,,univ]sity ,,( ,,cali=nia ,,publications ,,college ,,( ,,agriculture ,,agricultural ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation ,,b]keley1 ,,cali=nia ,,! ,,almond ,,9 ,,cali=nia ,,by ,r4 ,h4 ,,taylor ,,bullet9 ,no4 #big ,,augu/1 #aiah ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,cali=nia ,,press ,,b]keley #aiah ,,b5jam9 ,,ide ,,:eel]1 ,presid5t ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation ,,/aff ,,heads ,,( ,,divisions ,,?omas ,,=sy? ,,hunt1 ,director4 ,,edw>d ,j4 ,,wickson1 ,horticulture 7,em]itus74 ,,h]b]t ,j4 ,,webb]1 ,director ,citrus ,exp]im5t ,/ation2 ,plant ,bre$+4 ,,hub]t ,e4 ,,van ,,norman1 ,vice-,director2 ,dairy ,managem5t4 ,,william ,a4 ,,set*ell1 ,botany4 ,,my] ,e4 ,,jaffa1 ,nutrition4 ,,*>les ,w4 ,,woodwor?1 ,entomology4 ,,ralph ,e4 ,,smi?1 ,plant ,pa?ology4 ,j4 ,,eliot ,,coit1 ,citriculture4 ,,john ,w4 ,,gilmore1 ,agronomy4 ,,*>les ,f4 ,,%aw1 ,soil ,te*nology4 ,,john ,w4 ,,gregg1 ,l&scape ,g>d5+ & ,floriculture4 ,,fr$]ic ,t4 ,,bioletti1 ,viticulture & ,enology4 ,,w>r5 ,t4 ,,cl>ke1 ,agricultural ,ext5sion4 ,,john ,s4 ,,burd1 ,agricultural ,*emi/ry4 ,,*>les ,b4 ,,lipman1 ,soil ,*emi/ry & ,bact]iology4 ,,cl>5ce ,m4 ,,h>+1 ,vet]9>y ,sci5ce & ,bact]iology4 ,,erne/ ,b4 ,,babcock1 ,g5etics4 ,,gordon ,h4 ,,true1 ,animal ,husb&ry4 ,,james ,t4 ,,b>rett1 ,plant ,pa?ology4 ,,fritz ,w4 ,,woll1 ,animal ,nutrition4 ,,walt] ,,mul=d1 ,=e/ry4 ,w4 ,p4 ,,kelley1 ,agricultural ,*emi/ry4 ,h4 ,j4 ,,quayle1 ,entomology4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,davidson1 ,agricultural ,eng9e]+4 ,,elwood ,,mead1 ,rural ,in/itutions4 ,h4 ,s4 ,,re$1 ,plant ,physiology4 ,w4 ,l4 ,,h[>d1 ,pomology4 ,,frank ,,adams1 ,irrigation ,inve/igations4 ,c4 ,l4 ,,roadh\se1 ,dairy ,indu/ry4 ,o4 ,j4 ,,k]n1 ,agricultural ,education4 ,,john ,e4 ,,d\gh]ty1 ,p\ltry ,husb&ry4 ,s4 ,s4 ,,rog]s1 ,ol]iculture4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,moodey1 ,assi/ant to ! ,director4 ,mrs4 ,d4 ,l4 ,,bunnell1 ,libr>ian4 ,,division ,,( ,,pomology ,w4 ,l4 ,,h[>d ,r4 ,h4 ,,taylor ,a4 ,h4 ,,h5drickson 99,e4 ,l4 ,,ov]hols] ,w4 ,p4 ,,tufts ,w4 ,l4 ,,sweet ,g4 ,l4 ,,philp ,v4 ,w4 ,,h(fman ,m4 ,n4 ,,wood ,9 milit>y s]vice4 ,9 co-op]ation ) (fice ( ,public ,roads & ,rural ,eng9e]+1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 99 ,ex*ange pr(essor f ,cornell ,univ]sity = #aiah-ai4 ,,! ,,almond ,,9 ,,cali=nia ,,by ,r4 ,h4 ,,taylor ,,introduction ,! almond 7,prunus communis7 is suppos$ to be native to ! c\ntries ar\nd ! ,m$it]ranean & at pres5t ! bulk ( ! _w's supply is produc$ 9 t region4 ,x resembles ! pea* some:at 9 mann] ( gr[? & "* ( blossoms & leaves1 b ! wood is mu* h>d] & ! tree is long]-liv$ "u equally favorable conditions4 ,! fruit1 in/ead ( hav+ a ?ick1 fle%y p]ic>p z 9 ! case ( ! pea*1 has a ?91 lea!ry p]ic>p or hull1 :i* splits on rip5+ & g5]ally op5s :5 dry1 expos+ ! nut inside4 ,cali=nia produces ov] #ih p] c5t ( ! entire ,am]ican crop & has done s = _m ye>s4 ,dur+ ! p]iod f #aijj to #aiac ! numb] ( be>+ trees rema9$ approximately ! same1 new plant+s hav+ replac$ old or*>ds t 7 be+ pull$ out4 ,! v>iation 9 ,cali=nia production f ye> to ye> prior to #aiae1 z %[n 9 figure #a1 is due to seasonal v>iations r ?an to *ange 9 acreage4 ,imports into ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ! ,m$it]ranean c\ntries are also %[n 9 figure #a1 ! top l9e repres5t+ ! total imports1 ! o!r l9es1 z indicat$1 %[+ ! proportion ( t total orig9at+ 9 ! ?ree pr9cipal c\ntries export+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,previ\s to #aiab ! records ( %ell$ & un%ell$ almonds 7 n kept sep>ate4 ,s9ce ! records h be5 segregat$1 ! p]c5tages ( %ell$ almonds import$ ea* ye> h be5 approximately z foll[s3 ,p] c5t #aiab-ac #hc #aiac-ad #gj #aiad-ae #ga #aiae-af #hb #aiaf-ag #gi --- ,av]age #gg ,) ! #aiae crop ! production 9 ,cali=nia ent]$ ^u :at appe>s to be a long prospective increase4 ,! l>ge acreage ( almonds set out 9 ! la/ f\r or five ye>s is ! result ( greatly improv$ m>ket conditions due to ! successful "w ( ! ,cali=nia ,almond ,gr[]s' ,ex*ange4 ,! fir/ ( ^! new plant+s are n[ com+ into be>+1 & ea* ye> = _m ye>s 9 ! future w cont9ue to see increas$ yields4 ,l>ge acreages are /ill be+ plant$ s t ! almond production 9 ,cali=nia bids fair to cont9ue to gr[4 ,)9 ! next few ye>s ,cali=nia gr[]s w1 9 all probability1 be =c$ to accept l[] prices = _! almonds ?an !y are n[ receiv+4 ,! ,am]ican m>kets are fully suppli$ at pres5t prices1 yet con/antly increas+ acreage w inevitably result 9 a greatly increas$ tonnage4 ,european almonds are be+ produc$ at a l[] net co/ & c be laid d[n on ! ,atlantic ,coa/ m *eaply ?an is possible ) ! ,cali=nia product4 ,?is br+s ! gr[] face to face ) ! necessity ( becom+ m ?or\ghly famili> ) ! mo/ economical me?ods ( production & m>ket+ if !y are to cont9ue to make a pr(it4 ,x is ess5tial1 !re=e1 t a c>eful /udy be made ( all ! factors conc]n$ 9 ! gr[?1 production & f9al disposition ( ! almond crop4 ,,habits ,! almond is ! fir/ ( ! decidu\s fruit trees to />t gr[? & come into bloom 9 ! spr+1 & normally ! la/ "o to %$ its leaves 9 ! fall4 ,9 o!r words1 x has a v %ort p]iod ( re/4 ,:5 ! trees are =c$ into premature dormancy by mites or lack ( moi/ure1 !y soon rea* ! end ( _! normal re/ p]iod be=e ! w9t] season is ov]4 ,!n ! fir/ w>m wea!r 9 spr+ w br+ ! trees into blossom4 ,9 "s cases :]e moi/ure & temp]ature conditions are favorable late 9 ! fall1 !y may actually blossom be=e ! w9t] season4 ,9 "y trees t h become dormant unusually e>ly1 ! re/ p]iod may t]m9ate & !n ! tips ( ! bran*es resume gr[? & cont9ue to sl[ly develop new leaves at ! t]m9als ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4 ,trees :i* h be5 kept gr[+ ?riftily until ! leaves h be5 =c$ to fall by ! cold wea!r & fro/s ( w9t]1 d n t5d to blossom z e>ly 9 ! spr+1 nor d !y op5 "u ! influ5ce ( a few days ( w>m wea!r 9 late w9t] or e>ly spr+4 ,"y trees blossom some:at lat] ?an ! old] trees1 & buds on suck] gr[? blossom lat] ?an ! m mature portions ( ! same tree4 ,! diff]5ce may am\nt to ?ree or f\r days or almo/ a week4 ,well-gr[n trees c>ry l>ge numb]s ( blossoms ov] ! entire tree1 z %[n 9 figure #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,,imports ,,( ,,almonds ,,into ,,! ,u4,s4 ,crops ( #ahii to #aiag4 ,! wood ( ! almond is v h>d & /rong1 enabl+ ! tree to be> ! weight ( heavy crops :]e prun+ has be5 giv5 prop] att5tion dur+ ! =mative p]iod ( ! "y tree4 ,z ) o!r fruit trees1 ! almond is subject to he>t-rot & c>e %\ld always be ex]cis$ to prev5t ! *eck+ & crack+ ( l>ge w\nds & consequ5t infection ) decay organisms4 ,! h>dness ( ! wood makes x ! f9e/ k9d ( fuel1 & :5 old or*>ds are be+ dug up ! returns f ! sale ( wood (t5 m ?an pay = ! exp5se ( digg+ & cutt+ up ! trees & burn+ ! bru%4 ,! nuts are ( two g5]al classes--sweet & bitt] almonds4 ,! =m] is prim>ily ! almond ( comm]ce1 ?\gh ! latt] is us$ l>gely 9 ! manufacture ( almond oil & almond flavor+1 z well z 9 ! manufacture ( prussic acid4 ,! bitt] almond is also us$ l>gely 9 nurs]ies z a root/ock ^u :i* to bud ! almond & "s o!r fruits4 ,= a long "t !re has be5 consid]able evid5ce to %[ t "s v>ieties are always self-/]ile :ile a few are sometimes self-f]tile4 ,"w done 9 #aiaf & #aiag by ,tufts#a %[s t practically all v>ieties are self-/]ile & t "s ( ! self-/]ile v>ieties are also int]-/]ile4 ,9 ^! te/s ! pr9cipal comm]cial v>ieties 7 us$4 ,blossoms ( ea* v>iety 7 poll5iz$ ) poll5 f its own blossoms & f ea* ( ! o!rs4 ,*ecks 7 = natural poll9ation ) ea* v>iety4 ,! important results ( ?is "w are briefly summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,! ,nonp>eil & ,i4,x4,l4 are int]-/]ile1 al?\gh bo? are int]-f]tile ) ! ,ne ,plus ,ultra4 ,! ,langu$oc & ,texas are int]-/]ile4 ,! ,i4,x4,l4 & ,pe]less are practically int]-/]ile4 ,! ,cali=nia has prov$ ! be/ poll5iz] ?us f> te/$1 = all v>ieties t bloom ne> x4 ,! ,drake is int]-f]tile ) ! ,nonp>eil1 ,i4,x4,l41 ,ne ,plus ,ultra1 ,pe]less & ,jordan1 ! only ones te/$4 ,! ,i4,x4,l4 is int]-f]tile ) ! ,drake1 ,jordan1 ,cali=nia1 ,langu$oc1 ,ne ,plus ,ultra & ,texas4 ,! ,ne ,plus ,ultra is int]-f]tile ) ! ,cali=nia1 ,drake1 ,i4,x4,l41 ,langu$oc & ,nonp>eil4 ,,requirem5ts ,:ile ! almond is 9 _m ways an easy tree to gr[ :]e conditions are favorable1 x is m p>ticul> 9 its requirem5ts ?an mo/ common or*>d fruits1 & ! gr[] may f9d x difficult to produce a good1 ?rifty tree unless he *ooses ! prop] location4 ,v (t5 x w gr[ well & make a f9e heal?y tree1 b ow+ to unfavorable conditions1 w n be> regul>ly1 if x all4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,sev5-ye>-old ,ne ,plus ,ultra almond 9 full bloom1 at ! ,univ]sity ,f>m1 ,m>*1 #aiae1 %[+ di/ribution ( blossoms well d[n into c5t] ( tree4 ,pap] bags cov] blossoms poll5iz$ by h&4 ,,climate ,heat4--,:]e ! conditions ( soil & moi/ure are favorable ! almond w endure ! int5se heat ( ! int]ior valleys & ev5 ( ! ,imp]ial ,valley1 provid$ x is prun$ prop]ly to %ade ! ma9 bran*es s z to prev5t sunburn4 ,:]e trees1 by sev]e prun+1 are op5$ up sudd5ly to ! int5se heat ( ! summ] sun1 almonds w sunburn1 b if ! necess>y op5+ up is done gradually1 ! b>k w become inur$ to ! new conditions )\t dang]4 ,! nuts gr[ & rip5 m satisfactorily 9 ! great] heat ( ! int]ior ?an along ! coa/4 ,fro/4--,! almond tree is h>dy & w endure fully z mu* cold z ! h>die/ pea* )\t injury4 ,trees are f\nd gr[+ well 9 ,ill9ois1 ,ohio1 ,new ,york & o!r ,ea/]n /ates4 ,9 v favorable seasons !y may ev5 be> fruit1 ?\gh ?is happ5s v seldom1 due to ! extremely e>ly habit ( bloom+ be=e ! spr+ fro/s are ov]4 ,! fir/ w>m wea!r seems to />t ! trees into bloom1 especially :]e ! en=c$ dormant season ( w9t] is v long4 ,! blossoms1 on ! o!r h&1 are v t5d]4 ,!re is a great range 9 ! degree ( fro/ :i* w cause injury1 dep5d+ l>gely on ! condition ( ! tree dur+ ! "t t ! fruit buds are =m+ & develop+1 z well z on ! duration & sev]ity ( ! fro/4 ,buds & blossoms on trees :i* h be5 =c$ into premature dormancy1 ei!r by lack ( moi/ure or by sev]e attacks ( r$ spid]1 are mu* m susceptible to fro/ ?an ^? on trees :i* h cont9u$ gr[? late en\gh 9 ! fall to provide = ! prop] developm5t & maturity ( ! buds4 ,aft] diff]5tiation ( fruit buds comm5ces 9 ! summ]1 ! almond leaves %\ld rema9 on ! tree until late into ! fall 9 ord] to /r5g!n & develop ! fruit buds & /ore up ! elaborat$ food mat]ial = ! use ( ! buds 9 _! normal developm5t ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,/udies ( almond buds ga!r$ f heal?y trees :i* held _! leaves until late fall fro/s at ,davis1 %[$ ! fir/ evid5ce ( diff]5tiation betwe5 fruit & fl[] buds comm5c+ ab\t ,augu/ #ah1 :ile ! fl[] 0 n completely develop$ until ,febru>y #ah foll[+4 ,dur+ ! int]v5+ "t developm5t proce$$ un*eck$ ?r\gh ! w9t] ev5 ?\gh ! tree 0 app>5tly dormant4 ,dur+ ! "t ! crop is rip5+ on ! trees1 little is done t[>d /or+ food mat]ial = ! buds4 ,if ! leaves turn yell[ or drop soon aft] h>ve/1 ! trees d n h ! opportunity ( /or+ a suffici5t supply ( plant food = _! normal requirem5ts & ! buds are insuffici5tly n\ri%$ dur+ ! w9t] p]iod4 ,! result+ buds are weak5$ & ! indications are t !y are unable to endure unfavorable climatic conditions 9 ! spr+1 su* z light fro/s1 cont9u$ cold wea!r or sudd5 *anges f w>m to cold wea!r4 ,! mo/ t5d] /age 9 ! blossom+ & developm5t ( ! "y fruit seems to be imm$iately foll[+ ! dropp+ ( ! calyx lobes f ! "y fruit z x fir/ comm5ces to swell rapidly4 ,! blossom becomes m & m t5d] z x op5s out & rea*es ! above /age4 ,aft] ! "y fruit has atta9$ ! size ( a pea x rapidly becomes m resi/ant to l[ temp]atures4 ,blossoms ) ! petals expos$ b n yet op5$ h be5 kn[n to /& temp]atures ( #bd degrees ,f4 & blossoms ) petals beg9n+ to fall h /ood #bh degrees ,f4 ,no records are available z to ! duration ( ^! temp]atures4 ,9 o!r cases1 blossoms ) ! petals fall+ h be5 kill$ by temp]atures ( #cj & #ca degrees ,f4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ 9 ?is connection t ! almond blooms e>li] ?an o!r or*>d fruits &1 !re=e1 is (t5 subject$ to mu* m sev]e fro/s ?an occur dur+ ! bloom+ p]iod ( ! lat] fruits4 ,! greate/ injury is likely to occur :5 a fro/ foll[s "o or m days ( w>m wea!r4 ,:5 ! mean temp]ature bo? day & night rema9s l[1 fro/s t might o!rwise kill ! fl[]s or sett+ fruit d no h>m4 ,?is is :at occurr$ 9 ,febru>y1 #aiag1 at ! ,univ]sity ,f>m1 :5 repeat$ fro/s at bloom+ "t did no h>m :atev]4 ,9 det]m9+ ! desirability ( a location 9 reg>d to its fre$om f fro/1 ! possibility ( adequate air dra9age is an important item4 ,= ?is reason ! l&s along ! l[] foo?ills imm$iately above ! floor ( ! valleys are ord9>ily mu* less subject to fro/--because ! cold air is free to dra9 away to ! l[] levels4 ,g5]ally ! l&s along ! banks ( /reams :i* h be5 built up high] ?an ! o!r l&s ( ! ,great ,valleys ?r\gh :i* !y fl[1 are less subject to fro/ by reason ( ! natural fl[ ( ! cold air f !m to ! l[] l&s adjac5t4 ,= ! same reason ! plant+ ( almonds 9 ! l[] l&s ( ! valleys1 no matt] h[ l>ge ! valleys may be1 %\ld be avoid$1 unless ! locality has be5 ?or\ghly te/$ = a long p]iod ( ye>s & has prov$ to be an exception to ! rule because ( "s peculi> situation ) favor+ air curr5ts or air dra9age1 su* z might exi/ ne> a natural draw 9 ! hills :]e ! settl+ ( ! cold air 9 "s portions ( ! adjac5t valley might be prev5t$4 ,su* locations are g5]ally conf9$ to v small areas4 ,(t5times an op5+ or draw 9 ! hills may s]ve z an outlet = ! dra9age ( mu* cold] air f consid]ably high] elevations beyond1 & !n ! dang] f fro/ is v greatly increas$4 ,?is is v common :]e caons act z dra9s to conduct ! cold air f ! high ,si]ras to ! valleys bel[4 ,v>iable wea!r conditions1 & especially z reg>ds temp]ature 9 ! spr+ aft] gr[? comm5ces1 are highly undesirable4 ,w>m wea!r imm$iately foll[$ by cold t5ds to produce s\r-sap1 fruit drop & k9dr$ physiological ills4 ,(t5times crops h be5 lo/ :]e no fro/s occurr$ aft] bloom+ comm5c$1 simply due to sudd5 *anges 9 ! wea!r4 ,h[ev]1 x is highly probable t ! great] portion ( ! tr\ble ) fruit dropp+1 :5 ( ! size ( peas or l>g]1 is due to improp] poll9ation4 ,:5 ! soil is n suffici5tly well dra9$ at su* a "t1 ! s\r-sap effect is greatly augm5t$4 ,humidity4--,foggy or moi/ wea!r dur+ rip5+ or h>ve/+ is highly objectionable4 ,! nuts d n dry out rapidly en\gh on ! trees to prev5t ! gr[? ( molds & consequ5t d>k5+ ( ! %ells4 ,! nuts !n require mu* heavi] blea*+ to bright5 !m prop]ly = ! dem&s ( ! m>ket4 ,! damp wea!r prev5ts ! rapid & ?or\gh dry+-out ( ! k]nel2 ! sulphur fumes are absorb$ by ! moi/ k]nel & x sometimes becomes rancid be=e x is six mon?s old4 ,mu* damp wea!r 9 ! spr+ enc\rages ! gr[? ( 8%ot-hole0 fungus 9 ! blossoms & fruit1 (t5 caus+ ! loss ( a consid]able portion ( ! crop2 ! loss ( leaf surface f ! fungus infection is sometimes s great z to mat]ially affect ! vigor & vitality ( ! tree4 ,ra9fall4--,x is impossible to /ate any def9ite am\nt ( ra9fall :i* w or w n ma9ta9 ! trees & enable !m to be> regul> crops ( nuts1 = s mu* dep5ds n only on ! v>iation 9 ra9fall 9 diff]5t sections & 9 diff]5t ye>s1 z reg>ds di/ribution ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 b also on ! "t & int5sity ( ! fall1 ! "* ( ! wea!r foll[+ ! ra9s & ! ability ( ! soil to receive & reta9 ! ra9 t falls4 ,ord9>ily1 h[ev]1 ) ! above factors favorable1 x is conc$$ t :]e ! w9t] ra9fall av]ages sixte5 in*es1 almonds c g5]ally be gr[n )\t supplem5t+ ! wat] supply by irrigation1 if ! or*>di/ ex]cises reasonable c>e to cons]ve ! moi/ure = ! use ( ! trees4 ,:]e ! ra9fall is inadequate "s means ( irrigation mu/ be f\nd to make up ! deficit4 ,9 "s sections ! annual ra9fall v>ies greatly f ye> to ye>4 ,(t5 x falls 9 su* a way t a l>ge proportion ( x is lo/ 9 ! surface run-(f4 ,9 _m places ! soil is s lea*y t x is incapable ( hold+ suffici5t wat] = ! use ( ! trees ?r\gh\t ! summ]1 mu* ( ! w9t] ra9fall be+ lo/ 9 ! und]gr\nd dra9age4 ,"u ei!r ( ^! conditions1 #dj in*es ( ra9fall might n be suffici5t4 ,v (t5 w9t] ra9s are foll[$ by desiccat+ w9ds s t a consid]able portion ( ! ra9 :i* falls is lo/ by evaporation be=e any?+ c be done to hold x4 ,cont9u$ ra9y1 damp & cold wea!r at ! "t ( bloom+ is apt to s\r ! poll5 or actually wa% x away & ?us prev5t ! f]tilization ( ! blossoms1 )\t :i* a crop is impossible4 ,bees & o!r insects are ! pr9cipal means ( accompli%+ ! poll9ation ( almonds & su* wea!r prev5ts !m f work+4 ,,soil ,! almond is a deep-root+ tree & draws heavily ^u ! plant-n\ri%+ elem5ts ( ! soil4 ,9 rip5+ ! l>ge numb] ( se$s :i* x is requir$ to d1 ! tree mu/ draw ^u a consid]able area ( soil 9 ord] to supply ! l>ge am\nt ( m9]al matt] t is ne$$ to develop & mature ! se$s4 ,analyses ( almonds1 z comp>$ ) o!r commonly gr[n fruits & nuts1 made by ,colby1#b %[ t ! almond leads 9 ! total quantity ( m9]al matt]s )drawn f ! soil4 ,colby fur!r /ates t 8,! /one fruits fall mu* bel[ ! almond 9 total a% 7m9]al matt]7 except+ ! olive1 ! a% ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is l>gely silica 7ne>ly eight-t5?s71 an +r$i5t s pl5tifully di/ribut$ 9 all soils t x is ( no pecuni>y value40 ,table ,i illu/rates ?is /atem5t4 ,^! figures sugge/ ! necessity ( hav+ a deep1 ri*1 well-dra9$ soil = be/ results4 ,= ?is reason & because ( ! deep-root+ habit ( ! almond1 ! soil %\ld be at lea/ t5 or twelve feet deep4 ,h>dpan4--,compact$ sub/rata 9 ! soil1 :e!r !y be h>d clay lay]s or cem5t$ lay]s ( silici\s1 f]rug9\s or calc>e\s orig91 are objectionable4 ,!y n only prev5t ! roots f =ag+ to a consid]able dep? z !y normally t5d to d1 b !y prev5t prop] dra9age & a]ation ( ! soil4 ,if su* lay]s are comp>atively ?91 t is1 n m t two or ?ree feet ?ick at ! mo/1 !y may be %att]$ ) dynamite s z to all[ ! moi/ure1 air & roots to p5etrate to ! bett] soil bel[4 ,h>dpan1 !re=e1 %\ld be avoid$ :]e x is too ?ick to be brok5 up or :]e x is n und]laid by desirable soil4 ,,table ,i ,,soil ,,+r$i5ts ,,extract$ ,,by ,,! ,,almond ,,z ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,o!r ,,or*>d ,,trees1 ,,z ,,%[n ,,by ,,analysis ,,( #ajjj ,,lbs4 ,,ea* ,,( ,,! ,,crops ,,9 ,a ,,fre% ,,condition ,phosphoric ,total ,pota%1 ,lime1 ,acid1 ,a%1 ,nitrog51 ,fruit lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,almond 7hull$7 #e4di #a4gb #d4cc #ae4jj #af4dj ,almond 7n hull$7 #i4ie #a4jd #b4jd #ag4bi #ag4ja ,walnut 7hull$7 #a4ej #a4ha #b4gh #g4ej #aj4bj ,walnut 7n hull$7 #h4ah #a4ee #a4dg #ab4ih #e4da ,*e/nut 7hull$7 #c4gb 4#ga #a4hi #h4bj #h4jj ,*e/nut 7n hull$7 #c4fg #a4bj #a4eh #i4eb #f4dj ,prunes 7gre57 #b4ff 4#ac 4#ec #d4jc #a4dh ,apricots 7gre57 #b4hc 4#ah 4#ga #e4af #b4bi ,olives #h4he #b4cb #a4ah #id4fc99 #e4he 99 #hj4g p\nds ( :i* is silica4 ,humus4--,a pl5tiful supply ( humus 9 ! soil is ess5tial4 ,x n only improves ! physical condition ( ! soil1 b assi/s dra9age1 moi/ure ret5tion & 9 r5d]+ ! plant food available 9 suffici5t quantities = ! use ( ! trees & = ! matur+ ( full crops ( almonds4 ,_m or*>ds h be5 v light produc]s ye> aft] ye> because ( a defici5cy ( humus 9 ! soil4 ,dra9age4--,! almond root is v p>ticul> z to its air & moi/ure requirem5ts 9 ! soil4 ,x w n endure /&+ wat] 9 ! soil = any l5g? ( "t1 especially dur+ ! gr[+ season4 ,exclusion ( air by excessive moi/ure is believ$ to be "o ( ! mo/ productive causes ( 8s\r-sap40 ,if all[$ to cont9ue = any l5g? ( "t su* conditions w cause ! dea? ( _m or ev5 all ! roots & ) !m ! top4 ,wat] ,table4--,a factor :i* is v commonly ov]look$ 9 connection ) ! natural dra9age ( almond l&s is ! position ( ! wat] table at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>4 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 *oos+ a location to be sure t ! wat] table does n rise dur+ ! summ]4 ,?is is a v s]i\s problem 9 _m irrigat$ sections4 ,:]e ! wat] table dur+ ! w9t] mon?s is less ?an #ab feet 9 dep? x is highly desirable to h z little fluctuation z possible4 ,:]e fluctuations take place at a great] dep? ?an #ab feet !y are n g5]ally s]i\s4 ,! ideal condition is :]e ! wat] table is highe/ 9 ! w9t] & quickly drops aft] ! w9t] ra9s are ov]1 to a dep? ( f #aj to #ab or #ae feet1 rema9+ at t po9t dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! gr[+ season4 ,! soil 9 addition to be+ well dra9$1 mu/ be suffici5tly ret5tive ( moi/ure to supply ! tree ?r\gh\t a long1 dry gr[+-season4 ,if ! soil w n reta9 a suffici5t am\nt ( ! w9t] & spr+ ra9s1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to irrigation to supply ! defici5cy4 ,alkali4--,alkali l&s are unsuit$ to almond culture & %\ld be c>efully avoid$4 ,9 summ>iz+ ! soil requirem5ts = almond culture1 x may be /at$ t ! ideal almond soil is a m$ium loam1 uni=m 9 texture1 or ne>ly s1 to a dep? ( at lea/ twelve feet1 well dra9$ & yet ret5tive ( moi/ure = ! use ( ! tree dur+ ! summ]4 ,=tunately "s ( ! be/ almond soils are situat$ along /ream banks :]e ! l& is relatively high1 & is1 !re=e1 less subject to fro/4 ,^! /reams fl[+ f ! m\nta9s & foo?ills h built up _! own b$s by ! detritus br\ght f ! hills4 ,! co>s] p>ticles be+ deposit$ fir/ & ne>e/ ! /ream itself1 make ! bett] dra9$ soils1 :ile ! f9] p>ticles & ! clays1 deposit$ fur!r back f ! bank & 9 ! l[] l&s1 =m ! heavi] soils4 ,! v>i\s conditions m5tion$ above are :at ! tree %\ld h = be/ conditions ( gr[? & production4 ,(t5times ^! conditions may be approa*$ )\t ! soil be+ z deep z t5 or twelve feet4 ,exceptions to ?is w be m5tion$ 9 discuss+ ! v>i\s almond di/ricts ( ! /ate4 ,x is ess5tial to und]/& t trees1 :ile gr[+ & be>+ on %all[ soils 9 "s localities1 d s because ( o!r exceptionally favorable conditions2 ei!r ! soil is exceptionally well dra9$ & yet suffici5tly ret5tive ( moi/ure1 or ! humus 9 ! soil is pl5tiful & ! roots are able to "w into ! und]ly+ p>tially decompos$ rock = moi/ure & "s plant food4 ,9 su* localities ! trees be> comp>atively well because ( ! exceptional fre$om f fro/ 9 ! spr+4 ,trees 9 ^! localities are g5]ally small] ?an on ! deep]1 ri*] soils1 & :]e o!r conditions are equal1 !y be> crops 9 proportion to _! size4 ,,almond ,,di/ricts ,almonds are gr[n 9 ne>ly e c\nty 9 ,cali=nia4 ,9 "s c\nties ! few trees gr[+ only occasionally succe$ 9 produc+ a crop ( nuts4 ,!re are sections 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ! /ate1 h[ev]1 :]e !y are a success comm]cially4 ,)9 ^! sections may be f\nd desirable & undesirable locations1 dep5d+ ^u soil & moi/ure conditions & fre$om f injuri\s fro/s4 ,any discussion ( a di/rict1 !re=e1 does n necess>ily mean t all l&s )9 t di/rict are uni=mly adapt$ to almond culture4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is impossible to def9e a di/rict any m closely ?an to "n ! c5t] & include ) x ! outly+ di/ricts4 ,9 ! same way x is sometimes impossible to say j :]e "o di/rict beg9s & ano!r ends4 ,adaptability ( any special location c be det]m9$ only by c>eful /udy ( ! l& itself & dilig5t inquiry ( ^? famili> ) x4 ,z f> z possible1 di/ricts %\ld be *os5 :]e a def9ite cold w9t] season exi/s4 ,w>m wea!r & lack ( freez+ temp]atures d n hold ! trees fully dormant & any frequ5t occurr5ce or unusual cont9uation ( spr+ wea!r 9 ! w9t] w />t ! trees into gr[?2 cool] wea!r foll[+1 int]f]es ) ! normal fl[ ( sap1 results 9 injury to ! tree & blossoms1 & (t5 causes gumm+ ( ! nuts :i* mature4 ,?is condition exi/s l>gely 9 ! l[] elevations 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia & especially 9 ! coa/al portion1 :]e ! ameliorat+ influ5ce ( ! ,pacific is felt4 ,?is same condition exi/s close to ! coa/ 9 ! nor!rn portion ( ! /ate4 ,fur!r inl& & at high] elevations ! w9t]s are m pron\nc$1 & :]e ^! are n too sev]e or prolong$ ! almond ?rives be/4 ,,sacram5to ,,valley ,,& ,,foo?ill ,,sections ,comm5c+ 9 ,solano ,c\nty1 ab\t eight miles nor?we/ ( ,suisun & ext5d+ z f> nor? z ! s\!rn end ( ,%a/a ,c\nty1 close to ! base ( ! foo?ills on ! we/ side ( ! ,sacram5to ,riv]1 are a l>ge numb] ( or*>ds on ! bottom l&s ( ! valley4 ,^! are f\nd pr9cipally on ! high] l&s along ! banks ( /reams fl[+ f ! ,coa/ ,range 9 a g5]ally ea/]ly direction to ! ,sacram5to ,riv]4 ,! two mo/ important /reams ( ?is type are ,putah ,creek1 =m+ ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,yolo & ,solano c\nties1 & ,ca*e ,creek1 fl[+ ?r\gh ! ,capay ,valley & across ,yolo ,c\nty to ! ,sacram5to ,riv]4 ,^! plant+s be+ on ! floor ( ! valley are m subject to fro/ ?an ! foo?ill plant+s1 b !y h ! advantage ( be+ on ! ri* valley soils1 & :ile !y may lose a crop occasionally f fro/s1 !y make x up 9 ! long run by ! mu* l>g] gr[? ( ! trees & _! ability to produce l>g] yields4 ,_m or*>ds d n %[ any su* ability to produce l>ge crops1 b su* a failure mu/ be attribut$ to lack ( prun+ & c>e1 r ?an to any inh]5t inability ( ! l>ge trees to produce nuts4 ,aga91 trees on ! ri* & moi/ bottom l&s may be kept s vigor\s & heal?y by good c>e t !y are app>5tly able to endure l[] temp]atures ?an less vigor\s trees on ! %all[ & poor upl& soils :]e fro/s are less common or sev]e4 ,_m rec5t plant+s h be5 made along ! l[] foo?ills on ! we/ side ( ! ,sacram5to ,valley4 ,! ?ree mo/ important di/ricts :]e ^! plant+s h be5 made are we/ ( ,dunnigan1 ,arbuckle & ,corn+4 ,! plant+s 9 ^! di/ricts are mo/ly on a gravelly clay or clay loam soil :i* is n z ri* nor g5]ally z deep z ! bottom l&s &1 consequ5tly1 ! trees are some:at small]1 b !y h ! advantage ( fre$om f spr+ fro/s due to sup]ior air dra9age4 ,! problem 9 ?is di/rict is *iefly "o ( moi/ure ret5tion by cultivation1 z 9 mo/ cases ! gr[]s are unable to get wat] = irrigation at a reasonable co/1 if at all4 ,! valley di/ricts ext5d to ,tehama ,c\nty & d[n ! ea/ side ( ! ,sacram5to ,riv]1 ! same z on ! we/ side1 ! pr9cipal c5t]s be+ at ,*ico1 ,durham1 ,liveoak1 ,p5n+ton & ,sutt]4 ,p>ts ( ! ,liveoak section are too l[ & _m or*>ds h suff]$ f poor dra9age bo? ( wat] & air4 ,! foo?ill sections on ! ea/ side are pr9cipally ar\nd ,antelope1 ,fairoaks & ,orangevale 9 ,sacram5to ,c\nty & ! s\!rn end ( ,plac] ,c\nty4 ,"h ! dang] f fro/ is slightly great] ?an on ! we/]n foo?ills because ( ! proximity to ! sn[-cov]$ ,si]ra ,nevada ,m\nta9s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 wat] f ! ,si]ras r5d]s irrigation possible at a reasonable co/1 s ! trees c be kept 9 good condition4 ,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ "h to avoid fro/ pockets4 ,!re is also dang] ( poor soil dra9age 9 ! swales4 ,,san ,,joaqu9 ,,valley ,,& ,,foo?ill ,,sections ,conditions "h bl5d v mu* into ^? ( ! ,sacram5to ,valley sections4 ,cont9u+ s\? !re are plant+s ar\nd ,acampo1 ,lodi1 ,/ockton1 ,l9d51 ,ripon1 ,mode/o & m scatt]$ plant+s f>!r up ! valley4 ,! dang] f spr+ fro/s increases s\?w>d due to ! e>li] bloom+ ( ! trees4 ,9 "s ( ^! sections1 notably ar\nd ,ripon & ,mode/o1 ! excessive use ( irrigation wat] = alfalfa & o!r crops has result$ 9 a rise ( ! wat] table 9 _m places until x is )9 a foot or two ( ! surface dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 & 9 _m o!r places comes to )9 f\r feet ( ! surface4 ,on ! we/ side ( ! ,san ,joaqu9 ,valley ! pr9cipal plant+s h be5 9 ea/]n ,contra ,co/a ,c\nty4 ,mo/ ( ^! or*>ds are ( old trees1 plant$ f #ae to #cj ye>s ago4 ,9 ord] to obta9 satisfactory air & soil dra9age ! or*>ds 7 plant$ on ! roll+ hills1 ! soil be+ ne>ly all bl[-s&4 ,irrigation is too exp5sive to be in/all$ on mo/ ( ?is l&1 & ! problem 9 t section is to cons]ve moi/ure & at ! same "t hold ! soil 9 place & prev5t x f be+ c>ri$ away by ! w9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,typical hillside or*>d ( ,jordan almonds ne> ,los ,gatos4 ,trees are v>iable 9 size1 & "s are miss+4 ,9 ! "r =egr\nd is a typical spot ( miss+ trees result+ f ,oak fungus infection4 ,,! ,,coa/ ,,section ,almonds 7 plant$ q ext5sively 9 pa/ ye>s 9 _m ( ! coa/ valleys1 su* z ! ,santa ,cl>a1 & :]e !y 7 protect$ f ! direct influ5ce ( ! moi/ ocean breezes1 !y app>5tly did well4 ,lat] mo/ ( ^! or*>ds 7 replac$ by prunes & apricots z !y 7 g5]ally f\nd to be bett] pay+ crops 9 ^! valleys4 ,on ! hills1 h[ev]1 _m typical hillside or*>ds rema91 z %[n 9 figure #c4 ,localities directly affect$ by ! coa/ breezes h prov$ !mselves to be unfit = comm]cial almond culture4 ,,int]ior ,,coa/ ,,valleys ,,& ,,hills ,back f ! coa/ 9 ! small] valleys & on ! hills :]e ! coa/ fogs seldom rea*1 _m locations may be f\nd :]e almonds are produc+ successfully4 ,^! favorable localities are scatt]$1 ow+ to lack ( prop] soil or moi/ure conditions4 ,paso ,robles ,di/rict4--,! "o out/&+ di/rict 9 ! coa/ hills :]e ! almond is be+ gr[n successfully is 9 ! c\ntry we/ ( ,paso ,robles4 ,!re1 at an elevation rang+ f #ijj to #bjjj feet1 :]e !re is suffici5t air dra9age to ! consid]ably l[] l& ne> by1 ! almonds are do+ well4 ,^! plant+s are1 9 mo/ cases1 on a comp>atively heavy soil1 sometimes approa*+ adobe1 & und]laid by m>l4 ,?is lime/one =mation is q p]meable to bo? wat] & ! roots ( ! trees1 & ! rock itself acts z a sponge & holds consid]able quantities ( moi/ure4 ,on ! o!r h&1 consi/+ ( /eep hills1 ! l& is excell5tly dra9$ & ! trees seldom suff] f /&+ wat] ar\nd ! roots4 ,! *ief objection is t mo/ ( ?is l& is v %all[1 g5]ally rang+ f two to f\r or five feet deep4 ,9 "s places almonds are f\nd gr[+ :]e ! m>l is s close to ! surface z to be turn$ up by ! pl[4 ,?is makes ! ret5tion ( moi/ure = ! use ( ! trees a s]i\s problem4 ,! trees d n atta9 l>ge size on su* soils & ! nuts are incl9$ to be some:at small] ?an normal4 ,! /eep "* ( mu* ( ! l& makes tillage & spray+ r difficult & exp5sive4 ,z long z ! price ( ! l& is kept d[n to a reasonable figure1 ! gr[] c af=d to put m money into ! c>e ( bo? l& & trees4 ,x mu/ be ?or\ghly und]/ood t !re are _m localities close to ,paso ,robles t are greatly subject to fro/ & h5ce n at all suit$ to almond culture4 ,?is is especially true ( ! l&s directly ar\nd & ea/ ( ,paso ,robles1 & also ( any ( ! comp>atively l[ l&s ?r\gh\t ! di/rict4 ,,s\!rn ,,cali=nia ,! entire coa/ di/rict ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia has practically prov$ itself to be unfitt$ = almond culture1 except at elevations above #aejj or #bjjj feet4 ,! limit+ factor seems to be ! lack ( a suffici5tly def9ite w9t] season at ! l[] elevations4 ,trees are incl9$ to bloom too e>ly 9 ! season or be=e ! w9t] is ov]4 ,above #aejj or #bjjj feet ! increas$ elevation gives a suffici5tly def9ite cold w9t] season & ! trees t5d to blossom at m seasonable times4 ,aside f scatt]$ plant+s 9 ! hills ( ,san ,diego ,c\nty & a few or*>ds ar\nd ,hemet & ,san ,jac9to 9 ,riv]side ,c\nty1 ! pr9cipal plant+s are at ,bann+ & 9 ! ,mojave ,des]t4 ,bann+ ,di/rict4--,)9 a radius ( ?ree miles ( ,bann+1 ) an av]age elevation ( #bcjj feet1 :]e a pl5tiful supply ( wat] is to be _h f ! m\nta9s to ! nor?1 are a l>ge numb] ( or*>ds rang+ 9 age f #b to #bi ye>s4 ,! bulk ( ! plant+s 7 made dur+ #aiaj & #aiaa4 ,?is is ! olde/ di/rict 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia & has prov$ itself to be well fitt$ = almond culture4 ,antelope ,valley & ,vic9ity4--,! old plant+s 9 ! ,mojave ,des]t are few & f> betwe54 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 s]v$ z an impetus = l>ge plant+s 9 rec5t ye>s _m ( :i* h turn$ out to be failures4 ,?is happ5$ 9 _m portions ( ,antelope ,valley1 we/ ( ,lanca/]1 on ! ,s\!rn ,pacific ,railroad 9 nor!rn ,los ,angeles ,c\nty4 ,_m m ( ^! plant+s are "y & /ill h to prove !mselves4 ,or*>d almond trees are nev] gr[n f se$1 z !y d n reproduce true to type1 b are propagat$ by budd+ desirable v>ieties on se$l+ roots 9 ! mann] commonly employ$ 9 nurs]y practices = o!r /one fruits1 l ! pea*4 ,e gr[] mu/ decide1 h[ev]1 on :at root/ocks he w plant 8 trees4 ,,root/ocks ,!re is mu* to le>n yet reg>d+ ! behavior ( ! diff]5t roots "u v>y+ conditions :5 us$ z /ock = ! almond1 b suffici5t in=mation has already be5 ga!r$ to p]mit ( c]ta9 recomm5dations be+ made4 ,almond ,root4--,! greate/ proportion ( almonds 9 ?is /ate are on almond roots4 ,:]e ! mo/ desirable soil1 moi/ure & dra9age conditions exi/ x is be/ to select ! almond root4 ,x w live 9 comp>atively dry soils1 b _c be expect$ to make a tree ( l>ge size or be> crops ( nuts if ! dry conditions cont9ue4 ,:]e irrigation is n available1 & ! soil is deep & ( prop] texture1 suffici5t moi/ure may be reta9$ 9 mo/ ye>s by cultivation to enable ! tree to gr[ & be> fruit4 ,:5 extra dry ye>s come1 ! almond root may n enable ! tree to gr[ or produce any bett] ?an w\ld ano!r k9d ( root1 b x w c>ry ! tree ov] a few dry seasons z well or bett] ?an any o!r4 ,!n1 :5 suffici5t moi/ure does come1 ! almond root is ready to />t ! tree (f 9 its normal c\rse ) ! lea/ loss ( "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,langu$oc almond on pea*#c root2 typical ( o!r trees 9 same or*>d1 ne> ,davis4 ,plant$ ab\t =ty-sev5 ye>s be=e4 ,comp>e ) trees 9 same or*>d on ,myrobalan root1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,! bitt] almond is (t5 recomm5d$ z be+ sup]ior to ! sweet almond z a /ock4 ,?is claim has nev] be5 prov$4 ,exp]im5ts indicate t !re is fully z mu* v>iation betwe5 ! bitt] almond se$l+s gr[n f se$ f diff]5t trees z !re is betwe5 se$l+s f bitt] & sweet almonds4 ,bo? are equally subject to attack by goph]s4 ,! gr[]'s *ief object1 !re=e1 %\ld be to secure z heal?y1 vigor\s trees z possible :e!r !y be on sweet or bitt] almond roots4 ,pea* ,root4--,:]e ! soil moi/ure is q v>iable 9 diff]5t portions ( ! soil1 or v>iable f "t to "t dur+ ! gr[+ season1 ! pea* root w probably be mo/ satisfactory4 ,soils less ?an six or eight feet deep1 or :]e gravelly or h>dpan lay]s occur at less dep?s1 are n satisfactory 9 mo/ cases = ! almond root1 & "u ^! conditions ! pea* root is bett]4 ,! pea* root is a little bett] :]e irrigation is practic$ dur+ ! summ]1 & especially s :]e !re is dang] ( sl[ dra9age ( excess wat] f ! soil4 ,! pea* does n ?rive ) /&+ wat] ar\nd its roots1 b w bett] )/& fluctuat+ or tempor>y extremes 9 wat] supply ?an ! almond4 ,its union ) ! almond is entirely satisfactory4 ,see figure #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,langu$oc almond on ,myrobalan root1 typical ( _m o!r trees 9 same or*>d1 ne> ,davis1 plant$ ab\t =ty-sev5 ye>s ago4 ,comp>e ) trees plant$ same "t on pea* root z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,davidiana ,root4--,)9 ! la/ five or six ye>s ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has introduc$ ! se$ ( a ,*9ese pea*1 ,prunus davidiana1 ! root ( :i* is m resi/ant to alkali ?an ! ord9>y pea*4 ,?is has be5 f\nd to unite readily ) ! almond1 al?\gh exp]im5ts h n yet gone f> en\gh to fully det]m9e its true value4 ,x gives promise1 h[ev]1 ( be+ a v desirable /ock = sections :]e alkali may be tr\blesome4 ,undesirable ,roots4--,! ,myrobalan plum has frequ5tly be5 recomm5d$ z a /ock = ! almond on poorly dra9$ soils4 ,! two make a /rong union1 b ! plum root gr[s mu* sl[] ?an ! almond top1 z indicat$ 9 figure #e4 ,a comp>ison ) figure #d1 9 :i* bo? trees are #dh-ye>-old ,langu$oc1 %[s t ! trees on ,myrobalan root are p9*$-9 bel[ ! union :ile ^? on pea* root are swoll5 at ! base4 ,ev5 "y trees %[ ! same p9*+-9 bel[ ! union4 ,almond trees on ,myrobalan root d n make z l>ge trees nor d !y be> satisfactory crops 9 any portion ( ! /ate :]e x has be5 possible to comp>e !m ) ! same v>ieties on o!r roots 9 simil> situations4 ,! apricot is occasionally recomm5d$ because ( its /rong1 ?rifty gr[?1 b x is a mi/ake to attempt to use x1 z ! union is n satisfactory4 ,! trees gr[ ?riftily = a:ile1 b be=e !y rea* full be>+ !y ei!r break (f at ! union or are bl[n ov] above ! union by mod]ate w9ds4 ,,top-,,work+ ,,old ,,trees ,(t5 ?r\gh injudici\s selection ( v>ieties = orig9al plant+s1 or = "s o!r reason1 x becomes desirable to "w ov] old trees to m desirable v>ieties4 ,?is may be done by budd+ or graft+4 ,9 ei!r case ! tree may be entirely rework$ 9 "o season or "o-half may be done ! fir/ season & ! o!r half ! next4 ,! almond w recov] fully if completely dehead$ to a height ( f five to six feet f ! gr\nd1 provid$ x is n subject$ to sev]e w9ds or excessive moi/ure 9 ! soil4 ,w9ds are liable to break (f ! new top dur+ ! fir/ ye> or two4 ,:]e ^! are dang]\s x may be well to leave half ( ! tree on ! w9dw>d side to be work$ ! second season4 ,! rema9+ portions w help to s]ve z a w9d-break until ! top-work$ portion ( ! tree has a *ance to unite solidly ) ! /ub ( ! ma9 bran* to :i* x is atta*$4 ,:]e w9ds are n likely to d damage x is g5]ally ! mo/ economical me?od to "w ov] ! entire tree at "o "t4 ,if ! roots are subject$ to excessive moi/ure conditions dur+ ! fir/ season1 ! new gr[? may be unusually vigor\s & mu* m likely to be bl[n out z a result ( ! heavy top & ! poor atta*m5t to ! /ub4 8,s\r-sap0 may also be v s]i\s4 ,"u su* conditions leav+ half ! tree ! fir/ season w enable x to di/ribute ! gr[? m ev5ly ) less undesirable =c+4 ,:e!r ! top-work+ %all be done by budd+ or graft+ dep5ds l>gely ^u ! wi%es ( ! gr[] & ! skill ( ! workman4 ,graft+ w give a new tree m quickly ?an budd+1 because by ! latt] me?od a ye> is lo/ 9 gr[+ a supply ( new wood on ! /ubs into :i* ! buds mu/ be plac$4 ,by graft+1 ! new scions may />t gr[+ ! fir/ spr+ )\t any delay4 ,ord9>ily ! be/ me?od is to graft ! trees ! fir/ w9t] & !n1 :]e ! grafts fail to gr[1 buds may be ins]t$ 9 ! new gr[? :i* w come f ! /ub4 ,dur+ ! fir/ two seasons especially1 great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to keep out ! spr\ts t int]f]e ) ! gr[? ( ! scions4 ,at ! same "t1 all wat]-spr\ts %\ld n be remov$ dur+ ! fir/ summ] or !re w n be suffici5t leaf surface to p]=m ! necess>y functions ( ! tree4 ,9 addition1 ! scions t5d to gr[ s rankly t !y w be top-heavy & mu* m liable to be bl[n out by ! w9d1 z %[n 9 figure #f4 ,?is may l>gely be prev5t$ by p9*+ ! ends ( ! new scion gr[? dur+ ! e>ly summ] to =ce lat]al bran*+4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ ye> all wat]-spr\ts %\ld be remov$ leav+ no?+ b ! gr[? f ! scions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,tw5ty-sev5-ye>-old trees dehead$ two ye>s be=e1 %[+ ! break-(f ( ! new gr[? by /rong w9ds4 ,,plant+ ,! usual prep>ation giv5 l& = or*>d purposes prior to plant+ %\ld be appli$ to l& be+ prep>$ = almonds4 ,special c>e mu/ be giv5 to insure ?or\gh a]ation ( ! subsoil by break+ up all h>dpan1 pl[-pan or o!r compact$ lay]s 9 ! soil1 :]e possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,almonds plant$ twelve feet ap>t4 ,trees 9 v weak condition & almo/ entirely defoliat$ by mites be=e h>ve/4 ,! few nuts rip5+ on ! trees are small 8/icktights40 ,photo tak5 ,septemb] #ba1 #aiae4 ,di/ance4--,almonds 9 mo/ soils %\ld be plant$ #cj #cj feet on ! squ>e4 ,9 ri*1 deep soils ! trees quickly fill ! int]v5+ space1 ! roots occupy+ ! entire soil area long be=e ! tops t\*4 ,9 poor1 %all[ soils1 or soils defici5t 9 available moi/ure1 ! trees may n occupy ! entire area above gr\nd1 b ! roots w require m horizontal fe$+ space to enable !m to make ! size trees & be> ! crops t !y %\ld4 ,trees plant$ too close toge!r (t5 ab/ract ! moi/ure f ! soil be=e ! gr[+ season is complet$4 ,?is %ortage ( moi/ure1 ) ! aid ( mites1 commonly call$ r$-spid]1 causes ! loss ( ! leaves long be=e !y normally %\ld drop4 ,"u su* conditions ! fruit buds are unable to make ! vigor\s gr[? :i* !y %\ld4 ,^! weak buds are unable to endure ! degree ( fro/ or o!r unfavorable conditions t /rong] ones )/& )\t s]i\s injury4 ,! trees mu/ h pl5ty ( sunlight & air4 ,if plant$ too close1 ! trees t5d to gr[ too high1 ea* "o /riv+ = ! light :i* is only available f above4 ,9 figure #g ! upw>d t5d5cy ( ! trees is cle>ly %[n4 ,su* trees1 if prun$ z !y ought to be1 h a mu* great] t5d5cy to s5d out num]\s wat]-spr\ts ?an trees :i* h pl5ty ( room = ! tops to exp& lat]ally4 ,aft] ! tops ( ! trees int]lock & %ut out ! sunlight f ! l[] portions1 ! small] bran*es & fruit spurs 9 ^? p>ts gradually weak5 & die1 & ev5tually ! entire crop is produc$ on or ne> ! tops ( ! trees1 :]e direct sunlight is available1 z %[n 9 figure #g4 ,! excessive upw>d gr[? ( ! trees1 ) ! consequ5t =c+ ( ! fruit be>+ to ! top1 n only greatly increases ! difficulty & co/ ( prun+1 spray+ & h>ve/+1 b r$uces ! possible be>+ surface ( ! trees4 ,sett+ ! ,trees4--,! utmo/ c>e is necess>y 9 sett+ out ! trees to secure a uni=m /& ( vigor\s trees4 ,! trees are plant$ mu* ! same z o!r decidu\s or*>d trees1 b c>e mu/ be us$ to spread ! roots well to secure a ?or\gh compact+ ( ! soil ar\nd all ! roots1 & to see t ! trees are n plant$ deep] ?an !y 7 9 ! nurs]y4 ,,culture ,soil ,h&l+4--,! almond is "o ( ! mo/ exact+ ( fruits z reg>ds its cultivation4 ,! assumption is v (t5 made by gr[]s t because ! tree w live ?r\gh p]iods ( prolong$ dr\?1 x w also ?rive "u c>eless or poor me?ods ( cultivation4 ,t ?is is entirely errone\s may be inf]r$ f ! fact previ\sly ref]r$ to t ! almond draws m heavily ^u ! plant food ( ! soil = ! rip5+ ( its crop ?an any ( ! common or*>d fruits4 ,exp]i5ce has abundantly prov$ t _m almond or*>ds are n be>+ pr(itable crops because ! requisite soil con/itu5ts are n available 9 suffici5t quantities dur+ ! long gr[+ season4 ,! reasons = ?is condition may be "o or sev]al4 ,fir/1 !re may n be suffici5t moi/ure available ?r\gh\t ! season1 or x may n be di/ribut$ ev5ly or 9 suffici5t am\nts ?r\gh\t ! entire soil area4 ,second1 !re may be insuffici5t a]ation ( ! soil2 & ?ird1 !re may n be suffici5t humus to fix ! soluble plant food 9 ! soil & r5d] x readily available z ne$$ by ! roots4 ,prop] di/ribution ( moi/ure 9 suffici5t quantities is ess5tial to secure adequate solution ( ! m9]al elem5ts ne$$ by ! roots = ! use ( ! tree 9 all its p>ts4 ,suffici5t a]ation is ne$$ to provide = ! normal oxidation & wea!r+ ( ! soil p>ticles1 & also = ! respiration ( ! roots !mselves4 ,!re seems to be no "q ab\t ! value ( spr+ pl[+ & cultivation to put ! soil 9 good physical condition1 b _m gr[]s app>5tly "q ! value ( summ] cultivation4 ,?\gh ! surface ( ! soil appe>s to be un*ang$ aft] a p]iod ( sev]al mon?s1 ! fact is entirely ov]look$ t ! /ructure ( ! mul* has be5 gradually *ang$ & capill>ity to ! surface has be5 re/or$4 ,! result is t evaporation takes place s rapidly f soils 9 su* a condition1 z well z f ! leaves ( ! trees1 t long be=e ! end ( ! season ! moi/ure is practically gone4 ,! me?ods & tools us$ are mu* ! same z = o!r or*>d trees & x is only necess>y to call att5tion to items likely to be neglect$4 ,spr+ pl[+ %\ld v>y 9 dep? f ye> to ye> to avoid ! =mation ( an imp]vi\s pl[-sole4 ,! dep? to pl[ ranges f a m9imum ( six in*es to t5 or twelve in*es or m z desirable4 ,summ] cultivation %\ld be kept up at lea/ once a mon?1 & pref]ably (t5]1 ?r\gh\t ! summ] mon?s & ! soil %\ld be /irr$ to a dep? ( f\r in*es to provide a mul* suffici5t to hold ! moi/ure effectively 9 ! hot1 dry climates :]e almonds are gr[n4 ,! actual numb] ( cultivations necess>y w dep5d on ! types ( soil4 ,h>ness ) project+ hames or broad s+letrees or ) projections ( any k9d to cat* on ! bran*es or b>k ( ! trees %\ld nev] be us$ 9 an or*>d4 ,cov] ,crops4--,con/ant cultivation ?r\gh\t ! summ] all[s ! humus to be burn$ out ( ! surface soil &1 by h9d]+ ! gr[? ( vegetation1 prev5ts ! addition ( a natural supply ( humus to replace t :i* has be5 lo/4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 t "s artificial means be us$ to supply ! defici5cy4 ,! annual gr[? ( w9t] cov] crops to be pl[$ 9 dur+ ! spr+1 :ile n entirely replac+ ! humus burn$ out 9 ! summ]1 s]ves to r$uce ! annual loss & at ! same "t assi/s mat]ially 9 improv+ ! texture ( ! soil4 ,a %ade crop1 su* z alfalfa1 may be gr[n successfully 9 mature or*>ds :]e irrigation wat] is available1 & :]e p]fect dra9age ( surface & subsoil c be ma9ta9$4 ,dur+ ! fir/ f\r or five ye>s or m su* a crop is g5]ally a detrim5t to ! almond trees1 b aft] ! trees rea* maturity x may be b5eficial 9 secur+ bett] dra9age & a]ation ( ! soil by ! p5etration ( ! num]\s roots to consid]able dep?s & _! consequ5t decay :5 x is pl[$ 94 ,alfalfa also supplies nitrog5 to ! soil & ?us gradually increases ! f]tility4 ,! great dang] ) su* a crop is t ! or*>di/ is apt to irrigate = ! alfalfa at ! exp5se ( ! trees because ( ! quick] returns f ! =m]4 ,9 deep1 ri* soils ! cutt+s ( alfalfa may be remov$ f ! l&1 ?\gh ! la/ cutt+ 9 ! fall %\ld be all[$ to rema9 on ! l&4 ,:]e ?is is done1 a natural mul* is obta9$ :i* helps to increase ! supply ( humus4 ,if ! soil is poor & lack+ 9 humus x is bett] to leave m cutt+s ( ! alfalfa on ! gr\nd to decay4 ,z ?is cont9ues ! soil becomes1 ?r\gh ! increas$ accumulations ( humus1 m p]meable & yet m ret5tive ( moi/ure1 & less irrigation w s]ve ! trees m effectively4 ,dur+ ! e>ly spr+ a well-e/abli%$ /& ( alfalfa may assi/ s mat]ially 9 gett+ rid ( ! excess wat] 9 ! soil t s\r-sap1 fruit drop & k9dr$ ills result+ f ! unseasonable w>m wea!r :ile ! gr\nd is fill$ ) wat] & ! trees are />t+ into gr[?1 may be greatly r$uc$ or avoid$ entirely4 ,irrigation4--,wat] = irrigat+ almonds mu/ always be us$ ) great c>e :e!r x be 9 summ] or w9t]4 ,all wat] %\ld be s appli$ t x w readily spread ?r\gh ! soil & n rema9 9 excessive quantities = any l5g? ( "t4 ,wat] %\ld n be appli$ dur+ blossom+ or sett+ ( ! fruit 9 ! spr+ or )9 a week or m ( h>ve/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 wat] appli$ j be=e ! hulls comm5ce to op51 :]e ! soil has become too dry1 greatly r$uces ! numb] ( /icktights1 or almonds 9 :i* ! hulls /ick to ! rip5+ nuts )\t op5+4 ,f]tilization4--,little or no sy/ematic "w has be5 done up to ! pres5t "t 9 ! use ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s on almonds4 ,! use ( b>ny>d manure is desirable :]ev] obta9able4 ,! value ( almond hulls z f]tiliz]s is d\btful because ( ! difficulty ( br++ ab\t _! ?or\gh decay :5 appli$ 9 suffici5t quantities to be wor? :ile4 ,! use ( lime to correct soil acidity & = improv+ ! texture ( heavy soils w be f\nd desirable :]e ?is is obta9able at reasonable rates4 ,,prun+ ,! almond trees normally set a l>g] numb] ( fruit buds ?an !y are capable ( matur+4 ,! numb] ( blossoms set on a heal?y tree to produce a full crop w be g5]ally n m ?an #bj p] c5t ( ! total numb] :i* op5$ 9 ! spr+1 & (t5times mu* less4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 not$ t trees :i* are some:at lack+ 9 vigor are incl9$ to set a l>g] numb] ( fruit buds ?an ^? t are /rong & vigor\s4 ,! normal set ( blossoms on a "y1 vigor\s tree is %[n 9 figure #b4 ,! result is t ) ! sub-normal /r5g? ( su* trees be+ di/ribut$ among ! extra numb] ( fruit buds1 ! latt] are n able to develop into ! /rong1 heal?y buds !y %\ld4 ,! results ( su* conditions h be5 discuss$ on pages #bc1 bottom1 & #bd1 top4 ,"o ( ! be/ means ( secur+ & keep+ heal?y1 productive trees is by c>eful1 ?\ghtful & sy/ematic prun+4 ,! treatm5t giv5 mo/ ( ! almond or*>ds w\ld indicate t ! gr[]s consid] prun+ to be "o ( ! lea/ important ( ! cultural practices4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,typical ,drake almond tree 9 ,univ]sity ,f>m or*>d2 n9e ye>s old4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,typical ,langu$oc almond tree 9 ,univ]sity ,f>m or*>d2 n9e ye>s old4 ,to be mo/ effective1 prun+ mu/ be foll[$ sy/ematically ?r\gh\t ! entire life ( ! tree4 ,! details ( ! practice w v>y greatly1 dep5d+ on ! soil1 moi/ure & climatic conditions surr\nd+ ! tree1 z well z o!r treatm5t accord$ x4 ,at plant+ "t1 x is g5]ally agre$ t ! tree %\ld be cut back to betwe5 #ah & #bd in*es f ! gr\nd to r$uce ! top to correspond to ! %ort5$ root sy/em & to =m a l[ head = ! tree4 ,a l[ head is desirable to avoid sunburn ( ! trunk & to keep ! tree )9 easy rea* = prun+1 spray+ & h>ve/+4 ,dur+ ! fir/ summ] 9 ! or*>d mu* c be done to obta9 a well-balanc$ head1 to get ! ma9 bran*es well spac$ on ! trunk1 & to prev5t cr[d+ lat] on1 by p9*+ out all undesirable gr[? z fa/ z x appe>s & =c+ ! gr[? into ^? p>ts ( ! tree :i* are to rema94 ,if ^! bran*es t5d to gr[ too long & will[y1 !y may be made to bran* by p9*+ back :5 !y atta9 ! desir$ height4 ,9 ?is way1 if ! tree c be kept gr[+ vigor\sly1 ! beg9n+ ( an excell5t f\ndation framework may be develop$ ! fir/ ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,typical ,nonp>eil almond tree 9 ,univ]sity ,f>m or*>d2 n9e ye>s old4 ,note num]\s wat] spr\ts :i* mu/ be remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,typical ,i4,x4,l4 almond tree 9 ,univ]sity ,f>m or*>d2 n9e ye>s old4 ,! foll[+ w9t]1 :5 ! tree is "o ye> old 9 ! or*>d1 if x has gr[n too vigor\sly & ! bran*es are too long & will[y & n prop]ly bran*$ x %\ld be head$ back to improve ! %ape & symmetry ( ! :ole tree4 ,if ! tree has n made suffici5t gr[? to give x a prop]ly %ap$ head1 x %\ld also be cut back ev5 m sev]ely ?an 9 ! case ( ! too vigor\s gr[?4 ,!re sometimes w be trees t dur+ ! fir/ ye> w develop su* a well-%ap$ & /ocky frame t no fur!r head+ w be necess>y1 all future prun+ be+ limit$ to ?9n+ out undesirable & int]f]+ bran*es4 ,ord9>ily1 h[ev]1 x w be highly desirable or necess>y to cont9ue ! practice ( head+-9 ! ye>l+ tree at lea/4 ,z long z head+ cont9ues x w pay to give special att5tion to p9*+ & ?9n+ ! foll[+ summ]4 ,9 ?is way ! frame ( ! tree may be develop$ m quickly & ! future necessity ( head+ be mat]ially less5$4 ,9 ri* bottom l&s :]e moi/ure is pl5tiful1 head+ may be necess>y :5 ! tree is two1 ?ree &1 9 extreme cases1 #d ye>s old1 9 ord] to spread ! tree & prev5t x f gr[+ too high4 ,! necessity = ?is c only be det]m9$ by a c>eful /udy ( ! tree itself & ! conditions surr\nd+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,typical ,ne ,plus ,ultra almond tree 9 ,univ]sity ,f>m or*>d2 n9e ye>s old4 ,! habit ( gr[? ( a giv5 v>iety w h a great deal to d ) ! numb] ( seasons dur+ :i* head+ back w be practic$4 ,spread+ v>ieties1 su* z ! ,drake 7see figure #h71 if mak+ a /rong1 vigor\s gr[?1 %\ld n be head$ any long] ?an is necess>y to />t a suffici5t numb] ( ma9 bran*es4 ,e opportunity mu/ be giv5 ! trees ( ?is v>iety to gr[ z upright z possible4 ,summ] prun+ ( ! droop+1 undesirable bran*es :]ev] !y develop1 w help to increase ! gr[? ( ! upright bran*es4 ,by prun+ z f> z possible to inside buds1 e opportunity w be giv5 ! trees to gr[ upw>d4 ,if trees ( su* v>ieties make a poor1 weak gr[?1 a v heavy head+ w =ce !m to make a /rong] & m vigor\s gr[? ! foll[+ season1 provid$ any unfavorable soil & moi/ure conditions are correct$4 ,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ ) ^! trees to prev5t ! d[nw>d gr[? ( any ( ! bran*es by prun+ !m (f dur+ ! summ]1 z sugge/$ above4 ,z soon z a /rong1 upright gr[? is />t$1 no fur!r head+ %\ld be done1 b c>eful ?9n+ by removal ( undesirable gr[? %\ld be cont9u$4 ,upright v>ieties1 su* z ! ,langu$oc 7see figure #i7 & ,texas1 may require head+ = a long] "t ?an ! m spread+ v>ieties4 ,x is necess>y to =ce !m to bran* ne>] ! gr\nd & !y %\ld be made to spread z mu* z possible4 ,prun+ to outside buds & summ] p9*+ w aid mat]ially & make x unnecess>y to head back aft] ! fir/ two or ?ree ye>s4 ,:]e ?is is n done1 head+ may be necess>y at ! end ( ! ?ird & possibly to ! f\r? ye> if ! tree is 9 ri*1 deep1 moi/ soil4 ,ano!r advantage ( summ] p9*+ & removal ( wat] spr\ts is t ! trees are n all[$ to develop a ?ick 8cr['s ne/0 at ! end ( ! /ubs :]e head+ back 0 done ! previ\s w9t]1 mak+ ! foll[+ w9t] prun+ mu* easi]4 ,! habit ( gr[? ( ea* ( ! pr9cipal comm]cial v>ieties is %[n 9 figures #h to #ab1 inclusive4 ,aft] ! ma9 framework is prop]ly />t$1 fur!r prun+ w be limit$ to ?9n+ out ! tree to keep x suffici5tly op5 & to remove all dead1 injur$ & int]f]+ bran*es4 ,mo/ ( ! gr[? aft] ?is w cont9ue f ! ends ( ! rema9+ bran*es & z ! trees gr[ high] !y w t5d to bran* m4 ,all cross bran*es & ^? t are liable to int]f]e lat] %\ld be tak5 out4 ,all wat] spr\ts %\ld be remov$ unless !y are ne$$ to fill 9 undesirable op5 spaces4 ,z ! trees come into full be>+ & approa* maturity1 ! vigor\s wood gr[? w cease & w be replac$ by a mod]ate ye>ly gr[? ( wood :i* w gradually increase ! size ( ! tree )\t mak+ x unmanageable4 ,:]e trees cont9ue to make excessive wood gr[? :5 !y %\ld be be>+1 ! tr\ble may g5]ally be trac$ to unusually ri*1 moi/ soil1 a condition :i* prun+ _c correct4 ,x may be b5eficial to /op prun+ altoge!r = a few ye>s1 :i* w be likely to ?r[ ! trees into heavy be>+ & ?us /op excessive wood gr[?4 ,aft] ! be>+ habit is once ?or\ghly e/abli%$1 mod]ate prun+ may be done to get ! tree back into prop] %ape4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,eighte5-ye>-old almond trees dehead$ six feet f gr\nd1 9 ! ,arm/rong or*>d ne> ,davis4 ,/ubs pa9t$ ) :ite lead4 ,photo tak5 ,febru>y1 #aiad4 ,comp>e ) ,figs4 #ad to #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,same trees z ,fig4 #ac1 %[+ gr[? "o ye> aft] dehead+4 ,photo tak5 ,m>*1 #aiae4 ,on "s ( ! trees long /ubs 7 left ne> ! bottom ( ! trees f :i* new gr[? nev] />t$4 ,only a mod]ate ?9n+ out ( ! new gr[? 0 done4 ,! mature tree %\ld h its bran*es s spac$ t sunlight may p5etrate to all portions ( ! tree4 ,?is is necess>y = ! cont9u$ heal? & life ( ! fruit spurs 9 ! l[] portions ( ! tree4 ,if ! top is too d5se1 ! new gr[? c only cont9ue 9 ! top & out] portions ( ! tree :]e sunlight c p5etrate4 ,:5 an adv5titi\s bud does />t 9 ! c5t] ( ! tree x imm$iately makes a /rong vigor\s gr[? to rea* ! sunlight f> above4 ,su* a gr[? is call$ a wat] spr\t4 ,if ! trees are kept s prun$ t ! %ad[ on ! gr\nd dur+ ! great] "p ( ! day is mottl$ ) sunlight :ile ! trees are 9 full leaf1 ! small gr[? may be ma9ta9$ 9 ! c5t] & ! be>+ surface greatly increas$4 ,:]e ?is is done ! trees w n t5d to gr[ z high z !y o!rwise w\ld4 ,prun+ ( heal?y1 mature trees1 !re=e1 w be limit$ to ?9n+ out & removal ( dead & int]f]+ bran*es & wat] spr\ts4 ,portions :i* gr[ too high may be br\ght d[n by removal close to a %ort] & l[] bran*4 ,by giv+ ?is treatm5t only to small portions ( ! tree dur+ a season1 ! =c+ ( wat] spr\ts may be l>gely avoid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,same trees z ,fig4 #ad1 %[+ two seasons' gr[? aft] dehead+4 ,photo tak5 ,febru>y1 #aiaf1 j aft] prun+ _h be5 complet$4 ,old trees1 or ^? :i*1 ?r\gh improp] c>e or neglect h become weak & unfruitful1 may (t5 be rejuv5at$4 ,"o me?od is to dehead !m to a height ( ab\t six feet f ! gr\nd & to gr[ entirely new tops4 ,by ?is me?od ab\t ?ree ye>s are requir$ to br+ ! trees back to ! po9t :]e !y are aga9 ready to be> pr(itable crops4 ,! objections to ?is are t x is an exp5sive op]ation1 no crops :atev] c be obta9$ = two ye>s1 organisms ( decay may ga9 entrance to ! wood1 & sometimes ! sudd5 %ock to ! tree r5d]s x m subject to physiological di/urbances4 ,! advantages are t if prop] c>e is giv5 ! trees dur+ ! rebuild+ p]iod1 mu* bett] =m$ trees may be obta9$ & a f9] quality ( be>+ wood be secur$ ?r\gh\t ! new trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--,same trees z ,fig4 #ad1 %[+ ?ree seasons' gr[? aft] dehead+4 ,photo tak5 ,janu>y1 #aiag4 ,no prun+ done ?is w9t]4 ,trees h n borne m ?an a few almonds b h a good set ( fruit buds4 ,to be successful1 ! dehead+ process mu/ be foll[$ by c>eful ?9n+ ( ! spr\ts t w be =c$ f ! old /ubs4 ,if too mu* ?9n+ is done ! fir/ ye>1 !re is dang] ( ^? t are left becom+ top-heavy & break+ (f4 ,?is is especially tr\blesome 9 sections subject to /rong w9ds4 ,! new spr\ts %\ld be left suffici5tly ?ick to help support ea* o!r1 & yet %\ld be ?9n$ out suffici5tly to prev5t cr[d+4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ season's gr[?1 fur!r trimm+ %\ld be done1 giv+ ^? bran*es be/ adapt$ = ! frame ( ! new tree a *ance to take ! lead ! foll[+ season4 ,a suffici5t am\nt ( second>y gr[? %\ld be left to help take c>e ( ! excessive sap fl[ 9 ! %ort5$ tree1 b ?is mu/ be wat*$ to see t x does n int]f]e ) ! gr[? :i* is to be p]man5t4 ,by ! end ( ! second ye>1 ! p]man5t bran*es %\ld be suffici5tly /rong & firm to p]mit ! entire removal ( all o!r bran*es4 ,! am\nt ( wood to be left until ! end ( ! second season & !n remov$ is cle>ly %[n 9 figures #ah & #ai4 ,! ?ird ye> ! tree %\ld make suffici5t gr[? to re/ore v l>gely ! equilibrium betwe5 ! top & ! roots & also produce a small crop4 ,figures #ac to #ag1 inclusive1 illu/rate ! /eps 9 rejuv5at+ an or*>d by ! dehead+ process f ! />t until ! trees are aga9 9 comm]cial be>+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,same trees z ,fig4 #ad1 %[+ f\r seasons' gr[? aft] dehead+4 ,photo tak5 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 aft] trees h borne _! fir/ good crop ( nuts4 ,no prun+ has be5 done s9ce ,janu>y1 #aiaf4 ,"s gr[]s f9d x m desirable to cut back only "o-half ( ea* tree at a "t4 ,! %ock to ! tree is n s great & ! liability to s\r-sap correspond+ly less4 ,! halves ( ! tree left /&+ act z a w9d-break to prev5t ! bl[+ out ( ! new gr[?1 :i* at ! same "t is less likely to break (f because ( its sl[] & m /urdy gr[?4 ,! objection to ?is me?od is t ! o!r half mu/ be cut (f ! foll[+ w9t] & ! %ap+ process is m or less unev51 & necess>ily cont9u$ ov] a long "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--,two seasons' gr[? be=e prun+ ( almond trees dehead$ six feet f ! gr\nd ,janu>y1 #aiad1 9 ! ,arm/rong or*>d ne> ,davis4 ,! tree 0 only mod]ately ?9n$ at ! end ( ! fir/ ye>4 ,photo tak5 ,febru>y #b1 #aiaf4 ,! o!r me?od ( rejuv5ation is to ?9 out gradually ! dead & weak5$ bran*es 9 ! old trees & rebuild !m gradually1 remov+ only a small portion 9 any "o ye>4 ,z ! new gr[? is =c$ out x is us$ to replace ! old wood :]e possible4 ,su* a sy/em requires m cutt+ ( small bran*es high up 9 ! tree to be successful1 = x mu/ n be op5$ to sunlight too sudd5ly or sunburn w result4 ,! cutt+ ( a l>ge numb] ( small bran*es t5ds to =ce ! gr[? ( new buds ov] a l>ge proportion ( ! tree & if done mod]ately _m ( ^! w quickly develop into fruit+ wood4 ,ev5tually1 _m l>ge bran*es may h to be remov$ z new] bran*es are develop$1 b ?is mu/ necess>ily be a comp>atively gradual process4 ,! advantages ( ?is me?od are t !re is no sudd5 %ock to ! tree1 !re is always suffici5t leaf surface to c>e = any extra supply ( sap :i* may be =c$ into ! tree by unfavorable wea!r & moi/ure conditions1 & cropp+ w be cont9u\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,same tree z ,fig4 #ah aft] prun+4 ,! actual "t requir$ to prune ?is tree 0 tw5ty-five m9utes4 ,photo tak5 ,febru>y1 #aiaf4 ,:atev] me?od ( rejuv5ation is us$1 ! gr[] mu/ be v c>eful f ! fir/ to protect all l>ge w\nds by "s pa9t or o!r protective cov]+1 su* z asphaltum1 to prev5t *eck+ & wea!r+ & to keep decay f gett+ />t$ & work+ into ! he>t ( ! tree4 ,) v l>ge w\nds a protective cov]+ mu/ be kept on dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! life ( ! tree1 or until ! w\nds heal ov] completely4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,culture ,,on ,,nuts ,! effect ( culture on ! nuts is q m>k$4 ,all v>ieties w v>y 9 size f season to season & 9 diff]5t or*>ds dur+ ! same season1 dep5d+ on ! plant food & moi/ure supply available dur+ ! "t ! nuts are matur+4 ,"s v>ieties1 notably ! ,nonp>eil1 w v>y m 9 size ?an 9 plumpness1 :ile o!r v>ieties1 l ! ,ne ,plus ,ultra1 are m incl9$ to produce some:at %rivel$ k]nels & imp]fectly develop$ %ells & ! v>iation 9 size w n be z great4 ,z ! trees be> l>g] crops ! nuts produc$ are incl9$ to be small]4 ,"y1 vigor\s trees ) a light crop w (t5 produce unusually l>ge nuts ) comp>atively ?9 %ells4 ,! value ( a v>iety1 !re=e1 w dep5d l>gely ^u its behavior aft] ! trees rea* full maturity & be>+4 ,,or*>d ,,heat+ ,,= ,,fro/ ,,prev5tion ,!re has be5 consid]able int]e/ 9 protect+ almonds f fro/ because ( ! frequ5cy ) :i* !y are subject$ to su* conditions by reason ( _! e>ly blossom+ habit4 ,! use ( or*>d heat]s 9 "s di/ricts has become a common & successful practice4 ,x is possible to economically control sev]al degrees ( fro/ = ?ree or f\r nights or possibly m by a judici\s use ( heat]s4 ,! be/ type ( heat] = almond or*>ds has n be5 ?or\ghly work$ out z yet1 b ! res]voir heat]s ( ! ,bolton or ,hamilton type h be5 commonly & successfully us$4 ,! =m] are commonly kn[n z 8pots40 ,at lea/ #ge "o or two-gallon heat]s p] acre are necess>y to control temp]atures z l[ z #bg or #bh degrees ,f4 ,probably n ov] #ajj pots to an acre w\ld be ne$$ at mo/4 ,d\ble ! numb] ( pots %\ld be plac$ ar\nd ! outside r[ ( ! or*>d to af=d ! necess>y protection4 ,! gravity ( oil be/ suit$ = or*>d heat+ is betwe5 #bj & #be degrees ,beaum4 ,x is ess5tial t x be z free f impurities1 su* z sulphur1 z possible4 ,dur+ ! spr+ ( #aiag1 or*>d heat+ 0 done v ext5sively 9 "s di/ricts ( ! /ate :ile ! trees 7 approa*+ full bloom4 ,z ! season progress$ x became app>5t t "s s]i\s injury _h be5 done by ! heat+1 = ! bulk ( ! blossoms fell (f & ! leaves turn$ yell[ 9 /reaks z if burn$ by an acid4 ,! appe>ance 0 exactly z if ! p>ticles ( soot settl+ on ! pi/ils ( ! fl[]s & on ! "y leaves _h absorb$ sulphur dioxide gas 7a product ( oil combu/ion :]e sulphur is conta9$ 9 ! oil7 & t ! dews unit+ ) x to =m sulphur\s acid _h done ! damage4 ,_h ! heat+ be5 done lat] & only aft] ! trees _h pass$ full bloom1 x is possible t a mu* heavi] set ( nuts might h be5 secur$1 s9ce ! small fruits1 :]e !y _h =m$1 seem$ to h be5 un9jur$1 only ! pi/ils ( ! fl[]s hav+ be5 affect$1 probably prev5t+ poll9ation & f]tilization ( ! ovules4 ,! "t ( heat+ is !re=e a v important po9t4 ,almond blossoms become progressively m t5d] to fro/ z !y advance 9 developm5t4 ,) _! petals on !y are n ne>ly z t5d] z !y are aft] ! petals h fall54 ,!y rea* _! mo/ t5d] /age aft] ! calyx %ucks h fall5 f ! "y exp&+ fruits be=e !y are ! size ( a pea4 ,ord9>ily1 or*>d heat+ be=e ! trees h pass$ full bloom is a wa/e ( "t & mat]ial & is (t5 injuri\s4 ,! mo/ ne$$ "t is = a p]iod ( two or ?ree weeks aft] ! bulk ( ! petals h fall51 unless temp]atures bel[ #bh or #bi degrees are enc\nt]$ be=e t "t4 ,,crop ,,h&l+ ,h>ve/+4--,! h>ve/+ ( ! crop %\ld be comm5c$ z soon z ! hulls h op5$ to _! fulle/ ext5t & no "t %\ld be lo/ 9 complet+ ! "w4 ,! nuts 9 ! c5t] ( ! tree are ! la/ ones to rip5 & s may be us$ z indicators4 ,if h>ve/+ is comm5c$ e>ly1 ! nuts w cl+ to ! tree r t5aci\sly & knock+ mu/ be v vigor\s 9 ord] to %ake !m loose4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if !y are all[$ to hang too long aft] rip5+1 a numb] ( difficulties may be enc\nt]$4 ,!y may be bl[n to ! gr\nd by light w9ds & ! co/ ( ga!r+ be increas$1 z q commonly occurs ) ! ,pe]less1 or ! hulls may dry up & 9 do+ s1 close ar\nd ! nuts to a great] or less ext5t & add to ! co/ & difficulty ( hull+4 ,?is is mo/ noticeable ) ! ,nonp>eil4 ,/rong w9ds w break (f a great _m ( ! nuts ( any ( ! v>ieties1 & promptness is d\bly ess5tial :]e !re is any likelihood ( su* w9ds dur+ ! h>ve/ season4 ,depr$ations by birds may cause s]i\s losses1 especially ) ! s(t & pap]%ell v>ieties4 ,infe/ation by worms may (t5 be q s]i\s 9 ! pap]%ell v>ieties :5 !y are all[$ to hang too long4 ,9 case ( damp or foggy wea!r ! %ells turn d>k & sometimes comm5ce to mildew1 requir+ heavi] blea*+ to bright5 !m suffici5tly = m>ket dem&s4 ,ra9 /a9s c nev] be remov$ entirely by blea*+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;,h>ve/+ almonds by knock+ onto %eets spread on gr\nd4 ,! crop is ga!r$ by knock+ ! rip5$ nuts & hulls ) long poles onto %eets spread on ! gr\nd "u ! trees4 ,! knock+ %\ld be done ne> ! portions ( ! trees :]e ! nuts are borne & by /rik+ a numb] ( light1 quick bl[s1 r ?an by a heavy bl[ aim$ to j> a l>ge bran*4 ,?is w avoid injury to ! b>k by bruis+ & w accompli% ! "w 9 less "t4 ,! bl[s %\ld always be deliv]$ squ>ely aga9/ ! bran*4 ,a glanc+ bl[ w te> ! b>k & break (f a great _m fruit spurs1 ?us r$uc+ ! be>+ surface = ! next ye>4 ,= ?is reason h>ve/]s mu/ be wat*$ closely all ! "t to insure ! prop] use ( ! poles4 ,! %eets1 two 9 numb]1 are spread "u ! trees s !y w ov]lap & cat* all ! nuts t fall 7see figure #bj74 ,:5 suffici5tly load$ ) nuts to make dragg+ ! %eets f "o tree to ano!r difficult1 !y are empti$ into lug boxes & s5t to ! hull]4 ,! "* ( ! h>ve/+ equipm5t may v>y consid]ably1 dep5d+ on ! acreage1 "* ( trees & gr\nd1 "t requir$1 capital available1 & ! p]sonal wi%es ( ! own]4 ,"s gr[]s use heavy poles ( p9e1 spruce or fir1 :ile o!rs pref] ! light] bamboo poles4 ,! heavy poles are f #a to #b in*es 9 diamet] at ! base & f to #a in* 9 diamet] at ! top4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t poles ( ?is type ov] #bj feet 9 l5g? become unwieldy1 & n only sw+ sl[ly b d m damage because ( ! great] difficulty ( control4 ,mo/ gr[]s pref] #af-;foot poles ) a few #bj-;foot ones = use 9 ! tops ( ! tall] trees4 ,:]e ! tops _c be rea*$ ) ^!1 ! m5 climb into ! trees ) %ort] poles4 ,! bamboo poles us$ are ab\t #bd feet long & because ( _! lightness c be us$ ) great] spe$4 ,bamboo poles ) %ort int]nodes %\ld be select$ z !y are less likely to break4 ,breakage may also be r$uc$ by /or+ ! poles 9 a cool place :]e dry+-out w n be excessive4 ,! %eets us$ are made ( duck rang+ 9 weight f #g to #ab ounces4 ,sizes ( s+le %eets range f #ab #bd to #bd #dh feet4 ,%eets ne$ n be mu* long] ?an ! longe/ diamet] ( ! tree4 ,to prev5t mildew & rott+ ( ! fabric 9 ! %eets !y %\ld be boil$ 9 a solution ( tann9 be=e be+ us$4 ,! life ( %eets ?us treat$ w be greatly l5g!n$4 ,a numb] ( gr[]s h provid$ special contrivances by :i* %eets are m\nt$ on sl$s or :eels s !y are n dragg$ on ! gr\nd4 ,! pr9cipal objection to su* an arrangem5t is t ! sl$ or :eel$ frame mu/ be made 9 two sections1 "o = ea* side ( ! tree1 ?us increas+ ! co/ ( ! op]ation because ! horses c be us$ = no?+ else :ile h>ve/+ is 9 progress4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by ! dragg+ process %eets w n la/ m ?an two or ?ree seasons1 :]eas by ! sl$ or wagon me?od !y w la/ f six to t5 ye>s long]4 ,! two wagons %[n 9 figure #ba1 ea* #ab #bd feet1 co/ betwe5 #fj & #gj1 ab\t #aiad4 ,! canvas portion is ( #h-ounce duck4 ,by ?is me?od ! knock]s c ga!r t5 lug boxes be=e empty+4 ,! "w c be done mu* fa/] ) wagons4 ,) ! sl$s a %eet is fa/5$ l5g?wise on ! "r-h& side ( "o & ano!r on ! left-h& side ( ! o!r sl$4 ,hull+4--,aft] h>ve/+1 ! almonds1 hulls & all are tak5 :ile /ill moi/1 to ! hull] to sep>ate !m4 ,if !y become dry be=e hull+ !y mu/ be dipp$ 9 wat] or ! %ells w be brok54 ,all hull+ 0 =m]ly done by h&1 & ?is is /ill done :]e only small lots are to be h&l$4 ,! inv5tion ( ma*9]y = ?is purpose has r$uc$ ! co/ ( hull+ f #fj to #hj p] c5t1 = mo/ outfits sep>ate ! hulls f ! nuts be=e !y leave ! ma*9e4 ,"s ( ! h& hull]s consi/ simply ( ! hull+ portion ( ! l>ge p[] ma*9es )\t ! sep>at+ scre5s4 ,^! co/ ab\t "o-six? or "o-sev5? z mu* z ! l>ge ma*9es1 & :]e a man has a small acreage & is too f> away to haul to a l>ge hull]1 a h& ma*9e w greatly facilitate ! "w1 ev5 ?\gh ! f9al sep>ation mu/ be done by h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,portable almond %eets m\nt$ on :eels z us$ by ,n4 ,j4 ,lund1 ,oakdale1 ,cali=nia1 #aiaf4 ,!re are ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( hull+ & sep>at+ ma*9es n[ 9 op]ation 9 ,cali=nia1 all inv5t$ by ,cali=nia almond gr[]s4 ,! fir/ "o made 0 ! ,read 8,sure-,pop0 almond hull]4 ,?is is n[ manufactur$ 9 ?ree sizes by ! ,s*meis] ,manufactur+ ,company1 ,davis1 ,cali=nia4 ,! ,no4 #c hull] does n h any sep>at+ device & is g5]ally be/ = or*>ds ( less ?an t5 acres4 ,x may be op]at$ by h& or by a small eng9e or motor4 ,! ,no4 #b hull]s bo? hull & sep>ate & are op]at$ only by p[]4 ,!y %\ld pay 9 or*>ds ( t5 acres or m4 ,! ,no4 #a is ! l>ge/ made & is = use 9 l>ge or*>ds ( #ajj acres or m4 ,! ,bea* hull] is ( m rec5t orig91 hav+ be5 9 use only s9ce #ahie4 ,x 0 inv5t$ by ,j4 ,e4 ,bea* ( ,fairoaks1 ,cali=nia1 & is be+ manufactur$ by him4 ,! two sizes ( ?is ma*9e are bo? p[] outfits2 !y are do+ satisfactory "w at ! pres5t "t4 ,! ?ird hull] is t made by ,c4 ,u4 ,reams ( ,suisun4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ma*9es made by him 0 9 #ahig1 & is n[ 9 work+ ord] at ! ,f4 ,o4 ,sc>lett ran*1 nor!a/ ( ,suisun1 & is do+ satisfactory "w4 ,s9ce ! fir/ inv5tion1 ,reams has made a numb] ( improvem5ts bo? 9 ! me?od ( hull+ & ( sep>at+4 ,_m gr[]s d n h suffici5t tonnage to enable !m to af=d a comm]cial hull]1 & yet hull+ by h& is a sl[ & t$i\s practice4 ,c4 ,e4 ,s$gwick1 ,manag] ( ! ,solano ,di/rict ( ! ,pacific ,gas & ,electric ,company1 locat$ at ,dixon1 ,cali=nia1 conceiv$ ! idea ( us+ a c5trifugal bl[] op]at$ by a small electric motor to d ! hull+4 ,8 description ( ?is outfit1 quot$ f 8,pacific ,s]vice ,magaz9e10 ,april1 #aiaf1 page #cic1 aft] mak+ two small corrections giv5 by ,mr4 ,s$gwick1 is z foll[s3 ,! equipm5t consi/s ( a ,no4 #j ,/urtevant exhau/ fan belt$ to a #a h4p4 motor4 ,! nuts are f$ into ! suction side ( ! fan :]e !y are pick$ up by ! runn]1 hurl$ aga9/ ! cas+ ( ! fan & bl[n out ( ! dis*>ge into a box4 ,! motor consumes ?ree-t5?s kil[atts :5 almonds are f$ into ! fan at ! rate ( a lug box e m9utes & "o-half1 s t ! p[] co/1 ev5 at ! #h-;c5t light+ rate1 is only #b4d c5ts p] h\r4 ,! fan co/s ab\t #bj1 :ile ! regul> comm]cial hull]s run z high z #gej4 ,fur!r inquiry f ,mr4 ,s$gwick develop$ ! fact t ?is hull] has op]at$ = ?ree seasons on a #bj-;acre almond or*>d4 ,pe]less1 ,drake & ,i4,x4,l4 almonds 7 all hull$ successfully4 ,nonp>eils h n z yet be5 tri$4 ,! spe$ mo/ commonly us$ 0 ab\t #abjj r4p4m41 ?\gh x v>i$ some:at ) ! diff]5t v>ieties4 ,he believes t a l>g] size w\ld d bett] "w4 ,! effici5cy ( any ( ! above hull]s dep5ds l>gely ^u ! spe$ ( ! ma*9e & ^u ! condition ( ! almonds 9 ! hulls4 ,if ! ma*9e runs too fa/ ! almonds w be brok5 & injur$1 & if x runs too sl[ly _m ( ! almonds are n hull$4 ,if ! almonds are all[$ to hang on ! trees too long1 or if all[$ to lie ar\nd too long aft] be+ h>ve/$1 ! hulls become dry & lea!ry & ! difficulty ( hull+ is greatly increas$4 ,dipp+ 9 wat] 9 su* cases may help to ov]come ?is difficulty to a limit$ ext5t4 ,! pap]%ell v>ieties1 notably ! ,nonp>eil1 are mu* m difficult to hull )\t break+ ! %ells ?an are ! h>d] %ell$ v>ieties4 ,! ,nonp>eil hull has a t5d5cy to close ar\nd ! nut on dry+1 mak+ hull+ "u su* circum/ances v difficult4 ,(t5 :5 ! moi/ure supply 9 ! soil is exhau/$ be=e ! nuts are ripe1 or :]e ! loss ( leaf surface due to mites is s]i\s prior to rip5+1 ! hulls op5 only slightly or n at all1 b dry onto ! %ell ( ! nut4 ,su* 8/icktights0 c only be dispos$ ( pr(itably by all[+ !m to ?or\ghly dry1 :5 !y are crack$ & sold z k]nels4 ,aft] ! hull+ op]ation all almonds mu/ be gone ov] by h& to remove pieces ( hulls & inf]ior or gummy nuts4 ,:]e canvas drap]s are n available = sort+ directly f ! hull]1 ! nuts are pil$ 9 hopp]s & sort$ on b5*es b5ea? !m4 ,dry+4--,imm$iately foll[+ ! sort+1 ! nuts are spread on trays & ?or\ghly dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,9 ! int]ior valleys dur+ ! hot1 dry wea!r ! nuts w sometimes dry s quickly t by ! "t ! sort+ f hopp]s is complet$ ! nuts are suffici5tly dry to be blea*$4 ,! gr[] mu/ be c]ta91 h[ev]1 t su* is ! case be=e any blea*+ is done1 or be=e ! almonds are deliv]$ to ! w>eh\ses = blea*+4 ,! nuts are suffici5tly dry :5 ! k]nels w break )\t b5d+4 ,quick dry+ is ess5tial to prev5t ! excessive d>k5+ ( ! %ell4 ,blea*+4--,:5 ?or\ghly dry ! nuts are ready = blea*+4 ,! %ells are fir/ moi/5$ by spray+ ) wat] or subject+ !m to l[-pressure /eam = #aj to #bj m9utes4 ,! %ells are !n subject$ to ! fumes ( burn+ sulphur = #aj to #cj m9utes4 ,! sulphur fumes are absorb$ by ! moi/ure on ! %ells1 :i* are blea*$ to a bright yell[ color4 ,aft] blea*+ ! nuts are expos$ to ! air = a few mom5ts to all[ !m to dry4 ,! m>ket dem&s a nut t has be5 suffici5tly blea*$ to give x a bright1 clean1 yell[ color4 ,an ov]-blea*$ almond is equally objectionable because ( its pale1 sickly1 yell[ or :iti% color4 ,ov]-/eam+ or sulphur+ p]mits excessive p5etration ( ! sulphur fumes1 ) ! result+ dang] ( absorption by ! k]nel4 ,:ile ?is may n be noticeable 9 ! flavor1 x w ev5tually result 9 premature det]ioration 9 ! =m ( rancidity4 ,unblea*$ almonds rema9 edible mu* long] ?an blea*$ almonds 9 ne>ly e case4 ,ord9>ily "o to ?ree p\nds ( ! be/ fl[]s ( sulphur is requir$ to blea* a ton ( almonds4 ,lump sulphur is n satisfactory4 ,sack+4--,dur+ ! prelim9>y h&l+ ( almonds ord9>y gra9 sacks are commonly us$4 ,aft] blea*+1 9 :i* condition !y are ready = m>ket1 !y are put 9 /&>d almond bags1 measur+ #bj #dj in*es & weigh+ #a p\nds4 ,! weight ( a bag ( almonds w v>y1 dep5d+ n only on ! v>iety b also on ! ye> 9 :i* ! crop 0 gr[n & ! locality 9 :i* x 0 produc$4 ,= sell+ purposes ! ,cali=nia ,almond ,gr[]s' ,ex*ange e/imates weights ( diff]5t v>ieties to be z foll[s3 ,nonp>eil ab\t #he p\nds to ! bag2 ,i4,x4,l4 ab\t #hj p\nds2 ,ne ,plus ,ultra1 #ge p\nds2 ,drake1 #ij to #ajj p\nds2 ,langu$oc1 #ajj p\nds2 & h>d%ell almonds1 #ajj to #abj p\nds4 ,%ell+4--,)9 ! pa/ two ye>s ! %ell+ ( almonds has tak5 a prom95t place 9 ! consid]ation ( ! m5 *>g$ ) ! disposal ( ! almond crop4 ,! increas+ popul>ity ( %ell$ almonds1 & ! limit$ m>ket = un%ell$ almonds1 makes ! production ( m %ell$ almonds imp]ative 9 view ( ! prospects ( greatly increas$ production 9 ! next few ye>s4 ,a small proportion ( ! %ell$ almonds m>ket$ are ^? accid5tally %ell$ dur+ ! hull+ process4 ,?is probably av]ages less ?an #cj p\nds p] ton ( almonds hull$ 9 ord9>y ye>s4 ,! v>ieties mo/ commonly %ell$ are ! pap]%ells4 ,!y are mu* m easily %ell$ )\t break+ ! k]nels ?an are ! h>d] %ell$ v>ieties &1 9 addition1 are wor? m = %ell+ because ( ! high p]c5tage ( k]nel comp>$ to %ell4 ,grad+4--,grad+ almonds = size is n done at pres5t b probably w be )9 ! next few ye>s4 ,grad+ = quality is done regul>ly by te/+ an entire lot r ?an attempt+ to sep>ate inf]ior nuts4 ,! /&>d grade consi/s ( all lots hav+ ! requir$ p]c5tage ( good k]nels1 free f worms or gummy nuts4 ,?is requirem5t v>ies betwe5 #ij & #ie p] c5t1 dep5d+ on ! condition ( ! crop z a :ole & on ! m>ket conditions4 ,! /&>d grade ( a giv5 v>iety sells on gu>antee t x %all be up to adv]tis$ /&>d4 ,all lots :i* _c pass ?is are sold on sample1 & !re=e1 on _! own individual m]its4 ,,m>ket+ ,! m>ket+ ( ! ,cali=nia almond crop is at pres5t on a firm] basis ?an at any "t 9 ! pa/4 ,previ\s to #aiaj !re 0 little or no cop]ation among gr[]s & ! buy]s _h ev]y?+ _! own way4 ,9 ,may ( t ye>1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,d>gitz1 an almond gr[] ne> ,acampo1 ,cali=nia1 successfully organiz$ ! ,cali=nia ,almond ,gr[]s' ,ex*ange1 consi/+ ( n9e local associations ) a total memb]%ip ( #bcj gr[]s4 ,! ,ex*ange />t$ bus9ess ) #ajjj borr[$ capital1 p]sonally gu>ante$ by ! directors4 ,on ,june #a1 #aiah1 !re 7 #bb sub-associations repres5t+ ab\t #bjjj gr[]s1 controll+ ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! crop4 ,! ,ex*ange n[ is n only out ( debt b owns inve/m5ts aggregat+ #ajj1jjj 9 value1 includ+ w>eh\ses1 a c5tral %ell+ plant & o!r prop]ty4 ,at ! same "t1 ! gr[]s h be5 receiv+ ab\t #ej p] c5t m = _! almonds ?an be=e ! ,ex*ange 0 organiz$4 ,! success ( ! ,ex*ange1 ) ! consequ5t high] prices to ! gr[]1 has result$ 9 a l>ge increase 9 ! acreage ( almonds 9 ,cali=nia4 ,?is increase is mak+ x necess>y to develop new m>kets to absorb ! great] tonnage1 & ?is c only be done effectively or satisfactorily by cop]ative ef=t4 ,h]et(ore1 ,cali=nia almonds h be5 m>ket$ *iefly 9 ! %ell4 ,a small proportion has be5 crack$ annually to supply we/]n brok]s & confection]s1 & practically all ( ^! h be5 sold we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,only ! :ole nuts h be5 %ipp$ to ! ea/]n m>kets4 ,! ,european crops are s5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates l>gely z k]nels & h _h a practical monopoly ( ! %ell$ almond bus9ess ea/ ( ! ,rockies4 ,! ,t>ragonas & ,val5cias %ipp$ to ,am]ica come into direct competition ) ! ,i4,x4,l41 ,drake1 ,langu$oc & o!r ,cali=nia almonds1 all ( :i* are un%ell$ = ! ea/]n m>kets4 ,! imports ( un%ell$ almonds av]age ab\t ! same z ! ,cali=nia production4 ,! ,jordan1 ,pr9cess & o!r v>ieties1 h[ev]1 come 9 %ell$1 con/itut+ ! bulk ( ! importations4 ,! ,jordan1 because ( its sup]ior quality1 is 9 a class by itself & does n compete at pres5t ) ! ,cali=nia product4 ,! ,pr9cess & o!r almonds ( t type are mu* ! same z ! ,cali=nia %ell+ v>ieties & w be s]i\s competitors :5 sold 9 ! same m>kets4#d ,/or+4--,almonds await+ removal or sale w become rancid if /or$ 9 w>m or damp places4 ,if ! almonds h be5 prop]ly c>$ = dur+ ! h&l+ process to prev5t worm infection1 & if ! nuts h be5 ?or\ghly cur$1 !y w keep satisfactorily = a ye> or m4 ,! ideal condition is to keep !m /or$ 9 a uni=mly cool1 dry /orage place ) ample v5tilation4 ,,yields ,! yield ( almonds 9 diff]5t ye>s & 9 diff]5t or*>ds is probably m v>iable ?an t ( any o!r ( ! common or*>d fruits4 ,! fluctuations f ye> to ye> are l>gely due to climatic conditions1 :ile ! v>iations 9 diff]5t or*>ds are l>gely due to v>iety1 c>e giv5 ! trees ?r\gh\t _! life1 ! "* ( ! soil1 & location ) relation to local fro/ conditions4 ,almonds fir/ comm5ce be>+ at f two to f\r ye>s ( age2 ! fir/ crop rang+ f "o or two nuts up to a hatful or possibly m4 ,! trees w fir/ comm5ce to be> a crop :i* x w pay to h>ve/1 at f ?ree to five ye>s ( age4 ,ord9>ily1 x w be ne>] ! latt]1 dep5d+ ^u ! type ( soil 9 :i* ! trees are gr[+ & ! moi/ure conditions surr\nd+ !m4 ,on ! hill l&s ! trees beg9 to mature mu* e>li] ?an 9 ! ri* bottom l&s & consequ5tly come into be>+ e>li]4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t a crop :i* x w pay to h>ve/ does n necess>ily pay = ! co/ ( or*>d ma9t5ance4 ,a crop is n consid]$ a pay+ crop until x pays = ! co/ ( ma9t5ance z well z h>ve/+ & h&l+4 ,almond or*>ds1 z a rule1 rea* ?is po9t at f five to sev5 ye>s ( age4 ,f ?is "t on ! trees %\ld cont9ue to increase 9 production f ye> to ye>1 all[+ = failures due to fro/ & o!r unfavorable conditions1 until !y are f #ab to #bj ye>s old4 ,"u ! common me?ods ( c>e t mo/ or*>ds receive1 ! trees comm5ce to decrease 9 _! production at f #be to #cj ye>s1 al?\gh 9 "s cases x w be ev5 soon] ?an t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 well c>$-= or*>ds w cont9ue _! maximum production ev5 long]4 ,! age at :i* an or*>d w no long] pay w range f #cj ye>s upw>d4 ,! top limit is /ill unkn[n4 ,inve/igations c>ri$ on dur+ #aiac-aiade br\ght out ! foll[+ facts3 ,! av]age production ( almonds 9 ,cali=nia is betwe5 #gjj & #hjj p\nds p] acre2 if c>e is ex]cis$ 9 ! selection ( a prop] location = an or*>d & if good judgm5t is us$ 9 manag+ x1 #ajjj p\nds p] acre w\ld be a safe e/imate = bus9ess purposes2 9 _m ye>s compet5t m5 might be expect$ to obta9 #aejj p\nds p] acre1 b ?is c\ld n be expect$ to hold = a t5-ye> av]age4 ,! possibilities are %[n by ! crop f "o acre on ! ,univ]sity ,f>m1 at ,davis1 ,cali=nia1 ( t5-ye>-old trees :i* am\nt$ to ne>ly #bhjj p\nds 9 #aiag4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,production ,! co/ ( produc+ almonds involves a numb] ( v>iable factors1 includ+ ov]head *>ges1 su* z ! co/ ( ! l&1 equipm5t1 taxes1 insurance & depreciation2 & also ! co/ ( ma9t5ance & h&l+4 ,ma9t5ance includes su* co/s z prun+1 pl[+1 cultivat+1 spray+ & irrigation4 ,h&l+ includes h>ve/+1 hull+1 haul+1 & w>eh\s+4 ,tabulations ( e/imates 9 tables ,,ii to ,,viii are bas$ on in=mation collect$ dur+ ! ye>s #aiac to #aiaf1 inclusive1 f a l>ge numb] ( gr[]s 9 practically all ! almond di/ricts ( ! /ate1 & repres5t z accurately z possible ) ! data at h& ! av]age co/s :i* actually exi/ ?r\gh\t ,cali=nia4 ,co/ ( ! ,l&4--,! e/imates giv5 9 table ,,ii are to be tak5 z only p>tially indicative ( conditions :i* actually exi/ 9 ! v>i\s di/ricts m5tion$4 ,^! figures d n give ! entire range ( prices b indicate "s ( ! m common values plac$ ^u ! l&4 ,,table ,,ii ,,value ,,( ,,almond ,,l& ,,9 ,,cali=nia ,l& 9 be>+ ,di/rict-- ,b>e l& or*>d ,be/ ,sacram5to ,valley l& #bjj-djj #djj-fjj ,o!r good int]ior valley l&s #aej- #cjj #djj- #ejj ,sacram5to ,valley1 foo?ill sections #ge- #aej #bjj- #djj ,contra ,co/a ,c\nty #ajj- #cjj #bej- #ejj ,santa ,cl>a & ,san ,b5ito c\nties #cjj- #fjj #ejj- #hjj ,paso ,robles di/rict #ej- #aej 44444444 ,bann+ di/rict #djj- #hjj #fjj-ajjj --------- -------- ,av]ages = ,cali=nia #bej #ejj ,equipm5t4--,x has be5 f\nd impossible to ga!r accurate figures ^u co/ ( equipm5t 9 almond or*>ds1 & especially s 9 view ( ! pres5t abnormal economic conditions1 b ! li/ giv5 9 table ,,iii w give an idea ( ! equipm5t requir$4 ,9 addition1 !re w be o!r small items ! gr[] w ne$ :i* are n m5tion$ "h4 ,,table ,,iii ,,almond ,,or*>d ,,equipm5t ,pl[s ,h>r[s 7spike-too? & spr+-too?7 ,disc ,cultivator ,we$ cutt] ,clod ma%] ,roll] ,hoes1 %ovels1 etc4 ,prun+ tools ,bru% burn] ,spray outfit ,wagon ,b>ns1 %$s & o!r build+s ,h>ve/+ equipm5t3 ,almond %eets ,poles ,lug boxes ,hull+ ma*9e ,sort+ tables & b9s ,dry+ trays ,sacks = transportation to w>eh\se ,or*>d heat+ equipm5t 7#be-cj p] acre7 ,horses or tractors ,h>ness ,av]age ,ov]head ,*>ges4--,table ,,iv %[s ! av]age ov]head *>ges = almond or*>ds4 ,int]e/ & depreciation on build+s are n includ$ because ( ! great v>iation 9 _! "*1 s t an extra *>ge mu/ be figur$ on ^! items by ! individual gr[]4 ,,table ,,iv ,,av]age ,,ov]head ,,*>ges ,,p] ,,acre ,taxes & insurance #d4jj ,int]e/ #cj4jj ,depreciation on work+ equipm5t #d4jj ------ ,total #ch4jj ,co/ ( ,production4--,table ,v %[s ! av]age co/ ( production = be>+ or*>ds ( v>ieties 9 all di/ricts1 bas$ on p]sonal obs]vation & co/ records f a l>ge numb] ( or*>ds m5tion$ previ\sly4 ,:]ev] co/ is dep5d5t ^u tonnage ! av]age yield ( #gjj p\nds p] acre is us$ z ! basis = computation4 ,depreciation on build+s & trees1 "t sp5t by teams 9 idl5ess1 fe$ consum$ dur+ su* times & o!r m9or items are too v>iable to safely e/imate1 b mu/ be consid]$4 ,,table ,v ,,av]age ,,co/ ,,( ,,production ,,( ,,all ,,be>+ ,,or*>ds ,,9 ,,cali=nia ,p] acre ,ma9t5ance3 ,prun+ #c4jj ,pl[+ #b4ge ,h>r[+ 4#ge ,cultivation & we$ cutt+ #c4jj ,spray+ #c4jj ,irrigation #b4jj ,h&l+3 ,h>ve/+1 hull+1 etc4 #bj4jj ,w>eh\s+ 7includ+ blea*+71 c p] lb4 #a4ge ,miscellane\s exp5se = ma9t5ance & h&l+ #b4jj #ch4be ------ ,ov]head *>ges #ch4jj ------ ,total co/ p] acre #gf4be ,co/ p] p\nd = ma9t5ance & h&l+ #j4jee ,co/ p] p\nd = ov]head *>ges #j4jed ------ ,total co/ p] p\nd #j4aji ,returns4--,prices paid to gr[]s h fluctuat$ consid]ably1 due to ! great v>iation 9 bo? ! ,cali=nia & ,european crops f ye> to ye>4 ,table ,,vi %[s ! av]age prices p] p\nd paid to ! gr[]s = ! f\r pr9cipal v>ieties m>ket$ ?r\gh ! ,ex*ange s9ce its organization4 ,,table ,,vi ,,net ,,prices ,,realiz$ ,,by ,,! ,,ex*ange ,,memb]s ,,= ,,diff]5t ,,v>ieties ,,= ,,! ,,ye>s #aiaj ,,to #aiaf1 ,,inclusive1 ,,9 ,,c5ts ,,p] ,,p\nd ,ne ,plus ,crop ,ye> ,nonp>eil ,i4,x4,l4 ,ultra ,drake tons #aiaj #ad4jj #ac4jj #ab4jj #aj4jj #c1ejj #aiaa #af4ej #ae4ej #ad4ej #ab4jj #a1dej #aiab #ac4be #ab4be #aa4be #i4ej #c1jjj #aiac #ag4be #af4be #ae4be #ac4be #a1ajj #aiad #ah4jj #ae4jj #ad4ej #aa4ej #b1bej #aiae #ac4jj #ab4jj #aa4jj #i4be #c1ejj #aiaf #ag4be #ad4ge #ac4ge #ac4jj #c1djj ----- ----- ----- ----- ------- ,av]age #ae4fa #ad4aa #ac4ah #aa4bb #b1ega4d ,table ,,vii %[s ! av]age price p] p\nd paid to ! gr[]s = all almonds 7un%ell$7 reg>dless ( quality & v>iety1 bas$ ^u ! entire crop h&l$ by ! ,ex*ange dur+ ! ye>s #aiaj to #aiaf1 inclusive4 ,f ^! figures ! av]age return p] p\nd = all v>ieties = sev5 ye>s bas$ on ! crop tonnage = ea* ye>1 #aiaj to #aiaf1 inclusive1 has be5 f\nd to be #ac4ji c5ts p] p\nd4 ,,table ,,vii ,,av]age ,,prices ,,p] ,,p\nd ,,paid ,,gr[]s ,,= ,,all ,,un%ell$ ,,almonds ,,= ,,! ,,ye>s #aiaj ,,to #aiaf1 ,,inclusive ,price p] p\nd1 ,cali=nia crop1 ,ye> c5ts tons #aiaj #ab4j #c1cjj #aiaa #ac4e #a1dej #aiab #aa4j #c1jjj #aiac #ae4e #a1ajj #aiad #ad4je #b1bej #aiae #aj4ge #c1ejj #aiaf #ac4ig #c1djj ----- ------- ,av]age #ac4ji #b1ega4d ,! relation ( yields1 returns & pr(its f ! gr[]s' /&po9t is "o :i* e p]son mu/ consid] be=e ent]+ ! bus9ess4 ,9 view ( ! extravagant claims :i* h be5 made z to ! enorm\s pr(its realiz$ by ! av]age gr[]1 ! figures 9 tables ,,ii to ,,viii h be5 work$ out & pres5t$ "h4 ,! summation ( ! relation ( yields1 returns & co/ ( production to ! pr(its = ! av]age gr[] ( almonds is %[n 9 table ,,viii4 ,,table ,,viii ,,relation ,,( ,,av]age ,,yields1 ,,co/s ,,& ,,returns1 ,,to ,,pr(its ,av]age yield p] acre #gjj p\nds ,av]age returns to gr[] p] acre #ig4cj ,av]age co/ ( production p] acre #gf4be ------ ,av]age pr(it p] acre #ba4je ,depreciation on build+s & trees1 & o!r unfigur$ co/s1 are too v>iable to e/imate1 b !y mu/ come f ^! pr(its4 ,,diseases ,cr[n ,gall4--,also commonly kn[n z root-knot4 ,?is disease is "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s ) :i* ! gr[] has to cont5d4 ,x is f\nd practically ev]y:]e almonds are gr[n & ei!r greatly r$uces ! vitality ( or kills ! trees affect$1 dep5d+ ^u ! s]i\sness ( ! attack4 ,! disease is caus$ by a bact]ial organism1 ,bact]ium tumefaci5s1 t seems to be native to mo/ ,cali=nia soils4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by l>ge swell+s on ! root cr[n or ma9 roots j bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 ?\gh less] infections may sometimes be f\nd also on ! small] roots4 ,:5 cut op51 ^! knots appe> spongy z if ! b>k & wood 7 all mix$ toge!r 9 "o mass4 ,!y are mo/ s]i\s :5 spread ov] a l>ge surface1 ei!r p>tially or completely girdl+ ! root or cr[n ( ! tree4 ,control me?ods are ( ?ree k9ds3 7#a7 ,plant no?+ b clean1 heal?y nurs]y trees1 free f all trace ( galls4 ,9 plant+ ^! trees be c>eful to trim (f all brok5 or injur$ roots1 leav+ no?+ b smoo? clean cuts at ! ends ( ! roots :i* w heal ov] readily ) ! m9imum opportunity = infection4 7#b7 ,galls on or*>d trees may be cut out to clean1 heal?y wood ) a %>p knife or g\ge *isel4 ,! w\nd %\ld be ?or\ghly dis9fect$ ) a /rong copp]-sulphate or corrosive-sublimate solution1 & pa9t$ ) a protective cov]+ su* z pa9t or melt$ asphaltum1 or x may be cov]$ directly ) ,bordeaux pa/e & !n ! e>? return$ to its place ov] ! roots4 7#c7 ,a me?od us$ ) app>5t success is to bore a "o-in* hole ab\t two-?ird ( ! way ?r\gh ea* gall1 z soon z ! trees h become dormant 9 ! fall4 ,!n fill ea* hole ) a conc5trat$ solution ( copp] sulphate & plug ! op5+4 ,by spr+1 :5 gr[? is ready to />t1 ! gall may be knock$ (f ) a hamm]4 ,9 mo/ cases ! gall is s ?or\ghly p]meat$ by ! solution t ! infection is completely kill$ & fur!r gall gr[? ceases 9 t place1 unless lat] infection occurs4 ,! use ( resi/ant /ocks has be5 sugge/$ z a means ( avoid+ infection1 b no su* /ock suitable = ! almond has yet be5 prov$ to be suffici5tly resi/ant "u av]age conditions to be safely recomm5d$4 ,! greate/ hopes = future success 9 combat+ ?is disease1 h[ev]1 lie along ?is l9e4 ,oak ,fungus4--,?is is "o ( ! mo/ difficult diseases to control because x works & spreads b5ea? ! surface ( ! gr\nd 9 ! roots ( trees4 ,9 "s sections ( ! /ate x is v s]i\s 9 _m or*>ds4 ,! disease is (t5 kn[n z root-rot1 be+ caus$ by a fungus ,armill>ia mellea1 commonly call$ 8toad/ool0 fungus4 ,x is kn[n z ,oak fungus because ! disease is mo/ commonly f\nd 9 spots :]e old oak trees h /ood4 ,:]e or*>ds h be5 plant$ on su* l&1 spots appe> 9 :i* ! trees gradually die1 ! disease spread+ f tree to tree1 9 ev]-wid5+ circles1 involv+ ord9>ily ab\t "o r[ ( trees ea* ye>4 ,dur+ ! w9t]1 clu/]s ( toad/ools may be se5 at ! base ( ! affect$ trees4 ,! fungus lives ov] 9 ! old oak roots = _m ye>s &1 z ! or*>d becomes well e/abli%$1 ! fungus spreads to ! almond roots4 ,if n *eck$ ! spot w ev5tually involve ! entire or*>d & prev5t fur!r gr[? ( almonds on su* l& = _m ye>s4 ,control is v difficult b may be secur$ by digg+ a deep tr5* ar\nd ! affect$ area & prev5t+ ! infection f pass+ beyond ?r\gh ! roots4 ,! spread ( ! disease may sometimes be held 9 *eck by grubb+ out a r[ or two ( heal?y trees outside ! affect$ area & tak+ c>e t all ( ! l>ge roots are remov$ to a dep? ( sev]al feet4 ,c>bon bisulphide has be5 sugge/$ = kill+ ! fungus1 b ! co/ is prohibitive except 9 small spots j />t+4 ,!re are no resi/ant /ocks kn[n at pres5t ^u :i* ! almond c be work$4 ,! fig1 pe> or black walnut might safely replace ! almond 9 su* spots4 ,%ot-hole ,fungus4--,!re are ?ree diff]5t fungi t produce ! %ot-hole effect on ! leaves ( ! almond1 ?us giv+ rise to ! "n4 7#a7 ,coryneum bey]9ikii1 or pea* blight1 is ! mo/ common =m4 ,x is n z s]i\s on ! wood ( ! almond z x is on ! pea*1 b 9 seasons ( damp spr+ wea!r x does mu* damage to ! blossoms1 fruits & leaves4 ,affect$ blossoms are kill$ outright1 ! entire blossoms turn+ br[n & dropp+ mu* z if kill$ by fro/4 ,! "y fruit becomes spott$ by ! fungus & ?is causes mal=mation1 gumm+ & %rivel+ ( ! nuts1 v>y+ consid]ably ) ! sev]ity ( ! attack4 ,on ! leaves _m small dead spots appe>1 ! dead tissue soon fall+ out & giv+ ! %ot-hole effect4 ,:]e ! twigs are affect$1 small dead spots appe> dur+ ! w9t]1 mo/ (t5 at ! buds4 ,?is causes ! dea? ( ! buds & (t5 ! ends ( ! twigs4 ,dur+ ! spr+1 aft] gr[? />ts1 consid]able gumm+ occurs f ^! spots4 ,effective control c only be secur$ by two sprays--,bordeaux mixture 9 ! fall1 z soon z ! tree becomes dormant1 & ei!r ,bordeaux or lime-sulphur solution 7w9t] /r5g?7 j be=e ! buds op5 9 ! spr+4 ,bo? fall & spr+ sprays mu/ be ?or\ghly appli$ to be effective4 7#b7 ,c]cospora circumscissa is ano!r fungus caus+ mu* ! same effect z ! ,coryneum4 ,x is difficult = an untra9$ p]son to di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,! same sprays us$ = ,coryneum are effective 9 controll+ ?is1 ?\gh if ?is =m alone is pres5t ! ,bordeaux mixture or lime-sulphur spray 9 ! spr+ %\ld be suffici5t4 7#c7 ,gloeosporium amygdal9um1 :ile app>5tly uncommon 9 ?is /ate1 has be5 f\nd to exi/ 9 "s places4 ,fur!r "w mu/ be done on ?is to det]m9e its behavior & ! mo/ satisfactory me?ods ( control1 b x is believ$ t ! control measures m5tion$ = ! o!r =ms ( 8%ot-hole0 w also be applicable to ?is4 ,prune ,ru/ 7,pucc9ia ,pruni74--,?is fungus is wor/ 9 ! s\!rn coa/ sections :]e almonds are n ext5sively gr[n4 ,x is n s]i\s on ?rifty trees well suppli$ ) moi/ure4 ,! disease is *>act]iz$ by r$di% pu/ules on ! "u-sides ( ! leaves1 appe>+ g5]ally ab\t ,july or ,augu/ & caus+ a premature yell[+ & dropp+ ( ! leaves4 ,ord9>ily ! only treatm5t ne$$ is to supply ! necess>y moi/ure 9 ! soil to keep ! trees heal?y & vigor\s4 ,he>t ,rot4--,?is is "o ( ! mo/ insidi\s ( tree diseases1 = x works inside b5ea? an app>5tly heal?y ext]ior until ! decay has progress$ s f> t ! tree comm5ces to break d[n1 & !n x is too late = rem$ial measures4 ,! almond is n z susceptible to ?is z mo/ o!r k9ds ( or*>d trees1 b :]e l>ge w\nds h be5 expos$ to ! wea!r1 infection may take place readily1 & aft] x is once well />t$ x cont9ues at a comp>atively rapid rate4 ,decay is caus$ 9 mo/ cases by "o or m ( ab\t a doz5 diff]5t fungi1 ( :i* ! oy/]-%ell fungus is by f> ! mo/ common4 ,control consi/s 9 tak+ c>e to leave no op5 w\nds expos$ to ! air to dry & crack1 ?us p]mitt+ ! entrance ( decay organisms4 ,mu* ( ?is c be avoid$ by c>e 9 prun+ ! "y tree s t ! removal ( ! l>ge limbs w n be necess>y lat] on4 ,:]e su* w\nds mu/ be made1 measures %\ld be tak5 to prev5t infection4 ,?is c be/ be done by mak+ smoo?1 clean cuts close to ! "p f :i* ! bran* to be remov$ emanates1 leav+ no /ub4 ,/ubs dry out & crack m quickly & require v mu* long] to heal ov]1 if ?is is possible at all4 ,fur!r1 all su* w\nds :i* w n heal ov] ! fir/ season %\ld be cov]$ ) "s good dis9fectant1 su* z corrosive sublimate1 "o "p to "o ?\s& p>ts ( wat]1 & !n pa9t$ ov] ) "s ela/ic coat+1 su* z 8,flot9e0 or asphaltum1 grade ,d1 appli$ ) a bru%4 ,! entire w\nd mu/ be cov]$ or ! "w is l>gely wa/$4 ,die-back4--,?is is s]i\s 9 _m or*>ds :]e moi/ure is insuffici5t to c>ry ! trees ?r\gh ! gr[+ season1 & ! trees %[ consid]able dy+-back ( ! bran*es4 ,unfavorable soil conditions1 su* z h>dpan1 gravel or s& may be ! direct cause ( su* moi/ure %ortage4 ,lack ( soil f]tility is also a common cause4 ,control measures consi/ 9 rem$y+ ! defective conditions & :]e ?is _c be done economically x is bett] to ab&on fur!r attempts at almond culture on su* l&4 ,s\r-sap4--,?is is "o ( ! s-call$ 8physiological diseases0 & is q common ) ! almond4 ,x is mo/ frequ5tly f\nd :]e trees are plant$ 9 heavy or poorly dra9$ soils4 ,! inability ( ! almond to endure /&+ wat] ar\nd its roots = any l5g? ( "t & p>ticul>ly s aft] gr[? comm5ces 9 ! spr+1 r5d]s x especially liable to s\r-sap :5 plant$ 9 soils :]e excess wat] f ! late w9t] & spr+ ra9s _c be readily dra9$ away4 ,! direct cause ( ! tr\ble is sudd5 *anges 9 wea!r f w>m to cold aft] gr[? comm5ces1 :i* *ecks ! fl[ ( sap v sudd5ly1 caus+ /agnation1 crack+ ( ! b>k & !n f]m5tation4 ,) an unusually /rong fl[ ( sap 9 trees 9 wet soils1 su* climatic *anges cause unusually sev]e di/urbances 9 ! normal function+ ( ! trees4 ,! affect$ trees ord9>ily %[ ! disease fir/ 9 ! spr+ :5 gum may be se5 ooz+ f ! b>k ( ! trunk or ma9 bran*es1 & sometimes ev5 f ! small] bran*es4 ,small or l>ge bran*es may die1 & 9 sev]e cases ! tree may die soon aft] hav+ comm5c$ to leaf out /rongly4 ,on cutt+ ?r\gh ! b>k to ! wood & peel+ back1 a /rong s\r odor is noticeable4 ,! cambium lay] appe>s br[ni% or r$di% 9 color & (t5 masses ( gum may be f\nd betwe5 ! b>k & ! wood4 ,mild cases may n be s]i\s en\gh to %[ on ! outside ( ! tree & only portions ( ! cambium lay] may die4 ,! sudd5 dropp+ ( ! blossoms or "y fruit may 9 "s in/ances be attributable to s\r-sap4 ,all affect$ p>ts on small] bran*es %\ld be cut back to heal?y wood1 :ile on ! ma9 bran*es or trunk1 :]e only a small portion or "o side is affect$1 x is be/ to clean out ! dead b>k & pa9t ! b>$ wood ) a protective cov]+ until new b>k c cov] ! spot4 ,at ! same "t e ef=t %\ld be made to rem$y ! soil-moi/ure conditions :i* 7 l>gely responsible = ! tr\ble 9 ! fir/ place4 ,fruit-drop4--,! same conditions :i* cause s\r-sap may cause fruit drop4 ,x may be caus$ by lack ( poll9ation due to improp] mix+ ( v>ieties or to ra9 dur+ blossom+4 ,fro/ may also produce ! same ?+ by kill+ ! g]m 9 ! "y fruit4 ,9 su* cases1 ! fruit may rema9 on ! tree = "o or two weeks aft] ! injury occurs be=e fall+1 & 9 "s cases1 may ev5 appe> to cont9ue its developm5t = a %ort :ile4 ,,insect ,,pe/s ,mites4--,commonly call$ r$ spid]s4 ,!re are two k9ds ( mites t d mu* damage 9 almond or*>ds1 ! br[n or almond mite & ! yell[ or two-spott$ mite4 ,bo? are common 9 all p>ts ( ! /ate & are ! wor/ pe/s ! almond gr[] mu/ regul>ly face4 ,! br[n mite 7,bryobia prat5sis7 is ! l>g] ( ! two1 is d>k r$ or br[n 9 adult /age1 has v long front legs1 & a flatt5$ back4 ,x does n sp9 any web & works on ! gre5 b>k ( ! small twigs z well z on ! leaves1 suck+ ! plant juices f b5ea? ! b>k4 ,x causes a mottl+ ( ! leaves :i* ev5tually fall1 al?\gh n z readily or 9 su* l>ge numb]s z :5 attack$ by ! yell[ mite4 ,! injury to ! tree is equally z great because ( ! s]i\s dra9 on ! vitality z a :ole & because x comm5ces "w e>li] 9 ! season4 ,?is mite may sp5d its entire life on ! tree2 ! v small1 r\nd1 r$ eggs be+ laid l>gely on ! "u-side ( ! bran*es & 9 cracks & crevices 9 ! b>k & twigs4 ,^! rema9 on ! tree ?r\gh\t ! w9t] & hat* e>ly 9 ! spr+ soon aft] ! trees h _! leaves half develop$1 leav+ ! :ite egg-%ells 9 place4 ,mo/ ( _! "w is done 9 ! spr+ & e>ly summ]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,nonp>eil almonds4 ,bran* on left free f ,r$ ,spid] & hold+ its full supply ( leaves 9 gre51 heal?y condition2 bran* on "r defoliat$ by ,yell[ ,mite4 ,note premature rip5+ ( nuts on defoliat$ bran*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--;,=ty-?ree-ye>-old ,langu$oc almonds on pea* root1 ne> ,davis4 ,?is or*>d has n be5 ?or\ghly cultivat$ or irrigat$4 ,mites h l>gely defoliat$ ! trees4 ,see contra/ 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,! br[n mite may be controll$ satisfactorily by means ( a dormant spray ( lime-sulphur solution1 #a gallon to #aj gallons ( wat]1 appli$ j be=e ! buds op5 9 ! spr+4 ,crude oil emulsion z a dormant spray is also effective1 if ?or\ghly appli$ ov] ! entire tree "u high pressure4 ,?is also applies to applications ( ! lime-sulphur spray4 ,dur+ ! gr[+ season a mild] mat]ial mu/ be us$4 ,dry du/ sulphur1 us+ only ! v f9e/ grade ( 8fl[]s ( sulphur10 is (t5 v effective1 provid$ wea!r conditions are satisfactory1 b g5]ally ?is mu/ be appli$ a numb] ( times if be/ results are to be obta9$4 ,! "w is done by bl[+ ! sulphur du/ into ! tree ) bl[]s 9 ! e>ly morn+ :5 !re is little or no w9d4 ,a m satisfactory me?od is ! use ( 8,atomic sulphur0 or o!r sulphur pa/es or simil> mat]ial4 8,atomic sulphur0 is a prep>$ spray ^: value consi/s 9 ! fact t ! sulphur is held 9 susp5sion 9 wat] s t x may be appli$ z a liquid spray4 ,by ?is me?od ! mat]ial may be m effectively & ?or\ghly appli$4 8,atomic sulphur0 is appli$ at ! rate ( #aj p\nds to #ajj gallons ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--;,=ty-?ree-ye>-old ,langu$oc almonds on pea* root1 ne> ,davis4 ,?is or*>d has be5 irrigat$ & ?or\ghly cultivat$1 & mites h n defoliat$ ! trees4 ,note contra/ 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,! use ( lime-sulphur1 ! comm]cial /r5g? ( #cc to #cd degrees ,beaum be+ dilut$ #a "p to #ce p>ts wat]1 is ano!r effective me?od4 ,= su* use a fl\r pa/e may be add$ at ! rate ( #d gallons to ea* #ajj gallons ( ! spray mixture to act z a spread]4 ,?is pa/e is made by cook+ "o p\nd ( fl\r ) en\gh wat] to make "o gallon ( ! mixture4 ,! yell[ mite 7,tetrany*us tel>ius7 is mu* small] ?an ! br[n mite & is ( a pale yell[ color ) occasionally a r$di% t+e & sometimes ) two d>k] spots on ei!r side ( ! body4 ,unlike ! br[n mite1 ! w9t] is sp5t 9 concealm5t some:]e1 presumably (f ! tree4 ,dur+ ! w>m days ( e>ly summ]1 g5]ally 9 ,june1 ! mite makes its appe>ance on ! trees1 sp9n+ a f9e web on ! leaves1 g5]ally on ! upp] surface1 & !n works "u ?is web4 ,! mite sucks ! plant juices f ! leaves giv+ !m a yell[i% mottl$ appe>ance4 ,^! leaves soon die & drop to ! gr\nd4 ,9 s]i\s infe/ations ! trees are (t5 almo/ completely defoliat$ by ! end ( ,augu/4 7,see figure #bb47 ,! use ( dormant sprays is n effective = controll+ ! yell[ mite1 b ! summ] sprays m5tion$ above are all satisfactory1 & = be/ results1 mu/ be appli$ "u high pressure1 pref]ably #bjj p\nds or m4 ,! mites are mu* easi] controll$ :]e a comp>atively high p]c5tage ( moi/ure is kept 9 ! soil by frequ5t cultivations1 or1 if necess>y1 by irrigation 7figures #bc & #bd74 ,pea* ,twig ,bor] 7,an>sia l9eatella74--,9 ! l>val /age ^! bor]s "w on ! "y buds & %oots 9 ! e>ly spr+4 ,!y are especially tr\blesome 9 newly plant$ or*>d trees :5 a comp>atively small numb] may kill mo/ ( ! new %oots :i* are ne$$ to make ! desir$ framework ( ! tree4 ,9 "s ye>s !y may be s]i\s 9 l>ge trees also4 ,dormant spray ( lime-sulphur appli$ "u high pressure j z ! buds are op5+ 9 ! spr+ w control ! bor]s v effectively4 ,?is same spray may be us$ to control ! br[n mite1 !reby accompli%+ d\ble control4 ,cali=nia ,pea* ,bor] 7g]ia opalesc5s74--,! l>vae are s]i\s 9 _m p>ts ( ! /ate :]e !y burr[ j "u ! b>k ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,!y may be detect$ by ! small bits ( frass & gum at ! entrance ( _! burr[s4 ,if all[$ to cont9ue1 !y w ev5tually girdle ! tree4 ,! sure/ means ( control is to dig out ! worms ) a knife or kill !m ) a wire probe4 ,?is "w %\ld be done sy/ematically once or twice e ye> & v ?or\ghly if x is to be effective4 ,! application ( hot 8,flot9e0 or asphaltum1 grade ,d1 aft] ! worms are kill$ %\ld help consid]ably to prev5t ! entrance ( ! l>vae4 ,to be effective x mu/ be appli$ at lea/ twice a ye> on "y trees & probably ! same on old trees4 ,?rips4--,^! are mo/ s]i\s on ! almond leaves1 _! attacks be+ s]i\s en\gh to cause consid]able defoliation 9 late spr+ or e>ly summ]4 ,!y may be controll$ by spray+ ) lime-sulphur1 #a to #cj1 to :i* has be5 add$ black-leaf #dj 7#dj p] c5t nicot9e7 at ! rate ( #a "p to #aejj p>ts ( wat] or o!r spray-mixture4 ,x is possible t o!r ?an ! pe> ?rips h be5 do+ damage1 b ! same spray z describ$ above %\ld be effective aga9/ all4 ,gras%opp]4--,gras%opp]s h be5 s]i\s 9 or*>ds 9 outly+ foo?ill di/ricts 9 "s ye>s1 & especially s 9 "y or*>ds :]e x has be5 almo/ impossible to get trees />t$ prop]ly4 ,9 su* locations special means mu/ be employ$ on a l>ge scale to protect or*>ds f _! deva/ations1 ( :i* poison$ bait & hopp] doz]s are ! mo/ effective4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,almonds infe/$ ) l>vae ( ,indian ,meal ,mo? 7,plodia int]punctella74 ,indian ,meal ,mo? 7,plodia int]punctella74--,! l>va ( ?is mo? fe$s on ! k]nels ( ! h>ve/$ almonds :5 !y are /or$4 ,infe/ation usually takes place 9 /or]ooms or w>eh\ses 9 :i* ! nuts h be5 plac$ = a "t4 ,! w>eh\ses become infe/$ f old gra9 bags :i* h be5 kept !re at "o "t or ano!r4 ,s f> z kn[n1 infe/ation does n take place 9 ! field4 ,! l>vae w cont9ue to "w 9 ! /or$ almonds = a long "t1 do+ a v great am\nt ( damage 7fig4 #be74 ,!y may be controll$ by ?or\ghly clean+ out ! corn]s ( ! w>eh\se & ?or\ghly dis9fect+4 ,! nuts %\ld be dis9fect$ ) c>bon bisulphide 7explosive :5 9 ! =m ( a gas mix$ ) air71 or o!r means us$ to control insects 9 gra94#f ,prev5tion is f> easi] ?an ! cure 9 ?is case4 ,scale1 aphis1 diabrotica & o!r insects are sometimes f\nd on ! trees1 b are g5]ally n suffici5tly tr\blesome to require special att5tion4 ,mo/ ( !m are held 9 *eck by ! control measures us$ = ! m s]i\s pe/s4 ,,o!r ,,pe/s ,goph]s4--,^! (t5 d great damage to ! trees by girdl+ !m j bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 or if !y d n actually girdle ! trees1 !y cut !m en\gh to devitalize !m &1 9 addition1 ! w\nds made by _! gnaw+s frequ5tly become infect$ ) cr[n-gall organisms4 ,! only safe means ( control is ! con/ant use ( traps supplem5t$ by poison$ bait4 ,squirrels4--,squirrels are v tr\blesome1 z !y h>ve/ a l>ge am\nt ( almonds be=e !y are suffici5tly ripe to be h>ve/$ by ! gr[]4 ,! use ( poison$ gra9 or 8gas10 if us$ ov] a l>ge area ( surr\nd+ t]ritory1 w prev5t s]i\s depr$ations4 ,birds4--,birds also c>ry (f l>ge am\nts ( almonds if ! or*>ds are ne> op5 c\ntry or hills1 especially if wood$4 ,cr[s1 bluejays1 blackbirds1 yell[-hamm]s1 rob9s & o!r simil> birds are ! wor/ (f5d]s4 ,sometimes l9nets eat (f l>ge numb]s ( fruit buds 9 ! spr+ 9 a few ( ! new] sections :]e plant+s are scatt]$4 ,sap-suck]s h be5 kn[n to girdle entire trees or l>ge bran*es by cutt+ l>ge numb]s ( holes 9 a s]ies ( l9es close toge!r ar\nd ! trunk or limbs4 ,morn+-glory4--,?is is probably ! wor/ ( ! we$s 9 almond or*>ds1 & is ! h>de/ to control4 ,%eep & *ick5s may be us$ ) excell5t results1 provid$ c>e is tak5 to see t ! %eep are n all[$ to g hungry1 = !n !y w b>k ! trunks ( ! trees v quickly4 ,an excell5t plan is to arrange gates s t ! %eep mu/ g ?r\gh ! or*>d f pa/ure to get wat]4 ,9 pass+ back & =? !y w =age ov] ! entire or*>d & dig up all ! morn+-glory 9 sight4 ,*ick5s are fond ( ! succul5t new %oots1 & w keep !m bel[ ! gr\nd until ! und]gr\nd /ems & roots weak5 & die4 ,cultivation ?r\gh\t ! gr[+ season1 (t5 en\gh to prev5t ! morn+-glory f develop+ any leaves = a :ole ye> at lea/1 & long] if necess>y1 w />ve ! plants to dea?4 ,,v>ieties ,! problem ( select+ v>ieties ( almonds = plant+ 9 ,cali=nia is to *oose ! ones t are mo/ m>ketable & at ! same "t to secure be/ results 9 cross-poll9ation4 ,at ! pres5t "t !re are comp>atively few v>ieties ( almonds :i* h won & reta9$ _! popul>ity ) ! gr[] & ! trade4 ,!re are a numb] ( reasons = ?is condition4 ,! cultural1 climatic & soil conditions "u :i* ! almond ?rives are mu* m limit$ ?an = mo/ ( ! common decidu\s fruits2 ! area ( production 9 ,am]ica is limit$ l>gely to ,cali=nia2 ! indu/ry is comp>atively new1 & 9 g5]al1 !re is n ! great v>ietal v>iation 9 season1 appe>ance1 texture1 flavor & behavior t is f\nd 9 ! apple1 pea*1 pe> & simil> fruits4 ,! comp>atively rapid det]ioration ( fle%y fruits aft] rip5+ makes a succession ( v>ieties desirable to ext5d ! p]iod ( consumption4 ,) almonds1 ! season ( all v>ieties ext5ds f "o h>ve/ to ! next1 if prop]ly h&l$4 ,gr[]s are1 !re=e1 recomm5d$ to plant only /&>d1 m>ketable v>ieties z f> z possible4 ,e>ly rip5+ v>ieties mu/ be *os54 ,! crop mu/ be 9 ! h&s ( ! trade e>ly1 = ! bulk ( x is us$ 9 ! holiday trade4 ,?is is especially true ) un%ell$ almonds4 ,e>ly almonds only c be h>ve/$ & sold be=e ! bulk ( ! ,european %ipm5ts arrive4 ,! actual "t ( rip5+ ( ! diff]5t v>ieties is v>iable f season to season1 & 9 diff]5t sections or ev5 diff]5t or*>ds 9 ! same season4 ,g5]ally1 h>ve/+ comm5ces e>ly 9 ,augu/ & closes ab\t ! middle ( ,octob]4 ,! approximate ord] ( rip5+ ( ! bett] kn[n v>ieties is %[n 9 table ,,ix4 ,,table ,,ix ,,approximate ,,ord] ,,( ,,rip5+ ,,( ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,almonds #a4 ,nonp>eil #b4 ,i4,x4,l4 ,jordan #c4 ,ne ,plus ,ultra #d4 ,pe]less ,pr9cess ,cali=nia ,k+ ,silv] #e4 ,gold5 ,/ate #f4 ,lewell+ #g4 ,drake #h4 ,langu$oc ,texas ,_m new v>ieties h be5 orig9at$ 9 ,cali=nia b mo/ ( !m h fall5 into disfavor 9 a %ort "t4 ,9 fact1 x is impossible to locate ev5 s+le trees ( "s v>ieties :i* 7 =m]ly well kn[n4 ,f "t to "t1 h[ev]1 wor?y v>ieties h be5 introduc$ & h succe$$ 9 mak+ a p]man5t place = !mselves ?r\gh _! ability to fill a dem& t be=e _h be5 b p>tially or poorly suppli$4 ,9 view ( ! *ang+ m>ket situation = ,cali=nia almonds1 due to ! rapidly increas+ acreage & ! v limit$ dem& = un%ell$ almonds1 x is safe to pr$ict t ! only new v>ieties :i* w be ( value 9 ! future w be ^? t are prim>ily ( sup]ior quality = %ell+ purposes4 ,yield mu/ take second place4 ,well kn[n v>ieties are n only 9 heavi] dem& 9 ! pr9cipal m>kets1 b !y inv>iably br+ mu* bett] prices ?an ! new] v>ieties4 ,9 "s ye>s1 :5 ! dome/ic crop ( a giv5 v>iety is light & ! dem& good1 x is possible to unload poor] or less kn[n v>ieties at fairly good prices4 ,m (t51 h[ev]1 !y are a drag on ! m>ket4 ,ow+ to ! increas+ consumption ( %ell$ almonds & ! probability ( a /ill great] increase 9 ! future1 gr[]s %\ld arrange future plant+s ) a view to supply+ ! be/ %ell+ v>ieties4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! be/ %ell+ v>ieties are n ord9>ily ! heavie/ produc]s4 ,) a limit$ production !y may n ev5 br+ z l>ge returns z ! poor] b heavi] yield+ v>ieties4 ,z ! production increases1 :i* x is do+ v rapidly1 ! relative value ( ! be/ %ell+ v>ieties w increase 9 proportion & !y may be sold at good prices :5 x w be impossible to move a heavy tonnage ( a poor v>iety at a pr(itable price4 ,al?\gh ! future almond m>kets w no d\bt use %ell$ almonds v l>gely1 !re w always be a limit$ dem& = un%ell$ almonds = use 9 ! holiday trade & = home table use4 ,un%ell$ almonds to be acceptable = su* purposes mu/ be l>ge1 attractive nuts ) light-color$1 clean-look+ %ells1 s(t en\gh to be brok5 ) ! h&s4 ,! k]nels mu/ be well fill$ & free f gum4 ,! ,i4,x4,l4 is ! mo/ popul> & highe/-pric$ nut = ?is purpose4 ,! ,ne ,plus ,ultra ranks next because ( its attractive outside appe>ance & %ape2 "o ( ! pr9cipal objections to x be+ its t5d5cy to h gummy k]nels4 ,! ,drake is ano!r v>iety 9 dem& = ?is purpose4 ,x is mod]ately l>ge1 plump & well fill$ ) a good quality k]nel1 & :ile n z attractive z ! ,i4,x4,l4 or ,ne ,plus ,ultra1 x is popul> ) ! m$ium-pric$ trade4 ,a c]ta9 class ( trade pref]s ! ,nonp>eil = su* use1 & x appe>s to be gr[+ 9 popul>ity because ( ! attractive k]nel & ! ease ) :i* %ell+ by h& is accompli%$4 ,! confection]s1 on ! o!r h&1 c>e no?+ = %ell4 ,!y want a m$ium or l>ge siz$ k]nel1 uni=m 9 %ape1 & plump2 "o t c be coat$ smoo?ly or ev5ly ) c&y4 ,= blan*+ & salt+ purposes1 ! k]nels mu/ be l>ge & smoo?4 ,! be/ ,cali=nia v>iety = ?is purpose is ! ,nonp>eil4 ,x is also ! be/ nut = table use :5 sold %ell$4 ,z a rule1 ! pap]%ell v>ieties are ! be/ = %ell+ because ( ! l>ge p]c5tage ( unbrok5 k]nels :i* may be obta9$4 ,! brok5 k]nels & ^? obta9$ f *eap] & less desirable v>ieties are us$ l>gely by ! bak]s & almond-pa/e manufactur]s4 ,! plant+ ( l>ge blocks ( or*>ds to s+le v>ieties is n a wise practice4 ,plant+ ( sev]al v>ieties w assi/ greatly 9 l5g!n+ ! h>ve/ season1 & ?us enable "o to h&le l>ge crops ) few] m5 & less equipm5t4 ,= example1 ! f\r be/ v>ieties--! ,nonp>eil1 ,i4,x4,l41 ,ne ,plus ,ultra & ,drake--rip5 9 ! ord] nam$2 ! ,nonp>eil rip5+ ab\t two weeks be=e ! ,i4,x4,l41 ! ,ne ,plus ,ultra ab\t a week aft] ! ,i4,x4,l41 & ! ,drake ab\t two weeks aft] ! ,ne ,plus ,ultra4 ,:]e !re is dang] ( failure ( v>ieties to set fruit due to fro/ or improp] poll9ation or unfavorable wea!r conditions dur+1 or soon aft]1 bloom+1 ! gr[] is m likely to get a crop f "s v>iety if sev]al are plant$ to secure a succession ( bloom 9 ! spr+4 ,! pr9cipal reason = int]plant+ v>ieties is to secure adequate cross-poll9ation4 ,= ?is purpose ! ,ne ,plus ,ultra & ,drake are probably ! be/ to use z poll5iz]s4 ,o!r comb9ations1 z indicat$ on page #f1 may be made t w be satisfactory1 ?\gh c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to secure v>ieties t blossom ne> en\gh toge!r to be effective4 ,figure #bf %[s ! effective blossom+ p]iod = fifte5 v>ieties4 ,adaptation ( ,v>ieties4--,! be/ m>ketable nuts are1 z has be5 sugge/$1 few 9 numb]1 & mo/ ( ^! d well 9 all ( ! pr9cipal almond di/ricts ( ,cali=nia4 ,:]e ! climatic & soil condition are equally favorable !re is no great v>iation 9 _! behavior1 b ow+ to su* diff]5ces x has be5 f\nd t c]ta9 v>ieties are bett] adapt$ to "s di/ricts ?an o!rs4 ,! ,nonp>eil1 ! be/ v>iety kn[n at ! pres5t "t = ,cali=nia conditions1 be>s m ne>ly uni=m crops f ye> to ye> & %[s a wid] range ( adaptation ?an any ( ! o!r good comm]cial v>ieties4 ,x has prov$ itself to be satisfactory 9 e almond di/rict 9 ! /ate4 ,! ,drake closely approa*es ! ,nonp>eil 9 ?is respect4 ,! ,i4,x4,l4 & ,ne ,plus ,ultra are ! mo/ v>iable 9 _! behavior4 ,! blossoms ( ! two v>ieties seem to be m t5d] & h5ce m liable to injury "u unfavorable conditions2 gumm+ is m preval5t ne> ! coa/1 & dur+ h>ve/ ! sl[] rip5+ & op5+ ( ! hulls 9 ! m moi/ atmosph]e 9 _m ( ! coa/ valleys causes excessive d>k5+ & sometimes mold+ ( ! %ell4 ,! ,ne ,plus ,ultra does its be/ on comp>atively high1 well-dra9$ soils1 adjac5t to ! l>g] /reams 9 ! ,sacram5to ,valley1 su* z ! l&s along ! ,sacram5to ,riv]1 ,putah ,creek1 ,ca*e ,creek1 etc41 ?\gh x also gr[s & produces well 9 ! ,bann+ di/rict & 9 _m ( ! foo?ill sections :]e conditions are favorable4 ,! ,i4,x4,l4 does be/ on ! foo?ills surr\nd+ ! ,sacram5to ,valley1 notable on ! we/ side4 ,9 ! ,bann+ di/rict ! ,ne ,plus ,ultra seems to be a bett] produc] ?an ! ,i4,x4,l4 ,v>ieties :i* rip5 lat] ?an ! ,drake %\ld be avoid$ 9 ! ,bann+ di/rict because ( ! liability to damage f ! frequ5t ,octob] ra9s4 ,!re are a numb] ( diff]5t v>ieties1 su* z ! ,eureka & ,jordan1 :i* give promise ( fill+ a limit$ place 9 ! m>kets b :i* h n yet be5 ?or\ghly te/$ ?r\gh\t ! /ate4 ,! ,eureka is popul> ) confection]s because ( ! simil>ity 9 %ape to ! ,jordan4 ,9 limit$ quantities ! dem& is good4 ,x is /ill a "q z to :e!r x w\ld hold up 9 price if gr[n 9 v l>ge quantities4 ,! ,jordan nut is ( excell5t quality b 9 ,cali=nia ! trees are v>iable 9 vigor4 ,9 "s cases ! trees make unusually l>ge1 vigor\s gr[? :ile 9 o!rs !y are small & app>5tly /unt$4 ,! cause ( ?is has nev] be5 adequately det]m9$4 ,9 g5]al1 ! ,jordans d n be> suffici5tly heavy crops to make !m pay at ! prevail+ l[ prices4 ,! *ief reasons = ! l[ prices are ! extreme h>dness ( ! %ell & ! abs5ce ( satisfactory me?ods ( %ell+4 ,! inv5tion ( a satisfactory ma*9e = ?is purpose w\ld probably make x pay to plant ,jordans 9 mu* l>g] quantities4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,p]iod ( ,effective ,blossom+ ( ,almonds--,univ]sity ,f>m--#aiag4 ,o!r v>ieties1 su* z ! ,texas1 h be5 suffici5tly te/$ to %[ !m to be well adapt$ to mo/ di/ricts1 b !y are n to be recomm5d$ because ( ! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 m>ket+ !m at a pr(it 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! ,texas has be5 plant$ ext5sively 9 ,cali=nia )\t suffici5t ju/ification4 ,x 0 plant$ because ( its value z a poll5iz]1 its precoci\s & prolific be>+1 & its upright habit ( gr[?4 ,9 small quantities x 0 sold 9 less exact+ m>kets z a ,drake1 b 9 l>g] quantities !re has be5 a good deal ( objection to x on ! "p ( ! trade4 ,z ! be>+ trees become old] & be> heavi] crops1 ! nuts t5d to become small] & ! %ells h>d]1 :i* increases ! difficulty ( sell+4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! gr[] z well z ! m>ket1 ! lat5ess 9 rip5+ is v objectionable4 ,! ,cali=nia ,almond ,gr[]s' ,ex*ange is f9d+ x h>d] ea* ye> to satisfactorily m>ket ! rapidly increas+ tonnage ( ?is v>iety4 ,x %\ld1 !re=e1 be avoid$ 9 new plant+s4 ,,size ,,( ,,almonds ,records ( f\rte5 v>ieties ( almonds gr[n 9 ! same or*>d "u simil> conditions ( soil & culture h be5 kept at ! ,univ]sity ,f>m at ,davis1 = ! ye>s #aiac to #aiaf1 inclusive4 ,^! trees are all ( ! same age1 except ! ,texas1 ,pe]less & ,h>riott1 :i* are "o ye> y\ng] ?an ! o!rs4 ,^! figures %[ t !re is a wide v>iation )9 v>ieties f ye> to ye>1 n only z reg>ds size1 b proportion ( %ell to :ole nut1 & 9 ! proportion ( d\ble k]nels4 ,table ,x %[s ! v>iation 9 size f ye> to ye>1 z indicat$ by ! numb] ( nuts p] p\nd4 ,five-p\nd samples ( ea* v>iety 7 us$ to det]m9e ! av]age size3 ,,table ,x ,,numb] ,,( ,,almonds ,,p] ,,p\nd ,,= ,,ye>s #aiac ,,to #aiaf1 ,,inclusive ,v>iety #aiac #aiad #aiae #aiaf ,av]age ,nonp>eil #bef #bdj #bbd #bbc #bcf ,i4,x4,l4 #adi #adi #aei #aej #aeb ,ne ,plus ,ultra -- #afc #agi #afi #afg ,drake #ahi #acb #aca #acj #ade4e ,langu$oc #bbf #bbj #ahe #bac #baa ,texas #ahb #aga #afe #agc #agc ,reams #ach #abc #adc #adh #adj4e ,lewell+ #aed #aej #aeh #aci #aej ,pe]less -- #aah #abg #acd #abd ,pr9cess #bgj #bda #aij #beb #bch ,cali=nia -- #bcb #baa #bjf #baf ,k+ -- #bdf #bcd #bdd #bda ,h>riott -- #age #aea #agf #afg ,jordan -- #gf #gj #ge #gd ,! value ( an almond = %ell+ dep5ds n alone on its relative ease ( crack+1 b also ^u ! p]c5tage ( k]nel to ! :ole nut z %[n 9 table ,,xi3 ,,table ,,xi ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,k]nels ,,to ,,:ole ,,nuts #aiac #aiad #aiae #aiaf ,av]age ,v>iety ,p] c5t ,p] c5t ,p] c5t ,p] c5t ,p] c5t ,nonp>eil #fg4e #fe4j #fg4b #fg4j #ff4f ,i4,x4,l4 #de4ca #dh4e #fj4f #ed4g #eb4bh ,ne ,plus ,ultra -- #ec4be #eg4f #eh4e #ef4de ,drake #df4cc #db4dj #dg4j #db4b #dd4dh ,langu$oc #dh4ge #ej4j #di4d #dh4e #di4af ,texas #dc4ge #de4j #db4d #dd4d #dc4hi ,reams #de4id #db4e #di4be #dc4d #de4bg ,lewell+ #dc4dd #dh4h #ej4f #de4j #df4if ,pe]less -- #cf4j #ci4fe #cb4e #cf4je ,pr9cess #fe4j #gc4j #gj4f #gc4h #gj4f ,cali=nia -- #ga4b #gj4f #fi4e #gj4dc ,k+ -- #gj4j #gb4j #ga4f #ga4b ,h>riott -- #ef4be #ed4b #ej4f #ec4fh ,jordan -- #be4j #bc4h #bf4i #be4bc ,d\ble k]nels are p>ticul>ly undesirable 9 nuts = %ell+ because ( ! irregul> %ape ( ! halves1 :i* r5d]s !m unfit = confection]y or bak]y purposes :]e :ole k]nels are us$4 ,table ,,xii %[s ! p]c5tage ( d\ble k]nels by numb]3 ,,table ,,xii ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,d\ble ,,k]nels ,,= ,,diff]5t ,,v>ieties ,v>iety #aiad #aiae #aiaf ,av]age ,nonp>eil #a4ji #a4if #f4aj #c4je ,i4,x4,l4 4#ej 4#ej 4#hj 4#fj ,ne ,plus ,ultra #d4cj #e4gf #ab4jf #g4cg ,drake #ab4gb #f4be #f4fe #h4ed ,langu$oc 4#ii 4#cb #a4fj 4#ig ,texas #aa4ef #g4dj #aa4ij #aj4bi ,reams #i4ib #ac4gi #d4hb #i4ea ,lewell+ #ac4cj #bh4gj #df4ej #bi4ej ,pe]less #d4dd #g4je #h4ch #f4fb ,pr9cess 4#hc 4#ba #d4fa #a4hh ,cali=nia 4#jj 4#jj 4#jig 4#jcb ,k+ 4#jj #a4bh #b4ac #a4ad ,h>riott #a4dc 4#dj 4#hj 4#hh ,jordan #a4cb #c4gb #c4gd #b4ic ,,me?ods ,,( ,,classification ,almonds are classifi$ accord+ to h>dness ( %ell1 into f\r classes3 ,pap]%ell4--,^? almonds hav+ a ?91 pap]y %ell :i* may easily be brok5 betwe5 ! f+]s ( "o h&4 ,s(t%ell4--,^? :i* h a m or less spongy or ?9 %ell :i* may be brok5 betwe5 ! f+]s ( two h&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--;,almond v>ieties4 ,,langu$oc4 ,,texas4 ,,drake4 ,,nonp>eil4 ,i4,x4,l4 ,,ne ,,plus ,,ultra4 ,,t>ragona4 ,,jordan4 ,,pe]less4 ,/&>d%ell4--,^? requir+ v /rong pressure ( ! h& or ! use ( a nut-crack] to break4 ,^! may h a spongy or smoo? out] %ell4 ,h>d%ell4--,^? :i* _c be brok5 by h& b require a %>p bl[ ) a hamm] or /rong pressure ) a nut crack] to crack !m4 ,! pap]%ell v>ieties are excell5t = %ell+ z !y conta9 a l>ge p]c5tage ( k]nels :i* may easily be obta9$ :ole4 ,! pr9cipal objections are t birds are p>ticul>ly fond ( !m s9ce !y c crack !m easily1 & ! %ells are (t5 poorly seal$4 ,! latt] fact makes x difficult to prev5t worm infe/ation & to prev5t ! p5etration ( sulphur fumes to ! k]nel dur+ ! blea*+ process4 ,z a result practically none ( ! pap]%ells are blea*$ b are sold = %ell+ purposes4 ,! s(t%ells are g5]ally m attractive = table use because ! %ells are m p]fect &1 9 comm]cial v>ieties1 are bright] 9 color & m attractive4 ,! %ells are usually well seal$ & c be blea*$ to give additional brightness ) less dang] ( ! fumes p5etrat+ to ! k]nel ?an ! pap]%ells4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,almond v>ieties4 ,,h>riott4 ,,eureka4 ,,lewell+4 ,,k+4 ,,cali=nia4 ,,pr9cess4 ,,/u>t4 ,,la ,,prima4 ,,ba?am4 ,! /&>d%ells h ! greate/ range 9 "*1 ?ickness & h>dness ( %ell4 ,= table use !y are sometimes too h>d = high-class trade4 ,! p]c5tage ( k]nel is too l[ to make !m v attractive to ! retail trade4 ,( ?is class ( almond ! ,drake is probably ! be/ ( ! ,cali=nia v>ieties4 ,almond v>ieties ( all ^! classes are %[n 9 figures #bg & #bh4 ,^! illu/rations %[ mo/ ( ! v>ieties gr[n to any ext5t 9 ,cali=nia & o!rs t h attract$ mu* int]e/ & inquiry1 toge!r ) ! ,european ,t>ragona4 ,,footnotes #a ,tufts1 ,w4 ,p41 unpubli%$ data f exp]im5ts conduct$ 9 ! ,univ]sity ,f>m or*>d1 at ,davis1 ,cali=nia4 #b ,colby1 ,geo4 ,e41 ,ann4 ,rept4 ,cal4 ,agri4 ,exp4 ,/a41 #ahie-ahif & #ahif-ahig4 #c ,z ?is bullet9 goes to press d\bt is rais$ z to :e!r "s ( ^! trees may n be on almond /ock1 b ?is 9 no mat]ial way affects ! discussion4 #d ,j :at conditions w exi/ aft] ! close ( ! pres5t w> _c be =eca/ ) any degree ( accuracy4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 ! increas+ popul>ity ( %ell$ almonds makes x ess5tial t ! ,am]ican m>kets become famili> ) ! ,cali=nia %ell$ product1 & t ?is trade be ext5d$ z quickly z possible4 #e ,cir4 #aba1 ,univ4 ,calif4 ,agri4 ,exp4 ,/ation1 ,octob]1 #aiad4 #f ,! fumigation ( ,/or$ ,gra91 ,dri$ ,fruits1 & ,o!r ,products1 ,e4 ,r4 ,de,ong1 ,cal4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/a41 ,dec41 #aiag4 ,,bibliography ,,treat1 ,w4 #ahij4 ,almond ,culture4 ,report ( ,cali=nia ,bo>d ( ,horticulture1 #aijj1 pp4 #gb-gh4 ,,full]1 ,a4 ,s4 #ahif4 ,! ,nut ,culturi/1 pp4 #ab-dc4 ,orange ,judd ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,,corsa1 ,w4 ,p4 #ahif4 ,nut ,culture 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,embrac+ ,native & ,introduc$ ,species4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a41 ,division ( ,pomology1 pp4 #ai-bh4 ,,colby1 ,,geo4 ,e4 #ahih4 ,analysis ( ,cali=nia ,almonds4 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/a4 ,report #ahie-ahif2 #ahif-ahig1 pp4 #ade-aea4 ,,fair*ild1 ,,david ,g4 #aijb4 ,spani% ,almonds & ,_! ,introduction into ,am]ica4 ,bullet9 #bf1 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a41 pp4 #g-ad & #h plates4 ,,d>gitz1 ,j4 ,p4 #aiji4 ,! ,almond ,comm]cially ,consid]$4 ,proc4 #cf? ,cal4 ,/ate ,fruit ,gr[]s' ,conv5tion1 pp4 #fd-ga4 ,,wickson1 ,e4 ,j4 #aiad4 ,cali=nia ,fruits & ,h[ to ,gr[ ,!m4 #g? edition41 pp4 #dbd-dcj4 ,,bailey1 ,l4 ,h41 & ,,wickson1 ,e4 ,j4 #aiad4 ,almond1 ,/&>d ,cyclop$ia ( ,horticulture1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bdi-bea4 ,,hunt1 ,,?os4 ,f41 & ,/aff4 #aiad4 ,"s ,?+s ! ,prospective ,settl] ,%\ld ,"k4 ,circul> #aba1 ,cal4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/ation1 pp4 #c1 #h1 #da-db4 ,,taylor1 ,r4 ,h4 #aiae4 ,pres5t ,/atus ( ! ,nut ,indu/ry 9 ,cali=nia4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,society = ,horticultural ,sci5ce1 #aiae1 pp4 #ca-ci4 #aiae4 ,a ,symposium ( ,cali=nia ,pomology3 ,! ,almond4 ,proce$+s ,am]ican ,pomological ,society1 #aiae1 pp4 #aba-abf4 ,,pi]ce1 ,,geo4 ,w4 #aiae4 ,! ,/atus ( ! ,almond ,indu/ry ( ! ,pacific ,coa/4 ,proce$+s ,am]ican ,pomological ,society1 #aiae1 pp4 #ge-hb4 ,,/eub5rau*1 ,a4 ,v41 & ,,taylor1 ,r4 ,h4 #aiae4 ,"s ,lessons f ! ,cali=nia ,nut ,indu/ry4 ,proce$+s #ad? ,ann4 ,conv4 ,national ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association1 #aiae1 pp4 #ij-ic4