,transcrib]'s ,note ,italic text is indicat$ by und]scores1 boldface by equals signs4 ,o!r ,notes w be f\nd at ! end ( ?is e,book4 ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,croton ,,aqu$uct1 ,,by ,f4 ,b4 ,,t[] ,,( ,,! ,,eng9e] ,,dep>tm5t4 ,illu/ration ,new-,york & ,london3 ,wiley & ,putnam1 #ahdc4 ,,ent]$ accord+ to ! ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahdc1 by ,f4 ,b4 ,,t[]1 9 ! ,cl]k's (fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,s\!rn ,di/rict ( ,new-,york4 ,,to ,,! ,,inhabitants ,,( ,,! ,,city ,,( ,,new-,,york1 ,,^: ,,ent]prise ,,is ,,/rik+ly ,,exemplifi$ ,,by ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,croton ,,aqu$uct1 ,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,mo/ ,,respectfully ,,d$icat$1 ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,preface4 ,! views :i* ,i h giv5 ( ! important po9ts on ! l9e ( ! ,croton ,aqu$uct1 are f sket*es tak5 = my own satisfaction2 b ! int]e/ s g5]ally tak5 9 ! "w1 has sugge/$ to me ! propriety ( pres5t+ !m to ! public 9 ?is =m4 ,hav+ be5 engag$ 9 ! ,eng9e] ,dep>tm5t dur+ ! :ole ( ! con/ruction ( ! ,aqu$uct1 my acqua9tance ) x w\ld enable me to pres5t m ( its details2 b ,i h giv5 ^? ( ! con/ruction ( ! ,aqu$uct1 & a g5]al outl9e ( ! /ructures connect$ ) x1 tru/+ t a m detail$ description may emanate f ,,john ,b4 ,,j]vis1 ,esquire1 :o1 z ,*ief ,eng9e]1 gave ,plans & ,specifications = ! "w dur+ its con/ruction4 ,a description f su* s\rce1 accompani$ ) detail$ plans ( all ! appurt5ances ( ! ,aqu$uct1 ) ! results ( exp]im5ts on ! fl[ ( wat] 9 ! ,aqu$uct1 w\ld be a useful contribution to ! cause ( sci5ce1 a valuable "w to ,eng9e]s g5]ally1 & p>ticul>ly s to y\ng] memb]s ( ! pr(ession4 ,! hi/ory :i* ,i h giv5 ( ! prelim9>y measures lead+ to ! accompli%m5t ( ?is "w1 has be5 obta9$1 ma9ly1 f pr9t$ docum5ts ( ! ,common ,c\ncil4 ,i h also _h conv]sations ) p]sons :o 7 intimately conc]n$ 9 "s ( ^? measures1 & tru/ t ,i h made ! hi/ory suffici5tly full to embrace ! lead+ /eps :i* 7 tak54 ,! acc\nts ( ! ,aqu$ucts ( anci5t ,rome1 & ^? built by ! anci5t ,romans 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 also t ( ! ,aqu$ucts ( mod]n ,rome1 ( ,italy1 ,france1 c41 h be5 mo/ly obta9$ f ! ,fr5* "w ( ,j4 ,,rondolet1 9 :i* ! acc\nt ( ! ,aqu$ucts ( anci5t ,rome is translat$ f ! ,lat9 ( ,front9us4 ,= ! acc\nt ( ! ,aqu$ucts ( ,mexico & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,i am indebt$1 9 a great degree1 to 8,brad=d's ,antiquities ( ,am]ica10 & 8,ewbank's ,hydraulics40 ,f4 ,b4 ,,t[]4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,page4 ,aqu$ucts ( ,anci5t ,rome1 #ac ,pr9cipal ,aqu$ucts con/ruct$ by ! ,anci5t ,romans 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 #ah ,aqu$ucts ( ,mod]n ,rome1 #bh ,pr9cipal ,mod]n ,aqu$ucts ( ,italy1 ,france1 etc41 #cj ,aqu$ucts ( ,mexico & ! adjac5t ,/ates1 #cg ,aqu$ucts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #dj ,f\nta9s1 #dg 99 99 99 99 99 ,hi/ory ( ! ,progressive ,measures = ,supply+ ! ,city ( ,new-,york ) ,wat]1 #eg ,( ,plans ,propos$ = furni%+ ! ,city ) ,wat] & ( ! ,plan adopt$1 #fi ,s\rces ( ! ,croton ,riv]1 #ge ,fl[ ( ,wat] 9 ! ,croton ,riv]1 ,capacity ( ! ,f\nta9 ,res]voir1 c41 #gf ,g5]al ,design ( ! ,*annel-way & ,res]voirs1 #gh ,g5]al ,con/ruction ( ! ,aqu$uct1 #ha ,description ( ! ,l9e ( ,aqu$uct1 #ie ,app5dix1 #abe 99 99 99 99 99 ,,plates4 ,aqu$uct ( ,spoleto1 ,italy1 #cb ,sections ( ! ,croton ,aqu$uct1 #hd #hf ,entrance ,v5tilator1 #hh ,isometrical ,view ( ,culv]t1 #ij ,tunnel & ,gate ,*amb] at ! head ( ! ,aqu$uct1 #ib ,view above ! ,croton ,dam1 #ie ,entablature ov] ! entrance to ! ,aqu$uct1 #if ,view bel[ ! ,croton ,dam1 #ih ,croton ,aqu$uct at ,s+-,s+1 #aja ,aqu$uct ,bridge at ,s+-,s+1 #ajb ,aqu$uct ,bridge = ,road-way1 #ajc ,croton ,aqu$uct at ,mill-,riv]1 #ajd ,croton ,aqu$uct at ,jewell's ,brook1 #aje ,croton ,aqu$uct at ,ha/+s1 #ajf ,croton ,aqu$uct at ,yonk]s1 #ajh ,croton ,aqu$uct at ,h>lem ,riv]1 #aaj ,view ( ! ,jet at ,h>lem ,riv]1 #aab ,croton ,aqu$uct at ,cl5d9n+ ,valley1 #aac ,aqu$uct ,bridge at ,cl5d9n+ ,valley1 #aad ,plan ( ! ,receiv+ ,res]voir1 #aaf ,isometrical ,view ( ! ,di/ribut+ ,res]voir1 #aai 8,! radiant aqu$ucts ,turn _! innum]able ar*es o'er ,! spaci\s des]t1 bright5+ 9 ! sun1 ,pr\d & m pr\d 9 ! augu/ approa*3 ,high oe'r irrigu\s vales1 & woods1 & t[ns1 ,glide ! s(t :isp]+ wat]s 9 ! w9d1 ,& "h unit$ p\r _! silv] /reams1 ,among ! figur$ rocks1 9 murmur+ falls1 ,musical ev]40 ,! ,ru9s ( ,rome4 ,,introductory ,,*apt]4 ,,aqu$ucts1 ,,f\nta9s1 ,,etc4 ,a supply ( pure & :olesome wat] is an object s ess5tial to ! heal? & prosp]ity ( a city1 t x %\ld =m "o ( ! lead+ features ( ! public improvem5ts :i* *>act]ize its gr[?4 ,! advantages aris+ f x are s num]\s1 & ! com=ts s great1 t e ef=t %\ld be made to accompli% x4 ,! means :i* h be5 resort$ to = su* purposes 9 almo/ e city ( importance 9 ! ,old ,_w1 are examples = u ( ! ,new1 & %\ld induce u e>ly to avail ourselves ( t important elem5t ( heal?4 ,we contemplate ) m+l$ emotions ( wond] & admiration1 ^? works ( art :i* 7 a*iev$ by anci5t ,rome 9 h] palmy days ( weal? & p[]1 & among !m we f9d t h] ,aqu$ucts hold a prom95t place4 ,among ! ru9s ( cities ^: hi/ory is %r\d$ 9 my/]y on ?is cont95t1 we f9d provisions = br++ wat] f di/ant s\rces4 ,9 ! wilds ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ! p]sev]+ travell] f9ds ru9$ cities buri$ 9 ! dep?s ( ! =e/1 :]e nature is at "w cov]+ & conceal+ !m3 among ^? ru9s he tells u ( ! ,aqu$uct4 ,we f9d !m also among ! ru9s ( cities along ! we/]n coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,) su* examples be=e u1 we may consid] t by ! con/ruction ( ! ,croton ,aqu$uct = supply+ ! ,city ( ,new-,york ) wat] has be5 secur$ an important measure = ! promotion ( its gr[?4 ,_m cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h direct$ _! att5tion to ?is object1 & "s h be5 =tunate 9 f9d+ a supply ( wat] ne> at h&1 b o!rs w look t[>ds di/ant s\rces = a supply1 & w1 ere long1 resort to ! con/ruction ( ,aqu$ucts4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( cities built 9 remote p]iods ( antiquity1 we f9d m5tion made ( plans = supply+ wat]1 & among rema9s ( ^? cities :i* are f\nd at ?is day1 are traces ( ,aqu$ucts4 ,we h acc\nts ( ,aqu$ucts con/ruct$ "u ! reign ( ,solomon1 & ! rema9s ( !m /ill exi/+ 9 ,pale/9e1 give evid5ce ( an ext5sive acqua9tance ) ! pr9ciples ( hydraulics among ! ,hebrew ar*itects4 ,! ,pools ( ,solomon1 :i* are m5tion$ by travell]s :o comb9e 9 _! rese>*es a reg>d = ! arts z well z ! religion ( ,judea1 are connect$ ) a s*eme = supply+ ,j]usalem ) wat]4 ,! va/ exp5se incurr$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ,aqu$ucts by ! ,anci5t ,romans1 z well 9 ,italy z 9 o!r c\ntries ( ,europe1 proves ! value t 0 atta*$ by t p to a pl5tiful supply ( pure wat]1 & ! details ( ! plan ( con/ruction ( ! diff]5t works1 ev9ce an acqua9tance ) ! pr9ciples ( hydraulics :i*1 at ?is day1 is n g5]ally accord$ to !m4 ,t !y und]/ood ! pr9ciple t wat] seeks ! level ( its s\rce aft] enc\nt]+ depressions 9 its conduit1 is suffici5tly prov$ by in/ances1 9 works con/ruct$ by !m1 :]e ! inv]t$ syphon ( pipes 0 us$ 9 cross+ valleys4 ,t ?is plan 0 n g5]ally adopt$ by !m 9 cases :]e great exp5se has be5 incurr$ to ma9ta9 ! uni=m declivity ( ! conduit ov] valleys1 may be acc\nt$ = p]haps by ! want ( prop] mat]ial = ! con/ruction ( pipes4 ,9 cases :]e ?is plan has be5 adopt$ lead5 pipes 7 us$1 & s9ce x is only )9 ! la/ c5tury t iron pipes h be5 inv5t$1 we may reasonably conclude t consid]ations ( su* a nature w\ld h induc$ !m to adopt ! m exp5sive plan ( ma9ta9+ ! g5]al incl9ation ( ! conduit by va/ /ructures ( masonry4 ,by sub/itut+ inv]t$ syphons in/ead ( ma9ta9+ a uni=m declivity 9 ! conduit1 w\ld n give ! requisite dis*>ge ( wat] at ! elevation ( ! t]m9us ( ! ,aqu$uct1 & p]haps !y pref]r$1 r ?an dim9i% ?is elevation ( ! supply ( wat]1 to incur ! exp5se ( high /ructures across valleys4 ,! ,roman ,emp]ors1 ) all _! p[] & ! weal? :i* 0 at _! comm&1 knew h[ to p]petuate ! glory ( _! reign by ! erection ( ,temples1 ,palaces & o!r public build+s1 & :at is m natural ?an to suppose t 9 ! con/ruction ( ^! ,aqu$ucts1 :i* 7 consid]$ s ess5tial to ! public welf>e1 !y %\ld enc\rage works ( su* ar*itectural magnific5ce8 ,:atev] ! reasons might h be5 = ma9ta9+ ! elevation ( _! ,aqu$ucts ov] valleys by su* exp5sive /ructures1 we h no "r to *>ge !m ) ! want ( t k :i* ! plan ( "s ( _! ,aqu$ucts cle>ly proves !m to h possess$4 ,tru/+ t x w be int]e/+ to ! read]1 ,i %all pres5t an acc\nt ( "s ( ! pr9cipal ,aqu$ucts built by ! ,anci5t ,romans1--"s ( ! mod]n ,aqu$ucts ( ,italy & ,france2 also ( ,aqu$ucts 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,?is acc\nt might be enl>g$1 to embrace a description ( m ( ! mod]n ,aqu$ucts ( ,europe2 b suffici5t w be pres5t$1 x is ?\ght1 to int]e/ )\t deta9+ ! read] too long 9 arriv+ at ! pr9cipal object ( ?is "w1--a description ( ! ,croton ,aqu$uct4 ,a view is giv5 ( ! ,aqu$uct ( ,spoleto1 9 ,italy4 ,! bridge support+ ?is ,aqu$uct is rem>kable = ! sl5d] =m ( ! pi]s & _! great height2 be+ only t5 & a half feet ?ick & two hundr$ & fifty feet high to ! base ( ! ar*es4 ,?is ,aqu$uct 0 built by ! ,go?s1 a p :o gave a model = ,*ur* ,ar*itecture :i* is mu* admir$ at ! pres5t day4 ,x is said t !y borr[$ ! idea ( ! =m ( _! ar* f ! op5+ b5ea? an arbor ( trees4 ,! plan ( ! bridge = ! ,croton ,aqu$uct at ,h>lem ,riv] has be5 criticis$ on acc\nt ( ! small ?ickness ( ! pi]s z comp>$ ) _! height1 & because !y 7 n made pi]s ( equilibrium2 t is to say1 hav+ _! bases broad]1 s z to include ! l9e ( ?ru/ ( ! ar*es1 s t if a portion ( ! bridge 7 remov$1 ! rema9d] ( ! ar*es & pi]s w\ld ma9ta9 _! position4 ,by ! pres5t plan ! p]man5cy ( any "o individual ar* may be consid]$ to dep5d ^u t ( ! :ole /ructure4#a ,! ,aqu$uct ( ,spoleto1 has be5 /&+ ab\t elev5 hundr$ ye>s & is /ill 9 a p]fect /ate ( pres]vation4 ,) prop] c>e 9 prep>+ ! f\ndations ( ! bridge at ,h>lem ,riv]1 !re is no good reason to fe> t x w be less durable ?an t ( ,spoleto4 ,,aqu$ucts ,,( ,,anci5t ,,rome4 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ magnific5t ,aqu$ucts ( :i* we h any acc\nt1 7 ! "w ( ! ,romans2 & ! ru9s ( sev]al ( !m1 bo? 9 ,italy1 & o!r c\ntries ( ,europe1 rema9 to ! pres5t "t monum5ts ( ! p[] & indu/ry ( t ent]pris+ p4 ,= #ddj ye>s f ! f\ndation ( ,rome ! inhabitants cont5t$ !mselves ) ! wat]s ( ! ,tib]1 & ( ! wells & f\nta9s 9 ! city & its neighborhood4 ,b at t p]iod ! numb] ( h\ses & inhabitants _h s augm5t$1 t !y 7 oblig$ to br+ wat] f di/ant s\rces by means ( ,aqu$ucts4 ,appius comm5c$ ?is s*eme ( improvem5t4 ,ab\t #ci ye>s aft] him1 ,m4 ,curius ,d5tatus1 :o 0 c5sor ) ,papirius ,cursor1 br\ght wat] f ! neighborhood ( ! city ( ,tibur2 & appli$ t[>ds defray+ ! exp5se1 "p ( ! sums tak5 9 ! spoils ( ,pyrrhus4 ,aft] !m ,lucius ,papirius1 ,caius ,s]villius ,cepion1 ,lucius ,long9us ,crassus1 ,qu9tus ,m>cius1 7:o br\ght wat] to ,rome f a spr+ at ! di/ance ( ne>ly sixty miles17 ,m>cus ,agrippa1 ,augu/us1 & o!rs1 signaliz$ !mselves by _! noble ,aqu$ucts4 ,ev5 ,tib]ius1 ,claudius1 ,caligula1 & ,c>racalla1 ?\gh 9 o!r respects n ( ! be/ "*1 took c>e ( ! city 9 ?is useful article4 ,9 ! rema9s ( ^! anci5t ,aqu$ucts1 "s are elevat$ above ! gr\nd ^u a solid mass ( /one "w1 or ^u ar*es cont9u$ & rais$ "o above ! o!r2 o!r portions are subt]rane\s1 pass+ ?r\gh deep excavations1 & 9 _m in/ances pi]c+ ?r\gh m\nta9s ( rock2 su* is t se5 at ,vicov>o beyond ,tivoli1 :]e a tunnel ( ab\t five feet deep & f\r broad1 pi]ces a rock = a di/ance ( m ?an a mile4 ,^! ,aqu$ucts 7 g5]ally built ( /one & cov]$ by ar*es or l>ge flat /ones4 ,at c]ta9 di/ances v5ts 7 provid$ to dis*>ge ! wat] f ! *annel-way2 & cavities 7 =m$1 into :i* ! wat] 0 precipitat$1 & :]e x rema9$ till its mud 0 deposit$1 & ponds 9 :i* x might purify itself4 ,"o ( ^! ,aqu$ucts 0 =m$ ) two *annels1 "o above ! o!r3 !y 71 h[ev]1 con/ruct$ at diff]5t p]iods2 ! mo/ elevat$ 0 suppli$ by ! wat]s ( ! ,tiv]one1 ,anio novus1 & ! l[] "o by ! ,claudian wat]4 ,x is repres5t$ by ,pl9y1 z ! mo/ beautiful ( all t _h be5 built = ! use ( ,rome4 ,x 0 begun by ,caligula1 & f9i%$ by ,claudius1 :o br\ght its wat]s f two spr+s call$ ,cruleus & ,curtius4 ,vespian1 ,titus1 ,m>cus-,aurelius1 & ,antonius ,pius1 repair$ & ext5d$ x2 x is n[ call$ ,aqua ,felice4 ,! ,aqu$uct t convey$ ! ,aqua ,n]oniana to ,rome1 0 built ( brick2 ?is1 z well z ! =m]1 0 9 "s in/ances #gj ,roman feet high4 ,! ,aqu$uct t br\ght ! ,aqua ,m>cia into ! city 0 repair$ by ,agrippa1 :o laid pipes f x to sev]al p>ts ( ! city4 ,! ,aqua ,m>cia1 ,aqua ,julia1 ,aqua ,tepula1 ent]$ ,rome 9 "o & ! same ,aqu$uct1 divid$ into ?ree ranges or /ories2 9 ! upp]mo/ ( :i* fl[$ ! ,aqua ,julia1 9 ! second ! ,aqua ,tepula1 & 9 ! l[e/ ! ,aqua ,m>cia4 ,?is acc\nts = ! extraord9>y height ( ?is ,aqu$uct1 :i* f> surpass$ t ( any o!r 9 ,rome4 ,f ! ru9s ( ?is fabric1 :i* are /ill se51 & are call$ 8,il ca/el del ,acqua ,m>cia10 x appe>s to h be5 a v sup]b /ructure4 ,! ,aqu$ucts 7 "u ! c>e & direction1 fir/ ( ! c5sors & diles1 & aft]w>ds1 ( p>ticul> magi/rates call$ 8,curatores ,aqu>um10 in/itut$ by ,agrippa1 to :om ! ,aqu$ucts ( ,rome 7 objects ( p>ticul> att5tion4 ,messala 0 "o ( ^! curatores 9 ! reign ( ,augu/us1 & ,front9us held ! same (fice 9 t ( ,n]va4 ,augu/us caus$ all ( !m to be repair$4 ,procopius reckons only f\rte5 ,aqu$ucts 9 anci5t ,rome2 b ,victor has enl>g$ ! numb] to tw5ty4 ,front9us1 a man ( consul> dignity1 & :o _h ! direction ( ! ,aqu$ucts "u ! ,emp]or ,n]va1 m5tions n9e4 ,f o!r acc\nts we are in=m$ t n9e great ,aqu$ucts exi/$ at ,rome at ! comm5cem5t ( ! reign ( ,n]va4 ,five o!rs 7 con/ruct$ by t ,emp]or1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,julius ,front9us2 & x appe>s t at a lat] p]iod ! numb] am\nt$ to tw5ty4 ,front9us1 :o _h ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! ,roman ,aqu$ucts "u ! ,emp]or ,n]va1 di$ ,a4 ,d4 #aja4 ,he gave an acc\nt ( ! ,aqu$ucts1 :i* has s9ce be5 translat$ into ,fr5* by ,rondolet4 ,! foll[+ table is made up ( data f t "w4 ,! table is arrang$ to %[1 ,fir/1 ! "n ( ! wat] or ,aqu$uct2 ,second1 ! era ( its con/ruction2 ,?ird1 ! l5g? ( ea* ,aqu$uct 9 miles & decimals2 ,f\r?1 ! cubic feet dis*>g$ 9 #bd h\rs1 & ,fif?1 ! gallons 9 w9e measure4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,"n4 ,,era4 ,,l5g?4 ,,cubic ,,feet4 ,,gallons4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a4 ,appian ,aqu$uct1 ,b4,c4 #cab #aj1cbej #c1gjf1ege #bg1gbd1aha #b4 ,old ,anio #bgc #cf1fgge #h1icb1cch #ff1hac1hhg #c4 ,m>cian #adf #ef1idag #i1ebe1cij #ga1bdi1iag #d4 ,tepulan #abg #ad1bcda #ijc1gie #f1gfj1chf #e4 ,julian #ce #b1ddi1chf #ah1cba1djg #f4 ,virg9 #bb #ad1caaf #e1jhe1fbd #ch1jdj1dfg #g4 ,alsiet9a ,a4,d4 #ad #bj1debf #gif1aeb #e1fef1jaf #h4 ,claudian #di #db1aihi #i1cef1hag #if1ihh1iia #i4 ,new ,anio #ij #ed1afdd #i1fbb1hgh #ga1igi1abg --------------------------------- #bdi1cjeh #ej1cgh1iee #cgf1hcd1cgi ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,"s auxili>y supplies or fe$]s make ! total l5g? ( ! ,roman ,aqu$ucts1 at t p]iod1 exce$ #bee miles4 ,! names ( ! ,roman ,aqu$ucts are tak5 f ^? ( ! ,riv] or ,lake :i* supplies !m1 or f ! emp]ors :o caus$ !m to be con/ruct$4 ,front9us gives ! foll[+ z ! orig9 ( ! "n ,virg9 ,aqu$uct3 8,x is call$ ! ,virg9 7,virgo71 because x 0 a "y girl :o %[$ "s ve9s to a few soldi]s :o 7 9 se>* ( spr+ wat]4 ,^? :o dug foll[$ ^! ve9s & f\nd a great quantity1 & !re is a pa9t+ 9 a little temple erect$ close by ! s\rce repres5t+ ?is ev5t40 ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,aqu$ucts ,,con/ruct$ ,,by ,,! ,,anci5t ,,romans ,,9 ,,o!r ,,p>ts ,,( ,,europe4 ,aqu$uct ( ,nismes4 ,?is is probably "o ( ! mo/ anci5t ,aqu$ucts con/ruct$1 out ( ,rome1 by ! ,romans4 ,x is attribut$ to ,agrippa1 son-9-law ( ,augu/us1 to :om t emp]or gave ! gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry becom+ a ,roman ,colony4 ,agrippa1 flatt]$ by ! honors :i* he receiv$ f ! inhabitants ( ,nismes1 made 8 resid5ce !re3 he enclos$ ! t[n ) new walls1 built ba?s1 & probably ! ,aqu$uct ( ! bridge ( ,g>d 78pont du ,g>d07 = br++ wat] to !m4 ,?is ,aqu$uct is ne>ly ?irty miles 9 l5g?1 =m+1 9 its c\rse1 ! figure ( a horse-%oe4 ,x br\ght wat] f ! f\nta9s ( ,eura & ,airan1 situat$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ! t[n ( ,uzs4 ,! bridge ( ,g>d 0 ab\t ! middle "p ( ! "w1 & ! ,aqu$uct t]m9at$ at ,nismes4 ,?is ,aqu$uct trav]s$ a v m\nta9\s c\ntry1 pi]c+ ?r\gh m\nta9s & cross+ valleys by means ( ar*es ^u ar*es1 =m+ magnific5t /ructures entirely ( cut /one4 ,! ,aqu$uct or *annel-way is =m$ ( /one ?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g?4 ,! bottom ( ! int]ior has a curv$ =m1 be+ an arc ( a circle2 ! sides are v]tical1 & ! top cov]$ ) a flagg+ ( cut /one1 except :]e x is "u gr\nd1 9 :i* situation ! top is cov]$ by an ar* ( /one4 ,! int]ior face ( ! walls & ! bottom 7 cov]$ ) a coat ( pla/]+ two in*es 9 ?ickness1 compos$ ( quick-lime1 f9e s&1 & brick ne>ly pulv]iz$4 ,?is coat+ has n[ a t5acity & consi/5ce equal to ! h>de/ /one4 ,! size ( ! *annel-way is ! foll[+3 #d feet wide & #e feet high1 except :]e ! top is cov]$ ) an ar*1 9 :i* case x is #g feet high 9 ! int]ior4 ,! desc5t ( ! ,aqu$uct is #a foot 9 #bejj feet1 or #b-aa_/ajj feet p] mile4 ,! wat] :i* fl[$ 9 ?is ,aqu$uct =m$ a deposit ^u ! sides1 ( lime1 until ne>ly half ! *annel 0 clos$2 ?is deposit am\nt+ to a ?ickness ( #aa in*es on ea* side4 ,by ! height ( ?is deposit x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ! wat] fl[$ g5]ally ) a dep? ( #c feet4 ,! pont du ,g>d is t "p ( ! ,aqu$uct ( ,nismes :i* crosses ! deep valley 9 :i* runs ! ,g>don or ,g>d4 ,?is "p1 consid]$ alone1 is "o ( ! noble/ monum5ts built by ! ,romans among ! ,gauls4 ,x is compos$ ( ?ree ranges ( ar*es "o above ano!r4 ,! fir/ range1 "u :i* ! ,g>don fl[s1 is =m$ by #f ar*es2 ! second by #aa1 & ! ?ird by #ce1 all ( :i* are semicircul>2 support$ ^u pi]s ( great] or less height4 ,! *annel 9 :i* ! wat] fl[s is ^u ! top ( ! ?ird range ( ar*es1 & is #afj feet above ! wat] ( ! riv]4 ,! :ole l5g? ( ?is bridge is ab\t #ijj feet4 ,! bridge ( ,g>d hav+ be5 brok5 d[n at ! two extremities1 at a p]iod v remote & unc]ta91 x is ?\ght t ?is de/ruction may be attribut$ to ! ,b>b>ians :o invad$ ! c\ntry ( ,nismes a %ort "t aft] _! fir/ invasion1 :i* is fix$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! fif? c5tury1 ab\t ! ye> #djf1 & x is suppos$ t by ?is means !y w\ld deprive ! inhabitants ( ,nismes ( ! wat] furni%$ by ! ,aqu$uct1 & =ce !m to yield4 ,b by ?is supposition1 :i* is v probable1 ! wat] _h be5 runn+ 9 ?is ,aqu$uct = m ?an f\r c5turies2 & ?is /ructure :i* has be5 out ( use dur+ f\rte5 hundr$ ye>s1 is /ill 9 su* a /ate ( pres]vation t x c\ld be re/or$ )\t a v great exp5diture ( money4 ,,! ,,anci5t ,,aqu$ucts ,,( ,,lyons4 ,no?+ gives a bett] idea ( ! spl5d\r ( ! city ( ,lyons "u ! reign ( ! fir/ ,roman ,emp]ors1 ?an ! rema9s ( ! anci5t monum5ts4 ,we see !re at ! pres5t day1 rema9s ( temples1 ( palaces1 ( amphi!atres1 ( bas9s = mock sea fights1 ( ba?s & ( _m ,aqu$ucts1 ( :i* ?ree 7 con/ruct$ "u ! reigns ( ,augu/us1 ( ,tib]ius & ( ,claudius1 = conduct+ wat] to t "p ( ! anci5t city situat$ ^u ! m\nta94 ,! fir/ & ! mo/ anci5t ( ^! ,aqu$ucts1 con/ruct$ by ,m>k ,an?ony1 br\ght ! wat]s f ,m\nt-d',or1 by means ( two bran*es :i* embrac$ t gr\p ( m\nta9s4 ,! wat] furni%$ by ! fir/ ,aqu$uct hav+ be5 f\nd insuffici5t1 !y con/ruct$ a second "o to br+ ! wat] ( ! ,loire4 ,! ?ird ,aqu$uct 0 built by ! ,emp]or ,claudius to furni% wat] to ! palace ( ! emp]ors situat$ ^u an elevat$ m\nta94 ,! ,aqu$ucts built at ?is era are all ( ! same con/ruction2 t is to say1 f ! plan & con/ruction adopt$ by ! ,romans4 ,a f\r? ,aqu$uct 0 also con/ruct$ = ?is city1 b !re is "s d\bt :e!r x 0 built by ! ,romans4 ,,aqu$uct ,,( ,,m\nt ,,pila4 ,?is ,aqu$uct 0 built by ,claudius1 :o 0 born at ,lyons1 to conduct wat] to ! emp]or's palace1 situat$ on ! highe/ "p ( ! city4 ,! s\rces :i* suppli$ x1 7 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,m\nt ,pila1 & !y 7 br\ght into ! ma9 ,aqu$uct by bran* aqu$ucts4 ,! ma9 ,aqu$uct 0 =ty miles 9 l5g?2 & add+ ! bran*es1 ! l5g? ( ! ,aqu$uct 0 =ty-five miles4 ,!re 7 #ac bridges ( /one to support ! ,aqu$uct across valleys or ov] riv]s1 two ( :i* 7 n built up to ! plane ( ! ,aqu$uct1 b 7 cross$ by lead5 pipes :i* desc5d$ on "o side ( ! valley &1 cross+ ! bridge1 asc5d$ on ! opposite side4 ,9 ano!r in/ance ! pipes desc5d$ & cross$ ^u a wall ( masonry & rea*$ ! opposite side ( ! valley4 ,"o in/ance1 :]e pipes 7 us$1 w give an idea ( _! g5]al =m3 ! bridge 0 ab\t #dj feet high & ! p]p5dicul> height ( ! ,aqu$uct above x 0 #adj feet4 ,n9e lead5 pipes ( ab\t #h in*es int]ior diamet] & "o in* ?ick 7 laid ^u ! incl9$ planes & across ! level "p ( ! bridge2 ?us communicat+ ) ! opposite cre/s ( ! valley4 ,^! bridges :i* 7 con/ruct$ = ! support ( pipes1 7 wid] 9 ! bottom ( ! valley & also half way up ! incl9$ plane1 ?an !y 7 = ! rema9d] ( ! di/ance2 & ?is =m has sugge/$ ! idea t ! pipes ( #h in*es diamet]1 :5 !y rea*$ half way d[n ! plane1 sep>at$1 ea* "o into two ( #f in*es diamet] :i* cross$ ! bridge1 & conv]g$ into "o aga9 half way up ! opposite plane4 ,b x may be suppos$ t !y cont9u$ ( ! same int]ior =m ?r\gh\t _! l5g?1 & t ?is extra wid? 0 made = ! purpose ( giv+ an opportunity to =tify ! pipes at ! place :]e ! pressure to :i* !y 7 subject$ 0 ! greate/4 ,con/ruction4 ,!y comm5c$ ! con/ruction by mak+ a tr5* 9 ! gr\nd ( suffici5t dim5sions = ! masonry ( ! ,aqu$uct3 ^u ! bottom ( ?is tr5* 0 laid a mass ( masonry #a foot ?ick1 ^u :i* two walls 7 built1 ea* #a foot ?ick & #e feet high1 ^! walls /&+ #b feet ap>t1 & surm\nt$ by a semicircul> ar* ( a ?ickness ( #a foot & g5]ally cov]$ ) e>? #b feet deep4 ,! int]ior _h a coat ( cem5t pla/]+1 #f in*es ?ick on ! bottom & #a in* ?ick on ! sides4 ,! walls 7 con/ruct$ ) small /ones f #c to #f in*es 9 ?ickness1 b$d$ 9 mort> s t no spaces c\ld be f\nd betwe5 !m4 ,!y avoid$ ! use ( /ones ( great] ?ickness ?an #f in*es1 because ! walls built ( small /ones1 well fill$ ) mort>1 =m$ a mass m solid & imp]vi\s ?an ) l>g] /ones1 on acc\nt ( ! great quantity ( mort> us$4 ,no bricks 7 us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! *annel-way ( ! ,aqu$uct4 ,v5tilators 7 con/ruct$ along ! c\rse ( ! ,aqu$uct #b feet squ>e1 & ris+ above ! gr\nd #b or #c feet4 ,! ,aqu$uct :5 x 0 above ! gr\nd1 0 support$ ^u a wall ( masonry1 & ! side walls ( ! *annel-way _h an increas$ ?ickness4 ,:5 x 0 elevat$ #f or #g feet above ! gr\nd1 ! f\ndation wall 0 six feet ?ick2 b :5 x _h a great] elevation x 0 support$ ^u ar*es & pi]s1 & ^u ! elevation dep5d$ ! span ( ! ar*1 ! ?ickness & height ( ! pi]s4 ,! g5]al declivity 9 ! *annel-way1 0 #a foot 9 #fdj1 or ab\t #h feet p] mile4 ,?is ,aqu$uct suppli$ ab\t #a1bjj1jjj gallons ( wat] 9 #bd h\rs4 ,! velocity ( ! wat] 0 ab\t five times t ( ! wat] 9 ! ,aqu$ucts ( ,rome4 ,?is "w 0 con/ruct$ at an imm5se exp5se1 & 9 sub/itut+ ! 8inv]t$ syphon10 = high /ructures across valleys1 !re is evid5ce ( ! intellig5ce & skill ( ^? :o _h *>ge ( ! con/ruction4 ,a fragm5t ( a pipe =m+ "p ( ?is rev]s$ syphon1 is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! museum at ,lyons1 & an in/ance ( ! ,romans hav+ laid pipes across ! b$s ( riv]s1 is giv5 by ,m4 ,gauti]1 ,ar*itect1 ,eng9e]1 c41 9 8 "w call$ 8,trait de la ,con/ruction des ,*em9s10 publi%$ 9 #aggh4 ,ab\t #gj or #hj ye>s ago1 he 0 direct$ by ,mr4 ,pont*>tra91 ,m9i/] ( ,/ate1 to repair to ,ro*e=t1 to conduct spr+ wat] to ! port f ! f\nta9s ( ! city1 :i* 7 suppli$ f a s\rce1 ?\gh q insuffici5t = ! city1 9 ! neighborhood4 ,9 8 rese>*es he discov]$ a good & copi\s s\rce1 at less ?an half a league1 b on ! o!r side ( ! riv]1 ! ,*>5te4 ,_m difficulties 7 pres5t$1 because at l[ wat] vessels might gr\nd ^u ! pipes & injure !m4 ,h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,gauti] propos$ to lay d[n two lead5 pipes1 to pres]ve a supply 9 case ( accid5t to "o1 & to protect !m by wood5 frames 9 an effectual way aga9/ injury1 %\ld vessels lay ^u ! def5ce frames dur+ l[ wat]4 ,mr4 ,begon1 int5dant ( ! ,m>9e1 approv$ ! plan1 b x 0 f9ally reject$4 8,"s ye>s aft]10 says ,mr4 ,gauti]1 8:5 ,i _h *>ge ( ! roads on ! ,rhone1 & ( _m o!r works 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,langu$oc1 & :ile at ,arles1 ,i he>d t a vessel _h ca/ an*or 9 ! ,rhone1 opposite ! city1 to take "s load+2 b :5 ! comm&] want$ to sail aga9 he c\ld n raise ! an*or4 ,?is fact attract$ mu* att5tion1 & _m p w5t to witness ! s+ul> circum/ance4 ,! ,capta91 unwill+ to lose 8 an*or1 s5t d[n a man1 to f9d :at 0 ! matt]4 ,! div] report$ t ! an*or 0 hook$ "u some?+ r\nd1 b he c\ld n tell :at x 04 ,a cap/an 0 appli$ to raise x1 :i* succe$$4 ,x br\ght up a lead5 conduit pipe f ! bottom ( ! ,rhone1 :i* cross$ x f ! ,city ( ,arles1 t[>ds ,tr9quetaillade1 ov] a bread? ( ab\t #ij toises 7#egf feet7 9 a dep? ( #f or #g toises 7ab\t #dj feet17 ! deepe/ "p ( ! ,rhone4 ,i saw "s pieces ( ?is conduit ( lead1 #e or #f in*es 9 diamet]1 ab\t #d l9es 7"o ?ird ( an in*7 ?ick1 9 jo9ts ( #a toise ea* sold]$ l5g?wise1 & cov]$ by a /rip or %eet ( lead ( ! same ?ickness cov]+ ! fir/ sold] ab\t #b in*es4 ,! conduit 0 sold]$ at ! jo9ts1 #f feet ap>t1 by ! same mat]ial1 :i* made a swell at t di/ance4 ,on ea* jo9t 7 ^! words 9 relief ,c4 ,,cantius ,,poih9us4 ,f4 :i* 0 app>5tly ! "n ( ! mak] or ar*itect1 :o laid d[n ! conduit pipe 9 ! "t ( ! ,romans4 ,i delay$ n to in=m ,mr4 ,begon1 at ,ro*e=t1 ( ?is discov]y1 because he _h always fav\r$ my project ( conduct+ wat] along ! bottom & across ! ,*>5te1 :i* w\ld n h be5 half s difficult z x _h no d\bt be51 to lay "o across ! ,rhone :]e ?is 0 f\nd4 ,h5ce x may be believ$1 z ,i ?9k n[ myself1 t _m ?+s suppos$ n[-a-days to be new & nev] to h be5 previ\sly inv5t$1 may h be5 ?\ght ( long be=e1 ev5 9 remote ages40 ,pp4 #abi1 #acj4 ,anci5t ,aqu$uct ( ,metz4 ,?is ,aqu$uct 0 built by ! ,romans :5 t city 0 "u _! dom9ion2 b x is difficult to fix ^u ! precise era ( its con/ruction4 ,x is said 9 ! hi/ory ( ! city ( ,metz t ! ,roman legions built roads 9 ! ye> #gj2 b !re is reason to suppose t ! con/ruction ( ?is ,aqu$uct1 z well z t ( o!r important /ructures built by ! ,romans at ,metz1 belongs to a "t m remote1 & t ! date ( ! reign ( ! fir/ emp]ors may be ! era :5 ! legions ( ,cs> occupi$ ! c\ntry ( ! ,gauls4 ,! total l5g? ( ! ,aqu$uct 0 #ad miles1 & ! fall = ?is di/ance 0 ab\t #gc feet4 ,! *annel-way 0 #f feet high1 by #c feet wide1 con/ruct$ ) /one masonry & hav+ an ar* ov] ! top3 ! int]ior face ( ! walls & ! bottom 0 cov]$ ) a coat ( pla/]+2 #c in*es ?ick 9 ! bottom1 & #b in*es on ! sides4 ,f rema9s ( ?is ,aqu$uct :i* are n[ f\nd at v>i\s po9ts along its c\rse1 x appe>s to h requir$ _m exp5sive /ructures = cross+ valleys2 9 "o in/ance ! ,aqu$uct bridge 0 #c1fjj feet long1 & ! greate/ height 0 #ajj feet4 ,9 con/ruct+ ! ,aqu$uct ov] ^! bridges1 !y =m$ x 9 two *annels sep>at$ by a wall1 & ea* cov]$ ) an ar*2 ?us !y insur$ a supply ( wat] across ! bridge by "o *annel 9 case ! o!r requir$ repairs4 ,aqu$uct ( ,b\rgas1 ne> ,con/ant9ople4 ,?ree ,aqu$ucts exi/ 9 ! valley ( ,b\rgas1 #h miles f ,con/ant9ople1 = conduct+ wat] into ! city4 ,"o ( !m is rem>kable = ! beautiful ar*itectural arrangem5t & ! solidity ( its con/ruction4 ,x is #aae feet high1 & 0 built "u ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian1 ,a4 ,d4 #ebg4 ,x has two ranges ( ar*es1 "o above ! o!r1 & ! ,aqu$uct support$ ^u ! second4 ,^! ,aqu$ucts are 9 "s p>ts unlike ^? ( ,rome1 :i* 7 =m$ on a cont9u\s l9e = _m miles1 ) a regul> incl9ation f ! s\rce to ! city1 b are int]rupt$ by rev]s$ syphons4 ,in/ead ( cross+ deep & wide valleys 9 ! usual mann] ( /one /ructures1 ! ,aqu$uct t]m9ates on "o bank 9 a res]voir or ci/]n1 & a pipe is laid f x d[n ! slop+ side ( ! hill to a /one pi] erect$ at a suitable di/ance2 ! pipe rises up ! pi] to ! top :]e ! wat] is dis*>g$ into a small ci/]n ne>ly z high z t 9 ! res]voir4 ,f ! ci/]n1 ano!r conduit pipe desc5ds to ! bottom ( ! pi]1 passes along ! gr\nd to a second pi] at a prop] di/ance & rises to ano!r ci/]n on ! top ( x1 & s on till x rises on ! cre/ ( ! opposite bank1 :]e ! wat] resumes its regul> motion along ! ,aqu$uct4 ,?is plan 0 probably adopt$ ) a view to avoid ! exp5se ( con/ruct+ a bridge :i* %\ld pres]ve ! g5]al incl9ation ( ! *annel-way2 b x is difficult to imag9e any advantage aris+ f ! con/ruction ( ! pi]s1 in/ead ( lay+ ! pipe along ! bottom ( ! valley4 ,mod]n ,rome4 ,rome is n[ suppli$ ) wat] by ?ree ,aqu$ucts1 be+ ?ree ( ! anci5t works re/or$ 9 mod]n times4 ,fir/1 ,aqua ,virg9i1 call$ by ,front9us1 ,aqua ,virgo1 or ,virg9 ,aqu$uct4 ,! trunk ( ! ,aqu$uct hav+ be5 injur$1 ! rep>ation 0 began "u ! ,pontificate ( ,ni*olas ,v4 & ,sextus ,,iv41 & complet$ "u t ( ,pius ,,iv4 9 #aefh4 ,?is wat] supplies ! beautiful f\nta9 ,trevi1 ?us nam$ f ! ?ree dis*>ges issu+ f x1 or f its be+ plac$ at ! junction ( ?ree /reets4 ,! wat] ?is ,aqu$uct furni%es is #b1cbb1gfb cubic feet 7#ad1afh1hdh gallons7 daily1 dis*>g+ ?r\gh #g pr9cipal conduits1 at #ac public & #cg o!r f\nta9s4 ,second1 ,aqua ,felice4 ,?is is a "p ( ! anci5t wat] ( ! ,claudian & ,m>cian ,aqu$ucts unit$ ) _m o!rs1 & collect$ "u ,sextus ,v4 ,! daily quantity x furni%es is #gbg1afa cubic feet1 7#d1dce1fhb gallons17 & supplies #af public & #aa o!r f\nta9s4 ,! ,moses f\nta9 dis*>ges f ?is s\rce4 ,! ,paul9e ,aqu$uct1 call$ ,aqua ,paola1 is ! ?ird ( ! anci5t works re/or$4 ,! wat] is collect$ )9 ! t]ritories ( ,arcolo & ,bassano1 & conduct$ along ! anci5t ,aqu$uct ( ,alsiet9a4 ,?is 0 effect$ "u ,pope ,pius ,v41 & direct$ by ,*>les ,fontana1 an em95t ,hydraulic ,ar*itect1 :o con/ruct$ ! great f\nta9 ( ,s4 ,pietro-9-,montorio4 ,additional wat] 0 also tak5 f ,lake ,bracciano by ,fontana 9 #afid1 "u ,clem5t ,x4 ,! :ole quantity 9 #bd h\rs is #c1cbe1eca cubic feet1 7#bj1bhe1gci gallons17 ab\t "o ?ird ( :i* goes to fe$ ! f\nta9s ( ,/4 ,pet]s1 & ^? ( ! ,pontifical ,palace on ! ,vatican ,hill2 ! re/ is di/ribut$ among #h public & #bc o!r f\nta9s1 z well z to #ba "w-%ops1 7us9es7 9 ,/4 ,pancras-/reet4 ,an evid5ce ( ! durability ( ^! old ,roman /ructures is furni%$ 9 ?is junction ( wat] f ,lake ,bracciano by ,c>d9al ,ors9i1 "u au?ority ( ,clem5t ,x41 ^u condition t a "p ( ! wat] %\ld be us$ to fe$ a second f\nta9 ab\t to be built 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s ,squ>e at ,rome1 & ! re/ to be divid$ betwe5 ! ,apo/olic ,*amb] & ! ,h\se ( ,ors9i4 ,f ! lake ! conduit leads to ! old ,alsiet9a ,aqu$uct1 9 :i* x fl[s #bj miles to ! city1 & x 0 f\nd to be 9 s p]fect a /ate :5 ! trial 0 fir/ made aft] ! re/oration1 ,octob] #ac?1 #afic1 t all ! wat] :i* ent]$ ! old ,aqu$uct 0 dis*>g$ at ,rome )\t any loss1 aft] its use _h be5 susp5d$ ne>ly #ajjj ye>s4 ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,mod]n ,,aqu$ucts ,,( ,,italy1 ,,france1 ,,etc4 ,aqu$uct ( ,cas]ta4 ,?is ,aqu$uct 0 built by ! ord] ( ! ,k+ ( ,naples1 ,*>les ,,iii41 = conduct+ wat] to 8 resid5ce :i* he _h at ,cas]ta1 a t[n situat$ ab\t fifte5 miles nor? ( ,naples4 ,?is ,aqu$uct 0 comm5c$ 9 #agec4 ,x is tw5ty-sev5 miles long1 f ! s\rces :i* supply x to ! g>d5s ( ,cas]ta4 ,! s\rces are at ! base ( ! m\nta9 call$ ,taburno2 ! pr9cipal "o is call$ ,sorg5te de la ,sfizzo2 x is aft]w>ds jo9$ by /reams f _m o!r s\rces1 :i* are 9 ! c\ntry call$ ,airola4 ,^! wat]s are all jo9$ 9 "o ,aqu$uct1 cross+ ! riv] ,fanza1 ^u a bridge ( ?ree ar*es1 built 9 #agec4 ,aga91 9 ! valley ( ,durazzano1 !re is ano!r bridge ( ?ree ar*es1 ^u :i* ! ,aqu$uct crosses ! valley1 pass+ ov] ! riv]1 & ext5d+ f ! m\nta9 call$ ,santa ,agata de',goti1 to ! m\nta9 ( ,durazzano4 ,?is ,aqu$uct aft]w>ds crosses a deep valley1 :i* x meets betwe5 ,monte-,longano & ! hills ,tifata1 :]e anci5t ,cas]ta is situat$1 ab\t ! place call$ ,monte di ,gazzano4 ,! cross+ ( ?is valley requir$ ! mo/ important ( all ! con/ructions connect$ ) ! "w4 ,x 0 accompli%$ by an ,aqu$uct bridge1 #agbd feet long & #aij feet 9 height1 compos$ ( ?ree ti]s ( ar*es1 "o above ano!r4 ,! l[] range has n9ete5 ar*es1 ! middle tw5ty-sev51 & ! upp] "o =ty-?ree2 mak+ 9 all eighty-n9e ar*es4 ,! labor ( con/ructions "u gr\nd = ?is ,aqu$uct 0 m ?an t above2 x pi]c$ ?r\gh five hills or m\nta9s1 mak+ an aggregate l5g? ( tunnel ( ab\t f\r miles1 & mo/ ( ?is 0 ?r\gh rock4 ,to give air & light to ! *annel1 !y made pits or wells2 "s ( :i* 7 #bej feet deep1 #aj feet diamet] at ! bottom1 & #d at ! top4 ,aqu$uct ,bridge ( ,ca/ellana4 ,?is ,aqu$uct 0 built 9 connection ) an anci5t ,causeway1 :i* l$ to ,civita-,ca/ellana4 ,?is ,causeway 0 ab\t #hbj feet long & #cb feet wide2 ! greate/ height 0 ab\t #acj feet4 ,x 0 pi]c$ 9 ! middle ( ?is ext5t1 by n9e l>ge ar*es2 ?ree ( :i* 7 #hf feet span1 & ! o!rs 7 ea* #fd feet span4 ,above ^! ar*es ( ! bridge ! ,aqu$uct is built1 ! height ( :i* is ab\t #eg feet1 & x is su/a9$ ^u a s]ies ( ar*es ( ab\t #ai feet span ea*4 ,aqu$uct ( ,montpeli]4 ,?is ,aqu$uct is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful works ( ! k9d1 :i* exi/ 9 ,france4 ,! l5g? is ab\t #c1bjj feet2 x conducts to ,montpeli] ! wat]s ( ,sa9t ,clem5t & du ,b\lid\4 ,x 0 built by ,m4 ,pitot1 eng9e] & memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,he 0 ?irte5 ye>s con/ruct+ x4 ,?is ,aqu$uct is =m$ by two ranges ( ar*es2 ^? 9 ! l[] ti] are sev5ty 9 numb]1 & ea* #bh feet span2 ! pi]s ( ^! ar*es are ea* #ab feet ?ick4 ,! ar*es ( ! second or upp] ti] are mu* small]1 & are arrang$ s t ?ree ( !m come )9 ! space occupi$ by "o ( ! l[] ar*es4 ,!y are #i feet diamet]2 _! pi]s are #d feet & a qu>t] ?ick4 ,! greate/ height ( ?is ,aqu$uct is #ij feet4 ,x is con/ruct$ entirely ( cut /one4 ,! quantity ( wat] furni%$ by x is ab\t #cjj1jjj gallons 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,aqu$uct ( ,spoleto4 ,?is ,aqu$uct 0 con/ruct$ 9 ! ye> #gda1 by ,!odoric1 ,k+ ( ! ,go?s1 to communicate ) ! t[n ( ,spoleto1 situat$ ^u ! summit ( a m\nta94 ,x is compos$ ( t5 gr& ,go?ic ar*es ea* #ga feet diamet]1 support$ ^u pi]s ( #aj feet ?ickness4 ,! middle ar*es :i* are ov] ! riv] de la ,morgia1 are ab\t #cbh feet high4 ,illu/ration3 ,napoleon ,gimbr$e4 sc4 ,,aqu$uct ,,( ,,spoletto1 ,,italy4 ,on ! top ( ?is bridge is ! ,aqu$uct :i* c>ries ! wat] to ,spoleto4 ,?is /ructure 0 difficult to execute1 & be+ built ( a v h>d /one1 rema9s entire at ! pres5t day4 ,! total l5g? is #hjj feet1 & ! bread? is #dd feet4 ,! greate/ height ( ?is bridge is #dbj feet4 ,aqu$uct ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,bisc>i4 ,?is ,aqu$uct 0 con/ruct$ by ! ,pr9ce ( ,bisc>i1 9 ,sicily1 at 8 own exp5se1 across ! riv] ,sa9t-,paul1 ! anci5t ,symte4 ,x conducts a pure /ream ( wat] to ! e/ate ( ! pr9ce1 & at ! same "t s]ves z a public bridge ov] ! valley4 ,?is bridge is compos$ ( ?irty-"o ar*es1 ! l>ge/ ( :i*1 ov] ! riv]1 is #ij feet span4 ,?is ar* is ( ,go?ic =m1 :ile all ! o!rs are semi-circul>4 ,! bridge has two ti]s or ranges ( ar*es2 ! roadway is ^u ! fir/ range1 & ! *annel = ! wat]1 ^u ! second or upp] range4 ,! l5g? ( ! bridge is #bfi feet4 ,! height to ! top is #abj feet4 ,x is said t ?is magnific5t /ructure 0 accompli%$ 9 two ye>s4 ,aqu$uct ( ,arcueil4 ,! ,emp]or ,julian built ?is ,aqu$uct to br+ wat] to ,p>is1 ,a4 ,d4 #cfj2 x suppli$ ! palace & hot ba?s1 b 0 de/roy$ by ! ,normans4 ,x 0 above n9e miles & a half long1 & 0 entirely "u gr\nd1 except ! /one arcade ov] a deep valley at ,arcueil4 ,aft] its use _h be5 susp5d$ #hjj ye>s1 a new & beautiful ar*$ ,aqu$uct 0 built by ! side ( ! ru9s ( ! old "o1 & its f9al re/oration to public use 0 complet$ 9 #afcd4 ,"p ( ?is anci5t con/ruction1 consi/+ ( two ar*es sub/antially built1 /ill exi/s1 ne> ! mod]n ,aqu$uct4 ,! ,aqu$uct bridge ov] ! valley ( ,arcueil has tw5ty-five ar*es1 is #gb feet high & #a1bjj feet 9 l5g?4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! ,aqu$uct on ea* side is a p>apet :i* =ms a walk4 ,on ! outside along ! :ole l9e are v>i\s op5+s1 call$ reg>ds4 ,?is ,aqu$uct 0 ?or\ghly repair$ 9 #aggg2 & fre% sums ( money h lately be5 devot$ to ! same purpose by ! city ( ,p>is4 ,x supplies #cf1jjj hog%eads daily4 ,aqu$uct ( ,ma9t5on4 ,?is "w1 _h x be5 complet$1 w\ld h be5 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( mod]n times4 ,! project 0 "o ( ! noble/ examples ( ! ent]prise :i* *>act]iz$ ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 & _h x be5 c>ri$ out w\ld h pres5t$ a "w equal 9 gr&eur to any ( ! k9d con/ruct$ by ! ,romans4 ,x 0 project$ by ,vauban1 & ! "w 0 comm5c$ 9 #afhd1 b 0 ab&on$ 9 #afhh4 ,x 0 int5d$ to conduct wat] f ! riv] ,eura to ,v]sailles2 a di/ance ( ov] sev5ty miles2 & x 0 also contemplat$ to cont9ue ! "w to ,/4 ,cl\d & to ,p>is2 _h ?is be5 done x w\ld h be5 ov] n9ety miles 9 l5g?4 ,x 0 int5d$ to be ( a mix$ con/ruction2 p>tly by a canal =m$ by excavations & embankm5ts1 & p>tly by a *annel ( masonry4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable /ructures connect$ ) x1 0 ! ,aqu$uct bridge across ! valley ( ,ma9t5on4 ,?is 0 design$ to be entirely ( masonry1 hav+ ?ree ranges ( ar*es1 "o above ano!r4 ,! l5g? ( ?is ,aqu$uct bridge w\ld h be5 ?ree & a qu>t] miles1 & ! height f ! l[e/ "p ( ! valley w\ld h be5 #bcd feet4 ,! :ole numb] ( ar*es design$ = ?is bridge 0 #fhe4 ,"s ( ! pi]s & ar*es ( ! l[] ti] 7 con/ruct$1 b h s9ce be5 suff]$ to crumble & fall4 ,_m deep valleys 7 fill$ ) embankm5ts1 & ! canal 0 complet$ = a portion ( ! di/ance1 b ! c\rse ( ! "w is n[ b fa9tly m>k$ by ! rema9s ( ^! /ructures4 ,aqu$uct ( ,lisbon4 ,! site ( ,lisbon1 z well z ! gr\nd 9 its vic9ity1 consi/s *iefly ( lime/one & basalt1 :i* r5d] x necess>y to obta9 good wat]1 at ab\t ?ree leagues di/ance1 = ! bev]age1 & o!r uses ( ! inhabitants4 ,! s\rce consi/s ( sev]al spr+s t are ne> to ! village ( ,bellas1 & _! produce is convey$ to ,lisbon by an ,aqu$uct1 con/ruct$ ( a k9d ( :ite m>ble1 & f9i%$ 9 #agch4 ,9 "s p>ts its c\rse has be5 excavat$ ?r\gh hills2 b ne> to ,lisbon x is c>ri$ ov] a deep valley1 = a l5g? ( #bdjj feet1 by means ( sev]al bold ar*es1 ( :i* ! l>ge/ has a height ( ab\t #bej feet1 by a bread? ( #aae4 ,! ar*es be+ po9t$ h an int]e/+ aspect1 p>ticul>ly :5 view$ f bel[1 ! int]ior ( ! spaci\s vaults be+ n only maje/ic 9 appe>ance1 b rev]b]at+ e s\nd4 ,! wat] fl[s ?r\gh a /one tunnel1 or cov]$ ar*-way1 ab\t #h feet wide1 =m$ 9 ! middle ( ! /ructure2 & on ea* side !re is a foot-pa?1 ) a p>apet wall1 hav+ a suffici5t wid? = two p]sons to walk4 ,! ,aqu$uct ent]s ! t[n on its nor!rn side1 at a place call$ da ,amoreira1 :]e x bran*es into sev]al o!rs1 9 ord] to supply ! diff]5t f\nta9s1 f :i* ! inhabitants are suppli$4 ,p]sons1 d5om9at$ gallegos1 obta9 a subsi/5ce by sell+ ! wat]1 :i* !y procure at ! f\nta9s 9 small b>rels1 & aft]w>ds cry x ?r\gh ! /reets4 ,aqu$ucts ( ,mexico & ! adjac5t ,/ates4 ,! p :o1 9 remote times1 inhabit$ ! region ( ,mexico1 7 advanc$ 9 civilization & 9 ! arts2 !y _h regul>ly organiz$ /ates & e/abli%$ =ms ( gov]nm5t1 & _! imm5se cities1 _! roads1 ,aqu$ucts & o!r public works1 give evid5ce ( ! advanc$ /ate ( ! arts among !m & _! k ( ! sci5ces4 ,! location & great population ( "s ( _! cities requir$ a famili> k ( hydraulic op]ations to supply !m ) wat]2 & h5ce x w\ld seem z if !y _h cultivat$ ?is dep>tm5t ( ! arts equally ) o!rs1 = "s ( _! ,aqu$ucts 7 ( a "* t w\ld h done honor to ,greece or ,rome4 ,ne>ly all ! anci5t cities ( ,mexico 7 suppli$ by !m4 8,! city ( ,mexico1 :i* 0 built on sev]al isl&s ne> ! %ore ( ! lake1 0 connect$ to ! ma9 l& by f\r great causeways or dikes1 ! rema9s ( :i* /ill exi/4 ,"o ( ^! to ! s\?1 ! same by :i* ,cortez ent]$1 0 ne>ly two leagues long--ano!r to ! nor? ab\t "o league1 & ! ?ird at ! we/ some:at less4 ,! f\r? support$ ! celebrat$ ,aqu$uct ( ,*apoltepec1 by :i* wat] 0 conduct$ f spr+s1 ^u an insulat$ hill ( t "n1 at ! di/ance ( f two to ?ree miles40 ,! ,aqu$uct ( ,*apoltepec 0 ! "w ( ,montezuma1 & also ! va/ /one res]voir connect$ ) x4 ,?is ,aqu$uct consi/$ ( two conduits =m$ ( solid mason "w--ea* five feet high & two paces broad--by :i* ! wat] 0 introduc$ into ! city = ! supply ( v>i\s f\nta9s4 ,olid & ,alv>ado comm5c$ ! siege ( ,mexico by attempt+ to cut (f ?is supply ( wat]1 an ent]prise :i* ! ,mexicans endeavor$ to prev5t4 8,!re appe>$ on t side10 says ,de ,solis1 8two or ?ree r[s ( pipes1 made ( trees holl[$1 support$ by an ,aqu$uct ( lime & /one1 & ! enemy _h ca/ up "s tr5*es to cov] ! av5ue to x4 ,b ! two capta9s m>*$ out ( ,tacuba ) mo/ ( _! troops1 & ?\gh !y met ) a v ob/9ate resi/ance1 !y drove ! enemy f _! po/1 & broke ! pipes & ,aqu$uct 9 two or ?ree places1 & ! wat] took its natural c\rse into ! lake40 ,humboldt says1 !re are /ill to be p]ceiv$ ! rema9s ( ano!r ,aqu$uct1 :i* conduct$ to ! city ! wat]s ( ! spr+ ( ,amilco1 ne> ,*urubusco4 ,?is ,aqu$uct1 z describ$ by ,cortez1 consi/$ ( two conduits compos$ ( clay temp]$ ) mort>1 ab\t two paces 9 bread?1 & rais$ ab\t six feet4 ,9 "o ( !m 0 convey$ a /ream ( excell5t wat]1 z l>ge z ! body ( a man1 into ! c5tre ( ! city4 ,! o!r 0 empty1 s t :5 x became necess>y to clean or repair ! =m]1 ! wat] might be turn$ into x2 :i* 0 ! case also ) ^? ( ,*apoltepec1 8( :i* "o 0 always 9 use1 :5ev] ! o!r requir$ clean+40 ,! g>d5s ( ,montezuma 7 also adorn$ & n\ri%$ ) /reams & f\nta9s1 & appe> to h rivall$ ^? ( ,asiatic mon>*s 9 spl5d\r4 ,! ru9s ( ! city ( ,tezcuco1 :i* ) its suburbs 0 ev5 l>g] ?an ,mexico1 & accord+ to ,torquemada1 conta9$ "o hundr$ & =ty ?\s& h\ses1 /ill betok5 an anci5t place ( great importance & magnific5ce4 ,)\t ! walls1 tumuli1 ! sepul*res ( ! =m] inhabitants1 may yet be obs]v$1 & also ! rema9s ( a f9e ,aqu$uct 9 a suffici5t /ate ( pres]vation = pres5t use4 ,two miles f ,tezcuco1 ! village ( ,huexotla1 situat$ on ! site ( ! anci5t city ( t "n1 :i* 0 consid]$ z "o ( ! suburbs ( ,tezcuco1 exhibits signs ( anci5t civilization1 9 ! f\ndations ( l>ge edifices1 9 massive ,aqu$ucts1 "o ( :i*1 cov]$ ) rose-color$ cem5t1 /ill exi/s 9 a p]fect /ate1 & 9 an ext5sive wall ( great height & ?ickness4 ,a cov]$ way flank$ by p>allel walls proce$s f ! anci5t city1 to ! b$ ( a /ream n[ dry1 ov] :i* !re is a rem>kable bridge1 ) a po9t$ ar* #dj feet high1 & support$ on "o side by a pyramidal mass ( masonry4 ,tlascala 0 furni%$ ) abundance ( ba?s & f\nta9s1 & ,zempoala1 l ! city ( ,tezcuco1 _h e h\se suppli$ ) wat] by a pipe4 ,iztaclapa1 :i* conta9$ ab\t t5 ?\s& h\ses1 _h its ,aqu$uct t convey$ wat] f ! neighbor+ m\nta9s1 & l$ x ?r\gh a great numb] ( well cultivat$ g>d5s4 ,among ! ru9s ( ! city ( ,zacatecas1 are f\nd ! rema9s ( an ,aqu$uct2 & at ,pal5que is f\nd an ,aqu$uct ( /one1 con/ruct$ ) ! greate/ solidity4 ,among ! hi]oglyphical ornam5ts ( ! pyramid ( ,xo*icalco are heads ( crocodiles sp\t+ wat]1 & mu* pro( may be f\nd t ! anci5t ,am]icans 7 acqua9t$ ) t prop]ty ( liquids by :i* !y f9d _! level2 & appli$ x n m]ely to f\nta9s & jets d'eau1 b to convey wat] ?r\gh pipes to _! dwell+s4 ,aqu$ucts ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! anci5t inhabitants ( ,p]u1 ,*ili1 & o!r p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica 7 und\bt$ly a ref9$1 civiliz$ & agricultural p2 !y con/ruct$ ext5sive cities1 roads1 ,aqu$ucts1 c4 ,?\gh !y con/ruct$ _m & ext5sive ,aqu$ucts = ! supply ( t[ns & cities ) wat]1 yet ! object ( ! great] "p ( ! public works ( ?is k9d 0 = ! enc\ragem5t ( agriculture4 8,! ,p]uvians & "s ( ! neighbor+ nations c>ri$ ! cultivation ( ! soil to a high] /age ( p]fection ?an any ( ! ,am]ican nations4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! n>r[ ext5t ( l& int]v5+ betwe5 ! m\nta9s & ! sea1 ! riv]s 9 ?is region are usually ( small size1 & ! soil1 be+ arid & s&y1 ne$s ! aid ( artificial irrigation4 ,to su* an ext5t did !y c>ry _! +5i\s ef=ts1 t ! sides ( ! /eepe/ m\nta9s 7 conv]t$ into productive fields1 by be+ encircl$ ) t]races1 support$ by /one walls1 & wat]$ by canals40 8,^u ! sides ( "s ( ! m\nta9s10 obs]ves ,mr4 ,temple1 87 ! rema9s ( walls built 9 regul> /ages r\nd !m1 f _! base to _! summits1 =m+ t]races on :i*1 or betwe5 :i*1 ! ,indians1 9 days ( yore1 cultivat$ _! crops40 8,frezi] says ! ,indians 7 v indu/ri\s 9 convey+ ! wat]s ( ! riv]s ?r\gh _! fields & to _! dwell+s1 & t !re 7 /ill to be se5 9 _m places ,aqu$ucts =m$ ( e>? & /one1 & c>ri$ along ! sides ( hills ) great labor & +5uity40 8,i h _h v>i\s opportunities10 says a rec5t travell]1 8( closely exam9+ "o ( ^! canals1 :i* is =m$ at ! s\rce ( ! riv] ,sana1 on ! "r bank1 & ext5ds along a di/ance ( fifte5 leagues1 )\t reckon+ s9uosities1 & :i* consequ5tly suppli$ a va/ population2 p>ticul>ly "o city1 ^: ru9s /ill rema9 9 ! vic9ity ( a f>m n[ call$ ,cojal40 8,^! ,aqu$ucts 7 (t5 ( great magnitude1 execut$ ) mu* skill1 pati5ce & +5uity1 & 7 boldly c>ri$ along ! mo/ precipit\s m\nta9s1 frequ5tly to ! di/ance ( fifte5 or tw5ty leagues4 ,_m ( !m consi/$ ( two conduits1 a %ort di/ance ap>t2 ! l>g] ( ^! 0 = g5]al use2 ! o!r & small]1 to supply ! inhabitants & wat] ! fields1 :ile ! fir/ 0 cleans+2 a circum/ance 9 :i* !y be> a /rik+ resemblance to ^? ( ,mexico40 ,mol9a1 9 8 8,natural & ,civil ,hi/ory ( ,*ili10 obs]ves1 t previ\s to ! invasion ( ! ,spani>ds1 ! natives practis$ artificial irrigation1 by convey+ wat] f ! high] gr\nds 9 canals to _! fields4 ,h]r]a says1 _m ( ! vales 7 exce$+ly popul\s & well cultivat$1 8hav+ tr5*es ( wat]40 ,! ,p]uvians c>ri$ ! sy/em to a great ext5t4 8,h[ mu/ we admire1 7says ,humboldt17 ! indu/ry & activity display$ by ! anci5t ,mexicans & ,p]uvians 9 ! irrigation ( arid l&s6 8,9 ! m>itime p>ts ( ,p]u1 ,i h se5 ! rema9s ( walls1 along :i* wat] 0 conduct$ = a space ( f #e to #fjjj metres1 f ! foot ( ! ,codill]as to ! coa/4 ,! conqu]ors ( ! #af? c5tury de/roy$ ^! ,aqu$ucts1 & t "p ( ,p]u has become1 l ,p]sia1 a des]t1 de/itute ( vegetation4 ,su* is ! civilization c>ri$ by ! ,europeans among a p1 :om !y are pleas$ to call b>b>\s40 ,^! p _h laws = ! protection ( wat]1 v simil> to ^? ( ,greece1 ,rome1 ,egypt1 & all ! old] nations2 = ^? :o convey$ wat] f ! canals to _! own l& be=e _! turn1 7 liable to arbitr>y puni%m5t4 ,sev]al ( ! anci5t ,am]ican cu/oms respect+ wat]1 7 id5tical ) ^? ( ! olde/ nations4 ,!y buri$ vessels ( wat] ) ! dead4 ,! ,mexicans wor%ipp$ x4 ,! ,p]uvians sacrific$ to riv]s & f\nta9s4 ,! ,mexicans _h ,tlaloc1 _! god ( wat]4 ,holy wat] 0 kept 9 _! temples4 ,!y practis$ div9ations by wat]4 ,! ,p]uvians drew _! dr9k+ wat] f ,deep ,wells1 & = irrigation 9 times ( dr\ght1 !y drew x f pools1 & lakes1 & riv]s4 ,!re is reason to believe t ,p]u1 ,*ili1 & o!r p>ts ( ! s\!rn cont95t1 7 inhabit$ by a ref9$1 or p>tially ref9$ p1 c5turies be=e ! "t ( ,manco ,capac1 ! fir/ ,inca2 & t a long p]iod ( b>b>ism _h int]v5$1 induc$1 p]haps1 by revolutions simil> to ^? :i*1 9 ! old _w1 swept all ! once celebrat$ nations ( antiquity into oblivion4 ,! anci5t ,p]uvians _h a tradition respect+ ! arrival ( giants1 :o locat$ !mselves on ! coa/1 & :o dug wells ( imm5se dep? ?r\gh ! solid rock2 :i* wells1 z well z ci/]ns1 /ill rema94 ,!re is mu* unc]ta9ty respect+ ,manco ,capac4 ,:o he 01 & f :at c\ntry he came1 are equally unkn[n4 ,accord+ to _! ,quippus1 or hi/orical cords1 & ! op9ion ( ! ,inca1 :o 0 uncle to ,g>cilasso1 & :o communicat$ to ! latt] all ! k ( _! ance/ors !n extant1 he made 8 appe>ance 9 ,p]u ab\t #djj ye>s be=e ! invasion ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,x is said he 0 :it] ?an ! natives1 & 0 clo!d 9 fl[+ g>m5ts4 ,aw$ by 8 pres5ce1 !y receiv$ him z a div9ity1 became subject to 8 laws1 & practis$ ! arts he introduc$4 ,he f\nd$ ,cusco1 & ext5d$ 8 influ5ce to all ! nations ar\nd4 ,he taught !m agriculture & _m useful arts1 especially t ( irrigat+ l&4 ,8 son succe$$ him1 & )\t viol5ce greatly ext5d$ ! limits ( ! k+dom2 prevail+ ) ! natives1 x is said1 by a peaceable & g5tle mann]1 8to pl\gh1 & manure1 & cultivate ! soil40 ,8 successors pursu$ ! same mode1 & ) ! same success4 ,! fif? ,inca1 we are in=m$1 con/ruct$ ,aqu$ucts1 bridges & roads 9 all ! c\ntries he subdu$4 ,:5 ! six? ,inca acquir$ a new prov9ce1 he ord]$ ! l&s to be 8dress$ & manur$20 ! f5s to be dra9$1 8= 9 t art 7dra9+7 !y 7 excell5t1 z is app>5t by _! works1 :i* rema9 to ?is day2 & also !y 7 7!n7 v +5i\s 9 mak+ ,aqu$ucts = c>ry+ wat] into dry & scor*$ l&s1 su* z ! greate/ "p ( t c\ntry is2 !y always made contrivances & inv5tions to br+ _! wat]4 ,^! ,aqu$ucts1 ?\gh !y 7 ru9$ aft] ! ,spani>ds came 91 yet sev]al reliques & monum5ts ( !m rema9 unto ?is day40 ,! sev5? ,inca1 ,viraco*a1 con/ruct$ "s wat] works1 :i*1 9 _! b5eficial effects1 p]haps equall$ any simil> und]tak+s 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 8,he made an ,aqu$uct #ab feet 9 dep?1 & #abj leagues 9 l5g?2 ! s\rce or head ( x arose f c]ta9 spr+s on ! top ( a high m\nta9 betwe5 ,p>cu & ,picuy1 :i* 0 s pl5tiful t at ! v head ( ! f\nta9s !y seem$ to be riv]s4 ,?is curr5t ( wat] _h its c\rse ?r\gh all ! c\ntry ( ! ,rucanas1 & s]v$ to wat] ! pa/urage ( ^? un9habit$ l&s1 :i* are ab\t #ah leagues 9 bread?1 wat]+ almo/ ! :ole c\ntry ( ,p]u40 ,!re is ano!r ,aqu$uct mu* l ?is1 :i* trav]ses ! :ole prov9ce ( ,cuntisuyu1 runn+ above #aej leagues f s\? to nor?4 ,its head or orig9al is f ! top ( high m\nta9s1 ! :i* wat]s fall+ into ! pla9s ( ! ,que*uas1 greatly refre% _! pa/urage1 :5 ! heats ( ! summ] & autumn h dri$ up ! moi/ure ( ! e>?4 8,!re are _m /reams ( l nature1 :i* run ?r\gh div]s p>ts ( ! empire1 :i* be+ convey$ by ,aqu$ucts1 at ! *>ge & exp5se ( ! ,incas1 are works ( gr&eur & o/5tation1 & :i* recomm5d ! magnific5ce ( ! ,incas to all po/]ity2 = ^! ,aqu$ucts may well be comp>$ to ! miracul\s fabrics :i* h be5 ! works ( mighty pr9ces1 :o h left _! prodigi\s monum5ts ( o/5tation to be admir$ by future ages2 =1 inde$1 we ought to consid] t ^! wat]s _h _! s\rce & beg9n+ f va/1 high m\nta9s1 & 7 c>ri$ ov] craggy rocks & inaccessible passages2 & to make ^! ways pla91 !y _h no help ( in/rum5ts =g$ ( /eel or iron1 su* z pickaxes or sl$ges1 b s]v$ !mselves only ) "o /one to break ano!r4 ,nor 7 !y acqua9t$ ) ! inv5tion ( ar*es1 to convey ! wat] on ! level f "o precipice to ! o!r1 b trac$ r\nd ! m\nta9 until !y f\nd ways & passages at ! same height & level ) ! head ( ! spr+s40 8,! ci/]ns or cons]vatories :i* !y made = ^! wat]s1 at ! top ( ! m\nta91 7 ab\t #ab feet deep2 ! passage 0 brok5 ?r\gh ! rocks1 & *annels made ( hewn /one1 ( ab\t two y>ds long & ab\t a y>d high2 :i* 7 cem5t$ toge!r1 & ramm$ 9 ) e>? s h>d1 t no wat] w\ld pass betwe51 to weak5 or v5t itself by ! holes ( ! *annel4 8,! curr5t ( wat] :i* passes ?r\gh all ! division ( ,cuntisuyu ,i h se5 9 ! prov9ce ( ,que*ua1 :i* is "p ( t division1 & consid]$ x an extraord9>y "w1 & inde$ surpass+ ! description & report :i* ha? be5 made ( x4 ,b ! ,spani>ds :o 7 ali5s & /rang]s1 little reg>d$ ! conv5i5ce ( ^! works1 ei!r to s]ve !mselves 9 ! use ( !m1 or to keep !m 9 repair1 nor yet to take s mu* notice ( !m z to m5tion !m 9 _! hi/ories1 b r out ( a scornful & disda9+ humor1 h suff]$ !m to run into ru91 beyond all recov]y4 ,! same fate ha? befall5 ! ,aqu$ucts :i* ! ,indians made = wat]+ _! corn l&s1 ( :i* two ?irds at lea/ are :olly de/roy$1 & none kept 9 repair1 unless "s few :i* are s useful t )\t !m !y _c su/a9 !mselves ) bread1 nor ) ! necess>y provisions ( life4 ,all :i* works are n s totally de/roy$ b t !re /ill rema9 "s ru9s & appe>ances ( !m40 ,9 describ+ ! temple & g>d5s at ,cusco4 ,g>cilasso obs]ves1 8!re 7 five f\nta9s ( wat]1 :i* ran f div]s places ?r\gh pipes ( gold4 ,! ci/]ns 7 "s ( /one1 & o!rs ( gold & silv] 9 :i* !y wa%$ _! sacrifices1 z ! solemnity ( ! fe/ival requir$40 ,,f\nta9s4 ,artificial f\nta9s & jets d'eau are ( extreme antiquity2 !y h be5 us$ = beautify+ public gr\nds ( cities1 & h s]v$ ! purpose ( mod]at+ ! temp]ature ( ! air2 9 ^! cases ! wat] has be5 9 "s in/ances p]fum$4 8,f excavations made at ,pompeii x appe>s t 9 almo/ e /reet !re 0 a f\nta91 & t bronze /atues1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] issu$ 7 common1--sev]al h be5 f\nd1--f\r or five are boys ( beautiful workman%ip2 ! fluid issu$ f vases re/+ on _! %\ld]s1 or held "u _! arms1 & 9 "s cases f masks4 ,pa9t+s ( elegant f\nta9s1 f :i* ! wat] issu$ 9 p]p5dicul> jets1 h also be5 discov]$ bo? at ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii40 8,9 ! middle ( ! squ>e ( ! ,coliseum1 is a pretty rem>kable piece ( antiquity1 7says ,bla9ville17 ?\gh v little m9d$ by mo/ p4 ,"h /ood anci5tly1 a beautiful f\nta91 adorn$ ) ! f9e/ m>bles & columns2 & on ! top 0 a bronze /atue ( ,jupit]1 f :i* issu$ great pl5ty ( wat]1 z may be se5 on ! rev]se ( "o ( ,titus' m$als4 ,?is f\nta9 0 ( great use bo? to ! spectators & ! gladiators 9 ! amphi!atre to refre% !mselves4 ,pope ,alex&] ,,vii4 caus$ x to be repair$1 b s9ce 8 "t x has be5 entirely neglect$40 8,dur+ hot wea!r1 ,augu/us ! ,roman ,emp]or slept 7obs]ves ,s5tonius7 ) 8 *amb] doors op51 #8& frequ5tly 9 a portico ) wat]s play+ ar\nd him4'0 ,! g>d5 wat]-works ( ! ,duke ( ,devon%ire at ,*atswor? are probably ! f9e/ 9 ,engl&2 be+ ornam5t$ by _m fanciful devices & f a jet ( six in*es diamet] ! wat] rises p]p5dicul>ly to ! height ( #ij feet4 ,! mo/ rem>kable f\nta9 or jet d'eau 9 ! _w1 is at ,cassal 9 ,g]many1 :]e ! wat] rises f an orifice ( #ab in*es diamet] to a p]p5dicul> height ( #bej feet4 ,! s\rce f :i* x is suppli$ is at ! top ( a m\nta9 ne> by1 be+ ab\t #ejj feet above ! level ( ! t[n4 ,! surplus wat] n us$ = ! supply ( ! f\nta9 fl[s d[n ! m\nta9-side =m+ a beautiful cascade4 ,! cities ( ,europe ab\nd 9 f\nta9s :i* 9 _! arrangem5t furni% beautiful designs & are ornam5t$ ) specim5s ( workman%ip display+ mu* skill & ref9em5t ( ta/e3 a m9ute description ( !m w\ld1 h[ev]1 occupy too mu* space1 & s9ce we h _h our att5tion drawn 7on ! subject ( ,aqu$ucts7 m p>ticul>ly to ! works ( ! ,romans1 we w rev]t to ! ,f\nta9s ( ,rome4 8,if dur+ ! mo/ di/+ui%$ eras ( ! ,roman /ate1 ! ,aqu$ucts conduc$ to ! luxuri\s enjoym5ts ( ! weal?y & p[]ful1 yet 9 mod]n times1 ! resid5ts ( ,rome h also f\nd !m p>ticul>ly advantage\s1 by _! furni%+ occasions = ! cultivation ( ^? elegant arts1 :i*1 9 a peculi> mann]1 call =? ! en]gies ( g5ius1 & ! ex]cise ( ref9$ ta/e1 9 realiz+ & decorat+ h] productions4 ,qualities ( ?is k9d appe> conspicu\s 9 sev]al ( ! num]\s f\nta9s :i* adorn t celebrat$ city2 & ! mo/ intellectual & accompli%$ pr(essors ( sculpture & ar*itecture1 h happily unit$ beauty & gr&eur 9 ! con/ruction ( _m su* admirable edifices4 ,^! /ructures are also *>act]iz$ by great div]sity ( design1 z well z skilful execution2 h5ce1 a concise description ( sev]al ( !m may be int]e/+40 8,! l>ge/ /ructure ( ?is k9d 9 ,rome1 is t d5om9at$ ! ,paul9e ,f\nta91 :i* 0 built by ord] ( ,pope ,paul ,v41 ) ! mat]ials ( ,n]va's ,=um4 ,?is spaci\s edifice is situate on ! highe/ "p ( ! ,janiculum hill1 & ,dom9ica ,fontana1 & ,c>lo ,m$]no1 furni%$ ! designs = its con/ruction4 ,! front is adorn$ ) six ,ionic columns ( r$ granite1 on :i* an attic has a tablet conta9+ an inscription ) ! pontiff's arms plac$ above x4 ,betwe5 ! columns ! spaces are op51 & f ^! arcades ! curr5ts ( wat] fl[ ) a l\d noise1 & 9 great abundance4 ,! ap]tures on ! sides are small] ?an ! o!rs1 & 9 ea* ( ^? is plac$ a dragon sp\t+ wat] into ! spaci\s magnific5t m>ble bas9 bel[4 ,?is f\nta9 is furni%$ ) wat] by ! ,aqu$uct call$ ,aqua ,paolo2 & x runs f ! bas91 9 a v l>ge /ream into sev]al canals1 :5ce x is employ$ to "w v>i\s corn1 pap]1 & o!r mills1 z well z to supply f\nta9s & fi%-ponds 9 ! g>d5s & palaces ( ! opul5t40 8,ne> to ! ba?s ( ,dioclesian1 & 9 ! squ>e ( ! ,t]m9i1 /&s ! f\nta9 ( ! ,aqua ,felice4 ,! edifice is n only elegant b fanciful1 & x has ?ree arcades ornam5t$ ) f\r ,ionic columns ( granite4 ,! middle arcade has a colossal /atue ( ,moses1 caus+ ! wat] to issue f ! rock2 & at ! sides are two basso relievos1 "o repres5t+ ,a>on lead+ ! ,israelites to ! miracul\s spr+1 & ! o!r ,gideon select+ ! soldi]s to enl>ge ! passage = ! wat]1 :i* fl[s 9 great abundance ?r\gh ?ree ap]tures into m>ble bas9s4 ,! sides are adorn$ by f\r m>ble lions1 ) ! wat] issu+ f _! m\?s3 two ( ^! are =m$ ( :ite ,grecian m>ble1 & ! o!r two ( black granite4 ,! latt] are ,egyptian workman%ip1 & cov]$ ) hi]oglyphics4 ,?is noble f\nta9 0 erect$ f a design ( ,cav4 ,fontana2 by ! ord] ( ,pope ,sixtus ,v41 & its supply ( wat] is obta9$ tw5ty-two miles f ! city40 8,ano!r ( ^! f9e /ructures is t call$ ! ,f\nta9 ( ,trevi1 9 :i* boldness ( design1 & elegance ( ar*itecture are admirably unit$4 ,! erection ( ?is v magnific5t edifice comm5c$ dur+ ! pontificate ( ,clem5t ,,xii41 :o repair$ ! ,aqu$ucts4 ,niccolo ,salvi design$ ! gr& front1 b ! "w 0 complet$ "u ,clem5t ,,xiii41 :o decorat$ x ) /atues1 basso relievos 9 m>ble1 & diff]5t columns ( ! ,cor9?ian1 ,ionic1 & ,composite ord]s4 ,9 ! c5tre is a /atue repres5t+ ,oceanus1 /&+ 9 a c>1 drawn by two l>ge sea-horses1 guid$ by ,tritons4 ,"o ( ! horses appe>s furi\s & impati5t1 :il/1 on ! contr>y1 ! o!r is exhibit$ z calm & placid1 s t bo? are symbolical ( ! tempe/u\s or tranquil /ate ( ! sea4 #8,b\nd+ to light1 z if f ocean's cave1 ,! /ruggl+ sea-horse paws ! lucid wave1 ,:ile heal? & pl5ty smile1 & ,neptune's =m ,maje/ic sways ! trid5t ( ! /orm4' 8,a /atue1 designat+ ,abundance1 is plac$ at ! "r ( ,oceanus1 & on ! left ano!r emblematical ( ,heal?4 ,! basso relievo1 :i* adorns ! "r side1 portrays ! ,emp]or ,trajan1 contemplat+ a plan ( ! f\nta92 & t on ! left exhibits a girl %[+ to "s soldi]s1 ! spr+ t supplies x ) wat]4 ,v>i\s o!r sculptures decorate ?is sup]b edifice2 & at ! top ( ! pr9cipal front are two figures ( ,fame1 support+ ! arms ( ! ,pope4 ,its supply ( wat] is furni%$ by ! ,aqua ,virg9i1 & x fl[s 9 v l>ge /reams f ?ree arcades4 ,! co/ ( con/ruct+ ?is spl5did & useful f\nta9 0 great2 b x ranks among ! mo/ int]e/+ objects conspicu\sly embelli%+ ! city ( ,rome40 8,! ,piazza ,novana has a v noble f\nta9 /&+ 9 its c5tre4 ,x is compos$ ( a l>ge circul> m>ble bas9 #gi feet 9 diamet]1 9 ! middle ( :i* is plac$ a rock ( squ>e =m ) ap]tures at ! sides4 ,! figure ( a lion adorns "o side1 & t ( a sea-horse ano!r4 ,f ! base to ! top ( ! rock1 ! height is ab\t #ad feet2 & on its summit /&s an ,egyptian obelisk =m$ ( r$ granite1 #ee feet 9 height1 & cov]$ ) hi]oglyphics4 ,at ! f\r sides ( ! rock are colossal m>ble /atues1 :i* designate ! f\r great riv]s 9 diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! _w3 viz4 ! ,danube1 ! ,nile1 ! ,ganges1 & ! ,plata3 & f ^! /atues ! wat] fl[s 9 copi\s /reams to ! spaci\s bas9 bel[4 #8,! ,nile & ,ganges f ! silv] tide3 ,la ,plata too1 & ,danube's /reams unite ,_! liquid treasures1 copi\s1 cle> & bright4' 8,dur+ ! summ]1 x is ! cu/om occasionally to p]mit ! wat] to ov]fl[ ! :ole squ>e1 = ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! p2 & on midsumm]'s eve p]sons amuse !mselves by wad+ & driv+ ?r\gh ! flood4 ,?is practice has sometimes be5 att5d$ ) fatal accid5ts1 & n only m5 b horses h actually be5 dr[n$ 9 ! attempts to pass x 9 c>riages4 8,9 ! mon? ( ,augu/ ! area ( ! squ>e is likewise fill$ ) wat] = ! purpose ( amusem5t4 8,! same squ>e likewise conta9s two o!r f\nta9s1 "o ( :i* consi/s ( a capaci\s m>ble bas91 hav+ at its c5tre a ,triton hold+ a dolph9 by ! tail2 & on ! m>g9 ( ! bas9 are f\r heads ) ! same numb] ( ,tritons t sp\t ! wat] f _! m\?s4 ,! o!r f\nta9 has n any rem>kable *>act]i/ics to entitle x to peculi> att5tion40 8,:]e =m]ly /ood ! circus ( ,flora is n[ ! site ( ! ,piazza ,b>b]9ni1 :i* has two f\nta9s to embelli% x3--"o ( !m be+ compos$ ( f\r dolph9s support+ a l>ge op5 %ell1 ) a ,triton 9 ! middle eject+ wat] to a great height4 ,! o!r is fanciful1 be+ also =m$ ( an op5 %ell1 f :i* ?ree bees ?r[ out ! wat]40 8,9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,temple ( ,ve/a /&s a h&some f\nta91 hav+ a capaci\s bas91 9 :i* "s ,tritons support a l>ge m>ble %ell4 ,f ! c5tre ( ! latt]1 ! wat] sp\ts to a consid]able height1 & !n desc5d+ fl[s ov] its m>g9 into ! bas9 b5ea?4 ,"s f9e f\nta9s adorn ! magnific5t colonnade 9 front ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,! ,piazza di ,spagna has likewise = its embelli%m5t1 a f\nta9 9 ! =m ( an antique boat4 ,besides ! /ructures describ$ above1 !re is a great numb] ( o!r f\nta9s :i* ev9ce mu* div]sity ( ta/e & +5uity 9 _! contrivance4 ,b at ! diff]5t villas ( ! opul5t1 ! abundance ( wat] is r5d]$ subs]vi5t to amus+ z well z useful purposes1 & sev]al ( !m are r s+ul>4 ,! description ( "o w convey "s notion ( :at is common to _m ( !m4 8,! delightful prom5ades1 groves1 & g>d5s belong+ to ! ,doria family1 are int]sp]s$ ) f\nta9s ( v>i\s =ms2 besides hav+ a beautiful lake ) wat]falls4 ,/atues1 antique basso relievos1 & small f\nta9s1 adorn a k9d ( amphi!atre1 :]e a circul> edifice conta9s ! m>ble figure ( a fawn hold+ a flute1 on :i* x seems to play diff]5t airs3 ! music1 h[ev]1 is produc$ by a ma*9e resembl+ an organ 9 its con/ruction1 & motion be+ giv5 to x by ! fl[+ ( ! wat] f a cascade40 8,p]haps ! few in/ances recit$ above w suffice to demon/rate ! diff]5t modes employ$ at ,rome1 = call+ into ex]cise g5ius1 fancy1 & ta/e1 to div]sify ! public edifices conc]n$ ) its abundant supply ( wat]2 ?us r5d]+ !m subs]vi5t to magnific5ce1 ent]ta9m5t1 & utility4 ,:il/ ,john ,dy] resid$ !re1 he view$ ^! celebrat$ f\nta9s ) ! m+l$ feel+s ( ! pa9t] & ! poet2 h5ce1 associat+ !m ) o!r int]e/+ circum/ances1 !y furni%$ ! mat]ials = "o ( 8 mo/ /rik+ & pa!tic del9eations4 #8,! pilgrim (t1 ,at dead ( night1 'mid 8 oraison he>s ,agha/ ! voice ( ,"t1 disp>t+ t[]s1 ,tumbl+ all precipitate1 d[n-da%$1 ,rattl+ ar\nd1 l\d ?und]+ to ! moon2 ,:ile murmurs soo? ea* awful int]val ,( ev]-fall+ wat]s2 %r\d$ ,nile1 ,eridanus1 & ,tib] ) 8 tw9s1 ,& palmy ,euphrates2 !y ) dropp+ locks ,hang o'er _! urns1 & m\rnfully among ,! plantive e*o+ ru9s1 p\r _! /reams4'0 ,ru9s ( ,rome4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,progressive ,,measures ,,= ,,supply+ ,,! ,,city ,,( ,,new-,,york ,,) ,,wat]4 ,z e>ly z #aggd1 :5 ! population ( ! city ( ,new-,york 0 only tw5ty-two ?\s&1 ! ,corporation comm5c$ ! con/ruction ( a res]voir & o!r works = supply+ wat]2 & = ! purpose ( defray+ ! exp5se ( ! und]tak+1 issu$ a pap] money1 am\nt+ to two ?\s& five hundr$ p\nds1 "u ! d5om9ation ( 8,wat] ,works ,money10 & bonds 7 execut$ 9 favor ( c]ta9 individuals = l& & mat]ials to ! am\nt ( eight ?\s& eight hundr$ & fifty p\nds m4 ,a spaci\s res]voir 0 con/ruct$ on ! ea/ l9e ( ,broadway1 betwe51 :at is n[ kn[n z ,pe>l & ,:ite /reets1 & a well ( l>ge dim5sions 0 sunk 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,collect4 ,! w> ( ! revolution1 :i* comm5c$ 9 #agge1 & ! consequ5t occupation ( ! city ( ,new-,york by ! ,briti% troops1 0 ! cause ( ! ab&onm5t ( ! "w 9 its unf9i%$ /ate4 ,9 ! ye> #agih1 ,doctor ,joseph ,br[n address$ a communication to ! ,common ,c\ncil1 /rongly recomm5d+ ! ,bronx ,riv] z a s\rce f :i* to obta9 a supply ( good wat] = ! use ( ! citiz5s4 ,?is recomm5dation induc$ ! ,common ,c\ncil to employ ,william ,we/on1 ,esquire1 a ,civil ,eng9e]1 to exam9e ! subject1 & he report$ on ! #af? ( ,m>*1 #agii1 9 favor ( ! practicability ( introduc+ ! wat] ( ! ,bronx into ! city4 ,nei!r ( ^! g5tlem5 _h us$ levels or made any survey ( ! c\ntry ov] :i* ! wat] %\ld be br\ght1 nor 0 !re any measurem5t obta9$ ( ! fl[ ( ! /ream2 consequ5tly1 _! op9ion 0 only f\nd$ on p]sonal view1 ga9$ by walk+ ov] ! gr\nd4 ,9 ,april1 #agii1 ! ,manhattan ,company 0 incorporat$ by an act ( ! ,legislature1 & ! object ( ?is ,company 0 decl>$ to be1 to supply ! city ) pure & :olesome wat]2 b in/ead ( look+ = a supply f =eign s\rces1 !y resort$ to ! plan ( furni%+ ! wat] f wells :i* !y sunk )9 ! city limits4 ,besides ^! wells ( ! ,manhattan ,company !re 7 o!rs subsequ5tly sunk by ! ,corporation ( ! city1 z well z by individual ent]prise4 ,"s ( ^! wells 7 ( great dep? & capacity1 hav+1 9 "s in/ances1 horizontal excavations at a consid]able dep? bel[ ! surface1 bran*+ (f f ! ma9 %aft4 ,ef=ts ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]1 prov$ unsatisfactory1 & mu* solicitude 0 felt by ! citiz5s on acc\nt ( ! sc>city ( pure wat]4 ,on ! #ag? ( ,m>*1 #ahbb1 ! ,mayor among o!r measures sugge/$ by him to ! ,common ,c\ncil1 br\ght to _! consid]ation1 ! important "q ( supply+ ! city ) pure & :olesome wat]1 & reque/$ its ref]5ce to a ,committee1 :i* 0 accord+ly done4 ,! ,committee1 ( :i* ! ,mayor 0 "o1 proce$$ to ! pr9cipal s\rce ( ! ,bronx ,riv]1 9 ! c\nty ( ,we/*e/]1 kn[n z ! ,rye ,pond4 ,!y sp5t two days1 ! #bj? & #ba/ ( ,m>*1 9 explor+ ! c\ntry adjac5t to ! ,riv] & ,s\nd1 & at a meet+ ( ! ,common ,c\ncil1 on ! fir/ ( ,april1 ! ,mayor1 z ,*airman ( ! ,committee1 made a report ( _! obs]vations1 & recomm5d$ an appropriation1 ) au?ority to employ a compet5t eng9e] to survey & pr(ile ! :ole l9e betwe5 ! city & ! ma9 s\rce ( ! riv] ,bronx1 & to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( wat] x w\ld af=d1 & an e/imate ( ! probable co/ ( complet+ ! project ( supply+ ! city ) good & :olesome wat] f ! a=esaid s\rce4 ,! recomm5dation 0 concurr$ 91 & ! ,mayor employ$ ,canvas ,:ite1 ,esquire1 a ,civil ,eng9e]1 to make ! said survey & e/imate4 ,! yell[ fev] prevail$ 9 ! city dur+ ! summ] ( #ahbb1 & %ortly aft] ! t]m9ation ( ! epidemic1 on ! #be? ( ,novemb]1 ! ,mayor1 9 a communication to ! ,common ,c\ncil1 on subjects relative to ! pres]vation ( ! public heal?1 /at$ t a v important subject connect$ ) ! heal? ( ! city1 0 a suffici5t supply ( good wat]2 & t on ?is subject all _h be5 done t x 0 practicable1 "u exi/+ circum/ances1 to p]=m2 t arrangem5ts _h be5 made ) ,mr4 ,:ite1 a ,civil ,eng9e] ( repute1 to exam9e ! sev]al s\rces f :i* a supply 0 likely to be obta9$1 & to furni% correct surveys & pr(iles ( ! heights & depressions ( ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* ! wat] mu/ be convey$1 & t he _h be5 reque/$ to report z soon z x 0 practicable4 ,9 #ahbc1 ! ,%>on ,canal ,company 0 *>t]$ by ! ,/ate1 & among its duties 0 t ( supply+ ! city ( ,new-,york ) pure & :olesome wat]4 ,! "w 0 n1 h[ev]1 und]tak54 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahbd1 ,mr4 ,:ite made 8 report1 :i* he prefac$ z foll[s3--8,t he _h ! honor ( receiv+ a reque/ f ,/eph5 ,all51 late ,mayor1 to make an exam9ation & e/imate ( ! exp5se ( furni%+ ! city ) a copi\s supply ( good & :olesome wat]4 ,agreeably to t reque/1 ,i h made ! necess>y surveys1 levels & exam9ations to asc]ta9 ! practicability ( ! project10 c4 c4 ,at ! same date1 ,b5jam9 ,wright1 ,esq41 report$ to ! ,common ,c\ncil on ! same subject1 :i* he prefaces z foll[s3--8,9 ob$i5ce to a reque/ ( y\r honorable body1 communicat$ to me by ,/eph5 ,all51 ,esq41 late ,mayor1 9 ,novemb] la/1 desir+ me to assi/ ,canvas ,:ite1 ,esq41 ) my advice & c\nsel1 z to ! be/ me?od ( supply+ ! city ( ,new-,york ) pl5ty ( good wat]1 ,i beg leave to make ! foll[+ report10 c4 ,mr4 ,:ite report$ 9 favor ( br++ ! wat] ( ! ,bronx to ! city2 tak+ x f ! ,riv] at ! ,we/*e/] ,cotton ,factory pond4 ,! natural fl[ ( ! ,riv] at ?is place1 he /at$ to be #c1jjj1jjj ( gallons p] day1 9 ! drie/ season1 & he propos$ by artificial works at ! upp] ,rye pond1 & by l[]+ ! outlet ( ?is pond1 to obta9 #c1fjj1jjj gallons m p] day2 ?us furni%+ a daily supply ( #f1fjj1jjj gallons4 ,! co/ ( br++ ! wat] to a res]voir ne> ! ,p>k1 0 e/imat$ at #a1idi1edb4 ,mr4 ,wright concurr$ ) him 9 ?is op9ion4 ,9 #ahbe a company 0 incorporat$ by ! ,legislature1 & call$ ! 8,new-,york ,wat] ,works ,company10 ) au?ority to supply ! city ) pure wat]4 ,canvas ,:ite1 ,esq41 0 appo9t$ ,eng9e] to ?is ,company1 & 9 8 report to ! ,directors1 he recomm5d$ tak+ ! wat]s ( ! ,bronx at ,und]hill's bridge2 e/imat$ t #i1ajj1jjj gallons ( wat] c\ld be deliv]$ 9 ! city daily1 & t ! exp5se w\ld n exce$ #a1dej1jjj4 ,! *>t] ( ?is company prov$ s defective 9 practice1 t !y 7 unable to proce$ "u x1 & !y accord+ly appli$ to ! ,legislature 9 #ahbf = an am5dm5t1 au?oriz+ ! company to take su* ( ! wat]s1 l& & mat]ials1 by appraisem5t ( indiff]5t p]sons1 z might be requir$ = ! "w4 ,9 ?is application1 h[ev]1 !y 7 defeat$1 by ! opposition ( ! ,%>on ,canal ,company1 :o claim$1 "u _! *>t]1 all ! wat] on ! r\te ( _! canal4 ,! ,wat] ,works ,company 0 accord+ly dissolv$ 9 #ahbg4 ,9 #ahca1 ! ,common ,c\ncil ( ! city1 impell$ by a s5se ( ! importance ( a supply ( pure & :olesome wat]1 began to take m decid$ /eps t[>ds ! accompli%m5t ( ! object3 a ,committee ( ! ,bo>d ( ,ald]m5 on ,fire & ,wat]1 consi/+ ( ,james ,palm]1 ,samuel ,/ev5s & ,william ,scott1 to :om 7 ref]r$ v>i\s communications & resolutions on ! subject ( supply+ ! city ) wat]1 pres5t$ a report adduc+ facts & argum5ts suffici5t to prove ! practicability ( ! project & ! ability ( ! ,corporation to meet ! exp5se2 & prefac$ t report z foll[s3--8,t !y approa* ! subject z "o ( va/ magnitude & importance to an already num]\s & d5se population1 requir+ our municipal au?orities no long] to satisfy !mselves ) spee*es1 reports & surveys1 b actually to raise ! means & /rike ! spade into ! gr\nd1 z a comm5cem5t ( ?is all important und]tak+40#b ,_! att5tion 0 drawn1 at t "t1 to ! ,bronx ,riv]1 ) ! ponds at its head1 z ! s\rce = supply2 b app5d$ to _! report is a lett] direct$ to ! ,corporation & sign$ ,cyrus ,swan1 8:o is ,presid5t ( ! ,new-,york & ,%>on ,canal ,company10 9 :i* x is ass]t$1 8x has be5 asc]ta9$ t t ,riv] 7! ,croton7 c be c>ri$ into ! city ( ,new-,york1 & t )\t x1 a supply :i* %all be adequate to ! pres5t & future wants ( ! city _c be obta9$4 ,?is ,committee draft$ an ,act = ! ,legislature to pass1 :i* 0 approv$ by ! ,common ,c\ncil1 & pres5t$ to ! ,legislature 9 ! session ( #ahcb1 b fail$ 9 becom+ a law4 ,t ,act provid$ = ! appo9tm5t ( a ,bo>d ( ,commission]s ( ?ree p]sons1 by ! ,common ,c\ncil1 to sup]9t5d ! execution ( ! plan & make contracts = introduc+ wat] into ! city ( ,new-,york4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahcb1 a report 0 made by ,timo?y ,dewey & ,william ,s]rell to ,b5jam9 ,wright1 ,esq4 ,!y _h exam9$ ! s\rces ( ! ,bronx ,riv] & o!r /reams1 & ! practicability ( introduc+ ! wat] ( ! ,croton by connect+ x ) ! ,sawmill & ,bronx ,riv]s2--!y did n consid] x possible to br+ ! ,croton wat] to m+le ) ^? ( ! a=esaid riv]s )\t ! aid ( exp5sive ma*9]y1 f ! great height x w\ld be necess>y to elevate ! wat]4 ,!y f9ally recomm5d$ ! ,bronx z a suffici5t s\rce1 ) "s artificial res]voirs1 to answ] all ! city purposes4 ,! frightful ravages ( ! *ol]a1 dur+ ! summ] ( #ahcb1 gave to ! subject ( a supply ( pure wat] a deep] int]e/1 & ! m9ds ( ! citiz5s 7 aga9 ar\s$ to ! importance ( x4 ,! ,committee ( ! ,bo>d ( ,ald]m51 on 8,fire & ,wat]10 ,james ,palm]1 *airman1 pursu$ ! subject ) en]gy2 exhibit+ on all occasions p]sev]ance & indu/ry 9 _! rese>*es4 ,mynd]t ,van ,s*aick1 ,esq41 be+ a memb] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,ald]m5 at t "t1 0 famili> ) ! "q ( a supply ( pure & :olesome wat]1 & hold+ ! situation ( ,treasur] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 became deeply int]e/$ 9 ! measure1 & urg$ x z a matt] ( ! deepe/ importance to ! p]man5ce1 welf>e & f9ancial int]e/s ( ! city1 t e me?od %\ld be tak5 to inve/igate & probe ! subject :i* cauti\s m5 c\ld adopt1 & 8 ef=ts 9 ! subsequ5t measures & provisions ( law 9 relation to x are ( ! same "*4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahcb1 ,de ,witt ,cl9ton1 ,esq41 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,corps ( ,eng9e]s1 made a report pursuant to a reque/ ( ! ,committee on ,fire & ,wat]1 9 :i*1 aft] /at+ ! sub/ance ( ! sev]al reports 9 favor ( ! ,bronx z ! s\rce ( supply1 he arrives at ! conclusion1 t an adequate supply c only be obta9$ f ! ,croton ,riv]4 ,he propos$ to take ! wat]s ( ! ,croton at ,p9e's bridge1 :i* he /at$ to be #ahc feet above ! level ( ! ,hudson2 to conduct ! wat] 9 an op5 ,aqu$uct1 foll[+ ! l9e ( ! ,croton & ,hudson ,riv]s1 & cross ,h>lem ,riv] on an ar* ( #ach feet 9 height1 & #a1jjj feet 9 l5g?4 ,! :ole co/ he e/imat$ at #b1ejj1jjj4 ,x does n appe>1 h[ev]1 t any levels 7 run1 or survey made by ,mr4 ,cl9ton1 ( ! r\te he recomm5d$2 b1 t he dep5d$ on ! in=mation ( o!rs1 toge!r ) 8 p]sonal obs]vation1 = ! subject matt] ( 8 report4 ,9 a report made to ! ,bo>d ( ,ald]m5 9 ,janu>y1 #ahcc1 x 0 sugge/$ t ! failure ( ! law ask$ = ! ye> previ\s1 0 9 consequ5ce ( a want ( suffici5t in=mation to w>rant ! op9ion ( ! feasibility ( ! project1 & x recomm5d$ t imm$iate application %\ld be made to ! ,legislature1 ask+ = ! appo9tm5t ( a ,bo>d ( ,commission]s1 ) full p[]s to exam9e all ! plans propos$1 to cause surveys1 & to e/imate ! probable exp5se ( supply+ ! city ( ,new-,york ) wat]4 ,! ,committee recomm5d$ t ! ,commission]s %\ld be appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nor & ,s5ate1 & t _! numb] %\ld consi/ ( five1 8inasmu* z ! object ( _! appo9tm5t is to settle conclusively ! plan to be adopt$1 & ! am\nt requisite = its p]=mance40 ,?is report 0 concurr$ 9 by ! ,bo>d ( ,assi/ants1 & approv$ ( by ! ,mayor1 ,janu>y #ag?1 #ahcc4 ,9 compliance ) ! reque/ ( ! ,common ,c\ncil ! ,legislature ( ! ,/ate1 on ! #bf? ( ,febru>y1 #ahcc1 pass$ an ,act1#c provid+ = ! appo9tm5t by ! ,gov]nor & ,s5ate1 ( five p]sons1 z ,wat] ,commission]s1 ^: duty x 0 by said ,act decl>$ to be 8to exam9e & consid] all matt]s relative to supply+ ! city ( ,new-,york ) a suffici5t quantity ( pure & :olesome wat] = ! use ( its inhabitants1 & ! am\nt ( money necess>y to effect t object40 ,9 pursuance ( ?is law1 ! ,gov]nor & ,s5ate appo9t$ ! ,bo>d ( ,wat] ,commission]s1 consi/+ ( ! foll[+ nam$ g5tlem53--,/eph5 ,all51 ,william ,w4 ,fox1 ,saul ,alley1 ,*>les ,dus5b]ry & ,b5jam9 ,m4 ,br[n4 ,!y 7 direct$ to make _! report to ! ,legislature1 by ! second ,monday ( ,janu>y1 #ahcd1 & to pres5t a copy !re( to ! ,common ,c\ncil ( ! ,city ( ,new-,york on or be=e ! fir/ day ( ,novemb]1 #ahcc4 ,! ,commission]s proce$$ 9 ! dis*>ge ( _! duties1 employ$ z ,eng9e]s ,canvas ,:ite1 ,esquire1 & ,major ,d4 ,b4 ,d\glass1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,corps ( ,eng9e]s1 & made all necess>y exam9ations s z to det]m9e1 :e!r a suffici5t quantity ( pure & :olesome wat] c\ld be obta9$ = pres5t & future purposes1 :e!r its introduction into ! city w\ld be practicable at an elevation preclud+ ! use ( ma*9]y1 & also :at w\ld be ! probable co/ ( complet+ ! project$ "w4 ,_! report satisfi$ ! ,legislature t a supply ( pure & :olesome wat] 0 ( great importance to ! city--t its introduction 0 feasible1 & t ! exp5se 0 )9 ! f9ancial ability ( ! citiz5s4 ,accord+ly an ,act#d 0 pass$ by ! ,legislature1 on ! #b;d ( ,may1 #ahcd1 :i* provid$ = ! appo9tm5t ( five ,wat] ,commission]s by ! ,gov]nor & ,s5ate1 & !y 7 requir$ 8to exam9e & consid] all matt]s relative to supply+ ! city ( ,new-,york ) a suffici5t quantity ( pure & :olesome wat]2 to adopt su* plan z 9 _! op9ion w be mo/ advantage\s = secur+ su* supply1 & to report a full /atem5t & description ( ! plan adopt$ by !m2 to asc]ta91 z ne> z may be1 :at am\nt ( money may be necess>y to c>ry ! same into effect2 to report an e/imate ( ! probable am\nt ( rev5ue t w accrue to ! city1 ^u ! completion ( ! "w1 & ! reasons & calculations ^u :i* _! op9ion & e/imates may be f\nd$2 su* report to be made & pres5t$ to ! ,common ,c\ncil ( ! city on or be=e ! fir/ day ( ,janu>y1 #ahcf40 ,x 0 fur!r provid$1 t 89 case ! plan adopt$ by ! ,commission]s %all be approv$ by ! ,common ,c\ncil1 !y %all submit x to ! electors to express _! ass5t or refusal to all[ ! ,common ,c\ncil1 to in/ruct ! ,commission]s to proce$ 9 ! "w40 ,! ,commission]s :o 7 appo9t$ 9 #ahcc1 7 re-appo9t$ "u ! ,act ( ! #b;d ( ,may1 #ahcd4 ,!y imm$iately ent]$ ^u ! duties ( _! (fice1 ?or\ghly re-exam9$ _! =m] "w1 & decid$ t ! ,croton ,riv] 0 ! only s\rce t w\ld furni% an adequate supply ( wat] = pres5t & future purposes4 ,9 mak+ ^! exam9ations !y employ$1 z ,eng9e]s1 ,david ,b4 ,d\glass1 ,john ,m>t9eau & ,george ,w4 ,c>twright1 ,esquires4 ,v>i\s plans 7 propos$ = convey+ ! wat] to ! city1 & e/imates made ( ! co/ ( ! "w con/ruct$ by ei!r ( ^! plans1 b ! "o recomm5d$ by ! ,commission]s1 & t = :i* a pref]5ce 0 express$ by ! ,eng9e]s1 ,messrs4 ,m>t9eau & ,d\glass1 0 a clos$ ,aqu$uct ( masonry4 ,^! g5tlem5 ea* made an e/imate ( ! co/ ( br++ ! wat] ( ! ,croton ,riv] to ! city ( ,new-,york by a clos$ ,aqu$uct ( masonry1 & ! ,wat] ,commission]s (f]$1 z ! true co/ ( ! "w1 an av]age ( ! two e/imates4 ,! co/ ( ! "w1 z e/imat$ = ?is plan & pres5t$ by ! ,wat] ,commission]s1 7includ+ ! co/ ( ! city ma9s & conduits17 0 #e1dab1ccf4gb4 ,! report ( ! ,wat] ,commission]s 0 ref]r$ to a ,committee1 :o report$ to ! ,common ,c\ncil1 on ! #d? ( ,m>*1 #ahce1 two resolutions1 ! fir/ approv+ ! plan adopt$ by ! ,commission]s z describ$ 9 _! report2 & ! second ref]r+ ! subject to ! electors at ! ensu+ annual election1 z requir$ by ! ,act ( ,may #b;d1 #ahcd4 ,^! resolutions 7 adopt$ by ! ,common ,c\ncil1 & at ! election 9 ,april1 #ahce1 ! subject hav+ be5 duly submitt$ to ! electors ( ! city & c\nty ( ,new-,york1 a majority ( ! vot]s 7 f\nd to be 9 favor ( ! measure4 ,on ! #g? ( ,may foll[+1 ! ,common ,c\ncil 8in/ruct$ ! ,commission]s to proce$ ) ! "w40 ,?us au?oriz$1 ! ,commission]s imm$iately comm5c$ ! prep>atory measures = ! con/ruction ( ! "w4 ,david ,b4 ,d\glass 0 employ$ z ,*ief ,eng9e]2 he proce$$ 9 ! location ( ! l9e = ! ,aqu$uct & 9 prep>+ plans1 until ,octob]1 #ahcf1 :5 he 0 succe$$ by ,john ,b4 ,j]vis1 :o cont9u$ at ! head ( t dep>tm5t dur+ ! con/ruction ( ! ,aqu$uct4 ,! con/ruction ( ! "w 0 comm5c$ 9 ,may #ahcg2 & on ! #bb;d ,june1 #ahdb1 ! ,aqu$uct receiv$ ! wat] f ! ,f\nta9 ,res]voir on ! ,croton3--on ! #bg? ( ,june1 ! wat] hav+ be5 p]mitt$ to trav]se ! entire l5g? ( ! ,aqu$uct1 ent]$ ! ,receiv+ ,res]voir at ! city ( ,new-,york1 & 0 admitt$ into ! ,di/ribut+ ,res]voir on ! #d? ( ,july4 ,! ,commission]s :o 7 appo9t$ 9 #ahcc1 & re-appo9t$ 9 #ahcd1 cont9u$ 9 ! p]=mance ( _! duties until #ahcg--;9 ,m>*1 ( :i* ye> ,?omas ,t4 ,woodruff 0 appo9t$ 9 ! place ( ,b5jam9 ,m4 ,br[n1 :o resign$ 8 (fice1 & ! ,bo>d ( ,commission]s ?us con/itut$1 cont9u$ until ,m>*1 #ahdj1 :5 !y 7 succe$$ by ,samuel ,/ev5s1 ,john ,d4 ,w>d1 ,zeb$ee ,r+1 ,b5jam9 ,birdsall & ,samuel ,r4 ,*ilds4 ,?is ,bo>d ( ,commission]s rema9$ 9 (fice until ,febru>y1 #ahdc1 :5 !y 7 succe$$ by ! g5tlem5 :o compos$ ! =m] ,bo>d4 ,,( ,,plans ,,propos$ ,,= ,,furni%+ ,,! ,,city ,,) ,,wat]1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,plan ,,adopt$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( exam9ations :i* 7 made to det]m9e s\rces :5ce wat] c\ld be obta9$1 que/ions ( deep importance pres5t$ !mselves 9 reg>d to ! s\rce to be reli$ ^u = a supply1 also 9 ref]5ce to ! plan :i* %\ld be adopt$ = conduct+ ! wat] to ! city4 ,x 0 ( s mu* importance to ! city t ! supply %\ld be su* z n only to answ] ! pres5t purposes1 b be adequate to ! future increas$ dem&s1 & t ! quality ( ! wat] %\ld be unque/ionable1 t x became necess>y to ext5d ! exam9ations ov] e wat]$ di/rict 9 ! vic9ity1 9 ord] to judge ( ! comp>ative m]its ( diff]5t s\rces4 ,! ,eng9e]s :o 7 employ$1 trav]s$ ! c\ntry1 gaug$ ! /reams1 report$ _! supply1 ! quality ( ! wat]1 & plans :i* might be adopt$ = convey+ x to ! city4 ,x 0 a field = ! ex]cise ( ! tal5t & rese>* ( ! ,eng9e]3 9 resort+ to a di/ant /ream = a supply1 any plan :i* he might propose = convey+ ! wat]1 w\ld enc\nt] ob/acles requir+ skill & +5uity to ov]come4 ,he w\ld f9d x necess>y to build up ! valleys1 pi]ce ?r\gh ! hills1 & span ! wat]s ( ! arms ( ! sea :i* embrace ! city & make x an isl&4 ,/ructures w\ld be requir$1 :i*1 9 _! design1 w\ld f9d no p>allel among ! public works ( ?is c\ntry1 & 9 =m+ plans = !m he might /udy ) advantage1 ! works con/ruct$ = simil> purposes by ! ,anci5t ,romans4 ,! exam9ations embrac$ all ! s\rces f :i* a supply ( wat] might be obta9$ 9 ! neighbor+ c\nties ( ,we/*e/] & ,putnam2 giv+ a comp>ison ( ! diff]5t /reams 9 reg>d to _! elevation1 _! capacity1 & ! quality ( ! wat]4 ,x 0 decid$ t ! ,croton ,riv] w\ld supply a suffici5t quantity ( wat] at all seasons ( ! ye>2 at an elevation preclud+ ! use ( /eam or any o!r extrane\s p[]1 & t ! quality ( ! wat] 0 unexceptionable4 ,o!r /reams 7 f\nd :i* w\ld furni% wat] equally pure1 b too limit$ 9 quantity at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 & n at a suffici5t elevation4 ,9 addition to ! in=mation furni%$ by ! ,eng9e]s employ$1 ! ,wat] ,commission]s receiv$ communications f o!r s\rces sugge/+ plans = supply+ ! city ) wat]4 ,x 0 sugge/$ t wat] might be obta9$ f ! ,passaic ,falls1 at a di/ance ( ab\t eighte5 miles f ! city1 9 ,new-,j]sey4 ,! objections to ?is project 71 t x w\ld be go+ into ano!r /ate1 t an ,aqu$uct bridge ov] ! ,hudson ,riv] w\ld ob/ruct its navigation1 & iron pipes laid across ! b$ ( ! riv] w\ld be expos$ to injury f ! an*ors ( ! %ipp+4 ,ano!r plan 0 propos$ :i* contemplat$ a p]man5t dam across ! ,hudson ,riv] ext5d+ f ! city to ! ,j]sey %ore4 ,?is dam 0 propos$ to be built ab\t #b feet above ! level ( high tide1 !reby keep+ all ! salt wat] bel[2 & above ! dam w\ld be ! fre% wat] = supply+ ! city1 :i* mu/ be pump$ up into a res]voir by means ( wat]-:eels1 :i* w\ld be op]at$ by ! ov]fall ( wat] :5 ! tide 0 l[1 b :5 ! tide 0 up )9 #b feet ( ! top ( ! dam !re w\ld n be suffici5t fall to propel ! :eels4 ,locks 7 to be ins]t$ 9 ! dam1 ( a suffici5t numb] to accommodate ! vessels on ! riv]4 ,! riv]1 at ! place :]e x 0 propos$ to locate ! dam1 is ov] a mile 9 wid?1 & 9 ! *annel ! dep? bel[ ! surface to prop] f\ndation = su* a /ructure1 w\ld probably be #ej feet4 ,! diff]5ce ( tides is ab\t #e feet1 :i* add$ to ! height ( dam above high tides1 w\ld give #g feet ( ! top ( ! dam expos$ to ! pressure ( ! wat] on ! up /ream side :5 ! tide is l[4 ,x 0 sugge/$ t ! hydraulic p[] "h obta9$1 c\ld be us$ = manufactur+ purposes1 except t portion ( x :i* w\ld be requir$ = elevat+ ! wat] to ! res]voir4 ,?is plan ( supply+ ! city ) wat] 0 object$ to1 because x c\ld n be accompli%$ except by an ,act ( ! ,legislature ( ,new-,j]sey z well z t ( ,new-,york1 & x 0 also que/ionable :e!r su* ob/ructions c\ld be plac$ 9 navigable riv]s )\t int]f]+ ) ! p[]s ( ,congress to regulate ! comm]ce ( ! nation4 ,x 0 fe>$ t 9 lock+ vessels ?r\gh1 ! salt wat] w\ld become m+l$ ) ! fre% above ! dam :]e a supply w\ld be tak5 = ! city1 to su* a degree1 t x w\ld r5d] x unfit = dome/ic use4 ,! quantity ( l& t w\ld be ov]fl[$ by ! wat] set back by ! dam1 pres5t$ ano!r objection4 ,! space ( "t t ! tide w\ld be suffici5tly l[ to all[ ! :eels to "w 9 pump+ wat] into ! res]voir1 w\ld be entirely too %ort to insure a supply4 ,?is objection 0 (f]$ by ,fr$]ick ,graff1 ,esq41 ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,philadelphia ,wat] ,works1 :o /at$ t al?\gh ! dam on ! ,s*uylkill ,riv] is rais$ #f feet #f in*es above ! highe/ tides1 ! delay 9 pump+1 occasion$ by ! tides1 av]ages sev5 h\rs out ( ! tw5ty-f\r2 & 9 full moon tides1 f eight to n9e h\rs4 ,! projector ( ?is plan set =? _m advantages :i* he ?\ght w\ld arise f ! con/ruction ( ! dam1 b ! ob/ruction to ! navigation ( ! riv]1 ! de/ruction ( ! %ad fi%]y1 & v>i\s objections besides ^? already m5tion$1 induc$ ! ,wat] ,commission]s to reject ! idea ( build+ a dam across ! ,hudson4 ,we h n[ gone ov] mo/ ( ! prelim9>y /eps :i* 7 tak5 be=e decid+ ^u ! s\rce = a supply ( wat]4--,hav+ fix$ ^u ! ,croton ,riv] z a /ream possess+ ! requisite advantages = a supply1 que/ions naturally arose z to ! mann] 9 :i* x %\ld be convey$ to ! city4 ,! di/ance be+ ab\t =ty miles1 ov] a c\ntry extremely brok5 & unev51 & foll[+ a direction1 = a portion ( ?is di/ance1 p>allel ) ! ,hudson ,riv]1 enc\nt]+ ! /reams :i* empty into x & =m deep valleys 9 _! c\rses4 ,x w be int]e/+ to notice ! diff]5t plans :i* 7 sugge/$ = =m+ a *annel-way to conduct ! wat]4 ,! foll[+ modes 7 pres5t$3--a pla9 *annel =m$ ( e>?1 l ! ord9>y con/ruction ( a canal fe$]3--an op5 *annel1 protect$ aga9/ ! action ( ! curr5t by masonry3--an ar*$ culv]t or conduit1 compos$ ess5tially ( masonry2 & iron pipes4 ,9 decid+ :i* ( ^! modes %\ld be adopt$1 x 0 necess>y to make a comp>ison among !m z to _! effici5cy = conduct+ ! wat] 9 purity1 & 9 ! quantity requir$1 _! p]man5cy z /ructures1 & _! co/4 ,! disadvantages att5dant ^u an op5 canal 71 t by filtration ?r\gh ! banks !re w\ld be a heavy loss ( wat]2--! difficulty ( pres]v+ ! wat] f receiv+ ! wa% ( ! c\ntry1 & prev5t+ injuri\s matt] f be+ ?r[n into x & r5d]+ x impure1 & ! impurities :i* might be contract$ by pass+ ?r\gh diff]5t e>?s4 ,evaporation w\ld also occasion a s]i\s loss ( wat]4 ,! banks w\ld be liable to failure 9 seasons ( long-cont9u$ ra9s1 & ! city dep5d+ ^u ?is = a supply1 w\ld be cut (f1 except !re %\ld be suffici5t 9 ! res]voirs to furni% a supply dur+ ! p]iod ( repairs4 ,! canal c\ld nev] be subject$ to a ?or\gh repair1 because ( ! necessity ( keep+ x 9 a condition = furni%+ wat] con/antly dur+ ! :ole ye>1 s t all repairs w\ld be done "u great disadvantages1 & ! *annel w\ld be ye>ly gr[+ worse until its failure might become a public calamity4 ,9 reg>d to ! op5 *annel hav+ ! sides protect$ by masonry1 ! objections 7 f\nd to be su* z w\ld apply equally to e species ( op5 *annel2 namely1 t x w\ld be expos$ 9 _m situations to receive ! wa% ( ! c\ntry2 t x w\ld be unprotect$ f ! fro/1 & liable to be int]rupt$ !reby1 & la/ly1 t !re w\ld be a loss by evaporation4 ,x 0 suppos$ t ^! objections might be obviat$ by c]ta9 precautions2 = example1 ! wa% c\ld be avoid$ by mak+ suffici5t side dra9s2 & ! int]ruption liable to occur f fro/ & sn[1 & ! evaporation1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 c\ld be prev5t$ by clos+ ! *annel entirely ) a ro( ov] ! top4 ,! close *annel or culv]t1 compos$ ess5tially ( masonry seem$ to possess all ! requisite advantages = conduct+ ! wat] 9 a pure /ate & keep+ x beyond ! influ5ce ( fro/ or any int]ruption :i* w\ld be liable to occur to an op5 *annel4 ,9 po9t ( /ability ?is plan _h a decid$ pref]5ce ov] ei!r ( ! o!r plans propos$1 & ! only objection (f]$ 0 ! co/ ( ! "w con/ruct$ 9 ?is way4 ,to avoid too great exp5se x 0 propos$ to make use ( a mix$ con/ruction1 us+ ! close *annel or culv]t 9 situations :]e deep excavations occurr$ & x w\ld be desirable to fill 9 ! e>? aga9 to ! natural =m1 also :]e ! l9e ( ,aqu$uct int]sect$ villages1 & us+ ! op5 *annel ) slope walls = ! residue ( ! di/ance4 ,9 reg>d to iron pipes = conduct+ ! wat]1 x 0 f\nd t a suffici5t numb] ( !m to give ! same sectional area z w\ld be adopt$ by ei!r ( ! o!r plans w\ld be m exp5sive1 & consid]+ ! great di/ance & ! undulat+ surface ov] :i* !y w\ld ext5d1 o!r disadvantages 7 pres5t$ :i* add$ to ! objections1 & ! plan 0 consid]$ inexp$i5t4 ,c\ld a l9e be grad$ s z to give a regul> incl9ation f ! ,f\nta9 ,res]voir to "o at ! city1 !n ! exp5se ( lay+ iron pipes = conduct+ ! propos$ quantity ( wat]1 w\ld be great] ?an = con/ruct+ a *annel-way ( masonry2 & :5 laid1 ! pipes 7 ?\ght to be less durable4 ,%\ld ! pipes foll[ ! natural undulations ( ! gr\nd1 !re w\ld be s mu* resi/ance (f]$ to ! fl[ ( wat] t ! dis*>ge w\ld be dim9i%$ 9 a v great degree4 ,! close *annel or conduit ( masonry 0 adopt$ z ! plan be/ calculat$ to answ] all ! purposes ( conduct+ ! wat] to ! city4 ,s\rces ( ! ,croton ,riv]4 ,! s\rces ( ! ,croton ,riv] are pr9cipally 9 ! c\nty ( ,putnam1 at a di/ance ( fifty miles f ! city ( ,new-,york2 !y are mo/ly spr+s :i* 9 t elevat$ & unev5 c\ntry h =m$ _m ponds & lakes nev]-fail+ 9 _! supply4 ,!re are ab\t tw5ty ( ^! lakes :i* con/itute ! s\rces ( ! ,croton ,riv]1 & ! aggregate ( _! surface areas is ab\t ?ree ?\s& eight hundr$ acres4 ,f ^! s\rces to ! m\? ( ! ,croton at ! head ( ,tappan ,bay 9 ! ,hudson1 ! di/ance is ab\t tw5ty-five miles4 ,! c\ntry bord]+ ^u ! ,croton is g5]ally elevat$ & unev51 n su/a9+ a d5se population & cle>$ suffici5tly to prev5t injury to ! wat] f decay$ vegetable matt]4 ,! riv] has a rapid desc5t & fl[s ov] a b$ ( gravel & masses ( brok5 rock4 ,f ^! advantages !re is good reason to suppose t ! wat] w receive v little impurity f ! wa% ( ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* x fl[s1 & !re is no d\bt t ! s\rces furni% t :i* is peculi>ly adapt$ to all ! purposes ( a l>ge city4 ,! wat] is ( su* uncommon purity t 9 e>li] days ! native ,indian gave a "n to ! riv] :i* signifi$ 8cle> wat]40#e ,fl[ ( ,wat] 9 ! ,croton ,riv]1 ,capacity ( ! ,f\nta9 ,res]voir1 c4 ,! m$ium fl[ ( wat] 9 ! ,croton1 :]e ! f\nta9 res]voir is =m$1 exce$s fifty millions ( gallons 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & ! m9imum fl[1 aft] a long-cont9u$ dr\ght1 is ab\t tw5ty-sev5 millions ( gallons 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! dam on ! ,croton ,riv] is ab\t #ch feet above ! level :i* 0 ! surface ( ! natural fl[ ( wat] at t place1 & sets ! wat] back ab\t six miles1 =m+ ! ,f\nta9 ,res]voir :i* cov]s an area ( ab\t f\r hundr$ acres4 ,! c\ntry =m+ ! valley ( ! ,riv] 0 su* z to give bold %ores to ?is res]voir g5]ally1 & 9 cases :]e !re 0 a g5tle slope or a level ( ! gr\nd ne> ! surface ( wat]1 excavations 7 made s t ! wat] %\ld n be ( less dep? ?an f\r & a half feet4 ,! great l5g? ( ?is ,res]voir is fav\rable = ! purity ( ! wat] :i* ent]s ! ,aqu$uct3 spread ov] ?is l>ge surface1 x w h an opportunity to settle & "p ) "s ( ! impurities :i* x receives1 dur+ ra9y seasons1 f ! wa% ( ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* x fl[s4 ,! available capacity ( ?is ,res]voir1 d[n to ! level :]e ! wat] w\ld cease to fl[ (f 9 ! ,aqu$uct1 has be5 e/imat$ at six hundr$ millions ( gallons4 ,c\ld we suppose t ! ,croton ,riv] w ev] 9 any season ( dr\ght1 fail to furni% a supply great] ?an w\ld be c>ri$ (f f ?is ,res]voir & ! ,res]voirs at ! city by evaporation1 we h /ill a supply ( wat] :i* w\ld be suffici5t = "o million ( inhabitants dur+ ! space ( ?irty days 7e/imat+ ! am\nt necess>y = ea* inhabitant to be tw5ty gallons = e tw5ty-f\r h\rs47 ,b we may assume ! numb] ( inhabitants at pres5t to be "o ?ird ( a million1 & !re=e we h a suffici5t /ore ( wat] 9 ?is ,f\nta9 ,res]voir to supply !m = ! space ( n9ety days1 9 ! em]g5cy be=e suppos$4 ,9 addition to ! quantity 9 ! ,f\nta9 ,res]voir1 we h suffici5t 9 ! ,res]voirs at ! city to supply "o ?ird ( a million ( inhabitants = ab\t tw5ty-five days1 at ! rate ( supply be=e m5tion$4 ,?us we f9d1 %\ld su* a limit z we h suppos$ ev] happ5 to ! supply f ! ,riv]1 ! season ( dr\ght _c c]ta9ly be suppos$ to cont9ue dur+ ! l5g? ( "t 7ab\t f\r mon?s7 t w\ld be requir$ = ! pres5t population ( ! city to exhau/ ! quantity 9 /ore :5 all ! ,res]voirs are full4 ,! m9imum fl[ ( wat] 9 ! riv] :]e ! dam is con/ruct$1 has be5 /at$ to be tw5ty-sev5 millions ( gallons = e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is w\ld be a suffici5t supply = "o million ( inhabitants1 & %\ld ! population ( ! city increase to "o million & a half1 ?is supply1 toge!r ) ! quantity 9 /ore1 w probably be suffici5t dur+ any season ( dr\ght4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no fe> 9 reg>d to ! supply = ! pres5t1 & %\ld ! "t arrive :5 ! city w require m ?an ! pres5t facilities af=d dur+ l[ /ages ( ! riv]1 o!r /reams may be f\nd :i* c be turn$ into ! upp] bran*es ( ! ,croton1 or into ! ,aqu$uct along its c\rse4 ,o!r ,res]voirs may also be con/ruct$ f>!r up ! ,croton to draw f 9 seasons ( dr\ght4 ,^! sugge/ions w\ld only be useful to provide a supply dur+ ! l[ /ages ( ! riv]1 = at o!r seasons ! fl[ ( wat] 9 ! ,croton w\ld be equal to ! full capacity ( ! ,aqu$uct4#f ,g5]al ,design ( ! ,*annel-way & ,res]voirs4 ,a description ( ! g5]al design & purpose ( ! *annel-way 9 connection ) ! ,res]voirs w s]ve to give a cle> und]/&+ ( ! op]ation ( ! "w4 ,hav+ asc]ta9$ ! elevation 9 ! city at :i* x w\ld be desirable to use ! wat]1 x 0 only necess>y !n1 to f9d a po9t on ! ,croton ,riv] :]e a dam c\ld be con/ruct$ t w\ld turn ! wat] into a *annel hav+ a gradual desc5t to ! requir$ elevation at ! city4 ,s t x may easily be conceiv$1 x is only div]t+ ! wat] into ano!r *annel :]e x w fl[ on unob/ruct$4 ,! mann] 9 :i* wat] is conduct$ f its natural *annel1 = ! purpose ( propell+ ! ma*9]y ( manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts1 by a race-way or o!r *annel1 is a simple illu/ration ( ! op]ation ( ?is great "w4 ,at ! place :]e x 0 det]m9$ to build ! dam across ! ,croton ,riv]1 ! surface ( ! natural fl[ ( wat] 0 ab\t #ch feet bel[ ! elevation requir$ z a head = ! wat] to fl[ into ! ,aqu$uct lead+ to ! city4 ,by go+ f>!r up ! riv] ! dam w\ld h be5 ( less height1 & a po9t might h be5 f\nd :]e x w\ld be only necess>y to build a dam to turn ! wat]1 & n =m a pond ( mu* ext5t above x1 b = su* purpose x w\ld h be5 necess>y to g above :]e "s important tribut>ies ent] ! riv]1 & w\ld h requir$ a consid]able ext5sion ( ! ,aqu$uct4 ,x 0 p]haps desirable to =m ?is ,f\nta9 ,res]voir1 s t x w\ld af=d a supply ( wat] to draw f1 %\ld !re at any future "t1 9 a season ( dr\ght1 be m requir$ = ! use ( ! city ?an w\ld be fl[+ 9 ! riv]4 ,no ess5tial *ange occurs 9 ! =m ( ! *annel-way f ! ,f\nta9 ,res]voir on ! ,croton1 to ! ,receiv+ ,res]voir on ! isl& ( ,new-,york2 a di/ance ( ?irty-eight miles1 except 9 cross+ ,h>lem ,riv] to rea* ! isl&1 & 9 pass+ a deep valley on ! isl&1 :]e iron pipes are us$ in/ead ( ! *annel-way ( masonry to provide = ! pressure consequ5t ^u a depression f ! regul> plane4 ,at ^! po9ts ! iron pipes desc5d & rise aga91 s t :5 ! wat] is fl[+ 9 ! *annel-way !y w be con/antly full4 ,?us x w be p]ceiv$ t ! *annel-way ( masonry w nev] be fill$ entirely1 s z to occasion a pressure on all its int]ior surface4 ,! surface ( ! ,f\nta9 ,res]voir is #aff feet above ! level ( mean tide at ! city ( ,new-,york2 & ! diff]5ce ( level betwe5 t & ! surface ( ! ,receiv+ ,res]voir on ! isl& ( ,new-,york1 7a di/ance ( ?irty-eight miles7 is #dg feet1 leav+ ! surface ( ?is res]voir #aai feet above ! level ( mean tide4 ,f ! ,receiv+ ,res]voir ! wat] is conduct$ 7a di/ance ( two miles7 9 iron pipes to ! ,di/ribut+ ,res]voir1 :]e ! surface ( ! wat] is #aae feet above ! level ( mean tide4 ,?is la/ is ! height to :i* ! wat] may g5]ally be made available 9 ! city4 ,,g5]al ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,aqu$uct4 ,plate ,i4 is a section ( ! ,aqu$uct %[+ ! =m ( ! masonry us$ 9 e>? excavations4 ,! f\ndation is =m$ ) concrete2 ! side walls ( /one2 ! bottom & sides ( ! int]ior be+ fac$ ) brick1 & ! top cov]$ ) an ar* ( brick4 ,9 =m+ ! concrete a mort> is made by mix+ ?ree p>ts ( s& ) "o ( hydraulic lime1 & !n mix+ ab\t ?ree p>ts ( /one1 brok5 to a size all[+ !m to pass ?r\gh a r+ an in* & a half 9 diamet]4 ,hav+ ?or\ghly m+l$ ! brok5 /one & mort>1 ! concrete is plac$ 9 its prop] position & =m1 & br\ght into a compact /ate by us+ a p\nd]2 & is !n suff]$ to rema9 until x set1 or become indurat$1 be=e any "w is comm5c$ ^u x4 ,! object %\ld be to mix z _m /ones or pebbles z w ?or\ghly b$ 9 ! mort>1 all[+ none ( !m to come 9 contact1 b all to be envelop$ 9 mort>4 ,?is =ms a body :i* becomes indurat$ & makes a f\ndation "u ! :ole l5g? ( ! ,aqu$uct l "o cont9u\s /one4 ,x atta9s a degree ( h>dness :i* gives x ! appe>ance ( ! conglom]ate be>+ ! "n ( ,pudd+-/one1 & is an article ( ! greate/ importance 9 =m+ f\ndations = walls ( great weight2 sup]s$+ 9 _m in/ances1 :]e ! soil is s(t1 ! use ( piles or o!r timb] f\ndation4 ,?\gh we h evid5ce t concrete 0 us$ by ! ,anci5t ,romans 9 ! f\ndations ( "s ( _! /ructures & ev5 9 ! =mation ( _! roads--su* z ! ,appian-,way1 & ?\gh we f9d x us$ 9 ! f\ndations ( ! feudal ca/les ( ! ,norman ,b>ons ( ,engl&1 /ill x has n be5 introduc$ into ! g5]al practice ( ar*itecture until q a mod]n date1 & ev5 at ! pres5t "t is n widely appreciat$ 9 ?is c\ntry z a mat]ial ( s mu* importance 9 f\ndations4 ,! side walls are laid up 9 a "* ( workman%ip /yl$ 8r\gh-hamm]$ "w20 ! /one requir$ to be ( s\nd & durable quality & laid 9 a mann] to r5d] ! "w wat]-tight4 ,?\gh att5tion is giv5 9 "s degree to insure a prop] bond to ! wall1 yet ! po9t m p>ticul>ly att5d$ to1 is to make x compact & imp]vi\s to wat]4 ,! bond+ ( ! wall is n by any means disreg>d$1 9 all situations :]e x is requir$1 yet ! position ( ! "w g5]ally1 :]e x is 9 excavation bel[ ! natural surface ( ! gr\nd1 r5d]s su* precaution ( less importance ?an t ( mak+ x compact4 ,! mort> us$ 9 ^! side walls is =m$ by mix+ clean %>p s& ) hydraulic lime1 us+ ! proportions ( ?ree p>ts ( ! s& to "o ( ! lime2 & ^! are ?or\ghly mix$ & incorporat$ be=e !y are wet2 :5 ?is mixture is wet & ?or\ghly work$1 x is us$ imm$iately & always kept prop]ly temp]$ s z to r5d] x pla/ic1 & to prev5t any disposition to become h>d5$ be=e x is 9 ! wall4 ,aft] ! side walls are f9i%$ & ! concrete betwe5 !m has receiv$ its prop] =m1 a coat+ ( pla/]+1 ab\t ?ree eigh?s ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 is put on ov] ! surface ( ! concrete & on ! face ( ! walls be=e ! int]ior fac+ ( brick is comm5c$4 ,! proportions ( ?is pla/]+ are two p>ts ( s& to "o ( ! hydraulic lime4 ,! bricks us$ 9 ?is "w are g5]ally ( q a diff]5t "* f ^? us$ 9 ord9>y h\se-build+2 be+ h>d] burnt & ( a sup]ior quality ( mat]ial4 ,!y are requir$ to be burnt to su* a degree ( h>dness t !y pres5t a *]ry r$1 or br[ni% color1 & give a cle> r++ s\nd :5 /ruck2 & :5 brok51 mu/ pres5t a compact & uni=m texture4 ,all bricks br\ght ^u ! "w :i* are s(t & ( a pale color1 su* z are usually d5om9at$ salmon brick1 are reject$4 ,^? :i* are us$1 possess ne>ly ! h>dness & durability ( ord9>y build+ /one1 & are calculat$ to resi/ ! action ( ! wat]1 to :i* !y w be expos$4 ,! advantage ( us+ brick is1 t a smoo? *annel (f]+ little resi/ance to ! fl[ ( wat] c be =m$ ) less exp5se ?an ) /one1 & great] security c be obta9$ aga9/ any leakage2 = besides ! coat ( pla/]+ :i* cov]s ! face ( ! walls & ! top ( ! concrete1 !re is also a mort> jo9t betwe5 ?is pla/]+ & ! brick "w4 ,! bricks be+ ( good =m & easily h&l$1 c be m exp$iti\sly & closely laid ?an ! face ( a wall ( /one1 & af=d a smoo? & uni=m face to ! wall ) less exp5se4 ,!y are requir$ to be b$d$ full & flu% ) mort>1 s t on lift+ "o f its position 9 ! "w1 no imp]fections be discov]$1 b ! impress ( ! brick be f\nd di/9ct ?r\gh\t4 ,! proportions ( ! mort> = ! brick "w1 are two p>ts ( s& to "o ( hydraulic lime4 ,! inv]t$ ar* ( brick1 z well z ! brick fac+ on ! sides1 is f\r in*es ?ick1 & ! ro(+ ar* ( brick is eight in*es ?ick4 ,aft] ! masonry is f9i%$ ! excavation :i* 0 done to receive x1 is fill$ up ar\nd x1 & ov] ! top ( ! ro(+ ar* g5]ally to ! height ( #c to #d feet1 & 9 "s in/ances ( deep excavation1 up to ! natural surface4 ,if ! natural surface be n ( suffici5t height = ! top ( ! e>? cov]+1 ! e>? is rais$ to ! requisite height ) prop] wid? on ! top & slopes on ! sides = protection to ! ,aqu$uct masonry4 ,illu/ration3 ,i ,f4 ,b4 ,t[]4 ,gimb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ii ,f4 ,b4 ,t[]4 ,gimb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iii ,f4 ,b4 ,t[]4 ,gimb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iv ,f4 ,b4 ,t[]4 ,gimb]4 ,plate ,,ii4 is a section ( ! ,aqu$uct 9 op5 cutt+ 9 rock4 ,aft] ! rock has be5 excavat$ to ! requir$ dep? & wid?1 ! bottom is levell$ up ) concrete to ! prop] height & =m = ! inv]t$ ar* ( brick1 :i* is laid 9 ! mann] be=e describ$ = e>? excavation4 ,! side walls ( /one & brick are bond$ toge!r by head]s ( brick ent]+ ! /one walls z %[n 9 ! draw+1 & ! walls ( /one are built closely aga9/ ! sides ( ! rock & =m+ a junction ) x4 ,on ! ext]ior ( ! ro(+ ar* a heavy sp&rel ( /one masonry 7( ! same "* z ! /one walls b5ea? x7 is built1 fill+ ! space betwe5 ! ar* & ! rock4 ,aft] ! masonry is f9i%$1 ! rock cut above x is fill$ ) e>? to ! same height above ! ro(+ ar* z m5tion$ = e>? excavation4 ,plate ,,iii4 is a section ( ! ,aqu$uct 9 tunnel cutt+ 9 rock4 ,! wid? ( ! tunnel excavation 9 rock is ! same z t ( op5 excavation 9 rock2 & ! mann] ( build+ ! masonry to =m ! *annel-way is ! same1 ) ! exception t ! rock ro( ( ! tunnel s]ves z ! ro( ( ! *annel-way1 :]e x is s\nd1 b 9 cases :]e ! rock is s(t & liable to fall1 a brick ar* is built ov] ! *annel-way1 & ! space betwe5 its extrados1 or out] surface1 & ! rock ro( is fill$ ) e>? closely ramm$ 94 ,9 "s in/ances :]e ! tunnel p]=at$ rock :i* 0 at fir/ q h>d1 ! ro(+ has by exposure to ! air1 become s(t & insecure1 s z to r5d] x necess>y to turn an ar* = its support4 ,?is is att5d$ ) inconv5i5ce & "s difficulty aft] ! *annel-way has be5 complet$ & clos$ ?r\gh ! tunnel4 ,plate ,,iv4 is a section ( ! ,aqu$uct 9 tunnel cutt+ 9 e>?4 ,:5 ! e>? is dry & compact1 ! excavation = ! bottom & sides is made ( a prop] =m to receive ! masonry1 :i* is built closely aga9/ x3 ! top is excavat$ suffici5tly high to give room to turn ! ar*1 & ! space above is aft]w>ds fill$ ) e>? closely ramm$ 94 ,:]e ! e>? is wet & !re is difficulty 9 mak+ x /&1 ! excavation is made l>g]1 & props ( timb] & plank are us$ to support ! top & sides until ! masonry be complet$2 & ! :ole space ext]ior to ! masonry is !n compactly fill$ ) e>?4 ,plate ,v4 is a section ( ! ,aqu$uct %[+ ! mann] ( con/ruct+ x across valleys1 or :]e ! natural surface ( ! gr\nd falls bel[ ! plane ( grade4 ,9 su* cases ! ,aqu$uct is support$ ^u a f\ndation wall ( /one laid dry1 & =m$ by us+ l>ge /ones laid 9 positions to give prop] bond1 & to all[ small brok5 /one to be closely pack$ 91 fill+ up all ! int]/ices s z to =m a compact & uni=m mass4 ,! wall is g5]ally all[$ to /& "s mon?s aft] x is complet$1 be=e ! masonry ( ! ,aqu$uct is comm5c$ ^u x1 le/ by ?is weight be+ plac$ ^u x be=e x has f\nd its be>+1 x %\ld settle & cause cracks 9 ! masonry4 ,t su* settlem5t %\ld 9 "s in/ances occur1 ev5 aft] ! ,aqu$uct is complet$1 is n surpris+1 = pass+ ov] s _m diff]5t elevations1 & enc\nt]+ su* num]\s transitions f a h>d soil1 or f rock1 to valleys ( alluvial deposit1 x w\ld be beyond human p[]s ( =esight & vigilance to prev5t x4 ,illu/ration3 ,v ,f4 ,b4 ,t[]4 ,gimb]4 ,to r5d] ! ,aqu$uct m secure 9 su* positions1 ! concrete f\ndation has an increas$ ?ickness1 & 9 prep>+ x a great] proportion ( hydraulic lime is us$2 ! proportion be+ two & a half p>ts ( s& to "o ( lime4 ,! dim5sions ( ! /one side walls & ! sp&rel back+ ( ! ro(+ ar*1 are also increas$2 & ! proportion ( hydraulic lime to ! s& 9 ! mort> = ^! is increas$4 ,ano!r precaution has be5 tak5 to r5d] ! "w secure1 by pla/]+ ! int]ior ( ! ,aqu$uct ov] ^! f\ndation walls4 ,! embankm5t adjac5t to f\ndation walls has v>i\s slopes accord+ to circum/ances1 & is g5]ally protect$ ) a dry /one wall on ! face1 & is c>ri$ up ( suffici5t wid? to insure ! requisite cov]+ ov] ! ,aqu$uct masonry4 ,along side hills an excavation is made = ! ,aqu$uct into ! hill1 & a protection wall ( /one built on ! l[] side s z to support a cov]+ ( e>? ov] ! masonry2 great c>e be+ tak5 to obta9 a deep & firm foot+ = ?is wall 9 ord] to r5d] ! "w secure4 ,9 su* a position ! ,aqu$uct is p]haps less secure ?an 9 ^? be=e describ$4 ,:]e ! soil is wet f spr+s1 & ! =mation clay1 !re is dang] ( slides2 & 9 ra9y seasons !re is dang] f ! torr5ts :i* ga!r on ! hill sides & come d[n ) de/ructive =ce3 ! e>? cov]+ is liable to be c>ri$ away1 & ! ,aqu$uct itself to be und]m9$4 ,great c>e has1 h[ev]1 be5 us$ 9 su* cases to =m /rong pav$ *annels = ! passage ( ! wat] ov] ! top ( ! ,aqu$uct1 or by culv]ts to pass x und]nea?4 ,,wa/e-,,weirs4 ,at suitable places on ! l9e ( ! ,aqu$uct1 wa/e-weirs are con/ruct$ to dis*>ge surplus wat]4 ,!y are con/ruct$ 9 "o side ( ! *annel-way1 9 su* mann] z to all[ ! wat] to fl[ (f :5 x rises above a giv5 level1 & arrangem5ts are also made at ^! places to close ! *annel-way entirely1 by means ( /op planks1 & to dis*>ge ! :ole ( ! wat] ?r\gh wa/e-gates2 s t ! wat] might be runn+ f ! ,f\nta9 ,res]voir ?r\gh a portion ( ! ,aqu$uct & dis*>g+ f ^! wa/e-weirs :ile ! rema9d] ( ! *annel-way1 or portions ( x1 w\ld be dra9$ s z to admit ( inspection or repairs4 ,!re are six ( ^! wa/e-weirs con/ruct$ = ! ,aqu$uct4 ,,v5tilators4 ,= ! purpose ( v5tilation holl[ cyl9d]s ( /one are erect$ ov] ! top ( ! ,aqu$uct & ris+ ab\t #ad feet above ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 or e>? cov]+4 ,^! occur e mile1 & e ?ird "o is con/ruct$ ) a door to af=d an entrance to ! ,aqu$uct4 ,^? all[+ an entrance h an int]ior diamet] ( #d feet1 & ! o!rs h an int]ior diamet] ( #b feet2 ea*1 h[ev]1 slightly dim9i%+ t[>ds ! top4 ,an iron grat+ cov]s ! top to prev5t any ?+ be+ ?r[n 94 ,plate ,,vi4 is a view ( an entrance v5tilator2 ?is /&s on "o side ( ! ,aqu$uct1 :]e ! masonry ( ! side wall is enl>g$ = its base2 we c desc5d f ! door & ga9 an entrance to ! *annel-way by an op5+ 9 ! side ( ! ro(+ ar*4 ,! sill ( ! door is ab\t #ab feet above ! bottom ( ! *annel-way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vi ,f4 ,b4 ,t[]4 ,gimb]4 ,,entrance ,,v5tilator ,^? n int5d$ = an entrance /& directly ov] ! top ( ! ,aqu$uct & are gro9$ into ! ro(+ ar*4 ,besides ^! ,v5tilators1 !re are op5+s #b feet squ>e 9 ! top ( ! ro(+ ar*1 e qu>t] ( a mile3 !y are cov]$ ) a flag /one & ! place is m>k$ by a small /one monum5t project+ above ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,^! may be useful to obta9 entrance to ! ,aqu$uct1 or to af=d increas$ v5tilation %\ld x ev] become necess>y4 ,,culv]ts4 ,:]e /reams int]sect ! l9e ( ,aqu$uct1 culv]ts are built to all[ !m to pass "u x4 ,!y are simply a /one *annel-way built "u ! ,aqu$uct ( su* =m & dim5sions z w all[ ! /ream to pursue its natural direction )\t caus+ injury to ! "w4 ,! f\ndation ( ^! culv]ts is =m$ by lay+ d[n concrete1 ^u :i* an inv]t$ ar* ( cut /one is laid =m+ ! bottom ( ! wat]-way3 side walls ( /one are built & surm\nt$ by an ar* ( /one4 ,! span1 or wid? ( wat] way1 ( ! culv]ts built1 v>ies f #a foot to #be feet4 ,^? ( #a foot span h a squ>e =m = ! wat]-way1 & are con/ruct$ by mak+ a f\ndation ( concrete1 ^u :i* a floor+ ( well dress$ /one is laid =m+ ! bottom ( ! wat]-way1 & f ?is1 side walls are built & cov]$ by a c\rse ( ?ick /one flagg+ well dress$ & closely fitt$4 ,at ea* end ( ! culv]t a deep wall is built und]nea? s z to prev5t ! wat] f do+ injury by und]m9+ x4 ,buttresses & w+ walls are built at ea* end ( ! culv]t to guide ! wat] to & f ! *annel-way1 & a p>apet wall is built ov] ! top ( ! *annel-way at ea* end to su/a9 ! embankm5t ( e>? ov] ! culv]t4 ,^! w+ walls & p>apets h v>i\s =ms2 sometimes ! p>apet is built across ! top ( ! culv]t1 & ! w+ walls built at "r angles to x1 & slop+ d[n to ! buttresses1 & sometimes ! w+ walls & p>apet =m "o cont9u\s wall ( a semi-circul> =m1 ! top slop+ up f ! buttresses 9 a plane p>allel ) ! slope ( ! embankm5t cov]+ ! ,aqu$uct above4 ,^! culv]ts are p]man5tly con/ruct$1 & 9 prep>+ ! plans = !m mu* skill has be5 display$ 9 adapt+ ! =m & size :i* ! circum/ances requir$1 & mu* ta/e display$ 9 ! design = _! con/ruction4 ,plate ,,vii4 is an isometrical draw+ ( "o ( ! culv]ts ) rectangul> w+s & p>apets2 ! body ( ! culv]t is cut 9 two 9 ! draw+1 %[+ t x may be ( any l5g?1 accord+ to ! wid? ( ! embankm5t ?r\gh :i* x is con/ruct$4 ,! l5g? is g5]ally arrang$ s t ! slope ( ! embankm5t may int]sect ! re> ( ! top ( ! p>apet & pursue a direction d[n1 p>allel ) ! slope ( ! top ( ! w+ walls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vii ,scale ( #d feet to "o in* ,f4 ,b4 ,t[]4 ,gimb]4 ,gate ,*amb] at ! ,head ( ! ,aqu$uct & ,grade ( ! ,wat]-way ( ! ,aqu$uct4 ,plate ,,viii4 is a longitud9al section ?r\gh ! tunnel & gate *amb] at ! head ( ! ,aqu$uct %[+ its connection ) ! ,f\nta9 ,res]voir4 ,?is gate *amb] is n 9 any way connect$ ) ! dam itself1 b /&s "s di/ance f x1 & ! wat] rea*es x by means ( ! tunnel :i* leaves ! ,res]voir above ! dam & passes ?r\gh ! solid rock ( ! hill aga9/ :i* ! masonry ( ! dam is built1 a di/ance ( ov] #bjj feet4 ,?is tunnel desc5ds into ! ,res]voir1 s t ! c5tre ( x at ! m\? is ab\t #ab feet bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]2 any float+ sub/ance _c ent] x1 & dur+ ! w9t] season :5 ! wat] is froz5 ov] no ob/ruction c take place to ! fl[ into ! ,aqu$uct1 & dur+ ! summ] season ! wat] w be drawn f a level :]e x is cool] ?an at ! surface4 ,! gate *amb] has two ranges1 or sets ( gates2 "o call$ regulat+ gates1 & ! o!r gu>d gates3 ! regulat+ gates are made ( gun metal1 & "w 9 frames ( ! same mat]ial :i* are fitt$ to /one jambs & l9tels3 ! gu>d gates are made ( ca/ iron1 & "w 9 ca/ iron frames also atta*$ to /one jambs & l9tels4 ,! gates are all manag$ by means ( wr\ght iron rods atta*$ to !m1 hav+ a screw =m$ on ! upp] "p on :i* a brass nut works1 be+ set 9 a ca/ iron socket-cap4 ,! bottom ( ! wat] way1 ( ! ,aqu$uct1 :]e x leaves ! gate *amb] is #aa4dj feet bel[ ! surface ( ! ,f\nta9 ,res]voir1 & #aed4gg feet above ! level ( mean tide at ! city ( ,new-,york4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! l5g? ( ! ,aqu$uct z x is divid$ into diff]5t planes ( desc5t1 f ! gate *amb] at ! ,croton dam to ! gate *amb] at ! ,receiv+ ,res]voir on ! ,isl& ( ,new-,york4 ,comm5c+ at ! s\? side ( ! gate *amb] at ! ,croton dam1 & ! ft4 miles1 desc5t ,! #a/ plane ( ,aqu$uct ext5ds #bfjii4gb #d4idc1 #b4id ft4 ,! #b;d plane ( ,aqu$uct ext5ds #adhaba4be #bh4jec1 #cj4fi ft4 ,l5g? ( pipes across ,h>4 ,riv]1 #acgg4cc #j4bfa4 ,diff4 ( level betw'n extremes ( pipes #b4bi ft4 ,! #c;d plane ( ,aqu$uct ext5ds #ajgcc4ad #b4jcc1 #b4be ft4 ,l5g? ( pipes across ,manhat4 valley1 #daje4ji #j4ggg4 ,diff4 ( level betw'n extremes ( pipes #c4hf ft4 ,! #d? plane ( ,aqu$uct ext5ds #ajfhj4hi #b4jbc #a4fj ft4 --------- ------ --------- #bjaaag4db #ch4jij #dc4fc ft4 ,mak+ ! :ole di/ance f ! gate *amb] at ! ,croton dam to ! gate *amb] at ! ,receiv+ ,res]voir #bjaaag4db feet1 or #ch4ji miles1 & ! :ole desc5t #dc4fc feet4 ,! desc5t on ! fir/ plane is ab\t #g in*es p] mile4 ,! desc5t on ! second & ?ird plane is ab\t #ac in*es p] mile4 ,! desc5t on ! f\r? plane is ab\t #i in*es p] mile4 ,9 cross+ ,h>lem ,riv] !re is a fall ( #b feet m ?an !re w\ld h be5 _h ! ,aqu$uct cont9u$ across ) its regul> incl9ation3 ?is extra fall w af=d an opportunity to adju/ ! numb] & capacity ( ! pipes 7:i* desc5d bel[ ! level ( ! ,aqu$uct & rise aga97 to dis*>ge ! full quantity ( wat] z freely z ! ,aqu$uct1 or *annel-way ( masonry1 w\ld h done _h x cont9u$ its regul> incl9ation across ! valley4 ,9 cross+ ,manhattan ,valley !re is an extra fall ( #c feet = ! same reasons z be=e /at$ = t at ,h>lem ,riv]4 ,9 bo? cases1 by us+ ! pipes1 !re is a loss ( ! head ( wat] = ! ,city ,res]voirs1 equal to ! am\nt ( ?is extra fall2 b ?is small loss ( head 0 n consid]$ ( su* importance z to induce ! build+ ( /ructures across ^! valleys up to ! plane ( ,aqu$uct grade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,viii ,f4 ,b4 ,t[]4 ,gimb]4 ,! bottom ( ! wat]-way ( ! ,aqu$uct at ! gate *amb] :]e x ent]s ! ,receiv+ ,res]voir1 is #g4hf feet bel[ ! level ( top wat] l9e 9 ! ,res]voir1 ?us :5 ! ,res]voir is full ! wat] w rise to )9 #g in*es ( ! top ( ! int]ior ( ! ,aqu$uct at t place1 & ! height f top wat] to ! top ( ! int]ior w increase1 go+ nor?w>d accord+ to ! incl9ation ( ! plane ( ,aqu$uct grade1 until x rea* ! surface level ( ! fl[ ( wat] 9 ! ,aqu$uct4 ,! height ( ! int]ior ( ! ,aqu$uct is #h feet #e in*es1 & ! greate/ wid? is #g feet #e in*es4 ,! sectional area ( ! int]ior is #ec4cd squ>e feet4 ,on ! fir/ plane1 ! ,aqu$uct is l>g]2 be+ #b4je feet high] at ! gate *amb]1 #b4ca feet high] at #bbdd4 feet f ! *amb]1 & !n dim9i%+1 to ! head ( ! second plane1 :]e x assumes ! size above m5tion$ & cont9ues ( t size ?r\gh\t ! rema9d] except 9 tunnels1 :]e x assumes ! =ms be=e describ$4 ,:]e ! ,aqu$uct on ! fir/ plane is l>g]1 ! wid? across ! int]ior at ! spr+ l9e ( ! ro(+ ar* is ! same z ! g5]al wid?1 b ! increase takes place only 9 ! height ( ! side walls1 & ! slope ( ! inn] face ( ! walls be+ ! same1 ! wid? across at ! spr+ l9e ( ! inv]t$ ar* w be less accord+ to ! increas$ height ( walls4 ,! orig9al design 0 to cont9ue ! incl9ation :i* ! second plane has1 up to ! ,f\nta9 ,res]voir2 b x 0 consid]$ desirable to draw f ?is ,res]voir at a l[] level1 & ! head ( ! ,aqu$uct 0 depress$ = t purpose1 & a less incl9ation adopt$ = ! l5g? ( ! fir/ plane4 ,! ro(+ ar* 0 left on ! same incl9ation z 0 orig9ally design$1 except = ! di/ance ( #bbdd4 feet f ! gate *amb]1 :]e x 0 built on a level4 ,! curves :i* are us$ to *ange ! direction ( ! l9e ( ! ,aqu$uct are g5]ally =m$ ) a radius ( #ejj feet2 "s h a radius ( #ajjj feet1 & 9 a few in/ances l>g] ones are adopt$1 b ! majority ( !m are ( #ejj feet radius4 ,! velocity ( ! wat] 9 ! ,aqu$uct has be5 asc]ta9$ to be ab\t "o mile & a half an h\r :5 x is #b feet deep2 ?is 0 det]m9$ by float+ billets ( wood f ! ,croton ,dam to ,h>lem ,riv] & not+ ! "t ( _! passage4 ,su* an exp]im5t w\ld express ! surface velocity & w\ld give a great] velocity ?an x w\ld be prop] to attribute to ! :ole body ( wat] 9 ! ,aqu$uct2 b ! dep? ( wat] 9 ! ,aqu$uct w be probably #d feet z soon z x is br\ght into g5]al use1 & !n !re w be a correspond+ increase 9 ! velocity ( ! body ( wat]4 ,?is velocity ( a mile & a half an h\r may be tak5 9 g5]al t]ms z ! velocity ( ! wat] 9 ! ,aqu$uct4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ix ,f4 ,b4 ,t[]4 ,w4 ,b5nett4 ,,view ,,above ,,! ,,croton ,,dam4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,l9e ,,( ,,aqu$uct4 ,! dam1 built to =m ! ,f\nta9 ,res]voir1 is ab\t six miles above ! m\? ( ! ,croton ,riv]4 ,! res]voir =ms a beautiful %eet ( wat] 9 ! lap ( ! hills 9 ! wild region ( ! ,croton1 & has receiv$ ! "n ( ! 8,croton ,lake40 ,p9e's ,bridge ov] ! ,croton ,riv]1 :i* is m5tion$ 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! c\ntry1 occupi$ a position :i* is n[ ab\t ! middle ( ?is ,res]voir1 & !re is at t place a bridge ov] ! ,res]voir re/+ ^u pi]s & abutm5ts4 ,! hills :i* b\nd ! ,croton ,valley :]e ! ,res]voir is =m$ are s bold z to conf9e x )9 n>r[ limits3 = ab\t two miles above ! dam ! av]age wid? is ab\t "o eigh? ( a mile2 at ?is di/ance f ! dam ! valley op5s s t = ! l5g? ( two miles m ! wid? is ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile2 "h ! valley contracts aga9 & dim9i%es ! wid? until ! fl[ l9e rea*es ! natural wid? ( ! ,riv] at ! head ( ! lake4 ,! c\ntry imm$iately contigu\s to ! %ore has be5 cle>$ up1 & all t w\ld be liable to imp>t any impurity to ! wat] has be5 remov$4 ,?is gives a pleas+ aspect to ! lake1 %[+ :]e ! h& ( art has swept along ! %ores leav+ a clean m>g94 ,retir+ f ! wat] are ! ri*ly cultivat$ slopes ) ! neat f>m h\ses ov]look+ ! lake1 or ! hills cr[n$ ) =e/ trees1 :ile at int]vals a valley or rav9e op5s & empties 9 its tribut>y /ream4 ,plate ,,ix4 is a view tak5 above ! dam %[+ ! position ( ! entrance to ! tunnel :i* leads f ! ,res]voir to ! gate *amb] at ! head ( ! ,aqu$uct4 ,! entablature :i* is se5 on ! left aga9/ ! rock1 is built directly ov] ! m\? ( ! tunnel1 & f ?is ! tunnel ext5ds ?r\gh ! rock to ! gate h\se1 :i* is se5 on ! "r ( ! picture & "s di/ance f ! dam4 ,! /ructure :i* is se5 9 ! c5tre ( ! picture & on ! ridge ( ! dam is a gate h\se ov] a culv]t :i* ext5ds ?r\gh ! body ( ! dam2 ?is culv]t is #cj feet bel[ ! surface ( wat] :5 ! ,res]voir is full1 & has gates :i* are op]at$ by means ( rods :i* rise to ! int]ior ( ! h\se4 ,dur+ l[ /ages ( ! ,riv] ! wat] :i* is n drawn (f by ! ,aqu$uct may pass ?r\gh ?is culv]t & all[ none to pass ov] ! dam4 ,! entrance to ! tunnel is protect$ by a scre5 ( timb] "w4 ,plate ,x4 is a repres5tation ( ! entablature ov] ! m\? ( ! tunnel1 %[+ ! inscriptions ^u x1 relat+ to ! date ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! dam & its completion1 ! p]sons :o _h contracts = build+ x1 & ^? hav+ *>ge ( ! "w dur+ ! "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,x ,,entrance ,,to ,,! ,,croton ,,aqu$uct ,,comm5c$ #ahcg ,,complet$ #ahdb ,plate ,,xi4 is a view tak5 f a po9t bel[ ! dam & %[s ! relative positions ( ! dam & ! gate *amb] at ! head ( ! ,aqu$uct4 ,! orig9al *annel ( ! ,riv] :]e ! dam is built1 0 ab\t #abj feet wide2 ! av]age dep? ( wat] at ?is place 0 ab\t #d feet2 & ! greate/ dep? #aj feet4 ,! left bank ( ! riv] arose abruptly ) rock1 ! *annel 0 gravelly1 & on ! "r bank a s&y table l& ab\t #c feet above ! ord9>y surface ( wat] ext5d$ ab\t #hj feet2 !n a s&y hill arose on a slope ( ab\t =ty-five degrees4 ,9 mak+ ! plan = a dam at ?is place x 0 det]m9$ to fill ! ma9 *annel & ! table l& on ! "r bank ) an embankm5t ( e>?2 & on ! left bank :]e rock 0 f\nd1 to build a body ( masonry aga9/ ! slope to ! requisite height = ! surface ( ! ,res]voir & connect x ) ! embankm5t 9 ! *annel2 ?is masonry =m$ ! ov]fall = ! wat]1 & ! rock 9 ! side ( ! hill adjac5t to x 0 excavat$ d[n to ! level ( ! ov]fall1 !reby ext5d+ x into ! hill1 mak+ ! space = ! wat] to pass ov] p>tly ( masonry & p>tly ( rock4 ,! embankm5t ext5d$ ) a slope on ! up/ream side giv+ x a broad base1 & ! l[] or d[n/ream side 0 fac$ ) a heavy wall ( /one4 ,!re 0 a timb] pi] con/ruct$ 9 ! embankm5t ext5d+ across ! *annel & fac$ ) plank on ! up/ream side4 ,! ov]fall 0 made ( su* l5g? z 0 ?\ght suffici5t to pass all ! wat] ( ! riv] dur+ its highe/ /ages1 & ) ! view ( adapt+ x to su* purpose1 exam9ations 7 made to f9d ! highe/ m>ks ( floods on ! banks ( ! riv]2 & ^? :o 7 engag$ 9 det]m9+ ^! m>ks 7 guid$ also by ! obs]vations ( ! inhabitants ( ! vic9ity :o _h long kn[n ! riv] 9 its v>i\s /ages4 ,high fre%ets 7 witness$ dur+ ! con/ruction ( ! "w1 = 9 ! c\rse ( two ye>s t ! "w 0 go+ up1 all ! v>i\s *anges & fre%ets ( ra9y seasons 7 exp]i5c$1 & ^? 9 *>ge ( x did n neglect to note ! quantity ( wat] fl[+ on su* occasions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xi ,f4 ,b4 ,t[]4 ,gimbr$e4 sc4 ,,view ,,bel[ ,,! ,,croton ,,dam4 ,) su* opportunities to become acqua9t$ ) ! *anges ( ! /ream !y c\ld n fail to "k ! quantity ( wat] fl[+ at p]iods ( ! highe/ fre%ets1 & kn[+ x1 to adapt an ov]fall ( suffici5t capacity = its dis*>ge4 ,= ?is purpose x 0 ?\ght ample provision 0 made2 yet at ! "t :5 ! "w 0 ne>ly complet$ su* a flood occurr$ z c\ld n h be5 anticipat$ f previ\s k ( ! ,riv]2 ! wat] fill+ ! entire passage at ! ov]fall1 fl[$ ov] ! top ( ! embankm5t :]e x 0 n suppos$ x c\ld ev] rea*4 ,! l[] slope ( ?is embankm5t 0 cov]$ ) a wall n calculat$ to resi/ ! action ( ! wat] & x gave way2 ! wat] broke ?r\gh ! embankm5t & ru%$ along ! valley ) mo/ disa/r\s consequ5ces4 ,! brea* occurr$ at an e>ly h\r 9 ! morn+2 & _m p]sons 7 sudd5ly ar\s$ f _! sleep to escape be=e ! approa*+ wat]s4 ,dwell+-h\ses & mills 7 c>ri$ away & ?ree lives 7 lo/4 ,two ( ^? :o 7 dr[n$ _h tak5 refuge 9 ! tops ( trees1 b ^! be+ swept away !y 7 dr[n$2 :ile o!rs :o 7 n able to rea* ! ma9 l&1 b _h also tak5 refuge 9 trees1 7 sav$4 ,! *ange wr\ght by ! flood1 9 ! appe>ance ( ! c\ntry1 0 truly wond]ful & ! de/ruction 0 complete4 ,night _h clos$ ov] t valley :]e all 0 happ9ess & quiet1 b day op5$ ^u a sc5e ( desolation4 ,! f]tile fields 7 torn up & cov]$ ) masses ( /one & gravel1 & ! flood left m>ks ( its fury f> up on ! hill sides4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ra9 :i* caus$ ?is flood1 ! gr\nd 0 cov]$ ) sn[ to ! dep? ( eighte5 in*es3 ! wea!r became w>m & ! p[]ful ra9 /orm cont9u$ incessantly = =ty-eight h\rs4 ,not)/&+ ! imm5se volume dis*>g$ at ! ov]fall ( ! dam1 ! wat] 0 ris+1 dur+ ! night previ\s to ?is disa/]1 at ! rate ( f\rte5 in*es p] h\r ov] ! ,res]voir1 cov]+ an area ( f\r hundr$ acres4 ,x occurr$ on ! #h? ( ,janu>y1 #ahda4 ,9 repair+ ! brea* x 0 decid$ to build an ext5sion ( solid hydraulic masonry 9 ! place ( ! portion ( embankm5t :i* 0 c>ri$ away4 ,! gate h\se & w+ wall1 :i* is se5 on ! ridge ( ! dam1 %[s :]e ! masonry ( ! orig9al /ructure connect$ ) ! embankm5t :i* ext5d$ across ! riv]4 ,! :ole l5g? ( ! ov]fall is #bea feet4 ,access to ! h\se ov] ! culv]t1 is ga9$ by a foot bridge :i* is se5 9 ! picture4 ,! masonry ( ! orig9al /ructure has a rock f\ndation1 & ! ext5sion ( ! ov]fall :i* is se5 on ! left ( ! h\se ext5d+ across to ! embankm5t has an artificial f\ndation ( concrete4 ,! masonry ( ! dam is ab\t #h feet ?ick at ! top & #fe feet at ! base2 x is built 9 a v]tical =m on ! up/ream side1 ) occasional (fsets1 & ! l[] face has a curv$ =m su* z to pass ! wat] ov] )\t giv+ x a direct fall ^u ! apron at ! foot2 ?is apron is =m$ ( timb]1 /one1 & concrete2 & ext5ds "s di/ance f ! toe ( ! masonry1 giv+ security at ! po9t :]e ! wat] has ! greate/ action4 ,a second>y dam has be5 built at a di/ance ( #cjj feet f ! masonry 9 ord] to =m a bas9 ( wat] sett+ back ov] ! apron at ! toe ( ! ma9 dam s z to break ! =ce ( ! wat] fall+ ^u x4 ,?is second>y dam is =m$ ( r\nd timb]1 bru% wood1 & gravel2 x may be se5 9 ! picture directly "u ! bridge :i* ext5ds across bel[ ! ma9 /ructure4 ,on ! up/ream side ( ! masonry ( ! dam1 an embankm5t ( e>? is fill$ 91 ext5d+ #bge feet f ! masonry at ! base1 & ext5d+ f ! masonry ) a slope ( #a foot 9 #e on ! top4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xii ,f4 ,b4 ,t[]4 ,w4 ,b5nett4 ,,croton ,,aqu$uct ,,at ,,s+ ,,s+4 ,! :ole "w ab\t ! dam possesses great int]e/1 & ?\gh x be di/ant f ! city & some:at difficult ( access1 w n fail to please ^? :o may take "t to visit x4 ,j above ! place :]e ! dam is con/ruct$ ! ,riv] _h a bold turn & fl[$ along at ! foot ( a /eep & rugg$ bank4 ,a road pass$ along at ! base ( ?is hill lead+ to a mill :i* 0 situat$ at ! turn ( ! ,riv]1 be=e m5tion$2 a sub/itute = ?is road1 :i* 0 subm]g$1 has be5 made along ! hill side pass+ on ! "r ( ! gate h\se4 ,en\gh ( ! =e/ has be5 cle>$ away to admit ( ! con/ruction ( ! "w1 b ! place /ill possesses mu* ( its orig9al wildness1 & to see su* beautiful me*anical "w /&+ aga9/ ! rude rocks1--to obs]ve :at *anges h be5 wr\ght 9 ! =m ( ?is rock to r5d] x subs]vi5t to ! purposes ( ! "w1 makes u feel t !re has be5 a /rife !re2 b x all %[s t art has ga9$ ! asc5d5cy4 ,! =m :i* has be5 adopt$ = ! face ( ! ext5sion ( ! ov]fall is a rev]s$ or d\ble curve :i* w\ld be easily recogniz$ z ,hog>?'s l9e ( beauty3 ! ov]fall = ! orig9al dam has a plane face ) a curve at ! base4 ,walks are =m$ ab\t ! "w bord]$ ) grass1 giv+ a neatness & f9i%$ appe>ance to ! :ole2 & e ?+ 9 connection seems to indicate t ! vic9ity ( ! ,croton ,dam w be "o ( ! resorts 9 summ] seasons = ! citiz5s ( ,new-,york4 ,f ! ,croton ,dam ! ,aqu$uct passes along ! left side ( ! valley ( ! ,croton ,riv] until at ! m\? ( ?is riv] x rea*es ! left bank ( ! ,hudson1 :i* x pursues1 keep+ at a di/ance ( ne>ly half a mile f ! ,riv]1 until x arrives at ! village ( ,s+-,s+1 :i* is eight miles f ! dam4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is di/ance ! ,aqu$uct passes ?r\gh f\r tunnels & enc\nt]s _m valleys & rav9es :]e high f\ndation walls 7 requir$1 & culv]ts = ! passage ( ! /reams4 ,at ! village ( ,s+-,s+ !re are two ,aqu$uct bridges2 "o ov] a public road-way1 & ! o!r ov] ! ,s+-,s+ ,kill4 ,^! bridges & ! adjac5t "w =m a v int]e/+ po9t on ! l9e ( ,aqu$uct4 ,plate ,,xii4 is a view ( ! ,aqu$uct at ?is place3 at ! left ( ! picture may be se5 ! bridge ov] ! road1 & on ! "r t ov] ! ,kill4 ,! bridge ov] ! road has a span ( #bj feet1 & ! direction ( ! road-way be+ n at "r angles ) ! l9e ( ,aqu$uct requir$ ! ar* to be built askew2 ! ar* lies 9 ! direction ( ! road-way1 hav+ ! ends 9 planes p>allel ) ! direction ( ! ,aqu$uct4 ,?is bridge is wor?y ( notice1 b public att5tion is m g5]ally direct$ to ! l>g] "o3 t has an ar* ( #hh feet span & a rise ( #cc feet2 ! =m ( ! ar* is elliptical1 be+ a comp\nd curve drawn f five diff]5t c5tres1 or radius po9ts4 ,! ,kill1 or valley ov] :i* ?is ar* /&s1 is a deep n>r[ gorge worn by a small /ream :i* empties into ! ,hudson ,riv]4 ,! bottom ( ! rav9e is ab\t #gj feet bel[ ! s(fit or "u side ( ! ar*4 ,plate ,,xiii4 is ano!r view ( ! l>ge ar* tak5 f ! bottom ( ! valley ne> x1 & %[s ! bridge :i* has be5 con/ruct$ = a public road pass+ "u x1 & ! mill ne> by4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xiii ,f4 ,b4 ,t[]4 ,napoleon ,gimbr$e4 sc4 ,,aqu$uct ,,bridge ,,at ,,s+ ,,s+4 ,?is ar* pres5ts a s+ul>ly bold appe>ance1 vault+ ov] ! roadway & ris+ high up above ! old mill1 & :at adds mu* to ?is boldness1 is ! n>r[ness ( ! ar*1 or small di/ance f "o end ( x to ! o!r2 be+ only #bc feet long at ! spr++ l9e :ile ! span is ne>ly f\r times ?is l5g?4 ,! l5g? ( ! ar* dim9i%es t[>ds ! cr[n1 ! ends be+ 9 planes n v]tical1 b incl9+ t[>ds ea* o!r at ! top4 ,ea* end has a batt] or incl9ation ( "o tw5ty f\r? ( its height1 or half an in* to ! foot4 ,! ar* is built ( granite1 is #c feet ?ick at ! cr[n & #d feet at ! spr+ or base4 ,! abutm5ts h a f\ndation ( solid rock :i* 0 excavat$ 9 prop] =m to give !m firm foot+4 ,! :ole /ructure pres5ts a degree ( /ability :i* seems to defy ! effects ( "t4 ,! ,aqu$uct has a ca/ iron l9+ ov] ?is bridge 7z x has ov] all ( ?is "*73 x is =m$ ( plates five eigh?s ( an in* ?ick1 put toge!r ) screw-bolts & nuts & ! jo9ts closely fill$ ) iron cem5t4 ,?is l9+ is )9 ! brick "w ( ! bottom & sides ( ! *annel-way1 hav+ f\r in*es ( brick outside ( x & f\r inside4 ,! object ( x is to prev5t any wat] dripp+ ?r\gh ! "w1 le/ by any means x %\ld fill ! ext]ior masonry ( ! bridge ) moi/ure & ?us r5d] x liable to injury f fro/4 ,o!r precautions are tak5 9 =m+ ! masonry ab\t ! *annel-way1 to prev5t ?is exud+1 & ! :ole plan ( ! "w %[s =esight & precaution wor?y ( ! highe/ praise4 ,f ! ,s+-,s+ ,kill ! ,aqu$uct pursues a c\rse along ! ea/ bank ( ! ,hudson & ! fir/ "w ( peculi> int]e/ is ! ,aqu$uct bridge ov] ! road f ,t>ryt[n to ,s+-,s+2 be=e x rea*es ?is place x passes ?r\gh ?ree tunnels1 ov] high f\ndation walls1 & enc\nt]s deep excavations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xiv ,f4 ,b4 ,t[]4 ,w4 ,b5nett4 sc4 ,,aqu$uct ,,bridge ,,= ,,road ,,way4 ,plate ,,xiv4 is a view ( ?is bridge3 x is elev5 & a qu>t] miles f ! dam4 ,! ar* is #bj feet span & has a v]s$ s9e or rise ( #e feet4 ,f ?is ! ,aqu$uct passes on1 enc\nt]s "o tunnel1 & rea*es ! valley ( ,mill ,riv]1 twelve miles & ?ree qu>t]s f ! dam4 ,?is ,riv] runs ?r\gh ,sleepy ,holl[ & ent]s ! ,hudson ab\t a mile & a half above ,t>ryt[n4 ,! /ream is #gb feet bel[ ! bottom ( ! ,aqu$uct1 & ! valley be+ ( consid]able wid? requir$ a v heavy f\ndation wall4 ,plate ,,xv4 is a view ( ! ,mill ,riv] ,culv]t3 x is #be feet span & #agb feet long4 ,x is ab\t half a mile ea/ ( ! road lead+ f ,t>ryt[n to ,s+-,s+1 & to foll[ ! c\rse ( ! /ream :i* passes ?r\gh x1 x is ?ree qu>t]s ( a mile to ! ,old ,dut* ,*ur*1 ne> ,t>ryt[n1 :i* is well kn[n1 & famili> to e "o :o has read ,irv+'s 8,leg5d ( ,sleepy ,holl[40 ,!re is mu* ( ! wildness & beauty ( nature ab\t ?is place2 ! woods are /&+ close ^u ! "w1--! /ream :i* passes ?r\gh ! culv]t displays its :it5$ cre/s z x te>s along ov] ! rocky b$1 & utt]s its music until x is lo/ 9 ! dep? ( ! =e/4 ,! wild v9es w soon climb ! walls & cov] !m2 vegetation w ga!r ov] ! "w until nature & art be h>moni\sly w$d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xv ,f4 ,b4 ,t[]4 ,w4 ,b5nett4 sc4 ,,croton ,,aqu$uct ,,at ,,mill ,,riv]4 ,f ,mill ,riv] ! ,aqu$uct passes ! village ( ,t>ryt[n & ?r\gh "o tunnel & ov] sev]al depressions & /reams1 rea*+ ,jewell's ,brook :i* is sev5te5 & a half miles f ! dam4 ,?is /ream ent]s ! ,hudson ,riv] ab\t two miles bel[ ,t>ryt[n4 ,! di/ance f ! m\? ( ! /ream to ! l9e ( ,aqu$uct is only a qu>t] ( a mile4 ,plate ,,xvi4 is a view ( ! "w at ,jewell's ,brook4 ,! culv]t = ! /ream is #f feet span & #adh feet long4 ,! l>g] culv]t = a private road is #ad feet span & #ada feet long4 ,! wall :i* supports ! ,aqu$uct at ?is valley is #ej feet high4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 _m o!rs1 ! slope wall :i* cov]s ! face ( ! embankm5t has an ar* turn$ 9 x ov] ! top ( ! culv]ts3 ! object ( ?is is to prev5t ! direct pressure ( ! wall ^u ! top ( ! p>apet wall1 z x w\ld t5d to displace ! cop+ or injure ! p>apet itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xvi ,f4 ,b4 ,t[]4 ,j4 ,w4 ,hill4 ,,croton ,,aqu$uct ,,at ,,jewells ,,brook4 ,aft] cross+ ,jewell's ,brook ! ,aqu$uct passes along ! bank ( ! ,hudson ?r\gh ! village ( ,dobb's ,f]ry1 :]e !re is a tunnel & a valley requir+ a culv]t1 & cont9ues f ?is place to ! village ( ,ha/+s1 :]e !re is an ,aqu$uct bridge ov] a rail-road :i* is us$ = transport+ m>ble f ! qu>ry ne> by1 to ! l&+ on ! ,hudson ,riv]4 ,plate ,,xvii4 is a view ( ?is bridge & ! view "u ! ar* %[s ! face ( ! qu>ry :i* is ne> ! "w2 ! l&+ at ! riv] is ne> by1 giv+ a v rapid desc5t f ! qu>ry4 ,! ar* has a span ( #af feet & a rise ( #a foot4 ,?is bridge is tw5ty-"o miles f ! dam4 ,f ,ha/+s ! ,aqu$uct cont9ues along ! bank ( ! ,hudson until x rea*es ! village ( ,yonk]s :]e x leaves ! valley ( ! ,hudson1 & pass+ ?r\gh a tunnel ( consid]able l5g? rea*es ! valley ( ,saw-,mill ,riv]4 ,at ! cross+ ( ?is valley !re is a culv]t ( #bj feet span = a public road to pass "u ! ,aqu$uct1 & "o hav+ two ar*es ea* #be feet span = ! riv]4 ,plate ,,xviii4 is a view ( ! "w at ,saw ,mill ,riv]4 ,! wat] is set back at ?is place by a dam = a mill a %ort di/ance bel[1 giv+ ! /ream an appe>ance ( m magnitude ?an x really possesses4 ,?is po9t is #be miles f ! dam4 ,! wall :i* supports ! ,aqu$uct ov] ?is valley is #dj feet high4 ,f ,saw-,mill ,riv] ! ,aqu$uct pass+ ?r\gh "o tunnel soon rea*es ,tibbit's ,brook1 :i* x crosses by means ( a f\ndation wall ab\t #cj feet high & a culv]t ( #f feet span1 & cont9ues along ! s\? side ( ! valley ( ?is brook1 !nce to ! ,h>lem ,riv] :i* x crosses at "o mile f ,mc,comb's ,dam4 ,?is cross+ is ?irty-?ree miles f ! ,croton ,dam1 & ab\t t5 miles f ! ,city-,hall4 ,! di/ance across ?is valley is ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile1 & ! surface ( ! ,riv] is #abj feet bel[ ! bottom ( ! ,aqu$uct4 ,9 all ! exam9ations :i* 7 made ) a view ( br++ wat] f ,we/*e/] ,c\nty1 ! cross+ ( ?is ,riv]1 or arm ( ! sea1 0 reg>d$ z ! mo/ =midable "w t w\ld be enc\nt]$2 v>i\s plans 7 propos$1 & 9 pres5t+ ^! plans ! project 0 su* z to call into requisition mu* tal5t & skill4 ,an ,aqu$uct ,bridge built ( /one1 hav+ ar*es re/+ ^u pi]s & abutm5ts1 0 propos$ s z to cont9ue ! ,aqu$uct across ) its regul> incl9ation4 ,an ,inv]t$ ,syphon ( iron pipes 0 propos$2 ! pipes to desc5d to a level ne> ! surface ( ! ,riv]1 & pass+ along ^u a /one embankm5t rise aga9 & connect ) ! ,aqu$uct3 9 ?is /one embankm5t an ar* 0 to be built ( suffici5t dim5sions to all[ free passage ( ! wat] ( ! ,riv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xvii ,f4 ,b4 ,t[]4 ,j4 ,w4 ,hill4 ,,croton ,,aqu$uct ,,at ,,ha/+s4 ,ano!r plan 0 propos$ :i*1 ?\gh novel 9 its application to su* purpose1 0 wor?y ( consid]ation3 ?is 0 to build a ,susp5sion ,bridge ( wire cables rea*+ across ! valley1 support$ at int]vals ^u suitable /one pi]s4 ,?is1 ma9ta9+ ! regul> incl9ation ( ! ,aqu$uct1 w\ld support iron pipes4 ,! design 0 a bold "o1 yet in/ances :]e su* bridges h be5 con/ruct$ = road-ways af=d examples ( ! feasibility & p]man5cy ( ! /ructures1 & prove t ! application ( t pr9ciple = ?is purpose 0 n a vision>y project4 ,! plan :i* 0 adopt$ z ! mo/ suitable "u all ! consid]ations ( economy & security to ! "w1 0 a ,l[ ,bridge to support an inv]t$ syphon ( iron pipes2 & ! design ( x 0 z foll[s3 adjac5t to ! s\!rn %ore ( ! riv] !re 0 to be con/ruct$ an ar* = ! *annel ( ! riv]1 ( #hj feet span & spr++ f abutm5ts #aj feet above high wat] level2 ?is w\ld =m a passage ( #hj feet wide1 & ! height f high wat] level to ! "u side ( ! ar* at ! cr[n w\ld be #ej feet3 s\? ( ?is ar* foll[$ ?ree o!r ar*es on ! slope ( ! rocky hill1 ( #ce1 #cj1 & #be feet span3 s\? ( ^! ar*es a f\ndation wall 0 design$ to cont9ue ! plane ( incl9ation to ! level ( ! ,aqu$uct4 ,f ! l>ge ar* to ! nor!rn %ore ( ! riv] an embankm5t ( /one 0 design$ = ! support ( ! pipes1 & f ?is wall ! table l& on ! nor!rn %ore & ! slope ( ! nor!rn side ( ! valley1 w\ld be excavat$ to a =m to give ! prop] position to ! pipes desc5d+ f ! ,aqu$uct4 ,! l[e/ level ( ! top ( ?is /one embankm5t 0 design$ to be #d feet above flood tide4 ,suitable p>apet walls 7 design$ to be built along ! sides ( ! embankm5t to su/a9 a cov]+ ( e>? ov] ! pipes4 ,) ! =m :i* 0 giv5 to ?is inv]t$ syphon1 f\r pipes1 ea* ( #c feet int]ior diamet]1 7 f\nd to give a dis*>ge ( wat] equal to t ( ! ,aqu$uct ( masonry on ! e/abli%$ incl9ation4 ,9 accordance ) ?is plan ( ! ,l[ ,bridge ! "w = cross+ ! ,riv] 0 put "u contract & "s progress made 9 its execution1 :5 a law 0 pass$ by ! ,legislature ( ! ,/ate requir+1 in/ead ( ?is1 a /ructure1 ! ar*es ( :i* %\ld be 7ov] ! *annel ( ! riv]7 at lea/ #hj feet span & hav+ a di/ance ( #ajj feet f ! level ( high wat] to ! "u side ( ! cr[n2 or to g "u ! *annel ( ! riv] by a /ructure :i* %\ld n rise above ! b$1 & t w\ld leave ! pres5t *annel unob/ruct$4 ,at ?is "t :5 ! "w 0 go+ on vigor\sly1 !y 7 compell$ to ab&on ! plan :i* _h be5 adopt$1 & devise "o :i* w\ld comply ) ! requirem5ts ( ! law ( ! ,legislature4 ,a comp>ison 0 in/itut$ betwe5 ! plan ( a tunnel "u ! b$ ( ! riv] & t ( a bridge ( masonry at ! requir$ height above ! riv]4 ,! tunnel w\ld be at lea/ #cjj feet long & ! top ( ! masonry =m+ x1 w\ld be #ah feet bel[ high wat] level4 ,9 ?is tunnel ! iron pipes w\ld pass "u ! ,riv] & w\ld be protect$ f ! salt wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xviii ,f4 ,b4 ,t[]4 ,w4 ,b5nett4 sc4 ,,croton ,,aqu$uct ,,at ,,yonk]s4 ,an e/imate ( ! co/ ( cross+ by means ( ea* plan 0 made1 & ! result 0 9 favor ( ! tunnel "u ! b$ ( ! ,riv]2 b f ! imp]fect k :i* c\ld at be/ be obta9$ ( ! =mation ( ! b$1 !re 0 great unc]ta9ty 9 ! e/imate ( ! co/ ( ! tunnel & ! "t t w\ld be requir$ = its completion4 ,! hi/ory ( ! progress ( "w 9 ! tunnel "u ! ,?ames at ,london w>n$ !m ( ! difficulties ( su* a "w & ! unc]ta9ty ( arriv+ at a prop] e/imate ( ! co/4 ,9 ! alt]native to :i* !y 7 driv5 by ! ,act ( ! ,legislature1 ! plan ( an ,aqu$uct bridge ( masonry 0 adopt$ z ! prop] "o = cross+ ! ,riv]2 b 9 e/abli%+ its altitude !y compli$ only ) ! requisitions ( ! law1 & made ! s(fit or "u side ( ! ar*es at ! cr[n1 #ajj feet above common high wat] level4 ,?is w\ld n c>ry ! "w up to ! level ( ! ,aqu$uct1 & w\ld r5d] x necess>y to connect ! ,aqu$uct on ea* side ( ! valley by iron pipes :i* w\ld desc5d to ! level ( ! bridge & cross+ x rise aga9 to ! masonry *annel-way4 ,! plans :i* 7 be=e spok5 ( = a bridge ( masonry across ?is valley1 contemplat$ a /ructure :i* w\ld ma9ta9 ! regul> incl9ation ( ! ,aqu$uct2 & ! *annel-way w\ld h be5 =m$ ( masonry hav+ a ca/ iron l9+2 b a m full consid]ation ( ! subject sugge/$ ! propriety ( us+ iron pipes ov] ! bridge1 ev5 if x _h be5 c>ri$ up to ! grade plane ( ! ,aqu$uct3 :5 ! use ( iron pipes 0 det]m9$ ^u1 !n consid]ations ( economy induc$ !m to build ! "w only high en\gh to comply ) ! requirem5ts ( ! law4 ,! plan :i* has be5 adopt$ = build+ an ,aqu$uct bridge across ?is valley is z foll[s3 on ! s\? %ore ( ! riv] !re is "o ar* ( #ej feet span1 across ! riv] !re are eight ar*es1 ea* ( #hj feet span1 & on ! nor? %ore !re are six ar*es ea* ( #ej feet span2 mak+ a range ( fifte5 ar*es4 ,f ! extremes ( ?is range ( ar*es1 a f\ndation wall ( dry /one "w connects ) ! ,aqu$uct4 ,two ( ! pi]s 9 ! riv] h a rock f\ndation & ! f\ndations = ^? :]e rock is n obta9$ is =m$ by driv+ piles :i* are plac$ #b feet f c5tre to c5tre1 & ! spaces betwe5 fill$ ) concrete to a dep? ( #c feet bel[ ! top ( !m4 ,plate ,,xix4 is a view ( ?is bridge1 :i*1 :5 complet$1 w be ! mo/ int]e/+ "w on ! :ole l9e ( ,aqu$uct1 & 9 its appe>ance w rival ! gr&eur ( simil> works ( ! ,anci5t ,romans4 ,! height f ! f\ndations 9 ! riv]1 to ! top ( ! "w is #aej feet2 ! wid? across ! top is #ba feet4 ,! pipes :5 laid ^u ! bridge w be cov]$ ) e>? to protect !m f fro/4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! extremes ( ! pipes :5 laid across ! bridge w be #acgg feet4 ,= a di/ance ( #ah feet at ea* end ( ! pipes !re is an incl9ation & ! rema9d] ( ! di/ance across1 :i* is #acda feet1 !y are level4 ,! bottom ( ! int]ior ( ! pipes on ! level "p1 is #ab-h_/aj feet bel[ ! bottom ( wat] way ( ! ,aqu$uct on ! nor? side1 & #aj-e_/aj bel[ t on ! s\? side ( ! valley4 ,9 ! progress ( excavat+ 9 "o ( ! c(f] dams 9 ! *annel ( ! riv] a portion ( a sunk5 vessel 0 f\nd )9 ! enclosure2 x _h ! appe>ance ( great age4 ,tradition among ! inhabitants ( ! vic9ity says t at an e>ly p]iod ( ! ,revolution>y w> a vessel 0 scuttl$ & sunk 9 t "p ( ! riv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xix ,f4 ,b4 ,t[]4 ,napoleon ,gimbr$e4 sc4 ,,croton ,,aqu$uct ,,at ,,h>lem ,,riv]4 ,to a m9d fond ( antiqu>ian rese>*es & accu/om$ to inve/ objects ( su* a nature ) associations ( ! pa/1 ?is anci5t wreck w\ld furni% a fruitful !me4 ,we are n[ lay+ ! f\ndation ( a magnific5t "w3 at ! day :5 ?is vessel 0 sunk ! ,am]ican p 7 lay+ ! f\ndation ( a new =m ( gov]nm5t compos$ ( pr9ciples :i* %\ld support a fabric ( endur+ /r5g? & beauty4 ,we are n[ build+ a "w :i* w /& z a monum5t ( ! g5ius & ent]prise ( ! age1 b x may be reg>d$ among ! fruits ( t civil & religi\s lib]ty :i* has be5 re>$ ^u ! f\ndations =m$ by ! p ( t day4 ,! wat] is n[ convey$ across ?is valley by an iron pipe ( #c feet int]ior diamet]4 ,9 ! progress ( prep>+ f\ndations = ! pi]s ( ! bridge1 an embankm5t has be5 =m$ across ! ,riv] & ! pipe leav+ ! ,aqu$uct on ! nor? side ( ! valley foll[s d[n ! slope ( ! hill1 & cross+ ov] ! ,riv] ^u ?is embankm5t1 asc5ds on ! s\? side aga9 to ! ,aqu$uct4 ,at ! bottom or l[e/ po9t 9 ?is pipe1 a bran* pipe ( #a foot diamet] has be5 connect$1 ext5d+ a di/ance ( #hj feet f x at "r angles & horizontally3 ! end ( ?is pipe is turn$ upw>ds to =m a jet1 & iron plates are fa/5$ ^u x giv+ any =m t may be desir$ to ! wat] issu+4 ,! level ( ?is bran* pipe is ab\t #abj feet bel[ ! bottom ( ! ,aqu$uct on ! nor? side ( ! valley2 af=d+ an opportunity = a beautiful jet d'eau2--su* an "o z _c be obta9$ at ! f\nta9s 9 ! city4 ,f an orifice ( sev5 in*es diamet] ! column ( wat] rises to a height ( #aae feet :5 !re is only a dep? ( #b feet ( wat] 9 ! ,aqu$uct4 ,to ^? :o _h wat*$ ov] ! "w dur+ its con/ruction & look$ = its successful op]ation1 ?is 0 peculi>ly gratify+4 ,to see ! wat] leap f ?is op5+ & rise upw>ds ) su* =ce & beauty1 occasion$ pleas+ emotions & gave pro( t ! design & con/ruction ( ! "w 7 alike faultless1 & t all ! fonde/ hopes ( its projectors w\ld be realiz$4 ,! sc5]y ar\nd ?is f\nta9 add$ mu* to its beauty2 !re x /ood1--a :it5$ column ris+ f ! riv]1 erect1 or %ift+ its =m1 or wav+ l a =e/ tree z ! w9ds sway$ x1 ) ! ra9b[ t9ts re/+ ^u its spray1 :ile on ei!r side ! wood$ hills arose to rival its height3 all ar\nd 0 ( nature2 no m>ble bas91--no allegorical figures1 wr\ght ) exquisite t\*es ( art to lure ! eye1 b a f\nta9 :]e nature _h adorn$ ! place ) ! gr&eur & beauty ( h] rude hills & m\nta9 sc5]y4 ,plate ,,xx4 is a di/ant view ( ! jet at ,h>lem ,riv]4 ,f ,h>lem ,riv] ! ,aqu$uct passes along ! s\? bank ( ! ,riv] = a %ort di/ance :]e x re/s 9 ! side ( ! rocky hill1 & cont9ues ov] an unev5 surface enc\nt]+ two tunnels be=e x rea*es ,manhattan ,valley1 :i* is ab\t #ce miles f ! ,croton dam4 ,?is valley is f\r fif?s ( a mile wide :]e ! ,aqu$uct meets x1 & ! depression is #ajb feet bel[ ! plane ( ,aqu$uct grade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xx ,f4 ,b4 ,t[]4 ,w4 ,b5nett4 ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,jet ,,at ,,h>lem ,,riv]4 ,"h 0 an opportunity = con/ruct+ a "w ( ar*itectural beauty & boldness by build+ up ) arcades ( ar*es1 "o l9e above ano!r1 & ?us ma9ta9 ! regul> incl9ation ( ! ,aqu$uct2 b consid]ations ( economy =bade x4 ,:]e ! ,aqu$uct rea*es ! nor? side ( ! valley1 a gate *amb] is =m$1 & f ?is1 two pipes ( #c feet int]ior diamet] desc5d to ! bottom ( ! valley & asc5d on ! s\? side to ano!r gate *amb] :]e !y connect ) ! ,aqu$uct aga94 ,provision is made = f\r pipes ( #c feet diamet]1 b at pres5t only two are laid :i* answ] ! dem&s ( ! city at ?is "t4 ,at ! bottom ( ! valley wa/e cocks are provid$ :i* dis*>ge into a sew] lead+ to ! ,hudson ,riv]1 a di/ance ( half a mile4 ,! l[e/ po9t 9 ! pipes is #ajb feet bel[ ! bottom ( ! wat] way ( ! ,aqu$uct on ! nor? side ( ! valley4 ,f ,manhattan ,valley ! ,aqu$uct passes ?r\gh a tunnel1 & foll[+ its c\rse ! next "w ( int]e/ is at ,cl5d9n+ ,valley1 :i* is ?irty-sev5 miles f ! ,croton ,dam4 ,?is valley is #aijj feet across1 & ! ,aqu$uct is support$ ^u a f\ndation wall ( dry /one "w hav+ ! face laid 9 mort>1 except ov] ?ree /reets :]e bridges are built1 hav+ an ar* ( #cj feet span = ! c>riage-way & "o on ea* side ( #aj feet span = ! side walks4 ,^! bridges are ov] #ih?1 #ii?1 & #ajj? /reets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxi ,f4 ,b4 ,t[]4 ,w4 ,b5nett4 sc4 ,,croton ,,aqu$uct ,,at ,,cl5d9n+ ,,valley4 ,plate ,,xxi4 is a view ( a portion ( ! "w at ,cl5d9n+ ,valley %[+ ! ?ree bridges2 & comprises a l5g? ( ab\t #gjj feet4 ,! greate/ height f ! f\ndation to ! top ( ! "w is #ej feet1 & ! wid? at ! bottom ( ! ,aqu$uct is #cj feet4 ,p>apet walls are built on ! sides ( ! wall above ! bottom ( ! ,aqu$uct to support a cov]+ ( e>? ov] x4 ,plate ,,xxii4 is an enl>g$ view ( "o ( ! bridges & a portion ( ! f\ndation wall & ,aqu$uct adjac5t to x4 ,! ,aqu$uct has a ca/ iron l9+ ov] ! bridges l t describ$ at ! ,s+ ,s+ ,kill4 ,^! bridges are beautiful specim5s ( me*anical "w2 inde$ ! :ole /ructure across ?is valley has a degree ( neatness1 f9i%1 & ta/e1 n surpass$ by any on ! l9e ( ,aqu$uct4 ,to visit ?is /ructure & foll[ along its :ole ext5t1 gives "o an idea ( ! magnitude ( ! "w :i* ! ,city ( ,new-,york has accompli%$2 p>ticul>ly :5 x is consid]$ t ?is is only "o ( ! p>ts :i* make up ! :ole4 ,f ,cl5d9n+ ,valley ! ,aqu$uct soon rea*es ! ,receiv+ ,res]voir :i* is ?irty-eight miles f ! ,croton ,dam4 ,?is ,res]voir occupies an elevat$ "p ( ! isl& betwe5 #gi? & #hf? /reets & betwe5 ! #f? & #g? ,av5ues4 ,x cov]s sev5 ( ! city blocks2 is divid$ into two divisions1 "o cov]+ ?ree & ! o!r f\r ( ^! blocks4 ,x is #ahbf feet long & #hcf feet wide f outside to outside ( ! top ( ! ext]ior walls ( ! embankm5t1 mak+ an area ( ?irty-five acres4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxii ,f4 ,b4 ,t[]4 ,gimb]4 ,,aqu$uct ,,bridge ,,at ,,cl5d9n+ ,,valley4 ,! situation 0 *os5 z "o af=d+ ! prop] elevation3 b its =mation 0 su* z to pres5t difficulties 9 ! way ( mak+ ! ,res]voir p]fectly wat]-tight2 ! surface1 9 trac+ x f #gi? to #hf? /reet1 0 q undulat+1 a portion ( x 9 ! s\!rn division ( ! ,res]voir fall+ bel[ ! propos$ bottom1 & t portion ( ! surface :i* 0 e>?1 =m+ only a cov]+ to ! rock1 :i* ov] ! :ole isl&1 pres5ts a s+ul>ly brok5 & unev5 =mation4 ,9 almo/ e in/ance ( excavation1 ! rock 0 f\nd above ! propos$ bottom ( ! ,res]voir1 & ! difficulty ( prev5t+ leakage along ! surface ( ?is rock may easily be conceiv$2 b consid]+ t measures are tak5 to prev5t su* an occurr5ce1 ano!r difficulty is /ill pres5t$ 9 ! =mation ( ! rock3 ! ve9s & fissures :i* are frequ5t 9 ?is gneiss =mation w\ld possibly af=d c\rses = ! wat] to escape2 ! rock be+ uns\nd 9 _m in/ances1 w\ld r5d] su* an occurr5ce /ill m liable4 ,a ,res]voir has h[ev]1 be5 con/ruct$ "h :i* prov$1 :5 x 0 fill$ ) wat]1 t suffici5t precaution 0 us$ to prev5t leakage1 & t ! difficulties :i* pres5t$ !mselves be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! "w 7 no long] to be fe>$4 ,! embankm5ts =m+ ! ,res]voir are made ( good assort$ e>?1 & a portion ( ! bank is puddl$1 or made compact & imp]vi\s by wett+ ! e>? & us+ a spade to =ce x into a compact /ate4 ,!y are ab\t #bj feet wide on ! top1 & increase 9 ?ickness t[>ds ! base by a slope on bo? sides3 ! outside face ( ! ,res]voir bank has a slope ( #a foot horizontal to #c feet v]tical3 ! inside has a slope ( #a foot horizontal to #a foot v]tical4 ,! outside face is protect$ by a /one wall #d feet ?ick hav+ ! face laid 9 mort>3 ! inside face is protect$ by a slope wall ( /one laid )\t mort>1 #a foot ?ick4 ,! top ( ! bank is #d feet above top wat] l9e1 & ! inside slope wall t]m9ates at #b feet above top wat] l9e1 leav+ ! rema9d] ( ! face to be cov]$ ) grass1 s z to pres5t a belt ( gre5 above ! wat] on ! bank entirely ar\nd ! ,res]voir4 ,a neat f5ce b\nds ! outside & ! inside ( ! top bank1 =m+ a walk ( a mile 9 l5g? ar\nd ! entire ,res]voir4 ,! greate/ dep? ( wat] 9 ! nor!rn division is #bj feet3 x 0 orig9ally int5d$ to excavate s z to give ! wat] a dep? ( #bj feet ov] ! :ole1 b a quantity ( rock 0 left1 z ! capacity 0 ?\ght to be suffici5t )\t tak+ x out4 ,! s\!rn division has #cj feet ( wat] :]e ! bottom 0 fill$ 9 ) embankm5t1 & #be :]e excavation 0 made4 ,a portion ( rock 0 left 9 ?is division = ! same reason z t 9 ! nor!rn division2 ! great] "p ( x be+ 9 ! s\?-we/ corn]1 :]e x rises above top wat] l9e4 ,! capacity ( ! ,res]voir :5 bo? divisions are full1 is #aej1jjj1jjj ,imp]ial gallons4 ,! surface ( wat] 9 ! nor!rn division cov]s #ah4ac acres1 & 9 ! s\!rn division1 #ab4ge acres2 mak+ 9 bo? ne>ly #ca acres4 ,plate ,,xxiii4 is a plan ( ! ,receiv+ ,res]voir4 ,! ,aqu$uct ent]s a gate *amb] at ,a4 :]e !re are regulat+ gates by :i* ! wat] c be dis*>g$ into ! nor!rn division2 or into ! s\!rn division by a cont9uation ( ! ,aqu$uct )9 ! ,res]voir bank to ! angle ,b4 ( t division4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxiii ,scale #bjj feet to "o in* ,f4 ,b4 ,t[]4 ,gimb]4 ,,receiv+ ,,res]voir ,a connection pipe ( ca/ iron is plac$ 9 ! division bank at ,c4 to all[ ! wat] to fl[ f "o division into ! o!r 9 ord] to equalize ! level2 x is plac$ #aj feet bel[ top wat] l9e & has a /op-cock to close or op5 x4 ,at ,d4 is a wa/e weir1 :]e surplus wat] may pass (f3 x is s arrang$ t ! wat]1 :5 x rises to a prop] level1 w fl[ into a well1 & f ?is a brick sew] conducts x (f into l[ gr\nds1 :]e x f9ds its way to ! ,ea/ ,riv]4 ,at ea* place :]e x is design$ to dis*>ge wat] f ! ,res]voir1 a gate h\se is built f> en\gh into x to rea* ! greate/ dep? ( wat] beyond ! slope ( ! embankm5t4 ,^! h\ses h a wall ^u ?ree sides1 & ! front :i* faces ! c5tre ( ! ,res]voir has a suitable scre5 ( wood "w & wood5 gates :i* regulate ! level bel[ ! surface = ! curr5t ( dis*>ge1 & ! iron pipes lead+ f ^! h\ses h a /op-cock by :i* ! dis*>ge is controll$2 ?is /op-cock is 9 a vault )9 ! ,res]voir bank4 ,! position ( ^! efflu5t gate h\ses is m>k$ on ! plan by ! lett]s ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 !re be+ two 9 ea* division4 ,a foot bridge af=ds conv5i5t access f ! bank to ! h\se4 ,^? h\ses on ! ea/ side d5ot$ by ,e1 ,f1 are ! ones f :i* pipes lead to ! l[] or ,di/ribut+ ,res]voir1 & ^? on ! we/ side d5ot$ by ,g1 ,h1 are int5d$ = supply+ ! we/]n "p ( ! city nor? ( ! ,di/ribut+ ,res]voir4 ,!re is a vault )9 ! ea/]n bank to accommodate ! pipes :i* leave ! h\se ,e1 & pass+ along1 connect ) ^? f ! h\se ,f1 & !nce ! pipes cont9ue along #hj? /reet & ! #e? ,av5ue to ! ,di/ribut+ ,res]voir4 ,a vault )9 ! we/ bank accommodates ! pipe :i* leads f ! h\se ,h1 & int]sects ! "o f ,g1 pass+ out at #ha/ /reet2 ?us 9 ?is /reet a pipe draws f ! s\!rn division at ,g1 & a bran* ( x pass+ along )9 ! vault draws f ! nor!rn division at ,h4 ,provision has be5 made on ! ea/ side ( ! ,res]voir = supply+ t "p ( ! city :5 x becomes necess>y4 ,at pres5t !re are two pipes lead+ f ?is to ! ,di/ribut+ ,res]voir1 ea* #c feet int]ior diamet]1 & !y are arrang$ t bo? may draw f ! s\!rn division1 or "o f t1 & "o f ! nor!rn division4 ,! pipes are plac$ at a level bel[ ! bottom ( ! division f :i* !y draw3 ! bottom ( ! int]ior ( ^? f ! s\!rn division be+ #b feet bel[1 & t ( ^? f ! nor!rn #e feet bel[4 ,! ext]ior walls ( ?is ,res]voir pres5t a face ( r\gh-hamm]$ masonry1 f9i%$ 9 a mann] to give !m neatness & durability4 ,z a specim5 ( me*anical "w1 ?is ,res]voir w n be> a comp>ison ) ! l[]1 or ,di/ribut+ ,res]voir1 yet ! %eet ( wat] x pres5ts1 r5d]s x an object ( p]haps great] int]e/4 ,?is beautiful lake ( pure wat] re/+ ^u ! summit ( ! ,isl& is truly a pleas+ object1 & consid]+ its size1 is :at no o!r city c boa/ ( hav+ )9 its limits4 ,! ,di/ribut+ ,res]voir is situat$ on ! we/ side ( ! #e? ,av5ue betwe5 #dj? & #dbnd /reets2 x is two miles f ! ,receiv+ ,res]voir1 & ab\t ?ree miles f ! ,city-,hall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xxiv ,f4 ,b4 ,t[]4 ,napoleon ,gimbr$e4 sc4 ,,di/ribut+ ,,res]voir4 ,! "q may naturally be ask$1 :y ?is ,res]voir 0 built1 :5 ! receiv+ "o1 ( su* great capacity1 is s ne> at h&8 ,! reason = build+ x1 0 to obta9 an effici5t head ( wat] ne> to ! d5sely populat$ p>ts ( ! city1 & _h ! =mation ( ! isl& be5 favorable1 ! ,receiv+ ,res]voir w\ld und\bt$ly h be5 locat$ f>!r d[n1 br++ ! /ore ( wat] m ne>ly 9 ! c5tre ( ! city4 ,plate ,,xxiv4 is an isometrical view ( ! ,di/ribut+ ,res]voir %[+ ! front on ! #e? ,av5ue & on #dbnd /reet4 ,! pipes :i* leave ! ,receiv+ ,res]voir foll[ along ! #e? ,av5ue until !y rea* #dbnd /reet1 :]e !y turn & ent] ! ,di/ribut+ ,res]voir at ! base ( ! c5tral pila/] 9 t /reet1 :i* 9 ! draw+ is %[n on ! "r h& side4 ,! pipes ent] at ! bottom ( ! ,res]voir & ! fl[ ( wat] is regulat$ by /op-cocks3 ! door 9 ! pila/] af=ds an entrance to ! vault :]e ^! /op-cocks are situat$4 ,! ,res]voir is divid$ into two sep>ate divisions by a wall4 ,x is design$ to h ?ree pipes1 ea* #c feet diamet]1 to lead f ! ,receiv+ to ! ,di/ribut+ ,res]voir & arrangem5ts are made to dis*>ge wat] f two ( !m into "o division ( ! ,di/ribut+ ,res]voir at a "t1 or ! wat] may be divid$ into an equal supply = bo? divisions4 ,on ! s\? side ( ! ,res]voir a pipe ( #c feet diamet] leaves ea* division & !y are arrang$ ) bran*es s z to draw f "o or bo? divisions4 ,! h\se /&+ across ! division wall is directly ov] ! m\? ( ! efflu5t pipes1 & is con/ruct$ l ^? at ! ,receiv+ ,res]voir1 ) a gate & scre5 frame ( timb]4 ,! c5tral pila/] on #dj? /reet has an entrance 7l t on #dbnd /reet7 to ! vault :]e ! /op-cocks are situat$ :i* regulate ! dis*>ge f ! ,res]voir4 ,! pipes leave ! ,res]voir at ! base ( ?is pila/] & f #dj? /reet1 curve into ! #e? ,av5ue1 :i* !y pursue until !y rea* a conv5i5t po9t = div]g+ to ! d5sely populat$ p>ts ( ! city4 ,?is ,res]voir is #dbj feet squ>e on ! top1 measur+ on ! cornice ( ! ma9 wall2 x is #dbe feet squ>e at ! top ( ! cornice ( ! pila/]s1 & #dcf feet squ>e at ! base1 measur+ f outside to outside ( ! corn] pila/]s1 cov]+ a little ov] f\r acres4 ,! height ( ! walls is #de feet above ! /reets ar\nd1 & ab\t #ej feet above ! f\ndations4 ,! wat] is #cf feet deep :5 x rea*es ! level design$ = its surface 7:i* is #d feet bel[ ! top ( ! walls7 & ! surplus1 :5 ! ,res]voir is full1 passes into a well 9 ! division wall & is conduct$ by a sew] 9 #dbnd /reet to ! ,hudson ,riv]1 :i* is "o mile di/ant4 ,! ,res]voir is calculat$ to hold #bj1jjj1jjj gallons4 ,! outside walls are con/ruct$ ) op5+s 9 !m s t by ent]+ ! door on #dbnd /reet "o may walk entirely ar\nd ! ,res]voir )9 ! walls4 ,"o object ( ?is arrangem5t is to obta9 ! greate/ bread? ) a giv5 quantity ( mat]ial2 ano!r is to af=d an opportunity to exam9e ! "w s z to gu>d aga9/ leakage2 & ano!r1 to prev5t any moi/ure f9d+ its way ?r\gh to ! ext]ior s z to cause injury to ! wall by ! action ( fro/4 ,?is k9d ( op5 "w ( ! wall rises to )9 ab\t #h feet ( top wat] l9e4 ,inside ( ^! walls an embankm5t ( puddl$ e>? is =m$ ) suitable bread? ( base to give security to ! "w1 & ! face ( ?is e>? next to ! wat] is cov]$ ) a wall ( hydraulic masonry #a foot ?ick4 ,! top ( ! embankm5t is cov]$ ) /one flagg+1 =m+ a walk ar\nd ! top ( ! ,res]voir4 ,! bottom ( ! ,res]voir has a cov]+ ( concrete #a foot ?ick2 ?us :5 x is empty !re w be se5 two bas9s hav+ ! sides & bottom =m$ ( masonry4 ,a section ( ! wall ( "o side ( ! ,res]voir1 includ+ ! embankm5t1 is #ag feet wide at ! top1 #ce feet wide #af feet bel[ ! top1 & #gf feet wide at ! bottom3 ! cornice projects on ! outside & ! cop+ on ! inside s z to make ! wid? ( ! top #ba feet4 ,an iron rail+ b\nds ! outside & inside ( ! walk ar\nd ! top4 ,! outside ( ! ,res]voir is built on a slope ( "o six? its height1 or two in*es to ! foot1 & an ,egyptian cornice projects at ! top ( ! ma9 walls & ! pila/]s4 ,at ! entrance on ! #e? ,av5ue a /airway leads up to ! top ( ! ,res]voir4 ,t]races are built ar\nd at ! foot ( ! walls & cov]$ ) grass1 giv+ a ri* f9i% to ! "w4 ,?is ,res]voir may be consid]$ ! t]m9ation ( ! ,croton ,aqu$uct1 & is di/ant f ! ,f\nta9 ,res]voir on ! ,croton1 =ty & a half miles4 ,! :ole co/ ( ! "w1 exclusive ( ! pipes 9 ! city bel[ ! ,di/ribut+ ,res]voir1 is ab\t #i1jjj1jjj doll>s4 ,add+ to ?is ! co/ ( pipes & arrangem5ts = di/ribut+ ! wat] 9 ! city1 w make ! total co/ ( supply+ ! city ( ,new-,york ) wat] ab\t #ab1jjj1jjj doll>s4#g ,! wat] 0 introduc$ into ! ,di/ribut+ ,res]voir on ! #d? ( ,july1 #ahdb1 & ! ev5t 0 hail$ by ! citiz5s ( ,new-,york ) an int]e/ sc>cely less ?an t p]vad+ ! :ole ,am]ican p at ! remembrance ( ! ev5t1 ! anniv]s>y ( :i*1 0 on t day celebrat$4 ,at an h\r :5 ! fir+ ( guns & ! r++ ( bells _h ar\s$ b few f _! slumb]s1 & ere ! rays ( ! morn+ sun _h gild$ ! city domes1 ! wat]s ( ! ,croton gu%$ up into ! ,res]voir & w&]$ ab\t its bottom z if to exam9e ! magnific5t /ructure2 or to f9d a re/+ place 9 ! temple t[>ds :i* !y _h made a pilgrimage4 ,! national flag float$ out f ea* corn] ( ! ,res]voir1 & dur+ ! day ?\s&s ( ! citiz5s visit$ x giv+ demon/rations ( joy & satisfaction at ! accompli%m5t ( ?is great "w4 ,! #ad? ( ,octob] foll[+ 0 set ap>t z a day = ! celebration ( ! introduction ( ! wat] into ! city3 & x 0 an occasion ( unre/ra9$ en?usiasm & joy4 ,multitudes came 9 f ! c\ntry ar\nd1 & f si/] cities3--all bus9ess 0 laid aside = ! pleas+ c]emonies ( ! day1 & ! ,croton wat]1 ) ! beauty & gr&eur ( its f\nta9s1 met ) a welcome :i* %[$ t its value 0 appreciat$4 ,! advantages1 ! com=ts & bless+s ( ?is supply ( pure wat] w be appreciat$ z ! city ext5ds ! means = its use1 & ! "t is n di/ant :5 %e w reg>d x z a treasure :i* 0 *eaply pur*as$1 & w pr\dly po9t to ! noble "w :i* %e has a*iev$ n only z an example ( h] munific5ce1 b z an illu/ration ( :at art & sci5ce c accompli%4 ,) cleanly /reets1 & ! public p>ks beautifi$ ) ! f\nta9s :i* s5d =? cool+ & refre%+ vap\rs ^u ! air1 ! citiz5s w =get to leave ! city dur+ ! w>m mon?s ( summ]1 & ! sea-%ore1 ! m\nta9-tops1 & wat]+-places1 w fancy _! beauty has fad$1 s9ce !y cease to be visit$4 ,! =eign] :o visits ?is c\ntry w f9d ! ,croton ,aqu$uct an int]e/+ specim5 ( our public works1 & w be pleas$ ) a p$e/rian t\r along ! l9e ( "w to ! ,f\nta9 ,res]voir among ! hills ( ! ,croton4 ,besides becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! important features ( ! "w1 he may enjoy mu* t is beautiful 9 ,am]ican sc5]y4 ,9 8 c\rse along ! ,aqu$uct he may see ! maje/ic palisades :i* = a di/ance wall ! "r bank ( ! ,hudson2 he may view ! ,tappan & ,hav]/raw bays ) _! ev]-v>y+ sc5]y1 & ! d>k gorge :]e ! ,hudson em]ges f ! ,highl&s ) its :ite bosom4 ,along ! ,aqu$uct !re are also _m picturesque sc5es :]e ! m\nta9 /ream leaps among ! rocks 9 ! deep rav9e :i* guides its c\rse to ! ,hudson4 ,! c\ntry is int]e/+ also f ! associations ) :i* x has be5 inve/$ by ! p5 ( our noveli/s4 ,! region ( ! ,croton :]e ! ,f\nta9 ,res]voir is =m$1 is a "p ( ! di/rict :]e ! sc5e ( ! 8,tale ( ! ,neutral ,gr\nd0 is laid2 & "o may fancy !re ! figure ( ,h>vey ,bir*1 b5ea? 8 pondr\s pack1 ca/+ a %ad[ at night along ! moon-lit slopes4 ,leav+ ! valley ( ! ,croton we come out ^u ! ,hudson at ! head ( ! 8great wat]s ( ! ,tappan ,zee10 beyond :i* ! e>ly inhabitants ( ,new-,am/]dam d>$ n to voyage )\t fir/ 8settl+ _! family affairs1 & mak+ _! wills40 ,z we approa* ,t>ryt[n we f9d ! localities :i* 7 pictur$ 9 ! 8,leg5d ( ,sleepy ,holl[10 & easily recognize ! ,old ,dut* ,*ur* ne> :i* ! affright$ ,i*abod ,crane 0 s sadly unhors$ by ! headless ,hessian4 ,we f9d 9 ?is vic9ity also1 ! place not$ z ! 8spot :]e ! un=tunate #8,&re' 0 captur$40 ,besides ! romantic & div]sifi$ sc5]y ( ! ,hudson :i* is 9 view f ! l9e ( ,aqu$uct1 ! visitor may f9d highly cultivat$ gr\nds & delightful c\ntry seats1 & among !m t ( our di/+ui%$ c\ntryman1 ,wa%+ton ,irv+1 :]e he s\ght a rural retirem5t = 8 lit]>y pursuits4 ,b x is unnecess>y to speak fur!r ( ! objects :i* are calculat$ to int]e/ ! visitor to ?is "p ( ! c\ntry3 we w\ld only invite ! /rang] :o visits ! city ( ,new-,york to g =? & visit h] noble ,aqu$uct3 :5 he has become acqua9t$ ) ! magnitude & gr&eur ( its con/ruction1 !n he may turn aside = prospects to admire & incid5ts to int]e/4 ,,app5dix4 ,,by ,,*>les ,a4 ,,lee1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,wat]4 7,*iefly compil$ f ! works ( ,?omson1 ,p]eira1 ,:ewell & o!rs47 ,wat] 0 reg>d$ by ! anci5ts z an elem5t>y sub/ance1 & z a con/itu5t ( mo/ o!r bodies4 ,?is op9ion 0 some:at modifi$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ,van ,helmont & ,mr4 ,boyle1 :o ma9ta9$ t x c\ld be *ang$ into all vegetable sub/ances1 z well z into e>?2 b x 0 sub/antially held until ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 7#agha17 :5 ,mr4 ,cav5di% prov$ t ?is liquid 0 a comp\nd ( oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,,natural ,,hi/ory4 ,9 ! inorganiz$ k+dom4 ,wat] is v g5]ally diffus$ ov] ! surface ( ! globe1 =m+ seas1 lakes1 & riv]s2 x is me*anically dissem9at$ among rocks1 con/itutes an ess5tial "p ( "s m9]als1 & always exi/s to a great] or less ext5t1 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,9 ! air1 wat] is =m$ 9 two /ates2 z a vapor 7:i* makes ab\t "o-sev5tie? by volume1 or "o "o-hundr$? by weight ( ! atmosph]e7 x is suppos$ to be ! cause ( ! blue color to ! sky2 & 9 a vesicul> =m1 9 :i* /ate x con/itutes ! cl\ds4 ,t]re/rial wat] =ms ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! surface ( ! t]raque\s globe4 ,! av]age dep? ( ! ocean is calculat$ at betwe5 two & ?ree miles4 ,n[ z ! height ( dry l& above ! surface ( ! sea is less ?an two miles1 x is evid5t1 t if ! pres5t dry l& 7 di/ribut$ ov] ! bottom ( ! ocean1 ! surface ( ! globe w\ld pres5t a mass ( wat]s a mile 9 dep?4 ,on ! supposition t ! mean dep? ( ! sea is n great] ?an ! f\r? "p ( a mile1 ! solid cont5ts ( ! ocean w\ld be #cb1jeh1ici cubic miles 7,?omson's ,*emi/ry47 ,! quantity ( wat] me*anically dissem9at$ ?r\gh rocks1 :i* s]ve m]ely z a natural res]voir = ! "t1 mu/ be1 9 ! aggregate1 v consid]able1 ?\gh x is impossible to =m any v accurate e/imate ( x4 ,ev5 9 ^? rocks :i* m]ely supply spr+s1 ! am\nt ( dissem9at$ wat] mu/ be enorm\s2 = !y s f> resemble filt]s1 t are necess>ily *>g$ ) ! fluid be=e !y p]mit x to pass out4 ,de ,la ,be*e has advanc$ ! op9ion t capill>y attraction has great p[]1 bo? 9 me*anically dissem9at+ wat] among rocks1 & 9 reta9+ x 9 !m :5 s dissem9at$1 & t x !re=e keeps !m1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 saturat$ ) moi/ure1 & assi/s 9 promot+ a m equal fl[ ( wat] 9 spr+s4 ,capill>y attraction & gravity probably c>ry wat] d[n f> beyond ^? situations :]e x c be return$ 9 spr+s1 at lea/ cold spr+s1 = !re are c]ta9 circum/ances connect$ ) ^? :i* are !rmal1 :i* g to prove1 t ! wat] ?r[n up by !m may h p]colat$ to consid]able dep?s4 ,x is v evid5t t mo/ rocks conta9 dissem9at$ moi/ure1 = !re are few :i*1 :5 expos$ to heat1 d n give wat]4 ,sulphate ( lime1 = example1 or pla/] ( p>is1 conta9s ab\t #bj p] c5t41 & common s]p5t9e1 z mu* z #ae p] c5t4 ( x4 ,soap-/one has #d p] c5t41 & ev5 qu>tz #b p] c5t4 ( wat]1 9 _! composition4 ,?is fluid exi/s 9 m9]als ei!r z wat] ( cry/allization1 or comb9$ z a hydrate4 ,b ?\gh wat] is ?us g5]ally diffus$ ov] ! surface ( ! globe1 yet x is n f\nd p]fectly pure 9 any place2 ev5 ! ra9 & ! sn[ t desc5d f ! cl\ds1 ! cond5sation1 z x 71 ( a natural di/illation1 are slightly ta9t$ by sal9e matt]s2 :i* circum/ance c only arise f ! great solv5t p[] ( wat] enabl+ x to take up a portion ( mo/ sub/ances ) :i* x comes into contact1 9 its natural condition4 ,9 _m lakes1 & 9 ! ocean1 ! quantity ( sal9e matt] is s great z to r5d] x unfit = dilu5t purposes2 b1 :5 sea-wat] freezes1 ! sal9e impregnations are deposit$2 & ! ice af=ds fre% wat]4 ,9 ! /ate 9 :i* wat] is g5]ally employ$ z a dilu5t1 its impregnations are 9 small quantity1 & n usually suffici5t ei!r to dim its transp>5cy1 or to give x color1 smell1 or ta/e1 & consequ5tly to r5d] x unfit = ! ord9>y purposes ( life4 ,wat]1 !re=e1 :i* is transp>5t1 colorless1 inodor\s1 & ta/eless1 is call$ good & pure1 & none o!r c be call$ su*2 ?\gh "s m$ical writ]s are ( op9ion1 t x is n necess>y x %\ld be 9 ?is pure /ate = common use4 ,su* op9ion h[ev] is und\bt$ly errone\s-- ,,ii4 ,9 ! organiz$ k+dom4 ,wat] ent]s l>gely into ! composition ( organic sub/ances4 ,x con/itutes1 at lea/1 f\r fif?s ( ! weight ( ! animal tissues1 be+ ! s\rce ( _! physical prop]ties1 ext5sibility & flexibility4 ,?is wat] is n *emically comb9$ 9 !m3 = x is gradually giv5 (f by evaporation1 & c be extract$ at once by /rong pressure betwe5 blott+-pap]4 ,:5 depriv$ ( its wat]1 animal matt] becomes :olly insusceptible ( vitality2 except 9 ! case ( "s ( ! l[] animals1 :i*1 z well z "s plants1 revive :5 aga9 moi/5$4 ,accord+ to ,*evreul1 pure wat] alone c r$uce organiz$ sub/ances to ?is /ate ( s(tness2 al?\gh salt wat]1 alcohol1 e!r1 & oil1 are also imbib$ by dry animal textures4 ,moi/ animal tissues1 by virtue ( _! porosity1 all[ soluble matt]s1 :i* come into contact ) !m1 to be dissolv$ by ! wat] :i* !y conta91 & :i* oils _! pores3 if ! matt]s are already 9 solution1 !y are imp>t$ by _! solutions to ! wat] ( ! tissues4 ,gase\s sub/ances are tak5 up 9 ! same way4 ,wat] exi/s 9 ne>ly z l>ge a proportion 9 vegetable z 9 animal sub/ances4 ,prop]ties4 ,pure wat]1 z has already be5 /at$1 is a transp>5t liquid )\t color1 ta/e1 or smell4 ,"s h d\bt$ :e!r x is entirely inodor\s1 f ! fact t ! camel1 & "s o!r animals1 c sc5t wat] to a consid]able di/ance1 & also :e!r x c be call$ colorless1 z all l>ge masses ( wat] h a blui%-gre5 color4 ,?is ph5om5on is1 h[ev]1 probably ow+ to ! pres5ce ( =eign matt]s4 ,x refracts light p[]fully1 is a sl[ conductor ( heat1 :5 its int]nal movem5ts are prev5t$1 & an imp]fect conductor ( electricity4 ,x is almo/ incompressible1 a pressure equal to #bjjj atmosph]es occasion+ a dim9ution ( only "o-n9? ( its bulk2 or1 :5 submitt$ to a compress+ =ce equal to #cj1jjj lbs4 on ! squ>e in*1 #ad volumes ( ?is fluid are cond5s$ into #ac volumes2 prov+ t x is ela/ic4 ,wat] be+ ! sub/ance mo/ easily procur$ 9 e "p ( ! e>? 9 a /ate ( purity1 x has be5 *os5 by univ]sal cons5t1 to repres5t ! unit ( ! specific gravity ( all solid & liquid bodies4 ,a cubic in* ( wat] at #fj ,fah4 weighs #bee4e gra9s2 s t ?is fluid is ab\t #hae times heavi] ?an atmosph]ic air1 b be+ ! /&>d to :i* ! weight ( all o!r sub/ances is ref]r$1 its specific weight is said to be #a4 ,accord+ly :5 we say t ! specific gravity ( a body is two we mean t x weighs twice z mu* z ! same volume ( wat] w\ld d4 ,wat] unites ) bo? acids & bases1 b )\t de/roy+ _! acid or basic prop]ties4 ,?us ! cry/alliz$ vegetable acids1 t>t>ic1 citric1 & oxalic1 are atomic comb9ations ( wat] ) acids4 ,cau/ic pota% 7potassa fusa7 & slak$ lime may be in/anc$ z comp\nds ( wat]1 & basic sub/ances2 ^! are !re=e call$ hydrates4 ,! cry/alliz$ salts1 su* z alum1 common salt1 sulphate ( soda1 sulphate ( magnesia1 borate ( soda1 7borax17 c41 conta9 a l>ge am\nt ( wat] z a *emical con/itu5t1 call$ wat] ( cry/allization4 ,wat] rapidly absorbs "s gases1 z ammonia1 fluoride ( boron1 c41 b x is nei!r combu/ible1 nor1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 a support] ( combu/ion4 ,composition4 ,! composition ( wat] is det]m9$ bo? by analysis & syn!sis4 ,if ?is liquid be submitt$ to ! influ5ce ( a volcanic batt]y1 x is decompos$ into two gases1 namely "o volume ( oxyg5 & two volumes ( hydrog54 ,^! gases1 9 ! proportions j m5tion$1 may be made to recomb9e1 & =m wat] by heat1 electricity1 or spongy plat9um1 z wat] consi/s ( "o equival5t ( hydrog51 #a & "o ( oxyg51 #h #i2 & 9 volume1 ( "o volume ( hydrog51 & half a volume ( oxyg51 cond5s$ into aque\s vapor or /eam we c easily calculate ! specific gravity ( /eam1 = its d5sity w be1 4#jfhi 7,sp4 gr4 ( hydrog57 4#eeab 7half ! ,sp4 gr4 ( oxyg57 4#fbja4 ,wat] z affect$ by ! laws ( ,heat4 ,z ! ext5sive & important functions :i* wat] dis*>ges 9 ! economy ( nature1 dep5d ma9ly on ! mann] 9 :i* x is affect$ by ! laws ( heat1 a few rem>ks on ?is subject may n be inappropriate to ?is place4 ,heat is communicat$ ?r\gh wat] 9 a diff]5t mann]1 f t obs]v$ 9 relation to solids1 = x is n conduct$ z 9 !m1 f "o p>ticle to ano!r1 b c>ri$ ) ! p>ts ( ! fluid by means ( an inte/9e motion4 ,wat] exp&s & becomes light] by heat1 & !re=e x is1 t if ! upp] portion ( wat] be cool$ bel[ ! l[]1 ! =m] desc5ds1 & ! latt] rises to take its place4 ,?us a con/ant c\nt]-curr5t is kept up1 & ! :ole body ( wat] has to cool d[n to ne> ! freez+ po9t1 be=e congelation c take place4 ,?is equalization ( temp]ature1 moreov]1 takes place mu* m rapidly1 ?an x w\ld d 9 a solid body2 h5ce alt]nations ( heat & cold1 z day & night1 summ] & w9t]1 produce 9 wat]1 inequalities ( temp]ature mu* small] ?an ^? :i* occur 9 a solid body4 ,h5ce x is1 t ! ocean1 :i* cov]s s l>ge a portion ( ! e>?'s surface1 produces ! effect ( mak+ ! alt]nations ( heat & cold mu* less viol5t ?an !y w\ld be if x 7 abs5t4 ,! diff]5t temp]atures ( its upp] & l[] p>ts produce a curr5t :i* draws ! seas1 & by means ( ! seas1 ! air1 t[>ds ! mean temp]ature4 ,?is circulation is also c>ri$ on betwe5 di/ant tracts ( ! ocean2 z we see 9 ! case ( ! ,gulf ,/ream1 :i* ru%+ f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico across ! ,atlantic to ! we/]n %ores ( ,europe1 c>ries ) x a portion ( ! heat ( equatorial climes to ! cold] nor!rn regions1 & br++ back 9 return a portion ( ! cold f ! same high] latitudes4 ,?us1 l>ge portions ( ! e>? are r5d]$ habitable to man1 :i*1 )\t ! exi/5ce ( su* a law1 w\ld be doom$ to p]petual fro/ & solitude4 ,?is influ5ce ( ! ocean on temp]ature1 expla9s satisfactorily "s peculi>ities 9 ! climates ( c]ta9 tracts & isl&s1 = example1 :y ,london is cool] 9 summ]1 & hott] 9 w9t] ?an ,p>is4 ,b ?\gh wat] exp&s by heat & contracts by cold1 !re is ev5 a limit to ?is law1 = _h !re n be51 ! l[] p>ts ( wat] w\ld h froz5 fir/1 & ?us entire lakes1 riv]s & oceans1 p]haps1 become solid1 & _h !y become ?us froz51 !y w\ld h rema9$ s2 =1 z ! heat at ! surface w\ld n h desc5d$ f> ?r\gh ! cold] p>ts1 ! ma9 body ( ! ice mu/ =ev] h rema9$ solid1 z 9 ! arctic circle4 ,to obviate ?is great disadvantage1 wat] contracts by ! increase ( cold till we come ne> ! freez+ temp]ature1 7#dj ,f47 :5 x beg9s to exp& & cont9ues s to d till x freezes2 at #cb ,f4 ,h5ce1 wat] at #dj is at its greate/ d5sity & w lie at ! bottom1 ) cool] wat] or ice float+ above x4 ,h[ev] mu* ! surface be cool$1 wat] cold] ?an #dj _c desc5d to displace wat] w>m] ?an itself4 ,h5ce we nev] c h ice =m$ at ! bottom ( deep wat]1 ?\gh x is n uncommon to f9d x ?us situat$1 9 %all[ /reams or riv]s ( rapid fl[4 ,"h ! temp]ature ( ! :ole body ( wat] is br\ght d[n to ! freez+ po9t1 & 9 freez+ ! ice adh]es to ! sides & bottom ( ! /ream4 ,:at a beautiful provision is ?is1 t ! colde/ wat] %\ld rise to ! surface1 & !re freeze & rema91 expos$ to ! w>m? ( ! sun-beams & ! air1 to be spe$ily dissolv$ ^u ! return ( spr+6 ,?is is ow+ to ! well kn[n fact1 t 9 ! act ( freez+ a /ill fur!r expansion takes place1 s t ! specific gravity ( ice is less ?an wat] ( any temp]ature1 & consequ5tly floats ^u ! surface4 ,we ?us see t by ! contraction ( wat] by cold1 ! temp]ature ( v>i\s times & places is equaliz$1 ?\gh 7 t contraction )\t limit1 a great portion ( ! e>? w\ld be b\nd 9 fett]s ( ice4 ,su* a disa/r\s result1 is prev5t$ by ! sub/itution ( expansion = contraction1 :5 ! temp]ature is r$uc$ to #dj1 & ! b5evol5t purposes ( an all-wise ,design]1 are made /ill m manife/ by ! fur!r expansion ( wat] 9 ! act ( freez+4 ,z wat] becomes ice by cold1 x becomes /eam by heat4 ,we g5]ally und]/& by /eam ! vapor ( hot wat]1 b /eam or vapor rises f wat] at all temp]atures1 h[ev] l[1 & ev5 f ice4 ,! expansive =ce ( ?is vapor increases rapidly z ! heat increases1 b yet 9 all cases ! surface ( wat] is cov]$ ) an atmosph]e ( aque\s vapor1 ! pressure1 or t5sion ( :i* is limit$ by ! temp]ature ( ! wat]4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! vapor is n conf9$1 caus+ ! surface ( wat] to be press$ ^u1 evaporation w take place1 & ?us !re mu/1 accord+ to ?is law1 always exi/ an atmosph]e ( aque\s vapor1 ! t5sion ( :i* may be comp>$ ) t ( our common atmosph]e4 ,n[ ! pressure ( ! latt] is measur$ by ! b>ometrical column1 ab\t #cj in*es ( m]cury1 :ile t ( wat]y vapor is equal to "o in* ( m]cury at ! con/itu5t temp]ature ( #hj degrees1 & to "o fif? ( an in* at ! temp]ature ( #cb degrees4 ,if ! atmosph]e ( air by :i* we are support$ 7 annihilat$1 !re w\ld /ill rema91 an atmosph]e ( aque\s vapor1 aris+ f ! wat]s & moi/ p>ts ( ! e>?1 b 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s ?is vapor rises 9 ! atmosph]e ( dry air1 & ?us its di/ribution & effects are mat]ially influ5c$ by ! vehicle 9 :i* x is ?us c>ri$4 ,! moi/ure ?us float+ at all times 9 ! air1 s]ves = ! support ( vegetable life1 ev5 9 c\ntries :]e ra9 seldom if ev] falls4 ,x is absorb$ by ! leaves ( liv+ plants1 :i* ?us increase 9 weight ev5 :5 susp5d$ 9 ! atmosph]e & disconnect$ ) ! soil4 ,dur+ int5se heats1 & :5 ! soil is p>*$ & dry1 we see ! life ( plants ?us pres]v$ until ! e>? is aga9 refre%$ ) %[]s1 & ! roots suppli$ ) _! wont$ moi/ure4 ,cl\ds1 are produc$ :5 aque\s vapor returns to ! /ate ( wat]2 & ?is process is call$ cond5sation4 ,:5ev] ! temp]ature becomes l[] ?an ! con/itu5t temp]ature1 requisite = ! ma9t5ance ( ! vapory /ate1 "s ( ! vapor1 or invisible /eam1 w be cond5s$1 & become wat]4 ,?is may be se5 illu/rat$ 9 ! cond5sation ( ! /eam1 z x issues f ! sp\t ( a tea-kettle4 ,cl\ds n only mod]ate ! f]vor ( ! sun1 b !y also *eck radiation f ! e>?1 = we f9d t ! colde/ nights are ^? :i* occur "u a cl\dless w9t] sky4 ,! use ( cl\ds 9 ! =mation ( ra91 is too obvi\s to ne$ po9t+ out m p>ticul>ly4 ,sn[ is froz5 vap\r aggregat$ by a confus$ action ( cry/all9e laws1 & ice is wat]1 solidifi$ :ile 9 its fluid /ate1 by ! same cry/all9e =ces4 ,^! are bad conductors ( cold1 & :5 ! gr\nd is cov]$ ) sn[1 or ! surface ( ! soil1 or if ! wat] is froz51 ! roots or bulbs ( plants b5ea? are protect$ by ! congeal$ wat] f ! influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e1 ! temp]ature ( :i* 9 nor!rn w9t]s1 is usually v mu* bel[ ! freez+ po9t2 & ?is wat] becomes ! fir/ n\ri%m5t ( ! plant1 9 e>ly spr+4 ,! expansion ( wat] dur+ its congelation1 at :i* "t its volume increases "o twelf?1 & its contraction 9 bulk dur+ a ?aw1 t5d to pulv]ize ! soil1 to sep>ate its p>ts f ea* o!r1 & to make x m p]meable to ! influ5ce ( ! air4 ,:5 ice *anges to wat]1 or wat] to /eam1 al?\gh at an inv>iable degree ( temp]ature1 yet ! *ange is n sudd51 b gradual4 ,:5 ! heat rea*es ! po9t1 at :i* ?aw+ or boil+ takes place1 ! temp]ature makes a /&2 a portion ( x disappe>s1 or becomes lat5t1 z x is call$2 ?us ! temp]ature ( ice _c be rais$1 till ! :ole is ?aw$1 nor t ( boil+ wat]1 till x has all be5 conv]t$ into /eam2 all ! heat t is appli$ be+ absorb$ 9 produc+ ^! *anges4 ,7 x n = ?is law ( lat5t heat1 ?aw & evaporation w\ld be in/antane\s1 we %\ld be ov]:elm$ ) floods1 at ! fir/ gl[ ( w>m? 9 ! spr+1 & 9 heat+ wat] ! :ole w\ld fla% in/antane\sly into /eam ^u rea*+ ! boil+ po9t4 ,x is ?r\gh ! same relations ( wat] to heat1 t spr+s are suppli$--= ^! und\bt$ly draw _! pr9cipal supplies f ra94 ,mr4 ,dalton has calculat$ t ! quantity ( ra9 :i* falls 9 ,engl& is #cf in*es a ye>4 ,( ?is he reckon$ t #ac in*es fl[ (f to ! sea by ! riv]s1 & t ! rema9+ #bc in*es are rais$ aga9 f ! gr\nd by evaporation4 ,! #ac in*es ( wat] are ( c\rse suppli$ by evaporation f ! sea1 & are c>ri$ back to ! l& ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4 ,vapor is p]petually ris+ f ! ocean1 & is cond5s$ by cold 9 ! hills & high l&s1 z is easily recogniz$ by ! mi/s & ra9s1 :i* are frequ5t 9 su* regions2 :5ce x desc5ds ?r\gh _! pores & crevices1 till x is deflect$1 collect$ & conduct$ out to ! sea1 by "s /ratum or *annel :i* is wat]-tight1 ?us keep+ up a p]petual & comp\nd circulation4 ,9 e c\ntry ^! two portions ( ! aque\s circulation h _! regul> & ne>ly con/ant proportion2 & _! due di/ribution appe>s to be necess>y to its organic heal?1 to ! habits ( vegetables & ( man4 ,?is circulation goes on f ye> to ye> z regul>ly z t ( ! blood1 9 ! ve9s & art]ies ( ! human sy/em1 & ?\gh ma9ta9$ by a v diff]5t ma*9]y1 is no less cle>ly adapt$ to its purposes4 ,9 %ort ! prop]ties ( wat] :i* reg>d heat make "o va/ wat]+ eng9e ( ! atmosph]e1 7,:ewell47 ,,common ,,wat]4 ,"u ?is head are includ$ ! wat]s commonly kn[n z ra91 spr+1 riv]1 well or pump1 lake & m>% wat]s4 ,?omson includes ice1 & sn[ wat]1 spr+ & riv] wat]1 & lake wat] "u ra9 wat]1 z x is f ?is s\rce t !y are *iefly suppli$4 ,,ra9 ,,wat] is ! pure/ k9d ( all natural wat]s1 ?\gh subject to "s v>iations4 ,?us1 :5 collect$ 9 l>ge t[ns or cities1 x is less pure ?an :5 obta9$ 9 ! c\ntry2 moreov] x is usually load$ ) impurities at ! comm5cem5t ( a %[]1 b aft] "s h\rs ( cont9u\s ra9 x becomes ne>ly pure2 = ! fir/ wat] :i* falls br+s d[n ! v>i\s =eign matt]s susp5d$ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,9 specific gravity1 x sc>cely diff]s f di/ill$ wat]4 ,x nev]!less g5]ally holds 9 solution common air1 c>bonic acid1 c>bonate ( lime1 *loride ( lime1 & a trace ( nitric acid4 ,if x be collect$ f ! ro(s ( h\ses1 aft] x has ra9$ = "s "t1 x conta9s sulphate ( lime & occasionally c>bonate ( lead4 ,! quantity ( common air 9 ra9 wat] does n exce$ #c cubic in*es 9 #ajj cubic in*es ( wat]2 x conta9s m oxyg5 ?an atmosph]ical air2 ! same quantity ( ra9 wat] conta9s "o in* ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,^! comb9ations1 9 ! small quantities 9 :i* !y exi/1 9 no degree injure ! dilu5t prop]ties ( ra9 wat]4 ,x is inde$ to ! pres5ce ( ! two ela/ic gases1 t ra9 wat] owes ! ta/e :i* r5d]s x palatable to animals & useful to vegetables4 ,ice wat]1 be+ de/itute ( ^! gases is extremely vapid2 fi% _c live 9 x2 & x does n seem ei!r to qu5* ?ir/ or to be s complete a solv5t 9 ! /oma* z ra9 wat]4 ,c>bonate ( ammonia is also ano!r +r$i5t4 ,x is d]iv$ f ! putrefaction ( nitrog5\s sub/ances4 ,:5 sev]al hundr$ p\nds ( ra9 wat] 7 di/ill$ by ,liebig1 9 a copp] /ill1 & ! fir/ two or ?ree p\nds evaporat$ ) ! addition ( a little muriatic acid1 he f\nd a v di/9ct cry/allization ( sal-ammoniac1 ! cry/als hav+ a br[n or yell[ color4 8,x is wor?y ( obs]vation10 says ,liebig1 8t ! ammonia conta9$ 9 ra9 & sn[ wat] possesses an (f5sive smell ( p]spiration & animal excrem5ts1 a fact :i* leaves no d\bt respect+ its orig940 ,x is ow+ to ! pres5ce ( c>bonate ( ammonia t ra9 wat] owes its s(t] feel ?an pure di/ill$ wat]4 ,accord+ to ,liebig1 x is ! atmosph]ic ammonia :i* furni%es ! nitrog5 ( plants4 ,! traces ( nitric acid :i* h be5 detect$ 9 ! air1 are ref]able to ! oxidation ( ! con/itu5ts ( ammonia2 & n to ! direct union ( ! oxyg5 & free nitrog5 ( ! atmosph]e4 ,dr4 ,p]eira /ates t a c>bonace\s 7sooty7 sub/ance1 & traces ( sulphates1 *lorides1 & calc>e\s matt]1 are ! usual impurities ( ! fir/ ra9 wat] ( a %[]4 ,zimm]man f\nd oxide ( iron & *loride potassium 9 ra9 wat]2 o!r *emi/s h be5 able to detect no iron 9 x1 b h f\nd meteoric iron & nickel 9 dew4 ,br&e detect$ 9 x1 *loride ( sodium1 *loride ( magnesium1 sulphate & c>bonate ( magnesium1 sulphate ( lime1 & oxide ( manganese4 ,! putrefaction to :i* ra9 wat] is subject1 %[s t "s organic matt] is pres5t4 ,! t]m pyrrh9 7f r$7 has be5 appli$ by ,zimm]man to an atmosph]ic organic sub/ance :i* r$d5s solutions ( silv]4 ,:5ev] ra9 wat] is collect$ ne> l>ge t[ns1 x %\ld be boil$ & /ra9$ be=e use1 z x conta9s less sal9e impregnation ?an o!r k9ds ( natural wat]s1 x is m apt to become contam9at$ ) lead f ro(s1 gutt]s1 ci/]ns1 & wat] pipes4 ,to purify ra9 wat] & r5d] x useful1 = ! delicate purposes ( *emical exp]im5t1 ,morveau recomm5ds dropp+ into x a little b>ytic wat] & !n expos+ x = "s "t to ! atmosph]ic air4 ,?is comb9es ) ! c>bonic acid1 :i* be+ ! solv5t ( ! c>bonate ( lime1 bo? x & ! c>bonate ( b>yta are precipitat$ z insoluble salts4 ,in/ead ( expos+ x to ! atmosph]e1 x may be p\r$ f "o vessel to ano!r2 by :i* means n only ! m9ute portion ( b>ytic wat] is disp]s$ ?r\gh ! ra9 wat]1 & br\ght into contact ) ! c>bonic acid1 b x involves a great portion ( air 9 its sub/ance1 :i* improves bo? ! ta/e & ! utility ( ! fluid4 ,sn[ wat]1 z we h already /at$1 is de/itute ( air & o!r gase\s matt]s f\nd 9 ra94 ,accord+ to ,liebig1 x conta9s ammonia4 ,x has long be5 a popul>1 b errone\s op9ion1 t x 0 injuri\s to heal?1 & _h a t5d5cy to produce bron*ocele4 ,b ?is malady occurs at ,sumatra1 :]e ice & sn[ are nev] se52 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ! disease is q unkn[n 9 ,*ili & ,?ibet1 al?\gh ! riv]s ( ^! c\ntries are *iefly suppli$ by ! melt+ ( ! sn[1 ) :i* ! m\nta9s are cov]$4 ,ice is said n to qu5* ?ir/1 b on ! contr>y to augm5t x1 & t ! natives ( ! ,arctic regions pref] endur+ ! utmo/ extremity ( ?is feel+1 r ?an attempt to remove x by eat+ ( sn[1#h 7,capta9 ,ross47 #b4 ,,spr+ ,,wat]4 ,ra9 wat]1 :5 x falls on high gr\nds1 ent]s ! soil & filtrates ?r\gh x1 until x is /opp$ by "s natural ob/acle1 :5 x pu%es upw>ds1 & well+ out ^u ! surface1 =ms spr+s2 ! wat] is !re=e m]ely a modification ( ra9 wat]4 ,dur+ its passage1 h[ev]1 x almo/ always takes up "s soluble matt]s1 :i* ( c\rse v>y accord+ to ! nature ( ! soil4 ,x is pure/ :5 x passes ?r\gh s& or gravel2 9 a lime/one region1 x always conta9s m or less ( ! sulphate & c>bonate ( lime1 & x g5]ally conta9s a trace ( common salt1 & ! usual proportions ( air & c>bonic acid gas4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! is detect$ by subacetate ( lead1 :i* displays ! smalle/ portion ( c>bonic acid or a c>bonate1 & nitrate ( silv]1 :i* detects ! muriates by ! =mation ( muriate ( silv]4 ,wat] f melt$ ice is p]fectly :olesome1 & is drunk dur+ ! summ] season1 :]ev] ! climate w admit ( its be+ collect$ & pres]v$ at a mod]ate exp5se4 ,9 ?is =m1 x is a luxury--almo/ a necess>y--9 ! middle /ates ( ?is c\ntry m p>ticul>ly1 8:]e10 ,dr4 ,dunglison rem>ks1 8!re is n a tav]n on ! road1 on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,blue ,ridge1 t does n furni% ice to ! travell] 9 any abundance40 ,:5 sea-wat] freezes1 ! ice does n conta9 ! salts4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 melt$1 x af=ds fre% wat]1 & accord+ to ! voyag]s 9 high nor!rn & s\!rn latitudes1 ! wat] has be5 f\nd sweet1 s(t1 & :olesome4 ,riv] ,wat]4 ,?is is a mixture ( ra9 & spr+ wat]1 & :5 depriv$ ( ! matt]s :i* x frequ5tly holds 9 susp5sion1 is g5]ally ( consid]able purity4 ,m\nta9 /reams1 :i* g5]ally issue f silice\s rocks1 & run ov] /ony or pebbly b$s1 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 comp>atively pure & s(t4 ,! riv] wat] ( ,new-,engl&1 & ! o!r hilly portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is usually ( ?is description1 ?\gh 9 ! "t ( floods1 & aft] heavy ra9s1 !y conta9 mu* s$im5t>y matt]4 ,riv] wat] gradually deposits mu* ( its e>?y salts z x fl[s1 & becomes pur] by exposure2 x !re=e g5]ally conta9s less calc>e\s matt] ?an spr+ wat]2 its specific gravity is less1 & its ta/e m vapid4 ,x1 h[ev]1 m or less p>takes ( ! nature ( ! soil ov] :i* x fl[s2 consequ5tly "s riv]s1 ^: wat]s 7 pure & excell5t at _! s\rce1 lose ^! prop]ties be=e !y m+le ) ! sea4 ,! wat] ( ! ,?ames1 = example1 9 ,engl&1 :i* is orig9ally v s(t & pure1 becomes s load$ ) animal & vegetable matt] f ! t[ns & villages on its banks1 t aft] be+ kept a mon? or two 9 a clos$ cask1 on op5+ x1 a quantity ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 ( ! mo/ (f5sive odor escapes1 & ! wat] is s black & nause\s z to be unfit = use4 ,b on rack+ x (f1 x cle>s1 deposit+ a quantity ( slimy mud1 & becomes rem>kably cle>1 sweet & palatable4 ,z ! matt]s deposit$ 9 su* riv]s are m]ely m+l$ ) ! body ( ! wat]1 :i* is too l>ge1 & too *ang+1 to admit ( any p]man5t ta9t f solution1 filtration1 or ev5 ! natural deposition ( ! +r$i5ts fits !m = e dome/ic & m$ic9al purpose4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ ,table %[s ! solid cont5ts ( ! ,?ames wat]#i ,london1 & ( ! ,croton wat]#aj 9 ! city ( ,new-,york4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,?ames ,,wat]4 ,,croton ,,wat]4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,,quantity ,,( ,,wat]4 ,br5t=d4,*elsea4 ,at its ,9 ! #a ,gallon #aj lbs4 ,s\rce ( ,s\rce s\rce1 ,city ( ,avoirdupois1 at ! ,gr& ( ! ,croton ,new-,york #fb ,fah41 or #gj1 grs4 ,junction ,*elsea ,lake4 z x ,avoirdupois4 ,wat] ,works ,wat] issues f ,company4 ,works ! pipes4 ,company4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,gra9s4 ,gra9s4 ,gra9s4 ,gra9s4 ,c>bonate ( ,lime1 #afjjj #afejj #adb #aeb ,sulphate ( ,lime1 #jj #dd ,*loride ( ,sodium1 #cdjj #bijj ,oxide ( ,iron1 ,silica1 v ,magnesia1 m9ute ,ditto4 #cd #df ,c>bonace\s ,matt]1 portions4 ,*loride ( ,magnesium1 #hf #ij ,*loride ( ,calcium1 ,c>bonate ( ,magnesia1 #gj #hd ,solid matt] held 9 solution1 #aidjj #aidjj #bih #cgj ,me*anical impurity1 #jcfh #jbch #cd #df ---------------------------------------- --- ,total solid matt]1 #aigfh #aifch #ccb #daf ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,analysis ( ! ,croton & ,s*uylkill wat]s1 by ,j4 ,c4 ,boo?1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry to ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute ( ,p5nsylvania1 & ,h4 ,m4 ,boye1 ( ,philadelphia4 ,croton ,wat]4 ,s*uylkill ,wat]4 ,9 #ajj gr4 9 #a ,9 #ajj gr4 9 #a p>ts gall4 p>ts gall4 ,c>bonate ( ,lime1 #de4hf #b4bic #ec4fg #b4aij ,c>bonate ( ,magnesia1 #ah4gh 4#ici #aa4hg #j4dhd ,alkal9e ,c>bonates1 #af4eg 4#hbh #d4ec #j4ahe ,alkal9e ,*lorides1 #c4hg 4#aic #c4ge #j4aec ,oxide ( ,iron1 #b4ba 4#aaj ,silica1 #g4ah 4#cei #i4fh #j4cie ,organic ,matt]1 #e4ec 4#bgf #j4hh #j4jcf ------ ----- ,p>ts1 #ajj4jj grs4 #d4iih ,alum9a & ,oxide ( ,iron1 #a4hh #j4jgg ,alkal9e ,sulphates1 #ac4gd #j4efj ----- ----- ,p>ts1 #ajj grs4 #d4jhj ,! ,croton wat] 0 tak5 f ! ,croton dam1 & :5 p]fectly cle> 0 f\nd1 z appe>s by ! above analysis to conta9 #d4iih1 or ab\t five gra9s ( solid matt] to ! gallon4 ,! ,s*uylkill wat] 0 tak5 f ! middle bas9 on ,fair ,m\nt1 & conta9$ #d4jh gra9s ( solid matt] to ! gallon4 ,! ,croton diff]s f ! ,s*uylkill wat] 9 conta9+ a l>g] am\nt ( ! alkal9e c>bonates1 & ( ! c>bonate ( magnesia1 :ile x conta9s less c>bonate ( lime1 & is entirely de/itute ( ! alkal9e sulphates1 ( :i* ! ,s*uylkill conta9s #ac4gd p>ts 9 #ajj ( ! total solid matt]s1 ?\gh am\nt+ to only "o half a gra9 to ! gallon4 ,x appe>s f ! above table1 t ! am\nt ( impurities conta9$ 9 ! ,?ames wat]1 exce$s ^? ( ! ,croton by ne>ly six fold1 & t ! quantity ( lime1 held 9 solution 9 ! =m]1 surpasses t ( ! latt]1 ab\t fifte5 times4 ,! ,?ames wat] diff]s also f ! ,croton1 9 ! circum/ance t x conta9s an appreciable quantity ( *loride ( sodium1 or common salt ( :i* ! ,croton is entirely free4 ,!re are b v few /reams to be f\nd1 ^: wat]s conta9 less ?an #d4af gra9s ( solid matt] to ! gallon4 ,! c>bonate ( lime is held 9 solution by c>bonic acid1 =m+ bic>bonate ( lime4 ,by boil+1 ?is acid is expell$1 & ! c>bonate ( lime is precipitat$ on ! sides ( ! vessel1 con/itut+ ! fur ( ! tea-kettle1 & ! cru/ ( boil]s4 ,riv] wat] always conta9s a qu>t] or less quantity ( organic matt] 9 susp5sion or solution4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! quantity is too small to produce any decid$ly injuri\s effect1 b physicians & m$ical writ]s agree 9 ! op9ion t wat] impregnat$ ) x to any great ext5t mu/ be delet]i\s4 ,:]e ! quantity ( decompos+ matt] is too small to produce any imm$iately obvi\s effects1 x is difficult to procure any decisive evid5ce ( its influ5ce on ! sy/em4 ,:5 ! am\nt is consid]able1 x causes dys5t]y & fev]s1 (t5 ( a highly fatal "*4 ,9 a trial at ,nott+ham1 ,engl&1 9 #ahcf1 x 0 prov$ t dys5t]y ( an aggravat$ =m1 0 caus$ 9 cattle by ! use ( wat] contam9at$ ) putresc5t vegetable matt]1 produc$ by ! refuse ( a />* manufactory4 ,! fi%1 7p]*1 pike1 roa*1 dace1 c417 & frogs 9 ! pond1 ?r\gh :i* ! brook ran1 7 de/roy$1 & all ! animals :i* drank ( ! wat] became s]i\sly ill1 & _m ( !m di$ ) ! symptoms ( dys5t]y4 ,x 01 moreov]1 %[n1 t ! animals sometimes refus$ to dr9k ! wat]1 t ! mortality 0 9 proportion to ! quantity ( />* made at diff]5t times2 & t subsequ5tly1 :5 ! putresc5t matt] 0 n all[$ to pass into ! brook1 b 0 convey$ to a riv] at "s di/ance1 ! fi% & frogs began to return1 & ! mortality ceas$ among ! cattle4 ,!re are _m in/ances on record :]e troops h sick5$ & _m di$ ( putrid fev] & dys5t]y1 f dr9k+ ! wat] ( /agnant pools & dit*es or ( riv]s1 z ( ! riv] ,lee1 ne> ,cork1 7,irel&17 :i*1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! city1 receives ! cont5ts ( ! sew]s f ! h\ses1 & is o!rwise un:olesome4 ,! organic matt] conta9$ 9 riv] wat] consi/s *iefly ( ! exuvi ( animal & vegetable sub/ances1 b ano!r class ( impurities consi/s ( liv+ be+s1 7animals & vegetables47 ,! aquatic animals1 :i* h1 f "t to "t1 be5 exhibit$ 9 ?is city by means ( ! sol> microscope1 are collect$ 9 /agnant pools1 & are n f\nd 9 riv] or well wat]4 ,! quantity ( organic matt] conta9$ 9 ! ,croton mu/ be extremely small1 z ?is1 toge!r ) ! silex1 iron1 & magnesia1 am\nt to only #d_/aj?s ( "o gra9 to ! gallon4 ,,well ,,wat]1--or pump wat]1 z x is (t5 call$ 9 cities1 is ess5tially ! same z spr+ wat]1 b liable to impregnation1 ow+ to ! l& spr+s filt]+ ?r\gh ! walls1 & convey+ impurities into x4 ,?is is sometimes prev5t$ by l9+ !m ) ca/-iron cyl9d]s1 or by bricks laid 9 wat]-cem5t4 ,dr4 ,p]cival affirms1 t bricks h>d5 ! s(te/ wat]1 & give x an alum9\s impregnation4 ,! old wells mu/1 !re=e1 furni% mu* pur] wat] ?an ! m rec5t1 z ! soluble p>ticles are gradually wa%$ away4 ,x conta9s a great] proportion ( e>?y salts1 & ( air1 & has a great] specific gravity ?an o!r spr+ wat]s4 ,ow+ to ! fact1 t x conta9s a l>g] quantity ( bic>bonate & sulphate ( lime1 ?an riv] wat]1 x decomposes & curdles soap1 & is !n d5om9at$ h>d wat]1 to di/+ui% x f ^? wat]s :i* mix ) soap1 & are !re=e call$ s(t wat]s4 ,! reason t h>d wat] does n =m a pure opal9e solution ) soap1 is1 because ! lime ( ! calc>e\s salts1 *iefly ! sulphate1 =ms an insoluble comp\nd ) ! m>g>ic & oleic acids ( ! soap4 ,"h a d\ble decomposition ensues1 ! sulphuric acid unites ) ! alkali ( ! soap1 sett+ free ! fatty acids1 :i* unite ) ! lime to =m an insoluble e>?y soap4 ,h>d wat] is a less p]fect solv5t ( organic matt] ?an s(t wat]2 h5ce 9 ! prep>ation ( infusions & decoctions1 & = _m economical purposes1 z mak+ tea & c(fee1 & brew+1 x is mu* inf]ior to s(t wat]1 & = ! same reasons x is improp] z a dr9k 9 dyspeptic affections1 caus+ irritation1 & a s5sation ( weight 9 ! /oma*4 ,! abundance ( ?is e>?y salt 9 ! wat] ( ,p>is1 & ,london1 ( _m p>ts ( ,switz]l& & ?is c\ntry1 cause uncom=table feel+s 9 /rang]s :o visit ^! places4 ,x is also said to produce calcul\s compla9ts 9 ! inhabitants1 a result :i* might be expect$1 ow+ to ! l[ solv5t p[] ( ! wat] n be+ suffici5t to c>ry (f ! animal acid1 :i* concretes 9 ! kidneys to =m calculi4#aa ,well wat] c be easily fre$ f ^! e>?y salts2 boil+ precipitates ! c>bonate ( lime by driv+ (f ! c>bonic acid :i* holds x 9 solution2 & ! addition ( a little c>bonate ( soda precipitates ! lime1 if any exi/ 9 ! wat]4 ,_m p]sons pref] ! ta/e ( h>d wat] to t ( s(t1 & a *ange f "o to ! o!r1 frequ5tly causes a d]angem5t ( ! dige/ive organs4 ,! briskness1 & rapidity ( ?is & o!r wat] is ow+ to ! air1 & c>bonic acid mix$ ) x4 ,! air conta9$ 9 wat]1 has a l>g] proportion ( oxyg5 ?an atmosph]ic air1 & h5ce x is bett] adapt$ = ! respiration ( animals4 ,! wat] procur$ f wells 9 ! city ( ,new-,york1 has gradually be5 gr[+ m & m impure1 z ! city has increas$ 9 size1 until a v l>ge proportion ( x1 is entirely unfit = cul9>y & dietetic purposes4 ,t 9 ! l[] "p ( ! city1 has always be51 m or less1 bracki%1 ow+ to ! p]colation ( ! salt wat] f ! nor? & ea/ riv]s ?r\gh ! loose s&y soil1 ?us giv+ !m a di/9ct sal9e impregnation4 ,! am\nt ( impurities conta9$ 9 ^! wat]s1 v>ies1 !re=e1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! city1 accord+ to its elevation1 & ! d5s5ess ( ! population4 ,a gallon ( wat] f ! well belong+ to ! ,manhattan ,company 9 ,reade-/reet1 yield$ #abe gra9s ( solid matt]2 :ile ! same quantity ( wat]1 f _! well 9 ,bleeck]-/reet1 yield$ #bj gra9s1 & 9 #ac? /reet1 #ad gra9s4 ,a gallon ( wat] tak5 f f\r ( ! city wells 9 ! d5sely populat$ p>ts ( ! city yield$ on an av]age1 #eh gra9s ea* ( solid matt]4 ,! supply also ( well wat] has be5 gradually dim9i%+ 9 ?is city = ! la/ sev]al ye>s4 ,= example1 at ! ,*emical ,works on ! ,nor? ,riv]1 at #cc;d /reet1 & at an ext5sive di/ill]y on ! ,ea/ ,riv]1 "s di/ance above ! ,alms ,h\se1 wat] _c be procur$ 9 suffici5t quantities on _! premises1 :]e1 b a few ye>s pa/1 x 0 obta9$ 9 great abundance4 ,at ! ,gas ,works on ! ,collect gr\nds1 :]e !y h a well #bj feet 9 dep?1 by #ah feet 9 diamet]1 :i*1 until #ahcd1 furni%$ wat] freely1 enabl+ ! eng9e to raise #bj1jjj gallons 9 t5 h\rs1 9 #ahce x requir$ #ad to #af h\rs to raise ! same quantity1 & 9 ord] to cont9ue ! supply1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to return ! wat] to ! well1 aft] us+ x = cond5s+ ! gas4 ,! ,corporation well1 also1 9 #ac? /reet1 furni%$1 = sev]al ye>s1 ab\t #abj1jjj gallons ( wat] daily1 b 9 #ahce1 ?is quantity 0 r$uc$ d[n to f five to t5 ?\s&4 ,9 ord] to rem$y ?is evil1 a well 0 sunk at ,jeff]son ,m>ket1 :i* 9 a %ort "t depriv$ mo/ ( ! wells 9 t vic9ity1 ( wat]2 ?us dry+ up "o s\rce ( supply1 9 ord] to increase t ( ano!r4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 e probability t _h n wat] be5 introduc$ into ! city ( ,new-,york f abroad1 ! supply f ! wells w\ld1 9 a few ye>s1 h be5 insuffici5t = ! economical1 dome/ic & manufactur+ purposes ( ! inhabitants4 ,x is fe>ful to contemplate ! am\nt ( decompos+ organic matt] conta9$ 9 ! wells 9 ! vic9ity ( ,tr9ity1 ,/4 ,paul's1 & ,/4 ,john's bury+ gr\nds1 :i* = m ?an a c5tury furni%$ ! only wat] us$ by ^? resid+ 9 _! neighborhood4 ,no "o c d\bt t ! use ( su* wat]1 z well z t f ! wells on ! ,collect1 & ov] ! great] portion ( ! city bel[ ,canal-/reet1 mu/ h prov$ extremely detrim5tal to ! heal? ( ! citiz5s1 & especially to *ildr51 & infants4 ,we believe1 !re=e t ! introduction ( ! ,croton wat]1 w increase ! av]age duration ( human life 9 ! city ( ,new-,york1 f #h to #ab p] c5t4 ,f #ahae to #ahcf1 x rang$ f #cj4jh to #bb4je1 79 #ahcf71 b ! mean duration ( life = ! la/ #bj ye>s is ab\t #be ye>s2 & ! ratio ( mortality1 accord+ to population1 ab\t z #a to #ce4 ,f ! mann]1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! inspector's reports h be5 made1 f ! imp]fection ( ! law1 no great confid5ce c be plac$ 9 ! returns1--^? c>ri$ out ( ! city = burial1 n hav+ be5 includ$4 ,f a 8,report on ! subject ( introduc+ pure & :olesome wat] into ! city ( ,bo/on1 by ,l4 ,baldw91 ,esq41 ,civil ,eng9e]10 x appe>s t ! :ole numb] ( wells 9 t city 9 #ahce1 0 #b1gfg4 ,! wat] f #b1jhe ( ^! wells 0 dr9kable1 ?\gh bracki% & h>d1 & #fhb ( !m 7 bad & unfit = use4 ,!re 7 only sev5 ( ! city wells :i* yield$ s(t wat] occasionally & = wa%+1 & f #cc ( !m ! wat] 0 obta9$ by deep bor+4 8,)9 a few ye>s10 says ! ,report1 8x has become common 9 ,bo/on1 & ! vic9ity1 to bore = wat]1 & to make :at are call$ ,artesian wells4 ,b no c]ta9 or valuable result has gr[n out ( ^! endeavors4 ,!re are #cc bor$ wells1 only two ( :i* are /at$ z furni%+ s(t wat]4 ,! same rem>ks w apply to ! public wells ( ?is city1 ! mo/ ( :i* produce no?+ b h>d & bracki% wat]1 & none ( :i* is suffici5tly s(t to au?orize its use 9 wa%+ clo!s10 c4 ,,lake ,,wat] is a collection ( ra91 spr+ & riv] wat]1 usually m or less contam9at$ ) putrefy+ organic matt]4 ,x is g5]ally s(t1 & :5 filt]$1 is z good & :olesome z any o!r description ( wat]s4 ,?\gh lake wat] _c be *>act]iz$ z hav+ any inv>iable qualities2 yet mo/ ( ! ,lakes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 especially our great ones1 af=d a v pure wat]4 ,9 _m ( our small] lakes ! wat] is m or less /agnant1 & ( c\rse v unheal?y4 ,m>% ,wat]4 ,?is is analog\s to lake wat]1 except t x is altoge!r /agnant & is m load$ ) putresc5t matt]4 ,! sulphates 9 sea & o!r wat]s are decompos$ by putrefy+ vegetable matt]1 ) ! evolution ( sulphurett$ hydrog52 h5ce ! intol]able /5* f m>%y & swampy gr\nds liable to occasional inundations f ! sea4 ,m>% wat] _c be drunk ) safety ei!r by man or bea/4 ,te/s ( ! usual impurities 9 ,common ,wat]4 ,! foll[+ are ! te/s by :i* ! pres5ce ( ! ord9>y con/itu5ts or impurities ( common wat]s may be asc]ta9$4 #a4 ,,ebullition4--,by boil+1 air & c>bonic acid gas are expell$1 :ile c>bonate ( lime1 7:i* has be5 held 9 solution by ! c>bonic acid7 is deposit$4 ,! latt] con/itutes ! cru/ :i* l9es tea-kettles & boil]s4 #b4 ,,protosulphate ,,( ,,iron4 ,if a cry/al ( ?is salt be introduc$ into a phial fill$ ) ! wat] to be exam9$1 & ! phial be well cork$1 a yell[i%-br[n precipitate 7sesquioxide ( iron7 w be deposit$ 9 a few days1 if oxyg5 gas be conta9$ 9 ! wat]4 #c4 ,,litmus4 ,infusion ( litmus or syrup ( violets is r$d5$ by a free acid4 #d4 ,,lime ,,wat]4 ,?is is a te/ = c>bonic acid1 ) :i* x causes a :ite precipitate 7c>bonate ( lime7 if employ$ be=e ! wat] is boil$4 #e4 ,,*loride ,,( ,,b>ium4 ,a solution ( ?is salt usually yields1 ) well wat]1 a :ite precipitate insoluble 9 nitric acid4 ,?is indicates ! pres5ce ( sulphuric acid 7:i*1 9 common wat]1 is comb9$ ) lime74 #f4 ,,oxalate ,,( ,,ammonia4 ,if ?is salt yield a :ite precipitate1 x indicates ! pres5ce ( lime1 7c>bonate & sulphate47 #g4 ,,nitrate ,,( ,,silv]4 ,if ?is occasion a precipitate insoluble 9 nitric acid1 ! pres5ce ( *lor9e may be inf]r$4 #h4 ,,phosphate ,,( ,,soda4 ,if ! lime conta9$ 9 common wat] be remov$ by ebullition & oxalic acid1 & to ! /ra9$ & transp>5t wat]1 ammonia & phosphate ( soda be add$1 any magnesia pres5t w1 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs1 be precipitat$ 9 ! =m ( ! :ite ammoniacal phosphate ( magnesia4 #i4 ,,t9cture ,,( ,,galls4 ,?is is us$ z a te/ = ,iron1 ) solutions ( :i* x =ms an inky liquor1 7tannate & gallate ( iron74 ,if ! te/ produce ?is effect on ! wat] be=e1 b n aft] boil+1 ! iron is 9 ! /ate ( c>bonate2 if aft]1 z well z be=e1 9 t ( sulphate4 ,tea may be sub/itut$ = galls1 to :i* its effects & indications are simil>4 ,f]ro cyanide ( potassium yields1 ) solutions ( ! sesqui-salts ( iron1 a blue precipitate1 & ) ! proto-salts a :ite precipitate1 :i* becomes blue by exposure to ! air4 #aj4 ,,hydrosulphuric ,,acid4 7,sulphurett$ ,hydrog547 ,?is yields a d>k 7br[n or black7 precipitate1 7a metallic sulphuret7 ) wat] conta9+ iron or lead 9 solution4 #aa4 ,,evaporation ,,& ,,ignition4 ,if ! wat] be evaporat$ to dryness1 & ignit$ 9 a glass tube1 ! pres5ce ( organic matt] may be inf]r$ by ! odor & smoke evolv$1 z well z by ! *>r+4 ,ano!r mode ( detect+ organic matt] is by add+ nitrate 7or acetate7 ( lead to ! inspect$ wat]1 & collect+ & ignit+ ! precipitate2 :5 globules ( metallic lead are obta9$ if organic matt] be pres5t4 ,! putrefaction ( wat] is ano!r pro( ( ! pres5ce ( ?is matt]4 ,nitrate ( silv] is ! be/ te/ = ! pres5ce ( *loride ( soda or common salt4 ,by add+ a small quantity ( ?is to ! common well wat] ( ,new-,york1 a copi\s1 :ite1 floccul5t precipitate is imm$iately =m$1 :i* is ! *loride ( soda4 ,! same te/1 h[ev]1 appli$ to ! ,croton wat]1 produces no discoloration :atev]4 ,purification ( ,common wat]4 ,by filtration1 wat] may be depriv$ ( liv+ be+s & ( all susp5d$ impurities2 b sub/ances held 9 solution1 _c ?us be sep>at$4 ,ebullition de/roys ! vitality ( bo? animals & vegetables2 expels air1 or c>bonic acid1 & causes ! precipitation ( c>bonate ( lime1 b ! wat] %\ld be aft]w>ds subject$ to ! process ( filtration4 ,di/illation1 :5 prop]ly conduct$ is ! mo/ effectual me?od ( purify+ wat]4 ,b di/ill$ wat] is 9 g5]al contam9at$ by traces ( organic matt]4 ,! addition ( *emical ag5ts is ano!r mode :i* has be5 propos$ & practis$1 = free+ wat] f "s ( its impurities4 ,alum is (t5 us$ by ! common p to cleanse muddy wat]1 & a%es & pe>l-a% to de/roy its h>dness4 ,:5 alum is us$1 two or ?ree gra9s are suffici5t = a qu>t ( wat]4 ,! alum decomposes ! c>bonate ( lime2 sulphate ( lime is =m$ 9 solution1 & ! alum9a precipitates 9 flocks1 c>ry+ ) x me*anical impurities4 ,?is ag5t1 h[ev]1 adds no?+ to ! *emical purity ( ! wat]1 b by conv]t+ ! c>bonate into sulphate ( lime augm5ts its h>dness4 ,cau/ic alkalies add$ to lime saturate ! excess ( c>bonic acid1 & ?r[ d[n ! c>bonate ( lime1 hav+ an alkal9e c>bonate 9 solution4 ,pr(essor ,cl>k ( ,ab]de51#ab 7,scotl&7 has rec5tly pat5t$ a plan = ! purification ( wat]1 by ! addition ( lime4 ,! lime unites ) ! excess ( c>bonic acid 9 ! wat]1 & =ms c>bonate ( lime 7*alk7 :i* precipitates1 along ) ! c>bonate ( lime held previ\sly 9 solution 9 ! wat]4 ,! effect ( ?is process is simil> to t ( ebullition1--z ! h>dness ( wat] is1 h[ev]1 ow+ to ! sulphate & n ! c>bonate ( lime1#ac ?is plan c h little or no influ5ce 9 r5d]+ h>d wat] s(t4 ,alkal9e c>bonates s(t5 wat]1 decompose all ! e>?y salts 7calc>e\s & magnesian c>bonates1 sulphates1 & *lorides7 & precipitate ! e>?y matt]s4 ,!y leave1 h[ev]1 9 solution1 an alkal9e salt1 b :i* does n communicate to wat] ! prop]ty ( h>dness4 ,,sea-,,wat] includes ! wat]s ( ! ocean & ( ^? lakes1 call$ isl& seas1 :i* possess a simil> composition4 ,! ,dead ,sea1 h[ev]1 v>ies s mu* f ord9>y sea-wat]1 z to rank among/ m9]al wat]s4 ,! quantity ( solid matt] v>ies consid]ably 9 ! wat]s ( diff]5t seas1 z ! foll[+ /atem5t proves-- #aj1jjj p>ts ( wat] ( ,solid con/itu5ts4 ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 conta9 #daj grs4 ,engli% ,*annel1 #chj ,at ! ,isl& ( ,fohe1 #cde ,g]man ,ocean ,at ! ,isl& ( ,nord]ney1 #cdb ,9 ! ,fri? ( ,=?1 #cab ,at ,ritzebuttle1 #cab ,at ,apemalle1 9 ,sleswick1 #baf ,at ,kiel1 9 ,hol/e91 #bjj ,baltic ,sea ,at ,dob]an1 9 ,meckl5b]gh1 #afh ,at ,travemun1 #afg ,at ,zoppot1 9 ,meckl5b]gh1 #gf ,at ,c>%amm1 #ff ,! av]age quantity ( sal9e matt] 9 sea-wat] is #c p] c5t41 & its specific gravity ab\t #a4jbgd4 ,! composition ( sea-wat] diff]s also 9 diff]5t localities4 ,iod9e has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,m$it]ranean sea4 ,action ( ,wat] on ,lead4 ,:5 lead is expos$ to atmosph]ic air1 ! oxyg5 ( ! air comb9+ ) x1 =ms an oxide1 :ile1 at ! same "t ! c>bonic acid ( ! air1 unites ) x =m+ a ?9 :ite cru/1 :i* is ! c>bonate ( lead4 ,?is =mation is accel]at$ by moi/ure1 & by ! pres5ce ( an unusual quantity ( c>bonic acid 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,! same process goes on ) /ill great] rapidity 9 pure runn+ wat]4 ,b if wat] be depriv$ ( all its gases by ebullition1 & exclud$ f contact ) ! air1 ! lead w n be act$ ^u ,if wat]1 h[ev]1 be expos$ to ! air1 al?\gh all ! gases h be5 expell$1 a :ite p[d] w soon =m ar\nd ! lead1 till1 9 ! c\rse ( a few days1 !re is =m$ a l>ge quantity ( :ite1 pe>ly scales1 :i* p>tly float 9 ! wat]1 b are *iefly deposit$ on ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,9 #ab ounces ( di/ill$ wat]1 conta9$ 9 a %all[ glass bas91 loosely cov]$ to exclude ! du/1 twelve brightly poli%$ lead rods weigh+ #cdj gra9s1 w lose #b gra9s 9 #h days1 & ! lead w %[ evid5t m>ks ( corrosion2 & ?is action w g on z long z ! wat] is expos$ to ! air4 ,:ile ^! *anges are go+ on1 a small quantity ( lead w be dissolv$1 z may be %[n by c>efully filt]+ ! wat] acidulat+ ) a drop or two ( nitric acid1 & evaporat+ to dryness4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 is also a good te/1 occasion+1 :]e lead is pres5t1 fir/ a br[n color1 & subsequ5tly a black precipitate4 ,*ri/ison has prov$ t ! lead :i* is dissolv$1 is 9 ! =m ( ! c>bonate1 & hydrate ( ! oxide1 or1 oxide ( lead1 c>bonic acid & wat]4 ,! fact is !n suffici5tly e/abli%$1 t di/ill$ wat] has ! prop]ty ( dissolv+ lead--,does ! same hold true 9 relation to wat]s 9 ord9>y use8 ,9 ! ye> #ahji1 x 0 fir/ ann\nc$ by ,guyton ,morveau1 t ! salts :i* are held 9 solution by "s natural wat]s1 de/roy _! prop]ty ( act+ on lead1 & t ( ^! modify+ circum/ances none are m rem>kable 9 _! action ?an ! neutral salts4 ,dr4 ,*ri/ison has pursu$ ?is inve/igation ) great success1 & has prov$ t ?is pres]vative p[] exi/s 9 ! case ( sulphates1 muriates1 c>bonates1 hydriodates1 phosphates1 nitrates1 acetates1 t>trates1 ars5iates1 c4 ,^! salts1 h[ev]1 d n possess an equally protective influ5ce1 ! c>bonates & sulphates be+ mo/1 ! *lorides ! lea/ en]getic ( ^? sal9e sub/ances commonly met ) 9 wat]s4 ,z a g5]al rule1 x appe>s t ^? ^: acid =ms ) ! lead a soluble salt ( lead1 are ! lea/ en]getic2 :ile ^? ^: acid =ms an insoluble salt ( lead1 are mo/ en]getic4 ,! v>iable quantity ( salts necess>y to prev5t ! action ( wat] on lead1 may be se5 f ! foll[+ results obta9$ by actual exp]im5t4 ,( acetate ( soda a #ajj? "p ( ! wat] is a pres]vative4 ,( ars5iate ( soda #ab1jjj? ,( phosphate ( soda #cj1jjj? ,( hydriodate ( pota% #cj1jjj? ,( muriate ( soda #b1jjj? ,( sulphate ( lime #d1jjj? ,( nitrate ( pota% #ajj? ,! sulphates ( soda1 magnesia1 lime1 & ! triple sulphate ( alum9a & pota%1 possess ab\t ! same pres]vative p[]2 :i* appe>s to dep5d on ! acid1 n on ! base ( ! salt4 ,! g5]al results ( ,dr4 ,*ri/ison's inve/igations1 appe> to be1 t neutral salts 9 v>i\s1 & = ! mo/ "p m9ute1 proportions1 ret>d or prev5t ! corrosive action ( wat] on lead--all[+ ! c>bonate to deposit itself sl[ly1 & to adh]e ) su* firmness to ! lead z n to be aft]w>ds remov$ by mod]ate agitation1--add+ subsequ5tly to ?is cru/ o!r insoluble salts ( lead1 ! acids ( :i* are d]iv$ f ! neutral salts 9 solution1--& ?us at l5g? =m+ a p]man5t & imp]meable scre5 9 ! =m ( a film ov] its surface1 ?r\gh :i* ! action ( ! wat] _c any long] be c>ri$ on4 ,^! films are compos$ ( ! c>bonate ( lead1 ) a little ( ! muriate1 sulphate1 ars5iate1 or phosphate ( lead1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! acid 9 ! alkal9e salt1 :i* is dissolv$ 9 ! wat]4 ,! foll[+ g5]al conclusions may !re=e be consid]$ z suffici5tly e/abli%$4 #a4 ,lead pipes ought n to be us$ = ! purpose ( conduct+ wat]1 at lea/ :]e ! di/ance is consid]able1 )\t a c>eful exam9ation ( ! wat] to be transmitt$4 #b4 ,! risk ( a dang]\s impregnation ) lead is greate/ 9 ! in/ance ( ! pure/ wat]s4 #c4 ,wat]1 :i* t>ni%es poli%$ lead :5 left at re/ ^u x 9 a glass vessel = a few h\rs1 _c safely be transmitt$ ?r\gh lead-pipes )\t c]ta9 precautions2 & conv]sely1 x is probable1 t if lead rema9 unt>ni%$1 or ne>ly s1 = #bd h\rs 9 a glass ( wat]1 ! wat] may be safely conduct$ ?r\gh lead-pipes4 #d4 ,wat] :i* conta9s less ?an ab\t an #hjjj? ( salts 9 solution1 c n be safely conduct$ 9 lead pipes )\t c]ta9 precautions4 #e4 ,ev5 ?is proportion w prove insuffici5t to prev5t corrosion1 unless a consid]able "p ( ! sal9e matt] consi/s ( c>bonates & sulphates1 especially ! =m]4 #f4 ,s l>ge a proportion z a #djjj? "p1 probably ev5 a consid]ably l>g] proportion1 w be insuffici5t1 if ! salts 9 solution be 9 a great measure muriates4 #g4 ,9 all cases c>eful exam9ation %\ld be made ( ! wat] aft] x has be5 runn+ a few days ?r\gh ! pipes2 = x is n improbable t o!r circum/ances1 besides ^? hi!rto asc]ta9$1 may regulate ! prev5tive influ5ce ( ! neutral salts4 #h4 ,:]e ! wat] is ( suffici5t purity to act on lead1 a rem$y may be f\nd1 ei!r1 9 leav+ ! pipes full ( wat] & at re/ = ?ree or f\r mon?s1 or by solution ( phosphate ( soda2 9 ! proportion ( ab\t a #be1fjj? "p4#ad ,dr4 ,kane1 h[ev]1 seems to diff] f ,dr4 ,*ri/ison 9 op9ion on ?is subject2 = aft] hav+ m5tion$ ! cru/ :i* gradually =ms on ! int]ior ( ! ci/]n1 & assi/s 9 protect+ x f ! oxidiz+ action ( ! air1 he rem>ks1 8no dang] is !re=e to be appreh5d$ f ! supply ( wat] to a city be+ convey$ ?r\gh lead5 pipes1 & pres]v$ 9 lead5 ci/]ns2 = all wat] ( m9]al orig9 dissolves1 9 filt]+ ?r\gh ! lay]s ( rocks 9 its passage to ! surface1 a suffici5cy ( sal9e matt]s to s]ve = its protection40 ,n[1 to apply ^! results to ! wat] ( ! ,croton2 z ?is holds 9 solution only ab\t "o #ah1jjj? "p ( salts1 x mu/1 accord+ to ,*ri/ison1 ex]t a corrod+ influ5ce on ! lead-pipes4 ,dr4 ,dana1 ( ,l[ell1 has lately inve/igat$ ?is subject & detect$ lead 9 ! wat] :i* _h pass$ ?r\gh ! lead5-pipes = ! di/ribution ( wat] 9 ! city ( ,l[ell4 ,! fir/ exam9ation 0 made f a sample ( wat] tak5 f ! s\rce or spr+-head be=e x _h ent]$ ! lead5 pipes1 :5 ! specific gravity 0 f\nd to be #a1jjj1ah4 ,! p9t1 on evaporation to dryness1 yield$ #b4cg gra9s ( solid matt]4 ,! solid cont5ts ( an imp]ial p9t 7 f\nd to be1 ,gra9s4 ,*loride ( ,sodium1 #a4ed ,*loride ( ,magnesia1 #j4ga ,sulphate ( ,lime1 #j4abh ------ ,a trace ( ,c>bonic acid1 ,gra9s1 #b4cgh ,excess 9 ! c\rse ( analysis 4#jjh ,! second exam9ation 0 made ( wat] tak5 f ! lead5 pipes :5 ! specific gravity 0 f\nd to be #a4jjj4db4 ,^u a p9t ( ?is wat] be+ evaporat$ to dryness x yield$ two gra9s ( solid matt]1 7viz47 ,c>bonate ( lead #afd ,gra9s1 ,organic matt] & salts #jch --- #bjb ,excess 9 analysis1 #jjb ,x !re=e has be5 calculat$ t e gallon ( ! wat] us$ aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! lead5 pipes1 conta9s #a4cab gra9s ( ! c>bonate ( lead4 ,su* wat]1 al?\gh x w\ld n spe$ily de/roy life1 w\ld und\bt$ly be att5d$ ) injuri\s consequ5ces1 %\ld its use be habitually cont9u$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,dr4 ,h>e ( ,philadelphia1 9 reply to a lett] reque/+ 8 op9ion z to ! action ( ! ,s*uylkill wat]#ae on lead pipes1 /ates t aft] us+ ! ,s*uylkill wat] = #be ye>s 9 8 laboratory1 he has nev] p]ceiv$ ! slighte/ indication ( ! pres5ce ( lead2 & t if !re _h be5 any 9 ! wat]1 ! re-ag5ts :i* he has be5 accu/om$ to use mu/ h r5d]$ ! impurity evid5t4 ,if x be true t ! ,s*uylkill wat] does n act ^u ! lead pipes1 x w\ld foll[ z a matt] ( c\rse1 if ! doctr9es above laid d[n be correct1 t ! ,croton1 :i* conta9s v ne>ly ! same quantity ( sal9e +r$i5ts1 w\ld also ex]t no influ5ce ^u ?is metal4 ,9 cases1 h[ev]1 :]e injuri\s consequ5ces h result$ f ! ag5cy ( lead1 ! pipes ?r\gh :i* ! wat] 0 conduct$1 7 ( consid]able l5g?2 suppose = example t ! pipes are #djjj feet long1 & ?ree f\r?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ea* portion ( wat] w pass successively ov] no less ?an #ghd squ>e feet ( lead be=e be+ dis*>g$2 & x w\ld n !re=e be at all rem>kable1 if ! wat] 7 f\nd contam9at$ ) ! lead4 ,9 ?is city1 h[ev]1 ! pipes are r>ely m ?an #ej feet 9 l5g?1 g5]ally n m ?an #be1 & !re=e _c ex]t s delet]i\s an influ5ce z 9 ^? ( great] ext5t4 ,dr4 ,*ilton1 rec5tly inspect$ ! ,croton wat] drawn f ! lead5 pipes1 by :i* x is introduc$ into ! h\se ( ,mr4 ,g4 ,d4 ,cogge%all4 ,no #dba ,pe>l-/reet 9 ?is city1 & f\nd ! wat] evid5tly affect$ by ! lead4 ,he has also obta9$ simil> results 9 sev]al o!r in/ances4 ,if ! precaution be us$1 ( n employ+ ! wat] fir/ drawn f ! pipes = dietetic & cul9>y purposes1 no injuri\s consequ5ces w\ld probably att5d ! use ( wat] convey$ 9 ?is metal1 b z ?is is n likely to be att5d$ to g5]ally1 x is exp$i5t to employ o!r measures to gu>d aga9/ its delet]i\s effects4 ,= ?is purpose1 v>i\s means h be5 sugge/$1 su* z ! sub/itution ( block-t9 & o!r metals n act$ ^u by wat]2 b ! mo/ effici5t1 sci5tific1 & useful1 z well z ! mo/ economical1 ( all ! plans hi!rto propos$1 is t introduc$ by ,?omas ,ewbank1 ,esq41 ( coat+ ! lead-pipes ) t9 bo? inside & out4 ,! process1 :i* has be5 pat5t$1 consi/s simply 9 draw+ an ord9>y lead-pipe ?r\gh a ba? ( melt$ t91 coat$ ) a lay] ( melt$ ros91 :i* leaves a cont9u\s deposit1 ( t9 ^u bo? sides ( ! pipe1 ( suffici5t ?ickness1 to effectually prev5t any oxidation ( ! lead4 ,^! pipes h be5 highly recomm5d$ by our fir/ *emi/s1 & o!r m5 ( sci5ce1 z furni%+ an effectual safegu>d aga9/ ! corrod+ effects ( pure wat] ,?is highly +5i\s process1 /r5g!ns ! pipe1 )\t dim9i%+ its ela/icity1 & al?\gh "s small portions ( ! lead %\ld escape be+ coat$1 yet ! proximity ( ! t91 w1 f galvanic action1 probably prev5t oxidization ( ! lead4 ,z ^! pipes are furni%$ at ab\t eight c5ts p] p\nd1 ! usual price ( ord9>y lead-pipe1 !re c be no d\bt t !y w be g5]ally adopt$ by our citiz5s1--z !y h be51 already1 by ! ,corporation1 9 ! conveyance ( ! ,croton wat]1 into ! public build+s4 ,use ( ,wat] z ,alim5t4 ,wat] is ! bev]age provid$ by nature = all animat$ be+s4 ,x is a vital /imulus1 or "o ( ! ext]nal conditions ess5tial = ! manife/ations ( life4 ,consequ5tly1 )\t x1 life1 at lea/ 9 ! high] ord] ( animals1 c\ld n be ma9ta9$4 ,consid]$ 9 a dietetical po9t ( view1 wat] s]ves ?ree important purposes 9 ! animal economy2 namely1 x repairs ! loss ( ! aque\s "p ( ! blood1 caus$ by ! action ( ! secret+ & exhal+ organs2 secondly1 x is a solv5t ( v>i\s alim5t>y sub/ances1 & !re=e assi/s ! /oma* 9 ! act ( dige/ion1 ?\gh1 if tak5 9 v l>ge quantities1 x may h an opposite effect1 by dilut+ ! ga/ric juice2 ?irdly1 x is a nutritive ag5t1 t is1 x assi/s 9 ! =mation ( ! solid p>ts ( ! body4 ,z a dilu5t1 wat] is indisp5sable to ! pres]vation ( heal?4 ,! body be+ compos$ ( solids & fluids1 !re mu/ be ma9ta9$ a c]ta9 relative proportion ( ^!1 to con/itute t /ate ( sy/em call$ heal?4 ,9 a full gr[n adult1 ! solid matt] ( ! body1 by :i* we mean all t sub/antial "p ( ! frame :i* is n 9 con/ant motion 9 ! vessels1 am\nts to only ab\t "o fif? ( ! weight ( ! body--,*aussi] says1 "o n9? ( ! total weight1 ! diff]5ce1 p]haps1 be+ ow+ to ! fact t !re is a quantity ( fluid comb9$ ) ! solids 9 s intimate a mann]1 z almo/ to con/itute a "p ( _! sub/ance4 ,! dim9ution ( ! fluid "p ( ! body1 is ! cause ( an uneasy s5sation1 indicat+ ! necessity ( repair+ ! wa/e ( fluids1 :i* we famili>ly call ?ir/4 ,?is is a s5sation connect$ ) "s natural /ate ( ! corporeal functions1 & altoge!r indep5d5t ( ! occasional excitem5t ( =eign bodies1 al?\gh x may be induc$ by ^!4 ,!re is a dem& = a c]ta9 supply ( liquid :i* is ! result ( repletion ( ! /oma*1 & ! cause ( our dr9k+ at our ord9>y meals1 b ?is is diff]5t f true or spontane\s ?ir/4 ,true ?ir/ occurs1 :5 we h be5 "s "t )\t tak+ dr9k1 7unless ! food has consi/$ ma9ly ( fruits & o!r succul5t vegetables2 "u :i* circum/ances1 a p]son may g = mon?s )\t any desire = dr9k72 :5 ! sy/em has be5 greatly excit$1 :e!r by corporeal or m5tal causes2 :5 acid sub/ances1 p>ticul>ly sal9e bodies1 h be5 tak5 into ! /oma*2 &1 9 %ort1 9 e condition ( ! sy/em1 :i* favors ! inord9ate excretion ( fluids4 ,! imm$iate cause ( ?ir/ appe>s to be a dry /ate ( ! m\? & fauces2 ow+ to ! mucus :i* cov]s ^! p>ts becom+ ?ick & viscid1 ?\gh physiologi/s are n agre$ on ?is po9t4 ,?is may arise f ! absorption ( ! fluid p>ts ( ! saliva2 = x appe>s to be necess>y = ! due p]=mance ( ! functions ( ! palate & ! tongue1 t ! mucus %\ld possess a c]ta9 degree ( liquidity4 ,! s5sation ( ?ir/ is g5]ally indicative ( ! necessity ( a supply ( fluid to ! sy/em g5]ally2 = al?\gh ?ir/ may be mom5t>ily assuag$ by wett+ ! m\?1 or hold+ a ?9 fluid 9 x--yet x c only be effectually reliev$ by convey+ into ! /oma* a quantity ( fluid suffici5t to supply ! defici5cy4 ,?is supply is t]m$ dilution1 f ! fact t ! fluid is absorb$ & c>ri$ into ! blood1 :i* x r5d]s ?91 & ! fluids !mselves are call$ dilu5ts4 ,?ir/1 h[ev]1 does n always indicate a defici5cy ( fluids 9 ! circulat+ mass1 & ! tongue & fauces are occasionally dry & h>% :il/ ! s5sation ( ?ir/ is abs5t4 ,"s individuals nev] exp]i5ce ! s5sation ( ?ir/4 ,mr4 ,alcott1 :o lives entirely on succul5t vegetables1 /ates t he has drunk no fluids = m ?an a ye> pa/1 & t he nev] exp]i5ces ! s5sation ( ?ir/--a simil> case is m5tion$ by ,sauvages1 ( an individual :o nev] ?ir/$1 & pass$ :ole mon?s ( ! hotte/ wea!r )\t dr9k+4 ,x is well kn[n t _m w>m-blood$ animals su* z mice1 quails1 p>rots1 rabbits1 c41 dr9k b v little2 :i* is suppos$ to be ow+ to ! circum/ance t !y h v l>ge saliv>y gl&s1 & a l>g] pancreas 9 proportion to ! size ( _! bodies4 ,9 g5]al1 z we h already rem>k$1 ?ir/ is indicative ( dim9i%$ fluidity ( ! blood & :5 x is n assuag$ by tak+ liquids into ! /oma*1 or by moi/5+ ! m\? ) !m1 or by apply+ !m to ! surface1 ! torm5t :i* x induces am\nts occasionally almo/ to phr5zy1 & is borne ) less pati5ce & great] difficulty ?an hung]2 sometimes inflammation ( ! m\? & ?roat & int5se fev] sup]v5e4 ,v>i\s circum/ances connect$ ) ! ord9>y condition ( ! body influ5ce ! s5sation ( ?ir/4 ,?us x is great] 9 infancy & *ildhood ?an 9 adult age1 & less 9 old age2 x is great] 9 wom5 ?an 9 m52 x is v>i$ by con/itution & temp]am5t2 by climate2 season2 ! nature ( ! diet2 ex]cise2 passions ( m9d1 & ev5 by imag9ation4 ,z an alim5t1 wat] is ( prime necessity to all organiz$ be+s4 ,z a solv5t1 x r$uces to a fluid mass all ! pr9ciples necess>y = ! gr[? ( animal & vegetable bodies2 :i* mu/ be 9 a fluid =m1 be=e !y c be tak5 up by ! f9e lacteal & o!r absorb5t vessels1 & ?us c>ri$ to e "p ( ! liv+ tissue4 ,h[ important !n1 t ?is univ]sal solv5t %\ld be pure1--t x %\ld be free f ^? =eign +r$i5ts1 :e!r ( animal1 vegetable or m9]al orig91 :i*1 if introduc$ into ! sy/em1 t5d to di/urb ! functions ( ! v>i\s organs1 & (t5 to occasion s]i\s d]angem5t & disease4 ,b besides its important (fice z a m5/ruum1 wat] is p]haps ! mo/ important nutri5t1 ( all ^? :i* su/a9 ! exi/5ce ( organiz$ bodies4 ,a great proportion ( t :i* is drunk1 is spe$ily absorb$ by ! ve9s1 & c>ri$ into ! circulation1 "s "t be=e ! product ( ! dige/$ food is introduc$ by ! way ( ! laeteals4 ,!re are num]\s cases on record1 :]e p]sons h liv$1 = a consid]able l5g? ( "t1 on wat] alone4 ,9 ! 8,transactions ( ! ,albany ,in/itute10 = #ahcj1 ,dr4 ,m',naught5 relates ! case ( a man :o 0 su/a9$ on wat] alone1 = #ec days4 8,= ! fir/ six weeks he walk$ out e day1 & sometimes sp5t a great "p ( ! day 9 ! woods4 ,8 walk 0 /eady & firm1 & 8 fri5ds ev5 rem>k$ t 8 /ep _h an unusual ela/icity2 he %av$ himself until ab\t a week be=e 8 dea?1 & 0 able to sit up 9 b$ till ! la/ day40 ,to ! evils :i* result f ! use ( impure wat]1 we h already allud$1 al?\gh x w\ld require f> m space ?an has be5 assign$ to u 9 ?is ,app5dix1 to d !m adequate ju/ice4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 t ! *ief cause ( ! excess ( mortality 9 cities1 ov] t ( ! c\ntry1 is to be f\nd 9 ! impure wat]1 ) :i* ! =m] are s g5]ally suppli$1 & we may confid5tly pr$ict1 t 9 consequ5ce ma9ly ( ! introduction ( ! ,croton ,riv] into ! ,city ( ,new-,york1 no city 9 ! _w ( equal size1 w surpass x 9 salubrity4 ,to ! op]ation ( ! same cause1 we may d\btless look ) confid5ce = a decid$ improvem5t 9 p]sonal comel9ess & beauty4 8,x is evid5t10 says ,dr ,jackson1 8t ! heal? ( a :ole community may be s affect$ by impurities 9 wat] drank by !m1 z to give a peculi> morbid expression to _! c\nt5ances :i* causes ! obs]vant eye ( a travell] to rem>k x1 :ile he 9 va9 endeav\rs to acc\nt = ! ph5om5on4 ,:o has n rem>k$ ! expression common 9 "s ( our cities1 z 9 ,new-,york & ,bo/on1 :i* is call$ a 8c>e worn & anxi\s expression40 ,?is expression ,i w v5ture to ass]t1 is n s mu* ! result ( 8too mu* c>e10 z x is ( abdom9al disease1 produc$ by ! habitual & cont9u$ use ( impure & un:olesome wat]1 :i* has fix$ ^u u ?is morbid /amp4 ,i d n "k t ! p ( ! cities 9 "q1 are subject to m c>e ?an ^? 9 o!r di/ricts1 b ,i d "k t !y use e day1 9 _m =ms1 a v>iety ( nox\s +r$i5ts1 :i* !y pump up f _! wells1 dissolv$ 9 ! wat]1 & :i* ent]s into e =m ( food & dr9k !y use 9 _! h\ses40 ,mrs4 ,hale1 also1 9 h] excell5t ,manual 8,! ,good ,h\sekeep]10 rem>ks1 t 8h>d wat] always leaves a m9]al matt] on ! sk91 :5 we use x 9 wa%+1 :i* r5d]s ! h&s & face r\gh & liable to *ap4 ,does n ?is wat]1 if we dr9k x1 likewise corrode & injure ! f9e membranes ( ! /oma*8 ,! ,bo/on p1 :o con/antly use h>d wat] = all purposes ( cook]y & dr9k1 c]ta9ly h bad complexions1 sall[1 dry1 & h>d look+2 & compla9ts ( ! /oma* or dyspepsia are v common among !m4#af ,a ,salem g5tleman decl>$1 t :5 8 daught]s1 :o frequ5tly visit$ at ,bo/on1 pass$ two or ?ree weeks at a "t !re1 he c\ld see a v mat]ial *ange 9 _! complexions4 ,at ,salem !re is pl5ty ( s(t wat]1 & ! ladies ( t anci5t t[n are fam$ = _! beauty1 :i* is *iefly ow+ 7its sup]iority ,i mean7 to a peculi>ly fair1 delicate t9cture ( sk9 contra/$ ) ! half petrifi$ appe>ance ( ^? :o are oblig$ to dr9k h>d wat] always1 & (t5 to wa% 9 x40 ,su* au?ority on ?is po9t we presume w n be disput$4 ,heal?1 h[ev]1 is no less promot$ by ! int]nal1 ?an by ! ext]nal use ( wat]2 & x is to be hop$1 t b a %ort p]iod w elapse1 be=e free ba?s w be provid$ at ! public exp5se1 = ! use ( ! poor1 z well z ! public g5]ally4 ,daily ablution %\ld be reg>d$ z necess>y z daily food or sleep4 ,! advantages :i* s(t wat] possesses ov] h>d1 9 ! ?\s& economical purposes ( life1 are too obvi\s to ne$ p>ticul> rem>k4 ,! lime conta9$ 9 well wat]1 r5d]s x inapplicable to ! purposes ( brew+1 tann+1 wa%+1 blea*+1 & _m o!r processes 9 ! arts & dome/ic economy2 & we believe ! calculation w\ld n be f\nd extravagant1 if we %\ld say t by ! use ( ! ,croton wat] #ajj1jjj doll>s annually w be sav$ to ! inhabitants ( ,new-,york1 9 ! articles ( soap & soda alone4 ,:5 to ?is1 we add ! increas$ com=t & heal? ( ! citiz5s1 f its free ext]nal & int]nal use1--! sup]ior cleanl9ess ( ! /reets1 by ! wa%+ away ( all /agnant matt]s 9 ! s9ks & gutt]s1 & ! consequ5t purity ( ! atmosph]e1--! dim9ution ( dang] f fires1 & ! consequ5t r$uction ( rates ( insurance1 ) o!r important advantages too num]\s to detail1 we %all n consid] its introduction pur*as$ at too de> a rate1 ev5 7 ! exp5ses att5d+ x increas$ to d\ble ! actual am\nt4 ,we ne$ n attempt to specify 9 detail ! b5efits :i* are likely to accrue to ! city ( ,new-,york f ! introduction ( an abundance ( pure wat]4 ,its value is n to be e/imat$ by doll>s & c5ts2 ?\gh x might easily be %[n1 t x already saves to ! citiz5s a sum f> exce$+ ! annual int]e/ on its co/4 ,we h already ref]r$ to its sup]iority z a solv5t ( vegetable matt]1 ov] ! h>d well wat]1 =m]ly us$4 ,s9ce !n1 we h made a calculation1 by :i* we are satisfi$ t 9 ! s+le items ( tea & c(fee1 x w save to ! inhabitants ( ?is city annually1 n f> f #ij1jjj doll>s4 ,to ?is may be add$ ! improvem5t ( ! public heal?1 & ! consequ5t sav+ 9 m$ic9e1 & physicians' fees1 a sum probably exce$+ t above specifi$2 ! increase ( ! work+ days1 & ! ext5sion ( ! av]age p]iod ( work+ ability among ! labor+ classes2 & la/ly1 ! moral & intellectual advancem5t ( ! entire population1 att5dant ^u ! improvem5t ( _! physical condition2 ea* ( :i* is n an unimportant item 9 ! aggregate ( public prosp]ity & happ9ess4 ,su* are "s ( ! facts connect$ ) ?is important fluid--wat]4 ,s common & abundant is x 9 nature1 t we are apt to ov]look its value2 b we ne$ only be depriv$ ( x = a season1 :5 we %all set a due e/imate ^u its importance4 ,pure & sp>kl+ to ! eye1 bl& & refre%+ to ! ta/e1 :e!r x bubbles up f "m e>?1 gurgles 9 rills1 fl[s along 9 /reams & riv]s1 or spreads out 9 lakes & oceans1 x e :]e proves a bless+1--& ought to be univ]sally reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ ine/imable gifts ( ,provid5ce to man4 ,z x is ! only fluid capable ( qu5*+ ?ir/1 s x is ! only "o compatible ) ! prolong$ duration ( animal life--we ne$ n add1 t z ,,alcohol1 "u all its comb9ations1 f]m5t$ & di/ill$1 is a deadly poison1 fatal to organiz$ be+s1 :e!r !y belong to ! vegetable or animal k+dom1 ,,wat] c 9 no case be improv$ by comb9+ x ) ?is delet]i\s fluid4 ,x 0 =m]ly common 9 ?is city1 & /ill is s 9 _m places :]e ! well-wat] is bracki%1 to modify its ta/e by ! addition ( a quantity ( br&y1 or "s o!r =m ( ard5t _s1 ) a view1 n only ( r5d]+ x m agreeable to ! palate1 b also ( correct+ ! delet]i\s prop]ties1 occasion$ by ! salts held by x 9 solution4 ,b 9 all su* in/ances1 ! _s :i* is add$ proves f> m injuri\s ?an ! small quantity ( vegetable & m9]al matt]s :i* x is design$ to correct4 ,to ! latt]1 ! sy/em becomes 9 a mann] habituat$1 s t ev5 :5 pure s(t wat] c be _h1 ! =m] is (t5 pref]r$1 z is n[ ! case ) _m individuals1 :o pref] our bracki% well wat] to t ( ! ,croton4 ,b :]e ard5t _s is add$1 an artificial appetite = /imulants is soon creat$1--!re is a con/antly increas+ dem& = a repetition z well z increase ( ! dose1 d]angem5t ( ! dige/ive organs succe$s1 & 9 a l>ge majority ( in/ances1 ! heal? is irrem$iably impair$4 ,b =tunately1 no argum5ts are ne$$ 9 ?is place to conv9ce ! citiz5s ( ,new-,york t pure ,croton wat] ne$s no corrective1--& t x is ! sworn enemy ( fire1 :e!r 9 ! %ape ( alcoholic poison1 or t ( ! m simple elem5t-- 8 0--,,p9d>4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,osborn1 #hh ,william-/reet4 ,,footnotes #a ,x is prop] to rem>k t1 ! pi] at ea* extremity1 ( ! range ( ar*es ( eighty feet span1 has an extra ?ickness1 mak+ x a pi] ( equilibrium2 ?is is also ! case ) ! "o 9 ! c5tre ( t range ( ar*es1 s t on ea* %ore & 9 ! c5tre ( ! riv] ?is additional security has be5 giv54 #b ,?is report 0 f ! p5 ( ,samuel ,/ev5s1 ,esq4 #c ,?is ,act 0 drawn up by ,mynd]t ,van ,s*aick1 ,esq41 & its "* & suitabl5ess to obviate =m] difficulties 7 approv$ ( by ! ,common ,c\ncil1 & ! situation ( ,mr4 ,van ,s*aick1 z memb] ( ! ,s5ate1 no d\bt promot$ its success4 #d ,?is ,act 0 prep>$ by ,mynd]t ,van ,s*aick1 ,esq41 f mat]ials :i* he _h previ\sly collect$ = ! purpose1 & x pass$ into a ,law1 & is ! "o "u :i*1 z its ma9 f\ndation1 ! "w has be5 con/ruct$4 #e ,= "s g5]al rem>ks on ,wat]1 its economical & dietetical uses1 an analysis ( ! ,croton & ! comp>ative purity ( t suppli$ to diff]5t cities1 ! action ( wat] on lead1 c41 see ,app5dix1 :i* has be5 k9dly furni%$ by ,*>les ,a4 ,lee1 ,m4 ,d41 ( ,new-,york4 #f ,! ,aqu$uct is calculat$ to convey #fj1jjj1jjj gallons 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 #g ,?is includes1 besides ! actual co/ ( con/ruct+ ! "w1 ! accumulation ( int]e/ on loans4 #h ,! air 9 ice & sn[ wat] conta9s #cd4h p] c5t4 ( oxyg51 :ile t 9 ra9 wat] conta9s b #cb p] c5t4 #i ,report f ! ,select ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 appo9t$ to inquire into ! supply ( wat] to ! ,metropolis1 p4 #ia1 #ahdj4 ,analysis by ,r4 ,phillips1 ,esq4 #aj ,analysis1 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,*ilton1 ( ,new-,york4 #aa ,! bad effects ( h>d wat] on ! animal sy/em1 are likewise manife/$ 9 horses4 8,h>d wat] drawn fre% f ! well10 says ,mr4 ,y\att1 8w assur$ly make ! coat ( a horse unaccu/om$ to x />e1 & x w n unfrequ5tly gripe1 & o!rwise injure him4 ,in/9ct1 or exp]i5ce1 has made ev5 ! horse himself consci\s ( ?is2 = he w nev] dr9k h>d wat]1 if he has access to s(t2 he w leave ! mo/ transp>5t wat] ( ! well1 = ! riv]1 al?\gh ! wat] may be turbid1 & ev5 = ! muddie/ pool4 ,"s tra9]s h s mu* fe> ( h>d or /range wat]1 t !y c>ry ) !m to ! diff]5t c\rses ! wat] t ! animal has be5 accu/om$ to dr9k & :at !y "k agrees ) x40 #ab ,repository ( ,pat5t ,inv5tions1 = ,octob]1 #ahda4 #ac ,x is n[ well asc]ta9$1 t c>bonate ( lime has only a slight action on soap1 & _c 9 ! proportions 9 :i* x exi/s 9 potable wat]s decompose x1 by giv+ rise to ! =mation ( a clotty precipitate1 z we obs]ve ) sulphate & nitrate ( lime1 & *loride ( calcium--& ?is is probably ow+ to ! excess ( c>bonic acid :i* prev5ts ! re-action ( ! calc>e\s c>bonate on ! oleate & /e>ate ( soda ( ! soap4 #ad ,:]e wat] conta9s a l>ge quantity ( c>bonic acid1 !re are "s facts :i* appe> to prove1 t x may act on lead1 to an injuri\s ext5t1 ?\gh !re may be pres5t a l>ge am\nt ( neutral salts4 #ae ,conta9+ #d4je gra9s ( solid matt] to ! gallon1 or ab\t "o #ah1jjj "p4 #af 8,x has be5 comput$ t ! ,bo/on p h drank suffici5t lime1 7 x all collect$1 to build ! ,bunk] ,hill ,monum5t z high z x 0 ev] design$ to be c>ri$40 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,?is includes misspell+s ( sev]al ,roman names1 bo? prop] & common4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 unbalanc$ quotation m>ks 7 rem$i$ :5 ! *ange 0 obvi\s1 & o!rwise left unbalanc$4 ,! appe>ances & hi]>*y ( head+s 9 ! orig9al book 7 inconsi/5t4 ,^? inconsi/5cies h be5 reta9$ "h4 ,9 v]sions ( ?is e,book t support hyp]l9ks1 ref]5ces 9 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts l9k to ! correspond+ head+s4 ,illu/rations 9 ?is e,book h be5 position$ betwe5 p>agraphs & outside quotations4 ,9 v]sions ( ?is e,book t support hyp]l9ks1 ! page ref]5ces 9 ! ,li/ ( ,plates l9k to ! correspond+ illu/rations4 ,footnotes1 orig9ally at ! bottoms ( pages1 h be5 r5umb]$ & mov$ to ! end ( ! text4 ,plate ,x1 page #if3 ,9 ?is e,book1 ! caption %[n = ?is ,plate includes only ! head+s 9 ! plaque illu/rat$ 9 ! orig9al book4 ,! names ( individuals li/$ "u ^? head+s are n includ$ "h4 ,page #ade3 ,! numb]s 8#a1jjj1ah0 & 8#a4jjj4db0 7 pr9t$ t way4 ,9 ! fir/ "o1 ! commas almo/ c]ta9ly %\ld be p]iods1 if ! notation 9 ! second "o is :at ! au?or int5d$4