,,the ,,game ,,of ,,go                  
,,the ,,national ,,game ,,of ,,japan    
,,by                                    
,,arthur ,,smith                        
,,new ,,york                            
,,moffat1 ,,yard  ,,company             
#aijh                  ,,preface        
,this book is intended as a practical   
guide to the game of ,go4 ,it is        
especially designed to assist students  
of the game who have acquired a         
smattering of it in some way and who    
wish to investigate it further at  their
 leisure4    ,as far as ,i know there is
 no work in the ,english language on the
 game  of ,go as played in ,japan4      
,there is an article on the ,chinese    
game by ,z4  ,volpicelli1 in ,vol4      
,,xxvi of the 8,journal of the ,china   
,branch of the  ,royal ,asiatic         
,society40 ,this article ,i have not    
consulted4 ,there is  also a short      
description of the ,japanese game in a  
work on 8,korean  ,games with ,notes on 
the ,corresponding ,games of ,china and 

,japan10 by  ,stewart ,culin1 but this  
description would be of little practical
 use in  learning to play the game4     
,there is1 however1 an exhaustive       
treatise on the game in ,german by ,o4  
,korschelt4 ,this can be found in ,parts
 #ba-bd of the 8,mittheilungen der      
deutschen ,gesellschaft fr ,natur- und  
,vlkerkunde ,ostasiens40 ,the  student  
could readily learn the game from ,herr 
,korschelt's article if  it were        
available1 but his work has not been    
translated1 and it is  obtainable only  
in a few libraries in this country4 ,in 
the preparation  of this book ,i have   
borrowed freely from ,herr ,korschelt's 
work1  especially in the chapter devoted
 to the history of the game1 and ,i     
have also adopted many of his           
illustrative games and problems4        
,herr ,korschelt was an excellent       
player1 and acquired his knowledge of   
the game from ,murase ,shuho1 who was   
the best player in ,japan at the  time  
his article was written 7about #ahhj74  

,my acquaintance with the game has been 
acquired from ,mr4 ,mokichi  ,nakamura1 
a ,japanese resident of this country1   
who is an excellent  player1 and whose  
enthusiasm for the game led me to       
attempt this book4  ,mr4 ,nakamura has  
also supplied much of the material which
 ,i have used  in it4 ,toward the end ,i
 have had the expert assistance of ,mr4 
,jihei  ,hashiguchi1 with whom readers  
of the ,new ,york ,sun are already      
acquainted4    ,wherever possible ,i    
have given the ,japanese words and      
phrases which are  used in playing the  
game1 and for those who are not familiar
 with the  system of writing ,japanese  
with ,roman characters1 ,i may say that 
the  consonants have the sounds used in 
,english1 and the vowels the sounds     
that are used in ,italian1 all the final
 vowels being sounded4 ,thus1  8dame0 is
 pronounced as though spelled 8dahmay40 
,new ,york1 ,april1 #aijh4              
,,introduction      ,the game of ,go    
belongs to the class of games of which  

our ,chess1 though  very dissimilar1 is 
an example4 ,it is played on a board1   
and is a game  of pure skill1 into which
 the element of chance does not enter2  
moreover1 it is an exceedingly difficult
 game to learn1 and no one can  expect  
to acquire the most superficial         
knowledge of it without many  hours of  
hard work4 ,it is said in ,japan that a 
player with ordinary  aptitude for the  
game would have to play ten thousand    
games in order to  attain professional  
rank of the lowest degree4 ,when we     
think that it  would take twenty-seven  
years to play ten thousand games at the 
rate of  one game per day1 we can get   
some idea of the ,japanese estimate of  
its  difficulty4 ,the difficulty of the 
game and the remarkable amount of  time 
and labor which it is necessary to      
expend in order to become even  a       
moderately good player1 are the reasons 
why ,go has not spread to  other        
countries since ,japan has been opened  
to foreign intercourse4 ,for  the same  

reasons few foreigners who live there   
have become familiar  with it4    ,on   
the other hand1 its intense interest is 
attested by the following  saying of the
 ,japanese3 8,go uchi wa oya no shini me
 ni mo awanu10 which  means that a man  
playing the game would not leave off    
even to be  present at the death-bed of 
a parent4 ,i have found that beginners  
in  this country to whom ,i have shown  
the game always seem to find it         
interesting1 although so far ,i have    
known no one who has progressed  beyond 
the novice stage4 ,the more it is played
 the more its beauties  and             
opportunities for skill become apparent1
 and it may be  unhesitatingly          
recommended to that part of the         
community1 however small  it may be1 for
 whom games requiring skill and patience
 have an  attraction4    ,it is natural 
to compare it with our ,chess1 and it   
may safely be said  that ,go has nothing
 to fear from the comparison4 ,indeed1  
it is not too  much to say that it      

presents even greater opportunities for 
foresight  and keen analysis4    ,the   
,japanese also play ,chess1 which they  
call 8,shogi10 but it is  slightly      
different from our ,chess1 and their    
game has not been so well  developed4   
,go1 on the other hand1 has been        
zealously played and scientifically     
developed for centuries1 and as will    
appear more at length in the  chapter on
 the ,history of the ,game1 it has1     
during part of this time1  been         
recognized and fostered by the          
government4 ,until recently a           
systematic treatment of the game1 such  
as we are accustomed to in our  books on
 ,chess1 has been lacking in ,japan4 ,a 
copious literature had  been produced1  
but it consisted mostly of collections  
of illustrative  and annotated games1   
and the ,go masters seem to have had a  
desire to  make their marginal          
annotations as brief as possible1 in    
order to  compel the beginner to go to  
the master for instruction and to learn 

the game only by hard practice4         
,chess and ,go are both in a sense      
military games1 but the military        
tactics that are represented in ,chess  
are of a past age1 in which the  king   
himself entered the conflict--his fall  
generally meaning the loss  of the      
battle--and in which the victory or     
defeat was brought about by  the courage
 of single noblemen rather than through 
the fighting of the  common soldiers4   
,go1 on the other hand1 is not merely a 
picture of a single battle like  ,chess1
 but of a whole campaign of a modern    
kind1 in which the  strategical         
movements of the masses in the end      
decide the victory4  ,battles occur in  
various parts of the board1 and         
sometimes several are  going on at the  
same time4 ,strong positions are        
besieged and captured1  and whole armies
 are cut off from their line of         
communications and are  taken prisoners 
unless they can fortify themselves in   
impregnable  positions1 and a           

far-reaching strategy alone assures the 
victory4    ,it is difficult to say     
which of the two games gives more       
pleasure4 ,the  combinations in ,go     
suffer in comparison with those of      
,chess by reason  of a certain monotony1
 because there are no pieces having     
different  movements1 and because the   
stones are not moved again after once   
being  placed on the board4 ,also to a  
beginner the play1 especially in the    
beginning of the game1 seems vague2     
there are so many points on which  the  
stones may be played1 and the amount of 
territory obtainable by one  move or the
 other seems hopelessly indefinite4     
,this objection is more  apparent than  
real1 and as one's knowledge of the game
 grows1 it  becomes apparent that the   
first stones must be played with great  
care1  and that there are certain       
definite1 advantageous positions1 which 
limit the player in his choice of moves1
 just as the recognized ,chess  openings
 guide our play in that game4 ,stones so

 played in the opening  are called      
8,joseki0 by the ,japanese4             
,nevertheless1 ,i think that in the     
early part of the game the play is      
somewhat indefinite for any player  of  
ordinary skill4 ,on the other hand1     
these considerations are balanced  by   
the greater number of combinations and  
by the greater number of  places on the 
board where conflicts take place4 ,as a 
rule it may be  said that two average   
players of about equal strength will    
find more  pleasure in ,go than in      
,chess1 for in ,chess it is almost      
certain that  the first of two such     
players who loses a piece will lose the 
game1 and  further play is mostly an    
unsuccessful struggle against certain   
defeat4  ,in ,go1 on the other hand1 a  
severe loss does not by any means entail
  the loss of the game1 for the player  
temporarily worsted can betake  himself 
to another portion of the field where1  
for the most part  unaffected by the    
reverse already suffered1 he may gain a 

compensating  advantage4    ,a peculiar 
charm of ,go lies in the fact that      
through the so-called 8,ko0  an         
apparently severe loss may often be made
 a means of securing a  decisive        
advantage in another portion of the     
board4 ,a game is so much  the more     
interesting the oftener the             
opportunities for victory or  defeat    
change1 and in ,chess these chances do  
not change often1 seldom  more than     
twice4 ,in ,go1 on the other hand1 they 
change much more  frequently1 and       
sometimes just at the end of the game1  
perhaps in the  last moments1 an almost 
certain defeat may by some clever move  
be  changed into a victory4    ,there is
 another respect in which ,go is        
distinctly superior to ,chess4  ,that is
 in the system of handicapping4 ,when   
handicaps are given in  ,chess1 the     
whole opening is more or less spoiled1  
and the scale of  handicaps1 from the   
,bishop's ,pawn to ,queen's ,rook1 is   
not very  accurate2 and in one variation

 of the ,muzio gambit1 so far from being
 a  handicap1 it is really an advantage 
to the first player to give up the      
,queen's ,knight4 ,in ,go1 on the other 
hand1 the handicaps are in a            
progressive scale of great accuracy1    
they have been given from the  earliest 
times1 and the openings with handicaps  
have been studied quite  as much as     
those without handicaps4    ,in regard  
to the time required to play a game of  
,go1 it may be said  that ordinary      
players finish a game in an hour or two1
 but as in ,chess1  a championship game 
may be continued through several        
sittings1 and may  last eight or ten    
hours4 ,there is on record1 however1 an 
authentic  account of a game that was   
played for the championship at ,yeddo   
during  the ,shogunate1 which lasted    
continuously nine days and one night4   
,before taking up a description of the  
board and stones and the rules of  play1
 we will first outline a history of the 
game4                  ,,contents       

,,page      ,introduction               
vii        ,,chapter ,i      ,history of
 the ,game                              
#a        ,,chapter ,,ii                
,description of the ,board and ,stones  
#ah        ,,chapter ,,iii      ,rules  
of ,play                                
#bf        ,,chapter ,,iv      ,general 
,methods of ,play and ,terminology of   
the ,game      #eg        ,,chapter ,v  
,illustrative ,games                    
#fh        ,,chapter ,,vi      8,joseki0
 and ,openings                          
#aai        ,,chapter ,,vii      ,the   
,end ,game                              
#ahf        ,,chapter ,,viii            
,problems                               
#bja                  ,,illustrations   
,,page      ,sato ,tadanobu1 a ,samurai 
of the ,twelfth ,century1      defending
 himself with a 8goban10 when attacked  
by his enemies                          
,frontispiece      ,playing ,go         
#bb                  ,i    ,,history    
,,of ,,the ,,game      ,the game of ,go 

is probably the oldest of all known     
games4 ,it was played  by the ,chinese  
from earliest antiquity1 and has been   
played in its  present form by the      
,japanese for over eleven centuries1 but
 while the  game originated in ,china1  
the ,japanese have far surpassed the    
,chinese  in skill at the game1 and it  
has come to be regarded in ,japan as    
their  national game4    ,in the old    
,chinese works three persons are named  
as the originators of  the game1 but in 
,japan its invention is commonly        
attributed to only one  of these4 ,this 
man is the ,chinese emperor ,shun1 who  
reigned from #bbee  to #bbjf ,b4,c4 ,it 
is said that this emperor invented the  
game in order to  strengthen the weak   
mind of his son ,shang ,kiun4 ,by others
 the invention  of the game is          
attributed to the predecessor of ,shun1 
the emperor ,yao1  who reigned from     
#bceg to #bbef ,b4,c4 ,if this theory is
 correct it would  make the game about  
forty-two hundred years old4 ,the third 

theory is  that ,wu1 a vassal of the    
,chinese emperor ,kieh ,kwei 7#ahah-agfg
 ,b4,c47  invented the game of ,go4 ,to 
the same man is often attributed the    
invention of games of cards4 ,it would  
seem that this last theory is the  most 
credible1 because it would make the     
invention more recent1 and  because the 
inventor is said to have been a vassal  
and not an emperor4    ,whatever may be 
the truth in regard to the origin of the
 game1 it is  perfectly certain that ,go
 was already known in ,china in early   
antiquity4 ,in old ,chinese works1 of   
which the oldest is dated about a       
thousand years before ,christ1 a game   
which can be easily recognized as  ,go  
is mentioned casually1 so that at that  
time it must have been well  known4     
,we are told also that in ,china        
somewhere about #bjj ,b4,c41 poetry and 
,go  went hand in hand1 and were in high
 favor1 and a poet1 ,bayu1 who lived    
about the year #bdj ,a4,d41 made himself
 famous through poems in which he  sang 

the praises of the game4    ,it is      
remarkable that in the old books it is  
stated that in the year  #cjj ,a4,d4 a  
man by the name of ,osan was so skilled 
in ,go that he could  take all the      
stones from the board after the game had
 been finished and  then play it over   
from memory4 ,this is of interest also  
as showing that  in the course of time  
playing the game has had the effect of  
strengthening the memory of ,go players1
 because there are now hundreds  of     
players in ,japan who can replace a game
 move for move after it has  been       
disarranged4 ,it is in fact the         
customary thing for a teacher of  the   
game to play the game over in that way  
in order to criticise the  moves made by
 the student4    ,anecdotes have come   
down to us from the old ,chinese times  
in regard to  the game1 of which we will
 mention only one1 which shows how      
highly it  was esteemed4    ,sha ,an1 a 
man who lived in the time of the ,tsin  
,dynasty 7#bfe-dai ,a4,d471  carried on 

a war with his nephew ,sha ,gen4        
,growing tired of taking life1  they    
left the victory to be decided by a game
 of ,go1 which they played  against each
 other4    ,the esteem in which players 
were held in the old ,chinese times is  
also  shown by the titles with which    
they were honored2 to wit1 8,kisei0 or  
8,ki ,shing10 from 8,ki10 meaning ,go1  
and 8,sei10 a holy man1 and 8,shing10   
magician or sage4    ,in the time of the
 ,tang ,dynasty 7#fah-ijf ,a4,d471 and  
again during the  ,sung ,dynasty        
7#ifj-aabf ,a4,d471 the first books     
about ,go were written4  ,the game then 
flourished in ,china1 and there were    
then many  distinguished players in that
 country4    ,according to the ,japanese
 reckoning of time1 ,go was introduced  
into  ,japan in the period ,tem pyo1    
during the reign of the emperor ,shomu1 
which according to the ,chinese records 
was the thirteenth year of the  period  
,tien ,tao1 and during the reign of the 
emperor ,huan ,tsung4  ,according to our

 calendar this would be about the year  
#gce ,a4,d4    ,a man otherwise well    
known in the history of ,japan1 ,kibi   
,daijin1 was  sent as an envoy to ,china
 in that year1 and it is said that he   
brought  the game back with him to      
,japan4    ,go may have been known in   
,japan before that date1 but at any rate
 it  must have been known about this    
time1 for in the seventh month of the   
tenth year of the period ,tem pyo       
7,a4,d4 #gch71 we are told that a       
,japanese nobleman named ,kumoshi was   
playing ,go with another nobleman  named
 ,adzumabito1 and that in a quarrel     
resulting from the game ,kumoshi  killed
 ,adzumabito with his sword4    ,on its 
introduction into ,japan a new era      
opened in the development of  the game1 
but at first it spread very slowly1 and 
it is mentioned a  hundred years later  
that the number of ,go players among the
 nobility  7and to them the knowledge of
 the game was entirely confined7 was    
very  small indeed4    ,in the period   

called ,kasho 7#hdh-hea ,a4,d471 and in 
,nin ,ju 7#hea-hed  ,a4,d471 a ,japanese
 prince dwelt in ,china1 and was there  
taught the game  by the best player in  
,china4 ,the following anecdote is told 
in regard  to this prince3 that in order
 to do him honor the ,chinese allowed   
him  to meet the best players1 and in   
order to cope with them he hit upon  the
 idea of placing his stones exactly in  
the same way as those of his  opponent2 
that is to say1 when his opponent placed
 a stone at any  point1 he would place  
his stone on a point symmetrically      
opposite1 and  in that way he is said to
 have won4 ,in regard to this anecdote  
it may  be said that the ,chinese must  
have been very weak players1 or they    
would speedily have found means of      
overcoming this method of defense4      
,we next hear that in the year #hej a   
,japanese named ,wakino became famous   
as a great devotee of the game4 ,he     
played continuously day and night1  and 
became so engrossed in the game that he 

forgot everything else  absolutely4     
,in the next two centuries the knowledge
 of the game did not extend  beyond the 
court at ,kioto4 ,indeed1 it appears    
that it was forbidden to  play ,go      
anywhere else than at court4 ,at all    
events we are told that in  the period  
called ,otoku 7#ajhd-ajhg ,a4,d47 the   
,prince of ,dewa1 whose name  was       
,kiowara no ,mahira1 secretly introduced
 the game into the province  of ,oshu1  
and played there with his vassals4 ,from
 that time not only the  number of the  
nobility who played the game increased  
rapidly1 but the  common people as well 
began to take it up4    ,our            
frontispiece illustrates an incident    
which is said to have occurred  about   
this time in the city of ,kamakura4 ,a  
samurai named ,sato ,tadanobu1  who was 
a vassal of ,yoshitsune1 a brother of   
,yoritomo1 the first ,shogun  of ,japan1
 was playing ,go in his house when he   
was suddenly attacked by  his enemies1  
and he is depicted using the 8,goban0 as

 a weapon wherewith  to defend himself4 
,the print is by ,kuniyoshi1 and is one 
of a series  the title of which might be
 translated as 8,our ,favorite ,hero    
,series40  ,the 8,go ban10 8,go ishi10  
and 8,go tsubo0 look precisely like     
those which  are at present in use1 but 
,kuniyoshi probably represented the type
 in  use in his day and not in the time 
of ,yoritomo1 as it is pretty well      
settled that in the early times the     
board was smaller4    ,there is also a  
story which comes down from the         
,kamakura period in  regard to ,hojo    
,yoshitoki4 ,he is said to have been    
playing ,go with a  guest at the moment 
that news arrived of the uprising of    
,wada  ,yoshimori4 ,yoshitoki is said to
 have first finished the game in perfect
  calmness before he thought of his     
measures for subduing the revolution4   
,this was in the first year of ,kempo1  
or #abac ,a4,d4    ,in the beginning of 
the thirteenth century we find that ,go 
was widely  known in the samurai class1 

and was played with zeal4 ,at that time 
everybody who went to war1 from the most
 famous general down to the  meanest    
soldier1 played the game4 ,the board and
 stones were carried  with them to the  
field of battle1 and as soon as the     
battle was over1  they were brought out1
 and the friendly strife began4 ,many of
 the monks  and poets of that period    
also had a taste for ,go1 and several of
 them  are mentioned as celebrated ,go  
players4    ,all three of the great     
,japanese generals1 ,nobunaga1          
,hideyoshi1 and  ,iyeyasu1 were devotees
 of the game4 ,it is related that       
,nobunaga came to  ,kioto in the tenth  
year of ,ten ,sho1 #aehb ,a4,d41 and    
lived in the ,honnoji  ,temple4 ,one    
night the celebrated ,go player1        
,sansha1 of whom more  hereafter1 came  
and played with him until midnight4     
,sansha had scarcely  taken his         
departure when the uprising of ,akechi  
,mitsuhide broke out4    ,in the periods
 ,genki 7#aegj-aegb71 ,ten ,sho         

7#aegc-aeia7 until ,keicho              
7#aeif-afad71 and ,gen ,wa 7#afae-afbc71
 there were many celebrated players     
among the monks1 poets1 farmers and     
tradespeople4 ,they were called to  the 
courts of the daimios and to the halls  
of the nobles1 either in  order that the
 nobility might play with them1 or more 
frequently merely  to exhibit their     
skill at the game4 ,this custom existed 
up to the time  of the fall of the      
,shogunate4    ,that the ,japanese could
 find pleasure in merely watching a game
 that is  so abstract in its nature and 
so difficult to understand is evidence  
of  the fact that they were then a      
highly cultivated people intellectually4
  ,we find nothing like it in this      
country except in the narrowest ,chess  
circles4    ,in the beginning of the    
seventeenth century ,go attained such a 
high  development that there appeared a 
series of expert players who far        
surpassed anything known before4 ,of    
these the most famous were ,honinbo     

,sansha ,hoin1 ,nakamura ,doseki1       
,hayashi ,rigen1 ,inouye ,inseki1 and   
,yasui  ,santetsu4    ,sansha was the   
son of a merchant of ,kioto4 ,when he   
was nine years old  he shaved his head1 
named himself ,nikkai1 and became a     
,buddhist monk in  the ,temple of       
,shokokuji1 which was one of the        
principal temples of the  ,nichi ,ren   
sect in ,kioto4 ,from his early life    
,sansha was very skilful at  the game1  
and upon giving up his profession as a  
monk1 he obtained  permission to        
institute a school of ,go players1 and  
he then took the  name of ,honinbo      
,sansha4 ,he was on terms of familiar   
intercourse with  ,nobunaga1 ,hideyoshi 
and ,iyeyasu1 often accompanied them on 
their  travels and campaigns1 and was   
present at many of the battles of that  
troublous epoch4    ,the school of ,go  
which ,honinbo opened1 however1 was     
merely a private  undertaking4 ,the     
first ,state institution in which ,go   
was taught was  founded by ,hideyoshi in

 the period ,ten ,sho 7#aegc-aeia71 but 
it seems to  have had a short existence1
 and the permanent institution which    
lasted  until the fall of the ,shogunate
 was founded by the successor of        
,hideyoshi1 ,iyeyasu4 ,iyeyasu became   
,shogun in the year #afjc1 and the      
foundation of the ,go ,academy or 8,go  
,in10 as the ,japanese call it1 must    
have occurred soon after he ascended the
 throne4 ,honinbo ,sansha1 who  was     
still the best ,go player in ,japan1 was
 named as the head of the  institution4 
,the other most skilful masters were    
installed as  professors with good      
salaries4 ,to ,honinbo ,sansha1 the     
director1 was  given #cej tsubo of land 
7a tsubo is as big as two ,japanese mats
 or  tatami1 and is therefore six feet  
square71 and an annual revenue of #bjj  
koku of rice 7a koku is a little more   
than five bushels74 ,men of the  best   
intelligence could now dedicate         
themselves to the education of  students
 and the further development of the     

game1 freed from the cares  of earning a
 livelihood4 ,in both respects the      
institute was eminently  successful4    
,its graduates were much more skilful   
than the previous  generation of ,go    
players living in the land4 ,they       
devoted themselves  entirely to the     
game1 and either found positions as     
players at the  court of a daimio1 or   
traveled through the country 7like the  
poets and  swordsmen of that period71   
playing the game and giving instruction 
in  its mysteries as they found         
opportunity4 ,if they came to a place   
which  pleased them1 they often let     
their years of wandering come to an end 
and remained there1 making their living 
as teachers of the game4    ,at the time
 of the founding of the ,academy1       
besides ,honinbo1 the  previously       
mentioned masters1 ,hayashi1 ,inouye1   
and ,yasui1 were  installed as          
professors4 ,for some reason1 ,nakamura1
 who is mentioned  above as one of the  
contemporaries of ,honinbo1 did not     

appear at the  ,academy4 ,each of the   
four masters above named founded his    
school or  method of play independently 
of the others1 and the custom existed   
that  each teacher adopted his best     
pupil as a son1 and thus had a successor
  at his death2 so the teachers in the  
,academy were always named ,honinbo1    
,inouye1 ,hayashi1 and ,yasui4 7,lovers 
of ,japanese prints are already         
familiar with this continued similarity 
of names47    ,the best players of the  
,academy had to appear every year before
 the  ,shogun and play for his          
amusement4 ,this ceremony was called    
8,go zen  ,go10 which means 8playing the
 game in the august presence10 or 8,o   
shiro  ,go10 8,shiro0 meaning 8the      
honorable palace10 and the masters of   
the  game entered these contests with   
the same determination that was         
displayed by the samurai on the field of
 battle4    ,an anecdote has come down  
to us from the reign of the third       
,shogun1  ,tokugawa ,iyemitsu1 showing  

how highly the ,go masters regarded     
their  art4 ,at that time ,yasui ,sanchi
 was 8,meijin10 which1 as we shall see  
in  a moment1 meant the highest rank in 
the ,go world1 while ,honinbo  ,sanyetsu
 held the rank of 8,jo zu10 which was   
almost as high1 but which1  according to
 the rules1 would entitle him to a      
handicap of one stone  from his expert  
adversary2 and these two men1 being the 
best players1  were selected to play in 
the ,shogun's presence4 ,honinbo1       
feeling  conscious of his skill1        
disdained to accept the handicap1 and   
met his  adversary on even terms4 ,the  
game was proceeding in the presence of  
the  court nobles before the ,shogun had
 appeared1 and among the spectators  was
 ,matsudaira ,higo no ,kami1 one of the 
most powerful noblemen of that  epoch4  
,yasui ,sanchi was a favorite of        
,matsudaira and as he watched the  play 
he remarked audibly that ,honinbo would 
surely be defeated4 ,honinbo  ,sanyetsu 
heard the remark1 and pausing in his    

play1 he allowed the  stone which he was
 about to place on the board to fall    
back into the  8,go tsubo0 or wooden jar
 that holds the ,go stones1 gently      
covered the  8,go tsubo10 and drawing   
himself up with great dignity1 said3 8,i
 am  serving the ,shogun with the art of
 ,go1 and when we ,go masters enter a   
contest1 it is in the same spirit as    
warriors go upon the field of  battle1  
staking our life1 if necessary1 to      
decide the contest4 ,while we  are doing
 this we do not allow interference or   
comments from any one1  no matter how   
high may be his rank4 ,although ,i am   
not the greatest  master of the game1 ,i
 hold the degree of #8,jo zu1' and1     
therefore1 there  are few players in    
,japan who are able to appreciate my    
plans1 tactics1  or strategy4           
,nevertheless1 the ,prince of ,higo has 
unwarrantedly  prophesied my defeat4 ,i 
do not understand why he has done this1 
but if  such a comment were allowed to  
become a precedent1 and onlookers were  

permitted to make whatever comments on  
the game they saw fit1 it would  be     
better that the custom of the #8,o shiro
 ,go' should cease40 ,having  said this1
 he raised himself from his seat4 ,at   
this moment the court  officers         
announced the coming of the ,shogun1 and
 the noblemen who had  assembled to see 
the contest1 surprised and confused by  
the turn  affairs had taken1 earnestly  
persuaded ,honinbo to reseat himself and
  continue the game4 ,this he           
obstinately refused to do1 and          
endeavored to  leave the imperial       
chamber4 ,prince ,matsudaira1 taken     
aback1 scarcely  knew what to do4       
,however1 he kotowed to ,honinbo and1   
profusely  apologizing1 besought the    
offended master to finish the contest4  
,honinbo ,sanyetsu was appeased1 and    
resumed his seat at the board1 and  both
 players1 aroused by the incident1      
exerted every effort to achieve         
victory4 ,honinbo ,sanyetsu won1        
whereupon the ,prince of ,higo was      

greatly  humiliated4 ,since then the    
name of ,sanyetsu has always been       
revered as  one of the greatest of the  
,honinbo family4    ,in the degenerate  
days toward the end of the ,tokugawa    
,dynasty the 8,go  zen ,go0 became a    
mere farce1 and the games were all      
played through and  studied out         
beforehand1 in order that the ceremony  
in court might not  last too long4 ,the 
custom was1 however1 maintained until   
the fall of  the ,shogunate in #ahfh4   
,honinbo ,sansha established at the time
 of the foundation of the ,academy  a   
method of classifying the players by    
giving them degrees1 which still        
exists1 although no longer under the    
authority of the ,state4 ,when a man    
attained to a certain measure of skill  
in the game he received the  title      
8,shodan10 or1 of the first degree4 ,the
 still stronger players  were arranged  
as 8,nidan10 8,sandan10 8,yodan10 etc41 
or of the second1  third1 and fourth    
degrees4 ,the highest degree in the     

series was  8,kudan10 or the ninth      
degree4 ,in order to attain the first   
degree1 or  8,shodan10 the candidate    
must be an excellent player1 so good in 
fact  that he could follow the game as a
 profession4 ,in other games such a     
graduated system of classifying players 
would be scarcely possible1 but  among  
good ,go players it is feasible1 because
 the better player almost  invariably   
wins1 even if he be but slightly        
superior4 ,if the difference  in skill  
could not be equalized in some way the  
game would become  tiresome1 as the     
weaker player would almost always be    
able to foresee  his defeat4 ,the       
stronger player1 therefore1 allows his  
adversary to  place enough stones on the
 board as a handicap to make the        
adversaries  approximately equal4       
,according to the rules of the ,academy1
 if the difference between the  skill of
 the players was only one degree1 the   
weaker player would be  allowed the     
first move4 ,if the difference was two  

degrees1 the weaker  player would be    
allowed to place a stone on the board1  
and the stronger  player would have the 
first move1 and so on2 in other words1  
the  difference between each degree     
might be called half a stone4 ,thus1 a  
player of the fourth degree would allow 
a player of the first degree to  place  
two stones on the board as a handicap1  
but would have the first  move4 ,a      
player of the seventh degree would allow
 a player of the first  degree three    
stones1 and a player of the ninth degree
 would allow a  player of the first     
degree four stones4 ,four was the       
highest handicap  allowed among the     
players holding degrees1 but1 as we     
shall see later1  among players of less 
skill greater handicaps are frequently  
given4    ,a player of the seventh      
degree also received the honorary title 
8,jo  zu10 or the higher hand4 ,those of
 the eighth rank were called 8,kan      
shu10 or the half-way step1 and those of
 the ninth degree were called  8,mei    

shu10 the clear1 bright hand1 or 8,mei  
jin10 literally 8celebrated  man40 ,it  
is related that this last appellation   
arose in the time of  ,nobunaga1 who was
 a spectator of a game played by        
,honinbo ,sansha with  some             
contemporary1 and who expressed his     
admiration of the skill of  ,honinbo by 
exclaiming 8,mei jin60 which thus became
 the title applied to  players of the   
highest skill4    ,since the institution
 of this method of classifying ,go      
players over  three hundred years ago1  
there have been only nine players who   
have  attained the ninth degree1 and    
only fourteen players who have attained 
the eighth degree4 ,on the other hand1  
there have been many more of the        
seventh1 and many more still of each of 
the lower degrees4 ,in #ahhj1 at  the   
time ,korschelt wrote the article       
previously referred to1 there was  only 
one player in ,japan holding the seventh
 degree1 and that was the  celebrated   
,murase ,shuho4 ,at present there is one

 player who holds the  ninth degree4    
,his name is ,honinbo ,shuyei1 and he is
 the only player who  has attained the  
ninth degree during the period called   
the 8,meiji10 or  since the fall of the 
,shogunate forty years ago4    ,this    
arrangement of the players in degrees is
 unknown in ,china and  ,korea4 ,on the 
other hand1 it is in use in the ,ryukyu 
or ,loochoo  ,islands4    ,the ,japanese
 seem to have regarded the              
classification in degrees as an         
absolute standard of measurement4       
,nevertheless1 it must necessarily  have
 varied from time to time1 and in the   
course of centuries the  standard must  
gradually have risen4    ,players of    
high rank who are challenged by the     
improving players of the  lower grades  
will instinctively desire to make it    
more difficult for  the new players to  
attain the higher degree1 because their 
own fame1  which is their highest       
possession1 depends upon the result of  
the game2  and assuming that all trial  

games could be conducted in an impartial
  and judicial spirit1 nevertheless1 all
 the players would become more  expert  
from the hard practice1 even if their   
skill in relation to each  other        
remained the same4    ,thus a seventh   
degree player of to-day would be better 
in a year  although he still remained in
 the seventh degree1 and this constant  
raising of the standard must lead us to 
suppose that a player of the  seventh   
degree now is quite equal or perhaps    
superior to an eighth or  ninth degree  
player of a hundred or two hundred years
 ago4 ,as an  illustration of this      
increase in skill1 we only have to      
compare the  standard set in the ,ryukyu
 ,islands4 ,they also established the   
classification in degrees soon after the
 foundation of the ,academy in  ,japan1 
and then the two institutions seem to   
have lost touch4 ,korschelt  relates    
that for the first time about the year  
#ahhj a ,go player of the  second degree
 from the ,satsuma province visited     

those ,islands and tried  his skill with
 their best players1 and found that he  
could easily  defeat the players there  
classified as of the fifth degree4      
,the position as head of the ,academy   
was much coveted by ,go players1 but  it
 was generally held by the ,honinbo     
family4 ,one of the last incidents  in  
relation to the ,academy tells of an    
attempt on the part of ,inouye  ,inseki1
 the eleventh of that line1 to obtain   
the headship of the  ,academy when      
,honinbo ,jowa1 who was the twelfth     
,honinbo1 retired4 ,inseki  was afraid  
he could not obtain the coveted position
 by a contest1 and  therefore strove to 
obtain it by intrigue from the ,shogun's
 officer  intrusted with the business of
 the ,academy4 ,when ,jowa retired he   
was  not unaware of the desires of      
,inseki1 but it did not trouble him     
much1  as he felt confident that the    
fourteenth ,honinbo1 whose name was     
,shuwa1  could successfully defend his  
title4 ,however1 at last matters came to

  such a point that ,jowa ordered ,shuwa
 to present a petition to the  ,shogun  
requesting that the title be settled by 
contest1 but the  ,shogun's officer1 who
 was in league with ,inseki1 returned   
the petition1  whereupon all of the     
,honinbo house rose and insisted on     
their rights in  accordance with custom 
and precedent1 and at last their        
petition was  granted4 ,it was fixed    
that the title was to be decided by ten 
games1  and the first game began at the 
residence of the ,shogun's officer1     
,inaba ,tango no ,kami1 on the #bith of 
,november1 in the eleventh year of      
,tempo 7about sixty-six years ago71 and 
it ended the same year on the  #acth of 
,december4 ,there was an adjournment of 
four days1 and on one  occasion the     
contest lasted all night4 ,therefore in 
all it took nine  days and one night to 
finish the game4    ,it is unnecessary  
to say that both players put forth all  
their efforts  in this life and death   
struggle1 and it is said that ,inseki's 

excitement was so intense as to cause   
blood to gush from his mouth1 but  he   
finally lost by four stones1 and the    
other nine games were not  played4      
,inseki1 however1 mortified by his      
defeat1 again challenged  ,shuwa4 ,this 
game began on the #afth of ,may in the  
thirteenth year of  ,tempo1 and lasted  
two days4 ,inseki again lost by six     
stones4 ,on  ,november #agth of the same
 year a third contest took place between
 ,shuwa  and ,inseki in the presence of 
the ,shogun in his palace at ,tokio4    
,inseki  again lost by four stones4 ,in 
all these contests ,inseki as the       
challenger had the first move1 and he   
finally became convinced of his         
inability to win from the scion of the  
,honinbo family1 and abandoned  his     
life-long desire1 and it is related that
 thereupon the houses of  ,honinbo and  
,inouye became more friendly than ever4 
,in the first half of the nineteenth    
century ,go had a period of great       
development4 ,this occurred according to

 the ,japanese calendar in the  periods 
called ,bun ,kwa 7#ahjd-ahah71 ,bun ,sei
 7#ahah-ahbi71 and ,tempo  7#ahcj-ahdd74
 ,the collection of specimen games of   
that time are to-day  regarded as       
models1 and the methods of play and of  
opening the game  then in use are still 
studied1 although they have been        
somewhat  superseded4 ,the best games   
were played by the ,honinbos ,dosaku and
 ,jowa  and ,yasui ,sanchi4    ,on the  
fall of the ,shogunate in the year #ahfh
 the ,go ,academy came to an  end1 and  
with it the regulation of the game by   
the ,state4 ,a few years  later the     
daimios were dispossessed1 and they did 
not feel an  obligation as private      
individuals to retain the services of   
the ,go  players who had been in        
attendance at their courts4 ,thereupon  
ensued a  sad time for the masters of   
the game1 who had theretofore for the   
most  part lived by the practice of     
their art1 and to make things still     
worse1 the ,japanese people lost their  

interest in ,go4 ,upon the opening  of  
the country the people turned with      
enthusiasm to the foreigners4  ,foreign 
things were more prized than native     
things1 and among the  things of native 
origin the game of ,go was neglected4   
,about the year #ahhj1 however1 a       
reaction set in2 interest in the old    
national game was revived1 and at the   
present day it is fostered with  as much
 zeal as in the olden times4    ,most of
 the higher officials of the government1
 and also the officers  in the army and 
navy1 are skilled players4 ,the great   
daily newspapers  of the capitals have a
 ,go department1 just as some of our    
periodicals  have a department devoted  
to ,chess1 and the game is very much    
played at  the hot springs and health   
resorts1 and clubs1 and teachers of the 
art  are found in all of the larger     
cities4 ,go has always retained         
something  of its early aristocratic    
character1 and in fact1 it is still     
regarded  as necessary for a man of     

refinement to possess a certain skill at
 the  game4    ,during the recent       
,russo-,japanese ,war the strategy      
employed by the  ,japanese commanders   
certainly suggested the methods of play 
used in the  game of ,go4 ,whether this 
was an accidental resemblance or not ,i 
cannot  say4 ,at ,liao ,yang it seemed  
as if ,marshal ,oyama had got three of  
the  necessary stones advantageously    
placed1 but the ,russians escaped before
  the fourth could be moved into        
position4 ,at the final battle of       
,mukden  the enveloping strategy        
characteristic of the game was carried  
out with  still greater success4    ,at 
the present time the division into the  
four schools of ,honinbo1  ,inouye1     
,hayashi1 and ,yasui1 no longer exists1 
and ,go players are  divided into the   
schools of ,honinbo and ,hoyensha4 ,this
 latter school  was established about   
the year #ahhj by ,murase ,shuho1 to    
whom reference  has already been made4  
,the ,honinbo school is the successor of

 the old ,academy1 while the new  school
 has made one or two innovations1 one of
 the most fortunate being  a rule that  
no game shall last longer than          
twenty-four hours without  interruption4
 ,the ,hoyensha school also recognized  
the degree 8,inaka  ,shodan10 which     
means the 8first degree in the country10
 and is allowed  to a class of players  
who are regarded as entitled to the     
first degree  in their native town1 but 
who are generally undeceived when they  
meet  the recognized 8,shodan0 players  
of the metropolis4    ,while in ,japan  
,go has attained such a high            
development1 largely through  the help  
of the government1 as has been shown1 it
 seems to be decadent  in its motherland
 of ,china4 ,the ,japanese players      
assure us that there  is no player in   
,china equal to a ,japanese player of   
the first degree4  ,in ,korea also the  
game is played1 but the skill there     
attained is also  immensely below the   
,japanese standard4    ,having now given

 an idea of the importance of the game  
in the eyes of  the ,japanese1 and the  
length of time it has been played1 we   
will  proceed to a description of the   
board and stones1 and then take up the  
details of the play4                    
,,ii    ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,board
 ,,and ,,stones      ,the board1 or 8,go
 ,ban0 as it is called in ,japanese1 is 
a solid block of  wood1 about seventeen 
and a half inches long1 sixteen inches  
broad1 and  generally about four or five
 inches thick4 ,it has four detachable  
feet  or legs so that as it stands on   
the floor it is about eight inches      
high4 ,the board and feet are always    
stained yellow4    ,the best boards in  
,japan are made of a wood called 8,kaya0
 7,torreya  ,nucifera7 a species of yew4
 ,they are also made of a wood called   
8,icho0  or ,gingko 7,salisburia        
adiantifolia7 and of 8,hinoki0 7,thuya  
,obtusa7 a  kind of cedar4 ,at all      
events they must be of hard wood1 and   
yet not so  hard as to be unpleasant to 

the touch when the stone is placed on   
the  board1 and the wood must further   
have the quality of resonance1 because  
the ,japanese enjoy hearing the sound   
made by the stone as it is played1  and 
they always place it on the board with  
considerable force when  space will     
permit4 ,the ,japanese expression for   
playing ,go1 to wit1 8,go  wo utsu10    
literally means to 8strike0 ,go1        
referring to the impact of  the stone4  
,in ,korea this feature is carried to   
such an extreme that  wires are         
stretched beneath the board1 so that as 
a stone is played a  distinct musical   
sound is produced4 ,the best boards     
should1 of course1  be free from knots1 
and the grain should run diagonally     
across them4    ,in the back of the     
board there is cut a square depression4 
,the purpose  of this is probably to    
make the block more resonant1 although  
the old  ,japanese stories say that this
 depression was put there originally to 
receive the blood of the vanquished in  

case the excitement of the game  led to 
a sanguinary conflict4    ,the legs of  
the board are said to be shaped to      
resemble the fruit of  the plant called 
8,kuchinashi0 or ,cape ,jessamine       
7,gardenia floribunda71  the name of    
which plant by accident also means      
8without a mouth10 and  this is supposed
 to suggest to onlookers that they      
refrain from making  comments on the    
game 7a suggestion which all ,chess     
players will  appreciate74    ,on the   
board1 parallel with each edge1 are     
nineteen thin1 lacquered  black lines4  
,these lines are about four             
one-hundredths of an inch wide4  ,it has
 been seen from the dimensions given    
that the board is not  exactly square1  
and the field therefore is a            
8parallelogram1 the sides  of which are 
sixteen and a half and fifteen inches   
long respectively1  and the lines in one
 direction are a little bit farther     
apart than in  the other4 ,these lines1 
by their crossing1 produce three hundred

 and  sixty-one points of intersection1 
including the corners and the points    
along the edge of the field4    ,the    
stones are placed on these points of    
intersection1 and not in the  spaces as 
the pieces are in ,chess or ,checkers4  
,these intersections are  called 8,me0  
or 8,moku0 in ,japanese1 which really   
means 8an eye40  ,inasmuch as the word  
as used in this connection is           
untranslatable1 ,i  shall hereafter     
refer to these points of intersection by
 their ,japanese  name4    ,on the      
board1 as shown in the diagram 7,plate  
#a71 are nine little  circles4 ,it is on
 these circles that the handicap stones 
when given are  placed4 ,they have no   
other function in the game1 but they are
 supposed  also to have some sort of    
symbolical meaning4 ,chamberlain states 
that  these spots or 8,seimoku0 are     
supposed to represent the chief         
celestial  bodies1 and that the central 
one is called 8,taikyoku02 that is1 the 
primordial principle of the universe4   

,in the work of ,stewart ,culin         
referred to in the preface it is stated 
that they correspond to the  nine lights
 of heaven--the sun1 moon and the seven 
stars of the  constellation 8,tau0      
7,ursa ,major74 ,indeed the whole       
arrangement of the  board is said to    
have some symbolical significance1 the  
number of  crosses 7exclusive of the    
central one7 representing the three     
hundred  and sixty degrees of latitude1 
and the number of white and black stones
  corresponding to the number of days of
 the year2 but nowadays the  ,japanese  
do not make much of a point of the      
astronomical significance  of the board 
or of the 8,seimoku40    ,the stones or 
8,ishi0 with which the game is played   
are three hundred  and sixty-one in     
number1 corresponding to the number of  
8,me0 or points  of intersection on the 
board4 ,one hundred and eighty of these 
stones  are white and the remaining one 
hundred and eighty-one are black4 ,as   
the weaker player has the black stones  

and the first move1 obviously  the extra
 stone must be black4 ,in practice the  
entire number of stones  is never used1 
as at the end of the game there are     
always vacant spaces  on the board4 ,the
 ,japanese generally keep these stones  
in gracefully  shaped1 lacquered boxes  
or 8,go tsubo40    ,the white stones are
 made of a kind of white shell2 they are
 highly  polished1 and are exceedingly  
pleasant to the touch4 ,the best come   
from  the provinces of ,hitachi and     
,mikawa4 ,the black are made of stone1  
generally a kind of slate that comes    
from the ,nachi cataract in ,kishiu4    
,as they are used they become almost    
jet-black1 and they are also  pleasant  
to the touch1 but not so much so as the 
white4 ,a good set is  quite dear1 and  
cannot be purchased under several yen4  
,the ideograph  formerly used for 8,go  
ishi0 indicates that originally they    
were made of  wood1 and not of stone1   
and the old ,chinese ideograph shows    
that in  that country they were wooden  

pieces painted black and white4 ,the use
  of polished shell for the white stones
 was first introduced in the  ,ashikaga 
period4    ,in form the stones are      
disk-shaped1 but not always exactly     
round1 and  are convex on both surfaces1
 so that they tremble slightly when     
placed  on the board4 ,they are about   
three-quarters of an inch in diameter1  
and  about one-eighth of an inch in     
thickness4 ,the white stones are        
generally a trifle larger than the black
 ones2 for some strange reason  those of
 both colors are a little bit wider than
 they should be in  order to fit the    
board4 ,korschelt carefully measured the
 stones which  he used1 and found that  
the black were seventeen-sixteenths of  
the  distance between the vertical lines
 on his board1 and about                
eighteen-nineteenths of the distance    
between the horizontal lines1  while the
 white stones were thirteen-twelfths of 
the distance between  the vertical lines
 and thirty-six thirty-sevenths of the  

distance  between the horizontal lines4 
,i found about the same relation of size
  in the board and stones which ,i use4 
,the result of this is that the stones  
do not have quite room enough and  lap  
over each other1 and when the board is  
very full1 they push each  other out of 
place4 ,to make matters still worse the 
,japanese are not  very careful to put  
the stones exactly on the points of     
intersection1  but place them           
carelessly1 so that the board has an    
irregular  appearance4 ,it is probable  
that the unsymmetrical shape of the     
board  and the irregularity of the size 
of the stones arise from the antipathy  
that the ,japanese have to exact        
symmetry4 ,at any rate1 it is all       
calculated to break up the monotonous   
appearance which the board would  have  
if the spaces were exactly square1 and  
the stones were exactly  round and      
fitted properly in their places4    ,in 
,japan the board is placed on the floor1
 and the players sit on the  floor also1

 facing each other1 as shown in the     
illustration1 and  generally the        
narrower side of the board is placed so 
as to face the  players4 ,since the     
introduction of tables in ,japan ,go    
boards are also  made thinner and       
without feet1 but the game seems to lose
 some of its  charm when the customs of 
the old ,japan are departed from4       
,the ,japanese always take the stone    
between the middle and index  fingers1  
and not between the thumb and index     
finger as we are likely to  do1 and they
 place it on the board smartly and with 
great skill1 so  that it gives a        
cheerful sound1 as before stated4       
,for use in this country the board need 
not be so thick1 and need not1  of      
course1 have feet1 but if it is         
attempted to play the game on           
cardboard1 which has a dead sound as the
 stones are played1 it is  surprising   
how much the pleasure of the game is    
diminished4 ,the author  has found that 
,casino chips are the best substitute   

for the ,japanese  stones4              
,originally the board used for the game 
of ,go was not so large1 and the        
intersecting lines in each direction    
were only seventeen in number4 ,at  the 
time of the foundation of the ,go       
,academy this was the size of board  in 
use4 ,as the game developed the present 
number of lines became fixed  after     
trial and comparison with other possible
 sizes4 ,korschelt made  certain        
experiments with the next possible      
larger size in which the  number of     
lines in each direction was twenty-one1 
and it seemed that  the game could still
 be played1 although it made necessary  
the  intellect of a past master to grasp
 the resulting combinations4 ,if more   
than twenty-one lines are used          
,korschelt states that the combinations 
are beyond the reach of the human mind4 
,in closing the description of the board
 it may be interesting to point  out    
that the game which we call 8,go ,bang0 
or 8,five in a ,row10 is played  on what

 is really a ,japanese ,go board1 and   
the word 8,go ,bang0 is merely  another 
phonetic imitation of the words by which
 the ,japanese designate  their board4  
,i have found1 however1 that the 8,go   
,bang0 boards sold in  the stores in    
this country are an imitation of the    
original ,japanese  8,go ban10 and have 
only seventeen lines1 and are therefore 
a little too  small for the game as now 
played4 ,the game which we call 8,go    
,bang0 also  originated in ,japan1 and  
is well known and still played there4   
,they  call it 8,go ,moku ,narabe10     
which means to arrange five 8,me10 the  
word  8,go0 in this case meaning 8five10
 and 8,moku0 being the alternative way  
of pronouncing the ideograph for eye4   
8,go ,moku ,narabe0 is often played  by 
good ,go players1 generally for         
relaxation1 as it is a vastly simpler   
game than ,go1 and can be finished much 
more rapidly4 ,it is not1  however1 to  
be despised1 as when played by good     
players there is  considerable chance   

for analysis1 and the play often covers 
the entire  board4                      
,,iii    ,,rules ,,of ,,play      ,the  
players play alternately1 and the weaker
 player has the black  stones and plays 
first1 unless a handicap has been given1
 in which case  the player using the    
white stones has the first move4 7,in   
the olden  times this was just          
reversed47 ,they place the stones on the
 vacant  points of intersection on the  
board1 or 8,me10 and they may place them
  wherever they please1 with the single 
exception of the case called  8,ko10    
which will be hereafter explained4 ,when
 the stones are once  played they are   
never moved again4    ,the object of the
 game of ,go is to secure territory4    
,just as the object  of the game of     
,chess is not to capture pieces1 but to 
checkmate the  adverse ,king1 so in ,go 
the ultimate object is not to capture   
the  adversary's stones1 but to so      
arrange matters that at the end of the  
game a player's stones will surround as 

much vacant space as possible4  ,at the 
end of the game1 however1 before the    
amount of vacant space is  calculated1  
the stones that have been taken are used
 to fill up the  vacant spaces claimed  
by the adversary2 that is to say1 the   
captured  black stones are used to fill 
up the spaces surrounded by the player  
having the white pieces1 and vice versa1
 and the player who has the  greatest   
amount of territory after the captured  
stones are used in this  way1 is the    
winner of the game4 ,however1 if the    
players1 fearing each  other1 merely    
fence in parts of the board without     
regard to each  other's play1 a most    
uninteresting game results1 and the     
,japanese call  this by the contemptuous
 epithet 8,ji dori go10 or 8ground      
taking ,go40 ,i  have noticed that      
beginners in this country sometimes     
start to play in  this way1 and it is   
one of the many ways by which the play  
of a mere  novice may be recognized4    
,the best games arise when the players  

in  their efforts to secure territory   
attack each other's stones or groups  of
 stones1 and we therefore must know how 
a stone can be taken4    ,a stone is    
taken when it is surrounded on four     
opposite sides as shown  in ,plate #b1  
,diagram ,i4 ,when it is taken it is    
removed from the board4  ,it is not     
necessary that a stone should also be   
surrounded diagonally1  which would make
 eight stones necessary in order to take
 one2 neither  do four stones placed on 
the adjacent diagonal intersections     
cause a  stone to be taken3 they do not 
directly attack the stone in the center 
at all4 ,plate #b1 ,diagram ,,iv1 shows 
this situation4    ,a stone which is    
placed on the edge of the board may be  
surrounded and  captured by three       
stones1 as shown in ,plate #b1 ,diagram 
,,ii1 and if a  stone is placed in the  
extreme corner of the board1 it may be  
surrounded and taken by two stones1 as  
shown in ,plate #b1 ,diagram ,,iii4     
,in actual practice it seldom or never  

happens that a stone or group of  stones
 is surrounded by the minimum number    
requisite under the rule1  for in that  
case the player whose stones were       
threatened could  generally manage to   
break through his adversary's line4 ,it 
is almost  always necessary to add      
helping stones to those that are        
strictly  necessary in completing the   
capture4 ,plate #b1 ,diagram ,v1 shows  
four  stones which are surrounded with  
the minimum number of stones4 ,plate #b1
  ,diagram ,,vi1 shows the same group   
with a couple of helping stones added1  
which would probably be found necessary 
in actual play4    ,it follows from this
 rule that stones which are on the same 
line  parallel with the edges of the    
board are connected1 and support each   
other1 ,plate #b1 ,diagram ,,vii1 while 
stones which are on the same  diagonal  
line are not connected1 and do not      
support each other1 ,plate  #b1 ,diagram
 ,,viii4 ,in order to surround stones   
which are on the same  line1 and        

therefore connected1 it is necessary to 
surround them all in  order to take     
them1 while stones which are arranged on
 a diagonal line1  and therefore        
unconnected1 may be taken one at a time4
 ,on ,plate #b1  ,diagram ,,iii1 if     
there were a stone placed at ,s #ah1 it 
would not be  connected with the stone  
in the corner1 and would not help it in 
any  way4 ,on the other hand1 as has    
been said1 it is not necessary to place 
a white stone on that point in order to 
complete the capture of the  stone in   
the corner4    ,in order to capture a   
group or chain of stones containing     
vacant space1  it must be completely    
surrounded inside and out2 for instance1
 the  black group shown on ,plate #b1   
,diagram ,,ix1 while it has no hope of  
life  if it is ,white's play is         
nevertheless not completely surrounded4 
,in  order to surround it1 it is        
necessary to play on the three vacant   
intersections at ,m #aa1 ,n #aa1 and ,o 
#aa4 ,the same group of stones is  shown

 in ,diagram ,x completely surrounded4  
7,it may be said in passing  that ,white
 must play at ,n #aa first or the black 
stones can defend  themselves2 we shall 
understand this better in a moment47    
,in practice it often happens that a    
stone or group of stones is  regarded as
 dead before it is completely           
surrounded1 because when the  situation 
is observed to be hopeless the losing   
player abandons it1 and  addresses his  
energies to some other part of the      
board4 ,it is  advantageous for the     
losing player to abandon such a group as
 soon as  possible1 for1 if he continues
 to add to the group1 he loses not only 
the territory but the added stones also4
 ,if the circumstances are such  that   
his opponent has to reply to his moves  
in the hopeless territory1  the loss is 
not so great1 as the opponent is        
meanwhile filling up  spaces which would
 otherwise be vacant1 and against an    
inferior player  there is a chance of   
the adversary making a slip and allowing

 the  threatened stones to save         
themselves4 ,if1 however1 the situation 
is so  clearly hopeless that the        
adversary is not replying move for move1
 then  every stone added to such a group
 means a loss of two points4    ,at the 
end of the game such abandoned groups of
 stones are removed from  the board just
 as if they had been completely         
surrounded and killed1  and it is not   
necessary for the player having the     
advantage actually to  surround and kill
 such a group4 ,it is enough if they    
obviously can be  killed4 ,the theory on
 which this rule proceeds is that if the
 players  play alternately1 no advantage
 would be gained by either side in the  
process of actually surrounding such a  
group1 and its completion would  only be
 a waste of time4 ,but let us suppose   
that a black group at the  end of the   
game is found to be hopeless and also   
completely surrounded  with the         
exception of one point4 ,the question   
arises1 can the ,black  player demand   

that his adversary play on the vacant   
space in order to  kill this group1 for1
 if he could1 it is obvious he would    
gain one 8,me0  by so doing4 ,the answer
 is1 he cannot so demand1 and his       
adversary is  not bound to play on this 
point1 and the hopeless or abandoned    
stones  are removed without further     
play4 ,we might call such groups 8dead40
  ,they may be distinguished from stones
 that are 8taken10 because these  latter
 are removed at once1 whereas 8dead0    
stones are removed only at  the end of  
the game4    ,as a corollary to the rule
 for surrounding and taking stones1 it  
follows that a group of stones          
containing two disconnected vacant      
intersections or 8,me0 cannot be taken4 
,this is not a separate rule4 ,it       
follows necessarily from the method by  
which stones are taken4  ,nevertheless  
in practice it is the most important    
principle in the  game4    ,in order to 
understand the rule or principle of the 
two 8,me10 we must  first look at the   

situation shown in ,plate #c1 ,diagram  
,i4 ,there1 if a  black stone is played 
at ,f #ae1 although it is played on an  
intersection  entirely surrounded by    
white stones1 it nevertheless lives     
because the  moment it is played it has 
the effect of killing the entire white  
group2 that is to say1 a stone may be   
played on an intersection where  it is  
completely surrounded if as it is played
 it has the effect of  completely       
surrounding the adversary's stones      
already on the board4 ,if1  on the other
 hand1 we have a situation as shown in  
,plate #c1 ,diagram ,,ii1  a black stone
 may indeed be played on one of the     
vacant intersections1  but when it is so
 played the white group is not          
completely surrounded1  because there   
still remains one space yet to be       
filled1 and the black  stone itself is  
dead as soon as it touches the board1   
and hence it  would be impossible to    
surround this group of white stones     
unless two  stones were played at once4 

,the white stones1 therefore1 can never 
be  surrounded1 and form an impregnable 
position4    ,this is the principle of  
the two 8,me10 and when a player's group
 of  stones is hard pressed1 and his    
adversary is trying to surround them1   
if he can so place the stones that two  
disconnected complete 8,me0 are  left1  
they are safe forever4 ,it makes no     
difference whether the vacant  8,me0 are
 on the edges or in the corners of the  
board1 or how far from  each other they 
may be4    ,plate #c1 ,diagram ,,vi1    
shows a group of stones containing two  
vacant 8,me0  on the edge of the board4 
,this group is perfectly safe against   
attack4  ,a beginner might ask why the  
white group shown on ,plate #c1 ,diagram
 ,v1  is not safe4 ,the difficulty with 
that group is1 that when ,black has     
played at ,s #i1 there are no 8,me0 in  
it at all as the word is used in  this  
connection1 not even a 8,kageme0 as     
shown in ,plate #c1 ,diagram ,,iii1     
because a 8,me10 in order to be         

available for the purpose of defense1   
must be a vacant intersection that is   
surrounded on four sides1 just as  a    
captured stone must be surrounded1 and  
therefore on the sides of the  board it 
can be made by three stones1 and in the 
corner of the board by  two stones1 but 
it is absolutely necessary1 in addition 
to the minimum  number of surrounding   
stones1 to have helping stones to guard 
the  surrounding stones against attack4 
,this brings us to what the ,japanese   
call 8,kageme40    ,in actual play there
 are many groups of stones that at first
 glance  seem to have two vacant 8,me0  
in them1 but which on analysis1 will be 
found vulnerable to attack4 ,a 8,me0    
that looks somewhat as if it were       
complete1 but is1 nevertheless1         
destructible is called 8,kageme40       
8,kage0  means 8chipped0 or             
8incomplete40 ,plate #c1 ,diagram ,,iii1
 is an  illustration of this4 ,a        
beginner might think that the white     
group was  safe1 but ,black can kill the

 upper six white stones by playing at ,e
 #c1  and then on the next move can kill
 the remainder by playing at ,g #b4     
,therefore1 ,e #c is not a perfect      
8,me10 but is 8,kageme40 ,g #b is a     
perfect  8,me10 but one is not enough to
 save the group4 ,in this group if the  
stone at ,f #d or ,d #b were white1     
there would be two perfect 8,me10 and   
the group would be safe4 ,in a close    
game beginners often find it  difficult 
to distinguish between a perfect 8,me0  
and 8,kageme40    ,groups of stones     
which contain vacant spaces1 can be lost
 or saved  according as two disconnected
 8,me0 can or cannot be formed in those 
spaces1 and the most interesting play in
 the game occurs along the  sides and   
especially in the corners of the board  
in attempting to form  or attempting to 
prevent the formation of these 8,me40   
,the attacking  player often plays into 
the vacant space and sacrifices several 
stones  with the ultimate object of     
reducing the space to one 8,me02 and1 on

 the  other hand1 the defending player  
by selecting a fortunate intersection   
may make it impossible for the stones to
 be killed4 ,there is  opportunity for  
marvelous ingenuity in the attack and   
defense of these  positions4 ,a simple  
example of defense is shown in ,plate   
#c1 ,diagram ,,iv1  where1 if it is     
,white's turn1 and he plays in the      
corner of the board  at ,t #ai1 he can  
save his stones4 ,if1 on the other hand1
 he plays  anywhere else1 the two 8,me0 
can never be formed4 ,the beginner would
 do  well to work out this situation for
 himself4    ,the series of diagrams    
commencing at ,plate #c1 ,diagram ,v1   
show the  theoretical method of reducing
 vacant spaces by the sacrifice of      
stones4 ,this series is taken from      
,korschelt1 and the position as it      
arose in actual play is shown on ,plate 
#aj1 depicting a complete game4  ,in    
,plate #c1 ,diagram ,v1 the white group 
is shown externally surrounded1  and the
 black stone has just been played at ,s 

#i1 rendering the group  hopeless4 ,the 
same group is shown on the opposite side
 of the board at  ,plate #d1 ,diagram   
,i1 but ,black has added three more     
stones and could  kill the white group  
on the next move4 ,therefore1 ,white    
plays at ,a #ab1  and the situation     
shown in ,plate #d1 ,diagram ,,ii1      
arises1 where the same  group is shown  
on the lower edge of the board4 ,now1 if
 it were ,white's  move1 he could save  
his group by playing at ,j #b1 and the  
situation  which would then arise is    
shown on ,plate #d1 ,diagram ,,iii1     
where ,white  has three perfect 8,me10  
one more than enough4 ,however1 it is   
not  ,white's move1 and ,black plays on 
the coveted intersection1 and then  adds
 two more stones until the situation    
shown in ,plate #d1 ,diagram ,,iv1      
arises4 ,then ,white must again play at 
,s #h in order to save his stones  from 
immediate capture1 and the situation    
shown at ,plate #e1 ,diagram ,i1  comes 
about4 ,black again plays at ,j #ah1    

adds one more stone1 and we  have the   
situation shown in ,plate #e1 ,diagram  
,,ii1 where it is obvious  that ,white  
must play at ,c #aa in order to save his
 group from immediate  capture1 thus    
leaving only two vacant spaces4 ,it is  
unnecessary to  continue the analysis   
further1 but at the risk of explaining  
what is  apparent1 it might be pointed  
out that ,black would play on one of    
these  vacant spaces1 and if ,white     
killed the stone 7which it would not pay
  ,white to do7 ,black would play again 
on the space thus made vacant1 and      
completely surround and kill the entire 
white group4    ,a group with five      
vacant 8,me10 as shown in the preceding 
diagrams1 is a  situation well known to 
the ,japanese1 so much so that they have
 a  special phrase or saying that       
applies to it1 to wit1 8,go moku naka de
  wa ju san te10 which means that it    
takes thirteen turns to reduce a  group 
having five such 8,me0 in the center4   
,as we have previously seen1 in actual  

play this white group would be  regarded
 as 8dead0 as distinguished from        
8taken10 and this series of  moves would
 not be played out4 ,white obviously    
would not play in the  space1 and he    
could not demand that ,black play       
therein in order to  complete the actual
 surrounding of the stones1 and the only
 purpose of  giving this series of      
diagrams is to show theoretically how   
the white  stones can be killed4        
,however1 the killing of these stones   
would be  necessary if the surrounding  
black line were in turn attacked        
78,semeai071 in which case it might be a
 race to see whether the  internal white
 stones could be completely surrounded  
and killed before  the external white   
group could get in complete contact with
 the black  line4    ,stones which are  
sacrificed in order to kill a larger    
group are called  8,sute ishi0 by the   
,japanese1 from 8,suteru10 meaning 8to  
cast or throw  away10 and 8,ishi10 a    
8stone40    ,it may be noted that if a  

group contains four connected vacant    
intersections in a line it is safe1     
because if the adversary attempts  to   
reduce it1 two disconnected 8,me0 can be
 formed in the space by  simply playing 
a stone adjacent to the adversary's     
stone1 as shown in  ,plate #e1 ,diagram 
,,iii1 where1 if ,black plays for       
instance at ,k #aa1 ,white  replies at  
,l #aa1 and secures the two 8,me40 ,even
 if these four connected  vacant        
intersections are not in a straight     
line1 they are nevertheless  sufficient 
for the purpose1 provided the fourth    
8,me0 is connected at  the end of the   
three1 and the ,japanese express this by
 their saying  8,magari shimoku wa me10 
or four 8,me0 turning a corner4 ,neither
 does it  make any difference whether   
the four connected 8,me0 are in the     
center  of the board or along the edge4 
,on ,plate #e1 ,diagrams ,,iv and ,v1   
are  examples of 8,magari shimoku wa    
me10 and they both are safe4 ,it is     
interesting1 however1 to compare these  

situations with that shown at  ,plate   
#d1 ,diagram ,,ii1 where the fourth     
intersection is not connected at  the   
end of the line1 and which group ,black 
can kill if it is his move1  as we      
already have seen4    ,if1 however1 such
 a group contains only three connected  
vacant  intersections1 and it is the    
adversary's move1 it can be killed1     
because the adversary by playing on the 
middle intersection can prevent  the    
formation of two disconnected 8,me40 ,we
 saw a group of this kind on  ,plate #b1
 ,diagram ,,ix1 which can be killed by  
playing at ,n #aa4 ,obviously1  if it is
 ,black's move in this case1 the group  
can be saved by playing  at ,n #aa2     
obviously1 also1 if ,white1 being a mere
 novice1 plays  elsewhere than at ,n    
#aa1 ,black saves the stones by playing 
there and  killing the white stone4     
,plate #e1 ,diagram ,,vi1 shows another 
group  containing only three vacant     
intersections4 ,these can be killed if  
it  is ,black's move by playing at ,a   

#a4 ,on the other hand1 if it is        
,white's  move1 he can save them by     
playing on the same point4    ,of       
course1 if a group of stones contains a 
large number of vacant  intersections1  
it is perfectly safe unless the vacant  
space is so large  that the adversary   
can have a chance of forming an entire  
new living  group of stones therein4    
,we now come to the one exception to the
 rule that the players may place  their 
stones at will on any vacant            
intersection on the board4 ,this rule   
is called the rule of 8,ko10 and is     
shown on ,plate #f1 ,diagram ,i4        
,assuming that it is ,white's turn to   
play1 he can play at ,d #ag and take    
the black stone at ,c #ag which is      
already surrounded on three sides1 and  
the position shown in ,plate #f1        
,diagram ,,ii1 would then arise4 ,it is 
now  ,white's turn to play1 and if he   
plays at ,c #ac1 the white stone which  
has just been put down will be likewise 
surrounded and could be at once  taken  

from the board4 ,black1 however1 is not 
permitted to do this  immediately1 but  
must first play somewhere else1 and this
 gives ,white  the choice of filling up 
this space 7,c #ac7 and defending his   
stone1 or  of following his adversary to
 some other portion of the board4 ,the  
reason for this rule in regard to 8,ko0 
is very clear4 ,if the players  were    
permitted to take and retake the stones 
as shown in the diagram1  the series of 
moves would be endless1 and the game    
could never be  finished4 ,it is        
something like perpetual check in       
,chess1 but the  ,japanese1 in place of 
calling the game a draw1 compel the     
second player  to move elsewhere and    
thus allow the game to continue4 ,in an 
actual  game when a player is prevented 
from retaking a stone by the rule of    
8,ko10 he always tries to play in some  
other portion of the board where  he    
threatens a larger group of stones than 
is involved in the situation  where     
8,ko0 occurs1 and thus often he can     

compel his adversary to follow  him to  
this other part of the field1 and then  
return to retake in 8,ko40  ,his        
adversary then will play in some part of
 the field1 if possible1  where another 
group can be threatened1 and so on4     
,sometimes in a hotly  contested game   
the battle will rage around a place     
where 8,ko0 occurs  and the space will  
be taken and retaken several times4     
,korschelt states that the ideograph for
 8,ko0 means 8talent0 or  8skilfulness10
 in which he is very likely wrong1 as it
 is more  accurately translated by our  
word 8threat02 but be this as it may1 it
  is certainly true that the rule in    
regard to 8,ko0 gives opportunity for  a
 great display of skill1 and as the     
better players take advantage of  this  
rule with much greater ingenuity1 it is 
a good idea for the weaker  player as   
far as possible to avoid situations     
where its application  arises4    ,there
 is a situation which sometimes arises  
and which might be mistaken  for 8,ko40 

,it is where a player takes more than   
one stone and the  attacking stone is   
threatened on three sides1 or where only
 one stone  is taken1 but the adversary 
in replying can take not only the last  
stone played1 but others also4 ,in these
 cases the opponent can retake          
immediately1 because it will at once be 
seen that an endless exchange  of moves 
7which makes necessary the rule of      
8,ko07 would not occur4 ,a  situation of
 this kind is shown on ,plate #f1       
,diagrams ,,iii1 ,,iv1 and ,v1  where   
,white by playing at ,c #h 7,diagram    
,,iii7 takes the three black  stones1   
producing the situation shown in        
,diagram ,,iv1 and ,black is  permitted 
immediately to retake the white stone1  
producing the state of  affairs shown in
 ,diagram ,v4 ,the ,japanese call such a
 situation 8,ute  kaeshi10 which means  
8returning a blow40 ,it forms no        
exception to the  ordinary rules of the 
game1 and only needs to be pointed out  
because a  beginner might think that the

 rule of 8,ko0 applied to it4    ,we    
will now take up the situation called   
8,seki40 8,seki0 means a  8barrier0 or  
8impasse0--it is a different word from  
the 8,seki0 in the  phrase 8,jo seki40  
8,seki0 also is somewhat analogous to   
perpetual check4  ,it arises when a     
vacant space is surrounded partly by    
white and partly  by black stones in    
such a way that1 if either player places
 a stone  therein1 his adversary can    
thereupon capture the entire group4     
,under  these circumstances1 of course1 
neither player desires to place a stone 
on that portion of the board1 and the   
rules of the game do not compel  him to 
do so4 ,that portion of the board is    
regarded as neutral  territory1 and at  
the end of the game the vacant 8,me0 are
 not counted  in favor of either player4
 ,plate #f1 ,diagram ,,vi1 gives an     
illustration  of 8,seki10 where it will 
be seen that if ,black plays at either  
,s #af or  ,t #af ,white can kill the   
black stones in the corner by playing on

 the  other point1 and if ,white plays  
on either point ,black can kill the     
white stones by filling the remaining   
vacancy4 ,directly below1 on  ,diagram  
,,vii1 is shown the same group1 but the 
corner black stone has  been taken out4 
,the position is now no longer 8,seki10 
but is called by  the ,japanese 8,me ari
 me nashi10 or literally 8having #8,me1'
 not having  #8,me4'0 ,here the white   
stones are dead1 because if ,black      
plays1 for  instance1 at ,t #d ,white   
cannot kill the black stones by playing 
at ,s #d1  for the reason that the      
vacant 8,me0 at ,t #a still remains4    
,the beginner  might confuse 8,seki0    
with 8,me ari me nashi10 and while a    
good player  has no trouble in          
recognizing the difference when the     
situation arises1  it takes considerable
 foresight sometimes so to play as to   
produce one  situation or the other4    
,plate #f1 ,diagram ,,viii1 shows       
another group which might be mistaken   
for  8,seki10 but here1 if ,white plays 

at ,j #ai1 the black stones can be      
killed1 further proceedings being       
somewhat similar to those we saw in  the
 illustration of 8,go moku naka de wa ju
 san te40 ,plate #g shows a  large group
 of stones from which inevitably 8,seki0
 will result4 ,it  would be well for the
 student to work this out for himself4  
8,seki0 very  seldom or never occurs in 
games between good players1 and it      
rarely  occurs in any game4    ,it is a 
rule of the game to give warning when a 
stone or group of  stones is about to be
 completely surrounded4 ,for this       
purpose the  ,japanese use the word     
8,atari0 7from 8ataru10 to touch        
lightly71 which  corresponds quite      
closely to the expression 8gardez0 in   
,chess4 ,if this  warning were omitted1 
the player whose stones were about to be
 taken  should have the right to take   
his last move over and save the         
imperiled  position if he could4 ,this  
rule is not so strictly observed as     
formerly2 it belongs more to the        

etiquette of the old ,japan4    ,the    
game comes to an end when the frontiers 
of the opposing groups are  in contact4 
,this does not mean that the board is   
entirely covered1 for  the obvious      
reason that the space inside the groups 
or chains of stones  is purposely left  
vacant1 for that is the only part of the
 board which  counts2 but so long as    
there is any vacant space lying between 
the  opposing groups that must be       
disposed of in some way1 and when it is 
so  disposed of it will be found that   
the white and black groups are in       
complete contact4    ,just at the end of
 the game there will be found isolated  
vacant  intersections or 8,me0 on the   
frontier lines1 and it does not make any
  difference which player fills these   
up4 ,they are called by the ,japanese   
8,dame10 which means 8useless40 7,the   
word 8,dame0 is likely to be  confusing 
when it is first heard1 because the     
beginner jumps to the  conclusion that  
it is some new kind of a 8,me40 ,this   

arises from a  coincidence only4        
,anything that is useless or profitless 
is called  8,dame0 in ,japanese1 but    
etymologically the word really means    
8horse's  eye10 as the ,japanese1 not   
being admirers of the vacant stare of   
that  noble animal1 have used this word 
as a synonym for all that is useless4   
,therefore the syllable 8,me0 does mean 
an eye1 and is the same word that  is   
used to designate the intersections1 but
 its recurrence in this  connection is  
merely an accident47    ,it is difficult
 for the beginner at first to understand
 why the filling  of these 8,dame0      
results in no advantage to either       
player1 and beginners  often fill up    
such spaces even before the end of the  
game1 feeling that  they are gaining    
ground slowly but surely2 and the       
,japanese have a  saying1 8,heta go ni  
dame nashi10 which means that there are 
no 8,dame0  in beginners' ,go1 as       
beginners do not recognize their        
uselessness4 ,on  the other hand1 a     

necessary move will sometimes look like 
8,dame40 ,the  moves that are likely to 
be so confused are the final connecting 
moves  or 8,tsugu10 where a potential   
connection has been made early in the   
game1 but which need to be filled up to 
complete the chain4 ,in the             
,illustrative ,game1 ,number ,i1 the    
8,dame0 are all given1 but a little     
practice is necessary before they can   
always be recognized4    ,when the      
8,dame0 have been filled1 and the dead  
stones have been removed  from the      
board1 there is no reason why the       
players should not at once  proceed to  
counting up which of them has the       
greatest amount of vacant  space1 less1 
of course1 the number of stones they    
have lost1 and thus  determine who is   
the victor4 ,as a matter of practice1   
however1 the  ,japanese do not do this  
immediately1 but1 purely for the purpose
 of  facilitating the count1 the player 
having the white pieces would fill  up  
his adversary's territory with the black

 stones he had captured as  far as they 
would go1 and the player having the     
black stones would fill  up his         
adversary's territory with the white    
stones that he had  captured2 and       
thereupon the entire board is           
reconstructed1 so that the  vacant      
spaces come into rows of fives and tens1
 so that they are easier  to count4     
,this has really nothing to do with the 
game1 and it is merely  a device to make
 the counting of the spaces easier1 but 
it seems like a  mysterious process to a
 novice1 and adds not a little to the   
general  mystery with which the end of  
the game seems to be surrounded when an 
,occidental sees it played for the first
 time4 ,this process of  arrangement is 
called 8,me wo tsukuru40 ,it may be     
added that if any part  of the board    
contains the situation called 8,seki10  
that portion is left  alone1 and is not 
reconstructed like the rest of the      
board4    ,plate #h shows a completed   
game in which the 8,dame0 have all been 

filled1 but the dead stones have not yet
 been removed from the board4  ,let us  
first see which of the stones are dead4 
,it is easy to see that  the white stone
 at ,n #aa is hopeless1 as it is cut off
 in every  direction4 ,the same is true 
of the white stone at ,b #ah4 ,it is not
 so  easy to see that the black stones  
at ,l and ,m #ah1 ,n1 ,o1 ,p1 ,q and ,r 
#ag1 ,n  #af1 and ,m and ,n #ae are     
dead1 but against a good player they    
would have  no hope of forming the      
necessary two 8,me10 and they are       
therefore  conceded to be dead2 but a   
good player could probably manage to    
defend  them against a novice4 ,it is   
still more difficult to see why the     
irregular white group of eighteen stones
 on the left-hand side of the  board has
 been abandoned1 but there also ,white  
has no chance of making  the necessary  
two 8,me40 ,at the risk of repetition ,i
 will again point  out that these groups
 of dead stones can be taken from the   
board  without further play4    ,plate  

#i shows the same game after the dead   
stones have been removed and  used to   
fill up the respective territories1 and 
after the board has  been reconstructed 
in accordance with the ,japanese method1
 and it will  be seen that in this case 
,black has won by one stone4 ,this      
result can  be arrived at equally well  
by counting up the spaces on ,plate #h1 
but  they are easier to count on ,plate 
#i1 after the 8,me wo tsukuru0 has been 
done4    ,plate #aj shows another       
completed game4 ,this plate is from     
,korschelt1  and is interesting because 
it contains an instructive error4 ,the  
game  is supposed to be completed1 and  
the black stone at ,c #ah is said to be 
dead4 ,this is not true1 because ,black 
by playing at ,c #ag could not only     
save his stone1 but kill the four white 
stones at the left-hand side4           
,therefore1 before this game is         
completed1 ,white must play at ,c #ag to
  defend himself4 ,this is called       
8,tsugu40 ,on the left-hand side of the 

board is shown a white group which is   
dead1 and the method of reduction  of   
which we have already studied in detail4
 ,on the right side of the  board are a 
few scattering black stones which are   
dead1 because they  have no chance of   
forming a group with the necessary two  
8,me40 ,the  question may be asked      
whether it is necessary for ,white to   
play at ,c #a  or ,e #a in order to     
complete the connection of the group in 
the corner1  but he is not obliged so to
 do unless ,black chooses to play at ,b 
#a or ,f  #a1 which1 of course1 ,black  
would not do4    ,on ,plate #aa1 this   
game also is shown as reconstructed for 
counting1 and  it will be seen that     
,white has won by two stones4 ,really   
this is an  error of one stone1 as      
,white should have played at ,c #ag1 as 
we have  previously pointed out4        
,sometimes at the end of the game       
players of moderate skill may differ  as
 to whether there is anything left to be
 done1 and when one thinks  there is no 

longer any advantage to be gained by    
either side1 he says1  8,mo arimasen1   
aru naraba o yuki nasai10 that is to    
say1 8,i think there  is nothing more to
 be done2 if you think you can gain     
anything1 you may  play10 and sometimes 
he will allow his adversary to play two 
or three  times in succession1 reserving
 the right to step in if he thinks there
  is a chance of his adversary reviving 
a group that is apparently dead4    ,no 
part of the rules of the game has been  
more difficult for me to  understand    
than the methods employed at the end1   
and especially the  rule in regard to   
the removal of dead stones without      
actually  surrounding them1 but ,i trust
 in the foregoing examples ,i have made 
this rule sufficiently clear4 ,moreover1
 it is not always easy to tell  whether 
stones are dead or alive4 ,there is a   
little poem or 8,hokku0 in  ,japanese1  
which runs as follows3                  
8,iki shini wo                          
,shiranu nonki no                       

,go uchi kana10      which might be     
translated as 8,oh6 what kind of a ,go  
player is he who  does not know whether 
his stones are alive or dead60 ,but     
while the  ,japanese author of this     
8,hokku0 may have regarded it as a      
simple thing1  the ,occidental student  
of the game would not be likely to share
 his  views4 ,an instance of this is    
shown by the possibilities of the       
supposedly dead black stone on ,plate   
#aj1 and ,i think it would be fairer  to
 state that the skill of a good ,go     
player is most clearly shown by  his    
ability to recognize immediately whether
 a group is dead or can be  saved2 the  
study of our chapter on ,problems will  
give further  illustrations of the      
difficulty and nicety of such decisions4
    ,we now come to the question of     
handicaps4 ,handicaps are given by the  
stronger player allowing the weaker     
player to place a certain number of     
stones on the board before the game     
begins1 and we have seen in the  chapter

 on the ,description of the ,board that 
these stones are placed on  the nine    
dotted intersections4 ,if one stone is  
given1 it is usual to  place it in the  
upper right-hand corner4 ,if a second   
stone is given1 it  is placed in the    
lower left-hand corner4 ,if a third     
stone is given1 it  is placed in the    
lower right-hand corner4 ,the fourth is 
placed in the  upper left-hand corner4  
,the fifth is placed at the center or   
8,ten gen40  ,when six are given1 the   
center one is removed1 and the fifth and
 sixth  are placed at the left and      
right-hand edges of the board on line   
#aj4 ,if  seven are given1 these stones 
remain1 and the seventh stone is placed 
in the center4 ,if eight are given1 the 
center stone is again removed1  and the 
seventh and eighth stones are placed on 
the 8,seimoku0 on line  ,k4 ,if the     
ninth is given1 it is again placed in   
the center of the  board4    ,between   
players of reasonable skill more than   
nine stones are never  given1 but when  

the disparity between the players is too
 great1 four  other stones are sometimes
 given4 ,they are placed just outside   
the  corner 8,seimoku10 as shown on the 
diagram 7,plate #ab71 and these extra   
stones are called 8,furin0 handicaps4   
8,furin0 means 8a small bell10 as  these
 stones suggest to the ,japanese the    
bells which hang from the  eaves at the 
corners of a ,japanese temple4 ,when the
 disparity between  the players is very 
great indeed1 sometimes four more stones
 are given1  and when given they are    
placed on the diagonal halfway between  
the  corner 8,seimoku0 and the center4  
,these four stones are called 8,naka    
yotsu10 or 8the four middle stones10 but
 such a handicap could only be  given to
 the merest novice4    ,we have now     
completed a survey of all the actual    
rules of the game1 and  it may be well  
to summarize them in order that their   
real simplicity  may be clearly seen2   
briefly1 they are as follows3    #a4    
,the object of the game is to obtain    

vacant territory4    #b4 ,the stones are
 placed on the intersections and on any 
vacant  intersection the player chooses 
7except in the case of 8,ko074 ,after   
they are played they are not moved      
again4    #c4 7a7 ,one or more stones   
which are compactly surrounded by the   
stones  of the other side are said to be
 taken and are at once removed from the 
board4    7b7 ,stones which1 while not  
actually surrounded can inevitably be   
surrounded1 are dead1 and can be taken  
from the board at the end of the  game  
without further play4    7c7 ,taken or  
dead stones are used to fill up the     
adversary's territory4    #d4 ,the game 
is at an end when the opposing groups of
 stones are in  absolute contact 7the   
case of 8,seki0 being the single        
exception74    ,it is not possible to   
imagine a game with simpler rules1 or   
the  elements of which are easier to    
acquire4    ,we will now turn our       
attention to a few considerations as to 
the best  methods of play1 and of       

certain moves and formations which occur
 in  every game1 and also to the names  
which in ,japanese are used to          
designate these things4                 
,,iv    ,,general ,,methods ,,of ,,play 
,,and ,,terminology ,,of ,,the ,,game   
,as will be shown more in detail in the 
chapter on ,openings or 8,joseki10  the 
game is commenced by playing in the     
corners of the board1 and  generally on 
one of the squares adjacent to the      
handicap point4 ,the  reason for this is
 that the corners of the board are      
natural  fortresses1 and can be more    
readily defended against attack4 ,it is 
also  easier to form territory in the   
corners of the board4 ,next to the      
corners of the board the sides of the   
board are easiest to defend1 and        
territory is more easily formed along   
the sides than in the center1 and  in an
 ordinary game the play generally       
proceeds from the corners and  edges to 
the center4 ,the importance which the   
,japanese attach to the  corners is     

shown by their saying 8,yo sumi torarete
 go wo utsu na10 or1  8if the four      
corners are taken1 cease playing40      
,against a good player  it is next to   
impossible to form territory in the     
center of the board1  unless it is based
 on one of the sides or corners4        
,there is1 however1 an old rule of      
etiquette which is not consistent  with 
this theory of the opening2 it used to  
be regarded as exceedingly  impolite and
 insulting to play the first stone on   
the handicap point in  the center of the
 board1 called 8,ten gen40 ,it has been 
explained to me  that the reason for    
this rule is that such a move was       
supposed to  assure the victory to the  
first player1 and it is related that    
when on  one occasion ,murase ,shuho had
 defeated a rival many times in         
succession1 the latter1 becoming        
desperate1 apologized for his rudeness  
and placed his stone on this spot1 and  
,murase1 nevertheless1 succeeded  in    
winning the game1 which was regarded as 

evidence of his great skill4  ,it has1  
however1 been shown by ,honinbo ,dosaku 
that this move gives the  first player  
no decisive advantage1 and ,i have been 
also told by some  ,japanese that the   
reason that this move is regarded as    
impolite is  because it is a wasted     
move1 and implies a disrespect for the  
adversary's skill1 and from what        
experience ,i have had in the game ,i   
think the latter explanation is more    
plausible4 ,at all events1 such a  move 
is most unusual and can only be utilized
 by a player of the  highest skill4     
,when good players commence the game1   
from the first they have in mind  the   
entire board1 and they generally play a 
stone in each of the four  corners and  
one or two around the edges of the      
board1 sketching out1 as  it were1 the  
territory which they ultimately hope to 
obtain4 ,they do  not at once attack    
each other's stones1 and it is not until
 the game is  well advanced that        
anything like a hand to hand conflict   

occurs4  ,beginners are likely to engage
 at once in a close conflict4 ,their    
minds  seem to be occupied with an      
intense desire to surround and capture  
the  first stones the adversary places  
on the board1 and often their  opposing 
groups of stones1 starting in one       
corner1 will spread out in a  struggling
 mass from that point all over the      
board4 ,there is no surer  indication of
 the play of a novice than this4 ,it is 
just as if a battle  were to commence   
without the guidance of a commanding    
officer1 by  indiscriminate fisticuffs  
among the common soldiers4 ,of the other
  extreme1 or 8,ji dori ,go10 we have   
already spoken4 ,another way in which   
the play of experts may be recognized is
 that all the stones of a good  player  
are likely to be connected in one or at 
most two groups1 while  poorer players  
find their stones divided up into small 
groups each of  which has to struggle to
 form the necessary two 8,me0 in order  
to insure  survival4    ,assuming that  

we have advanced far enough to avoid    
premature encounters  or 8,ji dori ,go10
 and are placing our stones in          
advantageous positions1  decently and in
 order1 the question arises1 how many   
spaces can be  safely skipped from stone
 to stone in advancing our frontiers2   
that is  to say1 how far can stones be  
separated and yet be potentially        
connected1 and therefore safe against   
attack8 ,the answer is1 that two  spaces
 can safely be left if there are no     
adversary's stones in the  immediate    
vicinity4 ,to demonstrate this1 let us  
suppose that ,black has  stones at ,r   
#ac and ,r #af1 and ,white tries to cut 
them off from each  other4 ,white's best
 line of attack would be as follows3    
,,white   ,,black                       
,r #ad    ,s #ad                        
,r #ae    ,s #ae                        
,q #af    ,r #ag                        
,q #ac    ,r #ab                        
,q #ab      and ,black has made good his
 connection1 or ,black at his fourth    

move  could play at ,q #ad1 then        
,w      ,b                              
,q #ae   ,r #ab                         
,p #ad   takes4      ,there are other   
continuations1 but they are still worse 
for ,white4 ,if1  however1 the          
adversary's stones are already posted on
 the line of  advance sometimes it is   
only safe to skip one point1 and of     
course in  close positions the stones   
must be played so that they are actually
  connected4 ,the ,japanese call this   
skipping of 8,me0 by the terms 8,ikken  
tobi10 8,nikken tobi10 8,sangen tobi10  
etc41 which literally means 8to  fly    
one1 two1 or three spaces40 ,although   
this is plain enough1 these  relations  
are nevertheless shown on ,plate #ac1   
,diagrams ,i1 ,,ii1 and ,,iii4  ,when   
stones of opposite colors on the same   
line are separated by vacant  space in a
 similar way 7,diagram ,,iv71 then the  
terms 8,ikken kakari10  8,nikken        
kakari10 etc41 are used4 8,kakari0      
really means 8to hang0 or 8to  be       

related10 but as used in this sense it  
might be translated 8to  attack40       
,sometimes the stones are placed in     
relation to each other like the         
,knight's move in ,chess4 ,the ,knight  
in ,japanese is called 8,keima10 or     
8the honorable horse10 and if the stones
 are of the same color the  relation is 
called 8,keima0 or 8,kogeima10 8,ko0    
being the diminutive4 ,if  the stones   
are of opposite colors1 then the phrase 
8,keima0 or 8,kogeima  kakari0 is used  
as in the previous case4 ,the ,japanese 
also designate a  relation similar to   
the ,knight's move1 but farther apart1  
by special  words2 thus1 if the stones  
are one space farther apart1 it is      
called  8,ogeima10 or 8the ,great       
,knight's move10 and if the stone is    
advanced  one step still farther1 it is 
called 8,daidaigeima10 or 8the ,great   
,great  ,knight's move40 ,on ,plate #ac1
 ,diagrams ,v1 ,,vi1 and ,,vii1 are     
shown  8,kogeima10 8,ogeima10 and       
8,daidaigeima40    ,the next question   

that will trouble the beginner is where 
to place his  stones when his adversary 
is advancing into his territory1 and    
beginners are likely to play their      
stones directly in contact with the     
advancing forces4 ,this merely results  
in their being engulfed by the          
attacking line1 and the stones and      
territory are both lost4 ,if you wish   
to stop your adversary's advance1 play  
your stones a space or two apart  from  
his1 so that you have a chance to       
strengthen your line before his  attack 
is upon you4    ,the next thing we will 
speak of is what the ,japanese call the 
8,sente40  ,this word means literally   
8the leading hand10 but is best         
translated by  our words 8having the    
offensive40 ,it corresponds quite       
closely to the  word 8attack10 as it is 
used in ,chess1 but in describing a game
 of ,go  it is better to reserve the    
word 8attack0 for a stronger            
demonstration  than is indicated by the 
word 8,sente40 ,the 8,sente0 merely     

means that  the player having it can    
compel his adversary to answer his moves
 or  else sustain worse damage1 and     
sometimes one player will have the      
8,sente0 in one portion of the board1   
and his adversary may disregard  the    
attack and by playing in some other     
quarter take the 8,sente0 there4        
,sometimes the defending player by his  
ingenious moves may turn the  tables on 
his adversary and wrest the 8,sente0    
from him4 ,at all events1  holding the  
8,sente0 is an advantage1 and the       
annotations on  illustrative games      
abound with references to it1 and       
conservative  authors on the game advise
 abandoning a stone or two for the      
purpose of  taking the 8,sente40        
,sometimes a player has three stones    
surrounding a vacant space1 as  shown in
 ,plate #ac1 ,diagram ,,viii1 and the   
question arises how to attack  this     
group4 ,this is done by playing on the  
fourth intersection4 ,the  ,japanese    
call this 8,nozoku10 or 8peeping into10 

and when a stone is  played in this way 
it generally forces the adversary to    
fill up that  8,me40 ,it may be         
mentioned here also that when your      
adversary is trying  to form 8,me0 in a 
disputed territory1 the way to          
circumvent him is to  play your stones  
on one of the four points he will       
obviously need to  complete his 8,me10  
and sometimes this is done before he has
 three of  the necessary stones on the  
board4 ,the term 8,nozoku0 is also      
applied to  any stone which is played as
 a preliminary move in cutting the      
connection between two of the           
adversary's stones or groups of stones4 
,sometimes a situation occurs as shown  
in ,plate #ac1 ,diagram ,,ix4 ,here it  
is supposed to be ,white's move1 and he 
must1 of course1 play at ,k #h1         
whereupon ,black would play at ,k #g    
78,osaeru071 and ,white would have to   
play at ,l #h 78,nobiru071 and so on    
until1 if these moves were persisted    
in1 the formation would stretch in a    

zigzag line to the edge of the  board4  
,this situation is called 8,shicho10    
which really means 8a running  attack40 
,it results in the capture of the white 
stones when the edge of  the board is   
reached1 unless they happen to find a   
comrade posted on  the line of retreat1 
for instance1 at ,p #d1 in which case   
they can be  saved4 ,of course1 between 
good players 8,shicho0 is never played  
out to  the end1 for they can at once   
see whether or not the stones will live1
  and often a stone placed seemingly at 
random in a distant part of the  board  
is played partly with the object of     
supporting a retreating line  should    
8,shicho0 occur4    ,plate #ac1 ,diagram
 ,x1 shows a situation that often       
arises1 in which the  ,white player1 by 
putting his stone at ,m #a on the edge  
of the board1 can  join his two groups  
of stones4 ,this is so because if ,black
 plays at ,l #a  or ,n #a1 ,white can   
immediately kill the stone4 ,this       
joining on the edge  of the board is    

called by the special term 8,watari10   
which means 8to  cross over10 ,sometimes
 we find the word 8,watari0 used when   
the  connection between two groups is   
made in a similar way1 although not at  
the extreme edge of the board4    ,a    
much more frequent situation is shown at
 ,plate #ac1 ,diagram ,,xi4 ,it is  not 
worthy of special notice except because 
a special word is applied  to it4 ,if   
,black plays at ,s #a1 it is called     
8,haneru10 which really means  the      
flourish which is made in finishing an  
ideograph4    ,we will now take up a few
 of the other words that are used by the
  ,japanese as they play the game4 ,by  
far the most frequent of these are      
8,tsugu10 8,kiru10 8,nobiru10 and       
8,osaeru40 8,tsugu0 means 8to connect10 
and when two stones are adjacent but on 
the diagonal1 as shown in ,plate  #ac1  
,diagram ,,xii1 it is necessary to      
connect them if an attack is            
threatened4 ,this may be done by playing
 on either side2 that is to say1  at ,q 

#ag or ,r #af4 ,if1 on the other hand1  
,black should play on both these        
points1 the white stones would be       
forever separated1 and this cutting  off
 is called 8,kiru10 although1 as a rule1
 when such a situation is  worthy of    
comment1 one of the intersections has   
already been filled by  the attacking   
player4 ,plate #ac1 ,diagram ,,xiii1    
illustrates 8,kiru10  where1 if a black 
stone is played at ,q #ab1 the white    
stones are  separated4 8,kiru0 means 8to
 cut10 and is recognizable as one of the
  component parts of that much abused   
and mispronounced word 8,harakiri40     
8,nobiru0 means 8to extend10 and when   
there is a line of stones it means  the 
adding of another one at the end1 not   
skipping a space as in the  case of     
8,ikken tobi10 but extending with the   
stones absolutely  connected4 ,in ,plate
 #ac1 ,diagram ,,xiv1 if ,black plays at
 ,q #i it would be  called 8,nobiru40   
8,osaeru0 means 8to press down10 and    
this is what we do  when we desire to   

prevent our adversary from extending his
 line1 as  seen in the preceding        
diagram4 ,it is done by playing directly
 at the  end of the adversary's line1 as
 shown in ,diagram ,,xv1 where ,black is
  supposed to play at ,q #f4 ,here      
,white must play on one side of the     
black  stone1 but it must be pointed out
 that unless there is support in the    
neighborhood for the stone used in      
8,osaeru10 the stone thus played runs   
the risk of capture4 ,in ,diagram ,,ix1 
explaining 8,shicho10 we also had an    
illustration of 8,nobiru0 and 8,osaeru40
    ,if a stone is played on the        
intersection diagonally adjacent to     
another  stone1 it is called 8,kosumu10 
but this word is not nearly so much used
  as the other four4 ,sometimes1 also1  
when it is necessary to connect two     
groups of stones instead of placing the 
stone so as actually to connect  them1  
as in the case of 8,tsugu10 the stone is
 played so as to  effectively guard the 
point of connection and thus prevent the

  adversary's stone from separating the 
two groups4 ,this play is called  8,kake
 tsugu10 or 8a hanging connection02     
e4g41 in ,diagram ,,xiii1 if a  white   
stone were played at ,q #aa it would be 
an instance of 8,kake tsugu0  and would 
have prevented the black stone from     
cutting off the ,white  connection at ,q
 #ab1 for1 if the black stone were      
played there after a  white stone had   
been placed at ,q #aa1 ,white could     
capture it on the next  move4           
,passing from these words which describe
 the commonest moves in the  game1 we   
will mention the expression 8,te        
okure0--literally 8a slow hand0  or 8a  
slow move10 which means an unnecessary  
or wasted move4 ,many of  the moves of a
 beginner are of this character1        
especially when he has a  territory     
pretty well fenced in and cannot make up
 his mind whether or  not it is         
necessary to strengthen the group before
 proceeding to  another field of battle4
 ,in annotating the best games1 also1 it

 is used  to mean a move that is not the
 best possible move1 and we frequently  
hear it used by ,japanese in criticising
 the play4    8,semeai0 is another word 
with which we must be familiar4 ,it     
means  8mutually attacking10 from       
8,semeru10 8to attack10 and 8,au10 8to  
encounter10 that is to say1 if the      
,white player attacks a group of  black 
stones1 the ,black player answers by    
endeavoring to surround the  surrounding
 stones1 and so on4 ,in our             
,illustrative ,game1 ,number ,i1 the    
play in the upper right-hand corner of  
the board is an example of  8,semeai40  
,it is in positions of this kind that   
the condition of affairs  called 8,seki0
 often comes about4    ,plate #ac1      
,diagram ,,xvi1 shows a position which  
is illustrated only  because a special  
name is applied to it4 ,the ,japanese   
call such a  relation of stones 8,cho   
tsugai10 literally1 8the hinge of a     
door40    ,the last expression which we 
will give is 8,naka oshi gatchi10 which 

is  the term applied to a victory by a  
large margin in the early part of  the  
game4 ,these ,japanese words mean 8to   
conquer by pushing the center40         
,beginners are generally desirous of    
achieving a victory in this way1  and   
are not content to allow their adversary
 any portion of the board4  ,it is one  
of the first things to be remembered1   
that1 no matter how  skilful a player   
may be1 his adversary will always be    
able to acquire  some territory1 and one
 of the maxims of the game is not to    
attempt to  achieve too great a victory4
    ,before proceeding with the         
technical chapters on the ,illustrative 
,games1 ,openings1 etc41 it may be well 
to say a word in regard to the  method  
adopted for keeping a record of the     
game4 ,the ,japanese do this  by simply 
showing a picture of the finished game1 
on which each stone  is numbered as it  
was played4 ,if a stone is taken and    
another stone is  put in its place1 an  
annotation is made over the diagram of  

the board  with a reference to that     
intersection1 stating that such a stone 
has  been taken in 8,ko40 ,such a method
 with the necessary marginal  annotation
 is good enough1 but it is very hard to 
follow1 as there is  no means of telling
 where any stone is without searching   
all over the  board for it2 and while   
the ,japanese are very clever at this1  
,occidental students of the game do not 
find it so easy4 ,therefore1 ,i  have   
adopted the method suggested by         
,korschelt1 which in turn is  founded on
 the custom of ,chess annotation in use 
all over the world4  ,the lines at the  
bottom of the board are lettered from ,a
 to ,t1 the  letter ,i being omitted1   
and at the sides of the board they are  
numbered  up from #a to #ai4 ,thus it is
 always easy to locate any given stone4 
,in  the last few years the ,japanese   
have commenced to adopt an analogous    
method of notation4                  ,v 
,,illustrative ,,games      ,i    ,plate
 #ad      ,white4--,iwasa ,kei1 fifth   

degree4    ,black4--,madame ,tsutsuki   
,yoneko1 second degree4    ,black has a 
handicap of two stones4    ,played about
 ,october1 #aijf4 ,the record is from   
the 8,tokio ,nichi ,nichi40  ,played    
about ,october1 #aijf4 ,the record is   
from the 8,tokio ,nichi ,nichi40  ,this 
game is selected because it is very     
thoroughly played out4 ,the  notes are  
intended for beginners1 and much is     
stated which is obvious  to a player of 
any skill2 supplementing the            
explanations made in the  preceding     
chapter the ,japanese names of the      
various moves are given4                
,,white                                 
,,black    #a4      ,c #ae4 ,a rather   
unusual       #b4      ,r #d4 ,called   
8,komoku10 the          move called     
8,moku                    most usual and
 most          hadzushi40 ,as will be   
seen           conservative method of   
in the chapter on                       
commencing the corner                   
8,joseki10 it is the least              

play4          conservative of the three
          usual openings4  #c4      ,p  
#c4                         #d4      ,q 
#e4 ,intended to attack                 
,no4 #c1 and also it                    
commences to make                       
territory on the right                  
side of the board4  #e4      ,d #ag4    
,this move secures      #f4      ,o #d4 
,continues the attack          this     
corner for ,white4               on ,no4
 #c4  #g4      ,n #c4 78,ikken tobi07 ,m
 #c      #h4      ,r #aj4 ,black tries  
to make          would be too far4      
territory on the right                  
side4  #i4      ,f #c4 78,kogeima407    
,this is    #aj4     ,c #g4 78,ogeima407
 ,this is          the usual move4      
the usual reply4 ,see the               
chapter on 8,joseki40  #aa4     ,c #c4  
#ab4     ,d #c4 ,cutting off ,no4 #aa4  
#ac4     ,c #d4 78,nobiru407 ,giving    
#ad4     ,d #e4          aid to ,no4    
#aa4  #ae4     ,c #e4                   
#af4     ,c #f4 78,osaeru407 ,black     

could not do this before4  #ag4     ,d  
#b4                         #ah4     ,e 
#b4  #ai4     ,c #b4 78,tsugu407 ,this  
move    #bj4     ,e #c4 78,tsugu407     
,white now          is necessary4       
has the corner1 but ,black              
has possibilities of                    
expansion4  #ba4     ,f #d4 ,supporting 
,no4 #i4       #bb4     ,e #f4          
,connecting and at the          8,ikken 
tobi0 would be                same time 
attacking ,white4          dangerous4   
#bc4     ,g #f4                         
#bd4     ,c #aa4 ,making territory on   
the left side of the                    
board4  #be4     ,k #ag4 ,aiming to make
         #bf4     ,l #c4 ,precipitate4  
territory at the top of          the    
board4                                  
,comment by ,honinbo ,shuye3            
8,black's twenty-sixth move             
is premature1 and it has                
the effect of                           
precipitating the contest               
too early in the game4 ,the             

territory around that                   
point is dangerous ground               
for ,black4 ,n #ag would have           
been better40  #bg4     ,n #d4 ,this is 
necessary to    #bh4     ,l #e4 ,leading
 out toward          lead out the stone 
at ,n #c4           the center4 78,ikken
 taka          8,ikken tobi0 would be   
tobi407          dangerous4             
,comment by ,honinbo ,shuye3            
8,black should have played              
at ,h #d4 ,white would then             
play at ,f #b1 and ,black               
would reply at ,e #a40  #bi4     ,o #e4 
#cj4     ,h #c4 ,taking territory4      
,comment by ,honinbo ,shuye3            
8,black should still play               
at ,h #d40  #ca4     ,f #b4 ,preventing 
the          #cb4     ,f #a4            
78,haneru407          connection of the 
two          ,black groups4  #cc4     ,g
 #a4                         #cd4     ,e
 #a4 78,tsugu407 ,this                  
series of moves is                      
necessary and often occurs              

in the game4  #ce4     ,h #b4           
,protecting the          #cf4     ,j #c4
 ,black must connect1                   
connection at ,g #b4                    
otherwise the stone at ,h #c            
is lost4  #cg4     ,f #f4               
#ch4     ,f #h4 ,aiming to make         
territory4                              
,comment by ,honinbo ,shuye3            
8,this move does not hit                
the spot4 ,it should have               
been played at ,l #g40  #ci4     ,g #h4 
,this move prevents      #dj4     ,g #i4
          ,white from being shut in4    
#da4     ,h #h4 78,nobiru407            
#db4     ,f #g4 ,black completes his    
frontier4  #dc4     ,g #g4 ,necessary to
 connect4   #dd4     ,f #aj4 ,this      
secures the                             
connection at ,f #i1 and at             
the same time extends4  #de4     ,k #d4 
,white threatens to      #df4     ,l #d4
          break through in two          
places4  #dg4     ,h #i4                
#dh4     ,l #g4 ,leading out the        

stones on line ,l1 which                
are now threatened4  #di4     ,g #aa4   
,this connects          #ej4     ,q #c4 
,white's groups and          prevents   
,black from          extending4  #ea4   
,p #d4                         #eb4     
,q #g4 ,making territory on             
the right and at the same               
time attacking ,white's                 
five stones4  #ec4     ,m #f4 ,this move
 gives ,white   #ed4     ,l #f4 ,black  
must connect4          the 8,sente40    
#ee4     ,p #g4 ,leading out the small  
#ef4     ,n #h4 ,a dangerous move4      
,white group4                           
,comment by ,honinbo ,shuye3            
8,this move may be called a             
little dangerous4 ,p #f                 
would have been                         
preferable1 and if ,white               
responds at ,o #h or ,o #g1             
,black could reply at ,l #i40  #eg4     
,p #h4                         #eh4     
,p #f4  #ei4     ,o #f4                 
#fj4     ,o #g4 78,kiru407 ,cutting off 

connection of the white                 
groups4  #fa4     ,m #b4 ,since ,white  
is cut      #fb4     ,k #i4 ,black sees 
that ,white          off at ,o #g1 he   
must form             can form the      
necessary two          8,me0 in this    
group4                  8,me10 and      
therefore does                          
not press the attack4  #fc4     ,q #h4  
#fd4     ,r #g4 ,black must extend in   
this way4  #fe4     ,r #h4              
#ff4     ,s #h4 78,osaeru407  #fg4      
,s #i4                         #fh4     
,s #g4 78,tsugu407 ,the usual           
series of moves4  #fi4     ,p #e4       
78,atari407              #gj4     ,q #f4
  #ga4     ,q #aj4                      
#gb4     ,q #aa4  #gc4     ,r #i4       
#gd4     ,p #aj4 78,sente407  #ge4      
,o #aj4 ,white must sacrifice   #gf4    
,s #aj4          ,no4 #ga in order to   
escape4  #gg4     ,n #i4                
#gh4     ,m #h4  #gi4     ,p #i4        
#hj4     ,q #i4 ,takes4 ,this is 8,ko40 
#ha4     ,t #aj4 78,haneru407           

#hb4     ,t #aa4 78,osaeru407  #hc4     
,q #aj4 ,taking in 8,ko40        #hd4   
,p #aa4 78,tsugu407 ,black              
must play here to save the              
frontier4  #he4     ,t #i4 ,saving the  
stone at ,t   #hf4     ,r #aa4 ,black   
cannot neglect          #aj4            
to play here4  #hg4     ,o #aa4         
#hh4     ,l #aa4  #hi4     ,l #aj4      
#ij4     ,k #aj4  #ia4     ,q #c4 ,white
 must break up     #ib4     ,p #ab4     
,black's territory in the          upper
 right-hand corner4  #ic4     ,m #aa4   
,white retreats4        #id4     ,m #aj4
  #ie4     ,l #ab4                      
#if4     ,l #i4 ,takes4 ,white has      
escaped by means of                     
sacrificing one stone4  #ig4     ,p #ac4
                        #ih4     ,o #ab4
  #ii4     ,n #ab4                      
#ajj4    ,o #ac4  #aja4    ,s #ab4      
78,nozoku407            #ajb4    ,k #ab4
  #ajc4    ,o #ad4                      
#ajd4    ,n #ac4 78,shicho407  #aje4    
,l #ac4                        #ajf4    

,p #ad4 ,cuts ,white off4  #ajg4    ,p  
#ae4                        #ajh4    ,q 
#ad4  #aji4    ,q #ae4                  
#aaj4    ,r #ad4  #aaa4    ,r #ae4      
#aab4    ,s #ad4 ,all these last moves  
are obviously necessary4  #aac4    ,o   
#ae4 ,connecting4            #aad4    ,s
 #ae4  #aae4    ,r #af4                 
#aaf4    ,m #ad4                        
,comment by ,honinbo ,shuye3            
8,this move is a mistake2               
it should have been played              
at ,m #ae40  #aag4    ,k #ad4 ,white's  
stones in      #aah4    ,m #af4         
the upper left-hand corner          are 
now connected4  #aai4    ,g #aj4 ,a     
defensive move4      #abj4    ,f #i4    
78,tsugu407          ,white attempts to 
get all          his stones in one      
group4  #aba4    ,j #ab4 ,protects the  
#abb4    ,j #aa4          connection at 
,h #aj4  #abc4    ,j #ac4               
#abd4    ,n #aj4 ,protecting the 8,me0  
at ,l #aj4 ,k #aa is 8,kageme40  #abe4  
,n #aa4                        #abf4    

,o #ag4  #abg4    ,l #ae4               
#abh4    ,m #ae4 ,white's situation in  
the upper right-hand                    
corner looks very bad at                
this point4  #abi4    ,q #ag4           
#acj4    ,r #ah4 ,a better move than ,q 
#af4  #aca4    ,n #ag4                  
#acb4    ,n #ah4  #acc4    ,q #ah4      
#acd4    ,s #ag4  #ace4    ,m #ag4      
#acf4    ,n #af4 ,white is prevented    
from connecting4  #acg4    ,m #ah4      
#ach4    ,m #ac4 ,threatening ,white's  
other connection4  #aci4    ,m #ab4     
,white must connect4    #adj4    ,p #ah4
 ,to an inexpert eye                    
,white's group in the upper             
right-hand corner now                   
looks hopeless4  #ada4    ,q #ai4 ,this 
is to prevent     #adb4    ,o #af4      
,black must play here                   
8,watari40                            to
 protect his four                       
stones4  #adc4    ,s #af4               
#add4    ,t #af4 78,watari407  #ade4    
,t #ae4 ,a sacrifice to         #adf4   

,t #ad4 ,black must take the            
prevent ,black from forming             
stone4          8,me40  #adg4    ,r #ac4
 ,the condition in       #adh4    ,s    
#ac4          this corner of the board  
is now a fine example of                
8,semeai40  #adi4    ,s #ah4            
#aej4    ,t #ah4  #aea4    ,s #ai4 ,the 
situation is now   #aeb4    ,r #ab4     
,white's sacrifice at          highly   
interesting4                  ,t #ae is 
now bearing fruit4  #aec4    ,r #ag4    
#aed4    ,t #ag4 ,neither side can      
play at ,t #ai without loss4  #aee4     
,p #af4 ,takes4 ,forming a       #aef4  
,c #ac4 ,increasing ,black's            
perfect 8,me10 the other                
territory4          being at ,r #ah4    
,the play in          this corner is now
          complete4  #aeg4    ,b #e4    
,protecting the          #aeh4    ,g    
#ac4          corner4  #aei4    ,h #aa4 
#afj4    ,l #af4  #afa4    ,k #af4      
#afb4    ,f #ae4 ,extending ,black's    
frontiers4  #afc4    ,f #ag4            

#afd4    ,j #ae4                        
,comment by ,honinbo ,shuye3            
8,black's moves #afd and #aff           
are both useless4 ,at move              
#afd ,black should have                 
played at ,d #ae40  #afe4    ,h #af4    
#aff4    ,g #af4  #afg4    ,h #ae4      
#afh4    ,d #ae4  #afi4    ,d #af4      
#agj4    ,d #ad4  #aga4    ,g #ae4      
#agb4    ,b #ae4  #agc4    ,b #af4      
#agd4    ,c #ad4 ,completing the        
frontier4  #age4    ,p #b4              
#agf4    ,q #b4  #agg4    ,q #a4        
#agh4    ,r #a4  #agi4    ,p #a4        
#ahj4    ,r #b4 ,the usual series of    
moves in such a situation4  #aha4    ,c 
#af4 ,we might say that      #ahb4    ,j
 #b4          the end game commences at 
about this point4  #ahc4    ,l #b4      
#ahd4    ,k #c4  #ahe4    ,a #g4        
#ahf4    ,f #af4  #ahg4    ,g #ag4      
#ahh4    ,f #ac4 ,the stone at ,g #ac   
needs support4  #ahi4    ,h #ac4 ,a very
 good move to    #aij4    ,a #h4        
,stopping ,white's          protect     

,white's group4               invasion4 
#aia4    ,b #f4                         
#aib4    ,b #g4  #aic4    ,a #f4        
#aid4    ,b #h4 ,the usual moves4  #aie4
    ,b #ad4                        #aif4
    ,b #ac4  #aig4    ,a #ae4 ,takes4   
#aih4    ,l #ag4  #aii4    ,l #ah4      
,completing the         #bjj4    ,m #ai4
          frontier4  #bja4    ,k #ah4   
#bjb4    ,j #f4 ,all the rest of the    
board is practically                    
finished4  #bjc4    ,f #aa4             
#bjd4    ,e #aa4  #bje4    ,e #af4      
#bjf4    ,e #ae4  #bjg4    ,h #ad4      
#bjh4    ,g #ad4  #bji4    ,e #e4       
#baj4    ,e #ab4  #baa4    ,h #e4       
#bab4    ,j #e4  #bac4    ,h #d4        
#bad4    ,j #d4  #bae4    ,g #c4        
#baf4    ,j #i4                         
,comment by ,honinbo ,shuye3            
8,this move is                          
unprofitable4 ,had ,black               
played at ,j #h1 a very good            
profit would have been                  
secured40  #bag4    ,j #h4              

#bah4    ,e #d4  #bai4    ,f #e4        
#bbj4    ,d #a4  #bba4    ,c #a4        
#bbb4    ,d #f4 ,black must connect4    
#bbc4    ,o #i4                         
#bbd4    ,m #i4  #bbe4    ,k #ac4       
#bbf4    ,k #aa4  #bbg4    ,j #g4       
#bbh4    ,h #f4  #bbi4    ,h #aj4       
#bcj4    ,g #ab4  #bca4    ,h #ab4      
#bcb4    ,k #g4  #bcc4    ,n #g4        
#bcd4    ,o #h4  #bce4    ,s #e4 ,by    
sacrificing one      #bcf4    ,q #d4    
stone ,white forces ,black          to  
fill two spaces4  #bcg4    ,t #h4       
#bch4    ,t #g4  #bci4    ,j #a4        
#bdj4    ,k #b4  #bda4    ,k #a4        
#bdb4    ,a #ac4  #bdc4    ,l #ai4      
#bdd4    ,n #ai4  #bde4    ,p #ai4      
#bdf4    ,o #ah4  #bdg4    ,a #ad4      
#bdh4    ,l #ad4  #bdi4    ,k #ae4      
#bej4    ,m #e4  #bea4    ,n #e4        
#beb4    ,k #h4  #bec4    ,q #i4 78,ko  
tsugu407    ,here the game is left as   
finished in the published report1 but   
the  remaining moves are not all        
strictly speaking 8,dame40 ,there are   

quite a  number of moves to be made     
before we can proceed to the count4 ,the
  first question is1 naturally1 what    
stones are dead1 and we find that       
,white has three dead stones at ,s #ab1 
,s #e1 and ,k #d4 ,black has three dead 
stones at ,j #ae1 ,o #d1 and ,r #ah4    
,the white stones at ,p1 ,q1 and ,r #ac1
 are  not dead yet4 ,they have          
aggressive possibilities1 and must be   
actually  surrounded4 ,as near as we can
 judge the game would proceed as        
follows3    ,first3 ,necessary although 
obvious moves which are not strictly    
8,dame40            ,,white             
,,black                                 
#bed4    ,q #ab4 ,the three white       
stones must be taken                    
before ,black is safe4  #bee4    ,r #ai4
 ,white must take this   #bef4    ,t    
#ae4 ,a necessary          before       
filling ,t #ai4                         
connection4  #beg4    ,n #f4 ,necessary 
to form          connection4            
,second3 ,the following moves which are 

strictly 8,dame40 ,it makes no          
difference which side fills these       
intersections1 but it would generally   
be done as follows3            ,,white  
,,black                                 
#beh4    ,t #ai4  #bei4    ,o #ai4      
#bfj4    ,p #ag4  #bfa4    ,n #ae4      
#bfb4    ,n #ad4  #bfc4    ,f #ab4      
#bfd4    ,j #aj4  #bfe4    ,h #g4       
#bff4    ,m #g4  #bfg4    ,m #d4        
#bfh4    ,m #c4    ,the frontiers are   
now absolutely in contact1 and the count
 can be made1  and it will be seen that 
after filling up the vacant territory   
with the  captured stones as far as they
 will go1 ,black has won by three       
points4  ,the ,japanese would rearrange 
the board in order to make the counting 
of  the spaces more easy 78,me wo       
tsukuru071 but for the first game or two
  the beginner might find it less       
confusing to omit this process4         
,honinbo ,shuye comments on this game as
 follows3    8,in spite of so many      
errors1 ,black wins showing how great is

 the  advantage resulting from a        
handicap40            ,,ii    ,plate #ae
    ,white4--,murase ,shuho1 seventh    
degree4    ,black4--,uchigaki           
,sutekichi1 fifth degree4    ,this game 
is taken from ,korschelt1 and the notes 
are his4 ,in some of  these notes will  
be found mere repetitions of matter that
 ,i have  inserted in the preceding     
chapters1 or which will be hereafter    
found in  the chapter on 8,joseki40     
,these notes are1 however1 very full and
  valuable1 and a little repetition may 
have the effect of aiding the  memory of
 the student1 and will do no harm4      
,contrary to the custom1  this game was 
played without handicaps4               
,,black                                 
,,white    #a4      ,r #af4 ,in the     
beginning of    #b4      ,d #ag4        
the game the corners and                
margins are first          occupied1    
because it is          there that       
positions can          most easily be   
taken which          cannot be killed1  

and          which also contain         
territory4 ,from the edges          and 
corners the player          makes toward
 the center4          ,this process is  
repeated          in every game4  #c4   
,q #c4 ,in taking a corner      #d4     
,p #ag4 ,the attack could          that 
is still vacant there           also be 
commenced at ,p #af4          is a      
choice among seven          points2     
e4g41 in the          corner designated 
as ,d #d1          these points are ,d  
#c1 ,d #d1          ,d #e1 ,c #d1 ,c #e1
 ,e #c1 and ,e          #d4 ,on the     
other hand1 ,c #c          and ,e #e are
 bad1 because          the territory    
which is          obtained by ,c #c is  
too          small1 and the adversary   
would reply to ,e #e with ,d            
#d1 by means of which ,e #e             
would be cut off from the               
margin4 ,of moves that are          good
 ,d #c-;,c #d are the          surest1  
and most          frequently used4 ,e   
#d-;,d #e          formerly were the    

favorite          moves1 but the        
preceding          moves are now        
preferred to          them4 ,e #c-;,c #e
 are seldom          used4 ,all of this1
 of          course1 applies to the     
corresponding points in          the    
other three corners4  #e4      ,c #d4   
#f4      ,q #f4 ,corresponding to ,no4  
#d1 this move should have               
been played at ,r #e or ,q #e1          
but ,white plays on ,q #f1              
because if he played on ,q              
#e1 ,black would have                   
replied at ,r #aj or ,r #i1             
and later ,white ,p #e and              
,black ,o #d would have                 
followed1 with the result               
that ,white has nothing1                
while ,black has obtained               
two positions1 one on ,o-,q             
and the other on ,r4  #g4      ,o #d4   
,beginners would have    #h4      ,d    
#ae4 ,the position ,d #ae-;,d           
replied to ,q #f with ,q #e or          
#ag is very strong1 and          ,r #e4 

,they attack their               players
 like to take it4          opponent at  
close quarters           ,this applies1 
of course1          from the beginning1 
to the corresponding          because   
they cannot take             positions  
in other parts          in the whole    
field at a              of the board1 of
 which          glance4 ,their entire   
there are seven2 i4e41 ,c               
effort is to absorb the                 
#af-;,e #af1 ,q #c-,q #e1 etc4 ,as      
last stone that their                   
soon as one player gets a               
opponent has played4 ,when              
position of the kind his          two   
beginners play                          
opponent often takes a          together
 the battle moves            similar    
position on the          slowly from a  
corner out             next move in     
order to          over the board1 and   
one              balance the advantage  
side of the board is                    
gained by his adversary2                

entirely filled with                    
this is something like          stones1 
while the other is           castling in
 ,chess4          completely empty4     
,this is          a sure sign of bad    
play4          ,in the beginning the    
good          players spread their      
stones over the board as          much  
as possible1 and          avoid close   
conflicts4  #i4      ,e #d4             
#aj4     ,c #aj4 ,if ,white did not     
occupy this point1 we                   
might have the following                
continuation3                           
,b4 ,c #aj ,w4 ,c #g                    
,b4 ,c #ac ,w4 ,e #g                    
and ,black has the                      
advantage1 because ,white's             
stones at ,c #g-;,e #g can only         
get one 8,me0 on the edge               
of the board1 and later on              
must seek a connection                  
with some other group4 ,by              
constantly harassing such               
endangered groups                       

territory is often                      
obtained4  #aa4     ,r #ac4 ,in place of
 taking     #ab4     ,c #e4 ,white sees 
that ,black          this secure        
position on              plays too      
carefully1 and          line ,r1 ,black 
should have            therefore        
challenges him          attacked the    
white stone             with a bold but 
premature          on ,p #ag with ,l    
#ag1 and in            attack that gives
 the          this way ,black would have
            whole game its character4   
obtained positions on both          line
 #ag and on line ,r4  #ac4     ,d #e4   
#ad4     ,c #f4  #ae4     ,b #d4        
#af4     ,d #f4  #ag4     ,e #f4        
#ah4     ,e #g4  #ai4     ,f #f4        
#bj4     ,h #c4 ,as soon as ,black      
answers this move1 ,white               
will take territory on the              
right or left of ,h #c4  #ba4     ,g #b4
 ,is played very          #bb4     ,m   
#c4 ,two stones which                   
carefully4 ,k #c would                  

mutually support each          probably 
have been better4           other on the
 margin of the          ,in that case   
,white would             board and form 
a position          either have played  
,h #e in            cannot be separated 
by          order to save ,h #c1        
more than two spaces2 for               
whereupon                               
instance1 ,r #ac-,r #af4 ,in            
that case the adversary              ,b4
 ,f #g ,w4 ,e #h                        
cannot cut one off from              ,b4
 ,k #e                           the    
other4 7,korschelt here                 
inserts continuations          would    
have followed1 or              similar  
to what we have          ,white would   
have answered            shown in a     
preceding          at ,k #d4            
chapter47 ,therefore1                   
,white's twentieth and                  
twenty-second moves are                 
merely intended to fill                 
territory that would                    

otherwise fall to ,black1               
and are not intended to                 
form a new group4  #bc4     ,h #b4 ,the 
only correct        #bd4     ,m #e4     
,white seeks to form a          answer  
would have been ,k                      
connection with ,no4 #f1          #c1   
which would have                  which 
,black frustrates by          separated 
,white's                    his         
twenty-fifth move4 ,it                  
twentieth and                        is 
of the greatest          twenty-second  
stones4                importance to    
prevent the                             
union of groups which the               
adversary has formed on                 
the margin1 in order that               
they may remain weak1 and               
require continuous                      
defense4                                
,the player who has the                 
8,sente0 most of the time               
will generally be the                   
victor4  #be4     ,o #f4                

#bf4     ,q #i4 ,is very necessary in   
order not to surrender the              
entire right side to                    
,black4  #bg4     ,k #ag4 ,all good     
players       #bh4     ,h #ag4 ,this    
move has the          agree that #bg    
should not             effect of        
abandoning stone          have been     
played at ,k #ag1            ,no4 #d at 
,p #ag4 ,after          but at ,l #ag4  
,this is                 ,black's       
twenty-ninth move          difficult to 
understand              at ,n #ag1 ,no4 
#d could still          because ,k #ag  
can be                  escape by means 
of ,p #ae1          supported from both 
sides            but giving it up brings
          at ,g #ag and ,n #ag1 but ,l  
#ag           more territory elsewhere  
is better because ,black                
than is there lost4 ,it is              
should be occupied not               a  
favorite device of          merely with 
taking a                 strong players 
to          position1 but more          

apparently abandon a                    
particularly with killing               
position to their          ,white's     
fourth stone4 ,in             adversary 
after first          the sequel ,k #ag  
is                   preparing it so    
that          actually taken by ,white4 
eventually it may live1 or              
so that it may afterward                
aid in surrounding one of               
the adversary's groups4                 
,the abandoned position                 
often reawakens to life if              
the weaker adversary                    
allows his surrounding                  
group to be itself                      
surrounded and taken                    
before the capture of the               
abandoned position has                  
been completed4  #bi4     ,n #ag4       
#cj4     ,f #g4  #ca4     ,g #g4        
#cb4     ,k #c4 ,it might have been     
better to have played at ,g             
#h4 ,then if ,black replied             
at ,h #g1 ,white could play             

at ,c #aj1 and the white                
territory in the                        
neighborhood of line ,d                 
would be very large4                    
,certainly in that case ,h #c           
would have been abandoned1              
but not ,m #c-,m #e4 ,since #cb         
,k #c is purely defensive1              
,black gets the attack1 and             
appreciably reduces the                 
white territory in the                  
neighborhood of line ,d4  #cc4     ,d   
#h4                         #cd4     ,d 
#g4  #ce4     ,d #aa4                   
#cf4     ,c #aa4  #cg4     ,d #ab4      
#ch4     ,c #ab4  #ci4     ,d #ac4      
#dj4     ,c #ac4  #da4     ,g #i4       
#db4     ,g #f4 ,if this move had not   
divided the black groups1               
,black would have become                
too powerful4  #dc4     ,h #g4          
#dd4     ,e #i4 ,this connects the two  
parts of the ,white                     
position1 which connection              
was threatened by ,black's              

thirty-third stone4                     
,moreover1 the 8,sente0                 
remains with ,white1                    
because ,black cannot allow             
his position to be broken               
into through ,f #aj4  #de4     ,g #ab4  
#df4     ,q #ad4  #dg4     ,r #ad4      
#dh4     ,r #ag4  #di4     ,s #ag4      
#ej4     ,q #af4  #ea4     ,r #ae4      
#eb4     ,r #aa4 ,the beginner will     
wonder that #eb ,q #ae did              
not follow #ea ,r #ae4 ,this            
is because #ec ,r #aj-ed ,r #i          
would result1 and ,white                
would be at a                           
disadvantage4 ,the moves                
#df-eb are part of a deeply             
thought-out plan on the                 
part of ,white4 ,black could            
afford to ignore ,no4 #d as             
long as it stood alone4                 
,thereupon ,white increases             
it by ,nos4 #dh and #ej1 and            
,black must accept the                  
sacrifice1 because                      

otherwise ,nos4 #bg-bi are              
threatened4 ,by this                    
sacrifice ,white gets the               
territory around ,no4 #bg1              
and also has an                         
opportunity of increasing               
his position on line ,q by              
his fifty-second move4  #ec4     ,o #af4
                        #ed4     ,m #af4
 ,on the fifty-third                    
move ,black proceeds with               
the capture of ,nos4 #d1 #dh1           
and #ej1 while ,white on his            
fifty-fourth move hems in               
,no4 #bg4  #ee4     ,h #af4 ,this move  
is ignored   #ef4     ,m #ag4           
by ,white because ,black          must  
reply to his          fifty-sixth and   
fifty-eighth moves in          order to 
save ,nos4 #bi and          #ec4  #eg4  
,n #ah4                        #eh4     
,m #ah4  #ei4     ,q #ae4               
#fj4     ,j #ag4  #fa4     ,j #af4      
#fb4     ,k #ah4  #fc4     ,e #af4      
#fd4     ,d #af4  #fe4     ,g #ag4      

#ff4     ,k #af4  #fg4     ,p #af4 ,this
 is necessary to   #fh4     ,k #ae4     
avoid the following                     
continuation3            ,w4 ,p #af1 ,o 
#ae1 ,n #af1 ,o #ad          ,b4 ,p #ae1
 ,n #ae1 ,o #ag1 ,p #ah            and  
,white has the          advantage4  #fi4
     ,d #ad4                        #gj4
     ,c #ad4  #ga4     ,r #e4           
#gb4     ,r #f4  #gc4     ,e #ae4 ,it is
 of the utmost    #gd4     ,q #e4       
,murase ,shuho thought                  
importance to ,black to                 
that #gd was a bad move and             
occupy this point1 for                  
that ,s #e would have been              
otherwise ,white would                  
better4 ,the game would          press  
far into his                   then have
 continued as          territory through
 this               follows3            
opening4 ,he goes first1                
however1 on his                      ,b4
 #gc4 ,e #ae1 ,r #d                     
seventy-first move to ,r #e1            

,w4 ,s #e1 ,s #d          because ,white
 must follow1          and then to #gc1 
because on           ,he also thought   
that          this move he loses the    
,white's moves from #gf-hb              
8,sente40 ,black could also             
were bad1 because nothing          have 
occupied ,s #e1 to                in    
particular was          which ,white    
would have               accomplished by
 separating          replied with ,s #f1
 because            ,o #d from ,o #f1   
since it was          otherwise the     
following              impossible to    
kill them4          continuation would  
have          occurred3            ,b4  
,s #e1 ,s #f1 ,s #h1 ,r #h1 ,q #h       
,w4 ,e #ae1 ,s #g1 ,t #g1 ,r #g         
and the ,white position is              
broken up4 ,it is because               
,black played at ,e #ae too             
hastily and without first               
occupying ,s #e that ,white          can
 break up the ,black          position  
by the series of          moves ,nos4   

#gd-hb4  #ge4     ,s #e4                
#gf4     ,q #d4  #gg4     ,r #c4        
#gh4     ,p #c4  #gi4     ,p #b4        
#hj4     ,o #c4  #ha4     ,o #b4        
#hb4     ,p #d4  #hc4     ,n #h4        
#hd4     ,l #h4  #he4     ,o #aj4       
#hf4     ,f #c4  #hg4     ,g #c4        
#hh4     ,f #d4  #hi4     ,e #c4        
#ij4     ,g #e4  #ia4     ,e #e4 ,black 
has played on     #ib4     ,j #f4       
this point because          otherwise ,e
 #f-;,f #f will          die2 thus1     
,w4 ,e #e1 ,b4 ,f #e takes          ,w4 
,e #e retakes    #ic4     ,g #d4 ,this  
is intended to     #id4     ,h #ad4     
,from this point on1          secure ,h 
#b1 ,g #b and ,g #c4             the    
territory in the          ,the simplest 
way of doing            center is filled
 up4 ,black          this would be to   
play at ,f           and ,white seem to 
get it          #b1 but ,g #d gains six 
more            in about equal parts4   
8,me0 because ,f #c-;,f #d may          
be regarded as taken4  #ie4     ,l #aj4 

#if4     ,j #aa4  #ig4     ,h #aa4      
#ih4     ,f #ad4  #ii4     ,e #ad4      
#ajj4    ,h #aj4  #aja4    ,g #aj4      
#ajb4    ,h #ab4  #ajc4    ,g #aa4      
#ajd4    ,o #h4  #aje4    ,q #aj4       
#ajf4    ,r #aj4  #ajg4    ,p #h4       
#ajh4    ,p #i4  #aji4    ,o #i4        
#aaj4    ,o #g4  #aaa4    ,p #aj4       
#aab4    ,r #h4  #aac4    ,n #g4        
#aad4    ,p #g4  #aae4    ,l #i4        
#aaf4    ,k #h4  #aag4    ,j #i4        
#aah4    ,k #ab4  #aai4    ,j #aj4      
#abj4    ,n #f4  #aba4    ,a #g4 ,this  
move is worthy     #abb4    ,b #g4      
of study4  #abc4    ,n #b4              
#abd4    ,j #e4  #abe4    ,e #ah4       
#abf4    ,d #ah4  #abg4    ,g #ah4      
#abh4    ,g #ac4  #abi4    ,m #ab4      
#acj4    ,f #ab4  #aca4    ,f #aa4      
#acb4    ,e #aj4  #acc4    ,e #aa4      
#acd4    ,s #ab4  #ace4    ,s #ac4      
#acf4    ,n #ad4  #acg4    ,l #ab4      
#ach4    ,l #ac4  #aci4    ,m #ac4      
#adj4    ,l #ad4  #ada4    ,k #aa4      
#adb4    ,j #ab4  #adc4    ,a #f4       

#add4    ,a #h4  #ade4    ,b #e4        
#adf4    ,b #f4  #adg4    ,a #e4        
#adh4    ,b #h4  #adi4    ,s #f4        
#aej4    ,s #g4  #aea4    ,m #h4        
#aeb4    ,m #f4 ,not at ,m #g1 because  
that would lead to the                  
loss of ,k #h-,l #h4  #aec4    ,d #ai4  
#aed4    ,c #ai4  #aee4    ,e #ai4      
#aef4    ,c #ah4  #aeg4    ,n #c4       
#aeh4    ,n #d4  #aei4    ,l #b4        
#afj4    ,l #c4  #afa4    ,k #b4        
#afb4    ,f #e4  #afc4    ,f #b4        
#afd4    ,e #ag4  #afe4    ,f #ag4      
#aff4    ,h #ai4  #afg4    ,h #ah4      
#afh4    ,j #ah4  #afi4    ,g #ai4      
#agj4    ,p #ad4  #aga4    ,p #ae4      
#agb4    ,n #ai4  #agc4    ,o #ai4      
#agd4    ,m #ai4  #age4    ,o #ag4      
#agf4    ,r #d4  #agg4    ,s #d4        
#agh4    ,t #f4  #agi4    ,r #ab4       
#ahj4    ,s #aa4  #aha4    ,o #ac4      
#ahb4    ,o #ad4  #ahc4    ,p #ac4      
,this is as far as the game is recorded 
in the ,go magazine1 published by       
,murase ,shuho4 ,a good player can now  

foresee the result at the cost of a     
little trouble4 ,black has won by five  
points4    ,according to ,korschelt's   
view1 the play would have proceeded as  
follows3            ,,black             
,,white                                 
#ahd4    ,t #e4  #ahe4    ,t #d4        
#ahf4    ,t #g4  #ahg4    ,s #c4        
#ahh4    ,g #ae4  #ahi4    ,g #af4      
#aij4    ,j #h4  #aia4    ,h #h4        
#aib4    ,n #ac4  #aic4    ,n #ab4      
#aid4    ,m #ad4  #aie4    ,j #g4       
#aif4    ,k #g4  #aig4    ,f #h4        
#aih4    ,e #h4  #aii4    ,d #aj4       
#bjj4    ,d #i4  #bja4    ,j #ae4       
#bjb4    ,j #ad4  #bjc4    ,j #ai4      
,takes4                 #bjd4    ,k #ai4
  #bje4    ,q #aa4                      
#bjf4    ,f #ae4  #bjg4    ,f #af4      
#bjh4    ,j #b4  #bji4    ,j #a4        
#baj4    ,j #c4  #baa4    ,m #g4        
#bab4    ,l #g4  #bac4    ,h #d4        
#bad4    ,j #d4  #bae4    ,n #ae4       
#baf4    ,k #i4  #bag4    ,k #aj4       
#bah4    ,m #b4  #bai4    ,m #a4        

#bbj4    ,q #ac4  #bba4    ,m #ae4      
#bbb4    ,l #ae4  #bbc4    ,f #i4       
#bbd4    ,q #ab4  #bbe4    ,p #ab4      
#bbf4    ,t #ac4  #bbg4    ,t #ad4      
#bbh4    ,t #ab4  #bbi4    ,h #ai4      
,the stones that are still to be played 
are 8,dame40 ,by playing these no  8,me0
 can be either won or lost1 and for the 
most part it makes no  difference       
whether they are filled up by ,black or 
,white4 ,these are as  follows3    ,o   
#ae1 ,n #af1 ,h #e1 ,h #f1 ,f #ac1 ,e   
#ac1 ,h #e1 ,h #ae1 ,f #aj1 ,e #ac ,e   
#ab1 ,h #ae1 ,f  #aj4    ,black has     
sixty-four 8,me0 and ,white fifty-seven 
8,me40            ,,iii    ,black4--,ito
 ,kotaro1 fifth degree4                 
,white4--,karigane ,junichi1 sixth      
degree4    ,this game was played in     
,tokio about ,january1 #aijg1 and is a  
fine  illustration of the rule of 8,ko40
 ,no handicaps were given4              
,,black                                 
,,white    #a4      ,c #d4 78,komoku407 
,black       #b4      ,q #c4            

being the weaker player1          adopts
 a conservative          opening4  #c4  
,d #ag4                        #d4      
,c #ae4  #e4      ,e #c4 ,the opening is
          #f4      ,c #i4 ,this is an   
unusual          conventional so far4   
move4  #g4      ,f #af4                 
#h4      ,c #ag4  #i4      ,c #ah4      
#aj4     ,d #af4  #aa4     ,e #ag4      
#ab4     ,q #ag4  #ac4     ,r #ae4      
#ad4     ,r #f4  #ae4     ,r #aa4       
#af4     ,k #c4  #ag4     ,n #ag4       
#ah4     ,d #ab4 ,not the best move4 ,p 
#af would have been better4             
,this part of the game is               
generally devoted to the                
general distribution of                 
stones4  #ai4     ,p #af4 ,white's stone
 at ,q     #bj4     ,p #ag4          #ag
 is now shut in4 ,if the          black 
stone at ,n #ag were          at ,m #ag1
 ,white could have          escaped4    
#ba4     ,o #ag4                        
#bb4     ,s #af4  #bc4     ,r #af4      
#bd4     ,r #ag4  #be4     ,s #ae4      

#bf4     ,s #ag4  #bg4     ,p #ah4      
#bh4     ,q #ah4  #bi4     ,o #ai4      
,probably not the       #cj4     ,s #ai4
 ,the corner is a          best4 ,o #ae 
would have had            typical ,go   
problem4 ,white          greater        
possibilities4               had to     
place this stone                        
very carefully in order to              
provide for the necessary               
two 8,me40  #ca4     ,j #af4 ,not the   
best4 ,o #ae     #cb4     ,q #af4       
would have been better4  #cc4     ,q    
#ae4                        #cd4     ,p 
#ae4 ,cutting ,black's                  
connection4 ,the necessity              
for a black stone at ,o #ae             
is now apparent4  #ce4     ,o #af4      
#cf4     ,p #ad4  #cg4     ,r #ac4      
#ch4     ,q #ab4  #ci4     ,q #aa4      
#dj4     ,p #ab4  #da4     ,p #aa4      
#db4     ,m #ac4  #dc4     ,r #h4 ,not  
the best move4 ,n    #dd4     ,k #af4   
,white now commences          #aa would 
have been more              a series of 

moves to break          aggressive4     
up ,black's territory at                
the top of the board4  #de4     ,k #ag4 
#df4     ,l #ag4  #dg4     ,l #af4      
#dh4     ,k #ae4  #di4     ,l #ae4      
#ej4     ,j #ag4  #ea4     ,k #ah4      
#eb4     ,h #ag4  #ec4     ,l #ah4      
#ed4     ,j #ae4  #ee4     ,h #af4      
#ef4     ,g #af4  #eg4     ,h #ae4      
#eh4     ,g #ae4  #ei4     ,h #ad4      
#fj4     ,g #ag4  #fa4     ,j #ac4      
#fb4     ,o #aa4  #fc4     ,o #aj4      
#fd4     ,n #aa4  #fe4     ,n #aj4      
#ff4     ,m #aa4  #fg4     ,k #ab4 ,an  
ineffective move2   #fh4     ,b #ag4    
,b #ag would have been          better4 
#fi4     ,b #ah4                        
#gj4     ,f #ae4  #ga4     ,f #ah4      
,black must defend      #gb4     ,a #ah4
          his corner1 which is          
already much reduced in          size4  
#gc4     ,g #ai4                        
#gd4     ,l #ad4  #ge4     ,k #ad4 ,the 
three white        #gf4     ,m #ae4     
stones1 ,j #ae1 ,k #ae1 and ,k          

#af are dead4 ,they were                
sacrificed in order to          break up
 ,black's territory          at the top 
of the board4  #gg4     ,m #af4         
#gh4     ,q #h4  #gi4     ,q #g4        
#hj4     ,r #g4  #ha4     ,p #h4        
#hb4     ,s #h4  #hc4     ,q #i4 ,takes4
                  #hd4     ,r #i4  #he4 
,o #ac4 ,an effort to deprive   #hf4    
,o #ad4          the white group of the 
necessary 8,me0 and to          envelop 
them4  #hg4     ,n #ac4                 
#hh4     ,n #ad4  #hi4     ,l #aj4      
#ij4     ,l #aa4  #ia4     ,k #aj4 ,k   
#aa would not do2     #ib4     ,r #ab4  
,white could break through          in  
that case4  #ic4     ,s #ab4            
#id4     ,q #ac4  #ie4     ,s #aj4      
#if4     ,r #ad4  #ig4     ,s #ad4      
#ih4     ,s #ac4 ,takes4  #ii4     ,t   
#ac4 8,watari40              #ajj4    ,l
 #ab4  #aja4    ,n #ab4                 
#ajb4    ,m #aj4  #ajc4    ,m #i4       
#ajd4    ,k #aa4  #aje4    ,j #aa4      
,white is now shut      #ajf4    ,o #ab4

 ,white saves his          in4          
group in this way because               
he can get the position                 
called 8,magari shimoku wa              
me0 no matter what ,black               
does4  #ajg4    ,r #d4                  
#ajh4    ,q #d4  #aji4    ,r #c4        
#aaj4    ,r #b4  #aaa4    ,s #b4        
#aab4    ,q #b4  #aac4    ,s #e4        
#aad4    ,q #f4  #aae4    ,s #a4        
,black's corner is       #aaf4    ,q #h4
 ,takes4 8,ko40          small1 but it  
will surely          live4  #aag4    ,p 
#g4                         #aah4    ,p 
#i4  #aai4    ,r #h4 8,ko40             
#abj4    ,t #c4 ,an effort to destroy   
the corner4  #aba4    ,s #c4            
#abb4    ,q #h4 8,ko40  #abc4    ,p #aj4
                        #abd4    ,n #d4 
,white eventually wins                  
the game by means of the                
territory he now maps out4  #abe4    ,e 
#af4                        #abf4    ,e 
#ae4  #abg4    ,d #ad4 8,nozoku40       
#abh4    ,d #ae4  #abi4    ,c #g4       

#acj4    ,j #aj4  #aca4    ,l #h4       
#acb4    ,h #aa4  #acc4    ,j #ab4      
#acd4    ,j #i4  #ace4    ,g #aa4 ,not  
very good4 ,black   #acf4    ,n #h4     
should have played at ,k #h4  #acg4     
,n #i4                         #ach4    
,k #h4  #aci4    ,l #i4 ,black must play
 here    #adj4    ,b #d4          to    
protect his two stones4  #ada4    ,b #c4
                         #adb4    ,d #d4
  #adc4    ,c #c4                       
#add4    ,c #e4  #ade4    ,c #f4 ,an    
unusual way of       #adf4    ,n #f4    
playing the corner4  #adg4    ,l #f4    
#adh4    ,k #e4  #adi4    ,k #f4        
#aej4    ,j #e4  #aea4    ,j #f4        
#aeb4    ,h #f4  #aec4    ,h #g4        
#aed4    ,g #aj4  #aee4    ,f #aa4      
#aef4    ,g #g4  #aeg4    ,g #f4        
#aeh4    ,h #e4  #aei4    ,g #h4        
#afj4    ,f #g4  #afa4    ,f #h4        
#afb4    ,h #h4  #afc4    ,j #g4 ,note  
how the center     #afd4    ,f #aj4     
fills up without either          side   
getting territory          there4  #afe4

    ,e #h4                         #aff4
    ,e #g4  #afg4    ,e #aa4            
#afh4    ,e #aj4  #afi4    ,d #aa4      
#agj4    ,d #h4  #aga4    ,d #g4        
#agb4    ,f #e4  #agc4    ,e #e4        
#agd4    ,f #f4  #age4    ,c #ad4       
#agf4    ,m #g4  #agg4    ,r #h4 8,ko40 
,a weak move4      #agh4    ,b #ad4     
,white's group is now          ,white's 
position is                  safe4      
already better1 and ,black              
should play at ,b #ad1 where          he
 might have a chance to          kill   
,white's group1 in the          upper   
left-hand corner4  #agi4    ,b #ac4     
#ahj4    ,a #ad4  #aha4    ,c #ab4      
#ahb4    ,b #af4 ,this is an            
interesting problem4 ,if                
,white plays at ,b #ae1 ,black          
could kill the group4  #ahc4    ,l #g4  
#ahd4    ,d #e4  #ahe4    ,c #h4        
#ahf4    ,d #i4  #ahg4    ,b #e4        
#ahh4    ,b #f4  #ahi4    ,a #d4 ,takes4
                  #aij4    ,d #f4  #aia4
    ,b #g4                         #aib4

    ,b #h4  #aic4    ,a #f4 ,takes4     
#aid4    ,f #b4 ,defending his large    
territory on the lower                  
edge of the board4  #aie4    ,e #d4     
#aif4    ,q #h4 8,ko40 ,attacking       
,black's group which has                
still to form the                       
necessary two 8,me40  #aig4    ,j #h4   
#aih4    ,h #i4 ,white cannot afford    
to fill the 8,ko0 at ,r #h4  #aii4    ,r
 #h4 8,ko40                   #bjj4     
,g #ah4  #bja4    ,h #ai4               
#bjb4    ,q #h4 8,ko40 ,returning to    
the attack4  #bjc4    ,o #i4 ,takes4    
#bjd4    ,e #f4 ,a necessary            
connection4  #bje4    ,g #d4 ,invading  
,white's        #bjf4    ,g #e4 ,takes4 
,white must do          territory4      
this or lose ten stones4  #bjg4    ,e   
#b4                         #bjh4    ,g 
#c4  #bji4    ,p #f4                    
#baj4    ,p #e4  #baa4    ,m #e4        
#bab4    ,n #e4  #bac4    ,m #d4        
#bad4    ,m #c4 ,this ends ,black's     
invasion4  #bae4    ,f #d4              

#baf4    ,q #ad4  #bag4    ,r #ac4      
8,ko40                  #bah4    ,b #ai4
 8,sente40  #bai4    ,d #ah4 ,black must
 connect4    #bbj4    ,s #ac4 8,ko40    
#bba4    ,r #e4                         
#bbb4    ,q #e4  #bbc4    ,r #ac4 8,ko40
 ,black must win   #bbd4    ,j #ah4     
this 8,ko0 or lose five          stones4
  #bbe4    ,j #ai4                      
#bbf4    ,s #ac4 8,ko40  #bbg4    ,l #d4
 8,sente40                #bbh4    ,l   
#c4  #bbi4    ,r #ac4 8,ko40 ,black's   
group    #bcj4    ,h #ab4          is   
now safe4  #bca4    ,s #ac4 8,ko tsugu40
            #bcb4    ,e #ac4  #bcc4     
,b #aj4                        #bcd4    
,b #i4  #bce4    ,f #ac4                
#bcf4    ,e #ad4  #bcg4    ,g #ad4      
#bch4    ,h #c4  #bci4    ,s #f4        
#bdj4    ,d #c4  #bda4    ,d #b4        
#bdb4    ,c #aj4  #bdc4    ,c #aa4      
#bdd4    ,b #aa4  #bde4    ,r #h4 8,ko40
                   #bdf4    ,m #f4      
#bdg4    ,l #e4                         
#bdh4    ,q #h4 8,ko40  #bdi4    ,r #a4 

#bej4    ,q #a4  #bea4    ,r #h4 8,ko40 
#beb4    ,s #g4  #bec4    ,s #i4        
#bed4    ,q #h4 8,ko40  #bee4    ,e #ab4
                        #bef4    ,d #ac4
  #beg4    ,r #h4 8,ko40                
#beh4    ,g #ab4 8,sente40  #bei4    ,f 
#ab4                        #bfj4    ,q 
#h4 8,ko40  #bfa4    ,f #c4             
#bfb4    ,g #b4  #bfc4    ,r #h4 8,ko40 
#bfd4    ,t #d4  #bfe4    ,t #b4 ,black 
must defend his   #bff4    ,q #h4 8,ko40
          group4  #bfg4    ,t #af4      
#bfh4    ,t #ag4  #bfi4    ,r #h4 8,ko40
                   #bgj4    ,t #f4      
#bga4    ,t #e4 ,black must stop the    
#bgb4    ,q #h4 8,ko40          ,white  
advance4  #bgc4    ,q #ai4              
#bgd4    ,r #ai4  #bge4    ,r #h4 8,ko40
                   #bgf4    ,p #ai4     
8,ko40  #bgg4    ,o #ah4                
#bgh4    ,q #h4 8,ko40  #bgi4    ,s #ah4
 ,if ,black can also      #bhj4    ,t   
#ah4          play at ,t #ai1 ,white's  
corner is dead4  #bha4    ,r #h4 8,ko40 
#bhb4    ,n #ae4  #bhc4    ,l #ac4      

,purposely starting     #bhd4    ,k #ac4
 8,ko40          another 8,ko40  #bhe4  
,b #ab4                        #bhf4    
,l #ac4 8,ko tsugu40  #bhg4    ,a #aa4  
,takes4                 #bhh4    ,q #h4 
8,ko40  #bhi4    ,c #ac4                
#bij4    ,r #h4 8,ko tsugu40  #bia4     
,k #i4 ,black must form         #bib4   
,o #f4          another 8,me0 for this  
group at once4  #bic4    ,j #d4         
#bid4    ,h #d4  #bie4    ,k #d4        
#bif4    ,c #b4  #big4    ,b #b4        
#bih4    ,e #a4  #bii4    ,c #a4 ,takes4
                  #cjj4    ,j #c4  #cja4
    ,t #i4 ,the game is                 
#cjb4    ,n #af4          practically   
over at this          point4  #cjc4     
,j #ad4 ,taking three stones4   #cjd4   
,o #h4  #cje4    ,t #ai4 ,takes4        
#cjf4    ,o #g4  #cjg4    ,p #i4        
,connecting4             #cjh4    ,t    
#ae4 ,takes4  #cji4    ,t #h4           
#caj4    ,c #ai4  #caa4    ,f #ag4      
#cab4    ,a #ac4  #cac4    ,a #ab4      
#cad4    ,a #ag4  #cae4    ,d #ai4      

#caf4    ,a #ai4  #cag4    ,r #aj4      
#cah4    ,a #i4  #cai4    ,a #aj4       
#cbj4    ,q #ai4 8,ko tsugu40  #cba4    
,a #g4    ,the game as published ends at
 this point1 but there still remain     
moves  to be made that are not strictly 
8,dame40 ,white must kill the three     
black stones at ,e #h1 ,f #h1 and ,g #h1
 as that portion of the board is not    
quite disposed of1 and 8,seki0 might    
easily occur if ,white plays badly4     
,the game might continue as follows3    
,,black                                 
,,white                                 
#cbb4    ,f #a4  #cbc4    ,g #ac4       
#cbd4    ,e #i4  #cbe4    ,h #ac4       
#cbf4    ,h #aj4 ,white must connect4   
#cbg4    ,a #h4                         
#cbh4    ,f #i4  #cbi4    ,d #aj4       
#ccj4    ,g #i4 ,white must take the    
three stones4  #cca4    ,d #a4 ,stopping
 ,white's        #ccb4    ,t #af4       
8,tsugu40          advance4    ,the     
following moves are strictly 8,dame03 ,f
 #ad1 ,h #ah1 ,m #h1 ,o #ae1 ,t #ad4    

,either side can fill these 8,me40      
,the following stones are dead and can  
now be removed3    ,white4--,k #h1 ,l   
#ag1 ,t #c1 ,t #d4 ,black4--,n #ab1 ,n  
#ac1 ,o #ac1 ,s #ah4    ,white wins by  
four stones4 ,after the dead stones are 
used to fill up  the vacant spaces1 and 
the board is rearranged1 it will be     
found that  ,white has fourteen 8,me0   
and ,black ten 8,me40    ,more than the 
usual number of moves were made in this 
game4            ,,iv    ,plate #af     
,white4--,hirose ,heijiro1 fifth degree4
    ,black4--,nagano ,keijiro1 fourth   
degree4    ,black has a handicap of two 
stones4 7,d #d and ,q #af47    ,played  
,march1 #aijg1 in ,tokio4 ,both players 
were of the ,hoyensha ,school4    ,when 
this game was published1 it was         
annotated by ,mr4 ,iwasaki ,kenzo1  and 
,i have translated his annotations2     
these are indicated by the  initials    
8,i4 ,k40            ,,white            
,,black    #a4      ,r #d4              
#b4      ,c #af4  #c4      ,e #ag4      

#d4      ,d #ae4  #e4      ,c #aa4 ,to  
prevent ,black       #f4      ,c #g4 ,p 
#c would have been          forming     
territory on the             better4    
7,iwasaki ,kenzo47          left side4  
#g4      ,o #c4                         
#h4      ,r #aj4 ,this move is called   
8,moku ,shita40 ,it is one of           
,murase ,shuho's inventions4  #i4       
,r #ad4 ,white breaks into      #aj4    
,r #f4          ,black's territory at   
once4  #aa4     ,o #ag4                 
#ab4     ,o #af4 ,these moves will be   
found in the chapter on                 
8,joseki40  #ac4     ,n #af4            
#ad4     ,o #ae4  #ae4     ,p #ag4      
#af4     ,q #ag4  #ag4     ,q #ac4      
,white must look out    #ah4     ,r #ae4
 ,this move secures          for the    
stone at ,r #ad4               the      
corner1 and at the                      
same time protects the                  
connection of ,black's                  
stones on lines ,o and ,q4              
8,ikkyo ryo toku40  #ai4     ,o #ac4    

#bj4     ,n #ad4  #ba4     ,l #ag4      
,replies to ,black's     #bb4     ,q    
#ad4          last move4  #bc4     ,s   
#ad4                        #bd4     ,f 
#af4  #be4     ,g #ag4                  
#bf4     ,s #ae4 ,secures the corner4   
#bg4     ,p #aj4                        
#bh4     ,q #h4 ,p #f would have been   
better4 7,i4 ,k47  #bi4     ,c #ad4     
#cj4     ,d #ad4  #ca4     ,c #ac4      
#cb4     ,d #ab4 ,not the best move4 ,m 
#c would have been better4              
7,i4 ,k47  #cc4     ,d #aa4             
#cd4     ,e #ab4  #ce4     ,e #aa4      
#cf4     ,f #aa4  #cg4     ,f #ab4      
,white cuts off4 ,this   #ch4     ,f    
#ac4 ,g #ad would have been          is 
an aggressive move4                     
better4 7,i4 ,k47  #ci4     ,g #ab4     
#dj4     ,f #aj4  #da4     ,g #ac4      
#db4     ,f #ad4  #dc4     ,d #h4 ,white
 provides an       #dd4     ,h #ae4 ,h  
#ad was better1 as          escape for  
stones on line            ,white dare   
not cut off at          #aa4            

,g #ad4 7,i4 ,k47  #de4     ,h #aj4     
#df4     ,f #h4  #dg4     ,d #g4        
#dh4     ,c #f4  #di4     ,d #f4        
#ej4     ,d #e4  #ea4     ,f #f4        
#eb4     ,h #i4 ,black must provide an  
exit for his stones on                  
line ,e4  #ec4     ,j #aj4 ,white cannot
 risk      #ed4     ,h #h4              
jumping farther4  #ee4     ,h #ag4 ,not 
good4 ,k #h would    #ef4     ,k #h4    
,black promptly          have been      
better4 7,i4 ,k47            escapes4   
#eg4     ,c #h4 ,good1 but not the      
#eh4     ,l #aj4 ,black commences an    
best4 ,m #ab would have                 
attack on ,white's five          helped 
the white stones              stones4   
near the center4  #ei4     ,j #ad4      
,white retreats4        #fj4     ,j #ae4
  #fa4     ,l #ad4                      
#fb4     ,l #ae4  #fc4     ,l #ab4      
#fd4     ,j #ab4 ,this is a 8,sute      
ishi10 but it greatly aids              
,black's attack4  #fe4     ,k #ab4 ,not 
a good move4 ,by    #ff4     ,k #ae4    

reason of this ,black's                 
sixty-eighth move is made               
possible4 7,i4 ,k47  #fg4     ,j #ac4   
,another move which     #fh4     ,k #ag4
 ,attacks ,white's          arrests the 
development of           stones at the  
top of the          the game4 7,i4 ,k47 
board4  #fi4     ,k #ah4                
#gj4     ,l #ah4  #ga4     ,j #ag4      
#gb4     ,m #ag4  #gc4     ,k #af4      
,takes4                 #gd4     ,l #af4
 ,black's attack on                     
the upper right-hand                    
corner is now well                      
developed4  #ge4     ,p #h4 ,white      
abandons the      #gf4     ,p #g4       
field and plays elsewhere4  #gg4     ,o 
#h4                         #gh4     ,h 
#e4  #gi4     ,f #d4                    
#hj4     ,h #c4  #ha4     ,f #b4        
#hb4     ,d #b4  #hc4     ,f #g4 ,white 
perfects his      #hd4     ,m #c4       
connection4  #he4     ,q #i4            
#hf4     ,r #i4  #hg4     ,q #g4        
#hh4     ,r #h4  #hi4     ,p #f4        

#ij4     ,m #e4 ,black enlarges his     
territory at the bottom of              
the board4  #ia4     ,o #g4 ,takes4     
#ib4     ,s #e4 ,forming 8,me0 for the  
side group4  #ic4     ,c #ah4 ,stronger 
than ,c #ag4    #id4     ,k #ag4 ,takes 
in 8,ko40  #ie4     ,s #d4              
#if4     ,r #ab4  #ig4     ,p #ad4      
#ih4     ,q #ae4  #ii4     ,r #ac4      
#ajj4    ,t #d4  #aja4    ,l #ag4 ,takes
 in 8,ko40         #ajb4    ,m #ah4     
#ajc4    ,k #c4 ,invading ,black's      
#ajd4    ,l #d4          territory4     
,white can          connect on either   
side4  #aje4    ,h #b4                  
#ajf4    ,g #c4  #ajg4    ,j #c4        
#ajh4    ,j #d4  #aji4    ,g #b4        
#aaj4    ,m #g4  #aaa4    ,e #b4        
#aab4    ,c #c4 ,if ,black plays at ,d  
#c1 ,white could reply at ,d            
#a with the 8,sente40  #aac4    ,l #h4  
,threatening ,black's     #aad4    ,k   
#i4          territory4 ,if ,black      
defends1 ,white can connect             
somewhere4  #aae4    ,j #f4             

#aaf4    ,h #f4  #aag4    ,l #f4        
,white's attack on       #aah4    ,l #g4
          this territory is very        
fine4  #aai4    ,k #d4                  
#abj4    ,k #e4  #aba4    ,j #e4        
#abb4    ,k #f4  #abc4    ,h #d4 ,takes4
                  #abd4    ,s #c4  #abe4
    ,r #c4                         #abf4
    ,s #b4  #abg4    ,j #g4             
#abh4    ,m #i4 ,black cannot neglect   
this--the whole center of               
the board might be lost4  #abi4    ,r   
#b4                         #acj4    ,h 
#g4  #aca4    ,t #ae4                   
#acb4    ,s #ag4 ,better than ,t #af1 as
                                        
it provides for 8,me0 in                
the corner4  #acc4    ,s #ab4           
#acd4    ,s #aa4  #ace4    ,l #ai4      
#acf4    ,k #ag4 ,takes in 8,ko40  #acg4
    ,n #i4                         #ach4
    ,n #h4  #aci4    ,l #ag4 ,takes in  
8,ko40         #adj4    ,m #af4  #ada4  
,n #g4                         #adb4    
,m #h4  #adc4    ,b #ag4                

#add4    ,b #af4  #ade4    ,b #h4       
#adf4    ,m #ab4 ,threatening to        
surround the ten white                  
stones in the center4  #adg4    ,e #i4  
#adh4    ,f #i4  #adi4    ,k #ad4       
,forming 8,me0 for       #aej4    ,g    
#aa4          group in center4  #aea4   
,h #aa4                        #aeb4    
,h #ad4  #aec4    ,m #aa4               
#aed4    ,h #ac4  #aee4    ,h #ab4      
#aef4    ,m #ac4  #aeg4    ,l #aa4      
#aeh4    ,s #a4 ,this move is worth     
five or six points4  #aei4    ,b #f4 ,b 
#e might have been     #afj4    ,b #e4  
more aggressive4  #afa4    ,b #g4       
#afb4    ,c #e4  #afc4    ,n #e4        
#afd4    ,n #f4  #afe4    ,n #d4        
#aff4    ,l #b4  #afg4    ,n #b4        
#afh4    ,m #b4 ,otherwise ,white would 
play at ,l #c4  #afi4    ,g #e4         
#agj4    ,a #ac4 ,this stone is         
connected with stone at ,b              
#af4 ,this move often                   
occurs4  #aga4    ,b #ab4               
#agb4    ,d #ag4  #agc4    ,e #ah4      

#agd4    ,q #ab4  #age4    ,p #ab4      
#agf4    ,t #af4  #agg4    ,e #af4      
#agh4    ,e #ae4  #agi4    ,r #e4       
#ahj4    ,s #g4  #aha4    ,r #a4        
#ahb4    ,q #f4  #ahc4    ,q #e4 ,this  
part of the        #ahd4    ,m #ai4     
board is now completed4  #ahe4    ,a #e4
                         #ahf4    ,a #d4
  #ahg4    ,a #f4                       
#ahh4    ,b #d4  #ahi4    ,m #d4        
#aij4    ,l #c4  #aia4    ,k #b4        
#aib4    ,k #ai4 ,takes4  #aic4    ,j   
#ai4                        #aid4    ,k 
#ag4 ,takes in 8,ko40  #aie4    ,l #ai4 
,takes in 8,ko40         #aif4    ,f    
#ag4  #aig4    ,f #ah4                  
#aih4    ,d #ah4  #aii4    ,c #ag4      
#bjj4    ,d #af4  #bja4    ,d #ai4      
8,watari40              #bjb4    ,e #aj4
  #bjc4    ,d #aj4                      
#bjd4    ,e #h4  #bje4    ,m #aj4       
#bjf4    ,q #aj4  #bjg4    ,k #aj4      
#bjh4    ,l #i4 ,takes4  #bji4    ,p #i4
                         #baj4    ,l    
#ac4  #baa4    ,k #ac4                  

#bab4    ,n #ab4  #bac4    ,m #ad4      
#bad4    ,n #ac4  #bae4    ,n #aa4      
#baf4    ,o #ab4  #bag4    ,o #aa4      
#bah4    ,o #ad4  #bai4    ,p #ac4      
#bbj4    ,d #i4 ,takes4  #bba4    ,c #i4
                         #bbb4    ,q    
#aa4  #bbc4    ,p #aa4                  
#bbd4    ,j #af4 ,takes4  #bbe4    ,g   
#af4                        #bbf4    ,f 
#ae4  #bbg4    ,n #c4                   
#bbh4    ,m #f4  #bbi4    ,t #ad4       
#bcj4    ,t #ab4  #bca4    ,t #ac4      
#bcb4    ,s #ac4 ,takes4  #bcc4    ,p   
#ae4                        #bcd4    ,p 
#af4  #bce4    ,s #ab4 ,takes in 8,ko40 
#bcf4    ,t #aa4  #bcg4    ,e #c4       
#bch4    ,o #f4  #bci4    ,o #e4        
#bdj4    ,a #ag4  #bda4    ,a #ah4      
#bdb4    ,a #af4  #bdc4    ,a #ab4      
#bdd4    ,b #ad4  #bde4    ,b #ac4      
#bdf4    ,a #ad4  #bdg4    ,d #c4       
#bdh4    ,c #b4  #bdi4    ,m #ae4       
#bej4    ,n #ae4    ,black wins1 the    
report says1 by 8,ichi ban10 which means
 anything up to  ten 8,me40 ,according  

to my continuation1 ,black won by seven 
8,me40            ,v    ,plate #ag      
,this is a game between a ,japanese     
player and a beginner4 ,it is inserted  
solely to show the character of the     
mistakes which beginners are likely  to 
make4 ,such errors never occur in games 
between good players1 and  therefore    
this game may be more useful to a novice
 than the games  contested between      
players of greater skill4    ,played    
,may #g1 #aijg4    ,black has a handicap
 of five stones4            ,,white     
,,black    #a4      ,c #ad4             
#b4      ,e #c4 ,bad2 too close to the  
handicap stone4 ,besides it             
is better to respond to                 
,white's attack in the same             
part of the board4  #c4      ,o #c4     
#d4      ,c #ae4 ,this would be too     
conservative if the                     
players were anything like              
equal4  #e4      ,r #ad4                
#f4      ,d #f4 ,much better to play    
in one of the right-hand                

corners4 ,c #f would be                 
better also4  #g4      ,f #ag4          
#h4      ,p #c4 ,o #d is much better4   
#i4      ,r #f4                         
#aj4     ,q #ad4  #aa4     ,s #af4 ,this
 would not be      #ab4     ,o #d4      
,black should reply to          played  
against a good                ,white's  
last move4          player4  #ac4     ,n
 #c4                         #ad4     ,d
 #h4 ,unnecessary2 much                 
better to play in one of                
the threatened corners4  #ae4     ,c #c4
                         #af4     ,c #d4
 ,b #d would be better4  #ag4     ,b #c4
                         #ah4     ,d #b4
  #ai4     ,d #c4                       
#bj4     ,e #b4  #ba4     ,b #e4        
#bb4     ,b #d4  #bc4     ,a #d4        
#bd4     ,c #b4  #be4     ,b #h4        
#bf4     ,d #e4 ,over cautious4  #bg4   
,c #g4                         #bh4     
,d #g4 ,unnecessary2 ,black             
could gain a decisive                   
advantage at ,b #f4  #bi4     ,b #f4    

#cj4     ,c #h4 ,too near the ,white    
line1 a common mistake of               
beginners4  #ca4     ,b #i4             
#cb4     ,b #b4  #cc4     ,a #c4        
#cd4     ,c #i4 ,too near2 ,black can   
jump one or two spaces                  
with much better effect4  #ce4     ,c   
#aj4                        #cf4     ,d 
#aj4  #cg4     ,c #aa4                  
#ch4     ,d #ad4  #ci4     ,c #ac4      
#dj4     ,d #ab4 ,at this point         
,black's position is good               
enough1 as his line on ,d               
is very strong4  #da4     ,c #ag4       
#db4     ,b #ad4  #dc4     ,b #ac4      
#dd4     ,c #ab4 ,black gains very      
little by this4  #de4     ,b #ab4       
#df4     ,b #ae4  #dg4     ,d #ag4      
#dh4     ,b #af4 ,very bad2 ,black has  
the whole board to gain                 
ground in elsewhere4  #di4     ,e #af4  
#ej4     ,d #ae4 ,if ,black feels he    
must play here1 ,d #ac is               
better4  #ea4     ,d #ac4               
#eb4     ,e #ac4  #ec4     ,e #ab4      

#ed4     ,d #aa4  #ee4     ,f #ac4      
#ef4     ,e #ad4  #eg4     ,g #ab4      
#eh4     ,e #aa4  #ei4     ,f #ab4      
#fj4     ,f #aa4 ,if ,black hopes to    
save his group in the                   
upper left-hand corner1 he              
must escape toward the                  
center at this point4  #fa4     ,f #ad4 
,black's group is now   #fb4     ,a #ad4
 ,black cannot          hopeless4       
possibly form 8,me02 this               
move is merely wasted4  #fc4     ,j #c4 
#fd4     ,e #i4 ,too cautious4  #fe4    
,g #c4                         #ff4     
,h #aa4  #fg4     ,g #aa4               
#fh4     ,f #aj4 ,black forms 8,me0 in  
this group long before it               
is threatened1 while he                 
might gain ground                       
elsewhere4  #fi4     ,g #aj4            
#gj4     ,a #af4 ,another lost move4    
#ga4     ,f #d4                         
#gb4     ,e #d4  #gc4     ,g #h4        
#gd4     ,g #i4  #ge4     ,h #i4        
#gf4     ,f #i4  #gg4     ,h #aj4       

#gh4     ,f #h4  #gi4     ,g #g4        
#hj4     ,f #f4  #ha4     ,g #f4        
#hb4     ,g #e4 ,should have been       
played at ,f #e4  #hc4     ,f #e4       
#hd4     ,j #aj4 ,black should play     
nearer the edge of the                  
board4 ,j #aj is radically              
wrong4  #he4     ,k #h4                 
#hf4     ,h #ac4 ,black tries to form   
a living group in the                   
center without support2                 
this can seldom be done4  #hg4     ,h   
#ab4                        #hh4     ,j 
#aa4  #hi4     ,j #ac4                  
#ij4     ,h #h4  #ia4     ,j #h4        
#ib4     ,h #g4 ,these stones are       
hopeless from the start4                
,black should play in the               
right-hand corners4  #ic4     ,h #f4    
#id4     ,j #g4  #ie4     ,l #g4        
#if4     ,j #f4  #ig4     ,h #e4        
#ih4     ,j #e4  #ii4     ,g #d4 ,takes4
                  #ajj4    ,j #i4  #aja4
    ,m #f4                         #ajb4
    ,n #e4 ,m #e would be much          

better4  #ajc4    ,m #e4                
#ajd4    ,k #d4 ,black adds more        
stones to his already                   
hopeless group4 ,this is                
one of the commonest                    
mistakes4  #aje4    ,m #d4              
#ajf4    ,j #ab4 ,black should jump to  
the right1 say at ,m #aa4  #ajg4    ,k  
#ac4                        #ajh4    ,g 
#ad4 ,f #ae might have                  
helped ,black4  #aji4    ,f #ae4        
#aaj4    ,h #d4  #aaa4    ,j #d4        
#aab4    ,f #g4  #aac4    ,h #c4 ,takes4
                  #aad4    ,e #f4       
,unnecessary4 ,black                    
should play somewhere in                
the unoccupied portion of               
the board4  #aae4    ,m #ab4            
#aaf4    ,a #ac4 ,wholly wasted unless  
,black were an expert4  #aag4    ,b #aa4
                        #aah4    ,b #ag4
  #aai4    ,b #ah4                      
#abj4    ,c #ah4  #aba4    ,d #ah4      
#abb4    ,a #ah4  #abc4    ,c #ai4      
,takes4                 #abd4    ,c #f4 

#abe4    ,b #g4                         
#abf4    ,k #ab4 ,like all beginners1   
,black keeps his stones too             
close together4 ,m #aj would            
be better4  #abg4    ,l #ac4            
#abh4    ,l #ab4  #abi4    ,m #aj4      
#acj4    ,m #aa4  #aca4    ,n #aa4      
#acb4    ,l #aa4  #acc4    ,n #ac4      
#acd4    ,l #aj4 ,black again adds      
stones to a dead group4  #ace4    ,m #i4
                         #acf4    ,l #h4
  #acg4    ,m #h4                       
#ach4    ,l #i4  #aci4    ,k #g4        
#adj4    ,o #f4  #ada4    ,p #e4        
#adb4    ,o #b4 ,s #d would have been   
much better4  #adc4    ,n #b4           
#add4    ,n #a4 ,black overlooks that   
he must connect at ,p #b4               
,this is a common error of              
novices4  #ade4    ,p #b4               
#adf4    ,j #ad4  #adg4    ,k #af4      
#adh4    ,j #af4  #adi4    ,k #ag4      
#aej4    ,k #ae4 ,black tries to form   
another living group4 ,his              
only chance was near ,q                 

#ad-,q #af4  #aea4    ,l #ae4           
#aeb4    ,l #ad4  #aec4    ,m #ad4      
#aed4    ,k #ad4  #aee4    ,m #ac4      
#aef4    ,m #ae4  #aeg4    ,l #af4      
#aeh4    ,g #af4 ,black again adds to   
a hopeless position4  #aei4    ,g #ag4  
#afj4    ,h #ag4  #afa4    ,g #ae4      
#afb4    ,h #ae4 ,black thinks he has   
the necessary 8,me40 ,two of            
them1 however1 are                      
8,kageme40  #afc4    ,h #ah4            
#afd4    ,j #ah4  #afe4    ,j #ag4      
#aff4    ,g #ah4  #afg4    ,h #af4      
,takes1 8,ko40           #afh4    ,a #b4
 ,black plays this                      
correctly4  #afi4    ,a #e4             
#agj4    ,h #ag4 ,takes1 8,ko40  #aga4  
,h #ai4                        #agb4    
,k #ah4  #agc4    ,h #af4 ,takes1 8,ko40
           #agd4    ,l #ah4  #age4    ,h
 #ag4 8,ko tsugu40            #agf4     
,m #ag4 ,black has a chance             
to make some territory in               
this part of the board4  #agg4    ,o    
#ag4                        #agh4    ,n 

#af4  #agi4    ,q #ag4                  
#ahj4    ,o #ae4  #aha4    ,p #af4      
#ahb4    ,q #ae4  #ahc4    ,p #ae4      
#ahd4    ,r #ag4  #ahe4    ,r #af4      
#ahf4    ,q #ah4  #ahg4    ,p #ag4      
#ahh4    ,r #ae4  #ahi4    ,s #ag4      
#aij4    ,r #ac4  #aia4    ,s #ad4      
#aib4    ,p #ad4  #aic4    ,s #ae4      
#aid4    ,o #ac4 ,black should live1    
although he has gained                  
little space4  #aie4    ,n #ad4         
#aif4    ,p #ab4 ,black should have     
occupied ,o #ad4  #aig4    ,o #ad4      
,black's groups are     #aih4    ,n #ah4
          now separated4  #aii4    ,o   
#ah4                        #bjj4    ,p 
#ah4  #bja4    ,r #ah4 ,takes4          
#bjb4    ,o #ab4  #bjc4    ,n #ab4      
#bjd4    ,e #ae4 ,this is pure waste4   
#bje4    ,m #ai4 ,if ,black had played  
#bjf4    ,e #ag4          here his group
 would have          lived4  #bjg4    ,e
 #ah4 ,takes4                 #bjh4     
,a #ab4  #bji4    ,a #aa4               
#baj4    ,o #af4 ,too late2 this group  

is hopeless now4  #baa4    ,q #aa4      
#bab4    ,q #ab4  #bac4    ,r #aa4      
#bad4    ,o #aa4  #bae4    ,o #aj4      
#baf4    ,q #b4  #bag4    ,o #a4 ,takes4
                  #bah4    ,m #a4 ,this 
is nonsense2                            
,black might still save the             
corner by correct play4  #bai4    ,p #d4
                         #bbj4    ,q #c4
  #bba4    ,q #e4                       
#bbb4    ,m #b4 ,if ,black played at ,s 
#e he would still have a                
chance4  #bbc4    ,r #d4                
#bbd4    ,o #e4  #bbe4    ,p #aj4       
#bbf4    ,r #ab4  #bbg4    ,f #b4       
#bbh4    ,f #a4  #bbi4    ,g #a4        
#bcj4    ,e #a4  #bca4    ,f #c4        
#bcb4    ,c #a4 ,black wastes one of    
his few vacant spaces4  #bcc4    ,r #c4 
#bcd4    ,n #ai4          ,white permits
 ,black to       #bce4    ,l #ag4       
play again4          ,white permits     
,black to       #bcf4    ,j #ai4        
play again4  #bcg4    ,l #ai4           
#bch4    ,m #ah4          ,white permits

 ,black to       #bci4    ,p #ai4       
play again4          ,white permits     
,black to       #bdj4    ,n #ag4        
play again4          ,white permits     
,black to       #bda4    ,r #ai4        
play again4  #bdb4    ,s #ai4           
#bdc4    ,o #ai4  #bdd4    ,r #ag4      
8,dame0--,e #e and ,c #e4 ,white wins by
 one hundred and ninety-seven spaces    
and eighty-eight stones4            ,,vi
    ,plate #ah    ,white4--,inouye      
,inseki4    ,black4--,yasui ,shintetsu4 
,played ,december1 #ahce4 ,no handicaps 
were given4 ,this game is from a        
,japanese work called 8,kachi ,sei      
,kioku40 ,the notes are taken from      
,korschelt1 and as in the previous      
instance involve the repetition of  some
 things that have been touched on in the
 preceding chapters4            ,,black 
,,white    #a4      ,r #af4             
#b4      ,d #ag4  #c4      ,q #c4       
#d4      ,p #ag4  #e4      ,c #d4       
#f4      ,c #ad4 ,just as good as ,d    
#ae1 which we already know4  #g4      ,q

 #e4 ,this may be the best    #h4       
,q #ad4          play under the         
circumstances4 ,the secure              
position ,q #c-,q #e supports           
the advance posts at ,c #d          and 
,r #af in equal measure4  #i4      ,p   
#af4                        #aj4     ,q 
#af4  #aa4     ,q #ae4                  
#ab4     ,q #ag4  #ac4     ,p #ae4      
#ad4     ,r #ae4  #ae4     ,r #ad4      
#af4     ,s #ae4  #ag4     ,q #ac4      
#ah4     ,n #ag4 ,the eighth stone      
played at ,q #ad cannot be              
saved4 ,if ,white attempts              
to save it1 the following               
would be the continuation3              
,b4     ,w4                             
,p #ad                                  
,o #ad   ,p #ac                         
,p #ab   ,o #ac                         
,n #ac   ,o #ab4                        
,o #aa etc4                             
,if ,white had had an                   
opportunity of placing a                
stone on the line of                    

retreat at say ,e #c1 then              
,white could have saved ,no4            
#h4 7,this has already been             
explained in defining the               
,japanese expression                    
8,shicho407  #ai4     ,p #ad4 ,takes4 ,s
 #ad probably   #bj4     ,s #af4        
would have been better1          because
 it would have          retained the    
8,sente0 for          ,black2 that is to
 say1 a          play which the opponent
 is          compelled to answer1 or    
otherwise sustain too          great a  
loss4 ,had ,black          played at ,s 
#ad1 ,white must          have answered 
at ,s #af1 in          order not to lose
 the          stones at ,r #ae-,s #ae1  
and          also the corner1 which is  
worth about fourteen 8,me40          ,to
 ,white's play at ,s #af          ,black
 would probably have          answered  
at ,r #ab and thus          obtained a  
secure          position4  #ba4     ,r  
#i4                         #bb4     ,e 
#c4  #bc4     ,j #c4                    

#bd4     ,d #e4 ,this is analogous to   
,no4 #h1 but it is not                  
advanced so far because                 
,black has already occupied             
,j #c4  #be4     ,c #e4                 
#bf4     ,d #f4  #bg4     ,c #f4        
#bh4     ,d #g4  #bi4     ,c #g4        
#cj4     ,d #h4  #ca4     ,c #i4        
#cb4     ,l #c4 ,white has established  
the long line on ,d and                 
allowed ,black a large                  
territory in order to be                
able to occupy ,l #c4 ,if he            
had played there                        
immediately in answer to                
,black's twenty-third move1             
then either ,l #c or ,e #c              
would have been in great                
danger4  #cc4     ,d #c4                
#cd4     ,d #b4  #ce4     ,c #b4        
#cf4     ,d #d4  #cg4     ,c #c4        
#ch4     ,l #e4  #ci4     ,f #c4        
#dj4     ,f #b4  #da4     ,e #d4 ,black 
compels ,white     #db4     ,e #b4      
to take #da1 in order to          make  

good his escape4  #dc4     ,g #c4       
#dd4     ,f #d4  #de4     ,g #d4        
#df4     ,f #e4  #dg4     ,g #e4        
#dh4     ,k #b4  #di4     ,f #f4        
8,sente40                #ej4     ,e #e4
 ,takes4  #ea4     ,j #b4               
#eb4     ,h #g4  #ec4     ,h #f4        
#ed4     ,g #g4  #ee4     ,j #g4        
#ef4     ,p #c4  #eg4     ,p #d4        
#eh4     ,o #c4  #ei4     ,q #b4        
#fj4     ,o #d4  #fa4     ,o #e4        
#fb4     ,n #e4  #fc4     ,o #f4        
#fd4     ,k #g4 ,an interesting attack  
that determines the course              
of the game for a long                  
time4 #fe1 ,j #h1 would mean            
abandoning the position on              
,g-,j 7#bf 8,me071 but it               
would give an opportunity               
for a bold attack4 ,if                  
,black played #fe1 ,j #f1 his           
stones would scarcely                   
survive4  #fe4     ,k #c4 8,sente40     
,white must     #ff4     ,l #b4         
reply to it1 or he would          find  

himself without the          necessary  
8,me0 in that          group4  #fg4     
,k #f4                         #fh4     
,j #h4  #fi4     ,l #f4                 
#gj4     ,j #f4 ,takes4  #ga4     ,k #e4
 ,avoids 8,ko0 and         #gb4     ,n  
#f4          nevertheless assures a     
connection4  #gc4     ,l #g4            
#gd4     ,k #d4 ,is played for the      
same reason as ,no4 #ff4  #ge4     ,j   
#e4                         #gf4     ,n 
#g4  #gg4     ,k #h4                    
#gh4     ,j #g4  #gi4     ,o #g4        
#hj4     ,n #h4  #ha4     ,l #i4        
#hb4     ,j #aj4  #hc4     ,o #h4       
#hd4     ,n #aj4  #he4     ,k #aa4      
#hf4     ,r #aj4 ,now the effect of     
the mistake at move #ai                 
begins to be apparent4  #hg4     ,q #aj4
                        #hh4     ,q #aa4
  #hi4     ,r #aa4                      
#ij4     ,r #ab4  #ia4     ,s #aj4      
,takes4                 #ib4     ,s #aa4
  #ic4     ,r #aj4 ,q #ab would probably
    #id4     ,m #aa4 ,this move         

separates          have been better2 at 
all             ,p #ad from ,k #aa1 and 
is at          events it would have been
            the same time 8,sente0 as   
surer1 because it assures               
regards the black stones          the   
connection by way of ,p           near  
,k1 because if ,black          #aa after
 ,white has taken4            does not  
answer1 these          ,if ,white does  
not take1              stones would be  
cut off by          but plays at ,p #aa1
 his               ,w-,k #aj4 ,moves    
,nos4 #ih1          stones on the edge  
of the            #ajj1 and #ajb isolate
 the          board will die4           
black stones in the                     
neighborhood of ,p #ad4  #ie4     ,l    
#aa4                        #if4     ,q 
#ab4  #ig4     ,l #ad4                  
#ih4     ,l #ac4  #ii4     ,k #ac4      
#ajj4    ,m #ac4  #aja4    ,k #ad4      
#ajb4    ,m #ad4  #ajc4    ,s #ad4      
#ajd4    ,s #ac4  #aje4    ,t #ae4      
#ajf4    ,n #ae4  #ajg4    ,o #aa4 ,it  

is certain that     #ajh4    ,o #ab4    
either the eight black          stones  
or the five white          stones must  
die1 and on          this depends the   
result of          the game1 because it 
would          make a difference of     
about          #dj 8,me40  #aji4    ,p  
#ab4                        #aaj4    ,p 
#aa4  #aaa4    ,o #ac4                  
#aab4    ,n #ab4  #aac4    ,o #aj4      
#aad4    ,p #ac4 ,takes1 8,ko40  #aae4  
,m #af4                        #aaf4    
,t #af4  #aag4    ,t #ad4               
#aah4    ,o #af4  #aai4    ,p #ab4      
8,ko40                  #abj4    ,j #ab4
  #aba4    ,k #ab4                      
#abb4    ,p #ac4 8,ko40  #abc4    ,r    
#ag4                        #abd4    ,s 
#ag4  #abe4    ,p #ab4 8,ko40           
#abf4    ,r #ac4  #abg4    ,p #aj4      
#abh4    ,p #ac4 8,ko40  #abi4    ,d    
#af4                        #acj4    ,c 
#af4  #aca4    ,p #ab4 8,ko40           
#acb4    ,t #ac4  #acc4    ,q #ad4      
,connecting4            #acd4    ,p #ac4

 8,ko40  #ace4    ,s #ah4               
#acf4    ,r #ah4 ,takes4  #acg4    ,p   
#ab4 8,ko40                  #ach4    ,k
 #i4  #aci4    ,l #h4                   
#adj4    ,p #ac4 8,ko40  #ada4    ,e    
#ag4                        #adb4    ,p 
#ab4 ,connecting4 ,white                
would have had another                  
8,ko0 at ,m #aj4  #adc4    ,c #ag4      
#add4    ,d #ah4  #ade4    ,c #ae4      
#adf4    ,b #af4  #adg4    ,e #ah4      
#adh4    ,c #ah4  #adi4    ,b #ae4      
#aej4    ,d #ae4  #aea4    ,e #af4      
#aeb4    ,b #ag4 ,takes4 ,the series of 
moves from #adc to #aeb                 
should be carefully noted1              
as they frequently occur4  #aec4    ,b  
#ad4                        #aed4    ,c 
#ac4  #aee4    ,b #ac4                  
#aef4    ,c #ab4  #aeg4    ,b #ab4      
#aeh4    ,c #aa4  #aei4    ,f #ad4      
8,sente40               #afj4    ,d #ad4
  #afa4    ,b #aa4                      
#afb4    ,c #aj4  #afc4    ,b #i4 ,is   
not played at ,b #aj   #afd4    ,d #i4  

,it would have been          in order to
 retain the               better to play
 at ,k #ag4          8,sente0 without   
conceding          too great an         
advantage4  #afe4    ,k #ag4            
#aff4    ,h #ad4  #afg4    ,g #ac4      
#afh4    ,h #ac4  #afi4    ,g #aa4      
#agj4    ,g #ad4  #aga4    ,f #ae4      
#agb4    ,j #aa4  #agc4    ,e #aa4      
#agd4    ,f #ab4  #age4    ,g #ab4      
#agf4    ,e #ab4  #agg4    ,f #aa4      
#agh4    ,e #aj4  #agi4    ,d #aa4      
#ahj4    ,d #aj4  #aha4    ,d #ab4      
#ahb4    ,h #af4  #ahc4    ,h #ag4      
#ahd4    ,g #ag4  #ahe4    ,j #ag4      
#ahf4    ,e #ac4  #ahg4    ,f #ac4      
#ahh4    ,g #af4  #ahi4    ,g #ah4      
#aij4    ,g #f4  #aia4    ,m #ag4       
#aib4    ,p #b4  #aic4    ,p #a4        
#aid4    ,o #a4  #aie4    ,q #a4        
#aif4    ,l #d4  #aig4    ,n #ah4       
#aih4    ,g #b4 8,sente40 ,it threatens 
the three black stones on               
,j and ,k4  #aii4    ,h #e4             
#bjj4    ,o #ah4  #bja4    ,m #ah4      

#bjb4    ,b #aj4  #bjc4    ,a #aj4      
#bjd4    ,c #a4  #bje4    ,b #a4        
#bjf4    ,d #a4  #bjg4    ,b #b4        
#bjh4    ,f #aj4 ,c #h ought to have    
been occupied first4  #bji4    ,g #aj4  
#baj4    ,g #i4  #baa4    ,t #aa4       
#bab4    ,t #ab4  #bac4    ,s #ab4      
,takes4                 #bad4    ,c #h4 
#bae4    ,b #h4                         
#baf4    ,s #aa4 8,ko40  #bag4    ,t    
#aj4                        #bah4    ,e 
#ai4  #bai4    ,f #ai4                  
#bbj4    ,f #ag4  #bba4    ,f #ah4      
#bbb4    ,m #ae4  #bbc4    ,l #ae4      
#bbd4    ,j #ae4  #bbe4    ,n #af4      
#bbf4    ,o #ag4  #bbg4    ,h #aj4      
#bbh4    ,h #i4  #bbi4    ,k #aj4       
#bcj4    ,j #i4  #bca4    ,m #f4        
#bcb4    ,o #i4  #bcc4    ,p #i4        
#bcd4    ,n #i4  #bce4    ,m #e4        
#bcf4    ,m #d4  #bcg4    ,o #ai4       
#bch4    ,p #ai4  #bci4    ,n #ai4      
#bdj4    ,a #ae4  #bda4    ,a #ad4      
#bdb4    ,a #af4  #bdc4    ,h #b4       
#bdd4    ,j #d4  #bde4    ,l #ab4       

#bdf4    ,m #ab4  #bdg4    ,g #a4       
#bdh4    ,f #a4  #bdi4    ,h #a4        
#bej4    ,k #af4  #bea4    ,l #af4      
#beb4    ,k #a4  #bec4    ,s #ab4 8,ko40
                  #bed4    ,c #ai4      
#bee4    ,s #aa4 ,connecting4           
#bef4    ,d #ai4    ,white wins by seven
 stones4                  ,,vi          
8,,joseki0 ,,and ,,openings      ,from  
the earliest times the ,japanese have   
studied the opening of the  game4       
,especially since the foundation of the 
,go ,academy there have been  systematic
 treatises on this subject1 and for keen
 and thorough  analysis1 these treatises
 have nothing to fear from a comparison 
with  the analogous works on ,chess     
openings4 ,there is1 however1 a         
difference  between the opening of the  
game in ,chess and the opening in ,go1  
because  in the latter case the play can
 commence in each of the four corners   
successively1 and therefore1 instead of 
having one opening1 it might be  said   
that there are four4    ,the ,japanese  

masters usually overcome this difficulty
 by treating a  corner separately1 as if
 it were uninfluenced by the position or
 the  possibility of playing in the     
adjacent corners1 and in their treatises
  they have indicated where the first   
stones in such an isolated corner  can  
advantageously be played4 ,these stones 
are called 8,joseki40 ,as a  matter of  
fact1 these separate analyses or        
8,joseki0 differ slightly  from the     
opening of the game as actually played1 
because it is  customary in opening the 
game to skip from one corner to another1
 and  the moment a few stones are played
 in any corner the situation in the     
adjacent corners is thereby influenced4 
,it is due to this fact also  that in   
their treatises on the 8,joseki0 the    
,japanese writers do not  continue the  
analysis as far as we are accustomed to 
in our works on  ,chess4 ,while this    
method of studying the openings persists
 to the  present time1 one of the       
greatest of the ,japanese masters1      

,murase  ,shuho1 compiled a series of   
openings which correspond more closely  
to  our ,chess openings2 that is to say1
 the game is commenced1 as in actual    
play1 all over the board1 and is not    
confined to the study of one  corner as 
in the case of the conventional         
8,joseki40 ,korschelt1 in his  work on  
the game1 inserts about fifty of these  
openings by ,murase  ,shuho1 with notes 
that were prepared by the ,japanese     
master especially  for the use of       
foreigners1 and ,i have selected a few  
of these in  addition to the collection 
of 8,joseki0 which we will first        
consider4    ,the work from which my    
8,joseki0 have been selected was        
compiled by  ,inouye ,hoshin1 and       
published in ,november1 #aije4 ,it was  
originally  written for the 8,nippon    
,shimbun10 a newspaper published in     
,tokio4 ,of  course1 the annotations    
accompanying these 8,joseki0 are not the
  original ones from the ,japanese text4
 ,many of the things which ,i point  out

 would be regarded as trite and obvious 
to a good player1 and my  annotations   
are intended solely to aid beginners in 
understanding some  of the reasons for  
the moves given4 ,it must also be       
understood that the  series of 8,joseki0
 which ,i have inserted falls far short 
of  completeness4 ,in a ,japanese work  
on the game there would be at least     
five times as many4    ,although the    
8,joseki0 have been studied by the      
,japanese masters from  the earliest    
times1 it does not mean that the        
ordinary player in ,japan  is familiar  
with them2 just as in this country we   
find a majority of  ,chess players have 
a very limited acquaintance with the    
,chess openings1  so in ,japan many     
players attain a fair degree of skill   
without a  thorough acquaintance with   
the 8,joseki40 ,it would certainly very 
greatly aid the beginner in attaining   
proficiency if he were to study  these  
examples1 and follow them as nearly as  
possible in actual play4    ,it would   

seem to us that in compiling a work on  
8,joseki10 or openings1  we would       
commence with the openings where no     
handicap is given1 and  later study     
those where there were handicaps2 it is 
another instance of  the divergent way  
in which the ,japanese do things that   
they do just the  opposite1 and commence
 their treatises with the study of      
openings where  handicaps are given4    
,inasmuch as this is a book on a        
,japanese subject1  ,i shall follow     
their example and shall commence the    
study of 8,joseki0  in games where      
,black has a handicap4    ,as we have   
already seen1 the handicap stone is     
always placed on a  certain fixed point1
 which is the fourth intersection from  
the edge of  the board in each          
direction1 and ,white has five          
recognized methods of  playing his first
 stone in relation to such handicap     
stone4 ,these are  called 8,kogeima     
kakari10 8,ogeima kakari10 8,daidaigeima
 kakari10 8,ikken  taka kakari10        

8,nikken taka kakari40 ,we shall take up
 examples of these  in their order4     
,i    ,handicap    ,plate #ai 7,a7      
,,white                                 
,,black    #a4      ,r #ad4 8,kogeima   
kakari40      #b4      ,n #ag4 ,this    
move supports          ,this is the most
 usual               the handicap stone 
and          move for attacking the     
also gains as much ground               
corner4 ,the purpose of               as
 possible for ,black4          ,white's 
first move is to             ,beginners 
would generally          lay a basis for
 future               find ,o #ag more  
safe and          aggression2 he cannot1
 of            conservative4            
course1 play in the corner              
immediately1 neither can          he    
play nearer the black          stone    
with advantage4  #c4      ,r #ag4 ,this 
is a direct       #d4      ,r #af4      
,black plays to          attack on the  
corner4                prevent the      
connection of          ,white can either

 connect             the white stones4  
with his first stone or          form a 
living group in the          corner4    
#e4      ,s #af4 ,white threatens to    
#f4      ,s #ae4 ,black breaks the      
connect4                                
connection by this move4  #g4      ,s   
#ag4 ,white cannot play at   #h4      ,r
 #ae4 ,black also must          ,r #ae  
at this time because            connect4
 ,beginners are          he would lose  
the stone at           prone to neglect 
these          ,s #af4                  
necessary connecting                    
moves4  #i4      ,p #ah4 ,since ,white  
cannot     #aj4     ,p #ag4 ,black plays
 to          connect1 he must play to   
connect his stones1 and at          form
 two 8,me0 in the                 the   
same time confines          corner4     
,white to the corner4  #aa4     ,q4#ag4 
,white makes his        #ab4     ,o #ag4
 ,black must connect          corner as 
large as                   to prevent   
,white's escape4          possible4     

,this move is          also 8,sente10   
because it          threatens to break  
through          ,black's line4  #ac4   
,s #ad4 ,white threatens        #ad4    
,t #ad4 ,prevents 8,watari40            
8,watari10 and again ,black             
must reply at once4          78,sente407
  #ae4     ,q #ad4 ,to confine ,black's 
#af4     ,p #ae4 ,an important          
group and prepare for                   
defensive move4 ,otherwise              
territory on the right                  
,white could almost envelop             
side of the board4                   the
 black stones4    ,even game4 ,white has
 a small territory in the corner1 but   
,black has  greater possibility of      
expansion4            ,,ii    ,handicap 
,,white                                 
,,black    #a4      ,r #ad4             
#b4      ,n #ag4  #c4      ,r #ag4      
#d4      ,r #af4  #e4      ,q #ag4 ,in  
place of trying     #f4      ,p #af4    
,black prevents ,white          to      
connect as before1                from  

getting out4          ,white threatens  
to extend          in the other         
direction4  #g4      ,s #af4 ,threatens 
to connect   #h4      ,s #ae4 ,black    
stops it          again4                
again4  #i4      ,s #ag4                
#aj4     ,r #ae4  #aa4     ,o #ah4      
,white again must       #ab4     ,o #ag4
          form 8,me0 in the corner4     
#ac4     ,n #ah4 ,white extends as far  
#ad4     ,m #ah4 ,black stops the       
as possible4                            
advance4  #ae4     ,p #ag4 ,white must  
look out    #af4     ,m #ag4 ,black must
 connect4          for the safety of the
          stones at ,n and ,o #ah4  #ag4
     ,p #ad4 ,to prevent ,black's       
#ah4     ,o #ad4 ,black extends as far  
extension and form a basis           as 
he can4          for territory on right 
side4  #ai4     ,o #ac4                 
#bj4     ,n #ad4    ,again ,white has   
the corner and ,black has better        
opportunities for  expansion4           
,,iii    ,handicap    ,plate #ai 7,b7   

,,white                                 
,,black    #a4      ,o #c4              
#b4      ,r #g4  #c4      ,q #c4 ,this  
variation is       #d4      ,r #c4      
called 8,kiri ,kaeshi40 ,this           
move does not attack the          corner
 so aggressively as          the        
preceding examples4  #e4      ,r #d4    
,this is the             #f4      ,q #e4
 ,this is an important                  
characteristic move of                  
move for ,black2 if he          this    
variation4                      plays   
elsewhere1 he will                      
get a bad position4  #g4      ,r #b4    
,white threatens the     #h4      ,s #c4
          black stone4 ,if ,black       
defends ,white can divide          the  
corner4  #i4      ,p #b4 8,kake tsugu40 
,if        #aj4     ,s #b4 ,formerly ,s 
#d was          ,white does not make    
this             given as ,black's move1
 but          move1 ,black will get the 
it is not so good1 because              
8,sente0 with a superior                

,white replies at ,r #h with            
position4                            a  
fine attack4  #aa4     ,s #a4 ,white    
cannot neglect    #ab4     ,r #e4       
this move4 ,if ,black were              
allowed to play at ,r #a1 he            
would get the better game4    ,in this  
opening the corner is about evenly      
divided4            ,,iv    ,handicap   
,,white                                 
,,black    #a4      ,r #ad4             
#b4      ,n #ag4  #c4      ,p #ad4      
,preparing for 8,kiri    #d4      ,r    
#aa4 ,called 8,tenuki40 ,not            
,kaeshi0 on the other side              
necessarily played at ,r          of    
handicap stone4                   #aa4  
,the word means that                    
,black 8draws out0 and                  
plays in another part of                
the board4  #e4      ,p #af4            
#f4      ,p #ag4  #g4      ,q #ag4      
8,kiri ,kaeshi40 ,the     #h4      ,r   
#ag4          effect of this move is    
generally to divide the                 

territory4  #i4      ,q #ah4            
#aj4     ,r #ah4  #aa4     ,p #ah4      
#ab4     ,o #ag4  #ac4     ,r #af4      
#ad4     ,q #ae4  #ae4     ,s #ah4      
#af4     ,r #ae4  #ag4     ,s #af4      
#ah4     ,s #ae4  #ai4     ,s #ag4      
#bj4     ,p #ae4    ,white has the      
corner1 but ,black has better chances to
 make territory  later4        ,v       
,handicap    ,black is supposed to have 
another handicap stone at ,d #d4        
,plate #ai 7,c7            ,,white      
,,black    #a4      ,c #ad4 8,kogeima40 
#b4      ,f #af4 8,ikken taka hiraki40  
,this 8,joseki0 was an                  
invention of ,murase ,shuho4  #c4       
,h #ag4 ,white confines         #d4     
,c #aa4 ,black prepares to              
,black's advances4                      
get territory on left side              
of the board4  #e4      ,b #af4 ,white  
plays to take    #f4      ,d #ad4       
the corner4  #g4      ,c #ae4           
#h4      ,d #ac4 ,better than ,d #ae1 as
                                        

it confines ,white more                 
effectively4  #i4      ,c #ag4          
#aj4     ,d #ag4  #aa4     ,h #ae4      
#ab4     ,c #af4  #ac4     ,b #ah4      
#ad4     ,c #ah4  #ae4     ,b #ag4      
#af4     ,c #ac4 ,a very good move2 it  
shuts ,white in the corner              
and assures ,black a large              
territory on the left side              
of the board4    ,this opening might be 
continued as follows3            ,,white
                                ,,black 
#ag4     ,d #ah4                        
#ah4     ,e #ah4  #ai4     ,c #ai4      
,takes4                 #bj4     ,d #g4 
or    #ag4     ,c #f4                   
#ah4     ,d #ah4  #ai4     ,b #ac4      
#bj4     ,b #ab4  #ba4     ,b #ad4      
#bb4     ,c #h4            ,,vi         
,handicap    ,black is supposed to have 
stones at ,o #d and ,q #d also2 these   
are called  8,shiki ishi40              
,,white                                 
,,black    #a4      ,f #c4 8,kogeima40  
#b4      ,h #c4 ,by this move ,black at 

once attacks the white                  
stone and also prepares to              
connect with the stone at               
,o #d4  #c4      ,f #e4 ,white must get 
out      #d4      ,l #c4 8,tenuki02 that
 is1 it          towards the middle of  
the            has nothing to do with   
the          board4                     
corner in dispute2 ,black               
feels he has an                         
opportunity to take                     
territory4 ,it is                       
interesting to note that                
if the 8,shiki ishi0 at ,o #d           
were at ,n #c1 then ,black              
would play ,no4 #d at ,h #e4  #e4       
,d #f4 ,white attacks the       #f4     
,d #b4 ,this is an important            
handicap stone4                         
defensive move4  #g4      ,e #b4        
#h4      ,b #e4 ,black tries to         
escape4  #i4      ,b #f4                
#aj4     ,c #f4  #aa4     ,c #e4 ,c #g  
would be good       #ab4     ,c #g4     
also4  #ac4     ,b #d4                  

#ad4     ,d #e4  #ae4     ,c #d4        
#af4     ,c #c4  #ag4     ,b #g4        
#ah4     ,c #h4  #ai4     ,e #f4 ,white 
must support      #bj4     ,a #e4 ,this 
is a very well          stone at ,d #f4 
considered move for ,black4  #ba4     ,a
 #d4                         #bb4     ,b
 #c4  #bc4     ,a #f4 ,takes two4       
#bd4     ,b #h4  #be4     ,a #c4 ,the   
corner is now an    #bf4     ,b #b4     
example of 8,semeai02 the               
question is which side can          kill
 the other first4  #bg4     ,a #b4      
#bh4     ,b #a4  #bi4     ,d #a4        
#cj4     ,a #h4 ,if ,black plays at ,c  
#a1 the corner will become              
8,seki10 as it is1 the                  
white group is dead4    ,black has much 
the best of this variation4             
,,vii    ,handicap    ,black is supposed
 to have a handicap stone at ,q #d also4
    ,plate #ai 7,d7            ,,white  
,,black    #a4      ,f #c4              
#b4      ,f #d4 8,tsuke te40 ,again     
,black takes the aggressive             

from the start4  #c4      ,g #d4        
#d4      ,f #e4  #e4      ,e #c4        
#f4      ,d #c4  #g4      ,g #e4        
#h4      ,g #f4  #i4      ,j #e4        
,white's best move4      #aj4     ,d #f4
    ,black has the better position4     
,,viii    ,handicap    ,plate #bj 7,a7  
,,white                                 
,,black    #a4      ,o #ag4 8,kogeima40 
#b4      ,o #af4 8,tsuke te40  #c4      
,n #af4                        #d4      
,o #ae4  #e4      ,q #ag4               
#f4      ,p #ag4  #g4      ,p #ah4      
#h4      ,p #af4  #i4      ,n #ah4      
#aj4     ,r #ag4  #aa4     ,q #ah4      
#ab4     ,n #ae4  #ac4     ,m #af4      
#ad4     ,r #aj4 ,black abandons stone  
at ,r #ag in order to get               
territory2 an amateur                   
might be tempted to play                
,no4 #ad at ,r #ah1 but in              
that case ,white could                  
spoil ,black's chance to                
get space on the right                  
side of the board4  #ae4     ,r #af4    

#af4     ,r #ae4  #ag4     ,s #af4      
#ah4     ,s #ae4  #ai4     ,s #ag4      
#bj4     ,p #aj4    ,white has the      
corner1 but ,black has practically      
secured a large  territory on the right4
            ,,ix    ,handicap           
,,white                                 
,,black    #a4      ,r #ad4             
#b4      ,q #ad4 8,tsuke te40  #c4      
,q #ac4                        #d4      
,p #ad4  #e4      ,o #ag4 ,white attacks
 from     #f4      ,r #ae4          the 
other side also4  #g4      ,r #ac4      
#h4      ,p #ah4  #i4      ,n #af4      
#aj4     ,s #ad4    ,black has the      
corner4 ,white has a chance on both     
sides4            ,x    ,handicap       
,,white                                 
,,black    #a4      ,r #ad4 8,kogeima40 
#b4      ,q #ad4 8,tsuke te40  #c4      
,q #ac4                        #d4      
,p #ad4  #e4      ,o #ag4 ,white attacks
 from     #f4      ,o #af4 ,black       
responds from          the other side as
 before4            the outside as in   

the case                                
of move ,no4 #b4  #g4      ,p #ag4      
#h4      ,q #ag4  #i4      ,p #af4      
#aj4     ,r #ac4  #aa4     ,r #ae4      
#ab4     ,q #ae4  #ac4     ,r #ab4      
#ad4     ,s #ac4  #ae4     ,s #ab4      
#af4     ,n #ag4  #ag4     ,n #af4      
#ah4     ,o #ae4  #ai4     ,m #ag4      
#bj4     ,n #ah4  #ba4     ,m #ah4      
#bb4     ,n #ac4  #bc4     ,m #af4      
#bd4     ,t #ac4  #be4     ,q #ab4      
#bf4     ,s #ae4    ,black has the      
corner and also an outlet to the center4
 ,white has a  chance to form territory 
on both sides4 ,black's position is     
preferable4            ,,xi    ,handicap
    ,black is supposed to have a stone  
at ,d #d also4    ,plate #bj 7,b7       
,,white                                 
,,black    #a4      ,r #f4              
#b4      ,k #c4 ,this move is an        
invention of ,murase ,shuho2            
it would not be played                  
unless ,black had a stone               
at ,d #d4 ,black's intention            

is to develop territory in              
either corner depending on              
the nature of ,white's                  
attack4  #c4      ,o #c4 ,white attacks 
the       #d4      ,q #f4               
right-hand corner from          both    
sides4  #e4      ,q #g4                 
#f4      ,p #f4  #g4      ,r #c4 ,this  
is a direct        #h4      ,r #e4      
,black must play here          attack on
 the corner4                before      
playing at ,q #c4 ,it                   
also gives ,black the                   
8,sente40  #i4      ,r #g4 ,white must  
connect4     #aj4     ,q #c4  #aa4      
,q #b4                         #ab4     
,s #b4 ,this is a clever                
move4 ,amateurs would be                
tempted to play at ,p #b1               
which would be very bad                 
for ,black1 as ,white would             
then get the entire right               
side4  #ac4     ,r #b4                  
#ad4     ,s #c4 ,secures ,black's       
connection with ,r #e4  #ae4     ,m #c4 

,white must extend his   #af4     ,k #e4
 ,black plays to shut                   
boundaries or his stones             in 
,white as much as          will die4    
possible2 he also supports              
his stone at ,d #d4    ,black has the   
better game4            ,,xii           
,handicap    ,plate #bj 7,c7            
,,white                                 
,,black    #a4      ,c #ac4 8,ogeima    
,kakari40       #b4      ,c #ae4 ,this  
is to prevent          ,this is another 
method of            ,white from playing
 at ,b          commencing the attack2  
it            #af4          does not    
attack the corner          so directly1 
but it gives          ,white a better   
chance on          the sides or center4 
#c4      ,g #ag4 ,white attacks from    
#d4      ,e #ag4 ,preventing ,white     
the other side in the same              
from entering at ,d #ah2          way4  
this secures the corner                 
for ,black4  #e4      ,c #ag4 ,this is a
 8,sute        #f4      ,b #af4         

ishi0 or sacrificed stone4              
,white threatens to connect          it 
with one side or the          other4    
,the game is about even2 if ,white does 
not play at ,c #ag on the fifth  move1  
,black gets much the better of it4      
,,xiii    ,handicap            ,,white  
,,black    #a4      ,n #ag4 8,ogeima    
,kakari40       #b4      ,p #ag4        
,preventing the entry                   
at ,q #ah4  #c4      ,r #ad4 ,white     
attacks the      #d4      ,s #ae4 ,very 
important move          other side with 
8,kogeima40           for ,black2 if    
,black makes                            
a move elsewhere at this                
point 78,tenuki107 ,white               
gets much the better of                 
it4            ,,xiv    ,handicap       
,plate #bj 7,d7            ,,white      
,,black    #a4      ,c #g4              
#b4      ,c #e4  #c4      ,g #d4        
8,nikken taka kakari40   #d4      ,e #b4
 ,a very important          ,this is    
another method of            move2 if   

,black plays          attacking from the
 other             8,tenuki10 ,white can
 at          side4                      
once enter the corner4    ,suppose      
,black does not play ,no4 #d1 ,e #b1 but
 plays elsewhere1 then the  following   
continuation might occur3               
,,white                                 
,,black                                 
#d4      8,tenuki40  #e4      ,d #b4    
#f4      ,e #c4  #g4      ,e #b4        
#h4      ,f #c4  #i4      ,g #c4        
#aj4     ,f #b4  #aa4     ,g #b4        
#ab4     ,g #a4  #ac4     ,c #c4        
#ad4     ,b #d4  #ae4     ,b #c4        
#af4     ,d #f4 ,black must get out     
toward the center4  #ag4     ,b #f4     
,threatening 8,watari40   #ah4     ,b   
#e4  #ai4     ,h #a4                    
#bj4     ,f #a4  #ba4     ,b #a4 ,by    
means of this move          the white   
stones in the          corner live4     
,white has the better of it4            
,,xv    ,handicap            ,,white    
,,black    #a4      ,n #ag4             

#b4      ,p #ag4  #c4      ,q #ad4 ,this
 is another        #d4      ,o #ae4     
,black plays to get          method of  
attack1 called             out toward   
the center1 as          8,ikken taka    
kakari02 it              ,white's third 
move does          does not give ,white 
a base           not menace the corner4 
for attacking the corner                
immediately4  #e4      ,n #ae4 ,white   
also plays out   #f4      ,n #ad4       
toward the center1          otherwise   
,black would shut          him in at ,m 
#af4  #g4      ,m #ae4                  
#h4      ,p #ac4 ,amateurs might play   
at ,o #ad2 the text move                
protects the connection                 
and extends also4  #i4      ,q #ac4     
#aj4     ,p #ab4  #aa4     ,r #aa4      
,beginners might play   #ab4     ,m #ad4
          at ,q #ab2 this is always     
bad play4  #ac4     ,l #ae4             
#ad4     ,s #ae4 ,protecting the        
corner against the white                
stone at ,q #ac4    ,even game4         

,,xvi    ,handicap    ,plate #ba 7,a7   
,,white                                 
,,black    #a4      ,m #ag4             
8,daidaigeima02 not     #b4      ,o #ag4
 ,black defends the          so much    
used as the other            corner from
 that side4          attacks4  #c4      
,r #ad4 8,kogeima40 ,white       #d4    
,s #af4 ,black again prevents           
attacks from the other               the
 advance into the          side4        
corner4  #e4      ,p #af4 ,white        
threatens the    #f4      ,p #ae4 ,p #ag
 looks like the          connection     
between the               obvious       
defense1 but this          handicap     
stone and ,no4 #b1            would shut
 ,black in the          otherwise ,black
 would play           corner and give   
,white the          at ,r #ab1 with the 
better game4          advantage4  #g4   
,p #ag4                        #h4      
,q #ag4  #i4      ,o #af4               
#aj4     ,p #ah4  #aa4     ,o #ah4      
#ab4     ,o #ae4  #ac4     ,n #af4 ,much

 better than       #ad4     ,q #ac4     
,this attacks the          immediately  
taking the               white stone at 
,r #ad2 it          single black stone4 
also defends the                        
connection at ,q #ae4  #ae4     ,r #ab4 
,much better than ,r     #af4     ,r    
#ac4          #ac2 in that case ,white  
would lose both stones4  #ag4     ,s    
#ac4                        #ah4     ,q 
#ad4    ,black has the better of it4    
,,xvii    ,handicap            ,,white  
,,black    #a4      ,h #c4              
#b4      ,f #c4  #c4      ,c #f4        
#d4      ,c #e4 ,this is an             
alternative method of                   
defending the corner4  #e4      ,d #f4  
#f4      ,f #e4 ,black plays to avoid   
being shut in the corner1               
also it can be                          
demonstrated if he                      
neglects this move his                  
stones will be killed4  #g4      ,f #f4 
#h4      ,h #d4  #i4      ,j #d4        
#aj4     ,h #e4  #aa4     ,g #c4        

#ab4     ,f #b4 ,this is a good move4   
,f #d would be weak4 ,the               
text move defends and at                
the same time threatens                 
,white's stones on line #c4             
,f #d would give ,white a               
chance to play elsewhere                
78,tenuki07 which is a                  
great advantage4  #ac4     ,j #c4       
#ad4     ,e #e4 ,black cannot neglect   
this move1 or ,white can                
break in with a winning                 
attack4    ,again ,black has the better 
of it4 ,he has a chance to play at ,j #a
 on the  next move4 ,the relation of    
this stone to the stone at ,f #b when at
 the  edge of the board is called       
8,ozaru10 or the 8great monkey10 and it 
generally gains about eight spaces4     
,this is also shown among the  examples 
of end positions4            ,,xviii    
,handicap            ,,white            
,,black    #a4      ,c #h4              
#b4      ,c #f4  #c4      ,e #b4 ,this  
is another         #d4      ,d #b4      

method of trying to get in          the 
corner4  #e4      ,d #c4                
#f4      ,e #c4 ,this is the crucial    
move of this variation2 if              
,black plays ,no4 #f at ,c #c1          
he gets the corner1 but                 
,white gets the better                  
game4  #g4      ,c #c4                  
#h4      ,c #b4  #i4      ,c #d4        
#aj4     ,d #e4  #aa4     ,f #b4        
#ab4     ,b #c4  #ac4     ,b #d4        
#ad4     ,b #b4  #ae4     ,g #d4        
#af4     ,e #d4    ,black has the better
 of it4            ,,xix    ,handicap   
,plate #ba 7,b7            ,,white      
,,black    #a4      ,o #d4 8,ikken taka 
kakari40    #b4      ,q #f4 ,this is    
,black's best          ,this is the     
fourth method            answer4        
of commencing the attack4  #c4      ,r  
#h4                         #d4      ,p 
#g4 ,black intends to                   
follow up this move on one              
side or the other1 the two              
points being ,q #i and ,m #c4           

,this is called 8,hibiku10              
or 8to echo40  #e4      ,q #aj4 ,white  
defends on one   #f4      ,m #c4        
side4  #g4      ,n #e4 ,white must get  
out4     #h4      ,m #e4  #i4      ,m   
#f4                         #aj4     ,m 
#d4  #aa4     ,p #c4                    
#ab4     ,q #c4  #ac4     ,o #h4        
#ad4     ,l #f4  #ae4     ,s #f4        
#af4     ,s #e4  #ag4     ,r #e4        
#ah4     ,s #d4  #ai4     ,r #f4        
#bj4     ,p #d4  #ba4     ,o #c4        
#bb4     ,s #b4 ,black prepares to      
form 8,me0 in the corner4    ,white must
 now play at ,o #f to save his stones on
 the left side4    ,this 8,joseki0 is   
very much spread out2 it is difficult to
 say who has  the better of it4         
,,xx    ,handicap            ,,white    
,,black    #a4      ,d #ad4             
#b4      ,c #ad4 ,not so good as ,f #af4
  #c4      ,c #ae4 ,this is not ,white's
    #d4      ,d #ae4          best move2
 it is done to          confuse ,black1 
and will          win if ,black does not

 know          how to reply4  #e4       
,c #ac4                        #f4      
,b #ad4  #g4      ,b #ae4               
#h4      ,b #ac4 ,d #ac would be bad4   
#i4      ,c #ag4                        
#aj4     ,d #ag4  #aa4     ,c #ah4      
#ab4     ,c #ab4  #ac4     ,d #ac4      
#ad4     ,d #ah4  #ae4     ,d #ai4      
#af4     ,c #af4  #ag4     ,b #af4      
#ah4     ,a #ae4  #ai4     ,a #ag4 ,a   
#af would not do4     #bj4     ,e #ai4  
#ba4     ,c #ai4                        
#bb4     ,f #ah4 8,kake tsugu40 ,black  
must protect his                        
connection2 this situation              
arises frequently4  #bc4     ,b #ah4    
,white plays on the     #bd4     ,f #ae4
          only point to save the        
corner4  #be4     ,d #ab4               
#bf4     ,c #aa4  #bg4     ,d #aa4      
#bh4     ,c #aj4    ,black has the      
better game4            ,,xxi           
,handicap    ,plate #ba 7,c7            
,,white                                 
,,black    #a4      ,d #ac4 8,nikken    

taka           #b4      ,f #af4 ,black  
has a variety          kakari02 this is 
the fifth           of moves at his     
command2          method of opening the 
the text move is probably               
attack4                                 
best4  #c4      ,h #ag4                 
#d4      ,c #aj4 ,really 8,tenuki40     
,black can play equally                 
well at ,c #g4  #e4      ,b #af4        
#f4      ,c #af4  #g4      ,b #ad4      
#h4      ,b #ag4    ,black has the      
corner and ,white has commenced to      
envelop his stones4 ,the  following     
continuation might occur3               
,,white                                 
,,black    #e4      ,f #ah4             
#f4      ,d #ah4  #g4      ,e #ag4      
#h4      ,c #ae4    ,black's last move  
in this continuation is interesting1    
because it will  make 8,kake tsugu0 no  
matter which way ,white tries to break  
through4 ,if  he should play at ,d #ag1 
,white could get through at ,e #af4     
,,xxii    ,handicap            ,,white  

,,black    #a4      ,n #af4             
#b4      ,o #ag4 ,this is an            
alternative defense4  #c4      ,n #ag4  
#d4      ,o #af4  #e4      ,o #ae4      
#f4      ,n #ah4 ,this is ,black's best 
move4 ,if he plays at ,p #ae1           
,white replies at ,o #ah with           
a good attack4  #g4      ,m #ah4        
#h4      ,o #ah4  #i4      ,m #ae4      
#aj4     ,n #ad4 ,this stone will be    
sacrificed1 but while                   
,white is killing it ,black             
gets advantage elsewhere4  #aa4     ,n  
#ae4 ,white must connect4    #ab4     ,q
 #ad4    ,black has the better of it4   
,,xxiii    ,handicap            ,,white 
,,black    #a4      ,g #d4              
#b4      ,d #g4 ,this is another        
defensive move4  #c4      ,d #c4        
#d4      ,e #c4 ,this is better than ,c 
#c2 in that case ,black gets            
the worst of it4  #e4      ,e #d4       
#f4      ,c #c4  #g4      ,d #b4        
#h4      ,e #e4  #i4      ,f #d4        
#aj4     ,c #d4 ,c #b is not so good4   

#aa4     ,c #b4                         
#ab4     ,b #b4  #ac4     ,e #b4 ,white 
must look out     #ad4     ,c #aj4      
for his three stones4 ,b #a             
would be a bad move4    ,the corner is  
divided1 but ,black has better          
prospects4            ,,xxiv            
,handicap            ,,white            
,,black    #a4      ,f #c4              
#b4      ,c #g4  #c4      ,c #i4        
#d4      ,d #c4 ,black's three stones   
are now called 8,ogeima                 
shimari02 they are                      
supposed to be a strong                 
formation protecting the                
corner4  #e4      ,c #e4 ,the point of  
this       #f4      ,d #e4              
variation is to show that               
,white can strike in on          this   
move and yet live4  #g4      ,c #f4     
#h4      ,d #g4  #i4      ,b #g4        
#aj4     ,b #h4  #aa4     ,b #f4        
#ab4     ,c #h4  #ac4     ,d #f4        
#ad4     ,e #f4  #ae4     ,e #g4 ,white 
threatens from    #af4     ,c #d4       

the outside4  #ag4     ,b #i4           
#ah4     ,e #h4 ,black cannot venture   
,a #h1 as his four stones               
would then die4  #ai4     ,a #h4        
8,watari40               #bj4     ,f #g4
 ,takes4    ,white has entered the      
corner and still his stones will live4  
,,xxv    ,handicap    ,plate #ba 7,d7   
,,white                                 
,,black    #a4      ,c #f4              
#b4      ,g #c4  #c4      ,j #c4        
#d4      ,c #d4  #e4      ,e #f4        
,instead of entering     #f4      ,g #e4
 ,black tries to get          the       
corner1 ,white attacks            out   
toward the center2          from both   
sides4                     this move    
also prevents                           
,white from playing at ,e #c4  #g4      
,j #e4                         #h4      
,g #g4  #i4      ,f #h4                 
#aj4     ,h #b4    ,black has a good    
game4            ,we now come to the    
8,joseki0 where no handicaps are given4 
,in such  cases1 of course1 ,black has  

the first move4 ,the first stone is     
generally played on an intersection     
adjacent to the point on which the      
handicap stone is placed when given4    
,there are1 therefore1 eight            
intersections on which the first stone  
might be played4 ,in the lower          
left-hand corner1 for instance1 these   
would be ,c #c1 ,c #d1 ,c #e1 ,d #c1 ,d 
#e1  ,e #c1 ,e #d1 ,e #e4 ,by common    
consent ,c #c has been rejected as      
disadvantageous for the first player1   
because the territory obtained  thereby 
is too small4 ,e #e has been rejected   
because it allows the  adversary to play
 behind it and take the corner4 ,d #d1  
or the handicap  point1 is also not     
used4 ,the other six points may be      
divided into  duplicate sets of three   
each1 and1 therefore1 there are only    
three  well-recognized methods of       
playing the first stone4 ,these are3 in 
the  lower left-hand corner1 ,c #d or ,d
 #c1 the most usual and conservative1   
which is called 8,komoku10 or the       

8little #8,me'02 ,e #d or ,d #e which is
  bolder1 called 8,takamoku10 or the    
8high #8,me'02 and ,e #c or ,c #e which 
is  not so much used as either of the   
others1 called 8,moku hadzushi10 or  the
 8detached #8,me4'0 ,we shall give about
 an equal number of examples of  each of
 these methods of opening the game1     
commencing1 as is customary  in the     
,japanese works1 with 8,takamoku40      
,i    ,no ,handicap    ,plate #bb 7,d7  
,,black                                 
,,white    #a4      ,d #e4 8,takamoku40 
,this is     #b4      ,d #c4 ,this is   
,white's best          the most         
aggressive of the           answer4 ,e  
#c is also good4          three methods 
of opening4            ,c #c is bad4    
#c4      ,c #c4 ,black plays to get     
#d4      ,c #b4 ,best2 if he attempts   
territory on the left2 he            to 
cut off at ,c #d he gets                
attacks from inside4                 a  
bad game4  #e4      ,c #d4 ,black       
extends4          #f4      ,e #b4       

,necessary to secure                    
the connection at ,d #b4  #g4      ,c   
#i4 ,black takes territory   #h4      ,g
 #d4 ,white takes space to          on  
left side4                        the   
right4    ,even game4            ,,ii   
,no ,handicap            ,,black        
,,white    #a4      ,q #ae4 8,takamoku40
            #b4      ,q #ag4  #c4       
,p #ag4 ,black attacks from     #d4     
,p #ah4          the outside4  #e4      
,p #af4                        #f4      
,o #ag4 ,white plays to get             
territory on one side or                
the other2 he will                      
sacrifice one of his                    
stones on line #ag4  #g4      ,o #ah4   
,this stone is          #h4      ,n #ah4
 ,white plays to          intended as a 
sacrifice to           secure the       
left-hand side4          aid ,black in  
getting the          corner4 ,it is     
better than          ,q #ah4  #i4       
,q #ah4 ,black now secures      #aj4    
,o #ai4 ,takes4          the corner4    

#aa4     ,r #ag4                        
#ab4     ,o #af4 ,an important stone2   
it is played to secure                  
,white territory on the                 
left1 also to aid in an                 
attack on the right-hand                
side4  #ac4     ,p #ad4 ,this is also   
#ad4     ,k #af4 ,white returns to his  
important as it extends                 
original plan and secures               
,black's territory2 he                  
territory to the left4          cannot  
neglect it4    ,even game4    ,suppose  
,black neglects ,p #ad on his thirteenth
 move1 we would then have  the following
 continuation3            ,,black       
,,white    #ac4     8,tenuki40          
#ad4     ,p #ad4  #ae4     ,q #ad4      
#af4     ,q #ac4  #ag4     ,r #ac4      
#ah4     ,r #ab4  #ai4     ,q #ab4      
#bj4     ,p #ac4  #ba4     ,r #aa4      
#bb4     ,s #ab4  #bc4     ,s #aa4      
#bd4     ,s #ac4  #be4     ,r #ad4      
#bf4     ,q #aa4  #bg4     ,p #ab4      
#bh4     ,s #aj4  #bi4     ,r #aj4      

#cj4     ,q #aj4  #ca4     ,r #i4       
,white has the better of it4            
,,iii    ,no ,handicap    ,plate #bb    
7,a7            ,,black                 
,,white    #a4      ,p #af4 8,takamoku40
            #b4      ,r #af4  #c4       
,q #ad4 ,the purpose of this    #d4     
,p #ag4 ,white tries to get             
move is to confine ,white               
out on the left4          to the corner4
  #e4      ,o #ag4 ,black prevents this4
   #f4      ,q #ag4  #g4      ,o #af4   
#h4      ,r #ad4 ,white tries the       
other side4  #i4      ,r #ac4 ,black    
stops him4       #aj4     ,s #ad4  #aa4 
,q4#af4 ,if ,black wishes        #ab4   
,r #ag4          8,tenuki10 this is     
good1          otherwise ,s #ac would be
          better4  #ac4     ,e #ag4     
8,tenuki10 but1          nevertheless1  
played with          reference to the   
stones on          line ,o4    ,even    
game4 ,white has the corner1 but ,black 
has better possibilities4               
,,iv    ,no ,handicap            ,,black

                                ,,white 
#a4      ,e #af4 8,takamoku40           
#b4      ,c #af4  #c4      ,d #ad4      
#d4      ,e #ag4  #e4      ,d #af4      
,black threatens to     #f4      ,d #ag4
          break into the corner4  #g4   
,c #ag4 ,black repeats his      #h4     
,b #ag4          threat2 in reality it  
is a          sacrificed stone4  #i4    
,c #ah4 ,this stone may be      #aj4    
,b #ah4 ,white must play here           
lost1 but it aids ,black in           to
 save his stones4          attacking    
from the          outside4  #aa4     ,c 
#ae4                        #ab4     ,b 
#af4  #ac4     ,f #ag4                  
#ad4     ,d #ah4  #ae4     ,e #ah4      
#af4     ,c #ai4 ,takes two4  #ag4      
,g #af4    ,this is an old 8,joseki0    
which used to be popular2 it fell into  
disuse  and was revived by ,murase      
,shuho4 ,it is good enough for ,white if
 he has  an outlying stone or two in the
 neighborhood1 otherwise it is bad play 
for ,white4            ,v    ,no        

,handicap    ,the following stones are  
supposed to be on the board3 ,black1 ,q 
#ac1 ,r  #ac1 ,r #ae2 ,white1 ,q #ad1 ,p
 #af1 ,q #ag4            ,,black        
,,white    #a4      ,q #e4 ,black plays 
#b4      ,r #c4 ,white plans to         
8,takamoku10 thinking to                
prevent ,black's connection             
connect with stones on               and
 reduce the ,black          line #ac4   
territory4  #c4      ,p #c4 ,this is an 
error2 if    #d4      ,q #d4            
,black wishes to frustrate              
,white's plan1 ,r #d is the             
correct play4  #e4      ,p #d4          
#f4      ,r #e4  #g4      ,r #f4        
#h4      ,s #f4  #i4      ,r #g4        
#aj4     ,s #g4  #aa4     ,r #h4        
#ab4     ,s #h4 ,white has now made a   
formidable attack on the                
,black territory4  #ac4     ,r #i4      
#ad4     ,p #e4 ,if ,black gets this    
point1 his line would be                
too strong4  #ae4     ,q #f4            
#af4     ,q #b4 ,important2 not merely  

to attack ,black on line ,p1            
but it prevents ,black from             
coming to ,r #b1 which would            
mean #aj 8,me02 it also                 
prepares for ,o #b4    ,white has the   
better of it4    ,variation commencing  
at ,white's sixteenth move3             
,,black                                 
,,white                                 
#af4     ,o #e4 ,not so good as ,no4    
#af1 ,q #b4  #ag4     ,r #b4            
#ah4     ,s #b4  #ai4     ,q #b4        
#bj4     ,s #d4 ,white secures the      
necessary two 8,me40  #ba4     ,m #c4   
,black now has secured territory at the 
bottom of the board and confined  ,white
 to the corner with the better game4    
,,vi    ,no ,handicap    ,plate #bb 7,b7
            ,,black                     
,,white    #a4      ,q #e4              
#b4      ,q #c4  #c4      ,o #d4        
#d4      ,r #e4  #e4      ,r #f4        
#f4      ,r #d4  #g4      ,s #f4        
#h4      ,o #b4  #i4      8,tenuki0 at  
,q #ae4    ,white has the corner2 ,black

 can afford 8,tenuki0 at move nine      
because if  ,white cuts at ,q #f ,black 
can still get a good game4 ,in fact ,q  
#ae  indirectly defends the connection  
at ,q #f4            ,,vii    ,no       
,handicap    ,plate #bb 7,c7            
,,black                                 
,,white    #a4      ,d #ae4             
#b4      ,d #ag4  #c4      ,g #af4 ,old 
8,joseki10          #d4      ,c #ae4    
originated by ,konno ,genko          in 
the ,middle ,ages4  #e4      ,c #af4    
#f4      ,d #af4  #g4      ,c #ag4      
#h4      ,c #ah4  #i4      ,b #ah4      
#aj4     ,d #ah4  #aa4     ,b #ae4      
#ab4     ,c #ad4  #ac4     ,b #ad4      
#ad4     ,c #ac4  #ae4     ,e #ae4      
#af4     ,b #ai4  #ag4     ,b #ag4      
#ah4     ,b #ac4  #ai4     ,a #af4 ,this
 gives ,black two   #bj4     ,g #ah4    
8,me40  #ba4     ,h #ah4                
#bb4     ,g #ag4  #bc4     ,h #ag4      
#bd4     ,f #af4  #be4     ,f #ae4      
#bf4     ,e #af4  #bg4     ,g #ae4      
#bh4     ,f #ah4 ,important move for    

defense4  #bi4     ,c #aj4    ,black has
 the better of it4            ,,viii    
,no ,handicap    ,plate #bc 7,a7        
,,black                                 
,,white    #a4      ,p #ag4 8,moku      
hadzushi02 not   #b4      ,q #ae4 ,this 
is called          so much used as the  
other            8,takamoku kakari02 it 
is          two openings4 ,it is more   
one of the two general                  
conservative than                       
methods of replying to                  
8,takamoku40                            
8,moku hadzushi40  #c4      ,r #af4     
,black plays to         #d4      ,r #ae4
          secure the corner4  #e4       
,s #af4 ,the corner is now      #f4     
,r #aa4 ,s #ae would be good            
safe4                                   
also4    ,even game4            ,,ix    
,no ,handicap            ,,black        
,,white    #a4      ,r #ae4 8,moku      
hadzushi40       #b4      ,p #af4  #c4  
,p #ae4 ,black plays to         #d4     
,o #ae4          confine ,white4  #e4   

,p #ad4 ,necessary to prevent   #f4     
,q #af4 ,white plays to get             
,white breaking in4                     
the corner4  #g4      ,r #af4           
#h4      ,n #af4 ,very important2 if    
neglected1 ,black gets the              
corner1 and also destroys               
,white's adjacent                       
territory4  #i4      ,r #aj4            
#aj4     ,r #ag4  #aa4     ,s #ag4      
#ab4     ,s #ah4  #ac4     ,r #ah4      
#ad4     ,q #ag4  #ae4     ,s #af4      
#af4     ,k #ag4    ,the corner is      
evenly divided1 and neither side has an 
advantage4            ,x    ,no         
,handicap            ,,black            
,,white    #a4      ,p #ag4             
#b4      ,q #ae4 8,takamoku kakari40    
#c4      ,p #ae4                        
#d4      ,p #af4 ,this is an invention  
of ,murase ,shuho4  #e4      ,o #af4    
,black cannot play at   #f4      ,q #af4
          ,q #af without getting a      
very bad position4  #g4      ,q #ag4    
#h4      ,r #ag4  #i4      ,r #ah4      

#aj4     ,s #af4  #aa4     ,s #ah4      
#ab4     ,o #ag4  #ac4     ,n #ag4      
#ad4     ,o #ah4  #ae4     ,p #ah4      
#af4     ,n #ah4 ,this and the two      
preceding stones are                    
sacrificed2 ,black                      
naturally expects ,white to             
cut at ,o #ae4 ,the text move           
is a brilliant invention                
of ,murase ,shuho4  #ag4     ,m #ag4    
,black cannot neglect   #ah4     ,o #ae4
          this move4  #ai4     ,n #af4  
#bj4     ,p #ad4 ,takes4  #ba4     ,k   
#ag4 ,defensive2 ,black       #bb4      
,r #aj4          loses the 8,sente40    
,white has much the better game4        
,,xi    ,no ,handicap    ,plate #bc 7,b7
            ,,black                     
,,white    #a4      ,p #c4 8,moku       
hadzushi40        #b4      ,q #e4       
8,takamoku kakari40  #c4      ,p #e4    
#d4      ,p #d4  #e4      ,q #d4 ,this  
is not a good      #f4      ,o #d4      
move for ,black and will          result
 in his getting a          confined     

position4  #g4      ,r #e4              
#h4      ,q #f4  #i4      ,r #d4        
#aj4     ,o #c4  #aa4     ,p #b4        
#ab4     ,o #b4  #ac4     ,r #f4        
#ad4     ,q #g4  #ae4     ,s #h4 ,black 
cannot play at    #af4     ,e #c4       
,r #h1 as ,white would cut at           
,r #g4    ,white has the better         
position4            ,,xii    ,no       
,handicap    ,plate #bc 7,c7            
,,black                                 
,,white    #a4      ,c #ae4             
#b4      ,d #ag4 8,komoku kakari40      
,this is the alternative                
method of defense to this               
opening4  #c4      ,f #ag4 ,black       
attacks from     #d4      ,e #ag4 ,this 
is the crucial          both sides4     
move4 ,white plays thus                 
first to get a strong                   
position on line #ag1 also              
to prepare for getting out              
at ,d #ae4 ,two connected               
stones always form a                    
strong base4  #e4      ,g #af4          

#f4      ,d #ae4  #g4      ,d #ad4      
#h4      ,e #ae4  #i4      ,b #af4      
,black now invades      #aj4     ,b #ag4
          the corner2 he wishes to      
occupy ,c #ag1 an important             
point4  #aa4     ,c #ag4                
#ab4     ,c #ah4  #ac4     ,c #af4      
#ad4     ,b #ah4  #ae4     ,e #ah4      
#af4     ,d #ah4  #ag4     ,g #ad4      
#ah4     ,f #ad4  #ai4     ,d #ac4      
,guarding the           #bj4     ,g #ac4
          connection at ,c #ad4  #ba4   
,h #ad4                        #bb4     
,f #ab4    ,black has the better        
position4 ,this is an old 8,joseki40 ,it
 is not much  liked at the present time4
            ,,xiii    ,no ,handicap     
,,black                                 
,,white    #a4      ,c #ae4             
#b4      ,d #ag4  #c4      ,f #af4 ,this
 is a variation2   #d4      ,e #ag4     
the intention is to          confine    
,white to the          margin4  #e4     
,e #ae4 ,this is to prevent     #f4     
,g #ag4          ,white from coming to  

,d #ae4  #g4      ,h #af4               
#h4      ,h #ah4 ,this is a correct     
move4 ,h #ag would be                   
inferior4  #i4      ,g #af4             
#aj4     ,k #ag4    ,even game4         
,,xiv    ,no ,handicap    ,plate #bc    
7,d7            ,,black                 
,,white    #a4      ,c #e4              
#b4      ,d #c4  #c4      ,f #d4        
#d4      ,e #c4  #e4      ,c #c4 ,this  
is unusual2 ,e #e    #f4      ,c #b4    
is the customary move4  #g4      ,c #d4 
#h4      ,g #c4  #i4      ,b #b4        
#aj4     ,g #d4  #aa4     ,e #e4        
#ab4     ,d #b4  #ac4     ,g #e4        
#ad4     ,j #d4    ,even game2 the      
corner is divided4            ,,xv      
,no ,handicap    ,plate #bd 7,a7        
,,black                                 
,,white    #a4      ,r #af4 ,this move1 
called      #b4      ,p #ag4 ,white's   
best reply4          8,komoku10 is the  
most          frequently used opening   
when there are no          handicaps2 it
 is also the          safest for the    

weaker          player4  #c4      ,n    
#ag4 ,this move is called    #d4      ,r
 #ag4 ,white plays to get               
8,ikken basami02 this is                
the corner4          the most usual way 
of          continuing3 it gives ,black 
an attack at once4  #e4      ,s #ag4    
#f4      ,q #af4  #g4      ,r #ae4      
,black must extend2 ,r   #h4      ,r    
#ah4 ,white must do the          #ah    
would be bad4                     same2 
he cannot play at ,s                    
#ah4  #i4      ,q #ac4                  
#aj4     ,s #ah4 ,white cannot neglect  
this move after ,black                  
plays at ,q #ac2 if ,black              
had played at ,r #ab1 ,white            
could have played                       
elsewhere4    ,black has the better     
position4            ,,xvi    ,no       
,handicap            ,,black            
,,white    #a4      ,q #ag4 8,komoku40  
#b4      ,r #ae4  #c4      ,r #ac4      
8,ikken basami40        #d4      ,q #ac4
 ,this time ,white does                 

not try for the corner1                 
but attacks the black                   
stone at ,r #ac4  #e4      ,q #ab4      
#f4      ,q #ad4  #g4      ,n #ag4      
,black abandons the     #h4      ,r #ab4
          stone at ,r #ac in order to   
get greater territory2 if          he   
defends it at ,r #aa1          ,white   
plays at ,n #ag with a          better  
game4  #i4      ,r #aa4                 
#aj4     ,s #ab4  #aa4     ,q #aa4 ,s   
#aa would be bad4     #ab4     ,s #ac4  
#ac4     ,r #af4                        
#ad4     ,s #ae4    ,black has the      
better position4            ,,xvii      
,no ,handicap            ,,black        
,,white    #a4      ,d #c4 8,komoku40   
#b4      ,c #e4  #c4      ,c #g4        
#d4      ,h #c4 ,white in turn attacks  
the black stone at ,d #c2 ,g            
#c would be too near4  #e4      ,d #e4  
,black connects his      #f4      ,d #d4
          stones and shuts ,white in4   
#g4      ,e #d4                         
#h4      ,c #d4  #i4      ,d #f4        

#aj4     ,c #c4  #aa4     ,e #b4        
#ab4     ,d #b4  #ac4     ,e #c4        
#ad4     ,l #c4 ,white can afford to    
play for a greater space1               
as his stones in the                    
corner will live even if                
he loses the stone at ,d #b4  #ae4      
,b #f4                         #af4     
,b #e4  #ag4     ,c #b4                 
#ah4     ,b #b4  #ai4     ,d #a4 ,takes4
                  #bj4     ,b #a4       
,even game4            ,,xviii    ,no   
,handicap    ,plate #bd 7,b7            
,,black                                 
,,white    #a4      ,r #d4 8,komoku40   
#b4      ,p #c4  #c4      ,m #c4        
8,nikken basami40 ,this   #d4      ,q   
#e4 ,white plays to get          is the 
second variation in           out toward
 the center4          this opening4  #e4
      ,r #e4                         #f4
      ,q #f4  #g4      ,r #g4           
#h4      ,r #f4  #i4      ,s #f4        
#aj4     ,s #g4 8,sute ishi40  #aa4     
,s #h4                         #ab4     

,q #g4  #ac4     ,r #h4 ,it would be bad
 play    #ad4     ,s #e4          to    
take immediately4  #ae4     ,t #g4      
,takes4                  #af4     ,r #c4
  #ag4     ,s #d4                       
#ah4     ,s #c4 ,this move is made to   
secure 8,me0 in the corner4  #ai4     ,q
 #d4                         #bj4     ,p
 #d4    ,the game is about even4        
,,xix    ,no ,handicap                  
,,black                                 
,,white    #a4      ,c #d4 8,komoku40   
#b4      ,e #c4  #c4      ,h #c4        
8,nikken basami40        #d4      ,d #e4
 ,white attacks the                     
stone at ,c #d4  #e4      ,d #d4        
#f4      ,e #d4  #g4      ,e #e4 ,this  
is a bad move if   #h4      ,d #f4      
,white replies correctly1               
otherwise ,black gets the               
better of it4  #i4      ,f #e4          
#aj4     ,d #b4 ,this is an important   
move2 it attacks the black              
stones on line #d and also              
prepares for ,white to                  

extend at ,g #d4 ,c #b would            
be bad1 as ,black would                 
play at ,f #d4  #aa4     ,b #f4 ,black  
defends his       #ab4     ,g #d4       
threatened position4  #ac4     ,f #g4   
#ad4     ,d #h4 ,white must extend4     
#ae4     ,b #b4                         
#af4     ,h #d4    ,black's third stone 
at ,h #c is now called 8,uke ishi10 or a
 8floating  stone40 ,white has the      
better position4            ,,xx    ,no 
,handicap    ,plate #bd 7,c7            
,,black                                 
,,white    #a4      ,d #ag4 8,komoku40  
#b4      ,c #ae4  #c4      ,c #ab4      
8,nikken basami40       #d4      ,d #ab4
 ,white attacks the                     
stone at ,c #ab in this                 
variation4  #e4      ,d #aa4            
#f4      ,c #ac4  #g4      ,c #aa4      
#h4      ,g #ag4 ,white attacks the     
other black stone4  #i4      ,e #af4    
#aj4     ,f #ae4  #aa4     ,c #af4 ,the 
old book move      #ab4     ,e #ae4     
was ,e #ae1 but this gave               

8,tenuki0 to ,white4    ,even game4     
,,xxi    ,no ,handicap                  
,,black                                 
,,white    #a4      ,c #d4 8,komoku40   
#b4      ,e #c4  #c4      ,j #c4        
8,sangen basami40 ,this   #d4      ,r   
#d4 ,white takes advantage          move
 attacks the white               of his 
opportunity and          stone but not  
so directly            plays in another 
corner4          as the preceding       
variation4 ,it is the          invention
 of ,honinbo          ,dosaku4  #e4     
,d #c4                         #f4      
,e #d4  #g4      ,b #f4                 
#h4      ,j #e4  #i4      ,m #c4 ,it    
will be seen in      #aj4     ,h #c4    
this variation that the          stones 
are played farther          apart than  
in the          preceding 8,joseki40    
#aa4     ,h #b4                         
#ab4     ,h #d4  #ac4     ,d #h4 ,this  
is an important    #ad4     ,o #c4      
move for ,black4  #ae4     ,m #e4       
#af4     ,l #d4 8,nozoku40 ,it          

threatens ,black's                      
connection on lines ,m and              
#c4  #ag4     ,l #c4 ,if ,black defends 
at ,m   #ah4     ,g #b4          #d1    
,white replies at ,k #b4  #ai4     ,j   
#b4                         #bj4     ,l 
#e4  #ba4     ,m #d4                    
#bb4     ,p #e4    ,this 8,joseki0      
really deals with two corners4          
,,xxii    ,no ,handicap    ,plate #bd   
7,d7            ,,black                 
,,white    #a4      ,d #c4 8,komoku40   
#b4      ,c #e4  #c4      ,c #i4        
8,sangen basami40        #d4      ,c #c4
  #e4      ,c #b4                       
#f4      ,d #d4  #g4      ,e #c4        
#h4      ,b #c4  #i4      ,e #d4        
,preparatory to #aa at    #aj4     ,d   
#f4 ,a good move4 ,e #e          ,c #ae2
 generally ,no4 #i is             would 
be bad1 because          played at ,h   
#c4                       ,black would  
reply at ,d #f                          
with a better game4  #aa4     ,c #ae4   
7,not in diagram47            ,we will  

now insert ten examples of openings1 as 
distinguished from  8,joseki40 ,as      
already stated1 these are by ,murase    
,shuho4 ,in these  examples ,black is   
supposed to make the best possible      
moves1 and  therefore ,white always     
finds himself at a disadvantage4        
,i    ,plate #be    ,black has a        
handicap of four stones4                
,,white                                 
,,black    #a4      ,r #ad4             
#b4      ,q #ad4  #c4      ,q #ac4      
#d4      ,p #ad4  #e4      ,r #ae4      
#f4      ,r #af4  #g4      ,o #c4       
#h4      ,r #aj4 ,formerly in such a    
case as this ,black played              
at ,r #g4 ,this move replied            
to ,white's move at ,o #c and           
at the same time from a                 
distance attacked ,white's              
stones at ,r #ad and ,r #ae4            
,it is better to confine                
the last two stones by the              
text move4  #i4      ,p #ac4            
#aj4     ,r #ab4  #aa4     ,q #ae4      

#ab4     ,p #ae4  #ac4     ,r #ac4      
#ad4     ,p #af4  #ae4     ,n #ac4      
#af4     ,p #aj4 ,this move is better   
than ,r #g4  #ag4     ,r #c4            
#ah4     ,r #d4 ,this move is better    
than ,q #c1 which although              
it cuts off ,o #c and ,r #c             
would leave ,black's stone              
at ,r #aj weak4  #ai4     ,q #c4        
#bj4     ,p #d4  #ba4     ,p #c4        
#bb4     ,n #e4  #bc4     ,l #ag4       
#bd4     ,g #ag4  #be4     ,o #ag4      
#bf4     ,n #af4  #bg4     ,p #ah4      
#bh4     ,q #ah4 ,black is quite        
satisfied to have merely                
the necessary two 8,me0 in              
this corner1 because he                 
has a much larger                       
territory to the left4  #bi4     ,j #ag4
                        #cj4     ,c #aj4
  #ca4     ,q #f4                       
#cb4     ,o #d4  #cc4     ,m #d4 ,this  
move is better     #cd4     ,o #h4      
than ,o #g because ,black          could
 follow at ,n #c in          that case4 

,q #f is a 8,sute          ishi0 or     
sacrificed stone4          ,it has the  
effect of          forcing ,black to    
play #cd ,o          #h1 and later on   
will help          still further to     
narrow          down ,black's territory4
 ,at          the same time every attack
          on the ,black position from   
the outside would be made          more 
effective by the          presence of   
this stone4          ,possibly it could 
also be          used later in 8,ko40   
,black          makes his #cfth1 #chth  
and          #djth moves in order to    
secure his position which          is   
weakened by the          presence of the
 white          stone at ,q #f4  #ce4   
,f #c4                         #cf4     
,m #e4  #cg4     ,l #d4                 
#ch4     ,l #e4  #ci4     ,k #e4        
#dj4     ,k #f4  #da4     ,j #e4        
#db4     ,f #d4  #dc4     ,g #d4        
#dd4     ,e #c4  #de4     ,f #e4        
#df4     ,e #d4  #dg4     ,g #c4        
#dh4     ,d #g4  #di4     ,r #ah4       

,beginners would play   #ej4     ,p #ag4
          at ,s #af or ,q #ag4  #ea4    
,o #ah4                        #eb4     
,q #ai4            ,,ii    ,plate #bf   
,black has a handicap of four stones4   
,,white                                 
,,black    #a4      ,r #ad4             
#b4      ,q #ad4  #c4      ,q #ac4      
#d4      ,p #ad4  #e4      ,r #ae4      
#f4      ,r #af4  #g4      ,r #aj4      
#h4      ,k #ag4  #i4      ,o #c4       
#aj4     ,g #c4  #aa4     ,h #ag4       
#ab4     ,f #ag4  #ac4     ,m #ag4      
#ad4     ,o #ag4  #ae4     ,o #ah4      
#af4     ,p #ag4  #ag4     ,k #ah4      
#ah4     ,l #ah4  #ai4     ,l #ag4      
#bj4     ,j #ah4  #ba4     ,k #af4      
#bb4     ,j #ag4  #bc4     ,j #af4      
#bd4     ,h #ah4  #be4     ,m #ah4      
#bf4     ,p #c4  #bg4     ,o #d4        
#bh4     ,q #f4 ,this move has the      
same effect as ,r #f4  #bi4     ,j #c4  
#cj4     ,c #aj4  #ca4     ,c #f4       
#cb4     ,c #d4  #cc4     ,c #h4        
#cd4     ,e #aj4  #ce4     ,f #g4       

#cf4     ,g #e4  #cg4     ,c #ab4       
#ch4     ,d #g4  #ci4     ,d #h4        
#dj4     ,c #aa4 ,this move is very     
important because it                    
prevents the stone at ,c #ab            
from making a connection                
with that at ,c #h4  #da4     ,e #ab4   
#db4     ,f #i4  #dc4     ,f #h4        
#dd4     ,h #i4  #de4     ,h #g4        
#df4     ,h #ab4  #dg4     ,c #ad4      
#dh4     ,k #ai4  #di4     ,m #ae4      
#ej4     ,j #e4  #ea4     ,k #g4        
#eb4     ,k #i4  #ec4     ,l #c4        
#ed4     ,r #h4            ,,iii        
,plate #bg    ,black has a handicap of  
three stones4            ,,white        
,,black    #a4      ,r #d4              
#b4      ,p #c4  #c4      ,l #c4        
#d4      ,g #c4  #e4      ,q #c4        
#f4      ,p #d4  #g4      ,q #f4        
#h4      ,m #e4 ,the following is also  
good4                                   
,b4 ,l #e1 ,m #c1 ,m #d                 
,w4 ,j #c1 ,m #b1 ,q #h                 
,white playing at ,q #h in              

order to prevent ,black                 
from playing at ,r #e4  #i4      ,k #d4 
#aj4     ,k #f4  #aa4     ,h #d4        
#ab4     ,g #d4  #ac4     ,j #f4        
#ad4     ,k #g4  #ae4     ,g #f4        
#af4     ,r #aa4 ,black cannot play at  
,r #e without seeing ,p #c and          
#d cut off4  #ag4     ,r #i4            
#ah4     ,q #ad4  #ai4     ,c #f4       
#bj4     ,c #d4  #ba4     ,c #ad4       
#bb4     ,g #ag4  #bc4     ,c #ag4      
#bd4     ,c #af4  #be4     ,d #ag4      
#bf4     ,e #af4  #bg4     ,b #af4      
#bh4     ,b #ae4  #bi4     ,b #ag4      
#cj4     ,c #ae4  #ca4     ,e #ag4      
#cb4     ,f #ag4  #cc4     ,d #ad4      
#cd4     ,f #ae4  #ce4     ,m #ag4      
#cf4     ,c #h4  #cg4     ,e #f4        
#ch4     ,d #aa4  #ci4     ,b #ad4 ,the 
ordinary answer    #dj4     ,e #h4      
to this is ,a #ad1 but this             
time ,black cannot play in          this
 way since ,white would          follow 
at ,b #ab and thus          threaten the
 black stones          at ,c #h and ,d  

#aa4  #da4     ,j #g4                   
#db4     ,k #h4  #dc4     ,h #i4        
#dd4     ,g #aa4  #de4     ,a #ae4      
,black could not        #df4     ,j #aj4
          occupy ,a #ad on his #db;d and
          #ddth moves4  #dg4     ,h #c4 
#dh4     ,o #ag4  #di4     ,j #ag4      
#ej4     ,g #b4 ,this move is           
necessary for the security              
of the ,black position1 and             
at the same time ,black                 
does not lose the 8,sente0              
by this move4            ,,iv    ,plate 
#bh    ,black has a handicap of three   
stones4            ,,white              
,,black    #a4      ,r #ad4             
#b4      ,r #e4  #c4      ,p #d4        
#d4      ,q #c4  #e4      ,p #c4        
#f4      ,q #b4  #g4      ,r #g4        
,formerly in this case   #h4      ,r #f4
          ,white played at ,l #c and    
,black replied at ,q #f4  #i4      ,q   
#g4                         #aj4     ,p 
#e4  #aa4     ,o #ag4                   
#ab4     ,q #ad4  #ac4     ,q #ac4      

#ad4     ,p #ad4  #ae4     ,r #ae4      
#af4     ,r #af4  #ag4     ,p #ac4      
#ah4     ,o #af4  #ai4     ,n #af4      
#bj4     ,p #ag4  #ba4     ,o #ah4      
#bb4     ,o #ac4  #bc4     ,o #ab4      
#bd4     ,o #ad4  #be4     ,k #ag4      
#bf4     ,l #c4  #bg4     ,c #ad4 ,at   
this move ,white     #bh4     ,l #e4    
abandons ,p #c and #d4 ,if he           
replied to ,black ,l #c1 then           
there would follow3            ,b4 ,l   
#c1 ,l #d1 ,l #e1 ,l #f1 ,g #d          
,w4 ,m #d1 ,m #e1 ,m #f1 ,m #g          
and ,black has a decisive               
advantage4  #bi4     ,c #h4             
#cj4     ,c #f4  #ca4     ,e #ad4       
#cb4     ,c #ae4  #cc4     ,b #ad4      
#cd4     ,f #af4  #ce4     ,e #b4       
#cf4     ,d #b4  #cg4     ,d #c4        
#ch4     ,c #c4  #ci4     ,e #c4        
#dj4     ,c #b4  #da4     ,j #c4        
#db4     ,e #d4  #dc4     ,g #c4        
#dd4     ,k #b4 ,the importance of      
this move1 when a                       
territory merely has the                

protection of ,l #c-,l #e1 has          
been commented on before4  #de4     ,j  
#e4                         #df4     ,p 
#f4  #dg4     ,o #h4                    
#dh4     ,n #ab4  #di4     ,o #aa4      
#ej4     ,h #ag4            ,v    ,plate
 #bi    ,black has a handicap of two    
stones4            ,,white              
,,black    #a4      ,r #d4              
#b4      ,d #ae4  #c4      ,d #ag4      
#d4      ,f #af4  #e4      ,c #ae4      
#f4      ,c #ad4  #g4      ,c #af4      
#h4      ,d #ad4  #i4      ,c #h4 ,f #ag
 is just as good4   #aj4     ,e #ah4    
,then would follow3            ,b4 ,g   
#ag          ,w4 ,f #ah  #aa4     ,d    
#ah4                        #ab4     ,p 
#c4  #ac4     ,l #c4                    
#ad4     ,p #f4  #ae4     ,r #g4        
#af4     ,j #c4  #ag4     ,l #e4        
#ah4     ,j #e4  #ai4     ,l #g4        
#bj4     ,r #c4  #ba4     ,s #c4        
#bb4     ,q #d4 ,this move and #bd-,r #b
                                        
are necessary because of                

the white stones on line                
,l4  #bc4     ,r #e4                    
#bd4     ,r #b4  #be4     ,o #ag4       
#bf4     ,c #f4  #bg4     ,d #aa4       
#bh4     ,f #ab4 ,this move is very     
good1 otherwise ,white                  
plays at ,e #af and breaks              
into the ,black position4  #bi4     ,f  
#i4                         #cj4     ,q 
#ad4  #ca4     ,k #af4                  
#cb4     ,r #i4  #cc4     ,s #b4 ,if    
,black plays at ,r     #cd4     ,p #i4  
#i1 this move is necessary          for 
the security of the          white      
group4  #ce4     ,c #ab4                
#cf4     ,e #ag4  #cg4     ,d #af4      
#ch4     ,f #ad4  #ci4     ,g #ae4      
#dj4     ,f #ae4  #da4     ,h #ag4      
#db4     ,j #g4  #dc4     ,o #d4        
#dd4     ,q #e4  #de4     ,r #h4        
#df4     ,m #f4  #dg4     ,l #f4        
#dh4     ,q #i4  #di4     ,f #c4        
#ej4     ,e #c4  #ea4     ,g #b4 ,this  
is a fine move4    #eb4     ,k #b4      
,by means of it ,black is               

compelled to play at ,k #b          and 
,white can occupy ,f #e          on his 
#ec;d move and thus          escape1    
whereas without ,g          #b ,white   
could only have          played at ,f   
#d1 whereupon          ,black could have
 cut off          the retreat at ,f #f4 
,,vi    ,plate #cj    ,black has a      
handicap of two stones4                 
,,white                                 
,,black    #a4      ,q #c4              
#b4      ,d #ag4  #c4      ,c #ae4      
#d4      ,c #ac4  #e4      ,j #ag4      
#f4      ,d #ae4  #g4      ,d #af4      
#h4      ,e #af4  #i4      ,c #af4      
#aj4     ,d #ad4  #aa4     ,c #ag4      
#ab4     ,e #ah4  #ac4     ,c #ah4      
#ad4     ,l #ag4 ,black could prevent   
,white's next move of ,e #ae            
by playing #ad-;,g #ae4  #ae4     ,e    
#ae4                        #af4     ,f 
#af4  #ag4     ,e #ac4                  
#ah4     ,e #ad4  #ai4     ,f #ae4      
8,shicho0 is            #bj4     ,h #af4
 ,this move makes the                   

impossible because ,white               
,black position secure4          already
 occupies ,q #c4  #ba4     ,f #ad4      
#bb4     ,c #aa4  #bc4     ,l #af4      
#bd4     ,m #ag4  #be4     ,j #af4      
#bf4     ,h #ae4  #bg4     ,g #ac4      
#bh4     ,j #ad4  #bi4     ,m #af4      
#cj4     ,n #af4  #ca4     ,n #ae4      
#cb4     ,o #af4  #cc4     ,l #ad4      
#cd4     ,j #ab4  #ce4     ,g #aa4      
#cf4     ,d #i4  #cg4     ,h #aj4       
#ch4     ,j #aj4  #ci4     ,j #i4       
#dj4     ,k #aj4  #da4     ,g #h4       
#db4     ,d #f4  #dc4     ,k #i4        
#dd4     ,l #aj4  #de4     ,m #h4       
#df4     ,n #aj4  #dg4     ,j #ae4      
#dh4     ,h #ad4  #di4     ,n #ac4      
#ej4     ,j #c4 ,white could not        
occupy this point without               
endangering the upper                   
position4  #ea4     ,l #c4              
#eb4     ,j #e4  #ec4     ,p #h4        
#ed4     ,p #aj4  #ee4     ,q #ac4      
#ef4     ,l #e4 ,black does not need    
to further defend his                   

position ,e #ag-,p #aj1                 
because it surely has two               
8,me40            ,,vii    ,no ,handicap
    ,plate #ca            ,,black       
,,white    #a4      ,c #d4              
#b4      ,q #c4  #c4      ,d #ag4       
#d4      ,e #c4  #e4      ,d #e4        
#f4      ,r #af4  #g4      ,r #e4       
#h4      ,o #ag4  #i4      ,f #d4       
#aj4     ,g #c4  #aa4     ,o #d4        
#ab4     ,o #c4 ,from here the game     
might continue as follows3              
,b4         ,w4                         
,n #c        ,p #d                      
,o #b        ,p #c                      
,n #d        ,q #f                      
,r #g        ,k #c                      
but this is bad for ,black4  #ac4     ,p
 #d4                         #ad4     ,p
 #c4  #ae4     ,n #d4 ,m #c would be    
just as    #af4     ,r #d4              
good4  #ag4     ,n #c4                  
#ah4     ,s #e4  #ai4     ,j #c4        
#bj4     ,c #aa4 ,white abandons the    
stones at ,e #c and ,g #c4 ,if          

he were to play at ,g #d1               
,black would reply at ,c #aa            
with too great an                       
advantage4  #ba4     ,c #ad4            
#bb4     ,c #h4  #bc4     ,d #c4        
#bd4     ,j #ag4  #be4     ,g #ag4      
#bf4     ,j #ae4  #bg4     ,j #e4 ,now  
the two white       #bh4     ,q #ab4    
stones are cut off4  #bi4     ,l #ae4   
,black cannot venture   #cj4     ,l #ag4
          any farther in4  #ca4     ,p  
#af4                        #cb4     ,p 
#ag4  #cc4     ,q #af4                  
#cd4     ,q #ag4  #ce4     ,r #ae4      
#cf4     ,s #af4  #cg4     ,p #ac4      
#ch4     ,p #ab4  #ci4     ,n #ac4      
#dj4     ,o #ac4  #da4     ,o #ad4      
#db4     ,o #ab4  #dc4     ,l #ac4      
#dd4     ,r #f4  #de4     ,d #g4        
,,viii    ,no ,handicap    ,plate #cb   
,,black                                 
,,white    #a4      ,c #d4              
#b4      ,c #af4  #c4      ,q #c4       
#d4      ,r #e4  #e4      ,r #i4        
#f4      ,o #e4  #g4      ,n #c4        

#h4      ,r #ab4  #i4      ,p #i4       
#aj4     ,q #af4  #aa4     ,r #d4       
#ab4     ,q #e4  #ac4     ,p #d4        
#ad4     ,p #e4  #ae4     ,m #d4        
#af4     ,m #g4  #ag4     ,o #ag4       
#ah4     ,e #af4  #ai4     ,c #aj4      
#bj4     ,e #c4  #ba4     ,d #e4        
#bb4     ,k #ag4  #bc4     ,r #ag4      
#bd4     ,q #ag4  #be4     ,r #af4      
#bf4     ,q #ae4  #bg4     ,q #ah4      
#bh4     ,p #ah4  #bi4     ,r #ah4      
#cj4     ,p #ag4  #ca4     ,r #ad4      
#cb4     ,q #ad4  #cc4     ,r #ac4      
#cd4     ,q #ac4  #ce4     ,s #ab4      
#cf4     ,k #ae4  #cg4     ,c #ac4      
#ch4     ,e #ac4  #ci4     ,q #ab4      
#dj4     ,r #ae4  #da4     ,s #ae4      
#db4     ,s #af4  #dc4     ,s #ad4      
#dd4     ,p #ab4  #de4     ,r #aa4      
,takes4                 #df4     ,m #e4 
,this move is                           
necessary because ,black's              
position above it has                   
become strong4  #dg4     ,o #ac4 ,the   
continuation          would now be      

either #dh ,p          #ac1 #di ,o #ae1 
or #dh ,o #ae1          #di ,p #ac4     
,,ix    ,no ,handicap    ,plate #cc     
,,black                                 
,,white    #a4      ,c #d4              
#b4      ,q #c4  #c4      ,d #ag4       
#d4      ,e #c4  #e4      ,r #af4       
#f4      ,c #ae4  #g4      ,d #e4       
#h4      ,p #ag4  #i4      ,f #d4       
#aj4     ,c #aa4 ,white cannot play #aj 
at ,g #c because ,black would           
then occupy ,c #aa4  #aa4     ,f #c4    
#ab4     ,k #c4  #ac4     ,r #e4        
#ad4     ,o #d4  #ae4     ,f #af4       
#af4     ,h #ag4  #ag4     ,c #ac4      
#ah4     ,c #h4 ,abandoning the stone   
at ,c #ae4  #ai4     ,c #af4            
#bj4     ,r #ac4  #ba4     ,q #ae4      
#bb4     ,n #af4  #bc4     ,q #ag4      
#bd4     ,p #ah4  #be4     ,r #i4 ,if   
#be were played at    #bf4     ,p #ad4  
,q #h1 #bf ,r #h would be the           
result4  #bg4     ,o #af4               
#bh4     ,o #ae4  #bi4     ,p #af4      
#cj4     ,n #ag4  #ca4     ,q #ah4      

#cb4     ,r #g4  #cc4     ,s #g4 ,this  
move insures a     #cd4     ,e #d4 ,this
 move rescues ,no4          connection  
between the               #d4           
stones at ,r #e and ,r #i4  #ce4     ,e 
#b4                         #cf4     ,d 
#b4  #cg4     ,g #b4                    
#ch4     ,e #e4  #ci4     ,d #c4        
#dj4     ,d #f4  #da4     ,c #c4        
#db4     ,h #ae4  #dc4     ,q #g4       
#dd4     ,n #ac4 ,this prevents ,black  
from cutting at ,n #ae and ,q           
#ac4  #de4     ,f #ad4                  
#df4     ,c #f4  #dg4     ,g #ac4       
,x    ,no ,handicap    ,plate #cd       
,,black                                 
,,white    #a4      ,c #d4              
#b4      ,q #c4  #c4      ,d #ag4       
#d4      ,e #c4  #e4      ,r #af4       
#f4      ,c #ae4  #g4      ,d #e4       
#h4      ,f #af4  #i4      ,d #ae4      
#aj4     ,d #af4  #aa4     ,e #af4      
#ab4     ,c #af4  #ac4     ,e #ag4      
#ad4     ,e #ae4  #ae4     ,d #ad4      
#af4     ,c #ag4  #ag4     ,f #ag4      

#ah4     ,g #af4  #ai4     ,h #ah4 ,this
 move is much      #bj4     ,c #ad4     
better than ,g #ag4  #ba4     ,e #ad4   
#bb4     ,f #ae4  #bc4     ,f #ad4      
#bd4     ,h #af4  #be4     ,j #ag4      
#bf4     ,g #ah4  #bg4     ,f #ah4      
#bh4     ,g #ad4  #bi4     ,e #ab4      
#cj4     ,c #aa4  #ca4     ,g #ac4      
#cb4     ,h #ac4  #cc4     ,g #ab4 ,h   
#ad would be bad4     #cd4     ,j #ad4  
#ce4     ,m #ag4                        
#cf4     ,j #aa  #cg4     ,g #aj4       
#ch4     ,q #e4  #ci4     ,r #aj4       
#dj4     ,r #h4  #da4     ,p #af4       
#db4     ,j #c4  #dc4     ,p #aj4       
#dd4     ,p #ab4  #de4     ,r #ab4      
#df4     ,r #ag4 ,a sacrifice4  #dg4    
,q #ag4                        #dh4     
,d #h4  #di4     ,h #i4                 
#ej4     ,n #ab4                  ,,vii 
,,the ,,end ,,game      ,a work on the  
game of ,go would not be complete       
without a chapter  especially devoted to
 the subject of the end game4    ,on the
 average a game of ,go consists of about

 two hundred and fifty  moves1 and we   
might say that about twenty of these    
moves belong to the  opening1 about one 
hundred and fifty to the main part of   
the game1 and  the remaining eighty to  
the end game4 ,the moves which may be   
regarded  as belonging to the end game  
are those which connect the various     
groups  of stones with the margin1 and  
which fill up the space between the     
opposing groups of stones4 ,of course1  
there is no sharp distinction  between  
the main game and the end game4 ,long   
before the main game is  finished moves 
occur which bear the characteristics of 
end game play1  and as the game         
progresses moves of this kind become    
more and more  frequent1 until at last  
all of the moves are strictly part of   
the end  game4    ,toward the end of the
 game it becomes possible to calculate  
the value  of a move with greater       
accuracy than in the middle of the game1
 and in  many cases the number of points
 which may be gained by a certain move  

may be ascertained with absolute        
accuracy4 ,therefore1 when the main     
game is nearing completion1 the players 
survey the board in order to  locate the
 most advantageous end plays2 that is to
 say1 positions where  they can gain the
 greatest number of 8,me40 ,in          
calculating the value of  an end        
position1 a player must carefully       
consider whether on its  completion he  
will retain or lose the 8,sente40 ,it is
 an advantage to  retain the 8,sente10  
and it is generally good play to choose 
an end  position where the 8,sente0 is  
retained1 in preference to an end       
position where it is lost1 even if the  
latter would gain a few more  8,me40    
,the player holding the 8,sente0 would1 
therefore1 complete in rotation  those  
end positions which allowed him to      
retain it1 commencing1 of  course1 with 
those involving the greatest number of  
8,me40 ,he would at  last come to a     
point1 however1 where it would be more  
advantageous to  play some end position 

which gained for him quite a number of  
points1  although on its completion the 
8,sente0 would be lost4 ,his adversary1 
thereupon gaining the 8,sente10 would1  
in turn1 play his series of end         
positions until it became advantageous  
for him to relinquish it4 ,by  this     
process the value of the contested end  
positions would become  smaller and     
smaller1 until at last there would      
remain only the filling  of isolated1   
vacant intersections between the        
opposing lines1 the  occupation of which
 results in no advantage for either     
player4 ,these  moves are called        
8,dame10 as we have already seen4       
,this is the general scheme of an end   
game1 but1 of course1 in actual  play   
there would be many departures          
therefrom4 ,sometimes an advantage  can 
be gained by making an unsound though   
dangerous move1 in the hope  that the   
adversary may make some error in        
replying thereto4 ,then again1  in      
playing against a player who lacks      

initiative1 it is not so  necessary to  
consider the certainty of retaining the 
8,sente0 as when  opposed by a more     
aggressive adversary4 ,frequently also  
the players  differ in their estimate of
 the value of the various end positions1
 and  do not1 therefore1 respond to each
 other's attacks4 ,in this way the      
possession of the 8,sente0 generally    
changes more frequently during the  end 
game than is logically necessary4       
,the process of connecting the various  
groups with the edge of the board  gives
 rise to end positions in which there is
 more or less similarity  in all games1 
and most of the illustrations which are 
now given are  examples of this class4  
,the end positions which occur in the   
middle of  the board may vary so much in
 every game that it is practically      
impossible to give typical illustrations
 of them4    ,of course1 in an          
introductory work of this character it  
is not  practicable to give a great many
 examples of end positions1 and ,i have 

prepared only twelve1 which are selected
 from the work of ,inouye  ,hoshin1 and 
which are annotated so that the reasons 
for the moves may  be understood by     
beginners4 ,the number of 8,me0 gained  
in each case is  stated1 and also       
whether the 8,sente0 is lost or         
retained4 ,to these  twelve examples ,i 
have added eight positions from         
,korschelt's work4            ,i        
,plate #ce 7,a7    ,the following stones
 are on the board3 ,white1 ,s #ae1 ,r   
#ad1 ,p #ad1 ,l #ag2  ,black1 ,r #af1 ,q
 #af1 ,n #ae1 ,n #ag4    ,if ,white has 
the 8,sente10 he gains eight 8,me10     
counting together what  he wins and     
,black loses4            ,,white        
,,black    #a4      ,s #ag4 ,this is    
,white's only   #b4      ,s #af4 ,if    
,black had had the          good move2  
,s #af does not             move or     
8,sente10 he could          take        
advantage of the                have    
avoided ,white's          opportunity1  
and he cannot           invasion by     

playing here4          risk ,s #ah4  #c4
      ,t #af4 ,an instance of           
#d4      ,r #ag4          8,watari40    
#e4      ,s #ah4 ,white cannot venture  
#f4      ,r #ah4 ,if ,black neglects    
to play at ,r #ah4                      
this1 ,white would jump to              
,q #ah4    ,white retains the 8,sente40 
,,ii    ,plate #ce 7,b7    ,the         
following stones are on the board3      
,white1 ,r #i1 ,o #e1 ,o #c2 ,black1 ,p 
#g1 ,q #c1 ,q #d1 ,r #g4    ,if ,white  
has the first move1 it makes a          
difference of six 8,me40                
,,white                                 
,,black    #a4      ,p #b4              
#b4      ,q #b4  #c4      ,q #a4        
#d4      ,r4#a  #e4      ,p #a4         
#f4      ,s #b4 ,black cannot neglect   
this move4    ,white retains the        
8,sente40    ,if ,black had had the     
first move1 the play would have been as 
follows3            ,,black             
,,white    #a4      ,p #b4              
#b4      ,o #b4  #c4      ,o #a4        

#d4      ,n #a4  #e4      ,p #a4        
#f4      ,m #b4    ,and ,black has the  
8,sente40            ,,iii    ,plate #ce
 7,c7    ,the following stones are on   
the board3 ,white1 ,b #af1 ,c #ad1 ,e   
#ae2 ,black1  ,c #ag1 ,d #af1 ,e #af1 ,g
 #ag4    ,if ,white has the move1 it    
makes a difference of seven 8,me40      
,,white                                 
,,black    #a4      ,b #ag4 ,white dare 
not go to   #b4      ,b #ah4          ,b
 #ah because he would be          cut   
off eventually at ,b          #ae4  #c4 
,a #ah4                        #d4      
,c #ah4    ,white retains the 8,sente40 
,,iv    ,plate #ce 7,d7    ,the         
following stones are on the board3      
,white1 ,b #h1 ,c #g1 ,c #h1 ,d #f1 ,e  
#b1  ,e #f1 ,f #c1 ,f #e2 ,black1 ,b #f1
 ,b #g1 ,c #f1 ,d #b1 #c1 #d1 #e4    ,if
 ,white has the move1 it makes a        
difference of four 8,me40               
,,white                                 
,,black    #a4      ,b #d4 ,this stone  
is           #b4      ,b #c4 ,black's   

best move          sacrificed1 but there
 is             because it defends the  
no loss because it is so                
connection at ,c #e1 and                
threatening that ,black                 
also prevents ,white from          must 
play twice in order             trying  
to connect at ,d #a4          to make   
his position          secure1 meanwhile 
,white          advances on line ,a4    
#c4      ,a #g4 ,white gains one 8,me0  
#d4      ,a #f4          by this move4  
#e4      ,a #h4                         
#f4      ,c #d4 ,necessary because the  
connection at ,c #e is now              
in immediate danger1 but                
,black thereby fills up                 
another of his 8,me10 and               
,white retains the 8,sente40            
,v    ,plate #cf 7,a7    ,the following 
stones are on the board3 ,white1 ,m #af1
 ,m #ag1 ,m #ah1 ,n #af1 ,o  #ae1 ,p    
#ad1 ,r #ad2 ,black1 ,n #ag1 ,n #ah1 ,o 
#af1 ,p #af1 ,q #af1 ,r #af4    ,if     
,white has the 8,sente10 it makes a     

difference of six 8,me40                
,,white                                 
,,black    #a4      ,n #ai4             
#b4      ,o #ah4 ,black cannot stop     
the invasion at ,o #ai1 as              
,white would then play at ,o            
#ah and kill the black                  
stones on line ,n4  #c4      ,o #ai4    
,white pushes his       #d4      ,p #ai4
 ,black can now arrest          invasion
 farther4                    the        
advance4  #e4      ,m #ai4              
#f4      ,p #ah4    ,white retains the  
8,sente40            ,,vi    ,plate #cf 
7,b7    ,the following stones are on the
 board3 ,black1 ,m #b1 ,m #c1 ,n #c1 ,n 
#d1 ,o #d1  ,q #d1 ,r #d1 ,s #d2 ,white1
 ,l #c1 ,n #b1 ,o #b1 ,o #c1 ,p #c1 ,r  
#b1 ,s #c1 ,r #f4    ,black has the     
8,sente0 and gains nine 8,me40          
,,black                                 
,,white    #a4      ,t #c4              
#b4      ,q #b4 ,the obvious answer is  
at ,t #b1 but if ,white plays           
there1 ,black replies at ,q             

#b and ,white loses all his             
stones unless he can win                
by 8,ko40 ,he plays at ,q #b            
in order to form the                    
necessary two 8,me40  #c4      ,s #b4   
,black proceeds with     #d4      ,p #a4
 ,if ,white tries to          his       
invasion4                        save   
his stone by playing                    
at ,r #c1 ,black replies at ,p          
#a1 and the white group is              
dead4    ,black retains the 8,sente40   
,,vii    ,plate #cf 7,c7    ,the        
following stones are on the board3      
,black1 ,b #ag1 ,c #ag1 ,d #af1 ,g #ag2 
,white1 ,b #af1 ,c #ac4                 
,,black                                 
,,white    #a4      ,b #ad4 ,this move  
is really    #b4      ,c #ad4 ,c #ae is 
not so good4          8,go te02 that is 
to say1          ,white is not forced to
          reply to it1 but it is        
very advantageous for          ,black1  
as it effectively          separates    
,white's two          stones4  #c4      

,b #ae4 ,the white stone at ,b          
#af is now hopeless4    ,black has given
 up the 8,sente10 but has gained        
considerable ground4            ,,viii  
,plate #cf 7,d7    ,the following stones
 are on the board3 ,black1 ,c #d1 ,d #d1
 ,e #d1 ,c #g2  ,white1 ,c #c1 ,d #c1 ,e
 #c1 ,f #c4    ,black has the move4     
,,black                                 
,,white    #a4      ,b #c4              
#b4      ,b #b4  #c4      ,b #d4        
,these moves seem obvious1 but the      
importance of ,black's opportunity is   
likely to be underestimated2 ,black     
gains about eleven 8,me0 by this  play4 
,if the opposing lines extend one space 
nearer the edge of the  board1 the      
territory gained by a similar attack is 
not nearly so great4            ,,ix    
,plate #cg 7,a7    ,the following stones
 are on the board3 ,white1 ,m #af1 ,n   
#af1 ,n #ah1 ,o #ag1 ,p  #ah1 ,q #ag1   
#ah2 ,black1 ,n #ae1 ,o #ae1 #af1 ,p    
#af1 #ag1 ,q #af1 ,r #ab1 ,r #ag4       
,white has the move4            ,,white 

,,black    #a4      ,s #ag4             
#b4      ,s #af4  #c4      ,r #ah4      
#d4      ,r #af4  #e4      ,t #ah4      
,white has given up the 8,sente10 but   
these moves make a difference in  his   
favor of about fourteen 8,me40          
,x    ,plate #cg 7,b7    ,the following 
stones are on the board3 ,white1 ,m #c1 
,o #c1 ,p #b1 ,q #c1 ,r #b2  ,black1 ,n 
#d1 ,o #d1 ,q #e1 ,r #c1 ,r #d4         
,white has the move4            ,,white 
,,black    #a4      ,s #b4    ,this move
 is really 8,go te10 but if ,black      
neglects to answer it1 ,white  can then 
jump to ,t #e4 ,this jump is called by a
 special name 8,o zaru10  or the 8big   
monkey10 and would gain about eight     
8,me0 for ,white4            ,,xi       
,plate #cg 7,c7    ,the following stones
 are on the board3 ,white1 ,c #ae1 ,d   
#ae1 ,e #ae1 #af2  ,black1 ,c #af1 ,d   
#af1 ,e #ag1 #ah1 ,f #af1 ,g #ag4       
,white has the move4            ,,white 
,,black    #a4      ,b #af4             
#b4      ,b #ag4  #c4      ,b #ae4      

,white has given up the 8,sente0 and has
 gained somewhat1 but if ,black  now    
neglects to defend and plays elsewhere1 
,white can jump to ,b #ah1 and  gain    
about seventeen 8,me0 altogether4       
,,xii    ,plate #cg 7,d7    ,the        
following stones are on the board3      
,white1 ,b #h1 ,c #g1 #aa1 ,d #e1 #f1   
#g1  ,e #f2 ,black1 ,b #g1 ,c #e1 #f1 ,d
 #c1 #d1 ,e #d1 #e4    ,white has the   
move4            ,,white                
,,black    #a4      ,b #f4              
#b4      ,b #e4  #c4      ,a #g4 ,takes4
    ,white has given up the 8,sente10   
but this method of play gains about     
fourteen 8,me10 as it is now no longer  
necessary to protect the  connection at 
,c #h4            ,we will now insert   
two plates from ,korschelt's book4 ,the 
notes at the  foot of the illustrations 
are his4                  ,,viii        
,,problems      ,after the student has  
become familiar with the rules and the  
methods of  play1 and perhaps has played
 a few games either with another        

beginner  or with a ,japanese master1   
the impression left on the mind is      
likely to  be that the game is too      
vague1 and that there is too wide a     
latitude of  choice of positions where  
stones may be placed4 ,this impression  
might  be corrected by the study of     
illustrative games1 or of 8,joseki0 and 
end  positions1 but such a course is    
rather dry and uninteresting1 and1 in   
the opinion of the author1 by far the   
best way of attaining a correct  idea of
 the game is by means of problems4      
,many of us are familiar with ,chess    
problems1 and ,i think ,chess players   
will agree that they benefit the student
 of ,chess very little1 because  the    
assumed positions are not such as arise 
frequently in actual play4  ,the        
opposite is the case in regard to ,go   
problems4 ,these are for the  most part 
taken from actual games1 and the typical
 problem is a  situation that is quite  
likely to arise in actual play1 and some
 of  them are positions that occur again

 and again4    ,if the student of the   
game will set up these positions from   
the text  and attempt to solve them1    
preferably with the aid and             
encouragement of  some friend1 he will  
find that the task is an interesting    
one1 and he  will be impressed by the   
great accuracy which is necessary in    
attacking  and defending difficult      
positions4    ,with the knowledge       
obtained in this way1 he will be able to
 judge with  far greater skill what to  
do when a position is threatened in     
actual  play4 ,he will be able to       
distinguish whether the danger is real1 
and  whether it is1 therefore1 necessary
 to reply to his adversary's attack1  or
 whether he can afford to ignore it and 
assume the 8,sente0 in some  other part 
of the board4 ,he will also be able to  
perceive when an  adversary's group is  
vulnerable so that it will be profitable
 to attack  it4    ,the collection of   
problems which ,i have given in this    
book are  rearranged from ,korschelt's  

work1 and they were in turn taken by him
  from a ,japanese treatise called 8,go 
,kiyo ,shiyu ,miyo40 ,necessarily the   
collection here given is a very small   
one1 but if any reader of this  book    
becomes so much interested in the game  
that he desires to study  other         
examples1 he will doubtless find some   
,japanese acquaintance who  can supply  
him with further material1 as the       
,japanese literature of the  game       
contains large collections4    ,the most
 important kind of problems are those in
 which the question is  how to kill an  
adversary's group1 or how to save one's 
own group when  threatened4 ,it is also 
often very important to know how a      
connection  between two groups can be   
forced4    ,for greater clearness these 
problems are arranged under seven heads2
 to  wit1    #a4  ,saving ,threatened   
,groups4    #b4  ,killing ,groups4      
#c4  ,playing for 8,ko40        ,the    
advantage gained by this operation is   
not apparent in the group      itself1  

but depends upon which player has the   
larger threatened      group elsewhere4 
#d4  ,reciprocal ,attacks or 8,semeai40 
,this is a combination of the first two 
kinds of problems1 and it      only     
differs from them in that both players  
have comparatively      strong groups   
which are so intertwined that both      
cannot live1 and      the question is1  
which can kill the other first4    #e4  
,connecting ,groups4        ,the problem
 here is to force a connection between a
 small group      having insufficient   
8,me0 and some larger group4    #f4     
8,oi otoshi40        ,this really means 
a 8robber's attack40 ,it arises where a 
group is      apparently engulfed by the
 opponent1 and when1 by adding further  
stones to it which the opponent must    
take1 the threatened player      can    
force his opponent to abandon a part of 
his surrounding chain      in order not 
to sustain greater losses4 ,the attack  
is so sudden and      unexpected that   
the ,japanese compare it to the methods 

of a      highwayman4 ,it is an example 
of the finest play in the game4    #g4  
,cutting4        ,this is another method
 of escape1 and the problem is to cut   
off and      kill part of the           
adversary's surrounding chain4          
,in the following examples the side     
having the first move is given in       
italics4            ,i4 ,,saving        
,,threatened ,,groups    #a4  7,plate   
#dj1 ,a7 ,white1 ,q #ah1 ,r #ah1 ,s #af1
 #ag1 #ah4      ,black1 ,o #ag1 ,p #ah1 
,q #ag1 ,r #ae1 #ag1 ,s #ae4    #b4     
7,plate #dj1 ,b7 ,white1 ,o #c1 ,q #c1  
#d1 ,r #c1 #e1 ,s #e4      ,black1 ,r   
#b1 #d1 ,s #c1 #d4    #c4  7,plate #dj1 
,c7 ,white1 ,a #ad1 ,b #aa1 #ac1 ,c #ac1
 #ad1 #ae1 #ag1 ,d #ag1 #ah1      ,e    
#af1 ,f #ag4      ,black1 ,a #ac1 ,b    
#ad1 #ae1 #ag1 #ah1 ,c #af1 #ah4    #d4 
7,plate #dj1 ,d7 ,white1 ,b #c1 ,c #c1  
,d #b1 ,e #b4      ,black1 ,b #d1 ,c #d1
 ,d #c1 ,e #c1 ,f #b1 ,g #c4    #e4     
,white1 ,b #e1 ,c #d1 ,d #e1 ,e #b1 #c1 
#d1 ,g #b4      ,black1 ,b #c1 #d1 ,d   

#b1 #c1 ,e #a4    #f4  ,white1 ,b #ab1  
#ac1 #ae1 #af1 ,c #ac1 #ae1 ,d #ac1 #ad4
      ,black1 ,a #af1 ,b #aa1 #ag1 ,c   
#aj1 #ab1 #af1 ,d #ab1 #ae1 #af1 ,e #ac1
 #ad4    #g4  ,white1 ,m #af1 #ag1 ,n   
#af1 ,o #ae1 #ag1 ,p #ad1 #ag1 ,q #ah1  
,r #ad1 ,s #ae4      ,black1 ,n #ag1 ,o 
#af1 ,p #af1 ,q #af1 ,r #af1 ,s #af1    
#ah4    #h4  ,white1 ,o #a1 ,p #b1 ,q   
#b1 #c1 ,r #c1 ,s #c1 #d4      ,black1  
,n #b1 ,o #b1 ,p #a1 #c1 #d1 ,q #d1 ,r  
#d1 #f1 ,s #e1 ,t #d4    #i4  ,white1 ,a
 #d1 ,b #e1 #f1 ,c #d1 ,d #e1 ,e #b1 #c1
 #d4      ,black1 ,a #e1 ,b #c1 #d1 ,c  
#c1 ,d #b1 #c4    #aj4 ,white1 ,b #ae1  
#af1 ,c #ag1 #ah1 ,d #ah4      ,black1  
,a #ae1 ,b #ad1 ,c #ad1 #ae1 #af1 ,d    
#ag1 ,e #ag1 #ah4    #aa4 ,white1 ,l    
#ah1 ,m #af1 #ag1 ,n #ad1 #ah1 ,o #ac1  
#ai1 ,p #ah1 ,q #ab1 #ac1 #ag1 #ah1     
,r #ab1 #ad1 #ah1 ,s #ad1 #ag1 #ai4     
,black1 ,n #ag1 ,o #ae1 #ag1 #ah1 ,p    
#ad1 #ag1 ,q #ad1 #ae1 #af1 ,r #ac1 #af1
 #ag1      ,s #ac1 #ah4    #ab4 ,white1 
,q #c1 ,r #b1 #c1 ,s #c4      ,black1 ,p

 #b1 #c1 #e1 ,q #b1 #d1 ,r #e1 #g4      
#ac4 ,white1 ,b #b1 ,c #c1 ,d #a1 #c1 ,e
 #b4      ,black1 ,b #d1 ,c #e1 ,d #d1  
,e #c1 #d1 ,f #a1 #b1 ,g #c4    #ad4    
,white1 ,a #af1 ,b #ae1 ,c #ae1 #af1 ,d 
#ag1 ,e #ag1 ,f #ah1 ,g #ah4            
,black1 ,b #af1 #ag1 ,c #ag1 ,d #ah1 ,e 
#ah1 ,f #ai4    #ae4 ,white1 ,q #ae1 ,r 
#ad1 #ae1 #af1 ,s #ag4      ,black1 ,p  
#ae1 #ag1 ,q #ac1 #ad1 #af1 ,r #aa1 #ab1
 #ag1 #ah4    #af4 ,white1 ,r #c1 #d1   
#e1 ,s #b4      ,black1 ,o #c1 ,p #c1 ,q
 #d1 #f1 ,r #f1 ,s #f1 ,t #c4    #ag4   
,white1 ,b #d1 ,c #c1 #d1 #e1 ,e #d1 ,f 
#b1 #c1 ,h #b4      ,black1 ,b #c1 ,c   
#b1 ,d #c1 ,e #b1 ,f #a4    #ah4 ,white1
 ,c #ac1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 ,e #ad1 #ae1    
#af4      ,black1 ,b #ad1 #ae1 ,c #ab1  
#ad1 ,d #ac1 #ag1 ,e #ab1 #ag1 ,f #ae1  
#af1 ,g #ac4    #ai4 ,white1 ,m #ag1 ,n 
#ah1 ,o #ag1 #ai1 ,p #ae1 #ag1 ,r #ad1  
#af1 ,s #af4      ,black1 ,o #ah1 ,p    
#ah1 ,q #af1 #ag1 ,r #ag1 ,s #ag4       
#bj4 ,white1 ,p #b1 #c1 #f1 ,q #b1 #d1  
,r #b1 #d1 #f1 #g4      ,black1 ,q #c1  

,r #a1 #c1 #i1 ,s #b1 #d1 #e4    #ba4   
,white1 ,b #ac1 #ad1 #af1 ,c #ac1 ,d    
#ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #ah1 ,e #af1 #ag4        
,black1 ,b #ae1 ,c #ad1 #ae1 #ag1 #ah1  
,d #af4    #bb4 ,white1 ,c #g1 ,d #c1   
#e1 #f1 ,e #b1 #c1 #g1 ,f #e4           
,black1 ,c #b1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #i1 #aj1 ,d  
#b1 ,e #h1 ,f #b1 #h1 ,g #c1 #e1 #f1 ,j 
#c4    #bc4 ,white1 ,o #b1 #c1 #d1 #f1  
,q #d1 ,r #d1 #f1 ,s #e1 ,t #d4         
,black1 ,p #b1 #c1 ,r #c1 ,s #c1 #d4    
#bd4 ,white1 ,q #ag1 ,r #af1 #ag1 ,s    
#ah4      ,black1 ,n #ag1 ,o #ag1 ,p    
#af1 ,q #af1 ,r #ae1 ,s #af1 #ag4       
,,ii4 ,,killing ,,groups    #a4  7,plate
 #da1 ,a7 ,white1 ,o #ag1 ,p #ah1 ,q    
#ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 ,r #ac1 ,s #ac1     
#ad1 #ae4      ,black1 ,q #ah1 ,r #ad1  
#ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 ,s #af1 ,t #ae4     
#b4  7,plate #da1 ,b7 ,white1 ,p #e1 ,q 
#c1 ,r #b1 #e1 ,s #e1 #f4      ,black1  
,o #b1 ,p #c1 #d1 #f1 ,q #b1 #e1 ,r #f1 
#g1 ,s #h4    #c4  7,plate #da1 ,c7     
,white1 ,b #ae1 #ah1 ,c #af1 #ag4       
,black1 ,b #ad1 ,c #ad1 ,d #ae1 #af1    

#ag1 #ah4    #d4  7,plate #da1 ,d7      
,white1 ,b #d1 ,c #c1 #d1 ,e #a1 #c1 ,f 
#b1 #d1 ,g #b4      ,black1 ,a #c1 ,b   
#b1 #c1 ,c #b1 ,d #b1 ,e #b1 ,f #a4     
#e4  ,white1 ,b #d1 ,c #d1 ,d #c1 ,e #c1
 ,f #b1 ,g #c4      ,black1 ,a #c1 ,b   
#c1 ,c #b1 ,d #b1 ,e #b4    #f4  ,white1
 ,b #af1 ,c #aj1 ,d #ac1 #ae1 #af1 #ag4 
,black1 ,b #ad1 ,c #ab1 #ae1 ,d #ah1 ,e 
#ab1 ,f #ad1 #ae1 #ag1 ,g #ag4    #g4   
,white1 ,p #ag1 #ah1 ,q #ae1 #af1 ,r    
#ac1 #ae4      ,black1 ,q #ag1 #ah1 ,r  
#af1 ,s #af4    #h4  ,white1 ,q #a1 ,r  
#b1 #c1 #e1 ,s #e4      ,black1 ,o #b1  
,q #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 ,r #g1 ,s #g4    
#i4  ,white1 ,b #e1 ,c #e1 #h1 ,d #e1 ,e
 #b1 #d1 ,f #b1 #c1 #d4      ,black1 ,b 
#d1 ,c #d1 ,d #b1 #c1 ,e #c4    #aj4    
,white1 ,b #ae1 ,c #ae1 #ag1 #ah4       
,black1 ,b #ad1 ,c #ab1 #ad1 ,d #ae1    
#af1 #ag1 ,f #ag4    #aa4 ,white1 ,m    
#af1 ,o #ae1 #af1 #ah1 ,p #ah1 ,q #ad1  
,r #ab1 #ae1 #ah1 ,s #af4      ,black1  
,l #af1 ,p #af1 #ag1 ,q #af1 #ah1 ,s    
#ag1 #ah4    #ab4 ,white1 ,q #b1 ,r #b1 

,s #c1 #d1 #e4      ,black1 ,p #b1 #c1  
,q #c1 ,r #d1 #e1 #g1 ,s #f4    #ac4    
,white1 ,b #d1 ,c #d1 #f1 ,d #d1 ,e #c1 
,f #c1 ,g #b1 ,h #c4      ,black1 ,b #c1
 ,c #c1 ,d #c1 ,e #b1 ,f #b4    #ad4    
,white1 ,c #ag1 #ah1 ,e #af1 #ag1 ,f    
#ae1 ,g #af1 ,h #af1 #ag1 ,k #af4       
,black1 ,b #ag1 #ah1 ,c #af1 ,d #ad1    
#af1 #ag1 ,e #ac1 #ae1 ,g #ad1 #ae1 #ag1
 ,j #ad1      #ae1 ,k #ag1 ,l #af4      
#ae4 ,white1 ,n #ag1 ,p #af1 #ag1 #ah1  
,q #ae1 ,r #ac1 #ae1 ,s #ad4            
,black1 ,q #af1 #ag1 #ah1 ,r #af1 ,s    
#ae4    #af4 ,white1 ,p #b1 ,q #b1 ,r   
#c4      ,black1 ,n #c1 ,o #c1 ,q #c1   
#d1 ,r #e4    #ag4 ,white1 ,b #af1 #ag1 
,c #ag1 ,d #ah1 #ai4      ,black1 ,c    
#ab1 #ad1 #af1 ,d #af1 #ag1 ,e #ah1 ,f  
#ag4    #ah4 ,white1 ,h #c1 ,k #c1 #d1  
,m #c1 ,n #d1 ,o #b1 ,p #c1 #d1 ,q #f1  
,r #e1 ,s #a1 #d4      ,black1 ,p #a1   
#b1 ,q #c1 ,r #b1 #c1 ,s #c4    #ai4    
,white1 ,m #ag1 ,o #af1 #ag1 ,p #ae1 ,r 
#ac1 #ae1 ,s #ae1 #af4      ,black1 ,p  
#af1 ,q #af1 #ah1 ,r #af1 ,s #ag4       

,,iii4 ,,playing ,,for 8,,ko0    #a4    
7,plate #db1 ,a7 ,white1 ,o #af1 ,p #ag1
 #ah1 ,q #af1 ,r #ad1 #af1 ,s #ae4      
,black1 ,q #ag1 #ah1 ,r #ag1 ,s #af4    
#b4  7,plate #db1 ,b7 ,white1 ,o #d1 #e1
 ,p #b1 #c1 #f1 ,r #b1 #f1 #g1 ,s #c1   
#e4      ,black1 ,l #c1 ,n #c1 ,o #c1 ,p
 #d1 ,q #d1 ,r #d1 #i1 ,s #d1 #g1 ,t #d4
    #c4  7,plate #db1 ,c7 ,white1 ,b    
#af1 #ag1 ,c #ah4      ,black1 ,c #ac1  
#ae1 #af1 #ag1 ,d #ah1 ,e #ag4    #d4   
7,plate #db1 ,d7 ,white1 ,b #d1 ,c #d1  
,d #d1 ,e #c1 #d1 ,f #b1 ,g #d4         
,black1 ,c #b1 #c1 ,d #c1 ,e #b4    #e4 
,white1 ,b #d1 ,c #d1 ,d #c1 ,e #c1 ,f  
#b1 #c4      ,black1 ,b #c1 ,c #a1 #c1  
,d #b1 ,e #b4    #f4  ,white1 ,c #ae1   
#af1 #ag1 ,d #ah4      ,black1 ,b #ad1  
,c #ab1 #ad1 ,d #ae1 #af1 #ag1 ,e #ah1  
,f #ag4    #g4  ,white1 ,p #ag1 #ah1 ,q 
#ag1 ,r #ae1 #af1 ,s #ae4      ,black1  
,q #ah1 ,r #ag1 #ai1 ,s #af1 #ag4    #h4
  ,white1 ,q #c1 ,r #c1 ,s #d4          
,black1 ,o #c1 ,p #c1 ,q #d1 ,r #d1 #f1 
,s #e4    #i4  ,white1 ,b #e1 ,c #d1 #e1

 ,e #d1 ,f #d1 ,h #b1 #d1 #e1 ,j #c4    
,black1 ,b #c1 #d1 ,d #c1 ,e #c1 ,f #c1 
,g #c4    #aj4 ,white1 ,b #ae1 #af1 ,c  
#ag1 #ah1 ,d #ai4      ,black1 ,b #ad1  
#ah1 ,c #ad1 #ae1 ,d #af1 #ah1 ,e #ah1  
,f #af4    #aa4 ,white1 ,n #ag1 ,o #ah1 
,p #af1 #ag1 ,q #af1 ,r #af1 ,s #af4    
,black1 ,p #ah1 ,q #ag1 ,r #ag1 ,s #ag4 
#ab4 ,white1 ,p #b1 ,q #b1 ,r #c1 #d1 ,s
 #b4      ,black1 ,m #c1 ,o #c1 ,p #c1  
,q #e1 ,r #e1 ,s #c1 #d1 ,t #b4    #ac4 
,white1 ,a #b1 ,b #c1 #d1 ,c #e1 ,d #d1 
#e1 ,f #d1 ,g #b1 #c4      ,black1 ,b   
#b1 ,c #c1 #d1 ,d #c1 ,e #c1 ,f #b4     
#ad4 ,white1 ,c #ae1 #af1 #ag1 ,d #af4  
,black1 ,c #ad1 ,d #ad1 #ae1 #ag1 #ah1  
,e #af1 ,f #ag4    #ae4 ,white1 ,n #ag1 
,o #ah1 ,p #af1 #ag1 ,q #ae1 ,r #ae1 ,s 
#af4      ,black1 ,p #ah1 ,q #af1 #ag1  
,s #ag4    #af4 ,white1 ,r #b1 #d1 ,s   
#c4      ,black1 ,o #c1 ,p #d1 ,q #b1   
#d1 ,r #e1 #f1 ,s #d4            ,,iv4  
,,reciprocal ,,attacks 78,,semeai07     
#a4  7,plate #dc1 ,a7 ,white1 ,n #ag1 ,p
 #ag1 ,q #ag1 ,r #ag1 ,s #ah4           

,black1 ,q #ah1 ,r #ad1 #af1 #ah1 ,s    
#af1 #ag4    #b4  7,plate #dc1 ,b7      
,white1 ,o #c1 ,p #b1 ,q #b1 ,r #c1 ,s  
#c1 #e4      ,black1 ,q #c1 #d1 ,r #b1  
#f1 ,s #b1 #g4    #c4  7,plate #dc1 ,c7 
,white1 ,b #ae1 #af1 ,c #ae1 #ag1 #ah1  
,d #ag1 ,e #ah4      ,black1 ,b #ag1 ,c 
#af1 ,d #af1 #ah1 ,e #af1 #ag1 ,f #ah4  
#d4  7,plate #dc1 ,d7 ,white1 ,b #b1 #c1
 #d1 ,c #e1 ,d #c1 #d1 #f1 ,f #c1 ,g #b1
 #c4      ,black1 ,b #e1 #f1 ,c #b1 #c1 
#d1 #g1 ,d #b1 ,e #b1 ,f #b4    #e4     
,white1 ,b #c1 ,c #b1 #c1 #d1 ,d #d1 ,e 
#c1 ,f #c1 ,g #b1 #c4      ,black1 ,a   
#c1 #e1 ,b #d1 #f1 ,c #e1 ,d #b1 #c1 #e1
 ,e #b1 #d1 #e1 ,f #b4    #f4  ,white1  
,b #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ai1 ,c #ae1 #ag1 #ah1
 ,d #ah1 ,e #ag1 ,f #ag4      ,black1 ,b
 #ac1 #ag1 #ah1 ,c #ac1 #ad1 #af1 ,d    
#ae1 #af1 #ag1 ,e #ad4    #g4  ,white1  
,n #ag1 ,o #ag1 ,q #af1 #ag1 ,r #ah1 ,s 
#ah4      ,black1 ,p #ah1 ,q #ae1 #ah1  
,r #ae1 #ag1 ,s #ag4    #h4  ,white1 ,p 
#b1 #d1 ,q #b1 #f1 ,r #c1 #g1 ,s #c1 #f4
      ,black1 ,n #c1 ,o #b1 #c1 ,p #c1  

,q #c1 ,r #d1 #e1 ,s #d4    #i4  ,white1
 ,a #d1 ,b #e1 ,c #e1 #g1 ,d #b1 #c1 #e1
 ,e #c1 #d4      ,black1 ,b #c1 #d1 ,c  
#b1 #d1 ,d #d1 #f1 ,e #e1 #f1 ,f #b1 #d1
 ,g #c4    #aj4 ,white1 ,b #ac1 #ad1    
#ae1 ,c #ae1 #ah1 ,d #af1 #ag1 #ah4     
,black1 ,b #ab1 #af1 ,c #ab1 #ac1 #ad1  
#af1 #ag1 ,d #ae1 ,e #ae4    #aa4       
,white1 ,o #b1 #d1 ,p #b1 #d1 ,q #b1 #c1
 #e1 ,r #e1 #g1 ,s #d4      ,black1 ,m  
#c1 ,n #b1 #c1 ,o #c1 ,p #c1 ,q #d1 ,r  
#c1 #d4    #ab4 ,white1 ,q #aa1 #ab1    
#ac1 ,r #aa1 #ad1 #ae1 ,s #af1 ,t #ad4  
,black1 ,q #ad1 #ae1 ,r #ab1 #ac1 #af1  
#ag1 #ah1 ,s #aa1 #ac4            ,v4   
,,connecting ,,groups    #a4  7,plate   
#dd1 ,a7 ,white1 ,k #ad1 #af1 #ah1 ,l   
#ah1 ,m #ac1 ,n #ac1 #ae1 ,o #af1       
,p #ad1 #ag4      ,black1 ,m #af1 #ah1  
,n #ad1 #ag1 ,q #ad1 #ae1 #af1 ,r #ag4  
#b4  7,plate #dd1 ,b7 ,white1 ,n #e1 ,o 
#d1 #f1 ,p #d1 ,q #c1 #h1 ,r #c1 #h1 ,s 
#c1 #d1 #g1      #i4      ,black1 ,n #f1
 ,p #e1 #f1 #h1 #i1 ,r #d1 #f1 #g1 #aj1 
#aa1 ,s #e4    #c4  7,plate #dd1 ,c7    

,white1 ,c #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ah1 ,d  
#ad1 #ag1 ,e #ah1 ,g #ag4      ,black1  
,b #aj1 ,c #i1 #af1 #ag1 ,d #aj1 #ac1   
#ae1 ,e #aa1 #ad1 ,f #ac1 #af4    #d4   
7,plate #dd1 ,d7 ,white1 ,c #b1 #c1 #e1 
#f1 ,e #g1 ,g #c1 #e1 ,h #c1 #e4        
,black1 ,d #c1 #e1 ,e #e1 ,f #c1 #f1 ,g 
#f1 ,j #d1 #g1 ,k #c1 #f4    #e4        
,white1 ,a #b1 ,b #b1 #e1 ,c #f1 ,d #c1 
,e #e1 #g1 ,f #e1 ,g #b1 #c4            
,black1 ,c #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 ,d #d1 ,g #e1
 ,h #b1 #c1 #d4    #f4  ,white1 ,b #ac1 
#ag1 ,c #ac1 #ag1 ,d #ac1 #af1 #ag1 ,e  
#ag1 ,f #ag4      ,black1 ,b #ae1 ,c    
#aj1 #ad1 #af1 ,d #aa1 ,e #ad1 #af1 ,f  
#ab1 #ad4    #g4  ,white1 ,m #b1 #c1 ,p 
#b1 #c1 ,r #b1 #c1 #d1 ,s #e1 #f4       
,black1 ,n #d1 ,p #d1 ,q #b1 #c1 #d1 #f1
 ,r #e1 ,s #b1 #c4    #h4  ,white1 ,m   
#ac1 #ae1 ,n #aa1 ,o #aj1 #ae1 ,p #ac1  
,q #i1 #ad1 ,r #aj1 #ae1 ,s #ab1 #af4   
,black1 ,o #ab1 #ag1 ,p #ab1 ,q #af1 ,r 
#aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ag1 ,s #ac1 #ag4    #i4 
,white1 ,b #b1 #c1 ,c #b1 #d1 ,d #f1 ,f 
#d1 #g1 ,g #c1 #e1 ,h #c1 #e1 ,j #f1 ,k 

#e1 ,l #d4      ,black1 ,c #c1 ,d #b1   
#c1 ,e #c1 #e1 ,f #c1 ,g #d1 ,j #d1 #e1 
,k #d1 ,l #c1 ,m #c4    #aj4 ,white1 ,c 
#ab1 #ag1 ,d #i1 #ad1 #ah1 ,e #aj1 #ab1 
#ac1 #ag1 ,f #ag1 ,g #ae1 ,h #ab1       
#ad4      ,black1 ,c #h1 #i1 #ad1 #ae1  
#af1 ,d #aj1 ,e #ae1 #af1 ,f #ac1 #ad4  
#aa4 ,white1 ,h #ag1 ,j #ag1 ,k #ag1 ,n 
#ae1 ,o #ae1 #ag1 ,p #ag4      ,black1  
,j #af1 ,k #ad1 #af1 ,m #ad1 #af1 ,n    
#af1 ,o #ac1 ,q #ad1 #ag1 ,r #af4       
#ab4 ,white1 ,q #h1 #i1 ,r #c1 #d1 #e1  
#aj1 #aa1 #ab1 ,s #b4      ,black1 ,p   
#c1 #e1 #g1 #h1 #i1 ,q #b1 #e1 #aj1 ,r  
#b1 #g1 ,s #a4            ,,vi4 8,,oi   
,,otoshi0    #a4  7,plate #de1 ,a7      
,white1 ,p #ah1 ,q #ae1 #af1 #ag1 ,r    
#ag1 #ah1 ,s #ag4      ,black1 ,o #ag1  
#ah1 ,p #ad1 #af1 ,q #ad1 ,r #ad1 #af1  
,s #af1 #ah1 ,t #ag4    #b4  7,plate    
#de1 ,b7 ,white1 ,n #e1 ,o #d1 ,p #c1   
#d1 #f1 ,q #b1 ,r #b1 #g1 ,s #c1 #d1 #f1
      ,t #e4      ,black1 ,m #d1 ,n #b1 
#d1 ,o #c1 ,p #a1 #b1 ,q #c1 #e1 ,r #c1 
#e1 ,s #e4    #c4  7,plate #de1 ,c7     

,white1 ,a #af1 ,b #ac1 #ae1 #ag1 #ah1  
,c #ad1 #ai1 ,d #af1 #ag1      #ah1 ,e  
#ac1 #af1 ,f #af1 ,g #ad1 #ae4          
,black1 ,b #af1 ,c #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1  
,d #ae1 ,e #ae1 ,f #ae1 #ag1 ,g #af1    
#ag4    #d4  7,plate #de1 ,d7 ,white1 ,b
 #c1 ,c #a1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 ,d #b1 ,e   
#c1 ,f #b4      ,black1 ,a #c1 ,b #b1   
#d1 #e1 #f1 ,c #b1 #g1 ,d #g1 ,e #d1 #f1
 ,f #d1 ,g #b1 #c4    #e4  ,white1 ,a   
#c1 ,b #d1 ,c #d1 ,d #c1 #d1 ,f #b1 #c1 
#d4      ,black1 ,b #c1 ,c #c1 #e1 #f1  
,d #b1 ,e #b1 #f1 ,f #a1 ,g #b1 #d1 #e1 
,h #c4    #f4  ,white1 ,a #ah1 ,b #ae1  
#ag1 ,c #ad1 #ah1 ,d #ad1 #ai1 ,e #ad1  
#ah1 ,f #ae1 #ah1      ,g #ai1 ,h #af1  
#ag1 #ah4      ,black1 ,a #af1 ,b #af1  
#ah1 ,c #af1 ,d #ae1 #ag1 #ah1 ,e #ag1  
,f #ag1 ,g #ag1 #ah4    #g4  ,white1 ,p 
#e1 #f1 ,q #c1 #d1 #i1 ,r #c1 #i1 ,s #d1
 #e1 #g1 #h1 ,t #f4      ,black1 ,n #d1 
,p #b1 #c1 #d1 ,q #e1 ,r #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1
 #h1 ,s #f4    #h4  ,white1 ,q #af1 #ag1
 #ah1 ,r #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ah1 ,s    
#af4      ,black1 ,o #ag1 ,p #ab1 #ae1  

#ah1 ,q #ac1 #ae1 ,r #ab1 #ag1 ,s #ac1  
#ad1 #ae1 #ag1      #ah1 ,t #af4    #i4 
,white1 ,a #c1 #d1 ,b #d1 #f1 ,c #b1 #c1
 #e1 ,d #a1 #c1 ,e #c1 ,f #c1 ,g #c1 ,h 
#c1      ,j #b1 #c4      ,black1 ,b #a1 
#b1 #c1 ,c #a1 #d1 ,d #b1 #d1 ,e #b1 #d1
 ,f #b1 #e1 ,g #b1 ,h #b1 #e1      ,j   
#a1 ,k #b1 #c1 #d4    #aj4 ,white1 ,a   
#i1 #ab1 ,b #h1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #af1
 #ag1 ,c #h1 #ae1 ,d #i1 #ae1      ,e   
#aa1 #ac1 #ad4      ,black1 ,a #ah1 ,b  
#i1 #ab1 #ah1 ,c #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1
 #ad1 #ag1 ,d #ad1 #ag1      ,e #ae1    
#af4    #aa4 ,white1 ,h #ag1 ,j #ae1    
#ah1 ,l #ad1 #ae1 ,m #ad1 ,n #ae1 #af1  
#ag1 ,o #ag1 #ah1      ,p #ag1 ,q #ag4  
,black1 ,k #ag1 ,l #af1 ,m #ae1 #af1    
#ah1 ,n #ad1 #ah1 ,o #ad1 #ai1 ,p #ah1  
,q #ae1      #ah1 ,r #af1 #ag4    #ab4  
,white1 ,o #d1 #f1 ,p #b1 #c1 #h1 ,q #i1
 ,r #d1 #e1 #f1 #i1 ,s #c1 #d1 #g1 #i1  
,t #g1 #h4      ,black1 ,q #c1 #d1 #e1  
#f1 #g1 ,r #c1 #g1 #h1 ,s #b1 #f1 #h1 ,t
 #b4            ,,vii4 ,,cutting    #a4 
7,plate #df1 ,a7 ,white1 ,c #ae1 ,d #ag1

 #ah1 ,e #ae1 #ag1 ,g #ah1 ,h #ah1 ,j   
#ac1      ,k #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1   
#ah4      ,black1 ,e #ah1 ,f #ab1 #ag1  
#ah1 ,g #ac1 #ae1 #ag1 ,h #ab1 ,j #aa1  
#ad1 ,l #ab1 #af1      #ah1 ,m #ad1 #af1
 ,n #ah4    #b4  7,plate #df1 ,b7       
,white1 ,j #c1 ,k #e1 #f1 ,l #c1 #d1 #g1
 ,p #c1 #e1 #g1 ,q #b1 #c1 #i1      ,r  
#f4      ,black1 ,l #e1 #h1 ,m #c1 #h1  
,n #c1 #e1 #g1 ,o #c1 #h1 ,p #b4    #c4 
,white1 ,c #ae1 ,d #ah1 ,e #ac1 #ae1    
#af1 #ag1 ,h #ah1 ,j #ab1 #ae1 #ag1 ,k  
#ac1 #ad1      #ae1 #ag4      ,black1 ,e
 #ah1 ,f #ab1 #ac1 #ag1 #ah1 ,g #ae1    
#ag1 ,h #ab1 #ac1 ,j #aa1 #ad1 ,l #ab1  
#af1 #ag1 ,m #ad4    #d4  ,white1 ,h #e1
 #g1 #i1 #aj1 ,j #c1 ,k #c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 
,l #b1 #c1 ,m #b1 #i1 ,o #d1 #f1        
#g1 #h1 ,q #c1 ,r #c4      ,black1 ,g   
#e1 #f1 #g1 #i1 ,h #c1 #d1 #h1 ,j #b1 ,m
 #c1 #e1 #g1 ,n #b1 #c1 #e1 #g1 ,p #b1  
,q #b4            ,,solutions ,,to      
,,problems    ,i4 ,,saving ,,threatened 
,,groups    #a4  ,t #ai4    #b4  ,t #b1 
,s #a1 ,t #d1 ,q #b1 ,r #a4    #c4  ,a  

#ah1 ,a #af1 ,b #af4    #d4  ,b #b1 ,c  
#a1 ,b #a1 ,d #a1 ,c #b4    #e4  ,a #b1 
,b #a1 ,a #d or ,a #b1 ,a #d1 ,b #a4    
#f4  ,c #ag1 ,c #ah1 ,d #ag1 ,e #ag1 ,b 
#ah1 ,d #ah1 ,a #ah1 ,b #ai1 ,a #ab1 ,a 
#ad1 ,b #ad4    #g4  ,o #ah1 ,n #ah1 ,q 
#ag1 ,r #ah1 ,p #ah1 ,n #ag1 ,r #ag1 ,o 
#ai1 ,r #ai1 ,p #ai1 ,t #ag      or ,o  
#ah1 ,p #ah1 ,r #ah1 or ,o #ah1 ,r #ah1 
,p #ah4    #h4  ,s #b1 ,r #a1 ,s #a4    
#i4  ,b #a1 ,a #b1 ,b #b4    #aj4 ,a    
#ag1 ,b #ai1 ,b #ah1 ,a #ad1 ,c #ai1 ,a 
#af1 ,a #ai1 ,b #ag1 ,b #af4    #aa4 ,t 
#af1 ,t #ah1 ,t #ad or ,t #af1 ,s #ab1  
,t #ah4    #ab4 ,s #e1 ,s #f1 ,t #e4    
#ac4 ,c #a4    #ad4 ,b #ai4    #ae4 ,s  
#ah1 ,s #ai1 ,s #ac1 ,t #ah1 ,s #ae1 ,t 
#ag1 ,t #ad or ,s #ah1 ,s #ac1 ,t #af4  
#af4 ,s #e1 ,t #e1 ,t #d1 ,s #d1 ,t #b1 
,t #f1 ,q #b1 or ,s #e1 ,t #e1 ,t #d1 ,s
 #d1 ,t #b1 ,q #b1      ,s #c1 ,t #d1 ,t
 #f1 ,t #d1 ,t #e1 ,s #a1 ,s #h4    #ag4
 ,a #c1 ,b #a1 ,b #b1 ,e #c1 ,a #a1 ,a  
#b1 ,c #a4    #ah4 ,f #ag1 ,g #ag1 ,f   
#ah1 ,g #ah1 ,d #ah1 ,e #ah1 ,d #ai1 ,e 

#ai1 ,d #af1 ,f #ai1 ,b #ai1 ,a         
#ah1 ,b #ah1 ,a #ag1 ,d #ad1 ,c #ah1 ,b 
#ag1 ,c #ai1 ,b #af1 or ,f #ag1 ,g #ag1 
,f #ah1      ,g #ah1 ,d #ah1 ,e #ah1 ,d 
#ai1 ,e #ai1 ,d #af1 ,f #ai1 ,b #ai1 ,c 
#ah1 ,b #ah4    #ai4 ,q #ae1 ,q #ad1 ,r 
#ae1 ,s #ae1 ,t #af1 ,s #ad1 ,q #ai1 ,t 
#ag1 ,s #ah1 ,n #ai1 ,r #ai4    #bj4 ,t 
#c1 ,s #f1 ,t #e1 ,s #c1 ,r #c4    #ba4 
,a #af1 ,a #ag1 ,a #ae1 ,b #ah1 ,b #ai1 
,b #ag1 ,a #ah1 ,a #ai1 ,c #ai4    #bb4 
,c #c1 ,b #c1 ,b #b1 ,b #a1 ,a #b1 ,a   
#c1 ,b #f1 ,b #e1 ,a #e1 ,a #a1 ,d #d1  
,b #d1 ,b #h1      ,e #a1 ,b #i4    #bc4
 ,s #a1 ,t #b1 ,t #c1 ,p #a1 ,q #a1 ,q  
#b1 ,q #c1 ,r #a1 ,r #b4    #bd4 ,t #ag1
 ,s #ae1 ,r #ai4        ,,ii4 ,,killing 
,,groups    #a4  ,q #ai1 ,s #ah1 ,t #ag1
 ,t #af1 ,r #ai1 ,s #ai1 ,t #ah1 ,p #ai1
 ,q #ai4    #b4  ,s #b1 ,q #d1 ,o #e1 ,r
 #c1 ,r #a1 ,s #a1 ,t #a1 ,s #c1 ,t #d1 
,t #c1 ,s #d1 or ,s #b1 ,r #a1      ,r  
#d1 ,r #c1 ,q #d1 ,s #d1 ,s #c4    #c4  
,b #ai1 ,c #ai1 ,c #ah1 ,a #ai1 ,a #ag4 
#d4  ,a #a1 ,d #a1 ,b #a4    #e4  ,b #a1

 ,b #b1 ,a #a1 ,e #a1 ,c #a4    #f4  ,c 
#ad1 ,e #ah1 ,c #ah1 ,e #ag1 ,b #ag1 ,c 
#af1 ,a #ag1 ,a #af1 ,b #ai or ,c #ad1  
,c #ah1      ,e #ah1 ,b #ah1 ,c #af1 ,c 
#ag1 ,a #af1 ,a #ae1 ,a #ag1 ,b #ae1 ,c 
#ai1 ,b #ai1 ,a #ah or      ,c #ad1 ,c  
#ah1 ,e #ah1 ,c #af1 ,b #ai1 ,c #ai1 ,b 
#ah1 ,b #ae1 ,a #ae4    #g4  ,s #ah1 ,r 
#ah1 ,s #ai1 ,r #ai1 ,s #ag1 ,r #ag1 ,s 
#ae4    #h4  ,t #e1 ,t #d1 ,r #d1 ,s #d1
 ,s #b1 ,s #c1 ,t #b4    #i4  ,b #b1 ,a 
#b1 ,c #b1 ,d #a1 ,a #d1 ,a #c1 ,a #e1  
,b #c1 ,b #a1 ,d #d1 ,c #a or ,b #b1 ,b 
#c1      ,c #b1 ,d #a1 ,a #b1 ,b #a1 ,a 
#d1 ,a #c1 ,d #d4    #aj4 ,a #ae1 ,a    
#ag1 ,d #ah1 ,c #af1 ,a #af1 ,b #af1 ,b 
#ah or ,a #ae1 ,b #af1 ,d #ah4    #aa4  
,r #ai1 ,p #ad1 ,o #ac1 ,o #ag1 ,n #ah1 
,r #ag1 ,p #ai4    #ab4 ,t #b1 ,t #e1 ,t
 #c1 ,q #a1 ,s #b1 ,r #c1 ,s #a1 or ,t  
#b1 ,t #e1 ,t #c1 ,s #b1 ,q #a1 ,r #a1  
,t #a4    #ac4 ,f #a1 ,d #a1 ,a #c1 ,a  
#b1 ,b #a1 ,c #a1 ,g #a1 ,b #b1 ,d #b1  
,c #b1 ,e #a4    #ad4 ,l #ah1 ,g #ah1 ,h
 #ai1 ,d #ah1 ,e #ai or ,l #ah1 ,d #ah1 

,f #ah1 ,g #ah1 ,f #ag1 ,e #ah1      ,h 
#ah4    #ae4 ,s #ag1 ,s #af1 ,s #ai1 ,r 
#ah1 ,s #ah1 ,t #ah1 ,t #ag1 ,t #af1 ,q 
#ai1 ,r #ai1 ,p #ai4    #af4 ,s #c1 ,s  
#b1 ,s #d1 ,t #b1 ,o #b1 ,p #a1 ,r #a1  
,r #b1 ,s #a4    #ag4 ,b #ai1 ,b #ah1 ,e
 #ai1 ,c #ah1 ,b #ae4    #ah4 ,r #a1 ,n 
#b1 ,o #c1 ,o #a1 ,m #a1 ,m #b1 ,q #a1  
,l #b1 ,n #a1 ,l #a1 ,n #a1 ,m #a1 ,t   
#c1      ,t #b1 ,t #d4    #ai4 ,s #ah1  
,t #ag1 ,r #ag1 ,r #ah1 ,t #ah1 ,q #ag1 
,t #af1 ,r #ag1 ,p #ah4        ,,iii4   
,,playing ,,for 8,,ko0    #a4  ,s #ah1  
,t #af1 ,t #ag4    #b4  ,p #a1 ,o #b1 ,t
 #b1 ,t #c1 ,q #b1 ,q #c1 ,r #c1 ,s #b1 
,r #a1 ,t #a1 ,n #b or ,p #a1 ,q #a1    
,q #c1 ,q #b1 ,s #b1 ,t #b1 ,s #a1 ,r   
#c1 ,o #b or ,p #a1 ,s #b1 ,o #b1 ,q #a1
 ,s #f1 ,s #h1      ,r #e1 ,r #h1 ,q #c1
 ,q #b1 ,t #c1 ,t #b1 ,s #a4    #c4  ,a 
#ah1 ,c #ai1 ,b #ai4    #d4  ,d #a1 ,b  
#b1 ,b #c1 ,a #c1 ,a #b1 ,a #a1 ,b #a4  
#e4  ,a #b1 ,b #b1 ,a #c1 ,e #a1 ,b #a4 
#f4  ,b #ah1 ,d #ai1 ,c #ai4    #g4  ,t 
#ah1 ,s #ah1 ,p #ai1 ,t #ai1 ,q #ai4    

#h4  ,s #b1 ,t #d1 ,t #c4    #i4  ,c #c1
 ,c #b1 ,b #a1 ,a #b1 ,e #a1 ,f #a1 ,f  
#b1 ,e #b1 ,g #a1 ,a #d1 ,c #a1 ,d #a4  
#aj4 ,a #ah1 ,a #ag1 ,b #ai4    #aa4 ,p 
#ai1 ,t #ag1 ,t #ah1 ,s #ai1 ,r #ai1 ,r 
#ah1 ,q #ah or ,p #ai1 ,r #ai1 ,s #ai1  
,s #ah1      ,t #ai or ,p #ai1 ,s #ah1  
,t #ah1 ,r #ah1 ,q #ah1 ,r #ai1 ,s #ai4 
#ab4 ,r #a1 ,s #c1 ,t #a4    #ac4 ,c #a1
 ,d #b1 ,a #a4    #ad4 ,b #ad1 ,b #ac1  
,b #ah1 ,a #ad1 ,a #ag1 ,c #ah1 ,a #ae1 
,b #ae1 ,b #af4    #ae4 ,r #ah1 ,r #af1 
,s #ai1 ,t #ah1 ,t #ag1 ,p #ai1 ,q #ai4 
#af4 ,q #c1 ,p #b1 ,s #e4        ,,iv4  
,,reciprocal ,,attacks 78,,semeai07     
#a4  ,s #ai4    #b4  ,s #d1 ,r #d1 ,r   
#e1 ,t #d1 ,t #b1 ,t #c1 ,t #f4    #c4  
,b #ah1 ,d #ai1 ,b #ai1 ,c #ai1 ,f #ai4 
#d4  ,b #a4    #e4  ,b #a1 ,a #b1 ,f #a4
    #f4  ,a #ah4    #g4  ,t #ah1 ,r #ai1
 ,r #af1 ,s #af1 ,s #ae1 ,s #ad1 ,p #ag4
    #h4  ,s #b1 ,r #b1 ,t #c4    #i4  ,b
 #b1 ,a #b1 ,b #a1 ,c #a1 ,c #c1 ,a #a1 
,b #b1 ,b #a1 ,b #e4    #aj4 ,a #af1 ,a 
#ag1 ,b #ah4    #aa4 ,s #b1 ,s #c1 ,r   

#b1 ,t #b1 ,s #a4    #ab4 ,t #ab1 ,t    
#aa1 ,s #aj4        ,v4 ,,connecting    
,,groups    #a4  ,o #ae1 ,n #af1 ,m #ae1
 ,o #ad1 ,o #ag or ,o #ae1 ,p #ae1 ,p   
#ah1 ,q #ah1 ,p #af1 ,o #ag1      ,o    
#ah1 ,q #ag1 ,o #ad4    #b4  ,t #e1 ,t  
#f1 ,s #f1 ,t #d1 ,q #e1 ,q #f1 ,p #g1  
,o #g1 ,o #e1 ,q #g1 ,r #e1 ,q #d1 ,r   
#e1      ,q #e1 ,t #c4    #c4  ,e #ae1  
,e #af1 ,b #ag1 ,b #af1 ,d #af1 ,c #ae1 
,a #af4    #d4  ,f #e1 ,e #f1 ,e #b1 ,f 
#b1 ,e #d1 ,d #d1 ,e #c1 ,d #b1 ,d #a4  
#e4  ,f #d1 ,e #d1 ,f #c1 ,e #c1 ,f #b4 
#f4  ,a #ae1 ,a #af1 ,b #af1 ,a #ad1 ,c 
#ae4    #g4  ,q #a1 ,s #d1 ,r #a1 ,o #c1
 ,n #a1 ,o #b1 ,o #a4    #h4  ,s #ae1 ,t
 #ae1 ,s #ad1 ,r #af1 ,q #ae1 ,r #ad1 ,p
 #ad4    #i4  ,j #b1 ,h #b1 ,h #a1 ,j   
#c1 ,k #c1 ,h #d1 ,g #a1 ,f #b1 ,f #a4  
#aj4 ,f #ab1 ,f #aa1 ,d #aa1 ,e #aa1 ,b 
#ag1 ,b #ah1 ,b #aa1 ,b #ab1 ,a #ab1 ,b 
#ac1 ,b #ad1      ,a #ac1 ,d #ab4       
#aa4 ,l #af1 ,m #ae1 ,m #ah1 ,l #ah1 ,m 
#ag1 ,l #ag1 ,l #ai4    #ab4 ,s #h1 ,s  
#g1 ,t #g1 ,r #h1 ,q #g1 ,s #i1 ,r #i1  

,r #f1 ,t #h1 ,q #f1 ,t #e or ,s #h1 ,s 
#g1      ,t #g1 ,r #h1 ,q #g1 ,r #i1 ,s 
#i1 ,t #f1 ,q #f4        ,,vi4 8,,oi    
,,otoshi0    #a4  ,t #ah1 ,t #ai1 ,r    
#ai4    #b4  ,s #b1 ,s #a1 ,t #b1 ,t #c1
 ,q #a1 ,t #a1 ,s #b4    #c4  ,b #ai1 ,a
 #ai1 ,a #ag1 ,a #ae1 ,e #ah4    #d4  ,a
 #b1 ,a #a1 ,a #d1 ,a #e1 ,d #a4    #e4 
,c #b1 ,b #b1 ,b #a1 ,c #a1 ,a #b4      
#f4  ,b #ai1 ,c #ai1 ,c #ag1 ,a #ai1 ,b 
#ah1 ,b #ai1 ,a #ag4    #g4  ,s #c1 ,s  
#b1 ,r #b1 ,t #c1 ,q #b1 ,s #c1 ,t #e1  
,q #h1 ,t #g1 ,s #i1 ,s #a1 ,q #g1 ,t   
#b4    #h4  ,t #ae1 ,t #ad1 ,t #ah1 ,s  
#ai1 ,t #ag1 ,t #ai1 ,t #ag1 ,t #ah1 ,r 
#ai1 ,s #aa1 ,t #ag1      ,s #ag4    #i4
  ,h #a1 ,g #g1 ,e #a1 ,f #a1 ,d #a4    
#aj4 ,b #ae1 ,a #ae1 ,a #ac1 ,a #ad1 ,a 
#ag4    #aa4 ,m #ag1 ,l #ag1 ,n #ai1 ,m 
#ai1 ,l #ah1 ,k #ah1 ,k #ai1 ,l #ai1 ,j 
#ai4    #ab4 ,t #c1 ,s #e1 ,t #d4       
,,vii4 ,,cutting    #a4 ,g #af1 ,f #af1 
,g #ad1 ,f #ad1 ,f #ae4    #b4 ,n #f1 ,m
 #f1 ,o #f1 ,m #g1 ,m #d4    #c4 ,g #af1
 ,f #af1 ,g #ad1 ,h #ae1 ,f #ae4    #d4 

,k #f1 ,j #f1 ,l #f1 ,j #h1 ,f #d4