,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is is a complete unabridg$ transcription ( ,lionel ,gile's translation ( ,! ,art ( ,w>4 ,see additional notes at ! end ( ! book4 ,sun ,tz on ! ,art ( ,w> ,,! ,,olde/ ,,milit>y ,,treatise ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,translat$ f ! ,*9ese ) introduction & critical notes ,,by ,,lionel ,,giles1 ,m4,a4 ,assi/ant 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ori5tal ,pr9t$ ,books & ,,mss4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,london ,,luzac ,co4 #aiaj ,pr9t$ by ,e4 ,j4 ,bbill1 ,leyd5 7,holl&74 ,to my bro!r ,capta9 ,val5t9e ,giles1 ,r4,g4 9 ! hope t a "w #bdjj ye>s old may yet conta9 lessons wor? consid]ation by ! soldi] ( to-day ?is translation is affectionately d$icat$ ,,cont5ts ,page ,preface vii ,introduction ,sun ,wu & 8 ,book xi ,! ,text ( ,sun ,tz xxx ,! ,comm5tators xxxiv ,appreciations ( ,sun ,tz xlii ,apologies = ,w> xliii ,bibliography l ,*ap4 ,i4 ,lay+ plans #a ,,ii4 ,wag+ ,w> #i ,,iii4 ,attack by ,/ratagem #ag ,,iv4 ,tactical ,dispositions #bf ,v4 ,en]gy #cc ,,vi4 ,weak ,po9ts & ,/rong #db ,,vii4 ,manuvr+ #ee ,,viii4 ,v>iation ( ,tactics #ga ,,ix4 ,! ,army on ! ,m>* #hj ,x4 ,t]ra9 #ajj ,,xi4 ,! ,n9e ,situations #aad ,,xii4 ,! ,attack by ,fire #aej ,,xiii4 ,! ,use ( ,spies #afj ,*9ese ,concordance #agf ,index #aib ,,preface ,! sev5? volume ( 8,mmoires conc]nant l'hi/oire1 les sci5ces1 les arts1 les murs1 les usages1 c41 des ,*9ois0#a is devot$ to ! ,art ( ,w>1 & conta9s1 among/ o!r treatises1 8,les ,treize ,articles de ,sun-tse10 translat$ f ! ,*9ese by a ,jesuit ,fa!r1 ,joseph ,amiot4 ,pre ,amiot appe>s to h enjoy$ no small reputation z a s9ologue 9 8 day1 & ! field ( 8 lab\rs 0 c]ta9ly ext5sive4 ,b 8 s-call$ translation ( ,sun ,tz1 if plac$ side by side ) ! orig9al1 is se5 at once to be little bett] ?an an impo/ure4 ,x conta9s a great deal t ,sun ,tz did n write1 & v little inde$ ( :at he did4 ,"h is a fair specim51 tak5 f ! op5+ s5t5ces ( *apt] #e3-- ,de l'habilet dans le g\v]nem5t des ,tr\pes4 ,sun-tse dit3 ,ayez les noms de t\s les ,(fici]s tant gnraux que subalt]nes2 inscrivez-les dans un catalogue "p1 avec la note des tal5ts de la capacit de *acun d'eux1 af9 de p\voir les employ] avec avantage lorsque l'occasion en s]a v5ue4 ,faites en sorte que t\s ceux que v\s devez comm&] soi5t p]suads que votre pr9cipale att5tion e/ de les prs]v] de t\t dommage4 ,les tr\pes que v\s f]ez avanc] contre l'ennemi doiv5t tre comme des pi]res que v\s lanc]iez contre des ufs4 ,de v\s l'ennemi il ne doit y avoir d'autre diffr5ce que celle du =t au foible1 du vuide au ple94 ,attaquez dc\v]t1 mais soyez va9queur en secret4 ,voil en peu de mots en quoi consi/e l'habilet t\te la p]fection mme du g\v]nem5t des tr\pes4 ,?r\gh\t ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :i* saw a wond]ful developm5t 9 ! /udy ( ,*9ese lit]ature1 no translator v5tur$ to tackle ,sun ,tz1 al?\gh 8 "w 0 kn[n to be highly valu$ 9 ,*9a z by f> ! olde/ & be/ comp5dium ( milit>y sci5ce4 ,x 0 n until ! ye> #aije t ! fir/ ,engli% translation1 by ,capt4 ,e4 ,f4 ,cal?rop1 ,r4,f4,a41 appe>$ at ,tokyo "u ! title 8,son%i0 7! ,japanese =m ( ,sun ,tz7#b4 ,un=tunately1 x 0 evid5t t ! translator's k ( ,*9ese 0 f> too scanty to fit him to grapple ) ! manifold difficulties ( ,sun ,tz4 ,he himself pla9ly ackn[l$ges t )\t ! aid ( two ,japanese g5tlem5 8! accompany+ translation w\ld h be5 impossible40 ,we c only wond]1 !n1 t ) _! help x %\ld h be5 s excessively bad4 ,x is n m]ely a "q ( d[nright blund]s1 f :i* none c hope to be :olly exempt4 ,omissions 7 frequ5t2 h>d passages 7 wilfully di/ort$ or slurr$ ov]4 ,su* (f5ces are less p>donable4 ,!y w\ld n be tol]at$ 9 any edition ( a ,greek or ,lat9 classic1 & a simil> /&>d ( hone/y ought to be insi/$ ^u 9 translations f ,*9ese4 ,f blemi%es ( ?is nature1 at lea/1 ,i believe t ! pres5t translation is free4 ,x 0 n und]tak5 out ( any inflat$ e/imate ( my own p[]s2 b ,i c\ld n help feel+ t ,sun ,tz des]v$ a bett] fate ?an _h befall5 him1 & ,i knew t1 at any rate1 ,i c\ld h>dly fail to improve on ! "w ( my pr$ecessors4 ,t[>ds ! end ( #aijh1 a new & revis$ edition ( ,capt4 ,cal?rop's translation 0 publi%$ 9 ,london1 ?is "t1 h[ev]1 )\t any allusion to 8 ,japanese collaborators4 ,my fir/ ?ree *apt]s 7 !n already 9 ! pr9t]'s h&s1 s t ! criticisms ( ,capt4 ,cal?rop !re9 conta9$ mu/ be und]/ood z ref]r+ to 8 e>li] edition4 ,9 ! subsequ5t *apt]s ,i h ( c\rse transf]r$ my att5tion to ! second edition4 ,?is is on ! :ole an improvem5t on ! o!r1 ?\gh !re /ill rema9s mu* t _c pass mu/]4 ,"s ( ! gross] blund]s h be5 rectifi$ & lacunae fill$ up1 b on ! o!r h& a c]ta9 numb] ( new mi/akes appe>4 ,! v fir/ s5t5ce ( ! introduction is />tl+ly inaccurate2 & lat] on1 :ile m5tion is made ( 8an army ( ,japanese comm5tators0 on ,sun ,tz 7:o are ^!1 by ! way871 n a ^w is v\*saf$ ab\t ! ,*9ese comm5tators1 :o nev]!less1 ,i v5ture to ass]t1 =m a mu* m num]\s & inf9itely m important 8army40 ,a few special features ( ! pres5t volume may n[ be notic$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! text has be5 cut up into numb]$ p>agraphs1 bo? 9 ord] to facilitate cross-ref]5ce & = ! conv5i5ce ( /ud5ts g5]ally4 ,! division foll[s broadly t ( ,sun ,hs+-y5's edition2 b ,i h sometimes f\nd x desirable to jo9 two or m ( 8 p>agraphs into "o4 ,9 quot+ f o!r works1 ,*9ese writ]s seldom give m ?an ! b>e title by way ( ref]5ce1 & ! task ( rese>* is apt to be s]i\sly hamp]$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,) a view to obviat+ ?is difficulty s f> z ,sun ,tz is conc]n$1 ,i h also app5d$ a complete concordance ( ,*9ese *>act]s1 foll[+ 9 ?is ! admirable example ( ,legge1 ?\gh an alphabetical arrangem5t has be5 pref]r$ to ! di/ribution "u radicals :i* he adopt$4 ,ano!r feature borr[$ f 8,! ,*9ese ,classics0 is ! pr9t+ ( text1 translation & notes on ! same page2 ! notes1 h[ev]1 are ins]t$1 accord+ to ! ,*9ese me?od1 imm$iately aft] ! passages to :i* !y ref]4 ,f ! mass ( native comm5t>y my aim has be5 to extract ! cream only1 add+ ! ,*9ese text "h & !re :5 x seem$ to pres5t po9ts ( lit]>y int]e/4 ,?\gh con/itut+ 9 itself an important bran* ( ,*9ese lit]ature1 v little comm5t>y ( ?is k9d has hi!rto be5 made directly accessible by translation4#c ,i may say 9 conclusion t1 ow+ to ! pr9t+ (f ( my %eets z !y 7 complet$1 ! "w has n _h ! b5efit ( a f9al revision4 ,on a review ( ! :ole1 )\t modify+ ! sub/ance ( my criticisms1 ,i might h be5 incl9$ 9 a few in/ances to temp] _! asp]ity4 ,hav+ *os5 to wield a bludgeon1 h[ev]1 ,i %all n cry out if 9 return ,i am visit$ ) m ?an a rap ov] ! knuckles4 ,inde$1 ,i h be5 at "s pa9s to put a sword into ! h&s ( future oppon5ts by scrupul\sly giv+ ei!r text or ref]5ce = e passage translat$4 ,a sca?+ review1 ev5 f ! p5 ( ! ,%anghai critic :o despises 8m]e translations10 w\ld n1 ,i mu/ confess1 be altoge!r unwelcome4 ,=1 aft] all1 ! wor/ fate ,i %all h to dread is t :i* befell ! +5i\s p>adoxes ( ,george 9 ,! ,vic> ( ,wakefield4 ,,introduction ,sun ,wu & 8 ,book4 ,ss-ma ,*#8i5 gives ! foll[+ biography ( ,sun ,tz3#d-- ,sun ,tz ,wu 0 a native ( ! ,*#8i ,/ate4 ,8 ,art ( ,w> br\ght him to ! notice ( ,ho ,lu1#e ,k+ ( ,wu4 ,ho ,lu said to him3 ,i h c>efully p]us$ y\r #ac *apt]s4 ,may ,i submit y\r !ory ( manag+ soldi]s to a slight te/8 ,sun ,tz repli$3 ,y may4 ,ho ,lu ask$3 ,may ! te/ be appli$ to wom58 ,! answ] 0 aga9 9 ! affirmative1 s arrangem5ts 7 made to br+ #ahj ladies out ( ! ,palace4 ,sun ,tz divid$ !m into two companies1 & plac$ "o ( ! ,k+'s fav\rite concub9es at ! head ( ea*4 ,he !n bade !m all take spe>s 9 _! h&s1 & address$ !m ?us3 ,i presume y "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 front & back1 "r h& & left h&8 ,! girls repli$3 ,yes4 ,sun ,tz w5t on3 ,:5 ,i say 8,eyes front10 y mu/ look /raight ahead4 ,:5 ,i say 8,left turn10 y mu/ face t[>ds y\r left h&4 ,:5 ,i say 8,"r turn10 y mu/ face t[>ds y\r "r h&4 ,:5 ,i say 8,ab\t turn10 y mu/ face "r r\nd t[>ds ! back4 ,aga9 ! girls ass5t$4 ,! words ( comm& hav+ be5 ?us expla9$1 he set up ! halb]ds & battle-axes 9 ord] to beg9 ! drill4 ,!n1 to ! s\nd ( drums1 he gave ! ord] 8,"r turn40 ,b ! girls only bur/ out laugh+4 ,sun ,tz said3 ,if words ( comm& are n cle> & di/9ct1 if ord]s are n ?or\ghly und]/ood1 !n ! g5]al is to blame4 ,s he />t$ drill+ !m aga91 & ?is "t gave ! ord] 8,left turn10 :]eupon ! girls once m bur/ into fits ( laught]4 ,sun ,tz said3 ,if words ( comm& are n cle> & di/9ct1 if ord]s are n ?or\ghly und]/ood1 ! g5]al is to blame4 ,b if 8 ord]s are cle>1 & ! soldi]s nev]!less disobey1 !n x is ! fault ( _! (fic]s4 ,s say+1 he ord]$ ! lead]s ( ! two companies to be behead$4 ,n[ ! ,k+ ( ,wu 0 wat*+ ! sc5e f ! top ( a rais$ pavilion2 & :5 he saw t 8 fav\rite concub9es 7 ab\t to be execut$1 he 0 greatly al>m$ & hurri$ly s5t d[n ! foll[+ message3 ,we are n[ q satisfi$ z to our g5]al's ability to h&le troops4 ,if ,we are b]eft ( ^! two concub9es1 our meat & dr9k w lose _! sav\r4 ,x is our wi% t !y %all n be behead$4 ,sun ,tz repli$3 ,hav+ once receiv$ ,8 ,maje/y's commission to be g5]al ( 8 =ces1 !re are c]ta9 comm&s ( ,8 ,maje/y :i*1 act+ 9 t capacity1 ,i am unable to accept4 ,accord+ly1 he _h ! two lead]s behead$1 & /raightway in/all$ ! pair next 9 ord] z lead]s 9 _! place4 ,:5 ?is _h be5 done1 ! drum 0 s\nd$ = ! drill once m2 & ! girls w5t ?r\gh all ! evolutions1 turn+ to ! "r or to ! left1 m>*+ ahead or :eel+ back1 kneel+ or /&+1 ) p]fect accuracy & precision1 n v5tur+ to utt] a s\nd4 ,!n ,sun ,tz s5t a mess5g] to ! ,k+ say+3 ,y\r soldi]s1 ,sire1 are n[ prop]ly drill$ & discipl9$1 & ready = ,y\r ,maje/y's inspection4 ,!y c be put to any use t _! sov]eign may desire2 bid !m g ?r\gh fire & wat]1 & !y w n disobey4 ,b ! ,k+ repli$3 ,let our g5]al cease drill+ & return to camp4 ,z = u1 ,we h no wi% to come d[n & inspect ! troops4 ,!reupon ,sun ,tz said3 ,! ,k+ is only fond ( words1 & _c translate !m into de$s4 ,aft] t1 ,ho ,lu saw t ,sun ,tz 0 "o :o knew h[ to h&le an army1 & f9ally appo9t$ him g5]al4 ,9 ! ,we/1 he defeat$ ! ,*#8u ,/ate & =c$ 8 way into ,y+1 ! capital2 to ! nor?1 he put fe> into ! ,/ates ( ,*#8i & ,*91 & spread 8 fame abroad among/ ! feudal pr9ces4 ,& ,sun ,tz %>$ 9 ! might ( ! ,k+4 ,ab\t ,sun ,tz himself ?is is all t ,ss-ma ,*#8i5 has to tell u 9 ?is *apt]4 ,b he proce$s to give a biography ( 8 desc5dant1 ,sun ,p91 born ab\t a hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 fam\s ance/or's dea?1 & also ! out/&+ milit>y g5ius ( 8 "t4 ,! hi/orian speaks ( him too z ,sun ,tz1 & 9 8 preface we read3 8,sun ,tz _h 8 feet cut (f & yet cont9u$ to discuss ! art ( w>40#f ,x seems likely1 !n1 t 8,p90 0 a nickname be/[$ on him aft] 8 mutilation1 unless inde$ ! /ory 0 inv5t$ 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! "n4 ,! cr[n+ incid5t ( 8 c>e]1 ! cru%+ defeat ( 8 trea*]\s rival ,p#8ang ,*an1 w be f\nd briefly relat$ on p4 #dj4 ,to return to ! eld] ,sun ,tz4 ,he is m5tion$ 9 two o!r passages ( ! ,%ih ,*i3-- ,9 ! ?ird ye> ( 8 reign #eab ,b4,c4 ,ho ,lu1 ,k+ ( ,wu1 took ! field ) ,tz-hs i4e4 ,wu ,yan & ,po ,p#8ei1 & attack$ ,*#8u4 ,he captur$ ! t[n ( ,%u & slew ! two pr9ce's sons :o _h =m]ly be5 g5]als ( ,wu4 ,he 0 !n m$itat+ a desc5t on ,y+ ! capital2 b ! g5]al ,sun ,wu said3 8,! army is exhau/$4#g ,x is n yet possible4 ,we mu/ wait04444#h ,aft] fur!r successful fight+1 9 ! n9? ye> #ejf ,b4,c41 ,k+ ,ho ,lu ( ,wu address$ ,wu ,tz-hs & ,sun ,wu1 say+3 8,=m]ly1 y decl>$ t x 0 n yet possible = u to ent] ,y+4 ,is ! "t ripe n[80 ,! two m5 repli$3 8,*#8u's g5]al1 ,tz-*#8ang1#i is grasp+ & covet\s1 & ! pr9ces ( ,t#8ang & ,ts#8ai bo? h a grudge aga9/ him4 ,if ,y\r ,maje/y has resolv$ to make a gr& attack1 y mu/ w9 ov] ,t#8ang & ,ts#8ai1 & !n y may succe$40 ,ho ,lu foll[$ ?is advice1 beat ,*#8u 9 five pit*$ battles & m>*$ into ,y+4#aj ,?is is ! late/ date at :i* any?+ is record$ ( ,sun ,wu4 ,he does n appe> to h surviv$ 8 patron1 :o di$ f ! effects ( a w\nd 9 #dif4 ,9 ! *apt] entitl$ 7! e>li] portion ( :i* ,m4 ,*avannes believes to be a fragm5t ( a treatise on ,milit>y ,weapons71 !re occurs ?is passage3#aa ,f ?is "t onw>d1 a numb] ( fam\s soldi]s arose1 "o aft] ! o!r3 ,kao-fan1#ab :o 0 employ$ by ! ,*9 ,/ate2 ,wang-tz1#ac 9 ! s]vice ( ,*#8i2 & ,sun ,wu1 9 ! s]vice ( ,wu4 ,^! m5 develop$ & ?rew light ^u ! pr9ciples ( w> 774 ,x is obvi\s t ,ss-ma ,*#8i5 at lea/ _h no d\bt ab\t ! reality ( ,sun ,wu z an hi/orical p]sonage2 & ) "o exception1 to be notic$ pres5tly1 he is by f> ! mo/ important au?ority on ! p]iod 9 "q4 ,x w n be necess>y1 !re=e1 to say mu* ( su* a "w z ! ,wu ,yeh ,*#8un ,*#8iu1 :i* is suppos$ to h be5 writt5 by ,*ao ,yeh ( ! #a/ c5tury ,a4,d4 ,! attribution is some:at d\btful2 b ev5 if x 7 o!rwise1 8 acc\nt w\ld be ( little value1 bas$ z x is on ! ,%ih ,*i & exp&$ ) romantic details4 ,! /ory ( ,sun ,tz w be f\nd1 = :at x is wor?1 9 *apt] #b4 ,! only new po9ts 9 x wor? not+ are3 #a7 ,sun ,tz 0 fir/ recomm5d$ to ,ho ,lu by ,wu ,tz-hs4 #b7 ,he is call$ a native ( ,wu4#ad #c7 ,he _h previ\sly liv$ a retir$ life1 & 8 contempor>ies 7 unaw>e ( 8 ability4#ae ,! foll[+ passage occurs 9 ,huai-nan ,tz3 8,:5 sov]eign & m9i/]s %[ p]v]sity ( m9d1 x is impossible ev5 = a ,sun ,tz to enc\nt] ! foe40#af ,assum+ t ?is "w is g5u9e 7& hi!rto no d\bt has be5 ca/ ^u x71 we h "h ! e>lie/ direct ref]5ce to ,sun ,tz1 = ,huai-nan ,tz di$ 9 #abb ,b4,c41 _m ye>s be=e ! ,%ih ,*i 0 giv5 to ! _w4 ,liu ,hsiang 7,b4,c4 #hj-i7 9 8 says3 8,! reason :y ,sun ,wu at ! head ( #cj1jjj m5 beat ,*#8u ) #bjj1jjj is t ! latt] 7 undiscipl9$40#ag ,tng ,m+-%ih 9 8 7complet$ 9 #aacd7 in=ms u t ! surname 0 be/[$ on ,sun ,wu's gr&fa!r by ,duke ,*+ ( ,*#8i #edg-dij ,b4,c44 ,sun ,wu's fa!r ,sun ,p#8+1 rose to be a ,m9i/] ( ,/ate 9 ,*#8i1 & ,sun ,wu himself1 ^: /yle 0 ,*#8ang-*#8+1 fl$ to ,wu on acc\nt ( ! rebellion :i* 0 be+ fom5t$ by ! k9dr$ ( ,t#8i5 ,pao4 ,he _h ?ree sons1 ( :om ! second1 nam$ ,m+1 0 ! fa!r ( ,sun ,p94 ,accord+ to ?is acc\nt1 !n1 ,p9 0 ! gr&son ( ,wu1#ah :i*1 consid]+ t ,sun ,p9's victory ov] ,wei 0 ga9$ 9 #cda ,b4,c41 may be dismiss$ z *ronologically impossible4 ,:5ce ^! data 7 obta9$ by ,tng ,m+-%ih ,i d n "k1 b ( c\rse no reliance :atev] c be plac$ 9 !m4 ,an int]e/+ docum5t :i* has surviv$ f ! close ( ! ,han p]iod is ! %ort preface writt5 by ! great ,ts#8ao ,ts#8ao1 or ,wei ,wu ,ti1 = 8 edition ( ,sun ,tz4 ,i %all give x 9 full3-- ,i h he>d t ! anci5ts us$ b[s & arr[s to _! advantage4#ai ,! ,lun ,y says3 8,!re mu/ be a suffici5cy ( milit>y /r5g?40#bj ,! ,%u ,*+ m5tions 8! army0 among ! 8eight objects ( gov]nm5t40#ba ,! ,i ,*+ says3 8 #8army' indicates firmness & ju/ice2 ! exp]i5c$ lead] w h good =tune40#bb ,! ,%ih ,*+ says3 8,! ,k+ rose maje/ic 9 8 wra?1 & he m>%all$ 8 troops40#bc ,! ,yell[ ,emp]or1 ,t#8ang ! ,complet] & ,wu ,wang all us$ spe>s & battle-axes 9 ord] to succ\r _! g5]ation4 ,! ,ss-ma ,fa says3 8,if "o man slay ano!r ( set purpose1 he himself may rightfully be sla940#bd ,he :o relies solely on w>like measures %all be ext]m9at$2 he :o relies solely on peaceful measures %all p]i%4 ,in/ances ( ?is are ,fu ,*#8ai#be on ! "o h& & ,y5 ,wang on ! o!r4#bf ,9 milit>y matt]s1 ! ,sage's rule is normally to keep ! peace1 & to move 8 =ces only :5 occasion requires4 ,he w n use arm$ =ce unless driv5 to x by necessity4#bg ,_m books h ,i read on ! subject ( w> & fight+2 b ! "w compos$ by ,sun ,wu is ! pr(\nde/ ( !m all4 ,sun ,tz 0 a native ( ! ,*#8i /ate1 8 p]sonal "n 0 ,wu4 ,he wrote ! ,art ( ,w> 9 #ac *apt]s = ,ho ,l1 ,k+ ( ,wu4 ,its pr9ciples 7 te/$ on wom51 & he 0 subsequ5tly made a g5]al4 ,he l$ an army we/w>ds1 cru%$ ! ,*#8u ,/ate & ent]$ ,y+ ! capital4 ,9 ! nor?1 he kept ,*#8i & ,*9 9 awe4 ,a hundr$ ye>s & m aft] 8 "t1 ,sun ,p9 liv$4 ,he 0 a desc5dant ( ,wu4#bh ,9 8 treatm5t ( delib]ation & plann+1 ! importance ( rapidity 9 tak+ ! field1#bi cle>ness ( conception1 & dep? ( design1 ,sun ,tz /&s beyond ! rea* ( c>p+ criticism4 ,my contempor>ies1 h[ev]1 h fail$ to grasp ! full mean+ ( 8 in/ructions1 & :ile putt+ into practice ! small] details 9 :i* 8 "w ab\nds1 !y h ov]look$ its ess5tial purport4 ,t is ! motive :i* has l$ me to outl9e a r\gh explanation ( ! :ole4#cj ,"o ?+ to be notic$ 9 ! above is ! explicit /atem5t t ! #ac *apt]s 7 specially compos$ = ,k+ ,ho ,lu4 ,?is is support$ by ! int]nal evid5ce ( ,i4 #ae1 9 :i* x seems cle> t "s rul] is address$4 ,9 ! bibliographical section ( ! ,han ,%u1#ca !re is an entry :i* has giv5 rise to mu* discussion3 8,! works ( ,sun ,tz ( ,wu 9 #hb p#8i5 7or *apt]s71 ) diagrams 9 #i *an40 ,x is evid5t t ?is _c be m]ely ! #ac *apt]s kn[n to ,ss-ma ,*#8i51 or ^? we possess to-day4 ,*ang ,%\-*ieh 9 8 ref]s to an edition ( ,sun ,tz's ( :i* ! 8#ac *apt]s0 =m$ ! fir/ *an1 add+ t !re 7 two o!r *an besides4#cb ,?is has br\ght =? a !ory1 t ! bulk ( ^! #hb *apt]s consi/$ ( o!r writ+s ( ,sun ,tz--we %\ld call !m apocryphal--simil> to ! ,wn ,ta1 ( :i* a specim5 deal+ ) ! ,n9e ,situations#cc is pres]v$ 9 ! ,t#8ung ,ti51 & ano!r 9 ,ho ,%ih's comm5t>y4 ,x is sugge/$ t be=e 8 int]view ) ,ho ,lu1 ,sun ,tz _h only writt5 ! #ac *apt]s1 b aft]w>ds compos$ a sort ( exegesis 9 ! =m ( "q & answ] betwe5 himself & ! ,k+4 ,pi ,i-hsn1 au?or ( ! ,sun ,tz ,hs ,lu1 backs ?is up ) a quotation f ! ,wu ,yeh ,*#8un ,*#8iu3 8,! ,k+ ( ,wu summon$ ,sun ,tz1 & ask$ him que/ions ab\t ! art ( w>4 ,ea* "t he set =? a *apt] ( 8 "w1 ! ,k+ c\ld n f9d words en\gh to praise him40#cd ,z he po9ts out1 if ! :ole "w 0 exp\nd$ on ! same scale z 9 ! above-m5tion$ fragm5ts1 ! total numb] ( *apt]s c\ld n fail to be consid]able4#ce ,!n ! num]\s o!r treatises attribut$ to ,sun ,tz#cf might also be includ$4 ,! fact t ! ,han ,*ih m5tions no "w ( ,sun ,tz except ! #hb p#8i51 :]eas ! ,sui & ,t#8ang bibliographies give ! titles ( o!rs 9 addition to ! 8#ac *apt]s10 is good pro(1 ,pi ,i-hsn ?9ks1 t all ( ^! 7 conta9$ 9 ! #hb p#8i54 ,)\t p9n+ our fai? to ! accuracy ( details suppli$ by ! ,wu ,yeh ,*#8un ,*#8iu1 or admitt+ ! g5u95ess ( any ( ! treatises cit$ by ,pi ,i-hsn1 we may see 9 ?is !ory a probable solution ( ! my/]y4 ,betwe5 ,ss-ma ,*#8i5 & ,pan ,ku !re 0 pl5ty ( "t = a luxuriant crop ( =g]ies to h gr[n up "u ! magic "n ( ,sun ,tz1 & ! #hb p#8i5 may v well repres5t a collect$ edition ( ^! lump$ toge!r ) ! orig9al "w4 ,x is also possible1 ?\gh less likely1 t "s ( !m exi/$ 9 ! "t ( ! e>li] hi/orian & 7 purposely ignor$ by him4#cg ,tu ,mu1 aft] ,ts#8ao ,kung ! mo/ important comm5tator on ,sun ,tz1 compos$ ! preface to 8 edition#ch ab\t ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,aft] a some:at l5g?y def5ce ( ! milit>y art1#ci he comes at la/ to ,sun ,tz himself1 & makes "o or two v />tl+ ass]tions3--8,! writ+s ( ,sun ,wu10 he says1 8orig9ally compris$ sev]al hundr$ ?\s& words1 b ,ts#8ao ,ts#8ao1 ! ,emp]or ,wu ,wei1 prun$ away all r$undancies & wrote out ! ess5ce ( ! :ole1 s z to =m a s+le book 9 #ac *apt]s40#dj ,he goes on to rem>k t ,ts#8ao ,ts#8ao's comm5t>y on ,sun ,tz leaves a c]ta9 proportion ( difficulties unexpla9$4 ,?is1 9 ,tu ,mu's op9ion1 does n necess>ily imply t he 0 unable to furni% a complete comm5t>y4#da ,accord+ to ! ,wei ,*ih1 ,ts#8ao himself wrote a book on w> 9 some?+ ov] #ajj1jjj words1 kn[n z ! 4 ,x appe>s to h be5 ( su* exceptional m]it t he suspects ,ts#8ao to h us$ = x ! surplus mat]ial :i* he _h f\nd 9 ,sun ,tz4 ,he concludes1 h[ev]1 by say+3 8,! ,hs9 ,%u is n[ lo/1 s t ! tru? _c be kn[n = c]ta940#db ,tu ,mu's conjecture seems to be bas$ on a passage 9 ! 8,wei ,wu ,ti /rung toge!r ,sun ,wu's ,art ( ,w>10#dc :i* 9 turn may h result$ f a misund]/&+ ( ! f9al words ( ,ts#8ao ,kung's preface3 4 ,?is1 z ,sun ,hs+-y5 po9ts out1#dd is only a mode/ way ( say+ t he made an explanatory p>aphrase1#de or 9 o!r words1 wrote a comm5t>y on x4 ,on ! :ole1 ! !ory has met ) v little acceptance4 ,?us1 ! says3#df 8,! m5tion ( ! #ac *apt]s 9 ! ,%ih ,*i %[s t !y 7 9 exi/5ce be=e ! ,han ,*ih1 & t lat] accretions are n to be consid]$ "p ( ! orig9al "w4 ,tu ,mu's ass]tion c c]ta9ly n be tak5 z pro(40#dg ,!re is e reason to suppose1 !n1 t ! #ac *apt]s exi/$ 9 ! "t ( ,ss-ma ,*#8i5 practically z we h !m n[4 ,t ! "w 0 !n well kn[n he tells u 9 s _m words3 8,sun ,tz's #ac ,*apt]s & ,wu ,*#8i's ,art ( ,w> are ! two books t p commonly ref] to on ! subject ( milit>y matt]s4 ,bo? ( !m are widely di/ribut$1 s ,i w n discuss !m "h40#dh ,b z we g fur!r back1 s]i\s difficulties beg9 to arise4 ,! sali5t fact :i* has to be fac$ is t ! ,tso ,*uan1 ! great contempor>y record1 makes no m5tion :atev] ( ,sun ,wu1 ei!r z a g5]al or z a writ]4 ,x is natural1 9 view ( ?is awkw>d circum/ance1 t _m s*ol>s %\ld n only ca/ d\bt on ! /ory ( ,sun ,wu z giv5 9 ! ,%ih ,*i1 b ev5 %[ !mselves frankly sceptical z to ! exi/5ce ( ! man at all4 ,! mo/ p[]ful pres5tm5t ( ?is side ( ! case is to be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ disquisition by ,yeh ,%ui-hs93#di-- ,x is /at$ 9 ,ss-ma ,*#8i5's hi/ory t ,sun ,wu 0 a native ( ! ,*#8i ,/ate1 & employ$ by ,wu2 & t 9 ! reign ( ,ho ,l he cru%$ ,*#8u1 ent]$ ,y+1 & 0 a great g5]al4 ,b 9 ,tso's ,comm5t>y no ,sun ,wu appe>s at all4 ,x is true t ,tso's ,comm5t>y ne$ n conta9 absolutely ev]y?+ t o!r hi/ories conta94 ,b ,tso has n omitt$ to m5tion vulg> plebeians & hirel+ ruffians su* z ,y+ ,k#8ao-%u1#ej ,ts#8ao ,kuei1#ea ,*u ,*ih-wu#eb & ,*uan ,%-*u4#ec ,9 ! case ( ,sun ,wu1 ^: fame & a*ievem5ts 7 s brilliant1 ! omission is mu* m gl>+4 ,aga91 details are giv51 9 _! due ord]1 ab\t 8 contempor>ies ,wu ,yan & ! ,m9i/] ,p#8ei4#ed ,is x cr$ible t ,sun ,wu alone %\ld h be5 pass$ ov]8#ee ,9 po9t ( lit]>y /yle1 ,sun ,tz's "w belongs to ! same s*ool z ,kuan ,tz1#ef ! ,liu ,t#8ao1#eg & ! ,yeh ,y1#eh & may h be5 ! production ( "s private s*ol> liv+ t[>ds ! end ( ! 8,spr+ & ,autumn0 or ! beg9n+ ( ! 8,w>r+ ,/ates0 p]iod4#ei ,! /ory t 8 precepts 7 actually appli$ by ! ,wu ,/ate1 is m]ely ! outcome ( big talk on ! "p ( 8 foll[]s4#fj ,f ! fl\ri%+ p]iod ( ! ,*\ dyna/y#fa d[n to ! "t ( ! 8,spr+ & ,autumn10 all milit>y comm&]s 7 /atesm5 z well1 & ! class ( pr(essional g5]als1 = conduct+ ext]nal campaigns1 did n !n exi/4 ,x 0 n until ! p]iod ( ! 8,six ,/ates0#fb t ?is cu/om *ang$4 ,n[ al?\gh ,wu 0 an uncivilis$ ,/ate1 is x conceivable t ,tso %\ld h left unrecord$ ! fact t ,sun ,wu 0 a great g5]al & yet held no civil (fice8 ,:at we are told1 !re=e1 ab\t ,jang-*#fc & ,sun ,wu1 is n au!ntic matt]1 b ! reckless fabrication ( !oris+ pundits4 ,! /ory ( ,ho ,l's exp]im5t on ! wom51 9 p>ticul>1 is utt]ly prepo/]\s & incr$ible4#fd ,yeh ,%ui-hs9 repres5ts ,ss-ma ,*#8i5 z hav+ said t ,sun ,wu cru%$ ,*#8u & ent]$ ,y+4 ,?is is n q correct4 ,no d\bt ! impression left on ! read]'s m9d is t he at lea/ %>$ 9 ^! exploits2 b ! actual subject ( ! v]bs 1 1 & is c]ta9ly 1 z is %[n by ! next words3 4#fe ,! fact may or may n be significant2 b x is n[h]e explicitly /at$ 9 ! ,%ih ,*i ei!r t ,sun ,tz 0 g5]al on ! occasion ( ! tak+ ( ,y+1 or t he ev5 w5t !re at all4 ,moreov]1 z we "k t ,wu ,yan & ,po ,p#8ei bo? took "p 9 ! exp$ition1 & also t its success 0 l>gely due to ! da% & ent]prise ( ,fu ,kai1 ,ho ,lu's y\ng] bro!r1 x is n easy to see h[ yet ano!r g5]al c\ld h play$ a v prom95t "p 9 ! same campaign4 ,*#8n ,*n-sun ( ! ,sung dyna/y has ! note3#ff-- ,milit>y writ]s look ^u ,sun ,wu z ! fa!r ( _! art4 ,b ! fact t he does n appe> 9 ! ,tso ,*uan1 al?\gh he is said to h s]v$ "u ,ho ,l ,k+ ( ,wu1 makes x unc]ta9 :at p]iod he really belong$ to4#fg ,he also says3-- ,! works ( ,sun ,wu & ,wu ,*#8i may be ( g5u9e antiquity4#fh ,x is noticeable t bo? ,yeh ,%ui-hs9 & ,*#8n ,*n-sun1 :ile reject+ ! p]sonality ( ,sun ,wu z he figures 9 ,ss-ma ,*#8i5's hi/ory1 are incl9$ to accept ! date traditionally assign$ to ! "w :i* passes "u 8 "n4 ,! au?or ( ! ,hs ,lu fails to appreciate ?is di/9ction1 & consequ5tly 8 bitt] attack on ,*#8n ,*n-sun really misses its m>k4 ,he makes "o or two po9ts1 h[ev]1 :i* c]ta9ly tell 9 fav\r ( ! high antiquity ( our 8#ac *apt]s40 8,sun ,tz10 he says1 8mu/ h liv$ 9 ! age ( ,*+ ,wang #eai-dgf1 because he is frequ5tly plagi>is$ 9 subsequ5t works ( ! ,*\1 ,*#89 & ,han dyna/ies40#fi ,! two mo/ %ameless (f5d]s 9 ?is respect are ,wu ,*#8i & ,huai-nan ,tz1 bo? ( !m important hi/orical p]sonages 9 _! day4 ,! =m] liv$ only a c5tury aft] ! alleg$ date ( ,sun ,tz1 & 8 dea? is kn[n to h tak5 place 9 #cha ,b4,c4 ,x 0 to him1 accord+ to ,liu ,hsiang1 t ,tsng ,%n deliv]$ ! ,tso ,*uan1 :i* _h be5 entru/$ to him by its au?or4#gj ,n[ ! fact t quotations f ! ,art ( ,w>1 ackn[l$g$ or o!rwise1 are to be f\nd 9 s _m au?ors ( diff]5t epo*s1 e/abli%es a v /rong probability t !re 0 "s common s\rce ant]ior to !m all1--9 o!r words1 t ,sun ,tz's treatise 0 already 9 exi/5ce t[>ds ! end ( ! #e? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,fur!r pro( ( ,sun ,tz's antiquity is furni%$ by ! ar*aic or :olly obsolete mean+s atta*+ to a numb] ( ! words he uses4 ,a li/ ( ^!1 :i* might p]haps be ext5d$1 is giv5 9 ! ,hs ,lu2 & ?\gh "s ( ! int]pretations are d\btful1 ! ma9 argum5t is h>dly affect$ !reby4#ga ,aga91 x mu/ n be =gott5 t ,yeh ,%ui-hs91 a s*ol> & critic ( ! fir/ rank1 delib]ately pron\nces ! /yle ( ! #ac *apt]s to belong to ! e>ly "p ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,see+ t he is actually engag$ 9 an attempt to disprove ! exi/5ce ( ,sun ,wu himself1 we may be sure t he w\ld n h hesitat$ to assign ! "w to a lat] date _h he n hone/ly believ$ ! contr>y4 ,& x is precisely on su* a po9t t ! judgm5t ( an educat$ ,*9aman w c>ry mo/ weight4 ,o!r int]nal evid5ce is n f> to seek4 ,?us1 9 ,,xiii4 #a1 !re is an unmi/akable allusion to ! anci5t sy/em ( l&-t5ure :i* _h already pass$ away by ! "t ( ,m5cius1 :o 0 anxi\s to see x reviv$ 9 a modifi$ =m4#gb ,! only w>f>e ,sun ,tz kn[s is t c>ri$ on betwe5 ! v>i\s feudal pr9ces 771 9 :i* arm\r$ *>iots play a l>ge "p4 ,_! use seems to h entirely di$ out be=e ! end ( ! ,*\ dyna/y4 ,he speaks z a man ( ,wu1 a /ate :i* ceas$ to exi/ z e>ly z #dgc ,b4,c4 ,on ?is ,i %all t\* pres5tly4 ,b once ref] ! "w to ! #e? c5tury or e>li]1 & ! *ances ( its be+ o!r ?an a bon fide production are s5sibly dim9i%$4 ,! great age ( =g]ies did n come until long aft]4 ,t x %\ld h be5 =g$ 9 ! p]iod imm$iately foll[+ #dgc is p>ticul>ly unlikely1 = no "o1 z a rule1 ha/5s to id5tify himself ) a lo/ cause4 ,z = ,yeh ,%ui-hs9's !ory1 t ! au?or 0 a lit]>y recluse1#gc t seems to me q unt5able4 ,if "o ?+ is m app>5t ?an ano!r aft] read+ ! maxims ( ,sun ,tz1 x is t _! ess5ce has be5 di/ill$ f a l>ge /ore ( p]sonal obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,!y reflect ! m9d n only ( a born /rategi/1 gift$ ) a r>e faculty ( g5]alisation1 b also ( a practical soldi] closely acqua9t$ ) ! milit>y conditions ( 8 "t4 ,to say no?+ ( ! fact t ^! say+s h be5 accept$ & endors$ by all ! greate/ capta9s ( ,*9ese hi/ory1 !y (f] a comb9ation ( fre%ness & s9c]ity1 acut5ess & common s5se1 :i* q excludes ! idea t !y 7 artificially concoct$ 9 ! /udy4 ,if we admit1 !n1 t ! #ac *apt]s 7 ! g5u9e production ( a milit>y man liv+ t[>ds ! end ( ! 8,*#8un ,*#8iu0 p]iod1 are we n b\nd1 9 spite ( ! sil5ce ( ! ,tso ,*uan1 to accept ,ss-ma ,*#8i5's acc\nt 9 its entirety8 ,9 view ( 8 high repute z a sob] hi/orian1 mu/ we n hesitate to assume t ! records he drew ^u = ,sun ,wu's biography 7 false & untru/wor?y8 ,! answ]1 ,i fe>1 mu/ be 9 ! negative4 ,!re is /ill "o grave1 if n fatal1 objection to ! *ronology involv$ 9 ! /ory z told 9 ! ,%ih ,*i1 :i*1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 nobody has yet po9t$ out4 ,!re are two passages 9 ,sun ,tz 9 :i* he alludes to contempor>y affairs4 ,! fir/ is 9 ,,vi4 #ba3-- ,?\gh accord+ to my e/imate ! soldi]s ( ,yeh exce$ our own 9 numb]1 t %all advantage !m no?+ 9 ! matt] ( victory4 ,i say !n t victory c be a*iev$4 ,! o!r is 9 ,,xi4 #cj3-- ,ask$ if an army c be made to imitate ! %uai-jan1 ,i %\ld answ]1 ,yes4 ,= ! m5 ( ,wu & ! m5 ( ,yeh are enemies2 yet if !y are cross+ a riv] 9 ! same boat & are caught by a /orm1 !y w come to ea* o!r's assi/ance j z ! left h& helps ! "r4 ,^! two p>agraphs are extremely valuable z evid5ce ( ! date ( composition4 ,!y assign ! "w to ! p]iod ( ! /ruggle betwe5 ,wu & ,yeh4 ,s mu* has be5 obs]v$ by ,pi ,i-hsn4 ,b :at has hi!rto escap$ notice is t !y also s]i\sly impair ! cr$ibility ( ,ss-ma ,*#8i5's n>rative4 ,z we h se5 above1 ! fir/ positive date giv5 9 connection ) ,sun ,wu is #eab ,b4,c4 ,he is !n spok5 ( z a g5]al1 act+ z confid5tial advis] to ,ho ,lu1 s t 8 alleg$ introduction to t mon>* _h already tak5 place1 & ( c\rse ! #ac *apt]s mu/ h be5 writt5 e>li] /ill4 ,b at t "t1 & = sev]al ye>s aft]1 d[n to ! capture ( ,y+ 9 #ejf1 ,*#8u1 & n ,yeh1 0 ! great h]$it>y enemy ( ,wu4 ,! two /ates1 ,*#8u & ,wu1 _h be5 con/antly at w> = ov] half a c5tury1#gd :]eas ! fir/ w> betwe5 ,wu & ,yeh 0 wag$ only 9 #eaj1ge & ev5 !n 0 no m ?an a %ort int]lude s&wi*$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! fi]ce /ruggle ) ,*#8u4 ,n[ ,*#8u is n m5tion$ 9 ! #ac *apt]s at all4 ,! natural inf]5ce is t !y 7 writt5 at a "t :5 ,yeh _h become ! prime antagoni/ ( ,wu1 t is1 aft] ,*#8u _h suff]$ ! great humiliation ( #ejf4 ,at ?is po9t1 a table ( dates may be f\nd useful4 ,b4,c4 #ead ,accession ( ,ho ,lu4 #eab ,ho ,lu attacks ,*#8u1 b is dissuad$ f ent]+ ,y+1 ! capital4 ,%ih ,*i m5tions ,sun ,wu z g5]al4 #eaa ,ano!r attack on ,*#8u4 #eaj ,wu makes a successful attack on ,yeh4 ,?is is ! fir/ w> betwe5 ! two /ates4 #eji ,*#8u invades ,wu1 b is signally defeat$ at ,y-*ang4 or #ejh #ejf ,ho ,lu attacks ,*#8u ) ! aid ( ,t#8ang & ,ts#8ai4 ,decisive battle ( ,po-*1 & capture ( ,y+4 ,la/ m5tion ( ,sun ,wu 9 ,%ih ,*i4 #eje ,yeh makes a raid on ,wu 9 ! abs5ce ( its army4 ,wu is beat5 by ,*#89 & evacuates ,y+4 #ejd ,ho ,lu s5ds ,fu ,*#8ai to attack ,*#8u4 #dig ,k\ ,*i5 becomes ,k+ ( ,yeh4 #dif ,wu attacks ,yeh1 b is defeat$ by ,k\ ,*i5 at ,tsui-li4 ,ho ,lu is kill$4 #did ,fu ,*#8ai defeats ,k\ ,*i5 9 ! great battle ( ,fu-*iao1 & ent]s ! capital ( ,yeh4 #dhe ,k\ ,*i5 r5d]s homage to ,wu4 ,dea? ( ,wu ,tz-hs4 or #dhd #dhb ,k\ ,*i5 invades ,wu 9 ! abs5ce ( ,fu ,*#8ai4 #dgh ,fur!r attacks by ,yeh on ,wu4 to #dgf #dge ,k\ ,*i5 lays siege to ! capital ( ,wu4 #dgc ,f9al defeat & ext9ction ( ,wu4 ,! s5t5ce quot$ above f ,,vi4 #ba h>dly /rikes me z "o t c\ld h be5 writt5 9 ! full flu% ( victory4 ,x seems r to imply t1 = ! mom5t at lea/1 ! tide _h turn$ aga9/ ,wu1 & t %e 0 gett+ ! wor/ ( ! /ruggle4 ,h5ce we may conclude t our treatise 0 n 9 exi/5ce 9 #eje1 be=e :i* date ,yeh does n appe> to h scor$ any notable success aga9/ ,wu4 ,ho ,lu di$ 9 #dif1 s t if ! book 0 writt5 = him1 x mu/ h be5 dur+ ! p]iod #eje-dif1 :5 !re 0 a lull 9 ! ho/ilities1 ,wu hav+ presumably be5 exhau/$ by its supreme ef=t aga9/ ,*#8u4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we *oose to disreg>d ! tradition connect+ ,sun ,wu's "n ) ,ho ,lu1 x might equally well h se5 ! light betwe5 #dif & #did1 or possibly 9 ! p]iod #dhb-dgc1 :5 ,yeh 0 once aga9 becom+ a v s]i\s m5ace4#gf ,we may feel fairly c]ta9 t ! au?or1 :oev] he may h be51 0 n a man ( any great em95ce 9 8 own day4 ,on ?is po9t ! negative te/imony ( ! ,tso ,*uan f> outweighs any %r$ ( au?ority /ill atta*+ to ! ,%ih ,*i1 if once its o!r facts are discr$it$4 ,sun ,hs+-y51 h[ev]1 makes a feeble attempt to expla9 ! omission ( 8 "n f ! great comm5t>y4 ,x 0 ,wu ,tz-hs1 he says1 :o got all ! cr$it ( ,sun ,wu's exploits1 because ! latt] 7be+ an ali57 0 n rew>d$ ) an (fice 9 ! ,/ate4#gg ,h[ !n did ! ,sun ,tz leg5d orig9ate8 ,x may be t ! gr[+ celebrity ( ! book imp>t$ by degrees a k9d ( factiti\s r5[n to its au?or4 ,x 0 felt to be only "r & prop] t "o s well v]s$ 9 ! sci5ce ( w> %\ld h solid a*ievem5ts to 8 cr$it z well4 ,n[ ! capture ( ,y+ 0 und\bt$ly ! greate/ feat ( arms 9 ,ho ,lu's reign2 x made a deep & la/+ impression on all ! surr\nd+ /ates1 & rais$ ,wu to ! %ort-liv$ z5i? ( h] p[]4 ,h5ce1 :at m natural1 z "t w5t on1 ?an t ! ackn[l$g$ ma/] ( /rategy1 ,sun ,wu1 %\ld be popul>ly id5tifi$ ) t campaign1 at fir/ p]haps only 9 ! s5se t 8 bra9 conceiv$ & plann$ x2 aft]w>ds1 t x 0 actually c>ri$ out by him 9 conjunction ) ,wu ,yan1#gh ,po ,p#8ei & ,fu ,kai8 ,x is obvi\s t any attempt to recon/ruct ev5 ! outl9e ( ,sun ,tz's life mu/ be bas$ almo/ :olly on conjecture4 ,) ?is necess>y proviso1 ,i %\ld say t he probably ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,wu ab\t ! "t ( ,ho ,lu's accession1 & ga!r$ exp]i5ce1 ?\gh only 9 ! capacity ( a subord9ate (fic]1 dur+ ! int5se milit>y activity :i* m>k$ ! fir/ half ( t pr9ce's reign4#gi ,if he rose to be a g5]al at all1 he c]ta9ly 0 nev] on an equal foot+ ) ! ?ree above m5tion$4 ,he 0 d\btless pres5t at ! inve/m5t & occupation ( ,y+1 & witness$ ,wu's sudd5 collapse 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,yeh's attack at ?is critical juncture1 :5 h] rival 0 emb>rass$ on e side1 seems to h conv9c$ him t ?is up/>t k+dom 0 ! great enemy aga9/ :om e ef=t w\ld h5ce=? h to be direct$4 ,sun ,wu 0 ?us a well-season$ w>rior :5 he sat d[n to write 8 fam\s book1 :i* accord+ to my reckon+ mu/ h appe>$ t[>ds ! end1 r ?an ! beg9n+1 ( ,ho ,lu's reign4 ,! /ory ( ! wom5 may possibly h gr[n out ( "s real incid5t occurr+ ab\t ! same "t4 ,z we he> no m ( ,sun ,wu aft] ?is f any s\rce1 he is h>dly likely to h surviv$ 8 patron or to h tak5 "p 9 ! dea?-/ruggle ) ,yeh1 :i* began ) ! disa/] at ,tsui-li4 ,if ^! inf]5ces are approximately correct1 !re is a c]ta9 irony 9 ! fate :i* decre$ t ,*9a's mo/ illu/ri\s man ( peace %\ld be contempor>y ) h] greate/ writ] on w>4 ,! ,text ( ,sun ,tz4 ,i h f\nd x difficult to glean mu* ab\t ! hi/ory ( ,sun ,tz's text4 ,! quotations t occur 9 e>ly au?ors g to %[ t ! 8#ac *apt]s0 ( :i* ,ss-ma ,*#8i5 speaks 7 ess5tially ! same z ^? n[ extant4 ,we h 8 ^w = x t !y 7 widely circulat$ 9 8 day1 & c only regret t he refra9$ f discuss+ !m on t acc\nt4#hj ,sun ,hs+-y5 says 9 8 preface3-- ,dur+ ! ,*#89 & ,han dyna/ies ,sun ,tz's ,art ( ,w> 0 9 g5]al use among/ milit>y comm&]s1 b !y seem to h treat$ x z a "w ( my/]i\s import1 & 7 unwill+ to exp\nd x = ! b5efit ( po/]ity4 ,?us x came ab\t t ,wei ,wu 0 ! fir/ to write a comm5t>y on x4#ha ,z we h already se51 !re is no reasonable gr\nd to suppose t ,ts#8ao ,kung tamp]$ ) ! text4 ,b ! text itself is (t5 s obscure1 & ! numb] ( editions :i* appe>$ f t "t onw>d s great1 especially dur+ ! ,t#8ang & ,sung dyna/ies1 t x w\ld be surpris+ if num]\s corruptions _h n manag$ to creep 94 ,t[>ds ! middle ( ! ,sung p]iod1 by :i* "t all ! *ief comm5t>ies on ,sun ,tz 7 9 exi/5ce1 a c]ta9 ,*i ,t#8i5-pao publi%$ a "w 9 #ae *an entitl$ 8,sun ,tz ) ! collect$ comm5t>ies ( t5 writ]s40#hb ,!re 0 ano!r text1 ) v>iant read+s put =w>d by ,*u ,fu ( ,ta-hs+1#hc :i* also _h support]s among ! s*ol>s ( t p]iod2 b 9 ! ,m+ editions1 ,sun ,hs+-y5 tells u1 ^! read+s 7 = "s reason or o!r no long] put into circulation4#hd ,?us1 until ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury1 ! text 9 sole possession ( ! field 0 "o d]iv$ f ,*i ,t#8i5-pao's edition1 al?\gh no actual copy ( t important "w 0 kn[n to h surviv$4 ,t1 !re=e1 is ! text ( ,sun ,tz :i* appe>s 9 ! ,w> section ( ! great ,imp]ial encyclopa$ia pr9t$ 9 #agbf1 ! ,ku ,*9 ,t#8u ,%u ,*i ,*#8ng4 ,ano!r copy at my disposal ( :at is practically ! same text1 ) slight v>iations1 is t conta9$ 9 ! 8,elev5 philosoph]s ( ! ,*\ & ,*#89 dyna/ies0 #ageh4 ,& ! ,*9ese pr9t$ 9 ,capt4 ,cal?rop's fir/ edition is evid5tly a simil> v]sion :i* has filt]$ ?r\gh ,japanese *annels4 ,s ?+s rema9$ until ,sun ,hs+-y5 #ageb-ahah1 a di/+ui%$ antiqu>ian & classical s*ol>1#he :o claim$ to be an actual desc5dant ( ,sun ,wu1#hf accid5tally discov]$ a copy ( ,*i ,t#8i5-pao's long-lo/ "w1 :5 on a visit to ! libr>y ( ! ,hua-y9 temple4#hg ,app5d$ to x 0 ! ,i ,%uo ( ,*ng ,yu-hsi51 m5tion$ 9 ! ,t#8ung ,*ih1 & also believ$ to h p]i%$4#hh ,?is is :at ,sun ,hs+-y5 designates z ! or 8orig9al edition 7or text70--a r mislead+ "n1 = x _c by any means claim to set be=e u ! text ( ,sun ,tz 9 its pri/9e purity4 ,*i ,t#8i5-pao 0 a c>eless compil]1#hi & appe>s to h be5 cont5t to reproduce ! some:at debas$ v]sion curr5t 9 8 day1 )\t tr\bl+ to collate x ) ! e>lie/ editions !n available4 ,=tunately1 two v]sions ( ,sun ,tz1 ev5 old] ?an ! newly discov]$ "w1 7 /ill extant1 "o buri$ 9 ! ,t#8ung ,ti51 ,tu ,yu's great treatise on ! ,con/itution1 ! o!r simil>ly en%r9$ 9 ! ,t#8ai ,p#8+ ,y ,lan encyclopa$ia4 ,9 bo? ! complete text is to be f\nd1 ?\gh split up into fragm5ts1 int]mix$ ) o!r matt]1 & scatt]$ piecemeal ov] a numb] ( diff]5t sections4 ,consid]+ t ! ,y ,lan takes u back to ! ye> #ihc1 & ! ,t#8ung ,ti5 ab\t #bjj ye>s fur!r /ill1 to ! middle ( ! ,t#8ang dyna/y1 ! value ( ^! e>ly transcripts ( ,sun ,tz c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,yet ! idea ( utilis+ !m does n seem to h occurr$ to anyone until ,sun ,hs+-y51 act+ "u ,gov]nm5t in/ructions1 und]took a ?or\gh rec5sion ( ! text4 ,?is is 8 own acc\nt3-- ,because ( ! num]\s mi/akes 9 ! text ( ,sun ,tz :i* 8 editors _h h&$ d[n1 ! ,gov]nm5t ord]$ t ! anci5t edition ( ,*i ,t#8i5-pao %\ld be us$1 & t ! text %\ld be revis$ & correct$ ?r\gh\t4 ,x happ5$ t ,wu ,ni5-hu1 ! ,gov]nor ,pi ,kua1 & ,hsi1 a graduate ( ! second degree1 _h all devot$ !mselves to ?is /udy1 probably surpass+ me !re94 ,accord+ly1 ,i h _h ! :ole "w cut on blocks z a text-book = milit>y m54#ij ,! ?ree individuals "h ref]r$ to _h evid5tly be5 occupi$ on ! text ( ,sun ,tz prior to ,sun ,hs+-y5's commission1 b we are left 9 d\bt z to ! "w !y really accompli%$4 ,at any rate1 ! new edition1 :5 ultimately produc$1 appe>$ 9 ! names ( ,sun ,hs+-y5 & only "o co-editor1 ,wu ,jn-*i4 ,!y took ! 8orig9al text0 z _! basis1 & by c>eful comp>ison ) ! old] v]sions1 z well z ! extant comm5t>ies & o!r s\rces ( in=mation su* z ! ,i ,%uo1 succe$$ 9 re/or+ a v l>ge numb] ( d\btful passages1 & turn$ out1 on ! :ole1 :at mu/ be accept$ z ! close/ approximation we are ev] likely to get to ,sun ,tz's orig9al "w4 ,?is is :at w h]eaft] be d5om9at$ ! 8/&>d text40 ,! copy :i* ,i h us$ belongs to a re-issue dat$ #ahgg4 ,x is 9 #f pn1 =m+ "p ( a well-pr9t$ set ( #bc e>ly philosophical works 9 #hc pn4#ia ,x op5s ) a preface by ,sun ,hs+-y5 7l>gely quot$ 9 ?is introduction71 v9dicat+ ! traditional view ( ,sun ,tz's life & p]=mances1 & summ+ up 9 rem>kably concise fa%ion ! evid5ce 9 its fav\r4 ,?is is foll[$ by ,ts#8ao ,kung's preface to 8 edition1 & ! biography ( ,sun ,tz f ! ,%ih ,*i1 bo? translat$ above4 ,!n come1 fir/ly1 ,*ng ,yu-hsi5's ,i ,%uo1#ib ) au?or's preface1 & next1 a %ort miscellany ( hi/orical & bibliographical in=mation entitl$ ,sun ,tz ,hs ,lu1 compil$ by ,pi ,i-hsn4 ,z reg>ds ! body ( ! "w1 ea* sep>ate s5t5ce is foll[$ by a note on ! text1 if requir$1 & !n by ! v>i\s comm5t>ies app]ta9+ to x1 arrang$ 9 *ronological ord]4 ,^! we %all n[ proce$ to discuss briefly1 "o by "o4 ,! ,comm5tators4 ,sun ,tz c boa/ an exceptionally long & di/+ui%$ roll ( comm5tators1 :i* w\ld d hon\r to any classic4 ,ou-yang ,hsiu rem>ks on ?is fact1 ?\gh he wrote be=e ! tale 0 complete1 & r +5i\sly expla9s x by say+ t ! artifices ( w>1 be+ inexhau/ible1 mu/ !re=e be susceptible ( treatm5t 9 a great v>iety ( ways4#ic #a4 ,ts#8ao ,ts#8ao or ,ts#8ao ,kung1 aft]w>ds kn[n z ,wei ,wu ,ti ,a4,d4 #aee-bbj4 ,!re is h>dly any room = d\bt t ! e>lie/ comm5t>y on ,sun ,tz actually came f ! p5 ( ?is extraord9>y man1 ^: biography 9 ! ,san ,kuo ,*ih#id reads l a romance4 ,"o ( ! greate/ milit>y g5iuses t ! _w has se51 & ,napoleonic 9 ! scale ( 8 op]ations1 he 0 especially fam$ = ! m>vell\s rapidity ( 8 m>*es1 :i* has f\nd expression 9 ! l9e 8,talk ( ,ts#8ao ,ts#8ao1 & ,ts#8ao ,ts#8ao w appe>40 ,ou-yang ,hsiu says ( him t he 0 a great capta9 :o 8measur$ 8 /r5g? aga9/ ,tung ,*o1 ,l ,pu & ! two ,yan1 fa!r & son1 & vanqui%$ !m all2 :]eupon he divid$ ! ,empire ( ,han ) ,wu & ,%u1 & made himself k+4 ,x is record$ t :5ev] a c\ncil ( w> 0 held by ,wei on ! eve ( a f>-rea*+ campaign1 he _h all 8 calculations ready2 ^? g5]als :o made use ( !m did n lose "o battle 9 t52 ^? :o ran c\nt] to !m 9 any p>ticul> saw _! armies incont95tly beat5 & put to flight40#ie ,ts#8ao ,kung's notes on ,sun ,tz1 models ( au/]e brevity1 are s ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic ( ! /]n comm&] kn[n to hi/ory1 t x is h>d inde$ to conceive ( !m z ! "w ( a m]e littrateur4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 ow+ to extreme compression1 !y are sc>cely intelligible & /& no less 9 ne$ ( a comm5t>y ?an ! text itself4#if ,z we h se51 ,ts#8ao ,kung is ! reput$ au?or ( ! 1 a book on w> 9 #ajj1jjj odd words1 n[ lo/1 b m5tion$ 9 ! 4#ig #b4 ,mng ,%ih4 ,! comm5t>y :i* has come d[n to u "u ?is "n is comp>atively meagre1 & no?+ ab\t ! au?or is kn[n4 ,ev5 8 p]sonal "n has n be5 record$4 ,*i ,t#8i5-pao's edition places him aft] ,*ia ,l91 & ,*#8ao ,kung-wu also assigns him to ! ,t#8ang dyna/y1#ih b ?is is obvi\sly a mi/ake1 z 8 "w is m5tion$ 9 ! 4 ,9 ,sun ,hs+-y5's preface1 he appe>s z ,mng ,%ih ( ! ,liang dyna/y #ejb-eeg4 ,o!rs w\ld id5tify him ) ,mng ,k#8ang ( ! #crd c5tury4 ,9 ! 1#ii he is nam$ la/ ( ! 8,five ,comm5tators10 ! o!rs be+ ,wei ,wu ,ti1 ,tu ,mu1 ,*#8n ,hao & ,*ia ,l94 #c4 ,li ,*#8an ( ! #h? c5tury 0 a well-kn[n writ] on milit>y tactics4 ,8 has be5 9 con/ant use d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,! m5tions 7lives ( fam\s g5]als f ! ,*\ to ! ,t#8ang dyna/y7 z writt5 by him4#ajj ,he is also g5]ally suppos$ to be ! real au?or ( ! popul> ,taoi/ tract1 ! 4 ,accord+ to ,*#8ao ,kung-wu & ! ,t#8i5-i-ko catalogue1#aja he foll[$ ! text ( ,sun ,tz1 :i* diff]s consid]ably f ^? n[ extant4 ,8 notes are mo/ly %ort & to ! po9t1 & he frequ5tly illu/rates 8 rem>ks by anecdotes f ,*9ese hi/ory4 #d4 ,tu ,yu 7di$ #hab7 did n publi% a sep>ate comm5t>y on ,sun ,tz1 8 notes be+ tak5 f ! ,t#8ung ,ti51 ! encyclopa$ic treatise on ! ,con/itution :i* 0 8 life-"w4 ,!y are l>gely repetitions ( ,ts#8ao ,kung & ,mng ,%ih1 besides :i* x is believ$ t he drew on ! anci5t comm5t>ies ( ,wang ,l+ & o!rs4 ,ow+ to ! peculi> arrangem5t ( ! ,t#8ung ,ti51 he has to expla9 ea* passage on its m]its1 ap>t f ! context1 & sometimes 8 own explanation does n agree ) t ( ,ts#8ao ,kung1 :om he always quotes fir/4 ,?\gh n /rictly to be reckon$ z "o ( ! 8,t5 ,comm5tators10 he 0 add$ to _! numb] by ,*i ,t#8i5-pao1 be+ wrongly plac$ aft] 8 gr&son ,tu ,mu4 #e4 ,tu ,mu 7#hjc-heb7 is p]haps be/ kn[n z a poet--a bright /> ev5 9 ! glori\s galaxy ( ! ,t#8ang p]iod4 ,we le>n f ,*#8ao ,kung-wu t al?\gh he _h no practical exp]i5ce ( w>1 he 0 extremely fond ( discuss+ ! subject1 & 0 moreov] well read 9 ! milit>y hi/ory ( ! ,*#8un ,*#8iu & ,*an ,kuo eras4#ajb ,8 notes1 !re=e1 are well wor? att5tion4 ,!y are v copi\s1 & replete ) hi/orical p>allels4 ,! gi/ ( ,sun ,tz's "w is ?us summ>is$ by him3 8,practise b5evol5ce & ju/ice1 b on ! o!r h& make full use ( artifice & measures ( exp$i5cy40#ajc ,he fur!r decl>$ t all ! milit>y triumphs & disa/]s ( ! ?\s& ye>s :i* _h elaps$ s9ce ,sun ,wu's dea? w\ld1 ^u exam9ation1 be f\nd to uphold & corroborate1 9 e p>ticul>1 ! maxims conta9$ 9 8 book4#ajd ,tu ,mu's some:at spiteful *>ge aga9/ ,ts#8ao ,kung has already be5 consid]$ else:]e4 #f4 ,*#8n ,hao appe>s to h be5 a contempor>y ( ,tu ,mu4 ,*#8ao ,kung-wu says t he 0 impell$ to write a new comm5t>y on ,sun ,tz because ,ts#8ao ,kung's on ! "o h& 0 too obscure & subtle1 & t ( ,tu ,mu on ! o!r too long-w9d$ & diffuse4#aje ,ou-yang ,hsiu1 writ+ 9 ! middle ( ! #aa? c5tury1 calls ,ts#8ao ,kung1 ,tu ,mu & ,*#8n ,hao ! ?ree *ief comm5tators on ,sun ,tz 771 & obs]ves t ,*#8n ,hao is cont9ually attack+ ,tu ,mu's %ortcom+s4 ,8 comm5t>y1 ?\gh n lack+ 9 m]it1 mu/ rank bel[ ^? ( 8 pr$ecessors4 #g4 ,*ia ,l9 is kn[n to h liv$ "u ! ,t#8ang dyna/y1 = 8 comm5t>y on ,sun ,tz is m5tion$ 9 ! & 0 aft]w>ds republi%$ by ,*i ,hsieh ( ! same dyna/y toge!r ) ^? ( ,mng ,%ih & ,tu ,yu4#ajf ,x is ( some:at scanty texture1 & 9 po9t ( quality1 too1 p]haps ! lea/ valuable ( ! elev54 #h4 ,mei ,yao-*#8n 7#ajjb-ajfj71 commonly kn[n by 8 8/yle0 z ,mei ,%ng-y1 01 l ,tu ,mu1 a poet ( di/9ction4 ,8 comm5t>y 0 publi%$ ) a laudatory preface by ! great ,ou-yang ,hsiu1 f :i* we may cull ! foll[+3-- ,lat] s*ol>s h misread ,sun ,tz1 di/ort+ 8 words & try+ to make !m squ>e ) _! own "o-sid$ views4 ,?us1 ?\gh comm5tators h n be5 lack+1 only a few h prov$ equal to ! task4 ,my fri5d ,%ng-y has n fall5 into ?is mi/ake4 ,9 attempt+ to provide a critical comm5t>y = ,sun ,tz's "w1 he does n lose sight ( ! fact t ^! say+s 7 int5d$ = /ates engag$ 9 int]nec9e w>f>e2 t ! au?or is n conc]n$ ) ! milit>y conditions prevail+ "u ! sov]eigns ( ! ?ree anci5t dyna/ies1#ajg nor ) ! n9e punitive measures prescrib$ to ! ,m9i/] ( ,w>4#ajh ,aga91 ,sun ,wu lov$ brevity ( diction1 b 8 mean+ is always deep4 ,:e!r ! subject be m>*+ an army1 or h&l+ soldi]s1 or e/imat+ ! enemy1 or controll+ ! =ces ( victory1 x is always sy/ematically treat$2 ! say+s are b\nd toge!r 9 /rict logical sequ5ce1 ?\gh ?is has be5 obscur$ by comm5tators :o h probably fail$ to grasp _! mean+4 ,9 8 own comm5t>y1 ,mei ,%ng-y has bru%$ aside all ! ob/9ate prejudices ( ^! critics1 & has tri$ to br+ out ! true mean+ ( ,sun ,tz himself4 ,9 ?is way1 ! cl\ds ( confusion h be5 disp]s$ & ! say+s made cle>4 ,i am conv9c$ t ! pres5t "w des]ves to be h&$ d[n side by side ) ! ?ree great comm5t>ies2 & = a great deal t !y f9d 9 ! say+s1 com+ g5]ations w h con/ant reason to ?ank my fri5d ,%ng-y4#aji ,mak+ "s all[ance = ! exub]ance ( fri5d%ip1 ,i am incl9$ to endorse ?is fav\rable judgm5t1 & w\ld c]ta9ly place him above ,*#8n ,hao 9 ord] ( m]it4 #i4 ,wang ,hsi1 also ( ! ,sung dyna/y1 is decid$ly orig9al 9 "s ( 8 int]pretations1 b mu* less judici\s ?an ,mei ,yao-*#8n1 & on ! :ole n a v tru/wor?y guide4 ,he is fond ( comp>+ 8 own comm5t>y ) t ( ,ts#8ao ,kung1 b ! comp>ison is n (t5 flatt]+ to him4 ,we le>n f ,*#8ao ,kung-wu t ,wang ,hsi revis$ ! anci5t text ( ,sun ,tz1 fill+ up lacunae & correct+ mi/akes4#aaj #aj4 ,ho ,y5-hsi ( ! ,sung dyna/y4 ,! p]sonal "n ( ?is comm5tator is giv5 z above by ,*ng ,*#8iao 9 ! ,t#8ung ,*ih1 writt5 ab\t ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury1 b he appe>s simply z ,ho ,%ih 9 ! ,y ,hai1 & ,ma ,tuan-l9 quotes ,*#8ao ,kung-wu z say+ t 8 p]sonal "n is unkn[n4 ,!re seems to be no reason to d\bt ,*ng ,*#8iao's /atem5t1 o!rwise ,i %\ld h be5 incl9$ to haz>d a guess & id5tify him ) "o ,ho ,*#8-fei1 ! au?or ( a %ort treatise on w> entitl$ 1 :o liv$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! #aa? c5tury4#aaa ,ho ,%ih's comm5t>y1 9 ! words ( ! ,t#8i5-i-ko catalogue1 8conta9s helpful additions0 "h & !re1 b is *iefly rem>kable = ! copi\s extracts tak51 9 adapt$ =m1 f ! dyna/ic hi/ories & o!r s\rces4 #aa4 ,*ang ,y4 ,! li/ closes ) a comm5tator ( no great orig9ality p]haps1 b gift$ ) admirable p[]s ( lucid exposition4 ,8 comm5t>y is bas$ on t ( ,ts#8ao ,kung1 ^: t]se s5t5ces he contrives to exp& & develop 9 ma/]ly fa%ion4 ,)\t ,*ang ,y1 x is safe to say t mu* ( ,ts#8ao ,kung's comm5t>y w\ld h rema9$ cloak$ 9 its pri/9e obscurity & !re=e valueless4 ,8 "w is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,sung hi/ory1 ! ,t#8ung ,k#8ao1 or ! ,y ,hai1 b x f9ds a ni*e 9 ! ,t#8ung ,*ih1 :i* also names him z ! au?or ( ! 8,lives ( ,fam\s ,g5]als40#aab ,x is r rem>kable t ! la/-nam$ f\r %\ld all h fl\ri%$ )9 s %ort a space ( "t4 ,*#8ao ,kung-wu acc\nts = x by say+3 8,dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,sung dyna/y ! ,empire enjoy$ a long spell ( peace1 & m5 ceas$ to practise ! art ( w>4 ,b :5 ,*ao ,yan-hao's rebellion came #ajch-db & ! fronti] g5]als 7 defeat$ "t aft] "t1 ! ,c\rt made /r5u\s enquiry = m5 skill$ 9 w>1 & milit>y topics became ! vogue among/ all ! high (ficials4 ,h5ce x is t ! comm5tators ( ,sun ,tz 9 our dyna/y belong ma9ly to t p]iod40#aac ,besides ^! elev5 comm5tators1 !re are sev]al o!rs ^: "w has n come d[n to u4 ,! ,sui ,%u m5tions f\r1 namely ,wang ,l+ 7(t5 quot$ by ,tu ,yu z 72 ,*ang ,tz-%ang2 ,*ia ,hs ( ,wei2#aad & ,%n ,yu ( ,wu4 ,! ,t#8ang ,%u adds ,sun ,hao1 & ! ,t#8ung ,*ih ,hsiao ,*i1 :ile ! ,t#8u ,%u m5tions a ,m+ comm5tator1 ,huang ,jun-y4 ,x is possible t "s ( ^! may h be5 m]ely collectors & editors ( o!r comm5t>ies1 l ,*i ,t#8i5-pao & ,*i ,hsieh1 m5tion$ above4 ,c]ta9ly 9 ! case ( ! latt]1 ! entry 9 ! ,t#8ung ,k#8ao1 )\t ! foll[+ note1 w\ld give "o to und]/& t he _h writt5 an indep5d5t comm5t>y ( 8 own4 ,!re are two works1 describ$ 9 ! ,ssu ,k#8u ,*#8an ,%u#aae & no d\bt extremely r>e1 :i* ,i %\ld mu* l to h se54 ,"o is entitl$ 1 9 #e *an4 ,x gives selections f f\r new comm5tators1 probably ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 z well z f ! elev5 kn[n to u4 ,! names ( ! f\r are ,hsieh ,yan2 ,*ang ,ao2 ,li ,ts#8ai2 & ,huang ,*ih-*ng4 ,! o!r "w is 9 #d *an1 compil$ by ,*ng ,tuan ( ! pres5t dyna/y4 ,x is a comp5dium ( in=mation on anci5t w>f>e1 ) special ref]5ce to ,sun ,tz's #ac *apt]s4 ,appreciations ( ,sun ,tz4 ,sun ,tz has ex]cis$ a pot5t fasc9ation ov] ! m9ds ( "s ( ,*9a's greate/ m54 ,among ! fam\s g5]als :o are kn[n to h /udi$ 8 pages ) en?usiasm may be m5tion$ ,han ,hs9 7d4 ,b4,c4 #aif71aaf ,fng ,i 7d4 ,a4,d4 #cd71aag ,l ,mng 7d4 #bai71aah & ,yo ,fei 7#aajc-aada74aai ,! op9ion ( ,ts#8ao ,kung1 :o disputes ) ,han ,hs9 ! highe/ place 9 ,*9ese milit>y annals1 has already be5 record$4#abj ,/ill m rem>kable1 9 "o way1 is ! te/imony ( purely lit]>y m51 su* z ,su ,hsn 7! fa!r ( ,su ,tung-p#8o71 :o wrote sev]al essays on milit>y topics1 all ( :i* owe _! *ief inspiration to ,sun ,tz4 ,! foll[+ %ort passage by him is pres]v$ 9 ! ,y ,hai3#aba-- ,sun ,wu's say+1 t 9 w> "o _c make c]ta9 ( conqu]+1#abb is v diff]5t inde$ f :at o!r books tell u4#abc ,wu ,*#8i 0 a man ( ! same /amp z ,sun ,wu3 !y bo? wrote books on w>1 & !y are l9k$ toge!r 9 popul> spee* z 8,sun & ,wu40 ,b ,wu ,*#8i's rem>ks on w> are less weighty1 8 rules are r\gh] & m crudely /at$1 & !re is n ! same unity ( plan z 9 ,sun ,tz's "w1 :]e ! /yle is t]se1 b ! mean+ fully br\ght out4#abd ,! 1 *4 #ag1 conta9s ! foll[+ extract f ! 8,imp>tial ,judgm5ts 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,lit]ature0 by ,*ng ,h\3-- ,sun ,tz's #ac *apt]s are n only ! /aple & base ( all milit>y m5's tra9+1 b also compel ! mo/ c>eful att5tion ( s*ol>s & m5 ( lett]s4 ,8 say+s are t]se yet elegant1 simple yet pr(\nd1 p]spicu\s & em95tly practical4 ,su* works z ! ,lun ,y1 ! ,i ,*+ & ! great ,comm5t>y1#abe z well z ! writ+s ( ,m5cius1 ,hsn ,k#8uang & ,yang ,*u1 all fall bel[ ! level ( ,sun ,tz4#abf ,*u ,hsi1 comm5t+ on ?is1 fully admits ! fir/ "p ( ! criticism1 al?\gh he dislikes ! audaci\s comp>ison ) ! v5]at$ classical works4 ,language ( ?is sort1 he says1 8enc\rages a rul]'s b5t t[>ds unrel5t+ w>f>e & reckless milit>ism40#abg ,apologies = ,w>4 ,accu/om$ z we are to ?9k ( ,*9a z ! greate/ peace-lov+ nation on e>?1 we are 9 "s dang] ( =gett+ t h] exp]i5ce ( w> 9 all its phases has also be5 su* z no mod]n ,/ate c p>allel4 ,h] long milit>y annals /ret* back to a po9t at :i* !y are lo/ 9 ! mi/s ( "t4 ,%e _h built ! ,great ,wall & 0 ma9ta9+ a huge /&+ army along h] fronti] c5turies be=e ! fir/ ,roman legion>y 0 se5 on ! ,danube4 ,:at ) ! p]petual collisions ( ! anci5t feudal ,/ates1 ! grim conflicts ) ,huns1 ,turks & o!r invad]s aft] ! c5tralisation ( gov]nm5t1 ! t]rific upheavals :i* accompani$ ! ov]?r[ ( s _m dyna/ies1 besides ! c\ntless rebellions & m9or di/urbances t h flam$ up & flick]$ out aga9 "o by "o1 x is h>dly too mu* to say t ! cla% ( arms has nev] ceas$ to res\nd 9 "o portion or ano!r ( ! ,empire4 ,no less rem>kable is ! succession ( illu/ri\s capta9s to :om ,*9a c po9t ) pride4 ,z 9 all c\ntries1 ! greate/ are f\nd em]g+ at ! mo/ fateful crises ( h] hi/ory4 ,?us1 ,po ,*#8i /&s out conspicu\s 9 ! p]iod :5 ,*#89 0 ent]+ ^u h] f9al /ruggle ) ! rema9+ indep5d5t /ates4 ,! /ormy ye>s :i* foll[$ ! break-up ( ! ,*#89 dyna/y are illum9$ by ! transc5d5t g5ius ( ,han ,hs94 ,:5 ! ,h\se ( ,han 9 turn is tott]+ to its fall1 ! great & baleful figure ( ,ts#8ao ,ts#8ao dom9ates ! sc5e4 ,& 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,t#8ang dyna/y1 "o ( ! mightie/ tasks a*iev$ by man1 ! sup]human en]gy ( ,li ,%ih-m9 7aft]w>ds ! ,emp]or ,t#8ai ,tsung7 0 second$ by ! brilliant /rategy ( ,li ,*+4 ,none ( ^! g5]als ne$ fe> comp>ison ) ! greate/ names 9 ! milit>y hi/ory ( ,europe4 ,9 spite ( all ?is1 ! great body ( ,*9ese s5tim5t1 f ,lao ,tz d[nw>ds1 & especially z reflect$ 9 ! /&>d lit]ature ( ,confucianism1 has be5 consi/5tly pacific & int5sely oppos$ to milit>ism 9 any =m4 ,x is su* an uncommon ?+ to f9d any ( ! lit]ati def5d+ w>f>e on pr9ciple1 t ,i h ?\ght x wor? :ile to collect & translate a few passages 9 :i* ! unor?odox view is upheld4 ,! foll[+1 by ,ss-ma ,*#8i51 %[s t = all 8 ard5t admiration ( ,confucius1 he 0 yet no advocate ( peace at any price3-- ,milit>y weapons are ! means us$ by ! ,sage to puni% viol5ce & cruelty1 to give peace to tr\bl\s times1 to remove difficulties & dang]s1 & to succ\r ^? :o are 9 p]il4 ,e animal ) blood 9 its ve9s & horns on its head w fight :5 x is attack$4 ,h[ mu* m s w man1 :o c>ries 9 8 brea/ ! faculties ( love & hatr$1 joy & ang]6 ,:5 he is pleas$1 a feel+ ( affection spr+s up )9 him2 :5 angry1 8 poison$ /+ is br\ght into play4 ,t is ! natural law :i* gov]ns 8 be+4444 ,:at !n %all be said ( ^? s*ol>s ( our "t1 bl9d to all great issues1 & )\t any appreciation ( relative values1 :o c only b>k out _! /ale =mulas ab\t 8virtue0 & 8civilisation10 condemn+ ! use ( milit>y weapons8 ,!y w surely br+ our c\ntry to impot5ce & di%on\r & ! loss ( h] rightful h]itage2 or1 at ! v lea/1 !y w br+ ab\t invasion & rebellion1 sacrifice ( t]ritory & g5]al enfeeblem5t4 ,yet !y ob/9ately refuse to modify ! position !y h tak5 up4 ,! tru? is t1 j z 9 ! family ! tea*] mu/ n sp>e ! rod1 & puni%m5ts _c be disp5s$ ) 9 ! ,/ate1 s milit>y *a/isem5t c nev] be all[$ to fall into abeyance 9 ! ,empire4 ,all "o c say is t ?is p[] w be ex]cis$ wisely by "s1 fooli%ly by o!rs1 & t among ^? :o be> arms "s w be loyal & o!rs rebelli\s4#abh ,! next piece is tak5 f ,tu ,mu's preface to 8 comm5t>y on ,sun ,tz3-- ,w> may be def9$ z puni%m5t1 :i* is "o ( ! functions ( gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 ! pr(ession ( ,*ung ,yu & ,jan ,*#8iu1 bo? disciples ( ,confucius4 ,n[adays1 ! hold+ ( trials & he>+ ( litigation1 ! imprisonm5t ( (f5d]s & _! execution by flogg+ 9 ! m>ket-place1 are all done by (ficials4 ,b ! wield+ ( huge armies1 ! ?r[+ d[n ( =tifi$ cities1 ! hal+ ( wom5 & *ildr5 into captivity1 & ! behead+ ( traitors--?is is also "w :i* is done by (ficials4 ,! objects ( ! rack#abi & ( milit>y weapons are ess5tially ! same4 ,!re is no intr9sic diff]5ce betwe5 ! puni%m5t ( flogg+ & cutt+ (f heads 9 w>4 ,= ! less] infractions ( law1 :i* are easily dealt )1 only a small am\nt ( =ce ne$ be employ$3 h5ce ! in/itution ( torture & flogg+4 ,= m s]i\s outbreaks ( lawlessness1 :i* are h>d to suppress1 a great] am\nt ( =ce is necess>y3 h5ce ! use ( milit>y weapons & :olesale decapitation4 ,9 bo? cases1 h[ev]1 ! end 9 view is to get rid ( wick$ p1 & to give com=t & relief to ! good4444#acj ,*i-sun ask$ ,jan ,yu1 say+3 8,h y1 ,sir1 acquir$ y\r milit>y aptitude by /udy1 or is x innate80 ,jan ,yu repli$3 8,x has be5 acquir$ by /udy40#aca 8,h[ c t be s10 said ,*i-sun1 8see+ t y are a disciple ( ,confucius80 8,x is a fact10 repli$ ,jan ,yu2 8,i 0 taught by ,confucius4 ,x is fitt+ t ! great ,sage %\ld ex]cise bo? civil & milit>y functions1 ?\gh to be sure my in/ruction 9 ! art ( fight+ has n yet gone v f>40 ,n[1 :o ! au?or 0 ( ?is rigid di/9ction betwe5 ! 8civil0 & ! 8milit>y10 & ! limitation ( ea* to a sep>ate sph]e ( action1 or 9 :at ye> ( :i* dyna/y x 0 fir/ introduc$1 is m ?an ,i c say4 ,b1 at any rate1 x has come ab\t t ! memb]s ( ! gov]n+ class are q afraid ( enl>g+ on milit>y topics1 or d s only 9 a %amefac$ mann]4 ,if any are bold en\gh to discuss ! subject1 !y are at once set d[n z ecc5tric individuals ( co>se & brutal prop5sities4 ,?is is an extraord9>y in/ance ( ! way 9 :i*1 ?r\gh %e] lack ( reason+1 m5 unhappily lose sight ( fundam5tal pr9ciples4#acb ,:5 ! ,duke ( ,*\ 0 m9i/] "u ,*#8ng ,wang1 he regulat$ c]emonies & made music1 & v5]at$ ! arts ( s*ol>%ip & le>n+2 yet :5 ! b>b>ians ( ! ,riv] ,huai revolt$1#acc he salli$ =? & *a/is$ !m4 ,:5 ,confucius held (fice "u ! ,duke ( ,lu1 & a meet+ 0 conv5$ at ,*ia-ku1#acd he said3 8,if pacific negotiations are 9 progress1 w>like prep>ations %\ld h be5 made be=eh&40 ,he rebuk$ & %am$ ! ,m>quis ( ,*#8i1 :o c[]$ "u him & d>$ n proce$ to viol5ce4 ,h[ c x be said t ^! two great ,sages _h no k ( milit>y matt]s8#ace ,we h se5 t ! great ,*u ,hsi held ,sun ,tz 9 high e/eem4 ,he also appeals to ! au?ority ( ! ,classics3-- ,our ,ma/] ,confucius1 answ]+ ,duke ,l+ ( ,wei1 said3 8,i h nev] /udi$ matt]s connect$ ) armies & battalions40#acf ,reply+ to ,k#8ung ,wn-tz1 he said3 8,i h n be5 in/ruct$ ab\t buff-coats & weapons40#acg ,b if we turn to ! meet+ at ,*ia-ku1#ach we f9d t he us$ arm$ =ce aga9/ ! m5 ( ,lai1#aci s t ! m>quis ( ,*#8i 0 ov]aw$4 ,aga91 :5 ! inhabitants ( ,pi revolt$1 he ord]$ 8 (fic]s to attack !m1 :]eupon !y 7 defeat$ & fl$ 9 confusion4#adj ,he once utt]$ ! words3 8,if ,i fight1 ,i conqu]40#ada ,& ,jan ,yu also said3 8,! ,sage ex]cises bo? civil & milit>y functions40#adb ,c x be a fact t ,confucius nev] /udi$ or receiv$ in/ruction 9 ! art ( w>8 ,we c only say t he did n specially *oose matt]s connect$ ) armies & fight+ to be ! subject ( 8 tea*+4#adc ,sun ,hs+-y51 ! editor ( ,sun ,tz1 writes 9 simil> /ra93-- ,confucius said3 8,i am unv]s$ 9 milit>y matt]s40 ,he also said3 8,if ,i fight1 ,i conqu]40#add ,confucius ord]$ c]emonies & regulat$ music4 ,n[ w> con/itutes "o ( ! five classes ( ,/ate c]emonial1#ade & mu/ n be treat$ z an indep5d5t bran* ( /udy4 ,h5ce1 ! words 8,i am unv]s$ 90 mu/ be tak5 to mean t !re are ?+s :i* ev5 an inspir$ ,tea*] does n "k4 ,^? :o h to lead an army & devise /ratagems1 mu/ le>n ! art ( w>4 ,b if "o c comm& ! s]vices ( a good g5]al l ,sun ,tz1 :o 0 employ$ by ,wu ,tz-hs1 !re is no ne$ to le>n x oneself4 ,h5ce ! rem>k add$ by ,confucius3 8,if ,i fight1 ,i conqu]40#adf ,! m5 ( ! pres5t day1 h[ev]1 wilfully int]pret ^! words ( ,confucius 9 _! n>r[e/ s5se1 z ?\gh he meant t books on ! art ( w> 7 n wor? read+4 ,) bl9d p]si/5cy1 !y adduce ! example ( ,*ao ,kua1 :o por$ ov] 8 fa!r's books to no purpose1#adg z a pro( t all milit>y !ory is useless4 ,aga91 see+ t books on w> h to d ) su* ?+s z opportunism 9 design+ plans1 & ! conv]sion ( spies1 !y hold t ! art is immoral & unwor?y ( a sage4 ,^! p ignore ! fact t ! /udies ( our s*ol>s & ! civil adm9i/ration ( our (ficials also require /eady application & practice be=e effici5cy is rea*$4 ,! anci5ts 7 p>ticul>ly *>y ( all[+ m]e novices to bot* _! "w4#adh ,weapons are baneful#adi & fight+ p]il\s2 & unless a g5]al is 9 con/ant practice1 he ought n to haz>d o!r m5's lives 9 battle4#aej ,h5ce x is ess5tial t ,sun ,tz's #ac *apt]s %\ld be /udi$4#aea ,hsiang ,liang us$ to in/ruct 8 nephew ,*i#aeb 9 ! art ( w>4 ,*i got a r\gh idea ( ! art 9 its g5]al be>+s1 b w\ld n pursue 8 /udies to _! prop] outcome1 ! consequ5ce be+ t he 0 f9ally defeat$ & ov]?r[n4 ,he did n realise t ! tricks & artifices ( w> are beyond v]bal computation4 ,duke ,hsiang ( ,sung#aec & ,k+ ,y5 ( ,hs#aed 7 br\ght to de/ruction by _! misplac$ humanity4 ,! trea*]\s & und]h& nature ( w> necessitates ! use ( guile & /ratagem suit$ to ! occasion4 ,!re is a case on record ( ,confucius himself hav+ violat$ an extort$ oa?1#aee & also ( 8 hav+ left ! ,sung ,/ate 9 disguise4#aef ,c we !n recklessly arraign ,sun ,tz = disreg>d+ tru? & hone/y8#aeg ,bibliography4 ,! foll[+ are ! olde/ ,*9ese treatises on w>1 aft] ,sun ,tz4 ,! notes on ea* h be5 drawn pr9cipally f ! ,ss k#8u *#8an %u *i5 m+ mu lu1 *4 #i1 fol4 #bb sqq4 #a4 ,wu ,tz1 9 #a *an or #f *apt]s4 ,by ,wu ,*#8i 7d4 ,b4,c4 #cha74 ,a g5u9e "w4 ,see ,%ih ,*i1 *4 #fe4 #b4 ,ss-ma ,fa1 9 #a *an or #e *apt]s4 ,wrongly attribut$ to ,ss-ma ,jang-* ( ! #f? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,its date1 h[ev]1 mu/ be e>ly1 z ! cu/oms ( ! ?ree anci5t dyna/ies are con/antly to be met ) 9 its pages4#aeh ,see ,%ih ,*i1 *4 #fd4 ,! ,ss ,k#8u ,*#8an ,%u 7*4 #ii1 f4 #a7 rem>ks t ! olde/ ?ree treatises on w>1 ,sun ,tz1 ,wu ,tz & ! ,ss-ma ,fa1 are1 g5]ally speak+1 only conc]n$ ) ?+s /rictly milit>y--! art ( produc+1 collect+1 tra9+ & drill+ troops1 & ! correct !ory ) reg>d to measures ( exp$i5cy1 lay+ plans1 transport ( goods & ! h&l+ ( soldi]s#aei--;9 /rong contra/ to lat] works1 9 :i* ! sci5ce ( w> is usually bl5d$ ) metaphysics1 div9ation & magical arts 9 g5]al4 #c4 ,liu ,t#8ao1 9 #f *an or #fj *apt]s4 ,attribut$ to ,l ,wang 7or ,l ,%ang1 also kn[n z ,t#8ai ,kung7 ( ! #ab? c5tury ,b4,c4#afj ,b its /yle does n belong to ! era ( ! ,?ree ,dyna/ies4#afa ,lu ,t-m+ 7#eej-fbe ,a4,d47 m5tions ! "w1 & enum]ates ! head+s ( ! six sections1 1 1 1 1 & 1 s t ! =g]y _c h be5 lat] ?an ! ,sui dyna/y4 #d4 ,wei ,liao ,tz1 9 #e *an4 ,attribut$ to ,wei ,liao 7#d? c5t4 ,b4,c471 :o /udi$ "u ! fam\s ,kuei-ku ,tz4 ,! 1 "u 1 m5tions a book ( ,wei ,liao 9 #ca *apt]s1 :]eas ! text we possess conta9s only #bd4 ,its matt] is s\nd en\gh 9 ! ma91 ?\gh ! /rategical devices diff] consid]ably f ^? ( ! ,w>r+ ,/ates p]iod4#afb ,x has be5 furni%$ ) a comm5t>y by ! well-kn[n ,sung philosoph] ,*ang ,tsai4 #e4 ,san ,leh1 9 #c *an4 ,attribut$ to ,huang-%ih ,kung1 a leg5d>y p]sonage :o is said to h be/[$ x on ,*ang ,liang 7d4 ,b4,c4 #ahg7 9 an int]view on a bridge4#afc ,b "h aga91 ! /yle is n t ( works dat+ f ! ,*#89 or ,han p]iod4 ,! ,han ,emp]or ,kuang ,wu ,a4,d4 #be-eg app>5tly quotes f x 9 "o ( 8 proclamations2 b ! passage 9 "q may h be5 ins]t$ lat] on1 9 ord] to prove ! g5u95ess ( ! "w4 ,we %all n be f> out if we ref] x to ! ,nor!rn ,sung p]iod #dbj-dgh ,a4,d41 or some:at e>li]4#afd #f4 ,li ,wei ,kung ,wn ,tui1 9 #c sections4 ,writt5 9 ! =m ( a dialogue betwe5 ,t#8ai ,tsung & 8 great g5]al ,li ,*+1 x is usually ascrib$ to ! latt]4 ,compet5t au?orities consid] x a =g]y1 ?\gh ! au?or 0 evid5tly well v]s$ 9 ! art ( w>4#afe #g4 ,li ,*+ ,p+ ,fa 7n to be conf\nd$ ) ! =ego+7 is a %ort treatise 9 #h *apt]s1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,t#8ung ,ti51 b n publi%$ sep>ately4 ,?is fact expla9s its omission f ! ,ss ,k#8u ,*#8an ,%u4 #h4 ,wu ,*#8i ,*+1#aff 9 #a *an4 ,attribut$ to ! leg5d>y m9i/] ,fng ,h\1 ) exegetical notes by ,kung-sun ,hung ( ! ,han dyna/y 7d4 ,b4,c4 #aba71 & said to h be5 eulogis$ by ! celebrat$ g5]al ,ma ,lung 7d4 ,a4,d4 #cjj74 ,yet ! e>lie/ m5tion ( x is 9 ! 4 ,al?\gh a =g]y1 ! "w is well put toge!r4#afg ,consid]+ ! high popul> e/imation 9 :i* ,*u-ko ,liang has always be5 held1 x is n surpris+ to f9d m ?an "o "w on w> ascrib$ to 8 p54 ,su* are 7#a7 ! ,%ih ,liu ,ts#8 7#a *an71 pres]v$ 9 ! ,yung ,lo ,ta ,ti52 7#b7 ,*iang ,yan 7#a *472 & 7#c7 ,hs9 ,%u 7#a *471 :i* /eals :olesale f ,sun ,tz4 ,none ( ^! has ! slighte/ claim to be consid]$ g5u9e4 ,mo/ ( ! l>ge ,*9ese encyclopa$ias conta9 ext5sive sections devot$ to ! lit]ature ( w>4 ,! foll[+ ref]5ces may be f\nd useful3-- ,t#8ung ,ti5 7circ #hjj ,a4,d471 *4 #adh-afb4 ,t#8ai ,p#8+ ,y ,lan 7#ihc71 *4 #bgj-cei4 ,wn ,hsi5 ,t#8ung ,k#8ao 7#ac? c5t471 *4 #bba4 ,y ,hai 7#ac? c5t471 *4 #adj1 #ada4 ,san ,ts#8ai ,t#8u ,hui 7#af? c5t471 *4 #g1 #h4 ,kuang ,po ,wu ,*ih 7#afjg71 *4 #ca1 #cb4 ,*#8i5 ,*#8io ,lei ,%u 7#afcb71 *4 #ge4 ,yan ,*i5 ,lei ,han 7#agaj71 *4 #bjf-bbi4 ,ku ,*9 ,t#8u ,%u ,*i ,*#8ng 7#agbf71 section ,,xxx1 esp4 *4 #ha-ij4 ,hs ,wn ,hsi5 ,t#8ung ,k#8ao 7#aghd71 *4 #aba-acd4 ,huang ,*#8ao ,*+ ,%ih ,wn ,pi5 7#ahbf71 *4 #gf1 #gg4 ,! bibliographical sections ( c]ta9 hi/orical works also des]ve m5tion3-- ,*#8i5 ,han ,%u1 *4 #cj4 ,sui ,%u1 *4 #cb-ce4 ,*iu ,t#8ang ,%u1 *4 #df1 #dg4 ,hs9 ,t#8ang ,%u1 *4 #eg-fj4 ,sung ,%ih1 *4 #bjb-bji4 ,t#8ung ,*ih 7circ #aaej71 *4 #fh4 ,to ^! ( c\rse mu/ be add$ ! great ,catalogue ( ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y3-- ,ss ,k#8u ,*#8an ,%u ,tsung ,mu ,t#8i ,yao 7#agij71 *4 #ii1 #ajj4 ,i4 ,,lay+ ,,plans4 ,?is is ! only possible mean+ ( 1 :i* ,m4 ,amiot & ,capt4 ,cal?rop wrongly translate 8,fondem5ts de l'art militaire0 & 8,fir/ pr9ciples0 respectively4 ,ts#8ao ,kung says x ref]s to ! delib]ations 9 ! temple select$ by ! g5]al = 8 tempor>y use1 or z we %\ld say1 9 8 t5t4 ,see #bf4 #a4 ,sun ,tz said3 ,! art ( w> is ( vital importance to ! ,/ate4 #b4 ,x is a matt] ( life & dea?1 a road ei!r to safety or to ru94 ,h5ce x is a subject ( inquiry :i* c on no acc\nt be neglect$4 #c4 ,! art ( w>1 !n1 is gov]n$ by five con/ant factors1 to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 "o's delib]ations1 :5 seek+ to det]m9e ! conditions obta9+ 9 ! field4 ,! old text ( ! ,t#8ung ,ti5 has 1 etc4 ,lat] editors h ins]t$ aft] 1 & be=e 4 ,! =m] correction is p]haps sup]flu\s1 b ! latt] seems necess>y 9 ord] to make s5se1 & is support$ by ! accept$ read+ 9 #ab1 :]e ! same words recur4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ! :ole s5t5ce f to is an int]polation & has no bus9ess "h at all4 ,if x be reta9$1 ,wang ,hsi mu/ be "r 9 say+ t d5otes ! 8sev5 consid]ations0 9 #ac4 are ! circum/ances or conditions likely to br+ ab\t victory or defeat4 ,! antec$5t ( ! fir/ is 2 ( ! second1 4 conta9s ! idea ( 8comp>ison ) ! enemy10 :i* _c well be br\ght out "h1 b w appe> 9 #ab4 ,altoge!r1 difficult ?\gh x is1 ! passage is n s hopelessly corrupt z to ju/ify ,capt4 ,cal?rop 9 burk+ x entirely4 #d4 ,^! are3 7#a7 ,! ,moral ,law2 7#b7 ,heav52 7#c7 ,e>?2 7#d7 ,! ,comm&]2 7#e7 ,me?od & discipl9e4 ,x appe>s f :at foll[s t ,sun ,tz means by a pr9ciple ( h>mony1 n unlike ! ,tao ( ,lao ,tz 9 its moral aspect4 ,"o might be tempt$ to r5d] x by 8morale10 7 x n consid]$ z an attribute ( ! rul] 9 #ac4 #e4 #f4 ,! ,moral ,law causes ! p to be 9 complete accord ) _! rul]1 s t !y w foll[ him reg>dless ( _! lives1 undismay$ by any dang]4 ,! orig9al text omits 1 ins]ts an aft] ea* 1 & omits aft] 4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop translates3 8,if ! rul+ au?ority be upright1 ! p are unit$0--a v pretty s5tim5t1 b :olly out ( place 9 :at purports to be a translation ( ,sun ,tz4 #g4 ,heav5 signifies night & day1 cold & heat1 times & seasons4 ,! comm5tators1 ,i ?9k1 make an unnecess>y my/]y ( 4 ,?us ,mng ,%ih def9es ! words z 8! h>d & ! s(t1 wax+ & wan+10 :i* does n help u mu*4 ,wang ,hsi1 h[ev]1 may be "r 9 say+ t :at is meant is 8! g5]al economy ( ,heav510 includ+ ! five elem5ts1 ! f\r seasons1 w9d & cl\ds1 & o!r ph5om5a4 #h4 ,e>? comprises di/ances1 great & small2 dang] & security2 op5 gr\nd & n>r[ passes2 ! *ances ( life & dea?4 7omitt$ by ,capt4 ,cal?rop7 may h be5 includ$ "h because ! safety ( an army dep5ds l>gely on its quickness to turn ^! geographical features to acc\nt4 #i4 ,! ,comm&] /&s = ! virtues ( wisdom1 s9c]ity1 b5evol5ce1 c\rage & /rictness4 ,! five c>d9al virtues ( ! ,*9ese are 7#a7 humanity or b5evol5ce2 7#b7 uprightness ( m9d2 7#c7 self-respect1 self-control1 or 8prop] feel+20 7#d7 wisdom2 7#e7 s9c]ity or good fai?4 ,"h & are put be=e 1 & ! two milit>y virtues ( 8c\rage0 & 8/rictness0 sub/itut$ = & 4 #aj4 ,by ,me?od & discipl9e are to be und]/ood ! m>%all+ ( ! army 9 its prop] subdivisions1 ! gradations ( rank among ! (fic]s1 ! ma9t5ance ( roads by :i* supplies may rea* ! army1 & ! control ( milit>y exp5diture4 ,! ,*9ese ( ?is s5t5ce is s concise z to be practically un9telligible )\t comm5t>y4 ,i h foll[$ ! int]pretation ( ,ts#8ao ,kung1 :o jo9s & aga9 4 ,o!rs take ea* ( ! six pr$icates sep>ately4 has ! some:at uncommon s5se ( 8cohort0 or division ( an army4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop translates3 8,p>tition & ord]+ ( troops10 :i* only cov]s 4 #aa4 ,^! five heads %\ld be famili> to e g5]al3 he :o kn[s !m w be victori\s2 he :o kn[s !m n w fail4 #ab4 ,!re=e1 9 y\r delib]ations1 :5 seek+ to det]m9e ! milit>y conditions1 let !m be made ! basis ( a comp>ison1 9 ?is wise3-- ,! ,y ,lan has an int]polat$ be=e 4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ! j enum]at$ _c be describ$ z 4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop1 =c$ to give "s r5d]+ ( ! words :i* he _h omitt$ 9 #c1 %[s himself decid$ly hazy3 8,fur!r1 ) reg>d to ^! & ! foll[+ sev5 matt]s1 ! condition ( ! enemy mu/ be comp>$ ) our own40 ,he does n appe> to see t ! sev5 qu]ies or consid]ations :i* foll[ arise directly out ( ! ,five heads1 in/ead ( be+ supplem5t>y to !m4 #ac4 7#a7 ,:i* ( ! two sov]eigns is imbu$ ) ! ,moral law8 ,i4e41 8is 9 h>mony ) 8 subjects40 ,cf4 #e4 7#b7 ,:i* ( ! two g5]als has mo/ ability8 7#c7 ,) :om lie ! advantages d]iv$ f ,heav5 & ,e>?8 ,see #g1 #h4 7#d7 ,on :i* side is discipl9e mo/ rigor\sly en=c$8 ,tu ,mu alludes to ! rem>kable /ory ( ,ts#8ao ,ts#8ao 7,a4,d4 #aee-bbj71 :o 0 su* a /rict discipl9>ian t once1 9 accordance ) 8 own sev]e regulations aga9/ injury to /&+ crops1 he condemn$ himself to dea? = hav+ all[$ 8 horse to %y into a field ( corn6 ,h[ev]1 9 lieu ( los+ 8 head1 he 0 p]suad$ to satisfy 8 s5se ( ju/ice by cutt+ (f 8 hair4 ,ts#8ao ,ts#8ao's own comm5t on ! pres5t passage is *>act]i/ically curt3 8:5 y lay d[n a law1 see t x is n disobey$2 if x is disobey$1 ! (f5d] mu/ be put to dea?40 7#e7 ,:i* army is ! /rong]8 ,morally z well z physically4 ,z ,mei ,yao-*#8n puts x1 1 :i* might be freely r5d]$ 8esprit de corps & #8big battalions4'0 7#f7 ,on :i* side are (fic]s & m5 m highly tra9$8 ,tu ,yu quotes z say+3 8,)\t con/ant practice1 ! (fic]s w be n]v\s & undecid$ :5 mu/]+ = battle2 )\t con/ant practice1 ! g5]al w be wav]+ & irresolute :5 ! crisis is at h&40 7#g7 ,9 :i* army is !re ! great] con/ancy bo? 9 rew>d & puni%m5t8 1 lit]ally 8cle>20 t is1 on :i* side is !re ! mo/ absolute c]ta9ty t m]it w be prop]ly rew>d$ & misde$s summ>ily puni%$8 #ad4 ,by means ( ^! sev5 consid]ations ,i c =eca/ victory or defeat4 #ae4 ,! g5]al t he>k5s to my c\nsel & acts ^u x1 w conqu]3--let su* a "o be reta9$ 9 comm&6 ,! g5]al t he>k5s n to my c\nsel nor acts ^u x1 w suff] defeat3--let su* a "o be dismiss$6 ,! =m ( ?is p>agraph rem9ds u t ,sun ,tz's treatise 0 compos$ expressly = ! b5efit ( 8 patron ,ho ,l1 k+ ( ! ,wu ,/ate4 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 to und]/& be=e 7z "s comm5tators d71 or to take z 8g5]als "u my comm&40 #af4 ,:ile he$+ ! pr(it ( my c\nsel1 avail y\rself also ( any helpful circum/ances ov] & beyond ! ord9>y rules4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop blund]s amaz+ly ov] ?is s5t5ce3 8,:]e=e1 ) reg>d to ! =ego+1 consid]+ t ) u lies ! advantage1 & ! g5]als agree+1 we create a situation :i* promises victory40 ,m]e logic %\ld h kept him f p5n+ su* fro?y bald]da%4 #ag4 ,accord+ z circum/ances are fav\rable1 "o %\ld modify "o's plans4 ,sun ,tz1 z a practical soldi]1 w h none ( ! 8booki% !oric40 ,he cautions u "h n to p9 our fai? to ab/ract pr9ciples2 8=10 z ,*ang ,y puts x1 8:ile ! ma9 laws ( /rategy c be /at$ cle>ly en\gh = ! b5efit ( all & sundry1 y mu/ be guid$ by ! actions ( ! enemy 9 attempt+ to secure a fav\rable position 9 actual w>f>e40 ,on ! eve ( ! battle ( ,wat]loo1 ,"l ,uxbridge1 comm&+ ! cavalry1 w5t to ! ,duke ( ,well+ton 9 ord] to le>n :at 8 plans & calculations 7 = ! morr[1 because1 z he expla9$1 he might sudd5ly f9d himself ,comm&]-9-*ief & w\ld be unable to frame new plans 9 a critical mom5t4 ,! ,duke li/5$ quietly & !n said3 8,:o w attack ! fir/ to-morr[--,i or ,bonap>te80 8,bonap>te10 repli$ ,"l ,uxbridge4 8,well10 cont9u$ ! ,duke1 8,bonap>te has n giv5 me any idea ( 8 projects2 & z my plans w dep5d ^u 81 h[ c y expect me to tell y :at m9e are80#afh #ah4 ,all w>f>e is bas$ on deception4 ,! tru? ( ?is pi?y & pr(\nd say+ w be admitt$ by e soldi]4 ,col4 ,h5d]son tells u t ,well+ton1 great 9 s _m milit>y qualities1 0 especially di/+ui%$ by 8! extraord9>y skill ) :i* he conceal$ 8 movem5ts & deceiv$ bo? fri5d & foe40 #ai4 ,h5ce1 :5 able to attack1 we mu/ seem unable2 :5 us+ our =ces1 we mu/ seem inactive2 :5 we are ne>1 we mu/ make ! enemy believe we are f> away2 :5 f> away1 we mu/ make him believe we are ne>4 #bj4 ,hold out baits to entice ! enemy4 ,feign disord]1 & cru% him4 1 z (t5 9 ,sun ,tz1 is us$ 9 ! s5se ( 4 ,x is r rem>kable t all ! comm5tators1 ) ! exception ( ,*ang ,y1 ref] to ! enemy3 8:5 he is 9 disord]1 cru% him40 ,x is m natural to suppose t ,sun ,tz is /ill illu/rat+ ! uses ( deception 9 w>4 #ba4 ,if he is secure at all po9ts1 be prep>$ = him4 ,if he is 9 sup]ior /r5g?1 evade him4 ,! mean+ ( is made cle> f *ap4 ,,vi1 :]e x is oppos$ to 8weak or vuln]able spots40 1 accord+ to ,tu ,yu & o!r comm5tators1 has ref]5ce to ! ke5ness ( ! m5 z well z to num]ical sup]iority4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop evolves an extraord9>ily f>-fet*$ translation3 8,if !re are defects1 give an appe>ance ( p]fection1 & awe ! enemy4 ,pret5d to be /rong1 & s cause ! enemy to avoid y06 #bb4 ,if y\r oppon5t is ( *ol]ic temp]1 seek to irritate him4 ,pret5d to be weak1 t he may gr[ arrogant4 ,i foll[ ,*ang ,y 9 my int]pretation ( 4 is exp&$ by ,mei ,yao-*#8n into 4 ,wang ,tz1 quot$ by ,tu ,yu1 says t ! good tactician plays ) 8 adv]s>y z a cat plays ) a m\se1 fir/ feign+ weakness & immobility1 & !n sudd5ly p\nc+ ^u him4 #bc4 ,if he is tak+ 8 ease1 give him no re/4 ,?is is probably ! mean+1 ?\gh ,mei ,yao-*#8n has ! note3 8:ile we are tak+ our ease1 wait = ! enemy to tire himself out40 ,! ,y ,lan has 8,lure him on & tire him out40 ,?is w\ld seem also to h be5 ,ts#8ao ,kung's text1 judg+ by 8 comm5t 4 ,if 8 =ces are unit$1 sep>ate !m4 ,less plausible is ! int]pretation fav\r$ by mo/ ( ! comm5tators3 8,if sov]eign & subject are 9 accord1 put division betwe5 !m40 #bd4 ,attack him :]e he is unprep>$1 appe> :]e y are n expect$4 #be4 ,^! milit>y devices1 lead+ to victory1 mu/ n be divulg$ be=eh&4 ,?is seems to be ! way 9 :i* ,ts#8ao ,kung und]/ood ! passage1 & is p]haps ! be/ s5se to be got out ( ! text z x /&s4 ,mo/ ( ! comm5tators give ! foll[+ explanation3 8,x is impossible to lay d[n rules = w>f>e be=e y come into t\* ) ! enemy40 ,?is w\ld be v plausible if x did n ignore 1 :i* unmi/akably ref]s to ! maxims :i* ,sun ,tz has be5 lay+ d[n4 ,x is possible1 ( c\rse1 t may be a lat] int]polation1 9 :i* case ! s5t5ce w\ld practically mean3 8,success 9 w>f>e _c be taught40 ,z an alt]native1 h[ev]1 ,i w\ld v5ture to sugge/ t a second may h fall5 out aft] 1 s t we get3 8,^! maxims = succe$+ 9 w> are ! fir/ t ought to be imp>t$40 #bf4 ,n[ ! g5]al :o w9s a battle makes _m calculations 9 8 temple ere ! battle is f\ght4 ,*ang ,y tells u t 9 anci5t times x 0 cu/om>y = a temple to be set ap>t = ! use ( a g5]al :o 0 ab\t to take ! field1 9 ord] t he might !re elaborate 8 plan ( campaign4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop misund]/&s x z 8! %r9e ( ! ance/ors10 & gives a loose & inaccurate r5d]+ ( ! :ole passage4 ,! g5]al :o loses a battle makes b few calculations be=eh&4 ,?us d _m calculations lead to victory1 & few calculations to defeat3 h[ mu* m no calculation at all6 ,x is by att5tion to ?is po9t t ,i c =esee :o is likely to w9 or lose4 ,,ii4 ,,wag+ ,,w>4 ,ts#8ao ,kung has ! note3 8,he :o wi%es to fight mu/ fir/ c\nt ! co/10 :i* prep>es u = ! discov]y t ! subject ( ! *apt] is n :at we might expect f ! title1 b is prim>ily a consid]ation ( ways & means4 #a4 ,sun ,tz said3 ,9 ! op]ations ( w>1 :]e !re are 9 ! field a ?\s& swift *>iots1 z _m heavy *>iots1 & a hundr$ ?\s& mail-clad soldi]s1 ,! 7 lightly built &1 accord+ to ,*ang ,y1 us$ = ! attack2 ! 7 heavi]1 & design$ = purposes ( def5ce4 ,li ,*#8an1 x is true1 says t ! latt] 7 light1 b ?is seems h>dly probable4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop translates 8*>iots0 & 8supply wagons0 respectively1 b is n support$ by any comm5tator4 ,x is int]e/+ to note ! analogies betwe5 e>ly ,*9ese w>f>e & t ( ! ,hom]ic ,greeks4 ,9 ea* case1 ! w>-*>iot 0 ! important factor1 =m+ z x did ! nucleus r\nd :i* 0 gr\p$ a c]ta9 numb] ( foot-soldi]s4 ,) reg>d to ! numb]s giv5 "h1 we are in=m$ t ea* swift *>iot 0 accompani$ by #ge footm51 & ea* heavy *>iot by #be footm51 s t ! :ole army w\ld be divid$ up into a ?\s& battalions1 ea* consi/+ ( two *>iots & a hundr$ m54 ) provisions en\gh to c>ry !m a ?\s& li1 #b4gh mod]n li g to a mile4 ,! l5g? may h v>i$ slightly s9ce ,sun ,tz's "t4 ! exp5diture at home & at ! front1 includ+ ent]ta9m5t ( gue/s1 small items su* z glue & pa9t1 & sums sp5t on *>iots & arm\r1 w rea* ! total ( a ?\s& ounces ( silv] p] day4 1 :i* foll[s 9 ! textus receptus1 is important z indicat+ ! apodosis4 ,9 ! text adopt$ by ,capt4 ,cal?rop x is omitt$1 s t he is l$ to give ?is mean+less translation ( ! op5+ s5t5ce3 8,n[ ! requirem5ts ( ,w> are su* t we ne$ #a1jjj *>iots10 etc4 ,! second 1 :i* is r$undant1 is omitt$ 9 ! ,y ,lan4 1 l above1 is meant to sugge/ a l>ge b indef9ite numb]4 ,z ! ,*9ese h nev] possess$ gold co9s1 x is incorrect to translate x 8#ajjj pieces ( gold40 ,su* is ! co/ ( rais+ an army ( #ajj1jjj m54 ,capt4 ,cal?rop adds3 8,y h ! in/rum5ts ( victory10 :i* he seems to get f ! fir/ five *>act]s ( ! next s5t5ce4 #b4 ,:5 y engage 9 actual fight+1 if victory is long 9 com+1 ! m5's weapons w gr[ dull & _! ard\r w be damp$4 ,! ,y ,lan omits 2 b ?\gh is c]ta9ly a bold phrase1 x is m likely to be "r ?an n4 ,bo? 9 ?is place & 9 #d1 ! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan read 79 ! s5se ( 8to injure07 in/ead ( 4 ,if y lay siege to a t[n1 y w exhau/ y\r /r5g?4 ,z synonyms to are giv5 1 1 & 4 #c4 ,aga91 if ! campaign is protract$1 ! res\rces ( ! ,/ate w n be equal to ! /ra94 means lit]ally1 8,if !re is long exposure ( ! army40 ,( 9 ?is s5se ,k#8ang ,hsi cites an in/ance f ! biography ( ,t\ ,jung 9 ! ,h\ ,han ,%u1 :]e ! comm5t>y def9es x by 4 ,cf4 also ! foll[+ f ! 3 8,g5]al1 y h long be5 expos$ to all wea!rs40 #d4 ,n[1 :5 y\r weapons are dull$1 y\r ard\r damp$1 y\r /r5g? exhau/$ & y\r treasure sp5t1 o!r *iefta9s w spr+ up to take advantage ( y\r extremity4 ,!n no man1 h[ev] wise1 w be able to av]t ! consequ5ces t mu/ ensue4 ,foll[+ ,tu ,yu1 ,i und]/& 9 ! s5se ( 8to make good10 i4e4 to m5d4 ,b ,tu ,mu & ,ho ,%ih expla9 x z 8to make good plans0--= ! future4 #e4 ,?us1 ?\gh we h he>d ( /upid ha/e 9 w>1 clev]ness has nev] be5 se5 associat$ ) long delays4 ,?is concise & difficult s5t5ce is n well expla9$ by any ( ! comm5tators4 ,ts#8ao ,kung1 ,li ,*#8an1 ,mng ,%ih1 ,tu ,yu1 ,tu ,mu & ,mei ,yao-*#8n h notes to ! effect t a g5]al1 ?\gh naturally /upid1 may nev]!less conqu] ?r\gh %e] =ce ( rapidity4 ,ho ,%ih says3 8,ha/e may be /upid1 b at any rate x saves exp5diture ( en]gy & treasure2 protract$ op]ations may be v clev]1 b !y br+ calamity 9 _! tra940 ,wang ,hsi evades ! difficulty by rem>k+3 8,l5g?y op]ations mean an army gr[+ old1 weal? be+ exp5d$1 an empty ex*equ] & di/ress among ! p2 true clev]ness insures aga9/ ! occurr5ce ( su* calamities40 ,*ang ,y says3 8,s long z victory c be atta9$1 /upid ha/e is pref]able to clev] dilator9ess40 ,n[ ,sun ,tz says no?+ :atev]1 except possibly by implication1 ab\t ill-consid]$ ha/e be+ bett] ?an +5i\s b l5g?y op]ations4 ,:at he does say is some?+ mu* m gu>d$1 namely t1 :ile spe$ may sometimes be injudici\s1 t>d9ess c nev] be any?+ b fooli%--if only because x means impov]i%m5t to ! nation4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop indulges 8 imag9ation ) ! foll[+3 8,!re=e x is ackn[l$g$ t w> _c be too %ort 9 duration4 ,b ?\gh conduct$ ) ! utmo/ art1 if long cont9u+1 mis=tunes d always appe>40 ,x is h>dly wor? :ile to note ! total disappe>ance ( 9 ?is preci\s concoction4 ,9 consid]+ ! po9t rais$ "h by ,sun ,tz1 ! classic example ( ,fabius ,cunctator w inevitably occur to ! m9d4 ,t g5]al delib]ately measur$ ! endurance ( ,rome aga9/ t ( ,hannibal's isolat$ army1 because x seem$ to him t ! latt] 0 m likely to suff] f a long campaign 9 a /range c\ntry4 ,b x is q a moot "q :e!r 8 tactics w\ld h prov$ successful 9 ! long run4 ,_! rev]sal1 x is true1 l$ to ,cannae2 b ?is only e/abli%es a negative presumption 9 _! fav\r4 #f4 ,!re is no in/ance ( a c\ntry hav+ b5efit$ f prolong$ w>f>e4 ,! ,y ,lan has in/ead ( --evid5tly ! mi/ake ( a scribe4 #g4 ,x is only "o :o is ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! evils ( w> t c ?or\ghly und]/& ! pr(itable way ( c>ry+ x on4 ,t is1 ) rapidity4 ,only "o :o kn[s ! disa/r\s effects ( a long w> c realise ! supreme importance ( rapidity 9 br++ x to a close4 ,only two comm5tators seem to fav\r ?is int]pretation1 b x fits well into ! logic ( ! context1 :]eas ! r5d]+1 8,he :o does n "k ! evils ( w> _c appreciate its b5efits10 is di/9ctly po9tless4 #h4 ,! skilful soldi] does n raise a second levy1 nei!r are 8 supply-waggons load$ m ?an twice4 ,once w> is decl>$1 he w n wa/e preci\s "t 9 wait+ = re9=cem5ts1 nor w he turn 8 army back = fre% supplies1 b crosses ! enemy's fronti] )\t delay4 ,?is may seem an audaci\s policy to recomm5d1 b ) all great /rategi/s1 f ,julius ,caes> to ,napoleon ,buonap>te1 ! value ( "t--t is1 be+ a little ahead ( y\r oppon5t--has c\nt$ = m ?an ei!r num]ical sup]iority or ! nice/ calculations ) reg>d to commiss>iat4 is us$ 9 ! s5se ( 4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan h ! inf]ior read+ 4 ,! comm5tators expla9 by say+ t ! waggons are load$ once be=e pass+ ! fronti]1 & t ! army is met by a fur!r consignm5t ( supplies on ! homew>d m>*4 ,! ,y ,lan1 h[ev]1 reads "h z well4 #i4 ,br+ w> mat]ial ) y f home1 b =age on ! enemy4 ,?us ! army w h food en\gh = its ne$s4 1 8?+s to be us$10 9 ! wide/ s5se4 ,x includes all ! imp$im5ta ( an army1 ap>t f provisions4 #aj4 ,pov]ty ( ! ,/ate ex*equ] causes an army to be ma9ta9$ by contributions f a di/ance4 ,contribut+ to ma9ta9 an army at a di/ance causes ! p to be impov]i%$4 ,! beg9n+ ( ?is s5t5ce does n balance prop]ly ) ! next1 ?\gh obvi\sly int5d$ to d s4 ,! arrangem5t1 moreov]1 is s awkw>d t ,i _c help suspect+ "s corruption 9 ! text4 ,x nev] seems to occur to ,*9ese comm5tators t an em5dation may be necess>y = ! s5se1 & we get no help f !m "h4 ,sun ,tz says t ! cause ( ! p's impov]i%m5t is 2 x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ! words h ref]5ce to "s sy/em by :i* ! husb&m5 s5t _! contributions ( corn to ! army direct4 ,b :y %\ld x fall on !m to ma9ta9 an army 9 ?is way1 except because ! ,/ate or ,gov]nm5t is too poor to d s8 ,assum+ !n t ought to /& fir/ 9 ! s5t5ce 9 ord] to balance 7! fact t ! two words rhyme is significant71 & ?us gett+ rid ( 1 we are /ill left ) 1 :i* latt] ^w seems to me an obvi\s mi/ake = 4 8,pov]ty 9 ! army0 is an unlikely expression1 especially z ! g5]al has j be5 w>n$ n to encumb] 8 army ) a l>ge quantity ( supplies4 ,if we suppose t someh[ got writt5 "h in/ead ( 7a v simple supposition1 z we h 9 ! next s5t5ce71 & t lat] on somebody1 sc5t+ a mi/ake1 prefix$ ! gloss to 1 )\t h[ev] eras+ 1 ! :ole muddle may be expla9$4 ,my em5d$ text !n w\ld be 1 etc4 #aa4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! proximity ( an army causes prices to g up2 & high prices cause ! p's sub/ance to be dra9$ away4 1 t is1 z ,wang ,hsi says1 be=e ! army has left its own t]ritory4 ,ts#8ao ,kung und]/&s x ( an army t has already cross$ ! fronti]4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop drops ! 1 read+ 1 b ev5 s x is impossible to ju/ify 8 translation 8,repeat$ w>s cause high prices40 #ab4 ,:5 _! sub/ance is dra9$ away1 ! peasantry w be afflict$ by heavy exactions4 ,cf4 ,m5cius ,,vii4 #b4 xiv4 #b1 :]e has ! same mean+ z 4 0 an anci5t measure ( l&4 ,! full table1 z giv5 by 1 may n be out ( place "h3 #f #a 2 #ajj #a 2 #ajj #a 2 #c #a 2 #c #a 2 #d #a 2 #d #a 2 #d #a 4 ,accord+ to ! ,*\ ,li1 !re 7 n9e husb&m5 to a 1 :i* w\ld assign to ea* man ! goodly all[ance ( #ajj 7( :i* #f4f n[ g to an acre74 ,:at ! values ( ^! measures 7 9 ,sun ,tz's "t is n kn[n ) any c]ta9ty4 ,! l9eal 1 h[ev]1 is suppos$ to h be5 ab\t #bj cm4 may include levies ( m51 z well z o!r exactions4 #ac4 #ad4 ,) ?is loss ( sub/ance & exhau/ion ( /r5g?1 ! homes ( ! p w be /ripp$ b>e1 & ?ree-t5?s ( _! incomes w be dissipat$2 ,! ,y ,lan omits 4 ,i w\ld propose ! em5d$ read+ 1 etc4 ,9 view ( ! fact t we h 9 ! two prec$+ p>agraphs1 x seems probable t is a scribe's mi/ake = 1 hav+ be5 add$ aft]w>ds to make s5se4 1 lit]ally3 8,)9 ! middle pla9s !re is empt9ess 9 ! homes40 ,= cf4 ,%ih ,*+ ,,ii4 #c4 vi4 #c & ,,ii4 #e4 ii4 #c4 ,) reg>d to 1 ,tu ,mu says3 1 & ,wang ,hsi3 2 t is1 ! p are mulct$ n ( #caj1 b ( #gaj1 ( _! income4 ,b ?is is h>dly to be extract$ f our text4 ,ho ,%ih has a *>act]i/ic tag3 8,! p be+ reg>d$ z ! ess5tial "p ( ! ,/ate1 & food z ! p's heav51 is x n "r t ^? 9 au?ority %\ld value & be c>eful ( bo?80 :ile ,gov]nm5t exp5ses = brok5 *>iots1 worn-out horses1 brea/-plates & helmets1 b[s & arr[s1 spe>s & %ields1 protective mantlets1 draught-ox5 & heavy waggons1 w am\nt to f\r-t5?s ( its total rev5ue4 ,! ,y ,lan has sev]al v>i\s read+s "h1 ! m important ( :i* are = ! less common 7read p#8i#b71 = 1 & = 1 :i* latt]1 if "r1 mu/ mean 8ox5 f ! c\ntry di/ricts0 7cf4 supra1 #ab74 ,= ! mean+ ( 1 see note on ,,iii1 #d4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop omits to translate 4 #ae4 ,h5ce a wise g5]al makes a po9t ( =ag+ on ! enemy4 ,"o c>tload ( ! enemy's provisions is equival5t to tw5ty ( "o's own1 & likewise a s+le picul ( 8 prov5d] is equival5t to tw5ty f "o's own /ore4 ,because tw5ty c>tloads w be consum$ 9 ! process ( transport+ "o c>tload to ! front4 ,accord+ to ,ts#8ao ,kung1 a #f #d 1 or #fd 1 b accord+ to ,mng ,%ih1 #aj make a 4 ,! picul consi/$ ( #gj catties 7,tu ,mu & o!rs say #abj74 1 lit]ally1 8bean/alks & /raw40 #af4 ,n[ 9 ord] to kill ! enemy1 our m5 mu/ be r\s$ to ang]2 t !re may be advantage f defeat+ ! enemy1 !y mu/ h _! rew>ds4 ,^! are two difficult s5t5ces1 :i* ,i h translat$ 9 accordance ) ,mei ,yao-*#8n's p>aphrase4 ,we may incont95tly reject ,capt4 ,cal?rop's extraord9>y translation ( ! fir/3 8,wantonly to kill & de/roy ! enemy mu/ be =bidd540 ,ts#8ao ,kung quotes a j+le curr5t 9 8 day3 4 ,tu ,mu says3 8,rew>ds are necess>y 9 ord] to make ! soldi]s see ! advantage ( beat+ ! enemy2 ?us1 :5 y capture spoils f ! enemy1 !y mu/ be us$ z rew>ds1 s t all y\r m5 may h a ke5 desire to fight1 ea* on 8 own acc\nt40 ,*ang ,y takes z ! direct object ( 1 :i* is n s good4 #ag4 ,!re=e 9 *>iot fight+1 :5 t5 or m *>iots h be5 tak51 ^? %\ld be rew>d$ :o took ! fir/4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop's r5d]+ is3 8,!y :o are ! fir/ to lay _! h&s on m ?an t5 ( ! enemy's *>iots1 %\ld be enc\rag$40 ,we %\ld h expect$ ! gallant capta9 to see t su* ,samson-l pr[ess des]v$ some?+ m sub/antial ?an m]e enc\ragem5t4 ,! ,t#8u ,%u omits 1 & has 9 place ( ! m ar*aic 4 ,our own flags %\ld be sub/itut$ = ^? ( ! enemy1 & ! *>iots m+l$ & us$ 9 conjunction ) ours4 ,! captur$ soldi]s %\ld be k9dly treat$ & kept4 #ah4 ,?is is call$1 us+ ! conqu]$ foe to augm5t "o's own /r5g?4 #ai4 ,9 w>1 !n1 let y\r great object be victory1 n l5g?y campaigns4 ,z ,ho ,%ih rem>ks3 8,soldi]s are n to be us$ z play?+s4 ,w> is n a ?+ to be trifl$ )40 ,sun ,tz "h reit]ates ! ma9 lesson :i* ?is *apt] is int5d$ to en=ce4 #bj4 ,?us x may be kn[n t ! lead] ( armies is ! arbit] ( ! p's fate1 ! man on :om x dep5ds :e!r ! nation %all be 9 peace or 9 p]il4 ,9 ! orig9al text1 !re is a be=e ! 4 ,,iii4 ,,attack ,,by ,,/ratagem4 #a4 ,sun ,tz said3 ,9 ! practical art ( w>1 ! be/ ?+ ( all is to take ! enemy's c\ntry :ole & intact2 to %att] & de/roy x is n s good4 ,s1 too1 x is bett] to capture an army entire ?an to de/roy x1 to capture a regim5t1 a deta*m5t or a company entire ?an to de/roy !m4 ,a 8army corps10 accord+ to ! ,ss-ma ,fa1 consi/$ nom9ally ( #abejj m52 accord+ to ,ts#8ao ,kung1 a conta9$ #ejj m51 a any numb] betwe5 #ajj & #ejj1 & a any numb] betwe5 #e & #ajj4 ,= ! la/ two1 h[ev]1 ,*ang ,y gives ! exact figures ( #ajj & #e respectively4 #b4 ,h5ce to fight & conqu] 9 all y\r battles is n supreme excell5ce2 supreme excell5ce consi/s 9 break+ ! enemy's resi/ance )\t fight+4 ,"h aga91 no mod]n /rategi/ b w approve ! words ( ! old ,*9ese g5]al4 ,moltke's greate/ triumph1 ! capitulation ( ! huge ,fr5* army at ,s$an1 0 won practically )\t blood%$4 #c4 ,?us ! highe/ =m ( g5]al%ip is to baulk ! enemy's plans2 ,i4e41 z ,li ,*#8an says 771 9 _! v inception4 ,p]haps ! ^w 8baulk0 falls %ort ( express+ ! full =ce ( 1 :i* implies n an attitude ( def5ce1 :]eby "o might be cont5t to foil ! enemy's /ratagems "o aft] ano!r1 b an active policy ( c\nt]-attack4 ,ho ,%ih puts ?is v cle>ly 9 8 note3 8,:5 ! enemy has made a plan ( attack aga9/ u1 we mu/ anticipate him by deliv]+ our own attack fir/40 ! next be/ is to prev5t ! junction ( ! enemy's =ces2 ,isolat+ him f 8 allies4 ,we mu/ n =get t ,sun ,tz1 9 speak+ ( ho/ilities1 always has 9 m9d ! num]\s /ates or pr9cipalities into :i* ! ,*9a ( 8 day 0 split up4 ! next 9 ord] is to attack ! enemy's army 9 ! field2 ,:5 he is already 9 full /r5g?4 & ! wor/ policy ( all is to besiege wall$ cities4 ,! use ( ! ^w is some:at unusual1 :i* may acc\nt = ! read+ ( ! mod]n text3 4 #d4 ,! rule is1 n to besiege wall$ cities if x c possibly be avoid$4 ,ano!r s\nd piece ( milit>y !ory4 ,_h ! ,bo]s act$ ^u x 9 #ahii1 & refra9$ f dissipat+ _! /r5g? be=e ,kimb]ley1 ,mafek+1 or ev5 ,ladysmi?1 x is m ?an probable t !y w\ld h be5 ma/]s ( ! situation be=e ! ,briti% 7 ready s]i\sly to oppose !m4 ,! prep>ation ( mantlets1 movable %elt]s1 & v>i\s implem5ts ( w>1 w take up ?ree :ole mon?s2 ,x is n q cle> :at 74 ,ts#8ao ,kung simply def9es !m z 8l>ge %ields10 b we get a bett] idea ( !m f ,li ,*#8an1 :o says !y 7 to protect ! heads ( ^? :o 7 assault+ ! city walls at close qu>t]s4 ,?is seems to sugge/ a sort ( ,roman te/udo1 ready made4 ,tu ,mu says !y 7 8:at are n[ t]m$ 0 7:eel$ vehicles us$ 9 repell+ attacks1 accord+ to ,k#8ang ,hsi71 b ?is is d5i$ by ,*#8n ,hao4 ,see supra1 ,,ii4 #ad4 ,! "n is also appli$ to turrets on city walls4 ,( 7fn yn7 we get a fairly cle> description f sev]al comm5tators4 ,!y 7 wood5 missile-pro( /ructures on f\r :eels1 propell$ f )91 cov]$ ov] ) raw hides1 & us$ 9 sieges to convey p>ties ( m5 to & f ! walls1 = ! purpose ( fill+ up ! encircl+ moat ) e>?4 ,tu ,mu adds t !y are n[ call$ 8wood5 donkeys40 ,capt4 ,cal?rop wrongly translates ! t]m1 8batt]+-rams40 ,i foll[ ,ts#8ao ,kung 9 tak+ z a v]b1 co-ord9ate & synonym\s ) 4 ,^? comm5tators :o reg>d z an adjective equival5t to 8long10 make presumably into a n\n4 & ! pil+ up ( m\nds ov] aga9/ ! walls w take ?ree mon?s m4 ,! 7or 1 9 ! mod]n text7 7 great m\nds or ramp>ts ( e>? heap$ up to ! level ( ! enemy's walls 9 ord] to discov] ! weak po9ts 9 ! def5ce1 & also to de/roy ! =tifi$ turrets m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ note4 ,tu ,yu quotes ! ,tso ,*uan3 4 #e4 ,! g5]al1 unable to control 8 irritation1 w laun* 8 m5 to ! assault l sw>m+ ants1 ,capt4 ,cal?rop unacc\ntably omits ?is vivid simile1 :i*1 z ,ts#8ao ,kung says1 is tak5 f ! spectacle ( an army ( ants climb+ a wall4 ,! mean+ is t ! g5]al1 los+ pati5ce at ! long delay1 may make a premature attempt to /orm ! place be=e 8 eng9es ( w> are ready4 ) ! result t "o-?ird ( 8 m5 are sla91 :ile ! t[n /ill rema9s untak54 ,su* are ! disa/r\s effects ( a siege4 ,we are rem9d$ ( ! t]rible losses ( ! ,japanese be=e ,port ,ar?ur1 9 ! mo/ rec5t siege :i* hi/ory has to record4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 reads 444 444 4 ,= ! ,y ,lan has 4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop does n translate 1 & mi/ranslates 4 #f4 ,!re=e ! skilful lead] subdues ! enemy's troops )\t any fight+2 he captures _! cities )\t lay+ siege to !m2 he ov]?r[s _! k+dom )\t l5g?y op]ations 9 ! field4 ,*ia ,l9 notes t he only ov]?r[s ! 1 t is1 ! ,gov]nm5t1 b does no h>m to individuals4 ,! classical in/ance is ,wu ,wang1 :o aft] hav+ put an end to ! ,y9 dyna/y 0 acclaim$ 8,fa!r & "m ( ! p40 #g4 ,) 8 =ces intact he w dispute ! ma/]y ( ! ,empire1 & ?us1 )\t los+ a man1 8 triumph w be complete4 ,ow+ to ! d\ble mean+s ( 1 & 1 ! latt] "p ( ! s5t5ce is susceptible ( q a diff]5t mean+3 8,& ?us1 ! weapon n be+ blunt$ by use1 its ke5ness rema9s p]fect40 ,*ang ,y says t is 8! advantage ( a prosp]\s k+dom & a /rong army40 ,?is is ! me?od ( attack+ by /ratagem4 #h4 ,x is ! rule 9 w>1 if our =ces are t5 to ! enemy's "o1 to surr\nd him2 if five to "o1 to attack him2 ,/raightaway1 )\t wait+ = any fur!r advantage4 if twice z num]\s1 to divide our army into two4 ,note t does n ref] to ! enemy1 z 9 ! two prec$+ clauses4 ,?is sudd5 *ange ( object is q common 9 ,*9ese4 ,tu ,mu takes exception to ! say+2 & at fir/ sight1 inde$1 x appe>s to violate a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( w>4 ,ts#8ao ,kung1 h[ev]1 gives a clue to ,sun ,tz's mean+3 8,be+ two to ! enemy's "o1 we may use "o "p ( our army 9 ! regul> way1 & ! o!r = "s special div]sion40 ,= explanation ( & 1 see ,v4 #c1 note4 ,*ang ,y ?us fur!r elucidates ! po9t3 8,if our =ce is twice z num]\s z t ( ! enemy1 x %\ld be split up into two divisions1 "o to meet ! enemy 9 front1 & "o to fall ^u 8 re>2 if he replies to ! frontal attack1 he may be cru%$ f beh9d2 if to ! re>w>d attack1 he may be cru%$ 9 front4 ,?is is :at is meant by say+ t 8"o "p may be us$ 9 ! regul> way1 & ! o!r = "s special div]sion40 ,tu ,mu does n und]/& t divid+ "o's army is simply an irregul>1 j z conc5trat+ x is ! regul>1 /rategical me?od1 & he is too ha/y 9 call+ ?is a mi/ake40 #i4 ,if equally mat*$1 we c (f] battle2 ,li ,*#8an1 foll[$ by ,ho ,%ih1 gives ! foll[+ p>aphrase3 8,if attack]s & attack$ are equally mat*$ 9 /r5g?1 only ! able g5]al w fight40 ,he ?us takes z ?\gh x 7 1 :i* is awkw>d4 if slightly inf]ior 9 numb]s1 we c avoid ! enemy2 ,! ,t#8u ,%u has in/ead ( 1 :i* is h>dly di/+ui%able 9 s5se f 9 ! next clause4 ,! mean+1 8we c wat* ! enemy10 is c]ta9ly a great improvem5t on ! above2 b un=tunately !re appe>s to be no v good au?ority = ! v>iant4 ,*ang ,y rem9ds u t ! say+ only applies if ! o!r factors are equal2 a small diff]5ce 9 numb]s is (t5 m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by sup]ior en]gy & discipl9e4 if q unequal 9 e way1 we c flee f him4 #aj4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh an ob/9ate fight may be made by a small =ce1 9 ! end x mu/ be captur$ by ! l>g] =ce4 ,9 o!r words3 8,c'e/ magnifique2 mais ce n'e/ pas la gu]re40 #aa4 ,n[ ! g5]al is ! bulw>k ( ! ,/ate3 if ! bulw>k is complete at all po9ts1 ! ,/ate w be /rong2 if ! bulw>k is defective1 ! ,/ate w be weak4 _c be re/rict$ to any?+ s p>ticul> z 9 ,capt4 ,cal?rop's translation1 8divid$ 9 8 allegiance40 ,x is simply keep+ up ! metaphor sugge/$ by 4 ,z ,li ,*#8an t]sely puts x3 8,*#8i1 gap1 indicates defici5cy2 if ! g5]al's ability is n p]fect 7i4e4 if he is n ?or\ghly v]s$ 9 8 pr(ession71 8 army w lack /r5g?40 #ab4 ,!re are ?ree ways 9 :i* a rul] c br+ mis=tune ^u 8 army3-- #ac4 7#a7 ,by comm&+ ! army to advance or to retreat1 be+ ignorant ( ! fact t x _c obey4 ,?is is call$ hobbl+ ! army4 ,ts#8ao ,kung weakly def9es z 8control10 8direct40 ,cf4 #ag ad f94 ,b 9 reality x is "o ( ^? graphic metaphors :i* f "t to "t illum9ate ,sun ,tz's "w1 & is rightly expla9$ by ,li ,*#8an z 4 ,he adds ! comm5t3 4 8,x is l ty+ toge!r ! legs ( a ?or\ghbr$1 s t x is unable to gallop40 ,"o w\ld naturally ?9k ( 8! rul]0 9 ?is passage z be+ at home1 & try+ to direct ! movem5ts ( 8 army f a di/ance4 ,b ! comm5tators und]/& j ! rev]se1 & quote ! say+ ( ,t#8ai ,kung3 8,a k+dom %\ld n be gov]n$ f )\t1 an army %\ld n be direct$ f )940 ,( c\rse x is true t1 dur+ an engagem5t1 or :5 9 close t\* ) ! enemy1 ! g5]al %\ld n be 9 ! ?ick ( 8 own troops1 b a little di/ance ap>t4 ,o!rwise1 he w be liable to misjudge ! position z a :ole1 & give wrong ord]s4 #ad4 7#b7 ,by attempt+ to gov]n an army 9 ! same way z he adm9i/]s a k+dom1 be+ ignorant ( ! conditions :i* obta9 9 an army4 ,?is causes re/lessness 9 ! soldi]'s m9ds4 ,ts#8ao ,kung's note is3 1 :i* may be freely translat$3 8,! milit>y sph]e & ! civil sph]e are :olly di/9ct2 y c't h&le an army 9 kid gloves40 ,& ,*ang ,y says3 8,humanity & ju/ice 77 are ! pr9ciples on :i* to gov]n a /ate1 b n an army2 opportunism & flexibility 771 on ! o!r h&1 are milit>y r ?an civic virtues40 1 8to assimilate ! gov]n+ ( an army0--to t ( a ,/ate1 und]/ood4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 has ins]t$ be=e 1 "h & 9 #ae4 #ae4 7#c7 ,by employ+ ! (fic]s ( 8 army )\t discrim9ation1 ,t is1 he is n c>eful to use ! "r man 9 ! "r place4 ?r\gh ignorance ( ! milit>y pr9ciple ( adaptation to circum/ances4 ,?is %akes ! confid5ce ( ! soldi]s4 ,i foll[ ,mei ,yao-*#8n "h4 ,! o!r comm5tators make etc4 ref]1 n to ! rul]1 z 9 #ac1 #ad1 b to ! (fic]s he employs4 ,?us ,tu ,yu says3 8,if a g5]al is ignorant ( ! pr9ciple ( adaptability1 he mu/ n be entru/$ ) a position ( au?ority40 ,tu ,mu quotes 3 8,! skilful employ] ( m5 w employ ! wise man1 ! brave man1 ! covet\s man1 & ! /upid man4 ,= ! wise man delights 9 e/abli%+ 8 m]it1 ! brave man likes to %[ 8 c\rage 9 action1 ! covet\s man is quick at seiz+ advantages1 & ! /upid man has no fe> ( dea?40 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 reads 1 :i* ,tu ,yu expla9s z 8is utt]ly defeat$40 ,capt4 ,cal?rop gives a v inaccurate r5d]+3 8,ignorant ( ! situation ( ! army1 to int]f]e 9 its dispositions40 #af4 ,b :5 ! army is re/less & di/ru/ful1 tr\ble is sure to come f ! o!r feudal pr9ces4 ,?is is simply br++ an>*y into ! army1 & fl++ victory away4 ,mo/ ( ! comm5tators take 9 ! s5se ( 1 :i* x seems to be> also 9 ! ,li ,*i1 1 ,i4 #ah4 is !re giv5 z its equival5t1 b ,legge tries not)/&+ to reta9 ! m usual s5se1 translat+ 8draw 444 back10 :i* is h>dly def5sible4 ,tu ,mu & ,wang ,hsi1 h[ev]1 ?9k means 8lead+ up to ! enemy's victory40 #ag4 ,?us we may "k t !re are five ess5tials = victory3 7#a7 ,he w w9 :o kn[s :5 to fight & :5 n to fight4 ,*ang ,y says3 8,if he c fight1 he advances & takes ! (f5sive2 if he _c fight1 he retreats & rema9s on ! def5sive4 ,he w inv>iably conqu] :o kn[s :e!r x is "r to take ! (f5sive or ! def5sive40 7#b7 ,he w w9 :o kn[s h[ to h&le bo? sup]ior & inf]ior =ces4 ,?is is n m]ely ! g5]al's ability to e/imate numb]s correctly1 z ,li ,*#8an & o!rs make out4 ,*ang ,y exp\nds ! say+ m satisfactorily3 8,by apply+ ! art ( w>1 x is possible ) a less] =ce to defeat a great]1 & vice v]s4 ,! secret lies 9 an eye = locality1 & 9 n lett+ ! "r mom5t slip4 ,?us ,wu ,tz says3 #8,) a sup]ior =ce1 make = easy gr\nd2 ) an inf]ior "o1 make = difficult gr\nd4'0 7#c7 ,he w w9 ^: army is animat$ by ! same _s ?r\gh\t all its ranks4 ,ts#8ao ,kung ref]s less well to sov]eign & subjects4 7#d7 ,he w w9 :o1 prep>$ himself1 waits to take ! enemy unprep>$4 7#e7 ,he w w9 :o has milit>y capacity & is n int]f]$ ) by ! sov]eign4 ,tu ,yu quotes z say+3 8,x is ! sov]eign's function to give broad in/ructions1 b to decide on battle is ! function ( ! g5]al40 ,x is ne$less to dilate on ! milit>y disa/]s :i* h be5 caus$ by undue int]f]5ce ) op]ations 9 ! field on ! "p ( ! home gov]nm5t4 ,napoleon und\bt$ly ow$ mu* ( 8 extraord9>y success to ! fact t he 0 n hamp]$ by any c5tral au?ority1--t he 01 9 fact1 & 9 "o4 ,victory lies 9 ! k ( ^! five po9ts4 ,lit]ally1 8,^! five ?+s are k ( ! pr9ciple ( victory40 #ah4 ,h5ce ! say+3 ,if y "k ! enemy & "k y\rself1 y ne$ n fe> ! result ( a hundr$ battles4 ,if y "k y\rself b n ! enemy1 = e victory ga9$ y w also suff] a defeat4 ,li ,*#8an cites ! case ( ,fu ,*i51 pr9ce ( ,*#891 :o 9 #chc ,a4,d4 m>*$ ) a va/ army aga9/ ! ,*9 ,emp]or4 ,:5 w>n$ n to despise an enemy :o c\ld comm& ! s]vices ( su* m5 z ,hsieh ,an & ,huan ,*#8ung1 he boa/fully repli$3 8,i h ! population ( eight prov9ces at my back1 infantry & horsem5 to ! numb] ( "o million2 :y1 !y c\ld dam up ! ,yangtsze ,riv] itself by m]ely ?r[+ _! :ips into ! /ream4 ,:at dang] h ,i to fe>80 ,nev]!less1 8 =ces 7 soon aft] disa/r\sly r\t$ at ! ,fei ,riv]1 & he 0 oblig$ to beat a ha/y retreat4 ,if y "k nei!r ! enemy nor y\rself1 y w succumb 9 e battle4 ,! mod]n text1 repres5t$ by ! & ,t#8u ,%u1 has 1 :i* ,i %\ld be incl9$ to adopt 9 pref]5ce to "h1 ?\gh ! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan bo? h ! latt]4 ,*ang ,y (f]s ! be/ comm5t>y on 4 ,he says t ^! words 8h ref]5ce to attack & def5ce3 kn[+ ! enemy enables y to take ! (f5sive1 kn[+ y\rself enables y to /& on ! def5sive40 ,he adds3 8,attack is ! secret ( def5ce2 def5ce is ! plann+ ( an attack40 ,x w\ld be h>d to f9d a bett] epitome ( ! root-pr9ciple ( w>4 ,,iv4 ,,tactical ,,dispositions4 is a v compreh5sive & some:at vague t]m4 ,lit]ally1 8=m10 8body10 x comes to mean 8appe>ance10 8attitude0 or 8disposition20 & "h x is be/ tak5 z some?+ betwe51 or p]haps comb9+1 8tactics0 & 8disposition ( troops40 ,ts#8ao ,kung expla9s x z 8m>*+ & c\nt]-m>*+ on ! "p ( ! two armies ) a view to discov]+ ea* o!r's condition40 ,tu ,mu says3 8,x is ?r\gh ! dispositions ( an army t its condition may be discov]$4 ,conceal y\r dispositions 771 & y\r condition w rema9 secret1 :i* leads to victory2 %[ y\r dispositions1 & y\r condition w become pat5t1 :i* leads to defeat40 ,wang ,hsi rem>ks t ! good g5]al c 8secure success by modify+ 8 tactics to meet ^? ( ! enemy40 ,9 ! mod]n text1 ! title ( ! *apt] appe>s z 1 :i* ,capt4 ,cal?rop incorrectly translates 8! ord] ( battle40 #a4 ,sun ,tz said3 ,! good fight]s ( old fir/ put !mselves beyond ! possibility ( defeat1 & !n wait$ = an opportunity ( defeat+ ! enemy4 #b4 ,to secure ourselves aga9/ defeat lies 9 our own h&s1 b ! opportunity ( defeat+ ! enemy is provid$ by ! enemy himself4 ,t is1 ( c\rse1 by a mi/ake on 8 "p4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop has3 8,! causes ( defeat come f )92 victory is born 9 ! enemy's camp10 :i*1 ?\gh c]ta9ly an improvem5t on 8 previ\s attempt1 is /ill incorrect4 #c4 ,?us ! good fight] is able to secure himself aga9/ defeat1 8,by conceal+ ! disposition ( 8 troops1 cov]+ up 8 tracks1 & tak+ unremitt+ precautions0 7,*ang ,y74 b _c make c]ta9 ( defeat+ ! enemy4 ,! orig9al text reads 1 :i* ! mod]n text has fur!r modifi$ into 4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop makes out ! impossible mean+1 8& fur!r r5d] ! enemy incapable ( victory40 #d4 ,h5ce ! say+3 ,"o may "k h[ to conqu] )\t be+ able to d x4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop translates3 8,! conditions necess>y = victory may be pres5t1 b !y _c always be obta9$10 :i* is m or less un9telligible4 #e4 ,security aga9/ defeat implies def5sive tactics2 ability to defeat ! enemy means tak+ ! (f5sive4 ,= ,i reta9 ! s5se :i* x und\bt$ly be>s 9 #a-c1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! comm5tators are all aga9/ me4 ,! mean+ !y give1 8,he :o _c conqu] takes ! def5sive10 is plausible en\gh1 b x is highly improbable t %\ld sudd5ly become active 9 ?is way4 ,an incorrect v>iant 9 ! ,y ,lan is 4 #f4 ,/&+ on ! def5sive indicates insuffici5t /r5g?2 attack+1 a sup]abundance ( /r5g?4 #g4 ,! g5]al :o is skill$ 9 def5ce hides 9 ! mo/ secret recesses ( ! e>?2 ,lit]ally1 8hides "u ! n9? e>?10 :i* is a metaphor indicat+ ! utmo/ secrecy & concealm5t1 s t ! enemy may n "k 8 :]eab\ts4 ,! ( ?is passage h ( c\rse no connection ) ! 8,n9e situations0 ( *ap4 ,,xi4 he :o is skill$ 9 attack fla%es =? f ! topmo/ heights ( heav54 ,ano!r metaphor1 imply+ t he falls on 8 adv]s>y l a ?und]bolt1 aga9/ :i* !re is no "t to prep>e4 ,?is is ! op9ion ( mo/ ( ! comm5tators1 ?\gh ,ts#8ao ,kung1 foll[$ by ,tu ,yu1 expla9s z ! hills1 riv]s1 & o!r natural features :i* w af=d %elt] or protection to ! attack$1 & z ! phases ( wea!r :i* may be turn$ to acc\nt by ! attack+ p>ty4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop's 8,! skilful 9 attack pu% to ! topmo/ heav50 conveys no mean+ at all4 ,?us on ! "o h& we h ability to protect ourselves2 on ! o!r1 a victory t is complete4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop draws on a f]tile imag9ation = ! foll[+3 8,if ^! precepts be obs]v$1 victory is c]ta940 #h4 ,to see victory only :5 x is )9 ! k5 ( ! common h]d is n ! acme ( excell5ce4 ,z ,ts#8ao ,kung rem>ks1 8! ?+ is to see ! plant be=e x has g]m9at$10 to =esee ! ev5t be=e ! action has begun4 ,li ,*#8an alludes to ! /ory ( ,han ,hs9 :o1 :5 ab\t to attack ! va/ly sup]ior army ( ,*ao1 :i* 0 /rongly entr5*$ 9 ! city ( ,*#8ng-an1 said to 8 (fic]s3 8,g5tlem51 we are go+ to annihilate ! enemy1 & %all meet aga9 at d9n]40 ,! (fic]s h>dly took 8 words s]i\sly1 & gave a v dubi\s ass5t4 ,b ,han ,hs9 _h already work$ out 9 8 m9d ! details ( a clev] /ratagem1 :]eby1 z he =esaw1 he 0 able to capture ! city & inflict a cru%+ defeat on 8 adv]s>y4 ,= ! full /ory1 see 1 *ap4 #cd1 4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop aga9 blund]s badly )3 8,a victory1 ev5 if popul>ly proclaim$ z su* by ! common folk1 may n be a true success40 #i4 ,nei!r is x ! acme ( excell5ce if y fight & conqu] & ! :ole ,empire says1 8,well done60 ,true excell5ce be+1 z ,tu ,mu says3 8,to plan secretly1 to move surreptiti\sly1 to foil ! enemy's int5tions & baulk 8 s*emes1 s t at la/ ! day may be won )\t %$d+ a drop ( blood40 ,sun ,tz res]ves 8 approbation = ?+s t 8! _w's co>se ?umb ,& f+] fail to plumb40 #aj4 ,to lift an autumn hair is no sign ( great /r5g?2 is expla9$ z ! fur ( a h>e1 :i* is f9e/ 9 autumn1 :5 x beg9s to gr[ afre%4 ,! phrase is a v common "o 9 ,*9ese writ]s4 ,cf4 ,m5cius1 ,i4 #a4 vii4 #aj1 & ,*uang ,tz1 1 et al4 to see sun & moon is no sign ( %>p sight2 to he> ! noise ( ?und] is no sign ( a quick e>4 ,ho ,%ih gives z real in/ances ( /r5g?1 %>p sight & quick he>+3 ,wu ,huo1 :o c\ld lift a tripod weigh+ #bej /one2 ,li ,*u1 :o at a di/ance ( a hundr$ paces c\ld see objects no bigg] ?an a mu/>d se$2 & ,%ih ,k#8uang1 a bl9d musician :o c\ld he> ! foot/eps ( a mosquito4 #aa4 ,:at ! anci5ts call$ a clev] fight] is "o :o n only w9s1 b excels 9 w9n+ ) ease4 ,! orig9al text1 foll[$ by ! ,t#8u ,%u1 has 4 ,b ?is is an alt]ation evid5tly int5d$ to smoo? ! awkw>dness ( 1 :i* means lit]ally3 8"o :o1 conqu]+1 excels 9 easy conqu]+40 ,mei ,yao-*#8n says3 8,he :o only sees ! obvi\s1 w9s 8 battles ) difficulty2 he :o looks bel[ ! surface ( ?+s1 w9s ) ease40 #ab4 ,h5ce 8 victories br+ him nei!r reputation = wisdom nor cr$it = c\rage4 ,tu ,mu expla9s ?is v well3 8,inasmu* z 8 victories are ga9$ ov] circum/ances t h n come to light1 ! _w at l>ge kn[s no?+ ( !m1 & he w9s no reputation = wisdom2 inasmu* z ! ho/ile /ate submits be=e !re has be5 any blood%$1 he receives no cr$it = c\rage40 #ac4 ,he w9s 8 battles by mak+ no mi/akes4 ,*#8n ,hao says3 8,he plans no sup]flu\s m>*es1 he devises no futile attacks40 ,! connection ( ideas is ?us expla9$ by ,*ang ,y3 8,"o :o seeks to conqu] by %e] /r5g?1 clev] ?\gh he may be at w9n+ pit*$ battles1 is also liable on occasion to be vanqui%$2 :]eas he :o c look into ! future & disc]n conditions t are n yet manife/1 w nev] make a blund] & !re=e inv>iably w940 ,li ,*#8an ?9ks t ! "* %\ld be 8to h d\bts40 ,b x is bett] n to tamp] ) ! text1 especially :5 no improvem5t 9 s5se is ! result4 ,mak+ no mi/akes is :at e/abli%es ! c]ta9ty ( victory1 = x means conqu]+ an enemy t is already defeat$4 ,! ,t#8u ,%u omits 4 is "h 4 ,*ia ,l9 says x is put = 9 ! s5se ( 2 b ?is is f>-fet*$4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop altoge!r ignores ! important ^w 4 #ad4 ,h5ce ! skilful fight] puts himself into a position :i* makes defeat impossible1 & does n miss ! mom5t = defeat+ ! enemy4 ,a 8c\nsel ( p]fection10 z ,tu ,mu truly obs]ves4 ne$ n be conf9$ /rictly to ! actual gr\nd occupi$ by ! troops4 ,x includes all ! arrangem5ts & prep>ations :i* a wise g5]al w make to increase ! safety ( 8 army4 #ae4 ,?us x is t 9 w> ! victori\s /rategi/ only seeks battle aft] ! victory has be5 won1 :]eas he :o is de/9$ to defeat fir/ fights & aft]w>ds looks = victory4 ,ho ,%ih ?us exp\nds ! p>adox3 8,9 w>f>e1 fir/ lay plans :i* w ensure victory1 & !n lead y\r army to battle2 if y w n beg9 ) /ratagem b rely on brute /r5g? alone1 victory w no long] be assur$40 #af4 ,! consummate lead] cultivates ! moral law1 & /rictly adh]es to me?od & discipl9e2 ,= & 1 see supra1 ,i4 #d sqq4 ,i ?9k t ,*ang ,y is wrong 9 alt]+ _! signification "h1 & tak+ !m z & respectively4 ?us x is 9 8 p[] to control success4 #ag4 ,9 respect ( milit>y me?od1 we h1 fir/ly1 ,measurem5t2 secondly1 ,e/imation ( quantity2 ?irdly1 ,calculation2 f\r?ly1 ,balanc+ ( *ances2 fif?ly1 ,victory4 #ah4 ,measurem5t owes its exi/5ce to ,e>?2 ,e/imation ( quantity to ,measurem5t2 ,calculation to ,e/imation ( quantity2 ,balanc+ ( *ances to ,calculation2 & ,victory to ,balanc+ ( *ances4 ,x is n easy to di/+ui% ! f\r t]ms v cle>ly4 ,! fir/ seems to be survey+ & measurem5t ( ! gr\nd1 :i* enable u to =m an e/imate ( ! enemy's /r5g?1 & to make calculations bas$ on ! data ?us obta9$2 we are ?us l$ to a g5]al weigh+-up1 or comp>ison ( ! enemy's *ances ) our own2 if ! latt] turn ! scale1 !n victory ensues4 ,! *ief difficulty lies 9 1 :i* "s comm5tators take z a calculation ( numb]s1 !reby mak+ x ne>ly synonym\s ) 4 ,p]haps is r a consid]ation ( ! enemy's g5]al position or condition 7 or 71 :ile is ! e/imate ( 8 num]ical /r5g?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,tu ,mu def9es z 1 & adds3 8! "q ( relative /r5g? hav+ be5 settl$1 we c br+ ! v>i$ res\rces ( cunn+ into play40 ,ho ,%ih seconds ?is int]pretation1 :i* is weak5$1 h[ev]1 by ! fact t is giv5 z logically consequ5t on 2 ?is c]ta9ly po9ts to ! latt] be+ a calculation ( numb]s4 ,( ,capt4 ,cal?rop's v]sion ! less said ! bett]4 #ai4 ,a victori\s army oppos$ to a r\t$ "o1 is z a p\nd's weight plac$ 9 ! scale aga9/ a s+le gra94 ,lit]ally1 8a victori\s army is l an i 7#bj oz47 weigh$ aga9/ a %u 7#abd oz472 a r\t$ army z a %u weigh$ aga9/ an i40 ,! po9t is simply ! enorm\s advantage :i* a discipl9$ =ce1 flu%$ ) victory1 has ov] "o demoralis$ by defeat4 ,legge1 9 8 note on ,m5cius1 ,i4 #b4 ix4 #b1 makes ! to be #bd ,*9ese ounces1 & corrects ,*u ,hsi's /atem5t t x equall$ #bj oz4 only4 ,b ,li ,*#8an ( ! ,t#8ang dyna/y "h gives ! same figure z ,*u ,hsi4 #bj4 ,! onru% ( a conqu]+ =ce is l ! bur/+ ( p5t-up wat]s into a *asm a ?\s& fa?oms deep4 ,s mu* = tactical dispositions4 ,! con/ruction "h is slightly awkw>d & elliptical1 b ! g5]al s5se is pla94 ,! ,t#8u ,%u omits 4 ,a #h or ,*9ese feet4 ,v4 ,,en]gy4 "h is said to be an old] =m ( 2 ,sun ,tz1 h[ev]1 w\ld seem to h us$ ! =m] 9 ! s5se ( 8p[]10 & ! latt] only 9 ! s5se ( 8circum/ances40 ,! full] title is f\nd 9 ! ,t#8u ,%u & ! mod]n text4 ,wang ,hsi exp&s x into 8! application1 9 v>i\s ways1 ( accumulat$ p[]20 & ,*ang ,y says3 8,:5 ! soldi]s' en]gy has rea*$ its height1 x may be us$ to secure victory40 #a4 ,sun ,tz said3 ,! control ( a l>ge =ce is ! same 9 pr9ciple z ! control ( a few m53 x is m]ely a "q ( divid+ up _! numb]s4 ,t is1 cutt+ up ! army into regim5ts1 companies1 etc41 ) subord9ate (fic]s 9 comm& ( ea*4 ,tu ,mu rem9ds u ( ,han ,hs9's fam\s reply to ! fir/ ,han ,emp]or1 :o once said to him3 8,h[ l>ge an army d y ?9k ,i c\ld lead80 8,n m ?an #ajj1jjj m51 y\r ,maje/y40 8,& y80 ask$ ! ,emp]or4 8,oh60 he answ]$1 8! m ! bett]0 774 ,*ang ,y gives ! foll[+ curi\s table ( ! subdivisions ( an army3--#e m5 make a 2 #b make a 2 #e make a 2 #b make a 2 #b make a 2 #b make a 2 #b make a 2 #b make a 2 #b make a 4 ,a or army corps ?us works out at #cbjj m54 ,b cf4 ,,iii4 #a1 note4 ,= 1 see ,i4 #aj4 ,x is possible t 9 t p>agraph may also be us$ 9 ! above te*nical s5se4 #b4 ,fight+ ) a l>ge army "u y\r comm& is n[ise diff]5t f fight+ ) a small "o3 x is m]ely a "q ( in/itut+ signs & signals4 ,"o mu/ be c>eful to avoid translat+ 8fight+ aga9/ a l>ge numb]10 no ref]5ce to ! enemy be+ int5d$4 is expla9$ by ,ts#8ao ,kung z d5ot+ flags & bann]s1 by means ( :i* e soldi] may recognise 8 own p>ticul> regim5t or company1 & ?us confusion may be prev5t$4 he expla9s z drums & gongs1 :i* f ! e>lie/ times 7 us$ to s\nd ! advance & ! retreat respectively4 ,tu ,mu def9es z 8m>%all+ ! troops 9 ord]10 & takes z ! flags & bann]s4 ,wang ,hsi also diss5ts f ,ts#8ao ,kung1 ref]r+ to ! ord]+ ( ! troops by means ( bann]s1 drums & gongs1 & to ! v>i\s names by :i* ! regim5ts might be di/+ui%$4 ,!re is mu* to be said = ?is view4 #c4 ,to ensure t y\r :ole ho/ may )/& ! brunt ( ! enemy's attack & rema9 un%ak5--?is is effect$ by manuvres direct & indirect4 ,= 1 !re is ano!r read+ 1 8all toge!r10 adopt$ by ,wang ,hsi & ,*ang ,y4 ,we n[ come to "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ p>ts ( ,sun ,tz's treatise1 ! discussion ( ! & ! 4 ,z x is by no means easy to grasp ! full significance ( ^! two t]ms1 or to r5d] !m at all consi/5tly by good ,engli% equival5ts1 x may be z well to tabulate "s ( ! comm5tators' rem>ks on ! subject be=e proce$+ fur!r4 ,li ,*#8an3 8,fac+ ! enemy is *ng1 mak+ lat]al div]sions is *#8i40 ,*ia ,l93 8,9 pres5ce ( ! enemy1 y\r troops %\ld be array$ 9 normal fa%ion1 b 9 ord] to secure victory abnormal manuvres mu/ be employ$40 ,mei ,yao-*#8n3 8,*#8i is active1 *ng is passive2 passivity means wait+ = an opportunity1 activity br+s ! victory itself40 ,ho ,%ih3 8,we mu/ cause ! enemy to reg>d our /raight=w>d attack z "o t is secretly design$1 & vice v]s2 ?us *ng may also be *#8i1 & *#8i may also be *ng40 ,he in/ances ! fam\s exploit ( ,han ,hs91 :o :5 m>*+ o/5sibly aga9/ ,l9-*9 7n[ ,*ao-i 9 ,%5si71 sudd5ly ?rew a l>ge =ce across ! ,yell[ ,riv] 9 wood5 tubs1 utt]ly disconc]t+ 8 oppon5t4 ,*#8i5 ,han ,%u1 *4 #cd4 ,"h1 we are told1 ! m>* on ,l9-*9 0 1 & ! surprise manuvre 0 4 ,*ang ,y gives ! foll[+ summ>y ( op9ions on ! words3 8,milit>y writ]s d n all agree ) reg>d to ! mean+ ( *#8i & *ng4 ,wei ,liao ,tz #d? c5t4 ,b4,c4 says3 #8,direct w>f>e fav\rs frontal attacks1 indirect w>f>e attacks f ! re>4' ,ts#8ao ,kung says3 #8,go+ /raight out to jo9 battle is a direct op]ation2 appe>+ on ! enemy's re> is an indirect manuvre4' ,li ,wei-kung #f? & #g? c5t4 ,a4,d4 says3 #8,9 w>1 to m>* /raight ahead is *ng2 turn+ movem5ts1 on ! o!r h&1 are *#8i4' ,^! writ]s simply reg>d *ng z *ng1 & *#8i z *#8i2 !y d n note t ! two are mutually int]*angeable & run into ea* o!r l ! two sides ( a circle see infra1 #aa4 ,a comm5t ( ! ,t#8ang ,emp]or ,t#8ai ,tsung goes to ! root ( ! matt]3 #8,a *#8i manuvre may be *ng1 if we make ! enemy look ^u x z *ng2 !n our real attack w be *#8i1 & vice v]s4 ,! :ole secret lies 9 confus+ ! enemy1 s t he _c fa?om our real int5t4'0 ,to put x p]haps a little m cle>ly3 any attack or o!r op]ation is 1 on :i* ! enemy has _h 8 att5tion fix$2 :]eas t is 1 :i* takes him by surprise or comes f an unexpect$ qu>t]4 ,if ! enemy p]ceives a movem5t :i* is meant to be 1 x imm$iately becomes 4 #d4 ,t ! impact ( y\r army may be l a gr9d/one da%$ aga9/ an egg--?is is effect$ by ! sci5ce ( weak po9ts & /rong4 1 lit]ally 8! holl[ & ! solid10 is ! title ( *ap4 ,,vi4 tuan is ! ,t#8u ,%u read+1 hsia t ( ! /&>d text4 ,x appe>s f ,k#8ang ,hsi t !re has be5 mu* confusion betwe5 ! two *>act]s1 & inde$1 x is probable t "o ( !m has really crept into ! language z a mi/ake = ! o!r4 #e4 ,9 all fight+1 ! direct me?od may be us$ = jo9+ battle1 b indirect me?ods w be ne$$ 9 ord] to secure victory4 ,*ang ,y says3 8,/eadily develop indirect tactics1 ei!r by p\nd+ ! enemy's flanks or fall+ on 8 re>40 ,a brilliant example ( 8indirect tactics0 :i* decid$ ! =tunes ( a campaign 0 ,"l ,rob]ts' night m>* r\nd ! ,peiw> ,kotal 9 ! second ,afghan w>4#afi #f4 ,indirect tactics1 effici5tly appli$1 are inexhau/ible z ,heav5 & ,e>?1 un5d+ z ! fl[ ( riv]s & /reams2 is ! univ]sally accept$ em5dation = 1 ! read+ ( ! 4 l ! sun & moon1 !y end b to beg9 anew2 l ! f\r seasons1 !y pass away b to return once m4 ,tu ,yu & ,*ang ,y und]/& ?is ( ! p]mutations ( & 4 ,b at pres5t ,sun ,tz is n speak+ ( at all1 unless1 inde$1 we suppose ) ,*ng ,yu-hsi5 t a clause relat+ to x has fall5 out ( ! text4 ,( c\rse1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 ! two are s inextricably int]wov5 9 all milit>y op]ations1 t !y _c really be consid]$ ap>t4 ,"h we simply h an expression1 9 figurative language1 ( ! almo/ inf9ite res\rce ( a great lead]4 #g4 ,!re are n m ?an five musical notes1 4 yet ! comb9ations ( ^! five give rise to m melodies ?an c ev] be he>d4 #h4 ,!re are n m ?an five prim>y col\rs1 blue1 yell[1 r$1 :ite & black4 yet 9 comb9ation !y produce m hues ?an c ev] be se54 #i4 ,!re are n m ?an five c>d9al ta/es1 s\r1 acrid1 salt1 sweet1 bitt]4 yet comb9ations ( !m yield m flav\rs ?an c ev] be ta/$4 #aj4 ,9 battle1 !re are n m ?an two me?ods ( attack--! direct & ! indirect2 yet ^! two 9 comb9ation give rise to an endless s]ies ( manuvres4 #aa4 ,! direct & ! indirect lead on to ea* o!r 9 turn4 ,x is l mov+ 9 a circle--y nev] come to an end4 ,:o c exhau/ ! possibilities ( _! comb9ation8 ,! ,t#8u ,%u adds 4 ,! f9al may ref] ei!r to ! circle or1 m probably1 to ! und]/ood4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop is wrong )3 8,!y are a my/]y t none c p5etrate40 #ab4 ,! onset ( troops is l ! ru% ( a torr5t :i* w ev5 roll /ones along 9 its c\rse4 #ac4 ,! quality ( decision is l ! well-tim$ swoop ( a falcon :i* enables x to /rike & de/roy its victim4 ,= ! ,y ,lan reads 1 :i* is also support$ by a quotation 9 ! #crd c5t4 ,b4,c44 9 ?is context is a ^w :i* really defies ! be/ ef=ts ( ! translator4 ,tu ,mu says t x is equival5t to 8! measurem5t or e/imation ( di/ance40 ,b ?is mean+ does n q fit ! illu/rative simile 9 #ae4 ,z appli$ to ! falcon1 x seems to me to d5ote t in/9ct ( self-re/ra9t :i* keeps ! bird f swoop+ on its qu>ry until ! "r mom5t1 toge!r ) ! p[] ( judg+ :5 ! "r mom5t has arriv$4 ,! analog\s quality 9 soldi]s is ! highly important "o ( be+ able to res]ve _! fire until ! v in/ant at :i* x w be mo/ effective4 ,:5 ! 8,victory0 w5t into action at ,trafalg> at h>dly m ?an drift+ pace1 %e 0 = sev]al m9utes expos$ to a /orm ( %ot & %ell be=e reply+ ) a s+le gun4 ,nelson coolly wait$ until he 0 )9 close range1 :5 ! broadside he br\ght to be> work$ fe>ful havoc on ! enemy's ne>e/ %ips4 ,t 0 a case ( 4 #ad4 ,!re=e ! good fight] w be t]rible 9 8 onset1 & prompt 9 8 decision4 ,tu ,yu def9es "h by ! ^w 1 :i* is v l 8decision0 9 ,engli%4 is c]ta9ly us$ 9 a v unusual s5se1 ev5 if1 z ! comm5tators say1 x 4 ,?is w\ld h ref]5ce to ! measurem5t ( di/ance m5tion$ above1 lett+ ! enemy get ne> be=e /rik+4 ,b ,i _c help ?9k+ t ,sun ,tz meant to use ! ^w 9 a figurative s5se comp>able to our own idiom 8%ort & %>p40 ,cf4 ,wang ,hsi's note1 :i* aft] describ+ ! falcon's mode ( attack1 proce$s3 8,?is is j h[ ! #8psy*ological mom5t' %\ld be seiz$ 9 w>40 ,i d n c>e = ,capt4 ,cal?rop's r5d]+3 8,! _s ( ! good fight] is t]rify+1 8 occasions sudd540 #ae4 ,en]gy may be lik5$ to ! b5d+ ( a cross-b[2 decision1 to ! releas+ ( ! trigg]4 8,en]gy0 seems to be ! be/ equival5t "h = 1 because ! comp>ison implies t ! =ce is pot5tial1 be+ /or$ up 9 ! b5t cross-b[ until releas$ by ! f+] on ! trigg]4 ,none ( ! comm5tators seem to grasp ! real po9t ( ! simile4 #af4 ,amid ! turmoil & tumult ( battle1 !re may be seem+ disord] & yet no real disord] at all2 amid confusion & *aos1 y\r array may be )\t head or tail1 yet x w be pro( aga9/ defeat4 1 lit]ally 8=mation circul>01 is expla9$ by ,li ,*#8an z 8)\t back or front40 ,mei ,yao-*#8n says3 8,! subdivisions ( ! army hav+ be5 previ\sly fix$1 & ! v>i\s signals agre$ ^u1 ! sep>at+ & jo9+1 ! disp]s+ & collect+ :i* w take place 9 ! c\rse ( a battle1 may give ! appe>ance ( disord] :5 no real disord] is possible4 ,y\r =mation may be )\t head or tail1 y\r dispositions all topsy-turvy1 & yet a r\t ( y\r =ces q out ( ! "q40 ,x is a little difficult to decide :e!r & %\ld n be tak5 z imp]atives3 8fight 9 disord] 7= ! purpose ( deceiv+ ! enemy71 & y w be secure aga9/ real disord]40 ,cf4 ,i4 #bj3 4 #ag4 ,simulat$ disord] po/ulates p]fect discipl9e2 simulat$ fe> po/ulates c\rage2 simulat$ weakness po/ulates /r5g?4 ,9 ord] to make ! translation intelligible1 x is necess>y to tone d[n ! %>ply p>adoxical =m ( ! orig9al4 ,ts#8ao ,kung ?r[s out a h9t ( ! mean+ 9 8 brief note3 8,^! ?+s all s]ve to de/roy =mation & conceal "o's condition40 ,b ,tu ,mu is ! fir/ to put x q pla9ly3 8,if y wi% to feign confusion 9 ord] to lure ! enemy on1 y mu/ fir/ h p]fect discipl9e2 if y wi% to display timidity 9 ord] to entrap ! enemy1 y mu/ h extreme c\rage2 if y wi% to p>ade y\r weakness 9 ord] to make ! enemy ov]-confid5t1 y mu/ h exce$+ /r5g?40 #ah4 ,hid+ ord] b5ea? ! cloak ( disord] is simply a "q ( subdivision2 ,see supra1 #a4 conceal+ c\rage "u a %[ ( timidity presupposes a fund ( lat5t en]gy2 ,x is pass+ /range t ! comm5tators %\ld und]/& "h z 8circum/ances0--a totally diff]5t s5se f t :i* x has previ\sly borne 9 ?is *apt]4 ,?us ,tu ,mu says3 8see+ t we are fav\rably circum/anc$ & yet make no move1 ! enemy w believe t we are really afraid40 mask+ /r5g? ) weakness is to be effect$ by tactical dispositions4 ,*ang ,y relates ! foll[+ anecdote ( ,kao ,tsu1 ! fir/ ,han ,emp]or3 8,wi%+ to cru% ! ,hsiung-nu1 he s5t out spies to report on _! condition4 ,b ! ,hsiung-nu1 =ew>n$1 c>efully conceal$ all _! able-bodi$ m5 & well-f$ horses1 & only all[$ infirm soldi]s & emaciat$ cattle to be se54 ,! result 0 t ! spies "o & all recomm5d$ ! ,emp]or to deliv] 8 attack40 ,l\ ,*+ alone oppos$ !m1 say+3 8,:5 two c\ntries g to w>1 !y are naturally incl9$ to make an o/5tati\s display ( _! /r5g?4 ,yet our spies h se5 no?+ b old age & infirmity4 ,?is is surely "s ruse on ! "p ( ! enemy1 & x w\ld be unwise = u to attack40 ,! ,emp]or1 h[ev]1 disreg>d+ ?is advice1 fell into ! trap & f\nd himself surr\nd$ at ,po-tng40 #ai4 ,?us "o :o is skilful at keep+ ! enemy on ! move ma9ta9s deceitful appe>ances1 accord+ to :i* ! enemy w act4 ,ts#8ao ,kung's note is 8,make a display ( weakness & want10 b ,tu ,mu rightly po9ts out t does n ref] only to weakness3 8,if our =ce happ5s to be sup]ior to ! enemy's1 weakness may be simulat$ 9 ord] to lure him on2 b if inf]ior1 he mu/ be l$ to believe t we are /rong1 9 ord] t he may keep (f4 ,9 fact1 all ! enemy's movem5ts %\ld be det]m9$ by ! signs t we *oose to give him40 ,! foll[+ anecdote ( ,sun ,p91 a desc5dant ( ,sun ,wu1 is relat$ at l5g? 9 ! 1 *ap4 #fe3 ,9 #cda ,b4,c41 ! ,*#8i ,/ate be+ at w> ) ,wei1 s5t ,t#8i5 ,*i & ,sun ,p9 aga9/ ! g5]al ,p#8ang ,*an1 :o happ5$ to be a deadly p]sonal enemy ( ! latt]4 ,sun ,p9 said3 8,! ,*#8i ,/ate has a reputation = c[>dice1 & !re=e our adv]s>y despises u4 ,let u turn ?is circum/ance to acc\nt40 ,accord+ly1 :5 ! army _h cross$ ! bord] into ,wei t]ritory1 he gave ord]s to %[ #ajj1jjj fires on ! fir/ night1 #ej1jjj on ! next1 & ! night aft] only #bj1jjj4 ,p#8ang ,*an pursu$ !m hotly1 say+ to himself3 8,i knew ^! m5 ( ,*#8i 7 c[>ds3 _! numb]s h already fall5 away by m ?an half40 ,9 8 retreat1 ,sun ,p9 came to a n>r[ defile1 :i* he calculat$ t 8 pursu]s w\ld rea* aft] d>k4 ,"h he _h a tree /ripp$ ( its b>k1 & inscrib$ ^u x ! words3 8,"u ?is tree %all ,p#8ang ,*an die40 ,!n1 z night began to fall1 he plac$ a /rong body ( ar*]s 9 ambu% ne> by1 ) ord]s to %oot directly !y saw a light4 ,lat] on1 ,p#8ang ,*an arriv$ at ! spot1 & notic+ ! tree1 /ruck a light 9 ord] to read :at 0 writt5 on x4 ,8 body 0 imm$iately riddl$ by a volley ( arr[s1 & 8 :ole army ?r[n into confusion4 ,! above is ,tu ,mu's v]sion ( ! /ory2 ! ,%ih ,*i1 less dramatically b probably ) m hi/orical tru?1 makes ,p#8ang ,*an cut 8 own ?roat ) an exclamation ( despair1 aft] ! r\t ( 8 army4 ,he sacrifices some?+1 t ! enemy may snat* at x4 "h 4 #bj4 ,by hold+ out baits1 he keeps him on ! m>*2 !n ) a body ( pick$ m5 he lies 9 wait = him4 ,?is w\ld appe> to be ! mean+ if we reta9 1 :i* ,mei ,yao-*#8n expla9s z 8m5 ( _s40 ,! ,t#8u ,%u reads 1 an em5dation sugge/$ by ,li ,*+4 ,! mean+ !n w\ld be1 8,he lies 9 wait ) ! ma9 body ( 8 troops40 #ba4 ,! clev] combatant looks to ! effect ( comb9$ en]gy1 & does n require too mu* f individuals4 ,tu ,mu says3 8,he fir/ ( all consid]s ! p[] ( 8 army 9 ! bulk2 aft]w>ds he takes individual tal5t into acc\nt1 & uses ea* man accord+ to 8 capabilities4 ,he does n dem& p]fection f ! untal5t$40 ,h5ce 8 ability to pick out ! "r m5 & to utilise comb9$ en]gy4 ,ano!r read+ has in/ead ( 4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ if ,capt4 ,cal?rop c\ld tell u :]e ! foll[+ occurs 9 ! ,*9ese3 8yet1 :5 an op5+ or advantage %[s1 he pu%es x to its limits40 #bb4 ,:5 he utilises comb9$ en]gy1 8 fight+ m5 become z x 7 l unto roll+ logs or /ones4 ,= x is ! nature ( a log or /one to rema9 motionless on level gr\nd1 & to move :5 on a slope2 if f\r-corn]$1 to come to a /&/ill1 b if r\nd-%ap$1 to g roll+ d[n4 ,ts#8ao ,kung calls ?is 8! use ( natural or inh]5t p[]40 ,capt4 ,cal?rop ignores ! la/ "p ( ! s5t5ce entirely4 ,9 its /ead he has3 8,s await ! opportunity1 & s act :5 ! opportunity arrives0--ano!r absolutely gratuit\s int]polation4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 omits 4 #bc4 ,?us ! en]gy develop$ by good fight+ m5 is z ! mom5tum ( a r\nd /one roll$ d[n a m\nta9 ?\s&s ( feet 9 height4 ,s mu* on ! subject ( en]gy4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 omits 4 ,! *ief lesson ( ?is *apt]1 9 ,tu ,mu's op9ion1 is ! p>am\nt importance 9 w> ( rapid evolutions & sudd5 ru%es4 8,great results10 he adds1 8c ?us be a*iev$ ) small =ces40 ,,vi4 ,,weak ,,po9ts ,,& ,,/rong4 ,*ang ,y attempts to expla9 ! sequ5ce ( *apt]s z foll[s3 8,*apt] ,,iv1 on ,tactical ,dispositions1 treat$ ( ! (f5sive & ! def5sive2 *apt] ,v1 on ,en]gy1 dealt ) direct & indirect me?ods4 ,! good g5]al acqua9ts himself fir/ ) ! !ory ( attack & def5ce1 & !n turns 8 att5tion to direct & indirect me?ods4 ,he /udies ! art ( v>y+ & comb9+ ^! two me?ods be=e proce$+ to ! subject ( weak & /rong po9ts4 ,= ! use ( direct or indirect me?ods arises out ( attack & def5ce1 & ! p]ception ( weak & /rong po9ts dep5ds aga9 on ! above me?ods4 ,h5ce ! pres5t *apt] comes imm$iately aft] ! *apt] on ,en]gy40 #a4 ,sun ,tz said3 ,:oev] is fir/ 9 ! field & awaits ! com+ ( ! enemy1 w be fre% = ! fight2 :oev] is second 9 ! field & has to ha/5 to battle1 w arrive exhau/$4 ,in/ead ( 1 ! ,y ,lan has 9 bo? clauses ! /rong] ^w 4 ,= ! anti!sis betwe5 & 1 cf4 ,i4 #bc1 :]e h[ev] is us$ z a v]b4 #b4 ,!re=e ! clev] combatant imposes 8 w on ! enemy1 b does n all[ ! enemy's w to be impos$ on him4 ,! next p>agraph makes x cle> t does n m]ely mean1 z ,tu ,mu says1 8to make ! enemy approa* me10 b r to make him g 9 any direction ,i please4 ,x is ?us practically synonym\s ) 4 ,cf4 ,tu ,mu's own note on ,v4 #ai4 ,"o m>k ( a great soldi] is t he fights on 8 own t]ms or fights n at all4#agj #c4 ,by hold+ out advantages to him1 he c cause ! enemy to approa* ( 8 own accord2 or1 by inflict+ damage1 he c make x impossible = ! enemy to draw ne>4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 he w entice him ) a bait2 9 ! second1 he w /rike at "s important po9t :i* ! enemy w h to def5d4 #d4 ,if ! enemy is tak+ 8 ease1 he c h>ass him2 ,?is passage may be cit$ z evid5ce aga9/ ,mei ,yao-,*#8n's int]pretation ( ,i4 #bc4 if well suppli$ ) food1 he c />ve him out2 is probably an old] =m ?an 1 ! read+ ( ! orig9al text4 ,bo? are giv5 9 ! 4 if quietly encamp$1 he c =ce him to move4 ,! subject to is /ill 2 b ^! clauses w\ld read bett] z direct admonitions1 & 9 ! next s5t5ce we f9d ,sun ,tz dropp+ ins5sibly into ! imp]ative4 #e4 ,appe> at po9ts :i* ! enemy mu/ ha/5 to def5d2 m>* swiftly to places :]e y are n expect$4 ,! orig9al text1 adopt$ by ! ,t#8u ,%u1 has 2 x has be5 alt]$ to suit ! context & ! comm5t>ies ( ,ts#8ao ,kung & ,ho ,%ih1 :o evid5tly read 4 ,! o!r read+ w\ld mean3 8,appe> at po9ts to :i* ! enemy _c ha/520 b 9 ?is case !re is some?+ awkw>d 9 ! use ( 4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop is wrong ( c\rse ) 8appe>+ :]e ! enemy is n40 #f4 ,an army may m>* great di/ances )\t di/ress1 if x m>*es ?r\gh c\ntry :]e ! enemy is n4 ,we mu/ bew>e ( und]/&+ z 8un9habit$ c\ntry40 ,sun ,tz habitually uses 9 ! s5se ( 1 e4g4 supra1 #b4 ,ts#8ao ,kung sums up v well3 8,em]ge f ! void q4d4 l 8a bolt f ! blue01 /rike at vuln]able po9ts1 %un places t are def5d$1 attack 9 unexpect$ qu>t]s40 ,! diff]5ce ( mean+ betwe5 & is wor? not+4 #g4 ,y c be sure ( succe$+ 9 y\r attacks if y only attack places :i* are undef5d$4 is ( c\rse hyp]bolical2 ,wang ,hsi rightly expla9s x z 8weak po9ts2 t is to say1 :]e ! g5]al is lack+ 9 capacity1 or ! soldi]s 9 _s2 :]e ! walls are n /rong en\gh1 or ! precautions n /rict en\gh2 :]e relief comes too late1 or provisions are too scanty1 or ! def5d]s are v>iance among/ !mselves40 ,y c ensure ! safety ( y\r def5ce if y only hold positions t _c be attack$4 ,i4e41 :]e !re are none ( ! weak po9ts m5tion$ above4 ,!re is r a nice po9t involv$ 9 ! int]pretation ( ?is latt] clause4 ,tu ,mu1 ,*#8n ,hao1 & ,mei ,yao-*#8n assume ! mean+ to be3 8,9 ord] to make y\r def5ce q safe1 y mu/ def5d ev5 ^? places t are n likely to be attack$20 & ,tu ,mu adds3 8,h[ mu* m1 !n1 ^? t w be attack$40 ,tak5 ?us1 h[ev]1 ! clause balances less well ) ! prec$+--always a consid]ation 9 ! highly anti!tical /yle :i* is natural to ! ,*9ese4 ,*ang ,y1 !re=e1 seems to come ne>] ! m>k 9 say+3 8,he :o is skill$ 9 attack fla%es =? f ! topmo/ heights ( heav5 see ,,iv4 #g1 mak+ x impossible = ! enemy to gu>d aga9/ him4 ,?is be+ s1 ! places t ,i %all attack are precisely ^? t ! enemy _c def5d4444 ,he :o is skill$ 9 def5ce hides 9 ! mo/ secret recesses ( ! e>?1 mak+ x impossible = ! enemy to e/imate 8 :]eab\ts4 ,?is be+ s1 ! places t ,i %all hold are precisely ^? t ! enemy _c attack40 #h4 ,h5ce t g5]al is skilful 9 attack ^: oppon5t does n "k :at to def5d2 & he is skilful 9 def5ce ^: oppon5t does n "k :at to attack4 ,an aphorism :i* puts ! :ole art ( w> into a nut%ell4 #i4 ,o div9e art ( subtlety & secrecy6 ,?r\gh y we le>n to be invisible1 ?r\gh y inaudible2 ,lit]ally1 8)\t =m or s\nd10 b x is said ( c\rse ) ref]5ce to ! enemy4 ,*ang ,y1 :om ,i foll[1 draws no %>p di/9ction betwe5 & 1 b ,tu ,mu & o!rs ?9k t indicates ! secrecy to be obs]v$ on ! def5sive1 & ! rapidity to be display$ 9 attack4 ,! ,y ,lan text diff]s consid]ably f ours1 read+3 4 & h5ce we c hold ! enemy's fate 9 our h&s4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 has 4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop's v]sion ( ?is p>agraph is s rem>kable t ,i _c refra9 f quot+ x 9 full3 8,n[ ! secrets ( ! art ( (f5ce are n to be easily appreh5d$1 z a c]ta9 %ape or noise c be und]/ood1 ( ! s5ses2 b :5 ^! secrets are once le>nt1 ! enemy is ma/]$40 #aj4 ,y may advance & be absolutely irresi/ible1 if y make = ! enemy's weak po9ts2 y may retire & be safe f pursuit if y\r movem5ts are m rapid ?an ^? ( ! enemy4 ,! second memb] ( ! s5t5ce is weak1 because is ne>ly tautolog\s ) 4 ,! ,y ,lan reads = 4 #aa4 ,if we wi% to fight1 ! enemy c be =c$ to an engagem5t ev5 ?\gh he be %elt]$ beh9d a high ramp>t & a deep dit*4 ,all we ne$ d is to attack "s o!r place t he w be oblig$ to relieve4 ,tu ,mu says3 8,if ! enemy is ! invad+ p>ty1 we c cut 8 l9e ( communications & occupy ! roads by :i* he w h to return2 if we are ! invad]s1 we may direct our attack aga9/ ! sov]eign himself40 ,x is cle> t ,sun ,tz1 unlike c]ta9 g5]als 9 ! late ,bo] w>1 0 no believ] 9 frontal attacks4 #ab4 ,if we d n wi% to fight1 we c prev5t ! enemy f engag+ u ev5 ?\gh ! l9es ( our encampm5t be m]ely trac$ out on ! gr\nd4 ,all we ne$ d is to ?r[ some?+ odd & unacc\ntable 9 8 way4 ,9 ord] to pres]ve ! p>allelism ) #aa1 ,i %\ld pref] to foll[ ! ,t#8u ,%u text1 :i* ins]ts be=e 4 ,?is extremely concise expression is intelligibly p>aphras$ by ,*ia ,l93 8ev5 ?\gh we h con/ruct$ nei!r wall nor dit*40 ,! real crux ( ! passage lies 9 4 ( c\rse 4 ,ts#8ao ,kung def9es by ! ^w 1 :i* is p]haps a case ( obscurum p] obscurius4 ,li ,*#8an1 h[ev]1 says3 8we puzzle him by /range & unusual dispositions20 & ,tu ,mu f9ally cl9*es ! mean+ by ?ree illu/rative anecdotes--"o ( ,*u-ko ,liang1 :o :5 occupy+ ,yang-p#8+ & ab\t to be attack$ by ,ss-ma ,i1 sudd5ly /ruck 8 col\rs1 /opp$ ! beat+ ( ! drums1 & flung op5 ! city gates1 %[+ only a few m5 engag$ 9 sweep+ & spr9kl+ ! gr\nd4 ,?is unexpect$ proce$+ _h ! int5d$ effect2 = ,ss-ma ,i1 suspect+ an ambu%1 actually drew (f 8 army & retreat$4 ,:at ,sun ,tz is advocat+ "h1 !re=e1 is no?+ m nor less ?an ! timely use ( 8bluff40 ,capt4 ,cal?rop translates3 8& prev5t ! enemy f attack+ by keep+ him 9 susp5se10 :i* %[s t he has n fully grasp$ ! mean+ ( 4 #ac4 ,by discov]+ ! enemy's dispositions & rema9+ invisible ourselves1 we c keep our =ces conc5trat$1 :ile ! enemy's mu/ be divid$4 ,! conclusion is p]haps n v obvi\s1 b ,*ang ,y 7aft] ,mei ,yao-*#8n7 rightly expla9s x ?us3 8,if ! enemy's dispositions are visible1 we c make = him 9 "o body2 :]eas1 our own dispositions be+ kept secret1 ! enemy w be oblig$ to divide 8 =ces 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ attack f e qu>t]40 is "h us$ z an active v]b3 8to make to appe>40 ,see ,,iv1 note on head+4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop's 8mak+ fe9ts0 is q wrong4 #ad4 ,we c =m a s+le unit$ body1 :ile ! enemy mu/ split up into fractions4 ,h5ce !re w be a :ole pitt$ aga9/ sep>ate p>ts ( a :ole1 ,! orig9al text has 1 :i* 9 accordance ) ! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan has be5 alt]$ z above4 ,i adopt ! m plausible read+ ( ! ,t#8u ,%u3 1 9 spite ( hav+ to ref] to ourselves & n to ! enemy4 ,?us ,tu ,yu & ,mei ,yao-*#8n bo? reg>d z ! undivid$ =ce1 consi/+ ( s _m p>ts1 & z ea* ( ! isolat$ fractions ( ! enemy4 ,! alt]ation ( into c h>dly be "r1 ?\gh ! true text might conceivably h be5 4 :i* means t we %all be _m to ! enemy's few4 #ae4 ,& if we are able ?us to attack an inf]ior =ce ) a sup]ior "o1 our oppon5ts w be 9 dire /raits4 ,= 1 ! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan h 4 ,tu ,yu1 foll[$ by ! o!r comm5tators1 arbitr>ily def9es z 8few & easy to conqu]10 b only succe$s !reby 9 mak+ ! s5t5ce absolutely po9tless4 ,z = ,capt4 ,cal?rop's translation3 8,9 sup]iority ( numb]s !re is economy ( /r5g?10 its mean+ is probably kn[n to himself alone4 ,9 ju/ification ( my own r5d]+ ( 1 ,i w\ld ref] to ,lun ,y ,,iv4 #b & ,,vii4 #be 7#c74 #af4 ,! spot :]e we int5d to fight mu/ n be made kn[n2 = !n ! enemy w h to prep>e aga9/ a possible attack at sev]al diff]5t po9ts2 ,%]idan once expla9$ ! reason ( ,g5]al ,grant's victories by say+ t 8:ile 8 oppon5ts 7 kept fully employ$ wond]+ :at he 0 go+ to d1 he 0 ?9k+ mo/ ( :at he 0 go+ to d himself40 & 8 =ces be+ ?us di/ribut$ 9 _m directions1 ! numb]s we %all h to face at any giv5 po9t w be proportionately few4 #ag4 ,= %\ld ! enemy /r5g!n 8 van1 he w weak5 8 re>2 %\ld he /r5g!n 8 re>1 he w weak5 8 van2 %\ld he /r5g!n 8 left1 he w weak5 8 "r2 %\ld he /r5g!n 8 "r1 he w weak5 8 left4 ,if he s5ds re9=cem5ts ev]y:]e1 he w ev]y:]e be weak4 ,9 ,fr$]ick ! ,great's ,in/ructions to 8 ,g5]als we read3 8,a def5sive w> is apt to betray u into too frequ5t deta*m5t4 ,^? g5]als :o h _h b little exp]i5ce attempt to protect e po9t1 :ile ^? :o are bett] acqua9t$ ) _! pr(ession1 hav+ only ! capital object 9 view1 gu>d aga9/ a decisive bl[1 & acquiesce 9 small] mis=tunes to avoid great]40 #ah4 ,num]ical weakness comes f hav+ to prep>e aga9/ possible attacks2 num]ical /r5g?1 f compell+ our adv]s>y to make ^! prep>ations aga9/ u4 ,! highe/ g5]al%ip1 9 ,col4 ,h5d]son's words1 is 8to compel ! enemy to disp]se 8 army1 & !n to conc5trate sup]ior =ce aga9/ ea* fraction 9 turn40 #ai4 ,kn[+ ! place & ! "t ( ! com+ battle1 we may conc5trate f ! greate/ di/ances 9 ord] to fight4 ,!re is no?+ ab\t 8defeat+0 anybody 9 ?is s5t5ce1 z ,capt4 ,cal?rop translates4 ,:at ,sun ,tz evid5tly has 9 m9d is t nice calculation ( di/ances & t ma/]ly employm5t ( /rategy :i* enable a g5]al to divide 8 army = ! purpose ( a long & rapid m>*1 & aft]w>ds to effect a junction at precisely ! "r spot & ! "r h\r 9 ord] to confront ! enemy 9 ov]:elm+ /r5g?4 ,among _m su* successful junctions :i* milit>y hi/ory records1 "o ( ! mo/ dramatic & decisive 0 ! appe>ance ( ,bl*] j at ! critical mom5t on ! field ( ,wat]loo4 #bj4 ,b if nei!r "t nor place be kn[n1 !n ! left w+ w be impot5t to succ\r ! "r1 ! "r equally impot5t to succ\r ! left1 ! van unable to relieve ! re>1 or ! re> to support ! van4 ,h[ mu* m s if ! fur!/ portions ( ! army are any?+ "u a hundr$ li ap>t1 & ev5 ! ne>e/ are sep>at$ by sev]al li6 ,! ,*9ese ( ?is la/ s5t5ce is a little lack+ 9 precision1 b ! m5tal picture we are requir$ to draw is probably t ( an army advanc+ t[>ds a giv5 r5dez-v\s 9 sep>ate columns1 ea* ( :i* has ord]s to be !re on a fix$ date4 ,if ! g5]al all[s ! v>i\s deta*m5ts to proce$ at haphaz>d1 )\t precise in/ructions z to ! "t & place ( meet+1 ! enemy w be able to annihilate ! army 9 detail4 ,*ang ,y's note may be wor? quot+ "h3 8,if we d n "k ! place :]e our oppon5ts mean to conc5trate or ! day on :i* !y w jo9 battle1 our unity w be =feit$ ?r\gh our prep>ations = def5ce1 & ! positions we hold w be insecure4 ,sudd5ly happ5+ ^u a p[]ful foe1 we %all be br\ght to battle 9 a flurri$ condition1 & no mutual support w be possible betwe5 w+s1 vangu>d or re>1 especially if !re is any great di/ance betwe5 ! =emo/ & h9dmo/ divisions ( ! army40 #ba4 ,?\gh accord+ to my e/imate ! soldi]s ( ,yeh exce$ our own 9 numb]1 t %all advantage !m no?+ 9 ! matt] ( victory4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop omits 1 & 8 translation ( ! rema9d] is flabby & inaccurate4 ,z ,sun ,tz 0 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,wu ,/ate1 x has be5 propos$ to read in/ead ( --a :olly unnecess>y tamp]+ ) ! text4 ,yeh co9cid$ r\ghly ) ! pres5t prov9ce ( ,*ehkiang4 ,li ,*#8an v /rangely takes n z ! prop] "n1 b 9 ! s5se ( 8to surpass40 ,no o!r comm5tator foll[s him4 belongs to ! class ( expressions l 8di/ance10 8magnitude10 etc41 to :i* ! ,*9ese h to resort 9 ord] to express ab/ract ideas ( degree4 ,! ,t#8u ,%u1 h[ev]1 omits 4 ,i say !n t victory c be a*iev$4 ,alas = ^! brave words6 ,! long feud betwe5 ! two /ates end$ 9 #dgc ,b4,c4 ) ! total defeat ( ,wu by ,k\ ,*i5 & its incorporation 9 ,yeh4 ,?is 0 d\btless long aft] ,sun ,tz's dea?4 ,) 8 pres5t ass]tion comp>e ,,iv4 #d3 7:i* is ! obvi\sly mi/ak5 read+ ( ! ,y ,lan "h74 ,*ang ,y is ! only "o to po9t out ! seem+ discrepancy1 :i* he ?us goes on to expla93 8,9 ! *apt] on ,tactical ,dispositions x is said1 #8,"o may "k h[ to conqu] )\t be+ able to d x1' :]eas "h we h ! /atem5t t #8victory c be a*iev$4' ,! explanation is1 t 9 ! =m] *apt]1 :]e ! (f5sive & def5sive are "u discussion1 x is said t if ! enemy is fully prep>$1 "o _c make c]ta9 ( beat+ him4 ,b ! pres5t passage ref]s p>ticul>ly to ! soldi]s ( ,yeh :o1 accord+ to ,sun ,tz's calculations1 w be kept 9 ignorance ( ! "t & place ( ! imp5d+ /ruggle4 ,t is :y he says "h t victory c be a*iev$40 #bb4 ,?\gh ! enemy be /rong] 9 numb]s1 we may prev5t him f fight+4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop q unw>rantably translates3 8,if ! enemy be _m 9 numb]1 prev5t him10 etc4 ,s*eme s z to discov] 8 plans & ! likelihood ( _! success4 ,?is is ! fir/ ( f\r simil>ly con/ruct$ s5t5ces1 all ( :i* pres5t decid$ difficulties4 ,*ang ,y expla9s z 4 ,?is is p]haps ! be/ way ( tak+ ! words1 ?\gh ,*ia ,l91 ref]r+ to ourselves & n ! enemy1 (f]s ! alt]native ( 8,"k be=eh& all plans conducive to our success & to ! enemy's failure40 #bc4 ,r\se him1 & le>n ! pr9ciple ( 8 activity or inactivity4 ,in/ead ( 1 ! ,t#8ung ,ti51 ,y ,lan1 & also ,li ,*#8an's text h 1 :i* ! latt] expla9s z 8! obs]vation ( om5s10 & ,*ia ,l9 simply z 8wat*+ & wait+40 is def9$ by ,tu ,mu z 1 & ,*ang ,y tells u t by not+ ! joy or ang] %[n by ! enemy on be+ ?us di/urb$1 we %all be able to conclude :e!r 8 policy is to lie l[ or ! rev]se4 ,he in/ances ! action ( ,*u-ko ,liang1 :o s5t ! scornful pres5t ( a woman's head-dress to ,ss-ma ,i1 9 ord] to goad him out ( 8 ,fabian tactics4 ,=ce him to reveal himself1 s z to f9d out 8 vuln]able spots4 ,two comm5tators1 ,li ,*#8an & ,*ang ,y1 take 9 ! s5se ( 8put on speci\s appe>ances40 ,! =m] says3 8,y may ei!r deceive ! enemy by a %[ ( weakness--/rik+ y\r col\rs & sil5c+ y\r drums2 or by a %[ ( /r5g?--mak+ a holl[ display ( camp-fires & regim5tal bann]s40 ,& ! latt] quotes ,v4 #ai1 :]e c]ta9ly seems to be> ?is s5se4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i w\ld po9t to #ac ( ?is *apt]1 :]e mu/ ) equal c]ta9ty be active4 ,x is h>d to *oose betwe5 ! two int]pretations1 b ! context "h agrees bett]1 ,i ?9k1 ) ! "o t ,i h adopt$4 ,ano!r difficulty arises ov] 1 :i* mo/ ( ! comm5tators1 ?9k+ no d\bt ( ! 9 ,,xi4 #a1 ref] to ! actual gr\nd on :i* ! enemy is encamp$4 ,! notes ( ,*ia ,l9 & ,mei ,yao-*#8n1 h[ev]1 seem to fav\r my view4 ,! same phrase has a some:at diff]5t mean+ 9 ,i4 #b4 #bd4 ,c>efully comp>e ! oppos+ army ) y\r own1 ,tu ,yu is "r1 ,i ?9k1 9 attribut+ ?is =ce to 2 ,ts#8ao ,kung def9es x simply z 4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop surpasses himself ) ! /agg]+ translation 8,flap ! w+s06 ,c ! ,lat9 cornu 79 its figurative s5se7 h be5 at ! back ( 8 m9d8 s t y may "k :]e /r5g? is sup]abundant & :]e x is defici5t4 ,cf4 ,,iv4 #f4 #be4 ,9 mak+ tactical dispositions1 ! highe/ pit* y c atta9 is to conceal !m2 ,! piquancy ( ! p>adox evaporates 9 translation4 is p]haps n s mu* actual invisibility 7see supra1 #i7 z 8%[+ no sign0 ( :at y mean to d1 ( ! plans t are =m$ 9 y\r bra94 conceal y\r dispositions1 & y w be safe f ! pry+ ( ! subtle/ spies1 f ! ma*9ations ( ! wise/ bra9s4 is exp&$ by ,tu ,mu into 4 ,= 1 see ,,xiii1 note on head+4 ,he expla9s 9 l fa%ion3 8?\gh ! enemy may h clev] & capable (fic]s1 !y w n be able to lay any plans aga9/ u40 #bf4 ,h[ victory may be produc$ = !m out ( ! enemy's own tactics--t is :at ! multitude _c compreh5d4 ,all ! comm5tators except ,li ,*#8an make ref] to ! enemy4 ,s ,ts#8ao ,kung3 4 is def9$ z 4 ,! ,t#8u ,%u has 1 ) ! same mean+4 ,see ,,iv4 #ac4 ,! ,y ,lan reads 1 evid5tly a gloss4 #bg4 ,all m5 c see ! tactics :]eby ,i conqu]1 b :at none c see is ! /rategy out ( :i* victory is evolv$4 ,i4e41 ev]ybody c see sup]ficially h[ a battle is won2 :at !y _c see is ! long s]ies ( plans & comb9ations :i* has prec$$ ! battle4 ,x seems ju/ifiable1 !n1 to r5d] ! fir/ by 8tactics0 & ! second by 8/rategy40 #bh4 ,d n repeat ! tactics :i* h ga9$ y "o victory1 b let y\r me?ods be regulat$ by ! inf9ite v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,z ,wang ,hsi sagely rem>ks3 8,!re is b "o root-pr9ciple 77 und]ly+ victory1 b ! tactics 77 :i* lead up to x are inf9ite 9 numb]40 ,) ?is comp>e ,col4 ,h5d]son2 8,! rules ( /rategy are few & simple4 ,!y may be le>n$ 9 a week4 ,!y may be taught by famili> illu/rations or a doz5 diagrams4 ,b su* k w no m tea* a man to lead an army l ,napoleon ?an a k ( gramm> w tea* him to write l ,gibbon40 #bi4 ,milit>y tactics are l unto wat]2 = wat] 9 its natural c\rse runs away f high places & ha/5s d[nw>ds4 is ,liu ,*\-tz's read+ = 9 ! orig9al text4 #cj4 ,s 9 w>1 ! way is to avoid :at is /rong & to /rike at :at is weak4 ,l wat]1 tak+ ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 #ca4 ,wat] %apes its c\rse accord+ to ! nature ( ! gr\nd ov] :i* x fl[s2 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan read 1--! latt] also 4 ,! pres5t text is d]iv$ f ,*ng ,yu-hsi54 ! soldi] works out 8 victory 9 relation to ! foe :om he is fac+4 #cb4 ,!re=e1 j z wat] reta9s no con/ant %ape1 s 9 w>f>e !re are no con/ant conditions4 #cc4 ,he :o c modify 8 tactics 9 relation to 8 oppon5t & !reby succe$ 9 w9n+1 may be call$ a heav5-born capta94 #cd4 ,! five elem5ts ,wat]1 fire1 wood1 metal1 e>?4 are n always equally pr$om9ant2 ,t is1 z ,wang ,hsi says3 8!y pr$om9ate alt]nately40 ! f\r seasons make way = ea* o!r 9 turn4 ,lit]ally1 8h no inv>iable seat40 ,!re are %ort days & long2 ! moon has its p]iods ( wan+ & wax+4 ,cf4 ,v4 #f4 ,! purport ( ! passage is simply to illu/rate ! want ( fixity 9 w> by ! *anges con/antly tak+ place 9 ,nature4 ,! comp>ison is n v happy1 h[ev]1 because ! regul>ity ( ! ph5om5a :i* ,sun ,tz m5tions is by no means p>allel$ 9 w>4 ,,vii4 ,,man,,uvr+4 ,! comm5tators1 z well z ! subsequ5t text1 make x cle> t ?is is ! real mean+ ( 4 ,?us1 ,li ,*#8an says t means 8m>*+ rapidly to seize an advantage02 ,wang ,hsi says3 8#8,/riv+' means /riv+ = an advantage2 ?is be+ obta9$1 victory w foll[20 & ,*ang ,y3 8,! two armies face to face1 & ea* /riv+ to obta9 a tactical advantage ov] ! o!r40 ,accord+ to ! latt] comm5tator1 !n1 ! situation is analog\s to t ( two wre/l]s manuvr+ = a 8hold10 be=e com+ to actual grips4 ,9 any case1 we mu/ bew>e ( translat+ by ! ^w 8fight+0 or 8battle10 z if x 7 equival5t to 4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop falls into ?is mi/ake4 #a4 ,sun ,tz said3 ,9 w>1 ! g5]al receives 8 comm&s f ! sov]eign4 ,= !re is ano!r read+ 1 :i* ,li ,*#8an expla9s z 8be+ ! rev]5t in/rum5t ( ,heav5's *a/isem5t40 #b4 ,hav+ collect$ an army & conc5trat$ 8 =ces1 he mu/ bl5d & h>monise ! diff]5t elem5ts !re( be=e pit*+ 8 camp4 ,ts#8ao ,kung takes z ref]r+ to ! or ma9 gate ( ! milit>y camp4 ,?is1 ,tu ,mu tells u1 0 =m$ ) a c\ple ( flags hung across4 ,cf4 ,*\ ,li1 *4 xxvii4 fol4 #ca ( ! ,imp]ial edition3 4 w\ld !n mean 8sett+ up 8 opposite t ( ! enemy40 ,b ,*ia ,l9's explanation1 :i* has be5 adopt$ above1 is on ! :ole simpl] & bett]4 ,*ang ,y1 :ile foll[+ ,ts#8ao ,kung1 adds t ! words may also be tak5 to mean 8! e/abli%m5t ( h>mony & confid5ce betwe5 ! high] & l[] ranks be=e v5tur+ into ! field20 & he quotes a say+ ( ,wu ,tz 7*ap4 #a ad init473 8,)\t h>mony 9 ! ,/ate1 no milit>y exp$ition c be und]tak52 )\t h>mony 9 ! army1 no battle array c be =m$40 ,9 ! hi/orical romance 1 *ap4 #ge1 ,sun ,tz himself is repres5t$ z say+ to ,wu ,yan3 8,z a g5]al rule1 ^? :o are wag+ w> %\ld get rid ( all dome/ic tr\bles be=e proce$+ to attack ! ext]nal foe40 is def9$ z 4 ,x "h conveys ! notion ( encamp+ aft] hav+ tak5 ! field4 #c4 ,aft] t1 comes tactical manuvr+1 ?an :i* !re is no?+ m difficult4 ,i h dep>t$ slightly f ! traditional int]pretation ( ,ts#8ao ,kung1 :o says3 8,f ! "t ( receiv+ ! sov]eign's in/ructions until our encampm5t ov] aga9/ ! enemy1 ! tactics to be pursu$ are mo/ difficult40 ,x seems to me t ! tactics or manuvres c h>dly be said to beg9 until ! army has salli$ =? & encamp$1 & ,*#8n ,hao's note gives col\r to ?is view3 8,= levy+1 conc5trat+1 h>monis+ & intr5*+ an army1 !re are pl5ty ( old rules :i* w s]ve4 ,! real difficulty comes :5 we engage 9 tactical op]ations40 ,tu ,yu also obs]ves t 8! great difficulty is to be be=eh& ) ! enemy 9 seiz+ fav\rable positions40 ,! difficulty ( tactical manuvr+ consi/s 9 turn+ ! devi\s into ! direct1 & mis=tune into ga94 is "o ( ^? highly cond5s$ & some:at enigmatical expressions ( :i* ,sun ,tz is s fond4 ,?is is h[ x is expla9$ by ,ts#8ao ,kung3 8,make x appe> t y are a long way (f1 !n cov] ! di/ance rapidly & arrive on ! sc5e be=e y\r oppon5t40 ,tu ,mu says3 8,hoodw9k ! enemy1 s t he may be remiss & leisurely :ile y are da%+ along ) ! utmo/ spe$40 ,ho ,%ih gives a slightly diff]5t turn to ! s5t5ce3 8,al?\gh y may h difficult gr\nd to trav]se & natural ob/acles to enc\nt]1 ?is is a drawback :i* c be turn$ into actual advantage by cel]ity ( movem5t40 ,signal examples ( ?is say+ are af=d$ by ! two fam\s passages across ! ,alps--t ( ,hannibal1 :i* laid ,italy at 8 m]cy1 & t ( ,napoleon two ?\s& ye>s lat]1 :i* result$ 9 ! great victory ( ,m>5go4 #d4 ,?us1 to take a long & circuit\s r\te1 aft] entic+ ! enemy out ( ! way1 & ?\gh />t+ aft] him1 to contrive to rea* ! goal be=e him1 %[s k ( ! artifice ( deviation4 ,*ia ,l9 und]/&s z ! enemy's l9e ( m>*1 ?us3 8,if our adv]s>y's c\rse is really a %ort "o1 & we c manage to div]t him f x 77 ei!r by simulat+ weakness or by hold+ out "s small advantage1 we %all be able to beat him 9 ! race = good positions40 ,?is is q a def5sible view1 ?\gh n adopt$ by any o!r comm5tator4 ( c\rse 1 & & are to be tak5 z v]bs4 ,tu ,mu cites ! fam\s m>* ( ,*ao ,% 9 #bgj ,b4,c4 to relieve ! t[n ( ,o-y1 :i* 0 closely inve/$ by a ,*#89 army4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! above is ! correct pronunciation ( 1 z giv5 9 ! comm5t>y on ! ,*#8i5 ,han ,%u1 *4 #cd4 ,giles' diction>y gives 8,y-y10 & ,*avannes1 ,i "k n on :at au?ority1 pref]s to write 8,y5-y40 ,! "n is omitt$ altoge!r f ,playfair's 8,cities & ,t[ns40 ,! ,k+ ( ,*ao fir/ consult$ ,li5 ,p#8o on ! advisability ( attempt+ a relief1 b ! latt] ?\ght ! di/ance too great1 & ! int]v5+ c\ntry too rugg$ & difficult4 ,8 ,maje/y !n turn$ to ,*ao ,%1 :o fully admitt$ ! haz>d\s nature ( ! m>*1 b f9ally said3 8,we %all be l two rats fight+ 9 a hole--& ! plucki] "o w w960 ,s he left ! capital ) 8 army1 b _h only gone a di/ance ( #cj li :5 he /opp$ & began ?r[+ up intr5*m5ts4 ,= #bh days he cont9u$ /r5g!n+ 8 =tifications1 & took c>e t spies %\ld c>ry ! intellig5ce to ! enemy4 ,! ,*#89 g5]al 0 ov]joy$1 & attribut$ 8 adv]s>y's t>d9ess to ! fact t ! beleagu]$ city 0 9 ! ,han ,/ate1 & ?us n actually "p ( ,*ao t]ritory4 ,b ! spies _h no soon] dep>t$ ?an ,*ao ,% began a =c$ m>* la/+ = two days & "o night1 & arriv$ on ! sc5e ( action ) su* a/oni%+ rapidity t he 0 able to occupy a comm&+ position on ! 8,nor? hill0 be=e ! enemy _h got w9d ( 8 movem5ts4 ,a cru%+ defeat foll[$ = ! ,*#89 =ces1 :o 7 oblig$ to raise ! siege ( ,o-y 9 all ha/e & retreat across ! bord]4 ,see 1 *ap4 #ha4 #e4 ,manuvr+ ) an army is advantage\s2 ) an undiscipl9$ multitude1 mo/ dang]\s4 ,i "h adopt ! read+ ( ! ,t#8ung ,ti51 ,*ng ,yu-hsi5 & ! ,t#8u ,%u1 :]e appe>s to supply ! exact nuance requir$ 9 ord] to make s5se4 ,! /&>d text1 on ! o!r h&1 9 :i* is repeat$1 seems some:at po9tless4 ,! comm5tators take x to mean t manuvres may be pr(itable1 or !y may be dang]\s3 x all dep5ds on ! ability ( ! g5]al4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop translates 8! wrangles ( a multitude06 #f4 ,if y set a fully equipp$ army 9 m>* 9 ord] to snat* an advantage1 ! *ances are t y w be too late4 ,! orig9al text has in/ead ( 2 b a v]b is ne$$ to balance 4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to deta* a fly+ column = ! purpose involves ! sacrifice ( its baggage & /ores4 is evid5tly un9telligible to ! ,*9ese comm5tators1 :o p>aphrase ! s5t5ce z ?\gh x began ) 4 ,absolute tautology 9 ! apodosis c !n only be avoid$ by draw+ an impossibly f9e di/9ction betwe5 & 4 ,i submit my own r5d]+ )\t mu* en?usiasm1 be+ conv9c$ t !re is "s deep-seat$ corruption 9 ! text4 ,on ! :ole1 x is cle> t ,sun ,tz does n approve ( a l5g?y m>* be+ und]tak5 )\t supplies4 ,cf4 infra1 #aa4 #g4 ,?us1 if y ord] y\r m5 to roll up _! buff-coats1 does n mean 8to disc>d "o's arm\r10 z ,capt4 ,cal?rop translates1 b implies on ! contr>y t x is to be c>ri$ ) y4 ,*ang ,y says3 8,?is means1 9 full panoply40 & make =c$ m>*es )\t halt+ day or night1 cov]+ d\ble ! usual di/ance at a /ret*1 ,! ord9>y day's m>*1 accord+ to ,tu ,mu1 0 #cj li2 b on "o occasion1 :5 pursu+ ,liu ,pei1 ,ts#8ao ,ts#8ao is said to h cov]$ ! incr$ible di/ance ( #cjj li )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 do+ a hundr$ li 9 ord] to wre/ an advantage1 ! lead]s ( all y\r ?ree divisions w fall into ! h&s ( ! enemy4 #h4 ,! /rong] m5 w be 9 front1 ! jad$ ones w fall beh9d1 & on ?is plan only "o-t5? ( y\r army w rea* its de/9ation4 ,= 1 see ,,ii4 #ad4 ,! moral is1 z ,ts#8ao ,kung & o!rs po9t out3 ,don't m>* a hundr$ li to ga9 a tactical advantage1 ei!r ) or )\t imp$im5ta4 ,manuvres ( ?is description %\ld be conf9$ to %ort di/ances4 ,/onewall ,jackson said3 8,! h>d%ips ( =c$ m>*es are (t5 m pa9ful ?an ! dang]s ( battle40 ,he did n (t5 call ^u 8 troops = extraord9>y ex]tions4 ,x 0 only :5 he int5d$ a surprise1 or :5 a rapid retreat 0 imp]ative1 t he sacrific$ ev]y?+ to spe$4#aga #i4 ,if y m>* fifty li 9 ord] to outmanuvre ! enemy1 y w lose ! lead] ( y\r fir/ division1 & only half y\r =ce w rea* ! goal4 is expla9$ z simil> 9 mean+ to 3 lit]ally1 8! lead] ( ! fir/ division w be torn away40 ,cf4 ,tso ,*uan1 #ai? ye>3 8,?is is a case ( ! fall+ tree te>+ up its roots40 #aj4 ,if y m>* ?irty li ) ! same object1 two-?irds ( y\r army w arrive4 ,9 ! ,t#8ung ,ti5 is add$3 8,f ?is we may "k ! difficulty ( manuvr+40 #aa4 ,we may take x !n t an army )\t its baggage-tra9 is lo/2 )\t provisions x is lo/2 )\t bases ( supply x is lo/4 is expla9$ by ,tu ,yu z 8fodd] & ! l20 by ,tu ,mu & ,*ang ,y z 8goods 9 g5]al20 & by ,wang ,hsi z 8fuel1 salt1 food/uffs1 etc40 ,b ,i ?9k :at ,sun ,tz meant 0 8/ores accumulat$ 9 dpts10 z di/+ui%$ f & 1 ! v>i\s imp$im5ta accompany+ an army on its m>*4 ,cf4 ,*\ ,li1 *4 xvi4 fol4 #aj3 444 4 #ab4 ,we _c ent] into alliances until we are acqua9t$ ) ! designs ( our neighb\rs4 4 ,li ,*#8an und]/&s x z 8gu>d aga9/10 :i* is h>dly s good4 ,an orig9al int]pretation ( is giv5 by ,tu ,mu1 :o says x /&s = or 8jo9 9 battle40 #ac4 ,we are n fit to lead an army on ! m>* unless we are famili> ) ! face ( ! c\ntry--its m\nta9s & =e/s1 its pitfalls 1 def9$ z 7,ts#8ao ,kung7 or 7,*ang ,y74 & precipices1 1 def9$ z 4 its m>%es 1 def9$ z 4 & swamps4 1 def9$ z 4 #ad4 ,we %all be unable to turn natural advantages to acc\nt unless we make use ( local guides4 #ab-ad are repeat$ 9 *ap4 ,,xi4 #eb4 #ae4 ,9 w>1 practise dissimulation1 & y w succe$4 ,accord+ to ,tu ,mu1 /&s = 4 ,cf4 ,i4 #ah4 ,9 ! tactics ( ,tur5ne1 deception ( ! enemy1 especially z to ! num]ical /r5g? ( 8 troops1 took a v prom95t position4#agb ,move only if !re is a real advantage to be ga9$4 ,?is is ! int]pretation ( all ! comm5tators except ,wang ,hsi1 :o has ! brief note 8,entice out ! enemy0 7by (f]+ him "s app>5t advantage74 #af4 ,:e!r to conc5trate or to divide y\r troops1 mu/ be decid$ by circum/ances4 #ag4 ,let y\r rapidity be t ( ! w9d1 ,! simile is d\bly appropriate1 because ! w9d is n only swift b1 z ,mei ,yao-*#8n po9ts out1 8invisible & leaves no tracks40 y\r compactness t ( ! =e/4 ,x is h>dly possible to take "h 9 its ord9>y s5se ( 8s$ate10 z ,tu ,yu tries to d4 ,mng ,%ih comes ne>] ! m>k 9 8 note 8,:5 sl[ly m>*+1 ord] & ranks mu/ be pres]v$0--s z to gu>d aga9/ surprise attacks4 ,b natural =e/s d n gr[ 9 r[s1 :]eas !y d g5]ally possess ! quality ( d5sity or compactness4 ,i ?9k !n t ,mei ,yao-*#8n uses ! "r adjective 9 say+ 4 #ah4 ,9 raid+ & plund]+ be l fire1 ,cf4 ,%ih ,*+1 ,,iv4 #c4 iv4 #f3 8,fi]ce z a blaz+ fire :i* no man c *eck40 9 immovability l a m\nta94 ,t is1 :5 hold+ a position f :i* ! enemy is try+ to dislodge y1 or p]haps1 z ,tu ,yu says1 :5 he is try+ to entice y into a trap4 #ai4 ,let y\r plans be d>k & imp5etrable z night1 & :5 y move1 fall l a ?und]bolt4 ,! orig9al text has in/ead ( 4 ,cf4 ,,iv4 #g4 ,tu ,yu quotes a say+ ( ,t#8ai ,kung :i* has pass$ into a prov]b3 8,y _c %ut y\r e>s to ! ?und] or y\r eyes to ! lightn+--s rapid are !y40 ,likewise1 an attack %\ld be made s quickly t x _c be p>ri$4 #bj4 ,:5 y plund] a c\ntryside1 let ! spoil be divid$ among/ y\r m52 ,! read+ ( ,tu ,yu1 ,*ia ,l91 & app>5tly ,ts#8ao ,kung1 is 1 :i* is expla9$ z ref]r+ to ! subdivision ( ! army1 m5tion$ 9 ,v4 #a1 #b1 by means ( bann]s & flags1 s]v+ to po9t out 77 to ea* man ! way he %\ld g 774 ,b ?is is v =c$1 & ! ellipsis is too great1 ev5 = ,sun ,tz4 ,luckily1 ! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan h ! v>iant 1 :i* n only sugge/s ! true read+ 1 b af=ds "s clue to ! way 9 :i* ! corruption arose4 ,"s e>ly comm5tator hav+ ins]t$ z ! s\nd ( 1 ! two may aft]w>ds h be5 read z "o "*2 & ?is be+ int]*angeable ) 1 mu/ f9ally h disappe>$ altoge!r4 ,mean:ile1 w\ld h be5 alt]$ to 9 ord] to make s5se4 ,z reg>ds 1 ,i believe t ,ho ,%ih alone has grasp$ ! real mean+1 ! o!r comm5tators und]/&+ x z 8divid+ ! m5 into p>ties0 to se>* = plund]4 ,sun ,tz wi%es to less5 ! abuses ( indiscrim9ate plund]+ by insi/+ t all booty %all be ?r[n into a common /ock1 :i* may aft]w>ds be fairly divid$ among/ all4 :5 y capture new t]ritory1 cut x up into allotm5ts = ! b5efit ( ! soldi]y4 ,t ?is is ! mean+1 may be ga!r$ f ,tu ,mu's note3 4 ,! gives ! same advice3 4 means 8to enl>ge0 or 8ext5d0--at ! exp5se ( ! enemy1 und]/ood4 ,cf4 ,%ih ,*+1 ,,iii4 #a4 vii4 #a3 8hat+ all ! great ,/ates40 ,*#8n ,hao also says 8qu>t] y\r soldi]s on ! l&1 & let !m s[ & plant x40 ,x is by act+ on ?is pr9ciple1 & h>ve/+ ! l&s !y invad$1 t ! ,*9ese h succe$$ 9 c>ry+ out "s ( _! mo/ memorable & triumphant exp$itions1 su* z t ( ,pan ,*#8ao :o p5etrat$ to ! ,caspian1 & 9 m rec5t ye>s1 ^? ( ,fu-k#8ang-an & ,tso ,tsung-t#8ang4 #ba4 ,pond] & delib]ate ,note t bo? ^! words1 l ! ,*9ese 1 are really metaphors d]iv$ f ! use ( scales4 be=e y make a move4 ,*ang ,y quotes z say+ t we mu/ n break camp until we h gaug$ ! resi/+ p[] ( ! enemy & ! clev]ness ( ! oppos+ g5]al4 ,cf4 ! 8sev5 comp>isons0 9 ,i4 #ac4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop omits ?is s5t5ce4 #bb4 ,he w conqu] :o has le>nt ! artifice ( deviation4 ,see supra1 #c1 #d4 ,su* is ! art ( manuvr+4 ,) ^! words1 ! *apt] w\ld naturally come to an end4 ,b !re n[ foll[s a long app5dix 9 ! %ape ( an extract f an e>li] book on ,w>1 n[ lo/1 b app>5tly extant at ! "t :5 ,sun ,tz wrote4 ,! /yle ( ?is fragm5t is n noticeably diff]5t f t ( ,sun ,tz himself1 b no comm5tator raises a d\bt z to its g5u95ess4 #bc4 ,! ,book ( ,army ,managem5t says3 ,x is p]haps significant t none ( ! e>li] comm5tators give u any in=mation ab\t ?is "w4 ,mei ,yao-*#8n calls x 8an anci5t milit>y classic10 & ,wang ,hsi1 8an old book on w>40 ,consid]+ ! enorm\s am\nt ( fight+ t _h gone on = c5turies be=e ,sun ,tz's "t betwe5 ! v>i\s k+doms & pr9cipalities ( ,*9a1 x is n 9 itself improbable t a collection ( milit>y maxims %\ld h be5 made & writt5 d[n at "s e>li] p]iod4 ,on ! field ( battle1 ,impli$1 ?\gh n actually 9 ! ,*9ese4 ! spok5 ^w does n c>ry f> en\gh3 h5ce ! in/itution ( gongs & drums4 ,i h reta9$ ! words ( ! orig9al text1 :i* recur 9 ! next p>agraph1 9 pref]5ce to ! o!r read+ 8drums & bells10 :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,t#8ung ,ti51 ,pei ,t#8ang ,%u ,*#8ao & ,y ,lan4 is a bell ) a clapp]4 ,see ,lun ,y ,,iii4 #bd1 ,*\ ,li ,,xxix4 #ae1 #bi4 ( c\rse w\ld include bo? gongs & bells ( e k9d4 ,! ,t#8u ,%u ins]ts a aft] ea* 4 ,nor c ord9>y objects be se5 cle>ly en\gh3 h5ce ! in/itution ( bann]s & flags4 #bd4 ,gongs & drums1 bann]s & flags1 are means :]eby ! e>s & eyes ( ! ho/ ,! orig9al text1 foll[$ by ! ,t#8u ,%u1 has = "h & 9 ! next two p>agraphs4 ,b1 z we h se51 is g5]ally us$ 9 ,sun ,tz = ! enemy4 may be focuss$ on "o p>ticul> po9t4 ,note ! use ( z a v]b4 ,*ang ,y says3 8,if sight & he>+ conv]ge simultane\sly on ! same object1 ! evolutions ( z _m z a million soldi]s w be l ^? ( a s+le man06 #be4 ,! ho/ ?us =m+ a s+le unit$ body1 x is impossible ei!r = ! brave to advance alone1 or = ! c[>dly to retreat alone4 ,*ang ,y quotes a say+3 8,equally guilty are ^? :o advance aga9/ ord]s & ^? :o retreat aga9/ ord]s40 ,tu ,mu tells a /ory 9 ?is connection ( ,wu ,*#8i1 :5 he 0 fight+ aga9/ ! ,*#89 ,/ate4 ,be=e ! battle _h begun1 "o ( 8 soldi]s1 a man ( mat*less d>+1 salli$ =? by himself1 captur$ two heads f ! enemy1 & return$ to camp4 ,wu ,*#8i _h ! man in/antly execut$1 :]eupon an (fic] v5tur$ to remon/rate1 say+3 8,?is man 0 a good soldi]1 & ought n to h be5 behead$40 ,wu ,*#8i repli$3 8,i fully believe he 0 a good soldi]1 b ,i _h him behead$ because he act$ )\t ord]s40 ,?is is ! art ( h&l+ l>ge masses ( m54 #bf4 ,9 night-fight+1 !n1 make mu* use ( signal-fires & drums1 & 9 fight+ by day1 ( flags & bann]s1 z a means ( influ5c+ ! e>s & eyes ( y\r army4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 has ! bad v>iant = 4 ,) reg>d to ! latt] ^w1 ,i believe ,i h hit (f ! "r mean+1 ! :ole phrase be+ slightly elliptical = 8influ5c+ ! movem5ts ( ! army ?r\gh _! s5ses ( sight & he>+40 ,li ,*#8an1 ,tu ,mu & ,*ia ,l9 c]ta9ly seem to und]/& x ?us4 ,! o!r comm5tators1 h[ev]1 take 7or 7 z ! enemy1 & z equival5t to or 8to p]plex0 or 8conf\nd40 ,?is does n agree s well ) :at has gone be=e1 ?\gh on ! o!r h& x r5d]s ! transition to #bg less abrupt4 ,! :ole "q1 ,i ?9k1 h+es on ! alt]native read+s & 4 ,! latt] w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly d5ote ! enemy4 ,*#8n ,hao alludes to ,li ,kuang-pi's night ride to ,ho-yang at ! head ( #ejj m\nt$ m52 !y made su* an impos+ display ) tor*es1 t ?\gh ! rebel lead] ,%ih ,ss-m+ _h a l>ge army1 he did n d>e to dispute _! passage4 ,*#8n ,hao gives ! date z ,a4,d4 #gef2 b accord+ to ! ,new ,t#8ang ,hi/ory1 #fa1 x mu/ h be5 lat] ?an ?is1 probably #gfj4 #bg4 ,a :ole army may be robb$ ( its _s2 8,9 w>10 says ,*ang ,y1 8if a _s ( ang] c be made to p]vade all ranks ( an army at "o & ! same "t1 its onset w be irresi/ible4 ,n[ ! _s ( ! enemy's soldi]s w be ke5e/ :5 !y h newly arriv$ on ! sc5e1 & x is !re=e our cue n to fight at once1 b to wait until _! ard\r & en?usiasm h worn (f1 & !n /rike4 ,x is 9 ?is way t !y may be robb$ ( _! ke5 _s40 ,li ,*#8an & o!rs tell an anecdote 7to be f\nd 9 ! ,tso ,*uan1 ye> #aj1 #a7 ( ,ts#8ao ,kuei1 a protg ( ,duke ,*uang ( ,lu4 ,! latt] ,/ate 0 attack$ by ,*#8i1 & ! ,duke 0 ab\t to jo9 battle at ,*#8ang-*o1 aft] ! fir/ roll ( ! enemy's drums1 :5 ,ts#8ao said3 8,n j yet40 ,only aft] _! drums _h beat5 = ! ?ird "t1 did he give ! ^w = attack4 ,!n !y f\ght1 & ! m5 ( ,*#8i 7 utt]ly defeat$4 ,que/ion$ aft]w>ds by ! ,duke z to ! mean+ ( 8 delay1 ,ts#8ao ,kuei repli$3 8,9 battle1 a c\rage\s _s is ev]y?+4 ,n[ ! fir/ roll ( ! drum t5ds to create ?is _s1 b ) ! second x is already on ! wane1 & aft] ! ?ird x is gone altoge!r4 ,i attack$ :5 _! _s 0 gone & ours 0 at its height4 ,h5ce our victory40 7*ap4 #d7 puts 8_s0 fir/ among ! 8f\r important influ5ces0 9 w>1 & cont9ues3 8,! value ( a :ole army--a mighty ho/ ( a million m5--is dep5d5t on "o man alone3 su* is ! influ5ce ( _s60 a comm&]-9-*ief may be robb$ ( 8 pres5ce ( m9d4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop goes woefully a/ray ) 8defeat 8 g5]al's ambition40 ,*ang ,y says3 8,pres5ce ( m9d is ! g5]al's mo/ important asset4 ,x is ! quality :i* enables him to discipl9e disord] & to inspire c\rage into ! panic-/rick540 ,! great g5]al ,li ,*+ 7,a4,d4 #ega-fdi7 has a say+3 8,attack+ does n m]ely consi/ 9 assault+ wall$ cities or /rik+ at an army 9 battle array2 x mu/ include ! art ( assail+ ! enemy's m5tal equilibrium40 1 pt4 #c4 #bh4 ,n[ a soldi]'s _s is ke5e/ 9 ! morn+2 ,always provid$1 ,i suppose1 t he has _h breakfa/4 ,at ! battle ( ! ,trebia1 ! ,romans 7 fooli%ly all[$ to fight fa/+1 :]eas ,hannibal's m5 _h breakfa/$ at _! leisure4 ,see ,livy1 ,,xxi1 liv4 #h1 lv4 #a & #h4 by noonday x has begun to flag2 & 9 ! ev5+1 8 m9d is b5t only on return+ to camp4 #bi4 ,a clev] g5]al1 !re=e1 ,! 1 :i* c]ta9ly seems to be want$ "h1 is omitt$ 9 ! ,t#8u ,%u4 avoids an army :5 its _s is ke51 b attacks x :5 x is sluggi% & incl9$ to return4 ,?is is ! art ( /udy+ moods4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti51 = reasons ( 8avoidance ( p]sonal names ( ! reign+ dyna/y10 reads = 9 ?is & ! two next p>agraphs4 #cj4 ,discipl9$ & calm1 to await ! appe>ance ( disord] & hubbub among/ ! enemy3--?is is ! art ( reta9+ self-possession4 #ca4 ,to be ne> ! goal :ile ! enemy is /ill f> f x1 to wait at ease ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 has = 4 ,! two *>act]s are practically synonym\s1 b accord+ to ! comm5t>y1 ! latt] is ! =m always us$ 9 ,sun ,tz4 :ile ! enemy is toil+ & /ruggl+1 to be well-f$ :ile ! enemy is fami%$3--?is is ! art ( husb&+ "o's /r5g?4 #cb4 ,to refra9 f int]cept+ is ! read+ ( ! orig9al text4 ,b ! quotes ! passage ) yao#a 7also mean+ 8to int]cept071 & ?is is support$ by ! ,pei ,t#8ang ,%u ,*#8ao ! ,y ,lan1 & ,wang ,hsi's text4 an enemy ^: bann]s are 9 p]fect ord]1 to refra9 f attack+ an army drawn up 9 calm & confid5t array3 ,= ?is translation ( 1 ,i c appeal to ! au?ority ( ,tu ,mu1 :o def9es ! phrase z 4 ,! o!r comm5tators mo/ly foll[ ,ts#8ao ,kung1 :o says 1 probably mean+ 8gr& & impos+04 ,li ,*#8an1 h[ev]1 has 89 subdivisions10 :i* is some:at /range4 --?is is ! art ( /udy+ circum/ances4 ,i h n attempt$ a uni=m r5d]+ ( ! f\r phrases 1 1 & 1 ?\gh really be>s ! same mean+ 9 ea* case4 ,x is to be tak51 ,i ?9k1 n 9 ! s5se ( 8to gov]n0 or 8control10 b r1 z ,k#8ang ,hsi def9es x1 8to exam9e & practise10 h5ce 8look aft]10 8keep a wat*ful eye ^u40 ,we may f9d an example ( ?is use 9 ! ,*\ ,li1 ,,xviii4 fol4 #df3 4 ,sun ,tz has n told u to control or re/ra9 ! quality :i* he calls 1 b only to obs]ve ! "t at :i* x is /ronge/4 ,z = 1 x is important to rememb] t 9 ! pres5t context x c only mean 8pres5ce ( m9d40 ,to speak ( 8controll+ pres5ce ( m9d0 is absurd1 & ,capt4 ,cal?rop's 8to h ! he>t "u control0 is h>dly less s4 ,! :ole process recomm5d$ "h is t ( ,,vi4 #b3 4 #cc4 ,x is a milit>y axiom n to advance uphill aga9/ ! enemy1 nor to oppose him :5 he comes d[nhill4 ,! ,y ,lan reads = 4 #cd4 ,d n pursue an enemy :o simulates flight2 d n attack soldi]s ^: temp] is ke54 #ce4 ,d n swall[ a bait (f]$ by ! enemy4 ,li ,*#8an & ,tu ,mu1 ) extraord9>y inability to see a metaphor1 take ^! words q lit]ally ( food & dr9k t h be5 poison$ by ! enemy4 ,*#8n ,hao & ,*ang ,y c>efully po9t out t ! say+ has a wid] application4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 reads 8to covet0 in/ead ( 4 ,! simil>ity ( ! two *>act]s suffici5tly acc\nts = ! mi/ake4 ,d n int]f]e ) an army t is return+ home4 ,! comm5tators expla9 ?is r s+ul> piece ( advice by say+ t a man ^: he>t is set on return+ home w fight to ! dea? aga9/ any attempt to b> 8 way1 & is !re=e too dang]\s an oppon5t to be tackl$4 ,*ang ,y quotes ! words ( ,han ,hs93 8,inv9cible is ! soldi] :o ha? 8 desire & returne? homew>ds40 ,a m>vell\s tale is told ( ,ts#8ao ,ts#8ao's c\rage & res\rce 9 *4 #a ( ! ,san ,kuo ,*ih1 3 ,9 #aih ,a4,d41 he 0 besieg+ ,*ang ,hsiu 9 ,jang1 :5 ,liu ,piao s5t re9=cem5ts ) a view to cutt+ (f ,ts#8ao's retreat4 ,! latt] 0 oblig$ to draw (f 8 troops1 only to f9d himself hemm$ 9 betwe5 two enemies1 :o 7 gu>d+ ea* outlet ( a n>r[ pass 9 :i* he _h engag$ himself4 ,9 ?is desp]ate plight ,ts#8ao wait$ until nightfall1 :5 he bor$ a tunnel into ! m\nta9 side & laid an ambu% 9 x4 ,!n he m>*$ on ) 8 baggage-tra91 & :5 x grew light1 ,*ang ,hsiu1 f9d+ t ! bird _h fl[n1 press$ aft] him 9 hot pursuit4 ,z soon z ! :ole army _h pass$ by1 ! hidd5 troops fell on its re>1 :ile ,ts#8ao himself turn$ & met 8 pursu]s 9 front1 s t !y 7 ?r[n into confusion & annihilat$4 ,ts#8ao ,ts#8ao said aft]w>ds3 8,! brig&s tri$ to *eck my army 9 its retreat & br\ght me to battle 9 a desp]ate position3 h5ce ,i knew h[ to ov]come !m40 #cf4 ,:5 y surr\nd an army1 leave an outlet free4 ,?is does n mean t ! enemy is to be all[$ to escape4 ,! object1 z ,tu ,mu puts x1 is 8to make him believe t !re is a road to safety1 & ?us prev5t 8 fight+ ) ! c\rage ( despair40 ,tu ,mu adds pleasantly3 8,aft] t1 y may cru% him40 ,d n press a desp]ate foe too h>d4 ,= 1 ! ,t#8u ,%u reads 8pursue40 ,*#8n ,hao quotes ! say+3 8,birds & bea/s :5 br\ght to bay w use _! claws & tee?40 ,*ang ,y says3 8,if y\r adv]s>y has burn$ 8 boats & de/roy$ 8 cook+-pots1 & is ready to /ake all on ! issue ( a battle1 he mu/ n be pu%$ to extremities40 ,! phrase d\btless orig9at$ ) ,sun ,tz4 ,! ,p#8ei ,wn ,yn ,fu gives f\r examples ( its use1 ! e>lie/ be+ f ! ,*#8i5 ,han ,%u1 & ,i h f\nd ano!r 9 *ap4 #cd ( ! same "w4 ,ho ,%ih illu/rates ! mean+ by a /ory tak5 f ! life ( ,fu ,y5-*#8+ 9 *4 #bea ( ! 4 ,t g5]al1 toge!r ) 8 colleague ,tu ,*ung-wei1 0 surr\nd$ by a va/ly sup]ior army ( ,khitans 9 ! ye> #ide ,a4,d4 ,! c\ntry 0 b>e & des]t-l1 & ! little ,*9ese =ce 0 soon 9 dire /raits = want ( wat]4 ,! wells !y bor$ ran dry1 & ! m5 7 r$uc$ to squeez+ lumps ( mud & suck+ out ! moi/ure4 ,_! ranks ?9n$ rapidly1 until at la/ ,fu ,y5-*#8+ exclaim$3 8,we are desp]ate m54 ,f> bett] to die = our c\ntry ?an to g ) fett]$ h&s into captivity60 ,a /rong gale happ5$ to be bl[+ f ! nor?-ea/ & d>k5+ ! air ) d5se cl\ds ( s&y du/4 ,tu ,*ung-wei 0 = wait+ until ?is _h abat$ be=e decid+ on a f9al attack2 b luckily ano!r (fic]1 ,li ,%\-*ng by "n1 0 quick] to see an opportunity1 & said3 8,!y are _m & we are few1 b 9 ! mid/ ( ?is s&/orm our numb]s w n be disc]nible2 victory w g to ! /r5u\s fight]1 & ! w9d w be our be/ ally40 ,accord+ly1 ,fu ,y5-*#8+ made a sudd5 & :olly unexpect$ onslaught ) 8 cavalry1 r\t$ ! b>b>ians & succe$$ 9 break+ ?r\gh to safety4 ,c]ta9 details 9 ! above acc\nt h be5 add$ f ! 1 *4 #gh4 #cg4 ,su* is ! art ( w>f>e4 ,*ng ,yu-hsi5 9 8 ins]ts aft] 4 ,i take x t ^! words conclude ! extract f ! :i* began at #bc4 ,,viii4 ,,v>iation ,,( ,,tactics4 ,! head+ means lit]ally 8,! ,n9e ,v>iations10 b z ,sun ,tz does n appe> to enum]ate ^!1 & z1 inde$1 he has already told u 7,v4 #f-aa7 t su* deflections f ! ord9>y c\rse are practically innum]able1 we h little option b to foll[ ,wang ,hsi1 :o says t 8,n9e0 /&s = an indef9itely l>ge numb]4 8,all x means is t 9 w>f>e we ought to v>y our tactics to ! utmo/ degree 444 ,i d n "k :at ,ts#8ao ,kung makes ^! ,n9e ,v>iations out to be ! latt]'s note is 1 b x has be5 sugge/$ t !y are connect$ ) ! ,n9e ,situations0--( *ap4 ,,xi4 ,?is is ! view adopt$ by ,*ang ,y3 see note on 1 #b4 ,! only o!r alt]native is to suppose t some?+ has be5 lo/--a supposition to :i* ! unusual %ortness ( ! *apt] l5ds "s weight4 #a4 ,sun ,tz said3 ,9 w>1 ! g5]al receives 8 comm&s f ! sov]eign1 collects 8 army & conc5trates 8 =ces4 ,repeat$ f ,,vii4 #a1 :]e x is c]ta9ly m 9 place4 ,x may h be5 int]polat$ "h m]ely 9 ord] to supply a beg9n+ to ! *apt]4 #b4 ,:5 9 difficult c\ntry1 d n encamp4 ,= explanation ( 1 see ,,xi4 #h4 ,9 c\ntry :]e high roads int]sect1 jo9 h&s ) y\r allies4 ,see ,,xi1 #f1 #ab4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop omits 4 ,d n l+] 9 dang]\sly isolat$ positions4 is n "o ( ! ,n9e ,situations z giv5 9 ! beg9n+ ( *ap4 ,,xi1 b occurs lat] on 7ibid4 #dc1 q4v474 ,we may comp>e x ) 7,,xi4 #g74 ,*ang ,y calls x a 1 situat$ across ! fronti]1 9 ho/ile t]ritory4 ,li ,*#8an says x is 8c\ntry 9 :i* !re are no spr+s or wells1 flocks or h]ds1 vegetables or firewood20 ,*ia ,l91 8"o ( gorges1 *asms & precipices1 )\t a road by :i* to advance40 ,9 hemm$-9 situations1 y mu/ resort to /ratagem4 ,see ,,xi4 #i1 #ad4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop has 8m\nta9\s & wood$ c\ntry10 :i* is a q inadequate translation ( 4 ,9 a desp]ate position1 y mu/ fight4 ,see ,,xi4 #aj1 #ad4 ,*ang ,y has an important note "h1 :i* mu/ be giv5 9 full4 8,f 10 he says1 8d[n to ?is po9t1 ! ,n9e ,v>iations are pres5t$ to u4 ,! reason :y only five are giv5 is t ! subject is treat$ en prcis 774 ,s 9 *ap4 ,,xi1 :]e he discusses ! v>iations ( tactics correspond+ to ! ,n9e ,gr\nds1 ,sun ,tz m5tions only six v>iations2 !re aga9 we h an abridgm5t4 ,i _c und]/& :at ,*ang ,y means by ?is /atem5t4 ,he c only be ref]r+ to #aa-ad or #df-ej ( *ap4 ,,xi2 b 9 bo? places all ! n9e gr\nds are discuss$4 ,p]haps he is confus+ ^! ) ! ,six ( *ap4 ,x4 ,all k9ds ( gr\nd h correspond+ milit>y positions1 & also a v>iation ( tactics suitable to ea* 774 ,9 *ap4 ,,xi1 :at we f9d enum]at$ fir/ #b-aj are ! situations2 aft]w>ds #aa-ad ! correspond+ tactics4 ,n[1 h[ c we tell t ! 8,n9e ,v>iations0 are simply ! 8v>iations ( tactics correspond+ to ! ,n9e ,gr\nds08 ,x is said fur!r on #e t #8! g5]al :o does n und]/& ! n9e v>iations ( tactics may be well acqua9t$ ) ! features ( ! c\ntry1 yet he w n be able to turn 8 k to practical acc\nt4' ,aga91 9 *ap4 ,,xi #da we read3 #8,! diff]5t measures adapt$ to ! n9e v>ieties ( gr\nd 77 & ! exp$i5cy ( aggressive or def5sive tactics mu/ be c>efully exam9$4' ,f a consid]ation ( ^! passages ! mean+ is made cle>4 ,:5 lat] on ! n9e gr\nds are enum]at$1 ,sun ,tz recurs to ^! n9e v>iations4 ,he wi%es "h to speak ( ! ,five ,advantages see infra1 #f1 s he beg9s by sett+ =? ! ,n9e ,v>iations4 ,^! are insep>ably connect$ 9 practice1 & !re=e !y are dealt ) toge!r40 ,! weak po9t ( ?is argum5t is ! sugge/ion t 8five ?+s0 c /& z a 1 t is1 an ab/ract or abridgm5t1 ( n9e1 :5 ^? t are omitt$ are n less important ?an ^? t appe>1 & :5 "o ( ! latt] is n includ$ among/ ! n9e at all4 #c4 ,!re are roads :i* mu/ n be foll[$1 8,especially ^? lead+ ?r\gh n>r[ defiles10 says ,li ,*#8an1 8:]e an ambu% is to be fe>$40 armies :i* mu/ n be attack$1 ,m correctly1 p]haps1 8!re are times :5 an army mu/ n be attack$40 ,*#8n ,hao says3 8,:5 y see y\r way to obta9 a trivial advantage1 b are p[]less to inflict a real defeat1 refra9 f attack+1 = fe> ( ov]tax+ y\r m5's /r5g?40 t[ns ,capt4 ,cal?rop says 8ca/les0--an un=tunate attempt to introduce local col\r4 :i* mu/ n be besieg$1 ,cf4 ,,iii4 #d4 ,ts#8ao ,kung gives an int]e/+ illu/ration f 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,:5 invad+ ! t]ritory ( ,hs-*\1 he ignor$ ! city ( ,hua-pi1 :i* lay directly 9 8 pa?1 & press$ on into ! he>t ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is excell5t /rategy 0 rew>d$ by ! subsequ5t capture ( no few] ?an f\rte5 important di/rict cities4 ,*ang ,y says3 8,no t[n %\ld be attack$ :i*1 if tak51 _c be held1 or if left alone1 w n cause any tr\ble40 ,hsn ,y+1 :5 urg$ to attack ,pi-yang1 repli$3 8,! city is small & well-=tifi$2 ev5 if ,i succe$ 9 tak+ x1 't w be no great feat ( arms2 :]eas if ,i fail1 ,i %all make myself a laugh+-/ock40 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 sieges /ill =m$ a l>ge proportion ( w>4 ,x 0 ,tur5ne :o direct$ att5tion to ! importance ( m>*es1 c\nt]m>*es & manuvres4 ,he said3 8,x is a great mi/ake to wa/e m5 9 tak+ a t[n :5 ! same exp5diture ( soldi]s w ga9 a prov9ce40#agc positions :i* mu/ n be conte/$1 comm&s ( ! sov]eign :i* mu/ n be obey$4 ,?is is a h>d say+ = ! ,*9ese1 ) _! rev]5ce = au?ority1 & ,wei ,liao ,tz 7quot$ by ,tu ,mu7 is mov$ to exclaim3 8,weapons are baleful in/rum5ts1 /rife is antagoni/ic to virtue1 a milit>y comm&] is ! negation ( civil ord]60 ,! unpalatable fact rema9s1 h[ev]1 t ev5 ,imp]ial wi%es mu/ be subord9at$ to milit>y necessity4 ,cf4 ,,iii4 #ag4 7#e71 ,x4 #bc4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 has be=e 1 etc4 ,?is is a gloss on ! words by ,*u-ko ,liang1 :i* be+ repeat$ by ,tu ,yu became incorporat$ ) ! text4 ,*ang ,y ?9ks t ^! five precepts are ! ref]r$ to 9 #f4 ,ano!r !ory is t ! my/]i\s are "h enum]at$1 />t+ ) & end+ at 1 :ile ! f9al clause embraces & z x 7 sums up all ! n9e4 ,?us ,ho ,%ih says3 8,ev5 if x be y\r sov]eign's comm& to encamp 9 difficult c\ntry1 l+] 9 isolat$ positions1 etc41 y mu/ n d s40 ,! !ory is p]haps a little too +5i\s to be accept$ ) confid5ce4 #d4 ,! g5]al :o ?or\ghly und]/&s ! advantages t accompany v>iation ( tactics kn[s h[ to h&le 8 troops4 ,be=e 9 ! orig9al text !re is a :i* is obvi\sly n requir$4 #e4 ,! g5]al :o does n und]/& ^!1 may be well acqua9t$ ) ! configuration ( ! c\ntry1 yet he w n be able to turn 8 k to practical acc\nt4 ,lit]ally1 8get ! advantage ( ! gr\nd10 :i* means n only secur+ good positions1 b avail+ oneself ( natural advantages 9 e possible way4 ,*ang ,y says3 8,e k9d ( gr\nd is *>act]is$ by c]ta9 natural features1 & also gives scope = a c]ta9 v>iability ( plan4 ,h[ is x possible to turn ^! natural features to acc\nt unless topographical k is supplem5t$ by v]satility ( m9d80 #f4 ,s1 ! /ud5t ( w> :o is unv]s$ 9 ! art ( v>y+ 8 plans1 ev5 ?\gh he be acqua9t$ ) ! ,five ,advantages1 w fail to make ! be/ use ( 8 m54 ,ts#8ao ,kung says t ! are 8! five ?+s t foll[20 b ?is _c be "r4 ,we mu/ r look back to ! five 8v>iations0 conta9$ 9 #c4 ,*ia ,l9 7:o reads "h to balance ! 7 tells u t ^! imply five obvi\s & g5]ally advantage\s l9es ( action1 namely3 8if a c]ta9 road is %ort1 x mu/ be foll[$2 if an army is isolat$1 x mu/ be attack$2 if a t[n is 9 a p>l\s condition1 x mu/ be besieg$2 if a position c be /orm$1 x mu/ be attempt$2 & if consi/5t ) milit>y op]ations1 ! rul]'s comm&s mu/ be obey$40 ,b !re are circum/ances :i* sometimes =bid a g5]al to use ^! advantages4 ,= in/ance1 8a c]ta9 road may be ! %orte/ way = him1 b if he kn[s t x ab\nds 9 natural ob/acles1 or t ! enemy has laid an ambu% on x1 he w n foll[ t road4 ,a ho/ile =ce may be op5 to attack1 b if he kn[s t x is h>d-press$ & likely to fight ) desp]ation1 he w refra9 f /rik+10 & s on4 ,"h ! comes 9 to modify ! 1 & h5ce we see ! uselessness ( kn[+ ! "o )\t ! o!r--( hav+ an eye = weaknesses 9 ! enemy's arm\r )\t be+ clev] en\gh to reca/ "o's plans on ! spur ( ! mom5t4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop (f]s ?is slov5ly translation3 8,9 ! managem5t ( armies1 if ! art ( ! ,n9e ,*anges be und]/ood sic1 a k ( ! ,five ,advantages is ( no avail40 #g4 ,h5ce 9 ! wise lead]'s plans1 consid]ations ( advantage & ( disadvantage w be bl5d$ toge!r4 8,:e!r 9 an advantage\s position or a disadvantage\s "o10 says ,ts#8ao ,kung1 8! opposite /ate %\ld be always pres5t to y\r m9d40 #h4 ,if our expectation ( advantage be temp]$ 9 ?is way1 we may succe$ 9 accompli%+ ! ess5tial "p ( our s*emes4 1 accord+ to ,tu ,mu1 is equival5t to 1 & is p>aphras$ by ,*ang ,y z 4 ,tu ,mu goes on to say3 8,if we wi% to wre/ an advantage f ! enemy1 we mu/ n fix our m9ds on t alone1 b all[ = ! possibility ( ! enemy also do+ "s h>m to u1 & let ?is ent] z a factor into our calculations40 #i4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! mid/ ( difficulties we are always ready to seize an advantage1 we may extricate ourselves f mis=tune4 ,a translator _c emulate ! concis5ess ( 8to bl5d ?\ghts ( advantage ) disadvantage10 b ! mean+ is z giv54 ,tu ,mu says3 8,if ,i wi% to extricate myself f a dang]\s position1 ,i mu/ consid] n only ! enemy's ability to injure me1 b also my own ability to ga9 an advantage ov] ! enemy4 ,if 9 my c\nsels ^! two consid]ations are prop]ly bl5d$1 ,i %all succe$ 9 lib]at+ myself4444 ,= in/ance1 if ,i am surr\nd$ by ! enemy & only ?9k ( effect+ an escape1 ! n]velessness ( my policy w incite my adv]s>y to pursue & cru% me2 x w\ld be f> bett] to enc\rage my m5 to deliv] a bold c\nt]-attack1 & use ! advantage ?us ga9$ to free myself f ! enemy's toils40 ,see ! /ory ( ,ts#8ao ,ts#8ao1 ,,vii4 #ce1 note4 ,9 8 fir/ edition1 ,capt4 ,cal?rop translat$ #g-i z foll[s3 8,! wise man p]ceives cle>ly :]e9 lies advantage & disadvantage4 ,:ile recognis+ an opportunity1 he does n ov]look ! risks1 & saves future anxiety40 ,?is has n[ be5 alt]$ into3 8,! wise man consid]s well bo? advantage & disadvantage4 ,he sees a way out ( adv]sity1 & on ! day ( victory to dang] is n bl9d40 ,ow+ to a ne$less inv]sion ( ! ,*9ese1 ! words :i* ,i h italicis$ are evid5tly int5d$ to repres5t #h6 #aj4 ,r$uce ! ho/ile *iefs by inflict+ damage on !m2 ,*ia ,l9 enum]ates sev]al ways ( inflict+ ?is injury1 "s ( :i* w\ld only occur to ! ,ori5tal m9d3--8,entice away ! enemy's be/ & wise/ m51 s t he may be left )\t c\nsellors4 ,introduce traitors into 8 c\ntry1 t ! gov]nm5t policy may be r5d]$ futile4 ,fom5t intrigue & deceit1 & ?us s[ diss5sion betwe5 ! rul] & 8 m9i/]s4 ,by means ( e artful contrivance1 cause det]ioration among/ 8 m5 & wa/e ( 8 treasure4 ,corrupt 8 morals by insidi\s gifts lead+ him into excess4 ,di/urb & unsettle 8 m9d by pres5t+ him ) lovely wom540 ,*ang ,y 7aft] ,wang ,hsi7 consid]s ! to be milit>y *a/isem5t3 8,get ! enemy10 he says1 8into a position :]e he mu/ suff] injury1 & he w submit ( 8 own accord40 ,capt4 ,cal?rop twi/s ,sun ,tz's words into an absurdly b>b>\s precept3 8,9 r$uc+ an enemy to submission1 inflict all possible damage ^u him40 make tr\ble = !m1 is def9$ by ,ts#8ao ,kung z 1 & 8 def9ition is g5]ally adopt$ by ! comm5tators4 ,tu ,mu1 h[ev]1 seems to take x 9 ! s5se ( 8possessions10 or1 z we might say1 8assets10 :i* he consid]s to be 8a l>ge army1 a ri* ex*equ]1 h>mony among/ ! soldi]s1 punctual fulfilm5t ( comm&s40 ,^! give u a :ip-h& ov] ! enemy4 & keep !m con/antly engag$2 1 lit]ally1 8make s]vants ( !m40 ,tu ,yu says 8prev5t !m f hav+ any re/40 hold out speci\s allurem5ts1 & make !m ru% to any giv5 po9t4 ,mng ,%ih's note conta9s an excell5t example ( ! idiomatic use ( 3 8cause !m to =get pi5 7! reasons = act+ o!rwise ?an on _! fir/ impulse71 & ha/5 9 our direction40 #aa4 ,! art ( w> tea*es u to rely n on ! likelihood ( ! enemy's n com+1 b on our own read9ess to receive him2 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan read 1 b ! concis] =m is m likely to be "r4 n on ! *ance ( 8 n attack+1 b r on ! fact t we h made our position unassailable4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan ins]t aft] ! fir/ 1 & omit 4 #ab4 ,!re are five dang]\s faults :i* may affect a g5]al3 7#a7 ,recklessness1 :i* leads to de/ruction2 8,brav]y )\t =e?\ght10 z ,ts#8ao ,kung analyses x1 :i* causes a man to fight bl9dly & desp]ately l a mad bull4 ,su* an oppon5t1 says ,*ang ,y1 8mu/ n be enc\nt]$ ) brute =ce1 b may be lur$ into an ambu% & sla940 ,cf4 ,wu ,tz1 *ap4 ,,iv ad init43 8,9 e/imat+ ! "* ( a g5]al1 m5 are wont to pay exclusive att5tion to 8 c\rage1 =gett+ t c\rage is only "o out ( _m qualities :i* a g5]al %\ld possess4 ,! m]ely brave man is prone to fight recklessly2 & he :o fights recklessly1 )\t any p]ception ( :at is exp$i5t1 mu/ be condemn$40 ,! ,ss-ma ,fa1 too1 makes ! incisive rem>k 8,simply go+ to "o's dea? does n br+ ab\t victory40 7#b7 c[>dice1 :i* leads to capture2 is expla9$ by ,ts#8ao ,kung ( ! man 8:om timidity prev5ts f advanc+ to seize an advantage10 & ,wang ,hsi adds1 8:o is quick to flee at ! sight ( dang]40 ,mng ,%ih gives ! clos] p>aphrase 8he :o is b5t on return+ alive10 t is1 ! man :o w nev] take a risk4 ,b1 z ,sun ,tz knew1 no?+ is to be a*iev$ 9 w> unless y are will+ to take risks4 ,t#8ai ,kung said3 8,he :o lets an advantage slip w subsequ5tly br+ ^u himself real disa/]40 ,9 #djd ,a4,d41 ,liu ,y pursu$ ! rebel ,huan ,hsan up ! ,yangtsze & f\ght a naval battle ) him at ! isl& ( ,*#8ng-hung4 ,! loyal troops numb]$ only a few ?\s&s1 :ile _! oppon5ts 7 9 great =ce4 ,b ,huan ,hsan1 fe>+ ! fate :i* 0 9 /ore = him %\ld he be ov]come1 _h a light boat made fa/ to ! side ( 8 w>-junk1 s t he might escape1 if necess>y1 at a mom5t's notice4 ,! natural result 0 t ! fight+ _s ( 8 soldi]s 0 utt]ly qu5*$1 & :5 ! loyali/s made an attack f w9dw>d ) fire%ips1 all /riv+ ) ! utmo/ ard\r to be fir/ 9 ! fray1 ,huan ,hsan's =ces 7 r\t$1 _h to burn all _! baggage & fl$ = two days & nights )\t /opp+4 ,see 1 *ap4 #ii1 fol4 #ac4 ,*ang ,y tells a some:at simil> /ory ( ,*ao ,y+-*#8i1 a g5]al ( ! ,*9 ,/ate :o dur+ a battle ) ! army ( ,*#8u 9 #eig ,b4,c4 _h a boat kept 9 read9ess = him on ! riv]1 wi%+ 9 case ( defeat to be ! fir/ to get across4 7#c7 a ha/y temp]1 :i* c be provok$ by insults2 ,i fail to see ! mean+ ( ,capt4 ,cal?rop's 8:i* br+s insult40 ,tu ,mu tells u t ,yao ,hsiang1 :5 oppos$ 9 #ceg ,a4,d4 by ,huang ,mei1 ,tng ,*#8iang & o!rs1 %ut himself up beh9d 8 walls & refus$ to fight4 ,tng ,*#8iang said3 8,our adv]s>y is ( a *ol]ic temp] & easily provok$2 let u make con/ant sallies & break d[n 8 walls1 !n he w gr[ angry & come out4 ,once we c br+ 8 =ce to battle1 x is doom$ to be our prey40 ,?is plan 0 act$ ^u1 ,yao ,hsiang came out to fight1 0 lur$ on z f> z ,san-yuan by ! enemy's pret5d$ flight1 & f9ally attack$ & sla94 7#d7 a delicacy ( hon\r :i* is s5sitive to %ame2 ,?is ne$ n be tak5 to mean t a s5se ( hon\r is really a defect 9 a g5]al4 ,:at ,sun ,tz condemns is r an exagg]at$ s5sitiv5ess to sl&]\s reports1 ! ?9-sk9n$ man :o is /ung by opprobrium1 h[ev] undes]v$4 ,mei ,yao-*#8n truly obs]ves1 ?\gh some:at p>adoxically3 8,! seek] aft] glory %\ld be c>eless ( public op9ion40 7#e7 ov]-solicitude = 8 m51 :i* exposes him to worry & tr\ble4 ,"h aga91 ,sun ,tz does n mean t ! g5]al is to be c>eless ( ! welf>e ( 8 troops4 ,all he wi%es to emphasise is ! dang] ( sacrific+ any important milit>y advantage to ! imm$iate com=t ( 8 m54 ,?is is a %ortsight$ policy1 because 9 ! long run ! troops w suff] m f ! defeat1 or1 at be/1 ! prolongation ( ! w>1 :i* w be ! consequ5ce4 ,a mi/ak5 feel+ ( pity w (t5 induce a g5]al to relieve a beleagu]$ city1 or to re9=ce a h>d-press$ deta*m5t1 contr>y to 8 milit>y in/9cts4 ,x is n[ g5]ally admitt$ t our repeat$ ef=ts to relieve ,ladysmi? 9 ! ,s\? ,african ,w> 7 s _m /rategical blund]s :i* defeat$ _! own purpose4 ,& 9 ! end1 relief came ?r\gh ! v man :o />t$ out ) ! di/9ct resolve no long] to subord9ate ! int]e/s ( ! :ole to s5tim5t 9 fav\r ( a "p4 ,an old soldi] ( "o ( our g5]als :o fail$ mo/ conspicu\sly 9 ?is w>1 tri$ once1 ,i rememb]1 to def5d him to me on ! gr\nd t he 0 always 8s good to 8 m540 ,by ?is plea1 _h he b kn[n x1 he 0 only condemn+ him out ( ,sun ,tz's m\?4 #ac4 ,^! are ! five besett+ s9s ( a g5]al1 ru9\s to ! conduct ( w>4 #ad4 ,:5 an army is ov]?r[n & its lead] sla91 ! cause w surely be f\nd among ^! five dang]\s faults4 ,let !m be a subject ( m$itation4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,army ,,on ,,! ,,m>*4 ,! cont5ts ( ?is int]e/+ *apt] are bett] indicat$ 9 #a ?an by ?is head+4 #a4 ,sun ,tz said3 ,we come n[ to ! "q ( encamp+ ! army1 & obs]v+ signs ( ! enemy4 ,! discussion ( 1 z ,*ang ,y po9ts out1 ext5ds f "h d[n to 7 #a-ag71 & f t po9t d[n to 7 #ah-ci74 ,! re/ ( ! *apt] consi/s ( a few desultory rem>ks1 *iefly on ! subject ( discipl9e4 ,pass quickly ov] m\nta9s1 ,= ?is use ( 1 cf4 infra4 #c4 ,see also 1 *4 #a4 fol4 #b 7/&>d edition ( #ahgf73 2 ,%ih ,*i1 *4 #bg ad init43 4 & keep 9 ! neighb\rhood ( valleys4 ,tu ,mu says t "h 4 ,! idea is1 n to l+] among b>r5 upl&s1 b to keep close to supplies ( wat] & grass4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop translates 8camp 9 valleys10 he$less ( ! v next s5t5ce4 ,cf4 ,wu ,tz1 *4 #c3 8,abide n 9 natural ov5s10 i4e4 8! op5+s ( l>ge valleys40 ,*ang ,y tells ! foll[+ anecdote3 8 ,wu-tu ,*#8iang 0 a robb] capta9 9 ! "t ( ! ,lat] ,han1 & ,ma ,yan 0 s5t to ext]m9ate 8 gang4 ,*#8iang hav+ f\nd a refuge 9 ! hills1 ,ma ,yan made no attempt to =ce a battle1 b seiz$ all ! fav\rable positions comm&+ supplies ( wat] & =age4 ,*#8iang 0 soon 9 su* a desp]ate plight = want ( provisions t he 0 =c$ to make a total surr5d]4 ,he did n "k ! advantage ( keep+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( valleys40 #b4 ,camp 9 high places1 ,n on high hills1 b on knolls or hillocks elevat$ above ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 fac+ ! sun4 4 ,tu ,mu takes ?is to mean 8fac+ s\?10 & ,*#8n ,hao 8fac+ ea/40 ,cf4 infra1 #aa1 #ac4 ,d n climb heights 9 ord] to fight4 is "h simply equival5t to 4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan read 4 ,s mu* = m\nta9 w>f>e4 ,aft] 1 ! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan ins]t 4 #c4 ,aft] cross+ a riv]1 y %\ld get f> away f x4 8,9 ord] to tempt ! enemy to cross aft] y10 accord+ to ,ts#8ao ,kung1 & also1 says ,*ang ,y1 89 ord] n to be imp$$ 9 y\r evolutions40 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 reads 8,if ! enemy crosses a riv]10 etc4 ,b 9 view ( ! next s5t5ce1 ?is is almo/ c]ta9ly an int]polation4 #d4 ,:5 an invad+ =ce crosses a riv] 9 its onw>d m>*1 d n advance to meet x 9 mid-/ream4 ,x w be be/ to let half ! army get across1 & !n deliv] y\r attack4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan read = 1 )\t *ange ( mean+4 ,wu ,tz plagi>ises ?is passage twice ov]3--*4 ,,ii ad f941 2 *4 ,v1 4 ,li ,*#8an alludes to ! great victory won by ,han ,hs9 ov] ,lung ,* at ! ,wei ,riv]4 ,turn+ to ! ,*#8i5 ,han ,%u1 *4 #cd1 fol4 #f v]so1 we f9d ! battle describ$ z foll[s3 8,! two armies 7 drawn up on opposite sides ( ! riv]4 ,9 ! night1 ,han ,hs9 ord]$ 8 m5 to take "s t5 ?\s& sacks fill$ ) s& & con/ruct a dam a little high] up4 ,!n1 lead+ half 8 army across1 he attack$ ,lung ,*2 b aft] a "t1 pret5d+ to h fail$ 9 8 attempt1 he ha/ily )drew to ! o!r bank4 ,lung ,* 0 mu* elat$ by ?is unlook$-= success1 & exclaim+3 8,i felt sure t ,han ,hs9 0 really a c[>d60 he pursu$ him & began cross+ ! riv] 9 8 turn4 ,han ,hs9 n[ s5t a p>ty to cut op5 ! s&bags1 ?us releas+ a great volume ( wat]1 :i* swept d[n & prev5t$ ! great] portion ( ,lung ,*'s army f gett+ across4 ,he !n turn$ ^u ! =ce :i* _h be5 cut (f1 & annihilat$ x1 ,lung ,* himself be+ among/ ! sla94 ,! re/ ( ! army1 on ! fur!r bank1 also scatt]$ & fl$ 9 all directions40 #e4 ,if y are anxi\s to fight1 y %\ld n g to meet ! invad] ne> a riv] :i* he has to cross4 ,= fe> ( prev5t+ 8 cross+4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop makes ! injunction ridicul\s by omitt+ 4 #f4 ,moor y\r craft high] up ?an ! enemy1 & fac+ ! sun4 ,see supra1 #b4 ,! repetition ( ^! words 9 connection ) wat] is v awkw>d4 ,*ang ,y has ! note3 8,said ei!r ( troops m>%all$ on ! riv]-bank1 or ( boats an*or$ 9 ! /ream itself2 9 ei!r case x is ess5tial to be high] ?an ! enemy & fac+ ! sun40 ,! o!r comm5tators are n at all explicit4 ,"o is mu* tempt$ to reject _! explanation ( altoge!r1 & und]/& x simply z 8seek+ safety40 ,cf4 9 ,,viii4 #ab1 & infra1 #i4 ,x is true t ?is involves tak+ 9 an unusual1 ?\gh n1 ,i ?9k1 an impossible s5se4 ,( c\rse ! e>li] passage w\ld !n h to be translat$ 9 l mann]4 ,d n move up-/ream to meet ! enemy4 ,tu ,mu says3 8,z wat] fl[s d[nw>ds1 we mu/ n pit* our camp on ! l[] rea*es ( a riv]1 = fe> ! enemy %\ld op5 ! sluices & sweep u away 9 a flood4 ,?is is impli$ above 9 ! words 4 ,*u-ko ,wu-h\ has rem>k$ t #89 riv] w>f>e we mu/ n advance aga9/ ! /ream1' :i* is z mu* z to say t our fleet mu/ n be an*or$ bel[ t ( ! enemy1 = !n !y w\ld be able to take advantage ( ! curr5t & make %ort "w ( u40 ,!re is also ! dang]1 not$ by o!r comm5tators1 t ! enemy may ?r[ poison on ! wat] to be c>ri$ d[n to u4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop's fir/ v]sion 03 8,d n cross riv]s 9 ! face ( ! /ream0--a sapi5t piece ( advice1 :i* made "o curi\s to "k :at ! correct way ( cross+ riv]s might be4 ,he has n[ improv$ ?is into3 8,d n fight :5 ! enemy is betwe5 ! army & ! s\rce ( ! riv]40 ,s mu* = riv] w>f>e4 #g4 ,9 cross+ salt-m>%es1 y\r sole conc]n %\ld be to get ov] !m quickly1 )\t any delay4 ,because ( ! lack ( fre% wat]1 ! poor quality ( ! h]bage1 & la/ b n lea/1 because !y are l[1 flat1 & expos$ to attack4 #h4 ,if =c$ to fight 9 a salt-m>%1 y %\ld h wat] & grass ne> y1 & get y\r back to a clump ( trees4 ,li ,*#8an rem>ks t ! gr\nd is less likely to be trea*]\s :]e !re are trees1 :ile ,tu ,yu says t !y w s]ve to protect ! re>4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop1 ) a p]fect g5ius = go+ wrong1 says 89 ! neighb\rhood ( a m>%40 ,= ! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan wrongly read 1 & ! latt] also has in/ead ( 4 ,s mu* = op]ations 9 salt-m>%es4 #i4 ,9 dry1 level c\ntry1 take up an easily accessible position ,?is is d\btless ! =ce ( 1 its opposite be+ 4 ,?us1 ,tu ,mu expla9s x z 8gr\nd t is smoo? & firm10 & !re=e adapt$ = cavalry2 ,*ang ,y z 8level gr\nd1 free f depressions & holl[s40 ,he adds lat] on t al?\gh ,sun ,tz is discuss+ flat c\ntry1 !re w nev]!less be slight elevations & hillocks4 ) ris+ gr\nd to y\r "r & on y\r re>1 ,! ,y ,lan aga9 reads = 4 ,tu ,mu quotes ,t#8ai ,kung z say+3 8,an army %\ld h a /ream or a m>% on its left1 & a hill or tumulus on its "r40 s t ! dang] may be 9 front1 & safety lie beh9d4 ,wang ,hsi ?9ks t contradicts ! say+ 9 #b1 & !re=e suspects a mi/ake 9 ! text4 ,s mu* = campaign+ 9 flat c\ntry4 #aj4 ,^! are ! f\r useful bran*es ( milit>y k ,^?1 namely1 conc]n$ ) 7#a7 m\nta9s1 7#b7 riv]s1 7#c7 m>%es1 & 7#d7 pla9s4 ,comp>e ,napoleon's 8,milit>y ,maxims10 no4 #a4 :i* enabl$ ! ,yell[ ,emp]or to vanqui% f\r sev]al sov]eigns4 ,mei ,yao-*#8n asks1 ) "s plausibility1 :e!r is n a mi/ake = 8armies10 z no?+ is kn[n ( ,huang ,ti hav+ conqu]$ f\r o!r ,emp]ors4 ,! ,%ih ,*i 7*4 ,i ad init47 speaks only ( 8 victories ov] ,y5 ,ti & ,*#8ih ,yu4 ,9 ! x is m5tion$ t he 8f\ght sev5ty battles & pacifi$ ! ,empire40 ,ts#8ao ,kung's explanation is1 t ! ,yell[ ,emp]or 0 ! fir/ to in/itute ! feudal sy/em ( vassal pr9ces1 ea* ( :om 7to ! numb] ( f\r7 orig9ally bore ! title ( ,emp]or4 ,li ,*#8an tells u t ! art ( w> orig9at$ "u ,huang ,ti1 :o receiv$ x f 8 ,m9i/] ,fng ,h\4 #aa4 ,all armies pref] high gr\nd to l[1 8,high gr\nd10 says ,mei ,yao-*#8n1 8is n only m agreeable & salubri\s1 b m conv5i5t f a milit>y po9t ( view2 l[ gr\nd is n only damp & unheal?y1 b also disadvantage\s = fight+40 ,! orig9al text & ! ,t#8u ,%u h in/ead ( 4 & sunny places to d>k4 #ab4 ,if y are c>eful ( y\r m51 ,ts#8ao ,kung says3 8,make = fre% wat] & pa/ure1 :]e y c turn out y\r animals to graze40 ,& ! o!r comm5tators foll[ him1 app>5tly tak+ z 4 ,cf4 ,m5cius1 ,v4 #a4 ix4 #a1 :]e means a cattle-keep]4 ,b "h surely has ref]5ce to ! heal? ( ! troops4 ,x is ! title ( ,*uang ,tz's ?ird *apt]1 :]e x d5otes moral r ?an physical well-be+4 & camp on h>d gr\nd1 mu/ mean dry & solid1 z oppos$ to damp & m>%y1 gr\nd4 ,?is is to be f\nd z a rule 9 high places1 s ! comm5tators expla9 z practically equival5t to 4 ! army w be free f disease ( e k9d1 ,*ang ,y says3 8,! dryness ( ! climate w prev5t ! outbreak ( illness40 & ?is w spell victory4 #ac4 ,:5 y come to a hill or a bank1 occupy ! sunny side1 ) ! slope on y\r "r re>4 ,?us y w at once act = ! b5efit ( y\r soldi]s & utilise ! natural advantages ( ! gr\nd4 #ad4 ,:51 9 consequ5ce ( heavy ra9s up-c\ntry1 a riv] :i* y wi% to =d is swoll5 & fleck$ ) foam1 y mu/ wait until x subsides4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan h a sup]flu\s be=e 4 #ae4 ,c\ntry 9 :i* !re are precipit\s cliffs ) torr5ts runn+ betwe51 1 expla9$ by ,mei ,yao-*#8n z 4 deep natural holl[s1 1 expla9$ z 8places enclos$ on e side by /eep banks1 ) pools ( wat] at ! bottom40 conf9$ places1 8natural p5s or prisons10 expla9$ z 8places surr\nd$ by precipices on ?ree sides--easy to get into1 b h>d to get out (40 tangl$ ?ickets1 1 expla9$ z 8places cov]$ ) su* d5se und]gr[? t spe>s _c be us$40 quagmires 1 expla9$ z 8l[-ly+ places1 s heavy ) mud z to be impassible = *>iots & horsem540 & crevasses1 is expla9$ by ,mei ,yao-*#8n z 8a n>r[ difficult way betwe5 beetl+ cliffs10 b ,ts#8ao ,kung says 1 :i* seems to d5ote some?+ on a mu* small] scale4 ,tu ,mu's note is 8gr\nd cov]$ ) trees & rocks1 & int]sect$ by num]\s rav9es & pitfalls40 ,?is is v vague1 b ,*ia ,l9 expla9s x cle>ly en\gh z a defile or n>r[ pass3 1 & ,*ang ,y takes mu* ! same view4 ,on ! :ole1 ! weight ( ! comm5tators c]ta9ly incl9es to ! r5d]+ 8defile04 ,b ! ord9>y mean+ ( 7a crack or fissure7 & ! fact t above mu/ be some?+ 9 ! nature ( a defile1 make me ?9k t ,sun ,tz is "h speak+ ( crevasses4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan read = 1 ) ! same mean+2 ! latt] also has aft] --a palpable gloss4 %\ld be left ) all possible spe$ & n approa*$4 #af4 ,:ile we keep away f su* places1 we %\ld get ! enemy to approa* !m2 :ile we face !m1 we %\ld let ! enemy h !m on 8 re>4 #ag4 ,if 9 ! neighb\rhood ( y\r camp ,! orig9al text has 1 b has be5 g5]ally adopt$ z yield+ mu* bett] s5se4 !re %\ld be any hilly c\ntry1 is 1 accord+ to ,*ang ,y4 ponds surr\nd$ by aquatic grass1 holl[ bas9s fill$ ) re$s1 ,! orig9al text omits & 1 s t & jo9 to make a pair3 8ponds & bas9s40 ,?is is plausible en\gh at fir/ sight1 b !re are sev]al objections to ! read+3 7#a7 is unlikely to h got into ! text z a gloss on 2 7#b7 x is easy to suppose1 on ! o!r h&1 t & aft]w>ds 7to re/ore ! balance ( ! s5t5ce7 7 omitt$ by a copyi/ :o jump$ to ! conclusion t & mu/ g toge!r2 7#c7 ! s5se1 :5 "o comes to consid] x1 actually requires 1 = x is absurd to talk ( pools & ponds z 9 !mselves suitable places = an ambu%2 7#d7 ,li ,*+ 7#ega-fdi ,a4 ,d47 9 8 8,art ( ,w>0 has ! words3 4 ,?is is evid5tly a rem9isc5ce ( ,sun ,tz1 s !re c be little d\bt t /ood 9 ! text at ?is e>ly date4 ,x may be add$ t ! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan bo? h 1 & ! latt] also reads = 4 or woods ) ?ick und]gr[?1 ,i read ) ! ,y ,lan 9 pref]5ce to 1 giv5 9 ! orig9al text1 :i* is accept$ by ! comm5tators )\t "q4 ,! text ( ! ,t#8u ,%u up to ?is po9t runs z foll[s3 4 !y mu/ be c>efully r\t$ out & se>*$2 = ^! are places :]e m5 9 ambu% or insidi\s spies are likely to be lurk+4 ,! orig9al text omits 1 :i* has be5 re/or$ f ! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan4 ,! ,t#8u ,%u omits z well1 mak+ a sub/antive4 ,on ,*ang ,y has ! note3 8,we mu/ also be on our gu>d aga9/ traitors :o may lie 9 close cov]t1 secretly spy+ out our weaknesses & ov]he>+ our in/ructions4 ,fu & *i5 are to be tak5 sep>ately40 #ah4 ,:5 ! enemy is close at h& & rema9s quiet1 he is rely+ on ! natural /r5g? ( 8 position4 ,"h beg9 ,sun ,tz's rem>ks on ! read+ ( signs1 mu* ( :i* is s good t x c\ld almo/ be includ$ 9 a mod]n manual l ,g54 ,bad5-,p[ell's 8,aids to ,sc\t+40 #ai4 ,:5 he keeps alo( & tries to provoke a battle1 he is anxi\s = ! o!r side to advance4 ,probably because we are 9 a /rong position f :i* he wi%es to dislodge u4 8,if he came close up to u10 says ,tu ,mu1 8& tri$ to =ce a battle1 he w\ld seem to despise u1 & !re w\ld be less probability ( our respond+ to ! *all5ge40 #bj4 ,if 8 place ( encampm5t is easy ( access1 he is t5d]+ a bait4 is "h ! opposite ( 9 #ah4 ,! read+ ( ! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan1 1 is pretty obvi\sly corrupt4 ,! orig9al text1 :i* transposes & 1 may v possibly be "r4 ,tu ,mu tells u t !re is yet ano!r read+3 4 #ba4 ,movem5t among/ ! trees ( a =e/ %[s t ! enemy is advanc+4 ,ts#8ao ,kung expla9s ?is z 8fell+ trees to cle> a passage10 & ,*ang ,y says3 8,e army s5ds out sc\ts to climb high places & obs]ve ! enemy4 ,if a sc\t sees t ! trees ( a =e/ are mov+ & %ak+1 he may "k t !y are be+ cut d[n to cle> a passage = ! enemy's m>*40 ,! appe>ance ( a numb] ( scre5s 9 ! mid/ ( ?ick grass means t ! enemy wants to make u suspici\s4 ,:5ev] ! mean+ ( a passage happ5s to be some:at elusive1 ,capt4 ,cal?rop seems to consid] himself ju/ifi$ 9 giv+ free re9 to ! imag9ation4 ,?us1 ?\gh 8 text is "h id5tical ) ours1 he r5d]s ! above3 8,brok5 bran*es & trodd5 grass1 z ( ! pass+ ( a l>ge ho/1 mu/ be reg>d$ ) suspicion40 ,tu ,yu's explanation1 borr[$ f ,ts#8ao ,kung1 is z foll[s3 8,! pres5ce ( a numb] ( scre5s or %$s 9 ! mid/ ( ?ick vegetation is a sure sign t ! enemy has fl$ &1 fe>+ pursuit1 has con/ruct$ ^! hid+-places 9 ord] to make u suspect an ambu%40 ,x appe>s t ^! 8scre5s0 7 ha/ily knott$ toge!r out ( any long grass :i* ! retreat+ enemy happ5$ to come across4 #bb4 ,! ris+ ( birds 9 _! flight is ! sign ( an ambuscade4 ,*ang ,y's explanation is d\btless "r3 8,:5 birds t are fly+ along 9 a /raight l9e sudd5ly %oot upw>ds1 x means t soldi]s are 9 ambu% at ! spot b5ea?40 ,/>tl$ bea/s indicate t a sudd5 attack is com+4 ,an example ( f\#d 9 ! mean+ ( 8ambuscade0 may be f\nd 9 ! ,tso ,*uan1 #i? ye>3 4 ,9 ! pres5t passage1 h[ev]1 x is to be di/+ui%$ f j above1 9 t x implies onw>d motion on ! "p ( ! attack+ =ce4 ,?us1 ,li ,*#8an def9es x z 1 & ,tu ,mu z 4 #bc4 ,:5 !re is du/ ris+ 9 a high column1 x is ! sign ( *>iots advanc+2 :5 ! du/ is l[1 b spread ov] a wide area1 x betok5s ! approa* ( infantry4 8high & %>p10 or ris+ to a peak1 is ( c\rse some:at exagg]at$ z appli$ to du/4 ,! comm5tators expla9 ! ph5om5on by say+ t horses & *>iots1 be+ heavi] ?an m51 raise m du/1 & also foll[ "o ano!r 9 ! same :eel-track1 :]eas foot-soldi]s w\ld be m>*+ 9 ranks1 _m abrea/4 ,accord+ to ,*ang ,y1 8e army on ! m>* mu/ h sc\ts 77 "s way 9 advance1 :o on sight+ du/ rais$ by ! enemy1 w gallop back & report x to ! comm&]-9-*ief40 ,cf4 ,g54 ,bad5-,p[ell3 8,z y move along1 say1 9 a ho/ile c\ntry1 y\r eyes %\ld be look+ af> = ! enemy or any signs ( him3 figures1 du/ ris+1 birds gett+ up1 glitt] ( arms1 etc40#agd ,:5 x bran*es out 9 diff]5t directions1 x %[s t p>ties h be5 s5t to collect firewood4 ,!re is "s d\bt ab\t ! read+ 4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan h 1 & ,li ,*#8an proposes 4 ,a few cl\ds ( du/ mov+ to & fro signify t ! army is encamp+4 ,*ang ,y says3 8,9 apportion+ ! def5ces = a cantonm5t1 light horse w be s5t out to survey ! position & asc]ta9 ! weak & /rong po9ts all along its circumf]5ce4 ,h5ce ! small quantity ( du/ & its motion40 #bd4 ,humble words & increas$ prep>ations are signs t ! enemy is ab\t to advance4 8,z ?\gh !y /ood 9 great fe> ( u10 says ,tu ,mu4 8,_! object is to make u contemptu\s & c>eless1 aft] :i* !y w attack u40 ,*ang ,y alludes to ! /ory ( ,t#8i5 ,tan ( ! ,*#8i ,/ate1 :o 9 #bgi ,b4,c4 0 h>d-press$ 9 8 def5ce ( ,*i-mo aga9/ ! ,y5 =ces1 l$ by ,*#8i ,*ieh4 ,9 *4 #hb ( ! ,%ih ,*i we read3 8,t#8i5 ,tan op5ly said3 #8,my only fe> is t ! ,y5 army may cut (f ! noses ( _! ,*#8i prison]s & place !m 9 ! front rank to fight aga9/ u2 t w\ld be ! undo+ ( our city4' ,! o!r side be+ in=m$ ( ?is spee*1 at once act$ on ! sugge/ion2 b ^? )9 ! city 7 enrag$ at see+ _! fell[-c\ntrym5 ?us mutilat$1 & fe>+ only le/ !y %\ld fall into ! enemy's h&s1 7 n]v$ to def5d !mselves m ob/9ately ?an ev]4 ,once aga9 ,t#8i5 ,tan s5t back conv]t$ spies :o report$ ^! words to ! enemy3 #8,:at ,i dread mo/ is t ! m5 ( ,y5 may dig up ! ance/ral tombs outside ! t[n1 & by inflict+ ?is indignity on our =efa!rs cause u to become fa9t-he>t$4' ,=?) ! besieg]s dug up all ! graves & burn$ ! corpses ly+ 9 !m4 ,& ! inhabitants ( ,*i-mo1 witness+ ! outrage f ! city-walls1 wept passionately & 7 all impati5t to g out & fight1 _! fury be+ increas$ t5fold4 ,t#8i5 ,tan knew !n t 8 soldi]s 7 ready = any ent]prise4 ,b in/ead ( a sword1 he himself took a mattock 9 8 h&s1 & ord]$ o!rs to be di/ribut$ among/ 8 be/ w>riors1 :ile ! ranks 7 fill$ up ) _! wives & concub9es4 ,he !n s]v$ out all ! rema9+ rations & bade 8 m5 eat _! fill4 ,! regul> soldi]s 7 told to keep out ( sight1 & ! walls 7 mann$ ) ! old & weak] m5 & ) wom54 ,?is done1 envoys 7 despat*$ to ! enemy's camp to arrange t]ms ( surr5d]1 :]eupon ! ,y5 army began %\t+ = joy4 ,t#8i5 ,tan also collect$ #bj1jjj ounces ( silv] f ! p1 & got ! weal?y citiz5s ( ,*i-mo to s5d x to ! ,y5 g5]al ) ! pray] t1 :5 ! t[n capitulat$1 he w\ld n all[ _! homes to be plund]$ or _! wom5 to be maltreat$4 ,*#8i ,*ieh1 9 high good hum\r1 grant$ _! pray]2 b 8 army n[ became increas+ly slack & c>eless4 ,mean:ile1 ,t#8i5 ,tan got toge!r a ?\s& ox51 deck$ !m ) pieces ( r$ silk1 pa9t$ _! bodies1 dragon-l1 ) col\r$ /ripes1 & fa/5$ %>p blades on _! horns & well-greas$ ru%es on _! tails4 ,:5 night came on1 he light$ ! ends ( ! ru%es1 & drove ! ox5 ?r\gh a numb] ( holes :i* he _h pi]c$ 9 ! walls1 back+ !m up ) a =ce ( #ejjj pick$ w>riors4 ,! animals1 madd5$ ) pa91 da%$ furi\sly into ! enemy's camp :]e !y caus$ ! utmo/ confusion & dismay2 = _! tails act$ z tor*es1 %[+ up ! hide\s patt]n on _! bodies1 & ! weapons on _! horns kill$ or w\nd$ any ) :om !y came into contact4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! b& ( #ejjj _h crept up ) gags 9 _! m\?s1 & n[ ?rew !mselves on ! enemy4 ,at ! same mom5t a frightful d9 arose 9 ! city itself1 all ^? t rema9$ beh9d mak+ z mu* noise z possible by bang+ drums & hamm]+ on bronze vessels1 until heav5 & e>? 7 convuls$ by ! upro>4 ,t]ror-/rick51 ! ,y5 army fl$ 9 disord]1 hotly pursu$ by ! m5 ( ,*#8i1 :o succe$$ 9 slay+ _! g5]al ,*#8i ,*ieh4444 ,! result ( ! battle 0 ! ultimate recov]y ( "s sev5ty cities :i* _h belong$ to ! ,*#8i ,/ate40 ,viol5t language & driv+ =w>d z if to ! attack are signs t he w retreat4 ,i foll[ ! orig9al text "h1 also adopt$ by ! ,t#8u ,%u4 ,! /&>d text reads on ! /r5g? ( ,ts#8ao ,kung's comm5t>y 1 :i* %[s t 8 text includ$ ! ^w 4 ,/rong z ?is gr\nd is1 ,i d n ?9k x c c\nt]balance ! obvi\s sup]iority ( ! o!r read+ 9 po9t ( s5se4 n only provides no anti!sis to 1 b makes ! :ole passage absurd2 = if ! language ( ! enemy is calculat$ to deceive1 x _c be kn[n z deceitful at ! "t1 & c !re=e af=d no 8sign40 ,moreov]1 ! extra ^w 9 7an awkw>d locution1 by ! way7 spoils ! p>allelism ) 4 #be4 ,:5 ! light *>iots ,! same1 accord+ to ,tu ,yu1 z ! ( ,,ii4 #a4 come out fir/ & take up a position on ! w+s1 x is a sign t ! enemy is =m+ = battle4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 omits 4 #bf4 ,peace proposals unaccompani$ by a sworn cov5ant indicate a plot4 ,tu ,yu def9es z 1 & ,li ,*#8an z 8a treaty confirm$ by oa?s & ho/ages40 ,wang ,hsi & ,*ang ,y1 on ! o!r h&1 simply say 8)\t reason10 8on a frivol\s pretext10 z ?\gh bore ! r unusual s5se ( 8important40 ,capt4 ,cal?rop has 8)\t consultation10 :i* is too loose4 #bg4 ,:5 !re is mu* runn+ ab\t ,e man ha/5+ to 8 prop] place "u 8 own regim5tal bann]4 & ! soldi]s fall into rank1 ,i foll[ ! ,t#8u ,%u 9 omitt+ aft] 4 ,tu ,mu quotes ! ,*\ ,li1 *4 xxix4 fol4 #ca3 4 x means t ! critical mom5t has come4 ,:at ,*ia ,l9 calls 1 z oppos$ to 4 #bh4 ,:5 "s are se5 advanc+ & "s retreat+1 x is a lure4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop is h>dly "r 9 translat+3 8,an advance1 foll[$ by sudd5 retirem5t40 ,x is r a case ( feign$ confusion4 ,z ,tu ,mu says3 4 #bi4 ,:5 ! soldi]s /& lean+ on _! spe>s1 !y are fa9t f want ( food4 is "h probably n a synonym = 1 b 8a weapon40 ,! orig9al text has 1 :i* has be5 correct$ f ! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan4 #cj4 ,if ^? :o are s5t to draw wat] beg9 by dr9k+ !mselves1 ! army is suff]+ f ?ir/4 ,z ,tu ,mu rem>ks3 8,"o may "k ! condition ( a :ole army f ! behavi\r ( a s+le man40 ,! may mean ei!r t !y dr9k be=e draw+ wat] = ! army1 or be=e !y return to camp4 ,*ang ,y takes ! latt] view4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 has ! faulty read+ 1 & ! ,y ,lan1 worse /ill1 4 #ca4 ,if ! enemy sees an advantage to be ga9$ ,n necess>ily 8booty10 z ,capt4 ,cal?rop translates x4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan read 1 etc4 & makes no ef=t to secure x1 ! soldi]s are exhau/$4 #cb4 ,if birds ga!r on any spot1 x is unoccupi$4 ,a useful fact to be> 9 m9d :51 = in/ance1 z ,*#8n ,hao says1 ! enemy has secretly ab&on$ 8 camp4 ,clam\r by night betok5s n]v\sness4 ,ow+ to false al>ms2 or1 z ,tu ,mu expla9s x3 8,fe> makes m5 re/less2 s !y fall to %\t+ at night 9 ord] to keep up _! c\rage40 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 ins]ts be=e 4 #cc4 ,if !re is di/urbance 9 ! camp1 ! g5]al's au?ority is weak4 ,if ! bann]s & flags are %ift$ ab\t1 s$ition is afoot4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan omit 4 ,if ! (fic]s are angry1 x means t ! m5 are we>y4 ,& !re=e1 z ,capt4 ,cal?rop says1 sl[ to obey4 ,tu ,yu und]/&s ! s5t5ce diff]5tly3 8,if all ! (fic]s ( an army are angry ) _! g5]al1 x means t !y are brok5 ) fatigue0 ow+ to ! ex]tions :i* he has dem&$ f !m4 #cd4 ,:5 an army fe$s its horses ) gra9 & kills its cattle = food1 is exp&$ by ,mei ,yao-*#8n 7foll[+ ,tu ,mu7 into 1 :i* is ! s5se ,i h giv5 above4 ,9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s1 ! m5 w\ld be f$ on gra9 & ! horses *iefly on grass4 & :5 ! m5 d n hang _! cook+-pots ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 reads 1 :i* is mu* ! same z 1 & ! ,y ,lan 1 :i* is manife/ly wrong4 ov] ! camp-fires1 %[+ t !y w n return to _! t5ts1 ,= 1 ! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan bo? read 4 y may "k t !y are det]m9$ to fight to ! dea?4 ,= 1 see ,,vii4 #cf4 ,i may quote "h ! illu/rative passage f ! ,h\ ,han ,%u1 *4 #ga1 giv5 9 abbreviat$ =m by ! ,p#8ei ,wn ,yn ,fu3 8,! rebel ,wang ,kuo ( ,liang 0 besieg+ ! t[n ( ,*#8n-ts#8ang1 & ,huang-fu ,sung1 :o 0 9 supreme comm&1 & ,tung ,*o 7 s5t out aga9/ him4 ,! latt] press$ = ha/y measures1 b ,sung turn$ a deaf e> to 8 c\nsel4 ,at la/ ! rebels 7 utt]ly worn out1 & began to ?r[ d[n _! weapons ( _! own accord4 ,sung 0 n[ = advanc+ to ! attack1 b ,*o said3 #8,x is a pr9ciple ( w> n to pursue desp]ate m5 & n to press a retreat+ ho/4' ,sung answ]$3 #8,t does n apply "h4 ,:at ,i am ab\t to attack is a jad$ army1 n a retreat+ ho/2 ) discipl9$ troops ,i am fall+ on a disorganis$ multitude1 n a b& ( desp]ate m54' ,!reupon he advanc$ to ! attack unsupport$ by 8 colleague1 & r\t$ ! enemy1 ,wang ,kuo be+ sla940 ,! inf]ior read+ ( ! ,t#8u ,%u = #cd is z foll[s3 4 ,! fir/ clause /rikes me z r %all[ = ,sun ,tz1 & x is h>d to make any?+ ( 9 ! second )\t ! negative4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop1 no?+ daunt$1 set d[n 9 8 fir/ edition3 8,:5 !y ca/ away _! cook+-pots40 ,he n[ has3 8,:5 ! cook+-pots are hung up on ! wall40 #ce4 ,! sight ( m5 :isp]+ toge!r is well expla9$ by ,tu ,mu z 8speak+ ) bat$ brea?40 9 small knots ,! ,%uo ,wn r /rangely def9es by ! ^w 1 b ! rh ,ya says 8to jo90 or 8contract10 :i* is und\bt$ly its prim>y mean+4 ,*ang ,y is "r1 !n1 9 expla9+ x "h by ! ^w 4 ,! o!r comm5tators are v mu* at sea3 ,ts#8ao ,kung says 1 ,tu ,yu 1 ,tu ,mu 1 ,*ia ,l9 1 ,mei ,yao-*#8n 1 ,wang ,hsi 4 or speak+ 9 subdu$ tones is said to be ! same z 4 po9ts to disaffection among/ ! rank & file4 is equival5t to 1 ! subject ( c\rse be+ 8! g5]al10 und]/ood4 ,9 ! orig9al text1 :i* seems to be foll[$ by sev]al comm5tators1 ! :ole passage /&s ?us3 4 ,"h x w\ld be ! g5]al :o is talk+ to 8 m51 n ! m5 among/ !mselves4 ,= 1 :i* is ! *ief /umbl+-block 9 ! way ( ?is read+1 ! ,t#8u ,%u gives ! v plausible em5dation 7also read hsi1 & def9$ by ,k#8ang ,hsi z 8to speak fa/074 ,b ?is is unnecess>y if we keep to ! /&>d text4 #cf4 ,too frequ5t rew>ds signify t ! enemy is at ! end ( 8 res\rces2 ,because1 :5 an army is h>d press$1 z ,tu ,mu says1 !re is always a fe> ( mut9y1 & lavi% rew>ds are giv5 to keep ! m5 9 good temp]4 too _m puni%m5ts betray a condition ( dire di/ress4 ,because 9 su* case discipl9e becomes relax$1 & unwont$ sev]ity is necess>y to keep ! m5 to _! duty4 #cg4 ,to beg9 by blu/]1 b aft]w>ds to take fright at ! enemy's numb]s1 %[s a supreme lack ( intellig5ce4 ,i foll[ ! int]pretation ( ,ts#8ao ,kung3 1 also adopt$ by ,li ,*#8an1 ,tu ,mu & ,*ang ,y4 ,ano!r possible mean+1 set =? by ,tu ,yu1 ,*ia ,l91 ,mei ,yao-*#8n & ,wang ,hsi1 is3 8,! g5]al :o is fir/ tyrannical t[>ds 8 m51 & !n 9 t]ror le/ !y %\ld mut9y1 etc40 ,?is w\ld connect ! s5t5ce ) :at w5t be=e ab\t rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan read 8affection0 in/ead ( 4 #ch4 ,:5 envoys are s5t ) complim5ts 9 _! m\?s1 x is a sign t ! enemy wi%es = a truce4 ,tu ,mu says3 8,if ! enemy op5 fri5dly relations by s5d+ ho/ages1 x is a sign t !y are anxi\s = an armi/ice1 ei!r because _! /r5g? is exhau/$ or = "s o!r reason40 ,b x h>dly ne$s a ,sun ,tz to draw su* an obvi\s inf]5ce2 & al?\gh ,tu ,mu is support$ by ,mei ,yao-*#8n & ,*ang ,y1 ,i _c ?9k t ho/ages are indicat$ by ! ^w 4 #ci4 ,if ! enemy's troops m>* up angrily & rema9 fac+ ours = a long "t )\t ei!r jo9+ battle or tak+ !mselves (f aga91 ! situation is "o t dem&s great vigilance & circumspection4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop falls into a trap :i* (t5 lurks 9 ! ^w 4 ,he translates3 8,:5 bo? sides1 eag] = a fight1 face ea* o!r = a consid]able "t1 nei!r advanc+ nor retir+10 etc4 ,_h he reflect$ a little1 he w\ld h se5 t ?is is mean+less z address$ to a comm&] :o has control ov] ! movem5ts ( 8 own troops4 1 !n1 does n mean t ! two armies g to meet ea* o!r1 b simply t ! o!r side comes up to u4 ,likewise ) 4 ,if ?is 7 n p]fectly cle> ( itself1 ,mei ,yao-*#8n's p>aphrase w\ld make x s3 1 etc4 ,z ,ts#8ao ,kung po9ts out1 a manuvre ( ?is sort may be only a ruse to ga9 "t = an unexpect$ flank attack or ! lay+ ( an ambu%4 #dj4 ,if our troops are no m 9 numb] ?an ! enemy1 t is amply suffici5t2 ,wang ,hsi's p>aphrase1 p>tly borr[$ f ,ts#8ao ,kung1 is 4 ,ano!r read+1 adopt$ by ,*ia ,l9 & ! ,t#8u ,%u1 is 1 :i* ,capt4 ,cal?rop r5d]s1 mu* too loosely3 8,numb]s are no c]ta9 m>k ( /r5g?40 x only means t no direct attack c be made4 ,lit]ally1 8no m>tial advance40 ,t is to say1 8*ng0 tactics & frontal attacks mu/ be es*ew$1 & /ratagem resort$ to in/ead4 ,:at we c d is simply to conc5trate all our available /r5g?1 keep a close wat* on ! enemy1 & obta9 re9=cem5ts4 ,?is is an obscure s5t5ce1 & none ( ! comm5tators succe$ 9 squeez+ v good s5se out ( x4 ,! difficulty lies *iefly 9 ! words 1 :i* h be5 tak5 9 e possible way4 ,i foll[ ,li ,*#8an1 :o appe>s to (f] ! simple/ explanation3 8,only ! side t gets m m5 w w940 ,ts#8ao ,kung's note1 concise z usual to ! v]ge ( incompreh5sibility1 is 4 ,=tunately we h ,*ang ,y to exp\nd its mean+ to u 9 language :i* is lucidity itself3 8,:5 ! numb]s are ev51 & no fav\rable op5+ pres5ts itself1 al?\gh we may n be /rong en\gh to deliv] a su/a9$ attack1 we c f9d additional recruits among/ our sutl]s & camp-foll[]s1 & !n1 conc5trat+ our =ces & keep+ a close wat* on ! enemy1 contrive to snat* ! victory4 ,b we mu/ avoid borr[+ =eign soldi]s to help u40 ,he !n quotes f ,wei ,liao ,tz1 *4 #c3 8,! nom9al /r5g? ( m]c5>y troops may be #ajj1jjj1 b _! real value w be n m ?an half t figure40 ,accord+ to ?is int]pretation1 means 8to get recruits10 n f outside1 b f ! tag-rag & bobtail :i* foll[s 9 ! wake ( a l>ge army4 ,?is does n s\nd a v soldi]ly sugge/ion1 & ,i feel conv9c$ t x is n :at ,sun ,tz meant4 ,*ia ,l91 on ! o!r h&1 takes ! words 9 a diff]5t s5se altoge!r1 namely 8to conqu] ! enemy0 cf4 ,i4 #bj4 ,b 9 t case !y c\ld h>dly be foll[$ by 4 ,bett] ?an ?is w\ld be ! r5d]+ 8to make isolat$ captures10 z oppos$ to 8a g5]al attack40 #da4 ,he :o ex]cises no =e?\ght b makes light ( 8 oppon5ts is sure to be captur$ by !m4 ,! =ce ( is n easy to appreciate4 ,*#8n ,hao says 1 ?us ref]r+ to ! second v]b4 ,he cont9ues1 quot+ f ! ,tso ,*uan3 8,if bees & scorpions c>ry poison1 h[ mu* m w a ho/ile /ate6 1 ,,xxii4 #c4 ,ev5 a puny oppon5t1 !n1 %\ld n be treat$ ) contempt40 #db4 ,if soldi]s are puni%$ be=e !y h gr[n atta*$ to y1 !y w n prove submissive2 &1 unless submissive1 !y w be practically useless4 ,if1 :5 ! soldi]s h become atta*$ to y1 puni%m5ts are n en=c$1 !y w /ill be useless4 ,?is is wrongly translat$ by ,capt4 ,cal?rop3 8,if ! troops "k ! g5]al1 b are n affect$ by 8 puni%m5ts1 !y are useless40 #dc4 ,!re=e soldi]s mu/ be treat$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance ) humanity1 b kept "u control by means ( iron discipl9e4 & 1 accord+ to ,ts#8ao ,kung1 are "h equival5t to & respectively4 ,comp>e our two uses ( ! ^w 8civil40 ,y5 ,tz ,b4,c4 #dic said ( ,ss-ma ,jang-*3 8,8 civil virtues ende>$ him to ! p2 8 m>tial pr[ess kept 8 enemies 9 awe40 ,cf4 ,wu ,tz1 *4 #d init43 8,! ideal comm&] unites culture ) a w>like temp]2 ! pr(ession ( arms requires a comb9ation ( h>dness & t5d]ness40 ,aga9 ,i mu/ f9d fault ) ,capt4 ,cal?rop's translation3 8,by humane treatm5t we obta9 ob$i5ce2 au?ority br+s uni=mity40 ,?is is a c]ta9 road to victory4 #dd4 ,if 9 tra9+ soldi]s comm&s are habitually en=c$1 ! army w be well-discipl9$2 if n1 its discipl9e w be bad4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan read3 4 #de4 ,if a g5]al %[s confid5ce 9 8 m5 b always insi/s on 8 ord]s be+ obey$1 ,! orig9al text has 4 is c]ta9ly awkw>d )\t 1 b on ! o!r h& x is cle> t ,tu ,mu accept$ ! ,t#8ung ,ti5 text1 :i* is id5tical ) ours4 ,he says3 8,a g5]al ought 9 "t ( peace to %[ k9dly confid5ce 9 8 m5 & also make 8 au?ority respect$1 s t :5 !y come to face ! enemy1 ord]s may be execut$ & discipl9e ma9ta9$1 because !y all tru/ & look up to him40 ,:at ,sun ,tz has said 9 #dd1 h[ev]1 w\ld lead "o r to expect some?+ l ?is3 8,if a g5]al is always confid5t t 8 ord]s w be c>ri$ out10 etc4 ,h5ce ,i am tempt$ to ?9k t he may h writt5 4 ,b ?is is p]haps too conjectural4 ! ga9 w be mutual4 ,*ang ,y says3 8,! g5]al has confid5ce 9 ! m5 "u 8 comm&1 & ! m5 are docile1 hav+ confid5ce 9 him4 ,?us ! ga9 is mutual40 ,he quotes a pregnant s5t5ce f ,wei ,liao ,tz1 *4 #d3 8,! art ( giv+ ord]s is n to try to rectify m9or blund]s & n to be sway$ by petty d\bts40 ,vacillation & fuss9ess are ! sure/ means ( sapp+ ! confid5ce ( an army4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop w9ds up ! *apt] ) a f9al mi/ranslation ( a m ?an usually he9\s description3 8,ord]s are always obey$1 if g5]al & soldi]s are 9 sympa?y40 ,besides inv5t+ ! latt] half ( ! s5t5ce1 he has manag$ to inv]t protasis & apodosis4 ,x4 ,,t]ra94 ,only ab\t a ?ird ( ! *apt]1 compris+ #a-ac1 deals ) 1 ! subject be+ m fully treat$ 9 *4 ,,xi4 ,! 8six calamities0 are discuss$ 9 #ad-bj1 & ! re/ ( ! *apt] is aga9 a m]e /r+ ( desultory rem>ks1 ?\gh n less int]e/+1 p]haps1 on t acc\nt4 #a4 ,sun ,tz said3 ,we may di/+ui% six k9ds ( t]ra91 to wit3 7#a7 ,accessible gr\nd2 ,mei ,yao-*#8n says3 8pl5tifully provid$ ) roads & means ( communication40 7#b7 entangl+ gr\nd2 ,! same comm5tator says3 8,net-l c\ntry1 v5tur+ into :i* y become entangl$40 7#c7 temporis+ gr\nd2 ,tu ,yu expla9s z 4 ,?is mean+ is /ill reta9$ 9 mod]n phrases su* z 1 8/ave (f10 8delay40 ,i d n "k :y ,capt4 ,cal?rop calls 8susp5d$ gr\nd10 unless he is confus+ x ) 4 7#d7 n>r[ passes2 7#e7 precipit\s heights2 ,! root idea 9 is n>r[ness2 9 1 /eepness4 7#f7 positions at a great di/ance f ! enemy4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to po9t out ! fault9ess ( ?is classification4 ,a /range lack ( logical p]ception is %[n 9 ! ,*9aman's unque/ion+ acceptance ( gl>+ cross-divisions su* z ! above4 #b4 ,gr\nd :i* c be freely trav]s$ by bo? sides is call$ accessible4 ,g5]ally speak+1 8level c\ntry0 is meant4 ,cf4 ,,ix4 #i3 4 #c4 ,) reg>d to gr\nd ( ?is nature1 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 reads 4 be be=e ! enemy 9 occupy+ ! rais$ & sunny spots1 ,see ,,ix4 #b4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 reads 4 & c>efully gu>d y\r l9e ( supplies4 ,a curi\s use ( z a v]b1 if our text is "r4 ,! g5]al mean+ is d\btless1 z ,tu ,yu says1 8n to all[ ! enemy to cut y\r communications40 ,tu ,mu1 :o 0 n a soldi] & c h>dly h _h any practical exp]i5ce ( fight+1 goes m into detail & speaks ( protect+ ! l9e ( communications by a wall 771 or enclos+ x by embankm5ts on ea* side 776 ,9 view ( ,napoleon's dictum1 8! secret ( w> lies 9 ! communications10#age we c\ld wi% t ,sun ,tz _h done m ?an skirt ! edge ( ?is important subject "h & 9 ,i4 #aj1 ,,vii4 #aa4 ,col4 ,h5d]son says3 8,! l9e ( supply may be said to be z vital to ! exi/5ce ( an army z ! he>t to ! life ( a human be+4 ,j z ! duelli/ :o f9ds 8 adv]s>y's po9t m5ac+ him ) c]ta9 dea?1 & 8 own gu>d a/ray1 is compell$ to con=m to 8 adv]s>y's movem5ts1 & to cont5t himself ) w>d+ (f 8 ?ru/s1 s ! comm&] ^: communications are sudd5ly ?reat5$ f9ds himself 9 a false position1 & he w be =tunate if he has n to *ange all 8 plans1 to split up 8 =ce into m or less isolat$ deta*m5ts1 & to fight ) inf]ior numb]s on gr\nd :i* he has n _h "t to prep>e1 & :]e defeat w n be an ord9>y failure1 b w entail ! ru9 or ! surr5d] ( 8 :ole army40#agf ,!n y w be able to fight ) advantage4 ,omitt$ by ,capt4 ,cal?rop4 #d4 ,gr\nd :i* c be ab&on$ b is h>d to re-occupy is call$ entangl+4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop is wrong 9 translat+ 8retreat f x40 #e4 ,f a position ( ?is sort1 if ! enemy is unprep>$1 y may sally =? & defeat him4 ,b if ! enemy is prep>$ = y\r com+1 & y fail to defeat him1 !n1 return be+ impossible1 disa/] w ensue4 7an example ( litotes7 is p>aphras$ by ,mei ,yao-*#8n z 8y w receive a *eck40 #f4 ,:5 ! position is su* t nei!r side w ga9 by mak+ ! fir/ move1 x is call$ temporis+ gr\nd4 8,ea* side f9ds x inconv5i5t to move1 & ! situation rema9s at a deadlock0 7,tu ,yu74 #g4 ,9 a position ( ?is sort1 ev5 ?\gh ! enemy %\ld (f] u an attractive bait1 ,tu ,yu says 8turn+ _! backs on u & pret5d+ to flee40 ,b ?is is only "o ( ! lures :i* might induce u to quit our position4 ,"h aga9 is us$ z a v]b1 b ?is "t 9 a diff]5t s5se3 8to hold out an advantage to40 x w be advisable n to /ir =?1 b r to retreat1 ?us entic+ ! enemy 9 8 turn2 !n1 :5 "p ( 8 army has come out1 we may deliv] our attack ) advantage4 ,mei ,yao-*#8n p>aphrases ! passage 9 a curi\s j+le1 ! s*eme ( rhymes be+ abcbdd3 4 #h4 ,) reg>d to n>r[ passes1 if y c occupy !m fir/1 ,capt4 ,cal?rop says3 8,defiles1 make ha/e to occupy40 ,b ?is is a conditional clause1 answ]+ to 9 ! next p>agraph4 let !m be /rongly g>rison$ & await ! adv5t ( ! enemy4 ,because !n1 z ,tu ,yu obs]ves1 8! initiative w lie ) u1 & by mak+ sudd5 & unexpect$ attacks we %all h ! enemy at our m]cy40 ,! comm5tators make a great po!r ab\t ! precise mean+ ( 1 :i* to ! =eign read] seems to pres5t no difficulty :atev]4 #i4 ,%\ld ! enemy =e/all y 9 occupy+ a pass1 d n g aft] him if ! pass is fully g>rison$1 b only if x is weakly g>rison$4 #aj4 ,) reg>d to precipit\s heights1 if y are be=eh& ) y\r adv]s>y1 y %\ld occupy ! rais$ & sunny spots1 & !re wait = him to come up4 ,ts#8ao ,kung says3 8,! p>ticul> advantage ( secur+ heights & defiles is t y\r actions _c !n be dictat$ by ! enemy40 ,= ! enunciation ( ! gr& pr9ciple allud$ to1 see ,,vi4 #b4 ,*ang ,y tells ! foll[+ anecdote ( ,p#8ei ,hs+-*i5 7,a4,d4 #fai-fhb71 :o 0 s5t on a punitive exp$ition aga9/ ! ,turkic tribes4 8,at nightfall he pit*$ 8 camp z usual1 & x _h already be5 completely =tifi$ by wall & dit*1 :5 sudd5ly he gave ord]s t ! army %\ld %ift its qu>t]s to a hill ne> by4 ,?is 0 highly displeas+ to 8 (fic]s1 :o prote/$ l\dly aga9/ ! extra fatigue :i* x w\ld entail on ! m54 ,p#8ei ,hs+-*i51 h[ev]1 paid no he$ to _! remon/rances & _h ! camp mov$ z quickly z possible4 ,! same night1 a t]rific /orm came on1 :i* flood$ _! =m] place ( encampm5t to ! dep? ( ov] twelve feet4 ,! recalcitrant (fic]s 7 amaz$ at ! sight1 & own$ t !y _h be5 9 ! wrong4 #8,h[ did y "k :at 0 go+ to happ58' !y ask$4 ,p#8ei ,hs+-*i5 repli$3 #8,f ?is "t =w>d be cont5t to obey ord]s )\t ask+ unnecess>y que/ions4' ,see ,*iu ,t#8ang ,%u1 *4 #hd1 fol4 #ab ro1 & ,hs9 ,t#8ang ,%u1 *4 #ajh1 fol4 #e vo4 ,f ?is x may be se510 ,*ang ,y cont9ues1 8t high & sunny places are advantage\s n only = fight+1 b also because !y are immune f disa/r\s floods40 #aa4 ,if ! enemy has occupi$ !m be=e y1 d n foll[ him1 b retreat & try to entice him away4 ,! turn+-po9t ( ,li ,%ih-m9's campaign 9 #fba ,a4,d4 aga9/ ! two rebels1 ,t\ ,*i5-t1 ,k+ ( ,hsia1 & ,wang ,%ih-*#8ung1 ,pr9ce ( ,*ng1 0 8 seizure ( ! heights ( ,wu-lao1 9 spite ( :i* ,t\ ,*i5-t p]si/$ 9 8 attempt to relieve 8 ally 9 ,lo-yang1 0 defeat$ & tak5 prison]4 ,see ,*iu ,t#8ang ,%u1 *4 #b1 fol4 #e vo & also *4 #ed4 #ab4 ,if y are situat$ at a great di/ance f ! enemy1 & ! /r5g? ( ! two armies is equal1 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 reads 4 x is n easy to provoke a battle1 ,ts#8ao ,kung says t means 8*all5g+ ! enemy40 ,b ! enemy be+ f> away1 t pla9ly involves1 z ,tu ,yu says1 8go+ to meet him40 ,! po9t ( c\rse is1 t we mu/ n ?9k ( und]tak+ a long & we>isome m>*1 at ! end ( :i* 8we %\ld1 be exhau/$ & our adv]s>y fre% & ke540 & fight+ w be to y\r disadvantage4 #ac4 ,^! six are ! pr9ciples connect$ ) ,e>?4 ,or p]haps1 8! pr9ciples relat+ to gr\nd40 ,see1 h[ev]1 ,i4 #h4 ,! g5]al :o has atta9$ a responsible po/ mu/ be c>eful to /udy !m4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop omits 4 ,out ( ! =ego+ six 1 x w be notic$ t nos4 #c & #f h really no ref]5ce to ! configuration ( ! c\ntry1 & t only #d & #e c be said to convey any def9ite geographical idea4 #ad4 ,n[ an army is expos$ to six sev]al calamities1 n aris+ f natural causes1 ,! ,t#8u ,%u reads 4 b f faults = :i* ! g5]al is responsible4 ,^! are3 7#a7 ,flight2 7#b7 insubord9ation2 7#c7 collapse2 7#d7 ru92 7#e7 disorganisation2 7#f7 r\t4 ,i take exception to ,capt4 ,cal?rop's r5d]+ ( & z 8di/ress0 & 8disorganisation10 respectively4 #ae4 ,o!r conditions be+ equal1 if "o =ce is hurl$ aga9/ ano!r t5 times its size1 ! result w be ! flight ( ! =m]4 ,cf4 ,,iii4 #aj4 ,! g5]al's fault "h is t ( 8n calculat+ ! enemy's /r5g?40 ,x is obvi\s t _c h ! same =ce z 9 #ab1 :]e x 0 equival5t to 4 ,i %\ld n be incl9$1 h[ev]1 to limit x1 ) ,*ang ,y1 to 8! wisdom & val\r ( ! g5]al & ! %>pness ( ! weapons40 ,z ,li ,*#8an v ju/ly rem>ks1 8,giv5 a decid$ advantage 9 position1 or ! help ( "s /ratagem su* z a flank attack or an ambuscade1 x w\ld be q possible to fight 9 ! ratio ( "o to t540 #af4 ,:5 ! common soldi]s are too /rong & _! (fic]s too weak1 ! result is insubord9ation4 8laxity0--! metaphor be+ tak5 f an un/rung b[4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop's 8relaxation0 is n good1 on acc\nt ( its ambiguity4 ,tu ,mu cites ! unhappy case ( ,t#8i5 ,pu ,hs9 ,t#8ang ,%u1 *4 #adh1 :o 0 s5t to ,wei 9 #hba ,a4,d4 ) ord]s to lead an army aga9/ ,wang ,t#8+-ts#8ou4 ,b ! :ole "t he 0 9 comm&1 8 soldi]s treat$ him ) ! utmo/ contempt1 & op5ly fl\t$ 8 au?ority by rid+ ab\t ! camp on donkeys1 sev]al ?\s&s at a "t4 ,t#8i5 ,pu 0 p[]less to put a /op to ?is conduct1 & :51 aft] "s mon?s _h pass$1 he made an attempt to engage ! enemy1 8 troops turn$ tail & disp]s$ 9 e direction4 ,aft] t1 ! un=tunate man committ$ suicide by cutt+ 8 ?roat4 ,:5 ! (fic]s are too /rong & ! common soldi]s too weak1 ! result is collapse4 ,ts#8ao ,kung says3 8,! (fic]s are en]getic & want to press on1 ! common soldi]s are feeble & sudd5ly collapse40 ,note t is to be tak5 lit]ally ( physical weakness1 :]eas 9 ! =m] clause x is figurative4 ,li ,*#8an makes equival5t to 1 & ,tu ,mu expla9s x z 8/umbl+ into a dea?-trap40 #ag4 ,:5 ! high] (fic]s 1 accord+ to ,ts#8ao ,kung1 are ! 8g5]als ( inf]ior rank40 ,b ,li ,*#8an1 ,*#8n ,hao & ,wang ,hsi take ! t]m z simply conv]tible ) or 4 are angry & insubord9ate1 & on meet+ ! enemy give battle on _! own acc\nt f a feel+ ( res5tm5t1 be=e ! comm&]-9-*ief c tell :e!r or no he is 9 a position to fight1 ! result is ru94 ,ts#8ao ,kung makes 1 und]/ood1 ! subject ( 1 :i* seems r f>-fet*$4 ,wang ,hsi's note is3 8,?is means1 ! g5]al is angry )\t j cause1 & at ! same "t does n appreciate ! ability ( 8 subord9ate (fic]s2 ?us he ar\ses fi]ce res5tm5t & br+s an avalan*e ( ru9 ^u 8 head40 ,he takes 1 !re=e1 9 ! s5se ( 2 b ,i ?9k t ,*#8n ,hao is "r 9 8 p>aphrase 8!y don't c>e if x be possible or no40 ,my int]pretation ( ! :ole passage is t ( ,mei ,yao-*#8n & ,*ang ,y4 ,tu ,mu gives a long extract f ! ,tso ,*uan1 1 ,,xii4 #c1 %[+ h[ ! great battle ( ,pi #eig ,b4,c4 0 lo/ = ! ,*9 ,/ate ?r\gh ! contumacy ( ,hsi5 ,hu & ! res5tful spite ( ,wei ,i & ,*ao ,*an4 ,*ang ,y also alludes to ! mut9\s conduct ( ,luan ,y5 ibid4 1 ,,xiv4 #c4 #ah4 ,:5 ! g5]al is weak & )\t au?ority2 :5 8 ord]s are n cle> & di/9ct2 ,wei ,liao ,tz 7*4 #d7 says3 8,if ! comm&] gives 8 ord]s ) decision1 ! soldi]s w n wait to he> !m twice2 if 8 moves are made )\t vacillation1 ! soldi]s w n be 9 two m9ds ab\t do+ _! duty40 ,g5]al ,bad5-,p[ell says1 italicis+ ! words3 8,! secret ( gett+ successful "w out ( y\r tra9$ m5 lies 9 "o nut%ell--9 ! cle>ness ( ! in/ructions !y receive40#agg ,assum+ t cle> in/ructions beget confid5ce1 ?is is v mu* :at ,wei ,liao ,tz 7loc4 cit47 goes on to say3 4 ,cf4 also ,wu ,tz *4 #c3 8! mo/ fatal defect 9 a milit>y lead] is diffid5ce2 ! wor/ calamities t befall an army arise f hesitation40 :5 !re are no fix$ duties assign$ to (fic]s & m51 8,nei!r (fic]s nor m5 h any regul> r\t9e0 ,tu ,mu4 & ! ranks are =m$ 9 a slov5ly haphaz>d mann]1 ! result is utt] disorganisation4 #ai4 ,:5 a g5]al1 unable to e/imate ! enemy's /r5g?1 all[s an inf]ior =ce to engage a l>g] "o1 or hurls a weak deta*m5t aga9/ a p[]ful "o1 & neglects to place pick$ soldi]s 9 ! front rank1 ! result mu/ be a r\t4 ,*ang ,y p>aphrases ! latt] "p ( ! s5t5ce 1 & cont9ues3 8,:5ev] !re is fight+ to be done1 ! ke5e/ spirits %\ld be appo9t$ to s]ve 9 ! front ranks1 bo? 9 ord] to /r5g!n ! resolution ( our own m5 & to demoralise ! enemy40 ,cf4 ! primi ord9es ( ,caes> 78,de ,bello ,gallico10 ,v4 #bh1 #dd et al474 ,!re seems little to di/+ui% f 9 #ae1 except t is a m =cible ^w4 #bj4 ,^! are six ways ( c\rt+ defeat1 ,*#8n ,hao makes !m out to be3 7#a7 8neglect to e/imate ! enemy's /r5g?20 7#b7 8want ( au?ority20 7#c7 8defective tra9+20 7#d7 8unju/ifiable ang]20 7#e7 8non-obs]vance ( discipl9e20 7#f7 8failure to use pick$ m540 :i* mu/ be c>efully not$ by ! g5]al :o has atta9$ a responsible po/4 ,see supra1 #ac4 #ba4 ,! natural =mation ( ! c\ntry is ! soldi]'s be/ ally2 ,*ia ,l9's text has ! read+ = 4 ,*#8n ,hao says3 8,! advantages ( wea!r & season are n equal to ^? connect$ ) gr\nd40 b a p[] ( e/imat+ ! adv]s>y1 ,! ins]tion ( a 8b0 is necess>y to %[ ! connection ( ?\ght "h4 ,a g5]al %\ld always utilise1 b nev] rely :olly on natural advantages ( t]ra94 ( controll+ ! =ces ( victory1 is "o ( ^? cond5s$ expressions :i* mean s mu* 9 ,*9ese1 & s little 9 an ,engli% translation4 ,:at x seems to imply is complete ma/]y ( ! situation f ! beg9n+4 & ( %rewdly calculat+ difficulties1 dang]s & di/ances1 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan read 4 ,i am decid$ly puzzl$ by ,capt4 ,cal?rop's translation3 8an eye = /eepness1 comm& & di/ances40 ,:]e did he f9d ! ^w :i* ,i h put 9 italics8 con/itutes ! te/ ( a great g5]al4 ,a some:at free translation ( 4 ,z ,*ang ,y rem>ks1 ^! are 8! ess5tials ( soldi]+10 gr\nd be+ only a helpful accessory4 #bb4 ,he :o kn[s ^! ?+s1 & 9 fight+ puts 8 k into practice1 w w9 8 battles4 ,he :o kn[s !m n1 nor practises !m1 w surely be defeat$4 #bc4 ,if fight+ is sure to result 9 victory1 !n y mu/ fight1 ev5 ?\gh ! rul] =bid x2 if fight+ w n result 9 victory1 !n y mu/ n fight ev5 at ! rul]'s bidd+4 ,cf4 ,,viii4 #c f94 ,huang-%ih ,kung ( ! ,*#89 dyna/y1 :o is said to h be5 ! patron ( ,*ang ,liang & to h writt5 ! 1 has ^! words attribut$ to him3 8,! responsibility ( sett+ an army 9 motion mu/ devolve on ! g5]al alone2 if advance & retreat are controll$ f ! ,palace1 brilliant results w h>dly be a*iev$4 ,h5ce ! god-l rul] & ! enlight5$ mon>* are cont5t to play a humble "p 9 fur!r+ _! c\ntry's cause lit41 kneel d[n to pu% ! *>iot :eel40 ,?is means t 89 matt]s ly+ outside ! z5ana1 ! decision ( ! milit>y comm&] mu/ be absolute40 ,*ang ,y also quotes ! say+3 8,decrees ( ! ,son ( ,heav5 d n p5etrate ! walls ( a camp40 ,napoleon1 :o has be5 accus$ ( all[+ 8 g5]als too little indep5d5ce ( action1 speaks 9 ! same s5se3 8,un gnral en *ef n'e/ pas c\v]t de ses fautes la gu]re p> un ordre de son s\v]a9 ou du m9i/re1 qu& celui qui le donne e/ loign du *amp d'opration1 et qu'il connat mal1 ou ne connat pas du t\t le d]ni] tat des *oses40#agh #bd4 ,! g5]al :o advances )\t covet+ fame & retreats )\t fe>+ disgrace1 ,x 0 ,well+ton1 ,i ?9k1 :o said t ! h>de/ ?+ ( all = a soldi] is to retreat4 ^: only ?\ght is to protect 8 c\ntry & d good s]vice = 8 sov]eign1 1 :i* is omitt$ by ! ,t#8u ,%u1 is said by ,*#8n ,hao to be equival5t to 4 ,if x _h to be sep>ately translat$1 x w\ld be some?+ l our ^w 8accrue40 is ! jewel ( ! k+dom4 ,a noble pres5tm5t1 9 few words1 ( ! ,*9ese 8happy w>rior40 ,su* a man1 says ,ho ,%ih1 8ev5 if he _h to suff] puni%m5t1 w\ld n regret 8 conduct40 #be4 ,reg>d y\r soldi]s z y\r *ildr51 & !y w foll[ y into ! deepe/ valleys2 look on !m z y\r own belov$ sons1 & !y w /& by y ev5 unto dea?4 ,cf4 ,i4 #f4 ,9 ?is connection1 ,tu ,mu draws = u an engag+ picture ( ! fam\s g5]al ,wu ,*#8i1 f ^: treatise on w> ,i h frequ5tly _h occasion to quote3 8,he wore ! same clo!s & ate ! same food z ! meane/ ( 8 soldi]s1 refus$ to h ei!r a horse to ride or a mat to sleep on1 c>ri$ 8 own surplus rations wrapp$ 9 a p>cel1 & %>$ e h>d%ip ) 8 m54 ,"o ( 8 soldi]s 0 suff]+ f an abscess1 & ,wu ,*#8i himself suck$ out ! virus4 ,! soldi]'s "m1 he>+ ?is1 began wail+ & lam5t+4 ,somebody ask$ h]1 say+3 #8,:y d y cry8 ,y\r son is only a common soldi]1 & yet ! comm&]-9-*ief himself has suck$ ! poison f 8 sore4' ,! woman repli$3 #8,_m ye>s ago1 ,"l ,wu p]=m$ a simil> s]vice = my husb&1 :o nev] left him aft]w>ds1 & f9ally met 8 dea? at ! h&s ( ! enemy4 ,& n[ t he has done ! same = my son1 he too w fall fight+ ,i "k n :]e'40 ,li ,*#8an m5tions ! ,visc\nt ( ,*#8u1 :o invad$ ! small /ate ( ,hsiao dur+ ! w9t]4 ,! ,duke ( ,%n said to him3 8,_m ( ! soldi]s are suff]+ sev]ely f ! cold40 ,s he made a r\nd ( ! :ole army1 com=t+ & enc\rag+ ! m52 & /raightway !y felt z if !y 7 clo!d 9 g>m5ts l9$ ) floss silk4 ,tso ,*uan1 1 ,,xii4 #e4 ,*ang ,y alludes to ! same passage1 say+3 4 #bf4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y are indulg5t1 b unable to make y\r au?ority felt2 k9d-he>t$1 b unable to en=ce y\r comm&s2 & incapable1 moreov]1 ( quell+ disord]3 ,capt4 ,cal?rop has got ^! ?ree clauses q wrong4 ,! la/ he translates3 8ov]9dulg5ce may produce disord]40 !n y\r soldi]s mu/ be lik5$ to spoilt *ildr52 !y are useless = any practical purpose4 ,cf4 ,,ix4 #db4 ,we read 9 ! 1 pt4 #b3 8,injury comes out ( k9dness40 ,li ,*+ once said t if y c\ld make y\r soldi]s afraid ( y1 !y w\ld n be afraid ( ! enemy4 ,tu ,mu recalls an in/ance ( /]n milit>y discipl9e :i* occurr$ 9 #bai ,a4,d41 :5 ,l ,mng 0 occupy+ ! t[n ( ,*iang-l+4 ,he _h giv5 /r+5t ord]s to 8 army n to mole/ ! inhabitants nor take any?+ f !m by =ce4 ,nev]!less1 a c]ta9 (fic] s]v+ "u 8 bann]1 :o happ5$ to be a fell[-t[nsman1 v5tur$ to appropriate a bamboo hat 77 belong+ to "o ( ! p1 9 ord] to we> x ov] 8 regulation helmet z a protection aga9/ ! ra94 ,l ,mng consid]$ t ! fact ( 8 be+ also a native ( ,ju-nan %\ld n be all[$ to palliate a cle> brea* ( discipl9e1 & accord+ly he ord]$ 8 summ>y execution1 ! te>s roll+ d[n 8 face1 h[ev]1 z he did s4 ,?is act ( sev]ity fill$ ! army ) :olesome awe1 & f t "t =? ev5 articles dropp$ 9 ! highway 7 n pick$ up4 ,san ,kuo ,*ih1 *4 #ed1 f4 #ac ro4 vo44 #bg4 ,if we "k t our own m5 are 9 a condition to attack1 b are unaw>e t ! enemy is n op5 to attack1 we h gone only halfway t[>ds victory4 ,t is1 z ,ts#8ao ,kung says1 8! issue 9 ?is case is unc]ta940 #bh4 ,if we "k t ! enemy is op5 to attack1 b are unaw>e t our own m5 are n 9 a condition to attack1 we h gone only halfway t[>ds victory4 ,cf4 ,,iii4 #ac 7#a74 #bi4 ,if we "k t ! enemy is op5 to attack1 & also "k t our m5 are 9 a condition to attack1 b are unaw>e t ! nature ( ! gr\nd makes fight+ impracticable1 we h /ill gone only halfway t[>ds victory4 ,i may take ?is opportunity ( po9t+ out ! r nice di/9ction 9 mean+ betwe5 & 4 ,! latt] is simply 8to attack0 )\t any fur!r implication1 :]eas is a /rong] ^w :i* 9 n9e cases out ( t5 means 8to attack ) expectation ( victory10 8to fall ^u10 z we %\ld say1 or ev5 8to cru%40 ,on ! o!r h&1 is n q synonym\s ) 1 :i* is mo/ly us$ ( op]ations on a l>g] scale1 z ( "o ,/ate mak+ w> on ano!r1 (t5 ) ! add$ idea ( invasion4 1 f9ally1 has special ref]5ce to ! subjugation ( rebels4 ,see ,m5cius1 ,,vii4 #b4 ii4 #b4 #cj4 ,h5ce ! exp]i5c$ soldi]1 once 9 motion1 is nev] bewild]$2 once he has brok5 camp1 he is nev] at a loss4 ,! reason be+1 accord+ to ,tu ,mu1 t he has tak5 8 measures s ?or\ghly z to ensure victory be=eh&4 8,he does n move recklessly10 says ,*ang ,y1 8s t :5 he does move1 he makes no mi/akes40 ,ano!r read+ sub/itutes = & = 4 ,! latt] v>iant only is adopt$ by ! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan4 ,note t "h means 8at ! end ( 8 m5tal res\rces40 #ca4 ,h5ce ! say+3 ,if y "k ! enemy & "k y\rself1 y\r victory w n /& 9 d\bt2 ,capt4 ,cal?rop makes ! say+ end "h1 :i* _c be ju/ifi$4 if y "k ,heav5 & "k ,e>?1 & are transpos$ = ! sake ( ! j+le betwe5 & 4 ,! orig9al text1 h[ev]1 has 1 & ! correction has be5 made f ! ,t#8ung ,ti54 y may make y\r victory complete4 ,z oppos$ to 1 above4 ,! orig9al text has 1 ! corruption be+ p]haps due to ! occurr5ce ( 9 ! prec$+ s5t5ce4 ,"h1 h[ev] w\ld n be synonym\s ) 1 b equival5t to 8inexhau/ible10 8beyond computation40 ,cf4 ,v4 #aa4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 has aga9 suppli$ ! true read+4 ,li ,*#8an sums up z foll[s3 8,giv5 a k ( ?ree ?+s--! affairs ( man1 ! seasons ( heav5 & ! natural advantages ( e>?--1 victory w inv>iably cr[n y\r battles40 ,,xi4 ,,! ,,n9e ,,situations4 ,li ,*#8an is n q "r 9 call+ ^! 4 ,z we %all see1 "s ( !m are highly disadvantage\s f ! milit>y po9t ( view4 ,wang ,hsi m correctly says3 8,!re are n9e milit>y situations1 good & bad40 ,"o w\ld l to di/+ui% ! f ! six ( *ap4 ,x by say+ t ! latt] ref] to ! natural =mation or geographical features ( ! c\ntry1 :ile ! h m to d ) ! condition ( ! army1 be+ 8situations0 z oppos$ to 8gr\nds40 ,b x is soon f\nd impossible to c>ry out ! di/9ction4 ,bo? are cross-divisions1 = among ! we h 8temporis+ gr\nd0 side by side ) 8n>r[ passes10 :ile 9 ! pres5t *apt] !re is ev5 great] confusion4 #a4 ,sun ,tz said3 ,! art ( w> recognises n9e v>ieties ( gr\nd3 7#a7 ,disp]sive gr\nd2 7#b7 facile gr\nd2 7#c7 cont5ti\s gr\nd2 7#d7 op5 gr\nd2 7#e7 gr\nd ( int]sect+ highways2 7#f7 s]i\s gr\nd2 7#g7 difficult gr\nd2 7#h7 hemm$-9 gr\nd2 7#i7 desp]ate gr\nd4 #b4 ,:5 a *iefta9 is fight+ 9 8 own t]ritory1 x is disp]sive gr\nd4 ,s call$ because ! soldi]s1 be+ ne> to _! homes & anxi\s to see _! wives & *ildr51 are likely to seize ! opportunity af=d$ by a battle & scatt] 9 e direction4 8,9 _! advance10 obs]ves ,tu ,mu1 8!y w lack ! val\r ( desp]ation1 & :5 !y retreat1 !y w f9d h>b\rs ( refuge40 ,! 1 :i* appe>s 9 ! ,t#8u ,%u1 seems to h be5 accid5tally omitt$ 9 my edition ( ! /&>d text4 #c4 ,:5 he has p5etrat$ into ho/ile t]ritory1 b to no great di/ance1 x is facile gr\nd4 ,li ,*#8an & ,ho ,%ih say 8because ( ! facility = retreat+10 & ! o!r comm5tators give simil> explanations4 ,tu ,mu rem>ks3 8,:5 y\r army has cross$ ! bord]1 y %\ld burn y\r boats & bridges1 9 ord] to make x cle> to ev]ybody t y h no hank]+ aft] home40 ,i d n ?9k t 8di/urb+ gr\nd10 ,capt4 ,cal?rop's r5d]+ ( 1 has any?+ to ju/ify x4 ,if an idiomatic translation is out ( ! "q1 "o %\ld at lea/ attempt to be lit]al4 #d4 ,gr\nd ! possession ( :i* imports great advantage to ei!r side1 is cont5ti\s gr\nd4 ,i mu/ apologise = us+ ?is ^w 9 a s5se n kn[n to ! diction>y1 i4e4 8to be cont5d$ =0--,tu ,mu's 4 ,ts#8ao ,kung says3 8gr\nd on :i* ! few & ! weak c defeat ! _m & ! /rong10 su* z 8! neck ( a pass10 in/anc$ by ,li ,*#8an4 ,?us1 ,!rmopylae 0 a 1 because ! possession ( x1 ev5 = a few days only1 meant hold+ ! entire invad+ army 9 *eck & ?us ga9+ invaluable "t4 ,cf4 ,wu ,tz1 *4 ,v4 ad init43 8,= ^? :o h to fight 9 ! ratio ( "o to t51 !re is no?+ bett] ?an a n>r[ pass40 ,:5 ,l ,kuang 0 return+ f 8 triumphant exp$ition to ,turke/an 9 #che ,a4,d41 & _h got z f> z ,i-ho1 lad5 ) spoils1 ,liang ,hsi1 adm9i/rator ( ,liang-*\1 tak+ advantage ( ! dea? ( ,fu ,*i51 ,k+ ( ,*#891 plott$ aga9/ him & 0 = b>r+ 8 way into ! prov9ce4 ,yang ,han1 gov]nor ( ,kao-*#8ang1 c\nsell$ him1 say+3 8,l ,kuang is fre% f 8 victories 9 ! we/1 & 8 soldi]s are vigor\s & mettlesome4 ,if we oppose him 9 ! %ift+ s&s ( ! des]t1 we %all be no mat* = him1 & we mu/ !re=e try a diff]5t plan4 ,let u ha/5 to occupy ! defile at ! m\? ( ! ,kao-wu pass1 ?us cutt+ him (f f supplies ( wat]1 & :5 8 troops are pro/rat$ ) ?ir/1 we c dictate our own t]ms )\t mov+4 ,or if y ?9k t ! pass ,i m5tion is too f> (f1 we c\ld make a /& aga9/ him at ! ,i-wu pass1 :i* is ne>]4 ,! cunn+ & res\rce ( ,tz-fang himself i4e4 w\ld be exp5d$ 9 va9 aga9/ ! enorm\s /r5g? ( ^! two positions40 ,liang ,hsi1 refus+ to act on ?is advice1 0 ov]:elm$ & swept away by ! invad]4 ,see 1 *4 #abb1 fol4 #c ro1 & 1 *4 #dc1 fol4 #bf4 #e4 ,gr\nd on :i* ea* side has lib]ty ( movem5t is op5 gr\nd4 ,?is is only a make%ift translation ( 1 :i* accord+ to ,ts#8ao ,kung /&s = 8gr\nd cov]$ ) a network ( roads10 l a *ess-bo>d4 ,ano!r int]pretation1 sugge/$ by ,ho ,%ih1 is 8gr\nd on :i* int]communication is easy40 ,9 ei!r case1 x mu/ evid5tly be 8flat c\ntry10 & !re=e 8_c be block$40 ,cf4 1 ,x4 #b4 #f4 ,gr\nd :i* =ms ! key to ?ree contigu\s /ates1 8,our c\ntry adjo9+ ! enemy's & a ?ird c\ntry cont]m9\s ) bo?40 ,ts#8ao ,kung4 ,mng ,%ih in/ances ! small pr9cipality ( ,*ng1 :i* 0 b\nd$ on ! nor?-ea/ by ,*#8i1 on ! we/ by ,*91 & on ! s\? by ,*#8u4 s t he :o occupies x fir/ has mo/ ( ! ,empire at 8 comm&1 ( c\rse /&s = ! loose conf$]acy ( /ates into :i* ,*9a 0 divid$ "u ! ,*\ dyna/y4 ,! bellig]5t :o holds ?is dom9at+ position c con/ra9 mo/ ( !m to become 8 allies4 ,see infra1 #dh4 appe>s at fir/ sight to be 8! masses0 or 8population0 ( ! ,empire1 b x is m probably1 z ,tu ,yu says1 4 is gr\nd ( int]sect+ highways4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop's 8pa?-ridd5 gr\nd0 might /& well en\gh = above1 b x does n br+ out ! =ce ( 1 :i* cle>ly d5otes ! c5tral position :]e important highways meet4 #g4 ,:5 an army has p5etrat$ into ! he>t ( a ho/ile c\ntry1 leav+ a numb] ( =tifi$ cities 9 its re>1 ,aft] 1 ! ,t#8ung ,ti5 int]calates ! gloss 4 x is s]i\s gr\nd4 ,wang ,hsi expla9s ! "n by say+ t 8:5 an army has rea*$ su* a po9t1 its situation is s]i\s40 ,li ,*#8an in/ances 7#a7 ! victori\s m>* ( ,yo ,i into ! capital ( ,*#8i 9 #bhd ,b4,c41 & 7#b7 ! attack on ,*#8u1 six ye>s lat]1 by ! ,*#89 g5]al ,po ,*#8i4 #h4 ,m\nta9 =e/s1 ,or simply1 8=e/s40 ,i foll[ ! ,t#8u ,%u 9 omitt+ ! be=e 1 giv5 9 ! /&>d text1 :i* is n only otiose b spoils ! rhy?m ( ! s5t5ce4 rugg$ /eeps1 m>%es & f5s--all c\ntry t is h>d to trav]se3 ?is is difficult gr\nd4 p#8i#c 7to be di/+ui%$ f i#d7 is def9$ by ,k#8ang ,hsi 7aft] ! ,%uo ,wn7 z 8to de/roy40 ,h5ce ,*ia ,l9 expla9s z gr\nd 8t has be5 ru9$ by wat] pass+ ov] x10 & ,tu ,yu simply z 8swampy gr\nd40 ,b ,*#8n ,hao says t ! ^w is specially appli$ to deep holl[s--:at ,*u-ko ,liang1 he tells u1 us$ to designate by ! expressive t]m 8e>?-hells40 ,comp>e ! ( ,,ix4 #ae4 #i4 ,gr\nd :i* is rea*$ ?r\gh n>r[ gorges1 & f :i* we c only retire by tortu\s pa?s1 s t a small numb] ( ! enemy w\ld suffice to cru% a l>ge body ( our m53 ?is is hemm$-9 gr\nd4 #aj4 ,gr\nd on :i* we c only be sav$ f de/ruction by fight+ )\t delay1 is desp]ate gr\nd4 ,! situation1 z pictur$ by ,ts#8ao ,kung1 is v simil> to ! 1 except t "h escape is no long] possible3 8,a l(ty m\nta9 9 front1 a l>ge riv] beh9d1 advance impossible1 retreat block$40 ,*#8n ,hao says3 8to be on #8desp]ate gr\nd' is l sitt+ 9 a leak+ boat or cr\*+ 9 a burn+ h\se40 ,tu ,mu quotes f ,li ,*+ a vivid description ( ! plight ( an army ?us entrapp$3 8,suppose an army invad+ ho/ile t]ritory )\t ! aid ( local guides3--x falls into a fatal sn>e & is at ! enemy's m]cy4 ,a rav9e on ! left1 a m\nta9 on ! "r1 a pa?way s p]il\s t ! horses h to be rop$ toge!r & ! *>iots c>ri$ 9 sl+s1 no passage op5 9 front1 retreat cut (f beh9d1 no *oice b to proce$ 9 s+le file 774 ,!n1 be=e !re is "t to range our soldi]s 9 ord] ( battle1 ! enemy 9 ov]:elm+ /r5g? sudd5ly appe>s on ! sc5e4 ,advanc+1 we c n[h]e take a brea?+-space2 retreat+1 we h no hav5 ( refuge4 ,we seek a pit*$ battle1 b 9 va92 yet /&+ on ! def5sive1 none ( u has a mom5t's respite4 ,if we simply ma9ta9 our gr\nd1 :ole days & mon?s w crawl by2 ! mom5t we make a move1 we h to su/a9 ! enemy's attacks on front & re>4 ,! c\ntry is wild1 de/itute ( wat] & plants2 ! army is lack+ 9 ! necess>ies ( life1 ! horses are jad$ & ! m5 worn-out1 all ! res\rces ( /r5g? & skill unavail+1 ! pass s n>r[ t a s+le man def5d+ x c *eck ! onset ( t5 ?\s&2 all means ( (f5ce 9 ! h&s ( ! enemy1 all po9ts ( vantage already =feit$ by ourselves3--9 ?is t]rible plight1 ev5 ?\gh we _h ! mo/ valiant soldi]s & ! ke5e/ ( weapons1 h[ c\ld !y be employ$ ) ! slighte/ effect80 ,/ud5ts ( ,greek hi/ory may be rem9d$ ( ! awful close to ! ,sicilian exp$ition1 & ! agony ( ! ,a!nians "u ,nicias & ,demo/h5es4 ,see ,?ucydides1 ,,vii4 #gh sqq44 #aa4 ,on disp]sive gr\nd1 !re=e1 fight n4 ,on facile gr\nd1 halt n4 ,on cont5ti\s gr\nd1 attack n4 ,b r let all y\r en]gies be b5t on occupy+ ! advantage\s position fir/4 ,s ,ts#8ao ,kung4 ,li ,*#8an & o!rs1 h[ev]1 suppose ! mean+ to be t ! enemy has already =e/all$ u1 s t x w\ld be %e] madness to attack4 ,9 ! 1 :5 ! ,k+ ( ,wu inquires :at %\ld be done 9 ?is case1 ,sun ,tz replies3 8,! rule ) reg>d to cont5ti\s gr\nd is t ^? 9 possession h ! advantage ov] ! o!r side4 ,if a position ( ?is k9d is secur$ fir/ by ! enemy1 bew>e ( attack+ him4 ,lure him away by pret5d+ to flee--%[ y\r bann]s & s\nd y\r drums--make a da% = o!r places t he _c af=d to lose--trail bru%wood & raise a du/--conf\nd 8 e>s & eyes--deta* a body ( y\r be/ troops1 & place x secretly 9 ambuscade4 ,!n y\r oppon5t w sally =? to ! rescue40 #ab4 ,on op5 gr\nd1 d n try to block ! enemy's way4 ,because ! attempt w\ld be futile1 & w\ld expose ! block+ =ce itself to s]i\s risks4 ,!re are two int]pretations ( 4 ,i foll[ t ( ,*ang ,y 774 ,! o!r is indicat$ 9 ,ts#8ao ,kung's brief note3 8,draw clos] toge!r0--i4e41 see t a portion ( y\r own army is n cut (f4 ,wang ,hsi po9ts out t is only ano!r "n = ! 8accessible gr\nd0 ( ,x4 #b1 & says t ! advice "h giv5 is simply a v>iation ( 8keep a %>p eye on ! l9e ( supplies10 be c>eful t y\r communications are n cut4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 reads 4 ,on gr\nd ( int]sect+ highways1 jo9 h&s ) y\r allies4 ,or p]haps1 8=m alliances ) neighb\r+ /ates40 ,?us ,ts#8ao ,kung has3 4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop's 8cultivate int]c\rse0 is mu* too timid & vague4 ,! orig9al text reads 4 #ac4 ,on s]i\s gr\nd1 ga!r 9 plund]4 ,on ?is1 ,li ,*#8an has ! foll[+ delici\s note3 8,:5 an army p5etrates f> into ! enemy's c\ntry1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to ali5ate ! p by unju/ treatm5t4 ,foll[ ! example ( ! ,han ,emp]or ,kao ,tsu1 ^: m>* into ,*#89 t]ritory 0 m>k$ by no violation ( wom5 or loot+ ( valuables4 ,nota b5e3 ?is 0 9 #bjg ,b4,c41 & may well cause u to blu% = ! ,*ri/ian armies t ent]$ ,pek+ 9 #aijj ,a4,d4 ,?us he won ! he>ts ( all4 ,9 ! pres5t passage1 !n1 ,i ?9k t ! true read+ mu/ be1 n #8plund]'1 b #8d n plund]'40 ,alas1 ,i fe> t 9 ?is in/ance ! wor?y comm5tator's feel+s outran 8 judgm5t4 ,tu ,mu1 at lea/1 has no su* illusions4 ,he says3 8,:5 encamp$ on #8s]i\s gr\nd1' !re be+ no inducem5t z yet to advance fur!r1 & no possibility ( retreat1 "o ought to take measures = a protract$ resi/ance by br++ 9 provisions f all sides1 & keep a close wat* on ! enemy40 ,cf4 also ,,ii4 #i3 4 ,9 difficult gr\nd1 keep /eadily on ! m>*4 ,or1 9 ! words ( ,,viii4 #b1 8d n encamp40 #ad4 ,on hemm$-9 gr\nd1 resort to /ratagem4 ,ts#8ao ,kung says3 8,try ! effect ( "s unusual artifice20 & ,tu ,yu amplifies ?is by say+3 8,9 su* a position1 "s s*eme mu/ be devis$ :i* w suit ! circum/ances1 & if we c succe$ 9 delud+ ! enemy1 ! p]il may be escap$40 ,?is is exactly :at happ5$ on ! fam\s occasion :5 ,hannibal 0 hemm$ 9 among ! m\nta9s on ! road to ,casil9um1 & to all appe>ances entrapp$ by ! ,dictator ,fabius4 ,! /ratagem :i* ,hannibal devis$ to baffle 8 foes 0 rem>kably l t :i* ,t#8i5 ,tan _h also employ$ ) success exactly #fb ye>s be=e4 ,see ,,ix4 #bd1 note4 ,:5 night came on1 bundles ( twigs 7 fa/5$ to ! horns ( "s #bjjj ox5 & set on fire1 ! t]rifi$ animals be+ !n quickly driv5 along ! m\nta9 side t[>ds ! passes :i* 7 beset by ! enemy4 ,! /range spectacle ( ^! rapidly mov+ lights s al>m$ & discomfit$ ! ,romans t !y )drew f _! position1 & ,hannibal's army pass$ safely ?r\gh ! defile4 ,see ,polybius1 ,,iii4 #ic1 #id2 ,livy1 ,,xxii4 #af1 #ag4 ,on desp]ate gr\nd1 fight4 ,=1 z ,*ia ,l9 rem>ks3 8if y fight ) all y\r might1 !re is a *ance ( life2 :]eas dea? is c]ta9 if y cl+ to y\r corn]40 #ae4 ,^? :o 7 call$ skilful lead]s ( old is omitt$ 9 ! ,t#8u ,%u text4 knew h[ to drive a w$ge betwe5 ! enemy's front & re>2 ,m lit]ally1 8cause ! front & re> to lose t\* ) ea* o!r40 to prev5t co-op]ation betwe5 8 l>ge & small divisions2 to h9d] ! good troops f rescu+ ! bad1 ,i d\bt if c mean 8(fic]s & m510 z ,capt4 ,cal?rop translates4 ,?is is want$ = 4 ! (fic]s f rally+ _! m54 ,! read+ 1 d]iv$ f ! ,y ,lan1 mu/ be consid]$ v d\btful4 ,! orig9al text has 1 & ! ,t#8u ,%u 4 #af4 ,:5 ! enemy's m5 7 scatt]$1 !y prev5t$ !m f conc5trat+2 ,capt4 ,cal?rop translates 8!y scatt]$ ! enemy10 :i* _c be "r4 ev5 :5 _! =ces 7 unit$1 !y manag$ to keep !m 9 disord]4 ,mei ,yao-*#8n's note makes ! s5se pla93 4 ,all ^! clauses1 ( c\rse1 d[n to 1 are dep5d5t on 9 #ae4 #ag4 ,:5 x 0 to _! advantage1 !y made a =w>d move2 :5 o!rwise1 !y /opp$ /ill4 ,mei ,yao-*#8n connects ?is ) ! =ego+3 8,hav+ succe$$ 9 ?us dislocat+ ! enemy1 !y w\ld pu% =w>d 9 ord] to secure any advantage to be ga9$2 if !re 0 no advantage to be ga9$1 !y w\ld rema9 :]e !y 740 #ah4 ,if ask$ h[ to cope ) a great ho/ ( ! enemy 9 ord]ly array & on ! po9t ( m>*+ to ! attack1 is l 1 introduc+ a suppos$ "q4 ,i %\ld say3 8,beg9 by seiz+ some?+ :i* y\r oppon5t holds de>2 !n he w be am5able to y\r w40 ,op9ions diff] z to :at ,sun ,tz _h 9 m9d4 ,ts#8ao ,kung ?9ks x is 8"s /rategical advantage on :i* ! enemy is dep5d+40 ,tu ,mu says3 8,! ?ree ?+s :i* an enemy is anxi\s to d1 & on ! accompli%m5t ( :i* 8 success dep5ds1 are3 7#a7 to capture our fav\rable positions2 7#b7 to ravage our cultivat$ l&2 7#c7 to gu>d 8 own communications40 ,our object !n mu/ be to ?w>t 8 plans 9 ^! ?ree directions & ?us r5d] him helpless4 ,cf4 ,,iii4 #c4 ,b ?is exegesis unduly /ra9s ! mean+ ( & 1 & ,i agree ) ,*#8n ,hao1 :o says t does n ref] only to /rategical advantages1 b is any p]son or ?+ t may happ5 to be ( importance to ! enemy4 ,by boldly seiz+ ! initiative 9 ?is way1 y at once ?r[ ! o!r side on ! def5sive4 #ai4 ,rapidity is ! ess5ce ( w>3 means 8! conditions ( w>10 n1 z ,capt4 ,cal?rop says1 8! _s ( ! troops40 ,accord+ to ,tu ,mu1 8?is is a summ>y ( lead+ pr9ciples 9 w>f>e10 & he adds3 8,^! are ! pr(\nde/ tru?s ( milit>y sci5ce1 & ! *ief bus9ess ( ! g5]al40 ,! foll[+ anecdotes1 told by ,ho ,%ih1 %[ ! importance atta*$ to spe$ by two ( ,*9a's greate/ g5]als4 ,9 #bbg ,a4,d41 ,mng ,ta1 gov]nor ( ,hs9-*#8ng "u ! ,wei ,emp]or ,wn ,ti1 0 m$itat+ defection to ! ,h\se ( ,%u1 & _h ent]$ into correspond5ce ) ,*u-ko ,liang1 ,prime ,m9i/] ( t ,/ate4 ,! ,wei g5]al ,ss-ma ,i 0 !n milit>y gov]nor ( ,wan1 & gett+ w9d ( ,mng ,ta's trea*]y1 he at once set (f ) an army to anticipate 8 revolt1 hav+ previ\sly cajol$ him by a speci\s message ( fri5dly import4 ,ss-ma's (fic]s came to him & said3 8,if ,mng ,ta has leagu$ himself ) ,wu & ,%u1 ! matt] %\ld be ?or\ghly inve/igat$ be=e we make a move40 ,ss-ma ,i repli$3 8,mng ,ta is an unpr9cipl$ man1 & we ought to g & puni% him at once1 :ile he is /ill wav]+ & be=e he has ?r[n (f ! mask40 ,!n1 by a s]ies ( =c$ m>*es1 he br\ght 8 army "u ! walls ( ,hs9-*#8ng )9 ! space ( eight days4 ,n[ ,mng ,ta _h previ\sly said 9 a lett] to ,*u-ko ,liang3 8,wan is #abjj li f "h4 ,:5 ! news ( my revolt rea*es ,ss-ma ,i1 he w at once in=m 8 ,imp]ial ,ma/]1 b x w be a :ole mon? be=e any /eps c be tak51 & by t "t my city w be well =tifi$4 ,besides1 ,ss-ma ,i is sure n to come himself1 & ! g5]als t w be s5t aga9/ u are n wor? tr\bl+ ab\t40 ,! next lett]1 h[ev]1 0 fill$ ) con/]nation3 8,?\gh only eight days h pass$ s9ce ,i ?rew (f my allegiance1 an army is already at ! city-gates4 ,:at miracul\s rapidity is ?is60 ,a =tnight lat]1 ,hs9-*#8ng _h fall5 & ,mng ,ta _h lo/ 8 head4 ,see ,*9 ,%u1 *4 #a1 f4 #c4 ,9 #fba ,a4,d41 ,li ,*+ 0 s5t f ,k#8uei-*\ 9 ,ss-*#8uan to r$uce ! successful rebel ,hsiao ,hsi51 :o _h set up z ,emp]or at ! mod]n ,*+-*\ ,fu 9 ,hupeh4 ,x 0 autumn1 & ! ,yangtsze be+ !n 9 flood1 ,hsiao ,hsi5 nev] dreamt t 8 adv]s>y w\ld v5ture to come d[n ?r\gh ! gorges1 & consequ5tly made no prep>ations4 ,b ,li ,*+ emb>k$ 8 army )\t loss ( "t1 & 0 j ab\t to />t :5 ! o!r g5]als implor$ him to po/pone 8 dep>ture until ! riv] 0 9 a less dang]\s /ate = navigation4 ,li ,*+ repli$3 8,to ! soldi]1 ov]:elm+ spe$ is ( p>am\nt importance1 & he mu/ nev] miss opportunities4 ,n[ is ! "t to /rike1 be=e ,hsiao ,hsi5 ev5 kn[s t we h got an army toge!r4 ,if we seize ! pres5t mom5t :5 ! riv] is 9 flood1 we %all appe> be=e 8 capital ) />tl+ sudd5ness1 l ! ?und] :i* is he>d be=e y h "t to /op y\r e>s aga9/ x4 ,see ,,vii1 #ai1 note4 ,?is is ! great pr9ciple 9 w>4 ,ev5 if he gets to "k ( our approa*1 he w h to levy 8 soldi]s 9 su* a hurry t !y w n be fit to oppose u4 ,?us ! full fruits ( victory w be ours40 ,all came ab\t z he pr$ict$1 & ,hsiao ,hsi5 0 oblig$ to surr5d]1 nobly /ipulat+ t 8 p %\ld be sp>$ & he alone suff] ! p5alty ( dea?4 ,see ,hs9 ,t#8ang ,%u1 *4 #ic1 f4 #a vo4 take advantage ( ! enemy's unread9ess1 make y\r way by unexpect$ r\tes1 & attack ungu>d$ spots4 #bj4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9ciples to be obs]v$ by an invad+ =ce3 ,! fur!r y p5etrate into a c\ntry1 ! great] w be ! solid>ity ( y\r troops1 & ?us ! def5d]s w n prevail aga9/ y4 #ba4 ,make =ays 9 f]tile c\ntry 9 ord] to supply y\r army ) food4 ,cf4 supra1 #ac4 ,li ,*#8an does n v5ture on a note "h4 #bb4 ,c>efully /udy ! well-be+ ( y\r m51 1 accord+ to ,wang ,hsi1 means3 8,pet !m1 hum\r !m1 give !m pl5ty ( food & dr9k1 & look aft] !m g5]ally40 & d n ov]tax !m4 ,conc5trate y\r en]gy & ho>d y\r /r5g?4 ,tu ,mu expla9s ^! words 9 a rhym+ c\plet3 2 & ,*#8n ,hao recalls ! l9e ( action adopt$ 9 #bbd ,b4,c4 by ! fam\s g5]al ,wang ,*i51 ^: milit>y g5ius l>gely contribut$ to ! success ( ! ,fir/ ,emp]or4 ,he _h invad$ ! ,*#8u ,/ate1 :]e a univ]sal levy 0 made to oppose him4 ,b1 be+ d\btful ( ! temp] ( 8 troops1 he decl9$ all invitations to fight & rema9$ /rictly on ! def5sive4 ,9 va9 did ! ,*#8u g5]al try to =ce a battle3 day aft] day ,wang ,*i5 kept inside 8 walls & w\ld n come out1 b devot$ 8 :ole "t & en]gy to w9n+ ! affection & confid5ce ( 8 m54 ,he took c>e t !y %\ld be well f$1 %>+ 8 own meals ) !m1 provid$ facilities = ba?+1 & employ$ e me?od ( judici\s indulg5ce to weld !m into a loyal & homog5e\s body4 ,aft] "s "t _h elaps$1 he told (f c]ta9 p]sons to f9d out h[ ! m5 7 amus+ !mselves4 ,! answ] 01 t !y 7 cont5d+ ) "o ano!r 9 putt+ ! weight & long-jump+ 774 ,:5 ,wang ,*i5 he>d t !y 7 engag$ 9 ^! a?letic pursuits1 he knew t _! spirits _h be5 /rung up to ! requir$ pit* & t !y 7 n[ ready = fight+4 ,by ?is "t ! ,*#8u army1 aft] repeat+ _! *all5ge aga9 & aga91 _h m>*$ away ea/w>ds 9 disgu/4 ,! ,*#89 g5]al imm$iately broke up 8 camp & foll[$ !m1 & 9 ! battle t ensu$ !y 7 r\t$ ) great slaught]4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds1 ! :ole ( ,*#8u 0 conqu]$ by ,*#891 & ! k+ ,fu-*#8u l$ into captivity4 ,see ,%ih ,*i1 *4 #gc1 f4 #e ro4 ,x %\ld be not$ t1 be+ a taboo "* "u ! ,*#89 dyna/y1 ! "n figures z ?r\gh\t4 ,keep y\r army cont9ually on ! move1 ,9 ord] t ! enemy may nev] "k exactly :]e y are4 ,x has /ruck me1 h[ev]1 t ! true read+ might be1 n 1 b 8l9k y\r army toge!r0 cf4 supra #df1 1 :i* w\ld be m 9 keep+ ) 4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop cuts ! ,gordian knot by omitt+ ! words altoge!r4 & devise unfa?omable plans4 ,*#8ang ,y's p>aphrase is3 4 #bc4 ,?r[ y\r soldi]s into positions :5ce !re is no escape1 & !y w pref] dea? to flight4 ,cf4 ,nicias' spee* to ! ,a!nians3 1 1 1 etc4 ,?uc4 ,,vii4 #gg4 vii4 ,if !y w face dea?1 !re is no?+ !y may n a*ieve4 by itself con/itutes ! protasis1 & is ! int]rogative 4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop makes ! protasis end ) 3 8,if !re be no alt]native b dea?40 ,b ,i d n see h[ ?is is to be got out ( ! ,*9ese4 ,*ang ,y gives a cle> p>aphrase3 1 & quotes 8 fav\rite ,wei ,liao ,tz 7*4 #c73 8,if "o man 7 to run amok ) a sword 9 ! m>ket-place1 & ev]ybody else tri$ to get out ( 8 way1 ,i %\ld n all[ t ?is man alone _h c\rage & t all ! re/ 7 contemptible c[>ds4 ,! tru? is1 t a desp]ado & a man :o sets "s value on 8 life d n meet on ev5 t]ms40 ,(fic]s & m5 alike w put =? _! utt]mo/ /r5g?4 appe>s to /& = ! m usual 4 ,*ang ,y says3 8,if !y are 9 an awkw>d place toge!r1 !y w surely ex]t _! unit$ /r5g? to get out ( x40 #bd4 ,soldi]s :5 9 desp]ate /raits lose ! s5se ( fe>4 ,if !re is no place ( refuge1 !y w /& firm4 ,if !y are 9 ! he>t ( a ho/ile c\ntry1 !y w %[ a /ubborn front4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop weakly says3 8!re is unity10 z ?\gh ! text 7 1 z 9 #bj4 ,b introduces q a new idea--t ( t5acity--:i* ,ts#8ao ,kung tries to expla9 by ! ^w 8to b9d fa/40 ,if !re is no help = x1 !y w fight h>d4 #be4 ,?us1 )\t wait+ to be m>%all$1 ! soldi]s w be con/antly on ! qui vive2 ,tu ,mu says3 4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop wrongly translates 8)\t w>n+s40 )\t wait+ to be ask$1 !y w d y\r w2 ,lit]ally1 8)\t ask+1 y w get40 ,*ang ,y's p>aphrase is3 4 )\t re/rictions1 !y w be fai?ful2 ,*ang ,y says3 4 )\t giv+ ord]s1 !y c be tru/$4 ,?is la/ clause is v simil> 9 s5se to ! "o prec$+1 except t indicates ! soldi]s' atta*m5t to _! lead]1 & ! lead]'s attitude t[>ds !m4 ,i r d\bt if c mean 8!y w h confid5ce 9 _! lead]10 z ! comm5t>y seems to indicate4 ,t way1 ! s5se is n ne>ly s good4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is j possible t "h1 z 9 ,,viii4 #h & infra1 #ee1 may 3 8)\t ord]s1 !y w c>ry out _! lead]'s plans40 ,! :ole ( ?is p>agraph1 ( c\rse1 has ref]5ce to 8desp]ate gr\nd40 #bf4 ,prohibit ! tak+ ( om5s1 & d away ) sup]/iti\s d\bts4 is amplifi$ by ,ts#8ao ,kung into 1 & into 4 ,cf4 ! ,ss-ma ,fa1 *4 #c3 4 ,!n1 until dea? itself comes1 no calamity ne$ be fe>$4 ,! sup]/iti\s1 8b\nd 9 to saucy d\bts & fe>s10 deg5]ate into c[>ds & 8die _m times be=e _! dea?s40 ,tu ,mu quotes ,huang-%ih ,kung3 8#8,spells & incantations %\ld be /rictly =bidd51 & no (fic] all[$ to inquire by div9ation into ! =tunes ( an army1 = fe> ! soldi]'s m9ds %\ld be s]i\sly p]turb$4' ,! mean+ is10 he cont9ues1 8t if all d\bts & scruples are disc>d$1 y\r m5 w nev] falt] 9 _! resolution until !y die40 ,! read+ ( ! /&>d text is 8!re w be no refuge10 :i* does n fit 9 well "h4 ,i !re=e pref] to adopt ! v>iant 1 :i* evid5tly /ood 9 ,li ,*#8an's text4 #bg4 ,if our soldi]s are n ov]burd5$ ) money1 x is n because !y h a di/a/e = ri*es2 if _! lives are n unduly long1 x is n because !y are dis9cl9$ to longevity4 ,*ang ,y has ! be/ note on ?is passage3 8,weal? & long life are ?+s = :i* all m5 h a natural incl9ation4 ,h5ce1 if !y burn or fl+ away valuables1 & sacrifice _! own lives1 x is n t !y dislike !m1 b simply t !y h no *oice40 ,sun ,tz is slyly ins9uat+ t1 z soldi]s are b human1 x is = ! g5]al to see t temptations to %irk fight+ & gr[ ri* are n ?r[n 9 _! way4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop1 mi/ak+ = ! adjective1 has3 8n because money is a bad ?+ 444 n because long life is evil40 #bh4 ,on ! day !y are ord]$ out to battle1 y\r soldi]s may weep1 ,! ^w 9 ! ,*9ese is 8snivel40 ,?is is tak5 to indicate m g5u9e grief ?an te>s alone4 ^? sitt+ up b$ew+ _! g>m5ts1 & ^? ly+ d[n lett+ ! te>s run d[n _! *eeks4 ,n because !y are afraid1 b because1 z ,ts#8ao ,kung says1 8all h embrac$ ! firm resolution to d or die40 ,we may rememb] t ! h]oes ( ! ,iliad 7 equally *ildlike 9 %[+ _! emotion4 ,*ang ,y alludes to ! m\rnful p>t+ at ! ,i ,riv] betwe5 ,*+ ,k#8o & 8 fri5ds1 :5 ! =m] 0 s5t to attempt ! life ( ! ,k+ ( ,*#89 7aft]w>ds ,fir/ ,emp]or7 9 #bbg ,b4,c4 ,! te>s ( all fl[$ d[n l ra9 z he bade !m f>ewell & utt]$ ! foll[+ l9es3 8,! %rill bla/ is bl[+1 ,*illy ! burn2 ,y\r *ampion is go+--,n to return40#agi ,b let !m once be br\ght to bay1 & !y w display ! c\rage ( a ,*u or a ,kuei4 0 ! p]sonal "n ( ,*uan ,*u1 a native ( ! ,wu ,/ate & contempor>y ) ,sun ,tz himself1 :o 0 employ$ by ,kung-tz ,kuang1 bett] kn[n z ,ho ,l ,wang1 to assass9ate 8 sov]eign ,wang ,liao ) a dagg] :i* he secret$ 9 ! belly ( a fi% s]v$ up at a banquet4 ,he succe$$ 9 8 attempt1 b 0 imm$iately hack$ to pieces by ! k+'s bodygu>d4 ,?is 0 9 #eae ,b4,c4 ,! o!r h]o ref]r$ to1 ,ts#8ao ,kuei 7or ,ts#8ao ,mo71 p]=m$ ! exploit :i* has made 8 "n fam\s #aff ye>s e>li]1 9 #fha ,b4,c4 ,lu _h be5 ?rice defeat$ by ,*#8i1 & 0 j ab\t to conclude a treaty surr5d]+ a l>ge slice ( t]ritory1 :5 ,ts#8ao ,kuei sudd5ly seiz$ ,huan ,kung1 ! ,duke ( ,*#8i1 z he /ood on ! alt> /eps & held a dagg] aga9/ 8 *e/4 ,none ( ! ,duke's reta9]s d>$ to move a muscle1 & ,ts#8ao ,kuei proce$$ to dem& full re/itution1 decl>+ t ,lu 0 be+ unju/ly treat$ because %e 0 a small] & weak] /ate4 ,huan ,kung1 9 p]il ( 8 life1 0 oblig$ to cons5t1 :]eupon ,ts#8ao ,kuei flung away 8 dagg] & quietly resum$ 8 place amid ! t]rifi$ assemblage )\t hav+ s mu* z *ang$ col\r4 ,z 0 to be expect$1 ! ,duke want$ aft]w>ds to repudiate ! b>ga91 b 8 wise old c\nsellor ,kuan ,*ung po9t$ out to him ! impolicy ( break+ 8 ^w1 & ! up%ot 0 t ?is bold /roke rega9$ = ,lu ! :ole ( :at %e _h lo/ 9 ?ree pit*$ battles4 ,= ano!r anecdote ( ,ts#8ao ,kuei see ,,vii4 #bg1 note2 & = ! biographies ( ^! ?ree bravos1 ,ts#8ao1 ,*uan & ,*+1 see ,%ih ,*i1 *4 #hf4 #bi4 ,! skilful tactician may be lik5$ to ! %uai-jan4 ,n[ ! %uai-jan is a snake t is f\nd 9 ! ,*#8ang m\nta9s4 means 8sudd5ly0 or 8rapidly10 & ! snake 9 "q 0 d\btless s call$ ow+ to ! rapidity ( its movem5ts4 ,?r\gh ?is passage1 ! t]m has n[ come to be us$ 9 ! s5se ( 8milit>y manuvres40 ,! h app>5tly n be5 id5tifi$4 ,/rike at its head1 & y w be attack$ by its tail2 /rike at its tail1 & y w be attack$ by its head2 /rike at its middle1 ,ano!r read+ 9 ! ,y ,lan = is 8belly40 & y w be attack$ by head & tail bo?4 #cj4 ,ask$ if an army c be made to imitate ! %uai-jan1 ,t is1 z ,mei ,yao-*#8n says1 8,is x possible to make ! front & re> ( an army ea* swiftly responsive to attack on ! o!r1 j z ?\gh !y 7 p>ts ( a s+le liv+ body80 ,i %\ld answ]1 ,yes4 ,= ! m5 ( ,wu & ! m5 ( ,yeh are enemies2 ,cf4 ,,vi4 #ba4 yet if !y are cross+ a riv] 9 ! same boat & are caught by a /orm1 !y w come to ea* o!r's assi/ance j z ! left h& helps ! "r4 ,! mean+ is3 ,if two enemies w help ea* o!r 9 a "t ( common p]il1 h[ mu* m %\ld two p>ts ( ! same army1 b\nd toge!r z !y are by e tie ( int]e/ & fell[-feel+4 ,yet x is notori\s t _m a campaign has be5 ru9$ ?r\gh lack ( co-op]ation1 especially 9 ! case ( alli$ armies4 #ca4 ,h5ce x is n en\gh to put "o's tru/ 9 ! te!r+ ( horses1 is said "h to be equival5t to 4 & ! bury+ ( *>iot :eels 9 ! gr\nd4 ,^! qua9t devices to prev5t "o's army f runn+ away recall ! ,a!nian h]o ,sphanes1 :o c>ri$ an an*or ) him at ! battle ( ,plataea1 by means ( :i* he fa/5$ himself firmly to "o spot4 ,see ,h]odotus1 ,,ix4 #gd4 ,x is n en\gh1 says ,sun ,tz1 to r5d] flight impossible by su* me*anical means4 ,y w n succe$ unless y\r m5 h t5acity & unity ( purpose1 &1 above all1 a _s ( sympa!tic co-op]ation4 ,?is is ! lesson :i* c be le>n$ f ! %uai-jan4 #cb4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* to manage an army is to set up "o /&>d ( c\rage :i* all mu/ rea*4 ,lit]ally1 8level ! c\rage ( all z ?\gh x 7 t ( "o40 ,if ! ideal army is to =m a s+le organic :ole1 !n x foll[s t ! resolution & _s ( its compon5t p>ts mu/ be ( ! same quality1 or at any rate mu/ n fall bel[ a c]ta9 /&>d4 ,well+ton's seem+ly ungrateful description ( 8 army at ,wat]loo z 8! wor/ he _h ev] comm&$0 meant no m ?an t x 0 defici5t 9 ?is important p>ticul>--unity ( _s & c\rage4 ,_h he n =ese5 ! ,belgian defections & c>efully kept ^? troops 9 ! backgr\nd1 he w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly h lo/ ! day4 #cc4 ,h[ to make ! be/ ( bo? /rong & weak--t is a "q involv+ ! prop] use ( gr\nd4 ,?is is r a h>d s5t5ce on ! fir/ read+1 b ! key to x w be f\nd1 fir/ly1 9 ! pause aft] 1 & next1 9 ! mean+ ( itself4 ,! be/ equival5t = ?is t ,i c ?9k ( is ! ,g]man 8zur ,geltung komm540 ,mei ,yao-*#8n's p>aphrase is3 8,! way to elim9ate ! diff]5ces ( /rong & weak & to make bo? s]viceable is to utilise accid5tal features ( ! gr\nd40 ,less reliable troops1 if po/$ 9 /rong positions1 w hold out z long z bett] troops on m expos$ t]ra94 ,! advantage ( position neutralises ! inf]iority 9 /am9a & c\rage4 ,col4 ,h5d]son says3 8,) all respect to ! text books1 & to ord9>y tactical tea*+1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! /udy ( gr\nd is (t5 ov]look$1 & t by no means suffici5t importance is atta*$ to ! selection ( positions 444 & to ! imm5se advantages t are to be d]iv$1 :e!r y are def5d+ or attack+1 f ! prop] utilisation ( natural features40#ahj #cd4 ,?us ! skilful g5]al conducts 8 army j z ?\gh he 7 lead+ a s+le man1 willy-nilly1 by ! h&4 ,tu ,mu says3 8,! simile has ref]5ce to ! ease ) :i* he does x40 means t he makes x impossible = 8 troops to d o!rwise ?an obey4 ,*ang ,y quotes a j+le1 to be f\nd 9 ,wu ,tz1 *4 #d3 4 #ce4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( a g5]al to be quiet & ?us ensure secrecy2 upright & j1 & ?us ma9ta9 ord]4 seems to comb9e ! mean+s 8noiseless0 & 8imp]turbable10 bo? ( :i* attributes w\ld ( c\rse conduce to secrecy4 ,tu ,mu expla9s z 8deep & inscrutable10 & z 8fair & unbiass$40 ,mei ,yao-*#8n alone among ! comm5tators takes 9 ! s5se ( 8self-controll$40 & are causally connect$ ) & respectively4 ,?is is n br\ght out at all 9 ,capt4 ,cal?rop's r5d]+3 8,! g5]al %\ld be calm1 inscrutable1 j & prud5t40 ,! la/ adjective1 moreov]1 c 9 no s5se be said to repres5t 4 #cf4 ,he mu/ be able to my/ify 8 (fic]s & m5 by false reports & appe>ances1 ,lit]ally1 8to deceive _! eyes & e>s0-- be+ "h us$ z a v]b 9 ! s5se ( 4 & ?us keep !m 9 total ignorance4 ,ts#8ao ,kung gives u "o ( 8 excell5t apoph!gms3 8,! troops mu/ n be all[$ to %>e y\r s*emes 9 ! beg9n+2 !y may only rejoice ) y ov] _! happy outcome40 8,to my/ify1 mislead1 & surprise ! enemy10 is "o ( ! fir/ pr9ciples 9 w>1 z has be5 frequ5tly po9t$ out4 ,b h[ ab\t ! o!r process--! my/ification ( "o's own m58 ,^? :o may ?9k t ,sun ,tz is ov]-emphatic on ?is po9t w\ld d well to read ,col4 ,h5d]son's rem>ks on ,/onewall ,jackson's ,valley campaign3 8,! inf9ite pa9s10 he says1 8) :i* ,jackson s\ght to conceal1 ev5 f 8 mo/ tru/$ /aff (fic]s1 8 movem5ts1 8 int5tions1 & 8 ?\ghts1 a comm&] less ?or\gh w\ld h pron\nc$ useless0--etc4 etc4#aha ,9 ! ye> #hh ,a4,d41 z we read 9 *4 #dg ( ! ,h\ ,han ,%u1 8,pan ,*#8ao took ! field ) #be1jjj m5 f ,khotan & o!r ,c5tral ,asian /ates ) ! object ( cru%+ ,y>k&4 ,! ,k+ ( ,kut*a repli$ by dispat*+ 8 *ief comm&] to succ\r ! place ) an army drawn f ! k+doms ( ,wn-su1 ,ku-mo & ,wei-t#8ou1 totall+ #ej1jjj m54 ,pan ,*#8ao summon$ 8 (fic]s & also ! ,k+ ( ,khotan to a c\ncil ( w>1 & said3 #8,our =ces are n[ outnumb]$ & unable to make head aga9/ ! enemy4 ,! be/ plan1 !n1 is = u to sep>ate & disp]se1 ea* 9 a diff]5t direction4 ,! ,k+ ( ,khotan w m>* away by ! ea/]ly r\te1 & ,i w !n return myself t[>ds ! we/4 ,let u wait until ! ev5+ drum has s\nd$ & !n />t4' ,pan ,*#8ao n[ secretly releas$ ! prison]s :om he _h tak5 alive1 & ! ,k+ ( ,kut*a 0 ?us in=m$ ( 8 plans4 ,mu* elat$ by ! news1 ! latt] set (f at once at ! head ( #aj1jjj horsem5 to b> ,pan ,*#8ao's retreat 9 ! we/1 :ile ! ,k+ ( ,wn-su rode ea/w>ds ) #hjjj horse 9 ord] to int]cept ! ,k+ ( ,khotan4 ,z soon z ,pan ,*#8ao knew t ! two *iefta9s _h gone1 he call$ 8 divisions toge!r1 got !m well 9 h&1 & at cock-cr[ hurl$ !m aga9/ ! army ( ,y>k&1 z x lay encamp$4 ,! b>b>ians1 panic-/rick51 fl$ 9 confusion1 & 7 closely pursu$ by ,pan ,*#8ao4 ,ov] #ejjj heads 7 br\ght back z trophies1 besides imm5se spoils 9 ! %ape ( horses & cattle & valuables ( e description4 ,y>k& !n capitulat+1 ,kut*a & ! o!r k+doms drew (f _! respective =ces4 ,f t "t =w>d1 ,pan ,*#8ao's pre/ige completely ov]aw$ ! c\ntries ( ! we/40 ,9 ?is case1 we see t ! ,*9ese g5]al n only kept 8 own (fic]s 9 ignorance ( 8 real plans1 b actually took ! bold /ep ( divid+ 8 army 9 ord] to deceive ! enemy4 #cg4 ,by alt]+ 8 arrangem5ts & *ang+ 8 plans1 ,wang ,hsi ?9ks t ?is means1 n us+ ! same /ratagem twice4 ,he says3 4 he keeps ! enemy )\t def9ite k4 ,note t d5otes ! enemy1 z oppos$ to ! ( #cf4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop1 n p]ceiv+ ?is1 jo9s ! two p>agraphs into "o4 ,*ang ,y quotes z say+3 8,! axiom1 t w> is bas$ on deception1 does n apply only to deception ( ! enemy4 ,y mu/ deceive ev5 y\r own soldi]s4 ,make !m foll[ y1 b )\t lett+ !m "k :y40 ,by %ift+ 8 camp & tak+ circuit\s r\tes1 he prev5ts ! enemy f anticipat+ 8 purpose4 ,wang ,hsi p>aphrases z 8camp on easy gr\nd10 & ,*ang ,y foll[s him1 say+3 4 ,b ?is is an utt]ly unt5able view4 ,= 1 cf4 ,,vii4 #d4 ,*ia ,l91 reta9+ 8 old int]pretation ( ^? words1 is n[ oblig$ to expla9 z 8cause ! enemy to %ift 8 camp10 :i* is awkw>d 9 ! extreme4 #ch4 ,at ! critical mom5t1 ! lead] ( an army acts l "o :o has climb$ up a height & !n kicks away ! ladd] beh9d him4 ,i mu/ c&idly confess t ,i d n und]/& ! syntax ( 1 ?\gh ! mean+ is fairly pla94 ,! difficulty has evid5tly be5 felt1 = ,tu ,mu tells u t "o text omits 4 ,x is m likely1 h[ev]1 t a c\ple ( *>act]s h dropp$ out4 ,he c>ries 8 m5 deep into ho/ile t]ritory be=e he %[s 8 h&4 1 lit]ally1 8releases ! spr+0 7see ,v4 #ae71 t is1 takes "s decisive /ep :i* makes x impossible = ! army to return--l ,hsiang ,y1 :o sunk 8 %ips aft] cross+ a riv]4 ,*#8n ,hao1 foll[$ by ,*ia ,l91 und]/&s ! words less well z 8puts =? e artifice at 8 comm&40 ,b 9 ?is d]iv$ s5se occurs n[h]e else 9 ,sun ,tz4 #ci4 ,he burns 8 boats & breaks 8 cook+-pots2 ,omitt$ 9 ! ,t#8u ,%u4 l a %eph]d driv+ a flock ( %eep1 he drives 8 m5 ?is way & t1 & none kn[s :i!r he is go+4 ,! ,t#8u ,%u ins]ts ano!r aft] 4 ,tu ,mu says3 8,! army is only cognisant ( ord]s to advance or retreat2 x is ignorant ( ! ult]ior ends ( attack+ & conqu]+40 #dj4 ,to mu/] 8 ho/ & br+ x into dang]3--?is may be t]m$ ! bus9ess ( ! g5]al4 ,sun ,tz means t aft] mobilisation !re %\ld be no delay 9 aim+ a bl[ at ! enemy's he>t4 ,) cf4 supra1 #bc3 4 ,note h[ he returns aga9 & aga9 to ?is po9t4 ,among ! w>r+ /ates ( anci5t ,*9a1 des]tion 0 no d\bt a mu* m pres5t fe> & s]i\s evil ?an x is 9 ! armies ( to-day4 #da4 ,! diff]5t measures suit$ to ! n9e v>ieties ( gr\nd2 ,*ang ,y says3 8,"o mu/ n be hide-b\nd 9 int]pret+ ! rules = ! n9e v>ieties ( gr\nd4 ! exp$i5cy ( aggressive or def5sive tactics2 ,! use ( 8contraction & expansion0 may be illu/rat$ by ! say+ 1 :i* almo/ exactly corresponds to ! ,fr5* 8il faut recul] p\r mieux saut]40#ahb ,capt4 ,cal?rop1 m suo1 avoids a real translation & has3 8! suit+ ( ! means to ! occasion40 & ! fundam5tal laws ( human nature3 ^! are ?+s t mu/ mo/ c]ta9ly be /udi$4 #db4 ,:5 invad+ ho/ile t]ritory1 ! g5]al pr9ciple is1 t p5etrat+ deeply br+s cohesion2 p5etrat+ b a %ort way means disp]sion4 ,cf4 supra1 #bj4 #dc4 ,:5 y leave y\r own c\ntry beh9d1 & take y\r army across neighb\r+ t]ritory1 ,*ang ,y's p>aphrase is 4 y f9d y\rself on critical gr\nd4 ,?is 8gr\nd0 is cursorily m5tion$ 9 ,,viii4 #b1 b x does n figure among ! ,n9e ( ?is *apt] or ! ,six 9 *ap4 ,x4 ,"o's fir/ impulse w\ld be to translate x 8di/ant gr\nd0 7 is commonly us$ 9 ! s5se ( 8di/ant l&s071 b ?is1 if we c tru/ ! comm5tators1 is precisely :at is n meant "h4 ,mei ,yao-*#8n says x is 8a position n f> en\gh advanc$ to be call$ #8facile1' & n ne> en\gh to home to be call$ #8disp]sive1' b some?+ betwe5 ! two40 ,t1 ( c\rse1 does n expla9 ! "n 1 :i* seems to imply t ! g5]al has sev]$ 8 communications & tempor>ily cut himself (f f 8 base4 ,?us1 ,wang ,hsi says3 8,x is gr\nd sep>at$ f home by an int]jac5t /ate1 ^: t]ritory we h _h to cross 9 ord] to rea* x4 ,h5ce x is incumb5t on u to settle our bus9ess !re quickly40 ,he adds t ?is position is ( r>e occurr5ce1 :i* is ! reason :y x is n includ$ among ! 4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop gives b a poor r5d]+ ( ?is s5t5ce3 8,to leave home & cross ! bord]s is to be free f int]f]5ce40 ,:5 !re are means ( communication ,! ,t#8u ,%u reads = 4 on all f\r sides1 ! gr\nd is "o ( int]sect+ highways4 ,f d[n to ! end ( #de1 we h "s ( ! def9itions ( ! e>ly "p ( ! *apt] repeat$ 9 slightly diff]5t language4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop omits ^! altoge!r4 #dd4 ,:5 y p5etrate deeply into a c\ntry1 x is s]i\s gr\nd4 ,:5 y p5etrate b a little way1 x is facile gr\nd4 #de4 ,:5 y h ! enemy's /rongholds on y\r re>1 4 & n>r[ passes 9 front1 x is hemm$-9 gr\nd4 ,:5 !re is no place ( refuge at all1 x is desp]ate gr\nd4 #df4 ,!re=e1 on disp]sive gr\nd1 ,i w\ld inspire my m5 ) unity ( purpose4 ,?is end1 accord+ to ,tu ,mu1 is be/ atta9$ by rema9+ on ! def5sive1 & avoid+ battle4 ,cf4 supra1 #aa4 ,on facile gr\nd1 ,i w\ld see t !re is close connection betwe5 all p>ts ( my army4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 has in/ead ( 4 ,! pres5t read+ is support$ by ! ( ,*ng ,yu-hsi54 ,z ,tu ,mu says1 ! object is to gu>d aga9/ two possible cont+5cies3 87#a7 ! des]tion ( our own troops2 7#b7 a sudd5 attack on ! "p ( ! enemy40 ,cf4 ,,vii4 #ag3 4 ,mei ,yao-*#8n says3 8,on ! m>*1 ! regim5ts %\ld be 9 close t\*2 9 an encampm5t1 !re %\ld be cont9uity betwe5 ! =tifications40 ,he seems to h =gott51 by ! way1 :at ,sun ,tz says above3 4 #dg4 ,on cont5ti\s gr\nd1 ,i w\ld hurry up my re>4 ,?is is ,ts#8ao ,kung's int]pretation4 ,*ang ,y adopts x1 say+3 8,we mu/ quickly br+ up our re>1 s t head & tail may bo? rea* ! goal40 ,t is1 !y mu/ n be all[$ to /raggle up a long way ap>t4 ,mei ,yao-*#8n (f]s ano!r equally plausible explanation3 8,suppos+ ! enemy has n yet rea*$ ! covet$ position1 & we are beh9d him1 we %\ld advance ) all spe$ 9 ord] to dispute its possession40 w\ld ?us d5ote ! enemy1 be+ ! preposition1 & w\ld reta9 its usual intransitive s5se4 ,cf4 ,,vii4 #d3 4 ,*#8n ,hao1 on ! o!r h&1 assum+ t ! enemy has _h "t to select 8 own gr\nd1 quotes ,,vi4 #a1 :]e ,sun ,tz w>ns u aga9/ com+ exhau/$ to ! attack4 ,8 own idea ( ! situation is r vaguely express$3 8,if !re is a fav\rable position ly+ 9 front ( y1 deta* a pick$ body ( troops to occupy x2 !n if ! enemy1 rely+ on _! numb]s1 come up to make a fight = x1 y may fall quickly on _! re> ) y\r ma9 body1 & victory w be assur$40 ,x 0 ?us1 he adds1 t ,*ao ,% beat ! army ( ,*#894 ,see p4 #eg4 ,li ,*#8an w\ld read = 1 x is n easy to see :y4 #dh4 ,on op5 gr\nd1 ,i w\ld keep a vigilant eye on my def5ces4 ,z ,wang ,hsi says1 8fe>+ a surprise attack40 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 reads "h 7see next s5t5ce74 ,on gr\nd ( int]sect+ highways1 ,i w\ld consolidate my alliances4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 reads 1 :i* ,tu ,yu expla9s z 8wat*+ ! m>ket t[ns10 8! hotb$s ( revolution40 ,capt4 ,cal?rop translates by ! same words z 9 #ab3 8cultivate int]c\rse40 #di4 ,on s]i\s gr\nd1 ,i w\ld try to ensure a cont9u\s /ream ( supplies4 ,! comm5tators take ?is z ref]r+ to =age & plund]1 n1 z "o might expect1 to an unbrok5 communication ) a home base4 ,"o text1 inde$1 gives ! read+ 4 ,cf4 #ac4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop's 8be c>eful ( supplies0 fails to r5d] ! =ce ( 4 ,on difficult gr\nd1 ,i w\ld keep pu%+ on along ! road4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop's 8d n l+]0 _c be call$ a translation1 b only a p>aphrase ( ! p>aphrase (f]$ by ,ts#8ao ,kung3 8,pass away f x 9 all ha/e40 #ej4 ,on hemm$-9 gr\nd1 ,i w\ld block any way ( retreat4 8,to make x seem t ,i mean to def5d ! position1 :]eas my real int5tion is to bur/ sudd5ly ?r\gh ! enemy's l9es0 ,mng ,%ih2 89 ord] to make my soldi]s fight ) desp]ation0 ,mei ,yao-*#8n2 8fe>+ le/ my m5 be tempt$ to run away0 ,wang ,hsi4 ,tu ,mu po9ts out t ?is is ! conv]se ( ,,vii4 #cf1 :]e x is ! enemy :o is surr\nd$4 ,9 #ecb ,a4,d41 ,kao ,huan1 aft]w>ds ,emp]or & canonis$ z ,%n-wu1 0 surr\nd$ by a great army "u rh-*u ,*ao & o!rs4 ,8 own =ce 0 comp>atively small1 consi/+ only ( #bjjj horse & some?+ "u #cj1jjj foot4 ,! l9es ( inve/m5t _h n be5 drawn v closely toge!r1 gaps be+ left at c]ta9 po9ts4 ,b ,kao ,huan1 in/ead ( try+ to escape1 actually made a %ift to block all ! rema9+ outlets himself by driv+ into !m a numb] ( ox5 & donkeys rop$ toge!r4 ,z soon z 8 (fic]s & m5 saw t !re 0 no?+ = x b to conqu] or die1 _! spirits rose to an extraord9>y pit* ( exaltation1 & !y *>g$ ) su* desp]ate f]ocity t ! oppos+ ranks broke & crumbl$ "u _! onslaught4 ,see ,tu ,mu's comm5t>y1 & *4 #a1 fol4 #f4 ,on desp]ate gr\nd1 ,i w\ld proclaim to my soldi]s ! hopelessness ( sav+ _! lives4 ,tu ,yu says3 8,burn y\r baggage & imp$im5ta1 ?r[ away y\r /ores & provisions1 *oke up ! wells1 de/roy y\r cook+-/oves1 & make x pla9 to y\r m5 t !y _c survive1 b mu/ fight to ! dea?40 ,mei ,yao-*#8n says epigrammatically3 8,! only *ance ( life lies 9 giv+ up all hope ( x40 ,?is concludes :at ,sun ,tz has to say ab\t 8gr\nds0 & ! 8v>iations0 correspond+ to !m4 ,review+ ! passages :i* be> on ?is important subject1 we _c fail to be /ruck by ! desultory & unme?odical fa%ion 9 :i* x is treat$4 ,sun ,tz beg9s abruptly 9 ,,viii4 #b to enum]ate 8v>iations0 be=e t\*+ on 8gr\nds0 at all1 b only m5tions five1 namely nos4 #g1 #e1 #h & #i ( ! subsequ5t li/1 & "o t is n includ$ 9 x4 ,a few v>ieties ( gr\nd are dealt ) 9 ! e>li] portion ( *ap4 ,,ix1 & !n *ap4 ,x sets =? six new gr\nds1 ) six v>iations ( plan to mat*4 ,none ( ^! is m5tion$ aga91 ?\gh ! fir/ is h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f gr\nd no4 #d 9 ! next *apt]4 ,at la/1 9 *ap4 ,,xi1 we come to ! ,n9e ,gr\nds p> excell5ce1 imm$iately foll[$ by ! v>iations4 ,?is takes u d[n to #ad4 ,9 #dc-de1 fre% def9itions are provid$ = nos4 #e1 #f1 #b1 #h & #i 79 ! ord] giv571 z well z = ! t5? gr\nd notic$ 9 *ap ,,viii2 & f9ally1 ! n9e v>iations are enum]at$ once m f beg9n+ to end1 all1 ) ! exception ( #e1 #f & #g1 be+ diff]5t f ^? previ\sly giv54 ,?\gh x is impossible to acc\nt = ! pres5t /ate ( ,sun ,tz's text1 a few sugge/ive facts may be br\ght into prom95ce3 7#a7 ,*ap4 ,,viii1 accord+ to ! title1 %\ld deal ) n9e v>iations1 :]eas only five appe>4 7#b7 ,x is an abnormally %ort *apt]4 7#c7 ,*ap4 ,,xi is entitl$ ,! ,n9e ,gr\nds4 ,sev]al ^! are def9$ twice ov]1 besides :i* !re are two di/9ct li/s ( ! correspond+ v>iations4 7#d7 ,! l5g? ( ! *apt] is disproportionate1 be+ d\ble t ( any o!r except ,,ix4 ,i d n propose to draw any inf]5ces f ^! facts1 beyond ! g5]al conclusion t ,sun ,tz's "w _c h come d[n to u 9 ! %ape 9 :i* x left 8 h&s3 *ap4 ,,viii is obvi\sly defective & probably out ( place1 :ile ,,xi seems to conta9 matt] t has ei!r be5 add$ by a lat] h& or ought to appe> else:]e4 #ea4 ,= x is ! soldi]'s disposition to (f] an ob/9ate resi/ance :5 surr\nd$1 to fight h>d :5 he _c help himself1 & to obey promptly :5 he has fall5 into dang]4 is r5d]$ by ,capt4 ,cal?rop3 8to pursue ! enemy if he retreat40 ,b _c mean 8to retreat40 ,its prim>y s5se is to pass ov]1 h5ce to g too f>1 to exce$ or to err4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! ^w has lo/ all implication ( c5sure1 & appe>s to mean 8to pass ! b\nd>y l9e divid+ safety f dang]10 or1 z ,*ang ,y puts x1 8to be deeply involv$ 9 a p]il\s position40 ,! latt] comm5tator alludes to ! conduct ( ,pan ,*#8ao's devot$ foll[]s 9 #gc ,a4,d4 ,! /ory runs ?us 9 ! ,h\ ,han ,%u1 *4 #dg1 fol4 #a vo3 8,:5 ,pan ,*#8ao arriv$ at ,%an-%an1 ,kuang1 ! ,k+ ( ! c\ntry1 receiv$ him at fir/ ) great polit5ess & respect2 b %ortly aft]w>ds 8 behavi\r und]w5t a sudd5 *ange1 & he became remiss & neglig5t4 ,pan ,*#8ao spoke ab\t ?is to ! (fic]s ( 8 suite3 #8,h y n notic$1' he said1 #8t ,kuang's polite int5tions are on ! wane8 ,?is mu/ signify t envoys h come f ! ,nor!rn b>b>ians1 & t consequ5tly he is 9 a /ate ( indecision1 n kn[+ ) :i* side to ?r[ 9 8 lot4 ,t surely is ! reason4 ,! truly wise man1 we are told1 c p]ceive ?+s be=e !y h come to pass2 h[ mu* m1 !n1 ^? t are already manife/6' ,!reupon he call$ "o ( ! natives :o _h be5 assign$ to 8 s]vice1 & set a trap = him1 say+3 #8,:]e are ^? envoys f ! ,hsiung-nu :o arriv$ "s days ago8' ,! man 0 s tak5 aback t betwe5 surprise & fe> he pres5tly blurt$ out ! :ole tru?4 ,pan ,*#8ao1 keep+ 8 in=mant c>efully "u lock & key1 !n summon$ a g5]al ga!r+ ( 8 (fic]s1 ?irty-six 9 all1 & began dr9k+ ) !m4 ,:5 ! w9e _h m\nt$ into _! heads a little1 he tri$ to r\se _! _s /ill fur!r by address+ !m ?us3 #8,g5tlem51 "h we are 9 ! he>t ( an isolat$ region1 anxi\s to a*ieve ri*es & hon\r by "s great exploit4 ,n[ x happ5s t an ambassador f ! ,hsiung-nu arriv$ 9 ?is k+dom only a few days ago1 & ! result is t ! respectful c\rtesy ext5d$ t[>ds u by our royal ho/ has disappe>$4 ,%\ld ?is envoy prevail ^u him to seize our p>ty & h& u ov] to ! ,hsiung-nu1 our bones w become food = ! wolves ( ! des]t4 ,:at are we to d8' ,) "o accord1 ! (fic]s repli$3 #8,/&+ z we d 9 p]il ( our lives1 we w foll[ our comm&] ?r\gh life & dea?' 7740 ,= ! sequel ( ?is adv5ture1 see *ap4 ,,xii4 #a1 note4 #eb4 ,we _c ent] into alliance ) neighb\r+ pr9ces until we are acqua9t$ ) _! designs4 ,we are n fit to lead an army on ! m>* unless we are famili> ) ! face ( ! c\ntry--its m\nta9s & =e/s1 its pitfalls & precipices1 its m>%es & swamps4 ,we %all be unable to turn natural advantages to acc\nt unless we make use ( local guides4 ,^! ?ree s5t5ces are repeat$ f ,,vii4 #ab-ad--;9 ord] to emphasise _! importance1 ! comm5tators seem to ?9k4 ,i pref] to reg>d !m z int]polat$ "h 9 ord] to =m an antec$5t to ! foll[+ words4 ,) reg>d to local guides1 ,sun ,tz might h add$ t !re is always ! risk ( go+ wrong1 ei!r ?r\gh _! trea*]y or "s misund]/&+ su* z ,livy records 7,,xxii4 #ac73 ,hannibal1 we are told1 ord]$ a guide to lead him into ! neighb\rhood ( ,cas9um1 :]e !re 0 an important pass to be occupi$2 b 8 ,c>?ag9ian acc5t1 unsuit$ to ! pronunciation ( ,lat9 names1 caus$ ! guide to und]/& ,casil9um in/ead ( ,cas9um1 & turn+ f 8 prop] r\te1 he took ! army 9 t direction1 ! mi/ake n be+ discov]$ until !y _h almo/ arriv$4 #ec4 ,to be ignorant ( any "o ( ! foll[+ f\r or five pr9ciples ,ref]r+1 ,i ?9k1 to :at is conta9$ 9 #ed1 #ee4 ,ts#8ao ,kung1 ?9k+ p]haps ( ! 9 ,,viii4 #f1 takes !m to be 8! advantages & disadvantages att5dant on ! n9e v>ieties ( gr\nd40 ,! ,t#8u ,%u reads 4 does n befit a w>like pr9ce4 1 8"o :o rules by =ce10 0 a t]m specially us$ = ^? pr9ces :o e/abli%$ _! hegemony ov] o!r feudal /ates4 ,! fam\s ( ! #g? c5tury ,b4,c4 7 7#a7 ,duke ,huan ( ,*#8i1 7#b7 ,duke ,wn ( ,*91 7#c7 ,duke ,hsiang ( ,sung1 7#d7 ,pr9ce ,*uang ( ,*#8u1 7#e7 ,duke ,mu ( ,*#894 ,_! reigns cov]$ ! p]iod #fhe-eia ,b4,c4 #ed4 ,:5 a w>like pr9ce attacks a p[]ful /ate1 8 g5]al%ip %[s itself 9 prev5t+ ! conc5tration ( ! enemy's =ces4 ,he ov]awes 8 oppon5ts1 ,"h & 9 ! next s5t5ce1 ! ,y ,lan ins]ts aft] 4 & _! allies are prev5t$ f jo9+ aga9/ him4 ,mei ,yao-*#8n con/ructs "o ( ! *a9s ( reason+ t are s mu* affect$ by ! ,*9ese3 8,9 attack+ a p[]ful /ate1 if y c divide h] =ces1 y w h a sup]iority 9 /r5g?2 if y h a sup]iority 9 /r5g?1 y w ov]awe ! enemy2 if y ov]awe ! enemy1 ! neighb\r+ /ates w be fright5$2 & if ! neighb\r+ /ates are fright5$1 ! enemy's allies w be prev5t$ f jo9+ h]40 ,! foll[+ gives a /rong] mean+ to 3 8,if ! great /ate has once be5 defeat$ 7be=e %e has _h "t to summon h] allies71 !n ! less] /ates w hold alo( & refra9 f mass+ _! =ces40 ,*#8n ,hao & ,*ang ,y take ! s5t5ce 9 q ano!r way4 ,! =m] says3 8,p[]ful ?\gh a pr9ce may be1 if he attacks a l>ge /ate1 he w be unable to raise en\gh troops1 & mu/ rely to "s ext5t on ext]nal aid2 if he disp5ses ) ?is1 & ) ov]we5+ confid5ce 9 8 own /r5g?1 simply tries to intimidate ! enemy1 he w surely be defeat$40 ,*ang ,y puts 8 view ?us3 8,if we recklessly attack a l>ge /ate1 our own p w be discont5t$ & hang back4 ,b if 7z w !n be ! case7 our display ( milit>y =ce is inf]ior by half to t ( ! enemy1 ! o!r *iefta9s w take fright & refuse to jo9 u40 ,accord+ to ?is int]pretation1 w\ld ref]1 n to ! 1 b to ! himself4 #ee4 ,h5ce he does n /rive ,= ! ,y ,lan reads 4 to ally himself ) all & sundry1 1 z 9 #f1 /&s = 8! feudal pr9ces10 or ! /ates rul$ by !m4 nor does he fo/] ! p[] ( o!r /ates4 ,he c>ries out 8 own secret designs1 ,= 7read %n#a7 9 ! mean+ ( 1 cf4 ,,viii4 #h4 ,! comm5tators are unanim\s on ?is po9t1 & we mu/ !re=e bew>e ( translat+ by 8secretly self-confid5t0 or ! l4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop 7omitt+ 7 has3 8he has confid5ce 9 himself40 keep+ 8 antagoni/s 9 awe4 ,! tra9 ( ?\ght appe>s to be ?is3 ,secure aga9/ a comb9ation ( 8 enemies4 8he c af=d to reject entangl+ alliances & simply pursue 8 own secret designs1 8 pre/ige enabl+ him to disp5se ) ext]nal fri5d%ips40 7,li ,*#8an47 ,?us he is able to capture _! cities & ov]?r[ _! k+doms4 ,?is p>agraph1 ?\gh writt5 _m ye>s be=e ! ,*#89 ,/ate became a s]i\s m5ace1 is n a bad summ>y ( ! policy by :i* ! fam\s ,six ,*ancellors gradually pav$ ! way = h] f9al triumph "u ,%ih ,huang ,ti4 ,*ang ,y1 foll[+ up 8 previ\s note1 ?9ks t ,sun ,tz is condemn+ ?is attitude ( cold-blood$ selfi%ness & haughty isolation4 ,he aga9 ref]s to ! w>like pr9ce1 ?us mak+ x appe> t 9 ! end he is b\nd to succumb4 #ef4 ,be/[ rew>ds )\t reg>d to rule1 ,wu ,tz 7*4 #c7 less wisely says3 8,let advance be ri*ly rew>d$ & retreat be heavily puni%$40 issue ord]s 1 lit]ally1 8hang0 or 8po/ up40 )\t reg>d to previ\s arrangem5ts2 8,9 ord] to prev5t trea*]y10 says ,wang ,hsi4 ,! g5]al mean+ is made cle> by ,ts#8ao ,kung's quotation f ! ,ss-ma ,fa3 8,give in/ructions only on sight+ ! enemy2 give rew>ds only :5 y see des]v+ de$s40 1 h[ev]1 pres5ts "s difficulty4 ,ts#8ao ,kung's p>aphrase1 1 ,i take to mean3 8,! f9al in/ructions y give to y\r army %\ld n correspond ) ^? t h be5 previ\sly po/$ up40 ,*ang ,y simplifies ?is into 8y\r arrangem5ts %\ld n be divulg$ be=eh&40 ,& ,*ia ,l9 says3 8!re %\ld be no fixity 9 y\r rules & arrangem5ts40 ,n only is !re dang] 9 lett+ y\r plans be kn[n1 b w> (t5 necessitates ! entire rev]sal ( !m at ! la/ mom5t4 & y w be able to h&le a :ole army 1 accord+ to ,ts#8ao ,kung1 is "h equal to 4 ,! exact mean+ is br\ght out m cle>ly 9 ! next p>agraph4 z ?\gh y _h to d ) b a s+le man4 ,cf4 supra1 #cd4 #eg4 ,confront y\r soldi]s ) ! de$ itself2 nev] let !m "k y\r design4 ,lit]ally1 8d n tell !m words20 i4e4 d n give y\r reasons = any ord]4 ,"l ,mansfield once told a junior colleague to 8give no reasons0 = 8 decisions1 & ! maxim is ev5 m applicable to a g5]al ?an to a judge4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop translates ?is s5t5ce ) beautiful simplicity3 8,ord]s %\ld direct ! soldi]s40 ,t is all4 ,:5 ! outlook is bright1 br+ x be=e _! eyes2 b tell !m no?+ :5 ! situation is gloomy4 #eh4 ,place y\r army 9 deadly p]il1 & x w survive2 plunge x into desp]ate /raits1 & x w come (f 9 safety4 ,comp>e ! p>adoxical say+ 4 ,^! words ( ,sun ,tz 7 once quot$ by ,han ,hs9 9 explanation ( ! tactics he employ$ 9 "o ( 8 mo/ brilliant battles1 already allud$ to on p4 #bh1 ,9 #bjd ,b4,c41 he 0 s5t aga9/ ! army ( ,*ao1 & halt$ t5 miles f ! m\? ( ! ,*+-hs+ pass1 :]e ! enemy _h mu/]$ 9 full =ce4 ,"h1 at midnight1 he deta*$ a body ( #bjjj light cavalry1 e man ( :i* 0 furni%$ ) a r$ flag4 ,_! in/ructions 7 to make _! way ?r\gh n>r[ defiles & keep a secret wat* on ! enemy4 8,:5 ! m5 ( ,*ao see me 9 full flight10 ,han ,hs9 said1 8!y w ab&on _! =tifications & give *ase4 ,?is mu/ be ! sign = y to ru% 91 pluck d[n ! ,*ao /&>ds & set up ! r$ bann]s ( ,han 9 _! /ead40 ,turn+ !n to 8 o!r (fic]s1 he rem>k$3 8,our adv]s>y holds a /rong position1 & is n likely to come out & attack u until he sees ! /&>d & drums ( ! comm&]-9-*ief1 = fe> ,i %\ld turn back & escape ?r\gh ! m\nta9s40 ,s say+1 he fir/ ( all s5t out a division consi/+ ( #aj1jjj m51 & ord]$ !m to =m 9 l9e ( battle ) _! backs to ! ,riv] ,ti4 ,see+ ?is manuvre1 ! :ole army ( ,*ao broke into l\d laught]4 ,by ?is "t x 0 broad daylight1 & ,han ,hs91 display+ ! g5]alissimo's flag1 m>*$ out ( ! pass ) drums beat+1 & 0 imm$iately engag$ by ! enemy4 ,a great battle foll[$1 la/+ = "s "t2 until at l5g? ,han ,hs9 & 8 colleague ,*ang ,ni1 leav+ drums & bann] on ! field1 fl$ to ! division on ! riv] bank1 :]e ano!r fi]ce battle 0 rag+4 ,! enemy ru%$ out to pursue !m & to secure ! trophies1 ?us d5ud+ _! ramp>ts ( m52 b ! two g5]als succe$$ 9 jo9+ ! o!r army1 :i* 0 fight+ ) ! utmo/ desp]ation4 ,! "t _h n[ come = ! #bjjj horsem5 to play _! "p4 ,z soon z !y saw ! m5 ( ,*ao foll[+ up _! advantage1 !y gallop$ beh9d ! des]t$ walls1 tore up ! enemy's flags & replac$ !m by ^? ( ,han4 ,:5 ! ,*ao army turn$ back f ! pursuit1 ! sight ( ^! r$ flags /ruck !m ) t]ror4 ,conv9c$ t ! ,hans _h got 9 & ov]p[]$ _! k+1 !y broke up 9 wild disord]1 e ef=t ( _! lead] to /ay ! panic be+ 9 va94 ,!n ! ,han army fell on !m f bo? sides & complet$ ! r\t1 kill+ a great numb] & captur+ ! re/1 among/ :om 0 ,k+ ,ya himself4444 ,aft] ! battle1 "s ( ,han ,hs9's (fic]s came to him & said3 8,9 ! ,art ( ,w> we are told to h a hill or tumulus on ! "r re>1 & a riv] or m>% on ! left front4 ,?is appe>s to be a bl5d ( ,sun ,tz & ,t#8ai ,kung4 ,see ,,ix4 #i1 & note4 ,y1 on ! contr>y1 ord]$ u to draw up our troops ) ! riv] at our back4 ,"u ^! conditions1 h[ did y manage to ga9 ! victory80 ,! g5]al repli$3 8,i fe> y g5tlem5 h n /udi$ ! ,art ( ,w> ) suffici5t c>e4 ,is x n writt5 !re3 #8,plunge y\r army into desp]ate /raits & x w come (f 9 safety2 place x 9 deadly p]il & x w survive'8 ,_h ,i tak5 ! usual c\rse1 ,i %\ld nev] h be5 able to br+ my colleagues r\nd4 ,:at says ! ,milit>y ,classic 778--#8,swoop d[n on ! m>ket-place & drive ! m5 (f to fight' 774 ,?is passage does n occur 9 ! pres5t text ( ,sun ,tz4 ,if ,i _h n plac$ my troops 9 a position :]e !y 7 oblig$ to fight = _! lives1 b _h all[$ ea* man to foll[ 8 own discretion1 !re w\ld h be5 a g5]al db&ade1 & x w\ld h be5 impossible to d any?+ ) !m40 ,! (fic]s admitt$ ! =ce ( 8 argum5t1 & said3 8,^! are high] tactics ?an we %\ld h be5 capable (40 ,see ,*#8i5 ,han ,%u1 *4 #cd1 ff4 #d1 #e4 #ei4 ,= x is precisely :5 a =ce has fall5 into h>m's way t x is capable ( /rik+ a bl[ = victory4 ,dang] has a brac+ effect4 #fj4 ,success 9 w>f>e is ga9$ by c>efully accommodat+ ourselves to ! enemy's purpose4 ,ts#8ao ,kung says3 8,feign /upidity0--by an appe>ance ( yield+ & fall+ 9 ) ! enemy's wi%es4 ,*ang ,y's note makes ! mean+ cle>3 8,if ! enemy %[s an incl9ation to advance1 lure him on to d s2 if he is anxi\s to retreat1 delay on purpose t he may c>ry out 8 int5tion40 ,! object is to make him remiss & contemptu\s be=e we deliv] our attack4 #fa4 ,by p]si/5tly hang+ on ! enemy's flank1 ,i und]/& ! fir/ f\r words to mean 8accompany+ ! enemy 9 "o direction40 ,ts#8ao ,kung says3 8unite ! soldi]s & make = ! enemy40 ,b su* a viol5t displacem5t ( *>act]s is q indef5sible4 ,mei ,yao-*#8n is ! only comm5tator :o seems to h grasp$ ! mean+3 4 ,! ,t#8u ,%u reads 4 we %all succe$ 9 ! long run ,lit]ally1 8aft] a ?\s& li40 9 kill+ ! comm&]-9-*ief4 ,always a great po9t ) ! ,*9ese4 #fb4 ,?is is call$ ability to accompli% a ?+ by %e] cunn+4 ,! ,t#8u ,%u has 1 & yet ano!r read+1 m5tion$ by ,ts#8ao ,kung1 is 4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop omits ?is s5t5ce1 aft] hav+ ?us translat$ ! two prec$+3 8,discov] ! enemy's int5tions by con=m+ to 8 movem5ts4 ,:5 ^! are discov]$1 !n1 ) "o /roke1 ! g5]al may be kill$1 ev5 ?\gh he be "o hundr$ leagues di/ant40 #fc4 ,on ! day t y take up y\r comm&1 does n mean 8:5 w> is decl>$10 z ,capt4 ,cal?rop says1 nor yet exactly1 z ,ts#8ao ,kung p>aphrases x1 8:5 y\r plans are fix$10 :5 y h mapp$ out y\r campaign4 ,! phrase is n giv5 9 ! ,p#8ei ,wn ,yn ,fu4 ,!re be+ no causal connection discov]able betwe5 ?is & ! prec$+ s5t5ce1 mu/ p]=ce be left untranslat$4 block ! fronti] passes1 is expla9$ by ,mei ,yao-*#8n z 4 de/roy ! (ficial tallies1 ,! locus classicus = ^! tallies is ,*\ ,li1 ,,xiv4 fol4 #dj 7,imp]ial edition73 4 ,! g5]ic t]m ?us appe>s to be 1 be+ ! special k9d us$ at city-gates & on ! fronti]4 ,!y 7 tablets ( bamboo or wood1 "o half ( :i* 0 issu$ z a p]mit or passport by ! (ficial 9 *>ge ( a gate 7 or 4 ,cf4 ! 8bord]-w>d50 ( ,lun ,y ,,iii4 #bd1 :o may h _h simil> duties47 ,:5 ?is half 0 return$ to him1 )9 a fix$ p]iod1 he 0 au?oris$ to op5 ! gate & let ! travell] ?r\gh4 & /op ! passage ( all emiss>ies4 ,ei!r to or f ! enemy's c\ntry4 #fd4 ,be /]n 9 ! c\ncil-*amb]1 ,%[ no weakness1 & insi/ on y\r plans be+ ratifi$ by ! sov]eign4 indicates a hall or temple 9 ! ,palace4 ,cf4 ,i4 #bf4 ,x is n cle> if o!r (fic]s w\ld be pres5t4 ,h>dly any?+ c be made ( 1 ! read+ ( ! /&>d text1 s ,i h adopt$ ,tu ,mu's conjecture 1 :i* appe>s 9 ! ,t#8u ,%u4 s t y may control ! situation4 ,ts#8ao ,kung expla9s by 1 & ,ho ,%ih by 4 ,ano!r read+ is 1 & ,mei ,yao-*#8n1 adopt+ ?is1 und]/&s ! :ole s5t5ce to mean3 ,take ! /ricte/ precautions to ensure secrecy 9 y\r delib]ations4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop glides r too smoo?ly ov] ! r\gh places4 ,8 translation is3 8conduct ! bus9ess ( ! gov]nm5t ) vigilance40 #fe4 ,if ! enemy leaves a door op51 y mu/ ru% 94 ,?is looks a v simple s5t5ce1 yet ,ts#8ao ,kung is ! only comm5tator :o takes x z ,i h done4 ,mng ,%ih1 foll[$ by ,mei ,yao-*#8n & ,*ang ,y1 def9es z 8spies10 & makes an active v]b3 8,if spies come f ! enemy1 we mu/ quickly let !m 940 ,b ,i _c f9d t ! words h ?is mean+ any:]e else4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y may be tak5 z two v]bs1 1 express+ ! enemy's indecision :e!r to advance or retreat1 t be+ ! be/ mom5t to attack him4 ,cf4 ,tao ,t ,*+1 *ap4 ,x3 2 also ,li ,*i1 1 ,i4 ii4 #be4 ,x is n easy to *oose betwe5 ?is & ,ts#8ao ,kung's explanation2 ! fact t occurs %ortly aft]w>ds1 9 #fh1 might be adduc$ 9 support ( ei!r4 mu/ be und]/ood 9 ! s5se ( or 4 ,! only way to avoid ?is is to put betwe5 commas & translate3 8,if we leave a door op51 ! enemy is sure to ru% 940 #ff4 ,=e/all y\r oppon5t by seiz+ :at he holds de>1 ,cf4 supra1 #ah4 & subtly contrive to "t 8 arrival on ! gr\nd4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop h>dly attempts to translate ?is difficult p>agraph1 b inv5ts ! foll[+ in/ead3 8,discov] :at he mo/ values1 & plan to seize x40 ,*#8n ,hao's explanation1 h[ev]1 is cle> en\gh3 8,if ,i manage to seize a fav\rable position1 b ! enemy does n appe> on ! sc5e1 ! advantage ?us obta9$ _c be turn$ to any practical acc\nt4 ,he :o int5ds1 !re=e1 to occupy a position ( importance to ! enemy1 mu/ beg9 by mak+ an artful appo9tm5t1 s to speak1 ) 8 antagoni/1 & cajole him into go+ !re z well40 ,mei ,yao-*#8n expla9s t ?is 8artful appo9tm5t0 is to be made ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! enemy's own spies1 :o w c>ry back j ! am\nt ( in=mation t we *oose to give !m4 ,!n1 hav+ cunn+ly disclos$ our int5tions1 8we mu/ manage1 ?\gh />t+ aft] ! enemy1 to arrive be=e him0 7,,vii4 #d74 ,we mu/ />t aft] him 9 ord] to ensure 8 m>*+ ?i!r2 we mu/ arrive be=e him 9 ord] to capture ! place )\t tr\ble4 ,tak5 ?us1 ! pres5t passage l5ds "s support to ,mei ,yao-*#8n's int]pretation ( #dg4 #fg4 ,walk 9 ! pa? def9$ by rule1 /&s = 8a m>k+-l9e10 h5ce a rule ( conduct4 ,see ,m5cius ,,vii4 #a4 xli4 #b4 ,ts#8ao ,kung expla9s x by ! simil> metaphor 8squ>e & compasses40 ,! baldness ( ! s5tim5t r incl9es me to fav\r ! read+ adopt$ by ,*ia ,l9 9 place ( 1 :i* yields an exactly opposite s5se1 namely3 8,disc>d h>d & fa/ rules40 ,*ia ,l9 says3 8,victory is ! only ?+ t matt]s1 & ?is _c be a*iev$ by adh]+ to conv5tional canons40 ,x is un=tunate t ?is v>iant re/s on v slight au?ority1 = ! s5se yield$ is c]ta9ly mu* m satisfactory4 ,napoleon1 z we "k1 accord+ to ! vet]ans ( ! old s*ool :om he defeat$1 won 8 battles by violat+ e accept$ canon ( w>f>e4 & accommodate y\rself to ! enemy until y c fight a decisive battle4 ,! la/ f\r words ( ! ,*9ese are omitt$ by ,capt4 ,cal?rop4 ,tu ,mu says3 8,con=m to ! enemy's tactics until a fav\rable opportunity (f]s2 !n come =? & engage 9 a battle t %all prove decisive40 #fh4 ,at fir/1 !n1 exhibit ! coyness ( a maid51 until ! enemy gives y an op5+2 aft]w>ds emulate ! rapidity ( a runn+ h>e1 & x w be too late = ! enemy to oppose y4 ,z ! h>e is not$ = its extreme timidity1 ! comp>ison h>dly appe>s felicit\s4 ,b ( c\rse ,sun ,tz 0 ?9k+ only ( its spe$4 ,! words h be5 tak5 to mean3 ,y mu/ flee f ! enemy z quickly z an escap+ h>e2 b ?is is rightly reject$ by ,tu ,mu4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop is wrong 9 translat+ 8rabbit40 ,rabbits are n indig5\s to ,*9a1 & 7 c]ta9ly n kn[n !re 9 ! #f? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! la/ sixte5 *>act]s evid5tly =m a sort ( f\r-l9e j+le4 ,*ap4 ,x1 x may be rememb]$1 clos$ 9 simil> fa%ion4 ,,xii4 ,,! ,,attack ,,by ,,fire4 ,r m ?an half ! *apt] 7 #a-ac7 is devot$ to ! subject ( fire1 aft] :i* ! au?or bran*es (f into o!r topics4 #a4 ,sun ,tz said3 ,!re are five ways ( attack+ ) fire4 ,! fir/ is to burn soldi]s 9 _! camp2 ,s ,tu ,mu4 ,li ,*#8an says3 8,set fire to ! camp1 & kill ! soldi]s0 7:5 !y try to escape f ! flames74 ,pan ,*#8ao1 s5t on a diplomatic mission to ! ,k+ ( ,%an-%an see ,,xi4 #ea1 note1 f\nd himself plac$ 9 extreme p]il by ! unexpect$ arrival ( an envoy f ! ,hsiung-nu ! mortal enemies ( ! ,*9ese4 ,9 consultation ) 8 (fic]s1 he exclaim$3 8#8,nev] v5ture1 nev] w96#ahc ,! only c\rse op5 to u n[ is to make an assault by fire on ! b>b>ians "u cov] ( night1 :5 !y w n be able to disc]n our numb]s4 ,pr(it+ by _! panic1 we %all ext]m9ate !m completely2 ?is w cool ! ,k+'s c\rage & cov] u ) glory1 besides ensur+ ! success ( our mission4' ,! (fic]s all repli$ t x w\ld be necess>y to discuss ! matt] fir/ ) ! ,int5dant 774 ,pan ,*#8ao !n fell into a passion3 #8,x is to-day1' he cri$1 #8t our =tunes mu/ be decid$6 ,! ,int5dant is only a humdrum civilian1 :o on he>+ ( our project w c]ta9ly be afraid1 & ev]y?+ w be br\ght to light4 ,an +lori\s dea? is no wor?y fate = valiant w>riors4' ,all !n agre$ to d z he wi%$4 ,accord+ly1 z soon z night came on1 he & 8 little b& quickly made _! way to ! b>b>ian camp4 ,a /rong gale 0 bl[+ at ! "t4 ,pan ,*#8ao ord]$ t5 ( ! p>ty to take drums & hide beh9d ! enemy's b>racks1 x be+ arrang$ t :5 !y saw flames %oot up1 !y %\ld beg9 drumm+ & yell+ ) all _! might4 ,! re/ ( 8 m51 arm$ ) b[s & crossb[s1 he po/$ 9 ambuscade at ! gate ( ! camp4 ,he !n set fire to ! place f ! w9dw>d side1 :]eupon a deaf5+ noise ( drums & %\t+ arose on ! front & re> ( ! ,hsiung-nu1 :o ru%$ out pell-mell 9 frantic disord]4 ,pan ,*#8ao slew ?ree ( !m ) 8 own h&1 :ile 8 companions cut (f ! heads ( ! envoy & ?irty ( 8 suite4 ,! rema9d]1 m ?an a hundr$ 9 all1 p]i%$ 9 ! flames4 ,on ! foll[+ day1 ,pan ,*#8ao w5t back & in=m$ ,kuo ,hsn ! ,int5dant ( :at he _h done4 ,! latt] 0 greatly al>m$ & turn$ pale4 ,b ,pan ,*#8ao1 div9+ 8 ?\ghts1 said ) uplift$ h&3 #8,al?\gh y did n g ) u la/ night1 ,i %\ld n ?9k1 ,sir1 ( tak+ sole cr$it = our exploit4' ,?is satisfi$ ,kuo ,hsn1 & ,pan ,*#8ao1 hav+ s5t = ,kuang1 ,k+ ( ,%an-%an1 %[$ him ! head ( ! b>b>ian envoy4 ,! :ole k+dom 0 seiz$ ) fe> & trembl+1 :i* ,pan ,*#8ao took /eps to allay by issu+ a public proclamation4 ,!n1 tak+ ! k+'s son z ho/age1 he return$ to make 8 report to ,t\ ,ku40 ,h\ ,han ,%u1 *4 #dg1 ff4 #a1 #b4 ! second is to burn /ores2 ,tu ,mu says3 8,provisions1 fuel & fodd]40 ,9 ord] to subdue ! rebelli\s population ( ,kiangnan1 ,kao ,kng recomm5d$ ,wn ,ti ( ! ,sui dyna/y to make p]iodical raids & burn _! /ores ( gra91 a policy :i* 9 ! long run prov$ entirely successful4 1 *4 #da1 fol4 #b4 ! ?ird is to burn baggage-tra9s2 ,an example giv5 is ! de/ruction ( ,yan ,%ao's waggons & imp$im5ta by ,ts#8ao ,ts#8ao 9 #bjj ,a4,d4 ! f\r? is to burn ars5als & magaz9es2 ,tu ,mu says t ! ?+s conta9$ 9 & are ! same4 ,he specifies weapons & o!r implem5ts1 bullion & clo?+4 ,cf4 ,,vii4 #aa4 ! fif? is to hurl dropp+ fire among/ ! enemy4 ,no few] ?an f\r totally div]se explanations ( ?is s5t5ce are giv5 by ! comm5tators1 n "o ( :i* is q satisfactory4 ,x is obvi\s1 at any rate1 t ! ord9>y mean+ ( 78regim5t0 or 8company07 is "h inadmissible4 ,9 spite ( ,tu ,mu's note1 1 ,i mu/ reg>d 8company burn+0 7,capt4 ,cal?rop's r5d]+7 z nons5se pure & simple4 ,we may also1 ,i ?9k1 reject ! v =c$ explanation giv5 by ,li ,*#8an1 ,mei ,yao-*#8n & ,*ang ,y1 ( :om ! la/-nam$ says3 8burn+ a regim5t's weapons1 s t ! soldi]s may h no?+ to fight )40 ,t leaves only two solutions op53 "o1 fav\r$ by ,*ia ,l9 & ,ho ,%ih1 is to take 9 ! some:at uncommon s5se ( 8a road10 4 ,! comm5t>y on a passage 9 ! 1 quot$ 9 ,k#8ang ,hsi1 def9es 7read sui7 z 8a difficult road lead+ ?r\gh a valley40 ,"h x w\ld /& = ! 8l9e ( supplies10 :i* might be effectually int]rupt$ if ! c\ntry r\ndab\t 0 laid wa/e ) fire4 ,f9ally1 ! int]pretation :i* ,i h adopt$ is t giv5 by ,tu ,yu 9 ! ,t#8ung ,ti54 ,he reads 7:i* is n absolutely necess>y1 *ui be+ sometimes us$ 9 ! same s5se71 ) ! foll[+ note3 8,to drop fire into ! enemy's camp4 ,! me?od by :i* ?is may be done is to set ! tips ( arr[s alight by dipp+ !m into a brazi]1 & !n %oot !m f p[]ful crossb[s into ! enemy's l9es40 #b4 ,9 ord] to c>ry out an attack ) fire1 we mu/ h means available4 ,ts#8ao ,kung ?9ks t 8traitors 9 ! enemy's camp0 are ref]r$ to4 ,he ?us takes z ! effici5t cause only4 ,b ,*#8n ,hao is m likely to be "r 9 say+3 8,we mu/ h fav\rable circum/ances 9 g5]al1 n m]ely traitors to help u40 ,*ia ,l9 says3 8,we mu/ avail ourselves ( w9d & dry wea!r40 ,! mat]ial = rais+ fire %\ld always be kept 9 read9ess4 is expla9$ by ,ts#8ao ,kung z 8appliances = mak+ fire40 ,tu ,mu sugge/s 8dry vegetable matt]1 re$s1 bru%wood1 /raw1 grease1 oil1 etc40 ,"h we h ! mat]ial cause4 ,*ang ,y says3 8vessels = ho>d+ fire1 /uff = light+ fires40 #c4 ,!re is a prop] season = mak+ attacks ) fire1 & special days = />t+ a conflagration4 ,a fire mu/ n be begun 8recklessly0 or 8at haphaz>d40 #d4 ,! prop] season is :5 ! wea!r is v dry2 ! special days are ^? :5 ! moon is 9 ! con/ellations ( ! ,sieve1 ! ,wall1 ! ,w+ or ! ,cross-b>2 ,^! are1 respectively1 ! #g?1 #ad?1 #bg?1 & #bh? ( ! ,tw5ty-eight ,/ell> ,mansions1 correspond+ r\ghly to ,sagitt>ius1 ,pegasus1 ,crat] & ,corvus4 ,! orig9al text1 foll[$ by ! ,t#8u ,%u1 has 9 place ( 2 ! pres5t read+ re/s on ! au?ority ( ! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan4 ,tu ,mu says3 4 ,= 1 bo? ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan give ! m precise location 4 ,mei ,yao-*#8n tells u t by is meant ! tail ( ! ,dragon2 by 1 ! ea/]n "p ( t con/ellation2 by & 1 ! tail ( ! ,quail4 = ^! f\r are all days ( ris+ w9d4 is elliptical = 4 ,hsiao ,i 7aft]w>ds f\r? ,emp]or ( ! ,liang dyna/y1 ,a4,d4 #eeb-eee7 is quot$ by ,tu ,yu z say+ t ! days ( spr+1 ( summ]1 ( autumn1 & ( w9t] br+ fi]ce gales ( w9d & ra94 #e4 ,9 attack+ ) fire1 "o %\ld be prep>$ to meet five possible developm5ts3 ,i take z qualify+ 1 n 1 & !re=e ?9k t ,*ang ,y is wrong 9 ref]r+ to ! five me?ods ( attack set =? 9 #a4 ,:at foll[s has c]ta9ly no?+ to d ) ^!4 #f4 7#a7 ,:5 fire breaks out inside ! enemy's camp1 respond at once ,! ,y ,lan incorrectly reads = 4 ) an attack f )\t4 #g4 7#b7 ,if !re is an outbreak ( fire1 b ! enemy's soldi]s rema9 quiet1 bide y\r "t & d n attack4 ,! orig9al text omits 4 ,! prime object ( attack+ ) fire is to ?r[ ! enemy into confusion4 ,if ?is effect is n produc$1 x means t ! enemy is ready to receive u4 ,h5ce ! necessity = caution4 #h4 7#c7 ,:5 ! =ce ( ! flames has rea*$ its height1 foll[ x up ) an attack1 if t is practicable2 if n1 /ay :]e y are4 ,ts#8ao ,kung says3 8,if y see a possible way1 advance2 b if y f9d ! difficulties too great1 retire40 #i4 7#d7 ,if x is possible to make an assault ) fire f )\t1 d n wait = x to break out )91 b deliv] y\r attack at a fav\rable mom5t4 ,tu ,mu says t ! previ\s p>agraphs _h ref]5ce to ! fire break+ out 7ei!r accid5tally1 we may suppose1 or by ! ag5cy ( inc5di>ies7 inside ! enemy's camp4 8,b10 he cont9ues1 8if ! enemy is settl$ 9 a wa/e place litt]$ ) quantities ( grass1 or if he has pit*$ 8 camp 9 a position :i* c be burnt out1 we mu/ c>ry our fire aga9/ him at any seasonable opportunity1 & n wait on 9 hopes ( an outbreak occurr+ )91 = fe> our oppon5ts %\ld !mselves burn up ! surr\nd+ vegetation1 & ?us r5d] our own attempts fruitless40 ,! fam\s ,li ,l+ once baffl$ ! lead] ( ! ,hsiung-nu 9 ?is way4 ,! latt]1 tak+ advantage ( a fav\rable w9d1 tri$ to set fire to ! ,*9ese g5]al's camp1 b f\nd t e scrap ( combu/ible vegetation 9 ! neighb\rhood _h already be5 burnt d[n4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,po-ts#8ai1 a g5]al ( ! ,yell[ ,turban rebels1 0 badly defeat$ 9 #ahd ,a4,d4 ?r\gh 8 neglect ( ?is simple precaution4 8,at ! head ( a l>ge army he 0 besieg+ ,*#8ang-%1 :i* 0 held by ,huang-fu ,sung4 ,! g>rison 0 v small1 & a g5]al feel+ ( n]v\sness p]vad$ ! ranks2 s ,huang-fu ,sung call$ 8 (fic]s toge!r & said3 #8,9 w>1 !re are v>i\s indirect me?ods ( attack1 & numb]s d n c\nt = ev]y?+4 ,! comm5tator "h quotes ,sun ,tz1 ,v4 #e1 #f & #aj4 ,n[ ! rebels h pit*$ _! camp 9 ! mid/ ( ?ick grass 771 :i* w easily burn :5 ! w9d bl[s4 ,if we set fire to x at night1 !y w be ?r[n into a panic1 & we c make a sortie & attack !m on all sides at once1 ?us emulat+ ! a*ievem5t ( ,t#8i5 ,tan4' ,see p4 #ij4 ,t same ev5+1 a /rong breeze sprang up2 s ,huang-fu ,sung in/ruct$ 8 soldi]s to b9d re$s toge!r into tor*es & m\nt gu>d on ! city walls1 aft] :i* he s5t out a b& ( d>+ m51 :o /eal?ily made _! way ?r\gh ! l9es & />t$ ! fire ) l\d %\ts & yells4 ,simultane\sly1 a gl>e ( light %ot up f ! city-walls1 & ,huang-fu ,sung1 s\nd+ 8 drums1 l$ a rapid *>ge1 :i* ?rew ! rebels into confusion & put !m to headlong flight40 ,h\ ,han ,%u1 *4 #ga1 f4 #b ro4 #aj4 7#e7 ,:5 y />t a fire1 be to w9dw>d ( x4 ,d n attack f ! leew>d4 ,*ang ,y1 foll[+ ,tu ,yu1 says3 8,:5 y make a fire1 ! enemy w retreat away f x2 if y oppose 8 retreat & attack him !n1 he w fight desp]ately1 :i* w n conduce to y\r success40 ,a r m obvi\s explanation is giv5 by ,tu ,mu3 8,if ! w9d is 9 ! ea/1 beg9 burn+ to ! ea/ ( ! enemy1 & foll[ up ! attack y\rself f t side4 ,if y />t ! fire on ! ea/ side1 & !n attack f ! we/1 y w suff] 9 ! same way z y\r enemy40 #aa4 ,a w9d t rises 9 ! daytime la/s long1 b a night breeze soon falls4 ,cf4 ,lao ,tz's say+3 8,a viol5t w9d does n la/ ! space ( a morn+40 7,tao ,t ,*+1 *ap4 #bc47 ,mei ,yao-*#8n & ,wang ,hsi say3 8,a day breeze dies d[n at nightfall1 & a night breeze at daybreak4 ,?is is :at happ5s z a g5]al rule40 ,! ph5om5on obs]v$ may be correct en\gh1 b h[ ?is s5se is to be obta9$ is n app>5t4 #ab4 ,9 e army1 ! five developm5ts connect$ ) fire mu/ be kn[n1 ! movem5ts ( ! />s calculat$1 & a wat* kept = ! prop] days4 ,tu ,mu's comm5t>y %[s :at has to be suppli$ 9 ord] to make s5se out ( 4 ,he says3 8,we mu/ make calculations z to ! pa?s ( ! />s1 & wat* = ! days on :i* w9d w rise1 be=e mak+ our attack ) fire40 ,*ang ,y seems to take 9 ! s5se ( 3 8,we mu/ n only "k h[ to assail our oppon5ts ) fire1 b also be on our gu>d aga9/ simil> attacks f !m40 #ac4 ,h5ce ^? :o use fire z an aid to ! attack %[ intellig5ce2 ,i h n ! lea/ hesitation 9 reject+ ! comm5tators' explanation ( z 4 ,?us ,*ang ,y says3 8444 w cle>ly i4e4 obvi\sly be able to ga9 ! victory40 ,?is is n only clumsy 9 itself1 b does n balance 9 ! next clause4 ,= 8intellig5t10 cf4 infra1 #af1 & ,lun ,y ,,xii4 #f4 ^? :o use wat] z an aid to ! attack ga9 an accession ( /r5g?4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop gives an extraord9>y r5d]+ ( ! p>agraph3 8444 if ! attack is to be assi/$1 ! fire mu/ be unqu5*able4 ,if wat] is to assi/ ! attack1 ! flood mu/ be ov]:elm+40 #ad4 ,by means ( wat]1 an enemy may be int]cept$1 b n robb$ ( all 8 belong+s4 ,ts#8ao ,kung's note is3 8,we c m]ely ob/ruct ! enemy's road or divide 8 army1 b n sweep away all 8 accumulat$ /ores40 ,wat] c d useful s]vice1 b x lacks ! t]rible de/ructive p[] ( fire4 ,?is is ! reason1 ,*ang ,y concludes1 :y ! =m] is dismiss$ 9 a c\ple ( s5t5ces1 :]eas ! attack by fire is discuss$ 9 detail4 ,wu ,tz 7*4 #d7 speaks ?us ( ! two elem5ts3 8,if an army is encamp$ on l[-ly+ m>%y gr\nd1 f :i* ! wat] _c run (f1 & :]e ! ra9fall is heavy1 x may be subm]g$ by a flood4 ,if an army is encamp$ 9 wild m>% l&s ?ickly ov]gr[n ) we$s & brambles1 & visit$ by frequ5t gales1 x may be ext]m9at$ by fire40 #ae4 ,unhappy is ! fate ( "o :o tries to w9 8 battles & succe$ 9 8 attacks )\t cultivat+ ! _s ( ent]prise2 = ! result is wa/e ( "t & g5]al /agnation4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ p]plex+ passages 9 ,sun ,tz4 ,! difficulty lies ma9ly 9 1 ( :i* two int]pretations appe> possible4 ,mo/ ( ! comm5tators und]/& 9 ! s5se 7n kn[n to ,k#8ang ,hsi7 ( 8rew>d0 or 8promote10 & z ref]r+ to ! m]it ( (fic]s & m54 ,?us ,ts#8ao ,kung says3 8,rew>ds = good s]vice %\ld n be def]r$ a s+le day40 ,& ,tu ,mu3 8,if y d n take opportunity to advance & rew>d ! des]v+1 y\r subord9ates w n c>ry out y\r comm&s1 & disa/] w ensue40 w\ld !n probably mean 8/oppage ( exp5diture10 or z ,*ia ,l9 puts x1 8! grudg+ ( exp5diture40 ,= sev]al reasons1 h[ev]1 & 9 spite ( ! =midable array ( s*ol>s on ! o!r side1 ,i pref] ! int]pretation sugge/$ by ,mei ,yao-*#8n alone1 ^: words ,i w quote3 8,^? :o want to make sure ( succe$+ 9 _! battles & assaults mu/ seize ! fav\rable mom5ts :5 !y come & n %r9k on occasion f h]oic measures3 t is to say1 !y mu/ resort to su* means ( attack z fire1 wat] & ! l4 ,:at !y mu/ n d1 & :at w prove fatal1 is to sit /ill & simply hold on to ! advantages !y h got40 ,?is reta9s ! m usual mean+ ( 1 & also br+s out a cle> connection ( ?\ght ) ! previ\s "p ( ! *apt]4 ,) reg>d to 1 ,wang ,hsi p>aphrases x z 8exp5d+ treasure & tir+ out lit41 age+ ! army40 ( c\rse is exp5diture or wa/e 9 g5]al1 ei!r ( "t1 money or /r5g?4 ,b ! soldi] is less conc]n$ ) ! sav+ ( money ?an ( "t4 ,= ! metaphor express$ 9 8/agnation0 ,i am indebt$ to ,ts#8ao ,kung1 :o says3 4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop gives a r5d]+ :i* be>s b little relation to ! ,*9ese text3 8unless victory or possession be obta9$1 ! enemy quickly recov]s1 & mis=tunes arise4 ,! w> drags on1 & money is sp5t40 #af4 ,h5ce ! say+3 ,! enlight5$ rul] lays 8 plans well ahead2 ! good g5]al cultivates 8 res\rces4 ,z ,sun ,tz quotes ?is j+le 9 support ( 8 ass]tion 9 #ae1 we mu/ suppose to /& = or some?+ analog\s4 ,! mean+ seems to be t ! rul] lays plans :i* ! g5]al mu/ %[ res\rcefulness 9 c>ry+ out4 ,x is n[ pla9] ?an ev] t _c mean 8to rew>d40 ,nev]!less1 ,tu ,mu quotes ! foll[+ f ! 1 *4 #b3 8,! w>like pr9ce controls 8 soldi]s by 8 au?ority1 knits !m toge!r by good fai?1 & by rew>ds makes !m s]viceable4 ,if fai? decays1 !re w be disruption2 if rew>ds are defici5t1 comm&s w n be respect$40 #ag4 ,move n unless y see an advantage2 1 ! ,y ,lan's v>iant = 1 is adopt$ by ,li ,*#8an & ,tu ,mu4 use n y\r troops unless !re is some?+ to be ga9$2 fight n unless ! position is critical4 ,sun ,tz may at times appe> to be ov]-cauti\s1 b he nev] goes s f> 9 t direction z ! rem>kable passage 9 ! ,tao ,t ,*+1 *4 #fi3 8,i d>e n take ! initiative1 b pref] to act on ! def5sive2 ,i d>e n advance an in*1 b pref] to retreat a foot40 #ah4 ,no rul] %\ld put troops into ! field m]ely to gratify 8 own sple52 no g5]al %\ld fight a battle simply out ( pique4 ,aga9 comp>e ,lao ,tz1 *4 #fh3 4 ,*ang ,y says t is a weak] ^w ?an 1 & is !re=e appli$ to ! g5]al z oppos$ to ! sov]eign4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan read = 1 & ! latt] = 4 #ai4 ,if x is to y\r advantage1 make a =w>d move2 if n1 /ay :]e y are4 ,?is is repeat$ f ,,xi4 #ag4 ,"h ,i feel conv9c$ t x is an int]polation1 = x is evid5t t #bj ought to foll[ imm$iately on #ah4 ,= 1 ! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan h 4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop inv5ts a s5t5ce :i* he ins]ts be=e ?is "o3 8,d n make w> unless victory may be ga9$ !reby40 ,:ile he 0 ab\t x1 he might h cr$it$ ,sun ,tz ) some?+ slightly less inane4 #bj4 ,ang] may 9 "t *ange to gladness2 vexation may be succe$$ by cont5t4 ,accord+ to ,*ang ,y1 d5otes joy outw>dly manife/$ 9 ! c\nt5ance1 ! inw>d s5sation ( happ9ess4 #ba4 ,b a k+dom t has once be5 de/roy$ c nev] come aga9 into be+2 ,! ,wu ,/ate 0 de/9$ to be a melan*oly example ( ?is say+4 ,see p4 #ej4 nor c ! dead ev] be br\ght back to life4 #bb4 ,h5ce ! enlight5$ rul] is he$ful1 & ! good g5]al full ( caution4 1 :i* usually means 8to w>n10 is "h equal to 4 ,?is is a good in/ance ( h[ ,*9ese *>act]s1 :i* /& = ideas1 refuse to be fett]$ by diction>y-made def9itions4 ,! ,t#8u ,%u reads 1 z 9 #af4 ,?is is ! way to keep a c\ntry at peace & an army intact4 ,x is odd t %\ld n h ! same mean+ "h z 9 ,,iii4 #a1 q4v4 ,?is has l$ me to consid] :e!r x might n be possible to take ! e>li] passage ?us3 8to pres]ve y\r own army 7c\ntry1 regim5t1 etc47 intact is bett] ?an to de/roy ! enemy's40 ,! two words d n appe> 9 ! ,t#8ung ,ti5 or ! ,y ,lan4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop misses ! po9t by translat+3 8!n is ! /ate secure1 & ! army victori\s 9 battle40 ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,spies4 is really a vulg> =m ( 1 & does n appe> 9 ! ,%uo ,wn4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 x has gradually become a di/9ct "* ) special mean+s ( its own1 & ,i h !re=e foll[$ my edition ( ! /&>d text 9 reta9+ ?is =m ?r\gh\t ! *apt]4 ,9 ,,vi4 #be1 on ! o!r h&1 ! correct =m w be f\nd4 ,! evolution ( ! mean+ 8spy0 is wor? consid]+ = a mom5t1 provid$ x be und]/ood t ?is is v d\btful gr\nd1 & t any dogmatism is out ( place4 ,! ,%uo ,wn def9es z 7! old =m ( 7 8a crack0 or 8*9k10 & on ! :ole we may accept ,hs ,*#8ieh's analysis z n unduly fanciful3 8,at night1 a door is %ut2 if1 :5 x is %ut1 ! light ( ! moon is visible1 x mu/ come ?r\gh a *9k40 ,f ?is x is an easy /ep to ! mean+ 8space betwe510 or simply 8betwe510 z = example 9 ! phrase 8to act z a secret spy betwe5 enemies40 ,"h is ! ^w :i* means 8spy20 b we may suppose t con/ant association s affect$ ! orig9al =ce ( 1 t c\ld at la/ be dropp$ altoge!r1 leav+ to /& alone ) ! same signification4 ,ano!r possible !ory is t ! ^w may fir/ h come to mean 8to peep0 7see 1 quot$ 9 ,k#8ang ,hsi7 :i* w\ld naturally be sugge/$ by 8crack0 or 8crevice10 & aft]w>ds ! man :o peeps1 or spy4 #a4 ,sun ,tz said3 ,rais+ a ho/ ( a hundr$ ?\s& m5 & m>*+ !m great di/ances entails heavy loss on ! p & a dra9 on ! res\rces ( ! ,/ate4 ,! daily exp5diture w am\nt to a ?\s& ounces ( silv]4 ,cf4 ,,ii4 #a1 #ac1 #ad4 ,!re w be commotion at home & abroad1 & m5 w drop d[n exhau/$ on ! highways4 1 :i* is omitt$ by ! ,y ,lan1 appe>s at fir/ sight to be expla9$ by ! words imm$iately foll[+1 s t ! obvi\s translation w\ld be 87en=c$7 idl5ess along ! l9e ( m>*40 ,cf4 ,tao ,t ,*+1 *4 #cj3 8,:]e troops h be5 qu>t]$1 brambles & ?orns spr+ up40 ,! comm5tators1 h[ev]1 say t is "h equival5t to --a mean+ :i* is /ill reta9$ 9 ! phrase 4 ,tu ,mu ref]s to ^? :o are engag$ 9 convey+ provisions to ! army4 ,b ?is c h>dly be said to em]ge cle>ly f ,sun ,tz's text4 ,*ang ,y has ! note3 8,we may be rem9d$ ( ! say+3 #8,on s]i\s gr\nd1 ga!r 9 plund]' ,,xi4 #ac4 ,:y !n %\ld c>riage & transportation cause exhau/ion on ! highways8--,! answ] is1 t n victuals alone1 b all sorts ( munitions ( w> h to be convey$ to ! army4 ,besides1 ! injunction to #8=age on ! enemy' only means t :5 an army is deeply engag$ 9 ho/ile t]ritory1 sc>city ( food mu/ be provid$ aga9/4 ,h5ce1 )\t be+ solely dep5d5t on ! enemy = corn1 we mu/ =age 9 ord] t !re may be an un9t]rupt$ fl[ ( supplies4 ,!n1 aga91 !re are places l salt des]ts 771 :]e provisions be+ unobta9able1 supplies f home _c be disp5s$ )40 ,z _m z sev5 hundr$ ?\s& families w be imp$$ 9 _! lab\r4 ,mei ,yao-*#8n says3 8,m5 w be lack+ at ! pl\gh-tail40 ,! allusion is to ! sy/em ( divid+ l& into n9e p>ts1 z %[n 9 ! "* 1 ea* consi/+ ( a or 7ab\t #ae acres71 ! plot 9 ! c5tre be+ cultivat$ on behalf ( ! ,/ate by ! t5ants ( ! o!r eight4 ,x 0 "h also1 s ,tu ,mu tells u1 t _! cottages 7 built & a well sunk1 to be us$ by all 9 common4 ,see ,,ii4 #ab1 note4 ,^! gr\ps ( eight peasant proprietors 7 call$ 4 ,9 "t ( w>1 "o ( ! families _h to s]ve 9 ! army1 :ile ! o!r sev5 contribut$ to its support 774 ,?us1 by a levy ( #ajj1jjj m5 7reckon+ "o able-bodi$ soldi] to ea* family7 ! husb&ry ( #gjj1jjj families w\ld be affect$4 #b4 ,ho/ile armies may face ea* o!r = ye>s1 /riv+ = ! victory :i* is decid$ 9 a s+le day4 ,?is be+ s1 to rema9 9 ignorance ( ! enemy's condition simply because "o grudges ! outlay ( a hundr$ ounces ( silv] 9 hon\rs & emolum5ts1 8,= spies0 is ( c\rse ! mean+1 ?\gh x w\ld spoil ! effect ( ?is curi\sly elaborate exordium if spies 7 actually m5tion$ at ?is po9t4 is ! height ( inhumanity4 ,sun ,tz's argum5t is c]ta9ly +5i\s4 ,he beg9s by adv]t+ to ! frightful mis]y & va/ exp5diture ( blood & treasure :i* w> always br+s 9 its tra94 ,n[1 unless y are kept in=m$ ( ! enemy's condition1 & are ready to /rike at ! "r mom5t1 a w> may drag on = ye>s4 ,! only way to get ?is in=mation is to employ spies1 & x is impossible to obta9 tru/wor?y spies unless !y are prop]ly paid = _! s]vices4 ,b x is surely false economy to grudge a comp>atively trifl+ am\nt = ?is purpose1 :5 e day t ! w> la/s eats up an incalculably great] sum4 ,?is griev\s burd5 falls on ! %\ld]s ( ! poor1 & h5ce ,sun ,tz concludes t to neglect ! use ( spies is no?+ less ?an a crime aga9/ humanity4 #c4 ,"o :o acts ?us is no lead] ( m51 no pres5t help to 8 sov]eign1 ,an inf]ior read+ = is 1 ?us expla9$ by ,mei ,yao-*#8n3 4 no ma/] ( victory4 ,?is idea1 t ! true object ( w> is peace1 has its root 9 ! national temp]am5t ( ! ,*9ese4 ,ev5 s f> back z #eig ,b4,c41 ^! memorable words 7 utt]$ by ,pr9ce ,*uang ( ! ,*#8u ,/ate3 444 8,! "* = #8pr[ess' 77 is made up ( #8to /ay' & #8a spe>' 7cessation ( ho/ilities74 ,milit>y pr[ess is se5 9 ! repression ( cruelty1 ! call+ 9 ( weapons1 ! pres]vation ( ! appo9tm5t ( ,heav51 ! firm e/abli%m5t ( m]it1 ! be/[al ( happ9ess on ! p1 putt+ h>mony betwe5 ! pr9ces1 ! diffusion ( weal?40 ,tso ,*uan1 ,,xii4 #c ad f94 #d4 ,?us1 :at enables ! wise sov]eign & ! good g5]al to /rike & conqu]1 & a*ieve ?+s beyond ! rea* ( ord9>y m51 is =ekn[l$ge4 ,t is1 k ( ! enemy's dispositions1 & :at he means to d4 #e4 ,n[ ?is =ekn[l$ge _c be elicit$ f spirits2 8by pray]s or sacrifices10 says ,*ang ,y4 are ! disembodi$ spirits ( m51 & sup]natural be+s or 8gods40 x _c be obta9$ inductively f exp]i5ce1 ,tu ,mu's note makes ! mean+ cle>3 1 he says1 is ! same z reason+ by analogy2 8k ( ! enemy _c be ga9$ by reason+ f o!r analog\s cases40 nor by any d$uctive calculation4 ,li ,*#8an says3 8,quantities l l5g?1 bread?1 di/ance & magnitude1 are susceptible ( exact ma!matical det]m9ation2 human actions _c be s calculat$40 #f4 ,k ( ! enemy's dispositions c only be obta9$ f o!r m54 ,mei ,yao-*#8n has r an int]e/+ note3 8,k ( ! _s-_w is to be obta9$ by div9ation2 in=mation 9 natural sci5ce may be s\ght by inductive reason+2 ! laws ( ! univ]se c be v]ifi$ by ma!matical calculation3 b ! dispositions ( an enemy are asc]ta9able ?r\gh spies & spies alone40 #g4 ,h5ce ! use ( spies1 ( :om !re are five classes3 7#a7 ,local spies2 7#b7 inw>d spies2 7#c7 conv]t$ spies2 7#d7 doom$ spies2 7#e7 surviv+ spies4 #h4 ,:5 ^! five k9ds ( spy are all at "w1 none c discov] ! secret sy/em4 is expla9$ by ,tu ,mu z 8! way 9 :i* facts leak out & dispositions are reveal$40 ,?is is call$ is ! read+ ( ! /&>d text1 b ! ,t#8ung ,ti51 ,y ,lan & ,t#8u ,%u all h 4 8div9e manipulation ( ! ?reads40 ,capt4 ,cal?rop translates 8! ,my/]i\s ,?read10 b ,mei ,yao-*#8n's p>aphrase %[s t :at is meant is ! control ( a numb] ( ?reads4 ,x is ! sov]eign's mo/ preci\s faculty4 8,cromwell1 "o ( ! greate/ & mo/ practical ( all cavalry lead]s1 _h (fic]s /yl$ #8sc\t ma/]s1' ^: bus9ess x 0 to collect all possible in=mation reg>d+ ! enemy1 ?r\gh sc\ts & spies1 etc41 & mu* ( 8 success 9 w> 0 traceable to ! previ\s k ( ! enemy's moves ?us ga9$40#ahd #i4 ,hav+ local spies is ! em5d$ read+ ( ,*ia ,l9 & ! ,t#8u ,%u = ! un9telligible 1 "h & 9 #g1 ( ! /&>d text1 :i* nev]!less reads 9 #bb4 means employ+ ! s]vices ( ! inhabitants ( a di/rict4 ,tu ,mu says3 8,9 ! enemy's c\ntry1 w9 p ov] by k9d treatm5t1 & use !m z spies40 #aj4 ,hav+ inw>d spies1 mak+ use ( (ficials ( ! enemy4 includes bo? civil & milit>y (ficials4 ,tu ,mu enum]ates ! foll[+ classes z likely to d good s]vice 9 ?is respect3 8,wor?y m5 :o h be5 degrad$ f (fice1 crim9als :o h und]gone puni%m5t2 also1 fav\rite concub9es :o are gre$y = gold1 m5 :o are aggriev$ at be+ 9 subord9ate positions1 or :o h be5 pass$ ov] 9 ! di/ribution ( po/s1 o!rs :o are anxi\s t _! side %\ld be defeat$ 9 ord] t !y may h a *ance ( display+ _! ability & tal5ts1 fickle turncoats :o always want to h a foot 9 ea* boat 774 ,(ficials ( ^! sev]al k9ds10 he cont9ues1 8%\ld be secretly approa*$ & b\nd to "o's int]e/s by means ( ri* pres5ts4 ,9 ?is way y w be able to f9d out ! /ate ( affairs 9 ! enemy's c\ntry1 asc]ta9 ! plans t are be+ =m$ aga9/ y1 & moreov] di/urb ! h>mony & create a brea* betwe5 ! sov]eign & 8 m9i/]s40 ,! necessity = extreme caution1 h[ev]1 9 deal+ ) 8inw>d spies10 appe>s f an hi/orical incid5t relat$ by ,ho ,%ih3 8 ,lo ,%ang1 ,gov]nor ( ,i-*\1 s5t 8 g5]al ,wei ,po to attack ! rebel ,li ,hsiung ( ,%u 9 8 /ronghold at ,p#8i4 ,aft] ea* side _h exp]i5c$ a numb] ( victories & defeats1 ,li ,hsiung _h rec\rse to ! s]vices ( a c]ta9 ,p#8o-t#8ai1 a native ( ,wu-tu4 ,he began by hav+ him :ipp$ until ! blood came1 & !n s5t him (f to ,lo ,%ang1 :om he 0 to delude by (f]+ to co-op]ate ) him f inside ! city1 & to give a fire signal at ! "r mom5t = mak+ a g5]al assault4 ,lo ,%ang1 confid+ 9 ^! promises1 m>*$ out all 8 be/ troops1 & plac$ ,wei ,po & o!rs at _! head ) ord]s to attack at ,p#8o-t#8ai's bidd+4 ,mean:ile1 ,li ,hsiung's g5]al1 ,li ,hsiang1 _h prep>$ an ambuscade on _! l9e ( m>*2 & ,p#8o-t#8ai1 hav+ re>$ long scal+-ladd]s aga9/ ! city walls1 n[ light$ ! beacon-fire4 ,wei ,po's m5 rac$ up on see+ ! signal & began climb+ ! ladd]s z fa/ z !y c\ld1 :ile o!rs 7 drawn up by ropes l[]$ f above4 ,m ?an a hundr$ ( ,lo ,%ang's soldi]s ent]$ ! city 9 ?is way1 e "o ( :om 0 =?) behead$4 ,li ,hsiung !n *>g$ ) all 8 =ces1 bo? inside & outside ! city1 & r\t$ ! enemy completely40 ,?is happ5$ 9 #cjc ,a4,d4 ,i d n "k :]e ,ho ,%ih got ! /ory f4 ,x is n giv5 9 ! biography ( ,li ,hsiung or t ( 8 fa!r ,li ,t#81 ,*9 ,%u1 *4 #abj1 #aba4 #aa4 ,hav+ conv]t$ spies1 gett+ hold ( ! enemy's spies & us+ !m = our own purposes4 ,by means ( heavy bribes & lib]al promises deta*+ !m f ! enemy's s]vice1 & induc+ !m to c>ry back false in=mation z well z to spy 9 turn on _! own c\ntrym54 ,?us ,tu ,yu3 4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,hsiao ,%ih-hsi5 9 def9+ ! says t we pret5d n to h detect$ him1 b contrive to let him c>ry away a false impression ( :at is go+ on 774 ,sev]al ( ! comm5tators accept ?is z an alt]native def9ition2 b t x is n :at ,sun ,tz meant is conclusively prov$ by 8 subsequ5t rem>ks ab\t treat+ ! conv]t$ spy g5]\sly 7 #ba sqq474 ,ho ,%ih notes ?ree occasions on :i* conv]t$ spies 7 us$ ) conspicu\s success3 #a7 by ,t#8i5 ,tan 9 8 def5ce ( ,*i-mo 7see supra1 p4 #ij72 #b7 by ,*ao ,% on 8 m>* to ,o-y 7see p4 #eg72 & by ! wily ,fan ,* 9 #bfj ,b4,c41 :5 ,li5 ,p#8o 0 conduct+ a def5sive campaign aga9/ ,*#894 ,! ,k+ ( ,*ao /rongly disapprov$ ( ,li5 ,p#8o's cauti\s & dilatory me?ods1 :i* _h be5 unable to av]t a s]ies ( m9or disa/]s1 & !re=e l5t a ready e> to ! reports ( 8 spies1 :o _h secretly gone ov] to ! enemy & 7 already 9 ,fan ,*'s pay4 ,!y said3 8,! only ?+ :i* causes ,*#89 anxiety is le/ ,*ao ,kua %\ld be made g5]al4 ,li5 ,p#8o !y consid] an easy oppon5t1 :o is sure to be vanqui%$ 9 ! long run40 ,n[ ?is ,*ao ,kua 0 a son ( ! fam\s ,*ao ,%4 ,f 8 boyhood1 he _h be5 :olly engross$ 9 ! /udy ( w> & milit>y matt]s1 until at la/ he came to believe t !re 0 no comm&] 9 ! :ole ,empire :o c\ld /& aga9/ him4 ,8 fa!r 0 mu* disquiet$ by ?is ov]we5+ conceit1 & ! flippancy ) :i* he spoke ( su* a s]i\s ?+ z w>1 & solemnly decl>$ t if ev] ,kua 0 appo9t$ g5]al1 he w\ld br+ ru9 on ! armies ( ,*ao4 ,?is 0 ! man :o1 9 spite ( e>ne/ prote/s f 8 own "m & ! vet]an /atesman ,l9 ,hsiang-ju1 0 n[ s5t to succe$ ,li5 ,p#8o4 ,ne$less to say1 he prov$ no mat* = ! r$\btable ,po ,*#8i & ! great milit>y p[] ( ,*#894 ,he fell into a trap by :i* 8 army 0 divid$ into two & 8 communications cut2 & aft] a desp]ate resi/ance la/+ #df days1 dur+ :i* ! fami%$ soldi]s dev\r$ "o ano!r1 he 0 himself kill$ by an arr[1 & 8 :ole =ce1 am\nt+1 x is said1 to #djj1jjj m51 ru?lessly put to ! sword4 ,see 1 *4 #ai1 ff4 #dh-ej4 #ab4 ,hav+ doom$ spies1 do+ c]ta9 ?+s op5ly = purposes ( deception1 & all[+ our own spies to "k ( !m & report !m to ! enemy4 is ,li ,*#8an's conjecture = 1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ! ,y ,lan4 ,! ,t#8u ,%u1 unsupport$ by any good au?ority1 adds aft] 4 ,9 t case1 ! doom$ spies w\ld be ^? ( ! enemy1 to :om our own spies _h convey$ false in=mation4 ,b ?is is unnecess>ily complicat$4 ,tu ,yu gives ! be/ exposition ( ! mean+3 8,we o/5tati\sly d ?+s calculat$ to deceive our own spies1 :o mu/ be l$ to believe t !y h be5 unwitt+ly disclos$4 ,!n1 :5 ^! spies are captur$ 9 ! enemy's l9es1 !y w make an entirely false report1 & ! enemy w take measures accord+ly1 only to f9d t we d some?+ q diff]5t4 ,! spies w !reupon be put to dea?40 ,capt4 ,cal?rop makes a hopeless muddle ( ! s5t5ce4 ,z an example ( doom$ spies1 ,ho ,%ih m5tions ! prison]s releas$ by ,pan ,*#8ao 9 8 campaign aga9/ ,y>k&4 7,see p4 #acb47 ,he also ref]s to ,t#8ang ,*i51 :o 9 #fcj ,a4,d4 0 s5t by ,t#8ai ,tsung to lull ! ,turki% ,khan ,*ieh-li into fanci$ security1 until ,li ,*+ 0 able to deliv] a cru%+ bl[ aga9/ him4 ,*ang ,y says t ! ,turks rev5g$ !mselves by kill+ ,t#8ang ,*i51 b ?is is a mi/ake1 = we read 9 bo? ! ,old & ! ,new ,t#8ang ,hi/ory 7*4 #eh1 fol4 #b & *4 #hi1 fol4 #h respectively7 t he escap$ & liv$ on until #fef4 ,li ,i-*i#ahe play$ a some:at simil> "p 9 #bjc ,b4,c41 :5 s5t by ! ,k+ ( ,han to op5 peaceful negotiations ) ,*#8i4 ,he has c]ta9ly m claim to be describ$ z a 2 = ! ,k+ ( ,*#8i1 be+ subsequ5tly attack$ )\t w>n+ by ,han ,hs91 & infuriat$ by :at he consid]$ ! trea*]y ( ,li ,i-*i1 ord]$ ! un=tunate envoy to be boil$ alive4 #ac4 ,surviv+ spies1 f9ally1 are ^? :o br+ back news f ! enemy's camp4 ,?is is ! ord9>y class ( spies1 prop]ly s call$1 =m+ a regul> "p ( ! army4 ,tu ,mu says3 8,y\r surviv+ spy mu/ be a man ( ke5 intellect1 ?\gh 9 outw>d appe>ance a fool2 ( %abby ext]ior1 b ) a w ( iron4 ,he mu/ be active1 robu/1 end[$ ) physical /r5g? & c\rage2 ?or\ghly accu/om$ to all sorts ( dirty "w1 able to endure hung] & cold1 & to put up ) %ame & ignom9y40 ,ho ,%ih tells ! foll[+ /ory ( ,ta-hsi ,wu ( ! ,sui dyna/y3 8,:5 he 0 gov]nor ( ,ea/]n ,*#891 ,%n-wu ( ,*#8i made a ho/ile movem5t ^u ,%a-yan4 ,! ,emp]or ,t#8ai ,tsu 8 ,kao ,tsu s5t ,ta-hsi ,wu to spy ^u ! enemy4 ,he 0 accompani$ by two o!r m54 ,all ?ree 7 on horseback & wore ! enemy's uni=m4 ,:5 x 0 d>k1 !y dism\nt$ a few hundr$ feet away f ! enemy's camp & /eal?ily crept up to li/51 until !y succe$$ 9 cat*+ ! passwords us$ by ! army4 ,!n !y got on _! horses aga9 & boldly pass$ ?r\gh ! camp "u ! guise ( night-wat*m5 772 & m ?an once1 happ5+ to come across a soldi] :o 0 committ+ "s brea* ( discipl9e1 !y actually /opp$ to give ! culprit a s\nd cudgell+6 ,?us !y manag$ to return ) ! fulle/ possible in=mation ab\t ! enemy's dispositions1 & receiv$ w>m comm5dation f ! ,emp]or1 :o 9 consequ5ce ( _! report 0 able to inflict a sev]e defeat on 8 adv]s>y40 ,) ! above classification x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! rem>ks ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great3#ahf 8,es giebt viel]ley ,sort5 von ,spions3 #a4 ,g]+e ,leute1 wel*e si* von diesem ,h&w]k melir54 #b4 ,doppelte ,spions4 #c4 ,spions von ,consequ5z1 und endli* #d4 ,diej5ig51 wel*e man zu diesem unglckli*5 ,hankw]k zw+et40 ,?is ( c\rse is a bad cross-division4 ,! fir/ class 78,brg]sleute1 ,bau]n1 ,prie/]s1 etc407 corresponds r\ghly to ,sun ,tz's 8local spies10 & ! ?ird to 8inw>d spies40 ,( 8,doppelte ,spions0 x is broadly /at$ t !y are employ$ 8um dem ,fe9de fals*e ,na*ri*t5 aufzub9d540 ,?us !y w\ld include bo? conv]t$ & doom$ spies4 ,fr$]ick's la/ class ( spies does n appe> 9 ,sun ,tz's li/1 p]haps because ! risk 9 us+ !m is too great4 #ad4 ,h5ce x is t ) none 9 ! :ole army are m intimate relations to be ma9ta9$ ?an ) spies4 ,! orig9al text & ! ,t#8u ,%u h 9 place ( ! fir/ 4 ,tu ,mu & ,mei ,yao-*#8n po9t out t ! spy is privileg$ to ent] ev5 ! g5]al's private sleep+-t5t4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop has an inaccurate translation3 8,9 connection ) ! armies1 spies %\ld be treat$ ) ! greate/ k9dness40 ,none %\ld be m lib]ally rew>d$4 ,fr$]ick concludes 8 *apt] on spies ) ! words3 8,zu allem diesem fge i* no* h9zu1 dass man 9 ,bezahlung d] ,spions freygebig1 ja v]s*w5d]is* seyn muss4 ,e9 ,m5*1 d] um eures ,di5/es halb] d5 ,/rick waget1 v]di5et dafr belohnet zu w]d540 ,9 no o!r bus9ess %\ld great] secrecy be pres]v$4 ,tu ,mu gives a graphic t\*3 1 t is to say1 all communications ) spies %\ld be c>ri$ on 8m\?-to-e>40 ,capt4 ,cal?rop has3 8,all matt]s relat+ to spies are secret10 :i* is di/9ctly feeble4 ,an inf]ior read+ = is 4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks on spies may be quot$ f ,tur5ne1 :o made p]haps l>g] use ( !m ?an any previ\s comm&]3 8,spies are atta*$ to ^? :o give !m mo/1 he :o pays !m ill is nev] s]v$4 ,!y %\ld nev] be kn[n to anybody2 nor %\ld !y "k "o ano!r4 ,:5 !y propose any?+ v mat]ial1 secure _! p]sons1 or h 9 y\r possession _! wives & *ildr5 z ho/ages = _! fidelity4 ,nev] communicate any?+ to !m b :at x is absolutely necess>y t !y %\ld "k40#ahg #ae4 ,spies _c be usefully employ$ ,?is is ! nuance ( ,tu ,yu's p>aphrase 4 )\t a c]ta9 intuitive sagacity4 ,mei ,yao-*#8n says3 8,9 ord] to use !m1 "o mu/ "k fact f falsehood1 & be able to discrim9ate betwe5 hone/y & d\ble-deal+40 ,wang ,hsi takes & sep>ately1 def9+ ! =m] z 8intuitive p]ception0 & ! latt] z 8practical intellig5ce40 ,tu ,mu /rangely ref]s ^! attributes to ! spies !mselves3 8,be=e us+ spies we mu/ assure ourselves z to _! integrity ( "* & ! ext5t ( _! exp]i5ce & skill40 ,b he cont9ues3 8,a braz5 face & a crafty disposition are m dang]\s ?an m\nta9s or riv]s2 x takes a man ( g5ius to p5etrate su*40 ,s t we are left 9 "s d\bt z to 8 real op9ion on ! passage4 #af4 ,!y _c be prop]ly manag$ )\t b5evol5ce & /raight=w>dness4 ,*ang ,y says t means 8n grudg+ !m hon\rs & pay20 1 8%[+ no di/ru/ ( _! hone/y40 8,:5 y h attract$ !m by sub/antial (f]s1 y mu/ treat !m ) absolute s9c]ity2 !n !y w "w = y ) all _! might40 #ag4 ,)\t subtle +5uity ( m9d1 "o _c make c]ta9 ( ! tru? ( _! reports4 ,mei ,yao-*#8n says3 8,be on y\r gu>d aga9/ ! possibility ( spies go+ ov] to ! s]vice ( ! enemy40 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan read = 4 #ah4 ,be subtle6 be subtle6 ,cf4 ,,vi4 #i3 4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop translates3 8,wond]ful inde$ is ! p[] ( spies40 & use y\r spies = e k9d ( bus9ess4 #ai4 ,if a secret piece ( news is divulg$ by a spy be=e ! "t is ripe1 he mu/ be put to dea? toge!r ) ! man to :om ! secret 0 told4 ,! ,*9ese "h is s concise & elliptical t "s expansion is necess>y = ! prop] und]/&+ ( x4 d5otes important in=mation ab\t ! enemy obta9$ f a surviv+ spy4 ,! subject ( 1 h[ev]1 is n ?is in=mation itself1 b ! secret /ratagem built up on ! /r5g? ( x4 means 8is he>d0--by anybody else4 ,?us1 ^w = ^w1 we get3 8,if spy matt]s are he>d be=e our plans are c>ri$ out10 etc4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop1 9 translat+ 8! spy :o told ! matt]1 & ! man :o repeat$ ! same10 may appeal to ! au?ority ( ! comm5tators2 b he surely misses ! ma9 po9t ( ,sun ,tz's injunction4 ,=1 :]eas y kill ! spy himself 8z a puni%m5t = lett+ out ! secret10 ! object ( kill+ ! o!r man is only1 z ,*#8n ,hao puts x1 8to /op 8 m\?0 & prev5t ! news leak+ any fur!r4 ,if x _h already be5 repeat$ to o!rs1 ?is object w\ld n be ga9$4 ,ei!r way1 ,sun ,tz lays himself op5 to ! *>ge ( inhumanity1 ?\gh ,tu ,mu tries to def5d him by say+ t ! man des]ves to be put to dea?1 = ! spy w\ld c]ta9ly n h told ! secret unless ! o!r _h be5 at pa9s to worm x out ( him4 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan h ! read+ 444 1 etc41 :i*1 :ile n affect+ ! s5se1 /rikes me z be+ bett] ?an t ( ! /&>d text4 ,! ,t#8u ,%u has 444 1 :i* ,i suppose w\ld mean3 8! man :o he>d ! secret & ! man :o told x to him40 #bj4 ,:e!r ! object be to cru% an army1 to /orm a city1 or to assass9ate an individual1 x is always necess>y to beg9 by f9d+ out ! names ( ! att5dants1 is a compreh5sive t]m = ^? :o wait on o!rs1 s]vants & reta9]s g5]ally4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop is h>dly happy 9 r5d]+ x 8"r-h& m540 ! aides-de-camp1 1 lit]ally 8visitors10 is equival5t1 z ,tu ,yu says1 to 8^? ^: duty x is to keep ! g5]al suppli$ ) in=mation10 :i* naturally necessitates frequ5t int]views ) him4 ,*ang ,y goes too f> afield = an explanation 9 say+ t !y are 8! lead]s ( m]c5>y troops40 ! door-keep]s & s5tries & 4 ( ! g5]al 9 comm&4 1 accord+ to ,*ang ,y1 is simply 8a g5]al on active s]vice40 ,capt4 ,cal?rop is wrong1 ,i ?9k1 9 mak+ directly dep5d5t on 7444 8! names ( ! g5]al 9 *>ge10 etc474 ,our spies mu/ be commission$ to asc]ta9 ^!4 ,z ! fir/ /ep1 no d\bt1 t[>ds f9d+ out if any ( ^! important function>ies c be won ov] by brib]y4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop blund]s badly )3 8,!n set ! spies to wat* !m40 #ba4 ,! enemy's spies :o h come to spy on u mu/ be s\ght out1 is omitt$ by ! ,t#8ung ,ti5 & ,y ,lan4 ,its recurr5ce is c]ta9ly suspici\s1 ?\gh ! s5se may seem to ga9 by x4 ,! ,t#8u ,%u has ?is v>iation3 444 1 etc4 tempt$ ) bribes1 l$ away & com=tably h\s$4 is probably m ?an m]ely or 8deta940 ,cf4 #be ad f941 :]e ,sun ,tz insi/s t ^! conv]t$ spies %all be treat$ well4 ,*ang ,y's p>aphrase is 4 ,?us !y w become conv]t$ spies & available = our s]vice4 #bb4 ,x is ?r\gh ! in=mation br\ght by ! conv]t$ spy t we are able to acquire & employ local & inw>d spies4 ,tu ,yu exp&s into 8?r\gh conv]sion ( ! enemy's spies we le>n ! enemy's condition40 ,& ,*ang ,y says3 8,we mu/ tempt ! conv]t$ spy into our s]vice1 because x is he t kn[s :i* ( ! local inhabitants are gre$y ( ga91 & :i* ( ! (ficials are op5 to corruption40 ,9 ! ,t#8ung ,ti51 has be5 alt]$ to 1 d\btless = ! sake ( uni=mity ) #i4 #bc4 ,x is ow+ to 8 in=mation1 aga91 t we c cause ! doom$ spy to c>ry false tid+s to ! enemy4 8,because ! conv]t$ spy kn[s h[ ! enemy c be/ be deceiv$0 7,*ang ,y74 ,! ,t#8ung ,ti5 text1 foll[$ by ! ,y ,lan1 has "h ! obvi\sly int]polat$ s5t5ce 4 #bd4 ,la/ly1 x is by 8 in=mation t ! surviv+ spy c be us$ on appo9t$ occasions4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop omits ?is s5t5ce4 #be4 ,! end & aim ( spy+ 9 all its five v>ieties is k ( ! enemy2 ,i h v5tur$ to diff] 9 ?is place f ^? comm5tators--,tu ,yu & ,*ang ,y--:o und]/& z 1 & make ! antec$5t ( 7! o!rs ignor+ ! po9t altoge!r74 ,x is plausible en\gh t ,sun ,tz %\ld require ! rul] to be famili> ) ! me?ods ( spy+ 7?\gh "o w\ld r expect 8g5]al0 9 place ( 74 ,b ?is involves tak+ "h 9 q a diff]5t way f ! imm$iately foll[+1 z also f ^? 9 ! previ\s s5t5ces4 !re ref]s vaguely to ! enemy or ! enemy's condition1 & 9 ord] to reta9 ! same mean+ "h1 ,i make a v]b1 gov]n$ by 4 ,cf4 ,,xi4 #ai1 :]e is us$ 9 exactly ! same mann]4 ,! sole objection t ,i c see 9 ! way ( ?is int]pretation is ! fact t ! 1 or f\r? v>iety ( spy1 does n add to our k ( ! enemy1 b only mis9=ms ! enemy ab\t u4 ,?is w\ld be1 h[ev]1 b a trivial ov]sight on ,sun ,tz's "p1 inasmu* z ! 8doom$ spy0 is 9 ! /ricte/ s5se n to be reckon$ z a spy at all4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop1 x is h>dly necess>y to rem>k1 slurs ov] ! :ole difficulty4 & ?is k c only be d]iv$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 f ! conv]t$ spy4 ,z expla9$ 9 #bb-bd4 ,he n only br+s in=mation himself1 b makes x possible to use ! o!r k9ds ( spy to advantage4 ,h5ce x is ess5tial t ! conv]t$ spy be treat$ ) ! utmo/ lib]ality4 #bf4 ,( old1 ! rise ( ! ,y9 dyna/y ,sun ,tz means ! ,%ang dyna/y1 f\nd$ 9 #agff ,b4,c4 ,its "n 0 *ang$ to ,y9 by ,p#8an ,kng 9 #adja4 0 due to ,i ,*ih ,bett] kn[n z ,i ,y91 ! fam\s g5]al & /atesman :o took "p 9 ,*#8ng ,t#8ang's campaign aga9/ ,*ieh ,kuei4 :o _h s]v$ "u ! ,hsia4 ,likewise1 ! rise ( ! ,*\ dyna/y 0 due to ,l ,ya ,l ,%ang1 ^: 8/yle0 0 1 rose to high (fice "u ! tyrant ,*\ ,hs91 :om he aft]w>ds help$ to ov]?r[4 ,popul>ly kn[n z 1 a title be/[$ on him by ,wn ,wang1 he is said to h compos$ a treatise on w>1 errone\sly id5tifi$ ) ! 4 :o _h s]v$ "u ! ,y94 ,!re is less precision 9 ! ,*9ese ?an ,i h ?\ght x well to introduce into my translation1 & ! comm5t>ies on ! passage are by no means explicit4 ,b1 hav+ reg>d to ! context1 we c h>dly d\bt t ,sun ,tz is hold+ up ,i ,*ih & ,l ,ya z illu/ri\s examples ( ! conv]t$ spy1 or some?+ closely analog\s4 ,8 sugge/ion is1 t ! ,hsia & ,y9 dyna/ies 7 upset ow+ to ! intimate k ( _! weaknesses & %ortcom+s :i* ^! =m] m9i/]s 7 able to imp>t to ! o!r side4 ,mei ,yao-*#8n appe>s to res5t any su* asp]sion on ^! hi/oric names3 8,i ,y9 & ,l ,ya10 he says1 87 n rebels aga9/ ! ,gov]nm5t 774 ,hsia c\ld n employ ! =m]1 h5ce ,y9 employ$ him4 ,y9 c\ld n employ ! latt]1 h5ce ,*\ employ$ him4 ,_! great a*ievem5ts 7 all = ! good ( ! p40 ,ho ,%ih is also indignant3 8,h[ %\ld two div9ely inspir$ m5 su* z ,i & ,l h act$ z common spies8 ,sun ,tz's m5tion ( !m simply means t ! prop] use ( ! five classes ( spies is a matt] :i* requires m5 ( ! highe/ m5tal calibre l ,i & ,l1 ^: wisdom & capacity qualifi$ !m = ! task4 ,! above words only emphasise ?is po9t40 ,ho ,%ih believes !n t ! two h]oes are m5tion$ on acc\nt ( _! suppos$ skill 9 ! use ( spies4 ,b ?is is v weak1 z x leaves totally unexpla9$ ! significant words & 4 ,capt4 ,cal?rop speaks1 r /rangely1 ( 8! prov9ce ( ,y9 444 ! c\ntry ( ,hsia 444 ! ,/ate ( ,*u 444 ! p ( ,%ang40 #bg4 ,h5ce x is only ! enlight5$ rul] & ! wise g5]al :o w use ! highe/ intellig5ce ( ! army = purposes ( spy+1 ,*#8n ,hao comp>es #ae3 4 ,he po9ts out t 8! god-l wisdom ( ,*#8ng ,t#8ang & ,wu ,wang l$ !m to employ ,i ,y9 & ,l ,%ang40 ,! ,t#8u ,%u omits 4 & !reby !y a*ieve great results4 ,tu ,mu closes ) a note ( w>n+3 8,j z wat]1 :i* c>ries a boat f bank to bank1 may also be ! means ( s9k+ x1 s reliance on spies1 :ile productive ( great results1 is (t-times ! cause ( utt] de/ruction40 ,spies are a mo/ important elem5t 9 w>1 because on !m dep5ds an army's ability to move4 ,! antec$5t to mu/ be ei!r or und]/ood f ! :ole s5t5ce4 ,*ia ,l9 says t an army )\t spies is l a man )\t e>s or eyes4 ,,*9ese ,,concordance ,,prop] ,,names ,,are ,,indicat$ ,,by ,,an ,,a/]isk ,ai ,,viii4 #ab2 ,x4 #be1 #bf2 ,,xi4 #ah1 #ff2 ,,xiii4 #b4 ,x4 #ba4 an ,,ii4 #bj2 ,v4 #bb2 ,,vi4 #d2 ,,xii4 #bb4 ,*a ,,vii4 #ae4 *#8a ,i4 #b2 ,,viii4 #ad2 ,,ix4 #ci2 ,x4 #ac1 #bj2 ,,xi4 #da4 *an passim4 ,,xi4 #bh4 *ang ,,ix4 #ba4 ,,ix4 #bi4 *#8ang ,,vi4 #cb1 #cd2 ,x4 #ah2 ,,xi4 #bi499 ,,vi4 #cd4 ,v4 #i4 *ao ,,vii4 #bh4 * passim4 ,v4 #ac2 ,,xi4 #fc4 *n ,,xii4 #d499 *#8n ,,vii4 #cb2 ,,ix4 #be1 #bg2 ,x4 #ah4 ,,ix4 #bc4 *ng ,,iii4 #g2 ,,vii4 #c1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #i1 #aj1 #bb3 ,,viii4 #c2 ,,xi4 #a1 #d1 #aa1 #dg1 #ee2 ,,xiii4 #b4 *ng ,v4 #c1 #e1 #aj1 #aa2 ,,vii4 #cb2 ,,xi4 #ce4 ,,iii4 #c1 #ad2 ,,iv4 #af2 ,,vii4 #bc2 ,,xi4 #cb1 #ef1 #fc4 ,,xi4 #ah4 *#8ng ,,iii4 #d2 ,,xi4 #fb2 ,,xiii4 #d1 #bg4 ,,ii4 #b2 ,,iii4 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f2 ,,viii4 #c2 ,,xi4 #g1 #ee2 ,,xiii4 #bj4 #b ,,ii4 #d1 #ag2 ,,xi4 #ai4 #d ,,ii4 #a1 #ag4 ,,iv4 #ag1 #ah1 #ai4 *i ,i4 #c1 #ab1 #ae1 #af2 ,,vi4 #bb2 ,,vii4 #d1 #bb2 ,x4 #ba2 ,,xi4 #bb4 ,,vi4 #aj2 ,,vii4 #f2 ,,xi4 #ae1 #ai1 #fh4 ,,ix4 #cj4 ,,ii4 #ab4 ,,iii4 #ah2 ,,iv4 #b2 ,,vi4 #ah2 ,x4 #ca2 ,,xi4 #ee4 ,,xiii4 #h4 ,,ii4 #ae4 ,,vi4 #ae1 #cj2 ,,vii4 #bi1 #cb2 ,,viii4 #c2 ,,ix4 #d2 ,x4 #g1 #ae1 #ai1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi2 ,,xi4 #i1 #bi2 ,,xiii4 #bj4 *i ,,ix4 #g1 #ae2 ,,xi4 #fe4 ,,vi4 #be2 ,,xii4 #h4 ,,ix4 #cb2 ,,xi4 #af4 ,v4 #ab4 ,,iii4 #af2 ,,vii4 #be4 ,v4 #ab1 #ac2 ,,vii4 #ag2 ,,ix4 #ab2 ,,xi4 #aj4 ,v4 #ae2 ,,xi4 #ch4 ,,vi4 #d2 ,,vii4 #ca2 ,,ix4 #bi4 ,,iv4 #bj2 ,,vii4 #aa2 ,,xi4 #bb2 ,,xii4 #a4 ,,ii4 #ad4 ,,ii4 #h4 ,,xii4 #d499 ,,ix4 #d2 ,,xi4 #cj4 ,,xi4 #di4 *#8i passim4 ,,ix4 #bg2 ,,xi4 #ch1 #ff2 ,,xiii4 #bd4 ,,ii4 #ag2 ,,vii4 #bc1 #bd1 #bf1 #cb2 ,,ix4 #cc4 ,,iii4 #d4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,,ii4 #d2 ,,ix4 #bb2 ,,xii4 #c1 #d2 ,,xiii4 #h4 ,,iii4 #aa2 ,,ix4 #ae4 ,,ix4 #dc2 ,,xi4 #af1 #cb4 ,,ii4 #ac2 ,,xiii4 #a4 ,v4 #c1 #e1 #f1 #aj1 #aa4 ,,iv4 #bj2 ,x4 #be4 ,,vii4 #bg1 #bh1 #bi2 ,,xi4 #bb4 *ia ,i4 #be2 ,,ii4 #ac1 #ad1 #bj2 ,,xiii4 #a4 ,,ii4 #a1 #ad2 ,,vii4 #g4 ,v4 #d2 ,,xi4 #ed1 #ee4 *ia ,,ix4 #ag4 *iang ,v4 #f4 ,v4 #ag1 #ah4 #a ,,xi4 #ah1 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #di1 #ej4 #d ,i4 #d1 #i1 #aa1 #ac1 #ae2 ,,ii4 #ae1 #bj2 ,,iii4 #e1 #aa1 #ag2 ,,vii4 #a1 #g1 #i1 #bg2 ,,viii4 #a1 #d1 #e1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad2 ,,ix4 #cc2 ,x4 #ac1 #ad1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba2 ,,xi4 #ce1 #dj1 #fa2 ,,xii4 #af1 #ah1 #bb2 ,,xiii4 #c1 #d1 #bj1 #bg4 ,,ix4 #ag4 *#8iang ,i4 #ac1 #ba2 ,,ii4 #ah2 ,,iii4 #aa2 ,,ix4 #bd2 ,x4 #af1 #ai2 ,,xii4 #ac4 *iao ,,iii4 #c2 ,,vii4 #b1 #ab2 ,,viii4 #b2 ,,ix4 #h2 ,,xi4 #a1 #e1 #ab1 #bh1 #dh1 #eb1 #ed1 #ee4 ,i4 #c1 #ab4 ,,ix4 #dd2 ,x4 #ah4 ,i4 #bb2 ,x4 #bf4 ,,ii4 #a4 *#8iao ,,ii4 #e2 ,,xi4 #fb4 ,,ix4 #bc4 *ieh ,,ii4 #aa1 #ab2 ,v4 #f4 ,,vi4 #bg2 ,,xi4 #cc2 ,,xiii4 #ai4 ,,xi4 #ai1 #be4 ,,viii4 #ab4 ,v4 #ac1 #ad1 #ae4 ,,viii4 #i4 ,,xi4 #dh4 *#8ieh ,,iii4 #af2 ,,xi4 #bc4 *#8ieh ,v4 #ag1 #ah2 ,,vii4 #be4 *i5 or ,,vi4 #be2 ,,xiii4 passim4 ,,ix4 #ae4 ,,vii4 #g4 ,,ix4 #ag4 ,,iii4 #aj4 ,,ix4 #aa2 ,,xi4 #ae4 ,,xi4 #fg4 ,i4 #bf2 ,,iv4 #h1 #aj2 ,,vii4 #bc2 ,,ix4 #ca4 *#8i5 ,,ii4 #a2 ,,iv4 #bj2 ,v4 #bc2 ,,vi4 #f1 #ai2 ,,xi4 #fa2 ,,xiii4 #a4 ,,xi4 #db1 #dd4 ,,vi4 #ag1 #bj2 ,,ix4 #i2 ,,xi4 #ae1 #de4 *ih passim4 ,i4 #i2 ,,ii4 #d1 #ae2 ,,iv4 #ab2 ,,viii4 #g2 ,,xiii4 #ae1 #bg4 passim4 ,,vi4 #ab2 ,,xi4 #ci4 ,v4 #bb2 ,,xi4 #aa1 #ag2 ,,xii4 #h1 #aa1 #ai4 ,x4 #a1 #f1 #g4 ,,vii4 #c1 #d1 #bb4 ,i4 #g1 #aj1 #ag2 ,,vi4 #bg1 #ca2 ,x4 #ba4 ,,xi4 #df4 ,,xiii4 #bf499 ,v4 #ac4 ,v4 #a1 #ag1 #ah2 ,,vii4 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb2 ,,viii4 #f2 ,x4 #bf2 ,,xi4 #ce4 ,,iii4 #af2 ,v4 #ab1 #ac2 ,,vi4 #c1 #i1 #be2 ,,vii4 #d1 #h1 #i1 #aj2 ,,ix4 #ad1 #cg2 ,x4 #ac1 #bj2 ,,xi4 #f1 #bf1 #bi2 ,,xiii4 #b4 *ih ,,vi4 #b2 ,,xii4 #ah4 *#8ih ,,ii4 #a4 ,,ix4 #g1 #h4 *9 ,i4 #h1 #ai2 ,,ii4 #aa2 ,,vi4 #bj2 ,,vii4 #ca2 ,,ix4 #ae1 #af1 #ah2 ,x4 #ba4 ,,iii4 #ac2 ,,vi4 #aj2 ,,vii4 #be2 ,,ix4 #ai1 #bd1 #bh1 #ca1 #dj2 ,x4 #bd2 ,,xi4 #di4 ,,ii4 #g2 ,,xi4 #bc4 ,,ii4 #a2 ,,vii4 #bc1 #bd2 ,,xiii4 #a1 #b4 ,,ix4 #ag1 #ci2 ,,xl #bb1 #dh4 ,,xi4 #bf4 ,,xi4 #bh4 *#89 ,i4 #bc2 ,,ix4 #db2 ,,xi4 #be2 ,,xiii4 #ad4 ,,iii4 #aj2 ,,vii4 #g2 ,,ix4 #da4 ,,vii4 #ah4 ,v4 #bb2 ,,vi4 #bc2 ,,vii4 #cj2 ,,ix4 #ah2 ,,xi4 #ce2 ,,xii4 #g4 ,,ii4 #ag3 ,,vii4 #bc1 #bd1 #bf2 ,,ix4 #cc4 ,,ix4 #ae1 #ag4 ,,vii4 #h4 ,i4 #c4 ,,ix4 #cg4 ,,xii4 #bb4 ,,xi4 #dc4 *#8+ ,i4 #c1 #ab2 ,,xi4 #ai1 #da1 #ea2 ,,xiii4 #b1 #f4 ,,ix4 #bf4 *#8+ ,,ix4 #be2 ,,xi4 #a1 #c1 #aa1 #dd1 #df4 *io ,,vi4 #bd4 ,,xiii4 #b4 *iu ,,iv4 #g2 ,,viii4 #d1 #e1 #f2 ,,xi4 #da4 ,,ii4 #b1 #c1 #e1 #f1 #ai2 ,,iii4 #f2 ,,ix4 #ci2 ,,xii4 #aa4 ,,vi4 #aa1 #bj2 ,,xi4 #ae1 #cj4 *#8iu ,,iv4 #ae2 ,v4 #ba2 ,x4 #bd2 ,,xi4 #be4 ,,ii4 #ab1 #ad4 ,,vii4 #cc2 ,,ix4 #ac4 ,,iv4 #aj4 *iung ,,ix4 #cf4 *#8iung ,v4 #f1 #aj1 #aa2 ,,vi4 #bh2 ,,vii4 #cf2 ,,ix4 #cd2 ,x4 #cj4 *o ,,ii4 #e4 *\ ,,vii4 #bf1 #bh2 ,,xii4 #aa4 ,,xi4 #cj1 #ci4 ,,iii4 #aa3 ,,xiii4 #bf499 ,,ii4 #ad4 *u ,i4 #aj1 #ac2 ,,ii4 #bj2 ,x4 #bc1 #bd2 ,,xi4 #ai1 #bj2 ,,xii4 #af1 #ah2 ,,xiii4 #c1 #be4 ,,ii4 #d2 ,,iii4 #af2 ,,vii4 #ab2 ,,viii4 #aj2 ,,xi4 #b1 #f1 #bh199 #ch1 #eb4 ,,ix4 #de4 ,,ix4 #ac2 ,x4 #ba4 ,,xi4 #fd4 ,,xi4 #f1 #df4 *#8u #c ,,vi4 #a1 #bd1 #cj2 ,,vii4 #g2 ,,ix4 #a1 #b1 #f1 #h1 #i1 #ab1 #ac3 ,,xi4 #fh4 *#8u #d ,,ix4 #ag4 ,i4 #bd2 ,v4 #f2 ,,vi4 #e2 ,,ix4 #be2 ,x4 #e1 #f1 #g2 ,,xiii4 #a1 #d4 *uan ,,vi4 #ac1 #ad2 ,,vii4 #be2 ,,xi4 #bj1 #db4 ,v4 #bb1 #bc4 *#8uan ,i4 #be2 ,,xiii4 #ab4 *ui ,,vi4 #aj4 ,,xii4 ,i4 *un ,,ix4 #ce4 passim4 ,,vii4 #f1 #aa2 ,,ix4 #cc2 ,,xi4 #a1 #g1 #ac1 #dd1 #di4 ,,ii4 #ae4 ,v4 #f4 ,,ii4 #ac2 ,,ix4 #h2 ,,xi4 #bi4 *#8ung ,,vi4 #aj4 * ,,ix4 #bj1 #be2 ,x4 #c1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa2 ,,xi4 #cg4 ,,ii4 #a2 ,,iv4 #aj2 ,,vii4 #f2 ,x4 #cj2 ,,xi4 #fc4 ,,vii4 #b2 ,,viii4 #a2 ,,xi4 #dj1 #ed4 ,,ii4 #a1 #ad1 #ag2 ,,ix4 #bc1 #be4 ,,iii4 #d2 ,,xii4 #b4 ,x4 #be2 ,,xi4 #bi2 ,,xiii4 #h4 ,,vii4 #ac2 ,,xi4 #h1 #eb4 ,,xi4 #fh4 ,,iii4 #d4 ,,xi4 #bd4 ,,xi4 #bd4 *#8 ,i4 #ae2 ,,ii4 #ac1 #ad2 ,,ix4 #g1 #ae1 #ci2 ,x4 #g1 #aa2 ,,xi4 #bf1 #ch1 #dc4 *#8 ,i4 #bj2 ,,ii4 #i1 #af2 ,v4 #ai2 ,,vi4 #g1 #cc2 ,,ix4 #dj1 #dc2 ,,xii4 #ae2 ,,xiii4 #e1 #f4 ,,ii4 #b1 #d1 #ac2 ,,iii4 #b1 #f2 ,,viii4 #aj2 ,,xi4 #da4 ,,vi4 #a1 #e1 #bi1 #cj2 ,,vii4 #g3 ,,viii4 #aj2 ,,xi4 #dg4 ,,ix4 #bd2 ,,xi4 #ci4 ,,viii4 #b2 ,,xi4 #a1 #f1 #ab1 #dc1 #dh4 ,i4 #aj4 *an ,,vii4 #g4 ,,ix4 #cc4 *#8an ,,iii4 #a1 #g2 ,,iv4 #g2 ,x4 #ca2 ,,xii4 #bb4 ,i4 #ag2 ,,iii4 #ae2 ,,vii4 #ba2 ,,xi4 #ee4 *eh ,,viii4 #b2 ,,ix4 #a1 #c1 #d1 #g1 #ae2 ,,xi4 #bb1 #dc2 ,,xii4 #ad4 ,,iv4 #bj2 ,,xi4 #fg4 ,,vii4 #i4 *#8eh ,,vii4 #cf2 ,,xi4 #ej4 *n ,,iii4 #ab1 #ag2 ,,vii4 #a2 ,,viii4 #a1 #c2 ,,xii4 #bb2 ,,xiii4 #d1 #h1 #bg4 passim4 ,x4 #ab1 #ae4 *#8n ,,xi4 #ci4 rh ,i4 #d2 ,,ii4 #ae2 ,,iv4 #ag2 ,,vii4 #aj2 ,,xii4 #a4 rh ,,iv4 #aj2 ,,vii4 #bd1 #bf2 ,,xi4 #cf4 ,x4 #be4 passim4 ,fa ,i4 #d1 #aj1 #ac2 ,,ii4 #a2 ,,iii4 #a1 #d1 #g1 #h2 ,,iv4 #af1 #ag2 ,,vii4 #a1 #h1 #i1 #bb1 #be1 #cc1 #cg2 ,,viii4 #a1 #aa2 ,,xi4 #a1 #ef4 ,fa ,v4 #ae2 ,,vii4 #d2 ,,xi4 #bh1 #ch2 ,,xii4 #c1 #f1 #g1 #i1 #aj2 ,,xiii4 #ai4 ,i4 #ac2 ,,ix4 #cf1 #db4 ,,iii4 #c2 ,,xi4 #ed4 fan ,,xiii4 #g1 #aa1 #ac1 #ba1 #be4 ,,ix4 #cd2 ,x4 #d1 #e4 passim4 ,,xi4 #ef1 #eg4 ,,viii4 #ab4 fang ,v4 #bb2 ,,xi4 #ca4 ,,ix4 #ac4 fei ,,ii4 #a1 #ac1 #ad2 ,,xii4 #ae2 ,,xiii4 #a4 ,,iii4 #b1 #f2 ,,iv4 #h1 #i2 ,,ix4 #dj2 ,x4 #ad2 ,,xi4 #bg1 #ec2 ,,xii4 #ag2 ,,xiii4 #c1 #ae1 #af1 #ag4 fn ,,iii4 #e1 #h2 ,v4 #a2 ,,vi4 #ac1 #ad2 ,,vii4 #aj1 #af1 #bj4 ,,iii4 #e2 ,,viii4 #ab4 ,v4 #af4 ,,xi4 #ci4 ,,iii4 #d4 fng ,,vii4 #ag2 ,,xi4 #cj2 ,,xii4 #d1 #aj1 #aa4 ,,ii4 #a2 ,,xiii4 #a4 ,x4 #ai4 f\ ,,ix4 #cd4 ,,ix4 #bb4 fu ,,xi4 #fc4 ,,iii4 #e2 ,,ix4 #e1 #db4 passim4 ,,xi4 #ae4 ,v4 #f2 ,,vi4 #bh2 ,,xii4 #bj1 #ba4 ,,viii4 #ad2 ,,ix4 #ag4 ,,ix4 #ag1 #bb4 ,i4 #ad1 #bf2 ,,iii4 #ah4 ,,ix4 #db1 #dd2 ,x4 #ag4 ,,xi4 #ci4 ,x4 #be4 ,,iii4 #aa4 ,hai ,,ii4 #g2 ,,vi4 #c2 ,,viii4 #g1 #i1 #aj2 ,,xi4 #eg1 #ei4 han ,i4 #g4 hao ,,iv4 #aj4 hng ,x4 #ah4 ho ,v4 #e2 ,,vii4 #b1 #af2 ,,viii4 #a1 #b2 ,,ix4 #ci2 ,x4 #ai1 #bd2 ,,xi4 #ab1 #af1 #ag1 #ed2 ,,xii4 #ai4 ,,xi4 #fe4 ,,xi4 #ah4 ,v4 #f4 ,,vii4 #b2 ,,ix4 #bf4 h\ ,x4 #bf2 ,,xiii4 #ad1 #be4 ,,ii4 #d2 ,,iii4 #af2 ,,vii4 #ab2 ,,viii4 #aj2 ,,xi4 #b1 #f1 #eb4 passim4 hsi ,,iv4 #a2 ,,xiii4 #bf4 ,,ix4 #aa2 ,,xii4 #bj4 ,,vi4 #ba4 ,,ix4 #ce4 ,,ix4 #ch4 ,,xi4 #cd4 hsia ,,iii4 #c1 #g1 #ag2 ,,iv4 #g1 #i2 ,,vi4 #bi2 ,,ix4 #aa2 ,,xi4 #f1 #ae1 #ee2 ,,xii4 #aj4 ,,xiii4 #bf499 hsia ,i4 #h4 hsiang #a ,v4 #aa2 ,,vii4 #bc2 ,,ix4 #ci1 #de2 ,,xi4 #ae1 #cj2 ,,xiii4 #b4 #d ,,ix4 #a4 ,,vii4 #ad1 #bj2 ,,xi4 #eb2 ,,xiii4 #g1 #i1 #bb4 ,,vii4 #cc2 ,,xi4 #fa4 ,,vi4 #bi2 ,,xiii4 #e4 ,,xi4 #bf4 ,,xi4 #fj4 hsiao ,,iii4 #aj2 ,,ix4 #ag4 hsieh ,,iii4 #d4 ,,ix4 #bb4 ,,ix4 #ch4 hsi5 passim4 ,i4 #h2 ,v4 #ad2 ,,vii4 #ac2 ,,ix4 #ag1 #ah2 ,x4 #a1 #aj1 #ba2 ,,xi4 #h1 #dj1 #eb4 ,,ix4 #ae2 ,x4 #ad1 #af2 ,,xi4 #bd1 #eh1 #ei4 hsi5 ,,xiii4 #d1 #bg4 hs9 ,i4 #i2 ,,ix4 #de2 ,,xi4 #be4 ,,vii4 #bg1 #cj4 hs+ ,i4 #ac2 ,v4 #bb2 ,,vi4 #f1 #bi1 #cd2 ,,vii4 #g1 #ac2 ,,ix4 #db1 #dd2 ,,xi4 #h1 #ac1 #eb2 ,,xii4 #b4 passim4 ,,xii4 #ah3 ,,xiii4 #a1 #bf4 ,v4 #bb4 hs+ ,,ii4 #aj1 #aa1 #ac2 ,,xiii4 #a1 #bj4 hsiu ,,iii4 #d2 ,,iv4 #f2 ,,xi4 #be2 ,,xii4 #ae1 #af4 ,,ix4 #ch4 hsiung ,,xii4 #ae4 hs ,,ii4 #ac2 ,v4 #d2 ,,vi4 #aj2 ,,ix4 #cb4 ,,vii4 #ag2 ,,ix4 #ce4 ,,xii4 #d4 hsan ,,vii4 #ba2 ,,ix4 #cd2 ,,xi4 #ef4 ,x4 #ai4 hsn ,v4 #aa4 hu ,i4 #bf2 ,,vi4 #i2 ,,xi4 #cj4 ,,ix4 #cb4 ,,xi4 #fh4 hua ,,vi4 #cc4 ,,vi4 #ab4 ,,vii4 #cj4 huan ,,iii4 #ab2 ,,vii4 #c2 ,,viii4 #i4 ,v4 #aa4 huang ,,ix4 #aj499 ,,ix4 #ag4 hui ,,iii4 #f2 ,v4 #ac4 ,,xi4 #ee4 ,,vi4 #ai4 hun ,v4 #af4 huo ,,ii4 #d1 #af2 ,,xi4 #bg4 ,,vii4 #ah1 #bf2 ,,xii4 passim4 ,,iii4 #ad1 #af4 ,,xi4 #ej4 ,i passim4 ,,ii4 #ag2 ,,iii4 #d2 ,,iv4 #ac2 ,,ix4 #dj1 #db2 ,,xi4 #bd1 #cd1 #ea4 ,i ,i4 #h2 ,,iv4 #aa2 ,,ix4 #i1 #bj1 #da2 ,,xi4 #cg4 ,i4 #e1 #bd2 ,,vi4 #e2 ,,xi4 #fj4 ,,ii4 #ah2 ,,vi4 #ba2 ,,ix4 #bd1 #dj4 ,,iv4 #ai4 ,,iii4 #ae1 #af2 ,,ix4 #ba2 ,,xi4 #bf4 ,i4 #bc2 ,,vi4 #a1 #d2 ,,vii4 #ca4 ,,ii4 #h1 #ab2 ,,viii4 #aj4 ,,vi4 #ba2 ,,xi4 #d4 ,,ix4 #a1 #h4 ,,ix4 #bi4 ,,xiii4 #bf499 ,,xi4 #g4 ,,xi4 #bh4 ,,xi4 #fc4 ,,xiii4 #af4 ,,iii4 #e4 ,,xii4 #d499 ,,ix4 #ag4 passim4 passim4 ,jan ,,ii4 #a2 ,,xi4 #bi1 #cj1 #eh1 #ei4 jao ,,ix4 #cc4 ,,xi4 #ba4 jn passim4 ,i4 #i2 ,,xiii4 #b1 #af4 ,,iii4 #ae2 ,v4 #ba1 #bb2 ,x4 #ac1 #bj4 ,,iv4 #bj2 ,v4 #bc4 jih ,,ii4 #a2 ,,iv4 #aj2 ,v4 #f2 ,,vi4 #ai1 #bj1 #cd2 ,,vii4 #g2 ,,xi4 #bh1 #fc2 ,,xii4 #c1 #d2 ,,xiii4 #a1 #b4 jo ,,iii4 #i2 ,,iv4 #ai1 #bj2 ,,ix4 #h2 ,x4 #e1 #i1 #aa2 ,,xi4 #ah1 #cb1 #cd1 #ci1 #ef4 ,,iii4 #aa2 ,v4 #ag1 #ah2 ,x4 #af1 #ah1 #ai4 j\ ,,ix4 #cd4 ,,xi4 #cc4 ju ,,viii4 #ab4 ,,ix4 #ce2 ,,xi4 passim4 ,v4 passim2 ,,vii4 #ag1 #ah1 #ai2 ,x4 #be1 #bf2 ,,xi4 #bi1 #cj1 #ch1 #fh2 ,,xiii4 #bd4 jui ,,ii4 #b1 #d2 ,,vii4 #bh1 #bi1 #cd2 ,,ix4 #bc4 ,k#8ai ,,xi4 #fe1 #fh4 kan ,,xi4 #ah1 #cj4 ,,ii4 #ae4 kang ,,xi4 #cc4 kao ,,vi4 #aa1 #bi2 ,,vii4 #cc2 ,,ix4 #b1 #f1 #i1 #aa1 #bc3 ,x4 #c1 #aj2 ,,xi4 #ch4 ,,xi4 #eg2 ,,xiii4 #ai1 #bc4 kng ,,ii4 #ag4 ko ,,ii4 #a2 ,,xi4 #cg4 k#8o ,,ix4 #cj4 ,,ii4 #a2 ,,ix4 #d1 #e2 ,,xi4 #bj1 #db4 ,,xi4 #bj4 passim4 k\ ,,vi4 #aa4 k#8ou ,,vii4 #cf2 ,,ix4 #cd4 ku ,,iv4 #aa2 ,,xi4 #ae4 ,,vi4 #g2 ,,xi4 #bd1 #de1 #dh4 passim4 ,,ix4 #a4 ,,vii4 #bc1 #bd1 #bf4 k#8u ,,xii4 #a4 kua ,,iii4 #ag2 ,v4 #a1 #b2 ,,vi4 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah2 ,,xi4 #i1 #ae4 ,x4 #a1 #d1 #e4 kuai ,,vi4 #ab4 kuan ,i4 #aj2 ,,xiii4 #aj4 ,,xi4 #fc4 ,i4 #bf2 ,v4 #h4 kuang ,i4 #h2 ,,ix4 #bc4 k#8uang ,i4 #bf2 ,,vi4 #bj4 ,,xiii4 #ab1 #bc4 kuei ,,vii4 #bh1 #bi1 #ce2 ,,xi4 #i4 ,,xiii4 #e4 ,,ii4 #aa1 #ai2 ,,ix4 #aa2 ,,xi4 #ae4 ,,xi4 #bh499 ,i4 #ah4 k#8uei ,,vi4 #be4 ,,ii4 #a4 k#8un ,,ix4 #cf4 kung ,,ii4 #ad2 ,,xiii4 #a4 ,,iv4 #ab2 ,,xiii4 #d1 #bg4 passim4 ,,vi4 #ad4 k#8ung ,,ix4 #cb4 kuo ,i4 #a2 ,,ii4 #c1 #f1 #i1 #aj1 #bj2 ,,iii4 #a1 #f1 #aa2 ,x4 #bd2 ,,xi4 #dc1 #ed1 #ee2 ,,xii4 #ba1 #bb4 ,,iv4 #h2 ,v4 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj2 ,,viii4 #ac2 ,x4 #ad2 ,,xi4 #ea4 ,v4 #ae4 k#8uo ,,vii4 #bj4 ,lai ,,viii4 #aa2 ,,ix4 #d1 #ba1 #bc1 #ch2 ,x4 #b2 ,,xi4 #e1 #ah1 #ci2 ,,xiii4 #ba4 lang ,,xi4 #fd4 lao ,i4 #bc2 ,,vi4 #a1 #d1 #f2 ,,vii4 #ca2 ,,ix4 #ca2 ,,xi4 #bb4 ,,ix4 #ae4 lei ,,vi4 #aa4 ,,iv4 #aj2 ,,vii4 #ai4 li ,,ix4 #cc2 ,x4 #af1 #ag1 #ah4 ,,ii4 #a2 ,,vi4 #f1 #ai1 #bj2 ,,vii4 #g1 #i1 #aj2 ,,xi4 #fa2 ,,xiii4 #a4 ,,vi4 #bc2 ,,xi4 #cc1 #da4 ,,ii4 #b1 #d1 #ac2 ,,iv4 #aj2 ,,vii4 #ca2 ,,ix4 #dj2 ,,xi4 #bb1 #bc2 ,,xii4 #h4 ,,iv4 #ad2 ,,vii4 #ae2 ,,ix4 #bi4 ,i4 #bc2 ,,xi4 #af4 ,,xi4 #fd4 passim4 liang ,,iv4 #ag1 #ah4 ,,ii4 #a1 #h1 #i2 ,,vii4 #aa2 ,x4 #c4 ,,xii4 #af1 #bb4 liao ,,ix4 #dj2 ,x4 #ai1 #ba4 li5 ,,viii4 #ab4 ,i4 #ac4 l9 ,,vii4 #ac1 #ag2 ,,ix4 #ag2 ,,xi4 #h1 #eb4 l+ ,i4 #e1 #ac2 ,,ix4 #d1 #dc1 #dd1 #de2 ,x4 #g1 #bf2 ,,xi4 #be1 #bh1 #ef2 ,,xiii4 #ab1 #bj4 ,,vii4 #cc2 ,,ix4 #ac4 liu ,,ii4 #ad2 ,x4 #ac1 #ad1 #bj4 ,i4 #ae2 ,,viii4 #b2 ,,ix4 #g2 ,,xii4 #ae4 ,,vi4 #ca2 ,,ix4 #f4 lo ,,ix4 #ae4 lu ,,viii4 #ab4 ,,ii4 #ad2 ,,iii4 #d4 ,,xiii4 #a4 ,,ix4 #i4 ,,xiii4 #b4 luan ,i4 #bj2 ,,iii4 #af2 ,v4 #af1 #ag1 #ah2 ,,vii4 #cj2 ,,ix4 #cc2 ,x4 #ad1 #ah1 #bf4 ,v4 #d4 lun ,,xi4 #ca4 lung ,,ix4 #b4 l ,,viii4 #g2 ,,ix4 #da2 ,,xi4 #cg2 ,,xii4 #af4 ,,xiii4 #bf499 ,,iii4 #a4 ,,ix4 #cf4 leh ,,vii4 #ah1 #bj2 ,,xi4 #ac1 #ba4 ,ma ,,ii4 #ad2 ,,ix4 #cd2 ,,xi4 #ca4 mai ,,ii4 #aa4 ,,xi4 #ca4 mei ,,iii4 #ah4 mn ,,xiii4 #bj4 mi ,,iii4 #ac4 ,x4 #cj4 ,,xiii4 #ad4 miao ,i4 #bf2 ,,xi4 #fd4 ,,xii4 #ag4 m9 ,i4 #e1 #f2 ,,ii4 #bj2 ,,iv4 #bj2 ,,vii4 #bd1 #be1 #bf2 ,,viii4 #ab3 ,,ix4 #dd2 ,x4 #bd4 m+ ,,ii4 #bj2 ,,vi4 #i2 ,,vii4 #a2 ,,viii4 #a1 #c2 ,,xi4 #bg2 ,,xii4 #ae4 ,,iv4 #ab2 ,v4 #b2 ,x4 #bd2 ,,xiii4 #bj4 m+ ,i4 #ac2 ,,iv4 #aj2 ,x4 #ah2 ,,xii4 #ac1 #af1 #bb3 ,,xiii4 #d1 #bg4 mo ,,ix4 #ad4 ,,xi4 #fg4 ,i4 #aa2 ,,vi4 #bg2 ,,vii4 #c2 ,,xi4 #ci2 ,,xiii4 #h1 #ad4 m\ ,,iii4 #c1 #g2 ,,vi4 #be2 ,,vii4 #ab2 ,,viii4 #b2 ,,ix4 #bf3 ,,xi4 #ad1 #bb1 #cg1 #eb4 mu ,,iv4 #aj3 ,,vii4 #bd1 #bf2 ,,xi4 #cf4 ,v4 #bb4 ,,vii4 #bh4 ,nai ,i4 #af2 ,x4 #ca4 nan ,,iii4 #af2 ,,vii4 #c1 #ai2 ,,ix4 #db2 ,x4 #d1 #e1 #ab2 ,,xi4 #h4 nao ,i4 #bb4 nei ,,ii4 #a1 #ac2 ,,ix4 #d2 ,,xii4 #f1 #i2 ,,xiii4 #a1 #g1 #aj1 #bb4 nng passim4 ni ,,vii4 #ce4 ,,vii4 #cc4 niao ,v4 #ac2 ,,ix4 #bb1 #cb4 ni5 ,,xiii4 #b4 niu ,,ii4 #ad4 nu ,i4 #bb2 ,,ii4 #af2 ,,ix4 #cc1 #ci2 ,x4 #ag2 ,,xii4 #ah1 #bj4 ,,ii4 #ad2 ,v4 #ae4 n ,,xi4 #fh4 ,o ,,vii4 #ce4 ,pa ,,iii4 #e1 #f2 ,,xi4 #ee4 ,,xi4 #ec1 #ed4 pai ,i4 #ae2 ,,iv4 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ai2 ,v4 #c1 #af2 ,,vi4 #ba2 ,x4 #bj1 #bb2 ,,xi4 #ei4 pan ,,vii4 #i2 ,,ix4 #d1 #bh2 ,x4 #g1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi4 p#8ang ,,ix4 #ag4 pao ,,iv4 #g1 #af2 ,x4 #bd4 ,x4 #bd2 ,,xiii4 #h4 ,,xiii4 #ac4 ,,ii4 #c2 ,,ix4 #cg4 ,,vi4 #d2 ,,vii4 #ca4 pei ,,iii4 #h2 ,,vii4 #g4 ,,vii4 #cd2 ,x4 #ad1 #ai2 ,,xi4 #bc4 ,,vii4 #cc2 ,,ix4 #h1 #i1 #ac1 #af2 ,,xi4 #g1 #de4 ,i4 #bb2 ,,ix4 #bc1 #bd4 ,i4 #ba1 #bd2 ,,vi4 #af1 #ag1 #ah2 ,,ix4 #bd2 ,x4 #e4 pn ,,ix4 #bg4 p#8ng ,x4 #ad1 #ag4 pi ,,xii4 #d499 ,i4 #ba2 ,,iii4 #i2 ,,vi4 #bi2 ,,vii4 #bi2 ,x4 #bd4 ,,ii4 #d4 ,,ii4 #ad4 passim4 ,,iii4 #ah2 ,x4 #b1 #f1 #ca2 ,,xi4 #d1 #e1 #i4 p#8i ,x4 #bf2 ,,xi4 #bi4 ,,viii4 #b2 ,,xi4 #a1 #h1 #ac1 #di4 ,,ii4 #ad2 ,,vii4 #h4 p#8iao ,v4 #ab4 pi5 ,v4 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj2 ,,vi4 #cc2 ,,vii4 #af1 #bf1 #cb2 ,,viii4 #d1 #e1 #f2 ,,xi4 #da2 ,,xii4 #e1 #ab4 p9 ,,ii4 #a4 p#89 ,,ii4 #aj4 p+ ,,xi4 #fa4 ,,ix4 #dj2 ,,xi4 #bb4 passim4 p#8+ ,,ix4 #i4 po ,,ii4 #aj1 #aa1 #ac2 ,,iii4 #b1 #ah2 ,,vii4 #g2 ,,ix4 #ab2 ,,xiii4 #a4 #b4 ,,vii4 #cf4 p#8o ,,ii4 #ad2 ,,iii4 #a2 ,,xi4 #ci4 pu passim4 ,sai ,,xi4 #ej4 san ,i4 #d2 ,,ii4 #h2 ,,iii4 passim2 ,,iv4 #ag2 ,v4 #b2 ,,vii4 #g1 #aj1 #bg2 ,,xi4 #f1 #ba1 #dj1 #ef2 ,,xii4 #a2 ,,xiii4 #ad1 #bg4 ,,ix4 #bc2 ,,xi4 #a1 #b1 #aa1 #db1 #df4 sao ,,xii4 #d4 ,,xiii4 #a4 s ,v4 #h4 %a ,,ii4 #af2 ,,iii4 #e2 ,,viii4 #ab1 #ad2 ,,xi4 #f2 ,,xiii4 #bj4 %an ,v4 #bc2 ,,vii4 #ac1 #ah2 ,,ix4 #a1 #b2 ,,xi4 #h1 #bi1 #eb4 passim4 %ang ,i4 #e2 ,,iii4 #a1 #c1 #ag2 ,,iv4 #g2 ,,vii4 #i2 ,,ix4 #f1 #ad2 ,x4 #ba2 ,,xi4 #ae1 #fd2 ,,xii4 #aj2 ,,xiii4 #bg4 ,i4 #ac2 ,,ii4 #ag2 ,,ix4 #cf2 ,,xi4 #ef2 ,,xiii4 #ad4 %ao ,i4 #bf2 ,,iii4 #i2 ,,ix4 #bc2 ,x4 #ai4 % ,,vii4 #b2 ,,viii4 #b2 ,,ix4 #cd2 ,,xiii4 #bj1 #ba4 ,,xi4 #bi4 ,,ix4 #ad4 %n ,,vi4 #aa1 #be2 ,x4 #be2 ,,xi4 passim4 ,,viii4 #h2 ,,xi4 #ee4 ,see "u hs94 ,,xi4 #da4 ,,vi4 #i1 #cc2 ,,xiii4 #e1 #h4 ,,xi4 #bd4 ,,xii4 #bb4 %ng passim4 ,i4 #b1 #f1 #h2 ,,iv4 #ah2 ,v4 #f1 #aa1 #ag2 ,,vi4 #bc1 #cd2 ,,viii4 #ab2 ,,ix4 #b1 #f1 #i1 #ab1 #ag2 ,,xi4 #eh2 ,,xii4 #ba2 ,,xiii4 #g1 #ac1 #bd4 ,v4 #g2 ,,vi4 #i4 ,,xiii4 #ae4 %ih passim4 ,,ii4 #ad4 ,,iv4 #ad2 ,,vi4 #bb2 ,,ix4 #ce4 ,,ii4 #ae2 ,v4 #ab1 #bb1 #bc4 ,v4 #f2 ,,xi4 #fh4 ,i4 #ai2 ,,xi4 #ej4 ,,xi4 #ef4 ,x4 #ad1 #af4 ,i4 #g2 ,v4 #f2 ,,vi4 #cd2 ,,xii4 #c1 #d1 #i4 ,,iii4 #ag2 ,,xi4 #cg4 ,v4 passim4 ,i4 #af1 #ag2 ,,vi4 #cb2 ,x4 #ab1 #ae4 %ih ,,ii4 #a1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #ag2 ,,iii4 #h2 ,,vi4 #ad1 #bj2 ,,vii4 #h1 #i1 #aj2 ,x4 #ae2 ,,xiii4 #a4 ,i4 #ac2 ,,iii4 #e1 #ad1 #ae2 ,,xi4 #bc1 #bd1 #bg1 #bh1 #cf4 ,i4 #ba2 ,v4 #d2 ,,vi4 #cj2 ,,ix4 #ab2 ,,xiii4 #ag4 ,,iv4 #c2 ,v4 #c2 ,,vi4 #c1 #ah1 #bb2 ,x4 #bf2 ,,xi4 passim2 ,,xiii4 #af1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd4 ,i4 #a2 ,,iii4 #ad2 ,,xi1 ,,xiii4 passim4 ,,viii4 #aa2 ,,ix4 #ah2 ,,xi4 #ae1 #ca2 ,,xiii4 #bg4 ,,ii4 #a1 #c1 #aj1 #aa2 ,,vii4 #cf2 ,,xi4 #dc2 ,,xii4 #ah2 ,,xiii4 #a4 ,,vii4 #bc2 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,x4 #g4 ,,xi4 #fg4 sun passim4 ,ta ,i4 #a2 ,,ii4 #ad2 ,,iii4 #aj2 ,x4 #ag2 ,,xi4 #ed2 ,,xiii4 #bg4 ,,ix4 #bc2 ,,xi4 #dc4 tai ,,iii4 #ag2 ,,iv4 #a2 ,v4 #bj2 ,,vi4 #a2 ,,vii4 #cj1 #ca2 ,,viii4 #aa2 ,,ix4 #ad2 ,x4 #h1 #aj2 ,,xi4 #ah2 ,,xii4 #g1 #i4 tai ,,iii4 #ah2 ,x4 #ca4 ,,xiii4 #a4 ,,ii4 #a4 tan ,,ii4 #d1 #ac4 tang ,,ii4 #ae2 ,,xi4 #cj4 t#8ang ,,vii4 #cb4 tao ,i4 passim2 ,,iii4 #ag2 ,,iv4 #af2 ,,vii4 #g2 ,x4 passim2 ,,xi4 #h1 #ai1 #bj1 #cb1 #db2 ,,xii4 #bb2 ,,xiii4 #a1 #h4 ,,vii4 #ad2 ,,xi4 #eb2 ,,xiii4 #ba4 t#8ao ,,iii4 #i4 t passim4 t#8 ,,iv4 #ac4 tng ,,ix4 #b2 ,,xi4 #ch4 ti ,i4 #b1 #d1 #h1 #ac2 ,,iv4 #g1 #ad1 #ah2 ,v4 #f2 ,,vi4 passim2 ,,vii4 #ad1 #bj2 ,,viii4 #b1 #c1 #e2 ,,ix4 #ac1 #ae2 ,x4 #a1 #ac1 #ba1 #bi1 #ca2 ,,xi4 passim4 ,,ii4 #i1 #ae1 #af1 #ah2 ,,iii4 #i1 #aj2 ,,iv4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #ad2 ,v4 #c1 #ai2 ,,vi1 ,,ix1 ,x1 ,,xi1 ,,xiii4 passim4 ,,ix4 #aj4 ,,ix4 #ac4 t#8i ,,xi4 #ch4 ,,xi4 #bh4 t#8iao ,,ix4 #ai2 ,x4 #ab4 ,,ix4 #bc4 t#8i5 ,i4 #d1 #g1 #ac2 ,,iii4 #g2 ,,iv4 #g1 #i2 ,v4 #f2 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,,xiii4 #a4 wang ,,ix4 #bc2 ,x4 #b1 #d2 ,,xi4 #e1 #bc1 #bd1 #bh1 #ci1 #de4 ,i4 #b2 ,,vii4 #aa2 ,,xi4 #aj1 #eh2 ,,xii4 #ba4 ,,xi4 #ec1 #ed4 wei passim4 ,,ii4 #ah2 ,,iii4 #ac1 #af2 ,,iv4 #aa2 ,,vi4 #cc2 ,,ix4 #ab4 #dc2 ,,xi4 #ae1 #dj1 #fb2 ,,xiii4 #h4 ,i4 #f2 ,,ix4 #cg4 ,i4 #f2 ,,ii4 #bj2 ,v4 #bb2 ,,vii4 #e2 ,,viii4 #ab1 #ad2 ,,xii4 #ag4 ,x4 #bd4 ,,ix4 #g1 #dj1 #da2 ,,xiii4 #bg4 ,,xi4 #bi4 wei ,,xi4 #ed1 #ee4 passim4 ,v4 #i4 ,,vi4 #cd4 ,,ix4 #ag4 ,,vii4 #f1 #aa2 ,,ix4 #ch4 ,,vi4 #i2 ,,xi4 #ff2 ,,xiii4 #ag1 #ah4 ,,iii4 #h2 ,,vii4 #cf2 ,,viii4 #b2 ,,xi4 #a1 #i1 #ad1 #de1 #ej1 #ea4 ,,ix4 #ag4 wn ,,ix4 #dc4 ,,xii4 #ah1 #bj4 ,,xi4 #ah1 #cj4 ,i4 #aa2 ,,ii4 #e2 ,,iv4 #aj2 ,,vii4 #bc2 ,,xiii4 #ai4 wo ,,vi4 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #bg2 ,x4 #b1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #aj2 ,,xi4 #d1 #e2 ,,xiii4 #ba4 ,,xi4 #bh4 wu passim4 ,,vii4 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf2 ,,ix4 #d1 #ae2 ,x4 #i1 #aa2 ,,xi4 #bb1 #eg2 ,,xii4 #g4 passim4 ,,iii4 #a4 passim4 ,,ii4 #ae2 ,,viii4 #h4 ,,viii4 #ab4 ,,ix4 #aa2 ,,xi4 #bg1 #cj4 ,,ix4 #dj1 #dc4 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#cj4 ,,iii4 #ag2 ,,xi4 #ai4 ,,vii4 #ab2 ,,xi4 #eb4 ,,vii4 #c1 #d1 #bb2 ,,xi4 #i1 #cg4 y ,,iv4 #f2 ,,vi4 #bd2 ,,xi4 #bg4 ,,iii4 #ag2 ,,vi4 #aa1 #ab2 ,,ix4 #e1 #ad1 #ai1 #ch2 ,,xiii4 #bj4 passim4 yan ,i4 #h1 #ai2 ,,ii4 #aj2 ,,vi4 #bj2 ,,vii4 #ca2 ,,ix4 #c1 #af1 #ai2 ,x4 #a1 #ab1 #ba4 ,,ii4 #ac4 ,,vii4 #f4 ,v4 #af1 #bb1 #bc4 yeh passim4 ,,iii4 #d2 ,,iv4 #aj2 ,v4 #f2 ,,vi4 #cd4 ,,vi4 #ba992 ,,xi4 #cj991 #dc4 ,,xii4 #bj4 yn ,v4 #af4 ,,iii4 #d4 ,,xi4 #bb4 ,,index ,! num]als ref] to pages ,ab/ract ideas ( degree1 #ej4 ,accessible gr\nd1 #ajj1 #aja1 #aai4 ,accommodat+ oneself to ! enemy1 #ade1 #adh4 ,adaptation to circum/ances1 #bc4 ,aides-de-camp1 #aga4 8,aids to ,sc\t+10 quot$1 #hh1 #hi1 #ajg1 #afd4 ,alliances1 #fj1 #aai1 #adj1 #adb4 ,allotm5ts ( l&1 #fb4 ,alps1 cross+s ( !1 #eg4 ,amiot1 ,pre1 vii1 #a4 ,ang]1 succe$$ by gladness1 #aei4 ,army1 divisions ( !1 #ag1 #cc4 ,army on ! m>*1 #adj4 ,ars5als1 burn+ (1 #aea4 8,art ( ,w>10 quot$ by ,han ,hs91 #add4 ,art ( w> 9 a nut%ell1 #dd4 ,a?letics1 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xxxviii1 xl1 xli4 ,*>iots1 #i1 #ia4 ,*>iot fight+1 #ae1 #af4 ,*>iot :eels1 bury+ (1 #abi4 ,*avannes1 ,m43 8 8,mmoires ,hi/oriques0 ref]r$ to1 xiii1 xvi1 xlvi1 #eg4 ,*#8n ,*n-sun1 quot$1 xxiii4 ,*#8n ,hao's comm5t>y on ,sun ,tz1 xxxvi1 xxxviii2 quot$1 #cj1 #dd1 #ef1 #fb1 #fe1 #fi1 #gc1 #ha1 #ic1 #ig1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aag1 #aah1 #abb1 #abd1 #acc1 #acf1 #ada1 #adg1 #aeb1 #agj1 #age2 ref]r$ to1 #ah1 #fh4 ,*#8n-ts#8ang1 siege ( #id4 ,*ng1 pr9cipality (1 #ajd1 #aaf4 ,*ng & *#8i4 ,see ,tactics1 direct & indirect4 ,*ng ,*#8iao1 xl4 ,*ng ,h\1 quot$1 xliii4 ,*ng ,hsan's comm5t>y on ! ,*\ ,li1 xviii4 ,*ng ,tuan1 xlii4 ,*ng ,yu-hsi5's ,i ,%uo1 xxxii1 xxxiv2 ref]r$ to1 #cf1 #ec1 #eh1 #gj1 #acf4 ,*#8ng-an1 city (1 captur$ by ,han ,hs91 #bh4 ,*#8ng-hung1 battle (1 #gh4 ,*#8ng ,t#8ang1 xvi1 #agc1 #age4 ,*i ,hsieh1 editor ( comm5t>ies on ,sun ,tz1 xxxviii1 xli4 ,*i-mo1 siege (1 #ij4 ,*i ,t#8i5-pao's edition ( ,sun ,tz1 xxxi1 xxxii1 xxxiii1 xxxvi1 xxxvii4 ,*#8i ,/ate1 xii1 xvi1 #abh4 ,*#8i ,*ieh1 #ij4 ,*ia ,hs1 a comm5tator1 xli4 ,*ia-ku1 meet+ at1 xlvii4 ,*ia ,l9's comm5t>y on ,sun ,tz1 xxxvi1 xxxviii2 quot$1 #bj1 #cj1 #cd1 #df1 #ej1 #eg1 #gb1 #ge1 #gf1 #hf1 #ib1 #id1 #ie1 #ig1 #aag1 #abj1 #acc1 #adc1 #adh1 #aeb1 #aeg1 #age2 ref]r$ to1 #ea1 #ee1 #fb1 #fe1 #if1 #ajh1 #afd4 ,*ia ,y1 ref]r$ to1 xlvii4 ,*iang-l+1 t[n (1 #aaa4 ,*iang ,yan1 a spuri\s "w1 lii4 ,*ieh ,kuei1 ! tyrant1 #agc4 ,*ieh-li1 a ,turki% ,khan1 #afg4 ,*#8i5 ,*#8io ,lei ,%u1 liii4 ,*#8i5 ,fu ,lun1 ref]r$ to1 xxiv4 ,*#8i5 ,han ,%u1 quot$ #ha1 #ade1 #afg2 ref]r$ to1 li1 #bh1 #cd1 #eg1 #fi2 bibliographical section (1 quot$1 xvii1 xix1 li2 ref]r$ to1 xviii1 xx1 liii4 ,*#8ih ,yu1 #hd4 ,*9 ,/ate1 xii1 xvi1 #ajf4 ,*9 ,%u1 quot$1 #gh1 #aaf2 ref]r$ to1 #abc1 #afe4 ,*#89 ,/ate1 #adb4 ,*9a's exp]i5ce ( w>1 xliv4 ,*9ese *>act]s1 ela/icity (1 #aei4 ,*9ese s5tim5t oppos$ to milit>ism1 xliv4 ,*+1 ,duke ( ,*#8i1 xv4 ,*+-*\ ,fu1 #abc4 ,*+-hs+ pass1 battle (1 #adc4 ,*+ ,k#8o1 #abg4 ,*+ ,wang1 p]iod (1 xxiii4 ,*iu ,t#8ang ,%u1 ref]r$ to1 #ajd1 #afg2 bibliographical section (1 ref]r$ to1 liii4 ,*\ ,*#89 ,%ih ,i ,tz1 text ( ,sun ,tz 91 xxxi4 ,*\ dyna/y1 #agd4 ,*\ ,hs91 ! tyrant1 l1 #agd4 ,*\ ,li1 quot$1 #ad1 #ee1 #fj1 #fh1 #ib1 #adf2 ref]r$ to1 xxxix1 xlviii1 #fd2 ,biot's translation (1 ix4 ,*u ,*ih-wu1 xxi4 ,*u ,fu's edition ( ,sun ,tz1 xvii1 xxxi4 ,*u ,hsi1 correct$ by ,legge1 #cb2 quot$1 xliii1 xlvii4 ,*u-ko ,liang1 #df1 #ea1 #gd1 #hb1 #aag1 #abb2 supposititi\s works (1 lii4 ,*u-ko ,wu-h\4 ,see ,*u-ko ,liang4 ,*#8u ,/ate1 xii1 xiii1 xvi1 #abd2 ! h]$it>y enemy ( ,wu1 xxvii2 ,visc\nt (1 #aaj4 ,*uan ,*u1 xxi1 #abh4 ,*uan ,%-*u4 ,see ,*uan ,*u4 ,*uang1 ,duke ( ,lu1 #ff4 ,*uang1 ,pr9ce ( ,*#8u1 #ada1 #afb4 ,*uang ,tz1 ref]r$ to1 #bi1 #he4 ,*ung ,yung1 xix4 ,circum/ances1 art ( /udy+1 #fh4 ,classics1 comp>$ ) ,sun ,tz1 xliii4 ,cle>ness ( ord]s1 #ajg4 ,clev] fight]1 !1 #bi1 #da1 #db4 ,cohesion1 #acd4 ,collapse1 "o ( ! six calamities1 #aje1 #ajf4 ,columns1 m>*+ 91 #di4 ,comm&]1 !1 #b1 #c4 ,see also ,g5]al4 ,comm&]-9-*ief1 kill+ !1 #ade2 pres5ce ( m9d ( !1 #ff4 ,comm5t>y1 native1 on ,sun ,tz1 ix1 xxxiv sqq4 ,communications1 l9e (1 #aja1 #aai4 ,compactness1 #fa4 ,confucius1 & ! art ( w>1 xlvi1 xlvii1 xlviii2 contempor>y ) ,sun ,tz1 xxx2 violates extort$ oa?1 xlix4 ,con/ellations1 #aec4 ,cont5ti\s gr\nd1 #aae1 #aah1 #acf4 ,contraction & expansion1 #acd4 ,conv5tional canons ( w>f>e1 #adh4 ,co-op]ation1 #abi4 ,c\ncil-*amb]1 /]nness 9 !1 #adf4 ,c\ntry1 natural features (1 #fj4 ,c\rage1 "o /&>d (1 #acj4 ,c\rant's 8,catalogue des ,livres ,*9ois10 lii4 ,c[>dice1 #gh4 ,critical gr\nd1 #acd1 #ace4 ,cromwell's use ( spies1 #afd4 ,cross-divisions1 #ajj4 ,cunn+1 #ade4 ,dang]1 brac+ effect (1 #aci1 #ade4 ,dang]\sly isolat$ gr\nd1 #gb4 ,deception1 w> bas$ on1 #f1 #acb4 ,decision1 #cg1 #ch4 ,d$uctive calculation1 #afc4 ,def5ce1 skill 91 #bg4 ,delib]ation1 #fc4 ,demo/h5es1 ! ,a!nian g5]al1 #aah4 ,des]tion1 #acd1 #acf4 ,desp]ado1 runn+ amok1 #abe4 ,desp]ate foe1 n to be press$1 #fi1 #id4 ,desp]ate gr\nd1 #gb1 #aad1 #aag1 #abj1 #abe1 #abf1 #ace1 #ach1 #adc4 ,deviation1 artifice (1 #eg1 #fc4 ,difficult gr\nd1 #ga1 #aag1 #abj1 #acg4 ,disaffection1 signs (1 #ie4 ,discipl9e1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #ih1 #aaa4 ,disord]1 seem+1 #ch4 ,disorganisation1 #aje1 #ajg4 ,disp]sive gr\nd1 #aad1 #aah1 #ace4 ,disposition ( troops1 #bf4 ,dispositions1 concealm5t (1 #ea1 #eb2 k ( ! enemy's1 #afc4 ,dissimulation1 #fa4 ,divid+ ! enemy1 #dg4 ,div9ation1 to be prohibit$1 #abf4 8,div9e manipulation ( ! ?reads10 #afd4 ,door1 left op5 by ! enemy1 #adg4 ,doorkeep]s1 #aga4 ,drums1 #cd1 #fd1 #fe4 ,du/1 sign ( ! enemy1 #hi4 ,e>?1 z oppos$ to ,heav51 #b1 #d1 #bg1 #bh1 #aac2 six pr9ciples connect$ )1 #ajd4 ,economy1 false1 #afb4 ,en]gy1 #ch1 #ci1 #da2 conc5tration (1 #abd4 ,entangl+ gr\nd1 #ajj1 #ajb4 ,ent]prise1 ! _s (1 #aeg4 ,entic+ ! enemy1 #ajb4 rh-*u ,*ao1 #ach4 rh ,ya1 quot$1 #id4 ,excell5ce1 supreme1 #ag2 ! acme (1 #bh4 ,exp5diture on w>1 #i1 #aj1 #afj4 ,fabius ,cunctator1 #aa1 #abj4 ,facile gr\nd1 #aae1 #aah1 #ace1 #acf4 ,fan ,*'s use ( spies1 #aff4 ,fei ,riv]1 battle ( !1 #be4 ,fng ,h\1 lii1 #hd4 ,fng ,i1 a /ud5t ( ,sun ,tz1 xlii4 ,fire1 z an aid to ! attack1 #aef2 dropp+1 #aea1 #aeb2 five ways ( attack+ )1 #aej2 mat]ial =1 #aeb2 prop] seasons = attack+ )1 #aeb1 #aec2 to be />t$ on ! w9dw>d side1 #aee4 ,five advantages1 !1 #gb1 #gd1 #ge4 ,five c>d9al ta/es1 #cf4 ,five c>d9al virtues1 #c4 ,five classes ( ,/ate c]emonial1 xlviii4 ,five dang]\s faults1 #gg4 ,five developm5ts 9 attack+ ) fire1 #aec sqq4 ,five elem5ts1 !1 #ec4 ,five ess5tials = victory1 #bc1 #bd4 ,five factors 9 w>1 #a4 ,five musical notes1 #cf4 ,five ,pa ,wang1 xlix1 #ada4 ,five prim>y col\rs1 #cf4 ,flags & bann]s1 #af1 #cd1 #fd1 #fe4 ,flat c\ntry1 campaign+ 91 #hc1 #hd4 ,flight1 #aje4 ,=ag+1 #ab1 #ae1 #abc1 #afa4 ,=ekn[l$ge1 #afc4 ,=e/all+ ! enemy1 #adg4 ,=e?\ght1 want (1 #ig4 8,=ty-"o ,ye>s 9 ,india10 ref]r$ to1 #ce4 ,f\r seasons1 !1 #ed4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 quot$1 #dh1 #afh1 #afi4 ,fronti] passes1 #adf4 ,frontal attacks1 #de4 ,fu ,*#8ai1 xvi4 ,fu ,*i51 #be1 #aae4 ,fu-*#8u1 ,k+ ( ,*#8u1 #abd4 ,fu ,kai1 xxiii1 xxix4 ,fu-k#8ang-an1 #fc4 ,fu ,y5-*#8+1 #fi1 #gj4 ,g5]al1 !1 #d1 #e1 #g1 #h1 #ae1 #af1 #ai1 #ba1 #dd1 #ee1 #ff1 #gg1 #ih1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aaj1 #acj1 #aca1 #acd1 #aeg1 #aei1 #afc1 #aga1 #agd4 ,g5]als1 pr(essional1 xxii4 ,g5]al%ip1 degrees (1 #ag1 #ah2 ! highe/1 #dh4 ,giles' ,biographical ,diction>y1 quot$1 #abh4 ,giles' ,*9ese-,engli% ,diction>y1 ref]r$ to1 #eg1 #acd4 ,gongs1 #cd1 #fd4 ,grant1 ,g5]al1 #dg4 ,great ,wall ( ,*9a1 xliv4 ,greeks1 ,hom]ic1 #i4 ,gr9d/one & egg1 #ce4 ,gr\nd1 high & l[1 #hd2 ( int]sect+ highways1 #ga1 #aaf1 #aai1 #ace1 #acg2 prop] use (1 #acj4 ,gr\nds1 ! n9e1 #aad1 #acd1 #ach4 ,guides1 local1 #fj1 #adj4 ,han1 r$ bann]s (1 #add4 ,han ,*ih4 ,see ,*#8i5 ,han ,%u1 bibliographical section (4 ,han ,kuan ,*ieh ,ku1 quot$1 xx4 ,han ,hs91 xliv1 #bh1 #cc1 #cd1 #ha1 #adc1 #afg2 a /ud5t ( ,sun ,tz1 xlii2 quot$1 #fh4 ,han ,%u4 ,see ,*#8i5 ,han ,%u4 ,hannibal1 #aa1 #eg1 #ff1 #abj1 #adj4 ,ha/y temp]1 #gh4 ,he>+1 quick1 #bi4 ,heav51 #b1 #d4 #bh1 #aac4 ,heights1 precipit\s1 #ajj1 #ajc4 ,hemm$-9 gr\nd1 #gb1 #aag1 #abj1 #ace1 #acg4 ,h5d]son1 ,col41 quot$1 #f1 #db1 #dh1 #eb1 #ei1 #aja1 #acj1 #aca4 ,h]odotus1 ref]r$ to1 #abi4 ,ho ,*#8-fei1 xl4 ,ho ,kuan ,tz1 ref]r$ to1 xxiv4 ,ho ,lu 7or ,ho ,l71 ,k+ ( ,wu1 xi1 xiii1 xvi1 xvii1 xviii1 xxvi1 #e1 #abh4 ,ho ,%ih4 ,see ,ho ,y5-hsi4 ,ho-yang1 night ride to1 #fe4 ,ho ,y5-hsi's comm5t>y on ,sun ,tz1 xl2 quot$1 #aa1 #ad1 #af1 #ah1 #ba1 #bi1 #cj1 #cd1 #ef1 #fi1 #gd1 #aaj1 #aae1 #aaf1 #abb1 #adg1 #afe1 #aff1 #afg1 #afh1 #agd2 ref]r$ to1 xvii1 #ca1 #dc1 #fb1 #aeb4 ,horses1 te!r+ (1 #abi4 ,h\ ,han ,%u1 quot$1 #aj1 #id1 #acb1 #aci1 #aea1 #aee2 ref]r$ to1 xlii4 ,hsi1 ! graduate1 xxxiii4 ,hsia dyna/y1 #agd4 ,hsiang1 ,duke ( ,sung1 xlix1 #ada4 ,hsiang ,*i1 xlix1 #acc4 ,hsiang ,liang1 xlix4 ,hsiang ,y4 ,see ,hsiang ,*i4 ,hsiao ,/ate1 #aaj4 ,hsiao ,*i1 a comm5tator1 xli4 ,hsiao ,hsi51 #abc4 ,hsiao ,i1 #aec1 #aff4 ,hsiao ,%ih-hsi54 ,see ,hsiao ,i4 ,hsieh ,an1 #be4 ,hsieh ,yan1 a comm5tator1 xlii4 ,hsi5 ,hu1 #ajf4 ,hs9-*#8ng1 t[n (1 #abb4 ,hs9 ,hs1 xiv4 ,hs9 ,%u 7by ,ts#8ao ,kung71 xix1 xxxvi4 ,hs9 ,%u 7a "w attribut$ to ,*u-ko ,liang71 lii4 ,hs9 ,t#8ang ,%u1 ref]r$ to1 #fe1 #ajd1 #aje1 #abc1 #afg2 bibliographical section (1 ref]r$ to1 xviii1 liii4 ,hs+ ,li ,hui ,yao1 quot$1 xliii1 xlviii4 ,hs+ ,%ih ,pi5 ,*ng ,%u1 xv4 ,hsiung-nu1 #ci1 #aci1 #aej4 ,hs ,*#8ieh1 quot$1 #afj4 ,hs-*\1 invad$ by ,ts#8ao ,ts#8ao1 #gc4 ,hs ,wn ,hsi5 ,t#8ung ,k#8ao1 liii4 ,hsan ,tsung1 ,t#8ang ,emp]or1 xxxii4 ,hsn ,tz1 quot$1 #hj4 ,hsn ,y+1 #gc4 ,hu ,y51 xiii4 ,hua-pi1 city (1 #gc4 ,hua-y9 temple1 xxxii4 ,huai-nan ,tz1 plagi>y ( ,sun ,tz1 xxiv2 quot$1 xiv4 ,huan1 ,duke ( ,*#8i1 #abh1 #ada4 ,huan ,*#8ung1 #be4 ,huan ,hsan1 #gh4 ,huang ,*#8ao ,*+ ,%ih ,wn ,pi51 liii4 ,huang ,*ih-*ng1 a comm5tator1 xlii4 ,huang ,jun-y1 a comm5tator1 xli4 ,huang ,mei1 #gh4 ,huang-%ih ,kung1 li2 quot$1 #aji1 #abf4 ,huang ,ti4 ,see ,yell[ ,emp]or4 ,huang-fu ,sung1 #id1 #aed1 #aee4 ,human nature1 to be /udi$1 #acd4 ,humanity1 misplac$1 xlix2 soldi]s to be treat$ )1 #ih4 ,husb&+ "o's /r5g?1 #fg4 ,husb&ry1 imp$$ by w>1 #afa4 ,i riv]1 #abg4 ,i ,*ih1 #agc1 #agd1 #age4 ,i ,*+1 quot$1 xv4 ,i-*\1 #afe4 ,i-ho1 #aae4 ,i ,pu ,* ,*ung1 xliii4 ,i ,%uo4 ,see ,*ng ,yu-hsi54 ,i-wu pass1 #aae4 ,i ,y94 ,see ,i ,*ih4 ,iliad1 h]oes ( !1 #abg4 ,impov]i%m5t ( ! p1 #ac1 #ad4 ,induction f exp]i5ce1 #afc4 ,inhumanity1 ! height (1 #afb4 ,insubord9ation1 #aje4 ,intuition necess>y 9 deal+ ) spies1 #afi4 ,invad+ =ce1 pr9ciples to be obs]v$ by an1 #abc4 ,jackson1 ,/onewall1 #ei1 #aca4 ,jan ,yu1 disciple ( ,confucius1 xlvi1 xlviii4 ,jang1 siege (1 #fi4 ,j+les1 #adi1 #aeh4 ,ju-nan1 #aaa4 ,julius ,caes>1 #ab2 8 8,de ,bello ,gallico0 ref]r$ to1 #ajh4 ,junction ( =ces1 #dh4 ,k#8ang ,hsi's diction>y1 ref]r$ to1 #aj1 #ah1 #ce1 #fh1 #ie1 #aag1 #aeb1 #aeg1 #afj4 ,kao-*#8ang1 #aae4 ,kao-fan4 ,see ,hu ,y54 ,kao ,huan1 aft]w>ds ,emp]or1 #acg4 ,kao ,kng1 #aea4 ,kao ,tsu1 fir/ ,han ,emp]or1 #cc1 #ci1 #aai4 ,kao ,tsu1 ,sui ,emp]or1 #afh4 ,kao-wu pass1 #aae4 ,khitans1 #fi4 ,khotan1 #acb4 ,kiangnan rebels "u ,sui dyna/y1 #aea4 ,k9dness to ! soldi]s1 #aaj1 #aaa4 ,k\ ,*i51 ,k+ ( ,yeh1 xvi1 #ej4 ,ku ,*9 ,t#8u ,%u ,*i ,*#8ng1 quot$1 xvi1 xxxvii1 xxxix2 ref]r$ to1 xix1 xli1 li1 liii4 ,see also ,sun ,tz1 ,t#8u ,%u text (4 ,kuan ,*ung1 #abh4 ,kuan ,tz1 xxi4 ,kuang1 ,k+ ( ,%an-%an1 #aci1 #aea4 ,kuang ,po ,wu ,*ih1 liii4 ,kuang ,wu1 ,han ,emp]or1 li4 ,kuei-ku ,tz1 li4 ,k#8uei-*\1 #abc4 ,k#8un ,wai ,*#8un ,*#8iu1 xxxvi4 ,kung-sun ,hung1 lii4 ,kuo ,*#8ao ,%ih ,jn ,*ng ,leh1 xxxii4 ,kuo ,hsn1 #aea4 ,kut*a1 ,k+ (1 #acb4 ,ladd]1 kick+ away !1 #acc4 ,ladysmi?1 relief (1 #gi4 ,l&-t5ure1 anci5t sy/em (1 xxv1 #afa4 ,lao ,tz1 ! ,tao (1 #b2 quot$1 #aee1 #aeh4 ,see also ,tao ,t ,*+4 ,legge's 8,*9ese ,classics10 ref]r$ to1 ix1 xxiv1 #bc1 #cb4 ,l5g?y op]ations1 #aj1 #aa4 ,li1 l5g? ( !1 #i4 ,li ,*i1 ref]r$ to1 #bc1 #adg4 ,li ,*+1 ! g5]al1 xliv1 #da1 #abc1 #afg2 quot$1 #ce1 #ff1 #hg1 #aaa1 #aah2 suppos$ au?or ( a "w on w>1 lii4 ,li ,*+ ,p+ ,fa1 lii4 ,li ,*u1 #bi4 ,li ,*#8an's comm5t>y on ,sun ,tz1 xxxvi2 quot$1 #i1 #aa1 #ah1 #ba1 #bb1 #bd1 #be1 #bh1 #cj1 #cb1 #cd1 #ch1 #df1 #di1 #ej1 #ea1 #ee1 #fj1 #fe1 #fg1 #fh1 #gb1 #gc1 #ha1 #hc1 #hd1 #hi1 #ib1 #ig1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aaj1 #aac1 #aad1 #aae1 #aag1 #aah1 #aai1 #acf1 #adb1 #aej1 #aeh1 #afc1 #afg2 ref]r$ to1 #eb1 #ie1 #abc1 #abg1 #aea4 ,li ,hsiang1 #afe4 ,li ,hsiung1 #afe4 ,li ,i-*i1 #afg4 ,li ,kuang-pi1 #fe4 ,li ,l+1 #aed4 ,li ,%ih-m91 aft]w>ds ! ,emp]or ,t#8ai ,tsung1 xliv1 lii1 #ce1 #ajd1 #afg4 ,li ,%\-*ng1 #gj4 ,li ,tai ,*i ,%ih ,ni5 ,piao1 quot$1 #gj1 #aaf1 #aff4 ,li ,t#81 #afe4 ,li ,ts#8ai1 a comm5tator1 xlii4 ,li ,wei-kung4 ,see ,li ,*+4 ,li ,wei ,kung ,wn ,tui1 lii4 ,liang1 k+dom (1 #id4 ,liang-*\1 #aae4 ,liang ,hsi1 #aae4 ,li5 ,p#8o1 #eg1 #aff4 ,l9-*91 9 ,%5si1 #cd4 ,l9 ,hsiang-ju1 #aff4 ,l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 #ec4 ,liu ,*\-tz1 #ec4 ,liu ,hsiang1 quot$1 xiv1 xxiv4 ,liu ,pei1 #ei4 ,liu ,piao1 #fi4 ,liu ,t#8ao 7attribut$ to ,t#8ai ,kung71 xxi1 l1 li1 #add1 #agd2 quot$1 #bb1 #fb1 #gh1 #hd4 ,liu ,y1 #gh4 ,livy1 quot$1 #ff1 #abj1 #adj4 ,lo ,%ang1 #afe4 ,lo-yang1 #ajd4 ,logs & /ones1 roll+1 #da4 ,longevity1 #abg4 ,l\ ,*+1 #ci4 ,lu ,/ate1 #abh4 ,lu ,t-m+1 quot$1 li4 ,l ,kuang1 #aae4 ,l ,mng1 a discipl9>ian1 #aaa2 a /ud5t ( ,sun ,tz1 xlii4 ,l ,pu1 xxxv4 ,l ,%ang1 kn[n z ,t#8ai ,kung1 l1 #agd1 #age4 ,see also ,liu ,t#8ao4 ,l ,%ih ,*#8un ,*#8iu1 ref]r$ to1 xxiv1 #cg4 ,l ,wang 7or ,lii ,ya74 ,see ,l ,%ang4 ,luan ,y51 #ajf4 ,lun ,y1 quot$1 xv1 #adf2 ref]r$ to1 xlvii1 xlix1 #dg1 #fd1 #aef4 ,lung ,*1 #ha4 ,ma ,lung1 lii4 ,ma ,tuan-l91 xl4 ,see also ,wn ,hsi5 ,t#8ung ,k#8ao4 ,ma ,yan1 #hj4 ,maid51 coyness ( a1 #adh4 ,mansfield1 ,"l1 #adc4 ,mantlets1 #ad1 #ah4 ,m>*es1 =c$1 #ei4 ,m>5go1 battle (1 #eg4 8,m>%al ,tur5ne10 quot$1 #gc1 #afi2 ref]r$ to1 #fa4 ,m>%es1 #fj4 ,measures1 ( l&1 #ad2 ( l5g?1 #cb2 ( weight1 #ae1 #cb4 ,mei ,yao-*#8n's comm5t>y on ,sun ,tz1 xxxviii2 quot$1 #d1 #f1 #g1 #aa1 #bi1 #cd1 #ch1 #dj1 #dd1 #dg1 #fa1 #fc1 #gi1 #hd1 #he1 #hf1 #ic1 #id1 #ie1 #if1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #aba1 #abi1 #acj1 #aca1 #ace1 #acf1 #acg1 #ach1 #ada1 #ade1 #adg1 #adh1 #aec1 #aee1 #aeg1 #afa1 #afb1 #afc1 #afd1 #afh1 #afi1 #agj1 #agd2 ref]r$ to1 #ae1 #bc1 #dc1 #df1 #ea1 #ajf1 #aea4 8,mmoires conc]nant les ,*9ois10 quot$1 vii4 8,mmoires ,hi/oriques10 ref]r$ to1 xvi4 ,see also ,*avannes4 ,m5cius1 quot$1 xxv1 xliii1 #ad1 #he2 ref]r$ to1 #bi1 #cb1 #aab1 #adh4 ,mng ,k#8ang1 xxxvi4 ,mng ,%ih's comm5t>y on ,sun ,tz1 xxxvi2 quot$1 #b1 #aa1 #ae1 #fa1 #gg1 #gh1 #aaf1 #acg1 #adg4 ,mng ,ta1 #abb4 ,me?od1 #b1 #c1 #ca4 8,milit>y ,classic10 #add4 ,milit>y tactics l wat]1 #ec4 ,milit>y virtues1 #bb4 ,mis=tune1 ?ree ways 9 :i* a rul] c cause1 #ba sqq4 ,mi/akes1 mak+ no1 #cj4 ,mod]n text ( ,sun ,tz4 ,see ,sun ,tz4 ,modification ( plans1 #e4 ,moltke1 #ag4 ,moods1 art ( /udy+1 #fg4 ,moral ,law1 !1 #b1 #d1 #ca4 ,m\nds1 us$ 9 sieges1 #ai4 ,m\nta9s1 #hj4 ,movable %elt]s1 #ah4 ,mu1 ,duke ( ,*#891 #ada4 ,mu-s1 an in/rum5t ( torture1 xlvi4 ,mu ,t#8i5 ,tz ,*uan1 #aeb4 ,my/ification ( "o's m51 #aca4 ,nang ,wa1 xiii4 ,napoleon ,bonap>te1 #e1 #ab1 #adh2 8 passage across ,alps1 #eg2 n hamp]$ by c5tral au?ority1 #bd2 8 8,maximes de ,gu]re10 quot$1 #hd1 #aji2 8 8,p5ses10 quot$1 #aja4 ,nelson1 at ,trafalg>1 #cg4 ,n]v\sness1 a sign (1 #ic4 ,nicias1 ! ,a!nian g5]al1 #aah2 spee* (1 quot$1 #abe4 ,night-fight+1 #fe4 ,n9e gr\nds 7or situations71 !1 #gb1 #aad4 ,n9e punitive measures1 !1 xxxix4 ,n9e v>iations1 !1 #ga1 #gb1 #gd1 #ach4 8,nor? hill01 battle ( !1 #eg4 ,o-y1 t[n (1 #eg4 ,om5s1 n to be reg>d$1 #abf4 ,onset ( troops1 #cg1 #ch4 ,op5 gr\nd1 #aaf1 #aai1 #acg4 ,opportunism1 xlix4 ,ord]s1 n to be divulg$1 #adb1 #adc4 ,orig9al text ( ,sun ,tz4 ,see ,sun ,tz4 ,ou-yang ,hsiu1 quot$1 xxxiv1 xxxv1 xxxviii4 ,ov]aw+ ! enemy1 #ada4 ,ov]-caution1 #aeh4 ,ov]-solicitude = "o's m51 #gi4 ,pa ,*n ,t#8u1 xviii4 ,pa ,wang1 ! five1 #ada4 ,pan ,*#8ao1 #fc2 at ,%an-%an1 #aci1 #aej2 8 attack on ,y>k&1 #acb1 #afg4 ,p#8an ,kng1 #agc4 ,p#8ang ,*an1 xii1 #dj4 ,passes1 n>r[1 #ajj1 #ajc4 ,peace1 ! true object ( w>1 #afb4 ,pei ,*#8i ,%u1 ref]r$ to1 #ach4 ,pei ,lun1 xl4 ,pei ,t#8ang ,%u ,*#8ao1 #be1 #cf1 #fd1 #fg4 ,p#8ei ,hs+-*i51 #ajc4 ,p#8ei ,wn ,yn ,fu1 quot$1 #id2 ref]r$ to1 xlvi1 #fi1 #adf4 ,pelliot1 ,m41 xxxvi4 ,pi1 battle (1 #ajf4 ,pi ,i-hsn1 xviii1 xxvi1 xxxiv4 ,see also ,sun ,tz ,hs ,lu4 ,pi ,kua1 xxxiii4 ,pi-yang1 city (1 #gc4 ,p#8i1 siege (1 #afe4 ,pick$ soldi]s 9 front rank1 #ajg1 #ajh4 ,p+ ,fa ,tsa ,*an1 xviii4 ,p+ ,%u ,yao ,*eh1 #fg4 ,pique1 battles n to be f\ght out (1 #aeh4 ,pitfalls1 #fj4 ,plagi>ies ( ,sun ,tz1 xxiii1 xxiv4 ,plans1 baulk+ ! enemy's1 #ag2 *ange (1 #e1 #acb4 ,plataea1 battle (1 #abi4 ,playfair's 8,cities & ,t[ns ( ,*9a01 ref]r$ to4 #eg4 ,plund]1 #fb4 ,po ,*#8i xliv1 #aag1 #aff4 ,po ,*iang ,*uan1 xli4 ,po ,p#8ei1 xiii1 xxiii1 xxix4 ,po-tng1 battle (1 #ci4 ,po-ts#8ai1 a lead] ( ! ,yell[ ,turban rebels1 #aed4 ,po ,ya1 ref]r$ to1 #afj4 ,p#8o-t#8ai1 a spy1 #afe4 ,polybius1 ref]r$ to1 #abj4 ,port ,ar?ur1 siege (1 #ai4 ,pres5ce ( m9d1 #ff4 ,puni%m5t1 #ie1 #ig1 #ih4 ,rabbits1 n indig5\s to ,*9a1 #adi4 ,rapidity1 #ab1 #fa2 ! ess5ce ( w>1 #abb4 ,rew>ds1 #ae1 #ie1 #adb4 ,rew>d & puni%m5t1 con/ancy 91 #d4 ,ri*es1 soldi]s n to acquire1 #abg4 ,riv]1 cross+ a1 #abi4 ,riv] w>f>e1 #ha1 #hb4 ,rob]ts1 ,"l1 night m>* (1 #ce2 on ,sun ,tz1 xlii4 ,r\t1 #aje1 #ajg4 ,ru91 "o ( ! six calamities1 #aje1 #ajf4 ,rul]1 milit>y comm&] indep5d5t ( !1 #aji2 ! enlight5$1 #aeg1 #aei1 #agd4 ,rules ( w>f>e1 conv5tional1 #adh4 ,salt-m>%es1 #hc4 ,san ,kuo ,*ih1 quot$1 #fi1 #aaa2 ref]r$ to1 xxxv1 xli1 xlii4 ,see also ,wei ,*ih4 ,san ,leh1 li2 quot$1 #fb1 #aeh4 ,san ,%ih rh ,lei ,*+1 xviii4 ,san ,ts#8ai ,t#8u ,hui1 liii4 ,san-yan1 #gi4 8,sci5ce ( ,w>10 quot$1 #aja1 #acj4 ,sc\ts1 #hh1 #hi4 ,scre5s1 grass1 #hh4 ,secrecy1 #de1 #aca4 ,secrets1 divulg$ by a spy1 #agj4 ,s$an1 capitulation (1 #ag4 ,self-possession1 #fg4 ,s5sitiv5ess 9 a g5]al1 #gi4 ,s5tries1 #aga4 ,s]i\s gr\nd1 #aag1 #aai1 #ace1 #acg4 ,sev5 consid]ations1 #a1 #d4 ,%a-yan1 #afh4 ,%an-%an1 #aci2 ,k+ (1 #aej1 #aea4 ,%ang dyna/y1 #agc4 ,%n1 ,duke (1 #aaj4 ,%n-wu ( ,*#8i1 #afh4 ,%n ,yu1 a comm5tator1 xli4 ,%eph]d driv+ %eep1 #acc4 ,%]idan1 ,g5]al1 #dg4 ,%ih ,*i1 objection to ! *ronology (1 xxvi2 quot$1 xi1 xiii1 xv1 xx1 xlv1 #dj1 #eh1 #hj1 #hd1 #ij1 #abd1 #abh2 ref]r$ to1 xvi1 xxii1 xxiv1 xxxiv1 xlvi1 xlvii1 xlix1 #a4 ,see also ,ss-ma ,*#8i54 ,%ih ,*+1 quot$1 xvi1 #fa1 #fb2 ref]r$ to1 #ad4 ,%ih ,huang ,ti1 #abg1 #adb4 ,%ih ,k#8uang1 #bi4 ,%ih ,l#8iu ,ts#81 lii4 ,%ih ,ss-m+1 ! rebel lead]1 #fe4 ,%u ,*+1 quot$1 xv2 ref]r$ to1 xlvii1 xlviii4 ,%u ,lu ,*ieh ,t#8i1 xxiii4 ,%uai-jan1 !1 xxvi1 #abh1 #abi4 ,%uo ,wn1 quot$1 #id1 #aag1 #afj4 ,sicilian exp$ition1 #aah4 ,sieges1 #aj1 #ah1 #ai1 #gc4 ,sight1 %>p1 #bi4 ,signal-fires1 #fe4 ,signals1 #cc4 ,signs1 obs]vation (1 #hh4 ,situations1 ! n9e4 ,see ,n9e gr\nds4 ,six ,*ancellors ( ! ,*#89 ,/ate1 #adb4 8,six ,/ates0 p]iod1 xxii4 ,skilful fight]1 !1 #cj4 ,skilful lead]s ( old1 #abj4 ,solid>ity ( troops1 #abc4 ,sphanes at ,plataea1 #abi4 ,sov]eign1 !1 #ee2 ! wise1 #afc4 ,spies1 xlix1 #eb1 #adg1 #adh2 conv]t$1 #ij1 #aff1 #agb1 #agc2 doom$1 #afg1 #agb1 #agc2 five classes (1 #afd2 ,fr$]ick's classification (1 #afh2 importance (1 #age2 intimate relations to be ma9ta9$ )1 #afh2 inw>d1 #afe1 #agb2 local1 #afd1 #agb2 surviv+1 #afg1 #agb2 to be prop]ly paid1 #afb1 #afi4 ,_s1 an army's1 #fe1 #ff4 ,spirits1 #afc4 8,spy10 evolution ( ! "* mean+1 #afj4 ,spy+1 end & aim (1 #agc4 ,ss ,k#8u ,*#8an ,%u ,*i5 ,m+ ,mu ,lu1 quot$1 l1 li1 lii4 ,ss ,k#8u ,*#8an ,tsung ,mu ,t#8i ,yao1 quot$1 xx1 xli1 l2 ref]r$ to1 xl1 lii1 liii4 ,ss-ma ,*#8i51 xiv1 xx2 quot$1 xi1 xii1 xlv2 cr$ibility ( 8 n>rative1 xxvi2 8 lett] to ,jn ,an1 ref]r$ to1 xlvi2 8 m5tion ( ! #ac *apt]s1 xxx4 ,see also ,%ih ,*i4 ,ss-ma ,fa1 l2 quot$1 xvi1 #ad1 #ag1 #gh1 #abf1 #adc4 ,ss-ma ,i1 #df1 #ea1 #abb4 ,ss-ma ,jang-*1 xxii1 #a1 #ih4 ,/agnation1 #aeg4 ,/&>d text ( ,sun ,tz4 ,see ,sun ,tz4 ,/ell> ,mansions1 ! tw5ty-eight1 #aec4 ,/onewall ,jackson1 biography (1 quot$1 #db1 #ei1 #aca4 ,/rategy & tactics1 #eb4 ,/r5g?1 great1 #bi4 ,/upidity1 to be feign$1 #ade4 ,su ,hsn1 quot$1 xlii4 ,su ,%u1 an e?ical treatise1 li4 ,subdivisions ( an army4 #ag1 #cc1 #ci4 ,sui ,%u1 quot$1 #aea2 bibliographical section (1 quot$1 xviii1 xli2 ref]r$ to1 xxxvi1 liii4 ,sun ,hao1 a comm5tator1 xli4 ,sun ,hs+-y51 xxxii2 8 edition ( ,sun ,tz1 ix2 8 preface1 xxxiv2 quot$1 xvi1 xxix1 xxx1 xxxi1 xxxii1 xxxiii1 xxxvi1 xlviii4 ,sun ,p91 xii1 xv1 xvi1 #dj4 ,sun ,tz1 ar*aic words 91 xxiv2 bibliographical description ( edition us$1 xxxiv2 corruptions 9 ! text (1 xxxi2 difficult passages 91 xxxiv2 /ate ( ! text1 #ach2 probable date ( ! "w1 xxviii4 --,mod]n text1 #be1 #bf1 #bg1 #cc4 --,orig9al text1 xxxii1 xxxiii1 #b1 #af1 #bg1 #bi1 #dc1 #dg1 #ec1 #eh1 #fb1 #fd1 #fg1 #hd1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh1 #ia1 #ib1 #ie1 #ih1 #aac1 #aai1 #aba1 #aec1 #aed1 #afh4 --,/&>d text1 xxxiv1 #aj1 #eh1 #ia1 #ie1 #aag1 #abg1 #afd4 --,t#8ai ,i ,tun ,*ia text1 xxxvi4 --,t#8u ,%u text1 xxxi1 #af1 #ba1 #be1 #bi1 #cj1 #cb1 #cc1 #ce1 #cg1 #dj1 #dc1 #df1 #dg1 #ej1 #eb1 #eh1 #fd1 #fg1 #fi1 #hd1 #hg1 #ia1 #ib1 #id1 #ie1 #if #aje1 #aaj1 #aad1 #aag1 #abj1 #aba1 #acc1 #ace1 #adj1 #ade1 #adf1 #aec1 #aei1 #afd1 #afg1 #afh1 #aga1 #agb1 #age4 --,t#8ung ,ti5 text1 xxxiii1 #a1 #aj1 #ab1 #ai1 #bb1 #bc1 #be1 #da1 #de1 #dg1 #ej1 #ec1 #eh1 #ei1 #fb1 #fd1 #fe1 #fg1 #fh1 #gd1 #gg1 #ha1 #hc1 #he1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh1 #hi1 #ia1 #ib1 #ic1 #id1 #ie1 #ih1 #aja1 #ajd1 #ajh1 #aab1 #aac1 #aag1 #aai1 #acf1 #acg1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afd1 #afg1 #agj1 #aga1 #agb4 --,y ,lan text1 xxxiii1 #c1 #g1 #aj1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #ai1 #be1 #bg1 #cg1 #db1 #de1 #dg1 #ej1 #eb1 #ec1 #fb1 #fd1 #fg1 #fh1 #gg1 #ha1 #hc1 #hd1 #he1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh1 #hi1 #ib1 #ic1 #id1 #ie1 #ih1 #ajh1 #aab1 #aba1 #abi1 #ada1 #aec1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afa1 #afd1 #afg1 #agj1 #aga1 #agb4 ,sun ,tz ,hs ,lu1 xviii1 xxxiv2 quot$1 xxiii1 xxiv1 #aah4 ,sun ,tz ,hui ,*ng1 xlii4 ,sun ,tz ,ts#8an ,t#8ung1 xlii4 ,sun ,tz ,wn ,ta1 xvii4 ,sun ,wu1 a practical soldi]1 xxv2 conjectural outl9e ( 8 life1 xxix2 n a man ( em95t position1 xxviii2 probable orig9 ( ! leg5d connect$ )1 xxix2 ,ss-ma ,*#8i5's biography (1 xi2 supposititi\s works (1 xvii1 xviii4 ,see also ,sun ,tz4 ,sun ,wu ,sun ,tz1 xvii4 ,sung ,%ih1 ref]r$ to1 xlii2 bibliographical section (1 xvii1 xxxi1 xxxvi1 lii1 liii4 ,sup]/iti\s d\bts1 #abf4 ,supplies1 #acg1 #afa3 l9e (1 #aja4 ,ta-hsi ,wu1 #afh4 ,ta ,m+ ,i ,t#8ung ,*ih1 quot$1 xxxii4 ,taboo "*1 #abd4 ,tactical manuvr+1 #ef4 ,tactician1 ! skilful1 #abh4 ,tactics1 direct & indirect1 #bj1 #cd sqq42 modification (1 #eb1 #ec2 n to be repeat$1 #eb2 v>iation (1 #bf1 #ga1 #gd4 ,t#8ai ,kung4 ,see ,l ,%ang4 ,t#8ai ,kung ,p+ ,fa1 li4 ,t#8ai ,p#8+ ,y ,lan1 xvi1 xxxiii1 liii4 ,see also ,sun ,tz1 ,y ,lan text4 ,t#8ai-po ,%an-jn1 quot$1 #acb4 ,t#8ai ,po ,y9 ,*+1 xxxvi4 ,t#8ai ,tsung1 ! ,emp]or4 ,see ,li ,%ih-m94 ,t#8ai ,yan ,*+1 ref]r$ to1 xxiv4 ,tallies1 (ficial1 #adf4 ,t#8ang1 pr9ce (1 xiii4 ,t#8ang1 ! ,complet]4 ,see ,*#8ng ,t'ang4 ,t#8ang ,*i51 #afg4 ,t#8ang ,%u1 bibliographical section (1 ref]r$ to1 xxxviii1 xli4 ,see also ,hs9 ,t#8ang ,%u & ,*iu ,t#8ang ,%u4 ,tao ,t ,*+1 quot$1 xlix1 #adg1 #aee1 #aeh1 #afa4 ,temple1 us$ = delib]ations1 #g1 #h4 ,temporis+ gr\nd1 #ajj1 #ajb4 ,t5acity1 #abe4 ,tng ,*#8iang1 #gh4 ,tng ,m+-%ih1 quot$1 xv4 ,t]ra91 natural advantages (1 #ajh2 six k9ds (1 #ajj4 ,textual criticism & em5dations1 #a1 #g1 #ac1 #ad1 #be1 #bi1 #cj1 #cf1 #da1 #dc1 #df1 #dg1 #di1 #ga1 #gd1 #hf1 #hg1 #ia1 #id1 #ii1 #aac1 #aag1 #aba1 #abd1 #abg1 #acc1 #aeh1 #afg4 ,!rmopylae1 #aae4 ,?ree anci5t dyna/ies1 !1 xxxix4 ,?ucydides1 quot$1 #abe2 ref]r$ to1 #aah4 ,ti riv]1 #add4 ,t#8i5 ,*i1 #dj4 ,t#8i5-i-ko catalogue1 quot$1 xxxvi1 xl4 ,t#8i5 ,pao1 xv4 ,t#8i5 ,pu1 #aje4 ,t#8i5 ,tan1 def5d] ( ,*i-mo1 #ij1 #abj1 #aee2 8 use ( spies1 #aff4 ,"t1 value (1 #ab2 wa/e (1 #aeg4 ,t\ ,*i5-t1 ,k+ ( ,hsia1 #ajd4 ,t\ ,ku1 #aea4 ,trafalg>1 battle (1 #cg4 ,tra9+ ( (fic]s & m51 #d4 ,trebia1 battle ( !1 #ff4 ,ts#8ai1 pr9ce (1 xiii4 ,ts#8ao ,kuei1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,tso ,*uan1 xxi2 on ! advantage ( _s1 #ff2 ?reat5s ,huan ,kung1 #abh4 ,ts#8ao ,kung or ,ts#8ao ,ts#8ao1 xix1 xxxi1 xxxvi1 xlii1 xliv1 #d1 #ei1 #fi1 #gf1 #aea2 8 comm5t>y on ,sun ,tz1 xxxv1 xxxvii1 xxxviii1 xl2 quot$1 #a1 #g1 #i1 #aa1 #ac1 #ae1 #ag1 #ah1 #bj1 #bb1 #bd1 #bf1 #bh1 #cd1 #ce1 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #dd1 #df1 #ea1 #eb1 #ee1 #ef1 #ei1 #fj1 #fg1 #ga1 #gc1 #ge1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh1 #ha1 #hd1 #hf1 #hh1 #ia1 #id1 #ie1 #if1 #ig1 #ih1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #aaa1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aah1 #aai1 #abj1 #abb1 #abe1 #abf1 #abg1 #aca1 #acg1 #adj1 #adb1 #adc1 #ade1 #adf1 #adg1 #adh1 #aeb1 #aed1 #aef1 #aeg2 ref]r$ to1 #ai1 #dc1 #fb1 #acf2 8 preface1 xx1 xxxiv2 translat$1 xv sqq4 ,tsng ,%n1 xxiv4 ,tso ,*uan1 deliv]$ to ,wu ,*#8i1 xxiv2 has no m5tion ( ,sun ,tz1 xx1 xxvi1 xxviii2 quot$1 xxvii1 xxix1 xlix1 #ai1 #ei1 #fe1 #hi1 #ig1 #ajf1 #aaa1 #afb2 ref]r$ to1 xxi1 xlvii4 ,tso ,tsung-t#8ang1 #fc4 ,tsui-li1 battle (1 xxx4 ,tu ,*ung-wei1 #fi1 #gj4 ,tu ,mu's comm5t>y on ,sun ,tz1 xxxvi1 xxxvii1 xxxviii2 quot$1 #d1 #aa1 #ad1 #ae1 #ah1 #ai1 #bc1 #bf1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cc1 #cd1 #cg1 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #db1 #dd1 #de1 #df1 #ej1 #eb1 #ee1 #ef1 #eg1 #ei1 #fj1 #fa1 #fb1 #fd1 #fg1 #fh1 #fi1 #ge1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh1 #hj1 #ha1 #hb1 #hc1 #hd1 #hf1 #hh1 #hi1 #ij1 #ib1 #ic1 #id1 #ie1 #if1 #ih1 #aja1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aad1 #aae1 #aah1 #aai1 #abb1 #abd1 #abf1 #aca1 #acc1 #acf1 #acg1 #ach1 #adf1 #adh1 #adi1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aed1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afa1 #afc1 #afd1 #afe1 #afg1 #afh1 #afi1 #aga1 #age2 ref]r$ to1 #bj1 #fe1 #gc1 #aej2 8 preface1 quot$1 xix1 xxxvii1 xxxviii1 xlv4 ,tu ,%u ,*ih1 lii4 ,tu ,yu1 xxxiii2 8 notes on ,sun ,tz 9 ! ,t#8ung ,ti51 xxxvii2 quot$1 #d1 #f1 #aa1 #ai1 #bc1 #bd1 #cf1 #ch1 #dg1 #ef1 #fj1 #fa1 #fb1 #gg1 #hc1 #hh1 #ia1 #ib1 #ic1 #id1 #ie1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aaf1 #aag1 #abj1 #acg1 #ach1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aff1 #afg1 #afi1 #aga1 #agb2 ref]r$ to1 #bh1 #ea1 #gd1 #aee1 #agc4 ,t#8u ,%u encyclopa$ia4 ,see ,ku ,*9 ,t#8u ,%u ,*i ,*#8ng4 --,text ( ,sun ,tz 9 !4 ,see ,sun ,tz4 ,tung ,*o1 xxxv1 #id4 ,t#8ung ,*\ ,lieh ,kuo1 quot$1 #ef4 ,t#8ung ,*ih1 ref]r$ to1 xxxii1 xxxvi1 xl1 xli1 liii4 ,t#8ung ,ti51 xvii1 xxxiii1 xxxvii1 lii1 liii4 ,see also ,tu ,yu4 --,text ( ,sun ,tz 9 !4 ,see ,sun ,tz4 ,tur5ne1 ,m>%al1 on deceiv+ ! enemy1 #fa2 on sieges1 #gc2 on spies1 #afi4 ,tz-*#8an1 say+ (1 xlix4 ,tz-*#8ang4 ,see ,nang ,wa4 8,unt]ri*t des ,knigs von ,preuss510 quot$1 #afh1 #afi4 ,uxbridge1 ,"l1 #e4 ,valleys1 #hj4 ,victory1 halfway t[>ds1 #aaa1 #aab2 )\t fight+1 #ag4 ,virtues1 ! five c>d9al1 #c4 ,wan1 t[n (1 #abb4 ,wang ,*i51 #abd4 ,wang ,hsi's comm5t>y on ,sun ,tz1 xl2 quot$1 #a1 #b1 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #bc1 #bf1 #cc1 #cd1 #ch1 #dd1 #eb1 #ec1 #ee1 #fj1 #fa1 #fc1 #ga1 #gh1 #hd1 #ib1 #id1 #ie1 #if1 #ajf1 #aad1 #aag1 #aai1 #abd1 #acb1 #acc1 #ace1 #acg1 #adb1 #aee1 #aeg1 #afi2 ref]r$ to1 #fg1 #gf4 ,wang ,kuo1 ! rebel1 #id4 ,wang ,liao1 #abh4 ,wang ,l+1 a comm5tator1 xxxvii1 xli4 ,see also ,wang ,tz4 ,wang ,%ih-*#8ung1 #ajd4 ,wang ,t#8+-ts#8ou1 #aje4 ,wang ,tz1 quot$1 #d1 #f1 #bd4 ,wang-tz ,*#8eng-fu1 xiii4 ,w>1 want ( fixity 91 #ed4 ,w>like pr9ce1 #ada1 #aeh4 ,wat]1 an aid to ! attack1 #aef4 ,wat]loo1 battle (1 #e1 #dh1 #acj4 ,weapons1 #ad4 ,weep+1 #abg4 ,wei1 k+dom (1 xxxv2 prov9ce (1 #aje4 ,wei riv]1 #ha4 ,wei ,*ih 79 ! ,san ,kuo ,*ih71 xix1 xxxvi4 ,wei ,i1 #ajf4 ,wei ,liao ,tz1 li2 quot$1 #ce1 #gc1 #ig1 #ii1 #ajg1 #abe2 ref]r$ to1 xxiv4 ,wei ,po1 #afe4 ,wei ,wu ,ti4 ,see ,ts#8ao ,kung4 ,well-be+ ( "o's m51 to be /udi$1 #abc4 ,well+ton1 8 description ( 8 army at ,wat]loo1 #acj2 on ! eve ( ,wat]loo1 #e2 say+1 (1 #aaj2 skilful 9 dissimulation1 #f4 ,wn1 ,duke ( ,*91 #ada4 ,wn ,hsi5 ,t#8ung ,k#8ao1 quot$1 xxxvii1 xxxviii1 xl1 xli2 ref]r$ to1 xxi1 xxiii1 xxxvi1 liii4 ,wn-su1 ,k+ (1 #acb4 ,wn ,ti1 ,emp]or ( ,sui dyna/y1 #aea4 ,wn ,wang1 l1 #agd4 ,we/]n ,sacr$ ,m\nta91 xxxii4 ,w9d1 days (1 #aec2 duration (1 #aee4 8,words on ,well+ton10 quot$1 #e4 ,wu1 city (1 xiv2 k+ (1 #aah4 ,see also ,ho ,lu4 ,wu ,/ate1 xxv1 #di1 #ej1 #abi1 #aei2 dates 9 ! hi/ory (1 xxvii1 xxviii2 fir/ m5tion$ 9 hi/ory1 xxvii4 ,wu ,*#8i1 l1 #fd1 #fe1 #aaj2 comp>$ ) ,sun ,wu1 xliii2 plagi>y ( ,sun ,tz1 xxiv4 ,see also ,wu ,tz4 ,wu ,*#8i ,*+1 lii4 ,wu ,huo1 #bi4 ,wu ,jn-*i1 xxxiii4 ,wu-lao1 heights (1 #ajd4 ,wu ,ni5-hu1 xxxiii4 ,wu-tu1 t[n (1 #afe4 ,wu-tu ,*#8iang1 #hj4 ,wu ,tz1 xix1 l2 quot$1 #bd1 #ef1 #ff1 #gg1 #hj1 #ha1 #ih1 #ajg1 #aae1 #aca1 #adb1 #aef2 ref]r$ to1 xxiv4 ,wu ,tz-,hs1 xxix1 xlviii4 ,see also ,wu ,yan4 ,wu ,wang1 xvi1 #bj1 #age4 ,wu ,yan1 xiii1 xxiii1 #ef2 a spuri\s treatise fa!r$ on1 xxix4 ,wu ,yeh ,*#8un ,*#8iu1 quot$1 xiv1 xviii4 ,wylie's 8,notes10 ref]r$ to1 xli1 lii4 ,ya1 ,k+ ( ,*ao1 #add4 ,yang ,han1 #aae4 ,yang-p#8+1 city (1 #df4 ,yangtsze riv]1 #abc4 ,yao ,hsiang1 #gh4 ,y>k&1 battle (1 #acb4 ,yeh ,%ih or ,yeh ,%ui-hs91 8 !ory ab\t ,sun ,tz1 xxi1 xxiii1 xxv2 on ,sun ,tz's /yle1 xxiv4 ,yell[ ,emp]or1 !1 xvi1 #hd4 ,yell[ ,turban rebels1 #aed4 ,y51 ,k+ ( ,hs1 xvi1 xlix4 ,y5 ,%ih-ku1 #afg4 ,y5 ,ti1 #hd4 ,y5 ,tz1 quot$1 #ih4 ,y9 & ,yang1 #b4 ,y9 dyna/y1 #agc1 #agd4 ,y9 ,fu ,*+1 xxxvi1 #aaa4 ,y+1 capital ( ,*#8u1 xii1 xiii1 xvi1 xxix4 ,y+ ,k#8ao-%u1 xxi4 ,yo ,fei1 a /ud5t ( ,sun ,tz1 xlii4 ,yo ,i1 #aag4 ,y ,hai1 quot$1 xlii2 ref]r$ to1 xxxvi1 xl1 lii1 liii4 ,y ,lan encyclopa$ia4 ,see ,t#8ai ,p#8+ ,y ,lan4 --,text ( ,sun ,tz 9 !4 ,see ,sun ,tz4 ,yan1 ! two1 oppon5ts ( ,ts#8ao ,ts#8ao1 xxxv4 ,yan ,*i5 ,lei ,han1 liii4 ,yan ,%ao1 #aea4 ,yeh ,/ate1 #abi2 comp>$ ) ,wu1 xxvi1 #di1 #ej2 fir/ m5tion$ 9 hi/ory1 xxvii4 ,yeh ,*eh ,%u1 quot$1 xiv4 ,yeh ,y1 xxi4 ,yung ,lo ,ta ,ti51 lii4 ,,corrig5da ,transcrib]'s note3 ! corrig5da li/$ bel[ has be5 incorporat$ into ! text4 ,p4 ix1 note3 ,= 8edition0 read 8translation40 #ad1 l9e #c3 ,= 8by0 read 89 !40 #af1 l9e #e3 ,= 8,t40 read 8,t#8u ,%u40 #ai1 note3 ,be=e 8,w>0 ins]t 8,soldi]s are n to be us$ z play?+s40 #ag1 #a3 1 etc4 ,! m ,i ?9k ab\t x1 ! m ,i pref] ! r5d]+ sugge/$ on p4 #aei1 #bb1 note4 #a note1 & p4 #gh1 l9e #f3 ,ins]t 8!0 be=e 8,ss-ma ,fa40 #cc1 note on head+3 ,cf4 ,x4 #ab1 :]e is translat$ 8/r5g?10 ?\gh x might also be 8conditions40 ,! ?ree words 1 & h be5 mu* confus$4 ,x appe>s f ! ,%uo ,wn t ! la/ "* is po/-classical1 s t ,sun ,tz mu/ h us$ ei!r or 9 all s5ses4 #de1 l9e #a3 ,= 8sublety0 read 8subtlety40 #fc1 l9e #d3 ,m4 ,*avannes writes 9 ! ,t#8oung ,pao1 #aijf1 p4 #baj3 8,le gnral ,pan ,t*#8ao n'a jamais port les armes *9oises jusque sur les bords de la m] ,caspi5ne40 ,i ha/5 to correct my /atem5t on ?is au?ority4 #hj1 #i? l9e f ! bottom3 ,= read 4 #aji1 #bc1 note1 & p4 #abf1 #e? l9e f bottom3 ,= 8,huang ,%ih-kung0 read 8,huang-%ih ,kung40 #abd1 l9e #g3 ,= 8,*#8n0 read 8,*#8n ,hao40 #acf1 #aa? l9e f bottom3 ,ins]t 8to0 be=e 8select40 #aeb1 #b3 ,sub/itute semi-colon = full /op aft] 8available40 ,footnotes #a ,publi%$ at ,p>is 9 #aghb4 #b ,a r di/ress+ ,japanese flav\r p]vades ! "w ?r\gh\t4 ,?us1 ,k+ ,ho ,lu masqu]ades z 8,katsuryo10 ,wu & ,yeh become 8,g0 & 8,etsu10 etc4 etc4 #c ,a notable exception is to be f\nd 9 ,biot's translation ( ! ,*\ ,li4 #d ,%ih ,*i1 *4 #fe4 #e ,also writt5 ,ho ,l4 ,he reign$ f #ead to #dif ,b4,c4 #f ,%ih ,*i1 *4 #acj1 f4 #f ro4 #g ,i note t ,m4 ,*avannes translates 8le peuple e/ puis40 ,b 9 ,sun ,tz's own book 7see especially ,,vii #bd-bf7 ! ord9>y mean+ ( is 8army10 & ?is1 ,i ?9k1 is m suitable "h4 #h ,^! words are giv5 also 9 ,wu ,tz-hs's biography1 *4 #ff1 fol4 #c ro4 #i ,! appellation ( ,nang ,wa4 #aj ,%ih ,*i1 *4 #ca1 fol4 #f ro4 #aa ,ibid4 *4 #be1 fol4 #a ro4 #ab ,! appellation ( ,hu ,y51 m5tion$ 9 *4 #ci "u ! ye> #fcg4 #ac ,wang-tz ,*#8ng-fu1 *4 #cb1 ye> #fjg4 #ad ,! mi/ake is natural en\gh4 ,native critics ref] to ! 1 a "w ( ! ,han dyna/y1 :i* says 7*4 #b1 fol4 #c vo ( my edition73 8,t5 li outside ! ,wu gate ( ! city ( ,wu1 n[ ,soo*[ 9 ,kiangsu !re is a great m\nd1 rais$ to commemorate ! ent]ta9m5t ( ,sun ,wu ( ,*#8i :o excell$ 9 ! art ( w>1 by ! ,k+ ( ,wu40 #ae 4 #af 4 #ag 4 #ah ,! ,%ih ,*i1 on ! o!r h&1 says3 4 ,i may rem>k 9 pass+ t ! "n = "o :o 0 a great w>rior is j z suspici\s z = a man :o _h 8 feet cut (f4 #ai ,an allusion to 1 1 ,,ii4 #b3 8,!y atta*$ /r+s to wood to make b[s1 & %>p5$ wood to make arr[s4 ,! use ( b[s & arr[s is to keep ! ,empire 9 awe40 #bj ,,xii4 #g4 #ba ,v4 iv4 #g4 #bb 1 #g? diagram 774 #bc ,,iii4 #a4 vii4 #e4 #bd *4 #a 77 ad init4 ,! text ( ! passage 9 ! ,t#8u ,%u 71 *4 #he7 is3 4 #be ,! son & successor ( ,ho ,lu4 ,he 0 f9ally defeat$ & ov]?r[n by ,k\ ,*i51 ,k+ ( ,yeh1 9 #dgc ,b4,c4 ,see po/4 #bf ,k+ ,y5 ( ,hs1 a fabul\s be+1 ( :om ,sun ,hs+-y5 says 9 8 preface3 8,8 humanity br\ght him to de/ruction40 ,see ,%ih ,*i *4 #e1 f4 #a vo & ,m4 ,*avannes' note1 ,mmoires ,hi/oriques1 tom4 ,,ii1 p4 #h4 #bg ,t#8u ,%u1 ibid4 *4 #ij3 4 #bh ,! passage ,i h put 9 brackets is omitt$ 9 ! ,t#8u ,%u1 & may be an int]polation4 ,x 0 kn[n1 h[ev]1 to ,*ang ,%\-*ieh ( ! ,t#8ang dyna/y1 & appe>s 9 ! ,t#8ai ,p#8+ ,y ,lan4 #bi ,ts#8ao ,kung seems to be ?9k+ ( ! fir/ "p ( *ap4 ,,ii1 p]haps especially ( #h4 #cj 4 #ca 4 #cb ,! m5tions two editions ( ,sun ,tz 9 #c *an1 namely & 4 #cc ,see *ap4 ,,xi4 #cd 4 #ce 4 #cf ,su* z ! 1 quot$ 9 ,*ng ,hsan's comm5t>y on ! ,*\ ,li1 ! & 1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,sui ,*ih1 & ! 1 9 ! ,hs9 ,t#8ang ,*ih4 #cg ,on ! o!r h&1 x is notewor?y t ,wu ,tz1 :i* is n[ 9 #f *apt]s1 has #dh assign$ to x 9 ! ,han ,*ih4 ,likewise1 ! ,*ung ,yung is cr$it$ ) #di *apt]s1 ?\gh n[ 9 "o only4 ,9 ! case ( su* v %ort works1 "o is tempt$ to ?9k t might simply mean 8leaves40 #ch ,see ,t#8u ,%u1 1 *4 #ddb1 #b4 #ci ,an extract w be f\nd on p4 xlv4 #dj 4 #da 4 #db 4 #dc 4 #dd ,see 4 #de 4 #df ,*4 #ii1 fol4 #e ro4 #dg 4 #dh ,%ih ,*i1 *4 #fe ad f93 4 #di ,yeh ,%ih ( ! ,sung dyna/y #aaea-abbc4 ,see 1 *4 #bba1 ff4 #g1 #h4 #ej ,see ,tso ,*uan 1 ,i4 #c ad f94 & ,,xi4 #c ad init4 ,he h>dly des]ves to be bracket$ ) assass9s4 #ea ,see pp4 #ff1 #abh4 #eb ,see ,tso ,*uan1 1 ,,xxx4 #e4 #ec ,see p4 #abh4 ,*uan ,*u is ! abbreviat$ =m ( 8 "n4 #ed ,i4e4 ,po ,p#8ei4 ,see ante4 #ee 4 #ef ,! nucleus ( ?is "w is probably g5u9e1 ?\gh l>ge additions h be5 made by lat] h&s4 ,kuan ,*ung di$ 9 #fde ,b4,c4 #eg ,see ,infra1 p4 #a4 #eh ,i d n "k :at "w ?is is1 unless x be ! la/ *apt] ( ! 4 ,:y t *apt] %\ld be s+l$ out1 h[ev]1 is n cle>4 #ei ,ab\t #dhj ,b4,c4 #fj 4 #fa ,t is1 ,i suppose1 ! age ( ,wu ,wang & ,*\ ,kung4 #fb ,9 ! #crd c5tury ,b4,c4 #fc ,ss-ma ,jang-*1 ^: family "n 0 ,t#8i51 liv$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! #f? c5tury ,b4,c41 & is also believ$ to h writt5 a "w on w>4 ,see ,%ih ,*i1 *4 #fd1 & infra1 p4 #a4 #fd 4 #fe ,see ! end ( ! passage quot$ f ! ,%ih ,*i on p4 xii4 #ff ,9 ! 1 a classifi$ catalogue ( 8 family libr>y4 #fg ,see ,wn ,hsi5 ,t#8ung ,k#8ao1 *4 #bba1 f4 #i ro3 4 #fh ,see ,hs ,lu1 f4 #ad ro3 4 #fi 4 ,"h is a li/ ( ! passages 9 ,sun ,tz f :i* ei!r ! sub/ance or ! actual words h be5 appropriat$ by e>ly au?ors3 ,,vii4 #i2 ,,ix4 #ag2 ,i4 #bd 774 ,,ix4 #bc2 ,,ix4 #a1 #c1 #g2 ,v4 #a2 ,,iii4 #ah2 ,,xi4 #eh2 ,,vii4 #ca2 ,,vii4 #bd2 ,,vii4 #bf2 ,,ix4 #ae2 ,,ix4 #d 7bis7 774 ,,iii4 #h2 ,,iv4 #g 774 ,,vii4 #ai2 ,v4 #ad2 ,,iii4 #b 774 ,,iii4 #h2 ,,xi4 #b2 ,i4 #ai2 ,,xi4 #eh2 ,x4 #aj ,,vi4 #a 74 ,two ( ! above are giv5 z quotations74 ,v4 #ac2 ,,iv4 #b 774 ,,ix4 #aa1 #ab2 ,,xi4 #cj2 ,i4 #ac2 ,,vii4 #ai ,,iv4 #g2 ,,vii4 #cb2 ,,vii4 #be2 ,,iv4 #bj ,v4 #bc2 ,,ix4 #dc2 ,v4 #ae2 ,,vii4 #bf2 ,v4 #d ,,xi4 #ci2 ,,viii4 #aa2 ,,vi4 #d 774 ,v4 #d 774 ,,ii4 #bj2 ,x4 #ad 774 #gj ,see ,legge's ,classics1 vol4 ,v1 ,prolegom5a p4 #bg4 ,legge ?9ks t ! ,tso ,*uan mu/ h be5 writt5 9 ! #e? c5tury1 b n be=e #dbd ,b4,c4 #ga ,! in/ances quot$ are3--,,iii4 #ad1 #ae3 is said to be equival5t to 2 ,,ii4 #ae3 2 ,,vii4 #bh3 2 ,,xi4 #fj3 2 ,,xi4 #bd3 ! use ( in/ead ( 7! lat] =m72 ,,xi4 #fd3 2 ,,ix4 #c3 2 ,,iii4 #aa3 & anti!tically oppos$ 9 ! s5se ( & 2 ,,xi4 #ef3 2 ,,xi4 #ca3 4 #gb ,see ,m5cius ,,iii4 #a4 iii4 #ac-bj4 #gc ne$ n be press$ to mean an actual dwell] 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,i ?9k x simply d5otes a p]son liv+ a retir$ life & /&+ alo( f public affairs4 #gd ,:5 ,wu fir/ appe>s 9 ! ,*#8un ,*#8iu 9 #ehd1 x is already at v>iance ) its p[]ful neighb\r4 ,! ,*#8un ,*#8iu fir/ m5tions ,yeh 9 #ecg1 ! ,tso ,*uan 9 #fja4 #ge ,?is is explicitly /at$ 9 ! ,tso ,*uan1 ,,xxxii1 #b3 4 #gf ,!re is ?is to be said = ! lat] p]iod1 t ! feud w\ld t5d to gr[ m bitt] aft] ea* enc\nt]1 & ?us m fully ju/ify ! language us$ 9 ,,xi4 #cj4 #gg ,see 8 preface to ,sun ,tz3-- 4 #gh ,) ,wu ,yan himself ! case is j ! rev]se3--a spuri\s treatise on w> has be5 fa!r$ on him simply because he 0 a great g5]al4 ,"h we h an obvi\s inducem5t to =g]y4 ,sun ,wu1 on ! o!r h&1 _c h be5 widely kn[n to fame 9 ! #e? c5tury4 #gi ,see ,tso ,*uan1 1 #d? ye> 7#ejf71 #ad3 8,f ! date ( ,k+ ,*ao's accession #eae !re 0 no ye> 9 :i* ,*#8u 0 n attack$ by ,wu40 #hj ,see supra1 p4 xx4 #ha 4 #hb ,see 4 #hc ,allud$ to on p4 xvii1 note #c4 #hd ,loc4 cit43 4 #he ,a good biographical notice1 ) a li/ ( 8 works1 w be f\nd 9 ! 1 *4 #dh1 fol4 #ah sqq4 #hf ,preface ad f943 8,my family comes f ,lo-an1 & we are really desc5d$ f ,sun ,tz4 ,i am a%am$ to say t ,i only read my ance/or's "w f a lit]>y po9t ( view1 )\t compreh5d+ ! milit>y te*nique4 ,s long h we be5 enjoy+ ! bless+s ( peace60 #hg ,hua-y9 is ab\t #ad miles f ,t#8ung-kuan on ! ea/]n bord] ( ,%5si4 ,! temple 9 "q is /ill visit$ by ^? ab\t to make ! asc5t ( ! or ,we/]n ,sacr$ ,m\nta94 ,x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,a4,d4 #adfa1 *4 #cb1 f4 #bb1 z ! 3-- 8,situat$ five li ea/ ( ! di/rict city ( ,hua-y94 ,! temple conta9s ! ,hua-%an tablet inscrib$ by ! ,t#8ang ,emp]or ,hsan ,tsung #gac-gee40 #hh 4 #hi ,cf4 ,sun ,hs+-y5's rem>k propos ( 8 mi/akes 9 ! names & ord] ( ! comm5tators3 4 #ij 4 #ia ,see my 8,catalogue ( ,*9ese ,books0 7,luzac ,co41 #aijh71 no4 #dj4 #ib ,?is is a discussion ( #bi difficult passages 9 ,sun ,tz1 namely3 ,i4 #b2 #bf2 #af2 ,,ii4 #i #aj2 ,,iii4 #c2 ,,iii ,,vii2 ,,iii4 #ag2 ,,iv4 #d2 #f2 ,v4 #c2 #aj #aa2 #ad2 ! head+s ( ! #ac *apt]s1 ) special ref]5ce to *ap4 ,,vii2 ,,vii4 #e2 #ae #af2 #bg2 #cc1 c42 ,,viii4 #a-f2 ,,ix4 #aa2 ,x4 #a-bj2 ,,xi4 #bc2 #ca2 #ai2 #dc2 ,,vii4 #ab-ad ,,xi4 #eb2 ,,xi4 #ef2 ,,xiii4 #ae #af2 #bf2 ,,xiii 9 g5]al4 #ic ,preface to ,mei ,yao-*#8n's edition3 4 #id ,see 1 *4 #a4 #ie ,loc4 cit43 4 #if ,cf4 ,catalogue ( ! libr>y ( ! ,fan family at ,n+po1 1 fol4 #ab vo3 8,8 comm5t>y is frequ5tly obscure2 x furni%es a clue1 b does n fully develop ! mean+40 #ig ,see 1 *4 #ada ad init4 #ih ,wn ,hsi5 ,t#8ung ,k#8ao1 *4 #bba1 f4 #i vo4 #ii ,*4 #bjg1 f4 #e ro4 #ajj ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,m4 ,pelliot has rec5tly discov]$ *apt]s #a1 #d & #e ( ?is lo/ "w 9 ! 8,grottos ( ! ,?\s& ,buddhas40 ,see ,b4 ,e4 ,f4 ,e4 ,o1 t4 ,,viii1 nos4 #c-d1 p4 #ebe4 #aja ,loc4 cit4 #ajb ,wn ,hsi5 ,t#8ung ,k#8ao1 *4 #bba1 f4 #i3 4 #ajc ,preface to 8 comm5t>y 7,t#8u ,%u1 1 *4 #ddb73 4 #ajd ,ibid43 4 #aje ,t#8ung ,k#8ao1 loc4 cit43 4 #ajf ,ibid4 #ajg ,! ,hsia1 ! ,%ang & ! ,*\4 ,al?\gh ! la/-nam$ 0 nom9ally exi/5t 9 ,sun ,tz's day1 x reta9$ h>dly a ve/ige ( p[]1 & ! old milit>y organisation _h practically gone by ! bo>d4 ,i c sugge/ no o!r explanation ( ! passage4 #ajh ,see ,*\ ,li1 ,,xxix4 #f-aj4 #aji ,see ,t#8u ,%u1 1 *4 #ij1 f4 #b vo3 4 #aaj ,t#8ung ,k#8ao1 *4 #bba1 f4 #aa ro3 4 #aaa ,see 1 *4 #ii1 f4 #af vo4 #aab ,?is appe>s to be /ill extant4 ,see ,wylie's 8,notes10 p4 #ia 7new edition74 #aac ,t#8ung ,k#8ao1 loc4 cit43 4 #aad ,a notable p]son 9 8 day4 ,8 biography is giv5 9 ! ,san ,kuo ,*ih1 *4 #aj4 #aae ,*4 #ajj1 ff4 #b1 #c4 #aaf ,see p4 #add4 #aag ,h\ ,han ,%u1 *4 #ag ad init4 #aah ,san ,kuo ,*ih1 *4 #ed1 f4 #aj vo 7comm5t>y74 #aai ,sung ,%ih1 *4 #cfe ad init4 #abj ,! few ,europeans :o h yet _h an opportunity ( acqua9t+ !mselves ) ,sun ,tz are n beh9dh& 9 _! praise4 ,9 ?is connection1 ,i may p]haps be excus$ = quot+ f a lett] f ,"l ,rob]ts1 to :om ! %eets ( ! pres5t "w 7 submitt$ previ\s to publication3 8,_m ( ,sun ,wu's maxims are p]fectly applicable to ! pres5t day1 & no4 #aa on page #gg is "o t ! p ( ?is c\ntry w\ld d well to take to he>t40 #aba ,*4 #adj1 f4 #ac ro4 #abb ,see ,,iv4 #c4 #abc ,! allusion may be to ,m5cius ,,vi4 #b4 ix4 #b3 4 #abd 4 #abe ,! ,tso ,*uan4 #abf 4 #abg 4 #abh ,%ih ,*i1 *4 #be1 fol4 #a3 444 4 #abi ,! fir/ in/ance ( giv5 9 ! ,p#8ei ,wn ,yn ,fu is f ,ss-ma ,*#8i5's lett] to ,jn ,an 7see 1 *4 #da1 f4 #i ro71 :]e ,m4 ,*avannes translates x 8la cangue et la *ane40 ,b 9 ! pres5t passage x seems r to indicate "s s+le in/rum5t ( torture4 #acj 4 #aca ,cf4 ,%ih ,*i1 *4 #dg1 f4 #aa vo4 #acb 4 #acc ,see ,%u ,*+1 preface #ee4 #acd ,see ,tso ,*uan1 ,x4 #b2 ,%ih ,*i1 *4 #dg1 f4 #d ro4 #ace 4 #acf ,lun ,y1 ,,xv4 #a4 #acg ,tso ,*uan1 1 ,,xi4 #g4 #ach ,see supra4 #aci ,tso ,*uan1 1 ,x4 #b4 #adj ,ibid4 ,,xii4 #e2 ,*ia ,y1 *4 #a ad f94 #ada ,i h fail$ to trace ?is utt]ance4 ,see note #b on p4 xliii4 #adb ,see supra4 #adc 1 loc4 cit43 4 #add ,see supra4 #ade ,viz41 1 ! o!r f\r be+ 1 1 & 8wor%ip1 m\rn+1 ent]ta9m5t ( gue/s & fe/ive rites40 ,see ,%u ,*+1 ,,ii4 #a4 iii4 #h1 & ,*\ ,li1 ,,ix4 fol4 #di4 #adf ,preface to ,sun ,tz3 4 #adg ,see p4 #aff4 #adh ,?is is a r obscure allusion to ,tso ,*uan1 1 ,,xxxi4 #d1 :]e ,tz-*#8an says3 8,if y h a piece ( beautiful brocade1 y w n employ a m]e le>n] to make x up40 #adi ,cf4 ,tao ,t ,*+1 *4 #ca3 4 #aej ,sun ,hs+-y5 might h quot$ ,confucius aga94 ,see ,lun ,y1 ,,xiii4 #bi1 #cj4 #aea 4 #aeb ,bett] kn[n z ,hsiang ,y ,b4,c4 #bcc-bjb4 #aec ,! ?ird among ! 7or 7 enum]at$ on p4 #ada4 ,= ! incid5t ref]r$ to1 see ,tso ,*uan1 1 ,,xxii4 #d4 #aed ,see supra1 p4 xvi1 note #d4 #aee ,%ih ,*i1 *4 #dg1 f4 #g ro4 #aef ,ibid41 *4 #ch1 f4 #h vo4 #aeg 4 #aeh 4 #aei 4 #afj ,see p4 #agd4 ,fur!r details on ,t#8ai ,kung w be f\nd 9 ! ,%ih ,*i1 *4 #cb ad init4 ,besides ! tradition :i* makes him a =m] m9i/] ( ,*\ ,hs91 two o!r acc\nts ( him are !re giv51 accord+ to :i* he w\ld appe> to h be5 fir/ rais$ f a humble private /ation by ,wn ,wang4 #afa 4 #afb 4 #afc ,see ,han ,%u1 1 *4 #dj4 ,! "w is !re call$ 4 ,h5ce x has be5 confus$ ) ! ,liu ,t#8ao4 ,! ,t#8u ,%u attributes bo? ! ,liu ,t#8ao & ! ,san ,leh to ,t#8ai ,kung4 #afd 4 ,ano!r "w said to h be5 writt5 by ,huang-%ih ,kung1 & also includ$ 9 ! milit>y section ( ! ,imp]ial ,catalogue1 is ! ,su ,%u 9 #a *an4 ,a %ort e?ical treatise ( ,taoi/ sav\r1 hav+ no ref]5ce :atev] to w>1 x is pron\nc$ a =g]y f ! h& ( ,*ang ,%ang-y+ 7d4 #aaba71 :o edit$ x ) comm5t>y4 ,correct ,wylie's 8,notes10 new edition1 p4 #ij1 & ,c\rant's 8,catalogue des ,livres ,*9ois10 no4 #ejef4 #afe 4 ,we are told 9 ! t ! above six works1 toge!r ) ,sun ,tz1 7 ^? prescrib$ = milit>y tra9+ 9 ! p]iod 7#ajgh-he74 ,see ,y ,hai1 *4 #adj1 f4 #d ro4 #aff ,also writt5 & ,wu ,*i ,*+4 #afg 4 #afh 8,words on ,well+ton10 by ,sir ,w4 ,fras]4 #afi 8,=ty-"o ,ye>s 9 ,india10 *ap4 #df4 #agj ,see ,col4 ,h5d]son's biography ( ,/onewall ,jackson1 #aijb ed41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dij4 #aga ,see ,col4 ,h5d]son1 op4 cit4 vol4 ,i4 p4 #dbf4 #agb ,= a numb] ( maxims on ?is head1 see 8,m>%al ,tur5ne0 7,longmans1 #aijg71 p4 #bi4 #agc 8,m>%al ,tur5ne10 p4 #ej4 #agd 8,aids to ,sc\t+10 p4 #bf4 #age ,see 8,p5ses de ,napolon ,ier10 no4 #dg4 #agf 8,! ,sci5ce ( ,w>10 *ap4 #b4 #agg 8,aids to ,sc\t+10 p4 xii4 #agh 8,maximes de ,gu]re10 no4 #gb4 #agi ,giles' ,biographical ,diction>y1 no4 #cii4 #ahj 8,! ,sci5ce ( ,w>10 p4 #ccc4 #aha 8,/onewall ,jackson10 vol4 ,i1 p4 #dba4 #ahb ,see ,giles' ,diction>y1 no4 #ihag4 #ahc 8,unless y ent] ! tig]'s lair1 y _c get hold ( ! tig]'s cubs40 #ahd 8,aids to ,sc\t+10 p4 #b4 #ahe ,*#8i5 ,han ,%u1 *4 #dc1 fol4 #a4 ,y5 ,%ih-ku 9 loc4 says3 4 #ahf 8,unt]ri*t des ,knigs von ,preuss5 an die ,g5]ale se9] ,arme510 cap4 #ab 7edition ( #agid74 #ahg 8,m>%al ,tur5ne10 p4 #caa4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,text ,notes3 #a4 ,! text conta9s ,*9ese *>act]s4 ,"* v>iants mat*+ ! pr9t$ text are us$ :5ev] possible r ?an m common v]sions4 ,only ,unicode normaliz$ =m ,c v]sions 7 us$ 7see bel[74 ,= be/ results1 insure t ! e,reader has ! late/ ,*9ese font packages4 #b4 ,italiciz$ text is indicat$ ) lead+ & trail+ und]scores 774 ,sup]script text is indicat$ ) a lead+ c>et 774 ,if m ?an "o "*1 ! text is wrapp$ 9 braces774 ,ord9al numb]s ) sup]scripts 7i4e4 #a/1 #bnd1 #crd1 etc47 are pr9t$ )\t ! c>et4 #c4 ,footnotes h be5 r5umb]$ & plac$ at ! end ( ! book4 #d4 ,small] font text blocks su* z conta9$ 9 block quotes & annotation text is ind5t$4 ,! orig9al pr9t$ text did n ind5t ?is text4 #e4 ,9 ! ,introduction pages xi & xii1 s5t5ce gr\ps 9 ! quotation f ,ss-ma ,*#8i5's biography ( ,sun ,tz sep>at$ by em-da%es are n[ sep>at$ into p>agraphs = cl>ity4 #f4 ,9 ! orig9al book1 sev]al ,*9ese text l9es 7 plac$ 9 ! top qu>t] ( a page & ! translation 9 ! bottom ?ree qu>t]s ( ! page4 ,?is transcription places ea* ,*9ese text l9e above its correspond+ translation4 #g4 ,miss+ quotation m>ks1 capitalization1 punctuation1 & spaces sil5tly correct$4 #h4 ,except z m5tion$ above & 9 ! ,*ange ,li/ t foll[s1 e ef=t has be5 made to replicate ?is text z fai?fully z possible1 includ+ non-/&>d punctuation1 inconsi/5tly hyph5at$ words1 etc4 ,! corrig5da has already be5 incorporat$ into ! text4 ,*ange ,li/ 7page numb]s f orig9al pr9t$ book73 ,page x befel *ang$ to befell ,page xx !n *ang$ to !m ,page xxv abready *ang$ to already ,page xxxi surriv$ *ang$ to surviv$ ,page xlviii footnote #a h *ang$ to ,i h ,page xlviii comb9e two in/ances ( footnote #d ,page #ag accord+ to ,ss-ma ,fa1 *ang$ to accord+ to ! ,ss-ma ,fa1 ,page #bi & #fb ,us+ v>iant 7,u#gcgb7 9 place ( 7,u#b;,b#bf;,c7 s9ce ! latt] code po9t is n h&l$ by "s ,,tts sy/ems4 ,page #ci meaniug *ang$ to mean+ ,page #dd succ$+ *ang$ to succe$+ ,page #gj excla9$ *ang$ to exclaim$ ,page #abe *ang$ to ,page #acf ,*ang ,y adopts its1 *ang$ to ,*ang ,y adopts x1 ,page #aeb ! mat]ial = *ang$ to ,! mat]ial = ,page #aed & #aef ,us+ v>iant 7,u#gih;,f7 9 place ( 7,u#b;,e#c;,b#j1 7 s9ce ! latt] code po9t is r>e 9 fonts4 ,page #afh accompa9$ *ang$ to accompani$ ,page #aga lead]s ( m]c5>y troops404 *ang$ to lead]s ( m]c5>y troops40 ,sev]al pages ,us+ v>iant 7,u#ifii7 9 place ( 7,u#bh;,,ef#f7 s9ce ! latt] code po9t is n h&l$ by "s ,,tts sy/ems4 ,"* *anges to ,unicode normaliz$ =m ,c v]sions3 7,u,,fa#ef7 7,u#g;,,bc#j7 7,u,,fa#ai7 7,u#gie;,e7 7,u,,fa#db7 7,u#fe;,e#b7 7,u,,fa#a;,a7 7,u#gife7 7,u,,fa#a;,b7 7,u#gih;,f7 7,u,,fa#b;,c7 7,u#iibh7 7,u,,fa#ej7 7,u#gief7