear4 ,i was not ,i2 the wrongs of my people burned through me till ,i felt the very flesh of my body a living flame of rebellion4 ,i faced the boss4 8,we can't stand it10 ,i cried4 8,even as it is we're hungry4 ,fifty cents a dozen would starve us4 ,can you1 a ,jew1 tear the bread from another ,jew's mouth80 8,you fresh mouth1 you6 ,who are you to learn me my business80 8,weren't you yourself once a machine slave1 your life in the hands of your boss80 8,you loafer6 ,money for nothing you want6 ,the minute they begin to talk ,english they get flies in their nose4 ,a black year on you1 trouble-maker6 ,i'll have no smart heads in my shop6 ,such freshness6 ,out you get6 ,out from my shop60 ,stunned and hopeless1 the wings of my courage broken1 ,i groped my way back to them--back to the eager1 waiting faces1 back to the crushed hearts aching with mine4 ,as ,i opened the door1 they read our defeat in my face4 8,girls10--,i held out my hands--8he's fired me40 ,my voice died in the silence4 ,not a girl stirred4 ,their heads only bent closer over their machines4 8,here1 you1 get yourself out of here60 the boss thundered at me4 8,bessie ,sopolsky and you1 ,balah ,rifkin1 take out her machine into the hall4 ,i want no big-mounted ,americanerins in my shop40 ,bessie ,sopolsky and ,balah ,rifkin1 their eyes black with tragedy1 carried out my machine4 ,not a hand was held out to me1 not a face met mine4 ,i felt them shrink from me as ,i passed them on my way out4 ,in the street ,i found ,i was crying4 ,the new hope that had flowed in me so strongly bled out of my veins4 ,a moment before1 our unity had made me believe us so strong1 and now ,i saw each alone1 crushed1 broken4 ,what were they all but crawling worms1 servile grubbers for bread8 ,and then in the very bitterness of my resentment the hardness broke in me4 ,i saw the girls through their own eyes1 as if ,i were inside of them4 ,what else could they have done8 ,was not an immediate crust of bread for ,balah ,rifkin's children more urgent than truth1 more vital than honor8 ,could it be that they ever had dreamed of ,america as ,i had dreamed8 ,had their faith in ,america wholly died in them8 ,could my faith be killed as theirs had been8 ,gasping from running1 ,yetta ,solomon flung her arms around me4 8,you golden heart6 ,i sneaked myself out from the shop only to tell you ,i'll come to see you to-night4 ,i'd give the blood from under my nails for you1 only ,i got to run back4 ,i got to hold my job4 ,my mother--0 ,i hardly saw or heard her4 ,my senses were stunned with my defeat4 ,i walked on in a blind daze1 feeling that any moment ,i would drop in the middle of the street from sheer exhaustion4 ,every hope ,i had clung to1 every human stay1 every reality1 was torn from under me4 ,was it then only a dream1 a mirage of the hungry-hearted people in the desert lands of oppression1 this age-old faith in ,america8 ,again ,i saw the mob of dusty villagers crowding about my father as he read the letter from ,america1 their eager faces thrust out1 their eyes blazing with the same hope1 the same faith1 that had driven me on4 ,had the starved villagers of ,sukovoly lifted above their sorrows a mere rainbow vision that led them--where8 ,where8 ,to the stifling submission of the sweat-shop or the desperation of the streets6 8,god6 ,god60 ,my eyes sought the sky1 praying1 8where--where is ,america80 99 99 99 99 99 ,times changed4 ,the sweat-shop conditions that ,i had lived through had become a relic of the past4 ,wages had doubled1 tripled2 they went up higher and higher1 and the working-day became shorter and shorter4 ,i began to earn enough to move my family uptown into a sunny1 airy flat with electricity and telephone service4 ,i even saved up enough to buy a phonograph and a piano4 ,my knotted nerves relaxed4 ,at last ,i had become free from the worry for bread and rent1 but ,i was not happy4 ,a more restless discontent than ever before ate out my heart4 ,freedom from stomach needs only intensified the needs of my soul4 ,i ached and clamored for ,america4 ,higher wages and shorter hours of work1 mere physical comfort1 were not yet ,america4 ,i had dreamed that ,america was a place where the heart could grow big with giving4 ,though outwardly ,i had become prosperous1 life still forced me into an existence of mere getting and getting4 ,ach6 how ,i longed for a friend1 a real ,american friend1 some one to whom ,i could express the thoughts and feelings that choked me6 ,in the ,bronx1 the uptown ,ghetto1 ,i felt myself farther away from the spirit of ,america than ever before4 ,in the ,east ,side the people had yet alive in their eyes the old1 old dreams of ,america1 the ,america that would release the age-old hunger to give2 but in the prosperous ,bronx good eating and good sleeping replaced the spiritual need for giving4 ,the chase for dollars and diamonds deadened the dreams that had once brought them to ,america4 ,more and more the all-consuming need for a friend possessed me4 ,in the street1 in the cars1 in the subways1 ,i was always seeking1 ceaselessly seeking for eyes1 a face1 the flash of a smile that would be light in my darkness4 ,i felt sometimes that ,i was only burning out my heart for a shadow1 an echo1 a wild dream1 but ,i couldn't help it4 ,nothing was real to me but my hope of finding a friend4 ,america was not ,america to me unless ,i could find an ,american that would make ,america real4 ,the hunger of my heart drove me to the night-school4 ,again my dream flamed4 ,again ,america beckoned4 ,in the school there would be education1 air1 life for my cramped-in spirit4 ,i would learn to think1 to form the thoughts that surged formless in me4 ,i would find the teacher that would make me articulate4 ,i joined the literature class4 ,they were reading 8,the ,de ,coverley ,papers40 ,filled with insatiate thirst1 ,i drank in every line with the feeling that any moment ,i would get to the fountain-heart of revelation4 ,night after night ,i read with tireless devotion4 ,but of what8 ,the manners and customs of the eighteenth century1 of people two hundred years dead4 ,one evening1 after a month's attendance1 when the class had dwindled from fifty to four1 and the teacher began scolding us who were present for those who were absent1 my bitterness broke4 8,do you know why all the girls are dropping away from the class8 ,it's because they have too much sense than to waste themselves on ',the ,de ,coverley ,papers4' ,us four girls are four fools4 ,we could learn more in the streets4 ,it's dirty and wrong1 but it's life4 ,what are ',the ,de ,coverley ,papers'8 ,dry dust fit for the ash-can40 8,perhaps you had better tell the principal your ideas of the standard classics10 she scoffed1 white with rage4 8,all right10 ,i snapped1 and hurried down to the principal's office4 ,i swung open the door4 8,i just want to tell you why ,i'm leaving4 ,i--0 8,won't you come in80 ,the principal rose and placed a chair for me near her desk4 8,now tell me all40 ,she leaned forward with an inviting interest4 ,i looked up1 and met the steady gaze of eyes shining with light4 ,in a moment all my anger fled4 8,the ,de ,coverley ,papers0 were forgotten4 ,the warm friendliness of her face held me like a familiar dream4 ,i couldn't speak4 ,it was as if the sky suddenly opened in my heart4 8,do go on10 she said1 and gave me a quick nod4 8,i want to hear40 ,the repression of centuries rushed out of my heart4 ,i told her everything--of the mud hut in ,sukovoly where ,i was born1 of the czar's pogroms1 of the constant fear of the ,cossack1 of ,gedalyah ,mindel's letter1 of our hopes in coming to ,america1 and my search for an ,american who would make ,america real4 8,i am so glad you came to me10 she said4 ,and after a pause1 8,you can help me40 8,help you80 ,i cried4 ,it was the first time that an ,american suggested that ,i could help her4 8,yes1 indeed4 ,i have always wanted to know more of that mysterious1 vibrant life--the immigrant4 ,you can help me know my girls4 ,you have so much to give--0 8,give--that's what ,i was hungering and thirsting all these years--to give out what's in me4 ,i was dying in the unused riches of my soul40 8,i know2 ,i know just what you mean10 she said1 putting her hand on mine4 ,my whole being seemed to change in the warmth of her comprehension4 8,i have a friend10 it sang itself in me4 8,i have a friend60 8,and you are a born ,american80 ,i asked4 ,there was none of that sure1 all-right look of the ,americans about her4 8,yes1 indeed4 ,my mother1 like so many mothers10--and her eyebrows lifted humorously whimsical1--8claims we're descendants of the ,pilgrim ,fathers1 and that one of our lineal ancestors came over in the ,mayflower40 8,for all your mother's pride in the ,pilgrim ,fathers1 you yourself are as plain from the heart as an immigrant40 8,weren't the ,pilgrim ,fathers immigrants two hundred years ago80 ,she took from her desk a book and read to me4 ,then she opened her arms to me1 and breathlessly ,i felt myself drawn to her4 ,bonds seemed to burst4 ,a suffusion of light filled my being4 ,great choirings lifted me in space4 ,i walked out unseeingly4 ,all the way home the words she read flamed before me3 8,we go forth all to seek ,america4 ,and in the seeking we create her4 ,in the quality of our search shall be the nature of the ,america that we create40 ,so all those lonely years of seeking and praying were not in vain4 ,how glad ,i was that ,i had not stopped at the husk1 a good job1 a good living6 ,through my inarticulate groping and reaching out ,i had found the soul1 the spirit of ,america4 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,what is the effect of the abrupt beginning8 ,where else in the essay is abruptness made a means of producing literary effect8 #b4 ,point out excellent use of local color4 #c4 ,divide the essay into its principal parts4 #d4 ,show that the essay rises in power4 #e4 ,how does the writer arouse the reader's sympathy for the characters8 #f4 ,how does the writer awaken the reader's patriotism8 #g4 ,what opinion of ,america do oppressed foreigners have8 ,to what extent is their opinion well founded8 ,to what extent is their opinion not well founded8 #h4 ,what impressions does a sea-coast city make upon immigrants8 #i4 ,what sort of people oppress the immigrants after arrival in ,america8 #aj4 ,to what false beliefs is such oppression due8 #aa4 ,what opportunities does ,america present8 #ab4 ,what spirit should meet the aspirations of immigrants8 #ac4 ,what will do most to make immigrants into good ,americans8 #ad4 ,explain how the ,sir ,roger de ,coverley ,papers may be taught so that they will apply to the present as well as to the past4 #ae4 ,how may we help immigrants to do work that will make them into good ,americans8 #af4 ,show that the conclusion of the essay emphasizes its entire thought4 #ag4 ,show what rhetorical methods are employed in the essay4 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,how ,i ,became a ,good ,american #aa4 ,modernizing the ,de ,coverley ,papers #b4 ,an ,immigrant's ,experience #ab4 ,the ,value of ,sympathy #c4 ,the ,meaning of ,freedom #ac4 ,the ,spirit of ,america #d4 ,the ,land of ,opportunity #ad4 ,showing the ,way #e4 ,making ,good ,americans #ae4 ,first ,experiences in ,america #f4 ,the ,school and the ,immigrant #af4 ,letters from ,people in ,other ,lands #g4 ,my ,coming to ,america #ag4 ,being a ,good ,american #h4 ,life in the ,crowded ,sections #ah4 ,enemies of ,america #i4 ,sweat ,shop ,experiences #ai4 ,uplifting the ,foreign-,born #aj4 ,my ,various ,homes #bj4 ,the ,america ,i ,love ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,write down some worthy thought that you have concerning ,america4 ,then write a series of extremely personal incidents that will show graphically how you arrived at the thought you have in mind4 ,make the incidents short1 condensed1 and highly emphatic4 ,employ realistic characters1 and give realistic quotations from their speech4 ,use the incorrect grammar1 the slang1 and the foreign words that the characters employ daily4 ,arrange the incidents so that they will rise more and more to your principal thought4 ,make your last incident reveal that thought4 ,,footnotes3 #bh ,nijny-,novgorood4 ,a ,russian city on the ,volga1 the scene of a great annual fair4 ,,memories ,,of ,,childhood ,by ,,william ,,henry ,,shelton 7#ahdj-74 ,an ,american patriot and author4 ,he served in many battles in the ,civil ,war1 and had thrilling experiences as a prisoner of war1 escaping no less than four times4 ,he is author of ,a ,man ,without a ,memory2 ,the ,last ,three ,soldiers2 ,the ,three ,prisoners4 ,every one has happy memories of childhood4 ,he loves to conjure up the old familiar scenes1 the kindly people1 and the days that were days of wonder4 ,the two sketches by ,mr4 ,shelton are extracts from a long essay called ,our ,village1 in which he recalls delightfully all his early surroundings and all his old companionships4 ,in these extracts1 as in the entire essay1 ,mr4 ,shelton avoids formal autobiography4 ,he merely recalls the things that impressed him most4 ,as far as possible he lifts himself back into the spirit of the past1 and sees once again1 but with added love1 the things that have gone forever4 ,,my ,,first ,,school ,one day in the summer when ,i was four years old ,i was taken to the village school at the foot of the hill below the tavern4 ,i have no recollection of how ,i got there1 but my return to my grandmother's was so dramatic that it has impressed itself indelibly on my memory4 ,perhaps ,i was taken to school by the sentimental schoolmistress herself1 who was a girl of sixteen and an intimate friend of my aunt1 to whom1 in after years1 when she became a famous novelist1 she used to send her books4 ,her maiden name was ,mary ,jane ,hawes1 but there was a red-haired1 freckle-faced boy in one of the pretty houses facing the side of the church1 who went to ,yale ,college and gave her another name4 ,the school-house consisted of one room1 with an entry without any floor where the wood was cut and stored4 ,the school-room was square1 with a box-stove in the center4 ,a form against the wall extended around three sides of the room1 affording seats for the larger pupils1 and in front of these a row of oak desks for slates and books was fantastically carved by generations of jack-knives1 and made against the backs of a second row of desks was a low front form for the ,a-,b-,c children4 ,on the fourth side1 flanking the door1 were a blackboard on one hand and on the other the schoolma'am's desk1 usually decorated with a bunch of wild flowers or a red apple1 either the gifts of a sincere admirer or the would-be bribe of some trembling delinquent4 ,on the occasion of my first visit to the school ,i wore a blue-and-white dress of muslin-de-laine that was afterward made into a cushion for a rocking-chair in my mother's parlor4 ,i was evidently dressed in my very best in honor of the occasion1 and all went well until recess came4 ,there was a rumble of thunder1 and the sky had been growing dark with portent of storm1 and the leaves and dust were flying on the wind when the children were released for play4 ,i wanted to do everything that the other boys did1 and so1 when they scampered out with a rush1 ,i followed without fear4 ,just as we came into the open the thunder-storm burst upon us4 ,the wind blew off one boy's hat and whirled it in the direction of the village1 and all the other boys joined in the chase4 ,as ,i started to follow them a gust of wind and rain beat me to the ground1 and drenched my dress with mud and water4 ,i was promptly rescued by the schoolma'am and taken into the entry1 where she undressed me on the wood-pile and wrapped me in her own woolen shawl1 which was a black-and-red pattern of very large squares4 ,thus bundled up and rendered quite helpless except as to my lungs1 ,i was laid on the floor near the stove1 where ,i remained for the amusement of the children until the shower was over1 when a bushel-basket was sent for to the nearest house1 which was the house of shoemaker ,talmadge4 ,into this basket1 commonly used for potatoes and corn1 ,i was put1 wrapped in the black-and-red shawl and packed around with my soiled clothes1 and two of the big boys1 ,john ,pierpont and ,john ,talmadge1 carried me up the hill and through the village to my grandmother's house4 ,in the summer following ,i went to school again1 and again to the sentimental schoolma'am1 who loved to teach1 but abhorred to punish4 ,her gentle punishments rarely frightened the youngest children4 ,she would say1 8,henry1 you have disobeyed me1 and ,i shall have to cut off your ear10 and with these ominous words she would draw the back of her penknife across the threatened ear4 ,i must have been very small1 for on one occasion she threatened to shut me up in one of the school desks4 ,our mad recreation out of school was 8playing horse40 ,we drove each other singly and in pairs by means of wooden bits and reins of sheep-twine1 and some prancing horses were led1 chewing one end of a twine string1 and neighing and prancing almost beyond the control of the infant groom4 ,in the congressman's woods1 close by the school-house1 we built stalls and mangers against logs and in fence corners1 and gathered horse-sorrel and sheep-sorrel for hay4 ,the stalls were bedded with grass and protected from the sun by a roof of green boughs1 and the horses were watered and curried and groomed in imitation of that service at the stage stables1 and the steeds themselves kicked and bit like the vicious leaders4 ,other teachers followed the young and sentimental one1 and the surplus of the dinner-baskets1 thrown out of the window or cast upon the wood-pile1 bred a colony of gray rats that lived under the school-house and came out to take the air in the quiet period after the door was padlocked at night and even ventured to come up into the school-room and look over the books and otherwise nibble at learning4 ,when ,i had advanced to the dignity of pictorial geography1 as set forth in a thin1 square-built1 dog-eared volume1 which not having been opened for a whole day by a certain prancing horse1 he was left to learn his lesson while the teacher went to tea at the house below the tavern1 and the wheat stubble under the window was soon alive with gray rodents that looked like the colony of seals in the geography4 ,about this time the rats1 having taken formal possession of the old school-house1 a new school-house was built in our village just beyond my grandmother's house and facing her orchard4 ,illustration3 8,my great-grandmother40 7page #ig7 ,,my ,,great-,,grandmother ,my great-grandmother was the widow of an ,episcopal clergyman1 the ,rev4 ,titus ,welton1 whose son was the first rector of the village church4 ,my only acquaintance with my great-grandfather was connected with the white headstone that bore his name in the graveyard4 ,with the exception of a quaint water-color portrait in profile of my grandmother in a mob-cap bound with a black ribbon1 which was equally a portrait of the flowered back of the rocking-chair in which she sat1 she survives in my memory in a series of pictures4 ,i see her sitting before the open fire1 knitting1 with one steel needle held in a knitting-sheath pinned to her left side1 or taking snuff from a flat1 round box that contained a vanilla bean to perfume the snuff4 ,her hands were twisted with rheumatism1 and she walked with a cane4 ,on one occasion ,i trotted by her side to church and carried her tin foot-stove1 warm with glowing coals4 ,she slept in a high post bed in her particular room over the sitting-room1 which was warmed in winter by a sheet-iron drum connected with the stove below1 and in one corner was a copper warming-pan with a long handle4 ,when ,i sat at table in my high-chair eating apple-pie in a bowl of milk1 she sat on the side nearest the fire eating dipped toast with a two-tined fork4 ,the fork may have had three tines1 but silver forks had not yet made their appearance4 ,my great-grandmother lived just long enough to have her picture taken on a plate of silvered copper by the wonderful process of ,daguerre1#bi a process so like something diabolical that she protected her soul from evil1 as all sitters in that part of the country did1 by resting her hand on a great ,bible1 the back turned to the front1 so that the letters 8,holy ,bible0 could be read1 proving that the great book was not a profane dictionary4 ,the operator who took her daguerreotype traveled from town to town1 hiring a room in the village tavern furnished with a chair1 a stand on tripod legs1 a brown linen table-cloth1 and the aforesaid ,bible1 and when such of the people as had the fee to spare1 the courage to submit to a new-fangled idea1 and no fear that the face on the magical plate would fade away like any other spirit face when they opened the stamped-leather case with the red plush lining after it had lain overnight in the darkened parlor1 he moved on like the cracker baker or any other itinerant showman4 ,my great-grandmother had never sent or received a message by telegraph or ridden in a railway-carriage1 and died in peace just before those portentous inventions came to destroy forever the small community life in which she had lived4 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,why does the writer employ such simple language8 #b4 ,what sort of events does he narrate8 #c4 ,why does he give so few details concerning his early schooldays8 #d4 ,how does he look upon his early misfortunes8 #e4 ,why does he do little more than present the picture of his great-grandmother8 #f4 ,point out examples of gentle humor4 #g4 ,what do the sketches reveal concerning life in the past8 #h4 ,what spirit characterizes both sketches8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,my ,first ,schooldays #aa4 ,punishments ,i ,remember #b4 ,my ,grandparents #ab4 ,queer ,old ,customs #c4 ,an ,early ,misfortune #ac4 ,my ,first ,superstitions #d4 ,some ,vanished ,friends #ad4 ,a ,wonderful ,day #e4 ,my ,old ,home #ae4 ,gifts #f4 ,playmates #af4 ,my ,first ,school-books #g4 ,old ,toys #ag4 ,pictures of ,childhood #h4 ,my ,first ,games #ah4 ,my ,relatives #i4 ,a ,first ,visit #ai4 ,a ,great ,event #aj4 ,my ,first ,costumes #bj4 ,relics of the ,past ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,throw yourself back into the past4 ,conjure up the people with whom you used to associate4 ,see once again the places where you played and where you lived4 ,think how happy it all was1 and how good it is to look at it once more4 ,then put down on paper the things that you remember with the greatest interest4 ,write in such a way that you will give the reader the very spirit that you have4 ,remember3 you are not to communicate facts2 you are to communicate emotion4 ,,footnotes3 #bi ,louis ,daguerre 7#aghi-ahei74 ,a ,french painter who perfected one of the earliest methods of photography4 ,a ,,visit ,,to ,,john ,,burroughs ,by ,,sadakichi ,,hartmann ,author of the first ,history of ,american ,art1 and also of a ,history of ,japanese ,art4 ,his poems1 short stories1 and essays appear in many magazines4 ,john ,burroughs was a delightful essayist and a delightful man4 ,although he preferred to live the most simple of lives and to spend his time in meditation on the beauties of natural scenery1 and the wonders of animal life1 he attracted to himself the companionship of some of the greatest in the land1 and the love of all people4 ,to visit him would1 indeed1 have been a delight4 ,a ,visit to ,john ,burroughs is not a dull narrative of the events of a visit1 nor is it the report of an interview with the nature-lover4 ,it is an article that admits one into the charm of ,burroughs' spirit4 ,we are with the man in his simple1 book-filled home2 we learn his love for pasture and mountain-side1 for birds and for gardening2 and we gain some of that spirit of contentment and peace that made him1 in his gray old age1 appear like a prophet in the midst of an over-hurrying generation4 ,in some places time passes without making any change4 ,the little village on the ,hudson where ,john ,burroughs made his home half a century ago has shown no ambition of expansion4 ,there is no building activity1 and the number of inhabitants has scarcely increased4 ,the little church stands drowsily on the hill1 and the same old homesteads grace the road4 ,more freight-trains may rattle by1 and more automobiles pass on the main road1 but the physiognomy of the town has remained unchanged4 ,it is as if time had stood still4 ,the mist shuts out the rest of the world1 river and hills disappear1 the stems of the grape-vines look like a host of goblins1 and the wet trees make darker silhouettes than usual4 ,i knocked at a door and entered1 and there sat ,john ,burroughs stretched at full length in a ,morris chair before some glowing beech-sticks in the open fireplace4 ,there was not much conversation4 ,what is most interesting in an author's life he expresses in his books1 and so we indulged only in an exchange of phrases about his health1 of the flight of time1 and a few favored authors4 ,the questioning of the interviewer can produce only forced results1 and in particular when the interviewed person has reached an age when taciturnity becomes natural1 and one prefers to gaze at the dying embers and listen to the drip of the rain outside4 ,that his interest in literature did not lag was shown by a set of ,fabre1#cj whom he pronounced the most wonderful exponent in his special line4 ,a quaint interior was this quiet little room4 ,conspicuous were the portraits of ,whitman1#ca ,carlyle1#cb ,tolstoy1#cc ,roosevelt1#cd and ,father ,brown of the ,holy ,order of the ,cross1 men who in one way or another must have meant something to his life4 ,on the mantelpiece stood another portrait of ,whitman and a reproduction of 8,mona ,lisa40#ce ,there were windows on every side1 and the rest of the walls consisted of shelves filled with nature books4 ,one shelf displayed the more scientific works1 and one was devoted entirely to his own writings4 ,it was the same room in which several years ago1 on a summer day in the vagrom days of youth1 ,i had read for the first time 8,wake ,robin10#cf that classic of out-of-door literature1 and 8,the ,flight of the ,eagle10 an appreciation of ,walt ,whitman4 ,john ,burroughs was fifty then1 and had just settled down seriously to his literary pursuits4 ,he had risen brilliantly from youthful penury to be the owner of a large estate4 ,his latest achievement was 8,signs and ,seasons02 8,riverby10 a number of essays of out-of-door observations around his stone house by the ,hudson1 was in the making4 ,there is a wonderful fascination in these books4 ,they reveal a man who has lived widely and intimately1 who has made nature his real home4 ,all day long he is mingled with the heart of things2 every walk along the river1 into the woods1 or up the hills is an adventure4 ,he exploits the teachings of experience rather than of books4 ,his essays are always fused with actions of the open4 ,one feels exhilaration in making the acquaintance of a man with an unnarrowed soul who has burst free from the shackles of intellectual authority1 who joyfully and buoyantly interprets the beauties about him1 shunning no such pleasures as jumping a fence1 wading a brook1 or climbing a tree or mountain-side4 ,american literature has always abounded with nature speculation and research4 ,bryant#cg was a true poet of nature2 he loved woods1 mountain1 and river1 and his 8,to the ,yellow ,wood ,violet10 and 8,the ,blue ,gentian0 are gems of pictorial nature-writing4 ,whittier#ch transfigured the beauty of ,new ,england life in one poem 8,snowbound10 and in his 8,autumn ,walk0 leisurely strolled to the portals of immortality4 ,whitman stalked about on the open road like a pantheist4#ci ,yet none had the faculties of discovery and interpretation like ,john ,burroughs1 the intimate knowledge1 the warm vision1 to which a wood-pile can become a matter of contemplation1 and a back yard or a garden patch become as interesting as any scenery in the world4 ,none of them could have lectured on apple-trees or gray squirrels with such intimacy as ,burroughs4 ,burroughs has never any sympathy with the 8pathetic fallacy of endowing inanimate objects with human attributes10 nor would he indorse ,machin's propaganda idea of the antagonism of animals against their human masters4 ,a trout leaping in a mountain stream1 the lively whistle of a bird high in the upper air1 a bird's nest in an old fence post--these are some of the topics nearest his heart4 ,no nature-writer has ever shown such diversity of interest4 ,even ,rip ,van ,winkle did not know the mountains as well as does this camper and tramper for a lifetime on the same familiar grounds2 over and over again he makes the round from ,riverby to ,slabsides1 to ,roxbury in the western ,catskills1 and back again to the rustic studio near the river4 ,he knows every pasture1 mountain-side1 and valley of his chosen land4 ,he even named some of the hills4 ,one of them1 much frequented by bees1 he named 8,mount ,hymettus10#dj because there 8from out the garden hives1 the humming cyclone of humming bees0 liked to congregate4 ,but is his minute observation of weed seeds in the open field or insect eggs on tree-trunks not disastrous to literary expression8 ,can this style of writing soar above straightforward nature-writing of men like ,wilson1#da ,muir1#db ,white1#dc and ,chapman8#dd ,burroughs is capable of making a long-winded analysis of the downward perch of the head of the nut-hatch1 but he is no ,audubon4#de ,as a literary man he is an essayist who etches little vignettes1 one after the other1 with rare precision4 ,how fine is his sentence about the unmusical song of the blackbirds6 8,the air is filled with crackling1 splintering1 spurting1 semi-musical sounds which are like salt and pepper to the ear40 ,here the poetic temperament finds an utterance far beyond the broad knowledge of nature4 ,and there is his fine appreciation of ,walt ,whitman1 his grasp of literary values despite working in a comparatively smaller field of activity4 ,john ,burroughs has a good deal of ,whitman about him1 whom he called 8the one mountain in our literary landscape40 ,the man of ,riverby is not large of stature1 but has the same nonchalance of deportment1 the flowing beard1 and the ruddy face1 a few shades darker than that of the good gray poet2 for ,whitman was1 after all1 a city man1 while ,burroughs always lived his life out of doors4 ,we talked about the looks of ,whitman1 whom he had known in ,washington in the sixties4 8,yes1 he had a decided vitality1 although he was already gray and bent at that time4 ,yes1 he would talk if one could draw him out40 8,i believe he talked only for ,traubel10#df ,i dryly remarked1 at which ,burroughs was greatly amused4 ,emerson#dg was the god of ,burroughs's youth1 but ,whitman undoubtedly exercised the more lasting influence4 ,this1 however1 never touched ,burroughs's own peculiar nature-fresh-and-homespun style4 ,it lingered only as a vague inspiration in the under rhythm of his work4 ,whitman had the macrocosmic vision1#dh while ,burroughs is an adherent of microcosm4 ,few can combine both qualities4 ,burroughs is an amateur farmer and gardener4 ,he prunes his cherrytrees1 cures hay1 and thinks of new methods of mowing grain4 ,he experimented with grape-vines1 a rather futile occupation at this period of social evolution4 ,he has been a great cherry-picker all his life1 and ,i remember with keen pleasure how delicious those wild raspberries tasted that ,i shared with him one summer day4 ,he has a celery farm at ,roxbury1 his birthplace1 and when ,i was last at ,slabsides1 his bungalow in the hills near ,west ,park1 ,i saw nothing but beets for cattle4 ,i was astonished at this peculiar1 indeed1 prosaic pastime4 ,and still more so that he had chosen for residence a site in a hollow of the mountain-side1 while only a few steps above one can enjoy a most gorgeous view of the surrounding country4 ,did he make the selection because the place is more sheltered8 ,no1 ,i believe he chose the place intuitively1 because it expresses his particular point of view of life4 ,the keen breeze and the wide view serve only for occasional inspiration2 but the undergrowth vegetation1 the crust of soil1 the hum of insects1 the little flowers--these are the true stimulants of his eloquent simplicity of style4 ,burroughs professed to have a great admiration for ,turguenieff's#di 8,diary of a ,sportsman40 ,these exquisite prose poems represent nature at its best1 but they are purely poetic1 pictorial1 with a big cosmic swing to them4 ,this is out of the reach of ,burroughs1 and he never attempted it4 ,his poems contain1 as he says himself1 more science and observation than poetry4 ,a few beautiful lines everybody can learn to write1 and unless they are fragments of a torso of the most intricate and beautiful construction1 they will drop like the slanting rain into the dark wastes of oblivion4 ,his lessons of nature1 accepted as text-books in the public schools1 have a true message to convey4 ,they represent the socialization of science4 ,he loves the birds and learned their ways2 he could run his course aright1 as he has placed his goal rightly4 ,he stirred the earth about the roots of his knowledge deeply1 and thereby entered a new field of thought4 ,he became interested in final causes1 design in nature4 ,the transcendentalist#ej of the ,emersonian period at last came to his own4 ,there is something of the bigness of ,thoreau#ea in his recent writings1 ,thoreau who in his 8,concord and ,merrimac ,river0 had a mystical vision1 a grip on religious thought1 and who1 like a craftsman in cloisonn1 hammered his philosophic speculations upon the frugal shapes of his observations4 ,in 8,ways of ,nature0 and 8,leaf and ,tendril0 ,burroughs has reached out as far as it is possible for a nature writer without becoming a philosopher4 ,he now no longer contemplates the outward appearance of things1 but their organic structure1 the geological formation of the earth's crust1 and the evolution of life4 ,and some ledge of rock will now give him the prophetic gaze into the past and into the future4 ,and so ,john ,burroughs at eighty-five1 still chopping the wood for his own fireside1 writing1 lecturing1 giving advice about phases of farm-work1 strolling over the ground1 still interested in literature1 can serenely fold his hands and wait4 ,indeed1 this white-bearded man1 in his bark-covered study amidst veiled heights and blurred river scenes1 furnishes a wonderful intimate picture which will linger in ,american literature and in the minds of all who yearn for a more intimate knowledge of nature1 unaffectedly told1 like the song of the robin of his first love1 8a harbinger of spring thoughts carrying with it the fragrance of the first flowers and the improving verdure of the fields40 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,how does the first paragraph indicate the key-note of the article8 #b4 ,what do ,burroughs' pictures and books show concerning his character8 #c4 ,what sort of life did ,burroughs lead8 #d4 ,what is meant by 8exploiting the teaching of experience rather than of books08 #e4 ,how did ,burroughs find happiness8 #f4 ,what is said concerning ,burroughs' faculties of discovery and interpretation8 #g4 ,what diversity of interests did ,burroughs show8 #h4 ,what is said concerning ,burroughs' work as an essayist8 #i4 ,why was ,burroughs fond of ,walt ,whitman8 #aj4 ,how did ,burroughs gain literary style8 #aa4 ,what is meant by the 8socialization of science08 #ab4 ,what makes ,burroughs such a charming person8 #ac4 ,into what sections may the article be divided8 #ad4 ,what does the article reveal concerning its author8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,a ,visit with ,my ,teacher #aa4 ,our ,unusual ,caller #b4 ,a ,call on an ,interesting ,person #ab4 ,a ,talk with a ,tramp #c4 ,in the ,office of the ,principal #ac4 ,the ,beggar's ,life #d4 ,visiting ,my ,relatives #ad4 ,my ,cousin #e4 ,a ,visit to ,another ,school #ae4 ,a ,talk with an ,expert than ,my ,own #f4 ,a ,talk with a ,fireman #af4 ,my ,friend1 the ,carpenter #g4 ,a ,talk with a ,policeman #ag4 ,interviewing a ,peddler #h4 ,an ,interview with a ,stranger #ah4 ,talking with a ,missionary #i4 ,the ,man in the ,office #ai4 ,in the ,printer's ,office #aj4 ,the ,busy ,clerk #bj4 ,the ,railroad ,conductor ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,write about an actual visit or interview4 ,in all your work pay most attention to presenting the spirit of the person whom you talk with4 ,the events of your visit1 and the remarks that are made1 are of less importance than the things that reveal spirit1--the surroundings1 the costume1 the habits1 the work done and the various things that show character4 ,the essay is in no sense to be the story of a visit2 it is to give an intimate picture of the person in whom you are interested4 ,your object is to show character4 ,,footnotes3 #cj ,jean ,henri ,fabre 7#ahbc-aiae74 ,a ,french entomologist who wrote many volumes on insect life1 among them being ,the ,life and ,love of the ,insects2 ,the ,life of the ,spider2 ,the ,life of the ,fly4 #ca ,walt ,whitman 7#ahai-ahib74 ,an ,american poet1 noted for highly original poems marked by absence of rhyme and metre4 ,whitman loved the outdoor world1 and had great philosophic insight4 #cb ,thomas ,carlyle 7#agie-ahha74 ,a brilliant ,english essayist and historian1 strikingly original and unconventional1 and a firm upholder of stalwart manhood4 #cc ,count ,leo ,tolstoy 7#ahbh-aiaj74 ,a great ,russian novelist1 reformer and philosopher1--a bold and original thinker4 #cd ,theodore ,roosevelt 7#aheh-aiai74 ,ranchman1 author1 soldier1 explorer1 and ,president of the ,united ,states1 a man of sterling manhood and great personal fearlessness4 #ce ,mona ,lisa4 ,a picture of a lady of ,florence1 painted about #aejd by ,leonardo da ,vinci1 an ,italian painter4 ,the face has a peculiarly tantalizing expression4 #cf ,wake ,robin4 ,one of ,john ,burroughs' delightful outdoor books1 written in #ahgj4 #cg ,william ,cullen ,bryant 7#agid-ahgh74 ,the first great ,american poet2 author of ,thanatopsis2 noted for his love of nature4 #ch ,john ,greenleaf ,whittier 7#ahjg-ahib74 ,an ,american poet who wrote lovingly of ,new ,england life and scenery4 ,he is noted for his poems against slavery4 #ci ,pantheist4 ,one who sees ,god in everything that exists4 #dj ,mount ,hymettus4 ,a mountain in ,greece from which most excellent honey was obtained in classic times4 #da ,alexander ,wilson 7#agff-ahac74 ,born in ,scotland and died in ,philadelphia2 author of a remarkable study of ,american birds1 published in nine volumes4 #db ,john ,muir 7#ahch-aiad74 ,an ,american naturalist and explorer of the west and of ,alaska4 #dc ,gilbert ,white 7#agbj-agic74 ,an ,english naturalist1 noted for his ,natural ,history and ,antiquities of ,selborne4 #dd ,frank ,m4 ,chapman 7#ahfd--74 ,an ,american writer on bird life4 ,he is especially noted for excellent work in photographing birds4 #de ,john ,james ,audubon 7#aghj-ahea74 ,a great ,american student of birds2 noted for his exact drawings of birds4 #df ,horace ,traubel 7#aheh-aiai74 ,an ,american editor who was the literary executor of ,walt ,whitman4 #dg ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson 7#ahjc-ahhb74 ,an ,american poet and philosopher2 a man of marked individuality and power4 #dh ,macrocosmic4 ,the sentence means that ,whitman looked upon the world and upon the universe as a whole1 while ,burroughs studied little or individual things in order to understand the whole4 #di ,ivan ,turguenieff 7#ahah-ahhc74 ,a ,russian novelist whose ,diary of a ,sportsman aided in bringing about the freeing of ,russian serfs4 #ej ,transcendentalist4 ,one who believes in principles that can not be proved by experiment4 #ea ,henry ,david ,thoreau 7#ahag-ahfb74 ,an ,american essayist1 naturalist and philosopher4 ,,washington ,,on ,,horseback ,by ,h4 ,a4 ,,ogden 7#ahef--74 ,an illustrator1 particularly of ,american historical subjects1 on which he is an authority4 ,his most noted work is #ga color plates of uniforms of the ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 #agge-aijf4 ,he made the original cartoons for the ,washington memorial window in the ,valley ,forge memorial4 ,he is the author and illustrator of ,the ,boys ,book of ,famous ,regiments2 ,our ,flag and ,our ,songs2 ,the ,voyage of the ,mayflower2 ,our ,army for ,our ,boys 7joint author72 and numerous magazine articles of a historical nature4 ,the ordinary magazine article1 lacking the personal note1 is not an essay4 ,as a rule1 such an article endeavors to present a subject in its entirety1 to follow a strictly logical order1 and to avoid any expression of personal reaction on the part of the writer4 ,some magazine articles1 however1 are written in such an easy1 chatty style1 without any hint of attempt to cover a subject either completely or logically1 that they approach the essay form4 ,washington on ,horseback is an article that closely resembles an essay4 ,it is discursive1 anecdotal1 wandering and is much like a pleasant talk about ,washington and his love of horses4 ,although the writer keeps himself entirely behind the scenes it is evident that he is a man who admires horses as well as manliness and courage4 8,the best horseman of his age1 and the most graceful figure that could be seen on horseback10 was ,thomas ,jefferson's opinion of his great fellow-,virginian1 ,george ,washington4 ,from his early boyhood1 a passionate fondness for the horse was a strong and lasting trait of our foremost ,american4 ,when a little boy of eight1 he was given his first riding-lessons on his pony ,hero by ,uncle ,ben1 an old servant 7perhaps a slave7 of his father's4 ,on one occasion1 when under the paternal eye1 he tried over and over again to leap his pony4 ,when he finally succeeded in doing so1 both rider and pony fell2 but jumping up1 the boy was quickly in the saddle again1 his father1 a masterful man who hated defeat1 exclaiming1 8,that was ill ridden2 try it again60 ,this happening near their home1 his mother rushed out1 greatly alarmed1 and begged them to stop4 ,finding her entreaties were unheeded1 she returned to the house protesting that her boy would 8surely be murdered60 ,and during all of her long life this dread of the dangers her son incurred was one of her striking characteristics4 ,this early training in riding1 however1 was greatly to the boy's advantage2 for his satisfaction in conquering horses and training them made him a fine horseman and prepared him for the coming years when he was to be so much in the saddle4 ,a notable instance of early intrepidity in the tall and athletic boy1 in his early teens1 in mastering a wild1 unmanageable colt is related by ,g4 ,w4 ,p4 ,custis1#eb ,washington's adopted son4 ,the story goes that this colt1 a thoroughbred sorrel1 was a favorite of ,washington's mother1 her husband having been much attached to him4 ,of a vicious nature1 no one had thus far ventured to ride him2 so before breakfast one morning1 ,george1 aided by some of his companions1 corraled the animal and succeeded in getting bit and bridle in place4 ,leaping on his back1 the venturesome youth was soon tearing around the enclosure at breakneck speed1 keeping his seat firmly and managing his mount with a skill that surprised and relieved the fears of the other boys4 ,an unlooked-for end to the struggle came1 however1 when1 with a mighty effort1 the horse reared and plunged with such violence that he burst a blood-vessel and in a moment was dead4 ,looking at the fallen steed1 the boys asked 8,what's to be done8 ,who will tell the tale80 ,the answer soon had to be given2 for when they went in to the morning meal1 ,mrs4 ,washington asked if they had seen her favorite horse4 ,noting their embarrassment1 she repeated the question2 when ,george spoke up and told the whole story of the misadventure4 8,george1 ,i forgive you1 because you have had the courage to tell the truth at once10 was her characteristic reply4 ,upon their father's death1 his accomplished brother ,lawrence took an active interest in ,george's education and development4 ,the boy had taken a strong hold on ,lawrence's affection1 which the younger brother returned by a devoted attachment4 ,among other accomplishments1 ,george was encouraged to perfect his horsemanship by the promise of a horse1 together with some riding clothes from ,london--especially a red coat and a pair of spurs1 sure to appeal to the spirit and daring of the youth4 ,his first hunting venture1 as told by ,dr4 ,weir ,mitchell#ec in 8,the ,youth of ,washington10 occurred on a ,saturday morning1--a school holiday even in those days1--when1 there being none to hinder1 ,george having persuaded an old groom to saddle a hunter1 he galloped off to a fox-hunting 8meet0 four miles away4 ,greatly amused1 the assembled huntsmen asked if he could stay on1 and if the horse knew he had a rider8 ,to which ,george replied that the big sorrel he rode knew his business2 and he was in at the kill of two foxes4 ,on the way back the horse went lame1 and on arriving at the stable the rider saw an overseer about to punish ,sampson1 the groom1 for letting the boy take a horse that was about to be sold4 ,he quickly dismounted and snatched the whip from the overseer's hand1 exclaiming that he was to blame and should be whipped first4 ,the man answered that his mother would decide what to do2 but the boy never heard of the matter again4 ,the anger he showed on this occasion caused old ,sampson to admonish him never to 8get angry with a horse40 ,when about sixteen1 ,george lived a great part of the time at ,mount ,vernon1 ,lawrence's home1 where he made many friends among the 8,old ,dominion0 gentry1 the most prominent of them being ,thomas1 ,lord ,fairfax1 an eccentric old bachelor1 residing with his kindred at ,belvoir1 an adjoining estate on the ,potomac4 ,as this had been the home of ,anne ,fairfax1 ,lawrence's wife1 the brothers were ever welcome guests4 ,attracted to each other by the fact that both were bold and skilful riders and by their love of horses1 a lifelong friendship was formed between the tall ,virginian1 a stripling in his teens1 and the elderly ,english nobleman1 and many a hard ride they took together1 with a pack of hounds1 over the rough country1 chasing the gray foxes of that locality4 ,settled at ,mount ,vernon1 in the years following his marriage and up to the beginning of the ,war for ,independence1 ,washington found great pleasure in his active1 out-of-door life1 his greatest amusement being the hunt1 which gratified to the full his fondness for horses and dogs4 ,his stables were full1 numbering at one time one hundred and forty horses1 among them some of the finest animals in ,virginia4 ,magnolia1 an ,arabian1 was a favorite riding-horse2 while ,chinkling1 ,valiant1 ,ajax1 and ,blue-skin were also high-bred hunters4 ,his pack of hounds was splendidly trained1 and 8meets0 were held three times a week in the hunting season4 ,after breakfasting by candle-light1 a start was made at daybreak4 ,splendidly mounted1 and dressed in a blue coat1 scarlet vest1 buckskin breeches1 and velvet cap1 and in the lead1--for it was ,washington's habit to stay close up with the hounds1--the excitement of the chase possessed a strong fascination for him4 ,these hunting parties are mentioned in many brief entries in his diaries4 ,in #agfh1 he writes3 8,mr4 ,bryan ,fairfax1 ,mr4 ,grayson1 and ,phil ,alexander came home by sunrise4 ,hunted and catched a fox with these3 ,lord ,fairfax1 his brother1 and ,colonel ,fairfax and his brother2 all of whom with ,mr4 ,fairfax and ,mr4 ,wilson of ,england dined here40 ,again1 on ,november #bf and #bi3 8,hunted again with the same party40 #agfh1--;,january #h3 8,hunting again with the same company--started a fox and run him four hours40 ,thus we learn from his own pen how frequently this manly sport1 that kept him young and strong1 was followed by the boldest rider in all ,virginia4 ,a seven-years absence during the war caused the hunting establishment of ,mount ,vernon to run down considerably2 but on returning in #aghc1 after peace came1 the sport was renewed vigorously for a time4 ,blue-skin1 an iron-gray horse of great endurance in a long run1 was the general's favorite mount during those days4 ,with ,billy ,lee1 the huntsman1 blowing the big ,french horn1 a present from ,lafayette1--the fox was chased at full speed over the rough fields and through such tangled woods and thickets as would greatly astonish the huntsmen of to-day4 ,what with private affairs1 official visits1 and the crowd of guests at his home1 ,washington felt obliged to give up this sport he so loved1 for his last hunt with the hounds is said to have been in #aghe4 ,to return to his youthful days4 ,at sixteen he was commissioned to survey ,lord ,fairfax's vast estates1 and soon after was appointed a public surveyor4 ,the three years of rough toil necessitated by his calling were spent continually in the saddle4 ,those youthful surveys1 being made with ,george's characteristic thoroughness1 stand unquestioned to this day4 ,the beginning of his active military career started with a long1 difficult journey of five hundred miles to the ,french fort on the ,ohio1 most of which was made in the saddle4 ,it was hard traveling for the young adjutant general of twenty-one accompanied by a small escort4 ,on the return journey1 the horses were abandoned1 and it was when traveling on foot that his miraculous escapes from a shot fired by a treacherous ,indian guide and from drowning1 occurred4 ,when1 in #agee1 the ,british expedition against the ,french fort on the ,monongahela1 commanded by ,general ,braddock1 started out from ,alexandria1 ,washington1 acting as one of the general's aides1 was too ill to start with it2 but when the day of action came1 the day that the ,french and ,indians ambushed the 8red-coats10 the young ,virginia colonel1 although still weak1 rode everywhere on the field of slaughter1 striving to rally the panic-stricken regulars2 and although two horses had been shot under him1 he was the only mounted officer left at the end of the fight4 ,on the occasion of ,washington's first visit to ,philadelphia1 ,new ,york1 and ,boston1 in #agef1 he rode the whole distance1 with two aides and servants1 to confer with ,governor ,shirley of ,massachusetts and settle with him the question of his army rank4 ,he was appropriately equipped for his mission1 and the description of the little cavalcade is very striking4 ,washington1 in full uniform of a ,virginia colonel1 a white-and-scarlet cloak1 sword-knot of red and gold1 his ,london-made holsters and saddle-cloth trimmed with his livery 8lace0 and the ,washington arms1 his aides also in uniform1 with the servants in their white-and-scarlet liveries1 their cocked hats edged with silver1 bringing up the rear1 attracted universal notice4 ,everywhere he was received with enthusiasm1 his fame having gone before him4 ,dined and fted in ,philadelphia and ,new ,york1 he spent ten days with the hospitable royal governor of ,massachusetts4 ,the whole journey was a success1 bringing him1 as it did1 in contact with new scenes and people4 ,it seems noteworthy that in accounts of the campaigns and battles of the ,revolution such frequent mention is made of the commander-in-chief on horseback4 ,from the time he rode from ,philadelphia to take command of the army at ,cambridge1 in #agge1 down to the capitulation of ,yorktown in #aghc1 his horses were an important factor in his campaigns4 ,among many such incidents1 a notable one is that which occurred when1 after the defeat of the ,americans at ,brooklyn and their retreat across the river to ,new ,york1 ,washington in his report to ,congress wrote3 8,our passage across the ,east ,river was effected yesterday morning2 and for forty-eight hours preceding that ,i had hardly been off my horse and never closed my eyes40 ,he was1 in fact1 the last to leave1 remaining until all his troops had been safely ferried across4 ,an all-night ride to ,princeton1 in bitter cold1 over frozen roads1 and1 when day dawned1 riding fearlessly over the field to rally his men1 reining in his charger within thirty yards of the enemy1 forms another well-known incident4 ,at the battle of ,brandywine an old farmer was pressed into service to lead the way to where the battle was raging1 and he relates that as his horse took the fences ,washington was continually at his side1 saying repeatedly3 8,push along1 old man2 push along60 ,shortly after the defeat at ,brandywine1 ,general ,howe's advance regiments were attacked at ,germantown2 and here1 as at ,princeton1 ,washington1 in spite of the protests of his officers1 rode recklessly to the front when things were going wrong4 ,after the hard winter at ,valley ,forge1 and when in ,june of #aggh the ,british abandoned ,philadelphia he took up the march to ,sandy ,hook1 ,washington resolved to attack them on their route4 ,on crossing the ,delaware in pursuit of the enemy1 ,governor ,william ,livingston of ,new ,jersey presented to the commander-in-chief a splendid white horse1 upon which he hastened to the battle-field of ,monmouth4 ,mr4 ,custis in his 8,recollections of ,washington10 states that on the morning of the twenty-eighth of ,june1 he rode1 and for that time only during the war1 a white charger4 ,galloping forward1 he met ,general ,charles ,lee1#ed with the advanced guard1 falling back in confusion4 ,indignant at the disobedience of his orders1 ,washington expressed his wrath in peremptory language1 ,lee being ordered to the rear4 ,riding back and forth through the fire of the enemy1 animating his soldiers1 and recalling them to their duty he reformed the lines and turned the battle tide by his vigorous measures4 ,from the overpowering heat of the day1 and the deep and sandy soil1 his spirited white horse sank under him and expired4 ,a chestnut mare1 of ,arabian stock1 was quickly mounted1 this beautiful animal being ridden through the rest of the battle4 ,lafayette1 always an ardent admirer of ,washington1 told in later years of ,monmouth1 where he had commanded a division1 and how his beloved chief1 splendidly mounted1 cheered on his men4 8,i thought then as now10 said the enthusiastic ,frenchman1 8that never had ,i beheld so superb a man40 ,of all his numerous war-horses1 the greatest favorite was ,nelson--a large1 light sorrel1 with white face and legs1 named after the patriot governor of ,virginia4 ,in many battles1--often under fire1--,nelson had carried his great master and was the favored steed at the crowning event of the war--the capitulation of ,yorktown4 ,living to a good old age1 and never ridden after ,washington ceased to mount him1 the veteran charger was well taken care of1 grazing in a paddock through the summers4 ,and often1 as the retired general and ,president made the rounds of his fields1 the old war-horse would run neighing to the fence1 to be caressed by the hand of his former master4 ,during the eight years of his ,presidency1 ,washington frequently took exercise on horseback1 his stables containing at that time as many as ten coach- and saddle-horses4 ,when in ,philadelphia1 then the seat of government1 the ,president owned two pure white saddle-horses1 named ,prescott and ,jackson1 the former being a splendid animal1 which1 while accustomed to cannon-fire1 waving flags1 or martial music1 had a bad habit of dancing about and shying when a coach1 especially one containing ladies1 would stop to greet the ,president4 ,the other white horse1 ,jackson1 was an ,arab1 with flowing mane and tail1 but1 being an impetuous and fretful animal1 he was not a favorite4 ,a celebrated riding-teacher used to say that he loved 8to see the general ride2 his seat is so firm1 his management of his mount so easy and graceful1 that ,i1 who am a professor of horsemanship1 would go to him and learn to ride40 ,since his early boyhood1 the only recorded fall from a horse that ,washington had was once on his return to ,mount ,vernon from ,alexandria4 ,his horse on this occasion1 while an easy-gaited one1 was scary4 ,when ,washington was about to mount and rise in the stirrup1 the animal1 alarmed by the glare of a fire by the roadside1 sprang from under his rider1 who fell heavily to the ground4 ,fearing that he was hurt1 his companions rushed to his assistance1 but the vigorous old gentleman1 getting quickly on his feet1 assured them that1 though his tumble was complete1 he was unhurt4 ,having been only poised in his stirrup and not yet in the saddle1 he had a fall no horseman could prevent when a scary animal sprang from under him4 ,vicious propensities in horses never troubled ,washington2 he only required them to go along4 ,an amusing anecdote is told of one of ,washington's secretaries1 ,colonel ,david ,humphreys4 ,the colonel was a lively companion and a great favorite1 and on one of their rides together he challenged his chief to jump a hedge4 ,always ready to accept a challenge of this sort1 ,washington told him to 8go ahead10 whereupon ,humphreys cleared the hedge1 but landed in the ditch on the other side up to his saddle-girth4 ,riding up and smiling at his mud-bespattered friend1 ,washington observed1 8,ah1 ,colonel1 you are too deep for me60 ,on the ,mount ,vernon estates1 during the years of retirement from all public office1 his rides of inspection were from twelve to fourteen miles a day1 usually at a moderate pace2 but being the most punctual of men1 he would1 if delayed1 display the horsemanship of earlier days by a hard gallop so as to be in time for the first dinner-bell at a quarter of three4 ,a last glimpse of this great man in the saddle1 is as an old gentleman1 in plain drab clothes1 a broad-brimmed white hat1 carrying a hickory switch1 with a long-handled umbrella hung at his saddle-bow--such was the description given of him by ,mr4 ,custis to an elderly inquirer who was in search of the general on a matter of business4 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,what is the effect of the opening quotation8 #b4 ,point out all the ways in which the article resembles an essay4 #c4 ,show that the article does not follow a strictly logical plan4 #d4 ,show in what respects the article differs from ordinary magazine articles4 #e4 ,what characterizes the style of the article8 #f4 ,how does the writer make the article interesting8 #g4 ,what hints of the writer's personality does the article give8 #h4 ,what does the article say concerning the character of ,washington8 #i4 ,summarize what is said concerning ,washington as a horseman4 #aj4 ,how much is said about the biography of ,washington8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,grant as a ,horseman #aa4 ,william ,morris as a ,workman #b4 ,alexander the ,great #ab4 ,charles ,dickens as as a ,horseman a ,humanitarian #c4 ,napoleon as a ,horseman #ac4 ,shakespeare as a ,punster ,story ,teller #d4 ,abraham ,lincoln as a #ad4 ,milton as a ,husband #e4 ,longfellow as a ,lover of #ae4 ,robert ,louis ,stevenson ,children as a ,traveler #f4 ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson as a #af4 ,samuel ,johnson ,neighbor as a ,friend #g4 ,henry ,david ,thoreau #ag4 ,jack ,london as a ,wanderer as an ,explorer #h4 ,benjamin ,franklin as an #ah4 ,theodore ,roosevelt ,originator as a ,fighter #i4 ,charles ,lamb as a ,brother #ai4 ,mark ,twain as a ,humorist #aj4 ,queen ,elizabeth as a ,woman #bj4 ,edison as an ,inventor ,illustration3 ,colonel ,humphreys landed in the ditch4 7page #aaf7 ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,select both a subject and a theme in which you are interested4 ,take your note-book and consult encyclopedias1 histories1 and books of biography1 noting down everything that has relation to your particular subject and theme4 ,hunt especially for interesting anecdotes2 if they are humorous1--so much the better4 ,you will do well to introduce your article with an appropriate quotation4 ,make your writing as conversational and as anecdotal as possible4 ,don't be in the least bit encyclopedic4 ,be gossipy4 ,,footnotes3 #eb ,george ,washington ,parke ,custis 7#agha-aheg74 ,the adopted son of ,george ,washington4 #ec ,dr4 ,s4 ,weir ,mitchell 7#ahbi-aiad74 ,an ,american physician and novelist4 ,his novel1 ,hugh ,wynne1 concerns the life of ,washington4 #ed ,general ,charles ,lee 7#agca-aghb74 ,an ,american ,revolutionary ,general court-martialed for disobedience at the battle of ,monmouth1 #aggh4 ,,the ,,historical ,,story ,,havelok ,,the ,,dane ,by ,,george ,,philip ,,krapp 7#ahgb--74 ,professor of ,english in ,columbia ,university4 ,he is a member of many scholarly societies1 and has written much on ,english4 ,among his books are ,the ,elements of ,english ,grammar2 ,in ,oldest ,england2 ,the ,rise of ,english ,literary ,prose4 ,the story of ,havelok the ,dane is one of the oldest of ,english stories2 for the story that is here told is only a re-telling of a narrative that originated nearly a thousand years ago4 ,the first story of ,havelok was probably written in ,anglo-,saxon in the eleventh century or in the first half of the twelfth century4 ,it was told in ,french about #aaej1 and re-told in ,english about #acjj4 ,some critics find close relation between the story of ,havelok and the story of ,hamlet4 ,in all probability there was a real ,havelok who may have lived in the latter part of the tenth century1 and who may have participated in events like those told in the story4 ,it is probable that as stories of his romantic career were repeated they increased1--just as gossip increases4 ,the facts became lost in a body of romantic events4 ,the ,havelok of the story is therefore a character of fiction4 ,the story is interesting in many ways4 ,first of all1 it is a remarkably good story1 very human and capable of awakening sympathy1 full of quick event1 centered around the fascinating subjects of youth1 adventure and love1 and picturesque in its details and episodes4 ,then it is an old story1--ten centuries old1--and is interesting as a relic of the past4 ,in addition1 it shows remarkably well what sort of stories preceded the short stories and the novels of to-day1 and how the old stories sometimes grew from a mingling of fact and imagination4 ,in reading the story of ,havelok the ,dane we stand1 as it were1 in the presence of one of the story tellers of the extreme past4 ,around us we feel castle walls and the presence of rough fighting men4 ,the flames of the great fireplace flare on our faces1 and we listen with childlike interest4 ,many years ago1 in the days of the ,angles and ,saxons1 there was once a king of ,england whose name was ,athelwold4 ,in that time a traveler might bear fifty pounds of good red gold on his back throughout the length and breadth of ,england1 and no one would dare molest him4 ,robbers and thieves were afraid to ply their calling1 and all wrong-doers were careful to keep out of the way of ,king ,athelwold's officers4 ,that was a king worth while4 ,now this good ,king ,athelwold had no heir to his throne but one young daughter1 and ,goldborough was her name4 ,unhappily1 when she was just old enough to walk1 a heavy sickness fell upon ,king ,athelwold1 and he saw that his days were numbered4 ,he grieved greatly that his daughter was not old enough to rule and to become queen of ,england after him1 and called all the lords and barons of ,england to come to him at ,winchester to consult concerning the welfare of his kingdom and of his daughter4 ,finally it was decided that ,godrich1 ,earl of ,cornwall1 who was one of the bravest1 and1 everybody said1 one of the truest1 men in all ,england1 should take charge of the child ,goldborough and rule the kingdom for her until she was old enough to be made queen4 ,on the ,holy ,book1 ,earl ,godrich swore to be true to this trust which he had undertaken1 and he also swore1 as the king commanded1 that when ,goldborough reached the proper age1 he would marry her to the highest1 the fairest1 and the strongest man in the kingdom4 ,when all this was done1 the king's mind was at rest1 for he had the greatest faith in the honor of ,earl ,godrich4 ,it was not long thereafter that the end came4 ,there was great grief at the death of the good king1 but ,godrich ruled in his stead and was the richest and most powerful of all the earls in ,england4 ,we shall say no more about him while ,goldborough is growing older1 and in the end we shall see whether ,earl ,godrich was true to his trust and to the promises he had given to ,goldborough's father4 ,now it happened1 at this same time1 that there was a king in ,denmark whose name was ,birkabeyn4 ,three children he had1 who were as dear to him as life itself4 ,one of these was a son of five years1 and he was called ,havelok4 ,the other two were daughters1 and one was named ,swanborough and the other ,elflad4 ,now when ,king ,birkabeyn most wished to live1 the hand of death was suddenly laid upon him4 ,as soon as he realized that his days in this life were over1 he looked about for some one to take care of his three young children1 and no one seemed so fit for this office as the ,earl ,godard4 ,to ,godard1 therefore1 he intrusted the care of his three children1 and ,godard faithfully promised to guard them until the boy ,havelok was old enough to become king of ,denmark4 ,scarcely1 however1 was the body of ,king ,birkabeyn laid away in the grave1 before the faithless ,godard began to plot evil1 and he determined to be himself king of ,denmark4 ,so he took ,havelok and his two sisters and cast them into prison in a great stone castle4 ,in this prison the poor little children almost perished from cold and hunger1 but they little knew that still worse misfortune was in store for them4 ,for one day ,earl ,godard went to the castle where they were imprisoned1 and ,havelok and his sisters fell on their knees before him and begged for mercy4 8,what do you want80 said ,godard4 8,why all this weeping and howling80 ,and the children said they were very hungry4 8,no one comes to give us of food and drink the half part that we need4 ,we are so hungry that we are well nigh dead40 ,when ,godard heard this1 his heart was not touched1 but1 on the contrary1 it grew harder within him4 ,he led the two little girls away with him1 and took away the lives of these innocent children2 and he intended to do the same with young ,havelok4 ,but the terrified boy again fell on his knees before ,godard and cried3 8,have pity upon me1 ,earl ,godard6 ,here ,i offer homage to you4 ,all ,denmark ,i will give to you if you will but let me live4 ,i will be your man1 and against you never raise spear nor shield40 ,now when ,godard heard this and when he looked down at young ,havelok1 the rightful heir to the throne of ,denmark1 his arm grew weak1 though his heart was as hard as ever4 ,he knew that if he was ever to become king1 ,havelok must die2 but he could not bring himself to the point of taking the life of his lawful sovereign4 ,so he cast about in his mind for some other way to get rid of him4 ,he sent for a poor fisherman whose name was ,grim4 ,now ,grim was ,godard's thrall1 or slave1 and was bound to do whatever ,godard asked of him4 ,when ,grim had come to him1 ,godard said3 8,thou knowest1 ,grim1 thou art my thrall1 and must do whatever ,i bid thee4 ,to-morrow thou shalt be free and a rich man if thou wilt take this boy that ,i give thee and sink him to-night deep down in the sea4 ,all the sin ,i will take upon myself40 ,grim was not a bad man1 but the promise of his freedom was a sore temptation1 and besides1 ,godard1 his master1 had said that he would be responsible for the deed4 ,so ,grim took ,havelok1 not knowing1 of course1 who he was1 and put him in a sack and carried him off to his little cottage by the seashore1 intending that night to row out to deep water and throw him overboard4 ,now when it came midnight1 ,grim got up from his bed1 and bade his wife1 ,dame ,leve1 bring a light for he must go out and keep his promise to ,earl ,godard4 ,but when ,leve went into the other room1 where ,havelok was lying bound and gagged1 what was her surprise to see that there was already a light in the room4 ,right over ,havelok's head it seemed to stand2 but where it came from1 she could not guess4 8,stir up1 ,grim10 she cried1 8and see what this light is here in our cot60 ,and ,grim came running in1 and he too saw the strange light and was as surprised as ,leve had been4 ,then he uncovered ,havelok1 and there on his right shoulder he saw a birthmark1 bright and fair1 and knew from this1 right away1 that this boy was ,havelok1 the son of ,king ,birkabeyn4 ,when ,grim realized this1 he fell on his knees before ,havelok and said1 8,have mercy on me and on ,leve1 my wife1 here by me6 ,for thou art our rightful king and therefore in everything we should serve thee40 ,then when ,grim had unbound him and had taken the gag out of his mouth1 ,havelok was a happy boy again2 and the first thing he asked for was something to eat4 ,and ,dame ,leve brought bread and cheese1 and butter and milk and cookies and cakes1 and for the first time in many a long day ,havelok had all he wanted to eat4 ,then when ,havelok had satisfied his hunger1 ,grim made a good bed for him and told him to go to sleep and to fear nothing4 ,now the next morning1 ,grim went to the wicked traitor ,godard and claimed his reward4 ,but little he knew the faithlessness of ,godard4 8,what60 cried ,godard1 8wilt thou now be an earl8 ,go home1 and be as thou wert before1 a thrall and a churl4 ,if ,i ever hear of this again1 ,i will have thee led to the gallows1 for thou hast done a wicked deed4 ,home with you1 and keep out of my way1 if you know what is good for you60 ,when ,grim saw this new proof of the wickedness of ,earl ,godard1 he ran home as fast as he could4 ,he knew that his life was not safe in ,godard's hands1 especially if the earl should ever find out that ,havelok was still alive4 ,grim had hoped to get money from ,earl ,godard with which to escape to some other country1 but now he saw that he would have to depend on his own means4 ,secretly he sold all that he had and when he had got the ready money for it1 he bought him a ship and painted it with tar and pitch1 and fitted it out with cables and oars and a mast and sail4 ,not a nail was lacking that a good ship should have4 ,last of all ,grim put in this ship his good wife ,dame ,leve1 and his three sons and two daughters and ,havelok1 and off they sailed to the open ocean4 ,they had not been sailing very long1 however1 before a wind came out of the north and drove them toward ,england4 ,at the river ,humber they finally reached land1 and there on the sand near ,lindesey1 ,grim drew his ship up on the shore4 ,a little cot he straightway built for his family2 and since this was ,grim's home1 the town that gradually grew up there in later days came to be named ,grimsby1 and if you will look on the map1 you will find that so it is called to this very day4 ,now ,grim was a very good fisherman1 and he decided to make his living here in ,england by fishing4 ,many a good fish he took from the sea1 with net and spear and hook4 ,he had four large baskets made1 one for himself and one for each of his three sons1 and when they had caught their fish1 off they carried them to the people in the towns and country1 to sell them4 ,sometimes they went as far inland as the good town of ,lincoln4 ,thus they lived peacefully and happily for ten years or more1 and by this time ,havelok was become a youth full grown4 ,but ,grim never told ,havelok who he was1 nor did he tell any of his three sons or two daughters4 ,and ,havelok soon entirely forgot all about what had happened to him in ,denmark4 ,and so he grew up1 happy as the days were long1 and astonishingly healthy and strong4 ,he was big of bone and broad of shoulder and the equal of a man in strength4 ,now after a time1 ,havelok began to think to himself that ,grim was working very hard to make a living1 while he was amusing himself in ease and idleness4 8,surely10 said he to himself1 8,i am no longer a boy4 ,i am big and strong1 and alone ,i eat more than ,grim and his five children4 ,it's high time for me to bear baskets and work for my living4 ,no longer will ,i stay at home1 but to-morrow ,i too shall go forth and sell fish40 ,and so in the morning1 as soon as it was light of day1 he put a basket on his back1 as the others did1 piled high with fish1 as much as a good strong man might carry4 ,but ,havelok bore the burden well1 and he sold the fish well1 and the money he brought back home to ,grim1 every penny of it4 ,thus ,havelok became a fisherman2 he went forth every day with his basket on his back and sold fish1 and was the tallest and strongest monger of them all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,now it happened after a time that ,grim fared not so well ,with his fishing4 ,the fish would not come to his nets1 and with no fish in the nets1 there was none for the baskets and for market4 ,to make matters worse1 at this same time there was a great famine in the land1 and poor people suffered greatly from lack of food to eat4 ,these were hard times for ,grim and his houseful of children4 ,yet less for his own did ,grim grieve than for the sturdy ,havelok4 ,moreover1 ,grim had long thought that this work of fishing and fish-selling1 though good enough for himself and his three sons1 was hardly the right life for ,havelok1 who1 though he knew nothing about it1 was nevertheless a king's son4 8,havelok1 my boy10 said he1 at length1 8it is not well for thee to dwell here too long with us4 ,though it will grieve us sorely to have thee go1 out into the world thou must venture1 and perhaps there thou shalt make thy fortune4 ,here thou seest we are but miserable fisher-folk2 but at ,lincoln1 the fine city1 there thou mayst find some great man whom thou canst serve4 ,but1 alas60 he added1 8so poor are we that thou hast not even a coat wherein to go40 ,then ,grim took down the shears from the nail and made ,havelok a coat out of the sail to his boat1 and this was ,grim's last gift to ,havelok4 ,no hose and no shoes had ,havelok to wear1 but barefoot and naked1 except for his long coat of sail-cloth1 he left his good friends ,grim and ,dame ,leve and their five children and set out for the town of ,lincoln4 ,when ,havelok reached ,lincoln1 he wandered about bewildered in the streets of the city4 ,but nobody seemed to have any use for him2 nobody wanted to exchange the strength of his powerful arms for food to eat4 ,as he wandered from one street to another1 ,havelok grew hungrier and hungrier4 ,by great good chance1 however1 he passed by the bridge where the market was1 and there stood a great earl's cook1 who was buying fish and meat and other food for the earl's table4 ,now he had just finished buying when ,havelok happened along1 and the cook shouted1 8,porter1 porter60 for somebody to come to carry his marketing home4 ,instantly ten or a dozen jumped for the chance1 for there were plenty of men looking for work in ,lincoln4 ,but ,havelok got ahead of them all2 he pushed them this way and that and sent them sprawling head over heels1 and seized hold of the cook's baskets1 without so much as a 8,by your leave40 ,rough and ready was the young ,havelok1 as strong as a bear and as hungry as a savage4 ,he made quick time of the journey to the cook's kitchen1 and there he was well fed as pay for his labor4 ,by the next day1 however1 ,havelok's stomach was again empty4 ,but he knew the time at which the earl's cook came to the market1 and he waited there for him4 ,again when the cook had finished buying1 he called out 8,porter1 porter60 and again the husky ,havelok shoved the rest right and left and carried off the cook's baskets4 ,he spared neither toes nor heels until he came to the earl's castle and had put down his burden in the kitchen4 ,then the cook1 whose name was ,bertram1 stood there and looked at ,havelok and laughed4 8,this is certainly a stalwart fellow enough10 he thought4 8,will you stay with me80 he said finally to ,havelok4 8,i will feed you well1 and well you seem to be able to pay for your feeding40 ,and ,havelok was glad enough to take the offer4 8,give me but enough to eat10 he answered1 8and ,i will build your fires and carry your water1 and ,i can make split sticks to skin eels with1 and cut wood and wash dishes1 and do anything you want me to do40 ,the cook told ,havelok to sit down and eat as much as he wanted1 and you can be sure ,havelok was not slow in accepting this invitation4 ,when he had satisfied his hunger1 ,havelok went out and filled a large tub of water for the kitchen1 and1 to the cook's great astonishment1 he carried it in1 without any help1 in his own two hands4 ,such a cook's knave had never been seen in that kitchen before6 ,so ,havelok became a kitchen-boy in a great earl's castle4 ,he was always gay and laughing1 blithe of speech and obliging1 for he was young and thoughtless and healthy1 and happy so long as he had something to put into his stomach4 ,he played with the children and they all loved him1 for1 with all his great strength and stature1 he was as gentle as the gentlest child among them4 ,and ,bertram1 the cook1 seeing that ,havelok had nothing to wear except his old sail-cloth coat that ,grim had made for him1 bought ,havelok a brand-new coat and hose and shoes2 and when ,havelok was dressed up in his new clothes1 there was not a finer fellow in the whole country4 ,he stood head and shoulders above the rest when the youths came together for their games at ,lincoln1 and no one ever tried a round at wrestling with ,havelok without being thrown almost before he knew it4 ,he was the tallest and strongest man in all that region1 and1 what was better1 he was as good and gentle as he was strong4 ,now1 as it happened1 the earl in whose kitchen ,havelok served as kitchen-boy to ,bertram the cook was that very ,earl ,godrich to whom old ,king ,athelwold had entrusted his daughter1 ,goldborough1 for protection4 ,goldborough was now a beautiful young princess1 and ,godrich realized that something must soon be done for her4 ,but ,godrich had become the strongest baron in all ,england2 and though he had not forgotten his promises to ,athelwold1 little did he think to let the power1 to which he had grown so accustomed1 pass into the hands of another4 ,for though the beautiful ,goldborough was now old enough to be made queen1 the traitorous ,godrich had decided in his heart that queen she should never be1 but that when he died1 his son should be made king after him4 ,just about this time it happened that ,earl ,godrich summoned a great parliament of all the nobles of ,england to meet at ,lincoln4 ,when the parliament met1 there was a great throng of people there from all over ,england1 and the bustling city was very gay and lively4 ,many young men came thither with their elders1 bent on having a good time1 strong lads fond of wrestling and other such games4 ,now these young men were amusing themselves one day in one way and another1 and finally they began to 8put the stone40 ,the stone was big and heavy1 and it was not every man who could lift it even as high as his knees4 ,but these strong fellows who had come to ,lincoln in the train of the mighty barons could lift it up and put it a dozen or more feet in front of them2 and the one who put it the farthest1 if it was only an inch ahead of the rest1 he was counted the champion at putting the stone4 ,now these stout lads were standing around and boasting about the best throws1 and ,havelok stood by listening4 ,he knew nothing about putting the stone1 for he had never done it or seen it done before4 ,but his master1 ,bertram the cook1 was also there1 and he insisted that ,havelok should have a try at it4 ,so ,havelok took up the great stone1 and at the first throw1 he put it a foot and more beyond the best throw of the others4 ,the news of ,havelok's record throw in some way spread abroad1 how he had beaten all these strong lads1 and how tall and powerful he was4 ,and finally the knights in the great hall of the castle began speaking of it1 and ,earl ,godrich listened1 for he had suddenly thought of a way to keep his promise4 ,in a word1 it was this3 ,king ,athelwold had made him swear on the ,holy ,book that he would give his daughter in marriage to the highest and strongest in the realm of ,england4 ,now where could he find a higher and stronger than this ,havelok8 ,he would marry the king's daughter to this kitchen-boy1 and thus1 though in a way that the old king never dreamed of1 he would keep his promise and still leave the road free for himself and his son after him4 ,godrich straightway sent for ,goldborough1 and told her that he had found a husband for her1 the tallest and fairest man in all ,england4 ,and ,goldborough answered that no man should wed her unless he was a king or a king's heir4 ,at this ,godrich grew very angry4 8,thou shalt marry whom ,i please60 he commanded4 8,dost thou think thou shalt be queen and lady over me8 ,i will choose a husband for thee4 ,to-morrow shalt thou wed my cook's kitchen-boy and none other1 and he shall be lord over thee40 ,goldborough wept and prayed2 but she could not turn ,godrich from his shameful purpose4 ,then ,godrich sent for ,havelok1 and when he had come before him1 he said1 8,fellow1 do you want a wife80 8,nay1 truly10 said ,havelok1 8no wife for me6 ,what should ,i do with a wife8 ,i have neither clothing nor shoes nor food for her1 neither house nor home to put her in4 ,i own not a stick in the world1 and even the coat ,i bear on my back belongs to ,bertram the cook40 ,but ,godrich told ,havelok he must marry the wife he had chosen for him1 willy-nilly1 or he should suffer for it4 ,and finally ,havelok1 for fear of his life1 consented1 and ,goldborough was sent for1 and the ,archbishop of ,york came1 and soon they were married1 one as unwilling as the other4 ,but when the wedding was over1 and gifts had been given to ,goldborough1 rich and plenty1 ,havelok was perplexed4 ,he beheld the beauty of ,goldborough and was afraid to remain at ,godrich's castle for fear of treachery that might befall her4 ,for ,goldborough now had only ,havelok to protect her1 since the kitchen-boy had become her lord and master1 and ,havelok1 with a man's courage1 determined to defend her to the best of his ability4 ,the first thing to do1 as it seemed to him1 was to go back to ,grim's cottage1 there to think over the matter carefully before acting further4 ,and straightway1 in company with ,goldborough1 he set out secretly for the little cot by the seashore4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when ,havelok and ,goldborough came to ,grim's house1 he found that there had been many sad changes during the time he had been living in ,lincoln4 ,in the first place1 the good ,grim had died1 and also his wife1 ,dame ,leve4 ,but the three sons of ,grim and his two daughters were still living at ,grimsby1 and they still caught the fish of the sea and carried them about in baskets to sell them4 ,the oldest of these sons was called ,robert the ,red1 and1 of the remaining two1 one was named ,william ,wendout1 and ,hugh the ,raven the other4 ,they were filled with joy when they found that their foster-brother1 ,havelok1 had come back to them1 and they prepared a fine dinner for him and ,goldborough4 ,and ,robert the ,red begged ,havelok now to stay with them at ,grimsby and be their chief and leader4 ,they promised to serve him faithfully1 and their two sisters were eager to care for all the needs of ,goldborough1 his wife4 ,but for the time being1 ,havelok put them off1 for he had not yet decided what would be the best course for him to follow4 ,now that night1 as ,goldborough lay awake1 sad and sorrowful1 she was suddenly aware of a bright light1 surrounding1 as it seemed1 the head of the sleeping ,havelok4 ,then at the same time1 there came a voice1 she could not tell whence1 which said to her3 8,goldborough1 be no longer sorrowful1 for ,havelok1 who hath wedded thee1 is a king's son and heir4 ,upon his shoulder he bears a royal birthmark to prove it4 ,the day shall come when he will be king both in ,denmark and in ,england1 and thou shalt be of both realms queen and lady40 ,now just at this same time1 ,havelok dreamed a strange dream2 and when he awoke1 he told his dream to ,goldborough4 ,he dreamed that he was sitting on a high hill in ,denmark1 and when he stretched out his arms1 they were so long that they reached to the farthest limits of the land2 and when he drew his arms together to his breast1 everything in ,denmark1 all the towns1 and the country1 and the lordly castles1 all cleaved to his arms and were drawn into his embrace4 ,then he dreamed that he passed over the salt sea with a great host of ,danish warriors to ,england1 and that all ,england likewise came into his power4 ,when ,goldborough heard this dream1 she thought straightway of the strange light she had seen over ,havelok's head and the voice that she had heard1 and she interpreted it to mean that ,havelok should be king over ,denmark and afterward over ,england4 ,she knew not how this should come to pass1 but unhesitatingly advised ,havelok to prepare to set sail for ,denmark4 ,her plan was this3 that they should buy a ship1 and take ,grim's three sons1 ,robert the ,red1 ,william ,wendout1 and ,hugh the ,raven1 with them1 and1 when they came to ,denmark1 pretend that they were merchants until they could find out what course to follow4 ,and when this plan was told to the three sons of ,grim1 they immediately agreed to it1 for they were ready to follow ,havelok wherever he went4 ,and now1 also1 ,havelok for the first time learned who his father was1 and that he was really heir to the throne of ,denmark4 ,for ,grim1 before he left ,denmark1 had told all of ,havelok's story to a cousin of his1 and she now1 for she was still alive and had come to stay with ,grim's family at ,grimsby1 told ,havelok all about ,earl ,godard's treachery4 ,happy indeed was ,goldborough when she heard this story1 and they were all more anxious than ever to set out for ,denmark4 ,they got a good ship ready1 and it was not long before all were well on their way4 ,when the ship reached ,denmark1 they all went up on land and journeyed forth until they came to the castle of the great ,danish baron1 ,earl ,ubbe4 ,now ,ubbe had been a good friend of ,havelok's father1 the former ,king ,birkabeyn1 and a good man and true was he4 ,when they reached ,ubbe's castle1 ,havelok sent word that they were merchants1 come to trade in ,ubbe's country1 and1 as a present1 he sent in to ,ubbe a gold ring with a precious stone in the setting4 ,when ,ubbe had received this generous gift1 he sent for ,havelok to come to see him4 ,when the young man came1 ,ubbe was greatly struck by ,havelok's broad shoulders and sturdy frame1 and he said to himself3 8,what a pity that this chapman is not a knight6 ,he seems better fitted to wear a helmet on his head and bear a shield and spear than to buy and sell wares40 ,but he said nothing of this to ,havelok1 and only invited him to come and dine in the castle and to bring his wife1 ,goldborough1 with him4 ,and ,ubbe promised that no dishonor should be done either to one or the other1 and pledged himself as their protector4 ,and when the dinner was over1 ,ubbe1 who had taken a great liking to both ,havelok and ,goldborough1 entrusted them to the safe-keeping of one of his retainers1 a stout and doughty warrior whose name was ,bernard the ,brown4 ,to ,bernard's house1 therefore1 ,havelok and ,goldborough went1 and there too were lodged ,robert the ,red and ,william ,wendout and ,hugh the ,raven4 ,now when they had reached ,bernard's house1 and ,bernard and ,havelok and ,goldborough were sitting there peacefully at supper1 the house was suddenly attacked by a band of fierce robbers4 ,travelers were not as safe in ,denmark as they were in ,england in the days of the strong ,king ,athelwold1 and these robbers1 thinking that ,havelok must be a very rich man1 since he had given so valuable a ring to the ,earl ,ubbe1 were come now1 a greedy gang1 to see if they could get hold of some of his treasure4 ,before ,bernard and his guests were aware of them1 the robbers had reached the door1 and they shouted to ,bernard to let them in or they would kill him4 ,but the valiant ,bernard recalled that his guests were in his safe-keeping2 and shouting back that the robbers would have to get in before they could kill him1 he jumped up and put on his coat of mail and seized an ax and leaped to the doorway4 ,already the robbers were battering at the door1 and they took a huge boulder and let it fly against the door1 so that it shivered to splinters4 ,then ,havelok mixed in the fray4 ,he seized a heavy wooden door-tree1 which was used to bar the door1 and when the robbers tried to break through the door1 he laid on right and left4 ,it was not long before ,robert and ,william and ,hugh1 in the other part of the house1 heard the din and came rushing up2 and then the fight was on1 fast and furious4 ,robert seized an oar and ,william and ,hugh had great clubs1 and these1 with ,bernard's ax and ,havelok's door-tree1 made it lively enough for the robbers4 ,but especially ,havelok and his door-tree made themselves felt there4 ,the robbers1 for all they were well armed with shields and good long swords1 were compelled to give way before the flail-like strokes of ,havelok's door-tree4 ,when they saw their comrades falling right and left1 those that were still able to do so took to their legs and ran away4 ,some harm they did1 however1 while the fray lasted1 for ,havelok had a severe sword-wound in his side1 and from several other gashes the blood was flowing freely4 ,in the morning1 when ,bernard the ,brown told ,ubbe of the attacks of the robbers1 ,ubbe swore that he would bring them to punishment2 and he also took further measures to protect ,havelok4 ,when he heard that ,havelok was wounded1 he had him brought to his own castle and gave him a room right next to his own4 ,now that night1 when ,havelok lay asleep in his room and ,ubbe in the room next to it1 about the middle of the night ,ubbe was awakened1 and thought he saw a light on the other side of the door4 8,what's this80 he said to himself4 8,what mischief are they up to in there80 ,and he got up to see if everything was all right with his new friend the chapman4 ,now when ,ubbe peeped through a crack in the door1 he saw a strange sight4 ,for there was ,havelok peacefully sleeping1 and over his head there gleamed the miraculous light that ,goldborough had seen and that had caused ,grim to spare his life when he was a little child4 ,and looking closer1 ,ubbe saw something more4 ,for the cover was thrown back1 and he saw on ,havelok's shoulder the royal birthmark1 and he knew immediately that this was the son of his old friend and king1 ,birkabeyn1 and the rightful heir to the throne of ,denmark4 ,eagerly he broke open the door and ran in and fell on his knees beside ,havelok1 acknowledging him as his lawful lord4 ,as soon as ,havelok realized that he was not dreaming1 he saw that good fortune had at last put him in the way of winning back his rights4 ,and it had indeed1 for ,ubbe immediately set to work getting together an army for ,havelok4 ,it was not long before ,havelok had a fine body of fighters ready to follow wherever he led them1 and then he thought it was time to seek out his old enemy1 ,earl ,godard4 ,before this1 however1 there was another thing to be done1 and that was to make knights of ,robert and ,william and ,hugh4 ,they were given the stroke on the shoulder with the flat of the sword by ,earl ,ubbe and thus were dubbed knights4 ,they were granted land and other fee1 and they became as brave and powerful barons as any in ,denmark4 ,when ,havelok had his plans all made1 he set out to find ,earl ,godard4 ,it was ,robert the ,red who had the good fortune first to meet with him4 ,but ,godard was no coward1 and was not to be taken without struggle for his freedom4 ,he defended himself as best he could1 but his followers soon became frightened and took to their heels1 leaving the wretched ,godard a helpless prisoner in the hands of ,robert4 ,havelok was glad enough to have ,godard in his power at last1 but he made no effort to punish ,godard for the injuries he had done to him personally4 ,it was as a traitor to his king and his country that ,godard was now held prisoner4 ,when the time of the trial came1 by the judgment of his peers1 ,godard was convicted of treason and sentence of death was passed upon him4 ,when peace had again been restored throughout ,denmark1 then the people all joyfully accepted ,havelok as their king and the beautiful ,goldborough as their queen4 ,one thing still remained for ,havelok to do in ,england after affairs had all been settled in ,denmark--there still remained an accounting with ,earl ,godrich4 ,and so1 as soon as he had got his army together1 ,havelok and ,goldborough went on board ship and sailed over the sea1 and soon they were again back at ,grimsby4 ,the earl was ready for him1 too1 for he had heard of ,havelok's arrival in ,england1 and he thought he could make quick work of his former kitchen-boy4 ,but ,havelok the man1 with a ,danish army at his back1 was a quite different person from ,havelok the boy1 who carried the cook's baskets from market and distinguished himself only by his record at putting the stone4 ,and this difference ,earl ,godrich was soon to discover4 ,it was ,ubbe1 this time1 who had the first meeting with ,godrich4 ,ubbe claimed ,godrich as his prisoner1 but ,godrich immediately drew his sword in self-defense4 ,they fought long and fiercely1 and ,godrich was decidedly getting the better of it1 when ,havelok fortunately appeared upon the scene4 ,havelok demanded that ,godrich should yield himself as his prisoner1 but for answer ,godrich only rushed at ,havelok all the more fiercely with his drawn sword1 and so violent was his attack1 that he succeeded in wounding ,havelok4 ,at this1 ,havelok's patience gave out1 and exerting all his powerful strength1 in a short time he overcame ,godrich and disarmed him and bound him hand and foot4 ,then ,havelok had ,godrich carried before a jury of his peers in ,england1 where he was made to answer to the charge of treason1 just as ,godard had been made to do in ,denmark4 ,all the ,english barons acknowledged that ,goldborough was their true queen1 and that ,godrich was a tyrant and usurper4 ,and since not only plain justice1 but also the welfare of the kingdom1 demanded it1 the barons passed the sentence of death upon the traitorous ,earl ,godrich4 ,with much feasting and celebration1 ,havelok and ,goldborough were taken in triumph to ,london1 and there were crowned king and queen of ,england4 ,thus ,goldborough's dream had come to pass1 for she was now queen and lady and ,havelok was lord and king over both ,denmark and ,england4 ,but since ,havelok could not be in both countries at one time1 and since his ,danish friends were eager to get back again to ,denmark1 now that their work in ,england was finished1 ,havelok made ,ubbe ruler over ,denmark in his place1 and he remained in ,england4 ,moreover there were other old friends who were also richly deserving of reward4 ,of these1 one was ,bertram the cook1 ,havelok's former master1 who had fed him when he was starving4 ,bertram was made a rich baron1 and he was married to one of ,grim's daughters1 who were still living at ,grimsby1 but who1 of course1 had now become great ladies4 ,the other daughter was married to ,reynes1 ,earl of ,chester1 who was a brave young bachelor and glad enough to get so beautiful and so highly favored a wife as ,havelok gave him4 ,robert the ,red and ,william ,wendout and ,hugh the ,raven all remained in ,england1 where they married rich and beautiful wives1 and became ,havelok's right-hand men in the good government of the country4 ,and you can be sure the country was now again well governed4 ,as in the days of the good ,king ,athelwold1 a traveler might bear a bag full of red gold on his shoulder from one end of ,england to the other1 and be as safe as though he were guarded by an army of soldiers4 ,loved by their subjects and feared by their enemies1 thus in peace and contentment ,king ,havelok and ,queen ,goldborough dwelt together many a long year in ,england1 and their children grew up around them4 ,they had passed through their trials and tribulations1 and at last only good days were in store for them4 ,this is the end4 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,what advantage does the author gain by using a somewhat archaic style8 #b4 ,why does he tell the story with almost the same simplicity that marks the original story8 #c4 ,what events show the character of ,havelok8 #d4 ,what is the character of ,grim8 #e4 ,what is the character of ,goldborough8 #f4 ,in what respects are ,earl ,godrich and ,earl ,godard alike8 #g4 ,show that the story is like some of the familiar nursery legends4 #h4 ,outline the principal events of the narrative4 #i4 ,which events are most impressive8 #aj4 ,point out local allusions in the story4 #aa4 ,in what respects is ,havelok truly royal8 #ab4 ,point out any uses of the supernatural4 #ac4 ,is ,bertram a realistic or a romantic character8 #ad4 ,point out exceedingly human touches in the story4 #ae4 ,point out the emphasis of noble characteristics4 #af4 ,show how description adds to the effectiveness of the story4 #ag4 ,show how the story resembles other stories you have read4 #ah4 ,what reasons have made the story live for a thousand years8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,uncle ,tom's ,cabin #aa4 ,robinson ,crusoe #b4 ,washington's ,boyhood #ab4 ,rip ,van ,winkle #c4 ,the ,story of ,treasure ,island #ac4 ,the ,story of ,portia #d4 ,the ,story of ,ivanhoe #ad4 ,the ,story of ,rosalind #e4 ,the ,vision of ,sir ,launfal #ae4 ,the ,story of ,viola #f4 ,lancelot and ,elaine #af4 ,silas ,marner #g4 ,robin ,hood and ,his ,men #ag4 ,the ,ancient ,mariner #h4 ,huckleberry ,finn #ah4 ,the ,black ,knight #i4 ,tom ,sawyer #ai4 ,king ,arthur #aj4 ,ben ,hur #bj4 ,joan of ,arc ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,you are to re-tell an old story4 ,select one with which you are entirely familiar4 ,tell it very simply and plainly1 but try very hard to give it the quality of human interest4 ,make your readers sympathize with your hero and heroine4 ,tell a number of dramatic episodes1 selecting those that do most to emphasize character4 ,make your story move very quickly1 and make its action very vivid and intense4 ,give emphasis to good characteristics4 ,,the ,,story ,,essay ,,politics ,,up ,,to ,,date ,by ,,frederick ,,lewis ,,allen 7#ahij-74 ,a contributor to many magazines4 ,at different times he served as ,instructor in ,english at ,harvard1 and as a member of the editorial staff of ,the ,atlantic ,monthly1 and of ,the ,century4 ,the short story and the essay may be combined in what may be called the story-essay or the dialogue-essay4 ,many of ,addison's ,sir ,roger de ,coverley essays illustrate such a combination4 ,politics ,up ,to ,date is really a critical essay1 directed against certain tendencies in political campaigns in the ,united ,states1 but it is presented in the form of a dialogue between a young politician and an old politician4 ,it is very effective in its satire4 8,so you've come to me for advice1 have you80 said the ,old ,politician to the ,young ,politician4 8,you want to know how to succeed in politics1 do you80 ,the ,young ,politician inclined his head4 8,i do10 he replied4 8,will you tell me80 ,the ,old ,politician was silent for a moment4 8,times change10 he said at last1 8and ,i dare say there are new issues now in politics that there weren't in the good old days4 ,the technic is somewhat different1 too4 ,however1 the basic principles remain the same1 and1 after all1 the issues don't really matter2 it's what you say about them that counts1 and ,i can tell you what to say about them4 ,very well1 ,i'll advise you4 ,first of all1 if you're running for office in these days1 you must run as a hundred-per-cent4 ,american candidate40 ,the ,young ,politician's eye clouded with perplexity4 8,what is ,americanism10 he asked1 8and how does one figure it on a percentage basis80 ,the ,old ,politician brought down his fist on the table with a crash4 8,you aspire to political office1 and ask questions like that60 he exclaimed in a voice of wrath4 8,never question what hundred-per-cent4 ,americanism is1 even to yourself4 ,if you do1 somebody else will question1 too4 ,nothing could be more fatal4 ,don't try to define it2 assert it4 ,say you're hundred per cent4 and your opponent isn't4 ,intimate that if ,george ,washington1 ,thomas ,jefferson1 and ,abraham ,lincoln went over your opponent with a slide rule and an adding-machine1 they couldn't make him add up to more than ninety-nine per cent4 ,if he's out for a seven-cent fare or a new set of municipal waterworks1 tell the people that such things are un-,american4 ,say that he's dodging the issue1 and the issue is ,americanism40 ,he paused4 8,if you were my opponent1 and asked what ,americanism is1 ,i'd double you up4 ',think of it1 my fellow-citizens6 ,he doesn't even know what ,americanism is6 ,is that the kind of man to hold office in the country of ,washington and ,lincoln8'0 ,the ,young ,politician looked round uneasily to make sure that they were indeed alone1 for the ,old ,politician was almost shouting4 8,please10 said the ,young ,politician1 8not so loud4 ,i won't ask that question again4 ,i see your point4 ,what else do you advise80 8,you must learn10 continued the ,old ,politician1 8to be a good denouncer40 8,a good what80 8,denouncer4 ,keep your eyes open for objects of popular disapproval1 and when you're sure you've got hold of something that is heartily disapproved by the great majority of the people1 denounce it4 ,at present ,i should advise you to denounce the high cost of living1 the profiteers1 and the ,bolshevists4 ,next year1 of course1 the list may be quite different1 but for the present those three are the best objects of denunciation40 8,what bothers me10 suggested the ,young ,politician in a hesitating voice1 8is that it may be rather hard to drag those things into the campaign4 ,suppose1 for example1 ,i'm pledged to broaden the ,main ,street of the city upon my election to the city council4 ,won't it be rather hard to tie the ,main ,street and the ,bolshevists together80 ,the ,old ,politician looked upon the troubled face of the ,young ,politician with disgust4 8,you're a great politician1 you are10 he said wearily4 8,tie them together8 ,don't be so ridiculously logical40 ,he rose to his feet1 and as he did so he smote the table once more with his fist4 8,gen-tle-men10 he cried hoarsely1 surveying an imaginary audience with his glittering eye1 8there is a movement on foot in this very county1 this very ,state1 nay1 this very city1 to undermine our ,congress1 to topple over the ,constitution1 to put a bomb under our ,president6 ,confronted by such a menace to our democratic institutions1 what1 gentlemen1 shall be our answer8 ,let us broaden ,main ,street1 as ,washington would have broadened it1 as ,lincoln would have broadened it1 and let us put down the red flag wherever it shows its head60 8,its mast10 corrected the ,young ,politician1 visibly moved4 8,thank you for those courageous1 those hundred-per-cent4 words4 ,i shall try to strike that note4 ,but there is something else ,i want to ask4 ,suppose ,i am elected4 ,what shall ,i do while ,i hold office in order that ,i may become ultimately eligible for still higher office80 8,in that case10 replied the old man1 who by this time had subsided into his chair1 8you must not merely denounce the high cost of living1 the profiteers1 and the ,bolshevists2 you must campaign against them40 8,but suppose ,i am a commissioner of roads or an attorney-general10 queried the ,young ,politician4 8,in that case1 clearly such things lie outside my province4 ,how can ,i campaign against them80 8,my dear young man10 said the ,old ,politician1 with a weary smile1 8don't bother about your province1 as you call it4 ,your job will undoubtedly be uninteresting and the public won't know anything about it or care anything about it1 and the test of your success will be your ability to conduct campaigns which have nothing to do with your job1 and therefore stand some chance of interesting the public4 ,there is no reason why even an attorney-general shouldn't campaign against anything1 provided he handle his campaign right4 8,the principal thing to bear in mind is that you must begin your campaigns noisily and end them so quietly that the sound of their ending is drowned in the noise of the next campaign's beginning4 ,let's say you begin with a campaign against the high cost of living4 ,first come out with a statement that you1 as attorney-general or commissioner of roads or what not1 are going to knock the high cost of living to bits1 and the whole force of the ,government will be behind you4 ,that will put you on the front page once4 ,then send out telegrams calling a conference to take steps against the cost of living4 ,that will put you on the front page again4 ,then when the conference meets1 address them1 and tell them they've got to make conditions better1 simply got to4 ,by the way1 you ought to have a couple of able secretaries to help you with these speeches1 or1 better still1 to do the routine work of your office so that there will be nothing to divert your mind from your campaigns4 ,then1 after you have the conference well started1 step out4 ,don't stay with them2 they may begin asking you for constructive ideas4 ,step clear of the thing1 and start a new campaign4 8,i can't over-emphasize the fact that when the conference is well started1 you must help the public to forget about it1 and stir up interest in something new4 ,flay the profiteer for a month or two1 and get a conference going on profiteers4 ,rap the ,bolshevists1 and telegraph for a crowd of citizens to come and probe the ,bolshevists while you're deciding what your next campaign shall be4 ,don't let the people's minds run back to the high cost of living1 or they'll be likely to notice that it hasn't gone down4 ,refer constantly to the success of your own campaigns1 and keep the public mind moving40 ,the ,young ,politician was visibly impressed1 but apparently a doubt still lingered in his mind4 8,there's one thing ,i'm afraid ,i don't quite understand10 he said at last4 8,all this denouncing and rapping and probing--isn't it likely to look rather destructive8 ,will people want to vote for a man whose pleasantest mood is one of indignation80 8,my dear young man10 replied the ,old ,politician1 8,i fear that you misunderstood me4 ,a politician must be always pleasant to the people who are about him1 and denounce only persons who are not present4 ,you should compliment your audience when speaking4 ,be sure to make the right speech in the right place2 don't get off your profiteer speech to the ,merchants' ,association1 or they may begin to wonder whether they agree with you1 but draw their hearts to yours with your anti-,bolshevik speech2 assure them that you and they are going to save the nation from red ruin4 ,denunciation is pleasant if it's somebody else who is getting denounced4 ,tell the merchants or the newspaper publishers or the party committeemen1 or whoever it is that you are addressing1 that they are the most important element in the community and that the war could not have been won if they had not stepped forward to a man and done their duty4 ,that's good to hear4 8,finally1 give them a little patriotic rapture4 ,tell them this is a new age we're in4 ,picture to them the capitalist and working-man walking hand in hand with their eyes on the flag4 ,make the great heart of ,america throb for them4 ,unpleasant8 ,why1 if you top off with a heart-throb1 you can make the most denunciatory speech delightful for one and all40 ,the ,young ,politician rose4 8,i see10 he said4 8,thank you4 ,have you any other advice80 8,merely one or two minor hints10 said the ,old ,politician4 8,if the photographers want to take your picture teaching your baby to walk1 let them do it2 the public loves the home life of its leader4 ,always be affable to the reporters1 but never state your views explicitly1 or you may find them embarrassing at some later date4 ,stick to generalities4 ,i think that's all40 8,thank you again10 said the ,young ,politician1 putting out his hand4 8,you are very good4 ,you're--0 ,an idea seemed to seize his mind1 and his bearing perceptibly altered4 8,you1 sir1 are a good ,american4 ,i'm always delighted to have an evening with a man who is absolutely one-hundred-per-cent4 patriotic ,american to the core40 8,good night10 said the ,old ,politician4 8,you're getting it very nicely4 ,i think you'll do well40 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,what advantage is gained by presenting the thought through the medium of dialogue8 #b4 ,what is the character of the ,old ,politician8 #c4 ,explain the writer's satire of the use of 8,americanism40 #d4 ,what are the ,old ,politician's principles concerning denunciation8 #e4 ,what are the writer's principles8 #f4 ,in what ways does the writer satirize the ,american public8 #g4 ,how does the writer satirize political campaigns8 #h4 ,how does the writer satirize hypocrisy in political life8 #i4 ,how would the writer have a political campaign conducted8 #aj4 ,how would the writer have an office holder act8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,the ,good ,american #aa4 ,the ,right ,kind of ,leader #b4 ,campaign ,speaking #ab4 ,testing ,political ,speeches #c4 ,political ,beliefs #ac4 ,good ,citizens #d4 ,honesty in ,public ,life #ad4 ,how to ,vote ,conscientiously #e4 ,a ,worthy ,office ,holder #ae4 ,a ,genuine ,statesman #f4 ,political ,methods #af4 ,patriotic ,speeches #g4 ,denunciation #ag4 ,soap-box ,orators #h4 ,a ,political ,campaign #ah4 ,diverting ,attention #i4 ,sincerity #ai4 ,public ,servants #aj4 ,deceiving the ,public #bj4 ,the ,american ,people ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,think of a series of principles in which you strongly believe4 ,imagine two people who will represent definite attitudes toward the principles that you have in mind4 ,write a dialogue between the two people1 presenting your real thought in the disguise of satire4 ,let your work represent both the beginning and the ending of the conversation4 ,as in all other writing1 make the ending effective4 ,,free6 ,by ,,charles ,,hanson ,,towne 7#ahgg--74 ,managing editor of ,mc,clure's ,magazine4 ,he has written many delightful books1 among which are3 ,the ,quiet ,singer1 and ,other ,poems2 ,jolly ,jaunts with ,jim2 ,autumn ,loiterers2 ,shaking ,hands with ,england4 ,over two hundred years ago ,joseph ,addison imagined a character whom he called 8,the ,spectator0 meeting with various friends and discussing with them the life of the times4 ,through what was said by these imaginary beings ,addison gave his own shrewd comments on foibles and follies4 ,mr4 ,towne's 8young-old philosopher0 is a sort of modern 8,spectator40 ,he talks of the drudgery of work1 and the glowing joy of a holiday1 and comes to the sudden realization that the world is a world of work in which every one must play his part if he is to have real contentment4 ,the essay is ,mr4 ,towne's comment both on a life of unvaried drudgery and on a life of idleness4 8,i have wondered what it would seem like to be 444 jogging along with nowhere to go save where one pleased40 ,the young-old philosopher was speaking4 8,i had a strange experience yesterday4 ,to have spent twenty years or so at office work1 and then suddenly to arrange one's affairs so that a portion of the week became one's own--that is an experience1 isn't it80 ,we admitted that it was an achievement to be envied4 8,how did you manage it80 was the natural question4 8,that is a detail of little importance10 he replied4 8,let the fact of one's sudden liberty be the point dwelt upon4 ,i found myself walking up the avenue at the miraculous hour of eleven in the morning1 and not going to a desk6 ,i was headed for the park1 where ,i knew the trees had long since loaded their branches with leaves1 and the grass was so green that it made the heart ache with its loveliness4 ,you know how perfect yesterday was1 a summer day to remember and to be grateful for4 8,to you who have never known what it is to drudge day in and day out1 this may seem a trifling thing to speak of4 ,for myself1 a miracle had happened4 ,i could not believe that this golden hour was mine completely4 ,i had never seen shop-windows with quite this slant of the sun on them4 ,always ,i had viewed them early or late1 or wistfully at noon1 when the streets were so crowded with other escaped office men that ,i could take no pleasure in what ,i beheld4 ,shop-windows at eleven in the morning were for the elect of the earth4 ,that hour had always heretofore meant for me a manuscript to be read or edited1 a conference to be attended1 a telephone call to be answered1 a visit from some one seeking advice--something1 at any rate1 that made it impossible for me to call it my own4 ,i have looked often from a high window at that hour1 and seen the people in the streets as they trailed like ribbons round and round the vast city1 and ,i have wondered what it would seem like to be one of them1 not hurrying on some commercial errand1 but jogging along with nowhere to go save where one pleased4 8,at last my dream had come true1 and when ,i found myself projected upon that thrilling avenue1 and realized that ,i had nothing1 absolutely nothing1 to do until luncheon-time1 and ,i could skip that if ,i wished1 ,i could scarcely believe that it was ,i who had thus broken the traces4 8,the green of the park greeted me1 and1 like ,raleigh's cloak1#ee a gay pattern of flowers was laid at the entrance for even my unworthy feet metaphorically to tread4 ,and to think that these bright blooms unfolded here day after day and ,i had so seldom seen them6 ,an old man dozed on a bench near at hand1 oblivious to the beauty around him2 and a septuagenarian gardener leaned over the circular border1 just as ,narcissus#ef looked into the pool4 ,perhaps he saw some image of his youth in the uplifted face of a flower4 8,i know that ,i saw paths and byways everywhere that reminded me of my vanished boyhood2 for ,i am one of those who have always lived in ,manhattan1 and some of the happiest days ,i ever spent were those in the park as a child1 seeing the menagerie1 feeding the squirrels1 and rolling a hoop on a graveled pathway4 8,i remembered ,rossetti's line1#eg ',i have been here before1' as ,i walked along on this exultant morning2 and it indeed seemed as if in some previous incarnation1 and not in this life1 ,i had known my footsteps to take this perfumed way4 ,for in the hurry of life and in the rush of our modern days we forget too soon the leisure of childhood1 plunging as we do into the rough-and-tumble of an agonized manhood4 8,and all this was while the park1 like a green island set in a throbbing sea1 had waited for me to come back to it6 ,no lake isle of ,innesfree#eh could have beguiled the poet more4 ,anchored at a desk1 ,i had dreamed often of such an hour of freedom2 and now that it was really mine1 ,i determined that ,i would not analyze it1 but that ,i would simply drink in its wonder4 ,it would have been as criminal as to pluck a flower apart4 8,policemen went their weary rounds1 swinging their sticks1 and it suddenly came to me that even in this sylvan retreat there was stern labor to be done4 ,just as some one1 some time1 must sweep out a shrine1--possibly nowadays with a vacuum-cleaner6--so papers must be picked from ,god's grass1 and pick-pockets must be diligently looked for in holiday crowds4 ,men on high and practical sprinkling-carts must keep the roadways clean1 and emissaries of the law must see to it that motorists do not speed too fast4 ,you think of ice-cream as being miraculously made in a park pavilion1 and unless you visit the city woodland at the hour of eleven or so in the morning1 you may keep your dream4 ,but ,i beheld a common ice-wagon back up to the door of that cherished house of my childhood1 and a strong1 rough fellow proved himself the connecting-link between the waitress and her eager little customers4 8,at this hour it was as though ,i had gone behind the scenes of a theater while the stage-hands were busy about their necessary labors4 ,wiring had to be done1--,i had forgotten that they have telephones even in the park1--and a mason was repairing a crumbling wall4 ,how much better to let it crumble1 ,i thought4 ,but all my practicality1 through my sense of strange freedom1 had left me1 and ,i was ardent for a mad1 glad world1 where for a long time there would be nothing for anybody to do4 ,i wanted masons and policemen and icemen and nurse-maids and electricians and keepers of zological gardens to be as free as ,i1 forever and ever4 8,you see1 my unexpected holiday had gone to my head1 and it was a summer morning1 and ,i felt somehow that ,i ought to be working rather than loitering here4 8,i suppose ,i shall be sane to-morrow1 but ,i wonder if ,i want to be40 ,and we all wondered if we didn't like him better when he was just this way1 a child with a new toy1 or1 rather1 a child with an old toy that he had almost but not quite forgotten how to play with4 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,what advantage does the essayist gain by using characters to express his own thoughts8 #b4 ,what made the philosopher's holiday so notable8 #c4 ,what had been his daily life8 #d4 ,comment on the various thoughts and fancies that came to the philosopher on his holiday4 #e4 ,what is meant by the expression1 8,an ,agonized ,manhood08 #f4 ,what joys does the philosopher find8 #g4 ,show how his thoughts come back to the idea of work4 #h4 ,in what did his lack of 8sanity0 consist8 #i4 ,does the expression1 8,i suppose ,i shall be sane to-morrow10 mean that he will wish to work1 or wish to have a holiday1 or wish for something else8 #aj4 ,what was the toy that he had almost forgotten how to play with8 #aa4 ,what is the author's purpose8 #ab4 ,what evils in modern life does the essay criticize8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,school ,athletics #aa4 ,selfishness #b4 ,home ,study #ab4 ,school ,spirit #c4 ,exercise #ac4 ,good ,manners #d4 ,reading #ad4 ,playing ,jokes #e4 ,writing ,letters #ae4 ,carefulness #f4 ,aiding ,others #af4 ,honesty in ,school ,work #g4 ,politeness #ag4 ,thoughtfulness #h4 ,using ,reference ,books #ah4 ,practising ,music ,lessons #i4 ,going to ,bed ,early #ai4 ,looking ,out for ,number ,one #aj4 ,obedience #bj4 8,bluffing0 ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,when you have selected a subject that interests you1 write out1 in a single sentence1 your one most important thought on that subject4 ,then plan to write an essay that will embody that thought4 ,if you are to imitate ,mr4 ,towne's method you will think of a typical character who will express your own thought4 ,as soon as you have introduced your character--notice how quickly ,mr4 ,towne introduced the 8young-old philosopher0--lead him to relate an experience that made him think about the subject4 ,write his meditations in such a way that they will show all view-points4 ,let the end of your essay indicate1 rather than state1 the view-point that you wish to emphasize4 ,mr4 ,towne gives his essay many elements of originality and much beauty of thought and expression4 ,imitate his style as well as you can4 ,,footnotes3 #ee ,sir ,walter ,raleigh is said to have laid his cloak in the mud so that ,queen ,elizabeth might pass without soiling her garments4 #ef ,narcissus4 ,a ,greek myth tells of a young man named ,narcissus who1 leaning over a pool1 fell in love with his own reflection1 and changed into a flower4 #eg ,dante ,gabriel ,rosetti 7#ahbh-ahhb74 ,an ,english poet of ,italian and ,english descent4 ,his poems are marked by beauty of form1 symbolism and color4 #eh ,innesfree4 ,the ,irish poet1 ,william ,butler ,yeats 7#ahfd--7 wrote ,the ,lake ,isle of ,innisfree in which he imagines ,innisfree as an island of perfect peace1 a place for which he longs when 8on the roadway1 or on the pavements gray40 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,adventure ,,prunier ,,tells ,a ,,story ,by ,t4 ,,morris ,,longstreth ,an ,american author and lover of natural scenery4 ,his books on ,the ,adirondacks1 and ,the ,catskills are enticements into the mountain world4 ,he is a writer for many periodicals4 ,the romantic story of adventure deals with events that are far from being the events of daily life4 ,usually such a story has for its setting an unusual scene4 ,prunier ,tells a ,story deals with events that come into very few lives2 its setting is a region into which very few people penetrate4 ,the principal character1 the ,french-,canadian ,prunier1 is likewise a type of person with whom few are acquainted4 ,at the same time1 the story is told with a degree of naturalness that makes it seem real4 ,the ,french-,canadian is brought into touch with daily life by the presence of his two listeners1 who are people of the ordinary world1 and one of whom is a boy4 ,the story is not told merely for wild event3 it hangs upon character and upon noble purpose4 ,it emphasizes courage1 ability1 self-sacrifice and faith4 ,the setting of the story is so used that it contributes in a marked degree to the entire effect4 ,as one reads he feels himself in the icy north1 in the grip of cold and darkness where wild events are altogether probable4 ,,part ,i ,,the ,,pillar ,,of ,,cloud ,,by ,,day ,it was after supper one ,november evening1 at ,wilderness ,house1 with the sleet dancing on the eaves and the great forest of ,wildyrie closing us about with its dark presence1 when ,essex ,lad and ,i stumbled by chance on the fact that we didn't have to read books for adventure1 but merely touch ,prunier in some-story-telling place1 and then--listen4 ,prunier1 you remember1 is the blue-shirted1 black-hatted ,french-,canadian who lives with us and thinks he works4 ,he is a broad-shouldered1 husky1 simple-faced man of forty1 who never opens his mouth unless it be to point out a partridge we are overlooking or to put in his black pipe4 ,he spent his youth in the great ,northland1 where adventures are as common as black flies in a swamp1 and yet he had never even explained the scar across his cheek1 or the white patch on his scalp where some other excitement had been registered1 until that evening when ,i had closed the ,bible4 8,tink dat true80 he had suddenly asked4 ,i had been reading them how the ,lord ,god had led ,moses and the children of ,israel across that other wilderness by a pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night4 ,it had roused him strangely4 8,i know it true10 he said1 8for le bon ,dieu show me way by pillars of cloud and fire aussi4 ,if you want story1 ,i tole you dat wan1 moi-mme40 ,it was our turn to be excited4 ,here was luck--a vacant evening1 a hearth fire1 and ,prunier promising une longue histoire1 as he called it4 ,we formed a semi-circle before the blazing birch1 and1 with the dull beat of the sleet above us for accompaniment1 listened for the first word that would launch the black-eyed man upon his tale4 ,it was long coming4 ,he relit the pipe1 recrossed his legs1 muttered once 8,pore ole ,pierre10 and stopped4 ,we ceased to breathe2 for though ,i could command him to cut wood and wash dishes1 ,i could not force from him a syllable about 8,pore ole ,pierre0 until he was good and ready4 8,monsieur ,moses et moi1 we have purty hard times in wilderness widout doze pillars10 he said4 ,the ,lad and ,i gave a nervous laugh4 ,i could not fancy myself personally conducting forty thousand ,hebrews1 even through ,wildyrie1 without much assistance4 8,yaas10 he said1 8purty hard4 ,i now begin40 ,and begin he did1 slowly and with his quaint talk seasoned with his habitant ,french1 which ,i'll have to omit in my retelling4 8,it was a night just like this1 in my little cabin on ,wolf ,river4 ,it had rained and then frozen1 and the dark closed in with sleet4 ,a very good night to be indoors1 thought ole ,pierre and ,i4 ,ole ,pierre was my best friend1 an old husky1 who had been trapping with me four--five years4 ,he knew all that men know1 ,i think1 as well as all that dogs understand1 and he could smell a werewolf in the twilight40 8,a werewolf1 what's that80 was on the very opening of the ,lad's lips1 but he held back the question4 8,a werewolf1 you know10 went on ,prunier1 8is worse than real wolf1 for it is in the air--a ghost-wolf4 ,that is why ole ,pierre sometimes howled in his sleep and kept her from visiting us4 ,that is why ,i put a candle in the window every dusk-time4 ,as you shall see1 it was lucky habit4 8,eh bien1 that night ,i was sorting over my traps1 for ,i thought it would turn cold after the storm4 ,then ,i would cross ,breknek ,place and begin the winter's trapping4 8,breknek ,place is its name1 because the sides of ,wolf ,river come very close together1 almost so near a man can jump4 ,indeed its name is really because a trapper like me was surprised by the wolves and ran for it4 ,but he was too scared1 and missed4 ,they never got his body1 the wolves1 because the river runs so fast down to the ,smoky ,pool4 ,smoky ,pool is a warm cove in the ,st4 ,lawrence that freezes last1 and from which clouds of vapor rise on still days into the colder air4 8,i never intended to be washed down that way1 and in the summer ,i felled a tree from bank to bank1 a broad hemlock1 big enough to run a sledge over1 almost2 and that save many miles walking up river to ,portage du ,loup4 ,i never intended1 either1 to be run by the wolves1 you bet6 ,and ole ,pierre and ,i were pretty-very careful to be inside at the candle-lighting time4 8,that night our cabin was very quiet1 like this1 for the sleet was a little pleasant sound1 and ole ,pierre was dreaming of old hunts1 and ,i was on the floor with the traps1 when both the dog and ,i were brought out of our thoughts by a wild cry1 very faint and far away1 but as sharp and sudden as a cut of lightning on a summer night4 8,the hair on the back of my neck rises just like ole ,pierre's1 for ,i know it is the werewolf4 ,and he looks at me and whines1 for he knows it1 too4 ,i rush and light a second candle1 though ,i have not too many1 and look out the pane4 ,but of course1 there is nothing to be seen1 nothing to be heard1 except the moaning of wind in the dark4 ,yet later ,i hear a noise1 very weak1 very unsteady1 as if a person was approaching4 8,ole ,pierre howls low in his throat and scratches on the door4 ,i reprove him3 ',are you possessed1 ole ,pierre8 ,there is no soul within sixty--seventy miles4 ,and you and ,i have done nothing that should let the werewolf in4' 8,but it was fearful hearing that stealthy approach1 stopping long1 then many steps1 and a groan4 ,i get out the ,bible and read fast4 ,but there comes a tap-tap at the door1 and ,i tremble so the book almost falls from my hand1 and ole ,pierre1 he calls to his saints1 too4 8,what is the use of looking out1 for who can see a werewolf8 8,presently there is no noise4 ,the tap-tap stops2 and except for a noise as of a bundle of something dropping against the door1 there is nothing to hear except the dull sleet on the eaves1 ole ,pierre crying in his throat1 and the trip-trip of my heart that goes like a werewolf pounding on my ribs4 ,a voice inside me says open the door4 ,but another voice says ',that is a werewolf trick and you will be carried away1 ,prunier4' ,twenty times my hand is on the bolt4 8,at last ,i can stand it no longer1--that voice inside saying to me to open1--and ,i rush to it and throw it open before ,i have time to think1 and a body falls in1 against my legs4 ,a long1 thin body it is1 and ,i hesitate to touch it1 for a werewolf can take any form4 ,but a groan comes from it1 and ,i have not the heart to push it out into the dark4 ,i prop it by the fire and its eyes droop open4 ',food--tie up food4' ,that is the first word it says4 8,i push some medicine for weakness into his mouth1 and his life comes back little by little4 ',you must take food to her1' he says2 and soon again1 ',the ship by ,smoky ,pool--she starves in it--my sister4' 8,indeed1 ,i soon saw that he was faint from long travel and no feeding1 and perhaps a sickness past thrown in1 for he faints much between parts of his account4 ,but ,i gather the news that he had come very far from some deserted ship in which a sister was starving to death2 and alone1 since his three partners had cleared out4 ,he begged of me to leave him and take food for her4 ,he cried out that he was dying1 and ,i had to believe him2 for death's shadows sat at the entrance to his eyes4 ,i made him glad by placing bread beside him1 and by putting on my ,mackinaw and the pack after it1 in which ,i had put food4 8,a fever of uneasiness stirred him between faints until ,i had lit a lantern and called to ole ,pierre to follow4 ,then joy shone in his worn eyes1 and a blessing on us both followed us out into the icy night4 8,with a last look through the window at the stranger1 who had now1 as ,i thought1 closed his eyes in surrender to the end1 ole ,pierre and ,i turned into the endless forest on our long trail to the ,smoky ,pool4 ,the sleet was freezing as it fell1 and the rays of my lantern lit the woods1 which seemed made of marble1 the dark trunks glistening1 the laden boughs hanging down like chandeliers in a cathedral1 and the shrubs glittering like ten million candles as we passed4 ,in such a place1 ,i thought1 no werewolf dare attack us4 8,instead1 ,i thought of the trail ahead1 the long miles till we come to ,breknek ,place1 the long miles after to the ice-locked arm of the ,st4 ,lawrence near by the ,smoky ,pool4 ,on such an errand we had nothing to fear1 though outside the lantern-shine it was as dark as the one of ,monsieur ,moses' bad plagues you have read to the ,lad so lately4 8,we had got within three--four miles of ,wolf ,river1 ole ,pierre slip-slipping on the ice in front of me1 the lantern swinging1 my pack beginning to feel like a rest1 when for the second time that night a cry shivers across the distance1 an awful sound for a lonely man to hear in the night forest4 8,it is a long howl1 fierce and almost gladsome1 like when the evil one is clutching a new victim4 ,and it is answered from the other side of the night by another howl1 and then a chorus from both sides at once4 ,and then the trail turns1 and ,i know the pack of them is not chasing deer far away1 but chasing me1 us4 ,for ole ,pierre knows it1 too1 and crouches whining at my feet4 ,ole ,pierre knows there is no escape1 like me4 8,have you ever seen a wolf-pack run down a deer by turns1 leap at its throat1 and pull it down8 ,i have once1 near ,trois ,rivires1 from a safe place on a mountain4 ,and it was bad enough to be in the safe place1 only watching4 ,but that night how much worse6 ,i pat ole ,pierre on the head and tell him to cheer up1 there is no use dying three--four times ahead of time4 ,and as ,i say that1 ,i think of that other man chased by wolves who had tried to leap at ,breknek ,place4 8',tiens6 ole ,pierre1' ,i cry1 'let us do better6' ,and off ,i start at a dead run1 feet slipping sideways1 lantern swinging1 pack rising1 falling1 like a rabbit's hind leg1 with ole ,pierre chasing after4 ,it is less than a mile to the narrow gorge4 ,could we make that1 perhaps ,i could throw the big hemlock in and stop them from crossing after us4 ,a revolver is no good against a pack1 and going up a tree is only putting off till to-morrow their big feast on habitant4 8,the quick motion of our running put courage in our blood1 and after a little while even ole ,pierre's brush waves higher in the air1 as if he had remembered some fight of old1 and we gallop4 ,we gallop1 but the wolves they gallop too4 ,first on one side far off1 then on the other nearer1 and ever as the trail winds in a new direction they sound like pack on pack of them1 although there might have been less than ten4 ,it is only late in the winter with us1 when the snow is deep1 that they gather into big packs to pull down the moose4 8,at length1 breathless1 very tired1 but still ahead of them1 ole ,pierre and ,i come out into the clear space just before the river4 ,it was very slippery with frozen sleet1 and ,i fall once--twice2 and ole ,pierre slide here--there1 like a kitten on new ice4 ,ahead of us roars the river through the deep gorge4 ,behind on two sides the howling comes from the forest1 and once1 when ,i look back1 ,i see them4 ,but that can't be1 for it is so dark4 ,yet ,i imagine ,i see them--black1 racing forms1 tongues out1 muzzles sharp and red1 and a green-yellow fire from the eyes4 8,and it was so4 ,for before we reach the fallen hemlock1 our bridge to safety1 two come between us and the river4 ,with a yell1 ,i fire straight where they were1 but it is too dark1 too slippery to hit1 and they only circle back to wait till their partners come up4 ,i fling myself down breathless1 weak1 for just two seconds' wind4 8',cross ole ,pierre1 cross over1 mon enfant6' ,and he trotted to the long log1 but crawled back with his tail dragging1 and whined about me4 ,black shadows1 five1 ten1 twelve maybe1 circled outside the ring of my lantern-light1 and the green-yellow eyes were no imagination now4 ,but they were quiet1 intent on closing in4 ,with the lantern1 which was our only salvation from their fangs1 in one hand and my revolver in the other1 ,i backed to the hemlock1 calling to ole ,pierre to follow4 ,he is trembling1 and ,i soon know why2 for when ,i put my foot on our bridge to safety1 it cannot stay1 and ,i nearly plunge headlong into the rocky stream thirty feet below4 ,the log was slippery with frozen mist4 ,we were trapped4 ,at our backs1 a river not to be crossed2 about us1 a crew of wolves getting bolder every minute4 8',courage1 ole ,pierre6' ,i cried2 and ,i fired once into them4 ,there was a shrill howl and cry1 and several made a rush toward us1 instead of away4 ,i drop the lantern to load my revolver4 ,ole ,pierre brushes against it1 and in a second it starts to glide down the slope on the sleet-ice4 ,it goes faster1 ,i gaping after it1 slips with a flicker over the edge1 and we hear it crash and tinkle on the rocks down there6 8,quel horreur6 ,it was savage4 ,the kerosene flares up1 and for once ,i see the whole scene plainly3 the gorge1 a great leap wide at its narrowest1 spouting light2 the ice-silvered hemlock-bridge leading to safety1 but uncrossable except for a circus-dancer2 a fringe of bushes1 with the sudden-illuminated forms of strong-shouldered wolves cowering in their surprise at the light4 8,ole ,pierre and ,i had three minutes1--,i thought the kerosene would last that long1--then darkness1 a rush from the dark1 hot fangs feeling for the throat1 and there would be no ole ,pierre1 no ,prunier to rescue the girl in the ship from starvation4 8,and at the thought of her came the picture of my little cabin1 the fire we had left1 the coziness of it4 ,it made me mad--to die6 8',quick1 ole ,pierre1' ,i say4 ',allons6 ,we will crawl over the bridge1' and ,i kneel on it4 ,but my knees slip4 ,i sit on it and push myself along1 until ,i can see the wrecked lantern1 going slowly out4 ,i call to ole ,pierre1 and he comes out two--three paces1 whines1 cries1 lies down and trembles4 ,the light is fading and when it goes it is our end4 ,but ,i cannot leave ole ,pierre4 8,i crawl back and take him in my arms1 a very big arm-load4 ,the light is fading4 ,i cannot see the bushes4 ,and the eyes of the indistinct brutes again begin to gleam4 ,they approach the end of the tree4 ,ole ,pierre is too big to carry1 and ,i set him down to fix my cartridges so that ,i can get them easily4 ,it is not so long to dawn4 ,if we can hold them at the end of the bridge till dawn1 we might live4 8,suddenly a fearful thing happens3 the kerosene flares up in a dying leap1 then the dark rushes at us1 and1 with a concert of snarls1 the pack comes with it4 ,ole ,pierre is brave1 but1 as they reach us1 the rush of them cannot stop on the ice1 and ,i feel the hair of one1 ,i hear his jaws4 ,i know that they are pushing toward the edge1 and in the dark ,i have to feel for ole ,pierre4 8,there is an awful mele1 and ,i fire4 ,by the flash ,i see ole ,pierre by the brink1 with two big wolves upon him4 ,i drop my revolver to clutch at him4 ,a dark form leaps at me4 ,i have my knife in my teeth4 ,i drive it hard and often1 sometimes growling like a wolf myself1 sometimes calling to ole ,pierre4 8,once more the lantern flares enough to show the blood on my knife1 the heap of struggling forms flung on my dog1 and as it dies for the last time ,i fancy them sliding--sliding4 ,i rush to save him1 but must beat back a great hot-breathed creature whose jaws just scrape my scalp4 ,we are all sliding together now1 faster1 faster1 toward the edge of the gorge4 ,a dripping muzzle tears my cheek1--it is this scar you see1--but with both hands ,i throttle it2 and clutching with a sort of madness1 ,i hold as we go over the edge--down1 all together down--,poor ole ,pierre60 ,prunier stopped4 ,for an hour ,essex ,lad and ,i had listened1 more and more intently1 until now1 when the subdued sound of his slow-speaking ceased1 we were both gripping the edge of our chairs1 falling over the edge of that gorge with him1 sympathetically4 ,i could have imagined the least noise into the click of jaws4 ,but there was no noise1 the ,lad sitting perfectly rigid1 speechless1 staring at the man4 ,presently he put out a hand1 slowly1 and touched the guide as if to make sure that the fall had not been fatal4 ,and still neither of us spoke4 ,prunier was going to recommence4 ,he opened his mouth1 but it was only to yawn4 8,mon ,dieu10 he said1 8but ,i sleep6 ,it ees very late40 ,and the man actually rose4 8,but 'mon ,dieu1'0 ,i said1 8you can't leave us falling over a precipice6 ,what happened8 ,tell us at least what happened4 ,and you haven't even mentioned the pillar of fire or of smoke40 8,c'est une trs longue histoire40 8,it is a very long story40 8,poor ole ,pierre60 said the ,lad1 as if coming out of a dream2 8did it kill him80 ,prunier shook his head1 no4 8,it kill only the wolves we landed on--geplump6 ,we had stopped on a gravel ledge1 with the cold breath of the river rushing by a foot away4 ,i never lose sense4 ,i begin chuck wolves into the river4 ,three--four--five1 in they go1 my back bending1 my back straightening1 and gesplash6 another howl down-stream6 ,i think ,i never lose sense4 ,but ,i did40 ,he stopped again1 and rubbed a slow hand across his summer-tanned brow4 8,i must have losed sense4 ,in the morning there are no animals on the ledge40 8,you mean--0 began the ,lad1 and did not finish4 ,prunier nodded4 8,but he would not have lived anyway10 ,i said1 to ease the pain in his memory4 8,ole ,pierre could not have lived with all the wolf-bites he must have had40 8,i hope he know ,i was not in my sense10 said ,prunier4 8,alors1 dawn came soon1 and ,i cross the stream on big rocks and climb up birch sapling to the opposite bank4 ,i look back4 ,no sign of wolves4 ,i look forward1 no sign of life to the north pole1 no forest even1 just endless plain to the frozen river endless far away4 8,i give a big groan1 for there is no strength in my legs1 no courage in my heart1 and ,i feel like falling on my knees and asking le bon ,dieu to show me the way4 ,and it was as if ,he had heard1 for suddenly my eye is caught by a thin pillar of white ascending into the gray sky4 8',courage1' ,i said1 'it is ,his sign4' ,i fixed my torn pack1 bound up my cheek and scalp1 and made over the glassy surface of the plain straight where the pillar led me4 ,on and on ,i stumbled4 ,i would never have reached my errand's end but for that pillar of smoke4 ,and if ,i had not reached it4--0 ,again there was a pause4 ,then1 8,i will tell some other time10 he said1 8c'est une longue histoire40 ,not another word could we get from him1 and we soon turned in4 ,the last thing ,i remember was the ,lad's voice coming to me from his bed1 8,don't forget1 ,lucky1 we'll get his pillar of fire out of him1 too40 ,,part ,,ii ,,the ,,pillar ,,of ,,fire ,,by ,,night ,by next morning our storm of sleet had turned into a half-blizzard of snow and we put another great birch log on the fire1 got out a new can of ,prunier's favorite pipe tobacco1 and generally made ready to extract the rest of his story from him when he had finished straightening up the kitchen4 8,yaas10 he said1 8the next day to the day ,i was telling you about was just such another as this4 ,all that morning ,i walked toward le bon ,dieu's pillar of smoke1 and in the afternoon ,i reached it1 rising from the great whirling pool of steaming water into the gray sky that was thickening for a great snow--the real beginning of winter4 8,not far from the ,smoky ,pool1 just as the dead man had said it would be1 rode the schooner in the ice-locked cove where she had been wrecked4 ,all was as still as a scared mouse4 ,behind me rose that white wavering pillar2 and in front the vessel leaned a little1 as if to subside into a wave-trough that would never receive her4 ,but silence covered all1 and ,i dreaded to enter that ship for fear of what ,i should see4 8,but the dead man had been a better brother than he had been a ship-pilot1 for he had left his sister most of the food2 and when my foot-falls sounded uncannily loud upon the deck1 she came running out of the cabin1 a thin-cheeked1 pale1 slim woman4 ,how she smiled6 ,how the smile died from her face when she saw it was not her brother1 but a stranger1 torn1 bloody-bandaged1 ready to drop for fatigue6 8',tell me1 tell me quickly1 what has happened4 ,who are you8' ,she steadied herself against the cabin doorway4 ',is my brother--not living8' 8,i had not the heart or the words to tell her at that moment that ,i had left her brother closing his eyes in death in my little cabin so far away4 ,i think ,i asked le bon ,dieu to put words in my mouth that would not cause her to faint4 ,anyway1 the words came from me3 ',your brother sent me4 ,i left him--happy4' 8',i knew ,god would not desert me entirely1' she said4 ',when will he return8' 8',when le bon ,dieu leads the way1' ,i said1 and ,i told her about the pillar of cloud which had guided me to her4 8,she pointed aloft1 and ,i saw a lantern tied to the masthead4 ',i have put it there to light every night until he returns1' she said4 ',it will be lit many a night1' said ,i to myself2 and ,i must have sighed aloud1 for she looked curiously at me4 ',i am cruel6' she exclaimed2 ',i must show you your room4' ,she said it with almost a laugh1 for it was a funny little bunk she led me to4 ,into it ,i crawled1 and off to sleep ,i went1 scarcely conscious that she washed the blood from my face and ministered to my other wounds4 ,when ,i woke1 it was the next day4 8,and such a day as it was6 one thick smother of snow coming up the great valley of the ,st4 ,lawrence on a bitter wind4 ,and bitter cold it was1 too1 in the little cabin of our schooner1 though the fire in the stove did its best4 ,i was too sick1 though1 to know much what was going on4 ,several times ,i heard the chopping of a hatchet4 ,several times she came to me with hot food4 ,and as the day passed1 strength came back to my blood and ,i got up4 ,i surprised her lighting the lantern and taking it out into the wild evening4 ,i tried to stop that1 fearing some accident to her in the roar and rush of the storm1 but she said her brother must be lighted back1 and so in the end it was ,i who had to haul the swaying lantern to the masthead4 8,for three days the snow flew by and heaped an ever-increasing drift across the deck1 around the cabin door4 ,on the fourth day we looked out on a scene of desolation4 ,the sun shone dimly in skies of pinching cold4 ,there was no pillar of smoke1 the pool having at last been frozen over4 ,there was a wide river of ice1 piled in fantastic floes1 a wider plain1 spotted here and there with thickets4 ,and far off ran the dark line of forest1 inhabited by wolves which would speedily become fiercer4 ,in the forest far away stood my little cabin with its dead man keeping guard4 ,it would be long before ,i should see it1 if ,i ever did4 ,without snow-shoes1 it would be impossible to cross the forest now2 without food1 we could live only a short time longer on the ship4 ,and then ,i made the discovery that our stove fire was being maintained by schooner wood4 ,that had accounted for her chopping and for her grave face as she carried in the wood4 ,she had been breaking up a part of the ship each day to keep the fire going6 8,the responsibilities upon me made me forget my sorrows1 the death of ole ,pierre1 the lost time for trapping1 the pinch of hunger4 ,i made a makeshift pair of skees from two plankings of the schooner1 and journeyed daily to some thicket by the shore wherein ,i had set my snares1 and we lived on rabbit stew4 ,with much labor ,i cut a hole in the ice1 through which1 with much patience1 she fished4 ,but days went by when it was too stormy either to hunt or to fish1 and we sat huddled about the stove in which we burned as little wood as we could to keep from freezing4 8,during such times we talked1 but not of the future1 only of the past4 ,she told me how they1 she and her brother1 had set out on a rumor of gold in the ,laurentians2 how the crew had deserted in a body with most of the stores2 how she and her brother had been unable to man the ship sufficiently to keep it from this disaster4 ,a dozen times she described the scene where he had said farewell to her on the morning of the day he had found me4 ,a hundred times she asked me to tell her of our meeting2 and a thousand1 ,i may well say1 she wondered how soon he would return4 8,every evening she had me hang the lantern to the mast to guide him back4 ,i could not prevent it1 except by telling of his death1 and that ,i could not do4 ,i feared that the news1 coupled with our desperate situation1 would end her life4 ,as it was1 she was far too weak to travel now1 even if ,i had had the snow-shoes for her4 8,thus passed the first days4 ,then ,i saw that something must be done or else we should soon have burned up the house that sheltered us1 deck1 mast1 and hull1 before ,christmas4 ,even then we were beginning on the walls of the schooner1 since she would not let me chop down the mast4 8',there will be no place to hang the lantern if you destroy that6' she cried1 when she had rushed out on deck one morning1 to find me half-way through the strong oak4 8',your brother will not travel by night1' ,i said4 8',how do you know8' she asked1 a new harshness in her tired voice2 'you1 who will tell me so little about my brother6' 8,this was an unkind reproach1 for ,i had indeed stretched the facts too much already in order to comfort her4 8',we cannot freeze1' ,i replied4 ',you would not want him to arrive and find us dead4 ,i have measured out the fuel and know it is unwise not to begin on these unnecessary parts of the ship first4' 8',do you call my signal-mast unnecessary8' she called1 her two thin hands beating upon the wood4 ',you are cruel4 ,you would keep my brother from me4' 8,from that morning there began a sullenness between us1 which was nourished by too little food1 and by being shut up in that bit of a schooner cabin too long together4 ,for relief's sake1 when ,i was not off snaring rabbits or looking for some stray up-river seal with my revolver in my hand1 ,i began building an igloo1 a hut of snow you know1 not far from the ship4 ,i thought that the time must be prepared for when we should have chopped up our shelter1 and have pushed our home piecemeal into that devouring stove4 8,she made no comment on my preparations4 ,in fact1 we did not talk now1 except to say the most necessary things4 ,i was not sorry1 for it relieved me from telling over and over that impossible story of her brother's return4 ,i was convinced now that he had died1 and my heart grieved for her final discovery of the news4 ,but the saddest thing was to see the hunger for him grow daily stronger on her face4 ,and it was pitiful1 too1 to watch her light the lantern with hands weak enough to tremble1 to attach it to the signal-rope1 and pull it to the masthead4 ,she would never let me assist her in this act4 8',to-morrow we must move1' ,i said one night4 ',i have completed the igloo4 ,it will economize our fuel4' 8,she nodded1 weakly1 as if she cared little what happened on the morrow4 8',and unless we catch a seal1 we must save oil1' ,i added4 ,the waste of burning a lantern to attract a dead man's notice had got upon my nerves4 ',please do not light it to-night1 else we will go into the new year dark4' 8',i shall not give up my brother6' she cried1 with all her strength1 'for he will not give up me4 ,but why does he not come8 ,why does he not come8' 8,it was heart-wringing to see her--to know what was in store4 ,but it would have been less kind of me to let this deception go on4 8',he will never come1' ,i said1 as softly as ,i could2 'there is no use in the light4 ,let us save oil4' 8,her weary1 searching eyes questioned my face for the first time in days1 and then she struck a match and applied it to the wick4 8',he will come1' she said calmly1 'for ,god will guide him1 and ,i am helping ,god4' ,she went out into the dusk1 and ,i heard the futile lantern being pulled up to the masthead4 ,i could not bear to interfere4 8,so1 since save fuel we must1 ,i began practising deceit by stealing out the next evening1 lowering the signal and extinguishing it1 then hoisting the black lantern into place4 ,but she guessed2 and on the second night1 as ,i had my hand upon the rope to lower it1 she grasped my arm1 her eyes flashing1 her weak voice vibrant like the storm-wind4 8',do you dare8' she said2 'do you dare betray me8 ,you do not want my brother4' ,and with fury she grasped the rope and jerked it from my hand4 ,a sudden anger filled me4 8',unreasonable woman1' ,i cried1 'we must have the mast for firewood2 we must have the oil for light in the igloo6 ,let me alone4' 8',let me alone6' she screamed1 struggling for the rope4 8,it must have been insecurely fastened4 ,at any rate1 we had not been contending many seconds in the darkness for the control of the light above our heads when we heard a rattle and saw it coming down upon us4 ,i pushed her away just in time4 ,the lantern struck some metal1 burst1 and the spattering oil caught fire in the swiftness of a thought4 8,for the first moment we were dumb2 in the second1 horror-struck4 ,as a serpent darts its tongue1 rills of oil spread down the plank-seams of the deck2 and from each rill1 flame leaped and ran about the ship4 ,with a wild shriek1 the woman began to carry snow from a drift on the prow and sprinkle it on the spreading conflagration4 ,she might as well have tried to extinguish it with her tears4 ,in two minutes1 yellow tongues were running up the mast--that mast ,i had hoped would warm our igloo for a fortnight4 ,in three1 there was no hope of a splinter of the cold-dried boat remaining4 ,i made one plunge into the cabin and grabbed an arm-load of clothes and food1 and ran with them to the igloo4 ,but when ,i had returned1 there was no chance for a second try4 ,the cabin was a furnace of eager flame4 8,the woman1 the weeping cause of this1 and ,i were beaten back by the heat1 and at the opening of our only refuge now1 the hut of snow1 we stood and watched the swift destruction of the schooner's hulk4 ,about us1 the night's darkness was driven to its dusky horizons4 ,overhead1 the zenith was lit by the up-roaring pillar of fire which had so lately been a mast1 a deck1 a ship4 ,we looked in silence1 while the tower of flame rushed into the sky1 like a signal to the wilderness4 ,but a signal of what8 ,two houseless individuals1 robbed of their store of food1 with no means of moving1 and nowhere to move40 ,prunier paused1 and ,essex ,lad drew a long breath4 ,it was his first for minutes4 8,so that was your pillar of fire80 ,i said1 8,it seems to me more like one of ,satan's than the ,lord's40 ,prunier made an expressive gesture with his pipe4 8,le bon ,dieu does all things for the best10 he said reverently4 8,alors4 ,we stood there watching1 the heat reaching us1 and even eating maliciously into the white walls of our last hiding-place4 ,but that did not go on long1 for the ship was pouring its soul too lavishly into that hot pyre to last4 8',quick1' ,i said to my fellow-outcast1 'drink in all the heat you can1 for this is the end4' 8',and it is my fault6' she said2 'can you forgive me8' 8',can you8' ,i asked4 ',we must be brave now4 ,let us warm ourselves while there are coals to warm us4 ,let us warm our wits and think1 for before day dawns we must have a plan4' 8',it is too hard1' she said hopelessly4 8',trust ,god for one night more4 ,perhaps ,i can make a sledge and pull you to my cabin4 ,there is food there4' 8',you are too weak1' she said4 ,and ,i knew that she was right4 8,as the pillar of fire died down until it was a mere bright spiral of gilded smoke1 and after the sides of the schooner had burned to the water-line1 leaving great benches of blackened ice about1 we drew nearer and nearer to the lessening warmth4 ,darkness and cold and the northern silence shut us in4 8,we spoke in whispers1 but hope died in me with the fading fire4 ,what chance for escape was there with a half-starved woman across a great snow-plain2 and then through forests deep with the first snows and roamed by wolves1 whose savageries ,i had tasted8 8,luckily there was no wind4 ,smaller and smaller was the circle of light1 weaker and weaker the heat4 ,and tireder and more tired grew our heads that could see no light of safety ahead4 8,i think1 sitting close together there1 we dozed4 ,certainly not for long1 however1 because the pillar of fire1 though now a mere thread1 was still pointing a finger into le bon ,dieu's heaven1 when ,i heard a crunch1 crunch6 8',wolves6' ,i said to myself1 coming to my senses with a jerk4 ,i felt for a revolver1 but the only one had been left in the cabin4 8',dear ,lord1' ,i prayed1 'spare us this4' 8,but the crunch came nearer1 nearer1 like the soft foot-falls of many beasts1 yet not quite like them either4 ,i grasped a black-charred spar2 ran it into a heap of red ashes to make it as deadly a weapon as possible4 ,a little flame sprang from the pile1 and in its light ,i went to grapple with this new danger4 8,the woman had heard1 and1 with a little scream1 sprang to her feet and ,illustration3 8',you made a fine signal'40 7page #afe7 quickly came up behind me1 put her hand upon me1 and cried3 ',he has come6 ,it is my brother who has come6' 8,and1 as in the ,bible1 where ,monsieur ,moses spoke to the rock and the water gushed from it1 so the woman cried into the dark and an answering voice sprang from it--a voice as from the dead4 8,i stood trembling1 too weak to move4 8',you made a fine signal1' the voice said4 ',thank ,god for it6' 8',yes1 thank le bon ,dieu1 for it was ,his pillar of fire1' ,i said4 ',who are you8' 8',the rescued come to rescue1' he replied2 'her brother4' 8,his sister had sunk upon the snow4 ,as he bent to pick her up1 ,i saw the extra pairs of snow-shoes on his back1 ,i noticed my toboggan that he was pulling1 and the stores of food upon it4 8',you are strong again1' ,i said1 wishing to pinch him to see whether he was he1 or a trick of some werewolf who was deceiving me4 8',thanks to your food1' 8',but you have been long coming1 brother1' said she1 weakly4 ',why so long8' 8',all the bays are much alike1' he explained2 'and when the ,smoky ,pool was frozen1 ,i lost my only clue4 ,i was getting always farther away on my hunt1 when the ,lord turned and led me here by ,his pillar of fire4' 8,and the three of us1 standing there in the dark of earliest dawn beneath the ,great ,bear1 we keep still and say three--four prayers from ourselves to that same ,jehovah who had guided ,monsieur ,moses1 for the making of us safe40 99 99 99 99 99 ,prunier ceased abruptly and knocked out his pipe upon the hearth-side1 then gazed reminiscently out into the falling snow4 ,i was busy with the picture in my brain of that blackened hulk1 the frail woman and her almost helpless companion standing there in the midst of that gray waste of coming dawn4 ,but the ,lad's mind had already gone scouting on before4 8,and were you made safe1 ,prunier80 he asked4 8,oh1 certainement60 said the guide1 almost drolly4 8,voyez1 ,i am here40 8,then tell us--0 commanded the insatiable youth4 8,mais1 cette une longue histoire10 was all we heard4 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,what means does the author employ to lead naturally into the story of romantic adventure8 #b4 ,what is the advantage of introducing two ordinary people in the very beginning of the story8 #c4 ,what is the character of ,prunier8 #d4 ,how do ,prunier's peculiar characteristics aid the story8 #e4 ,how does the author indicate ,prunier's way of speaking8 #f4 ,why is the entire story not told in dialect8 #g4 ,how does the author present the setting of the story8 #h4 ,what part does the dog play in the story8 #i4 ,what part does superstition play8 #aj4 ,point out the three or four most exciting parts of the story4 #aa4 ,explain how the characters are saved from threatening dangers4 #ab4 ,in what respects is the story a narrative of contest8 #ac4 ,why is the narrative divided into two sections8 #ad4 ,why are the two ordinary people mentioned throughout the story8 #ae4 ,what part does religious faith play8 #af4 ,in what respects is the second part of the story more intense than the first part8 #ag4 ,what is the character of the sister8 #ah4 ,what is the character of the brother8 #ai4 ,how does misfortune turn into blessing8 #bj4 ,how is the climax made emphatic8 #ba4 ,what did ,prunier omit8 #bb4 ,point out the most romantic episodes in the story4 #bc4 ,point out the most realistic touches in the story4 #bd4 ,what noble qualities does the story emphasize8 #be4 ,how does the story affect the reader8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,prunier's ,return #aa4 ,prunier's ,first ,moose #b4 ,the ,brother's ,adventures #ab4 ,why ,prunier ,lived in the ,north #c4 ,the ,story of the ,shipwreck #ac4 ,the ,sister's ,return to ,civilization #d4 ,the ,mutiny of the ,crew #ad4 ,in ,prunier's ,hut #e4 ,prunier's ,boyhood #ae4 ,the ,strange ,visitor #f4 ,how ,prunier ,obtained ,pierre #af4 ,the ,end of the ,wolves #g4 ,prunier's ,longest ,journey #ag4 ,prunier ,tells ,another ,story #h4 ,why ,prunier ,was ,superstitious #ah4 ,the ,sister ,tells a ,story #i4 ,the ,rescue of ,pierre #ai4 ,the ,fate of the ,deserters #aj4 ,how ,prunier ,lost a ,companion #bj4 ,prunier's ,last ,day ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,in the introduction of your romance use familiar scenes1 events or characters that will lead naturally to a narrative of startling events4 ,say enough to indicate the setting of your story and to make it a vital factor in producing effect but do not write any long-drawn descriptions or explanations4 ,let your characters tell the story and present its setting4 ,make all the action hinge on worthy effort1 and contribute to awakening respect for the characters4 ,tell a series of most unusual events4 ,in telling every incident make full use of suspense and of climax4 ,tell the incidents in such a way that one will lead naturally to another4 ,your story will produce the most startling effect if you show your hero apparently defeated but able1 at the last moment1 to find a means of escape from danger4 ,keep your story true to human nature1 and to the best ideals of human nature4 ,,the ,,didactic ,,essay ,,the ,,american ,,boy ,by ,,theodore ,,roosevelt 7#aheh-aiai74 ,twenty-sixth ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,one of the most vigorous1 courageous and picturesque figures in the public life of his day4 ,soon after his graduation from ,harvard1 and from ,columbia ,law ,school he entered public life1 and gave invaluable service in many positions1 becoming ,president in #aija1 and again in #aijd4 ,his work as an organizer of the 8,rough ,riders10 his skill in horsemanship1 his courage as an explorer and hunter1 and his staunch patriotism and high ideals all made him both interesting and beloved4 ,his work as an author is alone sufficient to make him great4 ,among his many books are ,the ,winning of the ,west2 ,the ,strenuous ,life2 ,african ,game ,trails2 ,true ,americanism4 ,the ,american ,boy is a didactic essay1--an essay that expresses the writer's individuality and opinions and at the same time conveys instruction in the form of inspiration4 ,such an essay approaches the oration and the treatise4 ,it differs from the oration in being less strongly didactic1 and from the treatise in being less formal and comprehensive4 ,mr4 ,roosevelt's personality is particularly evident in ,the ,american ,boy4 ,in every paragraph the reader feels the virile strength1 the masterful force1 the firm-set manhood1 the broad-minded attitude toward all things that are good1 and the intense hatred of cowardice and evil that always characterized ,mr4 ,roosevelt4 ,the writer is not so much telling a boy what to do as he is telling what sort of boy he admires4 ,the force of such an essay is great4 ,no one1 boy or man1 can read ,the ,american ,boy without being the better for it1 without himself admiring manliness1 the right balance between athletics and study1 and the ideals of courage and fair-play4 ,of course1 what we have a right to expect of the ,american boy is that he shall turn out to be a good ,american man4 ,now1 the chances are strong that he won't be much of a man unless he is a good deal of a boy4 ,he must not be a coward or a weakling1 a bully1 a shirk1 or a prig4 ,he must work hard and play hard4 ,he must be clean-minded and clean-lived1 and able to hold his own under all circumstances and against all comers4 ,it is only on these conditions that he will grow into the kind of ,american man of whom ,america can be really proud4 ,there are always in life countless tendencies for good and for evil1 and each succeeding generation sees some of these tendencies strengthened and some weakened2 nor is it by any means always1 alas6 that the tendencies for evil are weakened and those for good strengthened4 ,but during the last few decades there certainly have been some notable changes for good in boy life4 ,the great growth in the love of athletic sports1 for instance1 while fraught with danger if it becomes one-sided and unhealthy1 has beyond all question had an excellent effect in in-reared manliness4 ,forty or fifty years ago the writer on ,american morals was sure to deplore the effeminacy and luxury of young ,americans who were born of rich parents4 ,the boy who was well off then1 especially in the big ,eastern cities1 lived too luxuriously1 took to billiards as his chief innocent recreation1 and felt small shame in his inability to take part in rough pastimes and field sports4 ,nowadays1 whatever other faults the son of rich parents may tend to develop1 he is at least forced by the opinion of all his associates of his own age to bear himself well in manly exercises and to develop his body--and therefore1 to a certain extent1 his character--in the rough sports which call for pluck1 endurance1 and physical address4 ,of course1 boys who live under such fortunate conditions that they have to do either a good deal of outdoor work or a good deal of what might be called natural outdoor play1 do not need this athletic development4 ,in the ,civil ,war the soldiers who came from the prairie and the backwoods and the rugged farms where stumps still dotted the clearings1 and who had learned to ride in their infancy1 to shoot as soon as they could handle a rifle1 and to camp out whenever they got the chance1 were better fitted for military work than any set of mere school or college athletes could possibly be4 ,moreover1 to mis-estimate athletics is equally bad whether their importance is magnified or minimized4 ,the ,greeks were famous athletes1 and as long as their athletic training had a normal place in their lives1 it was a good thing4 ,but it was a very bad thing when they kept up their athletic games while letting the stern qualities of soldiership and statesmanship sink into disuse4 ,some of the boys who read this paper will certainly sometime read the famous letters of the younger ,pliny1 a ,roman who wrote1 with what seems to us a curiously modern touch1 in the first century of the present era4 ,his correspondence with the ,emperor ,trajan is particularly interesting2 and not the least noteworthy thing in it is the tone of contempt with which he speaks of the ,greek athletic sports1 treating them as the diversions of an unwarlike people which it was safe to encourage in order to keep the ,greeks from turning into anything formidable4 ,so at one time the ,persian kings had to forbid polo1 because soldiers neglected their proper duties for the fascinations of the game4 ,to-day1 some good critics have asserted that the reverses suffered by the ,british at the hands of the ,boers in ,south ,africa are in part due to the fact that the ,english officers and soldiers have carried to an unhealthy extreme the sports and pastimes which would be healthy if indulged in with moderation1 and have neglected to learn as they should the business of their profession4 ,a soldier needs to know how to shoot and take cover and shift for himself--not to box or play football4 ,there is1 of course1 always the risk of thus mistaking means for ends4 ,english fox-hunting is a first-class sport2 but one of the most absurd things in real life is to note the bated breath with which certain excellent ,englishmen1 otherwise of quite healthy minds1 speak of this admirable but not over-important pastime4 ,they tend to make it almost as much of a fetish as1 in the last century1 the ,french and ,german nobles made the chase of the stag1 when they carried hunting and game-preserving to a point which was ruinous to the national life4 ,fox-hunting is very good as a pastime1 but it is about as poor a business as can be followed by any man of intelligence4 ,certain writers about it are fond of quoting the anecdote of a fox-hunter who1 in the days of the ,english ,civil ,war1 was discovered pursuing his favorite sport just before a great battle between the ,cavaliers and the ,puritans1 and right between their lines as they came together4 ,these writers apparently consider it a merit in this man that when his country was in a death-grapple1 instead of taking arms and hurrying to the defense of the cause he believed right1 he should placidly have gone about his usual sports4 ,of course1 in reality the chief serious use of fox-hunting is to encourage manliness and vigor1 and keep a man so that in time of need he can show himself fit to take part in work or strife for his native land4 ,when a man so far confuses ends and means as to think that fox-hunting1 or polo1 or football1 or whatever else the sport may be1 is to be itself taken as the end1 instead of as the mere means of preparation to do work that counts when the time arises1 when the occasion calls--why1 that man had better abandon sport altogether4 ,no boy can afford to neglect his work1 and with a boy work1 as a rule1 means study4 ,of course1 there are occasionally brilliant successes in life where the man has been worthless as a student when a boy4 ,to take these exceptions as examples would be as unsafe as it would be to advocate blindness because some blind men have won undying honor by triumphing over their physical infirmity and accomplishing great results in the world4 ,i am no advocate of senseless and excessive cramming in studies1 but a boy should work1 and should work hard1 at his lessons--in the first place1 for the sake of what he will learn1 and in the next place1 for the sake of the effect upon his own character of resolutely settling down to learn it4 ,shiftlessness1 slackness1 indifference in studying1 are almost certain to mean inability to get on in other walks of life4 ,of course1 as a boy grows older it is a good thing if he can shape his studies in the direction toward which he has a natural bent2 but whether he can do this or not1 he must put his whole heart into them4 ,i do not believe in mischief-doing in school hours1 or in the kind of animal spirits that results in making bad scholars2 and ,i believe that those boys who take part in rough1 hard play outside of school will not find any need for horse-play in school4 ,while they study they should study just as hard as they play football in a match game4 ,it is wise to obey the homely old adage1 8,work while you work2 play while you play40 ,a boy needs both physical and moral courage4 ,neither can take the place of the other4 ,when boys become men they will find out that there are some soldiers very brave in the field who have proved timid and worthless as politicians1 and some politicians who show an entire readiness to take chances and assume responsibilities in civil affairs1 but who lack the fighting edge when opposed to physical danger4 ,in each case1 with soldiers and politicians alike1 there is but half a virtue4 ,the possession of the courage of the soldier does not excuse the lack of courage in the statesman1 and even less does the possession of the courage of the statesman excuse shrinking on the field of battle4 ,now1 this is all just as true of boys4 ,a coward who will take a blow without returning it is a contemptible creature2 but1 after all1 he is hardly as contemptible as the boy who dares not stand up for what he deems right against the sneers of his companions who are themselves wrong4 ,ridicule is one of the favorite weapons of wickedness1 and it is sometimes incomprehensible how good and brave boys will be influenced for evil by the jeers of associates who have no one quality that calls for respect1 but who affect to laugh at the very traits which ought to be peculiarly the cause for pride4 ,there is no need to be a prig4 ,there is no need for a boy to preach about his own good conduct and virtue4 ,if he does he will make himself offensive and ridiculous4 ,but there is urgent need that he should practise decency2 that he should be clean and straight1 honest and truthful1 gentle and tender1 as well as brave4 ,if he can once get to a proper understanding of things1 he will have a far more hearty contempt for the boy who has begun a course of feeble dissipation1 or who is untruthful1 or mean1 or dishonest1 or cruel1 than this boy and his fellows can possibly1 in return1 feel for him4 ,the very fact that the boy should be manly and able to hold his own1 that he should be ashamed to submit to bullying without instant retaliation1 should1 in return1 make him abhor any form of bullying1 cruelty1 or brutality4 ,there are two delightful books1 ,thomas ,hughes's 8,tom ,brown at ,rugby10 and ,aldrich's 8,story of a ,bad ,boy10 which ,i hope every boy still reads2 and ,i think ,american boys will always feel more in sympathy with ,aldrich's story1 because there is in it none of the fagging1 and the bullying which goes with fagging1 the account of which1 and the acceptance of which1 always puzzle an ,american admirer of ,tom ,brown4 ,there is the same contrast between two stories of ,kipling's4 ,one1 called 8,captains ,courageous10 describes in the liveliest way just what a boy should be and do4 ,the hero is painted in the beginning as the spoiled1 over-indulged child of wealthy parents1 of a type which we do sometimes unfortunately see1 and than which there exist few things more objectionable on the face of the broad earth4 ,this boy is afterward thrown on his own resources1 amid wholesome surroundings1 and is forced to work hard among boys and men who are real boys and real men doing real work4 ,the effect is invaluable4 ,on the other hand1 if one wishes to find types of boys to be avoided with utter dislike1 one will find them in another story by ,kipling1 called 8,stalky ,co410 a story which ought never to have been written1 for there is hardly a single form of meanness which it does not seem to extol1 or of school mismanagement which it does not seem to applaud4 ,bullies do not make brave men2 and boys or men of foul life cannot become good citizens1 good ,americans1 until they change2 and even after the change scars will be left on their souls4 ,the boy can best become a good man by being a good boy--not a goody-goody boy1 but just a plain good boy4 ,i do not mean that he must love only the negative virtues2 ,i mean he must love the positive virtues also4 8,good10 in the largest sense1 should include whatever is fine1 straightforward1 clean1 brave1 and manly4 ,the best boys ,i know--the best men ,i know--are good at their studies or their business1 fearless and stalwart1 hated and feared by all that is wicked and depraved1 incapable of submitting to wrongdoing1 and equally incapable of being aught but tender to the weak and helpless4 ,a healthy-minded boy should feel hearty contempt for the coward1 and even more hearty indignation for the boy who bullies girls or small boys1 or tortures animals4 ,one prime reason for abhorring cowards is because every good boy should have it in him to thrash the objectionable boy as the need arises4 ,of course1 the effect that a thoroughly manly1 thoroughly straight and upright boy can have upon the companions of his own age1 and upon those who are younger1 is incalculable4 ,if he is not thoroughly manly1 then they will not respect him1 and his good qualities will count for but little2 while1 of course1 if he is mean1 cruel1 or wicked1 then his physical strength and force of mind merely make him so much the more objectionable a member of society4 ,he cannot do good work if he is not strong1 and does not try with his whole heart and soul to count in any contest2 and his strength will be a curse to himself and to every one else if he does not have thorough command over himself and over his own evil passions1 and if he does not use his strength on the side of decency1 justice1 and fair dealing4 ,in short1 in life1 as in a football game1 the principle to follow is3 ,hit the line hard2 don't foul and don't shirk1 but hit the line hard6 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,in a single sentence express ,mr4 ,roosevelt's principal thought4 #b4 ,point out the subordinate thoughts that aid the development of the essay4 #c4 ,point out examples of antithesis4 #d4 ,show how ,mr4 ,roosevelt gains power by the use of short and common words4 #e4 ,describe the sort of boy whom ,mr4 ,roosevelt does not admire4 #f4 ,describe the sort of boy whom ,mr4 ,roosevelt does admire4 #g4 ,what is ,mr4 ,roosevelt's opinion of the value of athletics8 #h4 ,what is ,mr4 ,roosevelt's opinion of the relative position of study and of athletics8 #i4 ,what sort of books for boys does ,mr4 ,roosevelt admire8 #aj4 ,what is the effect of the last sentence8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,the ,american ,girl #aa4 ,fearlessness #b4 ,the ,american ,man #ab4 ,physical ,strength #c4 ,the ,american ,woman #ac4 ,fair ,play #d4 ,the ,good ,athlete #ad4 ,energy #e4 ,the ,good ,student #ae4 ,the ,under ,dog #f4 ,the ,true ,aristocrat #af4 ,american ,ideals #g4 ,the ,truly ,rich #ag4 ,success in ,life #h4 ,the ,ideal of ,work #ah4 ,skill #i4 ,good ,reading #ai4 ,a ,good ,time #aj4 ,good ,citizenship #bj4 ,manliness ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,your subject must be one on which you have strong convictions as the result of personal experience4 ,in a certain sense1 your essay must represent your own life4 ,try to hold forward no ideals that you yourself do not uphold4 ,formulate a strong central thought1 and two or three subordinate and supporting thoughts4 ,when you have done this develop your essay step by step1 giving examples drawn from history or from well-known facts4 ,mention books that set forward the ideals you wish to emphasize4 ,write in a strong1 forceful1 almost commanding style1 but do not say 8,thus and so shalt thou do40 ,speak in strong terms of the principles that you admire but leave your readers to draw value from the enthusiasm of your words rather than information from directions given4 ,,the ,,spirit ,,of ,,adventure ,by ,,hildegarde ,,hawthorne ,daughter of ,julian ,hawthorne1 and grand-daughter of ,nathaniel ,hawthorne4 ,she writes with rare charm and literary power1 and contributes regularly to many periodicals4 ,among her books are3 ,a ,country ,interlude2 ,the ,lure of the ,garden2 ,old ,seaport ,towns of ,new ,england2 ,girls in ,bookland4 ,the article that follows is much like an oration or an editorial article in that it is directed to 8you0 rather than expressive of 8,i04 ,the true essay is not concerned with 8you03 it is concerned only with 8,i04 ,both the oration and the editorial article have much in common with the essay type2 for both turn aside frequently into the happy fields of meditation4 ,the first three paragraphs of ,the ,spirit of ,adventure are purely personal in nature and therefore wholly in keeping with the spirit of the essay form4 ,furthermore1 those paragraphs--so reminiscent of the fancy of the writer's famous grandfather1 ,nathaniel ,hawthorne1--represent poetic prose4 ,throughout the article the personal note mingles with the directing voice of the editorial article4 ,indeed1 it would be easy to drop from ,the ,spirit of ,adventure everything that is not personal1 and thereby to leave pure essay4 ,as it stands1 ,the ,spirit of ,adventure is a didactic essay1 brave and strong in its thought1 and poetic in its style4 ,wind has always seemed wonderful and beautiful to me4 ,invisible as it is1 it pervades the whole world4 ,it has the very quality of life4 ,without wind1 how dead and still the world would be6 ,in the autumn1 wind shakes the leaves free and sends them flying1 gold and red4 ,it takes the seeds of many plants and sows them over the land4 ,it blows away mists and sets clouds to voyaging1 brings rain and fair weather the year round1 builds up snow in fantastic palaces1 rolls the waves high1 murmurs a fairy music in the pines and shouts aloud in storms4 ,wind is the great adventurer of nature4 ,sometimes it is so fierce and terrible that nothing can stand before it--houses are torn to shreds1 trees are felled1 ruin follows where it goes4 ,at other times1 it comes marching wet and salt from the sea1 or dry and keen from the mountains on hot summer days1 bringing ease and rest and health4 ,keen as a knife1 it whips over the frozen ground in winter and screams wildly round the farm-house1 taps the panes with ghost fingers1 and whistles like a sprite in the chimney4 ,it brings sails from land to land1 turns windmills in quaint foreign places1 and sets the flags of all the countries of the world fluttering on their high staffs4 ,wind is nature's spirit of adventure1 keeping her world vigorous1 clean1 and alive4 ,for us1 too1 the spirit of adventure is the fine wind of life1 and if we have it not1 or lose it1 either as individual or nation1 then we begin to die1 our force and freshness depart1 we stop in our tracks1 and joy vanishes4 ,for joy is a thing of movement and energy1 of striving forward1 a thing of hope as well as fruition4 ,you must be thoroughly alive to be truly joyful1 and all the great things accomplished by men and nations have been accomplished by vigorous and active souls1 not content to sit still and hold the past1 but eager to press on and to try undiscovered futures4 ,if ever a nation was founded on1 and built up by1 the spirit of adventure1 that nation is our own4 ,the very finding of it was the result of a splendid upspring of that spirit4 ,from then on through centuries it was only men in whom the spirit of adventure was strong as life itself who reached our shores4 ,great adventurers1 on they came1 borne as they should be1 by wind itself6 ,gallant figures1 grim figures1 moved by all sorts of lures and impulses1 yet one and all stirred and led by the call of adventure1 that cares nothing for ease of body or safety1 for old1 tried rules and set ways and trodden paths1 but passionately for freedom and effort1 for what is strange and dangerous and thrilling1 for tasks that call on brain and body for quick1 new decisions and acts4 ,the spirit of adventure did not die with the settling of our shores4 ,following the sea adventures came those of the land1 the pioneers1 who went forward undismayed by the perils and obstacles that appeared quite as insurmountable as did the uncharted seas to ,columbus's men4 ,think of the days1 when next you ride across our great continent in the comfort of a ,pullman1 when it took five months and more to make the same journey with ox-teams4 ,think how day followed day for those travelers across the ,great ,plains in a sort of changeless spell1 where they topped long slow rise after long slow rise only to see the seemingly endless panorama stretch on before them4 ,think how they passed the ghastly signs of murdered convoys gone before1 and yet pressed on4 ,think how they settled here and there in new strange places where never the foot of men like themselves had been set before1 and proceeded to build homes and till the land1 rifle in hand2 think how their wives reared their children and kept their homes where never a white child or a ,christian home had been before4 ,where should we be to-day but for such men and women--if this wind of the spirit had never blown through men's hearts and fired them on to follow its call1 as the wind blows a flame8 ,wherever you look here in ,america you can see the signs and traces of this wonderful spirit4 ,in old towns1 like ,provincetown or ,gloucester1#ei you still hear tales of the whale-fisheries1 and still see boats fare out to catch cod and mackerel on the wild and dangerous ,banks4 ,but in the past1 the fishers sailed away for a year or two1 round the globe itself1 after their game6 ,you see the spirit's tracks along the barren banks of the ,sacramento1#fj where the gold-seekers fronted the wilderness after treasure1 and in ,alaska it walks incarnate4 ,it is hewing its way in forests and digging it in mines2 it is building bridges and plants in the deserts and the mountains4 ,out it goes to the islands of the ,pacific1 and in ,africa it finds a land after its heart4 ,how much of this spirit lives in you8 ,i tell you1 when ,i hear a girl or a boy say3 8,this place is good enough for me4 ,i can get a good job round the corner6 ,i know all the folks in town2 and ,i don't see any reason for bothering about how they live in other places or what they do away from here02 when ,i hear that sort of talk from young people1 my heart sinks a bit4 ,for such boys and girls there is no golden call of adventure1 no lure of wonder by day and night1 no desire to measure their strength against the world1 no hope of something finer and more beautiful than what they have as yet known or seen4 ,i like the boy or girl who sighs after a quest more difficult than the trodden trail1 who wants more of life than the assurance of a good job4 ,i know very well that the home-keeping lad has a stout task to perform and a good life to live4 ,but ,i know1 too1 that if the youth of a nation loses its love of adventure1 if that wild and moving spirit passes from it1 then the nation is close to losing its soul4 ,it has about reached the limit of its power and growth4 ,so much in our daily existence works against this noble spirit1 disapproves it1 fears it4 ,people are always ready to prove that there is neither sense nor profit in it4 ,why should you sail with ,drake#fa and ,frobisher1#fb or march with ,fremont#fc or track the forest with ,boone1#fd when it is so much easier and safer and pays better to stay at home8 ,why shouldn't you be content to do exactly like the people about you1 and live the life that is already marked out for you to live8 ,that is what most of us will do4 ,but that is no reason why the glorious spirit of adventure should be denied and reviled4 ,it is the great spirit of creation in our race4 ,if it stirs in you1 listen to it1 be glad of it4 ,a mere restless impulse to move about1 the necessity to change your environment or else be bored1 the dissatisfaction with your condition that leads to nothing but ill temper or melancholy1 these are not part of the spirit of which ,i am speaking4 ,you may develop the spirit of adventure without stirring from home1 for it is not ruled by the body and its movements4 ,great and high adventure may be yours in the home where you now live1 if you realize that home as a part of the great world1 as a link of the vast chain of life4 ,two boys can sit side by side on the same hearth-stone1 and in one the spirit of adventure is living and calling1 in the other it is dead4 ,to the first1 life will be an opportunity and a beckoning4 ,he will be ready to give himself for the better future2 he will be ready to strike hands with the fine thought and generous endeavor of the whole world1 bringing to his own community the fruit of great things1 caring little for the ease and comfort of his body1 but much for the possibilities of a finer1 truer realization of man's eternal struggle toward a purer liberty and a nobler life4 ,the spirit of adventure is a generous spirit1 kindling to great appeals4 ,of the two boys1 sitting there together1 the second may perhaps go round the world1 but to him there will be no song and no wonder4 ,he will not find adventure1 because he has it not4 ,the old phrase1 8adventures to the adventurous10 is a true saying4 ,the selfish and the small of soul know no adventures4 ,as ,i think of ,america to-day1 ,i say the spirit that found and built her must maintain her4 ,there are great things to be done for ,america in the coming years1 in your years4 ,her boundaries are fixed1 but within those boundaries marvelous development is possible4 ,her government has found its form1 but there is work for the true adventurer in seeing that the spirit of that government1 in all its endless ramifications and expressions1 fulfils the intention of human liberty and well-being that lie within that form4 ,her relations with the world outside of herself are forming anew1 and here too there is labor of the noblest4 ,the lad who cares only for his own small job and his own small comforts1 who dreads the rough contacts of life and the dangers of pioneering will not help ,america much4 ,in the older days the ,pilgrim ,fathers cast aside every comfort of life to follow the call of liberty1 coming to a wilderness so remote1 that for us a voyage to some star would scarcely seem more distant or strange4 ,none of us will be called upon to do so tremendous a thing as that act of theirs1 so far as the conditions of existence go1 since the telegraph and the aroplane and turbine knit us close4 ,but there are adventures quite as magnificent to be achieved4 ,the spirit of adventure loves the unknown4 ,and in the unknown we shall find all the wonders that are waiting for us4 ,our whole life is lived on the very border of unknown things1 but only the adventurous spirit reaches out to these and makes them known1 and widens the horizons for humanity4 ,the very essence of the spirit of adventure is in doing something no one has done before4 ,every high-road was once a trail1 every trail had its trail-breaker1 setting his foot where no man's foot had gone before through what new forests and over what far plains4 ,it is good to ride at ease on the broad highway1 with every turning marked and the rules all kept4 ,but it is not the whole of life4 ,the savor of lonely dawns1 the call of an unknown voice1 the need to establish new frontiers of spirit and action beyond any man has yet set1 these are also part of life4 ,do not forego them4 ,you are young and the world is before you4 ,be among those who perceive all its variety1 its potentialities1 who can see good in the new and unknown1 and find joy in hazard and strength in effort4 ,do not be afraid of strange manners and customs1 nor think a thing is wrong because it is different4 ,throw wide the great gates of adventure in your soul1 young ,america6 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,point out effects that have been gained by the use of figures of speech4 #b4 ,what is the relation of the first three paragraphs to the remainder of the essay8 #c4 ,point out the parts of ,the ,spirit of ,adventure that depart from the strict form of the essay4 #d4 ,indicate what may be omitted in order to make ,the ,spirit of ,adventure truly an essay4 #e4 ,how many historical allusions are made in the essay8 #f4 ,explain the most important historical allusions4 #g4 ,what does the writer mean by 8the spirit of adventure08 #h4 ,what does she say is the importance of such a spirit8 #i4 ,how can an ordinary person carry out the writer's wishes8 #aj4 ,how does the style of the essay strengthen the presentation of thought8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,love of ,truth #aa4 ,the ,snow #b4 ,the ,spirit of ,fair ,play #ab4 ,falling ,leaves #c4 ,the ,sense of ,honor #ac4 ,the ,ocean #d4 ,stick-to-it-iveness #ad4 ,the ,storm #e4 ,faithfulness #ae4 ,moonlight #f4 ,school ,spirit #af4 ,the ,voice of ,thunder #g4 ,loyalty #ag4 ,flowers #h4 ,the ,scientific ,spirit #ah4 ,the ,friendly ,trees #i4 ,work #ai4 ,country ,brooks #aj4 ,the ,spirit of ,helpfulness #bj4 ,gentle ,rain ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,if you wish to write two or three paragraphs of poetic prose in imitation of the first three paragraphs of ,the ,spirit of ,adventure choose one of the topics in the second column4 ,write1 first of all1 a sentence that will summarize your principal thought1 a sentence that will correspond with the sentence that forms the third paragraph of ,miss ,hawthorne's essay4 ,then lead up to this sentence by writing a series of sentences full of fancy4 ,use figures of speech freely4 ,arrange your words1 phrases or clauses so that you will produce both striking effects and also rhythm4 ,if you wish to write in imitation of the entire essay choose one of the topics in the first column4 ,begin your work by writing a series of poetic paragraphs that will present the spirit of your essay4 ,continue to write in a somewhat poetic style1 but make many definite allusions to history1 literature or the facts of life4 ,throughout your work express your own personality as much as you can4 ,end your essay by making some personal appeal but do not make your work too didactic4 ,,footnotes3 #ei ,provincetown or ,gloucester4 ,famous sea-coast towns on the coast of ,massachusetts4 #fj ,sacramento4 ,a river of ,california1 near which gold was discovered in #ahdh4 #fa ,sir ,francis ,drake 7#aedj-aeif74 ,a great ,english sailor and naval commander4 ,he was the first ,englishman to circumnavigate the earth1 and was one of the commanders in the fight with the ,spanish ,armada1 #ahhh4 #fb ,sir ,martin ,frobisher 7#aece-aeid74 ,the discoverer of ,frobisher ,bay2 one of the leaders against the ,spanish ,armada4 #fc ,john ,c4 ,fremont 7#ahac-ahij74 ,an ,american general noted for his explorations of the ,west4 #fd ,daniel ,boone 7#agce-ahbj74 ,an early ,american explorer1 pioneer and ,indian fighter4 ,,vanishing ,,new ,,york ,by ,,robert and ,,elizabeth ,,shackleton ,robert ,shackleton 7#ahfj--7 and his wife1 ,elizabeth ,shackleton1 have written much in collaboration4 ,among such works are3 ,the ,quest of the ,colonial2 ,adventures in ,home ,making2 ,the ,charm of the ,antique4 ,mr4 ,shackleton was at one time associate editor of ,the ,saturday ,evening ,post4 ,he is the author of many books1 among which are ,touring ,great ,britain2 ,history of ,harper's ,magazine1 and ,the ,book of ,new ,york4 ,washington ,irving's ,sketch ,book tells of ,irving's delighted wanderings around old ,london1 and of his interest in streets and buildings that awoke memories of the past4 ,vanishing ,new ,york is an essay that corresponds closely with the essays written by ,irving so many years ago4 ,in this modern essay ,robert and ,elizabeth ,shackleton tell of their wanderings about old ,new ,york1 of odd streets1 curious buildings1 and romantic and historic associations4 ,the essay gives to ,new ,york an interest that makes it1 in the eyes of the reader1 as fascinating as ,irving's old ,london4 ,the writers do more than tell the story of a walk about ,new ,york1 and much more than merely name and describe the places they saw4 ,by a skilful use of adjectives1 and by an interested suggestiveness1 they throw over the places they mention an atmosphere of charm4 ,we feel that we are with them1 enjoying and loving the curious old places that seem so destined to vanish forever4 ,what is left of old ,new ,york that is quaint and charming8 ,the ,new ,york of the eighties and earlier1 of ,henry ,james1#fe of ,gramercy ,park1 ,washington and ,stuyvesant squares1 quaint old houses on curious by-streets8 ,the period of perhaps a more beautiful and certainly a more leisurely existence8 ,all places of consequence and interest that remain to-day are herewith described4 ,to one1 vanishing ,new ,york means a little box garden up in the ,bronx1 glimpsed just as the train goes into the subway4 ,to another1 it is a fan-light on ,horatio ,street2 an old cannon1 planted muzzle downward at a curb-edge2 a long-watched1 ancient mile-stone2 a well2 a water-tank bound up in a bank charter2 a ,bowling ,green sycamore2 an ailantus beside the twin ,french houses of crooked ,commerce ,street4 ,and what a pang to find an old landmark gone6 ,to another it is the sad little iron arch of the gate of old ,st4 ,john's at the end of the once-while quaint ,st4 ,john's ,place1 all that is now left of the beautiful pillared and paneled old church and its ,english-made wrought-iron fence4 ,to many it is the loss of the ,new ,york sky-line1 one of the wonders of the world--lost1 for it has vanished from sight4 ,now the sky-line is to be seen only from the water1 and the city is no longer approached by water except by a few2 but is entered under the rivers on each side1 by tunnels down into which the human currents are plunged4 ,a positive thrill1 a morning-and-evening thrill that was almost a worship of the noble and the beautiful1 used to sweep over the packed thousands on the ferry-boats as they gazed at the sky-line4 ,it is extraordinary how swiftly ,new ,york destroys and rebuilds4 ,there is the story of a distinguished visitor who1 driven uptown on the forenoon of his arrival1 was1 on his departure in the late afternoon of the same day1 driven downtown over the same route in order that he might see what changes had meanwhile taken place4 ,the very first vessel built in ,new ,york--it was three hundred years ago--was named in the very spirit of prophecy1 for it was called the ,onrust 7,restless74 ,yet it is astonishing how much of interest remains in this iconoclastic city1 although almost everything remains under constant threat of destruction4 ,far over toward the ,north ,river is one of the threatened survivals4 ,it is shabby1 ancient2 indeed1 it has been called the oldest building in ,new ,york1 though nothing certain is known beyond #agfg4 ,but it is very old1 and may easily date much further back4 ,it is called the ,clam ,broth ,house1 and is on ,weehawken ,street1 which1 closely paralleling ,west ,street1 holds its single block of length north from ,christopher4 ,it is a lost and forgotten street1 primitively cobblestoned with the worst pavement in ,new ,york1 and it holds several lost and forlorn old houses--low-built houses1 with great broad1 sweeping roofs reaching almost to the ground1 houses tremulous with age4 ,of these the one now called the ,clam ,broth ,house1 low1 squat1 broad-roofed1 is the oldest4 ,in a sense the fronts are on ,west ,street1 but all original characteristics have there been bedizenedly lost1 and the ancient aspect is on ,weehawken ,street4 ,these were fishermen's houses in ancient days1 waterside houses2 for ,west ,street is filled-in ground1 and the broad expanse of shipping space out beyond the street is made land4 ,when these houses were built1 the ,north ,river reached their doors1 and1 so tradition has it1 fishermen actually rowed their boats and drew their shad-seines beneath this ,clam ,broth ,house4 ,of a far different order of interest is a demure little church1 neat and trim1 on ,hudson street4 ,it is built of brick1 bright red1 with long red wings stretching oddly away from the rear1 with a low1 squat tower of red1 and in the midst of gray old houses that hover around in fading respectability4 ,it is ,st4 ,luke's1 is a century old1 and with it is connected the most charming custom of ,new ,york4 ,in #agib a certain ,john ,leake died1 leaving a sum to ,trinity ,church for the giving forever1 to 8such poor as shall appear most deserving10 as many 8six-penny wheaten loaves0 as the income would buy1 and this sweet and simple dole has ever since been regularly administered1 and it will go on through the centuries1 like the ancient ,english charity at ,winchester1 where for eight hundred years bread and ale have been given4 ,but there is one strictly ,new ,york feature about this already old ,leake dole that differentiates it from the dole of ,winchester1 for it is still at the original wicket that the ,winchester dole is given4 ,there the custom was instituted1 and there it has continued through all these centuries4 ,but in ,new ,york the dole began at ,trinity1 but after something more than half a century1 as population left the neighborhood of ,trinity1 the dole was transferred to ,st4 ,john's1 on ,varick ,street1 once known as 8,st4 ,john's in the ,fields10 and now1 after more than another half-century1 there has come still another removal1 and the dole is given at quaint old ,st4 ,luke's4 ,thus it has already had three homes1 and one wonders how many it will have as the decades and the centuries move on4 ,one pictures it peripatetically proceeding hither and thither as further changes come upon the city1 the dole for the poor that never vanish4 ,a short distance south from ,st4 ,luke's1 on the opposite side of ,hudson ,street1 is an open space that is a public playground and a public garden4 ,it was a graveyard1 but a few years ago the city decreed that it should vanish1 with the exception of a monument put up to commemorate the devotion of firemen who gave their lives for duty in a fire of the long ago4 ,it was not the graveyard of ,st4 ,luke's1 although near1 but of farther away ,st4 ,john's2 and it is pleasant to remember that it was in walking to and fro among the now vanished graves and tombs that ,edgar ,allan ,poe#ff composed his 8,raven40 ,cheerful in its atmosphere--but perhaps this is largely from its name--is short little ,gay ,street1 leading from ,waverley ,place1 just around the corner from ,sixth ,avenue4 ,immediately beyond this point--for much of the unexpected still remains in good old ,greenwich ,village--,waverley becomes1 by branching1 a street with four sidewalks2 for both branches hold the name of ,waverley4 ,it is hard for people of to-day to understand the power of literature in the early half of the last century1 when ,washington ,irving#fg was among the most prominent citizens1 and ,james ,fenimore ,cooper#fh was publicly honored1 and admirers of the ,waverley ,novels made successful demand on the aldermen to change the name of ,sixth ,street1 where it left ,broadway1 to ,waverley ,place1 and to continue it beyond ,sixth ,avenue1 discarding another name on the way1 and at this forking-point to do away with both ,catharine and ,elizabeth streets in order to give ,waverley its four sidewalks4 ,could this be done in these later days with the names1 say of ,howells#fi or of ,hopkinson ,smith6#gj ,does any one ever propose to have an 8,o0 put before ,henry ,street6#ga ,at the forking-point is a triangular building1 archaic in aspect1 and very quiet4 ,it is a dispensary1 and an ancient jest of the neighborhood is1 when some stranger asks if it has patients1 to reply1 8,it doesn't need 'em2 it's got money40 ,gay ,street is miniature2 its length isn't long and its width isn't wide4 ,it is a street full of the very spirit of old ,greenwich1 or1 rather1 of the old ,ninth ,ward2 for thus the old inhabitants love to designate the neighborhood1 some through not knowing that it was originally ,greenwich ,village1 and a greater number because they are not interested in the modern development1 poetic1 artistic1 theatric1 empiric1 romantic1 sociologic1 but are proud of the honored record of the district as the most ,american ward of ,new ,york ,city4 ,in an apartment overlooking a ,gay ,street corner there died last year a man who had rented there for thirty-four years4 ,there loomed practical difficulties for the final exit1 the solution involving window and fire-escape4 ,but the landlord1 himself born there1 said1 8,no2 he has always gone in and out like a gentleman1 and he shall still go out1 for the last time1 as a gentleman10 thereupon he called in carpenter and mason to cut the wall4 ,then some old resident will tell you1 pointing out house by house and name by name1 where business men1 small manufacturers1 politicians1 and office-holders dwelt4 ,and1 further reminiscent1 he will tell of how1 when a boy1 at dawn on each ,fourth of ,july1 he used to get out his toy ,illustration3 8,it has been called the oldest building in ,new ,york40 7page #ahe7 cannon and fire it from a cellar entrance 7pointing to the entrance71 and how one ,fourth the street was suddenly one shattering crash1 two young students from the old university across ,washington ,square having experimentally tossed to the pavement from their garret window a stick of what was then 8a new explosive1 dynamite40 ,no sane and safe ,fourths then6 ,it is still remembered that some little houses at the farther end of ,gay ,street1 on ,christopher1 were occupied by a little colony of hand-loom weavers from ,scotland1 who there looked out from these 8windows in ,thrums40#gb ,around two corners from this spot is a curiously picturesque little bit caused by the street changes of a century ago4 ,it is ,patchin ,place1 opening from ,tenth ,street opposite ,jefferson ,market4 ,the place is a cul-de-sac1 with a double row of little three-story houses1 each looking just like the other1 of yellow-painted brick4 ,each house has a little area space1 each front door is up two steps from its narrow sidewalk4 ,each door is of a futuristic green4 ,each has its ailantus-tree1 making the little nooked place a delightful bower4 ,immediately around the corner is the still more curious ,milligan ,place1 a spot more like a bit of old ,london than any other in ,new ,york4 ,it is a little nestled space1 entered by a barely gate-wide opening from the busy ,sixth ,avenue sidewalk4 ,inside it expands a trifle1 just sufficiently to permit the existence of four little houses1 built close against one another4 ,so narrowly does an edge of brick building come down beside the entrance that it is literally only the width of the end of the bricks4 ,in an instant1 going through the entrance that you might pass a thousand times without noticing1 you are miles away1 you are decades away1 in a fragment of an old lost lane4 ,near by1 where ,sixth ,avenue begins1 there is still projective from an old-time building the sign of the ,golden ,swan1 a lone survival of long ago4 ,and this is remindful of the cigar-store ,indians4 ,only yesterday they were legion1 now a vanished race4 ,and the sidewalk clocks that added such interest to the streets1 they1 too1 have gone1 banished by city ordinance4 ,the conjunction of ,seventh ,avenue and ,greenwich ,avenue and ,eleventh ,street makes a triangle1 at the sharp point of which is a small1 low1 and ancient building1 fittingly given over to that ancient and almost vanished trade1 horseshoeing4 ,a little brick building with outside wooden stair stands against and above it as the triangle widens1 and then comes an ancient building a little taller still4 ,and this odd conglomerate building was all1 so you will be told1 built in the good old days for animal houses for one of the earliest menageries6 ,next came a period of stage-coaches1 with horses housed here4 ,and1 as often in ,new ,york1 a great shabbiness accompanies the old4 ,within the triangle1 inside of a tall wooden fence1 are several ancient ailantus trees1 remindful that long ago ,new ,york knew this locality as--name full of pleasant implications--8,ailanthus ,gardens40 ,and every spring ,ailanthus ,gardens1 oblivious to forgetfulness and shabbiness1 still bourgeons green and gay4 ,an old man1 a ghost-of-the-past old man1 approached1 and1 seeing that we were interested1 said abruptly1 unexpectedly1 8,that's ,bank ,street over there1 where the banks and the bankers came10 thus taking the mind far back to the time of a yellow-fever flight from what was then the distant city to what was in reality ,greenwich4 ,only a block from here1 on ,seventh ,avenue1 is a highly picturesque survival1 a long block of three-story dwellings all so uniformly balconied1 from first floor to roof-line1 across the entire fronts1 that you see nothing but balconies1 with their three stories fronted with eyelet-pattern balustrades4 ,in front of all the houses is an open grassy space1 and up the face of the balconies run old wistaria-vines4 ,each house1 through the crisscrossing of upright and lateral lines1 is fronted with nine open square spaces1 like ,brobdingnagian pigeon-holes4 ,on ,west ,eleventh ,street is a row almost identical in appearance4 ,if you follow ,eleventh ,street eastward1 and find that it does not cut across ,broadway1 you will remember that this comes from the efforts of ,brevoort1 an early landowner1 to save a grand old tree that stood there4 ,and then ,grace ,church gained possession1 and the street remained uncut4 ,a most striking vanishing hereabouts has been of the hotels4 ,what an interesting group they were in this part of ,broadway6 ,even the old ,astor1 far down town1 has gone1 only a wrecked and empty remnant remaining4 ,but a neighbor of the ,astor ,house is an old-time building whose loss1 frequently threatened1 every one who loves noble and beautiful architecture would deplore--the more than century-old city hall1 which still dominates its surroundings1 as it has always dominated1 even though now the buildings round about are of towering height4 ,time-mellowed1 its history has also mellowed1 with myriad associations and happenings and tales4 ,that a man who was to become ,mayor of ,new ,york 7it was ,fernando ,wood7 made his first entry into the city as the hind leg of an elephant of a traveling show1 and in that capacity passed for the first time the city hall1 is a story that out-,whittingtons ,whittington4#gc ,and noblest and finest of all the associations with the city hall is one which has to do with a time before the city hall arose2 for here1 on the very spot where it stands1 ,george ,washington paraded his little army on a ,july day in #aggf1 and with grave solemnity1 while they listened in a solemnity as grave1 a document was read to them that had just been received from ,philadelphia and which was forever to be known as the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,it used to be1 three quarters of a century ago1 that people could go northward from the city hall on the ,new ,york and ,harlem ,railway1 which built its tracks far down in this direction4 ,it used the ,park ,avenue tunnel1 which had been built in #ahcg for the first horse-car line in the world4 ,after the railway made ,forty-second ,street its terminal1 horse-cars again went soberly through the tunnel4 ,what a pleasure to remember the tinkle1 tinkle as they came jerkily jogging through1 from somewhere up ,harlemward1 and1 with quirky variety as to course1 to an end somewhere near ,university ,place6 ,a most oddly usable line4 ,a few minutes' walk from ,university ,place is one of the most fascinating spots in ,new ,york--8,st4 ,mark's in the ,bouwerie10 although it is actually on ,second ,avenue and ,stuyvesant ,street4 ,the church was built in #agii1 but it stands on property that the mighty ,petrus ,stuyvesant#gd owned1 and on the site of a chapel that he built1 and his tomb is beneath the pavement of the church1 and the tombstone is set in the foundation-wall on the eastern side4 ,there is an excellent bronze close by1 fittingly made in ,holland1 of this whimsical1 irascible1 kind-hearted1 clear-headed captain-general and governor who ruled this ,new ,amsterdam4 ,nothing else in the city so gives the smack of age1 the relish of the saltness of time1 as this old church built on ,stuyvesant's land and holding his bones4 ,for ,stuyvesant was born when ,elizabeth reigned in ,england and when ,henry of ,navarre1 with his white plume1 was ,king of ,france4 ,the great ,new-,yorker was born in the very year that 8,hamlet0 was written4#ge ,he loved his city1 and lived here after the ,english came and conquered him and seized the colony4 ,this highly pictorial old church1 broad-fronted1 pleasant-porticoed1 stands within a great open graveyard space1 green with grass and sweetly shaded1 and its aloofness and beauty are markedly enhanced by its being set high above the level of the streets4 ,on ,lafayette ,street1 once ,lafayette ,place1 a quarter of a mile from ,st4 ,mark's1 still stands the deserted ,astor ,library1 just bought by the ,y4 ,m4 ,h4 ,a4 as a home for immigrants1 built three quarters of a century ago for permanence1 but now empty and bare and grim1 shorn of its ,rialto-like#gf steps1 with closed front1 as if harboring secrets behind its saddening inaccessibility4 ,once-while stately gate-posts and gateway1 now ruinous1 beside the library building1 marked the driveway entrance of a long-vanished ,astor home4 ,all is dreary1 dismal1 desolate1 and the color of the ,venetian-like building has become a sad combination of chocolate brown and dull red4 ,the tens of thousands of books from here1 the literature and art of the ,lenox collection1 and the fine foundation of ,tilden are united at ,fifth ,avenue and ,forty-second ,street4 ,from what differing sources did these three mighty foundations spring6 ,one from the tireless industry of a great lawyer2#gg one from a far-flung fur trade that over a century ago reached through trackless wilderness to the ,pacific2#gh one from a fortune wrung by exactions from ,american soldiers of the ,revolution1 prisoners of war1 who paid all they had in the hope of alleviating their suffering--a fortune inherited by a man who studied to put it out for the benefit of mankind in broad charity and helpfulness1 in hospitals and colleges1 and in his library1 left for public use4#gi ,with the old ,astor ,library so stripped and deserted1 one wonders if a similar fate awaits the stately and palatial building to which it has gone4 ,will the new building some day vanish8 ,and similarly the superb and mighty structures that have in recent years come in connection with the city's northern sweep8 ,a curious fate has attended the ,lenox ,library property4 ,given to the city1 land and building and contents1 the land and building were sold into private ownership when the consolidation of libraries was decided upon4 ,the granite stronghold1 built to endure forever1 was razed1 and where it had stood arose the most beautiful home in ,new ,york1 which1 gardened in boxwood1 its owner filled with priceless treasures4 ,and now he is dead1 and again the land1 a building1 and costly contents are willed to the city4 ,across from the old ,astor ,library stood ,colonnade ,row1 a long and superb line of pillar-fronted grandeur2 but only a small part now remains1 with only a few of the fluted ,corinthian pillars4 ,all is shabby and forlorn1 but noble even in shabbiness4 ,and the remnant1 one thinks1 must shortly fall a victim to the destructive threat that hangs over everything in our city4 ,colonnade ,row was built in the eighteen twenties4 ,washington ,irving lived there4 ,one gathers the impression that ,irving1 named after ,washington1 lived in as many houses as those in which ,washington slept4 ,in the row occurred the wedding of ,president ,tyler1#hj an event not characterized by modest shrinking from publicity1 for after the ceremony the ,president and his bride were driven down ,broadway in an open carriage1 drawn by four horses1 to the ,battery1 whence a boat rowed them out to begin their married life on--of all places6--a ship of war6 ,it is interesting to find two ,virginia-born ,presidents of the ,united ,states coming to ,lafayette ,street2 for here dwelt ,monroe1#ha he of the 8,doctrine10 during the latter part of his life1 at what is now the northwest corner of ,lafayette ,street and ,prince2 and he died there4 ,long since the house fell into sheer dinginess and wreck1 and a few months ago was sold to be demolished2 but ,new ,york may feel pride in her connection with the ,american who1 following ,washington's example1 declared against 8entangling ourselves in the broils of ,europe1 or suffering the powers of the old world to interfere with the affairs of the new40 ,near this house ,monroe was buried1 in the ,marble ,cemetery on ,second ,street1 beyond ,second ,avenue1 a spot with high open iron fence in front and high brick wall behind1 with an atmosphere of sedateness and repose1 although a tenement district has come round about4 ,monroe's body lay here for a quarter of a century1 and then ,virginia belatedly carried it to ,virginian soil4 ,close by1 entered through a narrow tunnel-like entrance at #da-a_/b ,second ,avenue1 is another ,marble ,cemetery 7the ,monroe burying-place is the ,new ,york ,city ,marble ,cemetery1 and this other is the ,new ,york ,marble ,cemetery71 and this second one is quite hidden away in inconspicuousness1 as befits a place which1 according to a now barely decipherable inscription1 was established as 8a place of interment for gentlemen10 surely the last word in exclusiveness6 ,across the street from the entrance to this cemetery for gentlemen is a church for the common people1 one of the pleasant surprises of a kind which one frequently comes upon in ,new ,york--a building really distinguished in appearance1 yet not noticed or known4 ,a broad flight of steps stretches across the broad church front4 ,there are tall pillars and pilasters1 excellent iron fencing and gateway4 ,the interior is all of the color of pale ivory1 with much of classic detail and with a 8,walls-of-,troy0 pattern along the gallery4 ,there were a score of such classic churches in ,new ,york early in the last century4 ,always in finding the unexpected there is charm1 as when1 the other day1 we came by the merest chance upon 8,extra ,place06 ,what a name6 ,it is a little court nooked out of ,first ,street1--how many ,new ,yorkers know that there is a ,first ,street in fact and not merely in theory8--between ,second and ,third avenues4 ,extra ,place is a stone's throw in length1 a forgotten bit of forlornness1 but at its end1 beyond sheds and tall board fencing1 are suggestions of pleasant homes of a distant past1 great fireplace chimneys and queer windows1 and an old shade tree1 and under the tree a brick-paved walk1 formal in its rectangle1 where happy people walked in the long ago1 and where once a garden smiled1 but where now no kind of flower grows wild4 ,the tree of the ,new ,york tenements is the ailantus1 palm-like in its youth1 brought originally from ,china for the gardens of the rich4 ,it grows in discouraging surroundings1 is defiant of smoke1 does not even ask to be planted2 for1 ,topsy-like1 it 8jest grows40 ,cut it down1 and it comes up again4 ,it is said to have no insect enemies4 ,an odd point in its appearance is that every branch points up4 ,the former extraordinary picturesqueness of the waterfront has gone2 but still there is much there that is strange1 and a general odor of oakum and tar remains4 ,and1 leading back from the ,east-,side waterfront1 narrow1 ancient lanes have been preserved1 and by these one may enter the old-time warehouse portion of the city1 where still the permeative smell of drugs or leather or spice differentiates district from district4 ,vanished is many a delightful old name4 ,pie ,woman's ,lane became ,nassau ,street4 ,oyster ,pasty ,alley became ,exchange ,alley4 ,clearly1 early ,new ,yorkers were a gustatory folk4 ,a notable vanishing has within a few months come to ,wall ,street itself--the vanishing of the last outward and visible sign of the feud of ,alexander ,hamilton#ah and ,aaron ,burr4#hb ,hamilton was the leading spirit in establishing one bank in the city1 and ,burr1 through a clause in a water-company charter1 established another1 and through all these decades the banks have been rivals4 ,now they have united their financial fortunes and become one bank4 ,an interesting rector of ,trinity ,church1 which looks in such extraordinary fashion into the narrow gorge of ,wall ,street1 became over a century ago ,bishop of ,new ,york1 ,benjamin ,moore1 and he is chiefly interesting1 after all1 through his early connection with the then distant region still known as ,chelsea1 in the neighborhood of ,twenty-third ,street and the ,north ,river1 where he acquired great land-holdings that had been owned by the ,english naval captain who had made his home here and given the locality its name4 ,chelsea still holds its own as an interesting neighborhood1 mainly because of its possession of the ,general ,theological ,seminary1 which has attracted and held desirable people and given an atmosphere of quiet seclusion4 ,the seminary buildings occupy the entire block between ,ninth and ,tenth avenues and ,twentieth and ,twenty-first streets4 ,they are largely of ,english style1 and there are long stretches of ten-foot garden wall4 ,now and then a mortar-boarded student strides hurriedly across an open space1 and now and then a professor paces portentously4 ,the buildings are mostly of brick1 but the oldest is an odd-looking structure of silver-gray stone4 ,the varied structures unite in effective conjunction4 ,it may be mentioned that1 owing to a ,vanderbilt who looked about for something which in his opinion would set the seminary in the front rank1 its library possesses more ancient ,latin ,bibles1 so it is believed1 than does even the ,bodleian4#hc ,the chapel stands in the middle of the square1 and above it rises a square ,magdalen-like tower1#hd softened by ivy2 and1 following a beautiful old custom as it has been followed since the tower was built1 capped and gowned students gather at sunrise on ,easter morning on the top of this tall tower and sing ancient chorals to the music of trombone and horn4 ,chelsea ought to be the most home-like region in ,new ,york on account of its connection with ,christmas2 for a son of ,bishop ,moore1 ,clement ,c4 ,moore1#he who gave this land to the seminary1 and made his own home in ,chelsea1 wrote the childhood classic1 8',twas the night before ,christmas40 ,in this old-time neighborhood stand not only houses1 but long-established little shops4 ,one for drugs1 for example1 is marked as dating back to #ahci4 ,but1 after all1 that is not so old as a great ,fifth ,avenue shop which was established in #ahbf4 ,however1 there is this difference3 the ,chelsea shops are likely to be on the very spots where they were first opened1 whereas the great shop of ,fifth ,avenue has reached its location by move after move1 from its beginning on ,grand ,street1 when that was the fashionable shopping street of the city4 ,in ,chelsea are still to be found the old pineapple-topped newel-posts of wrought iron1 like openwork urns2 there are old houses hidden erratically behind those on the street-front4 ,one in particular remains in mind1 a large old-fashioned dwelling1 now reached only by a narrow and built-over passage1 a house that looks like a haunted house1 from its desolate disrepair1 its lost loneliness of location4 ,chelsea is a region of yellow cats and green shutters1 shabby green on the uncared for and fresh green for the well kept4 ,old ,new ,york used typically to temper the dog-days behind green slat shutters1 or under shop awnings stretched to the curb1 and with brick sidewalks1 sprinkled in the early afternoon from a sprinkling-can in the 'prentice hand4 ,one of the admirable old houses of ,chelsea is that where dwelt that unquiet spirit1 ,edwin ,forrest1#hf the actor4 ,it is at #dcf ,west ,twenty-second ,street1 a substantial-looking1 square-fronted house1 with a door of a great single panel4 ,and the interior is notable for the beautiful spiral stair that figured in court in his marital troubles4 ,there are in ,chelsea two more than usually delightful residential survivals1 with the positively delightful old names of ,chelsea ,cottages and ,london ,terrace4 ,the cottages are on ,twenty-fourth ,street1 and the ,terrace is on ,twenty-third1 and each is between ,ninth and ,tenth avenues1 and both were built three quarters of a century ago4 ,the cottages are alternating three-story and two-story houses1 built tightly shoulder to shoulder1 astonishingly narrow-fronted1 each with a grassy space in front4 ,taken together1 they make one of the last stands on ,manhattan of simple and modest and concerted picturesque living4 ,the ,terrace is a highly distinguished row of high-pilastered houses1 set behind grassy1 deep dooryards4 ,there are precisely eighty-eight three-and-a-half-story pilasters on the front of this stately row4 ,the houses have a general composite effect of yellowish gray4 ,they are built on the ,london plan of the drawing-room on the second floor1 so that those that live there 8go down to dinner40 ,the drawing-rooms are of pleasant three-windowed spaciousness1 extending across each house-front4 ,the terrace is notable in high-stooped ,new ,york in having the entrance-doors on virtually the sidewalk level4 ,that the familiar and almost omnipresent high-stooped houses of the nineteenth century ought all to have been constructed without the long flight of outside stone steps characteristic of the city is shown by a most interesting development on ,east ,nineteenth ,street1 between ,third ,avenue and ,irving ,place4 ,there the houses have been excellently and artistically remodeled1 with highly successful and highly satisfactory results4 ,with comparatively slight cost1 there has been alteration of commonplaceness into beauty4 ,the high front steps have been removed1 and the front doors put down to where they ought to be4 ,most of the house-fronts have been given a stucco coat1 showing what could be done with myriad commonplace houses of the city4 ,the houses are colorfully painted tawny red or cream or gray or pale pink or an excellent shade of brown4 ,you think of it as the happiest-looking street in ,new ,york4 ,solid shutters add their effect1 some the green of bronze patina4 ,there are corbeled gables4 ,some of the roofs are red-tiled4 ,two little two-story stables have been transformed by little ,gothic doors4 ,there are vines4 ,there are box-bushes4 ,there are flowers in terra-cotta boxes on low area walls4 ,here and there is a delightful little iron balcony1 here and there a gargoyle4 ,on one roof two or three storks are gravely standing6 ,there are charming area-ways1 and plane-trees have been planted for the entire block4 ,and here the vanishing is of the undesirable4 ,on ,stuyvesant ,square1 near by1 are the ,quaker buildings1 standing in an atmosphere of peace which they themselves have largely made--buildings of red brick with white trimmings1 and with a fine air of gentleness and repose2 a little group that1 so one hopes1 is very far indeed from the vanishing point4 ,and there is fine old ,gramercy ,park1 whose dignified homes in the past were owned by men of the greatest prominence4 ,many of the great homes still remain1 and the central space1 tall1 iron-fenced1 is still exclusively locked from all but the privileged1 the dwellers in the houses on the park4 ,and there1 amid the grass and the trees1 sedate little children1 with little white or black dogs1 play sedately for hours4 ,we went for luncheon1 with two recent woman's college graduates1 all familiar with ,new ,york1 into the club house that was the home of ,samuel ,j4 ,tilden4 ,our companions were unusually excellent examples of the best that the colleges produce2 they were of ,american ancestry4 ,but any ,new-,yorker will feel that much of the spirit of the city has vanished1 that much of the honored and intimate tradition has gone1 when we say that1 it being mentioned that this had been the ,tilden home1 it developed that neither of them had ever heard of ,samuel ,j4 ,tilden4 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,what is the authors' attitude toward the past8 #b4 ,what does the essay say concerning change8 #c4 ,in what spirit does the essay mention old buildings8 #d4 ,what does the essay prophesy for the future8 #e4 ,tell the origin of some of the street names in ,new ,york ,city4 #f4 ,what does the essay say concerning the influence of people who are now dead8 #g4 ,point out examples of pleasant suggestion4 #h4 ,show where the writers express originality of thought4 #i4 ,what is the plan of the essay8 #aj4 ,what advantage does the essay gain by making so frequent reference to names of people8 #aa4 ,how do the writers gain coherence8 #ab4 ,point out pleasing allusions4 #ac4 ,what spirit does the essay arouse8 #ad4 ,what do the writers think concerning the present8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,things ,that ,have ,vanished #aa4 ,a ,trip ,about ,town #b4 ,my ,own ,town ,years ,ago #ab4 ,some ,curious ,buildings #c4 ,old ,buildings #ac4 ,the ,highway #d4 ,the ,people of a ,former ,day #ad4 ,the ,founding of ,my ,town #e4 ,legacies #ae4 ,early ,settlers #f4 ,street ,names #af4 ,my ,ancestors #g4 ,the ,story of a ,street #ag4 ,family ,relics #h4 ,the ,story of an ,old ,house #ah4 ,a ,walk in the ,country #i4 ,the ,farm #ai4 ,the ,making of a ,city #aj4 ,eternal ,change #bj4 ,main ,street ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,your object is not to tell what you do on any walk that you choose to take1 nor is it to tell what you see4 ,you are not to try to inform people concerning facts4 ,you are to give them pleasing impressions that come to you as you meditate on something that has changed4 ,in order to do this you must1 first of all1 have a real experience1 both in visiting a place and in feeling emotion4 ,then you must make a plan for your writing1 so that you will take your reader just as easily and just as naturally as possible over the ground that you wish him to visit in imagination4 ,make many allusions to people1 to books1 to events1 and to anything else that will bring back the past vividly4 ,make that past appear in all its charm4 ,you can do this best if your emotion is real1 and if you pay considerable attention to your style of writing4 ,use many adjectives and adjective expressions4 ,above all1 try to find words that will be highly suggestive4 ,,footnotes3 #fe ,henry ,james 7#ahdc-aiaf74 ,an ,american novelist noted for strikingly analytical novels4 ,his boyhood home was on ,washington ,square4 #ff ,edgar ,allan ,poe 7#ahji-ahdi74 ,perhaps the most widely known ,american poet and short story writer4 ,the ,raven is the best-known poem by any ,american poet4 ,poe wrote the poem while he was living in ,new ,york ,city4 #fg ,washington ,irving 7#aghc-ahei74 ,the genial ,american essayist1 biographer and historian4 ,he spent much of his time in ,new ,york ,city4 #fh ,james ,fenimore ,cooper 7#aghi-ahea74 ,the first great ,american novelist1 best known for his famous 8,leatherstocking ,tales40 #fi ,william ,dean ,howells 7#ahcg-aibj74 ,a celebrated modern novelist1 noted for his realistic pictures of life4 #gj ,f4 ,hopkinson ,smith 7#ahch-aiae74 ,an ,american civil engineer1 artist and short story writer4 ,colonel ,carter of ,cartersville is one of his best-known books4 #ga ,o4 ,henry 7,william ,sidney ,porter7 7#ahfg-aiaj74 ,a popular ,american short story writer1 noted for originality of style and treatment4 #gb 8,windows in ,thrums04 ,the title of a novel by ,james ,matthew ,barrie 7#ahfj4--7 is ,a ,window in ,thrums1 ,thrums being an imaginary village in ,scotland1 inhabited principally by humble but devout weavers4 #gc ,sir ,richard ,whittington 7#aceh-adbc74 ,three times ,lord ,mayor of ,london2 the hero of the legend of ,whittington and ,his ,cat4 #gd ,petrus ,stuyvesant 7#aeib-afgb74 ,the last of the ,dutch governors of ,new ,york4 ,in #affd he surrendered ,new ,york to the ,english4 ,his farm was called 8,the ,bouwerij04 #ge ,hamlet4 ,while the date of ,hamlet can not be told with certainty it is reasonably sure that ,shakespeare wrote his version of an older play about #aeib4 #gf ,rialto4 ,a celebrated bridge in ,venice1 ,italy4 ,it has a series of steps4 #gg ,samuel ,j4 ,tilden 7#ahad-ahhf74 ,an ,american lawyer1 at one time ,governor of ,new ,york4 ,as candidate for the ,presidency he won #bej1jjj more votes than ,rutherford ,b4 ,hayes1 but lost the election in the ,electoral ,college4 #gh ,john ,jacob ,astor 7#agfc-ahdh74 ,a ,german immigrant who1 through the founding of a great fur business1 established the ,astor fortune4 ,he bequeathed #djj1jjj for the ,astor ,library4 #gi ,james ,lenox 7#ahjj-ahhj74 ,an ,american philanthropist who founded the great ,lenox ,library4 #hj ,john ,tyler 7#agij-ahfb74 ,tenth ,president of the ,united ,states4 #ha ,james ,monroe 7#ageh-ahca74 ,fifth ,president of the ,united ,states2 originator of the 8,monroe ,doctrine0 policy designed to prevent foreign interference in affairs in ,north or ,south ,america4 #hb ,alexander ,hamilton 7#ageg-ahjd74 ,a great ,american statesman and financier4 ,he was killed in a duel with ,aaron ,burr 7#agef-ahcf71 an ,american politician4 #hc ,the ,bodleian ,library4 ,the great library of ,oxford ,university1 ,england1 named after ,sir ,thomas ,bodley1 one of its founders4 #hd ,magdalen ,college4 ,one of the colleges of ,oxford ,university1 ,england4 ,it is noted for an especially beautiful tower4 #he ,clement ,c4 ,moore 7#aggi-ahfc74 ,a wealthy ,american scholar and teacher who wrote the poem1 ',twas the ,night ,before ,christmas4 #hf ,edwin ,forrest 7#ahjf-ahgb74 ,a great ,american actor1 noted for his rendition of ,shakespeare4 ,,the ,,songs ,,of ,,the ,,civil ,,war#hg ,by ,,brander ,,matthews 7#aheb--74 ,one of the most influential ,american critics and essayists1 ,professor of ,dramatic ,literature in ,columbia ,university4 ,he was one of the founders of ,the ,authors' ,club1 and ,the ,players1 and a leader in organizing the ,american ,copyright ,league4 ,he is a member of the ,national ,institute of ,arts and ,letters4 ,he is the author of works that illustrate many types of literature1 including novels1 short stories1 essays1 poems and plays4 ,among his books are3 ,a ,story of the ,sea1 and ,other ,stories2 ,pen and ,ink2 ,americanisms and ,briticisms2 ,the ,story of a ,story2 ,vignettes of ,manhattan2 ,his ,father's ,son2 ,aspects of ,fiction2 ,essays in ,english2 ,the ,american of the ,future4 ,when companionable people meet in pleasant converse1 whether before the open fire at home1 or in chance gatherings at any place1 they tell one another about the interesting experiences that they have had or the discoveries that they have made4 ,if you could place on paper what any one of them says1 except in narration1 and if you could1 at the same time1 show the feeling and the spirit of the speaker1--if you could in some way transfer the personality of the speaker to the paper1--you would1 in all probability1 produce an essay4 ,the author of ,the ,songs of the ,civil ,war has learned some interesting facts concerning our national songs4 ,he communicates those facts as he would to a company of friends1 indicating throughout his remarks his own interests and beliefs4 ,his words are the pleasant words of friendship1--not the formal giving of information that characterizes most encyclopedia articles4 ,that part of his essay which is given here is sufficient to indicate the charm of his presentation4 ,a national hymn is one of the things which cannot be made to order4 ,no man has ever yet sat him down and taken up his pen and said1 8,i will write a national hymn10 and composed either words or music which a nation was willing to take for its own4 ,the making of the song of the people is a happy accident1 not to be accomplished by taking thought4 ,it must be the result of fiery feeling long confined1 and suddenly finding vent in burning words or moving strains4 ,sometimes the heat and the pressure of emotion have been fierce enough and intense enough to call forth at once both words and music1 and to weld them together indissolubly once and for all4 ,almost always the maker of the song does not suspect the abiding value of his work2 he has wrought unconsciously1 moved by a power within2 he has written for immediate relief to himself1 and with no thought of fame or the future2 he has builded better than he knew4 ,the great national lyric is the result of the conjunction of the hour and the man4 ,monarch cannot command it1 and even poets are often powerless to achieve it4 ,no one of the great national hymns has been written by a great poet4 ,but for his single immortal lyric1 neither the author of the 8,marseillaise0#hh nor the author of the 8,wacht am ,rhein0#hi would have his line in the biographical dictionaries4 ,but when a song has once taken root in the hearts of a people1 time itself is powerless against it4 ,the flat and feeble 8,partant pour la ,syrie10 which a filial fiat made the hymn of imperial ,france1 had to give way to the strong and virile notes of the 8,marseillaise10 when need was to arouse the martial spirit of the ,french in #ahgj4 ,the noble measures of 8,god ,save the ,king10 as simple and dignified a national hymn as any country can boast1 lift up the hearts of the ,english people2 and the brisk tune of the 8,british ,grenadiers0 has swept away many a man into the ranks of the recruiting regiment4 ,the ,english are rich in war tunes and the pathetic 8,girl ,i ,left ,behind ,me0 encourages and sustains both those who go to the front and those who remain at home4 ,here in the ,united ,states we have no 8,marseillaise10 no 8,god ,save the ,king10 no 8,wacht am ,rhein02 we have but 8,yankee ,doodle0 and the 8,star-spangled ,banner40 ,more than one enterprising poet1 and more than one aspiring musician1 has volunteered to take the contract to supply the deficiency2 as yet no one has succeeded4 8,yankee ,doodle0 we got during the revolution1 and the 8,star-spangled ,banner0 was the gift of the ,war of #ahab2 from the ,civil ,war we have received at least two war songs which1 as war songs simply1 are stronger and finer than either of these--8,john ,brown's ,body0 and 8,marching ,through ,georgia40 ,of the lyrical outburst which the war called forth but little trace is now to be detected in literature except by special students4 ,in most cases neither words nor music have had vitality enough to survive a quarter of a century4 ,chiefly1 indeed1 two things only survive1 one ,southern and the other ,northern2 one a war-cry in verse1 the other a martial tune3 one is the lyric 8,my ,maryland0 and the other is the marching song 8,john ,brown's ,body40 ,the origin and development of the latter1 the rude chant to which a million of the soldiers of the ,union kept time1 is uncertain and involved in dispute4 ,the history of the former may be declared exactly1 and by the courtesy of those who did the deed--for the making of a war song is of a truth a deed at arms--,i am enabled to state fully the circumstances under which it was written1 set to music1 and first sung before the soldiers of the ,south4 8,my ,maryland0 was written by ,mr4 ,james ,r4 ,randall1 a native of ,baltimore1 and now residing in ,augusta1 ,georgia4 ,the poet was a professor of ,english literature and the classics in ,poydras ,college at ,pointe ,coupee1 on the ,faussee ,riviere1 in ,louisiana1 about seven miles from the ,mississippi2 and there in ,april1 #ahfa1 he read in the ,new ,orleans ,delta the news of the attack on the ,massachusetts troops as they passed through ,baltimore4 8,this account excited me greatly10 ,mr4 ,randall wrote in answer to my request for information2 8,i had long been absent from my native city1 and the startling event there inflamed my mind4 ,that night ,i could not sleep1 for my nerves were all unstrung1 and ,i could not dismiss what ,i had read in the paper from my mind4 ,about midnight ,i rose1 lit a candle1 and went to my desk4 ,some powerful spirit appeared to possess me1 and almost involuntarily ,i proceeded to write the song of ',my ,maryland4' ,i remember that the idea appeared to first take shape as music in the brain--some wild air that ,i cannot now recall4 ,the whole poem was dashed off rapidly when once begun4 ,it was not composed in cold blood1 but under what may be called a conflagration of the senses1 if not an inspiration of the intellect4 ,i was stirred to a desire for some way linking my name with that of my native ,state1 if not 'with my land's language'4 ,but ,i never expected to do this with one single1 supreme effort1 and no one was more surprised than ,i was at the widespread and instantaneous popularity of the lyric ,i had been so strangely stimulated to write40 ,mr4 ,randall read the poem the next morning to the college boys1 and at their suggestion sent it to the ,delta1 in which it was first printed1 and from which it was copied into nearly every ,southern journal4 8,i did not concern myself much about it1 but very soon1 from all parts of the country1 there was borne to me1 in my remote place of residence1 evidence that ,i had made a great hit1 and that1 whatever might be the fate of the ,confederacy1 the song would survive it40 ,published in the last days of ,april1 #ahfa1 when every eye was fixed on the border ,states1 the stirring stanzas of the ,tyrtan bard#ij appeared in the very nick of time4 ,there is often a feeling afloat in the minds of men1 undefined and vague for want of one to give it form1 and held in solution1 as it were1 until a chance word dropped in the ear of a poet suddenly crystallizes this feeling into song1 in which all may see clearly and sharply reflected what in their own thought was shapeless and hazy4 ,it was ,mr4 ,randall's good fortune to be the instrument through which the ,south spoke4 ,by a natural reaction his burning lines helped to fire the ,southern heart4 ,to do their work well1 his words needed to be wedded to music4 ,unlike the authors of the 8,star-spangled ,banner0 and the 8,marseillaise10 the author of 8,my ,maryland0 had not written it to fit a tune already familiar4 ,it was left for a lady of ,baltimore to lend the lyric the musical wings it needed to enable it to reach every camp-fire of the ,southern armies4 ,to the courtesy of this lady1 then ,miss ,hetty ,cary1 and now the wife of ,professor ,h4 ,newell ,martin1 of ,johns ,hopkins ,university1 ,i am indebted for a picturesque description of the marriage of the words to the music1 and of the first singing of the song before the ,southern troops4 ,the house of ,mrs4 ,martin's father was the headquarters for the ,southern sympathizers of ,baltimore4 ,correspondence1 money1 clothing1 supplies of all kinds went thence through the lines to the young men of the city who had joined the ,confederate army4 8,the enthusiasm of the girls who worked and of the 'boys' who watched for their chance to slip through the lines to ,dixie's land found vent and inspiration in such patriotic songs as could be made or adapted to suit our needs4 ,the glee club was to hold its meeting in our parlors one evening early in ,june1 and my sister1 ,miss ,jenny ,cary1 being the only musical member of the family1 had charge of the program on the occasion4 ,with a school-girl's eagerness to score a success1 she resolved to secure some new and ardent expression of feelings that by this time were wrought up to the point of explosion4 ,in vain she searched through her stock of songs and airs--nothing seemed intense enough to suit her4 ,aroused by her tone of despair1 ,i came to the rescue with the suggestion that she should adapt the words of ',maryland1 my ,maryland1' which had been constantly on my lips since the appearance of the lyric a few days before in the ,south4 ,i produced the paper and began declaiming the verses4 ',lauriger ,horatius6'#ia she exclaimed1 and in a flash the immortal song found voice in the stirring air so perfectly adapted to it4 ,that night1 when her contralto voice rang out the stanzas1 the refrain rolled forth from every throat present without pause or preparation2 and the enthusiasm communicated itself with such effect to a crowd assembled beneath our open windows as to endanger seriously the liberties of the party40 8,lauriger ,horatius0 had long been a favorite college song1 and it had been introduced into the ,cary household by ,mr4 ,burton ,n4 ,harrison1 then a ,yale student4 ,the air to which it is sung is used also for a lovely ,german lyric1 8,tannenbaum1 ,o ,tannenbaum10 which ,longfellow has translated 8,o ,hemlock ,tree40 ,the transmigration of tunes is too large and fertile a subject for me to do more here than refer to it4 ,the taking of the air of a jovial college song to use as the setting of a fiery war-lyric may seem strange and curious1 but only to those who are not familiar with the adventures and transformations a tune is often made to undergo4 ,hopkinson's#ib 8,hail ,columbia60 for example1 was written to the tune of the 8,president's ,march10 just as ,mrs4 ,howe's#ic 8,battle ,hymn of the ,republic0 was written to 8,john ,brown's ,body40 ,the 8,wearing of the ,green10 of the ,irishman1 is sung to the same air as the 8,benny ,havens1 ,o60 of the ,west-,pointer4 ,the 8,star-spangled ,banner0 has to make shift with the second-hand music of 8,anacreon in ,heaven10 while our other national air1 8,yankee ,doodle10 uses over the notes of an old ,english nursery rhyme1 8,lucy ,locket10 once a personal lampoon in the days of the 8,beggars' ,opera10#id and now surviving in the 8,baby's ,opera0 of ,mr4 ,walter ,crane4#ie 8,my ,country1 'tis of ,thee10 is set to the truly ,british tune of 8,god ,save the ,king10 the origin of which is doubtful1 as it is claimed by the ,french and the ,germans as well as the ,english4 ,in the hour of battle a war-tune is subject to the right of capture1 and1 like the cannon taken from the enemy1 it is turned against its maker4 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,why cannot a national hymn be made to order8 #b4 ,why is it true that the great national hymns have not been written by great poets8 #c4 ,what establishes the worth of a national hymn8 #d4 ,name the best national hymns of the ,united ,states4 #e4 ,what are some of the best national hymns of other countries8 #f4 ,what type of music is necessary for a good national hymn8 #g4 ,tell the story of the origin of ,my ,maryland4 #h4 ,what sources gave rise to the music of many of our national hymns8 #i4 ,explain the last sentence of the essay4 #aj4 ,point out the respects in which the essay differs from an encyclopedia article4 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,popular ,songs #aa4 ,games #b4 ,popular ,music #ab4 ,athletic ,sports #c4 ,popular ,opera #ac4 ,streets #d4 ,fashions in ,dress #ad4 ,furniture #e4 ,every ,day ,habits #ae4 ,dancing #f4 ,hats #af4 ,mother ,goose ,rimes #g4 ,buttons #ag4 ,favorite ,poems #h4 ,uniforms #ah4 ,legends #i4 ,social ,customs #ai4 ,evangeline #aj4 ,architecture #bj4 ,political ,customs ,,directions#abbgg ,,for ,,writing ,when you have chosen a subject consult encyclopedias and other works of reference and find out all you can that is peculiarly interesting to you4 ,do not make any attempt to record all the facts that you may learn4 ,select those that make some deep appeal to you and that will be likely to have unusual interest for others4 ,when you write do all that you can to avoid the encyclopedia method4 ,write in a pleasantly familiar manner that will carry your interests and your personality4 ,,footnotes3 #hg ,from 8,pen and ,ink0 by ,brander ,matthews4 ,copyright1 #ahhh1 by ,longmans4 ,printed here by special permission of ,professor ,matthews4 #hh ,author of the ,marseillaise4 ,rouget de ,lisle 7#agfj-ahcf74 ,an enthusiastic ,french ,captain who composed the ,marseillaise at ,strasburg on ,april #bd1 #agib1 as a song for the ,army of the ,rhine4 #hi ,author of the ,wacht am ,rhein4 ,max4 ,schneckenburger 7#ahai-ahdi74 #ij ,tyrtan ,bard4 ,tyrtus 7#gth century ,b4,c47 was an unknown crippled ,greek school teacher who wrote songs of such power that they inspired the ,spartans to victory4 #ia ,lauriger ,horatius4 ,the first words of a well-known college song written in ,latin4 #ib ,joseph ,hopkinson 7#aggj-ahdb74 ,author of ,hail ,columbia6 ,he was the son of ,francis ,hopkinson who signed the ,declaration of ,independence4 #ic ,julia ,ward ,howe 7#ahai-aiaj74 ,author of the ,battle ,hymn of the ,republic1 which she wrote in #ahfa as the result of a visit to a great camp near ,washington4 #id ,beggars' ,opera4 ,an opera written by ,john ,gay 7#afhe-agcb74 ,the songs in the opera made use of well-known ,scotch and ,english tunes4 ,the opera itself is a satire on dishonesty in public life4 #ie ,walter ,crane 7#ahde-aiae74 ,an ,english painter and producer of children's books4 ,,locomotion ,,in ,,the ,,twentieth ,,century#if ,by ,h4 ,g4 ,,wells 7#ahff--74 ,a leading novelist1 essayist and historian4 ,through his energy and high ability he won his way to a place in the educational world1 and ultimately to a commanding position in the literary world4 ,he writes with unusual vigor and originality4 ,some of his most stimulating books are ,the ,time ,machine2 ,the ,war of the ,worlds2 ,when the ,sleeper ,wakes2 ,anticipations2 ,tono ,bungay2 ,the ,future of ,america2 ,social ,forces in ,england and ,america2 ,the ,history of the ,world4 ,some essays go beyond the world of little things and set forward their writers' meditations on matters of great import4 ,such essays look back across the whole field of history or look forward into the remoteness of the future4 ,in essays of this kind ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells has done much to stimulate thought4 ,in the selection that follows ,mr4 ,wells traces the development of locomotion from the days of wagons to the days of steam4 ,at the close of the selection ,mr4 ,wells suggests to the reader that the advance to be made in the future may be as great as that which has been made in the past4 ,the beginning of this twentieth century happens to coincide with a very interesting phase in that great development of means of land transit that has been the distinctive feature 7speaking materially7 of the nineteenth century4 ,the nineteenth century1 when it takes its place with the other centuries in the chronological charts of the future1 will1 if it needs a symbol1 almost inevitably have as that symbol a steam-engine running upon a railway4 ,this period covers the first experiments1 the first great developments1 and the complete elaboration of that mode of transit1 and the determination of nearly all the broad features of this century's history may be traced directly or indirectly to that process4 ,and since an interesting light is thrown upon the new phases in land locomotion that are now beginning1 it will be well to begin this forecast with a retrospect1 and to revise very shortly the history of the addition of steam travel to the resources of mankind4 ,a curious and profitable question arises at once4 ,how is it that the steam locomotive appeared at the time it did1 and not earlier in the history of the world8 ,because it was not invented4 ,but why was it not invented8 ,not for want of a crowning intellect1 for none of the many minds concerned in the development strikes one--as the mind of ,newton1 ,shakespeare1 or ,darwin#ig strikes one--as being that of an unprecedented man4 ,it is not that the need for the railway and steam-engine had only just arisen1 and--to use one of the most egregiously wrong and misleading phrases that ever dropped from the lips of man--the demand created the supply2 it was quite the other way about4 ,there was really no urgent demand for such things at the time2 the current needs of the ,european world seem to have been fairly well served by coach and diligence in #ahjj1 and1 on the other hand1 every administrator of intelligence in the ,roman and ,chinese empires must have felt an urgent need for more rapid methods of transit than those at his disposal4 ,nor was the development of the steam locomotive the result of any sudden discovery of steam4 ,steam1 and something of the mechanical possibilities of steam1 had been known for two thousand years2 it had been used for pumping water1 opening doors1 and working toys before the ,christian era4 ,it may be urged that this advance was the outcome of that new and more systematic handling of knowledge initiated by ,lord ,bacon#ih and sustained by the ,royal ,society2#ii but this does not appear to have been the case1 though no doubt the new habits of mind that spread outward from that center played their part4 ,the men whose names are cardinal in the history of this development invented1 for the most part1 in a quite empirical way1 and ,trevithick's#ajj engine was running along its rails and ,evans'#aja boat was walloping up the ,hudson a quarter of a century before ,carnot#ajb expounded his general proposition4 ,there were no such deductions from principles to application as occur in the story of electricity to justify our attribution of the steam-engine to the scientific impulse4 ,nor does this particular invention seem to have been directly due to the new possibilities of reducing1 shaping1 and casting iron1 afforded by the substitution of coal for wood in iron works1 through the greater temperature afforded by a coal fire4 ,in ,china coal has been used in the reduction of iron for many centuries4 ,no doubt these new facilities did greatly help the steam-engine in its invasion of the field of common life1 but quite certainly they were not sufficient to set it going4 ,it was1 indeed1 not one cause1 but a very complex and unprecedented series of causes1 set the steam locomotive going4 ,it was indirectly1 and in another way1 that the introduction of coal became the decisive factor4 ,one peculiar condition of its production in ,england seems to have supplied just one ingredient that had been missing for two thousand years in the group of conditions that were necessary before the steam locomotive could appear4 ,this missing ingredient was a demand for some comparatively simple1 profitable machine1 upon which the elementary principles of steam utilization could be worked out4 ,if one studies ,stephenson's 8,rocket0#ajc in detail1 as one realizes its profound complexity1 one begins to understand how impossible it would have been for that structure to have come into existence de novo1#ajd however urgently the world had need of it4 ,but it happened that the coal needed to replace the dwindling forests of this small and exceptionally rain-saturated country occurs in low1 hollow basins overlying clay1 and not1 as in ,china and the ,alleghenies1 for example1 on high-lying outcrops1 that can be worked as chalk is worked in ,england4 ,from this fact it followed that some quite unprecedented pumping appliances became necessary1 and the thoughts of practical men were turned thereby to the long-neglected possibilities of steam4 ,wind was extremely inconvenient for the purpose of pumping1 because in these latitudes it is inconstant3 it was costly1 too1 because at any time the laborers might be obliged to sit at the pit's mouth for weeks together1 whistling for a gale or waiting for the water to be got under again4 ,but steam had already been used for pumping upon one or two estates in ,england--rather as a toy than in earnest--before the middle of the seventeenth century1 and the attempt to employ it was so obvious as to be practically unavoidable4#aje ,the water trickling into the coal measures#ajf acted1 therefore1 like water trickling upon chemicals that have long been mixed together1 dry and inert4 ,immediately the latent reactions were set going4 ,savery1#aa ,newcome1#ajg a host of other workers culminating in ,watt1#ajh working always by steps that were at least so nearly obvious as to give rise again and again to simultaneous discoveries1 changed this toy of steam into a real1 a commercial thing1 developed a trade in pumping-engines1 created foundries and a new art of engineering1 and1 almost unconscious of what they were doing1 made the steam locomotive a well-nigh unavoidable consequence4 ,at last1 after a century of improvement on pumping-engines1 there remained nothing but the very obvious stage of getting the engine that had been developed on wheels and out upon the ways of the world4 ,ever and ever again during the eighteenth century an engine would be put upon the roads and pronounced a failure--one monstrous ,paloferric creature#aji was visible on a ,french high-road as early as #agfi--;but by the dawn of the nineteenth century the problem had very nearly got itself solved4 ,by #ahjd ,trevithick had a steam locomotive indisputably in motion and almost financially possible1 and from his hands it puffed its way1 slowly at first1 and then1 under ,stephenson1 faster and faster1 to a transitory empire over the earth4 ,it was a steam locomotive--but for all that it was primarily a steam-engine for pumping adapted to a new end2 it was a steam-engine whose ancestral stage had developed under conditions that were by no means exacting in the matter of weight4 ,and from that fact followed a consequence that has hampered railway travel and transport very greatly1 and that is tolerated nowadays only through a belief in its practical necessity4 ,the steam locomotive was all too huge and heavy for the high-road--it had to be put upon rails4 ,and so clearly linked are steam-engines and railways in our minds1 that1 in common language now1 the latter implies the former4 ,but1 indeed1 it is the result of accidental impediments1 of avoidable difficulties1 that we travel to-day on rails4 ,railway traveling is at best a compromise4 ,the quite conceivable ideal of locomotive convenience1 so far as travelers are concerned1 is surely a highly mobile conveyance capable of traveling easily and swiftly to any desired point1 traversing1 at a reasonably controlled pace1 the ordinary roads and streets1 and having access for higher rates of speed and long-distance traveling to specialized ways restricted to swift traffic and possibly furnished with guide rails4 ,for the collection and delivery of all sorts of perishable goods also the same system is obviously altogether superior to the existing methods4 ,moreover1 such a system would admit of that secular progress in engines and vehicles that the stereotyped conditions of the railway have almost completely arrested1 because it would allow almost any new pattern to be put at once upon the ways without interference with the established traffic4 ,had such an ideal been kept in view from the first1 the traveler would now be able to get through his long-distance journeys at a pace of from seventy miles or more an hour without changing1 and without any of the trouble1 waiting1 expense1 and delay that arise between the household or hotel and the actual rail4 ,it was an ideal that must have been at least possible to an intelligent person fifty years ago1 and1 had it been resolutely pursued1 the world1 instead of fumbling from compromise to compromise as it always has done1 and as it will do very probably for many centuries yet1 might have been provided to-day1 not only with an infinitely more practicable method of communication1 but with one capable of a steady and continual evolution from year to year4 ,but there was a more obvious path of development and one immediately cheaper1 and along that path went short-sighted ,nineteenth ,century ,progress1 quite heedless of the possibility of ending in a cul-de-sac4#aaj ,the first locomotives1 apart from the heavy tradition of their ancestry1 were1 like all experimental machinery1 needlessly clumsy and heavy1 and their inventors1 being men of insufficient faith1 instead of working for lightness and smoothness of motion1 took the easier course of placing them upon the tramways that were already in existence--chiefly for the transit of heavy goods over soft roads4 ,and from that followed a very interesting and curious result4 ,these tram-lines very naturally had exactly the width of an ordinary cart1 a width prescribed by the strength of one horse4 ,few people saw in the locomotive anything but a cheap substitute for horseflesh1 or found anything incongruous in letting the dimensions of a horse determine the dimensions of an engine4 ,it mattered nothing that from the first the passenger was ridiculously cramped1 hampered1 and crowded in the carriage4 ,he had always been cramped in a coach1 and it would have seemed 8,utopian0#aaa--;a very dreadful thing indeed to our grandparents--to propose travel without cramping4 ,by mere inertia the horse-cart gauge--the #d foot #h-a_/b inch gauge--nemine contradicente1#aab established itself in the world1 and now everywhere the train is dwarfed to a scale that limits alike its comfort1 power1 and speed4 ,before every engine1 as it were1 trots the ghost of a superseded horse1 refuses most resolutely to trot faster than fifty miles an hour1 and shies and threatens catastrophe at every point and curve4 ,that fifty miles an hour1 most authorities are agreed1 is the limit of our speed for land travel so far as existing conditions go4#aac ,only a revolutionary reconstruction of the railways or the development of some new competing method of land travel can carry us beyond that4 ,people of to-day take the railways for granted as they take sea and sky2 they were born in a railway world1 and they expect to die in one4 ,but if only they will strip from their eyes the most blinding of all influences1 acquiescence in the familiar1 they will see clearly enough that this vast and elaborate railway system of ours1 by which the whole world is linked together1 is really only a vast system of trains of horse-wagons and coaches drawn along rails by pumping-engines upon wheels4 ,is that1 in spite of its present vast extension1 likely to remain the predominant method of land locomotion1 even for so short a period as the next hundred years8 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,what1 according to ,mr4 ,wells1 was the distinctive feature of the nineteenth century8 #b4 ,why did steam locomotion appear when it did8 #c4 ,how many of the principles of steam locomotion had been known before the nineteenth century8 #d4 ,name all the causes that contributed to the development of steam locomotion4 #e4 ,explain the relation between the mining of coal and steam locomotion4 #f4 ,what characteristics of wagons appear in steam locomotives8 #g4 ,in what ways is modern steam locomotion unsatisfactory8 #h4 ,what are some of the possibilities for future locomotion8 #i4 ,on what fields of information is the essay based8 #aj4 ,what are the characteristics of ,mr4 ,wells' style8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,the ,development of ,steam #aa4 ,steps ,toward the ,use of ,boats ,motor ,trucks #b4 ,the ,development of the #ab4 ,the ,improvement of ,automobile ,highways #c4 ,the ,development of the #ac4 ,the ,evolution of ,good ,airplane ,sidewalks #d4 ,the ,development of the #ad4 ,the ,development of ,bicycle the ,telephone #e4 ,the ,story of ,roller ,skates #ae4 ,improved ,railway ,stations #f4 ,the ,development of ,comfort #af4 ,the ,use of ,voting ,machines in ,travel #g4 ,the ,story of the ,sleeping ,car #ag4 ,the ,protection of the ,food ,supply #h4 ,the ,development of the #ah4 ,the ,increase of ,forest ,dining ,car ,protection #i4 ,comfort in ,modern ,carriages #ai4 ,the ,work of the ,weather ,bureau #aj4 ,the ,development of the ,mail #bj4 ,the ,development of the ,system ,wireless ,telegraph4 ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,before you can write upon any such subject as the one upon which ,mr4 ,wells wrote it will be necessary for you to obtain a wide amount of information4 ,go to any encyclopedia and find lines along which you can investigate further4 ,then consult special books that you may obtain in a good library4 ,when you have gained full information remember that it is your business not to transmit the information that you have gained1 but to put down on paper the thoughts to which the information has led you4 ,try to show the relation between the past and the present1 and to indicate some forecast for the future4 ,do all this in a pleasantly straightforward style as though you were talking earnestly4 ,,footnotes3 #if ,from 8,anticipations0 by ,h4 ,g4 ,wells4 ,copyright by the ,north ,american ,review ,publishing ,company1 #aija2 copyright by ,harper and ,brother1 #aijb4 #ig ,newton1 ,shakespeare1 or ,darwin4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton 7#afdb-agbg74 ,a great ,english mathematician1 especially noted for his establishment of knowledge of the law of gravitation4 ,william ,shakespeare 7#aefd-afaf74 ,the great ,english dramatist1 regarded as the greatest of ,english writers4 ,charles ,darwin 7#ahji-ahhb74 ,the ,english naturalist1 who established a theory of evolution4 ,three of the most intellectual men of all time4 #ih ,sir ,francis ,bacon 7#aefa-afbf74 ,a great ,english philosopher1 who established the inductive study of science1 that is1 study through investigation and experiment4 #ii ,the ,royal ,society4 ,established about #affj in ,london1 ,england1 for the study of science4 ,it has had a great influence in developing scientific knowledge4 #ajj ,richard ,trevithick 7#agga-ahcc74 ,an ,english inventor who did much to improve the steam engine4 ,in #ahja his locomotive conveyed the first passengers ever carried by steam4 #aja ,oliver ,evans 7#agee-ahai74 ,an ,american inventor who was one of the first to use steam at high pressure4 #ajb ,sadi ,carnot 7#agif-ahcb74 ,a ,french physicist whose 8principle0 concerns the development of power through the use of heat4 #ajc ,stephenson's ,rocket4 ,a locomotive made in #ahbi by ,george ,stephenson 7#agha-ahdh71 which was so successful that it won a prize of #ejj4 ,stephenson was one of the most potent forces in developing steam locomotion4 #ajd ,de ,novo4 ,as something entirely new4 #aje ,it might have been used in the same way in ,italy in the first century1 had not the grandiose taste for aqueducts prevailed4 #ajf ,and also into the ,cornwall mines1 be it noted4 #ajg ,captain ,thomas ,savery 7#afej8-agae74 ,an ,english engineer who made one of the first steam engines in #agje1 working in connection with ,thomas ,newcome4 #ajh ,james ,watt 7#agcf-ahai74 ,a ,scotch inventor who in #agfe perfected the condensing steam engine4 #aji ,paloferric creature4 ,ancient iron creature4 #aaj ,cul-de-sac4 ,a passage closed at one end4 #aaa ,utopian4 ,in #aeaf ,sir ,thomas ,more 7#adgh-aece7 wrote about an island called ,utopia on which was an ideal government4 ,the word 8,utopian0 means 8ideal beyond hope of attainment04 #aab ,nemine contradicente4 ,no one saying anything against it4 #aac ,it might be worse4 ,if the biggest horses had been ,shetland ponies1 we should be traveling now in railway carriages to hold two each side at a maximum speed of perhaps twenty miles an hour4 ,there is hardly any reason1 beyond this tradition of the horse1 why the railway carriage should not be even nine or ten feet wide1 the width that is1 of the smallest room in which people can live in comfort1 hung on such springs and wheels as would effectually destroy all vibration1 and furnished with all the equipment of comfortable chambers4 ,,the ,,writing ,,of ,,essays ,by ,,charles ,s4 ,,brooks 7#ahgh--74 ,after some years of business life1 following his graduation from ,yale1 ,mr4 ,brooks turned entirely to literary work4 ,he has written ,a ,journey to ,bagdad2 ,three ,pippins and ,cheese to ,come2 ,chimney-,pot ,papers4 ,during the ,world ,war he served with the ,department of ,state in ,washington4 ,here is a delightful1 easy-going essay that presents most effectively the ideals and the methods of essay writing4 ,an essayist1 ,mr4 ,brooks says1 has no great literary purpose to accomplish3 he is a reader1 a thinker1 a person who is interested in all sorts of subjects just because they are interesting4 ,he writes of the little things in life because he loves them4 ,he is essentially a lover of books and of libraries2 one who dwells in the companionship of pleasant thoughts2 one who gives us a sort of happy gossip that comes across the years1 redolent with the charm of personality4 ,an essayist needs a desk and a library near at hand1 because an essay is a kind of back-stove cookery4 ,a novel needs a hot fire1 so to speak4 ,a dozen chapters bubble in their turn above the reddest coals1 while an essay simmers over a little flame4 ,pieces of this and that1 an odd carrot1 as it were1 a left-over potato1 a pithy bone1 discarded trifles1 are tossed in from time to time to feed the composition4 ,raw paragraphs1 when they have stewed all night1 at last become tender to the fork4 ,an essay1 therefore1 cannot be written hurriedly on the knee4 ,essayists1 as a rule1 chew their pencils4 ,their desks are large and are always in disorder4 ,there is a stack of books on the clock-shelf2 others are pushed under the bed4 ,matches1 pencils1 and bits of paper mark a hundred references4 ,when an essayist goes out from his lodging he wears the kind of overcoat that holds a book in every pocket2 his sagging pockets proclaim him4 ,he is a bulging person1 so stuffed even in his dress with the ideas of others that his own leanness is concealed4 ,an essayist keeps a note-book and he thumbs it for forgotten thoughts4 ,nobody is safe from him1 for he steals from every one he meets4 ,like the man in the old poem1 he relies on his memory for his wit4 ,an essayist is not a mighty traveler4 ,he does not run to grapple with a roaring lion4 ,he desires neither typhoon nor tempest4 ,he is content in his harbor to listen to the storm upon the rocks1 if now and then by a lucky chance he can shelter some one from the wreck4 ,his hands are not red with revolt against the world4 ,he has glanced upon the thoughts of many men1 and as opposite philosophies point upon the truth1 he is modest with his own and tolerant of others4 ,he looks at the stars and1 knowing in what a dim immensity we travel1 he writes of little things beyond dispute4 ,there are enough to weep upon the shadows2 he1 like a dial1 marks the light4 ,the small clatter of the city beneath his window1 the cry of peddlers1 children chalking their games upon the pavement1 laundry dancing on the roofs1 and smoke in the winter's wind--these are the things he weaves into the fabric of his thoughts4 ,or sheep upon the hillside1 if his window is so lucky1 or a sunny meadow is a profitable speculation4 ,and so1 while the novelist is struggling up a dizzy mountain1 straining through the tempest to see the kingdoms of the world1 behold the essayist1 snug at home1 content with little sights6 ,he is a kind of poet--a poet whose wings are clipped4 ,he flaps to no great heights1 and sees neither the devil nor the seven oceans nor the twelve apostles4 ,he paints old thoughts in shiny varnish and1 as he is able1 he mends small habits here and there4 ,and therefore1 as essayists stay at home1 they are precise1 almost amorous1 in the posture and outlook of their writing4 ,leigh ,hunt#aad wished a great library next his study4 8,but for the study itself10 he writes1 8give me a small snug place1 almost entirely walled with books4 ,there should be only one window in it1 looking on trees40 ,how the precious fellow scorns the mountains and the ocean6 ,he has no love1 it seems1 for typhoons and roaring lions4 8,i entrench myself in my books10 he continues1 8equally against sorrow and the weather4 ,if the wind comes down the passage1 ,i look about to see how ,i can fence it off by a better disposition of my movables40 ,and by movables he means his books4 ,these were his screen against cold and trouble4 ,but ,leigh ,hunt had been in prison for his political beliefs4 ,he had grappled with his lion4 ,so perhaps1 after all1 my argument fails4 ,mr4 ,edmund ,gosse#aae had a different method to the same purpose4 ,he 8was so anxious to fly all outward noise0 that he wished for a library apart from the house4 ,maybe he had had some experience with ,annie and her clattering broomstick4 8,in my sleep10 he writes1 8'when dreams are multitude1' ,i sometimes fancy that one day ,i shall have a library in a garden4 ,the phrase seems to contain the whole felicity of man4444 ,it sounds like having a castle in ,spain1 or a sheep-walk in ,arcadia40#aaf ,montaigne's#aag study was a tower1 walled all about with books4 ,at his table in the midst he was the general focus of their wisdom4 ,hazlitt#aah wrote much at an inn at ,winterslow1 with ,salisbury ,plain around the corner of his view4 ,except for ill health1 and a love of the ,south ,seas 7here was the novelist showing itself71 ,stevenson#aai would probably have preferred a windy perch overlooking ,edinburgh4 ,it does seem as if rather a richer flavor were given to a book by knowing the circumstance of its composition4 ,consequently readers1 as they grow older1 turn more and more to biography4 ,it is not chiefly the biographies that deal with great crises and events1 but rather the biographies that are concerned with small circumstance and agreeable gossip4 ,lately in a book-shop at the foot of ,cornhill#abj ,i fell in with an old scholar who told me that it was his practice to recommend four books1 which1 taken end on end1 furnished the general history of ,english writing from the ,restoration#aba to a time within his own memory4 ,these books were ,pepy's 8,diary10#abb ,boswell's 8,johnson10#abc the 8,letters and ,diaries0 of ,madame ,d',arblay1#abd and the 8,diary0 of ,crabbe ,robinson4#abe ,beginning almost with the days of ,cromwell1 here is a chain of pleasant gossip the space of more than two hundred years4 ,perhaps at the first there were old fellows still alive who could remember ,shakespeare2 who still sat in chimney-corners and babbled through their toothless gums of ,blackfriars and the ,globe4#abf ,and at the end we find a reference to ,president ,lincoln and his freeing of the slaves4 ,here are a hundred authors1 perhaps a thousand1 tucking up their cuffs1 looking out from their familiar windows1 scribbling their masterpieces4 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,why does the writer of an essay need a desk and a library8 #b4 ,explain the figure of speech that compares an essay with something that cooks slowly4 #c4 ,why must essays be written slowly8 #d4 ,why does an essayist make great use of books8 #e4 ,why does an essayist keep a note-book8 #f4 ,why is an essayist 8modest with his own thoughts and tolerant of others08 #g4 ,why does the essayist enjoy the little things of life8 #h4 ,what is meant by 8mending small habits here and there08 #i4 ,in what ways are many books of biography like essays8 #aj4 ,prove that ,mr4 ,brooks' article is an essay4 #aa4 ,point out unusual expressions1 or striking sentences4 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,the ,writing of ,school #aa4 ,a ,clerk in a ,store ,compositions #b4 ,the ,preparation of a ,debate #ab4 ,a ,teacher of ,chemistry #c4 ,the ,writing of ,letters #ac4 ,preparing an ,experiment #d4 ,a ,pupil in ,school #ad4 ,the ,work of a ,book ,agent #e4 ,the ,work of a ,blacksmith #ae4 ,buying a ,dress #f4 ,the ,leader of an ,orchestra #af4 ,selecting a ,new ,hat #g4 ,the ,cheer-,leader at a ,game #ag4 ,being ,photographed #h4 ,memorizing a ,speech #ah4 ,the ,senior #i4 ,the ,janitor of a ,school #ai4 ,the ,freshman #aj4 ,the ,editor of a ,paper #bj4 ,the ,alumnus ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,your aim is to write an essay in imitation of the one written by ,mr4 ,brooks4 ,read ,mr4 ,brooks' essay so carefully that you will know just what to imitate4 ,notice how easily and how pleasantly ,mr4 ,brooks writes1 and especially how he makes use of figurative language rather than of direct statement4 ,then1 too1 he uses some very striking expressions1 such as 8,he desires neither typhoon nor tempest10 and 8,he paints old thoughts in shiny varnish40 ,at the same time he uses common expressions now and then1 as if to give a touch of familiarity or of humor1--8,he flaps to no great heights10 8,he mends small habits10 8,who still sat in chimney corners and babbled through their toothless gums40 ,with it all1 he gives a clear conception of the essayist and his work4 ,try to imitate all this in your own writing4 ,avoid being stiff and formal1 and try to write easily1 familiarly1 originally1 and with dignity4 ,remember that your aim is to give pleasure rather than information4 ,,footnotes3 #aad ,leigh ,hunt 7#aghd-ahei74 ,a famous ,english essayist and poet1 noted for his love of books4 ,when he was imprisoned because of an article ridiculing the ,prince ,regent he sent for so many books that he made his prison a sort of library4 #aae ,edmund ,gosse 7#ahdi- 74 ,a noted ,english poet1 critic1 and student of literature4 ,since he based much of his writing on close study he naturally wished for quiet4 #aaf ,a castle in ,spain1 or a sheep-walk in ,arcadia4 ,places of perfect happiness1 where all desired things may be obtained4 ,arcadia is a mountain-surrounded section of ,greece noted for its happy shepherd life4 #aag ,michel de ,montaigne 7#aecc-aeib74 ,the great ,french essayist who invented the familiar essay4 #aah ,william ,hazlitt 7#aggh-ahcj74 ,an ,english essayist1 lecturer1 biographer and critic2 a student of literature4 #aai ,robert ,louis ,stevenson 7#ahej-ahid74 ,a ,british poet1 novelist1 short story writer and essayist1 born in ,edinburgh1 ,scotland4 ,at various times he lived in ,france1 ,switzerland1 the ,united ,states and the ,south ,sea ,islands4 ,he was buried in ,samoa4 #abj ,cornhill4 ,a famous street in ,london4 #aba ,the ,restoration4 ,the restoration of the ,english monarchy in #affj after its overthrow by the ,parliamentary forces under ,oliver ,cromwell4 #abb ,samuel ,pepys 7#afcc-agjc74 ,an ,english business man1 office-holder and lover of books4 ,for nine years he kept a most personal1 self-revealing diary1 which he wrote in shorthand4 ,the diary gives an accurate picture of the age in which he lived4 #abc ,james ,boswell 7#agdj-agie74 ,a ,scotch advocate and author1 noted especially for his ,life of ,samuel ,johnson1 ,,ll4,d41 a book that many pronounce the best biography ever written4 ,the work makes one intimately acquainted with ,samuel ,johnson 7#agji-aghd71 a great essayist1 poet1 biographer1 play-writer1 and author of a famous dictionary of the ,english language4 ,dr4 ,johnson was a leader of the learned men of his time4 #abd ,frances ,burney ,d',arblay 7#ageb-ahdj74 ,an ,english novelist1 author of ,evelina1 and a friend of ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson4 ,her ,letters and ,diary give an intimate account of her entire life4 #abe ,henry ,crabbe ,robinson 7#agge-ahfg74 ,an ,english war-correspondent and social leader4 ,his ,diary gives intimate information concerning the great men of his time1 with nearly all of whom he was personally acquainted4 #abf ,blackfriars and the ,globe4 ,london theaters in which ,shakespeare's plays were first produced4 ,,the ,,rhythm ,,of ,,prose ,by ,,abram ,,lipsky 7#ahgb- 74 ,a teacher in the high schools of the ,city of ,new ,york4 ,among his works is a volume entitled 8,old ,testament ,heroes40 ,dr4 ,lipsky writes for many publications4 ,the ,rhythm of ,prose is a meditation on the music of language1 on the 8tune0 that accompanies thought4 ,the essay is not severe and formal1--as it would be if it were a treatise on prose rhythm1--but is easy-going and almost conversational4 ,it is an interesting example of the didactic type of essay4 8,good prose is rhythmical because thought is3 and thought is rhythmical because it is always going somewhere1 sometimes strolling1 sometimes marching1 sometimes dancing40 ,the rhythm of prose is inseparable from its sense4 ,this sense-rhythm is abetted and supported by the mechanical rhythm of syllables1 but its larger outlines are staked out by tones of interrogation1 by outcries1 expostulations1 threats1 entreaties1 resolves1 by the tones of a multitude of emotions4 ,these are heard as interior voices1 and have their accompaniment of peculiar bodily motions1 such as gritting of teeth1 holding of breath1 clenching of fists1 tensions1 and relaxations of numberless obscure muscles4 ,all the organs of the body compose the orchestra that plays the rhythm of prose1 which is not only a rhythm1 but a tune4 ,in short1 the really important sort of rhythm in prose is that of phrase1 clause1 and sentence1 and this rhythm is marked not merely by stresses1 but by tones1 which are of as great variety as the modes of putting a proposition1 dogmatic1 hypothetical1 imperative1 persuasive2 or as the emotional tone of thought1 solemn1 jubilant1 placid1 mysterious4 ,good prose is rhythmical because thought is2 and thought is rhythmical because it is always going somewhere1 sometimes strolling1 sometimes marching1 sometimes dancing4 ,types of thought have their characteristic rhythms1 and a resemblance is discernible between these and types of dancing4 ,note1 for example1 the ,oriental undulation of ,de ,quincey1#abg the sprightly two-stepping of ,stevenson1#abh the placid glide of ,howells1#abi the march of ,gibbon4#acj ,a man who wishes to put the accent of moral authority into his style writes in a sententious1 staccato rhythm4 ,one who would appear profound adopts the voluminous1 long-winded ,german period4 ,the apocalyptic spirit manifests itself in a buoyant1 shouting1 leaping rhythm4 ,meditative calmness adopts the gliding movement that suggests the waltz4 ,now1 why do we become uneasy the moment we suspect a writer of aiming at musical effects8 ,it is because we know instinctively that every thought creates its own rhythm1 and that when a writer's attention is upon his rhythm1 he is bent upon something else than his thought processes4 ,the only way of giving the impression of thought that is not original or spontaneous is by imitating the rhythm of that thought4 ,for real meanings cannot be borrowed4 ,they are always new4 ,real thought is an action1 an original adventure4 ,it pulsates1 and the body pulsates with it4 ,no writer can produce this sense of original adventure in us unless he has it himself4 ,the various classes of writers and talkers whose business it is to sway the minds of others understand as well as the medicine-man in the primitive tribe the part that rhythm plays in their work4 ,the rhythm of each is characteristic4 ,the swelling1 pompous senatorial style that suggests the weight of nations behind the speaker is familiar4 ,i admit that there is an ultimate violent remedy1 above the ,constitution and in defiance of the ,constitution1 which may be resorted to when a revolution is to be justified4 ,but ,i do not admit that1 under the ,constitution and in conformity with it1 there is any mode in which a state government1 as a member of the ,union1 can interfere and stop the progress of the general ,government by force of her own laws under any circumstances whatever4 ,rhythm of this sort is not a matter of accented and unaccented syllables1 but of length of phrase and suspension of voice as it gathers volume and momentum to break finally in an overwhelming roar4 ,then there is the suave1 insinuating clerical style that lulls opposition and penetrates the conscience of the listener with its smooth1 unhalting navet4 ,how many of us feel that those who have committed grave outward transgressions into which we have not fallen because the motives to them were not present with us1 or because ,god's grace kept us hedged round by influences which resisted them--may nevertheless have had hearts which answered more to ,god's heart1 which entered far more into the grief and joy of ,his ,spirit1 than ours ever did4 ,or1 if the preacher is of the apocalyptic variety1 we get the explosive shocks1 the hammer-blows1 and the thunderous reverberations4 ,ah1 no1 this deep-hearted son of the wilderness with his burning black eyes and open1 social1 deep soul1 had other thoughts in him than ambition4444 ,the great mystery of existence1 as ,i said1 glared in upon him1 with its terrors1 with its splendors2 no hear-says could hide that unspeakable fact1 8,here am ,i40 ,editorial omniscience clothes itself in a martial array of unwavering units4 ,there is no quickening or slackening in their irresistible advance4 ,there is no weakening in their ranks1 nor are they subject to sudden accessions of strength4 ,all is as it was in the beginning1 perfect wisdom without flaw4 ,all this is in prose what conventional meter is in verse4 ,the writer sets himself a tune1 which he follows4 ,the political orator1 the preacher1 the editorial writer1 the philosopher1 the rhapsodist1 knows that his writing acquires prestige from the class wisdom whose rhythm he chants4 ,the reader who does not examine the thought too critically1 but who recognizes the rhythm1 is satisfied with the writer's credentials and bolts the whole piece4 ,the reverence the average man has for print is largely due to the hypnotizing effect of its rhythm4 ,what we find intolerable is the setting of the tune at the start and the grinding it out to the end4 ,in revenge the reading world consigns the much-vaunted ,sir ,thomas ,browne's#aca 8,urn ,burial10 ,de ,quincey's 8,levana10#acb and ,pater's#acc famous purple patch about ,mona ,lisa to the rhetorical museums2 but it never ceases to read 8,robinson ,crusoe10#h 8,pilgrim's ,progress10#h and 8,gulliver's ,travels10#acd and it devours ,g4 ,b4 ,shaw#ace with delight4 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,explain just how prose rhythms aid in communicating thought4 #b4 ,show that it is perfectly natural to adapt prose rhythm to thought4 #c4 ,what honesty of style does the writer demand8 #d4 ,why is an artificial rhythm unsuccessful8 #e4 ,why is a continued rhythm unsuccessful8 #f4 ,what sort of prose rhythm does ,dr4 ,lipsky advocate8 #g4 ,point out figurative language in the essay8 ,why is it used8 ,what effect does it produce8 #h4 ,point out conversational expressions in the essay4 ,why are they used8 ,what effects do they produce8 #i4 ,what advantage is gained by making references to various authors8 #aj4 ,why does the writer quote from several authors8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,public ,speaking #aa4 ,stories in ,school ,papers #b4 ,tone in ,conversation #ab4 ,school ,editorial ,articles #c4 ,selling ,goods #ac4 ,written ,translations #d4 ,style in ,letter ,writing #ad4 ,laboratory ,note ,books #e4 ,the ,art of ,advertising #ae4 ,the ,sort of ,novel ,i ,like #f4 ,coaching a ,team #af4 ,good ,preaching #g4 ,style in ,debating #ag4 ,interesting ,lectures #h4 ,the ,best ,graduation ,oration #ah4 ,directions #i4 ,newspaper ,articles #ai4 ,good ,teaching #aj4 ,school ,compositions #bj4 ,useful ,text ,books ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,think of a thesis1 or statement1 in which you believe strongly4 ,explain1 first of all1 that it is entirely natural for any one to act in accordance with your thesis4 ,illustrate your thought by making definite references to well-known characteristics1 and by making apt quotations4 ,end your work by writing a paragraph that will correspond with the last paragraph of ,dr4 ,lipsky's essay4 ,,footnotes3 #abg ,thomas de ,quincey 7#aghe-ahei74 ,a celebrated ,english essayist1 noted for the poetic beauty of his prose style4 #abh ,robert ,louis ,stevenson 7#ahej-ahid74 ,a great modern novelist and essayist whose style has both vigor and beauty of rhythm4 #abi ,william ,dean ,howells 7#ahcg-aibj74 ,a modern realistic novelist and literary critic who wrote in a serene and quiet style4 #acj ,edward ,gibbon 7#agcg-agid74 ,a great ,english historian1 author of ,the ,decline and ,fall of the ,roman ,empire4 ,his style is stately and impressive1 as befits a great subject4 #aca ,sir ,thomas ,browne 7#afje-afhb74 ,a writer of essay-like books that are notable because of unusual beauty of phrasing and rich suggestiveness of expression4 #acb ,levana4 ,one of the most poetic of ,thomas ,de ,quincey's essays4 #acc ,walter ,pater 7#ahci-ahid74 ,an ,english essayist noted for the richness of his prose style4 #acd ,robinson ,crusoe1 by ,daniel ,defoe 7#affa-agca71 and ,pilgrim's ,progress1 by ,john ,bunyan 7#afbh-afhh71 are both written in plain1 unaffected style4 #ace ,george ,bernard ,shaw 7#ahef--74 ,a present-day dramatist and critic who adapts his style to his thought4 ,,the ,,realistic ,,story ,,the ,,chinaman',s ,,head ,by ,,william ,,rose ,,ben,t 7#ahhf74 ,formerly with ,century ,magazine1 and at present associate editor of ,the ,literary ,review4 ,contributor1 particularly of poems and humorous verse1 to many magazines4 ,he is the author of ,merchants from ,cathay2 ,the ,falconer of ,god2 ,the ,great ,white ,wall2 ,the ,burglar of the ,zodiac2 ,perpetual ,light 7memorial74 ,humor depends upon incongruity1 exaggeration1 misunderstanding1 ignorance1 the unexpected1 and the use of the absurd in a thousand different ways4 ,humor that is spontaneous is always most effective4 ,a good humorous story is realistic1 its humor apparently created from within1 by the characters1 rather than from without1 by the author4 ,the ,chinaman's ,head is an example of the simple1 humorous story4 ,it gives sufficient character indication to support the incongruity1 the misunderstanding1 and the unexpected on which the humor of the story depends4 ,the brevity of the story contributes to its effect4 ,there must be oodles of money in it1 ,i thought1 and what a delightful existence1 just one complication after another4 ,i can imagine a beginning3 8,as he looked more nearly at the round object in the middle of the sidewalk1 he discovered that it was the completely severed head of a ,chinese laundryman40 ,there you have it at once--mystery6 ,gripping6 ,big6 ,large6 ,in fact1 immense6 ,then your story covers twenty-five chapters1 in which you unravel why it was a ,chinese laundryman and whose ,chinese laundryman it was4 ,excellent6 ,i shall write mystery stories4 ,i lit another cigarette and sat thinking of mystery4 ,did you ever realize this about mystery8 ,it gets more and more mysterious the more you think of it4 ,it was getting too mysterious for me already4 ,just then my wife called me to lunch4 8,did you ever think1 my dear10 ,i said affably as ,i unfolded my napkin and the roll in it bounced to the floor4 ,they always do with me4 ,it seems a rather cheap form of amusement1 putting rolls in napkins4 8,did you ever think10 ,i said1 recovering the roll4 8,oh1 often10 said my wife4 ,this somewhat disconcerted me4 8,i mean10 ,i said1 accidentally ladling the cold consomme into my tea-cup--8,i mean1 what would you do if you found a ,chinaman's head on the sidewalk80 8,step on it10 said my wife1 promptly4 ,it was quite unexpected4 8,i mean seriously10 ,i said1 handing her my tea-cup1 which she refused4 8,i am quite serious10 said my wife2 8but ,i wish you would watch what you are doing40 ,i spent the next few minutes doing it4 8,i am thinking10 ,i said gravely over my cutlet1 8of writing mystery-stories40 8,that will be quite harmless10 returned the woman ,i once loved with passion4 ,i ignored her tone4 8,the mystery-story10 ,i said1 8is a money-maker4 ,look at ',sherlock ,holmes1' and look at--well1 look at ',old and ,young ,king ,brady'60 8,all those dime novels are written by the same man10 said my wife1 unemotionally4 8,were1 my dear4 ,i believe that man is dead now40 8,then it's his brother10 said my wife4 8,but ,i am not going to descend to the dime novel10 ,i went on4 8,i am going to write the higher type of mystery-story4 ,my first story will concern the ,oriental of whom ,i have spoken4 ,it will be called ',the ,chinaman's ,head4' ,don't you think it a good idea80 8,but that isn't all of it80 the rainbow fancy of my lost youth questioned1 at the same time making a long arm for the olives4 8,of course not4 ,there are innumerable complications4 ,they--er--they complicate--0 8,such as80 8,of course10 ,i said1 8,i conceived this idea just before lunch4 ,i have had no time as yet to work out the mere detail40 8,oh10 said my lifelong penance1 chewing an end of celery4 ,but after lunch ,i sat down at my desk and began to concentrate upon my complications4 ,i wrote down some names of characters that occurred to me1 and put them into a hat4 ,then ,i took them out of the hat and wrote after them the type of person that belonged to the name4 ,then ,i put them into the hat again1 shook the hat1 and drew them out4 ,this is entirely my own invention in writing a mystery-story4 ,the first name that came out was that of 8,rudolph ,habakkuk1 soap manufacturer40 ,it was an excellent beginning4 ,i was immediately interested in the story4 ,i began it at once4 8',ha6' exclaimed ,rudolph ,habakkuk1 soap manufacturer1 starting violently at what he saw before him upon the broad pavements of ,fifth ,avenue4 ,the round1 yellow object glistened in the oblique rays of the afternoon sun4 ,it was a ,chinaman's head60 ,i thought it excellent1 pithy1 precise4 ,scene1 the whole character of one of the principal figures in the story1 the crux of the mystery--all at a glance1 as it were4 ,and what more revealing than that simple1 yet complete1 designation1 soap manufacturer6 ,i couldn't resist going into the next room and reading it to my wife4 ,i said3 8,doesn't it arouse your curiosity80 8,yes10 said my wife1 biting off a thread4 8,but how did it get there80 8,what8 ,the ,chinaman's head8 ,oh1 that is the mystery40 8,i should say it was10 said my wife to herself4 ,i left the begrudging woman and returned to my study4 ,i sat down to think about how it got there4 ,i thought almost an hour about how it got there4 ,do you know1 it quite eluded me8 ,i took my hat and overcoat and went down the street to talk to ,theodore ,rowe1 who is an author of sorts4 8,let's hear your plot10 said ,theodore1 giving me a cigarette and a cocktail4 8,well10 ,i started off immediately1 with decision1 8you see1 this ,rudolph ,habakkuk is a wealthy soap manufacturer4 ,on ,christmas day1 when he is walking down ,fifth ,avenue1 he is arrested--0 8,ah10 said ,theodore4 8,arson1 or just for being a soap manufacturer80 8,i did not think you would interrupt10 ,i said solemnly4 8,he is arrested by a ,chinaman's head40 8,really10 said ,theodore1 8don't you think that's drawing the long bow a bit8 ,is it ',alice in ,wonderland' or a ghost-story80 8,he sees it on the pavement10 ,i pursued as well as ,i could4 8,it is entirely cut off4 ,i mean it is decapitated1 you know4 ,the head is decapitated40 8,yes10 answered ,theodore1 slowly1 8,i see4 ,it would be1 ,heads get that way40 8,well10 ,i said1 8what do you think of it80 8,i haven't heard the story yet10 remarked ,theodore4 8,oh10 ,i replied a trifle impatiently1 ,i am afraid4 8,but that is the idea4 ,the details are to be worked out later4 ,don't you think it's a striking idea80 8,i should say so10 said ,theodore1 rising2 8almost too striking4 ,have another cocktail4 ,they're good for what ails you40 8,thanks10 ,i said4 8,but1 you see1 the fact is ,i have got a bit--er--perplexed about how to explain the appearance of the head4 ,possibly you could suggest80 8,we-ll10 said ,theodore1 pursing his lips in deep thought1 8let me see4 ,have you thought of the ,chinaman being in a manhole8 ,only his head showing1 you know40 ,he turned his back on me and drew out his handkerchief4 ,he seemed to have a very bad cold4 8,no10 ,i said emphatically1 8this is a severed head40 8,it might have been dropped from a ballooo--achoo60 gargled ,theodore1 his back still turned4 8,really1 ,theodore10 ,i said1 rising1 8thank you for the drinks1 but ,i must say your mind doesn't seem to fire to a true mystery-story4 ,i must have something better than that4 ,i shall have to find it40 ,as ,i was going down the front steps1 ,theodore opened the door4 8,oh1 ,tuffin10 he called after me1 8how did he know it was a ,chinaman80 8,by the queue wound round the neck10 ,i called back4 ,it was rather good for an impromptu1 ,i think4 8,the man had been murdered40 ,i then found myself colliding with a policeman4 ,he looked after me suspiciously4 99 99 99 99 99 ,my wife reminded me that we were to dine at the ,royles's that night4 ,as ,i dressed ,i was still turning over in my mind the unlimited possibilities of my first mystery-story4 ,i could see the colored jackets of the book1 the publisher's announcements1 other volumes in the same series1 8,the ,musical ,fingerbowls10 8,the ,pink ,emerald10 8,the ,green ,samovar10 8,the ,purple ,umbrella40 ,imagination flamed4 ,my wife said she had called me three times1 but ,i know it was only once4 ,i had expected it to be rather a dull dinner party1 but really ,mrs4 ,revis quite brightened it for me4 ,she was immediately interested in my becoming an author1 and she began to talk about ,dostoyevsky4 8,well1 you know--just at first10 ,i rejoined in modest deprecation of my own talents4 8,and tell me your first story4 ,what is it to be80 ,she leaned toward me with large and shining eyes4 ,i had a moment of wishing the title were not quite so sensational4 8,it is to be called ',the ,chinaman's ,head1'0 ,i said1 hastening to add1 8,you see1 it is a very deep mystery-story40 8,a-ah1 mystery60 said ,mrs4 ,revis1 clasping her beautiful hands and gazing upward4 8,i adore mystery60 8,the plot is10 ,i said--8well1 you see1 there is a soap manufacturer--0 8,a-ah1 soup60 softly moaned ,mrs4 ,revis1 gazing at hers4 8,no2 soap10 ,i said4 8,the soap manufacturer is walking along ,fifth ,avenue--0 8,they really shouldn't allow them10 exclaimed my confidante4 8,yes1 but he is--and--and he sees a ,chinaman's head40 8,where80 8,a-ah10 ,i said1 8that is the touch--a severed head at his feet60 ,her dismay was pleasing4 ,i had aroused her4 ,she choked over her soup4 8,tell me more60 she gasped4 8,certainly10 ,i said4 8,the--the way it got there--0 ,what an infernal thing a mystery-story is6 ,how should ,i know how it got there6 ,isn't the effect enough8 ,some day ,i shall write a story entirely composed of effects4 ,as ,i drew our ,ford up at our door1 my wife suddenly turned to me4 8,it isn't late1 ,george1 and ,sam ,lee is just down at the corner4 ,he should have brought the laundry this afternoon4 ,i entirely forgot about it1 and to-morrow's ,sunday40 8,but surely they close up40 8,oh1 no2 he'll be open4 ,maida went for it two ,saturdays ago at about this time4 ,they work all night1 you know4 ,please1 ,george60 8,oh1 all right10 ,i said resignedly4 ,i jogged and pulled things and ambled down the block4 ,sure enough1 the laundry was still lighted and doing business4 ,it always smells of lychee-nuts and bird's nest soup inside4 ,the black-haired yellow boy grinned at me4 8,how do60 ,i explained my errand and secured the large parcel4 ,suddenly a thought occurred to me4 ,the very thing6 ,these ,orientals were full of subtlety4 ,i would put it to him4 8,john10 ,i said impressively1 8listen60 ,his name was ,sam1 but ,i always call them ,john4 ,he listened attentively1 watching me with beady black eyes4 8,john10 ,i said1 8what would you do if your head--no2 ,i mean--what would you do if a soap manufacturer--no2 perhaps we had better get at it this way4 ,if a ,chinaman's head was cut off--see what ,i mean80 ,i leaned forward and indicated by an appropriate and time-honored gesture the process of decapitation4 ,john--,i mean ,sam--took two steps hastily backward1 and his eyes became pin-points4 ,he jabbered something at his friend in the rear room4 8,now1 ,john--,i mean ,sam10 ,i said mollifyingly1 8don't be foolish4 ,just come back nearer--0 8,that'll be all of that shenanigan10 said a very ,irish voice behind me4 ,i turned1 and saw the policeman with whom ,i had so nearly collided that afternoon4 8,that'll be all1 ,i say10 remarked ,roundsman ,reardon1 as ,i afterward found his name to be4 8,sur-r1 ain't yees ashamed of yerself1 scarin' the likes o' these ,chinks into the fright o' their shadow80 ,he leveled a large1 pudgy finger at me4 8,an' ,i hear-rd ye this afternoon4 ,i seen ye an' ,i hear-rd ye4 ,an' ye may be thankful ,i know ye by repitation to be har-rmless4 ,but ye'll come with me quiet1 an' ,i'll escar-rt ye back to yer own house1 an' leave the wife to put ye to bed4 ,ain't ye ashamed to be drinkin' this way an' makin' a sneak with the la'ndry without payin'1 by hopes of frightenin'--0 8,that is not true10 ,i answered hotly1 for my blood was up4 8,i intend to pay4 ,i had forgotten40 8,ye had forgotten10 said ,reardon1 a whit contemptuously4 8,an' ye was askin' the ,china boy how he w'u'd like to be murthered60 8,i will explain to you1 ,officer10 ,i said in the street4 8,i am writing a story4 ,i was merely seeking a native impression40 8,that'll be as it may be10 said ,reardon4 8,ye give me the impression--0 8,suppose you had your head cut off--0 ,i began affably enough4 ,but ,i got no further4 8,it is as ,i thought10 said ,reardon1 gloomily4 ,he got in beside me1 and he helped me out at my own house1 though ,i needed absolutely no assistance4 ,he seemed to want to give me a bit of advice4 8,lay off the stuff1 sur-r10 he said ponderously4 8,an' ye wid the fine wife you have60 ,he shook his head a number of times1 glanced with sad ,illustration3 8',a-ah1 mystery6'0 said ,mrs4 ,revis1 clasping her beautiful hands and gazing upward4 8',i adore mystery6'0 7page #bcd7 resignation at my wife as she led me in1 and departed1 still shaking his head4 ,i can't tell you how all that head-shaking annoyed me4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i started awake in the middle of the night4 ,it was unbelievably excellent4 8,jane60 ,i said to my wife1 8,jane1 it's wonderful4 ,it's come to me60 ,but ,jane did not answer4 8,jane10 ,i said happily1 8you see1 the ,chinaman's head--0 8,if you say ,chinaman to me again10 returned my wife1 sleepily1 8,i'll leave you4 ,there are six pieces missing from that laundry40 ,and she never knew4 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,what is the character of the speaker8 ,how does the speaker's personality contribute to the humor of the story8 #b4 ,what sort of story did he contemplate writing8 #c4 ,what is the character of the speaker's wife8 ,how does her personality contribute to the humor of the story8 #d4 ,what gives humor to ,theodore's remarks8 #e4 ,why is the incident of meeting the policeman mentioned early in the story8 #f4 ,what gives humor to ,mrs4 ,revis's remarks8 #g4 ,what misunderstandings give humor to the story8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,adventures of an ,amateur #aa4 ,conducting a ,meeting ,detective #b4 ,going on ,my ,travels #ab4 ,making an ,excuse #c4 ,reading ,aloud at ,home #ac4 ,cooking ,experiences #d4 ,a ,mysterious ,package #ad4 ,housecleaning #e4 ,the ,lost ,dog #ae4 ,buying a ,dress #f4 ,my ,pet ,snakes #af4 ,speaking a ,foreign ,language #g4 ,writing a ,composition #ag4 ,my ,first ,speech #h4 ,graduation #ah4 ,little ,brother #i4 ,being an ,editor #ai4 ,being ,careful #aj4 ,doing an ,errand #bj4 ,my ,letter ,writing ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,found your story on some actual interest that you have4 ,write in the first person1 as realistically as possible4 ,do not over-use exaggeration1 but make your story unusual4 ,you will gain the best effects if you base your humor on natural misunderstanding1 and on remarks or events that are incongruous4 ,confine your story to two or three principal incidents1 and bring the narrative to a natural conclusion that will give the effect of climax4 ,,getting ,,up ,,to ,,date ,by ,,roberta ,,wayne ,an ,american short story writer and contributor to magazines4 ,a realistic story differs from a romantic story in that it concerns the events of ordinary life4 ,its characters are the people whom we know1--those who move about us in daily life4 ,its plot centers around everyday events4 ,naturally a realistic story depends largely upon character interest4 ,getting ,up ,to ,date concerns such a simple thing as storekeeping1 and the methods of attracting customers4 ,job ,lansing1 in the story1 represents the type of person who clings to old ways4 ,his niece1 ,ellie1 represents the spirit of youth and progress1--the spirit of adaptability4 ,the simplicity and familiarity of such a story is just as interesting as is wild adventure in the most vivid romance4 ,old ,job ,lansing stood1 hatchet in hand1 and stared down into the big packing-case that he had just opened4 8,el-lee10 he called1 8come here quick40 ,and as footsteps were heard and the shutting of a door1 he continued3 8,they've sent the wrong stuff4 ,this isn't what we ordered60 ,the girl buried her head in the box from which she brought forth bolt after bolt of dress goods1 voiles with gay colors1 dainty organdies1 and ginghams in pretty checks and plaids4 ,as she rose1 her eyes glowed and instinctively she straightened her shoulders4 8,yes1 ,uncle1 it is what we ordered4 ,i sent for this60 8,you did60 ,the old man trembled with rage4 8,but1 ,uncle1 they're so pretty and ,i think--0 8,you can think and think as much as you please1 but those goods will never sell4 ,they'll just lie on the shelves4 ,you may think they're pretty1 but an ,injin won't buy a yard of 'em1 and it's ,injins we're trading with40 8,but there's no reason why the squaws shouldn't buy pretty dresses instead of ugly calico4 ,there's more money in this1 and it's a pleasure to sell such dainty stuff4 ,besides1 we can sell to the white people4 ,there's ,mrs4 ,matthews--0 8,i've heard all your arguments before1 and ,i tell you1 you'll never sell it40 ,old ,job had never married4 ,for many years he had lived alone in the rooms behind his store1 and he had become self-centered and a bit fussy and intolerant4 ,if he had realized how much his life was to be upset1 he could never have brought himself to offer his widowed sister and her family a home2 for he valued his quiet life1 and1 above all1 he wanted to do things in his own way4 ,he was never at ease with the two nephews1 who soon left to make their own way in the world4 ,but with ,ellie it was different4 ,her affectionate ways won ,job's heart4 ,they were chums1 often going together on long horseback rides to distant peaks that looked inviting4 ,and as the girl developed1 he loved to have her with him as he worked and he was delighted at her interest in everything in the little store4 ,she even learned the prices of the goods and helped him4 ,old ,job had kept this store at the 8summit0 for thirty years1 and he was sure he knew every side of the business4 ,as long as he kept a good supply of beans and flour1 that was all that was necessary4 ,a good-sized ,indian village lay down the creek about a mile1 and it was from this settlement that ,job ,lansing got most of his trade4 ,the old man had come to the age when he lived mostly in the past4 ,he liked to talk of the 8glorious0 days4 8,things were lively around here then10 he used to say4 8,why1 for every dollar's worth ,i sell now1 then ,i used to sell fifty dollars4 ,they were the good old times60 8,but why80 questioned ,ellie1 bringing him sharply back to the present4 8,there are a lot more people here now and we should do better40 ,then1 with a gesture of impatience1 8,uncle1 there's no sense in it4 ,we've got to get up to date4 ,i don't blame ,joe and ,glenn for leaving4 ,there's no future here40 8,shucks60 said ,job ,lansing4 8,you don't know what you're talking about40 ,but ,ellie always managed to have the last word4 8,i'm going to do something6 ,see if ,i don't60 ,and she had done it6 ,for weeks1 now1 ,job ,lansing had been quite pleased with her4 ,she had never been so reasonable4 ,she had taken a great notion to cleaning up the store4 ,not that he approved of her moving the goods around2 but still1 it was a woman's way to be everlastingly fussing about with a dust-cloth4 ,you couldn't change them4 ,he had decided that this new interest on ,ellie's part came from the feeling of responsibility he had put upon her two months before when he had been called to ,monmouth4 ,his old mining partner was ill and wanted to see him4 ,before he went he gave his niece a few directions and told her how to make up the order for goods1 that had to go out the next day4 ,he rode away feeling that the business would be all right in her hands4 ,now1 as he stormed around the store1 he realized why she had taken such an interest in the arrangement of the shelf space2 why a gap had been left in a prominent place4 ,it was for this silly stuff that wouldn't sell6 ,he wanted to send it back1 but1 as it had been ordered1 he would have to pay express on it both ways4 ,ellie stood her ground1 a determined expression in her face4 ,she unpacked the heavy box and put the gay organdies and voiles in the places she had arranged for them4 ,one piece1 of a delicate gray with small1 bright1 magenta flowers in it1 she left on the counter2 and to the astonishment of the old man1 she let a length of the dainty goods fall in graceful folds over a box placed beneath it4 ,this was one of the notions she had brought back from ,phnix1 where she had gone on a spring shopping trip with ,mrs4 ,matthews1 wife of the superintendent at the ,golden ,glow mine4 ,how she had enjoyed that day6 ,her eager eyes noted every up-to-date detail in the big stores where they shopped2 but to her surprise1 ,mrs4 ,matthews had bought only such things as they might easily have carried in her uncle's store--plain1 but pretty1 ginghams for the ,matthews' children1 a light-blue organdie for herself1 a box of writing-paper1 and a string of beads for ,julie's birthday4 ,ellie's pretty little head was at once filled with ideas that coaxed for a chance to become solid facts4 ,her uncle's trip to ,monmouth gave her an opportunity1 and1 after weeks of waiting1 the boxes had been delivered and the storm had broken4 ,when they closed the store for the night1 ,ellie was tired4 ,she was not so sure of success as she had been4 ,but1 at least1 she had made an effort to improve things4 ,how she longed for her mother1 absent on a two months' visit to one of her sons6 ,with the morning came new courage1 even exhilaration1 for unconsciously she was finding joy in the struggle2 not as a diversion in the monotony and loneliness of her life1 for ,ellie did not know what monotony meant1 and she felt herself rich in friends4 ,she had two4 ,one was ,louise ,prescott at ,skyboro1 only ten miles away1 daughter of a wealthy ranchman4 ,they often visited each other1 for each had her own pony and was free to come and go as she wished4 ,and the other was ,juanita ,mercy1 down the caon in the opposite direction4 ,now1 for the last two years1 ,louise had been away at school4 ,but she was always thrilled at getting back to the mountains4 ,she had returned the day before1 and ,ellie knew that early the next morning she would be loping her pony over the steep road that led to the little mountain store4 ,and it was when ,ellie was standing guard over her new goods1 fearing that her uncle might1 in a moment of anger1 order them to be sent back1 that ,louise rode up1 and1 throwing her reins forward over her pony's neck1 leaped from the saddle and rushed into the store4 8,oh1 ,ellie6 it's good to get back1 and ,i have four months of vacation4 ,won't we have a grand time6--,why1 you've been fixing up the store1 ,mr4 ,lansing2 and how lovely it looks6 ,i must have ,mama come up and see these pretty summer things40 ,turning again to ,ellie1 she threw her arms around her and whispered3 8,come on out and sit on our dear old bluff4 ,i just can't get enough of the hills to-day1 and ,i want to talk and talk and talk40 ,but it was not ,louise who did the talking this time4 ,while her eyes were feasting on the gorgeous scenery before her1 the dim trails that led up and up the steep mountain on the other side of the creek1 ,ellie unburdened herself of her troubles4 ,she told how she had ordered the goods on her own responsibility4 8,why1 ,ellie1 how could you do it8 ,i'd never have had the courage60 8,but ,i just had to1 ,lou4 ,i don't want to leave the mountains1 and ,i don't want to be poor all our lives4 ,uncle's getting old and set in his ways1 and he can't seem to see that things are going behind all the time4 ,dear old uncle6 ,he's been so good to us6 ,and now ,i'd like to help him4 ,i'm just trying to save him from himself40 8,and you will4 ,i think it's fine60 8,yes1 it's fine1 if--if--if60 exploded ,ellie1 who was not quite so optimistic as she had been in the morning4 ,several ,indian women had come into the store1 and while they stared in astonishment at the pretty goods displayed on the counter1 they had gone out without buying anything4 ,job ,lansing had shrugged his shoulders1 and while not a word had escaped him1 his manner had said emphatically1 8,i told you so60 8,but where is there any if1 ,i'd like to know4 ,you just have to sell all that stuff as fast as you can1 and that will show him40 8,but if the squaws won't buy8 ,they didn't seem wild about it this morning40 8,well1 you're not dependent on the squaws1 ,i should hope4 ,i'm going to tell ,mother1 and she'll come up1 if ,i say so1 and buy a lot of dresses40 8,now1 ,lou ,prescott1 don't you dare6 ,that will spoil everything4 ,uncle would say it was charity4 ,you see we are trading with squaws4 ,don't laugh1 ,louise6 ,i must make good6 ,i just must6 ,but how am ,i going to make those squaws buy what ,i want them to buy8 ,if ,uncle would only plan and work with me1 ,i know we could make a success of it4 ,but he won't60 8,you should have invested in beads1 reds and blues and greens1 all colors1 bright as you could get them40 8,that's a good idea1 ,lou4 ,i'll do it4 ,but they can't buy a string of beads without buying a dress to match it6 ,i'll do it1 ,lou ,prescott60 ,an hour later1 when they returned to the store1 ,job ,lansing looked up from the counter1 his face wrathful4 ,he had just measured off six yards of pink organdie and was doing it up in a package for ,joe ,hoan's daughter4 ,job ,lansing hated to give in4 ,he had tried to get ,lillie ,hoan to wait until ,ellie returned1 but she had insisted1 and so the old man was the first to sell a piece of the pretty goods4 ,he did it ungraciously4 ,ellie and ,louise stood still and stared at each other4 ,then ,ellie whispered3 8,it's a good omen4 ,i'm going to succeed40 ,and that night a second order was dispatched4 ,job ,lansing made no objection1 but he did not ask her what she had sent for4 ,the next two days were busy ones for ,ellie4 ,her uncle fretted to himself1 for not once did she come inside the store to help him4 ,louise came each day1 and the two girls spent their time in ,ellie's room1 where the rattling sound of the old sewing-machine could be heard4 ,but on the third day ,ellie was up early and was already dusting out the store when her uncle entered4 ,it was ,saturday1 always a busy day4 ,this pleased ,job ,lansing4 8,that girl has a pile of good sense along with this other nonsense10 he said to himself as he watched her4 ,about nine o'clock ,louise arrived and entered quickly1 throwing down a square package4 8,here they are1 ,ell4 ,he brought them last night4 ,i came right over with them1 but ,i have to hurry back4 ,they are beauties1 all right40 ,the girls disappeared once more into the bedroom1 where they could be heard laughing and exclaiming4 ,when ,ellie emerged no one would have known her1 for the little cowboy girl was dressed in a dainty voile with pink blossoms in it1 and around her neck was a long string of pink beads that matched perfectly the flowers in her gown4 ,job ,lansing started as if he were going to speak1 then suppressed the words and went on with his work4 ,ellie tried to act as if everything was the same as usual4 ,selecting some blues and pinks and greens among her ginghams and voiles1 she draped them over boxes and tubs4 ,then across each piece she laid a string of beads that matched or contrasted well with the colors in the material1 and waited for results4 ,and the result was that when ,joe ,phinney's wife1 the squaw who helped them in the kitchen1 came in with the intention of buying beans and flour1 she took a long look1 first at ,ellie1 then at the exhibit1 and without a word turned and left4 ,she did not hurry1 but she walked straight back to the ,indian village4 8,guess she was frightened10 commented ,job4 ,ellie was disappointed4 ,she had depended on old ,mary1 and it was through her that she hoped to induce the other squaws to come4 ,some of them had never been in the store4 ,they were shy1 and left their men to do the buying4 ,their sole visitor for the next hour was ,phil ,jennings1 the stage-driver1 who stopped in for the mail4 8,well1 well1 what's all this about6 ,are you trying to outshine the stores in town1 ,miss ,ellie8 ,and how pretty you look this morning40 8,yes1 ,mr4 ,jennings4 ,we're going to have a fine store here by this time next year4 ,uncle's thinking of enlarging it and putting in an up-to-date stock4 ,on your way down1 you might pass the word along that our summer goods are in and that ,i have some beautiful pieces here for dresses1 just as good as can be bought in ,tucson or ,phnix4 ,it's easier than sending away to ,chicago40 8,well1 ,i sure will1 ,miss ,ellie4 ,mother was growling the other day because she would have to go to ,monmouth to buy ginghams for the kids40 8,please tell her that next week ,i'm expecting some ready-made clothes for children1 and it will pay her to come up and see them40 8,i'll tell her10 said ,phil ,jennings1 as he cracked his whip and started off4 ,all he could talk about that day was 8that clever little girl of ,job ,lansing's0 who was going to make a real store at the summit and keep the mountain trade where it belonged4 8,where are you1 ,uncle80 called ,ellie1 as she came back into the store4 8,i'm hiding60 said ,job4 8,ashamed to be seen4 ,enlarge the store6 ,it's more than likely ,i'll have to mortgage it4 ,and you drumming up trade that way4 ,it isn't ladylike40 8,well1 it simply has to be done4 ,he'll give us some good advertising down the road to-day4 ,i wish there was some one ,i could send down the creek4 ,i wonder if you couldn't ride down1 yourself40 ,but ,job ,lansing pretended not to hear4 ,ellie did not feel as brave as her words indicated4 ,she knew that their trade from day to day came from the ,indian settlement1 and looked disconsolately out of the window4 ,but in a moment she gave an exclamation of joy and found herself shaking her uncle's arm4 8,here they come1 ,uncle1 dear6 ,here they come60 8,who8 ,what are you talking about80 8,the squaws6 ,they're here in full force4 ,mary1 the old darling1 she's brought the whole tribe1 ,i do believe60 ,ellie busied herself at the counter1 trying to appear at ease when the ,indian women filed into the store and stood gazing about them4 ,she was impatient to know if they were pleased1 but their impassive faces told nothing4 ,she would just have to let them take their time4 ,so she pretended not to notice them as they drew near to the counter1 fingering the beads and dress-goods4 8,how do you like my new dress1 ,mary80 ,ellie turned on them suddenly4 ,the squaws approached slowly and began to feel the cloth4 ,mary took hold of the beads and said1 8,uh60 ,then in a moment1 8,how much80 ,ellie's impulse was to throw her arms around ,mary and hug her1 but she was very dignified and grown-up as she answered calmly3 8,we don't sell the beads4 ,they are not for sale60 8,well of all things6 ,not for sale60 muttered ,job1 as he slipped through the rear door into the store-room and slammed it vehemently4 8,they are not for sale1 but we give a string of them to any one who buys a dress40 ,five of the squaws bought dresses1 and each time a long string of beads was passed over4 ,in the afternoon1 ,ellie's watchful eyes caught the first glimpse of them as the same squaws1 accompanied by others1 rounded the curve in the path and came single file up the steep short-cut to the store4 ,ellie counted her profits that night and was satisfied4 ,still1 there were some twenty or twenty-five squaws in the settlement who had never been inside the store1 and she made up her mind that they must be persuaded to come4 ,the next week a large packing-case arrived4 ,ellie was the one to wield the hatchet this time1 for her uncle was still in an ungracious mood4 ,the box was larger than she expected1 but this was explained when it was opened4 ,two large dolls were inside--one with curly short hair and boyish face1 and the other a real 8girly0 doll4 ,a letter explained that with an order for children's ready-to-wear clothes it might be an advantage to have dolls on which to display them4 8,i wonder60 said ,ellie1 to herself4 8,look here1 ,uncle10 she called1 as the old man came into the store2 8see what they've sent me6 ,look at these pink and white dolls1 when we're trading with ,indians4 ,isn't it a joke80 8,a coat of brown paint is what you want10 said old ,job1 laughing a cynical laugh4 8,you've hit it1 ,uncle6 ,you certainly have dandy ideas6 ,i shouldn't have thought of it40 ,then in a moment he heard her at the telephone giving a number4 ,it was the ,prescott ranch4 8,hello1 is that you1 ,louise8 ,can you come up to-day8 ,i need you4 ,all right4 ,and ,lou1 bring your oil paints4 ,it's very important40 ,it was with much giggling and chattering that the two girls began their transformation of the pink-and-white dolls4 ,their bisque faces were given a thin coating of brown paint4 ,the old man watched them from across the store and almost gasped as he saw them rip off the wigs4 ,then they retreated to the kitchen4 ,he was so curious that he made several trips to the door and peeked through a crack4 ,what he saw was the two girls bending over a pot on the stove1 which they were stirring furiously4 ,once in a while ,ellie raised the stick with something black on the end1 and finally the two dripping dolls' wigs were hung over the stove to dry4 ,of course the boiling had taken all the curl out of the hair1 but that was what they wanted1 for the two dolls were now brown-faced1 dark-haired figures4 ,they were arrayed in the ready-to-wear clothes1 and the girls stood back to survey them4 8,they look fine1 ,ellie6 ,that is1 yours does2 but my girl here doesn't look quite right40 ,job ,lansing was pretending to be busy4 ,he turned and at once broke into a roar of laughter4 8,well1 when did you ever see a blue-eyed ,injin80 8,oh that's it1 ,ellie4 ,your doll had brown eyes1 but mine are blue4 ,what shall we do8 ,it looks silly this way40 8,paint 'em black60 chuckled the old man4 8,of course60 said ,ellie4 ,then in a tone loud enough to carry across the store1 8,isn't ,uncle quick to notice things80 ,ellie meant him to hear what she said1 but she was none the less sincere1 for she did have a high regard for her uncle's ability4 ,she had said to ,louise often in the last few days1 8,when ,i get ,uncle started1 there'll be no stopping him40 ,still1 the remark had been sent forth with a purpose4 ,job ,lansing gave the girl a quick glance4 ,she was daubing brown paint on the girl-doll's eyes4 ,he was pleased by her praise and no less by her readiness to take his advice4 ,the little dresses and suits sold quickly4 ,mrs4 ,matthews bought a supply1 and told others about them4 ,but they were mostly white women who purchased these things2 and while ,ellie was glad to get their trade1 she still had the fixed idea that ,illustration3 8',isn't this great6 ,they're here1 every one of them6 ,you're awfully good to let us use the phonograph'40 7page #bej7 she must get the squaws in the habit of coming in to do their own shopping4 ,the quick sale of the new goods made a deep impression on ,job ,lansing1 and he seemed especially pleased at the sales made to the white women at the mines4 ,one morning he approached his niece with the suggestion that she had better keep her eyes open and find out what the women around the mountains needed4 ,ellie had been doing this for weeks4 ,she had a big list made out already1 but she saw no need of telling her uncle4 ,she looked up1 her face beaming4 8,that's a capital idea1 ,uncle4 ,i think we might just as well sell them all their supplies40 ,ellie was exultant4 ,she knew her troubles were over1 that her plan was working out4 ,still1 she wasn't quite satisfied4 ,a few of the shy squaws had been induced to come up and look at things from the outside1 peering into the shop through the door and windows4 ,but there were probably twenty who had not been in the store4 ,if only she could persuade them to come once1 there would be no more trouble4 ,the final stroke which brought the ,indians1 both men and women1 into the store was a bit of good luck4 ,ellie called it a miracle4 ,it was after a very heavy rain-storm in the mountains that ,jennings1 the stage-driver1 shouted to her one evening3 8,do you mind if ,i leave a big box here for young ,creighton over at the ,scotia mine8 ,the road's all washed out by ,camp #c1 and ,i don't dare take this any farther4 ,it's one of those phonygrafts that makes music1 you know4 ,and say1 ,miss ,ellie1 will you telephone him that it's here80 8,yes10 answered ,ellie in an absent-minded way4 8,i'll telephone him4 ,she was still half dreaming as she heard young ,creighton's voice at the other end of the line1 but at once she became eager and alert4 8,i want to ask a favor of you1 ,mr4 ,creighton8 ,your phonograph is here4 ,they can't take it up on account of the washout4 ,may ,i open it and play on it4 ,i'll make sure that it is boxed up again carefully40 8,why1 certainly1 ,miss ,ellie6 ,i'll be glad to have you enjoy the music4 ,the records and everything are in the box4 ,perhaps ,i'll come over and hear it myself40 ,the next evening1 about eight o'clock1 ,will ,creighton arrived on horseback1 and found such a throng of ,indians close about the door that he had to go in by the kitchen4 ,he heard the strains of the phonograph music and had no need to ask the cause of the excitement4 ,all the squaws were inside the store4 ,occasionally one would extend a hand and touch the case or peer into the dark box1 trying to discover where the sound came from4 ,creighton approached ,ellie1 who was changing a needle4 ,she turned her flushed face to him with a smile4 8,isn't this great6 ,they're here1 every one of them6 ,you're awfully good to let us use the phonograph4 ,i've ordered one like it for ourselves4 ,these blessed squaws do enjoy music so much60 ,job ,lansing was standing near the machine1 enjoying it as much as any one4 ,a new record had been put on1 the needle adjusted1 and the music issued forth from that mysterious box4 ,it was one of those college songs1 a 8laughing0 piece4 ,and soon old ,job was doubled over1 with his enjoyment of it4 ,the squaws drew closer together4 ,at first they scowled1 for they thought that the queer creature in the polished case was laughing at them4 ,then one began to giggle1 and soon another and finally the store was filled with hysterical merriment4 ,sometimes it would stop for a moment1 and then1 as the sounds from the phonograph could be heard1 it would break forth again4 ,ellie stood for hours1 playing every record four or five times1 and when she finally shut up the box1 as a sign that the concert was over1 the taciturn ,indians filed silently out of the store and went home without a word4 ,but the girl knew that they would return4 ,she had won6 ,another triumph was hers when the springtime came again4 ,one day her uncle approached her and hesitatingly said1 8,ellie1 we're going to be awfully cramped when our new summer goods arrive4 ,guess ,i'd better have ,hoan ride over and give me an estimate on an addition to the store40 ,ellie suppressed the desire to cry out1 8,i told you so60 ,instead she said very calmly3 8,why1 that's a fine idea1 ,uncle4 ,business is picking up1 and it would be nice to have more room4 ,i'm glad you thought of it40 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,why does the story begin so abruptly8 #b4 ,what is the character of ,job ,lansing8 #c4 ,what is the character of ,ellie8 #d4 ,how does the author explain that ,ellie has views that do not harmonize with her uncle's views8 #e4 ,what advantage does the author gain from the setting of the story8 #f4 ,how does the author make the story seem real8 #g4 ,why did the author introduce subordinate characters8 #h4 ,divide the story into its component incidents4 #i4 ,at what point is the reader's interest greatest8 #aj4 ,at what point is ,ellie's success certain8 #aa4 ,which incident has the greatest emphasis8 #ab4 ,how does the author make ,ellie the principal character8 #ac4 ,what is the effect of the quick conclusion8 #ad4 ,how does the author make use of conversation as a means of telling events8 #ae4 ,on what one idea is the story founded8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,re-,arranging the ,house #aa4 ,our ,piazza #b4 ,fixing ,up the ,office #ab4 ,the ,flower ,garden #c4 ,increasing ,sales #ac4 ,selling ,hats #d4 ,the ,new ,clerk #ad4 ,building ,up ,trade #e4 ,the ,old ,store ,made ,new #ae4 ,father's ,desk #f4 ,our ,dooryard #af4 ,making ,study ,easy #g4 ,a ,back-,yard ,garden #ag4 ,making a ,happy ,kitchen #h4 ,making ,over the ,library #ah4 ,a ,successful ,charity ,fair #i4 ,father's ,stable #ai4 ,the ,window ,dresser #aj4 ,decorating the ,school ,room #bj4 ,a ,good ,advertisement ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,write about a subject with which you are familiar1 and with which your readers are familiar4 ,make your principal character a young person4 ,make your story concern the contrast of two methods of accomplishment1 one of which will represent the old and least successful method2 the other1 the new and more successful4 ,write a series of three or four briefly told incidents that will lead to a climax4 ,make free use of conversation4 ,notice that the author of ,getting ,up to ,date has left out much that might have been said1 and has thereby made the story crisp and emphatic4 ,make your own story condensed and to the point4 ,pay particular attention to writing a strong ending4 ,,the ,,lion ,,and ,,the ,,mouse ,by ,,joseph ,b4 ,,ames 7#ahgh-74 ,an ,american engineer and author4 ,after his graduation from ,stevens ,institute ,mr4 ,ames at first devoted himself entirely to engineering4 ,he has been prominent in promoting the work of the ,boy ,scouts4 ,among his books are the following3 ,the ,mystery of ,ram ,island2 ,curly of the ,circle ,bar2 ,curly and the ,aztec ,gold2 ,pete the ,cowpuncher2 ,under ,boy ,scout ,colors2 ,shoe-,bar ,stratton2 ,the ,emerald ,buddha4 ,realism and romance may be combined in a story of school life as well as in a story of any other kind4 ,the ,lion and the ,mouse tells1 in part1 of ordinary1 everyday events1 and in part1 of events that are distinctly out of the ordinary4 ,the characters are the characters of school life1--two boys of entirely different natures but1 after all1 one at heart1--and subordinate characters who belong in the realm of real life4 ,many of the events of the story are commonplace enough4 ,on this basis of reality there has been founded a story of quick event1 a story of the unusual1 entirely probable1 centering around character and character development4 ,big ,bill ,hedges scowled out of the locker-room window and groaned softly4 ,there was something about that wide1 unbroken sweep of snow which affected him disagreeably4 ,if only it had been crisscrossed by footprints1 or the tracks of snow-shoes or toboggans1 he wouldn't have minded it nearly so much4 ,but there it lay1 flat1 white1 untrodden1 drifting over low walls and turning the clumps of shrubbery into shapeless mounds4 ,and of a sudden he found himself hating it almost as much as the dead silence of the endless1 empty rooms about him4 ,for it was the fourth day of the ,christmas vacation1 and1 save the kitchen staff1 there were only two other human beings in this whole great barracks of a place4 8,and neither of them is really human10 grunted ,hedges1 turning restlessly from the window4 ,with a disgusted snort he recalled the behavior of those two1 whom so far he had met only at meal-time4 ,mr4 ,wilson1 the tutor left in charge of the school1 consumed his food in a preoccupied sort of daze1 rousing himself at rare intervals to make some plainly perfunctory remark4 ,he was writing some article or other for the magazines1 and it was all too evident that the subject filled his waking hours4 ,and 8,plug0 ,seabury1 with his everlasting book propped up against a tumbler1 was even worse4 ,but then ,hedges had never expected anything from him4 ,crossing to his locker1 the boy pulled out a heavy sweater1 stared at it dubiously for a moment1 and then let it dangle from his relaxed fingers4 ,for once the thought of violent physical exertion in the open failed to arouse the least enthusiasm4 ,ever since the departure of the fellows1 he had skeed and snow-shoed and tramped through the drifts--alone2 and now the monotony was getting on his nerves4 ,he flung the sweater back1 and1 slamming the locker door1 strolled aimlessly out of the room4 ,one peep into the cold1 lofty1 empty 8gym0 effectually quelled his half-formed notion of putting in an hour or two on the parallel bars4 8,i'm lonesome60 he growled2 8just--plumb--lonesome6 ,it's the first time ,i've ever wished ,i didn't live in ,arizona40 ,but the thought of home and ,christmas cheer and all the other vanished holiday delights was not one to dwell on now2 he tried instead to appreciate how absurd it would have been to spend eight of his twelve holidays on the train4 ,a little further dawdling ended in his turning toward the library4 ,he was not in the least fond of reading4 ,life ordinarily1 with its constant succession of outdoor and indoor sports and games1 was much too full to think of wasting time with a book unless one had to4 ,but the thought occurred to him that to-day it might be a shade better than doing absolutely nothing4 ,opening the door of the long1 low-ceiled1 book-lined room1 which he had expected to find as desolately empty as the rest1 he paused in surprise4 ,on the brick hearth a log fire burned cheerfully1 and curled up in an easy chair close to the hearth1 was the slight figure of ,paul ,seabury4 8,hello60 said ,hedges1 gruffly1 when he had recovered from his surprise4 8,you've sure made yourself comfortable40 ,seabury gave a start and raised his head4 ,for a moment his look was veiled1 abstracted1 as if his mind still lingered on the book lying open in his lap4 ,then recognition slowly dawned1 and a faint flush crept into his face4 8,the--the wood was here1 and ,i--,i didn't think there'd be any harm in lighting it10 he said1 thrusting back a straggling lock of brown hair4 8,i don't s'pose there is10 returned ,hedges1 shortly4 ,unconsciously1 he was a little annoyed that ,seabury should seem so comfortable and content4 8,i thought you were upstairs40 ,he dragged a chair to the other side of the hearth and plumped down in it4 8,what you reading80 he asked4 ,seabury's eyes brightened4 8,treasure ,island10 he answered eagerly4 8,it's awfully exciting4 ,i've just got to the place where--0 8,never read it10 interrupted the big fellow1 indifferently4 ,lounging back against the leather cushions1 he surveyed the slim1 brown-eyed1 rather pale-faced boy with a sort of contemptuous curiosity4 8,do you read all the time80 he asked4 ,again the blood crept up into ,seabury's thin face and his lids drooped4 8,why1 no--not all the time10 he answered slowly4 8,but--but just now there's nothing else to do40 ,hedges grunted4 8,nothing else to do6 ,gee-whiz6 ,don't you ever feel like going for a tramp or something8 ,i s'pose you can't snow-shoe1 or skee1 but ,i shouldn't think you'd want to stay cooped up in the house all the time40 ,a faint1 nervous smile curved the boy's sensitive lips4 8,oh1 ,i can skee and snow-shoe all right1 but--0 ,he paused1 noticing the incredulous expression which ,hedges was at no pains to hide4 8,everybody does1 where ,i live in ,canada10 he explained1 8often it's the only way to get about40 8,oh1 ,i see40 ,hedges' tone was no longer curt1 and a sudden look of interest had flashed into his eyes4 8,but don't you like it8 ,doesn't this snow make you want to go out and try some stunts80 ,seabury glanced sidewise through the casement windows at the sloping1 drifted field beyond4 8,n--no1 ,i can't say it does10 he confessed hesitatingly2 8it's such a beastly1 rotten day40 ,his interest in ,plug's unexpected accomplishments made ,hedges forbear to comment scornfully on such weakness4 8,rotten60 he repeated4 8,why1 it's not bad at all4 ,it's stopped snowing40 8,i know2 but it looks as if it would start in again any minute40 8,shucks60 sniffed ,hedges4 8,a little snow won't hurt you4 ,come ahead out and let's see what you can do40 ,seabury hesitated1 glancing with a shiver at the cold1 white field outside and back to the cheerful fire4 ,he did not feel at all inclined to leave his comfortable chair and this enthralling book4 ,on the other hand1 he was curiously unwilling to merit ,bill ,hedges' disapproval4 ,from the first he had regarded this big1 strong1 dominating fellow with a secret admiration and shy liking which held in it no touch of envy or desire for emulation4 ,it was the sort of admiration he felt for certain heroes in his favorite books4 ,when ,hedges made some spectacular play on the gridiron or pulled off an especially thrilling stunt on the hockey-rink1 ,seabury1 watching inconspicuously from the side-lines1 got all hot and cold and breathlessly excited4 ,but he was quite content that ,hedges should be doing it and not himself4 ,sometimes1 to be sure1 he wondered what it would be like to have such a person for a friend4 ,but until this moment ,hedges had scarcely seemed aware of his existence1 and ,seabury was much too shy to make advances1 even when the common misfortune of too-distant homes had thrown them together in the isolation of the empty school4 8,i--,i haven't any skees10 he said at length4 ,hedges sprang briskly to his feet4 8,that's nothing4 ,i'll fix you up4 ,we can borrow ,marston's4 ,come ahead40 ,swept along by his enthusiasm1 ,seabury closed his book and followed him out into the corridor and down to the locker room4 ,here they got out sweaters1 woolen gloves and caps1 and ,hedges calmly appropriated the absent ,marston's skees4 ,emerging finally into the open1 ,seabury shivered a little as the keen1 searching wind struck him4 ,it came from the northeast1 and there was a chill1 penetrating quality about it which promised more snow1 and that soon4 ,by the time ,seabury had adjusted the leather harness to his feet and resumed his gloves1 his fingers were blue and he needed no urging to set off at a swift pace4 ,in saying that he could skee1 the boy had not exaggerated4 ,he was1 in fact1 so perfectly at home upon the long1 smooth1 curved-up strips of ash1 that he moved with the effortless ease and grace of one scarcely conscious of his means of locomotion4 ,watching him closely1 ,hedges' expression of critical appraisement changed swiftly to one of unqualified approval4 8,you're not much good on them1 are you80 he commented4 8,i suppose you can jump any old distance and do all sorts of fancy stunts40 ,seabury laughed4 ,he was warm again and beginning to find an unwonted pleasure in the swift1 gliding motion and the tingling rush of frosty air against his face4 8,nothing like that at all10 he answered4 8,i can jump some1 of course1 but ,i'm really not much good at anything except just straight-away going40 8,huh60 grunted ,hedges1 sceptically4 8,i'll bet you could run circles around any of the fellows here4 ,well1 what do you say to taking a little tramp4 ,i've knocked around the grounds till ,i'm sick of them4 ,let's go up ,hogan ,hill10 he added1 with a burst of inspiration4 ,seabury promptly agreed1 though inwardly he was not altogether thrilled at the prospect of such a climb4 ,hogan ,hill rose steeply back of the school4 ,a few hay-fields ranged along its lower level1 but above them the timber growth was fairly thick1 and ,paul knew from experience that skeeing on a wooded slope was far from easy4 ,as it turned out1 ,hedges had no intention of tackling the steep slope directly4 ,he knew of an old wood-road which led nearly to the summit by more leisurely twists and curves1 and it was his idea that they take this as far as it went and then skee down its open1 winding length4 ,by the time they were half-way up1 ,seabury was pretty well blown4 ,it was the first time he had been on skees in nearly a year1 and his muscles were soft from general lack of exercise4 ,he made no complaint1 however1 and presently ,hedges himself proposed a rest4 8,i wish ,i could handle the things as easily as you do10 he commented4 8,i work so almighty hard that ,i get all in a sweat1 while you just glide along as if you were on skates40 8,i may glide1 but ,i haven't any wind left10 confessed ,seabury4 8,it's only practice you know4 ,i've used them ever since ,i was a little kid1 and compared to some of the fellows up home1 ,i'm nowhere4 ,do you think we ought to go any farther8 ,i felt some snow on my face just then40 8,oh1 sure60 said ,hedges1 bluffly4 8,a little snow won't hurt us1 anyhow1 and we can skee down in no time at all4 ,let's not go back just yet40 ,presently they started on again1 and though ,seabury kept silent1 he was far from comfortable in his mind4 ,he had had more than one unpleasant experience with sudden winter storms4 ,it seemed to him wiser to turn back at once1 but he was afraid of suggesting it again lest ,hedges think him a quitter4 ,a little later1 still mounting the narrow1 winding trail1 they came upon a rough log hut1 aged and deserted1 with a sagging1 half-open door2 but the two boys1 unwilling to take off their skees1 did not stop to investigate it4 ,every now and then during the next half mile trifling little gusts of stinging snowflakes whirled down from the leaden sky1 beat against their faces1 and scurried on4 ,seabury's feeling of nervous apprehension increased1 but ,hedges1 in his careless1 self-confident manner merely laughed and said that the trip home would be all the more interesting for little diversions of that sort4 ,the words were scarcely spoken when1 from the distance1 there came a curious1 thin wailing of the wind1 rising swiftly to a dull1 ominous roar4 ,startled1 both boys stopped abruptly1 and stared up the slope4 ,and as they did so1 something like a vast1 white1 opaque curtain surged over the crest of the hill and swept swiftly toward them4 ,almost before they could draw a breath it was upon them1 a dense1 blinding mass of snow1 which whirled about them in choking masses and blotted out the landscape in a flash4 8,wough60 gasped ,hedges4 8,some speed to that6 ,i guess we'd better beat it1 kid1 while the going's good40 ,but even ,hedges1 with his easy1 careless confidence1 was swiftly forced to the realization that the going was very far from good even then4 ,it was impossible to see more than a dozen yards ahead of them4 ,as a matter of course1 the older fellow took the lead1 but he had not gone far before he ran off the track and only saved himself from a spill by grabbing a small tree4 8,have to take it easy10 he commented1 recovering his balance4 8,this storm will let up soon2 it can't possibly last long this way40 ,seabury made no answer4 ,shaking with nervousness1 he could not trust himself to speak4 ,regaining the trail1 ,hedges started off again1 cautiously enough at first4 ,but a little success seemed to restore his confidence1 and he began to use his staff as a brake with less and less frequency4 ,they had gone perhaps a quarter of a mile when a sudden heavier gust of stinging flakes momentarily blinded them both4 ,seabury instantly put on the brake and almost stopped4 ,when he was able to clear his eyes1 ,hedges was out of sight4 ,an instant later there came a sudden crash1 a startled1 muffled cry1 and then--silence6 ,horrified1 ,seabury instantly jerked his staff out of the snow and sped forward4 ,at first1 he could barely see the tracks of his companion's skees1 but presently the storm lightened a trifle and of a sudden he realized what had happened4 ,hedges had misjudged a sharp curve in the trail and1 instead of following it1 had plunged off to one side and down a steep declivity thickly grown with trees4 ,at the foot of this little slope ,seabury found him lying motionless1 a twisted heap1 face downward in the snow4 ,sick with horror1 the boy bent over that silent figure4 8,bill60 he cried1 8what has--0 ,his voice died in a choking sob1 but a moment later his heart leaped as ,hedges stirred1 tried to rise1 and fell back with a stifled groan4 8,it's--my ankle10 he mumbled1 8,i--,i've--turned it4 ,see if you can't--0 ,with shaking fingers1 ,seabury jerked at the buckles of his skees and stepped out of them4 ,hedges' left foot was twisted under him1 and the front part of his skee was broken off4 ,as ,paul freed the other's feet from their encumbering straps1 ,bill made a second effort to rise1 but his face turned quite white and he sank back with a grunt of pain4 8,thunder60 he muttered4 8,i--,i believe it's sprained40 ,for a moment or two he sat there1 face screwed up1 arms gripping his knees4 ,then1 as his head cleared1 he looked up at the frightened ,seabury1 a wry smile twisting the corners of his mouth4 8,i'm an awful nut1 kid10 he said4 8,i forgot that curve and was going too fast to pull up4 ,reckon ,i deserve that crack on the head and all the rest of it for being so awfully cocky4 ,looks as if we were in rather a mess1 doesn't it80 ,seabury nodded1 still unable to trust himself to speak4 ,but ,hedges' coolness soothed his jangled nerves1 and presently a thought struck him4 8,that cabin back there60 he exclaimed4 8,if we could only manage to get that far--0 ,he paused and the other nodded4 8,good idea10 he agreed promptly4 8,i'm afraid ,i can't walk it1 but ,i might be able to crawl40 8,oh1 ,i didn't mean that4 ,if we only had some way of fastening my skees together1 you could lie down on them and ,i could pull you40 ,a gleam of admiration came into the older chap's dark eyes4 8,you've got your nerve with you1 old man10 he said4 8,do you know how much ,i weigh80 8,that doesn't matter10 protested ,seabury4 8,it's all down hill2 it wouldn't be so hard4 ,besides1 we can't stay here or--or we'll freeze40 8,now you've said something10 agreed ,hedges4 ,and it was true4 ,already ,seabury's teeth were chattering1 and even the warmer blooded ,hedges could feel the cold penetrating his thick sweater4 ,he tried to think of some other way out of their predicament1 but finally agreed to try the plan4 ,his heavy1 high shoes were laced with rawhide thongs1 which sufficed roughly to bind the two skees together4 ,there was no possibility1 however1 of pulling them4 ,the only way they could manage was for ,hedges to seat himself on the improvised toboggan while ,seabury trudged behind and pushed4 ,it was a toilsome and painful method of progress for them both and often jolted ,hedges' ankle1 which was already badly swollen1 bringing on a constant succession of sharp1 keen stabs4 ,seabury1 wading knee-deep in the snow1 was soon breathless1 and by the time they reached the cabin1 he felt utterly done up4 8,couldn't have kept that up much longer10 grunted ,hedges1 when they were inside the shelter with the door closed against the storm4 ,his alert gaze traveled swiftly around the bare interior4 ,there was a rough stone chimney at one end1 a shuttered window at the back1 and that was all4 ,snow lay piled up on the cold hearth1 and here and there made little ridges on the logs where it had filtered through the many cracks and crevices4 ,without the means of making fire1 it was not much better than the out-of-doors1 and ,hedges' heart sank as he glanced at his companion1 leaning exhausted against the wall4 8,it's sure to stop pretty soon10 he said presently1 with a confidence he did not feel4 8,when it lets up a little1 we might--0 8,i don't believe it's going to let up40 ,seabury straightened with an odd1 unwonted air of decision4 8,i was caught in a storm like this two years ago and it lasted over two days4 ,we've got to do something1 and do it pretty quick40 ,hedges stared at him1 amazed at the sudden transformation4 ,he did not understand that a long-continued nervous strain will sometimes bring about strange reactions4 8,you're not thinking of pushing me all the way down the road1 are you80 he protested4 8,i don't believe you could do it40 8,i don't believe ,i could1 either10 agreed the other1 frankly4 8,but ,i could go down alone and bring back help40 8,gee-whiz6 ,you--you mean skee down that road8 ,why1 it's over three miles1 and you'd miss the trail a dozen times40 8,i shouldn't try the road10 said ,seabury1 quietly4 ,his face was pale1 but there was a determined set to the delicate chin4 8,if ,i went straight down the hill back of this cabin1 ,i'd land close to the school1 and ,i don't believe the whole distance is over half a mile40 ,hedges gasped4 8,you're crazy1 man6 ,why1 you'd kill yourself in the first hundred feet trying to skee through those trees40 8,i don't think so4 ,i've done it before--some4 ,besides1 most of the slope is open fields4 ,i noticed that when we started out40 8,but they're steep as the dickens1 with stone walls1 and--0 ,seabury cut short his protests by buttoning his collar tightly about his throat and testing the laces of his shoes4 ,he was afraid to delay lest his resolution should break down4 8,i'm going10 he stated stubbornly2 8and the sooner ,i get off1 the better40 ,and go he did1 with a curt farewell which astonished and bewildered his companion who had no means of knowing that it was a manner assumed to hide a desperate fear and nervousness4 ,as the door closed between them1 ,seabury's lips began to tremble2 and his hands shook so that he could scarcely tighten up the straps of his skees4 ,back of the cabin1 poised at the top of the slope1 with the snow whirling around him and the unknown in front1 he had one horrible moment of indecision when his heart lay like lead within him and he was on the verge of turning back4 ,but with a tremendous effort he crushed down that almost irresistible impulse4 ,he could not bear the thought of facing ,hedges1 an acknowledged coward and a quitter4 ,an instant later a thrust of his staff sent him over the edge1 to glide downward through the trees with swiftly increasing momentum4 ,strangely enough1 he felt somehow that the worst was over4 ,to begin with1 he was much too occupied to think of danger1 and after he had successfully steered through the first hundred feet or so of woods1 a growing confidence in himself helped to bolster up his shrinking spirit4 ,after all1 save for the blinding snow1 this was no worse than some of the descents he had made of wooded slopes back there at home4 ,if the storm did not increase1 he believed that he could make it4 ,at first he managed1 by a skilful use of his staff1 to hold himself back a little and keep his speed within a reasonable limit4 ,but just before he left the woods1 the necessity for a sudden side-turn to avoid a clump of trees through which he could not pass nearly flung him off his balance4 ,in struggling to recover it1 the end of his staff struck against another tree and was torn instantly from his grasp4 ,his heart leaped1 then sank sickeningly1 but there was no stopping now4 ,a moment later he flashed out into the open1 swerved through a gap in the rough1 snow-covered wall1 and shot down the steep incline with swiftly increasing speed4 ,his body tense and bent slightly forward1 his straining gaze set unwaveringly ahead1 striving to pierce the whirling1 beating snow1 ,seabury felt as if he were flying through the clouds4 ,on a clear day1 with the ability to see what lay before him1 there would have been a rather delightful exhilaration in that descent4 ,but the perilous uncertainty of it all kept the boy's heart in his throat and chained him in a rigid grip of cold fear4 ,long before he expected it1 the rounded1 snow-covered bulk of a second wall seemed to leap out of the blinding snow-curtain and rush toward him4 ,almost too late1 he jumped1 and1 soaring through the air1 struck the declining slope again a good thirty feet beyond4 ,in the lightning passage of that second field1 he tried to figure where he was coming out and what obstacles he might encounter1 but the effort was fruitless4 ,he knew that the high-road1 bordered by a third stone wall1 ran along the foot of the hill1 with the school grounds on the other side4 ,but the speed at which he was traveling made consecutive thought almost impossible4 ,again1 with that same appalling swiftness1 the final barrier loomed ahead4 ,he leaped1 and1 at the very take-off1 a gasp of horror was jolted from his lips by the sight of a two-horse sledge moving along the road directly in his path6 ,it was all over in a flash4 ,helpless to avoid the collision1 ,seabury nevertheless twisted his body instinctively to the left4 ,he was vaguely conscious of a monstrous looming bulk2 of a startled snort which sent a wave of hot breath against his face1 and the equally startled yell of a human voice4 ,the next instant he landed badly1 his feet shot out from under him1 and he fell backward with a stunning crash4 ,his first conscious observation was of two strange faces bending over him and of hands lifting him from where he lay half buried in the snow4 ,for a moment he was too dazed to speak or even to remember4 ,then1 with a surging rush of immense relief1 he realized what had happened1 and gaining speech1 he poured out a hurried but fairly coherent account of the situation4 ,his rescuers proved to be woodsmen1 perfectly familiar with the ,hogan ,hill trail and the old log-cabin4 ,seabury's skees were taken off and he was helped into the sledge and driven to the near-by school4 ,stiff and sore1 but otherwise unhurt1 he wanted to go with them1 but his request was firmly refused2 and pausing only long enough to get some rugs and a heavy coat1 the pair set off4 ,little more than two hours later they returned with the injured ,hedges1 who was carried at once to the infirmary to be treated for exposure and a badly sprained ankle4 ,his rugged constitution responded readily to the former1 but the ankle proved more stubborn1 and he was ordered by the doctor not to attempt even to hobble around on it for at least a week4 ,as a result1 ,christmas dinner had to be eaten in bed4 ,but somehow ,hedges did not mind that ,illustration3 8,at the very take-off1 a gasp of horror was jolted from his lips40 7page #bfd7 very much1 for ,paul ,seabury shared it1 sitting on the other side of a folding table drawn up beside the couch4 ,having consumed everything in sight and reached that state of repletion without which no ,christmas dinner may be considered really perfect1 the two boys relapsed for a space into a comfortable1 friendly sort of silence4 8,not much on skees1 are you80 commented ,hedges1 presently1 glancing quizzically at his companion4 ,seabury flushed a little4 8,i wish you wouldn't10 he protested4 8,if you had any idea how scared ,i was1 and--and--,why1 the whole thing was just pure luck40 ,hedges snorted4 8,bosh6 ,you go tell that to your grandmother4 ,there's one thing10 he added2 8as soon as ,i'm around again1 you've got to come out and give me some points4 ,i thought ,i was fairly decent on skees1 but ,i guess after all ,i'm pretty punk40 8,i'll show you anything ,i can1 of course10 agreed ,seabury1 readily4 ,he paused an instant and then went on hesitatingly3 8,i--,i'm going to do a lot more of that sort of thing from now on4 ,it--it was simply disgusting the way ,i got winded so soon and all tired out40 8,sure10 nodded ,hedges1 promptly4 8,that's what ,i've always said4 ,you ought to take more exercise and not mope around by yourself so much4 ,but we'll fix that up all right from now on40 ,he paused4 8,aren't you going to read some more in ',treasure ,island'80 he asked expectantly4 8,that's some book1 believe me6 ,what with you and that and everything1 ,i'm not going to mind being laid up at all40 ,seabury made no comment1 but as he reached for the book and found their place1 the corners of his mouth curved with the beginnings of a contented1 happy smile4 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,what is the character of ,bill ,hedges8 #b4 ,what is the character of 8,plug0 ,seabury8 #c4 ,why are both boys at the school in vacation time8 #d4 ,what had been the past life of each boy8 #e4 ,what had been their feeling for each other8 #f4 ,what change does the story make in their feeling for each other8 #g4 ,how does the author make the story seem probable8 #h4 ,show how the author leads to the climax of the story4 #i4 ,divide the story into its most important incidents4 #aj4 ,show that the author is consistent in character presentation4 #aa4 ,how does the author make the climax powerful in effect8 #ab4 ,what makes the conclusion effective8 #ac4 ,what use does the author make of conversation8 #ad4 ,what is the proportion of description and explanation in the story8 #ae4 ,what are the good characteristics of the story8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,a ,summer ,adventure #aa4 ,the ,fire in ,school #b4 ,at ,easter ,time #ab4 ,an ,unexpected ,hero #c4 ,the ,swimming ,match #ac4 ,tony's ,brother #d4 ,a ,cross ,country ,adventure #ad4 ,skating on the ,river #e4 ,the ,lost ,books #ae4 ,the ,bicycle ,meet #f4 ,the ,school ,bully #af4 ,at the ,sea ,shore #g4 ,the ,hiding ,place #ag4 ,the ,trip to the ,woods #h4 ,an ,excursion #ah4 ,the ,surprise of the ,day #i4 ,the ,little ,freshman #ai4 ,the ,best ,batter #aj4 ,our ,election ,day #bj4 ,how ,we ,found a ,captain ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,write a story that will be closely connected with school life4 ,use the ordinary characters that are to be found in your school1 but use typical characters that will sum up well-recognized characteristics4 ,base your story upon any sharp contrast in characters4 ,begin your story by telling of everyday events1 but make those events lead quickly to events that are out of the ordinary4 ,in like manner begin with familiar surroundings and then lead your readers into surroundings that will be less familiar and that will be an appropriate setting for unusual action4 ,make the climax of your story powerful by using suspense4 ,indicate that your hero is likely to be overcome4 ,make his final success depend upon his resolution or good spirit1--upon his character4 ,use much conversation4 ,omit everything that will not contribute to the effect of the climax4 ,,the ,,critical ,,essay ,,coddling ,,in ,,education ,by ,,henry ,,seidel ,,canby 7#ahgh74 ,editor of ,the ,literary ,review2 ,assistant ,editor of ,the ,yale ,review1 and ,assistant ,professor of ,english in the ,sheffield ,scientific ,school4 ,he is author and co-author of many books on ,english1 among which are3 ,the ,short ,story2 ,facts1 ,thought and ,imagination2 and ,good ,english4 ,the critical essay comments on a fault1--but it does no more3 it makes no searching analysis and it points to no specific remedy4 ,coddling in ,education is a critical essay4 ,it points at what its author believes is a serious fault in ,american education4 ,like all critical essays it aims at reform1 but it merely suggests the means of reform4 ,many of the editorial articles in newspapers are examples of the critical essay4 ,american minds have been coddled in school and college for at least a generation4 ,there are two kinds of mental coddling4 ,the first belongs to the public schools1 and is one of the defects of our educational system that we abuse privately and largely keep out of print4 ,it is democratic coddling4 ,i mean1 of course1 the failure to hold up standards1 the willingness to let youth wobble upward1 knowing little and that inaccurately1 passing nothing well1 graduating with an education that hits and misses like an old type-writer with a torn ribbon4 ,america is full of 8sloppy thinking10 of inaccuracy1 of half-baked misinformation1 of sentimentalism1 especially sentimentalism1 as a result of coddling by schools that cater to an easy-going democracy4 ,only fifty-six per cent4 of a group of girls1 graduates of the public schools1 whose records ,i once examined1 could do simple addition1 only twenty-nine per cent4 simple multiplication correctly2 a deplorable percentage had a very inaccurate knowledge of elementary ,american geography4 ,a dozen causes are responsible for this condition1 and among them1 ,i suspect1 one1 which if not major1 at least deserves careful pondering4 ,the teacher and the taught have somehow drifted apart4 ,his function in the large has been to teach an ideal1 a tradition4 ,he is content1 he has to be content1 with partial results4 ,it is not for life as it is1 it is for what life ought to be1 that he is preparing even in arithmetic2 he has allowed the faint unreality of a priestcraft to numb him4 ,in the mind of the student a dim conception has entered1 that this education--all education--is a garment merely1 to be doffed for the struggle with realities4 ,the will is dulled4 ,interest slackens4 ,but it is in aristocratic coddling that the effects of our educational attitude gleam out to the least observant understanding4 ,this is the coddling of the preparatory schools and the colleges1 and it is more serious for it is a defect that cannot be explained away by the hundred difficulties that beset good teaching in a public-school system1 nation-wide1 and conducted for the young of every race in the ,american menagerie4 ,the teaching in the best ,american preparatory schools and colleges is as careful and as conscientious as any in the world4 ,that one gladly asserts4 ,indeed1 an ,american boy in a good boarding-school is handled like a rare microbe in a research laboratory4 ,he is ticketed2 every instant of his time is planned and scrutinized2 he is dieted with brain food1 predigested1 and weighed before application4 ,i sometimes wonder if a moron could not be made into an ,abraham ,lincoln by such a system--if the system were sound4 ,it is not sound4 ,the boys and girls1 especially the boys1 are coddled for entrance examinations1 coddled through freshman year1 coddled oftentimes for graduation4 ,and they too frequently go out into the world fireproof against anything but intellectual coddling4 ,such men and women can read only writing especially prepared for brains that will take only selected ideas1 simply put4 ,they can think only on simple lines1 not too far extended4 ,they can live happily only in a life where ideas never exceed the college sixty per cent4 of complexity1 and where no intellectual or esthetic experience lies too far outside the range of their curriculum4 ,a world where one reads the news and skips the editorials2 goes to musical comedies1 but omits the plays2 looks at illustrated magazines1 but seldom at books2 talks business1 sports1 and politics1 but never economics1 social welfare1 and statesmanship--that is the world for which we coddle the best of our youth4 ,many indeed escape the evil effects by their own innate originality2 more bear the marks to the grave4 ,the process is simple1 and one can see it in the ,english public school 7where it is being attacked vivaciously7 quite as commonly as here4 ,you take your boy out of his family and his world4 ,you isolate him except for companionship with other nursery transplantings and teachers themselves isolated4 ,and then you feed him1 nay1 you cram him1 with good traditional education1 filling up the odd hours with the excellent1 but negative1 passion of sport4 ,then you subject him to a special cramming and send him to college1 where sometimes he breaks through the net of convention woven about him1 and sees the real world as it should appear to the student before he becomes part of it2 but more frequently wraps himself deep and more deeply in conventional opinion1 conventional practice1 until1 the limbs of his intellectual being bound tightly1 he stumbles into the outer world4 ,and there1 in the swirl and the vivid practicalities of ,american life1 is the net loosened8 ,i think not4 ,i think rather that the youth learns to swim clumsily despite his encumbrances of lethargic thinking and tangled idealism4 ,but if they are cut8 ,if he goes on the sharp rocks of experience1 finds that hardness1 shrewdness1 selfish individualism pay best in ,american life1 what has he in his spirit to meet this disillusion8 ,of what use has been his education in the liberal1 idealistic traditions of ,america8 ,of some use1 undoubtedly1 for habit1 even a dull habit1 is strong2 but whether useful enough1 whether powerful enough1 to save ,america1 to keep us 8white0 in the newer and more colloquial sense1 the future will test and test quickly4 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,explain what the writer means by 8coddling40 #b4 ,define 8democratic coddling40 #c4 ,define aristocratic 8coddling40 #d4 ,what are the results of 8coddling08 #e4 ,what are the causes of 8coddling08 #f4 ,what is the writer's ideal of education8 #g4 ,what criticism of ,american life does the essay present8 #h4 ,point out effective phrasing4 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,the ,best ,kind of ,teacher #aa4 ,thinking for ,one's ,self #b4 ,the ,most ,helpful ,subjects #ab4 #fj or #ajj #c4 ,the ,value of ,marks #ac4 ,serious ,reading #d4 ,study and ,play #ad4 ,pleasure ,seeking #e4 ,what ,promotion ,means #ae4 ,character ,training #f4 ,mistaken ,kindness #af4 ,the ,value of ,hard ,work #g4 ,the ,passing ,mark #ag4 ,discipline #h4 ,scholarship in ,my ,school #ah4 ,faithfulness in ,work #i4 ,the ,purposes of ,study #ai4 ,real ,success in ,life #aj4 ,the ,school ,course #bj4 8,cramming40 ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,plan to emphasize some original phrasing like 8,coddling in ,school and ,college40 ,use familiar words that every one will understand but use them in some new relation4 ,make your essay point at a really serious fault that will be worthy of attack4 ,do not go into details1 but make your writing represent your honest opinion4 ,use expressions that will represent you1 and that will make your essay personal in nature4 ,notice how ,mr4 ,canby makes use of such words as 8wobble10 8sloppy10 8half-baked10 8coddle10 8cram0 and 8white40 ,notice1 too1 how many conversational short sentences ,mr4 ,canby uses4 ,his essay is like a vigorous talk4 ,make your own essay equally personal and equally vigorous4 ,a ,,successful ,,failure ,by ,,glenn ,,frank 7#ahhg-74 ,editor of ,the ,century ,magazine4 ,he is a member of many important associations1 and was one of ex-,president ,taft's associates in suggesting a covenant for the ,league of ,nations4 ,his magazine articles are notable for constructive thought4 ,any subject is appropriate material for the essayist1 and any method of treatment is satisfactory so long as the writer gives us his personal reaction on some province of human thought4 ,the following critical essay begins with the writer's account of a series of papers that he once read4 ,to this he adds his own serious comment1 and he concludes his work by suggesting an ideal4 ,in doing all this he makes free use of the pronoun 8,i10 and writes in an informal style4 ,the work is therefore not hard and fast logic1 but mature and serious comment on life4 ,several years ago there appeared a series of papers that purported to be the confessions of a successful man who was under no delusion as to the essential quality of his attainments4 ,the papers are not before me as ,i write1 and ,i must trust to memory and a few penciled notes made at the time of their appearance1 but it will be interesting to recall his confessions regarding his education4 ,i think they paint a fairly faithful picture of the mind of the average college graduate4 ,he stated that he came from a family that prided itself on its culture and intellectuality and that had always been a family of professional folk4 ,his grandfather was a clergyman2 among his uncles were a lawyer1 a physician1 and a professor2 his sisters married professional men4 ,he received a fairly good primary and secondary education1 and was graduated from his university with honors4 ,he was1 he stated1 of a distinctly literary turn of mind1 and during his four years at college imbibed some slight information concerning the ,english classics as well as modern history and metaphysics1 so that he could talk quite glibly about ,chaucer1#acf ,beaumont1 and ,fletcher1#acg ,thomas ,love ,peacock1#ach and ,ann ,radcliffe1#aci and speak with apparent familiarity about ,kant#adj and ,schopenhauer4#ada ,but1 in turning to self-analysis1 he stated that he later saw that his smattering of culture was neither broad nor deep2 that he acquired no definite knowledge of the underlying principles of general history1 of economics1 of languages1 of mathematics1 of physics1 or of chemistry2 that to biology and its allies he paid scarcely any attention at all1 except to take a few snap courses2 that he really secured only a surface acquaintance with polite ,english literature1 mostly very modern1 the main part of his time having been spent in reading ,stevenson#adb and ,kipling4#adc ,he did well in ,english composition1 he said1 and pronounced his words neatly and in a refined manner4 ,he concluded the description of his college days by saying that at the end of his course1 twenty-three years of age1 he was handed an imitation parchment degree and proclaimed by the president of the college as belonging to the brotherhood of educated men4 ,on this he commented3 ,i did not4 ,i was an imitation educated man2 but though spurious1 ,i was a sufficiently good counterfeit to pass current for what ,i was declared to be4 ,apart from a little ,latin1 considerable training in writing the ,english language1 and a great deal of miscellaneous reading of an extremely light variety1 ,i really had no culture at all4 ,i could not speak an idiomatic sentence in ,french or ,german4 ,i had only the vaguest ideas about applied science or mechanics and no thorough knowledge about anything2 but ,i was supposed to be an educated man1 and on this stock in trade ,i have done business ever since1 with the added capital of a degree of ,,ll4,b4 ,now1 since graduation1 twenty-seven years ago1 ,i have given no time to the systematic study of any subject except law4 ,i have read no serious works dealing with either history1 sociology1 economics1 art1 or philosophy4 ,i have rarely read over again any of the masterpieces of ,english literature with which ,i had at least a bowing acquaintance when at college4 ,even this last sentence ,i must qualify to the extent of admitting that now ,i see that this acquaintance was largely vicarious1 and that ,i frequently read more criticism than literature4 ,i was taught about ,shakespeare1 but not ,shakespeare4 ,i was instructed in the history of literature1 but not in literature itself4 ,i knew the names of the works of numerous ,english authors and knew what ,taine#add and others thought about them1 but ,i knew comparatively little of what was between the covers of the books themselves4 ,i was1 ,i find1 a student of letters by proxy4 ,as time went on ,i gradually forgot that ,i had not in fact actually perused these volumes1 and to-day ,i am accustomed to refer familiarly to works ,i have never read at all4 ,i frankly confess that my own ignorance is abysmal4 ,in the last twenty-seven years what information ,i have acquired has been picked up principally from newspapers and magazines2 yet my library table is littered with books on modern art and philosophy and with essays on literary and historical subjects4 ,i do not read them4 ,they are my intellectual window-dressings4 ,i talk about them with others who1 ,i suspect1 have not read them either1 and we confine ourselves to generalities1 with careful qualifications of all expressed opinions1 no matter how vague or elusive4 ,this quotation is made from slightly abbreviated notes and may be guilty of some verbal variation from the text1 but it is entirely accurate as to content4 ,as ,i remember the paper1 the writer went on to catalogue his educational shortcomings in the various fields of interest1 confessing fundamental ignorance1 save for superficial smatterings of information1 of art1 history1 biography1 music1 poetry1 politics1 science1 and economics4 ,he painted an amusing picture of the hollow pretense of culture with which the average man of his type covers his intellectual poverty4 ,men of his type speak casually1 he said1 of ,henry of ,navarre1#ade ,beatrice d',este1#adf or ,charles the ,fifth1#adg without knowing within two hundred years when any of them lived or what was their rle4 ,his lack of knowledge goes deeper than mere names and dates2 it goes1 he said1 to the significance of events themselves4 ,for an illustration at random1 he knew nothing about what happened on the ,italian peninsula until ,garibaldi1#adh and really never knew just who ,garibaldi was until he read ,trevelyan's#adi three books on the ,risorgimento1 the only serious books he had read in years1 and he read them because he had taken a motor trip through ,italy the summer before4 ,he knew virtually nothing of ,spain1 ,russia1 ,poland1 ,turkey1 ,sweden1 ,norway1 ,denmark1 ,holland1 or ,belgium4 ,he described his type going to the ,metropolitan ,opera ,house1 hearing the best music at big prices1 content to murmur vague ecstasies over ,caruso1 in ignorance of who wrote the opera or what it is all about1 lacking enough virile intellectual curiosity even to spend an hour reading about the opera in one of the many available hand-books4 ,coming to the vital matters of public affairs1 he confessed that1 although holding a prominent place on the citizens' committee at election-time1 he knew nothing definite about the city's departments or its fiscal administration4 ,he could not direct a poor man to the place where he might obtain relief4 ,he knew the city hall by sight1 but had never been in it4 ,he had never visited the ,tombs#aej or the criminal courts1 never entered a police station1 a fire-house1 or prison of the city4 ,he did not know whether police magistrates were appointed or elected1 nor in what congressional district he resided4 ,he did not know the name of his alderman1 assemblyman1 state senator1 or representative in ,congress4 ,he did not know who was head of the street-cleaning1 health1 fire1 park1 or water departments of his city4 ,he could name only five of the members of the ,supreme ,court1 three of the secretaries in the ,president's cabinet1 and only one of the congressmen from his ,state4 ,he had never studied save in the most superficial manner the single tax1 minimum wage1 free trade1 protection1 income tax1 inheritance tax1 the referendum1 the recall1 and other vital questions4 ,of the authorship of these anonymous confessions ,i know nothing4 ,they may have been fiction instead of biography1 for all ,i know4 ,but their content would still be true were their form fiction4 ,i have recalled these confessions at length because in my judgment they present an uncomfortably true analysis of the average ,american college graduate's mind1 his range of interests1 and his grasp of those fundamentals which underlie a citizen's worth in a democracy4 ,it is from the college graduates of this country that we must look for our leaders in the complex and baffling years ahead1 and it is a matter of the gravest concern to the country if we are raising up a generation of men1 into whose hands leadership will pass1 whose minds have been atrophied by superficial study1 whose imagination is unlit1 who have an apathetic indifference toward the supreme issues of our political1 social1 and industrial life1 who lack capacity and background for the analysis of broad questions and for creative thinking4 ,if these confessions of 8,the ,goldfish0 papers tell a true story1 if we are failing to produce a leader class adequate to meet the needs of the present time1 as it seems to me there is sound evidence to prove1 then it behooves us to rexamine1 reconceive1 and reorganize our colleges4 ,if we are to raise up adequate leadership for the future1 our colleges must contrive to give to students a genuinely liberal education that will make them intelligent citizens of the world2 an education that will make the student at home in the modern world1 able to work in harmony with the dominant forces of his age1 not at cross-purposes to them2 an education that will acquaint him with the physical1 social1 economic1 and political aspects1 laws1 and forces of his world2 an education that will furnish to the student that adequate background and primary information needed for the interpretation of current life2 an education that will help the student to plot out the larger world beyond the campus2 an education that will give the student an interest in those events and issues in which people generally are concerned2 an education that will enable the student to give intelligent and informed consideration to the significant political and economic problems of ,american life2 an education that will provide the student with a sort of ,baedeker's#aea guide to civilization2 in short1 an education that will make for that spacious-minded type of citizen which alone can bring adequate leadership to a democracy4 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,apply the writer's criticism to work done in school4 #b4 ,what should be the purpose of public school education8 #c4 ,what advantage does the writer gain by quoting from the 8successful failure08 #d4 ,why does the writer give only a rsum of some of the words of the 8successful failure08 #e4 ,what is real culture8 #f4 ,what is the difference between 8passing0 and 8learning08 #g4 ,what is an 8imitation parchment degree08 #h4 ,how long should a person pursue systematic study8 #i4 ,what principles should guide a person in reading books8 #aj4 ,what is the difference between being 8taught about ,shakespeare0 and being 8taught ,shakespeare08 #aa4 ,what is the proper attitude toward newspaper reading8 #ab4 ,what is 8intellectual window-dressing08 #ac4 ,what should one know of history8 #ad4 ,what should one know concerning various lands8 #ae4 ,on what should real appreciation of music depend8 #af4 ,how should education contribute to political life8 #ag4 ,what is the importance of education in the ,united ,states8 #ah4 ,what is the basis of real leadership8 #ai4 ,make a list of the 8vital matters of public affair0 on which the writer believes people should be informed4 #bj4 ,on how many of these subjects are you informed8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,my ,own ,scholarship #aa4 ,learning a ,foreign ,language #b4 ,my ,school ,career #ab4 ,the ,value of ,science #c4 ,public ,school ,scholarship #ac4 ,reading ,shakespeare #d4 ,real ,study #ad4 ,studying ,music #e4 ,the ,passing ,mark #ae4 ,newspaper ,reading #f4 ,the ,best ,teachers #af4 ,the ,use of a ,library #g4 ,the ,study of ,history #ag4 ,a ,real ,student #h4 ,good ,reading #ah4 ,an ,educated ,citizen #i4 ,the ,study of ,governments #ai4 ,a ,good ,school #aj4 ,the ,purpose of ,education #bj4 ,systematic ,study ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,if you cannot quote from the words of written articles you can at least quote from what people have said in conversation4 ,you can also make full use of your own experience4 ,begin your essay1 as ,mr4 ,frank begins his1 by making some statement of actual experience4 ,when you have done this add original comments that will lead1 in the end1 to a wise suggestion for the future4 ,both by the use of the pronoun 8,i10 and by a certain informality of style1 make your work personal4 ,,footnotes3 #acf ,geoffrey ,chaucer 7#acdj-adjj74 ,author of ,the ,canterbury ,tales1 a series of realistic narratives in verse4 #acg ,francis ,beaumont 7#aehd-afaf7 and ,john ,fletcher 7#aegi-afbe74 ,two of the most celebrated of ,shakespeare's contemporaries4 ,they wrote in collaboration1 and produced at least #eb plays4 #ach ,thomas ,love ,peacock 7#aghe-ahff74 ,author of a number of highly original and witty novels4 #aci ,ann ,radcliffe 7#agfd-ahbc74 ,an ,english novelist who wrote chiefly of the mysterious and terrible1 as in ,the ,mysteries of ,udolpho1 her most famous book4 #adj ,immanuel ,kant 7#agbd-ahjd74 ,a great ,german philosopher1 one of the most profound thinkers who ever lived4 #ada ,arthur ,schopenhauer 7#aghh-ahfj74 ,a ,german philosopher noted for his pessimistic beliefs4 #adb ,robert ,louis ,stevenson 7#ahej-ahid74 ,novelist1 essayist1 poet and traveler1 noted for his personal appeal and the charm of his style4 #adc ,rudyard ,kipling 7#ahfe--74 ,a popular present-day novelist1 short story writer and poet4 #add ,hippolyte ,adolphe ,taine 7#ahbh-ahic74 ,a ,french critic1 especially noted for his ,history of ,english ,literature4 #ade ,henry of ,navarre 7#aeec-afaj74 ,king of ,navarre and later ,king of ,france1 author of the celebrated ,edict of ,nantes4 #adf ,beatrice d',este 7#adge-adig74 ,a beautiful and highly cultured ,duchess of ,milan who1 in spite of her early death1 deeply influenced the intellectual leaders of her time4 #adg ,charles the ,fifth 7#aejj-aeeh74 ,a masterful and virile ,emperor of the ,holy ,roman ,empire4 #adh ,giuseppe ,garibaldi 7#ahjg-ahhb74 ,a great ,italian patriot who aided in bringing about the unification of ,italy4 ,he was at one time a citizen of the ,united ,states1 and was employed in a candle factory on ,staten ,island1 ,new ,york4 #adi ,george ,macaulay ,trevelyan 7#ahgf74 ,an ,english historian1 author of important works on ,garibaldi4 #aej ,the ,tombs4 ,a ,new ,york ,city prison4 #aea ,karl ,baedeker 7#ahja-ahei74 ,the originator of ,baedeker's ,guide ,books to various lands4 ,,the ,,drolleries ,,of ,,clothes ,by ,,agnes ,,repplier 7#aheh-74 ,one of the most noted ,american essayists4 ,among her books are3 ,essays in ,miniature2 ,essays in ,idleness2 ,in the ,dozy ,hours2 ,a ,happy ,half ,century2 ,americans and ,others4 ,miss ,agnes ,repplier for many years has kept her high place as one of the most popular ,american essayists4 ,she has written upon a great variety of subjects1 and always with charm and substantial thought4 ,the essay on ,the ,drolleries of ,clothes shows with how much good spirit one may write even a critical essay4 ,in that engaging volume1 8,the ,vanished ,pomps of ,yesterday10 ,lord ,frederic ,hamilton1#aeb commenting on the beauty and grace of the ,austrian women1 observes thoughtfully3 8,in the far-off seventies ladies did not huddle themselves into a shapeless mass of abbreviated oddments of material4 ,they dressed1 and their clothes fitted them4 ,a woman upon whom nature has bestowed a good figure was able to display her gifts to the world40 ,that a woman to whom nature had been less kind was compelled to display her deficiencies is a circumstance ignored by ,hamilton1 who1 being a man of the world and a man of fashion1 regarded clothes as the insignia of caste4 ,the costly costumes1 the rich and sweeping draperies in which he delighted1 were not easy of imitation4 ,the ,french ladies who followed the difficult lead of the ,empress ,eugenia#aec supported the transparent whiteness of their billowy skirts with at least a dozen fine1 sheer petticoats4 ,now it is obvious that no woman of the working classes 7except a blanchisseuse de fin#aed who might presumably wear her customers' laundry7 could afford a dozen white petticoats4 ,but when it comes to stripping off a solitary petticoat1 no one is too poor or too plain to be in the fashion4 ,when it comes to clipping a dress at the knee1 the factory girl is as fashionable as the banker's daughter1 and far more at her ease4 ,her 8abbreviated oddments0 are a convenience in the limited spaces of the mill1 and she is hardier to endure exposure4 ,she thanks the kindly gods who have fitted the fashions to her following1 and she takes a few more inches off her solitary garment to make sure of being in the style4 ,not that women of any class regard heat or cold1 comfort or discomfort1 as a controlling factor in dress4 ,in this regard they are less highly differentiated from the savage than are men1 who1 with advancing civilization1 have modified their attire into something like conformity to climate and to season4 ,the savage1 even the savage who1 like the ,tierra del ,fuegian1#aee lives in a cold country1 considers clothes less as a covering than as an adornment4 ,so also do women1 who take a simple primitive delight in garments devoid of utilitarianism4 ,for the past half-dozen years ,american women have worn furs during the sweltering heat of ,american summers4 ,perhaps by the sea1 or in the mountains1 a chill day may now and then warrant this costume2 but on the burning city streets the fur-clad females1 red and panting1 have been pitiful objects to behold4 ,they suffered1 as does the ,polar bear in ,august in the zoo2 but they suffered irrationally1 and because they lacked the wit to escape from self-inflicted torment4 ,for the past two winters women have worn fur coats or capes which swathed the upper part of their bodies in voluminous folds1 and stopped short at the knee4 ,from that point down1 the thinnest of silk stockings have been all the covering permitted4 ,the theory that1 if one part of the body be protected1 another part may safely and judiciously be exposed1 has ever been dear to the female heart4 ,it may be her back1 her bosom1 or her legs which the woman selects to exhibit4 ,in any case she affirms that the uncovered portions of her anatomy never feel the cold4 ,if they do1 she endures the discomfort with the stoicism of the savage who keeps his ornamental scars open with irritants1 and she is nerved to endurance by the same impelling motive4 ,this motive is not personal vanity4 ,vanity has had little to do with savage1 barbarous1 and civilized customs4 ,the ancient ,peruvians who deformed their heads1 pressing them out of shape2 the ,chinese who deform their feet1 bandaging them into balls2 the ,africans who deform their mouths1 stretching them with wooden discs2 the ,borneans who deform their ears1 dragging the lobes below their shoulder blades2 the ,european and ,american women who deformed their bodies1 tightening their stays to produce the celebrated 8hour-glass0 waist1 have all been victims of something more powerful than vanity1 the inexorable decrees of fashion4 ,as a matter of fact the female mind is singularly devoid of illusions4 ,women do not think their layers of fat or their protruding collar bones beautiful and seductive4 ,they display them because fashion makes no allowance for personal defects1 and they have not yet reached that stage of civilization which achieves artistic sensibility1 which ordains and preserves the eternal law of fitness4 ,they know1 for example1 that nuns1 waitresses1 and girls in semi-military uniforms look handsomer than they are1 because of straight lines and adroit concealment2 but they fail to derive from this knowledge any practical guidance4 ,i can remember when 8pull-back0 skirts and bustles were in style4 ,they were uncomfortable1 unsanitary1 and unsightly4 ,their wearers looked grotesquely deformed1 and knew it4 ,they submitted to fate1 and prayed for a speedy deliverance4 ,the fluctuations of fashion are alternately a ,illustration3 8,the fluctuations of fashion are alternately a grievance and a solace40 7page #bhj7 grievance and a solace4 ,john ,evelyn1#aef commenting on the dress worn by ,englishmen in the time of ,charles the ,first1#aeg says that it was 8a comely and manly habit1 too good to hold40 ,it did not hold because the ,puritans1 who saw no reason why manliness should be comely1 swept it aside4 ,the bustle was much too bad to hold4 ,it grew beautifully less every year1 and then suddenly disappeared4 ,many dry eyes witnessed its departure4 ,if abhorrence of a fashion cannot keep women from slavishly following it1 they naturally remain unmoved by outside counsel and criticism4 ,for years the doctors exhausted themselves proclaiming the disastrous consequences of tight-lacing1 which must certainly be held responsible for the obsolete custom of fainting4 ,for years satirists and moralists united in attacking the crinoline4 ,in ,watson's ,annals1 #ahef1 a virtuous ,philadelphian published a solemn protest against ,christian ladies wearing enormous hoops to church1 thereby scandalizing and1 what was worse1 inconveniencing the male congregation4 ,when the ,great ,war started a wave of fatuous extravagance1 it was solemnly reported that ,mrs4 ,lloyd ,george was endeavoring to dissuade the wives of workingmen from buying silk stockings and fur coats4 ,when the ,great ,peace let loose upon us the most fantastic absurdities known for half a century1 the papers bristled with such hopeful headlines as these3 8,club ,women ,approve ,sensible ,styles of ,dress10 8,social ,leaders ,condemn ,indecorous ,fashions10 8,crusade in ,churches ,against ,prevailing ,scantiness of ,attire10 and so on1 and so on indefinitely4 ,and to what purpose8 ,the unrest of a rapidly changing world broke down the old supremacies1 smashed all appreciable standards1 and left us only a vague clutter of impressions4 ,when a woman's dress no longer indicates her fortune1 station1 age1 or honesty1 we have reached the twilight of taste2 but such dim1 confused periods are recurrent in the history of sociology4 ,the girl who works hard and decently for daily bread1 but who walks the streets with her little nose whitened like concrete1 and her little cheeks reddened like brick-dust1 and her little under-nourished body painfully evidenced to the crowd1 is tremulously imitating the woman of the town2 but the most inexperienced eye catalogues her at a glance4 ,let us be grateful for her sake if she bobs her hair1 for that is a cleanly custom1 whereas the great knobs which she formerly wore over her ears harbored nests of vermin4 ,it is one of the comedies of fashion that short hair1 which half a century ago indicated strongmindedness1 now represents the utmost levity2 just as the bloomers of #aheb stood for stern reform1 and the attempted trousers of #aiah stood for lawlessness4 ,both were rejected by women who have never been unaware that the skirt carries with it an infinite variety of possibilities4 ,a winning wave1 deserving note1 ,in the tempestuous petticoat1 wrote ,evelyn's contemporary1 ,herrick1#aeh who was more concerned with the comeliness of ,julia's clothes than with his own4 ,there is still self-revelation in dress1 but not personal self-revelation4 ,we may still apply the test of costume to people and to periods1 but not safely to individuals1 who suffer from coercion4 ,women's ready-made clothes are becoming more and more like liveries4 ,a dozen shop windows1 a dozen establishments1 display the same model over and over again1 the materials and prices varying1 the gown always the same4 ,the lines may lack distinction1 and the colors may lack serenity2 but then distinction and serenity are not the great underlying qualities of our fretted age4 ,the 8abbreviated oddments10 with their strange admixture of the bizarre and the commonplace1 strike a purely modern note4 ,they are democratic4 ,they are as appropriate1 or1 ,i might say1 as inappropriate1 to one class of women as to another4 ,they are helping1 more than we can know1 to level the barriers of caste4 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,summarize what the essay says in criticism of modern fashions4 #b4 ,what does the essay say concerning fashions in the past8 #c4 ,summarize ,miss ,repplier's suggestions for ideal costumes4 #d4 ,explain why the writer refers to the fashions of savages4 #e4 ,by what means does the writer give interest to her work8 #f4 ,how does the essay differ from an ordinary informational article8 #g4 ,what advantage does the writer gain by referring to various works of literature8 #h4 ,how does the writer avoid harshness of criticism8 #i4 ,what is the general plan of the essay8 #aj4 ,what does the article show concerning ,miss ,repplier8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,fashions for ,men #aa4 ,children's ,clothes #b4 ,jewelry #ab4 ,style in ,shoes #c4 ,good ,manners #ac4 ,social ,customs #d4 ,table ,etiquette #ad4 ,street ,behavior #e4 ,neckties #ae4 ,ribbons #f4 ,dancing #af4 ,school ,yells #g4 ,spoken ,english #ag4 ,slang #h4 ,stockings #ah4 ,hair ,dressing #i4 ,buttons #ai4 ,the ,use of ,mirrors #aj4 ,exercise #bj4 ,walking ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,your object is to write1 in a critical vein1 about some modern custom1 and to write without bitterness4 ,embody your criticism in mild humor4 ,find something good even in the midst of what is bad4 ,above all1 draw definite examples from literature and history1 in order to make your thought have weight4 ,,footnotes3 #aeb ,lord ,frederic ,hamilton 7#ahef--74 ,an ,english diplomat and editor4 ,he has travelled in many lands4 ,among his works are3 ,the ,holiday ,adventures of ,mr4 ,p4 ,j4 ,davenant2 ,lady ,eleanor2 ,the ,vanished ,pomps of ,yesterday4 #aec ,empress ,eugenia 7#ahbf-aibj74 ,a ,spanish ,countess who in #ahec became the wife of ,napoleon ,,iii of ,france and the natural leader of ,french society4 #aed ,blanchisseuse de fin4 ,a laundress4 #aee ,tierra del ,fuegian4 ,an inhabitant of the archipelago at the extreme southern end of ,south ,america4 #aef ,john ,evelyn 7#afbj-agjf74 ,the author of a diary kept from #afbd-agjf in which he gives a wealth of information concerning life in his period4 #aeg ,charles ,i 7#afjj-afdi74 ,king of ,england from #afbe to #afdi4 ,he was overthrown and beheaded by the adherents of the parliamentary1 or ,puritan1 forces4 #aeh ,robert ,herrick 7#aeia-afgd74 ,an ,english poet1 author of many charming poems1 one of which is ,gather ,ye ,rosebuds ,while ,ye ,may4 ,,poetic ,,prose ,,children ,by ,,yukio ,,ozaki ,madame ,ozaki is the wife of a former mayor of ,tokyo and former ,minister of ,justice in the ,okuma ,cabinet4 ,she writes for many magazines4 ,among her books are3 ,warriors of ,old ,japan2 ,the ,japanese ,fairy ,book2 ,romances of ,old ,japan4 ,the essay is so natural an expression of the writer's personality that it has much in common with lyric poetry4 ,both the essay and the lyric1 at their best1 are ardent expressions of self4 ,when the emotion in either is deep and genuine the language takes on richness of rhythm1 and the effect becomes entirely poetic4 ,many of the best essays contain passages that in all except meter and rime are poems1--prose poems4 ,children is an example of highly poetic prose4 ,let us love our children serenely1 devotedly1 even passionately4 ,surely in their innocence and angelic simplicity they play on the threshold of heaven4 ,let us hush our noisy activities and stale anxieties1 and under the trees and in the open that they love listen to the words of refreshing wisdom dropping like jewels from their nave lips4 ,let us be willing to sit at their dainty little feet1 so unused to the dusty roads of this world1 and learn from them divinest lessons4 ,let us with uplifted hearts realize our responsibility when with unconscious humility they accept us as their guides in the sweet1 fresh morning of their lives4 ,o sister-mothers in the world1 let us awaken to a deeper sense of this sublime trust1 our high charge in the care of these immortal treasures1 only for a little while1 such a little while1 given into our keeping6 ,let us make our hearts1 our minds1 our consciences worthy of these transcendent marvels of life6 ,oh1 joy of joys6 ,oh1 purest wonder6 ,how often my children lift the invisible veils that hide undreamed-of casements opening out on luminous vistas of the mystical world in which they wander1 roaming fancy-free with keen and wondering delight6 ,take me with you1 oh1 take me with you1 children mine1 when with bright eyes and with kindled imagination1 all spirit1 fire and dew1 you sally forth on these highroads of discovery1 to the elysiums of your day-dreams1 peopled by the souls of birds1 animals1 flowers and pictures in happy communion6 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,point out examples of rhythmical sentences4 #b4 ,point out figures of speech4 #c4 ,point out words that have been chosen because of their charm1 or their suggestive power4 #d4 ,show how the selection rises in emotion4 #e4 ,how do children 8play on the threshold of heaven08 #f4 ,what 8refreshing wisdom0 do children express8 #g4 ,what 8divinest lessons0 may we learn from children8 #h4 ,what 8undreamed of casements0 do children open8 #i4 ,explain the last paragraph4 #aj4 ,point out all the respects in which this selection is like a poem4 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,the ,baby #aa4 ,dreams #b4 ,the ,helpless #ab4 ,beautiful ,views #c4 ,the ,old #ac4 ,the ,sunshine #d4 ,father and ,mother #ad4 ,summer #e4 ,grandmother #ae4 ,favorite ,flowers #f4 ,home #af4 ,birds #g4 ,playmates #ag4 ,my ,dog #h4 ,memories #ah4 ,the ,garden #i4 ,holidays #ai4 ,snow #aj4 ,ambitions #bj4 ,sunrise ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,in order to write poetic prose you must write from genuine emotion4 ,write about something that you really love4 ,choose your words so that they will most clearly reveal your feelings4 ,think of the deeper meanings and of the greater values of your subject4 ,make your essay increase steadily in power until the very end4 ,make it1 like a good lyric poem1 reveal the writer's best self in one of his noblest moments4 ,,ships ,,that ,,lift ,,tall ,,spires ,,of ,,canvas#aei ,by ,,ralph ,d4 ,,paine 7#ahga--74 ,an ,american author and journalist1 especially noted for excellent work as a war correspondent4 ,among his many books concerning the sea are the following3 ,the ,praying ,skipper1 and ,other ,stories2 ,the ,ships and ,sailors of ,old ,salem2 ,the ,judgments of the ,sea2 ,the ,adventures of ,captain ,o',shea2 ,the ,fighting ,fleets2 ,the ,fight for a ,free ,sea4 ,he is a frequent contributor to magazines4 ,ships ,that ,lift ,tall ,spires of ,canvas is practically a poem1 although it is written in prose4 ,it is an emotional expression of admiration for the sailing vessels of the past1 and for the gallant sailors who manned them4 ,it is evident that the author is familiar with many stories of romantic voyages and grim adventure on the deep1 and that his emotion springs from his knowledge4 ,that genuineness of feeling did much to lead him to choose suggestive words and to write in balanced and rhythmical sentences4 ,all good style comes in large part from earnestness of thought or depth of emotion1 and in smaller degree from knowledge of the rhetorical means of conveying thought or emotion4 ,oh1 night and day the ships come in1 ,the ships both great and small1 ,but never one among them brings ,a word of him at all4 ,from ,port o' ,spain and ,trinidad1 ,from ,rio or ,funchal1 ,and along the coast of ,barbary4 ,steam has not banished from the deep sea the ships that lift tall spires of canvas to win their way from port to port4 ,the gleam of their topsails recalls the centuries in which men wrought with stubborn courage to fashion fabrics of wood and cordage that would survive the enmity of the implacable ocean and make the winds obedient4 ,their genius was unsung1 their hard toil forgotten1 but with each generation the sailing ship became nobler and more enduring1 until it was a perfect thing4 ,its great days live in memory with a peculiar atmosphere of romance4 ,its humming shrouds were vibrant with the eternal call of the sea1 and in a phantom fleet pass the towering ,east ,indiaman1 the hard-driven ,atlantic packet1 and the gracious clipper that fled before the ,southern trades4 ,a hundred years ago every bay and inlet of the ,new ,england coast were building ships that fared bravely forth to the ,west ,indies1 to the roadsteads of ,europe1 to the mysterious havens of the ,far ,east4 ,they sailed in peril of pirate and privateer1 and fought these rascals as sturdily as they battled with wicked weather4 ,coasts were unlighted1 the seas uncharted1 and navigation was mostly guesswork1 but these seamen were the flower of an ,american merchant marine whose deeds are heroic in the nation's story4 ,great hearts in little ships1 they dared and suffered with simple1 uncomplaining fortitude4 ,shipwreck was an incident1 and to be adrift in lonely seas or cast upon a barbarous shore was sadly commonplace4 ,they lived the stuff that made fiction after they were gone4 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,make a list of the most effective adjectives in the selection4 #b4 ,make a list of the words that do most to suggest the sea4 #c4 ,read aloud the most effective sentences4 #d4 ,point out examples of balanced construction4 #e4 ,show that the author has indicated the entire field of the subject4 #f4 ,in what ways is the selection poetic8 #g4 ,what famous books tell stories of sailing vessels8 #h4 ,what books of the sea did ,fenimore ,cooper write8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,old ,gardens #aa4 ,my ,grandmother #b4 ,farm ,houses #ab4 ,old ,letters #c4 ,my ,childhood ,home #ac4 ,a ,happy ,day #d4 ,mothers #ad4 ,the ,old ,soldier #e4 ,flowers #ae4 ,a ,relic #f4 ,memories #af4 ,a ,familiar ,street #g4 ,old ,school-books #ag4 ,changes #h4 ,old ,friends #ah4 ,souvenirs #i4 ,childhood ,games #ai4 ,skating #aj4 ,favorite ,stories #bj4 ,summer ,days ,illustration3 8,its humming shrouds were vibrant with the eternal call of the sea40 7page #bhg7 ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,the subject that you select must be one concerning which you know a great deal4 ,it must be one that exists not only in your brain but also in your heart4 ,when you have selected your subject make a list of the points that appeal to you most1 and that will represent every side of the subject4 ,when you write1 let your emotion guide your pen4 ,at the same time make every effort to select words that will be full of suggestive power4 ,write easily and rhythmically1 and let your work end1 as ,mr4 ,paine's does1 in an especially effective sentence4 ,,footnotes3 #aei ,from 8,lost ,ships and ,lonely ,seas10 by ,ralph ,d4 ,paine4 ,copyright by the ,century ,co4 ,,personality ,,in ,,correspondence ,by ,,theodore ,,roosevelt and ,,augustus ,,saint-,,gaudens 7#aheh-aiai74 ,twenty-sixth ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,one of the most vigorous1 courageous and picturesque figures in the public life of his day4 ,soon after his graduation from ,harvard1 and from ,columbia ,law ,school he entered public life1 and gave invaluable service in many positions1 becoming ,president in #aija1 and again in #aijd4 ,his work as an organizer of the 8,rough ,riders10 his skill in horsemanship1 his courage as an explorer and hunter1 and his staunch patriotism and high ideals all made him both interesting and beloved4 ,his work as an author is alone sufficient to make him great4 ,among his many books are ,the ,winning of the ,west2 ,the ,strenuous ,life2 ,african ,game ,trails2 ,true ,americanism4 7#ahdh-aijg74 ,one of the greatest ,american sculptors4 ,his statues of ,admiral ,farragut1 ,abraham ,lincoln1 ,the ,puritan1 ,peter ,cooper1 and ,general ,sherman are noble examples of his art4 ,many other works of sculpture1 including the beautiful 8,diana0 on ,madison ,square ,garden ,tower1 ,new ,york1 attest his rare skill4 ,he excelled in what is called 8relief40 ,his influence on ,american art was remarkably great4 ,his portrait-plaque of ,robert ,louis ,stevenson is especially interesting to lovers of literature4 ,the essay and the friendly letter are closely related4 ,it is natural for one who writes a friendly letter to express himself freely and intimately1 to make wise or humorous comments on life1 to write meditatively of all the things that interest him1--in fact1 to reveal himself in full4 ,to do all that1 even within the limited form of the letter1 is to write an approach to an essay4 ,almost any one of the essays in this book might have been written as part of a friendly letter4 ,the spirit of the essay1 that of personality1 should enter into all letters except those that are purely formal in nature4 ,in fact1 the amount of personality expressed in a letter is1 often1 a measure of the success of the letter4 ,the following letters written by ,theodore ,roosevelt and ,augustus ,saint-,gaudens are1 in a sense1 business letters4 ,in #aije ,mr4 ,roosevelt was president of the ,united ,states4 ,he believed that the coins of the ,united ,states1 like the coins of the ancient ,greeks1 should be beautiful4 ,that he had the highest respect for the great sculptor1 ,augustus ,saint-,gaudens1 is shown by a letter that he wrote in #aijc concerning the impressively beautiful statue of ,general ,sherman1 that now stands at the #eith ,street entrance to ,central ,park1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,in #aije ,mr4 ,roosevelt met ,mr4 ,saint-,gaudens at a dinner in ,washington and talked with him concerning the coinage of the ,united ,states and the possibility of improving it4 ,the letters given in this book are part of the correspondence that followed this conversation4 ,both men had serious purpose in writing and both were intensely practical2 yet each man wrote in a manner that is exceedingly personal4 ,the letters have something of the spirit of the essay4 ,,the ,,statue ,,of ,,general ,,sherman ,,white ,,house ,,washington ,,oyster ,,bay1 ,n4 ,y4 ,august #c1 #aijc4 ,personal ,my dear ,mr4 ,saint-,gaudens3 ,your letter was a great relief and pleasure to me4 ,i had been told that it was you personally who had opposed ----4 ,i have no claim to be listened to about these matters1 save such claim as a man of ordinary cultivation has4 ,but ,i do think that ----1 like ,proctor1 has done excellent work in his wild-beast figures4 ,by the way1 ,i was very glad that the ,grant decision in ,washington went the way it did4 ,the rejected figure1 it seemed to me1 fell between two schools4 ,it suggested allegory2 and yet it did not show that high quality of imagination which must be had when allegory is suggested4 ,the figure that was taken is the figure of the great general1 the great leader of men4 ,it is not the greatest type of statue for the very reason that there is nothing of the allegorical1 nothing of the highest type of the imaginative in it4 ,but it is a good statue4 ,now to my mind your ,sherman is the greatest statue of a commander in existence4 ,but ,i can say with all sincerity that ,i know of no man--of course of no one living--who could have done it4 ,to take grim1 homely1 old ,sherman1 the type and ideal of a democratic general1 and put with him an allegorical figure such as you did1 could result in but one of two ways--a ludicrous failure or striking the very highest note of the sculptor's art4 ,thrice over for the good fortune of our countrymen1 it was given to you to strike this highest note4 ,always faithfully yours1 ,,theodore ,,roosevelt4 ,mr4 ,augustus ,saint-,gaudens1 ,aspet1 ,windsor1 ,vermont4 ,the ,roosevelt-,saint-,gaudens ,correspondence ,concerning ,coinage ,,the ,,white ,,house ,,washington ,nov4 #f1 #aije4 ,my dear ,saint-,gaudens3 ,how is that old gold coinage design getting along8 ,i want to make a suggestion4 ,it seems to me worth while to try for a really good coinage2 though ,i suppose there will be a revolt about it6 ,i was looking at some gold coins of ,alexander the ,great to-day1 and ,i was struck by their high relief4 ,would it not be well to have our coins in high relief1 and also to have the rims raised8 ,the point of having the rims raised would be1 of course1 to protect the figure on the coin2 and if we have the figures in high relief1 like the figures on the old ,greek coins1 they will surely last longer4 ,what do you think of this8 ,with warm regards4 ,faithfully yours1 ,,theodore ,,roosevelt4 ,mr4 ,augustus ,saint-,gaudens1 ,windsor1 ,vermont4 ,,windsor1 ,,vermont1 ,nov4 #aa1 #aije4 ,dear ,mr4 ,president3 ,you have hit the nail on the head with regard to the coinage4 ,of course the great coins 7and you might almost say the only coins7 are the ,greek ones you speak of1 just as the great medals are those of the fifteenth century by ,pisanello and ,sperandio4 ,nothing would please me more than ,illustration ,illustration ,obverse of the ten-dollar gold ,obverse of the ten-dollar gold piece1 in high relief1 and before piece with the ,roosevelt feather the addition of the head-dress1 head-dress4 ,before the relief was on ,president ,roosevelt's suggestion4 radically lowered for minting4 ,illustration ,illustration ,liberty obverse of the ,liberty obverse of the twenty-dollar gold piece as twenty-dollar gold piece4 ,the finally designed4 ,the relief1 head-dress1 ,president ,roosevelt's however1 was made lower before idea1 was later eliminated on this minting4 figure as too small to be effective on the actual coin4 to make the attempt in the direction of the heads of ,alexander1 but the authorities on modern monetary requirements would1 ,i fear1 8throw fits10 to speak emphatically1 if the thing was done now4 ,it would be great if it could be accomplished and ,i do not see what the objection would be if the edges were high enough to prevent rubbing4 ,perhaps an inquiry from you would not receive the antagonistic reply from those who have the say in such matters that would certainly be made to me4 ,up to the present ,i have done no work on the actual models for the coins1 but have made sketches1 and the matter is constantly in my mind4 ,i have about determined on the composition of one side1 which would contain an eagle very much like the one ,i placed on your medal with a modification that would be advantageous4 ,on the other side ,i would place a 7possibly winged7 figure of liberty striding energetically forward as if on a mountain top holding aloft on one arm a shield bearing the ,stars and ,stripes with the word 8,liberty0 marked across the field1 in the other hand1 perhaps1 a flaming torch4 ,the drapery would be flowing in the breeze4 ,my idea is to make it a living thing and typical of progress4 ,tell me frankly what you think of this and what your ideas may be4 ,i remember you spoke of the head of an ,indian4 ,of course that is always a superb thing to do1 but would it be a sufficiently clear emblem of ,liberty as required by law8 ,i send you an old book on coins which ,i am certain you will find of interest while waiting for a copy that ,i have ordered from ,europe4 ,faithfully yours1 ,,augustus ,,saint-,,gaudens4 ,,the ,,white ,,house ,,washington ,nov4 #ad1 #aije4 ,my dear ,mr4 ,saint-,gaudens3 ,i have your letter of the #aath instant and return herewith the book on coins1 which ,i think you should have until you get the other one4 ,i have summoned all the mint people1 and ,i am going to see if ,i cannot persuade them that coins of the ,grecian type but with the raised rim will meet the commercial needs of the day4 ,of course ,i want to avoid too heavy an outbreak of the mercantile classes1 because after all it is they who do use the gold4 ,if we can have an eagle like that on the ,inauguration ,medal1 only raised1 ,i should feel that we would be awfully fortunate4 ,don't you think that we might accomplish something by raising the figures more than at present but not as much as in the ,greek coins8 ,probably the ,greek coins would be so thick that modern banking houses1 where they have to pile up gold1 would simply be unable to do so4 ,how would it do to have a design struck off in a tentative fashion--that is1 to have a model made8 ,i think your ,liberty idea is all right4 ,is it possible to make a ,liberty with that ,indian feather head-dress8 ,would people refuse to regard it as a ,liberty8 ,the figure of ,liberty as you suggest would be beautiful4 ,if we get down to bed-rock facts would the feather head-dress be any more out of keeping with the rest of ,liberty than the canonical ,phrygian cap which never is worn and never has been worn by any free people in the world8 ,faithfully yours1 ,,theodore ,,roosevelt4 ,mr4 ,augustus ,saint-,gaudens1 ,windsor1 ,vermont4 ,,windsor1 ,,vermont1 ,nov4 #bb1 #aije4 ,dear ,mr4 ,president3 ,thank you for your letter of the #adth and the return of the book on coins4 ,i can perfectly well use the ,indian head-dress on the figure of ,liberty4 ,it should be very handsome4 ,i have been at work for the last two days on the coins and feel quite enthusiastic about it4 ,i enclose a copy of a letter to ,secretary ,shaw which explains itself4 ,if you are of my opinion and will help1 ,i shall be greatly obliged4 ,faithfully yours1 ,,augustus ,,saint-,,gaudens4 ,hand-written postscript4 ,i think something between the high relief of the ,greek coins and the extreme low relief of the modern work is possible1 and as you suggest1 ,i will make a model with that in view4 ,,windsor1 ,,vermont1 ,nov4 #bb1 #aije4 ,,hon4 ,l4 ,m4 ,,shaw1 ,secretary of the ,treasury1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,dear ,sir3 ,i am now engaged on the models for the coinage4 ,the law calls for1 viz41 8,on one side there shall be an impression emblematic of liberty1 with an inscription of the word 'liberty' and the year of the coinage40 ,it occurs to me that the addition on this side of the coins of the word 8,justice0 7or 8,law10 preferably the former7 would add force as well as elevation to the meaning of the composition4 ,at one time the words 8,in ,god we trust0 were placed on the coins4 ,i am not aware that there was authorization for that1 but ,i may be mistaken4 ,will you kindly inform me whether what ,i suggest is possible4 ,yours very truly1 ,,augustus ,,saint-,,gaudens4 ,,the ,,white ,,house ,,washington ,nov4 #bd1 #aije4 ,my dear ,mr4 ,saint-,gaudens3 ,this is first class4 ,i have no doubt we can get permission to put on the word 8,justice10 and ,i firmly believe that you can evolve something that will not only be beautiful from the artistic standpoint1 but that1 between the very high relief of the ,greek and the very low relief of the modern coins1 will be adapted both to the mechanical necessities of our mint production and the needs of modern commerce1 and yet will be worthy of a civilized people--which is not true of our present coins4 ,faithfully yours1 ,,theodore ,,roosevelt4 ,mr4 ,augustus ,saint-,gaudens1 ,windsor1 ,vermont4 ,,the ,,white ,,house ,,washington ,jan4 #f1 #aijf4 ,my dear ,saint-,gaudens3 ,i have seen ,shaw about that coinage and told him that it was my pet baby4 ,we will try it anyway1 so you go ahead4 ,shaw was really very nice about it4 ,of course he thinks ,i am a mere crack-brained lunatic on the subject1 but he said with great kindness that there was always a certain number of gold coins that had to be stored up in vaults1 and that there was no earthly objection to having those coins as artistic as the ,greeks could desire4 7,i am paraphrasing his words1 of course47 ,i think it will seriously increase the mortality among the employees of the mint at seeing such a desecration1 but they will perish in a good cause6 ,always yours1 ,,theodore ,,roosevelt4 ,mr4 ,augustus ,saint-,gaudens1 ,windsor1 ,vermont4 ,,the ,,white ,,house ,,washington ,october #a1 #aijf4 ,personal ,my dear ,mr4 ,saint-,gaudens3 ,the mint people have come down1 as you can see from the enclosed letter which is in answer to a rather dictatorial one ,i sent to the ,secretary of the ,treasury4 ,when can we get that design for the twenty-dollar gold piece8 ,i hate to have to put on the lettering1 but under the law ,i have no alternative2 yet in spite of the lettering ,i think1 my dear sir1 that you have given us a coin as wonderful as any of the old ,greek coins4 ,i do not want to bother you1 but do let me have it as quickly as possible4 ,i would like to have the coin well on the way to completion by the time ,congress meets4 ,it was such a pleasure seeing your son the other day4 ,please return ,director ,roberts' letter to me when you have noted it4 ,sincerely yours1 ,,theodore ,,roosevelt4 ,mr4 ,augustus ,saint-,gaudens1 ,windsor1 ,vermont4 ,,the ,,white ,,house ,,washington ,december #aa1 #aijf4 ,my dear ,mr4 ,saint-,gaudens3 ,i hate to trouble you1 but it is very important that ,i should have the models for those coins at once4 ,how soon may ,i have them8 ,with all good wishes1 believe me1 ,sincerely yours1 ,,theodore ,,roosevelt4 ,mr4 ,augustus ,saint-,gaudens1 ,windsor1 ,vermont4 ,,windsor1 ,,vermont1 ,december #ai1 #aijf4 ,dear ,mr4 ,president3 ,i am afraid from the letter sent you on the fourteenth with the models for the ,twenty-,dollar ,gold piece that you will think the coin ,i sent you was unfinished4 ,this is not the case4 ,it is the final and completed model1 but ,i hold myself in readiness to make any such modifications as may be required in the reproduction of the coin4 ,this will explain the words1 8test model0 on the back of each model4 ,faithfully yours1 ,,augustus ,,saint-,,gaudens4 ,,the ,,white ,,house ,,washington ,december #bj1 #aijf4 ,my dear ,saint-,gaudens3 ,those models are simply immense--if such a slang way of talking is permissible in reference to giving a modern nation one coinage at least which shall be as good as that of the ancient ,greeks4 ,i have instructed the ,director of the ,mint that these dies are to be reproduced just as quickly as possible and just as they are4 ,it is simply splendid4 ,i suppose ,i shall be impeached for it in ,congress2 but ,i shall regard that as a very cheap payment6 ,with heartiest regards1 ,faithfully yours1 ,,theodore ,,roosevelt4 ,mr4 ,augustus ,saint-,gaudens1 ,windsor1 ,vermont4 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,why should a great statue have in it something of the allegorical8 #b4 ,describe ,mr4 ,saint-,gaudens' statue of ,general ,sherman4 #c4 ,what does the first letter show concerning ,mr4 ,roosevelt's opinion of the art of sculpture8 #d4 ,in what ways are the old ,greek coins beautiful8 #e4 ,point out essay-like freedom in the use of ,english4 #f4 ,point out passages that are notably personal4 #g4 ,what were ,mr4 ,roosevelt's plans for the making of ,united ,states coins8 #h4 ,what were ,mr4 ,saint-,gaudens' plans8 #i4 ,draw from the letters material for an essay on coinage4 #aj4 ,show in what respects the letters have something of the spirit of the essay4 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,a letter suggesting an inter-school debate4 #b4 ,a letter inviting a graduate of the school to act as judge at a debate4 #c4 ,a letter inviting a prominent citizen to address a society of which you are a member4 #d4 ,a letter telling of your experiences in a place that you are visiting for the first time4 #e4 ,a letter giving your opinion of a book that you have read recently4 #f4 ,a letter telling your plans for the coming vacation4 #g4 ,a letter concerning the use of an athletic field4 #h4 ,a letter inviting the graduates of your school to come to a school festival or entertainment4 #i4 ,a letter concerning music in your school4 #aj4 ,a letter giving an excuse for absence4 #aa4 ,a letter concerning work in photography4 #ab4 ,a letter concerning the work of prominent athletes4 #ac4 ,a letter concerning arrangements for class day exercises4 #ad4 ,a letter concerning graduation week4 #ae4 ,a letter to a teacher who has left the school4 #af4 ,a letter to a person much older than you4 #ag4 ,a letter to a school in a foreign country4 #ah4 ,a letter to a school in another ,state4 #ai4 ,a letter written1 in the name of your class1 for publication in the school annual4 #bj4 ,a letter of congratulation4 ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,write your letter so that it will express a definite and practical proposal4 ,express your own individual opinion modestly and tactfully4 ,use language that will thoroughly represent yourself4 ,try1 in all ways possible1 to avoid making your letter heavy1 8cut-and-dried10 conventional1 and purely formal4 ,,the ,,symbolic ,,story ,,hi-,,brasil ,by ,,ralph ,,durand ,an ,english traveller1 soldier and author1 who is still young and who has 8followed the ,sea ,maid0 over every ocean4 ,like the ,english poet1 ,john ,masefield1 he served for a time as a sailor before the mast4 ,he has seen life intimately in various out-of-the-way places1 such as the ,south ,sea ,islands1 ,central ,africa1 and the ,arctic ,regions4 ,in the ,world ,war he performed patriotic duty in the trenches and on ,intelligence ,staffs4 ,hi-,brasil is a charming and fascinating story1 a symbolic narrative that most artistically combines realism and fancy1 and appeals to the unfulfilled longings that every reader possesses4 ,what is ,hi-,brasil8 ,it is the 8,never-,never-,land10 the land of dreams1 the land of longings4 ,in this story it is specifically the land where the lost ships go4 ,who is the ,sea ,maid8 ,she is the ,spirit of ,adventure1 the love of whom calls men ever restlessly on4 ,in this story she is the ,spirit of the ,sea4 ,how skilfully ,mr4 ,durand describes her in sea-words3 8,with sea-blue eyes0 and 8,wind-blown0 hair2 her laugh 8,like the ripple of a stream that runs over a pebbly beach02 her song 8,like the surge of breakers on a distant reef02 herself 8,as old as the sea1 and a little older than the hills40 ,no one but a lover of the sea1 and a lover also of bold enterprise and high deeds1 could have written such a story1 emphasizing as it does somewhat of the theme of ,longfellow's ,excelsior and ,poe's ,eldorado-- 8,over the mountains ,of the moon1 ,down the ,valley of the ,shadow1 ,ride6 ,boldly ride6444 ,if you seek for ,eldorado60 8,i've never sailed the ,amazon1 ,i've never reached ,brazil2 ,but the ,don and ,magdalena1 ,they can go there when they will60 ,peter ,luscombe was the dullest man that ever audited an account4 ,once when his neighbor at a dinner-party1 having heard that he was an authority on marine insurance1 quoted ,longfellow about 8the beauty and the mystery of the ships and the magic of the sea10 ,peter looked embarrassed and turned the conversation to the subject of charter-parties4 ,his life was as carefully regulated as ,big ,ben4 ,he caught the same train every morning1 dined at the same hour every evening1 indexed his private correspondence1 and for recreation read ,price's 8,calculations40 ,on ,saturday afternoons he played golf4 ,one ,summer a business matter took ,peter to ,st4 ,mawes1 and on his way there he met the ,sea ,maid4 ,to get to ,st4 ,mawes he had to cross ,falmouth ,harbor by the public ferry4 ,though till then he had had no more direct personal experience of the sea than can be obtained from the ,promenade at ,hove1 ,peter was so little interested in his surroundings that he spent the first part of the ferry journey making notes of his personal expenditure since leaving ,london1 including tips1 on the last page of his pocket-diary4 ,midway across the harbor he chanced to look up and saw a yawl-rigged fishing-boat--subconsciously he noticed the name ,maeldune painted on her bows--running before the wind in the direction of ,falmouth ,quay4 ,an old1 white-haired man1 whose cheeks were the color of an ,autumn leaf1 was sitting amidships tending the sheets1 and at the tiller sat a girl--a girl with sea-blue eyes and untidy1 wind-blown1 dark-brown hair4 ,she was bending forward1 peering under the arched foot of the mainsail1 when ,peter first caught sight of her4 ,their eyes met2 the girl smiled--and ,peter dropped his pocket-diary into the dirty water that washed about the ferryman's boots and stared after the ,maeldune till he could no longer distinguish her among the other small craft in the harbor4 ,when the ferry-boat reached ,st4 ,mawes and discharged her other passengers ,peter remained in her1 and on the return journey sat in the bows straining his eyes to pick out the ,maeldune among the other fishing-boats4 ,falmouth ,harbor is two and a half miles wide1 and the ferryman refused to be hurried2 but at last the quay came in sight1 and ,peter's heart leaped1 for the ,maeldune was lying at the steps1 and the girl was still on board of her4 ,as soon as the ferry-boat reached the steps ,peter jumped ashore and faced the girl4 ,then he hesitated1 embarrassed4 ,he had nothing to say to her1 or1 rather1 no excuse for speaking to her4 8,i--,i--,i saw you--as you came up the harbor10 he faltered4 ,but the girl showed no sign of embarrassment4 ,she smiled at him again1 and her smile was brighter than sunlight shining through the curl of a breaking wave4 8,i'm just going out for a sail again10 she said1 8and ,i've room for a passenger4 ,old ,john has just gone to have a yarn with the sailmaker4 ,would you care to come80 ,peter jumped onto the ,maeldune's thwart1 and the girl cast off and hoisted the sail4 8,i'm afraid ,i don't know anything about sailing10 said ,peter4 ,the girl laughed1 and her laugh sounded like the ripple of a stream that runs over a pebbly beach4 8,that doesn't matter10 she said2 8,i can manage the old ,maeldune single-handed40 ,they beat down the harbor1 rounded the ,loze1 and stood out in the direction of mid-channel4 ,peter was entirely happy4 ,the wind was blowing fresh from the southwest1 and the ,maeldune danced lightly over the waves like a thing alive1 her thwarts aslant and her lee-rail just clear of the water4 8,this is glorious10 said ,peter4 8,do you know1 this is the first time ,i have ever been on the sea40 8,it won't be the last10 said the girl4 ,for a long while neither spoke again4 ,peter did not want to talk4 ,he was content to watch the ,sea ,maid as she sat at the tiller1 looking toward the horizon with dreamy eyes and crooning to herself a wordless song that sounded like the surge of breakers on a distant reef4 8,what song is that80 he asked after a long silence4 8,that is the song that ,orpheus sang to the ,argo when she lay on the stocks and all the strength of the heroes could not launch her4 ,then ,orpheus struck his lyre and sang of the open sea and all the wonders that are beyond the farthest horizon1 till the ,argo so yearned to be afloat with a fair wind behind her that she spread her sails of her own accord and glided down the beach into the water40 8,i hadn't heard about it10 said ,peter4 ,the story was so fantastically impossible that he supposed that the girl was chaffing him4 8,you are young1 surely1 to handle a boat by yourself10 he said4 8,don't think me rude4 ,how old are you80 8,as old as the sea1 and a little older than the hills40 ,now ,peter was sure that the girl was chaffing him4 ,neither spoke again4 ,occasionally the girl looked at him and smiled1 and her smile was the most beautiful thing that ,peter had ever known4 ,toward evening they turned and sailed back1 right in the golden path of the sinking sun4 ,slowly the old town of ,falmouth took shape2 the houses became distinct1 then the people on the quay4 ,peter sighed because he was coming back to the shore again1 and because for the first time in his life he had tasted absolute happiness4 ,close to the quay the girl threw the boat up in the wind1 ran forward and lowered the head-sails1 and then ran back to the tiller4 ,the ,maeldune came gently up to the landing-stage4 ,peter jumped ashore and turned1 expecting that the girl would follow1 but she pushed off and began to hoist the head-sails again4 8,may ,i--may ,i see you again80 said ,peter1 as the gap widened between the boat and the shore4 ,the ,sea ,maid laughed4 8,if you come to ,hi-,brasil10 she said4 ,peter walked slowly in the direction of ,fore ,street1 then realized that he needed some more definite address if he were to see the girl again4 ,he hurried back to the landing-stage and looked eagerly for the ,maeldune4 ,she was nowhere in sight4 8,did you see a little sailing-boat leave the steps about five minutes ago80 he asked a man who was lounging on the quay4 8,which way did she go80 8,what rig80 8,i don't know what you call it--one big mast and one little one40 8,a yawl4 ,there's been no yawls in here this afternoon40 ,peter inwardly cursed the man's stupidity and walked dejectedly away4 ,he dreamed of the ,sea ,maid that night1 and in the morning told himself that he was a fool4 ,he had had an hour or so of happiness with a jolly girl who evidently did not wish to continue the acquaintance4 ,obviously1 the sensible thing to do was to forget all about her4 ,but he could not forget4 ,work became impossible4 ,when he tried to write the laughing face of the ,sea ,maid danced before his eyes1 and when clients talked to him he could not listen1 for the song she had sung rang in his ears4 ,he went back to ,falmouth determined to see her again1 and not till he reached the ,cornish port did he realize the futility of his search4 ,how was he to make inquiries as to the whereabouts of two people of whom he knew nothing more definite than that the man was white-haired and bronzed1 and that the girl1 when last seen1 had worn a white jersey and a blue-serge skirt8 99 99 99 99 99 ,a month later he was an unwilling guest at a reception given by a famous ,london hostess4 ,the rooms were packed with a well-dressed crowd who walked about rather aimlessly1 talking on the stairs or listening to music in one or other of the reception-rooms4 ,suddenly ,peter's heart stood still for a moment4 ,clear above the chatter he heard the ,sea ,girl's voice4 ,he was standing at the head of the stairs and she was singing in one of the adjoining rooms1 ,i've never sailed the ,amazon1 ,i've never reached ,brazil2 ,but the ,don and ,magdalena1 ,they can go there when they will6 ,yes1 weekly from ,southampton1 ,great steamers1 white and gold1 ,go rolling down to ,rio 7,roll down--roll down to ,rio671 ,and ,i'd like to roll to ,rio ,some day before ,i'm old6 ,the doorway into the room from which he could hear the ,sea ,maid's voice was so crowded with people that it was some minutes before ,peter could edge his way into the room4 ,by that time the song was over and the singer had gone4 ,peter made inquiries from a man standing near1 and was told that she had left the room by another door4 ,he sought out his hostess and asked her to introduce him to the lady who had sung 8,rolling down to ,rio40 ,but his hostess could not help him4 ,she admitted reluctantly that she knew no more of the singer than that she was a professional entertainer engaged through the medium of a concert agent and that she had probably already left the house4 ,peter followed up the clue4 ,next morning1 after inquiry from the agent1 he rang the bell of a tiny flat in ,maida ,vale and stood with beating heart waiting for the door to open4 ,five minutes later he was out in the street again1 bitterly disappointed4 ,the lady he had seen was able to prove indisputably that it was she who had sung 8,rolling down to ,rio10 but she bore not the slightest resemblance to the ,sea ,maiden4 ,to cover his confusion and excuse his visit1 ,peter had engaged her to sing at a charity concert that he had invented on the spur of the moment1 had insisted on paying her fee in advance1 and had left the flat1 promising to send details of the place and date of the engagement by post4 99 99 99 99 99 ,that evening1 brooding in his lonely chambers1 ,peter1 who till then had prided himself on believing nothing that is not based on the fundamental fact that two and two make four1 became obsessed by the idea that the ,sea ,maid had sent him a spirit-message1 using the unconscious professional entertainer as her medium4 ,he tried to shake off the idea1 telling himself that it was fantastic and ridiculous1 but gradually it overmastered him4 ,at eleven o'clock he rose from his chair1 picked up the ,times1 and consulted the shipping advertisements4 ,five minutes later he rang for his man servant4 8,buck up and pack1 ,higgins10 he said4 8,i'm off to ,brazil4 ,you haven't too much time4 ,boat-train leaves ,waterloo at midday to-morrow40 8,to ,brazil1 sir8 ,isn't that one of those foreign places80 8,yes4 ,why8 ,what are you staring at8 ,why shouldn't ,i go to ,brazil80 8,shall you want me1 sir80 8,you can come if you like40 8,if it's all the same to you1 sir1 ,i'd rather----0 8,man alive6 ,i thought you'd have jumped at the chance4 ,don't you want to go rolling down to ,rio8 ,can't you feel the magic of it--even in the mere words8 ,wouldn't you like to see the armadillo dilloing in his armor----80 8,i'd better get on with the packing1 sir40 ,higgins was convinced that his master had suddenly 8gone balmy40 ,before sunset next evening ,peter again saw the ,sea ,maid4 ,the ,r4 ,m4 ,s4 ,maranho1 outward bound for ,rio de ,janeiro1 had just left ,st4 ,alban's ,head abeam when she passed a full-rigged ship bound down-channel so closely that ,peter could see the men on board of her4 ,her tug had just left her and she was setting all sails4 ,one by one the sails fluttered free and swelled to the soft breeze4 ,men were lying out on the upper topsail-yards casting loose the gaskets1 and others on deck were running up the royals to the tune of a chantey1 ,sing a song of ,ranzo1 boys1 ,ranzo1 boys1 ,ranzo4 ,a crisp wave curled from her bows1 a long wake of gleaming foam streamed astern of her1 and she curtsied gracefully on the swell as if gravely saluting the larger1 newer vessel4 ,the ,maranho passed under her stern1 and as she passed ,peter1 looking down on her poop1 saw the ,sea ,maid4 ,and the ,sea ,maid saw him and waved her hand as the great mail-steamer surged past4 8,d'you know that vessel80 asked ,peter eagerly of a ship's officer who was standing near him4 8,she's the ,sea ,sprite4 ,cleared from ,southampton early this morning4 ,bound for ,rio in ballast for hides40 8,bound for ,rio8 ,splendid60 said ,peter4 8,how long will it take her to get there8 ,i know some one on board40 8,a month--more or less4 ,who's your pal80 8,that girl that waved her hand to me40 ,the ship's officer focused his binoculars on the ,sea ,sprite4 8,there's no girl on her deck4 ,girls very seldom travel on wind-jammers nowadays4 ,look for yourself40 ,peter took the glasses1 and again saw the ,sea ,maid quite distinctly--but he did not care to argue about it4 ,while waiting at ,rio de ,janeiro ,peter took care to make friends with the port authorities1 and arranged with them to let him have the first news that they had of the ,sea ,sprite4 ,at last one morning found him in the customs launch1 steaming out to the roadstead where the ,sea ,sprite1 her anchor down1 was stowing her canvas4 ,as soon as the quarantine doctor gave permission ,peter scrambled up the ship's side and looked eagerly round her deck4 ,the ,sea ,maid was not there4 ,he could hardly contain himself until he could find an opportunity to ask for her4 8,i passed you in the ,channel1 ,captain10 he said1 8and ,i saw a lady on your deck who is an old friend of mine4 ,may ,i speak to her80 ,the captain shook his head4 8,must have been some other ship10 he said4 8,we've got no ladies aboard40 ,peter's heart sank4 8,i suppose you dropped her at some port on the way40 8,we haven't smelled harbor mud since we left ,southampton ,water10 said the skipper4 8,you're making a mistake1 mister4 ,why1 you look as if you thought ,i was lying4 ,take a look at the ship's articles1 then1 if you don't believe me4 ,stands to reason1 doesn't it1 that if ,i had a woman aboard her name would be on the articles80 ,peter returned to the shore1 bitterly disappointed and hardly convinced that he had been mistaken4 ,he booked a passage on the next homeward-bound steamer4 ,on the homeward voyage he fell in love with an old lady1 one of those women whose personality is so magnetic that they can draw the innermost secrets out of a young man's heart4 ,one evening1 when the sea was ablaze with splendor under the moon1 he told her of the ,sea ,maid1 and found it eased his longing to talk of her4 ,the old lady understood4 8,you'll see your ,sea ,maid again10 she said4 8,i'm sure of it4 ,but perhaps not in this life40 ,but ,peter refused to give up hope of seeing the ,sea ,maid in the flesh4 ,when he got back to ,london he sought an interview with one of the most eminent members of the ,royal ,geographical ,society4 8,i want you to tell me where ,hi-,brasil is10 he said4 8,i want to go there40 8,then you'll have to wait till you die10 said the geographer with a laugh4 8,what do you mean80 99 99 99 99 99 8,hi-,brasil is a purely mythical island1 like ,st4 ,brendan's1 ,the ,fortunate ,islands1 ,avalon1 and ,lyonnesse1 that ancient and medieval geographers supposed to be somewhere out in the ,atlantic4 ,they've served their purpose4 ,if nobody had ever believed in them it is probable that ,america would not have been discovered yet4 ,the myth of ,hi-,brasil's existence took a long time to die4 ,venetian geographers of the ,middle ,ages supposed it to be somewhere near the ,azores1 and until #ahcj ,purdy's chart of the ,atlantic marked ',brasil ,rock 7,high7' in latitude fifty-one degrees ten minutes north1 and longitude fifteen degrees fifty minutes west--that is1 about two hundred miles westward of the ,irish coast40 8,but isn't it possible that there really is such an island80 persisted ,peter4 8,the sea is a big place1 you know40 8,absolutely impossible10 said the geographer4 8,why1 the spot indicated by ,purdy is right in the track of steamers going from ,england to ,newfoundland4 ,if you want to read about ,hi-,brasil you must read old books1 published before geography was an exact science40 ,though he knew it was useless ,peter followed the advice given him and eagerly read every book he could find that had any bearing on the subject--,rubruquis1 ,hakluyt1 ,linschoten1 and many others--and to his delight he found that his reading brought him nearer to his ,sea ,maiden4 ,after an evening spent in imagination exploring the coast of ,vinland with ,leif ,ericsson1 or rounding ,north ,cape with ,othere1 or groping blindly in the unknown ,atlantic with ,malacello1 he almost invariably dreamed that he and the ,sea ,maiden were once more sailing together in the little ,maeldune4 ,it was after reading1 first in ,longfellow and afterward in ,hakluyt1 about ,othere's voyage to the ,northern ,seas1 that ,peter saw an advertisement of a holiday cruise through the ,norwegian fiords to ,spitzbergen4 ,he booked a passage1 saw the bleak1 storm-harried point that ,othere was the first to round1 and1 on his way home1 saw the ,sea ,girl again4 ,just south of the ,dogger ,bank the tourist-steamer passed a disreputable-looking tramp steamer4 ,half of her plates were painted a crude red2 others were brown with rust2 the awning stanchions on her bridge were twisted and bent2 she had a heavy list to starboard1 and she was staggering southward under a heavy deck-cargo of timber4 ,on the bridge1 leaning against the tattered starboard-dodger1 the ,sea ,maid stood and waved her hand to him4 ,peter eagerly sought out a ship's officer4 8,where's that steamer bound for80 he asked4 8,goodness knows60 was the answer4 8,south ,wales1 most likely1 as she's carrying pit-props40 ,hope of seeing the ,sea ,girl in the flesh again returned1 and ,peter wasted the next few weeks vainly searching all the ,south ,wales coal ports4 ,he had given up the search1 and was returning to his much-neglected business when the ,south ,wales-,london express stopped for a moment on the bridge over the ,wye near ,newport4 ,peter looked idly out of the window at the dirty river flowing sluggishly between banks of greasy mud4 ,then his heart leaped again4 ,lying embedded in the mud far below were the rotting remains of a derelict barge1 and on her deck were some ragged children hauling lustily on a scrap of rope that they had fastened to one of the barge's bollards and singing what1 no doubt1 they supposed to be a chantey4 ,standing on the barge's rotting deck was the ,sea ,maid4 ,this time she not only waved her hand but called to him1 8,we are bound for the ,spanish ,main40 ,peter leaned far out of the window of the railway-carriage4 8,where can ,i find you80 he shouted4 8,in ,hi-,brasil10 was the answer1 and the train moved on4 ,peter was now convinced that the eminent geographer whom he had consulted as to the whereabouts of ,hi-,brasil had not known what he was talking about4 ,it must1 he decided1 be some little ,cornish fishing village1 too insignificant to be worth the great man's notice4 ,in pursuit of this idea he went at once to ,falmouth and began to make inquiries1 first at the police stations and post-offices1 and afterward among the fishermen4 ,at ,falmouth no one could answer his questions1 till at last an old gray-beard told him that he'd heard of the place and believed it was somewhere farther west4 ,at ,penzance and ,newlyn ,peter could hear nothing1 and he walked westward to ,mousehole1 determined that if he heard nothing there he would go on to the ,scilly ,islands4 ,at ,mousehole people laughed at him4 ,one man to whom he spoke was so amused that he called out to a group of fishermen standing on the quay waiting for the tide to float their boats4 8,gen'elman wants to know where ,hi-,brasil is40 8,then he'll have to go farther west10 said one4 8,to the ,scillies80 asked ,peter4 8,aye1 and farther than that40 8,a long way farther than that10 said another4 8,it's an old wives' tale1 mister4 ,stout ships that sail westward and never come back to port again have their last moorings at ,hi-,brasil1 so the saying goes4 ,you ask ,old ,john there4 ,he's the only man that talks about ,hi-,brasil1 and he's daft40 ,an old man whose broad back was bent with the weight of many years was hobbling toward him1 and ,peter knew that at last he was on the right track4 ,the old fisherman who was coming down the quay was none other than the man he had seen sailing in the ,maeldune with the ,sea ,girl4 8,hi-,brasil80 asked ,old ,john4 8,what d'you want with ,hi-,brasil80 8,i want to go there40 8,then ,i'm the man to take 'ee4 ,but mark 'ee1 mister1 ,i can't bring 'ee back40 8,never mind about that10 said ,peter4 8,you take me4 ,i'll pay you well40 8,time enough to talk about payment when we get there10 said the old man4 8,when do 'ee want to start80 8,at once1 if possible40 8,if 'ee really want to go us can start at half-flood40 ,peter assured the old man that he was in earnest1 and the latter hobbled away over the cobbles1 promising to be back in an hour's time4 99 99 99 99 99 8,you're never going to sea with ,old ,john1 are you1 mister80 said one of the fishermen anxiously4 8,he was a rare bold seaman in his day1 but his day has passed this many a year4 ,he was old when we were boys4 ,old ,john says he'll last as long as a deep-sea wind-jammer remains afloat4 ,but he's daft4 ,you oughtn't to listen to him4 ,it's all old wives' foolishness about ,hi-,brasil40 ,but ,peter would not be dissuaded1 and an hour later1 when the pilchard-boats jostled each other between the ,mousehole pier-heads1 and spread across ,mount's ,bay for sea-room1 ,peter and ,john1 in a crazy old mackerel-boat1 went with them4 ,the setting sun gleamed on the brown sails of the pilchard fleet1 and ,peter drew a deep breath of delight4 ,he knew that he would soon see the ,sea ,maid again4 ,at midnight the pilchard fleet was a line of riding lights on the horizon behind them4 ,when the sun rose the ,scillies lay to the north of them4 ,passing under the lofty ,head of ,peninnis1 they exchanged hails with a fisherman of ,st4 ,mary's who was hauling his lobster-pots4 8,going far80 asked the fisherman4 8,aye1 far enough10 answered ,john4 8,looks like it's coming on to blow from the east10 said the fisherman4 8,like enough10 answered ,john1 and they passed out of hearing4 ,by midday a fresh wind was blowing4 ,the mackerel-boat's faded1 much-patched sails tugged at her mast1 and she groaned as she leaped from the tops of the waves4 8,afeard1 be 'ee80 asked ,old ,john4 8,not ,i10 said ,peter4 8,the harder it blows1 the quicker we'll get there10 said ,john1 and not another word was said4 ,by night-time it was blowing a gale4 ,a driving1 following sea hustled and banged the boat from wave to wave1 and the night fell so dark that ,peter could not see the old man sitting motionless at the tiller1 except when a wave broke in foam and formed a great white background behind him4 ,peter felt no fear4 ,he knew with the certainty that admits of no argument that he was on his way at last to his beloved4 ,the wind hummed in the boat's rigging with a droning note like that of the ,sea ,maid's song4 ,the waves washed along her counter1 flinging aboard stinging showers of spray that drenched ,peter as he sat on the midship thwart4 ,the jib flapped and tugged at its sheet when her stern rose on a wave and groaned with the strain as her bow lifted4 ,each time she strained streams of water gushed through her crazy seams4 ,at last a fierce gust of wind drove her nose so deep into the water that it poured in a cascade over her bows1 and then a great1 curving comber broke over them4 ,peter was washed from his seat and jammed between the mast and the leech of the mainsail as the water rose over his head4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when ,peter recovered consciousness the sun was shining1 the air was warm1 the sea still1 and the mackerel-boat1 with ,old ,john still at the tiller1 was entering the mouth of a great land-locked harbor4 ,cliffs1 gay with heather and golden gorse1 sheltered it from the wind4 ,the lazy1 offshore breeze was fragrant with the smell of thyme4 ,shoals of fish played in the clear water1 and on the far side a stream of fresh water rippled over golden sand4 ,peter rubbed his eyes and looked around him with amazement4 ,the harbor was thronged with shipping of every size1 shape1 and rig3 yachts and smacks1 schooners and ketches1 tramp steamers and ocean-liners1 barks and full-rigged ships1 galleys and galleons1 cogs and caracks1 dromons and balingers1 aphracts and cataphracts4 8,see that vessel80 said ,old ,john1 as they passed under the stern of a stoutly built brig4 8,that's ,franklin's ship1 the ,terror--crushed in the ice1 she was1 off ,beechey ,island in the ,arctic4 ,and that little craft alongside of her is the ,revenge4 ,she sank in the ,azores after fighting fifty-three ,spaniards for a day and a night4 ,away over there is what they used to call a trireme4 ,cleared from the ,port of ,tyre1 she did1 when ,i was young1 and foundered off ,marazion1 just where we left the pilchard fleet40 ,but ,peter was not listening4 ,he was eagerly watching a yawl that was scudding toward them2 for the yawl was the ,maeldune1 and under the arched foot of her mainsail the ,sea ,maid was smiling a greeting4 ,,suggestive ,,questions #a4 ,why did the author make his hero 8the dullest man that ever audited an account08 #b4 ,point out1 and explain1 all the classical and literary allusions4 #c4 ,why did the author make his story so largely realistic8 #d4 ,what is the effect of the songs8 #e4 ,how does the author make his story clear8 #f4 ,comment on the author's use of conversation4 #g4 ,in what respects is the story poetic8 #h4 ,what effect does ,old ,john contribute to the story8 #i4 ,what is the effect of the abrupt ending8 #aj4 ,what makes the story unusually artistic8 ,,subjects ,,for ,,written ,,imitation #a4 ,utopia #aa4 ,the ,world of ,puck and ,oberon #b4 ,castles in ,spain #ab4 ,the ,summit of ,olympus #c4 ,the ,fountain of ,youth #ac4 ,eldorado #d4 ,arcadia #ad4 ,st4 ,brendan's ,isle #e4 ,the ,garden of the #ae4 ,lyonesse ,hesperides #f4 ,over the ,mountains #af4 ,the ,fortunate ,islands #g4 ,the ,happy ,valley #ag4 ,the ,land of the ,lotus #h4 ,the ,land of ,dreams #ah4 ,the ,lost ,atlantis #i4 ,the ,isle of ,avalon #ai4 ,at ,camelot #aj4 ,the ,enchanted ,world #bj4 ,the ,land of ,heart's ,delight ,,directions ,,for ,,writing ,it is not easy to write1 even with only a small degree of success1 so happily suggestive a story as ,hi-,brasil4 ,such a story is the product both of experience and of art4 ,the best that you can do is to think of some longing that has possessed you1 as the longing for the sea possessed the author of ,hi-,brasil4 ,take some prosaic character1 not usually moved by such longings as your own1 and show him brought strongly under the influence of a great desire4 ,make your story so realistic that it will seem true1 and so symbolic that it will be at once poetic and capable of conveying a strong idea4 ,do all in your power to make your story crystal-clear1 strongly outlined1 and effective in power4