,transcriber's ,notes ,hyphenation has been standardised4 ,footnotes were moved to the ends of the text they pertain to and numbered in one continuous sequence4 ,a ,contents table has been created by the ,transcriber and is placed in the public domain4 ,,the ,,butterflies ,,and ,,moths ,,of ,,teneriffe4 ,illustration ,,the ,,butterflies ,,and ,,moths ,,of ,,teneriffe4 ,,by ,a4 ,e4 ,,holt ,,white4 ,,edited ,,by ,,rashleigh ,,holt ,,white1 ,,vice-,,president ,,of ,,the ,,selborne ,,society4 ,,illustrated ,,from ,,the ,,author',s ,,drawings4 ,london3 ,l4 ,,reeve ,,co41 ,,publishers ,,to ,,the ,,home1 ,,colonial ,,and ,,indian ,,governments1 #f1 ,,henrietta ,,street1 ,,covent ,,garden4 ,,teneriffe3 ,,hamilton ,,co41 ,,santa ,,cruz4 #ahid ,all rights reserved4 1 ' ' 1 ' #8 ,,homer1 ,od4 iv4 99 99 99 99 99 ,omnia bene describere1 qu in hoc mundo a ,deo facta1 aut natur creat viribus elaborata fuerunt1 opus est non unius hominis1 nec unius vi4 ,hinc ,faun et ,flor utilissim2 hinc monographi prstantissimi4 ,,scopoli1 ,ann4 ,hist4 ,nat4 ,,to ,,elizabeth ,,mary ,,odling ,,in ,,memory ,,of ,,many ,,happy ,,days ,,spent ,,with ,,her ,,and ,,her ,,father ,,the ,,late ,,alfred ,,smee1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,this ,,book ,is dedicated by ,,her ,,affectionate ,,friend ,,the ,,author4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,,gilbert ,,and ,,rivington1 ,,ld41 ,,st4 ,,john',s ,,house1 ,,clerkenwell1 ,e4,c4 ,,contents4 ,,preface4 ,,introductory ,,chapter4 ,,hints ,,and ,,suggestions ,,on ,,nets1 ,,breeding-,,cages1 ,etc4 ,,killing ,,and ,,setting ,,butterflies ,,and ,,moths1 ,,relaxing-,,specimens1 ,etc4 ,,butterflies4 ,,list ,,of ,,butterflies ,,found ,,in ,,teneriffe4 ,,appendix ,b4 ,,appendix ,c4 ,,appendix ,d4 ,,alphabetical ,,index ,,of ,,genera ,,and ,,species4 ,,description ,,of ,,plates4 ,,preface4 ,when the author left ,england1 in the autumn of #ahib1 for a winter's sunshine in ,teneriffe1 it was by no means her intention to write on the ,lepidoptera of that ,island4 ,soon after her arrival1 however1 she was struck by two things2 the want of any sort of interesting out-door occupation 7other than somewhat desultory riding expeditions7 experienced by her companions in exile1 and the absence of any account of the ,lepidoptera of the ,canary ,islands1 which would enable collectors to name their specimens4 ,it is her hope that the present publication may be1 at least to some extent1 the means of remedying these deficiences4 ,to a detailed description of the ,lepidoptera of ,teneriffe1 so far as they are at present known1 an introductory chapter has been added1 for the benefit of novices in the study and collection of butterflies and moths4 ,those1 for whom fresh air and a certain amount of exercise are essential1 can hardly find any more health-giving or light interesting occupation than the practical study of ,entomology4 ,this study lends an interest to excursions which might otherwise be tedious1 and leads the collector into all sorts of beautiful and picturesque unexplored nooks and corners of the ,island1 which to the ordinary traveller are quite unknown4 ,many visitors hardly ever extend their wanderings farther than the ,carretera 7the one high road in ,teneriffe71 and have no idea of the many beauties to be seen1 or of the interest that may be found in studying the ,botany1 as well as the ,entomology1 of this most charming of the 8,summer isles of ,eden lying in dark-purple spheres of sea40 ,all the species and varieties of ,teneriffe butterflies1 with the exception perhaps of three1 are found between the months of ,november and ,may2 so that anyone staying there for the winter and spring months may procure a tolerably perfect collection2 more especially as the different species found in ,teneriffe are but twenty-nine1 so far as is at present known1 all of which are now described4 ,the author has been fortunate enough to add four of these to the number previously known to exist in the ,island4 ,the most complete collection of moths which came under notice is in the possession of ,dr4 ,zorolo1 of ,villa ,orotava1 and this numbers about seventy species and varieties4 ,forty-one moths are described out of some fifty which were collected and studied by the author2 and a list of twenty-one others1 chiefly small and of little interest to the amateur collector1 is appended4 ,almost all the facts and particulars relating to the life history of the ,lepidoptera are the result of the personal experience of the author1 who is also responsible for the drawings from which the illustrations have been reproduced4 ,it is believed that the ,lepidoptera of the other six ,islands are largely similar to those of ,teneriffe4 7,see ,appendix ,a47 ,the author desires to offer her best thanks to ,seor ,don ,ramon ,gomez1 of ,puerto ,orotava1 for his kindness and courtesy in placing his large collection of ,lepidoptera at her disposal for study and illustration4 ,the ,rev4 ,o4 ,a4 ,benthall has kindly given information upon specimens which he has netted and observed2 and the author is also indebted to ,dr4 ,zorolo1 of ,yilla ,orotava1 who has lent one or two rare specimens for illustration4 ,kind assistance in naming some specimens has been given by ,a4 ,g4 ,butler1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,z4,s41 and ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,kirby1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,e4,s41 of the ,british ,museum2 and ,mr4 ,bethune ,baker1 ,f4,e4,s41 has been good enough to name some of the smaller moths4 ,a4 ,e4 ,h4 ,w4 ,november #ahic4 ,,introductory ,,chapter4 ,many persons who know little or nothing about butterflies may be tempted to make a collection of them when they find themselves in a semi-tropical land1 which yields in great profusion such beautiful creatures1 whose brilliant colouring when grouped together has so pleasing an effect4 ,to such1 a slight sketch of the life of a butterfly may not be unacceptable4 ,butterflies and moths belong to the order ,lepidoptera or ,scale-winged insects4 ,the different stages of growth of these insects are called the-- ,ovum4 ,larva4 ,pupa4 ,imago4 ,egg4 ,caterpillar4 ,chrysalis4 ,butterfly4 ,the body consists of three parts3 the head1 the thorax1 and the abdomen4 ,there are two pairs of wings1 the upper and the lower2 or1 as they are generally called1 the fore and the hind wings4 ,these are covered with a downy substance1 like feathered scales1 which are most beautiful when seen under a microscope1 and vary much in form4 ,it is in these that the colouring-matter resides1 which gives the beautiful colour to different species4 ,lepidoptera have six legs2 in some1 however1 the fore-legs are so short and inconspicuous that the insect almost appears to have only four legs4 ,the proboscis or trunk is a long flexible double tube through which the animal sucks the juices of the flowers2 it is curled up under the thorax like a watch-spring1 and expands at will4 ,it varies much in length both in moths and butterflies4 ,the antenn are the horns or feelers of the insect1 and are believed to contain the organs of smell4 ,they vary much in size and thickness1 and are most important as regards the classification of the different species of ,lepidoptera4 ,they are generally of considerable length in a butterfly1 increasing in thickness at the end till a sort of long knob is formed4 ,moths are distinguished from butterflies by a few simple characteristics1 which can be seen at a glance4 ,first1 with some few exceptions1 of which the ,humming ,bird ,hawk moth is one1 moths are always found on the wing at dusk1 or at night1 whereas butterflies take their flight by day4 ,secondly1 the moth either folds its wings close to its side or else spreads them out flat4 ,the butterfly1 when at rest1 as a rule keeps its wings straight up1 face to face1 or else keeps up a fluttering motion1 continually putting them in this position4 ,thirdly1 the body of a butterfly is small at the waist1 while that of the moth is larger1 and of a more uniform size4 ,the antenn are the most distinctive feature1 those of the moth being fine and long1 and having no knob at the end4 ,in some species they are short and finely feathered the whole length1 terminating in a sharp point2 this feature is generally distinctive of the male sex2 the ,rufescens moth being an example4 ,the ,skipper family have antenn like the butterfly1 but the body of a moth4 ,the butterfly or moth lays its egg 7not more than a pin's head in size7 on that particular plant or tree on which the caterpillar1 that it will shortly become1 feeds4 ,these look of much the same form to the naked eye1 but when magnified they are seen to be of many different shapes1 some being conical1 others round1 angular and many sided1 c41 c4 ,the colours also of the eggs are various1 but most frequently they are yellow1 green1 or greenish white4 ,a microscopic examination of these will prove both interesting and instructive4 ,the caterpillars1 as soon as they emerge from the eggs1 the time of which varies with different species1 at once commence to eat1 and continue to do so voraciously till they turn to the pupa state4 ,this being the case1 they must be constantly supplied with fresh food when kept in captivity1 once certainly1 if not twice a day4 ,there are1 however1 one or two varieties which cease to eat1 and lie in a semi-dormant state for some time before taking the form of a chrysalis2 the caterpillar of the ,exoleta moth is an example of this4 ,the greatest cleanliness1 together with good ventilation1 freshness of food1 and regularity in feeding1 are essential to keep all caterpillars in health4 ,if we watch the creature feeding1 we shall observe that it takes the leaf edgeways between its two fore-feet1 ceaselessly moving its head up and down1 and taking a large piece of leaf at each mouthful4 ,some moth-caterpillars are night-feeders1 and so hide themselves under the thickest leaves on which they feed1 or else bury themselves in the earth till night comes again4 ,cannibal caterpillars are to be found on the potato-plants2 they are of rather a reddish brown colour1 from an inch and a half to two inches in length4 ,the author was not very fortunate in rearing them to the moth-stage2 it is said that they should be fed on the young larv1 and possibly the specimens had caterpillars to feed on that were too old4 ,there is room for interesting experiments in ,teneriffe on one1 if not more1 species4 ,many of the caterpillars are most beautifully coloured and marked4 ,those of the ,hawk-moth are usually the most brilliant1 but1 at the same time1 they are most delicate1 and require the greatest attention as regards freshness of food1 ventilation1 and cleanliness4 ,some larv shed their skins twice only1 others moult seven times2 but the majority effect this change four or five times4 ,this is rather a laborious process for them1 and sometimes proves fatal4 ,during the process they cease feeding1 but commence again with renewed vigour after the change has taken place4 ,the colourings and markings of the new coat often vary from those of the one cast off1 and an experienced entomologist can tell the age of the caterpillar by the colour and texture of the skin in many varieties4 ,when the creature has passed through the larva and arrived at the pupa state1 it has at first a soft and tender skin1 through which parts of the future butterfly can be clearly seen2 this soon hardens1 however1 and forms a case impervious to rain or other atmospheric influences4 ,before taking the pupa form some caterpillars creep into holes and crevices of walls and old buildings1 others bury themselves in the earth2 some envelop themselves in a tissue of silk which they spin as a silkworm does1 and this case is called a cocoon4 ,other species draw a leaf round their bodies1 fastening it together with silk-like threads1 and so making a complete shelter for itself4 ,the ,aurifera caterpillar is an example of this type1 being commonly found in ,teneriffe on the potato plant1 from the leaf of which it constructs its house4 ,still further varieties suspend themselves to a bough or leaf head downwards4 ,there are other varieties which suspend themselves from the centre of their bodies by silk-like threads1 and use much ingenuity in so doing4 ,many caterpillars are smooth1 others rough and hairy4 ,the hairy specimens vary much1 the hair of some being soft1 long1 and silky1 others having short stubby spikes rather than hairs sparsely dispersed over the body4 ,the hairy species 7the ,rufescens moth caterpillar being one7 use their hairy coats as a slight cocoon1 and the hairy coat also1 it is said1 serves as a protection from birds2 at the same time the hairs cause great irritation to the human skin if the caterpillars are handled too freely4 ,the acrid taste of some also protects them from feathered enemies4 ,when the insect has remained in the pupa state for a sufficient length of time1 which varies according to species from a couple of weeks to a few months1 the process of throwing off its skin is quickly performed4 ,weather has much influence on the period during which the pupa lies dormant4 ,the ,teneriffe winter of #ahib-ic was particularly warm1 and all specimens emerged to the butterfly stage somewhat earlier than usual4 ,a few days before the butterfly or moth appears1 the pupa becomes less lively1 and at last splits its skin down the middle of the back1 and the insect squeezes first its head and front legs through the aperture4 ,this aperture soon enlarges1 the pupa skin being very dry and giving little resistance1 and the creature emerges1 its legs clinging to some substance so that the wings are in a suspended position4 ,these are quite small at first and wet1 but they expand very quickly1 acquire their full size1 and become firm and stiff as the animal flutters and crawls about4 ,the insect then emits a quantity of reddish fluid1 and in a short time it is able to fly away4 ,the duration of the life of ,lepidoptera varies much1 most species living a few days or a few weeks1 but some hibernate4 ,the flight of ,lepidoptera is a very distinctive feature of the different species1 the larger1 such as the ,plexippus1 ,chrysippus and ,pandora1 seem to sail through the air1 sometimes rising to a great height4 ,the ,cardui and ,huntera have a much quicker and more jerky flight1 and are troublesome to net4 ,a great many of the large moths may be said to rush along1 the ,convolvuli being a very difficult one to capture1 and often escaping when it seems quite within the net4 ,taking the flight of the majority of moths and butterflies1 they seem to be more active and stronger on the wing in ,teneriffe than those of the same species in ,england4 ,the food of ,lepidoptera consists of honey which they take from the flowers1 or else a moisture which exudes from trees or plants4 ,their food is always of a liquid form1 and is sucked up through the proboscis or long tongue4 ,the ,convolvuli moth hovers at dusk over flowers1 inserting its very long tube into the extremity of trumpet-shaped blossoms4 ,when forming a collection of the ,lepidoptera of ,teneriffe1 it seems a pity that so many insects should be unnecessarily caught and destroyed1 and the author would earnestly beg all lovers and collectors of the beautiful creatures to bear this in mind1 as some of the rarer varieties may otherwise stand a good chance of being exterminated4 ,the 8muchachos0 7,spanish boys7 are all too eager to supply any collector with specimens for a few 8quartos10 and bring many poor mutilated insects in the hope of finding a purchaser4 ,a refusal to buy the much befingered and dilapidated creatures does not deter them from further pursuit1 as they only endeavour to catch a greater quantity in the hope of at last getting a good specimen which will find a buyer4 ,if collectors would only net them themselves1 and not encourage the indiscriminate way in which the boys pursue them1 it would greatly tend to preserve the different species4 ,,hints ,,and ,,suggestions ,,on ,,nets1 ,,breeding-,,cages1 ,,etc4 ,as some difficulty is experienced in ,teneriffe by persons who arrive there without already being provided with materials for collecting ,lepidoptera1 the description of a few useful expedients resorted to may be of service4 ,a moderate knowledge of the ,spanish language is a very useful help towards obtaining any small necessaries1 but the ,spanish shop-keepers are most obliging1 and understand quickly by the help of a very few words what is wanted4 ,a butterfly-net is one of the first requisites1 so some wire must be bought at the tin-smiths1 of whom there are several in ,orotava4 ,with a little instruction he will make it into a ring about one foot in diameter1 with a socket of tin soldered on to it4 ,into this socket an ordinary walking-stick can be fixed for a handle4 ,the stick is useful to walk with over the rough ground when not required for the net1 and the net can be easily carried with other necessaries one has to take on an expedition4 ,mosquito-netting answers the purpose of green gauze for the net4 ,gauze is the best1 however1 and can be purchased in ,england1 but not in ,orotava4 ,the mosquito-netting gets soft and pliable by use1 but it is best to scald it in hot water before making it into a net1 so as to insure a soft substance in which to catch the fragile creatures without injuring their wings or plumage4 ,the net should be made round at the bottom1 and be about a yard in length4 ,purchase a yard of mosquito-netting2 it is sold two yards in width1 and the quantity which is not used for the net serves to cover the breeding-cages1 which are about to be described4 ,another essential is a breeding-cage for caterpillars1 and1 as several are required if many butterflies and moths are to be reared1 the following plan is a good one to adopt4 ,procure a small wooden box1 about #f or #h inches long1 or even larger1 and about #c inches deep2 empty chocolate boxes are serviceable for the purpose4 ,in each corner fix upright1 with a couple of tacks1 a piece of cane about #h or #aj inches in length4 ,over this stretch a piece of mosquito-netting1 tacking it to the edge of the box all round1 except at one side1 where it should be left loose1 so as to be fastened down at will with two or three stout pins4 ,the loose side can then be raised to give the caterpillars fresh food1 and to remove dirt or refuse4 ,breeding-cages that one can purchase at any naturalists' outfitters are made very handily of wood1 zinc1 and glass1 and of course are very durable1 but those described above last well for a season1 and have the merit of being of no expense4 ,to procure good moths and butterflies with bright and uninjured plumage1 it is best to rear them from the caterpillar stage of development1 but as all varieties are not easily found1 the net is usually the collector's first resource4 ,raising caterpillars from the egg is a very interesting process1 but it is rather tedious1 and requires more knowledge and experience to meet with success than finding the insects in the next stage of development1 and keeping them till they reach the perfect state4 ,when starting for a day's ramble butterfly-hunting1 one of the great charms seems to be the delightful uncertainty about the sport which may fall to one's lot1 so it is as well to provide for all contingencies1 taking the net1 poison-box1 or bottle1 a tin for caterpillars 7which should be perforated at the top71 a nest of glass-topped pill-boxes for specimens of any butterfly or moth one may wish to take home alive1 and envelopes for butterflies when killed in the net4 ,the latter may be made of note-paper1 by cutting a long square of paper and folding it in a triangular shape1 and then turning up the edges of two sides1 so as to make a little bag4 ,butterflies travel well placed flat in these envelopes1 and should be set directly home is reached4 ,a small cork collecting-box is also useful1 together with some insect-pins1 in case one gets many specimens1 some of which can be pinned into the box preparatory to setting them on the return home4 ,insect life is so prolific in ,teneriffe1 and one sees so many strange and curious animals1 that anyone really interested in ,entomology is certain to find specimens to bring home1 such as the 8,praying ,mantis10 found frequently on half dead thistles in 8barrancos0 and on shrubs1 the many varieties of large grasshopper1 and the gorgeous coloured dragon-flies flitting about and killing butterflies in a rather wholesale manner4 ,all these insects are of such interest1 that it is as well to be provided with various appliances for carrying them on the homeward journey4 ,as sunshine and brightness prevail in ,teneriffe during the winter months1 it is not necessary to choose a 8likely0 day1 as in ,england1 in order to have a good day's sport1 indeed there seem to be more butterflies on the wing on the days that are not too brilliant4 ,on the very sunshiny days the butterflies are about in the greatest quantities in the early morning1 retiring at noon to more shady or sheltered spots4 ,a nice quiet sheltered little dell1 covered with rough herbage and cactus by the sides of the barrancos1 is a very favourite spot4 ,the barrancos are dry river-beds1 sometimes of great extent1 with large boulders and rocks thrown about in wild confusion2 generally speaking they are intersected by a path1 up which one can ride or walk1 leading up the mountains to different villages and hamlets4 ,occasionally1 during the winter months1 a great quantity of water runs down the barrancos1 but the supply only lasts a short time1 soon drying up1 and leaving a few small stagnant pools here and there1 and these in turn soon disappear4 ,walking over much ground is hard work1 as the country is steep1 and rough with stones and rocks4 ,i advocate strongly the use of mules1 as being the most pleasant mode of locomotion4 ,they are so sure-footed and easy in their quick walk1 that one feels far less tired after a long day's excursion on mule-back up the mountains and barrancos1 than by any other mode of locomotion4 ,the muleteer carries all necessaries1 together with luncheon1 and one is able to stop and alight where fancy dictates or butterflies abound4 ,mules can be hired at ,villa ,orotava1 the charge being one dollar1 or five pesetas1 for a short day2 beyond this a small gratuity to the muleteer makes him pleased and happy4 ,there are many completely uncultivated spots up the mountains1 intersected by little bye-paths along which the mules can walk2 these are perfect 8,eldorados0 for moths and butterflies1 and one must be busy with net and poison-box1 not forgetting the tin case in which to place larv for the breeding-cage1 and especially remembering to carry home some of the plant upon which they feed4 ,some of these places are so rough and thick with bramble growth1 and vegetation of like nature1 that walking is really hard work4 ,the lava-rocks are sharp1 and the numerous grasses with hooks1 such as the 8,amour ,sec10 together with the thorns of the prickly pear1 make a formidable barrier for the pedestrian4 ,there are1 however1 no poisonous snakes to dread1 no biting animals of any sort larger than flies1 so that the inconvenience of the thorns and pricks is all that need be feared4 ,on returning home from the expedition1 all the various wants and requirements of the specimens must be attended to4 ,the caterpillars have to be put into breeding-cages1 which should have been already prepared for them4 ,different kinds which feed on the same plant may be put together4 ,care must1 however1 be taken not to put any cannibal species1 such as the ,armigera1 among the others2 also moth and butterfly larv should be kept separate4 ,for moth larv it is essential to have some fine earth 7previously baked to destroy the ants1 which are very troublesome7 spread on the bottom of the box1 from #a to #b inches thick4 ,the caterpillars bury themselves in this when they have finished feeding1 making for themselves a slight mould of earth1 welded together with silk-like threads4 ,different species1 however1 vary in their mode of procedure1 some making very slight1 and others more pronounced cocoons2 while yet others make quite an oval shell1 choosing only the finest grains of earth with which to construct their houses4 ,it is said that some sort of dried leaf answers the purpose of earth1 and is less likely to injure the moth's plumage1 but the former mode has been found to be perfectly successful4 ,place the plant on which the animal is to feed in a moist pot of earth1 or in a bottle of water1 so as to keep it fresh4 ,if the latter mode is adopted1 care must be taken that the animal does not drop into the water2 so it is best to choose a wide-mouthed bottle1 putting a bung with a hole in it as a stopper1 and inserting the plant through the hole into the water4 ,the earth should be kept slightly moist1 and many people give caterpillars a gentle spray of water occasionally to take the place of dew1 which they would have in their natural state4 ,it is a good plan to let them have a little of the early morning sun upon them1 as it serves to keep them in health1 but they cannot bear the sun of mid-day4 ,for butterfly larv the same procedure is required1 except that only a thin sprinkling of earth is wanted at the bottom of the box for the purposes of cleanliness4 ,when the larva of the butterfly is about to develop to its pupa state1 it readily crawls up the box and netting1 suspending itself1 from the top head-downwards1 and the netting serves as a good foot-hold for the butterfly when it appears4 ,if possible the chrysalides should remain as they place themselves until the next stage of development is reached2 because1 unless they are able to expand their wings while in this position1 deformity is likely to ensue4 ,the majority of butterfly chrysalides are naked1 and of an angular form1 some being remarkable for the brilliancy with which they are spotted with gold and silver4 ,the ,vanessa family is an example of this1 the ,vulcania and ,huntera being especially brilliant4 ,caterpillars of the 8,skipper0 family make a web-like covering of silk for the reception of the chrysalides1 but there has been hitherto only one species of this family found in ,teneriffe4 ,many caterpillars of various kinds kept during the winter months were very subject to the raids of the ,ichneumon fly4 ,this fly lays its egg on the larva1 and it is not easily perceived on the animal unless looked for through a magnifying-glass4 ,the caterpillar lives on1 and seemingly thrives1 but after it has turned to its pupa state the fly develops1 and a fine ,ichneumon fly appears in the breeding-cage instead of the expected butterfly4 ,there are large and small varieties of this fly1 the former laying only one or two eggs on the caterpillar1 the latter a great many1 and they emerge from the chrysalis in corresponding numbers4#a ,the only remedy seems to be to inspect all larv through a magnifying-glass1 and to reject any infected specimens4 ,pieris ,cheiranthi is particularly liable to this fly4 ,the red fungus found on the ,tithymali moth caterpillar is another disease1 but is not very common4 #a ,this occurrence is mentioned by ,gilbert ,white in his 8,natural ,history of ,selborne10 v4 8,observations on ,insects and ,vermes10 p4 #eai4 ,ed4 #ahac4 ,caterpillars should be handled as little as possible while removing them to their fresh food4 ,as a rule1 they crawl on to the fresh supply at once1 but in the case of very small specimens a camel-hair brush should be used to lift them from one place to another4 ,many of them emit a fluid when touched4 ,the ,tithymali spits out a quantity of green fluid when disturbed4 ,butterflies generally seem to be found in the greatest numbers in the barrancos early in the year4 ,when1 however1 the fields get green and vegetation increases1 they desert the barrancos and take more to the fields and country1 with the exception of the ,argynnis ,lathonia1 a variety which more particularly frequents barrancos4 ,the time of appearance of all species takes place from two to four weeks later the higher they are up the mountains4 ,the south part of the island is not so fertile a place for ,lepidoptera as the north2 perhaps this is owing to the more sparse vegetation on that side4 ,many species are found inland1 while some are peculiar to the coast4 ,the heights and localites in which all the different kinds are found have been indicated as far as possible in the description of the various species4 ,,killing ,,and ,,setting ,,butterflies ,,and ,,moths1 ,,relaxing-,,specimens1 ,,etc4 ,butterflies1 when netted1 can be easily killed by a prolonged sharp pinch under the thorax before being taken from the net1 and do not need to be put into a poison-box4 ,the pinch should be given between the finger and thumb1 the wings of the insect being kept in an upright position4 ,moths must be put into a poison-bottle or box1 and left there from twelve to twenty-four hours4 ,some varieties die much quicker than others4 ,various kinds of poison are used for the boxes and bottles1 but cyanide of potassium seems most generally approved of by entomologists4 ,to catch moths1 many people use the sugaring process4 ,a mixture1 made of beer1 rum1 and coarse sugar or treacle1 boiled till it becomes thick like treacle is placed at night on the trunks of trees or on flowers1 and a lamp is placed near the sugared plants4 ,true votaries of 8sweetness and light10 the moths alight on the sticky mixture1 and1 becoming stupefied with the beer and rum1 as a rule fall to the ground1 where they can easily be caught or netted4 ,setting-boards are made of strips of wood about one foot or eighteen inches in length1 varying in width according to the size of the specimen one wishes to pin out on it4 ,these boards are covered with sheet cork1 having a groove down the middle to receive the body of the insect4 ,some boards have a flat1 others a slightly curved surface1 and these are covered with white paper4 ,english entomologists generally use curved boards1 but foreign collectors prefer the flat setting-boards4 ,these latter seem somewhat preferable4 ,the good appearance and value of a collection greatly depend on the setting1 and for this reason much care and patience is required4 ,the butterfly should be taken between the thumb and finger of the left hand1 and an insect-pin inserted in the middle of the thorax1 bringing the point slightly sloping backwards and out at the legs4 ,then having selected a board suitable in size to the specimen1 it should be pinned exactly in the middle of the groove1 the body being kept quite straight4 ,two narrow strips of paper1 not more than th of an inch in width1 are now required to fasten down the two wings on each side of the groove4 ,let each strip be pinned in front of the two fore-wings1 holding the end of a strip in the left hand2 then very gently place the wings1 first the fore and then the hind-wing1 in position1 bringing them forward with a long pin 7the point being placed on the wings as near the body as possible7 in the right hand4 ,at the same time the strip of paper which is being held in the left hand is gently lowered and fastened with a pin immediately below the hind-wing4 ,great care must be taken not to injure the plumage by touching it4 ,a second strip of paper is now necessary on each side to pin down the outer edges of the wings2 but the first two strips are the most important ones1 as they keep the wings in position1 and the latter may be very easily added4 ,the antenn should be straightened and placed under the first two strips of paper1 or placed in position by two pins4 ,the paper is fastened along the boards1 fixing as many specimens as its length will permit4 ,many persons use triangular pieces of card as braces for the butterfly1 fixing one or more on each wing1 but the strips of paper seem somewhat easier to arrange1 and damage the plumage even less than the card1 though when either method is adopted the specimen ought not to be damaged in the least4 ,in making a perfect collection of butterflies three specimens should be set up of every variety2 the male1 the female1 and one set with the underside uppermost4 ,it is not usual to set moths the reverse way4 ,butterflies must be left on the board to stiffen for ten days or a fortnight2 after that they can be removed to the store-box4 ,moths with large bodies take longer in drying1 and must be left for three or four weeks4 ,by touching the end of the body of a specimen gently with a pin it can easily be seen whether it is firm and stiff enough to be removed to the case4 ,if butterflies and moths are not set soon after death they become stiff1 and would be useless2 but there are several modes of relaxing them1 and it may be useful to give a description of the process which is generally adopted4 ,procure a marmalade-pot or earthenware jar1 into which put three inches of sand2 pour on the sand enough water to wet it thoroughly1 without allowing the water to appear on the surface4 ,it is as well to put a small quantity of carbolic acid with it4 ,the insects to be relaxed should be pinned on to a thick piece of cork1 the cork resting on the top of the sand4 ,close the mouth of the jar with a piece of glass1 or something which will make it air-tight4 ,a few hours is often enough to relax specimens1 but if left longer they must be carefully watched1 as they very soon become mouldy4 ,to keep the insects free from mites1 napthaline must be freely used in the store-boxes and cases4 ,camphor is used by some persons1 but napthaline is a far more efficacious preventive of the ravages of parasites4 ,in packing specimens already set for ,england1 store-boxes will hold a great number if the specimens are judiciously placed one over the other in a sloping manner1 great care being taken that they do not touch each other1 as the slightest rubbing spoils the plumage4 ,don ,ramon ,gomez1 chemist1 of ,puerto ,orotava1 ,teneriffe1 has all necessaries for the collector1 such as setting-boards1 store-boxes1 pins1 etc41 etc41 and is most obliging in packing specimens for ,england and giving any advice4 ,many interesting objects for the naturalist and antiquarian may be seen in his large collection1 his ,guanche remains being especially deserving of notice4 ,part ,i4 ,,butterflies4 ,,pieris ,,cheiranthi4 ,,plate ,i4--,,fig4 #b4 ,this is a large creamy-white butterfly peculiar to the ,canary ,islands4 ,it is found in some numbers on and near the coast of ,teneriffe from ,april to ,september2 the time of its appearance1 however1 varies somewhat in different years4 ,the larva is smooth1 and has a ground-colour of grey1 finely dotted over with black spots4 ,there is a yellow stripe on the back and along each side4 ,it feeds on the nasturtium gregariously1 and the pupa attaches itself1 head downwards1 to a wall near the plant4 ,the female butterfly1 the underside of which is illustrated1 has a long uneven blotch of black on the surface of the fore-wings2 the male has none4 ,the upper surface of both sexes is cream-white1 with a black apical patch on the fore-wings4 ,the under-sides have the long black blotch as seen on the surface of the female1 and the ground-colour of both is yellow1 finely sprinkled with black dots4 ,the measurement across the wings varies from two and a half to three and a half inches4 ,it is best to procure the larv to obtain good specimens1 but the ,ichneumon fly is such an enemy to this species that great disappointment will probably be experienced in the rearing if the caterpillars are not well examined before being placed in the breeding-cages4 ,,pieris ,,wollastoni4 ,,plate ,i4--,,fig4 #a4 ,this butterfly is allied to the ,cheiranthi1 but is a distinct variety1 only recently met with in this island4 ,mr4 ,butler1 of the ,british ,museum1 has named and fully described this insect1 which has hitherto only been found in ,madeira1 but is now for the first time enumerated in the list of ,teneriffe ,lepidoptera4 ,it is somewhat smaller than the ,cheiranthi1 measuring not more than two and a half inches in expanse4 ,the reverses of the female 7which is illustrated7 and of the male are of a grey tinge1 in place of the rather bright yellow shade of the ,cheiranthi1 sprinkled over with fine black dots4 ,the apical patch is also grey1 and both sexes have long black spots on the fore-wings4 ,the upper surface is cream-white2 the female has two distinctly marked long black spots on the fore-wings2 the male having none4 ,the black apical markings are similar in both sexes1 and a small black spot is seen on the inner margin of the hind-wing of both male and female4 ,there are no observations to record on the caterpillar and pupa1 as the specimens of the fly 7one of which is illustrated7 were netted2 but very possibly larv may be found gregariously with the ,cheiranthi in like manner to the ,callirrhoe and ,atalanta1 or the ,plexippus and ,chrysippus4 ,the specimens taken were netted about #ejj feet above the sea4 ,,pieris ,,rap4 ,the common ,english variety1 ,small ,cabbage ,white4 ,the fore-wings are creamy white1 with an irregular blackish mark at the tip4 ,the male generally has a black spot in the middle of the wing1 the female having two2 and both sexes have two black spots on the underside1 which is of a yellowish colour1 thickly dotted with small black atoms4 ,all the markings vary greatly1 however4 ,the larva is dull green1 with a yellowish stripe on its back and yellow dots on the side4 ,it generally feeds on the cabbage1 but is found also on the nasturtium4 ,it is very common1 and may be found everywhere from ,february to ,october4 ,the ,ichneumon fly is a great enemy to this insect4 ,,pieris ,,daplidice4 ,this butterfly resembles the rare ,english specimen ,bath ,white4 ,it is very common in some years1#b and found in most localities from ,february to ,october4 ,it seems mostly to frequent rough poorly-cultivated fields4 ,the wings are white1 the fore-wings having a large black spot in the middle1 and being bordered with black encircling distinct white spots4 ,the markings of the under-side show through on the hind-wings1 and these have black markings on the edges in the female4 ,the underside has a ground colour of sage-green1 freely spotted with white4 ,the markings show considerable variety1 some being marked much more heavily than others4 ,it measures across the wings from two to two and a half inches4 ,the caterpillar1 which is greyish green1 has yellow stripes on the back1 and feeds generally on cabbage4 ,the butterflies are much pursued and destroyed by dragon-flies4 #b ,during the winter of #ahib-ahic it was met with in great numbers4 ,,euchlo ,,charlonia 7,donzil74 ,,plate ,i4--,,fig4 #d4 ,this butterfly was seen near ,orotava1 #ejj feet above the sea-level1 during the first week in ,may by the author1 who1 however1 was not fortunate enough to secure a specimen4 ,several specimens of this species1 which is rare in the ,canary ,islands1 have been netted in the island of ,fuerteventura1 and two of them have been presented by ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,hodges1 of ,rugby1 to the ,british ,museum1 from which the illustration has been drawn4 ,it measures in expanse about an inch and a half4 ,the general colour is yellow1 varying in intensity of shade in different specimens1 with black apical markings on the fore wings and a long black patch on the centre of the upper margin4 ,a full account of this interesting insect is to be found in ,ann4 ,soc4 ,ent4 ,fr41 #ahdb1 p4 #aig1 f4 #a1 but hitherto it has not been recognized in ,teneriffe as a species belonging to the island4 ,it is found in ,north and ,west ,africa4 ,,aporia ,,crat,,gi4 ,this specimen is the rare ,english ,black-veined ,white butterfly4 ,it has undoubtedly been netted in ,teneriffe1 though it has not been personally observed by the author4 ,in flight its similarity to other white specimens is so great that it may often be passed unnoticed4 ,it is said to be local and uncertain in appearance1 being seen chiefly during the summer months about the fields and gardens4 ,the wings are entirely of a white cream colour1 and are alike on both sides1 the veins being black1 and the fore-wings having some dusky spots on them4 ,the caterpillar is black1 thickly sprinkled with whitish hairs1 and with a reddish yellow stripe running along each side4 ,it feeds on various fruit trees1 and is believed to be very destructive4 ,,rhodocera ,,cleobule4 ,,plate ,i4--,,fig4 #c4 ,this finely-coloured and beautiful butterfly resembles the ,english ,brimstone1 but is quite a distinct variety1 being of squarer form and having no decided point at the angle of the hind-wings4 ,it is peculiar to the ,islands4 ,the male is a most brilliant sulphur yellow1 the fore-wings being of a deeper shade than the hind ones4 ,the hind-wings have a deep orange spot about the centre4 ,the female differs from the male in being of a much paler shade of yellow1 with quite a tinge of green all over it2 it also has a small orange spot on the fore-wings in addition to that on the hind-wings4 ,both wings have red markings round them on the outer edge1 which form an almost interrupted fine line of colour4 ,the underside resembles the upper1 but is paler4 ,the antenn are short and thick1 with a reddish tinge1 which becomes deeper at the knob4 ,it is found from ,january to ,june in most localities on and at a little distance from the coast2 gardens and fields seem somewhat favoured1 but it is by no means common anywhere4 ,there seem to be several broods between the months mentioned above1 but the larva and pupa have not been observed4 ,,colias ,,edusa4 ,,plate ,i4--,,fig4 #e 7female74 ,this specimen is the ,english ,clouded ,yellow4 ,the wings measure from two to two and a half inches across1 the female being somewhat larger than the male4 ,both sexes have the same broad black margin on the fore and hind-wings1 but the male differs from the female in having no irregular yellow spots marked on these black borders1 which are seen in the female4 ,the hind-wings of the female are of a somewhat darker shade of yellow1 tinged with green1 than those of the male1 and both sexes have a bright orange spot about the middle of the wing4 ,beneath1 both sexes are alike1 the fore-wings being of a lighter orange with several irregular black spots and a margin of greenish yellow4 ,the hind-wings are of a uniform green colour with a red ringed spot about the centre of each1 accompanied by a silver-like dot in the middle4 ,it is found in quantities in most localities1 from the coast to the pine forests1 from ,february to ,november4 ,the caterpillar is green1 with a stripe of yellow and white1 having several orange dots on it4 ,it is a miscellaneous feeder1 preferring1 however1 leguminous plants4 ,,colias v4 ,,helice4 ,,plate ,i4--,,fig4 #f4 ,a pale yellowish-white variety of the former specimen4 ,it is very rare1 and is found in ,may and during the summer months1 though very seldom met with in ,england4#c ,it is slightly smaller than the ,colias ,edusa1 and has been found so small as to measure only an inch across the wings4 ,don ,ramon ,gomez has one in his collection of this size4 ,the markings vary considerably1 and the bright orange spot in the centre of the hind-wing1 as seen in the illustration1 is replaced occasionally by a pure white one4 ,the male has hitherto not been found4 #c ,in the summer of #ahib many were taken4 ,,lyc,,na ,b,,tica4 ,a commonly found blue butterfly1 measuring from one to one and a half inches across the wings4 ,it is rarely met with in ,england4 ,the insect has a slender tail at the lower angle of each hind-wing1 surmounted by two black dots4 ,the margins of both wings have a slight black or dark brown band4 ,the under-sides of both wings are of a grey-brown colour streaked and slightly spotted all over with faint white lines4 ,on the lower angle of each hind-wing the two black spots on the upper side are replaced by two black ones dusted with silver1 and surrounded by a bright orange ring which is broader at the top than at the bottom4 ,the antenn are brown1 slightly sprinkled with white4 ,it is found on the rough fields 7especially where the ,lupine grows71 barrancos1 and hedge-rows1 between ,march and ,august4 ,specimens netted early in the year are not so large as those found during ,may1 and in the summer months4 ,,lyc,,na ,,websiana4 ,,plate ,i4--,,figs4 #g ,,and #h4 ,this is a smaller blue butterfly than that just described1 measuring about one inch across the wings4 ,it is peculiar to the ,islands1 and is known by some lovers of ,entomology as the 8,peak ,blue40 ,it is not1 however1 found on the ,peak alone1 but is netted in barrancos and gardens at a much lower altitude2 it frequents the pine forests in large numbers1 and has been also found on the south coast of the ,island of ,teneriffe1 at ,guimar 7see ,appendix ,b71 so it may be fairly considered to be widely dispersed over the ,island4 ,it is undoubtedly found in the greatest numbers in the elevated zone of the pine forests1 where1 however1 owing to the extremely slippery nature of the ground1 it is difficult to net4 ,the male is of a beautiful metallic blue colour2 the female of a much browner blue4 ,the upperside of the male1 and the underside of the female1 are shown in the illustrations4 ,the fore-wings of the underside in both sexes are alike1 being of an orange tawny colour1 with a white uneven spot on the top margin of each wing1 and five or six somewhat indistinct brown spots at the outer edge1 interspersed with white4 ,the hind-wings are of an ashy brown1 with a longitudinal1 irregular silver white line down each1 both wings being minutely dotted with white4 ,five or six brown spots1 dusted with silver1 are seen at the margin of the hind-wings4 ,it usually appears in ,march1 though it has been seen at an earlier date4 ,the larva and pupa have not hitherto been found4 ,,lyc,,na ,,lysimon4 ,this is the smallest specimen of blue butterfly found in ,teneriffe1 being not quite one inch in expanse4 ,the female is rather a browner blue than the male4 ,the colouring on the upperside is of a most beautiful uniform blue1 all the wings having a margin of brown2 and a slight white fringe at the edges4 ,the underside of all the wings is grey1 rather freely dotted over with darker spots1 encircled by greyish white4 ,it is very commonly found on all grassy fields and lanes1 and quantities flutter quickly along the grass-grown streets of ,orotava from ,april to ,august4 ,it is not an inhabitant of ,england1 but is found in the south of ,france1 ,spain1 greater part of ,africa1 ,western ,asia1 and the ,east ,indies4 ,the caterpillar and chrysalis have not been observed4 ,,lyc,,na ,,astrarche v4 ,,stiva4 ,,plate ,,ii4--,,fig4 #f4 ,a small dark copper1 the expanse of wings being about one inch1 or rather more4 ,it is not found in ,england4 ,on the upperside on all the wings there is a marginal band of bright copper1 the fore-wings have a black spot about the centre of each4 ,a fringe of white edges all the four wings4 ,the under widely differs from the upper side in colouring and markings4 ,the ground colour is light grey1 freely dotted over with black spots encircled by white4 ,all four wings have the same bright marginal copper band as seen on the upper side4 ,the antenn are black or dark brown1 finely dotted with white4 ,it is somewhat rarely found in fields and barrancos on high ground1 but may be met with in larger quantities in the pine forests4 ,the time of its appearance is from ,april to ,september4 ,when comparing the ,teneriffe specimen of this butterfly with those of other countries at ,south ,kensington1 it was noticed that the marginal copper band was broader on the ,teneriffe specimen1 and it may be possible that it should be reckoned as a new variety4 ,,polyommatus or ,,chrysophanus ,,phl,,as4 ,a copper butterfly1 and a common ,english specimen1 measuring from one to one and a half inches across the wings4 ,the fore-wings are of a bright copper red1 with large square black spots distinctly marked1 and an outer band of brown4 ,the hind-wings are dark brown1 having a marginal copper band on the outer edge1 which in some specimens is surmounted by a few blue spots4 ,the underside of the fore-wings is pale copper1 the hind-wings being grey1 with minute black or dark brown spots1 and traces of a marginal band of copper4 ,it is commonly found from ,february to ,september in most places in ,teneriffe1 up to the altitude of the pine forests4 ,the larva feeds on a variety of ,rumex 7dock or sorrel74 ,some specimens have been found much darker in colour than those described above1 the difference being so great as to suggest the possibility of a distinct variety4 ,,thecla ,,rubi4 ,this small butterfly is called in ,england the ,green ,hair ,streak1 ,it is said to have been netted in the ,island during the summer months1 and its appearance is believed to be well authenticated4 ,the larva is green1 with a yellow line on the back1 bordered with darker1 and followed by a line of pale triangular spots1 and a yellow line on the sides3 it lives on brambles1 c4 ,the fly expands about one inch2 it is of a uniform brown colour above1 and a uniform green below1 with a row of white dots on the underside of the hind-wings4 ,,danais ,,plexippus1 formerly ,,archippus4 ,,plate ,,ii4--,,fig4 #a4 ,the largest butterfly found in the ,islands1 measuring from four to four and a half inches across the wings4 ,the larva is very bright in colour1 having transverse bands of blackish violet1 gold1 and white alternately4 ,it has four black horns or fleshy spikes along its back1 and when full grown measures about two inches in length1 and it is rather stout and smooth4 ,the pupa1 green when first turned1 and suspending itself by the tail only1 has a bright gold band half-way round its base1 and a series of gold spots encircling its head4 ,shortly before emerging to a butterfly1 it turns to a dark brown4 ,the caterpillar never suspends itself to the plant on which it feeds1 but goes to some of the higher grasses near it1 or it prefers still better a mallow plant1 from the leaves of which as many as sixteen beautiful bright green and gold chrysalides have been seen hanging1 forming quite a picture under the illumination of the glorious sun of ,teneriffe4 ,it lives and feeds gregariously on the 8,arbol de ,seda10 #d a plant bearing a very bright red and gold flower4 ,many specimens were reared from quite small caterpillars in the breeding-cages4 ,they were easy to keep1 but especial care must be taken in providing them with fresh food1 and great attention ought to be paid to ventilation1 or some disappointment may be experienced in the number that die during the pupa state for no apparent reason4 ,a little of the morning sun is beneficial to them1 as they are found1 when in a natural state1 in the most sunny localities4 #d ,asclepias cuvassavica4 ,a brood seems to emerge about every three months in most years from ,february to ,september4 ,the butterfly frequents flower-gardens and fields near the coast1 not often being found more than seven or eight hundred feet above the sea4 ,it is of a rich orange tawny colour1 rather heavily veined with black or dark brown4 ,all four wings have a broad black border1 with two lines of whitish yellow dots along the margin4 ,there is a large apical patch of blackish brown on each fore-wing1 with seven large yellow and white spots on the tip4 ,there is not a great difference between the upper and the under side1 except that on the latter the white marginal spots are larger1 and there is more white on the black-feathered body4 ,the insect looks splendidly bright and flashing as it soars along with a steady flight from tree to tree on the 8,carretera10 and it must be quickly netted1 or it soon rises out of reach4 ,these butterflies are distasteful to birds1 as also are the three following varieties belonging to the same family4 ,for this reason the family of ,danais is 8mimicked0 by butterflies of other species1 the butterfly next described 7,danais ,chrysippus7 being1 for instance1 copied closely by several ,african and ,indian species of butterflies and even some moths4 ,the ,danais ,plexippus is a very common butterfly in ,north ,america1 and has within the last few years become widely dispersed1 some specimens having been found in ,england in #ahgg and subsequently4 ,,danais ,,chrysippus4 ,,plate ,,ii4--,,fig4 #b4 ,this butterfly is widely dispersed over ,europe1 ,asia1 and ,africa1 but it is not found in ,england4 ,it is of the same colour as the last described specimen1 but is not so large1 measuring in expanse from two and a half to three and a half inches4 ,the tips of the fore-wings are broadly marked with black1 shading off to brown1 crossed with a band of white spots4 ,four of these spots are of a quadrilateral form1 and much larger than the rest4 ,the outer margins of all four wings are bordered with black1 freely dotted with white4 ,there are three black spots on the centre of the hind-wings of the female2 the male has four1 the fourth1 which is largest1 being placed under the principal vein4 ,the under is similar in markings and colouring to the upper side1 but the white spots are more pronounced1 and the tawny yellow somewhat paler2 the apex of each fore-wing is moreover tipped with yellow1 instead of being black like the upperside4 ,the larva is very similar to that of the ,plexippus4 ,it is somewhat smaller1 however1 has six fleshy horns instead of four1 and the transverse gold and black stripes are interspersed with white spots instead of stripes4 ,it feeds gregariously with the above variety on the 8,arbol de ,seda10 and appears at the same time1 in the same locality1 and in equal numbers4 ,when it changes to the pupa state it resembles closely the bright green chrysalis of its companion1 only it is not quite so large4 ,,danais ,,alcippoides4 ,,plate ,,ii4--,,fig4 #c4 ,this butterfly1 a variety of the ,chrysippus1 is rare in ,teneriffe4 ,it is found commonly in ,africa and ,western ,asia1 and is a transition variety between the ,chrysippus and ,alcippus4 ,it has whitish hind-wings1 rather silvery looking1 with orange markings within the black border4 ,the hind-wings have less white upon them than those of the ,alcippus4 ,it is similar in all respects and habits1 mode of feeding1 etc41 to the ,chrysippus1 and is found gregariously with it4 ,when kept collectively1 about one in fifty of the chrysalides proves to be of this variety4 ,the caterpillars of the three varieties of ,danais described are about four weeks before turning to chrysalides1 and remain in that state from two to three weeks before emerging to the imago4 ,,danais ,,dorippus v4 ,,klugii4 ,this is the fourth variety of the genus ,danais1 and is authentically claimed as one of the ,teneriffe butterflies1 though by no means commonly found4 ,it varies from the ,chrysippus in having no brown apical patch on the fore-wings1 and it also has no band of white spots across them4 ,it measures from two and a half to three and a half inches across the wings4 ,it is not an inhabitant of ,england1 but is commonly found in ,north ,africa and ,western ,asia4 ,,argynnis ,,maia 7,cram71 or ,,pandora4 ,,plate ,,iii4--,,figs4 #a ,,and #b4 ,this butterfly is one of the most beautiful ,fritillarys1 and is also one of the largest of ,teneriffe butterflies1 measuring in expanse from three and a half to four inches4 ,it mostly frequents woods and meadows1 not often being met with below an altitude of fifteen hundred feet above the sea4 ,it is found in ,south ,europe1 and is also met with in ,africa4 ,the time of its appearance commences in ,may1 and continues during the summer months4 ,the larva is purplish-brown with black markings2 it feeds on heartsease4 ,the upper and under side differ greatly1 as may be seen in the illustrations4 ,the prevailing colour of the upper surface is a beautiful bronze green1 tinged with yellow on the fore-wings4 ,the bronze green colour is freely marked all over by velvety black oblong spots1 dashes1 and lines1 the margin of each wing having a continuous scalloped line of black4 ,the body and hind-wings are very feathered and downy4 ,the underside of the fore-wings is a brilliant pink-red and black colour1 with an apical patch of green1 having yellow markings4 ,the hind-wings are green with a long irregular stripe of silver down the centre of each1 the stripe being fringed on the outer edge by five silver dots4 ,there is a marginal silver band with a fine yellow line running along the outer edge of the hind-wings4 ,the body is green on the upper1 and buff-yellow on the under-side1 the legs being of the latter colour4 ,there is not much difference between the male and female4 ,,argynnis ,,lathonia4 ,,plate ,,iii4--,,figs4 #c ,,and #d4 ,this exquisite butterfly1 which is about two inches in expanse1 is known in ,england1 where it is accounted a great rarity1 by the common name ,queen of ,spain ,fritillary1 and it is not very commonly found in ,teneriffe4 ,the caterpillar is a greyish brown with a white dorsal line1 spotted with black1 and having two brownish lines on the sides4 ,the spines are reddish and the legs yellow4 ,it feeds on the heartsease1 violet1 etc4 ,the upper surface is a tawny orange colour with many distinct rounded black spots4 ,on the under-side the hind-wings are brownish yellow with very large oval silver spots interspersed with smaller ones4 ,the fore-wings have black spots of various sizes1 and five or six apical silver spots4 ,the butterfly is found mostly on high ground in barrancos2 but also in fields and gardens from the months of ,march to ,september1 though in some years it appears earlier4 ,it flits quickly along the paths in the barrancos1 settling at short distances1 very often just out of reach of the net1 and this liveliness often necessitates a long walk after a specimen4 ,the antenn are furnished with a round thick nob at the end4 ,there is no very marked difference in the male and female4 ,,pyrameis ,,atalanta4 ,,plate ,,iii4--,,fig4 #g4 ,this richly-coloured butterfly1 known in ,england as the ,red ,admiral1 is very rare in the ,canary ,islands4 ,the ground-colour of the upper surface of the fore-wings is a velvety black1 shading off to brown at the base4 ,a bright red oblique band crosses the wings1 and four large oblong white spots1 with four or five smaller ones1 are grouped on the apex4 ,these again are bordered by several faint blue spots1 quite at the tip4 ,the hind-wings are blackish brown1 with a broad red margin1 in which are four black dots1 and some blue spots are marked on the lower angle of the wings4 ,on the underside the fore-wings are black1 with several steely blue lines1 the red band across the centre being clearly defined4 ,the apex of the wings is brownish yellow1 marked with white4 ,the hind-wings are most beautifully variegated with steely blue1 black1 and buff4 ,the antenn are long and slender1 abruptly forming a knot at the end1 which is tipped with white4 ,the larva is dusky green in colour1 with a yellow line running down its back and sides2 it is sparingly coloured with short stubby hairs1 and is found gregariously on the nettle-leaf4 ,gold spots are freely sprinkled over the brown chrysalis4 ,the caterpillar stage lasts five or six weeks1 the butterfly appearing in another three or four4 ,the larva suspends itself by the tail1 often wrapping itself in a nettle-leaf1 on which it feeds4 ,if the pupa is gathered from the nettles for breeding1 it should be fastened in the cage in the same position1 head downwards4 ,disappointment is often experienced in the number of butterflies that emerge from the chrysalis state1 so many being attacked by ants1 c4 ,the caterpillars are found gregariously with the ,callirhoe1 which is the commonest species of ,pyrameis found in the ,islands4 ,among many reared1 three only proved to be ,atalanta butterflies4 ,it is found in ,teneriffe from ,january to ,june4 ,,pyrameis ,,callirhoe1 or ,,vulcania4 ,,plate ,,iii4--,,fig4 #f4 ,this is the most common butterfly of the ,pyrameis genus found in the ,islands4 ,it is similar in colouring to the last described1 but it has a much broader red oblique indented stripe on the fore-wings4 ,the white apical markings are not so many or large1 and it has no blue spots on the tips of the fore-wings4 ,the habits and locality of the caterpillar and chrysalis are so like those of the ,atalanta1 that description is not needed4 ,in rearing many specimens1 two butterflies proved to have bright yellow on the hind-wings in place of the red band4 ,whether they are a distinct variety or not1 cannot at present be positively stated4#e #e ,see ,appendix ,c4 ,,pyrameis ,,cardui4 ,,plate ,,ii4--,,fig4 #e4 ,this insect1 which is the ,english ,painted ,lady1 might at first sight be taken for a faded ,atalanta4 ,the caterpillar lives generally solitary on hollyhock1 nettle1 or mallow1 curling itself up in a leaf ,it is of a grey-brown colour1 thickly sprinkled with hairs1 a yellow line fringed by reddish dots runs along each side4 ,it is found in most localities up to a considerable elevation1 from ,february till well on into the summer4 ,the butterfly is of a tawny red colour1 shading off to brown at the base of the fore-wings1 with dark markings and oblong black spots4 ,the apex of the wings is marked and edged in white1 similar to the ,atalanta4 ,the hind-wings are of the same tawny red colour1 having a line of five round black spots running along each lower margin4 ,the fore-wings are marked on the under-side as above1 the colour1 however1 being redder4 ,the hind-wings are pale buff1 olive brown1 and white1 having four or five blue-black eyes near the lower margin1 the two centre eyes being smaller than the others1 which are circled by black and white4 ,its flight is very swift1 and its erratic and rapid gyrations from side to side make it a difficult specimen to net4 ,,pyrameis v4 ,,huntera4 ,,plate ,,ii4--,,fig4 #d4 ,this is a scarce variety in ,teneriffe of the butterfly just described4 ,it is commonly found in ,america1 and some few insects have been taken in ,england4 ,it is similar in colouring to the ,cardui1 but somewhat brighter4 ,the flight of the insect is steadier1 and this1 together with the brightness in colour1 distinguishes it from others of the same family when seen flying in company4 ,it is found in barrancos and gardens1 and has been netted in a locality about #fjj feet above the sea near ,orotava1 together with the last two butterflies described4 ,all three specimens were seen flitting in company1 the ,callirhoe and ,cardui predominating in number1 with a few specimens of the ,huntera dispersed among them4 ,the upper surface is brick-red1 marked with black1 the fore-wings having a dark apical patch1 with several white spots4 ,the hind-wings have five blue spots1 encircled by black1 near the lower margin4 ,beneath1 the fore-wings are of a most beautiful red colour1 interspersed with black1 grey-brown1 and white1 and having two eyes on the apex4 ,the hind-wings are of a lovely grey-brown tinge1 liberally veined with white1 having a whitish uneven band down the centre4 ,this band has two large eyes1 with blue centres outside it4 ,on the edge of the wings three grey-blue lines are seen1 making the tout ensemble a most exquisite reverse1 and the greatest contrast to the upper surface4 ,it is usually found from ,april to ,august4 ,though faded and small specimens were found earlier1 the beauty of the insect is not seen till ,april4 ,the caterpillar is brown1 sparingly covered with hairs1 and has bright red spots down its sides4 ,it is rather larger than the ,cardui larva4 ,,pararge ,,xiphioides4 ,,plate ,,iii4--,,fig4 #e4 ,this is not an ,english butterfly1 though it is somewhat similar to the ,speckled ,wood ,argus 7,parage geria74 ,it is very commonly found in the ,islands in most localities up to three or four thousand feet above the sea4 ,it measures in expanse from two and a half to three inches4 ,those found early in the year are of a smaller and duller colour than those netted later on4 ,it is of a rich brown colour1 the fore-wings being freely marked with orange-yellow spots4 ,the hind-wings are plentifully feathered at the base1 and have a long dash of yellow down them1 with three dark eyes near the margin1 which is scalloped with faint white4 ,the under-side of the fore-wings is lighter in colour than the surface1 though similar in markings4 ,the hind-wings are of a uniform olive-brown shade1 with a long uneven silvery stripe half-way down the centre4 ,there is no very decided knob on the end of the antenn1 which only thicken slightly towards the end4 ,,epinephele ,,hispulla1 or ,,fortunata 7,alph474 ,this brown butterfly resembles the ,english ,large ,meadow ,brown 7,e4 ,janira71 but is of a richer colour and larger size1 measuring in expanse about two and a half to three inches4 ,the female1 which differs largely from the male in colour and markings1 is of an ashy-brown colour1 the fore-wings being orange-tawny1 leaving only an uneven marginal band of grey-brown4 ,there is an apical eye of black1 with a small white centre4 ,the hind-wings are ashy-grey1 with a marginal orange-tawny band4 ,the body and base of the lower wings are freely feathered4 ,the under-side is similar in colouring1 only lighter2 the apical eyes are more strongly marked2 the hind-wings are of an orange-brown tint1 the orange band being slightly defined on this side4 ,the male has no orange-tawny markings on the surface1 only a slight shade of yellow being seen on the fore-wings1 shimmering through the uniform brown colour of the insect4 ,there is a small black eye1 with a white central dot on the apex of each fore-wing4 ,on the under-side the fore-wings of the male are orange-tawny1 the black eye being larger and more pronounced than on the surface4 ,the hind-wings of the male are of a uniform olive-brown colour4 ,it is found in barrancos1 meadows and rough places1 from the coast up to a moderately high altitude1 from ,april to ,september2 the male appears first in the greatest numbers1 and towards ,june the female is also found in great quantities4 ,the caterpillar has not been observed4 ,,hipparchia ,,statilinus4 ,,plate ,,ii4--,,fig4 #g4 ,this is a brown butterfly common in many parts of ,southern and ,central ,europe1 though not found in ,england4 ,it is a rare insect in ,teneriffe1 and is only met with high up in the mountains1 chiefly at ,vilaflor1 and on the south part of the island1 about ,july and ,august4 ,it measures in expanse from two to three inches1 and is of a uniform brown colour1 having a few white markings1 which vary much in different specimens1 on the fore-wings4 ,two large brown spots are seen at the outer margin of each fore-wing1 interspersed with small white spots4 ,the hind-wings are brown1 shading to lighter colour at the base4 ,the under-side is prettily mottled1 and streaked with grey-brown1 the two dark spots seen on the margin being well defined4 ,the larva and chrysalis have not been observed4 ,,hesperia ,,act,,on4 ,,plate ,,ii4--,,fig4 #h4 ,this is a small ,skipper1 the only member of this family found in ,teneriffe4 ,it resembles the ,english ,lulworth ,skipper1 and frequents damp places near the water-courses1 though somewhat partial and scarce4 ,in a limited spot near ,orotava it has been found in quantities2 and at ,tacoronti1 where butterflies abound1 some have been taken4 ,the whole surface is of an orange-bronze colour with slight brown markings4 ,the antenn are short and club-like2 the head is large1 and the body thickish4 ,it is found from ,april till ,june1 but solitary specimens are sometimes met with earlier in the year4 ,,list ,,of ,,butterflies ,,found ,,in ,,teneriffe4 ,,name ,,of ,,butterfly4 ,,remarks ,,on ,,localities1 ,,etc4 99 #a ,pieris ,cheiranthi ,only in ,canary ,islands4 99 #b ,pieris ,wollastoni ,canary ,islands and ,madeira4 #c ,pieris ,rap ,england 7,common ,white74 #d ,pieris ,daplidice ,england2 rare 7,bath ,white74 99 #e ,euchlo ,charlonia ,not in ,england2 ,n4 and ,w4 ,africa4 #f ,aporia ,cratgi ,england2 rare 7,black-veined ,white74 99 #g ,rhodocera ,cleobule ,not in ,england2 peculiar to the ,islands4 99 #h ,colias ,edusa ,england 7,clouded ,yellow74 99 #i ,colias v4 ,helice ,england2 rare4 #aj ,lycna ,btica ,england2 very rare 7,tailed ,blue74 99#aa ,lycna ,webbiana ,only in ,canary ,islands4 #ab ,lycna ,lysimon ,not in ,england4 99#ac ,lycna ,astrarche v4 stiva ,not in ,england4 #ad ,polyommatus or ,chrysophanus ,phlas ,england 7,common ,copper74 #ae ,thecla ,rubi ,england 7,green ,hair ,streak74 99#af ,danais ,plexippus 7formerly ,archippus7 ,england2 very rare4 99#ag ,danais ,chrysippus ,not in ,england4 99#ah ,danais ,alcippoides ,not in ,england4 #ai ,danais ,dorippus ,not in ,england4 99#bj ,argynnis ,maia 7,cram71 or ,pandora ,in ,canary ,islands1 ,n4 ,africa1 and ,s4 ,europe4 99#ba ,argynnis ,lathonia ,england2 rare 7,queen of ,spain ,fritillary74 99#bb ,pyrameis 7formerly ,vanessa7 ,atalanta ,england 7,red ,admiral74 99#bc ,pyrameis ,callirhoe or ,vulcania ,not in ,england4 99#bd ,pyrameis ,cardui ,england 7,painted ,lady74 99#be ,pyrameis v4 ,huntera ,england2 very rare2 common in ,america4 99#bf ,pararge ,xiphiodes ,not in ,england4 #bg ,epinephele ,hispulla or ,fortunata 7,alph47 ,not in ,england4 99#bh ,hipparchia ,statilinus ,not in ,england4 99#bi ,hesperia ,acton ,england2 local 7,lulworth ,skipper74 99 ,marked thus are illustrated4 ,part ,,ii4 ,,moths4 ,,acherontia ,,atropos4 ,,plate ,,iv4--,,fig4 #a4 ,this is the largest moth found in the ,canary ,islands1 known as the ,death's ,head1 very rarely met with in ,england4 ,it measures from five to six inches in expanse4 ,the ground-colour of the fore-wings is brown1 varied with zig-zag lines of whitish yellow and light brown4 ,there is a white dot in the centre of each1 and they are dusted all over with minute white dots4 ,the hind-wings are orange1 with two black marginal bands on the lower edge4 ,the head is dark brown or black1 marked with a pale-brown skull4 ,the body is orange1 with a longitudinal band of bluish grey down the centre1 increasing in width towards the base4 ,six bands of black1 broadest near the head1 cross the body4 ,the antenn are rather short and thick1 tipped with white4 ,the caterpillar measures about four inches in length1 and is of a most gorgeous green and yellow colour1 alternate transverse bands of these colours running along the sides4 ,it has eight small eyes in a line below the transverse bands1 and a horn on its tail4 ,it feeds on the potato1 the pupa making a cell for itself underground1 and appearing in the largest numbers between ,may and ,july2 but as a fresh crop of potatoes is planted every three months in the ,canaries1 the caterpillars are found in small numbers all the year round4 ,when bred in captivity the pupa is delicate1 quite five out of ten dying in their cases4 ,,sphinx ,,convolvuli or ,,batat4 ,this moth is found in ,england1 and all over ,europe4 ,it is a large moth1 measuring about five inches across the wings4 ,all four wings are of a variegated grey-brown colour1 the body having a longitudinal grey stripe1 increasing in width at the base1 and five stripes of pink and black across it alternately4 ,the antenn are somewhat longer and more slender than those of the ,death's ,head moth4 ,they are feathered1 and grey in colour1 terminating in a sharp point4 ,the insect is provided with a very long proboscis1 which one sees it inserting into the centre of the flowers at dusk4 ,during the winter months it is met with commonly in some years4 ,the caterpillar1 which measures four inches in length1 feeds on the sweet potato in the fields1 and on the petunia and phlox in gardens4 ,it is of a brown-grey colour1 shading to green on the back1 having black longitudinal stripes along the back1 and transverse black and white stripes surmounted by white spots at the sides4 ,it is a night-feeder1 hiding itself under the leaves or in the ground at day-time1 and constructing the pupa-case underground4 ,it is delicate and difficult to rear in captivity1 like the ,atropos4 ,,deilephila ,,tithymali4 ,,plate ,,iv4--,,fig4 #d4 ,this beautiful moth is peculiar to the ,canary ,islands1 although allied species are found over the greater part of ,europe4#f ,it expands from three to three and a half inches4 ,the fore-wings are silvery grey in colour1 having dark olive-grey markings1 and a long stripe of this colour1 increasing in width towards the body1 from the apex to the base4 ,the hind-wings are a rich pink1 having a marginal band of dark brown1 and a fine white line on the outer edge4 ,the antenn1 which are white1 are thick and feathered4 ,the head and body1 thickly feathered with white1 are of an olive brown colour4 ,two bands of black cross the top of the abdomen1 which tapers off to a point1 with bands of alternate white and olive brown slightly marked with black4 ,the caterpillar is easily found on the ,euphorbia where it feeds gregariously4 ,it is a beautiful dark pink1 the horn being of this colour4 ,the dark pink is interspersed with dusky green and greyish black spots1 and the caterpillar1 when at full size1 attains a length of about four inches4 ,it is found from ,january till the end of ,may1 but in the greatest numbers in ,april1 whilst the ,euphorbia is in its prime4 ,the road-side between ,rambla and ,icod is a particularly favoured spot4 ,about one or two inches of dried earth prepared as already mentioned are required for the larva to make its slight case in1 though when in a natural state it buries itself much deeper1 and the pupa is difficult to find4 ,some were fed and reared on a species of milk-wort4 ,they thrived1 but eventually turned into small moths of a paler colour than usual4 ,the pupa varies much in the time of turning to the moth stage1 according to the weather1--from six weeks1 the usual time1 to three months4 ,some caterpillars obtained in ,january did not become moths till the end of ,march2 others taken at full growth on ,march #aeth effected their last change to the moth during the last week in ,april and first week in ,may4 ,the pupa when it first turns is of a beautiful shaded green colour with yellowish markings1 but it changes to a uniform brown in a few days4 ,the caterpillar is sometimes affected by a disease which consists of a small red fungus growing on the body1 generally towards the tail4 ,one small brood was entirely lost from this disease1 which seemed to be contagious4 ,as a rule1 however1 the larv are easy to keep1 and the chrysalides hatch well and strongly4 ,when numbers are kept1 an old wine-case should be substituted for the smaller breeding-cages already mentioned1 the mosquito-netting being used in the same way4 ,a little sun is beneficial to them every day in the morning4 ,when kept too long in the sun1 however1 they cease to feed1 although when in a natural state sunny localities are most favoured4 ,they are not night-feeders only4 #f ,see ,appendix ,d4 ,,ch,,rocampa ,,celerio4 ,,plate ,,iv4--,,fig4 #b4 7,sharp ,winged ,hawk-,moth47 ,this beautiful moth is somewhat allied to the last described1 the colour being similar1 but the body is longer and more tapering4 ,it is found in ,england1 and in most countries where the vine grows1 on which it feeds4 ,the fore-wings are greyish brown with a silvery grey stripe from the apex to the base2 the outer lower margin is bordered by a similar stripe4 ,the hind-wings are of a rosy pink colour1 veined with1 and having a marginal band of brown4 ,the body is feathered1 and has a series of five short silver streaks down each side4 ,the antenn are greyish white1 not so long as those of the ,tithymali4 ,from three to four inches is the length of the beautiful bright green caterpillar4 ,this has two dark and two light spots on its head1 and a horn on its tail4 ,a faint yellow longitudinal line runs along each side4 ,it is rather liable to the attacks of the ichneumon fly1 and so it is as well to search for the eggs before putting it aside for rearing4 ,this year 7#ahic7 some were found in ,april1 this being unusually early1 as it does not appear generally till ,june1 from which date until ,august it is very commonly met with in the vineyards4 ,the pupa lies in a dormant state for four weeks1 and then turns to the moth freely and strongly4 ,,macroglossa ,,stellatarum4 7,humming ,bird ,hawk-,moth47 ,this moth is common in ,england and most parts of ,europe4 ,its fore-wings are brown1 with faint longitudinal lines of a darker shade2 the hind-wings are orange tawny1 fringed with light brown4 ,it measures in expanse about two inches4 ,the head and body are brown1 the abdomen spotted with black and white1 rather liberally feathered4 ,the antenn are brown1 being thinnest at the base1 and gradually thickening to the extremity4 ,it is seen in the daytime1 as well as evening hovering1 with an ever-restless motion of the wing1 over flowers4 ,the caterpillar is green1 with a longitudinal white stripe1 and a faint yellow one under the spiracles4 ,the time of its appearance is from ,march to ,september1 but it is seen about in greatest numbers in ,june4 ,,rhyparioides ,,rufescens4 ,,plate ,,iv4--,,fig4 #e4 ,this pretty moth is peculiar to the ,islands1 measuring rather more than two inches across the wings4 ,it is red in colour1 the hind-wings being brighter than the fore-wings4 ,these latter are marked with longitudinal dark stripes in the female1 dark spots being substituted for the stripes in the male4 ,the head is dark red1 shading off to lighter red on the richly-feathered body4 ,the antenn are red1 being thicker and more feathered in the male than the female4 ,the caterpillars are brown1 thickly covered with long silky hairs1 and are found mostly in barrancos1 feeding on the dock and sorrel singly4 ,they are also found in gardens1 feeding somewhat indiscriminately on cabbage or hollyhock4 ,when kept in captivity they can be reared on cabbage1 and after attaining their full size of about one and a half inches1 they make a slight hairy cocoon under a thin covering of earth4 ,the caterpillar stage lasts about twenty days4 ,they are found in ,january and hibernate in the pupa state till well on in the summer1 sometimes as late as ,october or ,november1 though some taken in ,january were brought to ,england and turned to moths on the #bdth of ,june following4 ,after being kept for a time the chrysalides become a very dark brown1 almost black1 so that there is a temptation to throw them away as dead1 since they show so little life2 but on opening the hard1 stick-like skin1 the creature is found to be quite fresh4 ,,dasychira ,,fortunata4 ,,plate ,,iv4--,fig4 #aa4 ,in colour a dull grey moth4 ,the fore-wings are ash-coloured1 variegated with whitish on the upper side4 ,the reniform spot is rust-coloured in the male and whitish in the female4 ,the transverse lines are black and dentated1 the submarginal line maculated4 ,the hind-wings are grey1 with a slight lunule in the middle2 the underside uniform grey4 ,the body is less stout than the ,d4 ,fascelina 7,linn474 ,the abdomen is long in the male and longer in the female4 ,the antenn are pectinated in the male1 simple in the female4 ,the legs are thickly clothed with hair1 the feet yellowish beneath4 ,although the caterpillar has not been described1 it presumably has much the same characteristics as its allies1 and is probably greyish1 with tufts of hair on its back2 it feeds on the ,pinus ,canariensis4 ,this moth is allied to the ,english1 and ,european species ,dasychira ,fascelina 7,dark ,tussock71 but is probably peculiar to the ,islands4 ,it has been described as being found in the ,islands of ,palma and ,hiero by ,rogenhofer in the 8,verhandlungen des ,kaiserlich-,kniglichen ,zoologisch-botanischen ,gesellschaft in ,wien10 vol4 #da 7for #ahia71 p4 #eff4 ,the specimen illustrated was drawn from one of two presented to the ,south ,kensington ,museum by the ,rev4 ,o4 ,e4 ,benthall1 who found the chrysalides on trunks of the ,canary pine near ,guimar1 ,teneriffe1 about #b1jjj feet above the sea1 and as far as the author can ascertain it has not before been recorded as occurring in ,teneriffe4 ,,deiopeia ,,pulchella4 ,,plate ,,iv4--,,fig4 #i4 ,this beautiful little moth1 expanding about one and a half inches1 is a very rare insect in ,teneriffe at the present time1 though two or three years ago it was found in great abundance near1 and along1 the coast during the spring months4#g ,it has yellowish white fore-wings freely spotted with black1 alternated with oblong red spots1 not so numerous4 ,the hind-wings are pearl-white1 having a small blackish brown spot towards the top1 and a marginal indented border of the same colour4 ,the thorax and head are speckled with black and yellow4 ,the body is light pearl-grey4 ,the larva is dark grey with a broad white stripe on the back and reddish streaks on the sides4 ,this species is abundant throughout ,africa1 the ,south of ,asia and ,europe1 but a very scarce insect in ,england4 ,don ,ramon ,gomez kindly supplied the specimen illustrated4 #g ,a single specimen was taken by the ,rev4 ,o4 ,e4 ,benthall at ,guimar in #ahic4 ,,pseudophia ,,tirhaca 7,cram72 wrongly called ,,tyrrh,a4 ,,plate ,,iv4--,,fig4 #c4 ,this is not an ,english species1 but is met with in ,europe and ,north ,africa4 ,it is not very commonly found in ,teneriffe4 ,the fore-wings are green1 with a central reddish-brown spot1 the outer margin having an indented band of the same colour4 ,the body and hind-wings1 richly feathered1 are a beautiful straw yellow1 the latter having a dark brown graduated band near the lower margin4 ,it expands about two inches and a half4 ,the larva is grey1 with a pale grey stripe on the sides1 and black spots on the lower surface between the pro-legs4 ,,calocampa ,,exoleta4 7,sword-,grass ,moth47 ,this moth is an ,english species4 ,it measures in expanse between two and three inches1 and is of a soft violet grey tinge1 the fore-wings having a variety of brown markings4 ,the caterpillar feeds on the ,euphorbia1 and has been found gregariously with the ,tithymali on that plant4 ,it is met with1 however1 on peas and potatoes1 and can be reared on the leaves of any of these plants4 ,the larva is bright green1 with two lines of black and white spots down each side of the back4 ,these are bordered by a yellow stripe 7sometimes1 however1 absent71 and it has a broken red line on each side4 ,the caterpillar attains a length of about three inches4 ,some were kept in the same breeding cage with the ,tithymali1 but their habits were entirely different4 ,when the ,exoleta caterpillar ceased to feed1 it did not immediately attain the pupa state1 but was restless and lively1 remaining as a caterpillar from six to eight weeks1 gradually shrinking and losing its colour1 until it turned to the pupa4 ,it made a fragile shell of fine earth1 oval in form1 and buried itself a short distance under the surface4 ,full-sized caterpillars1 taken on the #bjth of ,march1 ceased feeding and turned to the pupa state from the #ast to the #bjth of ,may1 emerging to the moth on the #aeth of ,june4 ,in some specimens the process of turning to the pupa took place on the journey to ,england in a box1 the caterpillars being covered lightly with cotton-wool4 ,,triph,,na ,,pronuba4 7,common ,yellow ,underwing47 ,this is a common moth in ,england and ,europe1 but is rather a scarce species in ,teneriffe4 ,it expands a little more than two inches4 ,the fore-wings are dark brown1 having a few irregular markings of a lighter shade4 ,the hind-wings are bright yellow1 with a dark brown marginal band on the lower edge4 ,the body is a somewhat lighter brown1 and the antenn are long and fine4 ,the caterpillar is brown1 and it feeds on a variety of low-growing plants in the barrancos1 and may also be found on the potato4 ,it commences to appear in the early spring4 ,,plusia ,,aurifera4 ,,plate ,,iv4--,,fig4 #f4 ,this moth is closely allied to the ,chrysitis1 which is found in ,england1 differing1 however1 in the shape of the gold markings4#h ,the fore-wings have a bright golden marginal band of varying width across them1 from the apex to the base4 ,it is found in rough places1 and can be easily netted when hovering over clover-flowers or similar low-growing herbage at dusk4 ,the hind-wings are grey-brown1 shading off to a lighter tint towards the body4 ,the antenn are long and fine4 ,the caterpillar feeds on the tobacco-plant1 and is found in barrancos1 but it is most usually met with on potato-plants2 it envelops itself in a leaf1 drawing it together with silk-like threads1 and so forming a case in which it turns to the chrysalis4 ,it is found very nearly all the year round1 but is met with in greatest numbers during the spring months4 #h ,alpheraky describes the ,indian variety ,chrysitina as a ,teneriffe moth4 ,,plusia ,,tripartita 7,hufn47 ,,urtic 7,hbn74 ,known in ,england as the ,spectacle ,moth4 ,it is met with in the day-time as well as at dusk1 like many others of the genus ,plusia4 ,its fore-wings are dark grey1 varied with greenish-white in the basal and marginal areas2 the sub-terminal line is marked below the costa with black arrow-heads in front1 and is bordered with deep black behind4 ,it is common in the greater part of ,europe and ,northern ,asia4 ,the larva1 which is greenish brown1 has two white lines on the back1 and slender white and green lines along each side above the feet4 ,it feeds on nettle4 ,,plusia ,,circumflexa4 ,similar somewhat to the ,english ,gamma1 or silver ,y moth1 but a distinct variety1 and found largely in ,europe4 ,the fore-wings are dark ashy-grey1 with bronze markings1 and have a pale golden mark in the middle resembling the letter r4 ,the hind-wings are brown1 of a lighter shade towards the base4 ,it measures in expanse about two inches2 the antenn are long and fine4 ,the larva1 which is green with a yellowish stripe at the sides1 feeds on the potato and other low-growing plants1 and is found during the early spring months1 and well on into the summer4 ,,plusia ,,eriosoma4 ,this is the fourth species described here of the large genus ,plusia4 ,it is a much brighter golden-brown colour than the last described specimen1 measuring about one and a half inches across the wings4 ,the fore-wings are golden-brown1 having two distinct gold spots about the centre4 ,the hind are of the same tint as the fore-wings1 darker at the margin1 and shading off lighter towards the base4 ,it is found in ,india1 but is not a ,european species4 ,,heliothis ,,armigera4 ,this is a very rare moth in ,england1 but is found over the greater part of the world4 ,it expands about one and a half inches4 ,the fore-wings are a brownish yellow1 with darker indistinct markings4 ,the hind-wings are lighter yellow in colour1 with a dark semi-lunar spot in the middle1 and have a dark marginal border4 ,the antenn are long and fine4 ,the caterpillar was found on the potato-plant and proved to be one of the cannibal species4 ,it fed occasionally on the food provided1 but seemed generally to prefer its companions in captivity1 feeding at night1 and so had to be separated from them4 ,the larva is reddish brown in colour1 with a yellowish stripe on the sides1 and it is very commonly found in ,teneriffe during the early spring months4 ,,heliothis ,,dipsacea4 ,this is a small moth1 about one to one and a half inches in expanse1 and found throughout the greater part of ,europe1 ,northern and ,western ,asia1 and ,north ,africa4 ,it frequents high ground in the spring and summer1 living in rough places and in clover-fields4 ,the fore-wings are of light olive-brown shade1 with dark markings across them4 ,the hind-wings are dark olive-brown1 fringed with yellow1 and having two large yellow uneven spots about the centre1 with a similar one on the brown margin4 ,the body is stout1 the antenn long and fine4 ,the larva is green or rust-colour1 with white lines on the back and sides4 ,,prodenia ,,littoralis4 ,a moth1 expanding about one inch and a half1 found in ,africa1 but not in ,england4 ,it has brown-grey fore-wings1 with opalescent markings4 ,the hind-wings are of a shining opalescent white4 ,the larva is brown1 feeds on the potato-plant1 and appears during the early spring4 ,the moths are seen a month or six weeks later2 those bred in captivity appear simultaneously with those out of doors4 ,,peridroma ,,saucia4 ,rather a fine moth1 inhabiting ,europe1 though not found in ,england4 ,it expands about two inches or more4 ,the fore-wings are dark brown1 sometimes suffused with a reddish tinge at the upper margin4 ,the hind-wings are of a greyish pearl-white colour1 veined with brown1 with a brown shade fringing the margins4 ,the larva is greyish-brown1 and feeds on the potato-plant1 where it is found during the late winter and early spring4 ,the average time for turning from the larva to the moth stage is from six to eight weeks4 ,,tarache ,,lucida4 ,,plate ,,iv4--,,fig4 #h4 ,this is a small moth1 not very commonly found in ,teneriffe4 ,it is met with by day along the coast1 and up to an altitude of #bjjj feet or more in rough rocky places1 in ,april and up to ,june or ,july4 ,the prevailing colour is a blue-grey4 ,the fore-wings have a large square patch of white on the upper margin1 and a smaller dot of the same colour towards the middle4 ,the hind-wings are fringed with white1 and have two or three patches of the same colour along their margins4 ,in the male1 the white on both wings is increased towards the base4 ,it is not an ,english species1 but is found in ,europe and along the ,mediterranean4 ,the larva is a green or brownish grey1 with three dark double lines on the thoracic segments2 tufted1 and with a white line on the back on segments #e to #g1 and with a dark stripe on the back1 and a whitish line on the sides of the remaining segments4 ,,sterrha ,,sacraria4 ,a pretty little moth1 about one inch in expanse1 commonly found in the ,canary ,islands4 ,it is widely dispersed over ,europe and ,asia1 and is a rare inhabitant of ,england4 ,the fore-wings are sulphur-yellow1 tinged with bright red at the apex1 and having a red line running from the tip to the middle of the inner margin4 ,the hind-wings are pale yellowish white4 ,it frequents rough places among short herbage1 and is found on and near the coast in the early spring and during the summer4 ,the larva is green1 with a paler line on the back1 and a yellowish line on the sides4 ,spiracles red4 ,it feeds on low-growing plants4 ,,ommotostola ,,sacchari4 ,a pale buff moth1 measuring in expanse about two inches4 ,the specimen described was netted at ,guimar1 ,teneriffe1 in ,may4 ,it is somewhat common4 ,the fore-wings and body are buff1 the latter being rather richly feathered4 ,the hind-wings are cream-white2 the antenn are rather thick1 of a medium length4 ,it is not an inhabitant of ,europe4 ,the larva has not been observed4 ,,hypena ,,obsitalis4 ,not an ,english moth1 but an inhabitant of ,south ,europe1 ,north ,africa1 and ,asia4 ,it measures in expanse about one inch4 ,the fore-wings are brown1 varied with pale yellow and black markings4 ,the hind-wings are grey1 shading lighter at the base4 ,it makes its appearance in the spring1 and is very commonly found in dwelling-houses or surrounding out-houses in the evening4 ,the larva is green1 with a white stripe on the sides4 ,,hypena ,,lividalis4 ,a smaller moth than the last specimen described4 ,the fore-wings are olive-brown1 violet-grey towards the margins4 ,the two colours are separated by an oblique whitish line from the apex to the middle of the inner margin4 ,the hind-wings are grey1 shading off lighter to the base1 and are veined with brown4 ,it is not an ,english species1 but is very commonly found in ,teneriffe1 on rough ground1 among cactus1 c41 in the early spring1 at no great distance from the coast4 ,it inhabits ,south ,europe1 ,north ,africa1 and ,western ,asia4 ,,omphacodes ,,divincta4 ,,plate ,,iv4--,,fig4 #g4 ,a pretty little sea-green moth 7geometra7 found in ,south ,africa1 but very rarely met with in ,teneriffe4 ,it was netted in a rough place among cactus-plants in ,april at dusk1 about #ejj feet above the sea level4 ,it measures about one inch in expanse2 the fore-wings and upper part of the body are of a beautiful bright sea-green colour when first netted1 but the insect quickly fades4 ,the hind-wings are paler green1 and all four wings are fringed with white4 ,the antenn are short and slightly feathered4 ,this moth had not figured in any collection of ,teneriffe moths as far as the author could ascertain4 ,no observations have been made on the larv and pup4 ,,aspilates ,,collinaria4 7,holt-,white47 ,,plate ,,iv4--,,fig4 #aj 7,female74 ,this moth is allied to the ,aspilates ,gilvaria1 but is probably an insect peculiar to the ,canaries4 ,it measures in expanse about one inch4 ,it is of a pale buff-colour1 the female being of a much intenser shade than the male4 ,the hind-wings in both sexes are much lighter in colour than the fore-wings4 ,the fore-wings of the female have a slate-blue narrow band of colour1 extending from near the apex to the base of the upper margin1 forming a semicircle4 ,within the semicircle1 and near the upper margin1 is a small slate-blue dot4 ,the hind-wings have also a band of varying width and of the same colour extending across them1 and a slate-blue dot is seen near the top of the upper margin above the slate band4 ,the male has similar markings1 but they are much paler1 and not nearly so well defined4 ,the antenn of the male are feathered1 of medium length2 those of the female are longer and finer4 ,at first sight this moth might be deemed a variety of ,sterrha ,sacraria4 ,the female was taken at ,guimar about #ajjj feet above the sea4 ,several male specimens were taken near ,orotava1 at a somewhat higher altitude4 ,this moth1 being unknown at ,south ,kensington1 has been named as above by the author4 ,,bryophila var4 ,,ravula 7,hbn74 ,a small moth1 about one inch in expanse1 with a slender body4 ,the fore-wings are dark brown1 with the base1 tip1 and inner margin whitish4 ,the centre of the wings is suffused with red1 and two transverse lines of darker colour cross them4 ,the larva is blue with a black line on the back and a zigzag yellowish-red stripe on the sides1 bordered below with black4 ,it feeds on lichens growing on walls4 ,it is not a ,british species1 but is met with in ,southern ,europe4 ,,bryophila ,,alg 7,fabr474 ,this is a small moth1 with the same characteristics as to size and form as the last described4 ,the fore-wings are green1 varied with brown and blackish in the position of the claviform stigma4 ,it has dark transverse lines1 and the hind-wings are brownish grey4 ,the larva is bluish-grey1 with a grey stripe on the back4 ,it feeds on lichen1 and inhabits ,central and ,southern ,europe1 and ,western ,asia1 but is a great rarity in ,england4 ,,agrotis ,,spinifera 7,hbn74 ,this is a moth somewhat larger than the last-described1 with rather a stout body4 ,it is fawn-colour1 the abdomen pale-brown1 and the margin of the fore-wings has several black spots4 ,the hind-wings are whitish4 ,it inhabits ,south-,western ,europe1 but is not met with in ,england4 ,,sesamia ,,nonagrioides 7,lef474 ,the body of this moth is stout1 the fore-wings are nearly rectangular at the tips1 without any distinct pattern4 ,the antenn and tongue are short4 ,the fore-wings are greyish-yellow with a black discal spot1 and an outer row of black dots4 ,the hind-wings are white4 ,it inhabits ,spain1 ,north ,africa1 and ,madeira1 but is not a ,british species4 ,the larva lives on the stalks of maize1 corn1 and sugar-cane4 ,,acidalia ,,consolidata4 ,one of the large genus of ,acidalia1 a small and delicate moth4 ,the wings are yellowish-white1 finely dusted with black4 ,the fore-wings have five and the hind-wings four brownish yellow transverse bands4 ,it expands about one inch4 ,it is not a ,british species4 ,,zonosoma ,,pupillaria 7,hbn74 ,a small moth1 with the tips of the fore-wings pointed4 ,the wings are greyish yellow1 finely and indistinctly speckled with purplish brown1 with a small brown central spot centred with white1 a row of black dots beyond the middle1 and often a dull red1 zigzag central shade also4 ,this is a very variable species1 inhabiting ,s4 ,europe1 ,w4 ,asia1 and ,n4 ,africa1 but is not an inhabitant of ,england4 ,the larva is very variable in colour1 being dull green1 brown1 or reddish4 ,it feeds on the cistus1 arbutus1 myrtle1 etc4 ,,tephronia ,,sepiaria 7,hufn74 ,a small moth1 with narrow fore-wings1 expanding about one inch4 ,the fore-wings are ashy-grey1 finely dusted with a darker shade4 ,the hind-wings are paler1 with two dark marginal bands4 ,it is met with in ,central and ,southern ,europe1 but is very rare in ,britain4 ,the larva is brownish grey1 with a paler line and two rows of pale spots on the back4 ,,eupithecia ,,pumilata 7,hbn74 ,the fore-wings are pointed1 reddish grey in colour1 and bordered by a brownish-red band4 ,the larva is pale yellowish-green1 with dark green or reddish-violet lines on the back1 and a paler line on its sides4 ,it feeds on the flowers of a great variety of plants1 such as clematis1 broom1 convolvulus4 ,it is widely distributed in ,central and ,southern ,europe and ,w4 ,asia1 but is not an inhabitant of ,britain4 ,,list ,,of ,,moths ,,found ,,in ,,teneriffe4 ,,name ,,of ,,moth4 ,,remarks ,,on ,,localities1 ,,etc4 ,sphinges4 99#a ,acherontia ,atropos ,england 7,death's ,head74 #b ,sphinx ,convolvuli ,england 7,convolvulus ,hawk-moth74 99#c ,deilephila ,tithymali ,peculiar to the ,islands4 99#d ,chrocampa ,celerio ,england 7,sharp-winged ,hawk-moth74 #e ,macroglossa ,stellatarum ,england 7,humming-bird ,hawk-moth74 ,bombyces4 99#f ,deiopeia ,pulchella ,european4 ,england2 rare4 99#g ,rhyparioides ,rufescens ,peculiar to the ,islands4 99#h ,dasychira ,fortunata ,peculiar to the ,islands4 ,noctu4 #i ,bryophila ,ravula ,not in ,england4 #aj ,bryophila ,algae ,england2 rare4 #aa ,sesamia ,nonagrioides ,spain1 ,n4 ,africa1 ,madeira4 #ab ,triphna ,pronuba ,england 7,common ,yellow ,under-wing74 #ac ,agrotis ,spinifera ,not in ,england2 ,s4,w4 ,europe4 #ad ,peridroma ,saucia ,not in ,england2 ,european4 #ae ,ommatostola ,sacchari ,not ,european4 #af ,prodenia ,littoralis ,not in ,england2 ,s4 ,asia and ,madagascar4 #ag ,calocampa ,exoleta ,england 7,sword-grass moth74 #ah ,heliothis ,armigera ,england2 rare 7cannibal74 #ai ,heliothis ,dipsacea ,england4 #bj ,heliaca ,tenebrata ,england 7,small ,yellow ,under-wing74 #ba ,plusia ,circumflexa ,not in ,england2 ,s4 ,europe4 #bb ,plusia ,eriosoma ,not in ,england2 ,india4 99#bc ,plusia ,aurifera ,peculiar to the ,islands4 #bd ,plusia ,tripartita ,england 7,spectacle ,moth47 99#be ,tarache ,lucida ,england1 rare2 ,s4 ,europe4 99#bf ,pseudophia ,tirhaca ,not in ,england2 ,s4 ,europe1 ,n4 ,africa4 #bg ,hypena ,lividalis ,not in ,england2 ,s4 ,europe1 ,n4 ,africa4 #bh ,hypena ,obsitalis ,not in ,england2 ,s4 ,europe1 ,n4 ,africa4 ,geometrid4 99#bi ,aspilates ,collinaria ,probably peculiar to the ,islands4 #cj ,sterrha ,sacraria ,england2 ,s4 ,europe1 ,africa1 and ,s4 ,asia4 99#ca ,omphacodes ,divincta ,not in ,england2 ,south ,africa4 #cb ,acidalia ,consolidata ,not in ,england2 ,europe4 #cc ,zonosoma ,pupillaria ,s4 ,europe1 ,w4 ,asia1 and ,n4 ,africa4 #cd ,tephronia ,sepiaria ,england 7rare72 ,european4 #ce ,eupithecia ,pumilata var4 ,tempestivata ,european4 ,micro-,lepidoptera4 #cf ,botys ,verbascalis ,england4 #cg ,botys ,polygonalis ,england4 #ch ,botys ,asinalis ,england4 #ci ,asopia ,farinalis 7dark form7 ,england4 #dj ,centra ,stregaria 7,woll47 or ,coremia ,cidaria 7,staud7 ,probably peculiar to the ,islands4 #da ,calymnia ,eerruginea 7,woll47 ,probably peculiar to the ,islands4 99 ,marked thus are illustrated4 ,in addition to the specimens above described1 a list of twenty-one more names of ,teneriffe moths is appended1 which have been written upon by ,s4 ,alpheraky in the memoirs of ,n4 ,m4 ,romanoff1 vol4 v41 #ahhi4 ,several of the insects in this list were collected by the author1 but as they were mostly very small brown or grey moths1 and of but little interest to the ordinary collector1 a description of them has been omitted4 ,the difficulty of identification without illustration also precludes their insertion in a work of the present character4 ,,alpheraky4 #a ,plusia ,chrisitina #ab ,crambus ,tersellus #b ,cosmophila ,erosa #ac ,cryptoblabes ,gnidiella #c ,acidalia ,guancharia #ad ,ephatia ,ficulella #d ,scoparia ,sudetica #ae ,ucetia ,transversella #e ,hellula ,undalis #af ,ephestia ,callidella #f ,aporodes ,floralis #ag ,ephestia ,elutella #g ,botys ,aurata #ah ,plodia ,interpunctella #h ,botys ,meridionalis #ai ,setomorpha ,bogotatella #i ,botys ,ferrugalis #bj ,litha ,solanella #aj ,botys ,dorcalis #ba ,pterophorus ,monodactylus #aa ,duponchelia ,fovealis ,,appendix ,a4 ,mr4 ,scott ,wilson1 writing to the author of his visit to the ,isle of ,palma1 states that the ,queen of ,spain ,fritillary 7,argynnis ,lathonia7 is very common in the meadows near the town of ,el ,paso1 #bjjj feet above the sea level in ,may4 ,in the same month he noticed the clouded yellow 7,colias ,edusa7 in large numbers in the clearings amongst the pine-woods4 ,a few specimens of the large ,fritillary 7,argynnis ,maia7 were secured by him at ,el ,paso early in ,may1 where the ,vulcania was also found2 of these latter specimens only two out of one hundred proved to be of the ,british form ,atalanta4 ,the ,bath-white 7,pieris ,daplidice7 was common near ,argual4 ,the ,danais ,chrysippus appeared rather uncommon1 only a few specimens being taken near the barranco ,del ,carmen1 not far from the town of ,santa ,cruz1 and a few near ,tijarafe4 ,specimens of the small blue 7,lycaena ,webbiana7 were taken near ,argual4 ,in the middle of ,may the large white 7,pieris ,cheiranthi7 was commonly found on the large laurel-trees at ,la ,galga4 ,the author believes that the same species of ,lepidoptera are generally distributed over all the seven islands1 but that in ,fuerteventura and ,lanzarote1 both of which are dry1 sandy1 and somewhat barren islands1 they are not found in such numbers or variety4 ,it is probable that different species of small ,african moths1 some of which are enumerated on pages #ic-d1 may be found in ,lanzarote1 which is the nearest island to the coast of ,africa1 and which more closely resembles it in climate and vegetation1 in greater numbers than in ,teneriffe4 ,the ,euphorbia1 which grows so plentifully in most of the islands1 is uncommon in ,lanzarote2 hence the ,d4 ,tithymali1 abundant in ,teneriffe1 would be scarce in this island4 ,the lack of water in ,fuerteventura1 and consequent sparse vegetation1 is doubtless the cause of the scarcity of ,lepidoptera in that island1 though the interesting occurrence of the insect 8,euchle ,charlonia10 a ,north and ,west ,african butterfly 7which has only once been recorded as having been observed in ,teneriffe71 is accounted for by the proximity of the island in question to the ,african mainland4 ,this species probably occurs in ,lanzarote1 for the same reason2 it will doubtless become dispersed over the remaining islands in time4 ,,appendix ,b4 ,under date ,july1 #ahic1 the ,rev4 ,o4 ,e4 ,benthall writes3-- 8,as to the #8blue'7,webbiana71 ,i found it in abundance at ,guimar about half a mile from the coast1 where the barrancos shallow down before running into the sea4 8,most of the specimens were rather wasted1 so ,i suppose the best time for them would be a fortnight earlier than when we went there 7,april740 ,,appendix ,c4 ,several of the ,teneriffe moths1 although similar to ,english and ,european species1 assume rather a darker insular form4 ,the ,triphna ,pronuba1 ,calocampa ,exoleta and ,asopia ,farinalis are examples of this4 ,the ,sterrha ,sacraria is also met with marked with a much brighter red than in ordinary specimens1 and showing great diversity in shade of colour1 from red to almost yellow4 ,anyone wishing to acquire more knowledge on this subject should refer to 8,observations on some remarkable ,varieties of ,sterrha ,sacraria1 with general notes on ,variation in ,lepidoptera1 by ,r4 ,m4 ,mc,lachlan1 ,f4,l4,s40 ,transactions of the ,entomological ,society of ,london1 ,ser4 #c1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #dec-dfh1 pl4 #bc4 ,those who are interested in the subject1 and have sufficient time and patience1 would probably be well repaid for their trouble by the result of experiments in selecting and breeding together insects of the same species which exhibit any slight deviation in their markings and colour4 ,thus in rearing a number of the ,pyrameis ,callirhoe several specimens have been observed to emerge from the chrysalis state with bright yellow instead of red markings on the margins of the hind-wings4 ,the white markings on the upper wings also varied somewhat4 ,the ,pyrameis family would possibly lend itself freely to the production of new varieties4 ,the ,danais ,chrysippus is another species of butterfly which presents itself for experiment4 ,by selecting the lighter hind-wing variety1 ,alcippoides1 for breeding1 perhaps the ,alcippus1 which hitherto has not been found in ,teneriffe1 might be produced4 ,among the smaller butterflies1 the ,chrysophanus ,phlas1 and the ,astrarche var4 ,aestiva have both shown deviation in colour and markings1 but these are much smaller1 and consequently more difficult to rear4 ,moreover1 they would not lend such an interest to the subject as the larger specimens4 ,in the moths1 the ,deilephila ,tithymali caterpillars1 if fed on a species of milk-wort1 evince a slight variety in colouring and size of moths as compared with those fed on ,euphorbia4 ,they must1 however1 be fed on the plant from the earliest stage1 as they only thrive on the food to which they have been accustomed from the first4 ,some of the earliest specimens are occasionally found on the milk-wort1 the eggs having been deposited thereon4 ,those found in ,january are more likely to thrive on this food than those met with later on1 as the ,euphorbia1 on which they generally feed1 is not in its prime till the early spring4 ,great care1 patience1 and time are required for these most interesting experiments1 but the natural advantages of the climate of ,teneriffe would greatly facilitate any efforts made1 as the variation in temperature is so slight1 and consequently the breeding process can be carried on nearly all the year round4 ,experiments of this nature1 which might pleasantly be made by those with whom time might otherwise pass slowly in ,teneriffe1 would probably prove of distinct value to students of ,biology4 ,,appendix ,d4 ,the 8,deilephila ,daucus10 allied to 8,lineata10 a ,north ,american species1 is said to occur in ,teneriffe1 but the author has not seen a specimen4 ,if such a species is really found in the island1 it is more probably ,d4 ,livornica1 which is common in ,south ,europe and throughout ,africa1 and is found in ,madeira4 ,either of the above species may be distinguished from ,d4 ,tithymali by the white lines on the wings1 but ,d4 ,livornica has only four longitudinal white stripes on the thorax1 whereas ,d4 ,daucus has six4 ,d4 ,livornica is a rarity in ,england1 but is found throughout all the warmer parts of the ,old ,world4 ,,alphabetical ,,index ,,of ,,genera ,,and ,,species4 ,the specific names1 including varieties1 are printed in italics4 ,acherontia1 #fd ,acidalia1 #ij ,acton1 #fj stiva1 #da geria1 #eg ,agrotis1 #hi ,alcippoides1 #dh ,alcippus1 #dh ,alg1 #hi ,aporia1 #cd ,aporodes1 #ie ,archippus1 #dd ,argynnis1 #di ,armigera1 #ha ,asinalis1 #id ,asopia1 #id ,aspilates1 #hg ,astrarche1 #da ,atalanta1 #eb ,atropos1 #fd ,aurata1 #ie ,aurifera1 #gh ,btica1 #ch ,batat1 #fe ,bogotatella1 #ie ,botys1 #id ,bryophila1 #hh ,callidella1 #ie ,callirhoe1 #ed ,calocampa1 #gf ,calymnia1 #id ,cardui1 #ed ,celerio1 #fi ,centra1 #id ,charlonia1 #cc ,cheiranthi1 #bi ,chrocampa1 #fi ,chrysippus1 #df ,chrysitis1 #gh ,chrysitina1 #gh ,chrysophanus1 #db ,circumflexa1 #gi ,cleobule1 #ce ,colias1 #cf ,collinaria1 #hg ,consolidata1 #ij ,convolvuli1 #fe ,cosmophila1 #ie ,crambus1 #ie ,cratgi1 #cd ,cryptoblabes1 #ie ,danais1 #dd ,daplidice1 #cb ,dasychira1 #gc ,daucus1 #ajd ,deilephila1 #fg ,deiopeia1 #gd ,dipsacea1 #ha ,divincta1 #hf ,dorcalis1 #ie ,dorippus1 #di ,duponchelia1 #ie ,edusa1 #cf ,elutella1 #ie ,ephatia1 #ie ,ephestia1 #ie ,epinephele1 #eh ,eriosoma1 #hj ,erosa1 #ie ,euchle1 #cc ,eupithecia1 #ib ,exoleta1 #gf ,farinalis1 #id ,ferrugalis1 #ie ,ferruginea1 #id ,ficulella1 #ie ,floralis1 #ie ,fortunata1 #eh1 #gc ,fovealis1 #ie ,fritillary1 #di ,gamma1 #gi ,gilvaria1 #hg ,gnidiella1 #ie ,guancharia1 #ie ,helice1 #cg ,heliaca1 #id ,heliothis1 #ha ,hellula1 #ie ,hesperia1 #fj ,hipparchia1 #fj ,hispulla1 #eh ,huntera1 #ef ,hypena1 #he ,interpunctella1 #ie ,janira1 #eh ,klugii1 #di ,lathonia1 #ea ,litha1 #ie ,littoralis1 #hb ,lividalis1 #hf ,livornica1 #ajd ,lucida1 #hc ,lycaena1 #ch ,lysimon1 #dj ,macroglossa1 #gj ,maia1 #di ,meridionalis1 #ie ,monodactylus1 #ie ,nonagrioides1 #ij ,obsitalis1 #he ,ommatostola1 #he ,omphacodes1 #hf ,pandora1 #di ,pararge1 #eg ,peridroma1 #hc ,phlas1 #db ,pieris1 #bi ,plexippus1 #dd ,plodia1 #ie ,plusia1 #gh ,polygonalis1 #id ,polyommatus1 #db ,prodenia1 #hb ,pronuba1 #gg ,pseudophia1 #ge ,pterophorus1 #ie ,pulchella1 #gd ,pumilata1 #ib ,pupillaria1 #ia ,pyrameis1 #eb ,rap1 #ca ,ravula1 #hh ,rhodocera1 #ce ,rubi1 #dc ,rufescens1 #ga ,rhyparioides1 #ga ,sacchari1 #he ,sacraria1 #hd ,saucia1 #hc ,scoparia1 #ie ,sepiaria1 #ia ,sesamia1 #ij ,setomorpha1 #ie ,solanella1 #ie ,sphinx1 #fe ,spinifera1 #hi ,statilinus1 #fj ,sterrha1 #hd ,stregaria1 #id ,sudetica1 #ie ,tarache1 #hc ,tempestivata1 #id ,tenebrata1 #id ,tephronia1 #ia ,tersellus1 #ie ,thecla1 #dc ,tirhaca1 #ge ,tirrha1 #ge ,tithymali1 #fg ,transversella1 #ie ,tripartita1 #gi ,triphna1 #gg ,ucetia1 #ie ,undalis1 #ie ,urtic1 #gi ,vanessa1 #bj ,verbascalis1 #id ,vulcania1 #ed ,webbiana1 #ci ,wollastoni1 #cj ,xiphioides1 #eg ,zonosoma1 #ia ,,description ,,of ,,plates4 ,,plate ,i4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,pieris ,wollastoni4 #b4 ,pieris ,cheiranthi 7under side74 #c4 ,rhodocera ,cleobule4 #d4 ,euchlo ,charlonia4 #e4 ,colias ,edusa 7female74 #f4 ,colias var4 ,helice4 #g4 ,lycna ,webbiana 7upper side74 #h4 ,lycna ,webbiana 7under side74 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,danais ,plexippus4 #b4 ,danais ,chrysippus4 #c4 ,danais ,alcippoides4 #d4 ,pyrameis ,huntera4 #e4 ,pyrameis ,cardui4 #f4 ,lycna ,astrarche var4 ,aestiva4 #g4 ,hipparchia ,statilinus4 #h4 ,hesperia ,acton4 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,argynnis ,maia or ,pandora 7upper side74 #b4 ,argynnis ,maia or ,pandora 7under side74 #c4 ,argynnis ,lathonia 7upper side74 #d4 ,argynnis ,lathonia 7under side74 #e4 ,pararge ,xiphioides4 #f4 ,pyrameis ,vulcania or ,callirhoe4 #g4 ,pyrameis ,atalanta4 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,acherontia ,atropos4 #b4 ,chrocampa ,celerio4 #c4 ,pseudophia ,tirhaca4 #d4 ,deilephila ,tithymali4 #e4 ,rhyparioides ,rufeseens4 #f4 ,plusia ,aurifera4 #g4 ,omphacodes ,divincta4 #h4 ,tarache ,lucida4 #i4 ,deiopeia ,pulchella4 #aj4 ,aspilates ,collinaria4 #aa4 ,dasychira ,fortunata4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #a4 ,a4 ,e4 ,holt-,white1 del4 ,r4 ,morgan lith4 ,vincent ,brooks1 ,day ,son ,imp4 ,l4 ,reeve ,co4 ,london4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #b4 ,a4 ,e4 ,holt-,white1 del4 ,r4 ,morgan lith4 ,vincent ,brooks1 ,day ,son ,imp4 ,l4 ,reeve ,co4 ,london4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #c4 ,a4 ,e4 ,holt-,white1 del4 ,r4 ,morgan lith4 ,l4 ,reeve ,co4 ,london4 ,vincent ,brooks1 ,day ,son ,imp4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #d4 ,a4 ,e4 ,holt-,white1 del1 ,r4 ,morgan lith4 ,vincent ,brooks1 ,day ,son ,imp4 ,l4 ,reeve ,co4 ,london4