,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,equal signs 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,typographical & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,,elem5t>y ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,woodwork ,,design$ ,,= ,,use ,,9 ,,high ,,& ,,te*nical ,,s*ools ,,) ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,?irty-,,f\r ,,illu/rations ,,by ,,george ,,alex&] ,,ross ,,in/ructor ,,9 ,,woodwork ,,& ,,patt]nmak+ ,,lewis ,,in/itute1 ,,*icago ,,fir/ ,,edition ,a4 ,,flanagan ,,company ,,*icago 33 ,,new ,,york ,,copyright1 #aija ,,by ,a4 ,,flanagan ,,company ,,preface4 ,! "* & object ( ?is book is set =? on its title page4 ,x is a manual design$ pr9cipally = ! practical assi/ance ( /ud5ts 9 elem5t>y woodwork 9 ! ,lewis ,in/itute4 ,! au?or has endeavor$ to pres5t ! subject 9 su* a mann] z to make simple ! transition f ! easi] to ! m difficult op]ations2 ! ex]cises h be5 select$ aft] hav+ _h a ?or\gh te/ cov]+ a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s1 & w be f\nd practical 9 _! application to ! /ud5ts 9 ,high & ,te*nical ,s*ools 9 elem5t>y woodwork & turn+4 ,"p "o1 ! b5* "w1 is int5d$ to cov] a p]iod ( eight weeks1 two h\rs p] day1 & "p two1 wood turn+1 f\r weeks1 two h\rs p] day1 ?us mak+ a c\rse :i* w be f\nd to t\* ! pr9cipal po9ts 9 elem5t>y "w1 at ! same "t giv+ practice 9 ! uses ( ! tools mo/ commonly us$ 9 c>p5try1 jo9]y & wood turn+4 ,dis/on ,sons' ,h&book = ,lumb]m5 has furni%$ _m ( ! facts pres5t$ "u 8,c>e ( ,saws40 ,x has be5 ! au?or's aim 9 ?is c\rse to give j en\gh in/ruction 9 ! "w s t ! /ud5t might be l$ to /udy out ! problems = himself2 by ?is means he is able to /udy ! c\rse ( "w t foll[s ! second "p ( ?is book1 i4 e41 ,patt]n ,mak+4 ,a cursory p]usal ( ! "w w disclose _m features :i* ! au?or feels sure w comm5d !mselves to in/ructors & o!rs int]e/$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( s*ool "w1 & ) ! hope t ^! pages may prove a valuable aid to /ud5ts & tea*]s alike1 ?is "w is pres5t$ to ! public4 ,,george ,a4 ,,ross4 ,lewis ,in/itute1 ,*icago1 #aija4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,page4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,saws ,,& ,,equipm5t #g ,,ex]cise ,,9 ,,saw+ ,,& ,,plan+ #ba ,,! ,,halv$ ,,jo9t #dg ,,! ,,mortise ,,& ,,t5on ,,jo9t #ea ,,key$ ,,mortise ,,& ,,t5on ,,) ,,brace #eg ,,ex]cise ,,) ,,! ,,b5*1 ,,bead1 ,,rabbet1 ,,& ,,mold+ ,,planes #fb ,,bl9d ,,mortises ,,& ,,t5ons ,,) ,,bead+ ,,& ,,rabbet+ #ff ,,dovetail ,,corn] ,,jo9t 7,,common7 #ga ,,glass ,,panel ,,door ,,frame #gi ,,b5* ,,hook4 ,,use ,,( ,,%ellac #hg ,,box ,,) ,,slid+ ,,top #hi ,,problem ,,9 ,,truss ,,"w #id ,,problem ,,9 ,,/air ,,build+ #ajj ,,problem ,,9 ,,/air ,,rail+ #ajf ,,to ,,prep>e ,,%ellac #aad ,,to ,,prep>e ,,glue ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,x #aae ,,to ,,true ,,oil ,,/ones #aaf ,,c>e ,,( ,,saws1 ,,& ,,equipm5t4 ,elem5t>y woodwork c be m readily le>n$ f small pieces ( wood ?an f l>ge2 s ! ex]cises t are "h giv5 are ( su* dim5sions t !y c be easily h&l$ 9 work+ out ! problems4 ,s9ce x is by :at we /udy & le>n t we are able to d some?+ else1 ! /ud5t 9 beg9n+ ?is "w %\ld ?or\ghly famili>ize himself ) ! tools1 _! names & uses1 s t he may m readily und]/& _! application 9 ! "w t foll[s4 ,! equipm5t = ! g5]al use ( /ud5ts 9 ea* b5* lock] is z foll[s3 #a #bj-;in* ,rip-,saw4 #a #bj-;in* ,cross-,cut ,saw4 #a #aj-;in* ,back-,saw4 #a #h-;in* ,try-,squ>e4 #a #h-;in* ,bevel4 #a #h-;in* ,w+ ,divid]s4 #a ,m>k+ ,knife4 #a -in* ,h& ,mortis+ ,*isel4 #a ,bit ,brace4 #a -in*1 -in*1 -in* & -in* ,aug] ,bit4 #a ,nail ,set4 #a ,mallet4 #a ,hamm]4 #a ,oil ,/one4 #a ,oil ,c4 #a ,screw ,driv]4 #a ,du/ ,bru%4 ,! equipm5t ( tools 9 draw] & "u ! c>e ( individual /ud5ts is z foll[s3 #a ,numb] #e ,bailey ,iron ,plane 7,jack-,plane74 #a ,numb] #d ,bailey ,iron ,plane 7,smoo?-,plane74 #a ,m>k+ ,gauge4 #a -in*1 -in*1 -in*1 & #a-;in* ,bevel ,edge ,p>+ ,*isel4 #a -in* & -in* ,skew ,turn+ ,*isel4 #a -in* & -in* ,turn+ ,g\ge4 ,tools1 su* z mold+1 bead+1 rabbet+1 & pl[ planes are f\nd 9 ! tool room1 & are issu$ to /ud5ts on *eck :5 requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! d\ble b5* equipp$ ) rack1 cam & quick act+ vises1 ) ! lock] = ! g5]al tools & f\r draw]s on ea* side ( ! b5* ) tools = ! use ( ! individual /ud5t4 ,c>p5t]s' b5*es are usually ab\t #cc in*es high1 :ile cab9et & patt]n mak]s' b5*es are f #b in*es to #d in*es high]4 ,! c>eful workman z a rule takes great pride 9 ! condition 9 :i* 8 b5* is kept2 s ! beg9n] %\ld see t 8 imm$iate surr\nd+s are kept 9 a neat1 workmanlike mann]1 & ) ev]y?+ 9 prop] place4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to protect ! top ( ! b5* f injury2 x %\ld nev] be m>k$ by ! *isel or cut by ! saw4 ,if *isel+ has to be done on ! b5*1 place ! "w on ! b5* hook or on a bo>d1 & 9 saw+ use a b5* hook su* z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 t has a side lip t w protect ! b5* top4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,! b5* hook is made by /ud5ts z an ex]cise1 & is us$ to replace ^? hooks t h become worn out4 ,! mat]ial1 :i* is deliv]$ f ! lumb] y>d 9 bo>ds or planks1 has to be cut up into l5g?s & wid?s suitable = ! "w to be done4 ,! tools us$ = do+ ?is cutt+ are ! rip-saw & ! cross-cut saw4 ,n[1 a great am\nt ( "t c be lo/ 9 ?is "w by ! /ud5t1 = ! reason ( 8 try+ to d "w ) "o tool :5 ano!r %\ld be us$1 & especially is ?is s 9 reg>d to saws4 ,a saw w cut fa/] ?an a *isel 9 "s places1 & sometimes make ! "w z good if n bett]2 s ! /ud5t %\ld le>n to file & to keep a saw 9 j z good ord] z any o!r tool us$4 ,we devote consid]able space "h to ! saw1 = we feel t ! saw z "o ( ! pr9cipal tools is (t5 neglect$1 & is n us$ by /ud5ts 9 _! "w z mu* z x %\ld be4 ,by a judici\s use ( ?is tool mu* "t c be sav$ & a great] am\nt ( gr\nd cov]$ ?an by try+ to use a *isel or a jack knife 9 its /ead4 ,saws are ei!r reciprocat+ or cont9u\s 9 action2 ! fir/ be+ a flat blade & a practically /raight edge1 mak+ a plane cut1 z 9 mill1 jig1 & sa% saws2 ! latt] ei!r a circul> or rotat+ disc1 cutt+ 9 a plane at "r angles to its axis 7see buzz-saw 9 %op7 or a cont9u\s ribbon or b& runn+ on two pulleys1 mak+ a plane or curv$ cut ) a /raight edge p>allel to _! axis ( rotation 7see b&-saw 9 %op74 ,practically speak+1 ! tee? are a s]ies ( knives set on a circul> or /raight l9e1 ea* too? cutt+ out its proportion ( wood1 & kept f cutt+ m by ! tee? on ei!r side ( x4 ,ea* too? %\ld cut ! same am\nt & c>ry out ! *ips or du/1 dropp+ x to ! side or bel[ ! mat]ial be+ saw$4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( woods require tee? diff]5t 9 numb]1 angle or pit*1 & /yle ( fil+4 ,! p]fect saw is "o t cuts ! fa/e/ & smoo!/ ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( p[]2 to d ?is x is evid5t t ea* too? %\ld be s con/ruct$ & dress$ z to d an equal proportion ( ! "w1 = if any ( ! tee? are out ( l9e or %ape !y are n only useless !mselves b a disadvantage to ! o!rs4 ,a saw too? has two functions--p>+ & scrap+4 ,a slitt+ or rip saw = wood %\ld h its cutt+ edge at ab\t "r angles to ! fibre ( ! wood1 sev]+ x 9 "o place1 ! ?roat ( ! too? w$g+ out ! piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,! rip-saw1 ,fig4 #c1 %\ld be fil$ squ>e across1 & ! front or rake ( too? %\ld be at ab\t "r angles to ! edge ( ! saw4 ,aft] jo9t+ & sett+1 file "o half ! tee? f ea* side1 :i* w give to ! cutt+ edge ( ! too? ! slight bevel x %\ld h = s(t wood2 = m$ium h>d woods use a f9] too!d saw1 & file 9 ! same mann]2 = ! v h>d1 t\gh & cross-gra9$ woods1 use a saw /ill f9] ) ! tee? fil$ slightly bevel+1 z ripp+ cross-gra9$ /uff p>takes a little ( ! nature ( cross-cutt+4 ,9 all cases :]e ripp+ is done1 ! ?ru/ ( a saw %\ld be on an angle ( ab\t #de degrees to ! mat]ial be+ cut1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,?is makes a %e>+ cut1 an advantage t c be quickly demon/rat$ ) an ord9>y pocket knife1 cutt+ any piece ( s(t wood4 ,saws are designat$ by ! numb] ( po9ts or tee? p] in*1 & ! selection ( a saw dep5ds ^u ! "* ( wood to be work$4 ,a rip-saw %\ld h f #d to #aj tee? p] in*1 ! cross-cut saw f #f to #af tee? p] in*4 ,?is includes ! back-saw1 x be+ fil$ ! same z a regul> cross-cut saw4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,! h>d] ! wood1 ! great] ! numb] ( tee? ! saw %\ld h4 ,we w n[ consid] ! cross-cut saw too? 9 reg>d to rake or pit*2 ?is be+ "o ( ! mo/ important features1 too mu* c>e _c be tak5 to h ! correct am\nt ( pit* = ! duty requir$4 ,to illu/rate ?is4 ,fig4 #e repres5ts a bo>d1 across :i* we wi% to make a deep m>k or score ) ! po9t ( a knife4 ,suppose we hold ! knife ne>ly p]p5dicul> z at ,b2 x is evid5t t x w pu% h>d] & w n cut z smoo?ly z if x 7 incl9$ =w>d z at ,a4 ,x foll[s !n t ! cutt+ edge ( a cross-cut saw %\ld incl9e =w>d z at ,c1 ,fig4 #f1 r ?an /& p]p5dicul> z at ,d1 ,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,too mu* hook or pit* & too heavy a set are v common faults1 n only detrim5tal to good "w b ru9\s to ! saw2 9 ! fir/ case1 by hav+ a l>ge am\nt ( pit*1 ! saw takes hold s ke5ly t frequ5tly x 8hangs up0 sudd5ly 9 ! ?ru/--! result1 a k9k$ or brok5 blade2 9 ! second1 by hav+ too mu* set1 ! /ra9 caus$ by ! additional & unnecess>y am\nt ( set is out ( proportion to ! /r5g? ( ! blade1 & x is brok5 9 ! same mann]4 ,! mo/ g5]al value ( pit* us$ is #fj degrees1 ?\gh ?is may be v>i$ a little1 m or less1 to advantage1 z occasion may dem&4 ,9 all cases ! size ( too? dep5ds l>gely ^u ! duty requir$2 a long too? has ! dem]it ( be+ weak & liable to spr+1 b ! m]it ( giv+ a great] cle>ance to ! saw-du/4 ,! ?roat space 9 front ( ea* too? mu/ be l>ge en\gh to conta9 ! du/ ( t too? f "o /roke2 ! great] ! fe$ ! deep] ! du/ *amb] requir$1 or ! m tee?4 ,:]e ! tee? are f9e ! %ape ( ! ?roat is ( special int]e/4 ,! tee? ( a h&-saw %\ld be fil$ s true t on hold+ x up to ! eye & look+ along its edge1 x w %[ a c5tral groove d[n :i* a f9e ne$le w slide freely ! entire l5g?4 ,?is groove mu/ be angul> 9 %ape & equal on ea* side1 or ! saw is n fil$ prop]ly & w n run true4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,fig4 #h %[s h[ ! groove %\ld appe> on look+ d[n ! edge ( ! saw4 ,! action %\ld be su* t ! bottom ( ! cut or k]f w pres5t ! appe>ance z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i1 & n z 9 ,fig4 #aj2 ! cutt+ action is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa1 ! cutt+ be+ done ) ! outside ( ! too?2 ! fibre ( ! wood is sev]$ 9 two places1 & ! wood is crumbl$ out f po9t to po9t by ! ?ru/ ( ! saw4 ,! prop] am\nt ( bevel is v important1 z is demon/rat$ by ! above figures1 = if too mu* bevel is giv5 ! po9ts w score s deeply t ! fibres sev]$ f ! ma9 body w n crumble out z sev]$ b w be remov$ by cont9u$ rasp+4 ,?is is true1 p>ticul>ly 9 h>d woods1 z !y require less bevel1 z well z pit*1 ?an s(t wood4 ,! next po9t to be consid]$ is ! bevel or fleam ( ! po9t4 ,9 ,fig4 #ab ! fil]1 z 9 all cases1 files f ! heel to ! po9t2 :i* is ! only correct way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,! file is suppos$ to be p]p5dicul> to ! side ( ! saw 9 ! v]tical plane 7see ,fig4 #ac71 at an angle ( ab\t #de degrees 9 ! horizontal plane1 measur+ f file l9e t[>ds heel 7see ,fig4 #ad74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,fig4 #ae is a fair repres5tation ( _m saws t we h se5 own$ by workm52 ! result ( own+ su* tools is %[n 9 ! poor "w turn$ out by !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,z has already be5 said1 ! fil+ %\ld be done f ! heel ( ! saw t[>d ! po9t4 ,_m practical saw fil]s cont5d t ?is is wrong2 t ! fil+ %\ld be done f ! po9t ( ! saw t[>d ! h&le2 b ! only support !y (f] = ?is !ory is t !y d away ) ! fea!r edge t ! fil+ f ! heel ( saws puts on ! cutt+ face ( ! too?4 ,! fea!r edge is no objection1 z ! ma9 "p ( x is remov$ :5 ! tee? are side-dress$ aft] ! saw is set & %>p5$4 ,aga9/ ! correctness ( fil+ f po9t to h&le may be cit$ ! foll[+ objections3 ,:]e a diff]5t angle ( back is requir$ 7x %\ld be rememb]$ t t angle ( face %\ld be ! same 9 ne>ly all cross-cut h& saws1 & t angle ( back gov]ns angle ( po9t7 x w be f\nd v difficult to obta9 x )\t *ang+ ! angle ( face ( ! too?1 & z ! cutt+ duty is on ! long side ( ! face1 any *ange is1 ( c\rse1 ( great influ5ce4 ,aga91 to file f ! po9t ( ! saw x is necess>y to file ) ! tee? b5t t[>d ! op]ator4 ,?is w cause ! saw to vibrate or *att]1 a ?+ :i* n only r5d]s good1 clean1 ev5 fil+ impossible1 b breaks ! tee? (f ! file4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,! sett+ ( a saw is an important "p ( ! "w 9 keep+ a saw 9 ord]1 & %\ld be done ,,aft] ! saw has be5 ,,jo9t$1 & be=e fil+4 ,! set %\ld be uni=m ?r\gh\t1 z ! good work+ ( a saw dep5ds ne>ly z mu* on ?is z on ! fil+4 ,"o great mi/ake is (t5 made 9 sett+ a saw1 & t is t _m try to put ! set 9 ! blade in/ead ( 9 ! too?4 ,! set %\ld n g at ! mo/ l[] ?an half ! l5g? ( ! too?2 by go+ l[] x is liable to spr+ ! body ( ! saw1 if n break ! too? out4 ,two me?ods may be giv5 = sett+ saws4 ,! fir/1 or old me?od 7employ$ be=e saw-sets 7 inv5t$1 & /ill us$ by old me*anics7 is to take a h>dwood block1 lay ! saw on x1 & ) a nail set & hamm] set e o!r too? on ! side1 !n turn ! blade ov] & repeat ! op]ation on ! tee? miss$ f ! fir/ side4 ,x is ne$less to make any comm5t on ?is me?od :5 saw sets c be b\ght t are absolutely reliable 9 _! op]ation4 ,! second me?od is to use ! saw-set4 ,saw-sets are made 9 _m /yles1 & c be b\ght at any h>dw>e /ore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,figs4 #af & #ag %[ two /yles ( saw-sets2 mu* might be said 9 favor ( ea*4 ,saw clamps or vises us$ to hold ! saw :5 fil+ c be b\ght 7see ,fig4 #ah71 b a simple homemade vise c be put toge!r by means ( two pieces ( bo>d1 "o #c feet #f in*es long & #f in*es wide1 & "o #b feet #d in*es long & #f in*es wide4 ,by fa/5+ a piece #b in*es ?ick ab\t #aj in*es f ! top ( ea*1 to act z a fulcrum1 & fa/5+ a piece on ea* bo>d at ! top to act z jaws1 & us+ a w$ge at ! bottom to tight5 x up1 a v s]viceable vise is obta9$ 7see ,fig4 #ai74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,to assi/ ^? n skill$ 9 ! art ( fil+1 !re is made a saw-fil+ clamp ) a guide1 ( :i* a cut is "h %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,a few g5]al rules may be obs]v$ 9 saw-fil+3 ,see t ! file is held at ! same angle ?r\gh\t ! op]ation4 ,file e o!r too? on "o side1 & :5 fil$1 rev]se ! saw & file ! o!r tee? f ! o!r side4 ,= rip saws1 place ! file at "r angles ) ! saw1 & file ! rake ( too? at "r angles to ! edge4 ,aft] a saw is prop]ly set & fil$1 lay x on a flat bo>d & rub ov] ! po9ts ( ! tee? on ! sides ) an oil /one2 ?is w regulate ! set & insure smoo? cutt+1 mak+ ! fil+ la/ long]4 ,%\ld ! saw n run true take ano!r cut ) ! oil /one ov] ! side t[>d :i* x leads4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,a fa/ cutt+ cross-cut saw %\ld h deep tee?4 ,mu* useful in=mation on saws c be obta9$ f a small book publi%$ & issu$ by ,dis/on ,sons1 ,philadelphia1 entitl$ 8,h& ,book = ,lumb]m510 :i*1 ,i believe1 c be obta9$ on application4 ,! o!r tools us$ 9 ?is c\rse w be tak5 up 9 ord] z !y are us$ 9 ! "w4 ,,ex]cise ,,no4 #a4 ,! foll[+ op]ations are design$ to give ! /ud5t a ,,tra9+ 9 ! use & c>e ( ! mo/ commonly us$ c>p5t]s' & jo9]s' tools4 ,x is n int5d$ t ! /ud5t w be able to f9i% ea* ex]cise 9 "o trial1 z mi/akes w be v common at ! beg9n+1 & x is advis$ t at lea/ two or ?ree trials may be giv5 = ! practice & tra9+ involv$4 ,9 ,fig4 #ba is %[n ! work+ draw+ 7me*anical draw+7 ( a rectangul> block ( wood1 & be=e we proce$ to d ! "w requir$ to f9i% ?is1 we w /udy ! draw+4 ,9 ord] to repres5t solid figures ) _! ?ree dim5sions1 l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness1 on a plane surface1 i4e41 a %eet ( pap]1 we mu/ h at lea/ two draw+s 7projections71 b to simplify ! read+ /ill fur!r a ?ird draw+ is giv51 sometimes ) additional draw+s 9 ! =m ( cross-sections4 ,to und]/& fully ! pr9ciple ^u :i* a work+ draw+ is made1 we w suppose t two transp>5t planes cross ea* o!r at "r angles1 mak+ f\r "r angles z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb1 7^! angles to be kn[n z ! #a/1 #bnd1 #crd1 & #d? angle ( ! co-ord9ate planes71 & respectively call$ ! ,horizontal & ! ,v]tical planes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,two ( ^! angles are us$ 9 practice1 ! #a/ & ! #crd2 ! mo/ mod]n practice is to use ! #crd1 al?\gh ! #a/ is /ill us$ 9 "s manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts & by "s tea*]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,we w take1 fir/1 ! #a/ angle1 & comp>e x ) ! results obta9$ f ! #crd angle4 ,we place ! solid 7ex]cise #a7 9 space 9 ! #a/ angle1 & also place a simil> "o 9 ! #crd angle 7see ,figs4 #bc & #bd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,by project+ ! l9es back on ! v]tical1 & d[n on ! horizontal plane1 we obta9 two views :i* are respectively ! elevation on ! v]tical & ! plan on ! horizontal plane2 to obta9 ! ?ird view or end elevation1 we h ano!r plane plac$ p]p5dicul> to planes ,h & ,v1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #bc & #bd1 & ! l9es project$ back f ! left end2 by op5+ or revolv+ ^! planes into "o plane1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #be1 we h a work+ draw+ made 9 ! #a/ angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,ref]r+ to ,fig4 #bd1 :]e we plac$ ! solid 9 ! #crd angle1 we project ! l9es up on ! horizontal & to ! front on ! v]tical plane1 & by plac+ ano!r plane at ! end1 p]p5dicul> to ! ,h & ,v planes1 we obta9 ! ?ird projection4 ,revolv+ ! planes into "o plane 7i4 e41 a %eet ( pap]7 ,fig4 #bf1 we h ! work+ draw+ 9 ! ?ird angle4 ,comp>e ! results obta9$1 & note ! diff]5ce 9 ! read+ ( ! draw+4 ,9 ! fir/ angle we see ! plan is bel[ ! elevation1 & 9 ! ?ird angle ! plan is above2 ! pieces cut out ( ! ex]cise may also be not$ 9 ! end projection by ! l9es pass+ ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! ex]cise2 9 ! fir/ angle ! l9e comes out full1 ! end be+ expos$1 & 9 ! ?ird angle ! surface is beh9d ! full end & %[s a dott$ l9e4 ,l9es t are se5 are %[n z full l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,l9es t are bel[ a surface & are requir$ 9 ! read+ ( a draw+ are %[n z dott$ l9es4 ,! draw+1 ,fig4 #ba1 calls = a piece t is #h in*es at its longe/1 #b in*es at its wide/1 & #a in* at its ?icke/ po9t1 & t may be designat$ ?us3 piece #h in*es #b in*es #a in* f9i%$4 ,= measur+1 a /&>d rule #b feet long t c be fold$ up is pref]r$4 ,! rule is divid$ into feet1 in*es1 in*es1 in*es1 in*es1 _/ in*es1 etc4 ,on "s rules w be f\nd scales t c be us$ 9 measur+ draw+s t are drawn to scale4 ,! draw+ may be ( any scale1 us+ 1 1 #a1 #a1 #c1 or #f in*es to ! foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done t[>d c>ry+ out ! "w is to saw out a piece f ! plank t is laid on ! saw tre/les 7,fig4 #bg74 ,m>k ) a p5cil ! l9es to be saw$2 hold+ ! rule 9 ! left h&1 & ! p5cil 9 ! "r1 & plac+ ! index f+] ( ! left h& aga9/ ! edge ( ! plank1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh1 draw bo? h&s t[>d ! body1 ?us m>k+ out ! piece l5g?wise2 !n measure ! l5g? requir$ & place ! try-squ>e 7,fig4 #bi7 aga9/ ! edge ( ! plank1 & draw a l9e along ! blade ?r\gh ! po9t m>k$4 ,! piece %\ld be m>k$ out l>g] ?an ! f9i%$ ex]cise s t !re w be /ock en\gh 9 ! piece to p]=m ! op]ations requir$1 say #h in*es #b in*es1 ! plank be+ ?ick en\gh to provide = ! "w on ! sides4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,hav+ 8laid out0 ! piece on ! plank1 take ! rip-saw & hold x z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj3 saw d[n ! l9e1 tak+ c>e t ! 8k]f0 is squ>e to ! side ( ! plank2 !n take ! cross-cut saw1 & saw across ! l9e m>k$4 ,hold ! cross-cut saw z 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,aft] hav+ cut ! piece f ! plank take ! jack-plane & put x 9 good condition = "w4 ,a sectional view ( ! ,bailey ,iron ,plane is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca1 & ! p>ts are z foll[s3 ,a--,plane-,iron4 ,b--,cap ,iron4 ,c--,! ,iron ,lev]4 ,d--,?umb piece & ,cam4 ,e--,screw :i* acts z a fulcrum :5 ! ?umb piece is pu%$ into position4 ,f--,?umb screw by :i* ! ,plane-,iron ,a is regulat$ = any ?ickness ( %av+4 ,g--,lev] :i* is 9 contact ) ,plane-,iron4 ,h--,screw :i* holds ! iron b$ piece 9 place4 ,i--,b$ piece4 ,k--,lev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,! plane-iron %\ld be gr\nd on ! gr9d/one if nick$ or r\nd$4 ,to gr9d ! plane-iron x %\ld be held 9 ! h& z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,apply ! iron to ! /one1 z indicat$ by dott$ l9e ,a1 ,fig4 #cc2 !n raise x until ! prop] angle is rea*$1 a position indicat$ by full l9es ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,move ! tool gradually f "o side ( ! /one to ! o!r4 ,see t !re is pl5ty ( wat] on ! /one4 ,! tool %\ld be held dur+ ! op]ation s t x revolves t[>d ! p]son gr9d+4 ,! tool ?us held is n s liable to h a 8wire edge0 z x is if held on ! /one :ile x is revolv+ away f ! op]ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,! 8:ett$0 edge %\ld nev] be gr\nd away unless ! plane-iron is 9 v poor condition4 ,! gr9d+ is complete :5 ! bevel rea*es ! cutt+ edge1--a condition :i* c readily be det]m9$ by hold+ ! f+] along ! flat side ( ! iron & hav+ ! light fall 9 ! prop] direction2 a ?9 bright l9e w be se5 :i* w det]m9e :e!r ! iron is gr\nd en\gh4 ,! plane-iron is %[n be=e x is gr\nd 9 ,fig4 #cd1 & ,fig4 #ce %[s x aft] x is gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,to :et or %>p5 ! iron an oil /one is us$4 ,oil /ones are ( diff]5t grades2 a /one ( m$ium h>dness is be/1 z x w cut a little fa/] & leave a fairly smoo? edge2 :]eas if ! /one be h>d mu* "t is requir$ to :et ! iron1 b x leaves a smoo!r edge4 ,a co>se /one leaves a r\gh edge4 ,use oil t w n become gummy on ! /one4 ,sev]al good artificial /ones h lately come on ! m>ket :i* give good s]vice4 ,to %>p5 ! iron1 apply x z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf1 #a & #b1 & move x back & =? z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #cg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,_m p]sons %>p5 _! plane irons z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #ch2 at fir/ ?\ght ?is may appe> to be "r1 b _m me*anics ( long exp]i5ce %>p5 ! 8iron0 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,?is me?od gives a /rong] edge1 :i* is n s liable to get nick$ :5 ! iron /rikes a knot or a h>d spot 9 ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 to avoid giv+ ! iron a rock+ motion on ! oil /one1 z ?is w r\nd ! edge & ! iron w n be any %>p] ?an x w\ld be if x 7 9 ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,aft] hav+ :ett$ ! bevel side ( ! iron suffici5tly1 turn ! iron s t x w re/ p]fectly flat on ! /one1 z %[n at #c1 ,fig4 #cf1 & :et x 9 ?is position2 ?is w remove ! 8wire edge40 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ! iron is n rais$ 9 :ett+ ! flat side2 if rais$ z 9 ,fig4 #dj ! cutt+ qualities ( ! edge w be injur$4 ,! iron is n[ %>p5$4 ,replace ! cap iron1 keep+ x back f _/ to _/ ( an in* f ! cutt+ edge2 !n place x 9 position & fa/5 x2 look d[n ! face ( ! plane & see t ! edge protrudes f> en\gh to cut ! requir$ ?ickness4 ,! adju/m5ts are made by ! ?umb screw ,f & lev] ,k1 ,fig4 #ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,place ! block already saw$ on ! b5* aga9/ ! b5* /op1 ,fig4 #da1 & !n foll[ ! me?od "h giv5 = plan+ a piece to ! giv5 dim5sions4 ,,fir/4 ,plane "o side true & m>k 7#j7 = ! 8work+ face40 7,a surface is said to be true :5 x is p]fectly /raight across2 /raight l5g?wise1 & free f twi/74 8,side0 "h us$ means "o ( ! wid] surfaces 9 di/9ction f ! n>r[] surface1 ! edge4 ,me?ods = te/+ ! surface ) p>allel /rips1 etc41 w be %[n by ! in/ructor4 ,,second4 ,plane "o edge p]fectly /raight l5g?wise1 & squ>e to ! face side4 ,m>k ?is edge = ! 8work+ edge02 use ! try-squ>e1 ,fig4 #bi1 to te/ ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,,?ird4 ,set ! gauge1 ,fig4 #db1 to ! wid? giv5 9 ! draw+1 & gauge a l9e f ! face edge on bo? sides2 !n plane to ! gauge l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,9 us+ ! gauge see t x is held z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc1 & pu% away f ! body1 hav+ ! pressure on ! gauge z %[n by ! l9e ,a1 ,b1 ,fig4 #dd4 ,?is w keep ! head ( ! gauge close to ! "w4 ,d n try to m>k a l9e by hold+ x z 9 ,fig4 #de1 ) ! spur at "r angles to ! "w1 z x w g5]ally foll[ ! fibre ( ! wood & a crook$1 ragg$ l9e w be ! result4 ,by hold+ x z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc 7& g5tly lett+ ! spur t\* ! "w1 go+ ov] x once or twice until ! l9e is ( ! desir$ heav9ess to "w to7 a cle>1 clean-cut l9e w be obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,,f\r?4 ,set ! gauge to ! giv5 ?ickness 7see draw+ = dim5sion7 & gauge a l9e on bo? edges f face side2 !n plane to gauge l9es4 ,?is1 if done correctly1 w f9i% ! f\r surfaces4 ,x is sometimes necess>y t ! ends ( a piece ( "w %\ld be f9i%$ smoo?2 ! me?od ( proc$ure is z foll[s3 ,m>k 7f "o end ab\t _/ ( an in*7 a knife l9e all ar\nd 7see ,fig4 #df71 plac+ ! head ( ! try-squ>e aga9/ ! face edge & ! face side only2 !n take a small block & put beh9d ! ex]cise z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dg1 fa/5 9 ! vise1 & plane to ! knife l9es4 ,?is block w save ! corn]s f break+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,to f9i% ! o!r end measure ! l5g? & m>k z on ! fir/ end4 ,!n if ! piece is too long to plane1 saw (f ne> ! l9e1 us+ ! back-saw z %[n at ,fig4 #ed1 & !n f9i% ) ! plane to ! l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,9 plan+ c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t ! plane is held firmly on ! "w to secure a true surface4 ,a rock+ motion mu/ be avoid$4 ,9 ord] to get ! be/ results see t ! front ( ! plane is held d[n ) ! left h&1 also press+ d[n & =w>d ) ! "r h& at ! same "t1 & at ! end ( ! /roke lift ! front ( ! plane z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dh2 nev] let x drop z 9 ,fig4 #di4 ,a prop] & an improp] position to /& :ile plan+ is %[n by ,figs4 #ej & #ea4 ,9 plan+ ! edge if x is high] on "o side ?an ! o!r1 move ! plane ov] to ! high side & plane x d[n4 ,fig4 #eb %[s ! position ( ! plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,aft] ! block is plan$ true & to ! correct dim5sions1 lay out ! l9es across ! face at ! left h& end %[n 9 ! draw+ & squ>e ! l9es d[n ! dep? on ! edges2 !n set ! gauge & m>k ar\nd ! end & not* on bo? edges4 ,beg9n]s w f9d x a little difficult at fir/ to saw a p]fectly clean l9e s z to secure a %>p corn]2 by cutt+ not*es ) a knife po9t z %[n at ,fig4 #ec1 x w be easy to secure %>p corn]s4 ,place ! back-saw1 ,fig4 #ed1 9 ! not*1 hold x tightly aga9/ ! flat side1 & saw d[n to ! desir$ dep?1 remov+ ! portion f ! end ) ! rip saw 7see ,fig4 #ee74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,to remove ! portion betwe5 ! saw$ l9es take ! *isel1 ,fig4 #ef 7! same directions to be us$ = gr9d+ & %>p5+ a *isel z are us$ = ! plane-iron71 p>e lightly 7ab\t half ?r\gh ! wid? ( ! piece71 cut d[n to ! gauge l9e1 & !n turn ! piece ar\nd & f9i% f ! o!r side1 leav+ a /raight surface at ! bottom ( ! not*4 ,be c>eful n to take too heavy a cut1 = ! *isel w be h>d to guide if ! workman has to ex]t 8 :ole /r5g? to pu% x ?r\gh ! wood4 ,! *isel has a t5d5cy to g d[n into ! "w if ! flat side is n us$ z a guid+ surface2 ?is side1 if kept 9 contact ) ! solid wood1 w insure a /raight surface1 & consequ5tly accurate "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,! l9+ on ! ex]cise is made ) ! gauge = ! l9es runn+ p>allel ) ! edge1 ) ! squ>e & ! knife = ! l9es at "r angles to ! edge1 & ) ! bevel1 ,fig4 #eg1 & ! knife = ! oblique l9es4 ,figs4 #eh & #ei give me?ods = f9d+ ! angle ( #de degrees1 :i* is ! angle t is us$ = ! oblique l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,too mu* att5tion _c be giv5 to ! op]ations 9 ?is ex]cise1 = 9 all "w t requires mat]ial to be prep>$1 c>elessness 9 detail & inatt5tion to me?ods1 etc41 w always appe> 9 ! f9i%$ "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,,ex]cise ,,numb] #b4 ,,halv$ ,,jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,:5 two pieces ( timb] ( equal ?ickness cross ea* o!r & ! jo9t is to be flu%1 i4 e41 ! pieces :5 jo9$ are to =m a flat surface1 !y are halv$ toge!r2 or1 to put x 9 ano!r way1 a piece is tak5 out ( ea* half its ?ickness & z broad z ! piece :i* is to cross x1 ?us all[+ ! "o to drop into ! o!r1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fj4 ,! work+ draw+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fa4 ,to make ?is piece ( "w1 ref] to me?ods & op]ations giv5 = ! prep>ation ( mat]ial 9 ! fir/ ex]cise4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,special results are s\ght = by specific me?ods 9 ?is ex]cise4 ,ex]cises t are n f9i%$ 7by ! me?ods giv57 z !y %\ld be1 are ?r[n out z n com+ up to ! requirem5ts & fall %ort ( ! object = :i* !y are design$4 ,! draw+ %[s two pieces ( wood ( giv5 dim5sions cross+ ea* o!r at "r angles & halv$ toge!r1 mak+ a flu% jo9t4 ,requirem5ts3 ,! pieces to be ( ! exact l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness call$ =1 fitt$ closely on bo? sides1 ea* piece to be exactly 9 ! c5t] ( ! o!r1 & bo? sides smoo!d (f & p]fectly flat :5 f9i%$2 ! ends ( ! pieces to be plan$ squ>e1 & ! ends ( ! halv+ to be fitt$ f ! saw4 ,me?ods3 ,aft] saw+ out a piece 7long en\gh to make bo? pieces1 all[+ = "w on ! ends71 plane ! piece by ! me?ods giv5 = plan+ 9 ! fir/ ex]cise2 !n saw x across 9 ! c5t] & proce$ to lay out ! pieces s t ! face side ( ea* piece w come on ! same side2 ?is means t ! halv+ is cut out ( ! face ( "o piece & ! back ( ! o!r 7see ,fig4 #fj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,x w be well to consid] ?is problem ( lay+ out "w z a problem 9 ari?metic4 ,! pieces call$ = 9 ! draw+ are #e in*es long1 #a in*es wide1 & #a in* ?ick4 ,! piece t crosses comes exactly 9 ! c5t]4 ,!re=e we h a problem l ?is3 #e -#a #d1 :i* is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! l5g? ( "o piece & ! bread? ( ! o!r2 b ! piece comes 9 ! c5t]1 & s we take ! diff]5ce ( ! l5g?1 :i* is #d1 & divide x by #b4 #d_/b #b1 :i* w give ! di/ance f ! end up to ! fir/ edge ( ! cross-piece4 ,z all measurem5ts h a beg9n+ some:]e1 we m>k a l9e ne> ! end ( ! piece z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fb1 & f ?is l9e we lay (f ! di/ance to ! cross-piece1 m>k+ ) a knife po9t ! position ( ! edge4 ,!n we lay (f ! wid? ( ! cross-piece1 :i* is #a1 leav+ ! di/ance to ! o!r end #b1 ! same z at ! fir/ end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,hav+ f\nd ! position ( ! edges ( ! cross-piece1 we m>k a l9e across ! "w 7us+ a knife & a squ>e72 !n m>k ! l9es d[n ! edges4 ,n[ tak+ ! gauge1 we gauge f ! face side ( ea* piece ! dep? requir$4 ,!n we cut a not* inside ! l9es ) a knife1 z %[n at ,fig4 #ec1 place ! piece on ! b5* hook1 saw d[n to ! gauge l9es ) ! back-saw 7position %[n 9 ,fig4 #ed71 & remove ! portions to be tak5 out by ! me?ods giv5 = ! not* 9 ! fir/ ex]cise4 ,!n plane ! ends ( ea* piece p]fectly squ>e to ! face side & face edge4 ,an ex]cise t 0 made by a c>eful /ud5t & "o t 0 made by a c>eless /ud5t are %[n at ,fig4 #fc1 reveal+ ! f9al results ( c>eful z aga9/ c>eless "w4 ,hav+ cut out ! c5t] pieces & f9i%$ ! ends we fit !m toge!r1 see+ t ! surfaces come flu%2 !n smoo? (f ! surfaces1 be+ c>eful n to cut too mu* (f ! ends1 = ?is w r\nd ! surfaces & ?us spoil ! "w4 ,%>p tools are ess5tial to good "w4 ,l9es drawn 9 _! prop] places1 & !n cut to1 w give ! results s\ght = 9 fitt+4 ,,ex]cise ,,numb] #c4 ,,mortise ,,& ,,t5on4 ,:5 beams or pieces ( wood /& squ>e ) ea* o!r1 & ! /ra9s are also squ>e ) ! pieces & 9 ! plane ( ! frame1 ! mo/ common junction is ! mortise & t5on4 ,a mortise is an op5+1 :i* may be squ>e or oblong1 int5d$ to receive ! t5on1 & :i* may g into ! "w only a %ort di/ance1 or may g all ! way ?r\gh4 ,:]e x goes only "p way ?r\gh x is call$ a bl9d mortise1 & :]e x passes all ! way ?r\gh1 a ?r\gh mortise4 ,a t5on is a projection on ! end ( a piece & fits into ! mortise4 ,! t5on usually has two %\ld]s =m$ by cutt+ away ! sides1 & %\ld be ab\t "o ?ird ! ?ickness ( ! piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,!re are a numb] ( diff]5t /yles ( ?is jo9t & me?ods ( fa/5+1 :i* we w consid] lat] 9 our "w4 ,! work+ draw+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #fd gives ! dim5sions ( ! pieces1 ! mat]ial ( :i* is to be work$ out 9 "o piece1 z direct$ 9 ! previ\s ex]cise1 & !n cut up into l5g?s suitable = ! ex]cise4 ,! /ud5t %\ld comm5ce "w on a piece ) a full und]/&+ ( :at is requir$ to be done 9 ord] to f9i% ! "w z call$ =1 & n try to make any k9d ( "w d 9 ord] to proce$ to ! next task4 ,notice :at is requir$ 9 ?is ex]cise3 #a/4 ,t ! pieces be p]fectly /raight & squ>e4 #bnd4 ,t ! t5on piece be exactly 9 ! c5t] ( ! mortise piece1 & t ! angles be "r angles or 8squ>e40 #crd4 ,t ! "w be laid out sy/ematically1 ) ! l9es 9 _! prop] places4 #d?4 ,t ! t5on be made altoge!r ) ! saw4 #e?4 ,t ! mortise be cut out ) ! h& mortis+ *isel4 #f?4 ,t ! t5on fit into ! mortise1 & n be squeez$4 #g?4 ,t ! jo9t fit closely1 & t ! "w be f9i%$ (f smoo?ly on ! sides1 ) all ! corn]s %>p & ! end ( ! pieces saw$ squ>e4 ,! foll[+ me?ods if c>ri$ out w help ! /ud5t to f9i% ! "w z requir$4 ,x w be unnecess>y to repeat h]eaft] ! me?od ( plan+1 z ! /ud5t by ?is "t %\ld h le>n$ to plane ! pieces prop]ly to dim5sions4 ,aft] ! mat]ial has be5 plan$1 m>k ! piece to ! desir$ l5g?s z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fe1 & saw (f ! pieces squ>e on ! ends4 ,use ! knife to m>k ! l9es4 ,9 saw+1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to saw on ! "r side ( ! l9e1 = ! saw w cut out its own ?ickness & r$uce ! l5g? ( ! piece t mu* if ! piece is saw$ on ! wrong side ( ! l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,leave ! t5on piece ab\t in* long] ?an ! draw+ calls = s t ! t5on w protrude ?r\gh & be f9i%$ (f ev5 ) ! mortise piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,proce$ to lay out ! "w4 ,take ! mortise piece1 :i* is #f in*es long1 & m>k ! di/ance f "o end 7#f-a #d47 #d_/b _/ _/ or #b2 locate ! fir/ po9t on ! face edge2 !n measure f ?is po9t ! wid? ( ! t5on piece1 :i* is #a4 ,?r\gh ! po9ts j f\nd draw ! l9es squ>e to ! face side4 ,place ! squ>e aga9/ ! face edge & m>k 7on ! opposite edge on ! corn]71 a small cut = bo? l9es 7see ,fig4 #ff7 & squ>e f ! face side across ! edge2 lay ! piece aside2 take ! t5on piece & po9t (f ! di/ance f ! end ( ! piece to ! %\ld]1 & m>k across ! face & back1 us+ ! squ>e & ! knife 9 m>k+4 ,prep>e ! %\ld] l9es = ! back-saw1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ec1 tak+ c>e t ! not* is cut on ! "r side ( ! l9e4 ,take ! gauge & set x to ! di/ance f ! face side to ! fir/ side ( ! mortise1 & gauge ! l9es = ! mortise on bo? edges2 gauge ! l9es = ! t5on4 7,?is is = a s+le gauge47 ,take ! mortise *isel1 ,fig4 #fg1 & make a m>k f ?is l9e 7see ,fig4 #fh71 :i* w give ! ?ickness ( ! t5on & ! wid? ( ! mortise2 set ! gauge out to ! wid? & gauge ! re/ ( ! l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,take ! rip-saw & saw d[n ! outside ( ! l9es on ! t5on piece ! l5g? requir$2 cut (f ! sides ) ! back-saw4 ,9 saw+ split ! l9e s t ! t5on w be z ?ick z ! mortise is wide4 ,?is means t half ! l9e is to be left on ! "w4 ,fa/5 ! mortise piece 9 ! vise1 putt+ a piece bel[ to keep x f go+ d[n :5 cutt+4 ,place ! mortise *isel ab\t ! c5t] ( ! mortise2 hold x v]tically1 & ) ! mallet drive ! *isel d[n into ! "w2 release ! *isel & make a new cut1 keep+ ! flat side ( ! *isel t[>ds ! end to :i* ! mortise is be+ cut4 ,fig4 #fi %[s h[ ! cutt+ %\ld be done4 ,hav+ rea*$ ! end1 turn ! *isel ar\nd1 & cut t[>ds ! o!r end 9 ! same mann]4 7,:]e ! mortise goes ?r\gh x w be unnecess>y to take ! *ips f ! fir/ side47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,turn ! piece ov]1 & repeat ! op]ation on ! o!r side1 :5 ! *ips c be easily remov$4 ,proce$ to te/ ! "w2 see t ! mortise is /raight on ! ends4 ,g5]ally ! /ud5t w leave ! ends r\nd+ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gj2 ?is1 if ! t5on is driv5 into ! mortise1 w squeeze ! edges out ( true 7,fig4 #ga7 & leave an op5+ on ! ends ( ! mortise1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to avoid ?is fault 9 ?is ex]cise4 7,a mortise gauge su* z a jo9] uses is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gc2 x has two spurs1 "o be+ adju/$ by ! ?umb screw at ! end ( ! %ank4 ,we w use a mortise gauge 9 our "w lat] on47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,aft] ! pieces h be5 cut1 put !m toge!r1 hav+ ! face sides toge!r1 & f9i% smoo?ly4 ,,ex]cise ,,numb] #d4 ,,key$ ,,mortise ,,& ,,t5on1 ,,) ,,brace4 ,?is me?od ( jo9+ timb]s is sometimes us$ 9 heavy frame "w1 b c be us$ to advantage 9 light frame "w t has to be tak5 ap>t1 su* z curta9 frames1 etc4 ,9 ,fig4 #gd is %[n ! assembl$ & ! detail$ draw+s ( ?is piece ( "w4 ,! exp]i5ce ga9$ f ! previ\s ex]cises c be us$ to advantage 9 work+ ?is problem4 ,! requirem5ts 9 ?is ex]cise are t all pieces be squ>e & to dim5sions4 ,t ! upright & cross-pieces :5 key$ be squ>e to ea* o!r4 ,t ! brace fit snugly1 & =m two angles ( #de degrees back at its junction ) ! upright & cross-piece4 ,t all jo9ts fit closely1 & ! :ole "w be smoo!d (f & made true4 ,! me?od ( lay+ out ! key$ jo9t is some:at simil> to t 9 ! ?ird ex]cise4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,on ! upright locate ! cross-piece 7on ! face edge71 :i* is #a in*es f ! end to ! upp] edge1 & measure ! wid? ( ! piece1 :i* is #a in*es2 draw ! l9es squ>e to ! face side1 d$uct ! am\nt ( splay or bevel t is giv5 to ! mortise & t5on f ! l[] end ( ! mortise1 & add to ! upp] end ! wid? ( ! key2 draw ! l9es1 & m>k !m 9 "s mann] s t !y w be kn[n z work+ l9es4 ,figs4 #ge & #gf w %[ h[ ?is may be done4 ,f ! l9e :i* locates ! l[] edge ( ! cross-piece 7us+ ! squ>e on ! face edge7 m>k ! position 7on ! opposite corn]7 ( ! l[] l9e on ! outside edge1 by ! me?od giv5 9 ! previ\s ex]cise 7see ,fig4 #ff71 & squ>e ?is l9e across ! outside edge2 !n measure ! wid? ( ! t5on1 plus ! wid? ( ! key1 & squ>e ! l9e across4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 7,:]e "w is to be f9i%$ on ! faces1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to m>k ! "w ) knife l9es1 b if auxili>y l9es mu/ be us$1 !n m>k !m ) a p5cil s t !y may be clean$ (f :5 ! "w is be+ smoo!d47 ,hav+ laid out ! key$ mortise lay out ! brace mortise1 ! l[] end ( :i* is locat$ #c in*es bel[ ! l[] edge ( ! cross piece2 ! draw+ gives all ! dim5sions = ?is4 ,take ! cross-piece & lay out ! t5on 9 ! same way t ! t5on 9 ,ex]cise ,numb] #c is prep>$1 us+ ! dim5sions t are giv5 9 ! draw+ = ! "w on h&4 ,aft] m>k+ ! %\ld]s ( ! cross-piece lay out ! brace mortise1 :i* is #c in*es f ! %\ld] to ! f>!/ end1 & m>k ! o!r l9es z call$ = 9 ! draw+4 ,use ! s+le gauge z direct$ 9 ,ex]cise ,numb] #c to m>k ! side l9es ( ! mortise & t5on1 & cut ! mortise ) ! mortis+ *isel1 tak+ c>e to cut ! ends to ! prop] angle4 ,saw ! t5on z previ\sly direct$1 & aft] ! sides h be5 cut (f1 m>k ! splay on ! l[] side ( ! t5on & cut x (f ) a p>+ *isel4 ,! me?od ( f9d+ ! l5g? ( ! brace is ( importance1 z x w give ! /ud5t "s idea ( ! application ( squ>e root to practical "w ( ?is k9d4 ,! hypot5use ( a "r-angl$ triangle equals ! squ>e root ( ! sum ( ! squ>es ( its sides4 ,= example1 take ! triangle t is =m$ by ! upright1 ! cross-piece1 & ! outside ( ! brace4 ,we h a triangle t has two sides ( equal l5g? & wi% to obta9 ! l5g? ( ! brace on its longe/ side4 ,we w designate ! angle :]e ! cross-piece meets ! upright1 ,a1 & ! l[] po9t ( ! brace on ! upright1 ,b1 & ! outside po9t ( ! brace on ! cross-piece1 ,c4 ,!n we h ! side ,,ab1 & ! side ,,ac1 :i* we w squ>e & add toge!r1 !n extract ! squ>e root ( ?is sum1 :i* w give u ! l5g? ( ! brace on ! longe/ side1 to :i* we mu/ add ! l5g? ( ! t5ons t g into ! upright & ! cross-piece4 ,! angles at ea* end ( ! brace w be #de degrees1 z ! opposite angles ( ! triangle are equal1 !re be+ #ahj degrees 9 ! sum ( ! ?ree angles2 "o ( ! angles is a "r angle 7#ij degrees71 :i* we subtract f #ahj degrees2 ! rema9d] divid$ by two w give ! numb] ( degrees conta9$ 9 ! angle at ! ends ( ! brace4 ,! l9es at ! outside ( ! t5ons on ! brace are p>allel ) ! upright & ! cross-piece respectively4 ,a me?od (t5 us$ by practical m5 to get ! l5g? ( %ort braces is to take a /eel fram+ squ>e & a rule1 & f9d ! l5g? ( ! brace by apply+ ! rule to ! squ>e z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gg4 ,on ! %ort leg ( ! squ>e w be f\nd a brace measure :i* gives ! l5g? ( ! sides ( ! triangle & ! l5g? ( ! brace1 ?us1 _/ #gf4ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,bevels & tap]s are f\nd by apply+ ! bevel to ! squ>e accord+ to ! bevel or ! tap] requir$1 su* z #a in* on "o side & #d in*es on ! o!r side ( ! squ>e2 ?is w\ld be call$ a tap] ( #a in* 9 #d in*es4 ,hav+ cut ! pieces to dim5sions z call$ = 9 ! draw+1 put !m toge!r1 & f9i% smoo?4 ,,ex]cise ,,numb] #e4 ,mold+s & beads are sometimes us$ to ornam5t "w1 b ! *ief use ( ! bead is to conceal op5 jo9ts by ! %ad[ x ca/s4 ,an example ( ?is may be se5 9 bead$ wa9scot+ or l>ge surfaces t are f9i%$ ) mat*$ ceil+4 ,if ! bo>ds 7 put toge!r )\t a bead$ edge1 an unsightly crack w\ld be ! result f ! %r9k+ & swell+ ( ! mat]ial4 ,mold+s are s v>i$ 9 =m t x w\ld be useless to try to describe !m "h4 ,! mold+ %[n 9 ! draw+ is giv5 = practice 9 ! use ( ! mold+ plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,a rabbet is g5]ally a squ>e corn] cut out ( ! edge ( a piece s z to lap ov]1 or to make a place = glass1 etc41 z 9 w9d[ sa%1 glass panel doors1 & door frames4 ,! rabbet plane 7see ,fig4 #gh7 is s con/ruct$ t ! iron comes out flu% ) bo? sides1 s t x w cut out a %>p corn] or int]ior angle4 ,to cut ! rabbet1 ! iron comb9ation pl[1 bead+1 & rabbet+ plane may be us$1 an illu/ration ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,?is tool c be set up z a rabbet plane or filli/]1 hav+ a f5ce to guide x along ! side & a %oe to /op its cutt+ :5 ! desir$ dep? is rea*$4 ,! plan & end elevation ( ?is ex]cise is f\nd 9 ,fig4 #hj4 ,! bead plane1 ,fig4 #ha1 t is us$ on ! edge ( ! ex]cise is kn[n z a s+le quirk$ bead1 & has a f5ce or guide by :i* x is held 9 position :ile ! bead is be+ /uck on ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,! angle bead is made ) ! same plane1 b ! "w mu/ be turn$ 9 ord] to cut ! quirk on ! o!r side4 ,! c5t] bead plane 7see ,fig4 #hb7 is a d\ble quirk$ bead plane1 & requires a piece fa/5$ on ! "w 9 ord] to guide x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,! guide piece c be held 9 place by sev]al me?ods2 "o me?od is to tack x on to ! "w1 b ?is leaves ! nail holes 9 ! "w4 ,ano!r me?od is to make a piece z %[n 9 ,fig4 #hc2 if ! "w is long a ?9 /rip ) small blocks fa/5$ on ! ends1 ,fig4 #hd1 & a w$ge driv5 betwe5 "o ( ! blocks & ! "w w hold x firmly 9 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4 ,aft] plan+ ! piece to ! desir$ dim5sions we w\ld advise ! /ud5t to foll[ ! foll[+ ord] ( "w3 ,fir/1 cut ! rabbet4 ,second1 /ick ! c5t] bead & clu/] ( beads or re$+4 ,! re$+ is done by fir/ /ick+ "o ( ! beads by means ( ! guide piece & !n lett+ "o ( ! quirks ( ! bead plane foll[ 9 ! quirk ( ! bead already /uck4 ,?ird1 cut ! edge & angle beads4 ,f\r?1 /ick ! mold+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4 ,9 ,fig4 #he is %[n ! mold+ plane held 9 position = "w4 ,on ! front end ( ! plane w be f\nd a l9e1 :i* mu/ be kept v]tical :5 ! plane is at "w4 ,f9i% ! beads ) s& pap] 9 ord] to remove all r\ghness4 ,bead & mold+ plane irons are gr\nd on an em]y :eel ) a r\nd$ edge4 ,! %>p5+ is done ) a slip-/one4 ,a slip-/one us$ = beads & mold+ planes is w$ge-%ap$ 9 ! cross section1 ) r\nd$ edges 7see ,fig4 #hf74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4 ,:]e %>p corn]s occur 9 mold+ plane irons1 triangul> & squ>e slips are us$4 ,,ex]cise ,,numb] #f4 ,x has already be5 m5tion$ t a bead is us$ 9 decoration4 ,an application ( ! bead z a decoration is giv5 9 connection ) ! use ( ! rabbet 9 ?is ex]cise1 ! bead c be appli$ to door frames :]e glass panels1 etc41 are to be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4 ,9 ,fig4 #hg is %[n ! work+ draw+4 ,! features 9 ?is ex]cise to be specially notic$ are ! me?od ( jo9+ ! bead s z to =m a cont9u\s bead ar\nd ! edge1 ! me?od ( lay+ out & cutt+ ! %\ld] s t ! op5+ 9 ! frame w be kept to size2 ! mortise & t5on us$ "h is :at is call$ a bl9d mortise & t5on4 ,hav+ notic$ ^! features1 proce$ to prep>e ! mat]ial1 by me?ods previ\sly giv51 to dim5sions call$ = 9 ! draw+4 ,! requirem5ts = ?is ex]cise are t all measurem5ts be correct1 t all jo9ts fit closely1 t ! angles be "r angles1 & t ! "w be f9i%$ 9 a neat workmanlike mann]4 ,! mat]ial hav+ be5 prep>$1 proce$ to lay ! "w out4 ,suppose ?is ex]cise to be ! top ( a glass panel door2 ! pieces on ! sides ( a door are call$ ! /iles2 ! cross-pieces are call$ ! rails1 &1 accord+ to ! position !y occupy1 are call$ respectively ! top rail1 ! mid-rail1 & ! bottom rail4 ,! pieces t /& 9 ! c5t] are kn[n z munt+s4 ,to lay out ! "w1 m>k out ! mortise on ! top ( ! /ile ab\t #a in*es f ! end4 ,x w be notic$ t ! mortise is n s long z ! top rail is wide2 ! piece t is cut out ( ! t5on is kn[n z a rebate or rabbet4 ,! reason = cutt+ out ?is piece & %ort5+ ! mortise is to /r5g!n ! jo9t by leav+ a piece ( solid wood s t ! mortise w n be op5 on ! end4 ,fig4 #hh %[s ! piece m>k$ out = ! /ile2 ! arr[ heads 9 ! figure are kn[n z witness m>ks & %[ betwe5 :at l9es ! cutt+ is to be done4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4 ,! %\ld]s on ! top rail & on ! munt+s are to be specially notic$4 ,9 lay+ out ! top rail ! op5+ betwe5 ! munt+ & ! /ile is #d in*es4 ,! %\ld] on ! face side ( ! top rail rea*es to ! f>!/ side ( ! bead s z to =m a close fitt+ jo9t1 & ! %\ld] on ! back rea*es to ! bottom ( ! glass rabbet4 ,9 ord] to keep ! op5+ z call$ = 9 ! draw+ & to mit] ! bead s z to make x cont9u\s ar\nd ! edge1 lay out ! "w 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,locate a l9e on ! edge ( ! rail t w repres5t ! side ( ! op5+ next to ! /ile1 leav+ en\gh = ! t5on2 !n lay (f ! wid? ( ! op5+2 draw a l9e :i* w repres5t ! end ( ! mortise = ! munt+2 m>k ! l5g? ( ! munt+ mortise4 ,on ! inside ( ea* end ( ! mortise lay (f ! wid? ( ! bead :i* is /uck on ! munt+4 ,return to ! fir/ l9e :i* repres5ts ! op5+1 & add to ! outside ( t ! wid? ( ! bead & rabbet2 !n f ^? l9es m>k across ! face f ! l9e :i* w repres5t ! bead1 & across ! back f ! l9e :i* repres5ts ! dep? ( ! glass rabbet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4 ,prep>e ! %\ld] l9es = ! saw z direct$ 9 previ\s "w4 ,! l9es to be drawn on ! edge ( ! rail are %[n 9 ,fig4 #hi4 ,! %\ld]s on ! munt+ are prep>$ 9 ! same way z ! rail4 ,9 m>k+ ! sides ( ! mortise & t5on use ! mortise gauge 7see ,fig4 #gc74 ,cut ! mortise & ! t5on z direct$ 9 previ\s "w1 us+ a n>r[ *isel to remove ! *ips f ! mortise4 ,! bead is to be jo9$ s t x w appe> cont9u\s2 ! me?od ( jo9+ is call$ mit]+4 ,a mit] is made by cutt+1 at an angle ( #de degrees1 ! pieces to be jo9$4 ,! practical man w try _m me?ods ( cutt+ mat]ial 9 ord] to save "t4 ,= in/ance1 if he is to make frames :]e ! corn]s are to be mit]$1 he w make a mit] box4 ,?is box 7:i* is n a box at all7 is ?ree pieces fa/5$ toge!r to =m a bottom & two sides1 all ( :i* mu/ be true be=e be+ nail$ toge!r2 !n by cutt+ across ! sides 9 bo? directions ) ! saw at an angle ( #de degrees & squ>e to ! bottom1 ! s-call$ mit] box is made1 an illu/ration ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ij4 ,iron mit] boxes are n[ 9 g5]al use2 ( ^! ,fig4 #ia is a good repres5tation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4 ,9 ! mit]+ ( ! bead1 a templet1 :i* c be made by ! /ud5t1 is ( great s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4 ,a templet is a m\ld or patt]n us$ z an auxili>y4 ,! templet = ?is "w is made 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,take a piece & rabbet out "o corn] z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ib2 !n cut ! ends z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ic1 :i* are at #de degrees4 ,) ?is templet plac$ on ! "w z %[n 9 ,fig4 #id1 ) a *isel cut (f ! bead1 :i* protrudes beyond ! templet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4 ,at ! mortises remove "p ( ! bead z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ie2 !n place ! templet 9 position1 & cut to ! angle4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ! mortises are cut squ>e to ! edges on ! ends1 s t !y w n squeeze ! t5on :5 putt+ ! "w toge!r4 ,aft] all cutt+ & fitt+ is done glue ! "w 7see note on glue at ! end ( ! book71 & clamp ! pieces toge!r ) h&screws4 ,h&screws are ( ! =m z %[n 9 ,fig4 #if4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4 ,9 ord] fur!r to /r5g!n ?is k9d ( jo9t1 small iron p9s may be driv5 into ! back ?r\gh ! t5on1 b !y mu/ n come ?r\gh ! "w4 ,! p9s may be made by cutt+ wire brads (f to ! requir$ l5g? & driv+ !m 9 & sett+ !m bel[ ! surface ) a nail set4 ,aft] ! glue is set f9i% (f ! "w ) a smoo? plane4 ,,ex]cise ,,numb] #g4 ,,dovetail+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important me?ods employ$ by ! jo9] is t t]m$ dovetail+1 :i* is ( ?ree k9ds1 namely1 common1 lap1 & mit]4 ,common dovetail+ 7see ,fig4 #ig7 %[s ! =m ( ! p9s or project+ p>ts1 z well z ! excavations made to receive !m4 ,lap dovetail+ is simil> to ?is1 b 9 t sy/em ! ends ( ! dovetails ( ! side ,a1 ,fig4 #ih1 are %ort5$1 & ! recesses :i* are to receive !m 9 ,b are n cut ?r\gh :5 jo9$ toge!r2 only ! l$ge is visible on ! return side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4 ,mit] dovetail+ 7sometimes also call$ secret dovetail+7 conceals ! dovetails1 & %[s only ! mit] at ! edges4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is jo9t is made w be und]/ood f ,fig4 #ii1 9 :i* ! two p>ts ,a & ,b are giv51 ea* "p be+ lett]$ to correspond ) ! position x is to occupy :5 ! sides are jo9$4 ,conceal$ dovetail+ is p>ticul>ly useful :]e ! faces ( ! bo>ds are int5d$ to =m a sali5t angle2 t is1 "o :i* is on ! outside ( any piece ( "w2 b :5 ! faces =m a re-entrant angle1 t is1 a jo9t to be se5 f ! inside1 common dovetail+ w answ] be/2 =1 fir/1 x is /rong]1 because ! dovetails pass entirely in/ead ( only p>tly ?r\gh2 secondly1 x is *eap]1 = ! dovetails :i* g ?r\gh ! :ole wood take up mu* less "t 9 work+ ?an :]e a mit] has to be left2 & fur!r1 if well execut$1 ! dovetails are1 by ! v nature ( ! "w1 conceal$ int]nally4 ,fig4 #ajj %[s a v>iation ( ! common dovetail1 us$ 9 atta*+ ! fronts ( draw]s to ! sides1 & = simil> purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4 ,9 ,fig4 #aja is giv5 ! work+ draw+ ( ! common dovetail1 & ,fig4 #ajb1 ,a-,b %[s ! details ( ea* piece4 ,! /ock c be prep>$ 9 "o piece 7hav+ x long en\gh s t if a poor jo9+ is made1 ! dovetails c be cut (f & new ones cut on ?is piece74 ,aft] plan+1 cut 9 two1 squ>e "o end ( ea* piece 7! ends to be jo9$74 ,to lay out ! "w1 x is advisable to lay out ! piece ) ! p9s or t5ons fir/4 ,f ! squ>$ end measure 9 ! ?ickness ( ! side2 !n m>k on bo? sides1 us+ ! knife to draw ! l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4 ,on ! face side 7:i* is ! side t w\ld be t[>d ! inside ( a box7 lay (f ! l9es %[n = ! p9s 9 ! detail m>k$ ,a1 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,^! l9es c be drawn f ! work+ edge ) a gauge1 or1 if ! ends are p]fectly squ>e1 ! squ>e c be us$ 7! l9es be+ p>allel ) ! edge74 ,f ^! l9es w be drawn ! oblique l9es across ! end ) ! bevel set at a tap] ( #a in* to #d in*es4 ,! bevel c be set by ! /eel fram+ squ>e1 by ! me?ods already giv54 ,aft] draw+ ! l9es saw d[n ! requir$ dep? on ! outside ( ! l9e1 & remove ! pieces betwe5 ! p9s or t5ons by fir/ bor+ a hole ?r\gh ! piece to be remov$1 !n cutt+ f bo? sides ) ! *isel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4 7,! bor+ is done ) ! brace1 ,fig4 #ajc1 & ! bit1 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,bits are ( diff]5t =ms2 ,fig4 #aje %[s a numb] ( diff]5t /yles74 ,x w be necess>y only to draw ! l9es across ! end ( ! piece m>k$ ,b1 ,fig4 #ajb1 z ! m>k+ ( ?is piece = ! recesses w be made by hold+ 9 position ! piece already cut1 & scrib+ or m>k+ ! p9s or t5ons1 !n squ>+ ! l9es across ! end4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 saw+ ! mortises if a p]fect fit is desir$4 ,?is c be done only by saw+ on ! inside ( ! l9e1 cutt+ ! l9es 9 two4 ,! pieces %\ld g toge!r by light driv+1 & %\ld be p]fectly squ>e on ! inside4 ,if ! jo9t is satisfactory take ap>t & glue toge!r4 ,aft] ! glue is dry ! jo9t c be smoo!d & ! ends ( ! pieces cut (f & squ>$ to ! prop] dim5sions giv5 9 ,fig4 #aja4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4 ,,ex]cise ,,numb] #h4 ,,door ,,frame ,,= ,,glass ,,panel4 ,! prec$+ ex]cises are only a few ( ! me?ods employ$ by ! workm5 9 jo9+ pieces toge!r4 ,! exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 _! execution w be ( great help 9 ! "w t foll[s4 ,fig4 #ajf %[s ! work+ draw+ = a small frame door = a glass panel2 ! details & sections ( ! pieces requir$ are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,x mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation t ?is door is actually to fit into an op5+ ( a giv5 size1 & a little =e?\ght w be necess>y to "w ! mat]ial s t :5 all cutt+ & fitt+ is done ! correct size w be ! result ( ! labor exp5d$4 ,/udy ! draw+ & make out a bill ( lumb]1 not+ :at "w mu/ be done 9 ord] to proce$ intellig5tly ) ! "w4 ,! outside size ( ! door is #i in*es by #ab in*es1 & ! wid? ( ! /iles is #b in*es4 ,! wid? ( ! top rail is #a in*es1 & ! wid? ( ! bottom rail is #b in*es1 s t 7all[+ a little on ! l5g? ( ! rails s t ! t5ons w\ld project ?r\gh ! /iles ab\t in*1 & ! /iles w\ld project beyond ! rails ab\t in*1 leav+ :at is kn[n to workm5 z horns7 ! bill ( lumb] w\ld be3 #b pieces #ac 9 #b 9 #a 94 ,bill ( ,lumb] #a piece #i 9 #b 9 #a 94 #a piece #i 9 #a 9 #a 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4 ,x mu/ also be tak5 into consid]ation t ! door mu/ be plan$ on ! edges & ! ends :5 x is all put toge!r2 x w be necess>y to all[ = ?is "w :5 ! mat]ial is be+ plan$2 hav+ ! /iles & rails a little ov] size 9 wid? w provide = ?is4 ,! lay+ out ( ?is ex]cise is important1 = !re are sev]al ?+s to be consid]$2 we mu/ fir/ f9d out ! dep? ( ! rabbet & ! wid? ( ! mold+ be=e we proce$ to lay out ! "w4 ,x w be se5 f section draw+ ,a1 ,fig4 #ajg1 t ! mold+ f ! edges ( ! piece to ! quirk is _/ in*1 7?is is ! dep? t ! mold+ plane cuts72 ! rabbet is also ! same dep?2 ! op5+ betwe5 ! /iles is #e in*es2 to ?is mu/ be add$ ! dep? ( ! mold+ & rabbet on bo? sides1 :i* makes ! di/ance betwe5 ! %\ld]s ( ! rails #e in*es4 ,a simple rule to foll[ 9 lay+ out "w1 :]e pieces are 9 pairs or "r & left1 is to place ! pieces toge!r ) _! faces out & _! edges up4 ,plac+ ! rails 9 ?is position1 lay out ! rails4 ,at ! end draw a l9e across ! edges4 7,x mu/ be rememb]$ t :5 ! pieces 7 saw$ out1 !y 7 left a little long] ?an ! wid? ( ! door1 s t ! position ( ! fir/ l9e is to be det]m9$ by ! am\nt ( extra /ock left74 ,f ?is l9e measure (f ! wid? ( ! door & m>k across ! o!r end4 ,f ^! l9es measure 9 ! wid? ( ! /iles1 :i* is #b in*es2 ?is gives ! wid? ( ! op5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4 ,we saw f ,a1 ,fig4 #ajg1 t ! dep? ( ! mold+ & ! rabbet 0 _/ in*2 s f ! #b in* l9e we measure back on ea* end _/ in*2 ?is gives ! l9es f :i* ! %\ld] l9es are to be drawn across ! faces & ! backs ( ! pieces4 ,prep>e %\ld]s = back-saw z direct$ 9 o!r "w4 ,n[1 tak+ ! /iles1 & plac+ !m toge!r by ! rule giv51 lay out ! l9es = ! extreme l5g? ( ! door1 & f "o end measure 9 ! wid? ( ! top rail 7#a in*es74 ,f ! o!r end measure 9 ! wid? ( ! bottom rail 7#b in*es74 ,f ^! l9es measure back ! l5g? ( ! mortises4 ,x w be und]/ood t by measur+ is meant t l9es are to be drawn4 ,l9es are also ne$$ on ! back edges ( ! /iles = ! mortises1 z ! mortise is cut all ! way ?r\gh4 ,to obta9 ^? l9es apply ! me?od giv5 9 ex]cise ,no4 #c2 nev] m>k l9es across ! outside ( ! "w unless x is absolutely necess>y1 & !n ) p5cil only1 s t !y may be clean$ (f :5 ! "w is be+ f9i%$4 ,! m>k+ ( ! sides ( ! mortises & ! t5ons is done ) ! mortise gauge set to ! dim5sions giv5 9 ! draw+1 ! gauge to be appli$ to ! face side4 ,cut out mortises & t5ons z 9 =m] "w1 us+ ! in* mortis+ *isel :i* is f\nd 9 ! tool room4 7,all gaug+ = mortises & t5ons hav+ be5 done f ! face side1 & all cutt+ hav+ be5 done to ! l9es1 x necess>ily foll[s t ! face side ( ! door w be flu%4 ,?is is absolutely necess>y = ! mold+ & ! rabbet to mat*47 ,take ! comb9ation pl[ & set x to cut ! rabbet1 apply+ ! f5ce to ! face side & cutt+ ! rabbets out ( ! corn]s opposite to :]e ! pl[ is plac$4 ,see t ! %oe is set to /op ! plane cutt+ :5 ! desir$ dep? is rea*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4 ,fig4 #ajh %[s h[ ?is may be done4 ,aft] cutt+ ! rabbet1 /ick ! mold+ 7:i* 9 ?is case is call$ a ,go?ic or ,scotia mold+74 ,prep>e ! /iles z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajg1 ,b4 ,! jo9+ ( ! mold+ is to be :at is kn[n z cop+4 ,?is is done 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! mold+ is left project+ beyond ! inside end ( ! mortises1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajg1 ,b4 ,! mold+ on ! rails is to be cut at an angle ( #de degrees4 ,?is is done by tak+ ! templet us$ 9 ,ex]cise ,no4 #f & plac+ x on ! rail z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajg1 ,c1 & cutt+ ! mold+ ) a *isel d[n to ! t5ons4 ,?is w give ! l9e by :i* ! cop+ is to be cut4 ,! cutt+ is done by us+ ! g\ge1 ,fig4 #aji1 "o t is gr\nd on ! inside pref]r$2 cut ! cop+ deep en\gh to receive ! mold+ :i* projects beyond ! mortise1 ,fig4 #ajg1 ,b4 ,! l9e :i* w %[ at ! jo9+ ( ! mold+ on ! face ( ! ex]cise w look l a mit] jo9t4 ,?is jo9t has ! advantage ( always be+ close1 = no am\nt ( %r9k+ or swell+ w op5 x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4 ,aft] all cutt+ is done1 put toge!r & see if all jo9ts fit2 hav+ t5ons cut z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajg1 ,c4 ,?is all[s room = w$ges4 ,! w$ges are cut ) a back-saw out ( a piece ( bo>d ( ! same ?ickness z ! t5ons4 ,fig4 #aaj %[s h[ ?is is to be done4 ,if ! jo9ts are all satisfactory op5 !m en\gh to all[ ! glue bru% to g betwe5 ! %\ld]s & ! /iles2 put a little glue on bo? sides ( ! t5ons & drive toge!r1 putt+ clamps or l>ge h&screws on to br+ ! jo9ts up close2 dip ! po9ts ( ! w$ges 9 glue & drive !m betwe5 ! ends ( ! mortise & ! edges ( ! t5on2 remove ! clamps & let ! glue set be=e smoo?+ ! sides ( ! "w4 ,! door1 :5 ! w$ges are driv5 & clamps remov$1 w look z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4 ,! ends ( ! t5ons & horns are saw$ (f & ! edges plan$4 ,! g\ge1 7,fig4 #aji71 has a blade t is curv$ 9 its section ! :ole l5g?2 g\ges are ( diff]5t sweeps4 ,! bevel :i* is gr\nd on ! cutt+ edge may be on ! concave or ! convex side2 & accord+ to ?is gr9d+ ! tools are kn[n z inside & outside g\ges4 ,! %>p5+ is done ) a slip-/one4 ,aft] ! glue is h>d en\gh1 smoo? ! surface ) ! smoo? plane1 & !n take s& pap] & f9i% ! "w4 ,put ! s& pap] on a block1 be+ c>eful n to r\nd ! surfaces :5 us+ x4 ,,ex]cise ,,numb] #i4 ,,b5* ,,hook4 7,?is ex]cise may be omitt$ at ! option ( in/ructor47 ,x w n be necess>y to give _m directions = ?is ex]cise1 z ! /ud5t by ?is "t %\ld h le>n$ ! sequ5ce ( op]ations 9 prep>+ mat]ial4 ,! special po9ts to be notic$ 9 ! work+ out ( ?is ex]cise are t ! sides are cut out ) ! rip-saw2 ! ends cut ) ! back-saw2 ! sides to be f9i%$ ) ! plane1 us+ ! rabbet plane to plane ! corn]s at ! /ops at ! ends1 & ! jack-plane = ! re/ ( ! surfaces4 ,surfaces are to be f9i%$ ) s& pap] & %ellac$4 ,9 ,fig4 #aab w be se5 ! work+ draw+4 ,! ?ickness ( /ock requir$ is #a in*es4 ,! angle at :i* to set ! bevel = ! ends is in* 9 #d in*es4 ,all ! o!r dim5sions are f\nd on ! draw+4 ,aft] ! piece is cut out & f9i%$ ) s& pap]1 give x a coat ( %ellac v>ni% & let x dry f #h to #aj h\rs4 ,!n ) ,no4 #jj s& pap] smoo? ! %ellac 7b d n cut ?r\gh74 ,aft] :i* give ano!r coat4 ,to obta9 a glossy surface ! pores ( ! wood mu/ be fill$ ) ! v>ni%2 by repeat+ ! op]ation ) ! s& pap] & giv+ ano!r coat ( %ellac1 a v good surface w be obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 putt+ on ! %ellac v>ni% n to put x on too ?ick1 z x sets or dries quickly & an unev5 coat ( v>ni% is unsightly4 ,spread x quickly2 see t pl5ty ( %ellac is on ! bru%2 d n g ov] x aft] x has once be5 spread ev5ly1 z x w roll up 9 small lumps :i* w h to be left to dry be=e any?+ c be done to x1 & !n x w take a great am\nt ( labor to smoo? x4 ,?is is "o me?od ( f9i%+ ) %ellac v>ni%4 ,to prep>e %ellac v>ni% see note4 ,,ex]cise ,,numb] #aj4 ,,box ,,) ,,slid+ ,,top4 ,!re are s _m ways 9 :i* a box may be made t x w\ld be out ( place "h to enum]ate !m all4 ,! jo9ts us$ "h are kn[n z butt jo9ts4 ,fig4 #aac is ! work+ draw+2 ! details ( ! "w are %[n 9 ,fig4 #aad4 ,! fir/ /ep to be tak5 9 mak+ ?is ex]cise is to make out a bill ( lumb]4 ,by ! draw+ we f9d ! l5g? ( ! box to be #ab in*es1 ! wid? to be #g in*es1 & ! height to be #e in*es1 all[+ in* on ea* end ( ! sides = f9i%+4 ,! side pieces w\ld be #ab in*es4 ,! ?ickness ( ! sides is in* & ! ends are let into ! sides in* z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aad1 ,a2 ?is w\ld make ! l5g? ( ! ends #f in*es f9i%$2 "o end be+ in* n>r[] ?an ! o!r to let ! top slide ov] x 9 ! groove on ! sides4 ,! wid? ( "o end w\ld be #e in*es1 & ( ! o!r #d in*es4 ,! bottom is to be let into ! sides & ends 9 a groove :i* is in* deep4 ,?is w\ld make ! bottom #aa in*es long1 #f in*es wide1 & in* ?ick4 ,! top slides 9 ! groove %[n 9 ! section at ,b1 ,fig4 #aad1 :i* is in* deep1 & ! end ( ! top goes into ! groove 9 ! end ( ! box1 :i* is in* deep4 ,?is w\ld make ! l5g? ( ! top #aa in*es1 ! wid? #f in*es1 & ! ?ickness in*4 ,! bill ( lumb] w\ld be z foll[s3 ,bill ( ,sides1 #b pieces #ab 9 94 ,lumb] ,top1 #a piece #aa 9 #f 9 94 ,f9i%$ ,*]ry or ,end1 #a piece #f 9 #e 9 94 ,bir* ,end1 #a piece #f 9 #d 9 94 ,size4 ,bottom1 #a piece #aa 9 #f 9 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4 ,! mat]ial us$ 9 ?is ex]cise w be plan$ ne>ly to ! ?ickness by ! plan+ ma*9e1 en\gh be+ left to smoo? ! "w4 ,select & lay out on a bo>d ! pieces requir$ 7all[+ en\gh = ! "w on ! edges74 ,saw out ! pieces2 !n plane ! edges by ! me?ods giv51 omitt+ ! plan+ ( ! face side & ! back1 b select & m>k ! sides = ! work+ faces4 ,! extremities ( ! end pieces are to be plan$ p]fectly squ>e to insure a close fit aga9/ ! sides4 ,! me?od ( plan+ ! ends is to plane half way ?r\gh f ! edge1 !n plane f ! o!r edge1 be+ c>eful n to let ! plane g all ! way across1 z ! corn] w be liable to break (f4 ,x w n be necess>y to plane ! ends ( ! sides until ! box is glu$ toge!r1 :5 !y c be f9i%$ (f ev5 ) ! end4 ,to lay out & prep>e ! sides1 place ! pieces toge!r1 faces out & edges up1 draw a l9e across ! edges at ! ends = ! full l5g? ( ! box1 !n measure back ! ?ickness ( ! ends4 ,f ^! l9es m>k across ! faces ( ea* piece4 ,x w be notic$ t "o end ( ea* side c be saw$ across1 b ! o!r end :]e ! top ent]s ! grooves w h to be cut p>tly ) a saw & ! re/ ( ! way ) a *isel4 ,prep>e ! ends ! same z ! %\ld]s ( ! t5on1 be+ c>eful n to cut ! groove all ! way across :]e ! top ent]s4 ,gauge ! dep? to :i* ! ends g into ! sides1 & aft] saw+ across remove ! pieces f ! corn]s ) a *isel4 ,x w be necess>y only to h ! end pieces ! correct l5g?1 z !re w be no l9es to be drawn on !m4 ,take ! pl[ plane & put a in* iron into x1 & set x = ! grooves t are cut out ( ! sides & ! ends4 ,! grooves are all ! same di/ance 9 f ! edges & are all ! same dep?4 ,to protect ! b5* :ile us+ ! pl[1 get a piece ( bo>d & on x fa/5 pieces to hold ! "w :ile runn+ ! groove4 ,?is is done by saw+ out ?ree or f\r pieces z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aae1 & fa/5+ !m to ! bo>d z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4 ,! tongue on ! edges ( ! top & ! bottom c be made ) ! pl[ by fa/5+ ! pieces 9 ! vise & rabbet+ out ! corn]s z %[n 9 ,c1 ,fig4 #aad4 ,aft] all cutt+ & fitt+ has be5 done smoo? ! inside ( ea* piece ) ! plane2 !n take ! /eel scrap] 7%[n 9 ,fig4 #aag71 & scrape ! surfaces2 !n f9i% ) s& pap]2 glue ! corn]s2 put ! bottom 9 place & fa/5 toge!r ) h& screws & let dry4 ,!re are no nails us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ?is ex]cise4 ,f9i% ! outside ( ! box 9 ! same way t ! inside 0 done4 ,aft] f9i%+ ! outside & ! top1 use fill] or /a9 to color ! wood4 ,! fill] is a mixture ( f9e :it+ & l9se$ oil ) a little turp5t9e to act z a dry]1 color$ ) any ( ! pigm5ts desir$4 ,a little exp]i5ce is necess>y 9 us+ ! colors to obta9 ! desir$ %ade4 ,! fill] comes already prep>$1 ( a cream color1 & mu/ be color$ z requir$4 ,apply ! fill] ) a bru%1 & let x /& on ! wood = a %ort "t2 !n rub x (f ) cotton wa/e or a rag2 !n set ! "w aside until ! surfaces are p]fectly h>d2 !n give a coat ( %ellac v>ni% & let x dry4 ,repeat ! op]ation two or ?ree times1 us+ s& pap] to smoo? ea* coat ( v>ni%4 ,aft] ! v>ni% is ?or\ghly h>d1 take p[d]$ pumice & oil or wat]1 us+ a s(t rag1 & rub ! surfaces until !y are smoo?2 !n take rott5 /one & oil & rub until x has a fairly bright gloss4 ,rub ) a s(t dry clo?1 !n f9i% ) ! palm ( ! h& until a bright glossy surface is obta9$4 ,= poli%+ see note4 ,,problem ,,9 ,,truss ,,"w4 ,! prec$+ "w is :at might be t]m$ jo9] "w2 ! c>p5t] also is call$ ^u to jo9 timb]s1 & uses to a great ext5t ! same jo9ts t ! jo9] does1 b ! jo9]'s "w is usually :]e x mu/ be> inspection1 :]eas ! c>p5t]'s "w is g5]ally cov]$ ov] ei!r by pla/] or cas+s4 ,a s+le me*anic may be able to p]=m e k9d ( "w t is requir$ 9 ! con/ruction ( a build+2 ?us ! two trades are usually spok5 ( z "o1 i4 e41 c>p5t] "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4 ,9 ,fig4 #aah is %[n a me?od t is sometimes us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( trusses4 ,a truss is t "p ( a ro( :i* supports ! purl9es1 raft]s & %ea?+4 ,a ro( is ! cov]+ or upp] enclosure ( a build+ ) ! frame "w by :i* x is support$4 ,x may be ( almo/ any %ape4 ,a light ro( is usually ( mod]ate span1 )\t trusses1 ! raft]s be+ support$ by ! walls or p>titions ( ! build+4 ,a heavy ro( is employ$ = wid] spans1 & ! raft]s are !n support$ by ! purl9es & trusses4 ,a truss is usually requir$ = spans ( m ?an #bj feet4,a ,a ,def9itions f ,rick]'s ,truss$ ,ro(s4 ,! span ( a ro( is ! horizontal di/ance betwe5 ! ext]nal surfaces ( ! walls ( ! build+2 its rise is a v]tical let fall f its ridge to a horizontal l9e jo9+ ! int]sections ( ! ext]nal surfaces ( ! walls & ! ro( surfaces4 ,! incl9ation ( a ro( equals ! angles betwe5 its surface & a horizontal4 ,! span ( a truss is ! horizontal di/ance betwe5 ! c5t]s ( its end jo9ts1 & is usually ! same z t betwe5 ! c5t]s ( ! walls1 :i* support ! truss4 ,its rise is ! v]tical connect+ its span l9e & ! c5t] ( ! jo9t at ! apex or highe/ po9t ( ! truss4 ,a memb] ( a truss is any /raight or curv$ piece :i* connects two adjac5t jo9ts ( ! truss4 ,! upp] *ord is compos$ ( ! memb]s :i* =m ! upp] edge or m>g9 ( ! truss4 ,ea* half ( ! upp] *ord ( a triangul> truss is (t5 call$ a pr9cipal4 ,! l[] *ord is compos$ ( ! memb]s =m+ ! l[] edge ( ! truss4 ,if /raight1 ?is is t]m$ ! tie-beam or tie-rod2 ! fir/ be+ a wood5 timb]2 ! second1 "o or m rods ( iron4 ,! web memb]s connect ! jo9ts ( "o *ord ) ^? ( ! o!r1 & may be radials 9 case ( curv$ trusses1 diagonals1 or v]ticals4 ,!y are commonly call$ /ruts :]e !y resi/ compression1 ties :]e !y resi/ t5sion1 & /rut-ties :]e !y resi/ compression & t5sion4 ,a jo9t is ! connection ( two or m memb]s ^: c5t] l9es mu/ int]sect at a common po9t if possible1 ?is common po9t be+ ! c5t] ( ! jo9t4 ,! raft]s ( light ro(s are n truss$1 b re/ directly on ! walls1 & support ! %ea?+ & cov]+ ( ! ro(4 ,heavy ro(s are support$ by trusses re/+ on ! side walls4 ,! %ea?+ is support$ by raft]s :i* re/ on ! purl9es1 ^! be+ support$ by ! trusses4 ,! draw+1 ,fig4 #aah1 %[s ! half ( a truss2 ! memb]s are ! upp] *ord1 ! l[] *ord1 & a /rut4 ,al?\gh c>p5t] "w is usually ( a r\gh "*1 ! jo9ts ( a truss %\ld fit snugly s t !re w be no room to give :5 load$2 s1 = ! practice1 ! /ud5t w plane ! /ock ei!r to ! sizes giv5 9 ! draw+ or d\ble ! sizes1 mak+ ! :ole truss z "t & circum/ances p]mit4 7,?is to be det]m9$ by ! in/ructor47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4 ,fig4 #aai %[s :at is t]m$ a truss diagram2 ! di/ance f po9t ,a1 to ,b1 is ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t] ( ! walls1 & ! angle ,a1 ,c1 ,d1 is ! incl9ation or pit* ( ! ro(4 ,! pit* ( ! ro( is det]m9$ by ! di/ance ! peak ( ! ro( rises above ! walls2 ?us if a ro( has a qu>t] pit*1 ! peak w\ld rise above ! walls "o qu>t] ! wid? ( ! build+2 if half pit* ! peak w\ld rise "o half ! wid? ( ! build+1 etc4 ,= simplicity 9 lay+ out ?is problem we w make ! pit* "o half4 ,! po9ts ,a1 ,b1 repres5t ! span ( ! walls2 also ! l9es ,a1 ,c1 & ,b1 ,c1 %[ ! outside m>g9 ( ! upp] *ord ( ! truss4 ,by bisect+ ,a1 ,b1 & erect+ a p]p5dicul> at ,d1 to ,c1 we divide1 ! triangle ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 into two triangles1 ,a1 ,d1 ,c1 & ,b1 ,d1 ,c4 ,n[1 ! l9e ,a1 ,c1 is ! hypot5use ( ! "r-angl$ triangle ,a1 ,d1 ,c4 ,we _h "o example ( f9d+ ! l5g? ( ! hypot5use ( a "r-angl$ triangle 9 ,ex]cise ,no4 #d4 ,! workman :o lays out raft]s or trusses r>ely takes "t to calculate ! hypot5use ( ! triangle1 b uses ! /eel fram+ squ>e 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,he obta9s ! horizontal di/ance at ! bottom ( ! raft]s1 & ! pit*4 ,take = example a truss t is #cj feet across f po9t to po9t1 & a pit* ( "o half2 !n ! di/ance ! peak w\ld rise w\ld be #ae feet4 ,take ! fram+ squ>e & lay x on ! *ord1 tak+ #ab in*es on ! blade & #ab in*es on ! tongue & m>k (f #ae triangles z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abj1 :i* is half ! wid? ( ! build+4 ,! rise 0 also #ae feet2 s by us+ ! squ>e z %[n1 we obta9 ! rise & ! run ( ! raft]4 ,! l9e on "o side ( ! squ>e gives ! angle at :i* ! *ord or raft] is to be cut at ! peak4 ,! l9e at ! o!r end ( ! *ord gives ! l9e f :i* to measure ! di/ance ! t5on & %\ld]s g d[n into ! tie-beam4 ,! /rut %[n 9 ! draw+1 ,fig4 #aah1 has "o jo9t squ>e1 & ! o!r at an angle ( #de degrees4 ,:]e ! pit* is "o half1 ! angles are #de degrees & "r angles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4 ,! l9e ,e1 ,d1 on ! diagram repres5ts a tie-rod1 :i* by ! con/ruction ( ?is truss w\ld naturally t5d to /iff5 ! /ructure by support+ ! c5t] ( ! tie-beam4 ,wire1 nuts1 & wa%]s are suppli$ 7:]e ! /ud5t makes a :ole model7 to make ! tie-/rut4 ,! /ud5t 9 writ+ out notes w make two sket*es ( trusses he may h obs]v$ on %op visits4 ,! build+s visit$ almo/ all h truss$ ro(s1 ei!r wood or iron4 ,,problem ,,9 ,,/air ,,build+4 ,two or ?ree /ud5ts may "w toge!r on ?is problem4 ,read all ?r\gh be=e comm5c+ "w4 ,! /air & ! h&-rail may be consid]$ z "o problem1 s9ce ! h&-rail =ms "p ( ! complet$ /aircase1 b !y are sep>at$ into two di/9ct problems = conv5i5ce 9 work+ !m out4 ,9 ,fig4 #aba1 is %[n ! plan & ! elevation ( ! /air1 ! dim5sions = ea* piece requir$ are calculat$ by ! /ud5t f ?is draw+4 ,! "n ( ea* piece also is f\nd 9 ,fig4 #aba4 ,! nos+ is to be add$ to ! wid? ( ! tread4 ,! nos+ is ! "p :i* projects beyond ! front ( ! ris]4 ,! ?ickness ( ! /r+]s is to be in*1 ! ris]s in*es1 ! treads in*es1 & ! well-hole is to be built up z 9 practical "w1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4 ,,=m ,,( ,,bill ,,( ,,lumb]4 ,l5g? ,wid? ,?ickness ,wall /r+] 8 8 8 ,outside /r+] 8 8 8 ,ris]s 7#e pieces7 8 8 8 ,treads plus nos+s 7#d pieces7 8 8 8 ,top tread 7#a piece7 8 8 8 ,well-hole piece 8 8 8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4 ,aft] ! mat]ial is prep>$1 proce$ to make ! templets4 ,! templets requir$ are %[n 9 ,fig4 #abb4 ,templet ,e1 is us$ to lay out ! brackets = ! ris]s & treads on ! wall & outside /r+]s2 templet ,g1 to lay out ! h\s+ = ! treads on ! wall /r+]2 templet ,h1 = ! h\s+ = ! ris]s on ! wall /r+]4 ,n[ take ! piece = ! wall /r+]1 ,a1 ,fig4 #abb1 & draw ! l9e ,x1 ,y2 proce$ to lay x out4 ,comm5c+ at ! bottom1 lay templet ,e on ! piece z %[n at #a ,a1 & draw l9es = ! ris] & ! bottom ( ! tread2 !n place ! templet z %[n by #b ,a1 7rememb]+ t 9 ord] to h ! bottom /ep ! same height z ! o!rs ! bottom ris] mu/ be ! ?ickness ( ! tread n>r[] ?an ! o!rs4 ,?is w be se5 by look+ at ! draw+1 ,fig4 #abb1 :i* %[s ! height ( ! ris]s74 ,!n place templet ,e1 9 position z indicat$ by #c ,a1 & draw ! l9e = ! ris] & ! tread1 & s on until all ! l9es h be5 drawn :i* w repres5t ! front ( ! ris]s & ! bottom side ( ! treads4 ,aft] hav+ drawn ^! l9es1 take templet ,g1 & place x on ! tread l9e z %[n at ,j1 ,fig4 #abb1 & draw ! l9es = ! top ( ! /eps1 ! nos+1 & ! w$ges2 ! ?ickness ( ! /ep is to be measur$ up f ! tread l9e4 ,n[ take templet ,h1 place x 9 position on ! ris] l9es1 ,j1 ,fig4 #abb1 draw l9es back ( ! ris] l9e = ! ?ickness ( ! ris]s & ! w$ges2 !n proce$ to cut out ! h\s+ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,take a c5t] or aug] bit ! same size z ! ?ickness ( ! /ep & bore ! dep? t ! h\s+ is to be1 z %[n at #e ,a1 ,fig4 #abb2 !n take a *isel & cut out z %[n at #d ,a1 ,fig4 #abb4 ,?is w give room to use ! back-saw to cut ! re/ ( ! l9es4 ,n[ take a *isel & remove ! pieces to ! dep? requir$1 :i*1 9 ?is case1 is in*2 cut = ! ris]s & remove 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 l>g] "w ( ?is k9d a r\t] %\ld be us$4 ,to lay out ! outside /r+] take templet ,e1 ,fig4 #abb1 & m>k z at ,b1 ,fig4 #abb4 ,! ris] is to =m a mit] ) ! front ( ! bracket2 s x w be necess>y to beg9 at ! top /ep & saw ! /r+] (f squ>e to ! face2 !n take a bevel 7:i* w be set at an angle ( #de degrees7 & m>k f ! ris] l9e s t x w =m a mit]4 ,saw d[n ?is l9e2 !n saw ! next tread l9e squ>e to ! face4 ,repeat ) ! bevel z be=e1 & saw ! next ris] l9e1 & s on until ! bottom is rea*$4 ,c1 & ,d1 ,fig4 #abb1 %[ h[ ! ris]s & ! treads are to be cut4 ,! ends ( ! ris]s are to be cut at an angle ( #de degrees to fit ! bracket on ! outside /r+]4 ,! end ( ! /ep is cut z %[n 9 ord] to receive ! return nos+4 ,! dovetails on ! end are to receive ! balu/] :i* supports ! h&-rail4 ,! piece ,f1 :i* is to =m ! well-hole1 is built up ( pieces1 !n plan$ out ) a r\nd bottom plane4 ,! me?od ( fa/5+ ?is piece to ! /r+] is to halve ! /r+] & to cut out ! well-hole piece to receive x2 !n glue & screw toge!r4 ,i1 ,fig4 #abb1 %[s :at ! top or l&+ /ep is to be4 ,! curves t are %[n at ! bottom & ! top ( ! /r+]s are kn[n z eas+s4 ,! /ud5t w use 8 own +5uity 9 =m+ ! eas+1 rememb]+ t a little glue w fa/5 pieces toge!r1 & t x is n necess>y to take a bo>d ! :ole wid? at ^? po9ts ( ! /r+]s to accompli% ?is4 ,to put ! /airs toge!r aft] all ! pieces h be5 prep>$1 place ! bottom ris] 9 place & fa/5 x 9 ) glue & a w$ge2 !n toe-nail x into ! /r+] f ! back4 ,n[ fa/5 ! outside /r+] to ! ris]1 brac+ x into position2 !n fit ! second ris] & ! fir/ tread into place2 !n fa/5 ) glue & w$ges1 & toe-nail ! ris] & ! tread to ! /r+]4 ,! treads w be nail$ to ! ris]s s z to unite ! "w firmly toge!r4 ,ano!r me?od ( fa/5+ ! ris] to ! tread is to groove ! front edge ( ! tread & h a tongue on ! ris]1 an illu/ration ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #abc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4 ,to decorate /airways m\ld+s are us$2 g5]ally a cove m\ld+ is fa/5$ "u ! front & ! end ( ! tread1 an illu/ration ( :i* is %[n at ,fig4 #abd4 ,! hamm] is us$ 9 ?is problem2 x is h>dly necess>y to expla9 its use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4 ,toe-nail+ is ! driv+ ( nails obliquely 9 ord] to fa/5 two pieces t may be at an angle to ea* o!r1 z illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #abe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4 ,,problem ,,9 ,,h& ,,rail+4 ,! /ud5t1 n hav+ _h wood turn+ z yet1 w n consid] ! mak+ ( ! turn$ balu/]s1 su* "w be+ introduc$ 9 ! c\rse 9 wood turn+4 ,9 comm5c+ "w on ! h& rail+1 notice ! sev]al p>ts t h to be made2 fir/1 ! newel po/2 second1 ! eas+ at ! bottom ( ! /airs2 ?ird1 ! /raight piece ( rail+2 f\r?1 ! return or twi/ at ! top4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4 ,fig4 #abf %[s ! work+ draw+ = ! newel po/1 ! explanation ( :i* w be unnecess>y4 ,! eas+ is ! b5d 9 ! rail be=e x /rikes ! newel po/4 ,! me?od ( lay+ out a graceful eas+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #abg4 ,! /raight piece ( rail is work$ out ) ! holl[ & ! r\nd planes :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! tool room4 ,! return or twi/ requires to be develop$ by descriptive geometry1 & to d ?is we w ref] to draw+ ,fig4 #aba 9 ord] to f9d ! diamet] ( ! well4 ,x w be notic$ t "o half ( ! twi/ is p>allel ) ! l&+ & t ! curve = t half w\ld be a true qu>t] circle1 :ile ! o!r half ( ! twi/1 t "p :i* foll[s ! incl9e ( ! /airs1 w\ld be "p ( an ellipse4 ,to demon/rate ?is1 take a cyl9d] & cut x at an angle to its axis2 ! section ?r\gh :i* ! cyl9d] 0 cut w\ld be an ellipse1 an illu/ration ( :i* is %[n by ,fig4 #abh4 ,to develop ?is "p ( ! ellipse lay out1 on a bo>d1 by ! foll[+ me?od1 a full siz$ draw+ ( ! rail requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4 ,on ! bo>d draw a /raight l9e :i* w be ! c5t] l9e ( ! well1 & on any conv5i5t po9t plac+ ! leg ( ! compass 7:i* w be set at ! requir$ radius71 describe a semi-circle1 :i* w repres5t ! diamet] ( ! well giv5 9 ! plan 9 ,fig4 #aba4 ,n[ f ! semi-circle draw l9es p>allel to ! c5t] l9e1 :i* w repres5t ! outside /r+] ( ! /air & ! cas+ on ! l&+4 ,fig4 #abi %[s ! developm5t ?us f>4 ,! rail is to be #a in*es wide & ! balu/]s to be in* squ>e4 ,! side ( ! balu/]s :i* come on ! outside ( ! /airs comes ev5 ) ! /r+]1 & ! rail is to be plac$ s t ! balu/]s are on its c5t]4 ,f ! l9e :i* is already drawn to %[ ! "p :i* is p>allel to ! l&+1 draw a l9e = ! c5t] ( ! rail1 & on ea* side ( ! c5t] l9e lay out half ! wid? ( ! rail4 ,on ! o!r half1 :i* repres5ts ! outside /r+] 7! incl9e ( ! twi/71 draw ! c5t] l9e ( ! rail = ! /raight "p2 !n draw l9es = ! wid? ( ! rail z on ! o!r half4 ,n[1 to obta9 t "p ( ! ellipse requir$1 take ! pit*-bo>d ,e1 ,fig4 #abb1 & place x on ! draw+ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #acj2 !n draw l9es f po9ts ,x1 ,y1 ,z1 p]p5dicul> to ! c5t] l9e4 ,n[ set ! compass to ! di/ance ,a1 ,b1 & m>k ! di/ance ,a1 ,b1 on ea* side ( ! po9t ,y4 ,?is gives ! wid? ( ! piece requir$ = ! twi/ on ! c5t] l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4 ,describe ! ellipse4 ,! major *ord w\ld be #b 7,e1 ,f17 = ! outside ellipse1 & ! m9or *ord is ,g1 ,h1 = ! inside4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods us$ 9 describ+ an ellipse :i* ! /ud5t no d\bt has us$ 9 /udy+ geometry1 b ! practical /air build] uses a trammel & block4 ,! block is groov$ ?r\gh its c5t] z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aca1 & ! trammel is a /rip ( wood2 a p5cil is fa/5$ on "o end & p9s are fix$ at po9ts to be f\nd by trial ne> ! middle4 ,fig4 #acb %[s h[ ! trammel is made4 ,! p9s slide 9 ! grooves ( ! block1 & ! p5cil m>ks ! curve requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc4 ,fig4 #acc gives a v compreh5sive idea ( ! pieces be=e !y are work$ d[n4 ,! pieces at ! "r & at ! top are ! m\lds1 & ! m\ld = ! rail is on ! top ( ! piece :i* is se5 9 ! front ( ! figure4 ,aft] hav+ laid out ! l9es z direct$ make ! m\lds or templets out ( ?9 /uff2 !n m>k ! /ock 7out ( :i* ! pieces ( ! rail are to be made71 by ! templets1 & saw !m out1 ei!r ) a compass saw1 or ) ! b&-saw :]e x is conv5i5t to d s4 ,x w be notic$ t ! piece out ( :i* ! curv$ or twi/$ piece is made is ?ick] ?an ! piece :i* is p>allel ) ! l&+4 ,aft] ! pieces are saw$ out1 proce$ to lay out ! l9es by :i* ! rail is to be work$ out4 ,! templet ,e1 ,fig4 #abb1 is us$ to obta9 ! p]p5dicul> & ! horizontal l9es1 f :i* is drawn ! rectangle t is se5 on ! end ( ! rail1 79 ,fig4 #acc17 & ! templet se5 on ! "r 79 ,fig4 #acc7 is us$ to obta9 ! curv$ l9es on ! top4 ,"w (f ! surplus /ock on ea* side ( ! rectangle ) ! draw knife & ! spoke%ave1 !n "w (f ! top & ! bottom1 tak+ c>e to make a graceful curve on ! top & ! bottom4 ,!n m>k ! %ape ( ! rail on ! end & "w out4 ,9 ,fig4 #acd is se5 ! f9i%$ twi/ develop$ f ! pieces %[n at ,fig4 #acc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd4 ,,notes4 ,,to ,,dissolve ,,%ellac4 ,put gum %ellac into a glass or e>!n vessel 7a wood5 box coat$ inside ) glue makes a v good vessel 9 :i* to dissolve %ellac71 & p\r ov] x alcohol en\gh to cov] ! %ellac2 keep /irr+ x until no lumps rema94 ,?is w take f two to ?ree h\rs1 accord+ to quantity4 ,if left 9 a t9 c ! %ellac becomes v d>k4 ,to cle> x :5 d>k add a little oxalic acid & /ir until cle>$4 ,,to ,,poli% ,,) ,,%ellac4 ,dissolve %ellac 9 #ij p] c5t alcohol4 ,/ir = two h\rs1 ?\gh n cont9ually2 d n all[ x to /& long en\gh = lumps to settle4 ,aft] ! %ellac is dissolv$ ! poli% is ready = use4 ,n[ take a piece ( old s(t wool5 mat]ial1 & =m x into a ball ab\t ! size ( an egg 9 a way to p]mit ! l[] side to rema9 smoo?4 ,on ! latt] p\r ab\t f "o half to "o ?imbleful ( ! poli%4 ,ar\nd ! :ole put a f\r-corn]$ piece ( old l95 ab\t #aj #ac in*es1 & fold x ar\nd ! ball j z y h done ) ! wool5 clo? b 9 su* a way t y c hold x by ! end ( ! goods4 ,on ! smoo? side put a few drops ( l9se$ oil1 & !n beg9 to poli% ! surface ) a light & ev5 pressure 9 a circul> movem5t f "o side to ! o!r1 =w>d & backw>d1 until ! entire surface receives a slight cov]+ ( poli%4 ,:5 ! "w becomes m difficult ! ball requires moi/5+ by a few drops ( oil2 at ! same "t put a few drops ( oil on ! plate1 & ! ball w move easily aga94 ,y mu/ obs]ve ! "w con/antly4 ,if ev]y?+ is 9 ord] ! plate z well z ! ball w keep clean1 b if ! ball /icks to ! plate & gets sme>y !n y w "k t ! poli% is too ?ick & mu/ be ?9n$ ) alcohol1 :i* y are to put on ! wool5 clo?1 previ\sly remov+ ! l95 & putt+ x back on ! o!r side2 t is1 turn ! l95 rag be=e putt+ x back on ! ball4 ,aft] hav+ poli%$ x suffici5tly s t all ! pores ( ! wood are fill$ & ! surface has a nice gloss1 put ano!r s(t l95 rag ar\nd ! ball1 & moi/5 x ) a few drops ( alcohol2 aga9 poli% z be=e until ! flat surface has a high grade ( smoo?ness & gloss & all ! greasy appe>ance has disappe>$4 ,y mu/ be v c>eful1 h[ev]1 to apply b a few drops ( alcohol & to press ^! into ! ball z well z possible2 o!rwise ! /r5g? ( x may dissolve ! poli% 9 "s places entirely4 ,:5 at la/ ! ball leaves b weak traces1 !n poli% fa/ ) /rong /rokes =w>d & backw>d until ! ball is completely dry & ! surface ( ! wood v glossy4 ,if y poli% ! f9i%$ surface once m aft] t5 days ! gloss w be nic]1 z ! surface gets h>d] ) age4 ,if y want ! poli% to be color$ use ,curcuma = yell[1 ,s&al = r$1 & ,spani% gre5 = gre54 ,! color is to be put 9 a ?9 coat betwe5 two l95 rags1 ov] :i* %\ld be put a wool5 rag4 ,:ile poli%+ "s ( ! color+ w /ick to ! poli%4 ,x is n to be expect$ t by work+ accord+ to ^! directions y w le>n h[ to poli% p]fectly1 z !re are always "s unlook$-= difficulties1 b g5]ally y c tell :at to d 9 any em]g5cy4 ,,glue4 ,h[ to dissolve & h[ to use4 ,glue1 :i* "o workman f9ds all "r & f :i* he obta9s excell5t results1 may1 9 ! h&s ( ano!r workman1 prove a failure f _m causes1 "s ( :i* may be t ! glue is too ?ick1 or x may h be5 *ill$ be=e ! pieces 7 clamp$ toge!r1 or ! glue is too ?94 ,! workman has to "k f exp]i5ce j h[ ?ick ! glue has to be = ! "w he has on h&4 ,a h>dwood piece ( "w requires a ?9n] glue ?an s(t wood4 ,! av]age consi/5cy ( glue %\ld be ab\t l t ( ?9 syrup1 & %\ld be appli$ hot to ! "w4 ,sometimes 9 cold wea!r ! glue 8sets0 quickly2 !n ! pieces to be glu$ %\ld be heat$ s t ! glue may be kept s(t4 ,:5 ! pieces are put toge!r clamp !m up quickly or rub !m toge!r1 =c+ out ! surplus glue f ! jo9t4 ,:5 "w is glu$ toge!r x %\ld /& f eight to twelve h\rs be=e be+ h&l$4 ,:5 ! end gra9 ( wood has to be glu$1 x %\ld fir/ be siz$1 t is1 x %\ld be giv5 a coat ( glue & let dry4 ,?is fills ! pores ( ! wood s t :5 ! jo9t is made x w hold4 ,!re are two k9ds ( glue1 animal & fi% glue4 ,animal glue is made f ! refuse ( slaught] h\ses & tann]ies1 & ! numb] ( grades & colors are innum]able4 ,fi% glue is made *iefly f ! entrails & sk9 ( fi%1 & is mo/ly 9 liquid =m4 ,to prep>e glue1 put z mu* z is ne$$ 9 ! glue pot & cov] ov] ) cold wat]2 !n let x soak f six to t5 h\rs1 accord+ to ! quantity2 aft] ?is place ! glue pot 9 ! wat] kettle or glue heat]1 & apply heat 9 any conv5i5t way to ! wat]1 :i* 9 turn heats ! glue4 ,! use ( ! two vessels is to prev5t ! glue f burn+4 ,glue %\ld always be us$ z fre%ly z possible1 = !n x holds bett] ?an :5 x is old4 ,x c be made to /& ! wea!r by add+ boil$ l9se$ oil4 ,add ! l9se$ oil to ! glue sl[ly1 /irr+ x all ! "t1 ! proportion ( oil to glue be+ two ounces ( oil to sixte5 ounces ( glue4 ,ano!r me?od ( prep>+ glue to /& ! wea!r1 is to use skimm$ milk in/ead ( wat] :5 prep>+ x4 ,,to ,,true ,,oil/ones4 ,oil/ones by _! cont9u\s use by /ud5ts become holl[ at ! c5t] & mu/ be tru$ up s t plane irons & *isels c be %>p5$ prop]ly on !m4 ,!re are a numb] ( me?ods t c be employ$ to accompli% ?is2 any ( !m1 if tri$1 w give good results3 #a/ ,me?od4 ,take a piece ( flag/one or any k9d ( /one t has a flat surface1 & on x place %>p s& & wet x ) wat]4 ,take ! oil/one1 & ) a circul> motion rub on ! s& until a flat surface is obta9$4 ,! s& %\ld be kept moi/ dur+ ! op]ation4 #bnd ,me?od4 ,take a flat bo>d & on x place a %eet ( numb] "o & "o half s& pap]2 moi/5 slightly & rub ! oil/one on x until ! desir$ results are obta9$4 ,em]y clo? is also good4 #crd ,me?od4 ,we h obta9$ ! be/ & quicke/ results f ?is me?od1 :i* is to h an iron plate f9ely corrugat$ & spr9kle ,no4 #cj or ,no4 #dj em]y on x2 rub ! oil/one ov] ! plate1 spr9kl+ a little em]y f "t to "t z ! "w advances4 ,use ! em]y dry4 ,an oil/one 9 v poor condition c be tru$ up by ?is me?od 9 f ?ree to five m9utes4 ,a mixture to apply to a h>d oil/one to make x 8cut0 :5 %>p5+ a plane-iron or a *isel1 is to take glyc]9e "o "p & alcohol "o "p4 ,?is mixture w n become gummy1 & an oil/one t is sometimes consid]$ wor?less :ile us+ common oils1 w be f\nd to give good satisfaction4 ,,tools ,,= ,,s*ools ,,:ittl+ ,,trays1 ,,) ,,outfits4 ,,sloyd ,,knives4 ,,v5etian ,,iron & ,,tools4 ,,wood ,,c>v+ ,,tools4 ,,clay ,,model+ ,,tools4 ,,pla/] ,,c>v+ ,,tools4 ,,all ,,! ,,/&>d ,,goods1 ,,includ+ ,,hamm]s1 ,,saws1 ,,squ>es1 ,,*isels1 ,,g\ges1 ,,bits1 ,,braces1 ,,gauges1 c41 c41 c4 ,,& ,,! ,,/&>d ,,b5*es ,,= ,,"o1 ,,two ,,or ,,m ,,pupils4 ,,s5d ,,= ,,special ,,catalogue4 ,illu/ration ,,hamma*]1 ,,s*lemm] ,,co4 #bji ,,b[]y1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,s9ce #ahdh4 ,,! ,,br& ,,dis/on ,,on ,,saws1 ,,etc4 ,,is ,a ,,gu>antee ,,( ,,sup]ior ,,quality & ,,workman%ip4 ,d #ajj ,a ,,p]fectly ,,proportion$ ,,beautifully ,,f9i%$ ,,saw4 ,illu/ration ,,s5d ,,= ,,our ,,h&book4 ,a ,treatise on ! c>e & use ( ,,saws4 ,,mail$ ,,free4 ,,files ,manufactur$ f our own make ( ,crucible ,/eel1 c>efully ,=g$ & ,h>d5$2 correctly %ap$ ,tee?4 ,!y are ! mo/ durable ,,files on ! m>ket4 ,we manufacture ! ,l>ge/ ,l9e ( ,saws 9 ! _w4 ,circul> ,saws1 ,b& ,saws1 ,crosscut ,saws1 ,h& ,saws1 ,back ,saws1 ,gauges1 ,plumb ,levels1 ,screwdriv]s1 ,try ,squ>es1 ,saw-sets1 etc4 ,,h5ry ,,dis/on ,,sons1 ,inc41 ,,key/one ,,saw1 ,,tool1 ,,/eel ,,& ,,file ,,works1 ,,philadelphia1 ,,p5n4 ,con/ruction ,"w ,,9 ,,c>dbo>d ,,& ,,pap]1 ,,)\t ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,tools1 ,,) ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,woodwork = ,fif? & ,six? ,grades ,by ,,rob]t ,m4 ,,smi? ,sup]visor ( ,manual ,tra9+1 ,*icago ,public ,s*ools4 ,a complete c\rse 9 ,manual ,tra9+ = ! fir/ f\r grades4 ,! "w is def9ite1 practical1 simple1 & connects ! ,k9d]g>t5 ) ! ,gramm> grades4 ,! details are complete4 ,! mat]ials are inexp5sive4 ,?is c\rse is n[ be+ us$ 9 a numb] ( ! ,*icago ,public ,s*ools4 ,,! ,,only ,,practical ,,book ,,publi%$ ,,cov]+ ,,?is ,,"w4 ,,its ,,complet5ess ,,( ,,plan ,,& ,,illu/ration 444 ,,makes ,,x ,,invaluable 444 ,,clo?1 #db ,,full ,,page ,,illu/rations1 #ge ,,c5ts ,a4 ,,flanagan ,,company1 ,publi%]s #bff ,waba% ,av5ue1 ,,*icago ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #a ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,b5* ,l5g? ( ,top #ej in*es ,wid? ( ,top #ba in*es ,height #cb in*es ,^! b5*es are made ( select$ h>d maple ?r\gh\t1 & are fitt$ ) our ,no4 #fj rapid-act+ vise4 ,!y are %ipp$ knock$ d[n & any boy c set !m up4 ,!y are extremely /rong & rigid1 & ) our /eel & iron vise make an outfit practically inde/ructible4 ,we make b5*es only fitt$ ) our vises1 & c furni% any /yle desir$1 ei!r s+le or d\ble4 ,cab9etmak]s'1 c>v]s' or special designs made to ord]4 ,our prices are b little1 if any1 high] ?an ask$ = *eaply made b5*es ) wood5 vises or *eap ca/-iron vises4 ,?is is an excell5t b5* to h ab\t ! h\se1 & is suitable = boys f #f ye>s old to m5 ( #fj4 ,!y are sup]ior b5*es = manual tra9+ & h pl5ty ( capacity = ! "w4 ,manufactur$ only by ,w4 ,g4 ,,toles ,,co4 ,irv+ ,p>k4444,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,s5d ,,= ,,catalogue4 ,manual ,tra9+ ,s*ools ,%\ld h ! v be/ ,h& ,saws t c be obta9$4444 ,illu/ration ,we make a ,specialty ( furni%+ ! ,"r ,k9d--) prop] %ap$ h&les = y\?s & *ildr51 & made f our celebrat$ ,,trade ,,silv] ,,/eel ,,m>k :i* is ! f9e/ /eel ev] us$ 9 saws4 ,atk9s ,quality ,/&s at ! ,head ,,manufactur$ ,,only ,,by ,e4 ,c4 ,atk9s ,co41 ,inc'p'd4 ,,factories ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,,bran* ,,h\ses3 ,memphis1 ,t5n4 ,m9neapolis1 ,m9n4 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,portl&1 ,or41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,our ,,motto3 8,atk9s ,always ,ahead0 ,,six6 ,,six6 ,,bright ,,new ,,books ,,9 ,,! ,,mi/y ,,realm ,,( ,,fable ,by ,,emma ,,rob9son ,,kleckn] 8,! book conta9s all t is be/ 9 ,my?ology1 & :at x pres5ts is made ! mo/ ( 9 ! way x is told40--,,wm4 ,,hawley ,,smi?1 ,au?or & ,lectur]4 ,?is book is admirably adapt$ z a ,supplem5t>y ,head] = f\r? & fif? grades4 ,second ,edition4 ,clo?4 ,eight full page illu/rations4 ,_m small] ones4 #afj pages1 h&some cov]1 li/ #ej c5ts4 ,,turn+ ,,po9ts ,,9 ,,tea*+ ,by ,d4 ,c4 ,,murphy1 ,,ph4 ,d4 ,sup]9t5d5t ,tra9+ ,dep>tm5t ( ,slipp]y ,rock 7,pa47 ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool4 ,dr4 ,murphy is a practical tea*]2 he kn[s ! ne$s ( tea*]s & has giv5 !m a book full ( ,new ,me?ods1 ,ideas1 ,anecdotes & ,helps4 ,"s ( ! *apt]s are3 ,! ,fir/ ,day ( ,s*ool2 ,critical ,mom5ts 9 ! ,s*ool ,room2 ,manag+ ! ,bad ,boy2 ,manag+ ! ,bad ,girl2 ,blue ,monday4 ,clo?1 #add pages1 #ej c5ts2 pap]1 #be c5ts4 ,,! ,,/ud5t',s ,,guide ,,to ,,music ,by ,j4 ,n4 ,,:yb>k ,9 ! ,/ud5t's ,guide to ,music we f9d j :at its "n indicates2 all ! necess>y rudim5ts ( music2 talks on ,voice ,culture1 ,brea?+ & ,!ory2 ne>ly #ajj ,ex]cises 9 ,sight ,s++ = classes 9 unison2 a ,complete ,diction>y ( musical t]ms4 ,manila b9d+1 #fj pages1 #be c5ts4 ,,norton',s ,,practical ,,/udies ,,9 ,,gramm> ,!ory & ,practice are comb9$2 pr9ciples & def9itions giv5 f ! outset1 b ) little =mality2 abundance ( easy examples = illu/rations2 v>i$ selections f /&>d lit]ature = grammatical & lit]>y /udy4 ,l>ge type2 sev]al full page & half page illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #bae pages1 price #dj c5ts4 ,if ! book is adopt$ ! am\nt paid = ! fir/ copy w be refund$4 ,,miss ,,hauck',s ,,new ,,reproduction ,,/ories ,,= ,,prim>y ,,grades #aej orig9al & rewritt5 /ories4 ,!y embrace all subjects1 z ,little ,/ories ab\t ,nature1 ,/ories ab\t ,animals1 ,*ildr51 ,fl[]s1 ,trees1 ,birds1 ,leaves1 etc4 ,price #ae4 ,a ,,new ,,help ,,9 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,hi/ory ,by ,o4 ,h ,,m>%1 ,c\nty ,supt41 ,mills ,c\nty1 ,ia4 ,?is is n purpos$ z a pat5t me?od = tea*+ hi/ory1 b is ! result ( long exp]i5ce 9 ! s*ool room & 9 normal in/itutes4 ,! ,outl9es are full1 ! ,notes int]e/+1 ! ,que/ions sugge/ive4 ,s5d #be c5ts = a copy & if n fully up to expectations1 return same4 ,are ,y 9 ! ,d>k z to :]e c]ta9 articles 9 y\r "w may be f\nd8 ,write u = ,helps 9 ,s*ool ,ent]ta9m5ts1 ,g5]al ,"w1 ,s*ool ,blanks1 ,text ,books1 ,s*ool ,supplies1 ,pictures1 ,supplem5t>y ,read+1 ,etc4 ,a4 ,,flanagan ,,co4 ,,*icago ,,! ,,new ,,ari?metics ,,! ,,new ,,practical ,,ari?metic ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,,ri*1 ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics 9 ! ,i[a ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool4 ,?is book is ! result ( practical "w 9 ! class room1 & furni%es a complete c\rse = all ord9>y purposes4 ,among ! ,features ( ,special ,note are3 #a4 ,a set ( tables & drills = m5tal "w4 ,^! cov] ! ess5tial op]ations ( ari?metic & are design$ to make ! pupil pr(ici5t 9 ! %orte/ "t possible4 #b4 ,a pres5tation ( ! necess>y def9itions1 pr9ciples1 & rules 9 compact =m s z to indicate cle>ly ! ari?metical elem5ts & relations4 #c4 ,a great numb] ( model problem solutions4 ,! scope1 ! v>i$ "*1 & ! helpfulness ( ^! emphasize ! ?\ght side1 & are ( ! highe/ value 9 develop+ ! reason+ p[]s4 #d4 ,a l>ge v>iety ( ,drill ,tables1 ,te/ ,problems1 & o!r means ( te/+ ! pupil's p[] z well z giv+ him ma/]y ov] ! subject4 ,clo?1 #e #g in*es4 #bbb pages4 ,price1 #ej c5ts4 ,,! ,,new ,,high] ,,ari?metic ,! ne$ ( a good1 practical1 & sugge/ive high] text 9 ari?metic has long be5 felt4 ,n a book ( cat* problems1 or a book fill$ ) curi\s or obsolete matt] is "h pres5t$2 b a helpful1 inspir+1 useful text-book4 ,a ,special ,feature ,may be ,m5tion$3 ,! ,model ,solution f\nd s valuable 9 ! ,new ,practical ,ari?metic1 has be5 c>ri$ =w>d 9 ?is "w4 ,to ?is has be5 add$ a feature kn[n z 8indicat$ "w10 inv5tional 9 its nature1 by :i* ! pupil is taught to =mulate 8 problems & to express !m 9 cle> & def9ite language4 ,?is "w is reg>d$ z ( high value 9 enabl+ a pupil to det]m9e promptly ! conditions ( a problem1 & to see ! end f ! beg9n+ & !n proce$ by logical /eps f ! beg9n+ to ! end4 ,clo?1 #e #g in*es4 #cbj pages4 ,price1 #ge c5ts4 ,a copy ( bo? books = #a4jj4 ,if adopt$ or return$ money w be refund$4 ,lib]al ,t]ms = ,introduction & ,ex*ange4 ,a4 ,,flanagan ,,co4 ,,*icago4