,illustration3 ,,court ,,grammarland ,,grammar-,,land ,,or1 ,,grammar ,,in ,,fun ,,for ,,the ,,children ,,of ,,schoolroom-,,shire ,,by ,m4 ,l4 ,,nesbitt ,with ,frontispiece and ,initials by ,f4 ,,waddy4 ,illustration ,,new ,,york ,,henry ,,holt ,,and ,,company #ahhe4 ,illustration ,,to ,,all ,,little ,,children ,,who ,,think ,,grammar ,,hard ,,and ,,dry1 ,this ,book is ,dedicated1 ,,by ,,one ,,who ,,loves ,,to ,,see ,,sunshine ,,in ,,schoolroom-,,shire4 ,illustration ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,third ,,edition4 ,the favourable reception that the former ,editions of this little book have met with1 calls for a word of acknowledgment4 ,it seems that not only the little folks for whom it was intended1 but children of a larger growth have read it with interest2 and students1 who spend days and nights 8with weary eyesight poring over miserable books10 have condescended to turn over these pages1 and laughingly admit that the imagination may sow even the dustiest of book-shelves with flowers4 ,teachers of the younger classes in schools have found this little volume extremely useful2 and it is suggested1 that though children will often read it with pleasure by themselves1 they will derive much more profit from it when it is made the text-book for a lesson4 ,the simple exercises appended to each chapter will then be found both useful and entertaining4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,contents4 ,,page ,,introduction--,,judge ,,grammar ,,and ,,his ,,subjects #a ,,chapter ,i4 ,,mr4 ,,noun #g ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,little ,,article #ae ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,mr4 ,,pronoun #bj ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,serjeant ,,parsing',s ,,visit ,,to ,,schoolroom-,,shire #bh ,,chapter ,v4 ,,mr4 ,,adjective #cj ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,mr4 ,,adjective ,,tried ,,for ,,stealing #cg ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,the ,,quarrel ,,between ,,mr4 ,,pronoun ,,and ,,mr4 ,,adjective1 ,,and ,,little ,,interjection #de ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,dr4 ,,verb #ed ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,dr4 ,,verb',s ,,three ,,tenses1 ,,number1 ,,and ,,person #fb ,,chapter ,x4 ,,serjeant ,,parsing ,,in ,,schoolroom-,,shire ,,again #gj ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,the ,,nominative ,,case #gc ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,adverb #hj ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,preposition #hf ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,prepositions ,,govern ,,the ,,objective ,,case #ic ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,conjunction #ii ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,active ,,verbs ,,govern ,,the ,,objective ,,case #ajf ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,the ,,possessive ,,case2 ,,and ,,who',s ,,to ,,have ,,the ,,prize8 #aad ,illustration ,illustration ,,grammar-,,land4 ,,introduction4 ,,judge ,,grammar ,,and ,,his ,,subjects4 ,illustration3 ,,judge ,,grammar ,,rules ,,in ,,every ,,land4 ,what is ,grammar-land8 ,where is ,grammar-land8 ,have you ever been to ,grammar-land8 ,wait a minute and you shall hear4 ,you will not find ,grammar-land marked on the globe1 and ,i never saw a map of it2 but then1 who ever saw a map of ,fairy-land8 and yet you have all heard of that1 and know a great deal about it1 of course4 ,well1 ,grammar-land is a place every bit as real as ,fairy-land1 and much more important4 ,the ,fairy ,queen is all very well1 and a very great little queen in her way2 but ,judge ,grammar6 great1 stern1 old ,judge ,grammar1 is far mightier than any ,fairy ,queen1 for he rules over real kings and queens down here in ,matter-of-fact-land4 ,our kings and queens1 and emperors too1 have all to obey ,judge ,grammar's laws1 or else they would talk what is called bad grammar2 and then1 even their own subjects would laugh at them1 and would say3 8,poor things6 ,when they were children1 and lived in ,schoolroom-shire1 they can never have been taken to ,grammar-land6 ,how shocking60 ,and ,judge ,grammar himself--well1 ,i cannot say what he would do1 as ,i suppose such a thing never really happened2 for who could imagine a king or queen saying1 8,i is10 or 8you was10 or 8it wasn't me40 ,no one speaks in that way except people who have never heard of ,judge ,grammar4 ,ah6 ,i wish you could see him--this great ,judge--sitting on his throne in his court1 and giving orders about his precious words1 which are the riches of ,grammar-land4 ,for ,judge ,grammar says that all the words that you can say belong really to him1 and he can do what he likes with them2 he is1 in fact1 ,king as well as ,judge over ,grammar-land4 ,now1 you know that when ,william the ,conqueror conquered ,england he divided the land among his nobles1 and they had it for their own so long as they obeyed the king and helped him in his wars4 ,it was just the same with ,judge ,grammar when he took possession of ,grammar-land2 he gave all the words to his nine followers1 to take for their very own as long as they obeyed him4 ,these nine followers he called the nine ,parts-of-,speech1 and to one or other of them every word in ,grammar-land was given4 ,they are funny fellows1 these nine ,parts-of-,speech4 ,you will find out by-and-by which you like best amongst them all4 ,there is rich ,mr4 ,noun1 and his useful friend ,pronoun2 little ragged ,article1 and talkative ,adjective2 busy ,dr4 ,verb1 and ,adverb2 perky ,preposition1 convenient ,conjunction1 and that tiresome ,interjection1 the oddest of them all4 ,now1 as some of these ,parts-of-,speech are richer1 that is1 have more words than others1 and as they all like to have as many as they can get1 it follows1 ,i am sorry to say1 that they are rather given to quarrelling2 and so it fell out that one day1 when my story begins1 they made so much noise1 wrangling and jangling in the court1 that they woke ,judge ,grammar up from a long and very comfortable nap4 8,what is all this about80 he growled out1 angrily4 8,brother ,parsing6 ,dr4 ,syntax6 here60 ,in an instant the ,judge's two learned counsellors were by his side4 ,serjeant ,parsing 7,brother ,parsing1 the ,judge calls him7 has a sharp nose1 bright eyes1 a little round wig with a tail to it1 and an eye-glass4 ,he is very quick and cunning in finding out who people are and what they mean1 and making them tell 8the truth1 the whole truth1 and nothing but the truth40 ,it is of no use to say 8,i don't know0 to ,serjeant ,parsing4 ,he will question you1 and question you1 till somehow or other he makes you know1 and finds out all about you4 ,when ,i say he will question you1 of course ,i mean he will question the ,parts-of-,speech1 for that is his business1 and that is why ,judge ,grammar summoned him4 ,for whenever there is a fuss in ,grammar-land1 ,serjeant ,parsing has to find out all about it1 and ,dr4 ,syntax has to say what is right or wrong1 according to the law4 8,brother ,parsing10 said the ,judge1 8this racket must be stopped4 ,what are they fighting about8 ,i divided the words clearly enough once amongst the nine ,parts-of-,speech4 ,why cannot they keep the peace80 8,my lord10 answered ,serjeant ,parsing1 8the fact is that it is a long time since you portioned out the words1 and the ,parts-of-,speech since then have been left to do pretty much as they like4 ,some of them are greedy1 and have stolen their neighbours' words4 ,some of them have got hold of new words1 which the others say they had no right to make2 and some of them are even inclined to think that ,dr4 ,syntax is old-fashioned1 and need not be obeyed4 ,in fact1 unless your lordship takes the matter in hand at once1 ,i am afraid the good old laws of ,grammar-land will all go to wreck and ruin40 8,that must never be10 said the ,judge1 solemnly shaking his wig3 8that must never be4 ,we must stop it at once4 ,go and summon all my court before me40 8,certainly1 my lord10 answered ,serjeant ,parsing2 8but may ,i ask if there is any ,part-of-,speech you wish for in particular80 8,i wish for them all1 sir1 every one10 replied the ,judge4 8,they shall all come before me1 and you shall question them in turn1 and make them say what right they have to the titles and the words which they claim2 and then if there is any disagreement between them1 ,i will settle the matter once for all40 8,quite so1 my lord10 said ,serjeant ,parsing2 8and shall ,i invite our friends in ,schoolroom-shire80 8,our friends in ,schoolroom-shire8 ,by all means let them come10 replied the ,judge4 8,if we wish to have peace among the ,parts-of-,speech it is most important that the people of ,matter-of-fact-land should know how to use them well4 ,and as the people of ,matter-of-fact-land generally spend at least a part of their lives in ,schoolroom-shire1 we cannot do better than send our invitation there4 ,go1 ,brother ,parsing1 and request them to come1 and to bring their slates and pencils with them1 that they may keep an account of what we do1 and let our ,parts-of-,speech prepare to come before us at once40 ,away went ,serjeant ,parsing1 as quick as thought1 and soon the whole court was assembled4 ,there was ,judge ,grammar on his throne1 with a long flowing wig and gorgeous robes4 ,at the table below him sat his two counsellors1 ,serjeant ,parsing and ,dr4 ,syntax4 ,dr4 ,syntax is very tall and thin and dark4 ,he has a long thin neck covered up with a stiff black tie1 which looks as though it nearly choked him4 ,when he speaks he stands up1 looks straight through his spectacles1 sticks out his chin1 and says his say in a gruff and melancholy voice1 as if he were repeating a lesson4 ,he is the terror of all little boys1 for he never smiles1 and he is so very1 very old1 that people say he never was young like other folks2 that when he was a baby he always cried in ,greek1 and that his first attempt at talking was in ,latin4 ,however that may be1 there he sat1 side by side with ,serjeant ,parsing1 while the company from ,schoolroom-shire1 armed with slates and pencils1 prepared to listen to the examination that was to take place1 and the ,parts-of-,speech crowded together at the end of the court1 waiting for their names to be called4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,i4 ,,mr4 ,,noun4 ,illustration3 ,,common ,,nouns ,,bird ,,horse ,,cat ,,proper ,,nouns ,,venus ,,alice ,,bob ,,fido ,the first ,part-of-,speech that was called was ,mr4 ,noun4 ,he is a stout big fellow1 very well dressed1 for he does not mind showing that he is very rich4 ,as ,mr4 ,noun came forward1 ,serjeant ,parsing rose1 put his pen behind his ear1 arranged his papers on the table before him1 and looking at ,mr4 ,noun through his eye-glass1 asked3 8,what is your name80 8,name10 answered ,mr4 ,noun4 8,yes1 your name80 repeated ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,name10 again answered ,mr4 ,noun4 8,do not trifle1 sir10 said the ,judge1 sternly2 8what is your name8 ,answer at once1 and truly40 8,i have answered truly10 replied ,mr4 ,noun4 8,my name is ,name1 for noun means name4 ,the name of everything belongs to me1 so ,i am called ,mr4 ,name1 or ,mr4 ,noun1 which means the same thing1 and all my words are called nouns40 8,the name of everything belongs to you80 asked ,serjeant ,parsing1 in surprise4 8,yes10 answered ,mr4 ,noun1 8the name of everything40 8,what8 ,do you mean to say that the name of everything ,i can see round me now is one of your words1 and is called a noun80 8,i do indeed10 said ,mr4 ,noun4 8,the name of everything you can see1 or touch1 or taste1 or smell1 or hear1 belongs to me40 8,what10 said ,serjeant ,parsing1 8is this desk yours then1 and the ink and the pen and the window80 8,the words that name them are all mine10 said ,mr4 ,noun4 8,of course ,i have nothing to do with the things4 ,no gentleman in ,grammar-land has anything to do with things1 only with words2 and ,i assure you1 you cannot name anything that you can see1 or touch1 or taste1 or smell1 or hear1 without using one of my words4 ,desk1 pen1 ink1 window1 water1 wine1 fire1 smoke1 light1 lightning1 thunder1 a taste1 a smell1 a noise1 all these words belong to me1 and are called nouns40 8,i see10 said ,serjeant ,parsing2 8you can hear thunder1 and smell smoke1 and taste wine4 ,and ,i suppose dinner and tea are yours also80 8,certainly1 the words breakfast1 dinner1 and tea1 are mine10 replied ,mr4 ,noun4 8,the things are what the people live upon in ,schoolroom-shire1 but they could not name what they eat without using my words4 ,the servant would have to make signs to let people know that dinner was ready2 she could not say so unless ,i allowed her to use my noun dinner40 8,well10 said ,serjeant ,parsing1 8if you have the name of everything we can see1 touch1 taste1 smell1 or hear1 all ,i can say is1 ,i hope you are satisfied1 and do not claim any more words besides40 8,indeed10 replied ,mr4 ,noun1 drawing himself proudly up1 8,i have not mentioned nearly all my words4 ,i told you at first that ,i have the name of everything1 and there are plenty of things that you know about1 although you cannot see1 or touch1 or taste1 or smell1 or hear them4 ,for instance1 love1 or anger1 or happiness4 ,you can feel them in your heart1 and know they are there1 although you cannot touch them with your fingers1 or taste them with your tongue1 or find them out by any of your five senses40 8,do you mean to say1 then10 asked ,serjeant ,parsing1 8that when a child feels naughty in its heart----80 8,naughtiness is mine10 said ,mr4 ,noun2 8the word naughtiness1 for it is the name of the something bad that the child feels40 8,and when it is kind80 8,kindness is mine1 because it is the name of the something kind and nice it feels there4 ,i have a good many more words that end in ness1 and that are the names of things you can find out about1 and talk about1 though you cannot tell what shape or colour or smell or taste they have2 like cleverness1 silliness1 idleness1 ugliness1 quickness40 8,i see10 said ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,you cannot tell what shape or colour cleverness is1 but you can soon find out whether a boy has any of it by the way in which he does his lessons40 8,yes10 said ,mr4 ,noun2 8and the names of his lessons are mine too1 for the lessons are things that you can learn about2 geography1 history1 writing1 arithmetic1 all these names belong to me40 8,really ,mr4 ,noun10 said ,serjeant ,parsing1 8you do claim a big share of words4 ,you will be making out that the names of persons belong to you next40 8,so they do10 replied ,mr4 ,noun2 8no matter who the persons are1 their names belong to me4 ,i have the name of every person in the world from good ,queen ,victoria on her throne to the raggedest beggar-boy in the street4 ,there is not a child in ,schoolroom-shire whose name is not a noun4 ,and ,i have not the names of people only1 but of all pet dogs1 cats1 birds1 horses1 or rabbits3 ,fido1 ,tabby1 ,bright-eye1 ,tiny1 ,shag1 and any other pet names you can think of4 ,indeed1 ,i am very particular about such names4 ,i call them proper nouns1 and expect them always to be written with a capital letter40 8,proper nouns80 repeated ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,then what are the other nouns called80 8,they are only common nouns10 answered ,mr4 ,noun1 carelessly4 8,then all names are common nouns1 except the names of persons or animals1 are they80 asked ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,no1 no1 no10 said ,mr4 ,noun1 quite crossly3 8the name of an animal is not a proper noun unless it is the own special name of one animal1 that marks it from other animals of the same kind4 ,dog is the name given to all dogs1 they have the name in common between them2 but ,fido is the name of one particular dog1 his own proper name by which his master calls him4 ,so dog is a common noun1 ,fido is a proper noun40 8,oh1 ,i see10 said ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,then the particular name of any person or animal is a proper noun1 and all other names are common nouns40 8,i never said that10 exclaimed ,mr4 ,noun4 8,how very stup---- ,i mean1 you do not understand me1 my dear sir4 ,i never said that the particular name of a place or thing was not a proper noun too4 ,every particular and special name1 whether of a person1 an animal1 a place1 or a thing1 is a proper noun4 ,every place has its own proper name1 or should have4 ,every country and mountain and river and town in ,europe is named with a proper noun4 ,why1 you would not call ,england a common noun1 ,i should hope8 ,there are plenty of countries in the world1 but there is only one country that is called by the proper name of dear old ,england4 ,country is a common noun1 all countries have it in common1 but when you want to speak of any particular country you use the proper nouns1 ,england1 ,scotland1 ,ireland1 ,france1 etc41 etc40 8,well1 ,i think we can understand that the particular names of places are proper nouns10 said ,serjeant ,parsing2 8but you spoke about things also4 ,surely things have no proper names8 ,you do not give names to chairs and tables1 and call them ,mr4 ,leanback or ,squire ,mahogany80 8,not exactly10 answered ,mr4 ,noun2 8we do not name chairs and tables with proper names1 but what do you say to houses8 ,they are things1 are they not8 ,and you may have heard of such names as ,marlborough ,house1 ,springfield ,cottage1 ,ivy ,lodge40 8,well1 no other things besides houses have proper names1 have they80 said ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,books are things10 said ,mr4 ,noun1 8and they all have proper names4 ,so have ships and boats1 ,warrior1 ,seafoam1 ,fairy1 or something of that sort4 ,i have heard of a cannon which was called ,roarer1 and you ought to know that ,king ,arthur's sword was named ,excalibur4 ,indeed1 you can give a proper name to anything you like that you want to distinguish from other things of the same sort40 8,and all such proper names1 or proper nouns1 as you call them1 must be written with a capital letter1 must they8 ,whether they are the names of persons1 animals1 places1 or things1 little or big80 8,sir10 answered ,mr4 ,noun1 8littleness or bigness makes no difference4 ,if you had a pet fly1 and called it ,silver-wing1 ,silver-wing must be written with a capital ,s1 because it is a proper noun40 8,well1 ,mr4 ,noun10 said ,serjeant ,parsing1 8your ideas of what is proper seem to me rather peculiar1 but ,i suppose ,dr4 ,syntax has no objection1 so ,i will say nothing40 ,dr4 ,syntax silently bowed his head4 ,the ,judge then spoke4 8,mr4 ,noun1 you have claimed a great many words1 and it remains to be seen whether all the other ,parts-of-,speech agree to these words being yours4 ,in order to find out whether they do or no1 ,i will ask our friends from ,schoolroom-shire to write out1 each of them1 a list of twenty names1 the names of anything they can see1 hear1 touch1 taste1 smell1 or think about1 or the proper names of any persons1 animals1 places1 or things they know2 and when next we meet ,i will read out what they have written1 and we shall hear whether any one has any good reason to give why they should not be called nouns40 ,the ,judge then rose from his seat1 and every one left the court4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,little ,,article4 ,illustration3 the a ,,little,,article ,when ,judge ,grammar next took his seat in court1 a number of papers covered with words were handed up to him by ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,they are the lists of names1 my lord10 he said1 8which you asked the people of ,schoolroom-shire to write for you40 8,very good10 said the ,judge4 8,i will read some of the words aloud1 and if any one thinks that they are not nouns1 let him come forward and say so4 ,and he began to read3 the garden1 the house1 the sky1 a book1 a bird1 a fly10 when suddenly he was interrupted by a sound of bitter sobbing and crying4 8,what is the matter80 he asked4 8,who dares to interrupt the court80 8,it is this tiresome little ,article1 your lordship10 said ,serjeant ,parsing1 pushing forward a ragged little fellow1 who was rubbing both fists into his eyes and crying bitterly4 8,he says he is being cheated1 my lord2 that he has only two words of his own in all ,grammar-land1 and that they are being used on these lists as if they belonged to ,mr4 ,noun40 8,bring him up before me10 said the ,judge4 8,what is your name1 sir80 8,my name is ,article1 or ,little-joint10 replied the little fellow4 8,i have only two words in all ,grammar-land1 a and the4 ,i lend them to ,mr4 ,noun whenever he asks for them fairly2 but1 your lordship1 it is very hard10 and here he began to cry again1 8that they should be read as your lordship was reading them just now1 as if they belonged to ,mr4 ,noun1 when he is so rich1 and ,i am so very1 very poor40 8,is it true1 ,brother ,parsing10 asked the ,judge1 8that little ,article is always ready to wait upon ,mr4 ,noun80 8,quite true1 my lord10 answered ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,indeed1 ,i have often been able to discover ,mr4 ,noun by catching sight of little ,article running before him1 for whenever you see an a or a the1 you may be sure that ,mr4 ,noun will have a word of his own in somewhere near4 ,the chief use of little ,article is to point out that a noun is coming1 for you may be sure that if you can put an a or a the before a word1 that word is a noun1 as a bird1 the sky40 8,and do you use him as much before your pet proper nouns1 sir80 asked ,judge ,grammar of ,mr4 ,noun4 8,no1 your lordship10 replied ,mr4 ,noun1 8that ,i do not4 ,indeed1 ,i cannot see that little ,article is of much use to me at any time2 but he has an old habit of coming with me wherever ,i go1 and when ,i have no one else ,i do not mind having him40 8,well10 said ,judge ,grammar1 8if you do have him1 take care that you use him well2 and pray1 ,brother ,parsing1 tell the ,schoolroom-shire children to give him a separate mark for himself1 and not to put his words with ,mr4 ,noun's40 8,certainly1 my lord10 said ,serjeant ,parsing1 8but ,i have one question to ask first4 ,this little ,article said that he had only two words in all ,grammar-land1 a and the4 ,i wish to ask him what he says to an1 as you say an egg1 an apple8 ,surely an belongs to him also40 ,article was just beginning to answer when he suddenly stopped1 turned pale1 trembled1 and looked as if he would have tumbled to pieces in terror1 for he saw ,dr4 ,syntax rise4 ,dr4 ,syntax stood upright1 looking very tall and thin and black3 he spoke in very stern voice1 but all he said was1 8,an is only used before a vowel or an h mute40 ,then he sat down again4 8,ah60 said ,serjeant ,parsing1 drawing a long breath1 8thank you4 ,now1 little ,article1 say what you have to say40 8,i have only to say10 remarked ,article1 recovering his courage1 8that a and an are really one and the same word2 a is only an with his coat off4 ,i like to use it best as a without its coat1 but before a vowel or an h mute ,i am obliged10 and here ,article gave a frightened look at ,dr4 ,syntax1 8,i am obliged to keep its coat on and call it an40 8,and do you know what you mean by a vowel or an h mute80 asked ,judge ,grammar4 8,o yes1 my lord3 there are five vowels1 a1 e1 i1 o1 u10 answered ,article4 8,and what is an h mute80 asked the ,judge4 8,an h that is not sounded1 as in an hour1 an honour10 answered ,article1 rather impatiently1 for he was getting very tired of being questioned4 8,and you are to use an before any word that begins with a vowel1 a1 e1 i1 o1 or u1 or an h mute1 are you80 asked the ,judge4 8,yes1 my lord10 said ,article1 8,i told you so before40 8,give us some examples of words beginning with each of these10 said the ,judge1 8and show us how you use an before them40 ,article held up one hand1 with the thumb and four fingers stretched out1 and pointing to each one in turn1 beginning with the thumb1 he answered3 8,an apple1 an eagle1 an idol1 an ox1 and an ugly1 uncomfortable1 unkind old ,judge1 to keep me here so long answering questions40 ,saying which1 little ragged ,article turned and scampered off as fast as his legs could carry him4 ,serjeant ,parsing then said that as ,article had behaved so badly1 he hoped the ,judge would give him a severe punishment1 by allowing the children of ,schoolroom-shire to use his words as often as they liked in their new lists4 8,certainly10 said ,judge ,grammar4 8,i request that each of you will write six new nouns1 and will use an article before every one of them40 ,the court then rose1 after ,serjeant ,parsing had handed the ,schoolroom-shire children the following verse1 begging them to find out all the nouns and articles in it3-- ,once there was a little boy1 ,with curly hair and pleasant eye2 ,a boy who always spoke the truth1 ,and never1 never told a lie4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,mr4 ,,pronoun4 ,illustration3 ,allow me to go instead of you--,mr4 ,noun1 it will save trouble ,,nouns ,,mr4 ,,pronoun ,,speaks ,when the court next assembled1 the ,judge read aloud all the nouns and articles on the lists1 casting a stern glance at little ,article at each a1 an1 or the that he came to1 in order to show that they were put in as a punishment for ,article's impudent behaviour the day before4 ,poor little ,article said nothing1 and no one having objected to any of the words1 the ,judge said3 8,mr4 ,noun and ,article1 since no one finds fault with the words that you claim1 ,i declare them to be lawfully yours4 ,now1 stand aside1 and let ,mr4 ,pronoun come forward40 ,at these words ,mr4 ,pronoun stood before the ,judge4 ,he is something like ,mr4 ,noun1 only he is thinner1 and looks as if he worked harder4 8,mr4 ,pronoun80 said ,serjeant ,parsing1 standing up to begin his questioning4 ,mr4 ,pronoun bowed4 8,why are you called ,pronoun1 sir1 and what words do you possess80 8,i am called ,pronoun1 because ,i often do the work for my rich neighbour1 ,mr4 ,noun4 ,pro means instead of1 so pronoun means instead of noun1 and my words are called pronouns because they stand instead of nouns4 ,mr4 ,noun1 though he is so rich1 does not like to have his words used over and over again--he says it wears them out2 so to save trouble ,i put in my little words1 which do just as well40 8,and you are not afraid of your words being worn out80 asked the ,judge4 8,o dear no6 my lord10 answered ,pronoun4 8,i think my words are like the iron rails on the railway--the more they are used the brighter they look2 it is only the idle ones that get rusty and spoilt4 ,and it is not many of my words that get rusty1 ,i can tell you1 my lord4 ,serjeant ,parsing knows how he was one day trying to make sense of ,dr4 ,faustus without me1 and what a muddle he made of it4 ,if he will kindly repeat it now1 ,i will show you40 ,so ,serjeant ,parsing said3-- ,dr4 ,faustus was a good man2 ,dr4 ,faustus whipped ,dr4 ,faustus's scholars now and then ,when ,dr4 ,faustus whipped the scholars ,dr4 ,faustus made the scholars dance ,out of ,england into ,france4 8,there60 said ,pronoun4 8,let any one try to sing that1 and he will find how awkward it is4 ,now1 if you will use my little he or his1 instead of saying ,dr4 ,faustus so often1 and put them instead of scholars1 it will sound much better4 ,just listen4 ,please1 ,mr4 ,parsing1 say it again1 and ,i will come in when ,i am wanted40 ,so ,serjeant ,parsing said3 8,dr4 ,faustus was a good man40 8,he whipped his10 shouted ,pronoun4 8,he whipped his scholars now and then4 ,when----0 8,he whipped them10 shouted ,pronoun4 8,when he whipped them10 continued ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,he made them dance10 cried ,pronoun4 8,when he whipped them he made them dance10 repeated ,serjeant ,parsing1 8out of ,england into ,france40 8,ah10 said the ,judge1 8yes6 ,it is certainly better so4 ,mr4 ,noun's words are not used so often1 and all parties are pleased4 ,then he1 his1 and them1 are pronouns1 as they stand instead of nouns4 ,now tell us what other words you have1 ,mr4 ,pronoun40 8,first of all1 my lord1 ,i have words which are used instead of the names of people when they are talking of themselves1 such as ,i or me1 we or us4 ,when a person is speaking of himself he does not name his own name1 but says instead1 ,i or me4 ,except1 indeed1 very little children1 who say1 #8,baby wants more1' or1 #8,give baby milk4' ,reasonable persons say1 #8,i want more1' #8,give me some milk4'0 8,the ,queen says we in speaking of herself10 remarked the ,judge4 8,yes1 my lord10 said ,pronoun1 8the ,queen is of course allowed to use we or us when she means only herself2 but other people do not use we or us unless they mean more than one person40 8,then ,i or me1 we or us1 are the pronouns used instead of the names of people speaking of themselves1 are they1 ,mr4 ,pronoun80 inquired ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,certainly10 replied ,pronoun3 8and the words used instead of the names of persons you are speaking to are thou1 or thee1 and you4 ,when ,i am speaking to you1 ,mr4 ,parsing1 ,i say1 ,i tell you2 ,i do not say1 ,i tell ,serjeant ,parsing40 8,quite so10 answered ,serjeant ,parsing2 8but why do you not say1 ,i tell thee40 8,why1 the fact is10 replied ,mr4 ,pronoun1 8that thou and thee really stand for one person only1 and you stands for more than one4 ,but long ago people took it into their heads to fancy that it would be very polite to talk to one person as if he were at least as good as two4 ,it is a very vulgar thing to be only one person1 but to be two people rolled into one would be very grand indeed4 ,so when a man was talking to a grand neighbour he called him you instead of thou1 and the grand neighbour was so much pleased that it came to be the fashion to say you to every one1 and my poor little thou and thee were quite set aside40 8,and are they never used now80 said ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,o yes1 they are used10 said ,mr4 ,pronoun2 8but as people neglected them in former days1 ,i won't have them used in common now4 ,you is quite good enough for everyday talk40 8,well10 said ,serjeant ,parsing1 8you have shown that ,i or me1 we or us1 thou or thee1 and you1 are all your words4 ,have you any others80 8,plenty more10 answered ,pronoun4 8,i have he1 she1 it1 and they1 to stand instead of persons or things you are talking about4 ,tom took ,maria on the ice2 ,it broke1 and she fell in2 ,he got a rope1 and in a trice ,he pulled her out again4 ,if they had both been drowned1 you know1 ,folks would have said1 8,i told you so40 8,there it stands for ice1 and she for ,maria1 and he for ,tom1 and they for ,tom and ,maria together4 ,so you see clearly that he1 she1 it1 and they are pronouns40 8,i do not think any one could deny it10 said ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,have you any other words80 8,o yes1 there are plenty more words that stand instead of nouns4 ,my1 thy1 his1 our1 your1 their1 which are used to show that something belongs to the person these words stand instead of4 ,just as instead of saying ,dr4 ,faustus's scholars1 we said his scholars2 and as in speaking to you1 my lord1 ,i should not say ,judge ,grammar's wig1 but your wig40 8,you need not say anything about my wig10 said the ,judge1 rather testily4 8,mind your own words1 sir1 and tell us what others you have40 8,i have who and which10 replied ,pronoun4 8,instead of saying1 #8,i met a man1 the man had no eyes1' you say1 #8,i met a man who had no eyes2' so my little who saves ,mr4 ,noun's man4 ,instead of saying1 #8,i will tell you a tale1 a tale was told to me1' you can say1 #8,i will tell you a tale which was told to me2' so which stands instead of tale40 8,we understand10 said the ,judge4 8,no more of your tales now1 if you please4 ,you have no more words1 ,i suppose80 8,indeed ,i have1 my lord4 ,this and that1 these and those1 are pronouns4 ,for when you say1 #8,look at this1' you mean a picture1 or a sum1 or anything else that this may happen to stand for2 and when you say1 #8,take that1' that stands for a halfpenny1 or a kick1 or anything else you may be giving at the time4 ,and if you sing to a child--if your lordship ever does sing--which does not seem very likely----0 8,mind your words1 sir10 said the ,judge1 again4 8,if we sing what80 8,if you sing #8,this is the way the lady goes1' then this stands for the jogging up and down of my knee1 the way the lady goes40 8,really1 ,mr4 ,pronoun10 said the ,judge1 8you are very childish4 ,the ,schoolroom-shire people are quite ashamed of you4 ,we shall ask for no more of your words to-day1 for ,i suppose1 after all1 they are easy enough to find out40 8,all words that stand instead of nouns belong to me10 said ,pronoun2 8but they are not quite so easy to find out as you suppose4 ,those that stand instead of persons1 like ,i1 thou1 he1 we1 you1 they1 any one can find out4 ,i have told you about a good many others1 and if ,serjeant ,parsing wishes to discover the rest for himself----0 8,he does1 sir10 said the ,judge1 who was getting very tired and hungry4 8,you may go4 ,i will only ask you to assist our ,schoolroom-shire friends in making the following verses right4 ,they read very queerly at present2 but if you can set them right1 ,i think we shall agree that what you have been saying of your words is true40 ,the ,judge then wished them all good-morning1 and went to lunch off a few pages of dictionary4 ,here are the verses4 ,there was a man1 the man had no eyes1 ,and the man went out to view the skies2 ,the man saw a tree with apples on1 ,the man took no apples off1 and left no apples on4 ,little ,bo-peep has lost ,bo-peep's sheep1 ,and does not know where to find the sheep2 ,leave the sheep alone till the sheep come home1 ,and bring the sheep's tails behind the sheep4 ,matilda dashed the spectacles away ,to wipe ,matilda's tingling eyes2 ,and as in twenty bits the spectacles lay1 ,matilda's grandmamma ,matilda spies4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,serjeant ,,parsing',s ,,visit4 ,illustration3 ,,sergeant ,,parsing ,serjeant ,parsing paid a visit to ,schoolroom-shire4 8,my young friends10 he said1 in his most amiable voice1 8may ,i trouble you with a little piece of business for ,judge ,grammar to-day4 ,i have here a story1 and the ,judge requests that you will kindly find out how many of the words in it belong to ,mr4 ,noun1 how many to ,mr4 ,pronoun1 and how often little ragged ,article comes in4 ,the best way to do this is to get your slates1 and mark off a piece for ,mr4 ,noun1 another for ,mr4 ,pronoun1 and a corner somewhere for little ,article4 ,write their names in each4 ,now ,i will read the story1 and whenever ,i come to a noun1 give ,mr4 ,noun a mark2 whenever ,i read a pronoun1 give a mark to ,mr4 ,pronoun2 and if ,i read an a1 an1 or the1 put down a mark to little ,article4 ,when it is finished we will count up and see who has the most marks40 ,serjeant ,parsing then read the following story3-- 8,some sailors belonging to a ship of war had a monkey on board4 ,the monkey had often watched the men firing off a cannon1 so one day when they were all at dinner he thought he should like to fire it too4 ,so he took a match1 as he had seen the men do1 struck it1 put it to the touch-hole1 and looked into the mouth of the cannon1 to see the ball come out4 ,the ball did come out1 and alas6 alas6 the poor little monkey fell down dead40 ,illustration ,illustration ,,chapter ,v4 ,,mr4 ,,adjective4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,brave ,,prince ,a ,,good ,,queen ,,adjectives ,,qualify ,,nouns ,the next ,part-of-,speech called up before ,judge ,grammar was ,mr4 ,adjective4 8,my young friends in ,schoolroom-shire10 said ,serjeant ,parsing1 8must know ,mr4 ,adjective well4 ,he is the greatest chatterbox and the veriest gossip that ever lived4 ,you never in all your life1 my lord1 knew any one who could say so much about one thing as ,mr4 ,adjective4 ,mr4 ,noun cannot mention a word1 but ,mr4 ,adjective is ready to tell all about it1 whether it is little or big1 blue or green1 good or bad1 and mischief enough he does in ,schoolroom-shire4 ,for instance1 if ,noun mentions ,willy's pen--#8,nasty1 spluttering1 cross-nibbed thing1' whispers ,adjective1 and ,willy thinks that is why he wrote such a bad copy1 and did not dot his i's4 ,if ,mr4 ,noun points out pussy1 who is coming into the room1 purring and rubbing her head against the leg of each chair as she passes1 ,adjective whispers that she is a #8dear1 sweet1 soft1 warm1 little pet1' so ,milly leaves off her sums to pick her up and play with her4 ,ann1 the housemaid1 finds dirty boot-marks on her nice clean stairs1 and as soon as she sees ,tom she tells him he is a #8tiresome1 untidy1 disobedient1 and naughty boy1' not knowing that ,mr4 ,adjective was whispering all those words in her ear4 ,indeed1 ,mr4 ,adjective causes more quarrels in ,schoolroom-shire1 and other places too1 than any one can tell4 ,only yesterday ,jane and ,lucy had a quarrel1 ,i hear1 because ,jane pulled the arm off ,lucy's doll4 ,if ,adjective had not put into ,lucy's head to call ,jane naughty and unkind1 ,jane would not have answered that ,lucy was cross and disagreeable4 ,she would most likely have said1 #8,i beg your pardon1 ,i did not mean to do it1' and they would have been friends again directly4 ,see how much mischief is caused by talkative1 gossiping ,mr4 ,adjective40 8,really1 ,mr4 ,parsing10 remarked ,adjective1 now putting in his word for the first time1 8you have made a long speech to show how mischievous ,i am4 ,pray1 have you nothing to say about the good that my kind1 loving words do80 8,oh1 certainly1 my dear sir10 said ,serjeant ,parsing1 suddenly changing his tone4 8,when you like any one you are a very good-natured fellow1 and can say all sorts of sweet things4 ,i heard you in ,schoolroom-shire telling ,mary that her mamma is her own dearest1 kindest1 sweetest mother--that baby is a bright1 bonny little darling--that ,fido is a good1 faithful old doggie--and that home is the happiest place in the whole wide world4 ,oh1 yes10 continued ,serjeant ,parsing1 8you can call people good names as well as bad40 8,i do not call people names10 said ,adjective1 indignantly4 8,i qualify them4 ,i could qualify you1 ,mr4 ,parsing1 and say you are an impertinent1 rude----0 8,that will do1 ,mr4 ,adjective10 interrupted the ,judge4 8,we understand what you mean by qualifying4 ,but tell us1 are your words always placed before nouns80 8,oh1 no1 my lord10 answered ,adjective4 8,they can1 almost all of them1 be used before a noun1 but they are often used after it1 in this way3-- ,the sky is blue1 ,the sun is bright1 ,my words are true1 ,the snow is white4 8,you could also say1 blue sky1 bright sun1 true words1 white snow1 but it does not sound so well1 ,i think4 ,and when a pronoun stands instead of a noun1 and my words qualify it----0 8,oh1 you qualify pronouns as well as nouns1 do you80 asked ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,i am obliged to do so sometimes10 said ,mr4 ,adjective1 rather sulkily4 8,i will not have my words used before a pronoun1 as they are before a noun4 ,you can say3-- ,i am right1 ,and you are wrong2 ,it is late1 ,and we are strong4 ,but you must not say3 right ,i1 wrong you1 late it1 or strong we40 8,i should think not10 said ,serjeant ,parsing1 laughing4 8,then we are to understand that adjectives are used to qualify nouns and pronouns1 and that they may be used before a noun or after it1 but not before a pronoun40 8,quite right1 so far10 said ,mr4 ,adjective2 8but ,i can do other things besides qualifying nouns40 8,what can you do80 8,i can tell how many there are of the thing the noun names1 one1 two1 three1 four1 and so on4 ,and whether the thing is the first1 second1 third1 or fourth1 and so on4 ,and whether there are some things1 many things1 few things1 more things1 no things40 8,and all these words are adjectives1 are they80 8,yes10 answered ,adjective4 8,all words that can be put before thing or things are adjectives40 8,a thing1 the thing10 remarked little ,article1 looking up with a cunning smile at ,adjective4 8,a and the are both articles40 8,a and the don't count1 of course10 said ,adjective1 impatiently4 8,besides1 they were adjectives once1 people say1 only they got so worn out1 that ,i let my ragged little cousin ,article have them4 ,but except a and the1 there is no word that you can put before thing or things that is not an adjective4 ,a beautiful thing1 an ugly thing1 bad things1 good things1 green things1 yellow things1 large things1 little things2 and so you can say1 one thing1 two things1 some things1 any things2 and also1 this thing1 that thing1 these things1 those things40 8,that seems a very easy way of finding out an adjective10 remarked the ,judge4 8,i hope it is a correct way40 8,indeed it is1 my lord10 said ,adjective1 earnestly4 8,see1 ,i can give you many more examples4 ,a lovely1 graceful1 beautiful thing1 ,a useful1 homely1 dutiful thing2 ,foolish1 childish1 useless things2 ,handsome1 rich1 and priceless things40 8,my lord10 said ,mr4 ,noun1 coming forward and speaking in a solemn voice1 8,i accuse ,mr4 ,adjective of stealing1 and wish him to be sent to prison40 8,indeed60 said the ,judge2 8but he must be tried first1 and you must prove him guilty before ,i have him punished4 ,what do you say he has stolen80 8,my lord1 he is constantly stealing my words1 and only just now he used these without my leave1 in open court3 love1 grace1 beauty1 use1 home1 duty40 8,enough10 said the ,judge4 8,i certainly heard him use some such words only just now4 ,critics10 he called to the policemen1 for that is the name they have in ,grammar-land1 8seize ,mr4 ,adjective1 and keep him safe until the court meets again1 when he shall be tried for stealing40 ,then turning to the people of ,schoolroom-shire1 the ,judge continued1 8,my friends1 ,i shall be much obliged if you will look over the following story1 and strike out of it all the words belonging to ,mr4 ,adjective4 ,i cannot allow them to remain side by side with other words1 until it is proved that ,mr4 ,adjective is not guilty of stealing them40 ,the ,judge then rose1 and poor ,mr4 ,adjective was led out of the court1 with his hands bound4 ,the following is the story which the ,judge sent to the people of ,schoolroom-shire4 ,,the ,,maiden ,,prince4 ,a long1 long time ago1 there lived in a grey old castle1 a widowed queen1 who had one only child1 a beautiful bright boy4 8,my good husband was killed in the terrible war10 said the timid queen1 8and if my dear son grows up to be a strong man1 ,i fear that he will go to the cruel wars1 too1 and be killed4 ,so he shall learn nothing about rough war1 but shall be brought up like a simple maiden40 ,so she taught him all maidenly duties1 to spin1 and to weave1 and to sew1 and she thought he was too simple and quiet to wish to go to war2 but one day there came to the great castle gate a noble knight riding a gallant charger4 8,come10 he cried to the young prince1 8come1 follow me4 ,i ride to fight with the wicked and strong who are oppressing the weak and the poor40 ,up sprang1 in a moment1 the fair young boy1 flung aside his girlish work1 seized his father's battered sword1 and leaped into the saddle behind the noble knight4 8,farewell1 dear mother10 he cried1 8no more girlish work for me4 ,i must be a brave man1 as my father was1 and conquer or die in the rightful cause40 ,then the foolish queen saw that it was useless to try to make a daring boy into a timid maiden4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,mr4 ,,adjective ,,tried ,,for ,,stealing4 ,illustration3 ful like ly y ous less en ern ,,clever ,,mr4 ,,adjective ,there was great excitement in the court the next day2 and when every one was assembled1 except ,adjective1 the ,judge called out3 8,bring the prisoner in20 and poor ,adjective was led in between two ,critics1 with his hands tied behind him1 and placed before the ,judge4 ,serjeant ,parsing rose1 and began to question him4 8,is your name ,adjective80 he said4 8,it is10 answered ,adjective4 8,and you possess all the adjectives in ,grammar-land80 8,i do40 8,what is an adjective80 8,a word used to qualify a noun40 8,what is a noun80 8,please1 my lord1 need ,i answer that80 asked ,adjective4 8,certainly10 replied the ,judge4 8,it is not fair10 said ,adjective2 8nouns are not my words40 8,but you must know what a noun is1 in order that you may use your adjectives properly40 8,of course ,i know what a noun is--it is a name1 the name of anything40 8,then do you know the difference between a noun and an adjective80 asked ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,certainly4 ,a noun is the name of a thing4 ,an adjective tells you something about the thing the noun has named2 whether it is large or small1 or what colour it is1 or how much there is of it1 or whether there are few things or many1 or something of that sort40 8,quite so2 but can you find out at once1 without much thinking1 whether a word is a noun or an adjective80 8,if you can put an article before a word1 then it is a noun10 answered ,adjective2 8as1 a man1 the dog40 8,then when ,i say1 #8,pity the poor1' of course poor is a noun1 is it80 8,no10 said ,adjective1 quickly2 8poor is my word1 ,i know1 for you can say poor child1 a poor thing4 #8,pity the poor' really means1 #8,pity the poor people2' but ,mr4 ,noun is so stingy1 that when he thinks the sentence will be understood without his word1 he just leaves it out1 and then people say the noun is understood40 8,exactly so2 but your way of finding out a noun does not answer1 you see1 for the first time ,i try it1 you tell me the word ,i have found is an adjective40 8,it always answers unless there happens to be a word understood10 replied ,adjective1 8and then it answers if you use your reason2 for any one would know that you are not asked to pity a thing called a poor1 but to pity poor people4 ,but it is not fair1 my lord10 continued ,adjective1 turning to the ,judge4 8,here am ,i1 a poor prisoner1 unjustly accused of stealing1 and ,mr4 ,parsing is trying to puzzle me as much as he can40 8,not at all10 replied ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,i only want you to be sure that you know clearly the difference between a noun and an adjective40 8,i do10 answered ,adjective1 8quite clearly40 8,well1 then1 answer this question4 ,what is the word beauty80 8,beauty80 repeated ,adjective1 getting rather red2 8beauty is a noun40 8,yes10 said ,serjeant ,parsing2 8and grace1 and home1 and duty80 8,they are all nouns10 answered ,adjective1 looking uncomfortable4 8,yes2 now another question4 ,what is beautiful80 8,beautiful80 repeated ,adjective1 looking very red now2 8beautiful is an adjective40 8,very well4 ,now1 ,mr4 ,adjective10 said ,serjeant ,parsing1 8kindly tell me how you got the adjective beautiful80 8,i made it10 answered ,adjective1 with his eyes on the ground4 8,how did you make it80 8,i stuck ful on to beauty4 ,when ,i want to say a thing is full of beauty ,i call it beautiful40 8,and how did you get beauty1 since it belongs to ,mr4 ,noun80 asked ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,i took it10 replied ,adjective1 still looking down4 8,which means to say that you stole it4 ,it is quite clear that you stole it1 and that you did the same to grace1 home1 duty1 and others1 to make graceful1 homely1 dutiful1 and the rest4 ,my lord1 ,i think ,i need say nothing more3 the prisoner himself owns that he took these words2 it only remains for you to give him his punishment40 ,the ,judge looked very grave1 and was beginning to say1 8,mr4 ,adjective1 ,i am very sorry----0 when ,serjeant ,parsing interrupted him1 and said3-- 8,please1 my lord1 ,i am going to take the other side now4 ,will you order ,mr4 ,noun to come forward to be questioned80 8,certainly10 said the ,judge2 and ,mr4 ,noun approached4 8,mr4 ,noun80 said ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,the same1 sir10 said ,mr4 ,noun2 8all nouns belong to me40 8,you know a noun when you see it80 8,of course ,i know my own words40 8,and you know an adjective80 8,yes2 an adjective is a word that tells something about one of my nouns40 8,very good4 ,now can you tell me whether happy is a noun80 8,certainly not4 ,it is an adjective4 ,you can say a happy boy1 a happy thing40 8,exactly so4 ,now will you tell me what happiness is80 8,happiness10 repeated ,mr4 ,noun1 getting suddenly very red1 for he saw what was coming2 8happiness is a noun1 it is mine40 8,oh60 said ,serjeant ,parsing2 8how did you get it80 8,i made it40 8,how80 8,i joined happy and ness together40 8,h'm60 said ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,i will not ask you where you found such a silly word as ness1 but happy you said just now belongs to ,mr4 ,adjective1 so of course you took it from him40 ,mr4 ,noun did not answer1 but looked down1 exceedingly red and uncomfortable4 8,my lord10 said ,serjeant ,parsing to the ,judge1 8need ,i say any more4 ,this ,mr4 ,noun1 who would have ,adjective put in prison for stealing1 has been doing the very same thing himself4 ,happiness1 prettiness1 silliness1 cleverness1 and almost all the words that end in ness1 are nouns made from adjectives4 ,if ,mr4 ,noun would give them all up1 ,i have no doubt ,mr4 ,adjective would then give up his beautiful1 useful1 graceful1 and other adjectives that are made from nouns40 8,no1 no10 said the ,judge2 8,i will have no giving up4 ,when a word is once made it is made for good1 and instead of blaming those who take their neighbour's words to make new ones for themselves1 ,i consider that they are very much to be praised4 ,critics1 untie ,mr4 ,adjective's hands4 ,mr4 ,adjective1 ,i am glad to hear you are so clever in making new words1 and ,i give you full permission to make as many more as you can1 by borrowing either from ,mr4 ,noun or from any other ,part-of-,speech4 ,have you any other ending to put on besides ful80 8,my lord10 said ,adjective1 whose hands were now untied1 and who was standing free and upright before the ,judge1 8my lord1 ,i have a whole string of tails which ,i keep ready to make adjectives with4 ,here are some of them3 ful1 like1 ly1 y1 ous1 less1 en1 and ern2 and this is the way ,i stick them on3 beautiful1 ladylike1 manly1 dirty1 poisonous1 careless1 golden1 western1 and with your lordship's kind permission1 ,i will make such words as often as ,i can40 8,do so10 replied the ,judge4 8,and you1 ,mr4 ,noun1 remember1 that you are to allow ,adjective to take your words whenever he requires them1 for you ought to know that words in ,grammar-land are not like pennies in ,matter-of-fact-land4 ,there1 if some one steals a penny from you1 he has it and you have not2 but here1 in ,grammar-land1 when any one takes your words to make new ones1 it makes him richer1 but you are none the poorer for it4 ,you have beauty still1 although ,mr4 ,adjective has made beautiful2 and you have lady1 and man1 and gold1 although ,mr4 ,adjective has made ladylike1 and manly1 and golden4 ,you ought to have known this1 ,mr4 ,noun1 and not to have accused ,mr4 ,adjective of stealing4 ,therefore1 as a punishment1 ,i require you to send into ,schoolroom-shire a list of nouns that may be made into adjectives by the addition of some of ,mr4 ,adjective's tails40 ,the ,judge then left the court1 and this is the list that ,mr4 ,noun sent into ,schoolroom-shire4 ,nouns to be made into ,adjectives4 ,truth ,lady ,child ,dirt ,faith ,man ,baby ,wood ,hope ,love ,fool ,fire ,care ,gold ,north ,poison ,sleep ,wood ,east ,danger ,sense ,silk ,west ,virtue ,adjective endings that may be added to ,nouns4 ful like or ly ish y less en ern ous 7meaning full of7 ,illustration ,illustration ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,the ,,quarrel ,,between ,,mr4 ,,adjective ,,and ,,mr4 ,,pronoun ,,and ,,little ,,interjection4 ,illustration3 ,,adjective-,,pronoun ,a ,p ,it is sad to tell that nearly the first thing ,mr4 ,adjective did when he was set free was to have a quarrel with ,pronoun4 ,when the ,judge came into court the next day he found them both much excited4 8,it is mine1 ,i know it is10 said ,pronoun4 8,and ,i know it is mine10 cried ,adjective4 8,i'll ask the ,judge if it is not40 8,i'll ask him1 too10 said ,pronoun4 8,my lord10 he continued1 coming forward1 8her is mine1 and ,adjective wants to take it from me4 ,but when ,i claimed it in court before1 he said nothing about it40 8,i thought the more10 returned ,adjective1 8but ,i supposed that you would give it up quietly without all this fuss in court40 8,i would willingly give it up if it were yours10 said ,pronoun2 8but it is not40 8,it is10 cried ,adjective1 angrily2 8,i tell you it is40 8,silence60 said the ,judge1 sternly4 8,brother ,parsing1 be kind enough to question both ,adjective and ,pronoun1 that we may know the cause of this quarrel1 and hear what each has to say for himself40 8,certainly1 my lord10 answered ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,adjective1 what words do you claim80 8,my1 thy1 his1 her1 its1 our1 your1 and their10 replied ,adjective4 8,well1 ,mr4 ,pronoun1 tell us how you make them out to be yours40 8,nothing is easier10 answered ,pronoun4 8,these words stand instead of nouns1 and therefore they must be pronouns4 ,when you say #8my thumb1' my lord1 you mean ,judge ,grammar's thumb1 so my stands instead of the noun ,judge ,grammar4 ,and when you say1 #8,little ,bo-peep has lost her sheep1' you mean little ,bo-peep's sheep1 therefore her stands instead of little ,bo-peep4 ,so my and her are clearly pronouns2 and thy1 his1 its1 our1 your1 their1 are used in just the same way1 and therefore must be pronouns too40 8,it would seem so10 said the ,judge4 8,what has ,mr4 ,adjective to say to that80 8,i will soon tell you1 my lord10 replied ,adjective4 8,you will1 of course1 allow that an adjective is a word that may be used before a noun1 to tell something about the thing that the noun names4 ,it has been said that if you can put thing or things after a word1 that word 7not counting a or the1 of course7 is sure to be an adjective2 as1 a good thing1 a bad thing1 large things1 little things1 and so on4 ,well1 ,i am sure you can say my thing1 thy thing1 his thing1 her thing1 its thing1 our thing1 your thing1 and their thing4 ,therefore1 my1 thy1 his1 her1 its1 our1 your1 and their1 must be adjectives40 8,h'm6 ,it is all very well to say must10 remarked the ,judge1 8but then ,pronoun says they must be pronouns4 ,are there any more of your words1 ,mr4 ,pronoun1 that ,adjective claims in the same way80 8,my lord10 answered ,pronoun1 8he claims all the words of mine that may be used before a noun4 ,this1 that1 these1 and those1 for instance40 8,of course ,i do10 said ,adjective2 8for when you say this bird1 that horse1 these rabbits1 those people2 this1 that1 these1 and those are clearly used with a noun1 but do not stand instead of one40 8,ah60 said ,pronoun1 8but when you say #8look at this1' #8take that1' #8may ,i have these8' #8burn those2' this1 that1 these1 and those are not used with a noun1 but clearly stand instead of one1 and therefore they are pronouns40 8,it seems to me10 said the ,judge1 half to himself1 8that sometimes they are adjectives1 and sometimes they are pronouns40 8,that is just what ,i say1 my lord10 cried ,adjective1 8and if you will allow it1 ,i think ,i know of a way that will make peace between us directly4 ,let us call them ,adjective-,pronouns1 and have them between us4 ,when they are used1 not with a noun1 but instead of one1 then ,pronoun may have them all to himself2 but when they are used like adjectives1 before a noun1 then we will have them between us1 and call them ,adjective-,pronouns40 8,that seems very fair10 replied the ,judge1 8and ,i certainly allow it4 ,mr4 ,pronoun1 be kind enough to give us a list of your words1 and ,mr4 ,adjective will point out any that may be used as ,adjective-,pronouns40 ,so ,mr4 ,pronoun began3 8,i1 thou1 he1 she1 it1 we1 you1 they1 mine1 thine1 his1 hers1 its1 ours1 yours1 theirs2 my1 thy1 his1 her1 its1 our1 your1 their40 8,those last eight are between us10 said ,adjective1 8for they can all be used before a noun40 8,myself1 thyself1 himself1 herself1 itself1 ourselves1 yourselves1 or yourself1 themselves10 said ,pronoun1 with a little toss of his head1 8those1 at least1 are all mine1 ,mr4 ,adjective40 8,continue repeating your words1 sir10 said the ,judge1 sternly2 8do not stop to talk40 8,this1 that1 these1 those10 continued ,pronoun4 8,adjective-pronouns1 all four of them10 remarked ,mr4 ,adjective2 8we have shown that already40 8,each1 either1 neither1 one1 other10 continued ,pronoun4 8,stop10 said the ,judge2 8we have not had these words before4 ,you must give us some sentences to show that they are pronouns40 ,pronoun replied3-- ,two sparrows had a fight to-day1 ,each wished to take a worm away2 ,one pulled at it1 so did the other1 ,neither would yield it to his brother4 ,had either given up at least1 ,his brother would have had the feast2 ,but while they fought a thrush came by1 ,and with the worm away did fly4 8,there1 my lord10 continued ,pronoun1 8all the words1 each1 one1 other1 neither1 either1 stand for sparrow in those lines1 and as sparrow is a noun1 they must be pronouns40 8,they are adjective-pronouns sometimes10 remarked ,mr4 ,adjective1 8for you can say1 #8each boy1' #8the other day1' #8on either side4'0 8,certainly10 said the ,judge4 8,have you any more1 ,mr4 ,pronoun80 8,who1 which1 what10 continued ,pronoun4 8,you must show that they are pronouns10 said the ,judge4 8#8,here is the man who shot the tiger1'0 said ,pronoun4 8#8,here are two apples2 which do you choose8' #8,i know what ,i want4' ,who stands instead of the man1 because you could say1 #8,here is the man2 the man shot the tiger4' ,which stands instead of one of the apples1 and what stands instead of the thing that ,i want1 whatever it may be40 8,yes10 said ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,but if who and what are used to ask questions1 as1 #8who is there8' #8what is that8' then what do who and what stand instead of80 8,if you will answer the questions1 and tell me who was really there1 and what that really was1 then ,i will tell you what nouns who and what stand instead of2 but if you do not know any answer to your own questions1 then of course ,i cannot tell you what noun my little pronouns stand for2 ,i can only tell you they stand instead of something1 and therefore are pronouns40 8,which and what are used before nouns sometimes10 cried ,adjective3 8#8which way are you going8' #8what bell is that8' therefore they are adjective-pronouns too40 8,at any rate10 said ,pronoun1 haughtily1 8who is altogether mine1 for you cannot say1 #8who way1' #8who book1' #8who man1' or anything of that sort40 8,hoo6 hoo6 hoo6 ha6 ha6 ha6 he6 he6 he60 cried a voice among the crowd4 8,old ,adjective beaten6 hurrah6 bravo60 ,every one in the court looked round to see where such strange sounds came from4 8,it is ,interjection10 said ,serjeant ,parsing1 angrily1 making a dive at the crowd behind him1 to try and catch hold of some one in it4 8,critics10 cried the ,judge1 8seize that fellow1 and bring him here40 ,but that was more easily said than done1 for little ,interjection was as quick and active as any street boy in ,london4 ,he dodged in and out amongst the other ,parts-of-,speech1 and was here1 there1 and everywhere1 till at last he tumbled up against ,serjeant ,parsing1 who held him fast till the ,critics came up4 ,he is such an odd little creature1 that you could hardly tell what he is like4 ,one moment he is crying bitterly1 and the next he is in fits of laughter2 when you look at him again he is perhaps shrieking for fear1 and in another minute he is standing on his head for joy4 ,he is so fond of standing on his head1 that people say he had his portrait taken so once 7671 and that is why they put a note of exclamation 767 after his words2 but that is all nonsense1 of course4 8,interjection60 said the ,judge1 sternly1 8you are the last of all the ,parts-of-,speech1 and have no business to interrupt the court now4 ,let me not hear you again until your turn comes40 8,alas6 alas60 cried ,interjection1 wringing his hands4 8,mr4 ,parsing says ,i am only a poor little fellow thrown in 7that is what my name interjection means1 thrown in71 to express surprise or fear1 joy or sorrow4 ,when folks do not know what to say next1 one of my little words pops in1 and poor ,mr4 ,parsing is at his wit's end to know what to do with it1 ah6 ah6 ,off6 off60 he cried1 changing his tone1 and suddenly jerking himself out of the policeman's hold4 8,away6 away60 he shouted1 springing to the door2 and before they could catch him he was indeed away1 and they heard his 8ha6 ha6 ha60 die away in the distance4 ,serjeant ,parsing then turned to the ,schoolroom-shire folks1 and asked them to mark off on their slates places for ,mr4 ,noun1 ,pronoun1 ,adjective1 and little ,article1 and a corner somewhere for tiresome ,interjection2 and while he read to them1 to put down a stroke in the right place for each word that they knew4 8,and when you come to an adjective-pronoun used with a noun10 continued ,serjeant ,parsing1 8put a stroke on the line that divides ,adjective's ground from ,pronoun's4 ,that will be like a little man sitting astride on the wall1 with one leg for ,pronoun to pull and one for ,adjective4 ,of course if it is used instead of a noun1 and not with one1 then ,mr4 ,pronoun must have the stroke all to himself4 ,whichever ,part-of-,speech gets the most strokes gains the game40 ,this is what ,serjeant ,parsing read4 8,alas6 alas6 that naughty boy10 said ,harry's mother1 as she waited for him to come back from school4 8,he must have gone to play with the other boys at the big pond1 and he will certainly fall in1 for the boys are sure to try the ice1 and it is too thin to bear them yet4 ,oh6 my poor1 dear boy6 what shall ,i do8 ,if he falls into the black1 cold water1 he will certainly be drowned4 ,my darling ,harry6 ah6 why does he not come home8 ,if ,i had any one to send4444 ,why1 there he is1 ,i declare1 with his hands full of oranges4 ,oh6 the naughty boy6 ,i will give him a great scolding4 ,to give me a fright1 and keep me waiting while he was buying oranges6 ,harry1 you are a naughty1 careless1 tiresome---- ,what6 kissing me1 you little rogue1 to stop my mouth4 ,there6 there6 do not pull down my hair1 and never give your poor mother such a fright again2 and now come in and see the lovely ,christmas-box ,i have for you40 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,dr4 ,,verb4 ,illustration3 ,,verbs ,,are ,,of #c ,,kinds ,,active,,passive ,,neuter--,,lindley ,,murray ,the next ,part-of-,speech called up before ,judge ,grammar1 to give an account of himself1 was ,dr4 ,verb4 ,he came bustling up with an air of great importance4 8,my lord1 my name is ,verb4 ,i am called ,verb because verb means word1 and the verb is the most important word1 the word1 in fact1 in every sentence40 8,the most important word60 cried ,mr4 ,noun1 interrupting him4 8,my lord1 he says the verb is the most important word in every sentence6 ,why1 ,dr4 ,verb1 you know that you cannot give the name of a single thing1 for all names are nouns1 and belong to me4 ,the verb the most important word1 indeed1 when ,i have the name of everything60 8,i know that10 answered ,dr4 ,verb1 8,i know very well that when people want to name a thing they must use a noun4 ,but do you suppose that when they have simply named a thing they have made a sentence8 ,not a bit of it4 ,to make a sentence you must tell something about the thing that you have named2 you must say whether it is or has or does anything1 as3 #8,ice is cold1' #8,puss has a tail1' #8,blackbirds sing4' ,is1 has1 sing1 are verbs1 and so are all words that speak of being1 having1 or doing1 and without some such word you cannot make a sentence40 8,you think so1 ,dr4 ,verb10 said the ,judge1 8but ,i should like it to be proved4 ,brother ,parsing1 just call some of the other ,parts-of-,speech forward1 and let them try to make a sentence without ,dr4 ,verb40 8,i will1 my lord10 answered ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,noun1 ,adjective1 and ,article1 be kind enough to step forward1 and each of you give me a word40 8,sun10 said ,mr4 ,noun4 8,bright10 said ,adjective4 8,the10 said little ,article4 8,very good10 said ,serjeant ,parsing1 8now ,i will put them together2 #8sun bright the2' #8the bright sun2' #8the sun bright4' ,they do not seem to make quite a proper sentence1 my lord1 any way40 8,of course not10 said ,dr4 ,verb1 interrupting2 8for when you say #8the bright sun1' which sounds the best of the three ways1 you still have not made a sentence1 for you have not said whether the bright sun is shining1 or is not shining1 or whether you can see it1 or what it does4 #8,the sun bright' of course is nonsense2 but say the sun is bright1 and then you tell a fact about the sun1 and you have made a sentence fit to set before the king40 8,you had better try ,mr4 ,noun again1 ,brother ,parsing10 said ,judge ,grammar4 8,perhaps he can give you a more convenient word40 ,serjeant ,parsing turned again to ,mr4 ,noun1 and asked for another word4 8,hippopotamus10 answered ,mr4 ,noun4 ,mr4 ,adjective gave fat4 8,now1 little ,article1 give me a10 said ,serjeant ,parsing1 8and ,i will put them together4 #8,hippopotamus fat a2' #8a fat hippopotamus2' #8a hippopotamus fat4' ,h'm6 it sounds odd40 8#8,a fat hippopotamus' does not sound wrong10 put in ,mr4 ,noun4 8,not wrong1 of course10 answered ,dr4 ,verb4 8,you may mention a fat hippopotamus1 if you like1 or any other animal1 but unless you tell something about it you have not made a sentence4 ,say that it is1 or has1 or did something1 if you want to make a sentence2 like #8a fat hippopotamus is here2' or #8a hippopotamus has a fat body2' or1 #8a hippopotamus ate me up1' or1 #8swam away1' or something of that sort4 ,then you will have some famous sentences1 but you will have had to use verbs to make them1 for is1 has1 ate1 swam1 are all verbs1 for they are all words that speak of being1 having1 or doing40 8,how can we always find out if a word is a verb80 asked ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,it is sure to be a verb if you can put a little to before it10 answered ,dr4 ,verb2 8to be1 to have1 to do1 to eat1 to drink1 to swim1 to fly1 to speak1 to think1 to run1 to dance1 to play1 to sing1 to sleep1 to wake1 to laugh1 to cry1 to call1 to fall20 and ,dr4 ,verb stopped1 quite out of breath4 8,that sounds very easy10 said ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,let me try it with the words that you said were verbs2 to is1 to has1 to ate1 to swam40 8,stop1 stop10 cried ,dr4 ,verb2 8not like that4 ,you must not put to before any part of the verb you like4 ,is is part of the verb to be1 has is part of the verb to have40 8,is1 part of the verb to be80 said ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,what do you mean8 why1 the two words have not a single letter alike40 8,true2 but still they mean the same sort of thing4 ,when a countryman says #8he be a brave lad1' he means the same thing as #8he is a brave lad2' or when he says1 #8,i be too tired1' he means1 #8,i am too tired4' ,is and am ought to be used according to the laws of ,grammar-land instead of be1 but as they both express something about being they are said to be parts of the verb to be4 ,in the same way has is part of the verb to have1 ate is part of the verb to eat1 and swam is part of the verb to swim40 8,that is very learned1 ,i daresay10 said ,serjeant ,parsing1 8but will you kindly tell us1 ,dr4 ,verb1 how we are to guess that am1 or any other word that has neither a b nor an e in it1 is part of the verb to be80 8,you cannot guess1 of course10 retorted ,dr4 ,verb1 sharply4 8,i never said you were to guess4 ,you must use your reason1 to find out whether they have the same sort of meaning4 ,or if you like it better1 learn the song that ,mr4 ,pronoun and ,i have made up1 to bring in all the different parts of the verb40 8,a song80 said ,judge ,grammar1 in surprise4 8,i did not know that you could sing1 ,dr4 ,verb2 but let us hear your song1 by all means40 8,if you will not interrupt me1 my lord1 ,i will give you three verses of it10 answered ,dr4 ,verb4 8,no1 we will not interrupt10 said the ,judge4 ,so ,dr4 ,verb began3-- ,,the ,,song ,,of ,,the ,,verb 8,,to ,,be40 ,present ,tense4 ,i am ,thou art ,he is ,we are ,you are ,they are ,past ,tense4 ,i was ,thou wast ,he was ,we were ,you were ,they were ,future ,tense4 ,i shall be ,thou wilt be ,he will be ,we shall be ,you will be ,they will be ,when he had finished1 every one burst out laughing4 8,and you call that singing1 do you1 ,dr4 ,verb80 said the ,judge4 8,dr4 ,syntax1 there1 calls it conjugating1 ,i believe10 said ,dr4 ,verb2 8but ,i think singing is a prettier and easier name for it40 8,but it is not a song at all10 said the ,judge1 nearly laughing again2 8there is no tune in it1 and no rhyme40 8,it is the best that ,pronoun and ,i could make alone10 said ,dr4 ,verb1 angrily4 8,but it can be easily made to rhyme if the other ,parts-of-,speech will help4 ,listen4 ,,present ,,tense4 ,i am an ,englishman merry and bold1 ,thou art a foreigner out in the cold1 ,he is a beggar-man hungry and old2 ,we are not happy to see you out there1 ,you are too snug and warm ever to care1 ,they are at home with us now1 ,i declare40 8,that will do10 interrupted the ,judge2 8we do not want to hear any more to-day4 ,another day ,i shall want to know what you mean by calling the verses ,present ,tense1 ,past ,tense1 and ,future ,tense--why you have just six of your words in each tense1--and whether other verbs can be conjugated in the same way40 8,i can answer at once that they can1 my lord10 said ,dr4 ,verb4 8,indeed1 very few verbs change as much as the verb to be1 so that they are all easier to conjugate2 as1 ,i have1 thou hast1 he has2 we have1 you have1 they have4 ,i live1 thou livest1 he lives2 we live1 you live1 they live40 8,enough for to-day1 ,dr4 ,verb10 interrupted the ,judge once more2 8we will hear about them next time4 ,meanwhile1 as we shall have further examination of this verb to be1 ,i should like my friends in ,schoolroom-shire to make a copy of it1 to bring with them4 ,i shall also request them to find out all the verbs in the following verses3-- 8,sit to your task10 a father said1 8,nor play nor trifle1 laugh nor talk1 ,and when your lesson well is read1 ,you all shall have a pleasant walk40 ,he left the room1 the boys sat still1 ,each gravely bent upon his task1 ,but soon the youngest1 little ,will1 ,of fun and nonsense chose to ask4 8,my ball is lost10 the prattler cried1 8,have either of you seen my ball80 8,pray mind your book10 young ,charles replied4 8,your noisy words disturb us all40 ,the court then rose4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,dr4 ,,verb',s ,,three ,,tenses ,,and ,,number ,,and ,,person4 ,illustration3 ,,tense ,,or ,,time ,,time ,,future ,,past ,,present 8,now1 ,dr4 ,verb10 said ,judge ,grammar1 the next day1 8we have well examined this that you call your #8,song of the verb ,to be4'0 8,conjugation1 my lord1 if you like10 said ,dr4 ,verb1 bowing4 8,i do like1 certainly10 replied the ,judge4 8,conjugation is a much better word than song--longer and more respectable1 and in every way more suited to ,grammar-land4 ,con-ju-ga-tion--this conjugation of the verb #8to be4' ,we require you to explain it40 8,with pleasure1 my lord4 ,you see1 it is divided into three verses40 8,verses60 exclaimed ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,you know it is not to be called a song1 ,dr4 ,verb40 8,quite so1 quite so10 said ,dr4 ,verb1 bowing again4 8,well1 ,tenses1 then4 ,it is divided into three tenses1 the ,present ,tense1 the ,past ,tense1 and the ,future ,tense1 which mean the present time1 the past time1 and the future time2 and your lordship knows that all time must be either present time1 or past time1 or future time4 ,just as when you are reading a book4 ,there is the part you have read1 that is the past2 the part you are going to read1 that is the future2 and the part you are reading now1 that is the present40 8,we understand10 said ,judge ,grammar2 8but pray explain why you divide your verbs into these three parts40 8,to show how my verbs change when they have to mark the present1 past1 or future time4 ,you see1 the verb #8to be' takes am for the present1 was for the past1 and adds on will or shall for the future4 ,i am in the present time talking to your lordship4 ,i was in the past time talking to your lordship4 ,i shall be in the future time talking to your lordship40 8,indeed1 ,i hope not10 cried the ,judge1 putting his hands to his ears4 8,pray do not go on forever talking to me4 ,i have heard quite enough of your voice already4 ,step back1 and allow ,mr4 ,pronoun to take your place1 and explain the rest of the conjugation to us40 8,allow me to say one thing more10 said ,dr4 ,verb4 8,please1 ,mr4 ,parsing1 whenever you see a will or shall1 or any other little verb put in to show the time1 will you remember that it is only a little helping verb1 used to make up the tense of some other verb1 and therefore to be counted in with that1 and not taken alone40 8,just give an example of what you mean10 said ,serjeant ,parsing2 8,i do not quite understand40 8,i mean to say that when you see #8he will go1' you must take will go as part of the verb to go2 and when you see am coming1 was dancing1 has eaten1 had fought1 you must take them as parts of the verbs to come1 to dance1 to eat1 to fight4 ,the first words1 am1 was1 has1 had1 are very good and respectable words by themselves1 of course2 but when they are used with another verb1 they are never offended if you just take them as part of that other verb40 8,thank you4 ,i will remember10 said ,serjeant ,parsing1 laughing4 8,now please to stand back1 and allow ,mr4 ,pronoun to answer4--,mr4 ,pronoun1 pray why do you use these particular six words1 ,i1 thou1 he1 we1 you1 and they1 to make up ,dr4 ,verb's tenses80 8,i use ,i and we10 answered ,pronoun1 8to stand for the first person2 thou and you to stand for the second person2 and he and they to stand for the third person40 8,what do you mean by the first person80 asked ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,my lord10 answered ,mr4 ,pronoun1 turning to ,judge ,grammar1 8may ,i ask you who is the first person in ,grammar-land80 8,i am1 of course10 answered the ,judge4 8,that is what ,i find all my friends answer10 said ,pronoun4 8,when ,i ask them who is the most important1 the first person in the world to them1 they say ,i am2 so my little ,i stands for the person who is speaking about himself1 and ,i call it the first person40 8,then who is the second person80 asked the ,judge4 8,you are1 my lord10 answered ,pronoun1 bowing politely4 8,you said just now that ,i was the first person10 said the ,judge4 8,yes1 my lord10 replied ,mr4 ,pronoun1 putting his hand on his breast2 8,i first1 and you second40 8,but it ought to be ,i first1 and you second10 said the ,judge1 angrily4 8,that is exactly what ,i said1 my lord10 repeated ,pronoun4 8,i first1 and you second40 ,the ,judge was getting so angry1 that ,pronoun's friends began to tremble for his head1 when suddenly ,dr4 ,syntax rose and said3 8,the first person is always the person speaking1 and the second is the person spoken to4 ,let every one in the court say1 #8,i am the first1' and we shall all be right1 and all satisfied40 8,i first1 we first10 they all shouted2 8and you1 you1 you1 only the second40 ,the noise was tremendous1 and the ,judge1 finding himself only one against a number1 thought he had better turn the subject2 and clapping his hands loudly1 to call for silence1 he called out3 8,but if we are all firsts and seconds1 pray where is the third person to go80 8,oh1 the third person10 said ,pronoun1 contemptuously1 8is only the one we are talking about4 ,he may not be here1 so it cannot matter if we call him only the third person40 8,and what is the use of your having pronouns to stand for all these three persons in ,dr4 ,verb's tenses80 asked ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,dr4 ,verb and ,i agree together to alter our words according to the person they represent10 said ,mr4 ,pronoun4 8,when my pronoun is in the first person1 ,dr4 ,verb has to make his verb in the first person too4 ,he has to say am when ,i have put ,i1 and are when ,i have put we4 ,i is1 or we art1 would make ,dr4 ,syntax there very angry40 8,and he would be rightly angry10 replied the ,judge4 8,you know that very well40 8,oh1 ,i am not complaining1 my lord10 answered ,pronoun2 8,i was merely stating a fact4 ,of course ,i am rather pleased than otherwise that ,dr4 ,verb should have to alter his words to make them agree with mine4 ,my pronouns show the person 7that is why1 you know1 they are called personal pronouns71 and then ,dr4 ,verb has to make his words agree with them40 8,very fine60 remarked ,serjeant ,parsing1 8,but tell us1 ,mr4 ,pronoun1 why1 when there are only three different persons1 you should have six different pronouns in each tense80 8,three of them are for the singular number1 standing for only one--,i1 thou1 he10 replied ,pronoun2 8and the other three are for the plural number1 standing for as many as you like--we1 you1 and they40 8,singular number only one1 ,i1 thou1 he2 plural number more than one1 we1 you1 they2--that is it1 is it not1 ,mr4 ,pronoun80 asked ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,yes1 sir10 replied ,pronoun1 8that is it exactly2 ,i could not have explained it better myself4 ,and whatever number the pronoun is1 that the verb must be also40 8,you mean that when the pronoun only stands for one thing or person1 then both it and the verb that comes after it are said to be in the singular number3 is it not so80 said ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,quite so1 ,mr4 ,parsing10 said ,pronoun1 delighted2 8the verb has to agree with the pronoun in number1 just as it has to do in person4 ,if my pronoun stands for only one1 then it and the verb are called singular number2 but if my pronoun stands for more than one thing1 then it and the verb are said to be in the plural number4 ,you quite understand me1 ,i see1 my dear ,mr4 ,parsing1 and ,i am sure you will take care to see that the verb always agrees with me in number and person40 8,whenever it is proper that it should10 replied ,serjeant ,parsing1 gravely4 8,but it ought always to agree with my words when we are conjugating a verb together10 said ,pronoun1 eagerly2 8that is the very reason why it is useful to conjugate verbs4 ,in every tense you have the first person1 second person1 and third person in the singular number2 and the first person1 second person1 and third person in the plural number2 and then you see how the verb alters each time to agree with the pronoun40 8,it does not alter every time10 put in ,dr4 ,verb2 8in some tenses it hardly alters at all4 ,just listen1--#8,i had1 thou hadst1 he had1 we had1 you had1 they had2 ,i lived1 thou livedst1 he lived1 we lived1 you lived1 they lived2 ,i sang1 thou sangest1 he sang1 we sang1 you sang1 they sang2 ,i rang1 thou rangest1 he rang1 we rang1 you rang1 they rang4'0 8,that will do1 that will do1 ,dr4 ,verb10 cried the ,judge4 8,we have had your talking in the past tense1 we do not want it in the present tense1 and if we should happen to require it in the future tense1 we will let you know another time4 ,instead of talking here1 you had much better go to ,schoolroom-shire1 and help the people there to write out the present1 past1 and future tenses of the verbs you have mentioned--to have1 to live1 to sing1 to ring2 and show them how the words alter1 not only to mark the different times1 but to agree with ,mr4 ,pronoun's words in number and person40 8,i shall be most happy1 my lord10 said ,dr4 ,verb2 8but ,mr4 ,pronoun must come too1 to help me40 8,with great pleasure1 my dear ,doctor10 said ,mr4 ,pronoun1 gaily3 8there is no one in ,grammar-land ,i can work with so easily as you1 because you agree with me so beautifully40 ,then1 bowing to the ,judge1 he and ,dr4 ,verb walked out of the court1 arm-in-arm1 humming the present tense of the verb to be1 and the ,schoolroom-shire people1 with their help1 easily wrote out the four verbs mentioned1--to have1 to live1 to sing1 and to ring4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,x4 ,,serjeant ,,parsing ,,in ,,schoolroom-,,shire ,,again4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,good ,,is ,,better ,,than ,,riches ,before the court met again1 ,serjeant ,parsing paid another visit to ,schoolroom-shire4 8,my dear young friends10 he said1 8will you kindly get your slates1 and divide them into four parts1 writing at the top of each part1 the name of ,mr4 ,noun1 ,mr4 ,pronoun1 ,mr4 ,adjective1 and ,dr4 ,verb4 ,then cut off two corners somewhere1 for little ragged ,article and ,interjection4 ,then listen to the following story1 and when any word that you know is read out1 give a mark to the ,part-of-,speech to whom it belongs4 ,if you come to an adjective-pronoun1 of course you must put a little man astride between ,mr4 ,pronoun's ground and ,mr4 ,adjective's2 and whenever you come to a verb1 please to say whether it is in the present1 past1 or future tense4 ,when you have done1 we will count up1 and see which ,part-of-,speech has gained the most marks4 8,this is the story3-- 8,,the ,,two ,,neighbours4 8,a man lived by his labour2 and as he had strong arms and a brave heart1 he supported1 easily1 his wife1 his little children1 and himself4 8,but a famine came upon the land1 and work failed4 8,the man spent all the money which he had saved1 until he had not a penny to buy food for his children4 8,then he went to a rich neighbour1 and said3 #8,my little children are crying for food1 and ,i have no bread to give them4 ,help me4' 8,and the rich man said3-- 8#8,i am a just man2 ,i always pay my debts2 but ,i owe you no money4 ,go6 ,i cannot give you charity4' 8,then the poor man went to another neighbour1 almost as poor as himself4 8#8,give me food for my little children1' he said4 8#8,brother1' said the poorer neighbour1 #8we have not much ourselves1 but you shall share with us as long as a crust of bread remains4' 8,then they divided between them the little food that was left1 and that food lasted until the hard times had passed40 ,illustration ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,the ,,nominative ,,case4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,nominative ,,case ,,the,,stag,,runs ,the next day1 ,dr4 ,verb came bustling into the court1 looking very cross1 and calling out loudly for justice4 8,what is the matter80 asked the ,judge2 8state your case quietly40 8,it is not my case1 it is ,pronoun's case1 that is the matter10 answered ,dr4 ,verb2 8though ,i do not say it is his fault4 ,we should get on very well if people would only mind their own business40 8,if you will not tell me the state of the case clearly1 ,i cannot help you10 said the ,judge4 8,well1 my lord1 if you will listen for a minute1 ,i will try to explain it1 so that every one can understand4 ,as you know very well1 ,i am constantly agreeing with ,mr4 ,pronoun4 ,i showed you how ,i alter to suit his number and person1 and it is only fair that he should alter sometimes to suit me4 ,i only agree with him when he is in the #8,nominative ,case4'0 ,at the words 8,nominative ,case0 there was a real cry of horror from nearly every one in court4 ,you might have thought they had all turned into interjections1 they made such a fuss4 8,nominative ,case60 cried ,noun2 8shame1 shame60 8,shameful6 awful6 shocking60 cried ,adjective4 8,fie6 fie6 fie60 cried ,interjection1 and turned three times over head and heels4 8,pray do not use such words1 ,dr4 ,verb10 said ,judge ,grammar1 8but tell us what you mean40 8,really1 my lord10 said ,dr4 ,verb1 8,i did not mean any harm4 ,nominative is not such a very long word1 that people should make such a fuss about it4 ,i am sure the ladies and gentlemen of the jury will not be angry at my using it40 8,that depends on how you explain it10 said the ,judge2 8,what does it mean80 8,it means the person or thing that is or does whatever my verb says about him4 ,the cat purrs4 ,it is the cat that does what the verb mentions4 ,you have only to put #8who' before the verb in any sentence1 and the answer will give you the ,nominative4 #8,who purrs8' ,the answer is the cat1 so cat is the nominative to the verb purrs4 ,that is the way that ,i find out whom ,i am to make my verb agree with40 8,is that your way1 ,brother ,parsing80 asked the ,judge4 8,yes1 my lord10 answered ,serjeant ,parsing1 8that is my way1 and therefore1 of course1 it is the best way4 ,my way is always the best way4 ,now there is a sentence all ready for you3 ,my way is always the best way4 ,i'll find the nominative before you can dot an i4 #8,what is always the best way8' ,answer1 my way is always the best way2--so my way is the ,nominative40 8,but you asked #8what8' not #8who8' there1 ,brother ,parsing10 remarked the ,judge4 8,because way is a thing1 not a person1 my lord4 ,when we are talking of a thing1 then we ask #8what8' instead of #8who8' ,if you said #8the pudding is boiling in the pot1' ,i should say #8what is boiling8' not #8who is boiling8' for ,i should hope you would not be boiling a person in a pot1 unless you were the giant in ,jack and the ,beanstalk40 8,fi6 fo6 fum60 said ,interjection1 standing on his head1 and clapping his heels together4 8,silence1 sir60 cried the ,judge4 8,brother ,parsing1 please not to talk about giants till we have done with the ,nominative ,case4 ,has any gentleman anything more to explain about it80 8,please1 my lord10 said ,pronoun1 8,dr4 ,verb complains that he has to agree with me when ,i am in the ,nominative ,case4 ,but he has to agree with ,mr4 ,noun just as much4 ,it is no matter what part of speech stands as the ,nominative in a sentence1 ,dr4 ,verb must agree with it2 so he need not grumble at me more than at any one else40 8,i am not grumbling at you----10 ,dr4 ,verb began4 8,wait a minute1 ,dr4 ,verb10 interrupted the ,judge2 8let us first fully understand this case4 ,you say there is a verb in every sentence80 8,certainly1 my lord10 said ,verb4 8,and there is a ,nominative in every sentence80 8,exactly so1 my lord10 answered ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,and this ,nominative may be a noun or a pronoun80 continued the ,judge4 8,it may1 my lord10 chimed in both ,mr4 ,noun and ,mr4 ,pronoun4 8,and this verb must agree with this ,nominative1 whether it likes or not80 asked the ,judge4 ,at that question ,dr4 ,syntax suddenly started up like a jack-in-the-box1 and standing bolt upright1 said1 8,a verb must agree with its ,nominative case in number and person4 ,a verb must agree with its ,nominative case in number and person20 and then sank down again4 8,ah60 said the ,judge4 8,very good4 ,so you see1 ,dr4 ,verb1 when you have a sentence like #8ducks swim in ponds1' you are first to find your own word swim1 then to put who or what before it--#8who swim8' or #8what swim8' ,the answer will be ducks1 the ,nominative4 ,then you are to be sure that the verb agrees with it4 ,you must say #8ducks swim1' not #8ducks swims2' and as ducks is the third person and plural number1 swim will be third person and plural number too40 8,please1 my lord10 said ,pronoun1 8when ,i am ,nominative you need very seldom take the trouble to ask any question to find out the ,nominative1 for most of my words show at once what they are in4 ,i1 thou1 he1 she1 we1 and they will never allow themselves to be used except as ,nominatives4 ,they were born ,nominatives1 they say1 and will not degrade themselves by being anything else4 ,they are rather angry with you for letting people use him in any way they like1 but he is a good-natured little fellow1 and does not mind any more about the case than he does about being called singular when he is really plural4 ,but ,i1 thou1 he1 she1 we1 and they1 are exceedingly particular1 and always are and will be ,nominatives1 so you need not ask any question when you see one of them in a sentence40 8,you may just as well make it a rule to ask #8who8' or #8what8' in every sentence1 to find the ,nominative10 said ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,it is such an easy way of finding the case that a baby in arms could understand it40 8,tut6 tut6 tut6 tut60 laughed ,interjection again4 8,oh6 be quiet1 do60 said ,serjeant ,parsing2 8and1 my lord1 if the ladies and gentlemen of ,schoolroom-shire like to find out the ,nominatives in these verses----0 8,yes10 said the ,judge2 8hand them up1 brother4 ,no1 do not begin again1 ,dr4 ,verb2 no more complaints to-day4 ,and remember1 friends1 that in these lines every verb must have a ,nominative1 unless there is a little to before the verb4 ,then it has none--it does not agree with anything4 ,and remember1 too1 that every noun or pronoun that is in the ,nominative case is to get an extra mark on your slates4 ,i wish you good-morning1 gentlemen40 ,so saying1 the ,judge rose4 ,the verses were handed to the people of ,schoolroom-shire1 and the court was cleared4 ,,serjeant ,,parsing',s ,,verses4 ,the hen guards well her little chicks1 ,the useful cow is meek2 ,the beaver builds with mud and sticks1 ,the lapwing loves to squeak4 ,in ,germany they hunt the boar1 ,the bee brings honey home2 ,the ant lays up a winter store1 ,the bear loves honeycomb4 ,i lost my poor little doll1 dears1 ,as ,i played on the heath one day2 ,and ,i cried for her more than a week1 dears1 ,but ,i never could find where she lay4 ,the maidens laughed1 the children played1 ,the boys cut many capers1 ,while aunt was lecturing the maid1 ,and uncle read the papers4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,adverb4 ,illustration3 ,,lucy ,,reads ,,very ,,often ,,adverb 8,now ,dr4 ,verb10 said ,judge ,grammar1 next day1 8,i am ready to hear what is your great complaint against ,pronoun40 8,why1 my lord1 when he is in the ,objective ,case----0 8,i object1 ,i object60 exclaimed the ,judge1 while a general murmur of disapproval ran through the court4 8,no1 no1 we have had enough with the ,nominative ,case2 we will not have another case brought in4 ,you ought to be ashamed of yourself1 sir1 to keep us listening to your nonsense about an ,objective case1 while your devoted friend ,adverb is waiting to be heard4 ,sit down1 and let ,adverb speak40 8,devoted friend60 muttered ,dr4 ,verb1 as he obeyed4 8,i am sure ,i often wish he would leave me alone4 ,he sticks on to me so tight sometimes1 that we look like one instead of two1 and he is a good weight to carry4 ,besides1 he is always teasing by asking why1 and when1 and how everything is done4 ,friend1 indeed60 ,but ,adverb did not hear what ,dr4 ,verb was muttering4 ,he came forward1 bowing politely1 and rubbing his hands together1 as if he were washing them4 8,very much obliged1 indeed10 he said1 smoothly2 8very kind of my friend ,dr4 ,verb to give way to me6 ,so like him60 8,you seem to be fonder of him than he is of you10 remarked the ,judge4 8,pray1 why do you follow him so closely80 8,i like to hear what he says1 and to point out to others how exceedingly well he speaks10 answered ,adverb4 8,he is always exaggerating my words10 grumbled ,dr4 ,verb4 8,if ,i say ,i like anything1 ,adverb puts in very much indeed or extremely well1 or some such silly words2 or1 if he is in a bad temper1 then he flatly contradicts me1 and says1 no1 or not1 or never4 ,if ,i say will1 he adds not1 and makes it will not2 if ,i say can1 he makes it cannot1 even sticking his word on to mine as if it were part of it4 ,sometimes he does worse4 ,he actually dares to alter my word after he has stuck his tail on to it1 and so he makes will not into won't1 cannot into can't1 shall not into sha'n't1 and so on4 ,the wo'1 and ca'1 and sha'1 is all he has left me1 and the n't is his40 8,has he always treated you in this way80 asked the ,judge4 8,as long as ,i can remember1 my lord10 answered ,dr4 ,verb4 8,that is why1 when we were at school together1 the boys called him ,adverb1 because he was always adding his words on to mine4 ,and he has kept the name ever since40 8,your lordship must remember10 remarked ,adverb1 in a mild tone1 still rubbing his hands very smoothly together1 8that ,dr4 ,verb is rather out of temper this morning1 and is1 perhaps1 not quite just4 ,for indeed it is a fact that ,i make his words much more useful than they otherwise would be4 ,besides1 ,i treat ,mr4 ,adjective in much the same way1 and he does not complain40 8,it is quite true10 remarked ,adjective1 coming forward1 delighted to get a chance of using his tongue2 8it is quite true that ,adverb has his word to say about me1 just as much as about ,dr4 ,verb4 ,he is always putting very1 quite1 more1 most1 and words of that sort1 before my adjectives1 and exaggerating them3 as1 very beautiful1 quite charming1 more obstinate1 most provoking1 and ,i do not complain of him for that4 ,but one thing ,i do complain of1 my lord1 and that is1 that ,adverb will take my words1 right good adjectives1 stick a ly on to them1 and call them his adverbs4 ,for instance1 he takes bright1 puts ly to it1 and makes it brightly2 he takes bad1 and makes it badly2 nice1 and makes it nicely2 beautiful1 and makes it beautifully40 ,judge ,grammar at this held up his forefinger1 and solemnly shook his head1 till he nearly shook his wig off4 8,mr4 ,adjective1 ,mr4 ,adjective60 he said1 8,i am surprised at you4 ,you complain of ,adverb for doing the very thing that you do yourself4 ,we all know that you keep your pockets full of tails ready to stick on to your neighbours' words--ful1 ous1 able1 like1 ly1 and plenty more1 and you use them as often as you can with other people's words4 ,but when ,adverb uses his one little ly with your words1 then you are up in arms directly4 ,and yet you know very well that according to the laws of ,grammar-land every ,part-of-,speech may make as many new words out of old ones as he likes1 and is to be praised1 not blamed1 for it4 ,adverb may put his ly on to as many of your words as he can1 and you have no right to find fault4 ,i wonder at both you and ,dr4 ,verb4 ,you ought to agree with ,adverb better40 8,we none of us agree with him10 remarked ,pronoun1 8nor he with us40 8,he certainly has no number1 or person1 or case10 replied the ,judge2 8but he is none the worse for that4 ,he gives ,serjeant ,parsing less trouble than some of you4 ,what did you say about asking questions1 ,adverb80 8,i teach the game of how1 when1 and where10 replied ,adverb2 8how1 when1 and where1 are all my words1 and so are the answers to them4 ,how do you like it8 pray you tell8 ,not too much1 extremely well4 ,when do you like it1 tell me when8 ,to-day1 to-morrow1 now1 and then4 ,where do you like it1 answer fair8 ,here and there and everywhere4 ,all these words that answer how1 when1 and where1 are mine10 continued ,adverb1 8and so are the forfeit words yes1 no1 or nay40 8,ah6 but black1 white1 and grey are mine10 said ,adjective1 interrupting2 8and please1 your lordship1 you were mistaken in saying that ,adverb has only one tail1 ly1 to put on to other people's words4 ,what do you think of upwards1 downwards1 homeward1 forward80 8,yes1 they are certainly adverbs10 said the ,judge1 8and you might say that wards and ward are the tails he has added on to up1 down1 home1 for2 but these words are not yours1 ,mr4 ,adjective1 so you have no right to interfere40 8,well1 my lord10 replied ,adjective1 8at any rate ,i have a right to speak about once1 twice1 thrice1 for ,adverb has stolen them from my one1 two1 three40 8,once1 twice1 thrice10 repeated the ,judge2 8is that all80 8,he has not got a word for four times10 answered ,adjective2 8once1 twice1 thrice1 and away1 is all that he can say40 8,then ,i think10 said the ,judge1 8that you ought to be ashamed to grudge them to him1 when you have one1 two1 three1 and as many more as you can count2 besides first1 second1 third1 fourth1 and all that list4 ,i do not like such greedy ways1 and as a punishment1 ,i order you to hand up a list of adjectives to be turned into adverbs4 ,our friends may take them to ,schoolroom-shire and put a ly to each of them2 then they will be adverbs1 and will answer to one of ,adverb's questions1 how1 when1 or where40 ,this is the list ,mr4 ,adjective made out4 quick bright soft strong distinct clear neat sharp sudden late punctual regular sly cunning false true pretty dainty funny free happy awful ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,preposition4 ,illustration3 ,,up ,a ,,ladder ,,down ,,the ,,hill ,,prepositions 8,to1 from1 of1 for1 over1 under1 on1 near1 at1 by1 in1 among1 before1 behind1 up1 down---- ,pray1 who is the owner of all these little creatures80 said ,judge ,grammar1 the next day4 8,mr4 ,noun1 are they yours80 8,no1 indeed1 my lord10 answered ,mr4 ,noun1 8they are not the names of any one or anything that ,i ever heard of40 8,dr4 ,verb1 are they yours80 8,i should not object to having them1 my lord10 answered ,dr4 ,verb1 8if ,i could do anything with them2 but they seem to me neither to be nor to do1 nor to suffer any----0 8,that will do10 interrupted the ,judge1 afraid that ,dr4 ,verb was beginning one of his long speeches4 8,mr4 ,adjective1 do you claim them80 8,they do not qualify anything1 my lord10 answered ,adjective2 8indeed1 they seem to me poor1 useless1 silly1 little----0 8,we do not want you to qualify them1 thank you10 said the ,judge1 8but to tell us if they are yours4 ,article1 we know1 has only a or an and the1 so they cannot be his4 ,mr4 ,pronoun1 do they belong to you80 8,no1 my lord10 answered ,pronoun4 8,as ,mr4 ,noun has nothing to say to them1 neither have ,i4 ,they do not stand instead of any name40 8,well10 said the ,judge1 8we know they do not belong to that tiresome little ,interjection4 ,are they yours1 ,adverb80 8,i should be extremely glad to have them1 my lord10 answered ,adverb1 smoothly washing his hands1 as usual4 8,i have no doubt ,i could make them exceedingly useful----0 8,that is not what ,i asked10 said the ,judge2 8are they yours80 8,i cannot say they are exactly mine10 said ,adverb2 8but----0 8,that is all we want to know10 interrupted the ,judge4 ,then raising his voice1 he continued3 8,if there is any one in this court to whom these words1 #8to1 from1 of1 for1' etc41 do belong1 let him come forward40 ,at these words1 a sharp1 dapper little fellow stepped forward1 and looking around the court with a triumphant air1 exclaimed1 8,they belong to me40 8,and who are you80 8,preposition1 my lord4 ,my position is just before a noun or pronoun4 ,my words point out to them their proper position4 ,i keep them in order40 8,you keep them in order80 said ,judge ,grammar1 looking down at him through his spectacles2 8how can a little mite like you keep ,mr4 ,noun in order80 8,little or big1 my lord1 that's what ,i do10 said ,preposition4 8,i settle the position of every one and every thing1 and show whether they are to be on or under1 to or from1 up or down40 8,kindly forgive me for interrupting you10 said ,adverb1 coming forward4 8,i really must remark that up and down are my words40 8,how do you make out that80 asked the ,judge4 8,i will show you directly1 my lord10 answered ,adverb4 8,by the help of my questions how1 when1 and where1 which1 you know1 ,i alone can answer4 ,if you say1 #8sit up1' ,i ask1 #8how am ,i to sit8' ,the answer is1 #8up4' #8,lie down2' #8how am ,i to lie8' ,the answer is1 #8down4' ,up and down1 therefore1 answer to my question how1 and are mine40 8,stop a minute10 said ,preposition4 8,i also can answer to your favourite questions how1 when1 and where4 ,listen3-- ,how do you like it8 tell me true4 ,made of sugar1 dressed in blue4 ,when do you like it8 answer me4 ,at my dinner2 after tea4 ,where do you like it8 say1 if you're able4 ,on my lap or under the table80 8,really10 said ,adverb1 smiling politely1 8that is very cleverly done4 ,but allow me to make just one remark4 ,you have not answered one single question without the help of some other part of speech4 ,mr4 ,noun has helped you with #8sugar1' #8dinner1' #8tea1' #8lap1' #8table2' ,mr4 ,adjective lent you #8blue2' ,mr4 ,pronoun1 #8my2' and so on4 ,now ,i1 without any help1 answer the questions quite alone40 8,you cannot expect a little fellow like me to stand quite alone10 said ,preposition2 8,i don't pretend to do it4 ,i told you at first that my right position is before a noun or pronoun1 or some such word4 ,all ,i mean is that ,i help to answer the questions1 and that neither ,mr4 ,noun nor ,mr4 ,pronoun could answer them without me40 8,is that true1 ,brother ,parsing80 asked the ,judge4 8,quite true1 my lord10 answered the learned ,serjeant4 8,when ,i find the questions #8how8' #8when8' or #8where8' answered by one word alone1 ,i put that word down to ,adverb4 ,but when ,i find them answered by ,mr4 ,noun or ,mr4 ,pronoun1 helped by another little word1 then ,i know that that other little word belongs to ,preposition40 8,yes1 my lord10 continued ,preposition2 8so if you say #8up a ladder' or #8down a hill1' up and down are mine2 they show your position on the ladder or the hill2 they are the little prepositions put before ,mr4 ,noun's words ladder and hill4 ,but1 of course1 if you were to ask how ,i am to step up or down8 then ,adverb could call up and down adverbs1 because they are added on to the verb #8step1' and they have nothing to do with a noun or a pronoun40 8,precisely10 said ,adverb2 8my friend ,preposition is perfectly correct4 ,i immensely admire my young friend1 although he does not move in quite so select a circle as myself40 8,don't ,i80 said ,preposition1 with a knowing little nod4 8,i think ,mr4 ,noun quite as good company as ,dr4 ,verb1 any day4 ,besides1 even grand ,dr4 ,verb is glad enough to have my little to to put before his verbs4 ,when he makes up his #8songs1' as he calls them1 he always puts my little to before the name at the top4 ,he is glad enough to have it to point out his verbs1 and does not despise me at all1 though ,i do not stick on to him like a leech1 as some people do20 and ,preposition nodded his head very fast a great many times at ,adverb4 8,dr4 ,verb does not agree with you1 though10 remarked ,pronoun1 quietly4 8,no10 said ,preposition1 8,i do not alter for him1 nor he for me4 ,but he does not agree with ,adverb either4 ,poor ,adverb agrees with nobody1 and nobody agrees with him2 and he1 poor fellow6 cannot govern anybody1 either4 ,now ,i govern every noun or pronoun that ,i come before1 for ,i put them in the ,objective ,case40 8,i object10 cried the ,judge4 8,i will not have that word brought into court4 ,i said so before1 and ,i say so again4 ,nominative ,case is bad enough1 but ,objective ,case is enough to turn a brown wig grey in a single night4 ,break up the court6 ,critics1 clear the room60 ,and ,judge ,grammar rose hastily from his seat1 and stalked angrily out1 while all the ,parts-of-,speech stood looking speechlessly at each other till the policemen came1 bundled them all out1 and locked the doors behind them4 ,in spite of the hurry1 however1 ,serjeant ,parsing managed to hand up to the people of ,schoolroom-shire the following verses1 begging the ladies and gentlemen there to find out all the prepositions in them1 and to count how many lines there are in which ,preposition has nothing to say4 ,,the ,,fairy-,,ring4 ,beside a bluebell on the heath1 ,among the purple heather1 ,a fairy lived1 and crept beneath ,the leaves in windy weather4 ,she drank the dewdrops from the stalk1 ,she peeped into the flower2 ,and then she went to take a walk1 ,or ride for half-an-hour4 ,she rode upon a cricket's back1 ,she came before the ,queen1 ,the fairy ,queen1 with all her court1 ,within the forest green4 ,they had a dance upon the grass1 ,till larks began to sing2 ,and where they danced1 as all may know ,they left a fairy-ring4 ,oh1 pretty fairies6 why not stay1 ,that we at you may peep8 ,why will you only dance and play ,when we are fast asleep8 ,illustration ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,prepositions ,,govern ,,the ,,objective ,,case4 ,illustration3 ,,look ,,at ,,me ,,prepositions ,,govern ,,the ,,objective ,,case 8,when the ,parts-of-,speech found themselves so suddenly turned out of the court1 they collected in a group before the door1 and looked at each other in astonishment40 8,here is a pretty thing60 said ,mr4 ,noun1 indignantly4 8,fine way to treat us1 indeed60 8,and after all1 ,i only said what is true10 said ,preposition4 8,i do put every noun or pronoun that comes after my words in the ,objective ,case1 do ,i not1 ,dr4 ,syntax80 8,prepositions govern the ,objective ,case10 said ,dr4 ,syntax1 in his usual monotonous voice2 then lifting his spectacles1 he twisted his head round to look at ,preposition1 and actually deigned to explain his words by saying3 8,whatever noun or pronoun a preposition is placed before and refers to1 must be in the ,objective ,case40 8,speak to him10 murmured ,serjeant ,parsing1 as if he were talking to himself3 8him1 a pronoun1 objective case1 governed by the preposition to40 8,mr4 ,pronoun1 you hear that60 exclaimed ,mr4 ,noun4 8,this little ,preposition is said to govern us1 you and me1 in the ,objective ,case4 ,very impertinent1 on my word60 8,on my word60 again muttered ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,word1 a noun1 ,objective ,case1 governed by the preposition on40 8,however1 it does not matter to me10 continued ,mr4 ,noun1 without taking any notice of ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,it will make no difference to me20 and he turned away1 with his hands in his pockets1 and began to whistle a tune4 8,it does matter to me1 though10 said ,pronoun1 8for ,i have to alter my words according to the case they are in4 ,i is only in the nominative case1 me in the objective2 we is nominative1 us objective2 he nominative1 him objective1 and so on4 ,you cannot say #8look at ,i2' you must say #8look at me4'0 8,look at me10 echoed ,serjeant ,parsing1 in the same quiet tone3 8me1 ,objective ,case1 governed by the preposition at40 8,quite so10 continued ,pronoun1 turning to ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,i am objective there1 ,i cannot help it2 ,i must be objective after a preposition40 8,yes10 said ,serjeant ,parsing1 aloud1 8and it is very convenient for me that you must4 ,it often helps me to find out whether a word is really a preposition or no4 ,i just try whether it wants ,i or me after it4 ,take when or if1 for instance4 ,you can say1 when ,i go1 if ,i were2 so when and if are not prepositions4 ,but you cannot say #8for ,i1' or #8from ,i2' you must have the ,objective ,case1 and say for me1 from me2 so for and from are prepositions governing the ,objective ,case40 8,you had better take care10 said ,preposition2 8you keep on saying ,objective ,case1 and if you say it before ,judge ,grammar1 you know you will get us all into trouble again40 8,oh1 never fear10 said ,serjeant ,parsing2 8the ,judge will listen to us patiently enough1 next time4 ,besides1 he must hear about ,objective ,case1 whether he likes it or no1 because the prize will partly depend upon it40 8,the prize6 what prize80 cried every one4 8,listen4 ,there is to be a grand trial or examination soon4 ,all the ,schoolroom-shire children are to be invited1 and all you ,parts-of-,speech are to make up a story between you4 ,you will each get a mark for every word you give1 and whoever gets the most marks will get----0 8,yes1 what8 what will he get80 they all cried out eagerly4 8,ah6 that is a secret4 ,what ,i want to tell you is1 that any word that governs another will get an extra mark4 ,for instance1 when ,i say #8,listen to me1' the preposition to puts me in the ,objective ,case1 so to will get an extra mark40 8,that is splendid60 cried little ,preposition1 clapping his hands and jumping about for joy4 8,i always govern a noun or pronoun in the ,objective ,case1 so ,i shall get two marks every time ,i come in40 8,not quite so sure10 interrupted ,dr4 ,verb4 8,sometimes you come before a verb1 to eat1 to sleep1 to fly1 and then you can only get one mark1 for you do not govern me1 my little dear1 seeing that verbs do not have a case at all40 8,ah1 but you have to agree with your ,nominative ,case1 ,dr4 ,verb10 said ,pronoun2 8so ,i suppose1 when ,i am nominative1 ,i shall have an extra mark1 for ,i might be said to govern you in a sort of way40 8,no1 no10 said ,serjeant ,parsing1 putting in his word1 8you are not said to govern ,dr4 ,verb2 he agrees with you1 that is all2 but the ,nominative ,case1 being a very honourable one1 will always get two marks40 8,then10 said ,mr4 ,noun1 suddenly stopping his whistling and taking an interest in the conversation1 8,i am of course to get two marks for every noun in the ,nominative ,case80 8,certainly10 answered ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,and in the ,objective ,case also80 asked ,mr4 ,noun4 8,no1 no10 said ,serjeant ,parsing1 laughing2 8that would be too much of a good thing1 since your words are nearly always either nominative or objective4 ,no1 no2 on the contrary1 the ,objective ,case1 being governed by other words 7even such little trifles as prepositions71 is not considered at all an honourable case1 and therefore will not only give a noun or pronoun no extra marks1 but will take away one of those it already has4 ,for instance1 if ,i am parsing #8,come to me1' and ,i give ,mr4 ,pronoun a mark for me1 ,i must strike out that mark as soon as ,i find that me is in the ,objective ,case1 and must give it to ,preposition for his little word to1 which governs me40 ,mr4 ,noun and ,mr4 ,pronoun both looked very dismal at these tidings1 and then ,mr4 ,noun said3-- 8,i hope no one else except ,preposition can put me into the ,objective ,case40 8,o yes1 indeed1 ,i can10 cried ,dr4 ,verb1 bustling up1 eagerly2 but ,serjeant ,parsing stopped him4 8,no1 no1 ,dr4 ,verb10 he said1 8we are not going to begin that question4 ,no notice will be taken of any noun or pronoun's being in the ,objective ,case1 unless it is governed by a preposition4 ,that is the rule for this trial2 another time1 perhaps1 your rights will be considered40 ,serjeant ,parsing then took the following lines to ,schoolroom-shire1 that every ,objective ,case governed by a preposition might be found out3-- ,tom called for me1 ,i went with him1 ,we climbed upon a rock2 ,there over the sea we looked for thee1 ,till seven of the clock4 ,and then a white sail over the main1 ,brought back our sailor-boy again4 ,fill up the blanks with a noun or pronoun1 and say whether it will be nominative or objective4 4444 went for a walk yesterday1 4444 walked through a dark 4444 under tall 44442 suddenly1 when 4444 were in a very lonely 44441 4444 heard the steps of some 4444 crashing through the 4444 8,what can it be80 4444 cried 4444 stopped to listen2 the 4444 came nearer1 two bright eyes gleamed at us through the 44441 and in another 4444 out bounded1 with a deep 4444 that made echoes all round us1 our own dear old 44441 who had broken his chain1 escaped from the 44441 and had come out to look for 4444 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,conjunction4 ,illustration3 ,,and ,,but ,,so c ,,be ,,good ,,and ,,you,,will,,be,,happy ,,conjunction 8,my lord10 said ,serjeant ,parsing1 the next time that the court assembled1 8,i must beg for your assistance4 ,i have here a story--a very excellent story1 as it seems to me2 but somehow or other it will not go right--it has what you might call a jerky sound--as if you were riding over a corduroy road in a cart without springs1 and were trying to talk between the bumps4 ,i have asked all the ,parts-of-,speech that are in court to help me1 but none of them can give me any assistance40 8,read the story aloud10 said the ,judge1 8and let us hear it40 ,so ,sergeant ,parsing read-- 8,,the ,,eagle 444 ,,the ,,raven4 8,an eagle pounced on a little lamb 4444 carried it off in his claws4 ,a raven saw him fly 4444 thought he could do the same2 4444 he chose out the best 4444 biggest sheep of the flock1 4444 pounced down upon it2 4444 lo6 4444 behold6 it was much too heavy 4444 it was much bigger 4444 himself1 4444 poor ,mr4 ,raven only got his claws entangled in the wool 4444 when he tried to fly away he found it impossible to get free 4444 he was struggling 4444 the shepherd came 4444 caught him 4444 put him in a cage40 8,i see1 ,i see10 said the ,judge1 8you want some words to join your sentences together4 ,noun1 ,pronoun1 ,article1 ,adjective1 ,verb1 ,adverb1 ,preposition1 none of these will do4 ,i have only two other ,parts-of-,speech left on my list3 that tiresome ,interjection1 who is1 of course1 no use1 and ,con----0 8,conjunction6 ,here you are1 my lord10 said a bright cheery voice at the door1 and ,conjunction walked into court4 ,he had on a coat with brass buttons1 and a cap like a railway guard's1 with ,c4 ,j4 marked on the front4 ,under his arm he had a bundle of iron hooks or tools--at least what you would have thought were iron hooks or tools1 if you had seen them down in ,matter-of-fact-land1 and had not known any better4 ,they were really his words4 8,you are late1 sir10 said the ,judge1 very sternly2 8where have you been80 8,to tell you the truth1 my lord10 answered ,conjunction1 8,i have been for a little holiday trip on the ,grammar-land ,railway4 ,the fact is1 my turn was so long in coming1 and the last time ,i was here your lordship broke up the court in such a temp----0 8,a what1 sir80 interrupted the ,judge1 angrily4 8,a hurry1 my lord1--in such a hurry1 that ,i did not think we should meet again for some time2 and so ,i just amused myself by a trip on the railway1 where ,i am so often at work40 8,very improper1 indeed60 replied the ,judge1 8as if you were made to amuse yourself4 ,such a thing was never heard of before in ,grammar-land4 ,ask ,dr4 ,syntax whether conjunctions are used for amusement40 8,conjunctions are used to connect words or sentences10 said ,dr4 ,syntax1 in his solemn unchanging voice1 standing up to speak1 and sinking down the moment he had finished4 8,there60 said the ,judge1 8you hear what you are used for--to connect words or sentences--that is your work1 and that is just what we have been wanting you for4 ,you have kept the whole court waiting1 while you have been taking a holiday1 forsooth6 ,your very cap ought to shame you4 ,pray what does ,c4 ,j4 stand for80 8,well1 my lord1 the folks in ,matter-of-fact-land say that it stands for ,clapham ,junction1 which is a big station down there1 where a great many railways are joined together2 and they say that ,i am the pointsman1 who moves the rails and makes the trains run together1 or apart1 as the case may be2 and ,i don't know but what that's as good a description of my work as the folks in ,matter-of-fact-land could give4 ,only they ought to understand that our trains in ,grammar-land are sentences1 and my tools with which ,i join them together are my words--and1 but1 if1 also1 and so on4 ,and here they are1 ,mr4 ,parsing1 and heartily at your service1 sir1 if you like to make use of them20 and pulling the bundle from under his arm1 ,conjunction laid them down before ,serjeant ,parsing1 with a bow4 8,thank you1 my man10 said ,serjeant ,parsing1 8one at a time1 if you please4 ,i will read my story again1 and do you hand up a word that will fit1 whenever ,i stop for it40 ,so he read it again1 and ,conjunction put in the words as follows3-- 8,,the ,,eagle ,,and ,,the ,,raven4 8,an eagle pounced on a little lamb and carried it off in his claws4 ,a raven saw him fly1 and thought he could do the same2 so he chose out the best and biggest sheep of the flock1 and pounced down upon it2 but lo6 and behold6 it was much too heavy1 for it was much bigger than himself1 so poor ,mr4 ,raven only got his claws entangled in the wool1 and when he tried to fly away1 he found it impossible to get free2 and whilst he was struggling1 the shepherd came and caught him and put him in a cage40 8,ah10 said ,judge ,grammar1 8yes1 that is an improvement4 ,i see1 ,conjunction1 you have put in and1 so1 but1 than1 for1 whilst4 ,what other words have you80 8,i have because1 my lord10 answered ,conjunction4 8,mr4 ,adverb asks #8why8' but ,i answer #8because1' which is much more useful4 ,any one can ask #8why8' but it is only a fellow like me1 that knows how things work1 that can answer #8because4'0 8,you need not boast10 said the ,judge2 8you only join the trains together1 you know2 you do not make them4 ,because is only useful on account of what comes after it2 it would not tell us much if it stood alone4 ,but what others have you80 8,i have if1 my lord2 and though it is only a word of two letters1 it makes a mighty difference many a time4 ,how happy we should all be if we could get just what we want40 8,yes1 yes1 we know10 said the ,judge2 8#8if wishes were horses1 beggars would ride2' but it is a very good thing they are not4 ,now1 ,conjunction1 if you have any more words1 let us hear them40 8,except that ,i sometimes use my neighbours' words as conjunctions1 my lord10 answered ,conjunction1 8,i think ,i have told you pretty well all4 ,here is a packet ,i put together3-- ,if1 because1 and1 so1 that1 or1 ,but1 although1 as1 also1 nor40 8,one more question10 said the ,judge2 8do you govern or agree with any of your neighbours80 8,not ,i1 my lord1 ,i leave that for my betters4 ,i am quite satisfied to join them together1 and then leave them alone10 answered ,conjunction4 8,then that will do for to-day4 ,brother ,parsing1 be good enough to send the following story to ,schoolroom-shire1 and tell them to give ,conjunction a place on their slates among the other ,parts-of-,speech1 and mark down all his words for him4 ,when that is done1 ,i shall have some good news to tell you40 ,the court then rose4 ,a ,,narrow ,,escape4 ,a traveller in ,india one day strayed away from his companions1 and went to sleep under a tree4 ,when he awoke he saw1 to his horror1 the two bright eyes of a tiger1 ready to spring upon him from a high bank4 ,he leaped up to run away1 but fell back again directly1 for a large crocodile was coming towards him1 with its great mouth open4 ,he shut his eyes and waited in terror1 for he heard the tiger spring4 ,a tremendous noise followed2 but he felt nothing4 ,he opened his eyes1 and lo6 the tiger had sprung into the mouth of the crocodile2 and while the two wild beasts were struggling1 the traveller sprang up and ran away4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,active ,,verbs ,,govern ,,the ,,objective ,,case4 ,illustration3 ,,active,,verbs ,,govern ,,the,,objective,,case 8,and now1 gentlemen10 said ,judge ,grammar1 when next they were assembled4 8,but what is the matter1 ,dr4 ,verb8 ,what is this about80 he asked1 interrupting himself1 for ,dr4 ,verb had gone down on one knee before the ,judge1 and was holding out a paper to him4 8,a petition1 your lordship10 said ,dr4 ,verb1 solemnly2 8,i beg for justice4 ,no1 ,preposition1 it is of no use to try to hold me back1 and to whisper that his lordship will be very angry4 ,you have had your rights given you1 and ,i am going to claim mine4 ,my lord1 ,i beg for the right of an extra mark whenever any word of mine governs a noun or pronoun in the ,objective ,case40 ,at the words 8,objective ,case10 every one in the court held his breath1 expecting the ,judge to burst into a rage2 and certainly a sudden flush did overspread his face1 and rise to the very roots of his wig4 ,for a moment he sat silent with compressed lips1 then lifting his head haughtily1 he said3-- 8,do not apologise1 ,dr4 ,verb2 ,i forgive you2 but on one condition--that you show clearly and at once how to discover an ,objective ,case that is governed by a verb40 8,certainly1 my lord10 said ,dr4 ,verb1 joyfully2 8it is the easiest thing in the world4 ,just as you have to ask the question1 #8who8' or #8what8' before the verb1 to find out the ,nominative ,case1 so you must ask the question1 #8whom8' or #8what8' after the verb1 to find the ,objective ,case4 ,for the nominative tells you who did the thing1 and the objective tells you to whom the thing was done4 ,here is an example3--#8,harry kicked the cat4' ,you ask1 #8who kicked8' to find the nominative1 and the answer is ,harry4 ,you ask1 #8,harry kicked what8' to find the objective1 and the answer is1 the cat4 ,is that clear80 8,the cat would certainly object10 muttered the ,judge2 8but ,i suppose that is not why it is called objective1 because if the verb had been fed1 cat would have been objective all the same4 ,well1 ,brother ,parsing10 he continued aloud1 8did ,dr4 ,verb explain the matter clearly8 ,could you find out the objective in that way80 8,certainly1 my lord10 answered ,serjeant ,parsing1 readily4 8,i will give you an example to prove it4 #8,i ate my dinner4' ,i find the nominative by asking #8who ate8' answer3 ,i4 ,i find the objective by asking #8,i ate what8' answer3 dinner2 and dinner is clearly the objective1 for it was the object for which ,i sat down to eat40 8,must all verbs have an ,objective ,case after them80 asked the ,judge4 8,they cannot all govern the objective10 ,serjeant ,parsing began1 when he was interrupted by a solemn voice near him1 as ,dr4 ,syntax suddenly rose and said1 8,active verbs govern the ,objective ,case2 active verbs govern the ,objective ,case20 and then sat down again4 8,i know what he means by that10 said ,dr4 ,verb4 8,active verbs are those whose action passes on to some one or something else1 as in the sentence1 #8,harry kicked the cat1' the action of kicking passed on to the poor cat2 and in #8,i ate my dinner1' the action of eating passed on and consumed the dinner2 so kick and eat are both active verbs1 and govern an ,objective ,case40 8,well1 then10 said the ,judge1 8must all active verbs have an ,objective ,case80 8,they should have one1 my lord1 if you want to make the sentence complete4 ,you must give them an object for their activity4 ,every active boy can do something1 though it may not be ,latin1 and the same with every active verb4 ,if it is an active verb you can always put some one or something after it2 as to eat something1 drink something1 see something1 love somebody40 8,and if the verb is not active80 asked the ,judge4 8,then it usually has a preposition between it and the noun or pronoun after it1 as1 #8,i think of you4' ,and the preposition gets all the honour and glory of governing the ,objective ,case1 and gets an extra mark besides40 8,well10 said the ,judge1 8you have explained it pretty clearly4 ,i suppose ,i must allow you an extra mark for every verb that governs an ,objective ,case40 8,but1 please1 my lord10 said ,mr4 ,noun1 coming forward1 8,i suppose that ,pronoun and ,i are not to lose a mark for every word of ours that is governed by a verb4 ,that would be very hard40 8,no1 no10 said the ,judge4 8,there is no dishonour in being governed by an active verb2 it is only when you allow yourselves to be governed by a little mite like ,preposition1 that you are to lose a mark40 8,allow ourselves to be governed10 muttered ,mr4 ,noun4 8,as if we could help it1 when ,dr4 ,syntax has once made the rule40 8,brother ,parsing10 said the ,judge1 8let us have a sentence to #8parse1' as you call it1 that we may see clearly how it is done40 8,certainly1 my lord10 said ,serjeant ,parsing1 turning over his papers4 8,here is an excellent sentence1 or rather1 ,i should say1 two sentences1 for there are two verbs3 #8,jack suddenly gave a loud cry1 for lo6 a tiger appeared before him4' ,now let each ,part-of-,speech claim the word as ,i read it4 ,jack40 8,mine10 said ,mr4 ,noun4 8,jack is a proper noun40 8,suddenly10 said ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,certainly suddenly is mine10 said ,adverb1 smoothly4 8,gave10 said ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,gave is mine10 said ,dr4 ,verb1 8and it agrees with its nominative1 ,jack4 ,for #8who gave8' ,jack gave1 so ,jack is the nominative2 and please1 ,mr4 ,noun1 what number and person is ,jack1 for gave must be the same80 8,jack is singular number1 of course10 said ,mr4 ,noun1 8for there is only one ,jack mentioned2 and it is third person1 for you are talking about him1 not to him1 and1 of course1 he is not talking of himself2 my words never do that40 8,oh10 said ,dr4 ,verb1 8then ,jack is third person singular1 is he8 then gave is third person singular1 too2 and it is an active verb1 and has an ,objective ,case4 #8,jack gave what8' a cry--cry is the objective1 governed by the active verb gave2 so an extra mark for me1 please ,serjeant ,parsing40 8,all right10 said the learned ,serjeant4 8,a is the next word40 8,mine10 said little ,article4 8,loud10 continued ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,loud is mine10 said ,adjective2 8it qualifies cry--tells what sort of a cry he gave40 8,good10 said ,serjeant ,parsing2 8now1 cry40 8,mine10 said ,mr4 ,noun2 8a common noun this time1 and ,objective ,case2 but it does not lose a mark1 as it is governed by an active verb1 not by a preposition40 8,for10 continued ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,mine1 sir10 said ,conjunction2 8it joins the sentences4 #8,jack gave a loud cry1' for #8lo6 a tiger appeared before him4'0 8,lo6 lo6 lo6 that is mine10 cried little ,interjection1 before ,serjeant ,parsing had time to continue4 8,a10 called out the ,serjeant1 without noticing him4 8,an article1 again10 said little ,article4 8,tiger10 continued ,serjeant ,parsing4 8,mine10 said ,mr4 ,noun2 8a common noun1 but nominative this time to the verb appeared40 8,you should not tell my words1 ,mr4 ,noun10 said ,dr4 ,verb4 8,please1 sir1 appeared is a verb1 not active1 because it does not say that the tiger appeared to anybody or anything2 it appeared before somebody1 and that little preposi----0 8,now you're telling1 ,dr4 ,verb10 cried ,preposition4 8,please1 sir1 before is mine--a preposition1 showing the position of the tiger with regard to poor ,jack1 and governing him in the ,objective ,case2 so two marks for me1 please1 sir40 8,one more word10 said ,serjeant ,parsing2 8him40 8,him is mine10 said ,pronoun1 sadly2 8it is a personal pronoun1 third person and singular number1 standing instead of the noun ,jack2 but10 he added1 with tears in his eyes1 8it is of no use to give me a mark for it1 as ,i shall lose it again on account of the case4 ,him is the objective case1 governed by the preposition before20 and ,pronoun turned away with a sob4 8,well1 gentlemen10 said ,judge ,grammar1 8you see what the learned ,serjeant means by #8parsing4' ,only let our ,schoolroom-shire friends parse a few sentences in the same way1 and they will be perfectly prepared for the great trial that is coming on4 ,brother1 pray hand them up a few40 ,then pulling out his watch1 the ,judge continued3 8,i find1 gentlemen1 that the present time will soon be past1 and we shall be stepping into the future if we go on much longer2 therefore ,i must put off1 until the next time we meet1 the announcement ,i was going to make to you to-day40 ,the ,judge then left the bench1 and ,serjeant ,parsing prepared the following sentences for parsing3-- ,we took a walk in the garden4 ,i see a bee in your bonnet4 ,the dragon ate a dragon-fly4 ,you never saw a blue rose4 ,ah6 ,i have a bone in my leg4 ,i will ride behind you on your horse4 ,tom picked a flower for me4 ,willy is riding on the rocking-horse4 ,a spider has eight legs4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,the ,,possessive ,,case2 ,,and ,,who',s ,,to ,,have ,,the ,,prize8 ,illustration3 #8,s ,s' ,,the ,,queen',s ,,crown ,,tom',s ,,bat ,,amy',s ,,parasol ,,the ,,possessive ,,case ,the court was again assembled1 and the ,judge was just going to speak1 when he stopped--for there was ,mr4 ,noun1 who had gone plop down on one knee before him1 just as ,dr4 ,verb did before1 and was holding out his petition4 8,dear me10 exclaimed the ,judge1 8you too6 ,what can you have to complain of80 8,i have lost a ,case1 my lord10 said ,mr4 ,noun1 still kneeling4 8,get up1 sir10 said the ,judge1 8and say out quickly what you mean4 ,am ,i never to have done with these tiresome ,cases80 8,please1 my lord1 it is just this10 said ,mr4 ,noun1 standing up4 8,you have seen how my words can be ,nominative ,case or ,objective ,case2 but there is a case in which they are neither of these two4 ,for instance1 in the sentence1 #8,the monkey pulled the cat's tail1'--pulled is the verb2 monkey is the nominative1 for the monkey did the pulling2 tail is the objective1 for #8what did the monkey pull8' ,the tail--but then what case is cat's8 ,it is not nominative nor objective40 8,don't ask me what case it is10 said the ,judge1 indignantly2 8say out at once yourself40 8,but you will be angry at the long word1 my lord10 said ,mr4 ,noun4 8,nonsense1 sir10 said the ,judge1 getting very red4 8,speak at once1 when ,i order you to do so40 8,then cat's is said to be in the ,possessive ,case10 said ,mr4 ,noun1 8because it shows who possessed the tail that was pulled by the monkey4 ,any noun that shows to whom a thing belongs--who is the possessor of it--is said to be in the ,possessive ,case40 8,oh60 said the ,judge4 8,then if ,i say1 #8,this knife belongs to ,harry1' ,harry will be in the ,possessive ,case1 will it80 8,no1 my lord10 said ,mr4 ,noun1 looking a little confused1 8because there is a little preposition to before ,harry1 and prepositions----0 8,prepositions govern the ,objective ,case10 said ,dr4 ,syntax1 solemnly4 8,yes1 yes1 we know10 said ,mr4 ,noun1 impatiently2 8but ,i mean any noun that shows possession1 without the help of any preposition1 as if you said1 #8,this is ,harry's knife4' ,harry's is in the ,possessive ,case1 for it shows who possesses the knife1 not by the help of any preposition1 but by making it ,harry's instead of ,harry4 ,i might have said in the other sentence1 #8,the monkey pulled the tail belonging to the cat1' but it is much better and shorter to use a ,possessive ,case1 and say1 #8,the monkey pulled the cat's tail4'0 8,it certainly seems a convenient case10 said the ,judge4 8,it is1 my lord10 said ,mr4 ,noun2 8and1 therefore1 ,i think ,i have a right to ask for an extra mark for it40 8,oh6 that is what you want1 is it80 said the ,judge4 8,well1 ,i will grant your request1 provided you can show me an easy way of finding the ,possessive ,case at once40 8,you may always know it by the little apostrophe 7'7 either before or after an s at the end of the word10 answered ,mr4 ,noun2 8as1 #8,mary's doll1' #8,tom's dog1' #8the baby's milk1' #8the children's toys1' #8the boys' hats1' #8the girls' gardens4' ,is not that easy1 my lord80 8,yes1 that is simple enough10 replied the ,judge2 8therefore1 although ,i think it rather impertinent of you to have brought so many ,cases before me1 ,i will grant your request4 ,you are to have then an extra mark for every ,nominative ,case and for every ,possessive ,case1 but none for the ,objective ,case2 and you will lose a mark every time you are governed by a preposition4 ,are you satisfied80 ,mr4 ,noun bowed1 and took his seat4 8,and now1 gentlemen10 continued the ,judge1 addressing the nine ,parts-of-,speech1 8as you have all appeared before me1 and shown clearly who and what you are----0 8,and me6 oh6 oh6 poor little me60 cried ,interjection4 8,i have not called you up before me10 said the ,judge1 sternly1 8because we have all heard quite enough about you already4 ,once is quite enough to have heard such an unruly1 odd little creature as you are2 and you have thrown yourself in more than once while the people were speaking4 ,we all know that you neither govern nor are governed by any one else1 and that you agree with nobody4 ,therefore1 stand aside and be quiet40 8,ah1 well60 chuckled ,interjection1 as he obeyed1 8if ,i do not govern any one1 at least ,i can take my neighbours' words1 as other people can1 and make them my own4 ,marry6 forsooth6 indeed6 that ,i can60 8,marry is mine10 said ,dr4 ,verb1 bustling up4 8,indeed1 indeed is mine10 said ,adverb1 blandly4 8,pray1 do not quarrel with him10 said the ,judge2 8let him have a few words to keep him quiet40 8,there is one thing10 said ,dr4 ,verb1 laughing1 8no one would be in a hurry to steal ,interjection's words1 for they are not worth it4 ,who could ever make a decent word out of oh6 or fie6 or pshaw6 or ugh60 8,laugh as you like1 ,dr4 ,verb10 cried ,interjection1 8my words can stand alone1 and make sense all by themselves1 and mean as much as a whole string of other words4 ,for instance1 when ,i say #8,fie6' that is as good as saying1 #8,you ought to be ashamed of yourself2' and when ,i say #8,ah6' that means1 #8,i see through all your fine airs and graces1 ,dr4 ,verb1 and know all about you4' ,ha6 ha6 what do you say to that80 ,and ,interjection once more took a turn over head and heels4 8,keep him quiet1 will you10 said the ,judge4 8,and now1 gentlemen10 he continued1 for the third time1 8,i hope we shall all be prepared for the great trial that is to take place this day week4 ,the people of ,schoolroom-shire are all invited to attend1 and to bring their slates and pencils with them4 ,you all1 my nine ,parts-of-,speech1 will together make up a story which ,serjeant ,parsing will have in his hand4 ,he will then carefully examine every word1 and the children of ,schoolroom-shire1 who will have a place for each of you on their slates1 will put down a mark to each one who deserves it4 ,in the end1 they will count up all the marks1 and the ,part-of-,speech who has the most will get--will get----0 ,just at this moment1 when every one was listening most anxiously to hear what the prize was to be1 clouds of dust were observed arising from behind his lordship's throne4 ,in fact1 the ,critics1 tired of doing nothing1 had begun to turn out whole piles of mouldering old books1 ,murray's ,grammars1 old dictionaries1 and ,i know not what2 and the venerable dust therefrom1 getting into his lordship's eyes1 nose1 and mouth1 brought on such a violent fit of coughing and choking1 that it was impossible to get another word from him4 ,he did not then1 nor has he since1 informed his loving subjects what the prize was to be4 ,therefore1 it is left to the children of ,schoolroom-shire to decide4 ,in examining the following story they must be both judge and jury1 and decide not only which ,part-of-,speech deserves the most marks1 but also what is a fitting reward for the happy being who shall win the great prize of ,grammar-land4 ,serjeant ,parsing's ,story for the ,examination4 ,,the ,,sad ,,fate ,,of ,,our ,,squirrel ,once1 when ,i was walking in the garden1 ,i found a young squirrel on the ground at the foot of a tall tree4 ,it had fallen from the nest4 ,i took the little soft warm creature in my hand1 and ,i carried it carefully into the house4 ,there we fed it with warm milk1 and it quickly revived4 ,it soon sat up1 with its pretty curly tail over its back1 and then it rubbed its nose with its paws4 ,it seemed to look to me as if it knew me for a friend4 ,when night came1 ,i made a soft bed for it beside me1 and it slept cosily4 ,in the morning1 ,i took it to my cousin4 8,it wants breakfast10 she said2 8,i will warm some milk for it in my doll's saucepan40 ,so she boiled some milk in a little green saucepan1 and we fed our pet4 8,ah60 ,i cried1 8is it ill8 ,it is struggling as if it were in pain40 ,we tried to warm it1 and we gave it another spoonful of milk2 but1 alas6 the poor little creature gave a pitiful moan1 and we soon saw that it was dead4 ,the green paint on the doll's saucepan was poisonous1 and we had killed our little squirrel while it was lying in our arms4 ,illustration ,transcriber's ,note3 ,the following changes have been made to the original publication3 ,page #af a bird1 a fly1 when suddenly changed to a bird1 a fly10 when suddenly ,page #dg therefore her stands changed to therefore her stands ,page #ea some one in it40 changed to some one in it4 ,page #eh of the verb to swim4 changed to of the verb to swim40 ,page #hd ,how do you like it changed to ,how do you like it ,page #ib ,see peeped into the flower2 changed to ,she peeped into the flower2 ,page #ajd let us hear them4 changed to let us hear them40 ,page #aag ,i can take my neighbours words changed to ,i can take my neighbours' words ,page #aai ,in fact1 the critics1 tired of changed to ,in fact1 the ,critics1 tired of