,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,ideals ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,s*ool ,,by ,,francisco ,,f]r] ,,translat$ ,,by ,,joseph ,mc,c,a,b,e ,,issu$ ,,= ,,! ,,rationali/ ,,press ,,association1 ,,limit$ ,london3 ,,watts ,,co41 #ag ,,johnson',s ,,c\rt1 ,,fleet ,,/reet1 ,e4,c4 #aiac ,,cont5ts ,,page ,introduction vii ,*ap4 ,i4 ,! ,bir? ( ,my ,ideals #a ,,ii4 ,mlle4 ,meuni] #g ,,iii4 ,i ,accept ! ,responsibility #ab ,,iv4 ,! ,e>ly ,programme #ah ,v4 ,! ,co-,education ( ! ,sexes #bd ,,vi4 ,co-,education ( ! ,social ,classes #cb ,,vii4 ,s*ool ,hygi5e #ch ,,viii4 ,! ,tea*]s #dj ,,ix4 ,! ,re=m ( ! ,s*ool #dc ,x4 ,no ,rew>d or ,puni%m5t #ee ,,xi4 ,! ,g5]al ,public & ! ,libr>y #fj ,,xii4 ,sunday ,lectures #ga ,,xiii4 ,! ,results #ge ,,xiv4 ,a ,def5sive ,*apt] #hj ,,xv4 ,! ,+5u\sness ( ! ,*ild #hh ,,xvi4 ,! 8,bullet90 #if ,,xvii4 ,! ,clos+ ( ! ,mod]n ,s*ool #ajb ,epilogue #aji ,,introduction ,on ,octob] #ab1 #aiji1 ,francisco ,f]r] y ,gu>dia 0 %ot 9 ! tr5*es ( ! ,montjui* ,=tress at ,b>celona4 ,a ,milit>y ,c\ncil _h f\nd him guilty ( be+ 8head ( ! insurrection0 :i* _h1 a few mon?s be=e1 lit ! flame ( civil w> 9 ! city & prov9ce4 ,! cl]gy _h op5ly petition$ ! ,spani% ,premi]1 :5 ,f]r] 0 arre/$1 to look to ! ,mod]n ,s*ool & its f\nd] = ! s\rce ( ! revolution>y feel+2 & ! ,premi] _h1 in/ead ( rebuk+ !m1 promis$ to d s4 ,:5 ,f]r] 0 arre/$ ! prosecution sp5t _m weeks 9 collect+ evid5ce aga9/ him1 & grant$ a free p>don to sev]al m5 :o 7 implicat$ 9 ! riot1 = te/ify+ aga9/ him4 ,^! ?ree or f\r m5 7 ! only witnesses out ( fifty :o w\ld h be5 he>d pati5tly 9 a civil c\rt ( ju/ice1 & ev5 _! te/imony w\ld at once h crumbl$ "u cross-exam9ation4 ,b !re 0 no cross-exam9ation1 & no witnesses 7 br\ght be=e ! c\rt4 ,five weeks 7 occupi$ 9 compil+ an enorm\sly l5g?y indictm5t ( ,f]r]2 !n tw5ty-f\r h\rs 7 giv5 to an inexp]i5c$ (fic]1 *os5 at r&om1 to analyse x & prep>e a def5se4 ,evid5ce s5t 9 ,f]r]'s fav\r 0 confiscat$ by ! police2 ! witnesses :o c\ld h disprov$ ! case aga9/ him 7 kept 9 cu/ody miles away f ,b>celona2 & docum5ts :i* w\ld h t5d$ to %[ 8 innoc5ce 7 refus$ to ! def5d+ (fic]4 ,& aft] ! m]e he>+ ( ! long & hopelessly bewild]+ indictm5t 79 :i* ! evid5ce 0 ev5 falsifi$71 & 9 spite ( ! impassion$ prote/ ( ! def5d+ (fic] aga9/ ! brutal inju/ice ( ! proce$+s1 ! milit>y judges f\nd ,f]r] guilty1 & he 0 %ot4 ,)9 a mon? ( ! judicial murd] ( ,f]r] ,i put ! :ole abom9able /ory be=e ! ,briti% public4 ,i %[$ ! deep corruption ( ,*ur* & politics 9 ,spa91 & prov$ t cl]gy & politicians _h conspir$ to use ! gross & pliable ma*9]y ( 8milit>y ju/ice0 to remove a man ^: sole aim 0 to op5 ! eyes ( ! ,spani% p4 ,a prolong$ & passionate controv]sy foll[$4 ,t controv]sy has n alt]$ a l9e ( my book4 ,mr4 ,william ,ar*]1 9 a cold & imp>tial /udy ( ! matt]1 has fully support$ my indictm5t ( ! prosecution ( ,f]r]2 & ,pr(essor ,sim>ro1 ( ,madrid ,univ]sity1 has1 9 a volum9\s /udy ( ! trial 7,el ,proceso ,f]r]--two l>ge volumes71 quot$ :ole *apt]s ( my little "w4 ,:51 9 #aiab1 ! ,supreme ,milit>y ,c\ncil ( ,spa9 0 =c$ to decl>e t no s+le act ( viol5ce c\ld be directly or indirectly trac$ to ,f]r] 7:]eas ! *ief witness = ! prosecution _h sworn t he saw ,f]r] lead+ a troop ( riot]s71 & ord]$ ! re/oration ( 8 prop]ty1 ! case = 8 innoc5ce 0 clos$4 ,x rema9s only = ,spa9 to wipe ! f\l /a9 f its annals by remov+ ! bones ( ! m>tyr$ tea*] f ! tr5*es ( ,montjui*1 & to decl>e1 ) real ,spani% pride1 t a grave inju/ice _h be5 done4 ,meantime1 ! re/oration ( ,f]r]'s prop]ty has enabl$ 8 tru/ees to resume 8 "w4 ,among 8 pap]s !y f\nd a manuscript acc\nt1 f 8 own p51 ( ! orig9 & ideals ( ! ,mod]n ,s*ool1 & _! fir/ act is to give x to ! _w4 ,9 #aijf ,f]r] _h be5 arre/$ on ! *>ge ( complicity 9 ! attempt ( ,morral to assass9ate ! ,k+4 ,he 0 kept 9 jail = a ye>1 & ! mo/ sc&al\s ef=ts 7 made1 9 ! c\rt & ! c\ntry1 to secure a judicial murd]2 b x 0 a civil 7or civilis$7 trial1 & ! *>ge 0 contemptu\sly reject$4 ,go+ to ! ,pyr5ees 9 ! e>ly summ] ( #aijh to recup]ate1 ,f]r] det]m9$ to write ! simple /ory ( 8 s*ool1 & x is ?is ,i n[ (f] to ,engli% read]s4 ,9 ?is "w ,f]r] depicts himself m truly & vividly ?an any fri5d ( 8 has ev] done4 ,= my "p1 ,i _h nev] se5 ,f]r]1 & nev] se5 ,spa92 b ,i 0 acqua9t$ ) ,spani% life & lett]s1 & knew t !re _h be5 committ$ 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury "o ( ^? old-_w crimes by :i* ! *ildr5 ( d>kness seek to arre/ ! advance ( man4 ,i int]pret$ ,f]r] f 8 "w1 8 lett]s1 a few j\rnali/ic articles he _h writt5--he _h nev] publi%$ a book1 & ! impressions ( 8 fri5ds & pupils4 ,9 ?is book ! man portrays himself1 & describes 8 aims ) a c&\r t all w appreciate4 ,! less fooli% ( 8 enemies h ceas$ to ass]t t he organis$ or l$ ! riot at ,b>celona 9 #aiji4 ,x 01 !y say1 ! t5d5cy1 ! subtle aim1 ( 8 "w :i* made him responsible4 ,x may be rememb]$ t ! ,saturday ,review & o!r j\rnals publi%$ ! mo/ unblu%+ly m5daci\s lett]s1 f anonym\s correspond5ts1 say+ t !y _h se5 po/]s on ! walls ( ,f]r]'s s*ools incit+ *ildr5 to viol5ce4 ,z ! v zeal\s police did n at ! trial ev5 m5tion ,f]r]'s s*ools1 or ! text-books us$ 9 !m1 ^! lies ne$ no fur!r exposure4 ,b _m p]si/ 9 ?9k+1 s9ce !re is n[ no?+ fur!r to ?9k to ! disadvantage ( ,f]r]1 t 8 s*ools 7 really hot-b$s ( rebellion & 7 v naturally suppress$4 ,"h is ! full /ory ( ! ,mod]n ,s*ool1 told 9 transp>5tly simple language4 ,"h is ! :ole man1 ) all 8 ideals1 aims1 & res5tm5ts4 ,x %[s1 z we well knew1 & c\ld h prov$ ) ov]:elm+ =ce at 8 trial _h we be5 p]mitt$1 t he 0 absolutely oppos$ to viol5ce ev] s9ce1 9 8 y\?1 he _h tak5 "p 9 an abortive revolution4 ,x tells h[ he came to di/ru/ viol5ce & ^? :o us$ x2 h[ he conclud$ t ! moral & intellectual tra9+ ( *ildr5 0 to be ! sole "w ( 8 c>e]2 h[1 :5 he obta9$ ! funds1 he turn$ completely f politics1 & devot$ himself to educat+ *ildr5 9 k ( sci5ce & 9 s5tim5ts ( peace & bro!rhood4 ,x tells also1 ) ! same transp>5t pla9ness1 :y 8 noble-m9d$ "w incurr$ su* viol5t enmity4 ,he naively boa/s t ! education 9 ! ,mod]n ,s*ool 0 free f dogmas4 ,x 0 n1 & _c be 9 any s*ool1 free f dogmas1 = dogma means 8tea*+10 & he gave tea*+ ( a v def9ite "*4 ,mr4 ,belloc's indictm5t ( 8 s*ools is1 l ,mr4 ,belloc's indictm5t ( 8 "* & guilt1 evid5tly bas$ on complete ignorance ( ! facts & a v ext5sive k ( ! recklessly m5daci\s lit]ature ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,ev5 ,mr4 ,ar*]'s acc\nt ( 8 s*ool is grossly mislead+4 ,! ,mod]n ,s*ool 0 8av[$ly a nurs]y ( rebelli\s citiz5s0 only 9 ! same s5se z is any ,sociali/ ,sunday-s*ool 9 ,engl& or ,g]many2 & ! ,spani% ,gov]nm5t has nev] claim$1 & c\ld n claim1 = a mom5t ! "r to close x1 except 9 s f> z x falsely *>g$ ! f\nd] ) crime & confiscat$ 8 prop]ty4 ,f]r]'s s*ool 0 ?or\ghly rationali/ic1 & ?is embitt]$ ! cl]gy--= 8 sy/em 0 spread+ rapidly ?r\gh ,spa9--)\t 9 ! lea/ infr++ ,spani% law4 ,fur!r1 ,f]r]'s s*ool explicitly taught *ildr5 t milit>ism 0 a crime1 t ! unequal di/ribution ( weal? 0 a ?+ to be abhorr$1 t ! capitali/ sy/em 0 bad = ! work]s1 & t political gov]nm5t is an evil4 ,he _h a p]fect "r "u ,spani% law to f\nd a s*ool to tea* 8 ideas2 z any man has "u ,engli% or ,g]man law4 ,! prohibit$ & damnable ?+ w\ld be ev5 to h9t to *ildr5 t1 :5 !y grew up1 !y might look =w>d to alt]+ ! indu/rial & political sy/em by viol5ce4 ,?is ,f]r] n only did n tea*1 b /r5u\sly oppos$4 ,we h ov]:elm+ pro( ( ?is at e /ep ( 8 lat] c>e]4 ,b he 0 a *ild ( ! work]s1 & he _h a passionate & noble res5tm5t ( ! ignorance1 pov]ty1 & squalor ( ! lives ( s l>ge a proportion ( ! work]s4 ,he 0 also an ,an>*i/1 9 ! s5se ( ,tol/oi2 he believ$ t lib]ty 0 ess5tial to ! developm5t ( man1 & c5tral gov]nm5t an evil4 ,b1 z rigor\sly z ,tol/oi1 he reli$ on p]suasion & abhorr$ viol5ce4 ,i w\ld call att5tion to ,*apt] ,,vi ( ?is book1 9 :i* he pleads = 8! co-education ( ! ri* & poor02 & !re 7 *ildr5 ( middle-class p>5ts1 ev5 ( univ]sity-pr(essors1 9 8 s*ool4 ,mo/ decid$ly he prea*$ no class-hatr$ or viol5ce4 ,i d n %>e 8 academic & innoc5t ,an>*i/ ideal--:i* is f> ne>] to ,cons]vatism ?an to ,socialism--b ,i %>e to ! full t int5se & passionate long+ = ! uplift+ & bright5+ ( ! poor1 & = ! de/ruction ( sup]/ition1 :i* 0 ! supreme ideal ( 8 life & ( 8 "w4 ,= t he 0 %ot4 ,f9ally1 ! read] mu/ /rictly be> 9 m9d ! ,spani% atmosph]e ( ?is trag$y4 ,:5 ,f]r] describes 8exi/+ s*ools0 he means ! s*ools ( ,spa91 :i* are1 = ! mo/ "p1 a mock]y & a %ame4 ,:5 he talks ( 8rul+ p[]s0 he has 9 m9d ! politicians ( ,spa91 my indictm5t ( :om1 9 _! own language1 has nev] be5 que/ion$4 ,:5 he talks ( 8sup]/ition0 he means prim>ily ,spani% sup]/ition2 he ref]s to a prie/hood t /ill makes millions e ye> by ! sale ( indulg5ces4 ,if y rememb] ^! ?+s1 y w1 h[ev] y diss5t f 8 tea*+ 9 p>ts1 appreciate ! burn+ & unselfi% idealism ( ! man1 & und]/& :y "s ( u see ! br& ( ,ca9 on ! fair br[ ( ,spa9 = ext+ui%+ t idealism 9 blood4 ,j4 ,m4 ,febru>y1 #aiac4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,my ,,ideals ,! %>e :i* ,i _h 9 ! political /ruggles ( ! la/ "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury put my e>ly convictions to a sev]e te/4 ,i 0 a revolution>y 9 ! cause ( ju/ice2 ,i 0 conv9c$ t lib]ty1 equality1 & frat]nity 7 ! legitimate fruit to be expect$ ( a republic4 ,see+1 !re=e1 no o!r way to atta9 ?is ideal b a political agitation = a *ange ( ! =m ( gov]nm5t1 ,i devot$ myself entirely to ! republican propag&a4 #a ,my relations ) ,d4 ,manuel ,ruiz ,zorrilla1 :o 0 "o ( ! lead+ figures 9 ! revolution>y movem5t1 br\ght me into contact ) a numb] ( ! ,spani% revolution>ies & "s prom95t ,fr5* agitators1 & my int]c\rse ) !m l$ to a %>p disillusion4 ,i detect$ 9 _m ( !m an egoism :i* !y s\ght hypocritically to conceal1 :ile ! ideals ( o!rs1 :o 7 m s9c]e1 seem$ to me inadequate4 ,9 none ( !m did ,i p]ceive a design to br+ ab\t a radical improvem5t--a re=m :i* %\ld g to ! roots ( disord] & af=d "s security ( a p]fect social reg5]ation4 ,! exp]i5ce ,i acquir$ dur+ my fifte5 ye>s' resid5ce at ,p>is1 9 :i* ,i witness$ ! crises ( ,b\langism1 ,dreyfusism1 & ,nationalism1 & ! m5ace !y (f]$ to ! ,republic1 conv9c$ me t ! problem ( popul> education 0 n solv$2 &1 if x 7 n solv$ 9 ,france1 !re 0 little hope ( ,spani% republicanism settl+ x1 especially z ! p>ty _h always betray$ a lam5table inappreciation ( ! ne$ ( a sy/em ( g5]al education4 ,consid] :at ! condition ( ! pres5t g5]ation w\ld be if ! ,spani% republican p>ty _h1 aft] ! bani%m5t ( ,ruiz ,zorrilla #ahhe1 devot$ itself to ! e/abli%m5t ( ,rationali/ s*ools 9 connection ) ea* committee1 ea* gr\p ( ,free?9k]s1 or ea* ,masonic lodge2 if1 in/ead ( ! presid5ts1 secret>ies1 & memb]s ( ! committees ?9k+ only ( ! (fice !y 7 to hold 9 ! future republic1 !y _h ent]$ ^u a vigor\s campaign = ! in/ruction ( ! p4 ,9 ! ?irty ye>s t h elaps$ consid]able progress w\ld h be5 made 9 f\nd+ day-s*ools = *ildr5 & night-s*ools = adults4 ,w\ld ! g5]al public1 educat$ 9 ?is way1 be cont5t to s5d memb]s to ,p>liam5t :o w\ld accept an ,associations ,law pres5t$ by ! mon>*i/s8 ,w\ld ! p conf9e itself to hold+ meet+s to dem& a r$uction ( ! price ( bread1 in/ead ( res5t+ ! privations impos$ on ! work] by ! sup]flu\s luxuries ( ! weal?y8 ,w\ld !y wa/e _! "t 9 futile indignation meet+s1 in/ead ( organis+ _! =ces = ! removal ( all unju/ privileges8 ,my position z pr(essor ( ,spani% at ! ,philote*nic ,association & 9 ! ,gr& ,ori5t ( ,france br\ght me into t\* ) p ( e class1 bo? 9 reg>d to "* & social position2 &1 :5 ,i consid]$ !m f ! po9t ( view ( _! possible influ5ce on ! race1 ,i f\nd t !y 7 all b5t ^u mak+ ! be/ !y c\ld ( life 9 a purely individuali/ s5se4 ,"s /udi$ ,spani% ) a view to advanc+ 9 _! pr(ession1 o!rs 9 ord] to ma/] ,spani% lit]ature & promote _! c>e]s1 & o!rs = ! purpose ( obta9+ fur!r pleasure by travell+ 9 c\ntries :]e ,spani% 0 spok54 ,no "o felt ! absurdity ( ! contradictions betwe5 belief & k2 h>dly "o c>$ to give a j & rational =m to human society1 9 ord] t all ! memb]s ( ea* g5]ation might h a proportionate %>e 9 ! advantages creat$ by e>li] g5]ations4 ,progress 0 conceiv$ z a k9d ( fatalism1 indep5d5t ( ! k & ! goodwill ( m51 subject to vacillations & accid5ts 9 :i* ! consci5ce & en]gy ( man _h no "p4 ,! individual1 re>$ 9 a family circle1 ) its invet]ate atavism & its traditional illusions ma9ta9$ by ignorant mo!rs1 & 9 ! s*ool ) some?+ worse ?an error--! sacram5tal untru? impos$ by m5 :o spoke 9 ! "n ( a div9e revelation--0 de=m$ & deg5]ate at 8 entrance into society2 &1 if !re is any logical relation betwe5 cause & effect1 no?+ c\ld be expect$ ( him b irrational & p]nici\s results4 ,i spoke con/antly to ^? :om ,i met ) a view to proselytism1 seek+ to asc]ta9 ! use ( ea* ( !m = ! purpose ( my ideal1 & soon realis$ t no?+ 0 to be expect$ ( ! politicians :o surr\nd$ ,ruiz ,zorrilla2 !y 71 9 my op9ion1 ) a few hon\rable exceptions1 imp5it5t adv5tur]s4 ,?is gave rise to a c]ta9 expression :i* ! judicial au?orities s\ght to use to my disadvantage 9 circum/ances ( great gravity & p]il4 ,zorrilla1 a man ( l(ty views & n suffici5tly on 8 gu>d aga9/ human malice1 us$ to call me an 8an>*i/0 :5 he he>d me put =w>d a logical solution ( a problem2 at all times he reg>d$ me z a deep radical1 oppos$ to ! opportuni/ views & ! %[y radicalism ( ! ,spani% revolution>ies :o surr\nd$ & ev5 exploit$ him1 z well z ! ,fr5* republicans1 :o held a policy ( middle-class gov]nm5t & avoid$ :at might b5efit ! dis9h]it$ prolet>iate1 on ! pretext ( di/ru/+ ,utopias4 ,9 a ^w1 dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! re/oration !re 7 m5 conspir+ ) ,ruiz ,zorrilla :o h s9ce decl>$ !mselves conv9c$ mon>*i/s & cons]vatives2 & t wor?y man1 :o prote/$ e>ne/ly aga9/ ! c\p d'tat ( ,janu>y #c1 #ahgd1 confid$ 9 8 false fri5ds1 ) ! result1 n uncommon 9 ! political _w1 t mo/ ( !m ab&on$ ! republican p>ty = ! sake ( "s (fice4 ,9 ! end he c\ld c\nt only on ! support ( ^? :o 7 too hon\rable to sell !mselves1 ?\gh !y lack$ ! logic to develop 8 ideas & ! en]gy to c>ry out 8 "w4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is ,i re/rict$ myself to my pupils1 & select$ = my purposes ^? :om ,i ?\ght m appropriate & bett] dispos$4 ,hav+ n[ a cle> idea ( ! aim :i* ,i propos$ to myself & a c]ta9 pre/ige f my position z tea*] & my expansive "*1 ,i discuss$ v>i\s subjects ) my pupils :5 ! lessons 7 ov]2 sometimes we spoke ( ,spani% cu/oms1 sometimes ( politics1 religion1 art1 or philosophy4 ,i s\ght always to correct ! exagg]ations ( _! judgm5ts1 & to %[ cle>ly h[ mis*iev\s x is to subord9ate "o's own judgm5t to ! dogma ( a sect1 s*ool1 or p>ty1 z is s frequ5tly done4 ,9 ?is way ,i succe$$ 9 br++ ab\t a c]ta9 agreem5t among m5 :o diff]$ 9 _! cre$s & views1 & induc$ !m to ma/] ! beliefs :i* !y _h hi!rto held unque/ion+ly by fai?1 ob$i5ce1 or %e] indol5ce4 ,my fri5ds & pupils f\nd !mselves happy 9 ?us ab&on+ "s anci5t error & op5+ _! m9ds to tru?s :i* uplift$ & ennobl$ !m4 ,a rigor\s logic1 appli$ ) discretion1 remov$ fanatical bitt]ness1 e/abli%$ intellectual h>mony1 & gave1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 a progressive disposition to _! wills4 ,free?9k]s :o oppos$ ! ,*ur* & reject$ ! leg5ds ( ,g5esis1 ! imp]fect morality ( ! gospels1 & ! ecclesia/ical c]emonies2 m or less opportuni/ republicans or radicals :o 7 cont5t ) ! futile equality conf]r$ by ! title ( citiz51 )\t 9 ! lea/ affect+ class di/9ctions2 philosoph]s :o fanci$ !y _h discov]$ ! fir/ cause ( ?+s 9 _! metaphysical labyr9?s & e/abli%$ tru? 9 _! empty phrases--all 7 enabl$ to see ! errors ( o!rs z well z _! own1 & !y lean$ m & m to ! side ( common s5se4 ,:5 ! fur!r c\rse ( my life sep>at$ me f ^! fri5ds & br\ght on me an unm]it$ imprisonm5t1 ,i receiv$ _m expressions ( confid5ce & fri5d%ip f !m4 ,f all ( !m ,i anticipate useful "w 9 ! cause ( progress1 & ,i congratulate myself t ,i _h "s %>e 9 ! direction ( _! ?\ghts & endeav\rs4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,mlle4 ,,meuni] ,among my pupils 0 a c]ta9 ,mlle4 ,meuni]1 a weal?y old lady ) no dep5d5ts1 :o 0 fond ( travel1 & /udi$ ,spani% ) ! object ( visit+ my c\ntry4 ,%e 0 a conv9c$ ,ca?olic & a v scrupul\s obs]v] ( ! rules ( h] ,*ur*4 ,to h]1 religion & morality 7 ! same ?+1 & unbelief--or 8impiety10 z ! fai?ful say--0 an evid5t sign ( vice & crime4 ,%e dete/$ revolution>ies1 & %e reg>d$ ) impulsive & undiscrim9at+ av]sion e display ( popul> ignorance4 ,?is 0 due1 n only to h] education & social position1 b to ! circum/ance t dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,commune %e _h be5 insult$ by *ildr5 9 ! /reets ( ,p>is z %e w5t to *ur* ) h] "m4 ,+5u\s & sympa!tic1 )\t reg>d to antec$5ts1 accessories1 or consequ5ces1 %e always express$ h] dogmatic convictions )\t res]ve1 & ,i _h _m opportunities to op5 h] eyes to ! inaccuracy ( h] op9ions4 ,9 our _m conv]sations ,i refra9$ f tak+ any def9ite side2 s t %e did n recognise me z a p>tisan ( any p>ticul> belief1 b z a c>eful reason] ) :om x 0 a pleasure to conf]4 ,%e =m$ s flatt]+ an op9ion ( me1 & 0 s solit>y1 t %e gave me h] full confid5ce & fri5d%ip1 & invit$ me to accompany h] on h] travels4 ,i accept$ ! (f]1 & we travell$ 9 v>i\s c\ntries4 ,my conduct & our con/ant conv]sation compell$ h] to recognise ! error ( ?9k+ t e unbeliev] 0 p]v]se & e a!i/ a h>d5$ crim9al1 s9ce ,i1 a conv9c$ a!i/1 manife/$ symptoms v diff]5t f ^? :i* h] religi\s prejudice _h l$ h] to expect4 ,%e ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t my conduct 0 exceptional1 & rem9d$ me t ! exception proves ! rule4 ,9 ! end ! p]si/5cy & logic ( my argum5ts =c$ h] to yield to ! evid5ce1 &1 :5 h] prejudice 0 remov$1 %e 0 conv9c$ t a rational & sci5tific education w\ld pres]ve *ildr5 f error1 inspire m5 ) a love ( good conduct1 & reorganise society 9 accord ) ! dem&s ( ju/ice4 ,%e 0 deeply impress$ by ! reflection t %e might h be5 on a level ) ! *ildr5 :o _h insult$ h] if1 at _! age1 %e _h be5 re>$ 9 ! same conditions z !y4 ,:5 %e _h giv5 up h] belief 9 innate ideas1 %e 0 greatly preoccupi$ ) ! foll[+ problem3 ,if a *ild 7 educat$ )\t he>+ any?+ ab\t religion1 :at idea ( ! ,deity w\ld x h on rea*+ ! age ( reason8 ,aft] a :ile1 x seem$ to me t we 7 wa/+ "t if we 7 n prep>$ to g on f words to de$s4 ,to be 9 possession ( an important privilege ?r\gh ! imp]fect organisation ( society & by ! accid5t ( bir?1 to conceive ideas ( re=m1 & to rema9 inactive or indiff]5t amid a life ( pleasure1 seem$ to me to incur a responsibility simil> to t ( a man :o refus$ to l5d a h& to a p]son :om he c\ld save f dang]4 ,"o day1 !re=e1 ,i said to ,mlle4 ,meuni]3-- 8,mlle41 we h rea*$ a po9t at :i* x is necess>y to reconsid] our position4 ,! _w appeals to u = our assi/ance1 & we _c hone/ly refuse x4 ,x seems to me t to exp5d entirely on com=ts & pleasures res\rces :i* =m "p ( ! g5]al patrimony1 & :i* w\ld suffice to e/abli% a useful in/itution1 is to commit a fraud2 & t w\ld be sanction$ nei!r by a believ] nor an unbeliev]4 ,i mu/ w>n y1 !re=e1 t y mu/ n c\nt on my company 9 y\r fur!r travels4 ,i owe myself to my ideas & to humanity1 & ,i ?9k t y ought to h ! same feel+ n[ t y h ex*ang$ y\r =m] fai? = rational pr9ciples40 ,%e 0 surpris$1 b recognis$ ! ju/ice ( my decision1 &1 )\t o!r /imulus ?an h] own good nature & f9e feel+1 %e gave me ! funds = ! e/abli%m5t ( an in/itute ( rational education4 ,! ,mod]n ,s*ool1 :i* already exi/$ 9 my m9d1 0 ?us ensur$ ( realisation by ?is g5]\s act4 ,all ! malici\s /atem5ts t h be5 made 9 reg>d to ?is matt]--= in/ance1 t ,i _h to submit to a judicial int]rogation--are %e] calumnies4 ,x has be5 said t ,i us$ a p[] ( sugge/ion ov] ,mlle4 ,meuni] = my own purposes4 ,?is /atem5t1 :i* is z (f5sive to me z x is insult+ to ! memory ( t wor?y & excell5t lady1 is absolutely false4 ,i d n ne$ to ju/ify myself2 ,i leave my v9dication to my acts1 my life1 & ! imp>tial judgm5t ( my contempor>ies4 ,b ,mlle4 ,meuni] is entitl$ to ! respect ( all m5 ( "r feel+1 ( all ^? :o h be5 deliv]$ f ! despotism ( sect & dogma1 :o h brok5 all connection ) error1 :o no long] submit ! light ( reason to ! d>kness ( fai? nor ! dignity ( fre$om to ! yoke ( ob$i5ce4 ,%e believ$ ) hone/ fai?4 ,%e _h be5 taught t betwe5 ! ,creator & ! creature !re is a hi]>*y ( int]m$i>ies :om "o mu/ obey1 & t "o mu/ b[ to a s]ies ( my/]ies conta9$ 9 ! dogmas impos$ by a div9ely in/itut$ ,*ur*4 ,9 t belief %e rema9$ p]fectly tranquil4 ,! rem>ks ,i made & advice ,i (f]$ h] 7 n spontane\s comm5t>ies on h] belief1 b natural replies to h] ef=ts to conv]t me2 &1 f h] want ( logic1 h] feeble reason+ broke d[n "u ! /r5g? ( my argum5ts1 in/ead ( h] p]suad+ me to put fai? be=e reason4 ,%e c\ld n reg>d me z a tempt+ _s1 s9ce x 0 always %e :o attack$ my convictions2 & %e 0 9 ! end vanqui%$ by ! /ruggle ( h] fai? & h] own reason1 :i* 0 ar\s$ by h] indiscretion 9 assail+ ! fai? ( "o :o oppos$ h] beliefs4 ,%e n[ +5u\sly s\ght to exon]ate ! ,communi/ boys z poor & un$ucat$ wret*es1 ! (fspr+ ( crime1 di/urb]s ( ! social ord] on acc\nt ( ! inju/ice :i*1 9 face ( su* a disgrace1 p]mits o!rs1 equal di/urb]s ( ! social ord]1 to live unproductive lives1 enjoy great weal?1 exploit ignorance & mis]y1 & tru/ t !y w cont9ue ?r\gh\t et]nity to enjoy _! pleasures on acc\nt ( _! compliance ) ! rites ( ! ,*ur* & _! works ( *>ity4 ,! idea ( a rew>d ( easy virtue & puni%m5t ( unavoidable s9 %ock$ h] consci5ce & mod]at$ h] religi\s feel+1 &1 seek+ to break ! atavi/ic *a9 :i* s mu* hamp]s any attempt at re=m1 %e decid$ to contribute to ! f\nd+ ( a useful "w :i* w\ld educate ! "y 9 a natural way & 9 conditions :i* w\ld help !m to use to ! full ! treasures ( k :i* humanity has acquir$ by lab\r1 /udy1 obs]vation1 & ! me?odical arrangem5t ( its g5]al conclusions4 ,9 ?is way1 %e ?\ght1 ) ! aid ( a supreme intellig5ce :i* veils itself 9 my/]y f ! m9d ( man1 or by ! k :i* humanity has ga9$ by suff]+1 contradiction1 & d\bt1 ! future w be realis$2 & %e f\nd an inn] cont5tm5t & v9dication ( h] consci5ce 9 ! idea ( contribut+1 by ! be/[al ( h] prop]ty1 to a "w ( transc5d5t importance4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,i ,,accept ,,! ,,responsibility ,once ,i 0 9 possession ( ! means ( atta9+ my object1 ,i det]m9$ to put my h& to ! task )\t delay4 #b ,x 0 n[ "t to give a precise %ape to ! vague aspiration t _h long haunt$ my imag9ation2 & to t end1 consci\s ( my imp]fect k ( ! art ( pdagogy1 ,i s\ght ! c\nsel ( o!rs4 ,i _h n a great confid5ce 9 ! (ficial pdagogi/s1 z !y seem$ to me to be l>gely hamp]$ by prejudices 9 reg>d to _! subject or o!r matt]s1 & ,i look$ out = "s compet5t p]son ^: views & conduct w\ld accord ) my ideals4 ,) 8 assi/ance ,i w\ld =mulate ! programme ( ! ,mod]n ,s*ool :i* ,i _h already conceiv$4 ,9 my op9ion x 0 to be1 n ! p]fect type ( ! future s*ool ( a rational /ate ( society1 b a precursor ( x1 ! be/ possible adaptation ( our means2 t is to say1 an emphatic rejection ( ! anci5t type ( s*ool :i* /ill survives1 & a c>eful exp]im5t 9 ! direction ( imbu+ ! *ildr5 ( ! future ) ! sub/antial tru?s ( sci5ce4 ,i 0 conv9c$ t ! *ild comes into ! _w )\t innate ideas1 & t dur+ ! c\rse ( 8 life he ga!rs ! ideas ( ^? ne>e/ to him1 modify+ !m accord+ to 8 own obs]vation & read+4 ,if ?is is s1 x is cle> t ! *ild %\ld receive positive & tru?ful ideas ( all ?+s1 & be taught t1 to avoid error1 x is ess5tial to admit no?+ on fai?1 b only aft] exp]i5ce or rational demon/ration4 ,) su* a tra9+ ! *ild w become a c>eful obs]v]1 & w be prep>$ = all k9ds ( /udies4 ,:5 ,i _h f\nd a compet5t p]son1 & :ile ! fir/ l9es 7 be+ trac$ ( ! plan we 7 to foll[1 ! necess>y /eps 7 tak5 9 ,b>celona = ! f\nd+ ( ! e/abli%m5t2 ! build+ 0 *os5 & prep>$1 & ! furniture1 /aff1 adv]tisem5ts1 prospectuses1 leaflets1 etc41 7 secur$4 ,9 less ?an a ye> all 0 ready1 ?\gh ,i 0 put to great loss ?r\gh ! betrayal ( my confid5ce by a c]ta9 p]son4 ,x 0 cle> t we %\ld at once h to cont5d ) _m difficulties1 n only on ! "p ( ^? :o 7 ho/ile to rational education1 b p>tly on acc\nt ( a c]ta9 class ( !ori/s1 :o urg$ on me1 z ! outcome ( _! k & exp]i5ce1 advice :i* ,i c\ld only reg>d z ! fruit ( _! prejudices4 ,"o man1 = in/ance1 :o 0 afflict$ ) a zeal = local patriotism1 insi/$ t ! lessons %\ld be giv5 9 ,catalan ! dialect ( ! prov9ce ( ,b>celona1 & w\ld ?us conf9e humanity & ! _w )9 ! n>r[ limits ( ! region betwe5 ! ,ebro & ! ,pyr5ees4 ,i w\ld n1 ,i told ! en?usia/1 ev5 adopt ,spani% z ! language ( ! s*ool if a univ]sal language _h already advanc$ suffici5tly to be ( practical use4 ,i w\ld a hundr$ times r use ,esp]anto ?an ,catalan4 ,! incid5t confirm$ me 9 my resolution n to submit ! settlem5t ( my plan to ! au?ority ( di/+ui%$ m5 :o1 ) all _! repute1 d n take a s+le volunt>y /ep 9 ! direction ( re=m4 ,i felt ! burd5 ( ! responsibility ,i _h accept$1 & ,i endeav\r$ to dis*>ge x z my consci5ce direct$4 ,res5t+ ! m>k$ social inequalities ( ! exi/+ ord] z ,i did1 ,i c\ld n be cont5t to deplore _! effects2 ,i mu/ attack !m 9 _! causes1 & appeal to ! pr9ciple ( ju/ice--to t ideal equality :i* inspires all s\nd revolution>y feel+4 ,if matt] is "o1 uncreat$1 & et]nal--if we live on a relatively small body 9 space1 a m]e speck 9 comp>ison ) ! innum]able globes ab\t u1 z is taught 9 ! univ]sities1 & may be le>n$ by ! privileg$ few :o %>e ! monopoly ( sci5ce--we h no "r to tea*1 & no excuse = tea*+1 9 ! prim>y s*ools to :i* ! p g :5 !y h ! opportunity1 t ,god made ! _w out ( no?+ 9 six days1 & all ! o!r absurdities ( ! anci5t leg5ds4 ,tru? is univ]sal1 & we owe x to ev]ybody4 ,to put a price on x1 to make x ! monopoly ( a privileg$ few1 to deta9 ! l[ly 9 sy/ematic ignorance1 &--:at is worse--impose on !m a dogmatic & (ficial doctr9e 9 contradiction ) ! tea*+ ( sci5ce1 9 ord] t !y may accept ) docility _! l[ & deplorable condition1 is to me an intol]able indignity4 ,= my "p1 ,i consid] t ! mo/ effective prote/ & ! mo/ promis+ =m ( revolution>y action consi/ 9 giv+ ! oppress$1 ! dis9h]it$1 & all :o are consci\s ( a dem& = ju/ice1 z mu* tru? z !y c receive1 tru/+ t x w direct _! en]gies 9 ! great "w ( ! reg5]ation ( society4 ,h5ce ! t]ms ( ! fir/ ann\ncem5t ( ! ,mod]n ,s*ool t 0 issu$ to ! public4 ,x ran z foll[s3-- ,,programme4 ,! mission ( ! ,mod]n ,s*ool is to secure t ! boys & girls :o are entru/$ to x %all become well-in/ruct$1 tru?ful1 j1 & free f all prejudice4 ,to t end ! rational me?od ( ! natural sci5ces w be sub/itut$ = ! old dogmatic tea*+4 ,x w /imulate1 develop1 & direct ! natural ability ( ea* pupil1 s t he or %e w n only become a useful memb] ( society1 ) 8 individual value fully develop$1 b w contribute1 z a necess>y consequ5ce1 to ! uplift+ ( ! :ole community4 ,x w in/ruct ! "y 9 s\nd social duties1 9 con=mity ) ! j pr9ciple t 8!re are no duties )\t rights1 & no rights )\t duties40 ,9 view ( ! good results t h be5 obta9$ abroad by mix$ education1 & especially 9 ord] to realise ! great aim ( ! ,mod]n ,s*ool--! =mation ( an entirely frat]nal body ( m5 & wom51 )\t di/9ction ( sex or class--*ildr5 ( bo? sexes1 f ! age ( five upw>d1 w be receiv$4 ,= ! fur!r developm5t ( its "w1 ! ,mod]n ,s*ool w be op5$ on ,sunday morn+s1 :5 !re w be classes on ! suff]+s ( mank9d ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 & on ! m5 & wom5 :o h di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 sci5ce1 art1 or ! fight = progress4 ,! p>5ts ( ! *ildr5 may att5d ^! classes4 ,9 ! hope t ! intellectual "w ( ! ,mod]n ,s*ool w be fruitful1 we h1 besides secur+ hygi5ic conditions 9 ! in/itution & its dep5d5cies1 arrang$ to h a m$ical inspection ( *ildr5 at _! entrance into ! s*ool4 ,! result ( ?is w be communicat$ to ! p>5ts if x is deem$ necess>y2 & o!rs w be held p]iodically1 9 ord] to prev5t ! spread ( contagi\s diseases dur+ ! s*ool h\rs4 ,dur+ ! week :i* prec$$ ! op5+ ( ! ,mod]n ,s*ool ,i invit$ ! repres5tatives ( ! press to visit ! in/itution & make x kn[n1 & "s ( ! j\rnals ins]t$ appreciative notices ( ! "w4 ,x may be ( hi/orical int]e/ to quote a few p>agraphs f ,el ,diluvio3-- ,! future is budd+ 9 ! s*ool4 ,to build on any o!r f\ndation is to build on s&4 ,unhappily1 ! s*ool may s]ve ei!r ! purposes ( tyranny or ! cause ( lib]ty1 & may ?us s]ve ei!r b>b>ism or civilisation4 ,we are !re=e pleas$ to see c]ta9 patriots & humanit>ians1 :o grasp ! transc5d5t importance ( ?is social function1 :i* our ,gov]nm5t sy/ematically ov]looks1 ha/5 to meet ?is press+ ne$ by f\nd+ a ,mod]n ,s*ool2 a s*ool :i* w n seek to promote ! int]e/s ( sect & to move 9 ! old ruts1 z has be5 done hi!rto1 b w create an intellectual environm5t 9 :i* ! new g5]ation w absorb ! ideas & ! impulses :i* ! /ream ( progress unceas+ly br+s4 ,?is end c only be atta9$ by private ent]prise4 ,our exi/+ in/itutions1 ta9t$ ) all ! vices ( ! pa/ & weak5$ by all ! trivialities ( ! pres5t1 _c dis*>ge ?is useful function4 ,x is res]v$ = m5 ( noble m9d & unselfi% feel+ to op5 up ! new pa? by :i* succe$+ g5]ations w rise to high] de/9ies4 ,?is has be5 done1 or w be done1 by ! f\nd]s ( ! mode/ ,mod]n ,s*ool :i* we h visit$ at ! c\rte\s invitation ( its directors & ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 its developm5t4 ,?is s*ool is n a comm]cial ent]prise1 l mo/ s*ola/ic in/itutions1 b a pdagogical exp]im5t1 ( :i* only "o o!r specim5 exi/s 9 ,spa9 7! ,free ,in/itution ( ,education at ,madrid74 ,sr4 ,salas ,antn brilliantly exp\nd$ ! programme ( ! s*ool to ! small audi5ce ( j\rnali/s & o!rs :o att5d$ ! mode/ op5+-fe/ival1 & descant$ on ! design ( educat+ *ildr5 9 ! :ole tru? & no?+ b ! tru?1 or :at is prov$ to be su*4 ,8 *ief !me 0 t ! f\nd]s d n propose to add "o m to ! numb] ( :at are kn[n z 8,lay ,s*ools10 ) _! impassion$ dogmatism1 b a s]5e obs]vatory1 op5 to ! f\r w9ds ( heav51 ) no cl\d d>k5+ ! horizon & int]pos+ betwe5 ! light & ! m9d ( man4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,programme ,! "t _h come to ?9k ( ! inauguration ( ! ,mod]n ,s*ool4 ,"s "t previ\sly ,i _h invit$ a numb] ( g5tlem5 ( great di/9ction & ( progressive s5tim5ts to assi/ me ) _! advice & =m a k9d ( ,committee ( ,consultation4 ,my int]c\rse ) !m at ,b>celona 0 ( great value to me1 & _m ( !m rema9$ 9 p]man5t relation ) me1 = :i* ,i may express my gratitude4 ,!y 7 ( op9ion t ! ,mod]n ,s*ool %\ld be op5$ ) "s display--invitation-c>ds1 a circul> to ! press1 a l>ge hall1 music1 & oratorical addresses by di/+ui%$ ,lib]al politicians4 ,x w\ld h be5 easy to d ?is1 & we w\ld h attract$ an audi5ce ( hundr$s ( p :o w\ld h applaud$ ) t mom5t>y en?usiasm :i* *>act]ises our public functions4 ,b ,i 0 n s$uc$ by ! idea4 ,z a ,positivi/ & an ideali/ ,i 0 conv9c$ t a simple mode/y be/ befitt$ ! inauguration ( a "w ( re=m4 ,any o!r me?od seem$ to me dis+5u\s1 a concession to en]vat+ conv5tions & to ! v evil :i* ,i 0 sett+ out to re=m4 ,! proposal ( ! ,committee 01 !re=e1 repugnant to my consci5ce & my s5tim5ts1 & ,i 01 9 t & all o!r ?+s relat+ to ! ,mod]n ,s*ool1 ! executive p[]4 ,9 ! fir/ numb] ( ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,mod]n ,s*ool1 issu$ on ,octob] #cj1 #aija1 ,i gave a g5]al exposition ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! ,s*ool1 :i* ,i may repeat "h3-- ,^? imag9>y products ( ! m9d1 a priori ideas1 & all ! absurd & fanta/ical fictions hi!rto reg>d$ z tru? & impos$ z directive pr9ciples ( human conduct1 h = "s "t pa/ incurr$ ! condemnation ( reason & ! res5tm5t ( consci5ce4 ,! sun no long] m]ely t\*es ! tips ( ! m\nta9s2 x floods ! valleys1 & we enjoy ! light ( noon4 ,sci5ce is no long] ! patrimony ( a small gr\p ( privileg$ individuals2 its b5efic5t rays m or less consci\sly p5etrate e rank ( society4 ,on all sides traditional errors are be+ dispell$ by x2 by ! confid5t proc$ure ( exp]i5ce & obs]vation x enables u to atta9 accurate k & crit]ia 9 reg>d to natural objects & ! laws :i* gov]n !m4 ,) indisputable au?ority x bids m5 lay aside = ev] _! exclusivisms & privileges1 & x (f]s itself z ! controll+ pr9ciple ( human life1 seek+ to imbue all ) a common s5tim5t ( humanity4 ,rely+ on mode/ res\rces1 b ) a robu/ & rational fai? & a _s t w n easily be intimidat$1 :atev] ob/acles arise 9 our pa?1 we h f\nd$ ! ,mod]n ,s*ool4 ,its aim is to convey1 )\t concession to traditional me?ods1 an education bas$ on ! natural sci5ces4 ,?is new me?od1 ?\gh ! only s\nd & positive me?od1 has spread ?r\gh\t ! civilis$ _w1 & has innum]able support]s ( intellectual di/9ction & l(ty pr9ciples4 ,we are aw>e h[ _m enemies !re are ab\t u4 ,we are consci\s ( ! innum]able prejudices :i* oppress ! social consci5ce ( our c\ntry4 ,?is is ! outcome ( a m$ieval1 subjective1 dogmatic education1 :i* makes ridicul\s pret5sions to ! possession ( an infallible crit]ion4 ,we are fur!r aw>e t1 9 virtue ( ! law ( h]$ity1 /r5g!n$ by ! influ5ces ( ! environm5t1 ! t5d5cies :i* are connatural & spontane\s 9 ! "y *ild are /ill m pron\nc$ 9 adolesc5ce4 ,! /ruggle w be sev]e1 ! "w difficult2 b ) a con/ant & unwav]+ w1 ! sole provid5ce ( ! moral _w1 we are confid5t t we w w9 ! victory to :i* we aspire4 ,we w develop liv+ bra9s1 capable ( react+ on our in/ruction4 ,we w take c>e t ! m9ds ( our pupils w su/a91 :5 !y leave ! control ( _! tea*]s1 a /]n ho/ility to prejudice2 t !y w be solid m9ds1 capable ( =m+ _! own rational convictions on e subject4 ,?is does n mean t we w leave ! *ild1 at ! v outset ( its education1 to =m its own ideas4 ,! ,socratic proc$ure is wrong1 if x is tak5 too lit]ally4 ,! v con/itution ( ! m9d1 at ! comm5cem5t ( its developm5t1 dem&s t at ?is /age ! *ild %all be receptive4 ,! tea*] mu/ implant ! g]ms ( ideas4 ,^! w1 :5 age & /r5g? invigorate ! bra91 br+ =? correspond+ fl[]s & fruit1 9 accordance ) ! degree ( initiative & ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! pupil's m9d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we may say t we reg>d z absurd ! widespread notion t an education bas$ on natural sci5ce /unts ! organ ( ! ideali/ faculty4 ,we are conv9c$ t ! contr>y is true4 ,:at sci5ce does is to correct & direct x1 & give x a :olesome s5se ( reality4 ,! "w ( man's c]ebral en]gy is to create ! ideal1 ) ! aid ( art & philosophy4 ,b 9 ord] t ! ideal %all n deg5]ate into fables1 or my/ic & unsub/antial dreams1 & ! /ructure be n built on s&1 x is absolutely necess>y to give x a secure & un%akable f\ndation 9 ! exact & positive tea*+ ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,moreov]1 ! education ( a man does n consi/ m]ely 9 ! tra9+ ( 8 intellig5ce1 )\t hav+ reg>d to ! he>t & ! w4 ,man is a complete & unifi$ :ole1 9 spite ( ! v>iety ( 8 functions4 ,he pres5ts v>i\s facets1 b is at ! bottom a s+le en]gy1 :i* sees1 loves1 & applies a w to ! prosecution ( :at he has conceiv$ or affect$4 ,x is a morbid condition1 an infr+em5t ( ! laws ( ! human organism1 to e/abli% an abyss :]e !re ought to be a sane & h>moni\s cont9uity4 ,! divorce betwe5 ?\ght & w is an unhappy feature ( our "t4 ,to :at fatal consequ5ces x has l$6 ,we ne$ only ref] to our political lead]s & to ! v>i\s ord]s ( social life2 !y are deeply infect$ ) ?is p]nici\s dualism4 ,_m ( !m are assur$ly p[]ful en\gh 9 respect ( _! m5tal faculties1 & h an abundance ( ideas2 b !y lack a s\nd ori5tation & ! f9e ?\ghts :i* sci5ce applies to ! life ( individuals & ( peoples4 ,_! re/less egoism & ! wi% to accommodate _! relatives1 toge!r ) _! leav5 ( traditional s5tim5ts1 =m an imp]meable b>ri] r\nd _! he>ts & prev5t ! infiltration ( progressive ideas & ! =mation ( t sap ( s5tim5t :i* is ! impell+ & det]m9+ p[] 9 ! conduct ( man4 ,h5ce ! attempt to ob/ruct progress & put ob/acles 9 ! way ( new ideas2 h5ce1 z a result ( ^! attempts1 ! scepticism ( multitudes1 ! dea? ( nations1 & ! inevitable despair ( ! oppress$4 ,we reg>d x z "o ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( our pdagogical mission t !re is no su* duality ( "* 9 any individual--"o :i* sees & appreciates tru? & goodness1 & "o :i* foll[s evil4 ,&1 s9ce we take natural sci5ce z our guide 9 education1 a fur!r consequ5ce w be recognis$2 we %all endeav\r to secure t ! intellectual impressions :i* sci5ce conveys to ! pupil %all be conv]t$ into ! sap ( s5tim5t & %all be int5sely lov$4 ,:5 s5tim5t is /rong x p5etrates & diffuses itself ?r\gh ! deepe/ recesses ( a man's be+1 p]vad+ & giv+ a special col\r to 8 "*4 ,& z a man's conduct mu/ revolve )9 ! circle ( 8 "*1 x foll[s t a y\? educat$ 9 ! mann] we h indicat$ w1 :5 he comes to rule himself1 recognise sci5ce z ! "o helpful ma/] ( 8 life4 ,! s*ool 0 op5$ on ,septemb] #h1 #aija1 ) ?irty pupils--twelve girls & eighte5 boys4 ,^! suffic$ = ! purpose ( our exp]im5t1 & we _h no int5tion ( increas+ ! numb] = a "t1 s t we might keep a m effective wat* on ! pupils4 ,! enemies ( ! new s*ool w\ld take ! fir/ opportunity to criticise our "w 9 co-educat+ boys & girls4 ,! p pres5t at ! op5+ 7 p>tly attract$ by ! notices ( our "w publi%$ 9 ! press1 & p>tly consi/$ ( ! p>5ts ( ! pupils & delegates ( v>i\s work+-class societies :o _h be5 invit$ on acc\nt ( _! assi/ance to me4 ,i 0 support$ 9 ! *air by ! tea*]s & ! ,committee ( ,consultation1 two ( :om exp\nd$ ! sy/em & aim ( ! s*ool4 ,9 ?is quiet fa%ion we inaugurat$ a "w t 0 de/9$ to la/4 ,we creat$ ! ,mod]n1 ,sci5tific1 & ,rational ,s*ool1 ! fame ( :i* soon spread 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,"t may witness a *ange ( its "n--! 8,mod]n0 ,s*ool--b ! description 8sci5tific & rational0 w be m & m fully v9dicat$4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,co-,,education ,,( ,,! ,,sexes ,! mo/ important po9t 9 our programme ( rational education1 9 view ( ! intellectual condition ( ! c\ntry1 & ! feature :i* 0 mo/ likely to %ock curr5t prejudices & habits1 0 ! co-education ( boys & girls4 ,! idea 0 n absolutely new 9 ,spa94 ,z a result ( necessity & ( primitive conditions1 !re 7 villages 9 remote valleys & on ! m\nta9s :]e "s good-natur$ neighb\r1 or ! prie/ or sacri/an1 us$ to tea* ! cate*ism1 & sometimes elem5t>y lett]s1 to boys & girls 9 common4 ,9 fact1 x is sometimes legally au?oris$1 or at lea/ tol]at$1 by ! ,/ate among small populations :i* h n ! means to pay bo? a ma/] & mi/ress4 ,9 su* cases1 ei!r a ma/] or mi/ress gives common lessons to boys & girls1 z ,i _h myself se5 9 a village n f> f ,b>celona4 ,9 t[ns & cities1 h[ev]1 mix$ education 0 n recognis$4 ,"o read sometimes ( ! occurr5ce ( x 9 =eign c\ntries1 b no "o propos$ to adopt x 9 ,spa91 :]e su* a proposal w\ld h be5 deem$ an innovation ( ! mo/ utopian "*4 ,kn[+ ?is1 ,i refra9$ f mak+ any public propag&a on ! subject1 & conf9$ myself to private discussion ) individuals4 ,we ask$ e p>5t :o wi%$ to s5d a boy to ! s*ool if !re 7 girls 9 ! family1 & x 0 necess>y to expla9 to ea* ! reasons = co-education4 ,:]ev] we did ?is1 ! result 0 satisfactory4 ,if we _h ann\nc$ our int5tion publicly1 x w\ld h rais$ a /orm ( prejudice4 ,!re w\ld h be5 a discussion 9 ! press1 conv5tional feel+ w\ld h be5 ar\s$1 & ! fe> ( 8:at p w\ld say0--t p>alys+ ob/acle to good int5tions--w\ld h be5 /rong] ?an reason4 ,our project w\ld h prov$ exce$+ly difficult1 if n impossible4 ,:]eas1 proce$+ z we did1 we 7 able to op5 ) a suffici5t numb] ( boys & girls1 & ! numb] /eadily increas$1 z ! ,bullet9 ( ! s*ool %[s4 ,9 my own m9d1 co-education 0 ( vital importance4 ,x 0 n m]ely an indisp5sable condition ( realis+ :at ,i reg>d z ! ideal result ( rational education2 x 0 ! ideal itself1 initiat+ its life 9 ! ,mod]n ,s*ool1 develop+ progressively )\t any =m ( exclusion1 inspir+ a confid5ce ( atta9+ our end4 ,natural sci5ce1 philosophy1 & hi/ory unite 9 tea*+1 9 face ( all prejudice to ! contr>y1 t man & woman are two complem5t>y aspects ( human nature1 & ! failure to recognise ?is ess5tial & important tru? has _h ! mo/ disa/r\s consequ5ces4 ,9 ! second numb] ( ! ,bullet91 !re=e1 ,i publi%$ a c>eful v9dication ( my ideas3-- ,mix$ education 7,i said7 is spread+ among civilis$ nations4 ,9 _m places x has already _h excell5t results4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is new s*eme ( education is t *ildr5 ( bo? sexes %all receive ! same lessons2 t _! m9ds %all be develop$1 _! he>ts purifi$1 & _! wills /r5g!n$ 9 precisely ! same mann]2 t ! sexes %all be 9 t\* ) ea* o!r f infancy1 s t woman %all be1 n 9 "n only1 b 9 reality & tru?1 ! companion ( man4 ,a v5]able in/itution :i* dom9ates ! ?\ghts ( our p decl>es1 at "o ( ! mo/ solemn mom5ts ( life1 :51 ) c]emoni\s pomp1 man & woman are unit$ 9 matrimony1 t woman is ! companion ( man4 ,^! are holl[ words1 void ( s5se1 )\t vital & rational significance 9 life1 s9ce :at we witness 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 9 ,ca?olicism p>ticul>ly1 is ! exact opposite ( ?is idea4 ,n long ago a ,*ri/ian woman ( f9e feel+ & great s9c]ity compla9$ bitt]ly ( ! moral debasem5t :i* is put ^u h] sex 9 ! bosom ( ! ,*ur*3 8,x w\ld be impi\s audacity = a woman to aspire 9 ! ,*ur* ev5 to ! position ( ! l[e/ sacri/an40 ,a man mu/ suff] f oph?almia ( ! m9d n to see t1 "u ! inspiration ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! position ( woman is no bett] ?an x 0 "u ! anci5t civilisations2 x is1 inde$1 worse1 & has aggravat+ circum/ances4 ,x is a conspicu\s fact 9 our mod]n ,*ri/ian society t1 z a result & culm9ation ( our patri>*al developm5t1 ! woman does n belong to h]self2 %e is nei!r m nor less ?an an adjunct ( man1 subject con/antly to 8 absolute dom9ion1 b\nd to him--x may be--by *a9s ( gold4 ,man has made h] a p]petual m9or4 ,once ?is 0 done1 %e 0 b\nd to exp]i5ce "o ( two alt]natives3 man ei!r oppresses & sil5ces h]1 or treats h] z a *ild to be coax$--accord+ to ! mood ( ! ma/]4 ,if at l5g? we note 9 h] "s sign ( ! new _s1 if %e beg9s to ass]t h] w & claim "s %>e ( indep5d5ce1 if %e is pass+1 ) irritat+ sl[ness1 f ! /ate ( slave to ! condition ( a respect$ w>d1 %e owes x to ! r$eem+ _s ( sci5ce1 :i* is dom9at+ ! cu/oms ( races & ! designs ( our social rul]s4 ,! "w ( man = ! great] happ9ess ( ! race has hi!rto be5 defective2 9 future x mu/ be a jo9t action ( ! sexes2 x is incumb5t on bo? man & woman1 accord+ to ! po9t ( view ( ea*4 ,x is important to realise t1 9 face ( ! purposes ( life1 man is nei!r inf]ior nor 7z we affect to ?9k7 sup]ior to woman4 ,!y h diff]5t qualities1 & no comp>ison is possible betwe5 div]se ?+s4 ,z _m psy*ologi/s & sociologi/s obs]ve1 ! human race displays two fundam5tal aspects4 ,man typifies ! dom9ion ( ?\ght & ( ! progressive _s2 woman be>s 9 h] moral nature ! *>act]i/ic note ( int5se s5tim5t & ( ! cons]vative _s4 ,b ?is view ( ! sexes gives no enc\ragem5t :atev] to ! ideas ( reaction>ies4 ,if ! pr$om9ance ( ! cons]vative elem5t & ( ! emotions is ensur$ 9 woman by natural law1 ?is does n make h] ! less fitt$ to be ! companion ( man4 ,%e is n prev5t$ by ! con/itution ( h] nature f reflect+ on ?+s ( importance1 nor is x necess>y t %e %\ld use h] m9d 9 contradiction to ! tea*+ ( sci5ce & absorb all k9ds ( sup]/itions & fables4 ,! possession ( a cons]vative disposition does n imply t "o is b\nd to cry/allise 9 a c]ta9 /age ( ?\ght1 or t "o mu/ be obsess$ ) prejudice 9 all t relates to reality4 8,to cons]ve0 m]ely means 8to reta910 to keep :at has be5 giv5 u1 or :at we h ourselves produc$4 ,! au?or ( ,! ,religion ( ! ,future says1 ref]r+ to woman 9 ?is respect3 8,! cons]vative _s may be appli$ to tru? z well z to error2 x all dep5ds :at x is y cons]ve4 ,if woman is in/ruct$ 9 philosophical & sci5tific matt]s1 h] cons]vative p[] w be to ! advantage1 n to ! disadvantage1 ( progressive ?\ght40 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is po9t$ out t woman is emotional4 ,%e does n selfi%ly keep to h]self :at %e receives2 %e spreads abroad h] beliefs1 h] ideas1 & all ! good & evil t =m h] moral treasures4 ,%e insi/s on %>+ !m ) all ^? :o are1 by ! my/]i\s p[] ( emotion1 id5tifi$ ) h]4 ,) exquisite art1 ) inv>iable unconsci\sness1 h] :ole moral physiognomy1 h] :ole s\l1 s to say1 impresses itself on ! s\l ( ^? %e loves4 ,if ! fir/ ideas implant$ 9 ! m9d ( ! *ild by ! tea*] are g]ms ( tru? & ( positive k2 if ! tea*] himself is 9 t\* ) ! sci5tific _s ( ! "t1 ! result w be good f e po9t ( view4 ,b if a man be f$ 9 ! fir/ /age ( 8 m5tal developm5t ) fables1 errors1 & all t is contr>y to ! _s ( sci5ce1 :at c be expect$ ( 8 future8 ,:5 ! boy becomes a man he w be an ob/acle to progress4 ,! human consci5ce is 9 infancy ( ! same natural texture z ! bodily organism2 x is t5d] & pliant4 ,x readily accepts :at comes to x f )\t4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ?is pla/icity gives place to rigidity2 x loses its pliancy & becomes relatively fix$4 ,f t "t ! ideas communicat$ to x by ! "m w be encru/$ & id5tifi$ ) ! y\?'s consci5ce4 ,! acid ( ! m rational ideas :i* ! y\? acquires by social int]c\rse or private /udy may 9 cases relieve ! m9d ( ! errone\s ideas implant$ 9 *ildhood4 ,b :at is likely to be ! practical outcome ( ?is trans=mation ( ! m9d 9 ! sph]e ( conduct8 ,we mu/ n =get t 9 mo/ cases ! emotions associat$ ) ! e>ly ideas rema9 9 ! deep] folds ( ! he>t4 ,h5ce x is t we f9d 9 s _m m5 su* a flagrant & lam5table anti!sis betwe5 ! ?\ght & ! de$1 ! intellig5ce & ! w2 & ?is (t5 leads to an eclipse ( good conduct & a p>alysis ( progress4 ,?is prim>y s$im5t :i* we owe to our mo!rs is s t5aci\s & endur+--x passes s intimately into ! v m>r[ ( our be+--t ev5 en]getic *>act]s1 :i* h effect$ a s9c]e re=m ( m9d & w1 h ! mortification ( discov]+ ?is ,jesuitical elem5t1 d]iv$ f _! mo!rs1 :5 !y turn to make an inv5tory ( _! ideas4 ,woman mu/ n be re/rict$ to ! home4 ,! sph]e ( h] activity mu/ g out f> beyond h] home3 x mu/ ext5d to ! v conf9es ( society4 ,b 9 ord] to ensure a helpful result f h] activity we mu/ n re/rict ! am\nt ( k we communicate to h]2 %e mu/ le>n1 bo? 9 reg>d to quantity & quality1 ! same ?+s z man4 ,:5 sci5ce ent]s ! m9d ( woman x w direct h] ri* ve9 ( emotion1 ! *>act]i/ic elem5t ( h] nature1 ! glad h>b+] ( peace & happ9ess among m54 ,x has be5 said t woman repres5ts cont9uity1 & man repres5ts *ange3 man is ! individual1 woman is ! species4 ,*ange1 h[ev]1 w\ld be useless1 fugitive1 & incon/ant1 ) no solid f\ndation ( reality1 if ! "w ( woman did n /r5g!n & consolidate ! a*ievem5ts ( man4 ,! individual1 z su*1 is ! fl[] ( a day1 a ?+ ( ephem]al significance 9 life4 ,woman1 :o repres5ts ! species1 has ! function ( reta9+ )9 ! species ! elem5ts :i* improve its life1 & to dis*>ge ?is function adequately %e ne$s sci5tific in/ruction4 ,humanity w advance m rapidly & confid5tly 9 ! pa? ( progress & increase its res\rces a hundr$fold if x comb9es ! ideas acquir$ by sci5ce ) ! emotional /r5g? ( woman4 ,ribot obs]ves t an idea is m]ely an idea1 an act ( intellig5ce1 incapable ( produc+ or do+ any?+1 unless x is accompani$ by an emotional /ate1 a motive elem5t4 ,h5ce x is conceiv$ z a sci5tific tru? t1 to ! advantage ( progress1 an idea does n long rema9 9 a purely contemplative condition :5 x appe>s4 ,?is is obviat$ by associat+ ! idea ) emotion & love1 :i* d n fail to conv]t x into vital action4 ,:5 w all ?is be accompli%$8 ,:5 %all we see ! m>riage ( ideas ) ! impassion$ he>t ( woman8 ,f t date we %all h a moral matri>*ate among civilis$ nations4 ,!n1 on ! "o h&1 humanity1 consid]$ 9 ! home circle1 w h ! prop] tea*] to direct ! new g5]ations 9 ! s5se ( ! ideal2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 x w h an apo/le & en?usia/ic propag&i/ :o w impress ! value ( lib]ty on ! m9ds ( m5 & ! ne$ ( co-op]ation ^u ! peoples ( ! _w4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,co-,,education ,,( ,,! ,,social ,,classes ,!re mu/ be a co-education ( ! diff]5t social classes z well z ( ! two sexes4 ,i might h f\nd$ a s*ool giv+ lessons gratuit\sly2 b a s*ool = poor *ildr5 only w\ld n be a rational s*ool1 s9ce1 if !y 7 n taught submission & cr$ulity z 9 ! old type ( s*ool1 !y w\ld h be5 /rongly dispos$ to rebel1 & w\ld in/9ctively *]i% s5tim5ts ( hatr$4 ,!re is no escape f ! dilemma4 ,!re is no middle t]m 9 ! s*ool = ! dis9h]it$ class alone2 y h ei!r a sy/ematic insi/5ce1 by means ( false tea*+1 on error & ignorance1 or hatr$ ( ^? :o dom9e] & exploit4 ,x is a delicate po9t1 & ne$s /at+ cle>ly4 ,rebellion aga9/ oppression is m]ely a "q ( /atics1 ( equilibrium4 ,betwe5 "o man & ano!r :o are p]fectly equal1 z is said 9 ! immortal fir/ clause ( ! fam\s ,decl>ation ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution 78,m5 are born & rema9 free & equal 9 rights071 !re c be no social inequality4 ,if !re is su* inequality1 "s w tyrannise1 ! o!rs prote/ & hate4 ,rebellion is a levell+ t5d5cy1 & to t ext5t natural & rational1 h[ev] mu* x may be discr$it$ by ju/ice & its evil companions1 law & religion4 ,i v5ture to say q pla9ly3 ! oppress$ & ! exploit$ h a "r to rebel1 because !y h to reclaim _! rights until !y enjoy _! full %>e 9 ! common patrimony4 ,! ,mod]n ,s*ool1 h[ev]1 has to deal ) *ildr51 :om x prep>es by in/ruction = ! /ate ( manhood1 & x mu/ n anticipate ! crav+s & hatr$s1 ! adhesions & rebellions1 :i* may be fitt+ s5tim5ts 9 ! adult4 ,9 o!r words1 x mu/ n seek to ga!r fruit until x has be5 produc$ by cultivation1 nor mu/ x attempt to implant a s5se ( responsibility until x has equipp$ ! consci5ce ) ! fundam5tal conditions ( su* responsibility4 ,let x tea* ! *ildr5 to be m52 :5 !y are m51 !y may decl>e !mselves rebels aga9/ inju/ice4 ,x ne$s v little reflection to see t a s*ool = ri* *ildr5 only _c be a rational s*ool4 ,f ! v nature ( ?+s x w t5d to insi/ on ! ma9t5ance ( privilege & ! secur+ ( _! advantages4 ,! only s\nd & enlight5$ =m ( s*ool is t :i* co-educates ! poor & ! ri*1 :i* br+s ! "o class into t\* ) ! o!r 9 ! innoc5t equality ( *ildhood1 by means ( ! sy/ematic equality ( ! rational s*ool4 ,) ?is end 9 view ,i decid$ to secure pupils ( e social rank & include !m 9 a common class1 adopt+ a sy/em accommodat$ to ! circum/ances ( ! p>5ts or gu>dians ( ! *ildr52 ,i w\ld n h a fix$ & inv>iable fee1 b a k9d ( slid+ scale1 ) free lessons = "s & diff]5t *>ges = o!rs4 ,i lat] publi%$ ! foll[+ article on ! subject 9 ! ,bullet9 7,may #aj1 #aije73-- ,our fri5d ,d4 ,r4 ,c4 gave a lecture la/ ,sunday at ! ,republican ,club on ! subject ( 8,mod]n ,pdagogy10 expla9+ to 8 audi5ce :at we mean by mod]n education & :at advantages society may d]ive f x4 ,z ,i ?9k t ! subject is "o ( v great int]e/ & mo/ prop] to receive public att5tion1 ,i (f] ! foll[+ reflections & consid]ations on x4 ,x seems to me t ! lectur] 0 happy 9 8 exposition ( ! ideal1 b n 9 ! sugge/ions he made ) a view to realis+ x1 nor 9 br++ =w>d ! s*ools ( ,france & ,belgium z models to be imitat$4 ,seor ,c41 9 fact1 relies ^u ! ,/ate1 ^u ,p>liam5t or municipalities1 = ! build+1 equipm5t1 & managem5t ( s*ola/ic in/itutions4 ,?is seems to me a great mi/ake4 ,if mod]n pdagogy means an ef=t t[>ds ! realisation ( a new & m j =m ( society2 if x means t we propose to in/ruct ! ris+ g5]ation 9 ! causes :i* h br\ght ab\t & ma9ta9 ! lack ( social equilibrium2 if x means t we are anxi\s to prep>e ! race = bett] days1 free+ x f religi\s fiction & f all idea ( submission to an inevitable socio-economic inequality2 we _c entru/ x to ! ,/ate nor to o!r (ficial organisms :i* necess>ily ma9ta9 exi/+ privileges & support ! laws :i* at pres5t consecrate ! exploitation ( "o man by ano!r1 ! p]nici\s s\rce ( ! wor/ abuses4 ,evid5ce ( ! tru? ( ?is is s abundant t any p]son c obta9 x by visit+ ! factories & work%ops & o!r c5tres ( paid work]s1 by inquir+ :at is ! mann] ( life ( ^? 9 ! high] & ^? 9 ! l[] social rank1 by frequ5t+ :at are call$ c\rts ( ju/ice1 & by ask+ ! prison]s 9 our p5al in/itutions :at 7 ! motives = _! misconduct4 ,if all ?is does n suffice to prove t ! ,/ate fav\rs ^? :o are 9 possession ( weal? & fr[ns on ^? :o rebel aga9/ inju/ice1 x may be useful to notice :at has happ5$ 9 ,belgium4 ,"h1 accord+ to ,seor ,c41 ! gov]nm5t is s att5tive to education & conducts x s excell5tly t private s*ools are impossible4 ,9 ! (ficial s*ools1 he says1 ! *ildr5 ( ! ri* m+le ) ! *ildr5 ( ! poor1 & "o may at times see ! *ild ( weal?y p>5ts arm 9 arm ) a poor & l[ly companion4 ,x is true1 ,i admit1 t *ildr5 ( all classes may att5d ! ,belgian s*ools2 b ! in/ruction t is giv5 9 !m is bas$ on ! suppos$ et]nal necessity = a division ( ri* & poor1 & on ! pr9ciple t social h>mony consi/s 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ! laws4 ,x is natural en\gh t ! ma/]s %\ld l to see ?is k9d ( education giv5 on e side4 ,x is a means ( br++ to reason ^? :o might "o day be tempt$ to rebel4 ,n long ago1 9 ,brussels & o!r ,belgian t[ns1 ! sons ( ! ri*1 arm$ & organis$ 9 national troops1 %ot d[n ! sons ( ! poor :o 7 claim+ univ]sal suffrage4 ,on ! o!r h&1 my acqua9tance ) ! quality ( ,belgian education diff]s consid]ably f t ( ! lectur]4 ,i h be=e me v>i\s issues ( a ,belgian j\rnal 7,l',exprss de ,lige7 :i* devotes an article to ! subject1 entitl$ 8,! ,de/ruction ( our ,national ,sy/em ( ,education40 ,! facts giv5 are1 un=tunately1 v simil> to ! facts ab\t education 9 ,spa91 ?\gh 9 ?is c\ntry !re has be5 a great developm5t ( education by religi\s ord]s1 :i* is1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 ! sy/ematisation ( ignorance4 ,9 f9e1 x is n = no?+ t a viol5tly cl]ical gov]nm5t rules 9 ,belgium4 ,z to ! mod]n education :i* is giv5 9 ,fr5* s*ools1 we may say t n a s+le "o ( ! books us$ 9 !m s]ves ! purpose ( a really secul> education4 ,on ! v day on :i* ,seor ,c4 0 lectur+ 9 ,gracia ! ,p>isian j\rnal ,l',action publi%$ an article1 ) ! title 8,h[ ,secul> ,morality is ,taught10 9 reg>d to ! book ,recueil de maximes et p5ses morales1 & quot$ f x c]ta9 ridicul\sly ana*roni/ic ideas :i* (f5d ! mo/ elem5t>y common s5se4 ,we %all be ask$1 ,:at are we to d if we _c rely on ! aid ( ! ,/ate1 ( ,p>liam5t1 or municipalities8 ,we mu/ appeal to ^? ^: int]e/ x is to br+ ab\t a re=m2 to ! work]s1 9 ! fir/ place1 !n to ! cultivat$ & privileg$ p :o *]i% s5tim5ts ( ju/ice4 ,!y may n be num]\s1 b !re are su*4 ,i am p]sonally acqua9t$ ) sev]al4 ,! lectur] compla9$ t ! civic au?orities 7 s dilatory 9 grant+ ! re=ms t are ne$$4 ,i feel sure t he w\ld d bett] n to wa/e 8 "t on !m1 b appeal directly to ! work+ class4 ,! field has be5 well prep>$4 ,let him visit ! v>i\s work+ m5's societies1 ! ,republican ,frat]nities1 ! ,c5tres ( ,in/ruction1 ! ,work]s' ,a!nums1 & all ! bodies :i* are work+ = re=m1 #c & let him give e> to ! language ( tru?1 ! exhortations to union & c\rage4 ,let him obs]ve ! att5tion giv5 to ! problem ( rational & sci5tific in/ruction1 a k9d ( in/ruction :i* %[s ! inju/ice ( privilege & ! possibility ( re=ms4 ,if individuals & societies cont9ue ?us to comb9e _! endeav\rs to secure ! emancipation ( ^? :o suff]--= x is n ! work]s only :o suff]--,seor ,c4 may re/ assur$ ( a positive1 s\nd1 & spe$y result1 :ile :atev] may be obta9$ ( ! gov]nm5t w be dilatory1 & w t5d only to /upefy1 to confuse ideas1 & to p]petuate ! dom9ation ( "o class ov] ano!r4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,s*ool ,,hygi5e ,9 reg>d to hygi5e we are1 9 ,spa91 dom9at$ by ! abom9able ideas ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,sa9t ,aloysius & ,sa9t ,b5$ict ,j4 ,labr are n ! only1 or ! mo/ *>act]i/ic1 sa9ts 9 ! li/ ( ! suppos$ citiz5s ( ! k+dom ( heav51 b !y are ! mo/ popul> ) ! ma/]s ( uncleanl9ess4 ,) su* types ( p]fection1 #d 9 an atmosph]e ( ignorance1 clev]ly & malici\sly su/a9$ by ! cl]gy & ! middle-class ,lib]als1 x 0 to be expect$ t ! *ildr5 :o w\ld come to our s*ool w\ld be want+ 9 cleanl9ess2 dirt is traditional 9 _! _w4 ,we began a discreet & sy/ematic campaign aga9/ x1 %[+ ! *ildr5 h[ a dirty p]son or object inspires repugnance1 & h[ cleanl9ess attracts e/eem & sympa?y2 h[ "o in/9ctively moves t[>ds ! cleanly p]son & away f ! dirty & malodor\s2 & h[ we %\ld be pleas$ to w9 ! reg>d ( ^? :o see u & a%am$ to excite _! disgu/4 ,we !n expla9$ cleanl9ess z an aspect ( beauty1 & uncleanl9ess z a "p ( ugl9ess2 & we at l5g? ent]$ expressly into ! prov9ce ( hygi5e1 po9t+ out t dirt 0 a cause ( disease & a con/ant possible s\rce ( infection & epidemic1 :ile cleanl9ess 0 "o ( ! *ief conditions ( heal?4 ,we ?us soon succe$$ 9 dispos+ ! *ildr5 9 fav\r ( cleanl9ess1 & mak+ !m und]/& ! sci5tific pr9ciples ( hygi5e4 ,! influ5ce ( ^! lessons spread to _! families1 z ! new dem&s ( ! *ildr5 di/urb$ traditional habits4 ,"o *ild w\ld ask urg5tly = its feet to be wa%$1 ano!r w\ld ask to be ba!d1 ano!r want$ a bru% & p[d] = its tee?1 ano!r new clo!s or boots1 & s on4 ,! poor mo!rs1 burd5$ ) _! daily tasks1 sometimes cru%$ by ! h>dness ( ! circum/ances 9 :i* _! life 0 pass$1 & probably "u ! influ5ce ( religi\s tea*+1 endeav\r$ to /op _! petitions2 b 9 ! end ! new life introduc$ into ! home by ! *ild triumph$1 a welcome presage ( ! reg5]ation :i* rational education w "o day accompli%4 ,i entru/$ ! exp\nd+ ( ! pr9ciples ( s*ola/ic hygi5e to compet5t m51 & ,dr4 ,m>tnez ,v>gas & o!rs wrote able & detail$ articles on ! subject 9 ! ,bullet94 ,o!r articles 7 writt5 on ! subject ( games & play1 on ! l9es ( mod]n pdagogy4 #e ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,tea*]s ,! *oice ( tea*]s 0 ano!r po9t ( great difficulty4 ,! trac+ ( a programme ( rational in/ruction once accompli%$1 x rema9$ to *oose tea*]s :o 7 compet5t to c>ry x out1 & ,i f\nd t 9 fact no su* p]sons exi/$4 ,we 7 to illu/rate once m t a ne$ creates its own organs4 ,c]ta9ly !re 7 pl5ty ( tea*]s4 ,tea*+1 ?\gh n v lucrative1 is a pr(ession by :i* a man c support himself4 ,!re is n a univ]sal tru? 9 ! popul> prov]b :i* says ( an un=tunate man3 8,he is hungri] ?an a s*oolma/]40 #f ,! tru? is t 9 _m p>ts ( ,spa9 ! s*oolma/] =ms "p ( ! local gov]n+ clique1 ) ! prie/1 ! doctor1 ! %opkeep]1 & ! money-l5d] 7:o is (t5 "o ( ! ri*e/ m5 9 ! place1 ?\gh he contributes lea/ to its welf>e74 ,! ma/] receives a municipal sal>y1 & has a c]ta9 influ5ce :i* may at times secure mat]ial advantages4 ,9 l>g] t[ns ! ma/]1 if he is n cont5t ) 8 sal>y1 may give lessons 9 private s*ools1 :]e1 9 accord ) ! prov9cial in/itute1 he prep>es "y m5 = ! ,univ]sity4 ,ev5 if he does n obta9 a position ( di/9ction1 he lives z well z ! g5]ality ( 8 fell[ t[nsm54 ,!re are1 moreov]1 tea*]s 9 :at are call$ 8secul> s*ools0--a "n import$ f ,france1 :]e x arose because ! s*ool+ 0 =m]ly exclusively cl]ical & conduct$ by religi\s bodies4 ,?is is n ! case 9 ,spa92 h[ev] ,*ri/ian ! tea*+ is1 x is always giv5 by lay ma/]s4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,spani% lay tea*]s1 inspir$ by s5tim5ts ( free?\ght & political radicalism1 7 r anti-,ca?olic & anti-cl]ical ?an ,rationali/1 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,pr(essional tea*]s h to und]go a special prep>ation = ! task ( imp>t+ sci5tific & rational in/ruction4 ,?is is difficult 9 all cases1 & is sometimes r5d]$ impossible by ! difficulties caus$ by habits ( r\t9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o _h _h no pdagogical exp]i5ce1 & (f]$ !mselves = ! "w out ( pure en?usiasm = ! idea1 /ood 9 ev5 great] ne$ ( prep>atory /udy4 ,! solution ( ! problem 0 v difficult1 because !re 0 no o!r place b ! rational s*ool itself = mak+ ?is prep>ation4 ,! excell5ce ( ! sy/em sav$ u4 ,once ! ,mod]n ,s*ool _h be5 e/abli%$ by private initiative1 ) a firm det]m9ation to be guid$ by ! ideal1 ! difficulties began to disappe>4 ,e dogmatic imposition 0 detect$ & reject$1 e excursion or deviation 9 ! direction ( metaphysics 0 at once ab&on$1 & exp]i5ce gradually =m$ a new & salut>y pdagogical sci5ce4 ,?is 0 due1 n m]ely to my zeal & vigilance1 b to my e>lie/ tea*]s1 & to "s ext5t to ! naive expressions ( ! pupils !mselves4 ,we may c]ta9ly say t if a ne$ creates an organ1 ! organ spe$ily meets ! ne$4 ,nev]!less1 9 ord] to complete my "w1 ,i e/abli%$ a ,rationali/ ,normal ,s*ool = ! education ( tea*]s1 "u ! direction ( an exp]i5c$ ma/] & ) ! co-op]ation ( ! tea*]s 9 ! ,mod]n ,s*ool4 ,9 ?is a numb] ( "y p ( bo? sexes 7 tra9$1 & !y work$ excell5tly until ! despotic au?orities1 yield+ to our obscure & p[]ful enemies1 put a /op to our "w1 & flatt]$ !mselves t !y _h de/roy$ x = ev]4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,re=m ,,( ,,! ,,s*ool ,!re are two ways op5 to ^? :o seek to re=m ! education ( *ildr54 ,!y may seek to trans=m ! s*ool by /udy+ ! *ild & prov+ sci5tifically t ! actual s*eme ( in/ruction is defective1 & mu/ be modifi$2 or !y may f\nd new s*ools 9 :i* pr9ciples may be directly appli$ 9 ! s]vice ( t ideal :i* is =m$ by all :o reject ! conv5tions1 ! cruelty1 ! trick]y1 & ! untru? :i* ent] into ! bases ( mod]n society4 ,! fir/ me?od (f]s great advantages1 & is 9 h>mony ) ! evolution>y conception :i* m5 ( sci5ce reg>d z ! only effective way ( atta9+ ! end4 ,!y are "r 9 !ory1 z we fully admit4 ,x is evid5t t ! progress ( psy*ology & physiology mu/ lead to important *anges 9 educational me?ods2 t ! tea*]s1 be+ n[ 9 a bett] position to und]/& ! *ild1 w make _! tea*+ m 9 con=mity ) natural laws4 ,i fur!r grant t ?is evolution w proce$ 9 ! direction ( great] lib]ty1 z ,i am conv9c$ t viol5ce is ! me?od ( ignorance1 & t ! educator :o is really wor?y ( ! "n w ga9 ev]y?+ by spontaneity2 he w "k ! *ild's ne$s1 & w be able to promote its developm5t by giv+ x ! greate/ possible satisfaction4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 h[ev]1 ,i d n ?9k t ^? :o are work+ = ! reg5]ation ( humanity h mu* to hope f ?is side4 ,rul]s h always tak5 c>e to control ! education ( ! p2 !y "k bett] ?an any t _! p[] is bas$ entirely on ! s*ool1 & !y !re=e insi/ on reta9+ _! monopoly ( x4 ,! "t has gone by :5 rul]s c\ld oppose ! spread ( in/ruction & put limits to ! education ( ! masses4 ,su* a policy 0 possible =m]ly because economic life 0 consi/5t ) g5]al ignorance1 & ?is ignorance facilitat$ despotism4 ,! circum/ances h *ang$1 h[ev]4 ,! progress ( sci5ce & our repeat$ discov]ies h revolutionis$ ! conditions ( lab\r & production4 ,x is no long] possible = ! p to rema9 ignorant2 education is absolutely necess>y = a nation to ma9ta9 itself & make headway aga9/ its economic competitors4 ,recognis+ ?is1 ! rul]s h s\ght to give a m & m complete organisation to ! s*ool1 n because !y look to education to reg5]ate society1 b because !y ne$ m compet5t work]s to su/a9 indu/rial ent]prises & enri* _! cities4 ,ev5 ! mo/ reaction>y rul]s h le>n$ ?is lesson2 !y cle>ly und]/& t ! old policy 0 dang]\s to ! economic life ( nations1 & t x 0 necess>y to adapt popul> education to ! new conditions4 ,x w\ld be a s]i\s mi/ake to ?9k t ! rul+ classes h n =ese5 ! dang] to !mselves ( ! intellectual developm5t ( ! p1 & h n und]/ood t x 0 necess>y to *ange _! me?ods4 ,9 fact1 _! me?ods h be5 adapt$ to ! new conditions ( life2 !y h s\ght to ga9 control ( ! ideas :i* are 9 c\rse ( evolution4 ,!y h endeav\r$ to pres]ve ! beliefs on :i* social discipl9e _h be5 gr\nd$1 & to give to ! results ( sci5tific rese>* & ! ideas involv$ 9 !m a mean+ :i* w n be to ! disadvantage ( exi/+ in/itutions2 & x is ?is t has induc$ !m to assume control ( ! s*ool4 ,9 e c\ntry ! gov]n+ classes1 :i* =m]ly left ! education ( ! p to ! cl]gy1 z ^! 7 q will+ to educate 9 a s5se ( ob$i5ce to au?ority1 h n[ !mselves und]tak5 ! direction ( ! s*ools4 ,! dang] to !m consi/s 9 ! /imulation ( ! human m9d by ! new spectacle ( life & ! possible rise ( ?\ghts ( emancipation 9 ! dep?s ( _! he>ts4 ,x w\ld h be5 folly to /ruggle aga9/ ! evolv+ =ces2 ! effect w\ld be only to inflame !m1 &1 in/ead ( adh]+ to e>li] me?ods ( gov]nm5t1 !y w\ld adopt new & m effective me?ods4 ,x did n require any extraord9>y g5ius to discov] ! solution4 ,! c\rse ( ev5ts itself sugge/$ to ^? :o 7 9 p[] ! way 9 :i* !y 7 to meet ! difficulties :i* ?reat5$2 !y built s*ools1 !y s\ght g5]\sly to ext5d ! sph]e ( education1 & if !re 7 at "o po9t a few :o resi/$ ?is impulse--z c]ta9 t5d5cies fav\r$ "o or o!r ( ! political p>ties--all soon und]/ood t x 0 bett] to yield1 & t ! be/ policy 0 to f9d "s new way ( def5d+ _! int]e/s & pr9ciples4 ,!re 7 !n %>p /ruggles = ! control ( ! s*ools1 & ^! /ruggles cont9ue to-day 9 e civilis$ c\ntry2 sometimes ! republican middle-class triumphs1 sometimes ! cl]gy4 ,all p>ties appreciate ! importance ( ! issue1 & !y %r9k f no sacrifice to w9 ! victory4 8,! s*ool0 is ! cry ( e p>ty4 ,! public good mu/ be recognis$ 9 ?is zeal4 ,ev]ybody seeks to raise himself & improve 8 condition by education4 ,9 =m] times x might h be5 said3 8,^? p want to keep !e 9 ignorance 9 ord] ! bett] to exploit !e3 we want to see !e educat$ & free40 ,t is no long] possible2 s*ools ( all k9ds rise on e side4 ,9 reg>d to ?is g5]al *ange ( ideas among ! gov]n+ classes z to ! ne$ ( s*ools1 ,i may /ate c]ta9 reasons = di/ru/+ _! int5tions & d\bt+ ! efficacy ( ! means ( re=m :i* are advocat$ by c]ta9 writ]s4 ,z a rule1 ^! re=m]s c>e little ab\t ! social significance ( education2 !y are m5 :o eag]ly embrace sci5tific tru?1 b elim9ate all t is =eign to ! object ( _! /udies4 ,!y are pati5tly endeav\r+ to und]/& ! *ild1 & are eag] to "k--?\gh _! sci5ce is "y1 x mu/ be rememb]$--:at are ! be/ me?ods to promote its intellectual developm5t4 ,?is k9d ( pr(essional indiff]5ce is1 9 my op9ion1 v prejudicial to ! cause !y seek to s]ve4 ,i d n 9 ! lea/ ?9k !m ins5sible ( ! realities ( ! social _w1 & ,i "k t !y believe t ! public welf>e w be greatly fur!r$ by _! lab\rs4 8,seek+ to p5etrate ! secrets ( ! life ( man10 !y reflect1 8& unravell+ ! normal process ( 8 physical & psy*ic developm5t1 we %all direct education into a *annel :i* w be fav\rable to ! lib]ation ( en]gy4 ,we are n imm$iately conc]n$ ) ! re=m ( ! s*ool1 & inde$ we are unable to say exactly :at l9es x %\ld foll[4 ,we w proce$ sl[ly1 kn[+ t1 f ! v nature ( ?+s1 ! re=m ( ! s*ool w result f our rese>*4 ,if y ask u :at are our hopes1 we w grant t1 l y1 we =esee a revolution 9 ! s5se ( a plac+ ( ! *ild & humanity "u ! direction ( sci5ce2 yet ev5 9 ?is case we are p]suad$ t our "w makes = t object1 & w be ! spe$ie/ & sure/ means ( promot+ x40 ,?is reason+ is evid5tly logical4 ,no "o c\ld d5y ?is1 yet !re is a consid]able degree ( fallacy 9 x1 & we mu/ make ?is cle>4 ,if ! rul+ classes h ! same ideas z ! re=m]s1 if !y are really impell$ by a zeal = ! cont9u\s reorganisation ( society until pov]ty is at la/ elim9at$1 we might recognise t ! p[] ( sci5ce is en\gh to improve ! lot ( peoples4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 h[ev]1 we see cle>ly t ! sole aim ( ^? :o /rive to atta9 p[] is ! def5ce ( _! own int]e/s1 _! own advantage1 & ! satisfaction ( _! p]sonal desires4 ,= "s "t n[ we h ceas$ to accept ! phrases ) :i* !y disguise _! ambitions4 ,x is true t !re are "s 9 :om we may f9d a c]ta9 am\nt ( s9c]ity1 & :o imag9e at times t !y are impell$ by a zeal = ! good ( _! fell[s4 ,b ^! become r>] & r>]1 & ! positivism ( ! age is v sev]e 9 rais+ d\bts z to ! real int5tions ( ^? :o gov]n u4 ,& j z !y contriv$ to adapt !mselves :5 ! necessity arose1 & prev5t$ education f becom+ a dang]1 !y also succe$$ 9 organis+ ! s*ool 9 accord ) ! new sci5tific ideas 9 su* a way t no?+ %\ld endang] _! supremacy4 ,^! ideas are difficult to accept1 & "o ne$s to keep a %>p look-out = successful me?ods & see h[ ?+s are arrang$ s z to avoid v]bal traps4 ,h[ mu* has be51 & is1 expect$ ( education6 ,mo/ progressive p expect ev]y?+ ( x1 &1 until rec5t ye>s1 _m did n und]/& t in/ruction alone leads to illusions4 ,mu* ( ! k actually imp>t$ 9 s*ools is useless2 & ! hope ( re=m]s has be5 void because ! organisation ( ! s*ool1 in/ead ( s]v+ an ideal purpose1 has become "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful in/rum5ts ( s]vitude 9 ! h&s ( ! rul+ class4 ,! tea*]s are m]ely consci\s or unconsci\s organs ( _! w1 & h be5 tra9$ on _! pr9ciples4 ,f _! t5d]e/ ye>s1 & m dra/ically ?an anybody1 !y h endur$ ! discipl9e ( au?ority4 ,v few h escap$ ?is despotic dom9ation2 !y are g5]ally p[]less aga9/ x1 because !y are oppress$ by ! s*ola/ic organisation to su* an ext5t t !y h no?+ to d b obey4 ,x is unnecess>y "h to describe t organisation4 ,"o ^w w suffice to *>act]ise x--,viol5ce4 ,! s*ool dom9ates ! *ildr5 physically1 morally1 & intellectually1 9 ord] to control ! developm5t ( _! faculties 9 ! way desir$1 & deprives !m ( contact ) nature 9 ord] to modify !m z requir$4 ,?is is ! explanation ( ! failure2 ! eag]ness ( ! rul+ class to control education & ! bankruptcy ( ! hopes ( re=m]s4 8,education0 means 9 practice dom9ation or dome/ication4 ,i d n imag9e t ^! sy/ems h be5 put toge!r ) ! delib]ate aim ( secur+ ! desir$ results4 ,t w\ld be a "w ( g5ius4 ,b ?+s h happ5$ j z if ! actual s*eme ( education correspond$ to "s va/ & delib]ate conception2 x c\ld n h be5 done bett]4 ,to atta9 x tea*]s h inspir$ !mselves solely ) ! pr9ciples ( discipl9e & au?ority1 :i* always appeal to social organis]s2 su* m5 h only "o cle> idea & "o w--! *ildr5 mu/ le>n to obey1 to believe1 & to ?9k accord+ to ! prevail+ social dogmas4 ,if ?is 7 ! aim1 education c\ld n be o!r ?an we f9d x to-day4 ,!re is no "q ( promot+ ! spontane\s developm5t ( ! *ild's faculties1 or enc\rag+ x to seek freely ! satisfaction ( its physical1 intellectual1 & moral ne$s4 ,!re is "q only ( impos+ ready-made ideas on x1 ( prev5t+ x f ev] ?9k+ o!rwise ?an is requir$ = ! ma9t5ance ( exi/+ social in/itutions--( mak+ x1 9 a ^w1 an individual rigor\sly adapt$ to ! social me*anism4 ,x _c be expect$ t ?is k9d ( education w h any influ5ce on ! progress ( humanity4 ,i repeat t x is m]ely an in/rum5t ( dom9ation 9 ! h&s ( ! rul+ classes1 :o h nev] s\ght to uplift ! individual1 & x is q useless to expect any good f ! s*ools ( ! pres5t day4 ,:at !y h done up to ! pres5t !y w cont9ue to d 9 ! future4 ,!re is no reason :atev] :y !y %\ld adopt a diff]5t sy/em2 !y h resolv$ to use education = _! purposes1 & !y w take advantage ( e improvem5t ( x4 ,if only !y pres]ve ! _s ( ! s*ool & ! au?oritative discipl9e :i* rules x1 e innovation w t5d to _! advantage4 ,= ?is !y w keep a con/ant wat*1 & take c>e t _! int]e/s are secur$4 ,i w\ld fix ! att5tion ( my read]s on ?is po9t3 ! :ole value ( education consi/s 9 respect = ! physical1 intellectual1 & moral faculties ( ! *ild4 ,z 9 sci5ce1 ! only possible demon/ration is demon/ration by facts2 education is n wor?y ( ! "n unless x be /ripp$ ( all dogmatism1 & unless x leaves to ! *ild ! direction ( its p[]s & is cont5t to support !m 9 _! manife/ations4 ,b no?+ is easi] ?an to alt] ?is mean+ ( education1 & no?+ m difficult ?an to respect x4 ,! tea*] is always impos+1 compell+1 & us+ viol5ce2 ! true educator is ! man :o does n impose 8 own ideas & w on ! *ild1 b appeals to its own en]gies4 ,f ?is we c und]/& h[ easily education is conduct$1 & h[ light is ! task ( ^? :o seek to dom9ate ! individual4 ,! be/ conceivable me?ods become 9 _! h&s s _m new & m effective means ( despotism4 ,our ideal is t ( sci5ce2 we appeal to x 9 dem&+ ! p[] to educate ! *ild by fo/]+ its developm5t & procur+ a satisfaction ( its ne$s z !y manife/ !mselves4 ,we are conv9c$ t ! education ( ! future w be entirely spontane\s4 ,x is pla9 t we _c :olly realise ?is1 b ! evolution ( me?ods 9 ! direction ( a broad] compreh5sion ( life & ! fact t all improvem5t involves ! suppression ( viol5ce indicate t we are on solid gr\nd :5 we look to sci5ce = ! lib]ation ( ! *ild4 ,is ?is ! ideal ( ^? :o actually control ! s*ola/ic sy/em8 ,is ?is :at !y propose to br+ ab\t8 ,are !y eag] to ab&on viol5ce8 ,only 9 ! s5se t !y employ new & m effective me?ods to atta9 ! same end--t is to say1 ! =mation ( individuals :o w accept all ! conv5tions1 all ! prejudices1 & all ! untru?s on :i* society is bas$4 ,we d n hesitate to say t we want m5 :o w cont9ue unceas+ly to develop2 m5 :o are capable ( con/antly de/roy+ & r5ew+ _! surr\nd+s & r5ew+ !mselves2 m5 ^: intellectual indep5d5ce is _! supreme p[]1 :i* !y w yield to none2 m5 always dispos$ = ?+s t are bett]1 eag] = ! triumph ( new ideas1 anxi\s to cr[d _m lives into ! "o life !y h4 ,society fe>s su* m52 y _c expect x to set up a sy/em ( education :i* w produce !m4 ,:at1 !n1 is our mission8 ,:at is ! policy we mu/ adopt 9 ord] to contribute to ! re=m ( ! s*ool8 ,let u foll[ closely ! "w ( ! exp]ts :o are engag$ 9 ! /udy ( ! *ild1 & let u endeav\r to f9d a way ( apply+ _! pr9ciples to ! education we seek to e/abli%1 aim+ at an increas+ly complete emancipation ( ! individual4 ,b h[ are we to d ?is8 ,by putt+ our h& en]getically to ! "w1 by promot+ ! e/abli%m5t ( new s*ools 9 :i*1 z f> z possible1 !re %all rule ?is _s ( fre$om :i*1 we feel1 w col\r ! :ole education ( ! future4 ,we h already _h pro( t x leads to excell5t results4 ,we c de/roy :atev] !re is 9 ! actual s*ool t sav\rs ( viol5ce1 all ! artificial devices by :i* ! *ildr5 are e/rang$ f nature & life1 ! intellectual & moral discipl9e :i* has be5 us$ to impose ready-made ?\ghts1 all beliefs :i* deprave & en]vate ! w4 ,)\t fe> ( injury we may place ! *ild 9 a prop] & natural environm5t1 9 :i* x w f9d itself 9 contact ) all t x loves1 & :]e vital impressions w be sub/itut$ = ! we>isome read+ ( books4 ,if we d no m ?an ?is1 we %all h done mu* t[>ds ! emancipation ( ! *ild4 ,9 su* an environm5t we may freely make use ( ! data ( sci5ce & "w ) pr(it4 ,x is true t we c\ld n realise all our hopes2 t (t5 we %all f9d ourselves compell$1 f lack ( k1 to use ! wrong means4 ,b we %all be su/a9$ by ! confid5t feel+ t1 )\t hav+ a*iev$ our entire aim1 we %all h done a great deal m ?an is be+ done by ! actual s*ool4 ,i w\ld r h ! free spontaneity ( a *ild :o kn[s no?+ ?an ! v]bal k & intellectual de=mation ( "o t has exp]i5c$ ! exi/+ sy/em ( education4 ,:at we h s\ght to d 9 ,b>celona is be+ done by o!rs 9 v>i\s places4 ,all ( u saw t ! "w 0 possible4 ,d$icate y\rself to x at once4 ,we d n hope t ! /udies ( *ildr5 w be susp5d$ t we may reg5]ate ! s*ool4 ,let u apply :at we "k1 & g on le>n+ & apply+4 ,a s*eme ( rational education is already possible1 & 9 su* s*ools z we advocate ! *ildr5 may develop freely accord+ to _! aspirations4 ,let u endeav\r to improve & ext5d ! "w4 ,^? are our aims4 ,we "k well ! difficulties we h to face2 b we h made a beg9n+ 9 ! conviction t we %all be assi/$ 9 our task by ^? :o "w 9 _! v>i\s sph]es to deliv] m5 f ! dogmas & conv5tions :i* secure ! prolongation ( ! pres5t unju/ arrangem5t ( society4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,no ,,rew>d ,,or ,,puni%m5t ,rational education is1 above all ?+s1 a means ( def5ce aga9/ error & ignorance4 ,to ignore tru? & accept absurdities is1 unhappily1 a common feature 9 our social ord]2 to t we owe ! di/9ction ( classes & ! p]si/5t antagonism ( int]e/s4 ,hav+ admitt$ & practis$ ! co-education ( boys & girls1 ( ri* & poor--hav+1 t is to say1 />t$ f ! pr9ciple ( solid>ity & equality--we are n prep>$ to create a new inequality4 ,h5ce 9 ! ,mod]n ,s*ool !re w be no rew>ds & no puni%m5ts2 !re w be no exam9ations to puff up "s *ildr5 ) ! flatt]+ title ( 8excell5t10 to give o!rs ! vulg> title ( 8good10 & make o!rs unhappy ) a consci\sness ( incapacity & failure4 ,^! features ( ! exi/+ (ficial & religi\s s*ools1 :i* are q 9 accord ) _! reaction>y environm5t & aim1 _c1 = ! reasons ,i h giv51 be admitt$ into ! ,mod]n ,s*ool4 ,s9ce we are n educat+ = a specific purpose1 we _c det]m9e ! capacity or incapacity ( ! *ild4 ,:5 we tea* a sci5ce1 or art1 or trade1 or "s subject requir+ special conditions1 an exam9ation may be useful1 & !re may be reason to give a diploma or refuse "o2 ,i nei!r affirm nor d5y x4 ,b !re is no su* specialism 9 ! ,mod]n ,s*ool4 ,! *>act]i/ic note ( ! s*ool1 di/+ui%+ x ev5 f "s :i* pass z progressive models1 is t 9 x ! faculties ( ! *ildr5 %all develop freely )\t subjection to any dogmatic patron1 n ev5 to :at x may consid] ! body ( convictions ( ! f\nd] & tea*]s2 e pupil %all g =? f x into social life ) ! ability to be 8 own ma/] & guide 8 own life 9 all ?+s4 ,h5ce1 if we 7 rationally prev5t$ f giv+ prizes1 we c\ld n impose p5alties1 & no "o w\ld h dream$ ( do+ s 9 our s*ool if ! idea _h n be5 sugge/$ f )\t4 ,sometimes p>5ts came to me ) ! rank prov]b1 8,lett]s g 9 ) blood10 on _! lips1 & begg$ me to puni% _! *ildr54 ,o!rs :o 7 *>m$ ) ! precoci\s tal5t ( _! *ildr5 want$ to see !m %9e 9 exam9ations & exhibit m$als4 ,we refus$ to admit ei!r prizes or puni%m5ts1 & s5t ! p>5ts away4 ,if any *ild 7 conspicu\s = m]it1 application1 laz9ess1 or bad conduct1 we po9t$ out to x ! ne$ ( accord1 or ! unhapp9ess ( lack ( accord1 ) its own welf>e & t ( o!rs1 & ! tea*] might give a lecture on ! subject4 ,no?+ m 0 done1 & ! p>5ts 7 gradually reconcil$ to ! sy/em1 ?\gh !y (t5 _h to be correct$ 9 _! errors & prejudices by _! own *ildr54 ,nev]!less1 ! old prejudice 0 con/antly recurr+1 & ,i saw t ,i _h to repeat my argum5ts ) ! p>5ts ( new pupils4 ,i !re=e wrote ! foll[+ article 9 ! ,bullet93-- ,! conv5tional exam9ations :i* we usually f9d held at ! end ( a s*ola/ic ye>1 to :i* our fa!rs atta*$ s mu* importance1 h _h no result at all2 or1 if any result1 a bad "o4 ,^! functions & _! accompany+ solemnities seem to h be5 in/itut$ = ! sole purpose ( satisfy+ ! vanity ( p>5ts & ! selfi% int]e/s ( _m tea*]s1 & 9 ord] to put ! *ildr5 to torture be=e ! exam9ation & make !m ill aft]w>ds4 ,ea* fa!r wants 8 *ild to be pres5t$ 9 public z "o ( ! prodigies ( ! college1 & reg>ds him ) pride z a le>n$ man 9 m9iature4 ,he does n notice t = a =tnight or s ! *ild suff]s exquisite torture4 ,z ?+s are judg$ by ext]nal appe>ances1 x is n ?\ght t !re is any real torture1 z !re is n ! lea/ scrat* visible on ! sk94444 ,! p>5t's lack ( acqua9tance ) ! natural disposition ( ! *ild1 & ! iniquity ( putt+ x 9 false conditions s t its intellectual p[]s1 especially 9 ! sph]e ( memory1 are artificially /imulat$1 prev5t ! p>5t f see+ t ?is measure ( p]sonal gratification may1 z has happ5$ 9 _m cases1 lead to illness & to ! moral1 if n ! physical1 dea? ( ! *ild4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! majority ( tea*]s1 be+ m]e /]eotyp]s ( ready-made phrases & me*anical inoculators1 r ?an moral fa!rs ( _! pupils1 are conc]n$ 9 ^! exam9ations ) _! own p]sonality & _! economic int]e/s4 ,_! object is to let ! p>5ts & ! o!rs :o are pres5t at ! public display see t1 "u _! guidance1 ! *ild has le>n$ a good deal1 t its k is great] 9 quantity & quality ?an c\ld h be5 expect$ ( its t5d] ye>s & 9 view ( ! %ort "t t x has be5 "u ! *>ge ( ?is v skilful tea*]4 ,9 addition to ?is wret*$ vanity1 :i* is satisfi$ at ! co/ ( ! moral & physical life ( ! *ild1 ! tea*]s are anxi\s to elicit complim5ts f ! p>5ts & ! re/ ( ! audi5ce1 :o "k no?+ ( ! real /ate ( ?+s1 z a k9d ( adv]tisem5t ( ! pre/ige ( _! p>ticul> s*ool4 ,briefly1 we are inexorably oppos$ to hold+ public exam9ations4 ,9 our s*ool ev]y?+ mu/ be done = ! advantage ( ! pupil4 ,ev]y?+ t does n conduce to ?is end mu/ be recognis$ z oppos$ to ! natural _s ( positive education4 ,exam9ations d no good1 & !y d mu* h>m to ! *ild4 ,besides ! illness ( :i* we h already spok51 ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! *ild suff]s1 & a k9d ( tempor>y p>alysis is inflict$ on its consci5ce by ! immoral features ( ! exam9ation2 ! vanity provok$ 9 ^? :o are plac$ highe/1 envy & humiliation1 grave ob/acles to s\nd gr[?1 9 ^? :o h fail$1 & 9 all ( !m ! g]ms ( mo/ ( ! s5tim5ts :i* g to ! mak+ ( egoism4 ,9 a lat] numb] ( ! ,bullet9 ,i f\nd x necess>y to return to ! subject3-- ,we frequ5tly receive lett]s f ,work]s' ,educational ,societies & ,republican ,frat]nities ask+ t ! tea*]s %all *a/ise ! *ildr5 9 our s*ools4 ,we ourselves h be5 disgu/$1 dur+ our brief excursions1 to f9d mat]ial pro(s ( ! fact :i* is at ! base ( ?is reque/2 we h se5 *ildr5 on _! knees1 or 9 o!r attitudes ( puni%m5t4 ,^! irrational & atavi/ic practices mu/ disappe>4 ,mod]n pdagogy entirely discr$its !m4 ,! tea*]s :o (f] _! s]vices to ! ,mod]n ,s*ool1 or ask our recomm5dation to tea* 9 simil> s*ools1 mu/ refra9 f any moral or mat]ial puni%m5t1 "u p5alty ( be+ disqualifi$ p]man5tly4 ,scold+1 impati5ce1 & ang] ought to disappe> ) ! anci5t title ( 8ma/]40 ,9 free s*ools all %\ld be peace1 gladness1 & frat]nity4 ,we tru/ t ?is w suffice to put an end to ^! practices1 :i* are mo/ improp] 9 p ^: sole ideal is ! tra9+ ( a g5]ation fitt$ to e/abli% a really frat]nal1 h>moni\s1 & j /ate ( society4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,public ,,& ,,! ,,libr>y ,9 sett+ out to e/abli% a rational s*ool = ! purpose ( prep>+ *ildr5 = _! entry into ! free solid>ity ( humanity1 ! fir/ problem t confront$ u 0 ! selection ( books4 ,! :ole educational luggage ( ! anci5t sy/em 0 an incoh]5t mixture ( sci5ce & fai?1 reason & unreason1 good & evil1 human exp]i5ce & revelation1 tru? & error2 9 a ^w1 totally unsuit$ to meet ! new ne$s t arose ) ! =mation ( a new s*ool4 ,if ! s*ool has be5 f remote antiquity equipp$ n = tea*+ 9 ! broad s5se ( communicat+ to ! ris+ g5]ation ! gi/ ( ! k ( previ\s g5]ations1 b = tea*+ on ! basis ( au?ority & ! conv5i5ce ( ! rul+ classes1 = ! purpose ( mak+ *ildr5 humble & submissive1 x is cle> t none ( ! books hi!rto us$ w\ld suit u4 ,b ! sev]e logic ( ?is position did n at once conv9ce me4 ,i refus$ to believe t ! ,fr5* democracy1 :i* work$ s zeal\sly = ! sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 incurr$ ! ang] ( ! cl]icals1 & adopt$ obligatory secul> in/ruction1 w\ld resign itself to a semi-education or a sophi/icat$ education4 ,i _h1 h[ev]1 to yield to ! evid5ce1 aga9/ my prejudice4 ,i fir/ read a l>ge numb] ( works 9 ! ,fr5* code ( secul> in/ruction1 & f\nd t ,god 0 replac$ by ! ,/ate1 ,*ri/ian virtue by civic duty1 religion by patriotism1 submission to ! k+1 ! ari/ocracy1 & ! cl]gy by subs]vi5ce to ! (ficial1 ! proprietor1 & ! employ]4 ,!n ,i consult$ an em95t ,free?9k] :o held high (fice 9 ! ,m9i/ry ( ,public ,in/ruction1 &1 :5 ,i _h told him my desire to see ! books !y us$1 :i* ,i und]/ood to be purg$ ( traditional errors1 & expla9$ my design & ideal to him1 he told me frankly t !y _h no?+ ( ! sort2 all _! books 71 m or less clev]ly & insidi\sly1 ta9t$ ) untru?1 :i* is ! indisp5sable cem5t ( social inequality4 ,:5 ,i fur!r ask$ if1 see+ t !y _h replac$ ! decay+ idol ( deity by ! idol ( olig>*ic despotism1 !y _h n at lea/ "s book deal+ ) ! orig9 ( religion1 he said t !re 0 none2 b he knew "o :i* w\ld suit me--,malv]t's ,sci5ce & ,religion4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ?is 0 already translat$ into ,spani%1 & 0 us$ z a read+-book 9 ! ,mod]n ,s*ool1 ) ! title ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ,spani% lit]ature ,i f\nd sev]al works writt5 by a di/+ui%$ au?or1 ( "s em95ce 9 sci5ce1 :o _h produc$ !m r 9 ! int]e/ ( ! publi%]s ?an ) a view to ! education ( *ildr54 ,"s ( ^! 7 at fir/ us$ 9 ! ,mod]n ,s*ool1 b1 ?\gh "o c\ld n accuse !m ( error1 !y lack$ ! inspiration ( an ideal & 7 poor 9 me?od4 ,i communicat$ ) ?is au?or ) a view to int]e/+ him 9 my plans & induc+ him to write books = me1 b 8 publi%]s held him to a c]ta9 contract & he c\ld n oblige me4 ,9 brief1 ! ,mod]n ,s*ool 0 op5$ be=e a s+le "w _h be5 *os5 = its libr>y1 b x 0 n long be=e ! fir/ appe>$--a brilliant book by ,jean ,grave1 :i* has _h a consid]able influ5ce on our s*ools4 ,8 "w1 ,! ,adv5tures ( ,nono1 is a k9d ( poem 9 :i* a c]ta9 phase ( ! happi] future is +5i\sly & dramatically contra/$ ) ! sordid realities ( ! pres5t social ord]2 ! delights ( ! l& ( ,autonomy are contra/$ ) ! horrors ( ! k+dom ( ,argirocracy4 ,! g5ius ( ,grave has rais$ ! "w to a height at :i* x escapes ! /rictures ( ! sceptical & cons]vative2 he has depict$ ! social evils ( ! pres5t tru?fully & )\t exagg]ation4 ,! read+ ( ! book en*ant$ ! *ildr51 & ! pr(undity ( 8 ?\ght sugge/$ _m opportune comm5ts to ! tea*]s4 ,9 _! play ! *ildr5 us$ to act sc5es f ,autonomy1 & _! p>5ts detect$ ! causes ( _! h>d%ips 9 ! con/itution ( ! k+dom ( ,argirocracy4 ,x 0 ann\nc$ 9 ! ,bullet9 & o!r j\rnals t prizes 7 (f]$ = ! be/ manuals ( rational in/ruction1 b no writ]s came =w>d4 ,i conf9e myself to record+ ! fact )\t go+ into ! causes ( x4 ,two books 7 aft]w>ds adopt$ = read+ 9 s*ool4 ,!y 7 n writt5 = s*ool1 b !y 7 translat$ = ! ,mod]n ,s*ool & 7 v useful4 ,"o 0 call$ ,! ,note ,book1 ! o!r ,colonisation & ,patriotism4 ,bo? 7 collections ( passages f writ]s ( e c\ntry on ! inju/ices connect$ ) patriotism1 ! horrors ( w>1 & ! iniquity ( conque/4 ,! *oice ( ^! works 0 v9dicat$ by ! excell5t influ5ce !y _h on ! m9ds ( ! *ildr51 z we %all see f ! little essays ( ! *ildr5 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,bullet91 & ! fury ) :i* !y 7 d5\nc$ by ! reaction>y press & politicians4 ,_m ?9k t !re is n mu* diff]5ce betwe5 secul> & rationali/ education1 & 9 v>i\s articles & propag&i/ spee*es ! two 7 tak5 to be synonym\s4 ,9 ord] to correct ?is error ,i publi%$ ! foll[+ article 9 ! ,bullet93-- ,! ^w education %\ld n be accompani$ by any qualification4 ,x means simply ! ne$ & duty ( ! g5]ation :i* is 9 ! full developm5t ( its p[]s to prep>e ! ris+ g5]ation & admit x to ! patrimony ( human k4 ,?is is an entirely rational ideal1 & x w be fully realis$ 9 "s future age1 :5 m5 are :olly fre$ f _! prejudices & sup]/itions4 ,9 our ef=ts to realise ?is ideal we f9d ourselves confront$ ) religi\s education & political education3 to ^! we mu/ oppose rational & sci5tific in/ruction4 ,! type ( religi\s education is t giv5 9 ! cl]ical & conv5t s*ools ( all c\ntries2 x consi/s ( ! smalle/ possible quantity ( useful k & a good deal ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e & sacr$ hi/ory4 ,political education is ! k9d e/abli%$ "s "t ago 9 ,france1 aft] ! fall ( ! ,empire1 ! object ( :i* is to exalt patriotism & repres5t ! actual public adm9i/ration z ! in/rum5t ( ! common welf>e4 ,sometimes ! qualification free or secul> is appli$ abusively & malici\sly to education1 9 ord] to di/ract or ali5ate public op9ion4 ,or?odox p1 = in/ance1 call free s*ools c]ta9 s*ools :i* !y e/abli% 9 opposition to ! really free t5d5cy ( mod]n pdagogy2 & _m are call$ secul> s*ools :i* are really political1 patriotic1 & anti-humanit>ian4 ,rational education is lift$ above ^! illib]al =ms4 ,x has1 9 ! fir/ place1 no reg>d to religi\s education1 because sci5ce has %[n t ! /ory ( creation is a my? & ! gods leg5d>y2 & !re=e religi\s education takes advantage ( ! cr$ulity ( ! p>5ts & ! ignorance ( ! *ildr51 ma9ta9+ ! belief 9 a sup]natural be+ to :om p may address all k9ds ( pray]s4 ,?is anci5t belief1 /ill un=tunately widespread1 has done a great deal ( h>m1 & w cont9ue to d s z long z x p]si/s4 ,! mission ( education is to %[ ! *ild1 by purely sci5tific me?ods1 t ! m k we h ( natural products1 _! qualities1 & ! way to use !m1 ! m indu/rial1 sci5tific1 & arti/ic commodities we %all h = ! support & com=t ( life1 & m5 & wom5 w issue 9 l>g] numb]s f our s*ools ) a det]m9ation to cultivate e bran* ( k & action1 "u ! guidance ( reason & ! inspiration ( sci5ce & art1 :i* w adorn life & re=m society4 ,we w n1 !re=e1 lose our "t pray+ to an imag9>y ,god = ?+s :i* our own ex]tions alone c procure4 ,on ! o!r h&1 our tea*+ has no?+ to d ) politics4 ,x is our "w to =m individuals 9 ! full possession ( all _! faculties1 :ile politics w\ld subject _! faculties to o!r m54 ,:ile religion has1 ) its div9e p[]1 creat$ a positively abusive p[] & ret>d$ ! developm5t ( humanity1 political sy/ems also ret>d x by enc\rag+ m5 to dep5d = ev]y?+ on ! w ( o!rs1 on :at are suppos$ to be m5 ( a sup]ior "*--on ^?1 9 a ^w1 :o1 f tradition or *oice1 ex]cise ! pr(ession ( politics4 ,x mu/ be ! aim ( ! rational s*ools to %[ ! *ildr5 t !re w be tyranny & slav]y z long z "o man dep5ds ^u ano!r1 to /udy ! causes ( ! prevail+ ignorance1 to le>n ! orig9 ( all ! traditional practices :i* give life to ! exi/+ social sy/em1 & to direct ! att5tion ( ! pupils to ^! matt]s4 ,we w n1 !re=e1 lose our "t seek+ f o!rs :at we c get = ourselves4 ,9 a ^w1 our bus9ess is to impr9t on ! m9ds ( ! *ildr5 ! idea t _! condition 9 ! social ord] w improve 9 proportion to _! k & to ! /r5g? !y are able to develop2 & t ! era ( g5]al happ9ess w be ! m sure to dawn :5 !y h disc>d$ all religi\s & o!r sup]/itions1 :i* h up to ! pres5t done s mu* h>m4 ,on t acc\nt !re are no rew>ds or puni%m5ts 9 our s*ools2 no alms1 no m$als or badges 9 imitation ( ! religi\s & patriotic s*ools1 :i* might enc\rage ! *ildr5 to believe 9 talismans in/ead ( 9 ! individual & collective p[] ( be+s :o are consci\s ( _! ability & k4 ,rational & sci5tific k mu/ p]suade ! m5 & wom5 ( ! future t !y h to expect no?+ f any privileg$ be+ 7fictiti\s or real72 & t !y may expect all t is reasonable f !mselves & f a freely organis$ & accept$ social ord]4 ,i !n appeal$ 9 ! ,bullet9 & ! local press to sci5tific writ]s :o 7 eag] = ! progress ( ! race to supply u ) text-books on ^! l9es4 ,!y 71 ,i said1 8to deliv] ! m9ds ( ! pupils f all ! errors ( our ance/ors1 enc\rage !m 9 ! love ( tru? & beauty1 & keep f !m ! au?orit>ian dogmas1 v5]able sophisms1 & ridicul\s conv5tionalities :i* at pres5t disgrace our social life40 ,a special note 0 add$ 9 reg>d to ! tea*+ ( ari?metic3-- ,! way 9 :i* ari?metic has hi!rto be5 g5]ally taught has made x a p[]ful in/rum5t = impress+ ! pupils ) ! false ideals ( ! capitali/ rgime :i* at pres5t presses s heavily on society4 ,! ,mod]n ,s*ool1 !re=e1 invites essays on ! subject ( ! re=m ( ! tea*+ ( ari?metic1 & reque/s ^? fri5ds ( rational & sci5tific in/ruction :o are especially occupi$ ) ma!matics to draw up a s]ies ( easy & practical problems1 9 :i* !re %all be no ref]5ce to wages1 economy1 & pr(it4 ,^! ex]cises mu/ deal ) agricultural & indu/rial production1 ! j di/ribution ( ! raw mat]ial & ! manufactur$ articles1 ! means ( communication1 ! transport ( m]*&ise1 ! comp>ison ( human lab\r ) me*anical1 ! b5efits ( ma*9]y1 public works1 etc4 ,9 a ^w1 ! ,mod]n ,s*ool wants a numb] ( problems %[+ :at ari?metic really ought to be--! sci5ce ( ! social economy 7tak+ ! ^w 8economy0 9 its etymological s5se ( 8good di/ribution074 ,! ex]cises w deal ) ! f\r fundam5tal op]ations 7integrals1 decimals1 & fractions71 ! metrical sy/em1 proportion1 comp\nds & alloys1 ! squ>es & cubes ( numb]s1 & ! extraction ( squ>e & cube roots4 ,z ^? :o respond to ?is appeal are1 x is hop$1 inspir$ r ) ! ideal ( a "r education ( *ildr5 ?an ) ! desire ( pr(it1 & z we wi% to avoid ! common practice 9 su* circum/ances1 we %all n appo9t judges or (f] any prizes4 ,! ,mod]n ,s*ool w publi% ! ,ari?metic :i* be/ s]ves its purpose1 & w come to an amicable agreem5t ) ! au?or z to 8 fee4 ,a lat] note 9 ! ,bullet9 0 address$ to tea*]s3-- ,we w\ld call ! att5tion ( all :o d$icate !mselves to ! noble ideal ( ! rational tea*+ ( *ildr5 & ! prep>ation ( ! "y to take a fitt+ %>e 9 life to ! ann\ncem5ts ( a ,comp5dium ( ,univ]sal ,hi/ory by ,clm5ce ,jacqu9et1 & ,! ,adv5tures ( ,nono by ,jean ,grave1 :i* w be f\nd on ! cov]4 #g ,! works :i* ! ,mod]n ,s*ool has publi%$ or proposes to publi% are int5d$ = all free & rational tea*+ in/itutions1 c5tres ( social /udy1 & p>5ts1 :o res5t ! intellectual re/rictions :i* dogma ( all k9ds--religi\s1 political1 & social--imposes 9 ord] to ma9ta9 privilege at ! exp5se ( ! ignorant4 ,all :o are oppos$ to ,jesuitism & to conv5tional lies1 & to ! errors transmitt$ by tradition & r\t9e1 w f9d 9 our publications tru? bas$ ^u evid5ce4 ,z we h no desire ( pr(it1 ! price ( ! works repres5ts almo/ _! intr9sic value or mat]ial co/2 if !re is any pr(it f ! sale ( !m1 x w be sp5t ^u subsequ5t publications4 ,9 a lat] numb] ( ! ,bullet9 7,no4 #f1 second ye>7 ! di/+ui%$ geograph] ,elise ,reclus wrote1 at my reque/1 a l5g?y article on ! tea*+ ( geography4 ,9 a lett] :i* ,reclus aft]w>ds wrote me f ! ,geographical ,in/itute at ,brussels1 reply+ to my reque/ t he %\ld recomm5d a text-book1 he said t !re 0 8no text-book = ! tea*+ ( geography 9 elem5t>y s*ools02 he 8did n "k "o t 0 n ta9t$ ) religi\s or patriotic poison1 or1 :at is worse1 adm9i/rative r\t9e40 ,he recomm5d$ t ! tea*]s %\ld use no manual 9 ! ,mod]n ,s*ool1 :i* he cordially comm5d$ 7,febru>y #bf1 #aijc74 ,9 ! foll[+ numb] 7#g7 ( ! ,bullet9 ,i publi%$ ! foll[+ note on ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity3-- ,! old] pdagogy1 ! real1 if unav[$1 aim ( :i* 0 to impress *ildr5 ) ! uselessness ( k1 9 ord] t !y might be reconcil$ to _! h>d conditions & seek consolation 9 a suppos$ future life1 us$ read+-books 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool :i* sw>m$ ) /ories1 anecdotes1 acc\nts ( travels1 gems ( classical lit]ature1 etc4 ,!re 0 a good deal ( error mix$ ) :at 0 s\nd & useful 9 ?is1 & ! aim 0 n j4 ,! my/ical idea pr$om9at$1 repres5t+ t a relation c\ld be e/abli%$ betwe5 a ,supreme ,be+ & m5 by means ( prie/s1 & ?is prie/hood 0 ! *ief f\ndation ( ! exi/5ce ( bo? ! privileg$ & ! dis9h]it$1 & ! cause ( mu* ( ! evil t !y endur$4 ,among o!r books ( ?is class1 all ta9t$ ) ! same evil1 we rememb] "o :i* ins]t$ an academic disc\rse1 a m>vel ( ,spani% eloqu5ce1 9 praise ( ! ,bible4 ,! gi/ ( x is express$ 9 ! b>b>\s decl>ation ( ,om> :5 he condemn$ ! ,libr>y ( ,alex&ria to ! flames3 8,! :ole tru? is conta9$ 9 ! sacr$ book4 ,if ^? o!r books are true1 !y are sup]flu\s2 if !y are n true1 !y %\ld be burn$40 ,! ,mod]n ,s*ool1 :i* seeks to =m free m9ds1 ) a s5se ( responsibility1 fitt$ to exp]i5ce a complete developm5t ( _! p[]s1 :i* is ! "o aim ( life1 mu/ necess>ily adopt a v diff]5t k9d ( read+-book1 9 h>mony ) its me?od ( tea*+4 ,= ?is reason1 z x tea*es e/abli%$ tru? & is int]e/$ 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 light & d>kness1 x has deem$ x necess>y to produce a critical "w :i* w enlight5 ! m9d ( ! *ild ) positive facts4 ,^! may n be appreciat$ 9 *ildhood1 b w lat]1 9 manhood1 :5 ! *ild takes its place 9 social life & 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ ! errors1 conv5tions1 hypocrisies1 & infamies :i* conceal !mselves "u ! cloak ( my/icism4 ,?is "w rem9ds u t our books are n m]ely int5d$ = *ildr52 !y are de/9$ also = ! use ( ! ,adult ,s*ools :i* are be+ f\nd$ on e side by associations ( work]s1 ,free?9k]s1 ,co-op]ators1 social /ud5ts1 & o!r progressive bodies :o are eag] to correct ! illit]acy ( our nation1 & remove t great ob/acle to progress4 ,we believe t ! section ( ,malv]t's "w 7,sci5ce & ,religion7 :i* we h entitl$ 8,! ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity0 w be useful = ?is purpose4 ,x %[s ! my?s1 dogmas1 & c]emonies ( ! ,*ri/ian religion 9 _! orig9al =m2 sometimes z exot]ic symbols conceal+ a tru? kn[n to ! initiat$1 sometimes z adaptations ( e>li] beliefs1 impos$ by %e] r\t9e & pres]v$ by malice4 ,z we are conv9c$ & h ample evid5ce ( ! usefulness ( our "w1 we (f] x to ! public ) ! hope t x w be> ! fruit :i* we anticipate4 ,we h only to add t c]ta9 passages :i* are unsuitable = *ildr5 h be5 omitt$2 ! omissions are indicat$1 & adults may consult ! passages 9 ! complete edition4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,sunday ,,lectures ,! ,mod]n ,s*ool did n conf9e itself to ! in/ruction ( *ildr54 ,)\t = a mom5t sacrific+ its pr$om9ant "* & its *ief object1 x also und]took ! in/ruction ( ! p4 ,we arrang$ a s]ies ( public lectures on ,sundays1 & !y 7 att5d$ by ! pupils & o!r memb]s ( _! families1 & a l>ge numb] ( work]s :o 7 anxi\s to le>n4 ,! e>li] lectures 7 want+ 9 me?od & cont9uity1 z we _h to employ lectur]s :o 7 q compet5t 9 reg>d to _! own subjects1 b gave ea* lecture )\t reg>d to :at prec$$ or foll[$4 ,on o!r occasions1 :5 we _h no lectur]1 we sub/itut$ useful read+s4 ,! g5]al public att5d$ assidu\sly1 & our adv]tisem5ts 9 ! ,lib]al press ( ! di/rict 7 eag]ly scann$4 ,9 view ( ^! results1 & 9 ord] to enc\rage ! disposition ( ! g5]al public1 ,i held a consultation ) ,dr4 ,&rs ,m>tnez ,v>gas & ,dr4 ,odn de ,bu51 ,pr(essors at ! ,b>celona ,univ]sity1 on ! subject ( creat+ a popul> univ]sity 9 ! ,mod]n ,s*ool4 ,9 ?is ! sci5ce :i* is giv5--or1 r1 sold--by ! ,/ate to a privileg$ few 9 ! univ]sities %\ld be giv5 gratuit\sly to ! g5]al public1 by way ( re/itution1 z e human be+ has a "r to "k1 & sci5ce1 :i* is produc$ by obs]v]s & work]s ( all ages & c\ntries1 ought n to be re/rict$ to a class4 ,f t "t ! lectures became cont9u\s & regul>1 hav+ reg>d to ! diff]5t bran*es ( k ( ! two lectur]s4 ,dr4 ,m>tnez ,v>gas exp\nd$ physiology & hygi5e1 & ,dr4 ,odn de ,bu5 geography & natural sci5ce1 on alt]nate ,sundays1 until we began to be p]secut$4 ,_! tea*+ 0 eag]ly welcom$ by ! pupils ( ! ,mod]n ,s*ool1 & ! l>ge audi5ces ( mix$ *ildr5 & adults4 ,"o ( ! ,lib]al j\rnals ( ,b>celona1 9 giv+ an acc\nt ( ! "w1 spoke ( ! function z 8! sci5tific ,mass40 ,! et]nal light-hat]s1 :o ma9ta9 _! privileges on ! ignorance ( ! p1 7 greatly exasp]at$ to see ?is c5tre ( enlight5m5t %9+ s vigor\sly1 & did n delay long to urge ! au?orities1 :o 7 at _! disposal1 to ext+ui% x brutally4 ,= my "p1 ,i resolv$ to put ! "w on ! firme/ f\ndation ,i c\ld conceive4 ,i recall ) ! greate/ pleasure t h\r we devot$ once a week to ! confrat]nity ( culture4 ,i inaugurat$ ! lectures on ,decemb] #ae1 #aija1 :5 ,don ,erne/o ,v5drell spoke ( ,hypatia z a m>tyr to ! ideals ( sci5ce & beauty1 ! victim ( ! fanatical ,bi%op ,cyril ( ,alex&ria4 ,o!r lectures 7 giv5 on subsequ5t ,sundays1 z ,i said1 until1 on ,octob] #e1 #aijb1 ! lectures 7 organis$ 9 regul> c\rses ( sci5ce4 ,on t day ,dr4 ,&rs ,m>tnez ,v>gas1 ,pr(essor ( ! ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e 7*ild diseases7 at ,b>celona ,univ]sity1 gave 8 fir/ lecture4 ,he dealt ) ! hygi5e ( ! s*ool1 & exp\nd$ its pr9ciples 9 pla9 t]ms adapt$ to ! m9ds ( 8 he>]s4 ,dr4 ,odn de ,bu51 ,pr(essor ( ! ,faculty ( ,sci5ce1 dealt ) ! usefulness ( ! /udy ( natural hi/ory4 ,! press 0 g5]ally 9 sympa?y ) ! ,mod]n ,s*ool1 b :5 ! programme ( ! ?ird s*ola/ic ye> appe>$ "s ( ! local j\rnals1 ! ,notici]o ,univ]sal & ! ,di>io de ,b>celona1 broke out4 ,"h is a passage t des]ves record+ z an illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* cons]vative j\rnals dealt ) progressive subjects3-- ,we h se5 ! prospectus ( an educational c5tre e/abli%$ 9 ?is city1 :i* pr(esses to h no?+ to d ) 8dogmas & sy/ems40 ,x proposes to lib]ate ev]ybody f 8au?orit>ian dogmas1 v5]able sophisms1 & ridicul\s conv5tions40 ,x seems to u t ?is means t ! fir/ ?+ to d is to tell ! boys & girls--x is a mix$ s*ool--t !re is no ,god1 an admirable way ( =m+ good *ildr51 especially "y wom5 :o are de/9$ to be wives & mo!rs4 ,! writ] cont9ues 9 ?is ironical mann] = "s "t1 & ends z foll[s3-- ,?is s*ool has ! support ( a pr(essor ( ,natural ,sci5ce 7,dr4 ,odn de ,bu57 & ano!r ( ! ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e4 ,we d n "n ! latt]1 z !re may be "s mi/ake 9 includ+ him among ! m5 :o l5d _! support to su* a "w4 ,^! insidi\s cl]ical attacks 7 answ]$ by ! anti-cl]ical j\rnals ( ,b>celona at ! "t4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,results ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! second s*ola/ic ye> ,i once m drew up a programme4 ,let u1 ,i said1 confirm our e>li] programme2 v9dicat$ by results1 approv$ 9 !ory & practice1 ! pr9ciple :i* f ! fir/ in=m$ our "w & gov]ns ! ,mod]n ,s*ool is n[ un%akable4 ,sci5ce is ! sole mi/ress ( our life4 ,inspir$ ) ?is ?\ght1 ! ,mod]n ,s*ool proposes to give ! *ildr5 entru/$ to x a m5tal vitality ( _! own1 s t :5 !y leave our control !y w cont9ue to be ! mortal enemies ( all k9ds ( prejudices & w =m _! own ideas1 individually & s]i\sly1 on all subjects4 ,fur!r1 z education does n consi/ m]ely 9 ! tra9+ ( ! m9d1 b mu/ include ! emotions & ! w1 we %all take ! utmo/ c>e 9 ! tra9+ ( ! *ild t its intellectual impressions are conv]t$ into ! sap ( s5tim5t4 ,:5 ?is atta9s a c]ta9 degree ( int5sity1 x spreads ?r\gh ! :ole be+1 col\r+ & ref9+ ! individual "*4 ,& z ! conduct ( ! y\? revolves entirely 9 ! sph]e ( "*1 he mu/ le>n to adopt sci5ce z ! sole mi/ress ( 8 life4 ,to complete our pr9ciple we mu/ /ate t we are en?usia/ically 9 fav\r ( mix$ education1 s t1 hav+ ! same education1 ! woman may become ! real companion ( man1 & "w ) him = ! reg5]ation ( society4 ,?is task has hi!rto be5 conf9$ to man2 x is "t t ! moral influ5ce ( woman 0 enli/$ 9 x4 ,sci5ce w illum9e & guide h] ri* ve9 ( s5tim5t1 & utilise h] "* = ! welf>e ( ! race4 ,kn[+ t ! *ief ne$ 9 ?is c\ntry is a k ( natural sci5ce & hygi5e1 ! ,mod]n ,s*ool int5ds to help to supply x4 ,9 ?is x has ! support ( ,dr4 de ,bu5 & ,dr4 ,v>gas1 :o lecture1 alt]nately1 on _! respective subjects4 ,on ,june #cj1 #aijc1 ,i publi%$ 9 ! ,bullet9 ! foll[+ decl>ation3-- ,we h n[ pass$ two ye>s 9 exp\nd+ our pr9ciples1 ju/ify+ !m by our practice1 & enjoy+ ! e/eem ( all :o h co-op]at$ 9 our "w4 ,we d n see 9 ?is any o!r triumph ?an t we are able to confirm confid5tly all t we h proclaim$4 ,we h ov]come ! ob/acles :i* 7 put 9 our way by int]e/ & prejudice1 & we int5d to p]sev]e 9 x1 c\nt+ always on t progressive comrade%ip :i* dispels ! d>kness ( ignorance ) its /rong light4 ,we resume "w next ,septemb]1 aft] ! autumn vacation4 ,we are delight$ to be able to repeat :at we said la/ ye>4 ,! ,mod]n ,s*ool & its ,bullet9 r5ew _! life1 = !y h fill$1 ) "s measure ( satisfaction1 a deeply-felt ne$4 ,)\t mak+ promises or programmes1 we w p]sev]e to ! limit ( our p[]s4 ,9 ! same numb] ( ! ,bullet9 0 publi%$ ! foll[+ li/ ( ! pupils :o _h att5d$ ! s*ool dur+ ! fir/ two ye>s3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,girls4 ,,boys4 ,,total4 ,,mon?s4 #aija-b4 #aijb-c4 #aija-b4 #aijb-c4 #a/ ,yr4 #bnd ,yr4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,op5+ day #ab -- #ah -- #cj -- ,septemb] #af #bc #bc #dj #ci #fc ,octob] #ah #bh #be #dj #dc #fh ,novemb] #ba #ca #bi #dj #ej #ga ,decemb] #bb #ca #cj #dj #eb #ga ,janu>y #bb #ca #cb #dd #ed #ge ,febru>y #bc #ca #cb #dh #ee #gi ,m>* #be #cc #cd #dg #ei #hj ,april #bf #cb #cg #dh #fc #hj ,may #cj #cc #ch #dh #fh #ha ,june #cb #cd #ch #dh #gj #hb ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird ye> ,i publi%$ ) special pleasure ! foll[+ article 9 ! ,bullet9 on ! progress ( ! ,s*ool3-- ,on ! eigh? ( ! pres5t mon? we op5$ ! new s*ola/ic ye>4 ,a l>ge numb] ( pupils1 _! relatives1 & memb]s ( ! g5]al public :o 7 9 sympa?y ) our "w & lectures1 fill$ ! rec5tly enl>g$ rooms1 &1 be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! function1 inspect$ ! collections :i* give ! s*ool ! appe>ance ( a museum ( sci5ce4 ,! function began ) a %ort address f ! director1 :o =mally decl>$ ! op5+ ( ! ?ird ye> ( s*ool life1 & said t1 z !y n[ _h m exp]i5ce & 7 enc\rag$ by success1 !y w\ld c>ry out en]getically ! ideal ( ! ,mod]n ,s*ool4 ,dr4 de ,bu5 congratulat$ u on ! enl>gem5t ( ! ,s*ool1 & support$ its aims4 ,education %\ld1 he said1 reflect nature1 z k c only consi/ 9 our p]ception ( :at actually exi/s4 ,on ! "p ( 8 *ildr51 :o /udy at ! ,s*ool & live 9 ! neighb\rhood1 he paid a tribute to ! good-comrade%ip among ! pupils1 ) :om !y play$ & /udi$ 9 a p]fectly natural way4 ,he said t ev5 9 or?odox education1 or r on ! "p ( ! pr(essors engag$ 9 x1 !re 71 = all its ar*aic features1 c]ta9 t5d5cies simil> to ^? embodi$ 9 ! ,mod]n ,s*ool4 ,?is might be ga!r$ f 8 own pres5ce1 & t ( ,dr4 ,v>gas & o!r pr(essors4 ,he ann\nc$ t !re 0 already a simil> s*ool at ,guadalaj>a1 or t "o w\ld %ortly be op5$ !re1 built by means ( a legacy left = ! purpose by a humanit>ian4 ,he wi%$ to contribute to ! r$emption ( *ildr5 & _! lib]ation f ignorance & sup]/ition2 & he express$ a hope & v /rong wi% t weal?y p w\ld1 at _! dea?1 re/ore _! goods 9 ?is way to ! social body1 in/ead ( leav+ !m to secure an imag9>y happ9ess beyond ! grave4 ,dr4 ,m>tnez ,v>gas ma9ta9$1 aga9/ all :o ?\ght o!rwise1 t ! purely sci5tific & rational education giv5 9 ! ,mod]n ,s*ool is ! prop] basis ( in/ruction2 no bett] c be conceiv$ = ma9ta9+ ! relations ( ! *ildr5 ) _! families & society1 & x is ! only way to =m1 morally & intellectually1 ! m5 ( ! future4 ,he 0 glad to he> t ! s*ola/ic hygi5e :i* _h be5 practis$ 9 ! ,mod]n ,s*ool dur+ ! previ\s two ye>s1 involv+ a p]iodical exam9ation ( ! *ildr51 & exp\nd$ 9 ! public lectures1 _h receiv$ ! solemn sanction ( ! ,hygi5ic ,congress lately held at ,brussels4 ,go+ on to resume 8 lectures1 & z a means ( en=c+ oral in/ruction by visual p]ception1 he exhibit$ a s]ies ( lant]n-slides illu/rat+ v>i\s hygi5ic ex]cises1 c]ta9 types ( disease1 unheal?y organs1 etc41 :i* ! speak] expla9$ 9 detail4 ,an accid5t to ! lant]n int]rupt$ ! pictures2 b ! pr(essor cont9u$ 8 explanations1 speak+ ( ! mis*iev\s effects ( corsets1 ! dang] ( microbic infection by trail+ dresses or by *ildr5 play+ ) soil1 insanit>y h\ses & work%ops1 etc41 & promis$ to cont9ue 8 m$ical explanations dur+ ! com+ ye>4 ,! audi5ce express$ its pleasure at ! close ( ! meet+1 & ! sight ( ! great joy ( ! pupils 0 "s consolation amid ! h>d%ips ( ! pres5t1 & a good augury = ! future4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,a ,,def5sive ,,*apt] ,our programme = ! ?ird s*ola/ic ye> 7#aijc-d7 0 z foll[s3-- ,to promote ! progressive evolution ( *ildhood by avoid+ all ana*roni/ic practices1 :i* are m]ely ob/acles plac$ by ! pa/ to any real advance t[>ds ! future1 is1 9 sum1 ! pr$om9ant aim ( ! ,mod]n ,s*ool4 ,nei!r dogmas nor sy/ems1 m\lds :i* conf9e vitality to ! n>r[ exig5cies ( a transitory =m ( society1 w be taught4 ,only solutions approv$ by ! facts1 !ories accept$ by reason1 & tru?s confirm$ by evid5ce1 %all be includ$ 9 our lessons1 s t ea* m9d %all be tra9$ to control a w1 & tru?s %all irradiate ! intellig5ce1 &1 :5 appli$ 9 practice1 b5efit ! :ole ( humanity )\t any unwor?y & disgraceful exclusiv5ess4 ,two ye>s ( success are a suffici5t gu>antee to u4 ,!y prove1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! excell5ce ( mix$ education1 ! brilliant result--! triumph1 we w\ld almo/ say--( an elem5t>y common s5se ov] prejudice & tradition4 ,z we ?9k x advisable1 especially t ! *ild may "k :at is happ5+ ab\t x1 t physical & natural sci5ce & hygi5e %\ld be taught1 ! ,mod]n ,s*ool w cont9ue to h ! s]vices ( ,dr4 de ,bu5 & ,dr4 ,v>gas4 ,!y w lecture on alt]nate ,sundays1 f elev5 to twelve1 on _! respective subjects 9 ! s*ool-room4 ,^! lectures w complete & fur!r expla9 ! classes 9 sci5ce held dur+ ! week4 ,x rema9s only to say t1 always solicit\s = ! success ( our "w ( re=m1 we h enri*$ our s*ola/ic mat]ial by ! acquisition ( new collections :i* w at once assi/ ! und]/&+ & give an attractiv5ess to sci5tific k2 & t1 z our rooms are n[ n l>ge en\gh = ! pupils1 we h acquir$ o!r premises 9 ord] to h m room & give a fav\rable reply to ! petitions = admission :i* we h receiv$4 ,! publication ( ?is programme attract$ ! att5tion ( ! reaction>y press1 z ,i said4 ,9 ord] to give !m a pro( ( ! logical /r5g? ( ! position ( ! ,mod]n ,s*ool1 ,i ins]t$ ! foll[+ article 9 ! ,bullet93-- ,mod]n pdagogy1 reliev$ ( traditions & conv5tions1 mu/ raise itself to ! height ( ! rational conception ( man1 ! actual /ate ( k1 & ! consequ5t ideal ( mank9d4 ,if f any cause :atev] a diff]5t t5d5cy is giv5 to education1 & ! ma/] does n d 8 duty1 x w\ld be j to describe him z an impo/or2 education mu/ n be a means ( dom9at+ m5 = ! advantage ( _! rul]s4 ,unhappily1 ?is is exactly :at happ5s4 ,society is organis$1 n 9 response to a g5]al ne$ & = ! realisation ( an ideal1 b z an in/itution ) a /rong det]m9ation to ma9ta9 its primitive =ms1 def5d+ !m vigor\sly aga9/ e re=m1 h[ev] reasonable x may be4 ,?is elem5t ( immobility gives ! anci5t errors ! "* ( sacr$ beliefs1 inve/s !m ) great pre/ige & a dogmatic au?ority1 & ar\ses conflicts & di/urbances :i* deprive sci5tific tru?s ( _! due efficacy or keep !m 9 susp5se4 ,in/ead ( be+ enabl$ to illum9e ! m9ds ( all & realise !mselves 9 in/itutions & cu/oms ( g5]al utility1 !y are unhappily re/rict$ to ! sph]e ( a privileg$ few4 ,! effect is t1 z 9 ! days ( ! ,egyptian !ocracy1 !re is an esot]ic doctr9e = ! cultivat$ & an exot]ic doctr9e = ! l[] classes--! classes de/9$ to lab\r1 def5ce1 & mis]y4 ,on ?is acc\nt we set aside ! my/ic & my?ical doctr9e1 ! dom9ation & spread ( :i* only befits ! e>li] ages ( human hi/ory1 & embrace sci5tific tea*+1 accord+ to its evid5ce4 ,?is is at pres5t re/rict$ to ! n>r[ sph]e ( ! intellectuals1 or is at ! mo/ accept$ 9 secret by c]ta9 hypocrites :o1 s t _! position may n be endang]$1 make a public pr(ession ( ! contr>y4 ,no?+ c\ld make ?is absurd antagonism cle>] ?an ! foll[+ p>allel1 9 :i* we see ! contra/ betwe5 ! imag9ative dreams ( ! ignorant believ] & ! rational simplicity ( ! sci5ti/3-- ,,! ,,bible4 ,,an?ropism4 ,! ,bible conta9s ! annals ( ,"o ( ! ma9 supports ( ! ! heav5s1 ! e>?1 & ! reaction>y sy/em is :at we may human race2 l ! ,deity call 8an?ropism40 ,i designate by himself1 x conta9s all t 01 ?is t]m t p[]ful & is1 & w be4 ,on its fir/ page _w-wide gr\p ( errone\s we read ( ! beg9n+ ( "t op9ions :i* opposes ! human & ( ?+s1 & on its la/ organism to ! :ole ( ! re/ page ! end ( "t & ( ( nature1 & repres5ts x z ?+s4 ,x beg9s ) ,g5esis1 ! preorda9$ end ( organic :i* is an idyll1 & ends ) creation1 an entity ess5tially ,revelation1 :i* is a fun]al di/9ct f x1 a god-l *ant4 ,g5esis is z beautiful z be+4 ,clos] exam9ation ( ?is ! fre% breeze :i* sweeps ov] gr\p ( ideas %[s x to be made ! _w2 z ! fir/ dawn ( up ( ?ree diff]5t dogmas1 light 9 ! heav5s2 z ! fir/ :i* we may di/+ui% z ! fl[] t op5s 9 ! mead[s2 an?ropoc5tric1 ! z ! fir/ ^w ( love spok5 an?ropomorphic1 & ! by m52 z ! fir/ appe>ance ( an?ropolatr\s4 ! sun 9 ! ea/4 ,revelation is z sad z ! la/ palpitation ( #a4 ,! an?ropoc5tric dogma nature2 z ! la/ ray ( ! culm9ates 9 ! idea t man is sun2 z ! la/ brea? ( a dy+ ! preorda9$ c5tre & aim ( man4 ,& betwe5 ! fun]al *ant all t]re/rial life--or1 9 a & ! idyll !re pass 9 wid] s5se1 ( ! :ole succession be=e ! eyes ( ,god univ]se4 ,z ?is error is all g5]ations & all peoples4 extremely conducive to man's ,! tribes & ! patri>*s g int]e/1 & z x is intimately by2 ! republics & ! connect$ ) ! creation-my? magi/rates2 ! mon>*ies & ( ! ?ree great ,m$it]ranean _! k+s2 ! empires & _! religions1 & ) ! dogmas ( emp]ors4 ,babylon & all its ! ,mosaic1 ,*ri/ian1 & abom9ations g by2 ,n9eveh & ,mohamm$an !ologies1 x /ill all its pomps2 ,memphis & its dom9ates ! great] "p ( ! prie/s2 ,j]usalem & its civilis$ _w4 prophets & temple2 ,a!ns & its arts & h]oes2 ,rome & its #b4 ,! an?ropomorphic dogma1 diadem ( conqu]or ( ! _w4 also1 is connect$ ) ! ,no?+ la/s b ,god2 all else creation-my? ( ! ?ree passes & dies1 l ! fro? a=esaid religions & ( _m t tips ! wave4 o!rs4 ,x lik5s ! creation & control ( ! _w by ,god to ! artificial creation ( an able eng9e] or me*anic1 & to ! ,a prodigi\s book1 :i* mank9d adm9i/ration ( a wise rul]4 began to read ?ree & ?irty ,god1 z creator1 su/a9]1 & c5turies ago1 & ( :i*1 if x rul] ( ! _w1 is ?us read all day & night1 x w\ld repres5t$ aft] a purely human n exhau/ ! weal?4 ,a fa%ion 9 8 ?\ght & "w4 prodigi\s book 9 :i* all 0 ,h5ce x foll[s t man 9 turn calculat$ be=e ! sci5ce ( is god-l4 8,god made man to 8 ari?metic 0 inv5t$2 9 :i* own image & lik5ess40 ,! ! orig9 ( language is told old]1 naive !ology is pure )\t any k ( 8homo!ism10 attribut+ human philology2 9 :i* ! %ape1 fle%1 & blood to ! revolutions ( ! />s are gods4 ,x is m intelligible ?an describ$ )\t any k ( ! mod]n my/ic !osophy :i* a/ronomy2 9 :i* hi/ory is adores a p]sonal ,god z an record$ )\t any docum5ts ( invisible--prop]ly speak+1 hi/ory2 9 :i* ! laws ( gase\s--be+1 yet makes him nature are unveil$ )\t any ?9k1 speak1 & act 9 human k ( physics4 ,a prodigi\s fa%ion2 x (f]s u ! book1 t sees ev]y?+ & p>adoxical picture ( a gase\s kn[s ev]y?+2 t kn[s ! v]tebrate4 ?\ghts hidd5 9 ! he>ts ( m5 & ^? 9 ! m9d ( ,god2 #c4 ,! an?ropolatric dogma t sees :at is happ5+ 9 ! naturally results f ?is abysses ( ! sea & 9 ! comp>ison ( ! activity ( ,god b[els ( ! e>?2 t records & man2 x ends 9 ! apo!osis or =etells all ! cata/rophes ( human nature4 ,a fur!r result ( nations1 & 9 :i* are is ! belief 9 ! p]sonal accumulat$ all ! treasures ( immortality ( ! s\l1 & ! m]cy1 ( ju/ice1 & ( duali/ic dogma ( ! tw(old v5geance4 ,a book1 9 f9e1 :i*1 nature ( man1 ^: 8immortal0 :5 ! heav5s are fold$ l a s\l is conceiv$ z ! tempor>y gigantic fan1 & ! e>? s9ks1 inhabitant ( a mortal frame4 ,?us & ! sun )draws its light1 ^! ?ree an?ropi/ic dogmas1 & ! />s are ext+ui%$1 v>i\sly adapt$ to ! w rema9 ) ,god1 because x respective pr(essions ( ! is 8 et]nal ^w1 e*o+ = diff]5t religions1 came at ev] 9 ! heights4 #h l5g? to be ve/$ ) extraord9>y importance1 & prov$ to be ! s\rce ( ! mo/ dang]\s errors4 #i ,9 face ( ?is antagonism1 ma9ta9$ by ignorance & self-int]e/1 positive education1 :i* proposes to tea* tru?s t issue 9 practical ju/ice1 mu/ arrange & sy/ematise ! e/abli%$ results ( natural rese>*1 communicate !m to *ildr51 & ?us prep>e ! way = a m equitable /ate ( society1 9 :i*1 z an exact expression ( sociology1 x mu/ "w = ! b5efit ( all z well z ( ! individual4 ,moses1 or :oev] 0 ! au?or ( ,g5esis1 & all ! dogmatis]s1 ) _! six days ( creation out ( no?+ aft] ! ,creator has pass$ an et]nity 9 do+ no?+1 mu/ give place to ,cop]nicus1 :o %[$ ! revolution ( ! planets r\nd ! sun2 to ,galileo1 :o proclaim$ t ! sun1 n ! e>?1 is ! c5tre ( ! planet>y univ]se2 to ,columbus & o!rs :o1 believ+ ! e>? to be a sph]e1 set out 9 se>* ( o!r peoples1 & gave a practical basis to ! doctr9e ( human bro!rhood2 to ,l9nu & ,cuvi]1 ! f\nd]s ( natural hi/ory2 to ,laplace1 ! inv5tor ( ! e/abli%$ cosmogony2 to ,d>w91 ! au?or ( ! evolution>y doctr9e1 :i* expla9s ! =mation ( species by natural selection2 & to all :o1 by means ( obs]vation & exp]im5t1 h discr$it$ ! suppos$ revelation1 & tell u ! real nature ( ! univ]se1 ! e>?1 & life4 ,aga9/ ! evils eng5d]$ by g5]ations sunk 9 ignorance & sup]/ition1 f :i* s _m are n[ deliv]$1 only to fall into an anti-social scepticism1 ! be/ rem$y1 )\t exclud+ o!rs1 is to in/ruct ! ris+ g5]ation 9 purely humani/ pr9ciples & 9 ! positive & rational k provid$ by sci5ce4 ,wom5 educat$ ?us w be mo!rs 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 n transmitt]s ( traditional sup]/itions2 !y w tea* _! *ildr5 integrity ( life1 ! dignity ( life1 social solid>ity1 in/ead ( a m$ley ( outworn & /]ile dogmas & submission to illegitimate hi]>*ies4 ,m5 ?us emancipat$ f my/]y1 miracle1 & di/ru/ ( !mselves & _! fell[s1 & conv9c$ t !y 7 born1 n to die1 z ! wret*$ tea*+ ( ! my/ics says1 b to live1 w ha/5 to br+ ab\t su* social conditions z w give to life its greate/ possible developm5t4 ,9 ?is way1 pres]v+ ! memory ( =m] g5]ations & o!r frames ( m9d z a lesson & a w>n+1 we w once = all close ! religi\s p]iod1 & ent] def9itely into t ( reason & nature4 ,9 ,june1 #aijd1 ! ,bullet9 publi%$ ! foll[+ figures 9 reg>d to ! att5dance at s*ool4 ,at t "t ! publications ( ! ,mod]n ,s*ool 7 9 use 9 ?irty-two o!r s*ools ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & its influ5ce 0 ?us felt 9 ,seville & ,malaga1 ,t>ragona & ,cordova1 & o!r t[ns1 z well z ,b>celona & ! vic9ity4 ,! numb] ( s*ol>s 9 our s*ools 0 also /eadily ris+1 z ! foll[+ table %[s3-- ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,pupils ,,9 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,s*ool ,,dur+ ,,! ,,fir/ ,,?ree ,,ye>s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --- ,,girls4 ,,boys4 ,,total4 ,,mon?s4 #aija-b4 #aijb-c4 #aijc-d4 #aija-b4 #aijb-c4 #aijc-d4 #a/ #bnd #crd ye>4 ye>4 ye>4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --- ,op5+ day #ab - - #ah - - #cj - - ,septemb] #af #bc #bd #bc #dj #dj #ci #fc #fd ,octob] #ah #bh #dc #be #dj #ei #dc #fh #ajb ,novemb] #ba #ca #dd #bi #dj #ei #ej #ga #ajc ,decemb] #bb #ca #de #cj #dj #ei #eb #ga #ajd ,janu>y #bb #ca #dg #cb #dd #fj #ed #ge #ajg ,febru>y #bc #ca #dg #cb #dh #fa #ee #gi #ajh ,m>* #be #cc #di #cd #dg #fa #ei #hj #aaj ,april #bf #cb #ej #cg #dh #fa #fc #hj #aaa ,may #cj #cc #ea #ch #dh #fb #fh #ha #aac ,june #cb #cd #ea #ch #dh #fc #gj #hb #aad ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --- ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,+5u\sness ,,( ,,! ,,*ild ,9 ! ,bullet9 ( ,septemb] #cj1 #aijc1 we publi%$ ! "w ( ! pupils 9 ! v>i\s classes ( ! ,mod]n ,s*ool1 :i* _h be5 read on ! clos+ day ( ! second s*ola/ic ye>4 ,9 ^! writ+s1 9 :i* ! *ildr5 are reque/$ to apply _! dawn+ judgm5t to "s p>ticul> subject1 ! influ5ce ( m9d ov] ! inexp]t1 +5u\s reason+ p[]1 inspir$ by ! s5tim5t ( ju/ice1 is m app>5t ?an ! obs]vance ( rules4 ,! judgm5ts are n p]fect f ! logical po9t ( view1 only because ! *ild has n ! k necess>y = ! =mation ( a p]fectly s\nd op9ion4 ,?is is ! opposite ( :at we usually f9d1 z op9ions are g5]ally f\nd$ only on prejudice aris+ f traditions1 int]e/s1 & dogmas4 ,a boy ( twelve1 = in/ance1 gave ! foll[+ pr9ciple = judg+ ! value ( nations3-- ,to be call$ civilis$1 a nation or ,/ate mu/ be free f ! foll[+-- ,let me int]rupt = a mom5t to po9t out t ! "y au?or id5tifies 8civilis$0 ) 8j10 & especially t1 putt+ aside prejudice1 he describes c]ta9 evils z curable1 & reg>ds ! heal+ ( !m z an ess5tial condition ( ju/ice4 ,^! evils are3-- #a4 ,! co-exi/5ce ( poor & ri*1 & ! resultant exploitation4 #b4 ,milit>ism1 a means ( de/ruction employ$ by "o nation aga9/ ano!r1 due to ! bad organisation ( society4 #c4 ,inequality1 :i* all[s "s to rule & comm&1 & obliges o!rs to humble !mselves & obey4 ,?is pr9ciple is fundam5tal & simple1 z we %\ld expect to f9d 9 an imp]fectly in=m$ m9d1 & x w\ld n enable "o to solve a complete sociological problem2 b x has ! advantage ( keep+ ! m9d op5 to fre% k4 ,x is z if "o ask$3 ,:at does a sick man ne$ to recov] heal?8 ,& ! reply is3 ,8 suff]+ mu/ disappe>4 ,?is is a naive & natural reply1 & w\ld c]ta9ly n be giv5 by a *ild br\ght up 9 ! ord9>y way2 su* a *ild w\ld be taught fir/ to consid] ! w ( suppos$ sup]natural be+s4 ,x is cle> t ?is simple way ( putt+ ! problem ( life does n %ut out ! hope ( a reasonable solution2 inde$1 ! "o logically dem&s ! o!r1 z ! same *ild's essay %[s3-- ,i d n mean t1 if !re 7 no ri*1 or soldi]s1 or rul]s1 or wages1 p w\ld abuse _! lib]ty & welf>e1 b t1 ) ev]ybody enjoy+ a high degree ( civilisation1 !re w\ld be univ]sal cordiality & fri5d%ip1 & sci5ce w\ld make mu* great] progress1 n be+ int]rupt$ by w>s & political /agnation4 ,a girl ( n9e made ! foll[+ s5sible obs]vation1 :i* we leave 9 h] own incorrect language3-- ,a crim9al is condemn$ to dea?2 if ! murd]] des]ves ?is puni%m5t1 ! man :o condemns him & ! man :o kills him are also murd]]s2 logically1 !y ought to die z well1 & s humanity w\ld come to an end4 ,x w\ld be bett]1 in/ead ( puni%+ a crim9al by committ+ ano!r crime1 to give him good advice1 s t he w n d x aga94 ,besides1 if we are all equal1 !re w\ld be no ?ieves1 or assass9s1 or ri* p1 or poor1 b all w\ld be equal & love "w & lib]ty4 ,! simplicity1 cle>ness1 & s\ndness ( ?is obs]vation ne$ no comm5t>y4 ,"o c und]/& our a/oni%m5t to he> x f ! lips ( a t5d] & v pretty little girl1 :o look$ m l a symbolical repres5tation ( tru? & ju/ice ?an a liv+ reality4 ,a boy ( twelve deals ) s9c]ity1 & says3-- ,! man :o is n s9c]e does n live peacefully2 he is always afraid ( be+ discov]$3 :5 "o is s9c]e1 if "o has done wrong1 ! s9c]e decl>ation relieves ! consci5ce4 ,if a man beg9s to tell lies 9 *ildhood1 he w tell bigg] lies :5 he gr[s up1 & may d mu* h>m4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* "o ne$ n be s9c]e4 ,= in/ance1 if a man comes to our h\se1 fly+ f ! police1 & we are ask$ aft]w>ds if we h se5 him1 we mu/ d5y x2 ! contr>y w\ld be trea*]y & c[>dice4 ,x is sad t ! m9d ( a *ild :o reg>ds tru? z an incomp>able good1 8)\t :i* x is impossible to live10 is induc$ by c]ta9 grave abuses to consid] ly+ a virtue 9 "s cases4 ,a girl ( ?irte5 writes ( fanaticism1 &1 reg>d+ x z a *>act]i/ic ( backw>d c\ntries1 %e goes on to seek ! cause3-- ,fanaticism is ! outcome ( ! /ate ( ignorance & backw>dness ( wom52 on t acc\nt ,ca?olics d n want to see wom5 educat$1 z !y are ! *ief support ( _! sy/em4 ,a pr(\nd obs]vation on ! causes ( fanaticism1 & ! cause ( ! causes4 ,ano!r girl ( ?irte5 indicates ! be/ rem$y ( ! evil 9 ! foll[+ l9es3-- ,! mix$ s*ool1 = bo? sexes1 is supremely necess>y4 ,! boy :o /udies1 works1 & plays 9 ! society ( girls le>ns gradually to respect & help h]1 & ! girl reciprocally2 :]eas1 if !y are educat$ sep>ately1 & ! boy is told t ! girl is n a good companion & %e is worse ?an he1 ! boy w n respect wom5 :5 he is a man1 & w reg>d h] z a subject or a slave1 & t is ! position 9 :i* we f9d wom54 ,s we mu/ all "w = ! f\ndation ( mix$ s*ools1 :]ev] x is possible1 & :]e x is n possible we mu/ try to remove ! difficulties4 ,a boy ( twelve reg>ds ! s*ool z wor?y ( all respect1 because we le>n 9 x to read1 write1 & ?9k1 & x is ! basis ( morality & sci5ce2 he adds3-- ,if x 7 n = ! s*ool we %\ld live l savages1 walk nak$1 eat h]bs & raw fle%1 & dwell 9 caves & trees2 t is to say1 we %\ld live a brutal life4 ,9 "t1 z a result ( ! s*ool1 ev]ybody w be m intellig5t1 & !re w be no w>s or inflam$ populations1 & p w look back on w> ) horror z a "w ( dea? & de/ruction4 ,x is a great disgrace t !re are *ildr5 :o w&] 9 ! /reets & d n g to s*ool1 & :5 !y become m5 x is m disgraceful4 ,s let u be grateful to our tea*]s = ! pati5ce !y %[ 9 in/ruct+ u1 & let u reg>d ! s*ool ) respect4 ,if t *ild pres]ves & develops ! faculties x exhibits1 x w "k h[ to h>monise egoism & altruism = its own good & t ( society4 ,a girl ( elev5 deplores t nations de/roy ea* o!r 9 w>1 & lam5ts ! diff]5ce ( social classes & t ! ri* live on ! "w & privation ( ! poor4 ,%e ends3-- ,:y d n m51 in/ead ( kill+ ea* o!r 9 w>s & hat+ ea* o!r = class-diff]5ces1 devote !mselves *e]fully to "w & ! discov]y ( ?+s = ! good ( mank9d8 ,m5 ought to unite to love ea* o!r & live frat]nally4 #aj ,a *ild ( t51 9 an essay :i* is s good t ,i w\ld ins]t x :ole if space p]mitt$1 & if x 7 n = ! id5tity 9 s5tim5t ) ! previ\s passages1 says ( ! s*ool & ! pupil3-- ,reunit$ "u "o ro(1 eag] to le>n :at we d n "k1 )\t di/9ction ( classes !re 7 *ildr5 ( univ]sity pr(essors among !m1 x w be rememb]$1 we are *ildr5 ( "o family guid$ to ! same end4444 ,! ignorant man is a nullity2 little or no?+ c be expect$ ( him4 ,he is a w>n+ to u n to wa/e "t2 on ! contr>y1 let u pr(it by x1 & 9 due c\rse we w be rew>d$4 ,let u n miss ! fruits ( a good s*ool1 &1 hon\r+ our tea*]s1 our family1 & society1 we %all live happily4 ,a *ild ( t5 philosophises on ! faults ( mank9d1 :i*1 9 h] op9ion1 c be avoid$ by in/ruction & goodwill3-- ,among ! faults ( mank9d are ly+1 hypocrisy1 & egoism4 ,if m51 & especially wom51 7 bett] in/ruct$1 & wom5 7 entirely equal to m51 ^! faults w\ld disappe>4 ,p>5ts w\ld n s5d _! *ildr5 to religi\s s*ools1 :i* inculcate false ideas1 b to rational s*ools1 :]e !re is no tea*+ ( ! sup]natural1 :i* does n exi/2 nor to make w>2 b to live 9 solid>ity & "w 9 common4 ,we w close ) ! foll[+ essay1 writt5 by a "y lady ( sixte51 :i* is correct en\gh 9 =m & sub/ance to quote 9 entirety3-- ,:at inequality !re is 9 ! pres5t social ord]6 ,"s work+ f morn+ to night )\t m pr(it ?an en\gh to buy _! insuffici5t food2 o!rs receiv+ ! products ( ! work]s 9 ord] to enjoy !mselves ) ! sup]flu\s4 ,:y is ?is s8 ,are we n all equal8 ,und\bt$ly we are2 b society does n recognise x1 :ile "s are de/9$ to "w & suff]+1 & o!rs to idl5ess & enjoym5t4 ,if a work] %[s t he realises ! exploitation to :i* he is subject1 he is blam$ & cruelly puni%$1 :ile o!rs suff] ! inequality ) pati5ce4 ,! work] mu/ educate himself2 & 9 ord] to d ?is x is necess>y to f\nd free s*ools1 ma9ta9$ by ! wages :i* ! ri* give4 ,9 ?is way ! work] w advance m & m1 until he is reg>d$ z he des]ves1 s9ce ! mo/ useful mission ( society dep5ds on him4 ,:atev] be ! logical value ( ^! ideas1 ?is collection %[s ! *ief aim ( ! ,mod]n ,s*ool--namely1 t ! m9d ( ! *ild1 influ5c$ by :at x sees & in=m$ by ! positive k x acquires1 %all "w freely1 )\t prejudice or submission to any k9d ( sect1 ) p]fect autonomy & no o!r guide b reason1 equal 9 all1 & sanction$ by ! cog5cy ( evid5ce1 be=e :i* ! d>kness ( sophi/ry & dogmatic imposition is dispell$4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aijc1 ! ,congress ( ,railway ,work]s1 :i* 0 !n held at ,b>celona1 in=m$ u t1 z a "p ( its programme1 ! delegates w\ld visit ! ,mod]n ,s*ool4 ,! pupils 7 delight$1 & we invit$ !m to write essays to be read on ! occasion ( ! visit4 ,! visit 0 prev5t$ by un=ese5 circum/ances2 b we publi%$ 9 ! ,bullet9 ! *ildr5's essays1 :i* exhal$ a delicate p]fume ( s9c]ity & unbiass$ judgm5t1 grac$ by ! naive +5u\sness ( ! writ]s4 ,no sugge/ion 0 made to !m1 & !y did n comp>e notes1 yet !re 0 a rem>kable agreem5t 9 _! s5tim5ts4 ,at ano!r "t ! pupils ( ! ,work]s' ,s*ool at ,badalona s5t a greet+ to our pupils1 & !y aga9 wrote essays1 f :i* we compil$ a return lett] ( greet+4 #aa ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,bullet9 ,! ,mod]n ,s*ool ne$$ & f\nd its organ 9 ! ,press4 ,! political & ord9>y press1 :i* at "o "t fav\r$ u & at ano!r "t d5\nc$ u z dang]\s1 _c ma9ta9 an imp>tial attitude4 ,x ei!r gives exagg]at$ or unm]it$ praise1 or calumni\s c5sures4 ,! only rem$y = ?is 0 ! s9c]ity & cle>ness ( our own indications4 ,to all[ ^! libels to pass )\t correction w\ld h done u consid]able h>m1 & ! ,bullet9 enabl$ u to meet !m4 ,! directors publi%$ 9 x ! programme ( ! s*ool1 int]e/+ notes ab\t x1 /ati/ical details1 orig9al pdagogical articles by ! tea*]s1 acc\nts ( ! progress ( rational education 9 our own & o!r c\ntries1 translations ( important articles f =eign reviews & p]iodicals :i* 7 9 h>mony ) ! ma9 "* ( our "w1 reports ( ! ,sunday lectures1 & ann\ncem5ts ( ! public competitions = ! engagem5t ( tea*]s & ( our libr>y4 ,"o ( ! mo/ successful sections ( ! ,bullet9 0 t devot$ to ! publication ( ! ideas ( ! pupils4 ,besides %[+ _! individual ideas x reveal$ ! spontane\s manife/ation ( common s5se4 ,girls & boys1 ) no appreciable diff]5ce 9 intellect accord+ to sex1 9 contact ) ! realities ( life z indicat$ by ! tea*]s1 express$ !mselves 9 simple essays :i*1 ?\gh sometimes immature 9 judgm5t1 m (t5 %[$ ! cle> logic ) :i* !y conceiv$ philosophical1 political1 or social que/ions ( "s importance4 ,! j\rnal 0 at fir/ di/ribut$ )\t *>ge among ! pupils1 & 0 ex*ang$ ) o!r p]iodicals2 b !re 0 soon a dem& = x1 & a public subscription _h to be op5$4 ,:5 ?is 0 done1 ! ,bullet9 became a philosophical review1 z well z organ ( ! ,mod]n ,s*ool2 & x reta9$ ?is "* until ! p]secution began & ! s*ool 0 clos$4 ,an in/ance ( ! important mission ( ! ,bullet9 w be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ article1 :i* ,i wrote 9 ,no4 #e ( ! f\r? ye>1 9 ord] to correct c]ta9 secul> tea*]s :o _h gone a/ray3-- ,a c]ta9 ,work]s' ,s*ool has introduc$ ! novelty ( e/abli%+ a sav+s-bank1 adm9i/]$ by ! pupils4 ,?is piece ( in=mation1 reproduc$ 9 t]ms ( great praise by ! press z a ?+ to be imitat$1 induces u to express our op9ion on ! subject4 ,:ile o!rs h _! own "r to decide & act1 we h ! same "r to criticise1 & ?us to create a rational public op9ion4 ,9 ! fir/ place we w\ld obs]ve t ! ^w economy is v diff]5t f1 if n ! opposite (1 ! idea ( sav+4 ,"o may tea* *ildr5 ! k & practice ( economy )\t necess>ily tea*+ !m to save4 ,economy means a prud5t & me?odical use ( "o's goods3 sav+ means a re/riction ( "o's use ( "o's goods4 ,by economis+1 we avoid wa/e2 by sav+1 ! man :o has no?+ sup]flu\s deprives himself ( :at is necess>y4 ,h ! *ildr5 :o are taught to save any sup]flu\s prop]ty8 ,! v "n ( ! society 9 "q assures u t !y h n4 ,! work]s :o s5d _! *ildr5 to ?is s*ool live on _! wages1 ! m9imum sum1 det]m9$ by ! laws ( supply & dem&1 :i* is paid = _! "w by ! employ]s2 & z ?is wage gives !m no?+ sup]flu\s1 & ! social weal? is monopolis$ by ! privileg$ classes1 ! work]s are f> f obta9+ en\gh to live a life 9 h>mony ) ! progress ( civilisation4 ,h5ce1 :5 ^! *ildr5 ( work]s1 & future work]s !mselves1 are taught to save--:i* is a volunt>y privation "u ! appe>ance ( int]e/--!y are taught to prep>e !mselves to submit to privilege4 ,:ile ! int5tion is to initiate !m to ! practice ( economy1 :at is really done is to conv]t !m into victims & accomplices ( ! pres5t unju/ ord]4 ,! work+-class *ild is a human *ild1 &1 z su*1 x has a "r to ! developm5t ( all its faculties1 ! satisfaction ( all its ne$s1 moral & physical4 ,= t purpose society 0 in/itut$4 ,x is n its function to repress or subject ! individual1 z is selfi%ly pret5d$ by ! privileg$ & reaction>y class1 & all :o enjoy :at o!rs produce2 x has to hold ! balance ju/ly betwe5 ! rights & duties ( all memb]s ( ! commonweal?4 ,z x is1 ! individual is ask$ to sacrifice 8 rights1 ne$s1 & pleasures to society2 &1 z ?is disord] dem&s pati5ce1 suff]+1 & sophi/ical reason+1 let u comm5d economy & blame sav+4 ,we d n ?9k x "r to tea* *ildr5 to look =w>d to be+ work]s 9 a social ord] 9 :i* ! av]age mortality ( ! poor1 :o live )\t fre$om1 in/ruction1 or joy1 rea*es an appall+ figure 9 comp>ison ) t ( ! class :i* lives 9 triumph on _! lab\r4 ,^? :o1 f sociolatry1 w\ld d]ogate 9 ! lea/ f ! rights ( man1 %\ld read ! f9e & vigor\s words ( ,pi y ,m>gall3 8,:o art ?\ to prev5t my use ( my human rights8 ,p]fidi\s & tyrannical society1 ?\ w]t creat$ to def5d1 n to co]ce u4 ,g back to ! abyss :5ce ?\ came40 ,/>t+ f ^! pr9ciples1 & apply+ !m to pdagogy1 we ?9k x necess>y to tea* *ildr5 t to wa/e any class ( objects is contr>y to ! g5]al welf>e2 t if a *ild spoils pap]1 loses p5s1 or de/roys books1 x does an inju/ice to its p>5ts & ! s*ool4 ,assur$ly "o may impress on ! *ild ! ne$ ( prud5ce 9 ord] to avoid gett+ imp]fect ?+s1 & rem9d x ( lack ( employm5t1 illness1 or age2 b x is n "r to insi/ t a provision be made out ( a sal>y :i* does n suffice to meet ! ne$s ( life4 ,t is bad ari?metic4 ,! work]s h no univ]sity tra9+2 !y d n g to ! !atre or to conc]ts2 !y nev] g into ec/asies be=e ! m>vels ( art1 indu/ry1 or nature2 !y h no holiday 9 :i* to fill _! lungs ) life-giv+ oxyg52 !y are nev] uplift$ by read+ books or reviews4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y suff] all k9ds ( privations1 & may h to endure crises due to excessive production4 ,x is n ! place ( tea*]s to hide ^! sad tru?s f ! *ildr51 & to tell !m t a small] quantity is equal to1 if n bett] ?an1 a l>g]4 ,9 ord] t ! p[] ( sci5ce & indu/ry be %>$ by all1 & all be invit$ to p>take ( ! banquet ( life1 we mu/ n tea* 9 ! s*ool1 9 ! int]e/ ( privilege1 t ! poor %\ld organise ! advantages ( crumbs & leav+s4 ,we mu/ n pro/itute education4 ,on ano!r occasion ,i _h to c5sure a diff]5t dep>ture f our pr9ciples3-- ,we 7 di/ress$ & indignant on read+ ! li/ ( contributions vot$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,b>celona = c]ta9 popul> societies :i* are int]e/$ 9 education4 ,we read ( sums (f]$ to ,republican ,frat]nities & simil> societies2 & we f9d t1 in/ead ( reject+ !m1 !y =w>d$ votes ( ?anks to ! ,c\ncil4 ,! mean+ ( ^! ?+s 9 a ,ca?olic & ultra-cons]vative nation is cle>4 ,! ,*ur* & ! capitali/ sy/em only ma9ta9 _! asc5d5cy by a judici\s sy/em ( *>ity & protection4 ,) ?is !y gratify ! dis9h]it$ class1 & cont9ue to enjoy its respect4 ,b we _c see republicans act+ z if !y 7 humble ,*ri/ians )\t rais+ a cry ( al>m4 ,bew>e1 we repeat1 bew>e6 ,y are educat+ y\r *ildr5 badly1 & tak+ ! wrong pa? t[>ds re=m1 9 accept+ alms4 ,y w nei!r emancipate y\rselves nor y\r *ildr5 if y tru/ 9 ! /r5g? ( o!rs1 & rely on (ficial or private support4 ,let ! ,ca?olics1 ignorant ( ! realities ( life1 expect ev]y?+ ( ,god1 or ,/4 ,joseph1 or "s simil> be+1 &1 z !y h no security t _! pray]s w be he>d 9 ?is life1 tru/ to receive a rew>d aft] dea?4 ,let gambl]s 9 ! lott]y fail to see t !y are morally & mat]ially victimis$ by _! rul]s1 & tru/ to receive by *ance :at !y d n e>n by en]gy4 ,b x is sad to see m5 hold out ! h& ( a begg> :o are unit$ 9 a revolution>y prote/ aga9/ ! pres5t sy/em2 to see !m admitt+ & giv+ ?anks = humiliat+ gifts1 in/ead ( tru/+ _! own en]gy1 intellect1 & ability4 ,bew>e1 !n1 all m5 ( good fai?6 ,t is n ! way to set up a true education ( *ildr51 b ! way to enslave !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,clos+ ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,s*ool ,i h rea*$ ! culm9ation ( my life & my "w4 ,my enemies1 :o are all ! reaction>ies 9 ! _w1 repres5t$ by ! reaction>ies ( ,b>celona & ( ,spa91 believ$ t !y _h triumph$ by involv+ me 9 a *>ge ( attempt$ assass9ation4 ,b _! triumph prov$ to be only an episode 9 ! /ruggle ( practical ,rationalism aga9/ reaction4 ,! %ameful audacity ) :i* !y claim$ s5t5ce ( dea? aga9/ me 7a claim t 0 refus$ on acc\nt ( my transp>5t innoc5ce r ?an on acc\nt ( ! ju/ice ( ! c\rt7 drew on me ! sympa?y ( all lib]al m5--all true progressives--9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 & fix$ att5tion on ! mean+ & ideal ( ! ,rational ,s*ool4 ,!re 0 a univ]sal & un9t]rupt$ movem5t ( prote/ & admiration = a :ole ye>--f ,may1 #aijf1 to ,may & ,june1 #aijg--;e*o$ 9 ! ,press ( e civilis$ c\ntry1 & 9 meet+s & o!r popul> manife/ations4 ,x prov$ 9 ! end t ! mortal enemies ( our "w 7 its mo/ effective support]s1 z !y l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( int]national ,rationalism4 ,i felt my own littl5ess 9 face ( ?is mighty manife/ation4 ,l$ always by ! light ( ! ideal1 ,i conceiv$ & c>ri$ out ! ,int]national ,league = ! ,rational ,education ( ,*ildr51 9 ! v>i\s bran*es ( :i*1 scatt]$ ov] ! _w1 are f\nd m5 9 ! front ranks ( culture ,anatole ,france1 ,ern/ ,haeckel1 etc44 ,x has ?ree organs1 ,l'cole ,r5ove 9 ,france1 ! ,bullet9 9 ,b>celona1 & ,la ,scuola ,laica at ,rome1 :i* exp\nd1 discuss1 & spread all ! late/ ef=ts ( pdagogy to purify sci5ce f all defilem5t ( error1 to dispel all cr$ulity1 to br+ ab\t a p]fect h>mony betwe5 belief & k1 & to de/roy t privileg$ esot]ic sy/em :i* has always left an exot]ic doctr9e to ! masses4 ,?is great conc5tration ( k & rese>* mu/ lead to a vigor\s action :i* w give to ! future revolution ! "* ( practical manife/ation ( appli$ sociology1 )\t passion or dem& ( rev5ge1 ) no t]rible trag$ies or h]oic sacrifices1 no /]ile movem5ts1 no disillusion ( zealots1 no trea*]\s returns to reaction4 ,= sci5tific & rational education w h p]vad$ ! masses1 mak+ ea* man & woman a self-consci\s1 active1 & responsible be+1 guid+ 8 w accord+ to 8 judgm5t1 free = ev] f ! passions inspir$ by ^? :o exploit respect = tradition & = ! *>latanry ( ! mod]n fram]s ( political programmes4 ,if progress ?us loses ?is dramatic "* ( revolution1 x w ga9 9 firmness1 /ability1 & cont9uity1 z evolution4 ,! vision ( a rational society1 :i* revolution>ies =esaw 9 all ages1 & :i* sociologi/s confid5tly promise1 w rise be=e ! eyes ( our successors1 n z ! mirage ( dreamy utopians1 b z ! positive & m]it$ triumph won by ! revolution>y p[] ( reason & sci5ce4 ,! new repute ( ! educational "w ( ! ,mod]n ,s*ool attract$ ! att5tion ( all :o appreciat$ ! value ( s\nd in/ruction4 ,!re 0 a g5]al dem& = k ( ! sy/em4 ,!re 7 numb]s ( private secul> s*ools1 or simil> in/itutions support$ by societies1 & _! directors made inquiry conc]n+ ! diff]5ce ( our me?ods f !irs4 ,!re 7 con/ant reque/s to visit ! s*ool & consult me4 ,i gladly satisfi$ !m1 remov$ _! d\bts1 & press$ !m to ent] on ! new way2 & at once ef=ts 7 made to re=m ! exi/+ s*ools1 & to create o!rs on ! model ( ! ,mod]n ,s*ool4 ,!re 0 great en?usiasm & ! promise ( mighty ?+s2 b "o s]i\s difficulty /ood 9 ! way3 we 7 %ort ( tea*]s1 & _h no means ( creat+ !m4 ,pr(essional tea*]s _h two disadvantages--traditional habits & dread ( ! cont+5cies ( ! future4 ,!re 7 v few :o1 9 an unselfi% love ( ! ideal1 w\ld devote !mselves to ! progressive cause4 ,in/ruct$ "y m5 & wom5 might be f\nd to fill ! gap2 b h[ 7 we to tra9 !m 8 ,:]e c\ld !y pass _! appr5tice%ip8 ,n[ & aga9 ,i he>d f work]s' or political societies t !y _h decid$ to op5 a s*ool2 !y w\ld f9d rooms & appliances1 & we c\ld c\nt ^u _! us+ our s*ool manuals4 ,b :5ev] ,i ask$ if !y _h tea*]s1 !y repli$ 9 ! negative1 & ?\ght x w\ld be easy to supply ! want4 ,i _h to give 94 ,circum/ances _h made me ! director ( rationali/ education1 & ,i _h con/ant consultations & dem&s on ! "p ( aspirants = ! position ( tea*]4 ,?is made me realise ! defect1 & ,i endeav\r$ to meet x by private advice & by admitt+ "y assi/ants 9 ! ,mod]n ,s*ool4 ,! result 0 naturally mix$4 ,!re are n[ wor?y tea*]s :o w c>ry on ! "w ( rational education else:]e2 o!rs fail$ f moral or intellectual incapacity4 ,n feel+ t ! pupils ( ! ,mod]n ,s*ool :o devot$ !mselves to tea*+ w\ld f9d "t = _! "w1 ,i e/abli%$ a ,normal ,s*ool1 ( :i* ,i h already spok54 ,i 0 conv9c$ t1 if ! key ( ! social problem is 9 ! sci5tific & rational s*ool1 x is ess5tial1 to make a prop] use ( ! key1 t fitt+ tea*]s be tra9$ = s great a de/9y4 ,z ! practical & positive result ( my "w1 ,i may say t ! ,mod]n ,s*ool ( ,b>celona 0 a mo/ successful exp]im5t1 & t x 0 di/+ui%$ = two *>act]s3-- #a4 ,:ile op5 to successive improvem5ts1 x set up a /&>d ( :at education %\ld be 9 a re=m$ /ate ( society4 #b4 ,x gave an impulse to ! spread ( ?is k9d ( education4 ,!re 0 up to t "t no education 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w4 ,!re 71 = ! privileg$ few 9 ! univ]sities1 traditional errors & prejudices1 au?orit>ian dogmas1 mix$ up ) ! tru?s :i* mod]n rese>* has br\ght to light4 ,= ! p !re 0 prim>y in/ruction1 :i* 01 & is1 a me?od ( tam+ *ildr54 ,! s*ool 0 a sort ( rid+-s*ool1 :]e natural en]gies 7 subdu$ 9 ord] t ! poor might suff] _! h>d lot 9 sil5ce4 ,real education1 sep>at$ f fai?--education t illum9es ! m9d ) ! light ( evid5ce--is ! creation ( ! ,mod]n ,s*ool4 ,dur+ its ephem]al exi/5ce #ab x did a m>vell\s am\nt ( good4 ,! *ild admitt$ to ! s*ool & kept 9 contact ) its companions rapidly *ang$ its habits1 z ,i h obs]v$4 ,x cultivat$ cleanl9ess1 avoid$ qu>rels1 ceas$ to be cruel to animals1 took no notice 9 its games ( ! b>b>\s spectacle :i* we call ! national ent]ta9m5t bull-fight1 &1 z its m9d 0 uplift$ & its s5tim5ts purifi$1 x deplor$ ! social inju/ices :i* ab\nd on ! v face ( life4 ,x dete/$ w>1 & w\ld n admit t national glory1 in/ead ( consi/+ 9 ! highe/ possible moral developm5t & happ9ess ( a p1 %\ld be plac$ 9 conque/ & viol5ce4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,mod]n ,s*ool1 ext5d$ to o!r s*ools :i* _h be5 f\nd$ on its model & 7 ma9ta9$ by v>i\s work+-m5 societies1 p5etrat$ ! families by means ( ! *ildr54 ,once !y 7 t\*$ by ! influ5ce ( reason & sci5ce !y 7 unconsci\sly conv]t$ into tea*]s ( _! own p>5ts1 & ^! 9 turn diffus$ ! bett] /&>ds among _! fri5ds & relatives4 ,?is spread ( our influ5ce drew on u ! hatr$ ( ,jesuitism ( all k9ds & 9 all places1 & ?is hatr$ inspir$ ! design :i* end$ 9 ! clos+ ( ! ,mod]n ,s*ool4 ,x is clos$2 b 9 reality x is conc5trat+ its =ces1 def9+ & improv+ its plan1 & ga!r+ ! /r5g? = a fre% attempt to promote ! true cause ( progress4 ,t is ! /ory ( :at ! ,mod]n ,s*ool 01 is1 & ought to be4 ,,epilogue ,by ,j4 ,m4 8,t is ! /ory ( :at ! ,mod]n ,s*ool 01 is1 & ought to be40 ,:5 ,f]r] wrote ?is1 9 ! summ] ( #aijh1 he 0 full ( plans = ! cont9uation ( 8 "w 9 v>i\s ways4 ,he 0 fo/]+ su* free s*ools z ! ,gov]nm5t /ill p]mitt$4 ,he 0 promot+ 8 8popul> univ]sity10 & multiply+ works ( sci5ce & sociology = ! million4 ,8 influ5ce 0 gr[+1 & he saw ) glad eyes ! light break+ on ! ignorant masses ( 8 fell[s4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aiji he came to ,engl& to /udy ! sy/em ( moral in/ruction :i*1 "u ! inspiration ( ! ,moral ,in/ruction ,league1 is us$ 9 ?\s&s ( ,engli% s*ools4 ,a fri5d 9 ,london begg$ him nev] to return to ,spa91 z 8 life 0 s\ght4 ,he knew x1 b no?+ w\ld div]t him f 8 ideal4 ,& ?ree mon?s lat] he 0 %ot1 among ! graves ( crim9als1 9 ! tr5*es ( ,montjui*4 ,=m y\r own op9ion ( him f 8 words4 ,he conceals no?+4 ,he 0 a rebel aga9/ religi\s traditions & social inequalities2 he wi%$ *ildr5 to become z res5tful ( pov]ty & sup]/ition z he4 ,!re is no law ( ,spa91 or ( any o!r c\ntry1 t =bids su* ent]prise z 84 ,he might be %ot 9 ,russia1 ( c\rse2 = ! law has be5 susp5d$ !re = m ?an a decade4 ,9 ,spa9 m5 _h to lie 9 ord] to take 8 life4 ,) ! p>ticul> value ( 8 s*eme ( education ,i am n conc]n$4 ,he 0 well acqua9t$ ) pdagogical lit]ature1 & !re 7 few elem5t>y s*ools 9 ,spa9 to equal 84 ,writ]s :o h spok5 slight+ly ( 8 s*ool1 ap>t f its social dogmas1 "k little or no?+ ab\t x4 ,f]r] 0 9 close & con/ant association ) two ( ! able/ pr(essors 9 ! univ]sity ( ,b>celona1 "o ( :om s5t 8 *ildr5 to ! s*ool1 & ) di/+ui%$ s*ol>s 9 o!r l&s4 ,!re 0 m /imulat+ "w done 9 ! ,mod]n ,s*ool ?an1 probably1 9 any o!r elem5t>y s*ool 9 ,spa91 if n else:]e4 ,all t c be que/ion$ is ! tea*+ ( an explicit social cre$ to ! *ildr54 ,f]r] w\ld h rejo9$ t !re 0 n a s*ool 9 ,europe t does n tea* an explicit social cre$4 ,b1 h[ev] we may diff] f 8 cre$1 we _c fail to recognise ! elevat$ & unselfi% idealism ( ! man1 & deplore ! brutality & illegality ) :i* 8 g5ial life 0 prematurely br\ght to a close4 ,,notes #a ,?is 0 9 ! e>ly eighties1 :5 ,f]r]1 !n 9 8 e>ly tw5ties1 0 secret>y to ! republican lead] ,ruiz ,zorrilla4 ,to ?is phase ( 8 c>e]1 :i* he rapidly outgrew1 belongs ! revolution>y docum5t :i* 0 malignantly & di%one/ly us$ aga9/ him tw5ty-five ye>s aft]w>ds4--,j4 ,m4 #b ,mlle4 ,meuni] di$1 leav+ ab\t #cj1jjj unconditionally to ,f]r]1 be=e he return$ to ,spa9 9 #aijj4--;,j4 ,m4 #c ,^! societies are p>ticul>ly num]\s 9 ,spa91 :]e ! gov]nm5t sy/em ( education is deplorable1 & s*ools are (t5 e/abli%$ 9 connection ) !m4--,j4 ,m4 #d ,x is especially comm5d$ 9 ! life ( ,b5$ict ,j4 ,labr & o!rs t !y delib]ately cultivat$ fil?9ess ( p]son4--,j4 ,m4 #e ,^! articles are reproduc$ 9 ! ,spani% edition4 ,z !y are n f ,f]r]'s p51 ,i omit !m4--,j4 ,m4 #f #bj a ye> is a n uncommon sal>y ( ma/]s & mi/resses 9 ,spa91 & _m _c obta9 ev5 t4--,j4 ,m4 #g ,x %\ld be /at$ t bo? ! writ]s are ,an>*i/s1 9 ! s5se ,i h indicat$ 9 ! ,preface4 ,except on special subjects--! fam\s geograph] ,odn de ,bu51 = in/ance1 co-op]at$ ) ,f]r] 9 reg>d to geography--no o!r writ]s 7 likely to embody ,f]r]'s ideals4 ,all1 h[ev]1 7 z oppos$ to viol5ce z ,f]r] himself1 & ,mr4 ,w4 ,ar*] has %[n 9 8 life ( ,f]r] t ! *>ges br\ght aga9/ ,mme4 ,jacqu9et by ,f]r]'s p]secutors at 8 trial are (ficially d5i$ by our ,egyptian au?orities4--,j4 ,m4 #h ,extract f a spee* deliv]$ by ,donoso ,corts at 8 admission into ! ,academy4 #i ,haeckel's ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se1 ,*ap4 ,i4 #aj ,i omit "s ( ,f]r]'s %ort comm5ts on ^! specim5s ( reason+ & s5tim5t1 z he reg>ds !m4 ,"o c recognise ! e*o ( ! tea*]'s words4 ,! *ildr5 7 repeat+ _! cate*ism4 ,b 7#a7 ?is is no cate*ism ( viol5ce & class-hatr$1 & 7#b7 !re is a di/9ct appreciation ( ! ideas & s5tim5ts on ! "p ( ! *ildr54 ,i translate ! passages z lit]ally z possible4--,j4 ,m4 #aa ,?is lett] & ! prec$+ essays are giv5 9 ! ,spani% edition4 ,z !y are a repetition ( ! s5tim5ts express$ 9 ! extracts already giv51 x is unnecess>y to reproduce !m "h4 ,except t ,i h omitt$ pap]s incorporat$ by ,f]r]1 b n writt5 by him1 ?is is ! only modification ,i h all[$ myself4--,j4 ,m4 #ab ,! ,mod]n ,s*ool 0 clos$ aft] ,f]r]'s arre/ 9 #aijf4--;,j4 ,m4