,,the ,,supernatural                    
,,in                                    
,,early ,,spanish                       
,,literature                            
,,studied ,,in ,,the ,,works ,,of ,,the 
,,court                          ,,of   
,,alfonso ,x1 ,,el ,,sabio              
,by                            ,,frank  
,,callcott1 ,ph4 ,d4                    
,department of ,romance ,languages      
,columbia ,university                   
,illustration                           
,,instituto ,,de ,,las ,,espa,,as       
en los ,,estados ,,unidos               
,,new ,,york                            
#aibc                                   
,es propiedad4                          
,derechos reservados                    
para todos los pases4                   
,copyright1 #aibc1                      
by the ,instituto de las ,espaas4       
,to                                ,,my 
,,parents          ,,preface      ,it   
has been the aim of the author in the   
following study to collect1  classify1  

and analyze the various references made 
in the works of  ,alfonso ,x1 el ,sabio1
 to the beliefs and superstitions1 of   
the ,spaniard  of that day1 with        
reference to the supernatural4 ,it is   
hoped that it  will be possible in this 
way to reach a better understanding of  
the  attitude of the ,spanish people    
toward the supernatural in general and  
thus to acquire a more complete         
appreciation of that early period of the
  nation's life4    ,no attempt has been
 made here to trace the origins of these
 early  ,spanish traditions 7many of    
which were common thruout ,europe during
 the  ,middle ,ages71 and the comparison
 of what has been found with the        
supernatural in the early literature of 
other ,european countries has  been left
 for a later study4    ,the works of    
,alfonso el ,sabio have been chosen     
because1 to a large  extent1 they       
represent not only their own period but 
all that had gone  before them1 as      
recorded not only in ,castillian but in 

,latin and to a  greater or less degree 
in ,arabic and ,hebrew also4 ,alfonso   
gathered to  his court a select group of
 scholars versed in these languages2 and
  under his direction they produced or  
collected a representative library  of  
works dealing with their respective     
subjects4 ,it is the accessible  books  
of this collection that have furnished  
the material for the  present study4    
,the author wishes to express sincere   
thanks to ,professor ,federico de  ,ons 
of ,columbia ,university for sympathetic
 encouragement and valuable  suggestions
 thruout the entire period of study2 to 
,professor ,antonio ,g4  ,solalinde1 of 
the ,centro de ,estudios ,histricos1    
,madrid1 for helpful  suggestions and   
criticism of the manuscript as well as  
for the privilege  of consulting the    
proof-sheets of the ,antologa de        
,alfonso ,x1 el  ,sabio1 which has      
recently issued from the press2 to      
,professor ,raymond  ,weeks1 of         
,columbia ,university1 for his          

sympathetic interpretation of the       
,middle ,ages and for actually          
introducing the writer to the true      
spirit  of that period2 to his wife1    
thru whose timely assistance solely it  
has  been possible to complete the study
 without undue delay2 and especially  to
 ,professor ,henry ,alfred ,todd1 of    
,columbia1 for his painstaking aid and  
expert criticism while this work was    
taking form and being put thru the      
press4                                  
,f4 ,c4    ,columbia ,university1       
,january1 #aibc4          ,,introductory
      ,the human mind is always         
interested in those things that it can  
not  understand2 as soon1 however1 as   
the problem has been solved it is no    
longer an absorbing subject of          
attention4 ,when a sleight-of-hand feat 
has been explained we turn with renewed 
zest to something else and  revive our  
former interest only to mystify or amuse
 some friend4 ,the  unsolved problem1 on
 the other hand1 will grip our undivided

 interest  for an indefinite length of  
time2 our minds will revert continually 
to  the unelucidated trick of           
legerdemain until we learn how it was   
accomplished4 ,and so we might continue 
our illustrations thru the whole  range 
of human knowledge4    ,furthermore1 we 
are not content to limit our curiosity  
to the  comprehension of what others    
have understood before us1 but push our 
way  in quest of the answer to the      
eternal and ever haunting how8 and  why8
 ,we climb the mountains1 we crouch     
beneath a shelter while the  storm      
beats1 we gaze into space on a starlight
 night1 and these  compelling queries   
become ever more insistent4 ,this       
element of  inexhaustible curiosity is1 
and has been as far back as the         
existence of  society can be traced1    
present in all human nature2 the leaders
 of  mankind have not been slow to      
utilize it for the attainment of their  
own lofty or ignoble aims4 ,the warrior 
has employed it to inspire his          

soldiers2 the priest to exalt his       
followers2 the minstrel to entrance  his
 auditors4    ,in the introduction to   
her ,columbia doctorial dissertation1   
,the  ,supernatural in ,modern ,english 
,fiction1#a ,dr4 ,dorothy ,scarborough  
has  discussed in a very engaging manner
 the inherent need of the  supernatural 
in fiction4 ,in real life as well it    
plays a highly  important part4 ,it is a
 demonstrated fact that when a man faces
 a  supreme crisis--when face to face   
with death--not only will he turn       
instinctively to the supernatural powers
 in that moment but all that is         
extraneous to his real self will        
disappear and the true man will stand   
forth revealed4 ,what is true of the    
individual in this respect applies  also
 to the race4 ,it is in recognition of  
this universal truth that the  following
 study has been undertaken1 in the hope 
that a careful  examination of the      
supernatural aspect of the beliefs and  
practices of  ,spain as reflected in the

 literature of a given period will      
contribute  to a better understanding of
 the questions involved4    ,naturally  
there is a wide difference between the  
method of thinking of  the average      
person in the ,middle ,ages and that of 
the average person of  to-day4 ,in the  
#bjth century every peculiar or         
remarkable phenomenon of  nature is     
subjected to the scrutiny of scientific 
study1 while with the  medieval man it  
was accepted at its face value as being 
the  manifestation of unseen powers1 of 
gods or of devils4 ,it would seem  that 
consciously or otherwise they attempted 
to make everything appear  supernatural 
whether they could explain it or not4   
,we of today demand  that the ,god of   
the universe should work thru well      
defined natural laws2  they1 on the     
other hand1 expected that 8el milagro   
sea contra  natura04#b ,it is true      
nevertheless that the 8call0 of the     
supernatural  in one form or another has
 continued to exert a powerful influence

 even  down to our own time4 ,some of   
its forms of manifestation may have     
changed1 but the belief is almost       
everywhere present4 ,instead of         
forecasting the future by ,astrology    
many today seek aid in the sance2       
miraculous cures are still being sought 
for as of old not only in many  cases   
abroad but also in communities nearer   
home--even in the city of  ,new ,york1  
during the ,novena of ,st4 ,ann2 while  
only recently it was  reported in the   
daily press that a young girl in a      
convent on the banks  of the ,hudson    
showed the marks of the stigmata so     
prominently  associated with the history
 of ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi4    ,before
 entering upon the study proper of the  
early ,spanish period it  will be well  
to review rapidly some of the important 
facts in the  8supernatural0 history of 
the ,iberians since the time when the   
,goths  invaded ,spain4#c    ,when they 
came they brought with them their songs 
and legends1 which  were peculiarly     

,germanic4 ,the writer ,jordanes1 about 
the middle of the  #fth century1 states 
that stories of sunken cities1          
subterranean voices1  etc41 were common 
in the region of the ,vistula1 the river
 which  separated ,scythia from         
,germany4#d ,but we find no trace of    
this in the  early ,spanish literature  
owing to the fact that when the ,goths  
conquered  the ,iberians they did not   
blend readily with the people of the    
newly  acquired territory4 ,nor did     
they1 as the ,romans had done1 encourage
 the  vanquished to continue their      
established customs and religion giving 
to  their own traditions an opportunity1
 thru friendly intercourse1 to  become  
adopted by their new subjects4 ,on the  
other hand1 in their effort  to make    
assimilation still more impossible they 
forbade intermarriage4  ,the result of  
this was1 to use the words of ,amador de
 los ,ros1 that         8,la ,iglesia1  
que durante el ,imperio visigodo procur 
desterrar del       pueblo catlico las  

reprobadas prcticas del gentilismo1     
limpindole al propio tiempo de las      
torpes  inmundas aberraciones        que
 le arrastraban los magos1 encantadores1
 sortlegos y adivinos       que plagaban
 la nacin espaola1 vise forzada         
condenar una y       otra vez tamaos    
abusos1 trasmitidos de edad en edad1 con
 el       auxilio de los cantos         
populares40#e    ,it seems1 however1    
that in this struggle the ,church was   
not always  successful4 ,often the      
result was a compromise in which the    
pagan customs  were remodeled and made  
to conform to the requirements of the   
,church  instead of being completely    
abolished4 ,for instance1 according to  
,j4 ,a4  ,mac,culloch1 the ancient      
,celtic warriors used to advance dancing
 and  singing to the fray2#f and 4      
,philipon says3    8,lorsqu' ils        
marchaient au combat1 les guerriers     
ibres entonnaient   pleine voix leur    
chants nationaux1 leur pans1 comme      
disaient les  ,romains40#g    ,in the   

early ,middle ,ages this custom of the  
ancient inhabitants of ,spain  still    
continued under the ,christian          
domination2 and into these war cries    
and songs had slowly crept the names of 
the ,christian ,deity and of the        
,christian saints4    ,this habit of    
consciously directing the minds of the  
soldiers to things  spiritual in such a 
moment may have been an important factor
 in the  development of the numerous    
legends of visions seen by soldiers     
during  battle4#h    ,one would         
naturally expect to encounter a marked  
,arabic influence in the  early         
monuments of the language1 considering  
the fact that the ,moslems  with all    
their wealth of magic and other arts    
peculiar to the ,east1  entered ,spain  
in the early years of the #hth century1 
but this is not the  case4 ,when the    
,moslems entered ,spain those who were  
able retreated  before them1 but a large
 part of the population1 unable to do   
this1  remained under ,mohammedan rule4 

,these mozrabes1 as the conquered       
,christians were called1 struggled      
bravely to keep themselves and their    
children free from the heresies of their
 conquerors and for some time  were     
successful1 but by the #ith century the 
,mohammedans were rapidly  instilling   
their teachings into their captives4#i  
,a reaction against this began under    
,abderrahman ,,ii4 ,the ,christians1    
becoming obsessed with a desire to be   
martyrs1 began rashly to expose         
themselves everywhere4 ,so serious did  
this movement become that in #heb       
,abderrahman constrained the bishops to 
call a council1 presided over by        
,recafredo1 instructing them to condemn 
this zeal for martyrdom1 which  they    
did1 but only in a half-hearted manner4 
,this movement was the last  serious    
attempt on the part of the mozrabes to  
rebel against the  teachings of the     
,moors4 ,from this time on they were    
rapidly merged into  the nation of the  
conquerors and it is a question whether 

any of them  remained true to the       
,catholic ,church at the time ,spain was
 reclaimed by  the ,christians1 all of  
which explains the lack of a very       
noticeable  ,arabic influence in the    
early ,castillian writings4    ,we have 
therefore 7at the time the early        
,castillian literature began to  appear7
 a nation from which the clergy had     
attempted to remove  everything that    
could not be remodeled to conform to    
their  interpretation of ,christian     
,scriptures--an endeavor in which they  
had  been signally successful4 ,at this 
time1 so far as the vernacular was      
concerned1 there had been little        
influence from the outside world  7since
 the time of the ,gothic invasion7 other
 than that which had been  imported from
 ,rome4 ,but this isolation was not to  
last long4 ,when the  ,christians       
reconquered the cities from the ,moors  
they made a practice of  killing the men
 but of enslaving the women and         
children4#aj ,these women  as nurses    

naturally told the children in their    
care the stories of their  people4 ,in  
addition to this1 ,paschal ,,ii1 ,pope  
from #ajii-aaah1 issued a  bull         
declaring sacred the war in ,spain      
against the ,moors as well as that  in  
the ,holy ,land4 ,this gradually brought
 into ,spain ,christian knights  from   
all ,europe with their traditions4      
,likewise1 in the earlier part of  the  
#abth century a school of clerical      
writers appeared in ,spain who  sought  
to win the favor of the people thru     
making their versions of the  traditions
 of the ,church more attractive by      
mixing freely sacred history  and       
profane4 ,they sought inspiration in the
 ,moorish and the ,classic  traditions2 
they confused the legends of the past by
 transferring to  them the customs of   
their own day4#aa ,it was they who      
sought out the  mysterious legends of   
the ,east common among the ,moors who   
lived in the  ,south1 incorporating them
 into their sermons and poems and       

mingling them  with the ,christian      
mythology4 ,all this prepared the way   
for the great  efflorescence of the     
supernatural which began with ,alfonso  
,x and  continued in full sway until the
 #agth century4          ,,chapter ,i   
,,alfonso ,,el ,,sabio ,,as ,,king ,,and
 ,,scholar      ,alfonso ,x is one of   
those unfortunate men who have          
been--sometimes  unconsciously but in   
many cases purposely--maligned in       
history4 ,the  ,libro de las ,querellas1
 7a #agth century work until recently   
attributed  to ,alfonso72 the dictum of 
,mariana1 8,dumque coelum considerat    
observatque astra1 terram amisit02 and  
the popular verse from the  romances    
8,de tanto mirar al cielo se le cay la  
corona0 which inspired  ,marquina's poem
 on that theme1 all express the         
exaggerated and perverted  idea which   
was generally prevalent concerning this 
monarch4 ,those who  knew his works of  
science1 especially of astronomy1 were  
amazed at the  wealth of knowledge      

displayed therein1 and this1 together   
with the fact  that his last years were 
taken up with rebellions on the part not
 only  of his vassals but even of his   
own sons1 seem to have been enough to   
create the impression just mentioned4   
,recent criticism has also brought to   
light the fact that the almost          
blasphemous quotation so long attributed
 to this king1 8,si ,dios me  hubiera   
consultado1 habra hecho el mundo de otra
 manera10 is not his at  all1 but rather
 was invented later in ,catalonia by a  
certain king ,pedro  ,,iv1 or perhaps by
 his chronicler ,bernat ,descoll4 ,some 
have attributed it  to ,fernando        
,,iv4#ab    ,altho these conceptions may
 contain some modicum of truth1 they are
 only  a part of the truth4 ,alfonso    
took an active part in the politics of  
his  day and the surprising thing is    
that amid all the strife and trouble    
that surrounded him he found any time at
 all to give to literary  production4   
,alfonso was born on ,november #bc1     

#abba1 according to the findings of his 
biographer1 the ,marqus de ,mondjar#ac  
7whose deductions have been  confirmed  
by documents discovered later7 and was  
named for his  grandfather ,alfonso ,,ix
 of ,leon and his great-grandfather     
,alfonso ,,viii of  ,castile4           
,practically nothing is known of his    
early childhood except that  he was     
associated with certain of the nobility1
 viz41 ,garca ,fernndez  and ,doa ,mayor
 ,arias of the province of ,burgos4 ,of 
his early training  nothing is known4   
,he was probably reared in ,toledo1 his 
father's  capital1 and as ,sr4          
,solalinde suggests1 much might be      
inferred from the  rules for the        
training of princes given in the ,siete 
,partidas1 a  collection of the laws of 
the time1 provided the reader does not  
take  these too literally4 ,at the age  
of sixteen he began his career as a     
soldier under his father1 ,fernando     
,,iii1 el ,santo1 in the conquest of    
,andaluca4 ,he himself added to his     

father's crown the kingdom of ,murcia   
and took an active part in the conquest 
of ,sevilla in #abdh4 ,the next  year he
 married ,doa ,violante of ,aragn1      
daughter of ,jaime el  ,conquistador1   
hoping in this way to effect an alliance
 between the two  kingdoms1 but it seems
 as tho ,fate had decreed that from the 
very first  his should be a life of     
disappointments and trouble4 ,the       
frontier  warfare between these two     
nations continued1 growing even more    
sharp  later when ,alfonso aspired to   
the crown of ,navarra4 ,it was not until
  much later that the friendship of     
,alfonso and ,don ,jaime became firmly  
established4    ,aside from his legal   
wife1 whom he married by way of securing
 a  political asset--a mode of procedure
 not unknown even in later times--he    
really loved a certain beautiful lady1  
,doa ,mayor ,guilln de ,guzmn1 who  bore
 to him his daughter ,doa ,beatriz1     
later married by her father to  ,alfonso
 ,,iii of ,portugal4 ,the sepulcher and 

also the body of ,doa ,mayor  in a      
remarkable state of preservation are    
still to be seen in ,alcocer4  ,one of  
the hands still wears the glove with    
which it was clothed at the  time of the
 burial4    ,in ,may1 #abeb1 ,alfonso   
ascended the throne1 after receiving his
 father's  solemn charge3 8,fijo1 ricas 
fincas et tierra et de muchos buenos    
vasallos ms que rey que en la           
cristianidad sea2 pugna en facer bien e 
ser bueno1 ca bien has con qu40         
,alfonso1 the king1 was undoubtedly an  
indefatigable worker and a man of  the  
highest intentions4 ,he knew what ought 
to be done but apparently did  not have 
the power of will or the personality to 
insure the execution  of his purpose4   
,when he ascended the throne the war    
with the ,moors had  been reduced to    
operations of minor importance and they 
recognized the  ,castillian monarch as  
their master4 ,but here as elsewhere    
history  repeats itself4 ,each          
,christian king on the peninsula was    

dominated by  the desire to extend his  
territories2 and1 since there was no    
longer the  necessity of standing       
together against the common foe1 a      
series of petty  quarrels soon arose    
followed by attempted conquests4 ,as    
time went on1  not only ,alfonso's own  
nobles1 but his brothers and even his   
own son  became involved against their  
king4 ,it was precisely here that       
,alfonso  was unable to hold the reins  
of power in as firm a hand as his father
  before him had done4 ,it was because  
of internal troubles that he failed1  at
 the critical moment1 to bring the wars 
in ,italy to a decisive  conclusion1 and
 to terminate successfully with the     
popes and others1 the  diplomatic       
controversies in which the throne of the
 ,holy ,roman ,empire  was at stake4 ,to
 this throne he had been legally elected
 at the death of  ,william of ,holland  
in #abef1 when he received four of the  
seven votes4 ,he  was opposed by        
,richard of ,cornwall4 ,the long contest

 which followed was  in reality a       
political battle with the popes1 from   
,alexander ,,iv to  ,gregory ,x1 in     
which ,richard usually had the upper    
hand4 ,at ,richard's  death ,rudolph of 
,hapsburg under the pontifical          
protection was elected to  take his     
place1 and it was only after nineteen   
years that ,alfonso  finally succeeded1 
in #abge1 in obtaining an audience with 
,gregory in  ,france4 ,the unfortunate  
outcome of this interview was that      
,alfonso was  persuaded to give up all  
pretentions to the imperial crown and to
 forego  his custom of signing          
international papers with the title of  
8rey de  romanos40 ,in this manner ended
 ,alfonso's vain attempt at external    
territorial expansion4    ,at home1 in  
contests with his own nobles1 he had    
been hardly more  successful4 ,indeed1  
with all the accumulated expenses of his
  long-continued attempts to obtain the 
imperial crown it would have  required a
 man of almost superhuman force to keep 

his powerful vassals  under control and 
at the same time subject them to the    
excessive  taxation necessarily         
involved4 ,this1 as we have seen1       
,alfonso did not  possess4 ,the ,infante
 ,don ,enrique was the first to rebel4  
,his outbreak  was followed by a more   
serious uprising of the nobles under the
  ostensible leadership of the king's   
brother1 the ,infante ,don ,felipe1 but 
was really fostered and maintained by   
,nuo de ,lara1 the boldest and most     
favored noble of the court4 ,to restore 
harmony the king surrendered many  of   
his own prescriptive rights1 but even   
then the nobles were not  satisfied and 
,nuo de ,lara1 inspired by this recently
 acquired power1  objected to the royal 
decision to require no further payments 
of tribute  from the king of ,portugal4 
,alfonso1 in anger1 demanded that ,nuo  
withdraw from the council2 this he did  
but in open rebellion1  successfully    
drawing with him a large number of the  
nobles4 ,many of  these1 apparently     

faithful to ,alfonso1 followed an       
intimation given them  by ,nuo and      
outwardly supported their sovereign     
while privately plotting  with some of  
his powerful enemies1 the king of       
,navarre and even the  emir of ,granada4
    ,in an endeavor to adjust matters   
,alfonso summoned a general convocation1
  which the aggrieved nobles1 in an     
attitude of open affront1 attended      
fully armed while their sovereign wore  
only civilian dress4 ,at this  meeting  
the monarch ceded still further         
privileges2 but1 pursuing their         
advantage1 they finally came out in open
 rebellion and1 gathering their  army1  
marched away from ,castile to the       
kingdom of ,granada1 burning and        
plundering as they went4 ,meanwhile     
,alfonso1 by means of his eldest son    
and heir1 ,fernando de la ,cerda1 still 
endeavored to negotiate with them4      
,in spite of all these internal troubles
 the crown of the ,holy ,roman  ,empire 
still held the uppermost place in the   

mind of the monarch and it  was just at 
this juncture that he succeeded in      
arranging for his above  mentioned visit
 to ,france and left his oldest son1    
,fernando de la ,cerda1  to govern in   
his stead4 ,the latter altho only a boy 
of twenty years was  already showing    
great ability as his father's           
representative1 when  suddenly he died4 
,fate seemed determined that not one    
bright lingering  hope should be        
permitted to relieve ,alfonso's long1   
unhappy reign4    ,this unfortunate     
death was the cause of additional       
troubles4 ,don ,sancho1  ,alfonso's     
second son1 immediately took up the     
reins of government where  his brother  
had let them fall4 ,war having been     
declared on the ,moors1 no  time was to 
be lost4 ,alfonso returned to find his  
son and heir dead1 his  father-in-law1  
,don ,jaime1--that valiant warrior who  
had now become his  devoted friend--just
 killed by the unbelievers1 and his     
second son1  ,sancho1 self-established  

as heir-apparent4 ,altho this was       
contrary to  what the king himself had  
ordered in ,las ,siete ,partidas1#ad he 
confirmed ,sancho as his successor1     
whereas the crown should have gone to   
,fernando's eldest son4 ,this brought   
more trouble4 ,queen ,violante left  him
 and sought refuge with her brother1    
,pedro ,,iii of ,aragon1 in order to    
defend the rights of her grandsons4 ,the
 wife of the deceased prince  hastened  
to her father1 king of ,france1 and war 
was about to be declared  between the   
two kingdoms1 when ,rome interfered4    
,violante returned to her  lord upon    
receiving his promise to cede the       
kingdom of ,jan to his  grandson2 but   
this angered ,don ,sancho1 who rebelled 
against his father4  ,alfonso publicly  
disinherited his son1 and incontinently 
set out to  crush him4 ,the other       
,infantes who had previously supported  
their brother  now forsook him and came 
to the aid of their father4 ,sancho     
himself1  with a kind of religious      

respect for his royal father1 avoided   
battle  and finally implored pardon4    
,such was the condition of affairs when1
  after an exceedingly turbulent reign  
of thirty-two years1 ,alfonso ,x died   
in ,seville on the #dth of ,april1      
#abhd4    ,during all these years       
,alfonso had cherished the fond hope of 
carrying  on an ever broadening war     
against the ,moors and finally of       
extending it  into ,africa and there    
dealing a death blow to the power of the
  ,crescent4 ,this purpose of his1 like 
a will-o'-the-wisp1 fluttered           
constantly just beyond his power of     
execution4 ,he did succeed in  carrying 
out minor conquests1 but the ruler of   
,granada was always quick  to take      
advantage of the civil strife in the    
kingdom to the north of him  to recover 
his lost territory4 ,the final net      
result was that ,alfonso  succeeded in  
adding to his crown the cities of ,jerez
 de la ,frontera1  ,medina-,sidonia1    
,lebrija1 ,niebla1 ,cdiz1 and a few     

other towns of little  importance4      
,from the foregoing it is easy to see   
that ,alfonso was not a mere  theorizing
 star-gazer4 ,it is surprising that a   
man with his hands so  full of          
terrestrial affairs could ever have     
found time to turn his eyes  heavenward 
or could ever find the leisure and the  
quiet necessary for  the careful editing
 of the lengthy works produced at his   
command4    ,in speaking of these works 
and discussing their chronological order
 ,sr4  ,ramn ,menendez ,pidal says3     
8,la actividad literaria de la corte de 
,alfonso ,x--que se haba       iniciado 
con las ,tablas ,alfonses y el          
,septenario--haba       producido ya las
 obras legales1 coronadas por las       
,partidas2 haba       dado a luz la     
primera edicin de las ,cantigas y gran  
parte de los       ,libros ,astronmicos4
 ,posteriormente a esa actividad        
desarrollada       en las materias      
astronmicas1 jurdicas y poticas1 slo a  
partir       del ao #abgj1 debemos      

colocar el comienzo de la actividad     
histrica       antes no representada4   
,primero se trabaja en la ,crnica       
,general1       y1 despus1 se interrumpe
 la obra para impulsar la ,grande       
,estoria2 los redactores de esta1 como  
luego indicaremos1       conocieron     
noticias referentes a la historia de    
,espaa que la       ,crnica ,general no 
aprovech4 ,en fin1 despus de la         
iniciacin       de las obras histricas  
se sigui trabajando en los ,libros      
,astronmicos y en las ,cantigas1 y se   
empezaron las ltimas obras       del    
reinado1 como el ,lapidario y el        
,ajedrez40#ae    ,of the above ,i have  
been able to consult only those printed 
or  reproduced in facsimile1 which are  
the following3    ,las ,siete ,partidas1
 7the best edition of which is the large
 three  volume work published in #ahjg  
by the ,real ,academia7 is the result of
  ,alfonso's successful attempt to      
complete the work begun by his father in
  collecting1 codifying and             

standardizing the various laws of the   
numerous  regions of the kingdom1 and it
 has been used as the basis of ,spanish 
jurisprudence ever since4 ,this work has
 proved of very great value  because of 
the ample comments 7made1 it seems1     
either by the compilers  or by ,alfonso 
himself7 on the laws contained and the  
customs referred  to4    ,las ,cantigas 
is a collection of #dbb lyric or        
narrative poems in the                  
,gallego-portugus dialect1 many of which
 were probably written by the  monarch4 
,of these #cec are narrations of        
miracles attributed to the  ,blessed    
,virgin4 ,the edition used in this study
 is that of the ,real  ,academia1 #ahhi1
 #b ,vols41 #cc cm4 edited with a       
critical introduction by  ,leopoldo     
,augusto de ,cueto1 ,marqus de ,valmar4 
,a third volume of this  work by ,j4    
,ribera treating of the music of ,las   
,cantigas has just  appeared4    ,los   
,libros del ,saber de ,astronoma1       
contain a large number of drawings  of  

the heavens1 various astronomical       
instruments1 etc41 as well as a         
compendium of what was then known       
relating to this science4 ,in the       
introduction to the edition which       
consists of five #de  #cc cm4 volumes   
by ,manuel ,rico y ,sinobas1 ,madrid1   
#ahfh1 the editor states that among the 
compilers were #h ,christians and #f    
,jews2 while the works of more than #ag 
,arabs were consulted 7p4 ,,xcii74      
,la ,primera ,crnica ,general 7edition  
of ,ramn ,menndez ,pidal in ,nueva      
,biblioteca de ,autores ,espaoles1 vol4 
#e1 #aijf7 is an account of the  history
 of ,spain from the time of ,moses to   
the death of ,fernando ,,iii1 el        
,santo4 ,this1 says ,sr4 ,pidal in his  
,estudios ,literarios 7p4 #bjh ff471  is
 the first chronicle written in ,spain  
which considers the ,spaniards as  a    
,roman instead of a ,gothic people4     
,being guided by the results of his     
research1 the latest and most           
authoritative on the subject1 ,i have   

included in this study only the first   
part of the ,crnica1 i4 e41  chapters   
#a-eff1 as the remaining part is        
probably the work of ,alfonso's         
successor4    ,la ,general ,estoria is  
still unedited4 ,it is a work of five   
parts1 each  of which is in size equal  
to the ,primera ,crnica ,general4 ,it   
purports  to be a history of the world  
from the creation to the time of        
,alfonso  and is based primarily on the 
,bible1 altho other authorities1 both   
sacred and profane1 are freely drawn    
upon4 ,for this study ,i have been  able
 to consult only those extracts that    
appear in the ,antologa of  ,sr4        
,antonio ,g4 ,solalinde4    ,el         
,lapidario treats of #cfj stones1       
dividing them into twelve groups        
describes their appearance and the      
country or locality in which they are   
found1 bringing in in this way          
interesting comments on manners and     
customs1 scraps of folk-lore1 etc41 as  
well as discussing the medicinal  and   

supernatural properties of the various  
stones introduced4 ,the  edition used   
was that of ,jos ,t4 ,montaa1 ,antonio  
,selfa1 and ,hipplito  ,rodrigez1       
,madrid1 #ahha4    ,el ,libro de        
,ajedrez4 ,a two volume photographic    
edition of this work  was brought out in
 ,leipzig in #aiac by ,j4 ,g4 ,white    
under the title of ,a  ,spanish         
,treatise of ,chess written by the order
 of ,king ,alfonso1 the  ,sage1 in      
#abhc4 ,it is a careful discussion of   
the game and description  of the various
 moves4 ,as well as chess1 the games of 
dice and backgammon  are included4      
,in this study have been included only  
those works which may1 without          
reasonable doubt1 be considered to be   
the productions of ,alfonso el  ,sabio  
or works in whose composition he took   
part in the manner indicated  below4    
,those which may have been more or less 
plausibly attributed to  him but whose  
authorship still remains in doubt1 have 
been purposely  omitted4 ,of these      

latter the most important is ,calila y  
,dimna1 which  many still maintain was  
translated by the order of ,alfonso4#af 
,but even  if this be correct the book  
is a purely allegorical one1 entirely   
foreign to the spirit and manner of     
,spain1 and can in no way aid us in     
understanding the superstitions and     
religious beliefs of the ,spanish       
nation4    ,while it is true that       
,alfonso did not with his own hands     
write out the  works included in our    
study1 nevertheless the compilers       
themselves bear  witness to the fact    
that he did carefully edit them1        
scrutinizing the  contents1 eliminating 
the non-essential and perfecting the    
language4 ,in  the ,general ,estoria is 
found this significant statement3       
8,assi como dixiemos nos muchas uezes3  
el rey face un libro1 non por       quel
 el escriua con sus manos1 mas porque   
compone las razones del1       e las    
enmienda et yegua e enderesa1 e muestra 
la manera de cmo se       deuen fazer1 e

 desi escriue las qui l manda1 pero     
dezimos por esta       razon que el rey 
faze el libro04#ag    ,small wonder then
 that the king realized the value of    
quietude and  specified as one of the   
essentials for the making of good laws  
that         8,otrosi deben guardar que 
quando las fecieren no haya ni ruido nin
       otra cosa que les estorbe1 et que
 lo fagan con consejo de homes          
entendidos et sabidores1 et leales et   
sin codicia40#ah          ,,chapter ,,ii
    ,,miracles ,,performed ,,by ,,the   
,,virgin ,,in ,,response ,,to ,,prayer  
,when it is considered that in ,las     
,cantigas alone there are narrated  #cec
 separate miracles1 it is obvious that  
it will be impossible to give  here even
 a brief rsum of all the instances in   
which the supernatural  appears4 ,what  
,i have attempted to do is to give a    
synopsis of the most  representative    
legends and stories1 hoping in this way 
to present a  correct1 if succinct1 idea
 of the beliefs1 superstitions and      

religious  practices of medieval ,spain4
 ,the various occurrences of the        
supernatural  found in the writings of  
,alfonso ,x1 have been grouped1 as far  
as  possible1 under the headings        
commonly employed in classifications of 
this kind4    ,since all the extant     
works of this period1 with the exception
 of ,las  ,cantigas and a few cantigas  
de amor et de maldecir1 were written for
  the erudite and were in no sense      
popular in their origins1 it is         
apparent that the popular beliefs in    
regard to the supernatural will be      
found mentioned in them only            
incidentally4 ,occasionally1 as in the  
,crnica ,general for example1 the       
traditions of the common people had     
firmly established themselves in the    
,cantares de ,gesta and other  sources  
which were drawn upon by the compilers4 
,in such scientific works  as ,el       
,lapidario and ,los ,libros del ,saber  
de ,astronoma1 the effect  of the       
various heavenly bodies upon things     

terrestrial is mentioned1 but  these    
reflect the beliefs of the learned1 not 
of the ignorant4 ,while  these beliefs  
of the intellectual classes are         
interesting and useful in  themselves1  
they are by no means as important for   
our study as the  superstitions of the  
man of the street4 ,las ,siete ,partidas
 has  furnished much pertinent          
information because of the laws         
concerning  practices involving the     
supernatural which were forbidden1 or   
which1 as  in the case of conjuring1    
were permitted only under certain       
circumstances4 ,but from such sources we
 can get only a very small  proportion  
of the great mass of popular conceptions
 and traditions which  must have        
existed1 as is forcibly illustrated by  
the fact that in all  the other works   
excepting ,las ,cantigas only nine      
miracles are  narrated4 ,on the other   
hand the term 8milagro0 was considered  
important  enough to merit a lengthy    
definition in the laws of the times4#ai 

,according to this definition a         
8milagro0 is a divine intervention in   
the  regular course of nature the       
purpose of which is1 among other things1
 to  reward the faithful and to bear    
witness to the veracity of the          
,christian  faith4    ,but when we      
consider ,las ,cantigas1 a work whose   
avowed purpose is to  gather together   
all the current stories of miracles     
attributed to the  ,virgin either       
directly or indirectly1 we have a       
collection of #cec  accounts drawn both 
from the writings of the saints and from
 popular  tradition4 ,it is to be       
noticed too that all of these are       
performed  either directly or indirectly
 by the ,virgin and do not include any  
of  those attributed to the various     
other saints1 to the ,child nor to the  
,man ,jesus1 etc4 ,if such a host of    
legends and stories could be gathered   
with the facilities of that time dealing
 with only one phase of  supernatural   
lore and with only one saint how great  

must have been the  entire store6       
,another interesting fact in connection 
with this collection is that1  altho    
according to the ,church authorities1   
the ,virgin could perform  miracles only
 when especially empowered to do so1 she
 is represented  here as performing them
 of her own accord4 ,only seldom does   
she go to  her ,son or to ,god the      
,father for aid or permission4    ,such 
a procedure can not be attributed to    
ignorance on the part of one  so well   
versed in ecclesiastical law and customs
 as ,alfonso4 ,it is  probably a        
conscious reflection of the general     
belief of the common  people who knew   
little of ,theology4    ,in a period of 
such absolute and naive faith it is not 
at all surprising  that the same        
miracle1 with a few minor alterations   
perhaps1 should be  attributed at one   
time to the ,virgin and at another to   
,god1#bj or at  one time to the crucifix
 and at another to the image of the     
,virgin1  etc4#ba ,the result of this   

customary promiscuous attribution of    
benevolent deeds to various divine      
forces and personages was that the      
counterpart of every miracle mentioned  
in any of the writings of king  ,alfonso
 ,x is found in ,las ,cantigas4         
,therefore our study of this topic  will
 be based on this collection with       
appropriate notes of any  variations of 
interest in the legends as found in his 
other works4    ,a large number of the  
miracles in the beginning of the        
collection of  ,las ,cantigas are taken1
 as usually stated in the poem itself1  
from  some other accessible book4#bb    
,but as legends from these sources grew 
scarce the store of oral tradition was  
drawn upon1 and occasionally1 as  in    
apprehension that the veracity of the   
story might be challenged1 some  such   
strengthening line as 8mui bien sey que 
foi e  gran uerdade0#bc  was added4 ,so 
personal is the tone of the whole       
collection that there is  no hesitation 
whatever in recounting the miraculous   

experience of some  member of the royal 
family or of the king himself4#bd       
,constant search  in the manuscripts at 
hand was apparently continued however   
during the  entire time of composition  
and as late as ,no4 #cfb occurs the     
expression  8achei escrito40#be    ,the 
cult of the ,virgin became very popular 
during the #acth century and  when we   
consider the influence it had all thru  
the period we are  studying it is       
natural to expect1 that in a group of   
miracles dedicated  expressly to her1   
that ,jesus1 the ,son of ,mary1 and even
 ,god the ,father  would be but seldom  
mentioned4#bf ,but when they are they   
are recognized  as being supreme4 ,the  
,virgin herself often has to ask a favor
 of the  ,son1 as in ,nos4 #ad1 #de1    
etc4 ,at times we are privileged to     
catch a  glimpse of the court of heaven 
resembling greatly a medieval court with
  ,god the ,father and ,his ,son as the 
supreme rulers and below them the       
saints in the order of their various    

ranks4    ,on one occasion1 ,no4 #ad for
 instance1 ,saint ,peter pleads without 
success  for the soul of a licentious   
monk who during life was especially     
devoted  to him4 ,after invoking the aid
 of the other saints to no avail he     
finally appeals to the ,virgin and in   
answer to her ,god permits the  return  
of the soul to the body for the benefit 
of another chance4 ,the  details here   
are such that one might easily imagine  
the scene to be that  of any court of   
#acth century ,europe4    ,naturally in 
so large a collection#bg any            
classification has to be  arbitrary1 and
 however the division is made there will
 be a number which  may be placed under 
two or more headings4 ,the present      
classification1  tabulated in detail on 
page #ace has been made to suit the     
needs of this  study exclusively4 ,in   
what here follows ,i shall summarize    
only the  typical examples of each      
class4           99       99       99   
99       99    ,the group of miracles   

studied especially in this chapter1     
those  performed by the ,virgin in      
response to prayer1 includes almost     
every  conceivable form of aid1 all the 
way from restoring life to the dead     
down to helping a man find his lost     
falcon4 ,they suffice to give us a  rare
 conception of the beliefs and faith1   
often almost childlike in  their        
simplicity1 of that time4    ,the       
greatest of all miracles1 the           
restoration of life1 is performed in    
all over #cj times in answer to prayer  
and for a great variety of  reasons4 ,in
 one instance 7,no4 #ahb7 a certain     
robber who had the  redeeming quality of
 always giving to those in need when    
asked in the  name of ,santa ,mara1 died
 suddenly4 ,in answer to a mother's     
prayer and  to afford an opportunity for
 repentance his soul was restored and   
from  that moment he observed faithfully
 all the commandments 8da ,urgen40 ,in  
another1 to aid a faithful follower in  
his work on earth the ,holy ,mother     

sends to ,santo ,domingo as a helper a  
well-educated1 zealous young man  who   
kills himself by overwork4 ,in answer to
 the supplication of the  saint she     
descends from heaven with a chorus of   
virgins and together  they read from    
their books and anoint the corpse1 head1
 body and feet1  thus restoring the life
 of the young man that he might continue
 in the  service of his worthy master   
7,no4 #bjd74bh ,in ,no4 #hd a wife      
becomes  ignorantly jealous of the ,holy
 ,mother because her husband slips away 
mysteriously every night and when asked 
the reason for his absence he  answers  
that he loves his wife as much as ever  
but admits to her1 almost  in jest1 that
 he loves another woman more4 ,this     
proved too much and in a  fit of anger  
she stabbed herself1 but in answer to   
her husband's prayers  her life was     
restored4 ,no4 #bda is particularly     
interesting because of  its details and 
of its really lifelike setting4 ,two    
mothers1 one having  a son and the other

 a daughter1 decided that a marriage of 
the young  couple would be advantageous4
 ,all went well until the day of the    
wedding1 when the boy1 being in a very  
happy and buoyant mood1 leaned  too far 
out of the window as he wiped out a     
glass1 lost his balance1  fell and was  
killed4 ,all were overcome with grief   
except his mother who  confidently took 
him to the altar of the ,virgin1 where  
his life was  restored4 ,as life        
returned his first words were 8,what a  
beautiful  mansion you took me from40   
,the two young people were so impressed 
they  decided to devote themselves to   
religion4 ,at another time ,alfonso's   
immediate family were concerned for the 
daughter of 8o bon rei ,don  ,fernando01
 who after being carefully reared for   
the convent at ,las  ,huelgas died4 ,her
 mother took her to the foot of the     
image and putting  everyone out of the  
church1 determined to remain until her  
daughter  revived4 ,her faith was       
rewarded1 and later in life the princess

 held an  important place in the convent
 7,no4 #abb74bi    ,when we come to     
consider the various kinds of bodily    
ailments cured by  the ,holy ,mother we 
are presented with a formidable list4   
,an arrow  striking a man in the face   
stuck in the bone in such a manner that 
none  could remove it4 ,he requested to 
be taken to the altar of the ,virgin and
  there confessed1 implored aid1 and the
 arrow came out of its own accord  7,no4
 #abf74 ,seven separate times do lepers 
appeal to her and are  healed4#cj ,the  
blind have their sight restored2 but one
 clerk1  apparently thru lack of faith1 
asked only that his sight be given him  
while ,mass was being said4 ,she took   
him at his word and allowed him the     
privilege of seeing every day only      
during the time of ,mass 7,no4 #ib74    
,swellings disappear 7,no4 #cdf72 while 
often ,alfonso sings of the cures he    
himself has experienced4 ,after leprosy 
the most common ailment to incite  the  
pity of the ,blessed ,mother is rabies1 

which is mentioned in no less  than five
 separate cantigas2#ca reason is also   
restored to those who  have been        
deprived of it 7,no4 #cca74 ,no4 #fi is 
the legend of a deaf mute  who presented
 himself before the altar of the ,virgin
 in ,toledo4 ,while  there he saw ,saint
 ,mary in the form of a beautiful girl  
approach him as  in a vision1 put her   
finger in his ear and take out a worm   
which had          8 444 a semella      
d'estes de sirgo1 mais come ouella      
era ueloss' e coberto de la40    ,later 
,santa ,mara ordered a monk well versed 
in the art to aid the man  recover his  
voice4 ,another pretty story is that of 
a little girl with  deformed feet who   
was taken to the altar of ,santa ,mara  
del ,puerto1  where1 falling asleep1 she
 suddenly cried out with a sharp pain4  
,in  answer to the questions of her     
father and those near her she said the  
,virgin came down from the altar1 broke 
her feet1 and then returned4 ,they      
hastily examined them only to find them 

in perfect condition4    ,as well as    
curing the ordinary ills of nature to   
which the human body is  subject1 the   
,blessed ,mother may also cure those due
 to acts of man if  they are unjustly   
inflicted1 as in the case of the servant
 whose master  put out his eyes because 
of false accusation4 ,the servant1      
knowing he  was innocent1 procured his  
eye-balls1 had a surgeon put them back  
in  their sockets1 and then went to     
,santa ,mara de ,salas1 where his sight 
was restored 7,no4 #agg74 ,a miracle    
showing a strong trace of               
mysticism--another instance of the      
relief of suffering due to no  conscious
 fault of the victim--is ,no4 #cae4 ,a  
laboring woman went into  the field to  
work and left her child--with a prayer  
for its safety--tied  to a sheaf of     
wheat4 ,while she was gone the child    
swallowed a head of  the grain and      
became very ill4 ,the mother1 thinking  
it had swallowed  some insect or had    
been bitten hastened with it to ,madrid 

where after  many days of unsuccessful  
treatment she was advised to take it to 
the  ,church of ,atocha4 ,on arriving   
she undressed the child before the altar
  for examination and to the            
astonishment of all present the head of 
wheat1 intact1 came out thru the left   
side of the child1 who recovered        
immediately4 ,no4 #adf shows the        
influence of a well-known legend of the 
,middle ,ages of a father who cut off   
the hands of his daughter because  she  
insisted on being true to her new faith1
 ,christianity4 ,later in  life1 when1  
because of misfortunes and persecutions1
 her hands were  necessary for the care 
of her child1 they were miraculously    
restored1  growing out of the old       
stumps4#cb ,in the cantiga the object of
 the  miracle is a boy who wished to go 
on a pilgrimage to the shrine of the    
,virgin of ,albeza4 ,his mother         
hesitated because of his enemies but at 
last he was permitted to go4 ,he did1   
indeed1 fall into their power and  they 

put out his eyes as well as cut off his 
hands4 ,he was found1  however1 by some 
fellow-pilgrims1 taken to the shrine1   
and there1 upon  his praying the        
8,madre de ,deus ,emanel1      fez-ll'  
ollos come de perdiz      pequennos a   
aquel donzel      muy fremosos1 et de   
raiz      crecron-ll' as mos enton40    
,altho the ,virgin did alleviate bodily 
ills for good cause she was not  alway a
 saint of mercy4 ,at times she was a    
saint of vengeance4 ,even  more1 her    
devotees were sometimes given the       
privilege of seeing this  vengeance     
brought down at their own request upon  
the enemies of the  faith because of    
some impious act4 ,one ,christian while 
kneeling at  prayer before her shrine   
was bitten by a large dog that happened 
to pass  that way4 ,as he arose to pick 
up a stone to drive the animal away he  
was  greatly incensed at seeing two     
,jews laughing at him4 ,not being able  
to  restrain his anger he called upon   
the ,virgin to avenge herself of such   

an affront with the result that the wall
 by which they were standing  fell upon 
the unbelievers 7,no4 #bhf74    ,such   
vengeance as this is usually only meted 
out to infidels and1 even  tho ,saint   
,mary loves vengeance and desires to    
please her followers1 more  than once   
has she to temper this very human desire
 on their part4 ,one  woman asked that  
the one who had stolen her husband's    
affections be  stricken with some       
serious illness1 but the ,virgin1       
considering the  punishment too severe1 
by a vision caused the unlawful rival to
 repent  and ask forgiveness of the     
wife1 which the latter finally granted  
7,no4  #fh74    ,in many respects more  
important1 tho perhaps making a less    
lasting  impression1 are those miracles 
of prevention from harm4 ,these are     
almost  as numerous as the above1 tho   
they offer less variety and less        
opportunity for dramatic effect4 ,among 
the most common are rescues from  the   
sea1 and in ,no4 #bcf there is the added

 element of walking on the  water4 ,a   
pious woman and her child are in a boat 
that sinks4 ,she cries  out to the      
,virgin who appears1 takes her by the   
hand1 and together they  walk on the    
water as tho it were land until they    
arrive at ,marseilles4    ,those engaged
 in making objects for the glory of the 
,virgin1 together  with the products of 
their art1 receive special protection4  
,a stone  mason working at a great      
height in the church of ,santa ,mara de 
,castrogeriz felt his legs weaken and   
began to fall4 ,calling on the local    
saint he miraculously caught on an edge 
of one of the stones and altho a  very  
large man his fingers were strengthened1
 enabling him to hold on a  greater part
 of the day until aid came 7,no4 #bdb74 
,at another time a  painter who         
habitually drew the ,devil as ugly as   
possible and the ,virgin  as beautifully
 as he was able received a visit from   
his satanic majesty  in person          
complaining of the treatment1 but the   

artist refused to change  his pictures4 
,the ,devil1 greatly offended1 set loose
 a terrible  hurricane1 which entered   
the church2 but1 appealing to the       
,virgin1 both  the painter and his work 
escaped unharmed 7,no4 #gd74 ,ten       
instances1 most  of which bear a        
striking resemblance to similar stories 
in the ,new  ,testament1 are told of    
miraculous release from prison4#cc ,in  
one of  these 7,no4 #bbg7 ,saint ,mary  
appeared surrounded by a bright light   
and led  the captive1 invisible to his  
captors1 from the dungeon4 ,in nearly   
all  such releases the victim had been  
unjustly imprisoned4    ,those who are  
especially devout are saved even tho at 
times it is  necessary to bring down the
 heavenly hosts4 ,one good knight 7,no4 
#bcc7  fleeing on a swift horse before  
his enemies arrives at the church of the
  ,virgin of ,pena ,cova4 ,his pursuers1
 unbelievers1 on arriving at the        
church1 see a battalion of heavenly     
soldiers drawn up in front of it  and1  

thus admonished1 they repent and        
naturally no longer desire his  life4#cd
 ,when ,bondoudar1 the ,sultan of       
,egypt1 laid siege to ,tortosa de       
,ultramar there were but few defenders  
within its walls1 but when the  ,sultan 
arrived he saw a great host in the city4
 ,one of his advisers told  him3        
8 444 ,per mandado      da ,uirgen      
,madre d' ,ic      ueron1 que un eigreia
      dentro en a uila 1      que est   
preto dos muros      da parte do aral04 
,on hearing this the ,sultan withdrew1  
saying he would not fight against  the  
,virgin and later even sent much money  
to those in the city 7,no4  #afe74 ,no4 
#di reads almost like a fairy tale4 ,a  
band of pilgrims  journeying to ,santa  
,mara de ,soissons lose their way in the
 mountains  and in answer to their      
prayers she appears to them with a      
shining wand  in her hand and leads them
 safely to their destination4    ,the   
idea of bargaining1 one of the          
fundamental elements of all  primitive  

religions1#ce and one which even yet has
 by no means  disappeared1 was present  
in a very striking manner4 ,in this     
respect1  indeed1 the people were so    
nave at times that they made the        
,blessed  ,mother human in the extreme  
and sometimes they seemed almost to lose
  sight entirely of her divinity4 ,in no
 less than nineteen#cf cantigas is  the 
record of wax being offered in exchange 
for divine favors and in ten  of these  
the wax was promised in the prayer of   
supplication2 and altho  this may not at
 all times have been consciously offered
 as a bribe or as  a kind of barter yet 
there is no doubt that unconsciously the
 feeling  was there4 ,wax was by far the
 most popular of all offerings4 ,it was 
offered in bulk1 or in the form of an   
image of the ,virgin or of the  object  
desired1 or often in candles4 ,one      
account which is very  interesting      
because of the well-known historical    
personages involved is  ,no4 #cgf4      
,during a conversation with the ,infante

 ,don ,manuel1 ,alfonso  showed him a   
beautiful ring and offered it to him as 
a gift4 ,the king  sent a servant to    
deliver it to the house of the ,infante1
 but on the way  he lost it4 ,he        
immediately appealed to ,santa ,mara del
 ,puerto2 offering  her six pounds of   
wax for her church if she would help him
 recover the  ring4 ,a little later a   
man voluntarily handed it to the        
messenger saying  he had found it on the
 street4    ,altho we might consider wax
 a suitable offering for a miracle of   
the  type just mentioned1 it does cause 
some surprise to find it accepted in    
return for even such an important act as
 the restoration of life4 ,but  there   
was a woman of ,zaragoza whose children 
were always stillborn1 so  after the    
third sad experience she offered a child
 of wax to the  ,virgin4 ,the fourth    
child was also born dead but1 confident 
now1 she  implored ,santa ,mara de      
,salas1 and even while the prayer       
continued the  child came to life4 ,in  

addition to wax many other kinds of     
gifts were  acceptable such as a garland
 of roses2 or when roses were           
unavailable an  8,ave ,mara0 might be   
substituted for each rose in the bouquet
 7,no4 #aba72  or nails were offered for
 a temple 7,no4 #ajf72 or a promise was 
made of  the most beautiful thing       
captured from the enemy during a battle1
 which  in ,no4 #cgd was a beautiful    
cloth of gold and scarlet4    ,more     
curious than these1 and a miracle in    
which the moral lesson is not  to be    
considered1 is ,no4 #bad1 in which two  
men1 one very rich while the  other     
possessed only a church building1 were  
rolling dice4 ,the wealthy  man played  
high stakes1 the poor man1 having only  
the church1 played it4  ,the rich one   
rolled and three sixes fell4 ,his       
companion1 trembling1 in  his turn      
rolled4 ,as he did so he offered the    
church to the ,virgin should  he win4   
,to his astonishment1 and to the wonder 
of the bystanders1 one of  the dice fell

 in two1 three sixes and one ace        
appearing4    ,aside from material gifts
 such as the above1 offers of service   
such as  the promise to go on a         
pilgrimage to some shrine are also very 
effective4#cg    ,the nave elements     
become almost startling at times in     
their  childishness4 ,for instance in   
,no4 #h a singer1 after singing a 8lais0
 to  ,santa ,mara1 asked that one of the
 candles of her shrine light him  while 
he ate4 ,the candle was miraculously    
placed on his instrument1 but  a monk   
seeing it out of place became angry1    
thinking it bewitched1 and  put it back 
where it belonged4 ,this was repeated   
three times until the  people witnessing
 this repetition intervened1 while the  
monk1 convinced  he had witnessed a     
miracle1 repented4#ch ,again1 at        
,rocamador1 nine  pilgrims ordered nine 
pieces of meat prepared for their meal4 
,when they  drew near the table only    
eight pieces were brought in1 the       
servant  having stolen one4 ,they prayed

 ,santa ,mara to show them where the    
ninth  piece was and at once heard a    
noise in a chest4 ,it was the piece of  
meat  jumping around to attract their   
attention 7,no4 #aei74 ,even more       
peculiar  were the actions of a         
paralyzed mule which was ordered killed 
and  skinned by its master4 ,the servant
 boy before beginning the task stopped  
to eat and upon finishing his meal was  
astonished to find the mule  healed and 
going toward the shrine of the ,virgin  
of ,torena4 ,on reaching  the church it 
ran around it three times rapidly1      
entered and kneeled  before the altar1  
then returned home with the servant     
7,no4 #bbh74    ,it is to be remarked   
also that while the miracles usually do 
contain a  moral lesson--in fact some   
have no other purpose than to teach a   
moral1  ,no4 #aee1--occasionally they   
are much less concerned with the moral  
than  with the really important fact1   
the miracle1 which shows the goodness1  
power and mercy of ,santa ,mara4 ,bent  

on emphasizing this they become at      
times realistic in the extreme4 ,we must
 remember also that the  conception of  
what is moral and what is immoral       
changes constantly and  that therefore  
it is imposible to measure the #acth    
century by the  standards of the #bjth4 
,but even so1 we can say this for       
,alfonso el  ,sabio2 whenever he does   
include such accounts in his collection 
he  handles them with his accustomed    
brevity and never dwells upon the       
immoral act nor enlarges upon it4 ,with 
a few strokes he paints the  picture and
 then comes to what1 for him1 is the all
 important part1 the  miracle4 ,one     
such1 very popular thruout all ,europe  
in the ,middle ,ages1  is the legend of 
an abbess1 accused by those under her of
 being with  child1 who was called to   
account before the authorities4 ,she    
prayed  earnestly to the ,virgin1 who   
during her sleep brought the child and  
spirited him away to ,saussonna4 ,she   
was then examined and found  innocent4  

,no4 #bja is even more interesting1     
being the story of a beautiful young    
woman who vowed eternal chastity and    
then1 falling in love with a young      
gallant1 became the mother of three of  
his children and killed each one  soon  
after its birth4 ,later in life she     
repented and tried to kill  herself with
 a knife but did not die2 she then      
swallowed two poisonous  spiders#ci and 
still she could not die4 ,finally she   
prayed the ,holy  ,mother1 who appeared 
to her and with her own divine hand     
cured her4 ,the  sinner obtained        
forgiveness by a long life of penance4  
,in this case the  immoral element of   
protecting the sinner from just         
punishment has  entirely disappeared1   
for while the ,virgin shows mercy toward
 her and  cures her ills--the result of 
a self-imposed penance--yet she does not
  forgive her terrible sin4 ,all she can
 do is to change the form of the        
penance4    ,one of the phases of the   
belief of the time which at first glance

 seems  to us today to be sacrilegious1 
or to say the least quite startling1 is 
the part that the breasts of the ,virgin
 and her sacred milk played in  the     
religion of ,medieval ,spain4 ,in this  
belief can be seen how very real  and   
how very human the ,mother of ,christ   
was to the people4 ,this race1  which   
has produced some of the greatest       
mystics of the world1 to whom           
everything had a mystical meaning1 saw  
in the sacred milk of the ,virgin  the  
symbol of healing and of life1 and the  
breasts which had nourished  the        
,christ-child were to them the symbol of
 the fountain of life4    ,in ,no4 #ach 
,alfonso tells how ,san ,juan ,boca de  
,oro1 exiled by the  ,gentiles1 was     
first blinded and then put out on the   
highway and told to  leave the country4 
,wandering1 he soon fell into brambles1 
when1 calling  on 8 ,rynna esperital0   
for aid1 she came1 restored his sight   
and led  him out into the road again4   
,in the conversation which ensued he    

asked  her what was the thing that      
,jesus loved most when ,he came into the
  world4 ,she left without answering1   
but appeared to him again that night    
with the child ,jesus playing with her  
breasts4 ,turning to the him she  said1 
8 444 ,d' esto se pagou      meu ,fillo 
mis d'l1 et con mui gran razn4      ,ca 
estas tetas lo criaron tan ben      como
 a sa carne mui nobre conuen2      et   
porende as amou mis d' outra ren1       
porque d' estas tetas ouu' l criaon40   
,the milk poured by the ,blessed ,virgin
 herself from her sacred breasts  cured 
an infirmity of the face and neck which 
had caused long years of  suffering to  
one of her faithful monks 7,no4 #ed74   
,similar to this is ,no4  #ic1 an       
account of how ,god chastened a man of  
,burgos with leprosy for  three years   
because of his sins4 ,after he had      
recited a good thousand  8,ave ,maras0  
,saint ,mary at last took pity on him1  
and bathed him in her  own milk1 which  
cured him immediately4    ,and after    

all1 when considered reverently1 and in 
the light of the fact  that the ,virgin 
was the most important and most beloved 
personage in the  religion of the       
period1 what more beautiful and sublime 
symbol could  there be than this6       
,possessions are constantly being       
restored thru the agency of the ,holy   
,mother1 who is never unmindful of the  
needs of her children1 and who is  just 
as quick to respond to the needs of the 
rich1 if they are real  needs1 as to    
those of the poor4 ,altho such service  
is quite often  performed in return for 
some gift1 as indicated in the          
discussion of  ,bargaining1#dj it is by 
no means limited to this4 ,often the    
simple  faith and earnest prayer are    
sufficient4    ,a certain ,don ,domingo 
of ,santa ,mara del ,puerto lost thirty 
sheep in the  mountains4 ,his devout    
wife appealed to the local ,saint to    
save them from  the wolves4 ,three days 
later they were found surrounded by     
wolves1 which  instead of harming them  

were guarding them from harm 7,no4      
#cih74 ,in the  incident of a woman of  
,toledo 7,no4 #bab7 we catch a glimpse  
of some of  the customs of the times as 
well as find an entertaining story4     
,this  woman had the habit of loaning a 
lovely string of pearls to the poor     
girls of her acquaintance for their     
wedding ceremony1 because          8,en 
,toled'  un costume      que foi de     
longa sazon1      que quando y casar    
queren      as donas que pobres son1    
peden aas ricas donas      de suas das  
enton1      que possan en suas uodas    
mis ricas apparecer40    ,but her       
husband for some reason forbade her to  
do so any longer4 ,soon  after this     
another poor woman came begging for the 
pearls1 and because  she asked 8in the  
name of the ,virgin0 the lady could not 
withstand the  plea and loaned them     
surreptitiously4 ,while the girl was    
bathing1 a  servant stole them1 but     
note--          8,ela deu-o a sa filla  
el leuou-a a bannar1      com'  costum' 

en ,toledo      de quantas queren       
casar40#da    ,the bride was heartbroken
 and the lady1 very much grieved but    
still more  frightened1 went to the     
church of the ,virgin1 where from sheer 
weakness  caused by her anxiety she fell
 asleep before the altar4 ,while there  
still asleep1 the woman who had stolen  
the jewels passed thru the church  with 
them hidden in her bosom4 ,the sleeping 
woman awoke at that moment  and1        
miraculously given to know that this one
 had her pearls1 forcibly  recovered    
them4    ,legends of necessities being  
miraculously supplied are not lacking4  
,there is one concerning a church in    
,jerusalem built under the guidance  of 
the ,virgin that reminds us of the      
widow's cruse of oil4 ,the community    
was about to have to leave owing to a   
severe famine4 ,as a last resort  they  
met and prayed all night1 and when      
morning came they found all the  bread  
boxes full4 ,later a similar famine     
occurred and again they prayed  all     

night1 and this time they found a large 
sum of pure gold on the  altar4 7,no4   
#ahg74 ,miracles similar to the one     
performed by ,jesus at the  wedding     
feast in ,canaan of ,galilee 7,john #b3 
#a-aa7 are ,nos4 #bc and #cea4  ,the    
first is the simple story of a woman who
 was out of wine when the  ,king came to
 visit her1 so she asked the ,virgin to 
help her in her  perplexity1 and        
immediately the wine casks in the cellar
 were filled4  ,the second1 on a larger 
scale and with an element of humor1     
maintains  that at the great annual     
feast in honor of the ,virgen de ,agosto
 one year  a great hogshead of wine was 
supplied for the public1 but1 sad to    
relate1 it did not last long4 ,after it 
became exhausted the crowd was  slow to 
go away and someone suggested that they 
look again to see  whether it was       
entirely empty4 ,to their surprise they 
found it was full  of miraculous wine   
supplied by the ,saint1 and it had the  
quality not  only of delighting those   

who partook of it but also of curing    
ills4    ,altho such benefits and       
protection are usually bestowed only    
upon  ,christians1 and more especially  
upon those who are particularly devoted 
to the ,mother of ,christ1 occasionally 
she will hear the requests of  those who
 belong to another faith provided they  
are ready to accept  ,christianity4 ,a  
vagrant ,jewess was cast from a high    
rock in punishment  for her misconduct1 
but1 on appealing to the ,virgin1 she   
fell harmlessly  beside a fig tree4 ,in 
gratitude she was baptised and remained 
constant  to the faith thru life 7,no4  
#ajg74 ,the ,virgin's mercy was also    
great  enough to restore life to the    
child of a ,moorish woman who1 because  
she  had heard of the miraculous power  
of ,santa ,mara de ,salas1 took the dead
  body of her little one to the shrine4 
,after the mother had remained  there   
all night in prayer the child was       
brought back to life altho it  had been 
dead three days 7,no4 #afg74    ,there  

is another small group of miracles      
recorded in which the response  is not  
to prayers but to threats--cases in     
which the believer loses  control of    
himself and defies both ,god and man4   
,no reason is given why  the threats are
 effective after prayers and requests   
have been of no  avail4 ,does it imply  
that the ,holy ,mother was to them such 
a human  personality that1 like an      
earthly lord1 she might be susceptible  
to  fear8    ,one case in point 7,no4   
#gf7 is that of a devout woman1 the     
mother of a  criminal1 who became       
desperate when her son was hanged4      
,snatching the  form of the child ,jesus
 from the arms of the image in the      
church she  threatened to keep it as a  
hostage4 ,the ,virgin became            
merciful--7or  fearful7--and brought    
from the other world to the distracted  
mother her  criminal son1 who1 now truly
 penitent1 reprimands his mother for her
  sacrilegious act4 ,so greatly was she 
impressed by the experience that  she   

became a nun4    ,the most surprising   
miracle of the entire collection so far 
as the  behavior of ,saint ,mary is     
concerned and her show of fear is the   
following1 from which ,i shall quote    
freely4 ,the young son of a baron  fell 
with his horse from a high bridge4 ,the 
father saw the accident and  cried out  
aloud to the ,virgin3        8,dizend' a
 mui grandes uozes3      #8,ual-me1     
,rynna ,sennor4'      ,enton a ,vrgen   
beita      que seu fillo ,saluador      
tijnna ontre seus braos1      ouue da   
uoz tal pauor      como quando ,rei     
,herodes      lle quis seu fillo matar4 
,e mandou a esses santos      que o     
fossen acorrer1      que y estauan1 et  
ela      foi o seu ,fill' asconder1     
con medo d'aquel braado1      que o non 
podes' auer      ,rei ,herodes2 et      
porende      foi logo passar o mar4     
,d'esta guisa con seu ,fillo      fugi a
 ,jerussalem#db      a ,urgen ,santa    
,mara1      et guari ac mui ben      o  
menynn' e o caualo      que se non      

ferron ren3      et o padr'1 a bouc'    
aberta1      fillou-see ,deus a loar40  
7,no4 #ccg74    ,this is the first and  
only reference ,i have found to this    
peculiar fear  on the part of the       
,virgin4          ,,chapter ,,iii       
,,miracles ,,performed ,,voluntarily    
,,by ,,the ,,virgin      ,altho at times
 this study of ,miracles may have the   
appearance of an  examination of the    
character of the ,virgin1 which indeed  
it is in a  certain sense1 nevertheless 
it is such only in order that we may1 by
  studying her acts as recorded in these
 miracles1 come to a better             
understanding of what was considered    
supernatural in that period and  what   
was not4 ,perhaps it will help in       
arriving at this result if1 before      
beginning the study of the next group1  
we stop at this point to see what  was  
,alfonso's own judicial definition of   
8miraglo01 as the term is used  in his  
,siete ,partidas4#dc ,it reads as       
follows3         8,miraglo tanto quiere 

decir como obra de ,dios maravillosa que
 es       sobre la natura usada de cada 
dia3 et por ende acaesce pocas veces4   
,et para ser tenido por verdadero ha    
menester que haya en l quatro           
cosas3 la primera que venga por poder de
 ,dios et non por arte3 la       segunda
 que el miraglo sea contra natura1 ca de
 otra guisa non se       maravillarien  
los homes dl3 la tercera que venga por  
merescimiento       de santidad et de   
bondat que haya en s aquel por quien    
,dios lo       face3 la quarta que aquel
 miraglo acaesca sobre cosa que sea     
confirmamiento de la fe40#dd    ,next in
 extent after the group of miracles     
performed in answer to  direct appeal is
 that in which ,santa ,mara comes to the
 aid of her  followers voluntarily1     
owing1 perhaps indirectly1 to their     
prayers1  but if so this is not so      
stated and the dominating thought is not
 that  the act was in answer to prayer  
but rather it is to emphasize the       
kindness1 care and eternal vigilance she

 ever has for those who have  commended 
themselves to her keeping4    ,in our   
study of this division we shall follow  
the same classification as  we did in   
the last1 but shall cite examples only  
in cases where they  differ materially  
in one particular or another from those 
mentioned  above4 ,altho the actual     
number of miracles is less1 here divine 
aid is  manifested in an even greater   
variety of ways4 ,these new elements    
will  be considered under additional    
appropriate headings beginning on page  
#fe4 ,on the whole the general tone of  
the miracles is the same1 and  sometimes
 it seems as tho the poet merely forgot1
 or perhaps it was not  convenient for  
him1 to work into his verse the         
statement that a given  case was one of 
direct answer to prayer4 ,at other      
times1 however1 it  seems that the      
prayer was answered in a manner entirely
 unlooked for1 or  again that the       
miracle was performed without           
supplication whatever on  the part of   

the recipient4    ,beginning again with 
the group composed of the greatest of   
all miracles1  the restoration of life1 
it is noticed that here instead of being
 in  response to a direct appeal on the 
part of some faithful servant1 the      
miracle seems to be performed as a      
reward1 without the bereaved person     
having thought such a thing possible4   
,the fact that the soul of the  person  
whose life is thus restored may be      
brought back from the regions  of       
eternal happiness seems of minor        
importance4 ,one of the most  beautiful 
of these miracles is said to have taken 
place in 8,inglaterra40  ,a widow had a 
young son who sang1 as no one else      
could1 the 8,gaude ,virgo  ,mara04 ,a   
jealous ,jew killed him and put his body
 in a cellar1 thinking  that would be   
the end of it4 ,the mother1 not knowing 
what had become of  her son1 went thru  
the street calling 8,where are you80 ,as
 she passed the  house of the ,jew she  
was answered by her resurrected child   

singing more  beautifully than ever     
8,gaude ,mara04 ,the ,jew was put to    
death for his  crime 7,no4 #f74    ,the 
new element of temporary restoration is 
found in ,no4 #caa4 ,a pious  man and   
his friend set out on a pilgrimage to   
,nuestra ,seora de  ,monserrat4 ,his    
friend does not seem to be very well    
confirmed in the  faith1 and when1 as   
they are passing thru ,barcelona1 a     
flash of  lightning kills his devout    
companion1 he curses the ,virgin and    
taunts  his dead fellow pilgrim with the
 worthlessness of his devotion4 ,the    
next  day at the burial the dead man    
rises in his coffin and vindicates his  
faith by saying that all is well now4   
,the ,virgin plays an even more         
important part in the miracle 7,no4     
#cbc7  which happened when ,aben ,yussef
 crossed the straits of ,algeciras and  
made damaging raids into the territory  
of ,seville4 ,a poor man's only son     
died1 and1 as the ,moors were already in
 sight1 all the father could do  was to 

commend the body and his worldly        
possessions to the ,blessed  ,mother as 
he hastily fled before the enemy4 ,when 
the land was recaptured  the old man1 to
 his great astonishment1 found his son  
alive and all his  possessions safe4    
,the boy told him that a lady had come  
to accompany  him and for some reason   
the ,moors had respected her4    ,very  
close akin to these are those of life   
miraculously sustained when  according  
to all laws of nature death was         
inevitable1 as was the case  7,no4 #aca7
 when ,emperor ,alexius of              
,constantinople1 while on a tour of     
inspection1 was imprisoned in a caving  
mine along with many workers4 ,all  were
 killed except the emperor who was saved
 by a large rock which  formed a        
protection for him4 ,the empress and all
 at court gave him up  for lost and     
spent much time in ,masses for his soul4
 ,at the end of one  year the ,patriarch
 of the city dreamed the emperor was    
still alive and  immediately took       

workmen and had the mine opened4        
,thereupon they found  the emperor      
unharmed and learned that he had been   
fed and solaced by  angels during the   
entire interval4    ,even more dramatic 
is the experience of a ,german and his  
son on a  pilgrimage to the shrine of   
,santiago1 who while lodging in the     
house of  a heretic fall victims        
unawares to the old trick of having     
silver put in  the boy's bag in order to
 accuse him of theft4 ,the boy is       
hanged1 and  the heart-broken father1   
still faithful1 continues on his way and
  fulfills his vow4 ,on his return he is
 impelled to pass by the gallows4  ,to  
his surprise he finds his son still     
alive1 having been sustained by  the    
,virgin for three months4 ,hastening to 
the bailiff1 the father  secures the    
release of his boy and has the heretic  
duly burned 7,no4  #age74    ,there are 
no new elements presented in the various
 miracles in this  group dealing with   
the curing of bodily ailments1 beyond   

those already  indicted on page #ce4 ,no
 #bjf however describes the interesting 
spectacle  of ,pope ,leo1 very devout   
and austere1 who became so much         
perturbed at  being kissed on the hand  
by a beautiful woman at ,mass that he   
could not  forget the sensation nor     
concentrate on his work until he had his
 hand  cut off4 ,this did not give him  
peace because he was no longer qualified
  to say ,mass4 ,the ,virgin1 seeing his
 grief and having mercy on him1         
descended from heaven and applied a     
marvelous ointment to the stump with    
the result that the hand was restored4  
,in the methods by which the ,blessed   
,mother prevents harm from befalling    
her devotees there is nothing new4 ,the 
only difference being that here  the act
 is performed more as tho it were the   
reward for faithful service  while      
previously it was in answer to prayer4  
,as is to be expected the idea of       
bargaining is almost entirely absent    
from this group4 ,the bargain idea found

 its birth on the part of man and  not  
of the ,deity4 ,one legend only in the  
entire collection represents  the       
,virgin as taking the initiative in a   
bargain 7,no4 #cjg74 ,this is when  she 
appears to a virtuous man after an      
eruption of ,mount ,etna which had      
caused great damage and had lasted forty
 days4 ,she told him if he wanted  the  
eruption to cease to compose a hymn to  
her4 ,this he did with the  desired     
effect4    ,the number of the unmoral1  
in fact in some cases distinctly        
immoral1  miracles here is greater than 
before4 ,we must not forget1 however1   
that1  as mentioned above1 often there  
was no very close connection between    
religious observances and morals in     
,medieval ,europe4    ,on one occasion  
7,no4 #bd7 we are told that a very      
wicked man1 a robber  and a gambler1    
died and was refused a ,christian       
burial1 but during his  life he had been
 devoted to the ,virgin1 so she appeared
 to the priest  and demanded that his   

body be taken up and buried in sacred   
ground4 ,when  they opened the grave    
they found a rose in the mouth of the   
corpse#de4  ,no4 #aa is the story of a  
licentious monk who was drowned one     
night while  crossing a river on the way
 to visit his amour4 ,the ,devil        
appeared for  his soul but two angels   
contested his claim4 ,he convinced them 
of his  right and they were about to    
retire when the ,virgin arrived1 routed 
the  ,devil1 and ordered the soul to    
return to the body in order that the    
monk  might repent and do penance4 ,in  
this instance1 it will be noted1 the    
soul is simply restored to the body and 
given another chance1 while in  ,no4 #bd
 above1 the indication is that the soul 
of the evil doer is saved4    ,then     
there are five quite similar1 ,nos4 #ee1
 #eh1 #ei1 #id and #bhe1 tho the  moral 
lesson differs somewhat4 ,in the first a
 young nun elopes with a  monk to       
,lisbon where when she finds herself    
about to become a mother she  is cruelly

 deserted4 ,not knowing what else to do 
she returns penitent to  the convent4   
,angels attend her at the birth of the  
son during the night  and no one        
suspects her4 ,none had missed her      
during the absence because  the ,virgin 
had taken her place and it is not until 
one day in her old  age when her son1   
now a handsome young man1 appears in the
 choir singing  8,salve ,regina0 that   
all is discovered because the worthy nun
 recognizes  him publicly4 ,no4 #id is  
apparently the same legend more fully   
developed4  ,the nun1 the treasurer of  
the convent1 falls in love with a knight
 and  on leaving the convent gives the  
keys into the keeping of the ,virgin4   
,she and her husband live together      
happily for years1 being blessed with   
many children1 and it is only in later  
years that she repents and  returns to  
the convent1 confessing all4 ,to her    
astonishment1 she found  that the       
,virgin had taken her place during her  
absence and no one had  ever known the  

difference4 ,when it is learned that the
 ,blessed ,mother  had performed such an
 act of kindness1 all burst into a hymn 
of praise  to her4 ,in ,no4 #bhe we have
 the same setting of a young nun falling
 in  love1 this time with the nephew of 
the abbess1 but the actions of the      
,virgin are quite different4 ,on the    
first attempt to leave the convent      
,saint ,mary stopped her4 ,the next day 
she sent word to her lover that she  had
 failed to keep her appointment because 
she had been ill but promised  to meet  
him the next night1 which she did1 and  
the two made their escape  successfully4
 ,they married and had children but even
 then she was not  able to get away from
 the ,holy ,mother1 who appeared to her 
in a dream  and severely reprimanded    
her4 ,this was too much4 ,she at last   
told her  husband and in repentance they
 both decided to enter the monastic     
life4  ,in this legend the immoral      
element has disappeared1 the ,virgin no 
longer  protecting the guilty4 ,no4 #ei 

is still another story with the same    
theme1 but the punishment is still more 
severe4 ,as the young girl was  about to
 depart she went to take leave of the   
,saint4 ,at the parting her  image began
 to shed tears4 ,the girl then drew near
 the crucifix1 which1  loosing one of   
its hands from the cross1 struck her in 
the face1 leaving  the mark of the nail 
as a stigma4 ,in ,no4 #eh the girl      
concerned was about  to elope1 but two  
dreams of ,hell and of eternal          
punishment were  sufficient to make the 
heroine send for her lover and tell him 
that  their union would be impossible4  
,of the three instances in which the    
sacred breast or milk of the ,virgin    
play a part1 all involve an answer to   
direct appeals4 ,see page #de4    ,while
 there is only one account of           
possessions being restored without      
request 7,no4 #bbh1 which contains no   
new elements7 there are several  which  
tell of rare materials1 or of materials 
delayed by storms at sea1  etc41 being  

miraculously supplied2 or perhaps1 as in
 the case of ,emperor  ,constantine     
7,no4 #bca71 ,santa ,mara would help in 
the erection of  buildings4 ,the emperor
 had brought huge blocks of marble from 
,roumania  for the altar and columns of 
a church to be dedicated to her4 ,when  
they  arrived they were so large no     
means could be found to hoist them into 
position4 ,at last she appeared to the  
architect and told him to do away  with 
all apparatus and use only three small  
boys to do the work4 ,he did  as he was 
bidden and they placed the blocks in    
position with ease4    ,these1 however1 
do not give us as intimate a picture of 
the life of the  common people as do    
other accounts1 such as ,no4 #bgc4 ,in  
it we get a  glimpse of the privations  
of the home life of the peasants and at 
the  same time an idea of their innate  
pride in their local church4 ,at        
,ayamonte there was a small and poor    
church erected to ,santa ,mara but in   
spite of the poverty of its communicants

 the altar decorations were  rich4 ,so  
great were their privations that even   
the ,host was scarce4 ,at  the feast of 
the ,virgen de ,agosto some of the altar
 cloths needed  mending and one of the  
devout men of the congregation offered  
to do it4  ,he had a needle but no      
thread1 and no one could provide him    
with it4  ,while before the altar       
considering what he should do1 he       
glanced up and  saw two threads on his  
shoulder obviously supplied by the      
,saint4 ,it is  in such apparently      
incidental allusions as this--and the   
one1 ,no4 #baa1  where bees come into   
the church of their own accord and      
supply the wax  for the candles because 
the congregation could not furnish      
any--that we  can1 from time to time1   
form an idea of how 8the other half10   
which did  not consist of knights and   
nobles1 really lived4    ,following the 
same order as in the first group we now 
come to those  accounts in which the    
,virgin comes to the aid of the enemies 

of the  faith4 ,quite modern in tone is 
the story 7,no4 #cce7 of a poor man who1
  altho entirely ignorant of            
,christianity and its teachings1 gave   
even the  little he had to the poor4    
,the ,holy ,mother1 knowing of his      
goodness1  appeared to him as a poor    
woman with her child in her arms and    
asked him  for a morsel of bread4       
,fearing he had none he went1           
nevertheless1 to see  if he could not   
scrape out just a little more flour from
 the barrel4  ,when he returned with the
 last of his flour made into bread for  
her1 she  had gone4 ,he made inquiry    
thruout the neighborhood describing her1
 and  was finally advised to go and     
inquire of the ,christians4 ,there he   
recognized the ,virgin and ,child from  
her image and became a ,christian4      
,from the day she appeared to him the   
flour never failed in the bin4    ,not  
only was mercy extended to those good at
 heart and living model  lives and to   
those who did not believe simply because

 of ignorance1 but  opportunities for   
proselyting were quickly taken advantage
 of4 ,a certain  ,jewess1 7,no4 #hi7    
dangerously ill at childbirth1 was about
 to despair4  ,naturally she did not    
believe in the ,virgin but she heard a  
mysterious  voice bidding her call on   
,santa ,mara1 which she did4 ,when those
  attending her heard this awful name   
they fled1 calling her a heretic and  a 
renegade1 but she was cured4 ,the mother
 and child both became  ,christians4    
,the ,blessed ,mother1 however1 knew    
mankind and did not use the same  method
 with every one4 ,with some1 more       
persuasion was necessary than  with     
others1 and so when dealing with one    
hardened ,jew1 who had been  robbed and 
beaten by ,christians and was still     
being kept on a diet of  bread and water
 in the hope of extorting even more from
 him1 it was not  enough that she should
 merely appear to him and bid him       
forsake his  religion2 she tells him    
that altho he is of the evil race she   

will show  him what his people have     
missed4 ,with that she takes him from   
prison to  a high mountain where she    
shows him how the ,jews are being       
tortured and  then to another from where
 he can see the ,christians surrounded  
with  angels1 and thence to a monastery1
 where1 taking the hint1 he gladly      
becomes a ,christian 7,no4 #he74df      
,the ,christians themselves used rather 
persuasive methods of proselyting  at   
times if we may trust the account of a  
,christian of ,consuegra who  disputed  
much with a ,moorish captive of his     
concerning the ,virgin4 ,when  he could 
not make the man believe by arguing he  
put him in prison1 where  his efforts   
were supplemented by the intervention of
 supernatural  beings4 ,the ,devil      
tormented him for two nights and on the 
third the  ,virgin appeared to him and  
told him if he wished to be free from   
the  ,devil he would have to forsake the
 8dog0 ,mohammed4 ,he told this vision  
to his master1 was baptised1 and from   

that time on was a faithful  believer   
7,no4 #aib74    ,in another 7,no4 #bje7 
we again find both human and divine     
persons  interested in the unbeliever1  
but this time it is physical safety they
  are concerned about4 ,the miracle was 
witnessed by two nobles mentioned  by   
name1 ,don ,alfonso ,tellez and ,don    
,gonzalo ,eanes1 ,maestre de ,cala1 and 
their followers4 ,they were attacking a 
,moorish castle and had set fire  to it4
 ,on one of the towers they saw a       
,moorish woman with her child who  by   
her pose reminded them of the ,virgin   
and ,child4 ,the sight filled them  with
 pity and inspired them to pray for the 
safety of the two4 ,in answer  the      
flames respected them1 while the tower  
fell gently to the ground1  allowing    
them alone of all those in the castle to
 escape unharmed4 ,the  mother out of   
gratitude asked for baptism for herself 
and her child4    ,after examining these
 classes1 which coincide more or less   
with similar  ones of the first group1  

there still remain a number of other    
miracles  which present entirely new    
elements4 ,first we shall examine those 
in  which ,saint ,mary aids her devotees
 in acts of worship or in restraining   
evil passions which prevent their       
undivided service4    ,a person         
sincerely trying to do his religious    
duty could always count  upon aid from  
heaven when his temptations were        
becoming too great for  him or when     
worldly cares caused him temporarily to 
neglect his regular  worship4 ,a very   
devout woman 7,no4 #bdf7 used to pray   
every ,saturday  evening at the shrine  
of ,santa ,mara de ,mrtires4 ,once she  
forgot1 owing  to household duties1     
until very late4 ,on her arrival1 altho 
the church  doors were already closed   
they opened of their own accord1 after  
she had  begun her devotions before the 
portal4 ,she entered and deposited her  
gift1 and as she left the doors closed  
of themselves4 ,astonished1 she         
returned to the city where the closed   

gates of the wall opened without  the   
touch of a human hand4 ,just then a     
beautiful woman appeared and when  the  
peasant asked her who she was she       
acknowledged herself to be the  ,virgin4
 ,the poor wretch tried to kiss her     
feet1 but as she did so the  ,holy ,one 
disappeared4    ,again1 we learn 7,no4  
#aef7 of a clerk who persisted in       
chanting ,mass in  honor of the ,virgin1
 thereby angering some heretics who cut 
out his  tongue4 ,some time later the   
good man entered the church of ,santa   
,mara  de ,cunnegro while the           
congregation were singing vespers4 ,as  
he attempted  to join in the song a new 
tongue was given him4#dg    ,of the     
numerous legends having as the dominant 
theme the inability of  the person      
concerned to restrain his animal        
passions the best developed  is the     
story of the clerk who was much given to
 women4 ,one night while  in the room   
with one he suddenly saw thru the window
 the lights of a  church of the ,virgin4

 ,never having seen them there before he
 left to  investigate1 but finding      
nothing returned4 ,this time the woman  
herself  closed the window fast but     
almost immediately a strong gust of wind
 blew  it open1 and again the church was
 seen4 ,with this he recognized his     
error1 repented1 and became a monk4 ,a  
little later1 when his former  conduct  
was criticized and he was brought to    
account for it before the  church       
council1 the ,virgin cleared him of all 
charges 7,no4 #aea74    ,it will be     
noted that often in the foregoing       
miracles1 and often in  those that are  
to follow1 the ,virgin appears in dreams
 or visions1 but  the feature of the    
vision has usually been only incidental4
 ,in all we  have only two examples     
7,nos4 #bfa and #bhh7 of a true mystical
 vision  granted for the sake of the    
experience alone4 ,one of these 7,no4   
#bfa7  recounts how a very devout woman 
was desirous of seeing a perfectly      
virtuous man and woman4 ,communicating  

her desire to the priest1 he told  her  
to return home and to remain alone in   
fasting and prayer4 ,this she  did and  
after nine days she saw a bright light  
followed by those who  said they were   
saints4 ,these in turn were followed by 
the ,virgin and her  ,son4 ,upon seeing 
them she had no further desire to live  
and prayed to be  taken with them1 which
 request was granted4 ,when the priest  
was told of  her death1 and undertook to
 prepare her body for burial1 he found  
it  giving off an odor more delicate and
 pleasing to the senses than the        
perfumes of the ,orient4    ,the usual  
purpose of the vision is to give        
commands1 or to strengthen  the         
weakhearted or discouraged4#dh ,there   
are one or two accounts1  however1 in   
which the vision itself is enlarged upon
 and the cure or  command or lesson1 as 
the case may be1 sinks into minor       
importance4 ,the  scene is that of a    
deeply grieved mother sitting beside the
 bed of her  very religious son1 a deaf 

mute1 who was dying of a serious        
illness4 ,his  mother saw him suddenly  
rise up in his bed and begin to talk to 
some  person unseen and unheard by her4 
,it was the ,blessed ,mother who had    
visited him in a vision and healed him  
7,no4 #bfi74    ,at other times the     
vision seems to be a kind of            
clairvoyance thru which  the recipient  
sees what is happening at a distant     
place at that very  moment4 ,in relating
 one of his own experiences ,alfonso    
declares 7,no4  #cde7 that when ,d4 ,nuo
 de ,lara abandoned ,jrez1 in spite of  
the fact  that reenforcements had been  
sent him1 the ,moors entered1 destroyed 
the  chapel1 and tried to burn the image
 of the ,virgin but could not4 ,at that 
particular time both the king and the   
queen were taking their siesta at       
,seville and each dreamed of the ,virgin
 and her ,child fleeing from the        
burning chapel of ,jrez4 ,on awaking    
they learned of the disaster and        
hastened to retake the city1 after which

 the royal couple1 together with  their 
children1 restored the church4          
,similar to this in so far as the       
character of the vision is concerned    
tho in an entirely different setting is 
,no #ae in which ,emperor ,julian  was  
the victim4 ,in this particular case we 
are presented with two  versions of the 
legend--one in ,las ,cantigas1          
originally told  supposedly by an eye   
witness of the events as they happened  
at the tomb  of the saint1 and the other
 in the ,primera ,crnica ,general4 ,in  
brief  they are as follow3              
7,version according to ,las ,cantigas1  
,no4 #ae7         ,emperor ,julian had  
to pass thru ,caesarea1 where1 angered  
by ,san       ,basilio1 he promised to  
return and destroy the city after the   
conquest of ,persia4 ,after much prayer 
and fasting by the entire       city    
,san ,basilio had a vision in which he  
saw the ,virgin appear and       order  
,san ,mercurio1 whose tomb and armor    
were in that church1 to       avenge her

 and her son of the evil emperor4 ,upon 
awaking an excited       fellow priest  
hastened to report that the arms of ,san
 ,mercurio had       disappeared4 ,san  
,basilio then called together the people
 to tell       them the news and        
together they went to examine the tomb4 
,to their       surprise the arms were  
again in their place red with blood4    
,while       they were still gazing1    
astonished1 at the bloody weapons1      
,libano       de ,sur rushed in and     
confirmed the news of the emperor's     
death4         7,version in the ,primera
 ,crnica ,general1 p4 #bja7             
,emperor ,julian1 on setting out to     
conquer ,persia1 promised to            
sacrifice to his gods if they would give
 him victory all the       ,christians1 
especially all the bishops1 he should   
find4 ,as he was       returning        
victoriously from the ,east he was about
 to lose many of       his host thru    
lack of water4 ,against the advice of   
his counselors       he took as a guide 

one of the men of the country and1      
unaccompanied1 went with him in search  
of water4 ,suddenly a strange           
knight appeared before the two1 killed  
the emperor and instantly               
disappeared4 ,as he expired the emperor 
took some of his blood in       his hand
 and throwing it heavenward as tho      
throwing it in the face       of someone
 cried out 8,ya uenciste1 ,galileo1 ya  
uenciste40 7,he       always referred to
 ,jesus as ,galileo74 ,the compilers add
 that some       histories say the      
emperor was killed by one of the enemy  
knights       but in reality it was ,san
 ,mercurio1 for in the church where his 
body lay it was noticed that his shield 
and sword disappeared that       very   
day and hour and that they were back in 
place the next day       stained with   
blood4 ,because of this it was known    
that the strange       knight was none  
other than ,san ,mercurio who had killed
 the great       enemy of the faith4    
,in this last version the vision motif  

is entirely lacking4    ,at other times 
the vision takes on a kind of symbolic  
or mystic feature1  its purpose being to
 strengthen the faith of the one        
concerned4 ,one in  which the acts of   
,saint ,mary astonish us is that        
experienced by some  nuns commissioned  
by a religious and devout king 7probably
 ,alfonso  himself altho he was too     
modest to say so7 to pray for him4 ,they
 saw the  ,virgin calling for the king  
on ,easter morning1 saying she would    
grant  anything he asked if he would    
come4 ,he entered the church and as he  
did  so the image kneeled before him and
 kissed his hand4 ,he immediately fell  
on his face in humility4 ,she1 thru her 
image1 bade him rise for1 she  said1    
8,you have always honored me and my ,son
 and when you die you will  come to us40
 ,after witnessing such magnanimous acts
 the vision passed  and the nuns        
hastened to tell the king what they had 
seen4 ,he was devout  before1 but this  
greatly increased his devotion 7,no4    

#bie74    ,the line between experiences 
having the mystical element usually     
considered essential in visions proper1 
or in dream-visions1 and those          
experiences which some few persons      
undergo while in full control of all    
their faculties is so fine as to be at  
times almost undistinguishable4  ,the   
following 7,no4 #cfe7 has1 indeed1 all  
the marks of a vision but on  the other 
hand the friar manifests none of those  
emotions usually  supposed to accompany 
such cases4 ,this clerk1 contaminated   
with the  ,albigensien heresy1 did not  
believe in the immortality of the soul  
and  therefore was about to flee from   
the convent to a life of pleasure1 when 
he saw the ,virgin descend from heaven  
with a host of angels and return  with  
the soul of a poor1 humble1 but         
believing man4 ,this convinced him  of  
his error and he passed the rest of his 
life in the convent full of  holy hope4 
,the rle of a saint who admonishes and  
warns is quite common for the  ,blessed 

,mother4 ,she is indeed in many respects
 like a mother who  carefully watches   
over her children1 ready to offer a word
 of comfort  here or one of criticism   
there4 ,just like a school boy who tires
 of his  task and is ready to flee      
before its completion was a friar of    
,burgos  who began a garment of prayers 
for the ,virgin1 but was persuaded by   
the  ,devil to leave the monastic life  
with his task half finished4 ,she1      
however1 appeared to him holding in her 
hand a dress far too short1 and  told   
him to return and finish the work1      
adding that she wanted him1 too1  for he
 was going to die within one year1 but  
that she would come again  before the   
final day4 #cfd days later she did      
return and he died on the  day following
 7,no4 #bgd7di4    ,another picture1 so 
very human and so child-like1 is that of
 a doctor  who became a friar1 but1 not 
liking the poor food1 complained        
considerably4 ,to cure him of this the  
,virgin appeared with a dish of         

delicious food and1 treating the whole  
community as so many children1  gave    
some to each one except the complaining 
clerk4 ,he acknowledged and  accepted   
the lesson 7,no4 #hh74    ,various      
methods besides that of the vision are  
employed to warn the  delinquent4 ,these
 can be best illustrated by giving a    
brief rsum of  three miracles which need
 no comment4    ,a gambler1 losing      
heavily 7,no4 #aed7 curses ,god and the 
,virgin and in  defiance of their power 
picks up a bow and shoots an arrow into 
the  sky1 shouting 8,d'aquesta uegada ou
 a ,deus ou a sa ,madre darei mui gran  
saetada04 ,having thus given vent to his
 feelings he returns to play4 ,a  few   
moments later the arrow1 wet with blood1
 falls on the table around  which they  
are seated4 ,thinking someone has been  
wounded1 each hastily  examines himself4
 ,when each is found whole the true     
significance dawns  on them and they    
become terrified indeed4 ,so great is   
the effect that  the blasphemer repents 

and enters an austere order--and1 it is 
said1  gained heaven4    ,in ,no4 #aif a
 gentile#ej priest who hated everything 
connected with  ,christianity prepared a
 mold for an image which he expected    
would answer  all his questions4 ,when  
it came out it had a form quite         
different from  what he had anticipated1
 so he asked his fellows what it was4   
,they could  not help him4 ,finally some
 of his ,christian acquaintances told   
him that  it was the form of the        
,virgin1 and to prove their assertion   
took him to  the church where he could  
see for himself4 ,this experience       
convinced him  of his error and he was  
converted4    ,the ,bishop of ,siena    
7,no4 #bai7 had several images made for 
the church1  all in white4 ,among them  
was one of the ,devil and one of ,santa 
,mara4 ,as  this color did not make     
,satan look as vile as he really was the
 ,virgin  turned the figure black4 ,the 
prelate1 hearing of the change1 thought 
it  was some trick and ordered the image

 washed and scraped1 but without        
result4 ,it was black thru and thru4 ,he
 then recognized his sin and  prayed for
 forgiveness4    ,the hope of reward has
 ever been one of the strongest         
arguments offered  by any religion4 ,the
 ,mohammedans1 the greatest rivals of   
the ,christians  at that time1 offered  
thru their faith attractive rewards in  
the next  life1 as did ,christianity    
also4 ,but for the peasant and also for 
the man  of the middle class as well as 
occasionally even for the noble1 the    
future life was something afar off2     
reward in the present life was much     
more attractive and it was this that the
 ,virgin granted from time to  time to a
 chosen few4 ,the first miracle recorded
 in the collection 7,no4  #b7 is the old
 and even then well-known legend of the 
mantle the ,virgin  gave to ,san        
,ildefonso for his service and which at 
his death his  successor in office1 ,don
 ,siagrio1 dared to appropriate1 dying  
as the  result of his sacrilege#ea4     

,usually the favor was in return for    
some special service4 ,in ,no4 #ada it  
is an answer to the eternal desire to   
grow young and is bestowed upon a       
certain very devout friar who always    
fell on his knees when he heard the     
name of the ,virgin4 ,when very old the 
abbot assigned two monks to  accompany  
and care for him1 but one day when left 
alone for a few  moments he fell and    
could not rise4 ,he called on the       
,saint1 who appeared  and led him by the
 hand before her altar1 where she told  
him to kiss it  and become young4 ,to   
his great surprise he found himself     
again a young  man of about twenty      
years4    ,no4 #fc is especially        
interesting1 not only because of its    
contents but  also of its similarity to 
the story found in the second part of   
,la  ,primera ,crnica ,general 7p4      
#dbf74 ,a knight1 the constant companion
 of  the ,count ,d4 ,garca in his       
campaigns against the ,moors1 was       
extremely  conscientious in his         

devotions and always stayed until ,mass 
was entirely  over before leaving4 ,one 
day1 due to this1 he was late in        
arriving on  the field of battle1 tho no
 one had missed him4 ,as he rode up the 
,count  met and embraced him and bade   
him have his wounds dressed1            
congratulating him at the same time1    
saying that it had been his skill  and  
valor that had saved the day4           
,shamefacedly the knight glanced at his 
armor and was surprised beyond words to 
see it full of holes and bloody4  ,he   
then realized that some divine messenger
 had taken his place2 and all  rejoiced 
in the miracle4#eb    ,in another       
instance 7,no4 #aje7 the reward is the  
gift of healing1 tho  this time it is   
not1 as is so often the case1 by means  
of a mantle4 ,the  ,blessed ,virgin     
appeared to a young girl early in life  
and told her if  she wished to gain     
heaven she must remain a virgin4 ,the   
child promised1  but her parents married
 her against her will4 ,she repelled her

 husband  for over a year until1 beside 
himself1 he wounded her with a knife4   
,about this time the people of the      
community began to fall ill with        
leprosy4 ,she too took the disease and1 
still suffering from her wound1  went to
 the altar of ,santa ,mara4 ,while      
there1 asleep from exhaustion1  she was 
visited in a dream by the ,holy ,mother 
who appeared in her dream1  cured her1  
and gave her the power of healing all   
lepers with her kiss4    ,there are also
 a few accounts of the faithful being   
taken to heaven when  life has become   
intolerable 7,nos4 #chd1 #ef1 etc474    
,just as ,santa ,mara1 when answering   
prayer1 is not limited in her power  to 
curing bodily ills but may also protect 
from harm1 so in bestowing  rewards she 
does not confine her mercies to those   
who are suffering4 ,in  fact she much   
more frequently protects them from such 
harm4 ,naturally1  miracles of this     
type1 all in return for faithful        
service1 cover a large  variety of cases

 such as3 the congregation miraculously 
saved from harm  when a heavy beam fell 
during a sermon 7,no4 #bff71 a pilgrim  
saved on  falling into the sea 7,no4    
#cc71 a wife saved from an angry husband
  because she spent too much time at    
devotions 7,no4 #cad71 a boy freed      
after capture by the ,moors 7,no4 #cei71
 a clerk who lost his position  because 
he could say only one ,mass ordered     
reenstated 7,no4 #cb71 and one  that    
reminds us of ,coleridge's 8,ancient    
,mariner10 the story of a hermit        
captured by pirates after they had      
sacked the surrounding country and  were
 ready to sail away4 ,they started with 
him on board but each night  some       
mysterious power brought their ships    
back to where they had been  the day    
before4 ,at last the admiral decided to 
release the hermit1 ,count  ,abran of   
,germany1 and in addition offered him   
great riches of which he  selected only 
one glass to keep as a reminder of the  
favor he had  received at divine hands  

7,no4 #ie74    ,quite often ,saint ,mary
 protects her own from unjust           
punishment4 ,a  confidential adviser of 
a certain lord was falsely accused by   
his  enemies4 ,because of his devotion  
to ,santa ,mara she caused the truth to 
be brought out at the trial so that he  
was freed while his maligner was        
burned4 ,she proves equal to the        
occasion when her followers are         
submitted to the ordeal of trial by     
fire#ec4 ,a married woman's             
mother-in-law accused her before her    
husband of unfaithfulness4 ,the wife    
and the ,moor with whom she was accused 
and who had agreed to act as an         
accomplice of the mother-in-law were    
taken to the public square to be        
burned4 ,the ,moor perished immediately 
but the woman was unharmed1 and         
furthermore the ,virgin was seen beside 
her in the fire 7,no4 #ahf74    ,the    
motherly characteristic of ,santa ,mara 
again comes to the front in  ,no4 #dg   
when she rewards a good priest who has  

always been punctual in  his duties but 
gives way once and1 yielding to         
temptation1 becomes  thoroly drunk4     
,this she does by caring for him on his 
way home1 when the  ,devil in the form  
of a bull1 a frightful black man1 and a 
lion torments  him4 ,she protects him   
even to the point of striking the lion  
with a  stick1 then she tells him to go 
and sin no more4#ed ,at another time she
  rewards a faithful servant by keeping 
his wife from harm while he is  away in 
the wars4 ,during his absence a gallant 
courts her and sends her  a pair of     
shoes4 ,she puts one on to try it and to
 her dismay is unable  to remove it4 ,in
 fact no one could do so until her      
husband returned1  when he took it off  
with ease 7,no4 #fd74    ,santa ,mara is
 particular about vows that have been   
made to her and is  careful to see that 
they are conscientiously fulfilled4 ,a  
woman 7,no4  #aag7 promised never to    
work on ,saturday1 that day being       
dedicated to the  ,mother of ,christ4   

,when she forgot her vow she was        
stricken with  paralysis4 ,another      
mother who forgot her vow made while    
praying that she  might have a child1   
was punished by having it die before    
reaching  maturity 7,no4 #cdg74    ,the 
conception of 8,the ,bride of ,christ0  
on taking the vows of a nun  remains    
even to the present time4 ,in the       
,middle ,ages1 when the cult of  the    
,virgin was at its zenith1 the vow of   
celibacy on the part of men  seems to   
have had a similar appeal with respect  
to consecration to the  worship and love
 of the ,virgin while she is constantly 
represented as  being extremely jealous 
of those who have thus dedicated        
themselves to  her4 ,one young man made 
the vow either under the inspiration of 
the  moment or perhaps even partly in   
jest1 but this did not make it any the  
less binding4 ,as he was about to begin 
to play ball he removed the ring  of his
 fiance from his finger for fear of     
damaging it1 and as he  happened to be  

standing near an image of the ,virgin he
 slipped it on its  finger saying as he 
did so that he would never love another 
woman4 ,to  his surprise and great fear 
the image bent its finger so the ring   
could  not be removed4 ,his friends     
advised a monastic life but he did not  
heed  them1 shortly afterwards          
forgetting all about the incident and   
preparing  to marry4 ,but the ,virgin   
appeared to him in two successive dreams
 and in  her anger so disturbed the     
youth that he wandered aimlessly for a  
month  and then entered a monastery     
7,no4 #db74 ,she was a little more      
lenient at  times with young nuns who   
violated their promise4 ,in fact nearly 
all  those miracles termed unmoral are  
cases where the ,blessed ,mother out of 
pity shielded these same girls from what
 was considered their just  punishment4 
,as well as being jealous of those who  
have consecrated themselves to  her1 the
 ,virgin guards with the greatest care  
her shrines1 her own  images and those  

of her ,son1 her feast days1 and the    
special customs1  etc41 that grew up    
around her individual sanctuaries4 ,she 
protected her  church of ,monsars       
7,portugal7 from an avalanche 7,no4     
#aac71 and the one  in ,murcia from the 
political wiles of man by making it     
impossible to  remove as much as one    
nail 7,no4 #afi74 ,later she saved this 
same church  when even ,alfonso ,x      
himself consented to its destruction1   
and still  later against the ravages of 
the ,moors4 ,during this period of      
constant  war she frequently had        
occasion to guard her images against the
  ,mohammedans 7,nos4 #ii1 #ahc1 etc471 
or against sacrilegious acts of         
supposed ,christians 7,nos4 #acf1 #bic1 
etc474 ,this might be accomplished by   
causing the images to remain intact amid
 general destruction of all  other      
objects 7,no4 #ii71 or to pass thru a   
severe fire unharmed 7,no4 #ci74  ,the  
occupation of the offenders might be    
brought to a standstill 7,no4  #ahc71   

the offender himself might be physically
 harmed 7,no4 #bic71 or the  image might
 put up its arm to protect itself 7,no4 
#acf74 ,santa ,mara de  ,ribila would   
allow nothing but olive oil to be burned
 before her shrine  7,no4 #cjd74        
,neither will she tolerate the making   
and maltreatment of effigies of her     
,son4#ee ,a heavenly voice at ,mass     
warns the congregation1 8,the ,jews who 
are killing my ,son do not desire to be 
at peace with ,him04 ,the  ,christians  
rush to the ,jewish quarter and find the
 ,jews engaged in  beating and spitting 
upon an effigy of ,jesus which they are 
preparing to  crucify4 ,all the ,jews   
perish on the rack for the deed 7,no4   
#ab74 ,in ,no4  #bae in a little town   
near ,martos a ,moor attempts to stab an
 image but  wounds himself instead2     
stones it but it remains unharmed2 puts 
it in  the fire for two days but it is  
not affected2 ties a stone around its   
neck and then throws it in the river but
 it does not sink4 ,the ,king of        

,granada then sends it to the king of   
,castile1 who is at ,segovia2 he        
receives it with great joy and orders it
 put in his chapel4#ef    ,it is        
necessary to approach the church of the 
,virgin with due humility  and in a     
penitent state of mind4 ,wilful sinners 
can not force an entry  until they have 
duly and earnestly repented 7,nos4 #ih1 
#bag1 etc471  neither are ,moors allowed
 to enter for unholy purposes1 but are  
struck  blind and paralyzed1 etc4 7,no4 
#bbi74 ,acts of violence committed in   
the  church are always fittingly        
punished with disease1 paralysis1 or    
death4  ,sometimes such punishment is   
accompanied by significant acts by the  
image of ,mara1 sometimes not4 ,in ,no4 
#afd1 because of the affront  offered by
 the ,infante ,d4 ,fernando in arresting
 a prior before the altar  on the charge
 of counterfeiting money1 the image of  
the ,virgin separated  itself from that 
of the ,son and lost its color4 ,after  
the repentance of  the ,infante the form

 of the mother went back to that of the 
,son but  never regained its color4     
,no4 #ch has the added element1 by no   
means uncommon1 of the ,devil or of     
demons acting as the agents of ,god in  
killing the offenders4 ,this time  it   
was the ,conde de ,poitiers who with his
 men entered and desecrated the         
sanctuary1 one going so far as to       
maltreat the image of the ,virgin with  
the ,child in her arms by striking it1  
thereby breaking one of the arms4  ,to  
his surprise and horror1 blood flowed   
freely from the wound4 ,demons  killed  
the guilty person1 and hearing of it the
 ,count vindicated himself  by punishing
 all those implicated4 ,so particular is
 the ,virgin about the  sacredness of   
her shrines that some pilgrims at ,santa
 ,mara de ,terena  after becoming       
engaged in a terrible fight among       
themselves during the  night1 were      
awe-struck1 on going out to collect the 
dead and wounded1 to  find them all well
 and reconciled1 altho their armor was  

battered and  broken4 ,the ,blessed     
,mother would not tolerate ,christian   
blood shed by  ,christians in front of  
her church 7,no4 #aih74    ,those       
legends which have to do with the       
earthly life of the ,mother of  ,jesus  
are very rare1 and when we do find them 
it almost startles us to  think she was 
ever considered as a person1 human in   
all respects as they  were and living on
 this earth4 ,we learn1 however 7,no4   
#bg71 that in the  time of the apostles1
 the ,christians had bought a synagogue 
intending to  convert it into a church4 
,when the ,jews hear of their intention 
they  reclaim it and carry the matter   
before ,caesar4 ,the ,christians go to  
,mary1 who is then living at ,mount     
,sion and ask her advice4 ,she tells    
them not to fear1 for she will help them
 at the trial4 ,when the day  arrives   
the case is called in the church        
building4 ,as ,peter takes his  place   
beside the altar an image of ,mary      
appears on the altar cloth4 ,this  is   

too much for the ,jews1 who refuse to   
carry the trial further4  ,tradition has
 it that this was the first church      
dedicated to ,santa  ,mara4 ,some time  
later ,emperor ,julian ordered the ,jews
 to take away the  image of the ,virgin1
 but it frowned on them in such a manner
 that they  feared to touch it4#eg      
,,chapter ,,iv    ,,miracles ,,performed
 ,,by ,,images      ,since the image of 
the ,virgin was intended to be a        
representation of the  ,divine ,mother1 
it often1 especially in the mind of the 
peasant1  attracted to itself all her   
attributes4 ,the result was that in a   
number  of cases it was the image and   
not the ,virgin that performed the deed4
  ,often1 also when the miracle was     
attributed to ,santa ,mara it was not   
simply to the saint1 ,mary the mother of
 ,jesus1 who lived in the distant  past1
 far away in the ,holy ,land1 nor to    
,mary1 the most powerful of all  the    
saints in heaven1 but it was to the very
 present1 and very local  saint1 ,santa 

,mara de ,salas1 or ,santa ,mara del    
,puerto1 as the case  might be4 ,there  
is little doubt that in the mind of the 
common folk  there were as many         
different ,saints ,mary as there were   
shrines1 and yet1  at the same time1    
these all had a definite connection with
 the ,mother of  ,christ in some        
mysterious way which the plain people   
did not trouble  themselves to explain4 
,just as the mystery of the ,trinity did
 not  perturb them nearly as much as it 
did the ,anglo-,saxons of the ,north1 so
  this particular problem caused them   
little concern4    ,as might be         
expected1 most of the miracles          
attributed to the image of  the ,virgin 
are of the same nature as those         
performed by the saint  herself4 ,the   
image cures the diseased 7,no4 #cdi71 it
 bows over a man and  thanks him for a  
hymn of praise he has composed 7,no4    
#bjb71 saves a  naughty child from      
punishment 7,no4 #cjc71 protects a man's
 property from  threatened storm 7,no4  

#afa71 restores to health queen         
,beatriz1 mother of  ,alfonso el ,sabio1
 when the doctors had pronounced her    
illness incurable  7,no4 #bef71         
restrains a rich libertine knight of    
,catalonia from  committing an immoral  
act in its presence 7,no4 #cab71        
protects a city  from capture by the    
,moors even after the latter had learned
 from a  prisoner that there were but   
fifteen men remaining to defend it 7,no4
  #ahe71 protects its altar from fire by
 removing a veil from its head and      
spreading it over the fire1 thereby     
instantly extinguishing the flames      
7,no4 #ccb71 and lastly even pours milk 
from its sacred breasts as a final      
argument to convince and convert a ,moor
 7,no4 #dd74 ,the story of ,no4 #cba    
differs somewhat from this1 reminding us
 of a similar cure attributed to  the   
,child ,jesus while on the flight into  
,egypt4#eh ,a child was  suffering from 
a swelling in the neck and was          
pronounced incurable4 ,a  friend advised

 that the patient be taken to the king1 
adding that all  ,christian kings had   
the power of healing4 ,this was done1   
but the king  told them to take it      
before the image of the ,virgin1 wash   
the image in  pure water1 and then give 
the child this water to drink for as    
many days  as there are letters in the  
name ,m-a-r--a4 ,on the fourth day the  
child was healed4 ,in two instances the 
power is extended a little  farther and 
in ,no4 #abc a young friar on dying     
turned black and ugly4 ,his  brethren   
took a candle from the altar and put it 
in his hand1 which  caused his natural  
color to be restored4 ,later he returned
 and appearing  to the two friars told  
them that the reason he became black at 
death was  that he saw ,devils1 but that
 the light of the ,virgin drove them    
promptly  away4 ,in ,no4 #bji ,alfonso  
was very ill and when the doctors could 
not  give him relief he called for the  
unfinished manuscript#ei of ,las        
,cantigas and by applying it to the     

affected part of his body he was        
healed4    ,because of the very high    
esteem in which the ,virgin was held it 
is  common to find instances in which a 
person swears by her or by her name  or 
image1 while she on her part is rightly 
conscientious in seeing that  such oaths
 are not taken lightly4 ,one young      
shepherd developed the habit  of        
stealing and was finally caught1 but    
cleared himself by swearing by  ,god and
 the ,virgin that he was innocent4 ,a   
little later he was caught  again1 and  
convicted4 ,this time the ,virgin       
allowed him to be hanged1  because he   
had sworn by her falsely 7,no4 #cib74   
,another man 7,no4 #bci7  perjured      
himself before her image by adjuring    
that he had never received  a certain   
article in trust4 ,even before leaving  
the church he was  overtaken by a severe
 illness which caused his death within  
three days4  ,so high and so sacred was 
this oath before the image of the       
,virgin held  to be1 that in one        

instance a wife1 being accused of       
unfaithfulness by  her jealous husband1 
offered to submit to the ordeal by fire 
to prove  her innocence1 but her husband
 demanded instead that she swear before 
the altar of ,nuestra ,seora4 ,then he  
added that she could further clear      
herself by jumping from a high rock4    
,she passed both tests safely and  her  
husband1 penitent1 begged forgiveness on
 his knees 7,no4 #cda74 ,in  other cases
 the image of the ,virgin speaks1 as1   
for example1 when  called upon to bear  
witness in a difference between a ,jew  
and a  ,christian over the payment of a 
debt 7,no4 #be74    ,the very name of   
,mara was one to conjure with4#fj ,two  
miracles 7,nos4  #aid and #bed7 are     
attributed to the power of the mere     
sound of the name2  and once 7,no4 #aie7
 a girl is saved because her name is    
,mara4 ,in ,no4 #aid  a villainous host 
sends in pursuit of his departing guests
 some thugs to  rob them1 but the       
bandits1 on hearing their intended      

victims call on the  name of ,santa     
,mara for help1 become powerless and    
speechless4 ,in ,no4  #bed1 the image of
 the ,virgin saves some monks who1 while
 recuperating on  the banks of a river  
from the rigors of convent life1        
transgress the  bounds of what is proper
 for men of their order4 ,seeing some   
devils in  the form of men1 coming down 
the river in a boat1 the monks1         
terrified1  call on the ,virgin for aid4
 8,she alone has saved you10 shout the  
devils  as they continue on their way4  
,a girl 7,no4 #aie7 who had been sold by
 her  father to a knight on his way to a
 tournament was saved from harm when    
she told him her name was ,mary and that
 that particular day was one  especially
 consecrated to the ,saint's worship4   
,on learning that1 the  knight sent her 
for safekeeping to an abbey1 while he   
continued on his  journey4 ,at the      
tournament he was killed and buried in  
the open  prairie4#fa ,the ,virgin      
appeared to the girl and told her of his

 fate  demanding that she and the abbess
 go and give the man a worthy burial1   
telling them they would be able easily  
to identify the body1 for it  would have
 a rose in its mouth4           99      
99       99       99       99    ,there 
now remains a group of fifteen poems    
that do not seem to have any  particular
 purpose other than to produce an       
atmosphere of mystery2 but  this very   
sentiment of the mystical played an     
important part in the  religious worship
 of the time4 ,the very architecture of 
the churches  tended to produce it1 the 
processions1 the ritual1 all inspired   
the same  feeling4 ,herewith are        
summarized only four poems of this      
group1 which  will give a sufficient    
idea of the emotions aroused by them4   
,a young girl1 a religious fanatic1 died
 very early in life as the  result of   
self-imposed hardships4 ,her parents1   
suspecting poison1  ordered an autopsy1 
and on the heart of the dead girl was   
found an image  of the ,virgin 7,no4    

#ahh74 ,in ,no4 #cfa1 ,alfonso is said  
to have given a  beautiful image of the 
,virgin to the monastery of ,las        
,huelgas de ,burgos4  ,on ,christmas    
night the strange idea of putting the   
image to bed occurred  to the pious     
nuns4 ,almost immediately they saw it   
change color and turn  from side to     
side4 ,no4 #gi1 of the codex of ,toledo 
7a poem which does not  appear in the   
codex of the ,escorial71 relates an     
incident that took  place weekly in the 
church at ,constantinople4 ,in this     
church was a  beautiful image of the    
,holy ,mother1 covered with a veil4     
,every ,friday an  angel descended from 
heaven to lift the veil1 which remained 
suspended  in the air until ,saturday   
evening1 7the day on which the faithful 
came  to worship71 when the angel would 
return and lower the veil again4        
,cantiga ,no4 #bbf narrates a legend    
entirely foreign to ,spanish thought    
and one which must have caused some     
surprise in its unwonted  environment4  

,the incident is said to have happened  
in 8,gran ,britaa04  ,the account runs  
briefly as follows3 ,a company of friars
 were in their  convent saying ,mass on 
,easter morning1 when the entire        
monastery was  swallowed up by the      
earth--the ground closing above it and  
leaving no  trace whatever4 ,for just a 
year the monks continued in this        
enforced  seclusion1 without lack of    
anything needful2 they were even lighted
 by a  marvellous sun4 ,on the next     
,easter morning all was restored to its 
former natural state4 ,it can be seen at
 a glance that this legend is  entirely 
different from anything that has been   
mentioned in this  collection2 and ,i   
have found no parallel to it in anything
 else of the  period4    ,in closing    
this chapter attention should be called 
to two miracles which  emphasize the    
great importance attached to            
confession4#fb ,no4 #abd is  the story  
of a man condemned to be stoned because 
he had broken a law of  the ,moors in   

whose land he was living4 ,while        
undergoing this punishment1  he begged  
permission of the ,virgin to make his   
confession2 from that  moment his       
executioners could not harm him4        
,astonished that their  missiles        
suddenly ceased to have any effect they 
allowed him to confess1  after which he 
died praising the ,blessed ,mother4 ,in 
,no4 #if a sinner was  unwilling to do  
penance1 altho devoted to ,santa ,mara4 
,he was beheaded  by robbers1 without   
opportunity for confession4 ,four days  
later two  friars1 on arriving at the   
spot1 were surprised to hear the head   
plead  for the privilege of confession4 
,they summoned a crowd2 the head        
attached itself to the body1 confessed1 
and then became separated again  from   
the body4#fc          ,,chapter ,v      
8,,the ,,devil ,,and ,,all ,,his        
,,works0      ,his ,satanic ,majesty is 
and always has been one of the most     
interesting  of personages4 ,the tracing
 of his development from the beginning  

of  religion in the dim mythical past to
 his latest rle as the prince of  evil  
spirits and 8controls0 as depicted by   
,sir ,conan ,doyle1 ,sir ,oliver        
,lodge1 and others of similar faith1 is 
fascinating work4 ,satan as we  find him
 in the period with which we are        
concerned is far from being a  dull and 
lifeless character4 ,he is referred to  
as one who had been as  holy and perfect
 as any1 but who1 because of his sin and
 treason1 became  the lowest of all4#fd 
,as such1 having become the arch-enemy  
of ,god1 it  is his aim to drag down to 
,hell as many as possible4 ,at the same 
time1  the nearer he comes to localities
 especially dedicated to his ,enemy1    
,god1 the more difficult it is for him  
to exercise his powers4 ,in ,las  ,siete
 ,partidas it is stated as a fact that  
the ,devil cannot harm the  souls of    
those interred in holy ground as easily 
as of those buried  elsewhere4#fe ,he is
 subject to conjuring#ff and can never  
face the  ,virgin4 ,in fact1 the mere   

sound of her name is often sufficient to
 drive  him away 7,no4 #bed74 ,to our   
surprise he takes on one hellish        
attribute  which we do not customarily  
connect with ,spain of this period1 but 
rather with the ,orient4 ,this is       
illustrated in ,las ,cantigas ,no4 #hb1 
where it is related that a monk on his  
bed saw some devils in the form  of     
swine approach1 but they dared not touch
 him because of his holiness4  ,shortly 
afterwards a black man appeared who said
 he was going to destroy  the monk1     
whereupon the latter1 in desperation1   
appealed to the ,virgin4  ,as she       
hastened to him the devils disappeared  
in a cloud of smoke4    ,demoniac       
possession is quite common and has only 
the well-known ,new  ,testament         
characteristics4 ,the incidents as      
recorded could easily have  taken place 
in the time of ,jesus in the ,holy      
,land4 ,but the humorous  element       
manifests itself at rare intervals even 
here1 as we see in ,no4  #cdc of ,las   

,cantigas where we find that a girl1    
possessed1 is able1 on  seeing a person1
 to tell what his secret sin is and has 
a mania for  divulging this in public4  
,needless to say1 she is soon shunned by
 all4  ,even the priest to whom she was 
first taken was mocked by her1 the holy 
water did not protect him1 and he was   
not able to face her4 ,however she  was 
finally cured before the altar at       
,rocamador4    ,the compilers of the    
,primera ,crnica ,general#fg saw nothing
 in the  visions of ,mohammed but       
demoniac possession4    ,not            
infrequently ,satan resorts to taking on
 other forms than his own to  attain his
 ends4 ,one story 7well known long      
before ,alfonso's time7 which  found its
 way into ,las ,cantigas is that the    
,devil1 taking on the form  of an       
apostle1 ordered a pilgrim to so        
mutilate himself1 as penance for  his   
sin1 that he died1 after which ,satan   
prepared to carry away his soul  but was
 prevented by ,santiago 7,st4 ,james7   

who rescued it4#fh ,at another  time1   
when he wished to take vengeance on a   
philanthropic ,christian who  had       
established a hospital1 he entered the  
corpse of a handsome young  man1        
becoming the good man's servant1 hoping 
thus to have an opportunity  to         
assassinate him1 but was prevented from 
doing so because his master  prayed     
every day4 ,at last1 the bishop made a  
visit to the hospital and  the ,devil1  
fearing to appear before him1 pleaded   
illness4 ,the kind  prelate1 solicitous 
for his welfare1 requests to be allowed 
to see him4  ,immediately upon coming   
into his presence he notes his actions  
and1  suspecting something1 conjures him
 in the name of ,god4 ,the ,devil       
confesses and flees leaving the dead    
body of the young man at the feet  of   
the bishop and philanthropist 7,no4     
#fg74 ,while thus taking on other  forms
 he is at times distinctly mischievous1 
and we can see almost the  sparkle of   
his eyes when1 finding that the ,virgin 

has made a certain  innocent man        
invisible in order that he may escape   
his foes who accuse  him falsely1 ,satan
 himself takes the form of this man and 
plays  practical jokes with his pursuers
 7,no4 #bac74    ,the familiar 8,devil  
,pact0 is to be found in its simplicity 
when a ,jew  sells his soul to the      
,devil1 and later on repenting and      
praying most  earnestly to the ,virgin1 
finds that she hears his prayer and     
impels the  ,devil to return the        
contract4#fi    ,this simple1 and even  
then conventional1 plot does not seem to
 have  satisfied the demands of the     
time1 since we find it occasionally     
introduced with variations4 ,one man 7in
 ,no4 #bha7 to gain his lost wealth     
promises the ,devil he will deny ,god   
and the ,church1 but refuses to deny  a 
certain one of the saints1 and that is  
the ,virgin4 ,diabolus hesitates1  but  
remarks          8 444 ,pois negaste    
,deus1 non mi  ren que fazer      de esa
 ,madre non negares40    ,time passes   

and he prospers1 until one day he is    
called upon to attend  the king on a    
public function during which1           
accidentally1 the monarch  enters a     
church4 ,the knight refuses to accompany
 him1 saying it is  forbidden him to do 
so4 ,with that the image of the ,virgin 
beckons to  him1 and upon being thus    
reassured he enters and confesses all4  
,this act  has such an effect on the    
king that he adds a fortune to the      
visible  protection of ,santa ,mara     
7,no4 #bha74 ,another illustration is   
that of the  man who barters his wife to
 the ,devil1 but the ,blessed ,mother   
does not  allow the bargain to be       
carried out4#gj    ,aside from the      
above-mentioned traits1 that are to be  
found almost  wherever the ,devil       
himself is present1 we notice a few     
others that are  rare4    ,there is the 
threat of bottling the imps later       
mentioned on page #aaf4    ,the ,primera
 ,crnica ,general contains a legend in  
which the devils  appear almost like    

human beings holding a general          
conference4 ,antidio1  archbishop of    
,vesentine1 on crossing the bridge of   
the river of ,duero1  sees a group of   
devils in the field4 ,apparently without
 fear1 the  archbishop approaches to see
 what it is all about4 ,as he draws near
 his  attention is attracted by the     
report of one of the imps to the effect 
that after seven years he has been      
successful in making the ,pope sin4     
,the clergyman immediately demands as   
proof that the devil take him to  the   
,vatican on his back that he may verify 
the statement4 ,this is done  and the   
report found to be correct4 ,after      
making the ,pope do penance1  the       
archbishop1 by conjuring in the name of 
,god and ,santa ,cruz1 now  requires the
 diminutive devil1 whom he has kept     
waiting all this time1  to carry him    
back to his diocese4#ga    ,very often  
the ,devil appears as a servant of      
,god--as a sort of scavenger  whose     
business it is to do the disagreeable   

work4 ,the ,vandal king1  ,gunderico1   
after sacking ,seville1 attempts to     
enter the church by force  to plunder it
 also4 ,as he approaches the door he is 
met by the ,devil and  is killed for his
 sacrilege4#gb ,in ,las ,cantigas ,no4  
#cd the ,devil  kills a ,jew for robbing
 an image of the ,virgin1 while in ,no4 
#aib he so  torments an imprisoned ,moor
 for two nights in succession that the  
,moor  is glad to become a              
,christian4#gc    ,hell1 the abode of   
the ,devil1 is miserably slighted by the
 pen of  ,alfonso el ,sabio4 ,numerous  
references are made to 8el fuego dell   
inferno02 a little more graphic is      
8,d' esto direy un miragre      que fezo
 a ,urgen santa1      ,madre de ,deus   
grorosa1      que nos faz merce tanta1  
que nos d saud' e siso      et o demo   
quebranta      que nos quer o inferno   
leuar1 en que nos afume40 7,no4 #cch47  
,but no attempts are made to describe   
the familiar place4#gd    ,altho there  
can be no doubt that enchantment was    

known and practiced1 as  evidenced by   
the laws against it1#ge it is strange   
that there is but  one instance of it in
 the ,primera ,crnica ,general1 and     
that1 the  story of ,simon ,magus1 the  
enchanter1 is in the narration of the   
history  of events in the time of       
,christ4 ,in ,las ,cantigas1 where we   
would  naturally look to find records of
 this nature1 there are only such cases 
as the threat of the clerk to bottle the
 devils 7,no4 #abe71 occasional         
accusations of the practice of          
enchantment 7,no4 #h71 or a reference to
  the fact that medicine1 enchantment1  
and prayers were all of no avail in  the
 attempt to cure a case of rabies until 
at last ,santa ,mara de ,terena  was    
approached 7,no4 #cai74 ,the motif      
furnished by this practice was not      
developed1 nor did it become popular in 
literature1 until the ,books of         
,chivalry4#gf          ,,chapter ,,vi   
,,divinations--,,omens--,,auguries      
,the love of the mysterious found its   

greatest development in ,spain in  the  
study of divination1 in omens and in    
auguries4 ,in the practice of  this art 
,spain excelled all other countries of  
,europe in the ,middle  ,ages4 ,gaston  
,paris makes the following significant  
statement in speaking  of the episode of
 the journey of the seven sons of ,lara 
going to visit  their uncle ,ruy        
,velzquez1 the quarrel and              
reconciliation3         8,tout cet      
pisode est fort beau et d'un caractre   
bien original2 il       n'y a rien de   
pareil dans notre pope2 on sait au      
contraire le       grand rle que jouait1
 dans le haut moyen ge espagnol1 et     
surtout       dans la vie des           
aventuriers qui faisaient la force et la
 terreur de       la ,castille1 l'      
inspection du vol des oiseaux2 le ,cid  
lui-mme       8vivait  augure40#gg      
,the ,spanish at this time1 in spite of 
the intermixtures of other races1  were 
essentially a ,roman people and this was
 one of the characteristics  of the old 

,roman civilization that had not been   
materially changed by  time or religion4
 ,it is true that such practices in all 
cases except by  means of astrology1    
were forbidden by law1#gh but the fact  
that the law  was so full and explicit  
implies that divination and the study of
 omens  and auguries not only existed   
but must have been quite common4 ,such  
customs are usually mentioned merely in 
passing1 as in the miracle of  the ,host
 mentioned on page #aah or in such      
statements as the one to the  effect    
that king ,herod died according to the  
prognostications of a ,greek  augur1#gi 
or the simple statement that a certain  
person foretold that  certain events    
would come to pass without giving any   
clue as to how this  information was    
received#hj4 ,another indication that   
divining was quite  common is that when 
,tiberius expelled from ,rome all who   
practiced black  magic the chronicler   
considered the event of such minor      
importance that  he gives it only two   

lines3          8 444 ,echo de la       
cibdat de ,roma todos los adeuinos et   
los encantadores20#ha    ,under the law 
in ,las ,siete ,partidas treating of    
actions for which a  person might be    
legally dishonored1 is the following    
entry3            8,como maguer el      
astrologo diga alguna cosa de otro por  
razn de su arte1 non le puede ser       
desmandado                              
por deshonra4    ,pierden los homes  las
 vegadas algunas de sus cosas1 et van   
los  astrlogos a rogar que caten por su 
arte quales son aquellos que las        
tienen1 et los astrlogos usando de su   
sabiduria dicen  sealan   algunos que   
las han3 et en tal caso como este       
decimos que los que asi  sealaren non   
pueden demandar que les fagan emienda   
desto asi como en  manera de deshonra3  
et esto es porque lo que ellos dicen1   
fcenlo segunt  su arte1 et non con      
entencin de los deshonrar4 ,pero como   
quier que non  puedan demandar emienda  
dello como en manera de deshonra1 con   

todo eso  si el adevino fuese baratador 
que faga muestra de saber lo que non    
sabe1  bien lo pueden acusar que reciba 
la pena que mandan las leyes del ttulo  
de los adevinos et de los               
encantadores40#hb    ,very closely      
associated with the foregoing accounts1 
altho differing  somewhat in nature1 are
 a large number of legends mentioning   
wonderful  signs that appear in the     
heavens or on the earth at certain      
significant  moments in the life of an  
individual or nation4 ,these differ from
 omens  and auguries because they are   
out-of-the-ordinary happenings1 while   
with  auguries and omens proper there is
 nothing whatever unusual in the event  
itself and all depends upon the         
interpretation4 ,the wonderful signs    
usually require interpretation1 but the 
person seeing them1 even the            
uninitiated1 knows immediately that they
 have a meaning4 ,when ,octavius        
,caesar ascended the throne there       
appeared a rainbow around a clear sun1  

and again1 three suns appeared that     
merged into one1 signifying first1  that
 the ,roman ,empire1 divided into three 
at the death of ,caesar1 would  become  
one1 and second1 that ,christ would show
 the world the mystery of  the          
,trinity#hc4 ,more portentous still were
 the phenomena which appeared  during   
the consulship of ,sextus ,julius       
,caesar and ,lucius ,marcus1 when  many 
signs1 fire and noises occurred in the  
sky1 blood flowed from bread  as if it  
were meat when it was cut1 real stones  
and earth were hailed  upon the land1   
the earth opened and flames shot to the 
sky1 a mountain  of the color of gold   
descended from heaven and ascended again
 until it  covered the sun1 tame animals
 became wild1 etc4#hd ,then1 as we leave
  ,roman history and come on down to the
 #gth century1 a sign in the form of  a 
sword appeared in the sky and remained  
for #cj days1 which 8demostraua  el     
sennorio que los moros auien de         
auer40#he    ,while usually quite       

distinct1 the line between these        
marvelous signs1  and omens and auguries
 proper1 may at times become almost     
imperceptible2 as1 for instance1 when   
queen ,dido arrived in ,africa she      
immediately prepared to build a city1   
and as the workmen set about  digging   
the foundation for the walls they found 
the skull of a cow4 ,this  was taken to 
the augurs and they declared it         
signified that any city  built there    
would always be one of toil and always  
under the power of  others4 ,they moved 
to another place and again began to dig1
 this time  finding the skull of a      
horse1 which1 said the augurs1 signified
 that a  city built in that place would 
always be one of pride and of           
warriors4#hf    ,incidents of this kind 
might conveniently be placed in either  
class1  because1 altho the event itself 
does not startle one1 it does not take a
  soothsayer to tell a person of an     
imaginative turn of mind that a skull   
found under such circumstances probably 

has a significance4    ,the foregoing   
have been but signs which indicated the 
future1 and no  matter how striking the 
form an interpretation was necessary4   
,but  there are a few cases recorded    
where a person is apparently given to   
see  into the future and somehow is     
permitted to know what is going to      
occur1  without any medium whatsoever1  
and furthermore is impelled to speak out
  what he knows4 ,we find that a ,roman 
senator and his wife enter the  temple  
of ,jupiter and as they do so a priest  
who has all the symptoms of  demoniac   
possession1 cries out1 8,aquest mugier  
trae en el uientre cosa  que destruya de
 rayz aqueste grand templo et menuzara  
todos los dios que  en el estan40#hg    
,the event foretold did come to pass    
when the child  referred to became a    
friend of the emperor and thereby       
succeeded in  having the temple         
destroyed4 ,then is added the           
significant statement  that this        
happened just #ajjj years after ,rome   

was founded4    ,the agent used to      
convey the message is usually a person1 
but it may be  an animal4 ,an ox tells  
his master of the future2#hh or even an 
idol in  a heathen temple imparts the   
knowledge that the temple will stand    
only  8fasta que parriesse              
uirgen0#hi4--,the temple fell when      
,christ was  born4          ,,chapter   
,,vii    ,,visions      ,the two terms  
dream and vision seem to have been only 
vaguely  differentiated in the period we
 are studying1 just as even at the      
present time they are often used almost 
synonymously4 ,in las ,cantigas  we     
find3        8 444 et log' o meninno    
se fillou ben a dormir      et ui en    
uijon  ,madre0 7,no4 #ec71    and       
8et dormindo1 ui en uijon      ,santa   
,mara con grand'az0 7,no4 #fh71    but  
in ,no4 #ccf the person certainly was   
not asleep1 for3        8,el aquest ass 
fazendo      e con o demo luitando1     
non estand' en un estado1      mais     
caend'e leuantando1      ui en uijon a  

,reynna      dos cos1 et l chorando     
lle disse44440    ,a similar confusion  
of the two words is characteristic of   
the other  works of ,alfonso ,x4        
,because they are thus synonymously     
employed it has not seemed desirable  to
 treat the two separately4 ,also it must
 be remembered that in many  instances1 
especially in ,las ,cantigas1 some      
simple statement is made  such as 8,the 
,virgin appeared to him10 with no       
indication whether it was  in a dream or
 a vision1 or whether1 in the form of an
 ordinary human  being she appeared to  
the person concerned while he was in    
full  possession of his faculties4 ,it  
is to be regretted that there is no     
definition of either 8dream0 or 8vision0
 in ,las ,siete ,partidas4 ,the  only   
reference to dreams is one to the effect
 that in themselves they  are not       
sufficient authority for the            
establishment of a church or an         
altar#ij4    ,visions and significant   
dreams#ia may conveniently be divided   

into  three classes3 7a7 those which    
deal with what is to us the unknown fate
  of persons in whom we are interested2 
7b7 those concerned with  contemporary  
events at which we ourselves are not    
present2 and 7c7 those  associated with 
the future4    ,in the literature of    
,alfonso ,x1 those pertaining to the    
first group deal  exclusively with the  
fate of the soul in the other world4    
,for instance1  shortly after the death 
of king ,dagobert of ,france a holy man 
had a  vision in which he saw the devils
 contending for and almost successfully 
carrying off to ,hell the soul of the   
deceased king#ib4 ,many good men        
desired this consummation1 but ,saint   
,denis1 bishop of ,paris1 pleaded to    
,god for ,dagobert's soul and the       
bishop's prayer was granted4#ic    ,in  
reading other passages we can almost    
imagine ourselves in the  presence of a 
clairvoyant medium4 ,alfonso ,x dreams  
of the destruction of  the church of    
,jerez 7,no4 #cdc71 and in a similar    

manner the ,emperor  ,justinian has a   
vision of the evil that ,gilemer the    
,vandal is doing in  ,africa#id3 while  
the ,emperor ,heraclius dreams of the   
misfortunes of his  troops in           
,africa4#ie ,all of these visions are   
contemporary with the  events involved4 
,by far the greater part of the visions 
and dreams have to do with the  future  
of the individual to whom they are      
manifested2 and of these  visions by far
 the greater number are symbolic4       
,occasionally the  messenger appears and
 gives a direct command1 as ,san        
,fernando when he  appeared to ,maestro 
,jorge and bade him take a fine ring    
from the finger  of a statue recently   
erected to the saint's memory by his son
 ,alfonso ,x1  and put it on the finger 
of the image of the ,virgin#if2 or as   
when the  saints appeared to ,taion who 
had gone on a seemingly hopeless task to
  ,rome to find the famous book ,moralia
 in ,job and told him where it was  to  
be found1 even mentioning the exact     

position in the chest2#ig or  again1 as 
when ,aeneas1 upon his landing on the   
shores of ,africa1 dreamed  of his      
future meeting and love affair with     
,dido#ih4 ,but it is the  symbolic      
vision that was the most popular4       
,usually this type of vision is quite   
simple in its elements1 as when ,our    
,lord appeared to ,emperor ,marcian and 
showed him the broken bow of  ,attila4  
,the emperor was at a loss to understand
 the real import of this1  but          
interpreted it as a favorable omen4     
,later he discovered that on the  very  
night of the vision ,attila had married1
 and had died as a result of  the       
debauch that had accompanied the        
wedding4#ii ,this is an example of  the 
usual type1 but at times such a vision  
is considerably elaborated1  involving  
much symbolism and mysticism4 ,one of   
the best introduces the  ,emperor       
,constantine4 ,it is given here in the  
writer's words3         8,et 7el        
emperador7 morando y en una cibdat que  

auie nombre       ,bizancio1 auinol assi
 una noche1 que el yaziendo durmiendo en
 su       lecho1 uinol en uision quel   
parauan delante una muger uegezuela muy 
fea et much enatia et muerta2 et diziel 
sant ,siluestre3       8,costantino1 faz
 oracion et ressuscitara esta muger04   
,et el oraua       luego1 et            
ressuscitaua la muger1 et tornauasse    
sana et muy fermosa2       et pagauasse 
,constantino della de buen amor et      
casto1 et cubriela       de su manto1 et
 poniel su corona en la cabea1 et todo  
quanto bien       ell auie4 ,e ,elina su
 madre diziel3 8,fijo1 tuya sera        
aquesta1 et       numqua morra fasta la 
fin del mundo40    ,on awaking1 the     
,emperor fails to recognize the meaning 
of the dream1  until after seven days of
 fasting on his part1 the ,pope         
,sylvester4         8apareciol otra uez 
et dizol3 8la uieia que tu uiste es     
,bizancio1       esta cipdat en que     
estas1 que uees que a ya los muros todos
 caydos       de uegedat4 ,et por ende  

sube en el cauallo en que andeste en    
,roma       en las aluas el dia que     
fuste bateado1 quando andeste por todas 
las       yglesias de los apostoles et  
de los martires pintandolas et          
afeytandolas con oro et con plata et con
 piedras preciosas2 et       leuaras en 
tu mano la tu senna que a nombre labaro1
 et soltaras       las riendas al       
cauallo1 et iras por o quier que te ell 
angel guiar1       et leuaras por tierra
 rastrando la punta del labaro1 de guisa
 que       fagas sennal que parezca4 ,et
 por o aquella sennal fuere1 mandaras   
fazer muros muy altos et muy fuertes2 et
 esta cibdat que es uieia1       tornar 
la as nueua1 et poner las nombre del    
tuyo1 et sera en ella       muy loado el
 nombre del ,nuestro ,sennor ,ihesu     
,cristo1 et aura y       muchas yglesias
 a onra de todos los santos1 et regnaran
 en ella tus       fijos et tus nietos  
et todos los que de ti uinieren04#ajj   
,there is also quite a long account of  
the visions beheld by ,mohammed  while  

he was at ,jerusalem1 from which city he
 was permitted to ascend  thru the seven
 heavens4 ,the compilers preface the    
history of this  arch-enemy of the      
,christian faith with the statement that
 ,mohammed  suffered from epilepsy1     
because of which he saw visions that he 
thought  were of ,god but in reality    
they were of the ,devil4#aja ,the       
account ends  also with a reminder to   
the same effect#ajb4          ,,chapter 
,,viii    ,,various ,,manifestations    
,we now come to a group of miscellaneous
 elements which1 altho some of  them    
were doubtless quite common in the daily
 life of the people1 have  for one      
reason or another received comparatively
 slight attention at the  hands of      
,alfonso4 ,some of these1 as conjuring  
for instance1 are usually  now          
considered as a part of black magic1 but
 it will be noted in the  following     
paragraphs that it was freely practiced 
by the ,church and in  fact formed a    
part of the most sacred religious rites4

 ,in the discussion  that follows1 these
 various subjects are taken up in       
alphabetical order4                     
,i4--,,conjuring    ,conjuring1 says    
,alfonso in effect1 is the art of using 
potent words in  the right manner4 ,then
 he illustrates the point with nave     
quaintness--as he does so often3 8,these
 words1 just like a carpenter's  tool1  
may serve for many different purposes1  
but it is necessary1 if  they are to    
have the effect desired1 that they be   
said by a person who  knows how4 ,the   
fact that they do have effect is seen   
from the results of  everyday life40#ajc
 ,the fourth rank of the clergy was held
 by the  ,exorcist1 and this title      
8quier tanto decir en griego como       
conjurador1 ca estos han poder a        
conjurar en el nombre de ,dios  los     
demonios que salgan de los       homes  
et que non tornen  ellos jamas3 et por  
ende deben saber       estas            
conjuraciones de cuer porque las sepan  
decir quando menester       fuere3 et   

esta rden fizo primeramente el rey      
,soloman40#ajd    ,how much this short  
passage taken from a law book tells us  
of the  current beliefs1 and of the     
place held by conjuring6 ,note1 however1
 that  conjuring was limited1 according 
to law1 to dispossessing the ,devil4    
,this practice1 like baptism1 was in the
 hands of the clergy and could  only be 
resorted to by the layman in cases of   
dire necessity4  ,enchantment and       
wizardry were strictly forbidden1 and   
for the practice  of such criminality a 
father was given the right to disinherit
 his  son#aje4 ,in thus combatting the  
,devil the sacred oil1 or crisma1 was   
one of the most powerful instruments4   
,in setting forth its power and         
significance1 the law reads3         8et
 por ende la crisma es asi como posadero
 de ,ieso ,cristo1 que       toma       
aquella posada para l1 poniendo hi la su
 seal de la cruz et       la entrega de 
quanto hi falla1 echando de hi al diablo
 et todo lo       que hi tiene40#ajf    

,the method by which the oil was to be  
prepared is expounded as follows3       
8 444 halo l 7obispo7 de tomar1 et      
exrcizarlo et bendecirlo desta          
guisa1 deciendo que conjura  ,satans1 et
  todos sus malos       espritus1 et a  
toda manera de fantasma en el nombre del
 ,padre1 et       del ,fijo et del      
,espritu santo que si est en aquel olio 
que se       parta dl 444 etc40         
,after having been thus carefully       
prepared1         8,grande es la virtud 
que ha en este olio 444 ,esta virtud es 
en tres       maneras3 ,la primera en la
 natura del olio1 la segunda en las     
palabras que se dicen sobre l1 la       
tercera en las obras que se       facen 
con l40#ajg    ,not only the crisma1 but
 certain words 7among them the          
following7  possessed special virtue3   
8,avemara01 because from the contents of
 that  prayer one comes to understand   
the mystery of ,jesus1 moreover it      
contains the words of salutation used by
 the angel to ,mara and these  words    

still greatly please her2               
8,paternoster01 because it reveals the  
,father and contains the seven petitions
 which ,jesus taught ,his  disciples2   
and 8,credo in ,deum01 because it       
reveals the ,holy ,spirit and  contains 
all the faith and science of            
,christianity4#ajh    ,from these and   
similar regulations pertaining to the   
various sacraments1  especially baptism1
 perhaps we might not err seriously in  
supposing that  the practitioners of    
black magic received not a little of    
their  inspiration from the ,church     
itself1 altho much against the will of  
the  latter4 ,with such a number of     
laws1 regulations1 etc41 it might at    
first seem a little surprising to find  
so few legends in which conjuring  plays
 an important part1 but probably this   
can be accounted for by the  fact that  
it was so common a practice that it was 
scarcely esteemed  worthy of mention4   
,the most interesting story for our     
present  purpose--and one which is      

illustrative of the group in general--is
 that  of the great debate conducted in 
,rome in the year #cbj between the      
,christians and the ,jews4 ,the latter1 
to prove the superiority of their  ,god1
 whispered ,his name in the ear of an   
angry bull1 which promptly fell  dead4  
,the ,christians went even further2 they
 whispered the name of their  ,god in   
the ear of the dead animal1 which       
immediately returned to life  and1 quite
 gentle and meek1 was led from the      
assembly4#aji    ,in ,las ,cantigas     
conjuring is mentioned only in passing  
references1 and  almost always it is the
 ,devil who is conjured to leave a      
person 7,no4  #fg74 ,but in one instance
 we have the well known story of a man1 
this  time a monk1 who has at his       
command the services of the ,devil and  
when  ,satan cannot procure for him what
 he desires1 because the person         
concerned is under the special          
protection of ,santa ,mara1 the monk    
threatens him and his host of imps in   

these words3                            
8,ide fazer      ,com' eu a donzela aia 
log' esta noit' en meu poder2      se   
non1 eu ha redoma      todos uos        
ensserrara40 7,no4 #abe47               
,,ii4--,,ghosts    ,there is not a      
genuine clean-cut ghost in the entire   
period4 ,in fact1  such apparitions as  
we know them seem never to have         
flourished very  vigorously in ,spain4  
,there are fantasmas1 and sombras1 etc41
 in  abundance in a later period1 but   
the ghost that appeals to present day   
observers was entirely lacking4 ,in the 
time of ,alfonso ,x1 the function  of   
the ghost1 which is usually that of     
issuing warnings from the other  world1 
was generally exercised by the saints or
 angels4 ,in one case1 it  is true1 a   
friar returns after his decease to      
explain to his two  brethren why his    
corpse turned black at death and was    
restored to its  natural color when a   
candle from the altar of the ,virgin was
 placed in  its hand 7,no4 #abc74 ,but  

this is a very poor example2 there is no
 element  of fear recorded4 ,the shade  
does not pass thru closed doors1 weapons
 do  not pierce its body without effect1
 etc4 ,emperor ,julian has a rather     
ghostly experience when he is killed by 
the phantom knight1#aaj but  this is in 
reality a returned saint and not a      
ghost1 and besides he  kills with a     
weapon--a most unorthodox piece of      
behavior for a ghost4    ,there is only 
one good ghost story in the entire lot1 
and this claims to  be no more than a   
narrative from ,roman history1          
apparently told solely  because it is in
 the old records4 ,emperor ,caius       
,caligula was  assassinated and his     
enemies half burned his body1 then in   
haste  partially buried it4 ,because of 
this his spirit could not rest in peace 
but tormented the keepers of the garden 
where the body lay1 and the  guardians  
of the place where he had been killed1  
until the cremation was  properly       
performed and the ashes suitably buried4

 ,this has indeed the  necessary        
elements of a ghost story1 but as       
indicated above1 it seems to  have found
 its way into the literature purely by  
chance and makes no  literary impression
 on the period4#aaa      ,,iii4--,,the  
,,host    ,the sacrament of communion   
was intended especially to remove the   
tendency to do evil rather than good4   
,this sacrament being the most          
frequently observed of all and in many  
ways closely associated with  ,extreme  
,unction which may be described as the  
most potent1 there grew up  around the  
,host a number of legends4 ,the ,host1  
on account of its extreme  sacredness1  
became one of the favorite points of    
attack for the  practitioners of black  
magic1 who seemed to have considered it 
as a most  powerful charm4 ,four of the 
miracles#aab in ,las ,cantigas were     
performed to protect it from such an    
unholy use1 altho in only one of  these1
 which is briefly as follows1 does the  
black magician appear in  person3#aac a 

countryman wished to secure a large     
yield of honey with  little effort1 so  
he consulted a sorteira1 who told him   
that next  time he went to communion he 
should not swallow the ,host nor touch  
it  with his teeth but should take it   
and put it in one of the hives4 ,having 
done so1 he found later upon opening the
 hive1 an image of the ,virgin  and     
,child4 ,frightened1 he hastened to the 
priest1 who ordered the marvel  taken in
 procession to the church4 ,there1 when 
it was blessed1 it turned  back again   
into the simple ,host4    ,the ,host is 
again transformed in ,no4 #adi4 ,here it
 is a devout priest who  cannot bring   
himself to believe in                   
transubstantiation4 ,one day at ,mass   
the ,host disappeared and the priest saw
 before him the ,virgin and ,child4  ,he
 asked the ,virgin if she had the ,host4
 8,yes1 it is here10 she said  showing  
him her ,son4 ,with that1 upon          
explaining why it took the form of      
bread and wine1 she disappeared4 ,as she

 vanished the priest again saw  the     
bread and wine as it was previously1 but
 he no longer doubted4    ,aside from   
this type of story1 illustrating the    
sacredness and  inviolability of the    
,host1 there are a number of cures of   
various kinds  purporting to have been  
wrought in persons waiting before the   
altar at  the time of ,mass4#aad ,the   
hours themselves at which ,mass was     
celebrated  were symbolic4 ,these were  
ordinarily the third hour1 the hour in  
which  the ,jews demanded the death of  
,jesus and in which ,he was scourged2   
the  sixth hour1 that of the crucifixion
 and the ascension2 or the ninth  hour4 
,in cases of conflict with an hour of   
regular occupation1 or other  reason of 
necessity1 private ,mass might be said  
earlier or later up to  the ninth       
hour4#aae ,at ,christmas a clergyman    
might recite three ,masses  7usually he 
was allowed to recite only one a day71  
and they were to be  at the following   
hours3 7#a7 at cock-crowing before dawn1

 signifying the  time when the people   
were still in darkness1 7#b7 at dawn1   
signifying the  semi-light of the       
prophets1 and 7#c7 at the third hour1   
representing the  full light of the     
present dispensation4#aaf    ,the       
ceremony of the ,mass was one which the 
,devil could not venture to  look upon4 
,in order to test whether a questionable
 peculiarity was of  the devil1 the     
person affected by it was sometimes     
taken to ,mass1 as in  the case of a    
young girl who had been placed in a     
convent and  consecrated to the ,church1
 but who developed a mania for fondling 
the  ,child of the ,virgin ,mary1       
without opposition on the part of the   
,holy  ,mother4 ,at last the community  
discovered the situation1 and1 duly     
shocked1 appealed to the ,pope4 ,he did 
not know what to say1 so he  decided to 
test the case at ,mass4 ,during the     
ceremony1 at the girl's  request1 he had
 the image of the ,virgin's ,child      
placed in the girl's  arms4 ,upon       

receiving it she exclaimed1 8,this is my
 child and ,i want to  go with him40    
,saying which1 she took the ,host and   
expired1 going to be  with ,him in      
paradise 7,no4 #bea74aag                
,,iv4--,,mystic ,,numbers    ,the       
,spanish--as before intimated--are a    
highly imaginative race and  incline to 
look for a mystical meaning or a symbol 
in everything4 ,it was  probably due to 
this that the ,catholic faith1 with its 
elaborate  ceremonial1 crowded with     
symbolism1 was so fervently embraced by 
the  nation as a whole4 ,for them every 
event was fraught with an hidden        
meaning4 ,the enigma of the future1 for 
example1 had been written by the        
mysterious finger of ,god in the stars4 
,there was a special mystery1  again1   
shrouding certain numbers1 particularly 
three1 seven1 and nine4  ,since there   
were three clases of sins1 venial1      
criminal1 and mortal1 the  priest1 in   
the ceremony of baptism1 was to breathe 
three times in the  face of the         

candidate1 conjuring the ,devil to leave
 the body2 three  times was he to       
conjure salt and put it in the mouth of 
the person2 and  three times must he    
immerse the infant who was the recipient
 of the  rite4 ,again there were nine   
orders of angels1 nine also of the      
clergy--nine being the square of        
three4#aah ,but the greatest and most   
significant of all numbers was seven4   
,there were seven things needed  before 
a church was complete 7,partidas1       
#a-aj-ad72 seven privileges of  the     
prelates over the clergy 7#a-e-fe72     
seven punishments for crime  7#g-ca-d72 
seven virtues a king should possess     
7#b-e-g and #h74 ,each  official must   
swear to seven things2 there are twice  
seven1 or  fourteen1 joints in the hand1
 and therefore twice seven articles of  
faith1 as the articles of faith have the
 same function in the divine  hand as   
the joints in the human 7#a-c-c74 ,there
 are seven notes in the  musical        
scale4#aai ,but to give a just idea of  

the true significance of  this number ,i
 can do no better than to quote from the
 ,prlogo of ,las  ,siete ,partidas1     
pages six and seven4         ,,por      
,,quales ,,razones ,,este ,,libro ,,es  
,,departido ,,en ,,siete ,,partes       
,septenario es un cuento muy noble que  
loaron mucho los sabios       antiguos1 
porque se fallan en l muy muchas cosas  
et muy sealadas       que se departen   
por cuento de siete1 asi como todas las 
criaturas       que son departidas en   
siete maneras4 ,ca segunt dixo          
,aristotiles et       los otros sabios1 
es criatura que non ha cuerpo ninguno1  
mas es       espiritual como angel et   
alma2  es cuerpo simple que non se      
engendra nin se corrompe por natura1 et 
es celestial1 asi como los       cielos 
et las estrellas2  ha cuerpo simple que 
se corrompe et se       engendra por    
natura1 como los elementos2  ha cuerpo  
compuesto et       alma de crecer1 et de
 sentir et de razonar como home2  ha    
cuerpo       compuesto et alma de crecer

 et de sentir et non de razonar1 asi    
como las otras animalias que no son     
homes2  ha cuerpo compuesto de          
crecer1 mas non de sentimiento nin de   
razon1 asi como los rboles       et     
todas las otras plantas2  ha cuerpo     
compuesto et non alma nin               
sentimiento1 asi como los metales1 et   
las piedras et las cosas       minerales
 que se crian en la tierra4 ,otrosi     
todas las cosas       naturales ban     
movimiento que se departe en siete      
maneras2 ca o es       asuso  ayuso1    
delante  atras1   diestro   siniestro1  
en       derredor4 ,et en este mesmo    
cuento fallaron los sabios antiguos las 
siete estrellas mas nombradas1  que     
llaman planetas1 et de que       tomaron
 cuento por los siete cielos en que     
estan por los sus       nombres2 et     
ordenaron por ellos los siete dias de la
 semana4 ,et los       sabios           
departieron por este cuento de siete las
 partes de toda la       tierra  que    
llaman climas4 ,et por este mesmo cuento

 departieron       los metales2 et      
otrosi algunos hi hobo que por este     
cuento de siete       partieron los     
saberes  que llaman artes3 eso mesme    
fecieron de la       edad del home4 ,et 
aun por ese mesmo cuento demostr ,dios  
los que       eran sus amigos muchas de 
sus poridades por fecho et por          
semejanza1       asi como  ,noe1  quien 
mand facer el area en que se salvase del
       deluvio1 et que le mand que de   
todas las cosas que fuesen buenas       
et limpias metiese en ella siete4       
,otrosi ,jacob1 que fue patriarca       
servi a su suegro siete aos por ,rachl1 
et porque le di a ,lia       servi otros
 siete por ella mesma1 et esto fu por   
muy grant       significanza4 ,et       
,josep1 su fijo1 que fue poderoso sobre 
toda la       tierra de ,egipto por el  
sueo que solt al rey ,faraon de los     
siete       aos de mengua et de los     
siete de abondo1 segunt el sueo que el  
,rey soara de las siete espigas et de   
las siete vacas3 esto fue       fecho de

 grant devocion4 ,otrosi  ,moysen quando
 le mand facer el       tabernculo en   
que feciesen oracion los fijos de       
,israel1 le mand       que entre todas  
las otras cosas que sealadamente posiese
 dentro de       l un candelero de oro  
fecho en manera de rbol1 en que habiese 
siete ramos1 que fuese fecho por grant  
significanza4 ,et ,david1 que       fue 
otrosi rey de ,israel1 por gracia que le
 veno de nuestro seor       ,ieso       
,cristo1 fizo por ,espritu ,santo el    
salterio1 que es una de las             
mejores escripturas de santa ,eglesia1  
et mostr en l siete cosas1       asi    
como profeca1 et oracion1 et loor1 et   
bendicion1 et       reprehendimiento1 et
 consejo et penitencia4 ,et despues de  
todo esto       quando nuestro ,seor    
quiso facer tan grant mercer al mundo   
que       de prender came de la virgen  
santa ,mara por nos salvar1 et que      
le podisemos veer vesiblemente1 et      
conoscer que era ,dios et home1         
por este cuento1 segun dixo el profeta1 

hobo l en si siete dones       de       
,espiritu ,santo4 ,et otrosi por este   
cuento1 segunt dixieron los             
santos1 hobo santa ,mara siete placeres 
muy grandes del su fijo1       que se   
cantan en santa eglesia4 ,et en este    
cuento mesmo nos di       nuestro seor  
,ieso ,cristo siete sacramentos1 porque 
nos podisemos       salvar4 ,et otrosi  
en este mesmo cuento nos mostr l mesmo  
la       oracion del pater noster en que
 ha siete cosas en que le debemos       
pedir merced4 ,otrosi san ,iohan        
evangelista1 que fue pariente et        
amigo de nuestro seor ,iesu ,cristo1    
fizo un libro1  que llaman              
,apocalipse1 de muy grandes poridades   
que le l demostr1 et las       mayores  
cosas que en l escribi son todas        
partidas por este cuento       de siete4
 ,onde por todas estas razones que      
muestran muchos bienes       que en este
 cuento son1 partimos este nuestro libro
 en siete       partes1 et mostramos en 
la primera dellas de todas las cosas que

       pertenescen a la santa fe        
catlica4    ,while one of the greatest  
of all mysteries was that connected with
  certain numbers the idea did not stop 
here4 ,jerusalem was destroyed in  the  
same month ,jesus was crucified4#abj    
,the well known biblical mystery        
traditions connected with the earthly   
life of ,jesus are all faithfully       
narrated4#aba ,attila is supplied with a
 sword from ,vulcan in a  mysterious    
way4#abb ,alejandro el ,magno and his   
host1 after traveling  for seven days in
 darkness in the ,orient come to a river
         8que habia las aguas caldas1 et
 fallaron alli allend ese rio           
mugieres que moraban y muy fermosas1 et 
vestian unas vestiduras muy             
espantosas1 et andaban en caballos et   
traien en las manos armas       doro1   
por que non habien fierro nin cobre de  
que las facer1 nin       habie varon    
maslo entre todas ellas4         8,e    
,alexandre quisiera pasar el rio a      
ellas1 mas non pudo por       ninguna   

guisa por que era ancho et lleno de     
dragones et de otras       bestias      
fieras muy grandes40#abc    ,after      
leaving this place and journeying a     
little farther amid various  adventures 
they again come upon another land of    
8mugieres muy grandes de cuerpos et las 
barbas tan luenguas que les             
alcanzaban fasta en las tetas1 et las   
cabezas planas2 et vistien              
pielles1 et eran muy buenas cazadoras et
 corredoras de mont1 et       pora      
correr mont en logares de canes1 traien 
bestias fieras       enseadas pora ello1
 et ensaaban se las ellas4 ,e cuando    
entraron       ,alexandre et su huest en
 aquellas selvas o estas mugieres eran1 
et       vieron ellos a ellas et ellas a
 ellos fuxieron ellas2 et caballeros    
de ,macedonia cuando las vieron foir    
cogieron empos ellas en sus             
caballos et alcanzaron den ya cuantas1  
et prisieron dellas et       aduxieron  
las a ,alexandre4         8,alexandre   
cuando las vi mand las preguntar por el 

lenguaje de       ,india que dixiesen   
como vinien a morar a aquellas selvas o 
morada       de homne del mondo non     
habie4 ,fablaron ellas et dixieron que  
vivieron de caza que facien con bestias 
fieras et non dal1 et que       moraban 
por ende siempre en las selvas4 ,et     
salieron daquellas       selvas         
,alexandre et su huest a los campos     
grandes et anchos1 et       fallaron    
alli de cabo otros varones et mugieres2 
et las mugieres       desnuyas todas2 et
 habien todos los cuerpos vellosos de   
pelos como       bestias4 ,et era       
costumbre daquellos homes et daquellas  
mugieres de       morar en aquel rio et 
en la tierra et asi como fue viniendo la
       huest et llegando les aquellas   
mugieres somurguieron se ellas luego    
en el rio2 et estudieron alli una pieza 
,alexandre et su huest por       veer si
 saldrien et probar ellos ende mas4 ,et 
movieron dalli et       fueron yendo    
adelant1 et fallaron otras mugieres que 
habien dientes       como de puercos    

monteses et los cabellos de las cabezas 
tan luengos       que les daban por los 
tobiellos1 et el otro cuerpo que lo     
habien       todo velloso de pelos como 
el estrucio et el camello1 et en los    
lomiellos que habien como vaca que las  
colgaban alli ayuso2 et el       estado 
dellas de luengo era de doce pies40#abd 
,v4--,,relics    ,relics1 which played  
an exceedingly important part in the    
life of the  medieval ,church1 might    
consist of anything which formerly      
belonged to a  saint or to ,jesus1 or   
anything which might serve as evidence  
in  establishing a miracle4 ,every      
altar1 upon being consecrated1 should   
have  some relics placed within it1#abe 
and these usually were of               
miracle-working power themselves4 ,at   
,chartres there was a certain dress     
that had belonged to the ,virgin1 on    
which it was the custom to place  cloth 
which was made up into garments for     
warriors1 because it was  believed that 
after being thus treated garments made  

from it would be  invulnerable4 ,in fact
 a knight wearing one of these was      
attacked while  unarmed1 and altho his  
enemies thought they had pierced him    
thru and  thru he was in reality        
unharmed 7,no4 #adh74 ,the bones of ,st4
 ,thomas1  together with a letter       
purporting to have been written by      
,jesus1 were so  powerful that when     
placed over the gate of ,edessa no enemy
 could enter  without first making peace
 with the city4#abf ,very interesting is
 the  case of the humble woman who went 
to confession and after doing penance   
asked for a written certificate of      
pardon1 which after some hesitation  was
 given4 ,misfortune overtook her and she
 was forced to beg4 ,in one  city she   
came upon a moneychanger and asked the  
loan of a small sum but  he would not   
let her have it without security4 ,the  
only security she  could offer was this 
certificate of pardon4 ,the moneychanger
 laughed at  the idea1 but finally      
promised to let her have the equivalent 

of its  weight in gold1 and putting it  
on his scales was astonished to find    
that  all his gold would not balance it4
 ,this convinced him1 and becoming      
converted he told the woman to take     
whatever amount she needed4 7,no4       
#cje74    ,such relics not only had the 
power to work miracles but were         
themselves  divinely protected4 ,one    
man1 a peasant1 laughed at the idea that
 a  certain shoe on the altar in the    
church had ever belonged to the         
,virgin1 because1 he said1 a shoe as old
 as that would not be in so good  a     
state of preservation4 ,to cure him of  
such flagrant unbelief she  afflicted   
him in the mouth in such a manner that  
he could be cured only  upon the        
application of the shoe in question     
7,no4 #fa74 ,at another time  some      
priests1 by the exhibition of relics1   
were collecting money to  rebuild a     
church4 ,in the course of their travels 
they entered a ship  with some          
merchantmen4 ,after a short while they  

were attacked by  pirates1 and in the   
face of danger the merchants1 to secure 
immunity1  offered gifts of money for   
the building of the church4 ,when the   
danger  was safely passed they repented 
of their extravagance and took back     
their donations1 buying wool for their  
own use with the money4 ,shortly        
afterward a stroke of lightning set fire
 to their purchases1 thus  avenging both
 ,god and the ,virgin 7,no4 #ce74       
,naturally1 some relics were more       
powerful and more sacred than others1   
and they varied in these respects       
according to the importance of the      
saint to whom they belonged2 and        
seemingly were protected in a like      
measure4 ,when ,alfonso el ,sabio left  
,seville for ,castile he ordered the    
relics of the ,virgin1 along with those 
of the other saints1 to be  carefully   
put away1 but when he returned ten years
 later he found only  those of the      
,virgin in perfect condition2 those of  
the other saints had  decayed 7,no4     

#beg74          ,,conclusion      ,after
 the foregoing investigation the fact is
 impressed on us more  vividly than ever
 that the ,spain of the ,middle ,ages   
was truly the mother  of the ,spain of  
today4 ,hers were a people with a lively
 imagination1 but  this was dominated by
 the two elements which have always been
 most  marked in her history--religion  
and realism4 ,and wherever these two    
elements enter into the development of  
the supernatural in the mind of  man1   
the ,spanish contribution has to be     
taken seriously into the  account4      
,it is impossible1 as stated previously1
 to affirm which of the medieval        
traditions are ,spanish and which are   
not4 ,the most that we can hope to  do  
is to note what type of legend appealed 
to this people2 of all the  host of     
supernatural stories common through the 
,europe of the ,middle  ,ages1 to       
determine what classes or types found   
their way into ,spain and  there were   
welcomed1 being repeated from generation

 to generation  7becoming thus a part of
 the national tradition72 and what kind 
or kinds  were rejected because they did
 not have this appeal4    ,in ,spain the
 beliefs and superstitions we have been 
passing in review1  having as their     
starting point the actual observation of
 objective  nature and of human nature1 
were amazingly multifarious4 ,the study 
in  particular of omens and of auguries1
 based on the real experiences of  life1
 made a peculiar appeal to the          
,spaniards1 as is witnessed by the      
abundance of material concerning such   
found at every turn in the early        
literature4 ,contrasted with this is the
 notable lack of the fantastic  and     
purely imaginary1 so popular among the  
nations of the north1 as well  as among 
the ,mohammedans4    ,the effect of this
 realistic spirit on the religion of the
 people1 the  other dominating element  
of their national life1 must also be    
noted4 ,the  unreal ghost has given     
place to the more naturalistic saint or 

angel1  for their religion permitted no 
denial of the existence of these two    
orders of beings4 ,moreover1            
soothsayers1 diviners1 and other similar
  characters were recognized by the     
,church as a real force1 as is          
evidenced by the ,church's constant     
warfare against them4 ,and the ,devil6  
,what good medieval ,christian1--above  
all1 what ,spaniard1--could refuse  to  
believe in him8    ,to summarize3 ,we   
are impressed first by the commanding   
prominence  accorded to the             
personalities of the saints1 especially 
,saint ,mary1 then  of ,santiago 7,st4  
,james7 and the others2 next1 of the    
predominating  importance of the rle of 
the ,child ,jesus1 with the relegation  
to a  comparatively unimportant place of
 the adult ,saviour2 and finally of the 
enemies of ,god1 headed by ,diabolus4   
,the works and influences of all the    
above are manifested in dreams and      
visions1 miracles and portents1 in      
almost every conceivable form1          

conjuring1 fortune-telling1 etc4 ,the   
ritual of the church service1 especially
 of the sacraments1 becomes  intertwined
 and adorned with what many faithful    
churchmen of the present  time would    
doubtless be willing to class as        
downright superstitions4  ,omens and the
 like1 because of their realistic       
appeal1 continue in spite  of the       
constant opposition of the ,church4     
,in contrast to this1 however1 we find  
no unquestionable ghosts4 ,the  8magic  
ring01 moreover1 is entirely lacking1 as
 is nearly all that type  of ,arabian   
magic4 ,king ,oberon1 with his fairy    
band1 has not yet made his  appearance1 
and the sage ,merlin is only alluded to 
occasionally by the  learned4           
,subterranean cities still remain       
limited to their northern  abode4 ,the  
well-known mal de ojo is absent1 and    
enchantment is little  heard of4 ,the   
,werewolf1 mentioned1 it is said1 by    
,pomponius ,mela1  ,herodotus1 and      
,ovid1 is entirely neglected and omitted

 either thru  simple ignorance of it or 
because it does not conform to their    
realistic  thought4 ,the search for the 
elixir of life is only faintly hinted at
 in  the restoration of youth to the    
aged priest who seeks help from the     
,virgin 7,no4 #ada74 ,the myth of       
supernatural prolongation of life is to 
be  found only in its primitive stages1 
in such legends as that of ,mara        
,egipciaca and in some of the miracles  
contained in ,las ,cantigas1 and  yet we
 are told that1         8,the first     
appearance of the ,wandering ,jew in    
,england is in the       chronicles of  
,roger of ,wendover1 who reports the    
legend as being       told at the       
monastery of ,st4 ,albans by an         
,armenian bishop1 in #abbh1       but to
 hearers already familiar with it40#abg 
,arabian influence does appear1 however1
 quite frequently1 especially in        
certain types of visions such as those  
in which a person is transported  from  
one point to another to witness various 

scenes2 as well also as in  those in    
which the subject sleeps many years     
while experiencing the joys  of         
,paradise4 ,french religious traditions 
dealing with various shrines  were      
common property4 ,many of the miracles  
related in ,las ,cantigas are  said to  
have been performed in ,france1         
especially at ,soissons4    ,the general
 impression gained from the study is    
that we are standing at  the beginning  
of a new period2 that soon there is     
going to unfold before  us a magnificent
 spectacle1 so far as the supernatural  
is concerned1 in  which these elements1 
whose beginnings we can even now        
discern1 will  present themselves in all
 their fullness1 but at the same time   
those  which have already reached their 
culmination will survive1 and1 being    
the product of the real life and soul of
 the nation1 will still be the          
determining factors in shaping its      
beliefs and practices1 as it  continues 
its course among the hosts of outside   

influences it is soon to  encounter4    
,as we close the study we can not1 if we
 would1 resist the pervasive  charm cast
 over us by the simplicity of the       
primitive age with its  childlike faith4
 ,from time to time the canvas has been 
reversed1 the  customary medieval       
picture has been changed1 the sound of  
the bugle1 the  glitter of burnished    
arms1 the noise of battle1 have now     
receded into  the background1 and altho 
we are still faintly conscious of them  
we  become almost unaware of their      
presence4 ,in the foreground have       
arisen1  we scarcely know how or whence1
 the common people1 with their sheep and
  their goats1 their games of chance and
 their wine1 their joys and their       
sorrows1 their loves and their hates1   
their marriages1 births1  deaths--all   
these--along with their interesting     
superstitions and ardent  devotion to   
their local saints1 as well as their    
fidelity to their lord1  who moves about
 among them as their guardian and       

protector4          ,,classification    
,,of ,,the ,,miracles ,,in ,,las        
,,cantigas      ,i    ,a4--,,direct     
,,answer ,,to ,,prayer ,,by ,,the       
,,virgin         a4 ,life restored or   
sustained4 #ad1 #bf1 #dc1 #de1 #gf1 #hd1
 #aaa1 #aae1       #aah1 #abb1 #abd1    
#acc1 #afg1 #afh1 #aga1 #agh1 #ahb1     
#aig1 #bjd1 #bbd1 #bcg1       #bda1     
#ccd1 #cdg1 #cgh1 #cha1 #chi4 7,see p4  
#cb-cd for discussion of       group47  
b4 ,bodily ailments cured4 #cg1 #dg1    
#ec1 #fi1 #gg1 #ha1 #hf1 #hi1 #ia1 #ib1 
#ic1 #aja1 #aje1 #aad1 #aag1 #abf1 #abg1
 #acd1 #ada1 #adf1 #aeg1 #afc1 #aff1    
#agc1 #agd1 #agg1 #agi1 #ahi1 #aia1     
#aii1 #bja1 #bjf1 #bji1 #bah1 #bba1     
#bbc1       #bbd1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bdd1     
#bef1 #bfc1 #bfe1 #bfh1 #bfi1 #bge1     
#bgh1 #bgi1 #bhb1       #bhc1 #bhi1     
#bic1 #bih1 #cjh1 #cad1 #cae1 #caf1     
#cai1 #cbb1 #cbg1 #ccc1 #ccg1           
#cch1 #cdc1 #cdf1 #ceg1 #cfb1 #cfc1     
#cfd1 #cfg1 #cfh1 #cgb1 #cge1 #che1     
#chi1       #cia1 #cic4 7,see p4        

#ce-ch47         c4 ,physical harm      
prevented4 #g1 #ac1 #ae1 #ag1 #bb1 #be1 
#bh1 #ce1 #cf1       #di1 #ea1 #ee1 #eg1
 #fd1 #gd1 #gh1 #hb1 #hc1 #hf1 #id1 #ig1
 #ajb1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aba1       #abe1    
#ace1 #ach1 #adb1 #add1 #aea1 #aeh1     
#afe1 #agb1 #aha1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahf1     
#aic1 #aid1 #aie1 #bac1 #bbg1 #bcc1     
#bce1 #bcf1 #bdb1 #bde1 #bdi1 #bea1     
#beb1       #bed1 #bee1 #bfd1 #bff1     
#bga1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #bia1 #cja1 #cjc1     
#cac1 #cbe1 #cci1       #cda1 #ced1     
#cga1 #chc4 7,see p4 #ch-dj47         d4
 ,miracles in which bargaining occurs4  
#ca1 #dc1 #dd1 #ig1 #ajf1 #aab1         
#aah1 #aba1 #abi1 #aff1 #afg1 #agb1     
#agf1 #agh1 #aig1 #bfh1 #bga1 #bia1     
#cdg1       #ceb1 #cff1 #cgd1 #cge1     
#cgf1 #cgg1 #cgh1 #chb1 #che1 #chi4     
7,see p4 #dj-dc47         e4 ,unmoral   
miracles4 #c1 #g1 #ac1 #ag1 #ee1 #id1   
#aaa1 #bad1 #bee1 #bia4       7,see p4  
#dc-de47         f4 ,miracles in which  
sacred breasts or milk occur4 #ed1 #ic1 
#ach4       7,see p4 #de-df47         g4

 ,possessions restored or saved or      
things supplied4 #bc1 #dd1 #dh1         
#fb1 #gc1 #aab1 #adc1 #adg1 #aei1 #agb1 
#agh1 #ahg1 #bjb1 #bab1 #bca1 #bcb1     
#bdc1       #cbc1 #cbf1 #cdh1 #ceb1     
#ced1 #cff1 #cfi1 #cgf1 #chb1 #chf1     
#cih4 7,see p4       #df-di47         h4
 ,those of other faiths protected4 #hi1 
#ajg1 #afg1 #aha4 7,see p4       #di47  
i4 ,threats or the appeal to reputation 
avail much4 #bc1 #gf1 #bcc1       #bdg4 
7,see p4 #di-ea47      ,b4--,,miracles  
,,voluntarily ,,performed         a4    
,life restored or sustained4 #f1 #aa1   
#ba1 #if1 #aca1 #age1 #caa1 #cbc1       
#cee4 7,see p4 #ee-eh47         b4      
,physical ailments cured4 #cc1 #da1     
#aef1 #bbh1 #bei1 #bfb1 #bgf1 #bgi1     
#cbd1 #cca4 7,see p4 #eh47         c4   
,physical harm prevented4 #d1 #fd1 #fg1 
#aji1 #aac1 #aai1 #afa1 #afd1           
#aib1 #aih1 #bje1 #baf1 #bbb1 #bbe1     
#bea1 #bff1 #cjb1 #cje1 #cag1 #cdd1     
#cei1       #cii4 7,see p4 #eh47        
d4 ,miracles in which bargaining occurs4

 #cjg4 7,see p4 #eh47         e4        
,unmoral miracles4 #aa1 #aai1 #bha4     
7,see p4 #eh47         f4 ,miracles in  
which sacred breasts or milk occur4     
7,see p4 #fa47         g4 ,possessions  
restored or saved or things supplied4   
#b1 #eb1 #aaf1       #ade1 #bjc1 #baa1  
#bbh1 #beh1 #cbh1 #cea1 #cef1 #ceh1     
#cgi4 7,see p4 #fa-fb47         h4      
,those of other faiths protected4 #he1  
#bje1 #cgi4 7,see p4 #fb-fe47         i4
 ,aid in worship or in restraining evil 
passions4 #acg1 #aea1 #aeb1       #aef1 
#bjg1 #bbg1 #bdf1 #bff1 #bgc1 #ccf4     
7,see p4 #fe-ff47         j4 ,miracles  
in which visions occur4 #b1 #af1 #bd1   
#cb1 #ec1 #eh1 #fe1       #ff1 #fh1 #fi1
 #ga1 #ge1 #gi1 #he1 #hg1 #hh1 #aje1    
#aai1 #abe1 #aca1 #acb1 #ace1           
#ach1 #ade1 #adi1 #aeb1 #aeh1 #agf1     
#aib1 #aie1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bfc1 #bfi1     
#bgd1       #bhd1 #bhe1 #bhh1 #bib1     
#bie1 #bif1 #bii1 #cjg1 #cji1 #ccf1     
#cde1 #cdh1 #cei1       #cfe1 #cfh1     
#cgb1 #chd1 #cii4 7,see p4 #ff-gj47     

k4 ,warnings and admonitions 7not in    
visions74 #dg1 #hh1 #aed1 #aif1         
#bgd4 7,see p4 #gj-gc47         l4      
,rewards #b1 #d1 #e1 #h1 #ah1 #ef1 #fc1 
#ff1 #hg1 #ie1 #abd1 #ada1 #aee1        
#bea1 #bec1 #bha1 #cce1 #cec1 #chd4     
7,see p4 #gc-gg47         m4 ,violation 
of vows or acts of sacrilege punished4  
#db1 #eg1 #ei1       #ajh1 #aag1 #acb1  
#afc1 #bhe1 #cdg1 #cib4 7,see p4        
#gg-gh47         n4 ,objects or places  
of worship protected4 #b1 #i1 #ab1 #ai1 
#bg1 #cd1       #ch1 #df1 #ea1 #ei1 #fa1
 #abc1 #acf1 #aci1 #adh1 #afa1 #afb1    
#afd1 #ahc1 #ahc1       #aih1 #bjh1     
#bae1 #bag1 #bbi1 #bch1 #bci1 #bdd1     
#bdh1 #beg1 #bfb1 #bgf1 #bgg1           
#bhc1 #bhf1 #bhi1 #bic1 #bid1 #big1     
#cjb1 #cjd1 #cad1 #caf1 #cag1 #cah1     
#cbg1       #cbi1 #ccb1 #cde4 7,see p4  
#gh-ha47         o4 ,virgin acts as     
advocate4 #ad1 #de4 7,see p4 #ha-hb47   
,,ii         ,miracles performed by     
image1 name1 or relics or ,virgin4 #i1  
#bg1 #cd1       #ch1 #df1 #ea1 #ei1 #fa1

 #abc1 #aci1 #adh1 #afa1 #afb1 #afd1    
#ahc1 #ahe1 #aid1       #bjb1 #bji1     
#bed1 #bef1 #bfd1 #bgb1 #bid1 #cjc1     
#cjf1 #cba1 #ccb1 #cec1 #cfa4           
7,see p4 #hc-hg47      ,,iii            
,miracles of mystery4 #h1 #bi1 #ef1     
#ajc1 #aec1 #afb1 #ahd1 #ahh1 #bai1     
#bbf1       #cje1 #cac1 #cae1 #cdb1     
#cfa4 7,see p4 #hg-hi47                 
,,bibliography      ,,published ,,works 
,,of ,,alfonso ,x1 ,,el ,,sabio         
,alfonso ,x1 el ,sabio1 ,antologa de sus
 obras1 by ,,antonio ,g4 ,,solalinde1   
,madrid1 #aibb1 #bge pp4 7,a second     
volume is in preparation47    ,cantigas 
de ,santa ,mara de ,don ,alfonso el     
,sabio1 ed4 ,real ,academia  ,espaola   
7,preface by the ,marquis of ,valmar71  
,madrid1 #ahhi1 #b vols4    ,el libro de
 ,ajedrez1 das ,spanische               
,schachzabelbuch des knigs ,alfons  des 
weisen vorn jahre #abhc2 illustrierte   
handschrift im besitze der  knigl4      
,bibliothek des ,eskorial vollstndige   
nachbildung der handschrift  in #aid    

lichtdrucktafeln1 ,leipzig1 #aiac4      
7,introduction by ,john ,g4 ,white47    
,los libros del ,saber de ,astronoma1   
ed4 ,m4 ,rico y ,sinobas1 ,madrid1      
#ahfc-ahfg1 #e vols4    ,el lapidario1  
ed4 ,j4 ,fernndez ,montaa1 ,madrid1     
#ahha1 ,,xx pp41 #gf1 #ad  numb4 #a41   
#gf pp4    ,opsculos legales del ,rey   
,don ,alfonso el ,sabio1 ed4 ,real      
,academia de  la ,historia1 ,madrid1    
#ahcf1 #b vols4    ,primera ,crnica     
,general1 ed4 of ,r4 ,menndez ,pidal in 
,nueva ,biblioteca  de ,autores         
,espaoles1 vol4 #e1 ,madrid1 #aijf1 #da 
#ggf pp4    ,las ,siete ,partidas1      
glosadas por ,gregorio ,lpez4 ,there are
 numerous  editions of this work4 ,some 
of the editions available in the ,united
  ,states are3 ,salamanca1 #aegf1 #c    
vols4  #a vol4 index2 ,madrid1 #afaa2   
,valencia1 #agfg2 ,madrid1 #ahbi-ahca1  
#c vols4  #a vol4 index 7,the title     
page of this edition reads1 8,las ,siete
 ,partidas del sabio rey ,don  ,alfonso 
,,xi1 etc407    ,las ,siete ,partidas   

del ,rey ,don ,alfonso el ,sabio1 ed4   
,real ,academia de  la ,historia1       
,madrid1 #ahjg1 #c vols4    ,las ,siete 
,partidas del ,rey ,don ,alfonso el     
,sabio4 ,pandectas  hispano-mejicanas1 o
 sea1 cdigo general comprensivo de las  
leyes  generales1 tiles y vivas de las  
,siete ,partidas1 ed4 ,juan ,rodrguez de
  ,san ,miguel1 ,mjico1 #ahci-ahdj1 #c  
vols4    ,las ,siete ,partidas del ,rey 
,don ,alfonso el ,sabio1 la primera     
partida1  textkritische untersuchung    
einer unverffentlichten handschrift des 
vierzehnten jahrhundrets1 by ,whilhelm  
,friedmann1 ,leipzig1 #aiaa4    ,las    
,siete ,partidas1 and other writings1   
extracts from1 in ,warner's  ,library of
 the world's best literature1 vol4 #a1  
pp4 #chc-chh4    ,tabule ,alfonsi       
hispaniarum regis  ,l4 ,gaurici artium  
doctoris egregij  theoremata 444 ,in    
calce huius libri seorsum annexe sunt   
tabule ,elisabeth  regine nuper         
castigate  in ordinem redacte per ,l4   
,gauricum 444  ,venetiis1 #aebd1 #abc f4

  #a4    ,tabulae ,alphonsinae perpetuae
 motuum coelestium denuo restitutae et  
illustr4 a ,franc4 ,garcia ,ventanas4   
,traduntur praecepta de fest4  mobilib4 
sec4 correct4 ,gregorianam1 et tabulae  
constr4 ad meridian4  ,toletanum con    
alg4 grab4 ,en #d4 ,matriti1 #afda4     
,perg4 #h  #abf hh4      ,,works        
,,treating ,,of ,,alfonso ,,el ,,sabio  
,books    ,alfonso el ,sabio1 como rey y
 conquistador de la provincia de ,cdiz4 
,memoria indita1 ,cdiz1 #ahib4          
,,pedro ,,aguado ,,bleye1 ,santa ,maria 
de ,salas en el siglo ,,xiii2 estudio   
sobre las ,cantigas de ,alfonso ,x1 el  
,sabio1 ,bilbao1 #aiaf1 #ih pp4         
,,theophilo ,,braga1 ,cancionero        
,portuguez da ,vaticana1 ,lisbon1 #ahgh1
 #aab   #bcf pp4    ,,arnold ,,busson1  
,die doppelwahl des ,jahres #abeg 444   
etc4 ,mnster1 #ahff1  #f  #acg pp4      
,,emilio ,,castelar ,y ,,ripolli1       
,alfonso el ,sabio1 ,rey de ,castilla4  
,novela  histrica original1 ,madrid1    
#ahec1 #af  #djg  #c pp4    ,,manuel    

,,colmiero1 ,cortes de los antiguos     
reinos de ,len y de ,castilla1  ,madrid1
 #ahhc-ahhd1 #b vols4    --,reyes       
cristianos desde ,alonso ,,vi hasta     
,alfonso ,,xi1 ,madrid1 #ahid1 #d  vols4
    ,,emilio ,,cotarelo ,y ,,mori1      
,estudios de la historia literaria de   
,espaa1  ,madrid1 #aija4 ,see pp4 #a-ca4
 ,also review in ,romania1 #ahih1 vol4  
#bg1 p4  #ebe1 by ,a4 ,,morel-,,fatio4  
--,documentos de la poca de ,alfonso el 
,sabio1 ,madrid1 #ahea1 #b vols4        
,,pedro ,g,,mez ,,de ,,la ,,serna1      
,sobre el reinado de ,don ,alfonso el   
,sabio4  7,speech read upon being       
received into the ,real ,academia de la 
,historia47  ,madrid1 #aheg1 #gb pp4    
,,gaspar ,,ib,,ez ,,de ,,segovia        
,,peralta ,y ,,mendoza1 marqus de       
,mondjar1  ,memorias histricas del ,rey 
,don ,alfonso el ,sabio i observaciones 
a su  ,chrnica1 ,madrid1 #aggg1 #fhg    
pp41 ,fol4    ,a4 ,g4 ,f4 ,,kolditz1 ,de
 ,alphonso ,x41 ,castillae ,legionisque 
rege1 cognomine  sapientis indigno1     

,serveste1 #ageg4    ,r4 ,,men,,ndez    
,,pidal1 ,l'pope ,castillane  travers la
 littrature  espagnole1 ,paris1 #aiaj1  
#bf-cjf pp4    --,estudios ,literarios1 
,madrid1 #aibj1 #cde pp4    --,crnicas  
generates de ,espaa1 #crd4 ed41 ,madrid1
 #i  #a  #bch pp4    ,,francisco        
,,mart,,nez ,,marina1 ,ensayo           
histrico-critico sobre la antigua       
legislacin y principalis cuerpos legates
 de los reinos de ,len y  ,castilla1    
especialmente sobre el cdigo de don     
,alfonso el ,sabio1  conocido por el    
nombre de ,las ,siete ,partidas4 #ast4  
ed41 ,madrid1 #ahjh1 #b   #dej pp42     
#bnd4 ed41 ,madrid1 #ahcd1 #b vols42    
#crd4 ed41 ,madrid1 #ahde1 #ba   #bc    
#egd pp4    ,,andr,s ,,mart,,nez        
,,salazar1 ,fragmento de un nuevo cdice 
gallego de las  ,partidas1 ,la ,corua1  
#aiaj4    ,,gayetane ,,puch ,y          
,,portoles1 ,historia de las ,siete     
,partidas de ,alfonso ,x1  ,madrid1     
#ahbi1 #cb pp4    ,,antonio ,g4         
,,solalinde1 ,alfonso ,x el ,sabio1     

antologa de sus obras1  ,madrid1 #aibb1 
#bge pp4 7,second volume is in          
preparation47    ,,diego ,,su,,rez1 ,don
 ,alfonso ,x--sus ideas polticas y      
sociales1 7,speech  delivered upon      
receiving the degree of ,doctor en      
,filosofa y ,letras47  ,madrid1 #ahfa1  
#bh pp4    ,,leopoldo ,,augusto ,,de    
,,cueto1 ,marqus de ,valmar1 ,estudio   
histrico-critico  y fillogico sobre las 
,cantigas del rey ,don ,alfonso el      
,sabio4 #bnd4 ed41  ,madrid1 #ahig1 #bb 
#a  #djj pp4 7,this is the ,introduction
 to the  ,academy edition of #ahhi of   
,las ,cantiagas1 published in a separate
  volume47    ,,jos ,,de ,,vargas ,y    
,,ponce1 ,elogio del ,rey ,alfonso el   
,sabio1 ,madrid1 #aghb1  #gf pp4        
,magazine ,articles    ,alfonso ,x of   
,spain and the code of #abef1 in        
,american ,journal of  ,education1      
#ahgg1 vol4 #bg1 p4 #aeg-afd4    ,,pedro
 ,d',,azeredo1 ,duas traduces           
,portuguesas do sec4 ,,xiv2 um fragmento
  da verso das ,partidas de ,castilla1  

in ,revista ,lusitana1 #aiac1 vol4  #af1
 p4 #aja-aaa4    ,,michael ,,barrington1
 ,the ,lapidario1 etc41 in ,the         
,connoisseur1 ,london1  #aijf1 vol4 #ad1
 p4 #ca-cf4    ,,rodolfo ,,beer1 ,los   
cinco libros que compil ,bernardo de    
,brihuega por  orden del rey ,don       
,alfonso el ,sabio1 in ,boletn de la    
,real ,academia de  la ,historia1 #ahhg1
 vol4 #b1 p4 #cfc-cfi4    ,a4 ,f4 ,g4   
,,bell1 ,the 8,cantigas de ,santa ,mara0
 of ,alfonso ,x1 in ,modern  ,language  
,review1 #aiae1 vol4 #aj1 p4 #cch-cdh4  
,,samuel ,,berger1 ,les ,bibles         
,castellanes1 in ,romania1 #ahhi1 vol4  
#bh1 p4  #cfj-djh and #ejh-edb4         
,,mary ,e4 ,,blake1 ,alfonso ,x and the 
,birth of ,spanish ,literature1 in      
,catholic ,world1 #ahic1 p4 #eah-ecj4   
,,antonio ,,ballesteros ,y ,,beretta1   
,un detalle curioso de la biografa de   
,alfonso ,x el ,sabio1 in ,boletn de la 
,real ,academia de la ,historia1  #aiah1
 vol4 #gc1 p4 #djh-dai4    --,alfonso ,x
 de ,castilla y la corona de ,alemania1 

in ,revista de  ,archivos1 bibliotecas y
 museos1 #aiaf1 vol4 #cd1 p4 #a-bc and  
#ahg-bai2  #aiaf1 vol4 #ce1 p4 #bbc-bdb2
 #aiah1 vol4 #ci1 p4 #adb-afb2 #aiai1   
vol4 #dj1 p4  #dfg-dij4    ,,henry      
,,collet and ,,luis ,,villalba1         
,contribution a l'tude des 8,cantigas0  
d',alphonse le ,savant1 in ,bulletin    
,hispanique1 #aiaa1 vol4 #ac1 p4        
#bgj-bij4 7,a musical study of some of  
the ,cantigas47    ,g4 ,,daumet1 ,les   
testements d',alphonse ,x le ,savant1   
roi de ,castille1 in  ,bibliotheque de  
l'cole des ,chartes1 #aijf1 vol4 #fg1 p4
 #ga-ii4    ,,adolf ,,fanta1 ,ein       
,bericht ber die ,ausprche des ,knigs   
,alfons auf den  deutschen ,thron1 in   
,mitteilungen des ,instituts fur        
,osterreichische  ,geschichtsforschung1 
#ahhe1 vol4 #f1 p4 #id-ajd4    ,,fidel  
,,fita1 ,biografas de ,san ,fernando y  
de ,alfonso el ,sabio por ,gil de       
,zamora1 in ,boletin de la ,real        
,academia de la ,historia1 #ahhd1 vol4  
#e1  p4 #cjh-cbh4    --,la ,cantiga     

,,xlix del rey ,don ,alfonso el         
,sabio--,fuentes histricas1 in  ,boletn 
de la ,real ,academia de la ,historia1  
#ahhi1 vol4 #ae1 p4 #agi-aia4           
--,cincuenta leyendas por ,gil de       
,zamora combinadas con 8,las ,cantigas0 
de  ,alfonso el ,sabio1 in ,boletn de la
 ,real ,academia de la ,historia1       
#ahhe1 vol4 #g1 p4 #ed-add4    --,san   
,dunstn1 ,arzobispo de ,cantorbery1 en  
una cantiga del rey ,don  ,alfonso el   
,sabio1 in ,boletn de la ,real ,academia
 de la ,historia1  #ahhh1 vol4 #ab1 p4  
#bdd-bdh4    --,el libro del            
,cerratense1 in ,boletn de la ,real     
,academia de la  ,historia1 #ahhh1 vol4 
#ac1 p4 #bbf-bcg4    ,r4                
,,foulch-,,delbosc1 ,les 8,castigos e   
,documentos01 in ,revue  ,hispanique1   
#aijf1 vol4 #ae1 p4 #cdj-cga4    ,,paul 
,,groussac1 ,le ,livre des 8,castigos e 
,documentos01 in ,revue  ,hispanique1   
#aijf1 vol4 #ae1 p4 #bab-bci4           
,,friedrich ,,hanssen1 ,estudios        
ortogrficos sobre la ,astronomia del rey

  ,don ,alfonso ,x1 in ,anales de la    
,universidad de ,chili1 #ahie1 vol4 #ia1
  p4 #bha-cab4    --,los endecaslabos de
 ,alfonso ,x1 in ,bulletin ,hispanique1 
#aiac1 vol4  #ae1 p4 #bdh-bii4    ,c4   
,,de ,,lollis1 ,cantigas de amor e de   
maldizer di ,alfonso el ,sabio1 in      
,studi di filologia romanza1 #ahhg1 vol4
 #b1 p4 #ca-ff4    ,,jos ,,ram,n ,,de   
,,luanco ,y ,,riego1 ,clavis sapientae  
,alphonsi regis  ,castillae 7,in        
,homenaje a ,menndez y ,pelayo71        
,madrid1 #ahii1 vol4 #a1 p4  #fa-fg4    
,,pedro ,,de ,,madrazo1 ,sobre la edicin
 fotocromolitogrfica del cdice del      
,lapidario de ,alfonso ,x1 in ,boletn de
 la ,real ,academia de la  ,historia1   
#ahgg1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #dga-dge4    ,f4 ,f4 
,,mann1 ,eine altfranzsiche prosaversion
 des ,lapidarus ,marbod's in            
,romanische ,forschungen1 #ahhf1 vol4   
#b1 p4 #cfc-cgd4    ,j4 ,j4 ,,nu,,es1 ,a
 review of ,fragmento de un nuevo cdigo 
gallego de las  ,partidas1 in ,revista  
,lusitana1 #aiaa1 vol4 #ad1 p4 #cab-caf4

    ,,juan ,,ru,z ,,de ,,obreg,n ,y     
,,retortillo1 ,alfonso ,x el            
emplazado--una  leyenda1 in ,revista de 
archivos1 bibliotecas y museos1 #aiaf1  
vol4 #cb1  p4 #dbj-ddi4    ,l4          
,,serrano1 ,el ayo de ,alfonso 8el      
sabio01 in ,boletn de la ,real          
,academia ,espaola1 #aibj1 vol4 #g1 p4  
#ega-fjb4    ,,antonio ,g4 ,,solalinde1 
,intervencin de ,alfonso ,x4 en la      
redaccin de sus  obras1 in ,revista de  
,filologa ,espaola1 #aiae1 vol4 #b1 p4  
#bhc-bhh4    --,el cdice florentino de  
las 8,cantigas01 in ,revista de         
,filologa  ,espaola1 #aiah1 vol4 #e1 p4 
#adb-agi4    ,o4 ,t4 ,,tallgren1        
,observationes sur les manuscrits de    
l',astronomie  d',alphonse ,x1 etc41 in 
,neuphilologische ,mitteilungen1 #aijh1 
p4  #aaj-aad4    ,f4 ,,valls ,y         
,,tabernir1 ,relations familiars i      
politiques entre ,jaume el  conqueridor 
i ,anfos el ,savi1 in ,bulletin         
,hispanique1 #aiai1 vol4 #ba1  p4 #i-eb4
    ,,mary ,,ward1 ,alfonso the ,wise1  

,king of ,castille1 in ,macmillan's     
,magazine1 #ahgb1 vol4 #bf1 p4 #abf-acf1
 and in ,living ,age1 #ahgb1 vol4  #bf1 
p4 #ea-ei4    ,,paul                    
,,scheffer-,,boichorst1 ,zur ,geschichte
 ,alfons' ,x1 von ,castilien1 in        
,mitteilungen des ,instituts fur        
,osterreichische ,geschichtsforschung1  
#ahhh1 vol4 #i1 p4 #bbf-bdh4      ,a    
,,few ,,general ,,studies    ,,nils     
,,aberg1 ,la civilisation nolothique    
dans la pninsule ibreque1  ,paris1      
#aiba1 #ad  #bjd pp4    ,,miguel        
,,asin-,,palacio1 ,escatologa ,musulmana
 en la 8,divina ,comedia01  ,madrid1    
#aiai1 #djc pp4    ,,pierre ,,aubry1    
,trouvres et ,troubadours1 #bnd4 ed41   
,paris1 #aiaj1 #b p4  #a41 #bbc 7#a7 pp4
    ,v4 ,,balaguer1 ,los ,trovadores1   
#bnd4 ed41 ,madrid1 #ahhb1 #d vol4 in   
#b4    ,,antonio ,,ballesteros ,y       
,,beretta1 ,sevilla en el siglo ,,xiii1 
,madrid1 #aiac1  #cch  #bee pp4    ,the 
,bible--,king ,james' ,version4         
,,joaqu,n ,,costa1 ,la ,poesa popular   

espaola y mitologa y literatura         
celto-hispana1 ,madrid1 #ahha1 #h  #dhi 
pp4    ,,georges ,,dottin1 ,la langue   
gauloise1 ,paris1 #aibj1 #ag  #cfd pp4  
,,reinhart1 ,p4 ,,dozy1 ,histoire des   
,musulmans d',espagne jusqu' la conqute 
de l',andalousie par les ,almoravides1  
,leyde1 #ahfa1 #d vols4    --,recherches
 sur l'histoire et la littrature de     
l',espagne pendant la  moyen ge1 #crd4  
ed41 ,leyde1 #ahha1 #b vols4            
,,francisco ,,guill,n ,,robles1         
,leyendas ,moriscas1 ,madrid1           
#ahhe-ahhf1 #c  vols4    ,,james        
,,hastings1 ,encyclopedia of ,religion  
and ,ethics1 ,edinburgh and ,new  ,york1
 #aijh-aibb1 #ab vols4    ,c4 ,,julian1 
,histoire de la ,gaule1 ,paris1         
#aijh-aibj1 #f vols4    ,e4 ,h4         
,,klotsche1 ,the ,supernatural in the   
,tragedies of ,euripides1  ,lincoln1    
,neb41 #aiah1 #ajf pp4    ,,john ,a4    
,,macculloch1 ,the ,religion of the     
,ancient ,celts1 ,edinburg1 #aiaa1  #ae 
#cii pp4    ,,francisco                 

,,mart,,nez-,,marina1 ,teora de las     
cortes o grandes juntas  nacionales de  
los reinos de ,len y ,castilla1 ,madrid1
 #ahac1 #c vols4    ,,hubert ,,matthey1 
,essai sur le merveilleux dans la       
littrature franaise  depuis #ahjj1      
,paris1 #aiae1 #cah pp4    ,r4          
,,men,,ndez ,,pidal1 ,la leyenda de los 
,infantes de ,lara1 ,madrid1 #ahif1  #af
  #ddh pp4    --,discursos ledos ante la
 ,real ,academia1 ,madrid1 ,may #ba1    
#aiaf4    ,m4 ,,men,,ndez ,y ,,pelayo1  
,historia de los heterodoxos espaoles1  
,madrid1  #bnd4 ed41 #aiaa-aiah1 #c     
vols4    ,,allen ,,menzie1 ,history of  
,religion1 ,new ,york1 #aiac1 #ag  #ddj 
pp4    ,,manuel ,,mila ,y ,,fontanals1  
,de los trovadores en ,espaa1 estudio de
 poesa  y lingua provenzal1 ,barcelona1 
#ahhi1 #cb  #edb pp4    ,,alonso ,n,,ez 
,,de ,,castro1 ,vida de ,san ,fernando  
el tercero1 rey de  ,castilla y ,len1   
,madrid1 #aghg1 #h  #eac  #i pp4        
,,juan ,,de ,,pineda1 ,memorial de la   
,excelente ,santidad del ,sr4 ,rey ,san 

,fernando ,,iii1 ,sevilla1 #afbg1 #bj   
#aif1 pp4 numbered irregularly4         
,,gaston ,,paris1 ,la ,lgende des       
,infants de ,lara1 ,paris1 #ahih1 #bh   
pp4  7,extract from ,journal des        
savants1 mai et juin1 #ahih47           
,,douard ,,philipon1 ,les ,ibres1       
,paris1 #aiji1 #bd  #cdd pp4    ,,jos   
,,amador ,,de ,,los ,r,,os1 ,historia   
crtica de la literatura espaola1        
,madrid1 #ahfa-ahfe1 #g vols4           
,,dorothy ,,scarborough1 ,the           
,supernatural in ,modern ,english       
,fiction1 ,new  ,york1 #aiag1 #g  #cbi  
pp4    ,,mariano ,,soriano ,,fuertes ,y 
,,piqueras1 ,historia de la msica       
espaola  desde la venida de los fenicios
 hasta el ao #ahej1 ,madrid1 #ahee-ahei1
 #d  vols4    ,,samuel ,m4 ,,waxman1    
,chapters on ,magic in ,spanish         
literature1 ,new ,york1  and ,paris1    
#aiaf1 #aci pp4    ,c4 ,e4 ,,whitmore1  
,the ,supernatural in ,tragedy1         
,cambridge1 #aiae1 #h  #cgj  pp4        
,,index ,,of ,,proper ,,names           

,because of the preceding classified    
list of miracles including the          
indication of the pages treating of each
 class1 it has been deemed  necessary to
 include in the index only the proper   
names cited in the  work and the titles 
of those works from which examples of   
the  supernatural have been drawn4 ,the 
reader is referred to the ,bibliography 
7page #aci-adf7 for works of the authors
 cited4 ,whenever various names of  an  
individual1 or different forms of the   
same name are used1 only the  best known
 or the most popular form will be given 
in the index1 but the  pages indicated  
are those on which any of the variations
 appear4 ,for  example1 all references  
to ,saint ,mary will be found under     
8,virgin1 ,the40    ,abderrahman ,,ii1  
#ab    ,aben ,yussef1 #ef    ,abran of  
,germany1 ,count1 #ge    ,achela1 #ddn  
,adn1 #ian    ,aeneas1 #aaj    ,africa1 
#ba1 #ffn1 #aje1 #aji1 #aaj    ,agosto1 
#di1 #fb    ,albans1 ,st41 #aca         
,albeza1 #cg    ,alcocer1 #ag           

,alejandro el ,magno1 #abd1 #abe1 #abf  
,alemany1 ,jos1 #ben    ,alexius1       
,emperor1 #eg    ,alexander ,,iv1 ,pope1
 #ah    ,alfonso ,,iii1 of ,portugal1   
#ag    ,alfonso ,,viii1 #af    ,alfonso 
,,ix1 #af    ,alfonso ,x1 el ,sabio1 #e1
 #ac1 #ae-bf1      #bg1 #bi1 #cj1 #cjn1 
#can1 #cd1 #ce1 #dd1      #de1 #ec1 #fg1
 #gi1 #hd1 #he1 #hh1 #ic1 #if1          
#ifn1 #ign1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aac1 #aag1 #abh
    ,algeciras1 #ef    ,amads de ,gaula1
 #ccn    ,andaluca1 #ag    ,ann1 ,saint1
 ,novena of1 #i    ,antidio1 #ie        
,arcalaus1 #ccn    ,arcipreste de ,hita1
 ,el1 #ie    ,aristotle1 #ed1 #abb      
,arras1 #gan    ,asin ,palacios1        
,miguel1 #fdn1 #ifn1 #ajin1 #aabn       
,assisi1 ,st4 ,francis of1 #i           
,atocha1 #cf    ,attila1 #aaj1 #abd     
,ayamonte1 #fb      ,barcelona1 #ef     
,basilio1 ,san1 #fh    ,beatriz1 ,doa1  
#ag    ,beatrice1 ,queen1 #hd           
,berceo1 #ein1 #ggn1 #icn1 #ign         
,bernat ,descoll1 #af    ,bizancio1     
#aaj1 #aaa    ,bondoudar1 #dj           

,burgos1 #af1 #df1 #ga1 #hh      ,cdiz1 
#bb    ,caesar1 #ha    ,caesar1         
,octavius1 #ajc    ,caesar1 ,sextus     
,julius1 #ajd    ,caesarea1 #fh         
,caligula1 ,emperor ,caius1 #aag        
,canaan1 #dh    ,cantigas1 ,las1 #bc1   
#bg1 #bh1 #cj1 #can1 #cb1 #fh1      #he1
 #hen1 #ib1 #ic1 #icn1 #if1 #ig1 #ajg1  
#ajh1 #ajhn1      #aaf1 #aafn1 #aah1    
#aca1 #acb    ,cantigas de amor et de   
maldecir1 #bg    ,castile1 #af1 #bj1    
#gi1 #ii1 #abh    ,castrogriz1 #ci      
,catalonia1 #af1 #hd    ,chartres1 #abf 
,cid1 the1 #if1 #abfn    ,cirot1 ,g41   
#ben    ,coleridge1 ,samuel ,taylor1 #gd
    ,conquista del ,ultramar1 ,la ,gran1
 #djn    ,constantine1 ,emperor1 #fa1   
#aaj1 #aaa    ,constantinople1 #eg      
,consuegra1 #fd    ,crnica ,general1    
,la1 #bb1 #bd1 #bg1 #djn1      #ffn1    
#fh1 #gd1 #gdn1 #hj1 #ic1      #ie1     
#ifn1 #ig1 #ajjn1 #ajdn1 #ajen1 #ajfn1  
#ajin1 #aaan1 #aabn1 #aafn1 #abfn       
,cueto1 ,leopoldo ,augusto de1 ,marqus  
de ,valmar1 #bc    ,cunnegro1 #ff       

,dagobert1 #aji    ,david1 #abc         
,denis1 ,saint1 #aji    ,devil1 ,the1   
#ci1 #ei1 #fd1 #ga1      #gb1 #gg1 #ggn1
 #hj1 #he1 #hin1      #ia-ig1 #aab1     
#aad1 #aaf1 #abj1 #aba1 #acj    ,dido1  
#aje1 #aaj    ,domingo1 ,santo1 #cc     
,domingo1 ,don1 #dg    ,doyle1 ,sir     
,conan1 #ia    ,duero1 #ie      ,eanes1 
,d4 ,gonzalo1 #fd    ,edessa1 #abf      
,egypt1 #dj1 #hd1 #abc    ,elina1 #aaa  
,enrique1 ,infante ,d41 #ai             
,escorial1 ,the1 #hh    ,etna1 ,mount1  
#eh    ,europe1 #e1 #ac1 #cb1 #dd1 #eh1 
#ifn1 #ii1 #abi    ,ezequias1 #edn      
,faran1 #abc    ,felipe1 ,infante ,don1 
#ai    ,fernn ,gonzales1 #gdn           
,fernando ,,iii1 #af1 #bd1 #cd1 #aji    
,fernando ,,iv1 #af    ,fernando de la  
,cerda1 #bj    ,fernando1 ,infante ,don1
 #hj    ,france1 #ah1 #bj1 #aji1 #acb   
,galileo1 #fi    ,garca1 ,fernndez1 #af 
,garca1 ,count ,don1 #gd    ,germany1   
#aj    ,gilemer1 #aji    ,god1 #i1 #bi1 
#ca1 #can1 #cb1 #cg1 #ej1 #edn1 #ga1    
#gb1 #hj1 #ia1 #ic1 #if1 #ajbn1 #aji1   

#aab1 #aad1      #aae1 #aaf1 #aba1 #abc1
 #abd1 #abh1 #acj    ,granada1 #bj1 #bb1
 #gi    ,granada1 ,emir of1 #bj    ,gran
 ,estoria1 #bb1 #bd1 #bf    8,gran      
,britaa01 #ef1 #hh    ,gregory ,x1 #ah  
,guilln ,robles1 ,francisco1 #cgn1      
#ajin1 #aabn    ,gunderico1 #if         
,guzmn1 ,doa ,mayor ,guilln de1 #ag     
,hastings1 ,james1 #gf    ,hell1 #fa1   
#fdn1 #ia1 #if1 #aji    ,heraclius1     
,emperor1 #aji    ,herodotus1 #aca      
,herod1 ,king1 #ea1 #ajj    ,holy ,land1
 ,the1 #hc1 #ib    ,holy ,spirit1 ,the1 
#aae1 #abc1 #abd    ,host1 ,the1 #fb1   
#hin1 #aah-abj    ,hudson ,river1 ,the1 
#i    ,huelgas1 ,las1 #cd      ,ica1 #dj
    ,india1 #abe    ,ildefonso1 ,san1   
#gc    ,israel1 #abc    ,italy1 #ah1    
#ifn      ,jacob1 #abc    ,jaime1 el    
,conquistador1 #ag1 #bj    ,jan1 #ba    
,jrez1 #fh1 #aji    ,jrez de la         
,frontera1 #bb    ,jerusalem1 #dh1 #ea1 
#aaa1 #abd    ,jesus1 #bi1 #ca1 #can1   
#cb1 #de1 #dh1 #di1      #ej1 #ea1 #edn1
 #fc1 #fd1 #fg1 #gi1 #ha1      #hc1 #hd1

 #ib1 #ig1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #aaa1 #aab1      
#aad1 #aae1 #aai1 #abj1 #abc1 #abd1     
#abg1 #acj    ,jordanes1 #aj    ,jorge1 
,maestro1 #aji    ,josef1 #abc    ,juan1
 ,san1 #abd    ,julian1 ,emperor1 #fh1  
#fi1 #ha1 #aag    ,justinian1 ,emperor1 
#aji    ,jupiter1 temple of1 #aje       
,lapidario1 ,el1 #bc1 #bd1 #bh    ,lara1
 sons of1 #ii    ,lebrija1 #bb    ,leo1 
,pope1 #eh    ,lia1 #abc    ,libro de   
,alejandro1 ,el1 #ifn1 #ign1 #abfn      
,libro de ,ajedrez1 ,el1 #bc1 #be       
,libros del ,saber de ,astronomia1 ,los1
 #bb1 #bc1 #bh    ,lisbon1 #ei          
,lodge1 ,sir ,oliver1 #ia               
,mac,culloch1 ,j4 ,a41 #ag              
,macedonia1 #abe    ,madrid1 #cf        
,manuel1 ,infante ,don1 #da    ,marcian1
 ,emperor1 #aaj    ,marcus1 ,lucius1    
#ajd    ,mara ,egipciaca1 #aca          
,mariana1 #ae    ,marquina1 #ae         
,marseilles1 #ch    ,mrtires1 #fe       
,martos1 #gi    ,mayor ,arias1 ,doa1 #af
    ,medina ,sidonis1 #bb    ,mela1     
,pomponius1 #aca    ,menndez ,pidal1    

,j41 #ajdn    ,menndez ,pidal1 ,r41 #bb1
 #bd    ,menndez y ,pelayo1 #abn        
,menzie1 ,allan1 #djn    ,mercurio1     
,san1 #fh1 #fi    ,merlin1 #aca         
,milagros de ,nuestra ,seora1 ,los1     
#ein1 #ggn1 #icn1 #ign    ,mildmay1     
,mrs4 ,s41 #aan    ,mahommed1 #fd1 #aaa 
,mondjar1 ,marqus de1 #af    ,monsaras1 
#gh    ,monserrat1 #ef    ,montana1 ,jos
 ,t41 #be    ,moralia in ,job1 #aaj     
,moses1 #bd1 #abc    ,murcia1 #ag1 #gh  
,mussafia1 #cjn      ,navarre1 #ag      
,navarre1 ,king of1 #bj    ,navas1      
,conde de las1 #aagn    ,niebla1 #bb    
,nuo de ,lara1 #ai1 #fh      ,oberon1   
,king1 #aca    ,ons1 ,federico de1 #f   
,oro1 ,san ,juan ,boco de1 #de    ,ovid1
 #aca      ,paris1 #aji    ,paris1      
,gaston1 #ii    ,pascual de ,gayangos1  
#ben    ,paschal ,,ii1 ,pope1 #ac       
,pedro ,,iii1 of ,aragn1 #ba    ,pedro  
,,iv1 #af    ,pena ,cova1 #ci           
,persia1 #fh1 #fi    ,peter1 ,saint1    
#cb1 #ha    ,philipon1 41 #aa           
,poitiers1 ,conde de1 #hj    ,portugal1 

,king of1 #ai    ,puerto1 #da1 #dg1 #hc 
,rachel1 #abc    ,recafredo1 #ab        
,reyes ,magos1 ,los ,tres1 #hdn         
,ribera1 ,j41 #bc    ,ribila1 #gi       
,richard of ,cornwall1 #ah    ,rico y   
,sinobas1 ,manuel1 #bd    ,ros1 ,jos    
,amador de los1 #aj    ,rocamador1 #dc1 
#ic    ,rodrigez1 ,hippolito1 #be       
,rome1 #ba1 #ajj1 #ajf1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aaf
    ,roman ,empire1 ,the ,holy1 #ah1    
#bj1 #ajc    ,roumania1 #fa    ,rudolph 
of ,hapsburg1 #ah    ,ruy ,velzquez1 #ii
      ,sancho1 ,infante ,don1 #bj1 #ba  
,santa ,cruz1 #ie    ,santiago1 #eg1    
#ic1 #acj    ,salas1 #cf1 #db1 #di1 #hc 
,saussonna1 #dd    ,scarborough1        
,dorothy1 #h1 #acan    ,scythia1 #aj    
,selfa1 ,antonio1 #be    ,septenario1   
,el1 #bb    ,seville1 #ag1 #ba1 #ef1    
#if1 #abh    ,segovia1 #hj    ,siagro1  
,don1 #gc    ,siena1 ,bishop of1 #gb    
,siete ,partidas1 ,las1 #af1 #ba1 #bb1  
#bc1      #bh1 #ec1 #gfn1 #gin1 #hgn1   
#hin1 #ia1 #ian1      #ibn1 #ajj1 #ajh1 
#ajhn1 #aadn1 #aaen1 #abjn1      #aba1  

#aban1 #abb1 #abfn    ,sion1 ,mount1 #ha
    ,soissons1 #dj1 #acb    ,solomon1   
#aad    ,solalinde1 ,antonio ,g41 #f1   
#af1 #bd1 #ben1 #bfn1 #cjn1 #can1 #aben1
 #abfn    ,spain1 #i1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1    
#bb1 #bd1 #be1 #bg1 #de1 #ib1 #ifn1 #ii1
 #aag1 #abi    ,sur1 ,libano de1 #fi    
,sylvester1 ,pope1 #aaj1 #aaa           
,tablas1 ,alfonses 444 ,las1 #bb        
,taion1 #aaj    ,tllez1 ,d4 ,alfonso1   
#fd    ,temperley1 ,h41 #aan    ,terena1
 #dc1 #ha1 #ig    ,thomas1 ,saint1 #abg 
,tiberius1 #ajj    ,toledo1 ,codex of1  
#hh    ,toledo1 #af1 #ce1 #dg    ,todd1 
,henry ,alfred1 #f    ,tortosa de       
,ultramar1 #dj      ,vatican1 ,the1 #ie 
,vesentina1 #ie    ,virgin1 ,the1 #bc1  
#bg-hi1 #ib1      #id1 #ie1 #if1 #ajh1  
#aaj1 #aai1      #abj1 #abd1 #abg1 #abh1
 #acj1 #aca    ,virgin1 ,cult of1 #ca   
,violante of ,aragn1 ,doa1 #ag          
,violante1 ,queen1 #ba    ,vistula1 #aj 
,vulcan1 #abd      ,wandering ,jew1     
,the1 #aca    ,waxman1 ,s4 ,w41 #ign    
,wendover1 ,roger of1 #aca    ,weeks1   

,raymond1 #f    ,werewolf1 ,the1 #aca   
,white1 ,j4 ,g41 #be    ,whitmore1 ,c4  
,e41 #aahn    ,william of ,holland1 #ah 
,zaragoza1 #da          ,,contents      
,,page    ,,preface                     
#e    ,,introductory                    
#g    ,,chapter ,i4 ,,alfonso ,,el      
,,sabio ,,as ,,king ,,and  ,,scholar    
#ae    ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,miracles       
,,performed ,,by ,,the  ,,virgin ,,in   
,,response ,,to ,,prayer                
#bg    ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,miracles      
,,performed ,,voluntarily  ,,by ,,the   
,,virgin                                
#ec    ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,miracles       
,,performed ,,by ,,images               
#hc    ,,chapter ,v4 8,,the ,,devil     
,,and ,,all ,,his ,,works0              
#ia    ,,chapter ,,vi4                  
,,divinations--,,omens--,,auguries      
#ii    ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,visions       
#ajg    ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,various     
,,manifestations                        
#aac    ,,conclusion                    
#abi    ,,classification ,,of ,,the     

,,miracles ,,of 8,,las ,,cantigas0      
#ace    ,,bibliography                  
#aci    ,,index ,,of ,,proper ,,names   
#adg          ,,publicaciones ,,del     
,,instituto ,,de ,,las ,,espa,,as       
,,libros ,,de ,,ense,,anza           ,la
 ,enseanza de ,lenguas ,modernas en los 
,estados ,unidos4         ,por          
,,lawrence ,a4 ,,wilkins4 #afj pginas4  
,rstica #a4be4    ,en este libro aparece
 la serie de conferencias que el autor  
di en el  ,centro de ,estudios          
,histricos de ,madrid y en el ,instituto
 de ,idiomas de  ,valencia en el ao de  
#aiba4 ,a manera de prlogo van las      
palabras  pronunciadas por el sabio     
fillogo espaol don ,ramn ,menndez ,pidal
 al  inaugurar estas conferencias4 ,el  
mtodo general1 los mtodos especiales    
detalladamente descritos1 la preparacin 
para el profesorado1 el  movimiento     
hispanista en los ,estados ,unidos1 las 
relaciones entre este  pas y los pueblos
 hispanos1 son los temas principales    
tratados en este  libro4 ,por su        

exposicin clara y sistemtica y por su   
sana doctrina  pedaggica1 esta obra se  
hace indispensable a todos los maestros 
de  idiomas1 de cualquier pas4          
,cervantes4 ,cartilla ,escolar4         
,biografa y seleccin por ,m4            
,,romera-,,navarro4 ,vocabulario por ,j4
       ,,mercado4 #af pginas4 ,rstica   
4#je4    ,dedicado a los estudiantes de 
espaol de las escuelas de este pas1 fu  
escrito este folleto a propsito de la   
,fiesta de la ,lengua que celebra  el   
,instituto el #bc de abril de todos los 
aos en honor de ,cervantes4  ,contiene  
una breve exposicin de la vida y la obra
 de ,cervantes y dos  trozos refundidos 
del ,quijote1 uno de ellos la celebrada 
aventura de los  molinos de viento4 ,al 
fin va un vocabulario espaol-ingls1     
compuesto  con el propsito de ayudar a  
los estudiantes de habla inglesa4       
,nuestro ,futuro ,diputado         ,por 
,,samuel ,a4 ,,wofsy4 #fd pginas4       
,rstica #j4ej4    ,poquisimas son las   
piezas dramticas en espaol que puedan   

ser  representadas por los ,clubs de las
 escuelas y universidades de este  pas4 
,las que existen o son muy largas o no  
son apropiadas4 ,este vaco  lo llena en 
parte la farsa en tres actos1 con       
vocabulario  espaol-ingls1 del ,sr4     
,wofsy1 profesor de espaol de la        
,universidad de  ,wisconsin4 ,hay en    
ella bastante accin1 ambiente netamente 
espaol y  situaciones cmicas4 ,estas    
cualidades solamente hacen de ella una  
pieza  interesante e instructiva para   
todos los dedicados al estudio de la    
lengua espaola4      ,,estudios         
,the ,romantic ,dramas of ,garca        
,gutirrez4         ,by ,,nicholson ,b4  
,,adams1 ,,ph4 ,d4 #adi pages4 ,paper   
#a4jj4    ,garcia ,gutierrez is one of  
the most important figures in the       
,spanish  ,romantic movement1 and in    
poetic power he surpassed his           
contemporaries4  ,this study gives an   
insight into the plays of this famous   
,spanish  dramatist4 ,the sketch of his 
life1 which opens the book1 paves the   

way  for the reader to reach an         
understanding of the man who wrote ,el  
,trovador4 ,the book itself1 as well as 
the chronological list of the  plays of 
,garca ,gutirrez appended to it and the 
list of works either  partially or      
exclusively devoted to him1 will be of  
valuable assistance  to all persons     
interested in the literary history of   
,spain4           ,martn ,fierro3 ,an   
,epic of the ,argentine4         ,by    
,,henry ,a4 ,,holmes1 ,,ph4 ,d4 #aib    
pages4 ,paper #a4jj4    ,peculiar       
colonial conditions in ,argentina       
created in the isolation of  the pampa a
 striking type of horsemen3 cowboys1    
trackers1 ,indian  fighters1 etc4 ,these
 men1 called gauchos1 were in many      
respects like  our western cowboys1 but 
their unique traits call for such a     
sympathetic  study as is made in this   
book4 ,the work takes its title from    
that of the  most celebrated ,argentine 
cowboy poem1 whose hero1 ,martn ,fierro1
 sings  of gauchos1 ,indians1 and the   

pampa1 in truly epic vein4           ,en
 ,prensa3 ,jacinto ,benavente4          
,estudio literario por ,,federico ,,de  
,,on,s4      ,,literatura               
,desolacin4 ,poemas4         ,por       
,,gabriela ,,mistral4 #bdh pginas4      
,rstica #a4ej4 ,tela #b4be4    ,la fama 
de poetisa de ,gabriela ,mistral est ya 
tan bien cimentada en  todos los pases  
de habla espaola1 que su nombre en un   
libro bastara  para despertar el inters 
de todos los amantes de las letras      
hispnicas  de nuestros das4 ,esta edicin
 ha sido dedicada a la autora por los   
maestros de espaol de este pas1 en      
testimonio de admiracin y afecto4  ,esta
 es la primera vez que la autora ha dado
 su consentimiento para que  se         
publiquen en un libro1 as sus poesas    
inditas como todas las que ya  han visto
 la luz en diferentes revistas4 ,el     
,,instituto se enorgullece de  prestar  
tal valioso servicio a la literatura    
hispnica moderna con la  publication de 
la obra completa1 verso y prosa1 de esta

 genial poetisa  chilena4           ,del
 ,camino4 ,poesas4         ,por ,,julio 
,,mercado4 #abj pginas4 ,rstica #a4jj4  
,las ,poesias que componen este libro1  
el cual nos presenta la obra  completa  
del poeta1 no slo darn solaz a quienes  
las leyeren1 sino  llevaran igualmente  
al corazn y la mente de los lectores el 
convencimiento de que se trata de un    
poeta de fuerza1 con personalidad       
propia4 ,he aqu lo que dice el conocido 
critico don ,federico de ,ons1          
prologuista de la obra3 8,la poesa de   
,mercado pertenece a ese modo de  poesa 
que siente y piensa al mismo tiempo1 y  
que en la moderna  literatura espaola   
alcanza sus ms altos ejemplos en        
,antonio ,machado y  ,miguel de         
,unamuno40      ,,conferences           
,lo que se puede aprender en ,espaa4    
,por ,,joaqu,n ,,ortega4 #h pginas4     
,rstica 4#ae4    ,el autor describe1    
dentro de un pequeo marco1 todo lo que  
los  angloamericanos pueden aprender en 
,espaa en presencia de las reliquias  de

 la tradicin hispnica1 bajo el encanto  
de las viejas ciudades  espaolas y en   
contacto con toda clase de gente1       
inclusivo una simple  vendedora de      
naranjas4 ,no slo es interesante e      
instructiva esta  conferencia para los  
angloamericanos1 sino tambin lo es para 
todas las  personas de habla espaola1   
quienes hallarn satisfaccin y solaz en  
la  amena lectura de este folleto       
encaminado a recordar las virtudes de la
  raza4      ,,otras ,,publicaciones    
,memoria         ,del curso #aibj-aiba4 
7,en espaol y en ingls7    ,en ella podr
 informarse el lector de los fines y    
organizacin del  ,,instituto y de la    
labor realizada en el primer ao de su   
existencia4 ,se  enva gratuitamente a   
quienes la solicitaren4 ,dirigirse al   
,secretario  ,general del ,,instituto   
,,de ,,las ,,espa,,as1 #dai ,west #aagth
 ,street4 ,new ,york1  ,n4 ,y4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,illustration    ,,the ,,institute ,,of 
,,international ,,education             

,,instituto ,,de ,,las ,,espa,,as ,,en  
,,los ,,estados ,,unidos      ,center   
for the study of ,spanish1 ,portuguese  
and ,hispano-,american  culture1 founded
 by the ,institute of ,international    
,education1 the  ,american ,association 
of ,teachers of ,spanish1 the ,junta    
para ,ampliacin  de ,estudios of the    
,spanish ,ministry of ,public           
,instruction1 the ,oficina  de          
,relaciones ,culturales ,espaolas of the
 ,spanish ,ministry of ,state1 and      
several ,spanish and ,american          
universities4      ,some of the aims of 
the ,instituto are the following3       
,to maintain a bureau of information    
concerning educational                  
opportunities in ,spain1 ,spanish       
,america and the ,united ,states4       
,to encourage an interchange of         
professors and students between the     
institutions of these countries4        
,to encourage the study of ,spanish and 
,portuguese in the schools and          
colleges of the ,united ,states4        

,to receive and entertain distinguished 
,hispanic visitors4         ,to arrange 
lectures by eminent ,hispanists from    
abroad and by those       of our own    
country4         ,to hold literary and  
musical veladas which will afford an    
opportunity for meeting and conversing  
with people of ,spanish       speech4   
,to organize an affiliation of ,spanish 
,clubs in schools and       colleges4   
,to establish a select circulating      
library of ,spanish and ,portuguese     
books and also a collection of slides   
illustrative of the life and       art  
of the ,hispanic nations4         ,to   
publish books1 articles1 etc41 on       
subjects connected with the             
purposes of the ,instituto4         ,to 
celebrate on the #bcrd of ,april each   
year the 8,fiesta de la       ,lengua   
,espaola10 and to award the medal of the
 ,instituto for       excellence in     
,spanish4           99       99       99
       99       99    ,anyone interested
 in ,hispanic culture may become an     

active member of the  ,instituto by     
paying an annual fee of #e4jj4 ,active  
members receive the  publications made  
during the term of their membership4    
,they may also  purchase former         
publications at a discount of #be4      
,inquiries or remittances should be     
addressed to the ,general ,secretary1   
,instituto de las ,espaas1 #dai ,west   
#aagth ,st41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y41 ,u4   
,s4 ,a4      ,,footnotes3    #a         
,columbia ,university ,press1 #aiag4    
#b ,see p4 #ec4    #c ,it has not been  
deemed necessary 7since this is not a   
study of the  sources but rather of the 
material itself7 to begin with a more   
remote  period4 ,the purposes of this   
rsum is to give the reader a general    
idea of the people and their immediate  
environment4 ,for studies on the        
earlier invasion see the appended       
,bibliography4    #d ,r4 ,menndez ,pidal
 ,l',epope ,castillane  travers la      
littrature  espagnole4 ,paris1 ,colin1  
#aiaj1 p4 #ae4    #e ,amador de los     

,ros1 ,historia ,crtica de la literatura
 espaola1  ,madrid1 #ahfe1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 
#aic4    #f ,the ,religion of the       
,ancient ,celts1 ,edinburgh1 #aiaa1 p4  
#bdf4    #g ,les ,ibres1 ,paris1 #aiji1 
p4 #bjb4    #h ,among the many          
interesting magazine articles on a      
recent widely  discussed phase of this  
phenomenon in the ,world ,war are       
,phantom ,armies  ,seen in ,france by   
,mrs4 ,s4 ,mildmay1 ,north ,american1   
#bjb3 #bjg-ab1  ,august1 #aiae1 and ,on 
the ,supernatural ,element in ,history  
with ,two  ,examples from the ,present  
,day1 by ,mr4 ,h4 ,temperley1           
,contemporary  ,review1 #aaj3 #ahh-ih1  
,august1 #aiaf4    #i ,menndez y        
,pelayo1 ,historia de los heterodoxos   
espaoles1 ,madrid1  #aiaa-ah1 ,vol4 #b1 
,chap4 #b4    #aj ,chronicon of         
,sebastian1 ,no4 #bg4    #aa ,amador de 
los ,ros1 ,historia crtica de la        
literatura espaola1  ,vol4 #c1 p4 #bcc4 
#ab ,antonio ,g4 ,solalinde1 ,antologa  
de ,alfonso ,x1 el ,sabio1 p4 #ba4      

#ac ,the following brief rsum of the    
life of ,alfonso ,x is based for  the   
most part on the ,marqus de ,mondjar's  
,memorias histricas del ,rei  ,d4       
,alfonso1 el ,sabio1 i observaciones a  
su chrnica1 ,madrid1 #ahde1 and  the    
introduction to ,sr4 ,solalinde's       
,antologa de ,alfonso ,x1 el ,sabio4    
#ad ,las ,siete ,partidas--,partida     
,,ii1 ,ttulo ,,xv1 ,ley ,,ii4 ,hereafter
  references to this work will be       
expressed thus3 ,partidas #b-ae-b4      
#ae ,estudios ,literarios1 ,madrid1     
#aibj1 p4 #ahd-ahe4    #af ,for a       
discussion of the date of the           
translation of this work  into ,spanish 
see the following editions of ,calila y 
,dimna2 ,pascual  de ,gayangos1 in      
,biblioteca de ,autores ,espaoles1 ,vol4
 #ea1 ,madrid1  #ahfj2 ,jos ,alemany1   
,madrid1 #aiae2 and ,antonio ,g4        
,solalinde1 ,madrid1  #aiag4 ,in        
,bulletin ,hispanique4 ,vol4 #bd1 page  
#afg-aga is to be found an  interesting 
review by ,g4 ,cirot of the last named  

work4    #ag ,antonio ,g4 ,solalinde1   
,interventin de ,alfonso ,x en la       
redaccin  de sus obras1 ,revista de     
,filologa ,espaola1 #aiae1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 
#bhf4    #ah ,partidas1 #a-a-i4    #ai  
,partidas #a-d-abc and #abd which is    
given in full on p4 #ec-ed4    #bj ,see 
p4 #ff4 ,the miracle of the restoration 
of the tongue1 and notes4    #ba ,see p4
 #hj4 ,the bleeding image1 and notes4   
#bb ,sr4 ,antonio ,g4 ,solalinde1 in    
speaking of this1 says3 ,segn los  datos
 de ,mussafia1 existen #fd milagros1 de 
los ms difundidos en el  mundo          
cristiano1 en las #ajj primeras         
cantigas1 #ag en las #ajj cantigas      
siguientes1 #aa en el tercer centenar y 
#b en el cuarto4 ,seguramente se  podra 
rectificar en detalle esta estadstica1  
pero ello exigira un  estudio minucioso 
de las fuentes de las cantigas y de la  
historicidad  de sus asuntos1 tarea que 
slo en parte se realiz en la edicin     
monumental4 ,creo que el pensamiento de 
,mussafia estara mejor expresado  si    

dijera que aquellos asuntos universales 
abundan principalmente en la  primera   
edicin de la obra1 o sea en el ms4 ,,tol
 7,ms4 de la ,biblioteca  ,nacional de  
,madrid1 ,nm4 #ajjfi1 procedente de la  
catedral de ,toledo7  cuyas cantigas se 
reparten1 como hemos visto1 casi        
exclusivamente  en los dos primeros     
centenares de la edicin definitiva1 ,e  
7,ms4  escurialense j4 b4 #b74 ,los     
continuadores de la obra primitiva      
tuvieron  que recurrir a los milagros   
acaecidos en ,espaa1 y aun a los que    
tienen  por protagonistas a ,alfonso ,x 
y otros personajes de la corte1 sin que 
falten tampoco en las nuevas colecciones
 asuntos universales ms o  menos        
difundidos en la literatura marial1 ni  
milagros sin indicacin de  lugar1 y que 
tanto pueden ser espaoles como          
extranjeros4 ,el cdice  florentino de   
las 8,cantigas01 ,revista de ,filologa  
,espaola1 ,vol4 #e1  #aiah1 p4 #age-agf4
    #bc ,las ,cantigas ,no4 #cfa4       
,hereafter the number1 written thus     

7,no4  #cfa71 will be inserted in the   
body of the text4 ,as mentioned above1  
,las ,cantigas are written in the       
,gallego-,portugus dialect1 the         
favorite of the lyric poets of the time1
 and not in ,castillian as are  the     
prose works of ,alfonso4    #bd ,i have 
found #bc which relate miracles         
experienced by the king  himself or some
 of his kinsmen or friends3 ,nos4 #abb1 
#adb1 #bji1 #bae1  #bba1 #bce1 #bdc1    
#bef1 #beg1 #bgi1 #bib1 #cbd1 #cbh1     
#cde1 #cdh1 #ceh1 #cff1 #cfg1  #cgf1    
#cgg1 #cgi1 #chb1 #chf4 ,aside from     
these are a few others as ,nos4 #bie1   
#cdi1 #ced1 #cge1 etc41 in which        
apparently the king is ,alfonso himself 
tho this is not specifically stated4    
#be ,for a discussion of the probable   
method of composition of ,las  ,cantigas
 see ,antonio ,g4 ,solalinde1 ,el cdice 
florentino de las  8,cantigas0 y su     
relacin con los dems manuscritos1       
,revista de  ,filologa ,espaola1 ,vol4  
#e1 #aiah1 p4 #afi ff4    #bf           

,references to ,deus1 seu ,fillo1 are   
constantly recurring but only  in ,no4  
#ge1 #ga1 #cji1 and #cec have ,i found  
references to ,deus ,padre4    #bg ,this
 collection consists of #djb ,cantigas  
under the heading of  8,las ,cantigas de
 ,santa ,mara0 every tenth one of which 
is a 8cantiga  de loor0 and does not    
narrate a miracle4 ,no4 #a also is a    
8cantiga de  loor04 ,no4 #bgi does not  
narrate a miracle but is a song of      
thanks4  ,nos4 #cgc1 #chg1 #chh1 #cid1  
#cie1 #cif1 #cig1 are repetitions of    
previous  cantigas4 ,nos4 #dja and #djc 
are not miracles4 ,this leaves a total  
of  #cea in this group4 ,neither are    
there any to be found in the two groups 
entitled 8,cantigas de las fiestas de   
,santa ,mara0 and 8,cantigas de las     
fiestas de ,nuestro ,seor ,jesucristo40 
,the group of five miscellaneous        
cantigas not found in the cdice         
escurialense contains two miracles      
making a total of #cec4    #bh ,the     
mysterious ceremony performed here is   

quite similar to the  incantations used 
when ,amads was being brought out from  
under the  spell of the enchanter       
,arcalaus by the strange and almost     
fairy-like  damsels4 ,cf4 ,amads de     
,gaula1 in ,biblioteca de ,autores      
,espaoles1  ,vol4 #dj1 p4 #ej1 ,madrid1 
#ahhj4    #bi ,as is so often the case  
with the writers of the ,middle ,ages1  
we  cannot always take our poet too     
literally1 for in this poem he says3    
8,d'esto direi un miragre que ui0 and   
only a few stanzas later in  describing 
the acts of the mother he says3 8,a     
todos da capela fez  sayr04 ,but        
doubtless since he was so closely       
related to the mother  concerned he did 
not consider 8que u0 too strong a       
statement  especially when it fitted the
 meter and the rhyme4    #cj ,nos4 #cg1 
#ec1 #ha1 #ia1 #ic1 #aje1 and #acd4     
#ca ,nos4 #bbc1 #bge1 #cai1 #cgb1 #cic4 
,note that the miracles narrating  cures
 of leprosy are all 7with the exception 
of ,no4 #bei not mentioned  in the above

 note because the cure was not in       
response to prayer to the  ,virgin7 in  
the first half of the collection1 while 
the cures of rabies  are all in the     
latter half4    #cb ,francisco ,guilln  
,robles1 in ,leyendas ,moriscas1        
,madrid1 #ahhe-f4  ,vol4 #a1 p4 #aha ff4
 cites this as a legend of eastern      
origin4    #cc ,nos4 #hc1 #ajf1 #aeh1   
#agf1 #bbg1 #bia1 #cja1 #cbe1 #cei1     
#cfc4    #cd ,this motif of the         
appearance of the heavenly host is well 
developed in the second part of the     
,primera ,crnica ,general in the        
account of the battle with ,abenhut1 in 
which ,alfonso himself took part1  p4   
#gbg and also in the later work1 ,la    
,gran ,conquista del ,ultramar1 p4      
#cba1 ,biblioteca de ,autores ,espaoles1
 ,vol4 #dd1 ,madrid1 #ahhj1 which       
belongs to the period of ,alfonso's     
successor4    #ce ,see ,allan ,menzie1  
,history of ,religion1 ,new ,york1      
#aiac1 p4 #ff ff4    #cf ,nos4 #dc1 #dd1
 #aah1 #aff1 #afg1 #agf1 #agg1 #agh1    

#bcb1 #bdg1 #bih1 #ccc1  #ceb1 #ceg1    
#cff1 #cge1 #cgf1 #chb1 #che4    #cg    
,nos4 #aga1 #agb1 #aig1 #cih1 etc4      
#ch ,in ,nos4 #bgb and #afb are found   
similar instances of the mysterious     
movement of objects1 only here it is an 
image of the ,virgin that  changes its  
location4    #ci ,this spider motif is  
the dominant feature in ,nos4 #bbb and  
#bbe4 ,in  the former the ,capelln of   
,la ,seora de ,achela was saying mass   
when  just as he raised the sacred cup  
to his lips he saw a big spider fall    
into the wine4 ,he hesitated for a      
moment not knowing what to do for  under
 no circumstances can the ceremony of   
,mass be interrupted4 ,only a  moment   
did he pause1 then trusting in the      
,virgin he drank it1 spider  and all4   
,the prioress learning of it ordered him
 to be bled4 ,as the  surgeon's lance   
pierced the arm not blood but the       
spider1 alive1 came  out and the        
clergyman was unharmed4 ,no4 #bbe1      
probably simply a variant1  differs in  

that after drinking it the spider moved 
about between the  skin and the flesh   
while the poor man implored relief thru 
divine aid4  ,finally1 one day while in 
the sun the spider passed from the back 
and  breast to his arm and after much of
 scratching came out under the nail4    
#dj ,see p4 #dj4    #da ,the ,italics   
are mine4    #db ,the ,italics are mine4
    #dc #a-d-abd4    #dd ,a still fuller
 definition is as follows3 #a-d-abc4    
8,natura es fecho de ,dios1 et l es el  
seor et el facedor della3 onde  todo lo 
que puede ser fecho por natura fcelo    
,dios1 et demas otras  cosas  que non   
comple el poder della4 ,ca nature non   
puede dexar nin  desviarse de obrar     
segunt la rden cierta quel puso ,dios   
porque obrase  asi como facer noche et  
dia1 et frio et calentura3 otrosi que   
los  tiempos non recudan  sus sazones   
segun el movemiento cierto del cielo  et
 de las estrellas en quien puso ,dios   
poder de ordenar la natura1  nin puede  
facer otrosi que lo pesado non decenda1 

et lo liviano non  suba4 ,et desto dixo 
,aristtiles que la natura non se face a 
obrar en  contrario3 et esto tanto      
quiera decir como que siempre guarda una
  manera et una rden cierta por que     
obra4 ,otrosi non puede facer algo de   
nada1 mas todo lo que se face por ella  
conviene que se faga de alguna  cosa1   
asi como un elemento dotro  de todos los
 quatro elementos1 de  que se engendran 
todas las cosas naturales et compuestas2
 mas ,dios face  todo esto1 et puede    
facer demas contra este ordenamiento1   
asi como  facer que el sol que nace al  
oriente et va  occidente1 que se torna  
oriente por aquella mesma carrera ante  
que se ponga1 segunt fizo  por ruego de 
,ezequias quando torn el sol quince     
grados atras4 ,et aun  puede facer      
eclipse estando el sol et la luna en    
oposicin1 as como  fue el dia de la     
pasion de ,iesu ,cristo3 et puede facer 
del muerto vivo1  et del que nunca vi   
que vea1 asi como quando resucit a      
,lzaro et  fizo ver al que naci ciego4  

,otrosi puede facer las cosas de        
nimigaja  7sic7 asi como fizo el mundo  
et los ngeles1 et los cielos et las     
estrellas1 que non fueron fechos de     
elementos nin de otra materia1  et face 
cada da las almas de entendimiento que  
son en los homes4 ,et  este poder es    
apartadamiente de ,dios2 et quando obra 
por l  lo que  dcenle miraglo1 porque   
quando acaesce es cosa maravillosa a las
 gentes  et esto es porque los homes    
caten todava los fechos de natura4 ,et  
por  onde quando alguna cosa se face    
contra ella maravillanse onde viene1    
mayormiente quando acaesce pocas veces2 
ca estonces han de maravillarse  como de
 cosa nueva et extraa4 ,et desto fabl el
 ,sabio con razon et  dixo1 miraglo es  
cosa que vemos1 mas non sabemos onde    
viene3 et esto se  entiende quanto al   
pueble comunalmiente3 mas los sabios et 
entendudos  bien entienden que la cosa  
que non puede facer natura nin artificio
 de  home1 del poder de ,dios viene     
solamente et non de otri40    #de ,this 

legend of flowers being found in the    
mouth of the dead was  quite common in  
the ,middle ,ages as was also that of   
the body of a dead  person giving off   
delightful odors4 ,this miracle is quite
 similar to  that to be found en        
,berceo's ,milagros de ,nuestra ,seora  
,no4 #c4    #df ,it is interesting to   
compare this journey with the discussion
 of  ,sr4 ,asin of the various legends  
of journeys to ,hell and also maritime  
journeys of the early ,middle ,ages4    
,escatologa musulmana en la 8,divina    
,comedia01 p4 #bbi ff4    #dg ,this is  
very similar to the account in the      
,primera ,crnica  ,general1 p4 #beb     
column b1 line #db4 7,hereafter such    
references will be  indicated in the    
usual manner thus3 ,prim4 ,crn4 ,gral41 
p4 #beb b #db47  ,here1 however1 the    
scene is in ,africa and1 after losing   
his tongue1 the  bishop could sing and  
preach louder and more clearly than ever
 before4  ,the heretics who ridiculed   
him were1 in this instance1 the ones who

  lost the power of speech4    #dh ,see 
table on p4 #acf for numbers4    #di ,a 
candle with healing power is mentioned  
in ,no4 #bei4 ,st4 ,mary  appeared to   
two men just before a duel and told them
 to go to her  church at ,arras4 ,there 
she appeared to them again and inspired 
them  with the spirit of forgiveness4   
,she also gave them a taper that would  
cure leprosy4 ,a bishop hearing of this 
wonderful instrument1 took it  and      
because of that contracted the disease2 
they1 with the aid of the  candle cured 
him1 discovering that only in their     
hands did it have any  effect4    #ej   
,this peculiar use of the term 8gentile0
 meaning 8non-,christian0 is  quite     
common in the literature of the period4 
#ea ,there is some similarity between   
this one and ,no4 #bei summarized  on p4
 #ga1 note #g4    #eb ,in the ,crnica   
the knight is the son of ,fernn ,gonzlez
 and the  ,virgin sends 8un ngel04      
,otherwise the story is the same tho    
told in  greater detail4    #ec         

,according to the laws the only ordeal  
allowed was that of combat  and that was
 only encouraged between knights        
7,partidas #g-f-a74 ,in  speaking of    
ordeals in general the law reads3       
,partidas #c-ad-h4    ,et hay otra que  
se face por fama1  por leyes  por       
derechos que las  partes muestran en    
juicio para averiguar et veneer sus     
pleytos asi  como delante mostraremos3  
et aun acostumbraron antiguamente et    
sanlo  hoy en da1 otra manera de prueba1
 asi como por lid de caballeros   de    
peones que se face en razon de riepto   
de otra manera3 et como  quier que en   
algunas tierras hayan 7sic7 esto por    
costumbre1 pero  los sabios antiguos que
 ficieron las leyes non lo tuvieron por 
derecha  prueba3 et esto por dos        
razones2 la una porque muchas vegadas   
acaesce  que en tales lides pierde la   
verdat et vence la mentira3 la otra     
porque  aquel que ha voluntad de se     
aventurar  esta prueba semeja que quiere
  tentar a ,dios ,nuestro ,seor1 que es 

cosa que l defendi por su palabra  all  
do dixo3 ve a riedro satanas1 non       
tentars a ,dios tu seor4--7,the         
,italics are mine74    ,see also        
8,ordeal0 in ,hastings ,encyclopedia of 
,religion and ,ethics1  ,vol4 ,,ix1 page
 #ejh4    #ed ,in ,berceo's ,miraglos de
 ,nuestra ,seora ,no4 #bj1 we find the  
same  legend1 but here the ,devil takes 
the form of a bull1 a dog and a  lion4  
,the ,virgin takes the priest home and  
puts him to bed and then  bids him go to
 confession next morning and do penance4
    #ee ,according to the law it was    
forbidden to make effigies while  trying
 to produce or break the spell of love4 
,partidas #g-bc-b4    #ef ,the          
conception of wounding an image is      
developed further in the  ,prim4 ,crn4  
,gral4 p4 #beh a #eb1 where a ,jew for  
spite enters a church  and wounds the   
image with his knife and then1 hiding it
 under his  mantle1 makes his way home1 
where he further mutilates it4 ,when he 
reaches home he finds the mantle wet    

with blood but he does not notice  that 
it has dripped on the ground1 thus      
leaving his traces4 ,when the           
,christians meet at the church they miss
 the image and trace it by its  blood4  
,when the ,jew is found1 due punishment 
is meted out to him4    #eg ,compare    
this with the story of ,jesus walking   
through the midst  of the crowd that had
 gathered to throw him over the         
precipice 7,luke  #d3bh-cj74    #eh ,los
 ,tres ,reyes ,magos4    #ei ,probably  
that containing the first one hnndred   
,cantigas4 ,see p4  #cj1 note #d4    #fj
 ,for a further study of conjuring1 and 
the power of the names of  the ,deity   
see p4 #aac ff4    #fa ,according to    
,las ,siete ,partidas1 it was prohibited
 to bury in  holy ground those who died 
in tournaments1 for the ,church forbade 
such  pastimes4 ,partidas1 #a-ac-aj4    
#fb ,physicians were forbidden to give  
medicine until after confession  under  
penalty of excommunication1 because     
illness1 it was claimed1 was  often due 

to sin4 ,partidas1 #a-d-hc4    #fc ,in  
these three chapters1 as stated above1  
,i have summarized only  a sufficient   
number of the miracles of this          
collection to illustrate  the various   
types of supernatural phenomena         
presented4 ,some of the  incidents1     
altho closely connected with ,saint     
,mary1 better illustrate  some other    
phase of this study 7such as the        
character of the ,devil1 the  power of  
the ,host1 conjuring1 etc471 and when   
this is the case they  have been used in
 their appropriate place4    #fd ,et    
quanto en sse todas las criaturas fizo  
buenas1 mas cayeron  algunas dellas en  
yerro2 las unas por si mesmas1 asi como 
el diablo se  perdi por su orgullo et   
por su soberbia1 et los otros por       
consejo de  otri1 asi como ,adan1 etc4  
,partidas1 #a-c4--;,introduction p4 #ch4
    #fe 8,cerca de las eglesias tovieron
 por bien los santos padres que  fuesen 
las sepolturas de los cristianos1 et    
esto por quatro razones3  444 la quarta 

porque los diablos non han poder de se  
allegar tanto   los cuarpos de los      
muertos que son soterrados en los       
cementerios como   los que yacen de     
fuera30 ,partidas #a-ac-b4    #ff ,see  
conjuring1 p4 #aac4    #fg p4 #bff4 ,for
 a further discussion see 8,visions01 p4
 #ajg4    #fh ,las ,cantigas ,no4 #bf1  
,see also ,berceo's ,miraglos de        
,nuestra  ,seora1 ,,viii4    #fi ,las   
,cantigas1 ,no4 #c4 ,berceo3 ,los       
,miraglos de ,nuestra ,seora1  ,no4 #bd1
 varies from this slightly4    #gj ,idem
 ,no4 #baf4 ,very interesting for its   
details is the devil-pact  story in ,el 
,arcipreste de ,hita1 #aded ff4    #ga  
p4 #bjf4    #gb ,prim4 ,crn4 ,gral41 p4 
#bab4    #gc ,see p4 #fc4    #gd ,in ,el
 ,libro de ,alejandro is a vivid        
description1 #bahj ff4 which  was       
doubtless known by ,alfonso4 ,see also  
,sr4 ,miguel ,asn ,palacios'  ,la       
,escatologa ,musulmana en ,la ,divina   
,comedia1 ,madrid1 #aiai1 for a         
discussion of the ,mohammedan legends of

 ,inferno and their influence on        
,europe in general and ,spain and ,italy
 in particular4    #ge ,see the laws    
cited under p4 #aja4    #gf ,the best   
example of enchantment in ,castillian   
prior to ,alfonso is  ,berceo's         
,miraglos de ,nuestra ,seora1 ,,xxiv1   
,biblioteca de ,autores  ,espaoles1     
,vol4 #eg4 ,madrid1 #ahhc4 ,in ,el      
,libro de ,alejandro are to  be found   
enchanted fountains1 #acca ff41         
enchanted armor1 #fae ff41  enchanted   
persons1 #fgh ff41 and the magic knot no
 one can untie1 #ghg  ff4 ,see ,samuel  
,m4 ,waxman1 ,chapters in ,spanish      
,magic1 ,new ,york1 #aiaf1  for a study 
of this subject in the period           
immediately following ,alfonso4    #gg  
,la lgende des infants de ,lara1 ,paris1
 #ahih1 p4 #e-f4 7,extract from         
,journal des savants1 mai et juin1      
#ahih47    #gh ,see note #f1 p4 #aja4   
#gi ,prim4 ,crn4 ,gral4 #abj b #cj4     
#hj ,prim4 ,crn4 ,gral41 p4 #aae a #ci  
ff4    #ha ,prim4 ,crn4 ,gral41 p4 #aaa 

a #ea-ec4    #hb ,partidas1 #g-i-ag4    
,the very interesting ,ttulo ,de los    
adevinos  et de los encantadores is as  
follows3    ,,titulo ,,xxiii    ,de los 
,agoreros1 et de los ,sorteros1 et de   
los otros ,adevinos1 et de  los         
,hechiceros et de los ,truhanes4        
,adevinar las cosas que son por venir   
cobdician los homes naturalmente  et    
porque algunos dellos prueban esto en   
manera que yerran ellos et  meten  otros
 muchos en yerro1 por ende pues que en  
el ttulo ante  deste fablamos de los    
alcahuetes que facen errar  los homes et
  las  mugeres en muchas maneras1       
queremos aqui decir otrosi destos que   
son  muy daosos  la tierra3 et          
mostraremos qu quiere decir adevinanza3 
et  quntas maneras son della3 et quin   
puede acusar a los facedores della3  et 
ante quin3 et qu pena merescen los que  
se trabajan a obrar della  como non     
deben4    ,,ley ,i    ,qu quiere decir  
,adevinanza1 et quntas maneres son      
della4    ,adevinanza tanto quiere decir

 como querer tomar poder de ,dios para  
saber las cosas que son por venir4 ,et  
son dos maneras de adevinanza3  la      
primera es la que se face por arte de   
astronoma1 que es una de  las siete     
artes liberales3 et esta segunt el fuero
 de las leyes non  es defendida de usar 
los que son ende maestros et la         
entienden  verdaderamente1 porque los   
juicios et los asmamientos que se dan   
por  esta arte1 son catados por el curso
 natural de los planetas et de las      
otras estrellas1 et tomados de los      
libros de ,tolomeo et de los otros      
sabidores que se trabajaron desta       
esciencia3 mas los otros sic que  non   
son ende sabidores1 non deben obrar por 
ella1 como quier que se  puedan trabajar
 de aprenderla estudiando en los libros 
de los sabios4  ,la segunda manera de   
adevinanza es de los agoreros1 et de los
 sorteros  et de los fechiceros que     
catan en aguero de aves1  de estornudos 
de  palabras1 a que llaman proverbio1   
echan suertes1  catan en agua1   en     

cristal1  en espejo1  en espada  en otra
 cosa luciente1  facen  fechizos de     
metal  de otra cosa qualquier1 o        
adevinan en cabeza de  home muerto1  de 
bestia1  de perro1  en palma de nio  de 
muger  vrgen4 ,et estos truhanes atales 
et todos los otros semejantes dellos    
porque son homes daosos et engaadores1  
et nacen de sus fechos muy  grandes daos
 et malos  la tierra1 defendemos que    
ninguno dellos non  more en nuestro     
seorio nin use hi destas cosas3 et      
otrosi que ninguno  non sea osado de    
acogerlos en sus casas nin de           
encobrirlos4    ,,ley ,,ii    ,de los   
que escantan 7encantan87 los ,espritus  
,malos  facen imgines   otros fechizos1 
dan yerbas para enamoramiento de los    
homes et de las  mugeres4               
,nigromancia dicen en ,latin  un saber  
estrao que es para escantar  los        
espritus malos4 ,et porque de los homes 
que se trabajan  facer  esto viene muy  
grant dao  la tierra et sealadamente    
los que los  creen et les demandan      

alguna cosa en esa razn1 acaescindoles  
muchas  ocasiones por el espanto que    
reciben andando de noche buscando estas 
cosas atales en los lugares extraos1 de 
manera que algunos dellos  mueren1      
fincan locos o demuniados2 por ende     
defendemos que ninguno  non sea osado de
 trabajarse de usar tal nemiga como     
esta1 porque es  cosa que pesa  ,dios et
 viene ende muy grant dao a los homes4  
,otrosi  defendemos que ninguno non sea 
osado de facer imgines de cera1 nin  de 
metal nin de otros fechizos malos para  
enamorar los homes con las  mugeres1 nin
 para partir el amor que algunos        
hobiesen entre s4 ,et aun  defendemos   
que ninguno non sea osado de dar yerbas 
nin brebage  home    muger por razon de 
enamoramiento1 porque acaesce a las     
vegadas que  destos brebages atales     
vienen a muerte los que los toman1  han 
muy  grandes enfermedades de que fincan 
ocacionados para siempre4    ,,ley ,,iii
    ,quin puede acusar  los ,truhanes1  
et  los ,baratadores sobredichos et  qu 

pena merescen4    ,acusar pueda cada uno
 del pueblo delante del judgador  los   
agoreros1  et  los sorteros et  los     
otros baratadores de que fablamos en    
las leyes deste ttulo4 ,et si les fuere 
probado por testigos o  por conoscencia 
dellos mesmos que facen  obran contra   
nuestro  defendimiento algunos de los   
yerros sobredichos1 deben morir por     
ende3  et los que los encubieren en sus 
casas  sabiendas1 deben seer echados  de
 la tierra para siempre4 ,pero los que  
ficiensen encantamientos   otras cosas  
con buena entencin1 asi como para sacas 
demonios de los  cuerpos de los homes o 
para deslegar a los que fuesen marido et
 muger  que non pudiesen convenir en    
uno1 o para desatar nube que echase     
granizo  niebla porque non corrompiese  
los frutos de la tierra1  para  langosta
  pulgon que daa el pan  las vias1  por 
alguna otra cosa  provechosa semejante  
destas non debe haber pena1 ante decimos
 que deben  rescebir gualardon por ello4
    #hc ,prim4 ,crn4 ,gral41 p4 #ig b   

#bf ff4    #hd ,idem1 p4 #ee a #d ff4   
#he ,idem1 p4 #bgd b #bb ff4 ,on page   
#cjg b #d is to be found ,alfonso's     
version of the legend of the last king  
of the ,goths which is as  follows3     
,after opening the palace and finding   
the ark 8el rey mando la  abrir1 et non 
fallaron en ella sinon un panno en que  
estauan escriptas  letras ladinas que   
dizien assi3 que quando aquellas        
cerraduras  fuessen crebantadas et ell  
arca et el palacio fuessen abiertos et  
lo que y yazie fuesse uisto1 que yentes 
de tal manera como en aquel  panno      
estauan pintadas que entrarien en       
,espanna et la conqueririen et  serien  
ende sennores4 ,el rei quando aquello   
oyo1 pesol mucho por que  el palacio    
fiziera abrir1 e fizo cerrar ell arca et
 el palacio assi  como estauan de       
primero4 ,en aquel palacio estauan      
pintados omnes de  caras et de parescer 
et de manera et de uestido assi como    
agora andan  los alaraues1 e tenien sus 
cabecas cubiertas de tocas1 et seyen en 

cauallos1 et los uestidos dellos eran de
 muchos colores1 e tenian en  las manos 
espadas et ballestas et sennas alcadas4 
,e el rey et los altos  omnes fueron    
mucho espandados por aquellas pinturas  
que uiran40    ,for a detailed study of 
this legend see ,juan ,menndez ,pidal1  
,leyendas  del ltimo rey godo4    #hf   
,prim4 ,crn4 ,gral41 p4 #ce b #di ff4   
#hg ,prim4 ,crn4 ,gral41 p4 #afd a #ac  
ff4    #hh ,idem1 p4 #ih a #h ff4    #hi
 ,idem1 p4 #ajg a #dj4    #ij ,partidas1
 #a-aj-aj and reads as follows3    8,que
 non deben facer eglesia nin altar por  
sueo nin por antoianza de  ninguno4     
,descubren o facen algunos homes        
engaosamente altares por los campos  o  
por las villas1 diciendo que ha en      
aquellos lugares reliquias de  algunos  
santos asacando que facen miraglos2 et  
por esta razon mueven  las gentes de    
muchas partes que vengan alli como en   
romeria por llevar  algo dellos3 otros  
hi ha que por sueos o por vanas         
antoianzas que les  aparescen facen     

altares et las descubren en los lugares 
sobredichos3  444 el obispo debe        
amonestar las gentes que non vayan a    
aquellos  lugares en romeria1 fueras    
ende si fallasen hi ciertamente cuerpo  
reliquias de algunt santo que hobiese hi
 fecho su morada1 o fuese hi            
martrizado40    #ia ,repetition will not
 be made here of what already has been  
said as  the characteristics of the     
visions in ,las ,cantigas1 ,cf4 pages   
#ff ff4    #ib ,asn1 in ,la ,escatalogia
 ,musulmana1 p4 #bhg ff41 and ,guilln   
,robles in ,leyendas ,moriscas1 ,prlogo1
 ,vol4 ,i1 discuss this type of  legends
 and their origins4    #ic ,prim4 ,crn4 
,gral41 p4 #bgf4    #id ,prim4 ,crn4    
,gral41 p4 #bec b #bd4    #ie ,idem1 p4 
#bgj a #a4    #if ,las ,cantigas ,no4   
#bib4    #ig ,prim4 ,crn4 ,gral41 p4    
#bgi b #a4    #ih ,idem1 p4 #ch b #aa4  
#ii ,prim4 ,crn4 ,gral41 p4 #bcg b #bi4 
#ajj ,idem1 p4 #aie a #af4    #aja      
,prim4 ,crn4 ,gral41 p4 #bff-bgd4       
#ajb ,asn1 in ,escatalogia ,musulmana1  

has made a careful study of  this and   
similar visions4 ,see also the ,prlogo  
to ,guilln ,robles'1  ,leyendas         
,moriscas1 p4 #ff ff4    #ajc ,a summary
 of ,partidas1 #a-d-af4    #ajd ,idem1  
#a-f-aa4    #aje ,idem1 #f-g-d4    #ajf 
,idem1 p4 #a-d-di4    #ajg ,partidas1   
#a-d-ch and #ci4    #ajh ,idem1 #a-d-ga4
    #aji ,prim4 ,crn4 ,gral41 #ahi ff4  
,in ,las ,cantigas ,no4 #add the scene  
of the miracle is a bull ring4 ,for a   
history of the bullfight in ,spain  see 
,conde de las ,navas1 ,historia de las  
corridas de toros4    #aaj ,see p4 #fh4 
#aaa ,for the study of the ghost in the 
drama see ,c4 ,e4 ,whitmore1 ,the       
,supernatural in ,tragedy1 ,cambridge4  
,harvard ,university ,press1 #aiae4     
#aab ,nos4 #ajd1 #abh1 #bjh1 and #bch4  
#aac ,that is in ,no4 #abh4    #aad     
,nos4 #ab1 #abh1 #acc1 #ade1 #adi1 #agi1
 #baa1 #bbh1 #bcd1 #bea1 #bic1 #caa1    
#cbb4    #aae ,partidas1 #a-d-ajd4      
#aaf ,partidas1 #a-d-aje4    #aag ,this 
same motif of wishing to join the ,child

 ,jesus in heaven is  beautifully       
enlarged upon in ,no4 #aci4 ,a ,flemish 
woman takes her child  with her to ask  
guidance of the ,virgin4 ,on arriving   
before the shrine  the little fellow1   
who has been eating bread on the way1   
offers his  bread to the ,child ,jesus1 
saying1 8,do you want some80 ,in answer 
to the  invitation the ,christ ,child   
replies 8,tomorrow you will eat with me 
in  heaven40 ,no4 #cec has many points  
of resemblance4    #aah ,partidas1 #a-f4
 ,intro1 p4 #bej4    #aai ,antonio ,g4  
,solalinde1 ,general ,estoria in        
,antologia de ,alfonso  ,x1 el ,sabio1  
p4 #bja-bjb4    #abj ,prim4 ,crn4       
,gral41 p4 #acf-;b-#ba4    #aba ,idem1  
p4 #ajh ff4    #abb ,idem1 p4 #bce a #c 
ff4    #abc ,solalinde1 ,antologia de   
,alfonso ,x1 el ,sabio1 p4 #bfb4    #abd
 ,solalinde1 ,antologia de ,alfonso ,x1 
el ,sabio1 p4 #bfd-fe4 ,in  the ,libro  
de ,alejandro we find the mysterious    
bird continually  being burned in its   
nest only to be revived again when half 

consumed1  line #bcaa1 as well as the   
hen that ceases to lay the golden eggs  
when  ,alejandro is born1 because they  
would be no longer needed to pay        
tribute1 line #acj4 ,there are also the 
two 8grifos0 which carry him thru  the  
air all over ,asia1 ,africa1 and ,europe
 7lines #bccc ff474    ,in the second   
part of the ,primera ,crnica ,general   
the body of the  ,cid1 now seven years  
dead1 is said to draw its sword a palm's
 breadth  when affronted by a ,jew and  
never could the sword be forced back    
into  its scabbard 7p4 #fdb b #bf74     
#abe ,partidas1 #a-aj-ab1 8,et non deben
 consagrar altar ninguno1  fueras ende  
el que fuere de piedra1 et quando lo    
consagren deben meter  en l algunas     
reliquias04 7,italics are mine47    #abf
 ,prim4 ,crn4 ,gral4 #afa b #cj ff4     
#abg ,dorothy ,scarborough1 ,the        
,supernatural in ,modern ,english       
,fiction1 p4 #age4 ,the ,italics in the 
quotation are mine4