,,brief ,,guide                         
,national ,gall]y ( ,art                
,hi/ory & ,description      ,! ,national
 ,gall]y ( ,art belongs to all ! p ( !  
,unit$  ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,e/abli%$ by a
 jo9t resolution ( ,congress1 x is      
support$ by public appropriation4 ,!    
,bo>d ( ,tru/ees consi/s (  f\r public  
s]vants1 ex (ficio1 & five private      
citiz5s4 ,*airman  ( ! ,bo>d is ! ,*ief 
,ju/ice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"u !        
policies set by ! ,bo>d1 ! ,gall]y      
assembles & ma9ta9s a  collection (     
pa9t+s1 sculpture1 & ! graphic arts1    
repres5tative  ( ! be/ 9 ! arti/ic      
h]itage ( ,am]ica & ,europe4 ,support$ 9
  its daily op]ations by ,f$]al funds1 !
 ,gall]y is entirely dep5d5t  on !      
g5]osity ( private citiz5s = ! works (  
art 9 its  collections4    ,funds = !   
con/ruction ( ! orig9al build+ 7 provid$
 by ,!  ,a4 ,w4 ,mellon ,educational &  
,*>itable ,tru/4 ,dur+ ! #aibjs1 ,mr4   
,mellon began to collect ) ! int5tion ( 
=m+ a national gall]y  ( art 9 ,wa%+ton4

 ,8 collection 0 giv5 to ! nation 9     
#aicg1  ! ye> ( 8 dea?4 ,9 #aida1       
,presid5t ,frankl9 ,d4 ,roosevelt       
accept$  ! complet$ ,gall]y on behalf ( 
! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates (  ,am]ica4       
,ar*itect = ! ,national ,gall]y 0 ,john 
,russell ,pope1 :o also  design$ !      
,jeff]son ,memorial & o!r out/&+ public 
build+s  9 ,wa%+ton4 ,! build+ is "o ( !
 l>ge/ m>ble /ructures 9  ! _w1 measur+ 
#ghj feet 9 l5g? & conta9+ m ?an        
#ejj1jjj  squ>e feet ( int]ior floor    
space4 ,! ext]ior is ( rose-:ite        
,t5nessee m>ble4 ,! columns 9 ! ,rotunda
 7 qu>ri$ 9 ,tuscany1  ,italy4 ,gre5    
m>ble f ,v]mont & gray m>ble f ,t5nessee
 7  us$ = ! floor ( ! ,rotunda4 ,!      
int]ior walls are ( ,alabama  ,rockwood 
/one1 ,indiana lime/one1 & ,italian     
trav]t9e4 ,! entire  build+ is          
air-condition$ & humidity-controll$     
?r\gh\t ! ye>  to ma9ta9 ! optimum      
atmosph]ic conditions = ! works ( art x 
conta9s4    ,! orig9al build+ is no     
long] l>ge en\gh to accommodate !       

,gall]y's acquisitions & int]pretive art
 programs4 ,a second build+1  pres5tly  
"u con/ruction1 w h\se new exhibition   
gall]ies & a  ,c5t] = ,advanc$ ,/udy 9 !
 ,visual ,arts4 ,! two build+s w be     
connect$ by a plaza above gr\nd & by a  
conc\rse ( public s]vice  areas1 includ+
 a new caf_/buffet1 bel[4 ,! new        
con/ruction has be5  made possible by   
g5]\s gifts f ,mr4 ,paul ,mellon1 ! late
 ,ailsa  ,mellon ,bruce1 & ! ,&rew ,w4  
,mellon ,f\ndation4                     
,,! ,,collections              #c       
,flor5t9e & ,c5tral ,italian ,art       
#f  ,v5etian & ,nor? ,italian ,art      
#h  ,italian ,art ( ! #ag? & #ah?       
,c5turies         #aj  ,flemi% & ,g]man 
,art         #ac  ,dut* ,art         #ae
  ,spani% ,art         #af  ,fr5* ,art (
 ! #ag?1 #ah?1 & ,e>ly #ai?             
,c5turies         #ai  ,briti% ,art     
#ba  ,am]ican ,art         #bd  ,fr5*   
,art ( ! #ai? ,c5tury         #bh       
#bj?-,c5tury ,art         #cj           
,decorative ,arts         #cj  ,pr9ts & 

,draw+s         #ca  ,index ( ,am]ican  
,design      ,ab\t ! ,works ( ,art ,li/$
 9 ?is ,bro*ure      ,ow+ to *anges 9   
in/allation1 c]ta9 works ( art li/$ 9   
?is    bro*ure may n always be on view4 
,= up-to-date in=mation1 please         
inquire at ! in=mation desks4      ,!   
pa9t+s & sculpture giv5 by ! f\nd]1     
,&rew ,w4 ,mellon1  compris+ works by ! 
greate/ ma/]s f ! ?irte5? to !  n9ete5? 
c5tury1 h =m$ a nucleus ( high quality  
ar\nd :i*  ! collection has gr[n4       
,inde$1 9 mak+ 8 gift ,mr4 ,mellon _h   
express$ ! hope t ! newly e/abli%$      
,national ,gall]y w\ld  attract gifts f 
o!r collectors1 s t ^! works ( art might
 be  enjoy$ by all & w\ld be a la/+     
contribution to ! cultural life  ( !    
nation4    ,mr4 ,mellon's hope t o!rs   
w\ld c>ry on ! "w 0 realiz$1 ev5  be=e !
 ,gall]y op5$1 by ! action ( ,samuel ,h4
 ,kress1 :o gave to  ! nation 8 great   
collection ( pa9t+s & sculptures ( !    
,italian s*ools rang+ f ! ?irte5? to !  
eighte5? c5turies4  ,enl>g+ & enri*+ !  

,kress ,collection on subsequ5t         
occasions1  ,samuel ,h4 ,kress & 8 bro!r
 ,ru% ,h4 ,kress made ! ,national       
,gall]y  out/&+ = its repres5tation (   
,italian art & also add$ a  di/+ui%$    
gr\p ( ,fr5* eighte5?-c5tury canvases & 
sculpture  & f9e examples ( e>ly ,g]man 
pa9t+s1 z well z works ( fir/           
importance f o!r s*ools4    ,9 #aidb    
,joseph ,e4 ,wid5] gave ! fam\s         
collection ( pa9t+1  sculpture1 &       
decorative arts =m$ by him & 8 fa!r     
,p4,a4,b4  ,wid5]4 ,*e/] ,dale1 besides 
mak+ num]\s gifts dur+ 8  lifetime1     
bequea!d 8 ext5sive collection (        
n9ete5?- &  tw5tie?-c5tury ,fr5* pa9t+s 
to ! ,gall]y4 ,ailsa ,mellon ,bruce     
also bequea!d h] collection ( ,fr5*     
pa9t+s to ! ,gall]y &1  9 addition1     
g5]\sly provid$ funds = ! pur*ase ( _m  
old  ma/] pa9t+s1 includ+ ! ,leon>do da 
,v9ci4 ,less+ ,j4 ,ros5wald  has giv5   
ov] #bj1jjj pr9ts & draw+s4    ,9       
addition1 m ?an #cbe o!r donors h       
g5]\sly add$ to !  collections ( !      

,national ,gall]y ( ,art4               
,illu/ration3 ,,rotunda3 ,attribut$ to  
,adria5 de ,vries1 ,m]cury1      ca/    
probably c4 #afjc-afac    ,! vigor\s    
movem5t1 muscul> l9es1 & above all !    
grace &  lightness ( ! bronze figure    
capture 9 ?is ,m]cury ! fleet+  pres5ce 
( an anci5t god4 ,protector ( ! =lorn & 
travel we>y1  patron ( %eph]ds1 m]*ants1
 wayf>]s1 & ev5 ?ieves flee+ !  law1    
,m]cury 0 ! be>] ( news & tid+s = ! gods
 (  my?ology4 ,he 0 kn[n by 8 w+$ feet1 
a travel]'s cap ) w+s1  & 8 h]ald's     
/aff1 a caduceus1 p]haps giv5 him by    
,apollo1 :o  _h ! p[] ( heal+4 ,! design
 ( ,m]cury's caduceus ) its  two s]p5ts 
int]tw9$ has be5 traditionally associat$
 ) m$ic9e  & is ! adopt$ symbol ( !     
m$ical pr(ession4 ,?is ma/]ful  piece 0 
probably made by ,adria5 de ,vries1 a   
,dut* arti/ tra9$ 9  ,italy1 & 0 model$ 
aft] a ,m]cury complet$ tw5ty ye>s e>li]
  by ,giovanni ,bologna4                
,flor5t9e & ,c5tral ,italian ,art       
7,gall]ies #a-aj7      ,because ! ,*ur* 

def9$ mu* ( ! social & cultural /ructure
 (  m$ieval life1 ,*ri/ian !mes         
pr$om9at$ z ! subject matt] =  ! arts ( 
! p]iod4 ,9 ! ,national ,gall]y         
collections1 works  creat$ 9 ,flor5ce1  
,si5a1 ,rome1 & ,c5tral ,italy %[ !     
range (  skills & /yles preval5t 9 pa9t+
 z x progress$ f ! highly  religi\s art 
( ! ,middle ,ages to ! m secul> art ( ! 
,r5aissance4    ,! usual te*nique =     
m$ieval religi\s art 0 egg temp]a on    
wood  panels cov]$ ) a f9e bone pla/]1  
call$ gesso4 ,egg yolk mix$  ) p[d]$    
pigm5ts 0 appli$ to ! gesso surface     
result+ 9  pictures *>act]iz$ by bright 
colors & cle> out] cont\rs4 ,to  recall 
! radiant light ( ! heav5ly k+dom & to  
height5 !  patt]ns typify+ ?is art1 !   
arti/ (t5 us$ gold-leaf$ gr\nds  z well4
    ,by ! late fifte5? c5tury1 temp]a   
gave way to oil pa9ts t dri$  m sl[ly1  
p]mitt+ ! arti/ subtle modulations 9 8  
color &  all[+ him to create reali/ic   
atmosph]ic effects4 ,z ! ,r5aissance    
progress$1 arti/s comb9$ a r5ew$ int]e/ 

9 nature1 analytical  sci5ce1 &         
classical humanism ) ! rec5tly develop$ 
te*niques  9 m$ia to br+ ab\t a         
correspond+ realism 9 art4              
,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y #a3 ,byzant9e    
,s*ool1 ,en?ron$ ,madonna &      ,*ild1 
#ac? c5tury    ,a m$ieval wall$ city is 
trans=m$ into a ?rone by ?is imag9ative1
  unkn[n arti/ to symbolize ! dom9ance (
 ,*ri/ & ,m>y1 ,que5 (  ,heav51 ov] !   
cele/ial city4 ,to symbolize ,*ri/'s    
rule on e>? z  well1 ! arti/ includ$1 9 
! rondels1 images ( angels be>+ orbs  & 
scept]s4 ,s typical ( ! art ( !         
,byzant9e ,empire1 ?is  pa9t+ is an     
icon1 or holy image1 & reflects )9 its  
composition  a fusion ( anci5t ,roman & 
m$ieval ,ori5tal /yles4 ,a feel+ =      
classical solidity %[s 9 ! faces1 :i*   
are model$ ) ca/  %ad[s to sugge/       
?ree-dim5sional =ms1 :]eas a ,ne> ,ea/]n
 love  ( decoration acc\nts = ! flatt5$ 
drap]y patt]ns & _!  dazzl+ highlights4 
,! ,en?ron$ ,madonna & ,*ild & ano!r    
l>ge  ,byzant9e icon ( ! same subject1  

also 9 ?is room1 are among !  e>lie/    
pa9t+s 9 ! collection4                  
,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y #c3 ,duccio1 ,!  
,call+ ( ! ,apo/les ,pet]      & ,&rew1 
pa9t$ betwe5 #acjh & #acaa    ,call$ to 
be 8fi%]s ( m510 ! bro!rs ,pet] & ,&rew 
pause 9  _! labors at ! p]suasive words 
( ,*ri/4 ,9 him1 _! future z  apo/les1  
or tea*]s1 & ! future ( mank9d hang     
mom5t>ily  susp5d$--l ! net 9 _! h&s4   
,?is panel is "p ( an  alt>piece        
commission$ = ! high alt> ( ! ,ca!dral 9
 ,si5a &  call$ ! ,mae/ 78maje/y07      
because its c5tral !me 0 ! ,virg9       
spl5didly en?ron$ ) angels & sa9ts4 ,!  
purpose ( ?is piece1  l s _m m$ieval    
pa9t+s1 0 to tea*1 & ,duccio arrang$    
bright colors 9 simple %apes s t ! /ory 
c\ld easily be  recogniz$4              
,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y #d3 ,fra         
,angelico & ,fra ,filippi ,lippi1 ,!    
,adoration ( ! ,magi1 pa9t$ c4 #adde    
,pa9t$ by two monks 7,fra means 8fri>071
 ?is important pa9t+  fuses ! conc]ns & 
te*niques ( m$ieval & ,r5aissance       

arti/s4  ,! tape/rylike lawn1 !         
decorative bright colors1 & ! inv]t$    
p]spective ( ! %$ are elem5ts common to 
m$ieval art4 ,!  reali/ic r5d]+ ( birds 
& animals1 ! weight & volume giv5  !    
kneel+ ,magi 9 ! =egr\nd1 & !           
classically inspir$ nude  figures at !  
di/ant left reflect ! new-f\nd int]e/ ( 
!  ,r5aissance 9 bo? classical antiquity
 & ! ext]nal _w4 ,!  colorful1 fe/ive   
mood ( ! pa9t+1 moreov]1 is emphasiz$ by
 !  bu/l+ ?rongs ( p arriv+ to wor%ip ! 
,*ri/ ,*ild4        ,illu/ration3       
,,gall]y #d3 ,&rea del ,ca/agno1 ,!     
,y\?ful ,david1      pa9t$ c4 #adej     
,n simply a "w ( art1 ?is pa9t$ lea!r   
%ield reflects !  uniquely nationali/ic 
consci\sness ( ! ,flor5t9e city-/ate4 ,z
 a  public image c>ri$ 9 p>ades &       
c]emonies1 its function 0 to  symbolize 
! ,flor5t9e /ruggle = fre$om &1 z a     
gruesome  depiction ( victory aga9/     
oppression1 to w>n all pot5tial enemies 
( ,flor5ce4 ,on ! %ield1 bo? ma9        
episodes ( ! ,old ,te/am5t  /ory appe>  

concurr5tly3 ,david takes aim ) 8 sl+1  
:ile !  giant's head lies already sev]$ 
at 8 feet4 ,! effective1 al?\gh  awkw>d1
 =e%ort5+ ( ! uprais$ arm & ! %>ply     
del9eat$  ve9s & muscles atte/ to       
,ca/agno's ,r5aissance int]e/ 9 !       
reali/ic r5dition ( p]spective &        
anatomy4        ,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y  
#f3 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,g9evra de'      
,b5ci1      pa9t$ c4 #adhj    ,) precise
 draftsman%ip & an inf9itely subtle     
manipulation (  light & %ad[1 ,leon>do  
captures ! "* ( a "y ,flor5t9e          
noblewoman ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 h]    
eyes he has drawn a look (  intellig5ce2
 9 h] be>+ & ! set ( h] m\?1 !re is a   
s5se  ( det]m9ation & conviction4 ,punn+
 on ! "n ( 8 sitt]1 !  arti/ has fram$  
h] head ) a junip] bu%--g9epro 9        
,italian--&  decorat$ ! back ( ! panel )
 a junip] sprig4 ,commission$ j  aft] he
 complet$ an appr5tice%ip ) ,v]roc*io1  
?is e>ly "w is  ! only pa9t+ 9 ! ,we/]n 
hemisph]e accept$ by s*ol>s z           
indisputably by ,leon>do1 "o ( ! true   

g5iuses ( ! ,r5aissance4                
,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y #h3 ,raphael1 ,! 
,alba ,madonna1 pa9t$ c4      #aeaj     
,! solidity & s]5ity ( ! figures d]ive f
 ! =ms & poses  se5 9 anci5t ,roman     
sculpture & f ! art ( ,raphael's        
contempor>ies1 ,leon>do & ,mi*elangelo4 
,! equilibrium & /ability  ( ! gr\p+    
provides n only a fre%ness & maje/y     
suitable =  ! religi\s mom5t b also a   
s\rce ( contra/ to ! subtle b  pa9ful   
implications ( ! re$ cross held by ! two
 *ildr54 ,nam$  = ! ,spani% ,dukes (    
,alba :o once own$ x1 ! ,alba ,madonna  
is  "o ( five pa9t+s by ,raphael 9 !    
,national ,gall]y ( ,art4               
,v5etian & ,nor? ,italian ,art          
7,gall]ies #ai-bi7      ,! spl5dor (    
,v5etian art reflects ! city's prosp]ity
 dur+ its  ye>s z a major ,m$it]ranean  
port4 ,typical ( ,v5etian lavi%ness is  
,! ,fea/ ( ! ,gods 7gall]y #bb7 by      
,giovanni ,bell9i1 ,r5aissance  arti/ & 
tea*] ( ,giorgione & ,titian4 ,?is huge 
pa9t+ draws  f ! fantasies ( my?ology1  

turn+ a ,v5etian picnic into a fea/  =  
gods4    ,aw>e ( ! subtle reflections ( 
light & %ad[ play+ 9 ! mi/y  air ov] !  
lagoons ( ,v5ice1 sixte5?-c5tury arti/s 
su* z  ,titian1 ,v]onese 7gall]y #bh71 &
 ,t9toretto 7gall]y #bi7 /rove to       
capture ! illusion ( surface texture &  
tangible atmosph]e ?r\gh  _! pa9ts4     
,because oils bl5d$ easily toge!r &     
because "o c\ld  ?ick5 ^! pa9ts )       
pigm5ts1 arti/s soon e/abli%$ a m       
flexible te*nique4 ,at ! same "t1 !y    
ab&on$ rigid wood panels  = canvas      
supports1 :i* all[$ l>g]1 light]        
pictures4 ,^!  innovations1 comb9$ )    
worldly subjects1 soon _h a significant 
impact on ! re/ ( ,europe4              
,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y #ba3 ,giorgione1 
,! ,adoration ( !      ,%eph]ds1 pa9t$  
c4 #aeaj    ,dom9at$ by a placid l&scape
 ba!d 9 ! half-light ( dawn1            
,giorgione's composition focuses on !   
small gr\p plac$ (f-c5t] 9  ! =egr\nd4  
,r5d]+ ! ,holy ,family 9 lum9\s colors1 
! arti/  has silh\ett$ !m aga9/ ! d>k   

m\? ( a cave1 a traditional  nativity   
sett+ borr[$ f ,byzant9e art t "h       
reflects !  /rong cultural ties betwe5 !
 city-/ate ( ,v5ice & ! empire to  !    
ea/4 ,?is composition1 "o ( ! v few     
exi/+ pa9t+s by  ! ma/]1 demon/rates    
,giorgione's ma/]y ( color & control (  
mood1 elem5ts :i* help$ him to a*ieve   
fame dur+ 8 %ort life (  ?irty-?ree     
ye>s4        ,illu/ration3 ,,we/        
,,sculpture ,,hall3 ,jacopo ,sansov9o1  
,v5us      ,anadyom5e1 ca/ c4 #aebg-aecj
    ,"o ( ! r>e1 life-siz$ bronzes ( !  
,r5aissance n[ 9 ! ,unit$  ,/ates1 !    
,v5us ,anadyom5e is ( unp>allel$        
elegance4 ,:ile !  s(tness ( ! model$   
=ms & ! v]tical sweep ( ! curv+         
silh\ette inve/ ! nude ) a height5$     
grace1 h] twi/+ pose  invites ! view] to
 move ar\nd ! /atue1 foll[+ ! fluid l9e 
( h] encircl+ arms4 ,%[n hold+ a        
sea%ell1 a reflection ( ,v5us'  bir? f !
 sea1 ?is /atue is appropriately entitl$
 anadyom5e1  8ris+ f ! wat]s40 ,! arti/1
 ,jacopo ,sansov9o1 0 tra9$ 9  ,flor5ce 

& ,rome4 ,mov+ to ,v5ice 9 #aebg1 ?is   
major high ,r5aissance  sculptor &      
ar*itect design$ or remodel$ _m         
important private &  public build+s     
includ+ sev]al palaces & ! ,libr>y (    
,sa9t  ,m>k4        ,illu/ration3       
,,gall]y #bh4 ,titian1 ,doge ,&rea      
,gritti1 pa9t$ c4      #aece_/aedj      
,typically ,v5etian 0 ,titian's me?od ( 
/>t+ ) a d>k  prep>atory gr\nd1 !n      
build+ up ! =ms ) ?9 lay]s ( oil  pa9t4 
,*oos+ ! pose t be/ focuses our         
att5tion1 ,titian has  captur$ 8 sitt]'s
 re/less vitality 9 ! turn ( ! doge's   
head  & ! p5etrat+ glance4 ,by acc5tuat+
 ! size & grasp ( !  h& & ! bulk ( !    
body b5ea? ! sumptu\s c]emonial robes1  
! arti/ has drawn a massive & comm&+    
pres5ce befitt+ ?is  r5[n$ admiral &    
doge1 or duke ( ,v5ice4 ,z se5 "h1 !    
figure  seems to em]ge q p[]fully f !   
%ad[1 & ! pr$om9ant  hues ( r$ & yell[ h
 a ri*1 smold]+ quality4                
,italian ,art ( ! #ag? & #ah? ,c5turies 
7,gall]ies #cc1 #cd1 #cf1 #cg2 ,lobby   

,a1 ,we/ ,/air ,hall1 & ,rotunda ,/air  
,hall7      ,! b>oque p]iod began ar\nd 
#afjj1 :5 ! ,*ur* 0 engag$ 9 a  movem5t 
to curb ! spread+ ( ! ,prote/ant        
,re=mation4 ,to appeal  to ! l>ge numb]s
 ( ambival5t ,*ri/ians torn betwe5 ! two
  !ologies1 ! ,ca?olic cl]gy commission$
 & support$ a reali/ic  b dramatic art  
design$ to involve ! populace 9 ! tea*+s
 &  ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*4 ,inde$1 s     
appeal+ 0 ! b>oque /yle  t x 0 quickly  
adapt$ to ! worldly subjects ( ! secul> 
arts4  ,repres5tative ( !               
,c\nt]-,re=mation era is ,gian ,lor5zo  
,b]n9i1  an enorm\sly successful &      
influ5tial ar*itect & sculptor4 ,z  _w  
trade %ift$ to ! ,atlantic nations1     
h[ev]1 ,italy's economic  position      
decl9$1 & by ! eighte5? c5tury _m       
,italian pa9t]s  _h to se>* =           
commissions else:]e 9 ,europe4 ,?r\gh _!
  travels1 decorative pa9t]s & murali/s1
 su* z ,giovanni ,batti/a  ,tiepolo1    
soon e/abli%$ an int]national /yle fill$
 ) brilliant  colors & virtuoso         

bru%work4        ,illu/ration3 ,,lobby  
,a3 ,gian ,lor5zo ,b]n9i1 ,monsignor    
,francesco      ,b>b]9i1 c>v$ c4        
#afbd_/afbe    ,a ma/]ful example ( !   
imm$iacy ( b>oque art1 ?is bu/ ( !      
uncle ( ,matteo ,b>b]9i1 :o became ,pope
 ,urban ,,viii1 captures !  textural    
qualities ( liv+ fle%4 ,?r\gh ,b]n9i's  
virtuosity1 !  highly poli%$ =ehead     
gives ! illusion ( glossy sk91 :]eas !  
/>*$ fabric has be5 left ) a r\gh1      
light-absorb+ surface4 ,to  create a    
?\ghtful expression1 ,b]n9i has         
exagg]at$ ! dep? ( !  eye sockets1 ca/+ 
deep %ad[s4 ,su* a conv9c+ portrayal (  
ag+  fle% & /]n "*--commission$ by !    
pope z a tribute to 8  uncle--is all ! m
 impressive s9ce ,b]n9i _h nev] se5 !   
long-dead ,francesco ,b>b]9i4 ,! bee on 
! p$e/al is ! emblem (  ! ,b>b]9i1 a    
weal?y ,roman family4                   
,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y #cc3 ,orazio     
,g5tiles*i1 ,! ,lute ,play]1      pa9t$ 
c4 #afaj    ,! mo/ casual elem5ts ( ?is 
intimate portrait ( human activity      

comb9e to create a ma/]ful composition (
 complex & dynamic p>ts4  ,! pose ( !   
girl1 %[n ) arm & head pois$ z %e tunes 
h]  lute1 g5]ates a feel+ ( su/a9$      
movem5t4 ,! intricate /ill  life fad+   
into %ad[y dep?s at ! left is 9         
delib]ate contra/ to  ! brightly lit    
co/ume & solid figure ( ! lute play]4 ,!
  comb9ation ( abrupt spotlight+ &      
sugge/$ deep space 0  *>act]i/ic (      
b>oque pa9t+ 9 sev5te5?-c5tury ,rome1 & 
,g5tiles*i1 an int]national c\rt arti/1 
transmitt$ ?is robu/  /yle to ,g5oa1    
,p>is1 & ,london4        ,illu/ration3  
,,gall]y #cf3 ,giovanni ,paolo ,pan9i1  
,! ,int]ior (      ! ,pan!on1 pa9t$ c4  
#agdj    ,9 an era ( travel1 :5 m5 &    
wom5 ( weal? t\r$ ! cont95t  z "p ( _!  
education1 factual r5d]+s ( int]iors &  
cityscapes became important s\v5irs4 ,a 
major attraction on ! ,gr&  ,t\r dur+ ! 
eighte5? c5tury 0 ,rome2 & 9 ,rome1 !   
,pan!on1  a circul> temple built 9 !    
second c5tury4 ,conv]t$ to a ,*ri/ian   
*ur*1 x became ! burial spot (          

,r5aissance au?ors & arti/s1  su* z     
,raphael1 & has prov$ ! s\rce (         
inspiration = _m lat]  /ructures1       
includ+ ! c5tral rotunda ( ! ,national  
,gall]y4  ,pan9i 0 ! greate/ view pa9t] 
9 ,rome dur+ ! #agjjs1 al?\gh  8 precise
 mann] ( pa9t+ 0 p>allel$ by 8 ,v5etian 
contempor>ies1 ,canaletto & ,gu>di4     
,flemi% & ,g]man ,art                   
7,gall]ies #ce1 #ce;,a1 #ci-dc7      ,at
 ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 nor!rn    
,european art 0  caught up by ! same _s 
( empirical inquiry & te*nical          
innovation t pr$om9at$ 9 ,italy dur+ ?is
 p]iod4 ,nor!rn art1  h[ev]1 reflects   
nei!r ! influ5ce ( classical art nor !  
developm5t ( a s+le-po9t p]spective t   
are ! hallm>ks ( !  ,italian            
,r5aissance4 ,r1 ,ne!rl&i% arti/s su* z 
,jan van ,eyck  a*iev$ ma/]y 9 ! new    
te*nique ( oil pa9t+4 ,! use ( oil on   
wood panel p]mitt$ an extraord9>y       
increase 9 ! dep? & ri*ness  ( color1   
:i*1 9 turn1 0 c\pl$ ) ! tradition (    
m9ute1  craftsmanly detail e/abli%$ 9   

late m$ieval manuscript illum9ation4    
,ar\nd #aejj1 ,italian humanism &       
,r5aissance sci5ce _h a disc]nable      
effect ^u nor!rn ,european pa9t+4       
,albre*t ,dr] 7gall]y #ce;,a7 &         
,francois ,cl\et 7gall]y #da7 bo? pr(it$
 f _! exposure to  ,italian art4 ,!     
,r5aissance influ5ce c>ri$ ov] into ! "w
 (  ,rub5s 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury despite !
 religi\s & political  upheaval ( !     
,re=mation :i* affect$ s mu* ,european  
art ( !  mid-#aejjs4 ,ca?olic ,fl&]s1 ! 
home ( ,rub5s1 rema9$ relatively  unt\*$
 by ! *ang+ times & ma9ta9$ a cont9uity 
( political  & economic ties to !       
,spani% mon>*y4 ,rub5s1 :o drew heavily 
f  ! "w ( e>li] ,italian ma/]s1 at !    
same "t develop$ a  b>oque pref]5ce =   
l>ge-scale canvases & bravura bru%work1 
transmitt+ ?is /yle to 8 associate van  
,dyck4        ,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y    
#ci3 ,jan van ,eyck1 ,! ,annunciation1  
pa9t$      c4 #adbe_/adcj    ,! sacr$   
sett+ ( a m$ieval *ur* provides !       
backdrop to van  ,eyck's int]pretation (

 ! ,annunciation4 ,! ar*angel ,gabriel1 
dress$ 9 jewels & ri* fabrics1 greets   
,m>y3 8,hail ,m>y1 full (  grace40 ,!   
simply g[n$ "y virg9 lifts h] h&s 9     
wond] &  replies1 8,behold ! h&maid5 ( !
 ,"l40 ,! two ,lat9 phrases  7,m>y's is 
writt5 upside-d[n7 re9=ce ! contra/ &   
balance  betwe5 ^! two important        
figures3 ,gabriel 9 8 sumptu\s attire & 
) w+s 9 ra9b[ colors /&s slightly 9     
front 9 a p>tially  turn$ position1     
:]eas ,m>y 9 h] subdu$ glory sits       
slightly beh9d  ! angel & faces =w>d4   
,foll[+ ! e/abli%$ tradition ( !  /ory1 
van ,eyck add$ a lily1 symbol ( purity1 
& a dove1 symbol (  ! ,holy ,_s4 ,he    
also decorat$ ! floor tiles ) ,old      
,te/am5t  sc5es prefigur+ ! life &      
triumph ( ,*ri/--,samson de/roys !      
,phili/9e temple & ,david slays ,golia?4
 ,?is subtle integration (  religi\s    
hi/ory into ! backgr\nd ( ! pa9t+ is    
indicative (  ! late m$ieval belief t   
objects ( ! ext]nal _w are imbu$  )     
religi\s symbolism4        ,illu/ration3

 ,,gall]y #ce;,a3 ,ma?is ,grnewald1 ,!  
,small      ,crucifixion1 pa9t$ c4 #aeaj
    ,"o ( ! few surviv+ pa9t+s by       
,grnewald1 ?is crucifixion amply        
displays ! emotional p[] ( ?is ,g]man   
,r5aissance arti/4 ,set  aga9/ a sky    
d>k5$ by an eclipse ( ! sun1 ! sc>r$ &  
hagg>d  body ( ,*ri/ makes ! sc5e       
pa9fully & physically imm$iate4 ,)  !   
agoniz$ ge/ure ( ! h&s1 ! ragg$ lo9clo?1
 ! dislocat$  %\ld]s1 & twi/$ feet1     
little rema9s to s(t5 ! t5sion ( !      
pa9t+2 r1 ! arti/ emphasizes ! human    
suff]+ necess>y  = ,*ri/ to r$eem       
mank9d4 ,pa9t$ on ! eve ( ! ,prote/ant  
,re=mation1 ?is panel reflects ! gr[+   
insi/5ce 9 nor!rn  ,europe ^u ! reality 
& importance ( private religi\s         
exp]i5ces4        ,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y
 #da;,a3 ,pet] ,paul ,rub5s1 ,daniel 9 !
 ,lions'      ,d51 pa9t$ c4 #afae       
,s*ol>1 collector1 diplomat1 & "o ( !   
f9e/ arti/s ( 8  c5tury1 ,rub5s 0 fam$ =
 ! b\ndless en?usiasm & te*nical        
wiz>dry ( 8 pa9t+s4 ,?is monum5tal piece

 0 execut$ e>ly 9  ,rub5s' c>e]4 ,its   
impact dep5ds n only ^u its l>ge scale b
  also ^u ! b>oque comb9ation ( !       
!atrical--! dramatic  light+ & ,daniel's
 expressive pose--) a conv9c+ realism--!
  lifelike po/ures & sup]bly r5d]$      
lions' fur4        ,illu/ration3        
,,gall]y #db3 ,sir ,an?ony van ,dyck1   
,que5 ,h5rietta      ,m>ia ) ,h] ,dw>f1 
pa9t$ probably 9 #afcc    ,pa9t$ 9      
,london1 ?is depiction ( ,h5rietta      
,m>ia1 wife ( ,brita9's  ,*>les ,i &    
si/] ( ,france's ,l\is ,,xiii1 is a     
prime example ( !  b>oque 8,gr& ,mann]0 
portrait4 ,analysis ( "* is sacrific$ 9 
favor ( a /ately & ess5tially flatt]+   
mode ( pres5tation2 !  glitt]+ cr[n1 =  
example1 recalls ,h5rietta ,m>ia's      
/ation z a  que5 & ! sumptu\s fabrics   
decl>e h] weal?4 ,! l>ge size (  !      
canvas & ! lack ( expression on ! que5's
 face are bo?  devices t eng5d] a mood (
 alo( =mality & gr&eur2 animation  &    
w>m? are limit$ to ! m9or figures ( !   
dw>f ,ge(frey  ,hudson1 :o 0 to become a

 tru/$ ambassador1 & 8 pet monkey ,pug4 
,) sev5te5 pa9t+s by van ,dyck1 !       
,national ,gall]y has "o (  ! f9e/ & mo/
 repres5tative collections ( portraits  
by ?is  ma/]4                           
,dut* ,art                              
7,gall]ies #dd-di7      ,! ,unit$       
,ne!rl&s 0 f\nd$ 9 #afji z a ,prote/ant 
nation  foll[+ bitt] w>s ( lib]ation f  
,ca?olic ,spa94 ,! comb9ation  (        
excell5t seaports1 a p[]ful navy1 &     
/rong m]cantile int]e/s  made ,holl& a  
fl\ri%+ economic c5t]4 ,dut* patrons1   
pr$om9antly  ,calv9i/ & middle class1   
dem&$ n religi\s or my?ological         
pictures1 b l&scapes1 portraits1 /ill   
lifes1 & g5res1 or sc5es  ( daily life4 
,_! dem&s 7 met by an ev]-increas+ numb]
 (  ,dut* arti/s :o1 p]haps 9 response  
to a burgeon+ & competitive  m>ket1     
specializ$ 9 a s+le type ( subject4 ,?us
 ,frans ,hals 0  fam$ = 8 portraits1    
,kalf = 8 /ill lifes1 & ,ruisdael &     
,hobbema = _! l&scapes4 ,! "o exception 
0 ,rembr&t1 ^:  p5etrat+ insight into ! 

human condition & ^: sup]b te*nical     
facility enabl$ him to explore          
successfully a v>iety ( subjects4       
,holl&'s arti/ic boom 0 soon end$1      
h[ev]1 = z quickly z x  arose1 !        
economic & arti/ic ,gold5 ,age decl9$   
dur+ ! la/  ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4   
,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y #dd3 ,jan ,v]me]1
 ,a ,woman ,weigh+ ,gold1      pa9t$ c4 
#afeg    ,"o aspect ( ,v]me]'s g5ius 0 8
 ability to create a poetry ( !  obvi\s1
 to transmute a mundane sc5e into an    
evocative mom5t4 ,9 :at  appe>s at fir/ 
to be a simple depiction ( a woman hold+
 a pair (  scales1 a fram$ pa9t+ ( !    
,la/ ,judgm5t includ$ on ! back wall  ( 
! sc5e sugge/s a m s]i\s1 allegorical   
mean+4 ,weigh+ !  s\ls ( mank9d s]ves z 
a po9t ( comp>ison to ! woman weigh+  h]
 worldly possessions4 ,v]me]'s          
incomp>able s5sitivity 9 r5d]+  effects 
( light c be se5 9 ! c>eful modulation (
 ! cool1  mut$ daylight t fills ! room4 
,especially /rik+ are ! t\*es  ( pure   
:ite pa9t t highlight ! fur coll> & !   

pe>ls on !  table4 ,! /able1 geometric  
gridwork =m$ by ! table1 picture  frame1
 & w9d[ re9=ce ! calm & s]i\s mood4     
,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y #dd3 ,jan        
,davidsz4 de ,heem1 ,vase ( ,fl[]s1     
pa9t$ c4 #afde    ,?is /ill life reveals
 m ?an a /udy ( inanimate objects       
position$ 9 light & %ad[2 x also betrays
 ! arti/'s int]e/ 9  ! lively           
microcosmic worlds unnotic$ 9 our daily 
life4 ,us+ m  ?an tw5ty v>ieties (      
blossoms1 includ+ roses1 tulips1        
morn+-glories1 & c&ytuft1 de ,heem      
weaves ! blooms1 ov]fl[+  9 !           
insect-inhabit$ %ad[s1 into ! arrangem5t
 ( sunlit fl[]s  ?riv+ 9 ! c5tral area (
 ! pa9t+4 ,s9ce none ( ! fl[]s  bloom   
concurr5tly1 ! arti/ portray$ !m ei!r f 
illu/rations  9 botanical texts or f 8  
own /udies made dur+ diff]5t times  ( ! 
ye>4 ,su* int]e/ 9 ! cycle ( ! seasons &
 !  transi5ce ( life1 z reflect$ 9 ?is  
symbolic b\quet1 is frequ5tly  se5 9    
,dut* fl[] pa9t+4        ,illu/ration3  
,,gall]y #dg3 ,aelb]t ,cuyp1 ,! ,maas at

 ,dordre*t1      pa9t$ c4 #affj    ,cuyp
 0 a m>9e & l&scape pa9t]1 not$ = 8     
delicate  atmosph]ic effects4 ,a major  
portion ( ?is composition is tak5 up by 
! sky1 :i* is pa9t$ 9 transluc5t wa%es (
 ?9n$ oils4 ,!  sc5e1 ba!d 9 ! g5tle    
gold5 light ( e>ly morn+1 %[s !  ,maas  
,riv] &1 at ! left1 ! unf9i%$ *ur* t[] (
 ,cuyp's home  city ( ,dordre*t4 ,!     
fleet ( boats on ! left1 arrang$ on !   
diagonal1 s]ves bo? to create deep space
 & to contra/ ) !  s+le massive %ip on !
 "r4 ,z cannons salute 9 ! middle       
di/ance1 a figure 9 a vivid r$1 black1 &
 :ite uni=m prep>es to  bo>d %ip4       
,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y #dh3 ,rembr&t1   
,self-,portrait1 dat$ #afei    ,! "s    
sixty self-portraits pa9t$ by ,rembr&t  
dur+ 8 long  c>e] =m a unique visual    
autobiography4 ,9 e>ly life1 he 0       
,am/]dam's lead+ portraiti/ & n>rative  
pa9t] & a weal?y man4  ,lat]1 ravag$ by 
bankruptcy & p]sonal mis=tunes1 ,rembr&t
 became  increas+ly introspective4 ,9   
?is self-portrait1 pa9t$ :5 he 0        

fifty-?ree1 all b ! ess5tial =ms are    
conceal$ 9 %ad[4 ,light  appe>s to      
emanate f ! face itself1 al?\gh ! eyes  
are veil$ 9  a my/]i\s half-%ad[4       
,rembr&t's te*nical g5ius enabl$ him to 
create subtle nuances ev5 )9 a re/rict$ 
range ( color2 !  gold5 light gli/5+ f 8
 =ehead m]ges ) ! blue-gray at  !       
temples4 ,all ( ,rembr&t's pa9t]ly skill
 0 us$1 ultimately1 to  confront u ) a  
c&id self-appraisal t nei!r flatt]s nor 
disp>ages4 7,! ,national ,gall]y has a  
wide range ( ,rembr&t  pa9t+s 9 gall]ies
 #de & #dh47                            
,spani% ,art                            
7,gall]ies #cj1 #ch1 #ci1 #ej1 #ea &    
#gf7      ,import$ by ! royal c\rts or  
commission$ by ! ,*ur*1 =eign  arti/s   
dom9at$ ! arts ( ,spa9 dur+ ! fifte5? & 
sixte5?  c5turies4 ,juan de ,fl&es1 a   
,flemi% pa9t] 7gall]ies #ch & #ci71     
s]v$ ! c\rt ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 & ,el 
,greco 7gall]y #cj71 a  ,greek :o /udi$ 
9 ,v5ice & ,rome1 settl$ & work$ 9      
,tol$o4 ,by  ! #afjjs1 ,spa9 _h become  

an economic & cultural =ce 9 ,europe1   
h] p[] su/a9$ 9 l>ge "p by ! weal? ( h] 
va/ ,am]ican  colonies4 ,seville 0 !n ! 
arti/ic capital ( ,spa92 ,zurb>n1       
,valds ,leal1 ,murillo1 :o f\nd$ an     
academy !re 9 #affj1 &  ,velzquez all   
work$ 9 ,seville4 ,aft] mov+ to ,madrid1
 ,velzquez  s]v$ ,philip ,,iv z c\rt    
pa9t] & director ( ! royal museum4 ,!   
greate/ ,spani% arti/ ( ! late eighte5? 
& e>ly n9ete5?  c5turies 0 ,francisco de
 ,goya1 :o 0 c\rt portraiti/ to a       
succession ( corrupt mon>*s & ,fr5*     
conqu]ors4 ,x %\ld n be  =gott51 too1 t 
! tw5tie?-c5tury arti/ ,pablo ,picasso  
7gall]y  #gf7 0 fir/ active 9 ,b>celona 
be=e emigrat+ to ,france4               
,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y #cj3 ,el ,greco1 
,laocon1 pa9t$ c4 #afaj    ,unnatural   
color1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! weightless1       
elongat$ figures1  comb9es ) a mann]$   
repres5tation ( l&scape 9 ?is une>?ly   
vision f ,hom]ic leg5d4 ,%[n is ! prie/ 
,laocon1 :o1 ) 8  sons1 is attack$ &    
de/roy$ by s]p5ts = hav+ (f5d$ ! gods   

dur+ ! c\rse ( ! ,trojan ,w>4 ,beyond ! 
wood5 horse lies !  city ( ,troy1 a     
di/ant & /ormy image bas$ on ! arti/'s  
adopt$  city ( ,tol$o4 ,born 9 ,greece1 
,dom5ikos ,!otokop\los 0 nicknam$  ,el  
,greco1 8! ,greek10 :5 he mov$ to ,spa9 
9 #aegf4        ,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y  
#ej3 ,francisco de ,goya1 ,seora ,sabasa
      ,g>ca1 pa9t$ c4 #ahjf or #ahjg    
,acutely s5sitive to ! ignorance1       
hypocrisy1 & cruelty 9 all levels  (    
society1 ,goya (t5 work$ 9 a satirical  
mode to capture !  realities ( w> & !   
tyranny & decad5ce ( c\rt life4 ,yet1 9 
depict+ ! niece ( a high-rank+ gov]nm5t 
(ficial1 ! arti/  has giv5 u a m>vel\sly
 direct & sympa!tic portrait4 ,! innate1
  peculi>ly ,spani% s5se ( pride &      
self-discipl9e is evid5t 9  ,sabasa     
,g>ca's ari/ocratic po/ure & bold1      
unfl9*+ gaze4 ,equally  direct is       
,goya's mann] ( pa9t+1 :i* captures !   
r\gh texture (  ! %awl z well z !       
gossam] quality ( ! mantilla lace4 ,!   
result is a portrait ( great int5sity   

height5$ by fem99e beauty4              
,fr5* ,art ( ! #ag?1 #ah?1 & ,e>ly #ai? 
,c5turies        7,gall]ies #cc1 #dd1   
#eb-ef1 ,ea/ ,sculpture ,hall1 & ,lobby 
,c7      ,tr\bl$ by ! ,ca?olic-,hugu5ot 
w>s & civil w>s ( ! previ\s  c5tury1    
sev5te5?-c5tury ,france foll[$ a c\rse (
 aggression  aga9/ =eign mon>*ies & (   
consolidation )9 ! ,fr5* /ate4  ,mo/    
heavily support$ by ! royal c\rt1 ,fr5* 
arti/s 7 s5t to  ,rome to /udy ! arts ( 
! ,italian ,r5aissance & classical      
antiquity2 "s1 l ,claude ,lorra9 &      
,nicolas ,p\ss9 7gall]y #eb71  *ose to  
rema9 9 ,italy4 ,9 ,p>is1 an ,academy1  
:i* rapidly became !  rul+ body = ,fr5* 
art1 0 e/abli%$ 9 #afdh4 ,to enhance !  
brilliance ( 8 reign 9 ! latt] "p ( !   
c5tury1 ,l\is ,,xiv  sponsor$ a         
c]emonial art--m ideali/ic ?an reali/ic 
9 /yle--&  built ne> ,p>is ! l>ge/      
palace 9 ,europe1 ,v]sailles4 ,! f\nta9s
  9 ! ,national ,gall]y's ,ea/ & ,we/   
,g>d5 ,c\rts once /ood 9 !  g>d5s (     
,v]sailles & /ill be> traces ( ! lavi%  

gold leaf t  orig9ally cov]$ !m4    ,"u 
,l\is ,,xv & ,l\is ,,xvi 9 ! eighte5?   
c5tury1 ,fr5* society  became m relax$ &
 in=mal4 ,mo/ app>5t 9 ! decorative     
arts1  ! move to a light]1 m graceful   
/yle affect$ pa9t+ z well4  ,! new /yle1
 rococo1 0 fir/ develop$ by ,watteau    
7gall]ies #ec &  #ed71 :o us$ a c>efree 
delicacy1 pa/el colors1 & gracefully    
curv+  l9es4 ,aft] ! ,fr5* ,revolution (
 #aghi1 a s*ool ( neoclassical  arti/s  
dom9at$ pa9t+1 us+ !mes ( patriotic     
h]oism &  /ress+ sev]e beauty ( l9e &   
firm model+1 ov] light & color4         
,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y #dd3 ,georges de 
,la ,t\r1 ,! ,rep5tant      ,magdal51 c4
 #afdj    ,)9 ! melan*oly d>kness ( ?is 
pa9t+1 ! dim light reveals  emblems ( ! 
vanity & brevity ( life3 a skull1 book1 
& mirror4  ,elim9at+ unnecess>y detail1 
,la ,t\r makes u focus on ! inw>d1      
spiritual aspect ( 8 !mes1 ?r\gh        
monum5tal %apes & a ne>ly  ab/ract      
geometry ( =ms4 ,m>y ,magdal5's f+]s    
t\*+ ! skull1  = in/ance1 are emphasiz$ 

9 />k angul>ity aga9/ ! light f  ! hidd5
 flame4 ,l ,v]me]1 ,la ,t\r is a        
r$iscov]y ( rec5t  ye>s4 ,al?\gh highly 
respect$ 9 8 lifetime1 ,la ,t\r slipp$  
into  obscurity1 & only ?irty-eight ( 8 
pa9t+s survive today4 ,a c\rt  pa9t] to 
,l\is ,,xiii1 ,la ,t\r 0 not$ = 8       
8nocturnes10 :i*  g5]ate a mood (       
isolation by _! d5se %ad[s t envelop !  
composition4        ,illu/ration3       
,,gall]y #eb3 ,claude ,lorra91 ,!       
,judgm5t ( ,p>is1      pa9t$ #afde_/afdf
    ,9 a l&scape ( su* s]5ity & beauty z
 ?is1 ! figures almo/  play a second>y  
role4 ,! p]fectly blue sky ) light cl\d 
=mations enhances ! gold5 tones ( !     
=egr\nd2 ! di/ant  ,trojan citadel on ! 
"r balances ! figures at ! ne> left1 :]e
  ?ree goddesses ga!r r\nd ! ,pr9ce (   
,troy1 ,p>is4 ,*os5 to judge  ! wom5 on 
_! beauty1 ,p>is is brib$ by ,v5us1 "h  
accompani$ by  h] son ,cupid1 & accepts 
h] aid 9 abduct+ ,hel51 ,que5 ( ,sp>ta4 
,claude's vision ( ?is episode1 :i*     
ev5tually t\*$ (f ! ,trojan  ,w>1 is a  

f9e example ( 8 ability bo? to ennoble &
 to idealize  nature1 & x 0 ?is mode (  
pa9t+ :i* 0 to dom9ate ,european        
l&scape pa9t+ = ! next two c5turies4    
,illu/ration3 ,,ea/ ,,sculpture ,,hall3 
,jean-,l\is ,lemoyne1 ,diana1      dat$ 
#agbd    ,girli% & slightly awkw>d1 h]  
skirts di%evel$ by ! breeze1 ,diana  is 
%[n z ?\gh emb>k+ on a woodl& jaunt4 ,! 
turn+ figure (  ! goddess1 ! pois$1     
expectant look ( h] dog1 & ! lightness (
  h] simple drap]y l5d a s5se ( buoyancy
 & delicacy to !  pond]\s weight ( !    
m>ble4 ,lemoyne's surviv+ ma/]piece1 ?is
  /atue =m$ "p ( a gr\p execut$ by      
sev]al eighte5?-c5tury  ,fr5* sculptors 
= ! g>d5s ( ! ,*teau de la ,muette at   
,m>ly1 a  royal retreat & hunt+ lodge   
ne> ,p>is4 ,?is sculptural s]ies  help$ 
to g5]ate a new int]e/ 9 graceful       
vitality1 replac+ !  e>li] ideals ( s]5e
 monum5tality 9 ,european /atu>y4       
,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y #ee3 ,jean-,honor
 ,fragon>d1 ,a ,"y ,girl      ,read+1   
pa9t$ c4 #aggf    ,! delicate rococo    

/yle ( ! #agjjs culm9ates 9 ! "w (      
,fragon>d1 c\rt pa9t] to ,l\is ,,xvi4   
,inde$1 an intimate portrayal  su* z ?is
 typifies rococo ta/e4 ,/abiliz$ only by
 ! /raight wall  & armre/1 curv+ l9es   
w9d ?r\gh ! composition4 ,fragon>d's    
fasc9ation ) ! irregul> ext5ds to !     
position+ ( ! girl's  h& & ! boneless   
curl ( h] little f+]1 to ! int]lac+s (  
h] hair ribbons & ! b[s on h] g[n4 ,!   
radiant gold5 quality (  ! light & !    
fro?y texture ( ! pa9t add to !         
picture's  s5su\s w>m?4                 
,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y #ef3             
,jacques-,l\is ,david1 ,napoleon 9 ,8   
,/udy1 dat$ #ahab    ,s5sitive to !     
political aspirations ( 8 sitt]1 ,david 
has "h  *os5 an activity1 a "t1 & a     
sett+ t subtly b po9t$ly  illum9ate !   
t5acity & drive ( ! conqu]or ,napoleon4 
,) !  clock po9t+ to #d3ac & ) c&les    
gutt]+1 ,napoleon is  presumably ris+ f 
a night ( "w2 8 dress uni=m is wr9kl$  &
 8 face un%av54 ,! /udy is litt]$ )     
symbols ( p[]1 !  sword allud+ to       

,napoleon's milit>y conque/s & ! scroll 
on !  desk repres5t+ ! ,napoleonic      
,code1 /ill ! basis ( ,fr5* law4  ,!    
crisp silh\ettes & d>k colors typify !  
neoclassical /yle t  foll[$ ! ,fr5*     
,revolution ( #aghi4                    
,briti% ,art                            
7,gall]ies #eg-ei & #fa7      ,! hi/ory 
( sixte5?-c5tury ,engl& 0 *>act]iz$ by  
un/able1  (t5 %ort-liv$ alliances made )
 h] sev]al cont95tal neighbors4  ,no    
wond] !n t ! influx & influ5ce ( =eign  
arti/s dur+  ?is & ! foll[+ c5tury      
reflects ! div]sity ( political ties    
betwe5 ,engl& & ,europe4 ,9 ! #aejjs1 ! 
,g]man ,hans ,holbe9 !  ,y\ng] 7gall]y  
#dj7 0 c\rt arti/ to ,h5ry ,,viii soon  
aft] t  mon>*'s audaci\s break ) !      
,*ur*1 & 9 ! #afjjs ! ,flem+1  ,an?ony  
van ,dyck 7gall]ies #db & #dc71 0 9 !   
employ ( ,*>les ,i4    ,9 ! eighte5?    
c5tury1 h[ev]1 :5 ,engl& became a lead+ 
m>itime & indu/rial nation "u ,george   
,,iii & ,george ,,iv1 a l>ge  gr\p (    
native ,briti% pa9t]s em]g$1 & 9 #agfh !

 ,royal ,academy  0 f\nd$ 9 ,london4 ,! 
portraiti/s 7 l$ by ,sir ,jo%ua         
,reynolds1  fir/ presid5t ( ! ,royal    
,academy1 & ,?omas ,ga9sbor\gh1 not$ =  
8 virtuoso bru%work4 ,among _!          
contempor>ies & foll[]s 7  ,romney1     
,hoppn]1 ,raeburn & ,lawr5ce4 ,9 ! e>ly 
#ahjjs1 ,engl&  produc$ two l&scapi/s :o
 a*iev$ int]national reputations4       
,con/able 0 basically a reali/ 9 8 /udy 
( sc5es 9 natural  light2 ,turn]1 h[ev]1
 0 a romantic :o int]pret$ ! moods (    
nature4        ,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y   
#ei3 ,?omas ,ga9sbor\gh1 ,mrs4 ,ri*>d   
,br9sley ,%]idan1 pa9t$ probably        
#aghe_/aghf    ,) a feel+ = !atricality1
 ,ga9sbor\gh int]plays ! frail  figure (
 a "y woman & ! p[]ful mood ( nature to 
e/abli% a  p]fect sett+ = ?is celebrat$ 
actress & wife ( ! playwright  &        
politician ,%]idan4 ,born ,elizabe?     
,l9ley1 %e 0 ,ga9sbor\gh's  lifelong    
fri5d4 ,a motif common to ! eighte5?    
c5tury1 ! ,age (  ,enlight5m5t1 0 ! use 
( nature & an in=mal pose to a*ieve     

unaffect$ simplicity4 ,9 ?is portrait1  
h[ev]1 e>ly signs (  romanticism are    
cle>ly se5 9 ! dramatic quality ( ! bl[+
  trees & w9dswept figure contra/$ ) !  
calm features ( !  f9ely model$ face4   
,ga9sbor\gh normally pa9t$ "u c&lelight 
to  give a gl[ & flick]+ livel9ess to 8 
sitt]s & sometimes us$  six-foot-long   
bru%es to avoid f9icky detail+4         
,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y #eg3 ,joseph     
,mallord ,william ,turn]1 ,keelm5       
,heav+ 9 ,coals by ,moonlight1 pa9t$    
probably 9 #ahce    ,turn]'s exagg]at$  
r5dition ( moonlight 0 criticiz$ by     
cons]vatives :5 ?is night sc5e on !     
,riv] ,tyne 0 exhibit$ at  ! ,royal     
,academy 9 #ahce4 ,cutt+ ?r\gh ! c5t] ( 
! pa9t+1  ! ar*$ curve ( brilliant light
 trans=ms ! reality ( a gritty          
indu/rial sc5e into an appeal+ly        
romantic seascape & br+s !  _w ( man    
into accord ) nature4 ,?r\gh ! mi/y     
,engli% air &  aga9/ ! ?9ly pa9t$ sky1 !
 moon %imm]s =? z a disk (  ?ick :ite   
pa9t4                                   

,am]ican ,art                           
7,gall]ies #fj1 #fj;,a1 #fj;,b1 #fb1 &  
#fd-fh7      ,e/abli%$ z a subculture ( 
! "m c\ntry1 ! ,am]ican colonies  look$ 
to ,engl& = lead]%ip 9 ! arts4 ,ambiti\s
 pa9t]s1  f9d+ no opportunity = =mal    
tra9+ 9 ! colonies1 w5t to  /udy 9      
,europe4 ,b5jam9 ,we/1 a ,p5nsylvania   
,quak]1 aft] ?ree ye>s  9 ,italy1 9     
#agfc e/abli%$ himself 9 ,london1 :]e he
 a*iev$ su*  r5[n t he became ,hi/ory   
,pa9t] to ,k+ ,george ,,iii & 0 lat]    
appo9t$ second presid5t ( ! ,royal      
,academy ( ,arts4 ,until aft] !  ,civil 
,w>1 ! be/ tra9+ 0 /ill abroad1 b       
usually ! ,am]ican  /ud5ts return$ to ! 
,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e a gr[+ urban society 
) m leisure 0 provid+ a m>ket = works ( 
art4    ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5?   
c5tury1 _m untra9$ arti/s1  work+ 9 !   
cities b m (t5 travel+ ab\t !           
c\ntryside1  provid$ nave or primitive  
pictures = ! ev]-increas+ middle        
classes4 ,up to ?is "t ! arti/ _h be5   
ma9ly a portraiti/2 b  ) ! inv5tion ( ! 

cam]a 9 #ahci he _h to %ift 8 emphasis1 
& by mid-c5tury ,am]ica _h a ?riv+ s*ool
 ( l&scape pa9t]s1  ^: works f$ a       
national pride 9 ! great wild t]ra9 ( ! 
,new  ,_w4 ,aft] ! ,civil ,w>1 h[ev]1 ^!
 l&scapes also appeal$ to a  populace   
seek+ relief 9 ! ideal _w ( a quiet     
c\ntryside away  f ! humdrum ( dirty    
cities t 7 spr++ up ev]y:]e1 !  result (
 ! ,indu/rial ,revolution4    ,?omas    
,eak9s & ,w9sl[ ,hom] 7 ! great         
turn-(-!-c5tury  arti/s4 ,!y portray$   
,am]ican life & sc5]y ) /raight=w>d     
c&or4 ,_! example has be5 c>ri$ on by "s
 mod]n ,am]ican  arti/s :o1 fasc9at$ ) !
 urban gr[? ( ! #aijjs1 h  emphasiz$ !  
vitality ( city life4 ,^! include pa9t]s
 su* z  ,h5ri1 ,bell[s1 & ,sloan4 ,m    
rec5tly ab/ract art has be5 9 !  =efront
 ( ,am]ican pa9t+4        ,illu/ration3 
,,gall]y #fd3 ,john ,s+leton ,copley1   
,watson & !      ,%>k1 dat$ #aggh       
,unusual 9 ,european art1 ! s5se (      
imm$iacy 9 ?is rescue sc5e 0  an        
,am]ican innovation1 & x assur$         

,copley's reputation 9 ,brita9  :ile    
fur!r+ ! importance ( realism 9 n>rative
 pa9t+4 ,!  successful m]*ant & =m]     
,engli% sailor ,brook ,watson           
commission$  ! "y ,am]ican arti/1 :o _h 
settl$ 9 ,london1 to depict an  adv5ture
 t occurr$ 9 ! sailor's y\?4 ,watson _h 
be5 attack$  by a %>k :ile swimm+ 9     
,havana1 ,cuba1 9 #agdi4 ,us+ a fre%    
approa*1 ,copley recaptur$ ! horror ( t 
ev5t by l5d+ vivid  emotions to !       
rescu]s--c[>dice1 fe>1 compassion--& by 
cat*+ !  helpless fright ( ! boy4       
,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y #fj;,b3 ,gilb]t  
,/u>t1 ,! ,skat]1 pa9t$ 9      #aghb    
,arti/ & subject1 :ile break+ f ! fir/  
pos+ session =  ?is portrait1 took to ! 
fre% air & ex]cise ( skat+ on !  froz5  
,s]p5t9e 9 ,london's ,hyde ,p>k4 ,!     
sport gave ,/u>t a novel  idea1 :i* he  
translat$ ) a free-spirit$ fre%ness &   
vigor4  ,commission$ by ,mr4 ,william   
,grant1 ?is1 ,/u>t's fir/ full-l5g?     
portrait1 0 a triumph at ! ,royal       
,academy exhibition 9 #aghb4 ,unlike    

,we/1 "u :om he /udi$1 & ,copley1 ano!r 
,am]ican arti/1  ,gilb]t ,/u>t ev5tually
 return$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a*iev+     
fur!r fame ) 8 innum]able portraits (   
,george ,wa%+ton4  ,pa9t$ 9 #agie1 !    
fam\s portrait 9 gall]y #fb is believ$  
to be 8  fir/ life /udy ( ! presid5t4   
,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y #fj3 ,?omas      
,cole1 ,! ,voyage ( ,life3              
,*ildhood1 dat$ #ahdb    ,"o ( ! e>lie/ 
,am]ican l&scapi/s1 ,?omas ,cole produc$
  imag9>y1 symbolic sc5es z well z      
glorifi$ panoramas ( native  wild]ness4 
,9 ! fir/ ( f\r fantasies1 ,*ildhood1 a 
baby's %ip  ( life1 /e]$ by a gu>dian   
angel1 floats at ! s\rce ( a riv]  t[>d 
a promis+ dawn4 ,9 ! o!r ?ree pictures  
complet+ ,!  ,voyage ( ,life s]ies1 ,y\?
 sets (f on a me&]+ /ream1 /riv+  t[>d a
 ca/le 9 ! cl\ds1 :ile ,manhood wea!rs a
 /orm on a  tumultu\s riv] & ,old ,age  
drifts into a quiet ocean :]e heav5ly   
mess5g]s wait to receive him4           
,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y #ff3 ,edw>d      
,hicks1 ,! ,cornell ,f>m1 dat$          

#ahdh    ,aft] an #ahdh ,p5nsylvania    
agricultural fair1 ,james ,cornell      
commission$  ?is record ( 8 prize-w9n+  
live/ock & acreage4 ,9 addition to      
c>efully detail+ ea* c[1 horse1 pig1    
%eep1 & build+1 !  arti/ ,edw>d ,hicks  
has also emphasiz$ ! decorative patt]n+ 
( !  gr\p4 ,?is s-call$ nave piece does 
n pres5t a sophi/icat$  r5d]+ ( anatomy 
or l&scape1 b x does pres5t a /udy 9    
contra/ betwe5 ! rhy?mic r[ ( animals & 
! geometric  backgr\nd4 ,lack+ =mal     
arti/ic s*ool+1 ,hicks 0 a sign &  coa* 
pa9t]1 :o did pictures z a sidel9e or z 
favors = fri5ds4        ,illu/ration3   
,,gall]y #fg3 ,james ,mc,neill ,:i/l]1  
,! ,:ite ,girl      7,symphony 9 ,:ite1 
,no4 #a71 dat$ #ahfb    ,pa9t$ 9 ,p>is1 
?is canvas caus$ a sc&al at an #ahfc    
exhibition4  ,! lack ( p]sonality 9 !   
face infuriat$ critics2 !y fail$ to     
realize t ?is 0 n int5d$ z a portrait4  
,:i/l]1 an ,am]ican  expatriate1 0      
ex]cis+ 8 arti/ic !ories by explor+ a   
s+le  tone--:ite4 ,! />*$ cuffs1 /rip$  

sleeves1 cambric skirt1 brocade  curta91
 & fur rug create a 8,symphony 9 ,:ite10
 z ,:i/l] once  titl$ ?is "w4 ,!        
fullness ( ! girl's lips1 ! ?ick ri*ness
 (  h] *e/nut hair1 & h] wide blue eyes1
 h[ev]1 m>k a subtle b  uneasy contra/  
to ! purity ( ! :ite color4 ,?is t5sion 
is  c>ri$ fur!r by ! pres5ce ( ! be>sk9 
& ! g>i% fl[]s  wilt+ on ! floor1       
symbolic1 p]haps1 ( a be/iality ( nature
 &  an innoc5ce lo/4 ,to emphasize !    
color relation%ips ar\nd ?is  woman1 8  
mi/ress ,joanna ,hiff]nan1 ,:i/l]       
flatt5$ ! space &  avoid$ /rong lights &
 %ad[s4        ,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y   
#fh3 ,george ,bell[s1 ,bo? ,memb]s (    
,?is      ,club1 pa9t$ 9 #aiji    ,:5   
public box+ 0 illegal 9 ,new ,york1     
fights 7 held 9 private  clubs ) fight]s
 elect$ z memb]s = only ! night ( !     
mat*4  ,! black box] may be ,joe ,gans1 
lightweight *ampion f #aija to #aijh2  8
 oppon5t has n be5 id5tifi$4 ,once a    
pr(essional a?lete  himself1 ,george    
,bell[s und]/ood ! viol5ce ( ! sport4   

,brutality  is convey$ by ! angul> l9es 
( ! fight]s' bodies1 ! boldly  sla%+    
bru%work1 & ! lurid gl>e ( spotlights )9
 ! gloomy  ar5a4                        
,fr5* ,art ( ! #ai? ,c5tury             
7,gall]ies #gb1 #gg1 & #hc-ic7          
,fr5* art dur+ ! second half ( ! #ahjjs 
is not$ = its  innovation & its         
div]sity4 ,yet1 al?\gh ! pa9t+s produc$ 
dur+ ?is p]iod diff] 9 _! visual        
effects1 ! arti/s ( ^!  works 7 all     
l>gely conc]n$ ) ! same problem3 h[ to  
treat  nature & h[ to def9e reality4    
,?us1 9 reaction to !  neoclassici/s1 :o
 /ress$ l9e & color1 & ! romantics1 :o  
favor$ lu% hues1 exotic or unusual      
subject matt]1 & emotionalism1  !       
reali/s s\ght to pa9t only :at 0 be=e   
!m1 free f  embelli%m5t4 ,o!r arti/s su*
 z ,monet & ,r5oir conc5trat$ ^u        
record+ ! fleet+ & subtle color         
impressions creat$ by *anges  9         
sunlight4 ,because _! te*nique 0 rapid &
 sket*y1 ^! latt]  arti/s gave less     
att5tion to /udi\sly model$ =m1 & _!    

pa9t+s1 al?\gh 8reali/ic0 9 _! r5dition 
( light & space1  d n h ! solid1        
tangible qualities s evid5t 9 ,academic 
pa9t+4 7,! ,gall]y's collections are    
p>ticul>ly compreh5sive 9  ! works (    
,manet1 ,r5oir1 & ,degas4 ,includ$ also 
is ,m>y ,cassatt1  ! only ,am]ican :o   
exhibit$ ) ! impressioni/s47 ,/ill o!r  
arti/s reject$ impressionism's conc]n ) 
transitory mom5ts 9  ord] to express    
ei!r _! intuitive reactions to ! natural
 _w  or _! p]sonaliz$ int]pretation ( ! 
physical laws t ord]  appe>ances4       
,reality 0 r$ef9$ by ^! arti/s1 su* z   
,gaugu91  van ,gogh1 ,t\l\se-,lautrec1 &
 ,czanne1 :o 7 kn[n z                   
po/-impressioni/s4 ,x 0 _! "w :i* prep>$
 ! way =  tw5tie?-c5tury expressionism &
 ab/raction4        ,illu/ration3       
,,gall]y #ic3 ,jean-,bapti/e-,camille   
,corot1 ,=e/ (      ,fonta9ebleau1 pa9t$
 c4 #ahcj    ,amid ! controv]sies (     
n9ete5?-c5tury ,fr5* art criticism1     
,corot  0 a transitional figure4 ,popul>
 ) cons]vative patrons1 he 0  also a    

*ampion ( ! y\ng]1 radical pa9t]s4 ,?is 
sc5e 9 a =e/  ne> ,p>is is compos$ (    
traditional elem5ts3 ! ov]lapp+ planes  
( light & d>k foliage & a deep          
p]spective e/abli%$ by ! pa?  ( light & 
space runn+ ?r\gh ! pa9t+'s c5t]4       
,corot's  treatm5t ( light1 /udi$       
directly f nature1 is q mod]n1  h[ev]1 z
 he exactly captures ! h>% gl>e & heavy 
%ad[ caus$  by /rong sun4               
,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y #hc3 ,ed\>d      
,manet1 ,g>e ,sa9t-,laz>e1 dat$         
#ahgc    ,ov]look+ ,p>is' ,sa9t-,laz>e  
railroad y>ds1 ?is sun-dr5*$ sc5e  is ! 
fir/ major picture ,manet execut$       
out-(-doors4 ,?\gh  influ5c$ by 8       
fri5ds1 ! impressioni/s ,monet & ,r5oir1
 ,manet's  discipl9$ temp]am5t reject$  
impressionism's less /ructur$  effects4 
,! rigid l9es ( ! iron f5ce1 = example1 
act z a foil  = ! figures' curves4 ,!   
little girl1 ^: int]e/ lies on !  rail  
y>ds beh9d1 =ms a subtle t5sion ) !     
woman :o gazes out  at ! view]4 ,! color
 s*eme1 ) its rev]sal ( colors1 s]ves   

bo? to unify ! patt]n & to und]score !  
sep>ation ( ! two  figures3 ! full      
womanly figure is dress$ 9 blue acc5t$ )
 :ite1  :]eas ! *ildi% figure is 9 :ite 
acc5t$ ) blue4        ,illu/ration3     
,,gall]y #ij3 ,augu/e ,r5oir1 ,a ,girl )
 a ,wat]+      ,c1 dat$ #ahgf    ,want+ 
to capture ! dazzl+ colors f\nd 9 /rong 
sunlight1 !  impressioni/ pa9t] ,r5oir  
int5sifi$ ! natural hues ( reality to  a
 great] vibrancy on canvas4 ,! gre5 ( ! 
grass depict$ "h is  m int5se 9 hue ?an 
t :i* "o might expect to f9d 9 nature1  
& ! gravel pa? sp>kles l gems4 ,9       
calculat+ ! juxtaposition  ( color1 !   
arti/ plac$ pale blue-gre5 %ad[s on !   
*ild's face  to height5 h] rosy         
complexion4 ,9 addition1 ! blurr$       
impressioni/  bru%/rokes create ! effect
 ( %imm]+ sunlight dissolv+ =m  &       
detail4 ,once 9 response to criticism   
ab\t 8 "w1 ,r5oir said1  8,!re are en\gh
 ?+s to bore u 9 life )\t our mak+ m (  
!m40        ,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y #hf3 
,claude ,monet1 ,r\5 ,ca!dral1 ,we/     

,facade1 dat$ #ahid    ,monet1 a f\nd] (
 impressionism1 became obsess$ ) !      
v>iations  ) natural light4 ,f #ahib to 
#ahie1 he record$ 9 a s]ies (  pa9t+s a 
m$ieval ,fr5* ca!dral z x appe>$ at     
diff]5t times  ( day or "u diff]5t wea!r
 conditions4 ,9 ov] ?irty canvases (    
,r\5 ,ca!dral1 ,monet's analyses ( light
 on ! ca!dral's surfaces  result$ 9     
iridesc5t colors & ?ick pa9t textures t 
are visually  s5sational yet highly     
naturali/ic4 ,"h1 9 e>ly morn+1 ! *ur*  
%imm]s lav5d] & violet1 ! /one ( ! upp] 
portions gl[+ 9  ! ri* r$-orange ( !    
ris+ sun4 ,ano!r f ! ,r\5 s]ies1  %[+ ! 
*ur* 9 ! yell[-:ite heat ( ! aft]noon1  
is also 9  ?is room4                    
,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y #he3 ,edg>       
,degas1 ,f\r ,danc]s1 pa9t$ c4          
#ahii    ,"o ( ,degas' own favorite     
works1 ?is1 8 la/ major oil pa9t+1 has  
a *alky texture rem9isc5t ( ! pa/els he 
frequ5tly us$4 ,/udy+  ! /rong patt]ns 9
 ,japanese pr9ts z well z ! snap%ot     
effects  ( photography1 ?is sup]b       

draftsman (t5 design$ 8 pa9t+s )  an    
angl$ po9t ( view or creat$ an (f-c5t]  
balance1 cutt+ (f  figures by ! frame   
edge4 ,) ! increas+ ab/raction ( 8 late 
/yle1 ,degas "h us$ a black outl9e :i* n
 only sep>ates !  ge/ures ( ! danc]s b  
also acc5ts _! r$ app>el1 int5sify+  !  
!atrical effect4        ,illu/ration3   
,,gall]y #he3 ,paul ,czanne1 ,/ill      
,life1 pa9t$ c4      #ahid    ,mo/      
evid5t 9 ?is pa9t+ is ! t5sion betwe5   
:at is1 on ! "o  h&1 a r5dition ( nature
 &1 on ! o!r1 ,czanne's delib]ate       
organization ( ! %apes into a rhy?m (   
=ms4 ,! swirls & eddies  ( ! blue drap]y
 are reflect$ 9 ! curves ( ! apples1    
pepp]m9t bottle1 :ite l951 & c>afe4 ,at 
! same "t1 horizontal  or v]tical l9es  
dom9ate along ! edge ( ! table1 ! mold+ 
(  ! back wall1 & ! neck ( ! bottle1    
creat+ a l9e> grid t  (fsets & balances 
! curv+ l9es4 ,! blue-gre5 tonality1 9  
addition to ! geometric patt]n+1 fur!r  
demon/rates ! arti/'s  int5t to visually
 organize & unify4 ,inde$1 = ! sake (   

unity1  ,czanne has ev5 di/ort$ ! c>afe 
by swell+ x out on "o side1  pull+ x    
deep] into ! folds ( ! fabric4          
#bj?-,c5tury ,art                       
7,gall]y #gf & ,we/ ,/air ,hall7        
,flatt5$ %apes1 /rong outl9es1          
unmodulat$ hues1 & pron\nc$  pigm5t     
textures h be5 among ! c5tral devices ( 
_m  tw5tie?-c5tury pa9t]s4 ,arti/s h (t5
 ab&on$ ! direct  imitation ( reality1  
pref]r+ in/ead to "w ?r\gh complex      
problems ( pictorial design to express  
human feel+s4 ,a trem5d\s  div]sity (   
arti/ic /yles has result$1 em]g+ 9 tempo
 ) !  rapid *anges ( mod]n society &    
te*nology4 ,! ,national ,gall]y's       
pres5t collection ( mod]n art           
conc5trates on ! ,fr5* s*ool prior  to  
,_w ,w> ,i1 ! p]iod :5 ,p>is 0 !        
cultural c5t] ( ,europe4    ,) ! op5+ ( 
! ,ea/ ,build+1 ! ,national ,gall]y w h 
increas$ space = ! display ( contempor>y
 art4        ,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y #gf3
 ,pablo ,picasso1 ,family (             
,saltimbanques1      pa9t$ 9 #aije      

,obsess$ 9 #aije ) ! !me ( ! circus1    
,picasso s\ght !  company ( p]=m]s n    
only z pot5tial subjects = 8 pa9t+s  b  
also z companions4 ,_! agility & grace  
delight$ him2 _!  gypsy lives intrigu$  
him1 z did _! pr(essional pursuit ( !   
f9e  art ( illusion4 ,! circus family 9 
?is pa9t+ is assembl$ 9 a  lonely       
l&scape devoid ( any liv+ ?+4 ,_! /atic 
poses sugge/  t ea* memb]1 caught up 9  
rev]ie1 is unaw>e ( ! o!rs4 ,a  s5se (  
equilibrium is ma9ta9$1 h[ev]1 9 !      
compact %ape ( !  five figures at ! left
 balanc$ aga9/ ! s+le figure 9 ! "r     
=egr\nd4 ,! pa/el t9ts ( r$1 violet1 &  
blue1 moreov]1 create  an aura ( elegiac
 melan*oly4 ,al?\gh ,picasso has ab&on$ 
!  pr$om9antly blue palette ( 8 e>li]1 m
 p5sive "w1 !  ,family ( ,saltimbanques 
/ill exudes a feel+ ( pa?os &           
isolation4 7,! ?irte5 pa9t+s by ,picasso
 9 ! ,national ,gall]y  repres5t ! major
 phases )9 ! fir/ half ( ,picasso's     
c>e]47        ,illu/ration3 ,,gall]y    
#gf3 ,georges ,braque1 ,/ill ,life3 ,le 

,j\r1      dat$ #aibi    ,al?\gh common1
 ev]yday items1 ! objects 9 ?is pa9t+   
are n  %[n 9 an ev]yday arrangem5t4 ,r1 
?r\gh a precise1 rational  manipulation 
( %apes1 ! arti/ has s /ructur$ !       
objects z to  arrive at a fre% und]/&+ (
 _! reality4 ,! pit*] & !  w9eglass1 =  
example1 are ea* %[n z an ov]view ( !   
rim  7pres5t+ "o angle ( vision7 & a    
pr(ile view ( ! object's body  7pres5t+ 
a second angle ( vision72 ^! & o!r      
aspects ( !  objects are comb9$ to      
reveal a new1 b none!less accurate1     
p]ception ( ! object4 ,&1 z ,braque     
int5d$1 x is ?is flatt5$  p]ception t1  
?r\gh\t ! composition1 con/antly rem9ds 
u (  ! two-dim5sional surface ( !       
canvas4 ,braque's geometric             
compositions--:i* to outrag$ critics 7  
no?+ m ?an  8cubes0--7 "o aspect ( a    
/yle kn[n z cubism :i* develop$  %ortly 
aft] ! turn ( ! c5tury4                 
,illu/ration3 ,,we/ ,,/air ,,hall3      
,salvador ,dali1 ,! ,sacram5t ( !       
,la/ ,supp]1 dat$ #aiee    ,kn[n nei!r =

 8 ,*ri/ian !mes nor = simplicity (     
organization1 ,dali has 9 ?is pa9t+ mov$
 away f ! surrealism  t preoccupi$ him  
dur+ 8 e>li] ye>s4 ,! composition ( !   
,la/ ,supp] is cle>ly def9$ 9 two ma9   
planes3 =egr\nd action  & backgr\nd     
sc5]y4 ,! placem5t ( ! figures is       
symmetrical )  a mirror-image repetition
 ( ! same figures f "o side ( !  pa9t+  
to ! o!r4 ,! m51 _! faces hidd51 are m !
  idealiz$ p>ticipants 9 a timeless     
,eu*>i/ ?an specific m5 ( a  specific "t
 & place4 ,! /range transluc5t          
enclosure--a geometrical                
dodecah$ron--is meant to be und]/ood z  
"p e>?ly1 "p cele/ial4  ,! enigma ( ?is 
intellectual & complex pa9t+ c5t]s      
f9ally 9  ! all-embrac+ arms--symbolic (
 ! heav5s & ( ! creator1 :o  is se5 z   
y\?ful r ?an patri>*al b ^: face is     
hidd54                                  
,decorative ,arts      ,z objects =     
daily use1 ! decorative arts all[ a     
close insight into  cultures ( ! pa/4   
,among its hold+s1 ! ,national ,gall]y  

has an  ext5sive collection ( ,european 
furniture1 tape/ries1 & c]amics  f !    
fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies z well z     
m$ieval *ur*  vessels & ,r5aissance     
jewelry4 ,9 addition1 !re is a f9e      
selection  ( eighte5?-c5tury ,fr5*      
furniture--includ+ _m pieces sign$ by   
cab9etmak]s to ,l\is ,,xv & ,l\is ,,xvi 
&1 ( hi/oric int]e/1 !  writ+ table us$ 
by ,que5 ,m>ie ,anto9ette :ile %e 0     
imprison$  ?ree ye>s dur+ ! ,fr5*       
,revolution 7gall]y #ee74 ,! ,gall]y    
also  conta9s a l>ge collection ( ,*9ese
 porcela9s1 includ+ porcela9s  f ! ,*'+ 
,dyna/y ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5?         
c5turies4    ,until ! ,ea/ ,build+ is   
complet$1 only a few select$ works c be 
plac$ on exhibition 9 ! gall]ies4       
,pr9ts & ,draw+s      ,! collection (   
pr9ts & draw+s at ! ,national ,gall]y   
conta9s  ab\t fifty ?\s& examples f !   
fifte5? c5tury to ! pres5t  "t4 ,includ$
 are draw+s by ,dr]1 ,rembr&t1 ,rub5s1 &
 ,blake1 z  well z a wide range ( pr9ts 
by ! major graphic arti/s ( !  ,we/]n   

,_w4 ,! ,national ,gall]y's collection  
incorporates an  extremely f9e selection
 ( e>ly ,nor!rn woodcuts & engrav+s &   
"o ( ! mo/ important gr\ps (            
eighte5?-c5tury ,fr5* pr9ts1  draw+s1 & 
book illu/rations outside ( ,france4    
,!re is also an  excell5t gr\p ( e>ly   
manuscript illum9ations4    ,visitors   
may exam9e pr9ts & draw+s n on          
exhibition by  appo9tm5t ) a curator 9 !
 ,dep>tm5t ( ,graphic ,arts4            
,index ( ,am]ican ,design      ,! ,index
 ( ,am]ican ,design is a collection (   
wat]color r5d]+s (  objects ( popul> art
 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates f be=e #agjj until   
ab\t  #aijj4 ,! r5d]+s repres5t ,am]ican
 c]amics1 furniture1  woodc>v+1         
glassw>e1 metalwork1 tools & ut5sils1   
textiles1  co/umes1 & o!r types (       
,am]ican craftsman%ip4 ,!re are "s      
sev5te5 ?\s& r5d]+s & ab\t five hundr$  
photographs4 ,^!  are available = /udy1 
by appo9tm5t4 ,! works !mselves may be  
loan$ to organizations = exhibition     
outside ! ,gall]y4                      

,,g5]al ,,in=mation      ,! ,national   
,gall]y is op5 to ! public e day 9 ! ye>
 except  ,*ri/mas ,day & ,new ,ye>'s    
,day4 ,admission is free at all times4  
,,h\rs    ,regul>3 ,weekdays1 #aj a4m4  
to #e p4m42 ,sundays1 #ab noon to #i    
p4m4    ,summ]3 ,dur+ ! summ] mon?s !   
regul> h\rs are ext5d$ to #i  p4m4      
,dates = ! beg9n+ & t]m9ation ( ev5+    
h\rs are  ann\nc$ on ,gall]y in=mation  
bo>ds & 9 ! ,gall]y's mon?ly  ,cal5d> ( 
,ev5ts4      ,,art ,,in=mation ,,desks  
,!re are two art in=mation desks3 "o at 
! ,con/itution ,av5ue  entrance on !    
,gr\nd ,floor2 & ! o!r at ! ,mall       
entrance ne>  ! ,rotunda on ! ,ma9      
,floor4      ,,*eckrooms    ,free *eck+ 
s]vice is provid$ ne> ! entrances4 ,all 
p>cels1  briefcases1 & umbrellas mu/ be 
*eck$4      ,,publications ,,s]vice     
,reproductions & catalogues ( !         
collections are sold 9 !  publications  
salesroom on ! ,gr\nd ,floor ne> !      
,con/itution ,av5ue  entrance4 ,books & 
catalogues1 po/c>ds1 color              

reproductions1 fram$  reproductions1    
orig9al color slides1 record+s1         
portfolios1 sculpture  reproductions    
7includ+ jewelry71 note fold]s1 & o!r   
publications  are available4      ,,t\rs
    ,gall]y talks & free t\rs ( !       
collection are giv5 by !  ,education    
,dep>tm5t4    ,an ,introductory ,t\r1   
la/+ ab\t #ej m9utes1 cov]s ! ,gall]y's 
highlights4 ,x is (f]$ at #aa a4m4 & #c 
p4m41 ,monday ?r\gh  ,saturday1 & at #e 
p4m4 on ,sunday4    ,! ,t\r ( ! ,week1  
la/+ ab\t #ej m9utes1 conc5trates on a  
specific topic or on a special          
exhibition4 ,x is giv5 at #a p4m41      
,tuesday ?r\gh ,saturday1 & at #b3cj    
p4m4 on ,sunday4    ,! ,pa9t+ ( ! ,week1
 a #ae-m9ute gall]y talk on a s+le      
picture  9 ! collection1 is s*$ul$ at   
noon & #b p4m41 ,tuesday ?r\gh          
,saturday1 & at #c3cj & #f p4m4 on      
,sunday4    ,special appo9tm5ts = gr\ps 
( #ae or m p c be arrang$  by apply+ to 
! ,education ,dep>tm5t at lea/ two weeks
 9 advance4    ,record$ t\rs1 "o (f]+ a 

selection ( ! ,director's *oice (       
pa9t+s & ano!r discuss+ works 9 v>i\s   
gall]ies1 may be  r5t$ = nom9al fees4   
,,lectures    ,lectures by visit+ art   
au?orities1 & occasionally by memb]s ( !
  ,gall]y /aff1 are giv5 at #d p4m4 on  
,sunday aft]noons 9 !  ,auditorium4     
,! subjects are (t5 gr\p$ to =m a s]ies 
treat+ a s+le aspect  ( art hi/ory4     
,admission is free & no res]vations are 
requir$4 ,!  ,a4 ,w4 ,mellon ,lectures 9
 ! ,f9e ,arts1 a special s]ies          
commission$ by  ! ,national ,gall]y1 :i*
 are subsequ5tly publi%$ 9 book =m1     
take place dur+ ! spr+4      ,,films    
,free films on art are pres5t$ on a v>y+
 s*$ule4 ,= fur!r  in=mation on t\rs1   
lectures1 & films1 consult ! ,gall]y's  
,cal5d> ( ,ev5ts4      ,,conc]ts        
,free conc]ts are giv5 9 ! ,ea/ ,g>d5   
,c\rt e ,sunday ev5+ at  #g p4m4 7) !   
exception ( ! summ] p]iod f late ,june  
to late  ,septemb]74 ,conc]ts are giv5  
ei!r by gue/ arti/s or by !  ,national  
,gall]y ( ,art ,or*e/ra "u ! direction (

 ,ri*>d ,bales4  ,! programs1 )         
int]mission talks or int]views by !     
,gall]y  /aff1 are broadca/ live ov]    
,,wgms-,,am 7#egj7 & ,,fm 7#ajc4e74     
,seats1  :i* are n res]v$1 are available
 aft] #f p4m4      ,,cal5d> ,,( ,,ev5ts 
,! mon?ly ,cal5d> ( ,ev5ts li/+ special 
exhibitions1 lectures1  conc]ts1 & films
 at ! ,national ,gall]y ( ,art w be s5t 
to y  regul>ly1 free ( *>ge1 if y fill  
out an application at ei!r  in=mation   
desk4      ,,ext5sion ,,s]vice    ,a    
v>iety ( educational mat]ials suitable =
 s*ools1 colleges1 &  libr>ies c be     
borr[$ f ! ,gall]y4 ,color slide        
programs1 )  accompany+ audio cassettes1
 texts1 & /udy pr9ts1 cov] a wide  range
 ( subjects4 ,a numb] ( films1 includ+  
8,art 9 ! ,we/]n  ,_w0 & 8,! ,am]ican   
,vision10 are available4 ,all mat]ial is
 l5t  free ( *>ge except = return       
po/age4 ,= in=mation1 apply to !  (fice 
( ! ,ext5sion ,s]vice4      ,,slide     
,,l5d+ ,,s]vice    ,slides ( ! ,gall]y's
 collection are available z loans to    

organizations1 s*ools1 & colleges )\t   
*>ge4 ,= in=mation1  apply to ! slide   
libr>y 9 ! ,education ,dep>tm5t4        
,,photography ,,( ,,works ,,( ,,art     
,photography = p]sonal purposes1 ) or   
)\t fla%1 b n ) a  tripod1 is p]mitt$   
?r\gh\t ! ,gall]y unless signs 9 a      
p>ticul>  area indicate to ! contr>y4   
,application = p]mission to use a       
tripod %\ld be made to ! ,photographic  
,s]vices ,(fice1 ,monday  ?r\gh ,friday1
 exclusive ( legal holidays4            
,,p]mits ,,to ,,copy ,,works ,,( ,,art  
,easels & /ools are provid$ )\t *>ge =  
^? individuals :o  h secur$ p]mission to
 copy works ( art 9 ! ,gall]y4          
,application  = p]mits %\ld be made at !
 ,regi/r>'s ,(fice4 ,lett]s (  ref]5ce &
 examples ( "w are requir$ be=e         
p]mission to copy  may be grant$4 ,no   
special p]mission is requir$ = sket*+   
)\t  easels if only nonliquid mat]ials1 
su* z p5cil1 ballpo9t p51 or  crayon1   
are us$4      ,,caf_/,,buffet    ,!     
caf_/buffet is op5 e day ( ! ye> except 

,*ri/mas ,day &  ,new ,ye>'s ,day4 ,x is
 locat$ at ! ,conc\rse level & may be   
rea*$  f ! ,ma9 ,floor via ! ,ea/ ,g>d5 
,c\rt & ,ea/ ,lobby or f !  #d? ,/reet  
,plaza4    ,regul> h\rs3 #aj a4m4 to #d 
p4m4 on weekdays & ,saturdays1 & #a p4m4
  to #g p4m4 ,sundays4    ,summ] h\rs3  
,dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! ,gall]y is op5 until 
#i p4m41  ! caf_/buffet rema9s op5 until
 #g3cj p4m4 on weekdays & ,saturdays4   
,sunday h\rs are #a p4m4 to #g p4m4     
,,smok+ ,,rooms    ,two l\nges are      
provid$ = smok+3 ! smok+ room on !      
,gr\nd  ,floor & ! ,f\nd]'s ,room on !  
,ma9 ,floor ne> ! ,rotunda4 ,smok+  is  
also p]mitt$ 9 ! caf_/buffet b is       
/rictly prohibit$ 9 all  halls &        
exhibition gall]ies4      ,,re/rooms    
,re/rooms are locat$ on ! ,gr\nd ,floor1
 at ! top ( ea* /aircase  ne> ! ,rotunda
 on ! ,ma9 ,floor1 & at ! ,conc\rse     
level4      ,,fir/ ,,aid    ,an em]g5cy 
room1 "u ! sup]vision ( a tra9$ nurse1  
is  available = fir/-aid treatm5t 9 case
 ( accid5t or sudd5 illness4  ,x is     

locat$ on ! ,gr\nd ,floor ne> ! entrance
 to ! ,auditorium4  ,! gu>ds w direct   
visitors to ?is room on reque/4         
,,:eel*airs  ,,/roll]s    ,/roll]s =    
small *ildr5 & :eel*airs are available f
 !  gu>ds at bo? entrances )\t *>ge4    
,att5dants = pu%+  :eel*airs are n      
available4      ,,telephones            
,pay-/ation telephone boo?s are on !    
,gr\nd ,floor ne> ! /airways1  on ! ,ma9
 ,floor ne> ! ,rotunda1 & at ! ,conc\rse
 level4      ,,gu>d ,,regulations    ,! 
gu>ds are "u ord]s n to p]mit visitors  
to t\* !  pa9t+s or sculpture "u any    
circum/ances4 ,f\nta9 p5s ) fluid  ink  
may n be us$ 9 ! gall]ies4 ,smok+ is    
=bidd5 9 !  exhibition areas4           
,,plants ,,& ,,fl[]s    ,fl[]s & plants 
9 ! c\rts are gr[n 9 ! ,national        
,gall]y's  gre5h\ses & are *ang$        
frequ5tly by ! ,gall]y's horticultural  
/aff4 ,!re are special floral displays  
at ,*ri/mas & ,ea/] 9 bo?  ! ,g>d5      
,c\rts & ! ,rotunda4      ,bo>d (       
,tru/ees        ,! ,*ief ,ju/ice ( !    

,unit$ ,/ates1 ,*airman        ,!       
,secret>y ( ,/ate        ,! ,secret>y ( 
! ,treasury        ,! ,secret>y ( !     
,smi?sonian ,in/itution        ,paul    
,mellon        ,john ,hay ,:itney       
,frankl9 ,d4 ,murphy        ,c>lisle ,h4
 ,humels9e        ,john ,r4 ,/ev5son    
,(fic]s & ,/aff        ,presid5t3 ,paul 
,mellon        ,vice ,presid5t3 ,john   
,hay ,:itney        ,director3 ,j4 ,c>t]
 ,br[n          ,assi/ant ,to !         
,director = ,music3 ,ri*>d ,bales       
,assi/ant ,to ! ,director = ,national   
,programs3 ,w4 ,h[>d ,adams             
,assi/ant ,to ! ,director = ,public     
,in=mation3 ,ka!r9e                     
,w>wick          ,assi/ant ,to !        
,director = ,special ,ev5ts3 ,rob]t ,l4 
,pell          ,con/ruction ,manag]3    
,hurley ,f4 ,(f5ba*]          ,plann+   
,consultant3 ,david ,scott              
,assi/ant ,director_/,*ief ,curator3    
,*>les ,p>khur/          ,curators3     
,am]ican ,pa9t+3 ,william ,p4 ,campbell 
,dut* & ,flemi% ,pa9t+3 ,ar?ur ,:eelock 

,fr5* ,pa9t+3 ,david ,e4 ,ru/           
,graphic ,arts3 ,&rew ,c4 ,robison      
,italian ,pa9t+1 ,nor!rn & ,lat]3       
,%eldon ,grossman            ,italian   
,pa9t+1 ,e>ly3 ,david ,alan ,br[n       
,nor!rn ,european ,pa9t+ ,to #agjj3     
,john ,h&            ,sculpture3 ,d\glas
 ,lewis1 ,jr4            ,spani% ,pa9t+3
 ,anna ,m4 ,voris                       
,tw5tie?-c5tury ,art3 ,e4 ,a4 ,c>mean1  
,jr4          ,curator ( ,education3    
,m>g>et ,i4 ,b\ton            ,head1    
,ext5sion ,program ,developm5t3 ,joseph 
,j4 ,reis            ,head1 ,art        
,in=mation ,s]vice3 ,elise ,v4 ,h4 ,f]b]
          ,*ief ,libr>ian3 ,j4 ,m4      
,edel/e9          ,editor3 ,!odore ,s4  
,amuss5          ,head ,cons]vator3     
,victor ,c4 ,b4 ,covey          ,*ief1  
,design & ,in/allation3 ,gaill>d ,f4    
,rav5el          ,*ief1 ,exhibitions1   
,loans & ,regi/ration3 ,jack ,c4 ,sp9x  
,regi/r>3 ,pet] ,davidock          ,head
 ,photograph]3 ,william ,j4 ,sumits     
,treasur]3 ,lloyd ,d4 ,hayes            

,assi/ant ,treasur]3 ,james ,w4 ,wood>d 
,adm9i/rator3 ,joseph ,g4 ,engli%       
,assi/ant ,adm9i/rator3 ,george ,w4     
,riggs          ,p]sonnel ,(fic]3       
,j]emiah ,j4 ,b>rett        ,secret>y & 
,g5]al ,c\nsel3 ,rob]t ,amory1 ,jr4     
,gifts & ,beque/s    ,! ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees
 has full p[] to accept gifts1 beque/s1 
or  devises ( works ( art1 money1 or o!r
 p]sonal or real prop]ty1 &  ei!r       
absolutely or 9 tru/4 ,gifts & donations
 to ! ,national  ,gall]y ( ,art are     
d$uctible = ,f$]al income tax purposes  
)9 !  limits provid$ by law1 & are      
welcom$ 9 am\nts ( any size4            
,u4,s4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice3 #aigf
 ,o--#bjg-hjb        ,illu/ration3 ,ma9 
floor      ,ma9 ,floor      ,s]vices    
,m5's ,room        ,wom5's ,room        
,*eckroom        ,in=mation             
,telephone      ,elevator & ,/airways   
,to3 #a ,gr\nd ,floor          #d?      
,/reet ,entrance      ,to3 ,conc\rse    
,caf_/,buffet      ,mall ,entrance      
,illu/ration3 ,gr\nd floor      ,gr\nd  

,floor      ,s]vices        ,wom5's     
,room        ,m5's ,room                
,*eckroom        ,in=mation             
,telephone        ,fir/ ,aid            
,facilities = ! ,h&icapp$        ,sales 
,%op      ,special ,exhibitions         
,con/itution ,av5ue ,entrance      #d?  
,/reet ,entrance      ,auditorium       
,elevator & ,/airway      ,to3 #b ,ma9  
,floor      ,to3 ,conc\rse              
,caf_/,buffet        ,illu/ration3 ,ma9 
,floor      ,ma9 ,floor      ,s*ools (  
,pa9t+        ,c5tral ,italian &        
,flor5t9e ,r5aissance        ,nor?      
,italian & ,v5etian ,r5aissance         
#ag? & #ah? ,c5tury ,italian            
,spani%        ,flemi% & ,g]man         
,dut*        #ag? & #ah? ,c5tury ,fr5*  
#ai? ,c5tury ,fr5*        ,briti%       
,am]ican        ,special ,exhibitions   
,sculpture      ,we/ ,g>d5 ,c\rt        
,rotunda      ,ea/ ,g>d5 ,c\rt          
,mall ,entrance        ,illu/ration3    
,map      ,address3        ,national    
,gall]y ( ,art        #f? ,/reet &      

,con/itution ,av5ue ,n4,w4              
,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #bjefe    ,telephone3  
7#bjb7 #gcg-dbae    ,cable ,address3    
,,natgal    ,p5nsylvania ,av5ue         
,con/itution ,av5ue    #g? ,/reet    ,u4
 ,s4 ,capitol                           
,transcrib]'s ,notes      --,sil5tly    
correct$ a few typos4    --,reta9$      
publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3
 ?is e,book    is public-doma9 9 !      
c\ntry ( publication4    --,9 ! text    
v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$
 by    und]scores4