,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,illu/ration ,?omas ,:iteside ,! ,tunnel ,"u ! ,*annel ,illu/ration ,,simon ,,& ,,s*u/] ,,new ,,york #aifb ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,,includ+ ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,reproduction ,,9 ,,:ole ,,or ,,9 ,,"p ,,9 ,,any ,,=m ,,copyright #aifa1 #aifb ,,by ,,?omas ,,:iteside ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,simon ,,& ,,s*u/]1 ,,inc4 ,,rockefell] ,,c5t]1 #fcj ,,fif? ,,av5ue ,,new ,,york #bj1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,mo/ ,,( ,,! ,,mat]ial ,,9 ,,?is ,,book ,,orig9at$ ,,9 ,! ,new ,york] ,,z ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,articles1 ,,:i* ,,h ,,be5 ,,"h ,,exp&$4 ,,fir/ ,,pr9t+ ,,libr>y ,,( ,,congress ,,catalog ,,c>d ,,numb]3 #fb-igdd ,,manufactur$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,by ,,am]ican ,,book-,,/rat=d ,,press1 ,,inc41 ,,new ,,york ,to ,k>51 ,anne1 ,jimmy ,illu/ration3 ,"o ,,9 ,,! ,,social ,,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 ! ,engli% ,*annel1 t pr\d sea passage "s ?ree hundr$ & fifty miles long1 has sep>at$ t c\ntry f ! ,cont95t z by a great gulf or a bottomless *asm4 ,h[ev]1 at its n>r[e/ po9t1 betwe5 ,dov] & ,cap ,gris-,nez--a di/ance ( "s tw5ty-"o & a half miles--! ,*annel1 despite any impression t /orm-toss$ sea travel]s across x may h ( yawn+ pr(undities bel[1 is actually a body ( wat] %ap$ less l a m>9e *asm ?an l an extremely %all[ puddle4 ,inde$1 ! relation%ip ( dep? to bread? across ! ,/rait ( ,dov] is q extraord9>y1 be+ z "o to five hundr$4 ,?is relation%ip c p]haps be mo/ graphically illu/rat$ by draw+ a section pr(ile ( ! ,*annel to scale4 ,if ! draw+ 7 two feet long1 ! /raight l9e repres5t+ ! level ( ! sea & ! l9e repres5t+ ! pr(ile ( ! ,*annel bottom w\ld be s close toge!r z to be b>ely di/+ui%able f "o ano!r4 ,at its n>r[e/ "p1 ! ,*annel is n[h]e m ?an two hundr$ & sixte5 feet deep1 & = half ( ! di/ance across1 x is less ?an a hundr$ feet deep4 ,x is j ?is extreme %all[ness1 9 comb9ation ) /rong w9ds & tidal curr5ts fl[+ 9 ! ,*annel neck betwe5 ! ,nor? ,sea & ! ,atlantic1 t makes ! seas ( ! ,/rait ( ,dov] s =midable1 especially 9 ! w9t] mon?s4 ,! wea!r is s bad dur+ ,novemb] & ,decemb] t ! odds ( a gale's occurr+ on any giv5 day are comput$ by ! m>9e signal /ation at ,dunkirk at "o 9 sev51 & dur+ ! :ole ye> !re are only sixty p]iods 9 :i* ! wea!r rema9s dec5t 9 ! ,*annel ?r\gh a :ole day4 ,"u ^! difficult conditions1 ! passage ( p travel+ across ! ,*annel by f]ry betwe5 ,engl& & ,france is a notori\sly try+ "o2 ! exp]i5ce has be5 m5tion$ 9 pr9t dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s 9 su* phrases z t fe>ful ordeal1 an h\r & a half's torture1 & t unspeakable horror4 ,writ+ 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes 9 #ahhb1 a ,fr5* writ] nam$ ,valb]t describ$ ! trip f ,dov] to ,calais z two c5turies 444 ( agony4 ,n9ety-odd ye>s ago1 an article deal+ ) ! ,*annel passage1 9 ,! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 ass]t$ t hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( p cross+ ! ,/rait ea* ye> suff]$ 9 a mann] t begg>$ description4 ,probably !re is no o!r piece ( travell+ 9 civiliz$ c\ntries1 :]e1 )9 equal times1 s mu* suff]+ is endur$2 c]ta9ly x w\ld be h>d to f9d ano!r voyage ( equal l5g? :i* is s mu* fe>$1 ! au?or said1 & he w5t on to report t only "o day out ( f\r 0 calm1 on ! av]age1 :ile ab\t ?ree days 9 e eight 7 made dreadful to pass5g]s by heavy wea!r4 ,he conclud$1 ) feel+1 ,:at wond] t1 "u su* circum/ances1 patriotism (t5 fails to survive2 & t if any wi% is felt 9 mid-,*annel1 x is t1 aft] all1 ,engl& 0 n an isl&4 ,h[ _m ,engli%m51 _! loyalty hav+ be5 subject$ to ?is /ra91 might express ! same wi% ^u safely ga9+ high gr\nd aga9 is a "q ! writ] 9 ,! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e did n v5ture to discuss4 ,h[ev]1 !re is no "q ab\t ! p]si/5ce ) :i*1 dur+ ! pa/ c5tury at lea/1 cross-,*annel f]ry pass5g]s h spok5 ab\t or writt5 ab\t ! desirability ( "s sort ( dry-l& passage betwe5 ,engl& & ,france4 ,eng9e]s h be5 attract$ to ! idea ( con/ruct+ su* a passage = at lea/ a hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,dur+ t "t1 !y h come up ) proposals = cross+ ! ,*annel by spann+ x ) great bridges1 by lay+ d[n subm]sible tubes re/+ on ! sea bottom or float+ halfway betwe5 sea b$ & sea level1 or ev5 by us+ transports %ap$ l enorm\s tea wagons1 ^: :eels w\ld travel along rails bel[ sea level & ^: plat=ms w\ld t[] high above ! highe/ waves4 ,b m commonly ?an by any o!r means1 !y h propos$ to d away ) ! haz>ds & h>d%ips ( ! ,*annel boat cross+ by bor+ a traffic tunnel "u ! rock /rata t lie at conv5i5tly %all[ dep?s "u sea level4 ,! idea ( a ,*annel tunnel1 at once aboli%+ seasickness & connect+ ,engl& ) ! ,cont95t by an easy art]ial fl[ ( goods & travel]s1 always has _h ab\t x a quality ( gr& simplicity--! simplicity ( a v l>ge ext5sion ( an easily compreh5d$ pr9ciple2 9 ?is case1 digg+ a hole--t has prov$ irresi/ible 9 appeal to g5]ations n only ( eng9e]s b ( vision>ies & promot]s ( all k9ds4 ,! tunnel seems always to h _h a capacity to ar\se 9 its propon5ts a peculi>ly passionate & unqu5*able en?usiasm4 ,m5 h devot$ _! adult lives to promot+ ! cause ( ! tunnel1 & su* a p[]ful grip does ! project seem to h _h on ! imag9ation ( its v>i\s design]s t j to look at "s ( _! old draw+s--depict+1 = example1 d[n to ! f9e/ detail ( ar*itectural ornam5tation1 v5tilation /ations = ! tunnel /ick+ out ( ! surface ( ! ,*annel z %ips sail gracefully ab\t ne>by--"o might almo/ ?9k t ! tunnel 0 an accompli%$ reality1 & ! arti/ m]ely a consci5ti\s report] ( an exi/+ sc5e4 ,su* is ! m9ute detail 9 :i* ! tunnel has be5 design$ by v>i\s p t eighty-six ye>s ago ! ,fr5* ,assembly approv$ a tunnel bill t specifi$ ! price ( railway tickets = ! ,*annel-tunnel j\rney1 & ev5 conta9$ a clause requir+ second-class c>riages to be provid$ ) /uff$ seats r ?an ! h>d] accommodations provid$ = ?ird-class pass5g]s4 ,& an ,engli%man call$ ,william ,coll>d1 :o di$ 9 #aidc1 aft] occupy+ himself = ?irty ye>s ) ! problem ( ! ,*annel tunnel1 9 #aibh wrote & publi%$ a book on ! subject t w5t s f> z to "w out a "t-table = ,*annel-tunnel tra9s betwe5 ,p>is & ,london1 complete ) tra9 & plat=m numb]s & arrival & dep>ture times at int]m$iate /ations 9 ,k5t & nor!rn ,france4 ,z = ! actual eng9e]+ details1 a ,*annel tunnel has be5 ! subject ( /udies t h rang$ f collections ( m]e r\gh guesses to ! mo/ elaborate eng9e]+1 geological1 & hydrographic surveys c>ri$ out by highly compet5t civil-eng9e]+ companies4 ,int]e/+ly en\gh1 ev] s9ce ! days1 a c5tury or s ago1 :5 practical ,victorian eng9e]s began tak+ up ! problem1 ! te*nical feasibility ( con/ruct+ a tunnel "u ! ,*annel has nev] really be5 s]i\sly que/ion$4 ,yet1 despite ef=t pil$ on ef=t & campaign m\nt$ on campaign1 ov] all ! ye>s1 by eng9e]s1 politicians1 & promot]s1 nobody has q be5 able to pu% ! project ?r\gh4 ,up to n[1 e "t ! propon5ts ( a tunnel h tri$ to advance ! s*eme1 !y h enc\nt]$ a difficulty h>d] to und]/&1 h>d] to id5tify1 &1 inde$1 h>d] to break ?r\gh ?an any rock /ratum4 ,! difficulty seems to lie 9 ! degree to :i*1 among ,engli%m51 ! ,*annel has be5 n only a body ( wat] b a /ate ( m9d4 ,because ( ! preval5ce ( ?is curi\s =ce1 ! hi/ory ( ! s*eme to put a tunnel bel[ ! ,*annel has prov$ almo/ z /ormy z ! ,*annel waves !mselves4 ,w9/on ,*ur*ill1 9 an article 9 ! ,london ,daily ,mail1 wrote 9 #aicf1 ,!re are few projects aga9/ :i* !re exi/s a deep] & m endur+ prejudice ?an ! con/ruction ( a railway tunnel betwe5 ,dov] & ,calais4 ,aga9 & aga9 x has be5 br\ght =w>d "u p[]ful & influ5tial sponsor%ip4 ,aga9 & aga9 x has be5 prev5t$4 ,mr4 ,*ur*ill1 :o c\ld nev] be accus$ ( lack+ und]/&+ ( ! ,briti% "*1 0 oblig$ to add t he f\nd ! resi/ance to ! tunnel a my/]y4 ,"s ?irty-five times betwe5 #ahhb & #aiej ! subject ( ! ,*annel tunnel 0 br\ght be=e ,p>liam5t 9 "o =m or ano!r = discussion1 & t5 bills on behalf ( ! project h be5 reject$ or set aside4 ,on sev]al occasions1 ! ,p>liam5t>y vote on ! tunnel has be5 close en\gh to br+ ! tunnel )9 rea* ( becom+ a reality1 & 9 ! eighties ! con/ruction ( pilot tunnels = a di/ance "u ! sea f ! ,engli% & ,fr5* coa/s 0 ev5 />t$4 ,b always ! tunnel advocates h _h to give way be=e p]si/5t opposition1 & always !y h _h to beg9 _! ex]tions all ov] aga94 ,successive g5]ations ( ,engli%m5 h argu$ ) ea* o!r--& ) ! ,fr5*1 :o h nev] %[$ any opposition to a ,*annel tunnel--) consid]able vehem5ce4 ,! ranks ( pro-tunnel p h includ$ ,sir ,w9/on ,*ur*ill 7:o once call$ ! ,briti% opposition to ! tunnel occult71 ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 &1 at "o po9t1 ,que5 ,victoria2 & ! p publicly l9+ !mselves up ) ! anti-tunnel =ces h includ$ ,"l ,r&olph ,*ur*ill 7,sir ,w9/on's fa!r71 ,alfr$1 ,"l ,t5nyson1 ,rob]t ,br[n+1 ,pr(essor ,?omas ,huxley1 &1 m rec5tly1 ,fir/ ,visc\nt ,montgom]y ( ,alame94 ,que5 ,victoria1 once pro-tunnel1 lat] turn$ anti-tunnel2 h] sometime ,prime ,m9i/]1 ,william ,e4 ,glad/one1 took an anti-tunnel position at "o p]iod :5 he 0 9 (fice1 & lat]1 out ( x1 turn$ pro-tunnel4 ,?r\gh\t its /ormy hi/ory ! tunnel project has _h ! qualities ( fantasy & nightm>e--a ?+ ( airy grace & clau/rophobic horror2 a long1 bright kaleidoscope ( promot]s' promises & a cav]n res\nd+ ) ,cyclopean bell[+4 ,propon5ts ( ! tunnel h call$ x an end to seasickness1 a boon to peace1 int]national und]/&+1 & trade2 & !y h hail$ x z pot5tially ! greate/ civil-eng9e]+ feat ( _! p>ticul> c5tury4 ,its oppon5ts h ref]r$ to x %>ply z a mis*iev\s project1 & !y h d5\nc$ x z a milit>y m5ace t w\ld h enabl$ ! ,fr5* 7or ,g]mans7 to use x z a means ( invad+ ,engl&--! ?\ght ( :i*1 9 #aiad1 caus$ "o prom95t ,engli% anti-tunnel]1 ,admiral ,sir ,alg]non de ,horsey1 publicly to *>act]ize z unwor?y ( consid]ation ! diss5t+ views ( pro-tunnel]s1 :om he contemptu\sly ref]r$ to z ^? poor creatures :o h no /oma* = an h\r's sea passage1 & :o ?9k ret5tion ( _! d9n]s m important ?an ! safety ( _! c\ntry4 ,ov] ! ye>s1 anti-tunnel =ces h us$ z ammunition an extraord9>y v>iety ( fur!r argum5ts1 :i* h rang$ f objections ab\t probable cu/oms difficulties at ! ,engli% & ,fr5* ends ( ! tunnel to suspicions t a ,*annel tunnel w\ld make x easi] = int]national ,sociali/s to comm+le & conspire4 ,beh9d all ^! giv5 reasons1 no matt] h[ elaborate or h[ special !y might be1 !re has always lurk$ some?+ else1 a consid]ation m subtle1 m elusive1 m pr(\nd1 & less answ] able ?an any specific objections to ! con/ruction ( a ,*annel tunnel--! consid]ation ( ,engl&'s traditional insul> position1 ! feel+ t someh[1 if ,engl& 7 to be connect$ by a tunnel ) ! ,cont95t1 ! peculi> mean+1 to an ,engli%man1 ( be+ ,engli% w\ld nev] be q ! same aga94 ,x is ?is feel+1 no d\bt1 t 9 #ahhb motivat$ an article on ! tunnel1 9 s sob] a publication z ,! ,solicitors' ,j\rnal1 to express ab\t x an uneas9ess bord]+ on al>m1 on ! gr\nd t1 if successful1 ! con/ruction ( a tunnel w\ld effect a *ange 9 ! natural geographical condition ( ?+s4 ,& x is no d\bt some?+ ( ! same feel+ t prompt$ ,"l ,r&olph ,*ur*ill1 dur+ a spee* attack+ a bill = a ,*annel tunnel be=e ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #ahhi--! bill 0 defeat$1 ( c\rse--to obs]ve skillfully t ! reputation ( ,engl& has hi!rto dep5d$ ^u h] be+1 z x 71 virgo intacta4 ,if ! propon5ts & promot]s ( ! tunnel h nev] q succe$$ 9 putt+ _! project across 9 all ! ye>s1 !y h nev] q giv5 up try+1 ei!r2 & n[1 9 a new /rategic era ( nucle> rockets1 a new era ( transport 9 :i* air f]ries to ! ,cont95t c>ry c>s z well z pass5g]s1 & a new era ( trade1 m>k$ by ! em]g5ce & successful gr[? ( ! ,european ,economic ,community1 or ,common ,m>ket1 ! pro-tunnel =ces h be5 at x aga91 9 :at "o ( ! lead+ pro-tunnel]s has call$ a la/ glori\s ef=t to get ?is ?+ ?r\gh4 ,?is "t !y h enc\nt]$ :at !y consid] to be ! mo/ enc\rag+ k9d ( progress 9 ! entire hi/ory ( ! s*eme4 ,9 ,april1 #aifj1 an organization call$ ! ,*annel ,tunnel ,/udy ,gr\p ann\nc$1 9 ,london1 a new s]ies ( proposals = a ,*annel tunnel1 bas$ on a numb] ( rec5t elaborate /udies on ! subject4 ,! proposals call$ = tw9 p>allel all-electric railway tunnels1 ei!r bor$ or imm]s$1 ) tra9s t w\ld c>ry pass5g]s & transport1 9 piggyback fa%ion1 c>s1 buses1 & trucks4 ,! d\ble tunnel1 if ( ! imm]s$ k9d1 w\ld be #bf miles long betwe5 portals4 ,a bor$ tunnel1 z plann$1 w\ld be #cb miles long & w\ld be by f> ! longe/ traffic tunnel ( ei!r ! und]wat] or "u-m\nta9 v>iety 9 ! _w4 ,! longe/ cont9u\s subaque\s traffic tunnel 9 exi/5ce is ! rail tunnel "u ! ,m]sey1 connect+ ,liv]pool & ,birk5head1 a di/ance ( #b4b miles2 ! longe/ rail tunnel ?r\gh a m\nta9 is ! ,simplon ,tunnel1 #ab4c miles 9 l5g?4 ,! ,*annel tunnel w\ld run betwe5 ! areas ( ,sangatte & ,calais on ! ,fr5* side1 & betwe5 ,a%=d & ,folke/one on ! ,engli% side4 ,tra9s w\ld travel ?r\gh x at an av]age spe$ ( #fe miles an h\r1 rea*+ #hg miles an h\r 9 "s places1 & at ru% h\rs !y w\ld be capable ( runn+ #d1bjj pass5g]s & #a1hjj vehicles on flatc>s e h\r 9 ea* direction4 ,:ile a true vehicul> tunnel c\ld also be con/ruct$1 ! obvi\sly trem5d\s problems ( keep+ x safely v5tilat$ at pres5t make ?is p>ticul> project1 accord+ to ! eng9e]s1 prohibitively exp5sive to build & ma9ta94 ,! tra9 j\rney f ,london to ,p>is via ! propos$ tunnel w\ld take f\r h\rs & tw5ty m9utes2 ! pass5g] tra9s w\ld pass ?r\gh ! tunnel 9 ab\t ?irty m9utes4 ,pass5g]s w\ld pay #cb %ill+s1 or #d4dh-b4ib *eap] ?an ! co/ ( a fir/-class pass5g] ticket on ! ,dov]-,calais sea-f]ry--to ride ?r\gh ! tunnel2 ! co/ ( accompani$ small c>s w\ld be #af4dh1 a claim$ #cj p] c5t less ?an a comp>able sea-f]ry *>ge4 ,! tunnel w\ld take f\r to five ye>s to build1 & ! ,/udy ,gr\p e/imat$ t1 includ+ ! rail t]m9als at bo? ends1 x w\ld co/ approximately #cfd1jjj1jjj4 ,all t ! ,/udy ,gr\p1 :i* repres5ts ,briti%1 ,fr5* & ,am]ican comm]cial int]e/s1 ne$s to g ahead ) ! project & turn x into a reality is--besides money1 & ! ,/udy ,gr\p seems to be confid5t t x c attract t--! approval ( ! ,briti% & ,fr5* ,gov]nm5ts ( ! s*eme4 ,= all practical purposes1 ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t nev] has _h any objection to a fix$ in/allation l9k+ bo? sides ( ! ,*annel1 & z f> z ! (ficial ,briti% attitude is conc]n$1 :5 ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t ann\nc$1 9 ,july1 #aifa1 t x w\ld seek full memb]%ip 9 ! ,european ,common ,m>ket1 mo/ ( ! tunnel p felt sure t ! =ces ( ,briti% insul>ity :i* _h h9d]$ ! developm5t ( a tunnel = ne>ly a c5tury at la/ _h be5 dealt a bl[ to make !m reel4 ,b :at rais$ ! pro-tunnel]s' excitem5t to ! greate/ pit* ( all 0 ! decision ( ! ,fr5* & ,briti% ,gov]nm5ts1 la/ ,octob]1 to hold discussions on ! problem ( build+ ei!r a bridge or a tunnel4 ,:5 ^! discussions got "u way la/ ,novemb]1 ! ma9 "q be=e ! negotiators 0 ! economic practicality ( su* a huge und]tak+4 ,yet1 ) all ! enc\ragem5t1 few ( ! pro-tunnel]s 9 ,engl& seem will+ to make a flat pr$iction t ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t w actively support ! con/ruction ( a tunnel4 ,!y h be5 disappo9t$ too (t54 ,!n aga91 despite ! g5]ally high hopes t ?is "t ! old /rategic objections to ! con/ruction ( a tunnel h be5 pretty well =gott51 pro-tunnel]s are well aw>e t a numb] ( ,engli%m5 ) vivid memories ( #aidj are /ill d\btful ab\t ! project4 ,! ,*annel sav$ u la/ "t1 ev5 9 ! age ( ! airplane1 didn't x8 "o ,engli% b>ri/] said a :ile ago1 9 talk+ ( 8 feel+s ab\t build+ ! ,*annel tunnel4 ,! tunnel project has ! op5 enmity ( ,visc\nt ,montgom]y1 :o has made repeat$ attacks on x & :o 9 #aifj dem&$1 9 a newspap] int]view1 t be=e ! ,gov]nm5t took any /& on behalf ( su* a project1 ,! ,briti% p z a :ole %\ld be consult$ & vote on ! ,*annel tunnel z "p ( a ,g5]al-,elections program4 ,&1 to %[ t ! _s ( ! anti-tunnel]s has n lo/ its resili5ce1 ,major-,g5]al ,sir ,edw>d ,l4 ,spe>s1 9 ! correspond5ce columns ( ! ,london ,times 9 ,april ( t same ye>1 d5\nc$ ! late/ ,*annel-tunnel s*eme z a plan :i* w n only co/ millions ( public money1 b w let loose on to our inadequate roads eighte5 hundr$ m vehicles an h\r1 ea* driv5 by a "r-(-!-road driv] 9 a ma*9e ^: /e]+ :eel is on ! left4 ,illu/ration3 ,two ,,! ,,fir/ ,,s*eme = ! con/ruction ( a tunnel b5ea? ! ,engli% ,*annel 0 put =w>d 9 ,france1 9 #ahjb1 by a m9+ eng9e] nam$ ,alb]t ,ma?ieu1 :o t ye> display$ plans = su* a "w 9 ,p>is1 at ! ,palais du ,luxemb\rg & ! cole ,nationale ,suprieure des ,m9es4 ,ma?ieu's tunnel1 divid$ into two l5g?s total+ ab\t eighte5 & a half miles1 0 to be illum9at$ by oil lamps & v5tilat$ at int]vals by *imneys project+ above ! sea into ! op5 air1 & its base 0 to be a pav$ way ov] :i* relays ( horses w\ld gallop1 pull+ coa*loads ( pass5g]s & mail betwe5 ,france & ,engl& 9 a c\ple ( h\rs or s ( actual travel+ "t1 ) *anges ( horses be+ provid$ at an artificial isl& to be con/ruct$ 9 mid-,*annel4 ,ma?ieu manag$ to h 8 project br\ght to ! att5tion ( ,napoleon ,bonap>te1 ! ,fir/ ,consul1 :o 0 suffici5tly impress$ ) x to br+ x to ! att5tion ( ,*>les ,james ,fox dur+ a p]sonal meet+ ( ! two m5 dur+ ! ,peace ( ,ami5s4 ,fox describ$ x z "o ( ! great ent]prises we c n[ und]take toge!r4 ,b ! project got no fur!r ?an ?is talk+ /age4 ,9 #ahjc1 a ,fr5*man nam$ de ,mottray came up ) ano!r proposal = creat+ a passage und]nea? ! ,*annel4 ,x consi/$ ( lay+ d[n sections ( a long1 subm]g$ tube on top ( ! sea b$ betwe5 ,engl& & ,france1 ! sections be+ l9k$ toge!r 9 su* a way z to =m a wat]tight tunnel4 ,h[ev]1 ,mottray's project pet]$ out quickly1 too1 & ! subject ( an und]sea connection betwe5 ! two c\ntries lay dormant until #ahcc1 :5 x attract$ ! att5tion ( a man nam$ ,aim ,?om de ,gamond1 a tw5ty-six-ye>-old ,fr5* civil eng9e] & hydrograph] ( vision>y incl9ations4 ,?om de ,gamond 0 to turn into an incomp>ably zeal\s & p]si/5t projector ( ways 9 :i* p c\ld cross betwe5 ,engl& & ,france )\t gett+ wet or seasick2 he devot$ himself to ! problem = no less ?an ?irty-f\r ye>s1 & _h no hesitation 9 expos+ himself to extraord9>y physical dang]s 9 ! c\rse ( 8 rese>*es4 ,unlike ! plans ( 8 pr$ecessors1 ,?om de ,gamond's 7 bas$ ^u fairly sy/ematic hydrographic or geological surveys ( ! ,*annel area4 ,9 #ahcc he made ! fir/ ( ^! surveys by tak+ m>9e s\nd+s to e/abli% a pr(ile ( ! sea bottom 9 a l9e betwe5 ,calais & ,dov]2 on ! basis ( ?is1 he drew up1 9 #ahcd1 a plan = a subm]g$ iron tube t 0 to be laid d[n 9 prefabricat$ sections on ! b$ ( ! ,/rait ( ,dov] & !n l9$ ) masonry1 ! irregul> bottom ( ! sea mean:ile hav+ be5 prep>$ to receive ! tube ?r\gh ! level+ action ( a great batt]+-ram & rake op]at$ f ! surface by boat4 ,by #ahce1 ,?om de ,gamond modifi$ ?is s*eme by elim9at+ ! prefabricat$ tube 9 favor ( a movable hydrographic %ield t w\ld sl[ly advance across ! ,*annel bottom1 leav+ a masonry tube beh9d x z x progress$4 ,b ! rate ( progress1 he calculat$1 w\ld be sl[2 ! "w 0 to take ?irty ye>s to complete1 or fifte5 ye>s if "w began on two %ores simultane\sly4 ,?om de ,gamond mov$ on to s*emes = o!r ways ( cross+ ! ,*annel1 & betwe5 #ahce & #ahcf he turn$ out1 successively1 detail$ plans = five types ( cross-,*annel bridges4 ,!y includ$ a granite-&-/eel bridge ( colossal proportions1 & ) ar*es high] ?an ! cupola ( ,/4 ,paul's1 ,london1 :i* 0 to be built betwe5 ,ness ,corn] ,po9t & ,calais2 a flat-bottom$ /eam-driv5 concrete-&-/one f]ryboat1 ( su* size z to con/itute a true float+ isl&1 :i* w\ld travel betwe5 two great pi]s ea* jutt+ out five miles into ! ,*annel betwe5 ,ness ,corn] ,po9t & ,cap ,blanc-,nez2 & a massive artificial i/hmus ( /one1 :i* w\ld /ret* f ,cap ,gris-,nez to ,dov] & block ! neck ( ! ,engli% ,*annel except = ?ree transv]se cutt+s spann$ by movable bridges1 :i* ,?om de ,gamond all[$ across 8 "w = ! passage ( %ips4 ,?om de ,gamond 0 p>ticul>ly fond ( 8 i/hmus s*eme4 ,he travel$ to ,london & !re promot$ x vigor\sly among int]e/$ ,engli%m5 dur+ ! ,univ]sal ,exhibition ( #ahea1 b he reluctantly ab&on$ x because ( objections to its high e/imat$ co/ ( #cc1fjj1jjj & to :at he describ$ z ! ob/9ate resi/ance ( m>9]s1 :o object$ to _! be+ oblig$ to ply _! %ips ?r\gh ! n>r[ *annels4 ,su* exasp]at+ objections to jo9+ ,engl& & ,france above wat] s5t ,?om de ,gamond back to ! idea ( do+ ! job "u ! sea1 & betwe5 #ahdb & #ahee he made v>i\s en]getic explorations ( ! ,*annel area 9 an attempt to det]m9e ! feasibility ( driv+ a tunnel ?r\gh ! rock =mations "u ! ,/rait4 ,geological conditions exi/+ 9 ! middle ( ! ,/rait 71 up to t "t1 almo/ entirely a matt] ( surmise1 bas$ on obs]vations made on ! ,briti% & ,fr5* sides ( ! ,*annel1 & 9 ! process ( f9d+ out m ab\t !m1 ,?om de ,gamond decid$ to desc5d 9 p]son to ! bottom ( ! ,*annel to collect geological specim5s4 ,9 #ahee1 at ! age ( =ty-eight1 he _h ! h>dihood to make a numb] ( su* desc5ts1 un5cumb]$ by div+ equipm5t1 9 ! middle ( ! ,/rait4 ,nak$ except = wrapp+s t he w\nd ab\t 8 head to keep 9 place pads ( butt]$ l9t he _h pla/]$ ov] 8 e>s1 to protect !m f high wat] pressure1 he w\ld plunge to ! bottom ( ! ,*annel1 weight$ d[n by bags ( fl9ts & trail+ a long safety l9e atta*$ to 8 body1 & a r$ di/ress l9e atta*$ to 8 left arm1 f a r[boat occupi$ also by a ,*annel pilot1 a "y assi/ant1 & 8 own daught]1 :o w5t along to keep wat* ov] him4 ,on ! deepe/ ( ^! desc5ts1 at a po9t (f ,folke/one1 ,?om de ,gamond1 hav+ put a spoonful ( olive oil into 8 m\? z a lubricant t w\ld all[ him to expel air f 8 lungs )\t p]mitt+ wat] at high pressure to =ce its way 91 div$ d[n weight$ by f\r bags ( fl9ts weigh+ a total ( #ahj p\nds4 ,ab\t 8 wai/ he wore a belt ( t5 inflat$ pig's bladd]s1 :i* 7 to pull him rapidly to ! surface aft] he _h scoop$ up 8 geological specim5 f ! ,*annel b$ & releas$ 8 balla/1 &1 us+ ?is sy/em1 he actually t\*$ bottom at a dep? ( betwe5 #ii & #ajh feet4 ,8 asc5t f ?is p>ticul> dive 0 n unrem>kable1 ei!r2 9 an acc\nt ( x1 he wrote t j aft] he _h left ! bottom ( ! ,*annel ) a sample ( clay 444 ,i 0 attack$ by voraci\s fi%1 :i* seiz$ me by ! legs & arms4 ,"o ( !m bit me on ! *91 & w\ld at ! same "t h attack$ my ?roat if x _h n be5 pres]v$ by a ?ick h&k]*ief4444 ,i 0 =tunate en\gh n to op5 my m\?1 & ,i reappe>$ on top ( ! wat] aft] be+ imm]s$ fifty-two seconds4 ,my m5 saw "o ( ! mon/]s :i* _h assail$ me1 & :i* did n leave me until ,i _h rea*$ ! surface4 ,!y 7 cong] eels4 ,?om de ,gamond's geological obs]vations1 al?\gh !y 7 c]ta9ly sket*y by lat] /&>ds1 7 en\gh to conv9ce him ( ! feasibility ( a m9$ tunnel "u ! ,*annel1 & 9 #ahef he drew up plans = su* a "w4 ,?is 0 to be a /one affair conta9+ a d\ble set ( railroad tracks4 ,x 0 to /ret* tw5ty-"o miles1 f ,cap ,gris-,nez to ,ea/we> ,po9t1 & f ^! places 0 to connect1 by m ?an n9e miles at ea* end ( slop+ access tunnels1 ) ! ,fr5* & ,briti% railway sy/ems4 ,! junctions ( ! slop+ access tunnels & ! ma9 tunnel itself 7 to be m>k$ by wide %afts1 ab\t ?ree hundr$ feet deep1 at ! bottom ( :i* travel]s w\ld enc\nt] ! fronti] /ations ( ea* nation4 ,! l9e ( ! ma9 tunnel 0 to be m>k$ above ! surface by a s]ies ( twelve small artificial isl&s made ( /one4 ,^! 7 to be surm\nt$ ) ligh?\ses & 7 to conta9 v5tilat+ %afts connect+ ) ! tunnel4 ,?om de ,gamond prud5tly provid$ ! v5tilation %afts 9 8 plans ) sea valves1 s t 9 case ( w> betwe5 ,engl& & ,france ea* nation w\ld h ! opportunity ( flood+ ! tunnel on %ort notice4 ,! tunnel 0 design$ to cross ! nor!rn tip ( ! ,v>ne1 a n>r[1 subm]g$ %elf t lies p>allel to ! ,engli% coa/ ab\t t5 miles (f ,folke/one1 & s close to ! surface t at l[ tide x is only ab\t fifte5 feet "u wat] at its highe/ po9t4 ,?om de ,gamond plann$ to raise ! ,v>ne above wat] level1 ?us conv]t+ x into an artificial isl&1 by build+ x up ) rocks & e>? br\ght to ! spot 9 %ips4 ,?r\gh ?is e>?1 eng9e]s w\ld dig a great %aft d[n to ! level ( ! tunnel1 s t ! horizontal m9+ ( ! tunnel z a :ole c\ld be c>ri$ on f f\r work+ faces simultane\sly1 in/ead ( only two4 ,! great %aft 0 also to s]ve z a means ( v5tilat+ ! tunnel & communicat+ ) x f ! outside1 & ar\nd its apex ,?om de ,gamond plann$1 ) a *>act]i/ically gr& fl\ri%1 an int]national port call$ ! toile de ,v>ne1 :i* 0 to h f\r out] quays & an int]ior h>bor1 z well z am5ities su* z liv+ qu>t]s = p]sonnel & a fir/-class ligh?\se4 ,z = ! %aft lead+ d[n to ! railway tunnel1 accord+ to alt]nate v]sions ( ,?om de ,gamond's plan1 x 0 to be at lea/ #cej feet--& possibly z mu* z #ihd feet--9 diamet]1 & #adg feet deep2 &1 accord+ to a contempor>y acc\nt 9 ! ,p>is newspap] ,la ,patrie1 an op5 /ation w\ld be =m$ z spaci\s z ! c\rt ( ! ,l\vre1 :]e travel]s might halt to take air aft] runn+ a qu>t] ( an h\r "u ! bottom ( ! ,/rait4 ,f ! bottom ( ?is deep /ation1 tra9s might also asc5d by means ( g5tly spiral+ ramps to ! surface ( ! toile de ,v>ne1 ,la ,patrie report$4 ,! newspap] w5t on to invite its read]s to contemplate ! panorama at sea level3 ,imag9e a tra9 full ( travel]s1 aft] hav+ run = fifte5 m9utes 9 ! b[els ( ! e>? ?r\gh a spl5didly light$ tunnel1 halt+ sudd5ly "u ! sky1 & !n asc5d+ to ! quays ( ?is isl&4 ,! isl&1 ris+ 9 mid-sea1 is furni%$ ) solid con/ructions1 spaci\s quays g>ni%$ ) ! %ips ( all nations2 "s b\nd = ! ,baltic or ! ,m$it]ranean1 o!rs arriv+ f ,am]ica or ,india4 ,9 ! di/ance to ! ,nor?1 h] silv] cliffs ext5d+ to ! ,nor?1 reflect$ 9 ! sun1 is :ite ,albion1 once sep>at$ f all ! _w1 n[ become ! ,briti% ,p59sula4 ,to ! ,s\? 444 is ! l& ( ,france4444 ,^? :ite sails spread 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,/raits are ! fi%+ vessels ( ! two nations4444 ,^? rapid tra9s :i* :i/le at ! bottom ( ! subt]ranean /ation are f ,london or ,p>is 9 ?ree or f\r h\rs4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahef1 ,?om de ,gamond obta9$ an audi5ce ) ,napoleon ,,iii & exp\nd$ 8 late/ plan to him4 ,! ,emp]or react$ ) int]e/ & told ! eng9e] t he w\ld h a sci5tific commission look into ! matt] z f> z our pres5t /ate ( sci5ce all[s4 ,! commission f\nd itself favorable to ! idea ( ! "w 9 g5]al b lack+ a good deal ( necess>y te*nical in=mation1 & x sugge/$ t "s sort ( prelim9>y agreem5t betwe5 ! ,briti% & ,fr5* ,gov]nm5ts on ! desirability ( ! tunnel ought to be rea*$ be=e a full te*nical survey 0 made4 ,enc\rag$ by ! way ?+s seem$ to be go+1 ,?om de ,gamond set ab\t promot+ 8 s*eme m en]getically ?an ev]4 ,he obta9$ a promise ( collaboration f ?ree ( ,brita9's mo/ em95t eng9e]s--,rob]t ,/eph5son1 ,isamb>d ,k+dom ,brunel1 & ,joseph ,locke--& 9 #aheh he travel$ to ,london to advance ! cause ( ! tunnel among prom95t p & to promote x 9 ! press4 ,lead+ j\rnals 7 receptive to ! idea4 ,an article 9 ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news ref]r$ to ! propos$ tunnel z ?is great l9e ( junction1 & said t x w\ld put an end to ! comm]cial isolation t ,engl& 0 be+ fac$ ) by ! creation on ! ,cont95t ( a newly unifi$ railway sy/em t 0 mak+ x possible to %ip goods f ,c5tral to ,we/]n ,europe )\t break+ bulk4 ,! article add$ t ! creation ( ! tunnel 444 w\ld /ill pres]ve = ?is c\ntry = ! future t m>itime isolation :i* =m$ its /r5g? ?r\gh\t ! pa/2 = ! situation ( ! tunnel b5ea? ! b$ ( ! sea w\ld enable ! gov]nm5t on ei!r coa/1 9 case ( w>1 z a means ( def5se1 to inundate x imm$iately4444 ,accord+ to ! calculations ( ! eng9e]1 ! tunnel might be completely fill$ ) wat] 9 ! c\rse ( an h\r1 & aft]w>ds ?ree days w\ld be requir$1 ) ! mutual cons5t ( ! two ,gov]nm5ts1 to draw (f ! wat]1 & ree/abli% ! traffic4 ,?om de ,gamond's visit to ,engl& 0 climax$ by a c\ple ( int]views on ! subject ( ! ,*annel tunnel t he obta9$ ) ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 :o support$ ! idea ) consid]able en?usiasm & ev5 took up ! matt] 9 private ) ,que5 ,victoria4 ,! ,que51 :o 0 kn[n to suff] dreadfully f seasickness1 told ,alb]t1 :o relay$ ! message to ,?om de ,gamond1 ,y may tell ! ,fr5* eng9e] t if he c accompli% x1 ,i w give him my bless+ 9 my own "n & 9 ! "n ( all ! ladies ( ,engl&4 ,h[ev]1 9 a discussion ,?om de ,gamond _h e>li] _h ) ,h] ,maje/y's ,prime ,m9i/]1 ,"l ,palm]/on1 :o 0 pres5t at "o ( ! eng9e]'s int]views ) ,alb]t1 ! idea ( ! tunnel 0 n s well receiv$4 ,! eng9e] f\nd ,palm]/on r close on ! subject4 ,:at6 ,y pret5d to ask u to contribute to a "w ! object ( :i* is to %ort5 a di/ance :i* we f9d already too %ort6 ,?om de ,gamond quot$ him z exclaim+ :5 ! tunnel project 0 m5tion$4 ,&1 accord+ to an acc\nt by ! eng9e]1 :5 ,alb]t1 9 ! pres5ce ( bo? m51 spoke favorably ( ! b5efits to ,engl& ( a passage "u ! ,*annel1 ,"l ,palm]/on )\t los+ t p]fectly c\rte\s tone :i* 0 habitual ) him rem>k$ to ! ,pr9ce ,consort1 ,y w\ld ?9k q diff]5tly if y _h be5 born on ?is isl&4 ,:ile ,?om de ,gamond 0 occupi$ ) 8 subm>9e-cross+ projects1 o!r p 7 produc+ _! own p>ticul> tunnel s*emes4 ,mo/ ( !m seem to h be5 = subm]g$ tubes1 ei!r laid d[n directly on ! sea b$ or rais$ above its irregul>ities by v]tical columns to =m a sort ( und]wat] elevat$ railway4 ,p]haps ! mo/ ornam5tal ( ^! v>i\s plans 0 drawn up by a ,fr5*man nam$ ,hector ,horeau1 9 #ahea4 ,x call$ = a prefabricat$ iron tube conta9+ a railway to be laid across ! ,*annel b$ along su* judici\sly incl9$ planes z to all[ 8 c>riages passage ?r\gh !m )\t _! hav+ to be drawn by smoke-bell[+ locomotives--a suffocat+ly real problem t mo/ e>ly ,*annel-tunnel design]s1 includ+1 app>5tly1 ,?om de ,gamond1 pretty well ignor$4 ,! slope giv5 to ,horeau's und]gr\nd railway 0 to enable ! c>riages to glide d[n "u ! ,*annel f "o %orel9e ) su* wond]ful mom5tum z to br+ !m to a po9t n f> f ! o!r1 ! c>riages be+ t[$ ! re/ ( ! way up by cables atta*$ to /eam w9*es op]at$ f outside ! tunnel exit4 ,! tunnel itself w\ld be light$ by gas flames &1 9 daytime1 by ?ick glass skylights t w\ld admit natural light filt]+ d[n ?r\gh ! sea4 ,! l9e ( ! tube 0 to be m>k$1 across ! surface ( ! ,*annel1 by great float+ conical /ructures resembl+ p5nant$ pavilions 9 "s m$ieval tape/ry4 ,! pavilions 7 to be held 9 place by /rong cables an*or$ to ! ,*annel bottom2 !y 7 also to conta9 m>9e w>n+ beacons4 ,?is project nev] got "u ! gr\nd4 ,9 #aheh1 an attempt to assass9ate ,napoleon ,,iii br\ght ,france into ! ,italian w> aga9/ ,au/ria1 & :5 ^w spread 9 ,france t ! assass9's bombs _h be5 made 9 ,birm+ham1 a *ill develop$ betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ,briti% ,gov]nm5ts4 ,?is l$ to a wave ( fe> 9 ,engl& t ano!r ,napoleon might try a cross-,*annel invasion4 ,all ?is froze out ,?om de ,gamond's tunnel-promot+ = sev]al ye>s4 ,he did n try aga9 until #ahfg1 :5 he exhibit$ a set ( revis$ plans = 8 ,v>ne tunnel at ! ,univ]sal ,exhibition 9 ,p>is4 ,9 do+ s he conclud$ t he _h pu%$ ! cause ( ! tunnel ab\t to ! limit ( 8 p]sonal p[]s4 ,?irty-five ye>s ( "w devot$ to ! problem _h co/ him a mod]ate p]sonal =tune1 & he 0 oblig$ to note 9 pres5t+ 8 plan t ! "w mu/ n[ be und]tak5 by collective m9ds well v]s$ 9 ! physiology ( rocks & ! work+s ( subt]ranean deposits4 ,aft] t1 ,?om de ,gamond retir$ into ! backgr\nd1 squeez$ out1 x may be1 by o!r tunnel promot]s4 ,9 #ahge1 an article 9 ! ,london ,times t m5tion$ 8 "n 9 pass+ report$ t he 0 liv+ 9 humble circum/ances1 8 daught] support+ him by giv+ lessons on ! piano4 ,he di$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,al?\gh ,?om de ,gamond's revis$ plan ( #ahfg came to no?+ 9 itself1 x did cause r5ew$ talk ab\t a ,*annel tunnel4 ,! new _s ( free trade 0 favorable to x among ,europeans1 & ev]ybody 0 be+ greatly impress$ ) reports ( ! /rik+ progress on v>i\s great ,european eng9e]+ projects ( ! "t t promis$ clos] communication betwe5 nations--! successful cutt+ ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 ! ne> completion ( ! #h4a-mile-long ,m\nt ,c5is rail tunnel1 & ! op5+1 only a few ye>s previ\sly1 ( ! #i4c-mile-long ,/4 ,got?>d ,tunnel1 = example4 ,h>dly any great natural physical b>ri]s betwe5 neighbor+ nations seem$ beyond ! ability ( ! great n9ete5?-c5tury eng9e]s to bridge or brea*1 & to _m p x appe>$ logical en\gh t ! b>ri] ( ! ,dov] ,/rait %\ld h its place on ! eng9e]s' li/ ( conque/s4 ,9 ?is g5]ally propiti\s atmosph]e1 an ,engli%man nam$ ,william ,l[ took up :]e ,?om de ,gamond left (f4 ,%ortly aft] ! ,univ]sal ,exhibition1 ,l[ came up ) a ,*annel tunnel s*eme bas$ pr9cipally ^u 8 own consid]able exp]i5ce z an eng9e] 9 *>ge ( coal m9es 9 ,wales4 ,l[ propos$ ! creation ( a pair ( tw9 tunnels1 ea* conta9+ a s+le railway track1 & int]connect$ at int]vals by %ort cross-passages4 ,! idea 0 a te*nically /rik+ "o1 = x aim$ at mak+ ! tunnels1 9 effect1 self-v5tilat+ by mak+ use ( ! action ( a tra9 ent]+ a tunnel to pu% air 9 front ( x & draw fre% air 9 beh9d itself4 ,accord+ to ,l['s s*eme1 ?is sort ( pi/on action1 repeat$ on a big scale by ! con/ant passage ( tra9s b\nd 9 opposite directions 9 ! two tunnels1 0 suppos$ to keep air mov+ along ea* ( ! tunnels & betwe5 !m ?r\gh ! cross-passages 9 su* a way z to all[ = its /eady repl5i%m5t ?r\gh ! l5g? ( ! tunnels4 ,) modifications1 ,l['s concept ( a d\ble self-v5tilat+ tunnel =ms ! basis = ! plan mo/ s]i\sly advanc$ by ! ,*annel ,tunnel ,/udy ,gr\p 9 #aifj4 ,aft] %[+ 8 plans to ,?om de ,gamond1 :o approv$ ( !m1 ,l[ obta9$ ! collaboration ( two o!r ,victorian eng9e]s--,sir ,john ,hawk%aw1 :o 9 #ahfe & #ahff _h _h a numb] ( te/ bor+s made by a geologi/ nam$ ,h>ts9k ,day 9 ! b$ ( ! ,*annel 9 ! areas betwe5 ,/4 ,m>g>et's ,bay1 j ea/ ( ,dov]1 & ,sangatte1 j nor?-ea/ ( ,calais1 & _h become conv9c$ t a ,*annel tunnel 0 a practical possibility 9 geological t]ms2 & ,sir ,james ,brunlees1 an eng9e] :o _h help$ build ! ,suez ,canal4 ,9 #ahfg1 an ,anglo-,fr5* committee ( ,*annel-tunnel promot]s submitt$ a s*eme = a ,*annel tunnel bas$ on ,l['s plan to a commission ( eng9e]s "u ,napoleon ,,iii1 & ! promot]s ask$ = an (ficial concession to build ! tunnel4 ,! memb]s ( ! commission 7 unanim\s 9 reg>d+ ! s*eme z a workable "o1 al?\gh !y balk$ at an accompany+ reque/ ( ! promot]s t ! ,briti% & ,fr5* ,gov]nm5ts ea* gu>antee int]e/ on a million /]l+1 :i* w\ld be rais$ privately1 to help get ! project "u way1 & took no action4 ,b ap>t f ! "q ( money ! promot]s 7 enc\rag$4 ,9 #ahgj !y p]suad$ ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t (ficially to ask ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t :at support x w\ld be will+ to give to ! propos$ con/ruction ( a ,*annel railway tunnel4 ,consid]ation ( ! "q 9 ,:itehall got sidetrack$ = a :ile by ! outbreak ( ! ,franco-,prussian w> 9 ! same ye>1 b 9 #ahgb1 aft] fur!r diplomatic enquiries by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t ev5tually repli$ t x f\nd no objection 9 pr9ciple to a ,*annel tunnel1 provid$ x 0 n ask$ to put up money or gu>antee ( any k9d 9 connection ) x & provid$ t own]%ip ( ! tunnel w\ld n be a p]petual private monopoly4 ,9 ! same ye>1 a ,*annel ,tunnel ,company 0 *>t]$ 9 ,engl&1 ) ,"l ,ri*>d ,grosv5or1 *airman ( ! ,london1 ,*a?am ,dov] ,railway1 at its head1 & ) ,hawk%aw1 ,l[1 & ,brunlees z its eng9e]s4 ,! tunnel envision$ by ! company w\ld /ret* f ,dov] to ,sangatte1 & its co/1 includ+ ?irty-?ree miles ( railway t w\ld connect on ! ,engli% side ) ! ,london1 ,*a?am ,dov] & ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,railways1 & on ! ,fr5* side ) ! ,*em9 de ,f] du ,nord1 w\ld be #aj1jjj1jjj4 ,?ree ye>s lat]1 ! ,engli% company s\ght & obta9$ f ,p>liam5t tempor>y p[]s to buy up private l& at ,/4 ,m>g>et's ,bay1 9 ,k5t1 = ! purpose ( go+ ahead ) exp]im5tal tunnel+ "w !re4 ,at ! same "t1 a newly =m$ ,fr5* ,*annel ,tunnel ,company back$ by ! ,h\se ( ,ro?s*ild & head$ by an eng9e] nam$ ,mi*el ,*evali] obta9$ by act ( ! ,fr5* legislature p]mission f ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t to />t "w on a tunnel f ! ,fr5* side at an undet]m9$ po9t betwe5 ,b\logne & ,calais1 & a concession to op]ate ! ,fr5* section ( ! tunnel = n9ety-n9e ye>s4 ,! cahi] des *>ges ( ! ,fr5* tunnel bill dealt 9 consid]able detail ) ! t]ms "u :i* ! complet$ tunnel 0 to be run1 d[n to provid+ a full table ( t>iffs = ! "u-,*annel railroad4 ,?us1 a fir/-class pass5g] rid+ ?r\gh ! tunnel 9 an enclos$ c>riage furni%$ ) w9d[s w\ld be *>g$ fifty c5times p] kilometre4 ,freight rates 7 e/abli%$ = su* categories z furniture1 silks1 w9e1 oy/]s1 fre% fi%1 ox51 c[s1 pigs1 goats1 & horse-drawn c>riages ) or )\t pass5g]s inside4 ,! greate/ unc]ta9ty fac+ ! two companies1 n[ t !y _h ! p[] to />t digg+ t[>d ea* o!r's work+ sites1 consi/$ ( _! lack ( =ekn[l$ge ( geological ob/acles !y might enc\nt] 9 ! rock masses ly+ betwe5 ! two %ores at ! neck ( ! ,*annel4 ,h[ev]1 ! companies' eng9e]s _h sub/antial reasons = believ+ t1 9 g5]al1 ! region & /ratum into :i* !y plann$ to take ! tunnel 7 peculi>ly suit$ to _! purpose4 ,_! belief 0 bas$ on a r\gh recon/ruction--a f> m detail$ recon/ruction is available n[adays1 ( c\rse--( v>i\s geological ev5ts occurr+ 9 ! area be=e !re ev] 0 a ,*annel4 ,a hundr$ million ye>s ago1 9 ! ,upp] ,cretace\s p]iod ( ! ,mesozoic era1 a great "p ( s\!rn ,engl&1 :i* _h be5 connect$ at its ea/]ly end ) ! ,cont95tal l& mass1 0 inundat$1 along ) mu* ( ,we/]n ,europe1 by ! anci5t ,s\!rn ,sea4 ,z x lay subm]g$1 ?is sea-wa%$ l& accumulat$ on its surface1 ov] a p]iod ( t5 million ye>s1 lay]s ( :ite or :iti% mud ab\t n9e hundr$ feet ?ick & compos$ pr9cipally ( ! microscopic skeletons ( plankton & t9y %ells4 ,ev5tually ! mud conv]t$ itself into rock4 ,!n1 = ano!r =ty million ye>s1 at j ! po9t :]e ! neck ( ! ,dov] ,/rait n[ is1 v g5tle e>? movem5ts rais$ ! level ( ?is rock to =m a b>-%ap$ isl& "s =ty miles long4 ,by ,eoc5e times ?is ,weald5 ,isl&1 /ret*+ we/w>d across ! ,calais-,dov] area1 actually seems to h be5 ! only bit ( solid gr\nd /&+ out 9 a seascape ( a ,we/]n ,europe inundat$ by ! ,eoc5e sea4 ,:5 mo/ ( ,france & s\!rn ,engl& reappe>$ above ! surface1 9 ,mioc5e times1 ?is isl& weld$ !m toge!r2 lat]1 9 ! ice age1 ! ,*annel i/hmus disappe>$ & em]g$ aga9 f\r times ) ! rise & fall ( ! sea caus$ by ! alt]nate ?aw+ & refreez+ ( ! nor!rn icecap4 ,:5 ea* sequ5ce ( ! ice age end$1 ! l& bridge rema9$1 high & dry z ev]1 & x 0 ov] ?is i/hmus t paleoli?ic man %ambl$ across f ! ,cont95t1 9 ! trail ( rh9oc]oses1 hippopotamuses1 giant bo>s1 & o!r great bea/s ^: fossiliz$ bones h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,weald5 area4 ,encroa*+ seas made a *annel ?r\gh ! i/hmus & cut ! ,bronze ,age desc5dants ( ?is bre$ ( m5 (f f ! ,cont95t ab\t six ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,!n fi]ce tidal curr5ts c\rs+ betwe5 ! ,nor? ,sea & ! ,atlantic wid5$ ! brea* /ill fur!r until1 z rec5tly z f\r ?\s& ye>s ago 7or only ab\t a c\ple ( ?\s& ye>s be=e ,caes>'s legions invad$ ,brita9 by boat71 ! sea wore away ! rock ( ! i/hmus to approximately ! pres5t wid? ( ! ,/rait1 leav+ expos$ high at ea* side ! erod$ rock walls1 =m]ly ! :iti% mudbank ( ,cretace\s times--n[ ! :ite *alk cliffs ( ! ,dov] & ,calais areas4 ,provid5tially = ! lat] purposes ( ,*annel tunnel]s1 h[ev]1 ! seas t divid$ ,engl& f ! ,cont95t also left beh9d !m a ?9 remnant ( ! old l& connection 9 ! =m ( c]ta9 *alk lay]s t /ill /ret*$ 9 g5tle folds across ! bottom ( ! ,/rait1 & x 0 ?r\gh ?is area ( rema9+ *alk t ! ,victorian eng9e]s plann$ to drive _! tunnel head+s4 ,ev5 m provid5tially1 !y _h ! opportunity ( ext5d+ _! head+s "u ! ,*annel ?r\gh a sub/ratum ( *alk almo/ ideal = tunnel+ purposes1 kn[n z ! ,l[] ,*alk4 ,unlike ! two lay]s ( cretace\s rock t lie above x--! :ite ,upp] ,*alk & ! :iti% ,middle ,*alk1 bo? ( :i* are fl9t-lad51 heavily fissur$1 & wat]-be>+1 & consequ5tly almo/ impossible to tunnel 9 = any di/ance--! ,l[] ,*alk 7x is grayi% 9 color7 is virtually fl9t-free & ne>ly imp]meable to wat]1 especially 9 ! l[] p>ts ( ! /ratum1 :]e x is mix$ ) clay2 at ! same "t x is /able1 g5]ally free ( fissures1 & easy to "w4 ,f ! coa/l9e betwe5 ,folke/one & ,s\? ,=el&1 nor?-ea/ ( ,dov]1 :]e its upp] level is visible 9 ! cliffs1 ! ,l[] ,*alk dips g5tly d[n into ! ,/rait 9 a nor?-ea/]ly direction & disappe>s "u an outcropp+ ,middle ,*alk1 & em]ges aga9 on ! ,fr5* side betwe5 ,calais & ,cap ,blanc-,nez4 ,giv5 ?is k & _! k ( ! /ate ( ,l[] ,*alk b$s on l& areas1 ! ,victorian eng9e]s 7 confid5t t ! ribbon ( ,l[] ,*alk ext5d+ "u ! ,/rait w\ld turn out to be a cont9u\s "o4 ,to put ?is view to a fur!r te/1 ! ,fr5* ,*annel ,tunnel ,company1 9 #ahge1 commission$ a team ( em95t geologi/s & hydrograph]s to make a m detail$ survey ( ! area ?an _h yet be5 attempt$4 ,9 #ahge & #ahgf ! surveyors made #g1gjj s\nd+s & took #c1bfg geological samples f ! b$ ( ! ,/rait & conclud$ f _! /udies t1 except = a c\ple ( localities ne> ea* %orel9e1 :i* a tunnel c\ld avoid1 ! ,l[] ,*alk inde$ %[$ e sign ( /ret*+ )\t int]ruption or fault f %ore to %ore4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ^! /udies 7 complet$1 ,"l ,grosv5or's ,*annel ,tunnel ,company did n f9d itself 9 a position to d mu* ab\t !m4 ,! company 0 hav+ tr\ble rais+ money1 & its tempor>y p[] to acquire l& at ,/4 ,m>g>et's ,bay = exp]im5tal work+s _h laps$ )\t ! promot]s ev] hav+ us$ x4 ,william ,l[1 :o _h left ! company 9 #ahgc aft] disagreem5ts ) ,hawk%aw on te*nical matt]s--,l[ _h come to believe1 = "o ?+1 t ! t]ra9 ar\nd ,/4 ,m>g>et's ,bay 0 unsuitable z a />t+ place = a *annel tunnel--_h become ! *ief eng9e]+ consultant ( a rival ,*annel-tunnel outfit t call$ itself ! ,anglo-,fr5* ,subm>9e ,railway ,company4 ,b ! ,anglo-,fr5* ,subm>9e ,railway ,company wasn't gett+ any:]e1 ei!r4 ,x rema9$ = a ?ird ,engli% company1 head$ by a railway magnate nam$ ,sir ,edw>d ,watk91 to pu% ! ,*annel-tunnel s*eme into its next phase1 :i* turn$ out to be ! mo/ tumultu\s "o 9 all its hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,pl$g$ ,m4,p4 ,m4,p4's ,,bride4 ,oh6 ,william de>--if y are--a ,lib]al--d br+ 9 a ,bill--next ,session--= t ,und]gr\nd ,tunnel66 ,?is c>toon depict+ ! horrors ( ! ,*annel cross+ orig9ally appe>$ 9 ,pun* 9 #ahfi4 ,9 #aifa1 #ib ye>s lat]1 ,pun* f\nd x z timely z ev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,aim ,?om de ,gamond ,,! ,,great ,,tunnel ,,s*em]s ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,great ,,anti-,,tunnel] ,lt4-,g54 ,sir ,g>net ,wolseley1 #ahhb ,illu/ration3 ,sir ,g>net ,wolseley's fe>s ( a ,fr5* invasion ?r\gh ! tunnel z se5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahhb by ,puck4 ,illu/ration3 ,hector ,horeau's tunnel s*eme ( #ahea involv$ lay+ d[n a prefabricat$ subm]g$ tube on ! ,*annel bottom4 ,! pavilions are v5tilat+ /ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,?om de ,gamond's plan 9 #ahef = a ,*annel tunnel by way ( ! ,v>ne1 :i* w\ld be built up into an int]national h>bor4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,*annel tunnel work+s at ,%akespe>e ,cliff 9 #ahhb4 ,! entrance is by ! smoke/ack ne> ! tw9 portals1 :i* are unconnect$ ) ! tunnel work+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ( ! tunnel work+s at ,%akespe>e ,cliff 9 #ahhb4 ,! ,admiralty ,pi] at ,dov] is 9 ! di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tunnel ,,p>ties ,,9 ,,! #ahhjs ,ev]ybody :o 0 anybody w5t d[n into ! tunnel to inspect ! new und]sea road to ,france4 #a4 ,gue/s prep>+ = ! desc5t4 #b4 ,be+ l[]$ #afc feet bel[ ! surface to ! gall]y4 #c4 ,*ampagne p>ty 9 ! tunnel4 #d4 ,inspect+ ! ,beaumont tunnel+ ma*9e z x bores t[>d ,france4 #e4 ,tunnel oratory at *ampagne lun* at ,dov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,an e>ly ,napoleonic vision ( ! invasion ( ,engl& ,illu/ration3 by air1 sea1 & a ,*annel tunnel4 ,illu/ration3 ,sir ,edw>d ,watk91 at ! sluice-gates1 vanqui%es ! ,fr5* invad]s m>*+ on ,engl& ?r\gh ! tunnel4 ,a ,london newspap] c>toon at ! "t ( ! great tunnel controv]sy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree ,,solutions ,,to ,,! ,,invasion ,,problem ,h[ to h a tunnel & /ill keep ,engl& safe f invasion is a problem t has attract$ ! att5tion ( arti/s s9ce ! eighties4 ,! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news1 #ahhb1 %[s h[1 at ! fir/ sign ( invasion1 ! tunnel c\ld be bomb>d$ f ! ,admiralty ,pi] at ,dov]1 f ! ,dov] =tifications1 & f positions (f%ore4 ,viaduct = ! ,fr5* tunnel entrance propos$ 9 #aijf4 ,at signs ( ,fr5* int5tions to invade1 ! ,briti% fleet w\ld sail up & bl[ ?is viaduct to smi!re5s1 ?us block+ ! tunnel f ! ,fr5* end4 ,david ,langdon 9 ,p>is ,mat*1 #aifj1 sugge/s ano!r way ( h&l+ ! invasion problem4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,propos$ ,,me?od ,,( ,,con/ruct+ ,a ,,subm]g$ ,,tube ,,"u ,,! ,,*annel ,illu/ration3 ,! illu/ration %[s ! propos$ lay+ ( a cut & cov] prefabricat$ tunnel on ! ,*annel bottom ) ! aid ( a ,de,long self-elevat+ con/ruction plat=m4 ,illu/ration3 ,arti/'s impression ( ! bor+ ( ! d\ble ,*annel tunnel1 ) its extra s]vice tunnel & cross-passages1 z propos$ by ! ,*annel ,tunnel ,/udy ,gr\p 9 #aifj4 ,illu/ration3 ,?ree ,,sir ,,edw>d ,,watk9 0 a vocif]\sly successful promot] f ! ,midl&s4 ,! son ( a ,man*e/] cotton m]*ant1 ,watk9 _h pass$ up a *ance at ! family bus9ess 9 favor ( railways 9 ! e>ly days ( ! age ( /eam1 & x is a measure ( 8 g5]ally ackn[l$g$ %rewdness at railway promotion t 9 8 mid-tw5ties1 hav+ become secret>y ( ! ,tr5t ,valley ,railway1 he negotiat$ its sale to ! ,london ,nor? ,we/]n ,railway at a pr(it ( #dch1jjj4 ,n[ 9 8 e>ly sixties1 ,watk9 0 *airman ( ?ree ,briti% railway companies1 ! ,man*e/]1 ,%effield ,l9coln%ire ,railway1 ! ,metropolitan 7,london7 ,railway1 & ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,railway--! la/-nam$ be+ a company ^: l9e ran f ,london to ,dov] via ,folke/one--& "o ( 8 big curr5t s*emes 0 ! =mation ( a ?r\gh r\te "u a s+le managem5t--8 own1 naturally--f ,man*e/] & ! nor? to ,dov]4 ,x 0 :ile he 0 busily promot+ ?is s*eme t ,watk9 caught ! ,*annel-tunnel fev]4 ,he realiz$ t "p ( ! l& ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,railway own$ along its l9e betwe5 ,folke/one & ,dov] lay happily accessible to ! ribbon ( ,l[] ,*alk t dipp$ into ! sea 9 ! direction ( ,dov] & /ret*$ "u ! b$ ( ! ,/rait1 & x wasn't long be=e he 0 conjur+ up visions ( a great sy/em 9 :i* 8 project$ ,man*e/]-,dov] l9e1 in/ead ( /opp+ at ! ,*annel %orel9e1 w\ld c>ry on "u ! ,/rait to ! ,cont95t4 ,"o ( ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9's fir/ /eps t[>d det]m9+ ! te*nical feasibility ( con/ruct+ a tunnel 0 to call 91 sometime 9 ! mid-sev5ties1 ,william ,l[1 ^: own tunnel company _h q fall5 ap>t1 = eng9e]+ consultation4 ,watk9 decid$ to aim = a tw9 tunnel bas$ on ,l['s idea1 :i* w\ld h its />t+ po9t 9 ! area we/ ( ,dov] & ea/ ( ,folke/one1 & he put 8 own eng9e]s to "w on ! job4 ,9 #ahhj1 ! eng9e]s sank a sev5ty-f\r-foot %aft by ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,railway l9e at ,abbots ,cliff1 ab\t midway betwe5 ,folke/one & ,dov]1 & began driv+ a horizontal pilot gall]y sev5 feet 9 diamet] along ! ,l[] ,*alk b$ 9 ! direction ( ! sea (f ,dov]4 ,by ! e>ly "p ( ! foll[+ ye>1 ! exp]im5tal head+ ext5d$ ab\t half a mile und]gr\nd4 ,8 eng9e]s hav+ satisfi$ !mselves t ! ,l[] ,*alk 0 l5d+ itself z well z expect$ to be+ tunnel$1 ,sir ,edw>d w5t ahead & =m$ ! ,subm>9e ,cont95tal ,railway ,company1 capitaliz$ at #bej1jjj & closely controll$ by ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,railway ,company1 to take ov] ! exi/+ tunnel work+s & to cont9ue !m on a l>g] scale1 ) ! aim ( con/ruct+ a ,*annel tunnel connect+ ) ! ,s\?-,ea/]n's coa/al rail l9e4 ,at ! same "t1 he rea*$ an und]/&+ ) ! ,fr5* ,*annel ,tunnel ,company on co-ord9ation ( ,engli% & ,fr5* op]ations2 he also eng9e]$ ?r\gh ,p>liam5t--he 0 an ,m4,p4 himself1 & t help$ ?+s a bit--a bill giv+ ! ,s\?-,ea/]n p[] to c>ry out ! compulsory pur*ase ( c]ta9 coa/al l& 9 ! g5]al direction tak5 by ! exi/+ head+4 ,!n ,sir ,edw>d's eng9e]s sank a second %aft1 f>!r to ! ea/ b 9 alignm5t ) ! fir/ head+1 #afj feet bel[ a level /ret* ( gr\nd by ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,railway l9e at ,%akespe>e ,cliff1 j we/ ( ,dov]1 #abj feet bel[ high wat]1 & began bor+ a new sev5-foot pilot tunnel t dipp$ d[n ) ! ,l[] ,*alk b$ lead+ into ! ,*annel4 ,?is second bor+1 l ! fir/1 0 c>ri$ out ) ! use ( a tunnel+ ma*9e especially design$ = ! purpose by ,colonel ,fr$]ick ,beaumont1 an eng9e] :o _h _h a h& 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,dov] =tifications4 ,! ,beaumont tunnel+ ma*9e1 a prototype ( "s ( ! mo/ p[]ful tunnel+ ma*9es 9 use n[adays1 0 run by compress$ air pip$ 9 f ! outside1 & ! dis*>ge ( ?is air f ! ma*9e z x work$ also s]v$ z a way ( keep+ ! gall]y v5tilat$4 ,! cutt+ ( ! rock 0 done by a total ( f\rte5 /eel planet>y cutt]s set 9 two revolv+ arms at ! head ( ! ma*9e2 ) ea* turn ( ! bor] a ?9 p>+ ( *alk #e_/af ( an in* ?ick 0 %orn away f ! work+ face1 ! spoil be+ pass$ by conveyor belt to ! back ( ! ma*9e & dump$ into c>ts or skips t 7 pu%$ by h& along ! l5g? ( ! gall]y on n>r[-gauge rails4 ,! ma*9e made "o & a half to two revolutions a m9ute1 & ,sir ,edw>d e/imat$ = 8 /ockhold]s t ) simultane\s tunnel+ ) ! use ( simil> equipm5t f ! ,fr5* %ore--! ,fr5* ,tunnel ,company _h already sunk a #bhj-;foot %aft ( its own at ,sangatte & 0 prep>+ to drive a gall]y t[>d ,engl&--! ,*annel bottom w\ld be pi]c$ f %ore to %ore by a cont9u\s s+le pilot tunnel1 tw5ty-two miles long1 9 ?ree & a half ye>s4 ,once ?is 0 done1 accord+ to ,sir ,edw>d's plans1 ! sev5-foot gall]y 0 to be enl>g$ by special cutt+ ma*9]y to a f\rte5-foot diamet]1 & a d\ble tunnel1 ?ickly l9$ ) concrete & connect$ by cross-passages1 con/ruct$4 7,f\r miles ( access tunnel 7 to be add$ on ! ,fr5*1 & possibly on ! ,engli%1 side1 too47 ,! complet$ tunnel 0 to be light$ ?r\gh\t by electric light--a novelty already be+ tri$ out 9 ! pilot tunnel by ! well-kn[n electrical eng9e] ,c4 ,w4 ,siem5s--& ! tra9s t ran ?r\gh x betwe5 ,france & ,brita9 7 to be haul$ by locomotives design$ by ,colonel ,beaumont4 ,in/ead ( be+ run by smoke-produc+ coal1 ! locomotives 7 to be propell$ by compress$ air c>ri$ beh9d ! eng9e 9 tanks1 &1 l ! ,beaumont tunnel+ ma*9e1 ! eng9e 0 suppos$ to keep ! tunnel v5tilat$ by giv+ out fre% air z x w5t along4 7,a lot ( air 0 to be releas$ 9 ! tunnel 9 ! c\rse ( a day2 a t5tative s*$ule call$ = "o tra9 to trav]se x 9 "o direction or ano!r e five m9utes or s = tw5ty h\rs out ( ! tw5ty-f\r47 ,tra9s com+ ?r\gh ! tunnel f ,france 7 to em]ge into ! daylight & ! ord9>y op5 air ( ,engl& ei!r f a f\r-mile-long access tunnel connect$ to ! ,s\?-,ea/]n's railway l9e at ,abbots ,cliff or--?is 0 a favor$ alt]native plan ( ,sir ,edw>d's--at ,%akespe>e ,cliff via a /ation to be con/ruct$ 9 a great squ>e excavat$ a hundr$ & sixty feet deep 9 ! gr\nd1 :i* w\ld be cov]$ ov] ) glass1 light$ by electric light1 & equipp$ ) l>ge wait+ rooms & refre%m5t rooms4 ,f ! abyss ( ?is subm]g$ /ation1 tra9s arriv+ f ! ,cont95t 7 to be rais$1 an entire tra9 at a "t1 to ! level ( ! exi/+ ,s\?-,ea/]n l9e by a giant hydraulic lift4 7,actually1 con/ruct+ an elevator capable ( rais+ su* an enorm\s load w\ld n seem z unlikely a feat 9 ! eighties z x might to _m p n[2 ,victorian eng9e]s 7 exp]t 9 ! use ( hydraulic p[] = %ip locks & all sorts ( o!r devices1 &1 9 fact1 hydraulic p[] 0 s commonly us$ t ! ,london ( half a c5tury ago _h p]haps eight hundr$ miles ( hydraulic pip+ laid bel[ ! /reets to "w indu/rial presses1 motors1 & mo/ ( ! cranes on ! ,?ames docks47 ,z ! exp]im5tal "w progress$1 ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9 saw to x t all ! spl5did details ab\t ! ,*annel-tunnel s*eme 7 con/antly br\ght to ! att5tion ( ! ,s\?-,ea/]n's %>ehold]s1 ! press1 & ! public4 ,sir ,edw>d1 besides be+ a n9ete5?-c5tury railway k+1 0 also some?+ ( a tw5tie?-c5tury public-relations op]ator4 ,he 0 a firm believ] 9 ! b5eficial effects ( giv+ big d9n]s1 a pione] 9 ! art ( organiz+ big junkets1 & an adept at gett+ pl5ty ( newspap] space4 ,an en]getic lobbyi/ 9 ,p>liam5t = all sorts ( causes1 n exclud+ 8 own comm]cial projects1 he 0 kn[n z a habitual conf]r] ( fri5dly little ge/ures ^u important p 9 & out ( gov]nm5t1 & 8 k9dness is said to h gone s f> at "o "t t he provid$ ,mr4 ,glad/one ) ! conv5i5ce ( a private railway bran* l9e t w5t "r to ! /atesman's c\ntry home4 ,! driv+ ( ! ,*annel-tunnel pilot gall]y at ,%akespe>e ,cliff (f]$ ,sir ,edw>d a h&y opportunity = ex]cis+ 8 gifts 9 ! field ( public relations1 & he took full advantage ( x4 ,week aft] week1 z ! bor+ ( ! tunnel progress$1 he invit$ l>ge gr\ps ( influ5tial p1 z _m z eighty at a "t1 includ+ politicians & /atesm51 editors1 report]s1 & arti/s1 memb]s ( great families1 well-kn[n f9anci]s & bus9essm5 f ,brita9 & abroad1 & memb]s ( ! cl]gy & ! milit>y e/abli%m5t to be 8 gue/s on a trip by special tra9 f ,london to ,dov] at ,%akespe>e ,cliff4 ,!re1 at ! ,subm>9e ,cont95tal ,railway ,company work+s1 ! visitors 7 tak5 d[n into ! tunnel to inspect ! creation ( ! new exp]im5tal highway to ! ,cont95t4 ,a typical en\gh descriptive p>agraph 9 ! press conc]n+ "o ( ^! visits 7on ?is occasion a gr\p ( prom95t ,fr5*m5 7 ! gue/s ( ,sir ,edw>d7 is conta9$ 9 a contempor>y report 9 ! ,times3 ,! visitors 7 l[]$ six at a "t 9 an iron skip d[n ! %aft into ! tunnel4 ,at ! bottom ( ?is %aft1 #afc feet bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 ! m\? ( ! tunnel 0 rea*$1 & ! visitors took _! seats on small tramc>s :i* 7 drawn by workm54 ,s ev5ly has ! bor+ ma*9e done its "w t "o seem$ to be look+ along a great tube ) a slightly d[nw>d set1 & z ! gl[+ electric lamps1 plac$ alt]nately on ei!r side ( ! way1 %[$ fa9t] & fa9t] 9 ! f> di/ance1 ! tunnel1 = any?+ "o c\ld tell f appe>ances1 might h _h its outlet 9 ,france4 ,sir ,edw>d ,watk91 9 a spee* he made at a ,subm>9e ,cont95tal ,railway ,company /ockhold]s' meet+ %ortly aft] su* a visit 7! ma9 p>ts ( ! spee* 7 duly p>aphras$ 9 ! press71 f\nd ! effect ( ! electric light 7op]at$ on some?+ call$ ! ,swan sy/em7 9 ! tunnel to be j z /rik+ z ! ,times report] _h--only bright]4 ,he ?\ght ! visit might be reg>d$ z a rem>kable "o4 ,_! colleague1 ,dr4 ,siem5s1 light$ up ! tunnel ) ! ,swan light1 & x 0 c]ta9ly a beautiful sight to see a cav]n1 z x 71 "u ! bottom ( ! sea made 9 places z brilliant z daylight4 ,:ile on _! way by tramc> to view ! work+ ( ,colonel ,beaumont's bor+ ma*9e at ! f> end ( ! tunnel1 visitors /opp$ aft] a c]ta9 di/ance to enjoy ano!r exp]i5ce--a *ampagne p>ty held 9 a *amb] cut 9 ! side ( ! tunnel4 ,a contempor>y arti/'s sket* 9 ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news records ! sight ( a gr\p ( visitors clu/]$ ar\nd a bottle-lad5 table at "o ( ^! way side halts4 ,mu/a*io$ & be>d$1 & we>+ ,%]lock ,holmes de]/alk] caps & du/ jackets1 !y are %[n1 9 tableau$ dignity1 /&+ ab\t )9 a solidly timb]$ cavelike area ) *ampagne glasses 9 _! h&s2 & = all ! ,victorian pipe-tr\s] =mality ( _! po/ure !re is no d\bt t ! subjects are hav+ a good "t4 ,aft] su* a refre%+ pause1 ! visitors w\ld be help$ on ! tramc>s aga9 & escort$ on to see ! bor+ ma*9e cutt+ ?r\gh ! ,l[] ,*alk & to admire ! g5]ally dry appe>ance ( ! tunnel1 & aft] t !y w\ld be tak5 back to ! surface & giv5 a spl5did lun* ei!r 9 a m>quee set up ne> ! entrance to ! %aft or at ! ,"l ,w>d5 ,hotel1 9 ,dov]1 :]e m *ampagne w\ld be s]v$1 along ) o!r w9es & br&ies1 m toa/s to ! ,que5's heal? propos$1 & spee*es made on ! pres5t & future m>vels ( ! tunnel1 ! =w>dness ( its back]s1 & ! new era 9 int]national relations t ! :ole project promis$4 ,^! lun*es 7 also conv5i5t occasions = ! speak]s to pooh-pooh ! claims ( ! rival tunnel s*eme ( ,"l ,ri*>d ,grosv5or's ,*annel ,tunnel ,company1 :i* 0 /ill be+ put =w>d1 al?\gh entirely on pap]1 & to make ann\ncem5ts ( miscellane\s items ( news ab\t progress 9 ! ,l[] ,*alk4 ,?us1 at "o ( ^! lun*es at ! ,"l ,w>d5 ,hotel held 9 ! ?ird week ( ,febru>y1 #ahhb1 ,mr4 ,myles ,f5ton1 ! g5]al manag] ( ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,railway1 took occasion to ann\nce to a l>ge p>ty ( visitors f ,london t bor+ ( ! gall]y _h n[ rea*$ a di/ance ( elev5 hundr$ y>ds1 or ne>ly two-?irds ( a mile1 9 ! direction ( ! end ( ! great ,admiralty ,pi] at ,dov]4 ,accord+ to an acc\nt 9 ! ,times1 ,mr4 ,f5ton read to ! int]e/$ ga!r+ a telegram he _h receiv$ f ,sir ,edw>d1 :o 0 unable to be pres5t1 b :o by wire express$ ! hope t by ,ea/] ,week a locomotive compress$ air eng9e w\ld be runn+ 9 ! tunnel1 ( :i* x 0 expect$ ! fir/ mile w\ld by t "t h be5 made4 7,*e]s47 ,sometimes ^! lun*es 7 held d[n 9 ! tunnel itself1 & g5]al conditions d[n !re 7 su* t ev5 ladies att5d$ !m1 on special occasions1 z a contempor>y magaz9e acc\nt ( a visit paid to ! gall]y by a numb] ( eng9e]s ) _! families makes cle>4 ,! visitors 7 conduct$ tw5ty at a "t to ! end on a sort ( trolley or b5*es on :eels drawn by a c\ple ( m54 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! tunnel a k9d ( saloon1 decorat$ ) fl[]s & ev]gre5s1 0 arrang$1 &1 on a l>ge table1 glasses & biscuits1 etc41 7 spread = ! inevitable lun*eon4 ,!re 0 no infiltration ( wat] 9 any "p4 ,9 ! places :]e sev]al small fissures & slight ooz+s _h appe>$ dur+ ! bor+ op]ations1 a %ield 9 %eet iron _h be5 appli$ aga9/ ! wall by ! eng9e]1 foll[+ all ! circumf]5ce ( ! gall]y & mak+ x completely wat]tight4 ,!re !y 7 z 9 a draw+-room1 & ! ladies hav+ desc5d$ 9 all ! glories ( silks & lace & fea!rs 7 a/oni%$ to f9d !mselves z immaculate on _! return z at ! beg9n+ ( _! trip4 ,! atmosph]e 9 ! tunnel 0 n less pure1 b ev5 fre%] ?an outside1 ?anks to ! compress$ air ma*9e :i*1 hav+ act$ on ! excavator at ! beg9n+ ( ! cutt+1 releas$ its cool$ air 9 ! c5tre ( ! tunnel4 ,) ! widespread talk ( *ampagne "u ! sea1 pott$ plants fl\ri%+ "u ! electric lights1 & brac+ breezes bl[+ )9 ! ,l[] ,*alk1 go+ d[n f ,london to att5d "o ( ,sir ,edw>d's tunnel p>ties seems to h become "o ( ! fa%ionable ?+s to d 9 ,engli% society 9 ! e>ly "p ( #ahhb4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( spr+1 visitors tak5 d[n into ! tunnel & ent]ta9$ by ,sir ,edw>d includ$ su* em95t figures z ! ,"l ,mayor ( ,london1 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 & ! ,pr9ce & ,pr9cess ( ,wales4 ,to judge by ?is /age ( affairs1 ! bor+ ( ! tunnel 0 go+ on "u ! mo/ agreeable ( auspices4 ,beh9d all ! sociability & ! /ream ( publicity eng5d]$ 9 ! press by ! visits ( well-kn[n p to ! tunnel1 ! situation 0 n q s promis+4 ,:ile ! physical bor+ 0 go+ ahead smoo?ly en\gh 9 ! ,l[] ,*alk1 ! promotion ( ! tunnel z a full-scale project 0 enc\nt]+ gr[+ resi/ance f )9 ! upp] cru/ ( ,! ,e/abli%m5t4 ,! fact seems to be t ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t _h nev] felt altoge!r easy ab\t ! idea ( ! ,*annel tunnel f ! />t1 & al?\gh x _h nev] =mally express$ any misgiv+s ab\t ! s*eme z a :ole1 x _h always be5 c>eful n to associate itself ) ! ent]prise1 & its attitude t[>d its progress g5]ally _h be5 "o ( reluctant acquiesc5ce4 ,:atev] disquiet p 9 gov]nm5t felt ab\t ! tunnel project appe>s to h be5 express$ 9 ?ree g5]al ways--fir/1 9 ! introduction ( caveats ( a milit>y nature2 second1 9 proposals to delay ! progress ( ! s*eme on o!r ?an milit>y gr\nds2 & ?ird1 9 a g5]al1 nameless suspicion ( ! :ole idea4 ,su* res]vations _h be5 evid5t ev5 9 #ahge1 :5 ! ,*annel ,tunnel ,company appli$ to ,p>liam5t = p[]s to c>ry out exp]im5tal "w at ,/4 ,m>g>et's ,bay4 ,to exemplify ! fir/ k9d ( res]vation put =w>d1 ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 ! gov]nm5tal dep>tm5t "u ^: surveillance su* comm]cial s*emes came1 made a po9t ( insi/+ t = def5se purposes ! ,gov]nm5t mu/ reta9 absolute p[] to erect & ma9ta9 su* milit>y works at ! ,engli% m\? ( ! ,tunnel z !y may deem exp$i5t1 & 9 case ( actual or ?reat5$ w> to close ! tunnel d[n4 ,z = ! t5d5cy ( gov]nm5tal p to f9d o!r gr\nds = objection 9 ! project1 ?is c\ld be exemplifi$ by ! delay+ action ( ! ,secret>y to ! ,treasury1 :5 9 #ahge x look$ z ?\gh ,p>liam5t 7 ab\t to take action on ! ,*annel-tunnel bill4 ,9 a memor&um to ! ,=eign ,(fice1 ! ,secret>y s\ght to h ! tunnel bill laid aside at ! la/ mom5t ( its consid]ation be=e ,p>liam5t s t ! answ]s to all sorts ( important jurisdictional que/ions c\ld be s\ght--= example1 ,if a crime 7 committ$ 9 ! ,tunnel1 by :at au?ority w\ld x be cognizable8#a ,& z = ! ?ird1 unnam$ k9d ( objection1 ,que5 ,victoria1 :o1 ) h] late husb& 7,pr9ce ,alb]t di$ 9 #ahfa71 _h once be5 s en?usia/ic ab\t ! idea ( a ,*annel tunnel1 simply *ang$ h] m9d ab\t ! entire bus9ess2 9 ,febru>y ( #ahge1 ! ,que5 wrote ,disraeli1 )\t elaborat+1 t %e hopes t ! ,gov]nm5t w d no?+ to enc\rage ! propos$ tunnel "u ! ,*annel :i* %e ?9ks v objectionable4 ,ev] s9ce #ahge1 all ^! (ficial d\bts & misgiv+s _h cont9u$ to lurk 9 ! backgr\nd ( ! ,gov]nm5t's deal+s ) ! ,*annel-tunnel promot]s--especially milit>y misgiv+s ab\t ! s*eme4 ,ap>t f putt+ d[n ! usual bloody insurrections among native populations :ile %e w5t ab\t ! bus9ess ( ma9ta9+ h] colonial t]ritories1 ,brita9 0 at peace ) ! _w4 ,z f> z h] milit>y relations ) ! ,cont95t /ood1 ! ?reats ( ,napoleon ,i to invade ! isl& _h n be5 =gott51 & ev5 9 ! reign ( ,napoleon ,,iii !re _h be5 occasional al>ms ab\t an invasion1 b ! c\ntry's physical sep>ation f ! ,cont95t t5d$ to make ! milit>y t5sions exi/+ ov] !re seem r com=t+ly remote4 ,brita9's home def5ses 7 left on a pretty easygo+ basis1 ! c\ntry's reliance on resi/ance to arm$ attack be+ plac$1 9 traditional fa%ion1 9 ! p[] ( ! ,royal ,navy to control h] seas--mean+1 = all practical purposes1 its ability to control ! ,*annel4 ,) ! ,navy & ! ,*annel to protect h] %ores1 ,brita9 9 ! sev5ties & eighties got along at home ) a pr(essional army ( only sixty ?\s& m51 z aga9/ a /&+ army 9 ,france ( p]haps ?ree-qu>t]s ( a million4 ,seasickness or no seasickness1 ! ,*annel 0 consid]$ to be a conv5i5t manp[] & tax-money sav]4 ,! advantages ( ! ,*annel to ,victorian ,engl& 7 p]haps mo/ eloqu5tly express$ by ,mr4 ,glad/one 9 ! c\rse ( an article ( 8 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review 9 #ahgj on ,engl&'s relation%ip to ! milit>y & political turmoil exi/+ on ! ,cont95t4 ,happy ,engl&6 he wrote 9 a brief panegyric on ! ,*annel4 ,happy 444 t ! wise disp5sation ( ,provid5ce has cut h] (f1 by t /reak ( silv] sea1 :i* pass5g]s s (t5 & s ju/ly execrate 444 p>tly f ! dang]s1 absolutely f ! temptations1 :i* att5d ^u ! local neighborhood ( ! ,cont95tal nations4444 ,m>itime supremacy has become ! pr\d--p]haps ! indefectible--inh]itance ( ,engl&4 ,& ,mr4 ,glad/one w5t on1 aft] dwell+ ^u "o ( 8 favorite !mes1 ! evils ( /&+ armies & ! mis]able burd5 ( conscription1 to sugge/ t ,engli%m5 didn't realize j h[ grateful !y ought to be = ! ,*annel3 ,:]e ! ,almighty grants exceptional & peculi> b\nties1 ,he sometimes p]mits by way ( c\nt]poise an ins5sibility to _! value4 ,7 !re b a slight upw>d heav+ ( ! cru/ ( ! e>? betwe5 ,france & ,great ,brita91 & 7 dry l& ?us to be sub/itut$ = a few leagues ( sea1 !n inde$ we %\ld beg9 to "k :at we _h lo/4 ,^! rem>ks ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's on ! ,*annel appe> to h made a p[]ful impression on op9ion 9 upp]-class ,engl&2 = _m ye>s aft] _! publication 8 p>tly ,%akespe>ean phrase1 ! /reak ( silv] sea--or a v>iation ( x1 ! silv] /reak--rema9$ z a /&>d t]m 9 ! vocabul>y ( ,victorian patriotism4 ,n surpris+ly1 consid]+ 8 views 9 #ahgj1 ! attitude ( ,mr4 ,glad/one 9 #ahha & #ahhb1 dur+ 8 t]m z ,prime ,m9i/]1 t[>d ! plan ( ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9 to und]m9e ^? ,/raits ! /atesman _h s extoll$ 0 an equivocal "o4 ,inde$1 q a numb] ( p 9 & ar\nd ,:itehall _h consid]ably /rong] res]vations ab\t ! ,*annel-tunnel project ?an ,mr4 ,glad/one did4 ,^! misgiv+s _h to d ) fe>s t a complet$ tunnel "u ! ,*annel might =m a brea* 9 ,engl&'s traditional def5se sy/em1 & 9 ,june ( #ahha !y fir/ came to public notice 9 ! =m ( an editorial 9 ! ,times4 ,discuss+ ! ,*annel-tunnel project1 ! ,times1 :ile conc$+ t ,z an improvem5t 9 locomotion1 & z a relief to ! t5d] /oma*s ( pass5g]s :o dread seasickness1 ! design is excell5t1 w5t on to obs]ve t f a national & milit>y po9t ( view x mu/ n ! less be receiv$ ) caution4 ,& ! pap] ask$1 ,%all we be z well (f & z safe ) x z we n[ are )\t x8 ,w x be possible = u s to gu>d ! ,engli% end ( ! passage t x c nev] fall into any o!r h&s ?an our own8 ,! ,times frankly d\bt$ x1 & que/ion$ :e!r1 if ! tunnel 7 built1 a =ce ( "s ?\s&s ( m5 secretly conc5trat$ 9 a ,fr5* ,*annel port & sudd5ly l&$ on ! coa/ ( ,k5t might n be able by surprise to seize ! ,engli% end ( ! tunnel & use x z a bridgehead = a g5]al invasion ( ,engl&4 ,at ! v lea/1 ! pap] w>n$1 ! con/ruction ( ! tunnel meant t a design = ! invasion ( ,engl& & a g5]al plan ( ! campaign w be subjects on :i* e cadet 9 a ,g]man milit>y s*ool w be invit$ to display 8 p[]s1 & x sugge/$ t 9 ! circum/ances ! ,*annel _h be/ be left untunnel$4 ,nature is on our side at pres5t1 ! ,times conclud$ gravely1 & %e w cont9ue s if we w only suff] h]4 ,! silv] /reak is our safety4 ,! au?or ( a lett] to ! ,times pr9t$ 9 ! same issue decl>$ t ! tunnel1 if con/ruct$1 c\ld be seiz$ by ! ,fr5* f )9 z easily z f )\t1 & t 9 ?ree h\rs a cavalry =ce might be s5t ?r\gh to seize ! approa*es at ! ,engli% end4 ,to all ?is ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9 repli$ easily t ! tunnel1 :5 x 0 f9i%$1 c\ld at any "t be r5d]$ unusable f ! ,briti% end by a p\nd ( dynamite or a keg ( gunp[d]4 ,h[ev]1 ! negative attitude ( a j\rnal z influ5tial z ! ,times 0 a setback = ! project4 ,z a result1 ! ,gov]nm5t increas$ its caution ab\t ! tunnel4 ,:51 at ! end ( #ahha1 ,sir ,edw>d drew up a private bill = pres5tation dur+ ! com+ ye> to ,p>liam5t t w\ld =mally grant ! ,s\?-,ea/]n full au?ority to buy fur!r coa/al l&s 9 ! ,%akespe>e ,cliff area & to complete ! con/ruction ( & to ma9ta9 a ,*annel tunnel 7,"l ,ri*>d ,grosv5or & ! proprietors ( ! ,london1 ,*a?am ,dov] ,railway came up ) a simil> bill on behalf ( ! ,*annel ,tunnel ,company71 ! ,bo>d ( ,trade held dep>tm5tal he>+s on ! rival s*emes1 & at ^! he>+s fur!r att5tion 0 turn$ to ! "q ( ! milit>y security ( ! tunnel 9 ! ev5t ( its be+ attack$4 ,at ^! proce$+s1 ,sir ,edw>d1 :o appe>$ = ! purpose ( te/ify+ to ! civiliz+ magnific5ce ( 8 project1 0 put some:at on ! def5sive by que/ions ab\t ! desirability ( ! tunnel f a milit>y po9t ( view4 ,he f\nd himself 9 ! disconc]t+ position ( be+ oblig$ to %[ n s mu* ! practicability ( build+ a ,*annel tunnel z ! practicability ( disabl+ or de/roy+ x4 ,h[ev]1 mak+ ! mo/ ( ! situation1 he decl>$ t =tify+ ! ,engli% end ( ! tunnel1 & knock+ x out ( commission 9 case ( ho/ile action by ano!r p[]1 0 a simple en\gh matt] to be accompli%$ 9 any numb] ( ways--by flood+ x1 by fill+ x ) /eam1 by br++ x "u ! gunfire ( ! ,dov] =tifications1 by explod+ electrically op]at$ m9es laid 9 x1 or *ok+ x ) %+le dump$ 9 f ! outside4 7,!re 0 ev5 m5tion1 at ! he>+s1 ( a proposal to p\r boil+ petroleum d[n ^u invad]s47 ,gett+ into ! _s ( ! ?+ 9 spite ( himself1 ,sir ,edw>d told ! exam9+ committee confid5tly1 ,i w give y ! *oice ( bl[+ up1 dr[n+1 scald+1 clos+ up1 suffocat+ & o!r means ( de/roy+ our enemies4444 ,y may t\* a button at ! ,horse ,gu>ds & bl[ ! :ole ?+ to pieces4 ,not)/&+ ,sir ,edw>d's categorical assurances1 ! wisdom ( con/ruct+ ! tunnel came "u vigor\s attack at ! he>+s f a =midably high (ficial milit>y s\rce--f ,lieut5ant-,g5]al ,sir ,g>net ,wolseley1 ! ,adjutant ,g5]al ( ! ,briti% ,army4 ,a vet]an ( ! ,crimean ,w> & ! ,indian ,mut9y :o 0 consid]$ to be an exp]t on ! art ( surprise attack--8 r\t+ ( su* foes z ,k+ ,k(fee 9 ! fir/ ,a%anti ,w> ( #ahgc-gd1 z well z ! great promptitude ) :i* he 0 said to h re/or$ ! situation 9 ! ,zulu ,w>1 made him a well-kn[n figure to ! ,briti% public--,sir ,g>net ,wolseley _h a dual reputation z an imp]iali/ g5]al & a soldi] ) advanc$ ideas on re=m ( ! supply sy/em ( ! ,briti% ,army4 ,9 fact1 8 en?usiasm = effici5cy 0 su* t ! phrase ,all ,sir ,g>net 0 commonly us$ 9 ! ,army z a way ( say+ all correct4 ,! actor ,george ,grossmi? made himself up z ,wolseley to s+ ! "p ( a mod]n ,major-,g5]al 9 p]=mances 9 ! eighties ( ,gilb]t & ,sullivan's ,! ,pirates ( ,p5zance4 ,sir ,g>net lat] became ,"l ,wolseley & ,comm&]-9-,*ief ( ! ,briti% ,army4 ,sir ,g>net ,wolseley's op9ions ( ! tunnel project 7 v /rong ones4 ,9 a long memor&um he submitt$ to ! ,bo>d ( ,trade committee exam9+ ! tunnel project1 he describ$ ! ,*annel z a great wet dit* = ! protection ( ,engl&1 ! l ( :i*1 he said1 no ,cont95tal p[]1 if x possess$ "o in/ead ( a l& fronti]1 w\ld ca/ recklessly away1 by all[+ x to be tunnell$ "u4 ,& he d5\nc$ ! con/ruction ( a ,*annel tunnel on ! gr\nd t x w\ld be c]ta9 to create :at he t]m$ a con/ant inducem5t to ! unscrupul\s =eign] to make w> ^u u4 ,9 agitat$ language1 ,g5]al ,wolseley invok$ ! op9ion ( ! late ,duke ( ,well+ton t ,engl& c\ld be invad$ successfully1 & he reit]at$ ! fe> previ\sly express$ by ! ,times t ! ,engli% end ( ! tunnel might be seiz$ f ! outside--be=e any ( its def5d]s _h a *ance ( sett+ 9 motion ! me*anisms = block+ x up--by a ho/ile =ce l&+ ne>by on ,briti% soil1 :]eupon x c\ld readily be conv]t$ into a bridgehead = a g5]al invasion ( ! c\ntry4 ,he also decl>$ t ! works at our end ( ! tunnel may be surpris$ by m5 s5t ?r\gh ! tunnel itself1 )\t l&+ a man ^u our %ores4 ,g5]al ,wolseley w5t on to %[ j h[ ! de$ c\ld be done3 ,a c\ple ( ?\s& arm$ m5 might easily come ?r\gh ! tunnel 9 a tra9 at night1 avoid+ all suspicion by be+ dress$ z ord9>y pass5g]s1 & ! fir/ ?+ we %\ld "k ( x w\ld be by f9d+ ! =t at our end ( ! tunnel1 toge!r ) its telegraph (fice1 & all ! electrical arrangem5ts1 wires1 batt]ies1 etc41 int5d$ = ! de/ruction ( ! tunnel1 9 ! h&s ( an enemy4 ,we "k t 444 tra9s c\ld be safely s5t ?r\gh ! tunnel e five m9utes1 & d ! entire di/ance f ! /ation at ,calais to t at ,dov] 9 less ?an half an h\r4 ,tw5ty ?\s& infantry c\ld ?us be easily despat*$ 9 #bj tra9s & all[+ 444 #ab m9utes int]val betwe5 ea* tra91 t =ce c\ld be p\r$ into ,dov] 9 f\r h\rs4444 ,! invasion ( ,engl& c\ld n be attempt$ by #e1jjj m51 b half t numb]1 ably l$ by a d>+1 da%+ "y comm&] might1 ,i feel1 "s d>k night1 easily make !mselves ma/]s ( ! works at our end ( ! tunnel1 & !n ,engl& w\ld be at ! m]cy ( ! invad]4 ,g5]al ,wolseley conc$$ t an attack f )9 ! tunnel itself w\ld be difficult if ev5 a hundr$ riflem5 at ! ,engli% end _h previ\sly be5 al]t$ to ! pres5ce ( ! attack]s1 b he d\bt$ t ! vigilance ( ! def5d]s c\ld always ma9ta9 itself at ! necess>y pit*4 ,& he put x to ! committee3 ,s9ce ! day :5 ,david secur$ an entrance by surprise or trea*]y into ,j]usalem ?r\gh a tunnel "u its walls1 h[ (t5 h places simil>ly fall58 &1 ,i may add1 w aga9 simil>ly fall8 ,g5]al ,wolseley also f\nd highly que/ionable ! efficacy ( ! v>i\s measures propos$ = ! protection ( ! tunnel4 ,he decl>$ t a hundr$ accid5ts c\ld easily r5d] su* measures useless4 ,?us1 = example1 he f\nd fault ) proposals to lay electrically op]at$ m9es inside ! tunnel 7,a galvanic batt]y is easily put out ( ord]2 some?+ may be wrong ) x j :5 x is requir$ 444 ! gunp[d] may be damp72 proposals to admit ! sea into ! tunnel by explosion 7an unc]ta9 means ( def5se72 & proposals to flood x by sluice-gates at ! ,engli% end 7,^! wat] conduits might become *ok$ or uns]viceable :5 requir$ & ! dra9s r5d]$ useless by trea*]y74 ,!n1 aft] po9t+ out all ! frailties ( ! contemplat$ def5ses1 ,g5]al ,wolseley w5t on to ass]t t ! con/ruction ( ! tunnel w\ld necessitate1 at v lea/1 ! conv]sion ( ,dov] at enorm\s exp5se into a fir/-class =tress & t x c\ld v well make necess>y ! introduction into ,engl& on a p]man5t basis ( compulsory milit>y s]vice to meet ! increas$ ?reat to ,brita9's national security4 ,surely ,sir ,g>net conclud$ ,john ,bull w n endang] 8 bir?-"r1 8 prop]ty1 9 fact all t man c hold mo/ de> 444 simply 9 ord] t m5 & wom5 may cross to & fro betwe5 ,engl& & ,france )\t runn+ ! risk ( seasickness4 ,sir ,g>net re9=c$ ! argum5ts aga9/ ! tunnel 9 p]sonal te/imony be=e ! committee4 ,9 ?is te/imony he emphasiz$1 among o!r ?+s1 8 conviction t once an enemy got a foo?old at ,dov]1 ,engl& w\ld f9d h]self utt]ly unable %ort ( ! direct int]position ( ,god ,almighty--an ev5tuality t ,sir ,g>net did n appe> to c\nt on v heavily--to raise an army capable ( resi/+ ! invad]s4 ,& ! inevitable result ( su* a default1 ,sir ,g>net told ! committee1 w\ld be t ,engl& w\ld !n cease to exi/ z a nation4 ,sir ,g>net's fe>s = ,brita9 7 n %>$ 9 a memor&um submitt$ to ! committee by ano!r high ,army (fic]1 ,lieut5ant-,g5]al ,sir ,john ,adye1 ! ,surveyor-,g5]al ( ! ,ordnance4 ,sir ,john gave 8 op9ion t a ,g5]al 9 ,france1 hav+ ! int5tion ( invad+ ,engl&1 w\ld n1 9 my op9ion1 c\nt on ! tunnel z add+ to 8 res\rces4 ,he ma9ta9$ t ! argum5t t ! ,engli% end ( ! tunnel might be tak5 f )9 c\ld be safely dismiss$1 z invad+ troops c\ld be de/roy$ z !y arriv$ by means ( a small =ce1 ) a gun or two1 at ! m\? ( ! tunnel4 ,z = ! possibility ( a ho/ile =ce l&+ on ,briti% soil to seize ! m\? ( ! tunnel1 he que/ion$ :e!r an enemy1 hav+ successfully invad$ ,engl&1 %\ld turn aside to capture a v d\btful l9e ( communication1 :5 ! ma9 object ( 8 ef=ts 0 /raight be=e him4 ,g5]al ,adye ?\ght t ! invad]s w\ld probably feel a mu* /rong] disposition to m>* /raight on ,london & f9i% ! campaign4 ,h[ev]1 ! frontal attack on ! project by ,g5]al ,wolseley 0 n a factor to be disc\nt$ by any means4 ,rally+ to x 9 typical fa%ion1 ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9 attempt$ to /ifle ! spread ( patriotic fe>s ab\t ! tunnel by giv+ m l>ge lun*es at ! ,"l ,w>d5 ,hotel at ,dov]1 & he tri$ to keep all prospects bright by invit+ m & m prom95t p d[n into ! tunnel at ,%akespe>e ,cliff to m>vel at ! work+s & to refre% !mselves ) *ampagne "u ! electric lights4 ,by mid-,febru>y1 8 gue/s 9 ! tunnel includ$ no less ?an sixty ,memb]s ( ,p>liam5t ^: support he hop$ to obta9 = 8 p5d+ ,tunnel ,bill1 & on "o occasion he ev5 succe$$ 9 hav+ ! ,prime ,m9i/]1 ,mr4 ,glad/one himself1 come d[n into ! tunnel & be %[n ar\nd4 ,sir ,edw>d assur$ 8 /ockhold]s t :at he call$ al>mi/ views conc]n+ ! con/ruction ( ! tunnel 7 )\t any real f\ndation4 ,address+ an extraord9>y g5]al meet+ ( ! ,subm>9e ,cont95tal ,railway ,company1 ,sir ,edw>d quot$ f an alleg$ reaction ( ,c\nt von ,moltke on ! matt]3 ,! invasion ( ,engl& ?r\gh ! propos$ tunnel ,i consid] impossible4 ,y might z well talk ( invad+ h] ?r\gh t door--po9t+ to ! entrance to 8 libr>y4 ,sir ,edw>d bru%$ ! argum5ts ( milit>y m5 aside z a collection ( hobgobl9 argum5ts by m5 :o w\ld pref] to see ,engl& rema9 an isl& = ev]1 =gett+ t /eam _h aboli%$ isl&s1 j z telegraphy _h aboli%$ isolat$ ?\ght4 ,he insi/$ t ! tunnel promot]s 7 engag$ 9 a project at once ideali/ic & practical1 & bravely decl>$ _! motto to be id5tical to t ( ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,railway ,company--,onw>ds4 ,by way ( c\nt]+ ,sir ,g>net ,wolseley's invocation ( ! op9ion ( ! ,duke ( ,well+ton on ! dang]s ( invasion1 ! promot]s put x ab\t t ! ,duke ( ,well+ton 9 8 day _h /rongly oppos$ ! con/ruction ( a railway betwe5 ,portsm\? & ,london on ! gr\nd t x w\ld dang]\sly facilitate ! movem5t ( a ,fr5* army ^u ,london4 ,!y ass]t$ t "o unnam$ b v high ,engli% milit>y figure _h ev5 express$ al>m1 at ! "t ( ! ,univ]sal ,exhibition ( #ahea1 t ! ,engli% ,cab9et did n insi/ on ! ,que5's retir+ to ,osborne1 h] c\ntry place on ! ,isle ( ,wight1 because ( ! l>ge numb]s ( =eign]s at ! ,exhibition1 includ+ ?ree ?\s& m5 ( ! ,fr5* ,national ,gu>d1 :o 7 all[$ to p>ade ! /reets ( ,london 9 uni=m1 we>+ _! side arms4 ,& pro-tunnel]s recall$ 9 d]isive fa%ion ,"l ,palm]/on's d5unciation ( ! ,suez ,canal project z a madcap s*eme :i* w\ld be ! ru9 ( our ,indian ,empire1 7 x possible ( con/ruction1 & :i* w\ld spell disa/] to ^? :o _h ! tem]ity to ass]t x4 ,colonel ,beaumont1 z an eng9e] & milit>y man1 too1 wrote an article *all5g+ ! validity ( ,g5]al ,wolseley's conclusions ab\t ! tunnel4 ,colonel ,beaumont ma9ta9$ t ,dov] might already be reg>d$ z a fir/-class =tress1 q safe f any c\p de ma9 f )\t4 ,conc]n+ an attack by bodies ( infantry or cavalry ?r\gh ! tunnel1 he decl>$1 ,!y _c come by tra92 z1 irrespective ( any suspicions on ! "p ( ! book+ cl]ks1 special tra9 arrangem5ts w\ld h to be made to c>ry !m2 !y _c m>*1 z !y w\ld be run ov] by ! tra9s1 runn+1 z !y w\ld d1 at int]vals ( t5 m9utes1 or (t5]1 )\t cessation1 day or night4 ,colonel ,beaumont also outl9$1 9 8 article1 a numb] ( precaution>y measures t c\ld be tak5 to secure ! safety ( ! ,engli% end ( ! tunnel4 ,!y includ$ a sy/em ( pump+ coal smoke in/ead ( compress$ air f a v5tilat+ %aft into ! tunnel1 & also ! provision ( a sy/em ( iron wat] ma9s t w\ld connect ! sea ) ! v5tilat+ %aft & make x possible = ! (fic] ( ! gu>d1 9 case ( invasion1 to flood ! tunnel by turn+ a /opcock4 ,9 accordance ) ^! propos$ measures1 ,sir ,edw>d1 e>ly 9 #ahhb1 attempt$ to =e/all fur!r milit>y criticism ( ! ,*annel-tunnel s*eme by hav+ su* a v5tilat+ %aft sunk at ! ea/]n end ( ,%akespe>e ,cliff1 ab\t a mile f ! ma9 %aft1 & hav+ a />t made on ano!r horizontal gall]y bor$ f ! foot ( ! new %aft 9 ! direction ( ! ma9 pilot tunnel "u ! sea4 ,! new gall]y 0 f\r feet in/ead ( sev5 feet 9 diamet]--! small] ap]ture 9 itself be+ an additional measure ( protection1 ,sir ,edw>d expla9$1 9 t intrud]s w\ld f9d x impossible to walk along ! v5tilation %aft 9 an upright position or 9 any numb]s4 ,a fri5dly article on ! tunnel 9 ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news at ! beg9n+ ( ,m>* not$ significantly t n only ! entrance at ! ,engli% end--ei!r at ,abbots ,cliff or at ,sir ,edw>d's propos$ glass$-9 railway /ation at ,%akespe>e ,cliff--w\ld be "u ! fire ( ! eighty-ton turret guns in/all$ on ! ,admiralty ,pi]1 b t x is to be obs]v$ h[ completely ! entrance to ! new v5tilat+ %aft is comm&$ bo? f ! sea & f ! ,pi]1 & also f ! guns ( ! =tress4 ,! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news oblig+ly %[$ ! pr9ciple ( ! ?+ by runn+ a l>ge two-page-wide engrav+ depict+1 9 h&somely apocalyptic /yle1 ! hypo!tical de/ruction ( ! entire tunnel work+s &1 presumably1 ! invad]s inside !m1 amid great balloon+ cl\ds ( smoke f gun batt]ies ev]y:]e--f ! end ( ! ,admiralty ,pi]1 f po9ts )9 ! ,dov] l& =tifications1 & f ! cannonad+ broadsides ( ,briti% naval m5-(-w> /&+ (f%ore4 ,! fate ( invad]s f floodwat]s 0 depict$ 9 a m s5sational ,london publication1 ! ,p5ny ,illu/rat$ ,pap]1 :i* publi%$ an engrav+ a foot & a half long & a foot high illu/rat+ ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9's rem$y = ! invasion sc>e3 ,dr[n+ ! ,fr5* ,ph>aoh 9 ! ,*annel ,tunnel4 ,! engrav+ %[$ a cutaway section ( ! tunnel "u ! ,*annel ne> ! ,engli% end &1 ris+ upw>d at ! left1 a /air$ *amb] ( rock equipp$ ) sluice-gates & set 9 ! :ite cliffs4 ,9 ?is *amb]1 two figures 9 top hats & frock coats are /&+ & gaz+ d[n on ! tunnel1 :i* is fill$ ) ,fr5* infantry l$ by plum$1 helmet$ (fic]s on horseback4 ,"o ( ! figures 9 ! cliff *amb]1 evid5tly meant to repres5t ,sir ,edw>d ,watk91 is 9 ! act ( calmly op]at+ a turncock t has loos$1 ?r\gh ! sluices1 a dreadful flood cascad+ d[n into ! tunnel ^u ! invad]s1 :o are turn+ to flee 9 panic4 ,vivid z ^! sc5es ( de/ruction 71 !y _h little effect on ! anti-tunnel =ces4 ,already1 9 ,febru>y1 ano!r attack on ! tunnel s*eme _h appe>$ 9 ! lit]>y magaz9e ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 sign$ by ,"l ,dunsany4 ,! article1 repeat+ ! claim t ! tunnel project 0 a m5ace to ,brita9's security1 ref]r$ to ! capacity ( ! ,dov] =tress sy/em to def5d itself aga9/ a mod]n invad+ fleet z contemptible4 ,"l ,dunsany wrote t he _h gone d[n to ,dov] to exam9e ! fam\s =tress & _h f\nd t ) ! exception ( ! two rec5tly in/all$ turret guns on ! ,admiralty ,pi]1 ! guns g5]ally speak+ 7 ( an obsolete patt]n--popguns1 9 fact4 ,& he ass]t$ t :5 he _h rem>k$ on ! relatively mod]n appe>ance ( "o ( ! l>g] guns 9 a p>ticul>ly comm&+ position ( ! =tress1 ,i 0 told by an artill]yman t !re 7 ord]s aga9/ fir+ x1 z x w\ld br+ d[n ! brickwork ( ! ramp>t4 ,soon aft] ?is1 an anonym\s article 9 ! ,army & ,navy ,gazette decl>$ t ,! ,isl& has be5 invad$ aga9 & aga9 & x rem9d$ ! ,gazette's read]s t ,! pres5t con/itution ( ! c\ntry dep5ds on ! la/ successful invasion by a ,dut* ,pr9ce ) ,dut* troops1 & ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,k+1 by an army l>gely compos$ ( =eign]s4 ,! article took ,lieut5ant-,g5]al ,sir ,john ,adye sev]ely to task = hav+ f\nd ! tunnel a good security risk1 & x ev5 w5t s f> afield 9 its criticism ( him z to f9d fault ) ! ,g5]al = :at x call$ 8 delib]ate1 vehem5t1 & long-cont9u$ resi/ance to ! introduction ( ! bree*-load+ sy/em 9 our artill]y t plac$ u at ! fag-end ( all ! _w1 :5 we ought to h be5 fir/4 ,!n1 9 ,m>*1 #ahhb1 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury c>ri$ an article aga9/ ! tunnel by ,pr(essor ,goldw9 ,smi?1 :o wrote t ! protection ( ! ,*annel1 by exempt+ ,engl& f ! necessity ( keep+ a l>ge /&+ army1 _h pres]v$ ! c\ntry f milit>y despotism & enabl$ h] to move /eadily 9 ! pa? ( political progress4 ,! ,*annel1 ,pr(essor ,smi? wrote1 9 ! pa/ _h pres]v$ ,engl& f ! ,armada & f ! army ( ,napoleon ,i2 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies x _h pres]v$ ! ,re=mation2 & 9 ! eighte5? c5tury x _h pres]v$ h] f ! spread ( revolution>y fev]s & f subjection to =eign tyranny4 ,n[1 he said1 x 0 ! b>ri] betwe5 ,brita9's indu/rial p & milit>y conscription1 & he w5t on1 9 an e*o ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's e>li] rem>ks 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 to decl>e ( ! ,*annel t ,a convulsion ( nature :i* %\ld dry x up w\ld be almo/ z fatal to ,engl& z "o :i* %\ld ru9 ! dykes w\ld be to ,holl&4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ( increas+ controv]sy1 ! attitude ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade t[>d ! tunnel project became "o ( fur!r res]ve4 ,9 ,febru>y1 ! ,bo>d in=m$ ! ,w> ,(fice t ! milit>y "q ( ! tunnel _h assum$ su* magnitude t a decision on x %\ld be tak5 n on a dep>tm5tal level b on ! high] gov]nm5tal policy level1 & x sugge/$ t ! ,w> ,(fice />t its own inve/igations on ! milit>y aspect ( ! matt]4 ,comm5t+ on ! prevail+ ,fr5* attitude t[>d ,briti% fe>s ab\t ! tunnel project1 ! ,p>is correspond5t ( ! ,london ,times obs]v$ mildly t ! political uneas9ess :i* ! s*eme has rais$ on ! o!r side does n exi/ "h4444 ,no ,fr5*man1 ( c\rse1 reg>ds x z jeop>diz+ national security4 ,fr5*m5 see 9 x a great] facility = visit+ ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & = reliev+ ! monotony ( ,swiss t\rs by a trip to ! ,scot* highl&s4 ,9 satirical fa%ion1 a p>agraph 9 ,pun* und]took to summ>ize ! reaction 9 ano!r ,european c\ntry3 ,bogie6 ,! ,italian ,gov]nm5t are s /ruck by ! al>m exhibit$ by ,sir ,g>net ,wolseley at ! prospect ( a ,*annel ,tunnel1 t !y h clos$ ! ,m\nt ,c5is & ,/4 ,got?>d ,tunnels1 & left travell]s to ! m\nta9 dilig5ces4 ,_! reason = do+ ?is is ! fact t ,napoleon really cross$ ! ,alps1 :ile he only ?reat5$ to invade ,engl&4 ,z = reactions 9 ,g]many1 ! ,briti% *>g d'affaires 9 ,dresd5 report$ 9 a dispat* to ! ,=eign ,(fice t he _h que/ion$ ! ,*ief ( ,/aff ( ! #ab? 7,saxon7 ,corps--an (fic] ( high atta9m5ts--on 8 attitude t[>d ! possible invasion ( ,engl& ?r\gh ! ,*annel tunnel1 or ?r\gh sudd5 seizure ( ! ,engli% end f ! outside4 ,he wrote t ,g5]al von ,holleb51 ! (fic] 9 "q1 _h obs]v$1 9 connection ) ! practicability ( l&+ a ,cont95tal =ce & tak+ ! ,briti% end1 t al?\gh su* an op]ation 0 n impossible1 t x w\ld succe$ 9 ! face ( our milit>y & moral res\rces1 railways & telegraphs1 he %\ld believe :5 he saw x happ54 ,g5]al von ,holleb5 !n rem>k$ t ! idea ( mov+ an ,army-,corps #be miles b5ea? ! sea 0 "o :i* he did n q take 94 ,! di/ance 0 a heavy day's m>*2 halts mu/ be made2 & ! column ( troops w\ld be f eight to t5 miles long4 ,he 0 unable to realize all ?is (f h&1 & he did n "k b :at we 7 talk+ ( a *imo]a4 ,i obs]v$ t no "o appe>$ to h ask$ :at w\ld happ5 to ! air ( ! tunnel if bodies ( #bj1jjj or ev5 #aj1jjj m5 7 to move ?r\gh at once4 ,! ,g5]al said t ?is atmosph]ic difficulty 0 new to him1 & x did n s\nd v soluble4 ,b ! fe>s ( ! ,w> ,(fice 7 n /ill$ by su* obs]vations z ^!4 ,on ,febru>y #bc1 ! ,w> ,(fice ann\nc$ t x 0 appo9t+ a ,*annel ,tunnel ,def5se ,committee1 head$ by ,major-,g5]al ,sir ,ar*ibald ,alison1 ! *ief ( ,briti% ,army ,intellig5ce1 to collect & exam9e 9 detail sci5tific evid5ce on ! practicability ( clos+ effectually a subm>9e railway tunnel 9 case ( actual or appreh5d$ w>4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 9 ! meantime1 did its be/ to hold ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9 & 8 project (f at arm's l5g?4 ,on ,m>* #f1 #ahhb1 ! secret>y ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 :i* _h be5 keep+ an eye on newspap] acc\nts ( ! progress ( ! tunnel1 wrote to rem9d ,sir ,edw>d ( ! vital fact t all ! =e%ore ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom bel[ high-wat] m>k at ,dov] 0 prima facie ! prop]ty ( ! ,cr[n & "u ! managem5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 & t :ile ! dep>tm5t did n wi% to imp$e progress x di/9ctly wi%$ to give notice t ! ,gov]nm5t hold !mselves free to use any p[]s at _! disposal 9 su* a matt] z ,p>liam5t may decide1 or z ! g5]al int]e/ ( ! c\ntry may seem to !m to require4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,bo>d told ! ,subm>9e ,cont95tal ,railway ,company t x c\ld n drive its tunnel t[>d ,france )\t trespass+ on ,cr[n prop]ty ext5d+ all ! way f high-wat] m>k to ! ?ree-mile limit ( ,briti% jurisdiction--! traditionally accept$ limit ( ! c>ry+ p[] ( cannon4 ,! claim ( ! ,cr[n to ! =e%ore 9 ?is case 01 h[ev]1 "o t ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9 disput$4 ,he claim$ t ?r\gh an arrangem5t ) a l&[n] ne> ,%akespe>e ,cliff1 & by c]ta9 pur*ases ( l& f ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury z head ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 ! tunnel proprietors _h come into possession ( anci5t manorial rights1 orig9ally grant$ by ! ,cr[n itself1 t p]mitt$ !m to exploit ! =e%ore at ,%akespe>e ,cliff z !y saw fit1 includ+ ! "r to tunnel "u x4 ,sir ,edw>d _h claim$ t he 0 hav+ made an ext5sive legal se>* ( ! title 9 "q1 :i* w\ld take a little :ile4 ,b ! notification f ! ,bo>d ( ,trade 0 an om9\s developm5t = ,sir ,edw>d & 8 s*eme2 & ev5 m om9\s signs 7 to foll[4 ,dur+ ,m>*1 anti-tunnel+ =ces 9 ,brita9 circulat$ a great petition among prom95t ,engli%m5 aga9/ ! s*eme1 = pres5tation to ,p>liam5t4 ,! petition1 record+ ! conviction ( ! signatories t a ,*annel tunnel w\ld involve ?is c\ntry 9 milit>y dang]s & liabilities f :i*1 z an isl&1 x has hi!rto be5 happily free1 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,april issue ( ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 & x 0 sign$ n only by milit>y p b by _m ( ! mo/ div]sely em95t lit]>y1 sci5tific1 & ecclesia/ical m5 ( ! day--includ+ ,rob]t ,br[n+1 ,alfr$1 ,"l ,t5nyson1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,pr(essor ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley1 ,c>d9als ,newman & ,mann+1 & ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,york--z well z a great cl\d ( names f ! nobility & ! l&$ g5try4 ,9 an eloqu5t article accompany+ ! petition1 ! editor ( ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,james ,kn[les1 implicitly add$ ! "n ( ,william ,%akespe>e to ! li/ ( anti-tunnel signatories by invok+ ! ,john ( ,gaunt spee* f ,ri*>d ,,ii3 ,?is royal ?rone ( k+s1 ?is scept]'d isle1 ,?is e>? ( maje/y1 ?is seat ( ,m>s1 ,?is o!r ,ed51 demi-,p>adise1 ,?is =tress built by ,nature = h]self ,aga9/ infection & ! h& ( w>1 ,?is happy bre$ ( m51 ?is little _w1 ,?is preci\s /one set 9 ! silv] sea1 ,:i* s]ves x 9 ! (fice ( a wall ,or z a moat def5sive to a h\se1 ,aga9/ ! envy ( less happi] l&s4444 ,! editor w5t on to decl>e1 m prosaically1 t ,to hang ! safety ( ,engl& at "s mo/ critical in/ant ^u ! correct work+ ( a tap1 or ( any me*anical contrivance1 is q beyond ! fai? ( ?is g5]ation ( ,engli%m54 ,almo/ at ! in/ant t ! heavy bl[ ( ! petition 9 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury fell ^u ! tunnel promot]s1 ! ,bo>d ( ,trade s5t d[n a real ?und]bolt ^u _! heads4 ,on ,april #a1 ! ,bo>d ( ,trade wrote ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9 t1 :atev] might be ! title to ! =e%ore at ,%akespe>e ,cliff1 !re 0 no d\bt z to ! title ( ! ,cr[n "u ! b$ ( ! sea bel[ l[-wat] m>k & )9 ! ?ree-mile limit4 ,x in=m$ him t accord+ to ! dep>tm5t's calculations1 bas$ on a trac+ ( ! tunnel r\te previ\sly obta9$ f ! ,subm>9e ,cont95tal ,railway ,company1 ! bor+ ( ! tunnel n[ mu/ necess>ily be close to ! po9t ( l[-wat] m>k4 ,&1 z a consequ5ce1 ! ,bo>d ( ,trade in/ruct$ ! company t1 p5d+ ! outcome ( ! ,gov]nm5t's delib]ations on ! milit>y security ( ! tunnel1 x mu/ susp5d its bor+ op]ations =?) & give ! ,gov]nm5t assurances to t effect4 ,footnote #a3 ,an ,anglo-,fr5* ,jo9t ,commission =m$ to set up agreem5ts on ! jurisdiction ( ! two c\ntries ov] ! ,*annel tunnel 9 #ahgf actually drew up a protocol = a *annel-tunnel treaty betwe5 ,engl& & ,france4 ,! ,commission agre$ to ! jurisdiction ( ea* gov]nm5t ceas+ at a po9t to be m>k$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! tunnel & x recomm5d$ t ! tunnel be regulat$ by a specially appo9t$ int]national body4 ,illu/ration3 ,f\r ,all at once1 x seems1 ! entire ,briti% press 0 9 an upro> ( criticism aga9/ ! ,*annel tunnel & its un=tunate promot]s4 ,! ,sunday ,times pretty well express$ a common reaction ( newspap]s & p]iodicals to ! late/ developm5ts :5 x said1 9 an editorial1 ,we confess to exp]i5c+ a feel+ ( relief on he>+ ( ! int]diction ( ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9's progress 9 8 work+ day & night to put an end to t insul> position :i* has 9 pa/ times m ?an once prov$ our %eet an*or ( safety4 ,we s9c]ely hope t ,sir ,e4 ,watk9's project w %ortly receive its f9al c\p de grce4 ,no d\bt1 x add$ presci5tly1 he w n yield )\t a resolute /ruggle4 ,"s h>d ?+s 7 said 9 ! press ab\t ! great tunnel promot]4 ,he 0 accus$ 9 v>i\s publications ( adroit & unscrupul\s lobby+ & ( disp5s+ pr(use hospitality 444 p]si/5t & cont9u\s 9 pursuit ( 8 s*eme4 ,9 ! ,may issue ( ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 :i* conta9$ a fur!r numb] ( attacks on ! tunnel1 ,"l ,bury report$ bitt]ly on ! s(t5+ effect t ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9's public-relations te*nique _h _h on a fri5d ( 84 ,ask$ if he _h sign$ ! great petition aga9/ ! tunnel1 ! fri5d 0 said to h repli$1 ,no1 ,i h n2 ,i am /rongly aga9/ ! con/ruction ( ! ,tunnel1 & ,i told ,watk9 s4 ,b he gave a p>ty ( u1 ! o!r day1 an excell5t lun*eon1 & 0 v civil 9 %[+ u ev]y?+2 s ,i %\ld n l to d an unh&some ?+ to him by sign+ ! prote/4 ,an editoriali/ 9 a p]iodical call$ ,all ! ,ye> ,r\nd1 :i* =m]ly _h be5 put out by ,*>les ,dick5s1 wrote ( ! extraord9>y vigor ) :i* ,sir ,edw>d 0 pu%+ 8 tunnel4 ,! editoriali/ dwelt 9 satirical fa%ion on ! mann] 9 :i* prom95t p]sons 7 p]petually be+ :isk$ d[n to ,dov] by special tra9s1 conduct$ into vaults 9 ! *alk1 made amiable ) lun* & sp>kl+ w9es1 & :isk$ back 9 return specials to dilate to _! fri5ds 7&1 incid5tally1 to ! public7 on ! peculi> *>m ( ,pomm]y & ,gr5o consum$ 9 a *amb] excavat$ f> "u ! sea4 ,! writ] f\nd ,sir ,g>net ,wolseley's argum5t1 t ! ,engli% end ( ! tunnel c\ld be seiz$1 on reflection to be p]fectly feasible4 ,he ask$1 ,c anyone suppose t if su* a gov]nm5t z t :i* 0 =m$ by ! ,communi/s 7 by any *ance 444 to rule ,france1 ! dang] t ! temptation to make su* a gr& c\p z ! conque/ & plund] ( ,engl& w\ld be too mu* = !m w\ld n be a v real & v pres5t "o8 ,& he w\nd up by w>n+ t ,fr5* troops might *eckmate our fleet by simply walk+ und]nea? x1 & 444 take a rev5ge = ,wat]loo1 ! remote possibility ( :i* mu/ make e ,engli%man %udd]4 ,! probable future effects ( ! ,*annel tunnel ^u ! n]v\s sy/ems ( ,engli%m5 7 ! subject ( int5se speculation 9 mo/ ( ! press1 z a matt] ( fact4 ,almo/ )\t exception1 ! prognosis ( ?is hypo!tical n]v\s condition 0 grave4 ,if1 n[adays1 ! capacity to ma9ta9 extraord9>y spiritual =titude "u conditions ( national em]g5cy has come to be reg>d$ almo/ z a basic *>act]i/ic ( ! ,briti% p1 x is a *>act]i/ic t ! ,victorian ,briti% press seem$ n to be aw>e (4 ,almo/ unanim\sly1 ! press w>n$ t "p ( ! price ( con/ruct+ a tunnel w\ld be ! occurr5ce ( wild p]iodic al>ms among ! population4 ,p]petual panics & increas$ milit>y exp5diture are ! natural result ( su* a *ange z t :i* w conv]t u f an isl& into a p59sula1 an editorial 9 ,john ,bull decl>$4 ,! ,london ,daily ,news dem&$ to "k :e!r anyone :o is 9 ! lea/ acqua9t$ ) ,engli% "* & hi/ory c\ld d5y ! c\ntry's susceptibility to p]iodic panics4 ,! ,daily ,news dwelt appreh5sively on ! inevitable result ( panics aris+ out ( ! con/ruction ( a ,*annel tunnel3 ,we %\ld be con/antly beg9n+ exp5sive & elaborate s*emes = /r5g!n+ ! def5ces accord+ to ! fa%ionable idea ( ! day4444 ,!y w\ld be ab\t half c>ri$ out by ! "t ! next panic occurr$1 & !n !y w\ld be obsolete4444 ,n[ x w\ld be elaborate =tifications at ,dov] itself2 n[ a great *a9 ( =ts to hem x 9 f inl&2 n[ ! old s*eme ( ! =tification ( ,london2 n[ ! e/abli%m5t ( =ts out at sea ov] ! tunnel4444 ,is x wor? :ile to run ! *ance4448 ,! mo/ div]se argum5ts 7 advanc$ 9 ! press aga9/ ! con/ruction ( ! tunnel4 ,9 ! ,may issue ( ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,major-,g5]al ,sir ,e4 ,hamley rais$ ! "q ( :e!r ! ,fr5*1 invad+ ,brita9 by tra9 ?r\gh ! tunnel1 might n seize "s di/+ui%$ ,engli% p & c>ry ! captives along on ! eng9e z ho/ages1 s t h[ev] ?or\ghly ! (fic] 9 *>ge ( ! def5sive app>atus at ! ,engli% end 7 al]t$ to _! pres5ce1 /ill he might well be expect$ to pause if sudd5ly c]tifi$ t he w\ld be de/roy+1 along ) ! enemy 9 ! ,tunnel1 "s highly important ,engli%m54 ,ano!r writ]1 ref]r+ to ! responsibility & possibly also to ! "* ( ! (fic] 9 *>ge ( ! tunnel def5ses1 obs]v$ ?\ghtfully t ! comm&ant ( ,dov] w\ld c>ry ! key ( ,engl& 9 8 pocket4 ,/ill ano!r comm5tator wond]$ if responsibility = mak+ a decision to bl[ up ! tunnel might n be too mu* ev5 = an ,engli% ,prime ,m9i/]3 ,! ,premi] might ?9k himself ju/ifi$ 9 de/roy+ tw5ty millions ( prop]ty 444 b also1 he might n4 ,he might be an undecid$ man1 or a man expect+ defeat by ! ,opposition1 or a man p>alyz$ by ! k t ! tunnel 0 full ( innoc5t p :om 8 ord] w\ld condemn to in/ant dea?1 9 a =m :i* is at once mo/ pa9ful & mo/ appall+ to ! imag9ation4 ,!y w\ld all be dr[n$ 9 d>kness4 ,! responsibility w\ld be ov]:elm+ = an individual1 & a ,cab9et1 if disp]s$1 takes h\rs to br+ toge!r4 ,9 8 article 9 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury ,"l ,bury1 go+ "u ! assumption t a ,prime ,m9i/] 9 a p]iod ( grave/ national em]g5cy w\ld inde$ be able to haul 8 ,cab9et colleagues & milit>y advis]s toge!r 9 reasonable "t to consid] hav+ ! tunnel bl[n up1 ask$ 8 read]s to conjure up ! pa9ful sc5e at ,d[n+ ,/reet3 ,imag9e him = a mom5t sitt+ 9 consultation4 ,8 milit>y advis]s tell him t ! decisive mom5t has come4 ,i ?9k1 g5tlem51 says ! m9i/]1 turn+ to 8 colleagues1 t we are all agre$--! ,tunnel mu/ be imm$iately de/roy$4 ,fire ! m9e6 ,!re is "o o!r po9t1 says ! (fic]1 on :i* ,i reque/ in/ructions--at :at "t am ,i to execute ! ord]8 ,at once1 sir2 telegraph at once1 & 9 five m9utes ! bla/+ *>ge c be fir$4 ,b1 p]si/s ! (fic]1 tra9s lad5 ) non-combatants are at ?is mom5t 9 ! ,tunnel4 ,!y ent] cont9u\sly at tw5ty m9utes' int]vals2 !re are nev] less ?an f\r tra9s1 two ea* way1 9 ! ,tunnel at ! same "t2 ea* tra9 conta9s "s ?ree hundr$ p]sons 444 ,i c\ld n de/roy twelve hundr$ non-combatants )\t v special in/ructions4 ,& ,"l ,bury ask$1 ,:at w\ld any m9i/]1 "u su* circum/ances1 d8 ,z = ! propos$ def5sive measure ( flood+ ! tunnel 9 case ( invasion1 ,g5]al ,sir ,l9torn ,simmons1 writ+ 9 ! same issue ( ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 consid]$ x to be a dubi\s "o at be/1 s9ce1 he obs]v$1 x is n to be believ$ t a great c\ntry l ,france1 ) ! eng9e]+ tal5t %e possesses1 c\ld n f9d ! means ( pump+ all ! flood wat]s out aga94 ,an ass]tion by ,dr4 ,siem5s1 ! electric-light+ exp]t1 t ! tunnel c\ld easily be r5d]$ unusable to invad]s if its ,briti% def5d]s w\ld pump c>bonic-acid gas into x to asphyxiate ! intrud]s1 0 simil>ly *all5g$1 9 ! correspond5ce columns ( ! ,times1 by a sci5tific colleague ( 81 ,dr4 ,john ,tyndall4 ,dr4 ,tyndall (f]$ to wag] ,dr4 ,siem5s t ! latt] c\ld 9 six h\rs devise c\nt]measures t w\ld enable troops to pass unsca!d ?r\gh ! tunnel1 gas or no gas4 ,dr4 ,tyndall illu/rat$ 8 po9t by describ+ an exp]im5t he said he _h made on ! v day ( 8 lett]1 :ile com+ d[n home f ,london by tra91 on a "p ( ! ,s\?-,ea/]n l9e :]e ! spe$ 0 ?irty miles an h\r3 ,i took out my wat* & det]m9$ h[ long ,i c\ld hold my brea? )\t inhalation4 ,by empty+ my lungs v ?or\ghly1 & !n *>g+ !m v fully1 ,i br\ght ! "t up to ne>ly a m9ute & a half4 ,9 ?is int]val ,i might h be5 urg$ ?r\gh m ?an half a mile ( c>bonic-acid gas ) no injury & ) little inconv5i5ce to myself4 ,dr4 ,tyndall conclud$1 firmly1 ,! problem ( supply+ fre% air to p]sons surr\nd$ by an irrespirable atmosph]e has be5 already solv$ by ,mr4 ,fleuss & o!rs4 ,!n !re 7 ev5 m di/urb+ objections4 ,c\ld ! def5d]s at ! ,engli% end always be reli$ on z absolutely loyal ,engli%m58 ,! ,field1 )\t nam+ any names1 wrote ( pro( t 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom itself 444 !re are numb]s ( d>+ & reckless p]sons :o1 to ga9 _! s9i/] ends 444 w\ld n hesitate to sacrifice ! indep5d5ce ( ! c\ntry4 ,frankly1 ! pap] fe>$ possible acts ( trea*]y 9 ! tunnel by a h&ful ( unpr9cipl$ desp]adoes4 ,& ! ,spectator1 visualiz+ ! ?+ 9 m detail1 sugge/$ t its read]s consid] 444 ! dang] ( trea*]y 444 ! ru% on ! tunnel be+ made by ,iri% ,republicans 9 league ) ! ,fr5*1 :ile ! wires ( ! telegraph 7 cut1 & all swift communications betwe5 ,dov] & ,london sudd5ly susp5d$4 ,tak+ all ! risks ( ! tunnel into acc\nt1 ! ,spectator said x c\ld n br+ itself to believe t ev5 9 ?is age1 ) its mania = rapid rid+ & com=table locomotion1 su* a project w be tol]at$4 ,! ,sunday ,times1 = its "p1 po9t$ out t1 z ?+s /ood1 ! silv] /reak is a great] b> to ! movem5ts ( ,nihili/s & ,int]nationali/s 444 ?an is g5]ally believ$4 ,b1 x add$1 ) sev]al tra9s a day betwe5 ,p>is & ,london1 we %\ld h an am\nt ( frat]nis+ betwe5 ! discont5t$ d5iz5s ( ! great cities ( bo? c\ntries1 :i* w\ld yield v unsatisfactory results on ?is side ( ! ,*annel4 ,meet+s & debates to discuss ! tunnel m5ace 7 held all ov] ,engl&1 & ev5 at a meet+ ( s progressive an organization z ! ,balloon ,society ( ,great ,brita91 :i* 0 held 9 ! lecture room ( ! ,royal ,aqu>ium at ,we/m9/]1 ! subject 0 discuss$ ) "s w>m? ( feel+ 444 on bo? sides4 ,!re 0 a wide circulation ( s5sational pamphlets1 writt5 9 pseudohi/orical /yle1 t purport$ to *ronicle ! sudd5 d[nfall ( ,engl& at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ?r\gh ! exi/5ce ( a ,*annel tunnel--,dov] tak51 ! g>rison but*]$1 ! ,engli% end ( ! tunnel incessantly vomit+ =? arm$ m51 ,london invad$1 & ,engl& enslav$--all ( ?is 9 a few h\rs' "t4 ,9 contra/ to ^! manifold cries ( al>m among ! ,engli%1 x seems nev] to h occurr$ to anybody 9 ,france at ! "t s]i\sly to sugge/ t if a tunnel 7 to be con/ruct$1 a ho/ile ,engli% =ce1 support$ by an ,engli% navy 9 control ( ! ,*annel sea1 might sudd5ly seize ! ,fr5* entrance by surprise & use x z a bridgehead = a g5]al invasion ( ,france4 ,a few ,fr5* comm5tators did1 h[ev]1 rem9d ! anti-tunnel =ces 9 ,engl& t :ile ! ,engli% _h set ho/ile foot on ,fr5* soil "s two or ?ree times 9 z _m c5turies--n to m5tion h] hav+ kept physical control ov] ! port ( ,calais = ov] two hundr$ ye>s foll[+ ! ,battle ( ,crcy--,engli% soil _h rema9$ unt\*$ by ,france4 ,mo/ ( ! ,fr5* newspap]s appe>$ to be unable to fa?om ! cause ( ! :ole tunnel commotion1 :i* 0 g5]ally put d[n to ,engli% ecc5tricity4 ,sev]al ,fr5* j\rnals1 survey+ all ! fulm9ations on ! o!r side ( ! ,*annel1 ev5 took an attitude t[>d ! ,engli% ( a c]ta9 deta*$ sympa?y4 ,"o ( ! m int]e/+ ,fr5* comm5t>ies on ! upro> 9 ,engl& appe>$ 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes4 ,9 ?is article1 ! au?or express$ "s d\bt t ,briti% milit>y m5 :o d5\nc$ ! dang]s ( ! tunnel 7 really conv9c$ ( ! reality ( ^? dang]s4 ,= !m to d s1 he sugge/$1 "o w\ld h to presuppose1 on "o side ( ! ,*annel1 a ,france aga9 a conqu]or )1 at h] head1 a man gift$ ) 444 an incr$ible dep? 9 crime2 a secret1 an almo/ incr$ible dilig5ce 9 prep>ation z 9 execution1 &1 on ! o!r side1 a gov]nor ( ,dov] :o w\ld be an idiot or a traitor1 a ,w> ,m9i/] :o w\ld n possess ! bra9 ( a bird1 a ,=eign ,m9i/] :o w\ld all[ himself to be deceiv$ 9 dolti% fa%ion4 ,h[ c\ld ! ,fr5* possibly assemble p]haps a ?\s& railway c>riages 9 ,engl& )\t ar\s+ ! suspicions ( ,briti% ,intellig5ce8 ,h[ c\ld ! vangu>d ( ! ,fr5* invad]s get ?r\gh ! tunnel ) all _! requir$ ammunition1 horses1 & supplies1 & get !m all unload$ 9 a few m9utes--w\ld ?is vangu>d sally =? )\t biscuits8 ,! au?or f\nd no solution to ^! p>ticul> problems4 ,in/ead1 he devot$ himself to ! l>g] issue3 ,! day ! inauguration ( ! ,subm>9e ,tunnel w be celebrat$1 ,engl& w no long] be an isl&1 & t is a /up5d\s ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( an isl& p4444 ,isl&]s h always consid]$ !mselves ! favorites ( ,provid5ce1 :i* has und]tak5 to provide = _! security & indep5d5ce4444 ,!y congratulate !mselves on _! sep>ation f ! re/ ( ! _w by natural fronti]s ov] :i* nobody c squabble4 ,!y feel t !y hold _! de/9y 9 _! own h&s1 & t ! effect ( ! follies & crimes ( o!rs c\ld n rea* !m4444 ,_! "* is affect$ by ?is4 ,l ,great ,brita91 e ,engli%man is an isl& :]e x is n easy to l&4 ,& ! article ask$1 wond]+ly1 ,:at w\ld an ,engl& t 0 n an isl& be8 ,! delib]ations ( ! sci5tific inve/igat+ committee appo9t$ by ! ,w> ,(fice & presid$ ov] by ,sir ,ar*ibald ,alison la/$ f ! latt] "p ( ,febru>y until ! middle ( ,may4 ,9 ! committee's report ( its f9d+s to ! ,w> ,(fice1 ! complexity & solemn nature ( ! que/ions laid be=e x 7 indicat$ by _! m]e classification & subclassification4 ,?us1 ! cont+5cies = r5d]+ a ,*annel tunnel absolutely useless to an enemy 7 consid]$ "u ! head+s (3 ,i4 ,surprise f ,)9 ,,ii4 ,attack f ,)\t ,& ! committee report$ t x _h consid]$ measures to secure ! tunnel aga9/ 7,i7 "u su* subcategories z3 #a4 ,=tifications #b4 ,closure or tempor>y ob/ructions #c4 ,explosion by m9es or *>ges #d4 ,flood+ a4 ,tempor>y b4 ,p]man5t ,aft] review+ ! situation 9 great detail1 & f e aspect1 ! committee sugge/$ a long li/ ( precaution>y measures t1 x said1 x w\ld be necess>y to use1 s+ly or 9 comb9ation1 to protect & seal (f ! tunnel aga9/ any enemy attempts to invade ,engl& directly ?r\gh ! tunnel or by seiz+ ! ,engli% end f ! outside & us+ x z a bridgehead = invasion4 ,! li/ includ$ ^! recomm5dations3 ,! m\? ( ! tunnel %\ld be protect$ by a portcullis or o!r def5sible b>ri]4 ,a trap bridge %\ld be set 9 connection ) ?is portcullis4 ,means %\ld be provid$ = clos+ (f ! v5tilation1 & = dis*>g+ irrespirable gases or vapors into ! tunnel4 ,arrangem5ts %\ld be made = rapidly dis*>g+ loads ( %+le into ! l& portion ( ! tunnel1 %utt+ x (f4 ,! l& portion ( ! tunnel %\ld be ?or\ghly m9$ ) explosives capable ( be+ fir$ by remote control ex]cis$ n only f )9 ! c5tral =t at ,dov] b also f m di/ant po9ts inl&1 s t ev5 if ! protective =tress fell to ! enemy1 ! tunnel /ill c\ld be p]man5tly de/roy$4 ,9 addition1 a truck load$ ) explosives & equipp$ ) a "t fuse %\ld be kept ready by ! entrance1 s t x c\ld be s5t coa/+ d[n into ! tunnel = "s di/ance1 !re to explode automatically4 ,arrangem5ts %\ld be made = tempor>ily flood+ ! tunnel by means ( culv]ts op]at$ by sluice valves4 7,if by *ance ! sluice valves %\ld n act1 ,measure ,,xviii c\ld be resort$ to1 or ! tunnel c\ld be block$ by "o or m ( ! means 444 m5tion$ 9 ,measures ,,viii1 ,,ix1 ,x1 ,,xi1 & ,,xii47 ,! tunnel %\ld em]ge inl&1 out ( fir+ range f ! sea4 ,& x 0 imp]ative t x em]ge "u ! guns & 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( a fir/-class =tress1 9 ! mod]n acceptation ( ! t]m1 a =tress :i* c\ld only be r$uc$ aft] a protract$ siege bo? by l& & sea4 ,& s on4 ,ev5 aft] draw+ up all ^! elaborate precautions = clos+ ! tunnel f ! ,engli% end1 ! ,*annel ,tunnel ,def5se ,committee 0 left ) "s nagg+ d\bts ab\t _! adequacy4 ,9 a conclud+ p>agraph ( its report1 ! committee po9t$ out t x mu/ always be borne 9 m9d t1 9 deal+ ) physical ag5cies1 an am\nt ( unc]ta9ty exi/s1 & t x 0 impossible to elim9ate human fallibility4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! memb]s /at$ cauti\sly1 x w\ld be presumptu\s to place absolute reliance ^u ev5 ! mo/ compreh5sive & complete arrangem5ts4 ,! committee also agre$1 almo/ z an aft]?\ght1 t ! ,*annel tunnel propos$ by ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9 c\ld n be sanction$ 9 ! =m envisag$1 on ! gr\nds t x did n meet ! committee's conditions = em]g+ inl&1 out ( fir+ range f ! sea1 & 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( a fir/-class =tress4 ,x also reject$1 on ! fir/ ( ^! gr\nds1 a proposal by ! less] ,*annel ,tunnel ,company = a tunnel t w\ld />t f )9 ,dov] & = ! sake ( easy de/ructibility run "r "u a ne>by corn] ( ,dov] ,ca/le--& on ! gr\nds t ?is entrance w\ld be too mu* 9 ! vic9ity ( a =tress4 ,& ! committee object$ t s9ce ! propos$ entrance w\ld em]ge 9 ! he>t ( ! ma9 def5ces & 9 ! mid/ ( ! t[n any fire f ^! def5ses w\ld inflict great injury on ! t[n & its inhabitants1 & ! g5]al def5ce w\ld be mu* emb>rass$4 ,at ! ,w> ,(fice1 ! report ( ! ,alison committee 0 supplem5t$ by ano!r long memor&um on ! tunnel "q by ,sir ,g>net ,wolseley4 ,9 ?is docum5t ( "s tw5ty ?\s& words1 :i* 0 conv5i5tly furni%$ ) num]\s m>g9al head+s l ,:y tunnels ?r\gh ! ,alps af=d no argum5t 9 favor ( ! ,*annel ,tunnel1 ,! ,tunnel an ackn[l$g$ dang]1 ,:at national advantage !n ju/ifies its con/ruction1 ,_m tunnels w be con/ruct$1 ,:at we owe to ! ,*annel1 & ,dang] ( surprise ( our =tifications )\t w>n+6 ,fatal result661 ,sir ,g>net recapitulat$ & elaborat$ at great l5g? ^u 8 previ\s argum5ts aga9/ ! tunnel & add$ sev]al new ones4 ,sir ,g>net w5t into f9e detail conc]n+ ! possibility ( a sudd5 seizure ( ! ,engli% end ( ! tunnel &1 simultane\sly1 ,dov]1 by ! ,fr5*4 ,= example1 to 8 previ\s description ( h[ ho/ile ,fr5* =ces might come by tra9 ?r\gh ! tunnel dress$ 9 ord9>y clo!s he add$ ! detail t !y might also travel 9 ! c>riages at express spe$1 ) ! bl9ds d[n1 9 _! uni=ms & fully arm$--_! co-conspirators at ! o!r end mean:ile hav+ r5d]$ x n likely t ticket-tak]s or telegraph op]ators on ! ,fr5* side w\ld be all[$ any *annel ( communicat+ ) u until ! op]ation _h be5 effect$4 ,sir ,g>net 0 equally explicit ab\t ! situation at ,dov]4 ,w>n+ t ! civilian may />t 9 horror at ! /atem5t t ,dov] c\ld also be tak5 by surprise1 ,g5]al ,wolseley decl>$ t1 z ?+s /ood1 anybody at all1 any night1 0 free to walk up to any ( ! =ts at ,dov]1 &1 if he w\ld ann\nce himself to be an (fic] return+ home to b>racks1 ! wicket w\ld be op5$ to him1 & if he ent]$ he w\ld see b two m51 "o ! s5try1 ! o!r ! noncommission$ (fic] :o _h be5 r\s$ up f sleep by ! s5try to unlock ! gate4 ,g5]al ,wolseley demon/rat$ h[ su* a call] might well be a da%+ p>tisan lead] ( a ,fr5* raid+ p>ty t _h l&$ 9 ,dov] 9 ! dead ( night1 9 calm or foggy wea!r1 f /eam]s1 & _h already quietly knock$ d[n & sil5c$ any wat*man or o!r witnesses 9 ! d>k area4 ,he %[$ h[ su* a soi-disant ,engli% (fic] & 8 accomplices might ?us easily obta9 an entrance into e =t 9 ,dov]2 ! s5try & ! sleepy s]geant might be easily dispos$ (4 ,! rifles ( our s5tries at home are n load$1 & ! few m5 on gu>d c\ld be made prison]s :il/ asleep on _! gu>d b$4 ,?us1 ,g5]al ,wolseley said1 ! intrud]s c\ld quickly effect ! seizure ( all ! =ts 9 ,dov]--,9 an h\r's "t f ! mom5t :5 our end ( ! tunnel 0 tak5 possession ( by ! enemy1 l>ge re9=cem5ts c\ld rea* ,dov] ?r\gh ! tunnel1 & 444 be=e morn+ dawn$1 ,dov] might easily be 9 possession ( #bj1jjj ( ! enemy1 & e succe$+ h\r w\ld add to t numb]4 ,) ,dov] done 91 ,london w\ld be next1 & ! future comm&]-9-*ief ( ! ,briti% ,army w5t on to %[ h[ ! enemy =ce1 n[ swell$ to #aej1jjj m51 once x rea*$ ,london & occupi$ ! ,?ames f !re to ! ars5al at ,woolwi*1 c\ld dictate its own t]ms ( peace1 :i* he e/imat$ at a r\gh guess z ! paym5t ( six hundr$ million p\nds & ! surr5d] ( ! ,briti% ,fleet1 ) ! ,engli% end ( ! tunnel rema9+ p]man5tly 9 ! h&s ( ! ,fr5*1 s t ! p]petual yoke ( s]vitude w\ld be ours = ev]4 ,conc]n+ all ! v>i\s measures propos$ to protect ! tunnel1 ,sir ,g>net _h no confid5ce 9 !m at all4 ,he /ress$ once m ! unreliability ( any?+ me*anical or electrical1 & he add$ ! new argum5t t :atev] secret devices1 su* z m9es1 7 in/all$ 9 ! tunnel = its protection 7 b\nd to come to ! k ( ! enemy soon] or lat]4 ,any milit>y secret1 ,g5]al ,wolseley said1 0 a pur*asable secret2 he illu/rat$ 8 argum5t ) an obs]vation conc]n+ a meet+ betwe5 ,napoleon ,i & ,alex&] ,i ( ,russia3 ,no two m5 7 m loyally foll[$ or _h m absolute au?ority ?an ,napoleon & ,alex&]4 ,no two m5 _h a /rong] wi% or /rong] motive = keep+ secret ! words :i* pass$ betwe5 !m p]sonally 9 a mo/ private conf]5ce 9 a raft 9 ! middle ( a riv]4 ,yet1 by pay+ a l>ge sum our ,m9i/ry obta9$ ! exact t]ms ( ! secret agreem5t ! two _h !re arriv$ at4 ,moreov]1 our ,m9i/ry obta9$ t in=mation s imm$iately t !y 7 able to act 9 anticipation ( ! designs =m$ by ! two ,emp]ors4 ,f9ally1 hav+ discuss$1 9 ! mo/ elaborate fa%ion1 all ! measures t 8 previ\s opposition to ! s*eme _h caus$ to be propos$ = ! def5se ( ! tunnel1 ,sir ,g>net condemn$ !m on ! gr\nd ( _! v elaborat5ess4 ,if 9 any "o ( ^! respects our security fails1 x fails 9 all1 he wrote ( ! multiple precautions recomm5d$ by ,sir ,ar*ibald ,alison's sci5tific committee4 ,?us1 9 ,g5]al ,wolseley's eyes1 ! def5se ( ! tunnel 0 =$oom$ z a self-defeat+ process1 & 0 !re=e a practical impossibility4 ,! "q ( ! multiplicity ( ! propos$ def5ses 0 h&l$ 9 diff]5t fa%ion 9 a fur!r ,w> ,(fice memor&um on ! tunnel1 issu$ by ! ,duke ( ,cambridge1 ! ,army ,comm&]-9-,*ief & a c\s9 ( ,que5 ,victoria4 ,no?+ has impress$ me m ) ! magnitude ( ! dang] :i* ! con/ruction ( ?is propos$ tunnel w\ld br+ ) x1 ! ,duke ( ,cambridge wrote1 ?an ! am\nt ( precautions & _! elaborat5ess propos$ by ?is ,sci5tific ,committee4444 ,if ?is dang] 0 small1 z "s w\ld h ! c\ntry believe1 :y %\ld all ^! complicat$ precautions be necess>y8 ,! ,duke ( ,cambridge fully endors$ ! position tak5 by ,sir ,g>net ,wolseley4 ,he prote/$ mo/ emphatically aga9/ ! con/ruction ( a ,*annel tunnel & w\ld mo/ e>ne/ly beg ,h] ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t to consid] ) ! utmo/ gravity ! p]ils ( surprise attack ^u ! c\ntry aris+ out ( ev5 a modifi$ s*eme t w\ld take into acc\nt ! recomm5dations ( ! ,alison committee4 ,to 8 memor&um ,8 ,royal ,highness app5d$ a copy ( a report t he _h _h 8 intellig5ce s]vice put toge!r specially 9 connection ) ! tunnel "q--a long acc\nt purport+ to %[ "s hundr$ & sev5 in/ances occurr+ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! previ\s two hundr$ ye>s :]e ho/ilities betwe5 /ates _h be5 />t$ )\t any prior decl>ation ( w>1 or ev5 any dec5t notification4 ,if any?+ seem$ likely to h be5 successfully block$ up & f9i%$ (f "u all ?is bomb>dm5t1 x 0 ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9's ,*annel-tunnel s*eme4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 :i* _h ord]$ ! tunnel work+s /opp$ back 9 ,april & _h no int5tion ( issu+ a work+ p]mit = !m n[1 0 n altoge!r conv9c$ ( ?is4 ,9 fact1 s9ce ,april ! ,bo>d _h be5 develop+ ! suspicion t some?+ peculi> might be go+ on d[n "u ! sea at ,%akespe>e ,cliff4 ,back 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,april1 ! ,bo>d ( ,trade's ord] to ! ,subm>9e ,cont95tal ,railway ,company to /op its tunnel+ activities 0 receiv$1 z "o might expect1 ) "s angui%4 ,! fir/ =mal reaction 0 a lett] f ! p]man5t secret>y ( ! company to ,t4 ,h4 ,f>r]1 ! secret>y ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 say+ t ! company w\ld ( c\rse acquiesce 9 ! ord]s ( ! bo>d1 b begg+1 at ! same "t1 to be all[$ to cont9ue ! pres5t gall]y ext5d+ f ! ma91 or ,numb] ,two1 %aft at ,%akespe>e ,cliff a %ort di/ance fur!r1 s z to be able to complete ! fir/ /age ( ! works--! junction ( ! ma9 gall]y ) ! new gall]y ext5d+ f ! v5tilat+1 or ,numb] ,?ree1 %aft4 ,?is lett] 0 foll[$ on ,april #i by ano!r f ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9 address$ to ,joseph ,*amb]la91 ! presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 urg5tly repeat+ ! reque/1 ?is "t on ! gr\nd ( safety4 ,sir ,edw>d wrote ,mr4 ,*amb]la93 ,! mom5t ! ,bo>d ( ! ,tunnel ,company decid$ to obey y1 ,i p]emptorily ord]$ ! works to be /opp$4 ,! bor+ ma*9e has be5 sil5t s9ce ,?ursday ev5+4 ,b ! ,eng9e] s5ds me a v />tl+ report & w>n+4 ,he fe>s defective v5tilation ow+ to /oppage ( ! air-driv5 bor+ ma*9e & dang] to life--q ap>t f depriv+ a f9e body ( skill$ workm5 ( _! bread1 & g5]al loss & damage 9 money4 ,i c only reply to him t ,i am act+ "u y\r ord]4 ,/ill 444 ?is is ! fir/ "t ! v5tilation ( a m9e has be5 s int]f]$ )4 ,%\ld ! eng9e]'s al>m be well f\nd$1 & %\ld m5 fa9t f bad air at ! end ( ! gall]y1 !re w\ld be no means ( gett+ !m out alive4 ,sir ,edw>d add$1 )\t *ang+ 8 tone ( humane agitation1 t only ! day be=e he _h receiv$ a reque/ f ! ,duke ( ,ed9burgh to be all[$ to see ! tunnel work+s1 along ) ! ,du*ess1 t5 days h5ce1 & t ! ,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons _h already arrang$ to visit ! tunnel on ,saturday1 ! #bbnd1 leav+ ,*>+ ,cross at elev54 ,:at mu/ be done8 he ask$4 ,mr4 ,*amb]la9 repli$ promptly by telegraph t if ! /opp+ ( ! ma*9]y 9 ! tunnel 0 con/itut+ a dang] to life1 he au?oriz$ ,sir ,edw>d1 p5d+ fur!r inve/igation ( ! situation by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 tempor>ily to keep ! ma*9]y go+ to ! ext5t ( prev5t+ ?is dang]4 ,h[ev]1 he foll[$ up ?is telegram ) a lett] to ,sir ,edw>d 9 :i* he express$ himself z be+ n able to und]/& ! exact nature ( ! physical dang] anticipat$ by ,sir ,edw>d 9 ! tunnel if ! work+s 7 /opp$4 ,i d n see ! necessity = workm5 rema9+ 9 ! tunnel :]e ! v5tilation is likely to be defective1 ,mr4 ,*amb]la9 obs]v$4 ,he add$ t he 0 mak+ arrangem5ts to h "o ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade inspectors visit ! tunnel to inve/igate ! situation4 ,on ,april #aa1 ! ,bo>d ( ,trade duly telegraph$ ,sir ,edw>d t its *ief inspector ( railways1 ,colonel ,yoll&1 ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s1 w\ld be at ,dov] at noon ! next day to inve/igate ! v5tilation problem 9 ! tunnel4 ,sir ,edw>d1 h[ev]1 wir$ back t he 0 unable to meet ! ,colonel at ,dov] t day & c\ld n make an appo9tm5t ) him until aft] ! visit to ! works ( ! ,duke ( ,ed9burgh on ,tuesday next4 ,to ?is ! ,bo>d ( ,trade repli$1 on ,april #ac1 t ,colonel ,yoll& _h be5 in/ruct$ to visit ! tunnel works entirely out ( reg>d to ! v urg5t & grave "q rais$ 9 y\r lett] 444 respect+ ! v5tilation ( ! bor+ & t ! dep>tm5t 0 f9d+ x difficult to und]/& :y ,colonel ,yoll&'s visit to ! tunnel %\ld be po/pon$4 ,sir ,edw>d's answ] to ?is 0 to invite ,mr4 ,*amb]la9 d[n into ! tunnel p]sonally1 s t ,sir ,edw>d c\ld %[ & expla9 ev]y?+1 s9ce until y h se51 & _h expla9$ to y1 on ! spot z ,mr4 ,glad/one did & _h1 & z we hope ! ,duke ( ,ed9burgh w next ,tuesday1 ! nature & condition ( our works1 x is1 9 my humble judgem5t1 impossible to discuss ! "q ) exactitude4 ,he said no?+ ab\t ! possibility ( ,mr4 ,*amb]la9's or ! ,duke & ,du*ess ( ,ed9burgh's be+ asphyxiat$ 9 ! tunnel4 ,mr4 ,*amb]la9 decl9$ ! invitation2 he said he _h ord]$ ,colonel ,yoll& d[n to ,dov] imm$iately to report on ! tunnel4 ,b ,colonel ,yoll& didn't get d[n into ! tunnel to make an inspection t mon?4 ,"s imp$im5t1 "s unanticipat$ difficulty always seem$ to arise :5 ?+s appe>$ to be ab\t to /raight5 !mselves out4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ,may1 ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 /ill try+1 flatly in=m$ ,sir ,edw>d t ,colonel ,yoll& & ,walt] ,murton1 its solicitor1 w\ld inspect ! tunnel work+s on ,may #f4 ,b on ,may #d ! g5]al manag] ( ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,railway repli$ t ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9 wi%es me to say t he regrets v mu* t x w be q impossible to arrange = su* inspection to take place on t date4 ,he sugge/$ t ,sir ,edw>d c\ld arrange x = ! #ac?4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 reply+ imm$iately1 insi/$ on its tak+ place n lat] ?an ,w$nesday next4 ,t lett] 0 met ) ! answ] t ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9 is at pres5t out ( t[n1 & is n expect$ to return until e>ly next week4 ,he mu/ h /ay$ out ( t[n q a :ile1 because ! ,bo>d ( ,trade he>d no?+ f ! company until ,may #ah1 :5 ! directors ( ! company1 writ+ jo9tly1 told ! dep>tm5t t :ile !y acquiesc$ 9 ! reque/ ( ,colonel ,yoll& & ,mr4 ,murton to visit ! tunnel1 un=tunately ! ma*9]y is "u repair1 & z a consequ5ce x w\ld n be 444 safe = ^? g5tlem5 to g d[n ! %aft4 ,h[ev]1 ! directors add$1 hopefully1 !y felt sure t by work+ ! ma*9]y1 air compressors1 & pump+ eng9es = a few days & nights _! eng9e]s c\ld get ev]y?+ 9 ord] = a prop] t\r ( inspection4 ,on ,may #bd ,mr4 ,murton tri$ aga94 ,he wrote ! tunnel proprietors1 notify+ !m t ,colonel ,yoll& & myself propose to inspect ! tunnel works on ,saturday next ! #bg? in/ant4 ,b ! company's reply to ! lett] 0 regretful4 ,x said t ! repairs to ! w9d+ eng9e _c be complet$ until aft] ,:itsuntide4 ,mean:ile1 ,mr4 ,murton 0 hav+ 8 difficulties ) ! solicitor ( ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ov] ! legal "q ( ! company's claims to anci5t manorial rights to ! use ( ! =e%ore at ,%akespe>e ,cliff1 z ! tone ( v>i\s lett]s he 0 oblig$ to write indicates4 ,= example3 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,may ,i rem9d y t ,i h n yet receiv$ ! ab/ract ( title2 ,i beg t y w at once s5d x to me4444 ,i am1 c41 ,,walt] ,,murton ,or aga93 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,i am )\t answ] to my lett] ( ! #ca/ ultimo4 ,i beg y w let me "k )\t fur!r delay :e!r y d or d n propose to s5d me ab/ract ( title4 ,i am1 c41 ,,walt] ,,murton ,or yet aga93 ,,de> ,,sir1 ,w y k9dly write me a reply to my lett]s :i* ,i c s5d on to ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,y\rs1 c41 ,,walt] ,,murton ,by ,june #i1 ! ,bo>d ( ,trade became q out ( pati5ce ov] ! matt] ( inspect+ ! tunnel4 ,introduc+ an om9\s note1 x in=m$ ,sir ,edw>d t ,mr4 ,*amb]la9 feels t he mu/ insi/ ^u ?is visit ( inspection1 & if he und]/&s t p]mission is refus$1 w be compell$ to place ! matt] 9 ! h&s ( 8 legal advis]s1 ) ! view ( det]m9+ & en=c+ ! rights ( ! ,cr[n4 ,sir ,edw>d 0 indignant4 ,9 reply1 he decl>$ t he 0 be+ subject$ to an undes]v$ ?reat4 ,mr4 ,*amb]la91 respond+1 d5i$ t ! ?reat 0 undes]v$4 ,he wrote firmly3 ,hi!rto1 on "o gr\nd or ano!r1 ?is inspection has be5 aga9 & aga9 po/pon$4 ,i am b\nd to gu>d ! rights ( ! ,cr[n 9 ?is matt]1 & ,i desire to asc]ta9 :e!r ^? rights h up to ! pres5t "t be5 9 any way invad$4 ,?is is ! object ( ! inspection1 & z x w n brook delay 444 ,i h only n[ to ask an imm$iate answ] /at+ def9itely :5 x c take place4 ,sir ,edw>d's answ] 0 once m to beg ,mr4 ,*amb]la9 himself to jo9 a p>ty ( prom95t visitors go+ d[n to see ! tunnel2 he add$ t ,colonel ,yoll& %all be at once communicat$ )4 ,b by v>i\s int]v5+ circum/ances--jo9t lett]s got up by ! tunnel promot]s to ! ,prime ,m9i/] & to ! ,bo>d ( ,trade prote/+ h>d treatm5t1 & s on--! ,bo>d ( ,trade f\nd itself brook+ delays all ?r\gh ! mon? ( ,june4 ,on ,june #bf1 ! ,bo>d ( ,trade wrote 9 /]n fa%ion to ,sir ,edw>d t ! dem&s ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade to inspect ! tunnel work+s h be5 repeat$ly =mulat$ & p]si/5tly evad$ on behalf ( ! ,subm>9e ,cont95tal ,railway ,company1 & t ! only way ! company c\ld avoid legal action by ! ,cr[n 0 to cons5t at once to ! propos$ inspection4 ,!re 0 no satisfactory reply f ! tunnel proprietors1 & on ,july #e ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 aft] due notification to ! ,subm>9e ,cont95tal ,railway ,company1 obta9$ an ord] f ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,kay1 9 ! ,high ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice1 re/ra9+ ! tunnel promot]s & _! employees f fur!r work+ or excavat+1 or tak+ or int]f]+ ) any *alk1 soil1 or o!r sub/ance 9 ! ,*annel tunnel )\t ! cons5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 & ord]+ !m to give ! dep>tm5t access to ! tunnel to inspect ! work+s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! judicial proce$+s1 a numb] ( affidavits pres5t$ to ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,kay by ! ,gov]nm5t reveal$ ! int]e/+ in=mation t ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 f9d+ itself unable to obta9 access = its inspectors into ! tunnel1 = "s "t pa/ _h felt itself oblig$ to /ation wat*]s on top ( ,%akespe>e ,cliff & on ! sea regul>ly to spy ^u ! tunnel work+s & to c\nt ! numb] ( bucketfuls ( soil x ma9ta9$ _h be5 remov$ f ! work+s4 ,&1 accord+ to all its calculations1 ! ,bo>d ( ,trade _h little d\bt t ! proprietors ( ! ,subm>9e ,cont95tal ,railway ,company 7 delib]ately & surreptiti\sly tunnel+ "u ! sea bel[ l[-wat] m>k1 on ,cr[n prop]ty1 & burr[+ into & remov+ *alk ( ! realm4 ,intimation ( :at 0 9 /ore = him 9 ! ,high ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice rea*$ ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9 at ! v "t t he 0 %[+ a p>ty ( di/+ui%$ p1 includ+ ,f]d9& de ,lesseps1 ! build] ( ! ,suez ,canal1 ar\nd ! tunnel4 ,a glimpse ( t int]e/+ visit is conta9$ 9 a report 9 ! ,london ,times3 ,m4 de ,lesseps1 :ile d[n 9 ! tunnel & "u ! sea1 propos$ ! heal? ( ! ,que51 rem>k+ t ! completion ( ! "w 0 requir$ 9 ! int]e/ ( mank9d4 ,:5 all ! visitors 7 aga9 above gr\nd1 lun*eon 0 s]v$ 9 a m>quee4 ,sir ,e4 ,watk91 9 propos+ ! heal? ( ,m4 de ,lesseps1 rem>k$ t !re 7 ^? 9 our c\ntry :o seem$ to consid] t ! "w ( ! company !y _h j inspect$ 0 a crime4 ,he _h j receiv$ a telegram in=m+ him t he w\ld h to answ] on ,w$nesday next at ! in/igation ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade be=e a c\rt ( law = hav+ committ$ ! crime ( c>ry+ on ^! exp]im5ts4 7,hisses & groans47 ,some:at reveal+ly1 ,sir ,edw>d add$1 :5 ! signs ( indignation subsid$1 t ,= 8 own "p1 if he 0 to be committ$ by a c\rt ( law = contempt1 he %\ld h ?is consolation--t ! proce$+s :i* _h be5 tak5 aga9/ him _h be5 delay$ suffici5tly long to enable him ) 8 colleagues to h ! honor ( ent]ta9+ ,m4 de ,lesseps1 9 :om he %\ld h a witness1 if he _h to call "o1 to prove t !y _h be5 engag$ 9 a "w :i* _h be5 z successful z he believ$ x w\ld be ultimately useful4 ,at long la/1 support$ by all ! might ( ! ,cr[n1 ,colonel ,yoll& got to ! tunnel on ,july #h to make 8 inspection ( ! work+s4 ,b ^u 8 arrival !re he f\nd1 to 8 *agr91 t ,i 0 n provid$1 at ! "t 444 ) all ! necess>y means = mak+ ! measurem5ts1 & tak+ ! requisite be>+s 9 ! tunnel1 & he 0 oblig$ to put 8 inspection (f once m4 ,prop]ly equipp$1 he desc5d$ into ! tunnel a week lat]1 on ,saturday1 ,july #ae1 & inspect$ ev]y?+1 includ+ ! bor+ app>atus t ,sir ,edw>d _h insi/$ _h to be us$ to v5tilate ! gall]y & prev5t loss ( life4 ,:at ,colonel ,yoll& f\nd !re caus$ ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 five days lat]1 to s5d a mo/ sev]e lett] to ! tunnel proprietors4 ,9 x1 ! ,bo>d decl>$3 #a4 ,t ! means ( v5tilat+ ! tunnel c\ld h be5 & be s readily disconnect$ f ! bor+ ma*9e 7i4e41 by ! movem5t ( a s+le lev] t w\ld p\r a /ream ( compress$ air com+ f ! supply pipe directly into ! tunnel7 t x has nev] be5 necess>y t a s+le in* ( cutt+ %\ld h tak5 place 9 ord] to protect life or to secure v5tilation1 nor c su* necessity arise 9 ! future4 #b4 ,t 9 spite ( ! repeat$ ord]s ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 & ! assurances ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,subm>9e ,railway ,company & ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9 himself t ^? ord]s 7 acquiesc$ 9 & submitt$ to1 ! sub/antial "w ( bor+ has nev]!less be5 c>ri$ to a di/ance ( m ?an #fjj y>ds f l[-wat] m>k 7?us con/itut+ a trespass on ! prop]ty ( ! ,cr[n74 ,call+ ^! acts a flagrant brea* ( fai? on ! "p ( ! tunnel promot]s1 ! ,bo>d ( ,trade wrote t h5ce=? ! ord] ( ! c\rt mu/ be /rictly & lit]ally adh]$ to1 & t no "w ( ma9t5ance1 v5tilation1 dra9age1 or o!rwise w\ld be all[$ )\t ! express p]mission ( ! bo>d4 ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9 & 8 fell[ directors1 aft] "s days1 repli$ 9 hurt fa%ion to :at !y t]m$ ! unju/ifi$ accusations direct$ aga9/ !m4 ,!y reit]at$ _! conc]n = ! heal? ( _! employees 9 ! tunnel1 & 9 connection ) _! tunnel+ activities bel[ l[-wat] m>k !y came up ) ! +5i\s explanation t _m visits ( ,royal & o!r p]sonages h be51 by reque/1 made to ! tunnel = purposes ( inspection1 & x 0 ess5tial fully to "w ! ma*9e f "t to "t = ! purpose ( su* visits4 ,!y also s5t a prote/ to ,mr4 ,glad/one at #aj ,d[n+ ,/reet aga9/ _! h>d treatm5t1 & ask$ = ! ,prime ,m9i/]'s int]cession ) ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,b !re 0 no?+ do+4 ,mr4 ,glad/one politely refus$ to act & repli$ t ! actions ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade _h ! full sanction ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,on ,augu/ #e1 ,colonel ,yoll& desc5d$ once m into ! tunnel to make an inspection4 ,he f\nd ?+s !re 9 a r run-d[n condition4 ,! tunnel is n ne>ly s dry z x 0 :5 ,i fir/ saw x1 he wrote 9 8 report to ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 ref]r+ to ! fact t ! eng9e]s _h ceas$ "w on ! dra9age ( ! gall]y4 ,colonel ,yoll& also m5tion$ 9 8 report t dur+ 8 previ\s visit1 on ,july #ae1 ,i _h an escape f :at might h be5 a s]i\s accid5t4 ,! wet *alk 9 ! bottom ( ! tunnel1 betwe5 & outside ! rails ( ! tramways1 is s slipp]y & greasy t x is almo/ impossible to keep on "o's feet2 &1 on "o occasion1 ,i sudd5ly slipp$1 & fell at full l5g? on my back1 & ! back ( my head came aga9/ "o ( ! iron rails ( ! tramway--=tunately ) no great =ce or my skull might h be5 s]i\sly bruis$ or fractur$4 ,! ,colonel add$1 ,!re is n light en\gh 9 ! tunnel f ! electric lamps to enable "o to see "o's way ?r\gh 444 s t x is necess>y to c>ry a lamp 9 "o h& & a note-book 9 ! o!r1 to record ! diff]5t measurem5ts4 ,! ,colonel !n gave "s />tl+ news4 ,he decl>$ t1 accord+ to 8 measurem5ts1 somebody _h advanc$ ! l5g? ( ! tunnel "s sev5ty y>ds s9ce 8 inspection on ,july #ae4 ,:5 ?is report rea*$ ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 ! dep>tm5t1 outrag$1 made a motion be=e ! ,high ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice to cite ! tunnel promot]s = contempt4 ,h[ev]1 a cl\d ( d\bt desc5d$ on ! issue :5 ! tunnel promot]s claim$ 9 c\rt t ,colonel ,yoll&'s calculations 7 9 error4 ,! motion 0 put (f ) ! promot]s' promis+ to obey to ! lett] ! dem&s ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,lat] on 9 ! mon?1 ,colonel ,yoll&1 aft] mak+ a fur!r inspection1 conc$$ t1 ow+ to ! difficulties ( work+ 9 ! tunnel1 he _h made "s error ( calculation4 ,! true advance made 9 ! tunnel s9ce ,july #ae1 he said1 0 ?irty-six y>ds--a figure he said 0 confirm$ by ! tunnel company's eng9e]4 ,colonel ,yoll& report$ t ! company eng9e]s _h in/all$ a pump at ! ea/]n end ( ! tunnel to =ce out ! wat] accumulat+ !re4 ,he add$1 some:at te/ily1 ,( c\rse m5 _h to be employ$ 9 erect+ ?is pump 9 ! tunnel & 9 work+ x :5 x 0 ready1 & z ! bor+ ma*9e has n be5 made use ( = ! purpose ( cutt+ *alk1 ?is 444 conclusively proves :at ,i _h /at$ 9 my =m] reports1 t x 0 n necess>y to cut an in* ( *alk = ! purpose ( v5tilat+ & dra9+ ! tunnel4 ,altoge!r1 & ) all ! difficulties !y _h enc\nt]$1 ! tunnel promot]s _h succe$$ 9 bor+ ! tunnel = a di/ance ( #b1ajj y>ds1 or a little less ?an a mile & a qu>t]1 t[>d ,france4 ,! op]ations at ! ,fr5* end1 :i* came to a /op 9 ,m>* ( #ahhc1 complet$ #b1jji y>ds ( pilot tunnel f ! bottom ( ! %aft by ! cliffs at ,sangatte4 ,9 ! middle ( ,augu/1 ! ,gov]nm5t1 hav+ receiv$ all ! reports f ! ,w> ,(fice & ! ,bo>d ( ,trade on ! subject ( ! tunnel1 caus$ ! rival ,*annel-tunnel bills t _h be5 br\ght be=e x to be set aside1 & at ! same "t ,mr4 ,*amb]la9 ann\nc$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons t ! ,gov]nm5t _h decid$ to propose1 e>ly ! foll[+ ye>1 ! appo9tm5t ( a ,jo9t ,select ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords & ! ,h\se ( ,commons to dispose ( ! :ole tunnel "q z conclusively z possible4 ,9 ! meantime1 he ann\nc$ ! ,gov]nm5t's int5tion ( publi%+ a ,blue ,book conta9+ all ! pr9cipal docum5ts & correspond5ce conc]n+ ! tunnel4 ,! ,blue ,book 0 issu$ 9 ,octob]1 & once aga9 ! wra? ( ! ,engli% press fell ^u ! tunnel project & its promot]s4 ,! tone ( ! press comm5t 0 mo/ maje/ically repres5t$ by an editorial 9 ! ,london ,times1 :i* _h />t$ (f ! press campaign aga9/ ! project ! ye> be=e4 ,! ,times wrote t1 unless x 0 mu* mi/ak51 ! publication ( ! ,blue ,book w be f\nd to h clos$ ! :ole "q ( ! ,*annel ,tunnel = a long "t to come4 ,und]m9$ by l&1 ov]m9$ at sea1 sluice-ridd5 at its entrance1 & liable to asphyxiat+ vapors at int]vals1 ! ,tunnel w h>dly be reg>d$ by n]v\s travell]s z a v pleasant alt]native ev5 to ! horrors ( seasickness4444 ,! :ole sy/em ( def5se mu/ =ev] be at ! m]cy ( blund]]s1 crim9als1 & madm54 ,x is true t we take some:at simil> risks 9 ord9>y railway travell+1 b imag9ation c\nts = a good deal 9 su* matt]s1 & ! t]rors ( ! ,*annel ,tunnel "u an adequate sy/em ( def5se might easily affect ! imag9ation s /rongly z to r5d] ! t]rors ( seasickness insignificant by comp>ison4 ,caught betwe5 ! =ces ( clau/rophobia & x5ophobia1 ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9's great tunnel project 0 j ab\t done =4 ,9 ,we/m9/]1 angry citiz5s exhibit$ _! feel+s by sma%+ all ! w9d[s ( ! ,*annel ,tunnel ,company (fices !re4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ! promis$ new inve/igation into ! tunnel "q 0 und]tak5 by a jo9t ,p>liam5t>y committee presid$ ov] by ,"l ,l&sd[ne4 ,! committee met f\rte5 times1 exam9$ =ty witnesses1 & ask$ !m fifty-?ree hundr$ & n9ety-six que/ions4 ,n unexpect$ly1 ! witnesses includ$ ,sir ,g>net ,wolseley1 n[ ,"l ,wolseley4 ,t ,"l ,wolseley 9 ! int]im _h n *ang$ 8 op9ions on ! p]il\s consequ5ces ( a tunnel is evid5t f 8 response to j five ( ! hundr$s ( que/ions put to him by ! committee memb]s4 #ebcc3 444 ,i ?9k y said t suppos+ anyone 9 ?is room 7 to g to ! b>rack gates at any ( ! =ts at ,dov] at night & to knock at ! door1 ! door w\ld at once be op5$8--,! wicket w\ld be op5$ to y4 #ebcd3 ,w\ld x be ! case if ! p]son :o w5t !re _h a hundr$ m5 9 8 company8--,! man inside w\ld n "k t he _h !m1 he w\ld nev] suspect a hundr$ m5 be+ outside2 b ,i w\ld g fur!r & say1 ev5 suppos+ t he w\ld n op5 ! b>rack gates1 ! b>rack gates are v easily knock$ 94 #ebce3 ,are !re any drawbridges !re8--,!re are1 b !y are v seldom1 if ev]1 drawn up 9 ,dov]4 #ebcf3 ,y said t if ! tunnel 7 9 exi/5ce1 x w\ld be necess>y t ! conditions ( life 9 ,dov] %\ld be alt]$2 w\ld t be "o ( ! conditions :i* w\ld be alt]$8--,yes4 #ebcg3 ,& ! drawbridges w\ld be up at night8--,! drawbridges w\ld be up at night1 & nobody w\ld be all[$ to g 9 or out aft] a c]ta9 h\r4 ,:5 all ! evid5ce 0 91 a majority ( ! jo9t ,p>liam5t>y committee sid$ ) ! views ( ,"l ,wolseley & vot$ aga9/ any ,p>liam5t>y sanction's be+ giv5 to a ,*annel tunnel4 ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9 kept "r on promot+ 8 tunnel project = q a :ile4 ,by #ahhd--;a ye>1 incid5tally1 :5 ,"l ,wolseley 0 call$ away f ! c\ntry to comm& ! ,briti% exp$ition>y =ce t arriv$ too late at ,kh>t\m to relieve ,g5]al ,gordon--,sir ,edw>d 0 /ill do+ 8 be/ to br+ ! ,briti% ,army ar\nd to 8 viewpo9t on ! tunnel4 ,a s]ies ( contempor>y illu/rations 9 ! ,london illu/rat$ weekly publication ,! ,graphic records "s views ( a tunnel p>ty held dur+ t ye> = a gr\p ( ,briti% ,army (fic]s4 ,"o ( ! engrav+s %[s a numb] ( (fic]s prep>+ to desc5d into ! tunnel2 ! caption reads1 ,i say1 ,de> ,*appie1 if we invade ,france ?r\gh ! ,tunnel1 ,i hope ,i %an't be told (f to lead ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d4 ,! visit 0 fur!r report$ on 9 an accompany+ article by "o ( a few j\rnali/s accompany+ ! p>ty4 ,f ?is1 x appe>s t ! condition ( ! tunnel hadn't improv$ s9ce ! "t t ,colonel ,yoll& ne>ly split 8 head op5 9 x4 ,"u foot = a great portion ( ! way1 ! au?or said1 9 describ+ h[ ! visitors 7 drawn along ! long gall]y on canvas-hood$ trolleys1 0 ankle deep 9 slu%1 & he w5t on to quote f ! report ( "o ( 8 colleagues3 ,onw>d to no s\nd1 save ! spla%+ made by ! tall workm5 :o drew ! trolleys tramp+ ?r\gh ! mud & ! drip1 drip1 drip ( ! wat] ^u ! hood above our heads1 we are dragg$ & pu%$ 444 "u ! b$ ( ! ,*annel4444 ,sometimes1 9 ! fitful fla%es ( light1 ! eye re/s on fall+ r$ rivulets1 l /reams ( blood1 fl[+ d[n ! damp walls4 ,s we g on until ! electric lamps cease altoge!r1 & ! long1 awful cave is envelop$ 9 a d>kness t w\ld be imp5etrable b = ! glimm] ( a few tall[ c&les /uck into ! b>e walls ( ! cutt+4 ,at ! end ( ! tunnel ! action ( ! bor+ ma*9e 0 briefly demon/rat$1 ?is "t by special p]mission ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 & !n ! p>ty 0 escort$ out ( ! tunnel & tak5 to a good lun*1 presumably at ! ,"l ,w>d5 ,hotel4 ,ano!r engrav+ 9 ! same issue ( ,! ,graphic %[s memb]s ( ! same p>ty ( (fic]s1 *airs drawn slightly back1 sitt+ ab\t a lun*eon table4 ,! monocl$ gue/s1 rang$ on ea* side ( a clutt] ( bottles1 pott$ f]ns1 place c>ds1 & an int]e/+ v>iety ( glasses--includ+1 z "o c see fairly cle>ly1 *ampagne glasses1 cl>et glasses1 & hock glasses--are be+ address$ by a be>d$ speak]4 ,!y look daz$4 ,yet :ile us+ 8 be/ s(t5+-up te*niques on ! ,army (fic]s1 ,sir ,edw>d did n let up 8 fire on 8 pr9cipal oppon5ts among ! milit>y4 ,?us1 dur+ #ahhd1 :5 he re9troduc$ 8 ,tunnel ,bill on ! floor 9 ,p>liam5t 7x 0 reject$ by #bbb votes to #hd7 he ridicul$ ! anti-tunnel g5]als = publicly confess+ an inability to cope ) def5d+ a fronti] no bigg] ?an ! door ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,deal+ ) ! "q ( ,briti% insul>ity1 he also introduc$ ! argum5t t s9ce ,france & ,engl& _h once be5 unit$ z "p ( ! same cont95tal l& mass 8 oppon5ts1 9 refus+ to unite !m aga91 7 op5ly %[+ di/ru/ ( ! wisdom ( ,provid5ce 9 hav+ creat$ ! connection 9 ! fir/ place4 ,?is la/ ass]tion really inc5s$ ! editors ( ! ,london ,times1 :o _h be5 /eadily invok+ ,provid5ce z _! ally aga9/ ! tunnel all along4 ,! ,times ran an editorial decl>+ angrily t no /rong] reason c\ld be f\nd = di/ru/+ ! :ole tunnel s*eme ?an ! fact t ,sir ,edw>d _h be5 r$uc$ to us+ su* an argum5t4 ,! ,times add$1 sev]ely1 ,ord9>y p w probably be cont5t to take ! _w z x appe>s 9 hi/oric times4 ,ev]y?+ t we possess & are--our "*1 our language1 our fre$om1 our in/itutions1 our religion1 our unviolat$ he>?s1 & our f>-ext5d$ ,empire--we owe to ! encircl+ sea2 & :5 ,engli%m5 try to p5etrate ! designs ( ,provid5ce !y w n seek !m 9 geological speculations1 b w r ?ank ,him ,:o 'isl$ u "h4' ,sir ,edw>d1 9 8 indomitable fa%ion1 n only pursu$ 8 geological speculations b also kept pursu+ ! tunnel "q 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,9 #ahhg1 a ye> 9 :i* he *ang$ ! "n ( ! ,subm>9e ,cont95tal ,railway ,company to t ( ! ,*annel ,tunnel ,company 7he _h tak5 ov] ! long-moribund rival company 9 #ahhf71 he w5t on su* a p[]ful campaign on behalf ( a new ,*annel ,tunnel ,bill t x 0 defeat$ 9 ! ,h\se by only sev5ty-six votes4 ,9 #ahhh1 he tri$ aga91 & ev5 manag$ to p]suade ,mr4 ,glad/one1 n[ ! lead] ( ! ,opposition1 t ! ,*annel c\ld be tunnel$ "u ) propriety4 ,z a result1 ,mr4 ,glad/one1 9 ,june #ahhh1 gave 8 p]sonal support to ,sir ,edw>d's ,tunnel ,bill & deliv]$ a long ,p>liam5t>y spee* on ! subject4 ,9 ?is diss]tation ! v5]able /atesman1 :ile tak+ no?+ back ab\t ! wisdom ( ,provid5ce 9 plac+ ! ,*annel :]e x 01 said he _h n[ come to feel t a ,*annel tunnel c\ld be us$ )\t alt]+ 9 any way our insul> "* or insul> security1 to give u "s ( ! innoc5t & pacific advantages ( a l& fronti]4 ,b ev5 ,mr4 ,glad/one's support c\ldn't sw+ x4 ,p>liam5t w\ld n agree to ! tunnel4 ,at la/1 aft] all ^! setbacks1 ,sir ,edw>d _h to consid] ! tunnel project z a lo/ cause1 if only tempor>ily4 ,he /opp$ promot+ x 9 #ahid1 hav+ become involv$ 9 ! meantime 9 a c\ple ( alt]nate projects--a railway tunnel betwe5 ,scotl& & ,irel& & a %ip canal 9 ,irel& betwe5 ,dubl9 & ,galway4 ,also1 9 #ahhi1 he _h become *airman ( a company to erect at ,wembley ,p>k1 ne> ,london1 a great iron t[]1 model$ on ! ,eiffel ,t[]1 :i* 0 to be kn[n z ! ,watk9 ,t[]4 ,! ,watk9 ,t[] didn't get v high4 ,only a s+le /age 0 complet$1 & ?is 0 op5$ to ! public 9 #ahif2 x 0 demoli%$ elev5 ye>s lat]4 ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9 di$ at ,nor!nd51 ,*e%ire1 9 #aija4 ,illu/ration3 ,five ,! adv5t ( ! ,ent5te ,cordiale 9 #aijd provid$ ! basis = ! next attempt to revive ! tunnel s*eme4 ,9 #aijg1 ! ,engli% ,*annel ,tunnel ,company1 by n[ "u ! *airman%ip ( ,b>on ,fr$]ic ,emile d',erlang]1 a bank]1 made ano!r attempt to obta9 ,p>liam5t>y approval = a tunnel4 ,?is "t1 ! company _h ! advantage ( br++ to be> on its behalf solid eng9e]+ /udies & tw5tie?-c5tury te*nology4 ,! tra9s 9 ! tunnel 7 n[ to be all electric1 & ! difficult task ( evacuat+ ! spoil f ! tunnel dur+ its con/ruction 0 to be c>ri$ out by an +5i\s new me?od1 inv5t$ by a ,fr5*man nam$ ,philippe ,f\g]olles1 ( pulv]iz+ x & mix+ x ) sea wat] into a s(t slurry1 !n pump+ ! slurry out ( ! tunnel ?r\gh pipel9es4 ,?is "t1 :ile all ! old argum5ts = & aga9/ ! tunnel 7 be+ reha%$ 9 ,p>liam5t1 ! tunnel promot]s came up ) a novel proposal design$ to demon/rate ! b5ign int5tions t[>d ,engl& ( ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t & to allay ! suspicions ( ! anti-tunnel faction 9 ,engl&4 ,!y sugge/$ t ! ,fr5* end ( ! tunnel em]ge f ! side ( a /eep cliff on ! %ore ( ! ,*annel at ,wissant1 n f> f ,sangatte4 ,! sole access to ! tunnel entrance on ! ,fr5* side !n w\ld be made ?r\gh a long horse%oe-%ap$ railway viaduct ext5d+ = "s di/ance out ov] ! sea & d\bl+ back aga9 to jo91 a mile or s away f ! tunnel entrance1 ! ,fr5* coa/al rail l9e4 ,?us1 ! ,fr5* sugge/$1 ! ,briti% fleet w\ld be at lib]ty to sail up & array itself at any po9t (f%ore 9 a "t ( national em]g5cy & at its conv5i5ce to %ell ! viaduct & tunnel entrance to smi!re5s4 ,exp\nd+ on ! advantages ( ?is plan 9 ! pages ( ! ,revue ,politique et ,p>lem5taire1 "o ( ! two pr9cipal ar*itects ( ! #aijg tunnel plan1 ,alb]t ,s>tiaux--! o!r 0 ! eng9e]1 ,sir ,francis ,fox--enc\rag+ly po9t$ out t su* a viaduct n only w\ld con/itute ! mo/ p]fect t>get imag9able = ! guns ( ! ,royal ,navy1 b also w\ld be a magnific5t po9t de vue = t\ri/s4 ,^! inducem5ts 7 insuffici5t1 h[ev]4 ,p>liam5t turn$ d[n ! tunnel aga94 ,& a ,labor ,m4,p4 decl>$1 ,if ! ,*annel 7 tunnel$1 ! ,army & ,navy e/imates w\ld spe$ily gr[ beyond ! control ( ! mo/ resolutely prud5t f9anci]4 ,old-age p5sions w\ld dw9dle out ( sight1 & a %ill+ income tax w\ld soon be reg>d$ z ! di/ant dream ( an ,arcadian pa/4 ,j be=e ! ,fir/ ,_w ,w>1 ! ,*annel ,tunnel ,company1 head$ by ,b>on ,fr$]ic ,emile d',erlang]'s son1 ,b>on ,emile ,beaumont d',erlang]1 emb>k$ on ano!r crusade4 ,9 #aiac1 a deputation repres5t+ n9ety ,m4,p4s favorable to ! tunnel s*eme visit$ ,h]b]t ,asqui?1 ! ,prime ,m9i/]1 to ask = ! ,gov]nm5t's approval = ! s*eme1 & ! ,lib]al ,london ,daily ,*ronicle1 editorially proclaim+ t ! adv5t ( ! airplane _h put an end to ,engl&'s position z an isl&1 came ?r\gh ) a big pro-tunnel press campaign4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,times ( ,london cont9u$ to /ick firmly to its anci5t position1 & x ran an editorial re/at+ its old argum5ts aga9/ ! tunnel & +5i\sly add+ a new "o--t ev5 if !re 7 no real possibility ( invasion1 ! v exi/5ce ( ! tunnel might ev5 itself lead to a precipitation ( w>1 if 9 case ( int]national complications x 0 consid]$ necess>y1 9 a possible mom5t ( confusion1 to close ! tunnel at ! ,dov] end4 ,9 ,july #aiad1 less ?an a =tnight be=e ! outbreak ( w>1 ! ,committee ( ,imp]ial ,def5se turn$ ! tunnel s*eme d[n aga94 ,b ! value ( a ,*annel tunnel z a supply r\te = ! ,alli$ armies on ! ,cont95t cont9u$ to be debat$ ?r\gh\t ! w>1 & :5 x 0 ov] ,m>%al ,fo* decl>$ publicly t ,if ! ,engli% & ! ,fr5* _h _h a tunnel "u ! ,*annel 9 #aiad1 ! w> w\ld h be5 %ort5$ by at lea/ two ye>s4 ,! ,m>%al 0 promptly made ! honor>y presid5t ( ! ,comit ,franais du ,tunnel4 ,9 po/w> ,engl&1 ! tunnel project began to obta9 heavy support 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,by #aibd1 "s f\r hundr$ ,m4,p4s--ab\t two-?irds ( ! ,h\se--7 said to be = x1 & ! new ,labor ,prime ,m9i/]1 ,ramsay ,mac,donald1 promis$ a c>eful & sympa!tic review ( ! ,gov]nm5t's position on ! tunnel4 ,he call$ all ( ! f\r liv+ =m] ,prime ,m9i/]s--,"l ,balf\r1 ,h]b]t ,asqui?1 ,lloyd ,george1 & ,/anley ,baldw9--into consultation on ! matt]1 z well z ! ,committee ( ,imp]ial ,def5se4 ,! ,prime ,m9i/]s met = =ty m9utes & reject$ ! s*eme aga91 & ,mac,donald told ,p>liam5t t ! ,gov]nm5t felt po/w> milit>y developm5ts _h t5d$1 )\t exception1 to r5d] ! ,*annel tunnel a m dang]\s exp]im5t ?an ev]4 ,w9/on ,*ur*ill prote/$ ! decision4 ,i d n hesitate to say t x 0 wrong1 he told ! ,h\se4 ,9 #aibi1 ev]ybody _h a g at ! tunnel once m1 & v elaborate eng9e]+ /udies 7 made on ! subject by well-e/abli%$ eng9e]+ firms & 7 c>efully exam9$ by a special ,gov]nm5t committee1 ) p>ticul> att5tion be+ giv5 to ! cont5tion ( pro-tunnel p t ! con/ruction ( a ,*annel tunnel w\ld provide badly ne$$ "w = ,engli%m5 9 depression times4 ,! report ( ! ,gov]nm5t's committee 01 ) a s+le diss5sion1 favorable to ! con/ruction ( ! tunnel4 ,b ! ,committee ( ,imp]ial ,def5se /ill 0 to h its say1 & 9 ,may #aicj x reject$ ! project4 ,?is "t ! rejection 0 made prim>ily on two gr\nds1 accord+ to a high ,briti% milit>y man :o 0 lat] a memb] ( t body4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 he says1 0 ! fe> ( ! milit>y t ! successful con/ruction ( a ,*annel tunnel w\ld s adv]sely affect ,engl&'s ,*annel %ipp+ trade t ! ,*annel ports 7 likely to fall into ill repair & ! h>bors to />t silt+ up--dang]\s conditions 9 p]iods ( national em]g5cy2 ! second 0 _! fe> t if ,brita9 became involv$ 9 ano!r w> on ! ,cont95t1 ! tunnel w\ld sudd5ly become a traffic bottl5eck ?r\gh :i* x w\ld be difficult to move w> supplies & equipm5t quickly & on ! massive scale requir$4 ,a mon? aft] ?is adv]se v]dict by ! milit>y1 a motion 0 none!less put =w>d 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons = approval ( ! tunnel1 & ?is "t su* a l>ge gr\p ( ,m4,p4s 0 favorable to ! s*eme t ! motion fail$ to c>ry by only sev5 votes4 ,= mo/ ( ! ?irties1 ! tunnel project j drift$ along 9 a dormant /ate4 ,once e s (t51 :5 ?+s 7 g5]ally slack1 ! press w\ld c>ry a feature /ory on x1 & ! annual meet+s ( ! ,*annel ,tunnel ,company1 /ill gamely presid$ ov] by ,b>on ,emile ,beaumont d',erlang]1 7 always good = a p>agraph tuck$ some:]e into ! f9ancial pages "u mildly mock+ headl9es1 su* z ,hope ,et]nal1 ,! ,*annel ,tunnel ,aga91 or1 9 "o ( ! popul> dailies1 j ,! ,poor ,old ,tunnel4 ,! outbreak ( ! ,second ,_w ,w>1 h[ev]1 f> f putt+ ! ,*annel tunnel completely out ( sight1 reviv$ ! issue1 = a "t1 anyway4 ,9 ,novemb] #aici ! ,fr5* ,*amb] ( ,deputies pass$ a resolution call+ = ! con/ruction ( a tunnel2 e>ly 9 #aidj1 ,prime ,m9i/] ,neville ,*amb]la9--! son1 incid5tally1 ( ,joseph ,*amb]la91 :o z presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade _h ord]$ ! tunnel work+s /opp$ back 9 ! eighties--turn$ ! tunnel project d[n aga9 9 a p>liam5t>y reply4 ,! retreat f ,dunkirk gave pro-tunnel & anti-tunnel p ! opportunity ( putt+ =? _! argum5ts ab\t ! tunnel once m1 ) "s v>iations--) ! pro-tunnel]s claim+ t a ,*annel tunnel might h enabl$ ! ,briti% ,exp$ition>y ,=ce to keep a bridgehead 9 ,france1 & ! anti-tunnel]s c\nt]+ t ! same tunnel w\ld h giv5 ,g]man p>atroop]s ! opportunity ( seiz+ ! ,engli% end & us+ x z a bridgehead = ! invasion ( ,engl&4 ,!n1 aft] ! fall ( ,france1 :5 ! ,g]mans 7 busily mak+ prep>ations = ! invasion ( ,engl&1 ! "q arose among ! ,briti% milit>y z to :e!r ! enemy might n j possibly attempt to rea* ,engl& by surreptiti\sly tunnel+ und]nea? ! ,*annel4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! ,w> ,(fice call$ 9 an em95t ,briti% civil eng9e]1 ! late ,sir ,william ,halcr[1 & ask$ him to make a /udy ( ! "q ( :e!r ! ,g]mans c\ld pull (f su* a feat4 ,we exam9$ ! situation q c>efully & conclud$ t1 provid$ we kept reasonably al]t1 ! ,g]mans c\ld n dig ! tunnel )\t be+ detect$1 an eng9e]+ colleague ( ,sir ,william ,halcr['s on ! survey said a :ile ago4 ,he add$1 ,_! difficulty w\ld lie 9 ! disposal ( ! spoil4 ,!y c\ldn't get rid ( x )\t our see+ f ! air t some?+ peculi> 0 go+ on4 ,if !y tri$ to dump ! spoil into ! sea at night x w\ld h to be done at ! turn ( ! tide1 & ! *alk w\ld leave a cl\d 9 ! sea t w\ld n be dissipat$ by daylight4 ,if !y pulv]iz$ ! spoil1 conv]t$ x into a slurry1 & pump$ x well out to sea1 we w\ld be able to spot ! *alk cl\d too1 & ev5 if !y tri$ o!r means ( disp]s+ ! spoil ! v process ( disp]sal w\ld call = su* ext5sive in/allations t we w\ld soon be on to !m4 ,9 #aidb1 somebody at ! ,w> ,(fice _h ano!r look into ! tunnel situation1 ?is "t = ! purpose ( f9d+ out if x w\ld be practical = ! ,briti% to />t tunnel+ "u ! ,*annel--! idea presumably be+ ! creation ( a supply r\te to ,france ahead ( an ,alli$ invasion1 ) ! la/ leg ( ! r\te be+ complet$ once ! ,alli$ ,armies _h in/all$ !mselves on ! ,fr5* coa/4 ,aga91 sev]al prom95t ,briti% civil eng9e]s 7 call$ into consultation1 b ! subject 0 abruptly dropp$1 )\t inve/igation ( ! problem ( dispos+ ( ! spoil1 :5 ! eng9e]s e/imat$ t a tunnel probably w\ld take eight ye>s to complete--?ree ye>s long] ?an ! w> !n 0 expect$ to la/4 ,f #aidj on1 ! ,briti% kept a r\t9e wat* on _! reconnaissance photographs = signs ( tunnel+ on ! ,fr5* side1 especially ar\nd ! site ( ! /ill exi/+ %aft ( ! ,fr5* ,tunnel ,company at ,sangatte4 ,e>ly 9 #aidd1 ,r4,a4,f4 & ,u4,s4,a4,f4 reconnaissance %[$ signs ( unusual in/allations be+ made ne> ,sangatte1 b ^! lat] turn$ out to be unconnect$ ) subt]ranean work+s4 ,z x happ5$1 !y 7 laun*+ sites = ,v-#b bombs4 ,! actual h&l+ by ! ,g]mans ( ! old tunnel %aft dur+ ! occupation ( ,france 0 r peculi>4 ,f> f try+ to cont9ue ! exi/+ tunnel 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,occupation1 !y treat$ x 9 contemptu\s fa%ion1 us+ ! %aft z a dump = old *unks ( ma*9]y1 us$ %ell cas+s1 bits ( rubbi%1 & brok5 slabs ( concrete4 ,lat] on1 _! attitude *ang$ dra/ically4 ,!y seal$ ! top ( ! %aft ) a p\r$-concrete plat=m4 ,!n1 9 weirdly romantic fa%ion1 !y built a l>ge rim ( fitt$ /one ar\nd ! plat=m to create an ornam5tal-wall effect1 & add$ ar\nd ! well a grass-&-flag/one t]race complete ) =mal walks & sets ( monum5tal-look+ /one /eps laid out 9 symmetrical /yle4 ,app>5tly _! notion 0 to br+ ! tunnel ae/hetically into h>mony ) a milit>y cemet]y !y in/all$ betwe5 ! tunnel entrance & ! sea4 ,aft] ! w>1 ! ,*annel-tunnel project cont9u$ to langui% 9 prew> fa%ion4 ,if any?+1 ev5 less ?an be=e 0 he>d 9 ! press ab\t ! activities ( ! ,*annel ,tunnel ,company4 ,! company's headqu>t]s at ! ,s\!rn ,railway (fices at ,london ,bridge 7 bl[n up 9 ! blitz1 & all ! company's records 7 de/roy$4 ,= "s "t1 :ile attempts 7 made to piece toge!r duplicate li/s f ,gov]nm5t files1 ! ,*annel ,tunnel ,company didn't ev5 "k :o ! majority ( its /ockhold]s 71 b t didn't matt] too mu*1 consid]+ ! circum/ances4 ,b>on ,emile ,beaumont d',erlang]1 ! *airman1 _h di$ 9 #aici1 & 8 place on ! ,bo>d 0 tak5 by 8 nephew1 ,leo d',erlang]1 also a bank]4 ,leo d',erlang]1 n[ a spry1 elegant1 silv]-hair$ g5tleman 9 8 sixties1 brightly confesses to hav+ _h little int]e/ 9 ! tunnel until ab\t twelve ye>s ago4 ,i 0 br\ght up 9 a home :]e ! ,*annel tunnel 0 a family religion1 &1 to tell ! tru?1 ,i didn't give x too mu* ?\ght1 he says4 ,my gr&fa!r us$ to talk ab\t x :5 ,i came back = ! holidays f ,eton4 ',politics1' !y all us$ to say4 ',! only reason :y ! tunnel isn't built is politics4' ,i nev] paid mu* att5tion4 ,i ?\ght x 0 an old dodo & nev] _h any?+ to d ) x 9 my ,uncle ,emile's lifetime4 ,:5 he di$ & ,i took ov]1 ,i us$ to look =w>d ) dread to ! annual g5]al meet+s4 ,i _h no?+ to say4 ,i consid]$ ! :ole ?+ moribund4 ,= a few ye>s we met1 ,i rememb]1 at ! ,*>+ ,cross ,hotel1 :i* belong$ to ! ,s\!rn ,railway a successor to ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9's ,s\?-,ea/]n ,railway1 & ! secret>y 0 an eld]ly retir$ man by ! "n ( ,cramp1 :o once _h some?+ to d ) ! ,s\!rn ,railway1 ,i ?9k4 ,we us$ to h difficulty 9 gett+ a quorum4 ,i suppose we w\ld manage to get f\r or five p to turn up4 ,h[ev]1 ! lo/-cause atmosph]e began to und]go a *ange 9 #aidh1 :5 ,sir ,h]b]t ,walk]1 ! =m] g5]al manag] ( ! ,s\!rn ,railway1 :i* 0 tak5 ov] by ,briti% ,railways 9 ! nationalization program ( t ye>1 act$ tempor>ily z *airman ( ! ,*annel ,tunnel ,company4 ,walk] came to believe t ! ,*annel-tunnel s*eme c\ld be a practical "o 9 ! po/w> era1 & he br\ght x to life aga94 ,l>gely z a result ( 8 p]suasions1 a ,p>liam5t>y /udy gr\p began to look into ! tunnel "q once m1 & ! ,*annel ,tunnel ,company's lobbyi/s once m set ab\t build+ up pro-tunnel op9ion among ,m4,p4s4 ,x 0 j l old times = ! pro-tunnel]s1 b ) "o significant diff]5ce4 ,by ! mid-fifties1 x became cle> t 9 ! em]g+ age ( rockets be>+ nucle> w>heads ! traditional /rategic argum5ts ( ! ,briti% milit>y aga9/ ! con/ruction ( a ,*annel tunnel w\ld no long] h ! same =ce t !y _h once _h4 ,& z = ! old fe>s ( milit>y conscription 9 peacetime & high taxes1 !y _h long ago be5 realiz$ )\t a tunnel4 ,x 0 !re=e an ev5t to make ! he>ts ( all pro-tunnel]s beat fa/ :51 "o day 9 ,febru>y #aiee1 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 ,h>old ,macmillan1 !n ,m9i/] ( ,def5se1 9 answ] to a p>liam5t>y "q z to :e!r ! ,gov]nm5t w\ld h objections ( a milit>y nature to raise aga9/ a ,*annel tunnel1 repli$1 ,sc>cely at all4 ,?is seem$ l a gre5 light to ,d',erlang]1 b = a :ile he c\ldn't q decide :at to d aft] see+ x fla% on4 ,e>ly 9 #aief1 h[ev]1 he w5t to see ,paul ,l]oy-,beaulieu1 :o 0 a director ( ! ,fr5* ,tunnel ,company--! ,socit ,concessionnaire du ,*em9 de ,f] ,s\s-m>9 entre la ,france et l',anglet]re--& ! gr&son ( ,mi*el ,*evali]1 :o _h f\nd$ ! company 9 #ahge4 ,d',erlang] sugge/$ t1 s9ce ! tunnel 0 a common ance/ral int]e/1 ! two ( !m h ano!r try at promot+ x4 ,l]oy-,beaulieu agre$1 & he sugge/$ t z ! ,suez ,canal ,company's concession 9 ,egypt 0 due to run out 9 #aifh1 & might n be r5ew$1 ! ,suez ,company might possibly be int]e/$ 9 turn+ to a ,*annel tunnel z its next project4 ,sure en\gh1 ! pr9cipals ( ! ,suez ,company1 ^: headqu>t]s 7 9 ,p>is1 7 int]e/$ 9 ! idea1 b ! sudd5 seizure ( ! ,canal by ,colonel ,nass] 9 ,july ( t ye> kept !m too di/ract$ to pursue ! tunnel project j !n4 ,9 ! meantime1 q indep5d5tly ( ^! tunnel developm5ts 9 ,p>is & ,london1 two "y int]national lawy]s 9 ,new ,york1 ,frank ,davidson & ,cyril ,means1 ,jr41 became intrigu$ by ! possibility ( a tunnel betwe5 ,engl& & ,france4 ,davidson & ,means happ5$ to h good connections 9 ,wall ,/reet1 & aft] !y e/abli%$ contact ) ! two exi/+ tunnel companies by lett]1 ,means w5t ov] to ,london & ,p>is e>ly 9 ,febru>y ( #aieg to inve/igate ! tunnel situation & to (f] ! tunnel p !re--& ! ,suez ,canal ,company--! *ance ( obta9+ "s sub/antial ,am]ican f9ancial back+ = ! con/ruction ( a tunnel if x prov$ to be a practical proposition4 ,! tunnel p 9 ,europe %[$ v>y+ degrees ( int]e/ 9 ! proposal1 & to /r5g!n _! position1 ,davidson & ,means1 ) ano!r fri5d1 an eng9e]1 ,arnaud de ,vitry d',avanc\rt1 =m$ a ,new ,york corporation call$ ,te*nical ,/udies1 ,inc41 ) ! ann\nc$ purpose ( f9anc+ te*nical inve/igations & promot+ ! con/ruction ( a ,*annel tunnel4 ,9 ,april #aieg1 ! ,suez ,canal ,company1 :i* by !n _h giv5 up any hope ( rega9+ control ( ! ,canal1 jump$ into ! tunnel picture by ann\nc+ t x int5d$ to collaborate ) ! ,engli% & ,fr5* tunnel companies to h made a v detail$ geological survey ( ! ,*annel b$ to det]m9e ! practicability ( a tunnel4 ,! tunnel came into ! news aga94 ,:51 at ! sev5ty-six? annual meet+ ( ! ,*annel ,tunnel ,company1 9 ,london1 ,d',erlang] got up to confirm ! late/ developm5t1 he did s n be=e ! usual h&ful ( disillusion$ %>ehold]s1 b 9 a room pack$ ) p :o _h sudd5ly r$iscov]$ & du/$ (f old ,*annel ,tunnel ,company /ock c]tificates4 ,a correspond5t f ! ,times ( ,london :o 0 pres5t report$ ( ! /ockhold]s' reaction to ! spee* ( ! company's *airman on ! possibilities ( s]i\sly reviv+ ! tunnel project t x took only a few m9utes to excite _! m9ds to a pleasurable pit* & t at lea/ "o memb] ( ,mr4 d',erlang]'s audi5ce d>t$ out 9 ! middle ( 8 spee* to in/ruct 8 brok] to buy 9 %>es4 ,accord+ to ! ,times1 ! only note ( d\bt 0 /ruck by a /ockhold] at ! end ( ! meet+1 :i* la/$ half an h\r3 ,mr4 ,john ,elliott1 :o b\ght 8 %>es = a song almo/1 ask$ :]e ! company's work+s 74 ,did !y really exi/8 ,he _h visit$ ,dov]1 & nei!r police1 %opkeep]s1 nor ! c\nty surveyor c\ld tell him :]e !y 74 ,he sugge/$ t ! bo>d prove _! exi/5ce by escort+ a nom9at$ half-doz5 %>ehold]s on an eye-witness excursion4 ,little att5tion 0 paid to ! objector4 ,! ,times report$ t o!r %>ehold]s pooh-pooh$ 8 scepticism1 & ! meet+ broke up4 ,x 0 a f> cry f ! days ( ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9's special tra9s to ,dov] = tunnel p>ties4 ,h[ev]1 ! price ( ,*annel ,tunnel ,company /ock1 :i* _h be5 available = ye>s on ! ,london ,/ock ,ex*ange = z l[ z sixp5ce1 rose to m ?an t5 %ill+s by ! day ( ! meet+ & %ortly !reaft] rose rapidly1 until by ,may #bj x rea*$ tw5ty-six %ill+s & n9ep5ce--six %ill+s & n9ep5ce m ?an ! price ( ! fir/ ,*annel ,tunnel ,company /ock 9 #ahgf4 ,! ,briti% press1 on ! :ole1 react$ to ! late/ tunnel developm5t 9 tol]ant fa%ion4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a spirit$ discussion ( ! subject 9 an article 9 ! ,daily ,telegraph 9 ! spr+ ( #aieg1 m>k$ by an attack on ! :ole s*eme by ,major-,g5]al ,sir ,edw>d ,spe>s4 ,g5]al ,spe>s wrote t al?\gh p[]ful int]e/s n[ appe>$ to be back+ ! con/ruction ( a ,*annel tunnel1 ! objections rais$ to ! project 9 ! pa/ 7 z valid z ev]4 ,su* a tunnel w\ld b9d ?is isl& to ! ,cont95t irrevocably & w\ld soon l9k our fate to t ( our ,cont95tal neighbors1 he ass]t$1 & he add$ t if ! new s*eme 7 p]si/$ 91 /eps %\ld be tak5 to enlight5 ! public be=e ! ,gov]nm5t 0 committ$ to approv+ x4 ,g5]al ,spe>s's position 0 support$ by ,"l ,montgom]y4 ,*oos+ ,trafalg> ,day z ! mo/ appropriate "t to express himself on ! subject1 ,"l ,montgom]y said at a ,navy ,league lun*eon 9 ,octob] ( #aieg1 ,!re is talk ^! days ( a ,*annel tunnel4 ,/rategically x w\ld weak5 u4 ,:y give up "o ( our greate/ assets--our isl& home--& make ?+s easi] = our enemies8 ,! ,*annel tunnel is a wildcat s*eme & ,i am :olehe>t$ly oppos$ to x4444 ,i hope t ! ,navy ,league w h no?+ to d ) x4 ,h[ev]1 by ,trafalg> ,day ! pro-tunnel]s 7 h>d at x1 too4 ,9 ,july #aieg1 ! f\r ma9 int]e/s involv$ 9 ! s*eme--! ,engli% & ,fr5* ,*annel-tunnel companies1 ! ,suez ,canal ,company & ,te*nical ,/udies--_h comb9$ to create an organization call$ ! ,*annel ,tunnel ,/udy ,gr\p to contract = mod]n te*nical surveys ( ! :ole tunnel "q4 ,! new gr\p is said to h sp5t ov] a million doll>s on hav+ ^! surveys made4 ,! /udies includ$ a v detail$ survey ( ! ,*annel b$ ) mod]n electronic geophysical equipm5t & deep rock bor+s & sea-bottom samples made across ! neck ( ! ,*annel1 z well z microscopic exam9ation ( ^! rock samples to det]m9e _! micr(ossil composition & probable position 9 ! /rata f :i* !y 7 tak54 ,curi\sly en\gh1 :ile ! geological survey 0 "u way1 somebody on ! project took ! tr\ble to inquire into ! old ,fr5* hydrographic surveys = a ,*annel tunnel1 & aft] "s dilig5t se>*+ he turn$ up1 9 a du/y wait+ room ( a disus$ ,p>is suburban railroad /ation1 :]e x _h be5 /or$ = an age1 a collection ( ?\s&s ( ! sea-bottom samples made 9 ! ,fr5* ,*annel-tunnel surveys ( #ahge & #ahgf4 ,all ( ! samples 7 f\nd neatly pack$ away 9 te/ tubes & ticket$1 & ! se>*]s ev5 uncov]$ a case ( ! geological specim5s t ,?om de ,gamond himself _h recov]$ 9 #ahee by 8 nak$ plunges to ! bottom ( ! ,*annel 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,v>ne4 ,! geologi/s w]5't int]e/$ 9 go+ by way ( ! ,v>ne any m1 b _m ( ! old #ahge-gf samples 7 tak5 away = micr(ossil exam9ation z "p ( a *eck on h[ ! results ( ! old surveys comp>$ ) ! new4 ,except = "s v>iations relat+ to ! ext5t ( ! cretace\s outcrop 9 ! middle ( ! ,*annel1 ! f9d+s talli$ nicely4 ,! new ,/udy ,gr\p _h a numb] ( o!r elaborate surveys made1 too1 on ! economic & eng9e]+ problems involv$ 9 ! creation & op]ation ( a ,*annel tunnel or an equival5t means ( cross-,*annel transport4 ,besides develop+ plans = a bor$ tunnel--! project$ d\ble-rail tunnel1 int]connect$ at int]vals by cross-passages1 is ess5tially a mod]n v]sion ( ,william ,l['s plan ( ! #ahfjs1 ) an extra small s]vice tunnel be+ add$ betwe5 ! ma9 tunnels--! ,/udy ,gr\p's eng9e]+ consultants develop$ 9 detail s*emes = a ,*annel bridge1 an imm]s$ railway tube1 an imm]s$ road tube1 a comb9$ imm]s$ tube ) two railway tracks1 & a f\r-way road sy/em on two levels4 ,! bridge propos$ w\ld be an enorm\s affair ) approximately #adb pi]s & ) f\r ma9 spans 9 ! c5t] ( ! ,/rait ea* #ihd feet long4 ,^! spans w\ld t[] a maximum ( #bfb-a_/b feet above sea level to all[ ! l>ge/ %ips 9 ! _w to pass und]nea? ) pl5ty ( room to sp>e4 ,! bridge w\ld take no long] to build ?an a road tunnel1 b x w\ld co/ ab\t twice z mu*1 & 9 addition x w\ld be exp5sive & difficult to ma9ta9 & w\ld pres5t a haz>d to navigation4 ,! imm]s$ tube propos$ = ei!r rail or road traffic 7b n bo?7 probably w\ld co/ ab\t ! same z a bor$ tunnel & might be con/ruct$ 9 f\r ye>s4 ,a comb9$ road-rail tube w\ld take ab\t ! same "t to build1 b w\ld be m exp5sive ev5 ?an a bridge4 ,among ! be/-kn[n s*emes = a comb9$ tube is t ( a ,fr5*man1 ,&r ,basdevant1 :o has propos$ "o ) a f\r-lane highway & a two-track rail l9e4 ,?is s*eme w\ld pretty mu* run along ! old ,cap ,gris-,nez-,folke/one r\te ( ,?om de ,gamond1 & x w\ld ev5 h1 l mo/ ( ,?om de ,gamond's s*emes1 an artificial isl& 9 mid-*annel on ! ,v>ne4 ,z = ! late/ s*eme = a laid1 r ?an a bor$1 tube1 x w\ld be no diff]5t f ,?om de ,gamond's plan 9 #ahcd = a subm]g$ tube1 & z 9 t old plan a tr5* w\ld be dug1 by op]ations conduct$ at ! surface1 across ! ,*annel bottom to receive ! tube1 :i* w\ld be prefabricat$ 9 sections & t[$ out to sea to be laid d[n 9 ! tr5* a section at a "t4 ,?is "t ! digg+ ( ! tr5* w\ld be c>ri$ out f a huge above-surface work+ plat=m1 some?+ l an aircraft-c>ri] deck on sets ( two-hundr$-foot-high /ilts1 t w\ld jack itself up & move on across ! ,*annel z ! "w progress$4 ,f ^! & o!r surveys1 ! ,/udy ,gr\p conclud$ by ,m>* #aifj t ! be/ means ( l9k+ ,brita9 & ,france w\ld be by a rail tunnel1 ei!r bor$ or imm]s$1 :i*1 :ile avoid+ ! difficult v5tilation problems ( a long road tunnel1 w\ld make = conv5i5t transport ( c>s & trucks by a piggyback sy/em4 ,x fur!r propos$ t ! tunnel be op]at$ jo9tly by ! ,briti% & ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t-run railways "u a long lease f an int]national company yet to be =m$1 & t only ! b>e tunnel itself be privately f9anc$1 ) ! ,briti% & ,fr5* /ate-run railways provid+ ! in/allations1 t]m9als1 & roll+ /ock at a co/ ( "s tw5ty million p\nds4 ,:5 ,d',erlang] ann\nc$ ! ,/udy ,gr\p's proposals1 call+ all ! late/ tunnel labor+s a la/ glori\s ef=t to get ?is ?r\gh1 ! ,briti% press receiv$ ! news ) big headl9es on ! front pages b ) consid]able indignation on its editorial pages4 ,! core ( ! objections 0 n ( a milit>y nature b _h to d ) ! numb] ( f9ancial concessions t ! tunnel p 7 ask+ f ! ,briti% & ,fr5* ,gov]nm5ts 7t is1 taxpay]s7 z a basis = go+ ahead ) ! s*eme4 ,! g5]al attitude ( ! press 0 t ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t %\ld h no?+ to d ) "s ( ! f9ancial concessions ask$4 ,!re 7 a good _m ref]5ces1 all v famili> to a read] ( ! press attacks dur+ ! tunnel upro> back 9 ! eighties1 to promot]s1 & ! tone ( editorial reaction 0 fairly well typifi$ by a s>ca/ic article 9 ,! ,economi/ entitl$ ,pie ,"u ! ,sea4 ,& ! ,times ran an editorial decl>+ snappily t1 z ! proposals /ood1 ! light at ! end ( ! tunnel w\ld be ei!r bright gold = ! private own]s ( ! #bj million ( equity capital or ,bright ,r$ = ! ,anglo-,fr5* taxpay]4 ,!n1 %ortly aft]w>d1 ! tunnel came "u public attack by ,eo9 ,c4 ,mekie1 *airman ( ,silv] ,city ,airways1 :i* 9 ! ye>s s9ce ! ,second ,_w ,w> has f]ri$ m ?an ?ree hundr$ ?\s& c>s & a million & a half pass5g]s by air to & f ! ,cont95t4 ,mekie d5\nc$ ! tunnel s*eme z comm]cial folly & describ$ x z a feat ( eng9e]+ :i* is already made obsolete by ! spe$ ( mod]n te*nical advances4 ,o!r attacks 7 made1 too1 f ! en?usia/s ov] ! future ( ,hov]craft1 ! heavi]-?an-air craft1 /ill 9 ! exp]im5tal /age1 :i* ride on a cu%ion ( air2 & f1 n unexpect$ly1 ,*annel %ipp+ & f]ry int]e/s4 ,!n ,visc\nt ,montgom]y1 9 a newspap] int]view1 return$ to ! attack on ! tunnel on ! gr\nd ( its und]m9+ :at he call$ our isl& /rategy4 ,he also obs]v$ 9 p>ticul>1 :5 ask$ ab\t ! feasibility ( bl[+ ! tunnel up 9 case ( w> or ?reat5$ w>1 ,! lessons ( hi/ory %[ t ?+s t ought to be bl[n up nev] are1 z ,guy ,fawkes discov]$4 ,& ,major-,g5]al ,spe>s 9 ! spr+ ( #aifj gave full] v5t to 8 anti-tunnel views 9 a pamphlet t he wrote & _h circulat$ privately4 ,its g5]al t5or 0 set by ,g5]al ,spe>s's ass]tion t ! ,*annel sav$ u 9 #aidj & may well save u aga91 & t ,! ,briti% p ne$ no tunnels4 ,& he ask$1 ,:o w\ld h believ$ t 9 ! la/ w> ! ,g]mans w\ld n h de/roy$ ! enorm\sly important bridge ov] ! ,rh9e at ,remag58 ,b !y fail$ to d s4 ,to all su* criticism z ?is1 ! ,*annel-tunnel p react$ n ) ! k9d ( broadsides t ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9 w\ld h let loose 9 ! heyday ( ! ,*annel-tunnel controv]sy b by hir+ a public-relations outfit head$ by a man call$ ,e4 ,d4 ,o',bri51 a =m] publicity director = ! ,cons]vative p>ty1 :o is said to be kn[n among 8 colleagues z ,*ampagne ,toby4 ,o',bri5's *ampagne appe>s to be weak] /uff ?an ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9's2 ! pro-tunnel publicity 8 outfit puts out seems to consi/ ( ?+s l a small booklet call$ ,*annel ,tunnel1 ! ,facts1 :i* an ,o',bri5 assi/ant has describ$ z a sort ( *ild's guide1 9 ,q4 & ,a4 =m1 y "k1 ab\t ! tunnel4 ,z soon z ! ,briti% press fell on ! promot]s = mak+ ! dem&s !y did = ,gov]nm5t f9ancial gu>antees1 ! promot]s came up ) a set ( c\nt]-proposals4 ,!y (f]$ to f9ance n only ! tunnel itself b also ! t]m9als & approa*es on bo? sides2 !y fur!r propos$ leas+ ! tunnel directly to ! two gov]nm5ts1 ?us avoid+ ! e>li] requirem5t ( gov]nm5tal gu>antee ( ! bonds4 ,:5 ! subject ( con/ruct+ a ,*annel tunnel w come up = a decision "o way or ! o!r be=e ! ,briti% ,cab9et & ,p>liam5t aga9 nobody seems will+ to pr$ict1 & :at ! ,cab9et w decide nobody seems will+ to pr$ict1 ei!r4 ,h[ev]1 ,d',erlang]1 :o says t he w\ld consid] ano!r tunnel ?umbs d[n by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t or ,p>liam5t a negation ( progress1 is always happy to talk ab\t ! b5efits a ,*annel tunnel w\ld conf] ^u ,europe4 ,y h fifty million p on ?is side ( ! ,*annel & two hundr$ million plus on ! ,cont95tal side4 ,if y jo9 !m by a small hyph51 ,i ?9k x mu/ facilitate trade on bo? sides1 he says4 ,i l to ?9k ( ! tunnel z a k9d ( engagem5t r+ t w\ld b9d ,brita9's ,out] ,sev5 into a workable m>riage ) ! six c\ntries ( ! ,common ,m>ket4 ,?9k ( %ipp+ goods f ,rome to ,birm+ham or f ,ed9burgh to ,bordeaux )\t break+ bulk1 & at half ! co/6 ,x's high "t ,europe _h a manife/ation ( progress along ! l9es ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,seaway1 & ,i ?9k a ,*annel tunnel w\ld be ! great civil-eng9e]+ feat ( ! c5tury = ,europe4 ,9 ! meantime1 ) all ! brave words1 & all ! money p\r$ into ! project1 ! ,*annel ,tunnel ,company /ill has some?+ ( a phantom air ab\t x4 ,x doesn't h a regul> /aff--,d',erlang] is a busy ,city bank]--& x has no real (fice ( its own4 ,d',erlang]'s bank+ headqu>t]s are at ! inve/m5t h\se ( :i* he is a p>tn]1 ,philip ,hill1 ,higg9son1 ,erlang]s1 ,ltd41 along ,moorgate1 b no ,*annel ,tunnel ,company records are kept !re4 ,! ne>e/ ?+ to a headqu>t]s = ! ,*annel ,tunnel ,company is a set ( ,victorian (fices on ,broad ,/reet ,place1 9 ! ,city1 occupi$ by a firm ( secret>ies call$ ,w4 ,h4 ,/5ti=d ,co4 ,^! (fices are rea*$ by a v anci5t & sl[ ironwork-gate lift1 & a sign 9 ! corridor %[s t ,w4 ,h4 ,/5ti=d ,co4 is ! repres5tative ( an a/oni%+ v>iety ( companies1 includ+ ! ,*annel ,tunnel ,company1 ,ltd41 & a numb] ( outfits ) su* exotic corporate names z ! ,tea ,%>e ,tru/1 ,ltd41 ,uruwira ,m9]als1 ,ltd41 ,dom9ion ,keep 7,kl]ksdorp1 ,ltd471 & ,kl]ksdorp ,consolidat$ ,goldfields1 ,ltd4 ,inside1 amid a clutt] ( tick+ clocks1 great l$g]s1 old safes emblazon$ ) peel+ coats ( arms1 great piles ( pap]s1 & trays ( teacups1 a small /aff ( r\nd-%\ld]$ reta9]s toils away vic>i\sly ov] ! affairs ( ^! f>-flung organizations--mak+ up acc\nts & annual or qu>t]ly /atem5ts1 fill+ out & record+ /ock c]tificates1 answ]+ lett]s1 & s on4 ,all ?is cl]kly activity is presid$ ov] by an em95tly respectable & precisely mann]$ man by ! "n ( ,p4 ,s4 ,elli/on1 :o also arranges bo>d meet+s = 8 _m cli5t companies 9 a room set aside at ,/5ti=d's = ! purpose4 ,mr4 ,elli/on's organization took on ! ,*annel ,tunnel ,company 9 ! e>ly =ties1 & all its annual meet+s s9ce #aidg h be5 held at ,/5ti=d's1 ) ,mr4 ,elli/on pres5t 9 8 capacity ( repres5tative ( 8 firm ( secret>ies4 ,mr4 ,elli/on f9ds ?+s *ang$ a bit f ! "t :5 ! ,*annel ,tunnel ,company fir/ became "o ( 8 firm's cli5ts4 ,9 ^? old days1 he says1 ! :ole annual meet+ c\ld g5]ally be dispos$ ( 9 betwe5 five & t5 m9utes1 ) only a c\ple ( directors be+ pres5t--,mr4 ,elli/on hav+ ?\ghtfully b\ght "o %>e ( ,*annel ,tunnel ,company /ock to enable himself to vote 9 case no o!r %>ehold] besides a c\ple ( directors c\ld be p]suad$ to turn up to make a quorum ( ?ree4 ,n[1 he says1 x may sometimes take tw5ty-five m9utes or ev5 z long z =ty-five m9utes to transact necess>y bus9ess4 ,z = ,*annel ,tunnel ,company /ock1 x has fluctuat$ all ! way f sixp5ce to fifty %ill+s--its price "o day 9 #aiei at a "t :5 ! company's balance %eet %[$ a ca% balance ( j #afa4 ,! price ( ! /ock at ! "t ?is book 0 writt5 0 ab\t tw5ty-two %ill+s1 & ! company's ca% 9 h& 79 #aifa x issu$ a little m /ock to keep go+7 0 #ia1cea & a few %ill+s4 ,ow+ to ! w>time de/ruction ( its records & ! difficulty ( track+ d[n all ! old transactions1 ! ,*annel ,tunnel ,company /ill doesn't "k :o all its /ockhold]s are1 &1 conv]sely1 !re are q a few p scatt]$ ab\t :o probably ar5't aw>e t !y are company /ockhold]s4 ,mr4 ,elli/on describes ! la/ fifte5 ye>s or s ( ! company's hi/ory z conta9+ sev]al p]iods :]e !re 0 v ke5 int]e/ 9 ! tunnel s*eme1 especially 9 #aieg & #aieh1 ) ,/5ti=d's be+ subject$1 he says1 to a p]si/5t spate ( enquiries1 includ+ calls f newspap] report]s & lett]s f s*oolboys ask+ :y ! tunnel 0 nev] built4 ,"s "t ago1 :5 ,i 0 9 ,engl&1 ,i decid$ to take a trip d[n to ! coa/ betwe5 ,folke/one & ,dov] to ! sc5e ( ! viol5t tunnel controv]sy ( ! eighties4 ,i _h he>d t ! %aft ( ! old ,%akespe>e ,cliff gall]y 9 :i* ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9 did s mu* ( 8 promot+ & ent]ta9+1 z well z tunnel+1 _h be5 seal$ (f _m ye>s ago1 b ,i 0 aw>e t ! ,abbots ,cliff gall]y1 or "p ( x1 /ill exi/$4 ,?r\gh ! good (fices ( ,leo d',erlang] & ,h>old ,j4 ,b4 ,h>d+1 ! vice-presid5t ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 :o has direct$ _m ( ! late/ te*nical surveys on ! propos$ ,*annel tunnel1 ,i arrang$ to g d[n "o day f ,london to ,folke/one & to be tak5 into ! old ,abbots ,cliff tunnel4 ,writt5 p]mission _h to be obta9$ f ! ,gov]nm5t = ! visit1 & ! necess>y arrangem5ts _h to be made well 9 advance ) (ficials ( ,briti% ,railways1 ! pres5t own]1 repres5t+ ! ,cr[n1 ( ! coa/al l&s once ! doma9 ( ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9's ,s\?-,ea/]n ,railway ,company4 ,h>d+ expla9$ to me t s9ce ! tunnel entrance 0 kept lock$ up & lay 9 a n readily accessible "p ( ! cliffs fac+ ! sea1 x w\ld be practical = me to make ! visit only "u fairly good wea!r conditions1 & !n "u ! escort ( p equipp$ ) lamps & ! means ( op5+ up ! tunnel entrance4 ,y may get a bit wet & a bit dirty1 s don't we> a good suit1 ,h>d+ add$1 & he w5t on to say t he _h se5 to x t ,i w\ld be %[n ar\nd ! tunnel by a civil eng9e] nam$ ,k5ne? ,w4 ,adams1 f ! di/rict (fice ( ,briti% ,railways at ,a%=d1 ,k5t--,adams be+1 9 ,h>d+'s words1 a ke5 eng9e] :o has become some?+ ( a hobbyi/ on ! old tunnel work+s4 ,we>+ an old suit1 ,i duly took a tra9 e>ly "o fair morn+ 9 autumn1 f ,*>+ ,cross1 & :5 ,i got (f at ,folke/one ,c5tral ,/ation1 ,adams1 a /ocky1 *e]ful man :o seem$ to be ab\t =ty1 0 wait+ = me4 ,he _h a little c> wait+ outside ! /ation1 & :5 he got into x1 he introduc$ me to an assi/ant sitt+ 9 ! driv]'s seat nam$ ,jack ,burgess4 ,jack's gr&fa!r 0 a surface work] at ! tunnel work+s at ,%akespe>e ,cliff1 ,adams said z ,burgess />t$ ! c> up4 ,jack 0 j tell+ me t he rememb]s 8 gr&fa!r tell+ him1 :5 he 0 a boy1 ab\t ,"l ,palm]/on com+ d[n to visit ! tunnel 9 #ahha4 ,! old *ap rememb]$ t ! food t 0 br\ght into ! tunnel = p>ties ( visitors f ! ,"l ,w>d5 ,hotel at ,dov] came 9 hay boxes--t is1 9 big wick] boxes int]l9$ ) a ?ick lay] ( hay to keep ! food w>m4 ,burgess drove u ?r\gh ! out] "p ( ,folke/one t[>d ! sea at a pretty good clip1 ) ! little c> buzz+ away l a high-spe$ sew+ ma*9e1 & 9 a v little "t1 aft] climb+ up a long1 g5tle slope by ! back ( ! cliffs1 we drew up on ! heights ( ,ea/ ,cliff1 a k9d ( promontory )9 ,ea/we> ,bay1 :i* lies to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,folke/one ,h>bor4 ,!re1 9 two broad curves to ! left & "r ( u1 ! precipit\s face ( ! :ite *alk cliffs gleam$1 l huge ru9$ walls ) grass$-ov] rubble pil$ ab\t _! base1 9 hazy sunlight4 ,f> bel[ u1 & /ret*+ away into ! haze1 lay ! ,*annel1 gray &1 = ! "t be+1 pretty calm4 ,a hundr$ feet or s f :]e our c> /opp$ 0 a massive r\nd /one t[]1 its sides tap]+ 9 t[>d ! top l a *ild's s& ca/le2 two simil> t[]s lay "s di/ance f u 9 ! direction ( ,folke/one4 ,^!1 ,adams expla9$1 7 ,m>tello t[]s1 =m]ly cannon-be>+ =tifications t 7 in/all$ 9 prom95t places all along ! ,dov]-,folke/one coa/al area dur+ ! invasion sc>es e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury to repel surprise l&+s by ! troops ( ,napoleon ,bonap>te4 7,! ?ree ,m>tello t[]s compris$ ! ma9 artill]y def5ses ( ,folke/one ,h>bor ev5 z late 9 ! c5tury z ! "t ( ! great tunnel controv]sy 9 ! eighties47 ,!n he po9t$ to ! cliffs /ret*+ to ! nor?-ea/4 ,y see t l>ge :ite build+ on top ( ! cliff almo/ at ! v end ( ! bay8 ,t's ,abbots ,cliff1 & ! tunnel is at ! base ( x1 he said4 ,we'll take y d[n t way 9 a c\ple ( m9utes1 b fir/ ,i'd l to %[ y some?+ t may int]e/ y4 ,we walk$ a %ort di/ance d[n a pa? by ,ea/ ,cliff to a po9t :]e we c\ld see1 z we c\ldn't previ\sly1 ! rail l9e t ran along ! coa/1 p>tly ?r\gh rail tunnels pi]c+ ! cliffs1 & p>tly ov] ! l& t rose above _! base4 ,!n ,adams po9t$ out to me some?+ jutt+ horizontally out ( ! *alk cliffs a little above & to ! side ( ! railroad cutt+4 ,x 0 a l>ge & long-ru/$ collection ( :eels1 ge>s1 & cams1 all comp\nd$ toge!r into ! %ape ( "s fanta/ic ,dadai/ eng9e4 ,:at y see !re is ! rema9s ( ! la/ ma*9e ev] tri$ out = bor+ a ,*annel tunnel1 ,adams said4 ,t's ! ,:ittak] bor+ ma*9e1 an electrically driv5 affair1 p[]$ by a /eam-driv5 g5]ator1 & x 0 tri$ out "h aft] ! ,fir/ ,_w ,w>4 ,actually1 x 0 develop$ by ! ,royal ,eng9e]s = m9+ "u ! ,g]man l9es1 & 9 #aiai ,sir ,p]cy ,tempe/1 :o 0 *ief eng9e] ( ! ,s\? ,ea/ ,*a?am ,railway--an amalgamation ( ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,railway & ! ,london1 ,*a?am ,dov] ,railway1 :i* 9 turn1 by fur!r amalgamation ) o!r l9es1 became ! ,s\!rn ,railway--?\ght x might d = ! ,*annel tunnel4 ,9 #aiai he ask$ p]mission f ! ,bo>d ( ,trade to drive a new head+ f ! old ,numb] ,?ree v5tilat+ %aft at ! ea/]n end ( ,%akespe>e ,cliff a little way "u ! =e%ore1 & got x1 b he *ang$ 8 m9d & decid$ to try ! ma*9e 9 ! *alk d[n "h4 ,! ,:ittak] ma*9e cut a tunnel twelve feet 9 diamet]1 & "s "t betwe5 #aiba & #aibd !y drove a head+ into ! *alk1 j at ! po9t :]e x's /ick+ out n[1 = "s f\r hundr$ feet4 ,!y nev] q remov$ ! ma*9e f ! head+ :5 !y 7 f9i%$1 b x 0 ma9ta9$ "r up to ! outbreak ( ! ,second ,_w ,w>1 :5 x became d]elict4 ,adams & ,i walk$ back to ! c>4 ,z we did s1 he reveal$ himself z be+ pro-tunnel4 ,x's a tragic ?+1 ?is tunnel bus9ess1 ,i ?9k4 ,if ! tunnel _h be5 built =ty or fifty ye>s ago1 j ?9k ( :at an asset to ,europe x w\ld h be51 he said4 ,we pack$ ourselves 91 & ,burgess drove u d[n a v r\gh1 n>r[ road to ! level ( ! railroad l9e4 ,!re1 by a ma9t5ance %$1 a small1 ?9 workman 0 wait+ = u4 ,he 0 we>+ an old clo? peak$ cap1 a :ite duffel coat1 & rubb] knee boots1 & by 8 feet he _h ready-light$ ,tilley lamps--simil> 9 appe>ance to m9]s' lamps b op]at$ by k]os5e "u pressure1 l a ,primus /ove4 ,adams & ,burgess jump$ out ( ! c>1 & ,burgess unlock$ & op5$ up ! re> trunk4 ,i got out ( ! c>1 too4 ,!n ! workman1 :om ,adams address$ z ,jim1 disappe>$ briefly into ! %$ & came out ) a pile ( knee boots1 :i* he began fl++ into ! c> trunk4 ,we'll be ne$+ ^!1 ,adams rem>k$ to me4 ,next ,jim br\ght out an enorm\s wr5*1 at lea/ two feet long1 & slung t on top ( ! prote/+ rubb] boots1 & !n he came up ) an armful ( duffel coats1 :i* he h&$ ar\nd4 ,we put !m on & all ( u got into ! c>2 ! little workman wordlessly1 ) a wide gaptoo!d gr91 squeez$ into ! back seat ) me & settl$ back ) ! two big light$ ,tilley lamps on 8 lap4 ,! lamps gave (f a g5tle ro>+ s\nd1 l subdu$ bl[tor*es1 & !y gave (f heat t w>m$ ! :ole back ( ! c>4 ,we drove (f d[n a n>r[1 /eep1 tortu\sly w9d+1 & v rugg$ road1 ?r\gh a k9d ( wild]ness ( concrete rubble & piles ( old heavy wood5 con/ruction beams1 t[>d ! base ( ! cliffs1 & :5 we f9ally got !re1 we cont9u$ along ! wide top ( a concrete sea wall = a consid]able di/ance until ! wall sudd5ly n>r[$ & ! c> c\ld g no f>!r4 ,we all got out1 & ,adams1 ,burgess1 & ,i took (f our %oes & put on ! knee boots t ,burgess got out ( ! trunk2 &1 ) ,jim & ,burgess lead+ ! way & be>+ betwe5 !m ! gl[+ ,tilley lamps & ! giant wr5*1 we cont9u$ on foot along ! sea wall1 n[ z n>r[ z ! sidewalk ( a small city /reet4 ,! *alk cliffs t[]$ p]haps a c\ple ( hundr$ feet above u4 ,! tunnel is ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile ahead along ! sea wall1 ,adams rem>k$ z he walk$ beside me1 & z we w5t along he expla9$ t 8 prim>y job at ,briti% ,railways 0 ! design ( sea def5ses betwe5 ,folke/one & ,dov] to combat erosion4 ,x's a good job y didn't pick a lat] "t 9 ! ye> to visit ! tunnel1 he w5t on4 ,?is sea wall w\ld h>dly be negotiable on foot :5 ! wat]'s r\gh1 & 9 w9t]1 ) ! s\'we/]s bl[+ 9 especially1 we h "s real %ock]s4 ,aft] ano!r fifte5 m9utes or s ( walk+ along an area :]e ! cliffs rose back beyond a sort ( t]race =m$ by old l&slides--! railway l9e ran along ?is t]race 9 ! op5--,adams told me t ! tunnel entrance 0 n f> (f4 ,a few hundr$ feet f>!r on1 we f9ally rea*$ x--a small recess$ place 9 ! grassy rubble at ! base ( ! cliff t]race &1 set into x1 a f\r-foot-squ>e door ( r\gh1 ?ick wood encas$ by a frame ( v old & v heavy timb]s4 ,! door 0 h+$ ) heavy gate h+es & secur$ n by a padlock b by a v l>ge metal nut1 :i* ,jim n[ attack$ ) 8 great wr5*4 ,z he wre/l$ ) x1 ,adams1 smil+1 rem>k$ t ! entrance wasn't a v big "o1 consid]+ ! size ( ! ,*annel-tunnel project4 ,i once br\ght a ,canadian executive1 a r impressive-look+ fell[1 d[n "h by reque/1 9 '#eg1 ,i ?9k x 01 he recall$4 ,x seem$ v important to him to inspect ! entrance to ! tunnel4 ,:5 ,i took him along ! sea wall & %[$ him ?is entrance1 he took a look at x & j bur/ out laugh+4 ,i ask$ him :at 0 up4 ,he w5t on laugh+1 & f9ally he told me :y4 ,he said he 0 employ$ by a l>ge ,am]ican oil company1 & t 8 company _h s5t him ov] "h to spy out ! possibility ( buy+ up l& = fill+ /ations ne> ! entrance to ! propos$ ,*annel tunnel4 ,actually1 ( c\rse1 nobody kn[s precisely :]e a new tunnel w\ld come out on ! ,engli% side1 & x w\ld be v d\btful :e!r !y w\ld make use ( any ( ! old work+s4 ,! little workman unloos5$ ! nut1 &1 ) v>i\s groans & creaks1 ! door to ! tunnel all[$ itself to be pull$ & %\ld]$ op54 ,!n1 "o by "o1 we /oop$ d[n & ent]$ ! tunnel ?r\gh ! small op5+4 ,:5 my eyes adju/$ !mselves f ! light ( day to ! light ( ! ,tilley lamps we _h br\ght ) u1 ,i f\nd t we 7 /&+ 9 a squ>e-timb]$ head+ p]haps six feet high & ab\t ! same 9 wid?4 ,! floor1 l ! ro(1 0 timb]$1 & f ! ro(1 z well z f p>ts ( ! sides ( ! head+1 a pale fungus gr[? droop$ d[n4 ,! atmosph]e 0 pretty dank4 ,j inside ! entrance1 ei!r hang+ f big r\gh nails protrud+ f ! wood5 walls or ly+ to "o side on ! floor1 !re 0 a clutt] ( v>i\s objects--ru/y *a9s1 aug]s1 l5g?s ( decay+ rope1 c&les1 & a c\ple ( lob/] pots1 ! pres5ce ( :i* ,adams expla9$ to me4 ,!y get wa%$ up f "t to "t1 & our lads1 :5 !y f9d !m1 put !m 9 "h = safekeep+1 he said4 ,sl[ly we made our way into ! tunnel4 ,!re 0 room = a set ( n>r[-gauge rail tracks1 b mo/ ( ! ?9 rails _h be5 torn up1 & a numb] ( !m lay pil$ to our "r by ! wall4 ,on ! left1 untrack$ & ab&on$1 lay "o ( ! rail trolleys t obvi\sly _h be5 us$ = haul+ out spoil4 ,! little ru/$ :eels on :i* x re/$ 7 ( cle>ly ,victorian design1 ) spokes elaborately arrang$ 9 curlicu$ fa%ion4 ,?is is ! access head+ we're 91 ,adams told me z we f\nd our way along1 heads d[n4 ,! *alk c>t$ out f ! ,beaumont bor+ ma*9e 0 tak5 ?r\gh "h & dump$ "r into ! sea outside ! entrance4 ,b ?is access head+ wasn't ! fir/ to be built2 x 0 dug by h& f ! direction 9 :i* we're go+1 f ! bottom ( a v]tical %aft sunk f ! level ( ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,railway l9e sev5ty-f\r feet up above ?is concrete l9+ we're com+ to n[4 ,z y see-- ,adams took a ,tilley lamp f ,burgess & fla%$ x on ! ro( ( ! concrete l9+--! %aft has be5 clos$ up long ago4 ,n[ we'll g on4 ,?is fir/ /ret* is tak+ u 9 a nor!rly direction4 ,aft] go+ a %ort di/ance1 we came to ano!r concrete l9+4 ,?is1 ,adams said1 0 to re9=ce ! tunnel at ! po9t :]e x pass$ und]nea? ! railway l9e4 ,we w5t on aga91 ?is "t walk+ on a dirt floor1 & !n we came to a timb]$ junction1 f :i* ! tunnel bran*$ (f aga9 to ! "r 9 ! nor?-ea/ direction t 0 orig9ally int5d$ to br+ x into l9e ) ! gall]y at ,%akespe>e ,cliff1 :ile to ! left !re 0 a l[-ro($ *amb] t probably once h\s$ a sid+ & a ma9t5ance work%op = ! ,beaumont bor+ ma*9e4 ,!n1 walk+ n[ on half-rott$ planks1 9 ! w>m light ( ! re/lessly mov+ ,tilley lamps1 we ent]$ ! circul>1 unl9$ tunnel ( ,l[] ,*alk--a smoo?1 light-gray cav]n1 sev5 feet 9 diamet]1 t /ret*$ f> ahead to disappe> into d>kness4 ,our foot+ 0 slipp]y1 & a small /ream ( wat] ran 9 ! direction f :i* we _h come 9 a r\gh gutt] cut 9 ! *alk1 b ! tunnel at ?is po9t seem$ surpris+ly dry = a hole t _h la9 unl9$ = "s eighty ye>s1 & ! /ream ( wat] dra9+ away didn't seem to me to be really any great] ?an ! "o 9 ! ,orangeburg pipe t dra9s seepage f "u ! cell> ( my summ] h\se 9 ,connecticut4 ,we _h gone only a little way along ! *alk tunnel :5 ,adams1 walk+ ahead ( me1 began fla%+ 8 light along ! wall & !n /opp$ & motion$ me to come & look at ! spot :]e he _h focus$ 8 lamp4 ,i did s & saw1 cut into ! *alk 9 crude lett]+1 ! foll[+ inscription3 ,,?is ,,tunnel ,,0 ,,bugn ,,9 #ahhj ,,william ,,%>p ,h[ev]1 ?is 0 n exactly h[ ! inscription w5t1 = its au?or1 aft] f9i%+ x1 obvi\sly _h decid$ t ,,bugn didn't look "r1 &1 be+ unable to erase ! incision1 he _h _h ano!r g at x1 inscrib+ ! second try to "o side & p>tly ov] ! fir/1 s t ! int5d$ begun n[ came out l ,,begubnugn4 ,b ) all ! crud5ess ( ! inscription1 ! au?or _h be5 c>eful ) ! lett]+1 ev5 to po9t ( consci5ti\sly incis+ s]ifs on ! ,ts & ,es4 ,:ile ! light play$ ab\t ! inscription1 ,i c\ld see cle>ly1 on ! tunnel face1 ! r+like m>ks left by individual revolutions ( ! cutt+ head ( ! ,beaumont bor+ ma*9e4 ,aft] a few mom5ts we mov$ on aga91 & ev5tually1 aft] trudg+ ov] gr\nd t became increas+ly slipp]y1 we came to a po9t :]e "s ( ! *alk _h giv5 way1 fill+ ! tunnel ab\t a qu>t] ( ! way up ) debris4 ,adams said t ! go+ got a bit bett] lat] on b t we 7 likely to f9d ourselves 9 wat] ov] our knee boots if we w5t any f>!r4 ,at t po9t1 impress$ ) ! sight ( all ! fall5 rock ab\t & by ! realization t we 7 9 a sev5-foot hole at lea/ a qu>t] ( a mile inside a huge cliff on a des]t$ /ret* ( coa/1 ,i felt z ?\gh ,i _h se5 en\gh4 ,i sudd5ly realiz$ :at a sm>t idea ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9 _h _h 9 provid+ visitors ) t *ampagne lift :ile !y 7 well "u ! sea4 ,s we turn$ back aga9 & sl[ly1 9 sil5ce1 made our way out ( ,sir ,edw>d's fir/ tunnel4 ,:5 ,i /epp$ ?r\gh ! tunnel entrance into ! light1 x seem$ v noisy outside4 ,sea gulls 7 %riek+ ov]head1 & ! ,*annel waves 7 ro>+ & heav+ insi/5tly4 ,i _h a slight heada*e1 & ,i m5tion$ ?is to ,adams4 ,oh1 yes1 ,i h ! same ?+1 he said4 ,al?\gh ! air 9 ! tunnel is rem>kably fre%1 consid]+ ! l5g? ( "t x's be5 lock$ up & ! fact t !re's only "o entrance1 !re isn't q z mu* oxyg5 9 x z "o might want4 ,jim began to lock up ! entrance aga91 & :ile he 0 do+ s1 ,adams sugge/$ t we might see if we c\ld spot ! entrance %aft on ! plateau above u4 ,we climb$ up ! cliffside1 & aft] a :ile we locat$ x1 a fill$-9 depression re/+ 9 a mass ( bramble bu%es4 ,we wad$ ?r\gh ! bu%es & /ood ov] ! rema9s ( ,numb] ,"o %aft1 /ill feel+ a bit heada*y4 ,z we /ood !re1 we pick$ & ate a few blackb]ries /ill left on ! bu%es f summ]4 ,!y're q good1 ,adams said4 ,aft] we _h _h "s lun* 9 ,folke/one1 ,adams sugge/$ t be=e ,i w5t back to ,london ,i might want to take a look at ! site ( ! old ,numb] ,two %aft & ! ma9 tunnel at ,%akespe>e ,cliff1 ev5 ?\gh ! ,numb] ,two %aft & ! ,numb] ,?ree v5tilat+ %aft _h be5 long ago clos$ up4 ,i 0 agreeable to t1 & ,burgess drove u1 by way ( ,dov]1 to a po9t along a back road1 f :i* we c\ld walk to ! top ( ,%akespe>e ,cliff f ! l& side4 ,:ile ,burgess /ay$ 9 ! little c>1 ,adams & ,i set (f up a long slope to ! cliff head1 walk+ along ! edge ( a h>r[$ field1 ! soil ( :i* seem$ to be riddl$ ) ! k9d ( l>ge fl9ts typical ( ! ,upp] ,*alk lay]4 ,on ! way up1 ,adams told me :at _h happ5$ to ! ma9 tunnel & %aft aft] ! work+s 7 f9ally /opp$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,ev]y?+ /opp$ dead at ! tunnel work+s until #ahib1 ,adams said4 ,by !n1 ,sir ,edw>d ,watk9 knew he 0 beat5 on ! ,*annel tunnel1 s he tri$ a diff]5t k9d ( tunnel+1 & ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,railway eng9e]s began bor+ = coal a matt] ( a few y>ds away f ! tunnel %aft4 ,!y w5t d[n to #b1bbb feet ) _! bor+1 at :i* level !y met a f\r-foot seam ( good-quality coal1 & ! company obta9$ au?ority by an act ( ,p>liam5t to m9e = coal "u ! =e%ore4 ,z = ! ,*annel-tunnel %aft itself1 x 0 ab&on$ 9 #aijb & fill$ up ) breeze--a%es & slag--f ! colli]y1 & ! ,numb] ,?ree v5tilation %aft at ! ea/]n end ( ,%akespe>e ,cliff 0 also fill$ ) breeze 9 ! same ye>4 ,b ! colli]y nev] paid (f any bett] ?an ! tunnel project4 ,x ran into tr\ble ar\nd #aijg or #aijh1 & !n ! own]s decid$ !y'd h a try at gett+ iron ore out ( ! work+s1 & s all ! m9]al m9+ rights 7 b\ght by ! ,*annel ,/eel ,company1 b ! iron m9+ didn't prosp] any m ?an ! coal m9+4 ,! ,*annel ,/eel ,company w5t into volunt>y liquidation 9 #aieb1 & all ! m9+ rights pass$ to ! orig9al freehold]s1 :o are n[ ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t4 ,adams & ,i climb$ ov] a wood5 f5ce /ile1 & aft] a c\ple ( m m9utes ( uphill walk+ we arriv$ at ! top ( ,%akespe>e ,cliff4 ,we approa*$ to a po9t ne> ! edge & kneel$ 9 ! tall grass1 buffet$ by a /rong aft]noon w9d t /ruck u squ>ely 9 ! face4 ,x 0 a magnific5t view4 ,! ,*annel lay v f> bel[ u1 & al?\gh ,i c\ld n see ! coa/ ( ,france because ( ! haze--,adams said t on a f9e day anybody c\ld see cle>ly ! clock t[] outside ,b\logne--,i c\ld see %ipp+ scudd+ along 9 :itecaps 9 ! middle ( ! ,/rait4 ,to ! left ( u1 n f> away1 lay ! ,admiralty ,pi] at ,dov]1 ! "o t once _h ! great gun :i* ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news _h imag9atively depict$ 9 ! act ( bl[+ ! tunnel entrance to pieces at ! fir/ sign ( a ,fr5* invasion ( ,engl& ?r\gh ! tunnel4 ,!n1 on h&s & knees1 we crawl$ aga9/ ! pommel+ w9d to ! v edge ( ! cliff1 & ly+ on our /oma*s pe]$ /raight d[n ^u ! site ( ! ,%akespe>e ,cliff tunnel4 ,i /ill _h traces ( ! heada*e ,i _h pick$ up :ile creep+ ar\nd 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,abbots ,cliff tunnel & x 0 a dizzy+ *ange = me n[ to pe] ?ree hundr$ feet d[n a %e] cliff face1 b x 0 wor? x1 ev5 ?\gh !re 0 no?+ s />tl+ to see4 ,f> bel[ u lay a plateau ) a c\ple ( railway sid+s on x4 ,!re 7 no build+s ab\t1 & c]ta9ly no?+ t resembl$ any trace ( a m9e entrance4 ,briti% ,railways _h to build a sea wall ar\nd ! :ole ,%akespe>e ,cliff area a few ye>s ago because ( ! erosion f ! ,*annel1 & :5 we 7 do+ t we clean$ out all ! old m9e work+s1 ,adams said4 ,"o ( ! la/ build+s to g 0 a %$ t ! old cu/odian ( ! works us$ to live 94 ,8 "n 0 ,*>lie ,gateh\se4 ,he di$ ab\t t5 ye>s ago at ! age ( n9ety4 ,he _h work$ z a timb]man on bo? ! ,abbots ,cliff & ,%akespe>e ,cliff tunnels1 & he took up ! fir/ sod :5 !y dug ! %aft d[n "h4 ,he us$ to tell ab\t h[ "o day ,mr4 ,glad/one came d[n into ! tunnel4 ,!n ,adams po9t$ out to me exactly :]e ! entrance to ,numb] ,two %aft _h be54 ,x lay by ! ?ird ra9 puddle to ! left ne> "o ( ! sid+s4 ,i enjoy$ ! ?\ght ( hav+ its location fix$ 9 my m9d1 & ,i believe ,mr4 ,adams did1 too4 ,we gaz$ d[n sil5tly4 ,j imag9e1 if ! ,bo>d ( ,trade hadn't /opp$ ! works1 a man might h be5 able to g "r on to ,vladivo/ock )\t gett+ out ( 8 tra91 ,adams said aft] a :ile4 ,& he add$ e>ne/ly1 ,b ,i ?9k !y'll build ! tunnel yet4 ,s9ce my visit to ! tunnel1 ! t5d5cy ( ev5ts has be5 to re9=ce ! brave hopes ( ,adams & 8 fell[ pro-tunnel]s4 ,to be sure1 :ile ev5 ! mo/ d$icat$ ( tunnel promot]s may be prone to 8 black mom5ts :ile pond]+ ! nature & ! effects ( traditional ,briti% insul>ity--"o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$1 ,sir ,ivone ,kirkpatrick1 ! presid5t ( ! ,tunnel ,/udy ,gr\p1 a :ile ago obs]v$ ) "s t\* ( bitt]ness t x seem$ z ?\gh m5 may be fly+ to ! moon be=e ,britons c make a reasonable surface j\rney to ,p>is--,brita9's decision to seek full memb]%ip 9 ! ,european ,common ,m>ket1 & ! agreem5t ( ! ,fr5* & ,briti% ,gov]nm5ts to hold (ficial talks on ! con/ruction ( ei!r a tunnel or a bridge across ! ,*annel1 h giv5 ! pro-tunnel]s m solid reason = hope ?an p]haps has ev] exi/$ 9 ! ranks ( ^! vision>ies 9 a c5tury & a half4 ,9 ! pa/1 x 0 nev] possible = propon5ts ( ! tunnel to advance _! cause ) any success s long z _! advocacy 0 n bas$ on ! prior exi/5ce ( any pr(\nd *ange 9 ,brita9's traditional economic & /rategic special & sep>ate place 9 ,europe1 or ( any *ange 9 ! peculi> ,briti% s5se ( be+ an isl& p ap>t4 ,b n[ su* *anges h tak5 place1 or are 9 ! process ( tak+ place4 ,brita9's /rategic position has be5 pr(\ndly alt]$ by ! adv5t ( nucle> & rocket armam5ts4 ,h] political & economic position has be5 z pr(\ndly alt]$ by ! )]+ away ( ! ,briti% ,empire & by ! successful em]g5ce ( a new ,european commonweal? 9 ! =m ( ! ,common ,m>ket4 ,& ! anci5t ,briti% s5se ( be+ an isl& race ap>t seems to h be5 /eadily erod$ by a /range k9d ( rootlessness1 p>tly aris+ out ( ,brita9's alt]$ place 9 ! _w1 & z a g5]al accompanim5t ( ! intrusion ( su* un9sul> influ5ces z ! jet airplane1 comm]cial television1 high-p[]$ adv]tis+1 exp5se-acc\nt liv+1 & ! spread ( in/allm5t buy+4 ,not)/&+ all h] misgiv+s on ! subject ( committ+ h]self to ab&onm5t ( h] anci5t alo(ness f ! ,cont95t1 ,brita9 c h>dly ignore ! implications ( ! rel5tless m>* ( t process once describ$ by ! ,duke ( ,well+ton ov] a c5tury ago 9 ! heyday ( ! sail+ %ip1 :5 he obs]v$ t ,brita9 & ! ,cont95t 7 rapidly becom+ jo9$ by an i/hmus ( /eam4 ,n[ t s _m ( ! conditions t h made = ,engl&'s traditional economic1 milit>y1 & cultural insul>ity h gradually subsid$1 l ! anci5t ,weald5 ,isl& t once lay 9 :at is n[ ! ,/rait ( ,dov]1 ! "q ( connect+ ,brita9 physically to ! ,cont95t is at la/ 9 ! realm ( practical political possibility4 ,9 spite ( all h] misgiv+s ab\t ! ab&onm5t ( h] privileg$ relation%ips ) ! c\ntries ( ! ,briti% ,commonweal?1 x seems z ?\gh ,brita9 has no *oice ahead b to ?r[ 9 h] lot ) ! ,common ,m>ket1 :i* has prov$ itself to be su* an a/oni%+ success 9 its f\r ye>s ( exi/5ce4 ,s9ce #aieh1 :5 ! special trade arrangem5ts betwe5 ! c\ntries ( ! ,european ,economic ,community w5t into effect1 up to #aifj1 _! indu/rial production increas$ by #bb p] c5t1 :ile ,brita9's indu/rial production increas$ only #aa p] c5t4 ,& x has be5 e/imat$ t by #aigj ! ,gross ,national ,product ( ! ,common ,m>ket c\ntries w d\ble t ( #aifa4 ,?is e/imate does n take into acc\nt ,brita9's jo9+ ! ,common ,m>ket1 ei!r2 :5 %e does s1 z x seems %e mu/1 ! ,common ,m>ket boom w be a spectacul> "o2 ! memb] c\ntries w !n be s]v+ a m>ket ( m ?an #bjj million p4 ,precisely :at ,brita9's entry into ! ,common ,m>ket w\ld mean 9 t]ms ( increas$ comm]cial int]c\rse betwe5 ,brita9 & ! ,cont95t no "o kn[s1 b ! increase pla9ly w\ld be enorm\s1 & consid]+ ?is pot5tiality1 propon5ts ( ! ,*annel tunnel are n backw>d 9 claim+ t ,brita9's pres5t cross-,*annel transportation facilities are grossly inadequate to meet ! dem&s ahead4 ,!y are ev5 inadequate1 ! pro-tunnel]s claim1 = cop+ ) ,brita9's pres5t ne$s4 ,z ?+s /&1 "s #h million pass5g]s & ab\t #djj1jjj vehicles cross ! ,*annel 9 a ye>4 ,( ^!1 #c4c million pass5g]s & ab\t #ajj1jjj vehicles g by air4 ,mo/ ( ?is traffic crisscrosses ! ,*annel 9 ! f\r peak summ] mon?s & results 9 sev]e bottl5ecks 9 ! exi/+ means ( communication4 7,a motori/ :o wi%es to take 8 c> abroad ei!r by air or sea-f]ry dur+ ! peak season mu/ book a passage "s mon?s ahead ( "t1 & if he c't make x on ! assign$ date he runs ! risk1 z "o ( ! tunnel promot]s has put x1 ( be+ m>oon$ on ?is isl& = sev]al m mon?s47 ,ev5 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ,brita9's probable entry into ! ,common ,m>ket1 ! numb] ( vehicles cross+ ,brita9 & ! ,cont95t probably w d\ble itself by #aife4 ,! ,*annel ,tunnel ,/udy ,gr\p p claim t nei!r ! exi/+ air nor sea-f]ry s]vices are equipp$ to h&le any?+ l ?is pot5tial load4 ,!y e/imate t )\t con/ruction ( a tunnel1 ! ,briti% & ,fr5* ,gov]nm5ts1 ?r\gh _! nationaliz$ rail & air l9es1 w be oblig$ to sp5d "s #ij1jjj1jjj 9 ! next five ye>s to replace or exp& exi/+ transport facilities if !y are to keep up ) ! increase 9 cross-,*annel traffic expect$ 9 t "t )\t ,brita9's p>ticipation 9 ! ,common ,m>ket4 ,z = ! capacity ( ! tunnel1 ! promot]s claim t all ! road vehicles t cross$ ! ,*annel 9 #aifj c\ld easily be c>ri$ ?r\gh ! tunnel 9 ?ree or f\r days4 ,z = ! transport+ ( m]*&ise1 #aa1jjj1jjj tons ( x are n[ be+ mov$ across ! ,*annel 9 a ye>1 mo/ ( ?is 9 bulk =m--coal1 = example--:i* x w\ld n be practical to s5d ?r\gh a tunnel4 ,b ( ?is freight1 well ov] a million tons ( nonbulk goods c\ld1 ! ,/udy ,gr\p decl>es1 be s5t by tunnel1 & at ab\t half ! rates n[ prevail+4 ,tak+ into acc\nt su* economic advantages1 ! great boon to t\rism t !y believe a tunnel w\ld repres5t1 & ! intangible psy*ological impetus t !y claim a fix$ l9k betwe5 ,france & ,brita9 w\ld give to ! dream ( a politically z well z economically unit$ ,europe1 ! pro-tunnel]s believe t ! con/ruction ( _! railway "u ! ,*annel w\ld be j ab\t ! greate/ ?+ to happ5 to ,brita9 9 ?is c5tury4 ,! ,*annel ,tunnel ,/udy ,gr\p p1 z x turn$ out late la/ ye>1 are n alone 9 _! ambitions = a physical connection betwe5 ,france & ,brita94 ,la/ fall1 :5 ! ,fr5* & ,briti% ,gov]nm5ts decid$--on ,briti% initiative--to negotiate ) ea* o!r on a fix$ connection betwe5 ! two c\ntries1 x became cle> t a d>k horse _h be5 ent]$ 9 ! ,*annel sweep/akes ) ! publiciz+ ( ! new proposal = a cross-,*annel bridge made by a new ,fr5* company t is head$ by ,jules ,mo*1 a =m] ,fr5* ,m9i/] ( ,int]ior4 ,! bridge propos$ by ! new ,fr5* company w\ld be a multipurpose affair ( /eel capable ( c>ry+ n only two railroad l9es b five lanes ( motor traffic & ev5 two bicycle tracks4 ,x w\ld ext5d betwe5 ,dov] & a po9t ne> ,calais4 ,its wid? w\ld be #aae feet & its height #bcj feet1 all[+ 7z ! ,tunnel ,/udy ,gr\p's propos$ bridge s*eme w\ld7 ample cle>ance = ! l>ge/ ocean l9]s afloat4 ,its l5g? w\ld be #ba miles2 x w\ld re/ on #afd concrete piles #fe feet 9 diamet] & sunk #ffj feet ap>t4 ,motori/s w\ld travel along x1 )\t any spe$ limit1 at a peak rate ( #e1jjj vehicles an h\r1 & an av]age toll ( ab\t #bb4ej p] c>4 ,! bridge w\ld take betwe5 f\r & six ye>s to con/ruct1 & z = ! co/1 t w\ld run to ab\t #fcj1jjj1jjj--or #bff1jjj1jjj m ?an ! e/imat$ co/ ( a rail tunnel4 ,despite "s back+ t ! new ,fr5* bridge gr\p appe>s to h e/abli%$ = its s*eme among ,fr5* comm]cial circles1 ! *ances are t ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 z repres5tatives ( a m>itime nation1 w h a numb] ( objections to ?is plan = spann+ ! ,*annel4 ,a pr9cipal objection--a te*nical "o t has conf\nd$ all ! ,*annel bridge plann]s f ,?om de ,gamond's day onw>d--is ! haz>d to navigation )9 ! ,/rait ( ,dov] t a bridge w\ld create4 ,! ,engli% ,*annel is "o ( ! mo/ heavily traffick$ sea lanes 9 ! _w1 & consid]+ ! viol5t /ate ( w9d & sea )9 ! ,/rait ( ,dov] = mu* ( ! ye>--z well z ! heavy ,*annel fogs--insur+ safe passage betwe5 ! pi]s ( su* a bridge = all ! ?\s&s ( %ips t pass ?r\gh ! ,/rait e ye>1 9 all wea!rs1 w\ld pose =midable problems ev5 9 ! era ( rad>4 ,also1 ! ,*annel-tunnel advocates1 :o already h consid]$ a bridge & pretty mu* reject$ ! idea because ( its high co/1 po9t to o!r difficulties /&+ 9 ! way ( ! bridge idea--= example1 ! requirem5ts ( int]national law1 :i* w\ld make necess>y a special treaty sign$ by all c\ntries 7includ+ ,russia7 pres5tly s5d+ %ips ?r\gh ! ,*annel be=e su* an ob/ruction to navigation c\ld be con/ruct$2 ! difficulties1 ) all ! bad wea!r1 ( keep+ su* an enorm\s /ructure 9 good repair2 & ! dang]s ( ,*annel gales to light ,european c>s trav]s+ ! bridge4 7,! ,fr5* bridge advocates claim t !y c\ld r$uce ! w9ds buffet+ traffic to a qu>t] ( _! int5sity by in/all+ deflectors on ! sides ( ! traffic lanes2 to ?is ! tunnel advocates c\nt] t box+ c>s 9 traffic lanes = "s tw5ty-"o miles w\ld create a psy*ological s5se ( conf9em5t t driv]s w\ld f9d f> m intimidat+ ?an rid+ on a tra9 "u ! sea47 ,b ! ma9 objection to ! bridge is its co/4 ,x c\ld only be built ) ! help ( sub/antial gov]nm5t subsidies1 & ! exp]i5ce ( ! pro-tunnel]s is t su* subsidies are almo/ impossible to obta94 ,:atev] ! m]its ( ! two s*emes1 !y are c]ta9 to be consid]$ 9 q a diff]5t atmosph]e n[ ?an !y 7 back 9 ! sev5ties1 :51 accord+ to ! obs]vations t ,sir ,g>net ,wolseley subsequ5tly made to ,sir ,ar*ibald ,alison's sci5tific committee t inve/igat$ ! tunnel "q1 ! tunnel s*eme 0 444 look$ ^u z fanciful & unfeasible4 ,x 0 n !n reg>d$ z hav+ ent]$ )9 ! zone or scope ( practical und]tak+s4 ,no "o believ$ t x w\ld ev] be made &1 if m5tion$1 x always rais$ a smile1 z does n[ any ref]5ce to fly+ ma*9es z sub/itutes = railways4 ,on ,augu/ #bh1 #aifa1 ?+s someh[ seem$ to come full circle :5 ! ,london ,times1 :i* _h />t$ all ! opposition 9 ! press to ! tunnel eighty ye>s e>li]1 devot$ a lead+ editorial to discussion ( ! subject ( a fix$ connection betwe5 ,france & ,brita94 ,! ,times />t$ out 9 famili> fa%ion = a tunnel editorial by quot+ f ,%akespe>e's ,?is royal ?rone spee*1 b !n x w5t on to conc$e 9 /ately fa%ion t times _h *ang$ & t ,brita9 mu/ soon decide :e!r to leap ov] ! wall1 to become a "p ( ,europe4 ,! ,times discuss$ ! m]its ( ! late/ tunnel & bridge s*emes 9 tones ( expository reasonabl5ess1 )\t committ+ itself to ei!r "o s*eme or ! o!r1 & )\t accus+ ! w\ld-be moat-cross]s1 z ( old1 ( flaunt+ ! w ( ,provid5ce4 ,& ! ,times w\nd up its editorial on a mean+ful note by obs]v+1 9 ref]5ce to ! quotations ) :i* ! editorial _h be5 prefac$1 t :ile ,%akespe>e _h ! fir/ words1 ,john ,donne des]v$ ! la/3 ,no man is an isl&1 entire ( itself4 ,to :i* all ! tunnel dream]s1 aft] all _! ye>s ( adv]sity 9 ! face ( ! insul> ,briti% "*1 reasonably c say ,am54 ,ab\t ! ,au?or ,,?omas ,,:iteside 0 born 9 ,engl& 9 #aiah at ,b]wick-^u-,twe$1 on ! ,scotti% bord]4 ,aft] work+ z a newspap]man 9 ,canada1 he came to ?is c\ntry 9 #aidj4 ,he is a ,unit$ ,/ates citiz54 ,aft] w>time s]vice ) ! ,(fice ( ,w> ,in=mation1 he work$ z a report] = ,! ,new ,republic1 & = "s ye>s he has be5 a writ] = ,! ,new ,york]4 ,mr4 ,:iteside is m>ri$ to a ,fr5*-born wife & has ?ree *ildr54 ,!y live 9 ,gre5wi* ,village4 ,he is ! au?or ( ,! ,relax$ ,sell1 publi%$ 9 #aied4