,transcriber's ,note3 ,typographical errors 7such as ,,comat appearing for ,,combat in the title7 and punctuation inconsistencies have been retained4 ,the goal has been to provide a historically accurate representation of the original #aidd publication4 ,,restricted ,,notes ,,on ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,oxygen ,,equipment ,,in ,,the ,b-#ag1 ,b-#bd1 ,b-#bi ,,for ,,comat ,,crews 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,this ,,publication ,,may ,,be ,,used ,,by ,,personnel ,,rendering ,,service ,,to ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,or ,,its ,,allies ,paragraph #e4;d4 of ,army ,regulation #chj-e relative to the handling of restricted printed matter is quoted below4 d4 ,dissemination of restricted matter4--,the information contained in restricted documents and the essential characteristics of restricted material may be given to any person known to be in the service of the ,united ,states and to persons of undoubted loyalty and discretion who are cooperating in ,government work1 but will not be communicated to the public or to the press except by authorized military public relations agencies4 ,,restricted ,,foreword ,these notes were originally intended as a source of general reference concerning ,,oxygen ,,equipment ,,and ,,its ,,use by members of crews of the ,b-#ag and ,b-#bd heavy bomber4 ,with the advent of the ,b-#bi as a combat bomber1 the section on ,,the ,b-#bi ,,at ,,high ,,altitude 7,page 7 was added to supply certain specialized information concerning this ship4 ,every ,b-#bi crew member should be familiar with the ,,introduction and the section on ,,the ,,demand ,,oxygen ,,system as well as this specialized information4 ,the subject matter is presented from a ,,practical point of view1 based upon actual experiences encountered on altitude missions4 ,detailed information on oxygen equipment may be found in the following ,,technical ,,orders4 #jc-ej-a ,use of ,oxygen and ,oxygen ,equipment4 #jc-ej;,a-#e ,type ,a-#ab ,demand ,oxygen ,regulator 7,pioneer74 #jc-ej;,a-#h ,type ,a-#ab ,demand ,oxygen ,regulator 7,airco74 #jc-ej;,b-#a ,type ,a-#aj ,revised ,oxygen ,mask4 #jc-ej;,b-#f ,type ,a-#ad ,demand ,oxygen ,mask4 #jc-ej;,c-#c ,low ,pressure ,oxygen ,cylinders4 #jc-ej;,d-#a ,oxygen ,pressure ,signal ,assembly4 #jc-ej;,d-#b ,oxygen ,flow ,indicator ,type ,a-#a4 #jc-ej;,d-#d ,oxygen ,flow ,indicator ,type ,a-#c4 #jc-ej;,d-#e ,oxygen ,pressure ,gage ,type ,k-#a4 ,,index ,auto-,mix #ag ,ceiling1 effect of oxygen on #c ,dangers with oxygen #ej ,demand oxygen system #g ,demand type masks #h ,duration of oxygen supply ,b-#ag #ch ,b-#bd #dd ,method of computing #dj ,emergency valve #ai ,explosive ,decompression #fa ,flow indicator #cb ,hazards of oxygen-lack #a ,leaks in oxygen lines #di ,leaks in regulator #aa ,mask1 ,demand ,fitting to face #i ,technic1 at altitude #ac ,testing for leaks #aj ,mask-,regulator connection #af ,night ,vision #b ,oxygen cylinders #cg ,oxygen deficiency at altitude #c ,oxygen installation1 ,servicing of #dg ,oxygen discipline #d ,oxygen systems ,b-#ag #cf ,b-#bd #dc ,b-#bi #eg ,oxygen systems1 diagrams of ,b-#ag #ch ,b-#bd #dg;,a ,b-#bi #fj ,oxygen equipment1 check of #cd ,portable oxygen equipment #bj ,precautions with demand system #cd ,passing out at altitude #ea ,pressure ,cabins1 ,b-#bi #ef ,regulator1 ,demand ,a-#ab #ag ,a-#ac #bj ,regulator hose clip #af ,revival of passout victim #ea ,servicing oxygen installations #dg ,signal assembly #cb ,sniff-tester #aa ,testing for mask leak #aj ,the ,b-#bi at ,high ,altitude #ec ,walk-around bottle #bj ,walk-around bottle ,uses of #bj ,large1 for engineer #be ,when to use oxygen #a ,,introduction ,as a member of a heavy bomber team1 in combat you will be living and fighting in a world where man has no business--from three to six miles above the environment for which nature designed you4 ,successful and effective operation of combat crews at altitudes in excess of #ae1jjj feet requires that ,,every crew member be familiar with altitude problems4 ,you must be so thoroughly familiar with your oxygen equipment that you will use it ,,properly without giving it a thought4 ,the time to acquire this experience is during operational training--not after you have pulled several boners in combat4 ,through long hours of tiring training you have developed superior judgment1 ability to make decisions quickly1 and efficiently in firing and in other duties4 ,most of your training has been confined to relatively low altitudes in a relatively normal environment4 ,now you are going to continue this training upstairs4 ,to maintain the superiority and efficiency you possess ,,oxygen ,,must ,,be ,,used above #aj1jjj feet4 ,above #ah1jjj feet oxygen must be used to maintain consciousness and life itself4 ,,when ,,should ,,flyers ,,use ,,oxygen8 7#a7 ,when wounded1 especially with injuries accompanied by hemorrhage or shock4 7#b7 ,above #aj1jjj feet on day missions1 both in training and combat4 7#c7 ,from ground up on all night missions4 7a7 ,to prevent night blindness4 7b7 ,night vision impaired early and to a marked degree at comparatively low altitude4 ,,hazard ,,of ,,oxygen-,,lack 7#a7 ,at #ab1jjj to #ae1jjj feet 7several hours73 fatigue1 drowsiness1 headache4 7#b7 ,at #ae1jjj to #ah1jjj feet 7 to #a hour73 ,false sense of well being ,overconfidence ,narrowing of field of attention ,faulty reasoning ,poor judgement ,loss of self-criticism ,clumsy ,blurring and double vision ,decreased hearing ,poor memory ,may pass out 7#c7 ,above #ah1jjj feet3 ,symptoms come on faster ,loss of muscle control ,loss of awareness of lapse of time ,loss of judgment and self-criticism ,loss of memory and ability to think ,loss of vision and hearing ,purposeless movements1 repeated over and over ,emotional outbursts--hysteria1 crying1 laughing1 anger ,loss of consciousness eventually3 at #bf1jjj feet #d to #f minutes at #bh1jjj feet #b to #d minutes at #cj1jjj feet #a to #b minutes at #ch1jjj feet #cj seconds or less ,the above varies with different individuals4 7#d7 ,loss of night vision4 ,night vision is reduced to one-half at #ab1jjj feet without oxygen4 ,breathing oxygen restores it to normal4 7#e7 ,breathing oxygen raises your ceiling4 ,,altitude ,,oxygen ,,equivalent ,,feet ,,breathed ,,level 7feet7 #ah1jjj #fj ground #bf1jjj #he ground #cj1jjj #ajj ground #cc1jjj #ajj #h1jjj #ch1jjj #ajj #ab1jjj #dd1jjj #ajj #bb1jjj ,,reasons ,,for ,,oxygen ,,deficiency ,,at ,,altitude 7#a7 ,inadequate supply for the mission4 ,the low pressure oxygen system in the ,b-#ag and ,b-#bd is fully charged to a capacity of #dej pounds per square inch4 ,this supply should last #g to #i hours1 depending on activity of the crew members 7,auto-,mix ,,on74 7#b7 ,oxygen supply exhausted by leaks in oxygen lines or cylinders4 7#c7 ,flyer getting insufficient oxygen3 7a7 ,attempts to do excessively hard work4 7b7 ,mask leak3 ,improper fit2 frozen exhaust valve2 holes in mask or hose2 growth of stubby beard4 7c7 ,leak around gasket between mask-regulator connection4 7d7 ,loose connections where supply hose connects to regulator4 7e7 ,freezing of moist oxygen at extremely low temperature4 7f7 ,obstruction of openings in regulator4 7g7 ,hole in rubber diaphragm in regulator4 7#d7 ,breathing too deeply may produce a partial vacuum inside mask causing air to leak in from bottom or sides4 ,,breathe ,,naturally4 #e ,don't expect to get oxygen from an empty walk-around bottle4 ,if not fully charged1 the bottle may last only a minute or two4 7#f7 ,improper use of walk-around equipment4 ,,oxygen ,,discipline ,it is mandatory that every member of a heavy combat crew be highly trained in oxygen discipline4 ,it is urged that oxygen drill be practiced by ,,all crew members for at least #ae minutes on routine training flights before altitude missions are ever undertaken4 ,practice using and re-filling the walk-around bottle at various stations4 ,practice changing masks 7page #ab7 and become expert at using oxygen from emergency sources 7page #bg74 ,practice reviving some crewmate who has supposedly passed out from oxygen lack4 ,practice going to your escape hatch on a walk-around bottle with parachute in place4 ,practice all emergencies that may arise some day in combat and when they arise they won't be emergencies4 ,the following responsibilities will fall upon every member of a combat crew4 ,the airplane commander should satisfy himself that the following points are observed or provided for3 7#a7 ,fitting of the crew with masks1 7page #i74 ,periodical check of masks and mask fit4 7#b7 ,all crew members are familiar with hazards of oxygen-lack at altitude4 7page #a74 7#c7 ,see that all crew members are drilled in precautions with the demand system4 7page #ai74 7#d7 ,be sure that ,,all crew members realize the danger of mixing oil and oxygen4 7page #ej74 7#e7 ,be able to compute oxygen duration in different systems on ship 7pages #ci #df74 7#f7 ,,pre-,,flight ,,check ,,of ,,oxygen ,,equipment4 7a7 ,pressure in different systems4 7b7 ,be able to charge oxygen system if necessary4 7page #dg74 7c7 ,check regulators for proper setting 7auto-mix71 properly working diaphragm1 hose-regulator connection1 emergency valve ,,off4 7d7 ,check ,,each station for possible oxygen deficiency at altitude1 7page #c74 7e7 ,check portable oxygen equipment1 regulator diaphragm1 and oxygen supply in bottles1 see that regulators are working properly4 7f7 ,check all recharger hose valves for sluggish or sticking valves 7page #bj74 7#g7 ,know how to re-distribute crew members to stations where oxygen is available if part of supply is lost4 7pages #da #de74 7#h7 ,someone to be able to find and repair a leak in oxygen lines4 7page #di74 7#i7 ,frequently check condition of crew members during flight4 ,see that one crew member checks on a fellow crewmate when practicable4 ,check every #aj-ae minutes above #bj1jjj feet4 ,co-,pilot can help in this regard4 7#aj7 ,all crew members understand principles of reviving a crew member unconscious from oxygen lack4 7page #ea74 7#aa7 ,report to crew chief and personal equipment officer on landing any and all faulty oxygen equipment4 ,make sure repairs to such equipment have been made before next flight4 ,,the ,,demand ,,oxygen ,,system ,the demand oxygen system in your ship insures a fully adequate oxygen supply except under the most extreme conditions4 ,it was developed to supply you1 ,,automatically1 as much oxygen as you need when you need it--at all altitudes and under all conditions4 ,the ,,demand ,,oxygen ,,system consists of the following3 7#a7 ,demand type mask4 7#b7 ,mask to regulator tubing4 7#c7 ,demand type regulator 7,a-#ab74 7#d7 ,portable recharging hose 7for filling walk-around bottles 7#e7 ,portable equipment3 7a7 ,a-#d ,cylinder with ,a-#ac demand regulator4 7b7 ,d-#b cylinder with ,a-#ac regulator4 7#f7 ,a panel containing3 a flow indicator an oxygen pressure gauge 7#g7 ,cylinders containing breathing oxygen4 ,,demand ,,type ,,masks ,styles3 ,a-#aj;,a and ,a-#ad ,the ,a-#aj mask is obsolete4 ,the ,a-#aj revised mask is obsoete4 ,the ,a-#ad mask is standard issue for staging and combat areas1 and operational or replacement training schools4 ,the ,a-#aj-;,a mask is used in training where sufficient ,a-#ad masks are not available4 ,both the ,a-#aj-;,a and the ,a-#ad masks are suspended from the summer and winter flying helmets4 ,,note3 ,it is important that ,,aerial ,,gunners obtain a properly fitting mask1 fit to both summer and winter helmets at the first station available4 ,because of the extreme cold to which gunners are subjected under combat conditions1 you ,,must learn to remove and replace the mask quickly and accurately ,,wearing ,,heavy ,,gloves4 ,it is not easy to manipulate a mask or unjam a 4#ej cal4 gun with numb fingers in heavy flying gloves4 ,,practice these things on every training flight with gloves ,,on4 ,,fitting ,,the ,,mask ,,to ,,the ,,face -- ,there are two considerations in obtaining a proper fit3 7#a7 ,an ,,air-,,tight ,,seal of mask to face4 7#b7 ,comfort of fit without undue pressure4 ,the ,a-#aj-;,a and ,a-#ad masks come in three sizes4 ,roughly1 #fj of flyers will require the ,,standard 7medium7 size mask1 #cj the ,,large mask1 and the remaining #aj the ,,smaller sizes4 ,general instructions concerning fitting are4 7#a7 ,suspension points on both summer and winter helmets must be determined ,,individually on each flyer4 ,this is a job for your squadron personal equipment officer or the group aviation physiologist or his trained assistant4 7#b7 ,it is important that the mask be suspended high on the face1 sealing to the boney portion of the nose and cheek bones and ,,not the soft tissues4 ,otherwise you'll get a leak or a clothespin on the nose effect from pressure of the nose wire4 ,,note3 7a7 ,be sure the regulator hose clip or the clip on the walk-around bottle is clipped high enough on your clothing to remove all tension from mask hose--otherwise the mask will be pulled down on the face and will leak outside air4 7b7 ,above #be1jjj feet with the temperature #bj degrees and lower1 the tissues of the face contract and the rubber mask loses its pliability4 ,under these conditions1 the mask tends to fall away from the face and it becomes necessary to ,,shorten ,,the ,,upper ,,suspension ,,straps4 ,on returning to warmer altitudes1 these must be loosened again to avoid discomfort from a too tightly fitting mask4 7,applies chiefly to gunners74 7#c7 ,excessive beard stubble will hold the mask away from the face and cause leak around the jaws4 7#d7 ,see page #ce for care of mask4 7#e7 ,,testing ,,for ,,leaks -- ,holding the thumb over the end of the mask tube 7rapid disconnect7 and inhaling ,,gently should cause the mask to collapse on the face4 ,the most common place for a leak is alongside the bridge of the nose4 ,the actual site of leak is determined by putting finger-point pressure beside the nose and over the cheek bones1 one point at a time4 ,the nose wire is then re-adjusted to cause pressure at this point4 ,be sure the mask is high enough on the face and on the bridge of the nose4 ,if the seal is still below the boney portion of the nose try the next largest size mask4 7#f7 ,,sniff-,,tester -- ,an effective sniff-tester for detecting small leaks can be obtained as follows3 ,obtain one of the commercial nasal inhalers - ,benzedrine1 ,vick's1 ,penetro 7or metal tube of comparable size74 ,cut off the end ordinarily inserted into the nose flush with the barrel of the container1 and remove contents4 ,fit barrel with an airtight cork stopper4 ,straighten a paper clip or take a piece of wire of similar gage1 cut to #b inch length1 and drive one end firmly into lower side of cork stopper4 ,fashion other end of wire into a #a_/d inch fish hook bend4 ,make a ball of cotton or tightly wrapped gauze1 inch in diameter1 and attach to bent end of wire4 ,soak the cotton or gauze1 in oil of peppermint or oil of cloves 7obtained from squadron dentist or flight surgeon7 and fit cork stopper1 carrying the sniff-tester tightly into metal container4 ,to sniff-test1 remove the stopper and hold the cotton plug on both sides of the nose at the top of the mask 7eyes closed74 ,inhale gently with the mask hose blocked4 ,a leak is present if the contents of the sniff-tester is detected4 ,rough as this test seems1 it is very sensitive4 ,,note3 ,the sniff-tester is also effective in testing the ,,demand ,,regulator for leaks4 ,put on mask4 ,fit snugly to face4 ,plug into regulator hose4 ,turn ,auto-,mix 7,air7 ,lever ,,off4 ,hold sniff-tester close to regulator diaphragm and breathe normally several times4 ,if the contents of the sniff-tester are detected1 the regulator has a leak4 ,,two ,,types ,,of ,,sniff-,,testers 7,a7 ,cotton pledget soaked with oil of peppermint4 7,b7 ,benzedrine inhaler containing blotter soaked with oil of peppermint4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a ,,removing ,,mask ,,at ,,altitude -- ,there are many reasons why your oxygen mask will be removed above #bj1jjj feet4 ,this has been responsible for countless accidents in heavy bomber crews ,,in advanced training and in combat4 ,,learn ,,the ,,proper ,,technic ,,now1 wearing heavy gloves4 ,you can take your oxygen mask off at #cj1jjj feet and be as safe as you are on the ground1 ,,providing ,,you ,,hold ,,your ,,breath and don't breathe the thin outside air4 ,the following are a few of the reasons why you will remove your mask at high altitude4 ,,don',t ,,remove ,,your ,,gloves1 for freezing occurs almost instantaneously and painlessly at temperatures of #cj below and lower4 7#a7 ,to wipe moisture from inside the mask at regular intervals -- for comfort and to prevent ice formation around exhaust valve4 ,,note3 ,a puddle of condensed moisture lying over the flutter valve will render it useless4 ,you will be warned of this2 when you breathe out1 the air from your mask comes out the top of the mask1 fogging your goggles4 7#b7 ,to blow your nose4 ,to help clear your ears on descent by holding nose and blowing 7if necessary74 ,to vomit if you get sick4 7#c7 ,to take nourishment and hot drinks on missions4 7#d7 ,to change masks4 ,,technic -- ,,never breathe when mask is off face or is loosened from helmet4 ,,practice ,,this with a mirror3 7,see ,fig4 #b1 #c #d7 7#a7 ,hold mask to face firmly with left hand4 7#b7 ,disengage mask clip from helmet with right hand4 7#c7 ,holding mask snugly in position with left hand1 take #c or #d deep breaths of oxygen4 7#d7 ,remove mask with left hand1 ,,holding ,,breath4 ,the right hand is free to service mask1 to blow nose or to administer food or drink4 ,hold mask in left hand4 7#e7 ,when you have to breathe1 reapply mask to face making sure it is held snugly along sides of nose with index and middle finger of left hand1 one on each side4 of nose 7hold mask in palm of hand with index and middle finger making a ,v1 one on each side of the nose piece74 7#f7 ,take #d or #e deep breaths from the mask and repeat #d4 ,this procedure may be kept up indefinitely with complete safety1 providing you ,,don',t ,,breathe ,,outside ,,air4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b ,,mask ,,technic 7#a7 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c ,,mask ,,technic 7#b #c7 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d ,,mask ,,technic 7#d7 ,,mask ,,to ,,regulator ,,connection 7,,rapid ,,disconnect7 ,,is ,,the ,,rubber ,,gasket ,,in ,,place8 ,without the gasket an air-tight seal at this joint is impossible4 ,dangerous oxygen-lack will result above #bd1jjj feet4 ,with a leak at this altitude serious mental and physical inefficiency will develop1 even though you may not pass out4 ,above #bh1jjj feet you will quickly become punch drunk1 and the pass-out will soon follow4 ,,use ,,the ,,clip ,,on ,,the ,,regulator ,,tubing--,it is there to remove tension on this connection which could 7#a7 cause serious mask leak by pulling the mask down on the face1 or 7#b7 cause mask tubing to become disconnected4 ,in combat these things would fail to attract your attention4 ,without warning you are first slap-happy and then drop unconscious4 ,,the ,,rapid ,,disconnect ,,requires ,,constant ,,attention whether you are plugged into a fixed station or into a walk-around bottle4 ,a pull of at least #ab pounds should be required to separate the male and female connection of the rapid disconnect4 ,the security of the connection can be increased by spreading the groups at the tip of the male connection4 7,see diagram1 pre-flight check1 page #ci74 ,,connection ,,of ,,hose ,,to ,,regulator ,,is ,,not ,a ,,swivel ,,joint--,above #bd1jjj feet the collar must be turned up tightly to prevent a dangerous leak of air4 ,make sure that the regulator hose is wired securely to the goose neck on the regulator4 ,,the ,,demand 7,a-#ab7 ,,regulator ,in principle the demand regulator is a diaphragm-operated flow valve which is opened by the user's inspiration and closes automatically when the suction ceases4 ,this gives you as much oxygen as you ask for4 ,all you do is breathe4 ,a short breath draws a short squirt of oxygen1 while deep1 rapid breathing brings forth large shots in rapid succession4 ,the regulator can be set to conserve oxygen1 or to give you #ajj oxygen1 regardless of the altitude you are flying4 ,this is governed by the position of the ,auto-,mix 7,,air7 lever4 ,,auto-,,mix 7,,air7 ,,on 7or ,,normal ,,oxygen7 is the position for routine use4 ,this saves oxygen4 7#a7 ,gives a mixture of air and oxygen3 #aj1jjj feet -- approx4 #cj oxygen #ah1jjj feet -- approx4 #fe oxygen #bf1jjj feet -- approx4 #he oxygen #cj1jjj feet -- approx4 #ajj oxygen ,under the above conditions1 so far as oxygen is concerned1 you are at ground level4 7#b7 ,use oxygen from ground level on night missions to prevent night blindness4 7#c7 ,increased altitude increases oxygen supply ,,automatically4 7#d7 ,percentage of oxygen delivered keeps you at ground level efficiency4 7#e7 ,ships oxygen supply1 charged to #dej pounds lasts #aj men from #g to #i hours4 7#bj1jjj to #cj1jjj feet74 ,,auto-,,mix 7,,air7 ,,off 7or #ajj oxygen7 -- used when ordered by first pilot1 and on special occasions4 7#a7 ,gives #ajj oxygen1 on demand1 regardless of altitude4 7#b7 ,used on special occasions3 7a7 ,to casualties suffering from3 #a4 ,loss of blood4 #b4 ,shock4 #c4 ,passing out from oxygen lack 7revived74 7b7 ,regulator not giving enough oxygen in ,,on position 7blue finger nails-beginning to feel pleased with yourself74 7c7 ,to avoid gas poisoning if you land in a gassed area without gas masks4 7d7 ,to flush nitrogen gas from body fluids when going above #cj1jjj feet1 helping to prevent bends4 7#c7 ,ship's oxygen supply1 charged to #dej pounds1 lasts #f hours or less4 ,,the ,,emergency ,,valve ,,is ,,dangerous -- it should be used with extreme caution4 ,a whole system can be depleted of oxygen in an hour or less if the emergency is opened only a quarter of a turn4 ,emergency ,,on changes regulator into a constant flow system and wastes precious oxygen4 ,use only to revive an unconscious crew member or to check line to make sure it is clear4 ,always make sure that ,emergency is ,,tightly ,,turned ,,off before ship leaves the ground4 ,,note3 ,don't be confused by the difference in appearance of demand regulators manufactured by various companies 7see ,fig4 #i74 ,,they ,,all ,,work ,,the ,,same4 ,,portable ,,oxygen ,,equipment ,a ,,portable ,,recharger ,,hose is available at every station in the ship4 ,every crew member should know their location so well that they can be located immediately1 even on the darkest night4 ,in addition1 there is a long recharger hose for filling the ball turret oxygen cylinder4 7,b-#ag-;,f74 ,when drawing oxygen through a portable recharger the refiller valve must engage the filler nozzle ,,tightly1 otherwise oxygen leaks around the connection and is lost4 ,the oxygen supply of an entire system has been wasted in this manner4 ,,freezing or ,,sticking of refiller valve is not uncommon at extremely low temperatures4 ,always check this after refilling your walk-around4 ,a stuck valve will quickly deplete the entire supply of oxygen in that system4 ,if the valve is stuck plug in a walk-around bottle and leave it there4 ,,uses ,,of ,,the ,,walk-,,around ,,bottle -- 7#a7 ,as an ,,accessory ,,regulator -- the ,a-#ac regulator on the walk-around bottle is a demand type regulator without the auto-mix feature4 ,it gives #ajj oxygen on inspiration regardless of the altitude4 ,by connecting the walk-around bottle ,,firmly into the portable recharger valve1 one has an extra source of oxygen at that particular station4 ,as long as the oxygen gauge at the station registers oxygen pressure the user is assured a supply of pure oxygen 444 his supply is coming directly from the system4 ,remember this when reviving a passed out crew mate in the waist in the vicinity of the ball turret--the long recharger hose used to charge the oxygen bottle on the ball turret can be plugged directly into a walk-around bottle attached to the unconscious crew member's mask4 ,if other long recharger hoses can be obtained from ,tech ,supply they will be extremely handy attached at the pilots station1 in the bomb bay and to the recharger outlet at the right waist gunner's station4 ,this would permit the engineer1 who in flight is continuously filling his walk-around bottle1 considerable liberty4 ,he could cover most of the ship1 staked out on a long recharger hose connected to his walk-around bottle4 ,it would also provide a readily accessible source of oxygen to revive crew members who pick such out-of-the-way places to pass out as3 the bomb bay cat-walk1 the bomb bay doors1 under the flight deck1 or in some remote part of the waist4 ,one or two extension portable recharger hoses shown in photograph page #bb should be standard equipment in heavy bombers4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e ,,extension ,,recharger ,,hose 7#b7 ,,source ,,of ,,oxygen ,,for ,,bail-,,out -- ,above #bj1jjj feet1 breathing of oxygen is necessary to reach your particular escape hatch4 ,after this spot is gained you won't need oxygen 444 unless you start fiddling with the rip-cord too soon4 ,go to your exit on the walk-around bottle1 fill your lungs deeply five or six times from the bottle1 ,,hold ,,your ,,breath1 and take the dive4 ,continue to hold your breath during the descent as long as possible4 ,by the time your lungs are bursting for air you'll be from #h to #aj1jjj feet nearer the ground and won't need extra oxygen4 ,leave the mask on--it will protect your face4 ,if the skies are filled with enemy planes it may be wise to continue the free fall4 ,by now you can start breathing without danger of serious oxygen-lack4 ,any dimming of mental acuity would be of such short duration that you'd have plenty of time to pull the ripcord4 ,,practice ,,going ,,to ,,your ,,escape ,,hatch ,,on ,a ,,walk-,,around ,,bottle ,,during ,,operational ,,training -- ,,practice ,,on ,,just ,,how ,,you ,,would ,,clear ,,the ,,ship -- ,,go ,,through ,,all ,,of ,,the ,,routine ,,except ,,the ,,bailout and that might not be time wasted1 at least just once before the time comes when you might have to6 ,above #cj1jjj feet you wouldn't want to open your 'chute even if you had plenty of oxygen4 ,you'd freeze a hand or foot or both if you did4 ,under these conditions you'd free fall1 holding your breath1 as long as possible4 ,then1 after three or four breaths of thin air1 pull the rip cord4 ,your altitude should be in the vicinity of #aj1jjj to #ab1jjj feet below that when you abandoned ship1 and the degree of oxygen-lack encountered here wouldn't be of dangerous consequence4 ,you'll avoid freezing1 and perhaps the gunfire of enemy interceptors4 7#c7 ,,to ,,move ,,about ,,the ,,ship ,for this the walk-around bottle is very useful 444 and very tricky6 ,the trouble is that the thing is good only as long as it gives oxygen4 ,it will rarely1 if ever1 be fully charged so forget that #h to #ab minute stuff4 ,you can't fill your bottle any fuller than the pressure in the line you'll be drawing from4 ,and the only time that will be fully charged is when the ship is on the ground1 freshly charged with oxygen1 ready for the take-off4 ,when you need the walk-around bottle1 three or four hours will have passed 444 and the pressure in your filling line will be some fraction of the full charge4 ,as a rule you'll do well to get the bottle half charged4 ,and you're going to be moving about at altitude and needing #c to #e times as much oxygen as if you were sitting quietly in a corner4 ,so plan on the walk-around supply lasting #a to #b minutes 444 then you won't be caught short ,refill the bottle frequently4 ,refill it every time you pass a portable recharger hose 444 and there's one at every station4 ,failure to do this has caused more pass-outs in second and third phase training than any other single cause 444 unless you include carelessness4 ,and careless people don't last long in the kind of work you're specializing in6 ,there's a check-valve on the walk-around bottle1 so you won't lose anything if you plug into a system that reads less than the gauge on the bottle4 ,,note ,,to ,,engineers3 ,because of its limited supply1 the standard walk-around bottle is next to useless for many of your jobs which must be done in flight on a walk-around bottle4 ,the ,,engineer ,,needs ,a ,,larger ,,walk-,,around ,,bottle4 ,one1 having a supply #e ,,times ,,as ,,great as the standard portable cylinder1 can be obtained as follows3 ,obtain a ,d-#b oxygen cylinder 7stock ,no4 #eejj-cddjbj - class #jc,k7 from ,air ,corps ,supply4 ,remove the ,a-#ac regulator assembly from a standard walk-around bottle4 ,remove the spud from one end of the ,d-#b cylinder and screw the ,a-#ac regulator in tightly4 ,fill to #djj p4s4i4 and leave overnight to determine if pressure is maintained or lost due to a leak4 7,a drop of #be to #ej pounds will occur in the absence of a leak due to cooling of the oxygen which warmed up when the cylinder was charged74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f ,d-#b ,,walk-,,around ,,bottle ,for leaks here or elsewhere in an oxygen system use the following anti-sieze and sealing compound on the pipe threads3 ,pioneer ,antisieze ,no4 #b41 ,class #if;,b1 ,stock no4 #gejj-jejhjj4 ,never use a sealing compound which contains oil4 ,a satisfactory bag with shoulder strap for carrying the walk-around bottle when in use can be made from heavy twill or canvas by the parachute department4 ,,emergency ,,oxygen ,,equipment ,in addition to your ship's regular oxygen supply1 you will take emergency oxygen rations along on combat missions4 ,if practical you will also have several extra masks on board4 ,know where they are stored4 7#a7 ,both of the low pressure walk-around bottles should be kept as full as possible-- you never know when you may need them4 ,if full1 the small walk-around bottle is good for only a few minutes1 the large for #cj to #de minutes1 depending on your activity4 7#b7 ,high pressure equipment4 a4 ,a-#b bottle with bag-mask4 7,fig4 #g7 ,in some theaters each combat crewman is issued this equipment4 ,the high pressure bottle is fully charged to #ahjj and will last approximately #de minutes to one hour4 ,it is used with the continuous flow mask4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g ,a-#b ,,oxygen ,,bottle ,,with ,,bag ,,mask b4 ,bail-out bottle4 7,fig4 #h7 ,this small high pressure cylinder is a last resort source of emergency oxygen4 ,it contains approximately #ab minutes supply4 ,the old style bottle 7,h-#a7 is equipped with a pipe stem which is held between the teeth4 ,a newer bail-out bottle 7,h-#b7 has a bayonet connection so it can be used with an ,a-#ad mask with bail-out adapter 7see fig4 #h74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h ,,bail ,,out ,,bottles ,,pressure ,,gage ,your oxygen pressure gage registers from #dej pounds to zero4 ,,watch ,,your ,,pressure ,,gage6 ,except under extreme emergency1 don't run the pressure down under #ej pounds 4444 if you do there's danger of moisture getting into your refiller line4 ,then the next time you go to high altitude you'll have trouble with freezing in the oxygen line4 ,,flow ,,indicator ,either the bouncing ball or blinking eye will be at each station1 depending on the vintage of your ship4 ,only older ships will be equipped with the bouncing ball which is no longer manufactured4 ,these indicators do not tell ,,how ,,much oxygen you are getting 444 they merely indicate that some oxygen is flowing through the system when you take a breath4 ,they may be working ,o4,k4 even though your oxygen supply is inadequate4 ,the ,,color ,,of ,,your ,,finger ,,nails is a better guide to the amount of oxygen you are getting1 providing your hands are warm4 ,if they become bluish above #bj1jjj feet check mask and connections for leak4 ,naturally1 you won't remove your gloves to look at your finger nails if the temperature is #bj or #cj degrees below zero4 ,if no leak is found1 switch the ,auto-,mix to the ,,off position and note if things improve4 ,,inform ,,your ,,pilot ,,if ,,auto ,,mix ,,if ,,left ,,off and your mission is a long one4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i ,illustration3 ,,pre-,,flight ,,check #a--,,mask4 fit and check washer #b--;,,connection4 #ab lb4 pull2 adjust prongs to fit snugly #c--;,,hose ,,clamp #d--,,regulator4 diaphragm2 knurled nut tight auto-mix on2 smooth motion2 emergency off #e--,,pressure within #ej lbs4 of initial pressure2 within #be lbs of other gauges4 ,,in ,,the ,,air3 7#a7 ,check for leak by blockage and gently inhalation each time mask is removed and replaced4 7#b7 ,check oxygen flow indicator at regular intervals4 ,also1 ,,check ,,color ,,of ,,nails ,,at ,,regular ,,intervals -- if blue above #bj1jjj feet turn ,auto-,mix to ,,off position4 7#c7 ,check oxygen pressure gauge frequently4 7#d7 ,if temperature is below freezing1 manipulate mask to free it of ice at regular intervals4 ,wiping moisture from mask periodically will prevent freezing of mask4 7#e7 ,open ,,emergency flow only when absolutely necessary 444 notify pilot4 7#f7 ,over #bh1jjj feet switch ,auto-,mix to ,off position 444 turn back to ,,on position below this altitude4 7#g7 ,re-fill walk-around bottle frequently when you are using it at altitude4 7#h7 ,avoid unnecessary exercise above #bj1jjj feet 444 take your time6 7#i7 ,observe your fellow crew member at frequent intervals above #bj1jjj feet4 ,you can recognize before he can if he's in trouble4 ,,on ,,return ,,to ,,field 7#a7 ,wipe mask dry4 ,it should be thoroughly cleansed with soap and water 7inside7 after #aj to #ad hours use4 ,be sure that exhaust flutter valve is kept clean4 7#b7 ,inspect mask for leaks or cracks in face-piece4 7#c7 ,change strap adjustment only to take up natural stretch slack4 7#d7 ,lend your mask only in extreme emergency4 7#e7 ,protect your mask from hot sun1 moisture1 and rough treatment4 7#f7 ,report all defective oxygen equipment to ground crew and to personal equipment officer immediately on landing4 ,see that it has been repaired or replaced before another altitude mission4 ,,oxygen ,,systems ,,in ,,the ,b-#ag ,the ,army ,air ,forces use the low pressure system 7maximum charge #dej pounds per square inch7 in preference to the high pressure system 7#ahjj pounds per square inch7 for these reasons3 7#a7 ,cylinders do not explode when hit4 7#b7 ,do not rocket from moorings when hit4 7#c7 ,less chance for fire or flash burns4 ,a diagrammatic sketch of the ,,four different oxygen systems is shown on page #ch4 ,,every crew member should thoroughly familiarize himself with the location of each regulator and each portable recharger hose4 ,the four systems1 arranged two on a side1 offer great advantages in combat over a single system4 ,it is possible to redistribute crew members whose system has been shot out and stay in formation4 ,everyone must know these alternate positions4 7page #da for ,b-#ag1 page #de for ,b-#bd74 ,,oxygen ,,cylinders ,,note3 ,based on combat experiences1 continuous changes are being made in the oxygen systems and oxygen supply in heavy bombers4 ,the following considerations apply only to the type of ship specified4 ,newer models and ships modified at staging areas may be different both in arrangement and number of oxygen cylinders4 ,,know the oxygen supply for ,,your ,,station ,,in ,,your ,,ship4 ,two types are found in the ,b-#ag4 ,,eighteen ,g-#a cylinders contain the main supply which is distributed through the four systems4 ,all are filled through a single recharging line4 ,the ,g-#a cylinder has a volume of #bajj cubic inches and contains #cj cubic feet of oxygen when charged to a pressure of #dej pounds per square inch4 ,in combat the cylinders are charged to #dej pounds or better 7all cylinders have been tested to withstand #gjj pounds pressure74 ,each cylinder is check-valved so that one of a bank of cylinders may be shot out with loss of no oxygen from the remaining intact cylinders4 ,between #bj1jjj and #cj1jjj feet1 one ,g-#a cylinder charged to #dej pounds will last one man approximately #e hours 7,auto-,mix on74 ,,turrets3 ,the turrets on the earlier models 7,b-#ag;,f7 are supplied with ,f-l type cylinders having a capacity of approximately #ad cubic feet when fully charged to #dej pounds4 ,under these conditions a fully charged bottle lasts one man approximately #b hours4 7,note3 these bottles are recharged from the ship's supply during flight1 so it will not be possible to fully charge them after several hours of flight on oxygen4 ,they will be no fuller than the pressure in the system from which they are charged--front left system for top turret2 rear left system for ball turret74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj ,,oxygen ,,systems ,b-#ag;,g ,b-#ag;,g models are modified so that the turrets are supplied oxygen directly through a flexible hose -- the top turret from the front left system -- the ball turret from the rear right system4 ,the same changes may be found in the ball turret of the ,b-#bd4 ,,computing ,,oxygen ,,duration ,several members of the crew must be able to calculate the duration of the oxygen supply4 ,the following simple procedure will permit a fairly accurate estimate of each systems duration4 ,the figures are based on altitudes between #bj1jjj and #cj1jjj feet where the majority of your combat flying will take place4 ,g-#a ,,cylinders -- full charge #dej pounds -- each cylinder equals #e man hours4 ,,formula3 #e 7man hours7 x number of intact cylinders x actual pressure_/#djj divided by number of men using oxygen from system ,,duration in hours4 ,examples3 ,,front ,,left ,,system - #e cylinders -- full charge to #dej pounds #be man hours4 #c intact cylinders 7#b shot out71 pressure #bjj pounds1 pilot and navigator on system4 #e x #c x #bjj_/djj x #a_/b #c plus hours4 ,for #c men3 #e x #c x #bjj_/djj x #a_/c #b plus hours4 ,,front ,,right ,,system3 #d cylinders - full charge to #dej pounds #bj man hours4 ,example3 #d cylinders1 pressure #afj pounds1 bombardier1 co-pilot1 and engineer on system4 #e x #d x l#fj_/djj x #a_/c #b plus hours ,,left ,,rear ,,system3 #f cylinders - full charge to #dej pounds #cj man hours4 ,example3 #f cylinders1 pressure #bjj pounds1 radio operator ball turret gunner1 left waist gunner and tail gunner on system4 #e x #f x #bjj_/djj x #a_/d #c hours ,,right ,,rear ,,system3 #c cylinders - full charge to #dej pounds #ae man hours4 ,example3 #c cylinders1 pressure #cjj pounds1 two men on system4 #e x #c x #cjj_/djj x #a_/b #e plus hours ,left rear system out - ,,ro1 ,,aro1 ,,ae and two ,,ag's on right rear system4 #e x #c x #cjj_/djj x #a_/e #b hours4 ,f-#a ,,cylinder -- ball turret -- full charge to #djj pounds #b plus hours #b 7man hours7 x #abj_/djj #j4e plus hours 7#cj plus min7 ,,alternative ,,positions ,,in ,,emergency 7,b-#ag;,g7 ,left front system out3 ,navigator on walk-around bottle plugged into ,bombardier's recharger hose4 ,pilot uses ,engineer's regulator hose from right front system4 ,right front system out3 ,bombardier on walk-around bottle plugged into ,navigator's recharger hose4 ,engineer same on ,pilot's recharger hose4 ,copilot on top turret regulator hose 7hose too short in later models74 ,left rear system out3 ,,ro on one regulator from across aisle4 ,,aro on regulator right radio compartment4 ,,ae on walk-around bottle on recharger hose1 right radio compartment4 ,,ag on waist regulator1 right4 ,,ag on tail regulator1 right4 ,right rear system out3 ,,ro regular position4 ,,aro on bomb bay regulator4 ,,ae on walk-around bottle plugged to ball turret recharger hose4 ,,ag on waist regulator1 left4 ,,ag on tail regulator1 left4 ,,oxygen ,,system ,,in ,,the ,b-#bd ,like the ,b-#ag1 the ,b-#bd is equipped with a low pressure oxygen system4 ,location of the cylinders and distribution of the lines1 however1 is entirely different4 ,the oxygen system varies somewhat in the different model ships and in individual ships4 ,in the ,b-#bd ,d 7beginning with ,serial ,no4 #db-djbah7 to the ,b-#bd ,h1 however1 the system is essentially as described below4 ,some of the minor variations will be noted1 including changes to the supply for the nose positions in late ,t models4 ,,familiarize ,,yourself ,,with ,,the ,,oxygen ,,system ,,in ,,your ,,own ,,ship4 ,,oxygen ,,cylinders3 ,there are #bb type ,g-#a cylinders arranged in eight systems 7see diagram on page #dg;,b74 ,sixteen cylinders are banked above the bomb-bay4 ,the remaining six are buried in the floor of the rear fuselage compartment4 ,there are also two smaller 7type ,d#b7 cylinders attached to the chair of the top-turret gunner4 ,these are not connected to the main system but must be charged from a portable recharger line4 ,the main system is charged from a single filler valve located in the left side of the bomb bay4 ,each ,g-#a cylinder1 when charged to #dej pounds per square inch1 contains #cj cubic feet of oxygen1 and will last one man approximately #e hours between #bj1jjj and #cj1jjj feet 7,auto-,mix on74 ,,distribution ,,systems3 ,the systems differ radically from those of the ,b-#ag4 ,in models up through ,h to early ,j each individual draws from at least two or three cylinders4 ,with the exception of the nose positions there is a maximum of two men on the same system4 ,as shown in the diagramatic sketch 7page #dg;,b71 the pilot1 co-pilot1 side gunners1 and tail gunner each have their own individual system of at least two ,g-#a bottles4 ,in the ,g1 ,h and early ,j series the three regulators in the nose are supplied by a single system containing only three oxygen cylinders4 7diagram page #dg;,b74 ,this is inadequate4 ,the later ,j models have a modified system to the nose wherein the bomb bay - radio operator system is ,tee'd into the supply to the nose positions4 ,this brings to a total of six oxygen cylinders for the five stations4 7diagram page #dg;,a74 ,since the regulators at the radio operator and bomb bay stations are not used continuously during combat missions1 this modification to the nose positions is adequate4 ,further1 the connections in the lines leading to the nose are such that the nose positions are supplied individually as well as collectively so that loss of the supply to one system does not necessarily deplete the other systems4 ,,know ,,the ,,oxygen ,,system ,,in ,,your ,,ship4 ,the bottom turret and camera tunnel regulators are supplied by the same system containing three cylinders4 ,,alternative ,,positions ,,in ,,emergency3 ,in case of loss of the entire oxygen supply of any one system1 the affected crew member may move to any other convenient regulator in the ship with these exceptions3 7#a7 ,the nose gunner may not move to the navigator-bombardier regulator if the entire system is out4 7#b7 ,the radio operator may not move to the bomb-bay regulator if the entire system is out4 7#c7 ,the bottom turret gunner may not move to the camera tunnel regulator4 ,this is true because every station1 with these three exceptions1 has its own individual oxygen supply4 ,the use of the walk-around bottle is the same as that described for the ,b-#ag4 7,page #bj74 ,,duration ,,of ,,oxygen ,,supply3 ,with the present system in the ,b-#bd1 each man has approximately #i hours oxygen supply at #cj1jjj feet with the ,auto-,mix on4 ,however1 it occasionally becomes necessary in emergencies to calculate the residual oxygen supply4 ,this can be done by the simple formula given on page #bd3 #e 7man hours7 x no4 of intact cylinders x actual pressure_/#djj divided by no4 of men using the system4 ,application of this formula is much simpler in the ,b-#bd1 since usually only one1 and at the most two1 men are using a single system4 ,,variations3 ,the exact location of the demand regulators in a ship is variable1 depending upon the model1 place of installation1 etc4 ,it is extremely important that you familiarize yourself with the location of the regulators in your ship1 so that you can move from one to the other in darkness1 in case of emergency4 ,many of the ,b-#bd ,h models have two extra regulators3 one in the nose1 and one in the tail4 ,there is also variation in the location of the portable recharging hose for the top-turret bottles4 ,this is located in the right side of the ship in most earlier models1 but in the left side in later models4 ,fundamentally1 however1 the system in all ships commencing with ,no4 #db-djbah1 is as described above4 ,it is up to you to familiarize yourself with any minor differences in your ship4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa ,,oxygen ,,system ,b-#bd;,j ,,modified ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab ,,oxygen ,,system ,b-#bd;,d to ,h ,,servicing ,,the ,,oxygen ,,installation ,,in ,,the ,b-#ag1 ,b-#bd and ,b-#bi ,,caution3 ,always have a reducing valve between high pressure supply cylinders and ship's oxygen system4 #a4 ,attach recharger hoses to cylinders of both turrets in ,b-#ag or ,b-#bd4 #b4 ,open valves on both commercial1 high pressure cylinders on recharger cart4 #c4 ,turn in reducing valve on recharging cart to #ajj pounds in the low pressure gage4 #d4 ,insert nipple of hose from recharger cart into filler valve of plane just inside nose escape hatch 7,b-#ag7 or left side of fuselage 7,b-#bd and ,b-#bi74 #e4 ,fully open valve at end of hose and wait until oxygen stops flowing4 #f4 ,turn up reducing valve on cart to #bjj pounds and allow oxygen to flow until it ceases4 ,turn up recharger valve to #cjj pounds and again wait for ship's containers and supply pressure to equalize4 ,turn up recharger valve to #dej pounds and wait until oxygen flow ceases entirely4 #g4 ,check pressure gauges in ship to make sure that all register in the neighborhood of #dbe pounds4 #h4 ,turn off hose valve and remove nipple from filler valve4 #i4 ,replace cover of filler valve4 #aj4 ,disconnect filler hoses from turret tanks4 ,,note3 ,purifier cartridge should be changed after discharge of every #a4f cylinders of oxygen4 7,t4,o4 #ai-a-b7 ,if this is not observed the oxygen will contain moisture and freezing in oxygen system will occur at high altitude4 ,after the oxygen in the tanks has had time to cool down1 pressure should be in the neighborhood of #djj pounds4 ,the same procedure must be employed even if one or more of the systems is already fully charged since there is no way of equalizing pressure among the different manifolds4 ,do not attempt to use any system in which the pressure is less than #ej to #ge pounds per square inch4 ,under these conditions the oxygen flow is very weak4 ,more dangerous is the possibility of moisture getting into the oxygen line through the main recharger valve4 ,this will result in freezing in the line or one of the regulators on the next trip to high altitude4 ,,leaks ,,in ,,oxygen ,,line ,leaks in oxygen lines and be detected by painting oxygen tubing with a paintbrush and solution of soap suds--soap bubbles appear at the site of leak4 ,connection of oxygen tubing to nipples1 elbows1 tees1 and regulators are made air-tight by applying an anti-sieze1 sealing compound to the pipe threads 7see note1 page #bg74 ,,don',t use anything containing ,,oil4 ,a good way to check entire oxygen system for a leak is to have systems charged to #dej pounds the night before take-off4 ,if the pressure is less than #djj pounds the next morning a leak is present4 ,,note3 ,a #ej pound drop in pressure can be anticipated due to cooling off of oxygen after the system is charged4 ,,general ,,rules ,,for ,,safe ,,handling ,,of ,,oxygen ,,don',t use oil with oxygen4 ,the reaction when these two substances come in contact is more violent than igniting dynamite4 ,keep oil or grease away from oxygen cylinders1 cylinder valves1 and other equipment4 ,clean hands of oil or grease before using oxygen apparatus4 ,,don',t wear greasy clothes1 gloves1 etc41 when working with oxygen4 ,oxygen will cause substances with merely a trace of oil or grease thereon to burn with great intensity4 ,,don',t use inflammable substances near oxygen4 ,oxygen itself will not burn but will greatly accelerate combustion4 ,,passing ,,out ,,at ,,altitude ,there are two ways to use oxygen equipment at altitude -- a right and wrong4 ,don't be a fish out of water when you fly above #ah1jjj feet4 ,learn how to use oxygen the right way ,,now - then you won't have to re-learn the hard way after an unpleasant experience or two4 ,a few points on reviving a fellow crew member who has passed out due to oxygen lack--an opportunity that may well be yours some day6 7#a7 ,,keep ,,calm -- ,just because a man passes out from oxygen lack is no sign that he's at death's door4 ,,take ,,your ,,time4 ,remember you're going to need ,,oxygen yourself for the job at hand4 ,if you don't heed this1 there'll be ,,two to revive instead of only one4 7#b7 ,,plan how you're going to revive the victim--then proceed with the least possible exertion to yourself4 7#c7 ,,don',t attempt to drag or carry the victim to a supply of oxygen4 ,if he's not near a regulator hose1 take portable oxygen ,,to him4 ,take plenty -- #c or #e bottles -- some for him1 plenty for you4 ,if he's near a regulator hose you're in luck4 ,connect his mask and ,,now use the ,emergency4 ,ordinarily you'll almost blow him right back onto his feet4 7#d7 ,,get ,,assistance4 ,have someone keep an eye on you1 and supply you with refilled walk-around bottles if needed4 7#e7 ,connect the victim to a walk-around bottle4 ,ordinarily he'll come to in a matter of seconds4 ,but watch him4 ,he'll be punch drunk and confused as to what's going on4 7#f7 ,after he's emptied one bottle1 give him another4 ,then put him on a third and assist him ,,on ,,his ,,own ,,power to a regulator4 ,turn the ,auto-,mix ,,off and let him breathe pure oxygen for #e or #aj minutes4 ,ordinarily he'll be able to return to his regular duties4 7#g7 ,if the victim has been out for a number of minutes he may present more of a problem4 ,breathing becomes shallow -- and the demand system gives just what is asked of it -- a weak inspiration brings a small squirt of oxygen4 ,so1 you'll have to help him with artificial respiration1 learn it -- your flight surgeon will show you how4 ,caution3 ,above #bj1jjj feet1 get assistance to give artificial respiration4 ,it will be strenuous work -- a job for several men1 not one4 ,take turns of one to three minutes each4 ,,the ,b-#bi ,,at ,,high ,,altitude ,illustration ,the ,b-#bi is designed to permit you to fly at high altitude without the usual disadvantages of extreme cold1 diminished pressure1 and decreased oxygen4 ,this is done by the use of pressurized1 heated compartments4 ,a highly efficient oxygen system is also incorporated in the ship for use when the cabins are unpressurized4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac ,,pressure ,,cabins ,there are three pressure compartments in your ship3 ,forword1 ,aft1 and ,tail4 7,see ,fig4 #ac74 ,the forward and aft cabins are connected by a communicating tunnel running over the bomb-bay2 the tail compartment is isolated when pressurized4 ,,operation3 ,the cabins are pressurized from the superchargers of the two inboard engines4 ,your flight engineer controls the air-flow from these superchargers1 permitting the cabin ,pressure ,regulators to automatically regulate the air pressure within the cabin4 ,from ground level to #h1jjj ft the cabins are not pressurized4 ,when the cabins are under pressure1 your cabin altitude will remain at #h1jjj ft1 while the ship is flying at any altitude up to #cj1jjj ft4 ,when your ship gets about #cj1jjj ft1 the cabin pressure will rise proportionately so that it reaches about #ab1jjj ft when the ship is at #dj1jjj ft4 7,see ,fig4 #ad for this pressure relation74 ,cabin temperature is controlled by thermostat4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad ,,emergency ,,pressure ,,release4 ,since all emergency doors open in1 cabin pressure must be released in all emergencies4 ,this is done by a valve controlled by cable from3 #a4 ,pilot's seat #b4 ,behind ,r4,h4 side gunner ,,when ,,do ,,you ,,need ,,oxygen ,,in ,a ,b-#bi8 ,as long as the cabin altitude is below #aj1jjj ft you're ,o4,k4 without oxygen4 ,,you ,,must ,,use ,,oxygen when the ,,cabin ,,altitude goes ,,above #aj1jjj feet4 ,this may occur3 #a4 ,when you are flying unpressurized4 #b4 ,if you fly above #ce1jjj feet4 #c4 ,following explosive decompression 7,blown blister74 #d4 ,in all emergencies above #aj1jjj feet 7,your ,pressure must be released so emergency exits can be used74 ,,oxygen ,,system ,,general3 ,your oxygen system is a low pressure demand system with #ad oxygen stations corresponding to the various crew positions4 ,the system utilizes the same type of equipment described for the ,heavy ,bombers3 #a4 ,a-#ad ,demand ,mask 7,see ,pg4 #h-af74 #b4 ,a-#ab ,demand ,regulator 7,see ,pg4 #ag-ai74 #c4 ,pressure ,indicator 7,pg4 #ca74 #d4 ,flow ,indicator 7,pg4 #ca74 #e4 ,eighteen ,type ,g-#a low pressure cylinders 7,pg4#cg74 ,,distribution3 ,in the earlier ,b-#bi's1 the oxygen cylinders were located in the center wing section4 ,at present1 however1 the cylinders are distributed through the aft-portion of the ship4 ,regardless of the location of cylinders1 distribution is essentially the same4 ,this distribution is highly efficient4 ,the entire loss of the ,o supply to several crew positions has been practically eliminated by the following principle4 #a4 ,,each ,,of ,,the ,,fourteen ,,oxygen ,,stations ,,is ,,supplied ,,from ,,two ,,widely ,,separated ,,distribution ,,lines ,,drawing ,,from ,,at ,,least ,,two ,,cylinders ,,each4 ,,loss ,,of ,,one ,,line ,,or ,,its ,,associated ,,cylinders ,,still ,,leaves ,,each ,,station ,,with ,,an ,,alternate ,,source ,,of ,,oxygen4 #b4 ,the entire system is self-equalizing by use of cross feeds and automatic check valves4 ,if part of the system is shot out1 all functioning stations will have equal access to the remaining supply4 ,brief study of the diagram of the oxygen supply to a typical ,b-#bi station 7,fig4 #ae7 will demonstrate the safety factors of this dual source supply4 ,exact location of every oxygen cylinder and supply line may be found in the late tech orders4 ,,portable ,,equipment ,two types of walk-around bottles are furnished in the ,b-#bi3 #a4 ,,seven ,d-#b ,,type ,,walk-,,arounds 7,see ,pg4 #be1 #bf74 ,,one ,,at ,,each ,,of ,,following ,,positions3 ,,pilot1 ,,co-,,pilot1 ,,engineer1 ,,navigator1 ,,upper ,,and ,,right ,,gunners ,,and ,,radar ,,operator4 #b4 ,a-#d ,,walk-,,around 7,see ,pg4 #bd7 ,one at each remaining station4 ,,servicing3 ,see ,page #dg for servicing instructions4 ,the filler valve is located on the left side of the fuselage4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae ,,explosive ,,decompression ,with the use of pressurized compartments there is a possibility of explosive decompression4 ,this is most likely to occur if a blister is blown either due to gunfire or a defective blister4 ,due to the excess capacity of the superchargers1 small cabin holes will not cause explosive decompression4 ,if explosive decompression occurred at #cj1jjj ft1 the pressure altitude of the cabins would change from #h1jjj ft to #cj1jjj ft in less than one second4 ,what would happen in such a case8 ,,physical ,,effects3 ,the human body is affected very little by explosive decompression4 ,,if ,,you ,,get ,,oxygen ,,you ,,will ,,suffer ,,no ,,harmful ,,effect4 ,you may feel a little distension of the belly or a little rush of air from the lungs1 but this is generally slight and of no consequence4 ,your ears should clear automatically since you are going up1 not down4 ,the only dangers of explosive decompression are as follows3 ,,dangers3 #a4 ,tunnel -- ,during an explosive decompression a high velocity wind passes through the tunnel sufficiently strong to blow a man out the exits1 and cause serious injury4 ,the newer ships will have tunnel doors with small port hole openings2 this will eliminate this danger4 ,in ships not equipped in this fashion1 ,,nobody ,,should ,,enter ,,the ,,tunnel ,,when ,,the ,,ship ,,is ,,pressurized4 #b4 ,blister -- ,,always ,,fasten ,,your ,,safty ,,belt at the blister when the ship is pressurized4 ,otherwise you may be blown out of the ship by an explosive decompression4 ,also be certain that your mask is secured to your helmet1 or it will be blown from the ship4 ,,what ,,to ,,do8 ,the important thing in explosive decompression is to get oxygen rapidly4 ,to get oxygen rapidly you ,,must at all times3 #a4 ,wear your helmet with the mask attached-let the mask hang from the helmet4 ,otherwise you may lose your mask and helmet4 #b4 ,keep the regulator hose clipped to your clothing and your mask plugged in4 ,in case of explosive decompression1 adjust your mask to the face and fasten the hook on your helmet4 ,you will then be ,o4,k4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af ,,high ,,altitude ,,bail-,,out ,if you must bail out above #bj1jjj feet1 use the ,,freefall ,,technique described on page #bc except that you have an additional oxygen source for bail out4 ,use the ,h-#b cylinder connected to your ,a-#ad mask 7,fig4 #af7 as an oxygen supply ,,during ,,free ,,fall4 ,just before jumping1 pull the rip cord release on your ,h-#b cylinder4 ,,do ,,not ,,open ,,your ,,chute ,,at ,,high ,,altitude4 --,,reproduced ,,by-- ,reproduction ,dept4 ,army ,air ,field ,lincoln1 ,nebr4 #aj-ah-dd #bj ,m ,transcriber's ,notes3 #a4 ,original printed title ,,notes ,,on ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,oxygen ,,equipment ,,in ,,the ,b-#ag1 ,b-#bd1 ,b-#bi ,,for ,,comat ,,crews was corrected to ,,notes ,,on ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,oxygen ,,equipment ,,in ,,the ,b-#ag1 ,b-#bd1 ,b-#bi ,,for ,,combat ,,crews #b4 ,in the text1 phrases that were underlined for emphasis in the original are shown in this file with underscores surrounding the emphasized text1 like this4