,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,equal signs 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,typographical & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,a ,,text-,,book ,,( ,,horse%oe+ ,,= ,horse%o]s & ,vet]9>ians ,,by ,a4 ,,lungwitz ,,=m] ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,saxon ,,vet]9>y ,,commission1 ,,late ,,in/ructor ,,9 ,,! ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,horse%oe+1 ,,& ,,director ,,( ,,! ,,%oe+ ,,s*ool ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,vet]9>y ,,college ,,9 ,,dresd51 ,,g]many ,,& ,,john ,w4 ,,adams ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,surg]y ,,& ,,ob/etrics1 ,,& ,,lectur] ,,on ,,%oe+ ,,9 ,,! ,,vet]9>y ,,s*ool1 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,p5nsylvania ,,elev5? ,,edition ,,) ,,two ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,tw5ty-,,n9e ,,illu/rations ,,philadelphia ,,london ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,company ,copyright1 #ahig1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,company4 ,copyright1 #aijd1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,company4 ,copyright1 #aiac1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,company4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,! inauguration ( ! law requir+ horse%o]s to be exam9$ emphasizes ! ne$ ( a brief & easily und]/ood text-book on !oretical & practical horse%oe+4 ,at ! reque/ ( ! ,royal ,vet]9>y ,commission1 9 *>ge ( ! ,royal ,vet]9>y ,s*ool 9 ,dresd51 & _m int]e/$ individuals1 ,i h attempt$ to meet ?is ne$ by cond5s+ )9 ! n>r[e/ possible limits all t is ess5tial to ! horse%o] 9 ! practice ( 8 pr(ession4 ,! subject-matt] has be5 ca/ into a logically arrang$ c\rse ( in/ruction2 all t is sup]flu\s & is f\nd only 9 exhau/ive treatises on %oe+ has be5 omitt$4 ,9 ord] to make ?is elem5t>y text-book m easy to und]/&1 num]\s in/ructive illu/rations h be5 incorporat$1 :i* 7 tak5 p>tly f 8,d] ,fuss des ,pf]des10 by ,leis]+ ,h>tmann1 fif? edition1 ,dresd51 #ahhb2 p>tly f ! j\rnal ,d] ,hufs*mi$1 & p>tly f draw+s made specially = ?is "w4 ,) ! desire t ?is little book may f9d _m fri5ds & supply !m ) valuable in=mation1 x is h]e) giv5 to ! public4 ,a4 ,,lungwitz4 ,,dresd51 ,septemb]1 #ahhd4 ,,translator',s ,,preface4 ,dur+ ! pa/ n9e ye>s 9 :i* x has be5 my privilege to tea* horse%oe+ to /ud5ts ( vet]9>y m$ic9e 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 & to classes ( horse%o]s "u ! auspices ( ! ,ma/] ,horse%o]s' ,national ,protective ,association ( ,am]ica1 ,i h be5 =cibly impress$ ) ! urg5t ne$ ( a text-book ( horse%oe+ t is adapt$ to ! ne$s ( beg9n]s4 ,9 my op9ion1 su* a "w mu/ pres5t a detail$ description ( ! anatomy & physiology ( ! legs bel[ ! middle ( ! cannons1 & mu/ emphasize 9 unmi/akable t]ms ! def9ite relations :i* exi/ betwe5 c]ta9 well-def9$ =ms ( ! ho( & c]ta9 well-def9$ /&+ positions ( ! limb4 ,only on ?is sure f\ndation c a ?or\ghly sci5tific sy/em ( %oe+ be bas$4 ,fur!rmore1 ! tea*+s mu/ be em95tly practical1 logically arrang$1 z brief z is consi/5t ) cle>ness1 easy ( compreh5sion by p]sons :o are unfamili> ) te*nical language1 pr(usely illu/rat$1 & mod]ate 9 price4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( my respect$ fri5d & =m] tea*]1 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,lungwitz1 "o ( ! highe/ au?orities 9 all matt]s p]ta9+ to %oe+1 & = _m ye>s a tea*] 9 & ! ,director ( :at ,i believe to be ! be/ s*ool ( %oe+ 9 ! _w1 ,i am enabl$ to pres5t to ! public ?is translation ( 8 text-book = /ud5ts ( %oe+4 ,writt5 to meet requirem5ts id5tical ) ^? exi/+ today 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 scope & arrangem5t exactly suit$ to bo? /ud5t & tea*]1 ,i am confid5t t x w meet ! favor t x m]its4 ,,! ,,translator4 ,,philadelphia1 #aijd4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,elev5? ,,edition4 ,s9ce ! publication 9 #aijd ( a translation ( ! t5? edition ( ,d] ,lehrmei/] im ,hufbes*lag1 ,pr(4 ,anton ,lungwitz1 ! au?or1 hav+ rea*$ ! age ( retirem5t has )drawn f ! activities ( ! ,royal ,saxon ,%oe+ ,s*ool1 & has express$ a desire t ! translator assume entire responsibility = future editions4 ,to note ! progress ( f>ri]y dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s _m *apt]s h be5 revis$1 necessitat+ resett+1 & sixty-n9e new illu/rations h be5 add$ & _m r$rawn4 ,x has seem$ desirable to discuss ! effect ( weight 9 ! %oe 9 alt]+ ! flight ( ! foot2 to consid] rubb] pads s widely us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & to direct att5tion to _m innovations ( m or less value1 t h appe>$ dur+ rec5t ye>s4 ,9 prep>+ ?is edition ,i h _h ! cordial co-op]ation ( ! publi%]s1 to :om ,i h]eby express deepe/ gratitude4 ,i wi% also to record my appreciation = ! _m sugge/ions & o!r aid giv5 me by ,mr4 ,franz ,enge1 ,*ief ,f>ri] ( ! %oe+ %op ( ! ,vet]9>y ,hospital1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,,john ,w4 ,,adams4 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,p5nsylvania1 ,april1 #aiac4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,introduction #ac ,! ,object ( ,%oe+ #ac ,,"p ,i4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,gross ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,horse4 ,,bones ,,( ,,! ,,head--,,bones ,,( ,,! ,,trunk #ag ,,! ,,sp9al ,,column--,,bones ,,( ,,! ,,?orax #ag-ai ,,bones ,,( ,,! ,,pelvis--,,bones ,,( ,,! ,,limbs #ai-ba ,,jo9ts--,,muscles--,,t5don ,,%ea?s #ba-bd ,,! ,,foot4 ,a4 ,! ,bones ( ! ,foot #bd ,! ,cannon--,! ,long ,pa/]n--,! ,sesamoid ,bones--,! ,%ort ,pa/]n--,! ,p$al ,bone-- ,! ,navicul> ,bone #bd-bh ,b4 ,! ,articulations ( ! ,foot #bh ,i4 ,,! ,,fetlock-,,jo9t #bh ,! ,susp5sory ,ligam5t #bi ,! ,inf]ior ,sesamoid ,ligam5t #cj ,,ii4 ,,! ,,coron>y ,,jo9t #ca ,,iii4 ,,! ,,p$al ,,articulation 7,,c(f9 ,,jo9t7 #ca ,c4 ,! ,locomotory ,organs ( ! ,foot #cb ,! ,ant]ior ,ext5sor ,t5don ( ! ,phalanges-- ,! ,p]=atus ,t5don--,! ,p]=ans ,t5don #cb-ce ,muc\s ,burs & ,t5don ,%ea?s #ce ,alt]+ ! ,relative ,t5sion ( ! ,flexor ,t5dons & ,susp5sory ,ligam5t ( ! ,fetlock-,jo9t #cf ,d4 ,! ,ela/ic ,p>ts ( ! ,foot #ch ,! ,lat]al ,c>tilages--,! ,plant> ,cu%ion #ci1 #dj ,e4 ,! ,blood-,vessels & ,n]ves #da ,! ,art]ies ( ! ,foot--,! ,ve9s ( ! ,foot-- ,! ,n]ves ( ! ,foot #da-dd ,f4 ,! ,protective ,organs ( ! ,foot #dd 7a7 ,,! ,,hair-,,sk9 #dd #a4 ,! ,epid]mis #de #b4 ,! ,d]mis #de #c4 ,! ,subcutane\s ,tissue #de 7b7 ,,! ,,ho(-,,sk91 ,,or ,,podod]m #de1 #df #a4 ,! ,p]ioplic ,b& #dg #b4 ,! ,coron>y ,b& #dg #c4 ,! ,fle%y ,wall #dh ,! ,fle%y ,leaves 7,podophyll\s ,tissue7 #dh1 #di #d4 ,! ,velvety ,tissue ( ! ,sole #di #e4 ,! ,velvety ,tissue ( ! ,frog #di 7c7 ,,! ,,horn ,,capsule ,,or ,,ho( #ej-ec ,! ,wall #ej-ec ,! ,b>s #ea1 #eb ,! ,lay]s ( ! ,wall3 #a4 ,! ,p]iople4 #b4 ,! ,middle or ,protective ,lay]4 #c4 ,! ,leafy ,lay] 7,k]aphyll\s ,lay]7 #ec-ee ,! ,sole #ee1 #ef ,! ,frog #eg1 #eh ,! ,m9ute ,/ructure ( ! ,horn #eh ,h>d & ,s(t ,horn #ei ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,foot ,,9 ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,entire ,,limb4 ,a4 ,/&+ ,positions ( ! ,limbs #fb 7a7 ,,! ,,positions ,,( ,a ,,=e-,,limb ,,view$ ,,f ,,9 ,,front ,,& ,,9 ,,pr(ile #fb-fg 7b7 ,,! ,,positions ,,( ,a ,,h9d ,,limb ,,view$ ,,f ,,beh9d ,,& ,,9 ,,pr(ile #fg-fi ,b4 ,=ms ( ,feet1 view$ f 9 ,front1 f ,beh9d1 & 9 ,pr(ile #fi-gb ,c4 ,l9es ( ,flight ( ,ho(s 9 ,motion #gb-ge ,d4 ,influ5ce ( ,weight ^u ,l9es1 ( ,flight ( ,ho(s #ge1 #gf ,e4 ,=ms ( ,ho(s #gg ,! ,ho( ( ! ,regul> ,position--,! ,ho( ( ! ,base-,wide ,position--,! ,ho( ( ! ,base-,n>r[ ,position--,=ms ( ,h9d ,ho(s-- ,! ,wide & ! ,n>r[ ,ho(--,! ,*>act]i/ics ( ,heal?y ,ho(s #gg-hb ,f4 ,gr[? ( ! ,ho( & ,we> ( ! ,ho( & ,%oe #hb-hf ,g4 ,physiological ,movem5ts ( ! ,ho( #hf-hi ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,%oe+ ,,heal?y ,,ho(s4 ,a4 ,exam9ation ( a ,horse ,prelim9>y to ,%oe+ #ij ,b4 ,rais+ & hold+ ! ,feet ( ! ,horse to be ,%od #ib ,c4 ,remov+ ! ,old ,%oes #ig ,d4 ,prep>+ ! ,ho( = ! ,%oe #ih ,e4 ,prep>+ ! ,ho( = go+ ,b>efoot #ajb ,f4 ,mak+ ,%oes #ajc ,! ,podomet]--,mak+ ,front ,%oes--,mak+ ,h9d ,%oes--,g5]al ,*>act]i/ics ( ,%oes--,a ,%oe ) ,heel-,calks--,a ,%oe ) ,toe- & ,heel-,calks--,special ,*>act]i/ics ( ,%oes #ajc-aaf ,g4 ,*oos+ ! ,%oe #aaf ,h4 ,%ap+ & ,fitt+ ,%oes--,g5]al ,consid]ations #aag ,%ap+ & ,fitt+ ,%oes--,special ,consid]ations #abj ,fitt+ ,%oes to ,saddl]s & ,hunt]s #abb ,fitt+ ,%oes to ,runn]s #abc ,fitt+ ,%oes to ,trott]s & ,pac]s #abd ,fitt+ ,%oes to ,heavy ,draft-,horses #abe ,i4 ,nail+ ! ,%oe1 ,horse%oe-,nails #abh ,k4 ,ma*9e ,%oes #acb ,l4 ,rubb] ,pads #ace ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,%oe+ ,,horses ,,t ,,=ge ,,& ,,int]f]e4 ,a4 ,=g+--,cross-fir+ #ach1 #adj ,b4 ,int]f]+ #adb ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,w9t] ,,%oe+4 #a4 ,,ice-,,nails 7,,fro/-,,nails7 #adf #b4 ,,%>p ,,toe- ,,& ,,heel-,,calks #adf #c4 ,,screw-,,calks #adh1 #aee #d4 ,,peg ,,heel-,,calks #aej #e4 ,,peg ,,toe-,,calks #aeb #f4 ,,removable ,,heel-,,calks1 ,,t ,,d ,,n ,,require ,,%>p5+ #aed ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,ho( ,,nurture4 ,a4 ,c>e ( ,un%od ,ho(s #aeg ,b4 ,c>e ( ,%od ,ho(s #aei ,greas+ & ,soak+ ! ,ho( #aei ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,%oe+ ,,( ,,defective ,,ho(s ,,& ,,lame ,,horses4 ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks #afa-afe ,,classification ,,( ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,ho( #afe ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,inflammations ,,( ,,! ,,podod]m 7,,podod]matitis74 #a4 ,,nail+ #aff #b4 ,,/reet-,,nail #agj #c4 ,,calk-,,w\nds ,,( ,,! ,,coronet #agc #d4 ,,corns #agd #e4 ,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,heels #agf #f4 ,,lam9itis 7,,f\nd]7 #agg #g4 ,,k]aphyllocele 7,,horn ,,tumor7 #aha ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,defects ,,( ,,! ,,ho(4 ,a4 ,*anges ( ,=m #ahb #a4 ,,! ,,flat ,,& ,,! ,,full ,,ho( #ahb #b4 ,,! ,,upright ,,or ,,/umpy ,,ho( #ahd #c4 ,,! ,,contract$ ,,ho( #ahe 7a7 ,! ,contraction ( ,wide ,ho(s #ahi 7b7 ,contraction ( ! ,sole #ahi #d4 ,,! ,,wry ,,ho( #aij #e4 ,,! ,,crook$ ,,ho( #aib #f4 ,,ossification ,,( ,,! ,,lat]al ,,c>tilage 7,,side-,,bone7 #aid ,b4 ,di/urbances ( ,cont9uity ( ,ho( #aie #a4 ,,cracks #aie #b4 ,,clefts #bjc #c4 ,,loose ,,wall #bjd #d4 ,,holl[ ,,wall #bje #e4 ,,?ru% ,,( ,,! ,,frog #bjf ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,%oe+ ,,mules1 ,,asses1 ,,& ,,ox54 #a4 ,,! ,,%oe+ ,,( ,,mules ,,& ,,asses #bjg #b4 ,,! ,,%oe+ ,,( ,,ox5 #bjg ,,introduction4 ,horse%oe+ is an indu/ry :i* requires1 9 equal degree1 k & skill4 ,! ^w 8horse%oe+0 embraces v>i\s acts1 especially prep>+ ! iron sole1 ! horse%oe2 =m+ x & fitt+ x to ! ho(1 ^: gr\nd-surface has be5 previ\sly dress$ 9 accordance ) ! direction ( ! limb1 & fa/5+ x to ! ho( by means ( nails4 ,ow+ to ! complicat$ /ructure ( ! ho(1 success 9 ! practice ( horse%oe+ requires a k ( ! anatomy & physiology ( ! horse's body 9 g5]al & ( ! foot 9 p>ticul>4 ,! object ( %oe+ is1-- #a4 ,to protect ! ho( f excessive we>1 & ?us r5d] ! horse cont9u\sly s]viceable ^u our h>d roads4 #b4 ,to prev5t slipp+ & fall+ dur+ ! w9t] season4 #c4 ,to s f> remove ! disadvantages ( faulty positions ( ! limbs t horses may r5d] good s]vice1 &1 9 "s cases1 #d4 ,to cure or improve diseas$ or defective ho(s or feet4 ,horse%oe+1 ?\gh app>5tly simple1 involves _m difficulties1 ow+ to ! fact t ! ho( is n an un*ang+ body1 b v>ies mu* ) respect to =m1 gr[?1 quality1 & ela/icity4 ,fur!rmore1 !re are su* great diff]5ces 9 ! "* ( gr\nd-surfaces & 9 ! nature ( horses' "w t %oe+ :i* is n p]=m$ ) great ability & c>e induces disease & makes horses lame4 ,9 view ( ^! facts1 a ?or\gh tra9+ ( ! "y horse%o] 9 ! pr9ciples & practice ( 8 trade is n only greatly to be desir$1 b is really ess5tial to success2 unreason+ "w does z mu* h>m 9 ?is z 9 any o!r vocation4 ,a good common-s*ool education is necess>y 7m w d no h>m74 ,fur!r requisites are a heal?y body1 n too tall1 lik+ = ! "w1 aptness1 an active1 reason+ m9d1 fe>lessness1 dext]ity1 a good eye = proportion1 &1 f9ally1 c>eful selection ( a ma/]-in/ructor4 ,!oretically educat$1 practically exp]i5c$ & approv$ ma/]s1 9 ^: %ops all k9ds ( horses are %od1 are to be pref]r$4 ,dur+ 8 t]m ( appr5tice%ip ! "y appr5tice %\ld le>n to make draw+s ( horse%oes1 ( tools ( ! trade1 & ( ho(s ( v>i\s =ms1 & %\ld also make "o or m model %oes z an indication ( 8 ability4 ,aft] complet+ 8 "t he %\ld seek a position 9 a fir/-class %op1 ei!r at home or abroad4 ,a visit to =eign l&s w wid5 "o's m5tal horizon & make him a broad]1 abl] man 9 e respect4 ,lat]1 opportunity w be giv5 to "s 79 ,g]many7 to jo9 ! cavalry1 & ?us acquire a good education 9 %oe+ "u ! patronage ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,f9ally1 a c\rse ( in/ruction 9 a s*ool ( horse%oe+ w conv]t an already practical & intellig5t horse%o] into a ?\ghtful1 capable1 exp]t workman4 ,! scope ( horse%oe+ is by no means s n>r[ & insignificant z x may appe>1 & s9ce a k ( ! anatomy & physiology ( ! horse's body 9 g5]al1 & ( ! foot 9 p>ticul>1 is necess>y1 x is evid5t t ! s*ools ( horse%oe+ 9 :i* "o c get ! be/ in/ruction are ^? 9 :i* !re is n only a regul>ly grad$ c\rse ( in/ruction1 ) demon/rations ^u dissect$ mat]ial & ^u liv+ horses1 b also an abundance ( daily "w at ! =ge & on ! floor 9 ! %oe+ ( horses4 ,a c\rse ( f\r to six weeks is n suffici5t4 ,fur!rmore1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t s*ools ( horse%oe+ are n = ! purpose ( in/ruct+ "y m5 9 all matt]s :i* p]ta9 to ! trade1 b only 9 ! mak+ ( %oes1 ! critical exam9ation & managem5t ( ho(s1 & ! rational & skilful p]=mance ( %oe+4 ,= ?is reason x is n advisable = "y m5 to att5d a s*ool ( horse%oe+ until !y h at lea/ complet$ _! appr5tice%ip4 ,,horse%oe+4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,gross ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,horse4 ,! support+ /ructure ( ! horse's body is ! bony framework or skeleton 7,fig4 #a1 page #ah74 ,we di/+ui% 9 ! skeleton ! bones ( ! head1 trunk1 & limbs4 ,! bones ( ! head are num]\s &1 except+ ! l[] jaw1 are solidly unit$ ) "o ano!r4 ,9 g5]al1 we di/+ui% 9 ! head only ! upp] & l[] jaws 7#a & #a74 ,bo? =m v>i\s cavities2 = example1 ! cranial cavity1 9 :i* ! bra9 lies1 ! orbital cavities 7eye-sockets71 ! nasal passages1 & ! m\?4 ,besides1 ! tee? are set 9 ! jaws4 ,! trunk comprises ! bones ( ! sp9al column1 ?orax1 & pelvis4 ,! sp9al or v]tebral column 7#b to #f71 :i* be>s ! head at its ant]ior end1 is ! *ief support1 ( ! entire skeleton4 ,x consi/s ( f fifty-two to fifty-f\r s+le & irregul> bones call$ v]tebr1 plac$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! m$ian v]tical plane ( ! body4 ,ea* v]tebra1 ) ! exception ( ^? ( ! tail 7coccygeal or caudal v]tebr71 is trav]s$ by a l>ge op5+ call$ ! v]tebral =am54 ,! v]tebr are plac$ end to end 9 a r[1 & ?r\gh !m runs a cont9u\s l>ge canal call$ ! v]tebral or sp9al canal1 9 :i* lies ! sp9al cord4 ,! horse has sev5 c]vical1 eighte5 dorsal1 six lumb>1 five sacral1 & sixte5 to eighte5 caudal v]tebr4 ,! sacral v]tebr are gr[n toge!r to =m "o piece call$ ! sacrum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,skeleton ,,( ,,! ,,horse4--#a1 bones ( ! head2 #a1 l[] jaw2 #b1 c]vical v]tebr2 #c1 dorsal v]tebr2 #d1 lumb> v]tebr2 #e1 sacral v]tebr 7sacrum72 #f1 coccygeal v]tebr2 #g1 ribs2 #h1 /]num 7brea/-bone72 #i1 pelvis2 #i1 ilium2 #i1 is*ium2 #aj1 scapula 7%\ld]-blade72 #aa1 hum]us2 #ab1 radius2 #ac1 ulna2 #ad1 c>pus 7knee72 #ae1 l>ge metac>pal bone 7cannon72 #af1 rudim5t>y metac>pal bones 7spl9t-bones72 #ag1 os suffrag9is 7long pa/]n72 #ah1 os coron 7%ort pa/]n72 #ai1 os p$is 7ho(-bone72 #bj1 sesamoid bones2 #ba1 femur2 #bb1 patella 7knee-pan1 /ifle72 #bc1 tibia2 #bd1 fibula2 #be1 t>sus1 or hock2 #bf1 l>ge metat>sal bone 7cannon72 #bg1 rudim5t>y metat>sals 7spl9t-bones72 #bh1 os suffrag9is 7long pa/]n72 #bi1 os coron 7%ort pa/]n72 #cj1 os p$is 7ho(-bone1 8c(f9 bone072 #ca1 sesamoid bones4 ,! ?orax is =m$ by ! ribs & ! brea/-bone or /]num4 ,! horse has eighte5 ribs on ea* side 7#g71 & all articulate ) ! dorsal v]tebr4 ,! fir/ eight pairs unite by _! l[] ends directly to ! /]num or brea/-bone1 & are !re=e call$ true ribs1 :ile ! la/ t5 pairs are only indirectly atta*$ to ! /]num1 & are consequ5tly call$ false ribs4 ,! /]num 7#h7 lies betwe5 ! =elegs1 & helps to =m ! floor ( ! *e/ cavity4 ,! space enclos$ by ! bones ( ! ?orax is call$ ! ?oracic1 pulmon>y1 or *e/ cavity1 & conta9s ! he>t & lungs4 ,! bones ( ! pelvis =m a complete circle or girdle4 ,! upp] "p1 call$ ! ilium 7#i71 articulates on its inn] side ) ! sacrum 7#e71 :ile its out] side is prolong$ to =m a prom95t angle1 :i* is ! support ( ! hip1 & is call$ ! 8po9t ( ! hip40 ,! po/]ior "p ( ! pelvis is call$ ! is*ium 7#i71 & t "p ly+ betwe5 ! ilium & ! is*ium & =m+ "p ( ! floor ( ! pelvis is call$ ! pubis4 ,! space betwe5 ! ?orax & ! pelvis1 b\nd$ above by ! lumb> v]tebr & %ut 9 bel[ & on ! sides by ! sk9 & muscul> walls ( ! belly 7abdom571 is call$ ! abdom9al cavity4 ,?is cavity op5s directly into ! pelvic cavity1 & conta9s ! /oma*1 inte/9es1 liv]1 sple51 pancreas1 kidneys1 & a "p ( ! g5]ative organs4 ,! ?oracic & abdom9al cavities are sep>at$ by a muscul> p>tition1 ! diaphragm4 ,! bones ( ! limbs may be lik5$ to columns1 ^u :i* ! body re/s2 !y articulate ) "o ano!r at v>i\s angles1 are tubul> 9 /ructure1 & /rong4 ,! bones ( ! =e-limbs d n articulate directly ) ! bones ( ! trunk1 b are atta*$ to ! body by means ( ! sk9 & muscles4 ,f above to bel[ we di/+ui% ! foll[+ bones3 #a4 ,! scapula1 or %\ld]-blade 7#aj71 a flat1 triangul> bone1 prolong$ at its upp] bord] by a flat1 v ela/ic c>tilage1 call$ ! scapul> c>tilage4 ,at its l[] end ! scapula articulates )-- #b4 ,! upp] end ( ! hum]us 7#aa71 =m+ ! %\ld]-jo9t 7scapulo-hum]al articulation74 ,! hum]us articulates at its l[] end )-- #c4 ,! radius 7#ab7 & ! ulna 7#ac71 to =m ! elb[ jo9t4 ,^! two bones are ! basis ( ! =e>m4 ,! ulna1 small] & weak] ?an ! radius1 lies beh9d & projects above x to =m ! po9t ( ! elb[4 ,! l[] end ( ! radius articulates )-- #d4 ,! c>pus1 or knee 7#ad71 :i* comprises sev5 small1 cubical bones dispos$ 9 two horizontal r[s1 "o above ! o!r4 ,! upp] r[ comprises f\r bones & ! l[] r[ ?ree4 ,! l[] r[ re/s ^u-- #e4 ,! l>ge metac>pal or cannon bone1 & ! two rudim5t>y metac>pal or spl9t-bones4 ,! l[] end ( ! radius1 ! upp] ends ( ! metac>pal bones1 & ! small c>pal bones toge!r =m ! c>pal or knee-jo9t 7wri/ ( man74 ,( ! metac>pals1 ! middle "o is ! l>ge/1 longe/1 /ronge/1 & mo/ important1 & is call$ ! l>ge metac>pal1 cannon1 or %9-bone 7#ae74 ,x articulates at its l[] end ) ! os suffrag9is1 or long pa/]n 7#ag71 & ) ! two small sesamoid bones 7#bj74 ,on ea* side ( ! upp] "p ( its po/]ior surface lie ! two long1 sl5d] spl9t-bones 7#af74 ,! inn] spl9t-bone is sometimes affect$ ) bony ?ick5+s 7exo/oses7 call$ 8spl9ts40 #f4 ,! bones ( ! phalanges 7all bones bel[ ! cannon7 w be fully describ$ 9 ano!r place4 ,! bones ( ! h9d limbs articulate directly ) ! pelvis at ! hip-jo9t4 ,!y are /rong] ?an ! bones ( ! ant]ior limbs4 ,we di/+ui% ! foll[+ bones 9 ! h9d legs3 #a4 ,! highe/ bone 9 ! h9d limb is ! femur 7#ba74 ,x is ! /ronge/ bone 9 ! entire body4 ,x lies 9 an oblique direction d[nw>d & =w>d1 & at its l[] end articulates )-- #b4 ,! patella 7#bb71 ! tibia 7#bc71 & ! fibula 7#bd71 to =m ! /ifle-jo9t 7knee ( man74 ,! patella plays ov] ! ant]ior surface ( ! l[] end ( ! femur4 ,! fibula is small1 & lies aga9/ ! upp] & out] side ( ! tibia4 ,! latt] at its l[] end articulates )-- #c4 ,! bones ( ! t>sus1 or hock 7#be71 :i* are six small1 irregul> bones dispos$ 9 ?ree r[s1 "o above ano!r4 ,! os calcis1 or heel-bone1 & ! a/ragalus are 9 ! upp]mo/ r[1 & are ! mo/ important4 ,! =m] projects above ! true hock-jo9t f beh9d1 to =m a long lev]1 ! upp] end ( :i* is call$ ! 8po9t ( ! hock10 & ! latt] articulates ) ! tibia4 ,! t>sal 7hock7 bones articulate bel[ )-- #d4 ,! metat>sal bones 7#bf & #bg71 :i* are long]1 & ! cannon n>r[] f side to side1 ?an ! correspond+ metac>pal bones1 b are o!rwise simil>4 #e4 ,! phalanges ( a h9d limb 7#bh to #ca7 are also n>r[] ?an ^? ( a =e-limb1 b are ne>ly alike 9 o!r respects4 ,all ! horse's bones pres5t small1 b m or less di/9ct op5+s 7nutri5t =am9a7 = ! passage ( blood-vessels & n]ves4 ,_m bones possess r\gh5$ elevations & depressions1 to :i* ligam5ts1 t5dons1 or muscles are atta*$4 ,) ! exception ( ! os p$is1 all bones are envelop$ 9 a sort ( 8bone-sk90 call$ p]io/eum4 ,! bones unite among !mselves to =m ei!r movable or immovable unions4 ,a movable union betwe5 two or m bones is t]m$ a 8jo9t10 or articulation4 ,! articulat+ ends ( ! bones1 pres5t+ on "o side a convex surface 7head or condyle7 & on ! o!r a correspond+ concave surface 7gl5oid or cotyloid cavity71 are cov]$ ) ela/ic articul> c>tilage4 ,! bones are b\nd toge!r by means ( ligam5ts1 :i* are t\gh1 fibr\s1 cord-l1 or %eet-l /ructures4 ,ligam5ts are ei!r 7#a7 capsul> or 7#b7 funicul> 7cord-l74 ,e articulation 9 ! limbs possesses a capsul> ligam5t1 & all1 except ! %\ld]-jo9t1 h sev]al funicul> 7cord-l7 ligam5ts4 ,! capsul> ligam5ts are l9$ ^u _! inn] face ) a delicate membrane 7synovial membrane7 :i* secretes ! synovia1 or 8jo9t-wat]10 ^: function is to lubricate ! jo9t & prev5t friction2 !y enclose ! jo9t 9 a sort ( air-tight cuff or sack4 ,! funicul> ligam5ts are v /rong & (t5 l>ge1 & are ! *ief means ( union ( ! bones4 ,! immovable articulations are t]m$ sutures2 !y are f\nd pr9cipally 9 ! head4 ,! mix$ jo9ts are f\nd betwe5 ! bodies ( ! v]tebr1 ea* two ( :i* are unit$ by an ela/ic fibro-c>tilage :i*1 9 ! =m ( a pad1 lies betwe5 !m1 & by its ela/icity all[s ( v slight movem5t1 ?\gh ! sp9al column z a :ole c execute manifold & wide movem5ts1 z %[n by ! neck & tail4 ,jo9ts :i* p]mit motion 9 all directions are kn[n z free jo9ts2 su* are ! %\ld]- & hip-jo9ts 7ball-&-socket jo9ts74 ,^? :i* admit ( motion 9 b two directions 7flexion & ext5sion71 & (t5 to a v limit$ ext5t1 are call$ h+e-jo9ts1--e4g41 ! elb[1 hock1 & fetlock4 ,! jo9ts betwe5 ! long & %ort pa/]ns & betwe5 ! latt] & ! p$al bone are imp]fect h+e-jo9ts1 because !y all[ ( "s o!r movem5ts besides flexion & ext5sion4 ,! articulation betwe5 ! fir/ & second c]vical v]tebr 7atlas & axis7 is call$ a pivot-jo9t4 ,! skeleton repres5ts a framework :i* closely approa*es ! ext]nal =m ( ! body1 & by reason ( its h>dness & /iffness furni%es a firm f\ndation = all o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,by reason ( ! great v>iety ( position & direction ( ! bones1 & ( ! fact t *anges ( position ( ea* s+le "p ( ?is complicat$ sy/em ( lev]s may result 9 ! greate/ v>iety ( bodily movem5ts1 we c readily und]/& h[ ! horse is enabl$ to move f place to place4 ,( c\rse1 ! bones h no p[] ( !mselves to move1 b ?is p[] is possess$ by o!r organs t are atta*$ to ! bones4 ,^! organs are ! muscles1 &1 ow+ to _! ability to contract & %ort5 !mselves1 & aft]w>ds to relax & all[ !mselves to be /ret*$ out1 !y furni% ! motive p[] t is communicat$ to & moves ! bones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,out] ,,muscles ,,( ,,! ,,horse4--#a1 c]vical trapezius2 #b1 dorsal trapezius2 #c1 ma/oido-hum]alis2 #d1 great dorsal muscle2 #e1 long abductor ( ! arm2 #f1 long ext5sor ( ! =e>m2 #g1 l>ge ext5sor ( ! =e>m2 #h1 %ort ext5sor ( ! =e>m2 #i1 /]no-tro*9us 7deep pectoral72 #aj1 /]no-aponeuroticus2 #aa1 great s]ratus2 #ab1 common ext5sor ( ! metac>pus2 #ac1 common ext5sor ( ! toe 7ant]ior ext5sor72 #ad1 common ext5sor ( ! long pa/]n 7lat]al ext5sor72 #ae1 oblique ext5sor ( ! metac>pus2 #af1 ext]nal flexor ( ! metac>pus2 #ag1 int]nal flexor ( ! metac>pus2 #ah1 oblique flexor ( ! metac>pus2 #ai1 fascia lata2 #bj1 sup]ficial gluteus 7ant]ior portion72 #ba1 middle gluteus2 #bb1 sup]ficial gluteus 7po/]ior portion72 #bc & #bd1 femoral biceps2 #be1 semit5d9osus2 #bf1 semimembranosus2 #bg1 ant]ior ext5sor ( ! toe2 #bh1 lat]al ext5sor ( ! toe2 #bi1 p]=ans muscle 7deep flexor ( toe72 #cj1 oblique flexor ( ! phalanges2 #ca1 p]=atus t5don 7sup]ficial flexor ( phalanges72 #cb1 ,a*illes t5don 7ham-/r+74 ,! muscles ( ! body mass$ toge!r are ! r$ fle% :i* we obs]ve 9 e slaught]$ animal4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 s %apeless z !y appe> :ile 9 ?is condition2 on ! contr>y1 !y pres5t well-arrang$ muscul> lay]s ( v>iable size1 ?ickness1 l5g?1 & position4 7,see ,fig4 #b47 ,! muscles clo! ! skeleton ext]nally1 give ! body its peculi> =m1 &1 by _! special p[] ( contraction1 *ange ! relative positions ( ! bones & ?us make x possible = ! animal to move4 ,= ?is reason1 ! muscles are call$ ! active1 & ! bones ! passive1 organs ( motion4 ,by c>efully exam9+ a muscle x w be f\nd to consi/ ( actual1 m9ute1 r$di%1 muscul> fibres4 ,z a rule1 muscles t]m9ate 9 m or less /rong1 gli/5+1 fibr\s cords call$ t5dons1 or fibr\s %eets t]m$ aponeuroses1 by :i* !y are atta*$ to ! bones4 ,9 ! limbs are muscles t]m9at+ 9 v long t5dons1 :i* act z draw-l9es ^u ! di/ant bones ( ! foot 7long & %ort pa/]ns & p$al bone7 & set !m 9 motion4 ,su* long t5dons are enclos$ 9 %ea?s ( ?91 membran\s tissue1 kn[n z t5don %ea?s4 ,! inn] surface ( su* a %ea? is 9 direct contact ) ! surface ( ! t5don1 & secretes a ?9 slipp]y fluid 7synovia7 :i* lubricates ! t5don & facilitates its glid+ )9 ! %ea?4 ,z long z ! bones1 articulations1 muscles1 & t5dons ( ! limbs rema9 heal?y1 j s long w ! legs ma9ta9 _! natural direction & position4 ,frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ?is normal condition ( ! limbs is gradually alt]$ by disease ( ! bones1 jo9ts1 & t5dons1 & defects 9 ! =m & action ( ! l[] p>ts ( ! limbs arise t (t5 require att5tion 9 %oe+4 ,,! ,,foot4 ,a4 ,! ,bones ( ! ,foot4 ,s9ce ! horse is useful to man only by reason ( 8 movem5ts1 8 foot des]ves ! mo/ c>eful att5tion4 ,! horse%o] %\ld be famili> ) all its p>ts4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! osse\s framework ( ! foot1 consi/+ ( ! l[] end ( ! cannon bone 7,a71 ! long pa/]n 7,b71 ! two sesamoid bones 7,c71 ! %ort pa/]n 7,d71 & ! p$al bone 7,e74 ,! l[] end ( ! cannon1 or l>ge metac>pal bone 7,a7 exhibits two convex articul> surfaces 7condyles7 sep>at$ by a m$ian ridge runn+ f be=e to beh9d1 & all cov]$ by articul> c>tilage4 ,on bo? ! ext]nal & ! int]nal aspects ( ! l[] end ( ! cannon are small unev5 depressions 9 :i* ligam5ts take _! atta*m5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,! condyles ( ! cannon articulate ) ! os suffrag9is 7long pa/]n7 & ! two sesamoids 7,figs4 #c1 ,c1 & #d1 ,b7 9 su* a mann] t 9 ! =efeet ! cannon makes an angle ) ! long pa/]n ( f "o hundr$ & ?irty-five to "o hundr$ & =ty degrees1 & 9 ! h9d feet ( f "o hundr$ & =ty to "o hundr$ & =ty-five degrees4 ,! long pa/]n 7fir/ phalanx7 7,fig4 #d1 ,a7 is ab\t "o-?ird ! l5g? ( ! cannon2 its upp] & ?ick] end pres5ts two condyloid cavities 7a7 7gl5oid cavities71 sep>at$ by a m$ian groove1 :i* exactly fit ! condyles & ridge at ! l[] end ( ! cannon4 ,! l[] end ( ! long pa/]n is small] ?an ! upp]1 & is provid$ ) two condyles1 betwe5 :i* is a %all[ groove 7e74 ,! ant]ior face ( ! bone is smoo?1 r\nd$ f side to side1 & bl5ds into ! lat]al bord]s4 ,! po/]ior face is flatt]1 & %[s a cle>ly m>k$ triangle to :i* ligam5ts atta*4 ,! two sesamoid bones 7,fig4 #d1 ,b7 are small1 & some:at pyramidal 9 %ape1 &1 ly+ aga9/ ! po/]ior "p ( ! condyles ( ! cannon bone1 increase ! articul> surfaces at ! upp] end ( ! long pa/]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,os suffrag9is ) bo? sesamoid bones 9 position1 z 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,a1 os suffrag9is2 ,b1 sesamoid bones2 a1 upp] jo9t-surface ( long pa/]n2 b1 jo9t-surface ( sesamoid bones2 c1 r\gh5$ surface at upp] end2 d1 r\gh5$ surface at l[] end1 bo? = atta*m5t ( ligam5ts2 e1 l[] jo9t-surface4 ,! %ort pa/]n 7second phalanx7 7,figs4 #e & #f7 lies "u ! fir/ phalanx & above ! os p$is2 x is some:at cubical 9 %ape4 ,its upp] articul> surface 7,fig4 #e1 a7 pres5ts two gl5oid cavities to correspond ) ! condyles ( ! fir/ phalanx4 ,! l[] articul> surface 7,fig4 #e1 d7 resembles ! l[] end ( ! fir/ phalanx4 ,! upp] po/]ior bord] ( ?is bone is prom95t & prolong$ transv]sely 7,fig4 #f1 a71 to s]ve z a support+ l$ge = ! fir/ phalanx1 z a po9t ( atta*m5t = ! p]=atus t5don1 & z a glid+ surface = ! p]=ans t5don4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,%ort pa/]n 7os coron7 view$ 9 front & 9 pr(ile3 a1 upp] jo9t-surface2 b1 ant]ior surface2 c1 lat]al surface2 d1 l[] jo9t-surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,%ort pa/]n se5 f beh9d3 a1 smoo? surface ov] :i* ! p]=ans t5don glides2 b1 l[] jo9t-surface4 ,! l[e/ bone ( ! limb is ! ?ird phalanx or os p$is 7,fig4 #g74 ,9 =m x is simil> to ! ho(4 ,! ant]ior or wall-surface 7a7 is r\gh1 l pumice /one4 ,above & 9 front is ! pyramidal em95ce to :i* ! t5don ( ! ant]ior ext5sor ( ! phalanges atta*es4 ,beh9d1 ! bone ext5ds backw>d to =m ! inn] & out] bran*es 7c1 c7 or w+s ( ! os p$is4 ,! upp]1 articul> surface 7b7 slopes backw>d & d[nw>d4 ,! l[]1 sol> or plant> surface 7,fig4 #h1 a7 is slightly concave1 & pres5ts po/]iorly a half-moon-%ap$ excavation1 ) a r\gh5$ bord] call$ ! semilun> cre/ 7c71 to :i* ! p]=ans t5don atta*es2 j above ?is cre/ are two small holes 7e7 kn[n z ! plant> =am9a1 ?r\gh :i* ! plant> art]ies pass into ! bone4 ,! surfaces ( wall & sole come toge!r 9 a %>p edge1 :i* is circul> 9 its c\rse4 ,x is easy to tell :e!r a p$al bone is f a =e or a h9d limb2 ! os p$is ( a h9d leg has a /eep] & m po9t$ toe1 & a m /rongly concav$ sol> surface ?an ! same bone ( a =e-leg4 ,n only is ! outl9e ( ! %>p inf]ior bord] ( ! os p$is ( a front foot m r\nd$ at ! toe1 b :5 plac$ on a flat surface ! toe does n t\* by reason ( be+ turn$ slightly upw>d1 mu* z a %oe design$ to give a 8roll+ motion40 ,! os p$is ( a h9d foot is n>r[] f side to side 7po9t$71 & does n turn up at ! toe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,os p$is se5 9 pr(ile & 9 front2 a1 ant]ior face ) pyramidal em95ce above2 b1 jo9t-surface2 c1 w+s or bran*es ( ho(-bone2 d1 not* :i*1 by ! atta*m5t ( ! lat]al c>tilage1 is conv]t$ into a =am5 & leads to e1 ! preplant> fissure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,l[] surface ( ho(-bone2 a1 ant]ior portion cov]$ by ! velvety tissue ( ! sole2 b1 w+ ( ! os p$is2 c1 semilun> cre/1 to :i* ! p]=ans t5don atta*es2 d1 plant> fissure lead+ to e1 plant> =am54 ,! "r & left ho(-bones are also1 z a rule1 easily di/+ui%$ by v>iations 9 ! surfaces ( wall & sole4 ,! %ape ( ! os p$is corresponds to ! =m ( ! horny box or ho(1 & !re=e a k ( ?is bone is absolutely necess>y4 ,! navicul> bone 7os navicul>e1 nut-bone1 ,figs4 #i & #aj7 is an accessory or sesamoid bone to ! os p$is4 ,x is a small bone1 transv]sely elongat$ & situat$ beh9d & bel[ ! os p$is & betwe5 ! w+s ( ! latt]4 ,x adds to ! articul> surface ( ! p$al jo9t4 ,its "u surface is smoo?1 & acts z a glid+ surface = ! p]=ans t5don1 :i* is q wide at ?is po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,fig4 #i repres5ts ! upp] surface ( ! navicul> bone2 ,fig4 #aj ! l[] surface ( ! same3 a1 ant]ior bord]2 b1 slight elevation 9 middle ( "u surface4 ,! long axes ( ! ?ree phalanges 7os suffrag9is1 os coron1 & os p$is7 %\ld unite to =m a /raight l9e1 :5 view$ ei!r f 9 front or f "o side2 t is1 ! direction ( ea* ( ^! ?ree bones %\ld be ! same z ! common direction ( ! ?ree consid]$ z a :ole4 ,9 "y colts bo? ! long & %ort pa/]ns are 9 ?ree p>ts & ! p$al bone 9 two p>ts1 all ( :i* unite lat] 9 life to =m _! respective s+le bones4 ,9 mules & asses ! os p$is is comp>atively small & n>r[4 ,9 cattle all ?ree phalanges are d\ble1 & split ho(s cov] ! divid$ os p$is4 ,b4 ,! ,articulations ( ! ,foot4 ,!re are ?ree articulations 9 ! foot--namely1 ! fetlock1 coron>y1 & p$al jo9ts4 ,all are h+e-jo9ts1 ! fetlock be+ a p]fect h+e-jo9t1 & ! o!r two imp]fect h+e-jo9ts4 ,ea* has a capsul> ligam5t1 & also sev]al funicul> or cord-l ligam5ts :i* are plac$ at ! sides ( 7lat]al ligam5ts71 or beh9d 7on ! side ( flexion7 ! jo9ts4 ,i4 ,! fetlock or metac>po-phalangeal articulation is =m$ by ! condyles at ! l[] end ( ! cannon bone & ! gl5oid cavities =m$ by ! union ( ! articul> surfaces ( ! sesamoids & ! upp] end ( ! fir/ phalanx4 ,! foll[+ ligam5ts are ab\t ?is jo9t3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 #a4 ,two lat]al ligam5ts1 an ext]nal & an int]nal 7,fig4 #aa1 a74 #b4 ,two lat]al sesamoid ligam5ts 7f74 #c4 ,an int]sesamoid ligam5t 7,fig4 #ab1 b71 a ?ick1 fibr\s mass1 b9d+ ! sesamoid bones almo/ immovably toge!r1 ext5d+ above !m & pres5t+ on its po/]ior face a smoo? groove1 9 :i* glide ! flexor t5dons ( ! phalanges 7p]=ans & p]=atus74 #d4 ,! susp5sory ligam5t ( ! fetlock 7,figs4 #aa1 c1 #ab1 c1 & #ac1 c1 pages #bi & #cj74 ,?is may also be call$ ! sup]ior sesamoid ligam5t4 ,x is a long & v p[]ful brace1 orig9at+ on ! l[] r[ ( c>pal bones 7bones ( ! hock 9 ! h9d leg7 & on ! upp] end ( ! cannon betwe5 ! heads ( ! two spl9t-bones1 & divid+ at ! l[] ?ird ( ! cannon into two bran*es 7c71 :i* are atta*$ "o to ea* sesamoid bone4 ,bel[ ^! bones ^! two bran*es are prolong$ obliquely d[nw>d & =w>d on opposite sides ( ! long pa/]n to pass into ! bord]s ( ! ant]ior ext5sor t5don ( ! toe at ab\t ! middle ( ! long pa/]n 7,fig4 #ad1 b1 page #cb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,fig4 #aa %[s a side view1 & ,figs4 #ab & #ac a po/]ior view ( ! phalangeal bones1 ) _! articul> ligam5ts4 ,! lett]+ is ! same 9 all ?ree figures3 a1 lat]al ligam5t ( fetlock-jo9t2 b1 int]sesamoid ligam5t2 c1 susp5sory ligam5t ( ! fetlock2 d1 m$ian bran* ( inf]ior sesamoid ligam5t2 d1 lat]al bran*es ( inf]ior sesamoid ligam5t2 e1 deep inf]ior sesamoid ligam5t2 f1 lat]al sesamoid ligam5ts2 g1 inf]ior coron>y ligam5ts2 h1 sup]ior coron>y ligam5ts2 h1 m$ian coron>y ligam5ts2 i1 lat]al p$al ligam5t2 k1 lat]al coron>y ligam5t & susp5sory ligam5t ( ! navicul> bone2 l1 int]osse\s ligam5t4 #e4 ,! inf]ior sesamoid ligam5t 7,figs4 #aa1 d1 #ab1 d1 d1 & #ac1 d1 ,e74 ,?is orig9ates at ! l[e/ "p ( ! sesamoid bones & int]sesamoid ligam5t1 & consi/s ( ?ree p>ts or bran*es4 ,! m$ian bran* 7d7 is ! longe/ & /ronge/1 & takes its l[] atta*m5t 9 ! middle ( ! fibro-c>tilag9\s lip f\nd on ! upp] bord] ( ! po/]ior face ( ! second phalanx4 ,! two lat]al bran*es 7d7 approa* ea* o!r z !y desc5d1 & t]m9ate on ! sides ( ! r\gh5$ triangle on ! po/]ior face ( ! fir/ phalanx4 #f4 ,! deep inf]ior sesamoid ligam5t 7,fig4 #ac1 e7 is q %ort1 & consi/s ( a numb] ( di/9ct1 ?9 fibr\s b&s ly+ directly aga9/ ! bone & entirely cov]$ by ! m$ian & lat]al inf]ior sesamoid ligam5ts4 ,^! fibr\s b&s cross "o ano!r 9 pass+ f ! sesamoids to ! fir/ phalanx4 ,,ii4 ,! coron>y jo9t is ! simple/ ( ! ?ree articulations ( ! foot4 ,! long pa/]n furni%es two condyles & ! %ort pa/]n two gl5oid cavities4 ,besides a capsul> ligam5t !re are-- #a4 ,two lat]al coron>y ligam5ts 7k7 &1 #b4 ,six po/]ior coron>y ligam5ts1--namely1 two sup]ior coron>y ligam5ts 7h71 two m$ian coron>y ligam5ts 7h71 & two inf]ior coron>y ligam5ts 7g74 ,,iii4 ,! p$al articulation 78c(f90 jo9t7 is an imp]fect h+e-jo9t1 & is =m$ by ! condyles at ! l[] end ( ! %ort pa/]n & ! two gl5oid cavities 9 ! unit$ upp] surfaces ( ! p$al & navicul> bones4 ,besides ! capsul> ligam5t 7,figs4 #ab & #ac1 l71 :i* b9ds all ?ree bones toge!r1 !re are ! foll[+ accessory ligam5ts3 #a4 ,two /rong lat]al ligam5ts1 an ext]nal & an int]nal 7,fig4 #aa1 i71 ^: po/]ior bord]s are lo/ 9 ! lat]al c>tilages :i* cov] !m4 #b4 ,two lat]al susp5sory ligam5ts ( ! navicul> bone 7k74 ,!y beg9 on ! po/]ior bord] & ends ( ! navicul> bone1 & t]m9ate on ! l[] "p ( ! ant]ior surface ( ! os suffrag9is1 :]e !y are lo/ 9 ! lat]al ligam5ts ( ! coron>y articulation4 #c4 ,! lat]al ligam5ts ( ! lat]al c>tilages1 navicul> bone1 & os p$is4 ,!y are %ort1 & unite ! navicul> bone ) ! os p$is & lat]al c>tilages4 ,( ! ?ree phalangeal articulations1 ! p$al is ! only "o t p]mits ( any lat]al movem5t2 h5ce x is an imp]fect h+e-jo9t4 ,c4 ,! ,locomotory ,organs ( ! ,foot4 ,?\gh ! muscles are ! organs :i* produce motion1 ! horse%o] ne$ conc]n himself only ) ! t5dons ( ^? muscles :i* ext5d & flex ! phalanges4 ,^! t5dons are ei!r ext5sors or flexors4 ,! ext5sors lie on ! ant]ior face & ! flexors on ! po/]ior face ( ! phalanges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,"r =efoot view$ f 9 front & f ! ext]nal side3 a1 ant]ior ext5sor t5don ( ! toe2 b1 susp5sory ligam5t ( ! fetlock2 b1 bran* ( ! same pass+ =w>d & unit+ ) ! ext5sor t5don ( ! toe2 c1 ext5sor t5don ( ! os suffrag9is 7abs5t 9 ! h9d leg71 call$ ! lat]al ext5sor4 ,! ant]ior ext5sor ( ! phalanges 7,fig4 #ad1 a7 ext5ds ! long & %ort pa/]ns & ! ho(-bone2 x is broad1 & made some:at broad] by receiv+ ! bran*es ( ! susp5sory ligam5t 7b7 t come f ! sesamoid bones4 ,x takes a firm atta*m5t on ! pyramidal em95ce ( ! os p$is4 ,9 ! =efeet ! long pa/]n has a special ext5sor t5don 7c71 :i* is kn[n z ! lat]al ext5sor4 ,:5 ! muscles to :i* ^! t5dons are atta*$ act1--t is1 :5 !y draw !mselves toge!r1 or contract1 z we t]m ?is action1--! foot is c>ri$ =w>d 7ext5d$74 ,!re are two flexor t5dons ( ! phalanges1--namely1 ! sup]ficial 7p]=atus t5don7 & ! deep 7p]=ans t5don74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,"r =efoot se5 f beh9d3 a1 l[] end ( ! p]=ans t5don1 cut ?r\gh & hang+ d[n1 s t its ant]ior surface is visible2 a1 l[] exp&$ end 7plant> aponeurosis7 ( ?is t5don1 :i* atta*es itself to ! semilun> cre/ ( ! os p$is2 a1 %all[ groove :i* receives ! slight elevation on ! "u surface ( ! navicul> bone2 a1 piece ( ! p]=ans t5don enclos$ by ! r+ =m$ by ! p]=atus t5don2 b1 p]=atus t5don b5t ov] backw>d s t its ant]ior surface is visible2 b1 r+ ( ! p]=atus t5don2 b1 t]m9al bran*es ( ! same2 ! p]=ans t5don passes ?r\gh ! space betwe5 ^! two bran*es2 c1 navicul> bone2 d1 susp5sory ligam5t ( ! same2 e1 smoo? surface on ! os coron ov] :i* ! p]=ans t5don glides2 f1 ! smoo? groove 7sesamoid groove7 on ! po/]ior surface ( ! int]sesamoid ligam5t = ! glid+ ( ! p]=ans t5don2 g1 body ( ! susp5sory ligam5t ( ! fetlock2 g1 t]m9al bran*es ( ! same1 atta*+ to ! sesamoid bones4 #a4 ,! sup]ficial flexor or p]=atus t5don 7,figs4 #ae1 b1 & #af1 a1 b7 lies beh9d1 imm$iately "u ! sk91 & cov]s ! deep flexor or p]=ans t5don4 ,at ! glid+ surface betwe5 ! sesamoid bones 7,fig4 #ae1 f7 x broad5s1 & =ms a r+ or tube 7,fig4 #ae1 b7 ?r\gh :i* ! p]=ans t5don 7a7 passes1 :ile a %ort di/ance f>!r d[n x bifurcates1 or divides into two bran*es 7,figs4 #ae1 b1 & #af1 b71 :i* t]m9ate1 "o on ei!r side1 p>tly on ! inf]ior lat]al bord]s ( ! fir/ phalanx & p>tly on ! fibro-c>tilage ( ! second phalanx4 ,x acts simultane\sly on ! long & %ort pa/]ns4 #b4 ,! deep flexor or p]=ans t5don 7,figs4 #ae1 a1 & #af1 c7 is cyl9drical & /rong] ?an ! p]=atus t5don2 above ! fetlock-jo9t x lies betwe5 ! p]=atus & ! susp5sory ligam5t ( ! fetlock4 ,at ! sesamoid bones x passes ?r\gh ! r+ =m$ by ! p]=atus t5don 7,fig4 #ae1 b71 !n becomes broad & d\ble-edg$1 passes betwe5 ! two t]m9al bran*es ( ! p]=atus1 glides ov] ! fibro-c>tilage ( ! second phalanx & ov] ! inf]ior surface ( ! navicul> bone1 & f9ally ends on ! semilun> cre/ ( ! ?ird phalanx4 ,9 common ) ! p]=atus t5don x flexes ! foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,"r =efoot se5 f beh9d & a little f ! ext]nal side3 a1 p]=atus t5don2 b1 t]m9al bran*es ( ! same2 c1 p]=ans t5don2 d1 annul> ligam5t :i* atta*es to ! sesamoid bones3 d1 ! 8x0 ligam5t1 :i* atta*es by f\r bran*es to ! os suffrag9is2 d1 an upp] bran* ( ! same 7! l[] bran*es are n %[n 9 ! figure72 e1 re9=c+ %ea? ( ! p]=ans t5don1 cov]+ ! "u surface ( ! latt] & atta*$ by its bran*es at e to ! l[] end ( ! os suffrag9is2 f1 susp5sory ligam5t ( ! fetlock4 ,if at a po9t a few in*es above ! fetlock a limb be cut ?r\gh f beh9d1 ! knife w pass successively ?r\gh ! foll[+ /ructures3 sk91 p]=atus t5don1 p]=ans t5don1 susp5sory ligam5t1 cannon bone1 lat]al ext5sor t5don1 ant]ior ext5sor t5don1 &1 la/ly1 ! sk9 on ! ant]ior surface ( ! limb4 ,! flexor t5dons are frequ5tly ?ick5$ & %ort5$ by inflammation due to injury1 & z a result ! foot is pull$ backw>d & ! ho( gradually becomes m ne>ly upright1--i4e41 /ubby1 /eep-to$4 ,a k ( ! normal condition ( ! t5dons is1 !re=e1 absolutely necess>y to ! horse%o]4 ,bo? flexor t5dons are embrac$ & held 9 place by ligam5ts & fascia pass+ out f ! phalanges 7,figs4 #af1 d1 & #bd1 e1 f74 ,! ext5sor & flexor t5dons ess5tially contribute to ! /rong union ( ! phalangeal bones1 & especially to ! support & /ability ( ! fetlock-jo9t4 ,! glid+ ( ! t5dons is made easy by ! secretion ( a lubricat+ fluid1 call$ synovia1 f ! inn] surface ( ! %ea?s :i* surr\nd !m4 ,9 ?9-sk9n$ well-br$ horses ) s\nd limbs "o c n only di/9ctly feel ! t5dons ?r\gh ! sk91 b c see _! outl9e4 ,:5 ! t5dons & bones are free f all inflammatory ?ick5+s1 & ! t5don %ea?s are n visibly di/5d$1 we say t ! leg is 8clean40 ,muc\s ,burs & ,t5don ,%ea?s4 ,accessory to ! t5dons1 !re are 9 ! foot r\ndi%1 membran\s sacs 7muc\s burs7 & membran\s tubes 7t5don %ea?s74 ,bo? conta9 a liquid resembl+ synovia 78jo9t-wat]071 :i* facilitates ! glid+ ( ! t5dons4 ,^! burs & %ea?s are (t5 di/5d$ to =m s(t tumors1 kn[n z hygromata 78w9d-puffs10 8w9d-galls074 7a7 ,muc\s ,burs4--,!y lie b5ea? t5dons at ^? places :]e ! t5dons pass ov] bony prom95ces4 #a4 ,! muc\s bursa ( ! ant]ior ext5sor t5don ( ! toe is ab\t ! size ( a walnut1 & lies betwe5 ! t5don & ! capsul> ligam5t ( ! fetlock-jo9t 7,figs4 #ag1 g1 & #ah1 e74 #b4 ,! muc\s bursa ( ! ext5sor t5don ( ! long pa/]n 7lat]al ext5sor7 is some:at small]1 & lies1 likewise1 b5ea? ! t5don1 betwe5 x & ! capsul> ligam5t ( ! fetlock-jo9t 7,fig4 #ag1 h74 #c4 ,! muc\s bursa ( ! navicul> region lies betwe5 ! "u surface 7glid+ surface7 ( ! navicul> bone & ! flexor p$is p]=ans t5don 7deep flexor74 ,its wid? equals ! l5g? ( ! navicul> bone1 & x ext5ds upw>d & d[nw>d beyond ! bone4 ,above1 x is sep>at$ f ! %ea? ( ! p]=ans t5don 78great sesamoid %ea?07 by a membran\s p>tition2 bel[1 x passes to ! atta*m5t ( ! p]=ans t5don to ! semilun> cre/ ( ! os p$is4 7b7 ,!re is b "o t5don %ea? 9 ! foot--! %ea? common to ! two flexor t5dons 7great sesamoid %ea?74 ,x encloses ! flexor t5dons f ! middle ?ird ( ! cannon d[n to ! middle ( ! %ort pa/]n1 & is intimately unit$ ) ! flexor p$is p]=ans t5don 7,fig4 #ag1 f1 f1 f1 f4 ,fig4 #ah1 d1 d1 d1 d74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,"r =efoot se5 f ! ext]nal side2 f1 f1 f1 f1 great sesamoid %ea? 7t5don %ea?72 g1 muc\s bursa b5ea? ant]ior ext5sor t5don ( ! toe2 h1 muc\s bursa b5ea? ext5sor t5don ( long pa/]n2 i1 synovial di/5sion ( ! fetlock-jo9t2 #g1 susp5sory ligam5t2 #i1 cannon bone2 #aj1 out] sesamoid bone2 #ab1 fetlock-jo9t2 #ac1 lat]al c>tilage2 #ad1 susp5sory ligam5t ( ! lat]al c>tilage4 7,ell5b]g] 9 ,leis]+'s ,atlas & ,vet]9>y ,anatomy1 ,sisson1 ,saund]s47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,"r =efoot se5 f ! inn] side2 d1 d1 d1 d1 great sesamoid %ea?2 e1 muc\s bursa b5ea? ant]ior ext5sor t5don ( ! toe2 f1 synovial di/5sion ( fetlock-jo9t2 #aj1 inn] sesamoid bone2 #aa1 8x0 ligam5t2 #ad1 fetlock-jo9t2 #ae1 lat]al c>tilage2 #af1 susp5sory ligam5t ( lat]al c>tilage 7,ell5b]g] 9 ,leis]+'s ,atlas & ,vet]9>y ,anatomy1 ,sisson1 ,saund]s47 ,alt]+ ! ,relative ,t5sion ( ! ,flexor ,t5dons & ,susp5sory ,ligam5t ( ! ,fetlock-,jo9t4 ,! body-weight impos$ at ! fetlock-jo9t is support$1 9 l>ge "p1 by ! susp5sory ligam5t2 some:at less weight is borne by ! p]=ans t5don1 & a /ill small] am\nt by ! p]=atus4 ,! coron>y jo9t is support$ *iefly by ! p]=atus1 assi/$ by ! p]=ans4 ,! p$al jo9t is press$ =w>d & upw>d by ! p]=ans t5don pass+ 9 a curve b5ea? ! navicul> bone4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree /ructures be>s its normal proportion ( ! body-weight :5 ! ?ree phalanges1 z view$ f ! side1 =m a cont9u\s /raight l9e f ! fetlock-jo9t to ! gr\nd4 ,9 su* a case ! obliquity ( ! long pa/]n w be ! same z t ( ! toe 7see ,foot-,axis1 p4 #gj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,"r =efoot view$ f ! ext]nal side3 ,a1 os coron2 ,b1 os p$is2 ,c1 ext]nal lat]al c>tilage2 a1 lat]al p$al ligam5t2 b1 ligam5t unit+ ! lat]al c>tilage ) ! os coron2 c1 aponeurosis jo9+ lat]al c>tilage & os p$is4 ,rais+ ! toe by means ( a tip1 a full %oe ) ?9n$ bran*es or a toe-calk1 or p>+ away ! qu>t]s w tilt ! os p$is backw>d1 break ! foot-axis backw>d 9 ! p$al jo9t & to a less ext5t 9 ! coron>y jo9t1 & increase ! t5sion ( ! p]=ans t5don consid]ably & ( ! p]=atus slightly4 ,^! t5dons tight5+ beh9d ! fetlock-jo9t =ce x =w>d1 caus+ ! long pa/]n to /& /eep]1 & tak+ "s /ra9 f ! susp5sory ligam5t4 ,h5ce1 ! p]=ans t5don is "u greate/ t5sion1 & ! susp5sory ligam5t "u lea/ t5sion1 :5 ! foot-axis is brok5 /rongly backw>d4 ,%ort5+ ! toe1 or rais+ ! qu>t]s by heel-calks or ?ick5$ bran*es1 w tilt ! os p$is =w>d1 break ! foot-axis =w>d 9 ! p$al jo9t1 & w greatly less5 ! t5sion ( ! p]=ans t5don4 ,! aggregate t5sion ( p]=ans & p]=atus t5dons be+ dim9i%$1 ! fetlock s9ks d[nw>d & backw>d1 ! long pa/]n assumes a m ne>ly horizontal direction1 & ! t5sion ( ! susp5sory ligam5t is increas$4 ,?us1 ! p]=ans t5don is "u lea/ t5sion1 & ! susp5sory ligam5t "u greate/ /ra91 :5 ! foot-axis is brok5 /rongly =w>d4 ,d4 ,! ,ela/ic ,p>ts ( ! ,foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,os p$is & inn] face ( "o lat]al c>tilage2 a1 toe ( os p$is2 a1 pyramidal em95ce to :i* ! ext5sor t5don atta*es2 a1 w+ ( p$al bone2 b1 lat]al c>tilage2 ,c1 po9ts ( atta*m5t ( susp5sory ligam5t ( lat]al c>tilage2 d1 po9t ( ins]tion ( ligam5t to ! %ort pa/]n2 e1 po9t ( ins]tion ( ligam5ts f navicul> bone4 ,all bodies :i* "u pressure or traction *ange _! =m1 b return aga9 to _! orig9al %ape z soon z ! pressure or traction ceases1 are call$ ela/ic or spr+y4 ,ne>ly all p>ts ( ! horse's foot1 except ! bones1 possess m or less ela/icity4 ,! lat]al c>tilages & ! plant> cu%ion are ela/ic to a high degree1 b ! coron>y b&1 ! lam91 ! articul> c>tilage1 & ! horny box or ho( are less ela/ic4 ,?is prop]ty or *>act]i/ic is possess$ by ! respective p>ts ( ! foot 9 accordance ) _! function1 location1 & /ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,plant> cu%ion se5 f bel[3 a1 base or bulb ( ! plant> cu%ion2 b1 summit2 c1 m$ian lacuna or cleft 9 :i* lies ! 8frog-/ay0 ( ! horny frog4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,plant> cu%ion se5 f above3 a1 base 7bulbs7 ( same2 b1 summit2 c1 susp5sory ligam5t ( plant> cu%ion2 d1 place at :i* ! ela/ic ligam5t connect+ ! os suffrag9is & ! lat]al c>tilage unites ) ! plant> cu%ion4 ,! two lat]al c>tilages 7,figs4 #ai1 ,c & #bj1 b7 are irregul>1 quadrangul> plates1 atta*$ to ! w+s ( ! os p$is1 & ext5d+ s f> upw>d & backw>d t "o c feel !m yield to pressure on ! sk9 above ! coronet1 & c ?us te/ _! ela/icity4 ,! p]=ans t5don & ! plant> cu%ion lie betwe5 ! lat]al c>tilages1 & on ! sides & beh9d are p>tially enclos$ by !m4 ,! int]nal concave surface ( ! lat]al c>tilage 7,fig4 #bj7 is atta*$ to ! plant> cu%ion1 ! os p$is1 & ! navicul> bone1 &1 l ! ext]nal1 slightly convex surface1 is cov]$ ) _m blood-vessels 7ve9s7 ,fig4 #be1 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,section l5g?wise ?r\gh middle ( ! plant> cu%ion3 a1 glome 7bulb7 ( heels2 b1 apex or po9t ( fle%y frog2 c1 fibro fatty tissue ( plant> cu%ion2 d1 m$ian cleft :i* receives ! frog-/ay ( ! horny frog4 ,! plant> cu%ion 7,figs4 #ba1 #bb1 #bc7 is compos$ almo/ entirely ( yell[ ela/ic & :ite fibr\s tissues1 ) adipose 7fat7 cells di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t _! sub/ance4 ,x is simil> 9 =m to ! horny frog1 & lies betwe5 x & ! p]=ans t5don 7,fig4 #bd1 a74 ,! bulbs are =m$ by ! po/]ior ?ick] portion :i* lies betwe5 ! lat]al c>tilages & is divid$ into two p>ts by ! cleft or m$ian lacuna 7,figs4 #ba1 a1 & #bc1 d74 ,! summit is atta*$ to ! plant> face ( ! os p$is 9 front ( ! semilun> cre/1 & ! bulbs are atta*$ to ! lat]al c>tilages4 ,x is cov]$ inf]iorly by ! velvety tissue ( ! frog 7podod]m74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,"r =efoot view$ f bel[1 beh9d1 & ! ext]nal side4 ,?is figure %[s cle>ly ! position ( ! plant> cu%ion4 ,! ext]nal lat]al c>tilage & ! tissues cov]+ ! plant> cu%ion & "u surface ( ! os p$is 7velvety tissue ( ! sole & fle%y frog7 h be5 remov$3 a1 fle%y frog or plant> cu%ion2 a1 bulbs ( plant> cu%ion2 ! rema9+ visible p>ts belong to ! s-call$ 8fle%y frog20 a1 groove 7m$ian lacuna7 9 ! l[] surface ( ! fle%y frog1 9 :i* lies ! frog-/ay ( ! horny frog2 b1 susp5sory ligam5t ( ! plant> cu%ion pass+ out ( ! bulbs2 b1 small ela/ic cords pass+ to ! lat]al c>tilage2 c1 ela/ic ligam5t com+ f ! lat]al c>tilage & unit+ ) ! susp5sory ligam5t ( ! plant> cu%ion2 d1 small t5d9\s cord beg9n+ 9 ! sk9 beh9d ! fetlock-jo9t & end+ on ! os suffrag9is 9 common ) b & c2 e1 t5d9\s re9=c+ %ea? ( ! p]=ans t5don2 f1 re9=c+ /ay ( ! p]=atus t5don2 g1 p]=atus t5don2 h1 p]=ans t5don2 i1 susp5sory ligam5t ( ! fetlock2 k1 plant> surface ( ! os p$is1 to :i* ! plant> cu%ion is jo9$ by fibr\s b&s4 ,e4 ,! ,blood-,vessels & ,n]ves4 ,vessels :i* c>ry blood f ! he>t to ! tissues are call$ art]ies1 :ile ^? :i* return ! blood to ! he>t f ! tissues are call$ ve9s4 ,art]ies & ve9s are connect$ by v small1 ?read-l vessels call$ capill>ies1 :i* orig9ate 9 ! smalle/ art]ies & are s m9ute t !y c n be se5 )\t ! aid ( a microscope4 ,! capill>ies p5etrate ! s(t tissues 9 e direction1 & f9ally unite to =m small ve9s4 ,= our purpose we ne$ consid] only ! art]ies & ve9s4 ,! art]ies c>ry+ blood f ! he>t ramify & subdivide 9 all p>ts ( ! body1 & ?us rea* ! foot4 ,!y are ?ick-wall$1 v ela/ic tubes1 )\t valves1 & c>ry bright-r$ blood1 :i* fl[s 9 spurts1 z c be se5 :5 an art]y is cut4 ,if a f+] be press$ lightly ov] an art]y ly+ ne> ! surface1 ! blood-wave c be felt z a light /roke 7pulse74 ,! "* ( ! pulse is important1 because 9 inflammations ( ! podod]m or horn-produc+ membrane ( ! foot we c asc]ta9 by feel+ t ! pulse is /rong] ?an usual 9 ! l>ge art]ies c>ry+ blood to ! inflam$ foot4 ,on ei!r side ( ! phalanges bel[ ! fetlock-jo9t !re lies an art]y call$ ! digital art]y 7,fig4 #be1 a74 ,! pulse c be felt 9 x z x passes ov] ! fetlock at ,a1 ,fig4 #be4 ,x gives (f ! foll[+ collat]al 7side7 bran*es3 #a4 ,! art]y ( ! fir/ phalanx 7p]p5dicul> art]y71 ) ant]ior & po/]ior bran*es4 #b4 ,! art]y ( ! plant> cu%ion1 :i* supplies ) blood ! plant> cu%ion1 ! velvety tissue ( ! sole & frog1 ! b> portion ( ! coron>y b&1 & ! s5sitive lam9 ( ! b>s4 #c4 ,! coron>y art]y1 :i* c>ries blood to ! coron>y b&1 os coron1 ligam5ts ( ! coron>y & p$al jo9ts1 flexor t5dons1 & sk94 ,! t]m9al bran*es ( ! digital art]ies are ! preplant> & plant> ungual art]ies4 ,! preplant> art]y passes ?r\gh ! not* 9 ! w+ ( ! os p$is1 !n along ! preplant> fissure1 splitt+ up into _m bran*es1 :i* spread ov] & p5etrate ! por\s surface ( ! os p$is4 ,! plant> art]y c\rses along ! plant> fissure1 ent]s ! plant> =am51 & passes into ! semilun> s9us ( ! os p$is1 :]e x unites ) ! t]m9al bran* ( ! opposite digital art]y1 =m+ ! semilun> ar*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,side view ( =efoot1 %[+ blood-vessels & n]ves3 a1 digital art]y2 b1 ant]ior art]y ( ! os suffrag9is2 d1 ant]ior coron>y art]y1 or circumflex art]y ( ! coronet2 e1 preplant> ungual art]y2 f1 inf]ior communicat+ art]ies pass+ out f ! semilun> art]y ( ! os p$is1 ?r\gh m9ute holes j above ! l[] bord] ( ! bone2 !y unite to =m 7f7 ! circumflex art]y ( ! toe2 ,a1 digital ve92 ,b1 sup]ficial v5\s plexus ( coron>y b& & lat]al c>tilage2 ,c1 podophyll\s v5\s plexus2 ,g1 circumflex ve9 ( ! toe2 #a1 plant> n]ve2 #b1 ant]ior digital bran* ( same2 #c1 po/]ior digital bran* ( same2 #d1 small cutane\s bran*es ( same4 ,aft] ! art]ial or pure blood passes ?r\gh ! capill>ies x is collect$ by ! ve9s1 to be return$ to ! he>t2 !n x is driv5 to ! lungs = purification1 & is aga9 return$ to ! he>t1 f :5ce x is pump$ ?r\gh ! art]ies to all p>ts ( ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,foot view$ f bel[ & beh9d3 a1 digital art]ies2 c1 art]ies ( ! plant> cu%ion2 f1 small bran*es ( ! semilun> art]y ( ! os p$is1 :i* ramify 9 ! velvety tissue ( ! sole2 ,a1 digital ve92 ,b1 v5\s plexus ( ! heels or bulbs2 ,d1 sol> v5\s plexus2 ,g1 circumflex ve9 ( ! toe2 #c1 po/]ior digital bran* ( ! plant> n]ve2 #d1 cutane\s bran*es ( ! same4 ,! ve9s are m num]\s ?an ! art]ies2 !y h ?9n] walls1 & ! l>g] ones are provid$ ) valves t prev5t ! impure blood f fl[+ backw>d4 ,! ve9s c>ry impure or d>k-r$ blood t[>ds ! he>t1 & if "o is op5$ ! d>k blood fl[s 9 a /eady /ream2 x does n spurt4 ,! great numb] ( ve9lets 9 ! l[] p>ts ( ! foot =m a complex net-"w 7plexus7 ( vessels :i* are 9 su* manifold & close union ) "o ano!r t *eck+ ! fl[ ( blood 9 "o "p does n s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! fl[+ ( ! blood t[>ds ! l>g] ve9s4 ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ important ( ^! net-works ( ve9s or v5\s plexuses3 7#a7 ! sol> v5\s plexus 7,fig4 #bf1 ,d72 7#b7 ! podophyll\s v5\s plexus 7,fig4 #be1 ,c72 7#c7 sup]ficial coron>y v5\s plexus 7,fig4 #be1 ,b72 7#d7 bulb> v5\s plexus 7,fig4 #bf1 ,b74 ,all ^! plexuses ( small ve9s contribute to =m ! digital ve9s 7,figs4 #be & #bf1 ,a74 ,n]ves are r\ndi% :ite cords :i* come f ! bra9 & sp9al cord2 !y g5]ally accompany art]ies4 ,!y divide & subdivide into small] & small] bran*es till !y become invisible to ! nak$ eye & are lo/ 9 ! tissues4 ,! n]ves t are f\nd 9 ! foot come f ! sp9al cord1 & because ! l>ge/ n]ves ( ! foot accompany ! digital art]ies !y are call$ digital n]ves 7,fig4 #be1 #a74 ,! bran*es ramify ?r\gh\t all p>ts ( ! foot except ! horny box & ! hair4 ,n]ves1 accord+ to _! use or function1 are class$ z motor & s5sory4 ,! motor n]ves end 9 muscles :i* !y /imulate to action & control4 ,! s5sory n]ves t]m9ate 9 ! sk9 & 9 ! s(t tissues j "u ! horny box or ho( 7podod]m71 & r5d] ^! p>ts s5sitive2 t is1 !y convey c]ta9 feel+s1 z1 = example1 ! pa9 caus$ by bruis+1 prick+1 or close-nail+1 to ! bra9 & consci\sness4 ,f4 ,! ,protective ,organs ( ! ,foot4 ,! protective organs are ! sk9 & ! horny box or ho(4 ,! ext]nal sk91 or hide1 cov]s ! entire body2 9 ! feet x cov]s ! bones1 t5dons1 & ligam5ts1 ev5 pass+ 9 "u ! ho( & directly cov]+ ! os p$is4 ,?is portion ( ! sk91 enclos$ by ! ho( & !re=e invisible1 is call$ ! podod]m or foot-sk94 ,9 ,g]many x is call$ ! ho(-sk9 7hufl$]haut71 because x is a cont9uation ( ! out] visible sk91 & because x secretes ! ho(1--t is1 ! ho( is produc$ by x4 ,t "p ( ! sk9 :i* is cov]$ ) hair is kn[n z ! ext]nal or hair-sk94 7a7 ,! hair-sk9 7,fig4 #bg1 a7 consi/s ( ?ree sup]pos$ lay]s1--7#a7 ! ext]nal sup]ficial lay]1 or epid]mis2 7#b7 ! middle lay]1 d]m or lea!r-sk9 7s-call$ because lea!r is made f x72 7#c7 ! int]nal lay]1 or subcutane\s connective tissue4 #a4 ,! ext]nal lay]1 or epid]mis1 is compos$ m]ely ( s+le flatt5$1 horn-l cells 7scales7 ly+ side by side & ov] "o ano!r1 & unit+ to =m "o entire /ructure1--a ?91 horn-l lay]1 )\t blood-vessels or n]ves4 ,x ext5ds ov] ! entire surface ( ! body1 & protects ! und]ly+1 v s5sitive middle lay] f ext]nal influ5ces4 ,! olde/ cell-lay]s lie on ! out] surface1 & are be+ cont9u\sly bru%$ (f 9 pat*es or scales1 :ile new ones are con/antly be+ =m$ on ! out] surface ( ! middle lay]4 #b4 ,! middle lay]1 lea!r-sk9 or d]mis1 is compos$ ( solid1 fibr\s1 & ela/ic tissues1 & conta9s _m blood-vessels1 small n]ves1 sweat-& oil-gl&s1 & hair follicles f :i* ! hair gr[s4 ,! hair ^u ! po/]ior surface ( ! fetlock-jo9t is usually long & co>se1 =m+ a tuft kn[n z ! 8foot-lock10 :i* encloses a horny spur1 call$ ! ergot4 ,common-br$ horses h1 z a rule1 l>g] & co>s] footlocks ?an ?or\ghbr$s4 ,! d]m or lea!r-sk91 :i* produces ! hair & epid]m1 is ! ?icke/ & mo/ important lay] ( ! sk94 #c4 ,! inn] lay]1 or subcutane\s tissue1 unites ! middle lay] ) ! muscles1 t5dons1 ligam5ts1 bones1 or o!r /ructures4 ,x is t loose fibr\s me% or net-"w ?r\gh :i* ! but*] cuts 9 remov+ ! hide f ! c>cass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,foot f :i* ! horny capsule or ho(1 has be5 remov$ by prolong$ soak+3 a1 sk92 on ! left ! hair has be5 rubb$ away2 b1 p]ioplic b&2 c1 coron>y cu%ion2 d1 podophyll\s tissue 7fle%y leaves72 at ! l[] bord] ( ! figure c be se5 ! m9ute ?read-l processes or villi :i* gr[ d[n f ! l[] end ( ea* fle%y leaf4 7b7 ,! ho(-sk9 7,figs4 #bg & #bh1 b1 c1 d71 or podod]m1 is completely enclos$ by ! ho(4 ,al?\gh x is only an ext5sion ( ! d]m or middle lay] ( ! hair-sk91 x diff]s f ! latt] 9 /ructure & relations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,foot f :i* ! ne> half ( ! horny wall & a great] "p ( ! s-call$ fle%y wall h be5 remov$1 9 ord] to %[ ! relation ( ! lat]al c>tilage to adjac5t /ructures3 a1 v]tical section ( ! sk9 prolong$ d[nw>d ?r\gh ! podod]m 7foot-sk97 to %[ cle>ly t ! latt] is b a cont9uation ( ! =m]2 a1 hairless place on ! sk92 b1 p]ioplic b&2 b1 l9e indicat+ ! upp] bord] ( ! same2 b1 surface ( section ( ! p]iople1 or p]ioplic horn-b&2 c1 coron>y cu%ion2 c1 7left7 l9e :i* m>ks ! upp] bord] ( ! coron>y cu%ion2 c1 section ( wall at ! toe2 d1 podophyll\s tissue 7s5sitive lam972 e1 horny sole2 f1 :ite l9e2 g1 horny frog2 h1 fle%y frog2 i1 lat]al c>tilage4 ,9 ord] to /udy ! podod]m we %\ld n wr5* ! ho( (f ) viol5ce1 b %\ld all[ ! foot to p>tially decompose by leav+ x = six to eight days at ord9>y room temp]ature2 x c !n be remov$ )\t injur+ ! podod]m4 ,aft] ! ho( has be5 remov$ ! entire podod]m pres5ts a m or less d>k-r$ color 7fle%-color71 :i* is due to ! great numb] ( blood-vessels t x conta9s4 ,= ?is reason diff]5t p>ts ( ! podod]m h receiv$ ! prefix 8fle%y10 z = example1 fle%y wall1 fle%y sole1 fle%y frog1 etc4 ,! podod]m is :at ! un9=m$ horse%o] calls ! 8quick40 ,i w "h rem>k t ! ?ree lay]s ( ! ext]nal or hair-sk9 are repres5t$ 9 ! foot2 h[ev]1 ! epid]mis is 9 an entirely diff]5t =m1--namely1 ! horny box or ho(4 ,! int]nal lay] or subcutane\s tissue ( ! hair-sk9 is abs5t 9 ^? p>ts ( ! foot :]e ! podod]m cov]s ! os p$is4 ,!re rema9s1 !re=e1 only ! middle lay]1 d]m1 or podod]m1 :i* secretes ! ho(1 & :i* is ! prolongation & repres5tative ( ! middle lay] ( ! hair-sk94 ,! podod]m is di/+ui%$ f ! d]m ( ! hair-sk9 *iefly by ! abs5ce ( hairs1 oil- & sweat-gl&s1 & ! pres5ce on its out] surface ( fle%y1 s5sitive lam9 & small ?read-l projections call$ villi4 ,! podod]m consi/s ( five diff]5t p>ts3 ! p]ioplic b&1 ! coron>y b&1 ! s5sitive lam9 7podophyll\s tissue71 ! velvety tissue ( ! sole1 & ! velvety tissue ( ! fle%y frog4 #a4 ,! p]ioplic b& 7,fig4 #bh1 b7 is a n>r[ ridge1 ab\t "o-fif? to "o-f\r? ( an in* wide1 ly+ betwe5 ! hair-sk9 & ! coron>y b&4 ,some:at broad] at ! toe ?an on ! sides1 x broad5s out ne> ! bulbs ( ! heels1 ov] :i* x passes to end 9 ! velvety tissue ( ! fle%y frog4 ,x is sep>at$ f ! coron>y b& by a n>r[ depression call$ ! coron>y furr[ 7,moell]74 ,! surface ( ! p]ioplic b& gli/5s fa9tly1 & is ?ickly /udd$ ) num]\s ?read-l projections call$ villi1 :i* are f "o-tw5ty-f\r? to "o-twelf? ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,! p]ioplic b& secretes ! s(t horn ( ! p]ioplic r+ & ! p]ioplic or v>ni%-l out] lay] ( ! wall4 #b4 ,! coron>y b& 7,fig4 #bg1 c7 lies betwe5 ! p]ioplic b& & ! s5sitive lam9 or fle%y leaves4 ,x pres5ts a prom95t convex b& or cu%ion ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* wide1 :i* ext5ds entirely ar\nd ! foot f "o bulb ( ! heel to ! o!r4 ,9 front x directly cov]s ! ant]ior ext5sor t5don ( ! toe1 & at ! sides ! lat]al surfaces ( ! os coron & ! upp] "p ( ! lat]al c>tilages1 :ile f>!r back t[>ds ! heels ! lat]al c>tilages project consid]ably above bo? coron>y & p]ioplic b&s4 ,! coron>y b& is m convex 7r\nd$7 9 front ?an on ! sides ( ! foot1 & is flatt5$ 9 ! region ( ! bulbs ( ! heels4 ,its surface is ?ickly cov]$ ) villi1 :i* are long] & /rong] ?an ^? ( ! p]ioplic b&4 ,at ! bulbs ( ! heels ! coron>y b& turns =w>d & inw>d along ! fle%y frog ne>ly to its summit4 ,?is portion ( ! coron>y b& is f "o-?ird to "o-half an in* wide1 & is call$ ! b> portion ( ! coron>y b&4 ,x is also cov]$ ) villi1 :i* are directly cont9u\s ) ^? ( ! fle%y frog4 ,! coron>y b& secretes ! pr9cipal "p 7middle lay]7 ( ! horny wall ( ! ho(1 includ+ ! b> portion 7b>s7 ( ! wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,plant> surface ( a foot depriv$ ( its horny capsule by prolong$ mac]ation3 a1 lam9 ( ! b>s2 b1 velvety tissue ( ! sole2 c1 velvety tissue ( ! frog2 d1 m$ian cleft ( ! fle%y frog1 into :i* ! velvety tissue dips2 e1 bulb> portion ( ! p]ioplic b&1 :i* passes ins5sibly into ! velvety tissue ( ! fle%y frog4 #c4 ,! fle%y wall1 or podophyll\s tissue 7,figs4 #bg1 #bh1 d1 & #bi1 a71 is all t portion ( ! podod]m on :i* !re are fle%y leaves4 ,?is leafy tissue cov]s ! ant]ior surface ( ! os p$is & ! l[] portion ( ! ext]nal surface ( ! lat]al c>tilages4 ,at ! bulbs ( ! heels x turns inw>d at a %>p angle & ext5ds =w>d & inw>d1 betwe5 ! b> portion ( ! coron>y b& & ! po/]ior "p ( ! velvety tissue ( ! sole1 ne>ly to ! middle ( ! sol> surface ( ! foot1 to =m ! lam9 ( ! b>s 7,fig4 #bi1 a74 ,! fle%y wall & fle%y b>s are n cov]$ ) villi1 b ) num]\s prom95t1 p>allel1 fle%y leaves plac$ close toge!r1 ea* ( :i* runs 9 a /raight l9e d[nw>d & =w>d f ! coron>y b& to ! l[] bord] ( ! os p$is4 ,betwe5 ! fle%y leaves are deep furr[s 9 :i*1 9 a foot :i* has n be5 depriv$ ( its horny capsule1 lie ! horny or ins5sitive leaves ( ! wall4 ,! fle%y leaves 7podophyll\s lam97 are relat$ to "o ano!r some:at z ! leaves ( a book2 _! po/]ior bord]s are atta*$ to ! body or basem5t membrane ( ! fle%y wall1 :ile _! ant]ior bord]s & sides are free4 ,at _! upp] ends imm$iately bel[ ! coron>y b& ! leaves are q n>r[1 b !y gradually increase 9 wid? d[n to ! middle1 & !reaft] ma9ta9 t bread? to ! l[] bord] ( ! os p$is1 :]e !y t]m9ate 9 free1 fle%y villi1 :i* diff] 9 no respect f ^? ( ! fle%y sole4 ,! numb] & l5g? ( ! fle%y leaves v>y2 9 a m$ium-siz$ foot !re are ab\t five hundr$1 :ile 9 a l>ge foot !re may be z _m z six hundr$4 ,on ! ant]ior surface ( ! os p$is ! leaves are ?icke/ & longe/2 on ! sides & qu>t]s !y gradually decrease 9 l5g?1 :ile 9 ! b> region !y are ! %orte/ & gradually disappe> ne> ! ant]ior ends ( ! b>s4 ,! wid? ( ! leaves decreases z !y become %ort]4 ,view$ ) ! nak$ eye ! leaves appe> flat & smoo?1 b "u ! microscope "o c see on bo? sides ( a fle%y leaf num]\s small1 fle%y leaflets p>allel to "o ano!r & ext5d+ l5g?wise ) ! l>g] leaf4 ,! l>ge ones are call$ pr9cipal leaves1 & ! small ones are kn[n z collat]al leaves1 or simply z leaflets4 ,! fle%y leaves 7podophyll\s tissue7 secrete ! horny leaves 7k]aphyll\s tissue7 & s]ve to b9d ! horny wall to ! podod]m4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is union is due l>gely to ! dovetail+ ( ! horny leaves & _! leaflets ) ! fle%y leaves & _! leaflets4 #d4 ,! fle%y sole or velvety tissue ( ! sole 7,fig4 #bi1 b7 is t "p ( ! podod]m :i* cov]s all ! "u surface ( ! foot except ! plant> cu%ion1 ! b> lam91 & ! b> portion ( ! coron>y b&4 ,x is sometimes slate-color$ or /udd$ ) black spots1 b is usually d>k-r$4 ,x is ?ickly set ) villi1 :i* are especially long & /rong#a ne> its p]iph]y4 ,! fle%y sole cov]s ! sol> plexus1 or net-"w ( ve9s1 & secretes ! horny sole4 #a ,9 ord] to see ! l5g?1 ?ickness1 & abundance ( ! villi ( ! podod]m1 place ! foot depriv$ ( its ho( 9 a cle> glass j> & cov] x ) wat]1 r5ew+ ! latt] until x is no long] t+$ ) blood4 #e4 ,! velvety tissue ( ! frog 7,fig4 #bi1 c7 cov]s ! l[] surface ( ! plant> cu%ion1 & 9 ! region ( ! bulbs 7e7 passes ins5sibly into ! p]ioplic b&4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! fle%y sole1 x has mu* f9] & %ort] villi & conta9s few] blood-vessels4 ,x secretes ! s(t1 horny frog4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,side view ( ho( rec5tly remov$3 a1 ! p]ioplic horn-b&2 x is swoll5 f prolong$ mac]ation 9 wat]2 ! upp] bord] %[s adh]+ hairs2 ! inn] surface 7p]ioplic groove7 pres5ts _m m9ute op5+s2 a1 ! p]ioplic horn-b& broad5s 9 pass+ ov] ! bulb or glome ( ! heel1 & is f9ally lo/ 9 ! horny frog2 a1 section ( wall remov$4 ,t "p ( ho( on ! "r ( b is call$ ! toe2 betwe5 b & c is ! side wall or 8mamma10 & betwe5 c & d ! 8qu>t]20 e1 project+ horny frog2 f1 coron>y groove ) num]\s m9ute op5+s2 g1 k]aphyll\s lay] ( ! wall 7horny leaves74 7c7 ,! horn capsule or ho( 7,fig4 #cj7 is ! entire mass made up ( ! horn-cells secret$ f ! :ole surface ( ! podod]m1 & next to ! %oe is ! organ ) :i* ! horse%o] has mo/ to d4 ,! horn capsule or ho( is no?+ m ?an a v ?ick epid]mis t protects ! horse's foot1 j z a well-fitt+ %oe protects ! human foot4 ,! ho( ( a s\nd foot is s firmly unit$ ) ! und]ly+ podod]m t only an extraord9>y =ce c sep>ate !m4 ,9 its normal condition ! ho( exactly fits ! s(t /ructures )9 x2 h5ce x is evid5t t local or g5]al contraction ( ! ho( mu/ produce pressure on ! blood-vessels & n]ve-end+s ( ! podod]m1 di/urb ! circulation ( ! blood & ! nutrition ( ! foot1 & cause pa94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,plant> surface ( "r =e-ho(3 a1 a1 be>+-surface ( ! toe2 a1 b1 be>+-surface ( ! side walls or mamm2 b1 c1 be>+-surface ( ! qu>t]s2 d1 buttress1 or angle =m$ by wall & b>2 e1 b>2 f1 sole2 f1 bran*es ( ! sole2 g1 :ite l9e2 x passes betwe5 ! sole & b>s & ends at g2 h1 horny frog2 i1 bran*es ( ! frog2 k1 heels1 bulbs1 or glomes ( ! ho(2 l1 m$ian lacuna ( horny frog4 ,betwe5 ! b>s & ! horny frog lie ! lat]al lacun ( ! frog4 ,! ho( is divid$ into ?ree pr9cipal p>ts1 :i* are solidly unit$ 9 ! heal?y foot1--namely1 ! wall1 ! sole1 & ! frog4 ,t "p ( ! ho( :i* is almo/ :olly visible :5 ! foot is on ! gr\nd 7,fig4 #cj1 b1 c71 & :i* protects ! foot 9 front & ^u ! sides1 is kn[n z ! wall4 ,9 position1 c\rse1 direction1 & arrangem5t ( its p>ts x simulates ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! podod]m f :i* x is develop$4 ,x ext5ds f ! edge ( ! hair j above ! coron>y b& to ! gr\nd2 backw>d x gradually decreases 9 height 7l5g?71 passes ar\nd ! bulbs ( ! heels1 & turns =w>d & inw>d 7,fig4 #cb1 d1 e1 & #cd1 a1 b7 to =m ! b>s1 :i* are f9ally lo/ 9 ! edge ( ! sole ne> ! summit ( ! frog4 ,x ?us =ms at ea* heel an angle 7,fig4 #ca1 d1 & #cb1 d7 kn[n z a buttress1 :i* encloses a bran* ( ! horny sole4 ,ext]nally ! wall is smoo?1 cov]$ ) ! v>ni%-l p]iople1 & pres5ts indi/9ct r+-l m>k+s 7,fig4 #cj74 ,its inn] surface1 on ! contr>y1 pres5ts a great numb] ( horn-leaves :i* are spok5 ( collectively z ! k]aphyll\s tissue 7,figs4 #cb1 g1 & #ce1 f74 ,! upp] or coron>y bord] ( ! wall is ?9 & flexible1 & on its inn] aspect is ! coron>y groove1 into :i* fits ! coron>y b& 7,fig4 #cj1 f74 ,! l[] bord] ( ! wall1 call$ ! 8be>+-edge0 or plant> bord] 7,fig4 #ca1 a71 is ! "o to :i* ! horse%oe is fa/5$4 ,by divid+ a ho( f be=e to beh9d along its m$ian l9e1 out] & inn] halves or walls are produc$1 & by divid+ ! entire l[] circumf]5ce ( ! wall into five equal p>ts or sections1 a toe1 two side walls or mamm1 & two qu>t]s w be exhibit$ 7,figs4 #cb & #cc74 ,9 ord] to designate ^! regions ( ! ho( /ill m accurately1 !y are spok5 ( z out] & inn] toes1 qu>t]s1 & heels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,wall & b>s se5 f bel[3 a1 toe2 b1 side wall1 or mamma2 c1 qu>t]2 d1 buttress2 e1 b>2 g1 horn-leaves2 h1 space occupi$ by ! frog4 ,! direction 7slant7 & l5g? ( ! wall v>y 9 "o & ! same ho(1 z well z betwe5 =e & h9d ho(s4 ,! portion ( ! wall ( =e-ho(s is ! mo/ slant+1--t is1 =ms ! mo/ acute angle ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd1--& is also ! longe/4 ,t[>ds ! qu>t]s ! wall gradually becomes v ne>ly v]tical2 9 almo/ all ho(s ! po/]ior "p ( ! qu>t]s slants d[nw>d & inw>d t[>ds ! m$ian v]tical ant]o-po/]ior plane ( ! foot4 ,at ! same "t ! wall1 9 pass+ back f ! toe to ! heel1 becomes gradually %ort] 9 su* a mann] t ! heights ( ! toe1 side walls1 & qu>t]s are relat$ to "o ano!r ab\t z #c3 #b3 #a 9 front ho(s & z #d3 #c3 #b 9 h9d ho(s4 ,! out] wall is1 z a rule1 some:at m slant+ ?an ! inn]4 ,view+ a foot 9 pr(ile1 ! toe & heel %\ld be p>allel2 t is1 ! l9e f ! hair to ! gr\nd at ! toe %\ld be p>allel to ! l9e f ! hair to ! gr\nd at ! buttress4 ,all deviations ( ! wall f a /raight l9e 7outw>d or inw>d b5d+s7 are to be reg>d$ z faults or defects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,a ho( 9 pr(ile2 a1 toe 7"o half72 b1 side wall2 c1 qu>t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,v]tical section ?r\gh ! middle ( a ho(1 ) horny frog remov$1 to %[ ! position ( ! b>3 a1 b1 m>ks ! l9e at :i* ! wall b5ds =w>d & inw>d t[>ds ! m$ian l9e ( ! foot to become ! b>4 ,b> runs =w>d & passes imp]ceptibly into ! sole c2 a1 a1 ! light %ad+ %[s ! "p ( ! b> t 0 9 contact ) ! horny frog4 ,! ?ickness ( ! wall is also v>iable4 ,9 front ho(s ! wall is ?icke/ at ! toe1 & becomes gradually ?9n] t[>ds ! qu>t]s1 :ile 9 h9d ho(s1 !re is v little diff]5ce 9 ! ?ickness ( ! wall ( ! toe1 sides1 & qu>t]s4 ,! m slant+ half ( ! ho( is always ! ?ick]2 ?us1 = example1 ! out] wall ( a base-wide foot is always long] & m oblique ?an ! inn] wall1 & is also ?ick]4 ,accord+ to ,may]1 ! ?ickness ( ! wall at ! toe v>ies f ?ree- to five-eigh?s ( an in*1 & at ! qu>t]s f two to ?ree-eigh?s ( an in*4 ,^! measurem5ts are dep5d5t ^u ! size & bre$+ ( ! horse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,! out] wall ( ! ho( has be5 remov$ by cutt+ v]tically ?r\gh ! middle ( ! toe1 d[n to ! upp] surface ( ! sole1 !n horizontally backw>d into ! qu>t]1 &1 f9ally1 upw>d ?r\gh ! qu>t]3 a1 p]ioplic horn-b&2 b1 coron>y groove2 x turns inw>d & =w>d at c to =m ! upp] bord] ( ! b>2 d1 surface ( section ( ! wall at ! toe2 d1 at ! qu>t]2 e1 surface ( horizontal section ( ! wall ne> its l[] bord]2 f1 k]aphyll\s lay] ( ! wall2 at f x turns =w>d & inw>d to cov] ! b>2 f1 horny leaves /&+ free & pass+ ins5sibly into ! :ite horn ( ! middle lay] or true wall2 g1 horny sole2 h1 :ite l9e2 i1 small horn-spur 9 middle ( toe2 k1 "p ( horny frog :i* is 9 intimate union ) ! upp] edge ( ! b>2 l1 frog-/ay ( horny frog2 x divides ! tr\gh-l depression ( ! upp] surface ( ! frog into m1 ! two upp] *annels ( ! frog4 ,! horn wall is compos$ ( ?ree sup]pos$ lay]s4 ,^! f )\t to )9 are3 7#a7 ! p]iople1 secret$ by ! p]ioplic b&4 ,x is v ?91 gli/5+1 & v>ni%-l 9 appe>ance1 & cov]s ! entire out] surface ( ! wall1 except :]e x has be5 remov$ by ! rasp1 & prev5ts rapid evaporation ( moi/ure f ! horn4 7#b7 ,! middle or protective lay] 7,fig4 #ce1 d7 is ! ?icke/1 /ronge/1 & mo/ important ( ! ?ree lay]s2 x =ms ! pr9cipal mass ( ! wall1 & is develop$ or secret$ by ! coron>y b&1 :i* fits into ! coron>y groove4 ,!re are 9 ! coron>y groove a great numb] ( small1 funnel-%ap$ op5+s into :i* project ! horn-produc+ villi or papill ( ! coron>y b&4 7#c7 ,! inn] lay] or k]aphyll\s lay] 7,fig4 #ce1 f7 consi/s ( prom95t1 p>allel horn-leaves ly+ side by side ov] ! entire inn] surface ( ! middle lay] ( ! wall1 & cont9u+ beyond ! buttresses to ! ends ( ! b>s 7,fig4 #ce1 f74 ,?is lay] ( horn-leaves 7k]aphyll\s lay]7 has 9 a g5]al way ab\t ! same %ape & arrangem5t z ! lay] ( fle%y leaves 7podophyll\s lay]7 :i* secretes x2 = ! horn-leaves fit 9 ) ! fle%y leaves 9 su* a way t e fle%y leaf is embrac$ by two horn-leaves1 & e horn-leaf by two fle%y leaves 7,fig4 #cf74 ,! k]aphyll\s lay] & ! horn ( ! inmo/ "p ( ! middle or protective lay] are always :ite1 ev5 9 pigm5t$ 7color$7 ho(s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,cross-section ( k]aphyll\s & podophyll\s lam9 7horny & fle%y leaves73 a1 inmo/ "p ( ! solid wall2 ! horn-tubes approa* v close to ! horny leaves2 b1 body ( ! podophyll\s membrane2 c1 horny portion ( a horn-leaf directly cont9u\s ) ! middle or pr9cipal lay] ( ! wall2 c1 a rudim5t>y horn-leaf t does n rea* ! body ( ! podophyll\s membrane2 c1 cross-section ( horny leaves f ! sides ( :i* bran* _m second>y leaves 7leaflets7 compos$ ( s(t 7"y7 horn-cells4 ,^! s(t cellul> horn-leaflets dovetail ) ! podophyll\s or fle%y leaflets2 d1 podophyll\s lam9 ext5d+ f ! body ( ! podophyll\s membrane2 d1 podophyll\s lam9 :i* h bran*$ 9 _! c\rse to ! wall1 & ?us giv5 rise to c1 rudim5t>y horn-leaves2 d1 cross-section ( podophyll\s leaflets ext5d+ f ! sides ( ! podophyll\s leaves2 ea* two su* leaflets secrete a k]aphyll\s leaflet betwe5 !m2 e1 inject$ art]ial vessels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,v]tical section ( ! horny sole magnifi$3 a1 funnel-%ap$ op5+s :i* conta9 ! horn-produc+ villi ( ! fle%y sole2 !y are ( v>i\s sizes2 b1 horn-tubes2 c1 int]tubul> horn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,horny frog1 ) ! po/]ior portion ( ! p]ioplic horn-b& & ! p]iople :i* cov]s ! qu>t]s remov$ f ! ho( z "o piece by mac]ation3 a1 tr\gh-%ap$ depression ( upp] surface1 :i* is divid$ po/]iorly into ! two upp] *annels ( ! frog by b1 ! frog-/ay2 c1 "p ( ! frog t is jo9$ to ! b> & =ms ! lat]al wall ( ! depression 7*annels7 on upp] surface ( frog2 d1 lat]al surface ( horny frog :i*1 9 its upp] "p1 adh]es to ! b>1 b bel[1 at d1 lies free2 e1 po9t or summit ( ! frog2 f1 p]ioplic horn-b&2 f1 p]iople ( ! qu>t]s4 ,! horn sole 7,fig4 #ca1 f1 & ,fig4 #ce1 g7 is secret$ by ! velvety tissue ( ! sole4 ,a sole f :i* ! loose flakes ( old horn h be5 remov$ is ab\t z ?ick z ! wall4 ,x cov]s ! "u surface ( ! foot1 & pres5ts ^u its upp] surface a convexity :i* exactly fits into ! concavity on ! "u surface ( ! os p$is4 ,?is upp] surface is ?ickly cov]$ by a multitude ( m9ute funnel-%ap$ op5+s = ! reception ( ! villi ( ! velvety tissue ( ! sole 7,fig4 #cg74 ,! l[] surface ( ! sole is m or less concave1 r\gh1 unev51 & (t5 cov]$ by loose scales ( dead horn4 ,beh9d1 ! sole pres5ts a triangul> op5+ ^: bord]s lie p>tly 9 contact ) ! horny frog & p>tly ) ! b>s4 ,?is op5+ or re-ent]+ angle divides ! sole into a body 7,fig4 #ca1 f7 & two w+s or bran*es 7,fig4 #ca1 f74 ,! out] bord] ( ! sole unites ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! :ite l9e ) ! l[] "p ( ! inn] surface ( ! wall1--t is1 ) ! k]aphyll\s lay] ( ! wall4 ,?is :ite l9e 7,figs4 #ca1 g1 & #ce1 h71 ( s mu* importance to ! horse%o]1 is =m$ by ! horn-leaves1 & by ^? %ort plugs ( tubul> horn :i* are secret$ by ! villi t are always f\nd at ! l[] ends ( ! fle%y leaves4 ,! :ite l9e may be said to exi/ :]ev] ! horn-leaves c be disc]n$ ^u ! plant> surface ( ! ho(4 ,x n only passes ar\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! sole f heel to heel1 b may be foll[$ =w>d f ! buttresses along ! b>s almo/ to ! summit ( ! frog4 ,! horn ( ! :ite l9e is s(t1 unpigm5t$ 7:ite71 & possesses s v little resi/ance 7/r5g?7 t x is (t5 f\nd crumbl+ or ev5 abs5t 9 places4 ,! visible "p ( ! :ite l9e is usually ( a grayi%-black color1 ow+ to ! work+ 9 f bel[ ( dirt & liquid manure1 & to /a9+ by ru/ f ! nails4 ,! :ite l9e is v important1 s9ce x s]ves z ! po9t f :i* we judge ( ! ?ickness ( ! wall1 & because ! horse%oe nail %\ld p5etrate x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,a horny frog cut v]tically & l5g?wise ?r\gh its middle3 a1 upp] surface2 b1 frog-/ay2 c1 m$ian lacuna ( frog1 :i* at c1 is ov]laid ) sup]pos$ lay]s ( horn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,longitud9al section ( ! wall magnifi$4 ,! d>k /ripes p>allel & close toge!r are horn-tubes2 ! light] surface betwe5 ! tubes repres5ts ! int]tubul> horn4 ,notice t ! horn-tubes are ( v>i\s diamet]s4 ,! space betwe5 a & b repres5ts ! small tubes ( ! out]1 d>k] horn ( ! pr9cipal 7middle7 lay] ( ! wall2 ! space betwe5 b & c ! light]1 inn] horn ( ! wall2 c1 d1 ! horn sep>at+ ! wall prop] f ! horny leaves2 d1 e1 ! horny leaves 7k]aphyll\s tissue71 on :i* c be se5 f9e1 p>allel1 v]tical /ripes2 9 ! horn-leaf at f1 f1 are se5 fissures pass+ obliquely upw>d & outw>d t[>ds ! wall4 ,! ,frog 7,figs4 #ca1 h1 #ce1 k1 l1 #ch & #ci71 secret$ by ! velvety tissue cov]+ ! plant> cu%ion & pres5t+ almo/ ! same =m z ! latt]1 lies z a w$ge betwe5 ! b>s & betwe5 ! edges ( ! sole j 9 front ( ! b>s1 ) bo? ( :i* /ructures x is intimately unit$4 ,its horn is q s(t & v ela/ic4 ,! m$ian lacuna or cleft ( ! frog 7,fig4 #ca1 l7 divides x into two bran*es 7,fig4 #ca1 i71 :i* pass backw>d & outw>d into ! horny bulbs 7,fig4 #ca1 k74 ,9 front ( ! m$ian lacuna ! two bran*es unite to =m ! body ( ! frog 7,fig4 #ca1 h71 :i* ends 9 a po9t1 designat$ ! po9t1 apex1 or summit ( ! frog4 ,on ! upp] surface ( ! frog1 directly ov] ! m$ian cleft ( ! l[] surface1 !re is a small projection call$ ! frog-/ay 7,figs4 #ce1 l1 #ch & #ci1 b71 :i* fits into ! m$ian cleft ( ! plant> cu%ion4 ,besides1 ! upp] surface ( ! frog %[s _m m9ute op5+s1 simil> to b small] ?an ^? ( ! sole & coron>y groove1 = ! reception ( villi4 ,9 un%od ho(s ! frog1 sole1 b>s1 & be>+-edge ( ! wall are on a level2 t is1 ! plant> surface ( su* ho(s is p]fectly flat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,cross-section ( ! wall1 magnifi$3 a1 horn-tubes2 b1 int]tubul> horn4 ,! m9ute /ructure ( ! horn c sc>cely be consid]$ 9 detail 9 an elem5t>y treatise su* z ?is is4 ,h[ev]1 a few ( ! mo/ important facts are z foll[s3 ,if we c>efully exam9e a transv]se section ( ! horn ( ! wall 7,fig4 #da71 sole1 or frog1 we w see ) ! nak$ eye1 ?\gh mu* bett] ) a magnify+ glass1 _m m9ute po9ts q close to "o ano!r1 & greatly resembl+ ! small op5+s :i* we h se5 9 ! coron>y groove ( ! wall & on ! upp] surface ( ! horny sole & frog4 ,if1 n[1 we exam9e a longitud9al section ( ! wall 7,fig4 #dj7 or sole1 we w see a numb] ( f9e1 d>k /ripes :i* are /raight1 p>allel1 q close to "o ano!r1 ( diff]5t wid?s1 & :i* are sep>at$ by b&s ( light] horn also ( diff]5t wid?s4 ,a ?9 section or slice ( ! wall tak5 at "r angles to ! direction ( ^! d>k l9es 7,fig4 #da7 %[s u t ! m9ute po9ts t are visible to ! nak$ eye1 :5 held up to ! light or mod]ately magnifi$1 prove to be small op5+s 7,fig4 #da1 a74 ,s9ce ^! op5+s1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #da1 repres5t ! d>k l9es %[n 9 ,fig4 #dj1 because an op5+ is f\nd :]ev] !re is a d>k l9e1 we mu/ reg>d all d>k l9es se5 9 longitud9al sections ( wall1 sole1 & frog z holl[ cyl9d]s or tubes1 ?\gh !y are n always holl[1 b are (t5 fill$ ) loosely adju/$1 crumbl+1 brok5 d[n horn-cells4 ,! d>k edges ( ! op5+s 7a7 consi/ ( ?ick lay]s ( horn-cells 7tube-walls74 ,! entire /ructure is call$ a horn-tube1 & ! light]-color$ masses ( horn 7,fig4 #da1 b7 betwe5 ! tubes are kn[n z int]tubul> horn4 ,) ! exception ( ! horny leaves ( ! wall & b>s1 all ! horn ( ! ho( is compos$ ( horn-tubes & int]tubul> horn4 ,! horn-tubes ( ! wall1 sole1 & frog always run d[nw>d & =w>d p>allel to ! direction ( ! wall at ! toe1--t is1 9 a direction p>allel ) ! incl9ation ( ! ho( z a :ole4 ,al?\gh ! wall1 sole1 & frog diff] f "o ano!r consid]ably ) respect to ! size & numb] ( ! horn-tubes1 ! quality ( ! int]tubul> horn1 & ! ?ickness & /r5g? ( ! horn-cells1 ^! diff]5ces are only ( subord9ate int]e/ or importance to ! horse%o]2 b he :o desires to le>n m ( ?is matt] is ref]r$ to ! "w ( ,leis]+ ,h>tmann1 8,d] ,fuss des ,pf]des 9 ,rcksi*t auf ,bau1 ,v]ri*tung5 und ,hufbes*lag10 eigh? edition1 ,dresd51 #ahic4 ,?is book also treats ( ! v>iations 9 ! quality ( ho(s1 :i* is v important = ! practical horse%o] to "k4 ,x1 fur!rmore1 consid]s ! solidity & /r5g? ( ! horn ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! ho(4 ,) respect to solidity1 two k9ds ( horn are di/+ui%$1--namely1 h>d & s(t horn4 ,! p]iople1 ! :ite l9e1 & ! frog are s(t horn /ructures2 ! middle lay] ( ! wall & ! sole are h>d or solid horn4 ,! wall1 h[ev]1 is some:at h>d] & m t5aci\s ?an ! sole1 = ! latt] passes (f 9 m or less l>ge flakes 7exfoliates7 or crumbles away on its l[] surface1 at lea/ 9 %od feet1 :ile no su* spontane\s %ort5+ occurs 9 ! wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,v]tical section ?r\gh middle ( a =efoot1 ! sk9 & podod]m be+ 9 r$4 7,9 ! figure ! direction ( bo? long & %ort pa/]ns1 ,b & ,d1 is too ne>ly v]tical--too /eep74 ,a1 metac>pal bone 7cannon72 ,b1 os suffrag9is 7long pa/]n72 ,c1 inn] sesamoid bone 7to r5d] x visible a portion ( ! int]sesamoid ligam5t 0 remov$72 ,d1 os coron 7%ort pa/]n72 ,e1 os p$is 7foot-bone72 ,f1 navicul> bone2 a1 ext5sor t5don2 b1 susp5sory ligam5t ( ! fetlock2 b1 sup]ficial inf]ior sesamoid ligam5t2 c1 p]=atus t5don or flexor ( ! os coron2 c1 r+ pass+ =w>d f ?is t5don & encircl+ ! p]=ans t5don2 d1 p]=ans t5don2 e1 capsul> ligam5t ( fetlock-jo9t2 f1 capsul> ligam5t ( coron>y jo9t2 g1 g1 capsul> ligam5t ( p$al jo9t2 h1 synovial %ea? ( ! p]=ans t5don2 i1 plant> cu%ion & fle%y frog2 i1 bulbs or glomes ( plant> cu%ion2 i1 indicates ! l[e/ po9t rea*$ by ! plant> cu%ion1 :i* 9 ! figure is hidd5 bel[ by ! frog-/ay ( ! horny frog2 k1 coron>y b& 7r$72 l1 podophyll\s tissue 7r$72 m1 velvety tissue ( ! sole 7r$72 n1 velvety tissue ( fle%y frog 7r$72 o1 wall2 p1 sole2 q1 frog2 q1 ! inn] half ( ! frog-/ay :i* reposes 9 ! m$ian lacuna ( ! fle%y frog2 s1 hair-sk9 7r$74 ,s(t horn diff]s f h>d horn 9 t its horn-cells nev] become h>d & horn-l4 ,x is v ela/ic1 absorbs wat] quickly1 & z readily dries out & becomes v h>d & brittle & easily fissur$ & *app$4 ,) respect to quality1 we di/+ui% good & bad horn2 ! =m] is f9e & t5aci\s 7t\gh71 ! latt] co>se & ei!r s(t & crumbl+ or h>d & brittle4 ,if n dri$ out1 all horn is ela/ic1 ?\gh s(t horn is m ela/ic ?an h>d4 ,all horn is a poor conductor ( heat4 ,! relative positions ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! foot are %[n 9 ,fig4 #db4 ,fig4 #dc repres5ts ! ext]ior ( a well-=m$ foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,"r =efoot view$ f ! side3 ,a1 l[] end ( ! cannon2 ,b1 fetlock-jo9t2 ,c1 long pa/]n2 ,d1 coronet2 ,e1 ho(2 ,f1 heel2 ,f inn] heel2 ,g1 foot-lock cov]+ ! ergot4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,foot ,,9 ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,entire ,,limb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,normal 7regul>7 position ( =e-limbs4 ,z !re are well-=m$ & badly =m$ bodies1 s !re are well-=m$ & badly =m$ limbs & ho(s4 ,! =m ( ! ho( dep5ds ^u ! position ( ! limb4 ,a /raight limb ( normal direction possesses1 z a rule1 a regul> ho(1 :ile an oblique or crook$ limb is accompani$ by an irregul> or oblique ho(4 ,h5ce1 x is necess>y1 be=e discuss+ ! v>i\s =ms ( ! ho(1 to consid] briefly ! v>i\s positions t may be assum$ by ! limbs4 ,9 ?is discussion we %all deal ) ! liv+ horse4 ,a4 ,/&+ ,positions ( ! ,limbs4 ,! position ( a limb dep5ds ^u ! v>y+ l5g?s ( its compon5t bones & ! angles at :i* !y meet "o ano!r4 ,to judge ! /&+ position ( a =e-limb "o mu/ /& 9 front ( ! horse2 to judge a h9d limb1 /& beh9d ! horse2 ! backw>d or =w>d deviations ( bo? front & h9d limbs are judg$ by /&+ at ! side4 ,b a horse does n always move z 8 /&+ position w\ld lead "o to suspect2 /&+ & mov+ are diff]5t4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to arrive at a prop] judgm5t1 "o mu/ obs]ve ! limbs bo? at re/ & 9 motion4 7a7 ,! position ( a limb view$ f 9 front is normal or /raight 7,fig4 #dd7 :5 x /&s v]tical or p]p5dicul>4 ,a plumb-l9e dropp$ f ! po9t ( ! %\ld] 7middle ( ! scapulo-hum]al articulation7 %\ld pass d[n ! middle l9e ( ! limb1 divid+ x into inn] & out] halves ( equal wid?1 & meet+ ! gr\nd at ! middle ( ! toe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,base-wide ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,toe-wide ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,toe-n>r[ 78pigeon-to$07 ,9 ! base-wide /&+ position 7,fig4 #de7 ! plumb-l9e falls to ! inn] side ( ! limb2 ! limb ext5ds obliquely d[nw>d & outw>d4 ,to ?is class belong also ! knee-n>r[ 7knock-kne$7 position1 9 :i* ! knees are too close toge!r1 :ile ! feet /& wide ap>t1 & ! toe-wide position 7splay-foot$1 ,fig4 #df7 9 :i* ! toes po9t obliquely =w>d & outw>d4 ,9 base-wide positions ei!r ! entire limb ext5ds d[nw>d & outw>d or ! foot alone is turn$ outw>d4 ,! base-n>r[ position is frequ5tly obs]v$ 9 horses ) v wide brea/s4 ,! limbs run d[nw>d & inw>d1 a plumb-l9e dropp$ f ! po9t ( ! %\ld] fall+ to ! out] side ( ! leg & foot4 ,a special =m ( ! base-n>r[ position is ! toe-n>r[ or pigeon-to$ position 7,fig4 #dg74 ,9 "s in/ances ! legs are /raight & p]p5dicul> d[n to ! fetlock1 :ile f !re to ! gr\nd ! phalanges incl9e obliquely inw>d4 ,ano!r =m is ! knee-wide or b&y-legg$ position1 9 :i* ! knees are plac$ too f> ap>t1 :ile ! cannons & phalanges incl9e d[nw>d & inw>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,normal 7regul>7 =e-limb 9 pr(ile4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,normal 7regul>7 h9d-limb 9 pr(ile4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,camp$ 9 front4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,calf-kne$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,acute-angl$ foot 7l[-jo9t$74 ,! position ( a =e-limb view$ 9 pr(ile is regul> or normal 7,fig4 #dh7 :5 a p]p5dicul> l9e dropp$ f ! tub]osity ( ! acromian sp9e 7po9t ( union ( ! upp] & middle ?irds ( ! scapula or %\ld]-blade7 divides ! leg f ! elb[ to ! fetlock into ant]ior & po/]ior halves ( equal wid?1 & t\*es ! gr\nd imm$iately back ( ! bulbs ( ! heel4 ,a p]p5dicul> l9e dropp$ f ! po9t ( union ( ! middle & l[] ?irds ( ! scapula 7%\ld]-blade7 w cut ! hum]us into halves1 & meet ! gr\nd betwe5 ! toe & ! heel4#b ,! foot-axis 7l9e ( direction ( ! ?ree phalanges7 & ! wall at ! toe =m an angle ( f =ty-five to fifty degrees ) ! horizontal gr\nd-surface4 #b ,9 /ation ( re/1 ! normal position ( a =e-leg1 z se5 f ! side1 is some:at diff]5t4 ,! /ation ( re/ is ! position t is ma9ta9$ ) ! lea/ possible muscul> ef=t4 ,) gradual muscul> relaxation ! head & neck s9k to a po9t some:at bel[ ! l9e ( ! back1 ! top ( ! %\ld]-blade s9ks a little1 & ! %\ld] & elb[ jo9ts move =w>d till ! c5tre ( ! elb[ jo9t is directly above ! gr\nd-surface ( ! ho(4 ,!re=e1 :5 a horse at re/ /&s firmly on all f\r feet1 ! =e-leg view$ f ! side1 has a normal 7regul>7 direction1 :5 a p]p5dicul> l9e dropp$ f ! tub]osity ( ! acromian sp9e passes ?r\gh ! middle ( ! elb[ jo9t & meets ! gr\nd ne> ! middle ( ! ho(4 ,f ?is normal or regul> /&+ position1 !re are deviations =w>d z well z backw>d4 ,=w>d ,deviations4--8,/&+ 9 front0 or 8camp$ 9 front0 7,fig4 #ej7 is t position 9 :i* ! entire leg f ! body to ! gr\nd is plac$ too f> =w>d4 ,%eep-kne$ 7,fig4 #ea7 is t position 9 :i* ! =w>d deviation is f ! knee d[nw>d1 ! knee be+ plac$ too f> "u ! body4 8,weak-jo9t$10 8l[-jo9t$10 or 8acute-angl$0 7,fig4 #eb7 is t position 9 :i* ! limbs are p]p5dicul> & /raight d[n z f> z ! fetlock-jo9t1 b ! feet are plac$ too f> 9 front4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,/&+ "u4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,knee-sprung4 ,backw>d ,deviations4--,/&+ "u 9 front 7,fig4 #ec7 is t deviation 9 :i* ! entire leg f ! elb[ d[n is plac$ back ( ! p]p5dicul> l9e &1 !re=e1 too f> "u ! body4 ,:5 ?is deviation affects only ! cannon bone1 ! horse /&s b5t =w>d at ! knees1--a condition kn[n z 8goat-kne$10 8buck-kne$10 8ov] 9 ! knees10 or1 m commonly1 8knee-sprung0 7,fig4 #ed74 ,:5 ! backw>d deviation is only f ! fetlock d[n1 ! animal is said to /& upright or 8/raight 9 ! fetlock40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,normal 7regul>7 position view$ f beh9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,base-wide 7c[-hock$74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,base-n>r[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,base-n>r[ position ( h9d limbs 7b&y-legg$74 7b7 ,a h9d leg view$ f beh9d is said to be regul> or /raight 7,fig4 #ee7 :5 a p]p5dicul> l9e dropp$ f ! tub]osity ( ! is*ium 7see ,fig4 #a1 #i7 divides ! entire limb into inn] & out] halves ( equal wid? & t\*es ! gr\nd opposite ! m$ian lacuna ( ! frog4 ,se5 f ! side1 ?is l9e j t\*es ! po9t ( ! hock &1 pass+ d[n at "s di/ance f ! flexor t5dons1 meets ! gr\nd consid]ably back ( ! heels4 ,a p]p5dicul> l9e dropp$ f ! hip-jo9t %\ld pass ?r\gh ! foot1 meet+ ! gr\nd half-way betwe5 ! po9t ( ! toe & ! heel 7,fig4 #di74 ,!re are base-wide1 base-n>r[1 toe-wide1 & toe-n>r[ deviations 9 ! h9d limbs z 9 ! =e-limbs4 ,! h9d limbs are base-wide :5 !y1 ei!r z a :ole or 9 "p1 deviate outw>d f ! normal4 ,! 8c[-hock$8 position 7,fig4 #ef7 is an example ( ! base-wide2 9 ?is case ! po9ts ( ! hocks are too close & turn t[>ds ea* o!r1 :ile ! feet are widely sep>at$ & ! toes turn$ outw>d4 ,base-n>r[ is t position ( ! h9d legs 9 :i* ei!r ! entire leg deviates to ! inn] side ( ! p]p5dicul> 7,fig4 #eg71 or ! leg is ab\t p]p5dicul> d[n z f> z ! hock1 b bel[ ?is jo9t runs d[nw>d & inw>d 7,fig4 #eh74 ,9 ?is latt] case ! hocks may be too f> ap>t1 ! leg is b5t outw>d at ! hock & ! animal is t]m$ 8b&y-legg$10 8b[-legg$40 ,view+ a h9d limb f ! side1 x may be obs]v$ to deviate ei!r =w>d or backw>d f ! normal4 ,among =w>d deviations is ! s-call$ 8sabre-leg8 or 8sickle-hock8 7,fig4 #ei71 9 :i* ! hock-jo9t is too mu* flex$1 ! foot plac$ too f> =w>d "u ! body1 & ! fetlock too slant+4 ,9 ! position kn[n z 8camp$ beh9d0 7,fig4 #fj7 ! leg is beh9d ! body & ! pa/]n is too upright1 too ne>ly v]tical4 ,x is possible = ea* limb ( ! same horse to assume a diff]5t direction4 ,x m (t5 happ5s t if ! =e-limbs are base-wide ! h9d limbs are base-n>r[1 or vice v]sa4 ,:ile !re are "s o!r deviations t diff] some:at f ^? already describ$1 !y are ( less importance to ! horse%o]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,sabre-legg$ or sickle-hock$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,camp$ beh9d4 ,b4 ,=ms ( ,feet4 ,view$ f 9 ,front1 f ,beh9d1 & 9 ,pr(ile4 ,9 all ! v>i\s positions ( ! limbs we f9d ! feet 9 "o ( ! foll[+ ?ree =ms1 or v closely approa*+ "o ( !m4 ,by means ( a prop] k ( ^! ?ree =ms1 ! judg+ ( ! =m1 flight ( ! foot 9 travell+1 & prep>ation ( ! ho( = ! %oe1 z well z ! *oice ( ! l5g? ( ! %oe1 are regulat$1 facilitat$1 & simplifi$4 ,:e!r a horse's feet be obs]v$ f 9 front or f beh9d1 _! =m corresponds to1 or at lea/ resembles1 ei!r t ( ! regul> position 7,figs4 #fa & #fb71 ! base-wide or toe-wide position 7,figs4 #fc & #fd71 or ! base-n>r[ or toe-n>r[ position 7,figs4 #fe & #ff74 ,by ! direction ( ! foot-axis--t is1 an imag9>y l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! long axis ( ! ?ree phalangeal bones 7,figs4 #fa1 #fe1 #fg1 #fh & #fi7--we det]m9e :e!r or n ! ho( & pa/]n /& 9 prop] mutual relation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,a pair ( front feet ( regul> position view$ f 9 front & f beh9d4 ,9 ! regul> /&+ position 7,figs4 #fa & #fb7 ! foot-axis runs /raight d[nw>d & =w>d1 9 ! base-wide position 7,figs4 #fc & #fd7 x runs obliquely d[nw>d & outw>d1 & 9 ! base-n>r[ position 7,figs4 #fe & #ff7 x runs obliquely d[nw>d & inw>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,a pair ( feet ( ! base-wide 7toe-wide7 position se5 f 9 front & f beh9d4 ,view+ ! foot f ! side1 we di/+ui% ! regul> 7normal7 position 7,fig4 #fh71 & designate all =w>d deviations z acute-angl$ 7long toe & l[ heel1 ,fig4 #fg71 & all deviations backw>d f ! regul> position z upright 7%ort toe & high heel1 ,fig4 #fi71 /eep-to$1 or /umpy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,a pair ( feet ( ! base-n>r[ 7toe-n>r[7 position se5 f 9 front & f beh9d4 ,:5 ! body-weight is uni=mly di/ribut$ ov] all f\r limbs1 ! foot-axis %\ld be /raight 7,figs4 #fg & #fi71 n 8brok50 7b5t72 ! long pa/]n1 wall at ! toe1 & foot-axis %\ld h ! same slant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,an acute-angl$ ho(4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,a normal-angl$ ho(4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,an upright 78/umpy07 ho(4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,! 8be>-foot40 ,a peculi> =m ( foot is ! s-call$ be>-foot 7,fig4 #gj71 9 :i* ! foot-axis1 view$ f ! side1 is brok5 /rongly =w>d at ! coronet4 ,! wall at ! toe /&s mu* /eep] ?an ! long pa/]n & is m or less convex2 9 o!r words1 a l[-jo9t$1 slop+ pa/]n is atta*$ to an upright ho(4 ,su* a foot is sometimes improp]ly call$ a 8club-foot40 ,c4 ,l9es ( ,flight ( ,ho(s 9 ,motion4 ,if we obs]ve horses mov+ unre/ra9$ ov] level gr\nd1 we w notice diff]5ces 9 ! c>riage ( ! feet4 ,view$ f 9 front1 or f beh9d1 9 ! regul> /&+ position ( ! limbs ! ho(s are c>ri$ =w>d 9 a /raight direction1 t is1 9 a l9e p>allel ) ! m$ian l9e ( ! body 7,fig4 #ga74 ,! toes likewise po9t /raight =w>d2 ! ho(s alight prop]ly 7flat7 on ! gr\nd4 ,if ! horse /&s base-wide1 ! ho( is c>ri$ 9 a circle2 f its position1 :i* is beh9d & well out f ! m$ian l9e1 ! ho( passes fir/ =w>d & inw>d until x is close to ! support+ leg1 & !n outw>d to ! gr\nd 7,fig4 #gb71 :]e ! %ock is receiv$ pr9cipally ^u ! out] toe4 ,! toes po9t ei!r directly =w>d1 z 9 ! regul> /&+ position 7,fig4 #gb71 or =w>d & outw>d z 9 ! toe-wide position 7,fig4 #gc74 ,9 ! toe-wide position ! ho( 9 its flight may cross ! m$ian l9e4 ,exactly ! rev]se is true ( ! horse t /&s base-n>r[2 9 ?is case ! ho( is mov$ 9 a circle ^: convexity is outw>d1--t is1 ! ho( f its position beh9d1 & close to ! m$ian l9e1 is c>ri$ =w>d & outw>d & !n inw>d to ! gr\nd 7,figs4 #gd & #ge74 ,view$ f ! side1 ! l9e ( flight ( a ho( is det]m9$ l>gely by ! obliquity 7slant7 ( ! foot-axis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 #a4 ,) a /raight foot-axis ( normal slant 7#de-ej1 ,fig4 #gf1 ,a71 ! ho( foll[s ! arc ( a circle & rea*es its highe/ po9t :5 directly above ! support+ ho(1 i4e41 :5 half-way 9 ! /ride4 #b4 ,) a /raight1 b acute-angl$ foot-axis 7less ?an #de1 ,fig4 #gf1 ,b71 ! ho( rises rapidly1 rea*es its highe/ po9t be=e x has complet$ ! fir/ half ( ! /ride1 i4e41 be=e x has pass$ ! support+ ho(1 & desc5d+ gradually 9 a long curve alights easily on ! gr\nd4 #c4 ,) a /raight1 b upright foot-axis 7#ee or m1 ,fig4 #gf1 ,c71 ! ho( rises sl[ly1 rea*es its highe/ po9t 9 front ( ! support+ ho(1 f :i* po9t x desc5ds rapidly4 ,! gait is 8*oppy10 & 9 ! saddle-horse unpleasant = ! rid]4 ,! l5g? & ! height ( ! /ride are greate/ 9 acute-angl$ feet2 lea/ 9 upright feet4 ,fur!rmore1 l5g? & height ( /ride are 9 a measure dep5d5t on bre$+1 tra9+1 condition ( ! legs 7:e!r /iff5$ by use or disease71 l5g? ( ! ho( & ! weight ( ! %oe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,flight ( ! ho( z se5 f ! side3 ,a1 flight ( a regul> ho(2 ,b1 flight ( an acute-angl$ ho(2 ,c1 flight ( an upright ho(4 ,_m deviations 9 ! l9e ( flight ( ho(s & 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !y are set to ! gr\nd occur2 = example1 horses heavily burd5$ or pull+ heavy loads1 &1 !re=e1 n hav+ free use ( _! limbs1 project _! limbs irregul>ly & meet ! gr\nd fir/ ) ! toe2 h[ev]1 c>eful obs]vation w detect ! pres5ce ( "o or ! o!r ( ^! l9es ( flight ( ! foot4 ,irregul> c>riage ( ! feet r5d]s a horse unsuitable = g5]al purposes only :5 x is v pron\nc$1 9 :i* case c]ta9 tr\blesome conditions1 su* z int]f]+ & disease ( jo9ts1 are ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,d4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,weight 9 ! ,%oe or ,o!rwise ,atta*$ to ! ,ho(1 9 ,alt]+ ! ,flight ( ! ,ho(4 ,!re is no?+ my/]i\s 9 ! effect ( weight ^u ! flight ( ! feet4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! l9es ( flight are det]m9$ 7z %[n 9 pages #gb-gd1 ,figs4 #ga-gf71 fir/1 by ! relation ( ! transv]se axes ( ! h+e-jo9ts ( ! leg & foot to ! l9e ( progression 7m$ian l9e72 second1 by ! l5g? & obliquity ( ! ho( & pa/]n2 ?ird1 by ! height & l5g? ( /ride :i* is natural to ea* individual4 ,weight induces high] action & a long] /ride4 ,in]tia increases ) ! weight4 ,a heavy %oe _c be snat*$ f ! gr\nd z quickly z a light "o1 b :5 mov+ =w>d at a giv5 velocity its great] mom5tum 7mom5tum mass 7wt7 velocity3 m wt v7 c>ries ! foot f>!r =w>d !n does ! light] %oe4 ,?us1 ! heavi] %oe1 or weight atta*$ to ! ho(1 l5g!ns ! /ride at bo? ends4 ,! f>!r f ! c5tre ( rotation ( ! scapula ! weight is plac$1 i4e41 ! ne>] to ! toe x is plac$1 ! great] ! muscul> ef=t requir$ to />t x & to /op x4 ,height ( action1 ?\gh l>gely ! result ( bre$+1 temp]am5t1 & ! exhil>ation t accompanies p]fect heal? & entire abs5ce ( muscul> fatigue1 is to a c]ta9 ext5t influ5c$ by ! incl9ation ( ! pa/]n & toe to ! cannon4 ,! acute-angl$ foot1 9 ! fold+ ( ! leg dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! /ride1 moves ?r\gh a long] arc ( a circle ^: c5tre is ! fetlock jo9t ?an does ! normal or ! upright foot2 rises m rapidly & to a high] po9t4 7,see ,fig4 #gf1 ,b47 ,:5 ! mom5tum ( a foot mov+ rapidly & abruptly upw>d is increas$ by weight ! result is extreme & ev5 exagg]at$ flexion ( all jo9ts ( ! leg1 & by all[+ ! ho( to gr[ long ! flexion is /ill fur!r increas$4 ,9 ! %[ r+1 h>ness horses ) fair natural action may be made to 8climb0 by %oes weigh+ f ?irty to sixty ounces ^u ho(s an in* or m long] ?an normal4 ,! lev]age ( a heavy %oe on a long ho( is excessive1 fatigu+ & mo/ injuri\s to ligam5t1 t5don & muscle4 ,! action1 :ile high1 is labor$1 p\nd+ & altoge!r inelegant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,a #dj oz4 "r front %oe 7ho(-surface7 to increase knee-action 9 a high act+ h>ness horse4 ,= %[-purposes only4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,! same se5 f ! gr\nd-surface 9 pr(ile3 a1 bevel f inn] bord] ( ! web to out] bord]2 b1 ends ( ! bran*es ( full ?ickness f out] to inn] bord]4 ,9 ! tra9+ ( trott]s weight is (t5 us$ to increase ! l5g? ( ! /ride1 or to cause a high] fold+ ( a front foot1 9 ord] to prev5t 8scalp+8 or 8spe$y-cut48 ,z soon z ! new gait becomes a fix$ habit ! weight %\ld be gradually less5$4 ,weight is c>ri$ ) less fatigue at a trot !n at a pace1 or at a gallop4 ,x !re=e /eadies a trott] t is incl9$ to pace1 or 8break0 into a run4 ,! increas$ mom5tum ( ! weight$ ho( makes = rhy?m ( movem5t1 & increases ! difficulty ( skipp+1 dwell+1 or mix+ gaits4 ,9 ! base-wide 7toe-wide7 & base-n>r[ 7toe-n>r[7 /&+ positions1 ! flight ( ! ho(s1 z se5 f 9 front or beh9d1 is n /raight =w>d1 i4e41 p>allel to ! l9e ( progression ( ! body1 b 9 arcs ( circles4 7,see ,figs4 #gb-ge1 p4 #gc47 ,9 ^! cases1 increas+ ! weight ( ! ho(s1 by increas+ ! mom5tum1 mu/ ( necessity increase ! t5d5cy ( ! ho(s to move (f at a tang5t to ! curves :i* !y describe4 ,9 o!r words1 weight increases ! c5trifugal =ce ( a body mov+ 9 a curve4 ,! outw>d sw+ ( ! ho(s ( a base-n>r[ horse 7paddl+71 & ! inw>d sw+ ( a base-wide horse 7int]f]+71 are made m pron\nc$ by add+ weight to any "p ( ! ho(4 ,! c5trifugal =ce is greate/ 9 base-wide feet :5 ! weight is on ! m$ial1 or inn] side ( ! ho(2 9 base-n>r[ feet :5 x is on ! lat]al or out] side4 ,a side weight1 or side weight %oe is (t5 ( s]vice 9 a cross fir+ pac]4 ,?is animal usually /&s base-n>r[ 7toe-n>r[7 beh9d1 & 9 motion 8 h9d ho(s describe a curve at fir/ =w>d & outw>d & !n inw>d till contact is made ) ! diagonal ho( or leg4 ,! add$ weight 7plac$ on ! out] side7 by increas+ ! c5trifugal =ce c>ries ! ho( j en\gh f>!r f ! c5tre ar\nd :i* ! ho( sw+s to prev5t contact4 7,see cross-fir+1 p4 #ach47 ,f9ally1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t weight is always weight2 t x cuts spe$ & dev\rs endurance4 ,e4 ,=ms ( ,ho(s4 ,a front ho( ( ! regul> /&+ position 7,fig4 #gi74 ,! inn] & out] walls diff] b little 9 direction & ?ickness4 ,! out] wall is a little ?ick] & some:at m slant+ ?an ! inn] 7see ,figs4 #fa & #fb71 & its out] circumf]5ce describes a l>g] arc ( a circle1--t is1 is m curv$1 z c be se5 bo? at its plant> bord] & at ! coronet4 ,! l5g? ( ! qu>t] 9 relation to ! l5g? or height ( ! side wall & toe is ab\t z #a3 #b3 #c4 ,! toe =ms an angle ) ! gr\nd ( =ty-five to fifty degrees 7see ,fig4 #fh74 ,! direction ( ! wall at ! toe1 view$ f ! side1 %\ld be p>allel ) ! direction ( ! long pa/]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,"r =e-ho( ( ! regul> position3 a1 side wall2 b1 qu>t]2 c1 beg9n+ ( ! b>2 d1 buttress2 e1 middle ( ! b>2 f1 body ( ! sole2 f1 bran*es ( sole2 g1 :ite l9e2 g1 app>5t end ( ! b>2 h1 body ( ! frog2 i1 bran* ( ! frog2 k1 bulbs 7glomes7 ( ! heel2 l1 middle cleft ( frog2 m1 lat]al cleft ( frog4 ,a ho( ( ! base-wide position 7,fig4 #hj7 is always awry1 because ! out] wall is naturally some:at long] & decid$ly m slant+ !n ! inn] 7see ,figs4 #fc & #fd74 ,! plant> bord] ( ! out] wall describes a l>ge arc1 ^: %>pe/ curvature is :]e ! side wall passes into ! qu>t]4 ,! plant> bord] ( ! inn] wall is /raight] 7less curv$72 ! out] half ( ! gr\nd-surface 7sole7 ( ! ho( is1 !re=e1 wid] ?an ! inn]4 ,s long z ! ho( is heal?y1 bo? bran*es ( ! frog are equally develop$4 ,! wryness ( ! ho( dep5ds ^u ! direction ( ! limb2 !re=e1 a base-wide ho( %\ld be reg>d$ z a normally wry ho(1 to di/+ui% x f ho(s :i* are wry f disease4 ,a ho( ( ! toe-wide position 7,fig4 #ha7 is di/+ui%$ f ! prec$+ by ! b5d+ or curvature ( ! plant> bord] ( ! out] toe & inn] qu>t] be+ (t5 decid$ly less pron\nc$ ?an on ! inn] toe & out] qu>t]2 !re=e1 two %ort curves & two long curves lie opposite ea* o!r2 9 o!r words1 ! inn] toe & out] qu>t]1 ly+ opposite ea* o!r1 are %>ply curv$1 :ile ! out] toe & inn] qu>t]1 ly+ opposite ea* o!r1 are mu* less %>ply b5t or curv$4 ,! toes are turn$ out4 ,! feet are n set d[n flat ^u ! gr\nd1 b meet x ) ! out] toe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,"r =e-ho( ( ! base-wide position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,"r =e-ho( ( ! toe-wide position4 ,a ho( ( ! base-n>r[ position is normally wry1 b nev] s pron\nc$ z a ho( ( ! base-wide position4 ,! inn] wall is b little1 m oblique ?an ! out]1 ! diff]5ce be+ mo/ noticeable at ! qu>t]s 7,figs4 #fe & #ff74 ,! curve ( ! plant> bord] ( ! wall is simil> to t ( a regul> ho(1 except t ! inn] side wall & qu>t] are a little m %>ply curv$ 9 a base-n>r[ ho(4 ,occasionally ! out] qu>t] is some:at drawn 9 "u ! foot4 ,?is =m ( ho( is mo/ di/9ctly m>k$ 9 animals t /& toe-n>r[ or are b&y-legg$4 ,z to ! =ms ( ! h9d ho(s1 :at has be5 said conc]n+ ! influ5ce ( position ( ! limbs ^u ! %ape ( ! front feet w apply equally well to !m4 ,! h9d ho( 7,fig4 #hb7 is n r\nd at ! toe1 b some:at po9t$ or oval4 ,x greate/ wid? is betwe5 ! middle & po/]ior ?irds ( ! sole4 ,x usually has a /rongly concave sole & a some:at /eep] toe ?an ! =e-ho(2 view$ f ! side1 ! angle ( ! toe ) ! gr\nd 9 ! regul> /&+ position is f fifty to fifty-five degrees4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,"r h9d ho( ( ! regul> position3 a1 side wall2 b1 beg9n+ ( ! qu>t]2 c1 beg9n+ ( ! b>2 d1 buttress2 e1 middle ( b>2 f1 body ( ! sole2 f1 bran* ( sole2 g1 :ite l9e ( ! toe2 g1 :ite l9e ( ! b>2 h1 body ( ! frog2 i1 bran* ( ! frog2 k1 bulbs ( heel2 l1 middle cleft ( frog2 m1 lat]al cleft ( frog4 ,f9ally1 we also di/+ui% wide & n>r[ ho(s2 !y are n dep5d5t ^u ! position ( ! limbs1 b ^u ! race & bre$+ ( ! animal4 ,! wide ho( 7,fig4 #hc7 is almo/ r\nd ^u its plant> surface4 ,its wall runs q oblique to ! gr\nd4 ,! sole is b mod]ately concave1 & ! frog is /rong & well develop$4 ,! n>r[ ho( 7,fig4 #hd7 is r elliptical1 ) /eep side walls1 /rongly concav$ sole1 & small1 undevelop$ frog4 ,! horn ( ! n>r[ ho( is f9e & t\gh2 ( ! wide ho(1 usually co>se4 ,! wide ho( may readily become flat4 ,n>r[ ho(s are ei!r ! result ( bre$+ or premature %oe+4 ,9 enum]at+ ! prec$+ =ms ( ! ho( we h by no means ref]r$ to all ! =ms 9 :i* ! ho( may be f\nd2 on ! contr>y1 ho(s v>y 9 %ape & quality to su* an ext5t t among a hundr$ horses no two ho(s c be f\nd :i* are exactly alike4 ,9 fact1 ! same v>iety exi/s z 9 ! faces ( p1 & we "k t we c recall 9 succession ev5 _m m faces )\t f9d+ two t are exactly alike4 ,?is expla9s ! manifold diff]5ces 9 horse's %oes ) respect to size1 =m & o!r qualities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,wide =e-ho(4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4 ,n>r[ =e-ho(4 ,suppose n[ a ho( is be=e u2 x is fir/ necess>y to "k :e!r or n x is heal?y4 ,un=tunately1 a p]fectly heal?y ho( is n s easy to f9d z "o may ?9k4 ,we recognize a s\nd ho( by ! foll[+ m>ks3 ,se5 f 9 front or f ! side1 ! c\rse ( ! wall f ! coronet to ! gr\nd1 9 ! direction ( ! horn-tubes1 is /raight1--t is1 b5t nei!r 9 nor out4 ,a /raight edge1 plac$ ^u ! wall 9 ! direction ( ! horn-tubes1 t\*es at e po9t4 ,! wall mu/ %[ nei!r longitud9al nor transv]se cracks or fissures4 ,if !re be r+s1 _! position & c\rse are important4 ,r+s :i* pass ar\nd ! entire circumf]5ce ( ! wall p>allel to ! coronet indicate no?+ m ?an di/urbances ( nutrition ( ! ho(2 b ! ho( _c pass = s\nd :5 ! r+s h any o!r position & direction ?an ! "o m5tion$1 or if ! r+s ^u any "p ( ! wall are m m>k$ ?an else:]e1 ev5 ?\gh !y may be p>allel to ! coron>y b&4 ,m>k$ r+-build+ ^u ! ho(s ( horses :i* h regul> fe$+1 groom+1 & "w indicates a weak ho(4 ,view$ f ! gr\nd-surface & f beh9d1 ! bulbs ( ! heels %\ld be well r\nd$1 /rongly develop$1 & n displac$4 ,! concave sole %\ld %[ no sep>ation along ! :ite l9e4 ,! frog %\ld be /rong1 well develop$1 & h symmetrical bran*es & a broad1 %all[1 dry m$ian lacuna4 ,! lat]al lacun ( ! frog %\ld be clean & n too n>r[4 ,! b>s %\ld pass 9 a /raight direction =w>d & inw>d t[>ds ! po9t ( ! frog4 ,any b5d+ outw>d ( ! b>s t[>ds ! bran*es ( ! sole indicates ! beg9n+ ( a n>r[+ ( ! space occupi$ by ! frog1--t is1 contraction ( ! heels4 ,! horn ( ! bran*es ( ! sole 9 ! buttresses & 9 _! proximity %\ld %[ no r$ /a9+4 ,! lat]al c>tilages %\ld be ela/ic4 ,no "p ( ! foot %\ld be weak5$ at ! co/ ( o!r p>ts4 ,by firm union ( all /rong p>ts ! /r5g? & vigor ( ! ho( is 9 no s5se di/urb$4 ,if "o desires to asc]ta9 ! exact =m & /ate ( heal? ( ! ho(1 x mu/ nev] be inspect$ & judg$ alone1 b 9 connection ) ! entire limb4 ,f4 ,gr[? ( ! ,ho( & ,we> ( ! ,ho( & ,%oe4 ,all p>ts ( ! horn ( ! ho( gr[ d[nw>d & =w>d1 ! mat]ial = ?is gr[? be+ furni%$ by ! rem>kably l>ge quantity ( blood :i* fl[s to ! podod]m4 ,! gr[? ( ! ho( is regulat$ by ! n]ves4 ,z a rule1 ! ho( gr[s uni=mly1--t is1 "o section ( ! wall gr[s j z rapidly z ano!r4 ,a visible indication ( gr[? is ! increase 9 height & wid? ( ! ho( f col?ood to maturity4 ,! rapidity ( gr[? ( ! wall v>ies1 am\nt+ 9 a mon? to f "o-six? to "o-half ( an in*4 ,! av]age mon?ly gr[? 9 bo? %od & un%od horses ( bo? sexes is1 accord+ to my own exp]im5ts1 "o-?ird ( an in*4 ,h9d ho(s gr[ fa/] ?an front ho(s1 & un%od fa/] ?an %od4 ,! ho(s ( /allions gr[ m sl[ly ?an ^? ( m>es & geld+s4 ,abundant ex]cise1 prop] groom+ 7flexibility & moi/ness ( ! horn71 regul> dress+ ( ! wall1 & runn+ b>efoot f "t to "t favor gr[?2 :ile little or no ex]cise1 dryness1 & excessive l5g? ( ! ho( h9d] gr[?4 ,! "t requir$ = ! horn to gr[ f ! coronet to ! gr\nd is1 !re=e1 equally v>iable1 & is1 moreov]1 dep5d5t ^u ! height 7l5g? ( toe7 ( ! ho(4 ,at ! toe ! horn gr[s d[n 9 f elev5 to ?irte5 mon?s1 at ! mamm or sides 9 f six to eight mon?s1 & at ! qu>t]s 9 f ?ree to five mon?s4 ,! "t requir$ = ! r5ewal ( ! entire ho( we t]m ! p]iod ( ho( r5ewal4 ,if1 = example1 we "k exactly ! rapidity ( horn gr[? 9 a giv5 case1 we c e/imate )\t difficulty ! l5g? ( ! 8p]iod ( ho( r5ewal10 z well = ! entire ho( z = ea* individual section ( ! wall4 ,! duration ( _m diseases ( ! ho( 7cracks1 clefts1 p>tial b5d+s ( ! wall1 contractions1 etc47 c be =etold ) relative c]ta9ty only by kn[+ ! p]iod ( ho( r5ewal4 ,irregul> gr[? sometimes takes place4 ,! *ief cause ( ?is is usually an improp] di/ribution ( ! body-weight ov] ! ho(1--t is1 an unbalanc$ foot4 ,wry ho(s ( faulty positions ( ! limbs are (t5 expos$ to ?is evil2 a faulty prep>ation ( ! ho( 7dress+7 = ! %oe1 z well z neglect ( ! colt's ho(s1 is 9 ! majority ( cases directly responsible = ?is condition4 ,if 9 ! %ort5+ ( ! wall a "p is f ignorance left too long1 or "o-half ( ! ho( %ort5$ too mu* 9 relation to ! o!r half1 ! foot w be unbalanc$4 ,! horse w !n t\* ! gr\nd fir/ ) ! section ( wall :i* has be5 left too high1 & w cont9ue to d s until ?is long section has be5 r$uc$ to its prop] level 7l5g?7 by ! increas$ we> :i* w take place at ?is po9t4 ,9 un%od ho(s ?is levell+ process takes place rapidly2 su*1 h[ev]1 is n ! case 9 %od ho(s1 = "h ! %oe prev5ts rapid we>1 &1 inde$ ?is levell+ process is (t5 r5d]$ impossible ?r\gh ! weld+ ( high /eel calks to ! %oe4 ,if ?is fault 9 trimm+ be repeat$ at ! next & subsequ5t %oe+s1 & if ! faulty relation ( ! gr\nd-surface ( ! ho( to ! direction ( ! foot-axis rema9 dur+ sev]al mon?s1 ! portion ( wall left too high w gr[ m rapidly1 ! walls w lose _! natural /raight direction & become b5t4 ,if1 = example1 ! out] wall has be5 left too long dur+ a consid]able p]iod ( "t1 a crook$ ho( results 7,fig4 #he7 9 :i* ! r+s are plac$ clos] toge!r ^u ! l[ 7concave7 side ?an ^u ! high 7convex7 side4 ,if = a long "t ! toe is excessively long1 x w become b5t2 or if ?is fault affects excessively high qu>t]s !y w contract ei!r j "u ! coron>y b& or w curl =w>d & inw>d at _! l[] bord]s4 ,^! examples are suffici5t to %[ bo? ! importance ( ! mann] 9 :i* a horse places 8 foot to ! gr\nd & its influ5ce ^u ! load+1 gr[?1 & =m ( ! ho(4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4 ,crook$ 7"r7 =e-ho(4 ,we> ( ! ,%oe & ( ! ,ho( ^u ! ,%oe4 ,! we> ( ! %oe is caus$ mu* less by ! weight ( ! animal's body ?an by ! rubb+ :i* takes place betwe5 ! %oe & ! e>? :5ev] ! foot is plac$ to ! gr\nd & lift$4 ,! we> ( ! %oe :i* occurs :5 ! foot is plac$ on ! gr\nd is t]m$ 8gr\nd+ we>10 & t :i* occurs :ile ! foot is be+ lift$ f ! gr\nd is t]m$ 8sw++-(f we>48 ,:5 a horse travels normally1 bo? k9ds ( we> are ne>ly alike1 b are v di/9ct :5 ! paces are abnormal1 especially :5 !re is faulty direction ( ! limbs4 ,:ile 9 ! majority ( horses ^: limbs h be5 /iff5$ by age & ov]work bo? k9ds ( we> are mo/ m>k$ at ! toe ( ! %oe1 we see relatively few] cases ( 8gr\nd+ we>0 at ! ends ( ! bran*es 7z 9 lam9itis72 on ! contr>y1 we always notice 8sw++-(f we>0 at ! toe ( ! %oe4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t l5g? ( /ride has mu* to d ) ! we>4 ,we obs]ve t ) %ort5+ ( ! /ride bo? k9ds ( we> occur at ! toe ( ! %oe1 & ?is is rapidly worn away1 z is ! case ) horses :i* are fretful & prance "u ! rid]1 draw heavy loads1 or f any o!r cause1 z disease or infirmity1 are oblig$ to %ort5 _! /eps4 ,) increase ( l5g? ( /ride ! we> ( ! %oe becomes m uni=m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4 ,a normal-angl$ foot ) /raight foot-axis4 ,! %oe %[s uni=m we>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4 ,an upright foot ) foot-axis brok5 =w>d by reason ( too high qu>t]s4 ,! %oe %[s 8gr\nd+8 we> at ends ( bran*es1 & 8sw++-(f8 we> at toe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4 ,a ho( ) foot-axis brok5 backw>d by reason ( surplus horn at ! toe4 ,! %oe %[s excessive 8gr\nd+8 & 8sw++-(f0 we> at ! toe4 ,! position & =m ( ! %oe h a m>k$ influ5ce ^u its we>2 at ! place :]e ! %oe is too f> "u ! ho( ei!r z a result ( %ift+ or ( hav+ be5 nail$ on crook$1 or :]e ! out] bran* has n ! necess>y wid?1 or does n =m a suffici5tly l>ge curve1 ! we> w be increas$4 ,also ! relative l5g? ( side walls1 or ( toe & heels1 influ5ces rapidity ( we> ( ! %oe4 ,if ?r\gh ignorance or c>elessness "o side wall be left too long1 ! bran* b5ea? w meet ! gr\nd be=e o!r p>ts ( ! %oe & w we> fa/] 7see ,figs4 #hg1 #hh & #hi74 ,! we> ( ! ho( ^u ! %oe occurs z a result ( ! movem5ts ( ! qu>t]s4 ,visible indications ( ?is are ! brightly poli%$1 (t5 sunk5 places ^u ! be>+-surface ( ! ends ( ! bran*es1 %[+ t sc\r+ occurs betwe5 ! horn & ! iron4 ,%oes :i* %[ brightly poli%$ places 9 _! ant]ior halves h be5 loose4 ,! we> ( ! qu>t]s ^u ! %oe is n always uni=m1 b is usually great] on ! inn] ?an on ! out] qu>t]1 especially 9 base-wide feet4 ,! degree ( ?is we> ( ! ho( may be f no?+ to "o-f\r? ( an in* or m f "o %oe+ to ! next4 ,f9ally1 we %\ld rememb] t ?is usually invisible sc\r+ away ( ! ho( gradually causes ! nails at ! qu>t]s to become loose1 & t ?is is m cle>ly m>k$ 9 ! front ?an 9 ! h9d ho(s4 ,g4 ,physiological ,movem5ts ( ! ,ho(4 7,me*anism ( ! ,ho(47 ,^! movem5ts comprise all ^? *anges ( position )9 & ( ! ho( :i* are br\ght ab\t by alt]nately weight+ & reliev+ ! foot1 & :i* are manife/ z *anges ( =m ( ! ho(4 ,! foll[+ *anges 9 =m ( ! ho( are mo/ m>k$ at ! "t t ! ho( be>s greate/ weight1--t is1 simultane\s ) ! greate/ desc5t ( ! fetlock-jo9t4 #a4 ,a lat]al expansion ov] ! entire region ( ! qu>t]s1 occurr+ simultane\sly at ! coron>y & plant> bord]s4 ,?is expansion is small1 & 9 g5]al v>ies betwe5 "o-fiftie? & "o-twelf? ( an in*4 #b4 ,a n>r[+ ( ! ant]ior half ( ! ho( measur$ at ! coron>y bord]4 #c4 ,a decrease 9 height ( ! ho(1 ) a slight s9k+ ( ! heels4 #d4 ,a flatt5+ 7s9k+7 ( ! sole1 especially 9 its bran*es4 ,^! *anges ( =m are mu* m pron\nc$ 9 ! half ( ! ho( t be>s ! great] weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4 ,transv]se v]tical section ?r\gh ! middle ( a "r =e %od ho( ( base-wide =m1 view$ f beh9d4 ,! out] wall hav+ be5 insuffici5tly l[]$ has caus$ increas$ we> ( ! und]ly+ bran* ( ! %oe3 a1 we> ( inn] bran* 7b5ea? ! relatively %ort wall72 b1 great] we> ( out] bran* b5ea? ! relatively long wall2 c1 ! horn betwe5 ! dott$ l9e & ! %oe repres5ts ! surplus l5g? ( ?is out] wall4 ,a ho( :ile support+ ! body-weight has a diff]5t =m1 & ! tissues enclos$ )9 x a diff]5t position1 ?an :5 n be>+ weight4 ,s9ce load+ & unload+ ( ! foot are cont9ually alt]nat+1 ! relations ( int]nal pressure ev5 9 ! /&+ animal are cont9u\sly *ang+1 s t1 /rictly speak+1 ! ho( is nev] at re/4 ,! *anges 9 =m take place 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ! body-weight falls f above ^u ! os coron1 os p$is1 & navicul> bone1 & at ! mom5t t ! foot is plac$ ^u ! gr\nd is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! s5sitive lam9 & horny lam9 to ! wall4 ,at ! in/ant t ! fetlock rea*es its l[e/ po9t ! os p$is be>s ! greate/ weight4 ,"u ! body-weight ! latt] yields1 & ) ! navicul> bone s9ks d[nw>d & backw>d4 ,at ! same "t ! upp] po/]ior portion ( ! os coron 7,fig4 #ij1 ,a7 passes backw>d & d[nw>d betwe5 ! lat]al c>tilages 7a71 :i* project above ! upp] bord] ( ! wall1 & presses ! p]=ans t5don d[n ^u ! plant> cu%ion4 ,! plant> cu%ion be+ compress$ f above1 & be+ unable to exp& d[nw>d1 is correspond+ly squeez$ out t[>ds ! sides & cr[d$ aga9/ ! lat]al c>tilages1 & !y1 yield+1 press aga9/ & pu% be=e !m ! wall at ! qu>t]s4 ,! resi/ance ( ! e>? acts ^u ! plant> surface ( ! ho(1 & especially ^u ! frog1 & x1 wid5+1 cr[ds ! b>s ap>t1 & 9 ?is mann] contributes to ! expansion ( ! qu>t]s1 especially at _! plant> bord] 7see ,fig4 #ij74 ,! horny sole "u ! desc5t & pressure ( ! os p$is s9ks a little--t is1 ! ar* ( ! sole becomes some:at flatt5$4 ,all ^! *anges are mu* m m>k$ ^u s\nd un%od ho(s1 because 9 !m ! resi/ance ( ! e>? ^u ! sole & frog is pron\nc$ & complete4 ,^! *anges 9 =m are m m>k$ 9 front feet ?an 9 h9d4 ,9 defective & diseas$ ho(s x may happ5 t at ! mom5t ( greate/ weight-be>+1 in/ead ( an expansion a contraction may occur at ! plant> bord] ( ! qu>t]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4 ,v]tical1 transv]se section ( a foot se5 f beh9d3 ,a1 os coron2 ,b1 os navicul>is2 ,c1 os p$is2 a1 lat]al c>tilage2 b1 ant]ior portion ( fle%y frog2 c1 section ( p]=ans t5don2 d1 susp5sory ligam5t ( ! navicul> bone2 l1 wall2 m1 sole2 n1 :ite l9e2 o1 frog4 ,?ree highly ela/ic organs !re are :i* play ! *ief "p 9 ^! movem5ts1--namely1 ! lat]al c>tilages1 ! plant> cu%ion1 & ! horny frog4 ,besides ^! /ructures1 inde$1 all ! rema9+ p>ts ( ! horn capsule1 especially its coron>y bord]1 possess m or less ela/icity1 & contribute to ! above-m5tion$ *anges ( =m4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! ela/ic tissues ( ! foot 9 _! prop] activity1 regul> & abundant ex]cise1 ) protection aga9/ dry+ out ( ! ho(1 are absolutely necess>y1 because ! movem5ts ( ! diff]5t /ructures )9 ! foot & ! *anges ( =m t occur at ea* /ep are indisp5sable 9 pres]v+ ! heal? ( ! ho(4 ,long-cont9u$ re/ 9 ! /able1 dry+ out ( ! ho(1 & %oe+ decrease or alt] ! physiological movem5ts ( ! foot1 & ^! lead "u c]ta9 conditions to foot diseases1 ) :i* ! majority ( horse own]s are entirely unacqua9t$4 ,z an outw>d1 visible indication ( ! mobility ( ! qu>t]s ^u ! %oe we may po9t to ! conspicu\s1 brightly poli%$1 & (t5 sunk5 spots1 or grooves1 ^u ! ends ( ! bran*es4 ,!y are produc$ p>tly by an 9-&-out motion ( ! walls at ! qu>t]s1 & p>tly by a =w>d & backw>d glid+ ( ! qu>t]s ^u ! %oe4 ,! b5efits ( ^! physiological movem5ts )9 ! ho( are manifold3 #a4 ,?r\gh !m %ock is disp]s$ & ! body protect$ f ! evil consequ5ces ( concussion or %ock4 #b4 ,^! movem5ts increase ! ela/icity ( ! entire limb1 & 9 ?is way contribute mu* to a light & elegant gait4 #c4 ,!y ma9ta9 a lively circulation ( blood 9 ! vessels ( ! podod]m1 & ?is insures a rapid gr[? ( horn4 ,s9ce x is a g5]ally accept$ fact t %oe+ int]f]es ) ! physiological movem5ts ( ! ho(1 alt]s !m1 inde$1 almo/ suppresses !m1 & t all ^! movem5ts are spontane\s & natural only 9 s\nd un%od ho(s1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ %oe+ z a necess>y evil4 ,h[ev]1 x is indisp5sable if we wi% to r5d] horses s]viceable ^u h>d artificial roads4 ,if1 9 %oe+1 consid]ation be giv5 to ! /ructure & functions ( ! ho(1 & p>ticul>ly to ! ho(-surface ( ! %oe1 ! ends ( ! bran*es be+ provid$ ) a smoo?1 level be>+-surface1 :i* all[s free play to ! ela/ic horn capsule1 9 s f> z ?is is n h9d]$ by ! nails we ne$ h no fe> ( subsequ5t disease ( ! ho(s1 provid$ ! horse is us$ ) reason & receives prop] c>e4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,%oe+ ,,heal?y ,,ho(s4 ,a4 ,exam9ation ( a ,horse ,prelim9>y to ,%oe+4 ,an exam9ation %\ld be made :ile ! animal is at re/1 & aft]w>ds :ile 9 motion4 ,! object ( ! exam9ation is to ga9 accurate k ( ! direction & movem5ts ( ! limbs1 ( ! =m & "* ( ! feet & ho(s1 ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! foot rea*es & leaves ! gr\nd1 ( ! =m1 l5g?1 position1 & we> ( ! %oe1 & di/ribution ( ! nail-holes1 9 ord] t at ! next & subsequ5t %oe+s all asc]ta9$ peculi>ities ( ho(-=m may be kept 9 m9d & all discov]$ faults ( %oe+ correct$4 ,! exam9ation is be/ conduct$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,! horse %\ld fir/ be l$ at a walk 9 a /raight l9e f ! obs]v] ov] z level a surface z possible1 !n turn$ ab\t & br\ght back1 t ! exam9] may notice ! direction ( ! limbs & ! mann] 9 :i* ! ho(s are mov$ & set to ! gr\nd4 ,:ile ! animal is mov+ away ! obs]v] notices p>ticul>ly ! h9d limbs1 & z x comes t[>ds him he exam9es ! =e-limbs4 ,!n a few /eps at a trot w n only %[ :e!r or n ! animal is lame1 b w (t5 remove all d\bt 9 ^? cases 9 :i*1 :ile ! animal 0 walk+1 ! exam9] 0 unable to make up 8 m9d z to :i* 0 ! pr$om9at+ position ( ! limb4 ,! problem pres5t$ is1 !re=e1 to det]m9e :e!r or n ! direction ( ! limbs1 ! l9es ( flight ( ! ho(s1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y are set d[n & pick$ up are regul>4 ,if !re are deviations f ! normal !y w fall ei!r into ! base-wide & toe-wide gr\p or into ! base-n>r[ & toe-n>r[ gr\p4 ,:5 cle> ^u ^! po9ts ! horse is all[$ to /& quietly1 & ! obs]v]1 plac+ himself 9 front1 exam9es ! foot m closely1 fixes ! direction ( ! foot-axis cle>ly 9 8 m9d1 m>ks also ! =m & "* ( ! ho(s & ! position ( ! coronets1 z f> z ^! p>ts c be inspect$ f 9 front4 ,at ! same "t ea* ho( %\ld be closely inspect$ to det]m9e :e!r ! slant ( bo? qu>t]s corresponds to ! direction ( ! long pa/]n1 & :e!r ! c\rse ( ! wall f ! coronet to ! plant> bord] is /raight or b5t 9 or out 7contraction1 fulness74 ,walls curv$ f above to bel[ always indicate an unnatural height ( "s section ( ! wall & a displacem5t ( ! base ( support ( ! foot4 ,9 ord] to ga9 accurate & complete k ( ! position ( ! limbs1 ! flight ( ! ho(s1 & ! mann] ( sett+ ! foot to ! gr\nd1 ! horse mu/ frequ5tly be mov$ back & =? _m times1 especially :5 ! /&+ position is some:at irregul> & ! ho(s are ( diff]5t %apes4 ,at ?is po9t beg9s ! exam9ation ( ! position ( ! limbs1 & ! =m ( ! feet & ho(s1 9 pr(ile4 ,aft] ca/+ a glance ov] ! entire body1 s z to ga9 an idea ( ! animal's weight1 height1 & l5g?1 ! att5tion is turn$ to ! position & direction ( ! limbs & ho(s4 ,! eye %\ld p>ticul>ly note :e!r ! =m ( ! ho( corresponds to ! position ( ! limb1 &1 fur!rmore1 :e!r ! slant ( ! pa/]n is ! same z t ( ! wall at ! toe1--t is1 :e!r ! foot-axis is /raight or brok52 also :e!r ! toes & qu>t]s are p>allel1 = ! toe is sometimes bulg+ 7convex7 or holl[$ out 7concave7 betwe5 ! coronet & plant> bord]1 & ! qu>t]s are frequ5tly contract$ & drawn or %ov$ "u ! foot 7weak qu>t]s74 ,if ! wall pres5t r+s ! obs]v] %\ld note _! position ) ref]5ce to "o ano!r & to ! coronet1 & also _! ext5t1 &1 fur!rmore1 %\ld det]m9e :e!r or n !y cross "o ano!r 7?ru% ( ! frog74 ,at ! same "t he %\ld notice ! l5g? ( ! %oes4 ,next1 ! feet %\ld be rais$ & ! exam9] %\ld notice ! wid? ( ! ho(1 ! ar*+ ( ! sole1 ! "* ( ! frog1 ! position ( ! bulbs ( ! heel1 z well z ! pres5ce ( any cracks or clefts 9 ! wall4 ,!n ! old %oes %\ld be exam9$ z to _! age1 =m1 ! di/ribution & direction ( _! nail-holes 78pun*+071 position1 & we>4 ,) respect to ! =m ( ! old %oe1 "o %\ld obs]ve :e!r or n x corresponds to ! =m ( ! ho(4 ,! same c>eful exam9ation %\ld be made ( ! numb] & di/ribution ( ! nail-holes4 ,z reg>ds ! position ( ! %oe1 "o mu/ fir/ asc]ta9 :e!r x completely cov]s ! be>+-surface ( ! wall1 & :e!r ! %oe ext5ds beyond ! wall at any po9t & has caus$ int]f]+ or giv5 rise to irregul> we>4 ,f9ally1 ! we> ( ! %oe %\ld be obs]v$1 & ! foll[+ po9ts borne 9 m9d3 ,"o-sid$ we>1 unev5 sett+ d[n ( ! feet1 & an unnatural c\rse ( ! wall are (t5 f\nd toge!r1 especially :5 unev5 we>+ ( ! %oe has exi/$ = a long "t1--t is1 dur+ sev]al %oe+s4 ,z a rule1 9 su* a case ! m worn bran* ( ! %oe is too ne> ! c5tre ( ! foot1 & ! opposite bran* too f> f ! c5tre 7too 8full072 9 o!r words1 ! base ( support 7%oe7 has be5 %ift$ too f> 9 ! direction ( ! less worn bran*4 ,moreov]1 increas$ we> ( a "p ( a %oe is an indication t ! section ( ! wall above x is too high 7too long7 7,fig4 #hi71 or t ! wall ^u ! opposite side ( ! foot is too l[ 7%ort74 ,! twi/+ movem5t ( _m h9d feet %\ld1 f physiological reasons1 n be h9d]$ by %oe+4 ,b4 ,rais+ & ,hold+ ! ,feet ( ! ,horse to be ,%od4 ,?is c always be done )\t mu* tr\ble if ! horse has be5 accu/om$ to x f e>ly col?ood4 ,c]ta9 rules gov]n+ ! mann] ( tak+ hold ( ! feet1 & ( aft]w>ds manipulat+ !m1 are ( value4 ,a %o] %\ld nev] grasp a foot sudd5ly1 or ) bo? h&s4 ,! horse %\ld fir/ be prep>$ = ?is act4 ,fir/ see t ! horse /&s 9 su* a position t he c be> 8 weight com=tably ^u ?ree legs4 ,?is is well wor? notic+1 & if ! horse does n volunt>ily assume su* an easy position1 move him g5tly until 8 feet are well "u 8 body4 ,if ! %o]1 = example1 wi%es to raise ! left =e foot = inspection1 he /&s on ! left side fac+ ! animal1 speaks quietly to him1 places ! palm ( ! "r h& flat ^u ! animal's %\ld]1 &1 at ! same "t1 ) ! left h& /rokes ! limb d[nw>d to ! cannon & seizes ! cannon f 9 front4 ,) ! "r h& he n[ g5tly presses ! horse t[>ds ! opposite side1 & ! foot becom+ loose z ! weight is %ift$ ^u ! o!r leg1 he lifts x f ! gr\nd4 ,! "r h& n[ grasps ! pa/]n f ! inside foll[$ by ! left h& ^u ! inside & ! "r h& on ! outside2 !n1 turn+ p>tly to ! "r1 ! hold] supports ! horse's leg ^u 8 left leg1 9 :i* position he %\ld always /& z quietly & firmly z possible4 ,if1 n[1 ! %o] desires to h bo? h&s free to "w ^u ! ho(1 he grasps ! toe ) ! left h& 9 su* a mann] t ! toe re/s firmly 9 ! palm :ile ! f\r f+]s are closely appli$ to ! wall ( ! toe1 takes a half /ep t[>d ! re>1 passes ! ho( beh9d 8 left knee into 8 "r h& :i* has be5 pass$ backw>d betwe5 8 knees to receive x1 & draw+ ! ho( =w>d outw>d & upw>d supports x firmly on 8 two knees1--! legs j above ! knees be+ appli$ tightly aga9/ ! pa/]n4 ,! =efoot %\ld n be rais$ high] ?an ! knee 7c>pus71 nor ! h9d foot high] ?an ! hock1 nor ei!r foot be drawn too f> backw>d4 ,! correct /&+ position ( ! %o] or floorman :ile hold+ a front foot is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ia4 ,%ortness ( /ature 7#e-e4f7 is desirable 9 a floorman4 ,9 lift+ ! left h9d foot ! animal %\ld be g5tly /rok$ back z f> z ! angle ( ! hip1 aga9/ :i* ! left h& is plac$ = support1 :ile ! "r h& /rokes ! limb d[n to ! middle ( ! cannon1 :i* x grasps f beh9d4 ,:ile ! left h& presses ! animal's weight ov] t[>ds ! "r side1 ! "r h& loos5s ! foot & c>ries x =w>d & outw>d f ! body s t ! limb is b5t at ! hock4 ,! hold] !n turns 8 body t[>ds ! "r1 br+s 8 left leg aga9/ ! ant]ior surface ( ! fetlock-jo9t1 & c>ries ! foot backw>d1 at :i* "t 8 left arm passes ov] ! horse's cr\p & above & to ! inn] side ( ! hock4 ,f9ally1 bo? h&s encompass ! long pa/]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4 ,prop] position = hold+ a front foot4 ,if ! "r feet are to be rais$1 ! process is simply rev]s$4 ,9 rais+ ! feet no unnecess>y pa9 %\ld be inflict$ by p9*+1 squeez+1 or lift+ a limb too high4 ,! wise %o] avoids all unnecess>y clamor & di/urbance2 quiet1 rapid1 pa9less me?ods avail mu* m4 ,9 deal+ ) "y horses ! feet %\ld n be kept lift$ too long2 let !m d[n f "t to "t4 ,9 old & /iff horses ! feet %\ld n be lift$ too high1 especially 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! %oe+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4 ,! ,m>t9 horse rack 7modifi$74 ,vici\s horses mu/ (t5 be sev]ely h&l$4 ,wat* ! play ( ! e>s & eyes cont9ually1 & imm$iately puni% e exhibition ( temp] ei!r by j]k+ ! halt] or bridle vigor\sly1 or by l\d comm&s4 ,if ?is does n avail1 !n if s(t gr\nd is at h& make ! horse back z rapidly z possible = "s "t ov] ?is s(t surface2 x is v disagreeable & tiresome to him4 ,to raise a h9d foot we may knot a /rong1 broad1 s(t1 plait$ b& 7side-l9e7 into ! tail1 loop x ab\t ! fetlock ( ! h9d foot1 & hold ! end4 ,?is (t5 r5d]s valuable s]vice4 ,! hold] seizes ! b& close to ! fetlock1 draws ! foot =w>d "u ! body1 & !n holds x z above describ$4 ,! use ( su* a b& compels ! horse to c>ry a "p ( 8 own weight1 & at ! same "t h9d]s him f kick+4 ,be=e attempt+ to place ?is rope or b& ab\t ! fetlock1 ! front foot on ! same side %\ld be rais$4 ,! v>i\s sorts ( twit*es are objectionable1 & _! use %\ld n be all[$ unless "s pa9ful ho( op]ation is to be done4 ,! application ( ! t\rniquet1 or 8,spani% w9dlass10 to ! h9d leg is equally objectionable4 ,^? horses :i* resi/ our attempts to %oe !m we d n imm$iately ca/ or place 9 ! /ocks1 b fir/ h a quiet1 tru/wor?y man hold !m by ! bridle-re9s & attempt by g5tle words & s(t c>esses to w9 _! att5tion & confid5ce4 ,tickli% horses mu/ be tak5 hold ( boldly1 = light t\*es ( ! h& are to su* animals mu* m unpleasant ?an en]getic1 r\gh h&l+4 ,_m tickli% horses all[ _! feet to be rais$ :5 !y are grasp$ sudd5ly )\t any prep>atory movem5ts4 ,c4 ,remov+ ! ,old ,%oes4 ,if a horse's ho(s are heal?y1 all ! %oes may be tak5 (f at ! same "t1 b !re are c]ta9 diseases ( ! ho( 9 :i* ?is %\ld n be done4 ,! rule to foll[ 9 remov+ e %oe is to draw x cauti\sly1 n wr5* x away ) viol5ce4 ,ho(s :i* are dirty %\ld fir/ be cleans$1 pref]ably ) a /iff bru%4 ,next1 ! cl9*es %\ld be c>efully lift$ by means ( a r dull cl9* cutt] 7,fig4 #ic71 )\t injur+ ! horn ( ! wall4 ,9 ord]1 n[1 t ! nails may be remov$ s+ly1 ! %oe mu/ be slightly lift$4 ,?is may be done 9 "o ( two ways4 ,! %o] may use a pair ( p9c]s 7,fig4 #id71 ) broad bills :i* w encompass ! bran* ( ! %oe & come well toge!r und]nea? x4 ,! h&les ( ! p9c]s are !n mov$ 9 ! direction ( ! bran*es ( ! %oe4 ,! second me?od consi/s 9 rais+ ! bran*es ( ! %oe by driv+ ! nail-cutt] f beh9d betwe5 ! %oe & ho( & us+ x z a lev] or pry to loos5 ! %oe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4 ,cl9* cutt] & pun*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4 ,p9c]s4 ,viol5t & excessive twi/+ ( ! ho( & /ra9+ ( ligam5ts may easily occur1 b ! smi? %\ld gu>d aga9/ !m by support+ ! ho( ) ! left h& or ) ! leg j above ! knee1 :ile loos5+ ! %oe4 ,d4 ,prep>+ ! ,ho( = ! ,%oe4 ,?is prep>ation is usually t]m$ p>+1 trimm+1 or dress+4 ,x is a mo/ important /ep 9 ! process ( %oe+1 & its object is to %ort5 ! ho(1 :i* has gr[n too long "u ! projection ( ! %oe1 & prep>e x to receive ! new %oe4 ,! in/rum5ts ne$$ = ?is "w are ! rasp & ! ho(-knife 7,fig4 #ie72 ^u l>ge & h>d ho(s a pair ( %>p nipp]s 7,fig4 #if71 or a %>p hew+ knife1 ) broad h&le & p]fectly flat1 smoo? sides1 may be us$1 s9ce ^! in/rum5ts w consid]ably facilitate & ha/5 ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4 ,g]man ho( set ) deta*able hook blades4 7,w4 ,m4 ,kunde1 ,dresd573 a1 a1 ho( blades2 b1 pus se>*]2 c1 scalpel4 ,aft] ! %o] has c>efully exam9$ ! ho(s 9 ! mann] describ$ ^u pages #ij1 #ia1 & #ib1 & has fix$ 9 m9d ! relation ( ! height ( ! ho(s to ! size & weight ( ! body1 he cleanses ! ho( & removes all /ubs ( old nails4 ,at ! same "t he %\ld be ask+ himself if1 :]e1 & h[ mu* horn is to be remov$4 ,9 all cases all loosely atta*$ fragm5ts ( horn are to be remov$1 = example1 *ips ( horn produc$ by repeat$ b5d+ & /ret*+ ( ! l[] bord] ( ! wall4 ,! sole is !n fre$ f all flakes ( dead horn4 ,! %o] !n runs ! rasp ar\nd ! out] bord] ( ! wall & breaks x (f to ! dep? to :i* he ?9ks x %\ld be %ort5$1 & !n cuts ! wall d[n to its union ) ! sole1 s t at lea/ "o-eigh? ( an in* ( ! edge ( ! sole lies 9 ! same level z ! be>+-surface ( ! wall4 ,f9ally1 ! wall1 :ite l9e1 & out] m>g9 ( ! sole1 =m+ ! 8be>+-surface10 mu/ be rasp$ until !y are p]fectly horizontal1 except t at ! toe ( =e-ho(s ?is be>+-surface may be rasp$ slightly upw>d 7roll$ toe74 ,9 dress+ ! ho( ! bran*es ( ! frog %\ld always be left prom95t en\gh to project beyond ! be>+-surface ( ! qu>t]s ab\t ! ?ickness ( an ord9>y flat %oe4 ,if x be weak5$ by p>+1 x is depriv$ ( its activity1 %r9ks1 & ! ho( becomes n>r[ to a correspond+ degree4 ,! frog %\ld1 !re=e1 be trimm$ only :5 x is really too prom95t4 ,h[ev]1 loose & diseas$ p>ticles ( horn may be trimm$ away :5 x is affect$ ) ?ru%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #if4 ,nipp]s4 ,! b>s %\ld be sp>$ & nev] %ort5$ except :5 too long4 ,_! union ) ! wall at ! qu>t]s mu/ 9 no case be weak5$1 & nev] cut ?r\gh 7op5+ up ! heels74 ,!y %\ld be left z high z ! wall at ! qu>t]s1 or only a little less1 :ile ! bran*es ( ! sole %\ld lie ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* l[]4 ,! buttress 7angle =m$ by ! union ( wall & b>7 requires special att5tion4 ,9 heal?y un%od ho(s ! b>s run backw>d & outw>d 9 a /raight l9e f ! ant]ior ?ird ( ! frog4 ,9 %od ho(s1 h[ev]1 x happ5s t ! buttresses gradually l5g!n1 curl inw>d1 & press ^u ! bran*es ( ! frog1 caus+ ! latt] to %r9k4 ,9 su* cases ! indication is to remove ^! prolongations ( horn f ! buttresses s z to re/ore to ! b>s _! normal direction4 ,! %>p edge ( ! plant> bord] ( ! wall %\ld be brok5 away ) a rasp until ! relative ?ickness ( ! wall equals its absolute ?ickness4 7,fig4 #ig74 ,h[ev]1 9 heal?y ho(s1 t is1 9 ^? ^: walls are /raight f ! coronet to ! gr\nd1 ! out] surface ( ! wall %\ld nev] be rasp$4 ,! only exceptions to ?is rule are ^? cases 9 :i* !re is an outw>d b5d+ ( ! l[] edge ( ! wall1 mo/ frequ5t on ! inn] side wall & qu>t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4 ,longitud9al 7v]tical7 section ( ! wall at ! toe3 a c is ! absolute1 & a b ! relative ?ickness ( ! wall4 ,) a z ! c5tre1 & ! l9e a c z a radius1 a circle is drawn2 ! corn] ( horn 9 front ( ?is circle & indicat$ by dott$ l9es is to be remov$ ) ! rasp4 ,) respect to ! incl9ation ( ! gr\nd-surface ( ! ho( to ! direction ( ! foot-axis1 z view$ f 9 front1 ! foll[+ facts are e/abli%$3 ,9 ! regul> /&+ position ( ! limbs 7se5 f 9 front7 ! plant> surface ( a ho( is at "r angles to ! foot-axis1 & ! out] & inn] walls are ( equal heights4 ,9 ! base-wide position ( ! limbs ! plant> ho(-surface is m or less incl9$ to ! foot-axis1 usually to a v small degree1 & ! out] wall is some:at high] 7long]7 & m slant+ ?an ! inn]4 ,9 ! base-n>r[ position ( ! limbs ! plant> ho(-surface is m or less incl9$ to ! direction ( ! foot-axis1 usually q consid]ably1 & ! inn] wall is some:at high] ?an ! out]4 ,! foot is obs]v$ f ! side 9 ord] to det]m9e ! prop] relation ( ! l5g? ( ! toe to ! height ( ! qu>t]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4 ,an untrimm$ ho( ) an excess ( horn 7a7 at ! toe :i* breaks ! foot-axis backw>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4 ,an untrimm$ ho( ) an excess ( horn 7b7 at ! heels1 :i* breaks ! foot-axis =w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4 ,ho( dress$ & foot-axis /raight5$ by remov+ excess ( horn bel[ dott$ l9es 9 ! two prec$+ illu/rations4 ,9 ?is also ! foot-axis is our guide4 ,if ?is axis is z x %\ld be1 ! wall at ! toe & ! long pa/]n w h ! same slant 7,figs4 #fg1 #fh & #fi74 ,if ! ho( has become too long "u ! protection ( ! %oe1 ?is w be %[n by ! foot-axis be+ no long] a /raight l9e1 b brok5 backw>d at ! coronet 7,fig4 #ih72 t is1 ! ho( 9 comp>ison ) ! fetlock w be too slant+4 ,by %ort5+ ! toe m ?an ! qu>t]s ?is faulty relation w be correct$ 7,fig4 #ajj7 & ! foot re/or$ to its prop] slant4 ,if ! qu>t]s are too long 7too high7 9 comp>ison ) ! l5g? ( ! toe1 ! foot-axis w be brok5 =w>d at ! coronet 7,fig4 #ii71 & ! ho( w be too upright4 ,by %ort5+ ! qu>t]s m ?an ! toe ! foot-axis may be made /raight4 ,! plant> surface ( ! ho( is !re=e correct 7balanc$7 :5 ! horse places ! foot flat ^u ! gr\nd 9 travell+1 & :5 ! l9es b\nd+ ! ho(1 view$ f 9 front1 f beh9d1 & 9 pr(ile1 correspond to ! direction ( ! ?ree phalanges 7foot-axis74 ,f9ally1 ?is fact %\ld be emphasiz$1 t 9 *ang+ f flat %oes to ^? ) calks1 or ! rev]se1 ! ho(s mu/ fir/ be dress$ 9 accordance1 s t ! foot axes w rema9 /raight1 & ! feet be set always flat to ! gr\nd :5 ! new %oes are on4 ,ea* ho(1 :5 ready = ! new %oe1 %\ld be let d[n & ! horse all[$ to /& ^u x :ile x is aga9 c>efully exam9$ & closely comp>$ ) ! opposite ho(4 ,only aft] su* close inspection has prov$ ! dress+ to be faultless c ! ho( be consid]$ z prop]ly prep>$ & ready = ! %oe4 ,! two front ho(s & ! two h9d ho(s1 :5 ! legs are 9 ! same position1 %\ld n only be ( equal size1 b also 9 prop] relation to ! size & weight ( ! body4 ,e4 ,prep>+ ! ,ho( = go+ ,b>efoot4 ,?is becomes necess>y :5 ! nature ( ! gr\nd & ! k9d ( s]vice requir$ ( ! horse r5d] %oe+ unnecess>y4 ,h[ev]1 to g b>efoot ! ho( mu/ h pl5ty ( horn4 ,aft] remov+ ! %oes ! frog %\ld be p>$ d[n ne>ly to ! level ( ! wall1 & ! %>p out] edge ( ! wall well r\nd$ (f ) ! rasp1 9 "s cases z f> z ! :ite l9e1 o!rwise l>ge pieces ( ! wall w readily break away4 ,ho(s ) v slant+ walls mu/ be m /rongly r\nd$ (f ?an upright ho(s4 ,go+ b>efoot /r5g!ns ! ho(s4 ,f "t to "t ! condition ( ^! %oeless ho(s %\ld be asc]ta9$ by inspection1 & any gr[+ fault 9 %ape or direction ( ! horn imm$iately correct$4 ,x q frequ5tly happ5s t ! %>p edge ( ! wall mu/ be repeat$ly r\nd$1 especially on v oblique walls 7out] half ( base-wide ho(s71 & ! qu>t]s may require frequ5t %ort5+1 because !y are n always worn away z fa/ z ! horn at ! toe4 ,f4 ,mak+ ,%oes4#c ,besides good1 t\gh iron = ! %oe1 we ne$ an anvil ) a r\nd horn & a small hole at "o end1 a r\nd-head$ turn+-hamm]1 a r\nd sl$ge1 a /amp+ hamm]1 a prit*el ( good /eel1 &1 if a full]$ %oe is to be made1 a r\nd full]4 ,bodily activity &1 above all else1 a good eye = measurem5t are n only desirable1 b necess>y4 ,a %oe %\ld be made ?\ghtfully1 b yet quickly en\gh to make ! mo/ ( ! heat4 #c ,on a %oe we di/+ui% an out] & an inn] bran*4 ,! ant]ior portion1 =m$ by ! union ( ! two bran*es1 is call$ ! toe4 ,! upp] surface1 ^u :i* ! ho( re/s1 is call$ ! ho(-surface1 & ! "u surface1 :i* is 9 contact ) ! gr\nd1 ! gr\nd-surface4 ,t portion ( ! ho(-surface :i* is 9 direct contact ) ! l[] bord] ( ! wall1 ! :ite l9e1 & a n>r[ m>g9 ( ! sole is t]m$ ! be>+-surface1 & :5 necess>y 8concav+0 7seat+7 ext5ds f ?is to ! inn] bord] ( ! %oe4 ,on ! gr\nd-surface is se5 ! 8full]+0 or 8crease40 ,! iron ( :i* horse%oes are made is d]iv$ f ! natural iron ore4 ,iron us$ = te*nical purposes is n *emically pure4 ,pure iron is r too s(t1 & is !re=e mix$ ) diff]5t sub/ances1 mo/ly ) 8c>bon10 ! mo/ important +r$i5t ( our fuel4 ,( c\rse1 ! iron conta9s a v small quantity ( c>bon 7#j4e to #e p] c5t474 ,:5 iron conta9s m ?an #b4b p] c5t4 ( c>bon x is h>d1 brittle1 & m easily melt$1 & is kn[n z crude iron1 or raw iron1 because x is d]iv$ f ! raw product1--black ore4 ,! melt$ crude iron is call$ ca/ iron4 ,iron is ductile :5 x conta9s less ?an #b4b p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 & is !n call$ =ge iron1 or wr\ght iron4 ,wr\ght iron is fusible only at a high temp]ature4 ,only weldable iron conta9+ less ?an #a4f p] c5t4 ( c>bon is suitable = g5]al use4 ,( ?is iron we di/+ui% two sorts1--/eel & wr\ght iron4 ,a l>g] p]c5tage ( c>bon is f\nd 9 /eel ?an 9 wr\ght iron4 ,/eel is h>d1 c be temp]$1 & may be call$ temp]$ wr\ght iron4 ,9 ord] to temp] or h>d5 /eel1 br+ x to a *]ry-r$ heat1 & !n cool x sudd5ly by dipp+ x 9 cold wat] or wet s&4 ,! temp]$ /eel c aga9 be s(t5$ z desir$ by heat+ & sl[ly cool+4 ,by heat+ to a high temp]ature 9 a =ge wr\ght iron w become d\ghy1 & may !n be intimately unit$ 7weld$7 ) ano!r piece at ! same temp]ature by pressure or hamm]+4 ,?is prop]ty is call$ weld-ability2 x is ( great importance 9 mak+ horse%oes4 ,! heat+ ( iron until x rea*es ! weld+ /age is call$ gett+ a 8heat40 ,! act ( weld+ wr\ght iron ) /eel is call$ 8/eel+40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4 ,full]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4 ,hamm]-pun*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4 ,prit*el4 ,reg>d+ ! tools1 ! foll[+ h9ts are suffici5t3 ,! anvil %\ld h a level1 smoo?1 flat /eel face4 ,likewise1 ! r\nd head & flat face ( bo? turn+-hamm] & sl$ge %\ld be smoo?4 ,on ! full]+-hamm] 7,fig4 #aja7 ! left side is flat1 ! "r side convex1 & ! cutt+ edge has slightly r\nd$ corn]s4 ,! h>dy1 full]+-hamm]1 & cold *isel %\ld be flawless on ! edge4 ,! pun* 7,fig4 #ajb71 us$ to make ! nail-holes 9 ! %oe1 has a dull po9t1 :i* %\ld correspond 9 size ) ! head ( ! horse%oe-nail & h slightly r\nd$ corn]s4 ,! prit*el 7,fig4 #ajc7 %\ld n tap] to a po9t1 b %\ld end 9 a rectangul> surface ^: l5g? is twice its wid?1 9 ord] to pun* iron ?r\gh ! %oe "u ! bl[ ( ! hamm]4 ,mak+ ! ,%oe4 ,to make a flat %oe1 take ! l5g? ( ! ho( f ! po9t ( ! toe to ! buttress & ! greate/ wid? ( ! ho(2 ^! two measurem5ts1 :5 add$ toge!r1 give ! l5g? ( ! b> = ! %oe4 ,! b> %\ld be ( su* wid? & ?ickness z w require ! lea/ am\nt ( work+4 ,= a b>-%oe or a %oe ) heel-calks ! b> mu/ be correspond+ly long]4 ,%\ld we wi% to pres]ve ! exact outl9e ( ! plant> bord] ( ! wall1 we may advantage\sly use su* a podomet] z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,?is consi/s ( a p]=at$ %eet-iron plate "o-sixte5? to "o-twelf? ( an in* ?ick4 ,?is is laid ^u ! ho(1 & ! outl9e ( ! wall m>k$ ^u x ) *alk4 ,if necess>y1 ! ho( may be set on a piece ( smoo?1 /iff wrapp+ pap] or c>d-bo>d1 & ! outl9e ( ! wall closely trac$ ) a lead p5cil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4 ,podomet]4 ,to make a front %oe 7,figs4 #ajg & #ajh71 heat ! b> :ite-hot j beyond its middle1 place ! head ( ! sl$ge hamm] across "o end ( ! face ( ! anvil1 hold ! unheat$ end ( ! b> on ! head ( ! sl$ge1--! heat$ end re/+ on ! face ( ! anvil1 & b5d ! b> into a half-circle ) ! r\nd head ( ! turn+-hamm]4 7,! out] bran* ( all %oes is made fir/2 9 mak+ pairs ! "r %oe is made fir/47 ,! extreme end ( ! heat$ b> is drawn out to ! desir$ wid? & ?ickness ) ! sl$ge4 ,! b5t bran* is !n plac$ obliquely across ! heel ( ! horn ( ! anvil1 is turn$ ov] t[>d ! "r till x re/s ^u an edge1 & is !n bevell$ diamond-%ap$ f ! toe to ! end ( ! bran*4 ,! edge 9 contact ) ! horn is ! inn] edge ( ! "r bran* 7out] bran*7 ( ! "r %oe2 ! edge beat5 d[n by ! hamm] is ! out] edge ( ! out] bran*4 ,! bran* is !n flatt5$ on ! anvil because 9 ! b5d+ ! out] edge has be5 /ret*$ & ?9n$1 :ile ! iron ( ! inn] edge has be5 cr[d$ toge!r 7back-set7 & ?ick5$4 ,9 flatt5+1 ! %oe %\ld be left a trifle ?9n] on ! inn] edge4 ,! bran* is aga9 plac$ ov] ! horn1 & gone ov] lightly ) ! flat head ( ! turn+-hamm] & br\ght to a prop] %ape4 ,x is n[ to be concav$ ) or )\t ! help ( ! sl$ge1 or ! concav+ may be omitt$4 ,! concav+ %\ld end ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* f ! end ( ! bran*4 ,n[ turn ! bran* & full] x1 or full] x fir/ & concave aft]w>ds4 ,! full] %\ld be set 9 ab\t "o-twelf? ( an in* f ! edge = small %oes1 some:at m = l>ge %oes1 & l$ f ! end ( ! bran* t[>ds ! toe1 twice be+ necess>y to make ! full]+ ( suffici5t dep?4 ,next1 /amp ! holes1 pun* !m ?r\gh ) ! prit*el1 run ov] ! surfaces1 g ov] ! out] edge ( ! %oe ^u ! horn1 &1 f9ally1 hamm] ! be>+-surface smoo? & horizontal4 ,! left bran* is made 9 ! same way1 except t x is turn$ to ! left & ! full]+ c>ri$ f ! toe to ! heel4 ,any ord9>y %oe c & %\ld be complet$ 9 ! r\gh 9 two heats4 ,"o pair ( %oes requires f eight to fifte5 m9utes4 ,! h9d %oe 7,fig4 #aaf7 is made 9 l mann]1 b ! bran*es are n b5t 9 a circle b giv5 t =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,concav+ is n necess>y2 x is suffici5t m]ely to r\nd ! inn] edge ( ! web4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4 ,! curvature ( a bran* ( a front %oe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4 ,! curvature ( a bran* ( a h9d %oe4 ,s9ce 9 b5d+ ! %oe1 & especially ! toe ( a h9d %oe1 ! inn] edge is cr[d$ toge!r 7back-set7 & ?ick5$ to ! same ext5t t ! out] edge is /ret*$ & ?9n$1 we mu/ rememb] to d away ) ^! inequalities ( ?ickness & /ra9 by hamm]+ ! %oe smoo?4 ,peculi>ities ( ! ,%oe4 ,!y are dep5d5t ^u ! /ructure1 direction1 & position ( ! leg & ho(1 z well z ^u ! horse's s]vice & ! nature ( ! gr\nd4 ,s9ce ! %oe is an artificial base ( support1 & s9ce a prop] surface ( support is ( ! greate/ importance 9 pres]v+ ! s\ndness ( ! feet & legs1 c>eful att5tion mu/ be giv5 to ?is matt]4 ,naturally %oes design$ = ! v>i\s =ms ( ho(s mu/ pres5t equally great & equally num]\s diff]5ces ( =m1 z well z o!r peculi>ities4 ,g5]al ,prop]ties4 #a4 ,=m4--,a =m correspond+ to ! %ape ( ! ho( is indisp5sable 9 e %oe4 ,front & h9d & "r & left %oes %\ld be %>ply def9$ & easily di/+ui%able4 ,front %oes mu/1 above all else1 be circul> r\nd cut ! toe4 ,h9d %oes1 on ! contr>y1 %\ld be r\nd po9t$ at ! toe1 yet n too mu* s1 b z 9 ,fig4 #aaf4 #b4 ,wid?4--,all %oes %\ld be wid] webb$ 7m cov]$7 at ! toe ?an at ! ends ( ! bran*es4 ,! m$ium wid? %\ld be ab\t twice ! ?ickness ( ! wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4 ,"r front %oe1 gr\nd-surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4 ,"r front %oe1 ho(-surface3 a1 be>+-surface2 b1 concav+1 or 8seat+40 #c4 ,?ickness4--,ea* %oe %\ld1 9 g5]al t]ms1 be s ?ick t x ne$ n be r5ew$ "u f\r weeks4 ,lungwitz f\nd t ! av]age requir$ ?ickness is ab\t sev5-sixte5?s ( an in*4 ,( c\rse1 ?is ?ickness mu/ be dim9i%$ or increas$ accord+ to ! rapidity ( we> ( ! %oe4 ,%oes )\t calks %\ld be ( uni=m ?ickness1 unless !re are special reasons = mak+ !m o!rwise4 #d4 ,l5g?4--,= draft-horses !y %\ld be long en\gh to rea* ! bulbs ( ! heel1 o!rwise %ort]1 ?\gh 9 o!r respects !y may diff] 7see 8special prop]ties071 b %\ld 9 all cases completely cov] ! be>+-surface ( ! ho(4 #e4 ,surfaces4--,t "p ( ! ho(-surface ( ! %oe :i* is 9 contact ) ! ho( 7be>+-surface ( ! %oe1 ,fig4 #aji1 a7 %\ld be horizontal & wide en\gh to cov] ! wall1 ! :ite l9e1 & f a twelf? to an eigh? ( an in* ( ! out] edge ( ! sole4 ,%oes = l>ge ho(s require a broad] be>+-surface ?an ^? = small ho(s4 ,! concav+1 or 8seat+0 7,fig4 #aji1 b71 %\ld be made deep] or %all[]1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! sole4 ,%oes = ho(s ) /rongly ar*$ 7v concave7 soles1 d n require any concav+ 7h9d ho(s1 n>r[ =e-ho(s74 ,! object ( concav+ is to prev5t pressure ( ! %oe ^u ! horny sole except at its m>g94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4 ,transv]se section ( a bran* ( a front %oe3 a1 be>+-surface2 b1 concav+2 c1 full]+1 or 8crease02 d1 nail-hole4 ,! gr\nd-surface ( ! %oe %\ld be flat & p]fectly horizontal1 except at ! toe1 :i* may be turn$ upw>d 7roll$ toe1 8roll+ motion074 #f4 ,bord]s4--,! out] bord] %\ld usually be mod]ately base-n>r[1--t is1 ! circumf]5ce ( ! gr\nd-surface ( ! %oe %\ld be less ?an ! circumf]5ce ( its ho(-surface2 9 o!r words1 ! entire out] bord] ( ! %oe %\ld be bevell$ "u ! foot4 ,%oes made base-n>r[ are n s easily loos5$1 & mat]ially assi/ 9 prev5t+ int]f]+4 ,! inn] bord] %\ld be mod]ately r\nd$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4 7a7 correct & 7b7 incorrect full]+4 #g4 ,! 8,full]+0 7,fig4 #aji1 c74--,9 dep? x %\ld be ab\t two-?irds ! ?ickness ( ! %oe1 ( uni=m wid?1 & 8clean40 ,a full]+ is n absolutely necess>y1 b x makes ! %oe light] 9 proportion to its size1 facilitates a uni=m plac+ ( ! nail-holes1 r5d]s ! gr\nd-surface some:at r\gh1 &1 because x is r difficult to make1 increases ! workman's skill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4 ,swiss milit>y %oe1 ho(-surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4 ,swiss milit>y %oe1 gr\nd-surface4 #h4 ,nail-,holes 7,fig4 #aji1 d74--,! importance ( ! nail-holes1 z reg>ds _! "*1 numb]1 di/ribution1 dep?1 & direction1 _c be ov]-e/imat$1 because by ! nails :i* are driv5 ?r\gh !m ! /ability ( ! %oe ^u ! ho( %\ld be ma9ta9$ )\t injur+ ! s5sitive /ructures1 splitt+ ! horny wall1 or immod]ately int]f]+ ) ! ela/icity ( ! foot4 ,ea* nail-hole %\ld tap] uni=mly f ! gr\nd to ! ho(-surface 7funnel-%ap$74 ,= a m$ium-weight %oe six nail-holes are suffici5t1 :ile = all heavy %oes1 especially ^? ) toe- & heel-calks1 eight are indicat$2 h[ev]1 x %\ld by no means be said t e nail-hole %\ld conta9 a nail4 ,h9d %oes usually require "o m nail-hole ?an front %oes1 yet seldom m ?an eight4 ,9 front %oes ! nail-holes %\ld be plac$ 9 ! ant]ior half ( ! %oe 7,figs4 #ajg & #ajh71 :ile 9 h9d %oes !y are to be plac$ 9 ! ant]ior two-?irds ( ! %oe 7,fig4 #aaf71 & 9 bo? cases s di/ribut$ t ! toe %all be )\t nail-holes1 except 9 ^? %oes 9 :i* x may be desirable to omit ! nail-holes 9 an entire bran* 7,fig4 #aec74 ,! dep? ( ! nail-holes--t is1 _! di/ance f ! out] edge ( ! %oe--w dep5d always ^u ! ?ickness ( ! wall1 & %\ld equal ! absolute 7real7 ?ickness ( ! wall 7,fig4 #ig74 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t all nail-holes %\ld n be plac$ at ! same dep? 7= ?ickness ( ! wall1 see p4 #ec74 ,! direction 9 :i* ! nail-holes %\ld pass ?r\gh ! %oe dep5ds ^u ! obliquity ( ! wall4 ,! nail-holes ar\nd ! toe1 z a rule1 %\ld incl9e some:at inw>d1 ! holes at ! sides less s1 :ile ^? at ! qu>t]s %\ld be pun*$ /raight1--t is1 %\ld pass p]p5dicul>ly ?r\gh ! %oe4 ,bo? front & h9d %oes = army horses 9 "t ( w> & manuvres %\ld be s pun*$ t "o or two nails may be plac$ 9 ! po/]ior half ( ! %oe 7,figs4 #aaa & #aab74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4 ,=m ( clips3 a1 correct2 b1 indiff]5t2 c1 faulty4 #i4 ,clips 7,fig4 #aac7 are half-circul>1 leaf-l e>s drawn upw>d f ! out] edge ( ! %oe4 ,!y %\ld be /rong & )\t flaw at ! base1 & some:at high] & ?ick] ^u h9d ?an ^u front %oes4 ,_! height on flat %oes %\ld equal ! ?ickness ( ! %oe1 :ile on %oes ) lea!r soles1 or ) toe- & heel-calks !y %\ld be some:at high]4 ,accord+ to _! position we di/+ui% toe- & side-clips4 ,!y secure ! %oe aga9/ %ift+2 !re=e1 z a rule1 e %oe %\ld h a toe-clip4 ,a side-clip %\ld always be drawn up on t bran* ( ! %oe :i* fir/ meets ! gr\nd 9 locomotion4 ,a ,%oe ) ,heel-,calks4--,all %oes ) heel-calks design$ = heal?y ho(s %\ld be s made & appli$ t !y w di/urb ! normal sett+ d[n ( ! foot z little z possible1 t ! we> ( ! %oe w take place uni=mly1 & slipp+ be dim9i%$4 ,! toe ( ! %oe mu/1 !re=e1 be left some:at ?ick] ?an ! bran*es j 9 front ( ! heel-calks4 ,moreov]1 e front %oe ) heel-calks mu/ be relatively long1 & be provid$ ) consid]able roll+ motion at ! toe2 t is1 ! %oe %\ld be turn$ up at ! toe1 ! b5d+ beg9n+ ne> ! inn] edge ( ! web4 ,! ?ree- or f\r-corn]$1 some:at conical heel-calks ) r\nd$ corn]s %\ld n be high] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! %oe4 ,) ref]5ce to ! direction ( ! ends ( ! bran*es1 we %\ld see to x t !y d n rise excessively1 b t !y assume z ne> z possible a horizontal direction 9 pass+ back to ! heels 7see ,fig4 #aae74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4 ,%oe )\t calks1 ) p]fectly level ho(- & gr\nd-surfaces1 & ) roll at ! toe 7flat1 roll+ motion %oe74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4 ,%oe ) heel-calks = a front ho(4 ,a ,%oe ) ,toe- & ,heel-,calks4--,su* a %oe %\ld be ( uni=m ?ickness f end to end1 & %\ld h a toe-calk & two heel-calks t are some:at /rong] & long] ?an ! heel-calks ( a %oe :i* has no toe-calk4 ,if to a %oe ( uni=m ?ickness1 on :i* ! heel-calks are some:at high] ?an ^? already describ$1 a piece ( /eel 7,fig4 #aaf1 b7 ( ! height ( ! heel-calks is weld$ at ! toe1 we h a %oe ) toe- & heel-calks4 ,! toe-calk %\ld nev] he high] ?an ! heel-calks4 ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal k9ds ( toe-calks1--namely3 #a4 ,! ,%>p ,toe-,calk4--,a b> ( toe-/eel ( prop] wid? & ?ickness = ! toe-calk is ?ru/ ) ! %oe into ! fire4 ,:5 ! end ( ! b> is *]ry-r$ 9 color x is )drawn1 laid across ! /raight h>dy1 & cut ne>ly ?r\gh at a po9t a calk-l5g? f ! end4 ,b> & %oe are !n br\ght to a weld+ heat1 ! calk quickly & securely weld$ across ! toe ( ! %oe1 ! b> wr5*$ away1 ! calk gone ov] aga9 ) ! hamm]1 :5 x is imm$iately beat5 out to a %>p edge f ! ant]ior face1 ei!r ov] ! f> edge ( ! anvil1 or 9 a foot-vise4 ,! po/]ior face ( a %>p toe-calk %\ld be p]p5dicul> to ! gr\nd-surface ( ! %oe4 ,ma*9e-made toe-calks1 %>p1 half-%>p & blunt1 provid$ ) a %>p spud at "o or bo? ends1 are 9 g5]al use4 ,_! use requires two heats1 & ! %>p calk is blunt$ 9 ! weld+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4 ,"r h9d %oe ) toe- & heel-calks3 a1 heel-calks2 b1 toe-calk2 c1 greate/ wid? ( ! base ( support 7i4e41 contact ) ! gr\nd7 ( ?is %oe :5 )\t toe- & heel-calks2 d1 ! greate/1 & e1 ! lea/ wid? ( ! base ( support ( ?is %oe ) calks4 #b4 ,! ,blunt ,toe-,calk4--,x is a r long rectangul> piece ( toe-/eel1 /raight1 or curv$ to con=m to ! toe ( ! %oe4 ,! %oe-surface & ! gr\nd-surface ( ! calk are ( equal dim5sions4 ,x %\ld be weld$ on 9 "o heat4 #c4 ,! ,half-,%>p ,toe-,calk 7,c(f9-,lid ,toe-,calk74--,x resembles ! blunt calk1 except t ! surface ( ! calk t is appli$ to ! %oe is some:at broad] & long] ?an ! surface t comes 9 contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,x is weld$ on 9 "o heat4 ,! fir/ & ?ird k9ds are mo/ suitable = w9t]4 ,s9ce heel-& toe-calks raise ! ho( f> f ! gr\nd & prev5t all pressure ^u ! frog1 !y dim9i% ! ela/icity ( ! ho( & injure x4 ,!y are injuri\s also to ! jo9ts1 because !y furni% a base ( support :i* is ess5tially small] ?an t af=d$ by a flat %oe 7,fig4 #aaf74 ,h[ev]1 !y are indisp5sable = heavy draft purposes on slipp]y roads & 9 w9t]4 ,^u all o!r roads & 9 summ] !y are sup]flu\s1 at lea/ ^u front ho(s1 especially z !y d n :olly prev5t slipp+4 ,special ,prop]ties4--,! _m diff]5t =ms ( ho(s require a great v>iety ( %oes4 ,foll[+ are ! special peculi>ities ( ea* ( ! *ief classes ( %oes4 #a4 ,%oe = a ,regul> ,ho(4--,out] edge3 mod]ately base-n>r[ 7bevell$ "u7 all ar\nd4 ,di/ribution & direction ( ! nail-holes3 regul>4 ,l5g?3 long] ?an ! ho( by ! ?ickness ( ! %oe 7see ,figs4 #aba & #abb74 #b4 ,%oe = an ,acute-,angl$ ,ho(4--,out] edge3 /rongly base-n>r[ ar\nd ! toe1 b gradually becom+ p]p5dicul> t[>ds ! ends ( ! bran*es4 ,pun*+3 regul>1 except t ! nail-holes at ! toe mu/ incl9e inw>d some:at m ?an usual4 ,l5g?3 r long] ?an ! prec$+ %oe 7see ,fig4 #abc74 #c4 ,%oe = an ,upright 7/umpy7 ,ho(4--,out] edge3 p]p5dicul> at ! toe2 b if ! ho( is v /eep1 !n base-wide at ! toe1--i4e41 bevell$ d[nw>d & outw>d4 ,pun*+3 la/ nail %\ld be plac$ j beyond ! middle ( ! %oe4 ,direction ( ! holes3 p]p5dicul>4 ,l5g?3 %ort2 at mo/1 "o-eigh? ( an in* long] ?an ! ho(4 ,9 ! case ( a 8be>-foot0 7see ,fig4 #gj7 ! %oe %\ld be long4 #d4 ,%oe = a ,base-,wide ,ho(4--,out] edge2 ! out] bran* %\ld be mod]ately base-n>r[1--i4e41 bevell$ d[nw>d & inw>d1 ! inn] bran* p]p5dicul>4 ,pun*+3 ^u ! out] bran* ! holes %\ld ext5d well back1 :ile ^u ! inn] bran* !y are to be cr[d$ =w>d t[>ds ! toe 7see ,fig4 #aag74 ,l5g? w dep5d ^u ! obliquity ( ! ho( z se5 9 pr(ile 7see #a1 #b1 & #c74 #e4 ,%oe = a ,base-,n>r[ ,ho(4--,out] edge3 ! out] bran* ei!r p]p5dicul> or base-wide1 ! inn] bran* /rongly base-n>r[4 ,pun*+3 ! nail-holes 9 ! out] bran* %\ld be cr[d$ t[>ds ! toe &1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 pun*$ deep] ?an ! wall is ?ick1 on acc\nt ( ! great] wid? ( ?is bran*2 9 ! inn] bran* ! nail-holes are to be di/ribut$ back to ! qu>t] & pun*$ light 7see ,fig4 #aah74 ,l5g? w dep5d ^u ! obliquity ( ! ho(4 ,! out] bran* %\ld be ab\t "o-f\r? ( an in* long] ?an ! inn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4 ,a "r front %oe = a base-wide 7toe-wide7 ho(4 ,! inn] bran* %\ld be ab\t "o-f\r? ( an in* long] ?an ! out]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4 ,a "r front %oe = a base-n>r[ 7toe-n>r[7 ho(4 ,! out] bran* is wid] & "o-f\r? ( an in* long] ?an ! inn]4 #f4 ,%oe = a ,wide ,ho(4--,some:at wid] webb$ 7m cov]$7 ?an usual4 ,out] edge3 bevell$ "u ! foot all ar\nd 7base-n>r[74 ,pun*+3 nail-holes c>ri$ back into ! po/]ior half ( ! %oe 7see ,fig4 #aai74 ,l5g? w dep5d ^u ! obliquity ( ! ho(4 #g4 ,%oe = a ,n>r[ ,ho(4--,out] edge3 mod]ately bevell$ "u ! foot at ! toe 7base-n>r[71 else:]e p]p5dicul>4 ,di/ribution ( ! nail-holes3 regul>4 ,direction ( ! nail-holes3 p]p5dicul> & t[>ds ! qu>t]s1 incl9+ some:at outw>d4 ,! holes ab\t ! toe incl9e some:at inw>d4 ,l5g? w dep5d ^u ! obliquity ( ! ho(4 ,concav+ unnecess>y 7see ,fig4 #abj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4 ,flat %oe = a r\nd ho( 7"r front74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4 ,a left front %oe = a n>r[ ho(4 ,! concav+ is unnecess>y4 ,! =ms ( %oes describ$ 9 p>agraphs #b to #g diff] f t describ$ 9 p>agraph #a1 b are necess>y 9 ord] to less5 ! injuri\s consequ5ces ( irregul> load+ 7unbalanc+7 ( ! feet1 & ( unfavorable bases ( support ( ! body-weight4 ,g4 ,*oos+ ! ,%oe4 ,! *oice ( ! %oe = a giv5 horse is n at all difficult aft] we h c>efully consid]$ 8 weight1 ! nature ( 8 "w1 8 /&+ position1 gait1 ! =m ( 8 ho(s1 & quality ( ! horn1 be>+ 9 m9d ! g5]al & peculi> prop]ties ( %oes4 ,z a rule1 we *oose a %oe t is long] ?an ! ho(1 because ! latt] gr[s & c>ries ! %oe =w>d ) x1 & because ! qu>t]s gradually become l[]$ by rubb+ & we>+ away ^u ! bran*es ( ! %oe4 ,! l5g? ( ! %oe is ( especial importance4 ,= horses employ$ = sl[1 heavy draft purposes ! %oe suppli$ ) heel-& toe-calks %\ld ext5d backw>d f> en\gh to support ! bulbs ( ! heels4 ,on ! contr>y1 horses us$ at a trot or gallop1 z coa*-& saddle-horses1 require %ort] %oes 7see ,fig4 #abd74 ,! weight ( ! %oe %\ld be s adju/$ to ! dem&s ( ! horse's "w1 ! condition ( ! legs 7:e!r us$ up ) "w or n71 & ! nature ( ! gr\nd t ! %oe+ w la/ at lea/ a mon?4 ,h>d roads & a heavy1 clumsy gait require /rong1 durable %oes1 :i*1 "u "s conditions1 are to be r5d]$ /ill m durable by weld+ 9 /eel4 ,= mod]ate s]vice ^u s(t roads we %\ld use light %oes4 ,runn+ horses require unusually ?9 & n>r[ %oes ( /eel 7see ,figs4 #abe-abh74 ,h4 ,%ap+ & ,fitt+ ,%oes4 ,g5]al ,consid]ations4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ important p>ts ( horse%oe+4 ,its object is to s fa%ion or %ape ! %oe :i* has be5 *os5 = a p>ticul> ho( t its circumf]5ce w exactly correspond to ! l[] circumf]5ce ( ! previ\sly prep>$ ho(1 & its be>+-surface w fit air-tight to ! be>+-surface ( ! ho(4 ,at ?is "t all defects 9 ! surfaces ( ho( & %oe & 9 ! nail-holes mu/ be rem$i$1 ! clips drawn up1 & ! %oe made to fit p]fectly4 ,! be>+-surface ( ! %oe1 especially at ! ends ( ! bran*es1 mu/ be kept horizontal#d & smoo?1 & its wid? regulat$ by ! wid? ( ! be>+-surface ( ! ho( 7see page #ii74 ,p]fectly uni=m heat+ is absolutely indisp5sable 9 %ap+ ! %oe1 because an irregul>ly heat$ %oe twi/s or becomes di/ort$ at ! w>m places4 ,e %oe %\ld be /raight1 & :5 held be=e ! eye "o bran* %\ld exactly cov] ! o!r4 ,a flat %oe laid ^u a level surface %\ld t\* at all p>ts ( its gr\nd-surface2 ! only exception to ?is is ! %oe ) a roll$ toe 7roll+ motion71 9 :i* ! toe is turn$ upw>d4 ,a %oe is t]m$ 8tr\gh-%ap$0 :5 only ! inn] edge ( ! web re/s ^u ! flat surface4 ,x is faulty1 di/urbs ! /ability ( ! foot1 & %ifts ! weight ( ! body too mu* ^u ! qu>t]s4 #d ,! horizontal be>+-surface is 9 accordance ) nature1 because ! *anges ( =m ( ! ho( :i* take place at ! plant> bord] ( ! wall1 on burd5+ & unburd5+ ! foot1 %\ld n be int]f]$ )4 ,a horizontal be>+-surface be/ fulfils ?is requirem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4 ,%od =e-ho( view$ 9 pr(ile to %[ ! 8roll0 at ! toe4 ,to front %oes we give a roll$ toe 7,fig4 #aba1 roll+ motion71 by :i* we mean a m or less pron\nc$ upw>d turn ( ! toe ( ! %oe4 ,ord9>ily1 ! toe beg9s to turn up at ! middle ( ! web1 & %\ld be elevat$ ab\t "o-half ! ?ickness ( ! iron4 ,! roll$ toe corresponds to ! natural we> ( front ho(s1 facilitates ! 8break+ ov]0 ( ! feet1 & insures a uni=m we> ( ! %oe 7see ,fig4 #hf74 ,! %oe is made mod]ately hot & plac$ on ! foot ) ! toe-clip aga9/ ! wall exactly 9 front ( ! po9t ( ! frog4 ,! scor*$ horn %\ld be repeat$ly remov$ ) ! rasp until a p]fect-fitt+ b$ has be5 made ^u ! be>+-surface ( ! ho(4 ,f ! be>+-surface ( ! %oe to ! inn] bord] ( ! web ! iron mu/ be free f ! sole ar\nd its entire circumf]5ce4 ,! horn sole %\ld n be burnt1 because ! velvety tissue ( ! sole lies imm$iately above x4 ,9 ! region ( ! nail-holes ! out] bord]s ( %oe & wall %\ld correspond4 ,! nail-holes mu/ "u all conditions cov] ! :ite l9e4 ,f ! la/ nail-hale back to ! ends ( ! bran*es1 = ho(s ( ! regul> /&+ position ( ! limbs1 ! %oe %\ld gradually wid5 until x projects at ea* qu>t] f a sixte5? to an eigh? ( an in* beyond ! edge ( ! wall4 ,! po/]ior half ( ! %oe %\ld1 !re=e1 be some:at wid] ?an ! ho(4 ,! effect ( ?is w be to prolong ! usefulness ( ! %oes4 ,) respect to ! wid? ( ! bran*es1 an exception arises 9 ! case ( h9d %oes1 9 :i* ! inn] bran*1 ) few exceptions1 %\ld closely foll[ ! bord] ( ! wall2 ?is w prev5t int]f]+ & te>+ (f ! %oe by ! opposite foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4 ,left =e-ho( ( normal position %od4 ,betwe5 ! ends ( ! bran*es & ! frog !re %\ld be en\gh room1 ) few exceptions1 to pass a foot-pick4 ,9 ord] to judge ( ! wid? ( a %oe :i* has be5 fitt$ to ! ho(1 x is ( advantage to seize ! ho( 9 ! left h& &1 ext5d+ x t[>ds ! gr\nd1 to obs]ve f beh9d & above ! out] bord] ( ! %oe & ! surfaces ( ! wall4 ,fur!rmore1 ! mo/ important rule is t ! %oe %\ld always h ! =m ( ! foot1 s long z ! =m ( ! ho( rema9s unalt]$4 ,9 all ho(s t h already und]gone *ange ( =m we mu/ /rive to give ! %oe t =m :i* ! ho( _h be=e x und]w5t *ange4 ,su* treatm5t w n only d ! ho( no injury1 b1 on ! contr>y1 is ( advantage to x1 z x is well kn[n t 9 "t ! ho( w acquire ! =m ( ! %oe4 ,%ap+ & ,fitt+ ,%oes4 ,special ,consid]ations4 7a7 ,a %oe = a ho( ( ! regul> =m fits prop]ly :5 ! out] bord] ( ! %oe 9 ! region ( ! nail-holes closely foll[s ! out] edge ( ! wall1 b f ! la/ nail-hole to ! end ( ea* bran* ext5ds beyond ! wall f a sixte5? to an eigh? ( an in*1 ! %oe is /raight1 lies firmly & air-tight ^u ! be>+-surface ( ! ho(1 ! nail-holes fall exactly ^u ! :ite l9e1 & !re is suffici5t space betwe5 ! frog & ! bran*es ( ! %oe = ! passage ( a foot-pick4 ,! bran*es mu/ be ( equal l5g?4 ,:ile 9 fitt+ a %oe to a ho( ( regul> =m we ne$ pay att5tion only to ! =m ( ! ho(1 x is v diff]5t :5 we come to %ape & fit %oes to ho(s ( irregul> =ms4 ,9 ^! cases we mu/ consid] n only ! =m ( ! ho(1 b ! position ( ! limbs & ! di/ribution ( weight 9 ! ho(1 because :]e ! mo/ weight falls ! surface ( support ( ! foot mu/ be wid5$1 & :]e lea/ weight falls 7on ! opposite side7 ! surface ( support mu/ be n>r[$4 ,9 ?is mann] ! improp] di/ribution ( weight )9 ! ho( 7an unbalanc$ foot7 is regulat$1--t is1 is ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! surface ( support4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is is accompli%$ 9 ! v>i\s =ms ( ho(s is z foll[s3 7b7 ,an acute-angl$ ho( requires ! %oe describ$ 9 p>agraph #b1 page #aad4 ,! bran*es mu/ be long1 because m ( ! weight falls 9 ! po/]ior half ( ! foot1 & long bran*es ext5d ! surface ( support backw>d1 :ile ! surface ( support 9 front is to be dim9i%$ by mak+ ! toe ( ! %oe base-n>r[1 ei!r by turn+ x up or by bevell+ x 9 "u ! foot4 ,a %oe = an acute-angl$ ho( fits :5 x is o!rwise relat$ to ! ho( z is describ$ 9 p>agraph a1 above4 7c7 ,an upright or /umpy ho( pres5ts exactly rev]se conditions ) respect to ! di/ribution ( weight )9 ! ho(1 & is treat$ 9 an exactly opposite mann]4 ,! surface ( support %\ld be increas$ at ! toe & dim9i%$ at ! qu>t]s4 ,?is is accompli%$ by a %oe possess+ ! peculi>ities describ$ 9 p>agraph #c1 page #aad1 ^: nail-holes are direct$ ei!r /raight or slightly outw>d4 7d7 ,a base-wide ho( requires ! surface ( support to be wid5$ ^u ! inn] side ( ! foot & n>r[$ ^u ! out] side1 because ! inn] half ( ! foot he>s ! m weight4 ,a %oe hav+ ! peculi>ities describ$ 9 p>agraph #d1 page #aad1 accompli%es ?is end4 7e7 ,! base-n>r[ ho( is j ! rev]se ( ! prec$+1 & requires a %oe ^: peculi>ities are describ$ 9 p>agraph #e1 page #aad4 ,:ile 9 ! normal /&+ position ( ! limbs1 view$ f 9 front1 ! ends ( ! bran*es ( ! %oe %\ld be equally di/ant f ! middle ( ! m$ian lacuna ( ! frog1 ?is is n s 9 ! base-wide & base-n>r[ positions4 ,9 ! base-wide position ! out] & 9 ! base-n>r[ position ! inn] bran* %\ld be some:at f>!r f ! m$ian lacuna ?an ! bran* ( ! opposite side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4 ,! ?ree pr9cipal =ms ( ho(s %od ) flat %oes4 7f7 ,! wide ho( has too l>ge a surface ( support1 &1 !re=e1 ! %oe design$ = x %\ld possess ! peculi>ities enum]at$ 9 p>agraph #f1 page #aae4 7g7 ,! n>r[ ho( has already too n>r[ a base ( support1 & mu/ n be made small]2 !re=e1 ! %oe %\ld n h a base-n>r[ b a p]p5dicul> out] bord]1 z describ$ 9 p>agraph #g1 page #aae4 ,%oe+ ,saddl]s & ,hunt]s4 ,! %oes = saddl]s 7,p>k ,hacks7 %\ld be light1 %ort1 & fitt$ snug to prev5t =g+1 int]f]+ & pull+ ( ! %oes4 ,! ho(-surface %\ld cov] ! wall1 :ite l9e & at lea/ "o-f\r? ( an in* ( ! m>g9 ( ! sole4 ,an av]age wid? ( "o in* is desirable4 ,bo? front & h9d %oes %\ld be full]$ & concav$ on ! gr\nd-surface 7convex iron74 ,! ,front ,%oe3--,l5g?1 %\ld n project beyond ! buttress m ?an "o-eigh? ( an in*4 ,wid?1 an in* at ! middle on ! bran*es1 some:at m at ! toe1 & less at ! ends ( ! bran*es4 ,bevell+1 out] bord]1 base-n>r[ all ar\nd4 ,! ends ( ! bran*es1 & ! heel-calks1 9 case !y are us$1 are bevell$ /rongly d[nw>d & =w>d "u ! foot4 ,! toe is roll$ f ! inn] edge ( ! web1 & provid$ ) a /rong c5tral clip4 ,six nails are suffici5t 7see ,fig4 #abd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4 ,a "r front %oe ) =g+ calks2 suitable = a saddle-horse1 or hunt] 7convex iron74 ,! ,h9d ,%oe3--,l5g?1 ! %oe may project f "o-f\r? to ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* beh9d ! buttresses4 ,! toe %\ld be well r\nd$ & some:at blunt s t ! horn ( ! toe w project beyond ! %oe an am\nt equal to "o-half ! ?ickness ( ! wall4 ,wid?1 some:at less ?an ! front %oe4 ,! bran*es are ( equal ?ickness1 & %\ld c>ry heel-calks ^: height equals ! ?ickness ( ! %oe4 ,to gu>d aga9/ int]f]+ ! inside calk may be omitt$ & ! inn] bran* ?ick5$1 fitt$ snug & bevell$ /rongly base-n>r[4 ,clips are to be plac$ at inn] & out] toes4 ,sev5 nails are suffici5t4 ,! %oes = hunt]s d n diff] mat]ially f ^? suitable = ,p>k ,hacks4 ,! hunt]'s %oes are some:at light]1 & to gu>d aga9/ injury to ! feet by ov]-rea*+ & int]f]+1 & aga9/ ! %oes be+ pull$ by /iff mire & by tread+1 ! %oes mu/ repres5t m]ely a prolongation ( ! ho(s1 i4e41 mu/ be no long] & no wid] ?an ! ho(s !mselves4 ,! front %oe ( n>r[1 convex iron is roll$ at ! toe & has a c5tral toe-clip4 ,=g+ heel-calks are advisable4 ,! h9d %oe is set back at ! toe1 c>ries inn] & out] toe clips1 an out] heel-calk & an inn] int]f]+ bran*4 ,sev5 nails4 ,%oe+ ,runn]s4 ,rac+ plates are int5d$ solely to prev5t excessive we> & break+ away ( ! wall1 & to insure a secure foo?old ^u ! gr\nd4 ,! %oes are made z light z possible1 b !y mu/ n be s n>r[ & ?9 t !y w b5d or break4 ,!y are !re=e made ( /eel1 wide en\gh to cov] ! be>+-surface ( ! wall1 :ite l9e1 & an eigh? ( an in* ( ! sole4 ,! gr\nd-surface is divid$ into two %>p edge's by a deep1 clean1 full]+ cont9u$ entirely ar\nd ! %oe4 heel-calks are ( no advantage4 ,front & h9d %oes c>ry six nails4 ,! la/ nails are well back 9 ! qu>t]s to prev5t ! spread+ or b5d+ ( ! light %oe4 ,front %oes are provid$ ) c5tral toe-clips2 h9d %oes c>ry inn] & out] toe-clips & are set slightly "u at ! toe 7see ,figs4 #abe1 #abf1 #abg1 #abh74 ,an av]age weight runn+ plate = a m$ium-siz$ ho( is ?ree to f\r ounces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4 ,a =e runn+ plate1 ho(-surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4 ,a =e runn+ plate1 gr\nd-surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4 ,a h9d runn+ plate1 ho(-surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4 ,a h9d runn+ plate1 gr\nd-surface4 ,%oe+ ,trott]s & ,pac]s4 ,! %oes worn :ile ! trott] or pac] is 9 tra9+ are some:at heavi] ?an ^? worn :ile rac+4 ,tra9+ %oes w av]age #dj ounces to ! set1 :ile trott+ & pac+ plates weigh f #af to #bh ounces to ! set4 ,( ! six fa/e/ trott]s dur+ ! la/ ye> 7#aiab7 ! av]age weight ( ! front %oes 0 #f ounces1 ( ! h9d %oes #d ounces4 ,( ! sev5 swifte/ pac]s ( ! same ye> ! front %oes av]ag$ #e ounces1 & ! h9d %oes #c ounces4 ,9 %ort1 extreme spe$ at runn+1 pac+ or trott+ dem&s z light a %oe z c be made1 :i* w at ! same "t furni% a be>+ = wall1 :ite l9e & a n>r[ rim ( ! sole4 ,9 /yle ( %oes !re is no m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 trott]s & pac]s--except 9 ! h9d %oes ( pac]s t cross-fire 7see 8cross-fir+10 p4 #adj74 ,op5 %oes pr$om9ate4 ,b>-%oes are us$1 n to give frog pressure1 b to /iff5 & prev5t spread+ ( ! %oe1 :5 aft] a few days' we> x becomes ?9 at ! toe4 ,! av]age trott+ & pac+ plate is s ?9 t x w\ld be weak5$ by full]+1 s mo/ ( !m are /amp$ 7pun*$74 ,six nails are suffici5t4 ,clips are seldom ne$$4 ,pac]s usually require a l[ circul> grab or 8rim0 at ! toe4 ,?is is set flu% ) ! out] bord]1 is ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* high & is braz$ on4 ,trott+ plates are usually )\t toe-calks1 ?\gh _m are full]$ across ! toe 7corrugat$7 to furni% a grip ^u ! gr\nd4 ,on bo? trott+ & pac+ %oes ! heel-calks %\ld be l[ & %>p & %\ld run /raight =w>d s z n to ret>d ! =w>d glide ( ! foot z x is set to e>? heel fir/4 ,! heel-calk s]ves *iefly to prev5t ! lat]al twi/ ( ! foot z ! horse takes ! %>p turns ( ! track4 ,freak %oes1 toe-weights1 side-weights1 excessive l5g? ( ho( or toe1 & o!r unsci5tific appliances & me?ods ( %oe+ spe$ horses are be+ gradually elim9at$1 & today ! fa/e/ are dress$ & %od 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples enunciat$ 9 ?is book4 ,fitt+ ,%oes to ,heavy ,draft-,horses4 ,:at has be5 previ\sly said conc]n+ %oe+ holds good "h2 h[ev]1 ! conditions ( %oe+ are some:at diff]5t 9 heavy horses1 & p>ticul>ly ) respect to ho(s :i*1 )\t be+ cle>ly diseas$1 h be5 injur$ by %oe+4 ,! entire op]ation requires m circumspection1 because x is m difficult4 ,9 _m cases "o w f9d t ! wid? t has be5 advis$ = ! out] bran* ( ! %oe at ! qu>t] is n suffici5t4 ,inde$1 if a horse has wry feet1 & !re is unequal di/ribution ( weight )9 ! ho(1 & we attempt 9 %oe+ x to foll[ to ! lett] ! directions giv5 on prec$+ pages1 we w\ld be apt to favor ! p]petuation ( ! defect4 ,9 su* cases ! slant ( ! wall at ! qu>t]s is ( ! greate/ practical value to u 9 e/imat+ ! prop] wid? = ! %oe at ?is po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4 ,left h9d %oe ) a broad1 base-wide out] bran* = draft-horses t /& m>k$ly base-n>r[ 7close beh9d74 ,:5 uni=m sett+ d[n ( ! ho( & uni=m we> ( ! %oe are desir$1 e po9t 9 ! coron>y b& 9 ! po/]ior half ( ! foot mu/ receive support by ! %oe4 ,?is applies p>ticul>ly to ! out] halves ( ho(s t are extremely base-n>r[4 ,if1 = example1 ! coronet ( ! out] qu>t] projects beyond ! plant> bord] ( ! qu>t]1 ! out] bran* ( ! %oe f ! la/ nail-hole back mu/ be kept s wide 7full7 t an imag9>y p]p5dicul> l9e dropp$ f ! coron>y b& w j t\* ! out] bord] ( ! %oe4 ,! inn] bran*1 on ! contr>y1 %\ld foll[ ! edge ( ! wall z closely z possible4 ,fur!rmore1 ! new %oe %\ld be giv5 m curve1--t is1 made wid] & fitt$ m full :]e ! old %oe %[s greate/ we>4 ,! pr9cipal ?\ght %\ld be to set ! %oe1 :i* %\ld always be reg>d$ z ! base ( support ( ! ho(1 f>!r t[>ds ! m /rongly worn side4 ,su* a practice r5d]s sup]flu\s ! wide-spread & popul> cu/om ( b5d+ outw>d ! out] qu>t] & heel-calk ( h9d %oes4 ,f ! mann] 9 :i* a horse travels & ! we> ( ! old %oe1 we e/imate ! di/ance t ! bran*es ( ! %oe %\ld be set f ! middle l9e ( ! ho(4 ,if 9 foll[+ out ?is plan ! be>+-surface ( ! out] qu>t] ( ! wall is n completely cov]$1 ! qu>t] w be p9*$ & squeez$ inw>d2 ?is %\ld be prev5t$ by a broad] bran* pun*$ s deeply t ! holes w fall ^u ! :ite l9e 7,fig4 #abi74 ,:5 ! %o] has satisfi$ himself t ! %oe fulfils e requirem5t & fits p]fectly1 x is to be cool$1 ! holes op5$ ) an oil$ prit*el1 & ! %oe bright5$ ) a file4 ,9 fil+1 all %>p edges %\ld be remov$4 ,if a %oe is to be fil$ ^u ! out] bord]1 to give x a neat] appe>ance1 ! fil+ %\ld be done l5g?ways ( ! %oe1 & n crossways2 ( c\rse1 ! %oe mu/ n be b5t by be+ improp]ly clamp$ 9 ! vise4 ,x indicates mu* great] skill 9 mak+ & fitt+ %oes :5 !y look clean & f9i%$ ) little or no fil+4 ,9 ! prec$+ rem>ks ,i h insi/$ ^u a horizontal be>+-surface = all %oes1 ) ! s+le exception ( %oes provid$ ) ! roll$ toe 7roll+ motion74 ,z f> z ,i c judge f ! lit]ature ( %oe+1 & f :at ,i h se5 ) my own eyes 9 _m c\ntries1 ?is is ! mo/ wide-spread practice4 ,9 ,g]many1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is ano!r me?od1 foll[$ 9 ! milit>y %oe+ %ops1 :i* consi/s 9 plac+ ! be>+-surface ( ! %oe z ne>ly z possible at "r angles to ! slant ( ! wall4 ,accord+ to ?is me?od ! be>+-surface ( ! %oe1 dep5d+ ^u ! direction ( ! wall 7view$ f 9 front1 f beh9d1 & f ! side71 %\ld incl9e m or less1 n[ backw>d1 n[ inw>d1 n[ horizontal1 & n[ outw>d4 ,%oes = wide ho(s are giv5 a be>+-surface :i* incl9es inw>d1 :ile = n>r[ ho(s ! %oes h a horizontal be>+-surface4 ,%oes = wry ho(s h a be>+-surface :i* incl9es d[nw>d & inw>d = ! slant+ wall1 & = ! /eep] wall a horizontal be>+-surface1 :i* t[>ds ! end ( ! bran* may incl9e slightly d[nw>d & outw>d4 ,besides1 ! be>+-surface ( ! ends ( ! bran*es1 view$ f ! side1 has a backw>d & d[nw>d incl9ation4 ,?is me?od is practicable only 9 "p4 ,i4 ,nail+ ! ,%oe4 ,?is is t act ( horse%oe+ by :i* ! %oe is fa/5$ to ! ho( by special nails call$ ho(-nails or horse%oe-nails1 :i* are driv5 ?r\gh ! %oe & horny wall4 ,at pres5t !re are h&-made & ma*9e-made horse%oe-nails4 ,bo? k9ds %\ld be made ( ! be/ wr\ght iron4 ,! nails mu/ be sl5d]1 w$ge-%ap$1 & twice z wide z !y are ?ick4 ,?ickness & l5g? mu/ be 9 prop] relation to ea* o!r4 ,we %\ld nev] *oose a nail :i* is long] ?an is absolutely necess>y to hold ! %oe2 six to eight sizes are suffici5t = all purposes4 ,! r\gh nails 7h&-made71 be=e be+ us$1 mu/ und]go a special %ap+ to prep>e !m to pass ?r\gh ! wall easily & 9 ! desir$ direction4 ,?is prep>ation is call$ %ap+ & bevell+4 ,9 do+ ?is we %\ld see to x t ! nails are made smoo?1 & ev51 b are n hamm]$ h>d] ?an is absolutely necess>y1 because ! light] "o c hamm] ! nails ! bett] !y w be4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4 ,h&-made horse%oe-nails1 natural size1 = full]$ %oes 7#a1 n bevell$74 ,fur!rmore1 we mu/ give ! nail t =m :i* w insure its pass+ ?r\gh ! horn /raight & n 9 a curve2 ) ?is object 9 view1 ! nail is to be slightly curv$ s t ! side :i* is turn$ t[>ds ! frog 9 driv+ 7inside7 w be a little concave1 ! opposite side convex 7,figs4 #acj1 #c1 & #aca1 ,no4 #aj71 s9ce x is kn[n t a /raight nail always passes ?r\gh ! horn 9 a curve1 & n only does n long rema9 tight1 b is q likely to press ^u & injure ! s(t tissues ( ! foot4 7,see also1 ,nail+47 ,at ! po9t ( ! nail ! bevel is to be s plac$ t x w =m a %ort "o-sid$ w$ge ) ! slant+ side direct$ f )9 to )\t 7,figs4 #acj1 #c1 & #aca1 d74 ,a %ort bevel is suitable = nails t are to be driv5 l[1 :ile a long bevel makes x possible to drive !m high4 ,! bevel %\ld nev] =m a hook2 x mu/ always be /raight1 %\ld be %>p b n ?91 & "u no conditions incomplete 7defective74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4 ,ma*9e-made horse%oe-nails 7natural size7 ) a l[1 wide head = a full]$ %oe4 ,! la/ nail is %[n f "o bord]2 ! o!rs f ! inn] face3 a1 head2 b1 neck2 c1 %ank2 d1 bevel2 e1 po9t2 f1 inn] face2 g1 out] face4 ,ma*9e-made nails1 smoo?1 poli%$1 bevell$1 & ready = use1 are1 = _m reasons1 to be pref]r$ to h&-made nails1 ?\gh ! latt] are r t\gh] 7see ,fig4 #aca74 ,be=e ! %oe is nail$ on x %\ld be cool$ & aga9 c>efully exam9$ by a compet5t %o]1 :o %\ld !n place x ^u ! ho(1 :]e x %\ld be critically obs]v$ to see :e!r x really fulfils e requirem5t ( a prop]ly-fitt+ %oe4 ,aft]w>ds1 ! lea/ fault or defect mu/ be rem$i$1 & !n ! "w ( nail+ x beg9s4 ,by nail+1 ! %oe is firmly & durably fa/5$ to ! ho(1 9 do+ :i* ! horn ( ! wall is sp>$ s f> z possible1 ! ela/icity ( ! ho( borne always 9 m9d1 & w\nd+ ( ! podod]m entirely avoid$4 ,! nails mu/ 9 all cases p5etrate ! :ite l9e & pass ?r\gh ! wall 9 su* a /raight direction t !y w appe> nei!r too high nor too l[ ^u its out] surface4 ,9 ! fir/ case !re is consid]able dang] ( prick+ or close-nail+1 & 9 ! latt] ! nail-holes w te> out easily :5 ! nails are be+ cl9*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4 ,driv+ hamm]4 ,9 driv+ a nail1 x %\ld be held 9 ! f+]s z long z possible 9 ! direction 9 :i* x is desir$ t x %all pass ?r\gh ! horn4 ,a nail %\ld be driv5 cauti\sly1 ) att5tion to its s9k+ & s\nd1 & yet ) en\gh =ce s t at ea* /roke x w p5etrate f "o-fif? to "o-f\r? ( an in*4 ,! p[] requir$ at ea* /roke w dep5d ^u ! h>dness ( ! horn & ! size ( ! nail4 ,fe>less driv+ & timor\s tapp+ %\ld n be all[$4 ,nails1 :i* at a dep? ( five-eigh?s ( an in* are /ill go+ s(t1 or :i* b5d & give a dull s\nd1 or cause pa91 %\ld be imm$iately )drawn4 ,accord+ to ! size ( ! horse & 8 ho(s ! nails %\ld be driv5 f five-eigh?s to an in* & five-eigh?s high1 & z ev5 z possible4 ,z soon z a nail is driv5 its po9t %\ld be imm$iately b5t d[n t[>ds ! %oe 9 ord] to prev5t injuries4 ,! heads ( all ! nails %\ld !n be gone ov] ) a hamm] & driv5 d[n solidly into ! nail-holes1 ! ho( be+ mean:ile support$ 9 ! left h&4 ,p9c]s are !n held "u ! b5t nails & !y are m %>ply b5t by light bl[s ^u ! nail-heads4 ,! po9ts ( ! nails are n[ nipp$ (f ne> ! ho(1 ! horn :i* has be5 ?r[n out j bel[ ! cl9*es by b5d+ ! nails d[n is remov$ ) rasp or g\ge1 & ! ends ( ! nails b5t d[n /ill m1 b n q flu% ) ! wall4 ,?is op]ation is call$ 8cl9*+40 ,a cl9*+-block or a pair ( ord9>y blacksmi?'s p9c]s is !n plac$ "u ! end ( ! nail1 n[ call$ a cl9*1 & by light bl[s 79 do+ ?is ! nail mu/ n b5d )9 ! wall7 ^u ! head ! cl9* is turn$ clos] to ! surface ( ! wall2 f9ally1 ) ! front edge ( ! nail-hamm] ! cl9* is hamm]$ d[n flu% ) ! wall4 ,on ! inn] half ( ! wall ! cl9*es %\ld n be felt on /rok+ ! wall ) ! f+]s4 ,! small am\nt ( horn t projects beyond ! %oe ar\nd ! toe may be c>efully rasp$ away 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! wall slants1 b nev] high] ?an ! cl9*es2 f9ally1 ! %>p l[] edge ( ! wall is to be remov$ by c>ry+ ! corn] ( ! rasp ar\nd betwe5 ! %oe & ! horn4 ,a cl9* is suffici5tly long :5 x equals ! wid? ( ! nail at t po9t4 ,x is ( advantage to use a %oe+-bock or foot-/ool 9 cl9*+ ! nails on ! front ho(s4 ,! h9d ho(s may be cl9*$ 9 ! h&s4 ,!n ! horse %\ld be l$ out & aga9 mov$ 9 ord] to see :e!r or n ! new %oe+ has actually accompli%$ :at 0 desir$4 ,f9ally1 ! entire ho( %\ld be giv5 a ?9 lay] ( ho(-salve4 ,k4 ,horse%oes ,m or ,less ,defici5t 9 ! ,desirable ,qualities ,describ$ on ,pages #ajg-aaf4 ,ma*9e ,%oes4 #a4 ,ma*9e ,%oes ( ,wr\ght ,iron4--,!y are half-f9i%$ & f9i%$4 ,?\gh ma*9e %oes ) few exceptions %[ no di/9ction betwe5 front & h9d1 or left & "r1 ) correct pun*+ = ^! diff]5t feet1 b usually pres5t "o =m 9 diff]5t sizes1 yet1 un=tunately1 !y are 9 high favor ) horse%o]s1 because !y may be us$ = bo? summ] & w9t] & = b>-%oes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc4 ,a ma*9e-made 7drop-=g$7 front %oe1 gr\nd-surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd4 ,a ma*9e-made toe-weight front %oe = a h>ness horse1 %[+ gr\nd-surface4 ,pun*+ good4 ,= ^! reasons we _c approve ( ma*9e %oes4 #b4 ,f9i%$ ,ca/ ,%oes4--,!y are ( f\r k9ds1--ord9>y ca/ %oes1 ca/ %oes ) rope buff]1 ca/ %oes ) fib] buff]1 & ca/ %oes f5e/rat$ to hold a rubb] buff]4 ,ord9>y ca/ %oes ( correct =m & prop] pun*+ design$ by ,grossbau]1 ( ,vi5na1 are sold by ,hannes' ,sons1 ( t city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ace4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acg4 ,ma*9e-made 7drop-=g$7 multi-calk =e %oe4 ,a1 gr\nd-surface2 ,b1 ho(-surface2 ,c1 pr(ile4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ach4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aci4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adj4 ,ma*9e-made 7drop-=g$7 multi-calk h9d %oe4 ,a1 gr\nd-surface2 ,b1 ho(-surface2 ,c1 pr(ile4 ,rope ,%oes4--,^! %oes h a groove on ! gr\nd-surface1 9 :i* re/s a t>r$ rope1 :i* greatly dim9i%es slipp+ on smoo? pavem5t4 ,= ?is reason alone !y are ext5sively us$ 9 ! l>ge cities ( ,g]many4 ,s9ce ! op5 rope %oe1 :5 half worn out1 w w>p1 ! b> rope %oe is m satisfactory & m ext5sively us$ 7,figs4 #ada-add74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ada4 ,b> rope %oe ) b> b5t =w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb4 ,! same ) b> b5t backw>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adc4 ,! same ) beak-=m$ b>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #add4 ,an op5 rope %oe4 ,be=e fitt+ ! %oe ! rope mu/ be remov$4 ,aft] ! nails are driv5 x is laid 9 ! groove & hamm]$ into place4 ,rope %oes c seldom be fitt$ prop]ly to ho(s o!r ?an ^? :i* are heal?y & ( regul> %ape4 ,fib] ,%oes4--,^! h a groove on ! gr\nd-surface into :i* lay]s ( l95 fib] belt+ h be5 tightly press$4 ,! fib] _c be remov$1 & !re=e ! %oes _c be heat$1 b mu/ be fitt$ cold4 ,! nail-holes are plac$ betwe5 ! fib] & ! out] bord] ( ! %oe1 & are pun*$ too light4 ,! be>+ surface ( ! %oe is unsupport$1 s t :5 ! %oe is half worn out1 x w>ps4 ,!re is no di/9ction betwe5 rights & lefts4 ,rubb] %oes h all ! defects ( fib] %oes1 & "o m4 ,! ho(-surface is cov]$ ) canvas1 :i* "u normal & acute-angl$ ho(s we>s ?r\gh "u ! qu>t]s & leads to loos5+ ( ! la/ nails4 ,l4 ,rubb] ,pads4 ,! increas+ use ( asphalt1 t>via & o!r h>d1 smoo? & slipp]y mat]ials = surfac+ city /reets & c\ntry highways has n only made travell+ 9 flat & ev5 9 calk$ %oes prec>i\s1 b has aggravat$ all ^? injuries produc$ by concussion4 ,to prev5t slipp+ & ! injuri\s effects ( concussion a great _m %oes h be5 devis$1 9 :i* are incorporat$ su* mat]ials z hemp rope1 l95 fibre1 papi] ma*1 cork1 wood1 ba/1 felt & rubb]1 b all fail 9 great] or less] degree to meet practical requirem5ts4 ,rubb]1 ?\gh ! mo/ exp5sive ( ^! mat]ials1 is ! mo/ resili5t & takes ! be/ grip on smoo? pavem5t4 ,a pad ( rubb]1 wide en\gh to cov] ! bran*es ( ! frog alone1 or ! bran*es ( ! frog & ! buttresses ( ! ho(1 firmly cem5t$ to a lea!r sole1 con/itutes ! mod]n rubb] pad 7,figs4 #ade1 #adf1 #adg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ade4 ,a light driv+ pad1 gumm$ & /it*$ to a lea!r sole2 se5 f ! gr\nd-surface & 9 pr(ile4 ,us$ ) a sev5-to t5-ounce %ort %oe4 a1 /it*+2 b1 rubb] b> "u buttress & frog2 c1 lea!r sole4 ,! frog- & buttress-pad us$ ) a %ort %oe is to be pref]r$ to ! e>li] frog pad :i* takes a full %oe4 ,! advantages ( rubb] pads are3 #a4 ,!y prev5t slipp+ ^u asphalt & o!r smoo?1 dry surfaces4 #b4 ,!y dim9i% concussion1 & are valuable 9 ! prev5tion & treatm5t ( sore heels1 dry & moi/ corns1 bruis$ sole1 & incipi5t side-bone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adf4 ,air-cu%ion pad1 se5 f gr\nd surface & 9 pr(ile4 ,suitable = light h>ness horses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adg4 ,a heavy b>-pad suitable = heavy h>ness & draft-horses on pavem5t4 ,! %ort %oe may c>ry a toe-calk ( m$ium height4 #c4 ,!y give frog pressure1 develop ! frog & t5d to prev5t contraction ( ! qu>t]s & ^? lesions :i* may foll[ contraction1 z corns1 cracks ( b>s & qu>t]s1 lam9itis ( ! qu>t]s & ?ru%4 ,a rubb] pad %\ld n be us$3 #a4 ,9 contraction ( "o or bo? qu>t]s1 :5 ! frog is too mu* %runk5 to be> ^u ! pad4 #b4 ,9 lam5ess f well develop$ side-bones4 #c4 ,9 navicul> bursitis 78navicul> disease074 #d4 ,9 ?ru%1 or cank] ( frog or sole4 ,rubb] pads1 light1 m$ium & heavy1 are made 9 all sizes & are suitable = all classes ( horses1 f ! light road/] to ! heavy draft type4 ,! %ort %oe ) :i* !y are us$ rea*es ! middle ( ! qu>t]s4 ,! pad surface 7upp] surface7 ( ! ends ( ! bran*es %\ld be bevell$ to con=m to ! pad1 & to hold x firmly aga9/ ! frog & buttresses4 ,! ?ickness ( ! %oe %\ld equal two-?irds ! ?ickness ( ! pad1 s t :5 fitt$ "o-?ird ( ! ?ickness ( ! pad %all project bel[ ! gr\nd-surface ( ! %oe4 ,! %oe %\ld be provid$ ) a /rong toe-clip4 ,) ! heavy1 ?ick pad ( a draft-horse a l[ toe-calk may be us$1 b heel-calks %\ld nev] be put on a %ort %oe4 ,pads are seldom necess>y on ! h9d feet4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,%oe+ ,,horses ,,t ,,=ge ,,& ,,int]f]e4 ,a4 ,=g+4 ,=g+ is t defect ( ! horse's gait by reason ( :i*1 at a trot1 he /rikes ! ends ( ! bran*es or ! "u surface ( ! front %oe ) ! toe ( ! h9d %oe or ho( ( ! same side4 ,=g+ 9 a pac] is t]m$ 8cross-fir+0 & consi/s 9 /rik+ ! inn] qu>t]1 or ! "u surface ( ! inn] bran* ( a front %oe ) ! toe ( ! diagonal h9d %oe or ho(4 ,=g+ is unpleasant to he> & dang]\s to ! horse4 ,x is liable to w\nd ! heels ( ! =efeet1 damages ! toes or ! coronet ( ! h9d ho(s1 & (t5 pulls (f ! front %oes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adh4 ,"r front %oe ) concave gr\nd-surface 78convex iron07 to prev5t 8=g+40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adi4 ,"r h9d %oe ) lat]al toe-clips to prev5t 8click+0 & ! v>i\s injuries due to =g+4 ,causes4--#a4 ,faulty con=mation2 = example1 horses t /& consid]ably high] at ! cr\p ?an at ! )]s2 horses ) long legs & %ort bodies2 horses t 8/& "u0 9 front & beh9d4 #b4 ,us+ horses on heavy gr\nd1 unskilful driv+1 all[+ a long-neck$1 heavy-head$ horse to c>ry 8 head too l[2 rid+ )\t hold+ a horse to 8 "w by feel+ 8 m\? & press+ ! knees aga9/ 8 sides4 #c4 ,fatigue frequ5tly leads to =g+1 ev5 9 horses t are well built & prop]ly %od4 ,x may also occur 9 ! act ( vault+ ov] an ob/acle4 #d4 ,poor %oe+1 especially too long toes ^u ! front & h9d ho(s1 & too long front %oes4 ,! aim ( ! %o] %\ld be to facilitate ! quick & easy 8break+ ov]0 ( ! front foot1 s t x may get away be=e x is ov]tak5 by ! h9d foot4 ,! toe ( ! front ho( %\ld be fairly %ort & roll$2 ! qu>t]s sp>$4 ,! front %oe %\ld be light1 roll$ at ! toe & no long] & no wid] ?an ! ho(4 ,! ends ( ! bran*es ( a flat %oe1 & also ! heel-calks1 9 case !y are ne$$ to elevate a heel t is too l[1 %\ld be bevell$ f ! ho(-surface ( ! %oe d[nw>d & =w>d "u ! foot4 ,su* %ort heel-calks1 bevell$ to prev5t =g+1 are call$ 8=g+ calks40 ,if ! horse cont9ues to =ge betwe5 ! bran*es & aga9/ ! gr\nd-surface ( ! %oe1 concav+ ?is surface w prove advantage\s 7convex iron74 ,! =m ( ! front %oes ( horses t =ge %\ld repres5t m]ely a prolongation ( ! ho(4 ,! 8break+ ov]0 ( ! h9d foot %\ld be delay$ by sp>+ ! toe & l[]+ ! qu>t]s1 b n suffici5tly to break ! foot-axis too f> backw>d4 ,! h9d %oe is to be squ>$ at ! toe & ! l[] edge ( ! %oe 9 ! region ( ! toe well r\nd$2 in/ead ( a toe-clip1 two side-clips are to be drawn up & ! %oe s fitt$ t at lea/ ?ree-f\r?s ( ! ?ickness ( ! wall ( ! toe1 ) ! edge well r\nd$1 w ext5d =w>d beyond ! %oe4 ,%\ld ! toe ( ! ho( be %ort x may be rais$ ei!r by a l[ toe-calk set "o-f\r? ( an in* back f ! edge ( ! %oe1 or by ?9n+ ! %oe f ! toe to ! ends ( ! bran*es4 ,! bran*es ( a flat h9d %oe %\ld ext5d some:at f>!r back ( ! buttresses ?an "u normal conditions1 to trail ^u ! gr\nd j be=e ! ho( alights1 & act+ z a brake1 to br+ ! ho( to e>? 7,fig4 #aej74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aej4 ,h9d %oe ) swell$ toe to sl[ ! break+ ov]4 ,(t5 effici5t :5 ! ho( is too %ort at ! toe3 a1 long bran*es to trail & br+ ! foot to e>?2 b1 out] toe clip2 c1 toe squ>$ & set "u to prev5t injury to front ho(1 & to dead5 ! s\nd ( =g+4 8,cross-fir+0 is mo/ apt to occur & is mo/ dang]\s at extreme spe$4 ,!n1 :5 ! inn] bran* ( ! h9d %oe /rikes ! inn] heel1 qu>t] or %oe ( ! diagonal front foot1 bo? feet are 9 ! air1--! =e foot is approa*+ ! middle ( its /ride1 :ile ! (f5d+ h9d foot is 9 ! la/ ?ird ( its flight4 ,! /&+ position t favors cross-fir+ is ! base-wide 7toe-wide7 9 front1 & ! base-n>r[ 7toe-n>r[7 beh9d4 ,) ?is direction ( limbs ! flight ( ! =e feet is =w>d & inw>d dur+ ! fir/ half ( _! /ride1 :ile ! flight ( ! h9d feet is =w>d & inw>d dur+ ! second half ( _! /ride 7see ,figs4 #gb1 #gc1 #ge74 ,! problem is1 !re=e1 s to p>e & %oe a base-wide =e foot t x w break ov] ne>] ! c5tre ( ! toe & ?us execute less ( an inw>d sw+ dur+ ! fir/ half ( its /ride1 & to s p>e & %oe a base-n>r[ h9d foot t x w break ov] ne>] ! c5tre ( ! toe & ?us execute less ( an inw>d sw+ dur+ ! second half ( its /ride4 ,nei!r a toe-wide nor a toe-n>r[ foot c be made to break ov] ! exact c5tre ( ! toe1 & yet x is possible by dress+ ! ho( & by %oe+ to %ift ! break+ ov] po9t ne>] to ! c5tre ( ! toe1 & by do+ s1 to alt] slightly ! l9es ( flight ( ! feet4 ,dress+ & %oe+ ! front foot3 ,! ho( %\ld be relatively l[ f ! middle ( ! toe ar\nd to & includ+ ! out] buttress4 ,if ! inn] half ( ! wall is defici5t 9 l5g? x mu/ be rais$ above ! out] half by apply+ a %oe :i* is ?9n] 9 its out] ?an 9 its inn] bran*4 ,! inn] toe %\ld be left long4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aea4 ,left h9d ho( ( a toe-n>r[ pac]1 %od to prev5t cross-fir+3 a1 dott$ l9e indicat+ out] bord] ( ! ho(2 b1 long b5t out] bran*2 c1 %ort1 ?9 inn] bran*2 d1 inn] wall ext5d+ beyond ! %oe2 f1 l9e f :i* inn] bran* is fea!r-edg$4 ,! %oe is ( ev5 ?ickness f b to f at inn] toe2 b f latt] po9t to c dim9i%es to a fea!r edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeb4 ,front view ( ho( & %oe depict$ 9 ,fig4 #aea3 a1 out] bran* fitt$ v full & bevell$ base-wide2 b1 inn] bran* dim9i%+ 9 ?ickness f inn] toe c1 to its t]m9ation at ! inn] qu>t]4 ,design$ to favor 8break+ ov]0 ne> c5tre ( ! toe1 & to wid5 ! gait4 ,! %oe %\ld be light1 )\t heel-calks1 b may c>ry a l[1 curv$ grab 78grab10 is a l[1 /raight or curv$1 toe-or heel-calk on a rac+ plate7 runn+ f ! second inn] toe nail to ! c5tre ( ! toe4 ,! inn] bran* is to be fitt$ flu% ) ! wall f ! c5tre ( ! toe back to ! qu>t]1 back ( :i* po9t x gradually ext5ds beyond ! wall1 i4e41 is fitt$ full2 & t]m9ates well back ( ! buttress4 ,?is inn] bran* %\ld be f "o-f\r? to ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* long] ?an ! out] bran*4 ,! long inn] bran*1 full at ! qu>t]1 is desirable1 b mu/ be cov]$ by a qu>t]-boot1 :i* a cross-fir] %\ld always we>4 ,! out] bran* %\ld be fitt$ snug & t]m9ate at ! buttress4 ,f ! c5tre ( ! toe to ! end ( ! bran* ! gr\nd-surface %\ld be bevell$ f ! inn] edge ( ! web to a knife-edge at ! out] bord]4 ,dress+ & %oe+ ! h9d foot3 ,! ho( %\ld be relatively l[ f ! c5tre ( ! toe ar\nd to & includ+ ! inn] buttress4 ,if ! out] half ( ! ho( is defici5t 9 l5g?1 x mu/ be rais$ above ! inn] half by apply+ a %oe ) a ?9 inn] bran*4 ,! inn] bran* may t]m9ate 9 a knife-edge midway betwe5 toe & heel 7,figs4 #aea & #aeb74 ,! inn] bran* is to be fitt$ snug f ! c5tre ( ! toe to its end1 & its gr\nd-surface %\ld be bevell$ f ! inn] edge ( ! web to a knife-edge at ! out] bord]4 ,! out] bran* is to be fitt$ v full f ! outside toe to ! end4 ,?is bran* %\ld ext5d well beh9d ! buttress1 & 9 well-m>k$ base-n>r[ ho(s %\ld be turn$ outw>d 9 ord] to support ! ov]hang+ coronet ( ! qu>t]4 ,! out] bord] %\ld be bevell$ base-wide1 & ! nail-holes pun*$ co>se1 i4e41 f> 9 f ! out] bord] 7,figs4 #aea & #aeb74 ,! out] bran* may c>ry a small heel-calk4 ,b4 ,int]f]+4 ,a horse 8int]f]es0 :5 a ho( 9 motion /rikes ! opposite support+ leg4 ,int]f]+ is apt to produce injuries1 ei!r ( ! coron>y b& ( ! inn] half ( ! foot or ( ! fetlock-jo9t1 or 79 =e-limbs7 ( ! cannon1 ev5 z high up z ! knee4 ,lam5ess frequ5tly accompanies su* injuries4 ,! causes ( int]f]+ lie ei!r 9 ! %oe+ 7( ! foot t /rikes1 z well z ( ! foot :i* is /ruck71 9 ! position ( ! limbs1 or 9 ! use ( ! animal4 ,horses t h ! correct /&+ position d n int]f]e :5 !y are prop]ly %od2 base-wide horses int]f]e sometimes2 horses base-n>r[ d[n to ! fetlock & toe-wide bel[ t po9t int]f]e v frequ5tly4 ,traces ( unequal l5g?1 we>9ess1 & %oe+ at too long int]vals favor int]f]+4 ,9 attempt+ to less5 or remove int]f]+1 ! horse mu/ be mo/ c>efully exam9$ ) respect to ! position ( 8 limbs1 8 gait1 & 8 %oe+1 9 ! mann] describ$ on pages #ij to #ib4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aec4 ,a "r front %oe ) nailless & n>r[ inn] bran* = a base-wide ho(4 ,suitable = horses t /rike any:]e f inn] toe back to ! qu>t]4 ,if ! cause is f\nd to be ! twi/$ position ( a %oe1 too wide ho(s1 rais$ cl9*es1 etc41 no?+ ne$ be done fur!r ?an to correct ! %oe+2 b if a faulty position ( ! limbs is ! cause1 we mu/ asc]ta9 ! exact "p ( ! ho( t does ! /rik+1 dim9i% ! size ( ! ho( at t po9t1 regulate ! entire plant> surface ( ! ho(1 make ! %oe /raight along ! region t /rikes1--t is1 )\t curve1--& s fit x to ! foot t "o-?ird ( ! ?ickness ( ! wall w ext5d beyond ! %oe4 ,:]e int]f]+ is s pron\nc$ z to produce s]i\s injuries1 we use a %oe ) no nails 9 ! inn] bran* 78dropp$-crease0 %oe7 7,figs4 #aec1 #aef1 #aeg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aed4 ,left h9d %oe ) int]f]+ bran* 7gr\nd-surface71 = base-n>r[ /&+ position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aee4 ,! same 7ho(-surface74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aef4 ,left h9d int]f]+ %oe )\t nail-holes 9 inn] bran* 78dropp$-crease0 %oe73 a1 side-clip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeg4 ,"r h9d %oe = toe-cutt]s4 ,! dott$ l9es indicate ! di/ance t ! wall projects beyond ! %oe3 a1 side-clip4 ,! s-call$ int]f]+ %oes 7,figs4 #aed & #aee7 are wor?y ( recomm5dation only = ho(s ( ! base-n>r[ position4 ,! int]f]+ bran*1 ^: great] ?ickness raises ! inn] wall1 :i* is (t5 too l[1 is to be s %ap$ & direct$ t ! ho( w project some:at beyond x4 ,?is int]f]+ bran* mu/ be made & %ap$ 9 accordance ) ea* individual case4 ,! holes 9 ! int]f]+ bran* %\ld be pun*$ some:at f9] 7ne>] ! edge7 ?an usual4 ,int]f]+ %oes 9 :i* ! nail-holes1 ) ! exception ( ! inn] toe nail-hole1 are plac$ 9 ! out] bran*1 are call$ 8dropp$-crease int]f]+ %oes0 7,fig4 #aef74 ,su* %oes are n recomm5d$ = h9d ho(s t are decid$ly toe-wide 7toe-cutt]s72 9 su* cases bett] results w be obta9$ by us+ a %oe1 ei!r ) or )\t heel-calks1 ^: inn] bran* is /raight & )\t nails along ! /rik+ region1 & is fitt$ wide 7full7 at ! qu>t]4 ,! inn] bran* %\ld be f "o-f\r? to ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* long] ?an ! out]4 ,! inn] heel-calk %\ld be high] ?an ! out]1 & ! end ( ! out] bran* %\ld be z base-n>r[ z x c be made 7fitt$ close7 7,fig4 #aeg74 ,9 ord] to prev5t %ift+ ( an int]f]+ %oe1 a side-clip %\ld be drawn up on ! out] bran* 7a74 ,!re is no mann] ( %oe+ t w prev5t int]f]+ :i* is caus$ by improp] h>ness+1 crook$ hit*+1 or we>9ess4 ,! simpl] & ! light] ! %oes ! less w horses int]f]e4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,w9t] ,,%oe+4 ,all %oes ^: gr\nd-surface is provid$ ) contrivances to prev5t slipp+ ^u sn[ & ice are call$ w9t] %oes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeh4 ,an ice-nail1 fro/-nail4 ,^! v>i\s contrivances are produc$ by sev]al processes call$ 8me?ods ( %>p5+40 ,all me?ods may be ga!r$ into two gr\ps1--namely1 practical %>p-%oe+ & impractical4 ,only ! fir/ w be consid]$4 ,! durability ( %>p5$ %oes dep5ds p>tly ^u :e!r !y are made ( /eel or iron1 & p>tly ^u ! nature ( ! gr\nd 9 w9t]4 ,if ! gr\nd is cont9u\sly cov]$ ) a ?ick lay] ( sn[1 :atev] me?od ( %>p5+ is foll[$1 ! %oes /ay %>p2 if1 h[ev]1 ! w9t] is op51 *angeable1 ) m b>e ice ?an sn[1 no me?od ( %>p5+1 :atev] x may be1 w la/ long2 ! %oes w n /ay %>p4 ,= ^! reasons no me?od ( %>p5+ :i* fulfils all conditions satisfactorily has yet be5 discov]$4 ,! simple/ & at ! same "t ! lea/ durable me?od ( %>p5+ is3 #a4 ,t by means ( ice-nails or fro/-nails 7,fig4 #aeh74 ,"o or two nails are drawn f ea* bran* ( ! %oe & replac$ ) ice-nails4 #b4 ,%>p ,toe- & ,heel-,calks4--,! out] calk is split & a small /eel w$ge weld$ 94 ,x is !n laid ^u ! edge ( ! anvil1 ind5t$ & %>p5$ f )9 to )\t 9 su* a mann] t ! calk %all be ?9 f ! bran* to ! gr\nd1 & ! out] surface %all be 9 ! same v]tical plane z ! out] edge4 ,if a calk is n>r[ f its base to its end1 & at ! same "t )\t flaw1 x does n ne$ a %>p cutt+ edge4 ,! inn] calk %\ld nev] be %>p5$ except ! gr\nd be v slipp]y4 ,! cutt+ edge ( ?is inn] calk /&s at "r angles to ! l5g? ( ! bran*1 & its out] corn] %\ld !n be r\nd$ to prev5t its injur+ ! opposite foot 7,figs4 #aei1 #afj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aei4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afj4 ,out] & inn] heel-calks %>p5$4 ,= horses us$ = heavy draft purposes a toe-calk is weld$ to ! %oe & %>p5$4 ,= ?is purpose we use only /eel 7toe-/eel71 :i* is easily weld$ to ! %oe & rema9s firm4 ,toe-calks & /eel$ heel-calks are temp]$1 9 ord]1 z mu* z possible1 to l5g!n _! p]iod ( durability4 ,?is me?od ( %>p5+ is ! olde/ & mo/ wide-spread1 & is employ$ on ! %oes ( all horses ( :i* we require m ?an light s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afa4 ,left =e-ho( %>p-%od3 a1 toe-calk bevell$ f 9 front2 b1 out] heel-calk direct$ l5g?wise ) ! bran*2 c1 inn] heel-calk1 half %>p & direct$ transv]sely to direction ( ! bran*4 ,ho(s are easily damag$ or ev5 ru9$ by frequ5tly repeat$ %>p5+ ( ! %oes1 because e "t ?is is done ! %oes mu/ be remov$ & replac$4 #c4 ,%oe+ ) ,screw ,heel-,calks4--,any ord9>y flat %oe n too ?9 & n>r[ at ! ends ( ! bran*es c be *ang$ to a %oe ) screw heel-calks by pun*+ holes 9 ! ends ( ! bran*es & cutt+ a ?read 9 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afb4 ,gr\nd-surface ( ! end ( a bran* ( %oe1 %[+ 7a7 hole & c\nt]-s9k+ = a screw-calk 7"o-half natural size74 ,! screw heel-calk holes are made ei!r by pun*+ or bor+4 ,! pun*+ is done by means ( an almo/ cyl9drical hamm]-pun*1 aft]w>ds f9i%+ ! holes by driv+ ?r\gh !m a r\nd pun* :i* tap]s f ! middle t[>ds bo? ends4 ,on ! gr\nd-surface ( ! %oe ! hole is mod]ately c\nt]-sunk 7,fig4 #afb1 a71 s t aft] ! ?read has be5 cut & ! calk screw$ into place ! %\ld] ( ! latt] w re/ on ! c\nt]-s9k+4 ,at pres5t ne>ly all screw-calks are made by ma*9]y1 ei!r ( iron or toe-/eel4 ,! =m] is too s(t & !re=e n suffici5tly durable2 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 is q durable :5 ! calk is prop]ly h>d5$ 7temp]$7 by heat+ to a *]ry-r$1 /ick+ ! head ( ! calk z f> z ! tap into a b$ ( moi/ s&1 & all[+ x to sl[ly cool4 ,! *ief requirem5ts ( a good screw-calk are1 fur!r1 a clean1 deep1 b n too co>se ?read1 & b "o size ( ?read & tap = all calks1 s t e calk w fit 9 e %oe4 ,a calk ^: tap measures "o half-in* 7#ab4g millimetres7 7,:itwor?7 9 diamet] is suffici5t = ! heavie/ %oes4 ,! tap :i* is us$ to cut ! ?read 9 ! holes = ! screw-calks mu/ be ab\t _/ ( an in* ?ick] ?an ! head ( ! calk4 ,9 ! ,g]man army ! calks h a tap fifte5 ?irty-seconds ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! coa*man %\ld be giv5 f\r calks 7%>p & blunt7 = ea* %oe1 & a small screw-calk key = plac+ & remov+ !m4 ,screw toe-calks are also us$1 yet !y require special security to prev5t _! becom+ loose4 ,exp]im5tation ) ! screw toe-calks1 ?\gh n yet entirely satisfactory1 _c be said to h end$4 ,! advantages ( %oes provid$ ) good screw heel-calks are s manifold t !y des]ve m>k$ pref]5ce ov] %oes %>p5$ by ! ord9>y me?ods4 ,! common objections urg$ aga9/ screw-calks1--namely1 t !y loos5 & are lo/1 or break (f1 are n wor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation1 s9ce ^! evils are m]ely ! result ( unskilful workman%ip & poor mat]ial4 ,%oes ) screw heel-calks are ! be/ %oes = w9t]1 especially = horses t h to "w h>d & cont9u\sly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afc4 ,%>p screw-calks ) ,:itwor? ?read 7half-in*1 natural size74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afd4 ,:itwor? tap 7half-in*1 half natural size74 ,ball+ ) sn[ is prev5t$ by us+ %oes n>r[ 9 ! web & concave ^u ! gr\nd-surface 7convex iron71 & ?or\ghly oil+ ! sole & frog4 ,sole-pads ( felt1 lea!r1 or /raw s]ve ! same purpose4 ,ball+ ) sn[ is be/ prev5t$ by a rubb] sole-&-frog pad1 or by a 8/opp+0 ( a pat5t ho( cem5t kn[n 9 ,g]many z 8hufl$]kitt40 #d4 ,%oe+ ) ,peg-,calks4--,! calks are m]ely /uck into ! calk-holes1 h5ce _! "n4 ,r\nd & squ>e peg-calks are us$1 b ! =m] are bett] ?an ! latt]4 ,! inv5tor ( r\nd peg-calks is ,judson1 an ,am]ican4 ,! %oes diff] 9 no respect f ! ord9>y flat %oes4 ,x is necess>y t ! tap ( ! calk h a mod]ately conical =m1 & exactly fit into ! calk-hole ( ! %oe4 ,! tap] ( ! calk-tap is correct if = e t5 ?irty-seconds ( an in* 9 l5g? x increases or dim9i%es "o-?irty-second ( an in* 9 diamet] 7equal to "o in* 9 e t5 in*es ( l5g?74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afe4 ,%>p peg-calk 7cog73 a1 ! tap2 b1 ! head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aff4 ,blunt peg-calk3 a1 ! tap2 b1 ! head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afg4 ,l[] "p ( ! ream]4 ,al?\gh ! calk-holes may be pun*$ 9 a hot %oe1 yet bor+ & ream+ !m is mu* bett]1 because by ?is me?od a m p]fect fit c be secur$4 ,= ?is purpose we require a drill 7a spiral drill is ! be/7 ^: diamet] is exactly ! same z t ( ! small end ( ! calk-tap 7,figs4 #afe1 c1 & #aff1 c74 ,aft] ! %oe has be5 fitt$ to ! ho(1 ! provisional holes are drill$ & aft]w>ds ream$ out f ! gr\nd-surface ( ! %oe ) ! ream] %[n 9 ,fig4 #afg4 ,s9ce ! tap ( ! ream] corresponds exactly 9 size to ! tap ( ! calk1 x is evid5t t ! latt] mu/ exactly fit & be tight4 ,! wire edge t is rais$ ar\nd ! hole is remov$ ) a file1 & ! edge !n smoo!d by introduc+ ! ream] a second "t4 ,! calks are made ( roll$ r\nd /eel1 :i* has ! ?ickness ( ! tap-end ( ! calk4 ,= ?is purpose we require a calk-m\ld or matrix1 9 :i* "o or m holes h be5 f9i%$ ) a ream]4 ,a piece ( rod /eel is heat$ at ! end = a di/ance ne>ly twice ! l5g? ( ! calk1 is swag$1 ?ru/ into ! matrix1 !n brok5 (f1 & back-set4 ,?is w give a blunt peg-calk4 ,if a %>p calk is desir$1 ! upp] "p ( ! head ( ! calk is %>p5$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 al?\gh ?is is accompli%$ mo/ easily by us+ a pair ( tongs ) %ort jaws t are holl[$ ^u ! inside = seiz+ ! tap ( ! calk4 ,be=e ! %oes are nail$ on1 ! normal pun* %\ld be oil$ & driv5 into ! calk-holes1 & ! calks pass$ into ! holes to see t !y fit p]fectly4 ,! calks are driv5 into place aft] ! %oes are nail$ to ! ho(s4 ,a light bl[ is suffici5t to fa/5 a calk1 yet a necess>y precaution is fir/ to remove e trace ( oil f ! calks & calk-holes4 ,! fir/ calk driv5 into place mu/ be held ) ! h& :ile ! second is be+ driv51 o!rwise x w ei!r spr+ f ! calk-hole or be loos5$ s t x w soon aft]w>ds be lo/4 ,to remove su* a calk we /rike its head f diff]5t sides ) a hamm]1 /one1 or o!r h>d object until x becomes loose1 :5 a r h>d bl[ ^u ! %oe causes x to spr+ out4 ,calks :i* h worn d[n are seiz$ by a pair ( %>p nipp]s & loos5$ by bl[s ^u ! %oe4 ,s9ce a calk :i* is firm soon ru/s & is !n v difficult to remove1 x is recomm5d$ t all calks be remov$ e night4 ,! advantages ( peg-calks ov] screw-calks are3 #a4 ,!y d n break (f4 #b4 ,!y are easi] to make & simpl] to use4 #c4 ,!y are *eap]4 ,disadvantages4--#a4 ,peg-calks are sometimes lo/1 ev5 :5 prop]ly made & mo/ c>efully introduc$4 ,?is evil happ5s mu* less frequ5tly :5 ! calks are put 9 by ! mak] 7horse%o]7 ?an :5 !y are /uck 9 by ! coa*man1 att5dant1 rid]1 or o!r p]son4 ,:5 calks are lo/ on ! way f ! %op1 x is usually due to "s fault 9 ! calk-holes or 9 ! calks1 al?\gh :5 ! feet are ball$ ) sn[ ! calks are easily lo/1 because !y d n !n t\* ! gr\nd4 #b4 ,! removal ( ! calks (t5 involves _m difficulties1 s9ce !y are apt to ru/ into place if n remov$ daily1 & :5 worn d[n s f> t !y _c be grasp$ ) ! p9c]s are almo/ impossible to remove4 ,by hamm]+ ^u ! calks & %oe _m horses are r5d]$ n only re/ive1 b s5sitive 9 ! feet4 #c4 ,if horses are us$ )\t ! calks1 a wire edge =ms ar\nd ! hole on ! bottom ( ! %oe1 :i* int]f]es ) ! plac+ ( ! calk & less5s its security4 ,! holl[ peg-calk 7,fig4 #afh71 made by ,brans*eid ,philippi1 ( ,rems*eid1 has consid]able m]it4 ,x holds exce$+ly well1 & is v durable4 ,x is furni%$ 9 ?ree sizes1--,nos4 #ab1 #ac1 & #ad1--( tw5ty-sev51 ?irty-"o1 & ?irty-f\r millimetres l5g?1 & twelve1 ?irte51 & f\rte5 millimetres diamet] at ! end ( ! tap4 ,a pun* is furni%$ :i*1 :5 driv5 up to its head 9 ! holes ( ! heat$ %oe1 insures a prop] wid? & %ape ( ! hole & an accurately fitt+ calk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afh4 ,holl[-spr+ peg-calk1 ,no4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afi4 ,peg-pull]4 ,! calks may be remov$ by an extractor 7,fig4 #afi7 hav+ at "o end a ?read :i* is screw$ into a correspond+ ?read on ! inside ( ! holl[ calk1 :5 by a few hamm] bl[s on ! %oe ! calk loos5s4 ,to prev5t ! calk becom+ *ok$ ) dirt1 a piece ( cork is ?ru/ into ! holl[4 ,x may be easily remov$ by means ( ! corkscrew at ! o!r end ( ! extractor4 #e4 ,%oe+ ) ,peg ,toe-,calks4--,^! are an inv5tion ( consid]able wor?1 especially = heavy draft 9 hilly c\ntry4 ,!y r5d] bett] s]vice on h9d ?an on front %oes4 ,peg toe-calks ) a s+le tap are simpl] & pref]able to ^? ) two taps4 ,e kn[n contrivance to prev5t ! occasional loss ( ! peg toe-calk is impractical4 ,! %oe = a peg toe-calk %\ld be ( good t\gh mat]ial & )\t a flaw4 ,! toe ( ! %oe %\ld be ab\t "o-twelf? to "o-t5? ( an in* ?ick] ?an ! bran*es4 ,! hole = ! peg toe-calk1 :atsoev] its %ape may be1 mu/ be smoo? & uni=m1 ) clean1 true corn]s4 ,semi-circul> holes %\ld pres5t ! convex side t[>ds ! toe4 ,be=e pun*+1 draw up ! toe-clip4 ,a pun*-plate ) a good-siz$ hole1 & a tap :i* w fit into ! squ>e hole 9 ! anvil w facilitate ! "w4 ,! pun*-plate :5 9 position %\ld be flu% ) ! front edge ( ! anvil4 ,place ! toe ( ! %oe1 ho( surface upw>d1 ov] ! hole ( ! pun*-plate1 & drive a hole ) a pun*-hamm] :i* is p]ceptibly ?9n] ?an ! model pun*4 ,n[ turn ! %oe ov]1 pun* back f ! gr\nd-surface1 & !n file away ! wire edge :i* ! pun* has rais$ on ! gr\nd-surface4 ,next1 take a h&-pun*1 ! end ( :i* %\ld j ent] ! hole1 pun* ?r\gh f ! gr\nd-surface1 & correct any bulg+ by dress+ lightly ov] ! horn ( ! anvil4 ,f9ally1 use ! model pun* to give ! hole ! exact size & smoo?ness4 ,%\ld ! hole 9 ! toe ( ! %oe enl>ge 9 "t1 z sometimes occurs1 !n back-set :5 necess>y on remov+ ! %oe4 ,backsett+ is easie/ ) ! half-r\nd hole1 because ! curv$ side1 be+ turn$ =w>d1 runs approximately p>allel to ! out] bord] ( ! toe ( ! %oe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agj4 ,cross-section ( diff]5t =ms ( peg toe-calk taps4 ,a good s]viceable peg toe-calk mu/ possess ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics3 #a4 ,! tap mu/ be ( su* %ape z n to turn2 !re=e1 n r\nd4 #b4 ,! tap mu/ be cone-%ap$1 & dim9i% 9 diamet] ab\t "o-?irty-second ( an in* = ea* "o-f\r? ( an in* ( its l5g? f base to apex4 ,if ! tap has less tap] x w enl>ge ! hole 9 ! %oe till ! head ( ! calk comes into contact ) ! %oe1 :5 ! calk w loos5 & drop out4 #c4 ,! tap mu/ be full-=m$ & smoo?4 #d4 ,x mu/ fit air-tight 9 ! toe1 & a s+le hamm]-bl[ %\ld be suffici5t to fix x securely4 #e4 ,! head ( ! toe-calk mu/ n re/ on ! %oe2 a space ( "o-sixte5? ( an in* %\ld int]v5e4 ,:ile a %o] ( av]age me*anical ability c make a faultless peg toe-calk1 x is n pr(itable to d s :ile good ma*9e-made calks are to be _h v *eap4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aga4 ,*isel toe-calk4 7,dor+47 ,no4 #a f ! firm ( ,brans*eid ,philippi1 ( ,rems*eid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agb4 ,%ovel toe-calk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agc4 ,peg toe-calk %oe+ aft] ,fi%]-,r5k]1 ( ,dresd54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agd4 ,peg-calk 7%ovel-calk7 aft] ,kunze-,klotzs*e-,knigswald1 ( ,dresd54 ,! be/ =ms 9 use are ! quadrangul> heads1 ) oval1 half-r\nd 7,figs4 #aga & #agb71 & ) two taps 7,figs4 #agc & #agd74 ,9 sev]al ,european c\ntries ! peg toe-calks ) half-r\nd tap & ) two r\nd taps are 9 use4 ,to make good peg toe-calk %oes & fit ! calks prop]ly requires m ?an ord9>y k & skill4 ,poor "w does mu* h>m4 ,!re=e1 "w c>efully & get well paid = x4 #f4 ,removable ,heel-,calks t d n ,require ,%>p5+4--,! und5iable fact t all *isel-%ap$ or pyramid-%ap$ %>p calks become dull 9 "t1 & mu/ !n ei!r be %>p5$ or replac$ by new calks1 r5d]s %oe+ n only co/ly1 b injuri\s to ! ho(s & annoy+ to ! own]4 ,?is drawback is mo/ pron\nc$ 9 l>ge cities1 :]e ! sn[ nev] lies long ^u ! /reets1 & ! horse j %>p-%od is soon oblig$ to travel ^u b>e pavem5ts4 ,attempts h be5 made to less5 ?is annoyance by ! use ( calks t d n require %>p5+1 & yet :i* w prev5t slipp+ ev5 aft] !y h be5 us$ = a long "t ^u b>e pavem5ts4 ,x _c be d5i$ t su* calks h consid]able value1 &1 except :5 ! gr\nd is cov]$ ) ice1 _m ( ^! calks r5d] excell5t s]vice4 ,j z ! ord9>y %>p calks are satisfactory & v durable outside ( ! l>ge cities1 s n[ = ! fir/ "t a few ( ^! rec5tly inv5t$ %>p calks seem to be wor?y ( recomm5dation = city use4 ,! foll[+ are ! be/3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #age4 ,screw-calk ) ,h-=m$ cross-section4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agf4 ,screw-calk ) -=m$ cross-section4 #a4 ,screw-calks & peg-calks ) ,h-%ap$ cross-section 7,fig4 #age74 #b4 ,screw-calks ) -%ap$ cross-section 7,fig4 #agf74 #c4 ,screw- & peg-calks ) ,o-%ap$ cross-section 7,fig4 #agf74 #d4 ,screw- & peg-calks ) ,s-%ap$ cross-section4 #e4 ,angle-calks 7,fig4 #agg74 #f4 ,screw- & peg-calks ) rubb] foot-pad4 #g4 ,screw-calks ) ,y />-%ap$ cross-section 7,fig4 #agh74 #h4 ,holl[ w$ge-calks 7,fig4 #agi74 #i4 ,p]=at$ screw-calks 7,fig4 #ahj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agg4 ,corn] calk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agh4 ,/> calk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agi4 ,holl[ calk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahj4 ,p]=at$ calk4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! grip t ^! calks take ^u ! gr\nd & _! durability dep5d ^u ! diamet] & ! arrangem5t ( _! surfaces ( friction4 ,f all exp]im5ts made ?us f> x is %[n t ^? calks :i* h n>r[ & comp>atively few surfaces ( friction are ! lea/ durable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aha4 ,univ]sal screw-calk key ) tap4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahb4 ,felb]'s h&-vise to secure ! ho( f twi/+ :ile *ang+ ! screw-calks4 ,to introduce & remove ! calks we use a calk key or wr5*4 ,= ! %op1 ! ord9>y =k key 7,fig4 #aha71 ! jaws ( :i* are temp]$1 is recomm5d$4 ,x fits all calks4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,ho( ,,nurture4 ,ho( nurture comprises all ^? measures :i* are employ$ to keep ho(s heal?y1 ela/ic1 & s]viceable4 ,a4 ,c>e ( ,un%od ,ho(s4 ,! c>e ( ! ho(s ( colts is ( special importance4 ,abundant ex]cise ^u dry gr\nd :i* is n too /ony is mo/ b5eficial4 ,su* ex]cise w cause ! ho(s to we> gradually1 & x w only be necess>y f "t to "t to obs]ve :e!r ! we> is tak+ place uni=mly1 & if n1 to correct ! unev5 we> ) ! rasp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahc4 ,twi/$ left front long pa/]n ( colt1 view$ f ! upp] articul> surface4 ,! l[] end has be5 twi/$ t[>d ! left3 a1 transv]se axis ( l[] articul> surface2 b1 transv]se axis ( ! upp] articul> surface4 ,if colts are re>$ 9 ! /able1 ! horn cont9u+ to gr[ d[n does n und]go suffici5t we>1 & *anges 9 =m ( ! ho(1 & ev5 p]man5t di/ortions ( ! bones ( ! foot gradually occur4 ,! wall becomes too long & b5ds or sometimes sep>ates f ! sole & k]aphyll\s lay]4 ,weak qu>t]s b5d 7curl7 inw>d & encroa* ^u ! space occupi$ by ! frog 7contract$ feet ( colts74 ,! toe becomes too long1 & ?is gives rise to too /eep a position ( ! pa/]n & causes an insecure & diffid5t gait2 !re=e ! ho(s mu/ be %ort5$ f "t to "t4 ,! 9-curv$ qu>t]s %\ld be remov$ ) ! ho(-knife1 & ! out] edge ( ! plant> bord] ( ! wall well r\nd$ ) ! rasp4 ,9 ! base-wide & base-n>r[ /&+ positions ! out] & inn] walls respectively become relatively long & induce ! colt to assume a /ill m abnormal position4 ,! "y & pliant pa/]ns may ?us become p]man5tly twi/$ & di/ort$ 7see ,figs4 #ahc & #ahd74 ,9 a ho( t is becom+ awry1 re/or+ to ! wall its prop] level ) relation to ! position ( ! limb w n only be invaluable 9 ultimately produc+ a good ho(1 b w improve ! faulty position ( ! limb4 ,9 exceptional cases1 :]e ! plant> bord] ( "s section ( ! wall gives evid5ce ( too rapid we>1 ! application ( a tip or ( a half-%oe may be ( b5efit4 ,fur!rmore1 we %\ld attempt to secure great] cleanl9ess by frequ5tly & ?or\ghly wa%+ ! ho(s & b$d+ ) pl5ty ( good /raw4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahd4 ,left front long pa/]n ( a colt %[+ compression %ort5+ ( out] half3 a1 transv]se axis ( upp] articulation2 b1 transv]se axis ( coron>y jo9t1 n p>allel to upp] axis4 ,too e>ly %oe+ ( "y horses is v injuri\s2 x h9d]s ! developm5t ( ! ho(s1 &1 fur!rmore1 "y horses :5 %od are frequ5tly s]i\sly ov]work$ & prematurely ru9$4 ,mod]ate "w 9 ! fields does n injure "y horses1 b = su* s]vice !y d n require %oes4 ,! un%od ho(s ( old] horses %\ld be p]iodically r\nd$ ) a rasp & ! l5g? ( ! walls regulat$ :51 by reason ( a lack ( ex]cise1 prop] we> has n tak5 place4 ,b4 ,c>e ( ,%od ,ho(s4 ,%od ho(s are expos$ to _m m injuries ?an are un%od ho(s1 because %oe+ itself1 al?\gh absolutely necess>y to r5d] horses cont9u\sly s]viceable ^u h>d /reets1 is injuri\s to ! ho(1 s9ce x to a great] or less ext5t prev5ts ! physiological movem5ts ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! foot1 int]f]es ) ! circulation ( ! blood 9 ! foot1 sl[s ! gr[? ( ! horn1 & br+s ab\t a gradual %r9k+ ( ! entire ho(4 ,9 addition1 !re are ! injuri\s consequ5ces ( /abulation4 ,^! are prev5tion ( free movem5t1 uncleanl9ess due to bad floors & fil?y b$d+1--z1 = example1 peat moss & soil$ /raw1--& dryness4 ,cont9u\s /&+ always contributes to contraction ( ! ho(s1 & ?is evil is greatly favor$ by dryness1 :i* m p>ticul>ly affects ! front ho(s4 ,! h9d ho(s receive suffici5t moi/ure f ! animal's manure4 ,poor floors1 p>ticul>ly ^? t are unev51 tire ! limbs4 ,accumulation ( manure & ! c>eless use ( /ation>y sole-pads induce ?ru% ( ! frog4 ,! object ( ho( nurture is to less5 or entirely remove all ^! injuri\s consequ5ces ( %oe+ & /abulation4 ,x comprises1 !re=e1 n only ! prop] %ort5+ ( ! ho(s e five to six weeks1 b c>eful att5tion to cleanl9ess & moi/ure4 ,bo? are insur$ by dry /raw & daily pick+ out & wa%+ ! ho(s4 ,su* measures w prev5t ?ru% 9 ! h9d feet4 ,if front ho(s are wa%$ once a day1 suffici5t moi/ure w p5etrate ! horn to give x t degree ( suppl5ess 7ela/icity7 :i* is possess$ by an un%od ho(1 & :i* contributes to a prop] expansion ( ! ho( :5 ! body-weight is plac$ ^u x4 ,9 ord] to prev5t a ho( f aga9 dry+ out1 ! entire ho( %\ld receive a ?or\gh application ( an oil or o9tm5t 7ho(-salve74 ,! object ( greas+ ! horn is to prev5t evaporation ( ! moi/ure t has p5etrat$ ! horn4 ,specially comp\nd$ ho(-salves are n necess>y4 ,melt$ horse-grease1 pork-fat1 or any o!r fat t is n rancid is suffici5t4 ,cosmol9e is an excell5t ho(-salve4 ,abundant b n excessive ex]cise is m necess>y ?an any?+ else to ! pres]vation ( ! heal? ( ! ho(4 ,x aids ! circulation ( blood )9 ! foot1 &1 !re=e1 ! gr[? ( ! horn4 ,horses :i* p]=m h>d1 regul> "w h1 z a rule1 bett] ho(s ?an ^? :i* /& ! great] "p ( ! "t 9 ! /able4 ,p\ltic+ ho(s ) clay1 bran1 l9se$-meal1 or :ite-rock1 or /&+ !m 9 wat] is unnecess>y if !y h _h prop] c>e1 b w sometimes be ( b5efit :5 ! ho(s h be5 neglect$1 & especially s = front ho(s4 ,! latt] are m expos$ to dry+ influ5ces1 & ! %oes prev5t ! moi/5+ process by keep+ ! ho(s p>tially or completely remov$ f contact ) ! e>?4 ,oil+ alone is n suffici5t to s(t5 horn1 b mu/ always be prec$$ by p]meation ( ! horn ) wat]4 ,oil+ )\t fir/ cleans+ ! ho( is useless1 because ?is soon produces a greasy cru/ und]nea? :i* ! horn is crisp & brittle4 ,! sure/ sign ( cleanl9ess ( a ho( is ! appe>ance ( ! natural color ( ! horn1 ! latt] appe>+ transluc5t ev5 aft] ! ho(-o9tm5t has be5 appli$2 !re=e1 black5$ ho(-o9tm5ts %\ld n be us$4 ,:5 ho(s are expos$ to too mu* moi/ure 7muddy roads1 melt+ sn[1 etc47 an addition ( wax or common yell[ ros9 to ! ho(-o9tm5t is recomm5d$ to prev5t too great s(t5+ ( ! horn4 ,no ho(-o9tm5t has any direct influ5ce ^u ! gr[? ( ! horn4 ,inasmu* z x is a fact t ! v be/ %oe+ injures ! ho(1 x is advisable to all[ horses to g b>efoot :5ev] x is possible4 ,?is applies especially to horses t f any cause are ?r[n out ( s]vice1 presuppos+1 ( c\rse1 t ! nature ( ! ho(s w all[ !m to g b>efoot4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,%oe+ ,,( ,,defective ,,ho(s ,,& ,,lame ,,horses4 ,! b\nd>y betwe5 heal? & disease ( ! ho( is difficult to det]m9e1 especially :5 we h to deal ) m9or defects ( /ructure or %ape ( ! ho(4 ,ord9>ily1 we fir/ consid] a ho( diseas$ :5 x causes lam5ess4 ,h[ev]1 we "k t diseases ( ! ho( may exi/ )\t lam5ess4 ,!re=e1 a ho( %\ld be reg>d$ z diseas$ or defective :5 ! nature ( ! horn1 ! =m ( ! ho(1 or ! p>ts enclos$ by x1 deviate f :at we consid] z normal or heal?y 7see page #ha71 :e!r ! s]vice ( ! animal is influ5c$ by x or n4 ,front ho(s become diseas$ or defective m readily ?an h9d ho(s1 because !y be> great] weight1 h m slant+ walls1 & are m expos$ to dry+ influ5ces4 ,all normally wry ho(s & acute-angl$ ho(s become m readily diseas$ ?an regul> & upright 7/umpy7 ho(s4 ,! indications ( ! v>i\s diseases ( ! ho( are discuss$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,we %all 9 ?is *apt] und]take only a brief g5]al discussion ( inflammation ( ! podod]m4 ,?is inflammation1 kn[n z podod]matitis1 always manife/s itself by lam5ess &1 "u clos] exam9ation ( ! foot1 by increas$ w>m?1 pa91 & /rong] pulsation ( ! digital & plant> art]ies4 ,! pa9 produces ei!r a timid1 %ort5$ 7sore7 gait1 or well-m>k$ lam5ess1 especially ^u h>d gr\nd4 ,increas$ s5sitiv5ess ( ! podod]m is detect$ by compression ( ! ho( ) ! p9c]s 7ho(-te/]s71 or ) great] c]ta9ty by lightly tapp+ ! ho(4 ,! increas$ w>m? ( a "p or ( ! entire ho( is detect$ by feel+ ) ! h&4 ,int5se pa9 & greatly increas$ w>m?1 ) a mod]ate1 diffuse swell+ ( ! s(t p>ts betwe5 ! ho( & fetlock-jo9t1 indicate suppuration )9 ! ho(4 ,! exam9ation ( horses lame 9 ! feet mu/ always be cauti\s & se>*+1 & %\ld beg9 ) ! mov+ & judg+ ( ! horse z already describ$ on page #ij4 ,! faults detect$ 9 ! ho( or 9 ! %oe+1 ! pa9 & increas$ w>m? ( ! ho(1 w n leave u 9 d\bt z to :e!r ! animal is lame 9 ! ho( or n4 ,h[ev]1 %\ld !re be a d\bt1 we mu/ c>efully exam9e all ! jo9ts & t5dons ( ! foot &1 if necess>y1 ( ! limb above1 & obs]ve ! animal's mann] ( travell+ at a walk & at a trot1 on s(t & on h>d gr\nd1 9 a /raight l9e & 9 a circle4 ,! removal ( ! %oe %\ld be p]=m$ ) greate/ caution4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions ! second %oe %\ld n be remov$ until ! fir/ has be5 replac$4 ,! same caution mu/ be obs]v$ 9 p>+ ! ho(1 :i* is to be reg>d$ z a "p ( ! exam9ation ( ! ho(4 ,! p>+ ( a ho( = ?is purpose (t5 diff]s some:at f ! prep>ation ( a s\nd ho( = ! %oe1 & :ile x is necess>y because x frequ5tly furni%es ! fir/ tru/wor?y indication ( ! tr\ble1 x mu/ be done ) circumspection & intellig5ce4 ,! causes ( diseases ( ! ho( are v num]\s1 = _m ext]nal influ5ces act injuri\sly ^u ! ho(4 ,9 addition to too great dryness1 want ( c>e 7neglect$ %oe+71 & premature1 unreasonable1 cruel use ( ! horse1 %\ld be m5tion$ p>ticul>ly injudici\s dress+ ( ! ho( & direct & indirect faults 9 ! %oe+4 ,! podod]m1 %ut 9 betwe5 ! h>d os p$is & ! /iff1 unyield+ horn capsule1 is frequ5tly expos$ to bruis+ & o!r injuries1 f :i* arise mo/ ( ! defects ( ! ho( itself4 ,all ^! ?+s lead1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 to lam5ess4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahe4 ,b>-%oe = "r foot4 ,treatm5t4--,fir/ ( all1 ! discov]$ causes %\ld be remov$1 or1 if ?is is n possible1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 !y %\ld be ameliorat$4 ,v (t5 ! lam5ess may be remov$ by prop] %oe+1 a *ange 9 ! animal's "w1 & bett] c>e ( ! ho(4 ,:5 !re is int5se inflammation )9 ! foot1 ! %oe %\ld be remov$ = a few days4 ,:5 ! inflammation is mod]ate & conf9$ to a small area1 x is usually suffici5t to alt] ! %oe+ by regulat+ unnatural relations ( height 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! wall1 & by remov+ all sup]flu\s horn f ! wall & sole 7to a less degree f ! frog71 p>tly = ! purpose ( r5d]+ ! horn capsule m yield+1 & p>tly to make ! p\ltices :i* are us$ m effective4 ,! %oe is !n to be s appli$ t ! diseas$ region w be reliev$ ( ! body-weight1 & w rema9 free f all pressure f ! %oe4 ,?is c be done p>tly by mak+ ! und]ly+ bran* ( ! %oe some:at wid] & long] ?an ! o!r1 & p>tly by cutt+ d[n ! be>+-edge ( ! wall :]e ?is is possible )\t weak5+ x too mu*1 o!rwise by concav+ or beat+ d[n ! upp] surface ( ! %oe4 ,by reason ( ! fact t ! po/]ior half ( ! ho( is ! seat ( mo/ diseases ( ! ho(1 x is to be recomm5d$ t ! nail-holes 9 %oes us$ 9 ^! diseases be plac$ z f> z possible 9 ! ant]ior half ( ! %oe1 & 9 "s special cases di/ribut$ ev5ly ar\nd ! toe4 ,among %oes suitable = diseas$ ho(s ! b>-%oe 7,fig4 #ahe7 holds ! fir/ place1 because x r5d]s sup]flu\s _m o!r %oes specially design$ = v>i\s diseases ( ! ho(4 ,x is made l an ord9>y flat %oe1 except t x requires a some:at long] piece ( iron2 ! ends ( ! bran*es are b5t inw>d ov] a dull corn] ( ! anvil1 bevell$1 laid "o ov] ! o!r1 & weld$ toge!r to =m ! b>4 ,! wid? & ?ickness ( ! b> %\ld be ! same z ( ! re/ ( ! %oe1 & its frog-surface %\ld be slightly concave4 ,! b>-%oe is valuable1 because x protects f pressure diseas$ sections ( ! wall :i* h be5 laid free1 all[s "p ( ! body-weight to be borne by ! frog1 & re/ores normal activity to ! di/urb$ physiological movem5ts ( ! foot4 ,by us+ x we c ei!r ga9 a m ext5sive be>+-surface = ! ho(1 or c make x easi] = ! surface t be>s ! weight to d ! "w4 ,if on acc\nt ( weakness ( ! be>+-surface ( ! ho(1 or f any o!r cause1 we wi% to di/ribute ! body-weight ov] ! entire plant> surface ( ! foot ) ! exception ( ! pa9ful region1 we add a lea!r sole to ! b>-%oe4 ,9 ?is case x is necess>y to place holes 9 ! ends ( ! bran*es ( ! %oe1 s t we may rivet ! lea!r firmly to ! %oe ) small nails4 ,! %oe %\ld be made some:at wid] ?an ! ho(1 & ! clips some:at high] ?an usual4 ,aft] fitt+ ! %oe ! grooves = ! clips are cut 9 ! lea!r1 ! latt] is rivet$ to ! %oe1 & all lea!r project+ beyond ! out] edge ( ! %oe is trimm$ away4 ,! lacun ( ! frog & o!r concavities ( ! sole are !n ?ickly sme>$ ) wood-t> & aft]w>ds fill$ up ) oakum to su* a degree t ! pack+ w be> "s ( ! body-weight :5 ! %oe & lea!r sole are 9 position4 ,?is pack+ is ( great importance1 because x prev5ts ! filt]+ 9 f beh9d ( s& & slime1 pres]ves ! t\ghness & pliability ( ! horn1 breaks %ock1 & produces a gradual expansion ( ! po/]ior half ( ! ho(4 ,be=e nail+ ! %oe to ! foot ! lea!r sole %\ld be soak$ 9 wat]4 ,classification ( ,diseases ( ! ,ho(4 ,,inflammations ,,( ,,! ,,podod]m4 #a1 ,nail+ 7prick+ & close-nail+72 #b1 /reet-nail2 #c1 calk-w\nds2 #d1 corns 7bruis$ sole72 #e1 bruis$ heels2 #f1 lam9itis 7f\nd]72 #g1 k]aphyllocele 7tumor ( horny leaves74 ,,defects ,,( ,,! ,,horn ,,capsule ,,& ,,lat]al ,,c>tilages4 7a7 ,*anges ( =m3 #a1 flat ho( & full ho( 7dropp$ sole72 #b1 upright ho( 7/umpy or /ubby ho(72 #c1 contract$ ho(2 #d1 wry ho(2 #e1 crook$ ho(2 #f1 ossification ( ! lat]al c>tilage 7side-bone74 7b7 ,di/urbances ( cont9uity ( ! horn capsule3 #a1 cracks2 #b1 clefts2 #c1 loose wall2 #d1 holl[ wall2 #e1 ?ru%4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,inflammations ,,( ,,! ,,podod]m 7,,podod]matitis74 #a4 ,nail+4 ,w\nds ( ! velvety tissue ( ! sole or ( ! podophyll\s tissue ( ! wall1 caus$ by nails :i* h be5 driv5 into ! ho( = ! purpose ( fa/5+ ! %oe1 are usually t]m$ 8nail+40 ,we di/+ui% direct & indirect nail+2 ! =m] is notic$ imm$iately1 ! latt] lat]4 ,9 direct nail+ ! nail passes directly into ! podod]m 7velvety tissue ( ! sole1 podophyll\s tissue72 ! w\nd produc$ may v>y f a simple puncture ( ! podod]m to *ipp+ ( ! bord] ( ! os p$is1 & is always accompani$ by ble$+1 ev5 ?\gh x may n always be notic$4 ,9 indirect nail+ ! nail does n pass entirely ?r\gh ! horn capsule1 b v close to ! s5sitive tissues1 & cr[ds ! s(t horn inw>d aga9/ !m4 ,?is inw>d bulg+ presses ^u ! podod]m & causes inflammation & lam5ess1 :i* may n manife/ !mselves = sev]al days4 ,symptoms4--,! fir/ symptom ( direct nail+ is in/ant pa9 indicat$ by fl9*+ or a j]k+ ( ! limb1 %[+ t ! nail has tak5 a wrong c\rse1 & !n a m or less pr(use hemorrhage4 ,usually ! blood fl[s f ! nail-hole1 or ! nail :5 )drawn may m]ely %[ a blood/a9 at its po9t2 h[ev]1 int]nal ble$+ may occur )\t any ext]nal manife/ations4 ,! symptoms ( indirect nail+ are entirely diff]5t4 ,9 ?is case pa9 does n arise imm$iately1 b lat]1 sometimes z soon z ! horse attempts to be> 8 weight ^u ! %od foot4 ,9 ! latt] case1 on hold+ up ! opposite foot ! animal sways backw>d & ?r[s 8 weight ^u ! hold]1 or becomes re/less4 ,z a rule1 ! consequ5ces ( indirect nail+ are fir/ manife/$ aft] two or ?ree days1 infrequ5tly f ! eigh? to ! f\rte5? day1 z inflammation )9 ! ho( & lam5ess1 at :i* "t a c>eful exam9ation w usually reveal increas$ w>m? ( ! ho(1 pa9 ^u pressure ) ! ho(-te/]s & on tapp+ ! ho( lightly1 "s swell+ ( ! entire foot1 increas$ pulsation ( ! digital art]ies1 & unwill+ness ( ! animal to place all or p]haps any ( its weight ^u ! foot4 ,suspicion ( nail+ %\ld be ent]ta9$ if ! %oe+ be rec5t1 ! ho( appe> too small 9 relation to ! body-weight1 ! walls h be5 ?9n$ by rasp+ or h be5 brok5 away1 or if ! nails h be5 driv5 too high or v irregul>ly4 ,causes4--,! mo/ common causes are mi/akes 9 %oe+4 ,9 ! majority ( cases ! cause is a disreg>d ( ! rule t ! nails %\ld p5etrate ! :ite l9e 7see pages #aah1 #aai & #acj1 heavy type74 #a1 us+ badly-pun*$ %oes2 #b1 excessive p>+ & %ort5+ ( ! ho(2 #c1 weak5+ ( ! l[] bord] ( ! wall by excessive rasp+ away ( ! outside 7,fig4 #ahg1 c72 #d1 mi/akes 9 fitt+ ! %oe1 especially apply+ %oes t are too n>r[1 lett+ ! toe-clips too deep into ! horn1 by :i* ! nail-holes ne> ! toe1 in/ead ( fall+ ^u ! :ite l9e1 are c>ri$ back ^u ! edge ( ! sole1 or us+ %oes 9 :i* ! nail-holes are too wide or improp]ly direct$2 #e1 us+ nails t are split1 incomplete1 badly =m$ & bevell$1 & too l>ge2 #f1 />t+ nails too deep or ) ! bevel on ! outside1 or draw+ !m too tight4 ,z occasional causes may be m5tion$3 #g1 old nail-/ubs 9 ! horn2 #h1 walls t are v ?9 or brok5 away2 #i1 a s(t1 crumbl+ wall1 :i* alt]s ! s\nd & feel+ ( ! nail z x is driv51 & makes x difficult to judge ( its c\rse2 #aj1 re/lessness ( ! animal :ile be+ %od4 ,exam9ation4--,press ) ! ho(-te/]s ^u ! sole & cl9*es2 tap lightly ^u ! cl9*es4 ,if ^! acts cause pa91 !re c be little d\bt t ! nail is responsible = ! damage4 ,remove ! %oe by draw+ ea* nail sep>ately & c>efully4 ,exam9e ! nails ) ref]5ce to _! direction & size1 z well z to /a9+ ) blood1 blood-s]um1 or pus4 ,imm$iately aft] remov+ ! %oe1 look = ! po9t ( entrance ( ea* nail into ! ho(1 & if a nail-hole be f\nd ^u ! edge ( ! sole 7,fig4 #ahg1 b7 in/ead ( 9 ! :ite l9e1 x is highly probable t ! nail :i* pass$ 9 at t place press$ ^u ! s5sitive tissues ( ! foot4 ,e nail-hole %\ld !n be se>*$ by pass+ a clean new nail into x & press+ its po9t t[>ds ! s(t tissues at v>i\s dep?s2 any indication ( pa9 caus$ by ?is act is pretty sure pro( ( nail+4 ,x /&s to reason t ! "* ( ! nail-holes 9 ! %oe %\ld be closely exam9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahf4 ,cross-section ( a %od ho(1 ! ho(-sk9 or podod]m be+ 9 r$3 a1 indirect nail+ :]e backsett+ has be5 ov]done & has b5t ! nail2 b1 nail prop]ly plac$ & ( correct %ape4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahg4 ,front ho( defici5t 9 horn3 a1 "r position ( ! nail-holes 9 ! :ite l9e2 b1 faulty position inside ( ! :ite l9e2 c1 wall weak5$ by excessive rasp+4 ,treatm5t4--,:5 ! foot has su/a9$ an ord9>y simple prick ) a nail1 ! latt] %\ld be left out & ! hole well fill$ ) wax4 ,z a rule1 no s]i\s results foll[4 ,9 sev]e direct nail+ ! entire %oe+ %\ld be mo/ c>efully exam9$1 & only aft] ev]y?+ is f\nd to be "r1 & ! %oe fits 9 su* a mann] t ! nails c only p5etrate ! wall f ! :ite l9e1 c x be reg>d$ z correct4 ,! (f5d+ nail-hole is !n to be clos$ ) wax4 ,accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! w\nd we may expect a m or less pron\nc$ inflammation ( ! podod]m1 & ?is is to be combat$ by re/+ ! animal & cool+ ! foot4 ,if ! w\nd is clean & rec5t1 enl>g+ ! op5+ 9 ! horn by cutt+ & bor+ c h no reasonable object2 ! w\nd by su* an act w n be made small]1 b l>g]4 ,frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ! w\nd is n obs]v$ or suspect$ until ! pa9 has become v int5se 7indirect nail+1 nail-pressure72 9 su* cases ! (f5d+ nail :5 )drawn is apt to be cov]$ ) pus or a d>k1 ?91 ill-smell+ liquid4 ,9 su* a case ! liquid1 :atev] its nature may be1 mu/ be giv5 free escape4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ?is x is entirely suffici5t to cut away a section ( ! wall f ! nail-hole outw>d1 n great] ?an ! wid? ( ! little f+]1 & !n to assi/ 9 ! dis*>ge ( ! pus by plac+ ! foot 9 a w>m ba?2 x is entirely wrong1 9 fact1 repreh5sible1 to remove all horn ( ! wall & sole :i* has be5 loos5$ f ! s(t p>ts by ! suppurative process4 ,aft] ! escape ( ! inflammatory fluids1 ! wall & sole w =m ! be/-fitt+ & mo/ suitable protective dress+ = ! diseas$ region until x has secret$ new horn4 ,if1 aft] removal ( ! nail & pus1 ! pa9 does n dim9i%1 w>m dis9fect+ ba?s ( "o to two p>ts ( creol91 or ! same am\nt ( lysol1 to "o hundr$ p>ts ( wat] at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ij ,f4 w be ( especial b5efit2 !y w n only s(t5 ! horn1 b by _! moi/ure & w>m? w directly dim9i% ! pa9 & h a heal+ influ5ce ^u ! suppurat+ surfaces4 ,! w>m ba?s mu/ actually be w>m & be kept w>m4 ,antiseptic solutions at room temp]ature are mu* less effici5t4 ,if ! pa9 has n be5 v pron\nc$1 or if x has be5 greatly alleviat$ by two or ?ree w>m ba?s1 !n1 z a rule1 x is suffici5t to put a few drops ( creol9 ^u ! inflam$ surface1 & to close ! op5+ ) oakum 7c>boliz$ oakum or c>boliz$ cotton is bett]74 ,! horse :i* has be5 nail$ w be aga9 p]fectly s]viceable aft] a few days if %od ) a %oe :i* does n press ^u ! inflam$ region4 ,! %oe does n press :5 x re/s only ^u ! be>+-edge ( ! wall1 :5 ! :ite l9e & ! edge ( ! sole are entirely free ( ! %oe1 & no nails are driv5 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! w\nd4 ,ev5 ?\gh1 z we h se51 nail+ 9 ! great majority ( cases is n p>ticul>ly s]i\s to ! horse & own]1 yet we %\ld nev] =get t tetanus 7lockjaw71 a disease :i* is ne>ly always fatal to horses1 may foll[4 ,nail+1 h[ev] insignificant x may seem1 may "u conditions lead to ! dea? ( ! horse4 #b4 ,/reet-,nail4 ,! condition caus$ by accid5tal injury ( ! s5sitive /ructures cov]$ by ! horny sole1 su* z ! velvety tissue ( ! sole & frog1 plant> cu%ion1 p]=ans t5don1 navicul> bone1 os p$is1 or ! p$al articulation1 by %>p objects1 especially nails1 is call$ 8p5etrat+ /reet-nail10 or simply 8/reet-nail40 ,! resi/ance ( ! gr\nd to ! weight ( ! body drives ^! p5etrat+ objects ?r\gh ! sole or frog into ! foot4 ,h9d ho(s are m (t5 affect$ ?an =e-ho(s4 ,a favorite po9t ( entrance is ! lat]al lacuna ( ! frog4 ,/reet-nail is favor$ by excessive ?9n+ ( ! sole & frog4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms are1 z a rule1 sudd5 pa9 foll[$ by lam5ess4 ,! fir/ assi/ance is usually s\ght 9 ! %oe+ %op4 ,if ! cause ( lam5ess be f\nd to be a p5etrat+ nail1 piece ( glass1 or o!r po9t$ =eign body1 x mu/ be c>efully drawn out1 9 do+ :i* we %\ld remove ! entire object1 n all[+ pieces to break (f & rema9 9 ! w\nd4 ,s9ce x is always important to "k 9 :at direction & h[ deep ! =eign body has p5etrat$1 9 ord] to be able to e/imate ! gravity ( ! w\nd1 x is advisable 9 all cases to pres]ve ! p5etrat+ body1 t x may be %[n to ! vet]9>ian1 9 case 8 s]vices are requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahh4 ,%od h9d foot1 ) spl9t dress+4 ,9 slight injuries to ! velvety tissue ( ! sole or frog1 accompani$ ) mod]ate pa91 x is ( no b5efit to enl>ge ! op5+1 ?\gh ! horn ( ! sole or frog %\ld be ?9n$ = ! space ( an in* or m ar\nd ! w\nd1 foll[$ by cool+ applications4 ,deep1 p5etrat+ w\nds accompani$ ) int5se pa9 require ! att5tion ( a vet]9>ian4 ,(t5 "s =m ( dress+ is necess>y1 & ?is is usually held 9 place by a special %oe4 ,= slight injuries1 su* spl9t-dress+s z are %[n 9 ,figs4 #ahh & #ahi are suffici5t4 ,:e!r su* a dress+ be appli$ to ! front or h9d feet1 ! %oe %\ld be well concav$ ^u ! ho(-surface4 ,! dress+ is held 9 place by ?9 spl9ts ( t\gh wood1 :i* are firmly w$g$ betwe5 ! %oe & ho(4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahi4 ,a practical 8spl9t %oe0 = hospital use4 ,9 ^? r>e cases 9 :i* x is necess>y to ma9ta9 cont9u\s pressure ^u ! seat ( ! w\nd1 & to protect ! entire plant> surface ( ! ho(1 a cov]$ %oe 7,figs4 #aij & #aia7 is recomm5d$4 ,?is %oe is provid$ ) a %eet-iron cov]1 hav+ at ! toe a spur :i* fits into a correspond+ hole 9 ! toe ( ! %oe1 & fa/5$ at ! heels by means ( screw heel-calks4 #c4 ,calk-,w\nds ( ! ,coronet4 ,all tread-w\nds ( ! coronet1 caus$ by ! calks ( ! opposite %oe1 by ! %oes ( o!r horses1 or by =g+1 are kn[n z calk w\nds1 or simply z 8calk+40 ,! injury itself is ei!r a bruise or a bruis$ w\nd1 foll[$ by inflammation ( ! coron>y cu%ion & an int]ruption 9 ! =mation ( horn at t po9t4 ,x occurs mo/ (t5 9 w9t] f %>p calks1 especially on ! h9d feet4 ,! common seat ( ! injury is ! coronet ( ! toe & inn] side ( ! foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aij4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aia4 ,%oe ) cov]-plate = /reet-nail treatm5t2 suitable :]e pressure-dress+ is desir$3 a1 hole 9 ! bottom ( ! toe-calk = reception ( spur1 b1 ( cov]-plate2 c1 holes = reception ( screw-calks1 d1 :i* fa/5 ! cov]-plate to ! %oe4 ,! inflammation t]m9ates ei!r 9 resolution--t is1 passes gradually away1 leav+ ! tissues app>5tly normal--or 9 suppuration4 ,! p]ioplic horn-b&1 :i* is usually loos5$ f ! p]ioplic b& by ! injury1 does n aga9 unite4 ,= ?is reason1 & because ( ! int]ruption 9 ! =mation ( horn at ! seat ( injury1 !re results a transv]se depression or cleft 9 ! wall4 ,! %oe+ has to deal only ) ! lam5ess t may be pres5t z a result ( ! calk+4 ,! section ( ! wall conta9+ ! lesion %\ld be %ort5$1 s t x w n press ^u ! %oe4 ,s]i\s calk-w\nds1 z a rule1 require treatm5t by a vet]9>ian4 #d4 ,corns 7,bruis$ ,sole74 ,! expression 8corns0 is appli$ to ne>ly all bruises ( ! podod]m ( ! po/]ior half ( ! foot1 ) ! exception ( ! frog1 :i* are app>5t to ! eye z yell[i%1 r$di%1 or blui%-r$ discolorations ( ! horn ( ! sole & :ite l9e4 ,! surface ( ! podod]m 7fle%y leaves & villi7 is *iefly involv$1 & almo/ )\t exception !re is rupture ( small blood-vessels & an outp\r+ ( blood betwe5 ! podod]m & ! horn4 ,! blood p5etrates ! horn-tubes & causes ! above-m5tion$ /a9+4 ,by subsequ5t gr[? ( horn ^! /a9$ pat*es are c>ri$ d[nw>d1 & are f9ally uncov]$ & br\ght to sight 9 p>+ ! ho(4 ,! seat ( corns is ei!r on ! fle%y leaves ( ! qu>t]s1 or on ! velvety tissue ( ! sole 9 ! angle betwe5 ! wall & ! b>1 or on ! fle%y leaves ( ! b>s4 ,?us we di/+ui% corns ( ! wall1 sole1 & b>s4 ,corns affect *iefly ! front ho(s1 & m (t5 ! inn] half ?an ! out]4 ,un%od feet are seldom affect$4 ,accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! lesions we di/+ui%3 #a4 ,dry ,corns4--,! r$-/a9$ horn is dry1 & !re is seldom lam5ess4 #b4 ,suppurat+ ,corns4--,!y are ! result ( int5se bruis+ foll[$ by inflammation4 ,! pus is ei!r ?9 & d>k grayi% 9 color1 d5ot+ a sup]ficial inflammation ( ! podod]m1 or yell[i% & ?ick1 d5ot+ a deep inflammation ( ! podod]m4 ,9 ! latt] case a vet]9>ian %\ld be call$4 ,lam5ess is usually pron\nc$4 #c4 ,*ronic ,corns4--,9 ?is case !re is vivid discoloration ( horn 9 all possible hues4 ,! horn is ei!r s(t1 moi/1 & l>dy1 or crumbl+1 crack$1 & at times bloody4 ,! inn] surface ( ! horn capsule has lo/ its normal "*1 & is cov]$ ) horny swell+s or nodules 7,fig4 #aib1 a74 ,sometimes ! w+ ( ! os p$is on t side has become morbidly enl>g$ & loos5$4 ,a %ort1 cauti\s gait alt]nates ) well-m>k$ lam5ess2 ! latt] appe>s :5ev] ! %oe presses too firmly on ! corn1 or :5 ! ho( becomes too dry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aib4 ,inn] aspect ( a qu>t] ( a ho(1 %[+ *anges 9 ! horn-leaves due to *ronic corns3 a1 horny tumor result+ f ! disease4 ,! causes1 aside f ! =m & quality ( ! ho(s & ! position ( ! limbs1 lie 9 injudici\s dress+ ( ! ho( & 9 faulty %oes4 ,too mu* trimm+ ( wide & flat ho(s1 excessive weak5+ ( ! qu>t]s1 sole1 b>s1 & frog ( all o!r ho(s1 :ile ! toe is usually left too long1 are ! usual causes4 ,%ort5+ "o qu>t] too mu* 9 relation to ! o!r1 s t ! foot is unbalanc$ & ! l[] side ov]load$1 is a frequ5t cause4 ,holl[+ ! sole & b>s excessively & unnecess>y ?9n+ ( ! bran*es ( ! sole 9 ! se>* = corns are also causes4 ,among faulty %oes we may m5tion ^? n level on ! ho(-surface1 tr\gh-%ap$1 too %ort 9 ! bran*es1 %oes :i* d n completely cov] ! be>+-surface ( ! ho(1 or ^: be>+-surface at ! ends ( ! bran*es is direct$ d[nw>d & inw>d s t ! qu>t]s are squeez$ toge!r :5 ! weight is put on ! foot4 ,insuffici5t concav+ ( ! %oe is (t5 an excit+ cause ( corns 9 flat feet & 9 ^? ) dropp$ soles4 ,a well-=m$ %oe :i* does n re/ firmly ^u ! ho(1 or :i* has be5 %ift$ z a result ( c>eless nail+1 may z readily cause bruis+ ( ! qu>t]s z neglect$ %oe+4 ,! latt] causes1 z a rule1 corns ( ! sole4 ,x is v r>ely t corns are caus$ by /ones fa/5$ betwe5 ! frog & bran*es ( ! %oe or 9 un%od ho(s by pebbles becom+ w$g$ 9 ! :ite l9e4 ,dryness is p>ticul>ly injuri\s to ! ho(s1 & is 9 ! highe/ degree favorable to ! production ( corns4 ,x r5d]s ! ho( /iff & inela/ic1 & fir/ manife/s itself by a %ort1 cauti\s 7sore7 gait :5 ! horse is fir/ put to "w4 ,treatm5t4--,fir/1 removal ( ! causes1 by re/or+ ! prop] =m to ! ho( ?r\gh %ort5+ a toe :i* is too long 7especially apt to be ! case 9 acute-angl$ ho(s71 cutt+ d[n qu>t]s :i* are too high1 & c>efully remov+ all dead horn f ! bran*es ( ! sole1 especially 9 acute-angl$ ho(s4 ,deeply digg+ out a small area ( blood-/a9$ horn is injuri\s4 ,x is mu* bett] to ?9 ! horn ( ! entire bran* ( ! sole uni=mly1 9 do+ :i* we %\ld avoid w\nd+ ! velvety tissue ( ! sole or draw+ blood4 ,! prop] %oe is ! b>-%oe1 except :5 bo? c>tilages are ossifi$4 ,! pressure %\ld n be tak5 f ! qu>t]s unless !y are sore4 ,:5 !re is a suppurat+ corn1 ! %oe %\ld be left (f sev]al days4 ,a *ronic corn %\ld be protect$ cont9u\sly f pressure by ! %oe4 ,?is is accompli%$ by us+ a b>-%oe ) lea!r sole4 ,a ?ree-qu>t] %oe is n suffici5t to prop]ly protect a ho( affect$ ) a *ronic corn1 if ! animal mu/ p]=m exact+ labor on h>d roads4 ,! c>e ( ! ho( consi/s 9 keep+ x cool1 mod]ately moi/1 & pliant4 #e4 ,inflammation ( ! ,heels4 ,inflammation ( ! bulbs ( ! plant> cu%ion 7heels7 is usually caus$ by su* ext]nal influ5ces z bruis+4 ,x occurs 9 bo? %od & un%od feet4 ,! symptoms are3 increas$ w>m?1 pa9 & swell+1 sometimes infiltration ( ! tissues ) blood1 accompani$ by a %ort1 cauti\s gait1 or1 if only "o foot is affect$1 by well-m>k$ lam5ess4 ,! mo/ frequ5t causes are3 go+ b>efoot ^u h>d 7froz571 unev5 gr\nd2 %oe+ ho(s hav+ l[ heels ) flat %oes t are too %ort2 sometimes too mu* frog pressure by ! b> ( a b>-%oe2 =g+ & grabb+4 ,! treatm5t fir/ indicat$ is a cool+ application 9 ! =m ( an ice-p\ltice1 or a soak+ 9 cold wat]4 ,lat]1 a/r+5t 7dry+7 applications are ( b5efit1 especially if ! p]ioplic horn-r+ has p>tially loos5$ f ! bulbs ( ! heels2 = example1 a weak solution 9 wat] ( sulphate ( copp] 7#a to #bj71 foll[$ by ! application ( a %oe ) heel-calks1 :i* is q long 9 ! bran*es & :i* mu/ n press ^u ! wall ( ! qu>t]s4 #f4 ,lam9itis 7,f\nd]74 ,by ?is "n we designate a peculi> inflammation ( ! podod]m at ! toe4 ,x arises sudd5ly 9 well-n\ri%$ & app>5tly heal?y horses1 foll[+ excessive "w or long-cont9u$ re/ 9 ! /able1 & frequ5tly leads to a decid$ *ange ( =m ( ! ho(4 ,! disease is always accompani$ ) int5se pa94 ,x mo/ (t5 affects bo? front feet1 m r>ely all f\r feet1 or only "o foot4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! two front feet are plant$ f> 9 advance ( ! body1 & ! h9d feet well =w>d "u ! belly4 ,:5 all f\r feet are affect$1 travell+ is exce$+ly difficult1 (t5 impossible2 9 ?is case !re is ne>ly always a high fev] ov] ! entire body4 ,! seat ( ! disease is 9 ! fle%y leaves ab\t ! toe1 m r>ely ^u ! side walls & qu>t]s4 ,dep5d+ ^u ! int5sity ( ! inflammation1 ! fle%y leaves are m or less loos5$ f ! horny leaves1 z a result ( :i* !re is a *ange ( position ( ! os p$is1 ) a simultane\s s9k+ ( ! coronet at ! toe4 ,?is produces a *ange ( =m ( ! ho(4 ,! qu>t]s become high]4 ,r+s =m ^u ! wall1 & _! c\rse is q *>act]i/ic ( ! disease4 ,at ! toe ^! r+s are q close to "o ano!r1 b z !y pass back t[>ds ! qu>t]s !y gradually sep>ate f "o ano!r & rec$e f ! coron>y b& 7,figs4 #aic1 #aid1 & #aie74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aic4 ,v]tical longitud9al section ( a foot alt]$ by *ronic lam9itis3 a1 holl[ wall at toe ?ru/ =w>d2 b1 leafy lay] mu* ?ick5$ & crumbl+ 78se$y-toe072 c1 dott$ l9e %[+ limit to :i* ! toe may be rasp$ away 9 %oe+2 d1 dropp$ sole2 e1 atrophy ( l[] %>p edge ( os p$is2 g1 dott$ l9e indicat+ ! height ( ! p]ioplic b&2 h1 foot axis4 ,! wall at ! toe is sunk5 j "u ! coronet2 its l[] "p1 on ! contr>y1 is ?ru/ =w>d4 ,lat]1 ! :ite l9e becomes pa?ologically wid5$4 ,! horn ( ! :ite l9e is dry1 crumbl+1 & easily brok5 d[n1 s t a break 9 cont9uity 7crack7 is apt to occur betwe5 ! wall & sole1 & lead to ! =mation ( a holl[ wall 78se$y-toe074 ,:]e ! inflammation is mod]ate & is n repeat$1 heal+ usually takes place & ! horn gr[s d[n regul>ly & 9 normal direction f ! coronet4 ,h[ev]1 a r brittle condition ( ! horn rema9s p]man5tly4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! inflammation 0 v sev]e or repeat$ sev]al times1 ! horny sole becomes flat j 9 front ( ! po9t ( ! frog z a result ( ! s9k+ ( ! os p$is1 or x may ev5 drop bel[ ! level ( ! wall 7full ho(1 dropp$ sole74 ,inde$1 x ev5 happ5s at times t ! toe ( ! os p$is p]=ates ! horny sole j 9 front ( ! po9t ( ! frog4 ,! wall at ! toe1 :i* 0 previ\sly b little alt]$ 9 =m1 is n[ ?ru/ prom95tly =w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aid4 ,f\nd]$ foot 7*ronic lam9itis71 be=e dress+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aie4 ,f\nd]$ foot1 dress$ & %od4 ,! dott$ l9es indicate its =m be=e be+ dress$1--i4e41 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aid4 ,! inflammation ( ! podod]m may "u c]ta9 conditions & by skilful vet]9>y treatm5t be remov$1 s t ! *>act]i/ic *anges ( =m & quality ( ! ho( w n occur4 ,b if ?is is n accompli%$1 z is (t5 ! case1 ! disease w be ob/9ate1 & p]man5t morbid *anges ( ! horn capsule take place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aif4 ,a ho( alt]$ by *ronic lam9itis2 %od ) an op5 flat %oe3 a1 wall at ! toe does n be> on ! %oe2 b1 clip at ! end ( ! bran* to oppose ! t5d5cy ( ! %oe to slip =w>d :5 half worn out4 ,a horse 9 su* a condition c be us$1 b ! gait w be %ort & /iff4 ,! ho(s are %uffl$ =w>d & set heels fir/ to ! gr\nd1 a mann] ( travell+ t rapidly we>s away ! bran*es ( ! %oe4 ,9 dress+ a f\nd]$ ho( ! out] circumf]5ce ( ! sole is ! guide4 ,! ?ick project+ wall at ! toe may be remov$ ) ! rasp )\t injur+ ! foot4 ,! sole %\ld be sp>$1 b ! qu>t]s %\ld be l[]$ to improve ! sett+ ( ! foot to ! gr\nd4 ,! *oice ( ! %oe w dep5d ^u ! %ape & nature ( ! sole4 ,if ?is is /ill concave1 an ord9>y %oe may be us$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! sole is flat or dropp$1 x mu/ be protect$ by an op5 %oe ) a broad web1 or ) a b>-%oe 7,fig4 #aig71 :i* is ( especial value :5 ! be>+-edge ( ! wall is weak or brok5 away4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aig4 ,a well-cov]$ 7wide-webb$7 b>-%oe1 ) two lat]al toe-clips & an end-clip1 = a f\nd]$ foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aih4 ,an op5 %oe = a f\nd]$ foot ) a dropp$ sole4 ,z long z !re is pa9 on pressure ab\t ! toe !re %\ld be no toe-clip1 b two side-clips4 ,! wall betwe5 ^! clips %\ld be l[]$ a t5? to an eigh? ( an in* to prev5t pressure ( ! %oe ^u ! s5sitive tissues ( ! toe 7,fig4 #aie74 ,! nails %\ld be z small z possible & plac$ well back t[>ds ! qu>t]s4 ,no nail %\ld be driv5 9 ! wall at ! toe :5 !re is sep>ation ( sole & wall at ! toe 7holl[ wall1 se$y-toe74 ,! %oes ( horses affect$ ) f\nd] (t5 "w =w>d z a result ( ! animals travell+ ^u _! heels4 ,to prev5t ?is evil1 clips may be rais$ at ! ends ( ! bran*es ( an op5 %oe1 or "o clip 9 ! middle ( ! b>1 9 case a b>-%oe is us$ 7,fig4 #aig74 #g4 ,k]aphyllocele 7,horn ,tumor74 ,a k]aphyllocele is a m or less %>ply b\nd$ horn tumor project+ f ! inn] surface ( ! wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aii4 ,a section ( wall at ! toe %[+ a ,k]aphyllocele 7horn-leaf tumor73 a1 coron>y bord]2 b1 plant> bord]2 c1 body ( tumor2 d1 base ( tumor pres5t+ funnel-%ap$ op5+ dis*>g+ pus4 ,its occurr5ce is r>e4 ,its favorite seat is at ! toe4 ,x r>ely causes lam5ess4 ,x c only be diagnos$ ) c]ta9ty :5 x ext5ds d[nw>d to ! l[] bord] ( ! wall4 ,9 ?is case !re may be se5 a half-moon-%ap$ ?ick5+ ( ! :ite l9e :i* r\nds inw>d ^u ! edge ( ! sole1 & is ( a wax5 color4 ,frequ5tly ! horn at ?is place crumbles away1 leav+ a m or less d>k-color$ cavity f :i* !re sometimes escapes a small quantity ( d>k-grayi% pus4 ,causes4--,*ronic inflammation ( ! podophyll\s tissue1 result+ f compression or bruis+4 ,k]aphyllocele frequ5tly foll[s a complete toe-crack ( long duration1 or a deep calk-w\nd at ! coronet4 ,prognosis4--,unfavorable1 :e!r !re is lam5ess or n4 ,if !re is no lam5ess x is v apt to arise lat]1 & if lam5ess is already pres5t x c only be remov$ by an op]ation1 :i* %\ld be p]=m$ by a vet]9>ian4 ,a return ( ! lam5ess foll[+ h>d "w at a trot ^u h>d roads is always to be fe>$4 ,%oe+4--,an ord9>y %oe well concav$ und]nea? ! inflam$ region1 :i* %\ld be reliev$ ( all pressure4#e #e ,%\ld lam5ess p]si/1 x w be necess>y to remove a /rip ( ! wall f ! plant> bord] to ! coronet 9 ord] to remove ! horn tumor4 ,! fle%y leaves :i* h secret$ ! tumor mu/ be extirpat$ & ! surface ( ! os p$is well scrap$1 or ! gr[? w return4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,defects ,,( ,,! ,,ho(4 ,a4 ,*anges ( ,=m4 #a4 ,,! ,,flat ,,& ,,! ,,full ,,ho( 7,,dropp$ ,,sole74 7a7 ,flat ,ho(4--,a flat ho( is "o ^: toe & side walls are incl9$ v obliquely to ! gr\nd-surface1 & ^: sole is on a level ) ! be>+-surface ( ! wall4 ,x exi/s mo/ (t5 9 horses br$ 9 l[-ly+1 m>%y c\ntries4 ,frequ5tly ! frog is well develop$1 & projects consid]ably beyond ! level ( ! wall4 ,! bran*es ( ! sole s9k p]ceptibly "u ! weight ( ! body1 mu* m ?an 9 bett]-=m$ ho(s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjj4 ,cross-section ( a %od flat foot3 a1 suffici5tly high be>+-edge ( wall1 & a horizontal be>+-surface on ! %oe2 b1 insuffici5t height ( be>+-edge ( wall1 & !re=e a correspond+ d[nw>d & inw>d incl9ation ( ! be>+-surface ( ! %oe4 ,prep>+ ! ,ho( = ! ,%oe4--,! rule is to sp>e ! plant> surface ( ! foot4 ,aft] remov+ f ! sole :at little loose horn !re may be1 level ! usually defici5t be>+-surface ( ! wall ) ! rasp4 ,! out] bord] ( ! wall1 especially at ! toe1 %\ld be r\nd$ (f r m /rongly ?an usual1 because ! toe requires & w be> consid]able %ort5+4 ,outw>d b5d+s ( ! l[] bord] ( ! wall %\ld be remov$ z f> z x is practicable to d s4 ,! %oe1 :i* %\ld be r wid] 9 ! web & ?ick] ?an usual1 %\ld h its be>+-surface %ap$ to correspond to ! be>+-surface ( ! wall2 t is1 if ! be>+-surface ( ! wall is bel[ ! m>g9 ( ! sole 7! sole ( ! foot be+ upp]mo/71 !n ! be>+-surface ( ! %oe %\ld incl9e d[nw>d & inw>d 7,fig4 #bjj1 b74 ,! be>+-surface ( ! bran*es1 h[ev]1 mu/ always rema9 horizontal4 ,! %oe always requires deep concav+1 especially along ! inn] bran* ( ! sole4 ,if ! qu>t]s are weak1 ! walls defective1 or !re are corns1 cracks1 loose walls1 or o!r diseases ( ! ho(1 a b>-%oe %\ld be select$4 7b7 ,full ,ho( 7,dropp$ ,sole74--,a full ho( is "o ^: sole in/ead ( be+ concave is convex1--t is1 bulges beyond ! be>+-surface ( ! wall4 ,x ei!r arises gradually f a flat ho( or is ! result ( lam9itis 7f\nd]74 ,9 full ho(s ! l[] surface ( ! os p$is is ( ! same %ape z ! horny sole4 ,! prep>ation ( a full ho( = ! %oe consi/s m]ely 9 remov+ all loose horn4 ,9 case ! dropp+ ( ! sole is v pron\nc$1 ! be>+-surface ( ! wall %\ld be built up artificially ) ,defay's ho( cem5t4 ,! %oe %\ld be light1 b broad 9 ! web1 & furni%$ ) a m or less deep concav+1 :i* ext5ds f ! inn] edge ( ! web to ! out] edge ( ! %oe1 & corresponds 9 %ape to ! bulg+ ( ! sole4 ,by reason ( ! defici5cy ( ! wall1 ! b>-%oe des]ves ! pref]5ce ov] an op5 %oe4 ,x is frequ5tly necess>y to apply toe- & heel-calks to remove ! ho( f contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,! nails %\ld he ?9n] & long] ?an usual1 & a m secure position ( ! %oe may be secur$ )\t injury to ! ho( by draw+ up two side-clips4 ,flat & full ho(s are incurable4 ,%oe+ is ( b5efit only 9 r5d]+ su* horses s]viceable4 ,soles t are s(t & s5sitive %\ld he sme>$ ) crude turp5t9e or p9e-t>1 ?\gh unusual s5sitiv5ess calls = a lea!r sole4 ,horses ) full ho(s %\ld n be driv5 fa/] ?an a walk ov] h>d roads4 ,dur+ long-cont9u$ spells ( wet wea!r s(t5+ ( ^! ho(s %\ld be prev5t$ by sme>+ ! soles ) a ho(-o9tm5t conta9+ res94 #b4 ,,! ,,upright ,,or ,,/umpy ,,ho(4 ,! upright or /umpy ho( is t =m 9 :i* ! qu>t]s1 ) relation to ! toe1 are too long 7too high74 ,! wall at ! toe /&s v /eep1 9 "s cases p]p5dicul>1 & is /rongly worn away by /&+ & travell+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bja4 ,upright or /umpy ho(1 %od ) a 8tip40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjb4 ,beak$ %oe = /ilt-foot4 ,causes4--#a4 ,! upright ho( is peculi> to ! 8/&+ "u0 position 7,fig4 #ec1 page #ff7 & to ! s-call$ be>-foot 7,fig4 #gj1 page #gb74 #b4 ,x arises also z a result ( all ^? alt]ations 9 ! direction ( ! limbs :i* t5d to remove ! qu>t]s f contact ) ! gr\nd 7contraction ( ! flexor t5dons1 spav91--,fig4 #bjb74 #c4 ,x may arise gradually f neglect ( ! ho(s ( horses runn+ b>efoot4 #d4 ,x may arise f excessive %ort5+ ( ! toe 9 relation to ! qu>t]s4 ,%oe+4--,! =ms ( ho(s m5tion$ 9 class #a %\ld be left z !y are4 ,! ho(s t fall "u class #b %\ld be dress$ & %od until a m natural sett+ d[n ( ! foot is secur$4 ,?is is br\ght ab\t by sp>+ ! qu>t]s1 & apply+ a %oe ) ?ick5$ bran*es or ) heel-calks4 ,:]e ! s]vice ( ! animal is exact+ & ^u h>d /reets1 ! toes1 especially ( ! h9d %oes1 may be made m durable by weld+ 9 /eel plates4 ,besides1 ! %oe %\ld be mod]ately base-wide ar\nd ! toe1--t is1 %\ld be bevell$ d[nw>d & outw>d1 %\ld h a /rong toe-clip1 & %\ld be q concave at ! toe & roll$4 7,figs4 #bjc & #bjd74 ,%\ld ! ho( tip =w>d :5ev] ! weight is ?r[n ^u ! limb1 a %oe ) a spur project+ f ! c5tre ( ! toe1 & turn+ back & press+ ^u ! wall j und]nea? ! coron>y b&1 w be ( s]vice 7,fig4 #bjb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjd4 ,%oe = /umpy ho(s1 view$ f gr\nd-surface1 ho(-surface1 & 9 pr(ile4 ,only ^? upright ho(s :i* are ! result ( ! causes m5tion$ 9 #c & #d are to be dress$ z ord9>y ho(s1 & if ! s]vice requir$ is n too exact+ !y %\ld be %od ) tips 7,fig4 #bja71 or ) %oes ) ?9n$ bran*es4 #c4 ,,! ,,contract$ ,,ho(4 ,a ho( :i* has deviat$ f its normal =m 9 su* a mann] t its po/]ior half1 ei!r 9 "p or z a :ole1 is too n>r[1 is a contract$ ho(4 ,! walls ( ! qu>t]s assume an abnormally oblique direction d[nw>d & inw>d t[>ds ! m$ian l9e ( ! ho(4 ,:5 contraction affects only "o qu>t]1 x is call$ unilat]al contraction1 or abnormal wryness 7,fig4 #baa74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bje4 ,a =e-ho( ) bilat]al contraction ( ! qu>t]s3 a1 spur ( horn prolong$ f ! buttress1 :i* compresses ! frog2 b1 n>r[ m$ian lacuna ( ! frog4 ,! buttresses are usually v mu* prolong$ & press ^u ! frog & cause x to %r9k4 ,! b>s no long] run 9 ! natural /raight direction f ! po9t ( ! frog backw>d & outw>d1 b describe a circle pass+ outw>d1 backw>d1 & inw>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjf4 ,a1 ,defay's %oe = exp&+ ! qu>t]s ( a ho(2 a1 clip appos$ to ! buttress2 b1 slot saw$ at ! toe to weak5 ! %oe2 ,b1 screw = exp&+ ! ,defay's %oe4 ,contraction affects front feet1 especially ^? ( ! acute-angl$ =m1 m (t5 ?an h9d feet4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r or n a ho( is too n>r[1 we %\ld always exam9e ! frog & its lat]al lacun4 ,if ! frog is small & n>r[1 & ! lat]al lacun v n>r[ & deep1 !re c be no d\bt b t ! ho( is too n>r[ 7contract$74 ,! causes1 aside f too little ex]cise1 are *iefly errors 9 %oe+1 su* z weak5+ ! po/]ior half ( ! ho(1 leav+ too long a toe1 ei!r neglect+ to remove ! spurs ( horn :i* gr[ f ! buttresses & press ^u ! frog1 or remov+ !m incompletely1 & us+ %oes ^: bran*es are ei!r too wide ap>t or are incl9$ d[nw>d & inw>d1 s t "u ! weight ( ! body ! heels are squeez$ toge!r & contraction is favor$4 ,prev5tion & ,treatm5t4--,fir/1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t :atev] ex]cises mod]ate pressure ^u ! sole1 frog1 & b>s t5ds to exp& ! ho(4 ,! action & value ( ! v>i\s %oes1 frog-1 & sole-pads1 are measur$ by ?is rule4 ,= ?is reason a %oe ) heel-calks is nev] advisable if an op5 flat %oe )\t o!r means ( relief c be us$4 ,fur!rmore1 s9ce contraction is ! p>5t ( ne>ly all diseases ( ! ho( 7corns1 qu>t]-cracks1 b>-cracks1 ?ru% ( ! frog71 we %\ld use ! greate/ c>e to prev5t x by dress+ ! ho( z describ$ on pages #ih to #ajc1 us+ flat %oes ) a horizontal be>+-surface = ! qu>t]s1 giv+ abundant ex]cise1 prev5t+ dry+ out ( ! horn1 & all[+ ! animal to g b>efoot :5ev] possible4 ,:]e ! contraction is b slight ! =ego+ rules w be f\nd suffici5t4 ,9 v pron\nc$ contraction1 :]e ! ho( is n acute-angl$1 an expansive %oe ) clips rais$ at ! ends ( ! bran*es to press aga9/ ! buttresses may prove v advantage\s2 b "u no conditions %\ld viol5ce be us$ 9 exp&+ ! heels ) ! exp&+-screw4 ,?is is an act ( extreme delicacy1 & %\ld be p]=m$ only by exp]i5c$ vet]9>ians4 ,9 v pron\nc$ contraction ( "o or bo? qu>t]s ( ho(s ( e degree ( obliquity we may obta9 a cont9u\s expansive action by ! use ( "o ( ! num]\s ,v-%ap$ spr+s1 ( :i* ! ,*adwick spr+ is ! be/ 7,fig4 #bjg & #bjh74 ,aft] levell+ ! wall & ?9n+ ! bran*es ( ! sole1 ! po9ts ( ! spr+ are set aga9/ ! buttresses1 ! apex ( ! spr+ mov$ to & fro till ! po9ts h bor$ well into ! horn1 :5 ! apex is laid aga9/ ! sole at ! toe1 ! sole fill$ ) t> & oakum & cov]$ by a lea!r sole1 & a b>-%oe appli$4 ,if ! contraction be less pron\nc$1 or if ! frog be mu* %runk5 we may place a ,*adwick spr+ b5ea? a rubb] b>-pad ) a %ort %oe4 ,! spr+ may be /iff5$ f %oe+ to %oe+1 fir/ by introduc+ ! f]rule at ! apex ( ! spr+ & lat] by %ift+ ! f]rule t[>d ! %\ld] 7,figs4 #bjg1 b1 & #bjh1 b74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjg4 ,! ,*adwick spr+ = exp&+ contract$ qu>t]s3 a1 apex ( spr+2 b1 f]rule to /iff5 ! spr+2 c1 po9t :i* is buri$ 9 a buttress ( ! ho(4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjh4 ,a =e-ho( %[+ a ,*adwick spr+ 9 prop] position3 a1 ,*adwick spr+2 b1 f]rule to /iff5 spr+ z desir$2 c1 uncompress$ spr+ be=e x has be5 engag$ aga9/ ! buttresses2 d1 buttresses 9 :i* po9ts ( spr+ are buri$4 ,= contract$ ho(s ( ! acute-angl$ =m we use ! b>-%oe1 & if !re are o!r diseases ( ! ho( pres5t1 or if we wi% a m rapid & cont9u\s expansive action1 we use also a lea!r sole ) foot-pack+ ) or )\t a buttress spr+4 ,a f\l frog %\ld be prop]ly cleans$1 & !n dis9fect$ ) p9e-t> ?9n$ ) alcohol or crude wood-v9eg> 7pyroligne\s acid74 ,fur!r curative measures are3 turn+ ! horse out )\t %oes 7exp5sive & seldom practicable72 apply+ tips2 us+ %oes ! be>+-surface ( ^: bran*es incl9es d[nw>d & outw>d 7unilat]al contraction requires b "o bran* to be s con/ruct$72 ho(-pads ( rubb] 7,figs4 #ade1 #adf1 & #adg71 /raw1 rope1 cork1 ho( cem5t1 etc4 ,special =ms ( contraction are di/+ui%$1 & are z foll[s3 7a7 ,! ,contraction ( ,wide ,ho(s4--,?is contraction is manife/ z a concavity or groove 9 ! wall j bel[ ! coronet1 usually at ! qu>t]s1 ?\gh sometimes ext5d+ entirely ar\nd ! foot p>allel to ! coron>y b& 7,fig4 #bji74 ,pa9 is produc$ 9 ! contract$ area by lightly tapp+ ! horn1 b n by mod]ate pressure ) ! ho(-te/]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bji4 ,wide =e-ho( ) 8coron>y contraction03 7a7 broad %all[ groove 9 ea* qu>t]1 & disappe>+ t[>d ! toe4 ,gre5 horses ) wide ho(s1 j f ! pa/ure1 are p>ticul>ly liable to ?is =m ( contraction4 ,z a rule1 ! lam5ess does n disappe> completely until ! wall has assum$ its natural1 /raight direction by gr[+ d[n prop]ly f ! coron>y b&4 ,9 dress+ ! ho( & apply+ ! b>-%oe1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! l[] bord] ( ! wall und]nea? ! pa9ful area is l[]$ s mu* t x w n receive direct pressure f ! %oe4 7b7 ,contraction ( ! ,sole4--,?is is accompani$ by an unnatural direction ( ! wall4 ,in/ead ( ! wall be+ /raight f ! coronet to ! %oe1 x describes a curve ^: convexity is outw>d 7keg-%ap$1 claw-%ap$ :5 se5 f ! side7 7,fig4 #baj74 ,! ho( seems con/rict$ 7ti$ 97 at ! coronet & at its plant> bord]1 ! sole is abnormally concave 7ar*$71 & ! plant> surface ( ! ho( is consid]ably %ort5$ f toe to heel4 ,x happ5s 9 bo? %od & un%od horses1 ) o!rwise /rong ho(s1 b is q r>e4 ,x is occasionally associat$ ) navicul> bursitis 78navicul> disease074 ,causes4--,pr9cipally dryness1 too little ex]cise1 & %oes )\t horizontal be>+-surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baj4 ,a =e-ho( ) a contract$ sole1 prop]ly %od3 a1 toe convex 9 pr(ile2 b1 %oe fitt$ full all ar\nd1 & 8be>+-surface0 incl9+ outw>d2 c1 out] bord] bevell$ base-wide4 ,! treatm5t is correspond+ly simple3 ,! %oes %\ld be flat1 fitt$ full all ar\nd to coax ! wall out at e po9t1 & ! out] bord] bevell$ base-wide1 s z to furni% a base ( support t is wid] & long] ?an ! ho(4 ,9 mod]ate contraction ( ! sole1 ! be>+-surface ( ! %oe %\ld be p]fectly horizontal1 b if ! contraction be v pron\nc$1 ! entire be>+-surface %\ld incl9e d[nw>d & outw>d 7ev5 at ! toe74 ,no toe-or side-clip %\ld be us$4 ,! %oe %\ld be reset e two weeks2 ! sole kept s ?9 by p>+ t x w spr+ "u ?umb pressure1 & kept moi/ by wa%+1 tubb+ or 8/opp+10 & ! animal giv5 mod]ate ex]cise daily4 ,9 all =ms ( contraction ( ! ho( abundant ex]cise & ! ma9t5ance ( ! natural pliancy ( ! horn by daily moi/5+ 7wa%+7 ) wat] are absolutely necess>y = successful treatm5t4 #d4 ,,! ,,wry ,,ho(4 ,if "o side wall & qu>t] is /eep1 & ! o!r v slant+ or oblique1 we t]m su* a ho( a 8wry ho(40 ,su* a ho( divid$ 9 ! middle l9e pres5ts two v dissimil> halves4 ,!re are ?ree classes ( wry ho(s3 #a1 normal wry ho(s 7see ,figs4 #fc-ff72 #b1 pa?ological wry ho(s1 or ho(s contract$ 9 "o qu>t] 7see contract$ ho(s72 #c1 wry ho(s :i* are ! result ( improp] %ort5+ ( ! wall & ( neglect 9 horses runn+ b>efoot4 ,only ! second & ?ird classes ( wry ho(s require especial att5tion4 ,fir/1 ! m oblique wall mu/ be cut d[n1 & ! /eep wall sp>$1--a proc$ure :i* diff]s ess5tially f t employ$ 9 treat+ ! fir/ class1 b is1 nev]!less1 entirely w>rant$1 because ^! second & ?ird k9ds ( wry ho(s d n correspond to ! direction ( ! limb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baa4 ,a wry "r front foot ( ! base-wide class1 view$ f beh9d4 ,! b>-%oe is fitt$ full along ! contract$ inn] qu>t]1 & snug on ! outside4 ,! inn] bran* ( ! frog re/s ^u ! b> ( ! %oe2 ! out] bran* is free4 ,! inn] qu>t] f ! la/ nail back to ! frog is free ( ! %oe4 ,9 ord] to take weight f ! /eep wall1 we use ) advantage a b>-%oe1 :i* %\ld be long] & wid] ?an ! ho( on its contract$ side4 ,9 o!r words1 enl>ge ! base ( support by mak+ ! bran* ( ! %oe broad]4 ,if an entire side wall & qu>t] is contract$ ! bran* ( ! %oe b5ea? mu/ be broad1 ! bord] bevell$ base-wide1 & ! bran* pun*$ s deeply t ! nail-holes w fall ^u ! :ite l9e4 ,9 old "w-horses any sort ( %oe may be us$1 ?\gh a flat %oe s]ves ! purpose be/4 ,if a ho( is wry f faulty p>+1 & we _c at once completely re/ore ! prop] relative slant ( ! two walls by p>+ alone1 we may use a %oe ) a ?ick] bran* = ! half ( ! ho( :i* is too l[ 7too /eep74 ,9 colts su* wry ho(s c (t5 be cur$ only by %oe+4 ,! %oe employ$ = ?is purpose is s made t ! bran* und]nea? ! /eep 7contract$7 wall is q ?ick1 b gradually ?9s away ar\nd ! toe to ! end ( ! o!r bran*4 ,9 /rongly m>k$ cases ! ?9 bran* may end at ! middle ( ! side wall 7a ?ree-qu>t] %oe74 ,?is me?od ( %oe+ %ifts ! body-weight ^u ! slant+ wall & re/ores ! foot to its prop] %ape 9 f two to f\r %oe+s4 ,causes4--,unequal di/ribution ( ! weight 9 ! inn] & out] halves ( ! foot1 9 conjunction ) excessive cutt+ d[n or we> ( ! /eep] wall4 ,all faults 9 %oe+ :i* t5d to produce contraction ( ! heels aid 9 ! =mation ( a wry foot1 especially :5 ^! faults directly affect ! /eep wall4 ,neglect ( ! colt's ho(s dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( life frequ5tly lays ! basis = wry foot 9 lat] ye>s4 ,all wry feet are m susceptible to disease ?an o!rs4 ,! am\nt or degree ( wryness v>ies consid]ably4 ,9 a mod]ately develop$ case ! /eep wall 7usually ! inn]7 w be drawn 9 at ! plant> bord] ( ! qu>t]1 pres5t+ a convex surface betwe5 ?is bord] & ! coronet1 & ! adjac5t bran* ( ! frog w be m or less %runk54 ,9 extreme cases ! slant+ wall 7usually ! out]7 w also be involv$ & b5t 9 ! opposite direction1--i4e41 w be concave 7di%$7 betwe5 coronet & l[] bord] 7crook$ ho(74 ,prognosis4--,:5 ! degree ( wryness corresponds to ! slant ( ! foot-axis & ! old %oe %[s ne>ly uni=m we>1 ! defect is n directly injuri\s4 ,9 v pron\nc$ 8wryness10 h[ev]1 ) ?91 b5t walls1 a numb] ( associat$ lesions1 su* z corns & cracks1 may be pres5t & r5d] ! animal unfit = s]vice ^u pav$ or macadam roads4 #e4 ,,! ,,crook$ ,,ho(4 ,a crook$ ho( 7,fig4 #bab7 is "o ^: walls 7view$ f 9 front or beh9d7 d n pass 9 a /raight1 natural direction f ! coronet to ! gr\nd1 b are b5t 9 su* a mann] t ! be>+-surface ( ! wall 9 relation to ! foot-axis lies ei!r too f> out or 94 ,x may occur on any foot1 b is seldom /rongly m>k$4 ,causes4--,! causes are ei!r long-cont9u$ leav+ ( "o-half ( ! wall too high1 or ! use ( %oes %ap$ = normal feet ^u ho(s ( ! base-wide position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bab4 ,a crook$ "r =e-ho( ( ! base-wide position3 a1 convex wall1 too high2 b1 concave wall1 too l[2 c d %[s h[ mu* ( ! out] wall mu/ be remov$ ) ! ho(-knife2 f1 sup]flu\s horn to be remov$ gradually ) ! rasp2 c e & g h indicate ! position ( ! %oe ) relation to ! ho(4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ! treatm5t is ! prop] dress+ ( ! ho(4 ,! wall :i* is b5t out at ! middle & drawn 9 at ! plant> bord] is1 z a rule1 too high & too ne> ! c5tre ( ! foot 7too n>r[72 ! opposite wall1 on ! contr>y1 is too l[ & too f> f ! c5tre ( ! foot 7too wide74 ,?is expla9s ! mann] 9 :i* ! ho( %\ld be cut d[n & rasp$4 ,! %oe mu/ be laid out z f> z possible t[>ds ! side :i* is too high & n>r[4 ,a /raight edge plac$ aga9/ ! high wall t\*es x only at its middle4 ,! di/ance ( ?is l9e f ! l[] edge ( ! wall %[s u h[ f> ! surface ( support--namely1 ! %oe--%\ld be set out beyond ! horn4 ,if ! /raight edge be plac$ aga9/ ! opposite wall1 x w t\* only at ! coronet & at ! plant> bord]1 %[+ t ! wall is concave4 ,! di/ance ( ! middle ( ?is wall f ! /raight edge %[s u h[ mu* too wide ?is half ( ! wall is at its plant> bord]1 & h[ mu* ( ! out] surface ( ! wall at its plant> bord] %\ld be remov$ ) ! rasp4 ,! re/oration ( a crook$ ho( to its normal =m requires sev]al %oe+s4 #f4 ,,ossification ,,( ,,! ,,lat]al ,,c>tilage 7,,side-,,bone74 ,! ossification ( a lat]al c>tilage 7,fig4 #bac7 consi/s 9 a *ange ( ! c>tilage into bone4 ,heavy horses are m frequ5tly affect$ ?an light] ones4 ,x mo/ (t5 involves ! out] c>tilages ( ! =efeet1 seldom bo? c>tilages4 ,side-bones always int]f]e ) ! physiological movem5ts ( ! foot1 & may1 inde$1 entirely suppress !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bac4 ,a left =e os p$is view$ 9 pr(ile1 %[+ ossification ( ! ext]nal lat]al c>tilage3 a1 dott$ l9e %[s normal l9e ( union ( c>tilage ) w+ ( os p$is2 b1 ossifi$ portion 78side bone074 ,! unossifi$ c>tilage has be5 remov$ by mac]ation4 ,! disease c only be diagnos$ ) c]ta9ty aft] ! upp] "p ( ! c>tilage has ossifi$4 ,! coronet is !n r prom95t 7bulg+71 & feels h>d4 ,! gait is %ort1 & cauti\s1 & well-m>k$ lam5ess (t5 foll[s sev]e "w4 ,z causes1 may be m5tion$ pr$isposition 9 heavy lymphatic horses1 & viol5t concussion or %ock due to fa/ "w ^u h>d roads4 ,! disease is incurable4 ,a special me?od ( %oe+ is only necess>y :5 ! out] c>tilage is ossifi$ & ! qu>t] ^u t side is contract$4 ,aft] remov+ ! old %oe1 ^: out] bran* is1 z a rule1 m worn away ?an ! inn]1 ! out] wall w always be f\nd too high1 due to ! fact t !re has be5 little or no expansion & contraction 9 ?is qu>t] &1 !re=e1 little or no we> ( ! horn aga9/ ! %oe4 ,! ho( is !re=e wry1--on ! outside too high1 & on ! inside too l[4 ,?is %[s u h[ ! foot %\ld be dress$ s z to obta9 a prop] base ( support & a uni=m we> ( ! %oe4 ,! mo/ suitable %oe is a flat %oe1 ^: out] bran* mu/ be wid] ?an ! inn]4 ,x is s appli$ t ! inn] bran* foll[s ! edge ( ! wall closely1 :ile ! out] bran* mu/ be full & at ! qu>t] mu/ ext5d beyond ! wall f> en\gh to t\* a p]p5dicul> l9e dropp$ f ! coronet 7,fig4 #bae74 ,! %oe mu/1 !re=e1 be pun*$ deep 7co>se7 on ! out] bran* & f9e on ! inn]4 ,a side-clip mu/ be plac$ on ! out] bran*1 because 9 "t ! out] half ( ! ho( w aga9 be too high4 ,b>-%oes & rubb] pads are injuri\s :5 bo? c>tilages are ossifi$1 b may be us$ :5 !re is p>tial ossification ( b "o c>tilage1 especially if corns are pres5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bad4 ,"r =e-ho( ^: =m has *ang$ z a result ( ossification ( ! ext]nal lat]al c>tilage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bae4 ,%oe ) broad out] bran*1 = ! ho( %[n 9 ! prec$+ cut4 ,b4 ,di/urbances ( ,cont9uity ( ! ,ho(4 #a4 ,,cracks4 ,int]ruptions ( cont9uity ( ! wall ext5d+ 9 ! direction ( ! horn-tubes are kn[n z cracks or seams4 ,!y h1 accord+ to _! location1 degree1 & ext5t1 n only v>i\s names1 b also a v>y+ significance4 ,occurr5ce4--,on ! inn] side ( front ho(s1 especially ( horses t /& base-wide2 on h9d ho(s1 usually at ! toe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baf4 ,ho( exhibit+ a coron>y crack1 a plant> or l[ crack1 & a complete deep crack1 ! latt] ) a nail ready to be cl9*$4 ,classification4--,accord+ to location we di/+ui% toe-cracks1 side-cracks1 qu>t]-cracks1 & b>-cracks4 ,^? cracks :i* affect only ! upp] bord] ( ! ho( are call$ coron>y cracks2 ^? :i* are limit$ to ! l[] bord] ( ! ho( are sometimes designat$ l[ cracks 7plant> cracks72 :ile ^? :i* are cont9u\s f "o bord] to ! o!r are call$ complete cracks4 ,if ! crack passes ?r\gh ! entire ?ickness ( ! wall to ! s5sitive tissues und]nea?1 x is call$ a deep or p5etrat+ crack1 9 contradi/9ction to ! sup]ficial crack 7,fig4 #baf74 ,causes4--,!re are _m4 ,besides w\nds ( ! coronet1 ev]y?+ t impairs ! ela/icity ( ! horn1 weak5s ! ho(1 & causes an ov]load+ ( "o-half ( ! ho(4 ,fur!rmore1 great dryness & excessive "w on h>d /reets4 ,prognosis4--,?is w dep5d ^u ! age1 k9d1 & location ( ! crack4 ,a l[ crack is )\t significance unless x is ! remnant ( an old coron>y crack :i* has gr[n d[n4 ,coron>y cracks1 on ! contr>y1 are m s]i\s because ( ! lam5ess :i* (t5 accompanies !m1 & especially on acc\nt ( ! long duration ( ! heal+ process4 ,! bord]s ( ! crack nev] gr[ toge!r1 & heal+ c only take place ?r\gh heal?y1 unbrok5 horn gr[+ d[n f ! coron>y b&4 7a7 ,treatm5t ( ,coron>y & ,b>-,cracks4--,if practicable1 all[ ! affect$ horse to g b>efoot2 o!rwise1 ! use ( ! b>-%oe = all cracks is advis$1 because x w cont9u\sly protect ! diseas$ section ( wall f pressure by ! %oe4 ,if !re are pres5t /ill o!r diseases ( ! ho( 7corns1 contraction1 flat or full ho(71 ! addition ( a lea!r sole ) pack+ w be mo/ b5eficial1 n only 9 favor+ ! heal+ ( ! crack1 b also 9 improv+ ! =m ( ! ho( & 9 favor+ ! cure ( ! o!r lesions4 ,9 all coron>y cracks x is ( advantage to assi/ heal+ by fa/5+ or immobiliz+ ! bord]s ( ! crack by "o ( ! foll[+ me?ods3 #a4 ,by rivets 7nails71 :i* pass across ! crack ?r\gh holes previ\sly drill$ 9 ! horn 7,fig4 #bag74 #b4 ,by clamps or hooks1 :i* by means ( special p9c]s are =c$ into pockets previ\sly burnt into ! horn on opposite sides ( ! crack 7,fig4 #bai1 ,b74 #c4 ,by a ?9 iron plate plac$ across ! crack & secur$ by small screws1 su* z are us$ 9 wood 7,figs4 #bbj1 #bba74 #d4 ,by means ( a b&age to la/ "o %oe+4 ,toe-crack occurs mo/ (t5 9 draught horses & mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! h9d feet4 ,9 %od ho(s x />ts at ! coron>y bord]1 & unless prop] treatm5t is in/itut$ soon rea*es ! plant> bord]4 ,long toes & l[ qu>t]s & excessive dryness ( ! horn are pr$ispos+ causes4 ,! excit+ cause is usually =w>d pressure ( ! upp] end ( ! %ort pa/]n aga9/ ! ?9 upp] edge ( ! wall ( ! toe4 ,9 ! la/ "p ( ! phase ( contact ( ho( ) gr\nd ! pa/]ns are upright1 or may ev5 incl9e d[nw>d & backw>d 7foot-axis brok5 /rongly backw>d71 ! %ort pa/]n presses ! coron>y b& firmly aga9/ ! upp] ?9 edge ( ! toe1 :5 if brittle ?r\gh dryness x is unable to /ret* & te>s asund]4 ,?us1 "u ! ef=t ( />t+ a heavy load1 :5 a horse ) all f\r legs flex$ has ris5 ^u ! po9ts ( 8 toes1 a %ort quick slip foll[$ by a cat*1 w frequ5tly />t a crack at ! coronet4 ,! ho( %\ld be s dress$ & %od t ! foot-axis %all be /raight :5 se5 f ! side4 ,9 h9d feet x is admissible to break ! foot-axis slightly =w>d4 ,!re=e1 %ort5 ! toe & sp>e ! qu>t]s4 ,if ! latt] are defici5t 9 l5g?1 raise !m by swell+ ! bran*es or by l[ heel-calks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bag4 ,toe-crack immobiliz$ by lat]al toe-clips3 a1 be>+-surface left free f pressure2 b1 heads ( ! rivets 7nails7 driv5 ?r\gh holes previ\sly drill$4 ,! %oe may be op51 or a b>-%oe1 or a %ort %oe ) a rubb] frog- & buttress-pad4 ,:atev] exp&s ! qu>t]s closes a toe-crack4 ,! ,defay's %oe 7,fig4 #bjf71 or ! ,*adwick spr+ b5ea? a rubb] pad1 or b5ea? a b>-%oe ) lea!r sole1 if ! frog be mu* %runk51 w be ( s]vice4 ,! %oe %\ld fit air-tight1 except = an in* or s on bo? sides ( ! crack4 ,two lat]al toe-clips 7,fig4 #bag7 are drawn up1 & ! wall betwe5 ^! clips is cut d[n f a twelf? to an eigh? ( an in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bah4 ,spiral drill = bor+ ! hole into :i* a r\nd wire nail is driv5 to fa/5 a toe-crack3 7a7 ?ree sid$ po9t ( drill 7simil> to ! po9t ( a /ilet ( a ccal troc>74 ,aft] ! %oe has be5 nail$ on tight ! toe-crack %\ld be immobiliz$4 ,! be/ me?od is by buri$ nails4 ,slots are burn$ or cut on opposite sides at a di/ance ( an in* f ! crack4 ,) a spiral drill 7see ,fig4 #bah7 bore a hole f a slot at "r angles to ! crack4 ,make a simil> hole on ! opposite side4 ,make ! holes cont9u\s by introduc+ a /raight hot wire4 ,! rivet may be an ord9>y r\nd wire nail :i* has be5 s(t5$ by br++ x to a yell[ heat & all[+ x to cool sl[ly4 ,x is driv5 ?r\gh & ! ends firmly cl9*$4 ,su* a nail is easily plac$1 ne$ n press ^u fle%y leaves1 c n be /ripp$ (f or lo/1 & holds fa/4 ,! horse %\ld /& on ! foot :ile ! rivet is be+ cl9*$4 ,two are suffici5t = a complete crack 7,fig4 #bag74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bai4 ,a1 ,va*ette burn+ iron = mak+ ! two slots to receive ! ends ( ! hook2 b1 %\ld]2 ,b1 ,va*ette hook2 ,c1 p9c]s = =c+ ! hook into ! wall4 ,a m rapid1 ?\gh less effici5t me?od ( immobiliz+ a toe-or a qu>t]-crack is by ! use ( ! ,va*ette hook4 ,a special app>atus is requir$ 7see ,fig4 #bai74 ,! burn+ iron 7,fig4 #bai1 ,a7 is br\ght to a yell[ heat1 its end appli$ to ! wall s t ! two e>s are on opposite sides & equidi/ant f ! crack1 :5 x is press$ firmly till ! %\ld] 7,fig4 #bai1 b7 t\*es ! surface ( ! wall4 ,a ,va*ette hook1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! po9ts ( :i* equals ! di/ance betwe5 ! e>s ( ! fir+ iron1 is seiz$ by ! special p9c]s 7,c71 press$ into ! slots burn$ to receive x1 & is !n driv5 into ! horn by compress+ ! p9c]s4 ,at ! toe ^! hooks are frequ5tly /ripp$ (f by ! heels ( ! opposite %oe 79 h9d feet74 ,free application ( ho( o9tm5t1 & mac]ation ( ! horn by melt+ sn[ or mud t5ds to loos5 !m s t !y (t5 drop out4 ,an effici5t me?od ( fa/5+ ei!r a toe-or a qu>t]-crack is by us+ a metal plate "o-sixte5? 7_/7 ( an in* ?ick1 provid$ ) f\r to eight holes = ! reception ( screws f\r- to five-sixte5?s ( an in* long4 ,! plate is heat$1 b5t to con=m to ! curvature ( ! wall & press$ aga9/ ! horn till x burns a b$ = itself1 :5 x is screw$ fa/4 ,x w n loos5 7see ,fig4 #bbj1 b74 ,9 e complete crack ( ! wall ! gr[+ d[n ( coh]5t horn is favor$ by ?9n+ ! horn = an in* on bo? sides ( ! crack directly ov] ! coron>y b& 7see ,fig4 #bba1 a71 s t any glid+ movem5t betwe5 ! sides ( ! crack bel[ c n be transmitt$ ?r\gh ! ?9n$ area to ! crack 9 ! velvety tissue ( ! coron>y b&4 ,cutt+ a 8,v0 at ! coronet acts simil>ly1 b is less effici5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj4 ,ho( ) coron>y qu>t]-crack1 %od ) a b>-%oe4 ,! "p ( ! qu>t] reliev$ ( pressure a1 is indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es2 b1 iron plate secur$ by small wood screws _/-_/ ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bba4 ,ho( ) complete qu>t]-crack1 %od ) a b>-%oe3 a1 area ?9n$ almo/ to ! podod]m2 b1 _/ in* metal plate secur$ by screw _/ ( an in* long2 c1 qu>t] reliev$ ( pressure f bottom ( crack to a p]p5dicul> dropp$ f top ( crack4 ,qu>t]-crack is usually associat$ ) contraction ( ! heels4 ,x occurs on ! inn] qu>t] ( base-wide 7toe-wide7 ho(s1 & r>ely 9 ! out] qu>t] ( base-n>r[ ho(s4 ,= qu>t]-cracks we use a b>-%oe & det]m9e ! ext5t ( ! wall to be laid free 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,we imag9e ! crack to be prolong$ 9 ! direction ( ! horn-tubes to ! plant> bord]1 & drop a p]p5dicul> l9e f ! upp] end ( ! crack to ! plant> bord]4 ,t "p ( ! plant> bord] ly+ betwe5 ^! two po9ts is !n to be l[]$ suffici5tly to prev5t pressure f ! %oe until ! next %oe+ 7,figs4 #bbj1 a1 & #bba1 c74 ,?is me?od %\ld be foll[$ ev5 :5 ! p]p5dicul> l9e falls beh9d ! buttress4 ,! crack may be immobiliz$ by ! metal plate1 or by n>r[ tick+ b&age or adhesive tape w\nd a half doz5 times ar\nd ! ho(1 9 conjunction ) a b>-%oe1 ,*adwick spr+1 lea!r sole & t> & oakum sole-pack+4 ,9 dress+ ! ho(1 ! side conta9+ ! crack %\ld be sp>$1 ! opposite side l[]$1 ! object be+ to %ift ! weight & consequ5t expansion into ! s\nd qu>t]4 ,:5 ! affect$ qu>t] is defici5t 9 l5g? ! bran* ( ! %oe b5ea? %\ld be made ?ick]1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( caus+ x to gr\nd 9 advance ( ! opposite bran*4 ,next to %oe+1 rubb] ho(-pads r5d] good s]vice1 because ?r\gh !m a "p ( ! body-weight is di/ribut$ ov] ! sole & frog4 ,!y assi/ 9 wid5+ ! ho(1 & less5 %ock :5 ! foot is set to ! gr\nd4 ,^! are all matt]s :i* favor ! gr[+ d[n ( unbrok5 horn4 ,:5 ! crack gaps widely1 & ! frog is small & deep 9 ! foot a %oe ) b>-clips 7,defay's %oe71 or a ,*adwick spr+1 ) b>-%oe & lea!r sole may be us$4 ,x is n impossible1 inde$1 to obta9 a cure by us+ an ord9>y op5 flat %oe1 ?\gh mu* w dep5d ^u ! o!r lesions t may be pres5t1 ! nature ( ! ho(1 & ! s]vice requir$ ( ! animal4 ,if ! edges ( ! crack are irregul> & ov]lapp+1 !y %\ld be c>efully ?9n$ away4 ,?9n+ ! horn on bo? sides ( ! crack ov] ! coron>y b&1 prev5t+ dry+ out ( ! horn1 & frequ5t applications ( c>boliz$ oil to ! coronet favor gr[? ( undivid$ horn & gu>d aga9/ a r5ewal ( ! crack4 ,if 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! disease !re is inflammation & lam5ess1 cool+ p\ltices %\ld be us$ = sev]al days4 ,:5 !re is no lam5ess1 ! horse may be us$ = sl[ draft purposes4 ,coa*-& saddle-horses %\ld be kept f fa/ "w until s\nd horn has gr[n d[n at lea/ "o-half ( an in* f ! coronet4 ,b>-cracks are usually ! result ( *anges ( position ( ! qu>t]s1 & are j z frequ5tly br\ght ab\t by contraction z by leav+ ! qu>t]s too high4 ,we see !m almo/ entirely ^u ! =e-ho(s4 ,!y seldom occur alone1 b are usually accompani$ by corns4 ,:5 ! crack ext5ds to ! podod]m !re is a sup]ficial inflammation ( ! podod]m & lam5ess4 ,:5 treatm5t is n promptly begun ! inflammation ext5ds to ! deep] lay]s ( ! podod]m1 or1 inde$1 ev5 to ! plant> cu%ion1 & gives rise to swell+ ( ! bulb ( ! heel ^u t side & to a well-m>k$ lam5ess1 :i* requires treatm5t by a compet5t vet]9>ian4 ,ord9>ily a b>-crack is only f\nd by a close exam9ation ( ! ho( aft] ! %oe has be5 remov$4 ,9 p>+ ! ho( ! crack usually appe>s z a d>k /reak1 sometimes z a bloody fissure2 n infrequ5tly grayi% ho(-pus is discov]$ 9 ! dep?s ( ! crack4 ,! treatm5t mu/ be direct$ t[>ds favor+ ! gr[? ( a cont9u\s 7unbrok57 b>4 ,?is is accompli%$ by completely remov+ ! edges ( ! crack1 p>+ ! horn ( ! vic9ity v ?91 & prev5t+ ! lea/ pressure ^u ! wall ( ?is qu>t] by ! %oe1 by l[]+ ?is qu>t] ) ! rasp & apply+ a b>-%oe ) lea!r sole4 ,foll[+ ! removal ( ! edges ( ! crack !re (t5 appe>s1 especially 9 /umpy ho(s1 a deep groove2 if ! bottom ( ?is groove is moi/1 we %\ld pack x ) oakum wet ) a five p] c5t4 solution ( creol9 or c>bolic acid1 & cov] ! oakum ) wax 7graft+-wax74 ,! cracks w return if ! excit+ causes _c be completely remov$4 7b7 ,treatm5t ( ,l[ ,cracks 7,plant> ,cracks74--,^! cracks1 occurr+ pr9cipally ^u ! ho(s ( un%od horses1 are ! result ( excessive /ret*+ & b5d+ ( ! l[] bord] ( ! wall4 ,insuffici5t r\nd+ ( ! wall ) ! rasp is l>gely responsible = !m4 ,an excit+ cause 9 %od horses is ! use ( too l>ge nails 9 %oes t are pun*$ too f9e4 ,e coron>y crack becomes 9 "t a l[ or plant> crack1 & ?is has an important be>+ ^u ! prognosis1 because a r5ewal ( ! coron>y crack w be foll[$ by a l[ crack4 ,9 ord] to remove ^! cracks x is suffici5t m]ely to %oe ! horse4 ,^u %od horses !y may be prev5t$ by us+ prop]ly pun*$ %oes & ?9 nails4 ,! l[] bord] ( ! wall ne> ! crack %\ld be reliev$ ( pressure by cutt+ out a half-moon-%ap$ piece ( horn4 ,to prev5t ! crack f ext5d+ f>!r upw>d we may burn a transv]se slot at ! upp] end ( ! crack1 9 z f> z ! leafy lay] ( ! wall1 or cut su* a slot ) a small ho(-knife4 #b4 ,,clefts4 ,an int]ruption ( cont9uity ( ! wall1 at "r angles to ! direction ( ! horn-tubes1 is call$ a cleft4 ,clefts may occur at any "p ( ! wall2 yet !y occur mo/ (t5 ^u ! inn] toe & inn] side1 z a result ( injury f %>p1 improp]ly plac$ heel-calks 7see page #agc74 ,h[ev]1 suppurat+ corns1 or o!r suppurative processes situat$ at ! coronet or :i* f9d _! po9t ( escape at ! coronet1 may f "t to "t lead to sep>ations ( cont9uity & ! =mation ( horn-clefts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbb4 ,ho( ) clefts ( ! toe & side wall4 ,horn-clefts1 ?\gh ! result ( lesions :i* are (t5 v injuri\s & int]f]e ) ! use ( ! horse1 are ( !mselves n an evil :i* c be aboli%$ or heal$ by %oe+1 al?\gh1 9 _m cases1 prop] %oe+ w\ld h prev5t$ !m4 ,a horn-cleft is n a matt] = consid]ation by ! %o] until x has gr[n d[n s f> t x comes )9 ! region ( ! nails4 ,9 ord] n to disfigure ! ho( unnecess>ily1 ! horn bel[ ! cleft %\ld be kept 9 place z long z possible by %ort5+ ! wall at t po9t1 to remove %oe-pressure1 & by driv+ no nails into x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! horn is loose & ab\t to come away1 x %\ld be remov$ & ! defect fill$ ) ,defay's pat5t horn-cem5t4 #c4 ,,loose ,,wall4 ,sep>ation ( ! wall f ! sole 9 ! :ite l9e is call$ loose wall 7,fig4 #bbc1 a74 ,occurr5ce4--,frequ5t on ! =e-ho(s ( %od & un%od horses1 & (t5] ^u ! inn] ?an ^u ! out] side4 ,m r>e on h9d ho(s4 ,common-br$ horses ) wide & flat feet are pr$ispos$ to ?is tr\ble4 ,we di/+ui% sup]ficial & deep loose wall2 only ! latt] requires ! %o]'s att5tion1 because x leads to lam5ess4 ,causes4--,walls :i* are v oblique 7slant+72 outw>d b5d+s ( ! plant> bord] ( ! wall2 burn+ ! horn ) hot %oes2 dryness2 neglect$ %oe+2 excessive s(t5+ ( ! horn ) p\ltices1 p>ticul>ly ( c[-dung2 c>elessness 9 prep>+ ! be>+-surfaces ( ho( & %oe 9 %oe+2 unev5 fitt+ ( ! %oe4 ,treatm5t4--,x aims to remove ! lam5ess & to favor gr[? ( coh]5t horn4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! removal ( ! excit+ causes1 foll[$ by prop] %ort5+ ( ! wall4 ,we %\ld apply a %oe ^: be>+-surface incl9es slightly d[nw>d & inw>d1 is p]fectly smoo?1 & wide en\gh to cov] ! wall1 :ite l9e1 & out] bord] ( ! sole2 ! iron %\ld be only mod]ately w>m4 ,:]e !re is lam5ess we use a lea!r sole ) pack+1 or a b>-%oe4 ,! loose wall %\ld be fre$ f %oe-pressure only :5 x does n ext5d f> along ! :ite l9e4 ,:5 ! sep>ation is ext5sive ! loose wall %\ld n be l[]$4 ,! crack %\ld be fill$ ) wood-t>1 crude turp5t9e1 or s(t graft+-wax4 ,if a loose wall occur ^u ! foot ( a horse :ile runn+ b>efoot1 all sep>at$ horn %\ld be remov$2 if1 on acc\nt ( ! nature ( ! gr\nd1 ?is seems to be impracticable1 ! ho( mu/ be %od4 ,c>e ( ! ,ho(4--,%oe at lea/ e f\r to five weeks4 ,pres]ve ! pliancy & t\ghness ( ! horn by judici\s moi/5+4 #d4 ,,holl[ ,,wall4 ,a holl[ wall is "o 9 :i* a sep>ation has occurr$ betwe5 ! middle lay] ( ! wall & ! k]aphyll\s lay]4 ,?is crack or sep>ation always ext5ds 9 ! direction ( ! lay]s ( ! wall 7,fig4 #bbc1 b74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbc4 ,an imag9>y transv]se v]tical section ( a ho( %[+ 7a7 loose wall & 7b7 holl[ wall4 ,occurr5ce4--,q r>e4 ,we %\ld suspect a holl[ wall :5 a "p ( ! wall r\nds out prom95tly beyond ! re/1 & gives =? a holl[ 7resonant7 s\nd :5 /ruck4 ,! :ite l9e pres5ts a crack1 yet we %\ld hesitate to =m a conclusion z to ! ext5t ( ! sep>ation f ! ext5t ( ! crack along ! :ite l9e1 s9ce ! latt] may be consid]ably small]4 ,! sep>ation ext5ds high] up ! wall ?an 9 ! case ( loose wall1 frequ5tly to ! coronet4 ,! cavity is usually fill$ ) crumbl+1 dis9tegrat$ horn4 ,holl[ wall is n (t5 accompani$ by pa94 ,lam5ess may arise1 h[ev]1 if ! holl[ section ( wall assi/s 9 be>+ ! body-weight1 & if ! animal does fa/ "w ^u pav$ /reets4 ,causes4--,me*anical influ5ces result+ 9 *ronic inflammation ( fle%y leaves4 ,treatm5t4--,a cure is possible1 b requires consid]able "t4 ,9 %oe+1 :i* %\ld always aim to relieve pressure f ! holl[ section ( wall1 we cleanse ! cavity & fill x ) oakum & t>1 crude turp5t9e1 or wax4 ,:]e ! sep>ation is v ext5sive we use a b>-%oe4 ,! "t requir$ = complete cure ( holl[ & loose walls w dep5d ^u ! height ( ! sep>ation 7see gr[? ( ! ho(1 page #hb74 #e4 ,,?ru% ,,( ,,! ,,frog4 ,:5 ! horny frog is ragg$ & fissur$1 & an ill-smell+1 d>k-color$ liquid collects 9 ! lacun ( ! frog1 x is affect$ ) ?ru%4 ,:5 ?ru% exi/s un9t]rupt$ly = sev]al mon?s ! p]ioplic b& is irritat$ & =ms r+s ( p]iople :i* assume an irregul> c\rse & cross ! r+s ( ! middle lay] ( ! wall 7,fig4 #bbd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbd4 ,ho( ) irregul> sup]ficial r+s result+ f ?ru% ( ! frog4 ,! causes3 uncleanl9ess1 too little ex]cise 9 fre% air1 excessive p>+ ( ! frog1 & ! use ( %oes ) calks by :i* ! frog is p]man5tly remov$ f ! gr\nd4 ,! consequ5ces are1 besides contraction ( ! ho(1 sor5ess 9 travell+1 a %ort5+ ( ! /ep1 &1 occasionally1 well-m>k$ lam5ess4 ,treatm5t4--,removal ( all greasy horn f ! frog1 & ( ! prom95t ov]gr[n angles ( ! buttresses 7see page #ajj71 ?or\gh wa%+ ( ! frog once or twice daily ) a #e p] c5t4 creol9 or c>bolic solution1 abundant ex]cise1 & %oes )\t calks4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,%oe+ ,,mules1 ,,asses1 ,,& ,,ox54 #a4 ,! %oe+ ( mules & asses is1 z 9 ! case ( horses1 a necessity if ^! animals are to be us$ = draft or saddle purposes on h>d /reets4 ,! /ructure & *>act]i/ics ( ! ho(s ( ^! animals are q simil> to ^? ( ! horse1 diff]+ *iefly 9 ! =m & ?ickness ( ! wall4 ,! mule ho( is long & n>r[ & r\nd at ! toe1 ! sole is well ar*$1 & ! side walls are r /eep 7,fig4 #bbe74 ,9 ! ass ! n>r[ness ( ho( is /ill m pron\nc$1 ! wall is relatively ?ick1 ! frog is p>ticul>ly well develop$ 9 its bran*es1 & !re=e ! ho( is relatively wide 9 ! region ( ! qu>t]s4 ,! horn ( bo? mule & ass is t\gh4 ,! %oes diff] f ^? ( ! horse 9 no o!r respect ?an t !y %\ld be light] & n>r[]4 ,f\r nail-holes are suffici5t = an ass' %oe1 & five to six = a mule's4 ,on acc\nt ( ! h>dness & t\ghness ( ! walls1 we use nails t are %ort b /rong 9 ! %ank2 nails ) weak %anks are apt to b5d 9 driv+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbe4 ,a mule's ho(4 7,plant> surface74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbf4 ,a %od ox-claw4 #b4 ,! %oe+ ( ox5 is ess5tially diff]5t f t ( horses1 because ! foot ( ! ox is clov5 7split71 ! long pa/]n1 %ort pa/]n1 & ho(-bone are d\ble1 s t1 in/ead ( "o ho( or claw1 !re are two ^u ea* foot1 di/+ui%$ z out] & inn]4 ,ea* claw consi/s ( wall1 sole1 & bulbs2 ! frog is abs5t4 ,! wall is consid]ably ?9n] ?an t ( ! horse's ho(1 ! sole is ?91 & ! bulbs are l[4 ,= ^! reasons ! %oe design$ = a claw mu/ be ?91 b wide4 ,! holes mu/ be pun*$ f9e & ! nails be q %ort & /rong4 ,on ea* %oe a long tongue %\ld be made on ! inn] edge ne> ! toe1 & s direct$ t x c be turn$ upw>d & outw>d to embrace ! toe ( ! claw4 ,a small clip rais$ on ! out] toe ( ea* %oe w increase its /ability4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,saxony ! %oes are s made t ! tongue ( ea* %oe beg9s 9 ! re> ?ird ( its inn] edge & runs =w>d1 upw>d1 & outw>d1 closely embrac+ ! wall ( ! toe4 ,! small] clip is drawn up on ! out] edge ( ! %oe close to ! toe4 ,^! %oes are m difficult to make1 b :5 appli$ sit m firmly & rema9 fa/ long] ?an all o!rs4 ,ma*9e-made ox %oes 7,fig4 #bbg7 h no clip at ! inn] toe1 & are frequ5tly pull$ & lo/4 ,= ?is reason !y are inf]ior to h&-made %oes4 ,an undivid$ %oe 7! s-call$ 8clos$ claw-%oe07 is unsuitable = ox51 because x deprives bo? claws ( _! natural1 free movem5ts4 ,h[ev]1 su* a %oe is ( advantage = heavy draft ov] h>d & v r\gh roads1 because x less5s ! liability ( ! fetlock & coron>y jo9ts & ! cleft ( ! claws to /ra9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbg4 ,pair ( ma*9e-made ox %oes1 view$ f ! gr\nd-surface & 9 pr(ile2 a1 toe-calk2 b1 heel-calks4 ,great difficulty is (t5 enc\nt]$ 9 hold+ ! feet dur+ ! op]ation ( %oe+4 ,x is necess>y to fa/5 ! head securely aga9/ a tree1 po/1 or wall4 ,a front foot may be rais$ & held by pass+ a slip-noose 9 ! end ( a rope or side-l9e ar\nd ! fetlock & c>ry+ ! l9e ov] ! )]s to ! opposite side1 :]e x is held by an assi/ant4 ,a h9d limb may be controll$ by pass+ a r\nd pole 9 front ( ! hock ( ! leg to be rais$1 &1 ) a man at ea* end ( ! pole1 c>ry+ ! limb backw>d & upw>d1 9 :i* position x is held2 or ! limb may be b5t & controll$ by tight5+ a twit* or t\rniquet ^u ! leg j above ! hock 7,fig4 #bbh74 ,ox5 t cont9ue to resi/ may sometimes be quiet$ by light bl[s ( a %ort /ick ^u ! base ( ! horns4 ,9 p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e _m ox5 are %od /ocks are 9 common use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbh4 ,h9d foot rais$ by means ( a r\nd pole4 ,v satisfactory /ocks h be5 design$ by ,gut5aeck]1 ( ,muni* 7,fig4 #bbi74 ,! f\r corn]-po/s 7a1 a1 b1 b7 are eight in*es squ>e & eight feet long1 ( :i* ?ree feet f\r in*es are solidly implant$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,!y are unit$ by side- & cross-b>s 7c1 c1 d74 ,9 front ( ! corn]-po/s 7a1 a7 & 9 ! middle l9e /&s a head-po/ 7e7 ( ! same dim5sions z ! corn]-po/s1 provid$ ) a slot f\r in*es wide & tw5ty in*es long beg9n+ ?ree feet f ! gr\nd4 ,9 ?is slot is a pulley-:eel 7i71 & bel[ x a w9dlass 7k7 = w9d+ up ! rope :i* is ti$ ar\nd ! base ( ! animal's horns4 ,! corn]-po/s are provid$ ) a slot 7n7 ?ree in*es wide & ?ree in*es deep1 )9 :i* are plac$ two movable side-b>s 7o1 p71 :i* c be set at desir$ heights & fa/5$ by iron p9s4 ,betwe5 ! front & re> corn]-po/s ( ! "r-h& side is an eight-sid$ roll] ) a rat*et & click at "o end1 & hav+ on "o ( ! sides six iron hooks1 to :i* a gir? is atta*$4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! /ocks1 at ! same height1 is a /ation>y b> 7f7 ) six hooks 7g1 g7 on ! out] side4 ,! belly gir? is six feet long1 six in*es wide1 & t]m9ates at bo? ends 9 sev]al /rong cords two feet f\r in*es long ) iron r+s at _! ends4 ,betwe5 ! front corn]-po/s are a neck-yoke 7h7 & a brea/-b> :i* slide 9 ! slots 7m7 & may be fix$ at desir$ heights by iron p9s4 ,on ! re> face ( ea* re> corn]-po/ is an iron bracket 7s7 "o foot & a half long1 ) a r+ 7t7 six in*es 9 diamet]1 ?r\gh :i* passes a r\nd pole padd$ 9 ! middle & kept 9 place by two iron p9s4 ,above ea* bracket is a hook 7u7 to :i* ! end ( ! bree*+ atta*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbi4 ,gut5ck]'s /ocks = ox53 a1 front corn]-po/s2 b1 re> corn]-po/s2 c1 d1 connect+ b>s2 e1 head-po/2 f1 b> = hold+ belly gir?2 g1 hooks = gir?2 h1 neck-yoke2 i1 pulley-:eel2 k1 w9dlass ) rat*et & click2 m1 slot = neck-yoke & brea/-b>2 n1 slot = movable side-b>s2 o1 p1 side-b>s2 r1 hook = fetlock /rap2 s1 iron bracket2 t1 iron r+ = re> cross pole2 u1 hooks = bree*+4 ,be=e an animal is br\ght into ! /ocks ! neck-yoke is rais$1 ! brea/-b> l[]$1 & ! gir? left hang+ f ! hooks on ! /ation>y b>4 ,! ox is !n l$ into ! /ocks & ! rope :i* is ti$ ar\nd ! base ( ! horns is c>ri$ ov] ! pulley 7i71 fa/5$ to ! hook on ! roll] 7k71 & w\nd up till ! head is tight aga9/ ! head-po/4 ,! yoke & brea/-b> are !n plac$ 9 position & fa/5$1 ! bree*+ hung on ! hooks 7u71 & ! belly gir? atta*$ to ! hooks on ! roll]1 s t1 if ne$ be1 x c be %ort5$ till x be>s ! animal's entire weight4 ,to control a front foot a slip-noose is plac$ ab\t ! fetlock & ! limb is rais$ & la%$ to ! side-b>1 ! rope pass+ f9ally to ! hook 7r74 ,to control a h9d foot a slip-noose is plac$ ab\t ! fetlock1 ! foot c>ri$ upw>d & backw>d ov] ! re> cross-b>1 &1 ) ! front surface ( ! fetlock-jo9t re/+ aga9/ ! padd+ ( ! b>1 ! limb is firmly secur$ by wrapp+ ! l9e sev]al times ab\t ! limb & b>4 ,:5 no /ocks are at h&1 we may use an ord9>y f>m wagon or a truck wagon4 ,tie ! ox ) 8 head =w>d betwe5 ! front & h9d :eels4 ,fa/5 ! l>ge end ( a b9d+ pole to ! spokes ( ! front :eel & let x re/ on ! hub4 ,sw+ ! pole close to ! ox & induce him to /ep ov] x ) "o h9d leg1 !n raise ! re> end ( ! pole1 & ) x ! leg & s mu* ( ! animal's h9d qu>t]s t ! inn] h9d leg /&+ close to ! wagon re/s b lightly ^u ! gr\nd4 ,! b9d+ pole may !n be slung ) a rope f ! rack ( ! wagon or o!r /ation>y object & ! out] limb held 9 ! usual mann]4 ,by foll[+ ?is me?od a %o] ) "o assi/ant c easily & safely control ! mo/ refractory ox54 ,,index ,appr5tice1 #ad ,art]ies1 #da ,articulations1 #ba ,balanc$ ho(1 #aja ,ball+ ) sn[1 #adi ,b>-%oe1 uses (1 #afd ,b>e foot1 prep>+ ! ho(1 #ajb ,b>s1 #ea dress+1 #ii ,base-n>r[ position1 #fc1 #fh ,base-wide position1 #fc1 #fh ,beak$ %oe1 #ahd ,be>-foot1 #gb ,be>+-surface ( %oes1 #aag1 #abg ,blood-vessels1 #da ,b[-legg$ position1 #fd ,buttress1 #ajj ,calf-kne$1 #ff ,calk-w\nd1 #agc ,camp$ beh9d1 #fh 9 front1 #ff ,cannon bone1 #bj1 #ba ,c>pus1 #bj ,c>tilages1 lat]al1 #ci ,ca/ iron1 #ajc %oes1 #acb ,*adwick spr+1 #ahg ,clefts1 #bjc ,cl9* cutt]1 #ig ,cl9*+1 #aca ,clips1 #aaa ,close-nail+1 burn+1 #aff ,contract$ ho(1 #ahe sole1 #aij ,corn1 *ronic1 #age dry1 #agd suppurat+1 #agd ,corns1 #agd treatm5t1 #agf ,coron>y b&1 #dg jo9t1 #ca ligam5ts1 #ca ,cov]-plate %oe1 #agc ,c[-hock$1 #fh ,cracks1 #aie coron>y & b>1 #aif1 #bjb plant>1 #bjb ,cre/1 semilun>1 #bg ,crook$ ho(1 #aib ,cross-fir+1 #adj ,defay's %oe1 #ahg ,diseases ( ho(1 #afe ,dress+ ! ho(1 #ih ,driv+ ! %oe1 #acj ,drop-=g$ %oes1 #acb ,dropp$ sole1 #agh1 #ahb1 #ahc ,ela/ic p>ts ( foot1 #ch ,exam9ation be=e %oe+1 #ij ,feet1 =ms (1 #fi ,femur1 #bj ,fetlock1 ligam5ts (1 #bi jo9t1 #bh ,fib] %oes1 #acd ,fibula1 #bj ,flat ho(1 #ahb ,fle%y frog1 #di sole1 #di wall1 #dh ,flight ( ho(s1 #gb1 #ge ,foot1 articulations (1 #bh bones (1 #bd ,foot-axis1 #gj relation to sole1 #ajj /raight & brok51 #aja ,=g+1 #ach ,f\nd]1 #agg dress+ ho(1 #agi %oe+1 #ahj ,frog1 #eg dress+1 #ii ,front %oe1 mak+1 #aje ,fro/-nails1 #adf ,full ho(1 #ahc ,full]+1 #aji hamm]1 #ajd ,ga!r$ nail1 #agj ,hair-sk91 #dd ,head1 bones (1 #ag ,heavy draught horses1 %oe+1 #abe ,heel-calks1 #aab always %>p1 #aed ,heels1 inflammation (1 #agf ,h9d %oe1 mak+1 #ajg ,hock1 #ba ,holl[ wall1 #bje ,ho(1 #ej b5efits ( movem5ts )91 #hi crook$1 #hd gr[? (1 #hb heal?y1 #ha irregul> gr[?1 #hc knife1 #ih o9tm5ts1 #aei1 #afj physiological movem5ts (1 #hf we> aga9/ %oe1 #hf we> (1 #hb ,ho(-sk91 #de ,ho(s1 c>e ( un%od1 #aeg ,ho(s1 =ms (1 #gg1 #hj ( colts1 c>e (1 #aeg ,horn1 m9ute /ructure (1 #eh qualities (1 #ei tumor1 #aha ,horse%oe+1 object (1 #ac s*ools1 #ae ,horse%o]1 requisites (1 #ad ,hum]us1 #ai ,hunt]s1 %oe+1 #abc ,int]f]+1 #adb ,iron = horse%oes1 #ajc ,jo9ts1 free1 h+e1 & pivot1 #bb ,k]aphyllocele1 #aha ,knee-sprung1 #fg ,lam9itis1 #agg ,lea!r sole1 #afd ,ligam5ts1 #ba ,limbs1 /&+ positions1 #fb ,loose wall1 #bjd ,l[-jo9t$1 #ff ,muc\s burs1 #ce ,mule %oes1 #bjg ,muscles1 #bb ,nail-holes1 #aaj ,nail+1 #aff causes (1 #afg exam9ation & treatm5t1 #afg1 #afh ,nails1 #abh ,navicul> bone1 #bh ,n]ves1 #dd ,nipp]s1 #ii ,normal position1 #fb1 #fd1 #fg1 #fi ,os p$is1 #bf ,ox %oes1 #bjh ,ox51 secur+ feet1 #bji ,pac]s1 %oe+1 #abd ,pads1 rubb]1 #ace ,pa/]n1 long1 #be %ort1 #bf ,patella1 #bj ,p$al jo9t1 #ca ligam5ts1 #ca ,peg-calks1 #aej ,peg toe-calks1 #aeb ,pelvis1 #ai ,p]iople1 #ec ,p]ioplic b&1 #dg ,p]io/eum1 #ba ,pigeon-to$ position1 #fd ,p9c]s1 #ig ,plant> cu%ion1 #dj ,podod]m1 #de ,podod]matitis1 symptoms (1 #afa treatm5t (1 #afc ,podophyll\s tissue1 #dh ,podomet]1 #aje ,prick+1 direct nail+1 #aff ,prit*el1 #aje ,protective organs ( foot1 #dd ,pun*1 #aje ,qu>t]-crack1 #bjj ,qu>t]s1 contraction (1 #ahf ,radius1 #bj ,rais+ feet 9 %oe+1 #ib ,remov+ %oes1 #ig ,roll$ toe1 #aah ,rope %oes1 #acc ,rubb] %oes1 #acd ,runn]s1 #abc ,saddle-horses1 %oe+1 #abb ,scapula1 #ai ,screw heel-calks1 #adh ,se$y-toe1 #agh ,sesamoid bones1 #be ligam5ts1 #bi-ca ,%>p toe- & heel-calks1 #adf ,%od ho(s1 c>e (1 #aei ,%oe1 *oos+ !1 #aaf = acute-angl$ ho(1 #aad1 #abj = base-n>r[ ho(1 #aad1 #aba = base-wide ho(1 #aad1 #aba = n>r[ ho(1 #aae1 #aba = regul> ho(1 #aad1 #abj = /umpy ho(1 #aad1 #abj = wide ho(1 #aae1 #aba p>ts (1 #ajc we> (1 #hd weight (1 #aaf ,%oe+ defective ho(s1 #afa ,%oes1 fitt+1 #aah g5]al prop]ties1 #ajg ma*9e1 #acb mak+1 #ajc1 #aje nail+1 #abh remov+ old1 #ig %ap+ & fitt+1 #aag1 #abj special prop]ties1 #aad ,sickle-hock1 #fh ,side-bone1 #aid ,sole1 #ee contraction (1 #ahi ,sp9al column1 #ag ,spl9t-bones1 #bj %oe1 #agb ,/&+ "u1 #ff ,/ation ( re/1 #fe ,/eel1 #ajc ,/ocks1 = horses1 #ie = ox51 #bji ,/ifle-jo9t1 #bj ,/ilt-foot1 #ahd ,/reet-nail1 #agj ,/ride1 height (1 #ge l5g? (1 #ge ,/umpy ho(1 #ahd ,susp5sory ligam5t1 #bi alt]+ t5sion (1 #cf-ch ,synovia1 #ba ,t5don1 ant]ior ext5sor1 #cb deep flexor1 #cc lat]al ext5sor1 #cb %ea?s1 #ce sup]ficial flexor1 #cc ,t5dons1 #bd ,t5sion ( t5don1 alt]+1 #cf ,?orax1 #ah ,?ru%1 #bjf ,tibia1 #bj ,toe- & heel-calks1 #aab ,toe-calk1 blunt1 #aac half-%>p1 #aac %>p1 #aab ,toe-crack1 #aig ,tools = mak+ %oes1 #ajd ,tread1 #agc ,trott]s1 %oe+1 #abd ,trunk1 #ag ,tubb+ & /opp+1 #aei ,ulna1 #bj ,va*ette hook1 #aii ,ve9s1 #dc ,velvety frog1 #di sole1 #di ,wall1 #ea dress+1 #ii height (1 #eb leafy lay]1 #ec protective lay]1 #ec slant (1 #eb ?ickness (1 #ec ,weight1 influ5ce (1 #ge ,weights1 side & toe1 #gg ,:ite l9e1 #ef ,wide ho(s1 contraction (1 #ahi ,wry ho(1 #aic