,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,b\ld]4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,b\ld] ,,or ,,glean+s ,,f ,,! ,,note-,,book ,,( ,a ,,field ,,geologi/ ,,by ,,ar*ibald ,,geikie ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,survey ,,( ,,great ,,brita94 ,illu/rat$ ) ,woodcuts4 ,,ed9burgh3 ,,?omas ,,con/able ,,& ,,co4 ,,hamilton1 ,,adams1 ,,& ,,co41 ,,london4 ,,mdccclviii4 ,,ed9burgh3 ,t4 ,,con/able1 ,,pr9t] ,,to ,,h] ,,maje/y4 ,,to ,,george ,,wilson1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,,regius ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,te*nology ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ed9burgh1 ,,^! ,,pages ,,are ,,affectionately ,,inscrib$4 ,,preface ,! pres5t ,volume has be5 writt5 among ! rocks :i* x seeks to describe1 dur+ ! int]vals ( leisure ( a field-geologi/4 ,its composition has be5 c>ri$ on by snat*es1 (t5 %ort & f> ap>t1 "s ( ! descriptions hav+ be5 jott$ d[n on ! spot by /reamlet & hill-side1 or 9 ! quiet ( old qu>ries2 o!rs1 aga91 9 railway-c>riage or /age-coa*4 ,by mu* ! l>g] portion1 h[ev]1 has be5 writt5 by ! village fireside1 aft] ! field-"w ( ! day 0 ov]--a season n ! mo/ fav\rable to any m5tal ex]cise1 = we>9ess ( body is apt to beget lassitude ( m9d4 ,9 %ort1 7 ,i to say t ^! ,*apt]s h be5 z (t5 ?r[n aside & resum$ aga9 z !y conta9 p>agraphs1 ! /atem5t w\ld probably n exce$ ! tru?4 ,b ! erratic life ( an it9]ant /ud5t ( sci5ce is att5d$ ) yet great] disadvantages4 ,x entails an abs5ce f all libr>ies1 m especially sci5tific ones1 & ! numb] ( works ( ref]5ce admissible into 8 p>va supellex mu/ ev] be few inde$4 ,) ^! h9drances1 c ! writ] v5ture to hope t :at has ?us be5 s disjo9t$ & unconnect$ to him1 w n seem equally s to 8 read]s8 ,yet if 8 descriptions1 writt51 z x 71 face to face ) ,nature1 are f\nd to h caught "s t+e ( ,nature's fre%ness1 & please ! read] well en\gh to set him 9 ! way ( becom+ a geologi/1 he %all h accompli%$ all 8 design4 ,x _c be too widely kn[n1 or too (t5 press$ on ! att5tion1 especially ( ! "y1 t a true acqua9tance ) sci5ce1 s delightful to its possessors1 is n to be acquir$ at second-h&4 ,text-books & manuals are valuable only s f> z !y supplem5t & direct our own obs]vations4 ,a man ^: k ( ,nature is d]iv$ solely f ^! s\rces1 diff]s ab\t z mu* f "o :o betakes himself to ,nature h]self1 z a du/y1 desiccat$ mummy does f a liv+ man4 ,y h ! same bones & s9ews 9 bo?2 b 9 ! "o !y are h>d & dry1 :olly incapable ( action2 9 ! o!r !y are in/9ct ) fre%ness & life4 ,he :o w\ld "k :at physical sci5ce really is1 mu/ g out into ! fields & le>n x = himself3 & :atev] bran* he may *oose1 he w n be long 9 discov]+ t a =5oon intellig5tly sp5t !re mu/ be deem$ ( f> m wor? ?an days & weeks pass$ among books4 ,he sees ! objects ( 8 /udy ) 8 own eyes1 & n ?r\gh ! spectacles ( books2 facts come home to him ) a vividness & reality !y nev] c possess 9 ! closet2 ! free buoyant air bright5s 8 spirits & invigorates 8 m9d1 & he returns aga9 to 8 desk or 8 work%op ) a /ore ( new heal? & pleasure & k4 ,geology is peculi>ly ri* 9 ^! advantages1 & lies 9 a mann] op5 to all4 ,no matt] :at may be ! season ( ! ye>1 x (f]s always "s mat]ial = obs]vation4 ,9 ! dep? ( w9t] we h ! effects ( ice & fro/ to fall back ^u1 ?\gh ! c\ntry %\ld lie buri$ 9 sn[2 & !n :5 ! long] & bright] days ( spr+ & summ] come r\nd1 h[ easily may ! hamm] be buckl$ r\nd ! wai/1 & ! /ud5t em]ge f ! du/ ( t[n into ! joy\s air ( ! c\ntry1 = a few delightful h\rs among ! rocks2 or :5 autumn returns ) its long anticipat$ holidays1 & prep>ations are made = a scamp] 9 "s di/ant locality1 hamm] & note-book w n occupy mu* room 9 ! portmanteau1 & w c]ta9ly be f\nd mo/ ent]ta9+ company4 ,! foll[+ pages--=m+ a dige/ ( ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks--may1 p]haps1 9 "s measure1 guide ! explorations ( ! obs]v]1 by indicat+ to him ! scope ( geological rese>*1 ! pr9ciples on :i* ! sci5ce re/s1 & ! mode 9 :i* x is pursu$4 ,b ,i repeat1 no book1 no lecture-room1 no museum1 w make a geologi/ ( him4 ,he mu/ away to ! fields & /udy = himself1 & ! m he c le>n !re he w become ! bett] geologi/4 ,he ne$ n burd5 himself ) acc\trem5ts4 ,a hamm]1 pretty /\t 9 its dim5sions1 ) a r\nd blunt face & a flat %>p tail2 a note-book & a good pocket-l5s1 are all he ne$s to beg9 )4 ,hav+ ^!1 let him seek to le>n ! g5]al *>act]s' ( ! m common rocks1 aid+ himself1 :]e he c1 by a comp>ison ) ! specim5s ( a museum1 or1 fail+ t1 ) ! descriptions ( a text-book4 ,let him !n endeav\r to become acqua9t$ ) "s ( ! m *>act]i/ic fossils ( ! di/rict 9 :i* he resides1 s z to be able to recognise !m :]ev] !y occur4 ,private collections & local museums are n[ becom+ comp>atively common1 & ^!1 :]e accessible1 w aid him va/ly 9 8 /udies4 ,hav+ at l5g? ma/]$ ! m abundant rocks & organic rema9s ( 8 neighb\rhood1 let him try to trace out ! connexion ( ! diff]5t /rata across ! c\ntry1 s z to und]/& its /ructure4 ,= ?is purpose x w be necess>y to exam9e e rav9e & natural exposure ( ! rocks1 along ) qu>ries1 dit*es1 railway-cutt+s1 &1 9 %ort1 ! :ole surface ( ! di/rict4 ,a g5]al notion ( ! geology ( ! place w1 n p]haps be ( v difficult atta9m5t2 & ?is done1 ! obs]v] %\ld attempt to put d[n ! connexion ( ! rocks on pap]1 = till ?is is accompli%$ he w h at ! be/ b an imp]fect1 & p]haps incorrect notion ( ! subject4 ,! be/ map ( ! di/rict %\ld be obta9$1 also a cl9omet]1 or in/rum5t = asc]ta9+ ! angle at :i* rocks dip ) ! horizon1 & a pocket-compass ) :i* to m>k ! direction ( ! dip & /rike ( /rata1 t is1 ! outcrop1 or l9e :i* !y =m :5 !y come to ! surface4 ,?us arm$1 he may comm5ce a geological survey ( 8 neighb\rhood4 ,:]ev] he sees a b$ ( rock expos$1 x %\ld be m>k$ d[n on 8 map ) an arr[ po9t+ to ! direction 9 :i* ! /ratum is dipp+1 ! angle ( dip1 asc]ta9$ by ! cl9omet]1 be+ put alongside4 ,! nature ( ! rock1 :e!r s&/one1 %ale1 lime/one1 or gre5/one1 mu/ be set d[n at ! same place1 &1 to save room1 a sy/em ( m>ks = ! diff]5t rocks may be conv5i5tly us$4 ,:5 a suffici5t area ( gr\nd has be5 ?us trav]s$1 ! /ud5t may f9d1 say a r[ ( arr[s on 8 map all po9t+ due we/1 & indicat+ a set ( qu>ries ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile di/ant f "o ano!r1 ! rock 9 ea* ( !m dipp+ to ! we/4 ,if !re be at ! "o end a lime/one conta9+ c]ta9 fossils1 & at ! o!r end a /ratum exactly simil>1 conta9+ ! same fossils1 :ile ! qu>ries betwe5 display ! same rock1 he w inf]1 ( c\rse1 t ! :ole is "o lime/one1 & w accord+ly draw a l9e f ! la/ qu>ry on ! nor? to ! la/ on ! s\?1 connect+ !m all toge!r4 ,if ! b$ dips /eeply d[n1 ! l9e w be n>r[]1--if b slightly incl9$1 x w be broad]2 ! bread? ( su* a l9e 7:i* may be col\r$ to ta/e7 always v>y+ ) ! ?ickness ( ! /ratum & ! angle :i* x makes ) ! horizon4 ,9 a di/rict :]e faults & curvatures along ) trap-rocks ab\nd1 ! mapp+ becomes m complex1 b ! pr9ciple rema9s ! same--a curv$ /ratum on ! gr\nd mak+ a simil>ly curv$ b& on ! map1 & a fault or dislocation ( a set ( b$s produc+1 9 ! same way1 a correspond+ break 9 ! l9es trac$4 ,9 %ort1 a geological map %\ld be z f> z possible a transcript ( ! surface rocks ( a c\ntry4 ,! beg9n] %\ld avoid1 h[ev]1 attempt+ too mu*2 x w be en\gh = him at fir/ to h ma/]$ ! lead+ features ( ! geology ( 8 di/rict2 ! details _c be %[n save on a map ( a l>ge scale1 & are bett] transf]r$ to 8 note-book4 ,! use ( su* mapp+ is to enable u to ga9 a correct k ( ! geological /ructure ( a c\ntry1 & ( ! relation ( rocks to ea* o!r z reg>ds age1 orig91 c4 ,bacon tells u t writ+ makes an exact man2 we may say ) equal tru? t mapp+ makes an exact geologi/4 ,x is sometimes easy en\gh to obta9 a notion ( ! g5]al "* ( a di/rict by tak+ a few rambles across x2 b we c nev] "k x ?or\ghly until we h mapp$ x4 ,& ?is is done n z m]e dry r\t9e1 or by a s]ies ( h>d un9t]e/+ rules4 ,9 read+ (f ! geological /ructure ( a c\ntry1 we asc]ta9 its hi/ory dur+ _m ?\s& ages long prior to t ( man4 ,we become1 z x 71 int]pret]s ( hi]oglyphics1 & hi/orians ( long-p]i%$ dyna/ies4 ,^? :o h _h exp]i5ce ( field-geology1 "k h[ va9 x is to attempt to compress into a page or two ! results ( ye>s1 & t a few vague g5]al directions are ab\t ! utmo/ t c be attempt$4 ,! practice ( ! sci5ce _c be taught 9 books1 f> less 9 prefaces1 nei!r c x be le>n$ f !m4 ,& s ,i once m repeat ! advice3 ,get away to ! fields4 ,seek to deciph] ! geological records = y\rself1 & look ) y\r own eyes into ! long s]ies ( ages ^: annals lie inscrib$ among ! rocks4 ,if y c secure ! co-op]ation ( a few companions1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,half-a-doz5 hamm]s zeal\sly at "w 9 a ri*ly fossilif]\s /ratum w soon pile up a tol]able collection ( its treasures4 ,b :e!r s+ly or 9 company1 use y\r eyes & y\r hamm]1 & ev5 ?\gh 9 ! end y %\ld nev] become a geologi/1 y w 9 ! meantime ga9 heal? & vig\r1 & a cle>ness ( obs]vation1 t w /& y 9 good /ead ?r\gh life4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,sc5e ne> ,col9ton 9 midsumm]--,a grey travell$ ,b\ld]--,its aspect & cont5ts--,its /ory ( ! pa/1 #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,ext]ior ( ! b\ld]--,travell$ /ones a difficult problem--,once ref]r$ to ! ,deluge--,o!r !ories--,novelty ( ! true solution--,iceb]gs =m$ 9 ?ree ways--,progress & sc5]y ( an iceb]g--,its effects--,size ( iceb]gs--,b\ld] clay _h a glacial orig9--,?is explanation confirm$ by fossil %ells--,laws ( ! di/ribution ( life--,d$uctions1 #f ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,h[ ! b\ld] came to be "o--,crag & tail--,sc5]y ( c5tral ,scotl&3 ,ed9burgh--,crag & tail =m]ly associat$ 9 its orig9 ) ! b\ld]-clay--,?is explanation errone\s--,d5udation an old process--,its results--,illu/ration f ! ,mid-,lo?ian coal-field--,! ?ree ,ross-%ire hills--,! ,hebrides relics ( an anci5t l&--,sc5]y ( ! we/]n coa/--,effects ( ! break]s--,d5udation ( ! ,second>y /rata ( ! ,hebrides--,pres]vative influ5ce ( trap-rocks--,lo/ species ( ! ,hebrides--,illu/ration--,orig9 ( ! g5]al d5udation ( ! c\ntry--,illu/rative action ( /reams--,d5udation a v sl[ process--,_m old l&-surfaces may h be5 effac$--,v>i$ aspect ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s dur+ a p]iod ( subm]g5ce--,illu/ration1 #ah ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,int]ior ( ! b\ld]--,wide int]vals ( ,geology--,illu/ration--,long int]val betwe5 ! =mation ( ! b\ld] z "p ( a s&-b$1 & its /riation by glacial action--,sket* ( ! int]v5+ ages--,! b\ld] a ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s rock--,cycles ( ! a/ronom] & ! geologi/ contra/$--,illu/ration--,plants %[n by ! b\ld] once grew gre5 on l&--,traces ( t anci5t l& ,its seas1 %ores1 =e/s1 & lakes1 all productive ( mat]ial aids to our com=t & p[]--,plants ( ! ,c>bonif]\s era--,f]ns--,tree-f]ns--,calamites--,a/] ophyllites-- ,lepidod5dron--,lepido/robus--,/igm>ia-- ,sc5e 9 a ru9$ palace--,sigill>ia--,conif]1 ,cycade--,an?olites1 ! olde/ kn[n fl[]--,grade ( ! ,c>bonif]\s flora--,its resemblance to t ( ,new ,zeal&1 #cj ,,*apt] ,v4 ,sc5]y ( ! c>bonif]\s =e/s--,contra/ 9 ! appe>ance ( coal di/ricts at ! pres5t day--,abundance ( animal life 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s era--,advantages ( palontology ov] fossil-botany--,c>bonif]\s fauna--,act9i--,cup-corals--,ar*itecture ( ! pres5t day might be improv$ by /udy ( ! ar*itecture ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod--,mode ( propagation ( corals--,a =5oon on ! bea*--,v>i\s /ages 9 ! decomposition ( %ells--,sea-mat--,bryozoa--,f5e/ella--,r etepora--,/one-lilies-- ,popul> sup]/itions--,/ructure ( ! /one-lilies--,aspect ( ! sea-bottom on :i* ! /one-lilies fl\ri%$--,sea-ur*9s--,cru/acea1 _! high antiquity--,cyprides--,ar*itecture ( ! ,cru/acea & mollusca contra/$--,k+-crabs1 #ei ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,c>bonif]\s fauna cont9u$--,george ,h]b]t's ode on ,man--,8 idea ( creation--,:at nature tea*es on ?is subject--,mollusc\s animals--,range ( species 9 "t proportionate to _! di/ribution 9 space--,two pr9ciples ( r5ovation & decay exhibit$ alike 9 ! physical _w & ! _w ( life--,_! effects--,! mollusca--,abundantly repres5t$ 9 ! c>bonif]\s rocks--,pt]opods--,bra*iopods--,productu s--,its alliance ) ,spirif]--,spirif]--,t]ebratula--,lamell ibran*s--,ga/ropods-- ,l&-snail ( ,nova ,scotia--,cephalopods--,/ructure ( or?oc]as--,habits ( liv+ nautilus1 #hf ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,classification ( ! naturali/ n always correspond5t ) ! ord] ( nature--,incongru\s gr\p+ ( animals 9 ! inv]tebrate division--,rudim5t>y skeleton ( ! cephalopods--,introduction ( ! v]tebrate type into creation--,i*?yolites ( ! c>bonif]\s rocks--,_! /ate ( keep+--,classification ( fossil fi%es--,placoids--,i*?yodorulites--,gano ids--,_! /ructure exemplifi$ 9 ! megali*?ys & holopty*ius--,cranium ( megali*?ys--,its armature ( scales--,microscopic /ructure ( a scale--,skeleton ( megali*?ys--,hi/ory ( ! discov]y ( ! holopty*ius--,conf\nd$ ) megali*?ys--,ext]nal ornam5t ( holopty*ius--,its jaws & tee?--,microscopic /ructure ( ! tee?--,paucity ( t]re/rial fauna 9 coal measures--,insect rema9s--,relics ( reptiles--,conclud+ summ>y ( ! *>act]s ( ! ,c>bonif]\s fauna--,results1 #aaj ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,s& & gravel ( ! b\ld]--,:at !y sugge/$--,_! consid]ation leads u among ! m me*anical op]ations ( ,nature--,an endless succession ( mutations 9 ! economy ( ! univ]se--,exhibit$ 9 plants ,9 animals--,9 ! action ( w9ds & oceanic curr5ts--,beautifully %[n by ! ceaseless passage ( wat] f l& to sea1 & sea to l&--,?is int]*ange n an isolat$ ph5om5on--,h[ aid$ 9 its effects by a univ]sal process ( decay go+ on :]ev] a l& surface is expos$ to ! air--,complex mode ( ,nature's op]ations--,int]lac+ ( diff]5t causes 9 ! production ( an app>5tly s+le & simple effect--,decay ( rocks--,*emical *anges--,und]gr\nd & surface decomposition--,c>bonat$ spr+s--,! ,sp> ,cave--,action ( ra9-wat]--,decay ( granite--,sc5e 9 ,skye--,trap-dykes--,wea!r$ cliffs ( s&/one--,( conglom]ate--,( %ale--,( lime/one--,cav]ns ( ,raasay--,incid5t--,causes ( ?is wa/e ( calc>e\s rocks--,tomb/ones1 #ach ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,me*anical =ces at "w 9 ! dis9tegration ( rocks--,ra9s--,l&slips--,effects ( fro/s--,glaci]s & iceb]gs--,abrad+ p[] ( riv]s--,sugge/$ volume on ! geology ( riv]s--,"s ( its probable cont5ts--,sc5e 9 a woody rav9e--,fir/ idea ( ! orig9 ( ! rav9e "o ( primeval cataclysms--,prov$ to be incorrect--,love ( ! m>vell\s long ! bane ( geology--,m c>eful exam9ation %[s ! op]ations ( ,nature to be s+ul>ly uni=m & gradual--,! doctr9e ( sl[ & gradual *ange n less poetic ?an t ( sudd5 p>oxysms--,! orig9 ( ! rav9e may be s\ght among "s ( ! quiet] processes ( ,nature--,features ( ! rav9e ,lessons ( ! wat]fall--,c\rse ( ! /ream ?r\gh level gr\nd--,true hi/ory ( ! rav9e--,waves & curr5ts--,:at becomes ( ! wa/e ( ! l&--,! ,rhone & ! ,leman ,lake--,deltas on ! sea-m>g9--,reproductive effects ( curr5ts & waves--,usual belief 9 ! /ability ( ! l& & ! mutability ( ! ocean--,! rev]se true--,cont9ual int]*ange ( l& & sea "p ( ! economy ( ,nature--,! cont9uance ( su* a condition ( ?+s 9 future ages r5d]$ probable by its cont9uance dur+ ! pa/1 #aeg ,,*apt] ,x4 ,! /ructure ( ! /ratifi$ "p ( ! e>?'s cru/ conv5i5tly /udi$ by ! exam9ation ( a s+le =mation--,a coal-field select$ = ?is purpose--,illu/ration ( ! pr9ciples necess>y to su* an inve/igation--,! antiquities ( a c\ntry ( value 9 compil+ its pre-hi/oric annals--,geological antiquities equally valuable & m satisfactorily arrang$--,ord] ( sup]position ( /ratifi$ =mations--,ea* =mation conta9s its own suite ( organic rema9s--,! age ( ! b\ld] def9$ by ?is te/ f fossils--,ea* =mation z a rule %ades into ! adjac5t ones--,m9]al sub/ances *iefly compos+ ! /ratifi$ rocks few 9 numb]--,n ( mu* value 9 !mselves z a te/ ( age--,! ,mid-,lo?ian coal-bas9--,its subdivisions--,! lime/one ( ,burdieh\se--,its fossil rema9s--,its probable orig9--,c>bonif]\s lime/one s]ies ( ,mid-,lo?ian--,its relation to t ( ,engl&--,its organic rema9s totally diff]5t f ^? ( ,burdieh\se--,/ructure & sc5]y ( ,roman ,camp ,hill--,its qu>ries ( ! m\nta9 lime/one--,fossils ( ^! qu>ries indicative ( an anci5t ocean-b$--,orig9 ( ! lime/ones--,simil> =mations /ill 9 progress--,coral-reefs & _! calc>e\s silt--,sunset among ! old qu>ries ( ,roman ,camp ,hill1 #agh ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,int]calation ( coal seams among m\nta9 lime/one b$s ( ,mid-,lo?ian--,nor? ,gre5s seam--,mo/ ( our coal seams indicate =m] l&-surfaces--,orig9 ( coal a debat$ "q--,erect fossil trees 9 coal-measures--,d$uctions to be drawn !refrom--,diff]5ce betwe5 ! m\nta9 lime/one ( ,scotl& & t ( ,engl&--,coal-be>+ "* ( ! nor!rn s]ies--,divisions ( ! ,mid-,lo?ian coal-field--,! ,edge coals--,_! orig9 illu/rat$ by ! gr[? ( mod]n deltas--,delta ( ! ,nile--,( ! ,mississippi--,( ! ,ganges--,progress ( =mation ( ! ,edge coals--,sc5]y ( ! p]iod l t ( mod]n deltas--,calculations ( ! "t requir$ = ! gr[? ( a coal-field--,:y ( d\btful value--,roslyn ,s&/one gr\p--,af=ds pro(s ( a g5]al & m rapid subsid5ce b5ea? ! sea--,its great cont9uity--,probable orig9--,flat coals--,simil> 9 orig9 to ! ,edge coals bel[--,_! s]ies n n[ complete--,recapitulation ( ! g5]al *anges indicat$ by ! ,mid-,lo?ian coal-field1 #bjd ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,trap-pebbles ( ! b\ld]--,?ickness ( ! e>?'s cru/ unkn[n--,n ( mu* consequ5ce to ! practical geologi/--,int]ior ( ! e>? 9 a highly heat$ condition--,pro(s ( ?is--,granite & hypog5e rocks--,trap-rocks3 _! id5tity ) lavas & a%es--,sc5]y ( a trappean c\ntry--,subdivisions ( ! trap-rocks--,intrusive traps--,trap-dykes--,intrusive %eets--,salisbury ,crags--,traps ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,ed9burgh--,amorph\s masses--,contemporane\s trap-rocks ( two k9ds--,contemporane\s melt$ rocks--,te/s = _! age & orig9--,examples f neighb\rhood ( ,ed9burgh--,tufas or volcanic a%es--,_! /ructure & orig9--,example ( contemporane\s trap-rocks--,mode ( int]pret+ !m--,volcanoes ( ,c>bonif]\s times--,conclusion1 #bce ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,b\ld]4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,sc5e ne> ,col9ton 9 midsumm]--,a grey travell$ ,b\ld]--,its aspect & cont5ts--,its /ory ( ! pa/4 ,?ree miles to ! s\?-we/ ( ,ed9burgh1 & n _m hundr$ y>ds f ! seque/]$ village ( ,col9ton1 !re is a rav9e1 ov]%ad$ by a ?ick gr[? ( bee* & elm1 & trav]s$ b5ea? by a /ream1 :i*1 ris+ f> away among ! s\!rn hills1 w9ds ?r\gh ! ri* *ampaign c\ntry ( ,mid-,lo?ian4 ,x is1 at all seasons ( ! ye>1 "o ( ! mo/ picturesque nooks 9 ! c\nty4 ,i h se5 x 9 ! dep? ( w9t]--! leafless b\ghs dodd]$ & dripp+1 ! rocks dank & b>e save :]e half-hidd5 by ! rott+ h]bage1 & ! /ream1 r$ & swoll51 ro>+ angrily d[n ! gl51 :ile ! families1 locat$ along its banks1 flee+ 9 t]ror to ! high] gr\nds1 _h left _! cottages to ! m]cy ( ! torr5t4 ,! la/ "t ,i visit$ ! place 0 9 ! he>t ( ,june1 & surely nev] did woodl& sc5e appe> m exquisitely beautiful4 ,! bee* trees 7 9 full leaf1 & %ot _! silv]y b\ghs 9 sl5d] ar*es a?w>t ! dell1 int]tw9+ ) ! broad] foliage & deep] gre5 ( ! elm1 & ! /ill d>k] spray ( ! /ately fir4 ,! rocks on ei!r side 7 tape/ri$ ) v]dure2 fe/oons ( ivy1 ) "h & !re a ?read ( honey-suckle int]wov51 hung gracefully f ! cliffs ov]head2 ea* project+ l$ge _h its tuft ( h>ebells1 or spe$well1 or dog-violets1 ) _! blue fl[]s peep+ out ( ! moss & li*5s2 ! h]b-rob]t trail$ its r$ blossoms ov] crag & /one2 ! wood-sorrel ne/l$ its bright leaves & pale fl[]ets among ! gn>l$ roots ( bee* & elm2 :ile high ov] all1 alike on ! rocks above & among ! f]ns bel[1 t[]$ ! g5tly droop+ /alks ( ! fox-glove4 ,! /ream1 almo/ gone1 sc>cely broke ! /illness ) a l[ dr[sy murmur1 z x saunt]$ on among ! lapides adesos ( its pebbly *annel4 ,horace's beautiful l9es f\nd aga9 _! realization3-- ,qua p9us +5s1 albaque populus ,umbram hospitalem consoci>e amant ,ramis1 et obliquo laborat ,lympha fugax trepid>e rivo4 #a ,footnote #a3 ,:]e ! tall p9e & popl> pale ,delight to ca/ a?w>t ! vale ,a pleas+ %ade4 ,:ile ! cle> /ream l[ murmur+ bells4 ,& o'er its w9d+ *annel toils ,ad[n ! glade4--,a4 ,g4 ,x 0 noon1 & ! sun %one m brightly & ) great] heat ?an _h be5 felt = ye>s4 ,! air1 heavy & w>m1 induc$ a feel+ ( li/lessness & languor1 & ! day seem$ "o = :i* ! only appropriate employm5t w\ld h be5 to read once aga9 ! ,ca/le ( ,indol5ce4 ,b fail+ t1 ,i f\nd x pleasant to wat* ! flick]+ light %ot 9 fitful gleams ?r\gh ! ?ick canopy ( leaves1 & ?us1 9 ! coolness ( ! %ade1 to m>k ^! rays--sole mess5g]s f ! swelt]+ _w ar\nd--z !y danc$ f rock to /ream1 n[ light+ up ! ripples t curl$ dreamily on1 n[ *equ]+ "s huge b\ld] t lay smoo? & poli%$ 9 mid-*annel1 anon glanc+ playfully among ! ?ickets ( bri> or honeysuckle & vani%+ 9 ! %ade4 ,sometimes a wagtail w\ld alight at h&1 or a bee drone lazily pa/1 :ile ev5 an occasional butt]fly w\ld v5ture d[n into ?is %ady cov]t4 ,b1 ) ^! exceptions1 ! animal creation seem$ to h gone to sleep1 an example :i* x 0 some:at difficult to avoid foll[+4 ,:ile ?us idly engag$1 my eye re/$ on a l>ge b\ld] on ! opposite side4 ,x lay p>tly imb$d$ 9 a /iff clay1 & p>tly protrud+ f ! surface ( ! bank "s way above ! /ream4 ,a ?ick arb\r ( leafage ov]hung x1 ?r\gh :i* n ev5 ! fa9te/ ray ( sun%9e c\ld =ce its way4 ,! spot seem$ cool] & m picturesque ?an t :i* ,i occupi$1 & s1 cross+ ! well-nigh empty *annel1 ,i climb$ ! bank & 0 soon seat$ on ! b\ld]4 ,a /\t hamm] is a con/ant companion 9 my rambles1 & 0 soon employ$ on ?is occasion 9 *ipp+ almo/ unconsci\sly ! newly-acquir$ seat4 ,! action 01 p]haps1 des]v+ ( ! satire ( ,wordswor?'s ,solit>y3-- ,y may trace him (t ,by sc>s1 :i* 8 activity has left ,beside our roads & pa?ways1 ?\gh1 ?ank ,heav56 ,?is cov]t nook reports n ( 8 h&4 ,he1 :o ) pocket-hamm] smites ! edge ,( luckless rock or prom95t /one1 disguis$ ,9 wea!r-/a9s1 or cru/$ o'er by ,nature ,) h] fir/ gr[?s1 deta*+ by ! /roke ,a *ip or spl9t] to resolve 8 d\bts2 ,&1 ) t ready answ] satisfi$1 ,! sub/ance classes by "s b>b>\s "n1 ,& hurries on2 or f ! fragm5ts picks ,8 specim52 if b imply int]ve9$ ,) sp>kl+ m9]al1 or %\ld cry/al cube ,lurk 9 its cells & ?9ks himself enri*$4 ,weal?i]1 & d\btless wis]1 ?an be=e6 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ! di/ant aspect ( ! b\ld] to attract att5tion4 ,x 0 j su* a mass z doz5s ( o!rs all r\nd4 ,nor1 on clos] inspection1 might any?+ peculi> h be5 obs]v$4 ,x _h an irregul>ly oblong =m1 ab\t two or ?ree feet long1 & half z high4 ,f]ns & h]bage 7 gr\p$ ar\nd x1 ! wood-sorrel clu/]$ up its sides1 & little pat*es ( moss & li*5 ne/l$ 9 its crevices4 ,& yet1 )al1 !re 0 some?+ ab\t x t1 ere long1 rivet$ my att5tion4 ,i exam9$ x m9utely f "o end to ! o!r1 & f top to bottom4 ,! m ,i look$ ! m did ,i see to int]e/ me2 & :51 aft] a little lab\r1 "s portions ( its upp] surface 7 deta*$1 my curiosity 0 abundantly gratifi$4 ,t grey li*5$ /one1 half hid among foliage1 & unhe$$ by any human be+1 af=d$ me mat]ial = a pleasant =5oon's ?\ght4 ,w my read] accept an exp&$ n>rative ( my rev]ie8 ,i c almo/ anticipate a smile4 ,:at c !re be rem>kable 9 su* a grey /one1 hidd5 9 a wood1 & ( :i* nobody kn[s any?+8 ,x nev] =m$ "p ( any anci5t build+2 x m>ks ! site ( no ev5t 9 ! old5 "t2 x is l9k$ ) no?+ 9 ! hi/ory ( our c\ntry4 ,:at ( int]e/1 !n1 c x h = u8 ,nay1 ,i reply1 y are !re9 mi/ak54 ,x is1 assur$ly1 l9k$ ) ! hi/ory ( our c\ntry--x does m>k ! pass+ ( _m a hi/orical ev5t long ere human hi/ory began2 &1 ?\gh no tool ev] came ^u x1 x did once =m "p ( a build+ t rose "u ! f+] ( ! ,almighty dur+ ! long ages ( a bygone et]nity4 ,to *ange ! figure1 ?is b\ld] seem$ l a curi\s volume1 regul>ly pag$1 ) a few extracts f old] works4 ,bacon tells u t "s books are to be ta/$1 o!rs to be swall[$1 & "s few to be *ew$ & dige/$4 ,( ! la/ hon\r ,i ?9k ! b\ld] fully wor?y1 & if ! read] w accompany me1 ,i %all endeav\r to %[ him h[ ! process 0 attempt$ by me4 ,! rock consi/$ ( a h>d grey s&/one f9ely lam9at$ above1 & gett+ pebbly & conglom]itic bel[4 ,! includ$ pebbles 7 well worn1 & belong$ to v>i\s k9ds ( rock4 ,! upp] "p ( ! block 0 all r\nd$1 smoo!d1 & deeply groov$1 &1 :5 split op51 display$ num]\s /ems & leaflets ( plants conv]t$ into a black coaly sub/ance4 ,^! plants 7 easily recognisable z well-kn[n organisms ( ! c>bonif]\s /rata1 & x became accord+ly evid5t t ! b\ld] 0 a block ( c>bonif]\s s&/one4 ,! pebbles bel[1 h[ev]1 mu/ h be5 d]iv$ f m anci5t rocks1 & !y 7 ?us se5 to repres5t "s old] geological =mation4 ,9 ?is grey rock1 !re=e1 !re c\ld at once be detect$ well-m>k$ traces ( at lea/ two widely-sep>at$ ages4 ,! evid5ce = ea* 0 indubitable1 & ! *ronology ( ! :ole mass c\ld n be mi/ak54 ,! surface /riation bore und\bt$ evid5ce ( ! glacial p]iod1 ! emb$d$ plants z pla9ly indicat$ ! f> m anci5t era ( ! coal-measures1 :ile ! pebbles ( ! base po9t$1 ?\gh dimly1 to "s /ill m primeval age4 ,i _h "h1 z x 71 a qua9t1 old1 black-lett] volume ( ! middle ages1 giv+ an acc\nt ( ev5ts t 7 tak+ place at ! "t x 0 writt51 & conta9+ on its e>li] pages num]\s quotations f au?ors ( antiquity4 ,! scrat*$ surface1 to complete ! simile1 may be comp>$ to ?is old "w done up 9 a mod]n b9d+4 ,let u1 !n1 fir/ ( all1 look = a little at ! ext]ior ( ! volume1 & inquire into ! orig9 ( t /rangely-/riat$ surface1 & ( ! clay 9 :i* ! b\ld] re/$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,ext]ior ( ! b\ld]--,travell$ /ones a difficult problem--,once ref]r$ to ! ,deluge--,o!r !ories--,novelty ( ! true solution--,iceb]gs =m$ 9 ?ree ways--,progress & sc5]y ( an iceb]g--,its effects--,size ( iceb]gs--,b\ld]-clay _h a glacial orig9--,?is explanation confirm$ by fossil %ells--,laws ( ! di/ribution ( life--,d$uctions4 ,has ! read]1 :5 w&]+ up ! c\rse ( a /ream1 rod 9 h& p]haps1 ev] paus$ at "s huge r\nd$ block ( gneiss or granite damm+ up ! *annel1 & puzzl$ himself = a mom5t to conjecture h[ x c\ld get !re8 ,or :5 roll+ along 9 a railway c>riage1 ?r\gh "s deep cutt+ ( s&1 clay1 & gravel1 did ! "q ev] obtrude itself h[ su* masses ( wat]-worn mat]ial came into exi/5ce8 ,did he ev] wond] at ! odd position ( "s huge grey b\ld]1 f> away among ! hills1 arre/$ z x 7 on ! /eep slope ( a deep gl51 or p]*$ on ! edge ( a precipit\s cliff1 z ?\gh a pu% ) ! h& w\ld hurl x d[n into ! rav9e bel[8 ,or did he ev] wat* ! op]ations ( ! qu>ryman1 & m>k1 z ea* spadeful ( soil 0 remov$1 h[ ! surface ( ! rock bel[ 0 all smoo!d1 & /riat$1 & groov$8 ,^! que/ions1 seem+ly simple en\gh1 involve :at 0 wont to be "o ( ! greate/ problems ( geology1 & n _m ye>s h elaps$ s9ce x 0 solv$4 ,! :ole surface ( ! c\ntry 0 obs]v$ to be ?ickly cov]$ ) a s]ies ( clays1 gravels1 & s&s1 (t5 ab\nd+ 9 r\nd$ masses ( rock ( all sizes up to sev]al y>ds 9 diamet]4 ,^! deposits 7 se5 to cov] all ! h>d] rocks1 & to occur 9 a v irregul> mann]1 sometimes heap$ up into great m\nds1 & sometimes entirely want+4 ,!y 7 evid5tly ! results ( no ag5cy visible n[1 ei!r on ! l& or ar\nd our coa/s4 ,!y _h an appe>ance r ( tumultu\s & viol5t action1 & s x 0 wisely conclud$ t !y mu/ be traces ( ! great deluge4 ,! decision _h at lea/ ?is mu* 9 its fav\r1 x 0 ?or\ghly or?odox1 & accord+ly receiv$ m>k$ approbation1 m especially f ^? :o wi%$ well to ! "y sci5ce ( geology1 b 7 n altoge!r sure ( its t5d5cies4 ,b1 alas6 ?is promis+ symptom v soon vani%$4 ,z obs]v]s multipli$1 & inve/igations 7 c>ri$ on 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 ! tru? came out t ^! clays & gravels 7 peculi>ly a nor!rn =mation2 t !y did n appe> to exi/ 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 ,italy1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,syria1 & ! contigu\s c\ntries4 ,if1 !n1 !y orig9at$ f ! ru%+ ( ! diluvian wat]s1 ^! s\!rn l&s mu/ h escap$ ! cata/rophe1 & ! site ( ! pla9s ( ,ed5 w\ld h to be s\ght some:]e betwe5 ! ,alps & ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 %ock$ all previ\s ideas ( topography2 x 0 accord+ly agre$1 at lea/ among m ?\ghtful m51 t ) ^! clays & s&s ! deluge c\ld h _h no?+ to d4 ,o!r !ories spe$ily sprang up1 endeav\r+ to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a by suppos+ great bodies ( wat] ru%+ ) t]rific =ce across :ole cont95ts1 sweep+ away ! tops ( hills1 te>+ up & disp]s+ entire geological =mations1 & /rew+ ! ocean-bottom ) scatt]$ debris4 ,b ?is explanation _h ! disadvantage ( be+ woefully unphilosophical & n v cle>ly or?odox4 ,su* debacles did n appe> to h ev] tak5 place 9 any previ\s geologic era1 & exp]i5ce 0 aga9/ !m4 ,besides1 !y did n acc\nt = "s ( ! mo/ evid5t *>act]i/ics ( ! ph5om5a1 su* z ! nor!rn "* ( ! =mation1 ! long p>allel /riations ( ! rock surfaces1 & ! p]*+ ( huge b\ld]s on l(ty hills1 (t5 hundr$s ( miles di/ant f ! p>5t rock4 ,geologi/s 7 completely at fault1 & ! b\ld]-clay rema9$ a my/]y = ye>s4 ,:5 we consid] ! physical aspects ( ! c\ntries :]e ! "q 0 /udi$1 we _c mu* wond] t ! tru? 0 s h>d to f9d4 ,9 ! mid/ ( corn-fields & mead[s1 "o _c readily realize ! fact t ! spot :]e !y /& has be5 ! site ( a wide-spread sea2 & t :]e n[ villages & gre5 lanes meet ! eye1 !re once swam ! porpoise & ! :ale1 or mon/]s ( a /ill e>li] creation1 unwieldy 9 bulk & unc\? 9 =m4 ,su* *anges1 h[ev]1 mu/ h be51 = _! traces meet u on e h&4 ,we h ! sea da%+ aga9/ our %ores1 & !re seems no?+ at all improbable 9 ! ass]tion t once x da%$ aga9/ our hill-tops4 ,no "o1 !re=e1 has any difficulty 9 giv+ su* /atem5ts 8 implicit belief4 ,b :o c\ld h dream$ t ^! fields1 s w>m & sunny1 7 once seal$ 9 ice1 & sunk b5ea? a sea t 0 cumb]$ ) _m a w&]+ iceb]g8 ,:o c\ld h imag9$1 t d[n ^! gl5s1 n[ c>pet$ ) hea? & h>ebell1 ! glaci] work$ its sl[ way amid ! /illness ( p]petual sn[8 ,& yet /range z x may seem1 su* is ! true solution ( ! problem4 ,! b\ld]-clay 0 =m$ dur+ ! sl[ subm]g5ce ( our c\ntry b5ea? an icy sea1 & ! rock-surfaces owe _! poli%$ & /riat$ appe>ance to ! grat+ across !m ( s& & /ones froz5 into ! bottom ( va/ iceb]gs1 t drift$ dre>ily f ! nor?4 ,t we may ! bett] see h[ ^! results h be5 effect$1 let u glance = a little at ! ph5om5a obs]vable 9 nor!rn latitudes at ! pres5t day4 ,iceb]gs are =m$ 9 ?ree pr9cipal ways3--#a/1 ,by glaci]s desc5d+ to ! %ore1 & be+ borne seaw>ds by l&-w9ds2 #b;d1 ,by riv]-ice pack$ dur+ spr+1 :5 ! upp] rea*es ( ! riv]s beg9 to ?aw2 #c;d1 ,by coa/-ice4 ,i4 ,!re is an upp] /ratum ( ! atmosph]e *>act]iz$ by int5se cold1 & call$ ! region ( p]petual sn[4 ,x cov]s ! e>? l a great ar*1 ! two ends re/+1 "o on ! arctic1 ! o!r on ! ant>ctic zone1 :ile ! c5tre1 be+ ab\t #af1jjj feet above ! sea1#b rises directly ov] ! tropics4 ,:]ev] a m\nta9 is suffici5tly l(ty to pi]ce ?is upp] /ratum1 its summit is cov]$ ) sn[1 &1 z ! sn[ nev] melts1 x is pla9 t1 f ! accumulations ( fre% sn[-drifts1 ! m\nta9-tops1 by gradually increas+ 9 height & wid?1 w\ld become ! support+ columns ( va/ hills ( ice1 :i*1 break+ up at la/ f _! weight & wid?1 w\ld roll d[n ! m\nta9-sides & cov] va/ areas ( c\ntry ) a ru9 & desolation m t]rible ?an t ( any avalan*e4 ,olympus w\ld really be sup]pos$ ^u ,ossa4 ,by a beautiful arrangem5t ?is undue gr[? is prev5t$1 s t ! hill-tops nev] v>y mu* 9 height above ! sea4 ,! cone ( ice & sn[ :i* cov]s ! high] "p ( ! m\nta91 s5ds d[n into ea* ( ! div]g+ valleys a long sluggi% /ream ( ice1 ) a motion s sl[ z to be almo/ imp]ceptible4 ,^! /reams are call$ glaci]s4 ,z !y creep d[n ! rav9es & gorges1 blocks ( rock deta*$ by ! fro/s f ! cliffs above1 fall on ! surface ( ! ice1 & are sl[ly c>ri$ along ) x4 ,! bottom also ( ! glaci]s is *>g$ ) s&1 gravel1 & mud1 produc$ by ! sl[-cru%+ movem5t2 l>ge rocky masses become ev5tually worn d[n into fragm5ts1 & ! :ole surface ( ! h>d rock bel[ is trav]s$ by long p>allel grooves & /ri 9 ! direction ( ! glaci]'s c\rse4 ,among ! ,alps1 ! l[e/ po9t to :i* ! glaci] desc5ds is ab\t #hejj feet4 ,!re ! temp]ature gets too high to all[ ( its fur!r progress1 & s x sl[ly melts away1 *ok+ up ! valleys ) piles ( rocky fragm5ts call$ mora9es1 & 'giv+ rise to num]\s muddy /reams t trav]se ! valleys1 unit+ at l5g? into great riv]s su* z ! ,rhone1 :i* ent]s ! ,lake ( ,g5eva turbid & discol\r$ ) glacial mud4 ,footnote #b3 ,! av]age height ( ! sn[-l9e )9 ! tropics is #ae1bjg feet1 b x v>ies accord+ to ! am\nt ( l& & sea adjac5t1 & o!r causes4 ,?us1 among ! ,bolivian ,&es1 ow+ to ! ext5sive radiation1 & ! asc5d+ curr5ts ( air f ! neighb\r+ pla9s & valleys1 ! l9e /&s at a level ( #ah1jjj feet1 :ile1 on m\nta9s ne> ,quito1 t is1 imm$iately on ! equatorial l9e1 ! l[e/ level is #ae1gie4--,see ,mrs4 ,som]ville's ,physical ,geography1 #d? edit4 p4 #cad4 ,9 high] latitudes1 :]e ! l[] limit ( ! sn[-l9e desc5ds to ! level ( ! sea1 ! glaci]s are (t5 se5 protrud+ f ! %ore1 /ill lad5 ) blocks t h be5 c>ri$ d[n f valleys f> 9 ! int]ior4 ,! action ( /orms & tides is suffici5t to deta* l>ge masses ( ! ice1 :i* !n floats (f1 & is (t5 waft$ = hundr$s ( miles into temp]ate regions1 :]e x gradually melts away4 ,su* float+ isl&s are kn[n z iceb]gs4 ,,ii4 ,9 climates su* z t ( ,canada1 :]e ! w9t]s are v sev]e1 ! riv]s become solidly froz5 ov]1 &1 if ! fro/ be int5se en\gh1 a cake ( ice =ms at ! bottom4 ,9 ?is way s&1 mud1 & rocky fragm5ts /rew+ ! banks or ! *annel ( ! /ream1 are firmly enclos$4 ,:5 spr+ sets 91 & ! upp] p>ts ( ! riv]s beg9 to ?aw1 ! swoll5 wat]s bur/ _! w9try integum5ts1 & ! ice is !n said to pack4 ,lay] is pu%$ ov] lay]1 & mass heap$ ^u mass1 until great floes are =m$4 ,^! h (t5 ! mo/ fanta/ic %apes1 & are borne d[n by ! curr5t1 dropp+1 z !y g1 ! mud & b\ld]s1 ) :i* !y are *>g$1 until !y are /r&$ along "s coa/ l9e1 or melt away 9 mid-ocean4 ,,iii4 ,b iceb]gs are also produc$ by ! freez+ ( ! wat] ( ! ocean4 ,9 high latitudes1 ?is takes place :5 ! temp]ature falls to #bhe ( ,fahr5heit4 ,! surface ( ! sea !n p>ts ) its sal9e +r$i5ts1 & takes ! =m ( a %eet ( ice1 :i*1 by ! addition ( successive lay]s1 augm5t$ sometimes by sn[-drifts1 (t5 rea*es a height ( f ?irty to =ty feet4 ,on ! approa* ( summ] ^! ice-fields break up1 cra%+ into fragm5ts ) a noise l ! ?und]+ ( cannon4 ,! disp>t$ portions are !n c>ri$ t[>ds ! equator by curr5ts1 & may be enc\nt]$ by hundr$s float+ 9 op5 sea4 ,_! fir/ =m is flat1 b1 z !y travel on1 !y assume e v>iety ( %ape & size4 ,on ! %ores ( bracki% seas1 su* z ! ,baltic1 or along a coa/ :]e ! salt wat] is fre%5$ by /reams or sn[-drifts f ! l&1 %eets ( ice also frequ5tly =m dur+ sev]e fro/s4 ,s& & b\ld]s are ?us froz5 91 especially :]e a lay] ( ice has =m$ ^u ! sea-bottom4#c ,! action ( gales or ( tides is suffici5t to break up ^! masses1 :i* are !n ei!r driv5 a%ore & froz5 9 a fre% cake ( ice1 or bl[n away to sea4 ,! b]gs =m$ 9 ?is way h orig9ally a l[ flat outl9e1 & _m ext5d z ice-fields ov] an area ( _m miles1 :ile1 at a lat] "t1 !y may be se5 t[]+ precipit\sly z great hills1 "s #bjj or #cjj feet high4 ,footnote #c3 ,i 0 in=m$ by ! late ,mr4 ,hugh ,mill]1 t a seam ( %ale ab\nd+ 9 liassic fossils1 _h be5 f\nd int]calat$ among ! b\ld]-clay b$s 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ea?ie4 ,he expla9$ its occurr5ce !re by suppos+ t x _h =m$ a reef along a %ore :]e gr\nd-ice 0 =m+2 & s hav+ be5 firmly froz5 91 x 0 torn up on ! break+ ( ! ice1 & deposit$ at a di/ance among ! mud at ! sea-bottom4 ,few sights 9 nature are m impos+ ?an t ( ! huge1 solit>y iceb]g1 z1 reg>dless alike ( w9d & tide1 x /e]s its c\rse across ! face ( ! deep f> away f l&4 ,l "o ( ! ,hrim-?urs>1 or ,fro/-giants ( ,sc&9avian my?ology1#d x issues f ! portals ( ! nor? arm$ ) great blocks ( /one4 ,pr\dly x sails on4 ,! waves t da% 9 foam aga9/ its sides %ake n ! /r5g? ( its cry/al walls1 nor t>ni% ! %e5 ( its em]ald caves4 ,sleet & sn[1 /orm & tempe/1 are its cong5ial elem5ts4 ,night falls ar\nd1 & ! />s are reflect$ tremul\sly f a ?\s& peaks1 & f ! gre5 dep?s ( cav]ns measureless to man4 ,dawn aga9 arises1 & ! slant rays ( ! ris+ sun gleam brightly on e project+ crag & p9nacle1 z ! b]g /ill floats /eadily on2 yet1 z x ga9s m s\!rn latitudes1 :at c\ld n be accompli%$ by ! unit$ fury ( ! waves1 is sl[ly effect$ by ! mildness ( ! climate4 ,! float+ isl& becomes gradually %r\d$ 9 mi/ & spume1 /reamlets ev]y:]e trickle d[n its sides1 & great crags ev] & anon fall ) a sull5 plunge into ! deep4 ,! mass becom+ top-heavy1 reels ov]1 expos+ to light rocky fragm5ts /ill firmly imb$d$4 ,^!1 z ! ice ar\nd !m gives way1 are dropp$ "o by "o into ! ocean1 until at la/ ! iceb]g itself melts away1 ! mi/s are dispell$1 & sun%9e once m re/s ^u ! dimpl$ face ( ! deep4#e ,if1 h[ev]1 be=e ?is f9al dissipation1 ! w&]+ isl& %\ld be /r&$ on "s coa/1 desolation & gloom are spread ov] ! c\ntry = leagues4 ,! sun is obscur$1 & ! air *ill$2 ! crops w n rip52 &1 to avoid ! horrors ( fam9e1 ! inhabitants are fa9 to seek "s m g5ial locality until ! ice %all h melt$ away2 & mon?s may elapse be=e !y c return aga9 to _! villages4 ,footnote #d3 ,! acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ^! giants1 z giv5 9 ! prose ,edda1 is v graphic1 & may be n inaptly quot$ "h3--,:5 ! riv]s t are call$ ,elivag> _h fl[$ f> f _! s\rces1 repli$ ,h>1 ! v5om :i* !y roll$ along2 h>d5$1 z does dross t runs f a furnace1 & became ice4 ,:5 ! riv]s fl[$ no long]1 & ! ice /ood /ill1 ! vap\r aris+ f ! v5om ga!r$ ov] x & froze to rime2 & 9 ?is mann] 7 =m$ 9 ,g9nungagap _m lay]s ( congeal$ vap\r1 pil$ "o ov] ! o!r4--,t "p ( ,g9nungagap1 add$ ,jafnh>1 t lies t[>ds ! nor?1 0 ?us fill$ ) heavy masses ( gelid vap\r & ice1 :il/ ev]y:]e )9 7 :irlw9ds & fleet+ mi/s4 ,b ! s\!rn "p ( ,g9nungagap 0 light$ by ! sp>ks & flakes t flew into x f ,muspellheim4444 ,:5 ! heat$ bla/ met ! gelid vap\r1 x melt$ into drops1 &1 by ! might ( him :o s5t ! heat1 ^! drops quick5$ into life1 & took a human semblance4 ,! be+ ?us =m$ 0 nam$ ,ymir1 f :om desc5d ! race ( ! ,fro/-giants 7,hrim-?urs>71 z x is said 9 ! ,vlusp1 ',f ,vidolph came all wit*es2 f ,vilmei? all wiz>ds2 f ,sv>?fdi all poison-seek]s2 & all giants f ,ymir4'--,see ,mallet's ,nor!rn ,antiquities1 edit4 ,bohn1 p4 #djb4 ,footnote #e3 ,t beautiful expression ( s*ylus occurs to me1 s impossible adequately to clo! 9 ,engli%3 4 ,:o t has sp5t a calm summ] day ^u ! sea1 has n realiz$ its =ce & delicate beauty8 ,! iceb]g melts away1 b n )\t leav+ well-m>k$ traces ( its exi/5ce4 ,if x disappe> 9 mid-ocean1 ! mud & b\ld]s1 ) :i* x 0 *>g$1 are scatt]$ a?w>t ! sea-bottom4 ,blocks ( /one may ?us be c>ri$ across pr(\nd abysses1 & deposit$ hundr$s ( miles f ! p>5t hill2 & x %\ld be notic$1 t ?is is ! only way1 s f> z we "k1 9 :i* su* a ?+ c\ld be effect$4 ,great curr5ts c\ld sweep masses ( rock d[n into deep gulfs1 b c\ld n sweep !m up aga91 f> less repeat ?is process = hundr$s ( miles4 ,su* blocks c\ld only be transport$ by be+ lift$ up at ! "o place & set d[n at ! o!r2 & ! only ag5t we "k (1 capable ( c>ry+ su* a freight1 is ! iceb]g4 ,9 ?is way1 ! b$ ( ! sea 9 nor!rn latitudes mu/ be cov]$ ) a ?ick /ratum ( mud & s&1 pl5tifully int]sp]s$ ) b\ld]s ( all sizes1 & its valleys mu/ gradually be fill$ up z ye> by ye> ! deposit goes on4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,! visible portion ( an iceb]g is only ab\t "o-n9? "p ( ! real bulk ( ! :ole mass1 s t if "o be se5 #ajj feet high1 its l[e/ peak may p]haps be away d[n #hjj feet bel[ ! waves4 ,n[ x is easy to see t su* a mov+ isl& w (t5 grate across ! summit & along ! sides ( subm>9e hills2 & :5 ! l[] "p ( ! b]g is r\gh5$ ov] ) e>? & /ones1 ! surface ( ! rock ov] :i* x passes w be torn up & disp]s$1 or smoo!d & /riat$1 :ile ! b\ld]s imb$d$ 9 ! ice w be /riat$ 9 turn4 ,b "s iceb]gs h be5 se5 ris+ #cjj feet ov] ! sea2 & ^!1 if _! subm>9e portions sank to ! maximum dep?1 mu/ h rea*$ ! enorm\s total height ( #bgjj feet--t is1 r high] ?an ! ,*eviot ,hills4#f ,by su* a mass1 any rock or m\nta9-top exi/+ #bdjj feet bel[ ! surface ( ! ocean w\ld be poli%$ & groov$1 & succe$+ b]gs deposit+ mud & b\ld]s ^u x1 ?is smoo!d surface might be cov]$ up & suff] no *ange until ! ocean-b$ %\ld be sl[ly upheav$ to ! light ( day4 ,9 ?is way1 subm>9e rock surfaces at all dep?s1 f ! coa/ l9e d[n to #bjjj or #cjjj feet1 may be scrat*$ & poli%$1 & ev5tually entomb$ 9 mud4 ,footnote #f3 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce = #ahdc1 p4 #aee1 m5tion is made ( an iceb]g agr\nd on ! ,great ,bank ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,! av]age dep? ( ! wat] 0 ab\t #ejj feet1 & ! visible portion ( ! b]g f #ej to #gj feet high1 s t its total height mu/ h be5 little %ort ( #fjj feet1 ( :i* only a t5? "p rema9$ above wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,iceb]g grat+ along ! sea-bottom & deposit+ mud & b\ld]s4 ,& su* has be5 ! orig9 ( ! deep clay1 :i*1 ) its includ$ & accompany+ b\ld]s1 cov]s s l>ge a "p ( our c\ntry4 ,:5 ?is arctic condition ( ?+s began1 ! l& mu/ h be5 sl[ly s9k+ b5ea? ! sea2 & s1 z ye>s roll$ pa/1 high] & yet high] zones ( l& 7 br\ght d[n to ! sea-level1 :]e float+ ice1 com+ f ! nor?-we/1 /r&$ ^u ! rocks1 & scor$ !m all ov] z x grat$ along4 ,?is p]iod ( subm]g5ce may h cont9u$ until ev5 ! highe/ peak ( ! ,grampians disappe>$1 &1 aft] suff]+ f ! gr9d+ action ( ice-freight$ rocks1 ev5tually lay buri$ 9 mud f> d[n b5ea? a wide expanse ( sea1 ov] :i* !re voyag$ :ole argosies ( b]gs4 ,:5 ! process ( elevation began1 ! action ( waves & curr5ts w\ld t5d greatly to modify ! surface ( ! glacial deposit ( mud & b\ld]s1 z ! ocean-b$ sl[ly rose to ! level ( ! coa/ l9e4 ,9 "s places ! muddy envelope 0 remov$1 & ! subjac5t rock laid b>e1 all poli%$ & groov$4 ,9 o!r localities1 curr5ts br\ght 9 a cont9ual supply ( s&1 or wa%$ (f ! b\ld] mud & s&1 & !n re-deposit$ !m 9 irregul> b$s2 h5ce result$ ^? local deposits ( /ratifi$ s& & gravel s frequ5tly to be se5 re/+ ov] ! b\ld] clay4 ,at l5g?1 by degrees1 ! l& em]g$ f ! sea1 yet glaci]s /ill capp$ its hills & *ok$ its valleys2 b ev5tually a w>m] & m g5ial climate arose1 plants & animals1 su* z ^? at pres5t among/ u1 & "s1 su* z ! wolf1 no long] extant1 7 ere long introduc$2 & ev5tually1 z "l ( ! :ole1 man took 8 place ^u ! sc5e4#g ,footnote #g3 ,! read] :o wi%es to ent] m fully into ! geological effects ( iceb]gs1 %\ld consult ! sugge/ive section on t subject 9 ,de la ,be*e's ,geological ,obs]v]2 also ! ,pr9ciples & ,visit to ! ,unit$ ,/ales ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ) ! v>i\s au?orities ref]r$ to by ^! writ]s4 ,x is pleasant to m>k1 :5 once ! true solution ( a difficulty is obta9$1 h[ all ! discordant elem5ts fall "o by "o into ord]1 & h[ e new fact elicit$ t5ds to corroborate ! conclusion4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! glacial b$s1 !re occur regul> deposits ( %ells :i* mu/ h liv$ & di$ 9 ! places :]e we f9d !m4 ,f t5 to fifte5 p] c5t1 ( !m belong to species :i* are ext9ct1 t is to say1 h n be5 detect$ liv+ 9 any sea4 ,"s ( !m are /ill inhabitants ( ! wat]s ar\nd our coa/s1 b ! l>ge majority occur 9 ! nor!rn seas4 ,!y are emphatically nor!rn %ells1 & get small] 9 size & few] 9 numb] z !y proce$ s\?w>d1 till !y disappe> altoge!r4 ,9 l mann]1 ! palm1 on ! o!r h&1 is *>act]i/ically a tropical plant4 ,x atta9s its fulle/ developm5t 9 int]tropical c\ntries1 gett+ /unt$ 9 its progress t[>ds ei!r pole1 & ceas+ to gr[ 9 ! op5 air beyond ! ?irty-eigh? p>allel ( latitude 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 & ! =ty-fif? 9 ! nor!rn4 ,s1 too1 ! ivy1 :i* 9 our c\ntry hangs out its glossy fe/oons 9 e woodl&1 & ar\nd ! crumbl+ walls ( abbey1 & ca/le1 & t[]1 is nurs$ 9 ! draw+-rooms ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg z a delicate & fav\rite exotic4 ,9 %ort1 ! laws :i* regulate ! habitat ( a plant or an animal are ab\t z con/ant z ^? :i* det]m9e its =m4 ,!re are1 inde$1 exceptions to bo?4 ,we may sometimes f9d a /ray vulture f ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean gorg+ itself on %eep or lambs among ! wolds ( ,engl&1#h j z we (t5 see ,a d\ble *]ry seem+ p>t$1 ,b yet an union 9 p>tition2 or z we he> ( a %eep ) five legs1 & a kid ) two heads4 ,b ^! exceptions1 f _! comp>ative r>ity1 only make ! laws m evid5t4 ,:51 !re=e1 we f9d1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( our c\ntry1 b$s ( %ells 9 su* a /ate ( pres]vation z to lead u to believe t ! animals mu/ h liv$ & di$ :]e _! rema9s are n[ to be se51 we ju/ly inf] t ! di/ricts :]e !y occur mu/ at "o p]iod h be5 subm]g$4 ,if ! %ells belong to fre%-wat] species1 x is pla9 t !y occur on ! site ( an old lake4 ,if !y are m>9e1 we conclude t ! localities :]e !y are f\nd no matt] h[ high above ! sea mu/ =m]ly h /ood greatly l[]1 s z to =m ! ocean b$4 ,to proce$ "o /ep fur!r4 ,if ! %ells are ( a s\!rn type1 t is1 if !y belong to species#i :i* are kn[n to exi/ only 9 wann] seas ?an our own1 we pron\nce t at a =m] p]iod ! latitudes ( ,great ,brita9 mu/ h enjoy$ a m temp]ate & g5ial climate1 s z to all[ s\!rn %ells to h a wid] range nor?w>ds4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are ( an arctic or boreal type1 we 9 ! same way inf] t our latitudes 7 once m>k$ by a sev]] temp]ature ?an !y n[ possess1 s z to p]mit nor!rn %ells to range f>!r s\?w>ds4 ,?is reason+ is /rictly correct1 & ! tru? involv$ =ms ! basis ( all inquiries into ! =m] condition ( ! e>? & its inhabitants4 ,footnote #h3 ,two ( ^! birds 7,neopron pecnopt]us7 are /at$ to h be5 se5 ne> ,kilve1 9 ,som]set%ire1 9 ,octob] #ahbe4 ,"o 0 %ot1 ! o!r escap$4 ,footnote #i3 ,!re is n a little difficulty 9 reason+ satisfactorily z to climatal conditions1 f ! di/ribution ( k9dr$ =ms4 ,ev5 9 a s+le g5us !re may be a wide range ( geographical di/ribution1 s t m]e g5]ic id5tity is n always a safe guide4 ,?us1 ! elephant n[ fl\ri%es 9 tropical c\ntries1 b 9 ! glacial p]iod a long-hair$ species 0 abundant 9 ! froz5 nor?4 ,i h above re/rict$ myself entirely to species ^: habits & geographical di/ribution are already suffici5tly kn[n4 ,! evid5ce furni%$ by ! nor!rn %ells 9 ! b\ld]-clay s]ies is1 accord+ly1 ( ! mo/ unmi/akable k9d4 ,^! organisms tell u t at ! "t !y liv$ our c\ntry lay sunk b5ea? a sea1 su* z t ( ,icel& & ! ,nor? ,cape1 ov] :i* _m an iceb]g mu/ h j\rney$1 & ?us !y corroborate our conclusions1 d]iv$ indep5d5tly f ! deep clay & b\ld] b$s & ! /riat$ rock-surfaces1 z to ! glacial orig9 ( ! b\ld]-clay4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,h[ ! b\ld] came to be "o ,crag & tail--,sc5]y ( c5tral ,scotl&3 ,ed9burgh--,crag & tail =m]ly associat$ 9 its orig9 ) ! b\ld]-clay--,?is explanation errone\s--,d5udation an old process--,its results--,illu/ration f1 ! ,mid-,lo?ian coal-field--,! ?ree ,ross-%ire hills--,! ,hebrides relics ( an anci5t l&--,sc5]y ( ! we/]n coa/--,effects ( ! break]s--,d5udation ( ! ,second>y /rata ( ! ,hebrides--,pres]vative influ5ce ( trap-rocks--,lo/ species ( ! ,hebrides--,illu/ration--,orig9 ( ! g5]al d5udation ( ! c\ntry--,illu/rative action ( /reams--,d5udation a v sl[ process--,_m old l&-surfaces may h be5 effac$--,v>i$ aspect ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s dur+ a p]iod ( subm]g5ce--,illu/ration4 ,! scrat*$ & groov$ surface ( ! b\ld] 0 produc$ :5 x 0 fa/ froz5 9 "s iceb]g1 & driv5 grat+ly across "s subm>9e summit1 or /r&$ on "s rocky coa/-l9e4 ,b1 f its r\nd$ =m1 ! /one _h evid5tly und]gone a long process ( we> & te> previ\s to its glacial j\rney4 ,probably x _h hi!rto la9 along a surf-beat5 bea*1 :]e 9 ! c\rse ( ages x _h gradually be5 worn into its pres5t r\nd$ %ape4 ,b h[ came x !re8 ,x mu/ orig9ally h =m$ "p ( a flat s&/one b$1 ) _m o!r b$s pil$ above x4 ,by :at ag5cy1 !n1 0 ?is great pile r$uc$ to fragm5ts8 ,! answ] to ^! que/ions mu/ be a some:at l5g!n$ "o1 = ! subject relates n to a few b$s ( rock ha/ily brok5 up & disp]s$1 b to ! physical *anges ( an entire c\ntry1 c>ri$ on dur+ a va/ succession ( geological p]iods4 ,a ph5om5on1 kn[n famili>ly z crag & tail1 has long be5 connect$ 9 its orig9 ) ! drift or b\ld] b$s4 ,has my read] ev] travell$ ?r\gh c5tral ,scotl&8 ,if s1 he mu/ (t5 h notic$ ! abrupt isolat$ =m ( _m ( ! hills1 pres5t+ a mural front to ! we/1 & a long slop+ declivity to ! ea/4 ,f ! great numb] ( isolat$ h>d trap-rocks 9 ?is region1 ! ph5om5on is mu* bett] se5 ?an 9 mo/ o!r p>ts ( ! k+dom4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 ! ca/le rock ( ,/irl+1 ) its beetl+ crag & ca/ellat$ summit1 :i* pres5t s impos+ a front to ! we/4 ,_m o!r examples are se5 along ! l9e ( ! ,ed9burgh & ,glasg[ ,railway4 ,! range ( hills s\? ( ,l9li?g[1 ! s+ul>ly abrupt basalt ( ,b9ny ,craig1 ! long r\nd$ ridge ( ,ra?o1 ! d\ble-peak$ crag ( ,dalmahoy1 ! broad undulation ( woody ,cor/orph9e1 are all examples m or less m>k$4 ,ed9burgh itself is an excell5t illu/ration4 ,! ,calton ,hill %[s a /eep front to ! t[n1 :ile its ea/]n side slopes away d[n to ! sea4 ,ar?ur's ,seat1 9 l mann]1 has a precipit\s we/]n face1 & a g5tle declivity ea/w>d4 ,! ,ca/le rock1 too1 %oots up p]p5dicul>ly f ! valley t girdles x on ! nor?1 we/1 & s\?1 s9k+ away to ! ea/ 9 a long slope-- ,^: ridgy back heaves to ! sky1 ,pil$ deep & massy1 close & high4 ,ea/-,lo?ian pres5ts sev]al well-m>k$ in/ances2 9 p>ticul>1 ,nor? ,b]wick ,law & ,trapra94 ,a ph5om5on s g5]al mu/ h _h "s g5]al orig91 & x 0 accord+ly attribut$ to ! same ag5cy :i* produc$ ! drift-clays & ! /riat$ rock-surfaces1 :5 ^! 7 believ$ to be ! results ( great diluvial action4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t ! ph5om5on ( crag & tail %\ld n be associat$ ) ! b\ld]-clay4 ,! latt] is und\bt$ly a new] ,t]ti>y =mation1#aj b ! d5udation#aa :i* produc$ crag & tail mu/ h be5 go+ on long ere ! ,t]ti>y ages _h begun4 ,!re is satisfactory evid5ce t l>ge areas ( our c\ntry 7 plan$ d[n at a greatly m anci5t p]iod ?an t ( ev5 ! olde/ ( ! ,t]ti>y s]ies4 ,?us1 ! :ole area ( ! c\nty ( ,sussex suff]$ a v ext5sive d5udation dur+ ! lat] ,second>y ages4 ,! ,hebrides _h und]gone a simil> process previ\s to ! deposition ( ! ,lias & ,oolite1 & ! ,greywacke hills ( s\? ,scotl&1 previ\s to ! =mation ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,!re seems ?us to h be5 a g5]al & cont9u\s process ( degradation at "w dur+ a long succession ( geological ages4 ,footnote #aj3 ,! read] is ref]r$ to ! table ( ! geological =mations at ! end ( ! volume = ! relative position ( ! b$s describ$4 ,footnote #aa3 ,d5udation is a geological t]m us$ to d5ote ! removal ( rock by ! wa/+ action ( wat]1 :]eby ! und]ly+ m9]al masses are d5ud$ or laid b>e4 ,! results ( ?is long-cont9u$ action are ( ! mo/ />tl+ k9d4 ,i h ref]r$ to ! ph5om5on ( crag & tail z p]haps ! mo/ readily obs]vable4 ,we mu/ n fail to rememb] t ! crag :i* n[ /&s up s prom95tly above ! level ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 at "o p]iod lay buri$ b5ea? an accumulation ( s&/one1 %ale1 or o!r /rata1 all ( :i* h be5 c>ri$ away1 s z to leave ! h>d] rock 9 bold relief1 ) a portion ( ! less coh]5t /rata slop+ z a long tail f its ea/]n side4 ,! crag1 too1 is (t5 brea*$ 9 _m places1 worn d[n at "o end1 r\nd$ on ! summit1 & sometimes well-nigh gr\nd away altoge!r1 :il/ 9 front !re is inv>iably a deep holl[ scoop$ out by ! curr5t :5 arre/$ by ! abrupt cliff4 ,9 ,fig4 #b1 a repres5ts a crag ( gre5/one worn away & b>$ ( ! %ales :i* once cov]$ x2 b1 ! slop+ tail ( s(t] /rata1 protect$ f abrasion by ! resi/ance ( ! trap-rock1 & cov]$ by a deep lay] ( drift1 d2 c m>ks ! holl[ on ! we/ side ( ! crag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,crag & tail4 ,b :5 we come to measure ! actual am\nt ( mat]ial t has be5 c>ri$ away1 we are lo/ 9 conjecture z to ! va/ness ( ! "t :i* su* a process mu/ h occupi$4 ,= in/ance1 ! coal-be>+ /rata ( ,mid-,lo?ian mu/ at "o p]iod h be5 connect$ ) ^? ( ,l9li?g[ & ,/irl+4 ,at a subsequ5t date1 ! we/]n area subsid$ to =m ! ,/irl+%ire coal-bas91 & ! ea/]n area1 9 l mann]1 sank d[n to =m ! coal-bas9 ( ,mid-,lo?ian1 :ile ! int]m$iate portion /ret*$ f ea/ to we/ z a great ar*1 or1 z x is t]m$ geologically1 an anticl9al axis4 ,n[1 ! :ole ( ?is ar* has be5 worn away1 n a ve/ige ( x rema9s1 & yet its upp] or coal-be>+ "p 0 fully #cjjj feet ?ick4#ab ,footnote #ab3 ,?is rem>kable example ( d5udation 0 fir/ describ$ by ,mr4 ,m',l>51 9 8 ,sket* ( ! ,geology ( ,fife & ! ,lo?ians1 a "w 9 :i* ! au?or %[$ himself to be 9 advance ( ! sci5ce ( 8 "t4 ,let u take a small portion ( ?is di/rict1 & endeav\r to calculate ! am\nt ( matt] ?us remov$4 ,! ,p5tl& hills =m a *a9 /ret*+ f ne> ,ed9burgh = "s f\rte5 miles s\?w>d1 & hav+ an av]age bread? ( ab\t two miles & a half4 ,!y are =m$ *iefly ( felspa?ic trap-rocks1 re/+ ^u & int]/ratifi$ ) conglom]ate app>5tly ( ,old ,r$ age1 :i* 9 turn lies ^u v]tical ,silurian slates4 ,be=e ! ,c>bonif]\s /rata 7 ?r[n d[n by successive faults1 !y mu/ h cov]$ ^! hills completely to a dep? ( n less ?an #fjjj feet4#ac ,f ?is small area1 !re=e1 /ratifi$ s&/ones1 %ales1 lime/ones1 & coal1 mu/ h be5 remov$ to ! enorm\s ext5t ( "o billion1 eight hundr$ & fifty-f\r ?\s&1 f\r hundr$ & sixty-f\r millions ( cubic feet4 ,footnote #ac3 ,! actual dep? ( ! ,mid-,lo?ian coal-field1 to ! base ( ! c>bonif]\s lime/one1 is r m ?an #cjjj feet4 ,x is1 p]haps1 r "u ?an ov] ! tru? to all[ #cjjj feet = ! total ?ickness ( b$s f ! lime/one to ! conglom]ate ( ,lib]ton1 ?\gh1 ow+ to ! curv$ & contort$ position ( ! /rata f ,ed9burgh to ,/irl+%ire1 x is impossible to obta9 a measurem5t ( _! real ?ickness4 ,i h attribut$ ! isolation ( ! ,falkirk & ,mid-,lo?ian coal-fields to ! effect ( faults & g5]al depressions ( _! areas4 ,?is 0 assur$ly ! case 9 ! latt] coal-field1 & probably 9 ! =m] also4 ,! trap :i* occurs betwe5 !m1 ?\gh 9 great abundance1 has c]ta9ly n act$ z an elevat+ ag5t4 ,x occurs 9 b$s among ! /rata1 &1 judg+ f ! numb] ( associat$ tufas1 appe>s to h be5 to a consid]able ext5t erupt$ :ile ! l[] c>bonif]\s s]ies 0 =m+4 ,mr4 ,m',l>51 9 8 excell5t "w1 p4 #ajj1 /ates 8 op9ion t ! traps may h mat]ially contribut$ to pu% up ! coal /rata4 ,a c>eful & ext5d$ exam9ation ( ! di/rict has conv9c$ me t ?is view is incorrect4 ,b1 p]haps1 ! mo/ /rik+ in/ances ( d5udation 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s are ! ?ree fam\s ,ross-%ire hills--,suil ,ve9n1 ,c\l ,mor1 & ,c\l ,bheig4 ,!y are =m$ ( piles ( s&/one b$s l ti]s ( regul> masonry1 & rea* a height ( #cjjj feet ov] ! sea4 ,! s&/one ( :i* !y are compos$ mu/ once h =m$ a b$ or set ( b$s fully #bjjj feet ?ick1 t cov]$ ! :ole di/rict = _m miles ar\nd4 ,yet ( ?is ext5sive deposit !re n[ exi/ only a few isolat$ fragm5ts4 ,i h wat*$ ! sun%9e & %ad[ ( an autumn sky re/+ alt]nately on ^! /range pyramidal hills1 z !y t[]$ 9 _! giant proportions l ! la/ remnants ( a mighty ramp>t t _h /ood ! brunt ( a long siege1 &1 brea*$ at la/ 9 _m places1 _h be5 all b levell$ to ! gr\nd4 ,h[ long-cont9u$ & h[ pot5t mu/ t ag5cy h be5 :i* c\ld cut d[n & disp]se ! massive b>ri] t flank$ ! we/]n coa/ ( ,ross-%ire to a height ( #bjjj feet6 ,! ,hebrides are b ! %att]$ relics ( an old l& t _h its m\nta9-peaks & its gl5s1 its /reams & lakes1 & may h nurs$ 9 its solitude ! r$-de] & ! eagle1 b 0 nev] trodd5 by ! foot ( man4 ,a glance at ! map is en\gh to conv9ce u ( ?is4 ,we !re see isl&s1 & p59sulas1 & promontories1 & deep bays1 & long-retir+ inlets1 z ?\gh ! c\ntry _h be5 subm]g$ & only its high] po9ts rema9$ above wat]4 ,! conviction is impress$ m /rongly ^u u by a visit to ^! %ores4 ,we sail ?r\gh ! w9d+s ( "o ( ! s\nds1 & c sc>cely believe t we are on ! bosom ( ! salt sea4 ,hills rise on all sides1 & ! wat]1 smoo? z a poli%$ mirror1 %[s s pure & limpid t 9 ! sun%9e we c see ! :ite pebbles t /rew its b$ _m fa?oms d[n4 ,! ea/]n %ore is (t5 abruptly int]rupt$ by long-rec$+ lo*s edg$ r\nd ) l(ty m\nta9s1 & ?us1 :]e we _h look$ to see a deep hea?y gl51 )1 p]*ance1 a :ite tree-%ad$ mansion 9 ! f> di/ance1 & a few dun smok+ cottages 9 front1 we are surpris$ to cat* a glimpse ( ! :ite sails ( a ya*t1 or ! d>k] canvas ( ! h]r+-boats4 ,we sail on1 & soon a sudd5 turn br+s u abruptly to ! m\? ( ! s\nd4 ,a bold headl&1 /udd$ ar\nd ) rocky islets1 rises p]p5dicul>ly f ! sea1 bleak & b>e1 )\t a bu% or tree1 or ! fa9te/ trace ( ! proximity ( man4 ,! broad swell ( ! ,atlantic comes roll+ 9 among ^! rocks1 & breaks 9 foam aga9/ ! grey cliffs ov]head4 ,9 tempe/s1 su* a sc5e mu/ be ( ! mo/ t]rific k9d4 ,wo to ! hapless vessel t is suck$ into ! vortex ( ^! break]s1 ^: ro> is sometimes he>d at ! di/ance ( miles6 ,ev5 9 ! calme/ wea!r ! :ite surf comes surg+ 91 & a l[ sull5 boom is ev] rev]b]at+ along ! %ore4 ,we see ! h>d] rocks protrud+ f> into ! sea1 & (t5 pi]c$ ) long twilight caves1 :ile ! s(t] ones are worn into deep clefts1 or holl[$ out into op5 bays /rew$ ov] ) %+le4 ,! sunk5 rocks & islets1 sc>cely %[+ _! tops above wat]1 7 all evid5tly at "o "t connect$1 =1 z we rec$e f ! %ore1 we c m>k h[ ! process ( demolition goes on4 ,!re is fir/ ! project+ ness or promontory1 well-nigh sev]$ f ! ma9l&1 b /ill connect$ by a rude ar*1 ?r\gh :i* ! swell ev] gurgles to & fro4 ,!n1 a little f>!r f ! %ore1 a huge isolat$ crag1 wa%$ on all sides by ! surge1 raises its grey li*5-clo!d summit4 ,a %ort way beyond1 !re is ! well-worn islet ^: surface %elt]s nei!r li*5 nor sea-we$1 b is ev] wet ) ! da% ( ! waves4 ,fur!r to ! sea1 ! :ite gleam ( ! break]s m>ks ! site ( ! sunk5 rock4 ,?us1 9 ! space ( a hundr$ y>ds1 we may sometimes behold ! progress ( *ange f l& to sea1 & see be=e u a specim5 ( t action :i* sl[ly b yet /eadily has n>r[$ & brea*$ ! outl9e ( our we/]n %ores4#ad ,footnote #ad3 ,i h endeav\r$ to illu/rate ! process ( d5udation by a ref]5ce to break]-action on ! exi/+ coa/-l9e ( ! ,hebrides2 b a /rong curr5t mu/ h mat]ially increas$ ! =ce ( ! anci5t waves1 & produc$ abrasion to "s dep? bel[ !m4 ,if we attempt to trace ! connexions ( /rata among ! ,hebrides1 we %all be m fully impress$ ) ! magnitude ( ! *anges :i* h be5 effect$4 ,?us ! ,lias & ,oolite occur 9 pat*es along ! %ores ( ,mull1 ,morv51 ,ardnamur*an1 ,eigg1 ,skye1 ,raasay1 & ,applecross4 ,b ?\gh n[ only 9 pat*es1 ^! =mations mu/ once h ext5d$ ov] a consid]able area1 = !y seem to =m ! "u-rock ( ! :ole ( ! nor!rn "p ( ,skye1 & are se5 9 almo/ e lone isl& f ,ardnamur*an ,po9t to ! ,%iant ,isles4 ,^! scatt]$ portions1 (t5 _m miles di/ant f ea* o!r1 are ! remnants ( a great %eet ( liassic & oolitic /rata1 n[ almo/ entirely swept away1 & are extant f hav+ be5 cov]$ ov] ) h>d trap-rocks4 ,b = ^! x may be d\bt$ :e!r we %\ld ev] h kn[n t corals once gleam$ :ite along ! %ores ( ,skye1 t ! _m-*amb]$ ammonite swam ov] ! site ( ! ,cool9 ,hills1 t ! huge reptilian mon/]s ( ^! anci5t times1 ic?yosaurs & plesiosaurs1 c>e]$ ?r\gh ! wat]s t lav$ ! grey hills ( ,sleat1 & t =e/s ( zamia & cycas1 & _m o!r plants indicative ( a w>m climate1 bloom$ gre5 & luxuriant along ! site ( t /range mi/-clad cliff-l9e1 t %oots up into ! p9nacles ( ! ,/orr & ,quira+4 ,x is curi\s to reflect1 t ! records ( ^! peaceful sc5es h be5 pres]v$ to u by ! deva/at+ eruptions ( volcanic =ces2 t ! old lava-/reams :i* spread dea? ?r\gh ! wat]s along ^: b$ !y travell$1 h yet be5 ! means ( protect+ ! di/ricts :i* !y wa/$1 :ile ^? p>ts :]e !y did n rea* h be5 long s9ce swept away4 ,x is all[able to believe1 t 9 ! portions ( liassic /rata :i* h be5 de/roy$ !re exi/$ ! rema9s ( n a few species1 p]haps "s g5]a1 to be f\nd n[h]e else1 & ( ^: =m] exi/5ce !re is n[1 by consequ5ce1 no trace4 ,9 ! small isl& ( ,pabba--a relic ( ! ,scotti% ,lias--,i f\nd ?irty-"o species1 ( :i* ,dr4 ,wright has pron\nc$ f\r to be new4#ae ,a subsequ5t visit to ! adjac5t isl& ( ,raasay has increas$ ! li/4 ,9 %ort1 e pat* ( ^! ,second>y rocks1 if ?or\ghly explor$1 might be f\nd to yield its peculi> organisms4 ,& 9 ! f> l>g] area t has be5 c>ri$ away !re exi/$1 d\btless1 _m m4 ,we are accu/om$ to see individuals p]i% & _! rema9s crumble away1 b ! species /ill holds on4 ,9 ! /ratifi$ portion ( ! e>?'s cru/1 h[ev]1 we m>k h[ n m]ely individuals h p]i%$1 b :ole g5]a & species2 b ( ^! ! rema9s are /ill be=e u 9 ! rocks2 we c /udy _! =ms1 &1 f a comp>ison ) rec5t species & g5]a1 c arrive at "s idea ( _! nature & functions4 ,9 ?is way1 we are able to picture ! v>i\s conditions ( ! e>? :5 ^! organisms liv$ 9 succession ^u its surface4 ,yet1 we may readily conjecture1 t 9 anci5t eras _m tribes & g5]a ( plants & animals liv$ = ages1 & !n pass$ away )\t leav+ any record ( _! exi/5ce4 ,_m circum/ances might concur to prev5t ! pres]vation ( _! rema9s4 ,! species ( ! ,hebrides 7 pres]v$ 9 ! usual mann]1 b ! cemet]y 9 :i* _! rema9s 7 entomb$ has be5 wa%$ away1 & !y c be se5 n[h]e else4 ,x is z if on "s isolat$ c\ntry !re _h liv$ a race ( m51 tall ,patagonians1 or sw>?y ,hott5tots1 or dim9utive ,lapl&]s1 ) a civilisation ( _! own2 ow+ to "s *ange ( climate ! race gradually dw9dl$ d[n until x di$ out2 ev5tually1 too1 ! l& settl$ d[n b5ea? ! sea ) all its ru9$ cities & villages1 :i*1 z !y rea*$ 9 succession ! level ( ! waves1 7 torn up & disp]s$1 & o!r races at la/ voyag$ ov] ! site ( t old l&1 dream+ n1 t 9 bygone ye>s fell[-mortals ( an ext9ct type _h pa/ur$ _! h]ds :]e n[ !re roll$ a widespread sea4 ,footnote #ae3 ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc41 vol4 xiv4 p4 #bf4 ,b to return4 ,we h se5 t ! long-cont9u$ action ( ! sea has be5 suffici5t to brea* & wa/e away ! exi/+ coa/-l9e ( we/]n ,scotl&4 ,:51 !re=e1 su* results are produc$ by s ord9>y a cause1 ne$ we g to seek ! ag5cy ( great debacles to expla9 ! d5udation ( o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry8 ,x is kn[n t at great dep?s curr5ts h little effect ^u ! rocks :i* !y trav]se1 & t _! action is great] z x ne>s ! surface4 ,to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a ( crag & tail1 & ! g5]al d5udation ( ! c\ntry1 we may suppose ! l& to h be5 (t5 subm]g$ & re-elevat$4 ,z hill aft] hill rose t[>ds or sank bel[ ! sea-level1 x w\ld be assail$ by a /rong curr5t t fl[$ f ! we/ & nor?-we/1 until1 9 its sl[ upw>d or d[nw>d progress1 x got beyond ! rea* ( ! d5ud+ ag5cies4 ,9 ?is way ! g5]al cont\r ( ! l& w\ld be greatly ?\gh v gradually *ang$4 ,hills ( s&/one1 or o!r mat]ial ( feeble resi/ance1 w\ld be swept away1 ! h>d] trap-rocks w\ld /& up b>$ ( ! /rata :i* once cov]$ !m1 deep holl[s w\ld be excavat$ 9 front ( all ! m prom95t em95ces1 & long declivities w\ld be left beh9d !m4--7,see ,fig4 #b47 ,if my read] has ev] visit$ ! *annel ( a m\nta9-torr5t-- ,imbres ,qu]n sup] notas alu]e ripas-- he mu/ h notic$ an exact c\nt]p>t to ^! appe>ances4 ,:5 ! wat]s h subsid$1 ! ov]fl[$ p>ts are se5 to be cov]$ 9 _m places ) s&4 ,:]ev] a pebble occurs along ! surface ( ?is s&1 x has inv>iably a holl[ be=e x on ! side fac+ ! direction :5ce ! /ream is fl[+1 & a long tail ( s& po9t+ d[n ! *annel4 ,if we wat* ! motion ( ! wat] along its b$1 ! d5ud+ ag5cy may be se5 actively at "w4 ,e pebble t protrudes above ! %all[ /reamlet arre/s ! c\rse ( ! curr5t1 :i* is !n div]t$ 9 ?ree directions4 ,"o "p turns (f to ! "r h& ( ! pebble1 & cuts away ! s& f its flank2 ano!r "p /rikes (f to ! left1 & removes ! s& f t side2 :ile a middle "p desc5ds 9 front ( ! pebble1 &1 by a k9d ( circul> or gyratory movem5t1 scoops out a holl[ 9 ! s& 9 front4 ,beh9d ! pebble ! wat] is pretty /ill1 s t ! s& rema9s undi/urb$1 & is fur!r increas$ by ! accumulation above x ( s$im5t swept r\nd by ! lat]al curr5ts4 ,n[1 9 place ( ! suppos$ /ream1 let u sub/itute ! ocean ) its we/]ly curr5t--= ! pebble1 a great trap-hill--= ! s&1 easily friable %ales & s&/ones1 & we h exactly ! condition ( ?+s :i* produc$ crag & tail4 ,?is process ( de/ruction mu/ h be5 9 progress dur+ _m geological ages4 ,we may suppose1 t 9 t "t ! l& (t5 *ang$ level1 sometimes ris+ f> above ! sea1 & sometimes s9k+ deep bel[ x4 ,we c well believe t ! surface w\ld (t5 be cov]$ ) vegetation2 t plants1 widely diff]+ f ^? :i* are n[ indig5\s1 clo!d its hill-sides & %ad$ its valleys2 & t animals ( long ext9ct =ms roam$ ov] its pla9s or pr[l$ amid its =e/s4 ,:5 ! c\ntry1 9 ! lapse ( c5turies1 sank b5ea? ! sea-level1 all trace ( ^! sc5es w\ld ev5tually be effac$4 ,! we/]ly curr5ts w\ld soon recomm5ce ! process ( degradation1 uproot+ ! =e/s1 deva/at+ ! pla9s1 we>+ d[n ! hills1 & scoop+ out ! valleys2 & s1 :5 ! ocean-b$1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 became aga9 dry l&1 x w\ld arise ano!r & yet ! same4 ,! little valley1 :]e once1 p]*ance1 ! ma/odon us$ to re/ 8 massive bulk amid a ri* gr[? ( f]ns1 %ad$ by ! ?ick umbrage ( conif]\s trees1 w\ld em]ge a deep gl5 ) b>e & b>r5 rocks on ei!r side2 ! site ( ! hill :]eon h]ds ( ! gazelle-l anoplo!re 7 wont to br[se1 might reappe> a level pla92 ! l[-br[$ rock1 "u ^: %ad[ ! ungraceful palo!re us$ ( old to re/ f ! heat ( ! noon-tide sun1 might em]ge a beetl+ crag %oot+ up sev]al hundr$ feet ov] ! valley4 ,x is by ?is repeat$ elevation & subm]g5ce1 c>ri$ on = _m ages1 t our c\ntry has acquir$ its pres5t configuration4 ,we c easily picture to ourselves ! appe>ance :i* ! ,briti% ,isl&s w\ld ?us at diff]5t p]iods pres5t4 ,at "o "t1 ne>ly ! :ole ( ,engl& w\ld be "u wat]1 )1 h[ev]1 a few isl&s repres5t+ ! high] peaks ( ,cornwall2 o!rs scatt]$ ov] ! site ( ! ,we/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire2 & a hilly tract ( l& ov] :at is n[ ,wales4 ,scotl& mu/ h exi/$ 9 a sorely mutilat$ /ate4 ,a ?ick-set ar*ipelago w\ld repres5t ! ,*eviot ,hills1 & ! c\ntry s\? ( ! ,=? & ! ,clyde2 nor? ( :i* !re w\ld int]v5e a broad /rait1 ) a comp>atively l>ge area ( undulat+ l& beyond1 /ret*+ across :at is n[ ! area ( ! ,grampian ,hills4 ,a n>r[ fiord w\ld run along ! site ( ! ,cal$onian ,canal1 cutt+ ! c\ntry into two p>ts1 & runn+ f> into x on ei!r side z deep lo*s & bays4 ,i h _h su* a condition ( ?+s vividly recall$ :5 on ! summit ( a l(ty hill 9 e>ly morn+1 :ile ! mi/s 7 /ill float+ ov] ! l[] gr\nds1 & only ! high] hill-tops1 l s _m isl&s1 rose above ! sea ( cl\d4 ,x 0 n a little int]e/+ to ca/ ! eye a?w>t ?is *ang+ sc5e1 & m>k h[ ea* well-kn[n peak & em95ce look$ :5 depriv$ ( its broad sweep ( base4 ,:at be=e _h always seem$ an abrupt precipit\s summit1 n[ took ! =m ( a lonely rock or deep-sea /ack1 t might h s]v$ z a haunt = ! gull & ! gannet4 ,! long swell+ hill rose above ! mi/ z a l[ undulat+ isl&1 treeless & b>r54 ,x 0 easy to ?9k ( t wide expanse ( mi/ z ! v]itable doma9 ( ocean1 to picture ! "t :5 ^! 7 v]itable isl&s la%$ by ! surge1 & to conjure up visions ( ice-floes drift+ ?r\gh ! n>r[s1 or /r&+ on ! rocks1 amid a sc5e ( wide-spread nak$ness & desolation4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,int]ior ( ! b\ld] ,wide int]vals ( ,geology--,illu/ration--,long int]val betwe5 ! =mation ( ! b\ld] z "p ( a s&-b$1 & its /riation by glacial action--,sket* ( ! int]v5+ ages--,! b\ld] a ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s rock--,cycles ( ! a/ronom] & ! geologi/ contra/$--,illu/ration--,plants %[n by ! b\ld] once grew gre5 on l&--,traces ( t anci5t l&--,its seas1 %ores1 =e/s1 & lakes1 all productive ( mat]ial aids to our com=t & p[]--,plants ( ! ,c>bonif]\s era--,f]ns--,tree-f]ns--,calamites--,a/] ophyllites-- ,lepidod5dron--,lepido/robus--,/igm>ia-- ,sc5e 9 a ru9$ palace--,sigill>ia--,conif]1 ,cycade--,an?olites1 ! olde/ kn[n fl[]--,grade ( ! ,c>bonif]\s flora--,its resemblance to t ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,i h lik5$ ! b\ld] to an old volume ( ! middle ages encas$ 9 a mod]n b9d+4 ,we h look$ a little into ! me*anism & hi/ory ( ! bo>ds2 9 o!r words1 we h gone ov] ! hi/ory ( ! scrat*$ surface ( ! b\ld]1 ( ! clays & s&s ar\nd x1 & ( t /ill e>li] cycle ( d5udation :]e( ! rock itself is probably a relic4 ,be=e proce$+ to op5 ! volume itself1 x w be well t we cle>ly m>k ! wide int]val 9 "t betwe5 ! ages repres5t$ by ! surface-/riation & ^? indicat$ by ! int]ior ( ! b\ld]4 ,:5 we proce$ f ! groov+s on ! outside to ! plants )91 we pass1 to be sure1 ov] sc>cely an in* ( space1 b we make a leap ov] untold mill5niums 9 po9t ( "t4 ,x is z if we _h laid our h&s on a volume ( hi/ory :i* _h by "s mis=tune f\nd its way into ! nurs]y4 ,! fir/ page t cat*es our eye relates ! battle ( ! ,re=m ,bill1 &1 on turn+ ! previ\s leaf1 we f9d ourselves ) ,boadicea & h] woad-col\r$ soldi]y4 ,n[1 if "o utt]ly ignorant ( ! *ronology ( ! c\ntry 7 to be told t ! volume relat$ solely to "o p1 he w\ld at once see f ! mann]s & cu/oms del9eat$1 t ! two pages ref]r$ to v diff]5t /ates ( civilisation1 & consequ5tly to widely-sep>at$ p]iods4 ,b he c\ld give no acc\nt ( h[ long an int]val might h elaps$ betwe5 ! "t :5 ,london _h its inhabitants massacr$ by ,boadicea1 & ! "t :5 ano!r g5]ation ( !m 0 excit$ by ! t>d9ess ( ,k+ ,william iv4 ,he c\ld =m no conjecture z to :at ev5ts might h happ5$ 9 ! mean:ile4 ,! int]val might be a c5tury or tw5ty c5turies1 :]e9 ! city might h be5 burnt d[n fifty times4 ,cle>ly1 if he wi%$ to make himself acqua9t$ ) ! int]v5+ hi/ory1 he w\ld h to betake himself to an unmutilat$ volume4 ,& j s is x ) our b\ld]4 ,we c easily believe1 m]ely f look+ at x z x lies on its clayey b$1 t a long "t mu/ h elaps$ betwe5 ! "t ( its =mation z "p ( a s&/one b$1 & ! p]iod ( its transportation & /riation by an iceb]g4 ,! s& ( :i* x is =m$ mu/ h be5 wa%$ d[n by curr5ts1 & o!r s$im5t w\ld settle d[n ov] x4 ,x w\ld take "s "t to acquire its pres5t h>dness & solidity1 :ile1 9 long subsequ5t times1 aft] be+ brok5 up & well-r\nd$ by break] or curr5t action1 x may h la9 on "s old coa/-l9e = c5turies be=e x 0 f9ally froz5 into an ice-floe1 & s freight$ to a di/ance4 ,b ! /one1 ) all its /ories ( ! old5 "t1 c tell u no?+ ( ?is int]v5+ p]iod4 ,x leads u f a dre>y froz5 sea at once into a l& ( tropical luxuriance1 & s1 if we desire to "k any?+ ( ! miss+ portion ( ! *ronology1 we mu/ seek x else:]e4 ,! ,b\ld]-clay is "o ( ! late/ ( geologic p]iods4#af ,beyond x we get into ,t]ti>y times1 & le>n f ! caves ( ,york%ire h[ elephants1 hy5as1 rh9oc]oses1 hippopotami1 be>s1 & wolves1 pr[l$ ov] ! ri* valleys2 :ile1 f ! qu>ries ( ! ,isle ( ,wight1 we see h[ at an e>li] "t h]ds ( unc\? palo!res & slimly-built anoplo!res br[s$ ! pla9s ( ,old ,engl&4 ,beyond ! ,t]ti>y ages come ^? ( ! ,*alk1 ) its ocean t sw>m$ ) sea-ur*9s1 t]ebratul1 pect5s1 sponges1 & _m o!r =ms4 ,!n arises ! era ( ! ,weald51 ) its bosky l& haunt$ by ! unwieldy iguanodon2 ! ,oolite1 ) its l& ri* 9 a conif]\s flora1 & t5ant$ by a race ( small m>supial animals1 & its seas ab\nd+ 9 corals1 encr9ites ( _m a =m1 cid>es1 cuttle-fi%es1 & ammonites4 ,fur!r back /ill1 come ! times ( ! ,lias1 t /range era 9 ! hi/ory ( our c\ntry1 :5 reptiles hug] ?an ^? ( ! ,nile swam ! seas1 & sp$ on w+s ?r\gh ! air4 ,!n come ! times ( ! ,trias1 :5 a vegetation /ill fur!r remov$ f exi/+ types clo!d ! l&1 & frogs l>ge z ox5 waddl$ along ! %ores4 ,!n ! times ( ! ,p]mian1 ) its deep sea t5ant$ by a meagre li/ ( corals & %ells1 & by a type ( fi%es t 0 sl[ly pass+ away4 ,we arrive at la/ at ! ,coal or ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 to ! old] ages ( :i* our b\ld] belongs4 ,footnote #af3 ,= ! names & succession ( ! rocks ( :i* ! kn[n "p ( ! e>?'s cru/ is compos$1 see ! ,table at ! end ( ! volume4 ,^! eras may h be5 "s long]1 "s %ort]1 b ea* _h a duration :i*1 :5 tri$ by human /&>ds1 mu/ be reg>d$ z imm5sely protract$4 ,! cycles ( a/ronomy are v va/1 yet ,i h (t5 ?\ght t ! cycles ( geology1 ?\gh probably ( mu* less duration1 impress u m =cibly ) ! antiquity ( our planet4 ,! a/ronom] tells u ( light t has tak5 two millions ( ye>s to rea* our e>?1 & ( nebul t are millions ^u millions ( miles di/ant1 b ^! numb]s are s va/ t we _c br+ ourselves to realize !m4 ,we "k t !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 two millions & t5 millions1 b we _c fully appreciate x1 & s ! p]iods ( ! a/ronom]1 beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 cease adequately to impress u4 ,s long z !y c be easily contra/$ ) our own /&>ds ( comp>ison1 !y h _! full =ce2 b aft] t1 e additional million1 or t5 millions1 or t5 hundr$ millions1 produces only a confus$ & bewild]$ s5se ( imm5sity1 & ! comp>ative am\nt ( ea* addition fails to be realiz$4 ,w my read] =give a homely illu/ration3--,"s ye>s ago1 ,i /ood at ! pi]-head ( "o ( our small] sea-port t[ns1 & wat*$ ! sun z x sull5ly sank beh9d ! outl9e ( ! opposite hills4 ,! bread? ( ! *annel1 9 ! direction ( sunset1 0 sev]al miles1 b 9 ! flu% ( ev5+ "o fanci$ he c\ld almo/ h ?r[n a /one across4 ,! wat] lay unruffl$ by a ripple1 & reflect$ all ! ?\s& v>y+ t9ts t light$ up ! sky4 ,! h>b\r1 t _h be5 a busy sc5e all ev5+1 began to gr[ less noisy1 z "o by "o ! h]r+-boats pu%$ out to sea4 ,i f\nd x n a little int]e/+ to m>k1 z ! boats ga9$ ! op5 fir?1 h[ ! opposite coa/-l9e gradually seem$ to rec$e4 ,! f>!r ! d>k sails )drew1 ! m remote did ! adjac5t %ores appe>1 until1 z ! la/ t+e ( glory fad$ f ! cl\ds1 & a cold grey t9t settl$ d[n ov] ! l&scape1 ! hills lay deep 9 %ade & /ret*$ away 9 ! twilight z a d>k & di/ant l& f ^: valleys !re rose troops ( />s4 ,! coa/-l9e1 z se5 9 e>ly ev5+1 rem9d$ me ( ! p]iods ( ! a/ronom]2 z se5 9 e>ly night1 x rem9d$ me ( ! p]iods ( ! geologi/4 ,we fail to appreciate ! real duration ( a/ronomical cycles1 because !y are pres5t$ to u ea* z "o va/ p]iod4 ,!y are n subdivid$ into int]vals1 & conta9 no succession ( ev5ts1 by means ( :i*1 z by mile/ones1 we might e/imate _! ext5t2 & s _! unv>i$ cont9uity t5ds to dim9i% ! impression ( _! va/ness1 j z ! fir?1 )\t any islet or vessel on its surface1 seem$ greatly n>r[] ?an x really 04 ,= x is ) "t z x is ) space--! eye _c ab/ractly e/imate di/ance1 nor c ! m9d e/imate duration4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! process mu/ be conduct$ by a comp>ison ) kn[n /&>ds4 ,! geological p]iods exemplify ! same rule4 ,!y may n be great]1 p]haps n s great1 z ^? reveal$ by a/ronomy1 yet _! va/ness impresses u m1 because we c trace out _! hi/ory1 & see h[ /ep by /ep !y progress$4 ,?us1 t ! int]val betwe5 ! b\ld]-clay & ! coal-measur] 0 imm5se1 we le>n f ! records ( _m successive ages t int]v5$1 9 ! same way t "o began to p]ceive ! real bread? ( ! fir?1 by re/+ 8 eye on ! succession ( int]v5+ h]r+-boats4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! m9d has ev] & anon a sure foot+ on :i* to pause 9 gaug+ bygone et]nity2 9 ! latt]1 ! eye _h likewise a succession ( po9ts on :i* to re/ 9 measur+ di/ance4 ,or1 to return to a =m] illu/ration3 ,boadicea liv$ eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 b :o does n feel t ! la/ n9e hundr$ ye>s look a great deal long] ?an ! fir/8 ,! "o set has few m>k$ incid5ts to fix ! ?\ghts2 ! o!r is replete ) ^? ( ! mo/ mom5t\s k9d4 ,9 ! "o1 we h ,m meagre li/ ( conqu]ors & k+s1 f ,julius ,cs> d[n to ,a!l/an2 9 ! o!r1 ev5ts cr[d ^u u f ! wan+ ( ! ,saxon p[] d[n ?r\gh ! ris+ glory ( our c\ntry to ! pres5t pl5itude ( its p[] & greatness4 ,! e>ly c5turies1 l ! cycles ( ! a/ronom]1 pass ?r\gh our m9d r z "o cont9u\s p]iod2 ! lat] c5turies1 l ! cycles ( ! geologi/1 arre/ our ?\ghts by a succession ( m9or p]iods1 & h5ce ! idea ( duration is m vividly sugge/$ by ! div]sifi$ ev5ts ( ! "o s]ies1 ?an by ! comp>atively unbrok5 cont9uity ( ! o!r4 ,let u n[ op5 ! volume & try to deciph] ! /range leg5ds :i* x conta9s4 ,on remov+ "s ( ! upp] lay]s ( ! b\ld]1 ,i f\nd1 z ,i h said1 well-pres]v$ rema9s ( sev]al k9ds ( plants4 ,"o ( !m 0 ribb$ longitud9ally1 ) transv]se not*es e ?ree or f\r in*es1 u ?\gh a numb] ( sl5d] ?reads _h be5 /ret*$ along a rod1 & ti$ tightly to x at regul> int]vals4 ,ano!r1 sorely mutilat$1 0 pitt$ all ov] some:at aft] ! fa%ion 9 :i* ! confection] punctures 8 biscuits4 ,a ?ird _h a m regul> patt]n1 be+ prettily frett$ ) small loz5ge-%ap$ prom95ces t w\nd spirally r\nd ! /alk4 ,o!r plants seem$ to be pres5t1 b 9 a v bad /ate ( pres]vation4 ,!y 7 all jumbl$ toge!r & conv]t$ into a black coaly sub/ance1 9 :i* no /ructure c\ld be disc]n$4 ,^! plants assur$ly once grew gre5 ^u ! l&2 b :]e n[ is t l& on :i* !y fl\ri%$8 ,_h x hills & valleys1 riv]s & lakes1 su* z div]sify our c\ntry8 ,0 x t5ant$ by s5ti5t be+s1 &1 if s1 :at 7 _! =ms8 ,did insects hum _! way ?r\gh ! air1 & cattle br[se on ! pla9s1 & fi% gambol 9 ! riv]s8 ,0 ! l& %ad$ ) =e/s1 d>k & rugg$ l ^? ( ,norway1 or fragrant z ! orange-groves ( ,spa98 ,:at1 9 f9e1 7 its peculi> features1 & h[ f> did its sc5]y resemble t ( any c\ntry ( ! pres5t day8 ,t old l& has n entirely disappe>$4 ,traces ( x are f\nd pretty ext5sively 9 ,s\? ,wales1 9 ,/af=d%ire1 ar\nd ,newca/le1 & ?r\gh c5tral ,scotl&4 ,/range z x may seem1 its =e/s are /ill /&+ 9 _m places4 ,! fi%es t disport$ 9 its lakes1 ! insects t flutt]$ amid its woods1 & ! liz>ds t crawl$ among its h]bage1 are /ill 9 "p pres]v$ to u4 ,nay1 m2 we may sometimes see ! sea-bea*es ( t anci5t l& pitt$ ) ra9-drops1 & r\gh5$ ) ripple-m>ks1 z fre%ly z if ! %[] _h fall5 & ! tide _h fl[$ only ye/]day4 ,! peasants along ! ,bay ( ,naples ga!r$ grapes f ! flanks ( ,vesuvius = well-nigh sev5te5 c5turies1 be=e x 0 asc]ta9$ t !y daily walk$ ov] ! site ( buri$ cities1 ) temples1 !atres1 & private h\ses /ill erect4 ,x 0 _m m c5turies ere ! p ( ,great ,brita9 discov]$ t n a few ( _! villages & t[ns /ood on ! site ( buri$ =e/s1 & lakes1 & seas4 ,we h n[1 h[ev]1 become aw>e ( ! fact1 & are mak+ good use ( x4 ,we dig into ! e>? & exhume ^! old =e/s to supply u ) light & fuel2 we qu>ry into ! ripple-m>k$ %ores :i* fr+$ t old l&1 & build our h\ses ) ! h>d5$ s&2 we calc9e ! f]rug9\s mud t ga!r$ 9 its swampy holl[s1 & extract !refrom our mo/ fai?ful ally bo? 9 peace & w>--metallic iron2 we burn ! delicate corals & %ells & lily-l zoophytes :i* liv$ 9 ! sea ( t f>-di/ant era1 to enable u to smelt our iron1 to build our h\ses1 & manure our fields2 9 %ort1 e ye> we are discov]+ "s new & valuable mat]ial 9 ! productions ( t p]iod1 or f9d+ out "s new use :i* c be made ( ! sub/ances already kn[n4 ,a m ?an ord9>y int]e/1 !re=e1 atta*es to ! hi/ory ( ! l& & sea :i* h furni%$ u ) s _m aids to com=t z well z p[]2 & we %all f9d1 z we g on1 t t hi/ory is a v curi\s "o4 ,i %all describe "s ( ! m common plants & animals ( ! p]iod1 t we may be able1 9 "s measure1 to look back ?r\gh ! ages ( ! pa/1 & see h[ ^! plants w\ld appe> :5 !y ca/ _! broad %ad[ ov] riv] & lake1 & h[ ^! animals w\ld h seem$ to human eye 9 ! twilight ( ! =e/1 9 ! sluggi% fl[ ( ! riv]1 & 9 ! /agnant wat]s ( ! lagoon4 ,! ,flora1 or vegetation ( ! ,c>bonif]\s era1 diff]$ widely f any t n[ exi/s4 ,) ! exception ( ! highe/ or exog5\s class1 x possess$ repres5tatives ( all ! exi/+ classes ( ! botanic scale1 b 9 v /range proportions4 ,! numb] ( species ( c>bonif]\s plants already f\nd 9 ,great ,brita9 am\nts to ab\t ?ree hundr$1 among/ :i* ! f]ns are especially abundant4 ,"s ( !m seem to h be5 l[-gr[+ plants1 l ! brack5 ( our hillsides1 b o!rs mu/ h %ot up to ! height ( =e/ trees4 ,we c recognise a few conif]\s & cycadace\s plants1 a good _m /ems resembl+ ! horse-tail ( our m>%y gr\nds1 & "s ( l>ge size ak9 to ! creep+ club-moss ( our hea?s2 b !re are /ill _m to :i* !re exi/ no liv+ analogues4 ,:5 we exam9e ! ro( ( a coal-pit1 or split op5 plates ( %ale 9 a qu>ry ( ! coal-measures1 we are /ruck ) ! simil>ity :i* ! f]ns 9 ! /one be> to ^? among our woods & hills4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common1 &1 at ! same "t1 mo/ elegant =ms1 is ! ,sph5opt]is or w$ge-leav$ f]n1 ( :i* a l>ge li/ ( species is kn[n4 ,"o ( !m 7,s4 cr5ata7 _h a /rong /em1 f :i* !re sprung /raight tap]+ bran*es ri*ly dight ) leaflets4 ,! leaflets--some:at l m9ute oak-leaves--7 rang$ l ^? ( our mod]n f]ns1 along two sides ( ! /alk1 9 alt]nate ord]1 & tap]$ g5tly away to its out] extremity4 ,! effect ( ! :ole is s+ul>ly ri*1 & "o c well believe t a g>l& ( ?is anci5t f]n w\ld h wrea!d z gracefully ar\nd a victor's br[ z ! p>sley ( ,nemea or ! laurel-leaves ( ,delphi4 ,ano!r plant ( ! same g5us 7,s4 aff9is1 ,fig4 #c7 has leaflets l ! petals ( ! mead[-daisy1 arrang$ 9 clu/]s along its slim div]g+ /alks4 ,f a collection & comp>ison ( _m specim5s1 ! late lam5t$ ,hugh ,mill] 0 enabl$ to make a draw+ ( ?is f]n z x mu/ h appe>$ :5 x wav$ gre5 along ! old c>bonif]\s hill-sides4 ,i enjoy$ ! privilege ( go+ ov] ^! specim5s ) him1 & m>k$ h[1 "u a ma/]-h&1 piece by piece fell into its prop] place1 & yield$ up its evid5ce4 ,8 re/oration1 :i* =ms ! frontispiece to 8 la/ "w1 is a v beautiful "o1 & x is z true z x is beautiful4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,sph5opt]is aff9is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,pecopt]is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,cyclopt]is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,neuropt]is4 ,! ,pecopt]is 7,fig4 #d1 ,p4 het]ophylla7 or comb-f]n1 is s call$ f its /iff ?ick leaflets be+ 9 "s species arrang$ along ! /alk l ! tee? along ! c5tre ( a comb4 ,( all ! plants ( ! coal-measures ?is is ! "o t approa*es mo/ closely to liv+ nature4 ,x appe>s to be almo/ id5tical ) ! pt]is1 ( :i* "o species is well kn[n z ! brack5 ( our hill-sides4 ,dr4 ,hook] figures toge!r a frond ( a ,new ,zeal& species 7,p4 escul5ta7 & a fossil frond f ! ,newca/le pits4 ,!y are s simil> z to be easily mi/ak5 at fir/ sight = draw+s ( ! same plant4#ag ,! ,neuropt]is 7z ,n4 gigantea1 ,fig4 #f7 or n]ve-leav$ f]n1 is rem>kable = its /rongly-def9$ v5ation4 ,x is sc>cely1 p]haps1 s elegant 9 its outl9e z ! sph5opt]is1 or "s ( ! o!r f]ns4 ,its leaflets are l>ge & ?ick1 ) an oblong or r\nd$ =m1 & arrang$ ei!r s+ly along ! frond /em1 or along second>y foot-/alks1 :i* div]ge f ! ma9 /em4 ,( ! latt] k9d1 "s ( ! species h a good deal ( resemblance to our ,osmunda regalis or royal f]n4 ,a species ( ! =m] class 7,n4 cordata7 might readily en\gh be mi/ak5 = ! "y leaves ( ! ,scolop5drium or h>t's-tongue1 :i* hangs out its glossy gre5 amid ! gloom ( dank & dripp+ rocks4 ,!re are1 besides1 sev]al o!r g5]a ( f]ns 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s /rata1 su* z ! ,cyclopt]is 7,c4 dilatata1 ,fig4 #e7 or r\nd-leav$ f]n1 & ! ,odontopt]is or too?-f]n4 ,mo/ ( ^! seem to h be5 l[ly plants1 l ! f]ns ( our own c\ntry4 ,b !re 0 ano!r class to :i* no analogue c be %[n 9 ,europe4 ,!y rose high ov] _! humbl] cong5]s z l(ty trees1 & mu/ be /udi$ by a ref]5ce to ! exi/+ tree-f]ns ( int]tropical c\ntries4 ,footnote #ag3 ,hook]1 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 vol4 ii4 "p ii4 p4 #djj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,liv+ ,tree-f]n4 ,tree-f]ns fl\ri% 9 w>m climates1 & are met ) 9 ,brazil1 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 ,new ,zeal&1 c4 ,!y rise sometimes to ! height ( fifty or sixty feet1 ) a long tap]+ /em surm\nt$ by a d5se cr[n ( graceful fronds1 & might easily be mi/ak5 at a little di/ance = palms4 ,all ! kn[n species belong to ! same division 7,polypodiace7 ) ! common polypodium ( our road-sides4 ,9 "s g5]a1 z ! alsophila ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ! trunk is ribb$ by long creep+ bran*es1 or r rootlets1 :i* desc5d to ! soil1 giv+ ! tree some:at ( ! appe>ance s (t5 se5 9 old woods1 :]e v5]able fir-trees h be5 firmly encas$ by ! be>d$ /ems ( ! ivy4 ,ano!r g5us1 ! ,cya!a1 has its /em cov]$ ) oblong sc>s :]e leaves 7 atta*$1 & a circle ( ri* outspread fronds surm\nts its summit4 ,"o ( ! coal-measure tree-f]ns seems to h resembl$ ?is rec5t type4 ,x is nam$ ! ,caulopt]is or /alk-f]n1 & _h a ?ick /em picturesquely r\gh5$ by irregul> oblong leaf-sc>s1 t w\nd spirally f its base to its po9t4 ,no specim5 has hi!rto be5 f\nd %[+ ! fronds 9 connexion ) ! /em1 s t we are /ill ignorant ( ! k9d ( foliage exhibit$ by ?is anci5t tree4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t x 0 cr[n$ ) a l>ge tuft ( b\ghs t ca/ _! %ad[ ov] ! sw>d bel[1 & we may1 p]haps1 believe t "s ( ! num]\s deta*$ f]ns f\nd 9 ! %ales ( ! coal-s]ies1 once =m$ "p ( ?is l(ty coronal4 ,an important section ( ! c>bonif]\s plants is embrac$ "u ! g5]ic "n ( ,calamites4 ,!y _h smoo? jo9t$ /ems1 l re$s1 & t]m9at$ b5ea? 9 an obtuse curv$ po9t 7,fig4 #h71 f :i* !re sprang broad leaflets or r rootlets4 ,aft] _m ye>s ( rese>* our k ( ^! plants is /ill v scanty4 ,"s ( !m h exhibit$ a highly-organiz$ int]nal /ructure1 f :i* x appe>s t !y consi/$--fir/1 ( a s(t c5tral cellul> pi?2 second1 ( a ?ick lay] ( woody tissue2 & ?ird1 an ext]nal cyl9d] ( /rong b>k1 ribb$ longitud9ally1 & furr[$ transv]sely4 ,!y h be5 rank$ ) ! common horse-tail ( our ponds1 b !y w\ld r appe> to belong to a high] family4 ,! bread? ( ! /em is v v>i\s1 "s specim5s be+ a foot or m 9 diamet]1 o!rs sc>cely half an in*4 ,f ! discov]ies ( ,pr(essor ,williamson & ,mr4 ,b9ny ( ,man*e/]1 x seems n unlikely t :at we call calamites may be really ! inn] core ( a plant n yet nam$1 j z a set ( fossils 7 long call$ /]nb]gi1 be=e !y 7 discov]$ to be really ! pi? ( conif]\s trees4 ,) reg>d to ! bran*es ( ! calamites1 ,brongni>t's conjecture may be true1 t !y exi/ among ! gr\p ( plants call$ a/]ophyllites4 ,x is n unlikely t _m dissimil> plants h be5 gr\p$ toge!r z calamites1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t plants alli$ to ! typical species h be5 ?r[n into sep>ate g5]a4 ,= x requires b a slight acqua9tance ) ! vegetable k+dom to "k h[ _m =ms analog\s p>ts ( ! same plant may assume1 & h[ impossible x w\ld (t5 be to guess ! real relation%ip ( su* v>ieties if !y 7 n f\nd gr[+ toge!r on "o plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,t]m9al portion ( a calamite /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4ah ,footnote #ah3 ,! fossil giv5 9 ,fig4 #i is nam$ by ,l9dley 7,foss4 ,flo4 t4 #ae1 #af71 ,calamites nodosus4 ,he admits1 h[ev]1 t x 0 n f\nd 9 actual contact ) a calamite /em4 ,x has exactly ! cont\r ( an a/]ophyllite1 & might1 p]haps1 be ref]r$ to t g5us4 ,x is ins]t$ "h t ! read] may see ! g5]al =m ( ! a/]ophyllites1 & ! close relation%ip t subsi/s betwe5 ^! plants & ! calamites4 ,a rem>kably graceful class ( ! coal-plants are kn[n z a/]ophyllites4 ,!y _h slim flut$ & jo9t$ /alks1 app>5tly ( humble gr[?4 ,f ea* ( ! jo9ts !re sprang two ?9 opposite bran*es ) /ellate clu/]s ( leaflets arrang$ r\nd !m at equal di/ances4 ,if ! read] w take a "y ru%-/alk1 & /r+ along x a numb] ( ! fl[]s ( ! little />-wort1 keep+ !m a little di/ance ap>t1 he may =m "s idea ( ! appe>ance ( a s+le bran* ( ! />-be>+ a/]ophyllite4 ,"s ( ! plants embrac$ "u ?is g5us are conjectur$ to h be5 aquatic1 spread+ out _! clu/]s ( leaflets 9 ! gre5 sluggi% wat] ( /agnant pools2 b _m ( !m are evid5tly relat$ to ! calamites1 & may possibly h =m$ "p ( ^! plants4 ,:oev] has rambl$ mu* 9 a coal-c\ntry1 scrambl+ ?r\gh bri>s & brambles 9 old qu>ries1 or ?read+ 8 way among ! rocks ( riv]-c\rses1 mu/ (t5 h notic$1 on ! expos$ surface ( s&/one blocks1 d>k ribbon-l b&s frett$ ov] ) little diamond-%ap$ knobs4 ,!y are s common 9 "s di/ricts1 t y c sc>cely light ^u a piece ( s&/one :i* does n %[ "o or m4 ,!y belong to a c>bonif]\s plant kn[n z lepidod5dron 7,fig4 #aj7 or scaly tree1 f ! peculi> /yle ( ornam5tation :i* adorn$ its b>k4 ,its /ructure & aff9ities h puzzl$ botani/s n a little4 ,a well-pres]v$ specim5 rem9ds "o ( ! appe>ance pres5t$ by a twig ( ! ,scot* fir1 :5 /ripp$ ( its gre5 spiky leaflets4 ,! sc>s ?us left at ! base ( ! leaflets are ( a w$ge-l =m1 & run spirally up ! bran* 9 a mann] v l ^? on ! bran*es ( lepidod5dron2 & x 0 accord+ly suppos$ at "o "t t ! latt] plant belong$1 or at lea/ 0 alli$1 to ! conif]s4 ,b ! bran*es ( lepidod5dron possess$ a peculi>ity t is %>$ 9 by none ( our pres5t conif]\s trees4 ,!y 7 :at botani/s call di*otom\s1--t is1 !y subdivid$ into two equal bran*es1 ^! aga9 into o!r two1 & s on4 ,_! int]nal texture1#ai too1 diff]$ f t ( any kn[n conif]4 ,! only tribe ( exi/+ plants ) :i* ! lepidod5dron seems to be> comp>ison1 are ! ,lycopodiace1 or club-mosses1 ( :i* we h sev]al species 9 ! moor-l&s ( our own c\ntry4 ,!y are l[ trail+ plants1 ) moss-l scaly bran*es1 be>+ at _! ends %aggy little tufts1 :5ce ! popul> "n ( ! g5us4 ,9 w>m] climates1 !y are bo? m num]\s & atta9 a l>g] size1 sometimes /&+ erect to ab\t ! height ( an ord9>y gooseb]ry-bu%4 ,b ?\gh ! lepidod5dron appe>s to h be5 alli$ to ^! plants 9 /ructure1 x greatly diff]$ f !m 9 dim5sions4 ,! club-mosses ( ! coal-measures %ot up z goodly trees1 measur+ fifty feet & upw>ds 9 height1 & sometimes ne>ly five 9 diamet]4 ,_! g5]al effect mu/ h be5 em95tly picturesque4 ,a %aggy cov]+ ( gre5 spiky leaflets bri/l$ ov] _! multitud9\s p5dant b\ghs2 & :]e on ! old] /ems ^! leaflets _h decay$ & dropp$ (f1 ! out] b>k 0 laid b>e1 frett$ ov] ) r[s ( diamond-%ap$ or oval sc>s1 sep>at$ by wav+ l9es ( ridge or furr[1 t w\nd spirally r\nd ! /em4 ,f n a few ( ! bran*es !re sprang oblong hirsute cones call$ lepido/robi 7,fig4 #aa71 :i* bore ! sporangia1 or se$-cases4 ,^! cones are ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! %ales ( ! coal-measures1 & may be readily recognis$4 ,!y _h a c5tral axis r\nd :i* ! oblong sporangia 7 built1 ! :ole be+ protect$ ext]nally by a ?ick cov]+ ( po9t$ scales1 imbricat$ l ! cone ( ! ,scot* fir4 ,! leaflets ( lepidod5dron1 call$ lepidophylla1 7 broad] ?an ^? ( ! ,scot* fir1 & _h a /\t mid-rib1 :i* mu/ h giv5 !m a rigidity l t ( ! arauc>ian p9e a plant !y may also h resembl$ 9 ! d>k glossy gre5 ( its leaves4 ,footnote #ai3 ,see ,hook]1 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 vol4 ii4 "p ii4 p4 #dcf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #aj4 ,lepidod5dron ,/]nb]gii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,lepido/robus4 ,( all ! common coal-measure plants1 !re is p]haps none s abundant z t kn[n by ! "n ( /igm>ia1 or punctur$-/em4 ,x is f\nd spread+ out its rootlets = sev]al y>ds 9 b$s ( %ale & "u-clay1 & sometimes ev5 lime/one1#bj :ile1 9 _m s&/ones1 fragm5ts ( its black5$ /ems lie z ?ickly /rewn z twigs among ! woods 9 autumn4 ,i h said t sev]al ( ! plants above describ$ h greatly puzzl$ botani/s4 ,none ( !m1 p]haps1 has giv5 rise to s mu* conjecture & v>iety ( op9ion z ! /igm>ia4 ,! hi/ory ( ! discussion reg>d+ its nature & aff9ities1 w\ld be n a little int]e/+ z an illu/ration ( ! sl[ h9d]$ progress (t5 att5dant on ! rese>*es ( sci5ce1 & an in/ance ( h[ a few simple facts are sometimes en\gh to ov]turn ! mo/ plausible !ories & probable conjectures4 ,_m ?\s&s ( specim5s _h be5 exam9$ ere "o 0 f\nd t reveal$ ! true nature ( ! /igm>ia4 ,x 0 by "s imag9$ to be a s(t succul5t m>%y plant1 consi/+ ( a numb] ( long bran*es radiat+ f a sort ( s(t disk1 l spokes f ! c5tre ( a :eel4 ,analogies 7 sugge/$ ) dicotyl$on\s tribes1 z ! cacti & euphorbi1 ?\gh x 0 at ! same "t admitt$ t ! anci5t plant pres5t$ appe>ances :i* seem$ v anomal\s4 ,footnote #bj3 ,! fre%-wat] lime/one ( ,mid-,cald] ab\nds 9 long trail+ /ems & rootlets ( /igm>ia1 m+l$ ) o!r t]re/rial plants1 & %ells ( cyprides4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab ,/igm>ia rootlets spr++ f ,sigill>ia /em4 ,9 ! c\rse ( an ext5sive survey ( ! coal-field ( ,s\? ,wales1 ,mr4 7n[ ,sir ,william7 ,logan asc]ta9$ ! important fact1 t ea* coal-seam is und]laid by a b$ ( clay1 9 :i* ! /ems ( /igm>ia1 bran*+ freely 9 all directions1 may be trac$ to ! di/ance ( _m feet or ev5 y>ds4 ,!y 7 recognis$ z und\bt$ly occupy+ ! site on :i* !y grew1 & consequ5tly ea* coal-seam 0 held to re/ ^u an anci5t soil4 ,"s ye>s aft]w>ds1 9 mak+ a cutt+ = ! ,lanca/] & ,bolton ,railway1 sev]al upright massive /ems belong+ to a plant call$ sigill>ia1 7 f\nd to pass d[nw>ds into true /igm>ia /ems 7,fig4 #ab74 ,!re c\ld be no d\bt t !y 7 diff]5t p>ts ( "o & ! same plant4 ,?is fact has s9ce be5 abundantly demon/rat$ f ! ,nova ,scotia coal-field4 ,_m sigill>i h be5 f\nd !re pass+ d[n into ! fire-clay bel[1 :]e !y bran* out horizontally z true /igmati4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! /igm>ia 0 ! "u-gr\nd portion ( a plant1 :i*1 judg+ f ! nature ( ! soil1 & ! free mode 9 :i* ! t5d] rootlets bran*$ (f1 appe>s to h liv$ 9 aquatic or m>%y /ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,/igm>ia4 ,! /igm>ia is too well m>k$ to be readily conf\nd$ ) any o!r coal-measure plant4 ,x _h a r\nd$ /em1 seldom m ?an f\r or five in*es across1 :i* 0 m>k$ by a s]ies ( circul> tub]cules ) a puncture 9 ! c5tre1 arrang$ 9 spiral l9es r\nd ! /em4 ,ea* ( ^! tub]cules is surr\nd$1 9 ord9>y specim5s1 by a circul> depression1#ba & ! :ole plant 7if "o may use ! comp>ison7 looks z if x _h be5 smitt5 ) small-pox4 ,f ! holl[ 9 ! c5tre ( ea* protub]ance1 !re %ot out a long r\nd rootlet1 =m]ly ?\ght to be a leaf1 & s9ce ! tub]cules are pretty ?ickly set1 ! /igm>ia mu/ h _h a some:at hirsute appe>ance z x crept ?r\gh ! mud4 ,x w\ld resemble a ?ick be>d$ /em ( ivy1 save t ! fibres1 in/ead ( runn+ up two sides1 7 clu/]$ all r\nd x4 ,along ! c5tre ( ! root1 !re ran a woody pi? ( a h>d] & m endur+ texture ?an ! surr\nd+ "p ( ! plant4 ,! space betwe5 ! out] tub]cul$ r9d & ! inn] pi?1 seems to h be5 ( a s(t cellul> nature1 & to h decay$ fir/1 = ! pi? is sometimes holl[1 & may n unfrequ5tly be se5 at a di/ance f ! c5tre1 & almo/ at ! out] b>k--a circum/ance t seems only explicable on ! supposition1 t :ile ! surr\nd+ portions 7 decay+1 ! firm] pi? alt]$ its position 9 ! holl[ /em1 s9k+ to ! l[] side1 if ! plant lay pro/rate1 & t x did n itself beg9 to decay until ! int]ior ( ! /em _h be5 at lea/ p>tially fill$ up ) s& or mud1 or fossiliz$ by ! infiltration ( lime4 ,f ! root ( ! sigill>ia1 :i* has a curi\s cross-%ap$ m>k on its base1 ! /ems ( /igm>ia /rike out horizontally1 fir/ z f\r great roots :i* subdivide z !y proce$4 ,_! subdivisions are di*otom\s1 ea* root splitt+ equally into two1 & ?us !y want t intricate int]lac+ ( rootlet :i* is s famili> to u4 ,! :ole disposition ( ^! "u-gr\nd /ems is s+ul>ly /raight & regul>1 lead+ u to believe t !y %ot out freely ?r\gh a s(t muddy soil4 ,footnote #ba3 ,su* is ! usual aspect ( ! plant4 ,b z ! /ems h be51 = ! mo/ "p1 greatly flatt5$ by ! pressure ( ! sup]9cumb5t rocks1 ! %>pness ( ! patt]n has be5 mu* effac$4 ,9 "s specim5s describ$ by ,dr4 ,hook]1 z hav+ be5 f\nd 9 an upright position1 ! ext]nal ornam5tation pres5ts an appe>ance some:at diff]5t4 ,:at 9 ! common specim5s /& out z tub]cules1 are !re se5 to be deep circul> cavities1 9 :i* ! %runk flagon-%ap$ bases ( ! rootlets are /ill obs]vable4 7,see above1 ,fig4 #ac b1 :i* is tak5 f "o ( ,dr4 ,hook]'s plates4 ,= a detail$ description ( ! /ructure ( /igm>ia1 see ! pap] above ref]r$ to 9 ! ,geological ,survey ,memoirs47 ,a v ornate species is m5tion$ by ! late ,hugh ,mill]1 9 :i* ea* tub]cule =m$ ! c5tre ( a sculptur$ />1 & ! :ole /em seem$ cov]$ ov] ) fl[]s ( ! composite ord]4 ,& :at is1 p]haps1 /ill m curi\s1 ! /em 0 se5 to end (f #g 9 an obtuse po9t1 tub]cul$ l ! re/ ( ! plant4--,te/imony ( ! ,rocks1 p4 #dfa4 ,"s "t ago ,i *anc$ to visit ! rema9s ( :at _h once be5 a royal resid5ce1 & /ill look$ maje/ic ev5 9 decay4 ,x gave a sadd5$ pleasure to ?read its w9d+ /airs1 & pass dreamily f *amb] to hall1 & *apel to closet2 to /& 9 its gloomy kit*5s1 ) _! huge fire-places1 ^: black5$ sides told ( _m a ro>+ fagot t _h ruddi$ m]ry faces 9 days long gone by2 to creep /eal?ily into ! sombre dungeons1 s dank1 e>?y1 & cold1 & !n w9d+ cauti\sly back1 to em]ge into ! light ( ! summ] sun4 ,! sil5t quadrangle _h its encircl+ walls pi]c$ ) _m a w9d[1 "s ( :i* _h once be5 ri*ly c>v$2 b _! mullions 7 n[ sorely wa/$1 :ile o!rs1 ) brok5 l9tels & %att]$ walls above1 seem$ only wait+ = ano!r /orm to hurl !m among ! ro(less *amb]s bel[4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! c\rt-y>d /ood a ru9$ f\nta94 ,x _h be5 grotesquely ornam5t$ ) heads ( lions & griff9s1 & 0 said to h once run r$ ) w9e4 ,b x 0 sil5t en\gh n[2 ! h& ( "t1 & a /ill sur] enemy1 ! h& ( man1 _h done _! wor/ ^u x2 its gro9$ ar*es & foliag$ buttresses 7 brok5 & gone1 & n[ its %att]$ beauty /ood 9 meet h>mony ) ! desolation t reign$ ar\nd4 ,i employ$ myself = a :ile 9 look+ ov] ! fragm5ts1 m>k+ n[ ! head ( "s fi]ce hippogryph1 anon ! limbs ( "s mimic knight clad 9 arm\r ( pro(1 & ere long ,i /umbl$ on a delicately sculptur$ fleur-de-lis1 t might h surm\nt$ ! toilet-w9d[ ( "s fair "o ( old4 ,turn+ x ov]1 ,i f\nd its unhewn side exhibit$ a /ill m delicately sculptur$ /igm>ia4 ,! incid5t 0 c]ta9ly simple en\gh1 p]haps ev5 trifl+4 ,& yet1 occurr+ 9 a spot t seem$ consecrat$ to rev]ie1 x awoke a tra9 ( pleasant reflection4 ,h[ wide ! int]val ( "t :i* 0 bridg$ across 9 t sculptur$ /one6 ,its "o side c>ri$ ! m9d back b a few g5]ations1 ! o!r hurri$ ! fancy away ov] ages & cycles f> into ! dim %ad[s ( a pa/ et]nity4 ,! "o told ( a l& ( fl[]s1 musical ) ! hum ( ! bee & ! *ant+s ( birds1 & gladd5$ by ! pres5ce ( man2 ! o!r told ( a l& luxuriant1 inde$1 9 /range =ms ( vegetation--huge club-mosses1 tall calamites1 & wav+ f]ns--yet buri$ 9 a sil5ce t 0 only brok5 fitfully by ! breeze z x %ook ! spiky catk9s or ! giant fronds ( ! =e/4 ,! fleur-de-lis recall$ memories ( ,france--! sunny l& ( ,france--:i* /ood out s brightly 9 ! dreams ( our s*ool-days2 ! /igm>ia conjur$ up visions ( a l& t 0 nev] gaz$ on by human eye1 b roll$ its ri* *ampaign dur+ ! long ages ( ! ,c>bonif]\s era1 & sometimes rises up dimly 9 ! dreams ( our matur] ye>s4 ,betwe5 ^! two epo*s h[ _m c5turies1 h[ _m cycles mu/ h sl[ly roll$ away6 ,! fleur-de-lis 0 c>v$ b ye/]day2 ! /igm>ia fl\ri%$ :5 ! e>? 0 "y1 & _h se5 sc>cely a ?ird "p ( its kn[n hi/ory4 ,i h said t ! /em ( ! /igm>ia is call$ sigill>ia4 ,! "n may be translat$ signet-/em1#bb & has ref]5ce to "o ( ! di/+ui%+ peculi>ities ( ! plant4 ,ab\t tw5ty ,briti% species are enum]at$1 "s ( !m v dissimil>1 yet !y all agree 9 hav+ long flut$ /ems ) p>allel r[s ( prom95t seal-l tub]cules4 ,! sigill>ia diff]$ s widely 9 its :ole cont\r & ornam5tation f e liv+ plant1 t x is impossible to convey an idea ( its =m by ref]5ce to exi/+ vegetation4 ,"s ( ! species1 z ,s4 organum 7,fig4 #ad71 _h _! trunks trav]s$ longitud9ally by broad ridges sep>at$ by n>r[ furr[s4 ,along ! summit ( ea* ridge !re ran a l9e ( tub]cules1 set regul>ly at di/ances v>y+ f a ?ird or a qu>t] ( an in* to close contact4 ,"o may sometimes see no unfair repres5tation ( ! b>k ( ?is anci5t tree1 :5 look+ at a newly pl\gh$ field 9 spr+-"t1 hav+ ea* ( its broad ridges dott$ ) a r[ ( potato sacks4 ,o!r species1 :ile exhibit+ ! same plan1 diff]$ n a little 9 ! details4 ,9 "s ! tub]cules are r\nd1 9 o!rs angul>1 & 9 a ?ird set d\ble or kidney-%ap$4 ,9 "s !y are f> ap>t1 9 o!rs !y are /rung toge!r l a *a9 ( beads4 ,sometimes !y exi/ z m]e specks1 :ile occasionally !y broad5 out s z to equal 9 wid? ! ridge t supports !m4 ,"o species 7,s4 r5i=mis71 in/ead ( ! broad ridge & n>r[ furr[1 exhibits an arrangem5t exactly ! rev]se4 ,x looks n unlike a ca/ ( ! species fir/ describ$1 save t its broad flat furr[s support r[s ( mu* l>g] tub]cules4 ,! brea/ ( a lady's *emisette1 ) a ?ick-set r[ ( buttons d[n ea* plait1 w\ld be some:at l ?is species ( sigill>ia1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 t ! buttons on ! plant 7 ( a =m t does n appe> z yet to h come into fa%ion among ! fair sex4 ,yet !y _h no little elegance1 & l _m o!r objects 9 ! geological /oreh\se1 might be a useful model = our /ud5ts ( design4 ,!y 7 nei!r r\nd nor q oval1 b r ( a kidney-%ape1 or l a d\ble *]ry4 ,footnote #bb3 ,! ^w sigill>ia is really plural1 & 0 us$ by ! ,romans to d5ote ! little images :i* fri5ds 7 wont to pres5t to ea* o!r at ! end ( ! ,saturnalia4 ,!y answ]$ pretty ne>ly to *ri/mas-boxes & new ye>'s gifts among ourselves4 ,x is n un9t]e/+ ?us to f9d among ! h>d dry names ( sci5ce1 "o t two ?\s& ye>s ago 0 synonym\s ) all ! k9dl9ess ( fri5d%ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,sigill>ia1 ) black c>boniz$ b>k p>tially remov$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ^! tub]cules mu/ once h support$ leaflets4 ,!y are true leaf-sc>s1 l ^? on ! ,scot* fir1 & ! loz5ge-%ap$ knobs on ! b>k ( lepidod5dron4 ,b ( ! =m ( ^! leaves we are /ill 9 ignorance1 = no "p ( ! plant1 save ! /em & roots1 has yet be5 f\nd4 ,! sigill>ia mu/ h be5 a tree t c\ld n long )/& mac]ation1 = n only are its leaves gone1 b1 9 _m cases1 ! out] b>k has p>tially or :olly decay$1 leav+ a sc>cely di/+ui%able mass ( c>boniz$ matt]4#bc ,:5 ?is out] r9d is peel$ (f1 ! inn] surface ( ! /em is se5 to be ridg$1 furr[$1 & tub]cul$ 9 ! same way1 b ! m>k+s are mu* less di/9ct ?an on ! outside4 ,! b>k sometimes atta9s ! ?ickness ( an in*1 & is always f\nd z a lay] ( pure coal envelop+ ! /em :]e x /&s erect1 or ly+ z a flat cake )\t any c5tral cyl9d] :]e ! /em is pro/rate4 7,see ,fig4 #ad47 ,footnote #bc3 ,ano!r pro( ( ! loos5ess ( ! texture ( ?is anci5t vegetable may be ga!r$ f ! almo/ inv>iable truncation ( ev5 ! l>ge/ erect /ems2 !y are snapp$ across at ! height ( a few feet f _! base4 ,! fam\s ,torbanehill ,m9]al conta9s _m su* fragm5t>y /ems1 (t5 ( consid]able ?ickness4 ,_! int]ior consi/s ( ! same mat]ial z ! surr\nd+ b$1 & displays _m dissev]$ plants t may h be5 wa%$ into ! decay+ trunks4 ,= ! int]nal /ructure ( sigill>ia see ,dr ,hook]'s ,memoir1 & ! au?orities !re9 cit$4 ,ano!r rem>kable feature 9 ?is c>bonif]\s plant is t x appe>s to h _h no bran*es along its /em4 ,trunks h be5 f\nd f\r & five feet 9 diamet]1 & h be5 trac$ to a di/ance ( fifty1 sixty1 & ev5 sev5ty feet1 )\t any m>ks ( bran*es be+ detect$4 ,brongni>t exam9$ ! portion ( "o /em1 :i*1 at its ?ick] end1 _h be5 brok5 across1 b /ill measur$ a foot 9 bread?4 ,x ran = =ty feet along ! gall]y ( a m9e1 n>r[+ to a wid? ( n m ?an six in*es1 :5 x divid$ into two1 ea* bran* measur+ ab\t f\r in*es across4 ,! sigill>ia /ems1 accord+ly1 mu/ h %ot up1 slim & /raight1 to a height ( sometimes sev5ty feet be=e !y ?rew out a s+le bran*4 ,we "k no?+ ( ! coronal ( ^! /rangely-=m$ trees4 ,f ,brongni>t's obs]vations1 x w\ld seem t ! upp] "p ( ! /em1 l t ( ! lepidod5dron1 0 di*otom\s1 t is1 x bran*$ out into two m9or /ems2 b h[ ^! 7 dispos$ is unkn[n4 ,we are :olly ignorant1 too1 ( ! foliage ( ^! bran*es1 ?\gh1 f ! g5]al /ructure ( ! plant1 z well z f ! numb] ( f]n-fronds (t5 f\nd ar\nd ! base ( ! /ems1 x has be5 conjectur$ t ! sigill>ia 0 cryptogam\s1 &1 l ! tree-f]ns1 support$ a gr\p ( sweep+ fronds4 ,if s1 x diff]$ 9 _m respects f e kn[n memb] ( ! cryptogamic tribes4 ,putt+ toge!r1 !n1 all t we "k ( ! ext]ior ( ! sigill>ia1 we f9d t x 0 a tall sl5d] tree1 )1 palm-l1 a clump ( foliag$ bran*es above1 its /em bri/l+ ?ickly1 9 at lea/ its upp] "p1 ) spiky leaves1 & its roots equally hirsute1 %oot+ out to a di/ance ( sometimes =ty feet ?r\gh ! s(t muddy soil4 ,future rese>*es may br+ u bett] acqua9t$ ) ?is anci5t organism4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 en\gh ( x is kn[n to m>k x out z "o ( ! mo/ ornate =ms ( vegetation t ! _w has ev] se54 ,9 addition to ! above1 ! coal /rata h yield$ _m o!r fragm5t>y rema9s1 to :i* names h be5 giv51 b ( :i* v little is kn[n4 ,x is pleasant1 amid su* a wide sea ( d\bt & unc]ta9ty1 to alight ^u "s well-kn[n =m ( ^: aff9ities !re c be no "q1 s9ce x /ill f9ds its repres5tatives 9 liv+ nature4 ,( su* a k9d are ! conif]\s /ems occasionally met ) 9 ! s&/ones ( ! coal-measures4 4 ,x is n[ _m ye>s s9ce ! op]ations ( ! qu>ryman 9 ! c>bonif]\s s&/ones ( ,ed9burgh & ,newca/le disclos$ ! rema9s ( huge gn>l$ trunks deeply imb$d$ 9 ! rock4 ,! neighb\rhood ( ! latt] t[n yield$1 9 #ahbi1bd ! /em ( a tree sev5ty-two feet long1 )\t bran*es1 b r\gh5$ ) num]\s knobs1 indicative ( ! places :5ce bran*es _h sprung4 ,at ,craiglei?1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 a trunk ?irty-six feet long1 & ?ree feet 9 diamet] at ! base1 0 dis9t]r$ 9 ! ye> #ahbf4 ,s9ce !n1 sev]al o!rs h be5 f\nd 9 ! same neighb\rhood2 "s ( !m sixty & ev5 sev5ty feet 9 l5g?1 & f two to six 9 bread?4 ,!y 71 = ! mo/ "p1 /ripp$ ( roots & bran*es1 & lay at a great] or less angle among ! :ite s&/one b$s1 :i* !y cut across obliquely4 ,x 0 unkn[n = "s "t to :at division ( ! vegetable k+dom ^! trunks %\ld be ref]r$4 ,_! irregul> bran*$ surface & und\bt$ b>k indicat$ a high] k9d ( /ructure ?an t possess$ by any ( ! o!r c>bonif]\s plants2 b ! conjecture rema9$ unv]ifi$ until an +5i\s & beautiful me?od 0 discov]$ ( inve/igat+ _! int]nal organization4 ,two ,ed9burgh geologi/s1 ,mr4 ,ni*ol & ,mr4 ,)am1 succe$$ 9 obta9+ slices ( ! plants suffici5tly transp>5t to be view$ "u ! microscope by transmitt$ light1 & 9 ?is way _! true /ructure 0 readily p]ceiv$4 ,! me?od ( prep>+ ^! objects 0 simply z foll[s3--,a ?9 slice ( ! plant to be /udi$ 0 cut by ! lapid>y1 or deta*$ by ! hamm]4 ,"o side hav+ be5 gr\nd d[n smoo?1 & poli%$1 0 cem5t$ by ,canada balsam to a piece ( plate-glass1 & ! upp] surface 0 !n gr\nd d[n & poli%$ 9 l mann]1 s z to leave ! slice no ?ick] ?an c>tridge-pap]4#be ,:5 ! prep>ation 0 !n plac$ "u a magnify+ p[]1 ! m9ute cells & woody fibre ( ! plant c\ld be detect$ z cle>ly z ^? ( a rec5t tree4 ,! ,craiglei? fossils 7 9 ?is way recognis$ z belong+ to ! great conif]\s family1 & to t anci5t#bf division ( x :i* is1 at ! pres5t day1 repres5t$ by ! p9e ( ,norfolk ,isl&--a noble arauc>ian1 :i* re>s its pr\d head f #afj to #bjj feet ov] ! soil1 & exhibits a gre5 & luxuriant bread? ( foliage r>e among ! conif]4#bg ,"s ( ^! plants h yield$ fa9t traces ( ! annual r+s %[n s m>k$ly 9 ! cross section ( our common =e/-trees2 :5ce x w\ld appe>1 t ev5 z f> back z ! times ( ! coal-measures1 !re 7 seasons ( alt]nate heat & cold1 ?\gh probably less def9$ ?an n[4 ,footnote #bd3 ,)am's ,foss4 ,veget4 p4 #ca4 ,footnote #be3 ,= a m detail$ description ( ! process1 see ,)am's ,foss4 ,veget4 p4 #de4 ,footnote #bf3 ,! solit>y lignite ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 seems to h be5 arauc>ian4 ,mill]'s ,footpr9ts ( ! ,creator1 p4 #bjc4 ,footnote #bg3 ,footpr9ts ( ! ,creator1 p4 #aib4 ,^! conif]\s trees d n appe> to occur among ! erect /ems ( ! coal-b$s1 at lea/ !y are v r>e 9 su* a position4 ,_! m usual appe>ance is t ( drift$1 bran*less trunks1 imb$d$ along ) o!r fragm5t>y plants 9 deep /rata ( s&/one4 ,!y probably grew on high] gr\nd ?an ! swamps :i* support$ ! sigill>i & _! allies1 & might h be5 c>ri$ d[n by /reams1 freight$ out to sea1 & s deposit$ among ! s$im5t t 0 ga!r+ at ! bottom4 ,! rema9s ( cycadace\s plants h be5 describ$ among ! vegetation ( ! coal-measures2 b only fragm5ts h z yet be5 f\nd4 ,! mod]n ,cycade are l[ %rubs or trees1 ) ?ick /ems ( ne>ly uni=m bread?1 cr[n$ ) a d5se clump ( spread+ fronds :i* resemble bo? ^? ( ! palms & ! f]ns4 ,!y are natives ( ! w>m] regions ( bo? hemisph]es4 ,s long ago z ! ye> #ahce1 ,dr4 ,l9dley figur$ a fl[]-l plant1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( ,an?olites1 rank+ x among ! ,bromeliace1 or p9e-apple gr\p4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds suspect$ by ,dr4 ,hook] to belong r to ! conif]2 & he suppos$ t ! s-call$ fl[]ets might be really tufts ( "y unexp&$ leaves4 ,an exam9ation ( a m p]fect specim51 h[ev]1 has induc$ t di/+ui%$ botani/ to alt] 8 convictions & return to ! orig9al decision ( ,l9dley1 t ! an?olites are really fl[]s4#bh ,9 ,fig4 #ae1 !re=e1 :i* repres5ts "o ( ^! coal-measure fossils1 ! read] beholds ! olde/ fl[] t has yet be5 f\nd2 & surely x is ( no little int]e/ to "k1 t amid ! rank1 /eam+ =e/s ( ! ,c>bonif]\s era1 ) all _! d>kness & gloom1 !re 7 at lea/ "s fl[]s--fl[]s1 too1 t 7 alli$ to /ill liv+ =ms1 & brea!d out a ri* aromatic fragrance4 ,footnote #bh3 ,see ,dr4 ,hook]'s rem>ks 9 ! ,supplem5t to ! fif? edition ( ,lyell's ,manual1 p4 #ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,an?olites4 ,9 f9e1 f all ! g5]a & species ( plants t h be5 detect$ 9 ! /rata ( ! coal-measures1 x w\ld appe> t ! flora ( t anci5t p]iod 0 9 a high degree acrog5\s--t is to say1 consi/$ 9 great measure ( f]ns1 club-mosses1 & o!r memb]s ( ! great gr\p ( plants kn[n z acrog5s4 ,?is ^w lit]ally means top-gr[]s1 & is appli$ to ^? plants :i* increase 9 height1 b n 9 wid?1 s9ce !y atta9 at fir/ ne>ly _! ultimate diamet]4 ,su* plants occupy a l[ position 9 ! botanical scale4 ,m+l$ ) ! num]\s g5]a ( c>bonif]\s f]ns & club-mosses1 we f9d ! rema9s ( a mu* high] grade ( vegetation--t ( ! gymnog5s1 or plants t be> nak$ se$s--su* z ! firs & p9es4 ,!re also seem to h be5 a few endog5\s fl[]+ plants4 ,view+1 !n1 ?is flora on ! :ole1 x pres5ts u ) _m /rik+ resemblances to c]ta9 botanical regions ( ! pres5t day4 ,_m ( ! tropical isl&s ab\nd 9 f]ns1 & conta9 v few fl[]+ plants4 ,b ,new ,zeal& af=ds p]haps ! close/ p>allel4 ,t isl& is 9 c]ta9 p>ts highly m\nta9\s1 its l(tie/ summits be+ cov]$ ) glaci]s4 ,! hills ?r\gh\t l>ge di/ricts are b>e1 or cov]$ ) a scanty h]bage1 :ile 9 o!r localities !y are d5sely clo!d ) =e/s ( p9e1 bee*1 & o!r trees4 ,^! =e/s sweep on to ! l[] gr\nds1 :]e !y are replac$ by a ?ick gr[? ( f]n & flax-plant int]m+l$ ) dragon-trees & graceful tree-f]ns1 :ile ! m swampy regions support a ri* pr(usion ( re$s & ru%es4 ,su* a condition ( ?+s af=ds a close p>allel to ! probable vegetation ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod--an imm5se prepond]ance ( f]ns & arboresc5t acrog5s1 ) an int]mixture ( l>ge conif]\s trees4 ,f ! g5]al scant9ess ( a flora :]e f]ns pr$om9ate1 x has be5 argu$ t ! swamps ( ! coal-measures n\ri%$ a luxuriant repetition ( comp>atively few species2 & ?is hypo!sis also receives confirmation f ! vegetation ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,ano!r d$uction f\nd$ on ! resemblance ( ! anci5t to ! mod]n flora1 ref]s to ! conditions ( heat & moi/ure4 ,x has be5 inf]r$ t ! climate ( ! coal p]iod 0 equable & humid1 l t ( ,new ,zeal&--a supposition mu* m natural & simple ?an t1 once s mu* 9 vogue1 ( a heat$ atmosph]e d5sely *>g$ ) c>bonic acid gas4 ,t ! air ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod diff]$ 9 no mat]ial respect f ! air ( ! pres5t day1 seems at la/ prov$ by ! rema9s ( air-brea?+ animals hav+ be5 f\nd among ! coal-b$s2 & !re seems no reason :y ! high] m\nta9-tops ( ! same epo* may n h be5 clo!d ) glaci]s z ^? ( ,new ,zeal& are4 ,z yet we h no evid5ce ( ! fact1 b x is by no means beyond ! possibility ( pro(4#bi ,footnote #bi3 ,see ,pr(essor ,ramsay's sugge/ive ,memoir on ,p]mian ,breccias 9 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 vol4 xi4 p4 #ahe4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,sc5]y ( ! c>bonif]\s =e/s--,contra/ 9 ! appe>ance ( coal di/ricts at ! pres5t day--,abundance ( animal life 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s era--,advantages ( palontology ov] fossil-botany--,c>bonif]\s fauna--,act9i--,cup-corals--,ar*itecture ( ! pres5t day might be improv$ by /udy ( ! ar*itecture ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod--,mode ( propagation ( corals--,a =5oon on ! bea*--,v>i\s /ages 9 ! decomposition ( %ells--,sea-mat--,bryozoa--,f5e/ella--,r etepora--,/one-lilies-- ,popul> sup]/itions--,/ructure ( ! /one-lilies--,aspect ( ! sea-bottom on :i* ! /one-lilies fl\ri%$--,sea-ur*9s--,cru/acea1 _! high antiquity--,cyprides--,ar*itecture ( ! ,cru/acea & mollusca contra/$--,k+-crabs4 ,! =ms ( vegetation t fl\ri%$ dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s era seem to h be5 9 l>ge measure m>%y plants1 luxuriat+ on l[ muddy delta-l&s1 l ! cypress-swamps ( ! ,mississippi1 or ! ,sund]bunds ( ! ,ganges4 ,we c picture b fa9tly ! g5]al sc5]y ( ^! old =e/s f ! brok5 & c>boniz$ rema9s t h come d[n to u4 ,b ?\gh p]haps some:at monoton\s on ! :ole1 x mu/ h be5 em95tly beautiful 9 detail4 ,! sigill>i rais$ _! sculptur$ /ems & l(ty wav+ wrea?s ( fronds high ov] ! m swampy gr\nds1 :ile a ?ick und]wood ( f]ns & />-leav$ a/]ophyllites clu/]$ amid ! %ade bel[4 ,! lepidod5dra %ot =? _! spiky bran*es f ! m>g9 ( gre5 islets1 & dropp$ _! catk9s into ! sluggi% wat] t /ole on among ! dimpl$ %ad[s und]nea?4 ,tree-f]ns spread out _! broad p5dant fronds1 & wrapt ! gr\nd bel[ 9 an almo/ twilight gloom1 d>k] & deep] f> ?an t ,hospitable ro( ,( bran*+ elms />-pro(1 :i* rose s (t5 9 ! visions ( ,milton2 or t graceful ar* s exquisitely sung by ,c[p]1 b5ea? :i* ,! *equ]$ e>? seems re/less z a flood ,bru%$ by ! w9d4 ,s sportive is ! light ,%ot2 ?r\gh ! b\ghs1 x dances z !y dance1 ,%ad[ & sun%9e int]m+l+ quick1 ,& d>k5+ & enlight5+1 z ! leaves ,play wanton1 e mom5t1 e spot4 ,?ickets ( tall re$s rose out ( ! wat]1 ) /ems massive z ^? ( our =e/-trees1 encircl$ at regul> di/ances by wrea?s ( po9t$ leaflets1 & be>+ on _! summits club-l catk9s4 ,f> away1 ! di/ant hills lay %aggy ) p9e-woods1 & nurs$ 9 _! solitudes ! spr+s & rivulets t work$ a devi\s c\rse ?r\gh =e/1 & gl51 & valley1 until1 unit$ into "o broad riv]1 !y crept ?r\gh ! ri* foliage ( ! delta & f9ally pass$ away out to sea1 be>+ ) !m a v>i$ burd5 ( drift-wood1 p9e-trees f ! hills1 & /ray leaves & cones f ! l[] gr\nds4 ,h[ diff]5t su* a sc5e f t n[ pres5t$ by ! v same areas ( c\ntry6 ,^! old delta l&s are n[ our coal-fields1 & h ex*ang$ ! deep /illness ( primeval nature = ! d9 & turmoil ( mod]n m9+ di/ricts4 ,9 ^! anci5t times1 n only 0 man uncreat$1 b ! e>? z yet lack$ all ! high] types ( v]tebrat$ be+4 ,none ( ! animals t we see ar\nd u exi/$ !n2 !re 7 no %eep1 nor ox51 horses1 de]1 nor dogs4 ,nei!r 7 ! quadrup$s ( o!r l&s repres5t$2 ! =e/s n\ri%$ no lions or tig]s1 no wolves or be>s1 no opossums or kang>oos4 ,9 tru?1 ! l& mu/ h be5 a v sil5t "o1 = we "k z yet ( no animat$ exi/5ce t c\ld break ! /illness1 save p]*ance "s *irp+ gras%opp]1 or dron+ beetle1 or quiv]+ dragon-fly4 ,no bee humm$ along on err&s ( indu/ry2 x is d\btful1 inde$1 :e!r honey-yield+ fl[]s =m$ "p ( ! c>bonif]\s flora2 no l>k c>oll$ bli!ly 9 ! sky1 nor rook croak$ among ! woods4 ,all 0 /ill2 & "o might1 p]haps1 h /ood on "s ( ^? tree-cre/$ islets1 & he>d no s\nd b ! rippl+ ( ! wat] along ! re$y & s$gy banks1 & ! ru/l+ ( ! gloomy bran*es ov]head4 ,to "o :o muses on ^! bygone ages x is no unimpressive situation to /& 9 ! mid/ ( a l>ge coal di/rict & m>k its smok+ *imneys1 clank+ eng9es1 & scream+ locomotives1 its squalid villages & /ill m squalid inhabitants1 & its m+l$ air ( comm]cial activity1 physical wret*$ness1 & moral degradation4 ,x is f su* a po9t ( view t we receive ! mo/ =cible illu/ration ( ^? great *anges :]e( e c\ntry has be5 ! sc5e1 & :i* are s t]sely express$ by "o :o has gaz$ on ! revelations ( geology ) ! eye ( a true poet-- ,!re rolls ! deep :]e grew ! tree4 ,o e>?1 :at *anges ha/ ?\ se56 ,!re :]e ! long /reet ro>s1 ba? be5 ,! /illness ( ! c5tral sea4 ,b ! lifelessness ( ! c>bonif]\s =e/s 0 amply comp5sat$ by ! activity t reign$ 9 riv]1 lagoon1 & sea4 ,coral groves gleam$ :ite b5ea? ! waves1 fi%es ( _m a %ape disport$ 9 /ream & lake1 & ! bulki] =ms1 arm$ 9 massive plates ( bone1 asc5d$ ! riv]s or haunt$ ! deep] recesses ( ! op5 sea4 ,9 "s b$s ( rock ! rema9s ( ^! v>i\s animals lie cr[d$ toge!r l drift$ tangle on ! sea-%ore1 & ! :ole rem9ds u ( a va/ cemet]y or *>nel-h\se4 ,! bones lie at all angles1 _m ( !m brok5 & disjo9t$ z ?\gh ! own] _h di$ at a di/ance1 & 8 rema9s1 sadly mutilat$ on ! way1 _h be5 borne to _! la/ re/+-place by ! %ift+ curr5ts2 o!rs lie all 9 place1 cov]$ ) _! armature ( scales1 z ?\gh ! creature1 consci\s ( approa*+ dissolution1 _h s\ght out a %elt]$ nook & !re la9 d[n & di$4 ,x is n un9t]e/+ or un9/ructive to tract2 out 9 an old qu>ry /ratum above /ratum1 ea* ) its gr\ps ( once liv+ ?+s4 ,i "k ( few employm5ts m pleasant ?an to sit !re1 amid ! calm /illness ( a summ] ev5+1 :5 ! %ad[s are beg9n+ to /eal along ! valleys & creep up ! hill-sides1 & 9 t dim fad+ light to try 9 fancy to clo! ^! dry bones ) life1 to picture ! "t :5 !y liv$ & mov$ 9 ! glassy dep?s ( lakes & seas1 or amid ! solitudes ( jungles & =e/s1 & s to sp5d a pleasant h\r 9 rev]ie1 till r\s$ at la/ by ! vesp] song ( ! l>k1 or ! l[ mean+s ( ! night w9d z x sighs m\rnfully ?r\gh ! woods4 ,! /udy ( fossil animals embraces a mu* great] range ( subject ?an t ( fossil plants4 ,! fauna ( any p>ticul> geological =mation1 t is to say1 its emb$d$ animal rema9s1 = ! mo/ "p va/ly exce$s 9 numb] its flora1 or vegetable rema9s1 & is likewise usually bett] pres]v$4 ,ab\t ! nature & aff9ities ( sev]al tribes ( fossil plants !re hangs an am\nt ( unc]ta9ty :i* r5d]s !m a dubi\s guide to ! climatal & o!r conditions ( ! p]iod & locality 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,g5]ic di/9ctions among liv+ plants (t5 re/ on ! "* ( ^? p>ts :i* are ! mo/ p]i%able1 su* z fl[]s & se$-vessels4 ,^! delicate /ructures we1 ( c\rse1 c h>dly look to f9d pres]v$ 9 ! rocks1 & we h 9 place ( !m only deta*$ leaflets1 twigs1 bran*es1 & /ems1 (t5 sorely mutilat$ 9 outw>d =m1 & pres5t+ no trace ( int]nal organization4 ,b ! tribes ( ! animal k+dom h1 = ! mo/ "p1 h>d] frameworks4 ,! m9ute infusoria1 :i* by _! accumulat$ rema9s help to *oke up ! delta ( ! ,nile1 & sw>m by millions 9 e ocean ( ! globe1 h _! silici\s or calc>e\s %ells s m9ute t ,ehr5b]g has e/imat$ a cubic in* ( tripoli to conta9 =ty-"o ?\s& millions ( !m4 ,! polypi h _! int]nal calc>e\s skeletons1 :i* ab\nd 9 all ! old] lime/ones1 & =m ! coral reefs ( ! pres5t day4 ,! mollusca1 too1 ?\gh1 z _! "n imports1 !y h p]i%able bodies1 are yet1 9 mo/ cases1 furni%$ ) h>d calc>e\s %ells1 t indicate by _! v>i\s modifications ( =m & /ructure1 ! "* ( ! animal t liv$ )9 !m4 ,!y are f\nd 9 all ! =mations f ! e>lie/ upw>ds1 & z !y va/ly exce$ 9 numb]s all ! o!r classes ) :i* ! geologi/ has to deal1 !y =m ! l>g] "p ( t basis ( evid5ce f :i* he int]prets ! pa/ hi/ory ( organiz$ exi/5ce4 ,hugh ,mill] lov$ to talk ( !m z ! %ell alphabet1 out ( :i* ! language ( palontological hi/ory %\ld be compil$4 ,! v]tebrata1 too1 all h _! h>d skeletons1 easily capable ( pres]vation1 :e!r x be 9 ! =m ( ! massive exo-skeleton ( bone t *>act]iz$ ! old] ganoidal fi%es1 or ! compact endo-skeleton ( ! reptiles & mammals4 ,a great] am\nt ( att5tion is1 !re=e1 due to ! /udy ( fossil animals1 s9ce !y ?us n only f> exce$ fossil plants 9 numb]1 b possess a high] value z evid5ce ( anci5t physical conditions4 ,! fauna ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em is a v num]\s "o1 exhibit+ specim5s ( almo/ e class ( animal life1 f ! t9y =am9if] up to ! massive bone-cov]$ sauroidal fi%1 & ev5 to occasional traces ( true reptilian rema9s4 ,by f> ! l>g] numb] are peculi> to ! sea1 su* z ! molluscan tribes & corals2 o!rs are und\bt$ly t]re/rial organisms1 su* z ! w+s & w+-%ea?s ( sev]al k9ds ( insects2 :ile "s appe> to be peculi> to fre% or bracki% wat]1 su* z %ells alli$ to our unio or riv]-mussel1 & m9ute cru/ace\s animals kn[n z cyprides1 ( :i* we h /ill repres5tatives 9 our ponds & dit*es4 ,x is pla91 !n1 t if we rightly asc]ta9 ! class or family to :i* "o ( ^! fossils belong$1 we %all obta9 a clue to ! hi/ory ( ! physical geography1 dur+ ,c>bonif]\s times1 ( ! di/rict 9 :i* ! fossil occurs4 ,a b$ ( unios w tell u ( old riv]s & lakes t spread out _! blue wat]s :]e n[1 p]*ance1 !re lie wav+ fields ( corn4 ,a b$ ( corals & /one-lilies w lay be=e u ! bottom ( an anci5t ocean t roll$ its re/less waves :]e to-day1 p]haps1 ! qu>ryman plies 8 task amid ! gloom ( d>k p9e-woods4 ,9 %ort1 ^! organic rema9s are to ! hi/ory ( ! e>? :at anci5t monum5ts are to ! hi/ory ( man4 ,!y enable u to trace out ! v>i$ *anges ( our planet & its inhabitants d[n to ! human era1 j z ! wood5 canoe1 ! fl9t arr[-head1 ! /one c(f91 ! bronze sword1 ! iron cuirass1 ! ru9$ abbey1 & ! feudal ca/le1 tea* u ! successive /ages ( progress 9 ! hi/ory ( our own c\ntry4 ,:oev] has sp5t a few days on "s rocky coa/1 mu/ h notic$ adh]+ to half-tide /ones num]\s solit>y act9i4 ,array$ 9 all ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[--purple1 gre51 & gold--^! little creatures hang out _! t5tacles l s _m fl[]s1 & h h5ce receiv$ ! popul> "n ( sea-anemones4 ,_! int]nal /ructure is no less beautiful4 ,!y resemble s _m l>ge plump gooseb]ries1 & consi/ ( a little sack susp5d$ )9 a l>g] "o4 ,! out] sack is fr+$ along its upp] edges ) "o or m r[s ( slim holl[ t5tacles1 :i* div]ge outw>ds l ! petals ( ! daisy1 & c be contract$ at pleasure s z some:at to resemble ! daisy :5 fold$ up at sunset4 ,! inn] sack1 :i* =ms ! /oma* ( ! animal1 has a %ort op5+ or gullet1 at ! upp] "p ( :i* is ! m\? ly+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! cavity surr\nd$ by ! fr+es ( t5tacles4 ,! inn] sack is connect$ ) ! out] by means ( ?9 membranes1 l s _m p>tition-walls1 :i* radiate inw>ds l spokes t[>ds ! axle ( a :eel4 ,! space betwe5 ea* ( ^! membranes1 or lamell1 =ms an indep5d5t *amb]1 b x has a communication ) ^? on ei!r side by a w9d[ 9 ea* wall1 & fur!r op5s upw>ds into ! holl[ t5tacles1 :i*1 ) m9ute orifices at _! out] po9ts1 may be comp>$ to *imneys4 ,^! *amb]s =m ! brea?+ app>atus ( ! little creature4 ,sea-wat] passes d[n ?r\gh ! t5tacle into ! holl[ *amb] bel[1 :5ce1 by ! con/ant action ( m9ute hairlike cilia t l9e ! walls l tape/ry1 x is driv5 ?r\gh ! w9d[ into ! next *amb]1 !nce into ! next1 & s on1 pass+ gradually ?r\gh ! t5tacles back to ! sea4 ,! act9i are ( a s(t p]i%able sub/ance1 b _m ( ! o!r ,an?ozoa1 or fl[]-l animals1 h h>d calc>e\s skeletons4 ,( su* a k9d are ! polypi t 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean h rais$ ^? /up5d\s reefs & isl&s ( coral4 ,x does n appe> t1 dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 !re exi/$ any reef-build+ zoophytes1 b "s ( ! mo/ abundant =ms ( life belong$ to a k9dr$ tribe1 & are kn[n by ! "n ( ,cya?ophyllid1 or cup-corals4 ,z ! "n imports1 ! typical g5us has a g5]al cup-%ap$ =m1 b ?is is liable to _m ab]rations 9 ! cognate g5]a4 ,! y\ng] specim5s ( "o species 7,cya?opsis fungites7 h a curv$ outl9e some:at l ! b[l ( a tobacco-pipe1 :5ce ! qu>rym5 "k !m z pipe-heads4 ,! old] individuals are g5]ally m or less wr9kl$ & twi/$1 sometimes rea*+ a l5g? ( eight or n9e in*es1 & h be5 nam$ by ! workm5 rams'-horns4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,cya?opsis 7clisiophyllum 87 fungites4 ,! annex$ figure 7,fig4 #af7 %[s _! g5]al appe>ance & /ructure4 ,! l[] end 0 fix$ to ! rock l ! flat suck]-l disc ( ! act9ia4 ,ar\nd ! out] m>g9 !re div]g$ "o or m r[s ( slim t5tacles1 holl[1 s(t1 & retractile1 l ^? ( ! act9ia4 ,f ! m>g9 to ! c5tre !re radiat$ m ?an a hundr$ lamell1 b ^! diff]$ f ! correspond+ membranes ( ! mod]n animal1 inasmu* z !y 7 /r5g!n$ int]nally by a skeleton ( h>d c>bonate ( lime2 & to ?is diff]5ce we owe _! pres]vation4 ,!y /& out 9 high relief ^u wea!r$ specim5s1 %[+ ! long1 n>r[ *amb]s t ran betwe5 !m4 ,_! walls 7 once d\btless hung ) c\ntless vibratile cilia1 & p]haps pi]c$ ea* ) its w9d[1 ?r\gh :i* ! curr5ts ( wat] pass$ 9 _! ceaseless progress to & f ! sea4 ,at ! c5tre lay ! m\?1 communicat+ by a %ort gullet ) ! /oma*1 :i* occupi$ ! c5tral portion ( ! animal1 & f ! out] walls ( :i* ! lamell div]g$ l s _m buttresses4 ,9 its y\nge/ /ages1 ! animal occupi$ ! :ole l5g? ( ! cup1 b1 u x increas$ 9 size1 x gradually retreat$ f ! n>r[ end1 :i* 0 !n divid$ (f by a ?9 calc>e\s membrane4 ,at ea* successive /age ( its gr[?1 a new membrane 0 add$1 ea* fur!r & fur!r f ! l[] end1 s t ev5tually ! creature left bel[ x a s]ies ( empty *amb]s all firmly built up4 ,?us1 9 a specim5 six or eight in*es long1 !re w\ld 9 reality only be a small "p t5ant$--9 fact m]ely ! upp] floor--all ! l[] /oreys rema9+ sil5t & un9habit$4 ,! h\se ( ?is old-_w ar*itect diff]$ widely 9 "o respect f human dwell+s4 ,man beg9s 8 basem5t /ory ( ! same dim5sions z ^? t are to succe$ x1 or1 if any diff]5ce is made at all1 ! upp] floors are built ea* less ?an ! "o bel[ x1 s t ! :ole /ructure tap]s upw>d to a po9t1 z 9 ! ,pyramids4 ,b ! cya?opsis rev]s$ ?is latt] process2 x inv]t$ ! cone1 comm5c+ ! smalle/ *amb] at ! bottom1 & plac+ ! wide/ at ! top4 ,inde$1 "o is sometimes puzzl$ to conjecture h[ s bulky a build+ c\ld be securely pois$ on s n>r[ a basis1 & x is c]ta9ly difficult to see h[ ! creature c\ld move ab\t ) su* a pond]\s load to drag along4 ,! snail c>ries 8 h\se on 8 back1 yet x is a slim /ructure at ! be/2 b ! cup-coral mu/ n m]ely h c>ri$ 8 h\se1 b "s doz5 or two ( old ones /rung "o aft] ano!r to 8 tail4 ,p]haps1 ?\gh free to move ab\t & try *ange ( resid5ce 9 its y\?ful days1 ! creature gradually settl$ d[n 9 life1 & took up its p]man5t abode 9 "s fav\rite retreat1 ! m especially z 9 process ( "t x became :at we %\ld call a v respectable h\sehold]4 ,alli$ to ! cya?opsis is ano!r & /ill m beautiful coral1 describ$ s long ago z ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury by ! ,wel% antiqu>y & naturali/1 ,lhwyd1 "u ! "n ( ,li?o/rotion4 ,al?\gh _m p]fect specim5s ( x h be5 f\nd1 & x is usually z well pres]v$ z any ( its cong5]s1 m5 ( sci5ce h be5 sadly at a loss :at to call x4 ,f\r or five synonyms may be f\nd appli$ to x 9 diff]5t works on palontology4 ,!re seems n[1 h[ev]1 a t5d5cy to return to ! "n t old ,lhwyd gave x two c5turies ago2 ! family to :i* x belongs1 & ( :i* x is ! type1 has accord+ly be5 t]m$ ! ,li?o/rotionid1 & ! species 9 "q ,li?o/rotion /riatum 7,fig4 #ag74 ,x diff]$ f ! cya?opsis 9 sev]al respects1 b *iefly 9 ?is1 t x liv$ 9 little congregat$ gr\ps or colonies1 :]eas ! cya?opsis1 l our own act9ia1 dwelt alone4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,li?o/rotion /riatum4 ,ea* ( ^! colonies 0 =m$ ( a clu/] ( hexagonal1 or r polygonal pill>s1 fitt+ closely into ea* o!r1 l ! basaltic columns ( ,f+al's ,cave1 & spr++ f a common base at ! sea bottom4#cj ,ea* pill> con/itut$ ! abode ( a s+le animal1 & resembl$ g5]ally ! /alk ( ! cya?opsis4 ,x _h ! same m9ute div]g+ p>titions runn+ f ! out] walls t[>ds ! c5tre1 & ! same ?9 diaphragms1 :i*1 /ret*+ horizontally across ! int]ior ( ! column at %ort int]vals1 m>k$ ! successive /ages ( ! animal's gr[?4 ,)9 ^! p>titions1 :i* v>y f =ty to eighty 9 numb]1 !re runs an inn] circul> tube ) ?9 lamell & diaphragms4 ,! ext]ior ( ! columns is ribb$ longitud9ally by a set ( long f9e /ri1 :i* give some:at ! appe>ance ( ! flut+ on a ,cor9?ian pill>4 ,! columns1 moreov]1 are n /raight1 b h an irregul>1 wr9kl$ outl9e1 s t1 by a slant light1 !y look l "s old pill> =m$ ( _m lay]s ( /one1 ! jo9ts ( :i* h wa/$ away1 produc+ an undulat+ pr(ile 9 place ( ! orig9al ev5 "o4 ,b 9 ^! anci5t coral columns !re is no blunt$ outl9e1 no worn holl[2 ! sculptur+ /&s out z %>p & fre%1 & ! wavy curves z cle>ly def9$1 z ?\gh ! creature _h di$ b ye/]day4 ,!y resemble no ord] ( human ar*itecture1 save fa9tly1 p]haps1 "s ( ! wavy outl9es ( ! ,arabesque4 ,footnote #cj3 ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison figures 9 8 ,siluria1 p4 #bhb1 a gigantic specim51 :i* measur$ two feet f\r in*es 9 wid?4 ,despite all ! improvem5ts & inv5tions ( mod]n times1 classic ar*itecture has made no progress s9ce ! days ( ,p]icles4 ,all t we d n[ is b to reproduce :at ! ,greeks creat$ #bjjj ye>s ago1 & he is reckon$ ! be/ ar*itect :o furni%es ! be/ imitation4 ,our ar*itects might f9d "s useful h9ts1 h[ev]1 by /udy+ ! l[li] ord]s ( nature4 ,!y w\ld see !re patt]ns ( beauty f> m delicate ?an ! ,grecian capital1 & m light & airy ?an ! ,go?ic %aft4 ,& :e!r or n !y c\ld f\nd a new ord] ( ar*itecture1 !y c\ld n fail to discov] _m modifications & improvem5ts ^u "s ( ! old4 ,!y c\ld n readily light ^u a m graceful =m ?an t ( ! li?o/rotion1 w\ld !y b picture x z x grew at ! bottom ( ! old c>bonif]\s sea4 ,a gr\p ( hexagonal pill>s1 firmly compact$ toge!r l ^? ( ! ,giant's ,causeway1 or ,f+al's ,cave1 rose f a :ite calc>e\s p$im5t1 z columns f ! m>ble /eps ( an ,a!nian temple4 ,ea* side ( ! pill> _h a wavy undulat+ surface1 delicately flut$ by long sl5d] /ri1 ! :ole be+ s arrang$ t ! convexities ( "o surface fitt$ into ! s9uosities ( ! adh]+ "o4 ,ea* pill> 0 cr[n$ above by a capital1 consi/+ ( ! s(t vibratile t5tacles ( ! animal1 t hung ov] l s _m acan?us leaves4 ,( ! =m ( ^! t5tacles1 _! design & gr\p+1 we "k no?+ save :at may be ga!r$ f ! analogy ( liv+ corals4 ,!re c be little d\bt1 h[ev]1 t1 l ! fl[]-%ap$ buds ( ! exi/+ reef-build+ polyps1 !y mu/ h be5 em95tly beautiful1 & 9 /rict keep+ ) ! graceful column :i* !y cr[n$4 ,ano!r k9dr$ =m 0 t kn[n z ! li?od5dron4 ,x1 too1 grew 9 colonies1 & seems to h closely resembl$ ! la/1 save t ! pill>s1 9 place ( be+ six-sid$1 7 r\nd4 ,i h se5 a b$ ( ^! corals sev]al y>ds 9 ext5t1 & sev5 or eight in*es deep1 :]e ! individuals 7 closely cr[d$ toge!r1 s z to resemble a s]ies ( tobacco-pipe /ems1 or slim p5cils set on end4 ,! tubes1 h[ev]1 7 n all q /raight2 _m be+ m or less curv$1 & sometimes cross+ _! neighb\rs obliquely4 ,! int]nal arrangem5t 0 on ! same plan z 9 ! two previ\s corals4 ,! same num]\s p>titions ran f ! ext]ior wall t[>ds ! c5tral tube1 ! same ?ick-set diaphragms cross$ ! entire bread? ( ! column1 imp>t+ ! same m9ute honey-comb$ appe>ance to a cross section4 ,! ext]ior ( ! column 79 ,l4 fasciculatum7 0 likewise trav]s$ by ! same longitud9al /ri4 ,bo? ^! corals seem to h be5 fissip>\s1 t is to say1 !y propagat$ by splitt+ into two p>ts1 ea* ( :i* =m$ ! base ( a new column ) a new animal4 ,! evid5ce = ?is /atem5t re/s on ! fact1 t _m ( ! tubes are se5 to bifurcate 9 _! c\rse1 s t two new tubes are produc$ equal 9 size & complet5ess to ! old "o f :i* !y proce$4 ,ano!r mode ( g5]ation :i*1 9 at lea/ its e>li] /ages1 w\ld produce a some:at simil> appe>ance is call$ gemmation1 & consi/s 9 ! protrusion ( a bud or gemmule f ! side ( ! animal1 :i* %ortly develops into a new & p]fect individual4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ! ord9>y mode ( propagation among ^! old corals 0 ! usual "o by impregnat$ ova4 ,^! ova1 l ^? ( our sea-anemones1 7 probably g5]at$ )9 ! p>titions1 betwe5 ! c5tral /oma* & ! out] wall1 :5ce !y pass$ d[n into ! /oma*1 & 7 eject$ by ! m\? ( ! p>5t z little gemmules1 furni%$ ) ! p[] ( locomotion by means ( vibratile cilia4 ,"s ( ! ,m$usa family possess ?is ?ree-fold mode ( propagation2 b1 9 all1 ! la/-m5tion$ is ! mo/ usual4 ,has ! read] ev] /ret*$ himself along ! %ore1 :ile1 p]haps1 a ,july sun blaz$ ov]head1 & a fitful breeze came ov] ! sea1 j /rong en\gh to *ase a%ore an endless s]ies ( rippl+ wavelets1 & brea! ov] 8 temples a delici\s & refre%+ coolness8 ,?us plac$1 & gaz+ dreamily n[1 p]*ance1 at ! di/ant sails l :ite specks along ! b\nd>y l9e ( sea & sky2 n[ at ! gulls :eel+ 9 broad circles ?r\gh ! air1 & %oot+ swift z arr[s d[n into ! blue wat]1 he mu/ (t5 h turn$ to look = a little at ! s& :i*1 heap$ up 9 little m\nds ar\nd him1 =m$ a c\* well-nigh z s(t z ! f9e/ d[n4 ,_m a v>i$ fragm5t ent]$ into ! composition ( t s&4 ,m+l$ among ! m9ut] qu>tzy p>ticles lay scores ( %ells1 "s ) ! col\r n yet fad$1 & ! valves /ill toge!r--! delicate tell9a1 ) its poli%$ surface1 & its flu% ( p9k2 ! c>dium ) its /rong :ite plait$ sides1 & ! turritella ) its circl+ spire2 "s 7 worn d[n & sorely effac$1 o!rs brok5 into fragm5ts by ! ceaseless gr9d+ ( ! waves4 ,x 0 pleasant lab\r 9 su* a sultry noon to pick out ! %ells ( "o species 9 all /ages ( decay4 ,! ,tro*us l9eatus1 or ,silv] ,willie1 z "y rambl]s by ! sea-%ore love to call x1 %[$ well ! process ( de/ruction4 ,! p]fect %ell1 ca/ a%ore1 p]haps1 by ! la/ /orm1 & /ill un9jur$ by ! tides1 display$ its russet epid]mis1 or out] sk91 cov]$ ) f9e br[n zig-zag l9es1 runn+ across ! :orls f ! creature's wide pe>l-l9$ m\? to ! apex4 ,a second %ell exhibit$ a surface t _h begun to suff]2 ! po9t _h be5 dive/$ ( its ?9 out] sk91 & laid b>e ! silv]y coat+ ( pe>l bel[4 ,a ?ird _h und]gone a /ill long] p]iod ( abrasion1 = ! :ole ( ! epid]mis 0 gone1 & ! surface gleam$ ) a pe>ly iridesc5ce4 ,9 yet a f\r?1 ?is bright ext]ior _h be5 9 l>ge measure worn away1 & ! blunt$1 r\nd$ %ell display$ ! dull :ite calc>e\s sub/ance ( :i* x 0 ma9ly built up4 ,b !re 7 o!r objects ( int]e/ 9 ! s&3 bits ( tangle1 cru/$ ov] ) a f9e net-"w ( gauze1 & fragm5ts ( ?9 leaf-l membrane1 consi/+ ( a simil> sl5d] network kn[n popul>ly z ! sea-mat1 occasionally turn$ up among ! pebbles & %ells4 ,no "o :o met ) ^! organisms = ! fir/ "t c\ld fail to be /ruck ) ! extreme delicacy ( f9i%1 if "o may s speak1 t *>act]izes !m4 ,& yet he might be puzzl$ to "k :at to make ( !m4 ,! leaf-l membrane1 at a fir/ glance1 looks n unlike "s ( ! flat-leav$ alg1 & su* ! obs]v] might readily take !m to be4 ,su*1 too1 !y 7 long reg>d$ by naturali/s2 b a m c>eful exam9ation ( !m %[$ t ! s-call$ plants really belong$ to ! animal k+dom1 & t ! suppos$ leaves 71 9 tru?1 ! organic dwell+-places ( m9ute zoophytes1 ( :i* _m hundr$s lay gr\p$ toge!r on e squ>e in*4 ,= _m ye>s ^! little creatures 7 call$ cellif]\s corall9es1 & class$ among ! polypi1 t great tribe :i* has its repres5tatives 9 e ocean1 f ! coral reefs ( ! ,pacific to ! little bell-%ap$ hydra amid ! tangle ( our own seas4 ,b ! microscope--t lamp :i* lights u into ! inn] recesses ( nature--reveal$ at la/ _! true "*4 ,fix$ to "o spot1 liv+ 9 communities1 & exce$+ly m9ute1 9 %ort1 ) _m ( ! outw>d features ( ! true corall9es1 !y 7 yet f\nd to possess a /ructure s complex & highly organiz$1 z to entitle !m to rank among ! high] tribes ( ! inv]tebrate animals1 & !y are n[ accord+ly pretty g5]ally subjo9$ to ! mollusca1 "u ! "n ( ,bryozoa4 ,ea* bryozoon consi/s ext]nally ( a s+le horny or calc>e\s cell1 sometimes furni%$ ) a valve-l lid t folds d[n :5 ! animal )draws itself4 ,:5 dang] is pa/1 & ! creature beg9s aga9 to em]ge1 ! upp] p>ts1 :i* 7 drawn 9 l ! inv]t$ f+] ( a glove1 are pu%$ out until a s]ies ( t5tacles1 cov]$ ) m9ute hair-l bodies1 call$ cilia1 are exp&$4 ,! vibratile motion ( ^! cilia causes a con/ant curr5t 9 ! direction ( ! m\?1 :i* lies 9 ! c5tre ( ! holl[ :5ce ! t5tacles spr+2 animalcules are 9 ?is way br\ght 9 rapid succession )9 rea* ( ! m\?1 & =m a nev]-fail+ s\rce ( n\ri%m5t4 ,! int]ior is greatly m complex ?an t ( ! polypi4 ,! /oma* is connect$ above ) a cavity l ! gizz>d ( a bird1 furni%$ ) po9t$ sides1 :i* s]ve to triturate ! food be=e x passes into ! /oma*4 ,!re is also a di/9ct inte/9e4 ,! muscul> action = ! expansion & retraction ( ! animal is highly develop$1 & ! g5]ative sy/em is a greatly m complex "o ?an t ( ! polyps already ref]r$ to4 ,9 %ort1 h[ev] closely !y might be ?\ght to resemble ! corals 9 outw>d =m1 _! int]nal /ructure und\bt$ly l9ks !m ) a mu* high] type ( organization1 & ju/ifies ! naturali/ 9 subjo9+ !m z a sub-ord] to ! mollusca4 ,! cells are gr\p$ at %ort int]vals along a horny or calc>e\s sub/ance1 t sometimes encru/s sea-we$1 or spreads out z a flat leaf-l membrane1 or rises into cup-%ap$ or d5dritic =ms4 ,a s]ies ( cells con/itut+ a sep>ate & indep5d5t colony1 is t]m$ a polypidom4 ,! cells are fur!r connect$ toge!r by an ext]nal jelly-l integum5t1 9 :i* !y are sunk1 & :i* s]ves to secrete ! calc>e\s p>ticles f ! sea4 ,x is int]e/+ to "k t creatures s m9ute & yet s complexly organiz$1 exi/$ abundantly 9 ! seas ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,no less ?an fifty-f\r species are enum]at$ z hav+ be5 obta9$ f ! c>bonif]\s /rata ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 & sc>cely a ye> passes )\t "o or two new species be+ add$ to ! li/4 ,! mo/ frequ5t belong to ! g5us ,f5e/ella1 or little w9d[1 a "n indicative ( ! reticulat$ gr\p+ ( ! bran*es l ! wood5 framework ( a w9d[4 ,ea* ( ^! bran*es1 or int]/ices1 z !y are call$1 0 m or less /raight1 be+ connect$ ) t on ei!r side by a r[ ( transv]se b>s1 j z ! c5tral mullion ( an abbey w9d[ is connect$ ) ! flank+ ones by means ( cross-b>s ( /one4 ,n unfrequ5tly "s ( ! bran*es subdivide into two1 z we saw to be ! case among ! cup-corals4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;a1 ,f5e/ella oculata 7,m',coy71 nat4 size2 b1 magnifi$ portion ( ! same4 ,fig4 #ah illu/rates ! relative disposition ( ^! bran*es4 ,9 a1 ! natural size ( ! fossil is giv52 b is a portion ( ! same magnifi$1 to %[ ! =m & arrangem5t ( ! ribs & cross-b>s4 ,ea* rib is se5 to h two sides sep>at$ by a r\nd$ ridge4 ,along ea* side !re runs a r[ ( circul> holl[s or cells1 e "o ( :i* once =m$ ! abode ( a di/9ct bryozoon4 ,! back or inn] surface ( ! bran*1 0 ribb$ & granulat$ irregul>ly1 )\t any cells4 ,! connect+ b>s or dissepim5ts h no cells1 & s]v$ m]ely to b9d ! int]/ices toge!r into "o firm organically-unit$ polypidom4 ,su* fragm5ts z t "h figur$ are ! mo/ usual traces to be f\nd ( ^! animals among ! c>bonif]\s rocks4 ,b p]fect specim5s are sometimes met ) :i* %[ h[ delicate & graceful a /ructure ! polypidom ( "s ( ! f5e/ell mu/ h be54 ,all ^! b>s sprung f a common po9t z _! basis1 & rose up 9 ! =m ( a cup4 ,x 01 9 %ort1 a cup ( network1 hung ) wav+ t5tacles & quiv]+ cilia4 ,i h se5 "s dissections ( fl[]s 9 :i* all ! s(t] tissue _h be5 remov$1 s z to pres5t only ! h>d] ve9+s ( ! leaves ) _! ?\s& ramifications blea*$ to a delicate :it5ess4 ,out ( ^! skeleton-leaves !re 7 =m$ gr\ps ( lilies1 crocuses1 g]aniums1 & roses1 l patt]ns ( ! f9e/ gauze4 ,"s ( ! l>g]-/emm$ leaves t _h be5 arti/ically m\ld$ into a tulip =m1 seem$ n inaptly to repres5t ! g5]al cont\r ( ! skeleton ( ! old c>bonif]\s f5e/ella4 ,an alli$ =m is call$ ! ,retepora4 ,x diff]$ f ! previ\s organism 9 hav+ ! ribs n /raight1 b irregul>ly ana/omos+1 t is1 runn+ into & coalesc+ ) ea* o!r1 s z to =m a close network ) oval int]spaces1 l a piece ( v m9ute wire-f5ce4 ,ea* ( ^! wavy libs 0 completely cov]$ ov] on "o side ) oval pores or cells1 :i*1 z 9 ! f5e/ella1 =m$ ! abode ( ! liv+ animals4 ,! diff]5ces 9 organization betwe5 ! animal ( f5e/ella & t ( retepora c1 ( c\rse1 only be matt] ( speculation4 ,! g5]al /ructure 9 bo? mu/1 h[ev]1 h be5 pretty mu* alike4 ,! =m] g5us is n[ no long] extant1 b ! latt]1 :i* 0 u%]$ into ! _w dur+ ! era ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 /ill lives 9 ! deep] recesses ( ! ocean1 & manife/s 9 its /ructure & habits ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( bryozoan life4 ,:at rambl] among old lime-qu>ries is n famili> ) ! /one-lily1 s abundant an organism 9 mo/ ( ! ,palozoic & _m ( ! ,second>y lime/ones8 ,9 "s b$s ( ! c>bonif]\s lime/one its abundance is almo/ incr$ible4 ,i h se5 a wea!r$ cliff 9 :i* its rema9s /ood out 9 bold relief1 cr[d$ toge!r1 to use an expression ( ,dr4 ,buckl&'s1 z ?ickly z /raws 9 a corn-rick4 ,! jo9ts ( ?is animal1 kn[n n[ z entro*i or :eel-/ones1 =c$ !mselves on ! notice ( m5 dur+ ev5 ! middle ages1 & an explanation 0 soon f\nd = _! exi/5ce4 ,f _! occurr+ l>gely ab\t ! coa/ at ,holy ,isl&1 !y 7 set d[n z ! workman%ip ( ,sa9t ,cu?b]t4 ,on a rock by ,l9disf>ne1 ,/4 ,cu?b]t sits & toils to frame ,! sea-born beads :i* be> 8 "n4 ,! ag$ sa9t 0 repres5t$ z employ+ 8 nights 9 ?is highly intellectual task1 sitt+ on a lone rock out 9 ! sea1 & us+ an adjac5t "o z 8 anvil4 ,su* tales _h ,:itby's fi%]s told1 ,& said !y might 8 %ape behold1 ,& he> 8 anvil s\nd1 ,a dead5'd clang1--a huge dim =m ,se5 b1 & he>d1 :5 ga!r+ /orm ,& night 7 clos+ r\nd4 ,b ^! :eel-/ones 7 n ! only geological curiosities to :i* ?is simple mode ( explanation 0 appli$4 ,9 ! same /ori$ neighb\rhood !re occur 9 consid]able numb]s ! r\nd :orl$ %ells ( ! g5us ,ammonites4 ,^! 7 gravely set d[n z petrifi$ snakes want+ ! head1 & _! petrifaction & decapitation 7 alike rev]5tly ascrib$ to ! p[] ( ! sa9t$ abbess ( ,:itby4 ,!y told ,h[ ( a ?\s& snakes ea* "o ,0 *ang$ into a coil ( /one ,:5 holy ,hilda pray$4 ,! /one-lily belong$ to t l>ge class ( animals rank$ toge!r z ,e*9od]mata1 a "n tak5 f "o ( ! lead+ subdivisions ( ! gr\p--! ,e*9i or sea-ur*9s4 ,x seems to h be5 "o ( ! e>lie/ =ms ( life ^u our planet1 its disjo9t$ /alks occurr+ l>gely 9 "s ( ! olde/ ,silurian lime/ones4 ,9 ! ,second>y ages x began gradually to wane1 until at ! pres5t day its num]\s g5]a appe> to be repres5t$ by b ! comatula & ! p5tacr9ite1 two t9y =ms t float _! jo9t$ arms 9 ! pr(\nd] dep?s ( ! sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;a1 ,cya?ocr9ites planus4 b1 ,encr9al /em1 ) uni=m jo9ts4 c1 ,s+le jo9t1 or :eel/one4 ,z its "n imports1 ! /one-lily or encr9ite _h a plant-l =m4 ,x consi/$ ( a long /alk fix$ by ! l[] end to ! sea-bottom1 & support+ above a lily-%ap$ cup1 9 :i* 7 plac$ ! m\? & /oma* 7,fig4 #ai a74 ,! /alk consi/$ ( circul> plates 7"s ( !m n s ?ick z a sixp5ce71 hav+ _! flat sides cov]$ ) a set ( m9ute ribs radiat+ f ! c5tre1 & s arrang$ t ! prom95t l9es ( "o jo9t fitt$ into correspond+ depress$ l9es ( ! adh]+ ones4 ,! c5tre ( ea* jo9t 0 pi]c$ by a small ap]ture1 l ! axle ( a :eel1 :i*1 :5 ! /em 0 entire1 =m$ "p ( ! long tube or canal t trav]s$ ! c5tre ( ! /em1 & s]v$ to convey alim5t to ! remote/ "p ( ! animal4 ,deta*$ jo9ts h ?us a :eel-l appe>ance 7,fig #ai c71 & h5ce _! common "n ( :eel-/ones4 ,9 _m species !y 7 n all ( ! same diamet]1 b alt]nately l>g] & small]1 z if ! /em _h be5 made up ( a tall pile ( sixp5ces & ?reep5ny pieces 9 alt]nate succession4 ,?is v>iation gives a rem>kably elegant cont\r to ! /alk4 ,! fl[]-%ap$ cup consi/$ ( a cavity =m$ ( geometric calc>e\s plates1 & fr+$ along its upp] m>g9 ) ?ick calc>e\s arms1 five or t5 9 numb]1 t subdivid$ into /ill m sl5d] bran*es1 :i* 7 fr+$ along _! inn] side ) m9ute cirri or feel]s4 ,all ^! subdivisions1 h[ev] f9e1 7 made up ( calc>e\s jo9ts l ! /alk1 s t e /one-lily consi/$ ( _m ?\s& pieces1 ea* p]fect 9 its organization & delicate 9 its sculptur+4 ,"o species peculi> to ! ,liassic =mation 7,extracr9us ,bri>eus7 has be5 calculat$ to conta9 "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& jo9ts6 ,! effect ( ?is m9ute subdivision 0 to imp>t ! mo/ p]fect flexibility to ev5 ! smalle/ p9nule4 ,! fl[] c\ld in/antly collapse1 & ?us ! animals on :i* ! encr9ite prey$ 7 seiz$ & hurri$ to ! c5tral m\?4 ,! l[] "p ( ! cup1 or pelvis1 z x is call$1 conta9$ ! /oma* & o!r visc]a1 & communicat$ ) ! mo/ di/ant "p ( ! body by ! c5tral alim5t>y canal4 ,b :ile ?is cont9u$ ! g5]al type on :i* ! encr9ites 7 con/ruct$1 x receiv$ _m m9or modifications4 ,^! 7 effect$ *iefly on ! =m & arrangem5t ( ! cup-%ap$ body & its app5dages1 & =m n[ ! basis ( our classification into g5]a & species4 ,?us1 9 ! g5us kn[n z ,platycr9us1 ! l[] "p ( ! cup consi/s ( two r[s ( l>ge hexagonal or polygonal plates fitt+ closely into ea* o!r1 :ile ! upp] "p rises into a dome-l elevation =m$ ( small] polygonal plates1 :i* h (t5 a mammillat$ ext]ior4 ,! arms sprang f ! wide/ "p ( ! body :]e ! l>ge pieces ( ! l[] cup 7 succe$$ by ! small pieces ( ! upp]4 ,9 an ,iri% species 7,p4 triacontadactylus71 ! arms subdivid$ into ?irty bran*es1 ea* fr+$ ) m9ut] p9nules & fold+ r\nd ! c5tral elevat$ spire1 z ! petals ( a crocus close r\nd its c5tral pi/il4 ,9 ano!r encr9ite 7,pot]iocr9ites conicus71 ! cup 0 %ap$ l an inv]t$ cone1 ! po9t be+ affix$ to ! summit ( ! /alk1 & ! broad "p ?r[+ out f its edges ! lat]al arms4 ,! ,woodocr9us macrodactylus _h su* gigantic arms z well-nigh to conceal ! position ( ! cup1 :i* relatively 0 v small 9 size4 ,!y sprang f ne> ! base ( ! cup1 five 9 numb]1 b soon subdivid$ ea* into two1 ! t5 arms ?us produc$ be+ closely fr+$ ) ! usual jo9t$ calc>e\s p9nules4 ,! size & arrangem5t ( ! jo9ts ( ! /alk also diff]$ 9 diff]5t g5]a4 ,! ,woodocr9us & _m o!rs _h !m alt]nately broad & n>r[1 l a /r+ ( buttons ( unequal sizes2 o!rs _h all ! jo9ts ( ! same relative diamet] 7,fig4 #ai b71 s t ! /alk tap]$ by a uni=m l9e f base to po9t4 ,i may add1 t on "s specim5s ( bo? ^! k9ds ( /ems1 we c notice small1 solit>y areol1 or sc>s1 :i* may m>k ! po9ts ( atta*m5t ( cirri1 or little t5tacles1 l ^? on ! /em ( ! exi/+ ,p5tacr9ite4 ,b ?\gh ea* ( ^! v>ieties ( /em is peculi> to a c]ta9 numb] ( g5]a1 !re is (t5 s little di/9ction among ! deta*$ fragm5ts1 t x becomes difficult1 inde$ impossible1 to assign ea* to its appropriate individual4 ,we may say1 t c]ta9 encr9al /alks c\ld n h belong$ to a pot]iocr9us1 & o!rs c\ld nev] h fitt$ on to ! cup ( an act9ocr9us2 b we _c (t5 say positively to :at species !y actually w\ld h fitt$4 ,!re c1 h[ev]1 be no d\bt ab\t _! be+ encr9ites1 & s we h 9 !m a safe & evid5t te/ = ! orig9 ( ! rock 9 :i* _! rema9s occur4 ,b to ?is ,i %all aft]w>ds rev]t4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,i w\ld h ! read] to fix ! /one-lily 9 8 memory z peculi>ly & emphatically a m>9e animal1 dwell+ probably 9 ! deep] & /ill] recesses ( ! ocean1 l ! ,p5tacr9ite ( exi/+ times4 ,let him try to rememb] x1 n 9 ! brok5 & sorely mutilat$ /ate 9 :i* we f9d x among ! blocks ( our lime-qu>ries1 b z x mu/ h liv$ at ! bottom ( ! c>bonif]\s seas4 ,! oozy floor ( ^! old wat]s lay ?ickly cov]$ ) _m a graceful production ( ! deep1 subm>9e g>d5s ( ,violet1 asphodel1 ivy1 & v9e-leaves1 roses & lilies1 ,coral & sea-fan1 & tangle1 ! blooms & ! palms ( ! ocean4 ,amid ?is ri* assemblage ( animat$ =ms1 ! /one-lilies mu/ h occupi$ a conspicu\s place4 ,gr\p$ 9 ?ick-set ?\gh dim9utive =e/s1 ^! little creatures rais$ _! wav+ /ems1 & spread out _! tremul\s arms1 l b$s ( tulips sway+ 9 ! ev5+ air4 ,_! fl[] l cups1 s delicately fr+$1 mu/ h pres5t$ a sc5e ( ceaseless activity z !y op5$ & clos$1 coil+ up :ile ! animal seiz$ its prey1 or on ! approa* ( dang]1 & relax+ aga9 :5 ! food _h be5 secur$1 or :5 ! symptoms ( a com+ enemy _h pass$ away4 ,only f ?is animat$ action w\ld "o h be5 apt to conjecture ^! organisms to be o!r ?an vegetable4 ,!y liv$1 too1 n 9 deta*$ pat*es1 l ! tulip-b$s ( ! flori/1 b1 to judge f ! abundance ( _! rema9s1 mu/ h cov]$ acre aft] acre1 & squ>e mile 'aft] squ>e mile1 ) a d5se gr[? ( liv+1 quiv]+ fl[]s4 ,z "o individual di$ out1 ano!r took its place1 ! decay+ /e9s & fl[]s mean:ile fall+ to pieces among ! limy s$im5t t lay ?ickly a?w>t ! sea-bottom1 & contribut+1 by _! decay & entombm5t1 to build up ^? enorm\s masses ( rock1 kn[n z ! m\nta9-lime/one1 :i* /ret* ?r\gh ,york%ire & ! c5tral c\nties into ,wales4 ,9 addition to ! /one-lilies1 ! c>bonif]\s rocks conta9 ! rema9s ( sev]al o!r k9ds ( ,e*9od]mata4 ,"s ( !m f9d _! ne>e/ mod]n analogues among ! sea-ur*9s s common on our %ores2 b ,i pass on to notice ano!r v int]e/+ class ( fossils kn[n by ! "n ( ,cru/acea1 & /ill abundantly repres5t$1 ! crab & lob/] be+ famili> examples4 ,! ,cru/acea1 s call$ f ! h>d cru/ or %ell :i* envelops !m1 =m1 ) all _! ord]s & g5]a1 a v num]\s family4 ,!y are ( int]e/ to u z conta9+ among _! numb] "s ( ! olde/ =ms ( life4 ,away d[n 9 ! l[] ,silurian rocks1 among ! mo/ anci5t fossilif]\s /rata1 we f9d ! cru/acean ) its arm\r ( plates & its prom95t sessile eyes set r\nd ) l5ses1 /ill visible on ! /one4 ,?us1 on ! fir/ page ( ! /ony records ( our planet's hi/ory are ^! primeval organisms engrav$4 ,9 "s localities1 :]e oxide ( iron is l>gely pres5t1 !y are coat$ ) a bright yell[ effloresc5ce1 & /& out f ! dull grey /one l figures emboss$ 9 gold4#ca ,on all ! subsequ5t leaves ( ?is anci5t *ronicle1 we c detect ! rema9s ( cru/acean life1 & _m tribes /ill sw>m 9 our seas & lakes4 ,x is int]e/+1 h[ev]1 z m>k+ ! onw>d progress ( creation1 to notice t1 ?\gh ?is great family has cont9u$ to live dur+ all ! successive geological ages1 its memb]s h ev] be5 *ang+1 ! old] types wan+ & dy+ out1 :ile new] g5]a rose to supply = a "t _! place1 & !n pass$ away be=e ! advance ( o!r & yet lat] =ms4 ,! trilobites t meet u on ! v v]ge ( creation1 sw>m$ by millions 9 ! seas ( ! ,silurian ages1 dim9i%$ gradually dur+ ! era ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 & seem to h di$ out altoge!r 9 ! times ( ! ,coal4 ,9 no ocean ( ! pres5t day is a trace ( any ( _! _m g5]a to be se54 ,! decapods1 ( :i* our common crab is a typical =m1 began to be aft] ! trilobites _h di$ out4 ,9 all ! subsequ5t eras !y gradually increas$ 9 numb]s1 & at ! pres5t day !y =m ! mo/ abundant ord] ( cru/acean life4 ,! hi/ory ( ^! two divisions1 to adopt ,agassiz's mode ( repres5tation1 may be illu/rat$ by two long tap]+ b&s l two att5uat$ pyramids4 ,! "o has its broad base re/+ ^u ! exi/+ n[1 & ?9n+ away into ! pa/1 till at la/ x comes to a po9t4 ,at a little int]val ! apex ( ! o!r beg9s1 & gradually swells outw>d z x rec$es1 till ! wide base t]m9ates at ! fir/ beg9n+s ( life4 ,footnote #ca3 ,su* is ! aspect ( ! organisms 9 "s ( ! ,silurian s&/ones ne> ,girvan4 ,i h se5 ! same bright t9t on a set ( fossils f ! ,ll&eilo flags ( ,wales1 & f ! slates ( ,des]tcreat1 ,irel&1 & h dis9t]r$ simil>ly gild$ %ells f ! v]tical greywack slates ( ! ,p5tl& ,hills & ,peebles%ire4 ,no?+ c be m beautiful ?an ! aspect ( ^! fossils :5 fir/ laid op51 b ! bright gleam ev5tually passes away on exposure4 ,b !re are also "s ord]s t w\ld be be/ illu/rat$ by a long l9e ( ne>ly uni=m bread?1 ext5d+ f ! fir/ geologic p]iods to ! pres5t day4 ,9 o!r words1 !y seem to h reta9$ dur+ all "t pretty mu* ! same am\nt ( developm5t4 ,i %all conf9e my notice ( ! c>bonif]\s ,cru/acea to ! description ( a s+le g5us belong+ to a family t seems to h begun dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,l[] ,silurian1 & /ill fl\ri%es abundantly 9 exi/+ wat]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 #a4 ,c>bonif]\s cypris1 nat4 size1 & magnifi$4 #b4 ,rec5t cypris1 highly magnifi$4 #c4 ,c>bonif]\s k+-crab 7,limulus trilobitoides74 ,! g5us to :i* ,i ref] is a well-kn[n fossil 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,coal-measure s]ies1 & has be5 nam$ ,cypris4 ,! %ells ( cyprides are v m9ute1 consid]ably less ?an ! heads ( small p9s 7,fig4 #bj-a74 ,!y c be se5 q well1 h[ev]1 )\t ! use ( a magnify+ p[]4 ,9 %ape !y resemble beans1 & :5 se5 scatt]$ ov] a slab ( %ale1 look mu* lik] se$s ?an ! relics ( animal life4 ,yet1 "u ?is simple ext]ior1 !y conceal$ a some:at complex organization4 ,! little bean-%ap$ %ells1 :i* are all t n[ rema9s to u ( _! /ructure1 =m$ ! cru/ or out] %ell 9 :i* _! visc]a 7 conta9$1 & answ]$ to ! massive c>apace & segm5ts ( ! crab4 ,!y consi/$ ( two valve-l cases fitt+ to ea* o!r1 s z to resemble ! unit$ valves ( a bivalve %ell4 ,f ! upp] end !re 7 protrud$ ?r\gh ! op5+ betwe5 ! valves a pair ( slim jo9t$ ant5n1 ea* furni%$ at its po9t ) a bundle ( m9ute hair-l cilia 7,fig4 #bj-b74 ,^!1 :5 set 9 rapid motion1 s]v$ to impel ! creature ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,! legs1 f\r 9 numb]1 7 encru/$ ) ! same h>d membrane1 & _h ! same jo9t$ /ructure z ^? ( our common %rimps & crabs4 ,! =emo/ pair 7 po9t$ l ! ant5n ) f9e hairs1 ! incessant action ( :i* assi/$ ! animal 9 swimm+4 ,( ! little1 conflu5t1 sessile eyes1 ! delicate bran*ia or gills1 & all ! complex int]nal /ructure ( ! n]v\s1 circulat+1 & o!r sy/ems1 no trace has surviv$ on ! /one2 b en\gh ( ! g5]al ext]nal =m is left to %[ u ! true aff9ities ( ^! organisms 9 ! animat$ _w ( ! pres5t "t4 ,by /udy+ ! =ms & habits ( ! cyprides t sw>m 9 "s ( our ponds & m>%es1 a j conception is obta9$ ( ! /ructure & habitat ( ! animals t once occupi$ ! m9ute bean-%ap$ %ells1 :i* lie by millions among ! %ales ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em4 ,f su* a comp>ison we inf]1 t j z ! cyprides ( to-day are fre%-wat] animals ab\nd+ among ! gre5 slime ( /agnant pools1 s1 9 pa/ ages1 !y mu/ h pres]v$ ) ! same organization ! same habits4 ,& ?us we arrive at ! important conclusion t ! /rata 9 :i* ! rema9s ( cyprides ab\nd mu/ h be5 deposit$ 9 lakes or riv]s4 ,?is gives u a key by :i* to int]pret "s ( ! *anges ( a geological sy/em1 & ! anci5t physical revolutions ( l>ge tracts ( c\ntry4 ,! %ales ( ! coal-measures sometimes conta9 ! cypris cases 9 su* abundance z to d]ive !refrom a sort ( fissile /ructure4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ea* animal may dur+ its lifetime h possess$ 9 succession sev]al ( ^! cases4 ,among ! %ell-be>+ mollusc\s animals1 ! little %ell :i* conta9s ! creature 9 its y\nge/ /ages rema9s ev] aft] z an integral "p ( ! out] calc>e\s case4 ,z ! inhabitant gr[s1 x cont9ues to add b& aft] b& to ! out] edge ( ! %ell1 ea* ( :i*1 :il/ pres]v+ ! g5]al symmetry & proportions ( ! :ole /ructure1 increases its dim5sions 9 e way4 ,among ! univalves1 su*1 = example1 z ! turritella1 s common on our %ores1 ! lay]s ( gr[? succe$ ea* o!r l ! /eps ( "o ( ^? long spiral /airs t our feudal =efa!rs lov$ to build f ! c\rt-y>d to ! wat*-t[] ( _! ca/les4 ,ea* new lay] exce$+ 9 bulk its pr$ecessors1 adds a new /ep to ! asc5d+ pile1 & ?us ! ev]-wid5+ m\? w9ds spirally upw>ds ar\nd ! c5tral pill>4 ,! bivalves exemplify ! same pr9ciple4 ,! successive additions are made 9 a cresc5t =m to ! out] edges1 & =m ^? prom95t conc5tric ridges s conspicu\s on _m ( our common] %ells1 su*1 = in/ance1 z "s ( ^? 9 ! g5]a ,a/>te & ,v5us4 ,b ! ar*itecture ( ! ,cru/acea 7&1 ( c\rse1 t ( ! cyprides7 is conduct$ on a v diff]5t pr9ciple4 ,_! h\ses admit ( no additions or enl>gem5ts1 & s1 :5 ! animals f9d !mselves gett+ some:at /rait5$1 !y retire to a %elt]$ spot1 & !re1 sep>at+ ! walls t hem !m 91 crawl out l s(t lumps ( d\gh4 ,! out] membrane ( ! m\lt$ animal quickly acquires /r5g? & h>dness1 & 9 a day or two ! r5ovat$ creature is z heal?y & vigor\s z ev]4 ,9 ?is process x is n m]ely an ext]nal %ell1 l t ( a mollusc1 :i* is ?r[n (f1 b a v]itable sk91 s t :5 ! old %ell is ab&on$ x frequ5tly c\ld n be detect$ on a fir/ glance to be empty1 ! out] cru/ ( e leg & jo9t1 & sometimes ev5 ( ?9 bri/les1 rema9+ j z 9 ! liv+ animal4 ,x is n unlikely t ?is process ( m\lt+ takes place annually 9 mo/ ( ! ,cru/acea1 s t if we suppose a fossil memb] ( ! gr\p to h liv$ six ye>s1 x w\ld h left six cru/s to be entomb$ 9 any deposits t might be =m+ at ! "t4 ,( c\rse !re w\ld be _m *ances aga9/ all ! six be+ pres]v$1 b ! possibility ( at lea/ sev]al ( !m becom+ fossiliz$ %\ld be borne 9 m9d :5 we speculate on ! abundance ( su* organisms 9 any geological =mation4 ,i might ref] to ano!r v int]e/+ gr\p ( cru/acean animals kn[n z ! ,limuli1 or k+-crabs1 ( :i* !re 7 at lea/ ?ree repres5tatives dur+ ! times ( ! ,engli% ,c>bonif]\s sy/em 7,fig4 #bj-c74 ,!y are rem>kable *iefly = _! l>ge cresc5t-%ap$ %ield1 _! long sword-l tail1 & _! d\ble pair ( eyes1 ( :i* ! out] ones are l>ge1 sessile1 & comp\nd1 l ^? ( ! trilobites1 :ile ! middle pair are small1 simple1 & set close toge!r on ! =ehead1 l ^? ( ! s+le-ey$ ,cyclops 9 ! old my?ology4 ,altoge!r1 ) _! %ields1 swords1 wat*ful wak+ eyes1 /rong massive arm\r1 & great size 7= "s ( !m measure two feet 9 l5g?71 !y =m a mo/ w>like g5us4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,c>bonif]\s fauna cont9u$--,george ,h]b]t's ode on ,man--,8 idea ( creation--,:at nature tea*es on ?is subject--,mollusc\s animals--,range ( species 9 "t proportionate to _! di/ribution 9 space--,two pr9ciples ( r5ovation & decay exhibit$ alike 9 ! physical _w & ! _w ( life--,_! effects--,! mollusca--,abundantly repres5t$ 9 ! c>bonif]\s rocks--,pt]opods--,bra*iopods--,productu s--,its alliance ) ,spirif]--,spirif]--,t]ebratula--,lamell ibran*s--,ga/ropods-- ,l&-snail ( ,nova ,scotia--,cephalopods--,/ructure ( or?oc]as-- ,habits ( liv+ nautilus4 ,holy ,george ,h]b]t1 9 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable odes ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 sang qua9tly1 yet nobly1 ( ! dignity ( man4 ,he look$ into ! design & nature ( ! human he>t1 & saw !re a palace t _h be5 built = ! abode ( ! ,et]nal4 ,des]t$ ?\gh x might be1 brok5 d[n & 9 ru9s1 yet !re /ill l+]$ a trace ( its anci5t glory1 & ! :ole mat]ial _w /ill te/ifi$ to its inh]5t greatness4 ,he look$ abroad on ! face ( nature1 & saw1 9 all its objects & all its movem5ts1 a cont9u$ m9i/ration to man4 ,= u ! w9des d bl[2 ,! e>? do? re/1 heav'n move1 & f\nta9s fl[4 ,no?+ we see1 b means our good1 ,z our delight1 or z our treasure2 ,! :ole is1 ei!r our cupbo>d ( food1 ,or cab9et ( pleasure4 ,! />res h u to b$2 ,night draws ! curta91 :i* ! sunne )draws2 ,musick & light att5d our head4 ,all ?+s unto our fle% are k9de ,9 _! desc5t & be+2 to our m9de ,9 _! asc5t & cause4 ,! idea is a v natural "o1 & is consequ5tly z old z man himself4 ,human vanity is soo!d by ! reflection t all ?is v>i$ _w1 ) its c\ntless beauties1 has be5 design$ & array$ solely = ! use ( man4 ,& yet1 if we b ?9k ( x1 su* a view ( creation1 h[ev] natural & pleas+1 is at ! be/ b a n>r[ & selfi% "o4 ,x assur$ly f9ds no response 9 nature1 & gr[s m & m out ( fa%ion ! fur!r our inve/igations proce$4 ,nature tea*es u t long ere man appe>$ ^u ! e>? !re 7 successive g5]ations ( liv+ ?+s j z n[2 t ! sun %one1 & ! waves roll$1 & ! w9d blew1 z !y d to-day2 & t1 on z lovely a planet z t :]eon we dwell1 !re lay =e/s & prairies nurs+ 9 abundance animals ( long-ext9ct =ms2 lakes & riv]s1 haunt$ by creatures t f9d no repres5tatives n[2 & seas teem+ ) life1 f ! m9ute infusory up to ! mo/ unwieldy ic?yosaur1 or ! mo/ gigantic cetacean4 ,& all ?is1 too1 ere a reason+1 intellig5t be+ _h be5 numb]$ among t]re/rial creatures1 & :51 p]haps1 ea* successive creation 0 witness$ by none save ^? morn+ />s :o sang toge!r1 & ^? sons ( ,god :o %\t$ = joy4 ,! delight & com=t ( ! human race =m$1 d\btless1 "o ( ! _m reasons :y ?is globe 0 s b\ntifully g>ni%$4#cb ,b ! workman%ip ( a ,be+ inf9itely wise1 & good1 & p[]ful1 c\ld h>dly h be5 o!r ?an complex & beautiful4 ,t symmetry & grace :i* we see runn+ z a silv] ?read ?r\gh e "p ( creation1 =ms "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,almighty's mode ( work+4 ,f ! ,f\nta9 ( all ,beauty no?+ unseemly or de=m$ c proce$4 ,& s we f9d1 away back among ! ages ( ! pa/1 t1 ?\gh ! mat]ial _w might be less complete1 x 0 n less beautiful ?an n[4 ,nay1 ^? bygone mill5niums /ood high] 9 "o respect1 = ! eye ( ,god re/$ ^u _! unsulli$ glory1 & he pron\nc$ !m v good2 b ^! la/ ages ( creation are dimm$ & d>k5$1 & t ,eye n[ wat*es a _w trodd5 d[n by ! p[]s ( evil4 ,!re is pr(\nd tru? 9 ! sublime allegory ( ,milton t repres5ts ,s9 girt r\nd ) clamor\s hell-h\nds1 & ! two grisly =ms sitt+ at ! f>!/ v]ge ( purity & light1 to keep ! gates ( d>kness & *aos4 ,) ! introduction ( moral evil into our planet came ! elem5ts ( de=mity & confusion4 ,! geologi/ c g back to a "t ere yet ! h>mony ( nature _h be5 brok54 ,! ,*ri/ian looks =w>d to a day :5 t h>mony %all be aga9 re/or$1 & :5 guilt ) all its hide\s tra9 %all be = ev] *as$ away f ! abodes ( ! r$eem$4 ,footnote #cb3 ,9 connexion ) ?is subject ,i h be5 (t5 /ruck ) a passage 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,colossians1 i4 #aj1 ,all ?+s 7 creat$ by him ,*ri/ & = --) a view to1 on acc\nt ( him4 ,x is probable t ^! words1 9 _! full mean+1 _c be und]/ood by u4 ,yet !y seem to po9t to ,*ri/ z at once ! ,creator1 & himself ! acme & design ( creation2 & p]haps !y may conta9 :at h]eaft] %all prove ! key to ! my/]y ( creation4 ,on ?is impressive & difficult subject ! read] %\ld ref] to ! clos+ *apt] ( ,hugh ,mill]'s ,footpr9ts ( ! ,creator4 ,see also ,m',co% on ,typical ,=ms1 #b;d edit4 p4 #eca4 ,su* ?\ghts z ^! sometimes arise 9 ! m9d ( "o :o lab\rs mu* among organic rema9s4 ,by no class ( fossils are !y m vividly sugge/$ ?an by ^? :i* we come next to exam9e--! v>i\s tribes ( mollusc\s animals4 ,?is results f ! high antiquity ( ^! organisms1 & ! simil>ity ( type :i* !y h manife/$ 9 all ages4 ,9 ! v e>lie/ geological p]iods !y exhibit$ ! same symmetry ( ext]nal =m z n[1 ! same beauty ( /ructure1 & app>5tly ! same delicacy ( col\r4 ,nay1 s closely did !y resemble _! exi/+ cong5]s t we are seldom at a loss z to _! aff9ities1 & c ref] !m to _! places 9 ! scale ( creation1 & sometimes ev5 to g5]a /ill liv+4#cc ,footnote #cc3 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t n a few ( ! id5tifications already made are some:at suspici\s ,! natural t5d5cy is to p]ceive resemblances--a t5d5cy :i* ev5 ! mo/ rigid sci5ce sometimes fails to control4 ,! geological ages saw _m /range types ( creation4 ,"o era1 9 especial1 furni%$ reptiles :i* unit$ 9 _! /ructure ! sn\t ( ! porpoise1 ! head ( ! liz>d1 ! tee? ( ! crocodile1 ! paddles ( ! :ale1 & ! backbone ( ! fi%4 ,"s display$ ! long pliant neck ( ! swan1 & o!rs c>e]$ ?r\gh ! air on w+s l ^? ( ! bat4 ,b ! mollusc\s tribes h nev] exhibit$ su* ab]rant =ms4 ,! exi/+ classes & ord]s ( ! naturali/ are /ill ! same z ^? :i* n\ri%$ dur+ ! successive geological p]iods4 ,h5ce _! value z evid5ce ( physical *anges 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,h5ce1 too1 ! conviction1 =c$ ^u ! m9d ( ! obs]v]1 t ! conditions = ! support ( life nev] deviat$ mu* f ^? n[ 9 op]ation2 t 9 place ( all ! v>i$ beauty ( ! _w hav+ aris5 = ! use ( man1 x exi/$ millions ( ye>s ere ! brea? ( life _h be5 brea!d into 8 no/rils2 t 9 f9e1 man is b a new-com]1 a creation ( ye/]day4 ,!re is ano!r po9t sugge/$ by ! occurr5ce ( mollusca 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em1 to :i* x may be well to ref]1 namely1 ! curi\s1 & z yet n :olly und]/ood fact1 t ! range ( animals 9 "t is 9 "s way proportionate to _! range 9 space4 ,9 o!r words1 x (t5 happ5s 7s (t51 inde$1 z app>5tly to indicate a law7 t ! m widely diffus$ a g5us is f\nd to be at ! pres5t day1 ! f>!r back c we trace its rema9s into ! geological ages4 ,?is fact probably dep5ds ^u causes1 _m ( :i* are /ill unkn[n to u2 b ! foll[+ rem>ks may help ! read] to a notion ( ! g5]al be>+s ( ! subject4#cd ,footnote #cd3 ,! law is m especially exemplifi$ by ! mollusca1 b x may ev5tually be f\nd to *>act]ize o!r classes4 ,we1 p]haps1 see traces ( x 9 ! pres5t di/ribution ( ! two mo/ anci5t ord]s ( ic?yic life--! placoids & ganoids4 ,9 ! pr(\nd] recesses ( ! ocean1 ! temp]ature rema9s m or less uni=m all ov] ! globe4#ce ,9 ^! undi/urb$ regions !re occur1 along ) corals & o!r humble animals1 _m k9ds ( mollusca1 su* z t]ebratul1 crani1 scissurell1 c4 ,^! are v g5]ally f\nd n to be conf9$ to "o prov9ce or limit$ di/rict1 b to fl\ri% 9 e sea f ,hudson's ,bay to ,h9du/an4 ,"o ( ! causes ( ?is wide di/ribution is ! uni=mity ( temp]ature t *>act]izes ! dep?s 9 :i* !y live4 ,!y c migrate f "o ocean to ano!r1 f ! torrid zone to ! pol> circle1 )\t exp]i5c+ any de/ructive *ange 9 ! !rmal conditions ( _! elem5t4 ,& provid$ only !y meet ) no b>ri] 9 ! =m ( a l(ty subm>9e m\nta9 *a9 or pr(\nd abyss1 & c secure ! requisite food 9 _! j\rney1 we "k no reason :y "s ( ^! %ells may n ?us ext5d !mselves ov] wide areas4 ,( ! two species ( rhynconella n[ liv+1 "o inhabits ! dep?s ( ! icy sea1 ! o!r enjoys ! w>m] wat]s t lave ,new ,zeal&4 ,! species1 9 ?is case1 seem 7= ! fact _c yet be accept$ z fully prov$7 to occupy a m limit$ area1 :ile ! g5us has a l>g] range4 ,footnote #ce3 ,! /ratum ( con/ant temp]ature runs 9 a wave-l =m f pole to pole4 ,9 ! arctic & ant>ctic oceans x is f\nd at a dep? ( #dejj feet1 :5ce x slopes upw>ds s z to rea* ! surf ice at ! temp]ate zone on bo? sides ( ! equator4 ,x !n gradually s9ks d[n 9 ! w>m] regions1 till at ! equator x is #gbjj feet bel[ ! sea-level4 ,!re are ?us "o tropical & two pol> bas9s sep>at$ by two wave-l circles1 or1 z a geologi/ w\ld say1 ?ree syncl9al tr\ghs sep>at$ by two anticl9al ridges4 ,n[1 a g5us widely diffus$1 & capable ( endur+ great diff]5ces 9 ! temp]ature & o!r conditions ( ! ocean1 w\ld probably suff] lea/ f any great physical *anges4 ,if all ! sea at "o locality 7 conv]t$ into l&1 ! g5us w\ld be driv5 into o!r di/ricts1 & ?rive z abundantly z ev]2 or1 ev5 suppos+ t x %\ld become locally ext9ct1 x w\ld /ill be abundantly repres5t$ 9 o!r oceans ( ! globe4 ,9 ! c\rse ( _m ages1 aft] _m su* sl[ revolutions 9 ! configuration ( l& & sea1 ! g5us might p]haps become greatly r$uc$ 9 numb]s1 until at l5g? "s f9al elevation ( ! sea-b$1 or o!r *ange1 might cause its total ext9ction4 ,9 ! rhynconella1 we p]haps see "o ( ^! g5]a 9 its la/ /age4 ,any great *ange 9 nor!rn latitudes w\ld probably de/roy ! arctic species1 & a simil> *ange ar\nd ,new ,zeal& might gradually ext+ui% ! s\!rn "o4 ,look+1 !n1 f ?is po9t ( view into ! pa/ hi/ory ( life ^u our planet1 we see t su* ext9ctions h (t5 tak5 place4 ,at fir/1 _m ( ^! widely-diffus$ g5]a 7 creat$4 ,!y 7 repres5t$ by a l>ge numb] ( species z well z individuals1 & rang$ ov] all ! oceans ( ! globe2 b 9 trac+ out _! hi/ory1 we m>k "o species aft] ano!r pass+ away4 ,"s ( !m liv$ = b a comp>atively %ort p]iod2 o!rs came 9 ) ! beg9n+ & saw out ! end ( an entire geological sy/em2 b ( all ^! e>ly species !re is n n[ a s+le "o extant1 ?\gh "s ( ! g5]a /ill inhabit our seas4 ,x is pla91 !re=e1 t b = ! op]ation ( ano!r pr9ciple1 all ! g5]a1 too1 w\ld ere ?is h become ext9ct1 = ! :ole c conta9 no m ?an ! sum ( its p>ts2 & if ^! p>ts are de/roy$ ! :ole mu/ p]i% simultane\sly4 ,z ! species ( c]ta9 g5]a di$ out1 h[ev]1 _! places 7 f "t to "t fill$ up ) new ones1 yet ! rate ( increase became ev] less & less ?an ! rate ( decrease1 s t ! numb]s ( su* g5]a grew few] ) e successive p]iod1 & h rea*$ _! m9imum 9 exi/+ seas4 ,!re are in/ances1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ?is ratio 0 rev]s$1 ! li/ ( add$ species cont9ually outnumb]+ t ( ! ext9ct1 till ! g5us rea*$ its maximum1 :5 x ei!r cont9u$ at t /age till ! pres5t day1 or began sl[ly to decl9e4 ,9 ! physical _w ar\nd u1 we behold a p]petual /rife betwe5 ! two great pr9ciples ( r5ovation & decay4 ,hills are ins5sibly crumbl+ into valleys2 valleys are gradually cut d[n1 & _! debris transport$ to ! sea4 ,our %ores be> witness to ! sl[ b ev] onw>d m>* ( ! ocean1 :e!r z %att]$ cliff's worn by ! incessant la%+ ( ! surge1 or z s&-banks & subm]g$ =e/s t repres5t ! wolds & holms ( our =efa!rs4 ,we m>k1 too1 h[ ! s$im5t ?us borne into ! ma9 is s[+ ,! du/ ( cont95ts to be2 :ile ! sl[ elevation ( l>ge tracts ( c\ntry1 or ! sudd5 upheaval ( o!rs1 %[s u by h[ p[]ful an ag5cy ! balance ( l& & sea is pres]v$1 & h[ sometimes ! p>oxysm ( an h\r may effect a mighti] *ange ?an ! wa/+ & decay ( a ?\s& ye>s4 ,we *oose to call ^! two pr9ciples antagoni/ic1 because 9 _! effects !y are entirely opposite2 yet !re is no discordance1 no caprice 9 _! op]ation4 ,ea* works out its end1 & ! result is ! h>mony & /ability ( ! face ( nature4 ,9 ! _w ( life1 too1 !re seems to h be5 a d\ble pr9ciple ( decl9e & r5ewal4 ,! natural t5d5cy ( species & g5]a1 l t ( individuals1 has be5 t[>ds ext9ction4 ,:y x %\ld be s we "k n1 fur!r ?an t !y are = ! mo/ "p influ5c$ by e *ange 9 physical geography4 ,b !y probably obey a /ill high] law :i* gov]ns _! duration1 z ! laws ( vitality gov]n ! life ( an individual ,if we are b slightly acqua9t$ ) ! ag5cy by :i* ! degradation ( l& is c\nt]-balanc$1 we are /ill m ignorant ( ! laws t pres]ve ! balance ( life4 ,creation is a my/]y1 & su* x mu/ = ev] rema94 ,s1 too1 are ! pr9ciples on :i* x has be5 conduct$4 ,we c b m>k _! results4 ,we see new species appe> f "t to "t 9 ! upw>d s]ies ( ! geological =mations1 b !y tell n :5ce !y came4 ,( two g5]a creat$ toge!r at ! beg9n+1 "o ere long di$ out1 b ! o!r /ill lives2 yet "h !re is assur$ly n\ght l discordance or caprice4 ,nay1 ^! two pr9ciples--dea? & creation--h be5 9 active op]ation all ?r\gh ! ages1 & ! result is t v>i$ & exquisitely beautiful _w :]e9 we dwell4 ,! ,mollusca are s nam$ f ! s(t nature ( _! bodies1 & are famili> to u z exemplifi$ 9 ! g>d5-snail & ! %ells ( ! sea-%ore4 ,! g5]al type ^u :i* !y are con/ruct$ is t ( an ext]nal muscul> bag1 ei!r entire or divid$ into two1 call$ ! mantle1 9 :i* ! visc]a are conta9$4 ,9 mo/ ( ! ord]s1 !y h likewise an out] h>d calc>e\s %ell1 consi/+ ( "o or m p>ts4 ,x is ( c\rse ?is %ell alone t c be detect$ 9 ! rocks1 b by att5d+ to ! relations betwe5 ! liv+ animals & _! %ells1 we asc]ta9 ! nature & aff9ities ( ! fossil species4 ,few :o ramble by ! sea-%ore1 ga!r+ limpets1 :elks1 & cockles1 are aw>e h[ complex an anatomy is conceal$ )9 "o ( ^? br[n discol\r$ %ells4 ,!re are elaborate n]v\s & muscul> sy/ems--sometimes sev]al he>ts ) accompany+ art]ies & ve9s--(t5 doz5s ( rudim5t>y eyes--capsules :i* p]=m ! function ( e>s--jaws1 tee?1 a /rongly arm$ tongue--gullet1 gizz>d1 /oma*1 liv]1 inte/9e1 & complete brea?+ app>atus4 ,! /ructure & gr\p+ ( ^! p>ts v>y 9 ! diff]5t g5]a & ord]s1 & ^u su* v>iations is f\nd$ ! classification ( ! naturali/4 ,?us1 ! mollusca ( ! highe/ class are call$ ! ,cephalopoda1 or head-foot$1 because _! feet1 or r arms1 are slung 9 a belt r\nd ! head4 ,!y conta91 among _! numb]1 ! cuttle-fi%1 ) its curi\s int]nal bone t %ad[s =?1 z x 71 ! com+ ( ! v]tebrate type2 & ! nautilus1 ) its _m-deck$ vessel ( pe>l4 ,! second class is t]m$ ! ,ga/ropoda1 or belly-foot$1 z ! g5]a embrac$ "u x creep on ! "u side ( ! body1 :i* is exp&$ into a broad retractile foot4 ,! common snail & :elk are famili> examples4 ,! ?ird class is =m$ by ! ,pt]opoda1 or w+-foot$--delicate animals1 f\nd only 9 ! op5 sea1 & rem>kable = a pair ( w+-l expansions or f9s on ! sides ( ! m\?4 ,! ,lamellibran*iata =m ! f\r? class1 & receive _! "n f ! lam9at$ =m ( _! bran*ia1 or gills4 ,!y conta9 ! two-valv$ %ells1 su* z ! oy/] & scallop1 & are "o ( ! mo/ abundant gr\ps ( animals on our coa/s4 ,! fif? class consi/s ( ! ,bra*iopoda1 or arm-foot$ molluscs a "n giv5 to !m f _! long spiral arms1 once ?\ght to be ! in/rum5ts ( motion1 b n[ asc]ta9$ only to assi/ 9 br++ ! food to ! m\?4 ,! six?1 & humble/ class1 has receiv$ ! designation ( ,tunicata1 f ! ?ick bladd]-l tunic1 or sac1 :i* supplies ! place ( an out] %ell4 ,! geologi/ f9ds ! rema9s ( all ^! classes 9 ! diff]5t rock-=mations ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,!y fl\ri%$ s abundantly 9 ! e>lie/ seas1 t ! fir/ geological p]iod has sometimes be5 call$ ! ,age ( ,molluscs2 &1 dur+ all ! subsequ5t eras1 !y held a prom95t place among ! inhabitants ( ! deep4 ,let u look = a little at _! developm5t 9 ! times ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em4 ,z ! ,c>bonif]\s gr\p ( rocks exhibits ! rema9s ( ocean-b$1 lake-bottom1 & l&-surface1 s we f9d 9 x %ells ( m>9e1 fre%-wat] & 7?\gh r>ely7 t]re/rial mollusca4 ,! m>9e g5]a greatly pr$om9ate1 j z ! %ells ( ! sea at ! pres5t day va/ly outnumb] ^? ei!r ( lakes or ( ! l&4 ,9 ,engl& !y occur *iefly 9 ! l[] "p ( ! =mation1 giv+ a *>act]i/ic /amp to ! deep s]ies ( b$s kn[n z ! m\nta9 lime/one4 ,!re !y are associat$ ) ! corals & /one-lilies already describ$--all productions ( ! sea4 ,9 ,nor?umb]l&1 h[ev]1 & g5]ally ?r\gh\t ,scotl&1 !y occupy a some:at diff]5t position4 ,! great m\nta9 lime/one ( c5tral ,engl& gets split up into subdivisions z x proce$s nor?w>d1 & b$s ( coal1 full ( l& plants1 become m+l$ ) ! ord9>y m>9e /rata4 ,sometimes we may f9d a gr\p ( bra*iopods scatt]$ ov] ! mac]at$ /em ( a /igm>ia2 & ! writ] has himself collect$ a sigill>ia 9 a lime/one cr[d$ ) /one-lilies & producti4 ,b ?is int]m+l+ is /ill fur!r c>ri$ on 9 ! upp] "p ( ! s]ies4 ,! coal-b$s1 ) _! und]clays & /igm>ia rootlets1 evid5tly repres5t+ anci5t vegetation ) ! soils on :i* x grew1 are succe$$ by b$s ( lime/one1 full ( m>9e mollusca2 & ^!1 aga91 are erelong replac$ by s&/ones1 %ales1 & iron/ones1 *>g$ ) l&-plants & fre%-wat] %ells4 ,to ?is curi\s bl5d+ ( v diff]5t organic rema9s1 ,i %all h occasion to ref] m at l>ge 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,i m5tion x n[ z a sort ( apology = ! dryness ( details :i* x is necess>y to give1 9 ord] to complete our picture ( ! c>bonif]\s fauna1 & to und]/& ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! anci5t hi/ory ( ! e>? is deciph]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,( ! ,pt]opoda1 we h1 z yet1 b "o c>bonif]\s g5us1 ! conul>ia 7,fig4 #ba74 ,x 0 a slim delicate %ell1 9 %ape an oblong cone1 hav+ f\r sides1 f9ely /riat$ ) a sort ( zig-zag m\ld+ l t ( ! ,norman ar*4 ,ea* ( ! f\r angles 0 trav]s$ along its :ole ext5t by a n>r[ gutt]-l depression1 & ?is /yle ( flut+1 comb9$ ) ! m>k+s on ! sides1 imp>t$ no little elegance to ! %ell4 ,! conul>ia is n a common fossil4 ,x has be5 f\nd among ! coal-be>+ /rata ( ,coalbrook-,dale1 & 0 notic$ long ago by ,dr4 ,ure 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,ru!rgl54 ,! ,bra*iopoda are bivalve molluscs1 b unlike mo/ o!r molluscs !y are root$ to "o spot1 & de/itute ( any p[] ( locomotion4 ,_! %ells are unequal1 ! dorsal1 or upp] valve1 be+ small] & usually m bulg$ out ?an ! "u or v5tral valve1 :i* 9 mo/ species is prolong$ at its n>r[ end into a k9d ( beak4 ,9 ! t]ebratula ?is beak has a little circul> hole1 f :i* !re em]ges a %ort p$uncle or /alk1 t fixes itself firmly to a rock or o!r sub/ance at ! sea-bottom1 & s]ves ! purpose ( an an*or & cable to keep ! little vessel safely moor$4 ,:5 ! %ells are deta*$1 ^! p]=at$ v5tral valves h s exactly ! =m ( ! old ,roman lamps1 t !y 7 call$ ,lampades1 or lamp-%ells1 by ! old naturali/s4#cf ,o!r species1 z ! l+ul1 h no beak1 & ! long p$uncle passes out betwe5 ! valves1 :i* are ( ne>ly equal size1 & h be5 comp>$ to ! %ape ( a duck's bill4 ,9 yet ano!r g5us1 ! crania1 !re is no p$uncle1 b ! animal adh]es by its l[] valve1 mu* l ! oy/]1 & may (t5 be se5 clu/]$ 9 gr\ps on decay$ sea ur*9s or o!r organisms1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! *alk =mation4 ,footnote #cf3 ,see ! excell5t ,manual ( ,mollusca1 by ,woodw>d1 p4 #bji4 ,! int]nal /ructure ( ^! animals is s+ul>ly beautiful4 ,! inn] surface ( ea* valve is l9$ ) a s(t membran\s sub/ance1 call$ ! pallial lobe1 ! m>g9 ( :i* is set r\nd ) /iff hair-l bri/les1 t prev5t ! +ress ( any =eign body likely to int]f]e ) ! play ( ! delicate filam5ts ( ! arms4 ,^! two s(t lobes are furni%$ ) ve9s1 & supply ! place ( a brea?+ app>atus4 ,! body ( ! animal occupies n q a ?ird "p ( ! int]ior ( its valves1 & is situat$ at ! n>r[ end4 ,!re are ?us two di/9ct regions )9 ! %ell1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a /rong membrane1 ?r\gh ! c5tre ( :i* is ! op5+ ( ! m\?4 ,! small] cavity next ! h+e conta9s ! visc]a1 & ! out] l>g] "o1 ! fold$ & ciliat$ arms4 ,^! arms =m "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic features ( ! bra*iopods4 ,!y are two 9 numb]1 & proce$+ f ! m>g9 ( ! m\?1 advance into ! out] empty *amb] ( ! %ell1 & return ^u !mselves 9 spiral curves & folds4 ,!y are fr+$ ) slim1 flat1 n>r[ filam5ts1 set along ! arm l tee? along ! back ( a f9e comb4 ,?\gh call$ arms1 ^! long ciliat$ app5dages are r enorm\sly protrud$ lips4 ,! vibratory action ( ! fr+es causes curr5ts to set inw>ds t[>ds ! m\?1 :i* is plac$ at ! inn] end or base ( ! arms4 ,to support ^! long convolut$ arms1 _m ( ! g5]a are furni%$ ) sl5d] hoops ( h>d calc>e\s matt]1 :i* are hung f ! dorsal valve1 & are /ill f\nd )9 ! %ells ( "s ( ! mo/ anci5t fossil bra*iopods4 ,! little visc]al cavity conta9s ! complex gr\ps ( muscles = op5+ & clos+ ! valves1 a simple /oma*1 a l>ge granul> liv]1 a %ort inte/9e1 two he>ts1 & ! c5tre ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,)\t go+ into ! details ( ^! v>i\s /ructures1 ! read] w see t ! bra*iopoda are really a highly organiz$ tribe2 & ,i am ?us p>ticul> 9 ! enum]ation1 p>tly t he may ! bett] und]/& ! me*anism ( ! c>bonif]\s %ells ( t type1 & p>tly t he may m>k h[ ! olde/ =ms ( life1 ^? t meet u on ! v ?re%old ( animat$ exi/5ce1 7 n l[ 9 organization1 b possess$ an anatomy z complex z x 0 beautiful4 ,:o t has ev] wield$ an en?usia/ic hamm] among ! ri*ly fossilif]\s b$s ( ! m\nta9 lime/one1 does n rememb] ) delight ! ho/s ( delicately flut$ %ells t ! lab\r ( an h\r c\ld pile up be=e him8 ,!re 0 ! /riat$ productus1 ) its slim sp9es scatt]$ ov] ! /one4 ,!re1 too1 lay ! spirif] ) its broad] plications1 its too!d m>g91 & its deeply ind5t$ valve4 ,less common1 & s m highly priz$1 0 ! slimly-ribb$ rhynconella1 ) its %>p1 prom95t beak1 or p]haps ! smoo?1 ?9 t]ebratula1 ) its col\r-b&s n yet effac$4 ,^! 7 pleasant h\rs1 & _! memory mu/ dwell gratefully among ! recollections ( "o ^: avocations immure him ?r\gh\t well-nigh ! livelong ye> amid ! d9 & du/ ( t[n--! fumum et opes /repitumque ,rom4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,productus giganteus4 ,9 ! productus ! dorsal valve is sometimes q flat1 :ile ! v5tral is prom95tly ar*$1 & ! %ell resembles a little cup ) a flat plate ( ! same diamet] plac$ ov] x4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 bo? ! valves are concavo-convex1 or ar*$ 9 ! same direction l two sauc]s plac$ )9 ea* o!r4 ,! ext]ior surface ( ea* valve is diff]5tly ornam5t$ 9 ! v>i\s species4 ,a v common /yle ( sculptur+ is by a set ( f9e hair-l longitud9al ribs1 div]g+ m or less regul>ly f ! h+e l9e to ! out] m>g94 ,9 "s species ^! ribs are wid]1 & are furni%$ ) little prom95t sc>s4 ,9 o!rs 7z ,p4 punctatus7 a set ( semicircul> ridges runs r\nd ! %ell1 n>r[+ z !y conv]ge f ! out] lips to ! c5tre ( ! h+e l9e1 & be>+ ea* an irregul> r[ ( small sc>s or tub]cules4 ,"s ( ! species are v irregul>ly ornam5t$ into a sort ( wr9kl$ surface1 9 :i* ! /ri seem1 z x 71 ?r[n ov] ! valves 9 bundles at r&om4 ,! productus 0 furni%$ ) sl5d] holl[ sp9es1 :i* rose up f ! surface ( ei!r valve1 *iefly1 h[ev]1 ab\t ! h+e4 ,9 ,p4 sp9osus !y 7 long & /\t1 l ?9 ru% /alks1 :ile 9 ! small] species !y r resembl$ /iff bri/les4 ,! use ( ^! sp9es is n v well made out4 ,z mo/ ( ! producti appe> to h be5 free1 t is1 )\t any p$uncle fix+ !m to ! sea-bottom1 x has be5 conjectur$ t ! sp9es1 by s9k+ deep into ! mud1 may h s]v$ ! place ( a p$uncle to moor ! %ell4 ,z reg>ds size1 ! productus is v v>iable4 ,y may ga!r "s species 9 ! "y =m1 n l>g] ?an peas1 :ile o!rs may rew>d y\r se>*1 hav+ a bread? ( six or eight in*es 7,p4 giganteus74 ,b h[ev] mu* !y may v>y 9 dim5sions1 !y usually rema9 pretty con/ant 9 _! abundance1 be+ among ! mo/ common fossils ( ! m\nta9 lime/one1 & ev5 ( "s lime/ones 9 ! true ,coal-measures2#cg & t mu/ be a poor /ratum inde$ :i* _c yield y a bagful ( producti4 ,footnote #cg3 ,see ! table giv5 bel[ 9 ,*ap4 ,x4 ,! productus no long] ranks among liv+ =ms4 ,x began dur+ ! times ( ! ,upp] ,silurian sy/em1 liv$ all ?r\gh ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 & atta9$ its maximum ( developm5t 9 ! seas ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s gr\p4 ,z ! coal =e/s began to fl\ri%1 ! productus seems to h wan$2 b x is /ill sometimes f\nd 9 consid]able numb]s 9 ! iron/ones & lime/ones int]calat$ among ! coal seams ( nor!rn ,engl& & c5tral ,scotl&4 ,9 ! p]iod :i* succe$$ ! coal1 t1 namely1 ( ! ,p]mian1 x seems to h di$ out altoge!r1 at lea/ no trace ( its rema9s h z yet be5 detect$ 9 /rata ( a lat] age4 ,b :il/ x liv$1 ! productus mu/ h enjoy$ a wide range ( climate1 = its valves h be5 f\nd by ?\s&s bo? 9 ! old _w & 9 ! new4 ,i h se5 sev]al t 7 br\ght f ! hills ( ,*9a1 & !y occur likewise 9 ,?ibet4 ,specim5s h be5 br\ght1 too1 f ! w>m pla9s ( ,au/ralia1 & f ! sn[s ( ,spitzb]g54 ,9 look+ ov] ! fossils t lie gr\p$ along b$s ( ! m\nta9 lime/one1 !re are two =ms t we f9d almo/ inv>iably side by side--! productus & ! spirif]4 ,!y seem to h begun life toge!r1 or r1 p]haps1 ! spirif] is some:at ! old] bro!r4 ,!y voyag$ ?r\gh ! same seas1 & an*or$ !mselves to ! same ocean-b$1 sometimes among mud & ooze1 & (t5 among b[]s ( corals & /one-lilies4 ,!y visit$ toge!r ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( ! _w1 f ,*9a to ,*ili1 & f ,hudson's ,bay to ,new ,zeal&4 ,i h sometimes laid op5 fragm5ts ( lime/one :]e !y lay ?ickly clu/]$ z ?\gh !y _h end$ a life ( fri5d%ip by dy+ v lov+ly toge!r4 ,b aft] all ! v>ieties ( ! productus _h di$ out1 "s species ( ! spirif] /ill liv$ on1 & x 0 n until ! p]iod ( ! lias t !y f9ally disappe>$4 ,i rememb] meet+ ) "o ( ^! late/ spirif]s 9 ! c\rse ( a ramble 9 e>ly morn+ along ! %ores ( ,pabba1 "o ( ! lone sea-girt isl&s ( ! ,hebrides1 :]e ! ,scotti% second>y rocks are repres5t$4 ,! bea* 0 =m$ ( l[ %elv+ reefs ( a d>k-br[n micace\s %ale1 ri*ly *>g$ ) ! *>act]i/ic fossils ( ! ,lias--ammonites1 belemnites1 gryph1 pect9es1 c4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! walk ,i came to a light] col\r$ b&1 ) _m r$di%-br[n nodules ( iron/one1 b ) no obs]vable fossils4 ,a se>*1 h[ev]1 ( a few m9utes disclos$ a wea!r$ specim51 ne> :i* a limpet _h made good its re/+-place2 & ?is solit>y specim5 prov$ to be "o ( ! la/ l+]+ spirif]s 7,s4 ,walcottii74 ,! =m /ruck me at once z a famili> "o1 & recall$ ! fossils ( ! m\nta9 lime/one4 ,x may seem a pu]ile fancy1 b to "o :o _h lately be5 work+ among palozoic rocks1 & rememb]$ ! hi/ory ( ! spirif]1 !re 0 some?+ sugge/ive 9 ! lonel9ess ( ! specim54 ,) ! exception ( "o or two o!r organisms 7z rhynconella71 x 0 by f> ! mo/ anci5t =m ( ! deposit4 ,its family _h come into ! _w ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e t ( ! l>ge p9n t lay among ! neighb\r+ %ales1 & p]haps millions ( ye>s be=e t ( ! gracefully curv$ ammonites4 ,b ! family 0 ne>ly ext9ct :5 ^! %ales 7 be+ ?r[n d[n z s&y mud1 & ?is wa/$ specim51 worn by ! da% ( ! waves1 seem$ 9 its solit>9ess no inapt repres5tative ( an anci5t g5us t 0 pass+ away4 ,! spirif] receiv$ its "n f ! two highly develop$ spiral processes 9 ! int]ior ( ! %ell atta*$ to ! dorsal valve4 ,!y 7 h>d1 l ! sub/ance ( ! %ell1 & sprang f ne> ! h+e1 ea* div]g+ outw>ds to ne> ! bord] ( ! valve4 ,!y resembl$ two cork-screws1 b ! loops 7 mu* clos] toge!r4 ,^! coil$ calc>e\s wires almo/ fill$ ! holl[ ( ! %ell 7,fig4 #bc71 & ample support 0 ?us af=d$ to ! filam5t\s arms4 ,9 rec5t bra*iopods1 ^! arms d n always /rictly foll[ ! c\rse ( ! calc>e\s loops4 ,among palozoic g5]a ! case may h be5 simil>1 s t ! complex calc>e\s coil ( ! spirif] may n p]haps indicate a correspond+ complexity ( ! arms4 ,b none ( ! few rec5t =ms exhibit any?+ l ! coil$ processes ( ! spirif]4 ,! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& is /at$ to h yield$ betwe5 fifty & sixty species ( spirif]s4 ,( c\rse1 9 su* a long li/ ! gradations are sometimes v nice1 & to an ord9>y eye imp]ceptible1 b !re exi/ _m m>k$ diff]5ces not)/&+4 ,! g5]al type ( ! spirif]s is tol]ably well def9$4 ,!y _h bo? valves ar*$ outw>ds1 n concavo-convex z 9 ! productus4 ,_! h+e-l9e1 l t ( ! latt] %ell1 ran 9 a /raight l9e1 & _! dorsal valve 0 rais$ along its c5tre f h+e to out] m>g91 into a prom95t ridge1 :ile 9 ! v5tral valve !re 0 a furr[ exactly to correspond4 ,mo/ ( ! species 7 trav]s$ by %>p ribs radiat+ f ! c5tre ( ! h+e-l9e l ^? on ! surface ( ! common cockle4 ,b "s 7 q smoo?1 reta9+ only ! high lobe 9 ! c5tre1 su* z ,s4 glab]4 ,9 a noble specim5 figur$ by ,m',coy#ch "u ! "n ( ,s4 pr9ceps1 ! valves are cov]$ ) broad plaits t sweep gracefully outw>d f ! c5tre ( ! h+e-l9e4 ,footnote #ch3 ,c>b4 ,lime/4 ,foss4 ( ,irel&1 pl4 #ba1 fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,spirif] hy/]icus4 b1 ,int]ior ( ! same1 %[+ ! arrangem5t ( ! spiral arms4 ,! spirif]s v>y m 9 =m ?an 9 ext]nal ornam5t4 ,"s are triangul>1 o!rs ne>ly semicircul>1 o!rs long & att5uat$4 ,9 "s species 7z ! ,s4 glab]71 ! c5tral ridge is v prom95t1 tak+ up ab\t a ?ird ( ! entire area ( ! %ell1 & ?us giv+ x a trilob$ appe>ance4 ,9 o!rs 7z ,s4 symmetricus7 x is less m>k$1 & be>s a m9or furr[ d[n its c5tre2 :ile 9 yet a ?ird class 7z 9 "s specim5s ( ,s4 trigonalis7 ! m$ian fold sc>cely rises above ! ribs t are rang$ on ea* side4 ,^! old %ells probably an*or$ !mselves to ! sea-bottom by means ( a ?9 p$uncle1 & liv$ by ! vigor\s action ( ^? complex fr+$ arms1 ^: screw-l skeleton /ill occasionally rema9s1 & :i* convey$ to ! m\? ! animal sub/ances t s]v$ z food4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,t]ebratula ha/ata4 ,i %all ref] to b "o o!r bra*iopod ( ! c>bonif]\s rocks1 int]e/+ bo? z "o ( ! =ms ( life /ill liv+ 9 our seas1 & z exhibit+1 aft] ! lapse ( su* a va/ int]val1 ! =m ( ! col\r$ b&s :i* adorn$ x :5 alive4 ,x is call$ ,t]ebratula ha/ata2 a slim delicate %ell l its repres5tatives ( ! pres5t day1 n>r[ at ! beak1 & bulg+ out t[>ds ! out] m>g91 :i* is slightly curv$4 ,! surface is smoo?1 & 9 ! old] specim5s has num]\s conc5tric lay]s ( gr[?1 especially m>k$ ne> ! m>g94 ,! /ripes ( col\r radiate f ! beak1 outw>ds1 & ?\gh ! t9t :i* once bright5$ !m is no long] visible1 x may be t ! vessel ( ! little t]ebratula1 :i* lay an*or$ p]haps fifty fa?oms d[n1 0 well-nigh z gaily deck$ z a felucca ( ! ,levant4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( ^! col\r-b&s is n m]ely int]e/+2 ! geologi/ c turn x to acc\nt 9 inve/igat+ ! physical conditions ( an anci5t ocean4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,=bes1 aft] a c>eful s]ies ( inve/igations 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 br\ght to light ! fact1 t bel[ a dep? ( fifty fa?oms %ells are b dimly col\r$1 & h5ce he inf]r$1 f ! num]\s col\r$ %ells ( ! c>bonif]\s lime/one1 t ! ocean 9 :i* !y liv$ 0 n mu* m ?an fifty fa?oms deep4#ci ,footnote #ci3 ,simil> col\r$ b&s are f\nd ev5 9 ! ,l[] ,silurian1 e4g41 on turbo rupe/ris 7,mur*ison's ,siluria1 p4 #aid71 :ile on _m ( ! c>bonif]\s ga/ropods & lamellibran*iate bivalves1 !y are ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,! lamellibran*iate bivalve %ells ( ! ,briti% ,c>bonif]\s sy/em1 s f> z yet discov]$1 numb] ab\t #cjj species1 belong+ to g5]a "s ( :i* are /ill famili> to u4 ,!re 7 ! pect5s or scallops1 ! p9nas ) _! be>ds ( byssus1 ! c>diums or cockles1 ! mytili & modiol or mussels1 all sea-%ells4 ,!n among ! fre%-wat] bivalves we c detect sev]al species ( ! unio or riv] mussel1 t p]haps display$ valves z silv]y 9 _! l9+ z ^? ( our own pe>l-mussels4 ,b ) ^! well-kn[n =ms !re co-exi/$ "s t no long] survive4 ,su* 0 ! conoc>dium1 a curi\s =m t looks l a c>dium cut ?r\gh ! middle1 ) a long sl5d] tube add$ to ! dismemb]$ side 7,fig4 #be74 ,! aviculopect51 a %ell alli$ to our common scallop1 & sometimes %[+ /ill its col\r-b&s 7,fig4 #be71 & ! c>d9ia or an?racosia1 a small bivalve t ab\nds 9 ! %ales & iron/ones ( our coal-fields1 along ) nautili1 producti1 & conul>i at ,coalbrook ,dale1 & ) a ?9 leaf-l l+ula at ,borr[/\nness4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,c>bonif]\s ,lamellibran*s4 #a4 ,aviculopect5 sublobatus 7%[+ col\r-b&s74 #b4 ,conoc>dium ali=mis4 ,! ,ga/ropods ( ! c>bonif]\s rocks 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s embrace f tw5ty-five to ?irty g5]a1 ) upw>ds ( #bjj species4 ,"h1 too1 we c detect "s =ms t h n yet pass$ away4 ,! tro*us1 s univ]sally diffus$ ov] ! globe at ! pres5t day1 also liv$ 9 ! palozoic seas4 ,its companions1 ! natica1 ! turritella1 & ! turbo1 likewise fl\ri%$ 9 ^! anci5t wat]s4 ,among ! g5]a n[ ext9ct we may notice ! euomphalus1 ) its :orls coil$ 9 a flat discoidal =m2 & ! bell]ophon1 ) its simple coil$ %ell1 resembl+ 9 g5]al =m ! nautilus4 ,! ga/ropods are num]\sly repres5t$ 9 our g>d5s & woods1 by ! v>i\s species ( ! snails1 animals t h a mo/ ext5sive di/ribution ov] ! _w1 & numb] probably n mu* "u two ?\s& species4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--;,c>bonif]\s ,ga/ropods4 #a4 ,euomphalus peatangulatus4 #b4 ,pleurotom>ia c>9ata 7%[+ col\r-b&s74 ,= a long "t x 0 matt] ( surprise t no su* l& %ells _h ev] be5 detect$ 9 ! c>bonif]\s rocks4 ,trees & =e/s _h be5 turn$ up by ! hundr$1 b nev] a trace 0 f\nd ( any air-brea?+ creature4 ,f ?is fact1 & f ! enorm\s am\nt ( vegetable matt] pres]v$1 x 0 once ha/ily inf]r$ t ! atmosph]e ( t anci5t p]iod mu/ h be5 uncong5ial to air-brea!rs2 t1 9 %ort1 x 0 a d5se heat$ m$ium ( noxi\s c>bonic-acid gas1 wrapt r\nd ! e>? l a va/ mephitic exhalation1 fav\rable 9 ! highe/ degree to ! gr[? ( vegetation1 yet deadly z ! air ( ,av]nus to all t]re/rial animals4 ,b ?is notion1 l mo/ o!r bold d$uctions f m]ely negative evid5ce1 has _h to be ab&on$1 = traces ( air-brea!rs h at la/ be5 f\nd4 ,among ^!1 n ! lea/ int]e/+ is ! %ell ( a pupa1 a sort ( l&-snail1 :i* ,sir ,*>les ,lyell detect$1 along ) ! bones ( a small reptile1 emb$d$ 9 ! he>t ( an upright sigill>ia /em 9 ! c>bonif]\s rocks ( ,nova ,scotia4 ,small z 0 ! organism1 ! evid5ce furni%$ by x prov$ sc>cely less valuable ?an if x _h be5 a l>ge mammal t might h af=d$ mat]ial = weeks ( /udy4 ,! simil>ity ( ! %ell to exi/+ =ms1 %[$ t ! anci5t c>bonif]\s =e/s _h at lea/ "o race ( air-brea?+ creatures among _! foliage1 & t ! atmosph]e ( ! p]iod c\ld h diff]$ 9 no mat]ial po9t f t ( ! pres5t day1 = z ! snails brea! by lungs1 & require1 consequ5tly1 a cont9ual supply ( oxyg5 to support respiration1 !y c\ld n h exi/$ 9 an atmosph]e *>g$ ) c>bonic acid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #bg4--;,c>bonif]\s ,cephalopods4 #a4 ,nautilus ,kon9ckii4 #b4 ,goniatites cr5i/ria4 #c4 ,or?oc]as lat]ale 7fragm5t74 ,! ,cephalopods1 or highe/ class ( mollusca1 are repres5t$ among ! ,briti% c>bonif]\s /rata by sev5 g5]a4 ,( ^! ! mo/ *>act]i/ic is ! or?oc]as1 s nam$ f its %ell be+ l a long /raight horn4 ,:5 ! animal 0 "y x inhabit$ a s+le-*amb]$ %ell l t ( _m ( ! ga/ropods1 b z x increas$ 9 size & prolong$ its %ell 9 a /raight l9e1 x )drew f ! fir/ occupi$ *amb]4 ,?is 0 p>tition$ (f by a ?9 wall call$ a septum1 ?r\gh ! c5tre ( :i* a tube ran to ! n>r[ end ( ! %ell 7,fig4 #bg74 ,z ! creature grew1 *amb] aft] *amb] 0 9 ?is way =m$1 ea* ( !m q air-tight1 & trav]s$ by ! c5tral tube4 ,suppose a graduat$ s]ies ( dim9utive wat*-glasses to be pi]c$ by a long tap]+ glass-tube 9 su* a way t !y %\ld h _! convex faces t[>ds ! n>r[ end ( ! tube1 & be arrang$ at %ort int]vals1 ! smalle/ "o plac$ ne> ! po9t ( ! tube1 & ! l>ge/ a little bel[ ! wid] end4 ,suppose1 fur!r1 t ?is piece ( me*anism 7 plac$ )9 ano!r tube tap]+ to an obtuse po9t1 & t ! edges ( ! wat*-glasses fitt$ tightly to ! inn] surface ( ?is l>g] tube4 ,su* w\ld be a r\gh model ( ! /ructure ( ! or?oc]as4 ,! inn] tube t trav]ses ! c5tre ( ! *amb]s f end to end ( ! %ell is call$ ! syphon1 b its uses are v problematical4 ,at "o "t naturali/s incl9$ to reg>d x z int5d$ to be fill$ ) fluid1 :i*1 by exp&+ ! membrane ( ! tube1 w\ld compress ! air 9 ! *amb]s1 & ?us1 increas+ ! specific gravity ( ! animal1 enable x to s9k to ! bottom4 ,9 ?is way1 by empty+ or fill+ ! syphonal tube1 ! or?oc]as might h ris5 rapidly to ! surface ( ! deep1 or sunk z swiftly to ! bottom4 ,b ?is view1 s pretty t "o wi%es x 7 confirm$1 mu/ be reg>d$ z at lea/ d\btful4 ,! or?oc]as m probably ow$ its p[] ( progression to ! action ( a funnel connect$ ) ! brea?+ app>atus1 :]eby jets ( wat] 7 squirt$ out t drove ! %ell rapidly along4 ,! use ( ! air-tight *amb]s 01 p]haps1 to give buoyancy to ! %ell s z to make x ne>ly ( ! same specific gravity z wat]4 ,su* a provision mu/ h be5 amply ne$$1 = ,pr(essor ,ow5 m5tions an or?oc]as f ,dumfries-%ire t measur$ six feet 9 l5g?1 & simil> gigantic specim5s h be5 f\nd 9 ,am]ica4 ,unless ! *amb]s 9 ^! %ells _h be5 air-tight1 ! animals t inhabit$ !m w\ld h be5 held d[n ab\t z firmly to "o spot z if !y _h be5 ti$ to a %eet-an*or4 ,no mollusc c\ld h possess$ mu* locomotion ) s pond]\s a tail1 six feet or m 9 l5g?1 to drag aft] x4 ,b ?is inconv5i5ce 0 obviat$ by ! simple plan ( hav+ ! *amb]s close1 & fill$ ) nitrog5 or o!r gas evolv$ by ! *emi/ry ( ! inmate4 ,! %ell1 9 ?is way1 acquir$ no little buoyancy1 & probably /ood up l a *ur* spire1 ! animal keep+ close to ! bottom to lie 9 wait = any hapless mollusc or trilobite t might *ance to come 9 its way4 ,! nautilus 7,fig4 #bg71 :i* /ill lives 9 our seas1 occurr$ likewise 9 ^? ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,x 0 a coil$ %ell2 9 tru?1 j an or?oc]as roll$ up 9 "o plane l a coil ( wat*-spr+4 ,an alli$ =m1 call$ ! goniatite 7,fig4 #bg71 _h ! m>g9s ( its septa ( a zig-zag =m1 l ! angles ( ! wall r\nd a =tifi$ t[n4 ,:5 ! ?9 out] coat+ ( ! %ell is remov$1 ! ends ( ^! p>tition-walls are se5 to =m /rongly-m>k$ angulat$ sutures or jo9ts1 :]e !y come 9 contact ) ! %ell4 ,h5ce ! "n ( ! g5us--angl$ %ell4 ,all ^! animals 7 pr$ace\s4 ,!y did n conf9e !mselves to ! l[] =ms ( life1 polyps & m$us1 nor ev5 to ! humbl] tribes ( _! own sub-k+dom1 b hesitat$ n to wage w> ) creatures greatly high] 9 ! scale ( creation ?an !mselves1 su* z ! small] fi%es4 ,!y sw>m$ 9 ! palozoic seas1 & well m]it$ ! title ( scav5g]s ( ! deep1 t has be5 be/[$ on ! %>ks ( our own day4 ,!y seem to h p]=m$ a function n[ divid$ p>tly among ! fi%es & p>tly among ! high] ga/ropod\s molluscs4 ,& accord+ly we f9d t z ^! latt] tribes increas$1 ! or?oc]atites1 & goniatites1 & ammonites wan$4 ,at ! pres5t day1 ( all ! palozoic cephalopods !re rema9s b "o--! nautilus#dj2 a & s r>e is x1 t up to ! ye> #ahcb1 all sorts ( fanciful notions exi/$ z to its nature & functions4 ,9 fact1 ! nautilus 0 a sort ( my? :i* any naturali/ c\ld dress up z he *ose1 mu* z ! old poets us$ to picture ! %ip ,argo4 ,a specim5 0 at l5g? procur$ & intru/$ to ! exam9ation ( ,pr(essor ,ow51 by :om its anatomy 0 /udi$1 & aft]w>ds philosophically describ$ 9 an elaborate monograph4 ,!n1 = ! fir/ "t1 did geologi/s obta9 a true notion ( ! nature ( ^? siphonat$ %ells1 :i* lie gr\p$ by hundr$s 9 ! palozoic & second>y =mations4 ,yet we /ill want an acc\nt ( ! habits ( ! nautilus4 ,! old] naturali/s alleg$ t x c\ld at pleasure rise to ! surface or s9k into ! dep?s ( ! ocean2 t x c\ld spread out its fle%y arms & float across ! waves or draw !m 91 capsize ! little vessel1 & s return to a creep+ po/ure among ! sea-we$ at ! bottom4 ,^! /atem5ts may to "s ext5t be true1 = ! *amb]s ( ! nautilus %ell mu/ imp>t great buoyancy to x4 ,b 9 ! meantime ! /ory ( ! sail+ prop5sities ( ! animal is d]iv$ f a sort ( my?ic age1 & mu/ be view$ ) "s little suspicion4 ,until fur!r obs]vations are made1 we %all nei!r fully und]/& ! economy ( ! nautilus nor ! habits ( ! cephalopods ( ! palozoic seas4 ,b ! day is probably n f> di/ant :5 su* d\bts w be set at re/1 & we %all "k :e!r ! nautili & or?oc]atites swam 9 argosies ov] ! surface ( ! ocean1 or1 keep+ ev] at ! bottom1 left ! waves to roll f> above !m1 unv>i$ save p]*ance by "s float+ sea-we$ or drift$ tree4 ,footnote #dj3 ,& p]haps ev5 t is d\btful1 = x is n unlikely t aft] all1 ! palozoic nautili may belong 9 reality to ano!r g5us4 ,tw5ty ye>s h5ce w probably see no little *ange on our pres5t id5tifications4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,classification ( ! naturali/ n always correspond5t ) ! ord] ( nature--,incongru\s gr\p+ ( animals 9 ! inv]tebrate division--,rudim5t>y skeleton ( ! cephalopods--,introduction ( ! v]tebrate type into creation--,i*?yolites ( ! c>bonif]\s rocks--,_! /ate ( keep+--,classification ( fossil fi%es--,placoids--,i*?yodorulites--,gano ids--,_! /ructure exemplifi$ 9 ! megali*?ys & holopty*ius--,cranium ( megali*?ys--,its armature ( scales--,microscopic /ructure ( a scale--,skeleton ( megali*?ys--,hi/ory ( ! discov]y ( ! holopty*ius--,conf\nd$ ) megali*?ys--,ext]nal ornam5t ( holopty*ius--,its jaws & tee?--,microscopic /ructure ( ! tee?--,paucity ( t]re/rial fauna 9 coal measures--,insect rema9s--,relics ( reptiles--,conclud+ summ>y ( ! *>act]s ( ! c>bonif]\s fauna--,results4 ,! organic rema9s hi!rto describ$ belong to t l>ge division ( ! animal k+dom in/itut$ by ,lam>ck1 to compreh5d all ^? ^: int]nal /ructure is support$ by no v]tebral column1 & :i* are h5ce t]m$ inv]tebrate4 ,!y are = ! mo/ "p protect$ by a h>d out] cov]+1 or exo-skeleton1 :i* assumes _m diff]5t modifications4 ,we h se5 x 9 ! calc>e\s cells ( ! little net-l f5e/ella1 9 ! geometric cup ( ! /one-lily1 9 ! d\ble case ( ! cypris1 & 9 ! %ells ( ! mollusca4 ,b ! ord] ( nature does n always exactly correspond ) ! classification ( ! naturali/4 ,8 sy/em mu/ necess>ily be precise1 =mal1 & def9$4 ,"o tribe ends (f abruptly1 & is imm$iately succe$$ by ano!r1 ) diff]5t functions & /ructure1 & dignifi$ ) a sep>ate "n4 ,b 9 ! ord] ( creation1 su* abrupt dem>cations are few1 = if !y exi/ 9 ! pres5t economy1 !y c n unfrequ5tly be fill$ up f ! exi/5ces ( ! pa/4 ,!re is usually a %ad+ (f ( "o class into ano!r1 l ! bl5d+ ( ! t9ts ( sunset1 & x (t5 baffles all ! skill ( ! pr(\nde/ anatomi/1 by draw+ a di/9ct l9e1 to pron\nce :]e ! "o division actually ends & ! o!r beg9s4 ,any "n1 !re=e1 :i* is int5d$ to embrace a l>ge section ( ! animal k+dom1 mu/ ev] be m or less arbitr>y4 ,x w ext5d too f> 9 "o direction1 & embrace organisms :i* might be class$ 9 a diff]5t section4 ,x w probably n ext5d f> en\gh 9 ano!r1 & ?us leave beyond its pale animals possess+ /rong aff9ities to ! majority ( ^? includ$ "u x4 ,m especially is ?is true ( e sy/em ( classification t proce$s ^u ! modifications ( a s+le feature1 or ^u m]e negative resemblances4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t x 7 propos$ by "s highly sy/ematic individual to divide ! inhabitants ( our c\ntry into two great classes--! be>d$ & ! be>dless4 ,9 ! latt] category he w\ld arrange all ! m quiet & ord]ly portion ( ! community1 ) p]*ance a tol]able int]mixture ( rogues4 ,! be>d$ gr\p w\ld pres5t a mo/ motley array--f ! fi]ce-visag$ h]oes ( ! ,crimea to ! peaceable /one-mason or begrim$ pitman--all br\ght into "o li/1 & yet agree+ 9 no s+le feature save t ( be+ l ,bully ,bottom ! weav]1 m>vell\s hairy ab\t ! face4 ,b ,lam>ck's inv]tebrate division ( ! animal k+dom pres5ts a gr\p+ ( yet m div]se *>act]i/ics1 z _c fail to be confess$ :5 we recollect t x embraces among its memb]s ! microscopic monad1 ! coral polyp1 ! lob/]1 ! butt]fly1 ! limpet1 ! nautilus1 & ! cuttle-fi%4 ,cuvi]'s ?ree-fold gr\p+ ( ! division into mollusca1 articulata1 & radiata1 has n[ supplant$ ! old "n1 ?\gh ! latt] is /ill reta9$ z a sort ( conv5i5t designation = all ! animals bel[ ! v]tebrate type4 ,! mo/ highly develop$ ( ! rec5t cephalopods exhibit a true int]nal skeleton1 9 ! =m ( a /rong oblong bone1 on :i* ! body is hung4 ,9 ?is respect !y occupy a sort ( int]m$iate place betwe5 ! l[] molluscs on ! "o h&1 & ! l[] fi%es on ! o!r4 ,!irs is n a v]tebral column1 b r1 z x 71 a =e%ad[+ ( x2 n1 h[ev]1 z a l9k 9 "s process ( self-developm5t f mollusc to fi%1 = ^! high] cephalopods d n appe> to h be5 creat$ until fi%es & reptiles _h liv$ = ages4 ,! v]tebrate type has be5 trac$ well-nigh z f> back into ! pa/ z we h yet be5 able to p5etrate4 ,once introduc$1 x has nev] ceas$ to exi/1 b 9 ! successive geological ages has be5 ev] receiv+ new] & high] modifications1 rea*+ its p]fection at l5g? 9 man4 ,! v]tebrate =m ( /ructure fulfils ! highe/ adaptations ( :i* t]re/rial be+s seem capable4 ,we c h>dly conceive ( corporeal exi/5ce rea*+ a m elevat$ /age ( developm5t1 save 9 !reby becom+ less mat]ial1 & receiv+ an imp>tation ( "s high] elem5t4 ,! v]tebrate animals display n m]ely ! mo/ complexly organiz$ /ructures1 b manife/ 9 _! habits ! work+s ( ! high] in/9cts & affections4 ,among ! inv]tebrate tribes ! propagation ( ! species is1 9 ! va/ majority ( cases1 a m]e me*anical function1 l t ( fe$+ or respiration1 & ! eggs once deposit$1 ! p>5t has no fur!r c>e ( h] "y4 ,b among ! v]tebrat$ animals1 on ! o!r h&1 ! p]petuation ( ! race =ms ! c5tral pill> r\nd :i* ! natural affections are entw9$4 ,x p>cels out e species into pairs1 9 ea* ( :i* ! mates are b\nd toge!r by ! /ronge/ ties ( atta*m5t4 ,x gives bir?1 too1 to t noble in/9ct :i* leads ! "m to expose h] own life r ?an suff] h>m to come to h] (fspr+4 ,x produces1 at lea/ 9 man1 t reciprocal atta*m5t ( (fspr+ to p>5t1 f :i* spr+s no small "p ( all t is holie/ & be/ 9 ?is _w4 ,^! attributes1 to a great] or less ext5t1 belong to all ! v]tebrate animals1 f ! fi% up to man4 ,9 look+ ov] ! relics ( animal life 9 ! e>li] geological =mations1 we are apt1 z we gaze on ! massive jaws & tee?1 ! /rong bony arm\r1 & ! %>p1 b>b$ sp9es1 to ?9k only ( a "t ( w> & c>nage1 :5 ! l>g] =ms prey$ ^u ! small]1 or ru?lessly s\ght to ext]m9ate ea* o!r4 ,yet %\ld we n rememb]1 t ) all ^! weapons & in/9cts ( self-pres]vation !re 7 l9k$ attributes ( a nobl] k9d2 t ! e>lie/ v]tebrate rema9s po9t to ! introduction--?\gh p]haps 9 b a rudim5t>y =m--( self-sacrific+ love into our planet8 ,! m>* ( creation f ! fir/ dawn ( life has ev] be5 an onw>d "o1 z reg>ds ! developm5t n only ( organic /ructure b ( ! social relations2 & if x be true t physical organization f9ds its ar*etype 9 man1 x is assur$ly no less s t 9 him too we meet ) ! highe/ manife/ation ( ^? in/9cts :i*1 by l9k+ individual to individual1 h ev] m>k$ out ! v]tebrate tribes ( animals f ! m ma*9e-l *>act]i/ics ( ! inv]tebrate4 ,we pass n[ to ! v]tebrate animals1 & %all look = a little into ! g5]al grade & organization ( ! fi%es t *>act]iz$ ! c>bonif]\s riv]s & seas4 ,a collection ( ! i*?yolites ( ! c>bonif]\s rocks pres5ts almo/ e v>iety 9 ! mode ( pres]vation4 ,! small] species are frequ5tly f\nd entire1 & %[ _! %9+ scales /ill regul>ly imbricat$ z :5 ! creatures 7 alive4 ,! l>g] =ms seldom occur 9 o!r ?an a v fragm5t>y condition4 ,! lime/ones yield d>k-br[n or black1 oblong1 lee*-l tee?1 :i* are f\nd on exam9ation to be ^? ( an anci5t family ( %>ks4 ,! %ales are (t5 spr9kl$ ov] ) glitt]+ scales & enamell$ bones4 ,"s ( ! coals & iron/ones yield 9 abundance long sculptur$ sp9es1 huge jaws bri/l+ ) %>p conical tee?1 & deta*$ tusks1 sometimes five or six in*es long4 ,9 %ort1 ! naturali/ :o w\ld deciph] ! i*?yology ( ! ,coal =mation1 f9ds be=e him1 9 ! rocks1 n a suite ( correctly arrang$1 & c>efully pres]v$ skeletons1 b a set ( disjo9t$1 unconnect$ bones2 "h a too?1 !re a scale1 n[ a jaw1 n[ a d]mal plate1 all m+l$ at r&om4 ,& yet1 ?\gh ! evid5ce lie 9 ?is fragm5t>y /ate1 our k ( ^! anci5t fi%es is f> f be+ correspond+ly meagre4 ,to su* precision has ! sci5ce ( comp>ative anatomy arriv$1 t a m]e scale or too? is (t5 en\gh to indicate ! nature & functions ( ! individual to :i* x belong$1 & to e/abli% ! exi/5ce 9 =m] times ( a p>ticul> class or ord] ( animals4 ,?us ! smoo? r\nd$ tee? ( ! m\nta9 lime/one are f\nd to pres5t bo? ext]nally & int]nally a close resemblance to ! h9d] flat tee? ( ! sole liv+ ce/raciont 7,c4 ,philippi72 & we h5ce le>n t a family ( %>ks1 n[ all b ext9ct1 ab\nd$ 9 ! palozoic seas4 ,! occurr5ce ( a set ( d>k1 r\nd$ little objects1 :i* by ! unpractis$ eye w\ld be apt to be mi/ak5 = pebbles1 is 9 ?is way suffici5t at once to augm5t our k ( ! v>i\s animals ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 & to e/abli% an important fact 9 ! hi/ory ( creation4 ,( ! f\r great ,ord]s into :i* ,agassiz#da subdivid$ ! class ,pisces1 ! ,placoids & ,ganoids1 agree+ on ! :ole ) ! c>tilag9\s fi%es ( ,cuvi]1 occur abundantly 9 ! palozoic rocks1 :ile ! ,cycloids & ,ct5oids1 answ]+ to ,cuvi]'s osse\s fi%es1 began 9 ! ,second>y =mations1 & are f\nd 9 all subsequ5t deposits4 ,! two =m] rea*$ _! maximum 9 ! e>li] geological ages1 & h be5 gradually dw9dl+ d[n ev] s9ce1 till n[ !y are repres5t$ by comp>atively few g5]a2 ! two latt] are emphatically mod]n ord]s2 !y h be5 con/antly increas+ 9 numb]s s9ce _! creation1 & sw>m 9 e sea at ! pres5t day4 ,! c>bonif]\s i*?yolites belong1 ( c\rse1 only to ! two fir/-m5tion$ ord]s ! placoids & ganoids4 ,footnote #da3 ,! classification ( ,agassiz1 :i* is c]ta9ly n a little arbitr>y & artificial1 has be5 alt]$ by ,mll]1 a di/+ui%$ ,g]man anatomi/1 ^: arrangem5t has be5 modifi$ aga9 by ,pr(essor ,ow54 ,see ,ow5's ,lectures on ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dg4 ,!re is f> f any?+ l unanimity on ! subject4 ,e naturali/ ?9ks himself at lib]ty to modify & re/rict ! gr\p+s ( 8 pr$ecessors or contempor>ies1 sometimes )\t condesc5d+ to give synonyms or any clue by :i* "o may comp>e ! rival classifications4 ,! geological /ud5t _c engage 9 a m sick5+ task ?an t ( rang+ ?r\gh ^! v>i\s arrangem5ts1 & he mu/ possess "s self-comm& :o c refra9 f ?r[+ up ! se>* 9 disgu/4 ,! be/ way ( progress+ is to select "s /&>d "w & keep to x1 until ! *>act]i/ics ( ! g5]a & families h be5 ma/]$1 & z f> z possible1 v]ifi$ f actual obs]vation4 ,aft] su* prelim9>y tra9+1 ! /ud5t w be m able to grope 8 way ?r\gh ! *aos & d>k night ( synonyms & sy/ems4 ,! ,placoid1 or ,plagio/ome fi%es1 are famili> to u all z exemplifi$ 9 ! common ?ornback & skate ( our m>kets4 ,!y are cov]$ ) a t\gh sk91 :i* ei!r supports a set ( tub]cul$ plates z 9 ! ?ornback1 or a ?ick crop ( small r\nd$ bony po9ts or plates1 z 9 ! %agre5 ( ! %>ks4 ,! head consi/s ( a s+le c>tilag9\s box4 ,! sp9al column is likewise =m$ ( c>tilage1 built up 9 ! high] g5]a ( p>tially ossifi$ v]tebr4 ,! tail is het]oc]cal or unequally lob$1 inasmu* z ! sp9al column1 in/ead ( end+ (f abruptly z x does 9 ! h]r+1 tr\t1 & all our common] fi%es1 passes on to ! extreme po9t ( ! upp] half ( ! tail4 ,?is is a noticeable feature1 = x has be5 f\nd to *>act]ize all ! fi%es t liv$ 9 ! e>li] geological p]iods4 ,! f9s are (t5 /r5g!n$ by /rong sp9es ( bone1 :i* /& up 9 front ( !m & s]ve ! d\ble purpose ( organs ( progression & weapons ( def5ce4 ,! tee? v>y a good deal 9 =m4 ,9 ! l>g] numb] ( exi/+ placoids !y are ( a %>p cutt+ %ape1 (t5 ) saw-l edges4 ,among ! %>ks !y run along ! jaws 9 num]\s r[s1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 only ! out] "o is us$1 ^? beh9d ly+ 9 res]ve to fill up ! successive gaps 9 ! front rank4 ,! tee? d n s9k into ! jaw1 z 9 ! ganoids1 b are m]ely b\nd toge!r by ! t\gh integum5t :i* =ms ! lips4 ,ano!r =m ( too?1 abundant among ! anci5t placoids1 & visible on "s ( ^? at ! pres5t day1 %[s a smoo? r\nd$ surface1 ! tee? be+ closely gr\p$ toge!r into a sort ( tessellat$ pavem5t :i*1 9 ! rec5t species1 runs r\nd ! inn] "p ( ! jaws1 :ile a r[ ( conical tee? gu>ds ! entrance ( ! m\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,ct5acan?us hybodoides4 7,edg]ton47 ,! animals :i* possess ^! *>act]i/ics include ! v>i\s tribes ( ! %>ks & rays1 & =m ! highe/ gr\p ( fi%es4 ,!y are all active & pr$ace\s1 frequ5t+ e "p ( ! ocean :]e _! prey is to be f\nd4 ,! =midable sp9es & hide\s *asm ( tee? belong+ to ! bulki] =ms1 r5d] !m m ?an a mat* = any o!r d5iz5s ( ! deep1 & ?us !y reign 9 undisput$ supremacy--! sc\rge ( _! cong5]s1 & a t]ror to man4 ,! seas ( ! ,c>bonif]\s era ab\nd$ ) simil> pr$ace\s fi%es1 "s ( :i* mu/ h be5 ( enorm\s size4 ,an entire specim5 has nev] be5 obta9$2 nor1 f ! de/ructible nature ( ! animal framework1 c we expect to meet ) "o4 ,b ! h>d bony p>ts ( ! animals1 ^? capable 9 %ort ( pres]vation 9 m9]al accumulations1 are ( common occurr5ce 9 ! m\nta9 lime/one b$s & ev5 among ! coal seams4 ,! dorsal sp9es or i*?yodorulites1 are especially conspicu\s 7,fig4 #bh74 ,!y /ood up along ! creature's back l ma/s1 ! f9 :i* 0 atta*$ to ! h9d] m>g9 ( ea*1 repres5t+ ! sail4 ,! sp9e c\ld be rais$ or depress$ at pleasure1 its movem5ts regulat+ ^? ( ! f91 mu* z ! rais+ or l[]+ ( ! ma/ 9 a boat influ5ces ! lug-sail t is atta*$ to x4 ,! g5]al =m ( ^! sp9es 0 long1 tap]+1 & m or less r\nd$4 ,b !y assum$ _m v>ieties ( surface ornam5t4 ,"s species 7 ribb$ longitud9ally1 & _h along _! po/]ior concave side a set ( little hooks some:at l ! ?orns ( a rose4 ,o!rs seem to h be5 q smoo?1 & ( a flatt5$ %ape1 ) a ?ick-set r[ ( %>p hooks d[n bo? ( ! edges1 l ! sp9e on ! tail ( ! /+-ray ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,su* weapons h consid]able resemblance to ! b>b$ spe>-heads ( savage tribes1 & x is c]ta9 !y 7 int5d$ to act 9 a simil> way1 z at once (f5sive & def5sive arms4 ,! too!d sp9es ( ! /+-rays are /ill us$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! _w to po9t ! w>rior's spe> & arr[4 ,is !re n some?+ sugge/ive 9 ! fact t ^! /+s1 aft] hav+ accompli%$ _! appo9t$ purpose z weapons ( w> 9 ! great deep1 %\ld come to be employ$ ov] aga9 9 a l capacity on ! l&2 & t an in/rum5t1 :i* 0 design$ by ! ,creator z a means ( protect+ its possessor1 %\ld be turn$ by man into an implem5t = gratify+ 8 cupidity & satiat+ 8 rev5ge8 ,o!r i*?yodorulites are elegantly ornam5t$ by long r[s ( tub]cul$ l9es arrang$ 9 a zig-zag fa%ion1 or 9 /raight r[s tap]+ f base to po9t4 ,9 all !re 0 a blunt unornam5t$ base1 :i* sank into ! back & s]v$ z a po9t ( atta*m5t = ! muscles employ$ 9 rais+ or depress+ ! sp9e4 ,9 "s specim5s ! out] po9t appe>s r\nd$ & worn1 ! *>act]i/ic ornam5t be+ effac$ = "s di/ance--a circum/ance :i* probably indicates t ^! fi%es frequ5t$ ! m rocky p>ts ( ! sea4#db ,footnote #db3 ,see ,eg]ton1 ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc41 vol4 ix4 p4 #bha4 ,! placoid tee? ( ! c>bonif]\s rocks %[ ! usual =ms ( ! ord]4 ,"s ( !m are %>p & po9t$1 z ^? ( ! hybodonts2 o!rs h a smoo?1 r\nd$1 or plate-l =m1 z 9 ! ce/racionts4 ,! latt] (t5 %[ a d>k brilliant surface1 & might be readily en\gh mi/ak5 = well-worn pebbles4 ,9 ! oblong r\nd$ tee? ( psammodus ! surface is d5sely cov]$ ) m9ute po9ts l gra9s ( s&1 :5ce ! "n ( ! g5us4 ,^! tee?1 :5 slic$ & view$ "u ! microscope by transmitt$ light1 exhibit a complex reticulat$ int]nal /ructure4 ,agassiz' second great ,ord] ( fi%es is nam$ ,ganoid1 f a ,greek ^w signify+ brightness1 9 allusion to ! brightly enamell$ surface ( _! d]mal cov]+4 ,!y diff] f ! placoids 9 hav+ _! out] surface cas$ 9 a /rong armature ( bone1 :i* is dispos$ ei!r 9 ! =m ( l>ge ov]lapp+ plates1 z among ! /range tortoise-l fi%es ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 or z ?ick scales1 :i* are ei!r plac$ at int]vals1 z along ! back & sides ( ! /urgeon1 or closely imbricat$1 z 9 ! /ony-g> 7lepido/eus7 ( ! ,am]ican riv]s4 ,?is /rong1 massive skeleton con/itutes 9 _m g5]a ! sole support ( ! animal framework1 ! inn] skeleton be+ ( a gri/ly c>tilag9\s k9d1 l t ( ! skate4 ,on ?is acc\nt traces ( ! v]tebral column are by no means abundant among ! old] =mations4 ,b z ! ganoids =m a sort ( int]m$iate l9k betwe5 ! placoid or gri/ly fi%es on ! "o h&1 & ! bony fi%es on ! o!r1 !y are f\nd to pres5t 9 _! diff]5t g5]a examples ( bo? ^! k9ds ( /ructure4 ,?us1 ! skeleton ( ! /urgeon consi/s ( a firm c>tilage1 out ( :i* ! v]tebr are m\ld$1 s t ?is fi% 0 at "o "t rank$ ) ! %>ks 9 ! c>tilag9\s tribe ( ,cuvi]4 ,! skeletons ( "s ( ! old] ganoids 7z holopty*ius71 on ! o!r h&1 manife/ su* a decid$ly osse\s /ructure1 ) sometimes s mu* ( a reptilian ca/1 t ! bones 7 at fir/ ref]r$ to "s huge ext9ct saurians4 ,! head ( ! ganoid fi%es is encas$ 9 a set ( l>ge massive plates ( bone1 & ! jaws are furni%$ ) sev]al r[s ( small %>p tee?1 int]m+l$ ) a less num]\s b l>g]-siz$ & m =midable k9d4 ,! int]ior ( ! m\? likewise display$ 9 _m anci5t g5]a gr\ps ( palatal tee?1 s t ! d5tal app>atus ( ^! animals mu/ h be5 v complex & complete4 ,! tail 9 all ! old] ganoids 0 het]oc]cal1 l t ( ! %>ks1 ! lobes be+ n unfrequ5tly d5sely cov]$ ) m9ute ov]lapp+ scales ( bone--a peculi>ity :i* also ext5d$ to ! f9s4 ,b ! f9s 7 sometimes /r5g!n$ 9 ano!r way by hav+ ! =emo/ ray greatly ?ick5$ & enl>g$1 s z to =m a /iff sp9e l ! i*?yodorulites ( ! placoids4 ,! :ole ( ! ext]nal surface ( ^! ganoidal fi%es glitt]$ ) enamel1 & 0 usually sculptur$ 9 ! mo/ graceful patt]ns or ornam5t$ ) f9e l9es & punctures s m9ute z to be almo/ invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,e plate1 scale1 f9-ray1 nay1 ! v lips exhibit$ ! *>act]i/ic enamel mottl$ ov] ) ! /yle ( ornam5t peculi> to ! species4 ,& :5 we ?9k we h exhau/$ ! contemplation ( ^! beauties1 x ne$s b a glance ?r\gh an ord9>y microscope to assure u t ! unassi/$ eye cat*es only a sup]ficial glimpse ( !m4 ,! m highly we magnify any portion ( ^! old-_w mummies1 ! m exquisite does its /ructure appe>4 ,9 ! c>bonif]\s rocks ( ,great ,brita91 upw>ds ( =ty species ( ganoids h be5 detect$4 ,!y h a wide range 9 size1 ! smalle/ measur+ sc>ce two or ?ree in*es1 :ile ! l>ge/1 to judge at lea/ f ! bones :i* !y h left beh9d1 mu/ h rea*$ a l5g? ( tw5ty1 or p]haps ev5 ?irty feet ,! less] g5]a 7,fig4 #bi7 7 *>act]iz$ by small1 angul>1 glossy scales1 usually ornam5t$ ei!r ) a v m9ute punctulation1 or ) f9e hair-l l9es :i* sometimes exhibit$ ! mo/ complicat$ patt]ns4 ,! scales 7 likewise occasionally s]rat$ along ! expos$ edges--a /yle ( ornam5t :i* gives no little ri*ness to ! aspect ( ! d]mal cov]+4 ,! f9s1 closely imbricat$ ) small angul> scales ( bone1 sometimes display$ a /riat$ ray 9 front1 b ?is nei!r possess$ ! /r5g? nor ! =midable aspect ( ! correspond+ sp9e among ! placoids4 ,! head 0 encas$ 9 a set ( bony plates fitt+ tightly into ea* o!r1 & ornam5t$ ) v>i\s patt]ns accord+ to ! species4 ,! tee? 7 v small & f9e1 resembl+ ! bri/les ( a bru%1 b 9 at lea/ "s species int]m+l$ ) tee? ( a l>g] size4 ,! m9ute /yle ( d5tition 9 ^! small] fi%es has be5 ?\ght to indicate _! habit ( keep+ to ! bottom ( ! wat] & fe$+ on ! s(t decay+ sub/ances ly+ !re4 ,n[h]e h ,i se5 ! small rhomboidal scales ( ! paloniscus s abundant z among d>k %ales *>g$ ) cypris cases & fragm5ts ( t]re/rial plants1 & on su* occasions ! idea has (t5 occurr$ t ^! graceful little fi%es1 l ! amia ( ! ,am]ican riv]s1 may h f$ on ! cyprides t sw>m$ along ! bottom ( ! e/u>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,amblypt]us macropt]us 7a ,c>bonif]\s ganoid74 ,scatt]$ ov] ! fre%-wat] lime/ones1 iron/ones1 & %ales1 or cr[d$ toge!r along ! upp] surface ( "s ( ! coal-seams1 !re occur ! rema9s ( two v rem>kable ganoidal fi%es4 ,!y des]ve our att5tion = _! great size1 _! complex organization1 & ! important place 9 ! scale ( animal life :i* !y occupi$ dur+ a =m] p]iod4 ,"o ( !m has be5 call$ megali*?ys or great fi%--an unhappy "n1 s9ce ! animal did n rea* ! dim5sions atta9$ by n a few ( ! o!r ganoids1 & 0 ev5 surpass$ by at lea/ "o ( its contempor>y cong5]s4 ,! o!r is kn[n z ! holopty*ius or wr9kl$ scale4 ,a m detail$ exam9ation ( ^! two animals w p]haps be/ enable u to und]/& ! "* ( ! ganoid fi%es t liv$ 9 ! wat]s ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,! megali*?ys _h an av]age l5g? ( ab\t ?ree feet4 ,l ! o!r memb]s ( ! ganoid ord] x _h a glitt]+ ext]ior1 e scale & plate be+ =m$ ( /rong bone1 & coat$ ) a bright lay] ( enamel4 ,:]ev] ?is poli%$ surface ext5ds1 x is f\nd to be ornam5t$ ) a m9ute punctulation1 ! pores ( :i* lie ?ickly toge!r l ! f9] dots ( a /ippl$ engrav+4 ,! cranial plates are fur!r v>i$ by a scatt]$ & irregul> s]ies ( l>g] punctures t look z if !y _h be5 =m$ by ! ins]tion ( a p9-po9t into a s(t yield+ surface4 ,! exam9ation ( ! head ( ! megali*?ys z depict$ 9 ,fig4 #cj1 w convey an adequate conception ( ! /ructure ( a ganoidal cranium4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--;,head ( ,megali*?ys ,hibb]ti1 "o-six? ( natural size 7,agass4 ,poiss4 ,foss4 ,tab4 #fc74 ,a ,upp] side4 ,b4 ,"u side4 ,c ,pr(ile4 ,! sn\t is =m$ ( an elegantly curv$ bone 7c7 fr+$ along its "u edge ) m9ute ?ick-set tee?4 ,on ei!r side x is flank$ by two triangul> plates1 :i* occupy ! space betwe5 ! int]maxill>y bone 7c7 & ! upp] jaws 7q q74 ,! eye orbits seem to h be5 at ! corn]s ( ! int]maxill>y1 circumscrib$ by ! sub-orbitals 7f g h7 & ! e?moids 7b74 ,! massive int]maxill>y bone _h its po/]ior m>g9 ( an angul> =m1 & into ! not* ?us =m$ !re 0 w$g$ ! ant]ior end ( a long /rip ( plates1 :i* exp&$ z !y approa*$ ! occipital "p ( ! cranium1 & t]m9at$ 9 ?ree irregul> plates t may repres5t ! place ( ! p>ietal & occipital bones4 ,! space betwe5 ?is belt & ! upp] jaws 0 occupi$ by ?ree l>ge plates 7i k l7 :i* 9 o!r ganoids1 z ! o/eolepis ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 7 unit$ into a s+le pre-op]cul> bone ( consid]able size4 ,! op]culum or gill cov] 7m7 0 relatively l>ge1 & _h an elegantly curv$ ant]ior m>g94 ,! upp] jaws 7q7 7 comp>atively small1 & _h a fr+e ( small conical tee?4 ,! "u jaws 7r r7 rea*$ to ne>ly d\ble ! l5g? ( ! upp]1 & 7 simil>ly set r\nd ) tee?4 ,! tee? ( ! megali*?ys1 l ^? ( ! liv+ lepido/eus1 consi/$ ( two k9ds1 ( :i* ! "o bri/l$ ?ickly along ! out] edge ( ! jaw z %>p m9ute po9ts1 av]ag+ ab\t a l9e 9 l5g?1 :ile beh9d ?is out] r[ lay a scatt]$ s]ies ( mu* l>g] tee? t sometimes rose ne>ly an in* above ! jaw4 ,! ext]nal surface ( ^! m =midable tusks is smoo?1 glitt]+1 & m9utely /riat$ ) f9e l9es f base to po9t1 :ile ! root ( ea* is f>!r m>k$ by a circle ( %ort1 deep1 longitud9al furr[s4 ,! int]nal /ructure displays a close ivory1 :i* :5 view$ "u a microscope is se5 to be made up ( f9e tubes radiat+ f ! out] surface to ! holl[ c5tral cavity4 ,"s ( ! bones 9 ! int]ior ( ! m\? seem to h be5 also furni%$ ) an app>atus ( tee?4 ,! "u surface ( ! cranium betwe5 ! ar* ( ! "u jaws consi/s ( two oblong c5tral plates 7t7 surr\nd$ by a r[ ( sixte5 irregul> ones1 eight on ea* side1 & t]m9at$ 9 front by a l>ge loz5ge-%ap$ scale 7u7 :i* fits into _! angle ( junction on ! "o side1 & into ! symphysis ( ! jaws on ! o!r4 ,9 ! o/eolepis !re 7 likewise two l>ge plates t]m9at+ 9 a simil> loz5ge-%ap$ "o1 b )\t ! flank+ r[s4 ,9 ! fam\s ,old ,r$ holopty*ius ( ,cla%b5nie1 ! "u surface ( ! head _h b two plates1 & 9 ! /ill old] & m gigantic a/]olepis1 !re 0 b "o4 ,x is ! delightful task ( ! paleontologi/ to comp>e & contra/ ^! v>i\s pieces ( me*anism1 to m>k h[ :at seems lack+ 9 "o comes to be suppli$ 9 ano!r1 & to trace out ! v>i\s modes 9 :i*1 dur+ ! ages ( ! pa/1 ,nature has wr\ght out ! same lead+ plan1 s\nd+1 z x 71 an ev]-*ang+ s]ies ( modulations ^u "o key-note4 ,9 comp>+ toge!r ! ganoids ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one & ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks1 he f9ds t 9 ! a/]olepis--a fi% belong+ to ! l[] "p ( ! =m] =mation--! po9t$ ar* =m$ by ! sweep ( ! l[] jaws is fill$ up by a s+le plate l "s abbey-w9d[ ) its mullions knock$ away1 & built up ) rude /one & lime4 ,high] 9 ! same gr\p ( rocks he meets ) ! cranium ( ! holopty*ius1 :]e !re is "o /raight c5tral mullion runn+ 9 an unbrok5 l9e f ! angle ( ! ar* to its base4 ,9 ! o/eolepis#dc he sees ?is mullion bran*+ into two at its upp] end1 s t ! w9d[ consi/s ( ?ree divisions1 z 9 ! simple/ /yle ( ,go?ic4 ,pass+ upw>ds into ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em1 he enc\nt]s a /ill m ornate arrangem5t 9 ! cranium ( ! megali*?ys4 ,! c5tral mullion ) its two upp] bran*es /ill rema9s1 b x is flank$ by an additional "o on ea* side1 f :i* !re spr+ six cross b>s t div]ge obliquely ) a slight curve1 s z to jo9 ! out] ar* & subdivide ! w9d[ into n9ete5 comp>tm5ts4 ,s v>i$ are ! plans ( ! ,div9e ,ar*itect 9 :at to man may seem su* a little matt] z ! piec+ toge!r ( a fi%'s skull4 ,footnote #dc3 ,hugh ,mill]'s ,footpr9ts ( ! ,creator1 p4 #ia4 ,! body ( ! megali*?ys 0 cas$ 9 an armature ( z solid & glitt]+ bone z t :i* def5d$ its head4 ,:]e ! plates ( ! cranium end$ (f !y 7 succe$$ by l>ge rhomboidal scales t cross$ ! body obliquely1 & ov]lapp$ ea* o!r l ! metal plates 9 ! antique scale-arm\r4 ,ea* scale consi/$ ( two p>ts1 ( :i* "o _h a rhomboid =m & 0 cov]$ ov] ) enamel1 :ile ! o!r ran r\nd ! two inn] sides ( ! rhomb z a broad un5amell$ selvage deeply ind5t$ along its c5tre4 ,x 0 ! enamell$ portion alone t =m$ ! out] surface1 ! r\gh unpoli%$ bord] be+ cov]$ by ! ov]lapp+ edges ( ! adjo9+ scales4 ,! scales _h n a uni=m ?ickness1 b 7 /ronge/ at ! cov]$ "p f :i* ea* ?9n$ (f to ! out] edges4 ,9 ?is way ! ?9 edge ( "o scale press$ d[n on ! ?ick "p ( ! subjac5t "o1 & a cov]+ ( uni=m /r5g? & smoo?ness 0 produc$4 ,look+ at a set ( ^! scales z !y /ill occupy _! orig9al position on ! creature's body1 x is sc>cely m ?an a half ( ea* :i* meets our eye2 = ! un5amell$ bord] occupi$ ab\t a ?ird ( ! entire surface1 & a f\r? ( ! rema9d] 0 cov]$ by ! ov]lapp+ scales4 ,! effect ( ?is arrangem5t mu/ h be5 to comb9e great /r5g? ) ! mo/ p]fect flexibility4 ,not)/&+ ! bulk ( 8 helmet & ! weight ( 8 scale-arm\r1 we _c conceive ! megali*?ys to h be5 o!r ?an a li!1 active1 pr$ace\s fi%1 deal+ dea? & de/ruction among ! h]r+-l %oals ( little palonisci & amblypt]i1 ?\gh able to ma9ta9 p]haps b a d\btful w>f>e ) 8 m bulky contempor>y1 ! holopty*ius4 ,! int]nal /ructure ( ! scales ( ! megali*?ys exhibits ! same provision = comb9+ /r5g? ) ! lea/ possible am\nt ( mat]ial4 ,view$ 9 a transv]se section "u a magnify+ p[] ( ab\t eight diamet]s1 !y are se5 to consi/ ( ?ree lay]s ( bone2 ea* possess+ a peculi> /ructure4 ,! out]mo/ is =m$ ( a tessellat$ pavem5t ( m9ute r\nd ocelli1 hav+ a f9e br[n col\r1 & plac$ close toge!r ) consid]able regul>ity4 ,!y some:at resemble little :eels1 ! axle be+ ei!r a d>k solid nucleus or a small circul> ap]ture1 :5ce !re radiates to ! out] rim a set ( exce$+ly m9ute fibres :i* 7 orig9ally holl[1 & s]v$ z canals to c>ry on ! gr[? ( ! scale4 ,! vacant space left :]e f\r :eels imp+e on ea* o!r1 =ms "o ( ! pores t cov] ! enamell$ surface ( ! scale4 ,! :ole /ructure ( ?is out] lay] v closely resembles t pres5t$ by ! int]nal "p ( ! base ( ! tee?1 save t ! conflu5t lobes %[n 9 ! tee? become 9 ! scale deta*$ into sep>ate & indep5d5t circles4 ,! c5tral /ratum ( ea* scale is compos$ ( a loose op5 network ( cancellat$ bone t passes into ! lay] on ei!r side1 & resembles 9 its g5]al texture ! osse\s v]tebr ( ! same fi%4 ,! "u lay]1 "o end ( :i* re/$ imm$iately on ! sk91 approa*es m to ! firmness & solidity ( ! out] "o1 b1 9 place ( a tessellat$1 ivory-l pavem5t1 x _h a close fibr\s texture1 ) "h & !re a scatt]$ cavity1 & ! fibres 7 matt$ toge!r s z to resemble ! m solid /ructure ( ! cranial bones4 ,! effect ( ?is triple arrangem5t mu/ h be5 to imp>t great /r5g? & lightness to ! ext]nal armature ( ! fi%2 ! middle spongy lay] s]v+1 by its porosity1 at once to dead5 ! effect ( any bl[ aim$ at ! outside1 & to give buoyancy & lightness to :at w\ld o!rwise h be5 a coat ( mail well-nigh1 z pond]\s z t ( a feudal *ief4 ,"o c h>dly conceive any implem5t ( w>f>e 9 use among ! l[] animals ( /r5g? en\gh to pi]ce ?is massive cov]+4 ,b we %all f9d z we g on t if ! megali*?ys _h a /rong def5sive arm\r1 a bulki] neighb\r _h a /ill /rong] (f5sive "o1 & t ! enamell$ plates ( ! "o fi% 7 sc>cely a mat* = ! huge po9t$ tusks ( ! o!r4 ,! megali*?ys _h an osse\s skeleton1 ) v]tebr ( a discoidal =m4 ,^! int]nal bones :5 view$ "u ! microscope are f\nd to display an op5 cancellat$ /ructure1 resembl+ t ( ! c5tral lay] 9 ! scales4 ,x ?us appe>s t ?is anci5t fi% 0 n m]ely def5d$ by a h>d ext]nal arm\r1 b possess$ an equally solid framework ( bone )94 ,m+l$ ) ! scales & bones ( ! megali*?ys1 !re are f\nd ! rema9s ( a /ill l>g] fi%1 to :i* ! "n ( ,holopty*ius has be5 giv54 ,its ext]nal ornam5t diff]$ entirely f t ( ! animal la/ describ$4 ,x possess$ tee? sometimes six or sev5 times l>g]1 & jaws1 plates1 & bones ( a =m & dim5sions totally di/9ct4 ,/range z x may seem1 h[ev]1 ^! two fi%es h be5 con/antly & sy/ematically conf\nd$ f ! "t :5 !y 7 fir/ discov]$4 ,two or ?ree ye>s ago1 !re might be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum sev]al specim5s ( ! holopty*ius1 ( :i* "s bore ! correct "n1 :ile ! re/ 7 labell$ ,megali*?ys2 & a simil> error prevail$ 9 sev]al ( ! o!r museums4#dd ,! confusion c be trac$ v di/9ctly 9 ! memoir ( ,dr4 ,hibb]t1 :o = ! fir/ "t describ$ ! rema9s ( ^! fi%es1 & wrote accord+ to in=mation receiv$ f ,agassiz4 ,footnote #dd3 ,! mi/ake 0 notic$ 9 #ahde by ,hugh ,mill]1 :o1 9 a foot-note to 8 ,fir/ ,impressions ( ,engl& & its ,p1 p4 #ga1 well def9es ! di/9ctions betwe5 ! two i*?yolites4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahcb1 ! att5tion ( ! sci5tific public ( ,ed9burgh 0 direct$ to ! extraord9>y "* ( "s fossil rema9s obta9$ f ! lime-qu>ries ( ,burdieh\se1 a village ab\t f\r miles to ! s\? ( ! t[n4 ,dr4 ,hibb]t visit$ ! locality1 & soon saw en\gh to excite 8 lively int]e/ 9 its ?or\gh inve/igation4 ,! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh w>mly support$ 8 ex]tions1 & by _! means a l>ge suite ( specim5s 0 ev5tually obta9$1 :i* ! ,doctor f "t to "t describ$ z !y 7 successively receiv$4 ,at ! meet+#de ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 ,ed9burgh1 9 #ahcd1 ! specim5s 7 exhibit$ be=e ! ,geological ,section1 & a memoir ^u !m read by _! successful discov]]4 ,on ! conclusion ( ! pap]1 a lively discussion ensu$ ^u ! nature ( ! animal to :i* ! scales & tee? _h belong$4 ,dr4 ,hibb]t argu$1 f ! deeply-furr[$ tee?1 & ! /rong1 massive cranial plates1 t ! animal mu/ h be5 a reptile1 & support$ 8 ass]tion by no small am\nt ( anatomical skill4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! discussion1 a message 0 s5t to ! great i*?yologi/ ( ,neuf*atel1 :o happ5$ to be at t "t busily engag$ 9 ! ,zoological ,section4 ,pass+ ov] ! fossils z !y lay gr\p$ ^u ! table1 ) t quick p]ception = :i* he is s ju/ly celebrat$1 ,agassiz at once decid$ t ! bones mu/ h be5 ^? ( "s l>ge & hi!rto undescrib$ fi%4 ,su* a decision f su* an au?ority produc$ ( c\rse no little s5sation1 & ! naturali/ 0 told ) "s surprise t ! rema9s _h j be5 elaborately describ$ z ^? ( ext9ct reptiles4 ,reptiles6 ?\ght ,agassiz1 & aga9 8 quick eye d>t$ ov] ! table2 b ! fossils w\ld yield no o!r answ] ?an :at !y _h already giv54 ,despite _! seem+ reptilian "*1 !y 7 und\bt$ly i*?yic1 ?\gh belong+ to an animal up to t "t unkn[n4 ,9 ! complet$ memoir :i* ,dr4 ,hibb]t subsequ5tly submitt$ to ! ,royal ,society1 8 mi/ake 0 freely ackn[l$g$1 & ! rema9s !re fl\ri% z ^? ( a true fi%4 ,b ) ?is am5dm5t a grave error ( ano!r k9d 0 committ$1 ?\gh 9 ?is ! ,doctor seems to h be5 support$ by ! au?ority ( ,agassiz himself4 ,! l>ge bones1 scales1 & tee? ( ! ,burdieh\se lime/one1 7 all indiscrim9ately ?r[n into "o g5us1 to :i* ,agassiz gave ! "n ( ,megali*?ys2 & 9 ! memoir we f9d ! diff]5t k9ds ( scales & tee? describ$ & figur$ )\t ! slighte/ intimation or suspicion t !y might possibly h belong$ to diff]5t animals4 ,! novelty ( ! discov]ies soon attract$ g5]al att5tion to ,dr4 ,hibb]t's pap]4 ,x 0 quot$ or ref]r$ to 9 almo/ e sci5tific "w treat+ ( g5]al geology1 :ile 9 "s in/ances 7z 9 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s ,bridgewat] ,treatise7 ! errone\sly-nam$ bones 7 re-engrav$4 ,a too? f ! ,fife coal-field1 drawn = "o ( ! woodcuts 9 a popul> elem5t>y manual1 0 also nam$ megali*?ys2 an error p]petuat$ ?r\gh e edition till ! la/1 :]e ! too? has be5 re/or$ to its true own]--! holopty*ius4 ,9 tru?1 no two organisms h ev] be5 s maltreat$2 & if ! read] w k9dly be> ) me a little fur!r1 x w n be difficult to %[ him t ! holopty*ius _h peculi>ities ( its own q z di/9ct z ^? t h come be=e u 9 ! megali*?ys1 & t ea* animal has a full & legitimate claim to a sep>ate & indep5d5t ni*e 9 ! gall]y ( fossil fi%es4 ,footnote #de3 ,see ,agassiz1 ,poiss4 ,foss41 tom4 ii4 ,"p #b1 p4 #hi et seq4 ,! ^w holopty*ius means1 z ,i h said1 wr9kl$ or fold$ all ov]1--a "n truly expressive ( ! peculi> /yle ( ornam5t display$ by e "p ( ! ext]ior ( ! animal's body4 ,! head-plates1 :i* are ( great size1 exhibit a f9e corrugat$ %agre5-l surface1 r\gh5$ into knobs1 & wavy l9es ( conflu5t tub]cules1 t rem9d "o dispos$ to be fanciful1 ( a fro/y ,decemb] moon ) its isolat$ peaks1 & conflu5t m\nta9 *a9s4 ,! scales are ( a r\nd$ or oval =m1 & v>y f less ?an half an in* to fully f\r or ev5 five in*es 9 diamet]4 ,_! upp] side consi/s ( two p>ts1 "o ( :i* ) a cresc5t %ape lay b5ea?1 ! ov]-lapp+ scales1 :ile ! o!r pass$ outw>ds to =m a portion ( ! out] visible surface4 ,! "p t 0 hidd5 by ! ov]lapp+ scale 0 smoo?1 ) a f9ely /riat$ surface4 ,! expos$ portion display$ ! usual corrugat$ sculptur+1 _m ( ! little tub]cules hav+ /riat$ sides1 & %[+1 9 consequ5ce1 no little resemblance to ! />-l knobs on ! d]mal cov]+ ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one a/]olepis4 ,! inn] surface ( ! scales 0 concave1 ) a c5tral prom95t oblong po9t surr\nd$ by encircl+ scaly ridges1 & =m+ :at is call$ ! c5tre ( ossification4#df ,footnote #df3 ,! above descriptions ( ! scales & tee? ( ^! two fi%es1 are tak5 f specim5s 9 my own collection4 ,none ( my holopty*ian scales %[ inconte/able ! proportion ( ! cov]$ to ! expos$ "p4 ,judg+ f ! aspect ( "o ( !m1 ! wr9kl$ portion occupi$ p]haps ab\t ?ree-fif?s ( ! entire scale1 ! rema9+ "p be+ cov]$ by ! ov]lapp+ edges ( ^? adjac5t2 = ! *>act]i/ic corrugat$ surface 0 ess5tially an ext]nal ornam5t1 & ceas$ at ! po9t :]e ! ext]nal bone pass$ into ! int]ior4 ,i may rem>k1 t ! upp] side ( ! scales is n v frequ5tly se5 9 ! ,burdieh\se lime/one1 ! r\gh surface usually adh]+ to ! rock1 & leav+ only ! smoo? inn] side expos$4 ,out ( sev5 specim5s f t locality1 only "o %[s ! upp] side1 & t by no means 9 a p]fect /ate ( keep+4 ,! /ructure alike ( scales & bones c be se5 to mu* great] advantage 9 ! %ales1 iron/ones1 & coals ( ! coal-fields1 :]e1 ow+ to ! s(t nature ( _! matrix1 ! fossils c be readily cle>$ & expos$4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable & *>act]i/ic p>ts ( ! c>bonif]\s holopty*ius 7 its jaws & tee?4 ,z we might readily conjecture f ! great size & /r5g? ( ! scales & cranial plates ( ?is fi%1 its d5tition 0 ( a correspond+ly massive type4 ,! "u jaw1 ) ! usual corrugat$ ornam5t1 frequ5tly exce$$ a foot 9 l5g?1 & display$ along its upp] edge a ?ick-set gr\p ( tee?4 ,( ^! !re 7 two k9ds "o ( a small] size & m blunt$ =m1 ) %ort ind5t$ furr[s at _! base2 ! o!r ( a greatly m =midable size1 gr\p$ at int]vals among ! small] ones4 ,! front end ( ea* "u jaw bore "o ( ^! long conical tusks1 s]v+ z x 7 to gu>d ! entrance ( ! m\?4 ,ea* ( ! l>g] tee? _h a base /rongly m>k$ ) longitud9al furr[s1 & sank deep into ! jaw1 ) ! bone ( :i* x sometimes an*ylos$4#dg ,! "p ( ! too? above ?is socket _h an oval =m1 s flatt5$ z to pres5t two cutt+ edges1 "o fac+ ! front1 ! o!r ! back ( ! m\?1 & meet+ at ! upp] end ( ! too? :i* 0 %>p & po9t$4 ,su* l>ge conical tusks may frequ5tly be obta9$1 hav+ a l5g? ( two or ?ree in*es1 :ile occasionally !y range z high z six or sev51 ! small] tee? seldom rea*+ s mu* z an in*4 ,x is difficult to see h[1 ) su* a =midable d5tition1 ! jaws c\ld readily close4 ,9 "s specim5s ,i h se5 deep holl[s beside ! bases ( ! tee?1 :i* may possibly h receiv$ ^? ( ! opposite jaw1 b ! gigantic tusks at ! entrance ( ! m\? seem to h /ood high ov] ! jaw1 pass+ outside l ^? ( ! wild-bo>4 ,if ?is be correct1 ! jaw ( ! holopty*ius w\ld unite ! me*anism ( bo? ! alligator & ! crocodile--its recipi5t holl[s be+ analog\s to ! too?-pits 9 ! =m] tribe1 & its protrud$ tee? to ! simil>ly expos$ tee? ( ! latt]4 ,footnote #dg3 ,i h se5 deta*$ tee?1 :]e9 ! l5g? ( ! root1 or "p imb$d$ 9 ! jaw1 tripl$ t ( ! expos$ "p1 s9k+ f\r or five in*es into ! bone )\t any trace ( an*ylosis4 ,:e!r ^! huge tusks belong$ to ! upp] or "u maxill>y1 ,i d n pret5d to say1 ?\gh no specim5 ( ! "u jaw1 :i* has ev] come "u my notice1 w\ld accommodate half ( su* a deep-sunk base4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--;,jaw ( ,holopty*ius 7,rhizodus4--,ow57 f ,gilm]ton1 "o-f\r? nat4 size2 ! l>ge tee? along ! middle "p ( ! jaw are "h want+4 ,:5 we br+ ! microscope to be> ^u ! elucidation ( ! /ructure ( ^! anci5t tee?1 x seems z if our lab\r _h b j begun2 & t s f> f hav+ by an ext]nal scrut9y exhau/$ all t !y h to %[ u1 our k ( !m c be b scanty & sup]ficial until we h /udi$ !m c>efully "u a magnify+ p[]4 ,microscopic sections ( su* organic rema9s are prep>$ 9 ! same way z ^? ( ! fossil woods already notic$2 & a m int]e/+ or beautiful s]ies ( objects _c be conceiv$ ?an a set ( slices ( ^! fossil-tee?4 ,view$1 !n1 9 longitud9al section f base to po9t1 ! "p above ! flut$ root ( "o ( ! l>ge tee? ( ! holopty*ius is se5 to consi/ ( m9ute hair-l fibres ( extreme t5uity1 :i* proce$ 9 /raight l9es f ! out] surface to ! int]ior4 ,at "r angles to ^!1 & p>allel ) ! out] edges1 !re is a set ( d>k widely-plac$ l9es con=m+ to ! outl9e ( ! too?1 l s _m long sug>-loaf %ap$ caps1 plac$ )9 ea* o!r4 ,:5 ?is "p is cut across1 & view$ 9 transv]se section1 ! too? is obs]v$ to be ( a flatt5$ oval =m1 ) ! same f9e fibres or tubes radiat+ f ! c5tre1 & trav]s$ by ! same d>k b&s :i* n[ assume ! =m ( conc5tric r+s4 ,! appe>ance ?us pres5t$ rem9ds "o at once ( a cross section ( "s dicotyl$on\s tree1 ! d>k b&s resembl+ ! annual lay]s ( gr[?1 & l ^! result+ f a simil> ?ick5+ ( ! int]nal tissue4 ,! upp] "p ( ! too? is solid & ! conc5tric r+s few2 ! middle exhibits an increase ( ! r+s1 & possesses1 moreov]1 a holl[ c5tre or pulp-cavity1#dh ) ! usual div]g+ fibres4 ,"h ! oval =m is well %[n1 & ! encircl+ r+s are consid]ably flatt5$ at ! ends ( ! long axis4 ,footnote #dh3 ,?is holl[ c5tre may be se5 occasionally fill$ up by a %>p conical too? l ! phragmocone ( a belemnite4 ,! l[] portion ( ! too? exhibits a mu* m complicat$ texture4 ,ext]nally x is m>k$ by deep longitud9al furr[s1 t run d[n ! enamell$ sides & s9k into ! jaw4 ,:5 cut across at ?is ribb$ "p1 ! too? is f\nd to pres5t ! mo/ complex & graceful int]nal /ructure4 ,! prom95t ridges betwe5 ! furr[s are se5 to be produc$ by crumpl$ folds ( ! sub/ance ( ! too?1 :i* roll inw>ds t[>ds ! c5tre1 coalesc+ ) ea* o!r1 & =m+ intricate gr\ps ( circl+ knots & folds4 ,9 "s places !y seem all b sep>at$ f ea* o!r into little circles1 pi]c$ ) a c5tral ap]ture1 & recall ! aspect ( ! upp] lay] 9 ! scale ( megali*?ys4 ,ea* ( ^! loops & folds pres5ts a texture exactly simil> to t ( ! upp] "p ( ! too?4 ,! same m9ute hair-l tubes1 d>k5$ & ?ick5$ 9 ! long axis1 radiate t[>ds ! c5tre2 ! same conc5tric b&s run f c5tre to circumf]5ce2 s t ! l[] "p ( ! too? seems1 z x 71 made up ( a bundle ( small] tee? p>tially melt$ into ea* o!r4 ,betwe5 ^! loops & folds circul> me%es frequ5tly occur1 & add to ! complexity z well z ! beauty ( ! :ole /ructure4 ,"o ( ^! sections1 ) all its twi/+ crumples1 & folds1 & knots1 & col\r$ me%es1 & encircl$ r+s1 be>s no small resemblance to an antique poli%$ table t has be5 cut out ( ! gn>l$ roots ( a v5]able oak4 ,?is complex /ructure arose f ! mode ( gr[? ( ! too?2 ea* prom95t ext]nal ridge cont9ually turn+ inw>ds d[n ! furr[ on ei!r side1 & m+l+ 9 freaki% knots ) ! folds t _h gone be=e4#di ,footnote #di3 ,= an acqua9tance ) ! rem>kable tee? ( ?is anci5t fi%1 m m9ute ?an x _h be5 my good =tune to possess be=e1 ,i am indebt$ to a mo/ int]e/+ s]ies ( microscopical prep>ations k9dly l5t me f 8 ext5sive collection by my fri5d ,mr4 ,alex&] ,bryson ( ,ed9burgh4 ,! int]nal bones ( ! holopty*ius 7 ( great size & /r5g?1 z befitt$ su* a bulky ganoid4 ,"s ( !m _h a s+ul> /yle ( surface ornam5t1 t some:at resembl$ a fro/$ wid[ on a ,decemb] morn+4 ,_! int]nal /ructure 0 loose & cancellat$2 ! endo- be+ usually ( a less compact texture ?an ! exo-skeleton4 ,judg+ f ! size ( su* bones1 ! c>bonif]\s holopty*ius mu/ h be5 "o ( ! bulkie/ & mo/ =midable d5iz5s ( ! deep1 rea*+ sometimes to a l5g? ( tw5ty feet or ev5 m4 ,su* an animal w\ld h be51 p]haps1 q a mat* = our huge/ crocodile or alligator1 = x mu/ h swum ab\t ) a li!ness & agility possess$ by none ( ! saurian reptiles4 ,l t levia?an *os5 by ! ,almighty1 9 an age long subsequ5t1 z an illu/ration ( ,8 p[] & greatness1 ! holopty*ius mu/ h be5 k+ ov] all ! inhabitants ( ! sea1 & ! magnific5t language ( ,job1 descriptive ( ! liv+ animal1 applies n less graphically to ! ext9ct "o3 ,:o c op5 ! doors ( 8 face8 8 tee? are t]rible r\nd ab\t4 ,8 scales are 8 pride1 %ut up toge!r z ) a close seal4 ,"o is s ne> to ano!r1 t no air c come betwe5 !m4 ,he make? ! deep to boil l a pot3 he make? ! sea l a pot ( o9tm5t4 ,he make? a pa? to %9e aft] him2 "o w\ld ?9k ! deep to be ho>y4 ,our survey has hi!rto be5 direct$ to ! d5iz5s ( c>bonif]\s lake1 riv]1 & sea1 & we h f\nd !m to be alike important 9 numb]s & int]e/+ 9 organization4 ,x is o!rwise1 h[ev]1 :5 we turn 9 se>* ( ! d5iz5s ( ! c>bonif]\s l&s4 ,! cr[d$ trees & %rubs ( ! coal /rata recall+ z !y d old =e/-cov]$ swamps1 might seem to indicate ! probability ( a pretty num]\s t]re/rial fauna4 ,:]e are we to look = ! fossiliz$ relics ( l& animals1 if n 9 ! rema9s ( a subm]g$ l&-surface8 ,& yet1 /range z x may seem1 ( ! inhabitants ( ! l& dur+ ! ,coal-measure p]iod we "k almo/ no?+4 ,we h ransack$ hundr$s ( soils replete ) ! fossil roots ( trees1--h dug out hundr$s ( erect trunks & /umps1 :i* /ood 9 ! position 9 :i* !y grew1--h brok5 up myriads ( cubic feet ( fuel1 /ill reta9+ its vegetable /ructure1--&1 aft] all1 we cont9ue almo/ z mu* 9 ! d>k reg>d+ ! inv]tebrate air-brea!rs ( ?is epo*1 z if ! coal _h be5 ?r[n d[n 9 mid-ocean4#ej ,footnote #ej3 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell's ,elem5ts1 fif? edition1 p4 #djf4 ,! little l&-%ell already notic$ z hav+ be5 detect$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell 9 ! c>bonif]\s rocks ( ,nova ,scotia1 seems to be z yet ! only air-brea?+ mollusc obta9$ f rocks ( su* high antiquity4 ,insect rema9s h be5 detect$ 9 ! ,engli% coal-fields belong+ to two or ?ree species ( beetles2 :ile on ! ,cont95t1 w+-%ea?s & o!r fragm5ts ( cockroa*es1 scorpions1 gras%opp]s1 locu/s1 crickets1 c41 h be5 detect$4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable traces ( air-brea!rs consi/ 9 v>i\s indications ( ! exi/5ce ( reptiles dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s era4 ,fragm5t>y skeletons1 ) deta*$ bones & plates1 h be5 f\nd 9 ,bav>ia & ,am]ica1 toge!r ) long tracks ( footpr9ts1 f :i* x appe>s t dur+ ! "t our coal-seams 7 =m+1 !re swam ?r\gh ! sluggi% deltas1 or crept amid ! dank luxuriant foliage1 /range liz>d-l =ms1 l>ge en\gh to leave beh9d !m on ! s(t yield+ mud or s& ! impress ( _! d\ble pair ( to$ feet4 ,b ( ^! animals we h mu* to le>n4 ,"s ( !m h bequea!d to u m]ely _! dismemb]$ brok5 bones2 o!rs h left b ! impr9ts ( _! toes4 ,yet ev5 ^! rema9s1 trifl+ z !y may seem1 become ( importance :5 we rememb] t !y demon/rate fi%es n to h be5 ! highe/ types ( be+ dur+ ! epo* ( ! ,coal1 & %[ t :ile ! bulky holopty*ius held ! supremacy ( ! wat]s1 liz>d-l =ms ( a less =midable type seem1 s f> z we "k1 to h rul$ x ov] ! l&4 ,9 f9e1 !n1 no "o c glance at a li/ ( ! c>bonif]\s fauna )\t p]ceiv+ ei!r t ! animat$ _w ( t anci5t epo* mu/ h _h a v diff]5t proportion+ f :at n[ obta9s1 or t we h only a meagre & fragm5t>y record ( x4 ,t ! latt] conclusion is ! m philosophical w appe> if we reflect ^u ! _m *ances t exi/ aga9/ ! entombm5t & pres]vation ( animal rema9s1 especially ( ^? peculi> to ! l&4 ,h[ v small a proportion ( ! rema9s ( animals liv+ 9 our own c\ntry c\ld be ga!r$ f ! surface-soil ( any giv5 locality1 & h[ v inadequate w\ld be ! meagre li/ ( species ?us obta9$1 z repres5t+ ! v>i$ & ext5sive fauna ( ,great ,brita96 ,9 contra/+1 !n1 ! ri* abundance ( m>9e organisms ) ! extreme paucity ( t]re/rial animals among ! c>bonif]\s rocks1 x w\ld be too ha/y to inf] a correspond+ disproportion orig9ally4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! r>ity ( air-brea!rs1 aft] su* long-cont9u$ & ext5sive explorations among t]re/rial & lacu/r9e b$s1 pres5ts a difficult problem1 only 7if at all7 to be cle>$ away by pati5t & p]sev]+ inve/igation4 ,) ?is prelim9>y caution1 we may reg>d ! c>bonif]\s fauna z peculi>ly ri* 9 m>9e species4 ,! sea-bottoms sw>m$ ) /one-lilies1 cup-corals1 & net-l bryozoa1 m+l$ ) ! v>i\s tribes ( molluscan life--! bra*iopods ) _! long ciliat$ arms2 ! bivalves & ga/ropods ) _! col\r$ %ells t recall "s ( ! mo/ famili> objects ( our %ores2 & ! cephalopods ) _! gr\ps ( siphonat$ *amb]s1 /raight z 9 ! or?oc]as1 or gracefully coil$ z 9 ! goniatite4 ,! seas sw>m$1 too1 ) fi%es belong+ to ! two great ord]s ( ganoids & placoids1 ! latt] repres5t$ n[ by our %>ks & rays1 ?\gh ! exact type ( ! anci5t g5]a is reta9$ only by ! ce/racion or ,port-,jackson %>k2 ! ganoids1 ) _! /rong arm\r ( bone1 repres5t$ by b two g5]a1 ! lepido/eus ( ! ,am]ican riv]s1 & ! polypt]us ( ! ,nile1--two fi%es t seem b z dw>fs :5 plac$ side by side ) ! gigantic holopty*ius ( ! coal-measures4 ,! riv]s & e/u>ies ( ! same p]iod seem to h be5 frequ5t$ by imm5se %oals ( ! small] ganoidal fi%es t f$ on decay+ matt] br\ght d[n f ! l&1 & p]haps1 too1 on ! m9ute ,cru/acea t lay /rew$ by myriads along ! bottom4 ,into ^! busy sc5es ! bulki] mon/]s f ! sea made frequ5t migrations1 p]haps 9 "s cases asc5d+ ! riv]s = leagues to spawn1 & return+ aga9 to _! places at ! m\? ( ! e/u>y or 9 op5 sea4 ,! riv]s & lakes sw>m$ ) small cru/ace\s animals1 & n\ri%$1 too1 %ells l ^? ( our pe>l-mussels4 ,! l&--s luxuriantly clo!d ) vegetable =ms--0 humm$ ov] by beetles1 *irupp$ ov] by gras%opp]s & crickets1 & crawl$ ov] by f\r-foot$ reptiles1 t unit$ 9 _! /ructure ! liz>d & ! frog4 ,b ( ! g5]al grade & proportions ( its d5iz5s we /ill rema9 9 ignorance4 ,f all t yet appe>s1 ! sc5]y ( ^! =e/s mu/ h be5 d>k1 sil5t1 & gloomy1 buri$ 9 a solitude t 0 />tl$ by no tig]'s ro>1 no cattle's l[1 & nei!r *e]$ ) ! melody ( birds nor gladd5$ by ! pres5ce ( man4 ,we h l+]$1 p]haps1 too long ov] ! rema9s ( ^! old c>bonif]\s animals4 ,b ! delay may be n )\t its use if1 by ?us br++ be=e u "s ( ! m m>k$ po9ts 9 ! /ructure ( creatures t = ages peopl$ our planet1 x broad5 our view ( creation2 & by lift+ ! curta9 f (f a dim1 di/ant p]iod ( our _w's long hi/ory1 x %[1 amid all div]sities ( arrangem5t1 & all v>ieties ( =m1 /ill ! same gr& pr9ciples ( design1 & ! same modes ( work+ z ^? :i* we c see & comp>e among ! liv+ =ms ar\nd u4 ,x is some?+ to be assur$ t ! race ( man has be5 prec$$ by _m o!r races1 l[] inde$ 9 ! scale ( be+1 b manife/+1 ?r\gh\t ! long c5turies ( _! exi/5ce1 ideas ( me*anism & contrivance /ill famili> to u1 & s]v+ 9 ?is way to l9k ! human era ) ^? t h gone be=e1 z p>ts ( "o gr& s*eme c>ri$ on by "o great ,creator4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,s& & gravel ( ! b\ld]--,:at !y sugge/$--,_! consid]ation leads u among ! m me*anical op]ations ( ,nature--,an endless succession ( mutations 9 ! economy ( ! univ]se--,exhibit$ 9 plants--,9 animals--,9 ! action ( w9ds & oceanic curr5ts--,beautifully %[n by ! ceaseless passage ( wat] f l& to sea1 & sea to l&--,?is int]*ange n an isolat$ ph5om5on--,h[ aid$ 9 its effects by a univ]sal process ( decay go+ on :]ev] a l& surface is expos$ to ! air--,complex mode ( ,nature's op]ations--,int]lac+ ( diff]5t causes 9 ! production ( an app>5tly s+le & simple effect--,decay ( rocks--,*emical *anges--,und]gr\nd & surface decomposition--,c>bonat$ spr+s--,! ,sp> ,cave--,action ( ra9-wat]--,decay ( granite--,sc5e 9 ,skye--,trap-dykes--,wea!r$ cliffs ( s&/one--,( conglom]ate--,( %ale--,( lime/one--,cav]ns ( ,raasay--,incid5t--,causes ( ?is wa/e ( calc>e\s rocks--,tomb/ones4 ,f ! black5$ plants t d>k5$ ! upp] lay]s ( ! b\ld]1 ! transition 0 natural to ! matrix 9 :i* !y lay4 ,! :ole rock consi/$ ( a f9e qu>tzy s& m or less di/9ctly lam9at$1 & %[+ 9 its l[] p>ts well-r\nd$ pebbles ( qu>tz1 gre5 grit1 & felspa?ic trap4 ,! contemplation ( ^! features sugge/$ ! exi/5ce ( "s old l& ) elevat$ ranges ( hills1 & wide v]dant valleys trav]s$ by rivulets & riv]s :i* bore a ceaseless burd5 ( mud1 s&1 & gravel1 onw>ds to ! sea4 ,! pebbles af=d$ "s indication ( ! k9d ( rocks t =m$ ! hill-sides4 ,p]haps ! high] gr\nds exhibit$ t grey wr9kl$ appe>ance peculi> to ! qu>tz di/ricts ( ! nor?-we/]n ,highl&s1 ) "h & !re a bluff crag ( felspa?ic trap %oot+ up f among ! f]n-brakes ( ! valley1 or cutt+ across ! *annel ( "s m\nta9 /ream t tumbl$ ov] ! pale rock 9 a %eet ( foam4 ,& !re may h be5 among ^! upl&s smoo? undulat+ di/ricts1 dott$ ov] ) d>k arauc>ian p9es1 & d5sely clo!d ) a bru%wood ( roll+ f]n1 b :i* %[$ 9 all _! rav9es ! gre5 grit t =m$ ! framework ( ! c\ntry1--its b$s twi/$ & contort$1 jo9t$ & cleav$1 l ! grits & slates along ! banks ( _m a /ream1 belov$ by ! angl]1 9 ! classic gr\nd ( ! ,ettrick & ! ,y>r[4 ,b :atev] may h be5 ! special features ( its sc5]y1 !re c be no d\bt ( ! l&'s exi/5ce4 ,! c>boniz$ plants /& up to tell u ( its /range & luxuriant vegetation4 ,we h li/5$ to _! /ory1 & suff]$ !m to lead u away into =e/1 & lake1 & sea1 to look on ! v>i\s =ms ( life1 vegetable & animal1 :i* ab\nd$ 9 t f>-di/ant age4 ,we return aga9 to ! b\ld]1 & %all n[ seek to le>n ! lessons :i* ! s& & pebbles h to tea* u4 ,_! subject belongs to :at is call$ physical geology1 & w br+ be=e u "s ( ! m me*anical op]ations ( nature1 su* z ! sl[ b con/ant action ( air1 ra91 & riv]s1 ^u h>d rock1 ! gr9d+ action ( ! waves1 & ! consequ5t accumulation ( new masses ( s$im5t>y rock4 ,9 all ! dep>tm5ts ( nature t come "u ! cognizance ( man1 !re is se5 to be an endless succession ( mutations4 ,accord+ to ! ,samian philosoph]-- ,turn :]esoe'er we may by l& or sea1 ,!re's n\ght ar\nd u t do? cease to be4 ,ea* object v>ies b 9 =m & hue1 ,its p>ts ex*ange2 h5ce comb9ations new4 ,& ?us is ,nature ?r\gh h] mighty frame ,= ev] v>y+1 & yet /ill ! same4 ,9 ! _w ( life we see h[ animals are su/a9$ by a con/ant s]ies ( *emical *anges 9 _! blood1 e respiration ( air add+1 z x 71 fre% fuel to ! flame ( life )94 ,9 plants1 too1 !re is an analog\s process4 ,! atmosph]ic air is by !m decompos$1 "p ( x be+ giv5 (f aga91 & "p reta9$ to build up ! organic /ructure4 ,plants )draw m9]al matt] f ! soil1 animals fe$ ^u plants1 & ?us ! e>?y sub/ances1 aft] hav+ =m$ a "p1 fir/ ( rock masses1 !n ( vegetable1 & subsequ5tly ( animal organizations1 are return$ aga9 to ! soil1 :5ce to be once m )drawn & und]go new cycles ( mutation4 ,b ?is p]petual int]*ange is n conf9$ to ! vital _w4 ,we see x 9 ! action ( w9ds1 :5 heat$ air rises & moves 9 "o direction1 & ! cold] p>ts s9k & travel ! opposite way4 ,! same pr9ciple is exhibit$ by ! oceanic curr5ts1 ! removal ( a body ( wat]1 f :atev] cause1 always necessitat+ ! +ress ( a correspond+ quantity to supply its place4 ,b p]haps "o ( ! mo/ beautiful in/ances ( ^! int]*anges 9 ! :ole inorganic _w is ! ceaseless passage ( wat] f ! l& to ! sea1 & f ! sea to ! l&4 ,! c\ntless ?\s&s ( rivulets1 & /reams1 & gigantic riv]s1 t are ev] p\r+ _! wat]s into ! great deep1 d n 9 ! lea/ raise its level or dim9i% its saltness4 ,& :y8 ,simply because ! sea gives (f by evaporation z mu* wat] z x receives f ra9 & riv]s4 ,! vap\r ?us exhal$ asc5ds to ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e1 :]e x =ms cl\ds1 & :5ce x ev5tually desc5ds z ra94 ,! l>g] "p ( ! ra9 probably falls ^u ! ocean1 b a consid]able am\nt is nev]!less driv5 by w9ds across ! l&4 ,?is f9ds its way into ! /reams1 & s back aga9 to ! sea1 only1 h[ev]1 to be anew evaporat$ & s5t z drizzl+ ra9 across ! face ( l& & sea4 ,?is int]*ange is con/antly 9 progress1 & seems to h be5 z unv>y+ dur+ pa/ ages4 ,b ! ceaseless passage ( wat] betwe5 l& & sea is n a m]e isolat$ & indep5d5t ph5om5on4 ,l all ! re/ ( ,nature's processes1 ev5 ! simple/1 x produces important & complicat$ effects4 ,& ! read] may1 p]haps1 ?9k x wor? look+ at = a little1 :5 he reflects t to ?is seem+ly feeble cause we owe no small "p ( our solid l&s1 :e!r z isl&s wa/$ by ! sea1 or z "p ( va/ & v>iegat$ cont95ts1 wide roll+ prairies cov]$ ) v]dure & roam$ ov] by h]ds ( cattle1 or w9try ,alp9e hills lifeless & b>e4 ,! tru? ( ?is w appe> :5 we reflect t ! moi/ure :i* rises f ! sea & falls on ! l& z ra91 is free f any admixture ( impurities2 b by ! "t x aga9 rea*es ! sea1 aft] a circuit ( p]haps _m miles d[n valley & pla91 x has gr[n turbid & discol\r$1 c>ry+ ) x a quantity ( mud1 s&1 & drift-wood4 ,! s$im5t ?us transport$ soon s9ks to ! bottom1 :]e x ev5tually h>d5s into rock1 & 9 c\rse ( "t is rais$ above ! waves z "p ( a new l&4 ,su* ,i conceive to h be5 ! orig9 ( ! s&1 gravel1 & imb$d$ plants ( our b\ld]4 ,x may be well1 h[ev]1 9 go+ into ! details ( ! subject1 to take a wid] view ( ?is int]e/+ bran* ( geology1 & look = a little at ! =ms & modes ( ! decomposition ( rocks1 & ! v>i$ mann] 9 :i* new s$im5t>y accumulations are =m$4 ,all ov] ! _w1 :]ev] a l& surface spreads out b5ea? ! sky1 !re goes on a process ( degradation & decay4 ,hills are ins5sibly crumbl+ into ! valleys1 valleys are sil5tly erod$1 & crags t ev] s9ce ! bir? ( man h be5 ! l&m>ks ( ! race1 are yet sl[ly b surely melt+ away4 ,x matt]s n :]e ! hill or pla9 may lie1 ! highe/ m\nta9s ( ! tropics & ! froz5 soil ( ! poles1 yield ea* 9 its measure & degree to ! influ5ce ( ! g5]al law4 ,x might seem t s univ]sal a process %\ld be ! result ( "s equally preval5t & simple cause4 ,b :5 we set ourselves to exam9e ! matt]1 we f9d x f> o!rwise4 ,! wa/e ( ! solid l&s1 9 place ( aris+ f "s s+le g5]al action1 is f\nd to result f a multi=m *a9 ( causes1 (t5 local 9 _! op]ation & v>iable 9 _! effects4 ,su* an inve/igation af=ds a good illu/ration ( ! g5]al mode & fa%ion 9 :i* ,nature delights to "w4 ,x %[s u t :at may seem a v simple process may be 9 reality a v complicat$ "o2 t 9 tru? !re exi/ 9 ! _w ar\nd u few if any simple1 s+le processes1 :i* /& out by !mselves unconnect$ ) any o!r2 t1 on ! contr>y1 all become intimately l9k$ toge!r1 ! effects ( "o (t5 =m+ "p ( ! *a9 ( causes 9 ano!r1 & produc+ by _! comb9$ action t complex yet /rik+ly h>moni\s ord] t p]vades all ! op]ations ( ,nature4 ,to an ext5t ( :i* ,cic]o nev] dream$1 !re runs ?r\gh all ! _w su* an admirable succession ( ?+s t ea* seems entw9$ ) ! o!r1 & all are ?us intimately l9k$ & b\nd toge!r4#ea ,man sep>ates out ^! v>i\s processes1 classifies & arranges !m1 because f ! imp]fection ( 8 m5tal p[]s he _c o!rwise und]/& _! effects2 all w\ld seem b *aos & confusion4 ,b ! =mal precision & ! %>p l9es ( dem>cation exi/ only 9 8 m9d4 ,!y h no place 9 ! out] _w4 ,!re we see process dove-tail+ ) process1 & spread+ out ov] ! mat]ial _w 9 an endless network ( cause & effect4 ,we feebly try to trace out ^! int]lac+ ?reads1 b we c foll[ !m f> 9 no direction4 ,proteus-l1 !y seem to *ange _! aspect1 bl5d+ n[ into "o =m1 n[ into ano!r1 & s elud+ our ke5e/ pursuit4 ,footnote #ea3 ,cic]o1 ,de ,nat4 ,deor4 lib4 i4 #d4 ,s1 9 ,bacon's ,wisdom ( ! ,anci5ts1 "u ! fable ,pan or ,nature3--,! *a9 ( natural causes l9ks toge!r ! rise1 duration1 & corruption2 ! exaltation1 deg5]ation1 & work+s2 ! processes1 ! effects1 & *anges1 ( all t c any way happ5 to ?+s4 ,su* is ! philosoph]'s explanation ( ! ,de/9ies z si/]s ( ,pan4 ,9 no "p ( 8 writ+s c ! ?or\gh practical "* ( ,bacon's philosophy be m conspicu\sly se5 ?an 9 8 treatm5t ( ^! anci5t fables4 ,glanc+ ov] ! titles ( ! diff]5t pap]s1 y are tempt$ to wond] :at an intellect :i* c\ld only appreciate poetry z a mode ( n>rat+ hi/ory or z a vehicle = ! tea*+ ( tru?1 w make ( su* fairy tales z ^? ( ,pan1 ,orpheus1 ,proteus1 ,cupid1 & _m o!rs4 ,!y seem l s _m airy ,naiads cru%$ )9 ! iron grasp ( a hundr$-b&$ ,bri>eus4 ,b a p]usal ( ^? delightful pages w %[ t ! giant has really no malevol5t int5tions t[>ds 8 fair prison]s2 nay1 t he only wi%es1 by /ripp+ !m ( _! pa9t & f9]y1 to %[ t1 ) all _! lightness & grace1 !y are nev]!less /rong buxom dames1 ( ! same d\ghty race ) himself4 ,z an in/ance1 !re=e1 ( ?is rem>kable int]lac+ ( diff]5t causes 9 :at we call a s+le process1 ! dis9tegration ( rocks des]ves our att5tion4 ,9 ord9>y language1 we say a /one rots away1 & its debris is wa%$ d[n by ! ra9s & /reamlets1 & ! process does n at fir/ sight seem at all m complex ?an ! expression us$ to describe x2 yet if we exam9e ! subject1 we %all ere long f9d t !re are 9 nature _m simpl] ?+s ?an ! rott+ away ( a /one4 ,to effect su* a result1 !re come into play a :ole category ( ag5cies1 *emical & me*anical1 s comb9$ 9 _! op]ation1 & s intimately bl5d$ 9 _! effects1 t x becomes no easy task to tell :]e "o set ends & ano!r beg9s4 ,a rock is said to und]go a *emical *ange1 :5 "o or m ( its compon5t p>ts passes f "o /ate ( comb9ation to ano!r--z1 = in/ance1 :5 a m9]al absorbs oxyg51 &1 f ! condition ( a protoxide1 *anges into t ( a p]oxide2 or :51 p>t+ ) its silicic acid1 x takes an equival5t am\nt ( c>bonic acid1 & 9 place ( a silicate becomes a c>bonate4 ,n[ ^!1 & simil> metamorphisms1 are *iefly produc$ by wat] p]meat+ ?r\gh ! rocky mass1 & ?us no soon] does ! old comb9ation cease1 ?an ! new "o :i* replaces x is dissolv$ by ! sl[ly filt]+ wat]1 & c>ri$ away ei!r to great] dep?s1 or to ! surface4 ,e drop ( wat]1 !re=e1 t f9ds its way ?r\gh ! rock1 c>ries away an inf9itesimal portion ( ! m9]al matt]1 & ! /one is consequ5tly und]go+ a cont9ual decay4 ,?is condition ( ?+s may g on ei!r at "s dep? 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 or on ! surface4 ,9 ! =m] case1 spr+s & p]colat+ wat] are ! ag5ts 9 effect+ ! *ange2 9 ! latt]1 x is produc$ *iefly by ra9 & /reams4 ,b :]ev] ! process goes on1 ! results1 unless :]e c\nt]act$ by "s opposite ag5cy1 are ultimately ! same4 ,x may be ( use to look at "s examples ( ^! *anges1 &1 by divid+ !m 9 a r\gh way1 into und]gr\nd & surface actions1 we %all be enabl$ to m>k m cle>ly _! effects4 ,a common s\rce ( ! decay ( rocks arises f ! p]colation ?r\gh !m ( wat] *>g$ ) c>bonic acid4 ,decompos+ vegetation gives (f a l>ge am\nt ( ?is gas1 :i* is readily absorb$ by ra9-wat]4 ,! wat] s9ks into ! gr\nd filt]+ ?r\gh cracks & fissures 9 ! rocks1 :5ce x aft]w>ds re-em]ges 9 ! =m ( spr+s4 ,n[ :]ev]1 9 its passage ?r\gh ^! subt]ranean rocks1 ! wat] meets ) any c>bonate1 ! c>bonic acid conta9$ 9 ! liquid imm$iately beg9s to dissolve out ! m9]al matt]1 & c>ries x ev5tually to ! surface4 ,!re ! am\nt ( evaporation is (t5 suffici5t to cause a re-deposit ( ! m9]al 9 solution4 ,if x be lime1 a :ite cru/ ga!rs along ! sides ( ! /ream1 delicately envelop+ grass-/alks1 leaves1 twigs1 snail-%ells1 & o!r objects1 :i* x may meet ) 9 its progress4 ,su* petrify+ spr+s1 z !y are popul>ly t]m$1 occur abundantly 9 our lime/one di/ricts4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t !y only produce an incru/ation r\nd ! organic nucleus1 & d n petrify x4 ,t alone is a true petrifaction :]e ! sub/ance is lit]ally fossiliz$1 or turn$ into /one4 ,a famili> in/ance ( a simil> *emical process may be se5 "u _m a bridge1 & along ! vault$ ro(s ( _m an old ca/le4 ,num]\s tap]+ /alactites hang d[n f betwe5 ! jo9ts ( ! masonry1 resembl+1 s to speak1 icicles ( /one1 (t5 ( a dazzl+ :it5ess4 ,!y are =m$ by ! p]colation ( c>bonat$ wat] ?r\gh ! mort> ( ! jo9ts1 ! c>bonate ( lime ?us )drawn be+ re-deposit$ :]e ! wat] rea*es ! air & evaporates4 ,a little pellicle ( lime fir/ ga!rs on ! ro(1 & e succe$+ drop adds to ! l5g? ( ! column4 ,9 "s cases1 :]e ! supply ( wat] is too great = ! am\nt ( evaporation1 "p falls on ! floor1 &1 be+ !re dissipat$1 leaves beh9d a sl[ly-ga!r+ pile ( lime call$ /alagmite4 ,9 "s ( ! ,ea/]n grottos1 ! pill>s f ! ro( h become unit$ to ^? on ! floor1 =m+ ! mo/ exquisite & fairy-l comb9ations ( ar* & pill>4 ,an example ( a calc>e\s grotto has n[ become pretty famili> to our summ] t\ri/s1 "u ! "n ( ! ,sp> ,cave4 ,x lies on an expos$ cliff-l9e along ! we/]n %ores ( ,skye1 aga9/ :i* ! surge ( ! ,atlantic is ev] break+4 ,y approa* x f ! sea1 & ent] a n>r[ recess betwe5 two precipit\s walls ( rock1 op5 above to ! sky1 & wa%$ bel[ by ! gurgl+ tide4 ,cross+ ! n>r[1 %+ly bea*1 y f9d ! gr\nd ?ickly cov]$ ) h]bage1 :ile1 gr\p$ along ! d>k walls1 are l>ge bun*es ( sple5wort1 h>t's-tongue f]n1 & o!r plants t love ! %ade4 ,soon aft] ent]+ ! cave1 all becomes sombre & cold2 & ! few c&les1 ) :i* ! p>ty h furni%$ !mselves1 only s]ve to height5 ! gloom4 ,aft] scrambl+ on = a "t across dank1 dripp+ rocks1 & ov] a high bank ( smoo? m>ble1 on :i* x is difficult to creep1 almo/ impossible to /&1 y arrive at a deep pool ( cle>1 limpid wat]1 :i* ext5ds across ! cave f side to side1 b>r+ all f>!r passage4 ,! sc5]y at ?is po9t w n readily be =gott54 ,! ro( t[]s s high t ! lights are too feeble to %[ x1 :ile ! walls1 r\gh5$ into e =m ( cusp & p9nacle1 pill> & cornice1 all glitt]+ 9 ! light1 resemble ! grotto ( "s fairy dream4 ,on return+ aga9 to ! light ( day1 if y ask ! cause t has giv5 rise to all ?is beauty1 x w be f\nd a v simple "o4 ,! cleft occupi$ by ! cave has be5 once fill$ by a wall ( igne\s rock call$ a trap-dyke4 ,atmosph]ic influ5ces1 aid$ probably by ! waves1 h caus$ ! decomposition & removal ( ?is intrud$ rock1 & ! calc>e\s s&/one on ei!r side 'n[ /&s up 9 a wall-l =m4 ,! upp] "p ( ! dyke rema9s z a ro( to ! cave1 b x has become completely cov]$ ov] ) ! calc>e\s deposits left by ! c>bonat$ wat] t filt]s ?r\gh ! adjac5t limy s&/one4 ,! am\nt ( wat] is consid]able1 & consequ5tly e "p ( ! cav]n--ro(1 walls1 & floor--has be5 incru/$ ) a :ite cry/all9e c>bonate ( lime4 ,9 volcanic c\ntries1 :]e ! spr+s (t5 come to ! ,surface 9 a highly heat$ /ate1 *>g$1 too1 ) v>i\s *emical +r$i5ts1 !y produce no slight am\nt ( physical *ange on ! surr\nd+ di/ricts1 & mu/ be reg>d$ z important geological ag5ts4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ common & widely-diffus$ =m ( decomposition1 is t produc$ on ! surface ( ! e>? by ! action ( ra9-wat]1 9 sl[ly dissolv+ out ! soluble p>ts ( rocks1 & wa%+ away ! loose1 incoh]5t gra9s t rema9 beh9d4 ,x is h>d to say :e!r ?is process is m *emical or me*anical4 ,! solution ( ! m9]al matt] belongs to ! =m] class ( *anges1 :ile ! removal ( debris mu/ be rank$ among ! latt]4 ,! results ( ^! comb9$ =ces =m "o ( ! mo/ important bran*es ( inve/igation :i* c occupy ! att5tion ( ! physical geologi/1 & 9 contemplat+ !m1 we are at a loss :e!r mo/ to admire _! magnitude1 or ! imm5se lapse ( "t :i* !y mu/ h occupi$4 ,x may be wor? :ile to look at ! progress ( ?is k9d ( dis9tegration1 t we may see h[ wide-spread & con/ant is ! wa/e t goes on ov] ! _w1 & h[ mat]ially ! effects ( runn+ wat] are by ?is means increas$4 ,a volume might be writt5 ab\t ! decay ( rocks1 & a mo/ int]e/+ "o x w\ld be1 b its au?or%ip w\ld devolve r on ! *emi/ ?an ! geologi/4#eb ,we c d no m "h ?an m]ely glance at "o or two illu/rative examples4 ,footnote #eb3 ,a ,g]man *emi/1 ,bis*(f by "n1 has writt5 two le>n$ volumes 9 :i* ?is subject is discuss$ 7translat$ into ,engli%1 & publi%$ by ! ,cav5di% ,society71 valuable = _! facts1 b n always v safe 9 _! d$uctions4 ,among ! m9]al sub/ances t mo/ readily yield to ! action ( ! wea!r1 are ! silicates & ! c>bonates4 ,! rocks conta9+ ! =m] belong 9 l>ge measure to :at we call ! igne\s class1 su* z ! granites & traps2 :ile ^? conta9+ ! latt] =m ! bulk ( our useful /ones1 su* z lime/one & s&/one4 ,! removal ( alkal9e silicates is due to _! conv]sion into c>bonates1 :i* are readily soluble 9 wat]4 ,ra9 fall+ on a rock 9 :i* !y are l>gely pres5t1 dissolves a small portion1 & c>ries x into ! soil or into /reams1 & !nce to ! ocean4 ,e %[] 9 ?is way )draws a m9ute am\nt ( m9]al matt]1 & t5ds to leave ! h>d] insoluble gra9s ( ! rock /&+ out on ! surface 9 ! =m ( a loose pulv]ul5t cru/1 easily wa%$ away4 ,! debris ?us =m$1 :]e all[$ to accumulate1 makes an excell5t k9d ( soil kn[n to ! ,scotti% f>m]s z rott5 rock4 ,! t\ri/ :o has visit$ any ( our granitic di/ricts1 su* z ! s\?-we/]n p>ts ( ,cornwall1 ! rugg$ sc5]y ( ,arran1 or ! hills ( ! ,ab]de5%ire ,highl&s1 mu/ be famili> ) "s ( ! =ms ( wa/e :i* ! rocks ( ^! regions display4 ,m\ld]+ blocks1 pois$ sometimes on b a sl5d] base1 & eat5 away into ! mo/ fanta/ic %apes1 ab\nd 9 "s localities1 :ile 9 o!r p>ts1 z = in/ance at ! summit ( ,goatfell 9 ,arran1 ! rock wea!rs into a sort ( rude masonry1 & /&s out 9 its nak$ness & ru9 l "s crumbl+ relic ( ,cyclopean art4 ,9 o!r di/ricts1 z 9 ,skye & 9 ! adjo9+ isl& ( ,raasay1 ! granitic hills are ( a /ill m m\ld]+ mat]ial4 ,_! summits1 :ite & bald1 sometimes rise to a height ( fully two ?\s& feet above ! sea1 :ile d[n _! sides are spread long r$di%-yell[ tracks ( debris int]m+l$ ) pat*es ( /unt$ h]bage4 ,e w9t] adds to ! wa/e1 & l5g!ns ! l9es ( rubbi%4 ,"s ( ^! hills =m a good field :]e9 to /udy ! dis9tegration ( granitic rocks1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ,be9n na ,cailleai*1 t rises f ! %ores ( ,broad=d ,bay4 ,ar\nd ! ea/]n base ( t m\nta9 !re /ret*es a flat moory di/rict1 ) a few protrud+ blocks t h roll$ d[n into ! pla94 ,! e>li] "p ( ! asc5t lies ov] a region ( metamorphic lime/one1 :]e ! grey wea!r$ masses ( ! calc>e\s rock1 (t5 l gr\ps ( m\ld]+ tomb/ones1 are se5 protrud+ 9 consid]able numb]s ?r\gh ! ri* s(t grass & ! scanty bru%wood ( hazel & f]n4 ,leav+ ?is m v]dant zone1 we ent] a di/rict ( br[n hea? t sl[ly gr[s 9 desolation z we asc5d4 ,huge blocks ( sy5ite--a granitic rock ( :i* ! upp] "p ( ! m\nta9 entirely consi/s--cumb] ! soil 9 e direction1 & gradually increase 9 numb]s till ! furze c sc>cely f9d a ne/l+-place1 & is at la/ *ok$ altoge!r4 ,!n comes a sc5e ( utt] desolation4 ,grey masses ( rock ( e =m & size are pil$ ^u ea* o!r 9 endless confusion4 ,"s ( !m lie buri$ 9 debris1 o!rs t[] above ea* o!r 9 a rude sort ( masonry1 :ile n a few p]*$ on ! m]e/ po9t seem b to await ! /orms ( ano!r w9t] to hurl !m d[n into ! pla94 ,! asc5t ( su* a region is no easy task1 & mu/ n unfrequ5tly be p]=m$ on h&s & knees4 ,b once at ! top1 ! view is en\gh to comp5sate a t5fold great] ex]tion4 ,f> away to ! we/1 half sunk 9 ! ocean1 lie ! isles ( ,eigg1 ,coll1 & ,tiree1 ) ! ne>] m\nta9s ( ,rum4 ,nor?-we/1 are ! black s]rat$ peaks ( ! ,cool9s1 t /& out by !mselves 9 /range contra/ ) e o!r feature ( ! l&scape4 ,nor?w>d1 /ret*es ! great range ( sy5itic hills1 ) ! sea & ! nor!rn ,hebrides beyond4 ,away to ! ea/1 across ! int]v5+ /rait1 lie ! hills ( ! ma9l&1 ) all _! v>iety ( =m & outl9e1 & all _! *ang+ t9ts1 z ! *equ]$ light & %ade glide a?w>t ! sc5e4 ,s\?w>d1 ! eye re/s on ! grey wr9kl$ hills ( ,sleat1 & f> ov] along ! l9e :]e e>? & sky comm+le1 are ! m\nta9s ( ,morv51 /ret*+ we/w>ds till !y end 9 ! bold wea!r-beat5 headl& ( ,ardnamur*an1 beyond :i* lies ! blue b\ndless ocean4 ,! top ( ,be9n na ,cailleai* is flat & smoo?1 surm\nt$ 9 ! c5tre by a cairn4 ,tradition tells t b5ea? ^! /ones !re re/ ! bones ( ! nurse ( a ,norwegian pr9cess4 ,%e _h accompani$ h] mi/ress to ! mi/y hills ( ,skye1 & ev5tually di$ !re4 ,b ! love ( home cont9u$ /rong ) h] to ! end1 = x 0 h] la/ reque/ t %e might be buri$ on ! top ( ,be9n na ,cailleai*1 t ! cle> nor!rn breezes1 com+ fre% f ! l& ( h] *ildhood1 might bl[ ov] h] grave4 ,i h already allud$ to ! wa/+ away ( a trap-dyke4 ,?is decomposition arises f ! same cause z among ! granites--! solution1 & removal ( ! silicates4 ,all ^! trap-rocks are igne\s1 & seem to h ris5 f bel[ ?r\gh op5 fissures & r5ts4 ,z !y conta9 a l>ge p]c5tage ( felsp>--! same m9]al t gives to _m granites _! m\ld]+ "*--!y may be se5 exhibit+ e =m & /age ( decay4 ,(t5 !y /& out 9 prom95t relief f "s cliff ( s(t %ale1 ) a br[n surface1 picturesquely r\gh5$ into sph]ical masses ( all sizes1 t give to ! rock some:at ! appe>ance ( a h>d5$ pile ( ammunition 9 :i* pond]\s %ells lie int]m+l$ ) r\nd %ot1 grape1 & cani/]4 ,ea* ( ! concretion>y balls :5 exam9$ is f\nd to exfoliate 9 conc5tric pellicles l ! coats ( an onion1 & y may sometimes peal (f a consid]able numb] be=e arriv+ at ! c5tral core1 :i* consi/s ( ! h>d rock /ill undecompos$4 ,9 ?is case ! process ( degradation is aid$ by ! decay ( ano!r m9]al call$ augite1 :i* conta9s a v>iable p]c5tage ( iron1 & imp>ts ! peculi> yell[i%-br[n t9t to ! wea!r$ rock4 ,trap-dykes may also be se5 9 a /ill m wa/$ condition1 :]e1 9 place ( protrud+ f a cliff-l9e1 !y rec$e to "s dep? & give rise to deep clefts & fissures4 ,an in/ance ( ?is k9d has be5 ref]r$ to 9 ! case ( ! ,sp> ,cave1 & _m o!rs may be se5 along ! same coa/-l9e4 ,! %ore !re = miles is =m$ ( a l[ cliff ( :ite calc>e\s s&/one1 fissur$ by innum]able p]p5dicul> clefts ( great] or less wid?1 & sometimes only a y>d or two ap>t4 ,ea* ( ^! has once be5 fill$ by a dyke ( trap1 :i* orig9ally rose up 9 a melt$ /ate1 & aft] hav+ solidifi$ into a compact /ony mass1 began to yield to ! process ( decay4 ,9 all ^! & simil> cases1 ! prim>y cause ( ! wa/e lies 9 ! decomposition ( ! felsp>4 ,ra9-wat] acts 9 remov+ ! soluble portions1 & ! h>d] gra9s t rema91 depriv$ ( ! cem5t+ matrix1 ere long crumble d[n & are wa%$ (f by ! ra9s4 ,9 ?is way ! rock ins5sibly m\ld]s away1 e fro/ loos5+ its /ructure1 & e %[] c>ry+ away "p ( its sub/ance4 ,among ! _m objects ( int]e/ along a rocky coa/ "s ( ! m /rik+ are c]ta9ly to be f\nd 9 ! curi\s & (t5 grotesque =ms assum$ by ! wea!r$ cliffs4 ,above high-wat] m>k & ?us away f ! da% ( ! waves1 we c (t5 trace ! progress ( decay among su* s$im5t>y rocks z s&/ones & conglom]ates4 ,worn into holes & sc>s1 project+ cusps & tap]+ p9nacles1 or eat5 away into ! rude semblance ( a human =m1 headless p]*ance1 or into ! %ape ( a huge table pois$ on a n>r[ p$e/al1 ! rock af=ds an endless v>iety ( aspects & a cont9ual s\rce ( pleasure4 ,if we *ance to light ^u any build+ con/ruct$ out ( ! s&/one ( su* cliffs1 x is wor? not+ t ! removal ( ! /one has n depriv$ x ( its m\ld]+ qualities2 nay1 t h\ses erect$ )9 ! memory ( p /ill liv+ already beg9 to we> an aspect ( v5]able antiquity4 ,i rememb] meet+ ) an int]e/+ example 9 ! case ( an old ca/le built on a simil> rocky coa/-l9e4 ,x /ood on a little ness or promontory ( dull r$ /one1 wa%$ on all sides save "o by ! wild sea4 ,! walls1 ( :i* b a fragm5t rema9$1 7 built ( a d>k r$ s&/one2 b ! lapse ( c5turies _h told sadly on _! masonry4 ,! /ones rose ov] ea* o!r ti] ^u ti]1 corrod$ sometimes into holes & holl[s1 sometimes into a close honey-comb$ surface1 b ! mort> t _h be5 us$ to cem5t !m toge!r /ill /ood firm & protrud$ f betwe5 ! ti]s to %[1 by no d\btful or ambigu\s sign1 h[ sil5tly yet h[ surely ! wa/+ =ces _h be5 at "w4 ,! scut*eon ov] ! only rema9+ gateway _h be5 c>v$ out ( ano!r k9d ( /one ( a light] col\r & h>d] texture1 & s its grim lions look$ ne>ly z fre% & =midable z :5 fir/ rais$ to ! place ( hon\r :i* !y /ill occupi$4 ,9 ?is case1 z be=e1 ! decomposition 0 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( a consid]able proportion ( soluble matt]1 :i* ! ra9s ( f\r c5turies _h c>ri$ away along ) ! loos5$ incoh]5t s&y gra9s4 ,conglom]ate or pudd+-/one has (t5 a picturesque outl9e 9 its decay1 m especially if its includ$ fragm5ts h a consid]able range ( size4 ,l>ge tracts ,( ?is rock exi/ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,brita91 p>ticul>ly 9 ,scotl&1 :]e ! basem5t b$s ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one consi/ ( a co>se conglom]ate1 sometimes sev]al ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness4 ,su* enorm\s masses =m ! sc5]y ( a l>ge "p ( ,ea/ ,lo?ian1 & are f\nd 9 deta*$ pat*es across into ,peebles%ire & ,lan>k4 ,9 ! nor?1 too1 ! neighb\rhood ( ,inv]ness & o!r p>ts ( ! same di/rict display conspicu\s conglom]ate hills4 ,unless :]e laid b>e by /reams or by ! action ( break]s1 ! cont\r ( ^! hills is r\nd$ & tame1 ) a scanty cov]+ ( %ort scrubby grass & v few protrud+ bosses ( rock4 ,b :]e a m\nta9 torr5t has cut its way d[n ! hill side1 ! rav9e ?us =m$ exhibits brok5 walls & pill>s ( rock made up ( r\nd$ balls ( e %ade & size1 cem5t$ by a d>k-r$ or gre5 pa/e4 ,! cem5t+ mat]ial is sometimes clay1 sometimes lime1 & its v>iable nature gives rise to a correspond+ inequality 9 ! am\nt & =m ( decomposition4 ,:]e ! r\nd$ pebbles are b\nd toge!r by clay1 ra9s act ) rapidity 9 wa%+ away ! cem5t1 & ! compon5t balls fall out by degrees1 leav+ a cliff /rangely r\gh5$ by protrud+ knobs1 & eat5 away into clefts & holl[s4 ,:5 ! pebbles are held 9 a cry/alliz$ matrix ( lime1 !y usually rema9 long] toge!r1 & may sometimes be se5 /&+ up 9 ! =m ( deta*$ rugg$ pill>s t defy all regul>ity ( size or outl9e1 & rem9d "o ( a sort ( rude grotto-"w4 ,su* irregul>ities become /ill m m>k$ :]e to ! action ( ! ra9s !re has be5 add$ ! spray ( ! ocean4 ,a coa/-l9e ( conglom]ate1 :]e ! rock rises into cliffs1 is always a romantic "o2 caves1 pill>s1 & ru9$ walls1 all 9 ! same r\gh grotto /yle1 meet u at e /ep4 ,"h1 too1 we c m>k ! v>y+ effect ( ! waves ^u ! l[] portions ( ! rock1 eat+ x into cav]n\s holes & leav+ rugg$ project+ p9nacles to :i* ! mottl$ col\rs ( ! includ$ pebbles give an additional & peculi> effect4 ,a cliff ( %ale seldom %[s mu* ( ! picturesque1 ?\gh (t5 a good deal ( ! ru9\s4 ,! rock is easily und]m9$ by /reams1 & a %ale rav9e usually exhibits 9 consequ5ce ei!r heaps ( crumbl+ rubbi%1 or1 :]e ! /ream comes pa/ ) a m rapid curr5t1 p]p5dicul> walls1 jo9t$ & lam9at$1 b )\t mu* v>iety ( outl9e4 ,su* cliffs1 h[ev]1 m]it ! c>eful att5tion ( ! obs]v]1 = f _! friability !y are mo/ easily decompos$ & wa%$ d[n by /reams1 to =m new accumulations ( simil> s(t argillace\s matt]4 ,a %ale coa/-l9e sometimes %[s cliffs ( consid]able altitude1 z 9 "s p>ts ( ,skye & ,pabba1 :]e ! ,lias %ales may be se5 pil$ ov] ea* o!r (t5 to a height ( sev5ty or eighty feet1 & spread+ out along ! %ore z l[ flat reefs & sk]ries1 br[n ) alg at _! seaw>d ends1 & %[+ on ! high] slopes ( ! bea* ! *>act]i/ic fossils ( ! ,lias--ammonites1 belemnites1 & gryph--cr[d$ toge!r by hundr$s4 ,! action ( ! decompos+ =ces has op]at$ m effectually on ! s(t mat]ial ( ! %ale ?an on ! h>d cry/all9e lime ( ! includ$ %ells1 s t ! latt] /& out 9 relief f ! dull-br[n surface ( ! rock1 & f _! numb]s & prom95ce =m "o ( ! mo/ m>k$ features ( ! coa/-l9e4 ,probably few h ev] visit$ a lime/one di/rict )\t m>k+ ! mann] 9 :i* t rock yields to ! action ( ! elem5ts1 :e!r 9 an inl& "p ( ! c\ntry :]e riv]s h cut deep gullies ?r\gh ! rock1 or along "s expos$ %ore :]e ! /one has be5 wa/$ by a /ill rud] assailant4 ,an expos$ cliff ( h>d homog5e\s lime/one wea!rs into deep clefts & holes2 ! entire surface assumes a pitt$ appe>ance1 some:at l a s&y bea* aft] a %[i] ( ra91 & ! planes ( /ratification1 or l9es =m$ by ! p>allel junction ( ! b$s are (t5 worn away until ! rock looks n unlike a piece ( old masonry1 9 :i* ! mort> has decay$ & dropp$ out1 leav+ ! angles ( ! /ones to get wa/$ & r\nd$ by ! action ( ! wea!r4 ,9 _m di/ricts1 too1 :]e ! rock is ri*ly fossilif]\s1 ! brok5 jo9ts ( encr9ites along ) corals & %ells may be se5 cr[d$ toge!r by myriads1 _! h>d skeletons protrud+ f ! wa/$ rock 9 su* a way z to %[ t ! /one c conta9 v little else4 ,by ?is means we (t5 le>n t a lime/one b$ is no?+ b an old sea-bottom1 :]e ! calc>e\s s$im5t 0 ma9ly d]iv$ f brok5 /one-lilies1 corals1 & %ells1 ?\gh if we break (f a piece ( ! rock ! int]nal fracture may %[ v little or no trace ( any organic /ructure4 ,& h5ce if ! geologi/ w\ld =m an accurate conception ( ! orig9 & /ructure ( _m ( ! /ratifi$ rocks1 he mu/ /udy !m n 9 h& specim5s neatly trimm$ & arrang$ along ! %elves & draw]s ( a cab9et1 nor ev5 9 ! pond]\s blocks daily exhum$ by ! qu>ryman1 b along "s surf-beat5 cliff-l9e or d[n "s precipit\s rav9e :]e ! rock = c5turies has be5 expos$ to ! we> & te> ( ! elem5ts4 ,lime/ones & o!r calc>e\s =mations are liable to m ?an ord9>y decay1 =1 z we h se5 above1 p]colat+ ra9-wat] con/antly c>ries away m9]al matt] f _! subt]ranean portions4 ,accord+ly1 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 z = in/ance 9 ,york%ire1 ! int]ior ( su* rocks has be5 eat5 away into great cav]ns by ?is =m ( decomposition4 ,"s rem>kable examples occur 9 ! isl& ( ,raasay1 "o ( ! nor?-ea/]n ,hebrides4 ,its ea/]n m>g9 %oots up f ! sea to a height ( ov] #ijj feet1 ! cliff-l9e be+ =m$ ( a calc>e\s grit z p]p5dicul> z a wall1 & fissur$ by deep *asms & r5ts4 ,! n>r[ table-l& betwe5 ! edges ( ?is cliff & an abrupt ridge t rises beh9d1 is p]=at$ by innum]able holes & clefts1 into :i* if a /one be ?r[n x may be he>d = sev]al seconds rumbl+ f> bel[4 ,! edges ( ^! pitfalls are (t5 fr+$ ) f]ns1 ru%es1 & long grass1 s z to be ne>ly hidd51 & x requires no little caution to trav]se ?is elevat$ region 9 safety4 ,innum]able %eep h be5 lo/ by fall+ into ! subt]ranean abysses1 & ev5 ! w>y natives seem to h sometimes lo/ _! foot+4 ,a /ory is told ( a woman :o _h cross$ to ! o!r side ( ! isl& = ! pur*ase ( "s commodities1 & return+ by ! high gr\nds _h got ne>ly )9 sight ( h] own cottage1 :5 by "s unlucky accid5t %e took a false /ep & in/antly disappe>$4 ,un=tunately h] err& _h be5 p]=m$ alone1 s t "s "t elaps$ ere %e 0 miss$4 ,! se>* cont9u$ unremitt+ = two days1 b no trace ( ! miss+ travell] c\ld be f\nd4 ,at la/ on ! ?ird day h] figure 0 se5 creep+ sl[ly along ! road n _m hundr$ y>ds f h] own door4 ,x appe>$ t %e _h fir/ slid d[n a %e] height ( ab\t fifty feet1 :5 h] fur!r passage 0 int]cept$ by ! sides ( ! fissure4 ,dur+ ! e>li] "p ( h] conf9em5t %e /rove h>d to re-asc5d ! *asm1 & x 0 n until1 ! ef=t seem+ fruitless1 %e _h begun to resign h]self to despair1 t a glimm]+ ( light f bel[ induc$ h] to attempt a desc5t4 ,?is prov$ no easy matt]1 & occupi$ _m we>y h\rs ( lab\r & susp5se2 b at l5g? %e succe$$ 9 worm+ h]self to ! bottom1 & crawl$ out m dead ?an alive only a little way f h] home4 ,!re /ill /& p]*$ on "s ( ^! precipit\s cliffs ! rema9s ( a few villages1 ! inhabitants ( :i* 7 accu/om$ to te!r _! *ildr5 to ! soil1 :5ce "o ( ! hamlets receiv$ 9 ,gaelic ! s\briquet ( ,te!rt[n4 ,_m a valuable commodity disappe>$ by roll+ ov] ! cliff1 & ,i h be5 assur$ t x 0 no unfrequ5t occurr5ce = a pot ( potatoes capsiz$ at ! doorway to tumble d[n ! slope & make no /op until safely esconc$ at ! sea-bottom4 ,! process :]eby ^! fissures & cav]ns orig9ate is ! same z t notic$ already 9 ! ,sp> ,cave4 ,wat] conta9+ an impregnation ( c>bonic acid filt]s d[n ?r\gh cracks & fissures ( ! calc>e\s rock1 dissolv+ out 9 its passage a portion ( ! lime :i* x ev5tually c>ries back to ! surface1 & ei!r deposits !re or transports into /reams1 & !nce to ! sea4 ,?us atom by atom is remov$ :]ev] ! p]colat+ wat] rea*es1 until 9 ! c\rse ( ages an irregul> cav]n ( great] or less ext5t is produc$4 ,! decomposition ( lime/one at ! surface results f ! same k9d ( action1 t ( c>bonat$ wat]4 ,e %[] ( ra9 ins5sibly c>ries away a fraction ( ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ! rock1 s t ! size & =m ( deta*$ blocks z well z ( expos$ cliffs is con/antly *ang+4 ,h[ (t5 d we see ! same decay go+ on ) a melan*oly rapidity among ! expos$ m>ble tomb/ones ( our *ur*y>ds4 ,9 a few ye>s ! tablet gets worn & furr[$ z ?\gh x _h /ood !re = c5turies4 ,ev5tually1 too1 ! inscription becomes effac$1 & p]haps ere ! bones ( ! deceas$ h m\ld]$ away & m+l$ ) _! k9dr$ du/1 ! epitaph t record$ = ! admiration ( po/]ity 8 _m virtues & 8 vigor\s tal5ts1 has fad$ f ! /one--(t51 alas6 only too fit an emblem ( h[ spe$ily ! memory ( ! dead may fade away out ( ! l& ( ! liv+4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,me*anical =ces at "w 9 ! dis9tegration ( rocks--,ra9s ,l&slips--,effects ( fro/s--,glaci]s & iceb]gs--,abrad+ p[] ( riv]s--,sugge/$ volume on ! geology ( riv]s--,"s ( its probable cont5ts--,sc5e 9 a woody rav9e--,fir/ idea ( ! orig9 ( ! rav9e "o ( primeval cataclysms--,prov$ to be incorrect--,love ( ! m>vell\s long ! bane ( geology--,m c>eful exam9ation %[s ! op]ations ( ,nature to be s+ul>ly uni=m & gradual--,! doctr9e ( sl[ & gradual *ange n less poetic ?an t ( sudd5 p>oxysms--,! orig9 ( ! rav9e may be s\ght among "s ( ! quiet] processes ( ,nature--,features ( ! rav9e--,lessons ( ! wat]fall--,c\rse ( ! /ream ?r\gh level gr\nd--,true hi/ory ( ! rav9e--,waves & curr5ts--,:at becomes ( ! wa/e ( ! l&--,! ,rhone & ! ,leman ,lake--,deltas on ! sea-m>g9--,reproductive effects ( curr5ts & waves--,usual belief 9 ! /ability ( ! l& & ! mutability ( ! ocean--,! rev]se true--,cont9ual int]*ange ( l& & sea "p ( ! economy ( ,nature--,! cont9uance ( su* a condition ( ?+s 9 future ages r5d]$ probable by its cont9uance dur+ ! pa/4 ,! =ms ( decomposition notic$ 9 ! la/ *apt] 7 *iefly ( a *emical k9d4 ,_! effects 7 obs]vable alike on ! surface ( ! e>? & bel[ gr\nd2 9 ! latt] case we saw !m excavat+ cav]ns & long irregul> *asms1 9 ! =m] we not$ ! production ( debris :i* if undi/urb$ w5t to ! =mation ( soils4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d h[ev]1 t 9 ^! op]ations o!r =ces ?an simply ^? ( a *emical k9d come into play4 ,! p]colation ( wat] & ! removal ( insoluble p>ticles on ! expos$ p>ts ( rocks rank z me*anical processes4 ,s also d ^? by :i* new surfaces ( m9]al masses are br\ght )9 ! sph]e ( ! *emical ag5cies1 su* z ! action ( fro/s1 ra9s1 riv]s1 & waves4 ,9 %ort1 z already notic$1 any subdivision ( ! =ces at "w 9 effect+ ! decomposition ( rocks mu/ ev] be m or less arbitr>y2 b x rema9s nev]!less useful1 if we be> 9 m9d t ! exactly def9$ b\nd>y l9es are ( our mak+1 n ,nature's4 ,) ?is caution we may proce$ to exam9e :at are t]m$ ! me*anical ag5cies 9 ! dis9tegration ( m9]al masses1 & 9 s do+1 we %all f9d t ! *emical =ces are n less helpful to ! me*anical ?an ! latt] to ! =m]4 ,fir/1 we may notice ! effect ( ra9s 9 wa%+ away ! dis9tegrat$ p>ticles to l[] levels or into riv]-c\rses :]eby fre% portions ( rock become expos$ to ! decompos+ =ces4 ,ra9s also act p[]fully 9 alt]+ ! =m ( cliff-l9es & /eep declivities1 especially :]e ^! consi/ m or less ( friable e>?y matt]4 ,aft] a long cont9uance ( wet wea!r1 ,i h se5 ! abrupt sides ( a riv]-*annel t 7 =m$ ( a /iff blue clay completely cut up by r5ts ( v>i\s dim5sions1 :]eby l>ge masses _h subsid$ _m feet1 :ile o!rs _h roll$ d[n altoge!r & lay 9 ! b$ ( ! /ream :]e !y 7 und]go+ a rapid abrasion4 ,! cause ( ?is alt]ation 0 obvi\s4 ,! ra9s p\r+ d[n f ! slop+ gr\nds on ei!r side ( ! riv] _h excavat$ deep *annels on ! abrupt face ( ! cliffs1 :ile a consid]able quantity ( wat] f9d+ its way ?r\gh ! soil1 _h p]meat$ ?r\gh jo9ts & crevices 9 ! clay "s feet f ! edge ( ! bank4 ,by ! comb9$ op]ation ( ^! causes1 masses ( clay sev]al y>ds 9 ext5t lo/ _! cohesion & ei!r settl$ d[n a few feet1 or f\nd _! way to ! bottom4 ,su* l&slips are ( frequ5t occurr5ce :]e l>ge masses ( rock ( a h>d compact nature re/ ^u loose %ales & clays m or less incl9$4 ,:ole hills h be5 kn[n to be hurl$ 9 ?is way into ! valleys bel[4 ,b ^! results become p]haps /ill m m>k$ :]e to ! ord9>y op]ations ( wat] !re are add$ ^? ( int5se fro/4 ,! effects ( a sev]e w9t] 7su*1 = in/ance1 z a ,canadian "o71 9 loos5+ ! p>ticles ( rocks & facilitat+ ! break+-up ( l>ge masses1 mu/ be rank$ among ! mo/ p[]ful ag5cies ( nature4 ,9 su* a season1 ! p]colat+ wat] ) :i* ne>ly e surface-rock is *>g$ becomes froz51 & 9 ! act ( congelation exp&s4 ,! result ( ?is dilatation is to ex]t great pressure on ! p>ticles ( ! rock1 & !reby loos5 _! cohesion4 ,:5 ?aw comes ! froz5 liquid contracts aga91 b ! loos5$ p>ticles h no su* ela/ic p[]1 & s1 hav+ lo/ hold ( ea* o!r1 crumble d[n4 ,if ! season be a *angeable "o1 fro/ & ?aw quickly alt]nat+1 ! am\nt ( wa/e produc$ becomes v great4 ,n only is ! out] surface ( ! /one decompos$1 b ! wat] filt]+ ?r\gh ! jo9ts ( ! rock freezes !re1 & ?us on ! arrival ( mild] wea!r va/ masses become deta*$ f ! cliffs1 & roll d[n1 to be worn by ! gr9d+ action ei!r ( waves or ( riv]s1 z ! case may be4 ,spr+ at la/ sets 9 ) its w>m? & its %[]s2 ! sn[ rapidly melts away2 ! :ole c\ntry /reams ) wat]2 e valley & holl[ has its r$ turbid rivulet1 t be>s a burd5 ( muddy s$im5t into ! ne>e/ riv]2 & ?us ! loos5$ portions ( ! rocks get wa%$ away d[n to sea1 leav+ a new surface = ! action ( next w9t]4 ,we c easily und]/&1 !re=e1 t 9 c]ta9 regions ! comb9$ effects ( fro/ & ?aw may "w 9 ! c\rse ( ages *anges ( almo/ inconceivable ext5t1 & t ! ag5cy ( ice mu/ be n less v>i$ & important on ! l& ?an1 9 ! case ( ! b\ld] clay1 we f\nd x to be 9 ! ocean4 ,besides ?is action 9 w9t]1 :i* goes on m or less 9 e c\ntry :]ev] ! temp]ature s9ks suffici5tly l[ to p]mit ( ! freez+ ( wat]1 ice effects _m *anges on ! surfaces ( rocks :5 x takes ! =m ( glaci]s & iceb]gs4 ,we h already not$ ! op]ation ( a glaci] dur+ its sl[ progress 9 cru%+ d[n l>ge fragm5ts ( /one1 scrat*+ & abrad+ ! rocks ov] :i* x passes1 & ev5tually produc+ a va/ quantity ( mud1 :i* is c>ri$ d[n by /reams to =m new accumulations ei!r 9 lakes or seas4 ,we h also m>k$ ! effects ( ! drift+ iceb]g 9 mat]ially modify+ ! cont\r ( subm>9e hills1 & deposit+ ov] ! ocean-bottom mud1 gravel1 & b\ld]s4 ,no?+ fur!r1 !re=e1 ne$ be done "h ?an simply to keep ^! ag5cies 9 view1 z play+ an important "p 9 ! dis9tegration ( rocks4 ,ano!r highly int]e/+ aque\s action is t ( /reams & riv]s1 9 scoop+ out = !mselves *annels ?r\gh sometimes ! h>de/ & mo/ solid rock4 ,su* effects may be se5 all ov] ! globe1 9 ! old _w & 9 ! new1 9 ! b$ ( ! t9ie/ rivulet1 z well z 9 ! c\rse ( ! mightie/ riv]4 ,& accord+ly1 9 all ! long li/ ( geological ag5ts1 we f9d none s well kn[n & s (t5 describ$ alike by poets1 hi/orians1 & sci5tific writ]s1 z well 9 anci5t z 9 mod]n times4 ,:at a delightful volume might be writt5 ab\t ! geology ( riv]s6 ,x w\ld1 p]haps1 beg9 ) t great riv]1 ! ,euphrates1 along ^: gre5 banks lay ! bir?place ( ! human race1 trac+ out ! features ( its progress f ! rav9es & cat>acts ( ,arm5ia1 ) all _! surr\nd+ relics ( anci5t art1 d[n into ! pla9s ( ,assyria1 amid date-palms & ,arab villages1 onw>ds to ! m\nds ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 & !nce to ! wat]s ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,well-nigh z remote1 & p]haps /ill m int]e/+ 9 its human hi/ory1 w\ld be ! /ory ( ! ,nile4 ,we %\ld h to foll[ t riv] f ! my/ic region ( its bir?1#ec m>k+ ! "* ( ! rocks ?r\gh :i* w9ds its e>li] *annel1 & ! effects ^u !m ( ! floods ( untold c5turies2 x w\ld be ne$ful1 too1 to note ! influ5ce ( ! wat]s on ! l[] gr\nds1 f :]e ! /ream fl[s ov] ! cat>acts ( ,sy5e1 d[n ?r\gh ! alluvial pla9s ( ,egypt2 & la/ly1 ! conclud+ & p]haps mo/ on]\s "p ( our lab\r w\ld be ! inve/igation ( ! delta1 m>k+ its orig9 & progress1 its features 9 anci5t times1 z made kn[n to u 9 ! graphic *apt]s ( ,h]odotus1 & ! *anges :i* ! lapse ( m ?an tw5ty c5turies has s9ce wr\ght 9 its configuration4 ,! riv]s ( ,europe w\ld deta9 u long1 n less p]haps by _! hi/oric int]e/ ?an by ! v>iety & attractiv5ess ( _! physical ph5om5a4 ,"o c\ld sc>ce help l+]+ ov] ! ,rh9e1 ) its s\rce among ,alp9e glaci]s1 its lakes & gorges1 its ca/les & antique t[ns2 & :5 once ! n>rative ent]$ ! classic gr\nd ( ,italy1 x w\ld p]haps become m antiqu>ian ?an geological4 ,! rav9e ( ,tivoli1 = in/ance1 w\ld c]ta9ly lay claim to a :ole *apt] = itself1 ) its long-cont9u$ riv] action1 its anci5t trav]t91 its beautiful calc>e\s incru/ations1 & above all its exquisite sc5]y4 ,footnote #ec3 ,fontium qui celat orig9es ,nilus a description n less true n[ ?an 9 ! days ( ! ,sab9e b>d4 ,domus ,albune resonantis1 ,et prceps ,anio1 ac ,tiburni lucus1 et uda ,mobilibus pom>ia rivis4#ed ,footnote #ed3 ,albuna's grey re-e*o+ home1 ,& ,anio1 headlong 9 8 foam1 ,& grove ( ,tivoli1 ,& or*>ds ) _! gold5 gleam1 ,^: b\ghs are dipp+ 9 ! /ream ,t hurries to ! sea4 ,hor4 ,c>m4 ,l vii4 #ab4 ,& :5 c\ld we exhau/ all1 t might be said ab\t ! riv]s ( our own l&8 ,( utmo/ ,twe$1 or ,ouse1 or gulfy ,dun1 ,or ,tr5t1 :o1 l "s ,e>?-born giant1 spreads ,8 ?irty arms along ! ind5t$ meads ,or sull5 ,mole1 t runne? und]nea?2 ,or ,sev]n swift1 guilty ( maid5s' dea?2 ,or rocky ,avon1 or ( s$gy ,lee2 ,or coaly ,tyne1 or anci5t hall['d ,dee2 ,or ,humb] l\d1 t keeps ! ,scy?ian's "n2 ,or ,m$way smoo?1 or royal-t[]$ ,?ame4 ,pass+ to ! new _w1 a va/ field w\ld spread out be=e u3 ! ,mississippi1 ! ,at*afalaya1 ! ,ohio1 ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ! ,amazon1 & _m o!r riv]s t 9 "s cases rise high among ! regions ( p]petual sn[1 & aft] trav]s+ l>ge areas ( c\ntry 9 ! temp]ate zone1 fall into ! wat]s ( tropical seas4 ,by /udy+ su* examples ( riv]-action & delta-=mation z are pres5t$ by ^! gigantic /reams1 we %\ld arrive at "s conception ( ! conditions anci5tly at "w 9 produc+ our pres5t coal-fields4 ,nor w\ld our rese>*es assume aught l completion until aft] a scrut9y ( all ! l>g] & m important riv]s ( ! globe4 ,su* a "w c\ld be und]tak51 p]haps1 only by ano!r ,humboldt4 ,its successful accompli%m5t w\ld c]ta9ly insure ! highe/ r5[n to its au?or1 & incalculable b5efits to sci5ce4 ,f :at we h se5 ( ! wide wa/e & decay ev]y:]e 9 progress on ! solid l&s ( our planet1 x becomes no difficult matt] to p]ceive :at a numb] ( ag5cies mu/ be at "w 9 ! =mation ( a riv] *annel4 ,let ! read] take 8 /& 9 "s wood$ rav9e1 :]e ! %elv+ rocks on ei!r side are hung all ov] ) v]dure1 & a t9y /reamlet murmurs on b5ea? ) a fl[ s quiet & g5tle z sc>cely to %ake ! long p5dant will[ bran*es t dip into its surface1 :ile ! poli%$ pebbles t /rew its b$ lie unmov$ by ! rippl+ curr5t t glides ov] !m4 ,if 9 ! mid/ ( su* a sc5e ! "q 7 to arise 9 8 m9d1 ,h[ came ?is deep1 n>r[ rav9e into exi/5ce8 :at answ] w\ld 9 all likelihood be ! fir/ to sugge/ itself8 ,8 eye w\ld scan ! precipit\s walls ( ! dell1 ) _! rocks cleft ?r\gh to a dep? ( p]*ance fifty feet4 ,x w\ld require no great scrut9y to assure him t ! b$s on ! "o side =m$ ! onw>d prolongations ( ^? on ! o!r1 & t consequ5tly !re mu/ h be5 a "t ere yet ! rav9e exi/$1 :5 ^! b$s /ret*$ along unbrok54 ,satisfi$ ) ^! results1 8 fir/ impulse might be to be?9k him ( "s primeval e>?quake1 :5 ! solid l& rock$ to & fro l a tempe/$ sea1 & broke up into great r5ts & yawn+ *asms4 ,into "o ( ^! clefts he might suppose ! little /reamlet _h ev5tually f\nd its way1 moi/5+ ! b>e & b>r5 rocks1 until at l5g? _! surface put on a liv]y ( moss1 or li*51 or liv]-wort1 & ! bir*1 ! ald]1 & ! will[1 f\nd a ne/l+-place 9 _! crevices4 ,su* a view ( ! orig9 ( ! woody dell w\ld be c]ta9ly a v natural "o1 & 9 "s in/ances might be suffici5tly correct1 b 9 ! pres5t case x w n expla9 ! ph5om5a4 ,if ! read] w k9dly p]mit me to visit ! locality 9 8 company1 p]haps we may be able to light ^u ! true explanation1 & see a few appe>ances wor?y our att5tion4 ,fir/1 !n1 h[ c we make sure t no convulsion ( nature has produc$ a r5t 9 ! rocks1 & s help$ ! /reamlet to a *annel8 a simple "q t may be well-nigh z simply answ]$4 ,we /& 9 ! c5tre ( ! dell on a broad l$ge ( /one1 r\nd ^: well-worn sides ! rivulet is ev] eddy+ onw>ds4 ,! block consi/s ( a pale s&/one ly+ 9 a b$ ab\t ?ree feet ?ick1 t dips g5tly d[n ! /ream & und]lies a seam ( dull1 s(t1 blue %ale1 full ( small %ells4 ,we trace ! edge ( ?is s&/one b$ across to ! left-h& side ( ! rav9e1 & away up into ! precipit\s cliff1 till x is lo/ amid ! f]ns & bru%wood4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 !re=e1 t ! l$ge on :i* we 7 b n[ /&+ is a cont9u\s portion ( ! rocks t =m ! left side ( ! rav9e4 ,return+ aga9 to ! c5tre ( ! /ream1 we proce$ to trace out ! c\rse ( ! o!r end ( ! same b$1 & f9d t x1 too1 /rikes across to ! rocks on ! "r-h& side )\t a break or fissure1 & passes up into ! cliff1 ( :i* x =ms a "p4 ,cle>ly1 !n1 ! s&/one b$ runs 9 an unbrok51 unfissur$ l9e1 f ! "o side to ! o!r1 & ! rocks ( ei!r cliff =m "o cont9u\s s]ies4 ,!re occurs no break or dislocation1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 !re mu/ h be5 _h ! rav9e ow$ its orig9 to any subt]ranean ag5cy4 ,& s we come to conclude t no great cataclysm 9 primeval times1 no yawn+ abyss1 or gap+ *asm1 has _h any?+ :atev] to d ) ! =mation ( our deep seque/]$ dell4 ,:at !n8 ,:i!r %all we turn1 y ask1 to f9d ano!r ag5cy equally gr& & p[]ful 9 its op]ation & mighty 9 its results8 ,/ay1 g5tle read]4 ,t crav+ = ! gr& & ! sublime1 t hung]+ aft] cataclysms & convulsions1 t insatiable appetite = upheavals1 & ,titanic e>?-?roes1 & all ! mighti] ma*9]y ( ,nature1 has done no little mis*ief to geology4 ,m5 h reason$ t gigantic results 9 ! physical /ructure ( ! e>? mu/ h _h equally gigantic causes op]at+ 9 sublime conflict & 9 p]iodic p>oxysms1 n[ heav+ a m\nta9 *a9 to ! cl\ds ( heav51 n[ swall[+ up a cont95t 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea4 ,happily su* extreme notions are fa/ pass+ away1 ?\gh ! old t5d5cy 9 a modifi$ =m /ill ab\nds4 ,a clos] scrut9y ( ,nature z %e actually %[s h]self1 n z !ori/s fancy %e %\ld be1 has reveal$ to u t h] op]ations are = ! mo/ "p sl[1 gradual1 & uni=m1 & t %e (t5times produces ! mightie/ results by comb9ations ( =ces t to u might seem ! v emblems ( feebl5ess & inactivity4 ,9 place ( sudd5 p>oxysms %e dem&s only an unlimit$ duration ( "t1 & ) ! aid ( b a few ( ^! simple1 t>dy ag5ts1 %e w ev5tually effect results p]*ance yet m gigantic ?an c\ld be accompli%$ ev5 by ! gr&e/ cata/rophe4 ,nor 9 ?us seek+ to expla9 ! pa/ by def9+ :at seems ! usual mode ( ,nature's op]ations 9 ! pres5t1 d we1 z is sometimes alleg$1 deprive !m ( _! high poetic elem5t4 ,assur$ly !re is some?+ ?rill+ to ev5 ! calme/ imag9ation 9 contemplat+ ! results ( va/ & sudd5 upheavals1 9 pictur+ ! solid cru/ ( ! e>? heav+ l a gr\nd-swell ^u ! ocean1 9 trac+ amid ,crags1 knolls1 & m\nds1 confus$ly hurl'd1 ,! fragm5ts ( an e>li] _w2 & 9 conjur+ up visions ( e>?quakes1 & frightful abysses f :i* !re ev] rose a lurid gl>e z hill aft] hill ( molt5 rock came bel*+ up f ! fires bel[4 ,b :ile f> f d5y+ t su* appe>ances may h be5 sometimes se5 dur+ ! long lapse ( ! geological ages1 & t !y give no little vividness & sublimity to a geological picture1 we claim = ! doctr9e ( ! tranquil & uni=m op]ation dur+ pa/ "t ( exi/+ laws & =ces1 an elem5t n less poetic4 ,9 ! =m] case ! p]vad+ idea is t ( unlimit$ exp5diture ( p[]1 9 ! latt] t ( unlimit$ lapse ( "t4 ,9 ! "o case ! action is ,titanic b transi5t1 9 ! o!r x is tranquil b imm5sely protract$4 ,! two doctr9es 9 ?is way c\nt]balance ea* o!r2 yet ,i _c b ?9k t h[ev] impressive x may be to /& 9 "s lone gl51 & :ile gaz+ at its d>k jagg$ precipit\s cliffs1 to dream ab\t ! p>oxysmal convulsions ( "s h\r f> back 9 ! di/ant pa/1 ! sc5e becomes yet m impressive :5 we look on its nak$ness & sublimity n z ! sudd5 & caprici\s creation ( a day1 b z ! gradual result ( a ?\s& c5turies4 ,^! cliffs may once h be5 l[-br[$ rocks ris+ b a little way out ( a broad grassy pla91 & s]v+ z a noon-tide haunt = animals ( long ext9ct races4 ,?\s&s ( ye>s pass away & we see ^! same rocks high] & /eep] 9 _! outl9e1 br[n ) alg & ev] wet ) surf1 :ile ar\nd !m /ret*es a %oreless sea4 ,ages aga9 roll on1 & we m>k /ill ! same rocks %oot+ up z bleak crags cov]$ ) ice & sn[4 ,ano!r int]val ( untold ext5t elapses1 & rock1 sn[1 & ice h all disappe>$ b5ea? a broad ocean cumb]$ ) ice-floes & w&]+ b]gs4 ,aga9 ! curta9 drops ^u ! sc5e1 & :5 once m x rises1 ! cliffs /& out 9 mu* ! same abrupt precipit\s aspect ) t :i* !y n[ pres5t1 save t _! bald =eheads look less seam$ & sc>r$ ?an n[1 & _! d>k sides %[ no trace ( bu% or tree4 ,! :ite cascades t to-day p\r d[n f _! summits & sides--seem+ 9 ! di/ance l ! :ite hairs ( age--are ins5sibly deep5+ ! sc>s & furr[s on ^! anci5t hills1 & ?us sl[ly b yet surely c>ry+ on ! process ( degradation & decay4 ,mus+ on all ?is long s]ies ( /ages 9 ! =mation ( "o s+le cliff-l9e1 is !re n some?+ m sublime1 some?+ yet m impressive ?an if we pictur$ b ! *ance r&om result ( ! gigantic p>oxysm ( an h\r8 ,let u n be det]r$ !n f seek+ an explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! rav9e among "s ( ! quiet] & m unobtrusive =ces ( ,nature4 ,give !m b an unlimit$ p]iod to "w 9 & !y w abundantly satisfy all our dem&s4 ,we return aga9 to ! rocky l$ge 9 mid-*annel1 & proce$ to asc5d ! c\rse ( ! /ream1 m>k+ z we g ! *anges 9 ! "* & features ( ! /one t =ms ! cliff on ei!r h&4 ,we come to a b>e "p ( ! rav9e :]e bru%wood & h]bage f9d b a scanty foot+ & :]e accord+ly ! rocks c be att5tively /udi$4 ,! face ( ! esc>pm5t %[s a numb] ( b$s ( pale grey s&/one alt]nat+ ) c\rses ( a d>k crumbly %ale4 ,! s&/ones be+ h>d] & firm] 9 texture /& out 9 prom95t relief :ile ! %ales betwe5 h be5 wa/$ away1 cov]+ ! bottom ( ! slope ) loose debris4 ,we c m>k too t1 z ?is decay goes on1 ! h>d] b$s cont9ually lose _! support1 crack+ across *iefly along ! l9es ( jo9t1 & roll+ d[n 9 huge angul> blocks into ! /ream4 ,9 tru? we _c d\bt t e ye> adds to ?is decay & ?us sl[ly wid5s ! dell1 = ! brok5 fragm5ts d n =m 9 heaps ov] ! solid rock bel[ s z to protect x f ! wea!r1 b are evid5tly c>ri$ away by ! /ream & hurri$ d[n ! rav9e onw>ds to ! sea4 ,f :at has be5 said above relative to ! dis9tegration ( rocks by p]colat+ wat]1 fro/s1 & o!r causes1 ! read] w easily see h[ ?is rott+ away ( ! sides ( ! rav9e mu/ be c>ri$ on2 & he w n fail to m>k t "h we h at "w an ag5cy n yet consid]$1 t ( runn+ wat]4 ,! effects ( ! wea!r are se5 9 ! crumbl+1 ru9\s cliffs ov]head2 ! effects ( ! /reamlet are obs]vable 9 ! cont9ual removal ( ! rubbi% :]eby a fre% surface is ev] expos$ to ! decompos+ =ces1 :ile at "s po9ts we c m>k ! wat] actually und]m9+ an ov]hang+ "p ( ! cliff f :i* !re are ev] & anon va/ masses precipitat$ into ! *annel :]e ev5tually !y get worn d[n & c>ri$ away out to sea4 ,/ill1 y may rem>k1 ^! =ces are at "w only 9 wid5+ a *annel already made4 ,h[ 0 ! rav9e =m$ at fir/8 ,we cont9ue our asc5t4 ,a scrambl+ walk ?r\gh bri>s & hazel-bu%es1 sometimes on rocky l$ges high among ! cliffs1 sometimes among ! pro/rate blocks t dam up ! /ream1 br+s u at la/ full 9 front ( a sp>kl+ wat]fall t da%es ov] a precipit\s face ( rock "s tw5ty feet high4 ,! appe>ances obs]vable "h des]ve a c>eful att5tion4 ,our eyes h n be5 long employ$ not+ ! m picturesque features ( ! sc5e ere !y discov] t ! d>k-br[n b& ( rock =m+ ! summit ( ! l$ge ov] :i* ! wat] tumbles is cont9u\s all r\nd ! sides ( ! dell4 ,!re is consequ5tly no break or dislocation "h4 ,approa*+ ! cascade we note ! rock beh9d x s holl[$ out t its upp] b>s project sev]al feet beyond ! "u ones4 ,9 ?is way ! body ( wat] is %ot cle> ov] ! top ( ! cliff )\t t\*+ rock till x comes spla%+ d[n among ! blocks 9 ! *annel4 ,& yet ?is holl[$ surface is nev] dry2 ! spray ( ! fall con/antly /rik+ on x keeps x always dank & dripp+4 ,9 "s p>ts ! rock /&s out b>e & worn1 :ile on ! less expos$ portions !re ga!rs a ?ick gre5 scum :i* is replac$ on ! dri] l$ges by ! s(t cellul> leaves ( ! liv]-wort4 ,n[ our exam9ation ( ! influ5ce ( p]colat+ wat] ^u ev5 ! h>de/ rocks tea*es u t ?is moi/ soak$ surface is j ! v be/ condition = fav\r+ ! decay ( ! rock4 ,nay m1 ! gre5 vegetation t mantles ov] ! /one s]ves to prev5t ! wat] f runn+ (f too rapidly1 & keeps ! rock 9 a /ill m moi/ /ate ?an w\ld o!rwise happ54 ,s t ! portion ( s&/one beh9d ! cascade comes to be 9 a /ill m fav\rable situation = spe$y decay ?an ! l$ge ov] :i* ! wat] is rapidly driv54 ,we c see1 !re=e1 h[ 9 ! lapse ( ye>s ! corrosion may g on until ! upp] project+ "p ( ! cliff loses its support & falls ) a cra% into ! rocky pool bel[1 :ile ! =m ( ! wat]fall becomes ?us greatly alt]$1 & new surfaces are expos$ to ! we> & te> ( ! /ream4 ,b we h n yet exhau/$ all t ! rocks at ! cascade c tea* u4 ,by d9t ( "s ex]tion we climb ! cliff & ga9 ! upp] edge ( ! fall4 ,! rocks t =m ! b$ ( ! /ream are n[ se5 to be deeply groov$ & worn1 e expos$ surface hav+ a smoo!d blunt$ aspect4 ,we c m>k h[ ! /one has split up along ! natural l9es ( jo9t1 :]eby great facility is giv5 to ! remov+ p[] ( ! curr5t1 & h[ l>ge irregul> angulat$ blocks become deta*$ & are swept d[n ! /ream4 ,9 n a few p>ts1 too1 we may notice circul> holes ( great] or less dep?1 9 ! bottom ( ea* ( :i* lie p]haps a pebble or two1 t ) a con/ant gyratory movem5t1 caus$ by ! eddy+ wat]1 h eat5 _! way d[nw>ds into ! solid rock4 ,:5 ! /ream is 9 flood & comes ro>+ d[n ! rocky gorge be>+ along ) x a va/ am\nt ( mud1 gravel1 & /ones1 "o c easily see h[ ! friction ( ! transport$ mat]ial mu/ we> d[n ! h>d b$ & sides ( ! *annel1 & h[ ?is process repeat$ mon? aft] mon? & ye> aft] ye>1 mu/ aid ! decompos+ =ces 9 scoop+ out a deep rav9e4 ,f ! cascade ! asc5t ( ! /ream becomes /eep] & ! run ( wat] is consequ5tly m rapid4 ,soon h[ev] we em]ge f ! woody copse1 & f9d ourselves on a flat alluvial cultivat$ pla9 ?r\gh :i* ! rivulet w9ds 9 a tortu\s me&]+ c\rse1 b5d+ back ^u itself into loops t almo/ meet & well-nigh =m broad flat islets4 ,/roll+ along ?is w9d+ r\te we c m>k ! effects ( ! /ream 9 eat+ away ! s(t clay & s& at "o "p ( ! b5d & pil+ !m up at ano!r4 ,su* loose mat]ial c pres5t b little resi/ance to a /ream swoll5 ) ra9s1 & consequ5tly a l>ge quantity ( ! mud & gravel along ) ! int]sp]s$ b\ld]s mu/ be swept away d[n into ! dell at e season ( flood4 ,! matt] ?us remov$ w ( c\rse be /ill fur!r comm9ut$ 9 its passage1 & at ! same "t w help to gr9d d[n ! h>d rock surfaces ov] :i* x is driv54 ,"h !n may be f\nd ! :ole hi/ory ( ! rav9e4 ,orig9ally ! /reamlet w\nd its devi\s c\rse ?r\gh a flat alluvial c\ntry ) a *annel sunk b a foot or two bel[ ! level ( ! pla94 ,su* cont9u$ its "* till x rea*$ a l[ bluff1 d[n :i* ! wat] fl[$ m rapidly to ga9 a second level undulat+ region4 ,! "p ( ?is bluff cross$ by ! /ream 0 ere long b>$ ( its cov]+ ( soil & clay1 & ! rock bel[ came to be wa%$ by a gr\p ( little cascades4 ,once expos$ to ! decompos+ & dis9tegrat+ =ces1 ! /one soon began to decay & ! cascades ere long m]g$ into "o4 ,by sl[ degrees ! rock gave way & ! wat]fall retreat$ f ! bluff4 ,= p]*ance ?\s&s ( ye>s ! same process has be5 go+ on1 n[ ) great]1 n[ ) less rapidity1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! rocks enc\nt]$ & o!r modify+ causes1 until ! fall has eat5 its way back = well-nigh ?ree miles & scoop$ out a wild rocky gorge "s fifty or sixty feet deep4 ,?is is b a solit>y & insignificant in/ance ( :at may be se5 all ov] ! _w1 = ! process rema9s ! same :e!r we /& beside a t9y rivulet 9 "s lone ,highl& gl5 or li/5 to ! ro> ( ! falls ( ,niag>a4 ,!re is b "o o!r pr9cipal ag5cy at "w 9 ! demolition ( rock-masses1 ! waves & curr5ts ( ! ocean4 ,b we h already not$ ! effects ?us produc$1 & ne$ n n[ retrace our /eps fur!r ?an to recall ! va/ am\nt ( deva/ation :i* c be %[n to h be5 effect$ 9 our own c\ntry by m>9e causes1 bo? 9 brea*+ ! exi/+ %ores & 9 scoop+ out valleys & gr9d+ d[n hills at =m] p]iods :5 ! l& 0 ei!r ris+ above or s9k+ bel[ ! level ( ! sea4 ,hav+ n[ satisfi$ ourselves t !re goes on all ov] ! _w an incessant wa/e ( ! solid l&s1 t ! dis9tegrat$ debris is wa%$ d[n by ra9s & transport$ seaw>ds by riv]s1 & t ! waves are ev] eat+ _! way into ! iron-b\nd coa/-l9e z well z into ! l[ alluvial %ore1 we naturally come to ask ! result & end ( all ?is decay4 ,:at becomes ( t va/ am\nt ( m9]al matt] annually remov$ f ! l&8 ,to be able to answ] ?is "q cle>ly & di/9ctly1 let u look = a little at :at takes place 9 lakes1 at riv]-m\?s1 & 9 op5 sea4 ,! riv] ,rhone rises among ! ,b]nese ,alps1 & aft] a c\rse ( ab\t #ajj miles ?r\gh ! ,canton ( ,valais1 x ent]s ! upp] end ( ! ,lake ( ,g5eva4 ,its wat]s1 :]e !y m+le ) ^? ( ! lake1 are muddy & discol\r$1 b :]e !y pass out at ! t[n ( ,g5eva are limpid & cle>4 ,! mud1 !re=e1 :i* !y br+ into ! lake mu/ be deposit$ !re1 & z ! /ream may h cont9u$ to fl[ = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 we may reasonably expect to f9d "s trace ( ! l>ge am\nt ( s$im5t necess>ily deposit$ dur+ ! :ole or "p ( t long p]iod4 ,accord+ly1 c>eful exam9ation ( ! ,lake ( ,g5eva has %[n t su* accumulations h really be5 =m$1 & t _! progress & am\nt dur+ "p ( ! hi/oric p]iod c be approximately calculat$4 ,:]e ! turbid curr5t ( ! ,rhone ent]s ! /ill wat] ( ! lake1 ! mud sl[ly s9ks to ! bottom4 ,9 ! lapse ( c5turies lay] aft] lay] has be5 ?r[n d[n1 r5d]+ ! lake at ?is "p s5sibly %all[]1 until a l>ge area or delta has be5 fill$ up & conv]t$ into a flat alluvial pla94 ,?us1 a t[n :i* 9 ! "t ( ! ,romans =m$ a h>b\r on ! wat]'s edge1 n[ /&s m ?an a mile & a half inl&4 ,?is new-=m$ l& is entirely ! "w ( ! /ream1 & if we c\ld obta9 a complete section ( x f ! surface to ! bottom1 we %\ld see a great s]ies ( /rata1 probably f #fjj to #ijj feet ?ick 7! suppos$ orig9al dep? ( ! head ( ! lake71 & ne>ly two miles 9 l5g?1 incl9$ at a v slight angle4 ,^! /rata1 :i* are said to h tak5 ab\t eight c5turies to =m1 probably consi/ ( alt]nations ( f9] & co>s] p>ticles2 =1 dur+ ! hott] mon?s1 f ,april to ,augu/1 :5 ! sn[s melt1 ! volume & velocity ( ! riv] are greate/1 & l>ge quantities ( s&1 mud1 vegetable matt]1 & drift-wood1 are introduc$2 b1 dur+ ! re/ ( ! ye>1 ! influx is comp>atively feeble1 s mu* s t ! :ole lake1 accord+ to ,saussure1 /&s six feet l[]4#ee ,if ! pres5t conditions cont9ue = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t1 ! lake may be ev5tually fill$ up ) mud1 s&1 & gravel1 deposits t w\ld ev5tually h>d5 by pressure into %ale & s&/one4 ,s t ! day may yet arrive :5 ! blue wat]s ( ! ,leman lake %all h pass$ away1 :5 ! ,rhone p]*ance may h ceas$ to fl[ or f\nd its way by "s o!r *annel1 :5 ! peasant may guide ! pl\gh :]e n[ ! boatman plies ! o>1 & :5 ! geologi/ %all trace out 9 qu>ries & excavations ! successive deposits ( h>d5$ s$im5t ) _! lacu/r9e %ells & drift-wood1 &1 mus+ on ! *anges ( :i* !y are ! sil5t yet impressive witnesses1 may sit d[n to p5 a record ( ! gradual ext9ction ( ! ,leman lake on t classic gr\nd :]e an immortal hi/orian describ$ ! decl9e & fall ( ! empire ( ,rome4 ,footnote #ee3 ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology4 ,n9? edition1 p4 #beb4 ,! alluvial matt] deposit$ by ! ,rhone at its entrance into ! ,lake ( ,g5eva suff]s p]haps no *ange :5 x once rea*es ! bottom4 ,lay] aft] lay] accumulates tranquilly1 )\t di/urbance f surface curr5ts or o!r causes1 s t ! r5ovat+ effects ( ! /ream h "h e advantage4 ,x is o!rwise1 h[ev]1 :]e a delta ga!rs at ! m\? ( a riv] ^u ! sea-m>g94 ,!re tides & curr5ts are ev] demoli%+ :at ! /ream has pil$ up4 ,(t51 too1 ow+ to ! preval5ce ( high w9ds f seaw>ds1 ! riv] is damm$ up = leagues1 & ! wat]s ( ! ocean encroa* f> on ! delta1 m+l+ 9 ?is way m>9e rema9s ) ^? t are fluviatile or t]re/rial4 ,b ) ^! modifications ! process ( delta-=mation rema9s ess5tially ! same1 bo? 9 lakes & at ! sea4 ,! va/ quantities ( s& & gravel transport$ by riv]s dur+ ! flood-season s9k to ! bottom z soon z ! motion ( ! wat] w p]mit4 ,?is takes place at ! %ore1 :]e ev5tually wide tracts ( l[ alluvial l& encroa* ^u ! sea1 cov]$ ) m>%es & ov]gr[n ) vegetation4 ,a section ( any ( ^! deltas1 obta9$ 9 bor+ = wat]1 %[s a succession ( s&s & clays1 ) occasionally a few calc>e\s b$s & quantities ( peaty matt] =m$ ( vegetation ei!r drift$ or t grew on ! spot4#ef ,if1 n[1 a suffici5t am\nt ( matt] 7 pil$ ov] ^! loose incoh]5t /rata1 !y w\ld ev5tually become z h>d & compact z any ( our ord9>y build+ /ones4 ,! s& w\ld subside into a firm compact s&/one2 ! clay1 9 l mann]1 w\ld consolidate into fissile %ale2 ! peat w\ld become *emically alt]$ into coal2 ! calc>e\s seams w\ld take ! =m ( lay]s ( lime/one2 :ile ! leaves1 twigs1 bran*es1 & trunks1 disp]s$ ?r\gh all ! b$s1 w\ld get black & c>boniz$1 s z precisely to resemble ! lepidod5dra1 calamites1 /igm>i1 c41 ( ! c>bonif]\s rocks4 ,& ?us might a mass ( fossilif]\s /rata1 ?\s&s ( feet deep & ?\s&s ( squ>e miles 9 ext5t1 be amass$ by ! prolong$ op]ation ( a s+le riv]4 ,footnote #ef3 ,! /ructure ( m>itime deltas1 especially _! relation to ! gr[? & entombm5t ( =e/s1 w be m fully allud$ to 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 :5 we come to inquire into ! orig9 ( a coal-field4 ,x (t5 happ5s t a delta is prev5t$ f ext5d+ fur!r seaw>ds ow+ to ! preval5ce ( "s m>9e curr5t t comes sweep+ along ! coa/-l9e & cuts away ! accumulations ?r[n d[n by ! riv]4 ,! s$im5t ?us remov$ is (t5 c>ri$ to great di/ances1 & ev5tually settles d[n z a f9e mud along ! floor ( ! sea1 entomb+ any fucoids1 infusoria1 %ells1 corals1 fi%-bones1 or o!r relics t may lie at ! bottom4 ,he :o has witness$ a /orm along a rocky coa/-l9e1 has m>k$ ! break]s batt]+ aga9/ ! wea!r-blea*$ cliffs1 & he>d ! ?und]-l rattle ( ! %+le at ! recoil ( e wave1 ne$s n to be told h[ va/ an am\nt ( s$im5t mu/ 9 ?is way be =m$4 ,! pebbles ( ! bea* are gr\nd d[n /ill small]1 ! s& produc$ by _! friction f9ds its way to a l[] level1 :ile ! f9] p>ticles tak5 up by ! wat] are borne out to sea1 & if a curr5t trav]se ! locality may be transport$ = leagues1 till !y at la/ settle to ! bottom4 ,! floor ( ! sea is consequ5tly always receiv+ additions 9 ! =m ( f9e mud--! wa/e ( ! l&--d]iv$ ei!r f break]-action1 riv]s1 or iceb]gs1 s t a s]ies ( m>9e deposits exactly simil> to ^? we f9d among ! rocks ( our hills & valleys1 mu/ be con/antly 9 ! c\rse ( =mation4 ,if circum/ances be fav\rable1 ! %+le ( ! bea* may ev5tually ei!r be cov]$ ov] or rea* a "p ( ! sea undi/urb$ by curr5ts or waves1 & !n consolidate into :at we call conglom]ate or pudd+-/one4 ,! s&1 z be=e1 becomes s&/one1 & ! mud lam9at$ %ale or h>d5$ clay4 ,^! deposits may g on =m+ = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 until at la/ "s sl[ elevation or "s sudd5 upheaval ( ! ocean b$ br+s !m to ! light ( day z "p ( a new cont95t4 ,?us expos$ !y w\ld diff] 9 no respect f rocks ( a simil> k9d n[ visible1 & ! geologi/1 9 trac+ out _! orig9 & hi/ory1 w\ld h no hesitation 9 rank+ !m among ! ord9>y m>9e =mations ( ! globe4 ,9 f9e1 we _c quit ! subject )\t be+ conv9c$ t ^! ceaseless *anges af=d "o ( ! gr&e/ examples ( t cont9u\s s]ies ( mutations--cycle & epicycle--:i* has be5 already allud$ to z a di/+ui%+ feature 9 all ! op]ations ( ,nature4 ,we are accu/om$ to ?9k & speak ( ! ev]la/+ hills4 ,we look on ! solid l&s :]eon we dwell z ! emblem ( all t is /able & /eadfa/1 & on ! b\ndless ocean z ! type ( all t is un/eady & *angeful4 ,! travell] :o /&s on ^? pla9s :]e ! human race 0 cradl$1 m>ks /ill ! same valleys ) _! w9d+ riv]s1 /ill ! same rocks & hills1 /ill ! same blue sky ov]head4 ,! du/ ( c5turies has ga!r$ ov] ! graves & ! dwell+s ( ! e>ly races1 yet ! cov]+ is b ?91 & if we c\ld conjure f _! re/+-place "s ( ^! v5]able patri>*s1 !y might p]haps see little or no *ange on ! haunts ( _! boyhood4 ,we feel x o!rwise1 h[ev]1 :5 we contemplate ! ocean4 ,9 sun%9e & 9 /orm its surface nev] re/s4 ,! wave t n[ breaks aga9/ "s bald headl& ( our we/]n %ores may h come sweep+ across f ! coa/ ( ,am]ica1 & ! broad swell t rolls into surf along ! %ores ( ,newf\ndl& may h travell$ f ! froz5 seas ( ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,& s x has ev] be52 ! f> res\nd+ sea ( ,hom] is ! f> res\nd+ sea /ill2 & ! c\ntless dimpl+ ( ! waves1 invok$ 9 8 agony by ! *a9$ ,prome!us1 rema9s re/less & playful z ev]4 ,firm z a rock1 & fickle z ! sea1 h !re=e become prov]bs ( univ]sal acceptance4 ,yet :5 we inve/igate ! matt] z we h done 9 ?is & ! prec$+ *apt]1 x appe>s t an exactly opposite arrangem5t w\ld be ne>] ! tru?4 ,x is ! sea t rema9s con/ant-- ,"t writes no wr9kle on its azure br[2 :ile ! l& und]goes a cont9ual *ange4 ,hills are ins5sibly m\ld]+ away1 valleys are ev] be+ wid5$ & deep5$1 rocky coa/s & l[ alluvial %ores suff] a con/ant abrasion1 :ile ev5 )9 ! b[els ( ! e>? ! process ( decomposition un9t]rupt$ly proce$s4 ,& ?us1 9 place ( rema9+ un*ang$ f ! beg9n+1 we "k ( no?+ m mutable ?an ! l& on :i* we dwell1 s t if ! wa/e ev]y:]e s app>5t 7 to g on un*eck$ or unmodifi$1 isl& & cont95t w\ld ev5tually disappe> b5ea? ! waves4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ano!r pr9ciple comes into op]ation4 ,! debris remov$ f ! l&1 z we h se51 is n annihilat$4 ,sl[ly borne seaw>ds1 x settles d[n at riv] m\?s or on ! floor ( ! ocean z an ev]-?ick5+ deposit1 :i* ev5tually h>d5s into rock1 z solid & endur+ z t :5ce x 0 d]iv$4 ,b x does n always rema9 !re4 ,ow+ to ! action ( subt]ranean ag5cies ) :i* we are b slightly acqua9t$1 diff]5t p>ts ( ! sea-bottom are cont9ually ris+4 ,sometimes ?is process goes on v sl[ly1 z along ! %ores ( ,sw$51 :]e ! coa/ has be5 asc]ta9$ to em]ge 9 "s localities at ! rate ( ab\t ?irty in*es 9 a c5tury2 sometimes ) prodigi\s rapidity1 z on ! coa/ ( ,*ili1 :]e ! l& 0 upheav$ f two to sev5 feet 9 a s+le night4 ,!re c ?us be no d\bt t ! my/]i\s ag5cy :i* produces e>?quakes & volcanoes on ! l& affects equally t portion ( ! e>?'s cru/ cov]$ by ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 & mu/ be ceaselessly employ$ 9 elevat+ l>ge areas ( sea-bottom into new cont95ts1 t w ere long become clo!d ) vegetation & peopl$ ) animals4 ,9 contemplat+1 !re=e1 ! con/ant decay 9 progress on ! surface ( ! l&1 we see n a m]e isolat$ process ( wa/e1 b a provision = future r5ovation4 ,! s&/one cliffs ( ! %ore are batt]$ d[n & _! debris c>ri$ out to sea1 b :5 sea-bottom comes to be l&-surface1 !y may be s&/one cliffs aga91 la%$ once m by ! break]s1 & once m borne z s$im5t to ! dep?s ( ! sea4 ,& ?us1 9 :at may seem to u sublime antagonism1 l& is ev] ris+ 9 ! doma9 ( ocean1 & ocean ev] encroa*+ on ! regions ( l&4 ,no soon] does a new isl&1 or m\nta9 peak1 or wide area ( cont95t1 appe> above ! waves1 ?an ! abrad+ ag5cies are at "w aga94 ,ra91 air1 fro/1 riv]s1 curr5ts1 break]s1 all beg9 anew ! process ( de/ruction1 & cease n until ! l& has utt]ly disappe>$1 & its worn debris has sunk 9 mid-ocean to be 9 process ( "t once m dry l&1 & suff] ano!r sl[ process ( oblit]ation4 ,su* is ! economy ( nature ar\nd u n[1 & t su* w cont9ue to rema9 ! condition ( ?+s 9 ! future1 we c affirm ) probability f a consid]ation ( ! hi/ory ( ! pa/4 ,! geologi/ c po9t to masses ( rock sev]al miles 9 ?ickness1 & occupy+ a l>ge area ( ! globe1 =m$ entirely ( ! worn debris ( pre-exi/+ =mations4 ,! v olde/ rocks ) :i* he is acqua9t$ are made up ( h>d5$ s$im5t1 po9t+ to ! exi/5ce ( "s l&1 ev5 at t e>ly p]iod1 worn d[n by riv]s or wa/$ by ! sea4 ,dur+ all ! subsequ5t ages ! same pr9ciples 7 at "w1 & n[ well-nigh ! only evid5ce ( ! geological p]iods is to be ga!r$ f ! lay]s ( s$im5t t successively settl$ d[n at ! sea-bottom4 ,! records :i* x is ! task ( ! geologi/ to deciph]1 are = ! mo/ "p writt5 9 s& & mud--! deposits ( ! ocean1 = 9 by f> ! l>g] numb] ( =mations into :i* ! /ratifi$ "p ( ! e>?'s cru/ has be5 divid$1 & :i* =m 8 only guide to ! hi/ory ( ! pa/1 he c detect no trace ( l&4 ,hill & valley h alike disappe>$1 & ! "* ( _! sc5]y & inhabitants he c (t5 b dimly conjecture f ! nature ( ! s$im5t & ( ! drift$ t]re/rial relics t may *ance to be f\nd among /rata :olly m>9e4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,! /ructure ( ! /ratifi$ "p ( ! e>?'s cru/ conv5i5tly /udi$ by ! exam9ation ( a s+le =mation--,a coal-field select$ = ?is purpose--,illu/ration ( ! pr9ciples necess>y to su* an inve/igation--,! antiquities ( a c\ntry ( value 9 compil+ its pre-hi/oric annals--,geological antiquities equally valuable & m satisfactorily arrang$--,ord] ( sup]position ( /ratifi$ =mations--,ea* =mation conta9s its own suite ( organic rema9s--,! age ( ! b\ld] def9$ by ?is te/ f fossils--,ea* =mation z a rule %ades into ! adjac5t ones--,m9]al sub/ances *iefly compos+ ! /ratifi$ rocks few 9 numb]--,n ( mu* value 9 !mselves z a te/ ( age--,! ,mid-,lo?ian coal-bas9--,its subdivisions--,! lime/one ( ,burdieh\se--,its fossil rema9s--,its probable orig9--,c>bonif]\s lime/one s]ies ( ,mid-,lo?ian--,its relation to t ( ,engl&--,its organic rema9s totally diff]5t f ^? ( ,burdieh\se--,/ructure & sc5]y ( ,roman ,camp ,hill--,its qu>ries ( ! m\nta9 lime/one--,fossils ( ^! qu>ries indicative ( an anci5t ocean-b$--,orig9 ( ! lime/ones--,simil> =mations /ill 9 progress--,coral-reefs & _! calc>e\s silt--,sunset among ! old qu>ries ( ,roman ,camp ,hill4 ,among ! /&>d jokes ( anci5t ,a!ns 0 t ( ! simpleton :o1 ) ! int5t ( sell+ 8 h\se1 c>ri$ ab\t a brick z a specim54 ,9 ?is & ! foll[+ *apt] ,i propose to foll[ 8 example1 &1 = ! purpose ( giv+ my read] a correct notion ( ! /ructure display$ 9 ! /ratifi$ portion ( ! e>?'s cru/1 to select !refrom a s+le =mation ^: details w connect toge!r ! subjects discuss$ 9 ! previ\s pages4 ,& 9 s do+ x w1 ,i tru/1 be f\nd t :at 0 ludicr\s 9 ! h&s ( ! ,greek becomes sob] s5se 9 ^? ( ! geologi/4 ,! brick1 !n1 :i* ,i w\ld humbly pres5t to ! ?\ghtful consid]ation ( ! read] z really a specim5 ( ! h\se ( :i* x =ms a "p1 has be5 t]m$ ! ,c>bonif]\s ,sy/em1 & consi/s ( a s]ies ( /ratifi$ rocks sometimes ne>ly #ae1jjj feet ?ick4 ,! plants & animals f\nd 9 ^! /rata h be5 already describ$ some:at 9 detail1 & we h turn$ aside to look at ! processes :]eby su* masses ( s$im5t>y rock came to be accumulat$4 ,b we %all probably bett] und]/& ! habits ( ! animals & ! g5]al aspect ( ! vegetation1 z well z ! ag5cies at "w 9 deposit+ va/ b$s ( m9]al matt]1 if we take a coal-field & analyse x /ratum by /ratum1 m>k+ z we g _! v>i$ & ev]-*ang+ "*1 & ! correspond+ div]sity ( ! includ$ organic rema9s4 ,su* an exam9ation w br+ be=e u "s ( ! m /rik+ & important laws ( geological rese>*1 & :ile ( use to ! "y obs]v]1 may be n )\t "s %>e ( int]e/ to ! g5]al read]4 ,be=e beg9n+1 h[ev]1 let me endeav\r to illu/rate ! pr9ciples t w guide u by a simple ?\gh hypo!tical /ory4 ,suppose ! b$ ( ! ,fir? ( ,=? 7 rais$ above ! level ( ! sea & cov]$ ov] ) v]dure1 & t1 9 ignorance ( ! previ\s topography ( ! locality1 a mason 7 to excavate on ! lately-born l& ! f\ndation = a dwell+-h\se4 ,imm$iately bel[ ! grass he w\ld com8 ^u lay]s ( h>d5$ mud conta9+ oy/]-b$s1 ) deta*$ valves ( cockles1 mussels1 fi%-bones1 & p]haps ! too? ( an an*or or ! timb] ( "s old h]r+-boat4 ,n[1 if he 7 gift$ ) b ord9>y intellig5ce1 :at w\ld he at once conclude f ^! rema9s8 ,pla9ly1 t ! spot on :i* he /ood _h once be5 ! b$ ( ! sea4 ,& if 9 place ( appe>+ z dry mud & s& ^! deposits _h got h>d5$ into %ale & s&/one1 & ! %ells1 too1 _h become h>d & /ony1 ?is w\ld n alt] 8 convictions4 ,he w\ld /ill ass]t positively t he /ood ^u an old sea-bottom4 ,& suppose fur!r1 t all ?is 7 f> away f any sea1 /ill su* a circum/ance c\ld make no *ange 9 8 op9ion2 he w\ld rightly ass]t t ! place ( sea & l& might v>y1 & t ! ocean's be+ n[ _m miles di/ant c\ld be no argum5t aga9/ ! waves hav+ once roll$ ov] ! site ( ! int5d$ dwell+-h\se4 ,let u fur!r imag9e t he cont9ues 8 tr5*1 & 9 s9k+ deep] comes to a b$ ( d>k peat ) snail-%ells & bones ( %eep1 de]1 & ox54 ,:at w he inf] f ^!8 ,cle>ly t !y repres5t an old l&-surface1 once cov]$ ) vegetation & br[s$ ov] by rum9ant animals1 & t ?is old l&-surface has at "s di/ant p]iod be5 subm]g$ b5ea? ! sea4 ,suppose1 moreov]1 t bel[ ! peat !re 7 a ?9 b$ ( re$s & ru%es int]m+l$ ) ! m\ld]+ rema9s ( fre%-wat] %ells4 ,he w\ld 9 t case inf] t be=e ! =mation ( ! peat ! locality 0 occupi$ by a lake4 ,putt+ n[ all ^! d$uctions toge!r1 our mason w\ld h evolv$ a v int]e/+ hi/ory4 ,he w\ld h asc]ta9$ t 9 a bygone age ! spot on :i* he /ood 0 ! site ( a lake1 t5ant$ by delicate %ells & fr+$ ) re$s & ru%es1 :]e ! coot & ! mall>d may h re>$ _! "y2 t 9 process ( "t ! vegetation ga9$ ^u ! wat]1 *ok+ up ! lake1 s z gradually to =m a soil firm en\gh to support %eep1 de]1 & ox51 & yield+ %ady cov]ts :i!r ! antl]$ /ag c\ld retire & lay him d[n to die2 t 9 aft] ye>s ! sea _h encroa*$ ^u ! peat-moss1 & oy/]-b$s begun to =m :]e cattle _h be5 wont to br[se2 t aga9 ! ocean rec$$1 & ! l& em]g$ to assume new v]dure & receive new inhabitants4 ,n[1 9 all ?is reason+ !re is no hypo!sis or speculation4 ,! mason proves himself an intellig5t1 hone/ fell[1 & uses 8 eyes & 8 head :]e _m o!r m5 w\ld p]*ance see v little ne$ = ! use ( ei!r4 ,!re c be no sett+ aside ( 8 /ory2 he c appeal to facts4 ,!re1 says he1 is a lay] ( peat ) ! ru%-/alks & moss-fibres matt$ toge!r 9 ! s(t br[n m\ld]+ sub/ance1 exactly z ,i h se5 !m a hundr$ times 9 ! peat-cutt+s on ! moors1 & ,i _c b believe t !y mu/ bo? h _h ! same orig91 t is1 t !y grew 9 swampy holl[s ( ! l&4 ,!re1 too1 lies a /ratum ( fre%-wat] %ells id5tical ) ^? t occur 9 our ponds & m>%es4 ,al?\gh m\ld]+ n[1 !y are evid5tly n fragm5t>y1 b entire & unbrok52 "s ( !m are "y1 o!rs full-gr[n1 & !y lie gr\p$ toge!r z 9 our pres5t lakes4 ,su* %ells c\ld only live 9 fre% wat]1 !re=e ! spot :]e ,i /& mu/ h be5 at "o "t a fre%-wat] lake4 ,!re1 aga91 he cont9ues1 is a b$ ( oy/]s :i* _c h be5 transport$ hi!r1 = _! valves are toge!r1 ly+ j z !y d 9 our pres5t oy/]-b$s4 ,?is gre5 field1 !re=e1 mu/ h be5 at "o p]iod a muddy sea-bottom4 ,aft] ?is mann] & ^u ?is k9d ( evid5ce mu/ all inquiries into ! pa/ *anges ( ! e>?'s surface be conduct$4 ,& provid$ only we proce$ cauti\sly1 reason+ f positive facts1 & /riv+ z f> z possible to exhau/ :at ,bacon calls ! negative in/ances1 our d$uctions possess all ! c]ta9ty ( tru?4 ,= 9 mu* ! same fa%ion d we d]ive no small "p ( our acqua9tance ) ! e>ly hi/ory ( our own l&1 z well z ) ! arts & cu/oms ( o!r nations4 ,! scatt]$ relics turn$ up by ! op]ations ( ! f>m]--wood5 canoes1 fl9t hat*ets1 gold torques1 bronze pots1 fragm5ts ( pott]y1 & ru/y co9s--all h _! be>+ ^u ! annals ( ! c\ntry1 & s cle> is ! evid5ce :i* !y read out t an em95t antiqu>y has divid$ ! e>ly ages ( ,scotl& into ?ree p]iods1 di/+ui%$1 f ! "* ( _! relics1 z ! ,/one ,p]iod1 ! ,bronze ,p]iod1 & ! ,iron ,p]iod4#eg ,b 9 su* a classification ! hi/orian has little to guide him save ! nature ( ! relics !mselves4 ,he places ! rude/ fir/1 & gr\ps ! re/ 9 succession1 accord+ to ! degree ( advancem5t 9 civilisation :i* !y respectively indicate4 ,& ! gr\p+ seems j1 ?\gh 9 "s cases objects belong+ to two ( ^! p]iods may h be5 to "s ext5t contemporane\s1 j z ?at*$ ro(s gave way to tiles1 tiles to slates1 & slates p>tly to lead1 ?\gh at ! pres5t day a walk ( half an h\r 9 "s localities w br+ be=e u specim5s ( all ^! /yles /ill 9 use4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! relics ( geological hi/ory lay scatt]$ ab\t l ^? ( e>ly ,scotti% hi/ory1 all hope ( ev] atta9+ to any?+ l a correct *ronology & arrangem5t w\ld h to be ab&on$ 9 despair4 ,9 tru?1 x w\ld !n be impossible to conjecture :e!r any succession ( ages prec$$ man1 dur+ :i* o!r tribes ( plants & animals liv$ & di$1 or :e!r ! :ole mass ( fossilif]\s rocks _h be5 accumulat$ s9ce ! human era1 or p]haps creat$ j z we f9d !m4 ,b all ?is unc]ta9ty & confusion has be5 obviat$ simply by ! fossils be+ rang$ 9 b$s v]tically above ea* o!r1 ! olde/ at ! bottom & ! late/ at ! top4 ,s t if we f9d 9 a l[ cliff along ! %ore bl[n s& & brok5 :elks imm$iately b5ea? ! vegetable m\ld1 & oy/]-valves 9 a clayey b$ ?ree feet bel[1 we pron\nce ! oy/]s to h liv$ be=e ! :elks1 & t betwe5 _! respective lifetimes a suffici5t int]val mu/ h elaps$ to all[ ?ree feet ( s&1 clay1 & gravel1 to accumulate4 ,:at is ?us true on ! small scale holds equally s on ! l>ge4 ,! /ratifi$ =mations 9 :i* organic rema9s occur are f\nd to be gr\p$ regul>ly ov] ea* o!r 9 a settl$ inv>iable ord]4 ,if ,a be bel[ ,b 9 ,engl& x w be bel[ ,b all ov] ! _w1 & if ,c be above ,d at ! ,nor? ,pole x w be s at ! ,s\? ,pole too1 & at e locality :]e ! two rocks lie toge!r4 ,?is ord] ( sup]position =ms "o ( ! gr& te/s = ! age ( diff]5t rock masses4 ,by means ( ?is simple rule ! geologi/ has be5 enabl$ to arrange ! diff]5t /ratifi$ =mations1 supply+ ! miss+ portions ( "o locality f ! m complete s]ies ( ano!r1 s z to =m a *ronological table ( no small "p ( our planet's primeval hi/ory4 ,footnote #eg3 ,see ,dr4 ,daniel ,wilson's deeply int]e/+ "w ,! ,pre-hi/oric ,annals ( ,scotl&4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,we mu/ att5d to ! "* ( ! organisms z well z to _! ord] ( occurr5ce4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% ! animal f ! vegetable1 ! t]re/rial f ! m>9e1 & scrupul\sly exam9e ! peculi>ities ( ea* s z to recognise !m aga9 9 o!r /rata4 ,by su* c>eful scrut9y we may trace out ! successive *anges 9 ! physical aspect ( a di/rict dur+ pa/ times1 view+ 9 t]re/rial plants 7:5 cle>ly occupy+ _! orig9al site7 evid5ce ( an old l&-surface2 9 cyprides1 unios1 & palud91 traces ( a =m] lake2 & 9 corals & m>9e %ells1 unmi/akable pro(s ( an anci5t sea-bottom4 ,/ill fur!r1 by m>k+ ! specific "* ( su* fossils we obta9 a key to ! age ( _m rocks t o!rwise w\ld be un9telligible1 = x is f\nd t ea* ( ! /ratifi$ =mations1 f ! olde/ upw>ds1 has its own peculi> & *>act]i/ic organisms recognisable all ov] ! _w4 ,?is te/ ( ! geological position & age ( any fossilif]\s rock has a peculi> value1 = x c be appli$ ) infallible success :]e e o!r fails4 ,! ord] ( sup]position is (t5 obscur$ by dislocations & o!r causes1 & ! m9]alogical texture ( a =mation may *ange entirely 9 a %ort space2 b if ! imb$d$ fossils rema91 we c be at no loss z to ! relation%ip ( ! rock :i* conta9s !m4 ,& h5ce1 if 9 "s lone isl& ( ! ,hebrides1 haunt$ only by ! scream+ sea-f[l1 we f9d a pat* ( %ale conta9+ ammonites1 belemnites1 & a ho/ ( o!r %ells 9 l>ge measure id5tical ) ^? occurr+ among ! clays & lime/ones ( ,gl\ce/]%ire1 we inf] t !y mu/ all belong to "o s]ies & be ( ! same age2 t1 z we "k ! ,engli% b$s to =m "p ( a =mation call$ ,lias1 ( :i*1 ! exact place 9 ! geological scale has be5 asc]ta9$1 s 9 l mann] ! ,scotti% b$s mu/ occupy a position 9 ! same s]ies2 & t consequ5tly !re 0 a "t :5 ! site ( ,*elt5ham & "p ( ! ,hebrides lay ea* b5ea? a sea :i* teem$ ) ammonites1 belemnites1 & _m o!r mollusca1 along1 too1 ) ! bulky saurians ( ! ,lias4 ,& yet no /udy ( ! surr\nd+ rocks 9 ! nor!rn locality1 ev5 if c>ri$ on = a ?\s& ye>s1 c\ld ev] h ?r[n "o ray ( light ^u ! subject4 ,9 an e>li] page our grey r\nd$ b\ld] 0 introduc$ to ! read] z a mass ( s&/one belong+ to ! ,c>bonif]\s gr\p ( rocks4 ,h[ c\ld "o be sure ( ! precise geological age ( a loose wat]-worn block t might h j\rney$ all r\nd ! _w8 ,simply by its includ$ fossils4 ,! calamite1 lepidod5dron1 & /igm>ia1 reveal$ ! date ( ! /one z cle>ly & unmi/akably z if we _h se5 x lift$ f its orig9al b$ by ! lev] & crane ( ! qu>ryman4 ,^! plants are peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,c>bonif]\s /rata1 & !y consequ5tly /amp z und\bt$ly ( c>bonif]\s age ! rock :i* conta9s !m1 :e!r x be s&/one or conglom]ate1 lime/one or %ale1 & :e!r we meet ) x among ! newly-rais$ blocks ( ! qu>ry1 or among ! pebbles ( ! sea-%ore4 ,ea* geological =mation1 ,i repeat1 beg9n+ at ! olde/ kn[n to u1 & end+ ) ^? t are /ill =m+ 9 our lakes & seas1 has its own set ( organic rema9s :]eby we c detect x :]ev] x may *ance to occur1 f ! equator to ! poles4 ,ea* has its /yle1 s to speak1 j z we c at once tell :e!r a draw+ repres5ts a ,h9doo1 ,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 ,greek1 or ,go?ic temple1 simply f ! g5]al /yle ( ! ar*itecture4 ,c\ld we b voyage back 9 "t z we c sail =w>d 9 space1 we %\ld f9d ea* ( ! geological =mations n less cle>ly def9$ ?an are ! diff]5t nations & c\ntries ( ! pres5t day4#eh ,7 ! read] sudd5ly set d[n 9 an out-(-!-way /reet ( ,p>is1 he w\ld probably n be long 9 discov]+ t he /ood on ,fr5* gr\nd4 ,or if spirit$ away 9 8 sleep he %\ld awake on ! banks ( ! ,nile1 he w\ld soon asc]ta9 himself to be 9 ! l& ( ! ,ptolemies4 ,& s if y transport$ a geologi/ bl9dfold into a qu>ry :]e ammonites & belemnites ab\nd$1 m+l$ "h & !re ) bones ( i*?yosaurs & plesiosaurs1 he w\ld tell y at once t ! qu>ry lay among liassic /rata4 ,or if he 7 plac$ 9 a rav9e :]e ! rocks on ei!r h& display$ f]n-/ems1 lepidod5dra1 /igm>i1 & sigill>i1 he w\ld tell y t ! surr\nd+ di/rict 0 "o ( c>bonif]\s rocks1 & t probably at no great di/ance !re might be f\nd smok+ eng9es & doz5s ( coal-pits4 ,or c\ld y set him d[n 9 "s d>k night ^u a wild coa/-l9e1 & %[ him1 p]*ance by ! fl>e ( tor*-light1 bones & scales ( o/eolepis1 pt]i*?ys1 & dipt]us1 ly+ on ! rocks ar\nd1 he w\ld tell y t ! grim crags :i* %ot up into ! gloom 7 z anci5t z ! era ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,9 any case ! "* ( ! rock w\ld signify no?+1 nor w\ld he c>e ab\t ! g5]al features ( ! l&scape1 ?\gh ^! too become important *>act]i/ics 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,%[ him b a few recognisable fossils1 & y give him1 z x 71 an ,op5 ,sesame to :i* ! rocks unfold _! gates & reveal a /ore ( wond]s yet m v>i$ ?an ^? 9 ! cave ( ,ali ,baba4 ,footnote #eh3 ,see ante1 pp4 #ca1 #cb1 & ! ,table ( ,rocks at ! end ( ! volume4 ,b ?\gh ! geological sy/ems /& ?us /rongly m>k$ (f f ea* o!r :5 view$ z a :ole1 _! b\nd>y l9es c (t5 be only approximately drawn1 !reby rem9d+ u t ! divisions are ( man's device1 & c h _h no place 9 ! plans ( ,him :o ne$s n to *ronicle ,8 work+ by ye>s & ages1 b ) :om !re is no pa/ & no future4 ,"o =mation ins5sibly passes into ano!r j z "o nation m]ges into ^? ar\nd x4 ,!re are sometimes gaps1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! =mations1 s]v+ to m>k out /rongly ! limits ( ea*1#ei precisely z int]v5+ seas & m\nta9-*a9s s]ve to m>k put ! b\nd>ies ( diff]5t peoples & tribes4 ,footnote #ei3 ,su* cases1 h[ev]1 are probably m]ely local1 & may h orig9at$ f "s features 9 ! anci5t physical geography ( ! di/ricts :]e !y occur4 ,= in/ance1 x has always be5 ?\ght t palozoic ages 7 m>k$ (f by a /rong l9e ( dem>cation f succe$+ second>y times4 ,b ! gap :i* occurs 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 is be+ sl[ly fill$ up f ! evid5ce furni%$ by o!r c\ntries1 & we %all probably f9d 9 ! end t ! ,p]mian dovetail$ ) ! ,trias z closely z ! ,silurian ) ! ,old ,r$1 or ! ,lias ) ! ,oolite4 ,9 tru?1 ! long] we /udy ! pa/ hi/ory ( our planet ! less d we see ( hiatus & *asm & %>p cle>ly def9$ b\nd>y l9e2 :ile ! doctr9e ( a uni=m sy/em ( laws & arrangem5ts 9 ! physical _w1 fir/ philosophically prop\nd$ 9 ! immortal ,pr9ciples ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 is ev] receiv+ fre% confirmation4 ,! m9]al sub/ances ( :i* ^! =mations consi/ are comp>atively few 9 numb]1 be+ *iefly v>ieties ( s&/one1 %ale1 conglom]ate1 & lime/one4 ,"o s&/one c (t5 be sc>cely di/+ui%$ f ano!r1 & s also ) ! o!r rocks2 h5ce su* te/s z m9]alogical texture supplies c seldom be reli$ on to det]m9e ! age ( rocks4 ,we c prove1 = example1 t a s]ies ( lime/ones 9 ,engl& may be id5tical 9 age ) a set ( s&/ones 9 ,sw$51 & ) a gr\p ( %ales 9 ,am]ica1 because !y all conta9 ! same or repres5tative g5]a & species ( organic rema9s4 ,!y occupy ! same position 9 ! geological scale2 t is1 ! animals ^: fossiliz$ rema9s lie buri$ 9 ^! rocks 7 all liv+ at ! same "t1 :ile lime 0 ga!r+ at ! sea-bottom ov] ! site ( "p ( ,engl&1 & s& 0 be+ ?r[n d[n ^u a portion ( :at is n[ ,sw$51 & mud 0 accumulat+ ov] a subm]g$ area ( ,am]ica4 ,9 su* cases ! diff]5ces ( m9]alogical "* g = no?+ 9 det]m9+ ! age ( ! rocks2 we h to rely solely on ! emb$d$ fossils1 & on ! ord] ( sup]position4 ,keep+ 9 view1 !n1 t ! =mations into :i* ! geologi/ has gr\p$ ! /ratifi$ portion ( ! e>?'s cru/ h a settl$ & inv>iable ord] ( occurr5ce1 t ea* ( !m conta9s its own peculi> & *>act]i/ic gr\p ( organic rema9s :]eby x c be recognis$ 9 any "p ( ! _w1 & t su* rema9s =m (t5 ! sole te/ at once ( ! geologic age & ( ! orig9 ( ! rocks :]e9 !y lie1 we may return to ! plan above propos$ & endeav\r to und]/& ! /ructure ( a coal-field4 ,= ?is purpose x may be well to select "o ( ! nor!rn coal-fields ( ,brita91 s9ce ^! p]haps display a great] v>iety 9 _! organic cont5ts1 & be> evid5ce ( m div]sifi$ *anges 9 _! mode ( =mation ?an c be se5 9 ^? ( ! s\?4 ,! /rata t compose ! coal-bas9 ( ,mid-,lo?ian w probably be/ suit our purpose1 z !y are free f ! di/urb+ effects ( ^? igne\s intrusions :i* play s important a "p among simil> rocks to ! nor? & we/4 ,! ,mid-,lo?ian coal-field comprises a mass ( /ratifi$ b$s ( s&/one1 %ale1 coal1 iron/one1 & lime/one1 ! unit$ dep? ( ! :ole be+ above #cjjj feet4 ,by ref]5ce to ! annex$ ,table x w be se5 t ! l[e/ b$s ( ! section are *iefly s&/ones & %ales1 ext5d+ d[nw>ds to an unkn[n dep?1 )\t any coal t c be pr(itably work$4 ,^! "u-/rata =m ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s gr\p4 ,above !m comes a middle zone 9 :i* ! *>act]i/ic b$s are ( lime/one1 compris+ ! middle portion or ,m\nta9 ,lime/one ( ! ,scotti% ,c>bonif]\s rocks4 ,! ?ird & highe/ subdivision =ms ! ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s gr\p or true ,coal ,measures1 & con/itutes ! :ole ( :at is prop]ly ! ,mid-,lo?ian coal-field4 ,= ! sake ( not+ "s ( ! rem>kable *anges exhibit$ 9 ! "* ( ! rocks1 x may be well to beg9 our survey among ! upp] b$s ( ! "u gr\p4 ,let u take z our base ! fam\s lime/one ( ,burdieh\se1 & "w our way upw>d ?r\gh ! f\r ?\s& feet ( /rata t lie pil$ above x4 ,,v]tical ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,mid-,,lo?ian ,,coal-,,field4 ,,upp] ,,c>bonif]\s ,,or ,,coal-,,measures4 _/ _/ ,a s]ies ( s&/ones1 %ales1 & fire-clays1 ) int]b$d$ ,flat ,coal ,gr\p4 _/ seams ( coal occupy+ ! 7,above #ajjj feet47 c5tral area ( ,mid-,lo?ian coal-field4 ------------------ _/ ,a great s]ies ( s&/ones & %ales ) ?ree seams ( _/ ,roslyn ,s&/one _/ m>9e lime/one 7m>k$ "h ,gr\p4 by dott$ l9es71 ,) ! 7,ab\t #aejj feet47 exception ( "o or two ?9 seams x conta9s no coal1 & s]ves 9 ?is way to m>k (f ! coal- be>+ b$s above f ! /ill ri*] coal-be>+ b$s bel[4 ------------------ _/ ,a gr\p ( s&/ones & ,edge ,coal ,gr\p4 _/ %ales simil> to ^? at ! 7#hjj-ijj feet47 top1 & l !m ab\nd+ 9 coal seams1 "s ( :i* are ?ick & valuable4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,c>bonif]\s ,,lime/ones4 _/ ,roman ,camp _/ ,a set ( m>9e lime/ones ,lime/ones4 int]calat$ ) s&/ones1 7#aej-bjj feet47 %ales1 & a few seams ( coal4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,l[] ,,c>bonif]\s4 _/ ,burdieh\se _/ ,s&/ones & %ales ext5d+ ,lime/one4 to an unkn[n dep?1 (t5 7#bg feet47 ) seams ( dull-grey compact _/ lime/one1 r>ely ( coal4 ,! ,?ickness ( ,l[] b$s become v r$ t[>ds ,c>bonif]\s ,rocks ! base1 & :olly devoid ( unkn[n1 b fossils4 probably great] ?an t ( ! upp]4 ,! ,burdieh\se lime/one is tw5ty-sev5 feet ?ick1 ( a yell[i% or blui%-grey col\r1 v compact1 spl9t]y1 & (t5 fissile 9 /ructure1 ) a f9ely /rip$ & lam9at$ appe>ance1 :i* probably indicates a sl[ & tranquil orig94 ,x is ,cr[d$ ) fossils1 e fragm5t :5 tak5 up %[+ its se$-cone1 f]n-/em1 fi%-scale1 or m9ute cyprides4 ,all ! plants seem to belong to t]re/rial species1 & h a brok5 & (t5 a mac]at$ look4 ,manife/ly !y nev] grew :]e we n[ f9d _! rema9s2 !y mu/ h come drift+ d[n f swamp1 or jungle1 or hill-side4 ,& s we come to "k t dur+ ! lat] ages ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 !re lay some:]e 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,burdieh\se a l& clo!d ) f]ns & club-mosses1 & ?r\gh ^: swampy holl[s !re spread a network ( /igm>i1 :ile sigill>i wav$ _! fronds high ov]head4 ,f :at has be5 said on a previ\s page we may inf] t ! climate ( ! old l& 0 moi/ & equable l t ( ,new ,zeal&1 n\ri%+ a prolific gr[? ( f]ns & o!r plants comp>atively l[ 9 ! botanical scale4 ,! sc5]y ( ! vegetation display$ p]haps no great v>iety ( outl9e1 b exhibit$ r an endless succession ( ! same graceful =ms4 ,b ! lime/one pres5ts u ) o!r rema9s ?an m]ely ^? ( t]re/rial plants4 ,x displays 9 abundance ! m9ute dissev]$ cases ( cypris1 ! small cru/ace\s animal describ$ above4 ,rec5t species ( ?is g5us inhabit /agnant ponds or ! bottoms ( g5tly-fl[+ riv]s1 & we h5ce inf] t ! anci5t species mu/ 9 l mann] h possess$ a simil> habitat1 & consequ5tly t ! rocks :i* pres]ve _! rema9s mu/ h be5 deposit$ 9 fre% 7or1 p]haps1 bracki%7 wat]4 ,tri$ by ?is te/ ! ,burdieh\se lime/one mu/ be reg>d$ z a lacu/r9e1 or m probably a fluviatile =mation1 :i* ga!r$ sl[ly on an undi/urb$ bottom sw>m+ ) cru/aceans & pl5tifully cov]$ ) leaves1 bran*es1 rootlets1 & o!r fragm5ts ( t]re/rial plants br\ght d[n by /reams f ! adjo9+ l&4 ,?us ! inf]5ces drawn f ! num]\s plants1 & f ! c\ntless multitude ( cypris-cases1 come to be mutually corroborative4 ,! =m] tell u ( "s neighb\r+ =e/-cov]$ c\ntry2 ! latt] lead u1 z x 71 into its riv]-m\?s1 :5ce we c descry ! wav+ woods on ei!r side4 ,/ill we h n exhau/$ all ! fossil rema9s ( ! ,burdieh\se rocks4 ,m+l$ among ! /ems ( f]ns & lepidod5dra1 & ! scatt]$ valves ( ! cyprides1 lie ! scales1 tee?1 & bones1 ( sev]al l>ge ganoidal fi%es1 along ) entire specim5s ( ! small] g5]a4 ,! scales ( holopty*ius are especially abundant1 (t5 cr[d$ toge!r by doz5s1 & probably n f> out ( ! arrangem5t !y _h :5 gr\p$ on ! body ( ! liv+ animal4 ,deta*$ tee? ( ! same fi% also frequ5tly occur along ) disjo9t$ int]nal bones4 ,! rema9s ( ! contempor>y megali*?ys likewise ab\nd1 m p>ticul>ly ! scales1 :i* h a f9e nut-br[n col\r1 & dot ! surface ( ! rock ) _! bright glitt]+ enamel4 ,sev]al o!r small] ganoids may be met )1 especially a small & elegant species ( ,paloniscus 7,p4 ,robisoni71 & "o ( ,eurynotus1 a fi% rem>kable = ! great size ( its dorsal f94 ,n uncommon1 too1 are ! i*?yodoralites ( a gigantic placoid--! ,gyracan?us =mosus--) all _! delicately-frett$ ornam5t & a peculi> cry/all9e gli/5+ surface :5 brok5 across1 :]eby ! smalle/ fragm5t c be easily di/+ui%$ f any o!r bone 9 ! lime/one4 ,su* are ! i*?yic rema9s ( ! ,burdieh\se b$s2 :at d$uctions c be legitimately drawn f !m8 ,z be=e1 we mu/ h rec\rse to ! analogy ( liv+ nature4 ,! exi/+ ganoidal fi%es *iefly inhabit lakes & riv]s1 especially ne> ! conflu5ce ( ! latt] ) ! ocean4 ,!y fe$ on ! decay+ matt] br\ght d[n f ! l&1 or on ! m9ute ,cru/acea t sw>m ^u ! riv]-bottom4 ,if1 z seems probable1 ! anci5t ganoids _h habits simil> to ^? ( _! pres5t repres5tatives1 !n ! rocks :]e9 _! rema9s occur abundantly may h orig9at$ on riv]-bottoms1 & su* may h be5 ! case at ,burdieh\se4 ,s t "h aga9 we h corroborative evid5ce ( ! fluviatile orig9 ( ! lime/one 9 "q4 ,b besides ! rema9s ( ganoidal fi%es !re occur ! def5sive sp9es ( placoids4 ,n[1 ! placoids are emphatically m>9e fi%es1 & ! sole liv+ repres5tative ( ! mo/ anci5t g5]a ( ?is ord] is ! ,port-,jackson %>k1 t haunts ! seas r\nd ,au/ralia4 ,! i*?yodorulites ( ,burdieh\se1 !re=e1 if we w\ld apply analogy consi/5tly1 mu/ be reg>d$ z ! relics ( m>9e species4 ,& ?is conclusion1 too1 w be f\nd 9 entire h>mony ) ^? already obta9$1 = if we are "r 9 assum+ ! ,burdieh\se /rata to h orig9at$ at a riv]-bottom1 p>ticul>ly ne> ! sea1 we may expect to f9d ! rema9s ( m>9e pr$ace\s fi%es imb$d$ 9 ! s$im5t t ga!r$ !re1 j z ! tee? ( ! %>k may be pres]v$ among ! mud =m+ 9 ! upp] rea*es ( _m ,briti% e/u>ies1 see+ t n a few in/ances are kn[n :]e t fi% has be5 /r&$ on su* %ores z ^? ( ! high] p>ts ( ! ,fir? ( ,=?4 ,^! ,burdieh\se i*?yodorulites give positive pro( t ! lime/one c\ld n h orig9at$ 9 a lake1 & ! only explanation left is t ( a riv]-bottom4 ,b x may p]haps be object$ t1 aft] all1 ^! fi%-rema9s are = ! mo/ "p fragm5t>y1 & may consequ5tly be drift$ specim5s1 s t no conclusion z to ! s\rce ( ! rock c be bas$ on _! occurr5ce !re4 ,! imb$d$ l&-plants confess$ly came f "s di/ance1 :y may n ! same h be5 ! case ) ! bones & scales ( ! riv]-haunt+ ganoid fi%es8 ,&1 inde$1 did we reg>d ^! fi%-bones & scales m]ely 9 !mselves1 ! argum5t might n p]haps be v easily answ]$1 al?\gh ! great numb]s & p]fect outl9e ( ! bones1 tee?1 & scales1 af=d pretty /rong evid5ce t ! own]s liv$ & di$ 9 ! locality :]e _! rema9s are f\nd4 ,b !re is a curi\s k9d ( evid5ce to be glean$ f ! rocks ar\nd !m :]eby ?is objection c be at once set aside4 ,9 ! lime/one itself1 & especially 9 "s ( ! %ales above1 !re occur va/ numb]s ( small oblong coprolitic concretions ( a dirty yell[ or br[n col\r1 full ( scales & fragm5ts ( bone4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ^! are ! excrem5tal rema9s ( pr$ace\s animals1 :ile _! great numb] & p]fect pres]vation assure u t !y c\ld n h be5 drift$ f a di/ance1 b mu/ r h be5 deposit$ on ! spot :]e we n[ f9d !m4 ,& ?us we conclude t ! site ( ,burdieh\se mu/ h be5 a fav\rite haunt ( ^! bone-cov]$ fi%es2 t ! bulki] =ms1 arm$ ) po9t$ tee? or b>b$-sp9es1 prey$ ^u _! humbl] cong5]s1 :ile ^! 9 turn may h f$ on ! cyprides t sw>m$ by millions at ! bottom ( ! e/u>y4 ,i h (t5 detect$ 9 ^! coprolites ! peculi>ly-sculptur$ scales ( ! paloniscus4 ,^! graceful little animals mu/1 !re=e1 h di$ t _! lordli] bre?r5 might d9e4 ,on a survey1 !n1 ( ! :ole evid5ce f fossils1 we are l$ to conclude t ! ,burdieh\se lime/one 0 sl[ly elaborat$ at ! bottom ( an e/u>y1 into :i* ! rema9s ( t]re/rial plants 7 drift$ f ! l&1 :ile bone-cov]$ fi%es haunt$ ! wat]s1 & into ^! busy sc5es huge %>ks asc5d$ f ! sea to %>e 9 ! decay+ putresc5t matt] ev] br\ght d[n f ! int]ior4 ,! upp] "p ( ! lime/one is %aly & argillace\s1 & re/s bel[ a s]ies ( %ales & ?9 s&/ones4 ,if ! "q 7 ask$1 :at caus$ ! *ange f lime/one to %ale1 f ! deposition ( a calc>e\s to t ( a muddy s$im5t1 sev]al answ]s might be giv54 ,! mo/ probable seems to be ! foll[+4 ,! lime/one on wea!r$ surfaces displays ! m\ld]+ ca/s ( cypris-cases sometimes 9 su* abundance z to %[ t ! rock mu/ be l>gely made up ( !m4 ,! cyprides ( ! pres5t day probably ca/ _! %ells annually2 ! integum5ts ?us ?r[n (f =m+ "u fav\rable circum/ances a ?9 m\ld]+ calc>e\s m>l at ! bottom ( ! pond or m>%1 along ) ! decay+ %ells ( palud9a1 planorbis1 limnea1 or o!r fre%-wat] molluscs4 ,we may conceive ! ,burdieh\se lime/one to h _h a simil> orig94 ,! cyprides1 inhabit+ wat] t conta9$ little argillace\s matt]1 mu/ h propagat$ by myriads1 & dur+ a long p]iod ( repose1 9 :i* ! conditions ( l& & sea1 & ! directions ( tidal curr5ts & riv]-c\rses1 appe> n to h greatly v>i$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,burdieh\se1 ! calc>e\s exuvi ( ^! m9ute animals1 along p]haps ) ! rema9s ( o!r e/u>9e or fluviatile organisms1#fj w\ld =m ea* ye> a sc>ce appreciable /ratum1 until by sl[ aggregation a b$ tw5ty-sev5 feet deep 0 elaborat$4 ,ea* successive annual lay] w\ld h>dly settle d[n m p]ceptibly or m rapidly ?an ! flick]+ du/ t mottles ! floor ( "s old haunt$ *amb]4 ,footnote #fj3 ,?\gh ,i h nev] obs]v$ molluscan rema9s 9 ! lime/one ( ,burdieh\se1 !y are abundant twelve miles to ! we/1 9 ! equival5t /rata ar\nd ,mid-,cald]1 "o little ga/ropod be+ especially pl5tiful ne> ! base ( ! calc>e\s rock 9 a seam kn[n to ! qu>rym5 z ! ,buckie fake4 ,i h n met ) specim5s suffici5tly p]fect = id5tification1 ! h>d spl9t]y nature ( ! rock seldom all[+ any?+ b a cross-section to be se5 save on wea!r$ specim5s1 :]e ! g5]al cont\r ( ! %ells has sometimes rem9d$ me ( ,palud9a multi=mis gr\p$ toge!r 9 a rec5t fre%-wat] m>l4 ,9 ! %ales above ! ,burdieh\se lime/one1 ,dr ,hibb]t /ates he f\nd a unio 7871 call$ by him ,u4 nuci=mis4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed94 vol4 xiii4 p4 #bde4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 ?is condition ( ?+s came to be modifi$4 ,! direction ( ! riv] *annel along "s "p ( its c\rse _h v>i$1 or "s analog\s *ange _h tak5 place1 s t muddy s$im5t transport$ f ! l& sank d[n amid ! cyprides at ! bottom4 ,9 circum/ances s uncong5ial ^! t9y d5iz5s ( ! e/u>y dim9i%$ 9 numb]s until ! silt & s& came d[n s rapidly & 9 su* abundance t !y ev5tually di$ out4 ,alluvial matt] /ill d>k5$ ! wat] & cov]$ ! riv]-bottom1 envelop+ n[ ! fronds ( a delicate f]n t _h wav$ along ! m>g9 ( "s seque/]$ lake f> inl&1 anon a se$-cone t _h be5 %ak5 by ! breeze f ! spiky bran*es ( "s tall club-moss4 ,among ^! muddy b$s occur num]\s coprolites & fi%-scales1 along ) cypriscases & a few %ells ( unio 7871 %[+ t ?\gh ! cyprides 7 decreas+1 ! wat] /ill pres5t$ ! old e/u>y conditions & /ill sw>m$ ) life4 ,ev5tually !re came o!r *anges 9 ! direction or rapidity ( riv] curr5ts1 & ! accumulations ( mud & silt 7 succe$$ by a long protract$ deposition ( yell[ s&1 n[ =m+ ! s&/one ( ,/raiton4 ,x enclos$ _m /ems ( /igm>ia1 lepidod5dron1 c41 & 9 c]ta9 limit$ areas ^! plants matt$ toge!r 9 su* quantities t _! rema9s n[ =m ?9 irregul> seams ( coal4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !re=e1 t not)/&+ ^! *anges 9 ! matt] transport$ & deposit$ at ! locality 9 "q1 ! e/u>y "* ( ! locality rema9$ ess5tially ! same4 ,! s& 0 at l5g? replac$ by fre% accumulations ( mud & s&y silt1 :i* w5t to =m ! b$s ( %ale & %aly s&/one n[ f\nd above ! ,/raiton rock4 ,:5 9 ! c\rse ( _m long c5turies a dep? ( /rata am\nt+ to fully #cjj feet _h be5 amass$1 ! area ( ,mid-,lo?ian und]w5t a total *ange4 ,ow+ to a depression ( ! e>?'s cru/1 t seems to h be5 g5]al ov] ! :ole ( c5tral ,scotl&1 ! e/u>y 9 :i* ! ,burdieh\se lime/one & sup]9cumb5t /rata 7 deposit$ became op5 sea4 ,z ! evid5ce ( ?is *ange re/s solely on ! "* ( ! imb$d$ organic rema9s1 we %all pursue our induction by exam9+ ! b$s some:at 9 detail4 ,r m ?an #cjj feet above ! lime/one ( ,burdieh\se !re occurs 9 ! ,mid-,lo?ian coal-field a s]ies ( %ales & seams ( lime/one4 ,! =m] are sometimes black & h>d1 sometimes blui%-grey1 s(t1 & frequ5tly imb$d+ ! rema9s ( sev]al g5]a ( mollusca & o!r organic rema9s4 ,! lime/ones v>y consid]ably 9 ! ?ickness & g5]al aspect ( _! sev]al seams1 "s be+ highly cry/alliz$ & ab\t two or ?ree feet 9 dep?1 o!rs dull1 compact1 & rang+ up to tw5ty & ?irty feet ?ick4 ,! %ales & lime/ones are int]calat$ ) & sometimes pass into ea* o!r1 ?r\gh ! gradations ( %aly lime/one & calc>e\s %ales4 ,! :ole s]ies may measure #aej to #bjj feet1 re/+ on ! ,/raiton s&/one bel[1 & pass+ upw>ds into ! "u "p ( ! coal-be>+ /rata ( ,mid-,lo?ian kn[n z ! ,edge s]ies4 ,^! lime/ones =m ! nor!rn m>9e equival5ts ( ! m\nta9 lime/one ( ,engl&1 :ile ! s&/ones & %ales on :i* !y re/1 includ+ ! ,burdieh\se b$s & all ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s gr\p1 mu/ probably be reg>d$ z e/u>9e equival5ts ( ! same =mation4 ,t is to say1 :ile m>9e lime/ones 7 accumulat+ ov] ! site ( c5tral ,engl&1 s&/one1 %ale1 & drift$ plants1 7 sl[ly ga!r+ 9 a wide e/u>y ov] :at is n[ c5tral ,scotl&1 & only at ! close ( ! p]iod did m>9e lime/ones =m simultane\sly at bo? localities4 ,9 exam9+ ^! ,mid-,lo?ian b$s we are /ruck at once ) ! great dissimil>ity t obta9s betwe5 _! organic rema9s & ^? ( ! und]ly+ /rata4 ,all ! l&-plants disappe>--f]ns1 lepidod5dra1 sigill>i1 & /igm>i4 ,! cyprides1 too1 no long] occur1 ?\gh ! %ales seem1 at a fir/ glance1 to diff] 9 no respect f ^? und]nea?1 9 "s ( :i* ! cypris-cases 7 se5 to ab\nd4 ,nei!r c we detect ! glitt]+ scales & tee? t /ood out 9 su* /rong relief ^u ! rocks bel[4 ,yet ! fossils are sc>cely less num]\s ?an !y 7 9 ! l[] b$s4 ,nay1 9 "s ( ! lime/ones !y lie s cr[d$ toge!r t ! rock seems entirely made up ( !m4 ,pla9ly su* a total r5ovation ( organic life po9ts to "s equally ext5sive *ange ( a physical k9d4 ,let u exam9e = a little "s ( ! fossil rema9s occurr+ 9 ! m\nta9 lime/one s]ies ( ,mid-,lo?ian1 & read (f1 if we c1 ! revolutions :i* !y *ronicle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--,section f ,gilm]ton to ,cri*ton2 a1 ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s2 b1 ,m\nta9 ,lime/one2 c1 ,edge ,s]ies2 d1 ,roslyn ,s&/one ,gr\p2 e1 ,flat ,coals2 y1 ,drift4 ,! neighb\rhood ( ,ed9burgh af=ds _m facilities = ! /udy ( ^! rocks4 ,!y c be se51 = in/ance1 at _m po9ts along ! ridge ( ! ,roman ,camp ,hill1 ne> ,dalkei?1 expos$ 9 ! op]ations ( qu>ry+4 ,t ridge is =m$ by :at is kn[n te*nically z an anticl9al axis 7,fig4 #cb72 9 o!r words1 ! l[] b$s ( ! coal-measures rise up "h into a sort ( broad wave-l undulation1 r\nd ! sides ( :i* ! high] p>ts ( ! s]ies are fold$4 ,! elevat$ area has ei!r be5 pu%$ up f bel[1 or ! m level c\ntry ar\nd has subsid$ into two tr\gh-l holl[s1 s t n[ ! /rata1 :i* geologically speak+ are l[e/1 come to occupy ! highe/ gr\nd 9 ! di/rict4 ,seat$ on "s ( ! op5] spots ( ?is woody em95ce ! obs]v] has a noble prospect on :i* to expatiate4 ,! gr\nd ar\nd him is ri* 9 hi/oric associations1 & l9ks itself to _m a v>i$ page 9 ! annals ( ,scotl&4 ,! hill on :i* he re/s is cr[n$ by ! m\ld]+ m\nds ( :at tradition reports to h be5 a ,roman /ation1 b :i* may p]haps belong to a /ill e>li] era4 ,a few hundr$ y>ds nor? rise ! wood$ slopes ( ,c>b]ry ,hill1 :]e ! hapless ,m>y surr5d]$ to h] rebel lords1 & :5ce %e 0 l$ into h] own capital amid ! insults ( an infuriate rabble4 ,nor?w>d1 too1 lies ! fatal field ( ,p9kie1 & ea/w>d ! less deadly b n less decisive field ( ,pre/onpans4 ,to ! we/ ! eye c m>k ! grey smoke ( ! ,scotti% metropolis1 ) its dusky t[]s & its lion-%ap$ hill1 & !n ! blue wav+ outl9e ( ! ,p5tl&s t sweep away s\? & lose !mselves among ! di/ant hills :i* girdle 9 ! coal-bas9 ( ,ed9burgh & ,hadd+ton4 ,! c\rse ( ! ,esk--t fabulosus amnis--passes by _m a "t-hon\r$ spot1 f ,habbie's ,h[e & ! sc5e ( ! ,g5tle ,%eph]d d[n by ! haunt$ sc5]y ( ,roslyn1 ! cliffs ( ,haw?ornd51 ! gr\nds ( ,newbattle1 & ! old ,roman /ation ( ,inv]esk4 ,ea/1 we/1 & s\?1 ! broad expanse ( gre5 field & clu/]+ wood swells upw>d to ! di/ant hills t encircle ! l&scape ) a wavy l9e ( s(te/ blue4 ,nor?w>d ! eye re/s on ! ,fir? ( ,=? ) its solit>y sails1 b\nd$ by ! bosky heights ( ,fife1 & op5+ outw>ds by ! ,may ,isl& & ! ,bass ,rock into ! f>-(f hazy ocean4 ,on e side objects ( hi/oric int]e/ lie cr[d$ toge!r1 ab\t :i* _m pleasant volumes h be5 & might /ill be writt54 ,if ! obs]v] be a lov] ( geological sci5ce he w f9d an exam9ation ( ! /ructure ( ! hill to imp>t an additional int]e/ to ! sc5e4 ,f ! wide panorama ( hill & dale1 riv] & sea1 ) all its battle-fields1 ca/les1 & abbeys1 & all its memories ( ! old5 "t1 let him turn into "o ( ! qu>ries t ind5t ! flanks ( ! hill1 & try to deciph] !re ! records ( a /ill old] hi/ory4 ,an h\r or two ?us sp5t w pass swiftly & pleasantly away1 & on quitt+ ! qu>ry he w h ga9$ a new light 9 :i* to look on ! l&scape t lies spread out bel[4 ,! m\nta9 lime/one ( ,mid-,lo?ian consi/s1 z has be5 m5tion$1 ( sev]al seams int]b$d$ ) black & calc>e\s %ales4 ,! qu>ries on ,roman ,camp ,hill h be5 op5$ 9 sev]al ( ! ?icke/ ( ^! seams4 ,let u ent] "o ( ! excavations4 ,a v]tical face ( rock =ms ! backgr\nd1 ov]hung above by long dangl+ tufts ( )]$ grass1 & wa%$ bel[ by a pool ( wat] hav+ t milky gre5 t9t peculi> to old lime-qu>ries4 ,! l[e/ rock visible is a dull grey lime/one ) a yell[i% wea!r$ surface4 ,above x re/s a mass ( h>d yell[ calc>e\s %ale1 kn[n to ! workm5 z b&s4 ,?is rock is wor?less z a s\rce ( lime1 nor f its irregul> lam9ations & %iv]y /ructure has x mu* value 9 any o!r way4 ,a few in*es ( surface-soil =m ! upp] "p ( ! section4 ,x requires b a glance ov] ! wea!r$ surface ( ! lime/one to m>k t ! rock ab\nds 9 fossils4 ,( ^! by f> ! mo/ num]\s are ! jo9ts ( ! /one-lily1 = ! mo/ "p ( small size1 & :5 brok5 across1 ) _! m9ute c5tral ap]tures1 look+ l s _m fractur$ /ems ( tobacco-pipes4 ,o!r organisms also occur1 su* z a small delicately-plait$ productus1 a l>g] & m boldly-ribb$ spirif]1 a small cya?ophyllum or cup-coral1 & ! fragile int]lac+ me%es ( "o ( ! net-l bryozoa--! f5e/ella4 ,( r>] occurr5ce are ! :orl$ %ells call$ bell]ophon1 ! long *amb]$ %ells ( or?oc]atites1 & ! groov$ tap]+ %ells ( p9n4 ,_m ( ! same fossils c be detect$ 9 ! b$s above1 :i* ?us evid5tly all =m "p ( "o s]ies ) ! rock bel[4 ,:at1 !n1 7 ! circum/ances "u :i* ^! /rata orig9at$8 ,! answ] to su* a "q is n f> to seek4 ,! corals & cr9oids are exclusively m>9e families1 & s any /ratum 9 :i* _! rema9s occur mu/ h _h a subm>9e orig94 ,x matt]s n 9 ?is case ?\gh ! specim5s be fragm5t>y1 %[+ a brok5 & drift$ appe>ance4 ,= ev5 suppos+ t !y did n live at ! spot :]e _! petrifi$ relics are n[ exhum$ by ! op]ations ( ! qu>ryman1 grant+ t !y 7 drift$ f a di/ance1 /ill !y c\ld only h be5 drift$ f "o "p ( ! sea-bottom to ano!r4 ,! /ate ( keep+ ( ! specim5 (t5 tells va/ly on ! value ( its evid5ce :5 x belongs to a l& or fre%-wat] tribe4 ,?us1 9 "o ( ! lime/ones ( ,we/-,lo?ian ,i h f\nd a black c>boniz$ /em ( sigill>ia4 ,n[1 ! sigill>ia 0 a l&-plant z mu* z any ( our hazels or will[s1 & :]e ! evid5ce f ! associat$ organisms co9cides1 furni%es its own te/imony z to ! orig9 ( ! rock :i* imb$s its rema9s4 ,b ! /em 9 "q 0 a m]e fragm5t1 & %[$ moreov] a worn mac]at$ surface4 ,su* a fossil _h evid5tly no value z a te/ ( ! orig9 ( ! lime/one1 :i* might h be5 elaborat$ ei!r 9 an inl& lake or 9 op5 sea4 ,t x _h really a m>9e orig91 & t ! sigill>ia actually 01 z x seem$ to h be51 a drift$ plant1 ,i asc]ta9$ beyond a d\bt by detect+ on ! same slab hundr$s ( encr9al /ems along ) ! %ells1 & ?91 delicate1 silv]y sp9es ( productus4 ,?us1 !n1 ! organisms ( ! l& may be c>ri$ into ! sea1 & 9 deal+ ) _! fossiliz$ rema9s 9 ! deposits ( =m] ages we mu/ be v c>eful 9 ! use ( evid5ce d]iv$ f fragm5t>y & drift$ specim5s4 ,b no su* caution is ne$$ 9 reg>d to ! productions ( ! sea4 ,if !y be fragm5t>y & drift$1 we may believe !y 7 roll$ ab\t by tides & curr5ts previ\s to _! f9al entombm5t2 b /ill !y rema9 z good a te/ z ev] ( ! m>9e "* ( ! rock 9 :i* !y occur4#fa ,footnote #fa3 ,! exceptional in/ance1 ( ! accumulation on ! l& ( bl[n s& imb$d+ ! brok5 rema9s ( m>9e %ells1 ne$s only to be notic$ "h4 ,! fossils ( ,roman ,camp ,hill are n drift$ specim5s4 ,!y mu/ h liv$ & di$ :]e ! qu>ryman n[ f9ds !m4 ,we recognise !m z all unequivocally m>9e2 corals1 cr9oids1 & bra*iopod\s molluscs1 are all cle>ly ! d5iz5s ( ! sea1 & h5ce we conclude t !y m>k ! site ( an anci5t ocean4 ,! snail-%ells t sw>m ab\t ! fruit-trees ( our or*>ds n m unmi/akably indicate a l&-surface ?an d ^! petrifi$ relics evid5ce an old sea-bottom4 ,we c argue1 too1 f ! cr[d$ way 9 :i* !y lie gr\p$ toge!r1 t life mu/ h be5 prolific 9 ^! primeval wat]s4 ,e fragm5t ( ! rock %[s its doz5s1 nay1 hundr$s1 ( /one-lily jo9ts1 disjo9t$ inde$1 yet easily recognisable4 ,!y mu/ h sw>m$ z ?ickly along ! floor ( ! sea z ! /rong-/emm$ tangle t d>k5s ! bottom ( _m a picturesque bay along our we/]n coa/s1 yet ) a gracefulness ( outl9e su* z none ( our l>g] sea-we$s c boa/4 ,less num]\s b n less m>k$ly 9 situ are ! %ells ( productus & spirif]1 ! =m] ) its f9ely-/riat$ surface fre% z if ! creature _h di$ b ye/]day1 :ile ! sl5d] sp9es ) :i* x 0 arm$ lie /rew$ ar\nd4 ,9 %ort1 ! :ole suite ( organisms po9ts to a p]iod ( tranquil deposition 9 a sea ( probably no great dep?1 :]e ! l[] =ms ( ! animal k+dom fl\ri%$ 9 abundance1 contribut+ by _! calc>e\s secretions to =m cont9u\s lay]s ( lime/one4 ,su* a condition ( ?+s f9ds a p>allel 9 _m p>ts ( ! globe at ! pres5t day4 ,?us1 ! %ores ( ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific are :ite ) f9e calc>e\s mud1 t results f ! action ( break]s on ! surr\nd+ coral-reefs4 ,?is mud1 envelop+ fragm5ts ( coral1 %ells1 sea-we$1 drift-wood1 & o!r extrane\s sub/ances1 h>d5s on exposure1 & becomes ev5tually a lime/one1 trav]t9e1 or calc-s9t]4 ,we may believe t ! same process goes on out at sea1 ar\nd ! edges ( atolls or circul> coral-reefs1 & t ! s$im5t ?us ?r[n d[n w enclose any zoophytes or molluscan rema9s t may lie at ! sea-bottom1 along p]haps ) fuci1 & occasional wat]-logg$ fragm5ts ( wood t h be5 drift$ f l&4 ,along ! %ores ( ,guadal\pe a b$ ( ?is calc>e\s silt has =m$ s9ce ,am]ica 0 coloniz$ by man1 = x has be5 f\nd to conta9 fragm5ts ( pott]y1 arr[-heads1 & o!r articles ( human workman%ip4#fb ,! same rock has yield$1 besides1 ! p>tially-petrifi$ bones ( sev]al human skeletons1 "o ( :i*1 ?\gh )\t ! head1 =ms a prom95t object among ! fossil treasures ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! rock 9 :i* ^! rema9s are emb$d$ is describ$ z h>d] ?an /atu>y m>ble1 not)/&+ its rec5t orig94 ,by suppos+ ! same process to be c>ri$ on ov] a l>ge area & = a long p]iod1 we may see h[ a cont9u\s /ratum ( lime/one c\ld be elaborat$1 full ( fossil relics ( corals1 molluscs1 & o!r m>9e productions4 ,& 9 "s su* way1 we may be p]mitt$ to believe1 ! seams ( lime/one on ,roman ,camp ,hill 7 accumulat$4 ,! bill[s ( t old c>bonif]\s ocean may n h s5t up _! :ite surf aga9/ ! m>g9 ( sn[y coral-reefs1 b ! curr5ts bel[ did _! "w ( demolition z effectually1 & by sweep+ ?r\gh ! subm>9e groves ( /one-lilies & cup-corals1 z ! night w9ds ( autumn sweep a?w>t ! heavy-lad5 fields1 w\ld pro/rate _m a full-gr[n /em & scatt] its loos5$ jo9ts among ! ?ick5+ lime t cov]$ ! bottom4 ,/one-lily1 cup-coral1 net-coral1 productus1 spirif]1 p9na1 nautilus1 or?oc]atite1 all w\ld ev5tually be entomb$ amid ! decay+ rema9s ( _! cong5]s1 & ?us produce a sl[ly-increas+ seam ( lime/one4 ,footnote #fb3 ,lyell's ,manual ( ,elem5t>y ,geology1 p4 #aba4 ,fif? edition4 ,we /ill l+] 9 ! old qu>ry on ,roman ,camp ,hill1 b ! day draws rapidly to a close1 & ! long level beams ( ! sett+ sun light5 up ! high] gr\nds ) a gold5 flu%1 :ile ! valley bel[ lies deep 9 %ade4 ,! rays fall brightly on ! abrupt face ( lime/one at ! fur!r end ( ! qu>ry1 e prom95ce /&+ out 9 bold relief1 & ca/+ its %ad[ f> beh9d4 ,our eye1 9 pass+ ov] ! sunlit rock1 c detect ! fractur$ jo9t ( _m an encr9ite glanc+ 9 ! light2 along1 too1 ) ! /rongly def9$ outl9es ( "s ( ! less] & m abundant molluscs--spirif]s or producti4 ,"s ( !m1 sorely effac$ by ! ra9s1 h begun to yield a scanty ne/l+ place = creep+ fibres ( moss2 o!rs yet b>e1 af=d a re/ to ! ,vanessa :]eon to spread its w+s 9 ! mell[ sunset ere flitt+ homew>ds among ! dewy h]bage4 ,! bu%es ov]head sc>cely ru/le 9 ! light-brea?+ air t comes fitfully across ! l&1 & ! long grass nods dreamily on ! m>g9 ( ! pool bel[4 ,!re re/s a calm /illness on all ! ne>] l&scape1 & ! di/ant gr\nd bl5ds away into ! %ades ( ev5+4 ,! sc5e1 9 %ort1 has ab\t x t solemn impressive repose :i* irresi/ibly arre/s ! fancy1 & sets x to dress up into fanta/ic %apes ! massive cl\ds t float 9 ! we/]n sky1 to picture grim =ms amid ! mi/y %ad[s ( ! valley1 or to dwell half dream+ ^u ! memories ( ! pa/1 t come cr[d+ ?r\gh ! m9d 9 quick succession4 ,our lab\rs among ! fossils ( ! old qu>ry1 h[ev]1 enable fancy to draw h] /ores f ano!r s\rce4 ,we muse on ^! petrifi$ relics1 gild$ by ! la/ rays ( ! sett+ sun1 :5 sl[ly1 l a dissolv+ view1 sunset & h]bage melt away1 & ! bottom ( ! old c>bonif]\s ocean lies be=e u ) its corals & %ells & /one-lilies1 /ret*+ out _! quiv]+ arms1 or exp&+ & contract+ _! fl[]-l petals amid a sc5e ( ceaseless animation & activity4 ,geology delights 9 contra/s1 & assur$ly ! contra/ pres5t$ to u ?is ev5+ betwe5 ! pres5t & ! pa/ ( ,roman ,camp ,hill1 w n rank among ! lea/ /rik+ ( ^? :i* %e has to reveal4 ,!re is n[ spread ov] u ! blue sky1 ri*ly hung ) t9t$ cl\ds1 & melodi\s ) ! ev5+ songs ( ! l>k1 ! blackbird1 & ! ?ru%4 ,n less surely did a wide expanse ( sea dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s era roll ov] ! hill on :i* we /&4 ,& yond] silv]y moon t m\nts up amid ! violet twilight ( ! ea/1 has witness$ ea* sc5e & all ! c\ntless *anges t h int]v5$ betwe5 !m4 ,! same pale light t n[ beg9s to /eal ?r\gh ! woods & a?w>t ! fields1 mu/ h /ream$ d[n ^u t old sea & illum9$ its gre5 dep?s4 ,oceans & cont95ts1 isl&s & lakes1 hills & valleys1 h come & gone ) all _! successive races ( liv+ ?+s1 & t same planet has m>k$ !m all4 ,%e has se51 too1 z b a ?+ ( ye/]day1 ! appe>ance ( man ^u ! sc5e1 ) all ! successive c5turies t h elaps$ s9ce !n4 ,truly ! goddess ( ! silv] b[ w\ld h a /range /ory to tell u c\ld we int]rogate h] ab\t ! pa/4 ,b ! days ( ,endymion h gone by1 & %e n[ no long] visits 9 a p]sonal =m ! seat ( be+s :o gaze at h] cresc5t orb & d>+ly pron\nce x a sc5e ( bla/$ ru9 & desolation4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,int]calation ( coal seams among m\nta9 lime/one b$s ( ,mid-,loihian--,nor? ,gre5s seam--,mo/ ( our coal seams indicate =m] l&-surfaces--,orig9 ( coal a debat$ "q--,erect fossil trees 9 coal-measures--,d$uctions to be drawn !refrom--,diff]5ce betwe5 ! m\nta9 lime/one ( ,scotl& & t ( ,engl&--,coal-be>+ "* ( ! nor!rn s]ies--,divisions ( ! ,mid-,lo?ian coal-field--,! ,edge coals--,_! orig9 illu/rat$ by ! gr[? ( mod]n deltas--,delta ( ! ,nile--,( ! ,mississippi--,( ! ,ganges--,progress ( =mation ( ! ,edge coals--,sc5]y ( ! p]iod l t ( mod]n deltas--,calculations ( ! "t requir$ = ! gr[? ( a coal-field--,:y ( d\btful value--,roslyn ,s&/one gr\p--,af=ds pro(s ( a g5]al & m rapid subsid5ce b5ea? ! sea--,its great cont9uity--,probable orig9--,flat coals--,simil> 9 orig9 to ! ,edge coals bel[--,_! s]ies n n[ complete--,recapitulation ( ! g5]al *anges indicat$ by ! ,mid-,lo?ian coal-field4 ,among ! old qu>ries ( ,roman ,camp ,hill & d[n ! c\rse ( sev]al /reams 9 ! same c\nty1 ! lime/one b$s ( ! m\nta9 lime/one s]ies are se5 to be associat$ ) /rata ( %ale1 "s ( :i* are highly calc>e\s1 & *>g$ ) ! same organic rema9s t occur 9 ! lime/ones4 ,su* %aly int]calations m>k z be=e ! transport & deposition ( muddy s$im5t ar\nd & above ! corals & /one-lilies ( ! sea-bottom4 ,all ^! b$s mu/ und\bt$ly be reg>d$ z m>9e4 ,b !re occur1 besides1 seams ( s&/one & black p>tially-bitum9\s %ale1 ) lay]s ( coal & fire-clay4 ,to ?is s+ul> int]mixture x may be well to adv]t m p>ticul>ly1 s9ce x =ms "o ( ! di/+ui%+ features ( ^! nor!rn rocks1 z contra/$ ) ^? ( c5tral & s\?-we/]n ,engl&1 & m especially s9ce x w lead u to m>k aga9 ! value ( fossil rema9s z evid5ce ( ! anci5t *anges ( l& & sea4 ,! s\!rn "p ( ,mid-,lo?ian consi/s ( a broad hea?y moorl&1 t slopes nor?w>d into ! m cultivat$ c\ntry1 & swells upw>d to ! s\? into ! s]ies ( undulat+ ridges t =m ! ,moorfoot ,hills4 ,x is trav]s$ by sev]al /reams :i* rise high among ! pa/ure gr\nds ( ! s\?1 & fl[ "s into ! valley ( ! ,esk1 & !nce into ! sea at ,musselburgh2 o!rs pa/ ! anci5t =talices ( ,bor?wick & ,cri*ton1 & s by ! valley ( ! ,tyne into ! sea at ,tyn+ham4 ,9 _! upp] c\rse !y trav]se a broad belt ( ! m\nta9 lime/one t /ret*es across ?is "p ( ! c\ntry f ea/ to we/1 & dips away nor? "u ! coal-field4 ,:]e ! /reams h be5 able to cut ?r\gh ! ?ick mantle ( hea?1 s&1 gravel1 & clay1 by :i* ^! high] gr\nds are cov]$1 we sometimes obta9 a complete section ( ! /rata display$ 9 regul> sequ5ce along ! bottom ( ! *annels4 ,?us1 "o ( ! rivulets t trickles sl[ly ?r\gh ! swampy gr\nd ( ,middleton ,muir1 on approa*+ ! l9e ( lime/one beg9s to desc5d m rapidly1 & has excavat$ its c\rse ?r\gh sev]al feet ( ! rock bel[4 ,! lime/ones are well expos$ along ea* side ( ! /ream1 =m+ 9 "s places /eep walls tape/ri$ ) moss & ov]hung ) scraggy furze1 & (f]+ to ! /ud5t an in/ructive s]ies ( sections4 ,ne> ! f>m ( ,esp]/on1 :]e ! /ream fl[s ?r\gh a n>r[ seclud$ valley1 ! lime/ones =m a floor :i* ! wat] 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies has worn smoo?1 s t ! rock ) its includ$ encr9al /ems & %ells1 poli%$ by ! ceaseless fl[ ( ! curr5t1 %[s l a %eet ( v>iegat$ m>ble4 ,at "o po9t on ! side ( ! wat]-c\rse ! obs]v] may notice a l[ l$ge ( rock jutt+ out = a %ort way along ! edge ( ! /ream4 ,! upp] "p is a h>d compact lime/one1 full ( small cr9oidal jo9ts4 ,! b$ und]nea? x has be5 greatly erod$ by ! rivulet1 b en\gh rema9s to %[ t ! /ratum is "o ( coal4 ,x re/s ^u ! s]ies ( lime/ones & s&/ones se5 9 ! upp] "p ( ! wat]-c\rse1 & is surm\nt$ by ! ?ick lime/ones ( ,arni/on & ,middleton4 ,a simil> seam n9ete5 in*es ?ick has be5 work$ among ! lime/one ab\t ?ree miles to ! we/ at ,f\nta94 ,! same b$ occurs among ! qu>ries on ,roman ,camp ,hill already m5tion$1 & ,i h se5 an equival5t /ratum int]calat$ among %eets ( cup-corals & /one-lilies on ! %ore at ,ab]lady1 :]e ! waves h laid op5 p]haps ! f9e/ section ( ,c>bonif]\s lime/one /rata 9 ,scotl&4 ,9 ,we/-,lo?ian1 too1 ! same int]calation ( coal-seams among ! m\nta9 lime/one b$s c be se5 9 _m places4 ,?us1 9 ! b$ ( ! ,riv] ,almond1 ne> ,blackburn1 ! foll[+ section is laid b>e3-- ,calc>e\s %ale4 ,lime/one 7m>9e71 eight feet4 ,calc>e\s %ale1 ) spirif]s1 c4 ,coal1 six to eight in*es4 ,fire-clay4 ,s&/one4 ,a %ort way fur!r d[n ! /ream ano!r b$ ( lime/one occurs ) sev]al seams ( coal bel[ x1 "o ( !m atta9+ a ?ickness ( six feet4 ,9 addition to ! ?9 seam at ,esp]/on1 ! ,mid-,lo?ian field conta9s sev]al o!rs4 ,( ^! by mu* ! mo/ important is t kn[n z ! ,nor? ,gre5s ,seam4 ,x v>ies 9 ?ickness f only a few in*es to fully #e feet1 & has be5 ext5sively work$ = ! p>rot or gas-coal :i* x conta9s4 ,x re/s ^u a pavem5t ( %ale1 sometimes ( fire-clay1 & occurs ab\t midway betwe5 two ?ick m>9e lime/ones1 be+ f #hj to #ij feet di/ant f ea*4 ,i h laid op5 _m a block ( ! p>rot-coal at ! pit m\?1 & m>k$ ! well-def9$ outl9es ( ! /igm>ia cov]$ ) a yell[i% effloresc5ce ( iron pyrites1 l gild$ figures ^u a black velvet gr\nd4 ,! plants lie ) _! div]g5t rootlets spread out regul>ly along ! /em l tee? on ! back ( a comb1 ?us seem+ to indicate no hurri$ agglom]ation by "s tidal wave or turbid riv]1 b r a sl[ & tranquil deposition4 ,! fossils ( ! coal-seams consi/ = ! mo/ "p ( ! plants above describ$1 :i* we saw to belong to t]re/rial species4 ,b ! read] w n[ und]/& t 9 deal+ ) organic rema9s we _c inf]1 because a c]ta9 /ratum conta9s no?+ b l&-plants1 t x mu/ necess>ily by consequ5ce be a l&-=mation4 ,= we h se5 t ! plants ( ! ,burdieh\se lime/one1 ?\gh all t]re/rial1 gave no support to ! idea t ! rock _h orig9at$ on l&4 ,9 all su* cases reg>d mu/ be _h n only to ! nature ( ! imb$d$ organisms1 b _! condition & mode ( occurr5ce1 & to ! "* ( ^? associat$ ) !m4 ,especial c>e mu/ be tak5 to di/+ui% :at has be5 transport$ f :at is 9 situ1 o!rwise1 by att5d+ only to "o "p ( ! evid5ce1 we %all miss ! import ( ! :ole1 & altoge!r mis9t]pret ! records :i* we seek to deciph]4 ,= ye>s ! subject ( ! orig9 ( coal =m$ "o ( ! _m battle-fields on :i* geologi/s delight$ to break lances4 ,!y rang$ !mselves "u two bann]s1 ! drift-!ory m5 & ! gr[?-!ory m51 ! =m] ma9ta9+ /r5u\sly t coal 0 simply vegetation transport$ f ! l& & deposit$ 9 l>ge tr\ghs at riv]-m\?s or sea-bottoms1 ! latt] z eag]ly cont5d+ t ! vegetation _h n be5 drift$1 b grew on ! v locality :]e its rema9s are n[ exhum$4 ,nei!r p>ty lack$ plausible argum5ts 9 support ( its doctr9es4 ,! drift combatants /\tly affirm$ x to be contr>y to all exp]i5ce t a l&-surface %\ld be s oscillat+ z _! oppon5ts requir$1 t 9 %ort x 0 absurd to hold ea* coal-seam z m>k+ a p]iod ( elevation1 = !re 7 (t5 doz5s ( seams 9 z _m y>ds ( /rata1 "s ( !m sc>cely an in* ?ick1 & yet1 accord+ to ! gr[? !ory1 ea* w\ld h requir$ = its accumulation a special uplift+ ( ! l& above ! sea-level4 ,^! & _m o!r difficulties 7 ?\ght to be triumphantly ov]come by ! hypo!sis ( transport & deposition4 ,! vegetation borne d[n by "s anci5t ,mississippi w\ld collect 9 va/ rafts1 & ^! becom+ wat]-logg$ w\ld s9k to ! bottom1 :]e1 by gett+ ev5tually cov]$ ov] ) silt & s&1 !y w\ld 9 process ( "t be *emically alt]$ into coal4 ,?is explanation 01 h[ev]1 vigor\sly resi/$ by ! opposite side4 ,!y alleg$ t ! drift !ory c\ld acc\nt nei!r = ! wide ext5t ( coal-seams nor = _! rem>kable p]si/5cy 9 ?ickness4 ,if ! vegetation _h really be5 hurri$ out to sea by riv]-action1 x seem$ natural to expect t ! coal-seams %\ld occur 9 sporadic pat*es ( v unequal ?icknesses1 accord+ z ! drift$ plants _h be5 m d5sely or m loosely pack$4 ,b ?is 0 f\nd n to be ! case 9 po9t ( fact4 ,! coal-seams 7 asc]ta9$ to be g5]ally s+ul>ly cont9u\s1 & to reta9 = ! mo/ "p a pretty uni=m ?ickness ov] consid]able areas4 ,& :at 0 /ill m wor?y ( note1 !y 71 z a :ole1 m>k$ly free f extrane\s matt]1 su* z s& & mud4 ,:]e ^! impurities did occur1 x 0 usually 9 ! =m ( int]calat$ seams or p>t+s1 (t5 q z regul> & ext5sive z ! coal itself4 ,_h ! vegetation1 !re=e1 be5 transport$ into ! sea1 x c\ld h>dly fail to get mix$ up ) ! f9e impalpable mud :i*1 l t ( ! ,ganges or ,mississippi1 might h discol\r$ ! ocean = leagues f ! riv]-m\?1 & settl$ d[n z a ?ick5+ /ratum at ! sea-bottom4 ,& _m o!r argum5ts1 d]iv$ f ! nature & arrangem5t ( ! /rata int]b$d$ among ! coal-seams1 7 urg$ to prove t ! latt] _h orig9at$ f vegetation :i* grew on ! spot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--,section f ,cape ,breton coal-field1 %[+ f\r planes ( v]tical /ems1 & sev5 anci5t soils ) _! cov]+ ( vegetation4 a1 s&/ones2 b1 %ales2 c1 coal2 d1 fire-clays2 e1 ar5ace\s %ales4 ,! w>f>e seems n[ pretty ne>ly at an end1 & z (t5 happ5s 9 su* cases1 x has be5 f\nd t ea* p>ty 0 to "s ext5t 9 ! "r & to "s ext5t 9 ! wrong4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ t "s coal-seams mu/ h orig9at$ f ! deposition ( drift-wood 9 ! mud & ooze ( ! sea-bottom1 :ile o!rs und\bt$ly arose f ! decay & entombm5t ( vegetation 9 swampy pla9s ( ! l&4 ,t ! latt] mode ( =mation has be5 ! usual "o 9 mo/ ( our coal-fields has be5 g5]ally ackn[l$g$ s9ce ,sir ,william ,logan's ann\ncem5t t ea* coal-seam1 = ! mo/ "p1 re/s ^u a b$ ( fire-clay1 :i*1 ) its emb$d$ roots1 m>ks ! site ( an anci5t soil4 ,?is fact has be5 abundantly confirm$ 9 e "p ( ?is c\ntry1 & inde$ :]ev] an ext5d$ s]ies ( coal-seams has be5 exam9$4 ,n only h ! und]ly+ fire-clays be5 f\nd1 b 9 n a few in/ances erect /ems ( trees1 pass+ d[n ?r\gh ! coal-seam & spread+ out _! div]g5t roots 9 ! clay bel[1 exactly z !y mu/ h done :5 !y fl\ri%$ gre5 & luxuriant 9 ! times ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em4 ,?is 0 especially ! case 9 ! ,p>kfield ,colli]y1 ,wolv]hampton1 :]e sev5ty-?ree trunks 7 laid b>e 9 ! space ( ab\t a qu>t] ( an acre1 ea* ) its roots atta*$4 ,! same appe>ance 0 obs]v$ "s ye>s ago 9 ! ,dalkei? coal-field1 :]e a gr\p ( erect trees 0 enc\nt]$ cov]+ a space ( sev]al squ>e y>ds4 ,"s in/ructive sections ( su* fossil-=e/s are giv5 by ,mr4 ,br[n f ! ,cape ,breton coal-field4#fc ,9 "o ( !m 7,fig4 #cc7 no few] ?an f\r planes occur1 ea* support+ its gr\p ( erect /e9s4 ,n[1 no "o c glance ov] ?is & ! o!r sections illu/rative ( ! same pap]1 or ! descriptions giv5 by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell & o!rs ( ! ,nova ,scotian coal-field1 )\t be+ compell$ to admit t ! trees 9 "q grew j :]e _! upright /ems c /ill be se51 & consequ5tly t ! accompany+ coal-seams orig9at$ n f vegetation drift$ by riv]-action1 b f vegetation t grew ^u ! spot4 ,& ?\gh erect /ems d n exi/ 9 e coal-field1 we seldom fail to detect ! n less important occurr5ce ( ! fire-clays & h>d5$ %ales t support ! coal-seams & prove by _! emb$d$ rootlets _! id5tity ) anci5t soils4 ,?us we arrive at ! inf]5ce t :ile 9 c]ta9 localities coal-seams h result$ f drift$ vegetable matt]1 !y h nev]!less = ! mo/ "p be5 =m$ f plants t fl\ri%$ :]e ! colli] n[ excavates1 amid damp & dripp+ cav]ns1 _! c>boniz$ rema9s4 ,footnote #fc3 ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 vi4 pp4 #abj1 #acj4 ,! cut giv5 above 7,fig4 #cc7 is tak5 f "o ( ^! sections z modifi$ by ! late ,sir ,h5ry de la ,be*e 7,geological ,obs]v]1 p4 #ehb74 ,9 ! orig9al ! b$s are incl9$ at a consid]able angle1 b = ! sake ( cle>ness !y are "h r$uc$ to horizontality4 ,apply+1 !n1 ?is d$uction to ! /rata occurr+ on ! horizon ( ! m\nta9 lime/one 9 ,mid-,lo?ian1 we are l$ to believe t ! ,nor? ,gre5s coal-seam m>ks ! site ( a =m] l&-surface4 ,x %[s no v]tical /ems1 b has all ! o!r accompanim5ts ( an ord9>y seam1 su* z ! und]ly+ fire-clay & %ale1 ) _! includ$ /igm>i4 ,& ?is conclusion has m ?an ord9>y int]e/1 = if x be true1 we h evid5ce ( a t]re/rial =mation among /rata unequivocally m>9e2 9 o!r words1 we see pro(s ei!r ( an elevation or a fill+-up#fd ( ! sea-bottom c>ri$ sl[ly on until l&-plants grew up 9 matt$ swamps :]e once !re sw>m$ corals & encr9ites1 & !n ( a gradual subsid5ce1 s t m>9e organisms fl\ri%$ aga9 9 abundance ov] ! site ( ! subm]g$ vegetation4 ,x is n insi/$ t ea* ( ! ?9 coal-seams among ! lime/one /rata m>ks a =m] t]re/rial area4 ,"s ( !m may possibly h result$ f ! transport & deposition ( plants borne f ! l&4 ,yet !re are o!rs ( wide ext5t re/+ ^u b$s ( fire-clay :i* conta9s /igm>ia rootlets1 c4 ,^! ,i _c b reg>d z ! rema9s ( plants t grew ^u ! spot4 ,& s1 :ile we recognise 9 ! b$s ( lime/one und\bt$ evid5ce ( a =m] sea-bottom1 ,i am p]suad$ we mu/ equally admit t at lea/ sev]al ( ! coal-seams be> fair evid5ce ( a =m] l&-surface1 sc>cely rais$ above ! sea-level inde$1 b n\ri%+ nev]!less a ?ickly matt$ vegetation4 ,9 ?is way we %all see ! m\nta9 lime/one s]ies ( ! ,lo?ians to be n a purely m>9e =mation1 b "o p>tly m>9e & p>tly deltoid1 %[+ 9 ! succession ( its /rata pro(s ( a gradual subm]g5ce1 int]rupt$ by movem5ts ( elevation1 s t ! area :i* at "o p]iod =m$ ! ocean-b$ became at a lat] "t l[ delta-l&1 & aft] cont9u+ p]haps = ages to /ret* out its v]dant surface b5ea? ! op5 sky1 sank aga9 amid ! corals ( a wide-spread sea4 ,footnote #fd3 ,if x be correct to set d[n ! ,nor? ,gre5s coal-seam z really repres5t+ a t]re/rial surface1 t is1 ( c\rse1 a flat delta or pla9 sc>cely rais$ above ! sea-level1 we mu/1 ,i suspect1 call 9 ! aid ( a slight elevatory process1 or else hold t ! dep? ( ! sea at ! locality :]e ! l[] lime/one 0 =m+ did n exce$ #hj or #ij feet1 & may h be5 consid]ably less1 & t ?is space came to be ev5tually fill$ up by ! detritus ( ! riv]4 ,b ! wide ext5t & sometimes ! great ?ickness ( ! lime/one b$s seem to indicate a great] dep?1 & ?us fav\r ! idea ( an elevation ( ! sea-bottom to =m ! ,nor? ,gre5s coal-seam4 ,n[ ?is condition ( ?+s diff]s entirely f :at is pres5t$ by ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one gr\p ( ,engl&4 ,t =mation1 :5 typically develop$1 atta9s a ?ickness ( f #ajjj to #bjjj feet1 & gives rise to t gre5 hilly k9d ( sc5]y :5ce x has d]iv$ its "n4 ,x is unequivocally a m>9e deposit1 s9ce x ab\nds 9 corals1 e*9od]ms1 bra*iopod\s molluscs1 & o!r productions ( ! deep4 ,nor?w>d1 h[ev]1 x und]goes a gradual *ange1 gett+ greatly ?9n]1 & split up by a s]ies ( int]calations ( %ale & s&/one4 ,?is alt]ation goes on until1 on ! bord]-l& betwe5 ! two c\ntries1 ! massive lime/one ( ,d]by%ire has dw9dl$ d[n into a s]ies ( ?9 b$s1 (t5 widely sep>at$ by int]v5+ /rata1 :i* conta9 _m seams ( coal4 ,aft] cross+ ! ,silurian di/rict1 & desc5d+ ! nor!rn slopes ( ! ,lamm]muir ,hills1 we get into ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em aga91 & f9d its lime/one s]ies /ill f>!r dim9i%$4 ,) ?is decrease ( m>9e =mations1 we c detect an augm5tation ( coal-be>+ /rata4 ,?us ! ,b]wick%ire coal-field lies 9 ?is l[] set ( b$s1 f> "u ! coal-measures ( ,newca/le4 ,9 ! ,lo?ians1 too1 z has be5 %[n1 coal is ext5sively work$ 9 ! same s]ies1 & ^! seams also f9d _! repres5tatives 9 ,fife & ,lan>k%ire4 ,! gradual *ange f ! k9d ( /rata f\nd on ! horizon ( ! ,burdieh\se lime/one1 to ^? occurr+ on ! horizon ( ! ,m\nta9 lime/one1 indicates1 z we saw1 a gradual *ange ( ! conditions ( deposition2 & ! nature ( ?is alt]ation is %[n by ! diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( ! imb$d$ fossils4 ,! passage ( ! massive ,d]by%ire lime/one into ! ?9 lime/ones & coal-be>+ s&/ones ( ! nor?1 z decid$ly m>ks ano!r *ange 9 ! relative position ( sea & l&4 ,! =m] 0 a succession 9 "t1 ! latt] 0 "o 9 space1 b ! mode ( reason+ rema9s ! same = bo?4 ,9 ! =m] case1 we saw e/u>9e /rata pass+ upw>d into o!rs :olly m>9e1 & ! ord] ( sup]position told u t ! locality 0 fir/ an e/u>y1 & !n sl[ly became op5 sea4 ,9 ! latt] case1 we see m>9e b$s n succe$$ by e/u>9e /rata1 b becom+ e/u>9e /rata !mselves4 ,! ?ick lime/ones gradually ?9 out horizontally into a great s]ies ( s&/ones & %ales1 ) int]b$d$ coal-seams1 s t :at be>s evid5ce ( a deep sea at ! "o end1 gives pro( ( a muddy & s&y delta at ! o!r4 ,9 o!r words1 dur+ ! ages repres5t$ by :at we call ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one1 ! c5tral & s\?-we/]n portions ( ,engl& lay f> bel[ a wide bread? ( ocean1 & n\ri%$ a luxuriant crop ( /one-lilies1 m+l$ ) ! o!r d5iz5s ( ! deep1 :ile ! ,bord] di/rict1 & ! :ole ( c5tral ,scotl&1 exhibit$ all ! conditions ( a va/ delta1 sometimes spread+ out z broad v]dant jungles1 anon %[+ only scatt]$ irregul> gr\ps ( l[1 b>e mud-banks & s&-spits1 :i* at o!r times disappe>$ altoge!r b5ea? ! dun discol\r$ waves4 ,n[ ! read] w n fail to m>k t ?is curi\s & int]e/+ fact 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( our c\ntry1 is asc]ta9$ solely f a comp>ison ( fossil rema9s4 ,! /one-lilies & %ells ( ,d]by%ire1 & ! lepidod5dra & l&-plants ( ! ,lo?ians1 =m our sole basis ( evid5ce1 & we may re/ on !m ) z p]fect c]ta9ty z if !y 7 s _m duly atte/$ docum5ts deposit$ among ! ar*ives ( our ,/ate-,pap] ,(fice4 ,9 our survey ( ! coal-field ( ,mid-,lo?ian1 we h pass$ f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s e/u>y b$s ( ,burdieh\se to ! ,middle ,c>bonif]\s m>9e b$s ( ,roman ,camp ,hill1 & _! associat$ t]re/rial /rata1--! coal-seams & fire-clays4 ,we come n[1 9 our upw>d progress1 to ! ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s gr\p1 or ,coal-measures prop]4#fe ,^! /rata re/ imm$iately ^u ! lime/ones1 & atta9 a dep? "h ( ov] ?ree ?\s& feet4 ,!y consi/ ( a great s]ies ( s&/ones1 %ales1 coals1 & fire-clays1 t v>y 9 ?ickness f less ?an an in* to _m feet1 or ev5 y>ds4 ,! coal-seams are especially v>iable1 _m ( !m exi/+ z m]e films ( c>bonace\s matt]2 o!rs v>y+ up to a dep? ( f\rte5 feet4 ,!re are f fifty to sixty t exce$ a foot1 b ! av]age ?ickness ?r\gh\t ! :ole s]ies is ab\t ?ree & a half feet4#ff ,!y are ne>ly all und]laid by fire-clay or %ale1 & v g5]ally h a ro( ( ! latt] mat]ial4 ,footnote #fe3 ,^! t]ms--,l[]1 ,middle1 & ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s1 are us$ = want ( o!rs1 & = ! sake ( cle>ness4 ,!y mu/ n be reg>d$1 h[ev]1 z equival5t to simil> gr\p+s ( ! ,engli% c>bonif]\s rocks1 = ! ,scotti% s]ies is probably mu* old] ?an ! great] "p ( ! ,engli%1 & coeval1 to a consid]able ext5t1 ) ! m\nta9 lime/one & mill/one grit ( ! latt] c\ntry4 ,footnote #ff3 ,see ,milne on ,mid-,lo?ian ,coal-field4 ,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ,ed94 vol4 xiv4 p4 #bef1 :5ce ! above details are tak54 ,by ref]r+ to ! diagram ( ?is coal-field1 giv5 above at p4 #aif1 ! read] w notice t ! s]ies is divisible into ?ree gr\ps3--#a/1 & und]mo/1 a consid]able dep? ( coal be>+ /rata kn[n z ! edge s]ies1 because !y lie along ! we/]n limits ( ! coal-bas9 at a high angle1 & sometimes ev5 on edge2 #b;d1 ,a great ?ickness ( s&/ones ne>ly b>r5 ( coal1 b conta9+ at lea/ ?ree b$s ( lime/one ?is may be t]m$ ! ,roslyn s&/one gr\p2 #c;d1 & highe/1 ano!r s]ies ( coal-be>+ /rata1 commonly call$ ! flat coals1 because !y occupy ! c5tre ( ! bas9 :]e ! b$s repose at a l[ angle1 & are 9 places q flat4 ,x w be conv5i5t to keep 9 m9d ?is ?ree-fold division1 = x w po9t u to "s important *anges 9 ! anci5t conditions ( ?is coal-field4 ,! edge s]ies1 :i* =ms ! l[e/1 & ( c\rse olde/ ( ! above gr\ps1 av]ages f #hjj to #ijj feet 9 ?ickness4 ,x conta9s ab\t ?irty seams ( coal above a foot ?ick1 & _m m ( less size4 ,!y occur irregul>ly1 "s ly+ only a few in*es ap>t1 o!rs f eighty to n9ety feet1 ! int]v5+ space be+ occupi$ by s&/one or %ale4 ,n[ z ea* coal-seam1 ) its associat$ "u-clay1 appe>s to m>k a =m] l& surface1 x w foll[ t !re mu/ be z _m old l& surfaces 9 ?is s]ies ( /rata z !re are su* coal-seams1 & t = e int]v5+ mass ( s&/one or %ale1 ! area ( vegetation mu/ h be5 subm]g$4 ,?is conclusion w\ld h be5 viol5tly resi/$ by ! support]s ( ! drift !ory4 ,!y w\ld h r\ndly ass]t$ t su* an un/eady surface 0 a m]e supposition to suit a hypo!sis1 unsupport$ by fact1 & contr>y to ! analogy ( exi/+ nature2 & !y w\ld n p]haps h hesitat$ to ma9ta91 t su* an oscillat+ l& c\ld be little fitt$ to n\ri% s ri* & luxuriant a vegetation z t ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,b x w n be difficult to %[ t our conclusion1 s f> f be+ contr>y to analogy1 is amply borne out by ! processes ( exi/+ nature1 & t its oppon5ts1 & ev5 its orig9al ass]t]s1 fail$ to p]ceive t :at x dem&s is n a rapidly oscillat+ cru/1 b "o z /eady & uni=m z t ( _m ( ! lea/ di/urb$ c\ntries at ! pres5t day2 & t we d n require to call 9 ! aid ( a special elevation & subm]g5ce = e coal-seam1 b t = ! mo/ "p ! hypo!sis ( a /eady s9k+ ( ! area ( a coal-field1 int]rupt$ p]haps by occasional elevatory movem5ts1 along ) an active & con/ant deposition ( s$im5t by ! v>y+ curr5ts ( a l>ge riv]1 is suffici5t1 if n ?or\ghly to expla91 at lea/ to ?r[ great light ^u ! orig9 ( ^? enorm\s masses ( /rata compos+ our pres5t coal-bas9s4 ,! (t-recurr+ v>iations 9 ! nature ( ! /rata t =m our coal-measures1 s&/ones alt]nat+ ) %ales1 ^! aga9 ) coals & fire-clays1 toge!r also ) ! t]re/rial orig9 ( ! coal-seams1 & ! occasional pres5ce ( true m>9e organisms1 make x evid5t t1 to obta9 any mod]n analogue to su* a condition ( ?+s1 we mu/ exam9e ^? localities :]e l>ge bodies ( fre% wat]1 c>ry+ s$im5t & vegetation f ! l&1 m+le ) ! sea4 ,let u !n look = a little at ! op]ations n[ 9 progress at ! m\?s ( ! l>g] riv]s1 & m>k h[ f> !y elucidate ! /ructure & hi/ory ( a coal-field4 ,egypt is ! gift ( ! ,nile4 ,su* 0 ! conclusion arriv$ at by "o ( ! mo/ dilig5t obs]v]s ( anci5t ,greece--! v5]able ,h]odotus4#fg ,he sail$ up ! riv] m>k+ all ! lead+ features 9 its sc5]y1 & not+ ! m app>5t evid5ces ( anci5t physical *anges4 ,8 rem>ks on ^! subjects =m "o ( ! e>lie/ specim5s ( sci5tific reason+ t h come d[n to u1 & are rem>kable = _! correctness & ! truly inductive mode ( ?\ght :i* !y ev9ce4 ,mod]n travell]s h amply confirm$ ! op9ions ( ! fa!r ( hi/ory1 & we n[ "k t b = its c5tral riv]1 ,egypt w\ld be a va/ dre>y expanse ( arid s& l ! neighb\r+ des]ts ( ,lybia4 ,! ,nile1 by annually inundat+ ! c\ntry1 deposits ov] x a /ratum ( ri* loam1 & ?us n only wat]s ! l&1 b cont9ually r5ews ! soil4 ,! s$im5t 9 ?is way br\ght d[n has gradually encroa*$ ^u ! wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 be+ heap$ up at ! riv] m\? into %ift+ s&-banks1 islets1 & great tracts ( l[1 swampy gr\nd1 slightly rais$ above ! sea-level4 ,?r\gh ?is s]ies ( silt+ deposits1 ! riv] s5ds a numb] ( bran*es1 (t5 w9d+ 9 labyr9?9e convolutions1 & ev] *ang+ _! c\rse1 by we>+ away ! silt at "o place1 & ?r[+ x d[n at ano!r4 ,! area trav]s$ by ! m\?s ( ! ,nile 0 call$ by ! ,greeks ! ,delta1 f its simil>ity 9 =m to ! ,greek lett]1 & ! "n has s9ce be5 giv5 to all su* fluviatile deposits1 :e!r !y h ?is g5]al =m or n4 ,footnote #fg3 ,eut]pe1 #e4--;,8 words are v emphatic4 ,to "o ( ord9>y intellig5ce1 :o has n he>d ( x be=e1 b sees x1 ,egypt is manife/ly l& acquir$ by ! inhabitants1 & a gift f ! riv]-- 4 ,! #aj? & #ab? *apt]s ( ! same book des]ve especial /udy = ! admirable inductive /yle 9 :i* ! hi/orian comp>es ! ph5om5a obs]vable 9 ,egypt ) :at 7 well kn[n z ! results ( riv] action 9 o!r l&s4 ,! passages might be quot$ ^w = ^w 9 ! mo/ rigid sci5tific argum5t ( any mod]n geologi/4 ,! s$im5t annually deposit$ by ! ,nile v>ies 9 ?ickness 9 diff]5t ye>s4 ,! mean ?ickness ( ! annual lay]s at ,cairo has be5 calculat$ n to exce$ t ( a %eet ( ?9 pa/ebo>d1 s t a /ratum ( two or ?ree feet mu/ repres5t ! accumulation ( a ?\s& ye>s4#fh ,su* ?9 lam9 mu/ resemble greatly "s ( ! m fissile %ales 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em1 :i* 71 p]haps1 =m$ by z sl[ a process1 & 9 _! aggregate dep? probably took _m ?\s& ye>s to accumulate4 ,b ^? fluviatile depositions ( ! ,nile v>y little 9 k9d1 = :5 cut ?r\gh !y are f\nd regul>ly /ratifi$ d[n to _! base1 :i* re/s ^u ! great und]ly+ s&4 ,!y %[ u h[ ! argillace\s seams ( ! coal-measures may h orig9at$2 b ! div]sity ( "* 9 ^! ,c>bonif]\s rocks indicates a m v>i$ k9d ( s$im5t1 & probably m rapid & active transport+ curr5ts4 ,a clos] analogy to su* a condition ( ?+s meets u on ! %ores ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,footnote #fh3 ,lyell's ,pr9ciples1 p4 #bfb4 ,! ,mississippi1 s magnific5t 9 all its proportions1 has rais$ a delta :i* cov]s a tract ( ab\t #ad1jjj squ>e miles1 equal to almo/ half ! area ( ,irel&4 ,! l[] p>ts ( ?is delta are =m$ ( l[1 %ift+ banks1 trav]s$ by innum]able /reams t div]ge f ! ma9 riv]1 & alt]nately ?r[ d[n & remove va/ quantities ( e>?y s$im5t1 int]m+l$ ) rafts ( drift-wood4 ,^! swamps are cov]$ ) a rank gr[? ( long grass & re$s1 & = ab\t six mon?s ( ! ye> are m or less subm]g$ bel[ ! wat]s ( ! riv]1 :ile liable at ! same "t to cont9ual inundation & encroa*m5t f ! sea4 ,! high] p>ts ( ! delta1 ?\gh also subject to a simil> p]iodical subm]g5ce1 n\ri% a m luxuriant vegetation4 ,va/ tracts ( level s&y soil are d5sely ov]gr[n ) p9e1 :i* is us$ ext5sively = mak+ pit*4 ,l>ge di/ricts ( ! swampy gr\nd are cov]$ ) will[s1 popl>s1 & ?ickets ( ! decidu\s cypress1 an elegant tree t rises m ?an #ajj feet above ! soil4 ,:5 9 hot seasons ^! swamps get dri$ up1 pits are burnt into ! gr\nd _m feet deep1 or z f> d[n z ! fire c desc5d )\t meet+ ) wat]1 & x is !n f\nd t sc>cely any residuum or e>?y matt] is left4 ,at ! bottom ( all ^! 'cypress swamps' a b$ ( clay is f\nd1 ) roots ( ! tall cypress1 j z ! und]clays ( ! coal are fill$ ) /igm>ia4#fi ,9 ?is way a ?ick accumulation ( vegetable matt] goes on =m+ = ye>s1 until ei!r ! riv] *anges its c\rse1 & inundat+ ! swamp gradually cov]s x ov] ) s& & mud1 or until1 ow+ to oscillations ( ! e>?'s cru/1 ! di/rict is ei!r p]man5tly subm]g$1 s z to be silt$ ov]1 or elevat$ to n\ri% a new & diff]5t k9d ( vegetation4 ,footnote #fi3 ,lyell's ,elem5ts1 p4 #chf4 ,t su* *anges h tak5 place 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! riv] we h sev]al int]e/+ pro(s4 ,?us1 ow+ to ! great e>?quakes ( #ahaa1 #ahab1 an area ( m ?an #bjjj squ>e miles 0 p]man5tly subm]g$4#gj ,s9ce !n x has gone "u ! "n ( ! ,sunk ,c\ntry2 & ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 :o visit$ ! locality 9 #ahdf1 t is1 ?irty-f\r ye>s aft]w>ds1 tells u t he saw innum]able subm]g$ trees1 "s erect1 o!rs pro/rate4 ,n[1 x is easy to see h[ su* an area may1 :5 ! climate suits1 become ! receptacle ( va/ accumulations ( peat1 :i*1 by pressure & *emical action1 w ultimately pass into coal4 ,if we suppose ! subm]g5ce c>ri$ on m rapidly at "s p]iods1 ! plants might h be5 unable to keep pace ) ! ev]-increas+ inroads ( s& & mud4 ,9 su* cases ! lay] ( vegetation w\ld become ev5tually entomb$ b5ea? succe$+ deposits ( e>?y matt]4 ,7 ! am\nt ( s$im5t ?us ?r[n d[n suffici5t 9 ! end to c\nt]act ! d[nw>d motion ( ! e>?'s cru/1 & s raise ! bottom ( ! riv] or lake to ! level ( ! wat]1 vegetation w\ld spr+ up afre% & clo! ! new rais$ surface z d5sely z 9 =m] ye>s4 ,?is alt]nation1 accord+ z ! am\nt ( s9k+ or ! am\nt ( s$im5t pr$om9at$1 might g on = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 until a s]ies ( /rata _m ?\s& feet ?ick 7 accumulat$1 & tranquilly c>ri$ d[n b$ aft] b$ bel[ ! level ( ! wat]s4 ,footnote #gj3 ,see ,sir ,*>les ,lyell's ,second ,visit to ,unit$ ,/ales1 *ap1 xxxiii4 ,x is int]e/+ to "k t ! case suppos$ "h has actually be5 realiz$ 9 ! delta ( ! ,ganges4 ,"s ye>s ago an ,artesian well 0 attempt$ to be made ne> ,calcutta1 & ! aug] 0 sunk to a dep? ( #dha feet4#ga ,! mat]ial pass$ ?r\gh consi/$ ( s&1 clay1 & nodules ( argillace\s lime/one1 & at v>i\s dep?s1 f #ej to #chj feet1 sev]al seams ( decay+ wood & peat 7 f\nd1 along ) bones ( v>i\s animals1 su* z de] & fre%-wat] tortoises1 & fragm5ts ( lacu/r9e %ells4 ,ea* ( ^! vegetable lay]s evid5tly =m$ at "o "t a =e/-cov]$ swamp l ^? ( ! surr\nd+ delta at ! pres5t day2 & h5ce x foll[s1 t dur+ ! accumulation ( ! ,gangetic delta1 ! gr\nd 9 t locality mu/ h und]gone a depression ( m ?an #cjj feet1 & t ?is s9k+ has be5 int]rupt$ by slight elevations1 or by p]iods :5 ! gr\nd rema9$ /ation>y1 s z to admit ( a d5se & prolong$ gr[? ( vegetation1 at successive int]vals1 ^u ! swampy flats & %ift+ isl&s4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ^! old =e/s is pretty well %[n by ! mangrove swamps along ! m\?s ( ! riv]4 ,^! trees fl\ri% 9 d5se jungles on ! banks1 & ext5d ev5 bel[ high wat] m>k1 be+ cov]$ 9 places by %ell fi%4 ,s t 7 ^! m>itime p>ts ( ! delta inundat$ by ! ocean1 & buri$ b5ea? a mass ( mud & silt1 ! peaty lay] t w\ld be =m$ w\ld display trunks ( trees /ill occupy+ _! orig9al erect position1 & spread+ out _! roots 9 ! clay bel[1 exactly z ! sigill>ia is f\nd to d 9 ! coal-seams ( ! c>bonif]\s rocks1 :ile clu/]$ r\nd ! c>boniz$ /ems1 or scatt]$ among ! decay$ leaves & bran*es1 !re might be detect$ limpets & b>nacles 7z l+ul & pect5s occur 9 ! coal-seams71 %[+1 by _! mode ( occurr5ce1 t !y liv$ & di$ ^u ! spot4 ,footnote #ga3 ,see ,lyell's ,pr9ciples1 p4 #bhj4 ,if my read] w n[ suppose ?is s& ( ! ,indian riv] to be h>d5$ into s&/one1 ! mud 9 l mann] compress$ into %ale1 & ! peat b$s *emically alt]$ into coal1 c he fail to p]ceive ! /rik+ analogy betwe5 ! section ?us display$ & ^? already giv5 f ! ,mid-,lo?ian & ,cape ,breton coal-fields8 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! anci5t & mod]n /rata are n 9 k9d b 9 degree4 ,! ,scotti% s]ies rea*es to m ?an six times ! ?ickness ( ! ,indian "o1 & ! coal-seams 9 ! "o exce$ 9 individual ?ickness ! peat-b$s 9 ! o!r4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ! climate ( ,h9du/an is n rem>kably fav\rable to ! accumulation ( vegetable matt]1 ! heat be+ s great t ! plants decay almo/ z rapidly z !y gr[4 ,& x %\ld likewise be borne 9 m9d1 t 7 ! conditions ( subsid5ce & ( ! gradual accumulation ( s$im5t>y matt] to cont9ue ev5 9 ! same ratio z h]et(ore1 ! ,ganges might1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 heap up a s]ies ( /ratifi$ s&s1 clays1 & peat-b$s1 _m ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness1 & _m ?\s& squ>e miles 9 ext5t1 rivall+1 or p]haps surpass+ 9 dep?1 ! l>ge/ coal-field 9 ! _w4 ,! p>allelism betwe5 ?is delta & an ord9>y coal-field holds s+ul>ly close1 n m]ely z reg>ds ! nature ( ! /ratifi$ deposits4 ,! alluvial pla9 ( ,b5gal has und]gone a process ( subsid5ce to an unkn[n dep?1 :]eby successive areas ( t]re/rial vegetation h be5 c>ri$ d[n to be entomb$ b5ea? fluviatile s& & mud4 ,x is likewise subject to ! m sudd5 op]ation ( e>?quakes1 :]eby l>ge tracts ( c\ntry become p]man5tly alt]$1 & *anges are effect$ on ! direction1 rapidity1 & detritus ( ! /reams4 ,x is1 moreov]1 liable to wide-spread inroads ( ! sea1 :i* sometimes cov]s cultivat$ di/ricts to a dep? ( sev]al feet1 lay+ wa/e ! fields & de/roy+ ! inhabitants4 ,^! & o!r features help u to und]/& ! orig9 ( su* va/ masses ( s$im5t>y /rata z ^? ( our coal-fields1 :]e t]re/rial1 fluviatile1 & m>9e rema9s alt]nate 9 rapid sequ5ce1 or sometimes occur toge!r4 ,! orig9 ( ! con/ant succession ( coal seams1 s&/ones1 & %ales1 ( ! ,edge s]ies may be ?us acc\nt$ =4 ,! area ( ,mid-,lo?ian =m$ "p ( a great delta1 :i*1 l t ( ! ,ganges1 0 und]go+ a gradual subsid5ce dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s era4 ,! rate ( ?is movem5t probably v>i$ at diff]5t times1 & might ev5 be occasionally int]rupt$ by %ort p]iods ( elevation4 ,:5 ! ev]-increas+ accumulations ( silt br\ght d[n by ! riv] rea*$ or ne>ly rea*$ ! surface ( ! wat]1 !y w\ld become ! site ( wide tracts ( swampy vegetation t fl\ri%$ = hundr$s or ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,ev5tually1 h[ev]1 ^! jungles1 invad$ by ! *ang+ curr5ts ( ! riv]1 7 buri$ b5ea? a ?ick deposit ( fluviatile s$im5t1 or m probably ! vegetation might become unable to keep pace ) an accel]at$ rate ( subm]g5ce1 & ! =e/s w\ld !n be tranquilly c>ri$ d[n b5ea? ! wat]1 & soon cov]$ ov] ) s& & mud4 ,! detrital matt] might 9 l mann] cont9ue to be deposit$ ov] ! sunk =e/ = _m ye>s1 p]haps c5turies1 until ! muddy bottom aga9 rea*$ ! surface1 & once m wav$ gre5 ) sigill>i1 calamites1 & lepidod5dra4 ,ano!r long int]val might "h elapse1 9 :i* a ?ick b$ ( vegetable matt] might accumulate1 mu* aft] ! mann] ( ! =mation ( peat among ! bogs & mosses ( our own c\ntry4 ,! p]iodical inundations ( ! riv] probably gave rise to wide m>%es & lagoons1 (t5 t5ant$ by lacu/r9e %ells1 & ?ickly ov]gr[n ) aquatic vegetation4 ,! decay+ plants decompos$ ! r$ o*re\s matt] ) :i* ! wat] 0 *>g$1 & re-deposit$ x among ! mud & rott+ leaves at ! bottom z a c>bonate ( iron4 ,su* f]rug9\s accumulations1 (t5 entomb+ f]n-/ems & o!r plants1 ) scales & tee? ( ganoidal fi%es1 sometimes conul>i & l+ul1 &1 9 c]ta9 localities1 :ole acres & miles ( fre%-wat] %ells1 are kn[n n[ z our clay-b& & black-b& iron/ones4 ,we c easily conceive t1 9 %all[] p>ts ( ! lagoons1 a d5se gr[? ( m>%y plants might spr+ up1 prev5t+ any deposition ( iron1 & :5 ! :ole came to be cov]$ ov] ) lat] accumulations ( s& or mud1 ! deep] p>ts ( ! old lake w\ld be cov]$ ) a seam ( iron/one1 & ! %all[] portions w\ld display a b$ ( coal4 ,9 "s su* way we may acc\nt = ! frequ5t passage ( iron/one into coal1 & coal into iron/one 9 _m ( our coal-fields4 ,if undi/urb$ by ! ev] *ang+ curr5ts ( ! riv]1 ^! wide expanses ( m>% & lake might cont9ue = _m long ye>s1 ! con/ant evaporation be+ c\nt]balanc$ by cont9ual supplies ( wat] f ! ma9 /ream4 ,ev5tually1 h[ev]1 ow+ p]haps to ano!r p]iod ( m rapid subm]g5ce1 ! wat] ga9$ ! asc5d5cy1 & once m roll$ ov] pro/rate /ems & matt$ ?ickets ( f]ns1 t sank sl[ly d[n b5ea? a deep5+ %eet ( s& & mud4 ,(t51 too1 ! sea mu/ h flood$1 p]haps = ye>s1 ! flat delta-l&s1 c>ry+ ) x its own productions1 su* z ! l+ul & c>d9i1 :i* we f9d among ! coal seams4 ,& ?us ! process w5t on dur+ ! long ages ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em4 ,=e/ aft] =e/ spread its cont9u\s mantle ( gre5 a?w>t ! l[ swampy l&s ( t old delta1 & ea* 9 succession f\nd]$ amid ! muddy wat]s1 n[ ( ! ocean & n[ ( ! riv]1 t /rew$ ov] its site a ri* detritus :i* w5t to =m ! soil ( new jungles & =e/s4 ,! ,edge s]ies measures f #hjj to #ijj feet 9 dep?1 s t ! depression mu/ h be5 c>ri$ on till ! =e/ t once grew ne>ly on ! sea-level _h sunk #hjj feet bel[ x ,?is process 0 und\bt$ly a v sl[ & tranquil "o4 ,yet geologi/s us$ to reg>d ^! frequ5t *anges ( s$im5t>y matt] z s _m pro(s ( repeat$ cata/rophic subm]g5ces1 :5 ! ocean came roll+ ov] ! l&1 pro/rat+ =e/s1 uproot+ ! huge/ trees1 & leav+ ! scatt]$ bones & scales ( fi%es amid va/ accumulations ( mud & s&1 :]e b lately !re _h bloom$ a luxuriant vegetation4 ,b ! sob] & dilig5t /ud5t ( geologic fact w read 9 ^! rocks no su* record ( cataclysms4 ,he w see 9 !m evid5ces ( ! same gradual & sure op]ation :i* m>ks ! processes ( ,nature at ! pres5t day4 ,he w note h[ dur+ a tranquil & probably imp]ceptible subm]g5ce ( ! riv]-bottom1 =e/ aft] =e/ sprang up1 fl\ri%$ p]haps = ages1 & ev5tually settl$ d[n b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! riv] & sometimes ( ! ocean1 amid ev] increas+ accumulations ( mud & s&4 ,mus+ on ^! anci5t *anges he w be lo/ 9 wond] at ! imm5se duration ( ! p]iod dur+ :i* !y 7 9 progress2 & he w try 9 "s measure to realize ! features ( _! sc5]y4 ,he w picture ! delta ) its ev]-v>y+ islets & s&-banks1 its lakes & subm]g$ =e/s1 its leafless trunks pe]+ above ! wat] & /ick+ along ! %oal+ mud1 & its cr[d$ jungles t cov] e dri] spot4 ,he w ca/ 8 eyes to :]e ! delta op5s out into ! ocean1 & m>k h[ ! waves encroa* ^u ! mud-banks1 cutt+ away :at ! riv] has pil$ up1 & wa%+ ! roots ( gigantic trees t wave _! gre5 coronal ( fronds above1 & ov]%ad[ ! rippl+ ( ! gre5 sea bel[4 ,he w try to ?read ! w9d+s ( ! /ately riv] ?r\gh brakes ( f]ns & calamites1 & banks ri*ly hung ) tree-f]ns & sigill>i1 & !n upw>d ?r\gh d>k %aggy p9e-woods1 sil5t & gloomy1 ) ! wat] creep+ lazily ?r\gh ! %ade or da%+ 9 :ite cascades ov] dripp+ rocks1 & onw>d /ill1 f> away among ! di/ant hills till ! f\nta9head ( ! great /ream is rea*$1 gu%+ f ! spl9t]$ sides ( "s lone rock1 or p\r+ p]*ance out ( ! glimm]+ cav]ns ( "s massive glaci] high amid ! regions ( p]petual sn[4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to e/imate ! am\nt ( "t :i* "s ( our coal-fields may h requir$ = _! accumulation4 ,b s l>ge a numb] ( conjectural elem5ts mu/ necess>ily ent] into su* calculations1 t ! results come to be ( v d\btful value4 ,by e/imat+ ! am\nt ( s$im5t annually transport$ by su* riv]s z ! ,ganges or ,mississippi1 we may asc]ta9 h[ long a mass ( simil> s$im5t>y /rata w\ld take to =m "u simil> conditions4 ,& if our calculation _h to d m]ely ) su* detrital accumulations1 we might hope to arrive at "s approa* to accuracy4 ,b besides ^! s$im5t>y /rata1 ! =mation ( :i* mu/ h be5 :olly analog\s to t ( simil> deposits at ! pres5t day1 we h to deal ) ! problems sugge/$ by ! coal-seams4 ,we "k no?+ ( ! climate ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod save :at may be conjectur$ f ! analogy ( exi/+ climates2 & 9 a "q reg>d+ ! accumulation ( decay+ vegetable matt] climate is a subject ( ! fir/ importance4 ,we are ignorant1 too1 ( ! rate ( gr[? peculi> to ! c>bonif]\s flora2 & ev5 if we hold t x 0 probably rapid1 ! process ( decay may h be5 equally spe$y1 & s a =e/ might g on %oot+ up fre% trees z ! old ones rott$ away1 yet at ! end ( a ?\s& ye>s !re might be a sc>cely great] ?ickness ( vegetable matt] on ! gr\nd ?an at ! comm5cem5t4 ,a seam ( coal two feet ?ick might ?us repres5t1 say ! accumulation ( a hundr$ ye>s1 & ano!r ( exactly ! same ?ickness might /& z ! accumulation ( a ?\s& ye>s4 ,until we "k m ( ! vegetation & climate ( ! coal p]iod1 ! ?ickness ( a coal-seam c h>dly be held z a c]ta9 guide to ! lapse ( "t requir$ = its =mation4 ,= ! sake ( illu/ration1 let me take ! foll[+ fragm5t ( a coal-measure section3-- ,%ale1 #bj feet4 ,coal1 #d ,fire-clay1 #f ,s&/one1 #dj ,beg9n+ at ! bottom1 we may compute ! p]iod ( ! =ty feet ( s&/one v>i\sly1 accord+ to ! riv] select$ z ! type ( a transport+ ag5t4 ,tri$ by ! /&>d ( ! ,nile1 all o!r conditions be+ simil>1 su* a deposit w\ld require p]haps n less ?an #ad1jjj ye>s2 by t ( ! ,mississippi1 #ejjj2 & by t ( ! ,ganges1 ne>ly #bjjj4gb ,we come1 !n1 to ! sup]9cumb5t fire-clay & coal1 repres5t+ an anci5t soil & ! =e/ t grew on x4 ,! occurr5ce ( ^! seams %[s u t ! riv]-b$ _h become a swampy tract clo!d ) vegetation2 b :o %all say h[ long x may h cont9u$ s8 ,l ! sunk c\ntry ( ! ,mississippi1 x may h be5 subm]g$1 & to "s ext5t cut (f f ! s$im5t-transport+ *annels ( ! riv]1 & ?us1 z a va/ lake1 h n\ri%$ a prolific gr[? ( m>%y & aquatic plants4 ,if ! temp]ature resembl$ t ( our own c\ntry1 ! gr[? ( peaty matt]1 o!r circum/ances be+ fav\rable1 might be comp>atively rapid4 ,if1 h[ev]1 z seems probable1 ! climate 7 m w>m & humid1 giv+ rise to a m luxuriant vegetation1 & at ! same "t to a m rapid decay1 a long int]val might h elaps$ )\t add+ mat]ially to ! ?ickness ( ! vegetable accumulations1 & ! ev5tual entombm5t ( peaty matt] suffici5t to consolidate into f\r feet ( coal1 might be ow+ 9 "s measure to ! subm]g5ce ( ! swamp b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! riv]1 :]eby a quantity ( detrital matt] 0 deposit$ t arre/$ ! process ( putrefaction1 & entomb$ ! ?ickly matt$ plants :i* 7 gr[+ on ! spot at ! "t4 ,h5ce1 until we "k m ( ! conditions "u :i* vegetation may accumulate at riv]-m\?s 9 su* a climate z ! coal plants are conjectur$ to h enjoy$1 calculations ( ! am\nt ( "t requir$ = ! =mation ( a great s]ies ( coal-be>+ /rata mu/ be reg>d$ z premature4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 we c b affirm t ! gr[? ( ! f\r-foot coal-seam probably occupi$ _m long ye>s1 ev5 at ! mo/ rapid rate ( accumulation kn[n to u4 ,! =e/-cov]$ swamp on :i* ! plants grew 0 ev5tually invad$ by muddy detritus br\ght d[n by ! riv]2 & dur+ ano!r p]iod ( indef9ite ext5t--five hundr$ ye>s or five ?\s& ye>s--f9e mud cont9u$ to settle d[n ov] ! f\nd]$ =e/1 h>d5+ ev5tually into tw5ty feet ( %ale4 ,footnote #gb3 ,"s obs]v]s h po9t$ to ! occurr5ce ( v]tical & incl9$ trunks ( trees 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s s&/ones1 & d$uc$ !refrom :at has seem$ to !m a triumphant argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! rapidity :]e) our coal-fields mu/ h =m$4 ,a f\nd]$ tree1 !y say1 sank ) its heavy-lad5 roots among ! s& at ! bottom1 its /em po9t+ up into ! wat] l ! snags ( ! ,mississippi1 s t ! s& mu/ h come rapidly d[n to entomb ! :ole be=e x _h "t to decay1 & ?us ?irty or =ty feet ( s$im5t mu/ h be5 deposit$ 9 a few ye>s1 p]haps ev5 mon?s4 ,b ?is is some:at l a begg+ ( ! "q4 ,we h yet to le>n h[ long a wat]-logg$ trunk w resi/ decomposition4 ,! ,edge coals ( ! ,mid-,lo?ian coal-field are succe$$ by a gr\p ( s&/ones & ?9 %ales1 ) ?ree or m seams ( lime/one4 ,?is gr\p ( /rata1 :i* we may call ! ,roslyn ,s&/one ,s]ies1 rea*es a ?ickness ( f #abjj to #aejj feet1 & s]ves z a middle zone to divide ! ,edge coals bel[ f ! ,flat coals above4 ,x conta9s only a few ?9 lam9ations ( coal1 & ^! *iefly at its upp] & "u portions4 ,su* a great int]calation ( b$s1 )\t coal-seams1 po9ts1 we might readily conjecture1 to "s *ange 9 ! physical conditions ( ! anci5t delta4 ,! nature ( ?is *ange c be easily made out f an exam9ation ( ! rocks1 & ! read] w see t "h aga9 we are indebt$ to fossil rema9s = ! mo/ conclusive & satisfactory evid5ce ( ^! old physical revolutions4 ,! abs5ce ( coal-seams suffices to indicate t dur+ ! =mation ( ! middle gr\p t "p ( ! delta occupy+ ! site ( ,mid-,lo?ian 0 cont9ually subm]g$1 & nev] rose to ! surface s z to all[ a cov]+ ( vegetation to =m ^u x4#gc ,! l>ge b$s ( s&/one prove a cont9u$ transport & deposition ( detritus dur+ undi/urb$ p]iods ( consid]able l5g?4 ,! int]calations ( %ale1 po9t+ to local *anges 9 ! curr5ts or o!r modify+ causes1 are usually ( small ?ickness & ext5t1 :ile ! s&/one b$s sometimes atta9 a dep? ( #aej or #bjj feet1 & ext5d ov] wide areas ( c\ntry4 ,s f> ^! me*anical rocks indicate ! deposition ( s& & mud "u wat]1 b :e!r at riv]-m\? or sea-bottom is left unc]ta94 ,f ! fossil rema9s1 h[ev]1 we le>n t ! deposition took place 9 ! sea1 b at no great di/ance f l&2 9 o!r words1 ! area ( ,mid-,lo?ian1 :i*1 dur+ ! accumulation ( ! edge coals1 _h be5 alt]nately clo!d ) vegetation & inundat$ by ! riv]1 sank d[n _m fa?oms1 s t ! sea roll$ ov] x & all its subm]g$ =e/s4 ,! pro( is two-fold1 fir/1 f ! "* ( ! organic rema9s 9 ! lime/ones2 & second1 f t ( ^? 9 ! s&/ones & %ales4 ,footnote #gc3 ,( c\rse1 ?is d$uction is f\nd$1 z ! read] w notice1 on ! assumption t we h n[ ! s]ies1 z x 0 deposit$1 & t no peaty swamp or =e/ 0 d5ud$ away1 & its site occupi$ by s& & silt4 ,b ! assumption is r5d]$ probable f ! conditions ( =mation indicat$ by ! ,roslyn gr\p4 ,9 "s ( ! /reamlets t fl[ into ! beautifully wood$ vale ( ! ,esk1 s\? ( ,p5icuik1 ^! lime/ones c be well se51 worn 9 ! wat]-*annel1 or cru/$ ov] ) moss along ! banks4 ,_! organisms are s+ul>ly abundant1 & consi/ ( cya?ophylla1 encr9ites1 spirif]s1 producti1 c41 all exclusively m>9e4 ,9 a picturesque brook t falls into ! ,esk ne> a saw-mill 9 ! gr\nds ( ,p5icuik ,h\se1 ,i h se5 ! little cup-corals clu/]$ by doz5s on ! wea!r$ rock1 %[+ _! delicate /riat$ wr9kles 9 high relief among ! scatt]$ valves ( productus & innum]able jo9ts ( ! /one-lily4 ,!y 7 all well pres]v$1 & 9 _! gr\p+ & g5]al appe>ance diff]$ 9 no respect f simil> organisms 9 ! m\nta9 lime/one ( ,roman ,camp ,hill4 ,! inf]5ce to be drawn f !m mu/ accord+ly correspond ) :at has be5 d$uc$ f ! m\nta9 lime/one fossils1 viz41 t !y m>k ! site ( a sea-bottom :i* rema9$ free f mud & s& = consid]able p]iods1 dur+ ea* ( :i* !re ab\nd$ corals & %ells1 ^: exuvi w5t to =m sev]al seams ( lime/one4 ,b t ?is sea-bottom 0 at no p]iod v f> di/ant f l&1 is prov$ by ! drift$ plants t occur 9 ! s&/ones & %ales bo? bel[ & above1 & :i* (t5 %[ s little trace ( mac]ation1 t we c h>dly believe !y 7 c>ri$ f>1 or float$ = a long :ile previ\s to be+ envelop$ 9 ! s& or mud at ! bottom4 ,i h nev] detect$ vegetable rema9s 9 ! lime/ones !mselves1 b !re seems no reason :y !y %\ld n be f\nd !re4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable & difficult ph5om5a pres5t$ by ^! lime/ones is _! great p]si/5cy4 ,i h trac$ !m ov] a l>ge "p ( ,mid-,lo?ian1 f ! highly incl9$ b$s at ,joppa to ! contort$ & fault$ /rata ne> ,c>lops4 ,i h f\nd !m1 too1 9 _m p>ts ( ,we/-,lo?ian & ,/irl+%ire1 f ! sea at ,borr[/\nness s\?w>ds into ,lan>k%ire4 ,!y likewise occur 9 ,fife1 & seem to sweep away ?r\gh ,lan>k & ,ayr%ire4 ,! area 9 :i* ,i h f\nd !m _c be mu* "u #gjj squ>e miles1 yet !y are probably spread ov] a mu* great] ext5t ( c\ntry4 ,?r\gh\t ?is region !y appe> to cont9ue on ! :ole at pretty mu* ! same v]tical di/ance f ea* o!r1 & av]age ?ree or f\r feet ?ick ea*4 ,!y v>y 9 numb]1 ?ree be+ f\nd 9 p>ts ( ,mid-,lo?ian1 9 o!r p>ts only two4 ,?r\gh\t ,we/-,lo?ian !re seem to be b two seams 9 ! middle or moor-rock s]ies1 & ! same two seams are f\nd pass+ ov] into ,p]? ne> ,culross4 ,!re are diff]5ces1 too1 9 ! /ructure & composition ( ! seams1 "o runn+ sometimes z a s+le b$ ( dull blue lime/one1 & !n gradually splitt+ up into ?ree lay]s ( a grey] & m e>?y texture1 ) s(t %ale betwe5 !m4 ,b mak+ all ^! abatem5ts1 ! obs]v] _c fail to be /ruck ) ! g5]al regul>ity & cont9uity ( ^! lime/ones4 ,& ! fact becomes all ! m rem>kable :5 we consid] ! great irregul>ity1 & cont9ual int]calations1 & repetitions ( ! /rata1 bo? above & bel[4 ,m>9e b$s are usually p]si/5t ov] l>ge areas1 especially :]e ext5sively develop$4 ,z !y decrease 9 ?ickness1 _! cont9uity = ! mo/ "p less5s1 s t ! rule is1 on ! :ole1 a safe "o1 ! ?9n] any p>ticul> /ratum1 ! less likely are we to trace x to a consid]able di/ance4 ,yet1 n only are ^! ,mid-,lo?ian lime/ones ?91 b !y occur 9 regul> sequ5ce among a set ( cont9ually alt]nat+ & v irregul> b$s1 & ext5d ov] sev]al hundr$ squ>e miles ( c\ntry4 ,& ?is1 too1 n 9 a s+le seam1 b 9 two1 ?ree1 or ev5 m1 s t ! difficulty ( acc\nt+ = su* int]calations is proportionately increas$4 ,we h se5 above t ! area ( a delta is (t5 p>tially subm]g$ bel[ ! sea1 & t su* *anges may become ( ! mo/ m>k$ k9d :]e ! c\ntry is liable to be depress$ by e>?quakes4 ,!re c accord+ly be no difficulty 9 und]/&+ h[ ! anci5t c>bonif]\s delta ( ,mid-,lo?ian may h likewise subsid$4 ,b ! lime/ones are unmi/akable evid5ce t n only 0 ! area ( ! delta subm]g$1 b t = a :ile no s$im5t 0 deposit$ ov] x1 & h5ce m>9e animals peculi> to cle> wat] fl\ri%$ s long & s abundantly z to =m by _! rema9s sev]al b$s ( lime/one4 ,_h ^! b$s be5 m]ely local we might h reg>d$ !m z hav+ be5 deposit$ 9 lagoon-l portions ( ! delta1 %ut out f ! detrital matt] ( ! riv] on ! "o side & op5 to ! sea on ! o!r4 ,b _! wide ext5t & ne>ly uni=m ?ickness preclude su* a supposition4 ,! foll[+ explanation appe>s to me ! mo/ probable3-- ,aft] ! s]ies ( ! ,edge coals _h be5 br\ght to a close1 ! coal-fields ( ,scotl& und]w5t a complete subm]g5ce bel[ ! sea4 ,?is depression 0 probably v gradual1 yet m rapid ?an t long-cont9u$ "o :i* _h be5 go+ on dur+ ! e>li] "p ( ! ,c>bonif]\s s]ies1 & ! consequ5ce ( ?is great] rapidity 0 to prev5t ! gr[? ( /igm>ia swamps or re$y jungles1 by keep+ ! alluvial surface cont9ually sunk to "s dep? bel[ ! wat]4 ,! am\nt ( subsid5ce until ! deposition ( ! l[e/ lime/one may n h be5 great1 b ev5 a slight depression w\ld tell va/ly on an area ( flat delta l&4 ,mud banks w\ld be br\ght d[n into ! region ( waves & surface-curr5ts1 & spe$ily be spread out ov] ! floor ( ! sea4 ,=e/-cov]$ isl&s w\ld 9 l mann] be levell$ d[n1 & _! trees s5t drift+ seaw>d or subm]g$ amid ! re-=m$ silt4 ,?us alt]$1 ! delta w\ld s9k bel[ ! sea1 & ! s$im5t borne d[n by ! riv] w\ld be scatt]$ out ov] ! old] deposits z a sl[ly-=m+ %eet4 ,by degrees ?is detrital matt] mu/ h be5 c>ri$ less & less f>!r out to sea2 9 o!r words1 ! area ( deposit or delta mu/ h crept gradually ne>] to ! l&--a result ow+ p>tly to ! recession ( ! anci5t coa/-l9e1 & p>tly p]haps to a great] am\nt ( depression inl& ?an at ! coa/1 :i* w\ld ( c\rse less5 ! velocity ( ! /reams & cause !m to deposit _! burd5 ( s$im5t at high] levels ?an be=e4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is retreat ( ! delta f ! sea w\ld be to purify ! wat] ov] ! site ( ! old swamps1 & r5d] x fitt$ = ! habitation ( corals1 molluscs1 & o!r m>9e animals4 ,a m$ium ?us prep>$ w\ld n be all[$ to rema9 long unt5ant$1 & s we f9d t x came to be d5sely peopl$ ) ! organisms peculi> to su* a /ation4 ,/one-lilies1 cup-corals1 net-l bryozoa1 molluscs ( _m k9ds1 & l>ge pr$atory fi%1 sw>m$ 9 ^! old wat]s1 & _! calc>e\s %ells & skeletons are n[ brok5 up by ! qu>ryman & ! colli] z h>d compact lime/one4 ,aft] ^! animals _h liv$ & di$ 9 successive g5]ations1 p]haps = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 ! d[nw>d movem5t ( ! e>?'s cru/ seems to h ceas$ = a :ile or to h become greatly less4 ,! effect ( ?is w\ld be j to rev]se :at _h be5 previ\sly done1 especially if a slight elevatory movem5t took place4 ,! /reams w\ld 9 su* circum/ances desc5d f ! uplift$ gr\nd ) r5ew$ velocity & transport _! detritus to gradually increas+ di/ances4 ,! muddy & s&y s$im5t ?us borne seaw>ds w\ld sl[ly silt ov] ! coral-banks at ! bottom1 & 9 conditions s ung5ial ! organisms w\ld dw9dle d[n & f9ally die out4 ,a great ?ickness ( s& & mud w\ld be spread out ov] _! rema9s s long z ! curr5ts f ! l& cont9u$ to c>ry s$im5t out to sea1 & ?us probably orig9at$ ! s&/ones & %ales sup]pos$ above ! l[e/ lime/one4 ,ev5tually ! old /eady d[nw>d movem5t return$1 & ) x ! corals & /one-lilies4 ,! detritus aga9 sank to ! bottom mu* ne>] ! l&1 =m+ great banks & %oals t *ok$ up ! riv]-m\?4 ,seaw>d ! wat] rega9$ its purity1 & ! bottom once m sw>m$ ) liv+ ?+s4 ,ano!r lapse ( _m ?\s& ye>s may h "h int]v5$ dur+ :i* ! m>9e exuvi ga!r$ into ano!r seam ( lime/one1 until aga9 ! process ( subsid5ce ei!r ceas$ = a "t1 or :at is p]haps m probable1 became consid]ably feebl]4 ,detrital matt] began to creep seaw>d z be=e1 & ev5tually entomb$ ! corall9es & cr9oids to a great dep?4 ,! calc>e\s b$ ?us =m$ is ! second lime/one1 & ! sup]9cumb5t silt-b$s repres5t ! s&/ones & %ales t re/ above x4 ,9 "s su* way z ?is does ! ,roslyn s&/one s]ies appe> to h orig9at$4 ,i h indicat$ :at seems to h be5 ! ma9 features 9 ! process1 b x 0 probably a v complex "o4 ,!re may h be5 a great _m oscillations ( level ( v>iable effects1 "s ( !m rais+ ! di/urb$ area to a mu* great] height at "o po9t ?an at ano!r4 ,?is inequality w\ld ( c\rse produce m>k$ effects along a l[ flat c\ntry su* z t at ! m\? ( a great riv]4 ,new curr5ts w\ld be produc$ & ! direction ( old ones *ang$2 great %oals & banks ( silt w\ld be worn d[n only to be ?r[n up aga9 at "s new po9t1 :]e ano!r oscillatory movem5t w\ld expose !m afre% to de/ructive d5udation4 ,! v>iations 9 ! am\nt ( elevation & depression w\ld likewise modify ! transport ( detritus to ! sea1 & give rise to a v>i$ & ev]-*ang+ sea-bottom4 ,9 %ort1 ! alt]nations & v>iations mu/ h be5 endless1 = to ! ord9>y multipli$ int]*anges ( a delta we mu/ add ^? induc$ by a con/ant & unequal oscillation ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,! ,roslyn s&/one s]ies comes to a close1 & pass+ onw>d 9 asc5d+ scale we meet ) ano!r great gr\p ( coal-be>+ /rata4 ,!y occupy ! c5tral area ( ! ,mid-,lo?ian coal-field1 & f _! g5tle incl9ation z comp>$ ) ! l[] /rata t rise up f "u !m on ei!r side ( ! bas91 are kn[n z ! ,flat ,coals4 ,_! total ?ickness--t is to say1 all t has escap$ d5udation--am\nts to a ?\s& feet or m4 ,!y consi/ *iefly ( s&/ones1 %ales1 iron/ones1 & fire-clays1 ) f tw5ty to tw5ty-five seams ( coal1 ( :i* sixte5 are ?ick en\gh to be work$4 ,_! simil>ity to ! ,edge coals bel[ po9ts to a simil>ity 9 ! conditions ( =mation4 ,! frequ5t alt]nations ( s&/one & %ale %[ h[ ! delta gradually pu%$ outw>ds aga9 & re-occupi$ its anci5t site above ! successive =e/s ( ! ,edge s]ies & ! successive coral-b$s ( ! ,roslyn gr\p4 ,! coal-seams indicate ! fur!r progress ( ! detrital accumulations1 & ! ev5tual =mation ( va/ swampy flats t n\ri%$ a rank gr[? ( /igm>i1 & tracts ( dri] gr\nd wav+ ) f]ns1 & %ad[$ by ! spiky foliage ( ! club-moss & ! broad] fronds ( ! tree-f]n4 ,! ,flat coals are n succe$$ by any o!r palozoic /rata4 ,above !m /ret*es ! drift already describ$3 sometimes 9 ! =m ( a /iff blue clay re/+ on a /riat$ rock-surface2 sometimes z a co>se gravel conta9+ fragm5ts ( all ! rocks 9 ! neighb\rhood2 & sometimes z a f9e :ite s& diagonally lam9at$1 & (t5 %[+ d>k p>t+s ( coal-fragm5ts4 ,f ! section giv5 above 7,fig4 #cb7 at p4 #aif1 ! read]1 w see t z ! upp] limit ( ! ,flat coals is =m$ by ! drift1 a l>ge "p ( t s]ies may h be5 borne away by d5ud+ ag5cies4 ,_h !re be5 ev5 a seam ( lime/one above !m1 x w\ld h suffic$ to %[ _! true ?ickness1 = we %\ld !n h se51 t h[ mu* soev] _h be5 remov$ 9 lat] times f above ! lime/one1 no?+ _h be5 remov$ f bel[ x2 & s x w\ld m>k ! true orig9al limit ( ! s]ies4 ,we _c n[ tell h[ mu* ?ick] ! upp] "p ( ! ,mid-,lo?ian c>bonif]\s sy/em may h be54 ,probably1 dur+ ! long ages t int]v5$ betwe5 palozoic & po/-t]ti>y times1 _m hundr$ feet 7 borne away & c>ri$ to o!r sites1 !re to gr[ up into new isl&s & cont95ts1 clo!d ) o!r types ( v]dure1 & peopl$ by o!r races ( animals1 & fitt$ to become1 9 a long subsequ5t p]iod1 ! dwell+-place ( man4 ,9 f9e1 ! evid5ce ( ^! anci5t *anges 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,mid-,lo?ian coal-field is d]iv$1 z we h se51 f two sets ( facts2 fir/1 ^? ( a me*anical1 &1 second1 ^? ( an organic k9d--! "o class expla9+ & confirm+ ! o!r4 ,beg9n+ our inve/igation at ! horizon ( ! ,burdieh\se lime/one1 we saw ! curta9 rise sl[ly f (f a wide e/u>y1 9 :i* !re gamboll$ l>ge bone-cov]$ fi%es1 :ile huge p9e-trees--bran*less & b>e1 se$-cones1 f]n-fronds1 & twigs ( club-moss1 float$ sl[ly away out to sea4 ,! panorama mov$ on1 & br\ght be=e u ! ocean-b$ ( ! ,roman ,camp lime/one1 ) its groves ( /one-lilies & bun*es ( coral2 its t9y %ells moor$ to ! bottom1 or creep+ sl[ly a?w>t ! limy floor1 or spread+ out _! _m arms1 & ris+ or s9k+ at w4 ,?is picture pass$ sl[ly away1 & !n came ! delta ( ! ,edge coals1 ) its s&-banks & ev]-%ift+ curr5ts1 its /igm>ia swamps1 & its =e/-cov]$ islets4 ,we saw ! delta gradually s9k b5ea? ! sea1 & corals & /one-lilies clu/] ?ick ov] its subm]g$ area1 to =m ! lime/ones ( ! ,roslyn gr\p4 ,aga91 ! mud-b>s ( ! riv] crept out to sea1 & tangl$ =e/s wav$ gre5 z ( old1 wa%$ by ! sea or inundat$ by ! riv]4 ,h[ ?is la/ p]iod came to a close1 we %all probably nev] "k1 & h no possible means ( conjectur+4 ,we pass at "o /ep f ! anci5t era ( ! coal to ! comp>atively mod]n "o ( ! drift--f a v]dant palozoic l&1 to an icy po/-t]ti>y sea4 ,x is l a leap 9 hi/ory f ! days ( ,p]icles & ,aspasia to ^? ( ,k+ ,o?o1 or f ! t5ts ( ,runnym$e to ! ,cry/al ,palace ( ,syd5ham4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,trap-pebbles ( ! b\ld]--,?ickness ( ! e>?'s cru/ unkn[n--,n ( mu* consequ5ce to ! practical geologi/--,int]ior ( ! e>? 9 a highly heat$ condition--,pro(s ( ?is--,granite & hypog5e rocks--,trap-rocks2 _! id5tity ) lavas & a%es--,sc5]y ( a trappean c\ntry--,subdivisions ( ! trap-rocks--,intrusive traps--,trap-dykes-intrusive %eets--,salisbury ,crags--,traps ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,ed9burgh--,amorph\s masses--,contemporane\s trap-rocks ( two k9ds--,contemporane\s melt$ rocks--,te/s = _! age & orig9--,examples f neighb\rhood ( ,ed9burgh--,tufas or volcanic a%es--,_! /ructure & orig9--,example ( contemporane\s trap-rocks--,mode ( int]pret+ !m--,volcanoes ( ,c>bonif]\s times--,conclusion4 ,9 ! previ\s pages1 allusion has be5 made to ! trap-pebbles imb$d$ 9 ! b\ld]1 to ! v>i\s =ms ( decay exhibit$ by granitic & trappean rocks1 & to ! elevation & depression ( ! solid cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,w ! read] be> ) me = b a few pages m1 :ile ,i seek to indicate "o or two po9ts ( int]e/ 9 a bran* ( geology t w\ld abundantly rew>d a dilig5t obs]v]8 ,s9ce ! days ( ,hutton1 ! inve/igation ( :at are call$ igne\s rocks has fall5 some:at into ! backgr\nd1 & geologi/s h giv5 !mselves1 p]haps too exclusively1 to ! /udy ( organic rema9s1 s t :ile ! palontology ( ! ,briti% isl&s has enjoy$ an ext5sive exploration1 b little has be5 done t[>ds ! elucidation ( our igne\s =mations & _! accompany+ ph5om5a4 ,mu* rema9s to be accompli%$1 ev5 9 ^? di/ricts usually reg>d$ z 9 a mann] ?read-b>e1 & he mu/ be b an indiff]5t obs]v] :o _c add a few glean+s to ! g5]al /ock ( in=mation ^u ?is bran* ( ,briti% geology4 ,_m conjectures h be5 =m$1 & _m !ories prop\nd$1 z to ! nature ( ! int]nal p>ts ( our globe4 ,"s h suppos$ t !re is an out] solid film or cru/1 "s t5 or tw5ty miles ?ick1 envelop+ a va/ ball ( int5sely heat$ matt]2 o!rs h attempt$ to %[ t ! int]ior mu/ be ne>ly solid ?r\gh\t1 )1 h[ev]1 great lakes1 or vesicles ( gas & melt$ rock1 some:at aft] ! fa%ion1 we may suppose1 ( ! oil-holes 9 a ,gruyre *eese4 ,b :e!r ! heat$ mat]ial occupy ! :ole or only p>ts ( ! int]nal area1 is n ( mu* consequ5ce to ! practical geologi/2 he is cont5t to believe t x exi/s1 & 9 suffici5t quantity1 too1 to produce ! mo/ mom5t\s *anges on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,we see ! effects ( ?is subt]rane\s ag5t 9 e>?quakes & volcanoes1 & ! geologi/ c tell u ( simil>1 z well z ( o!r *anges1 effect$ by x dur+ pa/ ages4 ,granite hills1 & m\nta9\s di/ricts ( mica-slate & gneiss1 be> evid5ce ( :at is t]m$ metamorphism--a *ange 9 ! m9]al /ructure ( rocks1 believ$ to h tak5 place ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( heat deep 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?2 = no analog\s appe>ances h be5 detect$ 9 progress at ! surface4 ,su* rocks1 kn[n z metamorphic1 or hypog5e1 /ill =m a difficult problem1 n likely to be satisfactorily solv$ until ! *emi/ %all h ?or\ghly inve/igat$ ! subject2 = x seems likely to be f\nd1 aft] all1 t long-cont9u$ *emical action1 )\t a v al>m+ degree ( heat1 may h produc$ ev5 ! mo/ int5se metamorphism4 ,b dropp+ ?is "p ( ! subject1 9 :i* s mu* yet rema9s to be discov]$1 let u look = a little at ano!r bran* ( ! geologi/'s evid5ce1 :]e we meet ) no su* hamp]+ hypo!ses & d\btful conjectures1 namely1 ! trap-rocks4 ,e "o kn[s t basalt1 lava1 pumice1 scori1 & a%es1 are ! v>i\s matt]s eject$ f volcanoes4 ,:5 ^! mat]ials are f\nd int]/ratifi$ among ! v>i\s geological =mations1 !y are t]m$ trap-rocks1--a "n d]iv$ f ! ,sw$i% trappa1 a /air1 9 allusion to ! /ep-l or t]rac$ appe>ance :i* !y (t5 pres5t4 ,!y are ( all ages1 hav+ be5 detect$ 9 ! l[] ,silurians ( ,wales1 & 9 ! deposits ( all subsequ5t p]iods up to ! volcanic eruptions ( ! pres5t day2 ?us evid5c+1 t f ! remote/ times !re h be5 tnas & ,vesuvii slumb]+ p]haps = ages1 & !n awak5+ to lay ! surr\nd+ di/ricts 9 ru9s4 ,i h already said t ! rocks f :i* ! geologi/ has to compile 8 hi/ory1 are mo/ly relics ( ! sea2 h5ce mo/ ( ! trap-rocks :i* he meets ) 9 8 explorations are ! products ( subm>9e eruptions4 ,f> away d[n among ! ,silurian rocks1 he c trace ! floor ( a primeval ocean ?ickly cov]$ ) /one-lilies1 trilobites1 & molluscs1 & 9 foll[+ x out he m>ks h[ a%es & lapilli1 eject$ f "s subm>9e orifice1 settl$ d[n amid ! organisms & well-nigh de/roy$ !m1 :ile at o!r times /reams ( molt5 matt] 7 p\r$ out along ! sea-bottom1 & h>d5$ into masses ( solid rock4 ,he sometimes ev5 enc\nt]s :at seems ! v5t :5ce ^! eruptions proce$$1 fill$ up n[ by a boss or plug ( h>d5$ trap1 b he nev] c detect any trace ( l&4 ,"s ( ^! oceanic volcanoes may1 l ,graham's ,isl& 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 h rais$ _! tops above wat]1 s5d+ cl\ds ( /eam & c9d]s f> & wide ?r\gh ! air1 b ! waves w\ld ev5tually we> d[n ! new-born l&1 & scatt] its brok5 fragm5ts along ! floor ( ! sea4 ,among ! c>bonif]\s rocks ( ,scotl&1 h[ev]1 we meet ) a diff]5t condition ( ?+s4 ,!re1 too1 we c trace out subm>9e lava-/reams1 & m>k h[ %[]s ( a%es de/roy$ ! delicate organisms ( ! deep2 b we enc\nt]1 besides1 und\bt$ traces ( a l&1 n p>*$ & ru9\s z ?\gh ! igne\s =ces _h laid x wa/e = ev]1 b ?ickly clo!d ) vegetation ( a m luxuriant type ?an t :i* clu/]s ov] ,vesuvius & ,calabria1 or lies spread out across ! level pla9s ( fruit-teem+ ,sicily4#gd ,we h look$ at ! plants & animals ( ! ,c>bonif]\s era2 its riv]s & deltas2 its sl[ elevations & depressions ( ! gr\nd4 ,x may1 p]haps1 complete ! picture ( t anci5t p]iod1 if we exam9e1 ?\gh b briefly1 its igne\s eruptions1 ! m especially s9ce ^! may be reg>d$ z1 to a consid]able ext5t1 typical ( trap-rocks belong+ to e age & e c\ntry4 ,footnote #gd3 4 s*4 ,prom4 ,v9ct4 #cfi--;a passage graphically descriptive ( an anci5t eruption ( tna4 ,unless :5 deeply buri$ b5ea? drift-s& & clay1 trappean regions usually possess sc5]y ( a m>k$ k9d4 ,a gre5 undulat+ c\ntry /ret*es out z f> z ! eye c rea*1 div]sifi$ "h & !re ) bold abrupt crags & conical hills4 ,! l[] gr\nds %[ 9 ! w9t] season _! ri* br[n loam1 t waxes gre5 z ! spr+ comes on1 & ere summ]'s close spreads out its heavy crops ( gold5 gra94 ,! high] ridges are = ! mo/ "p ?ickly wood$1 yet ! soil is (t5 scanty1 &1 among ! :ite /ems ( ! bee*1 or ! matt$ roots ( ! fir & ! elm1 we may n unfrequ5tly see ! rock protrud+ its li*5-cru/$ face1 mottl$ ) mosses & liv]worts1 :ile "s sluggi% runnel collects 9 /agnant pools1 or trickles ov] ! blocks ) a ?ick gre5 scum4 ,sometimes ! hill has nev] be5 plant$1 b /&s up n[1 z x has done = c5turies2 its we/]n face craggy & precipit\s1 ) bu%es ( sloe-?orn & furze1 & /ray sapl+s ( m\nta9-a% cl++ to ! crevices1 :ile its ea/]n slope s9ks d[n into ! roll+ c\ntry ar\nd ) a gre5 lumpy surface1 ?r\gh :i*1 at _m a po9t1 ! grey "t-/a9$ rock may be se54 ,! :ole di/rict sugge/s to ! fancy a bill[y sea1 &1 z "o ca/s 8 eye f "s comm&+ hill-top a?w>t ! wide expanse ( hill & valley1 sweep+ away 9 endless undulations1 he is apt to be?9k him ( "s day f> back 9 ! pa/1 :5 ! v]dant l&scape ar\nd lay b>r5 & desolate1 :ile ! solid e>? rock$ & heav$ 9 va/ gr\nd-swells l a wide tempe/$ ocean4 ,su* is ! aspect pres5t$ by "s ( ! m trappean regions ( ,scotl&4 ,b ! orig9 ( ?is k9d ( sc5]y mu/ be ascrib$ to ! effects ( d5ud+ curr5ts 9 scoop+ out ! s(t] /rata into clefts & valleys1 & leav+ ! h>d] trap-rocks 9 prom95t relief1 r ?an to any great inequality ( surface produc$ by ! eruption ( igne\s matt]2 = we %all f9d t ! ?r[+ out ( %eets ( lava & %[]s ( volcanic a%es 0 (t5 a v quiet process aft] all4 ,trap-rocks g5]ally may be v>i\sly classifi$ accord+ to ! aspect "u :i* we view !m4 ,m9]alogically !y are augitic1 :5 ! m9]al augite ent]s l>gely into _! composition2 hornbl5dic1 :5 ! augite is replac$ by hornbl5de2 & felspa?ic1 :]e felsp> =ms ! mo/ m>k$ con/itu5t4 ,! fir/ class includes all ! d>k homog5e\s comp\nds call$ basalts2 ! second1 ! hornbl5dic gre5/ones1 or diorites2 & ! ?ird1 ! fel/ones1 porphyries1 & tufas4 ,geologically1 !y are b$s :5 !y are int]/ratifi$ ) ! contigu\s rocks2 & dykes or ve9s :5 !y p5etrate !m l walls1 or 9 an irregul> mann]4 ,! =m] class may be ei!r ( ! same age ) ! rocks among :i* !y lie1 or ( a lat] date1 j z 9 a pile ( books ! c5tre "o may ei!r h be5 plac$ !re orig9ally ) ! re/1 or ?ru/ 9 long aft]w>ds4 ,! latt] class mu/ always be lat] ?an ! rocks :i* !y trav]se1 = x is pla9 ! rocks mu/ h be5 9 exi/5ce be=e trap-dykes & ve9s c\ld be %ot ?r\gh !m4 ,h5ce geologi/s are accu/om$ to speak ( contemporane\s & subsequ5t trap-rocks3 ! "o li/ includ+ all ! tufas1 & ^? melt$ rocks :i* c be %[n to h be5 erupt$ dur+ ! "t :5 ! lime/ones1 s&/ones1 or %ales ar\nd !m 7 =m+2 ! o!r embrac+ all ! dykes & ve9s along ) ^? b$s ( melt$ rock :i* h be5 intrud$ betwe5 ! /rata4 ,^! & o!r di/9ctions w be bett] und]/ood f a few examples collect$ *iefly f ! c>bonif]\s di/rict ( c5tral ,scotl&4 ,! trap-rocks se5 !re exhibit a wide range ( /ructure1 texture1 col\r1 & g5]al aspect4 ,!re are two pretty m>k$ k9ds--! augitic or hornbl5dic1 & ! felspa?ic2 ! =m] be+ usually ( a m or less cry/all9e aspect2 ! latt]1 commonly dull1 & (t5 )\t any cry/als4#ge ,9 ! augitic traps1 ! cry/als are sometimes ( l>ge size & well-def9$1 s t ! rock c\ld h>dly be di/+ui%$ at fir/ sight f an ord9>y grey granite1 :ile at o!r times1 & n unfrequ5tly ev5 9 o!r portions ( ! same mass1 ! /one assumes a black appe>ance )\t di/9ct cry/als4 ,! =m] v>iety w\ld be call$ a gre5/one1 ! latt] a basalt2 ! *ief compon5ts 9 ei!r case be+ felsp> & hornbl5de1 or felsp> & augite1 ) a v>iable admixture ( o!r m9]als1 ! %ade ( col\r v>y+ f a pale blue or leek-gre51 ?r\gh ! diff]5t hues ( grey1 to a deep velvet black4 ,!re are o!r traps1 h[ev]1 consi/+ entirely1 or ne>ly s1 ( felsp>1 :5ce !y are kn[n z fel/ones4 ,su* rocks enjoy a wide range ( col\r1 "s ( !m be+ pure :ite1 o!rs ( a blui% grey or d+y br[n2 & !y may be se5 graduat+ f a pale yell[1 or fle%-col\r1 to a brick-r$ or deep purple4 ,:5 a trap displays di/9ct dissem9at$ cry/als1 usually ( felsp>1 x becomes a porphyry2 :5 x %[s r\nd$ cavities1 l ^? ( furnace-slag1 x is said to be vesicul>2 & :5 ^! globul> or almond-%ap$ cavities are fill$ ) c>bonate ( lime1 *alc$ony1 or o!r m9]als1 ! rock =ms an amygdaloid4 ,su* peculi>ities ( /ructure indicate to "s ext5t ! orig9 ( ! mass1 & may be f\nd 9 any k9d ( trap4 ,?us we h porphyritic gre5/ones1 basalts1 or fel/ones1 & ! same rocks may be likewise vesicul> or amygdaloidal4 ,"s ( !m1 su* z _m gre5/ones1 display on wea!r$ surfaces t curi\s sph]oidal /ructure already allud$ to2 o!rs are built up into geometric columns4 ,footnote #ge3 ,?is di/9ction1 ?\gh a suffici5tly safe "o 9 "s localities1 mu/ n be held z by any means univ]sal 9 its application1 ! felspa?ic traps be+ (t5 z cry/all9e 9 aspect z ! augitic1 & ! augitic1 on ! o!r h&1 z dull z ! felspa?ic4 ,su* peculi>ities ( composition & /ructure =m ! basis ( a m9]alogical classification ( ! igne\s rocks1 :i* is ( use 9 work+ out ! geology ( a di/rict4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t subdivision = our pres5t purpose1 h[ev]1 is t :i* proce$s ^u ! orig9 & mode ( occurr5ce ( ! trap-rocks4 ,view$ ?us1 !y resolve !mselves into two great gr\ps1 ! intrusive & contemporane\s1 bo? ( :i* conta9 gre5/ones1 basalts1 c41--! sole di/9ction betwe5 ^? ( ! "o class & ^? ( ! o!r1 be+ ! relation ( age & mode ( occurr5ce :i* !y be> to ! surr\nd+ rocks4 ,i4 ,! intrusive traps occur 9 ! =m ( walls & ve9s1 sometimes 9 t ( flat p>allel b$s1 & (t5 z huge amorph\s masses1 to :i* no def9ite "n c be giv54 ,b :atev] %ape !y may assume1 !y g5]ally agree 9 pres5t+ well-m>k$ features1 :]eby _! orig9 c be readily asc]ta9$4 ,! rocks ?r\gh :i* !y pass are m or less h>d5$1 (t5 contort$1 & sometimes trav]s$ by innum]able cracks & r5ts1 into "s ( :i* ! trap has p5etrat$ 9 ! =m ( ve9s4 ,a trap-dyke is a long wall ( igne\s matt]1 cutt+ m or less p]p5dicul>ly ?r\gh ! surr\nd+ rocks4 ,sometimes ^! dykes atta9 a bread? ( _m y>ds1 & may n unfrequ5tly be trac$ = miles runn+ 9 a ne>ly /raight l9e ov] hill & valley1 easily recognisable by a long smoo? ridge1 ) ! rock protrud+ "h & !re f bel[ :]e ! soil is ?94 ,x is int]e/+ to foll[ out "o ( ^! long ramp>ts f its beg9n+ to its close1 & m>k h[ undeviat+ly x cuts ?r\gh ! rocks4 ,no matt] :at may be ! nature ( ! /one enc\nt]$1 h>d conglom]ate1 friable %ale1 compact lime/one1 or jo9t$ fissile s&/one1 all are brok5 across1 & ! "r l9e pres]v$ ?r\gh\t4 ,nay1 ,i h se5 a /ill m curi\s in/ance ( ?is p]si/5cy1 :]e ! dyke ran = f\r miles ?r\gh a set ( m\nta9 lime/one & l[] coal-measure /rata1 & sev]al enorm\s %eets ( gre5/one & basalt4 ,ev5 :5 pass+ ?r\gh ^! traps ! dyke rema9$ p]fectly di/9ct1 its cry/all9e /ructure & ext]nal configuration pres5t+ a well-m>k$ contra/ ) ^? ( ! surr\nd+ em95ces4 ,( c\rse x mu/ h be5 =m$ aft] all ! rocks ?r\gh :i* x pass$4 ,! s&/ones & %ales mu/ h settl$ d[n long previ\sly on "s e/u>y b$ or sea-bottom2 ! corals & %ells ( ! lime/ones1 & ! matt$ plants ( ! successive coal-seams mu/ h liv$ & di$1 p]haps ?\s&s or millions ( ye>s be=e1 & _! rema9s h h>d5$ into /one1 ere ! cont9uity ( ! /rata 0 brok5 across by ! long deep wall ( gre5/one4 ,trap-dykes are accord+ly appropriately t]m$ intrusive4 ,!y h be5 intrud$ among & mu/ always be lat] ?an ! rocks 9 :i* !y occur4 ,9 trac+ out _! "*1 m especially 9 a trappean di/rict1 su* z t ( ,l9li?g[%ire1 :]e !y ab\nd1 we soon f9d o!r evid5ce ( _! intrusive nature4 ,:]e !y pass ?r\gh lime/one1 !y sometimes conv]t x into a :ite sac*>9e m>ble2 %ales !y bake into a sort ( porcela9 or burnt pott]y2 & s&/ones become semi-fus$ into a h>d homog5e\s qu>tz-rock4 ,nor are ! *anges conf9$ to ! rocks trav]s$2 ! dykes !mselves1 along _! sides1 become f9e gra9$ & h>d5$2 occasionally1 too1 ! col\r alt]s f ! usual blui% or gre5i%-grey to black1 or to a brick-r$1 or dull-br[n1 simil> to t ( ! alt]$ %ale & s&/one1 ( :i* deta*$ portions may be f\nd adh]+ to ! out] walls ( ! dyke1 or ev5 emb$d$ 9 its sub/ance4 ,! c5tral portion ( ! dyke may ?us be m>k$ly cry/all9e1 =m+ :at we %\ld call a gre5/one1 :ile ! outside p>ts1 :]e ! trap comes 9 contact ) ! adjac5t rocks1 are f9e gra9$ & homog5e\s1 s z to become a true basalt4 ,sometimes1 too1 ^! ext]ior edges are highly vesicul> & amygdaloidal1 deta*$ fragm5ts closely resembl+ ! slag ( an iron-furnace1 & occasionally ! dyke pres5ts a column> arrangem5t1 ! ends ( ! hexagonal or polygonal columns abutt+ aga9/ ! s&/one or o!r rock on ei!r side1 & los+ !mselves t[>ds ! c5tre 9 ! g5]al mass ( ! trap4 ,:]e ! /rata trav]s$ are brok5 & jo9t$1 ! dykes :i* cut !m ?r\gh may be se5 9 "s places ?r[+ out lat]al ve9s t accommodate !mselves to all ! irregul>ities ( ! fissures4 ,^! m9or portions exhibit = ! mo/ "p ! same lead+ features ) ! p>5t mass1 & ! result ( ! :ole is a g5]al bak+ ( ! b$s1 ) sometimes n a little contortion1 & an am\nt ( irregul>ity & di/urbance1 app>5t at once to ! mo/ inexp]i5c$ obs]v]4 7,see ,fig4 #cd47 ,if ! read] w v]ify ^! /atem5ts by actual exploration 9 ! field1 he w probably n be long 9 arriv+ at ! foll[+ conclusions3 trap-dykes mu/ once h be5 9 a melt$ /ate1 z is %[n by _! vesicul> cavities & div]g5t ve9s2 ?is liquid condition mu/ h be5 att5d$ ) ! mo/ int5se heat1 z may be ga!r$ f ! burnt & bak$ appe>ance ( ! contigu\s rocks2 !y h1 = ! mo/ "p1 especially :]e ( l>ge size1 ris5 f bel[ along previ\sly-=m$ dislocations--a circum/ance :i* may be inf]r$ f _! p]si/5cy 9 a /raight l9e ?r\gh b$s ( v diff]5t resi/+ p[]1 = _h ! liquid matt] =c$ a way = itself1 x w\ld h squirt$ betwe5 ! b$s along ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance1 & n directly & = miles across !m2 & h5ce1 trap-dykes mu/ be reg>d$ n z !mselves ! ag5ts 9 dislocat+ & contort+ a di/rict1 b m]ely z signs ( ! p>5t =ce at "w bel[4 ,all ! features ( ^! trap-dykes "h /at$ may be obs]v$ 9 ! c5tral di/rict ( ,scotl&1 among rocks ( ,c>bonif]\s age4 ,b he :o w\ld /udy trap-dykes on ! great scale )\t quitt+ ,brita91 %\ld visit "s ( ! m trappean isl&s ( ! ,hebrides4 ,he w !re f9d !m int]sect+ gl5 & hill-side1 9 an intricate network1 /&+ up ?r\gh ! hea!r l ru9$ walls1 & runn+ (t5 = consid]able di/ances up bald cliff-l9e1 & across precipit\s rav9e4 ,9 "s localities1 among su* lime/one di/ricts z t ( ,/ra?1 deta*$ em95ces may be se5 ) congregat$ dykes c\rs+ _! sides & summits1 :ile ! hea?y int]spaces are cumb]$ ) grey & :ite protrud+ blocks ( m>ble1 t give to ^! gre5 knolls ! aspect ( old "t-wa/$ abbeys ) _! clu/]+ tomb/ones4 ,! magnific5t sections laid op5 9 ^! localities by ! action ( m\nta9 /reams1 & by ! waves ( ! ,atlantic1 leave ! /ud5t ( igne\s rocks no?+ to desire save a long lease ( leisure4 ,ano!r =m frequ5tly assum$ by ! intrusive traps1 is t ( wide b$s or %eets int]calat$ ) great] or less regul>ity among /ratifi$ rocks 7,fig4 #cd b74 ,!y may be reg>d$ z horizontal dykes1 ! igne\s matt]1 9 place ( cutt+ across ! /rata1 hav+ =c$ a way = itself betwe5 !m4 ,view$ 9 ?is light !y w be f\nd exactly to correspond ) ord9>y dykes2 ! rocks on :i* !y re/1 & ^? :i* lie above !m be+ bo? alt]$ l ^? on ei!r side ( a dyke or ve94 ,a well-kn[n example ( ?is =m ( trap is t ( ,salisbury ,crags1 :]e a b$ ( gre5/one tw5ty to eighty feet ?ick is int]calat$ among s&/ones1 %ales1 & co>se lime/ones1 belong+ to ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s s]ies4 ,its "u surface pres5ts a rem>kably ev5 l9e1 brok5 at int]vals1 h[ev]1 :]e ! truncat$ ends ( s&/one b$s protrude up into ! gre5/one1 or :]e ! latt] cuts into ! s&/one bel[1 occasionally envelop+ deta*$ fragm5ts1 & s5d+ ve9s ?r\gh !m4 ,along ! l9e ( contact bo? rocks und]go a *ange4 ,! gre5/one becomes r$d5$1 f9] gra9$1 & ( a dull e>?y aspect4 ,! s&/ones & %ales are also r$1 & excessively h>d1 ! =m] resembl+ a qu>tz rock1 & ! latt] pass+ into a sort ( fl9ty *]t or *alc$ony4 ,! s&/ones above ! trap1 :]e !y c be exam9$1 are also f\nd to pres5t ! same h>d5$1 bak$ appe>ance1 ! mo/ int5se metamorphism be+ obs]vable 9 ^? p>ts :i* are completely surr\nd$ by igne\s matt]4 ,^! po9ts 7 not$ _m ye>s ago dur+ ! fam\s controv]sy betwe5 ! disciples ( ,hutton & ,w]n]1 ! =m] view+ !m z demon/rative evid5ce ( ! igne\s orig9 ( ! trap-rock1 ! latt]1 on ! o!r h&1 pr(ess+ to see no?+ 9 ! section ( ! ,crags at all militat+ aga9/ ! !ory t ! rocks _h orig9at$ f deposition 9 wat]4 ,_m a battle 0 f\ght 9 ?is locality1 & n a few ( ! trap-dykes & hills possess to ! geologi/ a classic int]e/1 f hav+ be5 ! examples :5ce "s ( ! be/ e/abli%$ geological op9ions 7 fir/ d$uc$4 ,! conte/ betwe5 ! ,huttonians & ,w]n]ians t]m9at$ long ago 9 ! ackn[l$g$ victory ( ! =m]2 ,hutton's doctr9es are n[ recognis$ all ov] ! _w4 ,x is int]e/+1 h[ev]1 to walk ov] ! sc5es ( ! w>f>e1 & m>k ! v rocks among :i* x rag$1 & f ! peculi>ities ( :i* x took its rise4 ,basalts & gre5/ones1 s&/ones & %ales1 ) all _! crumpl+s & contortions1 /ill /& up z memorials ( p[]ful igne\s action1 & ( physical *anges 9 ! primeval pa/2 & !y h become to ! geologi/ memorials1 too1 ( *anges 9 ! onw>d progress ( 8 sci5ce1 :]e1 out ( conflicts p]haps yet m tumultu\s ?an ^? ( anci5t ,nature1 !re em]g$ at la/ ! cle> demon/rable tru?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--;,intrusive ,trap4 ,9 ! accompany+ section 7,fig4 #cd71 ! m m>k$ *>act]s ( intrusive traps are exhibit$4 ,! ma9 mass ( igne\s rock is ! dyke 7d71 ris+ ?r\gh a dislocation or fault1 :i* has ?r[n d[n ! b$s on "o side sev]al feet bel[ ^? on ! o!r1 z is %[n by ! int]ruption ( ! %ale & iron/one b$s 7%74 ,! dyke gives (f two ramifications1 "o ( !m cutt+ across ! b$s obliquely z a ve9 7v72 ! o!r pass+ along ! planes ( ! %aly lay]s z a horizontal b$ 7b74 ,! ve91 x w be notic$1 produces consid]able alt]ation 9 its progress1 c>ry+ up & bak+ a portion ( ! %ale 7%71 & turn+ up ! edges ( ! b$s on bo? sides1 :i* get crack$ & h>d5$ along ! l9e ( contact4 ,! b$ runs ) "s regul>ity = a %ort di/ance ?r\gh ! %ales1 :i* %[ m>ks ( great alt]ation at _! junction ) ! trap4 ,its "u surface at "o po9t is se5 to h involv$ a portion ( ! %ale :i* has become 9 consequ5ce highly metamorphos$1 :ile along ! upp] surface ! b$ has s5t out a %ort irregul> ve9 t twi/s & o!rwise alt]s ! %ales above4 ,^! circum/ances w\ld suffice to %[ t ev5 ?\gh we did n f9d ?is b$ 9 connexion ) a mass ( intrusive trap1 x mu/1 nev]!less1 h be5 ?ru/ among previ\sly-=m$ /rata1 & c\ld n h be5 contemporane\s1 t is1 p\r$ out along ! sea-bottom be=e ! %ales above x 7 deposit$4 ,b "o o!r =m ne$s to be m5tion$ "h z *>act]i/ic ( ! ,c>bonif]\s intrusive trap-rocks--t ( great amorph\s masses :i* cut ?r\gh ! /rata irregul>ly4 ,!y h n ! wall-l =m ( dykes1 nor d !y con=m to ! l9e ( b$d+ ( ! rocks among :i* !y occur4 ,!y are sometimes irregul> lumps1 ly+ above or among ! /rata1 & probably connect$ ) "s ve9 or dyke bel[4 ,9 o!r localities !y look l ! upp] ends ( va/ pill>s :i* may desc5d into ! v dep?s ( ,t>t>us1 z ?\gh a great hole _h be5 bl[n ?r\gh ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 & a column ( melt$ matt] _h ris5 to fill ! cavity4 ,su* masses are (t5 call$ bosses1 & seem n unfrequ5tly to h be5 ! crat]s ( eruption :5ce great %eets ( lava & %[]s ( a%es 7 eject$ f> & wide ov] ! neighb\rhood4 ,!y s]ve to connect ! intrusive traps1 ^: age is always m or less unc]ta91 ) ! b$d$ traps prop]ly s call$1 ! geological date ( :i* c usually be suffici5tly asc]ta9$4 ,,ii4 ,! b$d$ or contemporane\s trap-rocks consi/ ( two well-m>k$ k9ds4 ,!re are1 #a/1 ! melt$ rocks1 su* z gre5/ones & basalts & #b;d1 ! tufas & volcanic a%es4 ,^? ( ! fir/-nam$ class diff] 9 no respect f ! traps already notic$1 s f> z reg>ds m9]alogical texture1 g5]al /ructure1 & appe>ance4 ,9 h& specim5s ! intrusive & b$d$ gre5/ones & basalts _c be di/+ui%$1 nor ev5 :5 exam9$ 9 ! field & 9 masses ext5d+ ov] consid]able areas is x always possible to say to :i* division any p>ticul> hill or crag %\ld be assign$4 ,! reason ( ?is resemblance is obvi\s4 ,:]e a trap has ei!r cut ?r\gh or ins9uat$ itself among rocks ( e>li] date x is call$ intrusive1 9 relation to ! rocks s trav]s$1 & ( c\rse we _c be sure to :at geological p]iod x %\ld be ref]r$1 nor h[ long an int]val may h elaps$ betwe5 ! "t :5 ^! rocks 7 =m+ & ! "t :5 ! trap 0 intrud$ among !m4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! igne\s rock pass$ upw>d ?r\gh ^! same /rata & !n spread out z a flat %eet along ! sea-bottom1 ! "p t came to ! top w\ld be t]m$ contemporane\s ) ! deposits go+ on at ! "t4 ,h5ce x foll[s t all contemporane\s lava-=m trap-rocks are at ! same "t intrusive z reg>ds ! /rata pass$ ?r\gh 9 _! progress to ! surface4 ,if ! %eet ( melt$ matt] t spread out bel[ ! wat] 7 9 ! c\rse ( ages worn completely away1 along ) ! /rata subsequ5tly pil$ above x1 s z to leave m]ely a neck or dyke fill+ up ! cavity ?r\gh :i* ! lava rose1 we %\ld pron\nce ! remnant intrusive1 & c\ld =m no c]ta9 conclusion z to its age or z to :e!r its site _h ev] be5 a crat] actively at "w 9 ?r[+ out lava & a%es4 ,! sole diff]5ce1 !re=e1 betwe5 a contemporane\s & an intrusive gre5/one is simply ?is3 ! =m] rose ?r\gh a fissure until x rea*$ ! surface1 & !n roll$ out z a flat p>allel %eet2 ! latt] may h be5 erupt$ f bel[ at ! same "t1 yet1 ow+ to diff]5t circum/ances1 nev] rea*$ ! surface1 b spread out among or cut ?r\gh ! /rata und]nea?4 ,& s1 :5 we come to exam9e 9 qu>ries1 rav9es1 & o!r exposures1 ! rema9s ( two su* eruptions1 we soon asc]ta9 ! relative age ( ! =m] f t ( ! /rata among :i* x occurs1 b z to ! date ( ! latt] we are :olly at a loss1 = x gives u no clue by :i* we c %[ :e!r x 0 erupt$ be=e or aft] ! o!r4 ,we c b comp>e ! m9]alogical "* ( ! intrud$ ) t ( ! contemporane\s masses 9 ! same di/rict1 &1 f ! resemblance :i* may be trac$ betwe5 !m1 draw at ! be/ b a d\btful inf]5ce z to _! relative dates4 ,! contemporane\s traps always assume a b$d$ =m1 ! intrusive occasionally d s2 & ! "q naturally arises "h1 :at are ! te/s :]eby a b$ ( trap may be kn[n to be contemporane\s & n intrusive8 ,! answ] is happily a simple "o4 ,an intrusive mass is f\nd to alt] to a great] or less ext5t ! rocks 9 contact ) x2 if x occur z a dyke1 !n ! b$s on ei!r side h be5 cut ?r\gh & probably o!rwise affect$2 if x take ! =m ( a b$ or %eet1 ! /rata ly+ above & bel[ x w be f\nd to be bo? alt]$1 %[+ evid5tly t a heat$ mass has be5 int]pos$ betwe5 !m1 & consequ5tly t ! igne\s rock is ( lat] date ?an any ( ! /rata among :i* x occurs4 ,9 ! case ( a contemporane\s melt$ trap1 h[ev]1 ! appe>ances pres5t$ are diff]5t2 x always takes ! =m ( a flat b$ correspond+ to all ! incl9ations & curvatures ( ! s&/ones1 %ales1 lime/ones1 or o!r /rata among :i* x lies4 ,if exam9$ c>efully1 x may be f\nd n unfrequ5tly bak+ & contort+ ! b$ t =ms its pavem5t1 b produc+ no *ange :atev] on t :i* composes its ro(4 ,x may be capp$ & und]laid by lay]s ( %ale1 & 9 su* a case we might n improbably f9d ! %ale bel[ x highly bak$1 s z to resemble a sort ( rude pott]y1 :ile ! %ale above w\ld pres5t no sign ( su* metamorphism1 b on ! contr>y might display its delicate plants or %ells d[n to ! v surface ( ! trap1 & 7 ! latt] conceal$ f view we %\ld nev] suspect1 f ! aspect ( ?is %ale1 t any igne\s rock exi/$ 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! inf]5ce to be drawn f su* appe>ances seems v obvi\s4 ,_h ! upp] %ale be5 9 exi/5ce :5 ! gre5/one or basalt 0 erupt$1 x w\ld h suff]$ an alt]ation simil> to t produc$ on ! %ale bel[2 & ! fact1 pla9 & palpable1 t x has und]gone no su* *ange1 %[s pretty cle>ly t x 0 deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! wat] aft] ! trap _h cool$ & consolidat$1 & t consequ5tly ! trap mu/ be int]m$iate 9 age betwe5 ! b$s on :i* x re/s & ^? :i* lie above x2 9 o!r words1 t x is a contemporane\s rock4 ,h5ce1 if we "k ! exact geological position & age ( ! %ales1 we "k also ^? ( ! associat$ trap1 & c ?us asc]ta9 t at a c]ta9 def9ite p]iod 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( our planet a p>ticul> di/rict 0 ! sc5e ( volcanic action4 ,examples ( su* contemporane\s traps ab\nd among ! c>bonif]\s rocks ( c5tral ,scotl&1 especially 9 ,fife & ! ,lo?ians 7,fig4 #ce74 ,i may ref] aga9 to ! vic9ity ( ,ed9burgh z af=d+ "s excell5t illu/rations4 ,! ea/]n "p ( ,ar?ur's ,seat displays a s]ies ( basalts & gre5/ones :i* c be prov$ to h be5 ?r[n out dur+ ! times ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s rocks1 at a p]iod long ant]ior to t ( ! ,burdieh\se lime/one4 ,! ,p5tl& ,hills exhibit on a mu* great] scale va/ %eets ( felspa?ic traps1 su* z fel/ones & tufas1 traceable 9 "s cases = six or sev5 miles1 :i* 7 erupt$ at a /ill e>li] p]iod4#gf ,! trap pebbles 9 our b\ld] consi/$ ( light yell[ & p9k fel/one1 & 7 d]iv$1 ,i make no d\bt1 f ^! ,p5tl& ,hill b$s1 :5 :at =ms n[ ! cone ( ,c>ne?y1 ris+ well-nigh #aijj feet above ! sea1 exi/$ z "o ( a scatt]$ ar*ipelago ( islets1 or z a sunk5 rock batt]$ by ! waves t scatt]$ its %+le along ! floor ( :at may h be5 ei!r a %all[ sea or a %oal+ e/u>y1 :]e ev5tually ! s& & pebbles h>d5$ into t b$ ( co>se grey s&/one :5ce our b\ld] 0 d]iv$4 ,footnote #gf3 ,! geology ( ,ar?ur's ,seat & ,p5tl& ,hills 0 admirably work$ out m ?an qu>t] ( a c5tury ago by ,mr4 ,m',l>54 ,8 "w 7already ref]r$ to7 is un=tunately n[ out ( pr9t4 ,! second class ( contemporane\s trap-rocks are ! tufas or volcanic a%es4 ,!y diff] entirely 9 _! aspect & orig9 f any ( ! rocks already describ$4 ,gre5/ones1 basalts1 fel/ones1 & su* l1 7 all melt$ rocks1 ?ru/ up f bel[ z we see lava ?r[n out by a mod]n volcano1 be+ /yl$ contemporane\s :5 p\r$ out along ! sea-bottom or ! l&1 & intrusive :5 !y nev] rea*$ ! surface b cut ?r\gh ! /rata bel[4 ,! tufas1 h[ev]1 po9t to a totally diff]5t orig94 ,!y are ( v>i\s %ades ( col\r1 accord+ to _! *emical composition4 ,9 ,ea/ ,lo?ian !y assume a deep r$ hue2 among ! ,p5tl& ,hills !y are (t5 fle%-col\r$1 :ile 9 ,l9li?g[%ire !y range f a dull-br[n to a pale leek-gre51 gre5 be+ ! prevail+ t9t4 ,!y always %[ a dull uncry/all9e surface1 irregul>ly r\gh5$ by includ$ fragm5ts ( v>i\s rocks1 su* z trap1 s&/one1 %ale1 & _m o!rs4 ,^! fragm5ts or lapilli v>y 9 size f less ?an a p9-head up to l>ge bombs ( sev]al hundr$weight1 & f be+ g5]ally abundant give to ! tufas "o ( _! be/-m>k$ *>act]i/ics4 ,! small] pieces are usually m or less angul>1 & ?r\gh\t ! c>bonif]\s s]ies ( ,l9li?g[%ire consi/ *iefly ( a pale felspa?ic matt]1 light] 9 %ade & commonly h>d] 9 texture ?an ! matrix or pa/e 9 :i* !y lie4 ,9 "s localities1 :]e ! includ$ pieces are l>g]1 !y h a r\nd$ =m1 & (t5 %[ a honey-comb$ vesicul> surface1 l balls ( h>d5$ slag4 ,fragm5ts ( s&/one h n unfrequ5tly a semi-fus$ appe>ance1 & plates ( %ale sometimes look l ! brok5 debris f a tile-"w1 al?\gh 9 _m in/ances ^! fragm5ts may be f\nd %[+ no trace :atev] ( alt]ation1 be+ undi/+ui%able f ! neighb\r+ s&/ones & %ales f :i* !y probably came4 ,i h se5 9 "s ( ! co>s] tufas1 or r volcanic conglom]ates1 enorm\s masses ( basalt & gre5/one buri$ deep 9 ! surr\nd+ gre5 or r$ felspa?ic pa/e1 & %[+ on _! m prom95t edges ! usual vesicul> cavities4 ,9 su* conglom]ates !re is usually no division into b$s2 ! :ole mass1 inde$1 =ms a b$ betwe5 l[] & high] /rata1 b int]nally x %[s = ! mo/ "p no trace ( /ratification4 ,9 ^! confus$ assemblages "o may occasionally light ^u deta*$ cry/als ( augite or o!r m9]al scatt]$ irregul>ly ?r\gh ! tufa4 ,_! angles w be f\nd (t5 blunt$1 & ! cry/als !mselves brok51 appe>ances :i* h likewise be5 notic$ among ! a% ( mod]n volcanoes4 ,:5 ! tufas are f9] gra9$ !y usually exhibit a well-m>k$ /ratification1 & c (t5 be split up into lam9 l an ord9>y fissile s&/one4 ,organic rema9s n unfrequ5tly ab\nd 9 su* lam9at$ b$s1 & v>y 9 _! "* z widely z 9 any o!r /ratifi$ rock1 be+ sometimes l&-plants1 sometimes sea-%ells4 ,su* are "s ( ! m obvi\s *>act]s ( ! volcanic a%es or tufas1 z develop$ among ! c>bonif]\s rocks ( c5tral ,scotl&4 ,_! great v>ieties ( composition & g5]al aspect r5d] !m a some:at difficult set ( rocks to ma/]1 b :5 fairly & fully und]/ood !y soon prove !mselves to be by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ section ( ! traps1 = "o ne$s seldom to hesitate a mom5t z to _! orig9 or date1 :ile _! fossil cont5ts imp>t to !m an int]e/ all _! own4 ,by comp>+ su* rocks ) ! consolidat$ a% or f9e du/ & lapilli ( a mod]n volcano1 a rem>kable resemblance ( ext]nal *>act]s is f\nd to subsi/2 & ?is lik5ess holds suffici5tly close1 :5 pursu$ into details1 to %[ t ! anci5t & ! mod]n rocks h result$ f ! same s\rce1 t1 namely1 ( volcanic eruption4 ,! a% ( active burn+ m\nta9s falls d[n _! sides loosely & incoh]5tly1 e successive %[] ( du/ or scori settl+ )\t mu* regul>ity on ^? t h gone be=e4 ,! a% ( ! old c>bonif]\s eruptions1 h[ev]1 0 %[]$ = ! mo/ "p ov] ! sea or across wide %oal+ e/u>ies1 at lea/ x is only su* portions ( x z fell !re t h come d[n to our day4 ,settl+ d[n among ! mud & s& at ! bottom1 ! volcanic matt] accumulat$ 9 wide horizontal b$s1 e m>k$ inequality be+ smoo!d d[n by ! curr5ts until a s]ies ( regul>ly /ratifi$ lay]s came to be =m$1 entomb+ any organisms t might f9d _! way to ! bottom or be ly+ !re at ! "t4 ,! a% ( t]re/rial volcanoes has no m>k$ /ratification because ?r[n out 9 op5 air1 :ile t ( ! c>bonif]\s rocks ( c5tral ,scotl& is di/9ctly b$d$ f hav+ be5 deposit$ "u wat]4 ,tufas & contemporane\s melt$ traps are v g5]ally f\nd toge!r int]/ratifi$ regul>ly ) ea* o!r1 & ! inf]5ce to be drawn f _! juxtaposition is ( c\rse simply ?is1 t at "o "t liquid lava roll$ along ! bottom ( ! wat]1 :ile at ano!r %[]s ( volcanic du/ & c9d]s settl$ d[n 9 successive b$s4 ,?is active play ( ! igne\s =ces took place at ! m\?s ( e/u>ies or f>!r to sea2 & x is accord+ly sometimes n a little int]e/+ to trace1 amid ! s$im5t t accumulat$ bel[ ! wat] dur+ ! pauses betwe5 ! eruptions1 well-pres]v$ rema9s n[ ( plants t _h come drift+ f ! l&1 anon ( slim spirif]s1 & producti t sw>m$ ^u ! h>d5$ lava-/reams1 & amid ! ?ick5+ volcanic mud t sl[ly sank to ! sea-bottom4 ,su* a sequ5ce ( ev5ts w be made pla9 f ! foll[+ section1 ! mat]ials ( :i* are d]iv$ f diff]5t p>ts ( ! trappean region ( ,l9li?g[%ire4 ,! und]mo/ b$ "h %[n 7#a7 is "o ( m>9e lime/one1 ab\nd+ ) encr9al jo9ts1 corals1 spirif]s1 & o!r und\bt$ly m>9e organisms4 ,above x comes a lay] ( tufa or volcanic a% 7#b7 ( a dull gre5 aspect1 ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ! two rocks ly+ z cle> z if ! qu>ryman _h m>k$ x (f ) 8 foot-rule4 ,! upp] "p ( ! a%1 h[ev]1 does n %[ an equally cle> l9e ( dem>cation ) ! /ratum above4 ,on ! contr>y1 x gradually *anges its "*1 becomes m calc>e\s z x goes up1 ) "h & !re a /one-lily jo9t or a /ray productus1 until ^! organisms increase s mu* 9 numb] t ! rock ins5sibly passes into an ord9>y lime/one 7#c7 l t bel[4 ,next succe$s a ?9 seam ( a% 7#d7 re/+ %>ply on ! lime/one & ov]laid by a b$ ( %ale 7#e7 conta9+ ! same m>9e organisms4 ,ano!r /ratum ( a% 7#f7 resembl+ ^? bel[ foll[s ! %ale1 & is surm\nt$ by a close compact gre5/one 7#g7 t h>d5s ! a% on :i* x re/s1 b produces no app>5t alt]ation on ! s(t fissile %ale 7#h7 above x4 ,next is a f\r? seam ( volcanic a% 7#i7 resembl+ ^? bel[ x1 b )\t any %ells or cr9oidal jo9ts1 ! only fossils obs]vable be+ a few c>boniz$ /ems app>5tly ( calamites & lepidod5dra4 ,above x comes a b$ ( :ite qu>tzy s&/one 7#aj7 ) simil> vegetable rema9s1 & !n a lay] ( :ite /iff fire-clay 7#aa7 ) rootlets ( /igm>ia1 above :i* lies a seam ( coal 7#ab74 ,a ?9 lay] ( s(t blue %ale 7#ac7 "h int]v5es1 some:at bak$ along its upp] portions by ano!r b$ ( compact vesicul> gre5/one 7#ad71 :i* displays 9 places a well-m>k$ column> /ructure4 ,x is surm\nt$ by a highly *>act]i/ic a% 7#ae7 9 :i* !re occur num]\s l>ge bombs *iefly ( trap ( diff]5t k9ds1 "s ( !m highly vesicul>4 ,fragm5ts ( %ale also occur1 m+l$ "h & !re ) black c>boniz$ fragm5ts ( coal-measure plants1 b )\t any ( ! %ells & o!r m>9e organisms s abundant bel[4 ,! topmo/ b$ is a grey c>bonace\s s&/one 7#af71 und]ly+ a ?9 cov]+ ( vegetable m\ld4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--;,contemporane\s ,trap4 ,su* is ! skeleton1 z x 71 ( ! section2 ! m]e dry bones :i* rema9 to ! geologi/1 & :i* he mu/ /udy closely to be able to give !m life aga94 ,! l[e/ b$ visible1 ) its /one-lilies & molluscs1 we readily recognise z m>k+ an old ocean-b$1 s t ! little episode 9 ! primeval records ( our planet "h pres5t$ to u op5s1 l ! two great epics ( antiquity1 )9 s\nd ( ! wide-ro>+ sea4 ,! seam ( a% :i* foll[s %[s1 f ! %>pness ( its l9e ( dem>cation ) ! lime/one1 h[ ! d5iz5s ( ! sea-bottom 7 sudd5ly de/roy$ by a ?ick %[] ( volcanic du/ t settl$ d[n ov] _! rema9s4 ,! wat]s1 h[ev]1 soon cle>$1 & ere long /one-lilies & producti 7 pl5tiful z ev]1 m+l+ _! rema9s among ! upp] lay]s ( ! s(t muddy a%1 & giv+ rise !refrom to a sort ( calc>e\s a% or a%y lime/one1 until 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! volcanic matt] became :olly cov]$ ov] by a seam ( ord9>y lime/one4 ,! corals & /one-lilies 71 h[ev]1 anew de/roy$ by ! deposition ( volcanic du/ t settl$ ov] !m z a seam ( a%1 aft] :i* ! wat] 0 aga9 r5d]$ turbid & muddy by ! inroad ( =eign matt]1 :i*1 br\ght d[n by riv]s or by ! *ang+ curr5ts ( ! ocean1 sank to ! bottom & ev5tually consolidat$ into a seam ( %ale4 ,!reaft] ! volcanic =ces began once m to eject a quantity ( du/ & scori t fell into ! wat] & spread along ! bottom z a /ratum ( a%1 & to p\r out a curr5t ( lava :i* h>d5$ into a great %eet visible n[ z ! und]mo/ gre5/one ( ! section4 ,! emission ( ! lava seems to h t]m9at$ ! eruption1 = ! next /ratum is "o ( %ale l t bel[ ! a%1 s t ! muddy s$im5t1 ! deposition ( :i* 0 int]rupt$ = a :ile by ! volcanic products1 began afre% to settle d[n along ! sea-bottom4 ,?is la/ condition ( ?+s seems to h cont9u$ = a consid]able p]iod1 see+ t ! %ale b$ is relatively ?ick1 & f its fissile lam9at$ /ructure indicates a sl[ & tranquil deposition4 ,ano!r eruption ( volcanic du/ & a%es aga9 int]rupt$ ! detrital deposits1 & gave rise to ano!r seam ( tufa4 ,?is la/ subt]ranean movem5t seems to h consid]ably alt]$ ! g5]al cont\r ( ! sea-bottom1 & s elevat$ x1 at lea/ at "o "p1 t a ?ick accumulation ( s&1 & subsequ5tly ( clay1 fill$ x up to ! level ( ! wat] or ne>ly s1 giv+ rise to a d5se gr[? ( ! /igm>ia & o!r coal-measure plants ^: roots are /ill se5 imb$d$ 9 ! fire-clay on :i*1 z a s(t muddy soil1 !y orig9ally grew4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t1 not)/&+ su* elevations ( ! sea-b$1 !re 0 a g5]al subsid5ce ( ! gr\nd dur+ ! accumulation ( ^! /rata1 = we see t ! peaty morass1 repres5t$ n[ by ! coal-seam1 ere long sank b5ea? ! wat]s1 ) ! inroads ( :i* x 0 unable to keep pace1 :ile !re sl[ly silt$ ov] x a muddy s$im5t t h>d5$ at l5g? into :at is n[ a seam ( %ale4 ,b ?is ord] ( ?+s _h be5 9 exi/5ce = b a comp>atively %ort p]iod :5 ! igne\s =ces broke out aga91 eject+ a /ream1 ( molt5 lava t spread along ! bottom ( ! %all[ wat]s & h>d5$ z be=e into a %eet ( gre5/one4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by an abundant %[] ( du/ & lapilli1 along ) num]\s l>ge masses ( gre5/one & basalt4 ,^! fall+ into ! wat] accumulat$ on ! upp] surface ( ! lava-/ream1 !n some:at cool$1 & =m$ 9 ! end a /ratum ( a% ( a rubbly conglom]itic aspect4 ,t ! %eet ( gre5/one really spread out along ! sea-bottom be=e ! ejection ( ! a%1 & 0 n intrud$ among ! b$s at a lat] p]iod1--t1 9 %ort1 x mu/ be reg>d$ z a contemporane\s & n z an intrusive rock1 seems suffici5tly %[n by its great regul>ity & ev5ness1 & by ! unalt]$ condition ( ! f9e s(t felspa?ic matt] :i* cov]s its upp] surface4 ,x 0 assur$ly 9 a highly-heat$ condition :5 p\r$ out1 z may be ga!r$ f ! bak$ aspect ( ! mud ov] :i* x roll$2 b x _h cool$ & solidifi$1 at lea/ along its upp] surface1 ere buri$ b5ea? ! %[] ( a%es4 ,! la/ b$ exhibit$ 9 ! section is a grey s&/one1 ) _m c>bonace\s /reaks & traces ( l&-plants1 %[+ a pause 9 ! volcanic activity ( ! di/rict1 dur+ :i* ! /reams f ! l& br\ght d[n s&y s$im5t1 ) an abundant admixture ( mac]at$ leaves1 bran*es1 & o!r drift-wood4 ,x ?us appe>s t n only 7 ! pla9s & hills ( ! ,c>bonif]\s era ri*ly clo!d ) vegetation1 & its wat]s cr[d$ ) animals1 b t !n1 z n[1 subt]ranean =ces 7 at "w1 sometimes elevat+1 sometimes depress+ ! area alike ( ! l& & ( ! sea2 :ile1 n unfrequ5tly1 melt$ lava rose f bel[1 roll+ along ! bottom ( ! wat]s1 & %[]s ( a%es 7 flung f> & wide ?r\gh ! air1 settl+ at la/ z a ?ick5+ s$im5t along ! floor ( ! sea1 or a?w>t ! m>%y swamps ( ! delta4 ,:e!r ! int]ior ( ! l& _h burn+ cones among its p9e-cov]$ hills we "k n yet4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 probably exi/$2 nay1 !re may h be5 among ! high] peaks "s sn[y pill> ( heav51 l ! tna ( ,p9d>1 rais+ its smok+ summit among ev]la/+ crags ( ice 9 solitudes lifeless & b>e4#gg ,footnote #gg3 ,! highe/ po9ts ( ,new ,zeal&1 ne>ly #aj1jjj feet above ! sea1 are said to be clo!d = two-?irds ( _! height ) ice & sn[4 ,if1 !re=e1 dur+ ,c>bonif]\s times1 !re exi/$ some:]e to ! we/ ( :at is n[ c5tral ,scotl&1 a *a9 cf hills #ejjj or #fjjj feet high1 _! summits might p]haps h be5 z w9try u t ( ,mont ,blanc4 ,our b\ld] has s]v$ u l ! m9/rels 9 mod]n ,go?ic poetry1 :o appe> betwe5 ! cantos1 & give an air ( unity & complet5ess to :at w\ld o!rwise be (t5 rambl+ & unconnect$4 ,& n[1 at ! close1 x comes aga9 be=e u1 ly+ 9 its b$ ( clay1 clu/]$ ) mosses ( brighte/ gre51 & ov]%ad[$ by its flick]+ canopy ( bee*5 leaves4 ,sil5t & s5seless1 ! emblem1 seem+ly1 ( calm repose & un*ang+ durability1 :at c\ld we h conceiv$ x %\ld h to *ronicle1 save ! pass+1 p]*ance1 ( _m a w9try ,decemb] & _m a sultry ,june4 ,su*1 inde$1 w\ld be ! "* ( its records ( ! c5turies t h pass$ away s9ce ! bir? ( man1 did any su* record survive 9 its keep+4 ,b x re/s !re z ! memorial ( f> e>li] c5turies1 & ( an old] creation2 & ?\gh n[ surr\nd$ ) all t is lovely or picturesque--! tw9kl+ fl[]s on e side1 ! wide ar* ( b\ghs ov]head1 & ! murmur+ /reamlet 9 ! dell bel[--& ?\gh =m+ itself no unimpressive object 9 ! sc5e1 ! b\ld] looks out ^u u unconnect$ ) any?+ ar\nd4 ,l a sculptur$ obelisk transport$ f ! pla9s ( ,assyria to ! /reets ( ,london1 x (f]s no l9k ( association ) ! ord] ( ?+s ar\nd x2 its inscriptions are writt5 9 hi]oglyphics long s9ce ext9ct1 b ( :i* ! key yet rema9s to %[ u t ! rocks ( our planet are n masses ( dead1 %apeless matt]1 b *ronicles ( ! pa/2 & t all ! v>i$ beauty ( gre5 field & wav+ wood is b a ?9 veil ( gossam] spread out ov] ! c\ntless monum5ts ( ! dead4 ,we h rais$ "o little corn] ( ?is gauze-l cov]+1 & tri$ to deciph] ! memorials ( bygone creations1 trac$ 9 cle> & legible *>act]s on ! b\ld]4 ,fir/1 !re lies spread out be=e u a wide arctic sea1 /udd$ ) iceb]gs t come drift+ f ! nor?4 ,"h & !re a b>e b>r5 islet rises above ! wa/e ( wat]s1 & ! pack$ ice-floes (t5 /r& along its %ores1 :ile at o!r p>ts great t[]+ b]gs1 agr\nd 9 mid-ocean1 keep ris+ & fall+ ) ! heav+s ( ! surge1 & seem ev] on ! v]ge ( toppl+ into ! deep4 ,b ?is sc5e1 s bleak & lifeless1 erelong fades away1 & we c descry a wide ar*ipelago ( isl&s1 gre5 well-nigh to ! wat]'s edge1 & look+ l ! high] hill-tops ( "s f\nd]$ cont95t4 ,! waves are actively at "w we>+ d[n ! %ores1 :i* pres5t = ! mo/ "p an abrupt cliff-l9e to ! we/4 ,?is picture1 too1 gets gradually dim1 & :5 ! d>kness & haze h cle>$ away1 ! sc5e is :olly new4 ,= miles ar\nd !re spreads out an expanse ( wat]1 l a wide lake1 ?ickly dott$ ) islets ( e =m & size1 clo!d ) a ri* vegetation4 ,"h a jungle ( tall re$s %oots out ( ! wat]1 clu/]+ ) />-l leaves2 !re a gr\p ( graceful trees1 flut$ l ! columns ( an anci5t temple1 & cr[n$ by a coronal ( sweep+ fronds1 spread out _! roots amid ! s(t mud4 ,yond] lies a dri] islet1 roll+ ) f]ns ( e %ape & size1 ) "h & !re a l(ty tree-f]n1 wav+ its massive b\ghs high ov]head4 ,! vegetation1 rank & luxuriant 9 ! extreme1 /rikes u z diff]5t f any?+ visible at ! pres5t day1 ?\gh1 z our eyes re/ on ! muddy discol\r$ curr5t1 we c m>k1 n[ & !n1 huge trunks1 bran*less & b>e1 t recall "s ( ! liv+ p9e-trees4 ,! d5iz5s ( ! wat] seem to be equally /range4 ,occasionally a massive head1 ) %>p =midable tusks1 pe]s above ! surface1 & !n ! gleam ( f9s & scales reveals a creature "s tw5ty or ?irty feet long4 ,glanc+ d[n into ! cle>] spots1 we c detect _m o!r =ms ( ! f9ny tribes1 all cas$ 9 a /rong gli/5+ armature ( scales1 & d>t+ ab\t ) ceaseless activity4 ,beyond ?is sc5e ( almo/ tropical luxuriance1 on ! "o side1 lies ! blue ocean1 ) its c\ntless %ells & corals1 its /one-lilies & sea-ur*9s1 & its l>ge pr$ace\s fi%2 on ! o!r side /ret*es a f>-(f *a9 ( hills1 ^: ne!r slopes1 d>k ) p9e-woods1 sweep d[n into ! ri* alluvial pla9s4 ,& !n ?is l&scape1 too1 fades sl[ly away1 & ?ick d>kness desc5ds ^u u4 ,yet ?r\gh ! gloom we feel ev] & anon ! rambl+ e>?quake1 & see 9 ! di/ance ! gl>e ( "s active volcano t ?r[s a ruddy gleam amid ! pumice & a%es1 ev] danc+ along ! surface ( ! sea4 ,& n[ ?is la/ sc5e melts away l ! re/1 & d>k night comes d[n 9 :i* we c detect no ray ( light1 & beyond :i* we _c g4 ,! record ( ! b\ld] c conduct u no fur!r into ! hi/ory ( ! pa/4 ,! same pr9ciples :i* h be5 pursu$ 9 ! previ\s pages 9 elucidat+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em1 w conduct ! read] to ! true orig9 & age ( any gr\p ( rocks he may enc\nt]1 :atev] its nature1 & :]esoev] its locality4 ,let him1 !re=e1 9 8 c\ntry rambles1 seek to v]ify !m 9 valley & hill-side1 by lake & cat>act1 & along riv]-c\rse & sea-%ore4 ,let him n be cont5t ) simply admir+ ! picturesque gr\p+ ( rock-masses1 b r seek to int]pret _! orig9 & hi/ory1 trac+ !m /ep by /ep into ! pa/1 amid ages long prior to man4 ,su* a process w give him a yet ke5] reli% = ! beauties ( _! sc5]y1 by ev] call+ up to 8 m9d "s ( ^? /rik+ contra/s ) :i* geology ab\nds4 ,9 ! /illness ( ! m\nta9-gl51 he w see on e side traces ( ! waves ( ocean1 & :5 dipp+ 8 o>s into ! unruffl$ sea among gr\ps ( wa/$ rocks1 miles f %ore1 he w be?9k him1 p]*ance1 ( "s old =e/-cov]$ l&1 ( :i* ^! batt]$ islets are ! sole memorials4 ,8 enjoym5t ( ! sc5]y ( nature is ?us increas$ manifold1 & he c>ries ab\t ) him a p[] ( mak+ ev5 ! tame/ l&scape int]e/+4 ,c[p]1 9 "o ( 8 exquisite lett]s1 rem>ks1--,ev]y?+ ,i see 9 ! fields1 is to me an object2 & ,i c look at ! same rivulet or at a h&some tree1 e day ( my life1 ) new pleasure4 ,_h ! sweet s+] ( ,olney liv$ to witness ! results obta9$ by ! geologi/s :om he satiriz$1 he w\ld p]haps h saunt]$ along ! ,ouse ) a new pleasure1 & h felt a yet m int5se delight 9 ca/+ 8 eyes a?w>t ! bread? ( l&scape t spreads out ar\nd-! ,peasant's ne/4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 are aft] all only second>y inc5tives to ! /udy ( ! rocks4 ,z a m5tal ex]cise1 geology c]ta9ly yields to none ( ! o!r sci5ces1 = x addresses itself at once to ! reason+ p[]s & to ! imag9ation1 & may ?us be made a s\rce bo? ( intellectual tra9+ & ( delightful recreation4 ,( none ( ! sci5ces is x s easy to get a g5]al smatt]1 yet none is s difficult ?or\ghly to ma/]1 = geology embraces all ! sci5ces4 ,9 s wide a field1 ! /ud5t w !re=e f9d ample room to expatiate4 ,9 beg9n+ ! /udy1 he may p]haps ?9k x1 z ,milton pictur$ ! o!r pa?s ( le>n+1 labori\s1 inde$1 at ! fir/ asc5t2 b else s smoo?1 s gre51 s full ( goodly prospects & melodi\s s\nds on e side1 t ! h>p ( ,orpheus 0 n m *>m+4 ,if "t & ta/e dis9cl9e him to travel ov] ! :ole ( ! broad field1 !re are delightful nooks to :i* he may betake himself1 replete ) objects ( beauty & int]e/1 :]e he may sp5d 8 leisure1 & by s do+ n m]ely delight himself1 b enl>ge ! b\nds ( human k4 ,no "p ( ! doma9 c be too obscure or remote to rew>d 8 att5tion2 no object too trifl+ or insignificant3 = ! m>* ( sci5ce1 ?\gh a /ately "o1 proce$s n by /rides1 b by /eps (t5 toilsome & sl[2 & %e /&s ma9ly indebt$ = h] progress n to ! g5ius ( a few gigantic intellects1 b to ! unit$ ef=ts ( _m hundr$ lab\r]s1 ea* work+ quietly 9 8 own limit$ sph]e4 ,b ! highe/ inducem5t to ?is /udy mu/ ev] be t s qua9tly put by old ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne3 ,! _w 0 made to be inhabit$ by bea/s1 b /udi$ & contemplat$ by man3 'tis ! debt ( our reason we owe unto ,god1 & ! homage we pay = n be+ bea/s2 )\t ?is ! _w is /ill z ?\gh x _h n be51 or z x 0 be=e ! six? day1 :5 z yet !re 0 n a creature t c\ld conceive or say !re 0 a _w4 ,geology lifts (f = u ! veil t %r\ds ! pa/1 & lays b>e ! monum5ts ( successive creations t _h come & gone long ere ! human race began4 ,%e traces out ! plan ( ! ,div9e work+ dur+ a va/ cycle ( ages-1 & po9ts out h[ ! pa/ dovetails ) ! pres5t1 & h[ ! exi/+ condition ( ?+s comes 9 z b ! la/ & ar*etypal economy 9 a long progressive s]ies4 ,by ?us reveal+ :at has gone be=e1 %e enables u m fully to und]/& :at we see ar\nd u n[4 ,mu* t is incomplete %e re/ores2 mu* t is enigmatical %e expla9s4 ,%e tea*es u m fully man's true position 9 ! creat$ univ]se1 by %[+ t 9 him all ! geologic ages meet t he is ! po9t t[>ds :i* creation has ev] be5 t5d+4 ,h[ f> ! facts br\ght to light by geology may be> ^u ! future1 w n1 p]haps1 be solv$ until t future %all h come4 ,!re is1 nev]!less1 9 ! mean:ile1 mat]ial en\gh = solemn & e>ne/ reflection1 & z ye>s g by ! am\nt w probably be always increas+4 ,= we mu/ ev] be only le>n]s "h1 & :5 all e>?ly titles & di/9ctions h pass$ away1 & we ent] amid ! realities ( ano!r _w1 we %all c>ry ) u ?is "o common "n alone4 ,x w1 p]haps1 be !n z n[1 t only ,9 contemplation ( creat$ ?+s ,by /eps we may asc5d to ,god4 ,& x c surely be no unmeet prep>ation = su* a sc5e1 9 humble fai? to read ! records ( ,8 do+s :i* ! ,almighty has grav5 on ! rocks ar\nd u4 ,_m problems meet u on e h& problems :i* x seems impossible = u n[ to solve & z ! circle ( sci5ce ev] wid5s1 its envelop+ circumf]5ce ( difficulty & d>kness wid5s 9 proportion4 ,x is1 d\btless1 well t x %\ld be s2 = we are ?us taught to reg>d our pres5t /ate z imp]fect & incomplete1 & to long = t high] & happi] "o promis$ by ! ,r$eem] to ^? t love ,him1 :5 we %all "k ?or\ghly ev5 z we are ?or\ghly kn[n4 ,,table ,,( ,,fossilif]\s ,,rocks4 ,,lyell',s ,elem5ts1 p4 #aji4 #a4 ,,rec5t4 ,,po/-,,t]ti>y4 #b4 ,,po/-,,plioc5e4 #c4 ,,new] ,,plioc5e4 ,,plioc5e4 #d4 ,,old] ,,plioc5e4 ,,t]ti>y #e4 ,,upp] ,,mioc5e4 ,,mioc5e4 or #f4 ,,l[] ,,mioc5e4 ,,ca9ozoic4 #g4 a ,,upp] ,,eoc5e4 ,,eoc5e4 #g4 b ,,middle ,,eoc5e4 #h4 ,,l[] ,,eoc5e4 #i4 ,,mae/ri*t ,,b$s4 #aj4 ,,upp] ,,:ite ,,*alk4 #aa4 ,,l[] ,,:ite ,,*alk4 #ab4 ,,upp] ,,gre5s&4 ,,cretace\s4 #ac4 ,,gault4 #ad4 ,,l[] ,,gre5s&4 #ae4 ,,weald54 #af4 ,,purbeck ,,b$s4 #ag4 ,,portl& ,,/one4 ,,second>y #ah4 ,,kimm]idge ,,clay4 or #ai4 ,,coral ,,rag4 ,,jurassic ,,mesozoic4 #bj4 ,,ox=d ,,clay4 #ba4 ,,great or ,,ba? ,,oolite4 #bb4 ,,inf]ior ,,oolite4 #bc4 ,,lias4 #bd4 ,,upp] ,,trias4 #be4 ,,middle ,,trias1 or ,,triassic4 ,,mus*elkalk4 #bf4 ,,l[] ,,trias4 #bg4 ,,p]mian1 or ,,p]mian4 ,,magnesian ,,lime/one4 #bh4 ,,coal-,,measures4 #bi4 ,,c>bonif]\s ,,c>bonif]\s4 ,,lime/one4 ,,prim>y #cj4 ,,upp] ,,devonian4 ,,devonian1 or or #ca4 ,,l[] ,,old ,,r$ ,,s&/one4 ,,pal,,ozoic4 #cb4 ,,upp] ,,silurian4 ,,silurian4 #cc4 ,,l[] #cd4 ,,upp] ,,cambrian4 ,,cambrian4 #ce4 ,,l[] 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] ,note ,m9or typos correct$4 ,"s images mov$ to ne>e/ p>agraph break4 ,a p>agraph break 0 add$ to page #gd & #aje to accommodate placem5t ( ,figures #ag & #bf respectively4 ,! miss+ an*or = ! footnote on page #aii 0 add$4