,psy*e ,! ,cult ( ,s\ls & ,belief 9 ,immortality among ! ,greeks ,by ,,erw9 ,,rohde ,,london ,,kegan ,,paul1 ,,tr5*1 ,,trubn] ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,h>c\rt1 ,,brace ,,company1 ,,inc4 #aibe ,translat$ f ! eigh? edition by ,w4 ,b4 ,,hillis4 ,m4,a4 ,pr9t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 by ,/eph5 ,au/9 ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,h]t=d4 ,,cont5ts ,,page4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,,vii ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,,xi ,,prelim9>y ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,sev5? ,,& ,,eigh? ,,edition ,,xiii ,,translator',s ,,note 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,,xv ,,"p ,i ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,,beliefs ,,ab\t ,,! ,,s\l ,,& ,,cult ,,( ,,s\ls ,,9 ,,! ,,hom]ic ,,poems 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #c ,,ii4 ,,isl&s ,,( ,,! ,,ble/4 ,translation 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ee ,,iii4 ,,cave ,,deities4 ,,subt]ranean ,translation 4 4 4 4 4 4 #hh ,,iv4 ,,h]oes 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aae ,v4 ,,! ,,cult ,,( ,,s\ls 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aef ,i4 ,cult ( ,*?onic ,deities 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aeh ,,ii4 ,fun]al c]emonies & wor%ip ( ! dead 4 4 #afb ,,iii4 ,traces ( ! ,cult ( ,s\ls 9 ! ,blood ,feud & ,satisfaction = murd] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #agd ,,vi4 ,,! ,,eleus9ian ,,my/]ies 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bag ,,vii4 ,,ideas ,,( ,,! ,,future ,,life 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bcf ,,"p ,,ii ,,viii4 ,,orig9s ,,( ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,immortality4 ,,! ,,?racian ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,dionysos 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bec ,,ix4 ,,dionysiac ,,religion ,,9 ,,greece4 ,,its ,,amalgamation ,,) ,,apoll9e ,,religion4 ,,ec/atic ,,prophecy4 ,,ritual ,,purification ,,& ,,exorcism4 ,,asceticism 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bhb ,x4 ,,! ,,orphics 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cce ,,xi4 ,,! ,,philosoph]s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cfb ,,xii4 ,,! ,,lay ,,au?ors 7,,lyric ,,poets--,,p9d>--,,! ,,trag$ians7 4 4 #daa vi ,,xiii4 ,,plato 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #dfc ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,lat] ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,greek ,,_w 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #dij ,i4 ,philosophy 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #dij ,,ii4 ,popul> ,belief 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ebd ,,app5dix ,i4 ,consecration ( p]sons /ruck by lightn+ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #eha ,,ii4 mas*alismo_/s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ehb ,,iii4 amu_/toi1 a_/gamoi1 ,danaids 9 ! l[] _w 4 4 4 4 4 #ehf ,,iv4 ,! ,tetralogies ( ,antiphon 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ehh ,v4 ,ritual ,purification 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ehh ,,vi4 ,hekate & ! ,hekatika pha_/smata 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #eij ,,vii4 ,! ,ho/s ( ,hekate 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #eic ,,viii4 ,dis9tegration ( ,consci\sness & ,r$uplication ( ,p]sonality 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #eie ,,ix4 ,! ,great ,orphic ,!ogony 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #eif ,x4 ,previ\s ,lives ( ,py?agoras4 ,8 ,desc5t to ,hades 4 4 4 4 #eih ,,xi4 ,initiation consid]$ z ,adoption by ! god 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fja ,,xii4 ,magical ,exorcisms ( ! ,dead 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fjc vii ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition ,,?is book (f]s an acc\nt ( ! op9ions held by ! ,greeks ab\t ! life ( ! human s\l aft] dea?1 & is ?us int5d$ z a contribution to ! hi/ory ( ,greek religion4 ,su* an und]tak+ has 9 a special measure to cont5d ) ! difficulties t face any inquiry into ! religi\s life & ?\ght ( ! ,greeks4 ,greek religion 0 a natural gr[?1 n a special f\ndation1 & ! ideas & feel+s :i* gave x its inw>d tone & outw>d %ape nev] receiv$ ab/ract =mulation4 ,x express$ itself 9 religi\s p]=mances alone3 x _h no sacr$ books f :i* we might det]m9e ! inw>d mean+ & int]connexion ( ! ideas ) :i* ! ,greeks approa*$ ! gods creat$ by _! fai?4 ,! c5tral ess5ce ( ! religion held by ! ,greek p1 9 spite ( ?is abs5ce ( conceptual =mulation--or p]haps because ( x--pres]v$ its orig9al "* to a rem>kable degree3 ! speculations & fancies ( ,greek poets cont9ually ref] to ?is c5tral nucleus4 ,inde$ ! poets & philosoph]s 9 su* ( _! writ+s z h come d[n to u are our only au?orities = ! religi\s ?\ght ( ! ,greeks4 ,9 ! pres5t inquiry !y h naturally _h to be our guides = ! great] "p ( ! way4 ,b ?\gh "u ! special conditions ( ,greek life ! religi\s views ( poets & philosoph]s repres5t an important side ( ,greek religion1 !y yet all[ u to p]ceive v cle>ly ! indep5d5t & self-det]m9$ position ) reg>d to ! ance/ral religion reta9$ by ! individual4 ,! individual believ] might always1 if 8 own temp] & disposition all[$ him1 give himself up to ! pla9 & unsophi/icat$ emotions :i* _h %ap$ & decid$ ! fai? ( ! p & ! religi\s p]=mances ( popul> euse_/beia4 ,b we %\ld "k v little ( ! religi\s ideas t fill$ ! m9d ( ! believ+ ,greek if we _h to d )\t ! evid5ce ( philosoph]s & poets 7& ( "s ,attic orators z well7 9 ^: words dumb & in>ticulate emotion f9ds expression4 ,! inquir] w\ld1 h[ev]1 be entirely on ! wrong track viii & be l$ to "s rem>kable conclusions :o v5tur$ )\t m ado to d$uce f ! religi\s ideas t f9d expression 9 ,greek lit]ature a complete ,!ology ( ! ,greek p4 ,:]e direct lit]>y /atem5ts & allusions fail u we are left ) no?+ b surmises 9 face ( ! religion ( ! ,greeks & its inmo/ guid+ =ces4 ,( c\rse !re are pl5ty ( p ( sangu9e temp]am5t & indu/ri\s fancy :o f9d no difficulty 9 produc+ = our b5efit ! mo/ admirable solutions ( ! problem4 ,o!rs 9 v>y+ degrees ( good fai? press ! emotions ( ,*ri/ian piety into ! s]vice ( expla9+ anci5t fai? 9 gods4 ,?us inju/ice is done to bo? =ms ( religion & an und]/&+ ( ! ess5tials ( ,greek belief 9 its true & indep5d5t reality is made completely impossible4 ,a good example ( ?is is provid$ by ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies1 & by t fav\rite topic ( controv]sy 7:i* has1 inde$1 receiv$ m ?an its due %>e ( att5tion f /ud5ts ( religion71 ! amalgamation ( ! wor%ip ( gods & ! belief 9 ,s\ls said to h tak5 place !re94 ,n[h]e else has ! complete unpr(itabl5ess ( ! attempt to make use ( ! %ift+ ideas & t5d5cies ( mod]n civilization to expla9 ! und]ly+ motive =ces ( ^! significant cult practices1 be5 m /rik+ly & repeat$ly demon/rat$4 ,on ?is head 9 p>ticul> ! au?or ( ! pres5t "w has r5\nc$ all attempts to ca/ a fitful & ambigu\s light ^u ! v5]able gloom ( ! subject by ! help ( ! f>?+ dip ( 8 own private imag9+s4 ,!re is no d5y+ t "h z 9 s _m dep>tm5ts ( anci5t euse_/beia !re is some?+ great] & f9] t eludes our grasp4 ,! reveal+ ^w1 nev] hav+ be5 writt5 d[n1 has be5 lo/4 ,in/ead ( try+ to f9d a sub/itute 9 mod]n cat* phrases x seems bett] simply to describe1 9 ! pla9e/ & mo/ lit]al fa%ion1 ! actual ph5om5a ( ,greek piety exactly z !y are kn[n to u4 ,!re w be pl5ty ( opportunity = ! au?or's own sugge/ions & !y ne$ n always obtrude !mselves4 ,! aim ( ?is "w is to make pla9 ! facts ( ! ,greek ,cult ( ,s\ls & ( t belief 9 immortality ! inn] work+s ( :i* are only p>tially intelligible to our mo/ sympa!tic ef=ts to und]/& !m4 ,to give a cle>] pres5tation ( ! orig9 & developm5t ( ^? practices & ^? beliefs2 to di/+ui% ! trans=mations ?r\gh :i* !y pass$ & _! relation%ip ) o!r & k9dr$ intellectual t5d5cies2 to dis5tangle ! _m diff]5t l9es ( ?\ght & speculation f ! inextricable ix confusion 9 :i* !y lie 9 _m m9ds 7& 9 _m books7 & to let !m /& out cle>ly & di/9ctly "o f ano!r1 seem$ p>ticul>ly desirable4 ,:y ?is design has n be5 c>ri$ out by ! same me?ods ?r\gh\t2 :y x has sometimes seem$ suffici5t to give a bald summ>y ( ! ess5tial po9ts1 :ile at o!r times c]ta9 topics are pursu$ into _! mo/ di/ant ramifications 7sometimes ) app>5tly irrelevant prolixity71 w be obvi\s en\gh to ^? :o are famili> ) ! subject4 ,:]e a m c>eful exam9ation ( ! ov]fl[+ mass ( detail 0 to be attempt$ advantage has be5 tak5 ( ! ,app5dix to a*ieve a great]1 ?\gh /ill only a relative degree ( complet5ess4 ,?is 0 made possible by ! l5g?y p]iod :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! publication ( ! two p>ts ( ! book4 ,! fir/ half to ! end ( *apt] vii appe>$ z long ago z ! spr+ ( #ahij4 ,unpropiti\s circum/ances h delay$ ! completion ( ! rema9d] till ! pres5t mom5t4 ,! two p>ts c\ld easily be kept sep>ate 7z !y h be573 9 ! ma9 !y fall ap>t & correspond to ! two sides ( ! "q indicat$ 9 ! title ( ! book--,cult ( ,s\ls & ,belief 9 ,immortality4 ,! ,cult ( ,s\ls & ! fai? 9 immortality may ev5tually come toge!r at "s po9ts1 b !y h a diff]5t orig9 & travel mo/ ( ! way on sep>ate pa?s4 ,! conception ( immortality 9 p>ticul> arises f a spiritual intuition :i* reveals ! s\ls ( m5 z /&+ 9 close relation%ip1 & inde$ z be+ ( l sub/ance1 ) ! ev]la/+ gods4 ,& simultane\sly ! gods are reg>d$ z be+ 9 _! nature l ! s\l ( man1 i4e4 z free spirits ne$+ no mat]ial or visible body4 7,x is ?is spiritualiz$ view ( ! gods--n ! belief 9 gods itself z ,ari/otle supposes 9 ! rem>kable /atem5t quot$ by ,sextus ,empiricus ,adv4 ,ma!maticos1 iii1 #bj ff4--:i* arises f ! vision ( its own div9e nature a*iev$ by ! s\l ka?' heaut_/n reliev$ ( ! body1 9 en?\siasmoi_/ & manteiai47 ,& ?is conception leads f> away f ! ideas on :i* ! ,cult ( ,s\ls 0 bas$4 ,! publication ( ! book 9 two p>ts has br\ght ) x a regrettable circum/ance = :i* ,i mu/ ask ! indulg5ce ( well-dispos$ read]s 7t ! fir/ half f\nd s _m ( !m is a fact :i* ,i mu/ gratefully ackn[l$ge74 ,z ! dim5sions ( ! :ole "w grew beyond expectation & almo/ ov]/epp$ ! me_/tron au_/t>kes1 ! sixte5 excursuses :i* 7 promis$ 9 x ! fir/ volume h _h to be dropp$3 ! book w\ld o!rwise h be5 ov]load$4 ,s f> z !y possess indep5d5t int]e/ !y w f9d a place else:]e4 ,!y are real excursuses & 7 int5d$ z su*1 & ! prop] und]/&+ ( ! book w n be affect$ by _! abs5ce4 ,,erw9 ,,rohde4 ,,heidelb]g4 ,novemb] #a/1 #ahic4 xi ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition ,,! publication ( a second edition ( ?is book af=ds me a welcome opportunity ( mak+ my acc\nt m exact & to ! po9t 9 c]ta9 places2 ( add+ "s po9ts t _h be5 ov]look$ or omitt$2 & ( notic+ ) approval or disapproval "s div]g5t op9ions t _h obta9$ curr5cy 9 ! int]val4 ,controv]sy is1 h[ev]1 conf9$ )9 ! n>r[e/ limits & to po9ts ( m9or importance 7& only !n 9 answ] to m s]i\s & significant objections74 ,! plan &--if ,i may say s--! /yle ( ! :ole book dem&$ ?r\gh\t1 & m especially 9 ! great po9ts at issue1 a purely positive /atem5t ( my own views & ! results ( my own /udies4 ,su* a /atem5t1 x may well be imag9$1 0 n arriv$ at )\t be+ prec$$ 9 ! m9d ( ! au?or by a controv]sial reckon+ ) ! manifold views & doctr9es ( o!rs ^u ! subjects "h dealt )--views :i* 9 "s cases he felt oblig$ to reject4 ,controv]sy 9 ?is s5se lies beh9d e page ( ! book1 ?\gh z a rule only 9 a lat5t condition4 ,9 ?is condition ,i h be5 cont5t to let x rema9 9 ?is revis$ edition ( ! book4 ,my op9ions 7 n arriv$ at )\t toil & mu* c>eful reflection2 "o view be+ made to re9=ce ano!r till !y 7 all b\nd toge!r 9 a s+le closely-knitt$ :ole4 ,nei!r fur!r reflection on my "p nor ! criticisms ( o!rs h %ak5 my belief 9 ! t5ability ( op9ions rea*$ 9 ?is way4 ,i h !re=e v5tur$ to leave my acc\nt unalt]$ 9 all its ma9 po9ts4 ,i hope t x conta9s its own ju/ification & def5ce 9 itself )\t fur!r v9dication on my "p4 ,no?+ 9 ! plan or execution ( ! :ole or its p>ts has be5 alt]$2 nei!r h ,i tak5 any?+ away4 ,! book conta9$ no?+ t 0 sup]flu\s to ! atta9m5t ( ! object t ,i _h 9 view4 ,?is object1 x w be app>5t1 0 n 9 ! lea/ to provide a brief & comp5di\s /atem5t ( ! mo/ indisp5sable facts ab\t ! cult ( ,s\ls & ! belief 9 immortality among ! ,greeks = ! b5efit ( ^? :o wi%$ to take a ha/y xii glance ov] ! subject4 ,su* a ha/y pick]-up ( k :o reg>ds himself--,i _c imag9e :y--z peculi>ly fitt$ to criticise my book1 has +5u\sly bes\ght me1 9 view ( a second edition :i* he 0 k9d en\gh to ?9k probable1 to ?r[ ov]bo>d mo/ ( :at he consid]$ ! sup]flu\s p>ts ( ! book4 ,) ?is reque/ ,i h n felt myself able to comply4 ,my book 0 writt5 = matur] read]s :o h pass$ beyond ! s*ool /age & look = some?+ m ?an an elem5t>y h&book1 & :o w\ld be able to und]/& & appreciate ! plan & int5tion :i* l$ me to draw my mat]ial s widely f _m dep>tm5ts ( lit]>y & cultural hi/ory4 ,! fir/ edition ( ! book f\nd _m su* read]s3 ,i may hope & expect t ! second w d ! same4 ,9 its revis$ =m ! book has be5 divid$ = ! conv5i5ce ( ^? :o use x into two volumes 7:i* correspond ) ! two p>ts 9 :i* x 0 fir/ publi%$74 ,i 0 urg$ to take away ! notes t /& at ! foot ( ! text & relegate !m to a place by !mselves 9 a sep>ate app5dix4 ,i f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ,i c\ld n br+ myself to adopt ?is fa%ionable mod]n practice1 :i* s f> z ,i h exp]i5ce ( x 9 books publi%$ 9 rec5t ye>s seems to me to be inconv5i5t & to h9d] r ?an help t undi/urb$ appreciation ( ! text :i* su* an arrangem5t is int5d$ to s]ve4 ,indep5d5t read]s :o 9 us+ ! book are work+ out ! subject = !mselves w\ld c]ta9ly n desire ! sep>ation ( ! docum5t>y evid5ce f ! /atem5t ( ! au?or's view4 ,! book has also1 to my peculi> satisfaction1 attract$ a l>ge numb] ( read]s f outside ! imm$iate circle ( pr(essional philologi/s4 ,su* read]s h evid5tly n be5 s]i\sly di/urb$ by ! elaborate & p]haps r p$antic aspect ( ! my/]i\s disquisitions at ! foot ( ! page1 & h be5 able to fix _! att5tion ^u ! cle>] language ( ! text above4 ,i h !re=e decid$ to remove a few only ( ! notes :i* _h gr[n to indep5d5t dim5sions to an app5dix at ! end ( ea* ( ! two volumes4 ,,erw9 ,,rohde4 ,,heidelb]g4 ,novemb] #bg?1 #ahig4 xiii ,,prelim9>y ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,sev5? ,,& ,,eigh? ,,editions ,,9 sup]vis+ toge!r ?is repr9t ( ,psy*e we h f\nd ourselves fac$ ) ! "q :i* ,s*ll & ,diet]i* _h to decide 9 br++ out ! ?ird edition--:e!r *anges or additions w\ld be admissible4 ,x w5t )\t say+ t ! text mu/ rema9 unt\*$ 9 ! =m la/ giv5 to x by ,rohde's own h&4 ,nor 0 x possible to make any additions to ! notes )\t s]i\sly di/urb+ ! c>efully consid]$ ar*itecture ( ! :ole book4 ,x w\ld h be5 m possible to add an app5dix or supplem5t>y pamphlet record+ ! lit]ature ( ! subject :i* has appe>$ s9ce #ahih & giv+ an acc\nt ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! que/ions dealt ) by ,rohde3 z has be5 done ) ! ,grie*is*e ,roman by ,w4 ,s*mid4 ,b on mak+ ! attempt we soon f\nd t ! problem 0 a diff]5t "o 9 ! case ( ,psy*e ) :i* 7mu* m ?an 9 ! o!r case7 all subsequ5t /udy ( ! hi/ory ( religion z pursu$ by all nations has _h to reckon1 & f :i* su* /udy has 9 no small degree tak5 its />t+ po9t4 ,we h !re=e refra9$2 & we h also refra9$ f remodell+ ! citations to make !m correspond ) critical editions t h s9ce appe>$4 ,?is process c\ld n be c>ri$ ?r\gh )\t1 9 "s places1 introduc+ contradictions ) ,rohde's int]pretation t w\ld h necessitat$ m detail$ discussion4 ,rohde's own me?od ( citation 0 only s]i\sly inconv5i5t 9 ! case ( ,euripides3 "h he evid5tly1 z we obs]v$ f ab\t ! middle ( ! fir/ volume onw>ds1 made use ( m ?an "o edition at ! same "t1 & has consequ5tly quot$ l9es 9 accordance ) diff]5t enum]ations4 ,= ! great] assurance & conv5i5ce ( ! read] ! l9es are uni=mly ref]r$ to accord+ to ! numb]+ ( ,nauck4 ,?is task has be5 und]tak5 by our devot$ help] ,frl4 ,emilie ,bo]1 :o has also v]ifi$1 ) a v few exceptions1 ! :ole ( ! ref]5ces to anci5t writ]s & inscriptions2 xiv a consid]able numb] ( errors miss$ by ! au?or or lat] editors h ?us be5 correct$4 ,! m9or *anges introduc$ 9 ! ?ird & foll[+ editions--! record+ on ! m>g9 ( ! pag9ation ( ! fir/ edition & ! valuable enl>gem5t ( ! index due to ,w4 ,ne/le ) ! assi/ance ( ,o4 ,crusius--h all naturally be5 reta9$4 ,f4 ,,boll4 ,o4 ,,we9rei*4 ,,heidelb]g4 ,novemb]1 #aibj4 xv ,,translator',s ,,note ,,rohde is v unsy/ematic 9 8 mode ( quot+ f anci5t au?orities3 he has1 = example1 f\r diff]5t ways ( ref]r+ to ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey1 two ( ref]r+ to ,demo/h5es & ! ,orators1 etc4 ,9 quot+ f ! less] au?orities he sometimes us$ editions :i* h s9ce become antiquat$4 7,he ev5 goes s f> z to quote ,clem4 ,alex4 by ! page & lett] ( ,he9sius' re-edition ( ,sylburg47 ,i h made an attempt to r$uce ! numb] ( inconsi/5cies & to give ref]5ces :]e possible to mod]n editions4 ,9 ^! & o!r small ways ,i h tri$ to make ! notes--! text ,i hope is intelligible en\gh--m accessible to ,engli% read]s4 ,i h giv5 ref]5ces to ,engli% translations ( ,g]man works 7:]e ,i h be5 able to f9d !m72 b ,i h refra9$ f add+ ref]5ces to ! mod]n lit]ature ( ! subject3 mo/ read]s ( ! book w pref] to d t = !mselves4 ,9 ord] to save space ,i h us$ abbreviation pretty freely 9 quot+ names ( au?ors & titles ( books4 ,! abbreviat$ =ms agree g5]ally ) ^? giv5 9 ,liddell & ,scott 7supplem5t$ by ! li/ drawn up = ! new edition ( ! ,lexicon73 mo/ ( ! foll[+ may be not$3-- ,a4 7or ,aes*47 ,aes*ylus4 ,amm4 ,ammonius4 ,,ap4 ,an?ologia ,palat9a4 ,apollod4 ,ps4-,apollodorus1 ,bibio!ca 7unless ,epit4 is add$74 ,a4 ,r4 ,apollonius ,rhodius4 ,a?4 ,mit?4 ,mit!ilung5 d4 deuts*4 ar*4 ,in/4 zu ,a!n4 ,aug4 ,augu/9e4 ,d4 7or ,dem47 ,demo/h5es4 ,d4 ,c4 ,dio ,cassius4 ,d4 ,*r4 ,dio ,*ryso/om4 ,d4 ,h4 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus 7i4e4 ,rom4 ,antiq4 unless o!rwise indicat$7 ,d4 ,l4 ,diog5es ,la]tius4 ,d4 ,p4 ,dionysius ,p]iegetes4 ,d4 ,s4 ,diodorus ,siculus4 ,e4 7or ,eur47 ,euripides4 ,epigr4 ,gr4 ,kaibel1 ,epigrammata ,graeca4 ,eun4 ,eunapius ,vitae ,sophi/>um4 xvi ,gal4 ,gal5 7vol4 & page ( ,khn74 ,,gdi4 ,collitz1 ,grie*is*e ,dialekt9s*rift54 9999,gp4 ,geoponica4 ,grimm ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie transl4 z ,teutonic ,my?ology1 by ,j4 ,s4 ,/allybrass1 ,lond41 #ahhj4 ,h]aclid4 ,pol4 ,h]aclides ,ponticus1 ,politica4 ,him4 ,him]ius4 ,hipp4 ,hippolytus4 ,hp4 ,hippokrates4 ,hs*4 ,hesy*ius4 ,h4 ,smyrn4 ,h]mippus ( ,smyrna4 ,hom] is quot$ by ! majuscules ( ! ,greek alphabet = ! books ( ! ,iliad1 by ! m9uscules = ! ,odyssey4 ,inscr4 ,p]g4 ,ins*rift5 von ,p]gamon ed4 ,fra5kel4 ,,ipe4 ,inscriptiones ,ponti ,eux9i ed4 ,latys*ev4 ,is4 ,isaeus4 ,j4 ,m4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4 ,leg4 ,sacr4 von ,prott & ,zieh51 ,leges ,graecorum ,sacrae4 ,pall4 ,palladius1 de ,re ,ru/ica4 ,phld4 ,philodemus4 ,pi4 ,p9d>4 ,pl4 ,plato4 ,,plg4 ,b]gk1 ,poetae ,lyrici ,graeci ed4 #d4 ,plot4 ,plot9us4 ,plu4 ,plut>*4 ,p,mag,par4 ,p>is ,magical ,papyrus ed4 ,wessely4 ,rh4 ,mus4 9999,rhe9is*es ,museum4 ,s4 7or ,soph47 ,sophokles4 ,s4 ,e4 ,sextus ,empiricus4 ,,sig4 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um ed4 #b 7unless o!rwise /at$74 ,/r4 ,/rabo 7,casaubon's page74 ,tab4 ,defix4 ,tabellae ,defixionum ed4 ,wns* 7,app5dix to ,,cia474 ,?phr4 ,!ophra/us 7,*4 ,*>act]s ed4 ,jebb74 ,tylor ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture ed4 #d4 ,tz4 ,tzetzes4 ,vg4 ,v]gil4 ,vors4 ,diels1 ,fragm5te d] ,vorsokratik] ed4 #d 7vol4 #a unless o!rwise indicat$74 ,x4 7or ,x547 ,x5ophon hi/oricus4 ,znb4 ,z5obius4 ,i take ?is opportunity ( ?ank+ my fri5d ,mr4 ,r4 ,burn1 ( ,glasg[ ,univ]sity1 = 8 invaluable help 9 ^! matt]s4 ,w4 ,b4 ,,hillis4 ,,"p ,i #c ,,*apt] ,i ,,beliefs ,,ab\t ,,! ,,s\l ,,& ,,cult ,,( ,,s\ls ,,9 ,,! ,,hom]ic ,,poems ,i #a ,to ! imm$iate und]/&+ ( mank9d no?+ seems s self-evid5t1 no?+ s little 9 ne$ ( explanation1 z ! ph5om5on ( ,life itself1 ! fact ( man's own exi/5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! cessation ( ?is s self-evid5t exi/5ce1 :5ev] x obtrudes itself ^u 8 notice1 ar\ses man's ev]-r5ew$ a/oni%m5t4 ,!re are primitive peoples to :om dea? :5ev] x occurs seems an arbitr>y abbreviation ( life3 if x is n due to visible =ces1 !n "s invisible magic mu/ h caus$ x4 ,s difficult is x = su* peoples to grasp ! idea t ! pres5t /ate ( be+ alive & consci\s c come to an end ( its own accord4 ,once reflection on su* problems is ar\s$1 life itself1 /&+ z x does on ! ?re%old ( all s5sation & exp]i5ce1 soon beg9s to appe> no less my/]i\s ?an dea?--t k+dom into :i* no exp]i5ce rea*es4 ,x may ev5 come ab\t t :5 !y are reg>d$ too long & too h>d1 light & d>kness seem to *ange places4 ,x 0 to a ,greek poet t ! "q sugge/$ itself3 ,:o kn[s !n :e!r ,life be n ,dea?1 & :at we "h call ,dea? be call$ ,life !re bel[8 ,f su* jad$ wisdom & its d\bts ,greek civilization is /ill f> remov$ :51 ?\gh already at an advanc$ /age 9 its developm5t1 x fir/ speaks to u 9 ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,! poet & 8 h]oes speak ) lively feel+ ( ! pa9s & tr\bles ( life1 bo? 9 its individual phases & z a :ole4 ,! gods h allott$ a life ( pa9 & mis]y to m51 :ile !y !mselves rema9 free f c>e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to turn aside f life altoge!r nev] ent]s ! head ( anyone 9 ,hom]4 ,no?+ may be said expressly ( ! joy & happ9ess ( life1 b t is because su* ?+s #d g )\t say+ among a vigor\s folk engross$ 9 a movem5t ( progress1 ^: circum/ances 7 nev] complicat$ & :]e all ! conditions ( happ9ess easily fell to ! lot ( ! /rong 9 activity & enjoym5t4 ,&1 inde$1 x is only = ! /rong1 ! prud5t1 & ! p[]ful t ?is ,hom]ic _w is int5d$4 ,life & exi/5ce ^u ?is e>? obvi\sly belongs to !m--is x n an indisp5sable condition ( ! atta9m5t ( all p>ticul> good ?+s8 ,z = dea?--! /ate :i* is to foll[ our life "h--!re is no dang] ( anyone mi/ak+ t = life4 ,d n try & expla9 away dea? to me1 says ,a*illes to ,odysseus 9 ,hades2 & ?is w\ld be ! answ] any ,hom]ic man w\ld h giv5 to ! sophi/icat$ poet1 if he _h tri$ to p]suade him t ! /ate ( ?+s aft] life on ?is e>? is ! real life4 ,no?+ is s hateful to man z dea? & ! gates ( ,hades3 = :5 dea? comes x is c]ta9 t life--?is sweet life ( ours 9 ! sunlight--is done )1 :atev] else !re may be to foll[4 #b ,b :at does foll[8 ,:at happ5s :5 life dep>ts = ev] f ! inanimate body8 ,x is /range t anyone %\ld h ma9ta9$ 7z x has be5 9 rec5t times#aa7 t 9 any /age ( ! developm5t ( ! ,hom]ic poems ! belief c be f\nd t ) ! mom5t ( dea? all is at an end3 t no?+ survives dea?4 ,we are n w>rant$ by any /atem5t 9 ei!r ( ! two poems 7to be f\nd p]haps 9 _! olde/ p>ts1 z is sugge/$7 nor yet by ! tell-tale sil5ce ( ! poet1 9 attribut+ su* an idea ei!r to ! poet or 8 contempor>ies4 ,:]ev] ! occasion ( dea? is describ$ we are told h[ ! dead man 7/ill ref]r$ to by 8 "n1 or 8 ,psy*e1 ha/5s away into ! h\se ( ,ades--into ! k+dom ( ,ades & ! grim ,p]sephoneia2 goes d[n to ! d>kness bel[ ! e>?1 to ,erebos2 or1 m vaguely1 s9ks into ! e>? itself4 ,9 any case1 x is no m]e no?+ t c ent] ! gloomy dep?s1 nor ov] :at does n exi/ c\ld "o suppose t ! div9e ,pair holds sway bel[4 ,b h[ are we to ?9k ( ?is ,psy*e t1 unnotic$ dur+ ! lifetime ( ! body1 & only obs]vable :5 x is sep>at$ f ! body1 n[ glides (f to jo9 ! multitude ( its k9d assembl$ 9 ! murky regions ( ! ,invisible 7,ades78 ,its "n1 l ! names giv5 to ! #e s\l 9 _m languages1 m>ks x (f z some?+ airy & brea?like1 reveal+ its pres5ce 9 ! brea?+ ( ! liv+ man4 ,x escapes out ( ! m\?--or out ( ! gap+ w\nd ( ! dy+--& n[ fre$ f its prison becomes1 z ! "n well expresses x1 an image 7ei_/dlon74 ,on ! bord]s ( ,hades ,odysseus sees float+ ! images ( ^? t h toil$ 7on e>?74 ,^! immat]ial images )draw+ !mselves f ! grasp ( ! liv+1 l smoke 7,il4 xxiii1 #ajj7 or a %ad[ 7,od4 xi1 #bjg2 x1 #die71 mu/ at lea/ recognizably pres5t ! g5]al outl9es ( ! once liv+ p]son4 ,odysseus imm$iately recognizes 8 "m1 ,antikleia1 9 su* a %ad[-p]son1 z well z ! lately dead ,elp5or1 & ^? ( 8 companions ( ! ,trojan ,w> :o h gone be=e him4 ,! psy*e ( ,patroklos appe>+ to ,a*illeus by night resembles ! dead man absolutely 9 /ature1 bodily appe>ance & expression4 ,! nature ( ?is %ad[y d\ble ( mank9d1 sep>at+ itself f man 9 dea? & tak+ its dep>ture !n1 c be/ be realiz$ if we fir/ make cle> to ourselves :at qualities x does n possess4 ,! psy*e ( ,hom]ic belief does n1 z might h be5 suppos$1 repres5t :at we are accu/om$ to call _s z oppos$ to body4 ,all ! faculties ( ! human _s 9 ! wide/ s5se--= :i* ! poet has a l>ge & v>i$ vocabul>y--are inde$ only active & only possible s long z a man is /ill alive3 :5 dea? comes ! complete p]sonality is no long] 9 exi/5ce4 ,! body1 t is ! corpse1 n[ becomes m]e s5seless e>? & falls to pieces1 :ile ! psy*e rema9s unt\*$4 ,b ! latt] is by no means ! refuge ( _s & its faculties1 any m ?an ! corpse is4 ,x 7! psy*e7 is describ$ z be+ )\t feel+1 des]t$ by m9d & ! organs ( m9d4 ,all p[] ( w1 s5sation1 & ?\ght h vani%$ ) ! dis9tegration ( ! individual man into 8 compon5t p>ts4 ,s f> f x be+ p]missible to ascribe ! functions ( _s to ! psy*e1 x w\ld be m reasonable to speak ( a contra/ betwe5 ! two4 ,man is a liv+ creature1 consci\s ( himself & intellig5tly active1 only s long z ! psy*e rema9s )9 him4 ,b x is n ! psy*e :i* communicates its own faculties to man & gives him capacity = life toge!r ) consci\sness1 w & k4 ,x is r t dur+ ! union ( ! psy*e & ! body all ! faculties ( liv+ & act+ lie )9 ! empire ( ! body1 ( :i* !y are functions4 ,)\t ! pres5ce ( ! psy*e1 ! body _c p]ceive1 feel1 or w1 b x does n use ^! #f or any ( its faculties ?r\gh or by means ( ! psy*e4 ,n[h]e does ,hom] attribute any su* function to ! psy*e 9 liv+ man3 x is1 9 fact1 only m5tion$ :5 its sep>ation f ! liv+ man is imm95t or has occurr$4 ,z ! body's %ad[-image x survives ! body & all its vital p[]s4 ,if we n[ ask--z our ,hom]ic psy*ologi/s g5]ally d--:i*1 9 ! face ( ?is my/]i\s association betwe5 a liv+ body & its c\nt]feit ! psy*e1 is ! real man1 we f9d t ,hom] 9 fact gives contradictory answ]s4 ,n infrequ5tly 7inde$1 9 ! fir/ l9es ( ! ,iliad7 ! mat]ial body is contra/$1#ba z ! man himself1 ) ! psy*e--:i* _c !re=e be any organ or compon5t "p ( ! liv+ body4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t :i* takes its dep>ture at dea? & ha/5s into ! realm ( ,hades is also ref]r$ to by ! prop] "n ( ! p]son z himself#ca--:i* means t "h ! %ad[y psy*e 7= no?+ else c g d[n to ,hades7 is inve/$ ) ! "n & value ( ! complete p]sonality1 ! self ( ! man4 ,b ^? :o draw f ^! phrases ! conclusion t ei!r ! body or ! psy*e mu/ be ! real man h1 9 ei!r case1#da left out ( acc\nt or unexpla9$ "o half ( ! record$ evid5ce4 ,reg>d$ )\t prejudice1 ^! app>5tly contradictory me?ods ( speak+ simply prove t bo? ! visible man 7! body & its own faculties7 & ! indwell+ psy*e c\ld be describ$ z ! man's self4 ,accord+ to ! ,hom]ic view1 human be+s exi/ twice ov]3 once z an outw>d & visible %ape1 & aga9 z an invisible image :i* only ga9s its fre$om 9 dea?4 ,?is1 & no?+ else1 is ! ,psy*e4 ,su* an idea--t ! psy*e %\ld dwell ) ! liv+ & fully consci\s p]sonality1 l an ali5 & a /rang]1 a feebl] d\ble ( ! man1 z 8 o!r self--?is may well seem v /range to u4 ,& yet ?is is :at s-call$ savage peoples1#ea all ov] ! _w1 actually believe4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 9 p>ticul> has %[n ?is mo/ decisively4 ,x is !re=e n v surpris+ to f9d ! ,greeks1 too1 %>+ a mode ( ?\ght t lies s close to ! m9d ( primitive mank9d4 ,! e>li] age :i* h&$ d[n to ! ,greeks ( ,hom] _! beliefs ab\t ! s\l _c h fail$ any m ?an o!r nations to obs]ve ! facts ^u :i* a fanta/ic logic bas$ ! conclusion ( man's d\ble p]sonality4 ,x 0 n ! ph5om5a ( s5sation1 w1 p]ception1 or ?\ght 9 wak+ & consci\s man :i* l$ to ?is conclusion4 ,x 0 ! exp]i5ce ( an app>5t #g d\ble ( ! self 9 dream+1 9 swoons1 & ec/asy1 t gave rise to ! inf]5ce ( a two-fold pr9ciple ( life 9 man1 & ( ! exi/5ce ( an indep5d5t1 sep>able second self dwell+ )9 ! viable self ( daily life4 ,"o has only to li/5 to ! words ( a ,greek writ] ( a lat] p]iod :o1 f> m explicitly ?an ,hom]1 describes ! nature ( ! psy*e & at ! same "t lets u see ! orig9 ( ! belief 9 su* an entity4 ,p9d> 7fr4 #aca7 tells u t ! body obeys ,dea?1 ! almighty1 b ! image ( ! liv+ creature lives on 7s9ce ?is alone is d]iv$ f ! gods3 :i*1 ( c\rse1 is n ,hom]ic belief72 = x 7?is eidlon7 is sleep+ :5 ! limbs are active1 b :5 ! body is asleep x (t5 reveals ! future 9 a dream4 ,words c\ld h>dly make x pla9] t 9 ! activities ( ! wak+ & consci\s man1 ! image-s\l has no "p4 ,its _w is ! _w ( sleep4 ,:ile ! o!r ,i1 unconsci\s ( itself1 lies 9 sleep1 its d\ble is up & do+4 ,9 o!r words1 :ile ! body ( ! sleep] lies wrapp$ 9 slumb]1 motionless1 ! sleep] 9 8 dream lives & sees _m /range & wond]ful ?+s4 ,x is himself :o does ?is 7( t !re c be no d\bt71 & yet n ! self kn[n & visible to himself & o!rs2 = t lies /ill z dea? beyond ! rea* ( s5sation4 ,x foll[s t !re lives )9 a man a second self1 active 9 dream+4 ,t ! dream exp]i5ces are v]itable realities & n empty fancies = ,hom] is also c]ta94 ,he nev] says1 z lat] poets (t5 d1 t ! dream] ?\ght he saw ?is or t4 ,! figures se5 9 dreams are real figures1 ei!r ( ! gods !mselves or a dream _s s5t by !m1 or a fleet+ image 7eidlon7 t !y all[ to appe> = a mom5t4 ,j z ! dream]'s capacity = vision is no m]e fancy1 s1 too1 ! objects t he sees are realities4 ,9 ! same way x is some?+ real t appe>s to a man asleep z ! %ape ( a p]son lately dead4 ,s9ce ?is %ape c %[ itself to a dream]1 x mu/ ( necessity /ill exi/2 consequ5tly x survives dea?1 ?\gh1 inde$1 only z a brea?-l image1 mu* z we h se5 reflections ( our own faces mirror$ 9 wat]4#fa ,x _c1 inde$--?is airy sub/ance--be grasp$ or held l ! once viable self2 & h5ce comes its "n1 ! psy*e4 ,! primeval argum5t = su* a c\nt]p>t ( man is repeat$ by ,a*illeus himself 7,il4 xxiii1 #ajc f47 :5 8 dead fri5d appe>s to him & !n vani%es aga93 s1 !n1 ye ,gods1 !re yet lives 9 ,hades' h\se a psy*e & %ad[y image 7( man71 b !re is no midriff 9 x 7& consequ5tly none ( ! faculties :i* pres]ve ! visible man alive74 #h ,! dream]1 !n1 & :at he sees 9 8 dream proves ! exi/5ce ( an alt] ego 9 man4#ga ,man1 h[ev]1 also obs]ves t 8 body may suff] a dea?like torpor )\t ! second self be+ occupi$ ) dream exp]i5ces4 ,9 su* mom5ts ( swoon1 accord+ to ,greek ?\ght & actual ,hom]ic expression1 ! psy*e has left ! body4#ha ,:]e _h x gone8 ,no man c\ld tell4 ,b on ?is occasion x comes back aga93 :]eupon ! _s is ga!r$ aga9 into ! midriff4 ,if ev]1 z happ5s 9 ! case ( dea?1 ! psy*e %\ld become completely sep>at$ f ! visible body1 !n ! _s w nev] return4 ,b ! psy*e1 :i* 9 ^? tempor>y sep>ations f ! body#ia did n p]i%1 w n vani% into no?+ness n[4 #c ,s f> exp]i5ce takes u1 f :i* primitive logic arriv$ at v mu* ! same conclusions all ov] ! _w4 ,b1 we may proce$ to ask1 :]e does ?is lib]at$ psy*e g8 ,:at becomes ( x8 ,"h beg9s ! undiscov]$ c\ntry & x might appe> t at its entrance !re 0 a complete p>t+ ( ! ways4 ,primitive p are accu/om$ to attribute unlimit$ p[]s to ! disembodi$ s\l--p[]s all ! m =midable because !y are n se54 ,inde$1 !y ref] 9 "p all invisible =ces to ! action ( s\ls1 & /ra9 anxi\sly by means ( ! ri*e/ (f]+s )9 _! p[] to secure = !mselves ! goodwill ( ^! p[]ful spirits4 ,hom]1 on ! contr>y1 kn[s no?+ ( any influ5ce ex]t$ by ! psy*e ^u ! visible _w1 &1 consequ5tly1 h>dly any?+ ( a cult ( ! psy*e4 ,h[1 inde$1 c\ld ! s\ls 7z ,i may v5ture to call !m )\t fur!r risk ( misund]/&+7 h any su* influ5ce8 ,!y are all )\t exception collect$ 9 ! realm ( ,ades1 f> f ! liv+1 sep>at$ f !m by ,okeanos & ,a*]on1 gu>d$ by ! rel5tless god himself1 ! inexorable doorkeep]4 ,only a fabl$ h]o l ,odysseus may = once1 p]haps1 rea* ! entrance ( t gloomy k+dom alive3 ! s\ls !mselves1 once !y h cross$ ! riv]1 nev] come back--s ! s\l ( ,patroklos assures 8 fri5d4 ,h[ d !y get !re8 ,! implication seems to be t on leav+ ! body ! s\l passes away1 unwill+ & compla9+ ( its fate1 b1 nev]!less1 unresi/+1 to ,hades2 & aft] ! de/ruction ( ! body by fire1 disappe>s = ev] into ! dep?s ( ,erebos4 ,x 0 only a #i lat] poet :o1 9 giv+ ! f9al t\*es to ! ,odyssey1 introduc$ ,h]mes1 ! ,guide ( ! ,dead4 ,:e!r ?is is an inv5tion ( ! poet's1 or1 z appe>s m likely1 x is borr[$ f ! anci5t folk-belief ( "s remote corn] ( ,greece1 9 ! completely r\nd$ circle ( ,hom]ic belief at any rate x is an innovation & an important "o4 ,d\bt has aris51 x appe>s1 :e!r inde$ all ! s\ls mu/ ( necessity pass away into ! ,unse52 & !y are provid$ ) a div9e guide :o by 8 my/]i\sly compell+ summons 7,od4 xxiv1 #a7 & ! p[] ( 8 magic w& con/ra9s !m to foll[ him4#aja ,d[n 9 ! murky und]world !y n[ float unconsci\s1 or1 at mo/1 ) a twilight half-consci\sness1 wail+ 9 a %rill dim9utive voice1 helpless1 indiff]5t4 ,( c\rse1 fle%1 bones1 & s9ews1#aaa ! midriff1 ! seat ( all ! faculties ( m9d & w--^! are all gone = ev]4 ,!y 7 atta*$ to ! once-visible p>tn] ( ! psy*e1 & t has be5 de/roy$4 ,to speak ( an immortal life ( ^! s\ls1 z s*ol>s bo? anci5t & mod]n h done1 is incorrect4 ,!y c h>dly be said to live ev51 any m ?an ! image does t is reflect$ 9 ! mirror2 & t !y prolong to et]nity _! %ad[y image-exi/5ce--:]e 9 ,hom] d we ev] f9d ?is said8 ,! psy*e may survive its visible companion1 b x is helpless )\t x4 ,is x possible to believe t a reali/ically imag9ative1 mat]ially m9d$ p l ! ,greeks w\ld h reg>d$ z immortal a creature incapable 7once ! fun]al is ov]7 ( requir+ or receiv+ fur!r n\ri%m5t--ei!r 9 religi\s cult or o!rwise8 ,! daylight _w ( ,hom] is ?us fre$ f spectres ( ! night 7= ev5 9 dreams ! psy*e is se5 no m aft] ! body is burnt72 f ^? intangible & gho/ly ess5ces at ^: une>?ly activity ! sup]/iti\s ( e age tremble4 ,! liv+ are no long] tr\bl$ by ! dead4 ,! _w is gov]n$ by ! gods alone2 n pale & gho/ly phantoms1 b palpable & fully mat]ializ$ figures1 work+ p[]fully ev]y:]e1 & dwell+ on ! cle> m\nta9 tops3 & brightness gleams ar\nd !m4 ,no daimonic p[]s c comp>e ) ! gods or c avail aga9/ !m2 & night does n set free ! dep>t$ s\ls ( ! dead4 ,! read] />ts involunt>ily & beg9s to suspect ! influ5ce ( ano!r age1 :5 9 a "p ( ,book ,,xx ( ! ,odyssey1 add$ by a lat] h&1 he reads h[ %ortly be=e ! de/ruction ( ! suitors ! clairvoyant soo?say] beholds 9 hall & =ec\rt ! s\l-phantoms 7eidla7 #aj float+ 9 multitudes & hurry+ d[n to ! d>kness "u ! e>?3 ! sun 0 d>k5$ 9 ! heav5 & a ?ick mi/ came ov] all4 ,! lat] poet has be5 v successful 9 sugge/+ ! t]ror awak5$ by a =ebod+ ( trag$y2 b su* t]ror 9 ! face ( ! do+s ( ! _s _w is entirely un-,hom]ic4 #d ,7 ! ,greeks1 !n1 always s untr\bl$ by su* fe>s ( ! s\ls ( ! dead8 ,0 !re nev] any cult ( disembodi$ spirits1 su* z 0 n only kn[n to all primitive peoples ?r\gh\t ! _w1 b 0 also q famili> to nations belong+ to ! same family z ! ,greeks1 = in/ance1 ! ,indians & ! ,p]sians8 ,! "q & its answ] h m ?an a pass+ int]e/4 ,9 lat] times--long subsequ5t to ,hom]--we f9d 9 ,greece itself a lively wor%ip ( ance/ors & a g5]al cult ( ! dep>t$4 ,7 x demon/rable--z x is g5]ally assum$ )\t pro(--t ! ,greeks only at ?is late p]iod fir/ began to pay a religi\s cult to ! s\ls ( ! dead1 ?is fact w\ld give v /rong support to ! (t-repeat$ !ory t ! cult ( ! dead arose f ! ru9s ( a previ\s wor%ip ( ! gods4 ,an?ropologi/s are accu/om$ to d5y ?is & to reg>d ! wor%ip ( disembodi$ s\ls z "o ( ! e>lie/ =ms 7if n z orig9ally ! only =m7 ( ! rev]5ce paid to unse5 p[]s4 ,! peoples1 h[ev]1 ^u ^: conditions ( life & m5tal conceptions su* views are g5]ally bas$1 h inde$ beh9d !m a long pa/1 b no hi/ory4 ,:at is to prev5t pure speculation & !oriz+ 9 con=mity ) ! preconceiv$ idea j m5tion$ 7:i* is almo/ elevat$ to ! position ( a doctr9e ( fai? by "s comp>ative religioni/s7 f introduc+ into ! dim pa/ ( su* savage peoples ! primitive wor%ip ( gods1 out ( :i* ! wor%ip ( ! dead may !n subsequ5tly arise8 ,b ,greek religi\s developm5t c be trac$ f ,hom] onw>ds = a long p]iod2 & !re we f9d ! c]ta9ly rem>kable fact t a cult ( ! dead1 unkn[n to ,hom]1 only appe>s lat]1 9 ! c\rse ( a long & vigor\s expansion ( religi\s ideas 9 aft] times2 or1 at lea/1 !n %[s itself m pla9ly--b n1 x is important to notice1 z ! precipitate ( a dy+ belief 9 gods & wor%ip ( ! gods1 b r z a collat]al developm5t by ! side ( t highly develop$ =m ( piety4 ,are we1 !n1 really to believe t ! cult ( disembodi$ #aa spirits 0 absolutely unkn[n to ! ,greeks ( pre-,hom]ic times8 ,su* an ass]tion1 if made )\t due qualification1 is contradict$ by a clos] /udy ( ! ,hom]ic poems !mselves4 ,x is true t ,hom] repres5ts = u ! e>lie/ great /age 9 ! evolution ( ,greek civilization ( :i* we h cle> evid5ce4 ,b ! poems d n /& at ! beg9n+ ( t evolution4 ,inde$1 !y only /& at ! beg9n+ ( ,greek ,epic poetry--s f> z ?is has be5 transmitt$ to u--because ! natural greatness & wide popul>ity ( ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey secur$ _! pres]vation 9 writ+4 ,_! v exi/5ce & ! degree ( arti/ic f9i% :i* !y %[1 oblige u to suppose t beh9d !m lies a long hi/ory ( h]oic ,saga poetry4 ,! conditions :i* !y describe & imply po9t to a long c\rse ( previ\s developm5t--f nomadic to city life1 f patri>*al rule to ! organization ( ! ,greek ,polis4 ,& j z ! maturity ( mat]ial developm5t tells its tale1 s d ! ref9em5t & maturity ( culture1 ! pr(\nd & untrammell$ k ( ! _w1 ! cl>ity & simplicity ( ?\ght reflect$ 9 !m4 ,all ^! ?+s g to %[ t be=e ,hom]1 9 ord] to rea* ,hom]1 ! ,greek _w mu/ h ?\ght & le>n$ mu*--mu/1 inde$1 h unle>n$ & undone mu*4 ,z 9 art1 s 9 all ! products ( civilization1 :at is simple1 appropriate1 & conv9c+ is n ! a*ievem5t ( beg9n]s1 b ! rew>d ( prolong$ /udy4 ,x is prima facie un?9kable t dur+ ! :ole l5g? ( ,greek evolution be=e ,hom]1 religion alone1 ! relation%ip betwe5 man & ! invisible _w1 %\ld h rema9$ /ation>y at any "o po9t4 ,x is n f ! comp>ison ( religi\s beliefs & _! developm5t among k9dr$ nations1 nor ev5 f ! /udy ( app>5tly primitive ideas & usages 9 ! religi\s life ( ! ,greeks !mselves ( lat] times1 t we are to seek ! tru? ab\t ! religi\s cu/oms ( t remote p]iod :i* is obscur$ = u by ! int]v5+ mass ( ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,comp>ative /udies ( ?is k9d are valuable 9 _! way1 b mu/ only be us$ to give fur!r support to ! insight d]iv$ f less easily mislead+ me?ods ( inquiry4 ,= u ! only completely satisfactory s\rce ( in=mation ab\t pre-,hom]ic times is ,hom] himself4 ,we are all[$--inde$1 we are =c$--to conclude t !re h be5 *ange 9 conceptions & cu/oms1 if1 9 t o!rwise s uni=m & r\nd$ ,hom]ic _w1 we meet ) isolat$ occurr5ces1 cu/oms1 =ms ( spee* t contradict ! #ab normal atmosph]e ( ,hom] & c only be expla9$ by ref]5ce to a _w 9 all ess5tials diff]5tly ori5tat$ f 8 own & = ! mo/ "p kept 9 ! backgr\nd by ,hom]4 ,all t is necess>y is to op5 our eyes1 fre$ f preconceiv$ ideas1 to ! rudim5ts 7survivals1 z !y are bett] call$ by ,engli% s*ol>s7 ( a pa/ /age ( civilization discov]able 9 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey !mselves4 #e ,su* rudim5ts ( a once vigor\s s\l-wor%ip are n h>d to f9d 9 ,hom]4 ,9 p>ticul>1 we may ref] to :at ! ,iliad tells u ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! dead body ( ,patroklos is dealt )4 ,! read] ne$ only recall ! g5]al outl9e ( ! /ory4 ,9 ! ev5+ ( ! day ^u :i* ,hektor has be5 sla91 ,a*illes ) 8 ,myrmidons s+s ! fun]al dirge to 8 dead fri5d3 !y g ?ree times 9 procession r\nd ! body1 ,a*illes lay+ 8 murd]\s h&s on ! brea/ ( ,patroklos & call+ ^u him ) ! words3 ,hail1 ,patroklos m9e1 ev5 9 ,ades' dwell+-place2 :at ,i v[$ to !e be=e is n[ p]=m$2 ,hektor lies sla9 & is ! prey ( dogs1 & twelve noble ,trojan y\?s w ,i slay at ?y fun]al pyre4 ,aft] !y h laid aside _! arms he makes ready ! fun]al fea/ = 8 companions--bulls1 %eep1 goats1 & pigs are kill$1 & all ar\nd1 9 beak]s-full1 ! blood fl[$ r\nd ! corpse4 ,dur+ ! night ! s\l ( ,patroklos appe>s to ,a*illes dem&+ imm$iate burial4 ,9 ! morn+ ! ho/ ( ! ,myrmidons m>*es out 9 arms1 be>+ ! body 9 _! mid/4 ,! w>riors lay locks ( _! hair1 cut (f = ! purpose1 ^u ! body1 & la/ ( all ,a*illes places 8 own hair 9 ! h& ( 8 fri5d--x 0 once pl$g$ by 8 fa!r to ,sp]*eios ! ,riv]-god1 b ,patroklos mu/ n[ take x ) him1 s9ce return to 8 home is d5i$ to ,a*illes4 ,! fun]al pyre is got ready1 _m %eep & ox5 slaught]$4 ,! corpse is wrapp$ 9 _! fat1 :ile _! c>casses are plac$ beside x2 j>s ( oil & honey are set r\nd ! body4 ,next1 f\r horses are kill$1 two dogs belong+ to ,patroklos1 & la/ ( all twelve ,trojan y\?s tak5 prison] = ?is purpose by ,a*illes4 ,all ^! are burnt toge!r ) ! corpse1 & ,a*illes sp5ds ! :ole night p\r+ out d>k w9e ^u ! e>?1 call+ ! :ile ^u ! psy*e ( ,patroklos4 ,only :5 morn+ comes is ! fire ext+ui%$ ) w9e2 ! bones ( ,patroklos are collect$ & laid 9 a gold5 casket & entomb$ )9 a m\nd4 #ac ,"h we h a picture ( ! fun]al ( a *iefta9 :i*1 9 ! solemnity & c]emoni\sness ( its elaborate detail1 is 9 /rik+ conflict ) ! normal ,hom]ic conception ( ! no?+ness ( ! s\l aft] its sep>ation f ! body4 ,a full & ri* sacrifice is "h (f]$ to su* a s\l4 ,?is sacrifice is inexplicable if ! s\l imm$iately ^u its dissolution flutt]s away ins5sible1 helpless & p[]less1 & !re=e incapable ( enjoy+ ! (f]+s made to x4 ,x is !re=e n unnatural t a me?od ( int]pretation :i* isolates ,hom] z f> z possible & adh]es closely to 8 own fix$ & det]m9ate range ( ideas1 %\ld attempt to d5y ! sacrificial "* ( ! (f]+s made on ?is occasion4#aba ,we may well ask1 h[ev]1 :at else b a sacrifice1 i4e4 a repa/ (f]$ 9 satisfaction ( ! ne$s ( ! p]son hon\r$ 79 ?is case ! psy*e71 c be int5d$ by ?is /ream ( blood ab\t ! corpse2 ?is slaught]+ & burn+ ( cattle & %eep1 horses & dogs1 & f9ally ( twelve ,trojan prison]s on or at ! fun]al pyre8 ,to expla9 x all z a m]e p]=mance ( pi\s duties1 z is (t5 done 9 int]pret+ _m ( ! gruesome pictures ( ,greek sacrificial c]emonies1 is impossible "h4 ,besides1 ,hom] (t5 tells u ( m]ely pi\s obs]vances 9 hon\r ( ! dead1 & !y are ( a v diff]5t "*4 ,& ! mo/ horrible t\* ( all 7! human sacrifice is n put 9 simply to satisfy ,a*illes' lu/ = v5geance--twice ov] does ,a*illes call to ! s\l ( ,patroklos ) ! words3 ,to y d ,i br+ :at ,i =m]ly promis$ to y 7,il4 xxiii1 #bj ff41 #ahj ff474#aca ,! :ole s]ies ( (f]+s on ?is occasion is precisely ( ! k9d :i* we may take z typical ( ! olde/ sort ( sacrificial ritual su* z we (t5 f9d 9 lat] ,greek religion 9 ! cultus ( ! inf]nal deities4 ,! sacrificial (f]+s are completely burnt 9 hon\r ( ! ,daimon & are n %>$ betwe5 ! by/&]s z 9 ! case ( o!r (f]+s4 ,if su* holocau/s1 :5 (f]$ to ! ,*?onic & "s ( ! ,olympian deities1 are to be reg>d$ z sacrificial 9 "*1 !n x is unju/ifiable to inv5t "s o!r mean+ = ! p]=mances at ! fun]al pyre ( ,patroklos4 ,! (f]+ ( w9e1 oil1 & honey1 at lea/1 are normal 9 sacrificial rituals ( lat] times4 ,ev5 ! sev]$ lock ( hair spread out ov] ! dead body or laid 9 ! cold h& is a well kn[n sacrificial tribute1 & mu/ be suppos$ su* "h z mu* z 9 lat] ,greek c]emonial or 9 t ( _m o!r peoples4#ada ,9 fact1 ?is gift 9 p>ticul>1 symbolically repres5t+ z x does a m valuable sacrifice by means ( ano!r & less important #ad object 79 ! giv+ ( :i* only ! goodwill ( ! giv] is to be consid]$7--?is v (f]+1 l all su* symbolical sub/itutions1 be>s witness to ! long duration & pa/ developm5t ( ! cultus 9 :i* x occurs--9 ?is case ( ! wor%ip ( ! dead 9 pre-,hom]ic times4 ,! :ole n>rative presupposes ! idea t by ! p\r+ out ( /reams ( blood1 by (f]+s ( w9e & burnt (f]+s ( human be+s & ( cattle1 ! psy*e ( a p]son lately dead c be refre%$1 & its res5tm5t mollifi$4 ,at any rate1 x is ?us ?\ght ( z accessible to human pray]s & z rema9+ = "s "t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! sacrifice made to x4 ,?is contradicts :at we expect 9 ,hom]1 &1 9 fact1 j 9 ord] to make ?is unusual p]=mance plausible to an audi5ce no long] famili> ) ! idea1 & to make x admissible on a special occasion1 ! poet 7?\gh ! actual c\rse ( 8 /ory does n really require x7#aea makes ! psy*e ( ,patroklos appe> by night to ,a*illes4 ,&1 9 fact1 to ! end ( ! n>rative ,a*illes repeat$ly greets ! s\l ( ,patroklos z ?\gh x 7 pres5t4#afa ,! unusual way 9 :i* ,hom] deals ) ?is :ole affair1 s full ( primeval1 savage ideas z x is1 seems1 inde$1 to betray a c]ta9 vagu5ess ab\t :at its real mean+ may be4 ,t ! writ] has c]ta9 qualms on ! subject is indicat$ by ! brevity--n at all l ,hom]--) :i* ! mo/ %ock+ "p ( ! /ory1 ! slaught] ( human be+s1 toge!r ) horses & dogs1 is hurri$ ov]4 ,b ! ?+ to be not$ p>ticul>ly is t ! poet is c]ta9ly n devis+ su* unpleasant circum/ances = ! fir/ "t out ( 8 own imag9ation4 ,?is epic picture ( ! wor%ip ( ! dead 0 adopt$ by ,hom] f an e>li] s\rce 7:atev] t s\rce may h be571#aga & n inv5t$ by him4 ,he makes x s]ve 8 special purpose1 :i* is to provide a satisfactory climax to ! s]ies ( vivid & emotional sc5es beg9n+ ) ! tragic dea? ( ,patroklos & end+ ) ! dea? & di%on\r+ ( ! *ampion ( ,troy4 ,aft] su* emotional exaltation ! ov]/ra9$ n]ves mu/ n be all[$ to relax too sudd5ly2 a la/ flick] ( ! sup]human rage & grief t made ,a*illes rave s furi\sly aga9/ 8 foes mu/ %[ itself 9 ! s]v+ up ( ?is awful banquet to ! s\l ( 8 fri5d4 ,x is z ?\gh a primitive & long-suppress$ savag]y _h brok5 out aga9 = a la/ ef=t4 ,only :5 all is ov] does ! s\l ( ,a*illes f9d repose 9 melan*oly resignation4 ,m calmly he calls ^u ! re/ ( ! ,a*ans to take _! seats 9 a wide circle r\nd ab\t2 & !re foll[s ! #ae description ( ^? spl5did ,games1 a subject t mu/ h awak5$ ! en?usiasm ( e exp]i5c$ a?lete 9 ! audi5ce--& 0 !re ev] a ,greek :o 0 n an a?lete8 ,x is true t a?letic conte/s are describ$ by ,hom] ma9ly on acc\nt ( _! own peculi> int]e/ & = ! sake ( ! arti/ic effects t _! description all[$4 ,/ill1 ! selection ( su* games z a fitt+ conclusion to a *iefta9's fun]al _c be fully und]/ood except z a survival ( an anci5t & once vigor\s wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,su* a?letic conte/s 9 hon\r ( ! great imm$iately aft] _! dea? are (t5 ref]r$ to by ,hom]2#aha inde$1 a fun]al is ! only occasion#aia recogniz$ by him z suitable = ! exhibition ( a?letic prize-competitions4 ,! practice nev] q di$ out1 & x became usual 9 lat] po/-,hom]ic times to m>k ! fe/ivals ( ,h]oes &1 lat] ( gods1 too1 by ,games :i* gradually became regul>ly repeat$ p]=mances1 develop$ f ! traditional conte/s t _h conclud$ ! fun]al c]emonies ( great m54 ,n[1 no "o d\bts t ! ,agon at ! fe/ival ( a ,h]o or a god =m$ "p ( _! religi\s wor%ip4 ,x is only reasonable1 !n1 to suppose t ! fun]al games :i* accompany ! burial ( a *iefta9 7& are conf9$ to t "o occasion7 belong to ! religi\s cult ( ! dead1 & to recognize t su* a mode ( wor%ip c only h be5 introduc$ at a "t :5 m5 reg>d$ ! s\l1 9 ^: hon\r ! c]emony took place1 z capable ( %>+ consci\sly 9 its enjoym5t4 ,ev5 ,hom] is c]ta9ly consci\s ( ! fact t ! games1 l ! re/ ( ! (f]+s made !n1 7 int5d$ = ! satisfaction ( ! dead & n solely = ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! liv+4#bja ,we may also cite ! decl>$ op9ion ( ,v>ro1 :o says t ! dead 9 ^: hon\r fun]al games are celebrat$ are !reby prov$ to h be5 reg>d$ orig9ally1 if n z gods1 at lea/ z v p[]ful spirits4#baa ,( c\rse1 ?is feature ( ! orig9al cultus ( ! s\l 0 v easily /ripp$ ( its real mean+--x recomm5d$ itself q ap>t f its religi\s significance--& = t v reason rema9$ long] ?an o!r p]=mances ( ! k9d 9 g5]al use4 ,if we n[ survey ! :ole s]ies ( ritual acts direct$ to ! hon\r+ ( ! s\l ( ,patroklos1 we c d$uce f ! s]i\sness ( ^! attempts to please ! disembodi$ _s :at mu/ h be5 ! /r5g? ( ! orig9al conception--h[ vivid mu/ h be5 ! impression ( endur+ s5sibility1 ( =midable p[] possess$ by a s\l #af to :om su* a cult 0 (f]$4 ,x is true ( ! cult ( ! dead1 z ( any o!r sacrificial cu/om1 t its p]petuation is due solely to ! hope ( avoid+ hurt & obta9+ assi/ance at ! h&s ( ! ,unse54#bba ,a g5]ation t no long] anticipat$ ei!r help or h>m f ! ,s\ls might be ready to p]=m la/ (fices ( all k9ds to ! des]t$ body out ( pure piety1 & to (f] to ! dead a c]ta9 traditional rev]5ce4 ,b ?is w\ld te/ify r to ! grief ( ^? left beh9d ?an to any special rev]5ce felt = ! dep>t$4#bca ,?is is mo/ly ! case 9 ,hom]4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 :at we %\ld call piety1 b mu* r mi/ru/ ( a gho/ become p[]ful ?r\gh its sep>ation f ! body1 t expla9s ! exagg]at$ fullness ( ! fun]al (f]+s t are made at ! burial ( ,patroklos4 ,!y _c be made to fit 9 ) ! ord9>y circle ( ,hom]ic ideas4 ,inde$1 t ?is circle ( ideas exclud$ all misgiv+ at ! possible action ( unse5 spirits is q cle>ly %[n by ! fact t ! hon\rs paid ev5 to a dead man held 9 su* v5]ation z ,patroklos are conf9$ to ! solit>y occasion ( 8 fun]al4 ,z ! psy*e ( ,patroklos himself assures 8 fri5d1 once ! burn+ ( ! body is complet$1 x1 ! psy*e1 w take its dep>ture to ,hades1 nev] to return4#bda ,x is easy to see t f ?is po9t ( view !re 0 no motive :atev] t c\ld lead to a p]man5t cult ( ! s\l su* z 0 common among ! ,greeks ( lat] times4 ,b x %\ld be notic$ fur!r t ! luxuri\s repa/ (f]$ to ! s\l ( ,patroklos on ! occasion ( 8 fun]al _h no po9t if ! goodwill ( ! s\l :i* 0 to be assur$ by t process w\ld nev] h an opportunity 9 ! future ( mak+ itself felt4 ,! contradiction betwe5 ,hom]ic belief & ,hom]ic practice on ?is occasion is complete1 & %[s decisively t ! traditional view t w\ld see 9 ?is description ( s\l-wor%ip at ! fun]al ( ,patroklos an ef=t aft] new & m lively ideas ( ! life aft] dea?1 mu/ c]ta9ly be wrong4 ,:5 new surmises1 wi%es1 conjectures beg9 to arise & seek a means ( expression1 ! new ideas g5]ally f9d incomplete utt]ance 9 ! old & inappropriate ext]nal =ms1 b express !mselves m cle>ly & c]ta9ly 7g5]ally ) "s t5d5cy to exagg]ation7 9 ! less cons]vative words & language ( m54 ,"h j ! opposite occurs3 e ^w ! poet utt]s ab\t ! circum/ances contradicts ! elaborately wr\ght c]emonial :i* ^? circum/ances call =?4 ,x is impossible to po9t to a s+le t\* t accords ) ! belief impli$ by ! #ag c]emonial4 ,! poet's bias is a diff]5t &1 inde$1 an opposite "o4 ,( ?is mu* at lea/ !re _c be ! slighte/ d\bt3 ! fun]al c]emonies ov] ! body ( ,patroklos are n ! fir/ budd+ ( a new pr9ciple1 b r repres5t a ve/ige ( a m vigor\s wor%ip ( ! dead 9 e>li] times1 a wor%ip t mu/ once h be5 a complete & suffici5t expression ( belief 9 ! great & endur+ p[] ( ! disembodi$ _s4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 pres]v$ unalt]$ into an age t1 ) q o!r religi\s beliefs1 no long] und]/&s1 or at be/ half-guesses at ! s5se ( su* /range c]emonial obs]vances4 ,?us ritual g5]ally outlives bo? ! /ate ( m9d & ! belief :i* orig9ally gave rise to x4 #f ,nei!r ! ,iliad nor ! ,odyssey conta9s any?+ t c equal ! sc5es at ! fun]al ( ,patroklos z evid5ce ( primitive wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,b ev5 ! ord9>y =ms ( int]m5t ( ! dead are n entirely )\t su* ve/igial features4 ,! dead man's eyes & m\? are clos$1#bea ! body is wa%$ & ano9t$1 & aft] be+ wrapp$ 9 a clean l95 clo? is laid ^u a bi]1#bfa & ! fun]al dirge beg9s4#bga ,x is h>dly possible to see ev5 ! remote/1 l+]+1 rem9isc5ce ( a once vigor\s wor%ip ( ! dead 9 su* p]=mances z ^!2 or 9 ! v simple burial cu/oms t foll[ ! burn+ ( ! body2 ! bones are collect$ 9 a j> or a casket & buri$ "u a m\nd1 & a po/ set up to m>k ! place z a grave-m\nd4#bha ,b :5 we f9d t ! body ( ,elp5or1 9 accordance ) ! comm& issu$ by 8 psy*e to ,odysseus 7,od4 xi1 #gd71 is burn$ toge!r ) 8 weapons 7,od4 xii1 #ac72 :51 fur!r1 we read t ,a*illes burnt ! weapons ( 8 ov]?r[n foe toge!r ) 8 body on ! fun]al pyre 7,il4 vi1 #dah71 x is impossible n to feel t we h "h1 too1 survivals ( an anci5t belief t ! s\l 9 "s my/]i\s fa%ion 0 capable ( mak+ use ( ^! objects t are burnt along ) its disc>d$ bodily envelope4 ,no "o d\bts t ?is is ! reason = su* a cu/om :5 x meets u 9 ! case ( o!r nations2 ) ! ,greeks1 too1 x mu/ h _h an equally good f\ndation1 h[ev] little su* is to be discov]$ 9 ! ord9>y ,hom]ic view ( ! s\l4 ,! cu/om1 moreov]1 m precisely describ$ 9 ^! cases1 0 ( g5]al obs]vance2 we (t5 he> h[ ! complet5ess ( a burial requires ! burn+ ( ! possessions ( ! dead along ) ! body4#bia ,we _c #ah tell to :at ext5t ! duty ( (f]+ to ! dead all 8 movable possessions#cja 7a duty orig9ally )\t d\bt int]pret$ q lit]ally7 _h come 9 ,hom]ic times to be int]pret$ 9 a symbolical s5se--a process :i* rea*$ its l[e/ /age 9 ! cu/om preval5t 9 lat] times ( pres5t+ an obol = ! ,f]ryman ( ! ,dead4 ,f9ally1 ! fun]al fea/ (f]$ by ! k+ to ! m\rn+ p ei!r aft] ! fun]al ( a *iefta9 7,il4 xxiv1 #hjb1 #ffe71 or be=e ! burn+ ( 8 body 7,il4 xxiii1 #bi ff471 c\ld only h d]iv$ its full mean+ f an anci5t belief t ! s\l ( ! p]son ?us hon\r$ c\ld itself take a %>e 9 ! fea/4 ,9 ! banquet 9 hon\r ( ,patroklos ! dead man is giv5 a def9ite portion--! blood ( ! slaught]$ animals :i* is p\r$ r\nd 8 body 7,il4 xxiii1 #cd74 ,l ! fun]al games1 ?is banquet is app>5tly int5d$ to propitiate ! s\l ( ! dead man4 ,consequ5tly1 we f9d ev5 ,ore/es1 aft] slay+ ,aigi/hos1 8 fa!r's murd]]1 (f]+ him a fun]al fea/ 7,od4 iii1 #cji7--n1 surely1 9 a mood ( simple piety4 ,! cu/om ( invit+ ! :ole p1 on ! occasion ( important fun]als1 to su* a banquet no long] appe>s 9 lat] times2 x has little resemblance to ! fun]al fea/s %>$ by ! relations ( ! dead man 7p]i_/deipna7 t 7 aft]w>ds cu/om>y2 x is f> clos] to ! great c5 f]ales t accompani$ ! silic]nia 9 ,rome1 to :i* ! relations ( ! dead man1 if he 7 an important p]son1 invit$ ! :ole population4#caa ,aft] all1 x is no h>d] to und]/& ! und]ly+ conception ( ! s\l 9 ?is case %>+ ! fea/ ) ! :ole p1 ?an x is to und]/& ! same conception :5 appli$ to ! great sacrifices to ! gods :i*1 ?\gh ! congregation p>takes1 are1 9 "n & 9 fact1 ess5tially ,banquets ( ! ,gods 7,od4 iii1 #ccf74 ,su* are ! relics ( anci5t s\l-wor%ip to be f\nd )9 ! limits ( ! ,hom]ic _w4 ,fur!r att5tion to ! spirits ( ! dead beyond ! "t ( ! fun]al 0 prev5t$ by ! deeply +ra9$ conviction t aft] ! burn+ ( ! body ! psy*e 0 receiv$ into ! inaccessible _w ( ! ,unse51 f :i* no travell] returns4 ,b1 9 ord] to secure ?is complete dep>ture ( ! s\l1 x is necess>y = ! body to be burnt4 ,?\gh we d occasionally read 9 ! ,iliad or ! ,odyssey t imm$iately aft] dea? & be=e ! burn+ ( ! body ! psy*e dep>t$ to ,hades1#cba ! words mu/ n be tak5 too lit]ally2 ! s\l c]ta9ly flies (f at once t[>ds ,hades1 b x hov]s n[ betwe5 ! realms ( ! liv+ & #ai ! dead until x is receiv$ into ! f9al safekeep+ ( ! latt] aft] ! burn+ ( ! body4 ,! psy*e ( ,patroklos appe>+ by night to ,a*illes decl>es ?is2 x prays = imm$iate burial 9 ord] t x may pass ?r\gh ! door ( ,hades4 ,until !n ! o!r %ad[-creatures prev5t its entrance & b> its passage across ! riv]1 s t x has to w&] re/lessly r\nd ! h\se ( ,as ( ! wide gate 7,il4 xxiii1 #ga ff474 ,?is ha/5+ (f t[>ds ! h\se ( ,hades is aga9 all t is meant :5 x is said else:]e ( ,patroklos himself 7,il4 xvi1 #hef7 t ! psy*e dep>t$ out ( 8 limbs to ! h\se ( ,hades4 ,9 exactly ! same way x is said ( ,elp5or1 ! companion ( ,odysseus1 t 8 s\l desc5d$ to ,hades 7,od4 x1 #efj74 ,?is s\l meets 8 fri5d1 nev]!less1 lat] on1 at ! entrance ( ! ,%ad[-_w1 n yet depriv$ ( its s5ses l ! re/ ( ! dwell]s 9 t ,h\se ( ,d>kness2 n until ! de/ruction ( its physical c\nt]p>t is complete c x ent] into ! re/ ( ,hades4 ,only ?r\gh fire are ! s\ls ( ! dead appeas$ 7,il4 vii1 #daj74 ,s long1 !n1 z ! psy*e reta9s any ve/ige ( e>?l9ess x possesses "s feel+ /ill1 "s aw>5ess ( :at is go+ on among ! liv+4#cca ,b once ! body is de/roy$ by fire1 !n is ! psy*e relegat$ to ,hades2 no return to ?is e>? is p]mitt$ to x1 & n a brea? ( ?is _w c p5etrate to x !re4 ,x _c ev5 return 9 ?\ght4 ,inde$1 x no long] ?9ks at all1 & kn[s no?+ m ( ! _w beyond4 ,! liv+ also =get "o s completely cut (f f !mselves 7,il4 xxii1 #chi74 ,:at1 !n1 %\ld tempt !m1 dur+ ! re/ ( _! lives "h1 to try to hold communication ) ! dead by means ( a cult8 #g ,! practice ( cremation itself w p]haps give u "o la/ piece ( evid5ce t !re _h be5 a "t :5 ! idea ( ! prolong$ soj\rn ( ! disembodi$ _s 9 ! realm ( ! liv+ & its p[] ( influ5c+ ! survivors exi/$ among ! ,greeks4 ,hom] kn[s ( no o!r k9d ( fun]al ?an t ( fire4 ,on a fun]al pyre are burnt ! bodies ( k+ or lead] ) ! mo/ solemn ritual2 ^? ( ! common p fall5 9 w> are giv5 to ! flames ) less c]emony2 none are buri$4 ,we may well ask :5ce comes ?is cu/om1 & :at is its mean+ = ,greeks ( ! ,hom]ic age8 ,?is means ( dispos+ ( ! bodies ( ! dead is n by any means ! mo/ simple & obvi\s2 x #bj is f> easi] to c>ry out1 & f> less exp5sive1 to bury !m 9 ! e>?4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! cu/om ( cremation z obs]v$ by ,p]sians1 ,g]mans1 ,slavs1 & o!r peoples1 is inh]it$ f a nomadic p]iod4 ,! w&]+ horde has no p]man5t habitation 9 :i* or ne> :i* ! body ( ! belov$ dead c be buri$ & p]petual su/5ance (f]$ to 8 s\l4 ,unless1 !re=e1 z is ! cu/om ) "s nomadic tribes1 ! dead body is giv5 up to be ! prey ( bea/s or wea!r1 x might seem a natural idea to r$uce x to a%es & c>ry ! rema9s1 pres]v$ 9 a light j>1 along ) ! tribe on its fur!r j\rney+s4#cda ,:e!r su* practical reason+s c h _h s mu* influ5ce 9 a connexion t is g5]ally gov]n$ entirely by fancy1 & 9 :i* practical consid]ations are altoge!r sc\t$--,i %all leave undecid$4 ,b1 9 any case1 if we po/ulate a nomadic orig9 = ! practice ( burn+ ! dead among ! ,greeks1 we %\ld h to g back altoge!r too f> into ! pa/ to expla9 a mode ( behavi\r t1 by no means exclusively practis$ 9 e>ly times by ! ,greeks1 becomes absolutely prescriptive 9 a p]iod :5 !y h long ceas$ to w&]4 ,! ,asiatic ,greeks1 & 9 p>ticul> ! ,ionians1 ^: popul> beliefs & cu/oms are1 9 g5]al outl9e1 at lea/1 reproduc$ = u 9 ,hom]1 des]t$ "o settl$ habitation 9 ord] to f\nd ano!r4 ,cremation !n mu/ h be5 s p]man5tly e/abli%$ among !m t x nev] ent]$ _! heads to seek any o!r me?od ( dispos+ ( _! dead4 ,9 ,hom] n only ! ,greeks be=e ,troy & ,elp5or1 f> away f home1 are burnt :5 !y die2 ,etion1 too1 9 8 own home is giv5 a fun]al pyre by ,a*illes 7,il4 vi1 #dah74 ,hektor's body is burnt 9 ! middle ( ,troy & ! ,trojans !mselves 9 _! own native l& burn _! dead 7,il4 vii74 ,! box or urn t holds ! cremat$ bones ( ! dead is buri$ 9 a m\nd2 ! a%es ( ,patroklos1 ,a*illes1 ,antilo*os1 & ,aias re/ on =eign soil 7,od4 iii1 #aji ff42 xxiv1 #gf ff474 ,x nev] occurs to ,agamemnon t if ,m5elaos dies be=e ,ilios 8 bro!r's grave c\ld be any:]e else ?an at ,troy 7,il4 iv1 #agd ff474 ,!re is1 !re=e1 evid5tly no int5tion on ! "p ( ! liv+ ( tak+ ! rema9s ( ! dead ) !m on _! return home2#cea & ?is _c be ! object ( cremation4 ,x w be necess>y to look = "s pr9ciple m 9 accordance ) primitive modes ( ?\ght ?an su* m]ely practical consid]ations4 ,jakob ,grimm#cfa sugge/$ t ! burn+ ( ! corpse might h be5 int5d$ z an (f]+ ( ! dead man to ! gods4 ,among #ba ! ,greeks ?is c\ld only mean ! gods ( ! l[] _w2 b no?+ 9 ,greek belief or ritual sugge/s su* a grim int5tion4#cga ,! real purpose aim$ at 9 cremation is n s f> to seek4 ,s9ce ! de/ruction ( ! body by fire is suppos$ to result 9 ! complete sep>ation ( ! _s f ! l& ( ! liv+1#cha x mu/ be assum$ t ?is result is also int5d$ by ! survivors :o employ ! means 9 "q2 & consequ5tly t ! complete bani%m5t ( ! psy*e once & = all into ! o!r _w is ! real purpose & ! orig9al occasion ( ! practice ( cremation4 ,isolat$ expressions ( op9ion among ! nations t h practis$ ! cu/om d1 z a matt] ( fact1 indicate z its object ! spe$y & entire sep>ation ( s\l f body4#cia ,! exact nature ( ! int5tion v>ies ) ! /ate ( belief ab\t ! s\l4 ,:5 ! ,indians turn$ f ! cu/om ( bury+ _! dead to t ( burn+ !m1 !y 7 actuat$1 x appe>s1 by ! idea t ! soon] & m completely ! s\l 0 fre$ f ! body & its limitations1 ! m easily w\ld x rea* ! ,p>adise ( ! ,j4#dja ,( ! purify+ effects ( ! fire impli$ 9 ?is conception1 ! ,greeks knew no?+ until ! idea 0 reviv$ 9 lat] times4#daa ,! ,greeks ( ! ,hom]ic age1 innoc5t ( any su* ,ka?>tic notion1 ?\ght only ( ! de/ructive p[]s ( t elem5t to :i* !y entru/$ ! body ( _! dead1 & ( ! b5efit t !y 7 conf]r+ ^u ! s\l 9 free+ x by fire f ! lifeless body1 ?us add+ _! assi/ance to its own ef=ts to get free4#dba ,no?+ c de/roy ! psy*e's visible c\nt]p>t m quickly ?an fire4 ,if1 !n1 ! body is burnt & ! mo/ treasur$ possessions ( ! dead man consum$ along ) x1 no tie rema9s t c deta9 ! s\l any long] 9 ! _w ( ! liv+4 ,cremation1 !re=e1 is int5d$ to b5efit ! dead1 ^: s\l no long] w&]s unable to f9d re/2 b /ill m ! liv+1 = !y w n be tr\bl$ by gho/s t are securely conf9$ to ! dep?s ( ! e>?4 ,! ,greeks ( ,hom]1 accu/om$ by long usage to ! burn+ ( ! dead1 are free f all fe>s ( haunt+ gho/ly pres5ces4 ,b :5 ! practice ( ! fire-fun]al 0 fir/ adopt$1 t :i* 0 to be gu>d$ aga9/ 9 ! future by ! de/ruction ( ! body ) fire mu/ h be5 a real cause ( fe>4#dca ,! s\ls t 7 s anxi\sly relegat$ to ! o!r _w ( ! ,unse5 mu/ h be5 fe>$ z awesome inhabitants ( ?is _w4 ,& s1 f :atev] s\rce x may h come to !m1#dda ! cu/om ( cremation gives firm gr\nd = #bb suppos+ t at "s p]iod ( _! hi/ory ! belief 9 ! p[] & activity ( ! spirits ( ! dead & _! influ5ce ^u ! liv+--a subject ( fe> r ?an rev]5ce--mu/ h be5 preval5t among/ ! ,greeks2 ev5 ?\gh only a few scatt]$ h9ts /ill be> witness to su* beliefs 9 ! ,hom]ic poems4 #h ,& evid5ce ( ^! anci5t beliefs we c n[ see ) our eyes & t\* ) our h&s4 ,ow+ to an ine/imable s]ies ( =tunate circum/ances1 we are enabl$ to cat* a glimpse ( a f> di/ant p]iod ( ,greek hi/ory1 :i* n only supplies a backgr\nd to ,hom]1 b makes him cease to be ! e>lie/ s\rce ( our in=mation ^u ,greek life & ?\ght4 ,he is br\ght sudd5ly mu* ne>]1 p]haps deceptively ne>]1 to ourselves4 ,! la/ decades ( excavation 9 ! citadel & l[] t[n ( ,myc5 & o!r sites 9 ! ,peloponnese "r into ! c5tre ( ! p59sula & z f> nor?w>ds z ,attica & ,!ssaly1 h result$ 9 ! discov]y ( graves--%aft-graves1 *amb]-graves1 & elaborately con/ruct$ dom$ vaults1 :i* 7 built & wall$ up 9 ! p]iod be=e ! ,dorian invasion4 ,^! graves prove to u--:at 0 already h9t$ at by a few isolat$ expressions 9 ,hom]#dea--t ! ,greek ,age ( ,burn+ 0 prec$$1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,p]sians1 ,indians1 & ,g]mans1 by a p]iod 9 :i* ! dead 7 buri$ 9 ! gr\nd intact4#dfa ,! lords & ladies ( gold5 ,myc51 & less] folk1 too 79 ! graves at ,nauplia1 9 ,attica1 etc471 7 buri$ :5 !y di$4 ,*iefta9s take ) !m into ! grave a ri* p>aph]nalia ( gorge\s furniture & ornam5ts--unburnt l _! own bodies2 !y re/ ^u a b$ ( small /ones1 & are cov]$ by a lay] ( loam & pebbles2#dga traces ( smoke & rema9s ( a%es & *>r$ wood be> witness to ! fact t ! dead 7 laid ^u ! place :]e ! sacrifice = ! dead _h already be5 made2 ^u ! he>? :]e (f]+s _h be5 previ\sly burnt inside ! grave *amb]4#dha ,?is may v well be a burial proc$ure ( ! mo/ primeval antiquity4 ,our olde/ ,giants' graves1 9 ^: treasures no metal ( any k9d is f\nd1 & ^: age is on t acc\nt consid]$ to be pre-,teutonic1 exhibit simil> features4 ,ei!r on ! gr\nd1 or1 occasionally1 on a specially prep>$ basis ( fire-brick1 ! sacrificial fire is light$1 &1 :5 x has burnt out1 ! corpse is set d[n ^u ! place & giv5 #bc a cov]+ ( s&1 loam1 & /one4#dia ,rema9s ( burnt sacrificial animals 7%eep & goats7 h also be5 f\nd 9 ! graves at ,nauplia & else:]e4#eja ,9 con=mity ) su* diff]5t burial cu/oms1 ! conceptions !n held ( ! nature & p[]s ( ! disembodi$ spirits mu/ h diff]$ widely f ^? ( ! ,hom]ic _w4 ,(f]+s to ! dead at a fun]al occur 9 ,hom] only on special & isolat$ occasions & accompani$ by an obsolete & half-und]/ood ritual4 ,"h !y 7 ! regul> proc$ure bo? ) ri* & poor alike4 ,b :y %\ld !y h made (f]+s to _! dead if !y did n believe 9 _! p[]8 ,& :y %\ld !y h tak5 away gold & jewell]y & art treasures ( all k9ds & 9 a/oni%+ quantities f ! liv+ & giv5 !m to ! dead if !y _h n believ$ t ! dead c\ld f9d enjoym5t 9 _! =m] possessions ev5 9 ! grave8 ,:]e ! mat]ial body /ill rema9s intact1 !re ! second self c at lea/ occasionally return4 ,its treasur$ possessions laid by its side 9 ! tomb are !re to prev5t its appe>+ un9vit$ 9 ! out] _w4#eaa ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 t ! s\l c\ld return if & :]e x lik$1 x is evid5t t ! cult ( ! dead w\ld n be conf9$ to ! occasion ( ! fun]al4 ,&1 inde$1 t v circum/ance--! prolongation ( ! cult paid to ! dead beyond ! "t ( ! fun]al--( :i* we c\ld n f9d a ve/ige 9 ,hom]1 c at la/ 7z x seems to me7 be trac$ 9 pre-,hom]ic ,myc54 ,ov] ! middle "o ( f\r %aft-graves f\nd on ! citadel /&s an alt> :i* c only h be5 plac$ !re aft] ! grave 0 clos$ & seal$ up4#eba ,x is a r\nd alt>1 holl[ inside1 & n clos$ 9 at ! bottom2 9 fact1 a sort ( funnel /&+ directly ^u ! e>?4 ,if1 n[1 ! blood ( ! victim1 m+l$ ) ! v>i\s dr9k-(f]+s1 7 p\r$ d[n into ?is receptacle1 ! :ole w\ld fl[ d[nw>ds into ! gr\nd b5ea? & to ! dead man ly+ !re4 ,?is is no alt> 7bmo_/s7 su* z 0 9 use 9 ! wor%ip ( ! gods above1 b a sacrificial he>? 7es*a_/ra7 = ! wor%ip ( ! inhabitants ( ! und]world4 ,?is /ructure corresponds closely ) ! description we h ( ! he>?s ^u :i* (f]+s 7 made 9 a lat] age to ,h]oes1 i4e4 ! s\ls ( transfigur$ human be+s4#eca ,"h1 !n1 we h a contrivance = ! p]man5t & repeat$ wor%ip ( ! dead2 = su* wor%ip alone c ?is /ructure h be5 int5d$4 ,! fun]al (f]+ to ! dead _h already be5 complet$ inside ! grave-*amb]4 ,we ?us f9d a #bd mean+ 9 ! beehive tombs1 = ! vault$ ma9-*amb]1 beside :i* ! corpse lay 9 a small] *amb] by itself4 ,!y 7 evid5tly int5d$ to all[ sacrifices to be made inside !m--& n once only4#eda ,at lea/ ?is is ! purpose :i* ! out] *amb] s]ves else:]e 9 d\ble-vault$ graves4 ,! evid5ce ( ! eye is !re=e able to e/abli% ! tru? ( :at c\ld only be made out ) difficulty f ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,we c ?us see t !re _h be5 a "t 9 :i* ! ,greeks1 too1 believ$ t aft] ! sep>ation ( body & s\l ! psy*e did n entirely cease f int]c\rse ) ! upp] _w4 ,su* a belief naturally call$ =? a cult ( ! s\l1 :i* la/$ on ev5 :5 ! me?od ( bury+ ! body _h *ang$1 & ev5 surviv$ into ,hom]ic times1 :51 ) ! preval5ce ( o!r beliefs1 su* obs]vances ceas$ to h any mean+4 ,,ii ,hom] consi/5tly assumes ! dep>ture ( ! s\l into an inaccessible l& ( ! dead :]e x exi/s 9 an unconsci\s half-life4 ,!re x is )\t cle> self-consci\sness & consequ5tly nei!r desires nor wills any?+4 ,x has no influ5ce on ! upp] _w1 & consequ5tly no long] receives any %>e ( ! wor%ip ( ! liv+4 ,! dead are beyond ! rea* ( any feel+s :e!r ( fe> or love4 ,no means exi/s ( =c+ or entic+ !m back aga94 ,hom] kn[s no?+ ( necromancy or ( oracles ( ! dead1#eea bo? common 9 lat] ,greek life4 ,gods come into ! poems & take "p 9 ! action ( ! /ory2 ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ nev] d4 ,hom]'s imm$iate successors 9 ! ,epic tradition ?9k q diff]5tly on ?is po9t2 b = ,hom] ! s\l1 once relegat$ to ,hades1 has no fur!r importance4 ,if we ?9k h[ diff]5t x mu/ h be5 be=e ! "t ( ,hom]1 & h[ diff]5t x c]ta9ly 0 aft] him1 we c h>dly help feel+ surprise at f9d+ at ?is e>ly /age ( ,greek culture su* extraord9>y fre$om f sup]/iti\s fe>s 9 t v doma9 :]e sup]/ition is g5]ally mo/ deeply root$4 ,inquiries1 h[ev]1 into ! orig9 & cause ( su* an untr\bl$ attitude mu/ be made v cauti\sly & a completely conclusive answ] mu/ n be expect$4 ,m especially x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t 9 ^! poems we h to d1 directly & imm$iately1 at lea/1 only ) ! poet & 8 circle4 ,! ,hom]ic ,epos c only be call$ folk poetry 9 ! s5se t x 0 adapt$ to ! #be acceptance ( ! :ole family ( ,greek-speak+ p :o welcom$ x eag]ly & trans=m$ x to _! own uses2 & n because ! folk 9 "s my/ical s5se _h a %>e 9 its composition4 ,_m h&s contribut$ to ! composition ( ! poem1 b !y m]ely c>ri$ x fur!r 9 ! g5]al direction :i* _h be5 giv5 to x n by ! ,folk or by ! ,saga tradition1 z is sometimes too confid5tly ass]t$1 b by ! au?ority ( ! greate/ poetic g5ius t ! ,greeks or1 inde$1 mank9d ev] knew4 ,! tradition once =m$ 0 h&$ on by a close corporation ( ma/]-poets & _! pupils :o pres]v$1 dissem9at$1 cont9u$ & imitat$ ! orig9al great poet's "w4 ,if1 !n1 we f9d on ! :ole1 & ap>t f a few vag>ies 9 detail1 a s+le unifi$ picture ( ! _w1 ( gods & m51 life & dea?1 giv5 9 ^! two poems1 t is ! picture :i* %ap$ itself 9 ! m9d ( ,hom] & 0 impress$ ^u 8 "w1 & aft]w>ds pres]v$ by ! ,hom]idai4 ,x is pla9 t ! fre$om1 almo/ ! free?9k+1 ) :i* e possible occurr5ce 9 ! _w is reg>d$ 9 ^! poems1 _c ev] h be5 *>act]i/ic ( a :ole p or race4 ,& n only ! animat+ _s1 b ev5 ! outw>d %ape t is giv5 9 ! two epic poems to ! ideal _w surr\nd+ & rul+ ov] ! _w ( m51 is ! "w ( ! poet4 ,x 0 no prie/ly !ology t gave him 8 picture ( ! gods4 ,! popul> beliefs ( ! "t1 ea* peculi> to "s c\ntryside1 canton1 or city1 mu/1 if left to !mselves1 h split up into ev5 m contradictory v>ieties ( ?\ght ?an !y did 9 lat] times :5 !re exi/$ "s few religi\s in/itutions common to all ,hellas to act z c5tres ( union4 ,! poet alone mu/ h be5 responsible = ! conception & consi/5t execution ( ! picture ( a s+le & unifi$ _w ( gods1 conf9$ to a select company ( %>ply *>act]iz$ heav5ly be+s1 gr\p$ toge!r 9 c]ta9 well-recogniz$ ways & dwell+ toge!r 9 a s+le place ( resid5ce above ! e>?4 ,if we li/5$ to ,hom] alone we %\ld suppose t ! innum]able local cults ( ,greece1 ) _! gods closely b\nd to ! soil1 h>dly exi/$4 ,hom] ignores !m almo/ entirely4 ,8 gods are pan-,hell5ic1 ,olympian4 ,9 fact1 9 8 picture ( ! gods1 ,hom] fulfill$ mo/ completely 8 special poetic task ( r$uc+ confusion & sup]fluity to uni=mity & symmetry ( design--! v task :i* ,greek idealism 9 art cont9ually set be=e itself4 ,9 8 picture ,greek beliefs ab\t ! gods appe> absolutely uni=m--z uni=m z dialect1 political condition1 mann]s1 #bf & morals4 ,9 reality--( ?is we may be sure--no su* uni=mity exi/$2 ! ma9 outl9es ( pan-,hell5ism 7 d\btless !re1 b only ! g5ius ( ! poet c h comb9$ & fus$ !m into a purely imag9>y :ole4 ,prov9cial diff]5ces 9 !mselves int]e/$ him n at all4 ,s1 too1 9 ! special "q t we are consid]+1 if we f9d him speak+ ( a s+le k+dom ( ! und]world1 ! resort ( all dep>t$ spirits rul$ ov] by a s+le pair ( div9ities & remov$ z f> f ! _w ( m5 & _! cities z ! ,olympian dwell+ ( ! ,bless$ ,ones is 9 ! opposite direction1 :o %all say h[ f> he repres5ts naive popul> belief 9 su* matt]s8 ,on ?is side ,olympus1 ! meet+ place ( all ! gods t rule 9 ! daylight2#efa on t ! realm ( ,hades t holds 9 its grasp ! unse5 spirits t h left ?is life beh9d--! p>allel is too app>5t to be due to any?+ b ! same simplify+ & co-ord9at+ _s 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 #b ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be an equally complete misund]/&+ ( ! relation 9 :i* ,hom] /ood to ! popul> beliefs ( 8 "t if we imag9$ t relation to be "o ( opposition1 or ev5 suppos$ him to h tak5 up an attitude resembl+ t ( ,p9d> or ! ,attic ,trag$ians t[>ds ! conv5tional op9ions ( _! "t4 ,^! lat] poets (t5 en\gh all[ u to see q cle>ly ! int5tional dep>ture f normal op9ion repres5t$ by _! m advanc$ conceptions4 ,hom]1 on ! contr>y1 is z free f controv]sy z he is f dogma4 ,he does n (f] 8 pictures ( ,god1 ! _w & fate z any?+ peculi> to himself2 & x is natural1 !re=e1 to suppose t 8 public recogniz$ !m z sub/antially ! same z _! own4 ,! poet has n tak5 ov] ! :ole body ( popul> belief1 b :at he does say mu/ h belong$ to popul> belief4 ,! selection & comb9ation ( ?is mat]ial into a consi/5t :ole 0 ! poet's real "w4 ,if ! ,hom]ic cre$ _h n be5 s con/ruct$ 9 ess5tials t x correspond$ to ! beliefs ( ! "t1 or1 at lea/1 c\ld be made to correspond1 !n x is impossible to acc\nt 7ev5 all[+ = ! poetic tradition ( a s*ool7 = ! uni=mity t m>ks ! "w ( ! _m poets t _h a h& 9 ! composition ( ! two poems4 ,9 ?is n>r[ s5se x c be truly said t ,hom]'s poems repres5t ! popul> belief ( _! "t2 n1 inde$1 ! belief ( all ,greece1 b only ( ! ,ionian #bg cities ( ! coa/s & isl&s ( ,asia ,m9or 9 :i* ! poet & 8 songs 7 at home4 ,9 a simil>ly re/rict$ s5se may ! pictures ( outw>d life & mann]s t we f9d 9 ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey be tak5 z a reflection ( ! contempor>y life ( ! ,greeks ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to t ( ! ,ionians4 ,?is life mu/ h diff]$ 9 _m respects f t ( ! ,myc5an civilization1 & !re c be little d\bt t ! reasons = ?is diff]5ce are to be s\ght 9 ! long-cont9u$ di/urbances :i* m>k$ ! c5turies t divide ,hom] f ! age ( ,myc51 m especially 9 ! ,greek migrations1 bo? 9 :at !y de/roy$ & :at !y creat$4 ,! viol5t invasion ( nor!rn ,greek peoples into ! c5tral ma9l& & ! ,peloponnese1 ! de/ruction ( anci5t empires & _! civilization1 ! f\ndation ( new ,dorian /ates held by "r ( conque/1 ! great migrations to ! ,asiatic coa/s1 & ! in/itution ( a new life on =eign soil--all ^! viol5t modifications ( ! old c\rse ( exi/5ce mu/ h dealt a sev]e bl[ at ! :ole fabric ( t civilization & culture4 ,9 ! same way we f9d t ! cult ( ,s\ls & ! conception ( ! fate ( dep>t$ spirits :i* gov]n$ ?is cult did n rema9 9 ,ionia 7! beliefs ( :i* c\ntry are reflect$ 9 ,hom]7 :at x _h be5 at ! height ( ! ,myc5an p]iod4 ,to ?is *ange1 z to ! o!rs :i* accompani$ x1 we may well suppose t ! /ruggles & w&]+s ( ! int]m$iate p]iod contribut$ a good deal4 ,hom]'s cle>-sight$ vision t transc5ds ! limits ( city & ev5 ( racial gods1 fai?s1 & wor%ips1 w\ld h>dly be explicable )\t ! fre$om ( movem5t beyond ! b\nd>ies ( c\ntry1 ! common life %>$ ) companions ( o!r races1 ! wid5$ k ( all ! conditions ( =eign life1 su* z mu/ h result$ f ! dislocations & migrations ( :ole peoples4 ,x is true t ! ,ionians ( ,asia ,m9or did1 z we c prove1 take a good _m ( _! religi\s obs]vances ) !m to _! new homes4 ,! migrations1 h[ev]1 did n pres]ve ! connexion betwe5 ! old homes & ! new c\ntry ) any?+ l ! clos5ess t m>k$ ! lat] colonization2 & :5 ! coloni/s left ! famili> soil beh9d1 ! local cults atta*$ to ! soil mu/ (t5 h _h to be ab&on$1 too4 ,n[ ! wor%ip ( ance/ors1 connect$ z x 0 ) ! actual graves ( ^? ance/ors1 0 ess5tially a local cult4 ,remembrance ( ! great ones ( ! pa/ might survive transplantation1 b n _! religi\s wor%ip1 :i* c\ld only be (f]$ at ! "o spot #bh :]e _! bodies lay buri$ & :i* _h n[ be5 left beh9d 9 an enemy's c\ntry4 ,! de$s ( ance/ors liv$ on 9 song1 b !y !mselves began to be relegat$ to ! doma9 ( poetry & imag9ation4 ,imag9ation might adorn ! /ory ( _! e>?ly life1 b a _w t 0 no long] rem9d$ ( _! p[] by ! regul>ly repeat$ p]=mance ( c]emonial1 ceas$ to pay hon\r to _! disembodi$ s\ls4 ,?us ! mo/ highly develop$ =m ( ! cult ( ,s\ls--ance/or wor%ip--di$ out1 & ! lat] v]sion ( ! same ?+1 ! cult ( ^? ( ! tribe t _h di$ 9 ! new l& & be5 buri$ !re1 0 prev5t$ f atta9+ a simil> =ce & developm5t by ! newly-introduc$ practice ( burn+ ! bodies ( ! dead4 ,x may well be t ! orig9 ( ?is new =m ( fun]al rite lay1 z has be5 sugge/$1 9 ! wi% to dismiss ! s\l ( ! dead man z quickly & completely z possible f ! realm ( ! liv+2 b x is beyond d\bt t ! result ( ?is practice 0 to cut at ! root ( ! belief 9 ! ne> pres5ce ( ! dep>t$ & ! duty ( p]=m+ ! religi\s obs]vances t 7 _! "r2 s t su* ?+s be+ depriv$ ( _! support1 fell into decay & disappe>$4 #c ,we c ?us see at lea/ dimly h[ x 0 t ! ,ionian p ( ! ,hom]ic age 7 l$ by ! ev5ts ( _! own hi/ory & ! alt]ation 9 fun]al cu/oms into hold+ t view ( ! s\l :i* a /udy ( _! own poets has p]suad$ u 0 !irs4 ,?is view c h>dly h reta9$ m ?an a few /ray ve/iges ( ! anci5t cult ( ! dead4 ,/ill1 we %\ld only be 9 a position to say :at 7 ! real reasons = ?is alt]ation 9 belief & cu/om if we knew & und]/ood m ab\t ! intellectual *anges t l$ to ! gradual appe>ance ( ! ,hom]ic view ( ! _w2 a view :i* includ$ )9 its range a set ( beliefs ab\t ! s\l4 ,"h x is be/ to confess our ignorance4 ,we h be=e u ! results only ( ^? *anges4 ,f !m1 h[ev]1 we c at lea/ p]ceive t ! religi\s consci\sness ( ! ,greeks1 among :om ,hom] sang1 _h develop$ 9 a direction :i* did n all[ mu* scope to ! belief 9 gho/s & spirits ( ! dead4 ,! ,hom]ic ,greeks _h ! deepe/ consci\sness ( man's f9ite nature1 ( 8 dep5d5ce ^u =ces t lay )\t him4 ,to rem9d himself ( ?is & be cont5t ) 8 lot 0 8 prop] =m ( piety4 ,ov] him ! gods hold sway1 wield+ a sup]natural p[]--#bin infrequ5tly a misguid$ & caprici\s p[]--b a conception ( a g5]al _w-ord] is beg9n+ to make its way2 ( a plan und]ly+ ! cross-purposes ( individual & common life1 work+ itself out 9 accordance ) measur$ & appo9t$ lot 7moira74 ,! arbitr>y p[] ( individual daimones is ?us limit$1 & x is limit$ fur!r by ! w ( ! highe/ ( ! gods4 ,! belief is gr[+ t ! _w is1 9 fact1 a cosmos1 a p]fect organization su* z m5 try to e/abli% 9 _! e>?ly /ates4 ,9 ! face ( su* conceptions x w\ld be increas+ly difficult to believe 9 ! vag>ies ( a sup]natural gho/ly ord] :i*1 9 direct opposition to ! real heav5ly ord]1 is always di/+ui%$ by ! fact t x /&s outside any all-embrac+ disp5sation1 & all[s full play to ! caprice & malice ( individual unse5 p[]s4 ,! irrational & ! unacc\ntable is ! natural elem5t ( ! belief 9 gho/s & spirits2 ?is is ! s\rce ( ! peculi> disquiet inspir$ by ?is prov9ce ( belief or sup]/ition4 ,x owes mo/ ( its effect to ! in/ability ( its fibres4 ,! ,hom]ic _w1 on ! contr>y1 lives by reason2 its gods are fully intelligible to ,greek m9ds & _! =ms & behavi\r are cle>ly & easily compreh5sible to ,greek imag9ation4 ,& ! m di/9ctly 7 ! gods repres5t$1 ! m did ! _s-phantoms fade away into empty %ad[s4 ,!re 0 no "o :o might h be5 int]e/$ 9 ! pres]vation & ext5sion ( ! sup]/iti\s side ( religion2 !re 0 9 p>ticul> no prie/hood ) a monopoly ( in/ruction or an exclusive k ( ! details ( ritual & ! me?ods ( controll+ ! behavi\r ( spirits4 ,if anyone did possess any monopoly ( tea*+1 x 01 9 ?is age :5 all ! highe/ faculties ( ! _s f\nd _! expression 9 poetry1 ! poet & ! s+]4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 %[$ a completely secul> outlook ev5 9 religi\s matt]s4 ,inde$1 ^! v cle>-head$ m51 belong+ to ! same /ock :i* 9 a lat] age inv5t$ 7if "o may be all[$ to put x s sci5ce & philosophy1 7 already display+ a m5tal attitude t di/antly ?reat5$ ! :ole sy/em ( t pla/ic repres5tation ( ?+s spiritual :i* ! old] antiquity _h labori\sly con/ruct$4 ,! e>lie/ view held by primitive man ab\t ! activities ( will+1 feel+1 or ?9k+1 reg>ds !m simply z ! manife/ations ( some?+ :i* lives & wills inside ! visible man4 ,?is some?+ is reg>d$ z embodi$ 9 "o or o!r ( ! organs ( ! human body or z conceal$ #cj !re94 ,accord+ly ! ,hom]ic poems give ! "n ( ! midriff 7phr_/n1 phre_/nes7 to mo/ ( ! ph5om5a ( w or feel+ & ev5 to ^? ( ! intellect4 ,! he>t 7tor1 kr7 is also ! "n ( a v>iety ( feel+s t 7 reg>d$ z locat$ 9 ! he>t & ev5 id5tifi$ ) x4 ,b ?is mode ( expression _h already = ,hom] become m]e =mula2 su* expressions are n always to be tak5 lit]ally2 ! words ( ! poet (t5 %[ t z a matt] ( fact he ?\ght ( ^! functions & emotions z incorporeal1 ?\gh !y 7 /ill nam$ aft] p>ts ( ! body4#ega ,& s we (t5 f9d m5tion$ side by side ) ! midriff & 9 ! close/ conjunction ) x1 ! ?umo_/s1 a "n :i* is n tak5 f any bodily organ & %[s already t x is ?\ght ( z an immat]ial function4 ,9 ! same way _m o!r words ( ?is k9d 7no_/os-noein-no_/ma1 b\l_/1 me_/nos1 mtis7 are us$ to describe faculties & activities ( ! w1 s5se1 or ?\ght1 & %[ t ^! activities are ?\ght ( z indep5d5t1 free-work+1 & incorporeal4 ,a s+le ?read /ill atta*es ! poet to ! modes ( conception & expression ( ! old] _w1 b he himself has p5etrat$ adv5tur\sly f> into ! realm ( pure _s4 ,) a less cultur$ p ! id5tification ( ! special functions ( ! w & ! intellect only leads to ! mat]ialization ( ^! into ! notion ( special physical entities1 & consequ5tly to ! association ( /ill o!r s\ls1 9 ! %ape ( ,consci5ce1 x may be1 or ,w1 9 addition to t o!r %ad[y d\ble ( mank9d1 ! second self4#eha ,! t5d5cy ( ! ,hom]ic s+]s 0 already sett+ 9 j ! opposite direction--! my?ology ( ! inn] man 0 break+ d[n altoge!r4 ,!y _h only to take a few /eps fur!r 9 ! same direction to f9d t !y c\ld disp5se ) ! psy*e z well4 ,! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! psy*e 0 ! olde/ & mo/ primitive hypo!sis adopt$ by mank9d to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( dreams1 swoons1 & ec/atic visions2 ^! my/]i\s /ates 7 acc\nt$ = by ! int]v5tion ( a special mat]ial p]sonality4 ,n[1 ,hom] has little int]e/ 9 premonitions & ec/atic /ates1 & no incl9ation 9 t direction :atev]4 ,he _c1 !re=e1 h be5 v mu* conc]n$ ) ! evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( a psy*e 9 liv+ m54 ,! f9al pro( ( ! idea t ! psy*e mu/ h be5 dwell+ 9 man is ! fact t x is sep>at$ f him 9 dea?4 ,a man dies :5 he brea!s out 8 la/ brea?4 ,?is brea?1 some?+ l a brea? ( air1 & n a no?+1 any m ?an ! w9d its relative1 #ca b a body ) a def9ite =m 7?\gh x may n be visible to wak+ eyes7--?is is ! psy*e1 ^: %ape1 ! image ( ! man himself1 is well kn[n f dream-vision4 ,"o1 h[ev]1 :o has become accu/om$ to ! idea ( bodiless p[]s work+ inside man w1 on ?is la/ occasion :5 ! p[]s )9 man %[ !mselves1 be likely to suppose t :at br+s ab\t ! dea? ( a man is n a physical ?+ t goes out ( him1 b a p[]--a quality--:i* ceases to act2 no?+ else1 9 fact1 ?an 8 life4 ,& he w\ld n1 ( c\rse1 ?9k ( ascrib+ an indep5d5t cont9u\s exi/5ce aft] ! disruption ( ! body to a m]e ab/ract idea l life4 ,hom]1 h[ev]1 nev] got q z f> z ?is2 = ! mo/ "p ! psy*e is = him & always rema9s a real ?+--! man's second self4 ,b t he _h already begun to tread ! slipp]y pa? 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! psy*e is trans=m$ into an ab/ract concept ( life1 is %[n by ! fact t he sev]al times q unmi/akably uses ! ^w psy*e :5 we %\ld say life4#eia ,x is ess5tially ! same mode ( ?\ght t leads him to say midriff 7phre_/nes7 :5 he no long] means ! physical diaphragm1 b ! ab/ract concept ( w or intellect4 ,to say psy*e in/ead ( life is n ! same ?+ z say+ life in/ead ( psy*e 7& ,hom] nev] did ! latt]72 b x is cle> t = him 9 ! process ( demat]ializ+ su* concepts1 ev5 ! psy*e1 a figure once s full ( significance1 is beg9n+ to fade & vani% away4 ,! sep>ation f ! l& ( _! =efa!rs1 & habituation to ! use ( cremation1 ! new direction tak5 by religi\s ?\ght1 ! t5d5cy to turn ! once mat]ial =ces ( man's inn] life into attractions--all ^! ?+s contribut$ to weak5 ! belief 9 a p[]ful & significant life ( ! disembodi$ s\l & its connexion ) ! affairs ( ?is _w4 ,& at ! same "t x caus$ ! decl9e ( ! cult ( ! ,s\ls4 ,s mu*1 ,i ?9k1 we may safely ass]t4 ,! deepe/ & mo/ fundam5tal reasons = ?is decl9e 9 bo? belief & cult may elude our se>*1 j z x is impossible = u to be sure h[ f> 9 detail ! ,hom]ic poems reflect ! beliefs ( ! p :o fir/ li/5$ to !m1 & :]e ! free inv5tion ( ! poet beg9s4 ,b ! comb9ation ( ! v>i\s elem5ts ( belief into a :ole :i*1 ?\gh f> f be+ a dogmatically clos$ sy/em1 may yet n unfairly be call$ ! ,hom]ic ,!ology--?is1 we may say1 is mo/ probably ! "w ( ! poet4 ,! poet has a free h& 9 ! picture he gives ( ! gods & nev] comes into conflict ) any popul> doctr9e because ,greek #cb religion !n1 z always1 consi/$ ess5tially 9 ! "r hon\r+ ( ! gods ( ! c\ntry & n 9 any p>ticul> set ( dogmas4 ,!re c\ld h>dly be any g5]al conception ( godhead & div9ity ) :i* ! poet might come into conflict4 ,t ! popul> m9d absorb$ ?or\ghly t picture ( ! _w ( gods :i* ! ,hom]ic poems _h giv51 is %[n by ! :ole future developm5t ( ,greek culture & religion4 ,if div]g5t conceptions did1 9 fact1 also ma9ta9 !mselves1 !y d]iv$ _! /r5g? n s mu* f a diff]5t religi\s !ory1 z f ! po/ulates ( a diff]5t religi\s cult t _h n be5 influ5c$ by any poet's imag9ation4 ,!y might also m p>ticul>ly h _h ! effect ( caus+ an incid5tal obscurity )9 ! epic itself1 9 ! poet's vision ( ! ,unse5 ,_w & its life4 ,,iii ,a te/ case ( ! ?or\gh-go+ uni=mity & consi/5cy ( ! ,hom]ic conception ( ! nature & circum/ances ( ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ is provid$ = u1 )9 ! limits ( ! poems !mselves1 by ! /ory ( ,odysseus' ,j\rney to ,hades--a te/ !y are h>dly likely to survive1 x may well be ?\ght4 ,h[ is ! poet 9 describ+ a liv+ h]o's deal+s ) ! inhabitants ( ! %ad[-_w1 go+ to pres]ve ! immat]ial1 dreamlike "* ( ! ,hom]ic ,s\ls8 ,h[ keep up ! picture ( ! s\l z some?+ t holds itself resolutely alo( & seems to avoid all active int]c\rse ) o!r folk8 ,x is h>d to see :at c\ld tempt ! poet to try & p5etrate ) ! tor* ( imag9ation into ?is und]world ( ineffectual %ad[s4 ,! matt] becomes some:at m intelligible1 h[ev]1 z soon z x is realiz$ 9 :at mann] ! n>rative arose2 h[ ?r\gh cont9ual additions f lat] h&s x gradually assum$ a =m q unlike itself4#fja #a ,x may be tak5 z "o ( ! few c]ta9 results ( ! critical analysis ( ! ,hom]ic poems t ! n>rative ( ! ,desc5t ( ,odysseus to ! ,und]world did n =m "p ( ! orig9al plan ( ! ,odyssey4 ,kirke bids ,odysseus und]take ! j\rney to ,hades 9 ord] t he may see ,teiresias !re & be told ( ! way & ! means ( 8 return1 & h[ he may rea* 8 home aga9 ov] ! fi%-teem+ deep 7,od4 x1 #ecj f474 ,teiresias1 h[ev]1 on be+ #cc discov]$ 9 ! realm ( %ad[s1 fulfils ?is requirem5t only v p>tially & sup]ficially4 ,:]eupon1 ,kirke h]self gives to ! return$ ,odysseus a mu* full] acc\nt1 & z reg>ds ! "o po9t already m5tion$ by ,teiresias1 a mu* m precise acc\nt1 ( ! p]ils t lie be=e him on 8 homew>d j\rney4#faa ,! j\rney to ! l& ( ! dead 0 ?us unnecess>y1 & !re c be no d\bt t orig9ally x _h no place 9 ! poem4 ,x is pla91 h[ev]1 t ! compos] ( ?is adv5ture only us$ ! 7sup]flu\s7 inquiry address$ to ,teiresias z a pretext :i* af=d$ a m or less plausible motive = ! introduction ( ?is n>rative into ! body ( ! poem4 ,! real object ( ! poet1 ! true motive ( ! /ory1 mu/ !n be s\ght else:]e ?an 9 ! prophecy ( ,teiresias1 :i* turns out to be s brief & unhelpful4 ,x w\ld be natural to suppose t ! aim ( ! poet 0 to give ! eye ( imag9ation a glimpse into ! m>vels & t]rors ( t d>k realm into :i* all m5 mu/ g4 ,su* an int5tion w\ld be v intelligible 9 ! case ( a m$ieval or a ,greek poet ( lat] times2 & !re 7 aft]w>ds pl5ty ( ,greek poems :i* describ$ a ,desc5t to ,hades4 ,b x w\ld be h>d to acc\nt = x 9 a poet ( ! ,hom]ic s*ool2 = su* a poet ! realm ( ! dead & its inhabitants c\ld h>dly supply a subject = a n>rative4 ,&1 9 fact1 ! inv5tor ( ,odysseus' visit to ! dead _h q a diff]5t object 9 view4 ,he 0 any?+ b a ,greek ,dante4 ,x is possible to see ! purpose :i* guid$ him z soon z 8 poem is /ripp$ ( ! manifold additions ) :i* lat] times inve/$ x4 ,! orig9al k]nel :i* ?us rema9s is !n se5 to be no?+ b a s]ies ( conv]sations betwe5 ,odysseus & ! s\ls ( ^? ( ! dead ) :om he _h /ood 9 close p]sonal relation%ip4 ,besides ,teiresias he speaks ) 8 old %ip-companion ,elp5or1 :o _h j di$1 ) 8 "m ,antikleia1 ) ,agamemnon & ,a*illes2 & he tries 9 va9 to effect a reconciliation ) ! implacable ,aias4 ,^! conv]sations 9 ,hades are1 = ! g5]al fur!rance ( ! /ory ( ,odysseus' w&]+s & return1 q sup]flu\s1 & !y s]ve 9 a v m9or degree & only incid5tally to give in=mation ab\t ! conditions & "* ( ! inscrutable _w beyond ! grave4 ,! que/ions & answ]s !re giv5 are conf9$ entirely to ! affairs ( ! upp] _w4 ,!y br+ ,odysseus1 :o has n[ be5 w&]+ s long alone & f> f ! _w ( actual humanity1 into ideal association ) ! sub/antial _w ( fle% & blood to :i* 8 ?\ghts #cd /ret* out1 & 9 :i* he himself _h once be5 an actor & is soon to play an important "p aga94#fba ,8 "m in=ms him ( ! di/ract$ /ate ( ,i?aca1 ,agamemnon ( ! trea*]\s de$ ( ,aigi/hos c>ri$ out ) ! help ( ,klytaimne/ra4 ,odysseus himself is able to console ,a*illes ) an acc\nt ( ! h]oic de$s ( 8 son1 :o is /ill alive 9 ! daylight2 ) ,aias1 res5tful ev5 9 ,hades1 he _c come to t]ms4 ,?us ! !me ( ! second "p ( ! ,odyssey beg9s to appe>2 ev5 to ! %ad[s bel[ !re rea*es an e*o ( ! great de$s ( ! ,trojan w> & ( ! adv5tures ( ! ,return f ,troy1 :i* occupi$ ! m9ds ( all ! s+]s ( ! "t4 ,! introduction ( ^! /ories by means ( conv]sations ) ! p]sons :o took "p 9 !m is ! ess5tial purpose ( ! poet4 ,! impell+ in/9ct to exp& 9 all directions ! circle ( leg5d 9 ^: c5tre /ood ! adv5ture ( ! ,iliad1 & l9k x up ) o!r circles ( h]oic leg5d1 0 fully satisfi$ by lat] poets 9 ! sep>ate poems ( ! ,epic ,cycle4 ,at ! "t :5 ! ,odyssey 0 compos$ ^! o!r epic n>ratives 7 9 ! full tide ( _! y\?ful exub]ance4 ,! /reams _h n yet f\nd a conv5i5t b$ 9 :i* to run1 & !y add$ _! individual contributions 7= !y all relat$ ev5ts :i* prec$$ x7 to ! elaborate n>ration ( ! return ( ! la/ ,h]o :o /ill w&]$ va9ly & alone4 ,! ma9 object ( ! /ory ( ,telema*os' j\rney to meet ,ne/or & ,m5elaos 79 ! ?ird & f\r? books ( ! ,odyssey7 is manife/ly to br+ ! son into relation ) ! fa!r's companions 9 w>1 & s to provide occasion = fur!r n>ratives 9 :i* a m detail$ picture ( "s ( ! ev5ts betwe5 ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey might be giv54 ,demodokos1 ! ,phacian b>d1 is made to rec\nt 79 abbreviat$ =m7 two adv5tures t _h occurr$ to ! great *iefta94 ,ev5 :5 su* /ories did n imm$iately add to ! picture ( ,odysseus' de$s or "*1 !y s]v$ to po9t to ! great backgr\nd f :i* ! adv5tures ( ! mu*-endur+ w&]]1 n[ completely isolat$1 %\ld /& out2 & to set ^! 9 ! ideal framework :i* c\ld alone give !m _! full significance4 ,?is natural creative in/9ct ( leg5d>y poetry also inspir$ ! poet ( ! ,j\rney to ,hades4 ,he1 too1 saw ! adv5tures ( ,odysseus n 9 isolation b 9 lively & vital connexion ) all ! o!r adv5tures t took _! orig9 f ,troy4 ,he conceiv$ ! idea ( br++ once m1 = ! la/ "t1 ! *iefta9 fam$ 9 c\ncil & w>1 into communication ) ! mightie/ k+ & ! noble/ #ce h]o ( t fam\s exp$ition2 & to d t he _h to take him to ! realm ( ! %ad[s :i* _h long conta9$ !m4 ,nor c\ld he well avoid ! tone ( pa?os :i* is natural to ?is int]view on ! bord]s ( ! realm ( no?+ness to :i* all ! desire & ! /r5g? ( life mu/ ev5tually come4 ,! que/ion+ ( ,teiresias is m]ely1 z has be5 said1 ! poet's pretext = confront+ ,odysseus ) 8 "m & 8 =m] companions1 & ?is meet+ 0 8 prime motive4 ,probably ?is p>ticul> device 0 sugge/$ by ! recollection ( ! /ory :i* ,m5elaos tells ( 8 meet+ ) ,proteus1 ! ,old ,man ( ! ,sea 7,od4 iv1 #cea ff471#fca :]e ! inquiry f ! se] z to ! means ( rea*+ home aga9 is also a m]e pretext = ! n>ration ( ,return adv5tures--^? ( ,aias1 ,agamemnon1 & ,odysseus4 #b ,x is c]ta9 t ! int5tion ( ?is poet _c possibly h be5 simply ! description ( ! und]world = its own sake4 ,ev5 ! sc5]y ( ^! my/]i\s incid5ts :i* might well h attract$ 8 fancy1 is only giv5 9 brief allusions4 ,! %ip sails ov] ,okeanos to ! p ( ! ,kimm]ians#fda t nev] see ! sun1 & rea*es at la/ ! b>r5 coa/ & ! ,grove ( ,p]sephone1 ) its black popl>s & weep+ will[s4 ,odysseus ) two companions goes on ahead to ! entrance ( ,erebos1 :]e ,pyriphlege?on & ,kokytos1 a bran* ( ! ,/yx1 fl[ into ,a*]on4 ,!re he digs 8 sacrificial tr5* to :i* ! s\ls flock upw>d out ( ,erebos ov] ! asphodel-mead[s4 ,x is ! same und]world 9 ! b[els ( ! e>? t is presuppos$ 9 ! ,iliad1 too1 z ! dwell+-place ( ! dead1 only m accurately describ$ & m fully realiz$4#fea ,! details ( ! picture are s lightly sket*$ 9 t "o might well suppose t !y1 too1 _h be5 tak5 f "s old] my?ical mat]ial4 ,at any rate1 he borr[$ ! ,/yx1 s well kn[n 9 ! ,iliad2 & x may be suppos$ t ! same applies to ! o!r riv]s z well1 ^: names are cle>ly d]iv$ f words mean+ burn+ 7( dead bodies871#ffa lam5tation1 & sorr[4#fga ,! poet himself1 int]e/$ only 9 ! repres5tation ( "*1 is n at all dispos$ to dwell ^u ! m]ely fanciful1 & conf9es himself to a few brief allusions4 ,nor does he give any v l5g?y acc\nt ( ! dwell]s 9 ,erebos1 & :at he does say ( !m keeps well )9 ! limits ( ! usual ,hom]ic belief4 ,! ,s\ls resemble %ad[- or dream-pictures1 & #cf are impalpable to ! human t\*4#fha ,!y are )\t consci\sness :5 !y appe>4 ,elp5or alone1 ^: body /ill lies unburnt1 has = t v reason reta9$ 8 s5ses & ev5 %[s a =m ( height5$ consci\sness t approa*es prophecy2 resembl+ 9 ?is respect ,patroklos & ,hektor at ! mom5t :5 ! psy*e is p>t$ f ! body4#fia ,?is1 h[ev]1 is to leave him z soon z 8 corpse is de/roy$4 ,teiresias alone1 ! prophet fam$ above all o!rs 9 ,!ban leg5d1 has pres]v$ 8 consci\sness & prophetic vision ev5 9 ! ,%ad[-_w ?r\gh ! good-w ( ,p]sephone2 b ?is is an exception :i* only e/abli%es ! rule4 ,:at ,antikleia tells h] son ( ! p[]lessness & immat]iality ( ! s\l aft] ! burn+ ( ! body#gja s\nds almo/ l an (ficial confirmation ( ! or?odox ,hom]ic view4 ,ev]y?+1 9 fact1 9 ?is poet's description en=ces ! tru? ( ?is belief1 & ?\gh ! liv+ are1 inde$1 untr\bl$ by ! feeble s\ls bani%$ to out] d>kness1 yet out ( ,erebos itself ! pite\s knell ( ?is decree rea*es u 9 ! lam5t ( ,a*illes z he refuses 8 fri5d's attempt at com=t--ev]yone kn[s ! un=gettable words4 #c ,& yet ! poet v5tures to g beyond ,hom] 9 "o important po9t4 ,:at he h9ts r ?an actually says ( ! condition ( ?+s 9 ,hades conflicts 9 no s+le po9t ) ! conv5tional ,hom]ic view2 b x is an innovation to sugge/ t ?is condition ( ?+s c ev5 = ! briefe/ mom5t be int]rupt$4 ,! blood drunk by ! s\ls gives !m back = a mom5t _! consci\sness2 _! remembrance ( ! upp] _w returns to !m4 ,_! s5ses mu/ !n all ! :ile h be5 n dead b sleep+4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! poet = :om ?is supposition is indisp5sable to 8 /ory did n !reby int5d to =mulate an entirely new doctr9e4 ,b 9 ord] to add to 8 poetic effect1 he 0 l$ to include 9 8 /ory "s t\*es :i*1 mean+less )9 ! circle ( 8 own beliefs1 po9t$ else:]e1 &1 inde$1 backw>d1 to old]1 q diff]5tly m\ld$ beliefs1 & to ! usages f\nd$ ^u !m4 ,he makes ,odysseus1 foll[+ ! advice ( ,kirke1 dig a grave at ! entrance ( ,hades 9 :i* to p\r out a solemn dr9k-(f]+ to all ! dead1 consi/+ fir/ ( all 9 a mixture ( milk & honey1 !n w9e & wat]1 ov] :i* :ite meal is f9ely spr9kl$4 ,next he slays a ram & a black ewe1 b5d+ _! heads d[nw>ds into ! grave4#gaa #cg ,!n ! bodies ( ! animals are burnt1 & r\nd ! blood collect all ! s\ls1 :o flutt] ab\t x1 kept at a di/ance by ,odysseus' sword#gba till ,teiresias has fir/ drunk4 ,"h ! dr9k-(f]+s con/itute und\bt$ly a sacrificial (f]+ devot$ to ! dead & p\r$ out = _! satisfaction4 ,! poet inde$ does n ?9k ( ! slaught]$ animals z a sacrifice2 ! ta/+ ( ! blood is simply int5d$ to re/ore to ! s\ls _! consci\sness2 9 ! case ( ,teiresias1 :o reta9s 8 s5ses1 ! gift ( prophetic clairvoyance4 ,b ?is1 we c see cle>ly1 is a fiction ( ! poet's3 :at he "h describes is 9 e detail a sacrifice to ! dead1 su* z we s (t5 f9d describ$ z su* 9 acc\nts f lat] times4 ,! sc5t ( ! blood calls up ! spirits2 _! satiation ) blood 7haimak\ri_/a7 is ! ess5tial purpose ( su* (f]+s2 & ^! are :at ! poet's imag9ation dimly recalls z models4 ,no?+ 9 ?is picture has be5 inv5t$4 ,nei!r1 on ! o!r h&1 x is q cle>1 has he alt]$ 8 sacrificial c]emony to make x fit 9 ) novel ideas t 7 beg9n+ to ga9 gr\nd2 ideas t ascrib$ a m vital exi/5ce to ! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,= "h1 too1 j z 9 ! case ( ! (f]+s to ! dead describ$ 9 ! fun]al ( ,patroklos1 ! poet's mann] ( conceiv+ ! life ( ! dead is n su* z c\ld give support to new & m vigor\s cult c]emonies4 ,8 conception t5ds r to contradict ! c]emonies t he describes4 ,9 fact1 :at we h "h1 too1 is a fossiliz$ & no long] intelligible ve/ige ( a practice t 0 once root$ 9 belief--a relic depriv$ ( its orig9al mean+ & adapt$ by ! poet to ! special purposes ( 8 n>rative4 ,! sacrificial ritual us$ to attract ! s\ls on ?is occasion /rik+ly resembles ! ritual :i* 0 us$ 9 lat] times to conjure up ! s\ls ( ! dead at ^? places :i* 7 suppos$ to give entrance to ! gho/ly _w bel[ ! e>?4 ,x is also n impossible t1 ev5 9 ! "t ( ! poet ( ! ,j\rney to ,hades1 9 "s remote corn]s ( ,greek l&s su* call+-up ( ! dead 0 /ill practis$ z a relic ( =m] belief4 ,b1 suppos+ t ! poet _h "s in=mation ( su* local cults ( ! dead1 & modell$ 8 /ory on !m1#gca t only makes x ! m rem>kable t he effaces all trace ( ! orig9al mean+ ( 8 ritual1 & 9 adh]5ce to ! /rict ,hom]ic doctr9e on ! po9t1 bani%es all ?\ght t ! s\ls may possibly cont9ue 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! liv+ & c !nce be conjur$ up into ! light ( day4#gda ,he kn[s only ( "o k+dom ( ! ,dead f> (f 9 ! dim ,we/1 beyond ! b\nds ( sea #ch & ocean1 :]e ! leg5d>y h]o ( romance c1 inde$1 rea* its gateway1 b :]e alone he c h communication ) ! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,! ,h\se ( ,hades nev] all[s its inhabitants to pass out4 ,& yet all ?is is hopelessly contradict$ by ! votive (f]+s t ! poet1 by :at c only be call$ an ov]sight1 makes ,odysseus promise to all ! dead1 & p>ticul>ly to ,teiresias1 ^u 8 return home 7,od4 x1 #eba-f2 xi1 #bi-cc74 ,( :at use w\ld x be to ! dead to receive ! (f]+ ( a b>r5 c[1#gea ( treasures burnt ^u ! fun]al pyre2 or h[ c\ld ,teiresias enjoy ! slaught]+ ( a black %eep f> away 9 ,i?aca--:5 !y are all conf9$ to ,erebos & c\ld n ta/e ! (f]+s made to !m8 ,?is is ! mo/ rem>kable & important ( all ve/iges ( an anci5t wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,x proves indubitably t 9 pre-,hom]ic times ! belief prevail$ t ev5 aft] ! fun]al ( ! body ! s\l is n et]nally bani%$ to ! inaccessible l& ( %ad[s1 b is able to approa* ! sacrific] & to enjoy ! sacrifices (f]$ to x1 j z mu* z ! gods c4 ,a s+le obscure allusion 9 ! ,iliad#gfa sugge/s :at is "h mu* m cle>ly & almo/ navely reveal$--namely t ev5 at ! "t :5 ! ,hom]ic view ( ! no?+ness ( ! s\ls = ev] p>t$ f _! bodies reign$ supreme1 ! cu/om ( mak+ (f]+s to ! dead aft] ! fun]al 0 ov] 7?\gh 9 exceptional circum/ances only1 & n z a regul>ly recurr+ p]=mance _h n be5 entirely =gott54 #d ,! contradictions into :i* he is betray$ by ! introduction ( su* int]c\rse betwe5 ! liv+ & ! dead proves t ! und]tak+ 0 r v5turesome = a ,hom]ic poet ( /rictly or?odox views4 ,/ill1 9 ! picture ( ,odysseus' meet+ ) 8 "m & =m] companions1 :i* 0 8 ma9 object1 ! poet h>dly /ray$ at all f ! normal ,hom]ic pa?4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 01 z x happ5$1 ! v po9t 9 :i* lat] g5]ations ( poetically incl9$ read]s or he>]s f\nd 8 n>rative want+4 ,he himself c>efully l9k$ up e detail ) 8 liv+ h]o1 ! c5tral int]e/ ( 8 /ory1 & only made him speak ) ! s\ls ( su* z _h "s real & close connexion ) him4 ,a review ( ! motley inhabitants ( ! und]world 9 _! multitude h>dly int]e/$ him at all4 ,x 0 ! v ?+ :i* seem$ indisp5sable to lat] read]s4 ,!y made additions to 8 /ory & introduc$ ! multitudes ( ! dead ( all ages2 ! w>riors ) #ci w\nds /ill visible & 9 blood/a9$ arm\r2#gga or else1 m 9 ! mann] ( a ,hesiodic catalogue = ! assi/ance ( ! memory ?an mak+ !m live 9 ,hom]ic fa%ion = ! imag9ation1 !y pictur$ a :ole ho/ ( mo!rs1 ! illu/ri\s ance/ors ( great families1 pass+ be=e ,odysseus1 ?\gh !y _h no p>ticul> claim ^u 8 sympa?y2 nor1 inde$1 is any s]i\s attempt made to br+ !m into relation%ip ) him4#gha ,?is seem$ to improve ! picture ( ! g5]al multitude ( ! dead1 repres5t$ 9 ! p]sons ( select$ individuals4 ,next1 ! condition ( ?+s 9 ! _w bel[ mu/ at lea/ be illu/rat$ by a few examples4 ,odysseus ca/s a glance into ! inn] recesses ( ! und]world--:i* 0 h>dly possible = him1 consid]+ t he /ood at its out]mo/ gateway--& sees !re ! h]oic figures ( ^? :o1 l true images 7ei_/dla7 ( ! liv+1 /ill cont9ue ! activities ( _! =m] lives4 ,!re he sees ,m9os giv+ judgm5t among ! dead1 ,orion hunt+1 ,h]akles /ill ) ! b[ 9 8 h&1 & ! arr[ fitt$ to ! /r+1 l "o ev] ab\t to %oot4 ,?is is c]ta9ly n ,h]akles1 ! ,h]o-,god1 z he 0 kn[n to lat] ages4 ,! poet kn[s no?+ z yet ( ! elevation ( ! son ( ,zeus above ! lot ( all mortals--any m ?an ! e>lie/ poet ( ! ,j\rney knew ( ! translation ( ,a*illes out ( ,hades4 ,! disreg>d ( su* ?+s 0 naturally reg>d$ by lat] read]s z a neglig5ce on ! "p ( ! poet4 ,&1 9 fact1 !y boldly ins]t$ ?ree v]ses "h :i* in=m u t he himself1 ! real ,h]akles1 dwells among ! gods--:at ,odysseus saw 9 ,hades 0 only 8 c\nt]feit4 ,:oev] wrote ?is 0 practis+ a little orig9al !ology on 8 own acc\nt4 ,su* a contra/ betwe5 a fully animat$ self possess+ ! orig9al man's body & s\l /ill unit$1 & a c\nt]feit pres5tm5t ( himself 7:i* _c be 8 psy*e relegat$ to ,hades1 is q /range bo? to ,hom] & to ,greek ?\ght ( lat] times4#gia ,x is1 9 fact1 an example ( ! e>lie/ h>moniz]'s solution ( a difficulty4 ,! poet does1 inde$1 attempt to connect ,h]akles ) ,odysseus by mak+ ! two ent] into conv]sation1 9 imitation ( ! conv]sations ) ,agamemnon & ,a*illes4 ,b x is soon evid5t t ^! two h really no?+ to say to ea* o!r2 ,odysseus1 9 fact1 is sil5t4 ,!re 0 no real relation%ip betwe5 !m1 at mo/ an analogy2 ,h]akles1 too1 hav+ once desc5d$ alive into ,hades4 ,?is analogy alone1 9 fact1 appe>s to h sugge/$ ! introduction ( ,h]akles 9 ?is place4#hja #dj ,!re n[ rema9s 7ins]t$ aft] ,m9os & ,orion & be=e ,h]akles & probably compos$ by ! same h& t 0 responsible = !m7 ! incid5t ( ! ?ree p5it5ts und]go+ puni%m5t2 a passage t no read] c possibly =get4 ,fir/ ,tityos1 ^: giant frame is prey$ ^u by two vultures1 is se51 !n ,tantalos1 :o 9 ! middle ( a lake is p>*$ ) ?ir/ & _c rea* up to ! fruit-lad5 bran*es ov] 8 head1 & la/ ,sisyphos1 :o is b\nd to roll up-hill ! /one t ev] rolls back aga94 ,! limits ( ! ,hom]ic conception 7) :i* ! pictures ( ,m9os1 ,orion1 & ,h]akles might /ill p]haps be reconcil$7 are 9 ^! pictures def9itely ov]/epp$4 ,! s\ls ( ^! ?ree un=tunates are cr$it$ ) complete & cont9u\s consci\sness4 ,)\t ?is1 _! puni%m5t w\ld n h be5 felt & w\ld n h be5 inflict$4 ,&1 obs]v+ ! extraord9>ily matt]-(-fact & cursory description1 :i* takes ! reasons ( ! puni%m5t = grant$ except 9 ! case ( ,tityos1 we _c help feel+ t ^! examples ( puni%m5t aft] dea? 7 n inv5t$ = ! fir/ "t by ! compos] ( ^! l9es4 ,!y _c h be5 (f]$ to ! a/oni%$ e>s ( _! he>]s z a d>+ novelty1 b 7 r recall$ briefly to ^? he>]s' recollection4 ,probably ^! ?ree are select$ z examples out ( a mu* l>g] collection ( su* pictures4 ,c x be t /ill old] poets 7:o may /ill1 h[ev]1 h be5 m rec5t ?an ! poet ( ! e>lie/ p>ts ( ! ,j\rney7 _h already d>$ to des]t ! ,hom]ic view ( ! s\l8 ,h[ev] t may be1 we may be sure t ! puni%m5t ( ! ?ree p5it5ts 0 n int5d$ to contradict flatly ! ,hom]ic conception ( ! unconsci\sness & no?+ness ( ! %ades4 ,!y c\ld n 9 t case h accommodat$ !mselves s well to a poem t is f\nd$ ^u su* conceptions4 ,!y d n disprove ! rule because !y are1 & are only int5d$ to be1 exceptions to t rule4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld be impossible if x 7 ju/ifiable to int]pret ! poet's fiction z repres5t+1 9 ! p]son ( ^! ?ree un=tunates1 ?ree types ( special s9s & classes ( s9n]s2 z1 = example1 unbridl$ ,lu/ 7,tityos71 insatiable ,gluttony 7,tantalos71 & ,pride ( ! ,intellect 7,sisyphos74#haa ,!y w\ld 9 t case be p>ticul> examples ( ! retribution :i* "o mu/ ?9k ( z be+ ext5d$ to all ! innum]able ho/s ( %ad[s :o h be5 guilty ( ! same s9s4 ,b no?+ 9 ! description itself w>rants su* a !ological int]pretation2 inde$1 we h no reason #da or excuse = attribut+ to ?is p>ticul> poet su* a desire to prove ! exi/5ce ( a comp5satory ju/ice 9 an aft] life4 ,x is q /range to ,hom]1 & s f> z x ev] became kn[n to lat] ,greek !ology1 x 0 only introduc$ v late1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( a speculative my/icism4 ,no1 ! almighty p[] ( ! gods is able 9 special cases1 s ?is picture assures u1 to pres]ve = individual s\ls _! consci\sness2 9 ! case ( ,teiresias z a rew>d1 9 ! case ( ^! ?ree objects ( ! gods' hatr$1 9 ord] t !y may be capable ( feel+ _! puni%m5t4 ,! real fault = :i* !y are puni%$ c be guess$ fairly c]ta9ly f :at ! poet tells u ab\t ,tityos--x is 9 ea* case a griev\s (f5ce committ$ by !m aga9/ ! gods4 ,! crime ( ,tantalos we c make out f :at we "k ( him ?r\gh o!r s\rces4 ,x is less easy to discov] :at 0 ! exact misde$ = :i* ! crafty ,sisyphos is puni%$4#hba ,9 any case1 x is cle> t retribution has ov]tak5 all ?ree ( !m = s9s aga9/ ! gods !mselves--s9s :i* human be+s ( lat] times c\ld n possibly commit4 ,& = ?is reason alone1 nei!r _! de$s nor _! puni%m5t c h any?+ typical or repres5tative ab\t !m2 !y are %e] exceptions1 & t is :y ! poet f\nd !m int]e/+4 ,! episode ( ,odysseus' j\rney to ,hades 7ev5 9 its late/ portions7 sugge/s no acqua9tance :atev] ) any g5]al class ( s9n]s :o receive _! puni%m5t 9 t place4 ,if1 inde$1 x _h allud$ to ! puni%m5t 9 ! aft]-_w ( p]jur]s1 or?odox ,hom]ic doctr9e w\ld n 9 t case h be5 violat$4 ,twice ov] 9 ! ,iliad1 on solemn occasions ( oa?-tak+1 besides ! gods ( ! upp] _w1 ! ,er9yes also are call$ ^u z witnesses ( ! oa?2 = !y puni% "u ! e>? ^? :o break _! oa?4#hca ,n )\t reason h ^! passages be5 held to %[ t ! ,hom]ic conception ( ! phantasmal half-life ( ! s\ls "u ! e>?1 :]e !y are )\t feel+ or consci\sness1 0 n a g5]al folk-belief4#hda ,we mu/ add1 h[ev]1 t ! belief held 9 ,hom]ic times ( ! puni%m5t ( oa?-break]s 9 ! realm ( %ad[s _c z yet h be5 v vital1 = x 0 q unable to prev5t ! success ( ! totally incompatible belief 9 ! unconsci\s no?+ness ( disembodi$ spirits4 ,a solemn oa?-=mula 7s mu* t is primitive p]si/+1 ev5 aft] x has become dead lett]1 9 =mula7 pres]v$ a ref]5ce to t anci5t belief1 :i* _h become /range to ,hom]ic e>s--a ve/ige1 9 fact1 ( a bygone po9t ( view4 ,x may be #db t 9 ! dim pa/1 :5 m5 /ill vividly & lit]ally believ$ 9 ! reality ( a puni%m5t 9 aft] life = p]jury1 all ! s\ls 9 ,hades 7 cr$it$ ) a consci\s exi/5ce2 b !re nev] 0 a "t :5 m5 g5]ally believ$ t e>?ly s9s 7includ+ p]jury z only "o among _m7 7 puni%$ 9 ,hades4 ,oa?-break+ 0 n puni%$ z a specially outrage\s moral fail+--x may well be d\bt$ :e!r ! ,greeks ev] consid]$ or felt x to be su*4 ,! p]jur]1 r ?an any o!r p>ticul> s9n]1 0 ! special victim ( ! dread goddesses1 = ! simple reason t ! p]jur] 9 8 desire to emphasize 9 ! mo/ awful mann] 8 av]sion to falsehood1 has invok$ aga9/ himself1 if he fails to keep 8 oa?1 ! mo/ t]rible fate ( all--to suff] torm5t 9 ! realm ( ,hades :5ce is no escape4#hea ,to ! ,inf]nal ,spirits ( ! ,und]world1 to :om he _h condemn$ himself1 he falls a victim if he breaks 8 ^w4 ,belief 9 ! sup]natural p[] ( su* imprecations1#hfa & n any special moral importance atta*$ to tru?-tell+--an idea q /range to ! old] ,antiquity--gave to ! oa? its peculi> t]rors4 #e ,a f9al example ( ! t5acity ) :i* cu/om may outlive ! belief on :i* x is f\nd$ is af=d$ by ! /ory told ( ,odysseus1 t 9 flee+ f ! ,kikonian l&1 he did n leave x until he _h call$ ?rice ^u ^? ( 8 companions :o _h fall5 9 ! battle ) ! ,kikones 7,od4 ix1 #fe-f74 ,ref]5ces to simil> call+s ^u ! dead 9 lat] lit]ature make ! mean+ ( su* behavi\r cle>4 ,! s\ls ( ! dead :o h fall5 9 =eign l&s mu/ be call$2#hga !y w !n1 if ?is is prop]ly done1 foll[ ! call] to _! di/ant home1 :]e an empty grave awaits !m4#hha ,?is duty is regul>ly p]=m$ 9 ,hom] = ! b5efit ( ^? ^: bodies x is impossible to recov] & bury 9 ! prop] way4 ,b a summons ( ! dead & ! erection ( su* empty receptacles--int5d$ = :om if n = ! s\ls :o mu/ !n be accessible to ! devotion ( _! relations8--0 natural en\gh = ^? :o believ$ 9 ! possibility ( ! s\l's soj\rn 9 ! neighb\rhood ( its liv+ fri5ds2 x 0 n admissible = support]s ( ! ,hom]ic belief4 ,"h we h once m a rem>kable ve/ige ( an anci5t belief1 surviv+ 9 a cu/om t has n be5 entirely giv5 up ev5 9 alt]$ times4 ,"h1 too1 ! belief :i* _h giv5 rise to ! cu/om1 0 ext9ct4 #dc ,if we ask ! ,hom]ic poet = :at purpose a m\nd 0 heap$ up ov] ! grave ( ! dead & a grave/one set ^u x1 he w answ] u3 9 ord] t 8 fame may rema9 imp]i%able among m51 & t future g5]ations may n be ignorant ( 8 /ory4#hia ,t s\nds truly ,hom]ic4 ,:5 a man dies 8 s\l dep>ts into a region ( twilit dream-life2 8 body1 ! visible man1 p]i%es4 ,only 8 glori\s "n1 9 fact1 lives on4 ,8 praises speak to aft] ages f ! monum5t to 8 hon\r on 8 grave-m\nd--& 9 ! song ( ! b>d4 ,a poet w\ld naturally be incl9$ to ?9k su* ?+s4 ,,notes ,,to ,,*apt] ,i ,i #aa3 ,e4 ,kamm]1 ,e9heit d4 ,odyssee1 #eaj ff4 #ba3 ,e4g4 ,il4 ,a #c1 pollas d' iph?i_/m\s psu*as 7kephala_/s ,apol4 ,rhod41 z 9 ,l #ee3 mi/ak5ly7 ,a_/di pro_/aps5 hr_/n1 aut\s de hel_/ria teu*e ku_/ness94 ,ps #aje1 pannu*i_/ gar moi ,patroklos deiloio psu* ephe/_/kei 4 4 4 e_/kto de !_/skelon aut 7cf4 #ff74 #ca3 ,e4g4 ,l #bfb1 e_/n?' ,ant_/noros huies hup' ,atrei_/d basili po_/tmon anapl_/santes e_/dun d_/mon ,a_/dos ei_/s4 ,! psu*_/ ( ,elp5or & aft]w>ds t ( ,teiresias1 ( 8 "m1 ( ,agamemnon1 etc41 is address$ by ,odysseus 9 ! ,nekyia ( ! ,od4 simply z3 ,elpnor1 ,teiresi_/1 mt] em_/1 etc4 ,& cf4 su* expressions z3 ,ps #bdd1 eis ho_/ k5 autos eg ,a_/di keu_/?mai1 or ,o #bea1 kai d e_/gg' epha_/mn1 ne_/kuas kai dm' ,ai_/dao _/mati td' hi_/xe/hai 4 4 4 or ,x #def f41 etc4 #da3 ,! fir/ view is ,ngelsba*'s1 ! second t ( ,grotemey]4 #ea3 ,& ( civiliz$ peoples1 too1 9 antiquity4 ,j su* a second self1 an ei_/dlon duplicat+ ! visible self ( man1 71 9 _! orig9al significance1 ! g5ius ( ! ,romans1 ! ,frava%i ( ! ,p]sians1 ! ,ka ( ! ,egyptians4 #fa3 hupoti_/!tai 7sc4 ,hom]7 tas psu*as tois eid_/lois tois en tois kato_/ptrois pha9ome_/nois homoi_/z kai tois dia tn huda_/tn suni/ame_/nois1 ha ka?a_/pax hmin exei_/ka/ai kai tas k9_/seis mimeitai /]emni_/d de hupo_//as9 oudemi_/an e_/*ei eis anti_/lps9 kai haph_/n1 ,apollod4 p4 !n ap4 ,/ob41 ,ecl4 i1 p4 #dbj ,w4 #ga3 ,cf4 ,cic41 ,div4 i1 #fc3 iacet corpus dormi5tis ut mortui1 viget autem et vivit animus4 ,quod multo magis faciet po/ mortem cum omn9o corpore excess]it4 ,,td4 i1 #bi3 visis quibusdam saepe movebantur eisque maxime nocturnis1 ut vid]5tur ei qui vita excess]ant viv]e4 ,"h we h precise anci5t te/imony bo? = ! subjective & ! objective elem5ts 9 dream+ & = _! importance = ! orig9 ( belief ab\t ! s\l4 #ha3 ,ton d' e_/lipe psu*_/ 4 4 4 autis d' ampnu_/n?1 ,e #fif f4 ,tn de kat' oph?almn ereb5n nux eka_/lups51 _/ripe d' exopi_/s1 apo de psu*n eka_/puss5 4 4 4 e_/pei oun a_/mpnuto kai es phre_/na ?umos age_/r?--,* #dff ff41 #dge2 & #cdh3 apopsu_/*onta4 #ia3 ,speak+ ( suspirium 7 leipopsu*i_/a71 ,s541 ,ep4 liv1 #b1 says1 m$ici hanc m$itationem mortis vocant4 faciet enim aliqu&o spiritus ille quod saepe conatus e/4 #aja3 ,a rem>kable idea seems to be obscurely sugge/$ 9 an expression su* z t ( x #bjg1 all' _/toi ton ,kres e_/ban ?ana_/toio phe_/r\sai eis ,a_/dao d_/m\s2 cf4 ,b #cjb4 ,usually ! ,k]es br+ dea? to m53 "h 7l ,?anatos himself 9 lat] poetry7 !y conduct ! dead into ! realm ( ,hades4 ,!y are daimones ( ,hades1 orig9ally & primitively !mselves s\ls ( ! dep>t$ 7see bel[1 p4 #afh71 & x is a natural idea to make su* s\l-spirits1 hov]+ 9 ! air1 c>ry (f ! s\ls ( m5 j dead to ! realm ( ! s\ls4 ,9 ,hom] only a /]eotyp$ phrase pres]ves ! vague memory ( su* a conception4 #de #aaa3 ,( ! dead we read 9 l #bai1 ou gar e_/ti sa_/rkas te kai o/e_/a ines e_/*\si4 ,tak+ ! words /rictly ?is might mean t ! dead possess s9ews b n ! fle% or bones t %\ld be held toge!r by ! s9ews4 ,?is is h[ ,nauck1 9 fact1 und]/ood ! ,hom]ic words3 ,mlanges ,grcorom4 iv1 #gah4 ,b x is v difficult to picture %ad[s :i* 9 ?is mann] possess s9ews b no body ( fle% & bones3 ! corrupt words ( fr4 #bbi1 pres]v$ ap>t f _! context1 are q insuffici5t to prove t ,aes*4 d]iv$ su* an unrealizable impression f ! ,hom]ic words4--,t ! poet ( ^! l9es f ! ,nek4 simply meant fle%1 bones1 & s9ews1 too1 :i* might h held !m toge!r1 is %[n q cle>ly by :at foll[s3 alla ta me_/n te puros krat]on me_/nos ai?ome_/noio damna1 epei_/ ke prta li_/p leu_/k' o/e_/a ?umo_/s1 psu* d' _/t' o_/neiros apoptame_/n pepo_/ttai4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld ! fire help de/roy+ ! s9ews too8 #aba3 ,! sacrificial "* ( ! proce$+s at ! rogus ( ,patroklos has aga9 be5 call$ 9 "q by v4 ,fritze1 de libatione vet]um ,graecorum1 #ga f4 7#ahic74 ,he admits ?is int]pretation ( ! p\r+ ( ! blood on ! pyre1 b expla9s ! o!r circum/ances diff]5tly4 ,x w\ld be q easy to disprove 9 ?is fa%ion ! sacrificial "* ( e holokau_/tma = *?o_/nioi :e!r ,h]oes or ! dead4 ,x is true t ! bodies ( %eep & cattle1 horses & dogs1 ?us completely consum$ by fire1 are n a food-(f]+1 b !y are a sacrifice = all t1 & belong to ! class ( expiatory (f]+s 9 :i* ! fle% is n (f]$ = ! food ( ! daimon b ! lives ( ! victims are sacrific$ to him4 ,t ,a*illes slays ! ,trojan prison]s at ! rogus ktame_/noio *ol!i_/s 7,ps #bc7 does n de/roy ! sacrificial "* ( ?is (f]+ int5d$ to appease ! wra? 7felt also by ,a*illes7 ( ! dead man4--,! :ole proc$ure gives a picture ( primitive sacrificial ritual 9 hon\r ( ! dead & diff]s 9 no p>ticul> f ! ritual ( sacrifice to ! !oi *?o_/nioi4 ,?is is recogniz$ by ,/5gel 9 8 ,*?onis*] und ,todt5cult 7,fe/s*r4 ,fri$lnd471 p4 #dcb1 :o also m>ks cle>ly ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two religi\s c]emonies z !y 7 gradually evolv$ 9 ! process ( "t4 #aca3 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! libation ( w9e p\r$ out by ,a*illes dur+ ! night 7to :i* he expressly summons ! psy*e ( ,patroklos1 ,ps #bah-bb7 is sacrificial 9 "*1 l all simil> *oai_/4 ,! w9e ) :i* ! emb]s ( ! fun]al pyre are ext+ui%$ may h be5 int5d$ to s]ve t purpose alone & n z a sacrifice4 ,b ! j>s ( honey & oil :i* ,a*illes has plac$ ^u ! pyre 7,ps #agj2 cf4 #fg-h7 c h>dly be reg>d$ z any?+ b sacrificial 7cf4 ,b]gk1 ,opusc4 ii1 #fge2 acc4 to ,/5gel1 ,jahrb4 ,philol41 p4 #fdi1 #ahhg1 !y only s]ve to k9dle ! flames1 b ! honey1 at any rate1 seems a /range mat]ial = ! purpose4 ,= libations at ! rogus or at ! grave honey & oil are regul>ly us$--see ,/5gel himself1 loc4 cit41 & ,philol4 xxxix1 #cgh ff474 ,acc4 to v4 ,fritze1 de libat41 #gb1 ! j>s ( honey & oil 7 int5d$ n z libations b = ! ba? ( ! dead--9 ! next _w1 9 ! ,hom]ic ,hades6--,honey c only h be5 us$ = ba?+ purposes1 9 ,greece z else:]e1 by ^? :o un9t5tionally fell into x l ,glaukos4 #ada3 ,on ,greek hair (f]+s see ,wiesel]1 ,philol4 ix1 #gaa ff41 :o rightly reg>ds ^! (f]+s z symbolic & z sub/itutes = primitive human sacrifice4 ,! same explanation ( ! (f]+ ( hair is giv5 9 ! case ( o!r peoples also2 cf4 ,tylor1 ii1 #dja4 #df #aea3 ,patroklos' reque/ = prompt burial 7#fi ff47 gives no suffici5t motive1 s9ce ,a*illes has already giv5 ord]s = ! fun]al to take place next day1 #di ff4 7cf4 #id f474 #afa3 ll4 #ai2 #agi4 ,aga91 9 ! night foll[+ ! erection ( ! fun]al pyre1 :5 ! body is burn+1 ,a*illes calls to ! s\l ( ,patroklos psu*n kikl_/skn ,patroklos deiloio #bba4 ,! p]son ?us call$ ^u is evid5tly suppos$ to be /ill close at h&4 ,?is is n contradict$ by ! =mula *aire 4 4 4 kai e9 ,a_/dao d_/moisi 7#ai1 #agi71 = 9 l4 #ai4 at lea/1 ! words _c mean 9 ,hades1 s9ce ! s\l is /ill outside ,hades1 z x tells u itself1 #ga ff4 ,! words c only mean ab\t1 be=e ! ,h\se ( ,hades 7l en 9999potam by ! riv]1 etc474 ,9 ! same way eis ,a_/dao d_/mon (t5 only means t[>ds ! h\se ( ,hades 7,ameis on k #eab74 #aga3 ,f descriptions 9 anci5t poetry8 or _h simil> cu/oms--at lea/1 at ! fun]als ( *iefta9s--surviv$ into ! poet's own "t8 ,especially magnific5t1 e4g41 7 ! burials ( ,sp>tan k+s--& also ,cretan k+s1 x appe>s1 s long z !re 7 any2 cf4 ,ari/4 fr4 #dgf1 p4 #aeef;a1 #cg ff4 #aha3 ,fun]al games = ,am>ynkeus1 ,ps #fcj ff41 = ,a*illes1 #he ff4 ,su* games are ref]r$ to z be+ q ! usual cu/om 9 #hg ff4 ,lat] poetry is full ( descriptions ( su* agnes epita_/phioi ( ! h]oic age4 #aia3 ,z ,ari/>*os notic$3 see ,rh4 ,mus4 #cf1 #edd f4 ,r diff]5t are ! 7c]ta9ly anci5t7 games & conte/s = ! h& ( a bride 7cf4 /ories ( ,pelops1 ,danaos1 ,ik>ios1 etc474 #bja3 ,cf4 ,ps #bgd1 ei men nun epi a_/ll ae?leu_/oim5 ,a*aioi_/1 i4e4 9 hon\r ( ,patroklos2 cf4 #fdf3 sn hetairon ae_/?loisi kt]e_/ze4 kt]e_/ze9 means to give ! dead man 8 kte_/rea1 i4e4 8 =m] possessions 7by burn+ !m74 ,! games are !re=e on exactly ! same foot+ z ! burn+ ( ! p]sonal effects ( ! dead 9 :i* ! s\l ( ! dead man 0 suppos$ /ill to take pleasure4 #baa3 ,aug41 ,,cd4 viii1 #bf3 ,v>ro dicit omnes mortuos exi/im>i manes deos1 et probat p] ea sacra quae omnibus f]e mortuis exhib5tur1 ubi et ludos commemorat funebres1 tamquam hoc sit maximum div9itatis indicium1 quod non sol5t ludi nisi num9ibus celebr>i4 #bba3 ,quae pietas ei debetur a quo nihil accep]is8 aut quid omn9o1 cuius nullum m]itum sit1 ei deb]i pote/8 4 4 4 7dei7 quamobrem col5di s9t non intellego nullo nec accepto ab eis nec sp]ato bono1 ,cic41 ,,nd4 i1 #aaf2 cf4 ,pl41 ,eu?phr4 pass4 ,hom] speaks 9 ! same way ( ! amoib agakleits hekato_/mbs1 g #eh-i 7cf4 amoibas tn ?usin f ! side ( ! gods1 ,pl4 ,smp41 #bjb ,e74 #bca3 t\to_/ nu kai ge_/ras hoion ozuroisi brotois91 kei_/ra/hai_/ te ko_/mn bale_/e9 t' apo da_/kru p>ein1 d #aig f42 cf4 #ahh f41 #bid f4 #bda3 ou gar e_/t' autis ni_/somai ex' ,a_/dao ep_/n me puros lela_/*te1 ,ps #ge f4 #bea3 --io_/nti eis ,a_/dao *]si kat' oph?alm\s ele_/e9 su_/n te /o_/m' ereisai1 l #dbf2 cf4 ,l #dec1 #bif4 ,to d ?is is ! duty ( ! next ( k91 "m or wife4 ,! necessity = clos+ ! sightless eyes & dumb m\? ( ! dead is intelligible )\t ref]5ce to any sup]/iti\s arrire p5se4 ,su* an idea is1 h[ev]1 dimly disc]nible 9 su* a phrase z a_/*ris ho_/t\ psu*_/n m\ mtros *e_/res eilan ap' o_/ssn1 ,epigr4 ,gr41 #cad1 #bd4 ,0 !re orig9ally "s idea ( ! s\l be+ releas$ by ^! means8--,seat ( ! s\l 9 ! ko_/r ( ! eye3 psu*ai d' en oph?almoisi tn teleut_/ntn1 ,babr4 #ie1 #ce 7see ,crusius1 ,rh4 ,mus4 #df1 #cai74 ,augurium non tim5di mortem 9 aegritud9e quamdiu oculorum pupillae imag9em r$dant1 ,pl941 ,n4,h4 #bh1 #fd2 cf4 ,grimm1 p4 #aaha4 7,if a p]son c no long] see 8 or h] ei_/dlon #dg 9 a mirror x is a sign ( approa*+ dea?1 ,old5burg1 ,rel4 d4 ,v$41 #ebf p4 #ddic ,fr5* tr447--,among _m peoples x is believ$ t ! eyes ( ! dead mu/ be clos$ 9 ord] to prev5t ! dead p]son see+ or haunt+ anyone 9 ! future3 ,rob9sohn1 ,psy*ol4 d4 ,naturv41 #dd2 cf4 ,cic41 ,v]r4 v1 #aah 7( ! ,greeks72 ,vg41 ,a4 iv1 #fhd f43 extremus si quis sup] halitus errat ore legam4 ,s]v4 ad loc43 muliebrit]1 tamquam possit animam sororis excip]e et 9 se transf]re 7cf4 ,epigr4 ,gr41 #edg2 ,,ig4 ,sic4 et ,x41 #fjg;e1 #i-aj74 psu*_/ mak+ its exit ?r\gh ! m\?3 ,i #dji2 cf4 ,among ! ,sem9oles ( ,florida :5 a woman di$ 9 *ildbir? ! infant 0 held ov] h] face to receive h] p>t+ _s & ?us acquire /r5g? & k = future use1 ,tylor1 i1 #dcc4 #bfa3 ,& ev5 ana pro_/?uron tetramme_/nos1 ,t #bab1 i4e4 ) feet turn$ t[>ds ! door4 ,! reason = ?is cu/om--:i* exi/$ else:]e1 too1 & /ill exi/s--is h>dly to be s\ght only 9 ! ritus naturae1 z ,pl94 #g1 #df1 ?9ks4 ,?is has g5]ally little to d ) ! cu/oms obs]v$ on ! solemn occasions ( life4 ,! mean+ ( ! practice is mu* m naively reveal$ 9 a /atem5t ab\t ! mann]s ( ! ,pehu5*5 ,indians 9 ,s\? ,am]ica giv5 by ,ppig1 ,reise 9 ,*ile1 ,p]u1 etc41 i1 #cic4 ,!re !y c>ry ! dead man feet =emo/ out ( ! door because if ! corpse ( ! dead man 7 c>ri$ out o!rwise 8 w&]+ gho/ might come back into ! h\se4 ,! ,greek cu/om1 ?\gh 9 ,hom]ic times long fad$ to a m]e symbol1 mu/ be suppos$ to h dep5d$ orig9ally ^u simil> fe>s ( ! return ( ! s\l4 7,simil> precautions aris+ f ! same belief 7 cu/om>y at fun]als else:]e3 ,old5b]g1 ,rel4 d4 ,v$a1 #egc-d #dhi ,f4,t44 ,rob9sohn1 ,psy*ol4 d4 ,naturv41 #de f47 ,belief 9 ! incomplete dep>ture ( ! s\l f ?is _w has dictat$ ^! cu/oms1 too4 #bga3 ,! details ( ! proc$ure until ! fun]al dirge are giv5 9 ,s #cdc-ee4 #bha3 tu_/mbos & /_/l1 ,p #deg1 #fge1 ,r #dcd1 ,l #cga1 m #ad4 ,a heap$-up sma z ! burial-place ( ,eetion r\nd :i* ! ,nymphs plant elms3 ,z #dai ff4--:i* pres]ves a trace ( ! cu/om1 obta9+ also 9 lat] times1 ( plant+ trees & ev5 a :ole grove r\nd ! grave4 #bia3 kte_/rea kt]e_/ze9 9 ! =mula sma_/ te_/ hoi *euai kai epi kte_/rea kt]e_/ze91 a #bia1 b #bbb4 ,"h ! kt]e_/ze9 comes aft] ! heap+ up ( ! grave-m\nd--possibly ! kte_/rea are to be burnt on or at ! grave-m\nd4 ,s*ol4 ,b on ,t #bab is1 h[ev]1 mi/ak5 9 ! rule d$uc$ f ^! cases3 pr\ti_/!san1 eita e_/?apton1 eita etumbo*o_/oun1 eita ekt]e_/zon4 ,all ! cases ref] to ! c]emonial at empty graves4 ,:]e ! body 0 obta9able ! relatives or fri5ds w\ld h burnt ! kte_/rea ) ! body4 ,?is is done 9 ! case ( ,eetion & ,elp5or1 & x mu/ be und]/ood 9 ! close connexion ( ! words en puri k_/ai5 kai epi kte_/rea kt]i_/sai51 #ch1 & aga9 o_/phr' he_/t>on ?a_/ptoi kai epi kte_/rea kt]i_/sei51 g #bhe4 #cja3--;a cu/om t orig9ally belong$ to all primitive peoples & rema9$ 9 =ce = a v long "t among _m ( !m4 ,all ! possessions ( a dead ,inca rema9 8 own absolute prop]ty3 ,prescott1 ,p]u#d1 i1 #ca4 ,among ! ,abipones ( ,p>aguay all ! possessions ( ! dead are burnt3 ,klemm1 ,culturges4 ii1 #ii4 ,! ,albanians ( ! ,caucasus buri$ all ! dead man's possessions ) him1 kai dia t\to pe_/ntes zs9 ouden patron e_/*ontes1 ,/r4 #ejc4 ,( anci5t orig9 are also ! extravagant burial cu/oms ( ! ,m+relians liv+ 9 :at 0 =m]ly ,albania3 ,*>d91 ,voy4 en ,p]se 7ed4 9999,langls71 i1 #cbe1 #bih1 #cad1 #cbb4 #dh #caa3 ,examples giv5 by ,o4 ,jahn1 ,p]sius1 p4 #bai f94 #cba3 psu* d' ek rhe!_/n ptame_/n ,a_/d_/sde beb_/kei1 hon po_/tmon goo_/sa lip\s' &rotta kai hbn1 ,p #gef4 ,* #cfb cf4 ,u #bid1 ,n #dae4 psu* d' ,ad_/sde katl!n1 k #efj1 l #fe4 ,complete dep>ture into ! dep?s ( ! k+dom ( ,hades is m cle>ly express$ 9 su* words z bai_/n d_/mon ,a_/dos ei_/s1 #bdf1 ki_/on ,a_/dos ei_/s1 ,z #dbb1 etc4 ,aga91 9 l #aej1 ! s\l ( ,teiresias :ile speak+ to ,odysseus is /ill 9 ,hades 9 ! wid] s5se b is m exactly on ! extreme edge ( t region3 we are told psu* men e_/b d_/mon ,a_/dos ei_/s--n[ at la/ x goes back aga9 into ! dep?s ( ! ,k+dom ( ,hades4 #cca3 ,ari/onikos on ,ps #ajd3 h dipl ho_/ti tas tn ata_/phn psu*as ,ho_/mros e_/ti sz\_/sas tn phro_/ns9 hupoti_/!tai4 7,r too sy/ematically put by ,porph4 ap4 ,/ob41 ,ecl4 i1 p4 #dbb1 #bj ff41 #dbe1 #be ff4 ,w47 ,elp5or is ! fir/ to approa* ,odysseus' sacrificial tr5* ou ga_/r p ete_/?apto1 l #eb4 ,8 psu*_/ _h n yet be5 receiv$ into ,hades 7,rh4 ,mus4 #a1 #fae74 ,a*illes' treatm5t ( ! body ( ,hektor %[s t he ?\ght ( 8 enemy 7because he 0 /ill unburi$7 z be+ able to feel :at 0 done to him3 lac]>i eum et s5tire cr$o putat1 ,cic41 ,,td4 i1 #aje4 #cda3 ,pl94 vii1 #ahg1 expla9s ! *ange among ! ,romans f burial to cremation z be+ due to ! fe> t 9 times ( w> & di/urbance ! dead might be depriv$ ( _! re/4 ,if a man dies 9 w> "t1 i4e4 dur+ a p]iod ( tempor>y nomadism1 8 body is burnt1 b a limb 7sometimes ! head7 is cut (f to be tak5 home & buri$ ad quod s]vatum iu/a fi]5t1 ,paul4 ,fe/i1 #adh1 #aa2 ,v>ro1 ,,ll4 v1 #bc2 ,cic41 ,lg4 ii1 #ee1 #fj4 ,! same cu/om is f\nd among c]ta9 ,g]man tribes3 see ,we9hold1 ,sitzb4 ,wi54 ,ac4 xxix1 #aef2 xxx1 #bjh4 ,ev5 among ! negroes ( ,gu9ea & ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians practices resembl+ ! os resectum ( ! ,romans are f\nd 9 ! case ( ^? :o die 9 w> 9 =eign c\ntry2 cf4 ,klemm1 ,culturg4 iii1 #big2 ii1 #ih f4 ,9 e case burial is reg>d$ z ! anci5t & traditional mode ( dispos+ ( ! dead1 & ! "o /rictly requir$ on religi\s gr\nds4 #cea3 ,only once is !re any m5tion ( tak+ home ! burnt bones1 #ccd f4 ,ari/>*4 rightly recogniz$ ?is z be+ 9 conflict ) ! normal conceptions & practice ( ,hom] & reg>d$ ! l9es z ! composition ( a lat] poet 7,s*4 ,a ad loc4 & on ,d #agd2 ,s*4 ,,emq41 g #aji74 ,! l9es may h be5 ins]t$ to acc\nt = ! abs5ce f ! ,troad ( su* enorm\s grave-m\nds z ! burial ( ! a%es ( bo? armies %\ld h produc$4 ,! same reason--! desire express$ 9 ^! l9es to br+ back ^? :o h di$ 9 a =eign c\ntry to _! own l& at la/--is impli$ z ! orig9 ( cremation 9 ! illu/rative /ory ( ,h]akles & ,argeios1 ! son ( ,likymnios1 9 ! hi/ori_/a 7d]iv$ f ,&ron7 ( ,s*4 ,a on ,a #eb4 #cfa3 ,kl4 ,s*r4 ii1 #baf1 #bbj4 #cga3 ,x w\ld apply bett] to ,roman beliefs2 cf4 ,vg41 ,a4 iv1 #fih-i--?\gh ev5 t means some?+ else4 7,cf4 also ,old5b]g1 ,rel4 d4 ,v$a1 #ehe1 #b47 #cha3 ,cf4 esp4 ,ps #ge-f1 l #bah-bb4 #cia3 ,s]v4 ad ,a4 iii1 #fh3 ,aegyptii condita diutius s]vant cadav]a scilicet ut anima multo tempore p]duret et corpori sit obnoxia nec cito ad aliud transeat4 ,romani contra faciebant1 combur5tes cadav]a ut /atim anima 9 g5]alitatem1 i4e4 9 suam naturam r$iret 7! pan!i/ic t\* may be neglect$74--,cf4 ! acc\nt giv5 by ,ibn ,foslan ( ! burial cu/oms ( ! pagan ,russians #di 7quot$ f ,frhn by ,j4 ,grimm1 ,kl4 ,s*r4 ii1 #bib73 ! pref]5ce = burn+ 0 due to ! idea t ! s\l 0 less quickly set free on its way to ,p>adise :5 ! body 0 buri$ intact1 ?an :5 x 0 de/roy$ by fire4 #dja3 ,cf4 ! ,hymn ( ! ,rigv$a 7x1 #af7 :i* is to be said at a cremation1 esp4 v4 #b1 #i 7quot$ by ,zimm]1 ,alt9d4 ,leb51 #djb f471 & also ,rigv4 x1 #ad1 #h 7,zimm]1 p4 #dji74 ,! ,indians also wi%$ to prev5t ! return ( ! dead to ! _w ( ! liv+4 ,! feet ( ! corpse 7 *a9$ s t ! dead c\ld n return 7,zimm]1 p4 #djb74 #daa3 ,x lies at ! root ( ! /ories ( ,demet] & ,demophoon 7or ,triptolemos71 & also t ( ,!tis & ,a*illes1 :5 ! goddess1 lay+ ! mortal *ild 9 ! fire1 p]i_/rei tas ?ntas sa_/rkas1 e_/ph!ir5 ho n aut ?nto_/n1 9 ord] to make x immortal 7cf4 ,prell]1 ,dem4 u4 ,p]seph41 #aab72 cf4 also ! cu/om obs]v$ at c]ta9 fe/ivals 78 ( ,hecate1 cf4 ,b]gk1 ,,plg4 iii1 #fhb7 ( light+ fires 9 ! /reets & leap+ ?r\gh ! flames c>ry+ *ildr51 see ,grimm 7,e4,t471 p4 #fbe2 cf4 also ,cic41 ,div4 i1 #dg3 o praecl>um discessum cum ut ,h]culi contigit mortali corpore cremato 9 lucem animus excessit6 ,ov41 ,m41 ix1 #bej3 ,luc41 ,h]m41 #g2 ,q4,s4 v1 #fdj ff4 7,= m ab\t ! purify+ effects ( fire1 see bel[1 *ap4 ix1 n4 #abg47 #dba3 ,no?+ else ?an ?is is impli$ by ! words ( #dji-aj1 ou gar tis pheid neku_/n katate?n_/tn gi_/gnet'1 epei_/ ke ?a_/nsi puros meilisse_/m5 ka4 ,! s\ls ( ! dead mu/ be quickly assuag$ ) fire 7_! long+ gratifi$7 & s _! bodies are burnt4 ,purification f :at is mortal & unclean1 :i* ,diet]i* 7,nekyia1 #aig1 #c7 ?9ks is ref]r$ to 9 ?is passage1 is c]ta9ly n sugge/$ z su* by ! words ( ! poet4 #dca3 ,light may be incid5tally ?r[n on ! "q ( ! transition f burial to cremation by su* a /ory z t :i* an ,icel&ic ,saga tells ( a man :o is buri$ by 8 own wi% be=e ! door ( 8 h\se2 b z he return$ & did mu* mis*ief 8 body 0 exhum$ & burnt & ! a%es scatt]$ ov] ! sea 7,we9hold1 ,altnord4 ,leb51 #dii74 ,we (t5 read 9 old /ories h[ ! body ( a dead man :o goes ab\t z a vampire is burnt4 ,8 s\l is !n exorciz$ & _c come back aga94 #dda3 ,x is natural to ?9k ( ,asiatic influ5ce4 ,cremation he>?s h rec5tly 7#ahic7 be5 discov]$ 9 ,babylonia4 #dea3 ,see ,helbig1 ,d4 ,hom4 ,epos aus d4 ,d5km4 erl41 #db f4 #dfa3 ,t ! m5 ( ! ,myc5aean culture1 ?\gh mu* affect$ by =eign influ5ces1 7 ,greeks--! ,greeks ( ! ,h]oic age ( :om ,hom] speaks--may n[ be reg>d$ z c]ta9 7see esp4 ,e4 ,reis*1 ,v]h4 ,wi54 ,philol41 #ii ff474 #dga3 ,see ,s*liemann1 ,myc5ae1 ,e4,t41 #aee1 #afe1 #bac-ad4 #dha3 ,helbig4 ,hom4 ,epos#b1 p4 #eb4 #dia3 ,cf4 ,k4 ,we9hold1 ,sitzb4 ,wi54 ,ak41 #aheh 7,phil4 hi/4 ,cl471 xxix1 pp4 #aba1 #abe1 #ada4 ,! rem>kable co9cid5ces betwe5 ! ,myc5aean & ^! ,nor? ,european burial cu/oms d n seem z yet to h be5 notic$4 7,! object ( ?is elaborate f\ndation & cov]+ may h be5 to pres]ve ! corpse f decay long]1 & especially f ! effects ( damp47 #eja3 ,also 9 ! dom$ grave ( ,dim9i3 ,a?4 ,mit?41 xii1 #ach4 #eaa3 ,! s\l ( a dead man f :om a fav\rite possession is )held returns 7equally :e!r ! body & ! possessions ) x are burnt or buri$74 ,! /ory 9 ,lucian1 ,philops41 xxvii1 ( ! wife ( ,eukrates 7cf4 ,hdt4 v1 #ib71 is q 9 accordance ) popul> belief4 #ej #eba3 ,s*liemann1 ,myc41 #bab-ac3 see plan ,f4 ,a simil> alt> 9 ! ,hall ( ! ,palace ( ,tiryus3 ,s*u*h>dt1 ,s*liemann's ,exc4 7,e4,t471 p4 #ajg4 #eca3 es*a_/ra is ess5tially eph' hs tois h_/rs9 apo?u_/om51 ,poll4 i1 #h2 cf4 ,nean!s ap4 ,ammon41 ,diff4 ,voc41 p4 #cd ,v4 ,su* an alt> re/$ directly on ! gr\nd )\t any?+ int]v5+ 7m e_/*\sa hu_/psos all' epi gs hidrume_/n71 x is r\nd 7/rogguloeid_/s7 & holl[ 7koi_/l73 cf4 esp4 ,h>p41 #hg1 #ae ff4 ,phot41 s4v4 es*a_/ra 7#b glosses72 ,,ab4 #bef1 #cb2 ,,em41 #chd1 #ab ff42 ,s*4 on z #eb2 ,eu/41 ,od41 p4 #aici 7ps #ga73 ,s*4 ,eur41 ,ph41 #bhd4 ,x is evid5t t ! es*a_/ra is n v f> remov$ f ! sacrificial tr5* ( ! cult ( ! dead3 ?us x is actually call$ also bo_/?ros2 ,s*4 ,eur41 ,ph41 #bgd 7skapt_/ ,s4 ,byz41 #aia1 #g ,me9474 #eda3 ,/5gel has a diff]5t view 7,*?on4 u4 ,todt41 #dbg1 #b74 ,,ii #eea3 ,x is d\btful :e!r ,hom] ev5 knew ( dream-oracles 7:i* w\ld be closely relat$ to oracles ( ! dead999974 ,t 9 ,a #fc egkoi_/msis is at lea/ allud$ to 7z ,ngelsba*1 ,na*hom4 ,!ol41 #agb1 ?9ks7 is by no means c]ta94 ,! oneiropo_/los w\ld n be a prie/ :o int5tionally gave himself up to prophetic sleep & ?us huper hete_/rn onei_/r\s hora1 b r an oneirokri_/ts--an int]pret] ( o!r m5's uns\ght dream-visions4 #efa3 ,ev5 ! riv]-gods & ,nymphs :o are usually conf9$ to _! own homes are call$ to ! agora_/ ( all ! gods 9 ,olympos1 ,u #d ff4 ,^! deities :o rema9 fix$ 9 ! locality ( _! wor%ip are weak] ?an ! ,olympians j because !y are n elevat$ ) ! re/ to ! ideal summit ( ,olympos4 ,kalypso resign$ly admits ?is1 e #afi f41 ei_/ ke !oi_/ g' e!_/lsi1 toi ouranon eurun e_/*\s91 hoi_/ meu phe_/rt]oi_/ eisi nosai_/ te krnai_/ te4 ,!y h sunk to ! second rank ( deities4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 nev] ?\ght ( z free & indep5d5t1 b z a m]e addition to ! k+dom ( ,zeus & ! o!r ,olympians4 #ega3 ,exx4 9 ,ngelsba*1 ,hom4 ,!ol4#b1 #chg f4 7phre_/nes71 ,w4 ,s*rad]1 ,jb4 f4 ,philol4 #ahhe1 p4 #afc f4 7tor74 #eha3 ,! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( m ?an "o s\l 9 ! same p]son is v wide-spread4 ,see ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 ,am]ic4 ,urrelig41 p4 #ff1 #bjg f41 ,tylor1 i1 #dcb f4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! five spiritual p[]s dwell+ )9 man giv5 by ! ,ave/a re/s ^u simil> gr\nds 7,geig]1 ,civ4 ( ,ea/4 ,iran1 #a1 #abd ff474 ,ev5 9 ,hom] ,gomp]z1 ,greek ,?9k]s1 i1 #bdi1 f9ds a two-s\l !ory fully develop$4 ,accord+ to him ,hom] recognizes 9 ! ?umo_/s--a ^w suppos$ to be d]iv$ f ! /eam ris+ f fre%ly %$ & /ill w>m blood--a second s\l 9 addition to ! psu*_/3 a smoke-s\l side by side ) ! brea?-s\l4 ,b if by s\l a some?+ is meant--z x mu/ be 9 popul> psy*ology--:i* is add$ indep5d5tly to ! body & its faculties1 some?+ :i* lives sep>ately 9 ! body & aft] ! dea? ( ! body 7) :i* x is n indissolubly unit$7 dissociates itself & goes (f indep5d5tly--!n ! ?umo_/s ( ,hom] _c be call$ a s\l or a d\ble ( ! psu*_/4 ,aga9 & aga9 ! ?umo_/s is cle>ly ref]r$ to z a m5tal faculty ( ! liv+ body2 ei!r ?9k+ or will+ or m]ely feel+ 7?um noe_/1 ?um deisai1 g?_/sei ?um1 e*ol_/sato ?um1 _/r>e ?umon edd1 etc47 is conduct$ by its means4 ,x is ! seat ( ! emotions 7me_/nos e_/llabe ?umo_/n7 & belongs to ! body ( ! liv+ man1 & is especially enclos$ 9 ! phre_/nes4 ,9 ! face ( #ea ?is x is impossible to reg>d x z some?+ indep5d5t ( ! body or z any?+ else ?an a special faculty ( ! same liv+ body4 ,once1 inde$1 #aca1 ! ?umo_/s is spok5 (1 in/ead ( psu*_/ z t :i* goes d[n to ,haides1 b ?is c only be an error or an ov]sight 7see also bel[1 *4 xi1 n4 #b74 ,accord+ to ,hom]ic ideas--& ?is is a conception repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 9 ,greek lit]ature & ev5 9 ,greek philosophy--! body has all its vital p[]s 9 itself1 n m]ely ?umo_/s b me_/nos1 no_/os1 mtis1 b\l_/4 ,yet x only acquires life :5 supplem5t$ by ! psu*_/1 :i* is some?+ diff]5t f all ^! bodily p[]s--some?+ ) an indep5d5t be+ ( its own & alone des]v+ ! "n s\l1 a "n :i* belongs z little to ?umo_/s z to no_/os4 ,gomp]z ?9ks t ?umo_/s1 etc41 7 at fir/ ! only recogniz$ faculties ( ! body & t psu*_/ 0 only 7= ! ,greeks7 add$ lat]4 ,?is is c]ta9ly n to be made out f ,hom]--or any o!r "p ( ,greek lit]ature4 #eia3 p]i psu*s !_/on1 ,* #afa2 p]i psu*e_/n ema_/*onto1 * #bde2 psu*n p>aballo_/m5os1 ,i #cbb2 psu*as p>!_/m5oi1 g #gd1 i #bee2 psu*s anta_/xion1 ,i #dja2 & cf4 i #ebc3 ai gar d psu*s te kai aino_/s se dunai_/mn eun9 poi_/sas pe_/mpsai d_/mon ,a_/dos ei_/s4 ,no "o /rictly speak+ c g into ,hades b]eft ( 8 psu*_/1 = x is ! psu*_/ alone :i* goes !re4 ,?us psu*_/ "h cle>ly life1 z is %[n also by ! addition ( ! words kai ainos = ! sake ( cle>ness4 ,x is m d\btful :e!r ?is is ! explanation ( psu*s o_/le?ros1 ,* #cbe1 or ( psu*as ole_/santes1 ,n #gfc1 #afh4 ,o!r passages adduc$ by ,ngelsb41 ,hom4 ,?4#b1 #cha1 & ,s*rad]1 ,jb4 f4 ,philol4 #ahhe1 p4 #afg1 ei!r admit or require ! mat]ial s5se ( ! ^w psu*_/3 e4g4 ,e #fif ff41 ,? #abc1 s #ia1 etc4 ,,iii #fja3 ,a m detail$ /atem5t & docum5tation ( ! foll[+ analysis ( ! ,nekyia 9 ,od4 l w be f\nd 9 ,rh4 ,mus4 #a1 #fjj ff4 7#ahie74 ,kl4 ,s*r4 ii1 #bee4 #faa3 ,! in=mation giv5 by ,teiresias1 l #ajg ff41 ab\t ,?r9akia & ! cattle ( ,helios seems to be put 9 su* a brief & inadequate =m j because ! full] acc\nt giv5 by ,kirke1 m #abg1 0 already kn[n to ! poet :o did n wi% to repeat ?is ^w = ^w4 #fba3 ,a f9al example ( su* pictures int5d$ to sugge/ ! backgr\nd ( ! ,odyssey is ! conv]sation betwe5 ,a*illes & ,agamemnon 9 ! second ,nekyia1 #ai ff4 ,! compos] ( ^! l9es has und]/ood q correctly ! mean+ & purpose ( 8 model1 ! orig9al ,nekyia ( l1 ?\gh 8 cont9uation ( x is c]ta9ly v clumsy4 #fca3 k #eci-dj is borr[$ f d #chi-ij1 #dgj4--;,i f9d aft] writ+ ?is t ,kamm] _h already sugge/$ imitation ( d 9 ! ,nekyia3 ,e9heit d4 ,od41 #did f4 #fda3 ,x is /rik+ 7& may h "s special reason7 t 9 ,kirke's acc\nt !re is no m5tion ( ! ,kimm]ians4 ,x is easi] to see :y ! c>eful description ( ! c\ntry 9 ,kirke's spee*1 k #eji-ae1 is n aft]w>ds repeat$ b m]ely recall$ to ! memory ( ! read] 9 a few words 7l #ba-b74 #fea3 ,i c see no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! conception & situation ( ,hades z indicat$ 9 ! ,iliad & ! acc\nt giv5 9 ! ,nekyia ( ! ,odyssey4 ,j4 ,h4 ,voss & ,nitzs* 7 "r 9 ?is matt]4 ,nor d ! additional details giv5 9 ! second ,nekyia ( ess5tially conflict 7z ,teuffel1 ,/ud4 u4 ,*>act41 ?9ks7 ) ! description ( ! fir/ ,nekyia4 ,x does n adh]e #eb slavi%ly to its orig9al1 b x re/s ^u ! same fundam5tal conceptions4 #ffa3 ,s*4 ,h4,q41 k #ead1 ,puriphlege_/?n1 _/toi to pur to aphani_/zon to sa_/rk9on tn brotn1 cf4 ,apollodor41 p4 !n1 ap4 ,/ob41 ,ecl4 i1 p4 #dbj1 #i ,w4 ,puriphlege_/?n ei_/rtai apo t\ puri phle_/ge/hai t\s teleutntas4 #fga3 ,a*]on1 too1 seems to be reg>d$ z a riv]4 ,! s\l ( ! unburi$ ,patroklos1 :i* has already dep>t$1 an' eurupules ,a_/dos d1 & has !re=e pass$ ov] ,okeanos1 is prev5t$ by ! o!r s\ls f pass+ ov] ! riv]1 ,ps #gb f4 ,?is c h>dly be ! ,okeanos1 & mu/1 !re=e1 be ,a*]on 7s1 too1 ,porph4 ap4 ,/ob41 ,ecl4 i1 p4 #dbb f41 #dbf ,w474 k #eae does n 9 ! lea/ prove t ,a*]on 0 ?\ght ( z a lake & n a riv]1 z ,b]gk1 ,opusc4 ii1 #fie1 ?9ks4 #fha3 ,cf4 l #bjf ff41 #bji-cic ff41 #dge4 #fia3 ,see ,p #hea ff4 7,patroklos71 ,* #ceh ff4 7,hektor71 l #fi ff4 ,beh9d ea* ( ^! !re lies ! anci5t belief t ! s\l 9 ! mom5t ( escape a*ieves a high] /ate ( be+ & returns to a =m ( k indep5d5t ( s5se-p]ception 7cf4 ,artemon ap4 ,s*41 ,p #hed1 ,ari/4 fr4 #ab 7#aj7 ,r474 ,o!rwise ?is p[] belongs to gods &1 /rictly1 only to ,zeus1 :o c =esee ev]y?+ 79 ,hom]74 ,b ! /atem5ts are int5tionally modifi$ to sugge/ an undef9$ middle position betwe5 prophecy 9 ! full s5se & m]e /o*a_/ze/hai 7cf4 ,s*4 ,b4,v41 ,* #cei7--;,* #cei at ! mo/ may g beyond ?is po9t4 #gja3 l #bah-bd4 #gaa3 o_/n arneion rhe_/ze91 ?lu_/n te me_/la9an1 eis ,e_/rebos /re_/psas1 k #ebg f4 ,f ! ^w me_/la9an ! o_/n arneion is also to be und]/ood apo ko9\ z be+1 m precisely1 black 7& s aga9 9 #egb7--! ram (f]$ to ! gods 7or ,s\ls7 ( ! und]world is regul>ly black4 eis ,e_/rebos /re_/psas1 i4e4 b5d+ ! head d[nw>ds 7n t[>ds ! we/7 es bo_/?ron1 l #cf--;z ,nitzs* rightly expla9s x4 ,ev]y?+ corresponds to ! regul> e_/ntoma ( lat] times = ! und]world be+s 7cf4 ,/5gel1 ,zts*4 f4 ,gymn41 #ahhj1 p4 #gdc f474 #gba3 ko9_/ tis p>a an?r_/pois e/in hupo_/lpsis ho_/ti nekroi kai dai_/mones si_/dron phob\ntai1 ,s*4 ,q41 l #dh4 ,x is really ! s\nd ( ! bronze or iron t drives away spirits3 ,luc41 ,philops4 #ae 7cf4 ,o4 ,jahn1 ,ab]gl4 d4 bs4 ,blicks1 #gj74 ,b ev5 ! m]e pres5ce ( iron objects is suffici5t3 ,aug4 ,hom4 de sacrileg4 7ab\t ! sev5? c5tury71 #bb1 /ates t to ! sacrilegi belong among o!rs ^? :o we> r+s or armlets ( iron1 aut qui 9 domo sua quaecumque de f]ro1 propt] ut daemones timeant1 ponunt4 #gca3 ,! idea t ! ,!sprotian nekuomanteion by ! riv] ,a*]on 0 ! orig9al ( ! ,hom]ic picture 0 fir/ />t$ by ,paus4 #a1 #ag1 #e4 ,he 0 foll[$ by ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,introd4 to a ,sci5tific ,sy/em ( ,my?41 pp4 #big-h 7,e4 ,t41 ,leit*71 :o has be5 foll[$ by _m o!rs4 ,b x has sc>cely m ju/ification ?an has e4g4 ! localization ( ! ,hom]ic entrance to ,hades at ,cumae1 ,h]akleia ,pont4 7cf4 ,rh4 ,mus4 #cf1 #eee ff471 or o!r places ( anci5t wor%ip ( ! dead 7e4g4 ,pylos74 ,at su* places ! traditional names ( ,a*]on1 ,kokytos1 ,pyriphlege?on 7 easily introduc$--b tak5 f ,hom] & n com+ !nce into ,hom]4 ,! fact t x is j ?is ,!sprotian oracle ( ! dead t is m5tion$ 9 ,hdt4's well-kn[n /ory 7v1 #ib 7 does n at all prove t ?is 0 ! olde/ ( all su* oracles4 #gda3 ,to ?is ext5t ,lobeck's d5ial ( necromancy to ! ,hom]ic poems 7,agl4 #caf7 may1 p]haps1 require to be modifi$2 b s modifi$ x may be accept$4 #ec #gea3 ,9 accordance ) primeval sacrificial cu/om4 ,to ! dead only female 7or ca/rat$7 animals are (f]$ 7see ,/5gel1 ,*?on4 u4 ,todt5c41 #dbd74 ,"h x is a /eira b\s1 a_/gona tois ago_/nois 7,s*474 ,s among ! ,indians1 to ! ,manes t are )\t ! p[]s ( life & procreation a we!r in/ead ( a ram 0 (f]$3 ,old5b]g1 ,rel4 d4 ,v$41 #ceh #cjf ,fr4 ,t44 #gfa3 #eib ff4 ,a*illes says to ! dead ,patroklos m_/ moi ,pa_/trokle skudma9e_/m5 ai_/ ke pu_/?ai e9 ,a_/d_/s p] en ho_/ti ,he_/ktora dion e_/lusa patri phi_/l1 e_/pei ou_/ moi aeike_/a dk5 a_/po9a4 soi d' au eg kai tnd' apoda_/ssomai ho_/ss' epe_/oik54 ,! possibility t ! dead 9 ,hades may be able to "k :at is happ5+ 9 ! upp] _w is ref]r$ to only hypo!tically 7ai_/ ke7--n s1 h[ev]1 ! int5tion ( giv+ ! dead man a %>e 9 ! gifts ( ,priam 7di' epitaphi_/n eis auton ag_/nn z ,s*4 ,b4,v4 on #eid ?9ks74 ,! /rang5ess ( su* a promise seems to h be5 "o ( ! reasons t made ,ari/>*4 7unju/ly7 a!tize ll4 #eid-e4 #gga3 #dj-a4 ,?is is n un-,hom]ic1 cf4 esp4 ,x #def4 ,?us on _m vase-pa9t+s we see ! psy*e ( a fall5 w>rior fly+ ov] ! corpse1 (t5 clad 9 full arm\r1 b v dim9utive 9 size--to express invisibility4 #gha3 ,/rictly speak+ ,odysseus is suppos$ to ent] into conv]sation ) ! wom5 :ile ea* in=ms him ( h] fate 7#bca-d72 e n[ & !n comes a pha_/to #bcf1 ph #bcg1 eu_/*eto #bfa1 pha_/ske #cjf4 ,b ! :ole section is little m ?an a review at :i* ,odysseus assi/s )\t tak+ any real "p4 #gia3 ,cf4 ,rh4 ,mus4 #a1 #fbe ff4 ,! ne>e/ p>allel to su* a di/9ction betwe5 an ei_/dlon & ! fully animat$ auto_/s is to be f\nd 9 :at ,/esi*oros 7& ,hesiod be=e him3 see ,p>aphr4 ant4 ,lyc41 #hbb1 p4 #ga1 ,s*e]1 & ,,plg4 iii1 p4 #bae7 relates ( ,hel5 & h] ei_/dlon4 ,prob4 ?is latt] /ory gave rise to ! ins]tion ( ^! l9es1 l #fjb ff4 #hja3 ,cf4 #fbc ff4 #haa3 ,welck]1 ,gr4 ,gtt]l4 i1 #hah1 & o!rs foll[+ him4 #hba3 ,apollod4 #a1 #i1 #c1 #b2 ,s*41 ,a #ahj 7p4 #ah;b1 #bc ff41 ,bekk47 gives z reason = ! puni%m5t ( ,sisyphos t he betray$ to ,asopos ! rape ( 8 daught] ,aig9a by ,zeus4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n re/ ^u good epic tradition4 ,ano!r /ory foll[s up ! betrayal ) ! my? ( ! outwitt+ ( ,dea? & !n ,hades by ,s41 aft] :i* he is s5t d[n to ,hades aga9 & puni%$ by ! task ( ! endless /one-roll+4 ,! /ory ( ! d\ble outwitt+ ( ! p[]s ( dea? 7cf4 ! simil> fairy tale ( ,spielhansel3 ,grimm1 ,fairy ,tales1 n4 #hb1 & ,anm41 vol4 ii1 p4 #afc1 ed4 #aiae7 is obvi\sly int5d$ humor\sly1 & s x seems to h be5 treat$ 9 a satyr-drama ( ,aes*41 ! ,si_/suphos drape_/ts ,s*41 ,z #aec4 ,! fact t ?is /ory ends 9 ! puni%m5t ( ! /one-roll+ ought to be suffici5t w>n+ aga9/ tak+ x 9 ! s]i\s & edify+ s5se 9 :i* ,welck] & 8 foll[]s int]pret x4 ,x is q contr>y to anci5t ideas to suppose t ,sis4 is puni%$ = 8 cunn+ z a w>n+ to o!r crafty 7z well z good7 m54 ,9 ,z #aec he is call$ ke_/rdi/os &rn z praise & n blame3 s ,ari/>*4 rightly ma9ta9$ & support$ 8 case by cle> anaphora_/ to ! l9e ( ! ,nekyia 7see ,s*41 ,z #aec1 ,k #dd1 ,lehrs1 ,ari/>*4#c1 p4 #aag & l #eic74 ,! idea t ! adj4 ref]s to ! kako_/tropon ( ,s4 is m]ely a misund]/&+ ( ,porph4 ap4 ,s*41 l #che4 ,h[ little anyone ?\ght ( ,s4 z a crim9al1 ev5 ) ! ,hom]ic /ory 9 8 m9d1 is %[n by ! ,platonic ,sokrates :o rejoices 7,apol41 #da ,c7 ov] ! fact t 9 ,hades he w meet1 among/ o!rs1 ,sisyphos 7cf4 also #ed ,?gn41 #gjb ff474 ,! case ( ,sis4 pres5ts ! mo/ s]i\s difficulties t face any attempt to give a moraliz+ s5se 7q outside ! poet's int5tion7 to ! section ( ! ?ree p5it5ts4 7,see also ,rh4 ,mus4 #a1 #fcj47 #hca3 ,g #bgi1 ,t #bfj 7cf4 ,rh4 ,mus4 #a1 #h74 ,nitzs*1 ,anm4 z4 ,od4 iii1 p4 #ahd f41 va9ly employs all ! arts ( int]pretation & criticism to d5y _! obvi\s mean+ to bo? passages4 #hda3 ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,aes*ylus ,eum5ides1 p4 #afg ,e4,t41 #ahec1 p4 #aei4 #hea3 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ also t no legal p5alties aga9/ p]jury exi/$ 9 ,greece1 any m ?an 9 ,rome4 ,!y 7 unnecess>y 9 face ( ! g5]al expectation t ! deity :om ! p]jur] _h invok$ aga9/ himself w\ld take imm$iate rev5ge ^u ! crim9al4 7,esp4 in/ructive are ! words ( ,agamemnon on ! ,trojan brea* ( fai?1 ,d #aeh ff47 ,su* rev5ge w\ld be tak5 ei!r dur+ ! life "t ( ! p]jur]--9 :i* case ! in/rum5ts ( v5geance w\ld be ! spirits ( ,hell1 ! ,er9yes3 ,hes41 ,op41 #hjb ff4--or else aft] dea?4 #hfa3 ,! oa? z a bond 9 fav\r ( ! oa?-gods3 ,?gn41 #aaie f41 m_/ti !\s epi_/orkon epo_/mnu?i1 ou gar anu/on a?ana_/t\s kru_/psai *reios opheilo_/m5on4 ,p]jury w\ld be eis !\s ham>ta_/ne91 ,soph4 fr4 #dca 7#dgb ,p474 #hga3 ,eu/41 ,od41 p4 #afad-ae1 has und]/ood ?is4 ,he calls att5tion to ,pi41 ,p4 #d1 #aei1 ke_/letai gar hean psu*an komi_/zai ,phri_/xos el?o_/ntas pros ,ai_/ta ?ala_/m\s--on :i* passage ! ,s*4 ref]s u back aga9 to ,hom]4 ,bo? passages imply ! same belief3 tn apolome_/nn en xe_/n g tas psu*as eu*ais tis9 epekal\nto apopleo_/ntes hoi phi_/loi eis tn ekei_/nn patri_/da kai edo_/k\n kata_/ge9 aut\s pros t\s oikei_/ous 7,s*4 i #fe f41 ,s*4 1 i #fb74 ,nitzs*1 ,anm4 iii1 #ag-ah1 va9ly attempts to get out ( ! necessity ( see+ 9 ?is act ! fulfilm5t ( a religi\s duty4 ,he supposes t ,odysseus is m]ely satisfy+ a ne$ ( ! he>t1 etc4 ,! real mean+ ( religi\s p]=mance is too (t5 obscur$ by su* e?ical int]pretation4 #hha3 ,! comm& ( ,a!ne to ,telem41 a #bia1 presupposes z univ]sally cu/om>y ! erection ( a c5otaph = ^? :o die 9 =eign l&s unless _! bodies c be obta9$ by _! fri5ds4 ,m5elaos erects an empty tomb to ,agamemnon 9 ,egypt1 d #ehd4 #hia3 d #ehd1 *eu' ,agame_/mnoni tu_/mbon hin' a_/sbe/on kle_/os ei_/4 l #ge f41 sma_/ te_/ moi *euai polis epi ?9i ?ala_/sss1 &ros du/_/noio1 kai essome_/noisi pu_/!/hai4 ,a*illes 9 ! second ,nekyia1 #cj ff41 says to ,agam43 ,w\ld ?\ had/ di$ be=e ,troy1 = !n ! ,a*aeans w\ld h set up a tomb = !e & kai s paidi me_/ga kle_/os _/ra' opi_/ss 7cf4 #ic f41 :]e ,agam4 says to ,a*illes hs su men oude ?ann o_/nom' _/lesas alla_/ toi aiei pa_/ntas ep' an?r_/p\s kle_/os e_/ssetai e/hlon ,a*illeu74 ,! words ( ,hektor1 #hd ff41 %[ h[ ! sma epi platei ,hellspo_/nt s]v$ to rem9d sailors z !y pass$1 &ros men to_/de sma pa_/lai katate?ntos ktl4 & to sugge/ t ?is 0 ! prop] & pr9cipal purpose ( su* erections4--,9 contra/ ) ?is cf4 :at is /at$ ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s3 !y laid _! illu/ri\s dead 9 a *e/ & set !m up on a high place or on a rock by ! bank ( a riv] 9 ord] t !y might be wor%ipp$ by ! pi\s3 ,lipp]t1 ,seel5cult1 p4 #bb4 #ee ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,isl&s ,,( ,,! ,,ble/ ,,translation ,! ,hom]ic picture ( ! %ad[-life ( ! disembodi$ s\l is ! "w ( resignation1 n ( hope4 ,hope w\ld nev] h beguil$ itself ) ! anticipation ( a /ate ( ?+s :i* nei!r af=d$ m5 ! *ance ( fur!r activity aft] dea?1 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 gave !m re/ f ! toil ( life2 "o :i* promis$ !m only a re/less1 purposeless flutt]+ to & fro1 an exi/5ce1 inde$1 b )\t any ( ! cont5t t might h made x wor?y ( ! "n ( life4 ,0 !re nev] any aspiration aft] a m consolatory picture ( ! life aft] dea?8 ,did ! trem5d\s vital en]gies ( t "t really devote !mselves s completely to ! realms ( ,zeus t n ev5 a ray ( hope p5etrat$ to ! ,h\se ( ,hades8 ,we %\ld h _h to suppose s 7 x n = a s+le pass+ glimpse :i* we get ( a di/ant l& ( he>ts' desire1 su* z ev5 ! ,greece t lay "u ! sway ( ! ,hom]ic ord] ( ?+s /ill imag9$ = itself4 ,:5 ,proteus1 ! sea-god :o c\ld =etell ! future1 has f9i%$ in=m+ ,m5elaos1 on ! sea-%ore ( ,egypt1 ( ! circum/ances ( 8 return home to 8 c\ntry & ( ! fate ( 8 de>e/ companions1 he adds ! prophetic words--s ,m5elaos himself in=ms ,telema*os 9 ! f\r? book ( ! ,odyssey 7#efj ff473 ,b ?\1 god-l ,m5elaos1 art n orda9$ to die 9 horse-pa/ur+ ,argos or to meet ?y fate !re2 = ! immortals %all s5d !e f> away to ! ,elysian pla91 to ! ends ( ! _w :]e dwells fair-hair$ ,rhadaman?ys1 & :]e life is mo/ easy = m54 ,!re is nei!r sn[ nor heavy /orms nor ra91 b ,okeanos ev] s5ds zephyrs ) s(t-brea?+ breezes to refre% m5--because ?\ ha/ ,hel5 to wife & art !reby 9 _! eyes ! son-9-law ( ,zeus4 ,^! v]ses all[ u a glimpse into a _w ab\t :i* ! ,hom]ic poems are o!rwise sil5t4 ,at ! end ( ! #ef _w1 by ! ,riv] ,okeanos1 lies ! ,elysian ,pla91 a l& :]e ! sky is always cle>1 z 9 ! l& :]e ! gods live4#ab ,!re dwells ! great ,rhadaman?ys1 n alone1 "o may suppose z m5 are spok5 ( 7#efe1 #efh74 ,?i!r %all ! gods "s day s5d ,m5elaos--he is n to die 7#efb72 t is to say1 he is to rea* t place alive nor %all he suff] dea? !re4 ,! place to :i* he is to be s5t is n a "p ( ! realm ( ,hades1 b a l& on ! surface ( ! e>? set ap>t z ! abode n ( disembodi$ s\ls1 b ( m5 ^: s\ls h n be5 sep>at$ f _! visible selves--= only ?us c !y feel & enjoy ! s5se ( life 7#efe74 ,! picture :i* fancy has drawn "h is ! precise opposite ( ! bless$ immortality ( ! s\l 9 its sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,j because su* an idea rema9$ q un?9kable = ,hom]ic s+]s1 hope s\ght & f\nd an exit f ! %ad[-_w :i* swall[s up all liv+ en]gy4 ,hope imag9$ a l& at ! end ( ! _w1 b /ill ( ?is _w1 to :i* occasionally "s few fav\rites ( ! gods might be translat$ )\t ! psy*e be+ sep>at$ f its body & desc5d+ to ,hades4 ,! actual m5tion ( su* miracul\s translation /&s alone 9 ! ,hom]ic poems1 & ! passage 9 ! ,odyssey seems to h be5 introduc$ by a lat] h&4#bb ,b ! conditions ( su* a miracle are all impli$ )9 ! range ( ,hom]ic ideas4 ,m5elaos is c>ri$ (f by ! p[] ( ! gods & lives an et]nal life f> f ! _w ( mortals4 ,! belief t a god c\ld sudd5ly )draw 8 e>?ly fav\rite f ! eyes ( m5 & invisibly waft him away on ! breeze n infrequ5tly f9ds its application 9 ! battle-sc5es ( ! ,iliad4#cb ,! gods c\ld also make a mortal invisible = a prolong$ p]iod4 ,:5 ,odysseus has be5 s long lo/ to 8 fri5ds !y suspect t ! gods h made him invisible 7,od4 i1 #bce ff472 !y d n reg>d him z dead b ! ,h>pies h c>ri$ him away1 & he is consequ5tly )drawn f all human k5 7,od4 i1 #bda f42 xiv1 #cga74 ,p5elope1 9 h] grief1 prays ei!r = swift dea? ?r\gh ! arr[s ( ,artemis1 or t a /orm w9d may lift h] up & c>ry h] away on d>k pa?ways to ! m\?s ( ,okeanos1 t is1 to ! entrance ( ! ,l& ( ! ,dead 7,od4 xx1 #fa-e2 #gi ff474#db ,to expla9 h] wi% %e recalls a fairy tale ( ! k9d t mu/ (t5 h be5 told 9 ! wom5's qu>t]s2 h[ ! daught]s ( ,p&>eos1 aft] ! viol5t dea? ( _! p>5ts1 7 br\ght up to lovely maid5hood by ,aphrodite & provid$ by ,h]a1 ,artemis1 & ,a!ne ) all k9ds ( gifts & #eg accompli%m5ts2 till "o day :5 ,aphrodite _h gone to ,olympos to ask ,zeus to make a mat* = !m1 ! ,h>pies came & c>ri$ !m (f & made !m ! h&-maid5s ( ! hat$ ,er9yes4#eb ,?is folk-tale reveals m cle>ly ?an is usual ) ! g5]ally cultur$ ,hom]ic n>rative ! popul> belief t m5 might be c>ri$ (f p]man5tly f ! l& ( ! liv+1 &1 )\t see+ dea?1 live on 9 ano!r dwell+-place4 ,= ! daught]s ( ,p&>eos are c>ri$ away alive--to ! ,k+dom ( ! ,dead1 x is true1 = t is :]e !y mu/ g if !y become ! s]vants ( ! ,er9yes1 ! spirits ( ! und]world4#fb ,t is :]e ,p5elope wi%es to be c>ri$ (f1 & )\t dy+ fir/--away f ! l& ( ! liv+ :i* has become intol]able = h]4 ,su* a translation is accompli%$ by means ( ! ,h>pies or ! ,/ormw9d1 :i* is ! same ?+1 s9ce ! ,h>pies are no?+ else b w9d-deities ( a peculi>ly s9i/] k9d4 ,!y may be comp>$ to ! ,devil's ,bride or ! ,:irlw9d's ,bride ( ,g]man folk-tales1 :o rides 9 ! :irlw9d & also c>ries (f m5 ) h]4#gb ,! ,h>pies & :at we are "h told ( !m1 belong to ! vulg> my?ology :i* s seldom f9ds any expression 9 ,hom]2 a popul> folk-lore t c\ld tell ( _m ?+s betwe5 heav5 & e>? ( :i* ! ,hom]ic gr& /yle takes little notice4 ,9 ,hom] ! ,h>pies nev] act on _! own au?ority2 only z ! s]vants ( ! gods or ( a s+le god d !y transport mortals :]e no ^w ( man1 no human p[]1 c rea*4#hb ,! prophesi$ removal ( ,m5elaos to ! ,elysian fields at ! end ( ! _w is only ano!r example ( su* a translation by ! w & ! might ( ! gods4 ,ev5 ! fact t prolong$ habitation 9 t happy l&1 inaccessible to o!r m51 is promis$ to him1 does n diff]5tiate ! fate ( ,m5elaos f t ( ! daught]s ( ,p&>eos1 or f t :i* ,p5elope wi%es = h]self4 ,= ,m5elaos1 h[ev]1 immortal life is promis$ n 9 ,hades1 or ev5 at its entrance1 b 9 a special c\ntry ( ! ble/1 z ?\gh 9 a new k+dom ( ! gods4 ,he is to become a god2 = s9ce to ! ,hom]ic poets god & immortal are int]*angeable t]ms1 a man :o is grant$ immortality 7t is1 ^: psy*e is nev] sep>at$ f 8 visible self7 becomes = !m a god4 ,x is also a ,hom]ic belief t gods c raise mortals to _! own realm1 to immortality4 ,kalypso wi%es to make ,odysseus immortal & ageless = all "t1 t he may rema9 = ev] by h] side 7,od4 v1 #ace f42 #bji f42 xxiii1 #cce f471 #eh t is to say1 make him a god l h]self4 ,! immortality ( ! gods is condition$ by ! eat+ ( ! magic food ambrosia & nect>2#ib man1 too1 by eat+ cont9ually ! food ( ! gods1 becomes an immortal god4 ,:at ,odysseus 9 8 long+ = ! e>?ly home1 to :i* he is drawn by loyalty & duty1 rejects1 has be5 atta9$ by o!r mortals4 ,! ,hom]ic poems c tell ( m ?an "o mortal promot$ to immortal life4 ,z he is /ruggl+ 9 ! /ormy sea rescue comes to ,odysseus 9 ! p]son ( ,ino ,leuko!a1 once ! daught] ( ,kadmos1 :o _h =m]ly be5 a mortal woman1 b n[ 9 ! waves ( ! sea %>es 9 ! hon\r ( ! gods 7,od4 v1 #ccc ff474#ajb ,did "s god ( ! sea be> h] away & imprison h] = ev] 9 8 own elem5t8 ,! belief exi/$ t a god might desc5d f heav5 ev5 ^u an e>?ly maid5 & c>ry h] (f = ev] z 8 sp\se 7,od4 vi1 #bhj f474#aab ,ganym$e1 ! mo/ beautiful ( mortals1 _h be5 c>ri$ away by ! gods to ,olympos to dwell among immortals1 z ! cup-be>] ( ,zeus 7,il4 xx1 #bcb ff474#abb ,he 0 a scion ( ! old ,trojan royal h\se1 to :i* ,ti?onos also belong$1 :om bo? ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey already "k z ! husb& ( ,eos2 f 8 side ! goddess arose e morn+ to br+ ! light ( day to gods & m54#acb ,x appe>s t %e _h translat$ h] belov$ n to ,olympos b to ! di/ant dwell+-place by ! ,riv] ,okeanos f :i* %e sets out 9 ! morn+4#adb ,x 0 ,eos :o _h once borne (f ! beautiful ,orion1 & 9 spite ( ! jeal\sy ( ! o!r gods _h enjoy$ 8 love until ,artemis on ,ortygia _h sla9 him ) h] g5tle arr[ 7,od4 v1 #abb ff474 ,! /ory may be d]iv$ f anci5t />-my?s1 :i* repres5t$ 9 ! language ( my? :at is actually to be obs]v$ 9 ! morn+ sky4 ,b 9 su* my?s ! elem5ts & cele/ial ph5om5a are ?\ght ( z liv+ & animate l m54 ,& 9 ! same way1 ^! />-spirits1 9 accordance ) ! regul> developm5t ( leg5d1 h long ago sunk1 = ! ,hom]ic poet1 to ! level ( e>?ly y\?s & h]oes4 ,if ! goddess c raise ,orion into h] own k+dom1 !n1 accord+ to ! belief ( ! "t 7:i* is all t matt]s to u "h71 ! same ?+ might happ5 to any mortal ?r\gh ! fav\r ( ! gods4 ,a simple imitation ( ! same leg5d 9 a purely human sett+ is ! /ory ( ,kleitos1 a y\? ( ! family ( ! se] ,melamp\s1 :om ,eos has c>ri$ (f = ! sake ( 8 beauty t he may dwell among ! gods 7,od4 xv1 #bdi f474 #ei #b ,! translation1 !n1 ( ,m5elaos1 :ile /ill alive1 to ! ends ( ! e>? to live !re 9 p]petual bless$ness is inde$ a miracle1 b a miracle t f9ds its ju/ification & prec$5t 9 ! range ( ,hom]ic belief4 ,! only ?+ new ab\t x is t ,m5elaos has a special dwell+-place assign$ to him1 n 9 ! l& ( ! gods1 ! prop] realm ( immortality1 nor z 9 ! case ( ,ti?onos & z ,kalypso desir$ = ,odysseus1 9 ! company ( a deity1 b 9 a sep>ate place specially allott$ to ! translat$ h]o1 ! ,elysian fields4 ,nor does ?is appe> to be ! inv5tion ( ! writ] ( ^! l9es4 ,he ref]s s briefly to ! ,l& ( ! ,dep>t$#aeb & its delights t we are =c$ to believe t he did n himself orig9ate s entic+ a vision4#afb ,he c only1 9 ! case ( ,m5elaos1 h add$ a fre% companion to ! company ( ! bless$4 ,t ,rhadaman?ys ! ,j dwells !re seems to be kn[n to him f anci5t tradition1 = he evid5tly only int5ds to recall ! fact & does n ?9k x necess>y to ju/ify ?is selection ( ! bro!r ( ,m9os4#agb ,x might ev5 be suppos$ t ! picture ( su* a wond]l& _h be5 inv5t$ & embelli%$ by old] poets simply = ! b5efit ( ,rhadaman?ys4 ,! only novelty is t ?is picture1 :i* has be5 fully adopt$ into ! circle ( ,hom]ic poetry1 n[ includes a h]o ( ! ,trojan epic cycle among ! numb] ( ^? translat$ to t l& ( ev] uncl\d$ happ9ess4 ,! l9es 7 ins]t$1 z has already be5 rem>k$1 at a lat] date1 into ! prophecy ( ,proteus1 & x is h>d n to suppose t ! :ole idea lay f> f ! ?\ghts ( previ\s ,hom]ic s+]s4 ,w\ld ! fl[] ( ! h]oic *ivalry1 includ+ ,a*illes himself1 h be5 doom$ to t dim %ad[-_w 9 :i* we see !m w&]+ 9 ! ,nekyia ( ! ,odyssey1 if a way out into a life exempt f dea? _h already reveal$ itself to imag9ation at ! "t :5 ! ,epic gave ! /amp ( its approval to ! /ories :i* dealt ) ! fate ( ! great] numb] ( ! h]oes8 ,because ! poem ( ! ,trojan ,w> & ! adv5tures ( ! ,return f ,troy _h n yet decid$ ^u ! fate ( ,m5elaos1 a lat] poet c\ld speak ( 8 translation to !--s9ce discov]$--,l& ( ,de/9y4 ,x is highly probable t ev5 at ! "t ( ! composition ( ! ,j\rney to ,hades ( ,odysseus ?is conception--aft]w>ds s important = ! developm5t ( ! ,greek belief 9 immortality--( a seclud$ re/+-place ( liv+ & translat$ h]oes _h n yet be5 completely #fj =mulat$4 ,x fits easily into ! framework ( belief prevail+ 9 ! ,hom]ic poems1 b x is n necess>ily requir$ by t framework4 ,x is natural on ?is acc\nt to suppose t x ent]$ ! ,epic f )\t4 ,&1 rememb]+ ! ,babylonian /ory ( ,hasisatra & ! ,hebrew "o ( ,eno*1#ahb bo? ( :om )\t suff]+ dea? 7 translat$ into ! realm ( immortal life--ei!r to ,heav5 or to ! ,end ( ! ,riv]s to ! gods--we might be incl9$ to foll[ ! fa%ion t prevails 9 "s qu>t]s n[adays1 & believe t ^! e>lie/ ,greek translation leg5ds 7 borr[$ f ,semitic tradition4 ,little1 h[ev]1 w\ld be ga9$ by su* a me*anical d]ivation4 ,"h & 9 all su* cases ! ma9 "q rema9s /ill unansw]$3 :at 7 ! reasons :i* l$ ! ,greek m9d to wi% to borr[ ?is p>ticul> idea at ?is p>ticul> "t f abroad8 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance at lea/1 no?+ argues specially = ! h&+ on ( ! belief 9 translation f "o nation to ano!r r ?an = its indep5d5t orig9 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries out ( simil> ne$s4 ,?is new idea did n contradict ! normal ,hom]ic beliefs ab\t ! s\l b on ! contr>y presuppos$ !m & supplem5t$ !m )\t incongruity4 ,x 0 also1 z we h se51 bas$ ^u conceptions t 7 famili> & natural to ,greek ?\ght4 ,!re 01 inde$1 no ne$ = any /imulus f )\t to produce f ^! mat]ials ! und\bt$ly new & peculi>ly attractive idea ( :i* we receive ! e>lie/ intimation 9 ! prophecy ( ,proteus4 #c ,! importance ( ?is new creation = ! lat] developm5t ( ,greek belief makes x all ! m necess>y to be q cle> z to :at exactly ?is novelty really 04 ,0 x a ,p>adise = ! pi\s & ! j8 ,a sort ( ,greek ,valhalla = ! brave/ h]oes8--or 0 x t a reconciliation & adju/m5t betwe5 virtue & happ9ess su* z ?is life nev] kn[s _h reveal$ itself to ! eyes ( hope 9 a ,l& ( ,promise8 ,no?+ ( ! k9d is w>rant$ by ^! l9es4 ,m5elaos 0 nev] p>ticul>ly rem>kable = ^? virtues :i* ! ,hom]ic age rat$ highe/4#aib ,he is only to be transport$ to ,elysium because he has ,hel5 to wife & is !re=e ! son-9-law ( ,zeus2 su* is ,proteus' prophecy to him4 ,we are n told :y ,rhadaman?ys has rea*$ ! place ( happ9ess2 nor d we le>n x ?r\gh ! title by :i* he 0 ref]r$ to almo/ inv>iably by #fa lat] poets1 ! ,j4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 rem9d ourselves t z bro!r ( ,m9os he 0 also a son ( ,zeus4#bjb ,x 0 n virtue or m]it t gave him a claim to bless$ness aft] ?is life2 inde$1 ( any su* claim we nev] f9d ! lea/ trace4 ,j z ! ret5tion ( ! psy*e 9 ! body & ! consequ5t avoidance ( dea? c occur only z a miracle or by magic--t is1 z an exceptional case--s does translation into ! ,l& ( ,de/9y rema9 a privilege ( a few special fav\rites ( ! gods4 ,no "o c\ld d$uce f su* cases any article ( fai? ( univ]sal application4 ,! ne>e/ p>allel to ?is miracul\s pres]vation ( life = a few individuals 9 a l& ( bless$ repose is to be f\nd 9 ! equally miracul\s pres]vation ( consci\sness 9 ^? ?ree enemies ( ! gods 9 ,hades :om we he> ( 9 ! ,nekyia ( ! ,odyssey4 ,! ,p5it5ts 9 ,erebos & ! bless$ 9 ,elysium correspond3 bo? repres5t exceptions :i* d n de/roy ! rule & d n affect ! ma9 outl9e ( ,hom]ic belief4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 z 9 ! second1 ! omnipot5ce ( ,heav5 has brok5 ?r\gh ! rule4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o owe to ! special fav\r ( ! gods _! escape f dea? & _! translation to ,elysium are ne> relatives ( ! gods4 ,?is seems to be ! only reason = ! fav\r %[n to !m4#bab ,if !re=e any m g5]al reason beyond ! caprici\s good-w ( "s god is to acc\nt = ! translation ( ^! individuals x might p]haps be f\nd 9 ! belief t ne> relation%ip ) ! gods1 t is1 ! v highe/ nobility ( l9eage1 c\ld pres]ve a man f ! desc5t into ! common realm ( hopeless no?+ness aft] ! sep>ation ( ! psy*e f ! body4 ,9 ! same way ! beliefs ( _m primitive peoples repres5t ! ord9>y man z dep>t+ to a joyless c\ntry ( ! dead 7if he is n annihilat$ altoge!r7 :ile ! desc5dants ( gods & k+s1 or ! ari/ocracy1 g to a l& ( un5d+ happ9ess4#bbb ,su* a fancy1 h[ev]1 is only dimly app>5t 9 ! promise made to ,m5elaos2 n[h]e is any?+ said ( a g5]al rule f :i* ! individual case might be d$uc$4-- #d ,b ! individuals :o are admitt$ to an ev]la/+ life 9 ! ,elysian l& at ! end ( ! _w are mu* too di/antly remov$ f ! habitations ( ! liv+ = !m to be cr$it$ ) ! p[] ( influ5c+ ! _w ( m54#bcb ,!y resemble ! gods only 9 ! enjoym5t accord$ to !m ( an un5d+ly consci\s life4 ,( ! omnipot5ce ( #fb ! gods !y h n ! smalle/ %>e#bdb any m ?an ! dwell]s 9 ,erebos1 f ^: fate _! own is o!rwise s diff]5t4 ,we mu/ n suppose1 !re=e1 t ! orig9 ( ! /ories ( ! promotion ( individual h]oes above _! companions & _! translation into a di/ant dwell+-place1 is to be s\ght 9 any cultus (f]$ to ^? individuals 9 _! previ\s e>?ly dwell+-place4 ,e religi\s cult is ! wor%ip ( some?+ real & p[]ful2 no popul> religion & no poet's fancy w\ld h giv5 ! national h]oes1 if !y 7 to be reg>d$ z p[]ful & wor%ipp$ accord+ly1 su* a di/ant & inaccessible home4 ,x 0 ! free activity ( ! poetic fancy :i* creat$ & embelli%$ ?is la/ refuge ( human aspiration ^u ! ,elysian pla94 ,! ne$s :i* ?is new creation 0 *iefly int5d$ to satisfy 7 poetical & n religi\s4 ,! atmosph]e ( ! y\ng] ( ! two ,hom]ic epics already diff]s widely f t ( its old] companion1 ! ,iliad1 ) its h]oic delight 9 ! untir+ manife/ation ( vital en]gy4 ,x is likely t ! feel+s ( ! 9999conqu]ors ( a new home ^u ! ,asiatic coa/ may h diff]$ consid]ably f ^? ( ! same p confirm$ 9 undi/urb$ possession & enjoym5t ( _! conque/s4 ,x seems z if ! ,odyssey reflect$ ! temp] & aspiration ( ^! ,ionian city-dwell]s ( a lat] "t4 ,a _s ( cont5tm5t & leisure seems to fl[ l an und]curr5t ?r\gh ! :ole poem1 & has made = itself a hav5 ( re/ 9 ! mid/ ( ! busy action ( ! /ory4 ,:5 ! poet's own feel+s f9d _! true expression !y %[ u idyllic sc5es ( quiet enjoym5t ( daily life2 magnific5t 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,phacians1 gay & m homely at ! f>m ( ,eumaios2 pictures ( quiet repose aft] ! fights ( ! h]oic pa/1 t h n[ fad$ into a m]e pleasant memory1 su* z we get 9 ! h\se ( ,ne/or1 or 9 ! ,palace ( ,m5elaos & ! rega9$ ,hel54 ,or1 aga91 we h a description ( nature 9 a mood ( lib]ality & g5tl5ess1 z ^u ! isl& ( ,syri1 ! home ( ,eumaios' *ildhood1 ^u :i* 9 ample possession ( cattle1 w9e & corn1 a p live free f necessity & pa91 till !y arrive at a good old age :5 ,apollo & ,artemis ) _! g5tle/ %afts br+ swift dea? to !m 7,od4 xv1 #djc ff474 ,if y ask ! poet :]e ?is =tunate isl& lies he w tell y t x lies ov] !re beyond ,ortygi :]e ! sun turns back4 ,b :]e is ,ortygi1#beb & :o c po9t out ! place :]e ! sun beg9s 8 return j\rney f> 9 ! ,we/8 ,! c\ntry ( idyllic happ9ess lies inde$ almo/ beyond #fc ! limit ( ?is _w4 ,pho5ician m]*ant-m5 :o g ev]y:]e may p]haps rea* t l& z well 7#dae ff471 & ,ionian seam5 9 ?is e>lie/ p]iod ( ,greek colonization into :i* ! composition ( ! ,odyssey rea*es may well h hop$ to f9d f> out ov] ! sea su* propiti\s habitations ( a new life4 ,9 ! same way ! c\ntry & ! life ( ! ,phacians seem l an ideal picture ( an ,ionian /ate newly f\nd$ 9 a di/ant l& f> f ! turmoil1 ! re/less competition1 & all ! limitations ( _! famili> ,greek homes4 ,b ?is uncl\d$ dream-picture1 ba!d 9 pure/ light1 lies f> away 9 a di/ant l& all b inaccessible to man4 ,only by *ance is a /range %ip ca/ away on to t coa/1 & at once ! magic %ips ( ! ,phacians c>ry back ! /rang] ?r\gh night & cl\d to 8 own home aga94 ,true1 !re is no reason to see 9 ! ,phacians a sort ( f]ry-p ( ! dead1 neighb\rs ( ! ,elysian fields4 ,/ill1 ! poetic fancy :i* inv5t$ ! c\ntry ( ! ,phacians is n unrelat$ to t :i* gave rise to ! idea ( an ,elysian pla9 beyond ! b\nds ( ! inhabit$ _w4 ,giv5 ! idea t a life ( untr\bl$ bliss c only be _h 9 ! remote/ conf9es ( ! e>?1 jeal\sly gu>d$ f all intrusion1 only "o m /ep rema9s to be tak5 be=e m5 come to believe t su* bliss is really only to be f\nd :]e nei!r accid5t nor purpose c ev] br+ m51 m remote ev5 ?an ! ,phacians1 ?an ! c\ntry ( ! ?iopians1 ! belov$ ( ! gods1 or ?an ! ,abioi ( ! ,nor?1 already kn[n to ! ,iliad4 ,x mu/ lie beyond ! b\nds ( real life4 ,su* idyllic long+s h giv5 rise to ! picture ( ,elysium4 ,! happ9ess ( ^? :o !re enjoy ev]la/+ life seem$ to be fully safegu>d$ only if _! place ( abode 7 remov$ = ev] beyond ! range ( all exploration1 out ( rea* ( all future discov]y4 ,?is happ9ess is imag9$ z a condition ( p]fect bliss "u ! mo/ b5ignant sky2 easy & untr\bl$ says ! poet1 is ! life ( m5 !re1 9 ?is resembl+ ! life ( ! gods1 b at ! same "t )\t aspiration & )\t activity4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! poet ( ! ,iliad w\ld h consid]$ su* a future wor?y ( 8 h]oes1 or giv5 ! "n ( happ9ess to su* felicity z ?is4 #e ,we 7 oblig$ to assume t ! poet :o ins]t$ ^! inimitably smoo?1 melodi\s v]ses 9 ! ,odyssey 0 n ! fir/ inv5tor or discov]] ( ! ,elysian p>adise beyond #fd ! realm ( mortality4 ,b ?\gh he foll[$ 9 ! foot/eps ( o!rs1 :5 he introduc$ into ! ,hom]ic poem a ref]5ce to ?is new belief1 he 0 giv+ ?is idea = ! fir/ "t an endur+ place 9 ,greek imag9ation4 ,o!r poems might disappe>1 b any?+ t appe>$ 9 ! ,iliad or ! ,odyssey 0 assur$ ( p]petual remembrance4 ,! imag9ation ( ,greek poets or ,greek p nev] gave up ! allur+ fancy ( a di/ant l& ( bless$ness into :i* individual mortals might by ! fav\r ( ! gods be translat$4 ,ev5 ! scanty notices :i* h come d[n to u ( ! cont5ts ( ! h]oic poems t l$ up to1 cont9u$1 or connect$ ! two ,hom]ic ,epics & l9k$ !m up ) ! :ole cycle ( ,!ban & ,trojan leg5d enable u to see h[ ?is po/-,hom]ic poetry took pleasure 9 ! recital ( /ill fur!r examples ( translation4 ,! ,kypria fir/ describ$ h[ ! army ( ! ,a*ans = ! second "t encamp$ 9 ,aulis1 0 deta9$ by adv]se w9ds s5t by ,artemis2 & h[ ,agamemnon on ! advice ( ,kal*as w\ld h sacrific$ 8 own daught] ,iphig5eia to ! goddess4 ,artemis1 h[ev]1 snat*$ away ! maid5 & transport$ h] to ! l& ( ! ,taurians1 & !re made h] immortal4#bfb ,! ,ai?iopis1 a cont9uation ( ! ,iliad1 tells ( ! help br\ght to ! ,trojans by ,p5!sileia & h] ,amazons1 & aft] h] dea? by ,memnon ! ?iopian pr9ce1 an imag9>y repres5tative ( ! ea/]n mon>*ies ( inn] ,asia4 ,antilo*os1 ! new fav\rite ( ,a*illes1 falls 9 ! w>1 b ,a*illes slays ,memnon himself4 ,!reupon ,eos ! "m ( ,memnon 7& kn[n z su* already to ! ,odyssey7 obta9s ! p]mission ( ,zeus to give immortality to h] son4#bgb ,x may be suppos$ t ! poet describ$ :at we see s (t5 repres5t$ ^u ,greek vases3 ! "m be>+ ?r\gh ! air ! dead body ( h] son4 ,accord+ to ! /ory told 9 ! ,iliad1 ,apollo1 ) ! help ( ,sleep & ,dea?1 ! tw9 bro!rs1 bore (f ! body ( ,s>p$on1 ! son ( ,zeus1 to 8 ,lycian home aft] he _h be5 sla9 by ,a*illes1 m]ely 9 ord] t he might be buri$ 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,b ! poet ( ! ,ai?iopis has tri$ to outdo ! /ory 9 ! ,iliad 9 impressiv5ess 7= x 0 evid5tly 8 model71#bhb & has made ,eos1 ) ! p]mission ( ,zeus1 n m]ely c>ry (f ! dead to 8 f>-(f home 9 ! ,ea/1 b !re awak5 him to immortal life4 ,soon aft] ! dea? ( ,memnon fate ov]takes ,a*illes himself4 ,:5 8 body1 rescu$ by 8 fri5ds aft] mu* h>d fight+1 is laid ^u its bi]1 ,!tis1 8 "m1 ) #fe ! ,muses & ! o!r sea-goddesses come & s+ ! fun]al dirge4 ,( ?is we are told 9 ! la/ book ( ! ,odyssey 7xxiv1 #dg ff47 :i* relates fur!r h[ 8 body 0 burnt1 8 bones ga!r$ toge!r & entomb$ "u a m\nd1 & ! psy*e ( ,a*illes dep>t$ to ! ,h\se ( ,hades2 ! :ole /ory be+ told to him 9 ! und]world by ! psy*e ( ,agamemnon4 ,b ! au?or ( ! ,ai?iopis--always rem>kable = 8 bold innovations 9 ! traditional mat]ial--"h v5tures ^u an important new t\*4 ,f ! fun]al pyre1 he tells u1 ,!tis c>ri$ (f ! body ( h] son & br\ght him to ,leuke4#bib ,t %e re/or$ him to life aga9 !re & made him immortal ! "o meagre extract :i* accid5t has pres]v$ to u does n say4 ,b !re c be no "q t t is :at ! poet n>rat$--all lat] acc\nts conclude ! /ory 9 ?is way4 ,! p>allel is cle>3 ! two oppon5ts1 ,a*illes & ,memnon1 are bo? set free f ! fate ( mortals by _! goddess-mo!rs4 ,9 bodies once m re/or$ to life !y cont9ue to live1 n among m51 nor yet among ! gods1 b 9 a di/ant wond]l&--,memnon 9 ! ea/1 ,a*illes 9 ! ,:ite ,isl&4 ,! poet himself c h>dly h imag9$ ,a*illes' ,isl& to h be5 9 ! ,eux9e ,sea1 :]e1 h[ev]1 lat] ,greek sailors locat$ ?is purely my?ical spot4 ,! translation ( ,m5elaos is /ill m closely p>allel$ by ! /ory told 9 ! ,telegoneia1 :i* 0 ! f9al & ! late/-writt5 ( ! ,cyclic poems1 ( ! fate :i* att5d$ ! family ( ,odysseus4 ,telegonos1 ! son ( ,odysseus & ,kirke1 slays 8 fa!r unwitt+ly2 :5 he discov]s 8 mi/ake he br+s ! body ( ,odysseus ) ,p5elope & 9999,telema*os to 8 "m1 ,kirke1 :o makes !m immortal2 & !re !y dwell n[ 79 ! ,isle ,aiaia1 f> away ov] ! sea1 we mu/ suppose--,p5elope z ! wife ( ,telegonos1 & ,kirke ) ,telema*os4#cjb #f ,x is natural to feel surprise t 9 none ( ^! /ories is !re any m5tion ( translation to a common meet+-place ( ! ,elect1 su* z ! ,elysian pla9 seem$ to be4 ,we mu/ on t acc\nt be cont5t to leave unansw]$ ! "q to :at precise ext5t ^! l9es ( ! ,odyssey :i* describe ! translation ( ,m5elaos to ,elysium may h influ5c$ ! developm5t ( translation /ories 9 ! po/-,hom]ic ,epics4 ,! influ5ce mu/ cle>ly h be5 #ff consid]able4#cab ,! /ories ( ! translation ( individual h]oes to a solit>y aft]-life 9 seclud$ abodes ( immortality %[1 at any rate1 ! same direction ( fancy z t :i* produc$ ! fields ( ,elysium4 ,no long] does ,eos1 aft] %e has snat*$ him f ,hades1 raise h] son to be among ! gods z once %e _h rais$ ,kleitos & o!rs ( h] fav\rites4 ,memnon ent]s ^u a peculi> /ate ( be+ t diff]5tiates him f ! re/ ( mank9d z mu* z f ! gods4 ,! same applies to ,a*illes & ! o!r translat$ h]oes4 ,?us did poetry increase ! numb] ( ^? :o belong$ to ?is middle realm2 :o1 born 9 9999mortality h1 outside ! realms ( ,olympos1 a*iev$ immortality4 ,x is /ill only fav\r$ individuals :o ent] ?is k+dom2 x is /ill poetical aspiration1 giv+ free re9 to its creative in/9ct1 t cont9ues to transport an ev]-increas+ numb] ( ! bright figures ( ,leg5d into ! illum9ation ( ev]la/+ life4 ,religi\s wor%ip c h _h no m influ5ce 9 ! developm5t ( ^! /ories ?an x _h 9 ! n>rative ( ! translation ( ,m5elaos4 ,a*illes1 = example1 may 9 lat] times h _h a cult paid to him on an isl& at ! m\? ( ! ,danube1 suppos$ to be ,leuke4 ,b ! cult 0 ! result & n ! motive or ! cause ( ! /ory4 ,iphig5eia 0 c]ta9ly ! epi!t ( a ,moon-goddess2 b ! poet :o told ( ! translation ( h] namesake1 ! daught] ( ,agamemnon1 _h no suspicion ( ! latt]'s id5tity ) a goddess--o!rwise he w\ld nev] h reg>d$ h] z ,agamemnon's daught]4 ,nor1 we may be fairly c]ta91 c x h be5 an accid5tal meet+ ) ! cult ( ! goddess ,iphig5eia1 :i* induc$ him to inv5t an immortality iure po/lim9i = 8 mortal ,iphig5eia1 by ! ma*9]y ( translation4 ,bo? = ! poet & 8 contempor>ies ! importance & ! ess5ce ( 8 n>rative--:e!r free inv5tion or a recon/ruction out ( old] mat]ial--lay 9 ! fact t x told ( ! rais+ ( a mortal maid51 ! daught] ( mortal p>5ts1 to immortal life1 & n to religi\s v5]ation :i* c\ld n h made itself v app>5t to ! maid5 relegat$ to ! di/ant ,tauric c\ntry4 ,! busy expansion ( ! leg5d>y mat]ial w5t on 9 epics t f9ally lo/ !mselves 9 g5ealogical poems4 ,to :at ext5t x may h made use ( ! motif ( translation or transfiguration we c no long] accurately judge4 ,! mat]ials at our disposal are q insuffici5t to w>rant any conclusion4 ,:5 su* a mi/y figure z ,telegonos is deem$ wor?y ( immortality1 x may be suppos$ t 9 ! m9d #fg ( ! poet all ! h]oes ( ,epic tradition _h come to be possess$ ( a virtual claim to a %>e 9 ?is mode ( cont9u$ exi/5ce 9 a life aft] dea?4 ,c]ta9ly ! m important among !m c\ld n be left out--^? at lea/ ( ^: end ! ,hom]ic poems !mselves _h n already giv5 a diff]5t v]sion4 ,! poem ( ! ,return ( ! ,h]oes f ,troy may especially h giv5 scope = _m translation /ories4#cbb ,we may1 = example1 ask :e!r ,diom$es1 at lea/1 ^: immortality is (t5 v\*$ = by lat] my?ology1 0 n already add$ to ! numb] ( ! immortals 9 ! epics ( ! ,h]oic cycle4 ,an ,attic folk-song ( ! fif? c5tury c speak ) assurance ( ,diom$es z n hav+ di$ b z liv+ 9 ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/4 ,?us a f> great] company ( ! ,h]oes ( ! ,trojan ,w> 0 ?\ght ( by ! poetry ( ,hom]ic tradition z ga!r$ toge!r 9 ,isles ( ! ,ble/1 f> out to sea1 ?an we %\ld guess f ! summ>ies ( ! po/-,hom]ic ,epics :i* accid5t has pres]v$ to u4 ,?is conclusion mu/ be drawn f ! l9es ( a ,hesiodic poem :i* give u "s rem>kable in=mation ab\t ! olde/ ,greek =ms ( ! ,cult ( ! ,s\ls & belief 9 immortality1 & ! l9es1 !re=e1 mu/ be subject$ to a clos] exam9ation4 ,,ii ,! ,hesiodic poem kn[n z ! ,works & ,days consi/s ( a numb] ( indep5d5t pieces ( didactic or n>rative int]e/ loosely /rung toge!r4 ,9 x1 n f> f ! beg9n+1 comes ! /ory ( ! ,five ,ages ( ,m54 ,z reg>ds its subject-matt]1 ! tra9 ( ?\ght :i* unites ?is section to ! passages :i* prec$e & foll[ x is h>dly discov]able2 9 =m x is q disconnect$4 ,9 ! beg9n+ we are !re told ! gods ( ,olympos creat$ a ,gold5 race ^: memb]s liv$ l ! gods1 )\t c>e1 sickness or decrepitude1 & 9 enjoym5t ( ri* possessions4 ,aft] _! dea?1 :i* came ^u !m l sleep to tir$ m51 !y became1 by ! w ( ,zeus1 ,daimones & ,gu>dians ( mank9d4 ,!y 7 foll[$ by a ,silv] race1 f> inf]ior to ! fir/1 & unlike !m 9 body z 9 m9d4 ,! m5 ( ?is race _h a long *ildhood1 la/+ a hundr$ ye>s1 foll[$ by a %ort y\?1 dur+ :i* _! wantonness & pride 9 _! deal+s ) ea* o!r & ) ! gods br\ght !m mu* sorr[4 ,because !y refus$ ! hon\rs due to ! gods ,zeus de/roy$ !m & !y are n[ ,daimones ( ! ,und]world1 hon\r$ #fh b inf]ior to ! ,daimones ( ! ,gold5 ,age4 ,zeus !n creat$ a ?ird race1 ?is "t ( ,bronze--h>d-he>t$ & ( great /r5g?2 w> 0 _! delight1 & be+ de/roy$ by _! own h&s !y w5t d[n unhon\r$ to ! ,h\se ( ,hades4 ,!reupon ,zeus made a f\r? race t 0 ju/] & bett]1 ! race ( ,h]oes1 :o 7 call$ ,demigods4 ,!y f\ght be=e ,!bes & ,troy & "s ( !m di$1 :ile o!rs ,zeus s5t to dwell at ! ends ( ! _w on ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/ by ! riv] ,okeanos1 :]e ! ,e>? br+s !m h] fruits ?ree times 9 ! ye>4 ,w\ld t ,i did n belong to ! fif? ,age2 w\ld t ,i _h di$ e>li] or be5 born h]eaft]1 says ! poet1 s9ce n[ is ! ,iron ,age1 :5 toil & grief nev] leave m51 :5 !re is enmity ( all aga9/ all & =ce conqu]s "r1 & ,envy1 evil-tongu$1 delight+ 9 wick$ness1 fi]ce-ey$1 is ov] ev]y?+4 ,n[1 ,%ame & ! goddess ( retribution1 ,nemesis1 dep>t f m5 & g to ! gods2 e mis=tune is left beh9d = man1 & !re is no def5ce aga9/ evil4 ,! au?or "h lays be=e u ! results ( gloomy reflection ^u ! orig9 & gr[? ( evil 9 ! _w ( m54 ,he sees ! /eps ( mank9d's deg5]ation f ! height ( godlike happ9ess to ! extremes ( mis]y & wick$ness4 ,he is foll[+ popul> conceptions4 ,x is natural to e race ( m5 to lay ! sc5e ( e>?ly p]fection 9 ! pa/1 s long1 at lea/1 z man gets 8 in=mation ab\t t pa/ n f di/9ct hi/orical memory1 b f ! picturesque /ories & beautiful dreams ( ! poets :i* enc\rage ! natural t5d5cy ( fancy to reta9 only ! m attractive features ( ! pa/ 9 ! memory4 ,! folk-lore ( _m l&s c tell ( a ,gold5 ,age & h[ mank9d gradually fell f t high e/ate2 & x is n at all surpris+ if fanciful speculation />t+ f ! same po9t & travell+ along ! same road has rea*$ ! same conclusion 9 ! case ( m ?an "o p )\t ! aid ( any hi/orical connexion4 ,we h a numb] ( expressions ( ! idea ( man's gradual deg5]ation ?r\gh sev]al ,ages :i* pres5t ! mo/ /rik+ simil>ities among !mselves & ) ! ,hesiodic picture ( ! five ,ages ( ,m54 ,ev5 ,hom] is sometimes ov]come by ! mood2 x lies1 = in/ance1 at ! root ( su* idealizations ( ! pa/ z are impli$ :5 9 8 description ( ! h]oic life he ?9ks ( m5 z !y n[ are & h[ few sons are equal to _! fa!rs 9 virtue2 worse1 mo/ ( !m2 few1 inde$1 are ! m5 :o are bett] ?an _! fa!rs #fi 7,od4 ii1 #bgf f474 ,b ! epic poet keeps himself & 8 fancy on ! heights ( ! h]oic ,pa/2 only occasionally1 & 9 pass+1 8 glance falls ^u ! commonplace level ( real life4 ,b ! poet ( ! ,works & ,days has all 8 ?\ghts fix$ ^u ! level pla9 ( real & contempor>y life2 ! glance :i* he occasionally ca/s ^u ! heights ( ! /ori$ pa/ is all ! m bitt] on t acc\nt4 ,:at he has to say ( ! fir/ condition ( mank9d & ! gradual process ( det]ioration is giv51 n z an ab/ract exposition ( :at 9 ! necess>y c\rse ( ?+s mu/ h occurr$1 b r z a traditional acc\nt ( :at _h actually happ5$--9 fact1 z hi/ory4 ,9 ?is light he himself mu/ c]ta9ly h reg>d$ x1 ?\gh1 ap>t f a few vague memories1 no hi/orical tradition is conta9$ 9 :at he says ( ! nature & de$s ( ! e>li] g5]ations ( mank9d4 ,8 /ory rema9s an imag9>y picture4 ,& = ?is reason ! developm5t1 z he pres5ts x1 takes a logically def9$ & regulat$ c\rse1 bas$ on ! idea ( a gradual det]ioration4 ,! unev5tful happ9ess ( ! fir/ race ( m5 :o "k nei!r virtue nor vice is foll[$ by a second race1 :i* aft] a prolong$ m9ority displays pride & contempt ( ! gods4 ,9 ! ?ird1 or braz5 age1 active wick$ness breaks out1 ) w> & murd]4 ,! la/ age1 at ! beg9n+ ( :i* ! poet himself seems to /&1 m>ks ! breakd[n ( all moral re/ra9t4 ,! f\r? race ( m51 to :i* ! h]oes ( ! ,!ban & ,trojan w>s belong1 is alone among all ! o!rs 9 n be+ nam$ & rank$ aft] a metal4 ,x is an ali5 9 ! evolution>y process4 ,! d[nw>d c\rse is *eck$ dur+ ! f\r? age1 & yet 9 ! fif? x goes on aga9 z if x _h nev] be5 int]rupt$4 ,x is n app>5t :y t c\rse %\ld h be5 int]rupt$4 ,mo/ ( ! comm5tators h recogniz$ 9 ! /ory ( ! f\r? age a fragm5t ( diff]5t mat]ial1 orig9ally =eign to ! poem ( ! ,ages ( ,m5 & add$ delib]ately by ,hesiod to ?is poem1 :i* he may h tak5 ov] 9 its ess5tial features f old] poets4 ,b if we adopt ?is view we h to ask :at c h tempt$ ! poet to su* s]i\s di/urbance & dislocation ( ! ord]ly succession ( ! orig9al speculative poem4 ,x w n be en\gh to say t ! poet1 br\ght up 9 ! ,hom]ic tradition1 f\nd x impossible to pass ov]1 9 a description ( ! e>li] ages ( m51 ! figures ( ! h]oic poetry :i*1 ?anks to ! p[] ( song1 _h acquir$ 9 ! imag9ation ( ! ,greeks m reality ?an ! pla9e/ manife/ations ( actual life4 ,nor #gj is x likely t1 hav+ 9 8 grim description ( ! ,bronze race introduc$ a d>k] picture ( ! ,h]oic age1 drawn f a po9t ( view diff]5t f t ( ! c\rtly ,epos1 he wi%$ to set by its side ?is bright vision ( ! same age z he saw x 9 8 own m9d4 ,if ! picture ( ! ,bronze race does really ref] to ! ,h]oic age1#ccb giv+ its rev]se side1 s to speak1 ,hesiod nev] seems to h notic$ ! fact4 ,he mu/ h _h /rong] gr\nds ?an ^! = ! introduction ( 8 n>rative4 ,he _c h fail$ to p]ceive t he 0 break+ ! cont9uity ( moral det]ioration by 8 introduction ( ! ,h]oic race4 ,x foll[s t he mu/ h _h "s aim1 o!r ?an t ( ! description ( ! moral det]ioration ( m51 :i* he imag9$ himself to be s]v+ by ! introduction ( ?is new section4 ,?is o!r purpose w become pla9 if we inquire :at x is t really int]e/s ! poet 9 ! ,h]oic race4 ,x is n _! high] morality--t only int]rupt$ ! s]ies ( cont9ually wors5+ g5]ations4 ,nor w\ld he 9 t case h dismiss$ ! subject ) a few words :i* b>ely suffice to connect ?is section ) ! !me ( moral developm5t4 ,fur!r1 x is n ! fights & great de$s done at ,!bes or ,troy t int]e/ him = he says no?+ ( _! greatness1 & at once decl>es t ! cruel w> & ! dread fury ( battle de/roy$ ! ,h]oes4 ,?is1 aga91 does n discrim9ate betwe5 ! ,h]oes & ! m5 ( ! ,bronze age :o also1 be+ de/roy$ by _! own de$s1 _h to g d[n to ,hades4 ,:at di/+ui%es ! ,h]oic age f ! o!rs is ! way 9 :i* "s ( ! ,h]oes dep>t f ?is life )\t dy+4 ,?is is ! po9t t int]e/s ! poet1 & ?is x mu/ h be5 t *iefly induc$ him to br+ 9 "h 8 acc\nt ( ! f\r? race ( m54 ,he comb9es cle>ly en\gh ) 8 ma9 purpose ( describ+ ! advanc+ moral decl9e ( man1 a second>y aim--t ( tell+ :at happ5$ aft] dea? to ! repres5tatives ( ea* successive race4 ,9 introduc+ ! ,h]oic race ( m5 ?is second>y aim becomes ! *ief "o1 & ju/ifies :at w\ld o!rwise h be5 m]ely an intrusive episode4 ,x is ?is aim1 too1 :i* gives ! ,hesiodic n>rative its importance = our pres5t inquiry4 #b ,! m5 ( ! ,gold5 ,age1 aft] sleep has ov]come !m & !y h di$ & be5 laid 9 ! e>?1 become by ! w ( ,zeus ,daimones--,daimones ^u e>?1 wat*]s ( m51 w&]+ ov] all ! e>?1 veil$ 9 cl\ds1 #ga obs]v+ ju/ice & inju/ice1#cdb disp5s+ ri*es l k+s4 ,^! m5 ( ! e>lie/ times h !n become effective realities4 ,!y are n spirits conf9$ to an inaccessible region beyond ?is _w1 b p[]s act+ & work+ among/ m54 ,9 ?is exalt$ /ate ,hesiod calls !m ,daimones1 & ?us describes !m by a "n :i* is o!rwise appli$ by him z well z by ,hom] only to ! immortal gods4 ,! "n s employ$ is n to be und]/ood z imply+ a sep>ate class ( immortals1 an int]m$iate class ( be+s betwe5 gods & m51 z lat] speculation us$ ! ^w4#ceb ,^! lat] be+s ( an int]m$iate class 7 ?\ght ( z possess+ an orig9ally immortal nature l ! gods1 & z dwell+ 9 an int]m$iate region ( _! own4 ,hesiod's ,daimones1 on ! contr>y1 h once be5 m5 & h only aft] _! dea? become immortals invisibly#cfb roam+ ! e>?4 ,:5 !y are giv5 ! "n ,daimones no?+ m is impli$ ?an t !y n[ %>e ! invisible might & un5d+ life ( ! gods1 & to t ext5t may be call$ gods--) z mu* "r z ,ino ,leuko!a1 = in/ance1 :o1 accord+ to ,hom]1 became a goddess aft] be+ a mortal2 or z ,pha?on1 :o1 accord+ to ! ,hesiodic ,!ogony1 0 rais$ by ,aphrodite f ! _w ( mortality & is n[ call$ a godlike ,daimon 7,?41 #iia74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! immortals :o 7 once m5 are cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! ev]la/+ gods1 :o h _! ,olympian dwell+s1 by be+ call$ ,daimones :o rule ^u e>?4#cgb ,& ?\gh !y are giv5 ! "n1 famili> to ev]ybody f ,hom]1 ( ,daimones1 i4e4 gods1 !y1 nev]!less1 =m a class ( be+s :i* is entirely unkn[n to ,hom]4 ,hom] kn[s ( c]ta9 individual m5 :o are rais$ or translat$1 body & s\l toge!r1 to undy+ life4 ,! lat] ,epos c tell ( c]ta9 also :o1 l ,memnon or ,a*illes1 receive a new life aft] _! dea? & n[ live on 9 undivid$ unity ( body & s\l4 ,b t ! s\l outside ,erebos c\ld c>ry on a consci\s life ( its own & influ5ce liv+ m5--( ?is !re is no m5tion 9 ,hom]4 ,yet ?is is exactly :at has happ5$ accord+ to ! ,hesiodic poem4 ,! m5 ( ! ,gold5 ,age h di$ & n[ live on divid$ f _! bodies1 invisible & godlike1 & !re=e call$ gods4 ,j z 9 ,hom]1 ! gods !mselves assume manifold %apes & visit ! cities ( m51 obs]v+ ! good & evil de$s ( m51#chb s also d ! s\ls ( ! dead 9 ,hesiod4 ,= ! be+s :o "h1 aft] _! sep>ation f ! body1 h become ,daimones1 are ,s\ls--t is to say1 be+s :o aft] _! #gb dea? h ent]$ 9 any case ^u a high] exi/5ce ?an 0 !irs :ile !y 7 unit$ to ! body4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is an idea t we nev] meet ) 9 ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,& yet x is q un?9kable t ?is rem>kable conception is ! indep5d5t & pass+ inv5tion ( ! ,boeotian poet4 ,he comes back to x aga9 lat] on 9 ! c\rse ( 8 poem4 ,?irty ?\s&1 t is1 innum]able immortal ,wat*]s ov] mortal m5 w&] invisibly 9 ! s]vice ( ,zeus ov] ! e>?1 tak+ note ( "r & wrong 7,op41 #beb ff474 ,! conception is important to him = e?ical reasons2 if he is to make use ( x 9 8 argum5t he mu/ n h inv5t$ x himself4 ,&1 9 fact1 no?+ t belongs to ! sph]e ( religi\s belief & cultus1 or ev5 ! l[] levels ( sup]/ition1 has be5 inv5t$ by ?is e>ne/-m9d$ poet4 ,! ,boeotian s*ool ( poetry to :i* he belong$ 0 f> remov$ f1 & inde$1 ho/ile to ! free inv5tiv5ess & roam+ fancy ) :i* ! ,hom]ic s*ool 4 4 4 "k h[ to put =w>d _m lies & make !m seem l tru? 7,?41 #bg74 ,9 pursuance ( _! purpose n simply to please b always 9 "s s5se to tea*1 ! ,boeotian poets nev] innovate 9 ! region ( ! purely my?ical1 b simply ord] or piece toge!r1 or m]ely regi/] :at !y f9d 9 ! tradition4 ,9 religion especially inv5tion lies f>!/ f _! m9ds1 ?\gh !y d n by any means d5y !mselves ! "r ( indep5d5t speculation ab\t ! traditional4 ,?us1 :at ,hesiod tells u ab\t ! m5 ( a previ\s age1 ^: s\ls aft] dea? become ,daimones1 came to him f tradition4 ,x might /ill be object$ t ?is tradition :ile be+ old] ?an ,hesiod may1 nev]!less1 be m rec5t ?an ,hom]1 & be ! result ( po/-,hom]ic speculation4 ,x is unnecess>y to develop ! reasons :i* make su* a view unt5able2 ! c\rse ( our inquiry up to ! pres5t has made x possible = u to ma9ta9 decid$ly t 9 :at ,hesiod "h says we h a fragm5t ( primitive belief rea*+ back f> beyond ,hom] & surviv+ 9 ! seclud$ ,boeotian c\ntryside4 ,we h f\nd ev5 9 ! poems ( ,hom] ve/iges ( a cult ( ! dead suffici5t to make u believe t once 9 a di/ant pa/ ! ,greeks resembl$ ! majority ( o!r nations & believ$ 9 ! cont9u$1 consci\s exi/5ce ( ! psy*e aft] its sep>ation f ! body & 9 its p[]ful influ5ce ^u ! _w ( m54 ,we f\nd1 too1 t 9 accordance ) ?is belief1 religi\s hon\rs ( v>i\s sorts 7 paid to ! disembodi$ s\ls4 ,9 ,hesiod's n>rative we simply h docum5t>y confirmation ( #gc :at c\ld only be ) difficulty extract$ f ! /udy ( ,hom]4 ,"h we enc\nt] ! /ill liv+ belief 9 ! elevation ( ! s\l aft] dea? to a high] life4 ,!y are ! s\ls1 x mu/ be not$1 ( a race ( m5 long s9ce disappe>$1 ab\t :om ?is belief is held4 ,! belief 9 _! godlike aft]-life mu/ !re=e be long-/&+1 & ! wor%ip ( ^! s\ls z p[]ful be+s /ill cont9ues4 ,= :5 x is said ( ! s\ls ( ! second race ^! also receive wor%ip#cib 7,op41 #adb71 x is di/9ctly impli$ t ! ,daimones ( ! fir/ or ,gold5 g5]ation a =tiori receiv$ wor%ip4 ,! m5 ( ! ,silv] g5]ation1 on acc\nt ( _! refusal to pay due hon\r to ! ,olympians1 are hidd5 by ,zeus "u ! e>?1 & are n[ call$ mortal ,bless$ ,ones t live bel[ ! e>?1 second 9 rank1 yet wor%ip is paid to !m also 7#ada-b74 ,?us1 ! poet kn[s ( ! s\ls ( m5 :o likewise belong$ to ! di/ant pa/1 ^: home is 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 :o receive religi\s hon\r & :o mu/ !re=e h be5 conceiv$ z p[]ful4 ,! poet has n specifi$ ! nature ( _! influ5ce ^u ! upp] _w4 ,x is true t he does n di/9ctly call ! spirits ( ?is second g5]ation good1 z he _h done ! fir/ 7#abb71 & he makes !m spr+ f ! less p]fect ,silv] age & seems to h giv5 !m inf]ior rank4 ,b x does n foll[ t he "h anticipat$ lat] speculation & ?\ght ( ! second g5]ation z a class ( wick$ demons ^: nature x is to "w evil4#djb ,only to ! ,olympians d !y seem to /& 9 a r m di/ant relation%ip--almo/ "o ( ho/ility4 ,!y _h be=e paid ! gods none ( _! pi\s dues1 & s n[ !y are n call$1 l ! s\ls ( ! fir/ race1 ,daimones appo9t$ by ,zeus to be ,wat*]s ( m54 ,! poet ref]s to !m ) a rem>kable expression1 mortal ,bless$ ,ones1 t is1 mortal gods4 ,?is v s+ul> d5om9ation1 ! two p>ts ( :i* really cancel "o ano!r1 po9ts to a c]ta9 emb>rassm5t felt by ! poet 9 mak+ use ( an expression tak5 f ! ,hom]ic vocabul>y 7to :i* ! poet felt himself conf9$7 to designate cle>ly & effectively a class ( be+s t 0 unkn[n to ,hom]4#dab ,! disembodi$ s\ls ( ! fir/ race he _h simply call$ ,daimones4 ,b ?is "n1 common z x 0 bo? to ! race ( ^? :o f mortality _h a*iev$ immortality & to ! immortal gods1 left ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two classes ( immortal be+s unexpress$4 ,= t v reason ! "n 0 nev] employ$ 9 ,hesiod's fa%ion by lat] ages1#dbb :o always #gd call$ su* z1 n hav+ be5 born immortal1 _h a*iev$ immortality1 by ! "n ( ,h]oes4 ,hesiod1 :o c\ld n use ! ^w 9 ?is s5se1 describ$ !m by ! bold oxymoron3 mortal ,bless$ ,ones1 human gods4 ,z immortal spirits !y resembl$ ! gods 9 _! new /ate ( be+4 ,b _! nature 0 /ill mortal1 & h5ce _! bodies _h to die1 & ?is con/itut$ _! diff]5ce f ! ev]la/+ gods4#dcb ,! "n ,daimones !n does n appe> to involve any ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 ! spirits ( ! m5 ( ! ,silv] g5]ation & ! ,daimones ( ! ,gold5 ,age4 ,only ! place :]e ! two classes ( spirits h _! dwell+ is diff]5t--! ,daimones ( ! ,silv] race live 9 ! dep?s ( ! e>?4 ,! expression ( ! und]world1 us$ ( !m1 is a vague "o1 & only suffices to diff]5tiate !m f ! spirits ( ! upp] _w :o 7 d]iv$ f ! fir/ race4 ,/ill1 ! abode ( ! s\ls ( ! ,silv] ,age is 9 any case n ?\ght ( z be+ ! di/ant meet+-place ( ! unconsci\s1 vegetat+ %ad[-s\ls--! ,h\se ( ,hades2 ! phantoms t hov] ab\t t place c\ld n h be5 call$ ,daimones or mortal gods1 nor d !y receive any k9d ( wor%ip aft] _! dea?4 #c ,! ,silv] ,age1 !n1 belongs to a long-s9ce vani%$ pa/4#ddb ,! /alw>ts ( ! ,bronze ,age1 we are told1 de/roy$ by _! de$s1 w5t d[n into ! gloomy home ( ! dreadful ,hades1 nameless4 ,black ,dea? seiz$ !m1 = all _! viol5ce1 & !y left ! light ( ! sun4 ,except = ! addition ( ! adjective nameless "o might1 inde$1 suppose t ?is 0 a description ( ! fate ( ! s\ls ( ! ,hom]ic h]oes4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! ^w#deb only means t no hon\rable & di/9ctive title1 su* z belong$ to ! s\ls ( ! fir/ & second z well z to ! f\r? race1 0 atta*$ to ^? :o _h gone d[n into ! %ad[-_w ( annihilation & become z no?+4 ,!re foll[s ! div9e race ( ,h]oes :o 7 call$ ! ,demigods4 ,! w>s at ,!bes & ,troy de/roy$ ^!4 ,"p 7 enfold$ 9 ! de/9y ( ,dea?2 o!rs receiv$ life & a home f> f m5 at ! h& ( ,zeus ,kronides1 :o gave !m a dwell+-place at ! ends ( ! _w4 ,!re !y live1 free f c>e1 9 ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/1 by ! deep-fl[+ ,okeanos2 fav\r$ ,h]oes1 = :om ! ,e>?1 ( h] own accord1 br+s =? h] sweet fruits ?ree times a ye>4 #ge ,"h1 at la/1 = ! fir/ "t we h rea*$ a cle>ly def9able p]iod ( leg5d>y hi/ory4 ,! poet means to speak ( ! ,h]oes ^: adv5tures 7 n>rat$ 9 ! ,!bais1 ! ,iliad & k9dr$ poems4 ,:at we notice "h specially is h[ little ! ,greeks yet knew ( _! hi/ory4 ,imm$iately aft] ! disappe>ance ( ! ,h]oes ! poet beg9s ! age 9 :i* he himself mu/ live4 ,:]e ! realm ( poetry ends1 !re is an end ( all fur!r tradition2 !re foll[s a blank1 & to all appe>ances ! pres5t age imm$iately beg9s4 ,t expla9s :y ! ,h]oic ,age is ! la/ be=e ! fif?1 to :i* ! poet himself belongs1 & :y x does n1 = example1 prec$e ! 7undat$7 ,bronze ,age4 ,x connects itself conv5i5tly ) ! ,bronze ,age also 9 :at is relat$ ( ! fate suff]$ by a "p ( its repres5tatives1 = ! subject :i* "h p>ticul>ly int]e/s ! poet is ! fate ( ! dep>t$4 ,"s ( ! fall5 ,h]oes simply die--t is to say 7!re c be no d\bt ( x7 !y ent] ! realm ( ,hades l ! memb]s ( ! ,bronze race or ! ,h]oes ( ! ,iliad4 ,b :5 o!rs are di/+ui%$ f ^? :om ,dea? took 9 t !y rea* ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/1 x is impossible n to suppose t ^! la/ h n suff]$ dea?1 t is1 ! sep>ation ( ! ,psy*e f ! visible ,self1 b h be5 c>ri$ away alive 9 ! fle%4 ,! poet is ?9k+ ( su* cases z ^? we h met ) 9 ! ,odyssean n>rative ( ,m5elaos1 or1 9 ! ,telegoneia1 ( ,p5elope1 ,telema*os & ,telegonos4 ,^! few exceptional in/ances c\ld h>dly h made su* a deep impression on him t he felt himself b\nd on _! behalf to erect a special class ( ! ,translat$ to be set ov] aga9/ ^? :o simply di$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t he _h _m m examples be=e him ( ?is same my/]i\s mode ( sep>ation f ! _w ( m5 t did n involve dea?4 ,we h already se5 h[ ! l9es 9 ! ,odyssey 9 :i* ! translation ( ,m5elaos is =e%ad[$1 po9t back to o!r & e>li] poems ( ! same k9d4 ,fur!r1 ! ref]5ces to ! subject :i* we f\nd 9 ! rema9s ( ! ,cyclic ,epics make x easy to suppose t lat] ,h]oic poetry _h be5 cont9ually wid5+ ! circle ( ^? :o enjoy$ translation & illum9ation4 ,only f su* a poetical s\rce c ,hesiod h d]iv$ 8 conception ( a common meet+-place :]e ! ,translat$ enjoy = ev] _! untr\bl$ exi/5ce4 ,he calls t place ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/2 & ^! lie f> remov$ f ! _w ( m51 9 ! ,ocean1 on ! conf9es ( ! e>?1 j :]e ! ,odyssey puts ! ,elysian #gf pla91 ano!r meet+-place ( ! /ill-liv+ ,translat$1 or r ! same "u a diff]5t "n4 ,its "n does n oblige u to reg>d ! ,elysian pla9 z an isl&1 b nei!r does x exclude t assumption4 ,hom] nev] expressly calls ! l& ( ! ,phacians an isl&1#dfb b ! imag9ation ( mo/ read]s w picture ,s*]i z su*1 & s did ! ,greeks p]haps already at ! "t ( ! ,hesiodic s*ool ( poets4 ,9 ! same way a poet may h ?\ght ( ! ,l& ( ,de/9y t receives pass+ m5tion 9 ,hom] z an isl&1 or gr\p ( isl&s2 only an isl& surr\nd$ & cut (f by ! sea c give ! full impression ( a di/ant asylum f> f ! _w1 inaccessible to all save ^? specially call$ ?i!r4 ,& accord+ly ! my?ology ( _m peoples1 especially ^? :o live by ! sea1 has made a di/ant isl& ! dwell+-place ( ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$4 ,complete isolation is ! ess5tial feature ( ! :ole idea ( translation1 z ,hesiod cle>ly %[s4 ,a lat] poet has add$ a l9e--:i* does n q fit into its place--to make ?is isolation ev5 m m>k$4#dgb ,accord+ to x1 ^! ,bless$ ,ones live n only f> f m5 7#afg71 b also 7#afi7 f> f ! immortals1 & are rul$ ov] by ,kronos4 ,! writ] ( ?is l9e foll[s a beautiful leg5d1 lat]1 h[ev]1 ?an ,hesiod1 9 :i* ,zeus releas$ ! ag$ ,kronos1 toge!r ) ! o!r ,titans1#dhb f ,t>t>os1 s t ! old k+ ( ! gods1 "u ^: rule ! ,gold5 ,age _h once prevail$ ) peace & happ9ess ^u e>?1 n[ wields ! sceptre ( ano!r ,gold5 ,age ov] ! ,bless$ 9 ,elysium1 himself a figure ( peaceful contemplation dwell+ f> away f ! /ormy _w1 f ! ?rone ( :i* he has be5 ou/$ by ,zeus4 ,hesiod himself has provok$ ?is transf]5ce ( ,kronos f ! ,gold5 ,age to ! l& ( ! ,translat$2 = 9 ! few l9es t he devotes to ! description ( ! life ( ! ,bless$ a rem9isc5ce ( ! picture ( ! ,gold5 ,age's untr\bl$ exi/5ce is cle>ly disc]nible4 ,bo? pictures1 ! "o ( a *ildhood's p>adise 9 ! pa/1 ! o!r ( uncl\d$ happ9ess res]v$ 9 ! future = ! elect1 are closely relat$2 x is difficult to say :i* ( !m has influ5c$ ! o!r#dib s9ce ! col\rs mu/ h be5 ! same 9 any case--! purely idyllic hav+ an inevitable uni=mity ( its own4 #d ,hesiod says no?+ ( any influ5ce ^u ?is _w ex]t$ by ! s\ls ( ! ,translat$ 9 ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/1 su* z is attribut$ to ! ,daimones ( ! ,gold5 #gg race1 nor ( any religi\s wor%ip1 :i* w\ld be impli$ by su* influ5ce if x exi/$1 su* z ! und]world spirits ( ! ,silv] ,age receive4 ,all relations ) ?is _w are brok5 (f1 = any influ5ce f ?is side w\ld completely contradict ! :ole conception ( ^! bless$ dep>t$4 ,hesiod fai?fully sets d[n ! conception ( ! ,translat$ exactly z poetic fancy1 )\t any int]f]5ce f religi\s cultus1 or ! folk-belief f\nd$ on x1 _h in/9ctively %ap$ x4 ,suppos+1 !n1 t he foll[s ,hom]ic & po/-,hom]ic poetic tradition 9 ?is p>ticul>1 :5ce did he d]ive 8 ideas ab\t ! ,daimones & spirits ( ! ,gold5 & ,silv] ,ages8 ,he did n & c\ld n h got ^! f ,hom]ic or semi-,hom]ic s\rces1 = !y 7unlike ! idea ( ,translation7 d n simply exp&1 b actually contradict ,hom]ic beliefs ab\t ! s\l4 ,to ?is "q we may answ] ) c]ta9ty2 he d]iv$ !m f cultus4 ,!re surviv$1 9 spite ( ,hom]1 at lea/ 9 c5tral ,greece :]e ! ,hesiodic poetry _h its home1 a religi\s wor%ip paid to ! s\ls ( c]ta9 dep>t$ classes ( m52 & ?is cultus pres]v$ alive1 at lea/ z a vague tradition1 a belief :i* ,hom] _h obscur$ & dispossess$4 ,x only rea*$ ! ,boeotian poet1 ^: own conceptions spr+ entirely f ! soil ( ,hom]ic belief1 z f a f> di/ance4 ,already 9 ! days ( ! ,bronze race1 he tells u1 ! s\ls ( ! dead 7 swall[$ up 9 ! dread ,h\se ( ,hades1 & ?is 7) a few miracul\s exceptions7 applies to ! ,h]oic race z well4 ,& = ! poet1 /&+ z he does1 at ! op5+ ( ! ,iron ,age1 to :i* he himself belongs1 no?+ rema9s b dissolution 9 ! no?+ness ( ,erebos4 ,t su* is 8 view is prov$ by 8 sil5ce ab\t ! fate aft] dea? ( 8 g5]ation--a sil5ce t is all ! m oppressive because ! grim picture t he gives ( ! mis]y & ev]-increas+ depravity ( real & contempor>y life might seem to require a bright] & m hopeful picture ( future comp5sation1 if only to balance x & make x endurable4 ,b he is sil5t ab\t all su* future comp5sation2 he has no su* hope to (f]4 ,?\gh 9 ano!r "p ( ! same poem ,hope alone ( all ! bless+s ( an e>li] & bett] age /ill rema9s among m51 su* ,hope no long] illum9ates ! next _w1 at any rate1 ) its beams4 ,! poet1 m deeply di/ress$ by ! common realities ( life1 c by no means disp5se s easily z ! s+]s ( ! epic tradition enclos$ 9 ! magic circle ( _! poetry1 ) su* hopes ( ! future4 ,he c draw com=t only f :at poetry #gh or religi\s my? tell him ( ! f> di/ant pa/4 ,x nev] ent]s 8 head to believe t ! miracle ( ! translation ( liv+ m5 c\ld transc5d ! limits ( ! ,h]oic ,age & repeat itself 9 ! common & prosaic pres5t day4 ,& ! "t :51 accord+ to a law ( nature no long] 7s x seems7 9 op]ation1 ! s\ls ( ! dead became ,daimones & liv$ a high] life ^u & b5ea? ! e>?1 is situat$ f> back 9 ! di/ant pa/4 ,ano!r law rules n[2 ! m5 ( to-day may /ill wor%ip ! immortal spirits ( ! ,gold5 & ! ,silv] ,age1 b !y !mselves w nev] be add$ to ! numb] ( ^? illum9at$ & exalt$ s\ls4 #e ,hesiod's description1 !n1 ( ! five ,ages ( ,m5 gives u ! mo/ important in=mation ab\t ! developm5t ( ,greek belief 9 ! s\l4 ,:at he tells u ( ! spirits ( ! ,silv] & ,gold5 race %[s t f ! e>lie/ dawn ( hi/ory d[n to ! actual lifetime ( ! poet1 a =m ( ance/or-wor%ip _h prevail$1 bas$ ^u ! once liv+ belief 9 ! elevation ( disembodi$ & immat]ial s\ls to ! rank ( p[]ful1 consci\sly active spirits4 ,b ! company ( ^! spirits receives no additions f ! life ( ! pres5t day4 ,= c5turies n[ ! s\ls ( ! dead h be5 claim$ by ,hades & 8 va9 %ad[ _w4 ,! wor%ip ( ! s\l is /ation>y2 x affects only ! s\ls ( ! long-s9ce dep>t$2 x no long] increases ! numb] ( ! objects ( its wor%ip4 ,9 o!r words1 ! belief has *ang$2 ! ,hom]ic poems h triumph$ & ! view !y held1 & to :i* !y gave au?ority1 &1 z x 71 (ficial sanction1 n[ prevails4 ,!y tea* m5 t ! psy*e once sep>at$ f ! body loses all its p[]s & consci\sness2 ! /r5g?less %ad[s are receiv$ into a di/ant ,und]world4 ,= !m1 no action1 no influ5ce ^u ! _w ( m5 is possible1 & !re=e no cult c be paid to !m4 ,only on ! f>!/ horizon fa9tly appe> ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/1 b ! circle ( ! =tunate1 :o1 accord+ to ! vision>y fancy ( ! poets1 are translat$ alive !re1 is n[ clos$1 j z ! circle ( epic /ory is complete also4 ,su* miracles no long] happ54 ,no?+ 9 ?is evolution>y process s cle>ly depict$ 9 ! poem ( ,hesiod contradicts :at we h le>n$ f ,hom]4 ,"o ?+ only is new & imm5sely important2 9 spite ( ev]y?+ ! memory survives t once ! s\ls ( dep>t$ g5]ations ( m5 _h a*iev$ a high]1 #gi undy+ life4 ,hesiod speaks 9 ! pres5t t5se ( _! be+ & work+ & ( ! wor%ip paid to !m aft] _! dea?2 if !y are believ$ to be immortal1 m5 w naturally cont9ue to wor%ip !m4 ,& ! opposite also is true2 if ! wor%ip ( su* spirits _h n surviv$ into ! pres5t1 no "o w\ld h held !m to be dea?less & et]nally pot5t4 ,9 a ^w1 we are 9 ! old ,greek ma9l&1 ! l& ( ,boeotian peasants & urban f>m]s1 among a /ay-at-home race :i* nei!r kn[s nor desires to "k ( ! seaf>+ life t tempts m5 to =eign l&s :5ce !y br+ back s mu* t is new & /range4 ,"h 9 ! c5tral upl&s ve/iges ( anci5t cu/om & belief rema9$ t _h be5 =gott5 9 ! m>itime cities ( new ,greece on ! ,asiatic coa/4 ,ev5 "h1 h[ev]1 ! new le>n+ _h p5etrat$ to ?is ext5t3 ! /ructure ( anci5t belief1 transport$ into ! di/ant pa/1 int]wov5 ) fanciful tales ( ! e>lie/ /ate ( mank9d1 l ! expir+ e*o ( half-=gott5 song lives on only 9 memory4 ,b ! cult ( ,s\ls1 is n yet q dead2 ! possibility rema9s t x may yet r5ew its /r5g? & exp& into fre% life :5 once ! magic influ5ce ( ! ,hom]ic view ( ! _w %all h be5 brok54 ,,notes ,,to ,,*apt] ,,ii #ab3 ,x is n = no?+ t :at is "h said ( ! climate1 if "o may s call x1 ( ! ,elysian pla91 d #eff-h1 rem9ds u s /rik+ly ( ! description ( ! abode ( ! ,gods on ,olympos1 z #dc-e4 #bb3 ,! ann\ncem5t ( ! fate ( ,m5elaos is q sup]flu\s2 x is n necessitat$ 7& n ev5 ju/ifi$7 by 8 fir/ reque/ 7#dfh ff471 or by 8 fur!r que/ions 7#dhf ff42 #eea ff474 ,nitzs* already reg>d$ ! l9es #efa-h z a lat] addition3 ,anm4 z4 ,od4 iii1 p4 #ceb--?\gh inde$ on gr\nds t ,i _c reg>d z conclusive4 ,o!rs h done ! same s9ce4 #cb3 ,! foll[+ are made invisible 7by envelopm5t 9 a cl\d7 & c>ri$ away--?is1 ?\gh n always /at$1 is mo/ probably to be und]/ood 9 mo/ cases3 ,p>is1 by ,aphrodite1 ,g #chj ff42 ,a5eas1 by ,apollo1 ,e #cdd f42 ,idaios1 son ( ,d>es1 ! prie/ ( ,hephai/os1 by ,heph41 ,e #bc2 ,hektor1 by ,apollo1 ,u #ddc f42 ,a5eas1 by ,poseidon1 ,u #cbe ff42 ,ag5or1 by ,apollo1 ,ph #eif ff4--?is la/ appe>s to be ! orig9al copi$ twice ov] 9 ! /ory ( ?is "o day ( fight+ by lat] poets 79 ! above-m5tion$ cases ( ! use ( ! motif1 ,u #cbe ff42 #ddc f474 ,x is rem>kable 7= no special reason = x sugge/s itself7 t all ^! cases ( translation are f\nd on ! ,trojan side4 ,o!rwise we only h "o in/ance 7& t only 9 ! n>rative ( a long pa/ adv5ture1 ! translation ( ! ,anaktoriones by _! fa!r ,poseidon1 ,l #gej ff4 ,la/ly1 a case t h>dly goes beyond ^? already m5tion$3 ,zeus c\ld h translat$ alive 8 son ,s>p$on out ( ! fray & plac$ him 9 8 ,lykian home 7,p #dcf71 b refra9s ow+ to ! w>n+ ( ,h]a 7#ddj ff474 #db3 ,! wi% to die quickly is expressly contra/$ ) ! wi% to be c>ri$ (f by ! ,h>pies1 #fc e_/peita--or if n1 i4e4 if quick dea? is d5i$ to me4 7v4 ,rh4 ,mus4 #ej1 #b1 #b47 ,aga9 #gi-hj3 hs e_/m' a/_/seian ,olu_/mpia d_/mat' e_/*ontes e_/ m' eplo_/kamos ba_/loi ,a_/rtemis4 ,?us ! ,h>pies 7 ?u_/ella #fc7 9 ?is case d n br+ dea? b c>ry away m5 alive 7an>pa_/xasa oi_/*oito #fc f41 ha_/rpuiai anrei_/psanto #gg ane_/lonto ?u_/ellai #ff1 & !y c>ry !m (f kat' ero_/enta ke_/leu?a #fd to ! pro*oai apsorro_/ou keanoio #fe e_/dosan /ug]s9 ,er9u_/s9 amphipoleu_/e9 #gh74 ,at ! m\?s ( ,okeanos 7:]e x goes into ! sea is ! entrance to ! _w ( ! dead2 k #ejh ff41 l #ac ff4 ,to be c>ri$ (f by ! /orm-spirits us$ prov]bially z a wi%3 ,z #cde ff4 hs m' o_/phel' _/mati t ho_/te me prton te_/ke m_/tr oi_/*e/hai prophe_/r\sa kak ane_/moio ?u_/ella eis o_/ros eis kuma poluphloi_/sboio ?ala_/sss 7i4e4 to "s solit>y place1 ,orph41 ,h4 #ai1 #ai2 #cf1 #af2 #ga1 #aa74 ,su* transportation ?r\gh ! air is else:]e contra/$ ) dea? & dwell+ 9 ,hades1 z 9 ,p5elope's pray]4 7,ros*]1 ,kynan?ropie ,abh4 d4 s*s4 ,ges4 d4 ,wiss4 xvii1 p4 #fg1 gives a /range b h>dly ! correct explanation ( ?is47 ,cf4 ,soph41 ,tr41 #iec ff42 ,ai41 #aaic ff42 7,phil41 #ajib ff4872 cf4 also ,eur41 ,hipp41 #abgi ff42 ,ion1 #hje f42 ,supp41 #hcc-f4 ,a deeply root$ popul> mode ( ?\ght1 & "o ( primeval antiquity1 lies at ! root ( all #ha ^! in/ances4--hupo pneuma_/tn sun>page_/nta a_/phanton g5e_//hai is a reason = timai a?a_/natoi1 9 ! only half-rationaliz$ /ory ( ,hesp]os 9 ,d4,s4 #c1 #fj1 #c4 #eb3 ,"o w\ld l to "k m ( ?is /range /ory1 b :at we le>n else:]e ( ,p&>eos & 8 daught]s 7,s*4 u #ff-g2 t #eah2 ,ant4 ,lib4 #cf7 contributes no?+ to ! und]/&+ ( ! ,hom]ic n>rative & probably belongs 9 "p to ano!r connexion4 ,p&>eos1 fa!r ( ,adon 7t #eah ff471 seems to be ano!r p]son4 ,ev5 ! /range repres5tation ( ! two daught]s ( ,p&>eos 9 ,polygnotos' picture ( ! und]world 7,paus4 #aj1 #cj1 #b7 ca/s no light on ! ,hom]ic fable4 7,cf4 ,ros*]1 ,kynan41 #d ff41 #fe f47 #fb3 ,! ,er9yes live normally 9 ,erebos1 z is %[n esp4 by ,i #ega f42 ,t #bei4 ,b :5 !y puni% dur+ ! lifetime ( ! crim9al acts done 9 contrav5tion ( ! laws ( family life1 x mu/ be suppos$ t !y 7 sometimes ?\ght ( z go+ ab\t ! e>?1 e4g4 ,i #ded3 l #bgh--;= work+ at a di/ance seems impossible--z 9 ,hes41 ,op41 #hjc f4--,er9u_/s9 amphipoleu_/e9 7#gh7 _c be any?+ b s]ve ! ,er9yes1 become _! amphi_/poloi4 ,to und]/& x z ,ros*] does 7,kynan41 #fe1 n4 #ahc7 foll[+ ,eu/a?ius1 9 ! s5se fly ab\t 9 ! tra9 ( ! ,e4 is =bidd5 by ! use ( ! simple dative ,er9u_/si jo9$ closely ) amph4 7!ais amphipoln ,soph41 ,o4,c41 #fhj1 is diff]5t47 #gb3 ,:5 ! ,bride ( ! ,w9d comes by y mu/ ?r[ y\rself on ! gr\nd z ?\gh x 7 ! ,muodi%e]e 7on :i* see ,grimm 7,e4,t471 p4 #ica7 o!rwise !y w c>ry y (f4 ,birl+]1 ,volk/hml4 a4 ,s*wab51 i1 #aib1 ,%e is ! ,devil's ,bride1 ib4 7,on ! ,bride ( ! ,w9d1 etc41 see ,grimm1 pp4 #fcb1 #ajji47 ,su* w9d-spirits are 9 unholy alliance ) ! ,furi\s ,ho/1 i4e4 ! unquiet s\ls ( ! dead t travel ?r\gh ! air by night4 #hb3 ,on ! ,h>pies1 see ,rh4 ,mus41 #ej1 #a-e4 #ib3 ,see ,ngelsb41 ,h4,t41 pp4 #db-c1 & ,ros*]1 ,nekt> u4 ,ambrosia1 p4 #ea ff41 answ]+ ,b]gk's objections1 ,opusc4 ii1 #ffi4 7,ari/4 ,meta41 #ajjj;a1 #i-ad1 is v def9ite47 #ajb3 ,x is n improbable t ?is ,ino ,leuko!a 0 orig9ally a goddess :o 0 lat] turn$ into a ,h]o9e 7id5tifi$ ) ! daught] ( ,kadmos = reasons no long] recov]able & only aft]w>ds turn$ back aga9 into a goddess4 ,b = ! ,hom]ic age %e 0 ess5tially a mortal :o _h become a goddess3 = ?is reason1 j because %e 0 an example ( su* deification ( mortals1 %e rema9$ an int]e/+ "* to lat] writ]s2 cf4 9 addition to ! well-kn[n passages 9 ,p9d>1 etc41 ,cic41 ,t4,d4 i1 #bh4 ,only :at ! actual conception ( ! p & _! poets 0--n :at may possibly be sugge/$ z ! d\btful backgr\nd ( su* conceptions--conc]ns me 9 ?is z 9 _m o!r cases4 #aab3 ,only tempor>y translation 7an_/rpase7 ( ,m>pessa by ,apollo ,i #efd4 #abb3 ,ganym$es1 an_/rpase !_/spis a_/ella1 h4 ,v541 #bjh1 z ! ?u_/ella 7 ,ha_/rpuia7 did ! daught]s ( ,p&>eos4 ,! eagle is ! addition ( lat] poetry4 #acb3 ,l #a2 e #a4 #adb3 s 4 4 4 ap' keanoio rhoa_/n _/rnu?'1 hi_/n' a?ana_/toisi pho_/s phe_/roi de brotois91 ,t #a f43 cf4 ps #bdd 7h4 ,m]c41 #ahd f474 ,s also h4 ,v541 #bbd ff41 says ( ,ti?onos3 oi t]po_/m5os *ruso?ro_/n rig5ei_/ naie p>' keanoio rhos epi pei_/rasi gai_/s1 9 good ,hom]ic /yle4 ,x seems t ! magic isl& ,aiaia 0 consid]$ ! home ( ,eos 7& ( ,ti?onos73 m #c3 ns_/n t' ,aiai_/n1 ho_/?i t' ous rig5ei_/s #hb oiki_/a kai *oroi_/ eisi antolai eli_/oio4 ,i ne$ n "h g into ! attempts made ev5 9 antiquity to expla9 ! mu*-discuss$ difficulty introduc$ by ?is v]se & to br+ x into con=mity ) ! we/]ly situation ( ,aiaia impli$ 9 ! re/ ( ! ,odyssey4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta93 ! fir/ compos] ( ?is v]se ?\ght ( ,aiaia z ly+ t[>ds ! ea/4 ,only ! la/ res\rces ( ! comm5tator's art c\ld situate ! place ( ! sun's upris+ & ! dwell+ ( ! ,dawn 9 ! we/4 #aeb3 ,among innum]able unsuccessful attempts made by ! anci5ts at f9d+ an etymological d]ivation = ! ^w lu_/sion 7,s*41 d #efc1 ,eu/41 p4 #aeji1 ,hesy*41 s4v41 etc41 also ,cels4 ap4 ,orig41 ,cels4 vii1 #bh1 p4 #ec ,l47 occurs also ! "r "o1 ,e4,m41 #dbh1 #cf3 p>a tn e_/leus91 e_/n?a hoi eusebeis p>agi_/nontai4 ,! gramm>ians seem to h disput$ ov] ! "q1 did ,m5elaos live = ev] 9 ,elysion8 ,x 0 agre$ on all h&s t he rea*$ t abode alive1 )\t sep>ation ( psy*e f body2 b ! ov]-subtle ?\ght t ! prophecy meant t he too %\ld die !re ?\gh n 9 ,argos--n t he %\ld nev] die at all3 s esp4 ,e4 ,gud41 #bdb1 #b ff4 ,?is 0 ! op9ion also ( ^? :o d]iv$ lu_/sion f ! fact t !re ! psu*ai lelume_/nai tn sma_/tn dia_/g\si3 ,eu/41 #aeji1 #bi1 ,e4,m41 etc4 ,! etymology is z bad z ! int]pretation ( ! l9e4 ,! l9e rema9$1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh\t antiquity z a curiosity2 intellig5t read]s und]/ood ! prophecy q rightly z ref]r+ to ! translation ( ,m5elaos to ev]la/+ life )\t sep>ation ( psu*_/ f body2 e4g4 ,porph4 ap4 ,/ob41 ,ecl4 i1 p4 #dbb1 #h ff41 ,w4 ,s1 too1 ^? :o gave ! "r int]pretation ( fact1 b re/$ x ^u ! m dubi\s etymology3 lu_/sion oulu_/sion1 ho_/ti ou dialu_/ontai apo tn sma_/tn hai psu*ai_/4 ,hesy*4 7cf4 ,e4,m41 #dbh1 #cd-e2 ,s*41 d #efc2 ,procl4 on ,hes41 ,op41 #afi74 #afb3 ou mn phai_/netai_/ ge 7ho poit_/s7 proagagn ton lo_/gon es ple_/on hs heu_/rma a_/n tis oikeion1 prosapsa_/m5os de aut\ mo_/non ha_/te es ha_/pan _/d diabebome_/n\ to ,hellniko_/n--to adopt ! words t ,pausanias 7#aj1 #ca1 #d7 uses ( a simil> case4 #agb3 ,! reasons = ! special fav\r %[n to ,rhadaman?ys are z unkn[n to u z !y evid5tly 7 to ! ,greeks ( lat] times4 ,:at is g5]ally said ( ! ju/ice ( ,rhad4 re/s ^u private op9ion only & does n supply ! place ( ! precise leg5d t %\ld h ju/ifi$ 8 translation4 ,t he once _h a complete leg5d ( 8 own may be guess$ f ! allusion to him 9 #cbc1 ?\gh t passage /ill leaves u q 9 ! d>k4 ,at any rate1 x c]ta9ly does n foll[ f t ref]5ce t :ile dwell+ 9 ,elysion he 0 a neighb\r ( ! ,phaeacians z ,welck] ?9ks3 nor fur!r t he _h always be5 a dwell] 9 ,elysion1 z ,prell] supposes1 in/ead ( be+ transport$ !re4 ,no?+ 9 ! =m] passage ju/ifies u 9 reg>d+ him z !n dwell+ 9 ,elysion2 :ile ! o!r ref]5ce to him mu/ be suppos$ to mean t ,rhad4 j z mu* z ,m5elaos1 0 translat$ to ,elys4 7& s e4g4 ,paus4 und]/ood ! poet #h1 #ec1 #e3 pro_/t]on de e_/ti ,rhada_/man?un entau?a h_/ke92 d\btful3 ,aes*4 fr4 #ii1 #ab-ac74 ,9 fact1 we h lo/ ! leg5ds :i* gave ! details ( 8 translation3 8 figure _h become isolat$ & _h n ent]$ into ! great] circle ( epic figures--& z a consequ5ce 8 my?ical context soon disappe>$ too4 #ahb3 ,hasisatra's ,translation3 see ! translation ( ! ,babylonian acc\nt 9 ,paul ,haupt's ,d] ,keil9s4 ,s9tflu?b]4 7,leip4 #ahha71 p4 #ag1 #ah4 ,! expressions us$ by ! ,greek-writ+ report]s are exactly l ^? common 9 ,greek acc\nts ( translation3 g5e_//hai aphan #hc 7ton ,xi_/s\?ron7 meta tn !n oik_/sonta1 ,b]os4 ap4 ,sync41 p4 #ee1 #f1 #aa ,di42 !oi_/ m9 ex an?r_/pn aphani_/z\si1 ,abyd5us ap4 ,syncell41 p4 #gj1 #ac4 ,( ,eno* we read1 ,g54 #ebd3 ou* heuri_/sketo ho_/ti mete_/?k5 auton ho !o_/s 7metete_/?1 ,ecclus41 #ddaf2 ,hebr4 #aae72 anel_/ph? apo ts gs1 ,ecclus4 #diad2 ane*_/rse pros to !ion1 ,jos41 ,,aj4 i1 #c1 #d 7( ,moses3 aphani_/zetai1 ,jos41 ,,aj4 iv1 #h1 #dh74 ,on ! translation ( ,eno* & ,elijah1 see also ,s*wally1 ,d4 ,leb54 na* d4 ,tode n4 d4 ,vor/4 d4 a4 ,israel 7#ahib71 p4 #adj4 ,translation ( ! liv+ into ,%eol (t5 9 ! ,o4,t41 see ,s*wally1 p4 #fb4 ,ev5 ,eno* has n escap$ ! fate ( be+ reg>d$ by comp>ative my?ologi/s z ! sun4 ,eno* may be giv5 up to !m1 if ! ,ori5tali/s h no objection2 b x seems a pity t ! !ory1 9 accordance ) ! fav\rite argum5t f analogy1 %\ld be appli$ to ,greek ,translation-my?s too1 s t we %\ld see ! :ole s]ies ( su* figures1 f ,m5elaos to ,apollonios ( ,tyana1 trans=m$ by magic into my?ological suns 7or dawns1 wat]-mead[s1 ?und]-cl\ds1 etc474 #aib3 mal?akos ai*mt_/s1 ,r #ehh4 #bjb3 ,x #cba-b4 #bab3 ,"o might ev5 suspect t ,m5elaos is translat$ to ev]la/+ life n m]ely because he has ,hel51 ,zeus' daught]1 to wife3 h\_/nek' e_/*eis ,hele_/nn z ,proteus tells him1 b 9 imitation ( a mu* e>li] my?ical tradition1 accord+ to :i* ,hel5 h]self 0 translat$ & made immortal4 ,no anci5t tradition reports ! dea? ( ,hel5--) ! exception ( ! absurd inv5tion ( ,ptolemaios ,*5nos 7,phot4 ,bibl41 p4 #adi;a1 #cg ,bk42 #db2 #adi;b1 #a ff47 & ! n v sup]ior aetiological my? 9 ,paus4 #c1 #ai1 #aj4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we (t5 he> ( h] deification1 liv+ on ! isl& ,leuke or else 9 ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/4 ,x 0 n unnatural t my?ological tradition %\ld h at an e>ly p]iod set free ! mo/ daemonic ( wom5 f ! usual fate ( mank9d & t ,m5elaos %\ld r h foll[$ h] example ?an %e 8 7z ,isoc4 #aj1 #fb1 def9itely says74 #bbb3 ,cf4 ,tylor1 ii1 #he3 ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 ,ges4 d4 ,am]ic4 ,urrelig41 #ffj f42 ,waitz1 ,an?rop4 v1 #b1 #aad2 vi1 #cjb1 #cjg4 #bcb3 ,we are told t ,rhadaman?ys 0 once convey$ by ! ,phaeacians to ,euboea epopso_/m5os ,tituon ,gai_/on huio_/n 7 #cba ff474 ,we h no gr\nds & no "r to complete ?is /ory by suppos+ t ?is 0 :5 ,rh4 already liv$ 9 ,elysion4 ,to reg>d ! ,phaeacians z a sort ( f]ry-folk ( ! dead connect$ 9 "s way ) ,elysion is pure unsupport$ fancy4 #bdb3 ,! possessor ( a?anasi_/a did n necess>ily possess also du_/nam9 iso_/!on 7,isoc4 #aj1 #fa74 #beb3 ,to id5tify ,ortugi_/1 o #djd1 ) ,delos1 & ,suri_/ ) ! isl& ,syros z ! old] comm5tators & ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,dori]1 i1 #cha 8 n 9 ,e4,t41 did1 is impossible on acc\nt ( ! addition ( ! words ho_/?i tropai eli_/oio alone4 ,^! %[ t ,syrie 0 f> away 9 ! fabul\s we/1 ! only possible place = su* a wond]l&4 ,x is evid5t t ,ortygia is orig9ally a purely my?ical spot1 sacr$ to ,artemis & no m c]ta9ly fix$ 9 "o place ?an ! ,dionysian ,nysa1 & = t reason always to be f\nd :]ev] ! cult ( ,artemis 0 especially popul>1 9 ,aetolia1 ,syracuse1 ,ephesos1 or ,delos4 ,delos is cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ,o4 9 h4 ,ap4 #af1 & only lat] id5tifi$ ) ,o4 7,delos be+ consid]$ ! old] "n1 ,o4 ,s*neid]1 ,nic&r41 p4 #bb1 n471 :5 ,artemis _h be5 br\ght into clos] connexion ) ,apollo1 & ev5 !n n inv>iably4 ,?us 9 ,hom] ,ortygia nev] cle>ly ,delos4 #hd #bfb3 ,a_/rtemis de autn hex>pa_/xasa eis ,tau_/r\s metakomi_/zei 7cf4 ! mete_/?k5 auton ho !o_/s ( ,eno*1 ,g54 #ebd7 kai a?a_/naton poiei1 e_/laphon de anti ts ko_/rs p>i_//si t bm1 ,procl41 ,*re/4 ap4 ,k9kel ,epic4 ,fr41 p4 #ai3 ,apollod4 ,epit4 iii1 #bb4 ,wagn4 #bgb3 t\_/t 7t ,me_/mnoni s p>a ,dios aitsame_/n a?anasi_/an di_/dsi says ,proclus ) regrettable brevity 7p4 #cc1 ,k9kel74 #bhb3 ,x _c be d\bt$ 79 spite ( ,mei]1 ,annali dell' ,in/4 ,ar*41 #ahhc1 p4 #bag ff47 t ! /ory giv5 9 ,p ( ,s>p$on's dea? & ! c>ry+ away ( 8 body1 ev5 if x does n belong to ! olde/ "p ( ! poem 7:i* ,i _c reg>d z c]ta971 is nev]!less e>li] ?an ! ,ai?iopis & 0 ! model = its acc\nt ( ,memnon's dea? 7cf4 also ,*ri/1 ,*ron4 altgr4 ,epos41 p4 #be74 ,b :y d ,?anatos & ,hypnos c>ry away ! body ( ,s>p$on 7in/ead ( ! usual ?u_/ella1 a_/ella1 ,ha_/rpuia1 or ! w9ds1 ,q4,s4 ii1 #eej1 9 ! case ( ,memnon78 ,:]e ^! two are f\nd on ,attic leky?oi z be>]s ( ! corpse 7,rob]t1 ,?anatos1 #ai7 !y 7 p]haps int5d$ 9 "s consolatory s5se z 9 ! grave inscriptions hu_/pnos e_/*ei se1 ma_/k> 4 4 4 kai ne_/kus ouk ege_/n\4 ,! ,hom]ic poet1 h[ev]1 c h>dly h meant any?+ ( ! sort1 b m]ely inv5ts ! indisp5sable second be>] to assi/ ,?anatos--an effective t\* b n "o t re/$ on any religi\s gr\nds4 ,hypnos z bro!r ( ,?anatos is also f\nd 9 ! ,dios apa_/t1 ,x #bca4 #bib3 ek ts puras h ,!_/tis an>pa_/sasa ton paida eis tn ,leukn nson diakomi_/zei1 ,procl41 ,*re/41 p4 #cd1 ,k9k4 ,!n he cont9ues1 hoi de ,a*aioi ton ta_/phon *_/santes agna ti!_/as94 ,?us a grave-m\nd is set up ?\gh ! body ( ,a*illes has be5 translat$3 evid5tly a concession to ! old] n>rative 7 #hj-d71 :i* knew no?+ ( ! translation ( ! body b gives prom95ce to ! grave-m\nd4 ,besides :i*1 ! tumulus ( ,a*illes--a l&m>k on ! sea%ore ( ! ,troad--requir$ explanation1 & ! poet accord+ly speaks ( ! erection ( a c5otaph4 ,x 0 n consid]$ a contradiction to erect c5otaphs1 n only to ^? ^: bodies 7 irrecov]able 7see above1 ,*4 ,i1 n4 #hh71 b also to ,h]oes ^: bodies _h be5 translat$4 ,?us ,h]akles1 aft] he has be5 /ruck by lightn+ & snat*$ up into ! sky1 has a *ma made = him1 ?\gh no bones 7 f\nd ^u ! pura_/1 ,d4,s4 #d1 #ch1 #e2 #ci1 #a4 7,! tumuli f\nd 9 ! ,troad 7 n1 inde$1 orig9ally empty z ,s*liemann1 ,troy1 etc41 pp4 #beb1 #bfc1 suppos$2 !y 7 n c5otaphs b m]ely grave-m\nds t _h once be5 fill$ & belong to a type frequ5tly met ) 9 ,phrygia2 see ,s*u*h>dt1 ,s*liemann's ,excav4 ,e4,t41 p4 #hd ff4 ,krets*m]1 ,e9l4 ,ges4 gr4 ,spr41 #ahif1 p4 #agf47 #cjb3 ,:at became ( ,odysseus8 ,proclus is sil5t on ! po9t1 & we h no means ( guess+4 ,accord+ to ,hyg9us #abg he 0 buri$ 9 ,aiaia2 b if no?+ m 0 go+ to be done ) 8 body :y br+ him to ,aiaia8 ,acc4 to ,s*4 ,lyc41 #hje1 he 0 rais$ to life aga9 by ,kirke1 b :at happ5$ to him !n8 7,acc4 to ,apollod4 ,epit4 vii1 #cg ,w41 ! dead ,odysseus seems to rema9 9 ,i?aka4--,we h no gr\nds = alt]+ ! words to suit ! ,telegoneia z ,wagn] does1 esp4 z a complete correspond5ce ) t poem _c be obta9$47 ,! dea? & burial ( ,od4 among ! ,tyrrh5ians 7,mll]1 ,etruscans iii1 #bha tr4 ,gray7 belong to q ano!r connexion4 #cab3 ,! ,ai?iopis is lat] ?an ! ,hades sc5es 9 1 & consequ5tly lat] /ill ?an ! ,nekyia ( l4 ,! prophecy ( ! ,translation ( ,m5elaos 9 d is likewise lat] ?an ! ,nekyia b to all appe>ance old] ?an ! ,ai?iopis4 #he #cbb3 ,! extract f ! ,no/oi 9 ,proclus1 ,*re/41 is p>ticul>ly inadequate & evid5tly gives no full idea ( ! v wide & v>i\s subject matt] ( t poem4 ,?us1 too1 ! notices ( x pres]v$ f o!r s\rces give details ( its subject matt] 7esp4 ( ! ,nekyia :i* 0 includ$ 9 x7 t _c be fitt$ into ! limits ( ,proclus' outl9e4 #ccb3 ,! idea t ! ,bronze age is really id5tical ) ! age ( ,h]oes is at fir/ sight attractive 7see e4g4 ,/eitz1 ,die ,w4 u4 ,t4 des ,hesiod1 p4 #fa72 "o soon f9ds1 h[ev]1 t x breaks d[n on clos] exam9ation4 #cdb3 ,x does n seem to me absolutely necess>y to /rike out l9es #abd f4 7hoi_/ rha phula_/ss\si_/n te di_/kas kai s*e_/tlia e_/rga1 e_/ra hessa_/m5oi pa_/nt phoitntes ep' aian74 ,!y are repeat$ 9 l9es #bed f41 b t is a natural place to repeat !m4 ,proclus does n comm5t on !m2 b x does n foll[ t he did n h !m be=e him2 & ,plut>*1 ,d4,o4 #cg1 p4 #dca ,b1 seems to allude to l4 #abe 9 its pres5t context4 #ceb3 ,plu41 ,d4,o41 #aj1 p4 #dae ,b1 9 obvi\s error1 takes ,hesiod's dai_/mones = su* an int]m$iate class ( be+s2 he supposes t ,hesiod di/+ui%es f\r classes tn logikn1 !oi_/1 dai_/mones1 h_/res1 a_/n?rpoi4 ,9 ?is ,platoni/ division ! h_/res w\ld correspond r ) ,hesiod's dai_/mones ( ! fir/ age4 7,:at ,proclus has to say on ,hesiod1 ,op4 #aba1 p4 #aja1 ,gaisf41 is tak5 evid5tly ^w = ^w f ,plut>*'s comm5t>y on ,hesiod & resembles closely ! rem>ks 9 ! passage cit$ f ! ,def4 ,orac47 ,mod]n critics h (t5 fail$ to notice ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,hesiodic dai_/mones & ! ,platonic4 ,plato himself is v decid$ ab\t ! diff]5ce 7,crat4 #cig ,e-#cih ,c74 #cfb3 e_/ra hessa_/m5oi #abe 7cf4 #bbc2 ,x #bhb7 is a naive equival5t = invisible z ,tzet4 correctly expla9s4 ,?is is h[ x is to be und]/ood regul>ly 9 ,hom] :5ev] !re is m5tion ( envelopm5t 9 a cl\d & ! l4 #cgb3 ,^! daimones are call$ epi*?o_/nioi 9 contra/ 7n to ! hupo*?o_/nioi ( l4 #ada1 b7 to ! !oi ep\ra_/nioi1 z ,proclus on l4 #abb rightly rem>ks4 ,?us 9 ,hom] we h epi*?o_/nioi regul>ly us$ z an adjective1 or1 /&+ alone1 z an equival5t ( m5 z di/+ui%$ f gods4 ,!n ! hupo*?o_/nioi ( #ada are br\ght 9 to =m ano!r & second>y contra/ ) ! epi*?o_/nioi4 #chb3 r #dhe ff4 ,x foll[s t ! descriptions ( ! visits paid by gods to ! homes ( m5 are ( great antiquity2 cf4 my ,grie*4 ,roman1 p4 #ejf ff4 ,zeus ,philios 9 p>ticul> is fond ( visit+ m53 ,diod4 ,com4 ,epi_/klr41 ,me94 ,com4 iii1 p4 #edc f4 7ii1 p4 #dbj ,k474 #cib3 tim kai tois9 opdei #adb4 tim_/ 9 ! s5se n ( simple hon\r b ( practical wor%ip1 z frequ5tly 9 ,hom]1 e4g4 9 su* phrases z3 tim kai kudos opdei1 ,r #bea2 tims apon_/m5os1 #cj3 timn de lelo_/g*as9 isa !ois91 l #cjd2 e_/*ei tim_/n1 l #die1 etc4 ,9 ! same way "h1 l4 #ach3 h\_/neka timas ouk edi_/d\n maka_/ressi !ois4 #djb3 ,light & d>k1 i4e4 good & bad1 dai_/mones are acc4 to ,ro?1 ,my?4 v4 d4 ,weltalt]n 7#ahfj71 pp4 #af-ag1 di/+ui%$ 9 ,hesiod's daimones ( ! gold5 & silv] age4 ,su* a di/9ction1 h[ev]1 nev] appe>s 9 ,hesiod2 & x is h>dly cr$ible t ! gods & spirits ( anci5t ,greek popul> belief 7:i* nev] really admitt$ ! categories good & bad7 %\ld 9 ?is primitive p]iod h be5 actually classifi$ 9 accordance ) su* categories4 ,at any rate1 ,greek read]s nev] f\nd any?+ ( ! k9d express$ 9 ,hesiod3 #hf ! conception ( bad daimones is regul>ly support$ by ref]5ce to ! philosoph]s alone 7e4g4 ,plut41 ,d4,o41 #ag1 p4 #dai ,a1 & ! conception is c]ta9ly no old] ?an ! e>lie/ philosophic speculation4 #dab3 l4 #ada3 toi men hupo*?o_/nioi 7epi*?o_/nioi all ,,mss4 except "o1 see ,k*ly's ,app>atus2 also ,tz47 ma_/k>es ?ntoi kale_/ontai4--phu_/lakes ?ntoi 0 read & expla9$ by ,proclus4 ,?is is cle>ly wrong1 & is correct$ to phu_/lakes ?ntn 7z 9 l4 #abc7 by ,hag5 & ,welck]4 ,b ?is transf]s f ! fir/ to ! second race an expression t we _c be sure ,hesiod meant to be transf]r$4 ,n m]ely ! words b ! s5se1 too1 is ?us correct$1 )\t due gr\nd4 ma_/k>es does n look l a corruption2 x is m likely t phu_/lakes is an accid5tal alt]ation4 hup4 ma_/k>es ?ntois kale_/ontai is ! read+ ( ! late/ editor3 b "h to say ! lea/ ( x ! addition ( ?ntois is sup]flu\s4 ,we %\ld r try to und]/& & expla9 ! traditional text & %[ h[ ! poet came by ! rem>kable expression4 #dbb3 ,:5 philosoph]s & philosophiz+ poets ( a lat] age occasionally ref] to ! s\l :5 fre$ f ! body z a dai_/mn1 ! expression has a totally diff]5t s5se4 #dcb3 ,simil>ly1 ?\gh ! oxymoron is mu* less d>+ 9 8 case1 ,isocrates1 #i1 #gb1 has dai_/mn ?nto_/s4 ,9 ord] to describe a daimon :o has orig9ally be5 a mortal lat] ages boldly inv5t$ ! comp\nd an?rpodai_/mn :i* corresponds fairly well ) ! ,hesiodic ma_/k> ?nto_/s3 ,eur4 ,rhes41 #iga2 ,procop41 ,an4 #ab1 p4 #gi1 #ag ,d4 7nekudai_/mn on a defixio f ,c>?age1 ,,b*4 xii1 #bii74 ,lat] /ill a k+ de/9$ to become a god is call$1 ev5 at 8 bir?1 by ,mane?o 7i1 #bhj7 !on broton an?r_/pois94 #ddb3 ,! silv] race 0 creat$ by ! gods ( ,olympos1 l ! gold5 be=e !m 7l4 #aaj2 #abh72 only ! ?ird race 7l4 #adc7 & !n ! f\r? 7#aeh7 by ,zeus alone4 ,x might be suppos$ f ?is t ! silv] age z well z ! gold5 age occurr$ 9 ! p]iod be=e ,zeus' rule1 epi ,kro_/n\ ho_/t' ouran embasi_/leu5 7l4 #aaa72 & 9 ?is s5se ,orpheus und]/ood ! words ( ,hesiod :5 he t\ argur\ ge_/n\s basileu_/e9 phsi ton ,kro_/non 7,proclus on l4 #abf74 ,b x w\ld be v difficult to reconcile l4 #ach ,zeus ,kroni_/ds ktl4 ) ?is view4 ,hesiod may !n h plac$ ! silv] age 9 ! "t :5 sub ,iove mundus erat 7z ,ovid explicitly /ates1 ,m4 i1 #aac f472 b all ! same x lay = him 9 ! f> di/ant pa/ be=e all hi/ory4 #deb3 n_/numnoi #aed may q z well mean nameless1 i4e4 )\t "n or special title1 z fameless 7z x does = ! mo/ "p ?\gh n inv>iably 9 ,hom]74 #dfb3 ,see ,welck]1 ,kl4 ,s*r4 ii1 #f1 :o1 h[ev]1 9 ! desire to rule out all possibility ( id5tify+ ,s*]ie ) ,korkyra ass]ts too positively t x 0 a "p ( ! ma9l&4 z #bjd 7comp>$ ) d #ced7 at lea/ comes v close to reg>d+ x z an isl&4 ,b x is cle> t n[h]e is x explicitly call$ an isl&4--,x is possible t ,s*]i_/1 connect$ ) s*]o_/s1 may really mean ma9l& 7,welck]1 loc4 cit42 ,krets*m]1 ,e9l4 ,ges*4 gr4 ,spr41 #bha73 b ! "q /ill rema9s :e!r ! ,hom]ic poet1 :o did n inv5t ! "n1 und]/ood or respect$ its orig9al significance4 ,at any rate1 x 0 no long] und]/ood by ^? :o 9 v e>ly times id5tifi$ ,s*]ie ) ! isl& ,korkyra4 #dgb3 ,! objections to l4 #afi z reg>ds its =m are br\ght out by ,/eitz1 ,hesiods ,w4 u4 ,t41 p4 #fi4 ,! l9e is miss+ 9 mo/ ( ! ,,mss42 x 0 reject$ 7toge!r ) ! l9e foll[+1 :i*1 h[ev]1 #hg is q s\nd7 by anci5t critics 7,proclus on l4 #aeh74 ,lat] editors are unit$ 9 condemn+ x4 ,b ! int]polation is at any rate old3 probably ev5 ,p9d> already knew ! l9e 9 ?is place 7,o4 ii1 #gj74 #dhb3 luse de ,zeus a_/ph?itos ,titanas ,pi4 7,p4 iv1 #bia71 9 ^: "t1 h[ev]1 ?is 0 a well-kn[n my? to :i* he is only mak+ a pass+ allusion = ! sake ( an example4 ,! ,hesiodic ,!ogony /ill kn[s no?+ ( x4 #dib3 ,be=e ,hesiod we h no m5tion ( ! my? ( a ,gold51 ,saturnian ,age1 nor any complete description ( ! imag9>y life ^u ,bless$ ,isl&s4 ,b epic poetry _h already1 z we h se51 provid$ him ) occasional examples ( translation to a place ( bless$ness1 & he only collects ^! into a comb9$ picture ( su* a place4 ,to t ext5t ! belief 9 a bless$ life beyond ! grave meets u e>li] ?an ! my? ( a ,gold5 ,age4 ,b we h n ! slighte/ gr\nd = say+ t ! =m] mu/ h exi/$ f ! beg9n+ among ! ,greeks 7z ,mil*hf] at lea/ ?9ks1 ,anf4 ,kun/1 p4 #bcj74 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be m]e accid5t t ! my? ( ! ,gold5 ,age has no old] au?ority ?an ,hesiod--! /ory itself may be mu* e>li]4 ,aft] ,hesiod x 0 frequ5tly tak5 up & improv$ ^u2 n1 h[ev]1 fir/ by ,emp$ocles z ,graf supposes1 ad aure aet4 fab4 sym4 7,leip4 ,/ud4 viii1 p4 #ae71 b already 9 ! epic ,alkmeni_/s1 see ,philod4 ,piet41 p4 #ea ,gp4 7,see also "s rem>ks by ,alfr$ ,nutt1 ,! ,voyage ( ,bran1 p4 #bfi f41 #ahie1 ) :i* ,i _c agree47 #hh ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,cave ,,deities3 ,,subt]ranean ,,translation ,! hi/ory ( ,greek culture & religion %[s no sudd5 break or revolution 9 its c\rse4 ,! ,greeks nei!r at any "t exp]i5c$ a movem5t f )9 t caus$ a viol5t recoil f ! pa? :i* !y _h *os51 nor 7 !y ev] div]t$ by ! ov]:elm+ might ( an invad+ =ce f ! natural c\rse ( _! evolution4 ,out ( _! own natural feel+s & reflexion ?is mo/ intellectually gift$ nation evolv$ ! great ideas t n\ri%$ succe$+ c5turies4 ,!y anticipat$ all lat] ages4 ,! pr(\nde/ & ! bolde/1 ! mo/ dev\t z well z ! mo/ irrev]5t speculations z to ! nature ( ,god1 ! _w & m5 h _! orig9 among ! ,greeks4 ,b ?is excessive _m-sid$ness l$ to a g5]al condition ( equipoise 9 :i* individual factors re/ra9$ or balanc$ ea* o!r4 ,:]eas ! mo/ viol5t impacts & sudd5 revolutions 9 ! hi/ory ( civilization are giv5 by j ^? nations :o are only able to embrace "o idea at a "t & :o1 conf9$ 9 ! n>r[ limits ( _! fanaticism1 ?r[ ev]y?+ else ov]bo>d4 ,x is true1 inde$1 t ! ,greeks 7 ev] op5 to influ5ces--:e!r civiliz$ or ! rev]se--f abroad4 ,9 wave aft] wave ( peaceful invasion =eign ideas & ways ( life1 especially f ! ,ea/1 fl[$ ov] ,greece4 ,9 "o case1 at lea/ 7t ( ! ec/atic religion ( ! ,?racian ,dionysos-wor%ipp]s71 a spr+ flood bur/ out t broke d[n all ! dykes4 ,9 _m cases ! invad+ elem5ts might be easily elim9at$ aga9 f ,greek culture2 9 _m o!rs !y obta9$ a p]man5t foot+ & influ5c$ x deeply4 ,b nev] did an influ5ce f abroad obta9 9 ,greece an au?ority at all comp>able to ! subv]sive & trans=m+ p[] ex]cis$ by ,buddhism1 ,*ri/ianity1 or ,islam ov] ! peoples on :om !y laid _! grip4 ,! ,greek g5ius1 z supple z x 0 t5aci\s1 ma9ta9$ control ov] all su* =eign influ5ces1 9 full possession ( its orig9al nature1 its g5ial 9999naivety4 ,new ideas1 :e!r introduc$ f abroad or eng5d]$ at home1 7 tak5 up & assimilat$1 b ! old 7 n done away )2 !y gradually amalgamat$ ) ! new s t mu* 0 le>nt :ile no?+ 0 q =gott54 ,! /ream fl[$ on 9 its peaceful c\rse1 b x /ill rema9$ ! same /ream4 ,nec manet ut fu]at nec =mas s]vat easdem3 s$ tam5 ipse idem e/4 #hi ,! hi/ory ( ,greek culture1 !n1 has no %>ply contra/$ epo*s1 no p]iods ( abrupt *ange1 :5 ! old is completely giv5 up & a new era def9itely beg9s4 ,inde$1 ! mo/ s]i\s revulsions ( ,greek hi/ory1 culture1 & religion took place beyond d\bt be=e ! "t ( ! ,hom]ic ,epos1 & 9 t dim pa/ x is possible t m viol5t & />tl+ upheavals may h occurr$ to make ! ,greeks :at we aft]w>ds "k !m to be4 ,greek life becomes fir/ cle>ly kn[n to u 9 ,hom]4 ,x is true t ! broad uni=mity t x has 9 ! picture reflect$ = u 9 ! poems ( ,hom] vani%es 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>s t foll[4 ,new =ces em]ge2 mu* t 0 =gott5 comes to light aga9 n[ t ! ,hom]ic sy/em ( ideas1 once all p[]ful1 is fall+ to pieces2 out ( ! v old & ! q new ?+s ( :i* ,hom] nev] gives ! lea/ h9t are be+ put toge!r4 ,b n[h]e dur+ ! viol5t movem5ts ( ! next tr\bl$ c5turies aft] ,hom] did any absolute break ) ! ,epic or its sy/em take place4 ,only 9 ! six? c5tury did ! defiant speculation ( a few bold spirits beg9 to seek a way ( escape f ! ?raldom ( ! ,hom]ic poems :i* /ill lay ov] ! :ole ( ,greece4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,greek common p kn[s no?+ ( a reaction aga9/ ,hom] & 8 _w4 ,hom]ic religion & moral ideas gradually ceas$ to reign supreme 9 m5's m9ds1 b !y 7 nev] viol5tly or completely disc>d$4 ,s we1 too1 ?\gh we leave beh9d u ,hom] & ! ,epos & ent] ^u ! tortu\s pa?s ( ! lat] hi/ory ( ,greek s\l wor%ip & belief 9 immortality1 may /ill = a "t be guid$ by ! ,ariadne ?read ( ! epic4 ,9 our subject1 too1 !re are l9ks :i* connect ! ,hom]ic ) foll[+ ages4 ,soon en\gh ! ?read w break1 & we %all h to ent] ! new field ( inquiry dep5d+ on our own res\rces4 4 4 4 #a ,prom95t among ! *iefta9s1 :o1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,adra/os1 came to ! help ( ,polyneikes & laid siege to ,!bes1 0 ,amphi>aos ! ,argive h]o & se] desc5d$ f ! my/]i\s prie/ & prophet ,melamp\s4 ,he 0 drawn into ! w> aga9/ 8 w1 = he =esaw its unhappy end4 ,aft] ! decisive /ruggle 9 :i* ! oppos+ bro!rs fell sla9 by ea* o!r's h&1 ! ,argive ho/ turn$ to flight1 & ) !m fl$ ,amphi>aos4 ,b be=e ,p]iklym5os1 :o 0 pursu+ him1 c\ld drive 8 spe> into ! fugitive's back1 ,zeus made ! e>? op5 be=e him 9 a fla% ( #ij lightn+ & ,amphi>aos ) 8 horses1 8 *>iot1 & 8 *>iote]1 0 swall[$ up 9 ! dep?s :]e ,zeus made him immortal4 ,s runs ! leg5d ( ! fate ( ,amphi>aos z we le>n x f innum]able s\rces f ,p9d> onw>ds1#ac & we may be sure t ?us x 0 told 9 ! ,!bas1 ! old epic poem ( ! w> ( ! ,sev5 aga9/ ,!bes1 :i* 0 tak5 up into ! ,epic ,cycle4#bc ,at ,!bes1 !n1 ,amphi>aos liv$ on = ev] "u ! e>?4 ,nor?w>ds 9 ! ,boeotian c\ntryside1 ne> ,lebadeia1 m5 told ( a simil> m>vel4 ,9 a cave ( ! m\nta9\s rav9e1 be=e :i* ,lebadeia lies1 liv$ ,trophonios = ev] immortal4 ,! leg5ds t pr(ess$ to expla9 8 miracul\s cave-exi/5ce d n q agree among !mselves1 z1 inde$1 is g5]ally ! case ) ^? figures :o 7 n e>ly tak5 up by ! poets & giv5 a fix$ place 9 ! n>ratives ( h]oic adv5ture4 ,b all acc\nts 7! olde/ ( :i* p]haps g back to ! ,telegoneia7 agree 9 ! assumption t ,trophonios1 l ,amphi>aos1 0 fir/ a man1 a fam\s ma/]-build]1 :o :ile fly+ f 8 foes1 _h div$ und]gr\nd at ,lebadeia & n[ lives = ev] 9 ! dep?s ( ! e>? :5ce he =etells ! future to ^? :o come & "q him !re4 ,^! /ories1 !n1 claim to speak ( m5 :o dur+ _! lifetime 7 swall[$ up by ! e>?1 & :o n[ live on = ev] at ! places :]e !y 7 tak5 d[n into ! dep?s--places situat$ 9 q def9ite localities ( ! ,greek c\ntryside4 ,we are n entirely )\t o!r leg5ds ( a simil> "*4 ,"o ( ! wild spirits ( ! ,lapi? p f ,!ssalia1 ,ka9eus by "n1 hav+ be5 made invuln]able by ,poseidon 7:o _h be=e ?is trans=m$ him f a woman into a man71 0 cudgell$ ) tree-trunks 9 a battle ) ! ,c5taurs2 b !y c\ld d no?+ to him1 & ) upright foot 7i4e4 /&+ upright1 alive1 n ly+ at full l5g? l a dead man or "o mortally w\nd$7 he clove ! e>? "u him & w5t d[n alive into ! dep?s4#cc ,9 ,rhodes ,al?aim5es 0 hon\r$ z ! f\nd] ( ! ,greek cities on t isl&2 he _h n di$ b _h vani%$ into a *asm 9 ! gr\nd4#dc ,l ,amphi>aos1 8 son ,amphilo*os1 ! heir ( 8 prophetic p[]1 appe>s to h _h a leg5d accord+ to :i* he /ill dwelt alive "u ! e>? ei!r 9 ,ak>nania or ,cilicia4#ec ,a few m examples ( ! same type might be produc$1#fc b ! numb] ( su* /ories rema9s small1 & !y only make _! appe>ance "h & !re1 z if by #ia accid5t1 9 ! tradition4 ,epic poetry )\t ^: co-op]ation su* local leg5ds r>ely a*iev$ widespread or la/+ popul>ity1 ) few exceptions left su* n>ratives out ( acc\nt4 ,9 fact1 !y conflict$ ) ! normal ,hom]ic outlook4 ,! belief1 h[ev]1 t immortality :5 x 0 miracul\sly be/[$ by ! fav\r ( heav5 ^u c]ta9 individual m51 0 absolutely condition$ by ! non-occurr5ce ( dea?1 i4e4 ! sep>ation ( ! psy*e f ! visible man--?is belief has help$ to %ape ^! /ories too4 ,!y nev] speak ( an undy+ exi/5ce ( ! s\l by itself 9 sep>ation f ! body4 ,?us f> !y are firmly root$ 9 or?odox ,hom]ic belief4 ,b ! h]oes ( ^! /ories h _! ev]la/+ exi/5ce 9 special abodes "u ! surface ( ! e>?1 9 subt]ranean *amb]s#gc--n 9 ! common meet+ place ( ! dep>t$2 !y ea* h _! own peculi> doma9 f> f ! ,h\se ( ,adoneus4 ,su* isolation ( individuals bel[ ! e>? does n agree ) ,hom]ic ideas2 ?\gh x almo/ seems z if a dim e*o ( ^! /ories ( se]s l ,amphi>aos & ,amphilo*os1 translat$ alive & ) consci\sness unde/roy$1 c\ld be disc]n$ 9 :at ! ,hom]ic ,nekyia says ( ,teiresias ! ,!ban se]1 9 :om alone ( all ! %ad[s ,p]sephone _h all[$ consci\sness & intellig5ce 7! ess5tial vital p[]s7 to rema9 undim9i%$4#hc ,b ev5 he is fa/ b\nd 9 ,erebos1 ! g5]al home ( ! dead1 & cut (f f all connexion ) ! upp] _w1 z is dem&$ by ! ,hom]ic view ( ! _w4 ,amphi>aos & ,trophonios1 on ! o!r h&1 are releas$ f ,hades2 n hav+ suff]$ dea? !y h n ent]$ ! _w ( ! /r5g?less dead4 ,!y are also translat$ out ( ?is life 7besides out ( ,hades74 ,b ?is subt]ranean translation is 9 its nature & 9 ! orig9 ( ! belief 9 x q di/9ct f t translation to ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/ ( :i* we spoke 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,^? ,h]oes dwell+ alone or 9 company on holy isl&s f> out ov] ! sea are f> remov$ f human life & beyond ! rea* ( pray]s & desires4 ,no influ5ce ^u ! ?+s ( ?is _w is attribut$ to !m1 & consequ5tly no cult is (f]$ to !m3 !re nev] exi/$ a cult ( ! dwell]s 9 ,elysium z su*4 ,!y glimm] 9 ! di/ance l visions ( ! poet's fancy f :i* no "o anticipates active int]f]5ce ) ! _w ( reality4 ,x is q diff]5t ) ^! dwell]s 9 ! caves4 ,!y are actually alive "u ! surface ( ! e>?2 n f> away 9 ! inaccessible1 spectral _w ( ,hades1 b "h 9 ! mid/ ( ,greece4 ,que/ions & pray]s #ib c rea* d[n to !m1 & !y c s5d up aid to ^? :o call to !m4 ,to !m1 accord+ly1 z p[]ful & effectual ,spirits a cult is paid4 ,we h detail$ in=mation ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,amphi>aos 0 wor%ipp$1 m especially 9 lat] times1 :51 9 addition to ! neighb\rhood ( ,!bes1 :]e ! orig9al leg5d ( 8 desc5t b5ea? ! e>? 0 localiz$1 ,oropos also1 ! b\nd>y t[n betwe5 ,boeotia & ,attica1 0 ) ov]:elm+ success id5tifi$ z ! place ( 8 disappe>ance & made a c5tre ( 8 influ5ce4#ic ,we h also a c]ta9 am\nt ( in=mation1 aga9 f lat] ages1 ab\t ! cult ( ,trophonios4 ,) ! passage ( "t1 ! details ( ! wor%ip grew & multipli$1 b among !m all c]ta9 features /& out z especially *>act]i/ic & all[ u to und]/& ! religi\s ideas ly+ beh9d !m4 ,to ,amphi>aos & ,trophonios 7 (f]$ j ^? sacrifices :i* 7 also paid to ! ,*?onic deities1 i4e4 ^? deities :o dwelt 9 ! dep?s ( ! e>?4#ajc ,aid 0 n expect$ f !m 9 ! details ( ! daily life ( individuals or /ates4 ,only 9 ! actual locality ( _! desc5t 7 !y effectual1 & only !re because !y reveal$ ! future4 ,kroisos _h already1 & ,m>donios aft] him1 s5t inquiries to ! mo/ fam\s oracles ( ! day1#aac & among !m to ,amphi>aos at 8 anci5t oracul> seat ne> ,!bes & to ,trophonios at ,lebadeia4 ,( ,amphi>aos x 0 believ$ t he reveal$ ! future by visions s5t 9 dreams to ^? :o aft] mak+ (f]+ laid !mselves d[n to sleep 9 8 temple4 ,to "q ,trophonios1 x 0 necess>y to pass ?r\gh a n>r[ passage into 8 cave4 ,inside1 ! inquir] expect$ to see ,trophonios 9 p]son or1 at lea/1 to he> 8 in/ructions4#abc ,he dwelt1 l a _s conf9$ to ! sc5e ( 8 magical exi/5ce1 9 bodily p]son at ! bottom ( 8 cave4 ,9 fact1 ! me?od ( ,incubation1 or temple-sleep1 by :i* ,amphi>aos 7l _m o!r daimones & ,h]oes7 0 que/ion$1 0 bas$ on ! assumption t ! daimon1 :o 0 only visible inde$ to mortal eyes 9 ! high] /ate a*iev$ by ! s\l 9 dreams1 _h 8 p]man5t dwell+ at ! seat ( 8 oracle4#acc ,t is :y 8 appe>ance c only be expect$ at ?is p>ticul> place & n[h]e else4 ,orig9ally1 too1 x 0 only ! dwell]s 9 ! dep?s ( ! e>? :o 7 ?us visible 9 dreams to ^? :o lay d[n to sleep 9 ! temple ov] ! place :]e !y _h _! subt]ranean abode4 ,hom] kn[s no?+ ( ei!r gods or daimones :o live p]man5tly "u ! gr\nd 9 def9ite places 9 ! inhabit$ _w1 ne> mank9d2 & = t #ic reason he betrays no k ( ,incubation-oracles4#adc ,!re is "s gr\nd = ! belief t ?is me?od1 inh]5t 9 ! div9atory p[]1 ( gett+ into t\* ) ! _s _w1 0 "o ( ! olde/ types ( ,greek oracul> art--c]ta9ly n lat] ?an ! ,apoll9e mantik ( inspiration4 ,& x is precisely 9 ! leg5d ( ,amphi>aos1 z we may believe x to h be5 relat$ z e>ly z ! cyclic poem ( ! ,!bas1 t we h a pro( t already 9 ! days :5 ! quasi-,hom]ic poetry 0 /ill popul>1 p believ$ 9 dea?less dwell]s bel[ ! e>? & 9 _! active pot5cy 9 ! mantic art4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t ! wor%ip ( ,amphi>aos & ! belief 9 8 subt]ranean exi/5ce 0 n due to ! influ5ce ( ! ,epic4 ,r ! rev]se 0 ! case2 ! cult already exi/$ & provid$ ! idea ( ! daimon & ?is gave rise to ! ,epic n>rative4 ,! ,epic f\nd an exi/+ cult ( an oracul> daimon :o dwelt b5ea? ! e>? ne> ,!bes ready to its h&4 ,x r$uc$ ?is fact to a =m :i* x c\ld und]/& 9 a mann] typical ( ! relation :i* frequ5tly exi/$ betwe5 ! facts ( religi\s life & ,epic poetry4 ,! cult 0 connect$ ) an ev5t 9 leg5d>y hi/ory1 & s br\ght into h>mony ) ! ,epic outlook4 ,! ,epic knew no?+ ( gods atta*$ 9 ?is way to a 9999p>ticul> e>?ly spot1 & s ! _s wor%ipp$ 9 ! cult became 9 ! epic imag9ation a *iefta9 & ,se] :o _h n always liv$ b5ea? ! e>? 9 t place1 b _h only be5 transport$ !re subsequ5tly by a miracul\s fiat ( ! supreme god1 :o _h also accord$ an et]nal life 9 ! dep?s to ! translat$ h]o4#aec ,we may p]haps f9d a p>allel 9 m rec5t ,saga /ory t w ?r[ light on ! "q4 ,g]man my?ology is p]fectly famili> ) su* figures = ev]1 or until ! day ( judgm5t1 alive 9 cav]ns ( ! m\nta9s or subt]ranean *amb]s4 ,?us1 ,*>lemagne1 or x may be ,*>les ! ,fif?1 /ill has 8 abode 9 ,od5b]g or 9 ,unt]b]g1 ne> ,salzburg1 ,fr$]ick ,,ii 7or1 9 m rec5t v]sions ( ! leg5d1 ,fr$]ick ,i ,b>b>ossa 9 ,kyffhus]1 ,h5ry ! ,f[l] 9 ,sudem]b]g1 ne> ,gosl>4 ,?us1 too1 ,k+ ,ar?ur1 ,holg] ,danske1 & _m o!r fav\rite *>act]s ( popul> tradition dwell 9 subt]ranean cav]ns4#afc ,occasionally1 we c /ill pla9ly see h[ ^! 7 orig9ally anci5t gods :o accord+ to pagan belief dwelt 9 holl[ m\nta9s & ^: place has be5 tak5 by ^! h]oes & holy m5 translat$ b5ea? ! e>?4#agc ,s1 too1 ,greek tradition all[s u to see ev5 n[ t ^? anci5t #id translat$ mortals1 ,amphi>aos & ,trophonios1 are only ,epic sub/itutes = anci5t deities :o did n owe _! ev]la/+ life & subt]ranean abode to ! fav\r ( heav51 b _h possess$ ^! f ! beg9n+4 ,at lea/1 at ! site ( 8 wor%ip m5 knew t ! prophetic dwell] 9 ! cave 0 a god2 "o ( !m is call$ ,zeus ,trophonios or ,trephonios1 n only by le>n$ au?orities1 b 9 inscriptions f ,lebadeia2#ahc ,amphi>aos1 too1 is once call$ ,zeus ,amphi>aos & m (t5 a god4#aic ,9 ! ,translation leg5ds ( ,*ri/ianiz$ p ! k+s h usurp$ ! place ( ! anci5t gods because ! gods !mselves1 fall5 into neglect1 h be5 de?ron$4 ,= reasons n s v diff]5t f ^! ! anci5t gods on ,greek soil 7 turn$ into h]oes4 ,surr\nd$ by ! un5d+ multiplicity ( contempor>y notions ( div9ity ! imag9ation ( ! ,epic poet _h fa%ion$ = itself a g5]aliz$ picture ( a div9e k+dom4 ,?is 0 at t "t a solit>y attempt to erect a ,panhell5ic !ological sy/em1 b x _h ! greate/ influ5ce ^u ! m5tal conceptions ( ,greeks ( e race1 = ! ,epic poet address$ !m all4 ,he /ood z ?\gh on a height look+ d[n on all ! n>r[ valleys & m\nta9\s c\ntrysides cut (f f ! re/ ( ! _w1 & a wide prospect op5$ out be=e 8 eyes4 ,he 9999so>s above all ! innum]able contradictory & conflict+ details ( local cult & belief1 & f9ds some?+ univ]sal beyond4 ,! "n & conception ( ,zeus1 ,apollo1 ,h]mes1 ,a!na1 & all ! gods repres5t$ innum]able div]sities 9 ! my?s & ritual ( ! diff]5t cities & races2 _! outw>d %apes & p]sonalities diff]$ widely accord+ to _! localization & ! mann] ( _! influ5ce4 ,in/ead ( all ^! ! ,epic poet sees only "o ,zeus1 ,apollo1 etc41 r$uc$ 9 ea* case to a s+le unifi$ p]sonality4 ,& j z he _h look$ beyond ! multiplicity ( local deities s he did n conf9e 8 gods to p>ticul> local habitations & c5tres ( influ5ce 9 ! ,greek c\ntries2 !y did n belong to "o locality m ?an ano!r4 ,true !y work$ & rul$ 9 ! _w1 b !y 7 = all t free to move :]e !y w\ld4 ,!y dwell & meet toge!r on ! heights ( ,olympos1 ! ,pi]ian ,holy ,m\nta91 :i*1 h[ev]1 became 9 ! imag9ation ( ,hom]1 unfett]$ by atta*m5t to any p>ticul> place1 m & m an ideal m\nta9 ( fancy4 ,s ! broad sea is ! dwell+-place ( ,poseidon2 he is n conf9$ to any "o place4 ,ev5 ! rul]s ( ! _s _w4 ,ades & ,p]sephoneia1 h _! abode1 n1 inde$1 on #ie ,olympos1 & c]ta9ly n "h or !re b5ea? ! surface ( ! ,greek c\ntryside1 b f> away 9 a l& ( fancy2 !y1 too1 are n b\nd to any p>ticul> locality ( ! actual _w4 ,at ! end ( ?is enorm\s "w ( unification & idealization1 t1 out ( all ! inf9ite special manife/ations ( ! "n ,zeus1 ea* wor%ipp$ only 9 its n>r[ little circle 9 ,greece1 _h evolv$ ! s+le almighty figure ( ,zeus ,fa!r ( ,gods & ,m5--h[ c\ld "o :o _h imag9$ all ?is be able to und]/&1 if he met ) su* a creature1 a special ,zeus1 call+ himself ,zeus ,trophonios1 :o pass$ 8 undy+ exi/5ce 9 a cave ne> ,lebadeia & 0 only p[]ful 9 t "o spot8 ,( c\rse1 ! inhabitant ( su* a holy spot w\ld n all[ himself to be depriv$ ( ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce & pres5ce ( ! god on 8 native soil4 ,?\gh he might be ready en\gh 9 g5]al & 9 respect ( o!r m5's local deities to regulate conceptions ( ! nature ( ! gods 9 accordance ) ! ,hom]ic picture1 yet he refus$ absolutely to be %ak5 9 8 belief 9 8 own local deity1 h[ev] unkn[n to ! ,olympian family ( gods 9 ,hom] t deity might be4 ,! local wor%ip 9 its unalt]$1 undi/urb$ p]si/5ce1 witness$ to ! objective tru? ( 8 belief4 ,?us !re 7 pres]v$ 9 ! pi\s fai? ( _! wor%ipp]s l>ge numb]s ( local deities ^: circle ( influ5ce 01 h[ev]1 v limit$4 ,!y _h n be5 rais$ ) ! o!r gods to ! heights ( ,olympos1 b _h rema9$ fai?ful to ! soil 9 :i* !y _h _! home1#bjc witnesses to a f> di/ant pa/ 9 :i* ! memb]s ( e remote little community _h _! sep>ate god b\nd to ! soil beyond :i* _! ?\ghts did n /ray4 ,we %all see h[ 9 po/-,hom]ic times _m su* anci5t e>?-gods1 i4e4 gods ?\ght ( z liv+ bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 7 giv5 new & 9 "s cases a m wide-rea*+ lease ( life4 ,! ,epic 9 its prime knew no?+ ( ^! e>?-dwell+ deities4 ,:5 x c\ld n close its eyes to _! exi/5ce x *ang$ !m into translat$ h]oes1 & beyond ! imm$iate locality ( ! cult ?is v]sion ( !m became ! commonly accept$ "o ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ,greece4 #b ,b ! ,epic 0 by no means uni=m 9 int5tion1 or c>ri$ ?r\gh z a sy/ematic unity2 x 0 f> f be+ ! (fspr+ ( a le>n$ reflection t c\ld tol]ate no discrepancy4 ,ev5 "h we f9d at lea/ "s few dim #if recollections ( ! anci5t belief 9 gods t c h _! p]man5t abode 9 m\nta9 holl[s4 ,! ,odyssey 7xix1 #agh f47 calls ,m9os1 ! son ( ,zeus 7cf4 ,il4 xiii1 #dej2 xiv1 #cbb2 ,od4 xi1 #efh7 :o rul$ 9 ,knossos ! ,cretan city1 ! famili> gossip ( great ,zeus4#bac ,v probably ! poet meant by ^! words mu* ! same z 0 und]/ood by !m 9 lat] times3 t ,m9os 0 p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ,zeus1 on e>?1 ( c\rse1 &1 9 fact1 9 ! cave--n f> f ,knossos on ! side ( ,m\nt ,ida--:i* 0 rev]$ z ! ,cave ( ,zeus4#bbc ,! isl& ( ,crete1 ov]run by ! ,greeks at an e>ly p]iod1 /ill pres]v$ 9 its remote seclusion mu* t 0 primeval 9 belief & leg5d4 ,!re1 sometimes on ,m\nt ,ida1 sometimes on ,m\nt ,dicte 79 ! ea/ ( ! isl&7 ! holy cave 0 po9t$ out :]e 7already 9 ,hesiod7 ,zeus 0 said to h be5 born4#bcc ,accord+ to a local leg5d1 :i* probably 0 pres5t to ! fancy ( ! writ] ( ^! l9es ( ! ,odyssey1 ! god n[ fully gr[n up /ill dwelt 9 8 subt]ranean *amb]1 & 0 visit$ by individual mortals4 ,z ,m9os be=e him1 s1 too1 ,epim5ides _h be5 all[$ to he> ! prophecies ( ! god4#bdc ,! ,zeus t dwelt 9 ,ida 0 wor%ipp$ 9 a my/ical cult2#bec e ye> a ?rone 0 spread = him1 i4e4 probably a div9e banquet 7,!ox5ion7 0 prep>$ = 8 consumption1 z = o!r especially ,*?onic deities4 ,! initiat$ !n ent]$ ! cave dress$ 9 black wooll5 g>m5ts1 & rema9$ )9 = ?rice n9e days4#bfc ,ev]y?+ po9ts to ! exi/5ce ( conceptions simil> to ^? t we f\nd express$ 9 ! cult ( ,zeus ,trophonios at ,lebadeia4 ,zeus dwell+ 9 bodily =m 9 ! dep?s ( 8 cave c appe> 9 p]son to ^? :o ent] 8 cave duly sanctifi$4 ,!n !re appe>s1 f ! f\r? c5tury onw>ds1 ! /range /atem5t1 p]haps />t$ by ,euhem]os & eag]ly tak5 up 9 lat] ages by sc(f]s l ,lucian or ,*ri/ian oppon5ts ( ! old religion1 t ,zeus lay buri$ on ,ida4#bgc ,:at is "h call$ ! grave ( ! god is no?+ 9 reality b ! cave :i* 0 g5]ally reg>d$ z 8 p]man5t abode4#bhc ,! idea--always /range to ! ,greeks#bic--t a god c\ld lie buri$ any:]e on ! e>?1 depriv$ ( life = ev] or ev5 = a limit$ p]iod ( "t1 is (t5 met ) 9 ! tradition ( ,semitic & o!r non-,greek peoples4#cjc ,we ne$ n inquire :at deep] or p]haps allegorical s5se su* leg5ds may h _h 9 ! beliefs ( ^? nations2 !re is no reason to suppose t su* =eign leg5ds _h any influ5ce 9 ! =mation ( ,greek my?4 ,nor does ! #ig tradition 9 ,greek l&s give ! slighte/ support to ! view curr5t among mod]n my?ologi/s t ! dea? & burial ( gods is int5d$ to symbolize ! dea? ( ,nature4 ,x is1 9 fact1 pla9 t 9 ! leg5d ( ! ,cretan ,zeus' grave1 ! grave has simply tak5 ! place ( ! cave z ! ev]la/+ abode ( ! undy+ god1 & t x is a p>adoxical expression int5d$ to signify 8 p]petual conf9em5t to t place4 ,we are imm$iately rem9d$ ( a no less p>adoxical notice ( a god's grave at ,delphi4 ,"u ! navel /one 7,omphalos7 ( ! ,e>?-goddess 7:i* 0 a vault$ piece ( masonry 9 ! ,temple ( ,apollo recall+ 9 its %ape ! anci5t vault$ tombs71#cac !re lay buri$ a div9e be+4 ,our le>n$ au?orities call ?is be+ ,py?on1 ! enemy ( ,apollo2 "o & only "o q untru/wor?y witness says x 0 ,dionysos4#cbc ,"h we h a case ( "o god sett+ up 8 temple & abode ov] ! grave ( ano!r god4 ,apollo1 ! god ( prophecy1 ?rones x ov] ! ,e>?-_s ,py?on1 ! son ( ! ,e>?-goddess ,gaia4 ,n[1 we h anci5t & 9 ! highe/ degree tru/wor?y traditions to ! effect t !re 0 orig9ally at ,delphi an anci5t ,e>?-,oracle into ^: place ,apollo & 8 mantic art came lat] z an intrud]4 ,we are !re=e ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ t ?is circum/ance 9 ! hi/ory ( religion has f\nd expression 9 ! leg5d t ,apollo's temple & oracul> seat /ood ov] ! place :]e an anci5t & sup]s$$ oracle-daimon lay buri$4#ccc ,9 ! days :5 ! primeval ,e>?-,oracle 0 /ill p[]ful its gu>dian w\ld n lie dead & buri$ "u ! ,omphalos ( ! ,e>?-goddess1 b w\ld h dwelt !re alive und]gr\nd1 l ,amphi>aos or ,trophonios or ,zeus on ,ida4 #c ,! grave "u ! ,omphalos means 9 ! case ( ,py?on ! ov]?r[ ( an e>?-dwell+ ,*?onic ,daimon by ! cult ( ,apollo4 ,! grave ( ,zeus1 :i* _h ?ru/ itself into ! place ( an old] leg5d ( ! dwell+ ( ,zeus 9 ! cave ( ! m\nta91 expresses ! same idea z ?is leg5d1 b expresses x 9 a =m curr5t 9 lat] ages :i* knew ( _m ,h]oes :o aft] _! dea? & f _! graves gave pro( ( a high] exi/5ce & a p[]ful influ5ce4 ,! ,zeus t di$ & is buri$ is only a god r$uc$ to a ,h]o2#cdc rem>kable & p>adoxical is only ! fact t unlike ,zeus ,amphi>aos1 ,zeus ,trophonios 7& ,zeus ,asklepios71 he has n1 9 ! usual fa%ion1 dropp$ 8 title ( god1 :i* directly contradict$ 8 ,h]o #ih nature4 ,x is possible t 9 ! case ( ?is cave-,zeus1 half-god half-,h]o1 a conception has be5 transf]r$ m]ely on analogy f o!r cases :]e x 0 appli$ m prop]ly1 aft] !y _h become fully ,h]oiz$1 to gods :o accord+ to ! no long] intelligible !ory _h once be5 dwell]s 9 ! dep?s ( ! e>?4 ,we h sev]al acc\nts ( ,h]oes :o 7 buri$ 9 temples ( gods & 7 sometimes associat$ ) ! cult ( ! high] god to :om ! temple 0 d$icat$4 ,! way 9 :i* su* leg5ds c\ld arise may be se5 unusually cle>ly f ! case ( ,ere*!us4 ,! ,%ip-,catalogue 9 ! ,iliad 7ii1 #edf ff47 tells u t ,ere*!us 0 ! son ( ! ,e>?1 b t ,a!ne br\ght him up & settl$ him 9 h] ri* temple1#cec :]e ! ,a!nians e ye> hon\r him ) sacrifice ( %eep & bulls4#cfc ,x is pla9 t ,ere*!us is "h ?\ght ( z /ill liv+2 to hon\r a dead man ) su* (f]+s1 repeat$ e ye> & att5d$ by ! :ole community1 w\ld be a cu/om q unkn[n to ,hom]4 ,ere*!us is1 !re=e1 ?\ght ( z dwell+ alive 9 ! temple 9 :i* ,a!ne has set him d[n1 i4e4 ! anci5t temple on ! ,acropolis :i* 0 enclos$ 9 ! /rong h\se ( ,ere*!us1 to :i*1 accord+ to ! ,odyssey1 ,a!ne betakes h]self z h] own home4 ,on ! old citadel ( ! ,k+s1 royal resid5ce & sanctu>y ( ! goddess 7 comb9$2 its f\ndation walls h rec5tly be5 discov]$ on ! spot :]e lat] jo9t wor%ip 0 paid to ,a!ne & ,ere*!us 9 ! ,ere*!ion4#cgc ,ere*!us dwells bel[ ! gr\nd 9 a crypt ( ?is temple1#chc l o!r e>?-deities1 9 ! =m ( a snake1 immortally4 ,he is n dead1 = z ,euripides /ill says1 9 a /ory :i* o!rwise foll[s diff]5t l9es1 ! e>? gap$ & cov]$ him ov]1#cic i4e4 he 0 translat$ & liv$ on "u ! e>?4 ,on ! analogy ( ! examples already discuss$ x is cle> t ?is is also a case ( a primitive local deity1#djc once suppos$ to h be5 liv+ always 9 a cave on ! m\nta9-side1 trans=m$ to a ,h]o :o has be5 br\ght !re & rais$ to immortal life4 ,! lat] belief 9 ,h]oes requir$ a grave at :i* ! cont9u$ exi/5ce & pot5cy ( ! ,h]o 0 localiz$2 by a natural process ( developm5t ! ,h]o ,ere*!us translat$ alive & made immortal is ?\ght ( z buri$ 9 a grave4 ,eri*?onios1 :o 0 expressly id5tifi$ ) ! ,hom]ic ,ere*!us1 0 by lat] ages suppos$ to be buri$ 9 ! ,temple ( ,polias1 i4e4 ! olde/ temple ( ,a!ne1 on ! ,acropolis4#dac ,we h cle>ly be=e u ! /eps by :i* ! #ii aborig9al deity1 dwell+ b5ea? ! gr\nd1 ! son ( ,e>?1 is made into a mortal ,h]o1 translat$ to immortality & plac$ "u ! protection ( ! ,olympian goddess :o has n[ become m p[]ful ?an he2 & f9ally transf]r$1 cave & all1 to ! prec9cts ( h] temple1 & f9ally r$uc$ to ! condition ( a ,h]o l ano!r1 :o _h di$ & lies peacefully buri$ 9 ! temple ( ! goddess on ! citadel4 ,) ?is example be=e u we may expla9 sev]al o!r analog\s cases1 9 :i* we h only ! la/ /age ( ! process1 ! grave ( a ,h]o 9 a god's temple1 )\t any ( ! int]m$iate /eps4 ,a s+le example may be giv54 ,at ,amyklai1 n f> f ,sp>ta1 9 ! holie/ temple ( ,laconia1 /ood ! anci5t bronze /atue ( ,apollo ^u an alt>-%ap$ base1 )9 :i*1 accord+ to leg5d1 ,hyak9?os lay buri$4 ,?r\gh a bronze door 9 ! side ( ! alt> (f]+s = ! dead 7 s5t d[n to ,hyak9?os buri$ bel[ e ye> at ! fe/ival ( ! ,hyak9?ia4#dbc ,! recipi5t ( ^! (f]+s has little resemblance to ! g5tle y\? ( popul> leg5d4 ,! ,hell5i/ic poets tell h[ he 0 belov$ by ,apollo & di$ by a ca/ ( ,apollo's discus & 0 *ang$ into a fl[]4 ,! fable1 almo/ de/itute ( local ref]5ce1 has be5 put toge!r f _m popul> !mes4#dcc ,! sculpture on ! above-m5tion$ alt>1 on ! o!r h&1 repres5ts among _m gods & h]oes ,hyak9?os & 8 si/] ,polyboia z !y are be+ c>ri$ up to heav5--:i* w n squ>e ) ! metamorphosis /ory4 ,fur!r1 he is repres5t$ z be>d$1 & s n z ! boy :om ,apollo lov$1#ddc b z a gr[n man 7( ^: daught]s inde$ o!r leg5ds make m5tion74#dec ,! true /ory ( ?is ,hyak9?os has disappe>$ almo/ )\t leav+ a trace4 ,b 9 :at ! monum5t reveals & 9 :at we "k ( ! ye>ly fe/ival held 9 hon\r ( ,hyak9?os significant features em]ge :i* p]haps c tell u ! real "* ( ! ,daimon t 0 hon\r$ at ,amyklai toge!r )1 & z our in=mation cle>ly %[s1 be=e ,apollo himself4#dfc ,hyak9?os 0 giv5 (f]+s t 7 o!rwise peculi> to ! gods t rul$ ! l[] _w4#dgc ,^! (f]+s 7 let d[n directly into ! und]gr\nd place :]e1 9 fact1 ,hyak9?os himself 0 suppos$ to dwell4 ,9 ! great fe/ival ( ! ,hyak9?ia ! alt]nate wor%ip ( ,apollo & ,hyak9?os 7aft] :om z ! *ief p]sonage ! fe/ival is nam$7 po9ts to ! incomplete amalgamation ( two orig9ally di/9ct cults2 & ! pla9 & unadorn$1 almo/ dismal1 c]emonies ( #ajj ! days devot$ to ,hyak9?os--contra/$ ) ! m *e]ful wor%ip paid to ,apollo on ! middle day ( ! fea/#dhc--;all[ u to see cle>ly ! real nature ( ,hyak9?os z a ,daimon relat$ to ! gods ( ! und]world4 ,on ! alt>-relief ,polyboia 0 repres5t$ z 8 si/]3 %e 0 a goddess ( ! und]world l ,p]sephone4#dic ,hyak9?os 01 !n1 an old local deity ( ! ,amyklaian c\ntryside1 dwell+ bel[ ! e>?1 & 8 wor%ip at ,amyklai 0 old] ?an t ( ,apollo4 ,b he is a dim figure4 ,! ,olympian god 7probably n be=e ! ,doric conque/ ( ! ,a*an l&7 has set himself d[n beside1 & inde$ ov]1 ! anci5t e>?-_s1 & n[ out%9es him )\t q be+ able to bani% 8 wor%ip4 ,! div9e exi/5ce ( ! latt] "u ! gr\nd c\ld n be imag9$ by lat] ages1 except z ! aft]-exi/5ce ( ! psy*e ( a dead & buri$ ,h]o ^: body lay 9 ! grave "u ! /atue ( ! god4 ,next1 9 ord] to expla9 _! association 9 cult1 poetic leg5d made ! god a lov]1 j z 9 ano!r case1 & = simil> reasons1 x _h made him ! lov] ( ,daphne4#ejc #d ,?us x may be t "u _m a ,h]o ^: grave 0 %[n 9 ! ,temple ( a god an anci5t local-god 0 hidd51 ^: abode b5ea? ! e>? _h be5 conv]t$ into a grave n[ t he himself _h sunk f a deity ( high] rank to a human *iefta94 ,x dep5d$ ^u ! circum/ances ( ! case :e!r 8 humanization 0 complete or :e!r ! memory ( 8 =m] god-head 7pres]v$ 9 cult7 secur$ = him a second elevation to ! heav5ly regions#eac among ! ,olympian gods ^: nature 0 orig9ally q =eign to t ( ! old e>?-daimon4 ,su* conceptions1 diff]+ widely accord+ to ! circum/ances ( place & "t1 are %[n mo/ cle>ly 9 ! diff]5t views tak5 ( ,asklepios4 ,= ,hom] & ! poets he is g5]ally a great *iefta91 a mortal :o _h le>nt ! art ( heal+ f ,*eiron4 ,9 religi\s cult he 0 g5]ally set on a level ) ! upp] gods4 ,9 reality he1 too1 is a local e>?-dwell+ deity f ,!ssaly1 :o f b5ea? ! e>? disp5ses1 l s _m e>?-spirits1 heal+ f ! ills ( ! fle% & k ( ! future#ebc--! two be+ closely connect$ 9 antiquity4 ,he1 too1 easily bore ! *ange f god to ,h]o4 ,asklepios 0 /ruck by ,zeus' lightn+ :i* 9 ?is1 z 9 _m cases1 did n de/roy life1 b translat$ ! p]son affect$ to a high] exi/5ce outside ! visible _w4#ecc #aja ,we c n[ easily und]/& :at x means :5 ev5 ?is anci5t e>?-deity is said to be buri$--8 grave be+ %[n at diff]5t places4#edc ,_m peculi>ities ( ! wor%ip paid to him %[ cle>ly ! orig9al "* ( ,asklepios z an anci5t god liv+ bel[ ! e>?4#eec ,"o ess5tial *>act]i/ic inde$ ( su* e>?-spirits he lacks--he is n b\nd to any "o p>ticul> place4 ,an ent]pris+ prie/hood1 w&]+ 9 company ) ! re/ ( _! tribe1 _h tak5 ) !m ?is old e/abli%$ wor%ip ( !irs1 & spread x f> & wide1 s t ,asklepios himself became at home 9 _m diff]5t places4 ,n[1 9 close/ relation%ip1 ?\gh !y rema9$ m fai?ful to _! orig9al "*1 ) ?is ,zeus ,asklepios /ood ^? ,boeotian e>?-spirits ) :om ?is discussion began4 ,trophonios1 & ,amphi>aos1 too1 might h be5 describ$ z an ,asklepios1 :o _h /ay$ at home 9 8 old cav]n dwell+4#efc ,!y1 too1 ,amphi>aos & ,trophonios1 _h become mortal m5 ( a pa/ age 9 ! imag9ation ( a "t :i* c\ld no long] prop]ly und]/& su* cave-spirits4 ,b we nev] he> ( _! graves2 = ! g5]ation :i* made !m ,h]oes knew no?+ ( mortal *iefta9s :o aft] dy+ & be+ buri$ yet liv$ on ) undim9i%$ p[]s4 ,b x 0 ! belief 9 _! un9t]rupt$ pot5cy t gave ^? /range cav]n deities a secure place 9 m5's memory4 ,9 ! epic & 9 leg5ds inspir$ by ! epic !y are recogniz$ z human be+s t _h n di$ b _h be5 translat$1 )\t any division ( s\l f body1 to ev]la/+ life 9 ! dep?s ( ! e>?4 ,ev] aft]w>ds--ev5 :5 !y are n only call$ immortal1 b actually gods--!y are reckon$ z m5 :o h become immortal or godlike4#egc ,& !y h become ! patt]ns ( :at o!r mortals too may rise to4 ,9 ! ,electra ( ,sophokles 7#hcf ff47 ! *orus wi%+ to ju/ify ! hope ( a cont9u$ life = ! dep>t$1 expressly appeal to ! example ( ,amphi>aos1 :o /ill rules bel[ ! e>? ) all 8 spiritual p[]s intact4 ,= ! same reason ^! & o!r examples (f]$ by anci5t leg5d & poetry ( ! translation ( individual great m5 to a life bel[ ! e>? are important = our inquiry too4 ,9 !m1 z x did 79 ano!r s5se7 9 ! case ( ^? translat$ to ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/1 ! ,epic po9ts beyond its own resign$ & gloomy conception ( ! /ate aft] dea? t[>ds a high] life aft] ! visible _w has be5 left beh9d4 ,x took isolat$ cases ( ! once num]\s class ( cav]n deities wor%ipp$ 9 ,greek c\ntries1 & depriv$ #ajb !m ( _! god-head1 ?\gh n ( ! sup]humanly cont9u$ exi/5ce & 7especially mantic7 p[]s claim$ = !m by ! belief & cult ( _! c\ntrym54 ,?us r$uc$ to mortal rank1 x int]wove !m 9 ! fabric ( ! h]oic my?ology1 & 9 s do+ in/itut$ a class ( out/&+ human individuals :o _h be5 rais$ to a godlike exi/5ce1 f>1 inde$1 f ! upp] _w1 b1 at lea/1 n condemn$ to ! common realm ( ! s\ls4 ,in/ead !y 7 giv5 a home b5ea? ! e>?1 ea* 9 a def9ite place 9 ,greek t]ritory1 ne> liv+ m51 & able to help !m4 ,! desc5t f god to mortal ,h]o result$1 s9ce ! ess5tial po9t ( cont9u$ exi/5ce 0 n d5i$1 9 a correspond+ exaltation ( ! mortal & ! h]oic to ! div9e4 ,?us ! epic leads u 9 ?is in/ance t[>ds a range ( conceptions :i* ! poems !mselves treat$ z ?\gh x nev] exi/$1 & :i* n[ sudd5ly comes into view4 ,,notes ,,to ,,*apt] ,,iii #ac3 ,pi41 ,n4 ix1 #bd ff41 x1 #h f41 ,apollod4 iii1 #f1 #h1 #d 7sun t ha_/rmati kai t hnio_/* ,ba_/tni 4 4 4 ekru_/ph? kai ,zeus a?a_/naton auton epoi_/s57 etc4 ,! expressions us$ to describe ! translation & cont9u$ consci\s exi/5ce ( ,a4 are notewor?y3 kata gai' auto_/n te_/ n9 kai phaidi_/m\s hi_/pp\s e_/m>ps51 ,pi41 ,o4 vi1 #ad4 ,zeus kru_/ps5 ha_/m' hi_/ppois1 ,n4 ix1 #be4 gaia hupe_/dekto ma_/nt9 ,oiklei_/dan1 x1 #h4 ma_/ntis kekeu?s polemi_/z hupo *?ono_/s1 ,a41 ,?41 #ehh4 ede_/xato rhageisa ,?bai_/a ko_/nis1 ,s4 fr41 #hgc 7 #ieh ,p474 !oi znt' an>pa_/santes es mu_/*\s *?onos autois te?ri_/ppois eulog\s9 emphans1 ,e4 ,supp41 #ibh f4 h_/rpas5 *a_/rubdis oinosko_/pon1 te_/?rippon ha_/rma p]ibal\sa *a_/smati1 #eja f4 7,eriphyle ,amphia_/raon e_/krups' hupo gn autoisi sun hi_/ppois1 ,oracle 9 ,ephorus ap4 ,a?41 #bcb ,f4 ,amphi>a_/ou zntos to sma katade_/xa/hai tn gn1 ,aga?>*41 p4 #aae1 #ba ,m4 epespa_/sato h g znta1 ,philo/r41 ,v4 ,ap41 #b1 #cg1 p4 #gi1 #ah ,kays4 aphanismo_/s ( ,a41 ,/4 ,byz4 s4 ,ha_/rpuia4--pa_/mpsu*os ana_/ssei1 ,s41 ,el41 #hda2 aei zn timatai1 ,x541 ,cyn4 i1 #h4 #bc3 ,t ! translation ( ,amphi>aos 9 ! =m s frequ5tly repeat$ by lat] au?ors 7cle>ly foll[+ an important & influ5tial orig9al7 appe>$ already 9 ! ,!bas ( ! epic cycle is tak5 by ,welck] = grant$1 ,ep4 ,cykl4 ii1 #cfb1 #ff4 ,! view is intr9sically probable3 b x c claim m def9ite gr\nds4 ,pi41 ,o4 vi1 #ab-ag1 tells u t aft] ,amphi>aos & 8 team _h be5 swall[$ up by ! e>?1 ,adra/os1 ov] ! sev5 fun]al-pyres 7:i* consum$ ! bodies ( ! ,argives :o _h fall5 9 battle1 said po!_/ /ratias oph?almon emas1 ampho_/t]on1 ma_/nt9 t' aga?on kai d\ri ma_/rna/hai4 ,t ?is fam\s lam5t 0 tak5 ek ts kukliks ,?ba_/dos1 fr4 #e ,k9kel1 p4 #ab1 is prov$ by ! te/imony ( ! anci5t s*olia on po!_/ ktl41 quot+ ,asklepiades4 ,?is means t 9 ! ,!bas too1 aft] ! battle 0 ov] ,amphi>aos 0 n to be f\nd ei!r among ! fall5 or ! survivors--0 9 fact translat$4 ,p9d> mu/ h tak5 n m]ely ! words ( ! lam5t ( ,adra/os b ! :ole situation t l$ up to ^! words1 z he describ$ x1 f ! ,!bas4 7,be!1 ,!b4 ,held4 #ahia1 p4 #eh f41 #id ff41 claims to prove t ,p9d> took no?+ b ! words ampho_/t]on ktl4 f ! ,!bas :i* said no?+ ( ! burial ( ^! :o _h fall5 be=e ,!bes1 & t ,p9d> add$ ?is la/ on 8 own acc\nt1 ,o4 vi1 z well z ,n4 ix1 #be4 ,b ! pro(s ( ?is view1 9 itself highly improbable1 on clos] exam9ation come to no?+47--,9 ! ,odyssey x is said ( ,amph4 o_/let' en ,?_/bsi o #bdg2 ?a_/n5 ,amphia_/raos #bec4 ,! expression is naturally to be und]/ood z m]ely imply+ disappe>ance f ! e>? says ,welck]1 ,ep4 ,c4 ii1 #cff4 ,all we c claim is t ! expression does n inde$ prev5t u f assum+ t ! /ory ( ! disappe>ance ( ,amph4 0 kn[n also to ! poet ( ^! l9es4 ,?us 9 ! ,,oc4 ( ,soph4 ,antigone says twice ov] 7ll4 #agjf1 #agad7 t ,o$ipus e_/?ane1 :]eas he really 0 l ,amphi>aos translat$ alive 7a_/skopoi pla_/kes e_/m>psan #afha74 #cc3 ,pi41 fr4 #afg1 ,a4,r4 i1 #eg-fd 7zo_/s p] e_/ti 4 4 4 edu_/seto neio_/?i gai_/s74 ,orph41 ,arg41 #aga-e 7phasin 4 4 4 zo_/n t' en ph?ime_/noisi molein hupo keu_/!si gai_/s74 ,aga?>*41 p4 #aad1 #ci-dc ,m4 7eis tn gn katadunai or?o_/n te kai znta74 ,s*ol4 & ,eu/4 on ,a #bfd1 p4 #ajja4--;,9 ,ovid1 ,m4 xii1 #ead ff41 ! translation becomes a metamorphosis 7into a bird72 & #ajd (t5 an anci5t translation my? has ?us be5 replac$ by a metamorphosis 9 lat] my?ology4 ,! connect$ /ory ( ,ka9eus has be5 lo/1 & only a few fragm5ts survive 9 ,s*41 ,a4,r4 i1 #eg2 ,s*41 ,a #bfd 7! be/ kn[n be+ ! *ange ( sex cf4 also ,me9eke1 h4 crit4 com41 #cde1 ! mean+ ( :i* is v dubi\s4 ,simil> /ories are told ( ,teiresias1 ,si?on 7,ov41 ,m4 iv1 #bhj71 ,iphis1 & ,ian!1 ?is la/ rem9d+ u /rik+ly ( a n>rative 9 ! ,mahbhrata4 ,!n frequ5tly 9 _m miracle tales1 bo? hea!n & ,*ri/ian1 to :i* f> too mu* respect is paid by ^? :o seek to f9d 9 !m d>k rem9isc5ces ( bisexual gods74 ,no traces ( a cult ( ,ka9eus c be f\nd4 #dc3 ,al?aim5es1 son ( ,katreus 7cf4 ,rh4 ,mus4 #cf1 #dcb f471 euxa_/m5os hupo *a_/smatos ekru_/b ,apollod41 iii1 #b1 #b1 #c4 ,rationali/ic v]sion ( ,z5o ( ,rhodos ap4 ,d4,s41 #e1 #ei1 #d1 :o says1 h[ev]1 hu_//]on kata *rsmo_/n t9a timas e_/s*e p>a ,rhodi_/ois hrka_/s1 &1 9 fact1 we le>n f an insc4 9 ,newton1 ,gr4 ,insc4 9 ,b4,m4 ii1 #ceb1 t a political division 7,kto9a87 ( ! p ( ,rhodos 0 call$ ,al?aim5i_/s1 ^: h_/rs ep_/numos mu/ h be5 ,al?aim5es4 #ec3 ,amphilo*os appe>$ 9 p]son to sleep]s at 8 dream-oracle at ,mallos 9 ,cilicia 7,luc41 ,philops41 #ch7--s also did 8 rival ,mopsos1 ,plut41 ,,d4 #de1 #dcd ,d--z well z at 8 oracle 9 ,ak>nania1 ,ari/id4 i1 p4 #gh ,d4 #ch1 #ba ,keil4 ,mopsos 9 ,cilicia & ,amphilo*os 9 ,ak>nania are alike 9 be+ among ^? daimo_/nia :i* hidrume_/na e_/n t9i to_/p t\ton oik\s91 ,orig41 c4 ,cels4 iii1 #cd1 pp4 #bic-d ,l4 ,! same au?or says ( ,amph4 ,mopsos & o!rs1 an?rpoeideis !rei/hai !\_/s1 vii1 #ce1 p4 #ec4 #fc3 ,laodike1 daught] ( ,priam ,apollod41 ,epit4 v1 #be2 ,nicol4 ,prog4 ii1 #a4--;,ari/aios1 :o a_/phantos gi_/gnetai 9 ,m4 ,haemus & is n[ hon\r$ a?ana_/tois timais1 ,d4,s4 iv1 #hb1 #f4 7,cf4 ,hill] v4 ,grtr41 ,pauly-,wiss4 ii1 #hee1 #bc ff47 #gc3 ,! regul> expression = ^! subt]ranean dwell+-places is me_/g>a4 ,lex4 rhet4 ap4 ,eu/41 ,od41 #achg1 #ag f4 ,h5ce also ! sacrificial pits into :i* m5 l[]$ ! (f]+s made to ! deities ( ! l[] _w are call$ me_/g>a 7,lob41 ,agl41 #hcj2 me_/g>a *a_/smata1 ,s*ol4 ,luc41 ,d4 ,m]4 #b1 pp4 #bge ff4 ,rabe4 ,x 0 ?\ght t by s9k+ ! gifts 9 ! gr\nd !y w\ld imm$iately rea* ! dwell+-place ( ! _s :o liv$ !re4 ,! sacrificial *asm is itself ! *amb]1 me_/g>on1 9 :i* ! _s lives 79 ! =m ( a snake7 & dwells4 #hc3 k #dib ff41 psu* *r"s_/n\s ,?bai_/ou ,teiresi_/ao1 ma_/ntos ala\ t\ te phre_/nes e_/mp$oi_/ eis92 t kai te?nti no_/on po_/re ,p]sepho_/neia1 oi_/ pepnu/hai2 toi de skiai a_/s\s94 ,8 phre_/nes be+ unde/roy$ ! mo/ important & di/+ui%+ feature ( dea? is abs5t4 ,8 body1 inde$1 is de/roy$ & h5ce he is call$ te?n_/s l all ! o!r dwell]s 9 ,hades1 ?\gh x is /ill difficult to see h[ ! phre_/nes c\ld rema9 )\t a body4 ,x is highly probable t ! idea ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! consci\sness ( ! fam\s se] r5[n$ 9 ,!ban leg5d 0 d]iv$ by ! poet f a popul> tradition accord+ to :i* ,teiresias /ill gave pro( ( ! cle>ness ( 8 wits by ! oracles :i* he s5t up f bel[ ! e>?4 ,9 ,or*om5os !re 0 a *r/_/rion ,teiresi_/ou1 ,plu41 ,,d4 #dd1 p4 #dcd ,c 7z ,nitzs*1 ,anm4 ,od4 iii1 p4 #aea4 also rem9ds u74 ,if we may argue f ! context 9 :i* ,plut>* speaks ( him1 ?is mu/ h be5 an e>?-oracle1 i4e4 an incubation-oracle4 ,!re /ories l ^? told at ,!bes ( ,amphi>aos may h be5 relat$ ( ,teiresias & 8 survival aft] dea?4 ,"s su* in=mation ! poet ( #aje ! ,nekyia may !n h trans=m$ & made use ( = 8 own purposes4 ,/r4 #gfb n )\t good gr\nd connects ^! v]ses ab\t ,teiresias ) ! /ories ( ,amphi>aos & ,trophonios4 #ic3 ,! anci5t site ( ! ,oracle ( ,amphi>aos 0 ne> ,!bes at ! place 7,knopia :]e accord+ to ! epic /ory he sank into ! e>?4 ,paus4 #i1 #h1 #c1 ,/r4 #djd4 ,ev5 at ! "t ( ! ,p]sian w> ! envoy ( ,m>donios inquir$ ( him !re1 ne> ,!bes1 z ,hdt4 viii1 #acd1 unmi/akably says4 7,t ! oracle lay 9 ,!ban t]ritory is %[n also by ! addition ( ! words1 o!rwise po9tless1 ,?bai_/n oud5i e_/xe/i manteu_/e/hai auto?i_/4 ,a simil> rule is f\nd at ! temple ( ,h]akles 9 ,ery?rai :i* may be approa*$ by ,?racian wom5 b n by ,ery?ran wom5 ,paus4 #g1 #e1 #g-h2 & 9 ! same way ! ,lampsak5oi 7 exclud$ f ! fun]al games ( ,miltiades on ! ,*]sonnese3 ,hdt4 vi1 #ch47 ,oropos also claim$ to h>b\r ,amphi>aos "u its soil2 ,s*4 ,pi41 ,o4 vi1 #ah1 #ba-c2 diff]5tly 9 ,paus4 #a1 #cd1 #b-d4 ,b ! oracle mu/ h be5 mov$ !re aft]w>ds--h>dly be=e ! end ( ! fif? c5tury 7me?idru_/?1 ,/r4 #djd72 to suppose t x _h always be5 conf9$ to ,oropos is contr>y to all ! traditional evid5ce4 #ajc3 ,^? :o wi%$ to inquire ( 8 oracle (f]$ by night to ,trophonios1 be=e go+ d[n into ! cave1 a ram1 sacrific+ x 9 a pit 7bo_/?ros73 ,paus4 #i1 #ci1 #f2 to ,amphi>aos1 aft] a consid]able fa/ 7,philos41 ,,va41 #b1 #cg1 pp4 #gi1 #ai ff4 ,k47 & ! provision ( a ka?a_/rsion1 ! inquir] (f]$ a ram ^u ! fleece ( :i* he lay d[n to sleep 7,paus4 #a1 #cd1 #e74--;,clean!m cum p$e t]ram p]cussisset v]sum ex ,epigonis 7prob4 ( ,soph47 f]unt dixisse3 audisne haec1 ,amphi>a1 sub t]ram abdite8 ,cic41 ,,td4 ii1 #fj4 ,! ge/ure also mu/ h be5 borr[$ f ! same sc5e 9 ! ,epi_/gonoi4 ,x 0 ?us cu/om>y to knock on ! gr\nd 9 call+ ^u ,a41 z 9 ! case ( o!r kata*?o_/nioi 7,amphia_/rae *?o_/nie occurs z late z ,p4 ,mag4 ,p>4 #addf f4 ,w 473 ,i #efh2 cf4 ,paus4 #h1 #ae1 #c4 ,cf4 also ,ngelsb41 ,na*h4 ,!ol41 #ajb1 #bad4 ,sk$asos 9 ,sp>ta gn tu_/ptn anekaleito tas ,er9u_/z1 ,plu41 ,,an4 #c1 p4 #ggd ,b4 ,9 8 grief = ! loss ( 8 daught] ,h]odes ,atticus ?rew himself on ! gr\nd tn gn pai_/n kai bon2 ti_/ soi1 ?u_/gat]1 ka?agi_/s8 ti_/ soi xun?a_/ps8 ,philo/r41 ,,vs4 #b1 #a1 #aj4 ,py?agoras ho_/tan bront_/s ts gs ha_/psa/hai p>_/ggeil51 ,iamb41 ,,vp4 #aef4 #aac3 ,t ! dream-oracle ( ,trophonios _h a mu* old] influ5ce is impli$ by ! /ory ( ! inquiry made ( x by ! ,boitoi halo_/ntes hupo ,?rakn 9 ,phot4 7,suid47 lu_/sioi teletai_/4 #abc3 ,trophonios himself 0 suppos$ to appe> 9 ! cave at ,lebadeia4 ,! inquir] goes d[n to x deo_/m5os sugg5e_//hai t daimoni_/ 7,max4 ,tyr4 #ad1 #b1 p4 #bdi ,r472 indications 7 s\ght f sacrifice ei d ton katio_/nta eum5s kai hi_/les de_/xetai 7,trophonios71 ,paus4 #i1 #cf1 #f4 ,saon1 ! discov]] ( ! oracle & f\nd] ( ! cult1 _h aft] ent]+ ! manteion met ,trophonios himself 9 p]son1 tn hi]\rgi_/an 4 4 4 dida*?nai p>a t\ ,trophni_/ou phasi_/ 7,paus4 #i1 #dj1 #b74 ,he dwells & is visible 9 ! oracul> cav]n3 ,orig41 ,cels4 iii1 #cd1 pp4 #bic-d ,l42 vii1 #ce1 p4 #ec2 ,ari/id4 i1 p4 #gh ,d4 #ch1 #ba ,keil4 ,ev5 ! /upidly rationalis+ acc\nt ( ,troph4 9 ,s*ol4 ,ar41 ,nub4 #ejh1 p4 #aij ,ru?41 ,s*4 ,luc41 ,,dm4 iii1 ,cosm4 ad ,greg4 ,naz4 p4 #ahd ,cl>ke1 p4 #eb 7,eudoc41 ,viol41 p4 #fhb1 #h7--;implies ! bodily pres5ce ( an egkatoiksan daimo_/nion 9 ! cave ( ,trophonios4 ,lucian1 too1 %[s t ?is 0 ! popul> impression 7,,dm4 iii1 #b7 by 8 curi\s satiric fiction t :]eas ,troph4 himself 0 9 ,hades 7to :i* acc4 to ,necyom4 #bb ! cave ( ,trophonios 0 only an #ajf entrance to !ion hmi_/tomon ( ,trophonios *ra en ,boiti_/a4 ,?us ! visitor expect$ to meet ,trophonios !re 9 8 div9e %ape1 z ,ampelius puts x 9 a simil> case ) great simplicity & directness1 #h1 #c3 ibi 7,argis 9 ,epiro ,iovis templum hyphonis 7irretrievably corrupt3 ,trophonii absurdly ,duk]2 ,typhonis1 ,ty*onis o!rs n mu* bett]7 unde e/ ad inf]os desc5sus ad toll5das sortes3 9 quo loco dicuntur ii qui desc5d]unt ,iovem ipsum vid]e4 ,o!rwise1 ,tr4 0 said to inhabit ! cave 9 ! %ape ( a snake z is s frequ5tly ! case ) e>?-deities4 ,n only are snakes sacr$ to him z to ,asklepios 7,paus4 #i1 #ci1 #c7 & live 9 8 cave 7to propitiate !m p take honey-cakes d[n ) !m7 b he himself is pres5t 9 ! =m ( a snake3 o_/phis n ho manteuo_/m5os1 ,s*ol4 ,ar41 ,nub4 #ejh3 cf4 ,suidas ,troph_/nios4 ,x 0 ?is p]sonal contact betwe5 ! god & ! inquir] :i* specially di/+ui%$ ! oracle ( ,tr4 mo_/non ekeino 7to manteion7 di' aut\ *ra t\ *rme_/n\4 ,philo/r41 ,,va4 #h1 #ai1 p4 #cce1 #cj ,k4 ,( c\rse1 _m only he>d )\t see+3 tis kai eid5 kai a_/llos _/k\s51 ,paus4 #i1 #ci1 #aa4 ,b x 0 ! god !y he>d4 #acc3 ,speak+ ( ,zalmoxis among ! ,getae 7cf4 ,/r4 #big f42 #gfb2 ,hdt4 iv1 #ie-f4 ,,em4 ,za_/lm471 ,mopsos 9 ,cilicia1 ,amphilo*os 9 ,ak>nania1 ,amphi>aos & ,trophonios--9 fact1 all ( !m daimones :o _h oracles ( ,incubation--,or4 7,cels4 iii1 #cd1 p4 #bic-d ,l47 says3 !y h temples & aga_/lmata z daimoni_/ois ouk oid' ho_/ps hidrume_/nois e_/n t9i to_/p1 hon 4 4 4 oik\s94 ,!y dwell )9 ?is he_/na keklrme_/non to_/pon1 vii1 #ce 7pp4 #ec-d ,l471 cf4 iii1 #ce f94 ,9 t place & only !re are su* daimones visible4 ,cels4 vii1 #ce 7p4 #ec ,l471 ( ! temples ( ,amph41 ,troph41 ,mops43 e_/n?a phsin an?rpoeideis !rei/hai !\s kai ou pseudome_/n\s alla kai en>geis4 4 4 4 o_/psetai_/ tis aut\s ou* ha_/pax p>>rue_/ntas 4 4 4 all' a_/ei tois b\lome_/nois homil\ntas 7& s ev] pres5t !re4 ,ari/id4 i1 p4 #gh ,di4 #ch1 #ba ,k41 ,amphia_/raos kai ,troph_/nios en ,boiti_/a kai ,amphi_/lo*os en ,aitli_/a *rsmd\si kai phai_/nontai4 ,on ! ext5sion beyond its orig9al home ( ! cult ( su* an ,incubation-deity localization 9 a s+le spot 0 ( c\rse relax$4 ,x 0 ei!r disput$ :]e 8 p]man5t habitation really 0 7z 9 ! case ( ,amph471 or else ! god gradually ceas$ to be b\nd to any "o place1 ?\gh /ill b\nd to c]ta9 places 9 ! s5se t he c\ld appe> only !re1 & n any:]e he *ose4 ,su* is ! case ) ,asklepios & ) v>i\s o!r daimones equally b\nd orig9ally to a s+le spot1 :o !n epiphai_/nontai1 epiphoits91 9 c]ta9 o!r temples z well 7cf4 = example1 ! acc\nt ( ! epipha_/neiai ( ,ma*aon & ,podaleirios 9 ,adrotta giv5 by ,m>941 ,v4 ,procli1 #cb2 cf4 ,suid4 ,eu/e_/phios1 f ,damascius1 ,v4 ,isid474 ,b :5 inquiries are made ( a god by ,incubation ! god mu/ always appe> 9 p]son2 if he is abs5t no oracle c be giv54 ,see ! /ory ( ,amphi>aos 9 ,plu41 ,,d4 #e1 p4 #dab ,a4 ,9 ! records ( miracles ( heal+ f\nd 9 ,epidauros ! god himself regul>ly comes to ! sleep] 9 ! a_/duton 7or else 9 ! =m ( a snake ,eph4 ,ar*4 '#hc1 p4 #bae f41 ll4 #aac-ai71 sometimes accompani$ by 8 hup_/retai 7! ,asklepiadai71 cf4 ,eph4 ,ar*4 '#he1 p4 #ag ff4 ll4 #ch ff41 #aaa f4 ,9 ! old miracle ( ,ari/agora ( ,troez5 7,eph4 ,ar*4 '#he1 p4 #ae1 l4 #aj ff47 report$ already by ,hippys ( ,rhegion 7:i* !re is no reason to d\bt7 at fir/ only ! sons ( ! god appe>$ to ! sick woman ouk epidam\ntos aut\ all' en ,epidau_/r eo_/ntos4 ,only 9 ! foll[+ night did ,asklepios himself appe> to h] hikn ex ,epidau_/r\4 ,ev]y:]e x is impli$ t dream-heal+ c only take place ?r\gh p]sonal action ( ! god 7cf4 ,ar41 ,plut472 #ajg lat] by ! advice1 at lea/1 ( ! god1 p]sonally appe>+ to ! pati5t 7see ,za*]1 ,h]mes1 xxi1 #dgb f472 & ?is presumption is expla9$ by ! fact t orig9ally ,incubation c\ld only take place at ! actual spot :]e ! god 7or ,h]o7 _h 8 p]man5t abode4 #adc3 ,! hupophtai ( ! ,dodonian ,zeus ! ,selloi_/1 anipto_/podes *amaieunai1 ,p #bcd f41 7 expla9$ by "s already 9 antiquity z prie/s ( an ,incubation oracle 7,eu/41 ,il41 p4 #ajeg1 #fd ff471 ,welck] agree+ ) !m1 ,kl4 ,s*r4 iii1 #ij f4 ,?is view is f\nd$ solely on ! adj4 *amaieunai1 :i* is n1 h[ev]1 to be sep>at$ f anipto_/podes4 ,b s9ce anipto_/podes c h no connexion ) ,incubation nei!r !n c *amaieunai4 ,bo? epi!ts ref] obvi\sly to ! special sev]ity & simplicity ( ! life ( ! ,selloi_/1 ! 7ritual7 reason = :i* x is true we d n "k & h no means ( guess+4 #aec3 ,x rema9s inde$ impossible to det]m9e :at mov$ ! epic to recognize 9 ! ,boeotian cave-daimon ! ,argive se] ,amphi>aos 7ev5 dur+ 8 life-"t an adept 9 ! incubation-mantic art acc4 to ,paus4 #b1 #ac1 #g2 cf4 ,did4 9 ,gp4 #b1 #ce1 #h1 p4 #gc1 #ad ff4 ,beckh71 or :y ! h]oiz$ god ,amphi>aos 0 turn$ into an ,argive & made a memb] ( ! prophetic family ( ,melamp\s o!rwise ! foes ( ! ,boeotian se]s2 or1 f9ally1 :y he 0 br\ght to ,boeotia z an enemy & !n made to dwell = ev] 9 t ho/ile & ali5 l&4 #afc3 ,h5ry ! ,f[l] 9 ,sudem]b]g3 ,kuhn & ,s*w>tz1 ,nordd4 ,sag41 p4 #ahe4 ,! o!r examples 9 ,grimm1 *4 xxxii4--,g4 ,voigt 9 ,sybel's hi/4 ,zeits4 xxvi 7#ahga71 pp4 #aca-hg1 %[s 9 8 mo/ lucid acc\nt t x 0 n orig9ally ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa b ,fr$]ick ,,ii :om ! leg5d repres5t$ z n dead b lo/ & to :om ! expectation ref]r$ t he w\ld come aga9 "s day4 ,f ! fifte5? c5tury ! /ory beg9s to appe> t he 0 dwell+ 9 ,kyffhus] 7or 9 a cave 9 ! rocks ne> ,kais]slaut]n72 ! "n ( ,b>b>ossa does n appe> till ! sixte5? c5tury1 & !n gradually pr$om9ates4 ,b h[ x came ab\t t f a def9ite mom5t onw>ds ! translat$ emp]or 0 ?\ght ( z liv+ on 9 a holl[ m\nta9 is by no means cle> f ! writt5 docum5ts alone or f ! critical /udy ( ! evolution ( ! leg5d4 ,sudd5ly & )\t int]m$iate /eps ! /ory assumes ?is %ape1 & x c h>dly be acc\nt$ = except on ! view t x arose f ! comb9ation ( ! ,fr$]ick leg5d ) already exi/+ ,saga-/ories ( translat$ ,h]oes or gods 7z ,voigt also sugge/s1 p4 #afj74 #agc3 ,grimm1 pp4 #iei-fa4 ,simrock1 ,d4 ,my?4#c1 p4 #add4--;,h[ easily simil> leg5ds c appe> spontane\sly among diff]5t peoples )\t int]connexion appe>s f ! fact t translation leg5ds are also f\nd n only 9 ,greece b 9 di/ant ,mexico2 see ,mll]1 ,ges*4 am4 ,urrel4 #ehb4 ,holy m5 :o h vani%$ & are n dead b live on 9 ! dep?s ( m\nta9 caves1 & are expect$ "o day to reappe> on e>?1 occur 9 ! leg5ds ( ,mohamm$an peoples ( ! ,ea/3 ,a4 v4 ,krem]1 ,culturg4 ,/reifz4 ,geb4 ,islam1 #ej2 ,ges*4 ,ide5 ,islam1 #cge f41 #cgh4 #ahc3 ,dii ,trephni_/oi ,insc4 f ,lebadeia1 ,mei/]1 ,bot4 ,insc4 #dbc 7,,gdi4 i1 p4 #afc72 o!rwise only ,trephni_/oi 7n4 #djg1 #dad1 katabas en ,treph_/nion ,,b*4 #ahij1 p4 #ba71 ,trophni_/ 7n4 #dac72 & side by side occur tu ,di tu ,basileii k tu ,trephni_/u1 etc4 7n4 #dbe1 #dbi1 #dcj74 ,dionu_/s eu/aphu_/l kata *rsmon ,dios ,trophni_/ou ,insc4 f ,labadeia 9 ,/ephani ,reise d4 ,geg4 nrd4 ,grie*51 ,no4 #dg4 ,ins4 f ,leb4 ,i,g,sept4 i1 #cjgg 7#a/-#bnd c5t4 ,a4,d47--,/r4 #dad3 ,leba_/deia ho_/p\ ,dios ,trophni_/ou manteion hi_/drutai4 #ajh ,liv4 #de1 #bg1 #h1 ,labadiae templum ,iovis ,trophonii adiit4 ,obs4 #ej 7 #aaj7 ,lebadiae ,euty*ides 9 templum ,iovis ,trophonii degressus--4 ,dios manteion is ! "n giv5 to ! oracle ( ,tr4 9 ,phot4 also & ,hesy*4 ,leba_/deia4 #aic3 ,dios ,amphi>a_/ou hi]o_/n 7at ,oropos73 ,dicae>*4 ,descr4 ,gr4 i1 #f 7i1 #ajj ,m474 ,ev5 ,hyp]ides 9 ! spee* = ,eux5ippos ref]s ?r\gh\t to ,amph4 at ,oropos z a god4 ,amph4 9 ,or4 ho !o_/s 7#a/-#bnd c5t4 ,b4,c473 ,,igs4 i1 #cdih2 #dab2 ,,cig4 #aegj;a1 #be1 #cj1 #eb4 ,liv4 #de1 #bg1 #aj 79 ,oropos7 pro deo vates antiquus colitur4 ,cic4 ,div4 i1 #hh3 ,amphi>aum sic honoravit fama ,grci1 deus ut hab]etur4 ,plut>* also1 speak+ ( ! embassy s5t by ,m>donios to ! anci5t ,!ban oracle1 calls ,amph4 !o_/s3 ,,d4 #e1 p4 #dab ,a4 ,acc4 to ,paus4 #a1 #cd1 #b1 h[ev]1 ,amph4 0 fir/ hon\r$ z a god 9 ,oropos4 #bjc3 ,orig5 is express+ x 9 8 own way1 b he is q "r 9 pr9ciple :5 he di/+ui%es ! local gods rema9+ 9 ! c\ntryside f ! gods ( ,olympos1 ,cels4 iii1 #ce f943 mo*?rn daimo_/nn kai to_/p\s epi gs prokateilpho_/tn1 epei ts ka?>te_/ras ou du_/nantai epha_/psa/hai *_/ras kai !iote_/ras4 ,he says ( ,asklepios1 #e1 #b 7p4 #afi ,l471 !os men an ei_/ aei de la*n oikein tn gn kai hsp]ei phugas t\ to_/p\ tn !n4 #bac3 ,dios mega_/l\ o>i/_/s4 ,! ^w implies q z mu* famili> conv]sation z well z g5]al intimacy ) ,zeus4 ,! obscure enne_/ros ne$ n be consid]$ "h4 ,9 any case x is to be tak5 closely ) basi_/leue1 next to :i* x /&s1 & n ) ,dios m4 o>i/_/s 7z _m ev5 anci5t writ]s h done4 #bbc3 ,int]c\rse ( ,m9os ) ,zeus 9 ! cave3 ,pl4 ,m94 #cai ,e4 7:5ce ,/r4 #gfb71 ,ephorus ap4 ,/r4 #dgf2 7f ,eph4 also ,nic4 ,dam4 ap4 ,/ob4 ,fl4 iv1 #b1 #be1 p4 #afa ,h474 ,v4,m4 i1 #b1 ext4 #a4 ,"h ! position ( ! cave is z a rule n precisely /at$4 ,b ! ,idaian cave is g5]ally meant & ,max4 ,tyr4 def9itely ref]s to ?is "o z ! place :]e ,m9os met ,zeus1 #ch1 #b 7p4 #bba ,r474 #bcc3 ,bir? ( ,zeus 9 ! cave3 ,aigai_/ en o_/rei ,hes41 ,?4 #dha ff4 ,!nce 8 "m bore him es ,lu_/kton #dhb 7cf4 #dgg71 :i* w\ld be ne> ,ida3--es ,di_/ktn ,s*mann4 ,&1 at any rate1 ! cave on ,mt4 ,dicte 0 ! g5]ally reput$ place ( ,zeus' bir?3 ,apoll4 #a1 #a1 #f4 ,d4,s4 #e1 #gj1 #f2 ,mela #b1 #aac2 ,d4,h4 #b1 #fa 7:o also makes ,m9os visit ,zeus !re74 ,at ,praisos to t\ ,diktai_/ou ,dios hi]o_/n3 ,/r4 #dge-h4 ,o!rs1 inde$1 m5tion ,ida z ! place ( ! bir? ( ,zeus3 ,d4,s4 #e1 #gj1 #b1 #d2 ,a4,r4 iii1 #acd4 ,bo? ! holy caves are ?us cont9ually rivals2 b x appe>s t ! leg5d ( ! bir? ( ,zeus 0 pr9cipally localiz$ at ! ,diktaian cave1 t ( 8 int]c\rse ) ,m9os *iefly at ! ,idaian2 cf4 n[ also ,m4 ,may]1 ,my?4 ,lex4 s4 ,kronos1 ii1 #aecc ff4 #bdc3 ,max4 ,tyr4 #af1 #a 7cf4 #ch1 #c2 prob4 f ,max4 only1 ,!od4 ,met4 ,misc4 c4 #ij1 p4 #ehj ,m474 ,cf4 ,rh4 ,mus4 #ce1 #afa f4 ,max4 speaks ( ! cave ( ,diktaian ,zeus1 p]haps only inexactly & by ov]sight4 ,x w\ld be to ,ida r & its cave :i* rose above ,knossos1 ! home ( ,epim5ides1 t ! leg5d w\ld make him g on pilgrimage4 ,s1 too1 ,d4,l4 viii1 #a1 #c1 ( ,py?agoras1 en ,kr_/t sun ,epim5i_/d katl!n eis to ,idaion a_/ntron4 ,py?4 9 ! ,idaian cave1 ,porph41 ,,vp4 #ag4 #bec3 ,s*ol4 ,plat41 ,leg4 i1 introd4 7p4 #cgb ,h]m47 & ,leg4 #fbe ,b1 see ,lob41 ,agl4 #aaba4 7,dios ,idai_/ou mu_//s1 ,eur41 ,cret4 fr4 #dgb1 #aj ,n47 ,rec5tly ! ,idaian cave ( ,zeus has be5 r$iscov]$ high up 9 ! m\nta9s1 a day's j\rney f ,knossos 7,fabricius1 ,a?4 ,mit?41 vol4 x1 #ei ff474 ,rema9s ( votive (f]+s ( antiquity h be5 #aji f\nd1 b only be=e ! entrance to ! cave en t /omi_/ t\ a_/ntr\ 7:]e ,?phr4 _h already rem>k$ ! l1 ,,hp4 #c1 #c1 #d72 inside ! cave1 :i*1 l a vault$ tomb1 consi/$ ( two *amb]s1 only traces ( ! cult f ,roman times 7 f\nd4 ,x seems f ?is t ! sacrificial ritual ( ! previ\s p]iod did n rea* fur!r ?an ! entrance ( ! cave 7z 0 ! case also at ! temple ( ,troph4 at ,lebadeia2 :ile ! int]ior ( ! cave z ! seat ( ! god himself 0 only ent]$ by ,my/ai & prie/s 7! bir?-*amb] 0 n to be approa*$ at all3 ,boios1 ap4 ,ant4 ,lib4 #ai74 #bfc3 ,porph41 ,,vp4 #ag1 p4 #be ,n43 eis de to ,idaion kal\_/m5on a_/ntron katabas e_/ria e_/*n me_/lana tas nomizome_/nas tris enne_/a 7cf4 ,nauck on ,s41 ,,oc4 #dhc7 hme_/ras ekei die_/trips5 kai ka?_/gis5 t ,dii_/1 to_/n te /ornu_/m5on aut kat' e_/tos ?ro_/non e!a_/sato4 ,! hi/orical tru? ( ! /ory ( ,py?4's visit to ! cave ne$ n be discuss$ "h1 b we may assume ! cr$ibility ( ! details giv5 ( ! cult ( ,zeus 9 ! cave & ! cu/om>y c]emonial ( pilgrimage to x4 7,! /ory comes f relatively good s\rces1 ,gr4 ,roman1 p4 #bed47--,! long "t sp5t 9 ! cave 7i4e4 9 ! wide & l(ty out] *amb]7 has its companion picture 9 :at ,/r4 #fdi says ( ,*>_/nion at ,a*>aka1 ,plu41 ,g54 ,soc4 #ba1 #eij ,b41 ( ! cave ( ,trophonios4 ,x 0 necess>y also to sp5d sev]al days 9 ! oi_/kma ,dai_/monos aga?\ kai ,tu_/*s 9 prep>ation = ! desc5t into ! cave3 ,paus4 #i1 #ci1 #e4 ,! 7to ,zeus7 /ornu_/m5os kat' e_/tos ?ro_/nos has no?+ to d ) ! ,korybantic ?ronismo_/s 7see ,hill]1 ,h]mes1 #ba1 #cfe74 ,:at is meant is 9 any case a lecti/]nium3 ?us 9 ,a!ns x 0 usual to kli_/nn /rsai t ,pl\_/tni1 ,,cia4 ii1 #idh-ej2 to ,asklepios 7,,cia4 ii1 #dec;b #aa73 to ,attis1 ,,cia4 ii1 #fbb2 79 ,cos at ! x5ismo_/s ( ,h]akles1 ,ins4 ,cos #cf;b1 #bb71 etc4 ,! ?ro_/nos 7/rnu_/e9 ?ro_/n\s du_/o = a goddess ,,cia4 ii1 #fbd1 #i1 #aj7 appe>+ in/ead ( a kli_/n is possibly 9 accordance ) anci5t ritual4 ,?us 9 ! s-call$ fea/s ( ! dead 9 anci5t times ! ,h]o is repres5t$ on a ?rone :ile lat] he recl9es on ! kli_/n4 ,?us 9 ,rome besides lecti/]nia we sometimes h selli/]nia especially = female deities3 ,comm4 ,lud4 ,saec41 l4 #ga2 #aja2 #ach ,dessau1 ii1 #a1 p4 #bhb2 ,,cil4 vi1 #cb & else:]e4 #bgc3 ,acc4 to ,ennius1 ,euh4 #gc ,vahl4 7ap4 ,lactant4 i1 #aa1 & ap4 ,m94 ,fel4 xxi1 #a7 ,euhem]os spoke ( ! grave ( ,zeus4 ,call41 h4 ,jov4 #h-i1 cle>ly attacks ! fable ( ,zeus' grave 9 ,crete4 ,x seems to me v probable t ,euh4 _h tak5 up ! /ory z "o t evid5tly suit$ 8 *eap pragmatical int]pretation ( my?s & _h introduc$ x into lit]ature4 ,x w\ld be ,euh4 !n :om ,call41 loc4 cit41 0 attack+ z he did else:]e ! ge_/rn alaz_/n & 8 a_/dika bibli_/a 7fr4 #hf74 #bhc3 ,! grave ( ,zeus 9 ,crete is spok5 ( )\t exact specification ( ! place by ,call41 loc4 cit41 ,cic41 ,,nd4 iii1 #ec2 ,d4,s4 #c1 #fa1 #b2 ,mela ii1 #aab2 ,luc41 ,tim4 #f1 ,j4 ,tr4 #de1 ,sacr4 #aj1 ,d4 ,conc4 #f2 ,m94 xxi1 #h2 ,firm41 ,err4 ,pr(4 ,rel4 vii1 #f4 ,euhem]os ap4 ,m94 xxi1 #a1 speaks ( ! ,dicti ,iovis sepulcrum obvi\sly inexactly1 = acc4 to ,lact4 i1 #aa1 he made ! grave 9 oppido ,cnosso f> f ,mt4 ,dicte4 ,ev5 !re he means n 9 b ne> ,knossos1 i4e4 on ,mt4 ,ida4 ,= ! fact t x 0 on ,mt4 ,ida we h ! te/imony ( ,v>ro de litoralibus ap4 ,sol94 #aa1 p4 #ha1 #ab-ae ,momms4 ,f9ally1 ! situation ( ! grave )9 ! ,idaian cave is cle> f ,porph41 ,,vp4 #ag1 p4 #be ,n4 #bic3 ,h5ce ! /ory ( ! grave ( ,zeus 7:5 n d5i$ outright z by ,call47 0 allegoriz$2 ,celsus h9t$ at tropikas huponoi_/z3 ,or41 ,cels4 iii1 #dc1 p4 #cjg ,l42 cf4 ,philo/r41 ,,vs4 p4 #gf1 #ae ff4 ,k4 #aaj #cjc3 ,examples are frequ5t 9 ! my?ology ( ,ori5tal1 & g5]ally b n exclusively ,semitic peoples4 ,x is g5]ally ,kronos :o is buri$ 7cf4 ,may]1 ,my?4 ,lex4 ii1 #adhg ff472 at o!r times ,a/>te1 ,adonis1 ! ,phrygian ,attis1 ,h]akles1 & o!rs4 ,cf4 also ! /ories ( ! ,h]oes sleep+ et]nally 9 ,s>d9ia 7,rh4 ,mus4 #ce1 #aeg ff42 #cg1 #dfe ff472 & ( ,kragos & ! o!r a_/grioi !oi_/ 7or !oi agreis8 ,,jhs4 #aj1 #eg1 #ee7 :o 7 made immortal on ,mt4 ,kragos 9 ,lykia 7,/4 ,byz4 ,kra_/gos73 !y1 too1 7 ?\ght ( z sleep+1 & n dead1 z ,eu/4 on ,d4,p4 #hdg expresses x4 #cac3 ,v>ro1 ,,ll4 vii1 #ag1 p4 #abd ,sp4#b1 comp>es ! %ape ( ! ,omphalos ) a !saurus1 i4e4 ) "o ( ! vault$ build+s :i* us$ to be call$ treasuries1 b :i* h n[ be5 und\bt$ly prov$ to be really vault$ graves4 ,on a small] scale 7z vase pa9t+s %[7 ! omphalo_/s _h ! %ape g5]ally giv5 to ! dwell+-places made = ! spirits ( ! dep>t$ :o dwelt bel[ ! e>?1 z well z t ( ! abodes ( o!r e>?-spirits2 ev5 ! *a_/sma gs ov] ! cav]n ( ,trophonios 0 ( ?is %ape1 ,paus4 #i1 #ci1 #aj4 ,0 ?is dome-%ape especially connect$ ) e>?-spirits :o _h mantic p[]s8 ,! ,delphic omphalos 0 ev5 us$ z a te*nical expression to describe ?is ?olos %ape2 ?us ! omphaloi_/ 7( phia_/lai7 kai tn balanei_/n hoi ?o_/loi p>o_/moioi1 ,a?4 #eja ,d4 ,e4 7cf4 ,hesy*4 ,balaneiompha_/l\s1 ,,ab4 #bbe1 #f74 ,x 0 call$ omphalo_/s ,gs because sacr$ to ! e>?-goddess4 ,x 0 lat] int]pret$ navel1 i4e4 middle po9t ( ! e>?1 by mi/ake1 & !n fabul\s acc\nts made up to expla9 ?is4 #cbc3 ,mod]n writ]s h adopt$ ! view t ,dionysos 0 buri$ "u ! ,omphalos3 e4g4 ,enmann1 ,kypros u4 ,ursp4 ,aphrod41 ,s4 ,pet]sb41 #ahhf1 p4 #dg ff4 ,b clos] exam9ation %[s t all t we h good au?ority = is t ! omphalo_/s 0 ,py?onis tumulus 7,v>ro1 ,,ll4 vii1 #ag1 p4 #abd ,sp471 ta_/phos t\ ,pu_/?nos 7,hesy*4 s4 ,toxi_/ou b\no_/s74 ,dionysos1 on ! o!r h&1 0 buri$ at ,delphi1 p>a ton ,apo_/llna ton *rus\n 7,philo*oros ap4 ,sync4 #cjg1 #d ff4 ,di42 ,eus4 ,arm4 ,hi]4 ,*r41 pp4 #dd-e ,s*42 ,malal41 p4 #de1 #g ,di41 f ,africanus acc4 to ,gelz]1 ,afric4 i1 #acb f471 i4e4 he 0 buri$ 9 ! a_/duton 7cf4 ,paus4 #aj1 #bd1 #e71 or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 p>a to *r/_/rion 7,plu41 ,is4 et ,o4 #ce1 #cfe ,a471 p>a ton tri_/poda 7,call4 ap4 ,tz4 ,lyc4 #bjh2 cf4 ,e4,m4 ,delphoi_/74 ,! tripod /ood 9 ! ,adyton 7,d4,s4 #af1 #bf2 ,/r4 #dai2 cf4 ,hdt4 vii1 #adj74 ,:e!r ! omphalo_/s also /ood 9 ! ,adyton 7or :e!r z "s ?9k1 9 ! ,cella ( ! ,temple7 _c be made out = c]ta9 ?\gh x seems probable4 ,no "o1 h[ev]1 made ! grave ( ,dionysos "u ! ,omphalos except ,tat41 ,gr4 viii1 p4 #dj ,ott4 p4 #i1 #af ff4 ,s*w43 ho omphalos ta_/phos e/i ,dionu_/s\1 & ! /atem5t ( ?is v c>eless pamphlete] _c /& aga9/ ! witness ( ,v>ro1 etc4 ,x is pla9 t ,tatian confus$ ! two graves1 z ,hyg4 #adj & ,s]v4 7,a4 iii1 #ib2 iii1 #cfj2 vi1 #cdg7 did1 rev]s+ ! process & mak+ ! tripod into ! grave ( ! ,py?on4 ,! real tradition knew1 besides ! grave ( ,dionysos ne> ! tripod1 ! grave ( ,py?on 9 ! ,omphalos ( 8 "m ,gaia4 ,?is 0 nev] s]i\sly d5i$2 d\bt might r h be5 believ$ to l+] ov] ! "q1 :o !n 0 pres]v$ 9 ! tripod8 ,porph41 ,,vp4 #ah1 p4 #be1 #f ff4 ,n41 says t x 0 ,apollo himself1 or possibly an ,apollo ! son ( ,sil5os4 ,?is absurdity seems to g back to ,euhem]os 7cf4 ,m9uc4 xxi1 #a2 wor?less is ,fulg5tius ,expos41 #b1 p4 #gfi ,/av4 p4 #aab1 #c ff4 ,helm71 & may be m]ely a frivol\s je/4 7,too mu* respect is paid to ?is tradition by ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,introd4 to ,sci5t4 ,my?41 p4 #bdf47 #aaa #ccc3 ,t ! snake kill$ by ,apollo 0 ! gu>dian ( ! old manteion *?o_/nion we h on unimpea*able au?ority 7te/im4 collect$ by ,?4 ,s*reib]1 ,apollo ,py?oktonos1 p4 #c73 esp4 ,eur41 ,,x4 #abde ff4 ,call41 fr4 #cfd2 poitai_/ acc4 to ,paus4 #aj1 #f1 #f1 :o say t 7ton ,pu_/?na7 epi t mantei_/ phu_/laka hupo ,gs teta_/*?ai ktl4 ,t ! /ruggle 0 = ! oracle is %[n briefly & pla9ly by ,apollod4 #a1 #d1 #a1 #c3 hs de ho phr\rn to manteion ,pu_/?n o_/phis ek_/lu5 auton 7,apo_/llna7 p>el!in epi to *a_/sma 7! oracul> cleft71 t\ton anel_/n to manteion p>alamba_/nei4 ,! snake =m is prop] to e>?-spirits1 &1 z e>?-spirits always h mantic p[]1 to oracle-spirits4 ,trophonios appe>$ z a snake & s did ,asklepios4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! ,delphian dra_/kn is ! embodim5t ( ! pre-,apoll9e oracle-daimon4 ,?us ,hesy*4 says exactly ,pu_/?n daimo_/nion mantiko_/n 7elaborat$ 9 ,hyg4 #adj74 ,cf4 ,act4 #afaf4--,support]s ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,greek religion ( ,nature f9d ev5 9 ! leg5d ( ,apollo's fight ) ! snake an allegorical v]sion ( a physical fact t5d+ to become an e?ical "o4 ,i _c reg>d su* an allegory z primitive4 #cdc3 ,an in/ructive p>allel may be add$4 ,9 ,clem4 ,hom4 #e1 #bb1 p4 #gj1 #cb ,lag41 !re is m5tion ( a grave ( ,pl\ton en t ,a*]\si_/a li_/mn4 ,?is may be expla9$ z foll[s4 ,at ,h]mione ,hades "u ! "n ( ,klym5os 0 hon\r$ toge!r ) ,demet] ,*?oni_/a & ,kore4 ,pausanias knew well t ,klym5os 0 a titul> "n 7epi_/klsis7 ( ,hades 7#b1 #ce1 #i71 b 8 rejection ( ! op9ion t ,klym5os 0 a man f ,argos :o _h come to ,h]mione 7z f\nd] ( ! ,*?onic cult7 %[s t ?is 0 ! g5]al view4 ,beh9d ! temple ( ,*?onia lay *ri_/a ha kal\s9 ,h]mioneis to men ,klume_/n\1 to de ,pl\_/tnos1 to tri_/ton de autn li_/mnn ,a*]\si_/an4 ,at ?is li_/mn ,a*]\si_/a x is possible t a grave ( ,hades1 trans=m$ into ! ,h]o ,klym5os1 may h be5 %[n4 ,?is ,clem5s ref]r$ to1 b in/ead ( ,klym5os or ,hades us$ inaccurately ! "n m famili> to lat] times1 ,pl\ton4 #cec3 kad d' en ,a?_/ns' eis51 he eni pi_/oni n4 ,^! words may be kept 9 m9d 9 ord] to expla9 ! my/]i\s n>rative 9 ,hesiod ,?4 #ihg ff4 ( ,phae?on :om ,aphrodite rt' an]eipsame_/n kai_/ m9 za!_/ois eni n_/ois nopo_/lon mu_/*ion poi_/sato1 dai_/mona dion4 ,aphr41 9 fact4 translat$ ,phae?on alive & made him immortal--)9 h] own temple j z ,a!ne _h ,ere*!us4 ,p]haps ,phae?on 0 translat$ b5ea? ! gr\nd "u ! temple--! adj4 mu_/*ion may mean ?is4 !oi mu_/*ioi are ^? t rule ov] ! mu*o_/s ( a h\se1 e4g4 ov] ! ?a_/lamos z ! inmo/ *amb]3 ?us ,aphrodi_/t mu*i_/a 7,ael41 ,,ha4 x1 #cd74 ,lt mu*i_/a 7,plu4 ap4 ,eus41 ,,pe4 iii1 #a1 #c1 p4 #hd c474 ,a goddess call$ simply ,mu*i_/a1 ins4 fr4 ,mytil5e1 ,,gdi4 #bee4 ,b mu_/*ioi c\ld also mean dwell]s 9 ! dep?s ( ! e>? 7mu* *?onos euruodei_/s1 ,hes41 ,?4 #aai2 m commonly 9 ! plural mu*oi *?ono_/s1 see ,m>kl& on ,eur41 ,sup4 #ede2 cf4 ,a_/dos mu*o_/s1 ,,ap4 vii1 #bac1 #f 7,ar*ias72 also mu*os eusebe_/n1 a?ana_/tn "u ! e>?1 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #bda a1 #ah2 #feh a2 ,rh4 ,mus4 #cd1 #aib74 ,?us 7( ! ,er9yes7 ,orph4 ,h4 #fi1 #c1 mu_/*iai1 hupo keu_/!s9 oiki_/' e_/*\sai a_/ntr en ero_/enti4 ,phot4 #bgd1 #ah1 mu*o_/p$on2 gs ba_/?os1 ,ha_/ids4 #cfc3 ,t ! mi_/n ( l9e #eej ref]s to ,ere*!us & n ,a!ne is %[n by ! context3 ,s*ol4 ,,bl4 /ates x expressly4 ,a!ne _c h be5 int5d$ to accept ! (f]+ ( bulls & rams1 = ?_/lea t ,a?na ?u_/ous94 ,&1 9 fact1 c[s1 n bulls1 7 (f]$ to ,a!ne2 cf4 ,p4 ,/5gel1 quae/4 sacr41 p4 #d-e1 ,b]l4 #ahgi4 #cgc3 ,see ,wa*smu?1 ,b]4 s*s4 ,ges4 ,wiss41 p4 #cii ff41 #ahhg4 #aab #chc3 ,?us !re 01 at ! temple ( ,palaimon on ! ,i/hmus1 an a_/duton kal\_/m5on1 ka_/?odos de es auto hupo_/ges1 e_/n?a d ton ,palai_/mona kekru_/ph?ai 7i4e4 n dead & buri$7 phasi_/n4 ,paus4 #b1 #b1 #a4 #cic3 *a_/sma kru_/ptei *?ono_/s1 ,eur4 ,ion1 #bib4--;,ere*!us ab ,iove ,neptuni rogatu fulm9e e/ ictus1 ,hyg4 #df4 ,t is only ano!r k9d ( translation4 #djc3 ,we ne$ n "h speak ( ! relation%ip betwe5 ,ere*!us & ,poseidon1 ) :om he 0 ev5tually m]g$4 #dac3 ,clem4 ,al4 ,protr4 iii1 p4 #ci ,p4 7) ,arnob4 & ! o!rs :o copy him72 ,apollod4 #c1 #ad1 #g1 #a4 ,clem5s 7quot+ ,antio*os ( ,syracuse m5tions a grave ( ,kekrops on ! citadel4 ,x is unc]ta9 :at is ! relation betwe5 ?is & ! ,kekro_/pion kn[n f insc4 ,,cia4 i1 #cbb1 & to t\ ,ke_/kropos hi]o_/n on ! citadel 7,decree hon\r+ ! ,epheboi ( ! tribe ,kekropis 9 ! ye> #ccc3 ,,b*4 '#hi1 p4 #beg4 l4 #aj74 #dbc3 ,huak9?i_/ois pro ts t\ ,apo_/llnos ?usi_/z es t\ton ,huaki_/n? ton bmon dia ?u_/ras *alks enagi_/z\s92 en ari/]a de_/ e/9 h ?u_/ra t\ bm\4 ,paus4 #c1 #ai1 #c4 ,we %all meet ) simil> examples 9 treat+ ( ! sacrifices made to ,h]oes4 ,?is naive sacrificial rite regul>ly presumes ! physical pres5ce ( ! god or _s 9 ! place und]gr\nd into :i* ! (f]+s are p\r$ or ?r[n 7z 9 ! me_/g>a ( ,demet] & ,kore1 etc474 #dcc3 ,! /ory ( ,hyak9?os is f\nd 9 its famili> =m 9 ! poets ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod & _! imitators1 ,nik&]1 ,bion1 ,ovid1 etc43 already ,simmias & ,euphorion _h told x 7see ,welck]1 ,kl4 ,s*4 i1 #bd ff42 & ,g4 ,knaack1 ,anal4 ,alex&r9o-romana1 p4 #fj ff474 ,x may ev5 rea* back to e>li] times2 ! dea? ( ,h4 caus$ by ,apollo's discus-?r[ is m5tion$ by ,eur41 ,hel4 #adgb ff41 ?\gh he does n speak ( ! love ( ,apollo = ,h4 ,z ! /ory 0 g5]ally giv51 &1 inde$1 z x _h already be5 implicitly told by ,nikias1 x _h no local col\r+ & no importance z local leg5d4 ,x 0 n ev] ev5 an aetiological my? = x c\ld only acc\nt 9 ! mo/ g5]al way = ! melan*oly "* ( ! ,hyak9?os fe/ival & n at all = ! peculi> features ( its ritual4 ,x is an erotic my? lead+ up to a metamorphosis1 l s _m o!rs ( its k9d1 9 sub/ance1 x is true1 closely relat$ ! ,l9os my?1 etc41 ) :i* x is g5]ally comp>$--& 9 accordance ) ! fa%ionable !ory int]pret$ z an allegory ( ! spr+ blossom fad+ b5ea? ! heat ( ! sun4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a regul> my?ological !me 7! dea? ?r\gh ! ca/ ( ! discus occurr+ = example 9 ! /ories ( ,akrisios1 ,kanobos1 ,krokos see ,haupt1 ,opusc4 iii1 #egd f4 ,9 ,philo ap4 ,gal51 xiii1 #bfh1 read v4 #ac !_/oio1 v4 #ae p]haps kei_/n\ d /a?mo_/n74 ,we _c tell h[ f> ! fl[] ,hyak9?os _h any?+ to d ) ! ,amyklaian ,hyak9?os 7cf4 ,hem/]huis1 ,lucian ii1 p4 #bia ,bip472 p]haps no?+ at all--!re 7 no hyac9?s us$ 9 ! ,hyak9?ia4 ,! simil>ity ( ! "n may h sugge/$ ?is addition to ! metamorphosis /ory to ! ,hell5i/ic poets4 #ddc3 ,c]ta9ly n z ,apollo's er_/m5os 7z :i* ,haus]1 ,philol4 #eb1 #bah1 9 spite ( ! be>d1 reg>ds ! ,hyak9?os ( ! ,amyklaian alt>74 ,be>d$ paidika_/ are un?9kable z e read] ( ! ,an?4 ,pal4 kn[s4 ,! mo/ anci5t =m ( ! /ory1 z impli$ 9 ! sculpture at ,amyklai1 nei!r kn[s any?+ ( ! love ( ,apollo & ,hyak9?os nor consequ5tly ( ! latt]'s e>ly dea?1 etc4 #dec3 ,! ,huak9?i_/des at ,a!ns 7 reg>d$ z ! daught]s 7/rangely migrat$ to ,a!ns7 ( ! ,lac$aemonian ,hyak9?os4 i4e4 ! "o buri$ 9 ,amyklai4 ,see ,/4 ,byz4 ,l\si_/a2 ,h>p4 #aac ,huak9?i_/des2 ,apollod4 #c1 #ae1 #h1 #e-f2 ,hyg4 #bch 7,phanodemos ap4 ,suid4 ,p>!_/noi arbitr>ily id5tifies ! ,huak9?i_/des ) ! ,hua_/des or daught]s ( ,ere*!us4 ,s also ,dem4 #fj1 #bg74 ,?is idea implies a =m ( ! /ory 9 :i* ,hyak4 did n die :ile /ill a boy or a half-gr[n y\? z 9 ! metamorphosis v]sion4--,t ! figure ( ,hyak9?os on ! sculpture at ,amyklai _h a be>d is expressly m5tion$ by ,paus4 #c1 #ai1 #d1 z conflict+ ) ! fre% y\?fulness ( ,hyak9?os z ,nikias 7second half f\r? c5tury7 ) ref]5ce to ! love-/ory _h repres5t$ him 9 8 fam\s picture 7pr?_/bn ,hua_/k9?on1 ,nic41 ,?4 #ije74 ,paus4 #e1 expressly raises a d\bt z to ! tru? ( ! traditional fable ab\t ,h4's dea?4 #dfc3 pro ts t\ ,apo_/llnos ?usi_/z ,paus4 #c1 #ai1 #c4 ,m ?an once x is /at$ t at a p>ticul> fe/ival sacrifice to ! ,h]o prec$$ t to ! god 7cf4 ,wassn]1 de h]\m ap4 ,gr4 cultu1 p4 #dh ff474 ,probably ! reason 9 all su* cases is t ! cult ( ! ,h]o 7or god turn$ ,h]o is old] 9 t p>ticul> spot ?an ! wor%ip ( ! god ^: cult _h only be5 adopt$ !re at a lat] "t4 ,?us 9 ,plataea at ! ,daidalia sacrifice 0 made to ,leto be=e ,h]a 7pro?u_/e/hai73 ,plu4 ap4 ,eus41 ,,pe4 iii1 #hd ,c3 !re x is q evid5t t ! cult ( ,h]a 0 adopt$ lat]4 ,p]haps ev5 ! =m ( ! ^w ,hua_/k9?os implies t x 0 ! "n ( an anci5t deity wor%ipp$ already by ! pre-,greek inhabitants ( ! ,peloponnese4 ,see ,krets*m]1 ,e9l4 9 ,ges*4 gr4 ,spr4 #djb-e4 #dgc3 ,huaki_/n? enagi_/z\s91 ,paus4 #c1 #ai1 #c4 #dhc3 ,! second day ( ! fe/ival 0 sacr$ to ,apollo & n to ,hyak9?os3 ton !on a_/d\s9 ,a?4 #aci ,e4 7,x has be5 rightly said t ?is 0 :5 ! paia_/n m5tion$ by ,x541 ,,hg4 #d1 #e1 #aa1 mu/ h be5 sung47 ,x is impossible to d5y1 ) ,ung]1 ,philol4 #cg1 #cj1 ! *e]ful "* ( ?is second day ( ! fe/ival z describ$ by ,polykrates ap4 ,a?4 #aci ,e1 ,f4 ,x is true t ,didymus 7^: words ,a!naeus is quot+7 beg9s 9 a way 7#aci ,d7 t might lead "o to suppose t all ?ree days ( ! tn ,huak9?i_/n ?usi_/a dia to pe_/n?os to g5o_/m5on 7g9o_/m5on87 p]i ton ,hua_/k9?on 7 pass$ 9 gloom )\t fe/ivity1 cr[ns1 fea/+1 or ,paean1 etc4 ,b he refutes himself aft]w>ds 9 8 description ( ! second day ( ! fe/ival1 at :i* n m]ely at ! p]=mances b at ! sacrifice & ! banquet+s fe/ivity reigns supreme4 ,we c only suppose t 8 language at ! beg9n+ is inaccurate1 & t he means :at he says ( ! solemnity ( ! occasion because ( ! m\rn+ = ,hyak9?os to be tak5 z limit$ l ! m\rn+ itself to ! fir/ day ( ! fea/4 #dic3 ,hesy*4 ,polu_/boia2 !o_/s tis hup' eni_/n ,a_/rtemis1 hupo de a_/lln ,ko_/r4 ,cf4 ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,dorians1 i1 #cfa 7,a_/rtemis !re probably z ,hekate74 #ejc3 ,ano!r view ( ! comb9$ wor%ip ( ,apollo & ,hyak9?os at ,amyklai is tak5 by ,enmann1 ,kypros1 etc41 #ce4 ,9 ?is z else:]e he relies on c]ta9 op9ions adopt$ f ,h4 ,d4 ,mll]'s my?ological writ+s1 :i* mu/ be approv$ ( 9 g5]al be=e !y c be f\nd enlight5+ z appli$ to any p>ticul> case4 #eac3 ,z happ5$ 9 ! case ( ,hyak9?os1 too1 9 ! sc5e repres5t$ on ! ,amyklaian alt>1 ,paus4 #c1 #ai1 ?\gh no?+ c be d$uc$ f ?is z to 8 orig9al nature4 #ebc3 ,! oracul> activity ( ,asklepios plays a subord9ate "p 9 ! usual acc\nts ( him 9 comp>ison ) 8 p[]s ( heal+4 ,b orig9ally !y 7 closely unit$ 7z 0 usually ! case ) e>? spirits74 ,apollodorus p4 !n ap4 ,macrob4 #a1 #bj1 #d1 puts x #aad di/9ctly3 scribit quod ,aesculapius div9ationibus et auguriis praesit4 ,celsus calls ,asklepios eu]get\nta kai ta me_/llonta prole_/gonta ho_/lais po_/les9 anakeime_/nais heaut1 ,or41 ,cels4 iii1 #c1 pp4 #bee-f ,l4 #ecc3 ,see ,app5dix ,i4 #edc3 ,cic]o quot+ ! pragmatical !ologi says1 ,,nd4 iii1 #eg1 ,aesculapius 7! second "o fulm9e p]cussus dicitur humatus esse ,cynosuris 7! di/rict ( ,sp>ta8 ,f a simil> s\rce come ,clem4 ,al41 ,protr4 ii1 p4 #bf ,p42 ,lyd41 ,m5s4 iv1 #ij1 p4 #afd ,wns*72 ( ! ?ird ,askl41 ,cic4 #eg says3 cuius 9 ,arcadia non longe a ,lusio flum9e sepulcrum et lucus o/5ditur4 ,ev5 ! temple ( ,asklepios 9 ,epidauros 0 reg>d$ by _m z ! place ( 8 grave if we are to believe ! ,clem5t9e ,hom4 v1 #ba1 ,rec4 x1 #bd 7sepulcrum demon/rator 9 ,epidauro ,aesculapii74 #eec3 ,! *?onic "* ( ,asklepios is %[n specially by ! fact t n only are snakes sacr$ & d$icat$ to him b t he himself 0 actually ?\ght ( z a snake 7cf4 ,welck]1 ,gtt]l4 ii1 #gcd74 o_/phis1 ,gs pais 7,hdt4 i1 #gh72 deities :o dwell 9 ! e>?1 & aft]w>ds ,h]oes 79 ! lat] s5se71 appe> 9 ! =m ( snakes z *?o_/nioi4 ,s9ce su* e>?-spirits g5]ally h oracul> p[]s ! snake is an oracul> animal2 b t is a second>y developm5t4 ,! (f] ( a cock1 too 7z by ,sokrates be=e 8 dep>ture to ! und]world71 po9ts to ! *?onic "* ( ,ask41 = x 0 a sacrifice also made to ,h]oes4 ,?us ! hra at ,a!ns 7 frequ5t$ by ! prie/s ( ,asklepios 7,,cia4 ii1 #dec b72 cf4 ,khl]1 ,a?4 ,mit?4 vol4 ii1 #bde f4 7,sacrificial pit1 bo_/?ros1 = ?is *?onic wor%ip 9 ! ,asklepieion at ,a!ns8 see ,khl]1 ib4 #bed47 #efc3 ,! connexion betwe5 ,amphi>aos & ,asklepios is %[n also by ! fact t ,iaso1 "o ( ! allegorical figures atta*$ to ,asklepios1 ?\gh g5]ally ! daught] ( ,askl4 7e4g4 ,,em4 #dcd1 #ag ,ias_/ ) ,sylb42 cf4 ,h]ond4 iv1 #f71 0 probably also reg>d$ z ! daught] ( ,amph43 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,plut4 #gja4 ,hesy*4 s4v4 7h] portrait 9 ! temple at ,oropos1 ,paus4 #a1 #cd1 #c74 ,s1 too1 ,a_/lk&ros ! son ( ,trophonios 7,*>ax4 ap4 ,s*ol4 ,ar41 ,nub41 #ejh1 p4 #ejj ,bk47 seems to be ! same z ,a_/lkn1 ! ,asklepiad daimon ^: prie/ ,sophokles 04 ,! portraits ( ,trophonios foll[$ ! type ( ! ,asklepios /atues3 ,paus4 #i1 #ci1 #c-d4 ,troph4 son ( ,val5s 7 ,is*ys7 & ,koronis1 & bro!r ( ,asklepios3 ,cic41 ,,nd4 iii1 #ef1 acc4 to ! !ologi4 ,) good reason1 consid]+ _! intr9sic aff9ity1 ,trophonios1 ,amphi>aos1 ,amphilo*os1 & ! ,asklepiadai are m5tion$ side by side by ,ari/id4 i1 p4 #gh ,d4 #egc3 ,sulla c\nt$ ,amphi>aos a god & h5ce ! t]ritory belong+ to 8 temple at ,oropos 0 except$ f ! lease = ! collection ( taxes grant$ to ! ,roman publicani4 ,! ,roman ,s5ate all[$ ?is to /&1 ins4 f ,oropos ,eph4 ,ar*41 #ahhd1 p4 #aja ff42 ,h]mes1 #bj1 #bfh ff42 ! publicani _h d5i$ immortalis esse ullos qui aliqu&o hom9es fuiss5t1 ,cic41 ,,nd4 iii1 #di4 ,?us only ! fact t he 0 n[ a god 0 claim$ by ! o!r side--x 0 n d5i$ t he _h once be5 a mortal4 ,paus4 aga9 #h1 #b1 #d1 m5tions ,amph4 among ! !oi_/ :o egi_/nonto ex an?r_/pn2 s too ,v>ro ap4 ,s]v4 ,a4 viii1 #bge2 cf4 ,apul41 ,d4 ,soc4 #ae f942 also ,philo1 ,leg4 ad ,gaium1 #gh1 ii1 p4 #eeg ,m4 #aae ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,h]oes #a ,:5 ab\t ! ye> #fbj ,drakon at ,a!ns = ! fir/ "t collect$ & committ$ to writ+ ! cu/om>y law ( 8 c\ntry he also orda9$ t ! gods & ! national ,h]oes %\ld be hon\r$ toge!r accord+ to ance/ral usage4#ad ,we are ?us = ! fir/ "t introduc$ to ,h]oes z be+s ( a high] k9d1 m5tion$ side by side ) ! gods1 & l !m to be wor%ipp$ ) regul>ly (f]$ sacrifice4 ,_! cult1 l t ( ! gods1 is by implication ( long /&+3 x does n h to be reorganiz$1 b is m]ely e/abli%$ 9 ! =m ance/ral ord9ances _h giv5 x4 ,we see at ?is turn+-po9t ( ,greek religi\s developm5t h[ defective our k is ( ! hi/ory ( religi\s ideas 9 primitive ,greece4 ,?is is our e>lie/ record1 & x has be5 pres]v$ to u by a m]e accid5t1 b x po9ts backw>ds & beyond itself to a long previ\s hi/ory 9 ! wor%ip ( su* gu>dian deities ( ! c\ntry--( :i*1 h[ev]1 we h h>dly a scrap ( e>ly evid5ce4#bd ,we %\ld 9 fact1 f ! meagre rema9s ( ! lit]ature t is s important f ?is po9t ( view1 especially ! lyric poetry ( ! sev5? & e>ly six? c5turies1 h>dly h d]iv$ a suspicion ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is q un-,hom]ic elem5t 9 ! religi\s life ( ,greece4#cd ,:5 at la/ ! /ream ( surviv+ lit]ature beg9s to fl[ m broadly1 !n1 inde$1 ! ,h]oes are (t5 ref]r$ to4 ,p9d>'s ,hymns ( ,victory & ,h]odotos' ,hi/ory cov] ! g5]ations t liv$ ?r\gh ! ,p]sian w>s & ! foll[+ fifty ye>s4 ,f !m we c see ) ov]:elm+ di/9ctness h[ /rong at t "t 0 ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce & pot5cy ( ,h]oes ev5 among m5 ( education :o _h n be5 too mu* influ5c$ by ! fa%ionable enlight5m5t ( ! "t4 ,9 ! beliefs ( ! p1 9 ! religi\s cu/oms ( c\ntries & cities1 ! national ,h]oes h _! recogniz$ place beside ! gods4 ,! repres5tatives ( /ates swe> by ! gods & ! ,h]oes ( ! c\ntry3#dd x is to ! gods & ,h]oes ( ,greece t ! pi\s attribute ! victory ov] ! ,b>b>ians4#ed ,s well e/abli%$1 inde$1 0 ! validity ( ! ,greek belief 9 ,h]oes t ev5 ! ,p]sian magi 9 ! army ( ,x]xes made libation by night 9 ! ,troad to ! ,h]oes buri$ !re4#fd #aaf #b ,if n[ we inquire into ! nature & ess5ce ( ?is species ( high] be+s t 0 z yet unkn[n to1 or disreg>d$ by1 ! epic we get little in=mation on ! subject f direct /atem5ts z to _! nature by writ]s ( antiquity4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 le>n a great deal ab\t !m f :at we are told ( individual ,h]oes & m p>ticul>ly f :at we "k ( ! peculi> nature ( ! religi\s wor%ip paid to !m4#gd ,! ,h]oes 7 wor%ipp$ ) sacrifice l ! gods2 b ^! sacrifices 7 v diff]5t f ! (f]+s t 7 made to ! ,olympians4#hd ,!y diff] 9 "t1 place1 & "*4 ,sacrifice 0 made to ! gods 9 broad daylight1 to ,h]oes t[>ds ev5+ or at night2#id & n on rais$ alt>s1 b on l[1 & sometimes holl[1 sacrificial he>?s close to ! gr\nd4#ajd ,= !m 7 sla9 animals ( black col\r & male sex1#aad & 9 sacrific+1 ! heads ( ! animals 7 n turn$ upw>ds t[>ds heav5 z !y 7 :5 (f]$ to ! gods1 b 7 b5t d[n to ! gr\nd4#abd ,! blood ( ^! animals 0 all[$ to run d[n into ! gr\nd or into ! sacrificial he>?1 t ! ,h]oes might h _! appeasem5t ( blood4#acd ,! c>cass 0 completely burnt1 = no liv+ man might ta/e ( x4#add ,?is peculi> mode ( wor%ipp+ ! ,h]oes 0 9 /rict usage describ$ by a diff]5t "n f t us$ ( ! sacrifices to ! gods4#aed ,on special occasions a sacrificial meal ( cook$ food 0 prep>$1 to :i* ! ,h]o 0 invit$ z a gue/4#afd ,!y are ne> by 9 ! e>? itself1 & !re is no ne$ 9 _! case1 z = ! ,olympians1 to s5d up ! sav\r ( sacrifice 9 smoke to heav54 ,?is sacrificial ritual is 9 ^? features :i* di/+ui% x f t commonly 9 use = ! gods ( ,olympos precisely id5tical ) t by :i* ! gods :o dwelt "u ! e>?1 &1 lat]1 ev5 ! s\ls ( dead m51 7 hon\r$4 ,?is w seem q natural if we reg>d ! ,h]oes z closely relat$ to ! *?onic deities on ! "o h&1 & to ! dead on ! o!r4 ,9 fact1 !y are no?+ else ?an ! spirits ( dead m5 :o n[ dwell b5ea? ! e>?1 immortal l ! gods ( t und]world1 & almo/ equal to !m 9 p[]4 ,_! real nature z ! s\ls ( great m5 ( ! pa/1 :o h di$ b h n be5 depriv$ ( consci\s exi/5ce1 is made pla9 by ano!r mode ( do+ hon\r to !m orig9ally belong+ to !m & !m only--,i mean ! ye>ly repeat$ celebration ( ,fun]al ,games4 ,a?letic conte/s = *iefta9s at ! fun]al ( a prom95t #aag "o ( _! numb] 7 kn[n to ,hom]1 & we h already ref]r$ to !m among o!r relics 9 epic poetry ( a once p[]ful cult ( s\ls4#agd ,b ,hom] knew no?+ ( _! repetition1 & c]ta9ly n ( an annual recurr5ce ( su* fun]al celebrations4#ahd ,games celebrat$ afre% aft] ! lapse ( a def9ite p]iod became kn[n to ! ,greeks only :5 ! cult ( ,h]oes _h rea*$ its maturity4 ,_m ( ^! conte/s 7 connect$ p]petually ) ! ye>ly fe/ivals ( individual ,h]oes1 & 7 int5d$ to hon\r _! memory4#aid ,ev5 9 hi/orical times1 g5]ally on ! comm& ( ! ,delphic oracle1 annual conte/s 7 in/itut$ 9 hon\r ( ,h]oes4#bjd ,x 0 ! mode ( wor%ip prop] to ,h]oes1 & m5 realiz$ t 9 hold+ su* conte/s !y 7 really repeat+ ! fun]al c]emonies ( a dead man4#bad ,! cult ( ,h]oes 0 ! e>lie/ bre$+ gr\nd ( ! ,agn1 t mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( ,greek life & s*ool ( ! individualism t made ! greatness ( ,greece4 ,x 0 n unreasonable t aft]w>ds _m ( ! victors at ! great ,agnes 7 !mselves rais$ by popul> sup]/ition to ! numb] ( ! ,h]oes4 ,! greate/ ,games ( all1 to :i* all ,greece assembl$1 ! ,py?ian1 ,olympian1 ,nemean1 & ,i/hmian1 7 dur+ ! hi/orical p]iod1 x is true1 celebrat$ 9 hon\r ( gods2 b t !y _h be5 orig9ally in/itut$ z ,fun]al ,games ( ,h]oes & only subsequ5tly transf]r$ to high] gu>dian%ip 01 at any rate1 ! g5]al op9ion ( antiquity4#bbd #c ,! ,h]oes are1 !n1 spirits ( ! dead1 & n a species ( inf]ior deities or demigods2#bcd & q di/9ct aga9 f ! daimones kn[n to lat] speculative ?\ght &1 inde$1 to popul> sup]/ition4 ,^! latt] are div9e spirits ( a l[] ord]2 b spirits :i* h always be5 exempt f dea? because !y h nev] ent]$ into ! f9ite exi/5ce ( m54 ,! ,h]oes on ! o!r h& h once be5 liv+ m52 f be+ m5 !y h become ,h]oes1 & t only aft] _! dea?4#bdd ,fur!rmore1 !y h n[ ent]$ ^u a high] /age ( exi/5ce z a special class ( be+s :o are nam$ by ! side ( gods & m54#bed ,9 !m we meet ) some?+ q unkn[n to ! ,hom]ic poems--s\ls :i* aft] _! dea? & sep>ation f ! body h a high] imp]i%able life4 ,b ?\gh ! ,h]oes h once be5 m51 x does n foll[ t all m5 become ,h]oes aft] _! dea?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,h]oes1 ev5 ?\gh _! numb] 0 n fix$ #aah & limit$1 b cont9ually admitt$ additions1 rema9$ an exception1 a select m9ority :i* = t reason alone c be contra/$ ) ord9>y humanity4 ,! *ief figures1 ! out/&+ repres5tatives ( ?is h]oic company1 we may say1 7 ^? ^: lifetime 0 fix$ by leg5d or hi/ory 9 ! di/ant pa/--:o 7 9 fact ! ance/ors ( lat] humanity4 ,! wor%ip ( ,h]oes is n1 !n1 a cult ( s\ls1 b 9 a n>r[] s5se a cult ( ance/ors4 ,ev5 _! "n1 z x appe>s1 di/+ui%es ! ,h]oes z m5 ( ! pa/4 ,9 ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey ,h]o is ! hon\rable title ( *iefta9s1 & also1 g5]ally1 ( all free m54#bfd ,poetry ( lat] c5turies1 s f> z x t\*$ ^u ! ev5ts ( ! leg5d>y pa/1 cont9u$ to use ! ^w ,h]o 9 ?is s5se4 ,b :5 9 po/-,hom]ic times ! speak]1 :e!r he is a poet or prose-writ]1 reg>ds ! matt] f ! po9t ( view ( contempor>y life1 !n by ,h]o1 if he is ref]r+ to a man at all1 he means a man ( ^? days :51 accord+ to ! ,hom]ic poems1 ?is hon\rable title 0 /ill 9 use among liv+ m5--he ref]s 9 a ^w to m5 belong+ to ! leg5d>y pa/ celebrat$ 9 poetry4#bgd ,9 ,hesiod's n>rative ( ! ,five ,ages ( ,m51 ! use ( ! ^w ,h]o is conf9$ to ! ,*ampions ( ! w>s at ,!bes & ,troy2 !y are call$1 z ?\gh by _! special "n1 ! div9e race ( ,h]oes4#bhd ,= ,hesiod ! ,h]oes are by no means ! transfigur$ dead ( pa/ g5]ations4#bid ,he kn[s well en\gh ( su* transfigur$ dead ( a /ill e>li] pa/1 b ^! he calls ,daimones4 ,& s1 too1 :5 9 aft] times ! "n ( ,h]o is appli$ to ^! fav\r$ individuals :o enjoy a high] life aft] _! dea?1 ! "n :i* 9 itself did n imply ! high] nature ( su* dep>t$ spirits is evid5tly int5d$ to %[ t ! lifetime ( ^? :o _h receiv$ ?is privilege aft] _! dea? occurr$ 9 a leg5d>y pa/4 ,z ^! m5 ( ! di/ant pa/ _h be5 ,h]oes dur+ _! life1 s1 too1 !y mu/ be call$ aft] _! dea?4 ,b ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,h]o has und]gone a *ange1 & n[ conta9s ! additional notion ( un5d+ transfigur$ exi/5ce4 ,! wor%ip ( ! ,h]oes reveals itself z some?+ q new1 a =m ( religi\s belief & cult1 ( :i* ! ,hom]ic poems at lea/ gave no inkl+4 ,&1 inde$1 ! conception ( su* transfigur$ ance/ral s\ls liv+ on 9 a high] /ate mu/ h be5 a novel "o1 if no special ^w ( anci5t co9age c\ld be f\nd to express x1 & a long-/&+ ^w ( ! epic vocabul>y _h to be press$ into a new s5se4 ,:5ce came ?is new ?+8 ,if we try to d]ive x f #aai a natural process ( developm5t 9 ! ,hom]ic view ( life we %all f9d ourselves 9 ! greate/ p]plexity :5 x comes to %[+ ! connect+ l9ks betwe5 two su* widely diff]5t conceptions4 ,x w\ld n avail u mu* to say t ! pre/ige ( ! epic 0 su* t ^? :om x _h hon\r$ 9 song mu/ h appe>$ s glori\s & di/+ui%$ among mank9d t x 0 natural = lat] imag9ation to trans=m !m to demigods & to wor%ip !m z su*4 ,! ,hom]ic poems1 s viol5tly oppos$ to any idea ( a consci\s or active exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] dea?1 c\ld h>dly h br\ght x ab\t t ^? v *ampions :om x _h repres5t$ z inde$ dead & dep>t$ to ! di/ant l& ( ,hades %\ld be reg>d$ z /ill liv+ & ex]cis+ an influ5ce f out _! graves4 ,moreov]1 x is 9 ! highe/ degree improbable t 9 ! process ( hi/orical developm5t x %\ld h be5 j ! *ampions ( ! epic f ^: wor%ip ! cult ( ,h]oes arose2 = 9 cult1 at any rate1 ) negligible exceptions1 ^? *ampions play$ little "p4 ,&1 inde$1 t any cult at all %\ld h aris5 f ! m]e sugge/ions ( fancy1 su* z ! epic (f]$1 is 9 itself unlikely4 ,& x is ess5tially ^u a religi\s cult t ! belief 9 ,h]oes is f\nd$4 ,9 fact aft] all t has be5 hi!rto %[n1 :at we see mo/ pla9ly is ! contra/ betwe5 ! belief 9 ,h]oes & ,hom]ic conceptions4 ,! fanciful ?\ght ( ! translation ( individuals to ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/ or ! und]gr\nd dwell+s did n itself conflict ) ! implications ( ,hom]ic es*atology4 ,! miracul\s pres]vation 9 an immortal exi/5ce ( m5 :om ! gods lov$ did n involve ! sep>ation ( s\l f body1 nor ! consequ5ce ( t sep>ation--! dim bord]l& exi/5ce ( ! disembodi$ s\l4 ,b ! belief 9 ,h]oes 0 a diff]5t matt]2 t involv$ ! cont9uation ( a consci\s mode ( be+1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! liv+1 aft] dea?1 & 9 spite ( ! sep>ation ( s\l f body4 ,?is directly contradicts ,hom]ic psy*ology4 ,we %\ld h to give up ! attempt altoge!r to br+ ?is new belief into any real relation%ip ) e>li] developm5t--if we c\ld n draw ^u :at we h le>nt f our previ\s inve/igations4 ,9 ! ,hom]ic poems !mselves1 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! g5]al conception !re prevail+ ( ! insub/antiality ( ! disembodi$ s\l1 we f\nd ve/iges ( a once-vigor\s cult ( ! s\l :i* impli$ ! exi/5ce ( a correspond+ belief 9 ! consci\s aft]-life ( ! s\l & its l+]+ #abj 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! liv+4 ,f ! /udy ( ,hesiod's picture ( ! ,five ,ages ( ,m51 we saw t1 9 fact1 ve/iges ( an anci5t belief 9 ! cont9u$ & enhanc$ exi/5ce ( dead m51 ( :i* no cle> trace rema9$ 9 ,hom]1 _h be5 pres]v$ at lea/ 9 occasional remote corn]s ( ! ,greek c\ntryside4 ,b x 0 only ! dead ( a leg5d>y pa/ :o 7 reg>d$ by ,hesiod z ,daimones3 ! poet c\ld relate no simil> m>vels f m rec5t p]iods1 & /ill less ( m5 9 8 own lifetime4 ,?us1 we h 9 ?is case traces ( ance/or-wor%ip inde$1 b n ( a g5]al wor%ip ( s\ls t is else:]e ! normal developm5t ( ! wor%ip ( ance/ors4 ,s1 !n1 9 ! wor%ip ( ,h]oes1 :at we h be=e u is n a g5]al cult ( ! s\l b a cult ( ance/ors4 ,we may express ! matt] 9 ?is way3 9 ! cult ( ! ,h]o a /ill burn+ sp>k ( anci5t belief is k9dl$ to r5ew$ flame--x is n ! appe>ance ( some?+ entirely /range & new1 b some?+ long pa/ & half-=gott5 is awak5$ to new life4 ,^? ,daimones :i* arose f ! m5 ( ! e>li] gold5 & silv] ages--:om ! poet ( ! ,works & ,days _h situat$ 9 ! dimme/ & remote/ pa/--:at are !y b ! ,h]oes wor%ipp$ by lat] ages "u a new "n & br\ght d[n ne>] to ! p]iod ( contempor>y life8 #d ,h[ x came ab\t t ! cult ( ance/ors 0 rescu$ f p>tial1 & m ?an p>tial1 oblivion1 & rose to a new & la/+ importance1 t1 inde$1 we _c say4 ,we c give no real explanation indicative ( ! orig9 & progress ( ?is important developm5t 9 ,greek religi\s life4 ,we "k nei!r ! "t nor ! place ( ! fir/ s]i\s revival ( ?is newly awak5$ primitive wor%ip2 nor c we tell ! mann] or /ages ( its diffusion dur+ ^? obscure ye>s ( ! eigh? & sev5? c5turies4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 br+ ! fact ( ! revival ( ance/or-wor%ip into relation ) a numb] ( o!r facts :i* prove t dur+ ^? ye>s _m hi!rto buri$ or repress$ ideas ab\t ! life ( gods & m5 came to ! surface aga9 out ( ! dep?s ( popul> fai? & out ( an old] wor%ip ( ! gods t _h nev] q di$ out4 ,?is revival did n1 inde$1 suppress ! ,hom]ic view entirely--t nev] occurr$--b x did set itself on a level ) t view4 ,! great movem5t ) :i* we %all be deal+ 9 ! next *apt] also contribut$ to ! progress ( ! belief 9 ,h]oes4 ,_m o!r fav\r+ #aba circum/ances may 9 detail h help$ to /r5g!n t belief4 ,ev5 ! epic itself _h 9 "o po9t at lea/ approa*$ ! ideas t 7 receiv+ a new life 9 ! wor%ip ( ,h]oes4 ,_m ( ! local gods :o _h fad$ be=e ! new deities ( common ,hell5ic belief _h be5 r$uc$ to ! rank ( humanity & jo9$ 9 h]oic adv5ture4 ,by a sort ( compromise effect$ ) ! local cult ( su* gods ! epic poets _h be5 l$1 9 a few cases1 to ! creation ( a rem>kable s]ies ( figures 9 :i* ! div9e & ! human 0 wond]fully mix$4 ,^! *ampions & se]s ( old "t1 z !y _h once be5 mortal m5 among o!r m51 s n[ aft] _! dep>ture mu/ !y live on & h influ5ce et]nally l ! gods4 ,we c easily see ! close resemblance t exi/s betwe5 su* figures z ,amphi>aos or ,trophonios & ! ,h]oes ( lat] belief2 9 fact1 bo? ( !m1 :5 !y 7 n call$ gods1 7 frequ5tly reckon$ among ^! ,h]oes4 ,b = all t1 !y are only quasi-,h]oes2 prototypes ( ! real ,h]oes !y c nev] h be54 ,!y h be5 translat$ dur+ _! lifetime1 & live on immortally j because !y h nev] ta/$ dea?4 ,!y1 ) ^? o!rs translat$ to ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/1 repres5t ! idea ( immortality 9 ! only =m recogniz$ by ! ,hom]ic poetry4 ,! ,h]oes ( ! newly awak5+ cre$1 on ! contr>y1 h di$ unmi/akably2 & yet !y cont9ue to live on1 ?\gh reliev$ ( _! bodies4 ,!y are entirely di/9ct f ! translat$ few ( ! epic tradition4 ,!y em]ge out ( ! obscurity ( ! half-rememb]$ pa/ z some?+ /range--z some?+1 inde$1 oppos$ to ! circle ( ideas influ5c$ by ! epic4 ,x 0 n f poetic imag9ation or /ory t ! ,h]oes took _! orig91 b f ! rema9s ( an anci5t pre-,hom]ic belief :i* local wor%ip _h pres]v$ alive4 #e ,! wor%ip ( a ,h]o is ev]y:]e connect$ ) ! site ( 8 grave4 ,t is ! g5]al rule prov$ 9 innum]able cases4 ,t is :y 9 ! case ( a m ?an ord9>ily rev]$ ,h]o1 8 grave z ! c5tre ( 8 wor%ip is set up 9 "s prom95t & hon\rable place--! m>ket-place ( ! city1 ! ,prytaneion1#cjd or1 l ! grave ( ,pelops 9 ! ,altis at ,olympia1 9 ! v middle ( ! holy prec9ct1 9 ! ?ick ( ! fe/ival cr[d4#cad ,or else ! ,h]o :o gu>d$ ! city & ! l& might h 8 grave 9 ! wall ( ! city gate or ^u ! f>!/ bord] ( its t]ritory4#cbd ,:]e 8 grave is1 !re ! ,h]o is fa/ b\nd2 t is 8 #abb dwell+-place4#ccd ,?is idea prevails ev]y:]e1 ?\gh x may n be giv5 su* blunt expression z at ,tronis1 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,phocians1 :]e ! blood ( ! (f]+ made to ! ,h]o 0 p\r$ d[n ?r\gh an op5+ imm$iately into 8 grave m\nd4#cdd ,x is impli$1 z a rule1 9 ^! cases t ! grave conta9s ! bones ( ! ,h]o4 ,! bones--all t is left ( 8 mortality--*a9 ! ,h]o to 8 grave4 ,h5ce1 :5 x 0 ?\ght desirable to atta* a ,h]o & 8 protective p[] to a city 8 bones 7or :at 7 tak5 = su*7 on ! comm& ( an oracle 7 br\ght f a =eign l& & laid to re/ 9 8 native c\ntry4 ,we possess _m acc\nts ( su* transf]5ce ( relics4#ced ,mo/ ( !m occurr$ 9 ! di/ant pa/1 b we also read h[ 9 ! full light ( hi/ory 9 ! ye> #dgf enlight5$ ,a!ns br\ght ov] ! bones ( ,!seus f ,skyros2#cfd & n until !y 7 buri$ 9 ! ,!seion 0 ,!seus prop]ly atta*$ to ,a!ns4 ,s9ce ! possession ( ! corporeal rema9s#cgd ( ! ,h]o secur$ ! possession ( ! ,h]o himself1 ! cities (t5 protect$ !mselves aga9/ /rang]s1 :o might remove ! treasur$ bones1 by keep+ ! position ( ! grave a secret4#chd ,a grave is always necess>y to fix ! ,h]o at a def9ite place1 or1 at lea/1 an empty tomb1 :i* sometimes _h to d duty = a grave4#cid ,9 su* cases ! ,h]o 0 p]haps ?\ght ( z b\nd by a spell to t place4#djd ,z a rule1 x is ! rema9s ( 8 =m] body t hold him fa/4 ,b ^! rema9s are a "p ( ! ,h]o himself2 ?\gh dead 7& mummifi$1 z we are told 9 "o case71#dad he works & acts j ! same2 8 psy*e1 8 invisible c\nt]p>t & d\ble1 hov]s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! body & ! grave4 ,^! are all v primitive conceptions su* z h1 z a rule1 only be5 pres]v$ among peoples :o h rema9$ at a v undevelop$ /age ( culture4#dbd ,:5 we f9d !m 9 =ce among ,greeks ( po/-,hom]ic times1 we _c really believe t !y arose !n = ! fir/ "t1 9 complete contra/ ) ! cle>-sight$ fre$om ( ! m5 ( ! ,hom]ic age4 ,!y h only re-em]g$ f ! repressive influ5ce ( ! ,hom]ic rationalism4 ,x w\ld be natural to ?9k t ! same ideas t h be5 describ$ z und]ly+ ! belief 9 ,h]oes 7 already 9 ! m9ds ( ^? prehi/oric ,greeks :o 9 ,myc5ae & else:]e took su* c>e 7ev5 x seems go+ s f> z to embalm !m7#dcd to pres]ve ! bodies ( _! pr9ces f de/ruction1 & :o put ornam5ts & ut5sils 9 _! graves = future use #abc or enjoym5t4 ,x has be5 expla9$ above h[1 9 ! times ( :i* ,hom]'s poems give u a picture1 ! alt]ation 9 s5tim5t z well z ! spread ( ! cu/om ( completely de/roy+ ! bodies ( ! dead ) fire mu/ h weak5$ ! belief 9 ! conf9em5t ( ! s\l to ?is _w & to ! rema9s ( ! body4 ,?is belief nev] entirely p]i%$4 ,x 0 pres]v$ alive1 p]haps = a long "t only by a few1 9 ^? places :]e !re rema9$ a cult atta*$ to a grave4 ,su* a cult w\ld n1 inde$1 ext5d to ^? ^: dea? _h occurr$ )9 m rec5t times1 b x did n all[ ! old-e/abli%$ wor%ip ( ! great dead ( ! pa/ to die out entirely4 ,ov] ! royal graves on ! citadel at ,myc5ae /ood a sacrificial he>?1#ddd :i* be>s witness to ! cont9uance ( ! anci5t wor%ip ( ! k+s buri$ !re4 ,! ,catalogue ( ,%ips 9 ,hom] m5tions ! grave ( ,aipytos1 an old ,arcadian local mon>*1 z a l&m>k ( ! di/rict2#ded may n ! sanctity ( t grave h be5 pres]v$8 ,9 _m places1 at any rate1 graves 7 po9t$ out & hon\r$ t belong$ to ,h]oes :o ow$ _! exi/5ce solely to poetic fancy or 7 ev5 m]e p]sonifications--ab/ractions ( ! names ( places & c\ntries ^: ance/ors !y purport$ to be4 ,9 su* cases ! ,h]o-wor%ip _h become purely symbolic1 & (t5 p]haps a m]e =mality4 ,b f su* a fictiti\s ance/or-wor%ip ! cult ( ! graves ( ,h]oes _c possibly h aris52 su* fictions are !mselves only intelligible z copies ( ano!r & m vivid wor%ip1 ( a cult ( real ance/ors4 ,if no su* cult _h exi/$ 9 actual fact be=e m5's eyes1 x w\ld be impossible to und]/& h[ m5 came to imitate ance/or-wor%ip 9 ! %ape ( su* purely imag9>y creatures4 ,a copy implies ! exi/5ce ( a model2 a symbol requires ! contempor>y or e>li] exi/5ce ( ! reality symboliz$4 ,we %\ld c]ta9ly "k m ( ! wor%ip ( ance/ors among ! anci5t royal families if 9 ne>ly all ! ,greek /ates mon>*y _h n be5 aboli%$ at an e>ly p]iod & all traces ( x suppress$4 ,sp>ta alone provides u ) a solit>y example ( :at may once h be5 ! prevail+ cu/om 9 all ! seats ( royal au?ority4 ,:5 a ,sp>tan k+ di$ 8 fun]al 0 celebrat$ ) extreme pomp4 ,8 body 7:i*1 ev5 :5 he _h di$ abroad1 0 embalm$ & br\ght home to ,sp>ta 0 laid beside ! o!r dead ( 8 family1 & hon\r 0 paid to him1 9 ,x5ophon's words1 n z a man1 b z a ,h]o4#dfd ,9 ?is case1 :i* und\bt$ly repres5ts a traditional usage h&$ d[n f remote #abd antiquity1 we h ! rudim5ts ( ,h]o-wor%ip z appli$ to ! dead ( a royal family4 ,! memb]s ( noble families :o1 l ! ,eupatridai ( ,a!ns1 sometimes trac$ _! desc5t f a k+1#dgd mu/ also h reta9$ f anci5t times ! practice ( ance/or-wor%ip4 ,z ( all un(ficial cults1 we he> little ( ! cults ( ! old clans bas$ on blood-relation%ip & connexion by m>riage 7ge_/n1 pa_/trai74 ,b j z out ( _! comb9ation fir/ ! village communities & !n ! fully organiz$ ,greek ,polis grew up1 s1 too1 ! religi\s cults :i* 7 paid to ! ance/ors ( ^! unions ( k9sfolk set a patt]n = ! manifold social gr\ps out ( :i* ! develop$ /ate 0 built up4#dhd #f ,! clans t we meet ) at ,a!ns & 9 o!r ,greek /ates are1 z a rule1 gr\ps = :i* a demon/rable common k9%ip is no long] a condition ( memb]%ip4 ,! majority ( su* politically recogniz$1 self-conta9$ clans assemble toge!r = ! common wor%ip ( p>ticul> gods b _m also hon\r a ,h]o z well1 :o g5]ally 9 su* cases gives 8 "n to ! clan4 ,?us1 ! ,eteob\tadai at ,a!ns paid hon\r to ,b\tes1 ! ,alkmaionidai to ,alkmaion1 ! ,b\zygai to ,b\zyges1 9 ,sp>ta & ,argos ,tal?ybios 0 wor%ipp$ by ! ,tal?ybiadai1 etc4 ,& 9 ^! cases1 z ! "n ( ! clan itself %[s1 ! ,h]o ( _! common wor%ip 0 reg>d$ z ! ance/or ( ! clan4#did ,fur!r1 ?is ance/or-wor%ip & ! "n d]iv$ f a common1 ev5 if fictiti\s1 ance/or1 di/+ui%$ ! clans f ! cult-associations ( a diff]5t orig9 :i* s9ce ! "t ( ,klei/h5es _h be5 put on a foot+ ( legal equality ) ! clans 9 ! phratries4 ,! memb]s ( ^! associations 7,orgeones7 lack$ a common "n1 ! exi/5ce ( :i*1 !re=e1 indicat$ 9 ! case ( ! memb]s ( a clan a clos] bond ( union ?an m]e memb]%ip ( a religi\s association :i* _h be5 *os5 at w1 & 0 n decid$ by ! fact ( bir?4 ,ev]y:]e ^! clans kept up ! outw>d =malities ( ance/or-wor%ip2 & ! =mality mu/ once h _h mean+4 ,h[ev] ! publicly recogniz$ clans may h develop$ _! own special *>act]i/ics1 9 _! orig91 at lea/1 !y mu/ g back 7l ! ,roman g5tes7 to associations ( k9sfolk develop$ f ! family 7ext5d$ ?r\gh ! male l9e & held toge!r by a real bond ( k9%ip4 ,ev5 ! purely symbolical ance/or-wor%ip ( ! lat] clans1 ( :i* h>dly a s+le "o c\ld h %[n ! #abe p$igree ( its desc5t f ! reput$ common ance/or1 mu/ h aris5 f ! real ance/or-wor%ip ( g5u9e gr\ps ( k9sfolk4 ,! imitation 9 ?is case1 too1 po9ts to ! exi/5ce at "s "t ( an orig9al4 ,9 ! same way ! l>g] gr\ps into :i* ! ,a!nian /ate s9ce ! "t ( ,klei/h5es 0 divid$ 7 unable to disp5se ) ! practice ( association = ! cult ( a commonly wor%ipp$ ,h]o4 ,! ,h]oes ( ! newly organiz$ phylai#ejd _h _! temple1 l&1 prie/s1 /atues1 & regul> cult2 & s also _h ! ,h]oes ( ! small] purely local divisions1 ! demes4 ,"h1 too1 ! fiction ( ance/or-wor%ip 0 kept up2 ! names ( ! phylai1 always patronymic 9 =m1 repres5t ! memb]s ( ea* phyle z ! desc5dants ( ! ,h]o ,eponymos or ,ar*egetes ( ! phyle4#ead ,! demes also 9 _m cases h patronymic titles :i* = ! mo/ "p are also kn[n to u z ! names ( ari/ocratic families4#ebd ,x is evid5t t 9 su* demes ! memb]s ( individual ari/ocratic families _h settl$ d[n toge!r or ne> ea* o!r4 ,! ,ar*egetes1 :e!r real or fictiti\s1 ( ! family mu/ !n h be5 reg>d$ z ! ,ar*egetes ( ! deme4 ,we ?us see h[ ! cult ( a family ance/or1 tak5 ov] by a wid] gr\p ( wor%ipp]s1 might be pres]v$ & ext5d$--little z ! cult might b5efit 9 s9c]ity by su* political enl>gem5t4 ,! cult ( ,h]oes ev]y:]e has ! same features z ! cult ( ance/ors2 at lea/1 ! m influ5tial ,h]oes1 ^? wor%ipp$ by ! great] communities1 7 ev]y:]e reg>d$ z ! =efa!rs & prog5itors ( ! gr\ps ( c\ntryfolk1 citiz5s1 or k9sm5 :o hon\r$ !m4 ,! fact t ! p]sons ( ^! prehi/oric ,h]oes ow$ _! exi/5ce almo/ )\t exception solely to poetry or fancy all[s u to conclude t at ! "t :5 ance/or-wor%ip _h its re-bir? 9 ,h]o-wor%ip1 ! memory ( ! real ,ar*egetai ( ! c\ntry1 ! ance/ors ( ! rul+ families & clans1 toge!r ) _! cult1 _h fall5 into oblivion4 ,a great or illu/ri\s "n 0 introduc$ :]e ! real "n 0 no long] kn[n4 ,m (t51 ev5 :5 ! real =efa!r ( ! clan 0 /ill well kn[n1 ! "n ( a great man ( ! primeval pa/ 0 plac$ at ! head ( ! li/ 9 ord] to ?r[ ! orig9 ( ! family z f> back into ! pa/ z possible & connect x ! m closely ) a div9e s\rce4#ecd ,m5 ?us came to wor%ip a phantom1 (t5 a m]e symbol1 ( an ance/or4 ,b !y held fa/ to ! imitation ( real ance/or-wor%ip2 ! rema9s ( a true cult ( ance/ors provid$ ! model & 7 ! real />t+-po9t = ! lat] belief & cult ( ,h]oes4 #abf #g ,we c no long] foll[ 9 detail ! process ( developm5t & ext5sion :i* ! idea ( ! ,h]o und]w5t4 ,! acc\nts :i* we possess %[ u ! fully develop$ product1 n ! /eps :i* l$ up to ?is result4 ,we fir/ get an idea ( ! numb] ( ,h]o-cults exi/+ 9 ,greece dur+ ! greate/ p]iod ( its hi/ory f ! enorm\s numb] ( graves or cults ( ,h]oes m5tion$ by ,pausanias 9 ! acc\nt ( 8 travels 9 ! age ( ! ,anton9es ov] ! mo/ important c\ntries ( ! ,greece t 0 n[ fa/ fall+ into decay4 ,ne>ly all ! leg5d>y figures celebrat$ 9 epic poetry 7 n[ wor%ipp$ z ,h]oes1 :e!r 9 _! own homes 7z ,a*illes 9 ,!ssaly1 ,aias at ,salamis1 etc47 or 9 o!r places t ei!r claim$ to possess _! graves 7z ! ,delphians did t ( ,neoptolemos1 ! p ( ,syb>is t ( ,philoktetes1 etc47 or else1 ?r\gh ! g5ealogical relation%ip ( _! lead+ families ) ! ,h]oes1 reg>d$ !mselves z closely connect$ ) !m 7z1 = example1 ! ,a!nians ) ,aias & 8 sons74 ,9 ! colonies especially ! ,h]o-cults1 l ! +r$i5ts ( ! population1 may h be5 a motley crew2 ?us1 9 ,t>5tum ! ,atreidai1 ! ,tydidai1 ! ,aiakidai1 ! ,la]tiadai1 & especially ! ,agamemnonidai 7 wor%ipp$ 9 a comb9$ ,h]o-cult1 & ,a*illes also _h a temple ( 8 own4#edd ,!re 7 ,h]oes ) fam\s names :o may yet h ow$ _! subsequ5t elevation to t position1 dur+ ! times ( ! greate/ ext5t ( ! cult1 9 "p to _! fame 9 anci5t poetry4 ,side by side ) ^! 7 a ho/ ( obscur] figures ^: memory _h be5 kept alive by _! cult alone1 :i* a small circle ( c\ntry or city folk _h paid to !m f primitive times4 ,^! are ! real national ,h]oes1 ( ^: wor%ip ,drakon _h spok52 z true =ebe>s & real ance/ors ( _! c\ntry !y1 too1 are call$ ,ar*egetai4#eed ,we are told ! names ( ! sev5 ,ar*egetai ( ,plataea to :om ,ari/eides 0 comm&$ by ! ,delphic oracle to sacrifice be=e ! battle ( ,plataea2 n "o ( !m is ev] he>d ( aga94#efd ,x might happ5 t ! "n ( a ,h]o to :om wor%ip _h be5 paid f "t immemorial might no long] be kn[n ev5 to ! dwell]s ne> 8 grave4 ,9 ! m>ket at ,elis !re /ood a little temple ^: ro( 0 support$ on wood5 pill>s2 m5 knew t ?is 0 ! *apel belong+ to a grave1 b no "o c\ld give ! "n ( ! ,h]o buri$ !re4#egd ,9 ! m>ket at ,h]akleia on ! ,black ,sea 0 a monum5t ( a ,h]o #abg ov]%ad[$ by wild olive-trees2 x conta9$ ! body ( t ,h]o :om once ! ,delphian oracle _h bidd5 ! f\nd]s ( ,h]akleia to placate4 ,! le>n$ diff]$ z to 8 "n2 ! inhabitants ( ,h]akleia call$ him simply ! local ,h]o4#ehd ,9 ! ,hippodrome at ,olympia /ood a r\nd alt> at :i* ! *>iot horses us$ to %y4 ,x 0 disput$ :at ,h]o lay buri$ !re1 b ! p call$ him1 aft] ! effect he _h on ! horses1 simply ,t>axippos4#eid ,9 ! same way _m ,h]oes1 in/ead ( be+ call$ by _! real names1 7 m (t5 ref]r$ to by adjectives :i* recall$ _! nature or _! p[] or "s ext]nal detail ( _! appe>ance4#fjd ,at ,a!ns !re 0 a ,h]o ,physician1 a ,h]o ,g5]al1 & a ,h]o ,g>l&-be>]4#fad ,_m a ,h]o may h be5 kn[n to ! neighb\rhood :i* wor%ipp$ him simply z ! ,h]o4#fbd ,9 su* cases x 0 entirely due to ! grave & ! cult atta*$ to ! grave t ! ,h]o's memory _h be5 pres]v$ at all4 ,!re might1 inde$1 be /ories curr5t z to 8 do+s & nature z a _s1 b :at x 0 t _h m>k$ him out 9 8 lifetime & caus$ 8 elevation to a ,h]o 0 totally =gott54 ,und\bt$ly ^! are precisely ! olde/ ,h]o-cults4 ,9 ! in/ances quot$ f ,elis1 ,h]akleia & ,olympia1 fir/ "o & !n ano!r ( ! fam\s *ampions ( antiquity 7 suppos$ to be buri$ "u t nameless grave/one4 ,b1 (t5 en\gh1 ! d\bt 0 suppress$1 & by an arbitr>y & successful imposition "s fam\s "n out ( ! h]oic leg5d may h be5 sub/itut$ z occupant ( su* own]less or unclaim$ grave sanctu>ies4 #h ,z a rule !re 0 no difficulty 9 secur+ great or fam\s names :5 x 0 necess>y to f9d a patron-,h]o = ! city4 ,9 p>ticul> ! f\nd] ( ! city & its regul> wor%ip ( ! gods1 & ! :ole div9e circle :i* h$g$ r\nd ! life ( ! citiz5s1 0 regul>ly wor%ipp$ ) high hon\r z ,h]o ,ar*egetes4#fcd ,naturally1 !y 7 mo/ly my?ical or ev5 arbitr>ily inv5t$ figures to :om ! great] or less] cities ( ,greece1 z well z _! (f%oots 9 =eign l&s1 did hon\r z _! ,f\nd]4 ,b f ! times :5 colonies 7 frequ5tly dispat*$ & laid out 9 accordance ) a c>efully ?\ght-out plan1 "u ! lead]%ip ( a s+le p]son 7g5]ally nam$ by an oracle7 :o 0 giv5 pl5ipot5ti>y p[]s1#fdd ?is real ,oiki/es 0 himself usually promot$ aft] 8 dea? to ! rank ( ,h]o4 ,p9d> speaks ( ! sacr$ grave ( ! #abh ,h]o-f\nd] ( ,kyr5e 9 ! m>ketplace ( ! city2#fed ! inhabitants ( ! ,?racian ,*]sonnese made sacrifices to ,miltiades ! son ( ,kypselos z _! ,oiki/es1 z ! cu/om is1 & held games annually 9 8 hon\r2#ffd at ,katana1 9 ,sicily1 ,hi]on ( ,syracuse 0 buri$1 & 0 wor%ipp$ ) ! hon\rs ( a ,h]o z ! ,f\nd] ( ! city4#fgd ,at ,abd]a ! ,teians on ! occasion ( ! second f\nd+ ( ! city re/or$ to 8 position ( ,h]o its orig9al f\nd] ,timesios4#fhd ,on ! o!r h&1 ! orig9al & real ,oiki/es ( a colony might be depriv$ ( 8 wor%ip if ! inhabitants qu>rell$ ) ! "m c\ntry1 & ano!r ,f\nd] *os5 aft] ! ev5t & giv5 ! highe/ hon\rs ( a ,h]o 9 8 place4 ,?is 0 :at happ5$ 9 ! ye> #dbb ) ,hagnon & ,brasidas 9 ,amphipolis4#fid ,9 ^! cases ,h]o-mak+ leaves ! sacr$ mi/s ( antiquity & ent]s ! light ( ! contempor>y _w3 fai? & cult become pr(an$ by political motives4 ,! "n ( ,h]o1 once appli$ only to ! glorifi$ figures ( ! f> di/ant pa/1 n[ t su* ,h]oiz+ ( ! rec5t dead 0 possible1 mu/ h begun to h ! m g5]al mean+ ( "o :o has come to enjoy a high] nature & enl>g$ capacities aft] 8 dea?4 ,9 fact1 any k9d ( prom95ce dur+ a man's lifetime seems at la/ to h giv5 him a virtual claim to h]oic hon\rs aft] 8 dea?4 ,z ,h]oes are n[ reg>d$1 great k+s su* z ,gelon ( ,syracuse1 law-giv]s su* z ,lyk\rgos ( ,sp>ta1#gjd & ev5 repres5tatives ( poetic g5ius f ,hom] d[n to ,aes*ylus & ,sophokles1#gad no less ?an ! mo/ fam\s victors 9 ! conte/s ( bodily skill & /r5g?4 ,"o ( ! ,olympic victors1 ,philippos ( ,kroton1 0 reput$ to be ! mo/ beautiful man 9 ,greece ( 8 "t4 ,ov] 8 grave ! p ( ,ege/a1 s ,h]odotos 7v1 #dg7 tells u1 erect$ a ,h]o's temple & paid hon\r to him ) sacrifice z to a ,h]o m]ely on acc\nt ( 8 great p]sonal beauty4 ,/ill1 religi\s or sup]/iti\s motives 7 n always abs5t4 ,!y 7 p>ticul>ly to ! =e 9 ! num]\s cases :]e ! ext5t & importance ( ! _w ( ,h]oes 7 add$ to on ! recomm5dation ( ! ,delphic oracle4 ,ev] s9ce ! ,delphic prie/hood _h ris5 f its obscure beg9n+s to a recogniz$ position z ! supreme au?ority 9 all que/ions ( spiritual "r1 ! op9ion ( ! oracle _h be5 s\ght on all occurr5ces t seem$ to h any connexion ) ! unse5 _w4 ,especially 9 ! case ( prolong$ dr\ght or inf]tility ( ! soil1 or :5 pe/il5tial sicknesses _h attack$ a "p ( ! c\ntry1 0 ! oracle #abi reque/$ to /ate ! orig9 ( ! mis=tune4 ,9 _m cases ! answ] ( ! oracle w\ld be t ! orig9 ( ! evil lay 9 ! ang] ( a ,h]o :o 0 to be placat$ by sacrifice & ! f\ndation ( a p]man5t wor%ip2 or x w\ld comm& t ! plague %\ld be av]t$ by ! recov]y ( ! bones ( a ,h]o f a =eign l&1 :i* %\ld !n be pres]v$ at home & be ! object ( an (ficial cult4#gbd ,innum]able cults _h _! orig9 9 ?is way1 nor d ! examples all belong to a half-leg5d>y pa/4 ,:5 pe/il5ce & de>? broke out 9 ! isl& ( ,cyprus aft] ! dea? ( ,kimon1 ! oracle bade ! inhabitants ( ,kition n to slight ,kimon1 b to reg>d him z a high] be+1 i4e4 d him hon\r z a ,h]o4#gcd ,s1 too1 :5 "s "o possess$ by special religi\s scruples inquir$ ! cause ( a /range vision t he _h _h1 or ( ! rem>kable appe>ance ( ! body ( "o lately dead1#gdd ! oracle w\ld (t5 trace ! matt] to ! action ( a ,h]o :o mu/ =?) be giv5 an (ficial cult4 ,:5 a s]i\s und]tak+ lay be=e a /ate1 :e!r x 0 ! invasion ( a =eign l& or a decisive battle 9 w>1 ! oracle w\ld bid ! inquir]s fir/ placate ! ,h]oes ( ! c\ntry t 0 to be attack$ or :]e ! battle 0 to be f\ght4#ged ,sometimes ! oracle ( its own accord1 )\t be+ appli$ to1 comm&$ ! hon\rs ( a ,h]o to be paid to a dead man4#gfd ,a peculi> case is t ( ,kleom$es ( ,a/ypalaia4 ,?is man _h at ! #ga/ ,olympic fe/ival 7#dhf7 kill$ 8 oppon5t 9 ! box+ mat*4 ,he 0 disqualifi$ by ! ,hellanodikai f tak+ 8 cr[n & return$ home to ,a/ypalaia full ( indignation4 ,!re he tore d[n ! pill> :i* support$ ! ro( ( a boys' s*ool1 & on ! de/ruction ( ! boys fl$ to ,a!ne's temple :]e he hid himself 9 a *e/4 ,8 pursu]s va9ly s\ght to op5 ! lid ( ! *e/ & at la/ ! *e/ itself _h to be brok5 into by ma9 =ce4 ,b ,kleom$es 0 n f\nd inside1 ei!r alive or dead4 ,! envoys s5t to inquire ( ! oracle 7 in=m$ t ,kleom$es _h become a ,h]o1 & t he mu/ be hon\r$ ) sacrifice s9ce he 0 no long] a mortal4#ggd ,& s ! inhabitants ( ,a/ypalaia paid hon\r to ,kleom$es z a ,h]o4 ,9 ?is case ! simple conception ( a ,h]o z "o rais$ to div9e p[] aft] 8 dea? is unit$ ) ! anci5t belief1 :i* _h nev] q di$ out s9ce ! great days ( ! epic1 9 ! translation ( individual mortals :o )\t dy+ disappe> f sight to ent] immortal life ) body & s\l complete4 ,su* a miracle seem$ to h occurr$ once aga9 9 ! case ( ,kleom$es4 ,he _h disappe>$ & #acj be5 c>ri$ away4#ghd ,he c\ld1 h[ev]1 only be call$ a ,h]o because !re 0 no common "n to describe ! effect ( translation :i* made m5 no long] mortals nor yet gods4 ,! oracle call$ ,kleom$es ! la/ ( ! ,h]oes2 inde$1 x might well appe> "t to close at la/ ! already ov]-l5g?y li/ ( ,h]oes4 ,! ,delphic oracle#gid _h itself contribut$ l>gely to _! increase1 & ) full int5t2 nor did x obs]ve = long its own decision to make an end n[4#hjd ,x is easy to und]/& ! reasons = ! univ]sal acceptance among ! ,greeks ( ! unque/ion$ au?ority ( ! oracle 9 all matt]s connect$ ) ! ,h]oes4 ,! god does n inv5t new ,h]oes or add to ! numb] ( local div9ities at 8 own caprice or by ! ex]cise ( 8 own au?ority4 ,he m]ely sees !m :]e human eyes are n cle>-sight$ en\gh4 ,he1 ! all-see+1 recognizes !m z "o _s does ano!r1 & is able to see !m at "w :5 m5 only feel ! results ( _! activity4 ,?us1 he enables inquir]s to be rid ( _! difficulties1 to und]/& sup]natural occurr5ces by ! recognition & wor%ip ( invisible p[]s4 ,= ! believ] he is 9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r directions ( religi\s life1 ! true ,expositor4#had ,he only po9ts out :at already exi/s2 he does n inv5t any?+ new1 ?\gh ! in=mation t he gives may be some?+ q new to m54 ,we1 inde$1 may be p]mitt$ to inquire :at motive ! %rewd ,delphic prie/hood may h _h 9 ! creation or r5ewal ( s _m ,h]o-cults4 ,!re is v evid5t me?od 9 _! promotion ( ! belief 9 ,h]oes1 z !re is 9 all ! activities ( ! oracle 9 religi\s & political matt]s4 ,0 x ecclesia/ical policy t made ! prie/s ( ,delphi1 9 ?is z s _m o!r cases1 se>* out & multiply to ! greate/ possible ext5t ! objects ( belief & cult8 ,! m widespread & ! m deeply +ra9$ 0 ! uneasy dread ( an invisible all-p[]ful _s-_w1 ! great] became ! au?ority ( ! oracle t alone c\ld give guidance 9 ?is confus$ turmoil ( gho/ly activities4 ,sup]/ition _h a*iev$ a p[] t ! ,hom]ic age nev] knew1 & x _c be d5i$ t ! oracle enc\rag$ ?is deisidaimonia & did its be/ to increase x4 ,/ill1 ! prie/s ( ! oracle !mselves 7 und\bt$ly subject to ! beliefs ( _! age2 at any rate1 !y %>$ ! belief 9 ,h]oes4 ,!y w\ld ?9k x q natural1 :5 fac$ by anxi\s inquiries z to ! cause ( disease or de>?1 to confirm ! half-express$ attribution ( ! evil to ! action ( an angry ,h]o4 ,!y _h r #aca to give _! sanction to :at 0 already anticipat$ ?an inv5t some?+ new4 ,!y only appli$ to ! p>ticul> case 7) free scope 9 ! inv5tion ( details7 :at ! popul> belief ( ! times _h already settl$ 9 pr9ciple4 ,b :at x all meant 0 t ! oracle took "u its protection ev]y?+ t c\ld promote & /r5g!n ! cult ( s\ls3 & 9 s f> z x is possible to speak ( a ,!ology ( ,delphi1 ! popul> belief 9 ! survival ( ! s\l aft] dea? & ! cult ( ! disembodi$ s\l =m$ two ( ! mo/ important articles 9 its cre$4 ,we %all h m to say on ?is subject h]eaft]4 ,9 any case1 if ! prie/s liv$ 9 ! atmosph]e ( su* ideas1 x 0 natural = !m 9 times ( ne$ & /ress1 :5 /range ?+s happ5$1 to reg>d z ! au?or ( ! di/urbance "s dead leg5d>y ,h]o's gho/ or ev5 a p[]ful _s ( m rec5t times1 & to direct ! fai?ful accord+ly4 ,?us1 ! ,delphic god became ! patron ( ! cult ( ,h]oes1 j z he 0 a patron ( ! ,h]oes !mselves1 & invit$ !m e ye> at ! ,!ox5ia to a meal 9 8 own temple4#hbd #i ,?us enc\rag$ on all sides1 ,h]o-wor%ip began to multiply ! objects ( ! cult beyond all c\nt+4 ,! great w>s ( fre$om aga9/ ! ,p]sians _h ar\s$ ! deepe/ & mo/ religi\s feel+s ( ! ,greeks1 & x did n seem too mu* :5 :ole companies ( ^? :o _h fall5 = fre$om 7 rais$ to ! rank ( ,h]o4 ,?us1 ev5 into a v late p]iod1 ! solemn procession e ye> to hon\r ! ,greeks :o _h be5 left on ! field ( ,plataea 0 nev] omitt$2 & at ! sacrifice ! ar*on ( ! city call$ ^u ! brave m5 :o _h laid d[n _! lives = ,greece & invit$ !m to a meal & satisfaction ( blood4#hcd ,at ,m>a?on1 also1 ^? :o _h once fall5 9 battle & be5 buri$ !re 7 wor%ipp$ z ,h]oes4#hdd ,out ( ! enorm\s multitude ( ^? :o _h ?us become ,h]oes an ari/ocracy ( ,h]oes ( a high] rank came to be =m$1 *iefly compos$ ( ^? :o _h be5 hon\r$ 9 leg5d & poetry f ! e>lie/ times & _h acquir$ fame all ov] ,greece4 ,examples ( ^! are ^? :om ,p9d>#hed 9 "o place names toge!r3 ! desc5dants ( ,o9eus 9 ,aetolia1 ,iolaos 9 ,!bes1 ,p]seus 9 ,argos1 ! ,dioscuri 9 ,sp>ta1 ! _m-bran*$ h]oic family ( ! ,aiakidai 9 ,aeg9a1 ,salamis1 & _m o!r places4 ,inde$1 a bright] lu/re seem$ to illum9e "s ( ! great] ,h]oes #acb & to di/+ui% !m almo/ 9 k9d f ! re/ ( _! fell[s4 ,?us1 ,h]akles 0 n[ elevat$ to ! gods1 ?\gh ,hom] did n ev5 "k him z a ,h]o 9 ! lat] s5se1 & ?\gh 9 _m places he 0 /ill wor%ipp$ z a ,h]o4#hfd ,asklepios is sometimes a ,h]o & sometimes a god1 z he _h be5 orig9ally4#hgd ,!n _m o!r ,h]oes began to receive sacrifice z gods1#hhd n )\t ! assi/ance ( ! ,delphic oracle1 :i* 9 ! case ( ,lyk\rgos1 at lea/1 seems itself to h giv5 ! lead 9 ! elevation ( t ,h]o4#hid ,! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ! ,h]o & ! god seems to become m & m unc]ta92 sometimes a ,h]o ( ! n>r[e/ local obs]vance is call$ a god1#ijd )\t our hav+ any reason = ?9k+ ( a =mal elevation to div9e hon\r 9 8 case or any correspond+ alt]ation ( ritual4 ,! title ( ,h]o seem$ already to h lo/ "s ( its value1 ?\gh ! "t _h n yet come :5 to "n a dead man z ,h]o h>dly di/+ui%$ him at all f all ! o!r dead4 #aj ,h[ev] mu* ! mean+ atta*$ to ! "n ( ,h]o may h wid5$ or ev5 det]iorat$1 ! belief 9 ! ,h]oes lo/ none ( its significance & long reta9$ its hold on ! p4 ,! belief 9 su* a class ( spirits /ood almo/ on a p> ) ! belief 9 gods4 ,if ! circle ( influ5ce possess$ by "s p>ticul> local-,h]o 0 n>r[ & re/rict$1 t only made him seem all ! ne>] to 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,! spirits ( _! ance/ors1 _! own & ! c\ntry's peculi> possession & %>$ ) no "o else1 seem$ m intimately !irs ?an o!r invisible p[]s ev5 ( high] rank4 ,p]man5t z ! gods !mselves1 su* ,h]oes 7 hon\r$ z h>dly second to ! gods1 ?\gh !y _c equal !m 9 might4#iad ,n equal--= _! efficacy 0 conf9$ )9 b\nds2 x did n rea* beyond ! limits ( _! home & ! little b& ( _! wor%ipp]s4 ,!y 7 b\nd to ! soil z ! ,olympian gods no long] 7--7a ,h]o :o breaks free f local limitations soon a*ieves div9ity74 ,9 p>ticul> ^? ,h]oes :o s5d up1 f b5ea? ! e>? :]e !y dwell1 relief 9 sickness or prevision ( ! future are c]ta9ly b\nd to "o spot4 ,only at _! graves c su* assi/ance be expect$1 = t is _! dwell+-place4 ,9 _! case ! relation%ip betwe5 ! belief 9 ,h]oes & ! belief 9 ^? subt]ranean deities1 ( :om some?+ 0 said 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 is peculi>ly pla94 ,inde$1 9 s f> z _! influ5ce is limit$ #acc to a s+le locality & _! p[]s conc]n$ especially ) iatromantic manife/ations1 ^! two classes ( spirits ess5tially co9cide4 ,su* relief 9 sickness 0 expect$1 n only f ,asklepios himself1 b f ! ,asklepiadai1 ,ma*aon--:o _h a grave & temple at ,g]5ia on ! coa/ ( ,laconia--& ,podaleirios4 ,! latt] 0 buri$ 9 ,apulia1 ne> ,m\nt ,g>ganus4 ,9 8 h]on ^? :o s\ght 8 aid laid !mselves d[n to sleep on ! sk9 ( ! ram t _h be5 previ\sly sacrific$4 ,9 sleep !y receiv$ o!r revelations f ! ,h]o besides rem$ies = ! ailm5ts ( man & bea/4#ibd ,ma*aon's son1 too1 ,polemokrates1 heal$ sicknesses 9 8 temple ( ,eua 9 ,argolis4#icd ,9 ,attica !re 0 a ,h]os ,iatros 9 ! city ^: efficacy 9 cur+ disease 0 witness$ to by innum]able silv] ex voto facsimiles ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! body re/or$ to heal? by him4#idd ,ano!r ,h]o ,iatros1 ^: "n is giv5 z ,ari/oma*os1 _h an oracle ( heal+ at ,m>a?on4#ied ,heal+ ( disease 0 r>ely attribut$ to any o!r ?an ^! ,asklepiad ,h]oes4 ,dream-revelations ( o!r k9ds1 h[ev]1 7 v\*saf$ f _! graves especially by ^? ,h]oes :o _h be5 se]s also 9 _! lifetime1 su* z ,mopsos & ,amphilo*os at ,mallos 9 ,cilicia1 ,amphilo*os1 aga91 9 ,ak>nania1 ,teiresias at ,or*om5os1 ,kal*as 9 ,apulia ne> ! j-m5tion$ h]on ( ,podaleirios4#ifd ,besides ^! ,odysseus1 too1 _h a dream-oracle among ! ,eurytanes 9 ,aetolia1#igd ,protesilaos "o at 8 grave-monum5t at ,elai\s 9 ! ,?racian ,*]sonnese1#ihd ,s>p$on 9 ,cilicia & ano!r 7alleg$7 9 ! ,troad1#iid ,m5e/heus1 ! ,a!nian lead]1 f> away 9 ,spa91#ajjd ,autolykos 9 ,s9ope1#ajad & p]haps also ,anios 9 ,delos4#ajbd ,a ,h]o9e call$ ,hemi!a _h a dream-oracle1 f :i* %e disp5s$ cures 9 sickness1 at ,ka/abos 9 ,k>ia2#ajcd ,pasipha gave prophecies 9 dreams at ,?alamai on ! ,laconian coa/4#ajdd ,s9ce f none ( ^! ,h]oes did ! epic tradition give any p>ticul> gr\nds 9 leg5d = expect+ a display ( mantic p[]s1 we mu/ suppose t k ( ! future & communication ( su* k to ! liv+ 0 reg>d$ z belong+ naturally to ! spiritual nature ( ! glorifi$ s\ls ( ,h]oes4 ,! notices :i* h come d[n to u all[ u to he> ( a few regul> & p]man5tly e/abli%$ ,h]o-oracles1 b !re may h be5 numb]s ( !m ( :i* we "k no?+1 & isolat$ & occasional manife/ations ( oracul> p[]s by o!r ,h]oes may n h be5 entirely out ( ! "q4#ajed #acd #aa ,! oracul> ,h]oes are regul>ly conf9$ to ! neighb\rhood ( _! graves4 ,9 addition1 :at we "k ( ! leg5ds t 7 told ( ! appe>ances or ! unse5 activities ( ^! ,h]oes %[s t1 l ! spirits t haunt anci5t ca/les or cav]ns 9 our own popul> my?ology1 !y 7 conf9$ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( _! native c\ntry1 ! neighb\rhood ( _! graves or ! site ( _! cult4 ,!y are1 z a rule1 artless /ories ( ! ang] display$ by a ,h]o ^: rights h be5 infr+$ or ^: cult neglect$4 ,at ,tanagra#ajfd !re 0 a ,h]o ,euno/os1 :o1 hav+ be5 depriv$ ( 8 life ?r\gh ! ma*9ations ( a woman1 w\ld tol]ate no woman 9 8 grove or ne> 8 grave4#ajgd ,if any ( ! hat$ sex intrud$ !re 0 dang] ( an e>?quake or dr\ght1 or else ! ,h]o 0 se5 go+ d[n to ! sea 7:i* wa%es away all pollutions7 to cleanse himself4 ,9 ,or*om5os !re 0 a _s :o w5t ab\t ) a /one deva/at+ ! neighb\rhood4 ,?is 0 ,aktaion1 ^: e>?ly rema9s 7 !re=e buri$ ) mu* c]emony on ! comm& ( an oracle4 ,a bronze /atue ( him 0 also set up & fa/5$ ) *a9s to a rock1 & hon\r$ e ye> 9 a fea/ ( ! dead4#ajhd ,h]odotos solemnly tells u ( ! wra? ( ,m9os ) ! ,cretans1 :o _h n av5g$ 8 own viol5t end1 :]eas !y _h gone to ! aid ( ,m5elaos4#ajid ,!re is a deep] s5se 9 ! leg5d1 also relat$ by ,h]odotos1 ( ,tal?ybios :o 0 enrag$ n = any private grievance b because ( a violation ( ! moral law & ord]4 ,he himself z ! protector ( h]alds & mess5g]s puni%$ ! ,sp>tans = _! murd] ( ! ,p]sian envoys4#aajd ,b ! mo/ awe-inspir+ leg5d ( ! rev5ge ( a ,h]o 0 told ( a local-,h]o ( ! ,a!nian p>i% ( ,anagyros4 ,a c\ntryman _h cut d[n ! ,h]o's sacr$ grove4#aaad ,! ,h]o fir/ caus$ ! dea? ( ! man's wife & !n inspir$ ! second wife ) a guilty passion = 8 son1 h] /epson4 ,! latt] oppos$ h] wi%es & :5 %e d5\nc$ him to h] husb& 0 bl9d$ by him & bani%$ to a des]t isl&4 ,! fa!r1 hav+ become an object ( loa?+ to all m51 hang$ himself2 ! /epmo!r ?rew h]self into a well4#aabd ,?is /ory is rem>kable = ! fact t 9 x ! ,h]o1 l ! gods !mselves1 is reg>d$ z able to affect m5's consci\sness1 _! feel+s1 & _! resolves4 ,_m ( ! details may h be5 improv$ ^u by a ta/e accu/om$ to poetry ( a high] /yle4#aacd ,b z a rule ! leg5ds ( ,h]oes be> a #ace ?or\ghly popul> /amp4 ,!y are a k9d ( vulg> my?ology1 :i* /ill put =? fre% %oots 9 ?is way n[ t ! my?s ( anci5t gods & *ampions h become m]ely traditional & h be5 giv5 ov] to ! nev]-end+ op]ations ( ! poets4 ,su* my?s 7 no long] ?r[n (f naturally by ! creative in/9ct ( ! p4 ,! gods seem$ too f> remov$1 _! visible influ5ce 9 ! affairs ( m5 seem$ only cr$ible 9 ! leg5ds ( a f>-di/ant pa/4 ,! spirits ( ,h]oes hov]$ ne>] to m52 9 good =tune & bad m5 trac$ _! h&iwork4 ,9 ! my?s & leg5ds ( ! p aris+ out ( ! ev5ts ( ! imm$iate pres5t !y n[ con/itute ! sup]natural elem5t )\t :i* nei!r life nor /ories w\ld (f] any attraction or mean+ to ! simple-m9d$4 ,we c le>n :at ^! leg5ds 7 l f a s+le example1 :i* happ5s to h be5 pres]v$ to u & :i* mu/ /& = ! numb]s ( simil> /ories :i* once mu/ h be5 curr5t4 ,at ,temesa1 9 ,lucania1 !re 0 a ,h]o :o w5t ab\t de/roy+ any ( ! inhabitants t he c\ld lay 8 h& on4 ,! ,temesians1 :o _h got z f> z ?9k+ ( leav+ ,italy1 turn$ 9 _! di/ress to ! ,delphic oracle1 & 7 told t ! gho/ 0 ! _s ( a /rang] :o _h once be5 /on$ to dea? by ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry = ! violation ( a maid54#aadd ,a sacr$ prec9ct mu/ be d$icat$ to him1 & a temple built1 :]e e ye> ! mo/ beautiful maid5 9 ,temesa mu/ be deliv]$ up to him4 ,! citiz5s ( ,temesa did z !y 7 told1 & ! _s left !m 9 peace1 b e ye> ! awful sacrifice took place4 ,to ?is place !re came 9 ! #gg? ,olympiad a fam\s box]1 ,eu?ymos ( ,locri1 return+ ) 8 cr[n ( victory back to ,italy4 ,he he>d at ,temesa ( ! sacrifice t 0 ab\t to take place1 & ent]$ ! temple :]e he saw ! *os5 maid5 wait+ = ! ,h]o4 ,pity & love fill$ 8 he>t2 & :5 ! ,h]o arriv$ ! victor ( s _m s+le combats d>$ to try conclusions ) ?is new foe & f9ally ?rew him into ! sea & rid ! c\ntry ( ! mon/]4 ,x is j z 9 our own fairy tale ( ! y\? :o w5t =? to le>n h[ to %udd]2#aaed &1 ( c\rse1 n[ t ! l& is deliv]$ !re is a brilliant w$d+ & ! ,knight ( ,good ,c\rage m>ries ! beautiful maid5 he has rescu$4 ,he liv$ on to extreme old age1 & ev5 !n he did n die b 0 translat$ alive & is n[ himself a ,h]o4#aafd ,su* *ampions ( ! ,pan-,hell5ic conte/s1 ( :om #acf ,eu?ymos 0 "o1 are ! fav\rite figures ( popul> leg5d bo? 9 _! lifetime &1 aft] _! dea?1 z spirits4 ,a /ory 0 told also ( "o ( ! contempor>ies ( ,eu?ymos1 ,!ag5es ( ,?asos1 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s victors 9 ! great games1 & h[ aft] 8 dea? "o ( 8 oppon5ts w5t & ?ra%$ 8 /atue by night till "o night ! /atue fell on him & kill$ him4 ,! ,?asians !n ?rew ! murd]\s image into ! sea1 b 7 !reupon plagu$ ) b>r5ness z a result ( ! ,h]o's ang]4 ,?is w5t on until1 aft] ! sev]al times repeat$ comm& ( ! ,delphic oracle1 !y fi%$ up ! /atue f :]e x _h sunk & re/or$ x to its old position & sacrific$ to x z to a god4#aagd ,! rem>kable ?+ ab\t ?is /ory is ! way 9 :i* ! crude & primitive notion1 common to almo/ all image-wor%ipp+ peoples1 t ! /r5g? ( a _s resides 9 8 effigy1 is "h m ?an usually /rik+ & appli$ to ! belief 9 ,h]oes4 ,x lies at ! bottom ( _m /ories ( ! rev5ge ( dumb /atues aga9/ ^? :o (f5d !m4#aahd ,! /atue ( ,!ag5es1 inde$1 cur$ fev]s ev5 9 lat] ages1#aaid z did ! /atue ( ano!r fam\s box]1 ,polydamas ( ,skot\ssa4#abjd ,an ,a*an ,olympic victor1 ,oibotas ( ,dyme1 _h = c5turies prev5t$ ! ,a*ans f w9n+ 9 any conte/ by a curse4#abad ,:5 he _h be5 appeas$ ! ,a*ans1 on />t+ out to take "p 9 a conte/ at ,olympia1 us$ to d sacrifice to 8 /atue4#abbd #ab ,b ! belief 9 ,h]oes rose to /ill great] heights4 ,n m]ely 9 peaceful a?letic conte/s1 b 9 real ne$1 9 /ruggles :5 !y 7 fight+ to def5d ! highe/ possessions ( all--! fre$om & safety ( _! c\ntry--! ,h]oes 7 f\nd on ! side ( ! ,greeks4 ,n[h]e d we see m pla9ly h[ real & vivid 0 ! fai? ( contempor>y ,greece 9 ! ,h]oes ?an 9 ! /ories told ( ! appeals !n made to !m & ( _! p>ticipation 9 ! ,p]sian w>s4 ,at ,m>a?on !re 7 _m :o saw an app>ition ( ,!seus 9 full arm\r fight+ 9 ! front ( ! battle aga9/ ! b>b>ians4#abcd ,9 ! pa9t+ ( ,pana9os 7! bro!r ( ,pheidias7 9 ! ,/oa ,poikile at ,a!ns !re 0 %[n among ! fight]s at ,m>a?on a c]ta9 ,h]o1 ,e*etlos1 ( ^: appe>ance at ! battle a peculi> /ory 0 told4#abdd ,9 ! w> aga9/ ,x]xes ,delphi 0 pres]v$ by two ( ! local ,h]oes ( ! l& aga9/ a ,p]sian raid4#abed ,9 ! morn+ be=e ! battle ( ,salamis ! ,greeks pray$ to ! gods1 b !y call$ directly #acg ^u ! ,h]oes to give !m practical help3 ,aias & ,telamon 7 summon$ f ,salamis1 & a %ip 0 s5t to fet* ,aiakos & ! o!r ,aiakidai f ,aeg9a4#abfd ,s little 7 ^! ,h]o spirits m]e symbols or great names to ! ,greeks4 ,_! actual physical p>ticipation 9 ! decisive h\r 0 confid5tly expect$4 ,&1 inde$1 !y came & help$3#abgd aft] ! battle _h be5 won a trireme out ( ! spoil 0 d$icat$ to ! ,h]o ,aias z well z to ! gods z a ?ank(f]+4#abhd ,a ,salam9ian local ,h]o1 ,ky*reus1 _h also come to ! help ( ! ,greeks1 z a snake1 9 :i* =m ! ,h]oes1 l ! e>? spirits1 frequ5tly appe>$4#abid ,aft] ! battle ev]yone 0 fully p]suad$ t !y ow$ _! victory to ! gods & ,h]oes4#acjd ,z ,x5ophon puts x1 x 0 ! ,h]oes & _! aid :i* made ,greece unconqu]able 9 ! fight aga9/ ! b>b>ians4#acad ,less frequ5tly we he> ( ! active p>ticipation ( national ,h]oes 9 ! fights ( "o ,greek /ate aga9/ ano!r4#acbd ,ev5 9 ! petty details ( ! life ( individuals ! ,h]oes play$ _! "p1 help+ or h9d]+1 z once 9 my?ical times ! gods _h done4 ,ev]yone w be rem9d$ ( well-kn[n leg5ds ( ! gods1 & w at ! same "t be able to measure ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! sublime & ! m]ely idyllic1 9 read+ ,h]odotos' naive & circum/antial tale ( h[ ,hel5 once appe>$ 9 p]son to a nurse at ,!rapne4 ,! nurse 0 pray+ at ,hel5's grave = h] ill-fav\r$ fo/]-*ild1 :5 ! ,h]o9e appe>$ to h] & ) a t\* ( h] h& made ! *ild ! mo/ beautiful maid5 9 ,sp>ta4#accd ,s1 too1 we read h[ ! ,h]o ,a/rabakos1 9 ! lik5ess ( ,ari/on1 k+ ( ,sp>ta1 visit$ 9 secret ! k+'s wife & made h] ! "m ( ,dem>atos4#acdd ,! h]on ( ?is ,a/rabakos 0 situat$ by ! door ( ,ari/on's h\se1#aced & x 0 a frequ5t cu/om ?us to place a ,h]o's %r9e be=e ! h\se-door :]e he might give a special protection to 8 neighb\r4#acfd ,9 all ! circum/ances ( human life1 9 happ9ess or 9 ne$1 = individuals or ! city1 ! ,h]oes are ?us v ne> to m54 ,x is n[ (t5 said ( ! ,h]o wor%ipp$ by a city 7j z x 0 said ( ! city's gods7 t he rules x1 is its possessor1 or is "l ov] x2#acgd he is its true gu>dian & protector4 ,x may1 inde$1 h be5 ! case 9 _m cities1 z x 0 said to be 9 "s1 t ! belief 9 ! city-,h]o 0 m deeply held !re ?an ! belief 9 ! gods wor%ipp$ by all ,greece 9 common4#achd ,! relation ( man to ! ,h]oes is clos] ?an x is to ! maje/ic gods above3 #ach ! fai? 9 ,h]oes gave a diff]5t & a m famili> bond ( union betwe5 m5 & ! _s-_w above !m4 ,! wor%ip ( ,h]oes began z an ance/or-cult & an ance/or-cult x rema9$ 9 ess5ce1 b x _h n[ be5 wid5$ to a cult ( c]ta9 great] human s\ls :o _h rais$ !mselves above _! fell[s by peculi> p[]s ex]cis$ 9 _m1 & by no means pr$om9antly moral1 directions4 ,_m ( !m 7 ( lat] ages or ev5 ( ! q rec5t pa/1 & 9 ?is lies ! peculi> importance ( _! cult4 ,!y %[ t ! company ( ! spirits is n fix$ & made up2 individual mortals are /ill cont9ually be+ rais$ to t high] circle aft] ! completion ( _! e>?ly life4 ,dea? does n end all consci\s exi/5ce nor does ! gloom ( ,hades swall[ up all life4 ,b = t reason ! cult ( ,h]oes _c be ! orig9 ( ! belief 9 an immortality belong+ to all human s\ls by _! v nature4 ,nor c ?is ev] h be5 its effect4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 among ! ho/s t /ream$ d[n to ,hades1 ! special individuals :o _h ano!r fate 7 a small class ap>t & fav\r$ above all o!rs--& s x /ill rema9$4 ,?\gh ! numb]s ( ! h]oic figures might be increas$ enorm\sly1 yet e individual case ( ! transition ( a human s\l into ! ranks ( ! ,h]oes 0 a fre% & special miracle4 ,su* exceptional cases1 h[ev] frequ5tly repeat$1 c\ld nev] produce a g5]al rule apply+ )\t di/9ction to all m5 alike4 ,! belief 9 ,h]oes 9 its gradual evolution & ext5sion unque/ionably l$ f> away f ! c\rse tak5 by ! ,hom]ic belief 9 ! ?+s aft] dea?4 ,9 fact1 x po9t$ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,b ) ! belief 9 ,h]oes m5 _h n yet arriv$ at ! belief 9 an immortality prop] to ! human s\l by virtue ( its own nature1 nor yet 7:i* w\ld be some?+ diff]5t aga97 0 a g5]al cult ( s\ls !reby f\nd$4 ,9 ord] t su* beliefs might arise aft]1 b n out (1 ! cult ( ,h]oes1 & ma9ta9 !mselves side by side ) an undim9i%$ cult ( ,h]oes1 a movem5t 0 fir/ necess>y t _h its orig9 9 diff]5t s\rces4 ,,notes ,,to ,,*apt] ,,iv #ad3 ,porph41 ,ab/4 #d1 #bb1 p4 #bfh1 #bc ,nauck4 #bd3 ,x is n q cle> :e!r x is legitimate to see 9 :at ,paus4 #b1 #b1 #b1 says ab\t ! graves ( ,neleus & ,sisyphos a fir/ trace ( ! wor%ip ( ,h]o-relics1 z ,lobeck does1 ,agla4 #bhd4 ,! oracle v]se f ,o9om4 ap4 ,eus41 ,,pe4 #e1 #bh1 p4 #bbc ,b1 9 :i* ,lyk\rgos is w>n$ to hon\r ,m5e_/lan te kai a_/ll\s a?ana_/t\s h_/rz1 hoi en ,lak$ai_/moni di_/--is c]ta9ly q late1 lat] ?an ! h_/keis ,luko_/orge t 0 kn[n already to ,h]od42 e>li] h[ev] ?an ! second c5tury1 cf4 ,isyllos 7,,gdi4 #ccdb71 l4 #bf4 ,o9omaos got x1 l all ! oracles t he us$ 9 mak+ 8 ,g_/tn ph_/ra f a collection ( oracul> say+s1 c]ta9ly n f 7or ev5 indirectly f7 ,ephoros z has be5 gr\ndlessly ma9ta9$4--,unque/ionably ! cult ( ,hel5 & ,m5elaos at ,!rapne 0 anci5t3 see ,ross1 ,ar*4 ,aufs4 ii1 #cda ff4 ,connexion ) ! legitimate pre-,dorian mon>*y 0 eag]ly s\ght = 9 ,sp>ta2 ?us ! bones ( ,ore/es & ,tisam5os 7 br\ght to ,sp>ta & bo? hon\r$ !re z ,h]oes4 ,! cult ( ,m5elaos 9 ,!rapne has no?+ :atev] to d ) 8 translation to ,elysion 7,od4 d74 #cd3 ,"o ,daites h_/ra tim_/m5on p>a tois ,trsi_/n is m5tion$ by ,mimn4 fr4 #ah4 ,/ill e>li] ,alc4 seems to ref] to ! cult ( ,a*illes z a ,h]o1 fr4 #dh b3 ,a*i_/lleu1 ho gas ,skudi_/kas me_/deis 7see ,wassn]1 de h]4 cult41 p4 #cc74 #dd3 !oi ho_/soi gn tn 9999,platai_/da e_/*ete kai h_/res1 xuni_//ore_/s e/e1 ,?uc4 ii1 #gd1 #b2 ma_/rturas !\s kai h_/rz eg*ri_/ous poi_/somai1 ,?4 iv1 #hg1 #b2 cf4 ,?4 v1 #cj1 #b-e4 #ed3 ,hdt4 viii1 #aji3 ta_/de gar ouk hmeis kat]gasa_/me?a alla !oi_/ te kai h_/res4 #fd3 ,hdt4 vii1 #dc4 #gd3 ,9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is book ,i c\ld n ref] to ! copi\sly docum5t$ article by ,d5ek5 on ,h]os 9 ,ros*]'s ,my?4 ,lex4 ,ev5 n[ ,i mu/ be cont5t to ref] ! read] g5]ally to ! ri* collections ( mat]ial !re suppli$4 ,! view tak5 ( ! nature & orig9 ( ! ,h]o is1 h[ev]1 "o :i* ,i c only reject4 ,accord+ to t acc\nt 7:i* 9 ?is foll[s ! curr5t view7 ! belief 9 ,h]oes arose f a weak5$ belief 9 gods1 & ! race ( ,h]oes 0 compos$ ( =m]ly div9e figures :o _h come to be reg>d$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t ) dim9i%$ awe4 ,b ! cult ( ,h]oes 0 by no means an att5uat$ wor%ip ( ! gods3 on ! contr>y x 0 fundam5tally contra/$ 9 its ess5ce to ! cult ( ! gods above3 enagi_/ze9 c nev] h be5 d]iv$ f ?u_/e9 9 h[ev] att5uat$ a =m4 ,equally little c ! ,h]oes ( cult h be5 ev] 7mu* less frequ5tly7 d]iv$ f gods directly4 ,! ,h]oes 7z objects ( a cult7 are inv>iably elevat$ s\ls ( m51 n r$uc$ div9ities4 ,?is rule holds good ev5 ?\gh a consid]able numb] ( once div9e figures aft] !y _h be5 depriv$ ( _! godhead & made into great m51 7 :5 !y di$ exalt$1 z out/&+ human be+s1 to ! rank ( ,h]o4 ,9 ?is respect !y did n diff] f ! innum]able cases be=e & beside !m ( simple mortals :o _h nev] be5 gods4 ,only :5 & because !y _h become m5 & be5 mortal c\ld su* #adj ex-div9e p]sonages become ,h]oes3 no "o /epp$ /raight f godhood to ,h]ohood4 ,! ,h]o is regul>ly a promot$ human _s & no?+ else4--,i int5d "h & g5]ally 9 ?is book to avoid fur!r polemic aga9/ ! curr5tly accept$ view ( ! orig9 ( ! ,h]o out ( degrad$ godhead & to cont5t myself in/ead ) ! /atem5t ( my own positive attitude 9 ^! matt]s4 #hd3 !n a_/llois a_/llai timai pro_/ske9tai kai h_/rs9 a_/llai1 kai hautai apokekrime_/nai t\ !i\1 ,arr41 ,anab4 iv1 #aa1 #c4 #id3 ,sacrifice to ,h]oes en du?mais9 augan & ?r\gh\t ! night1 ,pi41 ,i4iv1 #fe ff4 hupo kne_/phas1 ,ap4 ,rh4 i1 #ehg 7 p]i hli_/ou dusma_/s1 ,s*ol474 t men 7,alexa_/nori hs h_/r meta h_/lion du_/nata enagi_/z\s9 ,euam]i_/ni de hs ! ?u_/ous91 ,paus4 #b1 #aa1 #g4 nu_/ktr kata e_/tos enagi_/z\s91 7! ,ph5eatai to ,myrtilos1 ,paus4 #h1 #ad1 #aa4 ,by night ,solon sacrific$ to ! ,salam9ian ,h]oes1 ,plu41 ,sol4 #i4--;,aft] noon1 apo me_/s\ hme_/ras1 mu/ sacrifice be made to ! ,h]oes1 ,d4,l4 viii1 #cc2 tois katoi*ome_/nois apo mesmbri_/z1 ,,em4 #dfh1 #cd 7cf4 ,procl4 9 ,hes4 ,op4 #gfc1 ,eu/41 ,? #fe1 p4 #fih1 #cf74 ,! ,h]oes also are among ! katoi*o_/m5oi3 tois h_/rs9 hs katoi*ome_/nois e_/ntoma e_/?uon1 apoble_/pontes ka_/t es gn1 ,s*ol4 ,a4,d41 ,a #dei4--;,9 lat] times sacrifice seems to h be5 made to ! ord9>y dead ev5 9 broad daylight 7see ,/5gel1 ,*?on4 u4 ,todt5cult1 #dbb f471 b to ,h]oes1 z once to ! dead 7,ps #bah ff471 always t[>ds ev5+ or at night4 #ajd3 es*a_/ra1 see above1 ,*4 ,i4 n4 #ec4 #aad3 ,cf4 ,/5gel1 ,jb4 f4 ,phil41 #ahhf1 pp4 #cbb1 #cbi4 #abd3 ,s*ol4 ,a4,d41 ,a #dei4 ,s*ol41 ,ap4 ,rh4 i1 #ehg4 ente_/mne91 see ,/5gel1 ,zt4 f4 ,gymn41 #ahhj1 p4 #gdc ff4 #acd3 haimak\ri_/a1 ,pi41 ,o4 i1 #ij4 ,plu41 ,ari/id4 #ba4 ,! ^w is suppos$ to be ,boeotian acc4 to ,s*ol4 ,pi41 ,o4 i1 #adf 7h5ce ,greg4 ,cor41 p4 #bae1 ,s*aef]74 #add3 ,rightly 7z aga9/ ,welck]7 ,wassn]1 de h4 cult41 p4 #f1 ma9ta9s t ! enagi_/smata = ,h]oes 7 holokaut_/mata4 #aed3 enagi_/ze9 to h]oes1 ?u_/e9 to gods4 ,pausanias 9 p>ticul> is c>eful 9 8 use ( ! words1 b ev5 he1 & ,h]odotos1 too1 occasionally says ?u_/e9 :]e enagi_/ze9 w\ld h be5 correct 7e4g4 ,hdt4 vii1 #aag1 t ,arta*ai_/ ?u_/ousi ,aka_/n?ioi hs _/ri74 ,o!rs frequ5tly say ?u_/e9 in/ead ( enagi_/ze91 :i* z ! m special idea c\ld easily be includ$ 9 ?u_/e9 ! m g5]ic ^w = mak+ sacrifice4 #afd3 ,cf4 ,d5ek51 de !ox5iis 7,b]l4 #ahha71 cap4 #a2 ,wassn]1 de h4 cult41 p4 #ab4 ,! expressions us$ by primitive peoples all[ u to see ! ideas t lie at ! bottom ( ?is mode ( (f]+2 cf4 ,rville1 les rel4 des peuples non-civ4 i1 #gc4 ,! ritual may be reg>d$ z specially primitive & ev5 e>li] ?an ! practice ( burnt (f]+ 7cf4 ,old5b]g1 ,rel4 d4 ,v$a1 #cdd f474 #agd3 ,see above1 ,*4 ,i1 p4 #ad ff4--epi ,azani t ,arka_/dos teleut_/santi a?la ete_/? prton2 ei men kai a_/lla ouk oida1 hippodromi_/z de ete_/?1 ,paus4 #h1 #d1 #e4 #ahd3 ,! same is impli$ by ! obs]vation ( ,ari/>*os t ,hom] kn[s no hi]os kai /ephani_/ts ag_/n1 see ,rh4 ,mus4 #cf1 #edd f4 7z to ! obs]vation !re put =w>d t ,hom] 9 fact did n "k ! ^w /e_/phanos or its use1 cf4 fur!r ,s*ol4 ,pi41 ,nem4 intr41 pp4 #g1 #h ff41 ,abel2 see also ,m]kel1 ,ap4 ,rh4 proleg41 p4 cxxvi3 e/e_/phanos d]iv$ f /epha_/n n f /e_/phanos3 ,s*ol4 ,ph #eaa74 #aid3 ,_m su* ,agones = ,h]oes are m5tion$1 esp4 by ,p9d>4 #bjd3 e4g4 on ! comm& ( ! oracle an agn gumnikos kai hippiko_/s 0 f\nd$ 9 hon\r ( ! fall5 ,phocaeans 9 ,agylla1 ,hdt4 i1 #afg4 #ada ,agon = ,miltiades1 ,hdt4 vi1 #ch2 = ,brasidas1 ,?uc4 v1 #aa2 = ,leonidas 9 ,sp>ta1 ,paus4 #c1 #ad1 #a4 #bad3 ,at ! ,iolaia 9 ,!bes mursi_/ns /epha_/nois /ephan\ntai hoi nikntes2 mursi_/n de /ephan\ntai dia to einai tn nekrn /e_/phos1 ,s*4 ,pi41 ,i4 iii1 #aag4 7,! myrtle tois *?oni_/ois aphie_/rto1 ,apollod4 ap4 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,ran4 #ccj2 z adorn+ graves1 ,eur41 ,el4 #cbd1 #eaa47 #bbd3 ,g5]al /atem5t3 etel\nto hoi palaioi pa_/ntes agnes epi tisi teteleutko_/si1 ,s*4 ,pi41 ,i1 p4 #cdi ,ab4 7tas epitumbi_/ous tautasi pangu_/reis1 ,clem4 ,alex4 calls ! f\r great games1 ,protr4 ii1 p4 #bi ,p474 ,! ,nemean z an agn epita_/phios = ,ar*emoros1 ,s*4 ,pi41 ,n41 pp4 #g1 #h ,ab42 lat] (f]$ to ,zeus fir/ by ,h]akles1 ib41 p4 #aa1 #h ff42 #ab1 #ad-ac1 #d 7cf4 ,welck]1 ,ep4 ,cycl4 ii1 #cej ff474 ,victor's cr[n1 s9ce ! ,p]sian w>s1 ( p>sley epi tim tn katoi*ome_/nn1 ib41 p4 #aj 7p>sley on graves3 ,s*neidew9 on ,dgn4 viii1 #eg2 see bel[4 seli_/n\ /e_/phanos pe_/n?imos 4 4 4 ,d\ris en t p]i ag_/nn1 ,phot4 #ejf1 #e74 ,black dress ( ! judges1 ib41 p4 #aa1 #h ff4 ,s*ol4 ,arg41 ,n4 iv1 v4--,i/hmian games z epita_/phios ag_/n = ,melik]tes & !n = ,s9is or ,skiron1 ,plu41 ,!s4 #be4 ,s*4 ,pi41 ,i41 pp4 #cej-b ,ab4 ,cr[n made ( p>sley or p9e1 bo? signs ( m\rn+1 ,paus4 #h1 #dh1 #b 7& else:]e see ,me9eke1 ,an4 ,alex41 #hj ff474 ,! ,py?ian games are said to be an agn epita_/phios = ,py?on2 ! ,olympian = ,o9omaos or ,pelops 7,phlegon1 9999,,fhg4 iii1 #fjc2 cf4 ,p4 ,knapp1 ,corresp4 ,wrt4 ,gelehr4 #ahha1 p4 #i ff474 ,^! notices _c all be le>n$ inv5tion4 ,x is a fact1 = in/ance1 t ! fun]al games ( ,tlepolemos 9 ,rhodes1 kn[n to ,p9d>1 ,o4 vii1 #gg ff41 7 lat] transf]r$ to ,helios 7cf4 ,s*4 ,pi41 ,o4 vii1 #cf1 #adf-g1 & ,bckh on v1 #gg74 #bcd3 ,half-gods1 hmi_/!oi4 ,! "n does n1 z is sometimes decl>$1 imply t ! ,h]oes 7 spirits :o ?us con/itut$ a class ( int]m$iate be+s betwe5 gods & m54 ,! ,h]oes 7 n call$ hmi_/!oi2 ! "n 0 really appli$ to ! k+s & *ampions ( ! leg5d>y age1 m especially ^? :o f\ght at ,troy or ,!bes 7,hes41 ,op41 #afj2 ,hom4 ,m #bc2 h4 ,hom41 #ca1 #ai2 #cb1 #ai4 ,call941 fr4 i1 #ai1 & (t5 lat]74 ,x applies to !m1 h[ev]1 z liv+ m5 n z glorifi$ spirits 7?us ,pla41 ,ap4 #da ,a2 cf4 ,d4,h4 #g1 #cb1 #ac1 hmi!_/n g5ome_/nn on e>? hai psu*ai_/74--,! hmi_/!oi are a species ( m5 n ( spirits or daimones2 !y are ^? hoi pro_/t]o_/n pot' epe_/lonto1 !n d' ex ana_/ktn ege_/non?' huies hmi_/!oi 7,simon41 fr4 #cf2 cf4 ,pla41 ,crat4 #cih ,d71 ! sons ( gods & mortal wom5 & !n _! companions z well 7a potiori s nam$74 ,ev5 ! idea t ! great m5 ( ! pa/1 ?us call$ hmi_/!oi1 7 naturally made ,h]oes aft] _! dea? z a consequ5ce ( _! half-div9e nature :i* might give !m special privileges ev5 !n--?is idea has no v anci5t au?ority4 ,cic]o1 ,,nd4 iii1 #de1 seems to be ! fir/ to sugge/ su* a view4 ,t ! ,greeks ( ! be/ p]iod ev] reg>d$ semi-div9e orig9 z a qualification = becom+ a ,h]o is refut$ by ! simple fact t = ! great majority ( ! ,h]oes desc5t f a god 0 n claim$4 ,( c\rse1 poetry 0 always ready to give a ,h]o a div9e fa!r 9 ord] to enhance 8 value1 cf4 ,paus4 #f1 #aa1 #b2 b ?is 0 nev] a condition ( be+ made a ,h]o 7r ( be+ rais$ f ,h]o to god74 #bdd3 ma_/k> men &rn me_/ta1 h_/rs d' e_/peita laoseb_/s1 ,pi41 ,p4 v1 #id f4 #bed3 ti_/na !o_/n1 ti_/n' h_/ra1 ti_/na d' a_/ndra8 ,pi41 ,o4 ii init4 ou_/te !\s ou_/te h_/rz ou_/te an?r_/p\s ais*un!isa1 ,antiph4 i1 #bg4 ,) daimones add$3 ,gods1 daimones1 h]oes1 m53 ,pl41 ,rp4 #cib ,a2 #dbg ,b2 ,lg4 iv1 #gag ,,ab4 ,9 lat] times ! di/9ction betwe5 !oi_/1 dai_/mones1 h_/res1 correspond$ to a real & popul> op9ion1 see e4g4 ,,gdi4 #adb #aehb 7,dodona1 cf4 also #aeff1 #aehe b4--,!re c be no "q ( id5tify+ ,h]oes ) ! daimones 7z ,ngelsb41 ,n4 ,?4 #ajd1 does74 ,:5 philosoph]s call ! dead daimones t is f q a diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,x is a speculative idea peculi> to ,plut>* himself t1 9 view ( ! transition f m5 to ,h]oes & f ^! to daimones1 ! ,h]oes !mselves might be reg>d$ z a sort ( l[] daimon 7,,d4 #aj1 #dae ,a2 ,rom4 #bh74 ,a ,s*ol4 on ,eur41 ,hec4 #afe1 q ju/ifiably makes a p>allel betwe5 gods & daimones on ! "o h& & ,h]oes & m5 on ! o!r3 ! gods are hupslo_/t]o_/n ti ta_/gma tn daimo_/nn & ?is is ! relation ( hoi h_/res pros t\s loip\s an?r_/p\s1 hupslo_/t]oi_/ t9es dok\ntes kai hup]e_/*ontes4 #bfd3 ,ari/>*os' rem>k t 9 ,hom] n only k+s b pa_/ntes ko9s are designat$ z h_/res1 0 direct$ aga9/ ! mi/ak5 limitation ( ! ^w by ,i/]2 see ,lehrs1 ,ari/>*4#c1 p4 #aja4 ,be=e ,ari/>*41 h[ev]1 ! mi/ak5 idea t hoi hgemo_/nes tn ar*ai_/n mo_/noi san h_/res1 hoi de laoi a_/n?rpoi seems to h be5 g5]al3 x is express$ 9 ! ,ari/4 ,probl4 #ai1 #dh1 p4 #ibb;b1 #ah2 ,rhianos1 too1 held x1 see ,s*ol4 ,t #da 7,mayh(f1 de ,rhiani /ud4 ,hom41 p4 #df74--;,x is incorrect to say t 9 ! suppos$ lat] p>ts ( ! ,odyssey h_/rs is no long] us$ ( all free m51 b only ( ! ari/ocracy 7,fanta1 ,/aat 9 ,il4 u4 ,od41 #ag f474 ,9 d #bfh1 ? #bdb1 x #ig1 ! ^w is us$ z an hon\rable title ( free m5 ( sup]ior rank1 b !re is no sugge/ion ( a re/riction ( ! ^w to su* use4 ,9 addition to :i*1 ! ^w h_/rs unmi/akably appe>s 9 its wid] s5se also 9 o!r p>ts ( ! poem equally & rightly suppos$ to be late 7a #bgb1 ? #dhc1 #fh1 etc474 #bgd3 ,s = example esp4 :5 ,pausanias speaks ( ! kal\_/m5oi h_/res1 #e1 #f1 #b2 #f1 #e1 #a2 #g1 #ag1 #a2 #h1 #ab1 #b2 #aj1 #aj1 #a1 etc4 #bhd3 &rn hr_/n !ion ge_/nos1 ,hes41 ,op4 #aei4 #bid3 ,( ! ,h]oes ( 8 f\r? race ! great majority fell accord+ to ,hesiod 9 ! w> ( ,troy or ,!bes & di$ )\t any illum9ation2 ! few1 on ! o!r h&1 :o are translat$ to ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/ are illum9at$ inde$1 b h nev] di$4 ,to reg>d !m z ! prototypes & =]unn]s ( ! ,h]oes wor%ipp$ 9 lat] times 7z _m d is inadmissible4 #cjd3 ,grave 9 ! m>ket3 ,battos 9 ,kyr5e1 ,pi41 ,p4 v1 #hg ff41 & frequ5tly4 ,h]o-graves 9 ! ,prytaneion at ,meg>a1 ,paus4 #a1 #dc1 #b-c4 ,adra/os 0 buri$ 9 ! m>ket at ,sikyon4 ,klei/h5es1 to play a trick on him1 br\ght f ,!bes 7! corpse (7 ,melanippos1 :o1 :5 alive1 _h be5 8 greate/ enemy1 & plac$ him en t prutanei_/ kai_/ m9 hi_/druse en?auta en t is*urota_/t1 ,hdt4 v1 #fg4 ,!mi/okles _h a mnmeion 9 ! m>ket at ,magnesia on ! ,mai&]4 ,?4 #a1 #ach1 #e2 i4e4 a hron 7see ,wa*smu?1 ,rh4 ,mus4 lii1 #adj74 #cad3 tu_/mbon amphi_/polon e_/*n polux5ta_/t p>a b_/m1 ,pi41 ,o4 i1 #ic2 i4e4 ! great a%-alt> ( ,zeus4 ,! excavations h confirm$ ,p9d>'s description 7cf4 ,paus4 #e1 #ac1 #a-b74 #cbd3 ,grave built 9 ! gateway3 en aut t pul at ,elis ,aitolos ! son ( ,oxylos 0 buri$1 ,paus4 #e1 #d1 #d2 cf4 ,lobeck1 ,agl4 #bha f4 ,grave at ! b\nd>y ( ! c\ntry3 ,koroibos1 ! fir/ ,olympic victor1 0 buri$ lei_/z epi t pe_/rati z ! insc4 /at$3 ,paus4 #h1 #bf1 #d4 ,grave ( ,koroibos1 son ( ,mygdon1 en ho_/rois ,phrugn ,/ektornn1 ,paus4 #aj1 #bg1 #a4 #ccd3 ,! idea ( ! grave z ! dwell+-place ( ! ,h]o is %[n 9 a v /range fa%ion by ! /ory t ! ,phliasians be=e ! fea/ ( ,demet] kal\s9 epi tas sponda_/s ! h]o ,aras & 8 sons1 look+ :ile s do+ t[>ds ! graves ( ^! ,h]oes3 ,paus4 #b1 #ab1 #e4 #adc #cdd3 ,?is h]o 7,xan?ippos or ,phokos7 e_/*ei epi hme_/ra te pa_/s tima_/s1 kai a_/gontes hi]eia hoi ,phkeis to men haima di' ops eg*e_/ous9 es ton ta_/phon ktl4 ,paus4 #aj1 #d1 #aj4 ,simil>ly at ! grave ( ,hyak9?os at ,amyklai1 ,paus4 #c1 #ai1 #c4 ,! mean+ ( su* an (f]+ is ! same 9 ,greece z 9 simil> cases among any savage tribe4 ,9 ,tylor1 ii1 #bh1 we read3 ,9 ! ,congo di/rict ! cu/om has be5 describ$ ( mak+ a *annel into ! tomb to ! head or m\? ( ! corpse1 to s5d d[n mon? by mon? ! (f]+s ( food & dr9k4 #ced3 ,mo/ ( ! examples are m5tion$ by ,lobeck1 ,agl4 #bha u1 b he omits ! mo/ rem>kable case1 fully report$ by ,hdt4 i1 #fg-h1 ( ! transf]5ce ( ! bones ( ,ore/es f ,tegea to ,sp>ta 7cf4 ,paus4 #c1 #c1 #f2 #aa1 #aj2 #h1 #ed1 #d4 ,! reason is obvi\s1 cf4 ,mll]1 ,dorians1 i1 #gb74 ,besides ?is note3 ! removal ( ! bones ( ,hektor f ,ilion to ,!bes1 ,paus4 #i1 #ah1 #e1 ,s*4 & ,tz41 ,lyc4 #aaid1 #abjd2 ( ,arkas f ,ma9alos to ,mant9ea1 ,paus4 #h1 #i1 #c2 cf4 #h1 #cf1 #h2 ( ,hesiod f ,naupaktos to ,or*om5os1 ,paus4 #i1 #ch1 #c2 ( ,hippodameia f ,midea 9 ,argolis to ,olympia1 ,paus4 #f1 #bj1 #g2 ( ,tisam5os f ,helike to ,sp>ta1 ,paus4 #g1 #a1 #h2 ( ,ari/om5es f ,rhodes to ,mess5e1 ,paus4 #d1 #cb1 #c4 ,/range /ory ( ! %\ld] bone ( ,pelops1 ,paus4 #e1 #ac1 #d-f4 ,9 all ^! cases ! removal foll[$ ^u a comm& ( ! oracle1 cf4 also ,paus4 #i1 #cj1 #i-aa4 ,practical /imulus may h be5 giv5 occasionally by ! discov]y ( abnormally l>ge bones 9 dug-up graves2 we (t5 he> ( su* discov]ies1 cf4 ,w4 ,s*mid1 ,atticismus1 iv1 #egb f41 & x 0 always believ$ t su* gigantic bones 7 rema9s ( "o ( tn kal\me_/nn hr_/n1 ,paus4 #f1 #e1 #a 7cf4 also #a1 #ce1 #e ff42 #c1 #bb1 #i74 ,x w\ld be ! bus9ess ( ! oracle to det]m9e ! "n ( ! ,h]o conc]n$ & see t ! rema9s 7 rev]5tly pres]v$4 7,"o example may be giv51 ?\gh f a lat] p]iod4 ,9 ! dri$-up b$ ( ! ,orontes a clay c(f9 #aa y>ds long 0 f\nd & a corpse )9 x4 ,! oracle ( ! ,cl>ian ,apollo on be+ appli$ to = enlight5m5t z to its orig9 answ]$ ,oro_/ntn einai1 ge_/n\s de auton einai t\ ,indn1 ,paus4 #h1 #bi1 #d2 ,philo/r41 ,h4 #ffi p4 #ach1 #f-ai ,k4 #cfd3 ,plu41 ,cim4 #h2 ,!s4 #cf2 ,paus4 #c1 #c1 #g4--;,9 ! ye> #dcg-f we he> ( ! removal by ,hagnon & 8 ,a!nians1 at ! comm& ( ! oracle1 ( ! bones ( ,rhesos f ,troy to ,amphipolis3 ,polya54 vi1 #ec4 ,! neighb\rhood ( ! m\? ( ! ,/rymon on ! we/]n slopes ( ,mt4 ,pangaios 0 ! orig9al home ( ,rhesos3 he 0 already kn[n to ! ,doloneia z ! son ( ,eoneus2 to lat] writ]s z ! son ( ,/rymon & 7l ,orpheus7 a ,muse--:i* is ! same ?+ 7see ,conon1 #d74 ,on ,m4 ,pangaios he /ill liv$ z an oracul> deity3 ?is mu/ h be5 ! popul> belief ( ! di/rict :i* ! au?or ( ! ,rhesus expla9s aft] ,greek fa%ion 7ll4 #iee-ff74 ,he is a tribal god ( ! ,edonians1 ( ! same patt]n z ,zalmoxis ( ! ,getai1 & ,sabos or ,sabazios ( o!r ,?racian tribes4 ,9 ! m9d ( ! ,greeks he _h become s9ce ! poem ( ! ,doloneia entirely deta*$ f ! site ( 8 wor%ip & 0 a m]e mortal *ampion ) :om fancy might d :at x *ose 7cf4 ,p>?4 #cf74 ,! re/oration ( 8 bones to ! neighb\rhood ( ! l[] ,/rymon 7mnmeion t\ ,rh_/s\ 9 ,amphipolis3 ,m>syas ho ne_/t]os 9 ,s*41 ,rhes4 #cdf71 & ! h]oic cult :i* 0 und\bt$ly paid to him 9 connexion !re)1 may h be5 a k9d ( (ficial recognition by ! ,greeks ( ! wor%ip ( ,rhesos discov]$ 9 t neighb\rhood by ! ,a!nian coloni/s4 ,i see no reason = d\bt+ ! hi/orical fact ( ! occurr5ce1 ?\gh "s ( ! details ( ,polya5us' acc\nt h a fabul\s col\r+4 ,x is true ,cic]o says ( ,rhesos1 nusquam #add colitur 7,,nd4 iii1 #de71 & s x may h be5 9 ,c4's "t3 = ! e>li] p]iod ! close ( ! trag$y cle>ly sugge/s ! cult ( ,r4 z a div9ity1 :ile ! /ory ( ,polya54 implies 8 ,h]o-cult4 #cgd3 ,sometimes only s+le p>ts ( ! body1 e4g4 ! %\ld]-blade ( ,pelops at ,olympia 7,paus4 #e1 #ac74--;,9 ,argos on ! road to ! ,akropolis _! heads 7 buri$ 9 ! mnma tn ,aigu_/pt\ pai_/dn1 :ile ! re/ ( _! bodies 7 9 ,l]ne1 ,paus4 #b1 #bd1 #b4 #chd3 ,see ,lob41 ,agl4 #bha4 ,?is only c be ! mean+ ( ,soph41 ,,oc4 #aebb f4 7,nauck o!rwise4--,a /range case is t ( ,hippolytos 9 ,troiz53 apo?anein auton ouk e!_/l\s9 7hoi ,troiz_/nioi7 sure_/nta hupo tn hi_/ppn oude ton ta_/phon apophai_/n\s9 eido_/tes2 ton de en ouran kal\_/m5on hni_/o*on t\ton einai nomi_/z\s9 ekeinon 7ekeinoi87 ,hippo_/luton1 timn p>a !n tau_/tn e_/*onta ,paus4 #b1 #cb1 #a4 ,"h x seems z if ! grave 7 n %[n because ,hipp4 0 n reg>d$ z hav+ di$ & !re=e w\ld n h a grave2 he is said to h be5 translat$ & set among ! />s4 ,b !re 0 a grave & ! translation /ory mu/ !re=e only be an aft]?\ght4 7,! dea? ( ,hipp4 is spok5 ( cle>ly en\gh by ! poets3 b :at happ5$ to him aft] ,asklepios _h re/or$ him to life aga98 ,! ,italian ,virbius leg5d seems to h be5 little kn[n 9 ,greece4 ,paus4 #b1 #bg1 #d1 kn[s x f ,aricia47--,v occasionally ! possession ( ! relics ( ! ,h]o 0 secur$ by burn+ ! bones & scatt]+ ! a%es 9 ! m>ket place ( ! city4 ,?us ,phalan?os 9 ,t>5tum1 ,ju/94 #c1 #d1 #ac ff42 ,solon 9 ,salamis1 ,d4,l4 i1 #fb2 ,plu41 ,sol4 #cb4 ,z a rule ! scatt]+ ( a%es is int5d$ to s]ve a diff]5t purpose1 cf4 ,plu41 ,lycurg4 #ca f942 ,nic4 ,dam41 ,p>adox4 9999#af1 p4 #agj ,we/4 #cid3 ,a few examples3 k5on sma ( ,teiresias 9 ,!bes1 ,paus4 #i1 #ah1 #d2 ( ,a*illes at ,elis1 ,paus4 #f1 #bc1 #c2 ( ! ,argives :o f\ght 9 ! w> aga9/ ,troy1 at ,argos1 ,paus4 #b1 #bj1 #f2 ( ,iolaos at ,!bes1 ,paus4 #i1 #bc1 #a2 ,s*4 ,pi41 ,n4 iv1 #cb 79 ! tomb ( ,amphitryon8 ,pi41 ,p4 ix1 #ha72 ( ,odysseus at ,sp>ta1 ,plut41 ,q4 ,gr41 #dh1 #cjb ,c2 ( ,kal*as 9 ,apulia1 ,lyc4 #ajdg f4 #djd3 ,p]haps by ana_/klsis ( ! psu*_/8 see above1 ,*4 ,i1 n4 #hf 7at ! f\ndation ( ,mess5e epekal\nto en ko9 kai h_/ra_/s sphis9 epan_/ke9 sunoi_/k\s1 ,paus4 #d1 #bg1 #f74 #dad3 kai te?nes kai ta_/ri*os en du_/nam9 pros !n e_/*ei ton adike_/onta ti_/ne/hai1 ,hdt4 ix1 #abj4 #dbd3 ,no detail$ pro( ( ?is /atem5t is ne$$4 ,we w only rem>k t ! attempt to conceal ! grave is (t5 met ) among s-call$ savage tribes & has ! same purpose z 9 ! ,greek ,h]o-cult3 cf4 on ?is subject ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,pr9c4 ( ,sociol4 i1 p4 #agf4 #dcd3 ,see ,helbig1 ,d4 hom4 ,epos aus ,d5km4#a1 p4 #da4 #ddd3 ,see above1 p4 #bc4 #ded3 ,b #fjc hoi d' e_/*on ,arkadi_/n hupo ,kull_/ns o_/ros aipu_/1 ,aipu_/tion p>a tu_/mbon4--,cf4 ,paus4 #h1 #af1 #b-c4--;,9 ! ,troad ! frequ5tly m5tion$ ,i_/l\ sma1 ! sma poluska_/r?moio ,muri_/ns :i* m5 call ,bati_/eia1 7 simil> monum5ts4 #dfd3 ,! c]emonial ann\ncem5t ( dea?1 ! katamiai_/ne/hai ( ! prop] p]sons 7z usual ! next ( k9 to ! dead72 ! assembl+ ( ,sp>tiates ,p]ioikoi & ,helots 7cf4 ,tyrt4 fr4 #g7 ) _! wom5 to ! numb] ( sev]al ?\s&s1 ! extravagant expression ( grief & praise ( ! dead1 ! p]iod ( m\rn+ 7no bus9ess 9 ! m>ket = t5 days1 etc47--all ?is is describ$ by ,hdt4 vi1 #eh4 ,he comp>es ?is gr&iose fun]al ) ! pomp cu/om>y at ! burial ( an ,asiatic 7,p]sian7 mon>*4--,! ,lycurgan no_/moi by ^! fun]al rites ou* hs an?r_/p\s all' hs h_/rz t\s ,lak$aimoni_/n #ade basileis protetim_/kas91 ,x541 ,rep4 ,lac4 xv1 #i4 ,k+ ,agis ,i e_/tu*e semnote_/ras kat' a_/n?rpon taphs1 ,x541 ,,hg4 #c1 #c1 #a4--;,a peculi> circum/ance at ! burial ( a ,sp>tan k+ is m5tion$ by ,apollod41 fr4 #cf4--,! burial places ( ! royal ,h\ses ( ! ,agiadai & ! ,eurypontidai 7ap>t ev5 9 _! dea?71 ,paus4 #c1 #ab1 #h2 #ad1 #b 7cf4 ,bursian1 ,geog4 ii1 #abf74--;,embalm+ ( ! body ( a k+ :o dies abroad1 ,x541 ,,hg4 #e1 #c1 #ai3 ,d4,s4 #ae1 #ic1 #f2 ,nep41 ,ages4 #h2 ,plu41 ,ages4 #dj4--;,besides ?is ! p>ticipation 9 primitive times ( ! :ole p 9 ! fun]al ( ! ,h]akleid k+s 9 ,cor9? may probably be d$uc$ f ! /ory told ( ! compulsory att5dance ( ! ,meg>ian subjects ( ,cor9? at ! fun]al at ,cor9? ( a k+ ( ! ,bak*iad family3 ,s*4 ,pi41 ,n4 vii1 #aee 7cf4 ,,ab4 #bha1 #bg ff42 ,z5ob4 v1 #h2 ,dgn4 vi1 #cd74 ,9 ,crete tn basile_/n kdeuome_/nn progeito purri*i_/zn ho /rato_/s 7z at ! fun]al ( ,patroklos1 ,ps #aca ff471 ,ari/4 ap4 ,s*ol4 ,v41 ,ps #acj4 #dgd3 ,eupatri_/dai1 hoi 4 4 4 mete_/*ontes t\ basilik\ ge_/n\s1 ,,em4 #cie1 #ej4--,?us ! ,bak*iadai 9 ,cor9? 7 desc5dants ( ! royal family ( ! h\se ( ,bak*is4 ,! ,basili_/dai1 a rul+ family ( olig>* nobles 9 ,ephesos 7,ael4 fr4 #dh71 ,ery?rai 7,ari/41 ,pol4 #acje;b1 #ai71 & p]haps ,*ios z well 7see ,gilb]t1 ,gr4 ,alt4 ii1 #aec71 also trac$ back _! desc5t to ! old k+s ( ^? ,ionic cities4 ,respect paid to ^? :o 7 desc5d$ ek t\ ge_/n\s ( ,&roklos at ,ephesos1 ,/ra4 #fcc4--,! ,aigid ,admetos1 prie/ ( ,apollo ,k>neios at ,!ra 0 desc5d$ ,lak$ai_/monos ek basil_/n1 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #aia2 #aib4 #dhd3 ,"h "s ref]5ce might h be5 expect$ to ,fu/el de ,c\langes' brilliant & p5etrat+ "w ,la ,cit antique4 ,9 t book ! attempt is made to fix ^u ance/or-wor%ip1 la religion du foy] et des anctres1 z ! root ( all ! high] types ( wor%ip 7among ! ,greeks3 only t "p ( ! book conc]ns u "h72 & to %[ h[ out ( ^! ance/or-wor%ipp+ aggregations1 begun by ! family1 l>g] communities ( ev]-wid5+ memb]%ip develop$1 & f9ally out ( ^! ! po_/lis itself--! highe/ & mo/ ext5sive political z well z religi\s community ( all4 ,= ! au?or ( t book ! pro( ( 8 !ory lies entirely 9 ! simple logical consequ5ce ) :i* ! details &1 z f> z we "k x1 ! developm5t ( bo? private & public law foll[ f ! orig9al causes adopt$ by him ess5tially z po/ulates4 ,a /rictly hi/orical pro( t %\ld n h to d$uce ! orig9al causes f ! results b %\ld />t f kn[n beg9n+s & demon/rate ! actual exi/5ce ( e /ep 0 inde$ an impossibility4 ,! :ole hi/orical process mu/ h be5 already f9i%$ :5 our k fir/ beg9s3 = ,hom] %[s u ! po_/lis & its compon5t p>ts 7krin' a_/ndras kata phula kata phr_/tras ,aga_/memnon7 z well z ! wor%ip ( ! gods z fully e/abli%$ & develop$4 ,x is no disp>agem5t ( ! valuable & fruitful sugge/ions made 9 t book if we say t its lead+ idea--z f> z ,greece is conc]n$--_c be consid]$ z m ?an an intuition1 :i* ?\gh x may be j & true1 mu/ rema9 unprov$4 ,if !re ev] 0 a "t :5 ance/or-wor%ip 0 ! only ,greek religion at lea/ we _c see into t dim epo* long ant]ior to all tradition4 ,to t remote p]iod long be=e bo? ! all-p[]ful religion ( ! gods & ! e>lie/ records ( ! ,greek g5ius1 ev5 ! n>r[ & slipp]y pa? ( inf]5ce & recon/ruction w h>dly lead u4 ,natural z x might seem1 !re=e1 s f> z ! subject itself is conc]n$ to deal ) su* que/ions1 ,i h tak5 no notice 9 ! #adf pres5t "w ( any attempts to d$uce ,greek religion f an orig9al sole wor%ip ( ance/ors 7su* z h be5 made by _m s*ol>s besides ,f4 de ,c\langes bo? 9 ,engl& & 9 ,g]many74 #did3 ,^? wor%ipp$ by a ge_/nos reg>d$ z its prog5itors1 goneis3 ,,ab4 #bdj1 #ca 7ta ?u_/mata di_/ds97 eis ta gone_/n 7hi]a7 ta ge_/n4--,physical relation%ip betwe5 ! g5ntai1 orig9ally a fact ?\gh aft]w>ds only occasionally demon/rable1 is indicat$ by ! anci5t "n homoga_/laktes appli$ to ! memb]s ( ! same clan 7,philo*4 fr4 #ia-d7 & mean+ /rictly paides kai pai_/dn paides 7,ari/41 ,pol4 #abeb;b1 #ah74--,! ^w pa_/tra ) ! same mean+ z ge_/nos 7,midulidan pa_/tra1 ,pi41 ,p4 viii1 #ch71 makes x /ill m cle> t ! memb]s ( su* a gr\p are reg>d$ z ! desc5dants ( a s+le ance/or4 ,see ,dikai>*4 ap4 ,/4 ,byz4 pa_/tra4 #ejd3 ,^: names 7 *os5 by ! voice ( ! ,delphic oracle out ( a hundr$ submitt$ to ! ,py?ia4 ,ari/4 ,a?p4 #ba1 #f4 ,cf4 ,momms51 ,philol41 ,n4,f4 i1 #def f4 #ead3 ,in/ead ( ! common ep_/numoi we also f9d ! ^w ar*_/getai us$ ( ! ,h]oes ( ! phylai3 ,ar4 ,gras1 fr4 #abf ,h4-,g4 7,,ab4 #ddi1 #ad72 ,pl41 ,lys4 #bje ,d1 cf4 ,,cia4 ii1 #aaia2 #aege4 ,x is ev5 pla9] t ! ,h]o is reg>d$ z ! ance/or ( 8 phul_/ :5 he is call$ ar*g_/s3 ?us ,o9eus 0 ! ar*g_/s ( ! ,o9edai1 ,kekrops ! ar*g_/s ( ! ,kekropidai1 ,hippo?on ar*g_/s ( ! ,hippo?ontidai 9 ,dem4 #fj1 #cj-a4 ,! ar*gs t\ ge_/n\s is its physical =ebe> & prog5itor1 ,poll4 iii1 #ai3 ?us ,apollo ar*gs t\ ge_/n\s ( ! ,seleucids1 ,,cig4 #ceie1 #bf2 cf4 ,isocr4 #e1 #cb4 ,?us too ! memb]s ( a phyle are actually describ$ z ! sugg5eis ( _! ,h]o eponymos3 ,dem4 #fj1 #bh4 #ebd3 ,?us we "k ( bo? dmos & ge_/nos ( ! ,ionidai1 ,philadai1 ,b\tadai 7= ! int5tional di/9ctness ( ! ,eteob\tadai see ,mei]1 p4 #ci71 ,kephalidai1 ,p]i?odai1 etc43 ,mei]1 de g5til4 ,attica1 p4 #ce4 ,su* demes 7 call$ apo tn ktisa_/ntn1 o!rs apo tn to_/pn3 ,ari/4 ,a?p4 #ba1 #e 79 :i* case a "n z mu* l a p]sonal "n z possible 0 extract$ out ( ! place-"n & made into ! local ,h]o3 cf4 ,wa*sm41 ,/adt ,a!n1 ii1 #a1 #bdh ff474 ,simil> conditions exi/$ at o!r places4 ,9 ,teos ! same names occur z pu_/rgoi 7 dmoi & summori_/ai 7 ge_/n1 e4g4 ,kolti_/n1 t\ ,alki_/m\ pu_/rg\1 ,alkimi_/ds 7also names :i* diff] ,nai_/n1 t\ ,mra_/d\ pu_/rg\1 ,bruski_/ds71 ,,cig4 #cjfd1 :]e see ,bckh ,,ii1 p4 #fea4 ,9 ,rhodos a pa_/tra z well z its l>g] inclusive gr\p 7ktoi_/na7 is call$ ,amph9eis3 ,,igm4 ,aeg4 i1 #fie1 ,amph9e_/n pa_/trai2 ,euteli_/dai1 ,amph9eis1 etc4 7,ance/or wor%ip progonika hi]a_/ 9 ! ,rhodian ktoinai is v\*$ = by ,hesy*4 ktu_/nai3 see ,m>?a1 ,,b*4 iv1 #add47 #ecd3 ,?us ! desc5dants ( ,bak*is 9 ,cor9? trac$ _! desc5t to ,aletes 7,d4,s4 #g1 #i1 #d2 ,paus4 #b1 #d1 #c72 ! desc5dants ( ,aipytos 9 ,mess5ia to ,kresphontes 7,paus4 #d1 #c1 #h71 ! desc5dants ( ,agis & ,eurypon 9 ,sp>ta to ,eury/h5es & ,prokles4 ,! real ance/ors 7 9 ^! cases well kn[n & c\ld n be entirely eclips$ 7be+ too deeply root$ 9 cult72 ?us lat]1 z well z 9 ! e>li] p]iod1 ^! same families are call$ ,bak*i_/dai1 ,aiputi_/dai1 n ,hrakleidai 7,d4,s41 loc4 cit41 ,paus4 #d1 #c1 #h72 ! ,sp>tan royal families are /ill ,agidai1 ,eurypontidai1 :ile ! fictiti\s ance/ors ,eury/h5es & ,prokles nev] q a*iev$ ! /atus ( ar*ge_/tai3 ,ephoros ap4 ,/r4 #cff4 ,9 _m o!r1 p]haps m num]\s1 cases ! fictiti\s ance/or may h ou/$ ! real & once bett] kn[n f m5's m9ds altoge!r4 #edd3 ,ari/4 ,mirab4 #ajf4 #adg #eed3 ,see ,paus4 #aj1 #d1 #aj4 ,9 an oracle ap4 ,plu41 ,sol4 #i3 ar*g\s *_/ras ?usi_/ais h_/rz enoi_/k\s hi_/laso4 #efd3 ,plu41 ,ari/4 #aa1 names sev5 ar*ge_/tai ,plataie_/n2 ,clem4 ,al41 ,protr4 ii1 #ce ,p41 gives f\r ( ^! 7,kuklaios seems to be a mi/ake74 ,&rokrates seems to h be5 ! mo/ prom95t2 8 te_/m5os is m5tion$ by ,hdt4 ix1 #be1 8 hron ,?uc4 iii1 #bd1 #a2 x /ood 9 a ?ick grove1 ,paus4 loc4 cit4 #egd3 ,paus4 #f1 #bd1 #i-aj4 #ehd3 ,a4,r4 ii1 #hce-ej1 says t ?is ,h]o 0 ,idmon ! prophet1 o!rs call$ him ,agame/or4 ,s*4 ad #hde3 le_/gei de kai proma?i_/das1 ho_/ti dia to agnoein ho_//is ei_/ epi*_/rion h_/ra kal\s9 hoi ,hrakletai4 ,he 0 ! local daimon wor%ipp$ on ! spot be=e ! colony came1 & !n tak5 ov] by ! coloni/s = _! own4 ,cf4 ! case ( ,rhesos1 above1 n4 #cf4 #eid3 ,paus4 #f1 #bj1 #ae-ai4 ,x 0 a r\nd alt>1 accord+ to _m ta_/phos &ros auto_/*?onos kai aga?\ ta es hippik_/n--! grave & alt> be+ "o z 0 ! grave & alt> ( ,aiakos at ,aeg9a1 ,paus4 #b1 #bi1 #h--^: "n 0 ,ol5ios4 ,acc4 to o!rs x 0 ! grave ( ,dameon son ( ,phli\s & ( 8 horse2 or ! k5on ri_/on ( ,myrtilos set up 9 8 hon\r by ,pelops2 or ( ,o9omaos2 or ( ,alka?os son ( ,por?aon1 "o ( ! suitors ( ,hippodameia--to say no?+ ( ! le>n$ sugge/ion ( ! anr ,aigu_/ptios giv5 by ,paus4 l4c4 z a la/ resort4 ,acc4 to ,hesy*4 t>a_/xippos x belong$ to ,pelops himself1 acc4 to ,lyc4 #db f4 to a giant call$ ,is*5os 7see ,s*4 & ,tz474 ,besides all ?is a t>a_/xippos seems to h be5 almo/ indisp5sable on ! racec\rses ( ! great games4 ,! ,i/hmus & ,nemea _h !irs z well 7,paus4 #ai7--;& ,paus4 #aj1 #cg1 #d1 m5tions x z some?+ unusual t ! c\rse at ,delphi _h no t>a_/xippos4 ,cf4 ,pollak1 ,hippodromica1 p4 #ia ff41 #ahij4 #fjd3 h_/rs eu_/odos1 ,,cig4 #dhch;b1 cf4 ,welck]1 ,rhe94 ,mus41 ,n4,f4 vii1 #fah--kalami_/ts h_/rs 7,dem4 #ah1 #abi1 ) ,s*4 & ,hesy*4 s4v47--h_/rs tei*ophu_/lax en ,muri_/n1 ,hesy*4--h_/rs epite_/gios1 ,,cia4 iii1 #a1 #bij1 & #a1 #aid-bjf1 see ,hill] v4 ,grt41 ,philol4 #ee1 #ahj f4--,) place-names ho epi blau_/t h_/rs1 ,poll4 vii1 #hg--;h_/ro9 em p$i_/1 ,att4 ins4 ap41 ,leg4 ,sacr4 i1 p4 #e4--;,9 ,epidauros on an ar*itrave occurs ! inscr4 h_/ros klakopho_/r\1 ,f4 d',epid4 i1 n4 #bde4 t klakopho_/r also occurs 9 an inscr4 f ,mt4 ,i?ome1 ,leg4 ,sacr41 p4 #cf 7n4 #ae1 l4 #aa74--,probably to ?is class belongs ! h_/rs pa_/nops at ,a!ns1 ,pl4 ,lys4 init42 ,hesy*4 ,phot4 s4v4 #fad3 h_/rs iatro_/s 9 ,a!ns1 ,,cia4 ii1 #djc-d1 see bel[4--,a h_/rs /ratg_/s is m5tion$ by a 7late ins4 ,eph4 ,ar*41 #ahhd1 p4 #agj1 l4 #ec4 ,f _! activities are nam$ also ! ,h]oes ,matton1 ,k]aon 9 ,sp>ta1 ,deipneus 9 ,a*aea 7,polemon3 ,a?4 ii1 #ci ,c2 iv1 #agc ,f74--,! ,/ephanpho_/r\ hron 0 m5tion$ by ,antiph41 /ephan_/phoros h_/rs by ,hellan41 b 8 "n 0 unkn[n3 ,h>p4 ,phot4 ,suid4 s4v42 ,,ab4 #cja1 #ai ff4 ,cf4 ,bckh1 ,econ4 ( ,a?4#b1 p4 #add ,lew42 ,,cig4 #a1 p4 #afh4 #fbd3 ,9 ,phal]on !re 0 an alt>1 kaleitai de h_/ros--! le>n$ decl>$ x to be an alt> ( ,&rogeos ! son ( ,m9os3 ,paus4 #a1 #a1 #d4--;,cf4 #aj1 #cf1 #f3 ,*>adrai_/ois 7at ,*>adra 9 ,phocis7 ,hr_/n kal\me_/nn 7i4e4 !y 7 call$ ! ,h]oes7 eisin en t agora bmoi_/1 kai aut\s hoi men ,diosk\_/rn1 hoi de epi*ri_/n phasin einai hr_/n4--hri1 hr_/n a sacrifice is (f]$ at ,m>a?on3 sacrificial ,cal5d> ( ! ,attic ,tetrapolis 7f\r? c5tury ,b4,c47 9 ,leg4 ,sacr4 i1 p4 #dh4 h_/ri1 hr_/n1 ib41 p4 #b2 ,,cia4 i1 #d3 fif? c5tury4--,decree ord]+ a record to be set up 9 ! ,peiraeus p>a ton h_/r1 ,,sig4 #hcd1 #bf2 ,,cia4 ii1 #aedf-g3 h_/r ane_/?k5 ho deina4 ,roehl1 ,,ig4 #adh ,ant4 #bi3 7,myk5ai7 t\ h_/ro_/s mi1 cf4 ,furtwngl]1 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahif1 p4 #i2 ib4 #cbc2 ane_/?kan t hri 7,locris74--,on ! diff]5t sup]impos$ lay]s ( /ucco on ! s-call$ 9999,h]on we/ ( ! ,altis at ,olympia 7 ! ins4 ,h_/ros1 ,h_/ror1 & once also ,hr_/n4 ,!re seems to me to be no reason to suppose t ?is nameless ,h]o 0 ,iamos 9 p>ticul>1 ! ance/or ( ! ,iamidai 7z ,curtius does1 ,die ,altre v4 ,olymp41 p4 #be1 ,abh4 ,b]l4 ,ak4 #ahha74 ,= :at reason %\ld ! "n ( ?is highly hon\r$ oracul> ,h]o--:i* _h by no means be5 =gott5--be suppress$8 ,! "n ( ! ,h]o 0 n giv5 = ! simple reason t x 0 unkn[n4 ,nameless h_/res epi*_/rioi1 :o accord+ to "s _h set up ! great sacrificial alt> ( ,zeus 9 ,olympia1 are m5tion$ by ,paus4 #e1 #ac1 #h4 ,9 "s cases ! namelessness ( a ,h]o is expla9$ by ! fe> ( utt]+ awful names1 :i* esp4 9 ! case ( ! spirits ( ! l[] _w are v frequ5tly suppress$ or ref]r$ to by a circumlocution 7cf4 ,er9yes & spirits ( ! dead1 ,rh4 ,mus4 #ej1 #bj1 #c73 cf4 ,ant4 ,lib4 #ac1 p4 #bad1 #ai ,w4 ,?is 0 p]haps :y ,n>kissos 0 call$ h_/rs siglo_/s1 ,/r4 #djd4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 a special =m ( respect1 at ! sacrifice to a ,h]o1 to call out 8 "n3 t ,arta*ai_/ ?u_/ousi ,aka_/n?ioi ek !opropi_/ou hs h_/r ep\noma_/zontes to ou_/noma1 ,hdt4 vii1 #aag4 ,hu_/la ?u_/ous9 kai auton ex ono_/matos eis tris ho hi]eus phnei ktl4 ,anton4 ,lib4 #bf f94 ,cf4 ,paus4 #h1 #bf1 #g2 epikal\_/m5oi ton ,mui_/agron4--,no "o w miss ! obvi\s analogy ) ! wor%ip ( ! gods4 ,9 _m places 9 ,greece nameless 7or m]ely adjectival7 gods 7 wor%ipp$1 a_/gn/oi !oi_/1 z at ,olympia1 ,paus4 #e1 #ad1 #h1 & else:]e4 ,at ,phal]on bmoi !n te onomazome_/nn agn_//n kai hr_/n 7sc41 agn_//n87 ,paus4 #a1 #a1 #d4 7agntes !oi ,poll4 viii1 #aai4 ,hesy*4 s4v43 bmoi an_/numoi 9 ,attica ,d4,l4 i1 #aaj47 #fcd3 ,tlapole_/m ar*age_/ta ,pi41 ,o4 vii1 #gh2 ,p4 v1 #ef4 ,! regul> cu/om is m5tion$ by ,ephorus ap4 ,/r4 #cff3 oud' ar*ge_/tas nomi/hnai2 ho_/p] pas9 apodi_/dotai oiki/ais4 #fdd3 ,dmoklei_/dn de kata/sai tn apoiki_/an autokra_/tora4 ,(ficial decree ab\t ,brea3 ,,cia4 i1 #ca ,hicks & ,hill#b1 n4 #da1 l4 #h4 #fed3 ,pi41 ,p4 v1 #hg ff4 #ffd3 ,hdt4 vi1 #ch4 #fgd3 ,d4,s4 #aa1 #ff1 #d4 #fhd3 ,hdt4 i1 #afh4 #fid3 ,?uc4 v1 #aa4--,?us 9 ! f\r? c5tury at ,sikyon ,euphron ! lead] ( ! demos has be5 murd]$ by "s ( ! o!r p>ty1 b hoi politai aut\ hs a_/ndra aga?on komisa_/m5oi e_/?apsa_/n te en t agora kai hs ar*ge_/tn ts po_/les se_/bontai1 ,x541 ,,hg4 #g1 #d1 #ab4 #gjd3 ,wor%ip ( ! law-giv]s ( ,tegea z ,h]oes3 ,paus4 #h1 #dh1 #a4 #gad3 ,9 ! case ( ,sophokles ! h]oiz+ _h a special sup]/iti\s reason4 ,he _h once receiv$ ,asklepios z a gue/ into 8 h\se 7& e/abli%$ a wor%ip ( ,a47 & 0 !re=e reg>d$ z especially fav\r$ by heav5 & aft] 8 dea? wor%ipp$ z ,h]o ,dexi_/n3 ,,em4 #bef1 #g-ac4 7,9 ! temple ( ,amynos1 an ,asklepiad daimon1 on ! we/ ( ! ,akropolis an honorific decree dat+ f ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 has be5 discov]$1 ref]r+ to ! orgenes t\ ,dexi_/nos toge!r ) ^? ( ,amynos & ,asklepios3 ,a?4 ,mitt4 #ahif1 p4 #bii47 ,9 ?is way _m mortals :o _h ent]ta9$ ! gods z gue/s 7 !mselves made ,h]oes1 cf4 ,d5ek51 de ,!ox54 c1 ii4 #gbd3 ,9 ! examples collect$ 9 n4 #ce above ! removal ( ! ,h]o's bones 0 9 ea* case comm&$ by ! ,delphic oracle4 ,typical examples ( ! f\ndation ( an annual fe/ival ( a ,h]o on #adi ! recomm5dation ( an oracle3 ,hdt4 i1 #afg2 ,paus4 #h1 #bc1 #g2 #i1 #ch1 #e4 #gc_/d3 ,plu4 ,cim4 #ai--;8 au?ority is ,nausikrates ho rh_/tr ! pupil ( ,isokrates4 ,! god ord]$ m amelein ,ki_/mnos4 ,kimon's _s 0 ?us express+ its ang] at ! neglect by s5d+ pe/il5ce & gs aphori_/a--he want$ a cult4 #gdd3 ,appe>ance at ! battle ( ,m>a?on1 comm& ( ! oracle timan ,e*etlaion h_/ra1 ,paus4 #a1 #cb1 #e4--,sw>m ( bees 9 ! sev]$ head ( ,onesilos at ,ama?os2 ! oracle ord]s 8 head to be buri$ ,onsi_/l de ?u_/e9 hs h_/ri ana pan e_/tos1 ,hdt4 v1 #aad4 #ged3 ,be=e ! battle ( ,plataea3 ,plu41 ,ari/4 #aa4 ,be=e ! occupation ( ,salamis ! oracle ord]$ ,solon ar*g\s h_/rz hi_/laso1 ,plu4 ,sol4 #i4 #gfd3 ,! ,p]sian ,arta*aies1 ( ! family ( ! ,a*aim5idai1 0 giv5 a burial ( great pomp aft] 8 dea?1 by ,x]xes at ,akan?os3 ?u_/ousi ,aka_/n?ioi ek !opropi_/ou hs hri ep\noma_/zontes to ou_/noma1 ,hdt4 vii1 #aag 7--! ,arta*ai_/ou ta_/phos rema9$ a well-kn[n spot1 ,ael41 ,,ha4 xiii1 #bj74 ,x is h>dly likely t ! unusual size ( ! ,p]sian ( :i* ,hdt4 speaks 0 ! cause ( 8 be+ made a ,h]o by ! oracle4 #ggd3 ,paus4 #f1 #i1 #f-g4 ,plu41 ,rom4 #bh4 ,o9om4 ap4 ,eus41 ,,pe4 #e1 #cd1 p4 #bcj ,c 7,vig474 ,celsus c4 ,xt4 also ref]s to ! miracle1 ,or41 ,cels4 iii1 #cc1 p4 #bib ,l4 ,cf4 iii1 #c1 p4 #bef2 iii1 #be1 p4 #bhj4 #ghd3 ,kleom$es moi_/ra ti daimoni_/a die_/pt apo ts kibt\1 ,cels4 ap4 ,orig41 ,cels4 iii1 #cc1 p4 #bic ,l4 ,o9om4 ap4 ,euseb41 ,,pe4 #e1 #cd1 #a1 7p4 #bif ,giff473 hoi !oi anrei_/psanto_/ se h_/sp] hoi t\ ,hom_/r\ ton ,ganum_/dn4 ,?us ! gods1 acc4 to ! popul> op9ion d]id$ by ,o9om41 gave ,kleom$es immortality1 a?anasi_/an e_/dkan1 p4 #big ,giff4 #gid3 ,we r>ely he> ( o!r oracles direct+ ,h]oes to be wor%ipp$4 ,b cf4 ,x5ag4 ap4 ,macr4 #e1 #ah1 #cj3 on ! occasion ( a failure ( ! crops at ,sicily e_/?usan ,p$iokra_/t t9i h_/ri pro/a_/xantos autois t\ ek ,palikn *r/ri_/ou4--,?is ,h]o is probably ! same z ,p$iakrates1 "o ( ! six /ratgoi_/ ( ! eg*_/rioi ,sikanoi_/ 9 ,sicily :o 7 sla9 by ,h]akles & me_/*ri t\ nun hrks tims tu*a_/n\s94 ,d4,s4 #d1 #bc1 #e3 f ,timaeus8 #hjd3 ,! l9es ( ! oracle ab\t ,kleom$es may v well be anci5t 7e_/s*atos hr_/n ktl47 simply on ! gr\nd t its ass]tion _h n be5 fulfill$4 ,if oracles t come true are rightly reg>d$ z subsequ5t to ! ev5ts :i* !y pr(ess to =esee1 !n x is only reasonable to reg>d an oracle :i* is prov$ incorrect by lat] ev5ts z e>li] ?an ! ev5ts :i* contradict its prophecy4 #had3 h\tos gar ho !os p]i ta toiauta pas9 an?r_/pois pa_/trios exgts en me_/s ts gs epi t\ omphal\ ka?_/m5os exgeitai1 9 ! words ( ,plato1 ,rp4 #dbg ,c4 #hbd3 gi_/netai en ,delphois h_/rsi xe_/nia1 en hois dokei ho !os epi xe_/nia kalein t\s h_/rz1 ,s*4 ,pi4 ,n4 vii1 #fh4 #hcd3 ,plu41 ,ari/4 #ba4--;,grave ( ! ,meg>ians :o _h fall5 9 ! ,p]sian w>s1 erect$ 9 ! m>ket ( t city3 ,,cig4 #ajea 7 ,sim41 fr4 #ajg ,,plg471 ,paus4 #a1 #dc1 #c4 ,we he> no?+ ( ! ,h]o-wor%ip ( ^! m51 b x is natural to suppose x4--,?us 9 ,phigaleia 9 ! m>ket place !re 0 a common grave ( ! hundr$ ,ore/hasians :o _h di$ fight+ = ,phigaleia1 kai hs h_/rs9 autois enagi_/z\s9 ana pan e_/tos1 ,paus4 #h1 #da1 #a4 #hdd3 ,paus4 #a1 #cb1 #d3 se_/bontai de hoi ,m>a?_/nioi t\_/t\s1 hoi p>a tn ma_/*n ape_/?anon h_/rz onoma_/zontes4 ,!y lay buri$ on ! field ( battle1 ,paus4 #a1 #bi1 #d2 #cb1 #c4 ,e night c\ld be he>d ! neigh+ #aej ( horses & ! s\nd ( battle4 ,^? :o attempt$ to witness ! do+s ( ! spirits suff]$ = x1 ,paus4 l4c4 ,! sight ( ! spirits made m5 bl9d or kill$ !m4 ,?is is well kn[n ( gods--*alepoi de !oi phai_/ne/hai en>gs4 ,z to ! results ( see+ a ,h]o cf4 ! /ory 9 ,hdt4 vi1 #aag4 #hed3 ,pi41 ,i4 iv1 #bf ff42 cf4 ,n4 iv1 #df ff4 #hfd3 ,hdt4 ii1 #dd1 has rec\rse to ! idea t !re 0 a diff]5ce betwe5 ! god ,h]akles & ! ,h]o ,h]akles ! son ( ,amphitryon3 kai doke_/ousi de_/ moi h\toi or?o_/tata ,hell_/nn poie_/e91 hoi dixa ,hra_/kleia hidrusa_/m5oi e_/ktntai kai t men hs a?ana_/t ,olumpi_/ de epnumi_/n ?u_/ousi1 t de hete_/r hs h_/r enagi_/z\si4 ,comb9ation ( ?u_/e9 & enagi_/ze9 9 "o sacrifice to ,h]akles1 at ,sikyon3 ,paus4 #b1 #aj1 #a4 ,h]akles h_/rs !o_/s ,pi41 ,n4 iii1 #bb4 #hgd3 ,v>y+ wor%ip ( ! same p]son z ,h]o & z god1 e4g4 ,a*illes4 ,he 0 a god 9 ,epirus = example 7call$ ^u z ,a_/spetos1 ,plu41 ,pyr4 #a7 9 ,a/ypalaia 7,cic41 ,,nd4 iii1 #de7 9 ,ery?rai 7?ird c5tury ins4 ,,sig4 #fjj1 #ej1 #ge71 etc4 ,z ,h]o he 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,elis :]e an empty grave 0 erect$ to him ek mantei_/z1 & :]e at 8 annual fe/ival at sunset ! wom5 ko_/pte/hai nomi_/z\s91 i4e4 lam5t ov] him z dead4 ,paus4 #f1 #bc1 #c4 #hhd3 ,i %all n multiply examples & only note ,plu41 ,m4 ,virt41 p4 #bee ,e3 t ,lampsa_/k pro_/t]on hrkas timas apodido_/ntes1 hu_//]on hs ! ?u_/e9 epsphi_/santo4 #hid3 ,9 ! well-kn[n l9es h_/keis ,lu_/ko_/orge ktl4 ,hdt4 i1 #fe4 #ijd3 ,?us ,eupolis calls ! ,h]o ,akademos !o_/s1 z ,sophokles does ! ,h]o ,kolonos1 & o!rs d ! same1 see ,nauck on ,soph41 ,,oc4 #fe4 #iad3 hoi h_/res kai hai hri_/des tois !ois ton auton e_/*\si lo_/gon 7i4e4 = dream-int]pretation71 pln ho_/sa duna_/mes apolei_/pontai1 ,artemid4 iv1 #gh4--,paus4 #aj1 #ca1 #aa3 ! anci5ts consid]$ ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies z tos\ton entimo_/t]on ?an all o!r religi\s c]emonies ho_/s kai !\s epi_/pro/h5 hr_/n4 #ibd3 ,ma*aon's mnma & hi]on ha_/gion at ,g]5ia1 ,paus4 #c1 #bf1 #i4 ,8 bones _h be5 br\ght by ,ne/or :5 he came home f ,troy3 #aj4 ,cf4 ,s*ol4 ,m>c4 & ,tz4 ,lyc4 #ajdh4 ,! fir/ to sacrifice to him 0 ,glaukos ! son ( ,aipytos3 ,paus4 #d1 #c1 #i4--,podaleirios4 ,8 hron lay at ! foot ( ! lo_/phos ,dri_/on by ,mt4 ,g>ganus #ajj /ades f ! sea1 rhei de ex aut\ pota_/mion pa_/nakes pros tas tn ?remma_/tn no_/s\s1 ,/r4 #bhd4 ,! me?od ( incubation giv5 9 ! text is describ$ by ,lyc4 #ajdg-ee4 ,he also speaks ( a riv] ,al?a9is 7s call$ because ( its m$ic9al prop]ties1 cf4 ,,em4 #fc1 #c1 f ,s*ol4 ,lyc471 :i* cur$ disease if "o spr9kl$ oneself ) wat] f x4--8 f ,timaeus1 cf4 ,tz4 on #ajej4 7,cf4 also ! spr+ by ! ,amphi>aion at ,oropos3 ,paus4 #a1 #cd1 #d47 #icd3 ,paus4 #b1 #ch1 #f4--,! bro!r ( ,polemokrates1 ,alexanor1 _h a 9999h]on at ,titane 9 ! t]ritory ( ,sikyon3 ,paus4 #b1 #aa1 #g2 #bc1 #d2 b we he> no?+ ( sick-cures 7?\gh 8 "n w\ld lead u to suspect su*74--,o!r ,asklepiadai3 ,nikoma*os1 ,gorgasos1 ,sphyros 7,wide1 ,lac4 ,culte1 #aie74 #idd3 ,sanctu>y ( ,h_/rs iatro_/s ne> ! ,!seion3 ,dem4 #ai1 #bdi2 #ah1 #abi2 ,apollon41 ,v4 ,aes*41 p4 #bfe1 #e f4 ,we/4 ,decree ab\t melt+ d[n silv] votive-(f]+s 7?ird & second c5tury71 ,,cia4 ii1 #djc-d4--;,acc4 to ,us5] 7,gtt]nam51 #adi-ec7 ,iatro_/s is to be reg>d$ z ! prop] "n ( ?is ,h]o 7really a functional ,sond]gott7 & n z an adjectival description ( a nameless ,h]o 7z 9 h_/rs /ratg_/s1 /ephanpho_/ros1 klakopho_/ros--?is la/ 9 two diff]5t places1 l h_/rs iatro_/s1 see above1 n4 #fa74 ,acc4 to #aea 8 view ,iatro_/s 0 giv5 ! adj4 title h_/rs to di/+ui% him f a !os ,iatro_/s4 ,b ?is w\ld only be possible if !re exi/$ a god :o 0 n m]ely an iatro_/s & s call$ by ?is title1 l ,apo_/lln1 ,poseidn iatro_/s1 b ^: prop] "n 0 ,iatro_/s4 ,b !re 0 no su* god4 ,us5] 7#aea7 inf]s ! exi/5ce ( a god ,iatro_/s out ( ! prop] "n ,iatrokls4 ,b ?is w\ld only be ju/ifiable if !re 7 n a :ole ho/ ( prop] names comp\nd$ ) -kls1 ! fir/ "p ( :i* is any?+ b a god's "n 7li/ 9 ,fick1 ,grie*4 ,p]son5nam5#b1 p4 #afe ff474--,!re seems no real reason = und]/&+ ! "n h_/rs iatro_/s diff]5tly f ! analog\s h_/4 /ratg_/s1 h_/4 tei*ophu_/lax1 etc4--,!re exi/$ besides ev5 nu_/mphai iatroi_/1 p]i lei_/an4 ,hesy*4 #ied3 ,,cia4 ii1 #djd1 di/+ui%es ! ,h]o ref]r$ to by ! decree z ! h_/rs iatros ho en a_//ei4 ,?is cle>ly implies a second h_/rs iatro_/s1 outside ,a!ns4 ,b ! ,rhet4 ,lex4 9 ,,ab4 #bfb1 #af f4 7cf4 ,s*4 ,dem41 p4 #dcg1 #ai-bj ,di471 speaks ( a h_/rs iatro_/s call$ ,ari/oma*os ho_/s eta_/ph en ,m>a?ni p>a to ,dionu_/sion1 :o x is cle> _c be ! h_/rs iatros t ,demo/h5es meant--= he is ho en a_//ei2 b ! description applies v well to ! ,h]o ,physician wor%ipp$ 9 ,attica outside ! a_//u4 ,see ,l4 v4 ,sybel1 ,h]mes1 xx1 #dc4 #ifd3 ,c5otaph ( ,kal*as 9 ,apulia ne> ! h]on ( ,podaleirios1 ,lyc4 #ajdg ff4--8 body 0 said to be buri$ 9 ,kolophon3 ,no_//oi2 ,tz4 ,lyc4 #dbg2 ,s*ol4 ,d4,p4 #hej4 egkoi_/msis at 8 h]on1 sleep+ on ! sk9 ( ! sacrific$ ram3 ,/r4 #bhd2 ! same z1 acc4 to ,lycophron1 9 ! temple ( ,podaleirios4 ,x almo/ looks l a mi/ake 9 ei!r ,/rabo or ,lyc4 ,b ! ritual may q well h be5 ! same 9 bo? temples & we f9d x aga9 9 ! dream-oracle ( ,amphi>aos 9 ,oropos1 ,paus4 #a1 #cd1 #e4--;,at ! pres5t day ! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael is wor%ipp$ at ,monte ,sant' ,angelo b5ea? ,mt4 ,g>ganus4 ,he appe>$ !re dur+ ! fif? c5tury & 9 a cave :i* is p]haps rightly reg>d$ z ! =m] site ( ! incubation-oracle ( ,kal*as3 ,l5ormant1 trav]s l',apulie1 i1 p4 #fa1 ,p>is1 #ahhc4 ,s4 ,mi*ael _h 9 o!r cases also tak5 ov] ! duties ( ! anci5t incubation mantic1 & cont9u$ !m 9 a ,*ri/ian =m--?\gh ! task belong$ m (t5 to ,,ss4 ,cosmas & ,damian--e4g4 9 ! ,mi*aelion 9 ,con/ant9ople1 ! anci5t ,s/he_/nion3 see ,malal41 pp4 #gh-i ,bonn42 ,soz41 ,,he4 ii1 #c4 #igd3 ,lyc4 #gii f4 ,ari/4 & ,nic&4 9 ,s*ol4 ad loc4 ,0 !re a leg5d t made ,odysseus die !re8 ,lyc4 himself1 x is true1 gives q a diff]5t /ory a little lat] 7#hje ff471 mu* to ! amazem5t ( 8 s*olia/s4 ,p]haps 9 #gii f4 he 0 ?9k+1 9 spite ( ! dream oracle1 only ( a k5on sma ( ,odysseus 9 ,aetolia 7z 9 ! case ( ,kal*as74 #ihd3 ,grave ( ,prot43 ,hdt4 ix1 #aaf ff42 ,lyc4 #ecb ff4 hi]on t\ ,prtesila_/ou ,?uc4 viii1 #ajb1 #c4 ,oracle3 ,philo/r41 ,h]4 #fgh1 p4 #adf f4 ,k4 ,x 0 esp4 also an oracle ( heal+3 ib41 #adg1 #cj f4 ,k4 #iid3 ,an oracle ,s>p$onis 9 ,troade is m5tion$ 9 a cursory enum]ation ( oracul> sites by ,t]t41 ,an4 #df4 ,x is difficult to imag9e h[ ,s>p$on1 ! ,hom]ic "o--no o!r c be meant "h--^: body _h be5 s c]emoni\sly br\ght to ,lykia1 c h _h an oracle 9 ! ,troad4 ,x may be m]ely a slip ( ! p5 on ,t]tullian's "p4--,at ,seleucia 9 ,cilicia !re 0 an oracle ( ,apollo ,s>p$onios1 ,d4,s4 #cb1 #aj1 #b2 ,zos4 #a1 #eg4 ,wessel+ on ,d4,s4 ii1 p4 #eai1 has already call$ att5tion to ! m detail$ acc\nt 9 ! ,vit4 ,s4 ,!clae ( ,basilius bi%op ( ,seleucia2 see ! extracts giv5 by ,r4 ,khl]1 ,rhe94 ,mus4 #ad1 #dgb ff4 ,!re ! oracle is describ$ #aeb z a dream-oracle ( ,s>p$on himself :o 0 consult$ at 8 grave 9 ,seleucia4 ,x is also c]ta91 z ,khl] rem>ks1 t ,s>p$on1 ! son ( ,europa & bro!r ( ,m9os1 is meant4 7,?is ,cretan ,s>p$on appe>s fir/ 9 ,hesiod & is q di/9ct f ! ,hom]ic "o3 ,ari/onic4 on ,z #aii4 ,inde$1 ,hom] kn[s no o!r bro!r ( ,m9os except ,rhadaman?ys3 ,x #cbb4 ,9 spite ( ?is he 0 (t5 reg>d$ z ! same z ! ,hom]ic ,s>p$on :o came f ,lykia cf4 ! "n ,zrppdoni on ! ,obelisk ( ,xan?os3 ,lyc4 ,inscr4 tab4 vii1 l4 #f2 acc4 to ,apollod4 #c1 #a1 #c1 he liv$ ?r\gh ?ree g5eai_/1 cf4 ,s*ol4 ,v41 ,z #aii3 :i* seems a m>vell\s feat mu* 9 ! mann] ( ,hellanikos4 ,o!rs made ! ,cretan ,s>p4 into ! gr&fa!r ( ! ,lykian3 ,d4,s4 #e1 #gi1 #c47 ,! oracle belong$ prop]ly to ,s>p$on2 ,apollo seems m]ely to h be5 an intrud] "h & to h tak5 ! place ( ! ,h]o z he did ) ,hyak9?os at ,amyklai4 ,t ,s>p$on1 h[ev]1 0 n !re=e q =gott5 is %[n by ! ,*ri/ian notice ( him4 ,p]haps ,apollo 0 reg>d$ z m]ely ! patron ( ! oracle ^: real gu>dian 0 /ill ,s>p$on4 ,x c]ta9ly indicates community ( wor%ip :5 ,ap4 is !re call$ ,apo_/lln ,s>pd_/nios2 s too 9 ,t>5tum--br\ght ?i!r f ,sp>ta & ,amyklai--!re 0 a ta_/phos p>a me_/n tis9 ,huaki_/n?\ prosagoreuo_/m5os1 p>a de_/ tis9 ,apo_/llnos ,huaki_/n?\ 79 :i* no alt]ation is necess>y71 ,plb4 #h1 #cj1 #b4 ,9 ,goityn !re 0 a cult ( ,atymnos 7,sol94 #aa1 #i1 p4 #gc ,mom471 ! belov$ ( ,apollo 7or ( ,s>p$on73 he too 0 wor%ipp$ z ,apollo ,atymnios 7,nonn41 ,d4 #aa1 #aca2 #beh2 #ab1 #bag74 #ajjd3 ,! inhabitants ( ,gadeira sacrific$ to ,m542 ,philo/r41 ,,va4 #e1 #d1 p4 #afg1 #aj ,k4 to ,m5e/he_/s manteion on ! ,baetis is m5tion$ by ,/r41 p4 #adj4 ,h[ x got !re we d n "k4 #ajad3 ,/r4 #edf4 ,autol4 came !re z a %>] 9 ! exp$ition ( ,h]akles aga9/ ! ,amazons & ) ! ,argonauts4 ,a4,r4 ii1 #iee-fa4 ,plut41 ,luc4 #bc4 #ajbd3 ,= ,anios see ,me9eke1 ,an4 ,alex4 #af-ag2 ,w5tzel 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a ,anios4 ,apollo taught him ! mantic art & gave him great tima_/s3 ,d4,s4 #e1 #fb1 #b4 ,he is call$ ma_/ntis also by ,clem4 ,al41 ,/rom4 i1 p4 #djj ,p4 ,p]haps he 0 also a mantic ,h]o 9 ! cult t 0 paid to him at ,delos2 9 giv+ a li/ ( ! dai_/monas epi*ri_/ous1 ,clem4 ,al41 ,protr4 ii1 p4 #ce ,p41 m5tions also p>a d' lei_/ous ,a_/nion1 :i* ,sylburg correct$ to p>a ,dli_/ois4 ,a prie/ ( ,anios hi]eus ,ani_/ou at ,delos is giv5 ,,cia4 ii1 #ihe ,d #aj2 ,e #d1 #ec4 #ajcd3 ,d4,s4 #e1 #fc1 #b4 ,!re %e is id5tifi$ ) ,molpadia1 daught] ( ,/aphylos4 ,9 t case hmi!_/a w\ld m probably be an adjectival title ( a ,h]o9e ^: real "n 0 unkn[n1 l ! names ( ! unkn[n ,h]oes m5tion$ above1 nn4 #fj-b4 ,! daught] ( ,kyknos ( ! same "n is q a diff]5t p]son4 #ajdd3 ,plut41 ,agis1 #i1 cf4 ,cic41 ,div4 i1 #dc4 ,at ,?alamai we he> ( a dream-oracle ( ,ino 9 front ( :i* 0 a /atue ( ,pasipha3 ,paus4 #c1 #bf1 #a4 ,?is probably means1 z ,welck]1 ,kl4 ,s*r4 iii1 #ib1 says1 t ! same oracle _h once belong$ to ,pas41 b _h !n be5 aft]w>ds d$icat$ to ,ino4 7,n ( c\rse t ,pasipha ,ino1 & ?is is n sugge/$ by ,w41 b m]ely t ,ino may h tak5 ! place ( ,pas47 ,a manteion ts ,pasiphi_/ls is also m5tion$ by ,apollon41 ,mir4 #di3 see also ,mll]1 ,,fhg4 ii1 #bhh see ,kell]1 ,p>adoxogr41 p4 #ee1 #ae4 #ajed3 ,some?+ ( ! k9d seems to be sugge/$ by ,pi41 ,p4 viii1 #eg3 ,i praise ,alkmaion gei_/tn ho_/ti moi kai ktea_/nn phu_/lax emn hupa_/ntase_/ t' io_/nti gas omphalon p>' aoi_/dimon manteuma_/tn t' epha_/psato suggo_/noisi #aec te_/*nais4 ,^? mu*-discuss$ words ,i c only int]pret z foll[s4 ,alkmaion _h a hron ne> ,p9d>'s h\se3 he c\ld only be ,gu>dian ( 8 possessions if he 7 ei!r ! gu>dian _s ( 8 neighb\r or if ,p9d> _h deposit$ money = safe keep+ 9 8 temple--! cu/om is well kn[n1 see ,b*s5s*tz1 ,besitz 9 ,cl4 ,alt41 p4 #ejh ff4 ,z ,p9d> 0 once ?9k+ ( go+ to ,delphi ,alk4 appli$ himself to ! prophetic arts traditional 9 8 family 7te_/*nais to be connect$ ) epha_/ps41 a con/ruction common 9 ,p9d473 i4e4 he made him a revelation 9 a dream--on :at subject ,p9d> does n say--z 0 cu/om>y 9 ! family ( ! ,amy?aonidai1 ?\gh n g5]ally und]tak5 by ,alkmaion 7else:]e :o unlike 8 bro!r ,amphilo*os n[h]e seems to h _h a dream-oracle ( 8 own4 7,x seems to be a m]e slip :5 ,clem4 ,al41 ,/r4 i1 p4 #djj ,p4 attributes ! ,oracle 9 ,ak>nania to ,alk4 in/ead ( ,amphil47 #ajfd3 ,plu41 ,q4 ,gr41 #dj1 #cjj ,d4 #ajgd3 ,?us no h]ald might approa* ! h]on ( ,okridion 9 ,rhodes1 ,plu41 ,q4 ,gr41 #bg1 #big ,c4 ,no flute-play] might approa*1 nor ! "n ( ,a*illes be m5tion$ 9 ! h]on ( ,t5es at ,t5$os1 ib41 #bh1 #big ,d4 ,h[ an old grievance ( a ,h]o might be cont9u$ into 8 aft]-life z a _s is %[n by an in/ructive example giv5 by ,hdt4 v1 #fg4 #ajhd3 ,paus4 #i1 #ch1 #e4 ,! fett]s 7 no d\bt int5d$ 9 su* cases to fa/5 ! /atue 7z ! abode ( ! ,h]o himself7 to ! site ( 8 wor%ip4 ,?us 9 ,sp>ta an a_/galma ar*aion ( ,enyalios 0 kept 9 fett]s4 ,ab\t ?is ! gn_/m tn ,lak$aimoni_/n 0 t ou_/pote ton ,enua_/lion pheu_/gonta oi*_/se/hai_/ sphis9 ene*o_/m5on tais pe_/dais1 ,paus4 #c1 #ae1 #g4 ,simil> ?+s else:]e3 ,lob41 ,agl4 #bge2 cf4 aga9 ,paus4 #h1 #da1 #f4 ,! /rik+ effect ( ! /atue fa/5$ to ! rocks may !n v well h giv5 rise to ! 7aetiological7 leg5d ( ! pe_/tran e_/*on ei_/dlon4 #ajid3 ,hdt4 vii1 #afi-gj4 #aajd3 ,hdt4 vii1 #acd-g4 #aaad3 ,sanctity ( trees & groves d$icat$ to a ,h]o3 ,ael41 ,,vh4 v1 #ag3 ,paus4 #b1 #bh1 #g2 b esp4 #h1 #bd1 #g4 #aabd3 ,! /ory ( ! wra? ( ! ,h]o ( ,anagyros is told1 ) a few v>iations 9 detail1 by ,j]ome ap4 ,suid4 ,ana_/g4 dai_/mn ,apo/ol4 ix1 #gi2 ,dgn41 ,prov4 iii1 #ca 79 cod4 ,coisl41 p4 #bai f4 ,gtt+472 cf4 ,z5ob4 ii1 #ee ,dgn4 i1 #be4 ,simil> /ories ( a dai_/mn ,kili_/kios1 ,ai_/neios1 are impli$ b n relat$ by ,mac>ius1 iii1 #ah 7ii1 p4 #aee ,gtt474 #aacd3 ,! /ory 9 ,suid4 goes back to ,hi]on4 ,rhod4 p]i tragdiopoin 7fr4 #d ,hill471 :o comp>$ ! /ory ) ! !me ( ! ,euripides ,pho5ix4 #aadd3 ,accord+ to ,paus4 ! gho/ 0 expla9$ to be "o ( ! companions ( ,odysseus4 ,/rabo says m p>ticul>ly ,polites1 :o 0 "o ( ^!4 ,b a copy ( an anci5t picture repres5t+ ! adv5ture call$ ! daimon ,lykas & made him black & grim-look+ & dress$ 9 a wolf-sk94 ,! la/ is probably m]ely symbolic & repres5ts full wolf-%ape su* z belong$ to ! ,a!nian ,h]o ,lykos3 ,h>p4 deka_/zn4 ,wolf-%ape giv5 to a dea?-br++ _s ( ! und]world1 z (t53 cf4 ,ros*]1 ,kynan?4 #fj-a4 ,?is mu/ h be5 ! m anci5t =m ( ! leg5d & ! daimon 0 only subsequ5tly *ang$ into a ,h]o4 #aaed3 ,! /ory 9 its g5]al outl9e recalls esp4 ! o!r ,greek leg5ds 9 :i* simil> rescues occur2 we are rem9d$ n m]ely ( ! /ories ( ,p]seus & ,&rom$a or ,h]akles & ,hesione1 b also ( ! fight ( ,h]akles ) ,?anatos = ! sake ( ,alke/is1 #aed 9 ,eurip41 ,alc41 & ( ,koroibos' /ruggle ) ! ,poi_/n 9 ,argos4 ,b ! /ory ( ,eu?ymos & ! ,h]o ( ,temesa agrees ev5 9 its details ) a /ory com+ f a f> di/ant locality1 ,krisa at ! foot ( ,mt4 ,p>nassos1 :]e liv$ ! mon/] ,lamia1 or ,syb>is1 :o 0 ov]?r[n by ,eurybatos--z x is told 9 ,nik&]'s ,het]oi\_/m5a1 ap4 ,ant4 ,lib4 viii--& is ev5 to ?is day relat$ z a fairy-tale2 see ,b4 ,s*midt4 ,gr4 ,mr*51 #adb1 #bdf f4 ,x is unnecess>y to suppose imitation ( ei!r leg5d by ! o!r2 bo? indep5d5tly reproduce ! same fairy-tale motif1 :i* is 9 fact v common ev]y:]e4 ,! mon/] ov]come by ! *ampion is regul>ly a *?onic be+1 a fi5d f bel[3 ,?anatos1 ,po9e1 ,lamia 7:i* is ! g5]ic "n1 ,su_/b>is be+ app>5tly ! special "n ( ?is p>ticul> ,lamia7 & ! gho/ly ,h]o ( ,temesa4 #aafd3 ,paus4 #f1 #f1 #g-aa1 ! ma9 s\rce2 ,/r4 #bee2 ,ael41 ,,vh4 viii1 #ah2 ,plut4 ,p>oem4 ii1 #ca2 ,suid4 ,eu_/?umos4 ,! translation occurs 9 ,paus4 ,ael41 & ,suid4 ,accord+ to ,aelian he w5t to ! ,riv] ,kaik9os ne> 8 old home ,locri & disappe>$3 aphani/hnai4 7,! riv]-god ,kaik9os is reg>d$ z 8 real fa!r3 ,paus4 #f1 #f1 #d47 ,p]haps ! h]on ( ,eu?ymos may h be5 ne> ! riv]4 ,h]oiz+ ( ,eu?ymos by a fla% ( lightn+ is confirm$ by 8 /atue3 ,callim41 fr4 #cii2 ,pl9y1 ,,nh4 #g1 #aeb2 ,s*ol4 ,paus4 ,h]mes1 #bi1 #adh4 ,inscription on base ( /atue ( ,e4 at ,olympia3 ,ar*4 ,zeit41 #ahgh1 p4 #hb4 #aagd3 ,paus4 #f1 #aa1 #b-i2 ,d4 ,*r4 #ca1 #cdj ,m4 i1 #bdg ,arn44 ,cf4 ,o9om4 ap4 ,eus4 ,,pe4 #e1 #cd1 p4 #bca-b ,v4 ,o9omaos #bcb ,c ref]s to a simil> leg5d ( ! p5ta?los ,eu?ykles & 8 /atue1 at ,locri4 #aahd3 ,! /ory ( ,mitys 7or ,bitys7 9 ,argos is kn[n f ,ari/4 ,po4 #i1 p4 #adeb;a1 #g ff4 7,mirab4 #aef74 ,a few m su* /ories are record$ 9 ,wytt5ba*1 ,plu4 ,m4 vii1 p4 #caf 7,oxon472 cf4 also ,!oc4 #bc4 ,j z 9 ! /ory ( ,!ag5es1 ! /atue 0 puni%$ z responsible = ! murd]1 s1 too1 ! attribution ( a feti*i/ic p]sonality to inanimate objects lies at ! bottom ( ! anci5t cu/oms obs]v$ 9 ! ,a!nian murd] laws1 by :i* judgm5t 0 giv5 9 ! ,prytaneion p]i tn apsu_/*n tn empeso_/ntn t9i kai apokte9a_/ntn3 ,poll4 viii1 #abj1 aft] ,dem4 #bc1 #gf1 cf4 ,ari/4 ,a?p4 #eg1 #d4 ,su* judgm5ts _c orig9ally h be5 m]ely symbolical 9 mean+4 #aaid3 ,luc41 ,d4 ,conc4 #ab2 ,paus4 #f1 #aa1 #i4 #abjd3 ,luc41 l4c4 ,on ,polydamas see ,paus4 #f1 #e1 & among _m o!rs ,eus4 ,*ron4 ,olympionic41 ,ol4 #ic1 p4 #bjd ,s*4 #abad3 ,8 victory 0 won 9 ,ol4 #f 7see also ,eus4 ,*ron41 ,ol4 #f1 p4 #aif72 ! /atue erect$ to him only 9 ,ol4 #hj2 ,paus4 #g1 #ag1 #f4 #abbd3 ,paus4 #g1 #ag1 #ac-ad4 #abcd3 ,plu41 ,!s4 #ce4 #abdd3 ,paus4 #a1 #ae1 #c2 #cb1 #e4 #abed3 ,hdt4 viii1 #ch-i4 #abfd3 ,hdt4 viii1 #fd4 ,! diff]5ce %\ld be not$3 eu_/xa/hai toisi !oisi kai epikale_/sa/hai t\s ,aiaki_/das summa_/*\s4 ,s1 too1 we are told 9 ,hdt4 v1 #ge1 t bo? ! ,tynd>idai epi_/kltoi ei_/ponto ! ,sp>tans into ! field4 7,! ,aeg9etans s5t ! ,aiakidai to ! help ( ! ,!bans1 b z !y prov$ unpr(itable ! ,!bans t\s ,aiaki_/das ap$i_/dosan4 ,hdt4 v1 #hj74 #abgd3 ,plu41 ,!m4 #ae4 #abhd3 ,hdt4 viii1 #aba4 #abid3 ,ky*reus3 ,paus4 #a1 #cf1 #a4 ,! ,h]o himself appe>$ z a snake1 z also e4g4 ,sosipolis 9 ,elis be=e ! battle1 ,paus4 #f1 #bj1 #d-e2 ,eri*?onios1 ,paus4 #a1 #bd1 #g3 = hoi palaioi ma_/li/a tn z_/n ton dra_/konta tois h_/rsi sunkei_/san1 ,plu41 ,cleom4 #ci4 ,! temple snake1 #aee ! ,ku*rei_/ds o_/phis kept at ,eleusis1 0 und\bt$ly ! ,h]o himself2 ?\gh acc4 to ! rationaliz+ acc\nt 9 ,/r4 #cic-d x _h m]ely be5 re>$ by ,ky*reus4 #acjd3 ,!mi/okles 9 ,hdt4 viii1 #aji4 #acad3 ,x541 ,cyn4 i1 #ag4 #acbd3 ,! ,dioscuri help$ ! ,sp>tans 9 w>1 ,hdt4 v1 #ge2 ! ,locrian ,aias ! ,locrians 9 ,italy3 ,paus4 #c1 #ai1 #ab-ac2 ,conon #ah 7arti/ically elaborat$ & no long] naive leg5d b bo? tak5 f ! same s\rce74 #accd3 ,hdt4 vi1 #fa 7h5ce ,paus4 #c1 #g1 #g72 grave ( ,hel5 at ,!rapne1 ,paus4 #c1 #ai1 #h4 #acdd3 ,hdt4 vi1 #fi4 ,?us1 too1 ! ,!ag5es m5tion$ above 0 reg>d$ 9 ,?asos n z ! son ( ,timo/h5es1 t\ ,!age_/n\s de t mtri ,hrakle_/ous sugg5e_//hai pha_/sma eoikos ,timo/he_/nei1 ,paus4 #f1 #aa1 #b4--;,ev]yone w be rem9d$1 too1 ( ! fable ( ,zeus & ,alkm5e4 ,b x %\ld be notic$ h[ ne> su* /ories z t s naively told by ,h]od4 approa* ! risky novel-plot 9 :i* "s pr(ane mortal visits 9 disguise an unsuspect+ woman & plays ! "p ( a god or _s-lov]4 ,t 9 ,greece1 too1 su* /ories 7 curr5t we may p]haps d$uce f ,eur41 ,ion1 #aecj ff4 ,ov41 ,m4 iii1 #bha2 says outright3 multi nom9e divorum ?alamos ini]e pudicos4 ,an adv5ture ( ?is sort is told by ! writ] ( ,aes*9es ,ep4 #aj1 & he is able to produce two simil> cases :i* he c]ta9ly has n inv5t$ himself 7#h-i74--;,9 m rec5t times bo? we/]n & ,ori5tal nations h delight$ 9 tell+ su* /ories2 a typical ,ori5tal example is ! /ory ( ! ,weav] z ,vi%nu 9 ! ,pan*atantra 7see ,b5fey1 ,pants*4 i1 #ef72 9 ! ,we/ !re is ! /ory ( ,boccaccio deal+ ) ,alb]to ( ,imola z ! angel ,gabriel1 ,decam4 iv1 #b--,v suspici\s1 too1 seems ! acc\nt ( a miracle t occurr$ 9 ,epidauros3 a b>r5 woman comes to ! temple ( ,asklepios to seek advice by egkoi_/msis4 ,a big snake approa*es h] & %e has a *ild4 ,eph4 ,ar*4 #ahhe1 pp4 #ba-b1 l4 #abi ff4 #aced3 ek t\ hri_/ou t\ p>a tsi ?u_/rsi 9999tsi aulei_/si hidrume_/n\1 ,hdt4 vi1 #fi4 #acfd3 ,h]o epi pro?u_/r1 ,callim41 ,ep4 #bf2 a ,h]o pro pu_/lais1 pro d_/mois91 late epigram f ,?race1 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #hda2 h_/rz plsi_/on ts t\ ido_/ntos oiki_/z hidrume_/n\s1 ,artemid4 iv1 #gi1 p4 #bdh1 #i ,h4 ,?is1 too1 is h[ ,p9d>'s words ab\t ! ,h]o ,alkmaion z 8 gei_/tn are to be und]/ood3 ,py?4 viii1 #eg1 see above1 n4 #aje4 ,an ,aesopian fable deal+ ) ! relations ( a man ) 8 neighb\r-,h]o beg9s h_/ra_/ tis epi ts oiki_/z e_/*n t\_/t polutels e_/?u51 #afa ,halm42 cf4 also ,babr4 #fc4--;,a simil> idea is at "w :5 a son put up a monum5t to 8 fa!r at ! doorway ( 8 h\se--see ! f9e l9es ( ,eur41 ,hel4 #aafe ff4 #acgd3 ,ku_/pr e_/n?a ,teukros apa_/r*ei4 ,aias e_/*ei ,salamis & ,a*illes 8 isl& 9 ! ,pontus2 ,!_/tis de kratei ,ph?i_/a1 & s1 too1 ,neoptolemos 9 ,epirus3 ,pi41 ,n4 iv1 #df-ea2 amphe_/pei us$ ( a ,h]o1 ,p4 ix1 #gj2 tois !ois kai h_/rsi tois kate_/*\si tn po_/l9 kai tn *_/ran tn ,a?nai_/n3 ,dem4 #ah1 #ahd4 #achd3 ,cf4 ,alab&us :om ! inhabitants ( ,alab&a sanctius colunt quam quemquam nobilium deorum3 ,cic41 ,,nd4 iii1 #ej 79 connexion ) an anecdote relat+ to ! f\r? c5tury7--,t5em1 qui apud ,t5$ios sanctissimus deus habetur1 ,cic41 ,v4 ii1 #a1 #di4 #aef ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,cult ,,( ,,s\ls ,greek civilization z we see x reflect$ 9 ! ,hom]ic poems /rikes u z s v>i\sly develop$1 & yet s complete 9 itself1 t if we _h no fur!r s\rces ( in=mation1 we %\ld naturally suppose t ! *>act]i/ic culture ( ! ,greeks !re rea*$ ! highe/ po9t atta9able "u ! conditions set by national "* & ext]nal circum/ance4 ,9 reality ! ,hom]ic poems /& on ! bord] l9e betwe5 an old] developm5t t has come to complete maturity & a new1 & 9 _m ways diff]5tly con/itut$1 ord] ( ?+s4 ,! poems !mselves (f] an idealiz$ picture ( a pa/ t 0 on ! po9t ( disappe>+ entirely4 ,! pr(\nd upheavals ( ! foll[+ c5turies c be measur$ by _! f9al results2 we c guess ! und]ly+ =ces f a /udy ( ! individual symptoms4 ,b ! fact rema9s t 9 ! v imp]fect /ate ( our in=mation ab\t ?is p]iod ( trans=mation1 we c d little m ?an recognize ! exi/5ce ( all ! conditions necess>y = a complete reorganization ( ,greek life4 ,we c see h[ ! once less-important races 9 ,greece n[ come into ! =egr\nd ( hi/ory2 h[ !y set up new k+doms by ! "r ( conque/ on ! ru9s ( ! old1 & br+ into prom95ce _! own special ways ( ?9k+4 ,colonization ov] a wide area meant ! expansion ( ,greek life2 :ile ! colonies !mselves1 z is s (t5 ! case1 trav]s$ all ! /ages ( developm5t at a mu* fa/] rate4 ,comm]ce & indu/ry develop$1 call+ =? & satisfy+ new dem&s4 ,new elem5ts ( ! population came to ! =e1 gov]nm5ts began to fall & ! old rule ( ! k+s gave way to ,ari/ocracy1 ,tyranny1 ,democracy4 ,9 fri5dly & 79 ! ,we/ especially7 ho/ile relation%ip ! ,greeks came into contact m ?an =m]ly ) =eign peoples 9 e /age ( civilization :o influ5c$ !m 9 _m directions4 ,all ^! great movem5ts mu/ h produc$ _m fre% curr5ts 9 intellectual life too4 ,& 9 fact ! attempt to get free f tradition1 f ! long-/&+ culture t seem$1 :5 reflect$ 9 ! ,hom]ic poems1 s p]man5t & #aeg complete 9 itself1 is se5 mo/ cle>ly 9 ! sph]e ( poetry4 ,! poets ?rew (f ! tyranny ( ! epic conv5tion4 ,!y ceas$ to obey its =mal v]se-rhy?m4 ,& ) ! fre$om ?us ga9$ f its vocabul>y ( /ock words1 phrases1 & images1 x 0 inevitable t ! po9t ( view also %\ld *ange & ga9 9 wid?4 ,! poet no long] turns 8 gaze away f 8 own "t & 8 own p]son4 ,he himself becomes ! c5tral figure ( 8 poetry1 & to express ! f]m5t ( 8 own emotions he inv5ts = himself ! mo/ natural rhy?m1 9 close alliance ) music :i* n[ becomes an important & indep5d5t elem5t 9 ,greek life4 ,x is z ?\gh ! ,greeks _h j discov]$ ! full ext5t ( _! own capacities & d>$ to make free use ( !m4 ,9 e bran* ( ! pla/ic arts ! h& ( ! arti/ w9s 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies an ev] great] capacity to give visible %ape to ! imag9$ _w ( beauty4 ,ev5 ! ru9s ( t _w reveal to u m pla9ly & impressively 7because less mix$ ) consci\s reflexion7 ?an any lit]>y a*ievem5t1 ! ?+ t is ( p]man5t value 9 ,greek art4 ,x 0 impossible t religion1 alone unaffect$ by ! g5]al atmosph]e ( *ange1 %\ld rema9 unalt]$ 9 ! old pa?s4 ,b "h1 ev5 m ?an 9 o!r directions1 we mu/ admit t ! inw>d reality ( ! *ange rema9s hidd5 f u4 ,we c see inde$ _m ext]nal alt]ations1 b ( ! direct+ _s :i* call$ !m =? we h>dly cat* m ?an a glimpse4 ,x is easy1 by comp>+ ! lat] condition ( religion ) ! ,hom]ic1 to see h[ enorm\sly ! objects ( religi\s wor%ip h multipli$4 ,we c see h[ mu* m sumptu\s & elaborate c]emonial has become & obs]ve ! developm5t 9 beauty & v>iety1 9 conjunction ) ! f9e arts1 ( ! great religi\s fe/ivals ( ! diff]5t cities & peoples ( ,greece4 ,temples & sculpture be> unmi/akable witness to ! increas$ p[] & importance ( religion4 ,t an inw>d & f>-rea*+ *ange _h come ov] religi\s ?\ght & belief might h be5 already guess$ f ! fame & importance :i* belong$ to ! oracle at ,delphi1 n[ com+ into real p[]2 & f ! _m new developm5ts 9 ,greek religi\s life tak+ _! orig9 f ?is spiritual c5tre4 ,at ?is "t !re grew up1 "u ! influ5ce ( a deep5+ moral s5se1 t new int]pretation ( religion t we meet ) 9 its complet$ =m 9 ,aes*ylus & ,p9d>4 ,! age 0 decid$ly m religi\s-m9d$ ?an t 9 :i* ,hom] liv$4 ,x is z ?\gh ! ,greeks !n w5t ?r\gh a p]iod su* z #aeh mo/ civiliz$ nations g ?r\gh at "s "t or o!r1 & su* z ! ,greeks !mselves 7 to repeat m ?an once 9 aft] c5turies--a p]iod 9 :i* ! m9d aft] x has at lea/ half succe$$ 9 w9n+ its fre$om f disquiet+ & oppressive beliefs 9 invisible p[]s %r9ks back once m4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( adv]sity x feels ! ne$ ( "s com=t+ illusions beh9d :i* x may take %elt] & be reliev$ 9 "p ( ! burd5 ( responsibility4 ,! obscurity ( ?is p]iod ( gr[? hides also f our sight ! orig9 & developm5t ( beliefs ab\t ! s\l v diff]5t f ! ,hom]ic4 ,! results ( ! process are h[ev] visible en\gh & we c /ill disc]n h[ a regul> cult ( ! disembodi$ s\l & ev5tually a belief 9 immortality fully wor?y ( ! "n 7 be+ built up at ?is "t4 ,^! ?+s are ! result ( ph5om5a :i* p>tly repres5t ! re-em]g5ce ( elem5ts 9 religi\s life :i* _h be5 subm]g$ 9 ! previ\s p]iod1 & p>tly ! entry ( fre% =ces :i* 9 conjunction ) ! resuscitat$ old give rise betwe5 !m to a ?ird & new creation4 ,i ,,cult ,,( ,,! ,,*?onic ,,deities ,! *ief new feature reveal+ itself to comp>ative /udy 9 ! developm5t ( religion 9 ! po/-,hom]ic p]iod is ! wor%ip ( *?onic deities1 t is1 ( deities dwell+ 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,& yet x is an und\bt$ fact t ^! div9ities are among ! olde/ possessions ( ,greek religi\s fai?4 ,inde$1 b\nd z !y are to ! soil ( ! c\ntry1 !y are ! true local deities1 ! real gods ( home & c\ntry4 ,!y are also n unkn[n to ,hom]2 b epic poetry _h transf]r$ !m1 dive/$ ( all local limitation1 to a di/ant subt]ranean region1 inaccessible to liv+ m51 beyond ! limits ( ,okeanos4 ,!re ,ades & ! t]rible ,p]sephoneia rule z gu>dians ( ! dead4 ,f t di/ant & unapproa*able place !y c h no influ5ce ^u ! life & do+s ( m5 on e>?4 ,religi\s cult1 too1 only kn[s ^! deities 9 connexion ) p>ticul> localities & p>ticul> gr\ps ( wor%ipp]s4 ,ea* ( ^! wor%ips ! deities ( ! und]world z d5iz5s ( _! soil & _! c\ntryside alone4 ,!y are untr\bl$ by any consid]ations ( a g5]al & uni=m k+dom ( ! gods su* z ! epic _h set up2 nor are !y di/urb$ by simil> & conflict+ claims made by neighb\r+ #aei communities4 ,& only 9 ^! local cults are ! gods ( ! l[] _w se5 9 _! true nature z !y 7 conceiv$ by ! fai? ( _! wor%ipp]s4 ,!y are ! gods ( a settl$1 agricultural1 inl& population4 ,dwell+ b5ea? ! soil !y gu>antee two ?+s to _! wor%ipp]s3 !y bless ! cultivation ( ! gr\nd & ensure ! increase ( ! fruits ( ! soil to ! liv+2 !y receive ! s\ls ( ! dead into _! und]world4#ae ,9 c]ta9 places !y also s5d up f ! _s-_w revelations ( future ev5ts4 ,! mo/ exalt$ "n we met ) among ^! dwell]s bel[ ! e>? is t ( ,zeus ,*?onios4 ,?is is at once ! mo/ g5]al & ! mo/ exclusive designation ( ! god ( ! l[] _w2 = ! "n ,zeus _h 9 _m local cults ?us pres]v$ ! g5]aliz$ mean+ ( god 9 comb9ation ) a p>ticul>iz+ adjective4 ,! ,iliad also once speaks ( ,zeus ( ! l[] _w2 ?\gh by ?is is meant none o!r ?an ! rul] ( ! di/ant realm ( ! dead1 ,hades4 ,hades too1 9 ! ,hesiodic ,!ogony is once call$ ,zeus ! ,*?onian4#be ,b ! agricultural poem ( ,hesiod bids ! ,boeotian c\ntryman1 :5 prep>+ 8 fields = s[+1 pray = a bless+ to ! ,*?onic ,zeus4 ,zeus ,*?onios 0 also sacrific$ to 9 ,mykonos = ! fruits ( ! e>?4#ce ,b1 m frequ5tly ?an "u ?is mo/ g5]al & exalt$ title1#de we meet ) ! god ( ! liv+ & ! dead "u v>i\s disguises4 ,! gods ( ! und]world 7 g5]ally ref]r$ to by affectionate or cajol+ nicknames t laid /ress on ! l(ty or b5efic5t "* ( _! rule & ?rew a veil ov] ! d>ke/ side ( _! nature ) conciliatory euphemism4#ee ,?us ,hades _h _m flatt]+ titles & special names4#fe ,s1 too1 9 _m places ,zeus ( ! und]world 0 wor%ipp$ z ,zeus ,eub\leus or ,b\leus1#ge at o!r places1 especially ,h]mione1 z ,klym5os4#he ,zeus ,amphi>aos1 ,zeus ,trophonios we h dealt ) already 9 _! capacity ( ,h]oes1 b !y are really no?+ else b su* e>? deities ) hon\rable titles1 :o h be5 depriv$ to "s ext5t ( _! full /atus z gods#ie & h on t acc\nt develop$ all ! m /rongly ! oracul> side ( _! p[]s4 ,hades1 ! rul] ( t di/ant k+dom ( d>kness1 is "o ( ?is class ( manife/ations ( ,zeus ,*?onios t v>y 9 "n accord+ to ! diff]5t localities ( _! wor%ip4 ,! k+ ( ! %ad[s 9 ,erebos z he appe>s 9 ,hom] has no alt>s or sacrifices made to him#aje2 b ^! ?+s belong to him z ! local god ( p>ticul> places4 ,9 ! ,peloponnese !re 7 local c5tres #afj ( 8 wor%ip 9 ,elis & ,triphylia1#aae sites ( a v anci5t civilization2 & x is probable en\gh t tribes & clans hav+ _! orig9 !re contribut$ by _! w&]+s to ! spread ( _! native cult ( ! *?onic deity 9 o!r ,greek c\ntries z well4#abe ,hades1 too1 0 = 8 ,peloponnesian wor%ipp]s a god ( ! f]tility ( ! e>? j z mu* z a god ( ! dead4#ace ,& 9 ! same way he 0 ! "l ( ! ,s\ls z well1 9 ^? places :]e 9 fe> ( ! "n ( ,hades#ade he 0 call$1 9 hon\r ( 8 b5efic5t p[]s1 ,pl\ton1 ,pl\teus1 or ,zeus ,pl\teus4 ,! welf>e ( ! liv+ & ! dead 0 also ! conc]n ( ! female deity ( ! und]world call$ by ! "n ( ! e>? itself ,ge or ,gaia4 ,at ! places :]e %e 0 wor%ipp$ %e 0 reg>d$ z "o :o br\ght fruitfulness to ! fields1 b %e held sway ov] ! s\ls ( ! dead z well1 9 conjunction ) :om pray]s & sacrifice 7 (f]$ to h]4#aee ,h] temples rema9$ 9 hon\r1 especially at ,a!ns & at ! primeval c5tre ( anci5t wor%ip ( ! gods1 ,olympia4#afe ,b h] p]sonality _h nev] be5 q r$uc$ to def9ite & intelligible outl9e f ! enorm\s vagu5ess natural to primitive deities4 ,e>?-goddesses ( m rec5t & intelligible =m _h supplant$ h]4 ,%e reta9$ longe/ h] mantic p[]s :i* %e ex]cis$ f b5ea? ! e>?1 ! abode ( spirits & s\ls1 at anci5t oracul> sites--?\gh ev5 "h %e (t5 _h to give way to oracul> gods ( ano!r description1 su* z ,zeus & ,apollo4 ,a poet inde$ m5tions h] once side by side ) ! great rul] ( ! l[] _w1#age b 9 actual wor%ip %e 0 seldom f\nd among ! gr\ps ( male & female deities ( *?onic nature su* z 7 wor%ipp$ toge!r at _m places4 ,above all1 at ,h]mione !re fl\ri%$ f primitive times a solemn cult ( ! l[]-_w ,demet] 9 conjunction ) ! l[]-_w ,zeus1 "u ! "n ( ,klym5os1 & ) ,kore4#ahe ,at o!r places ,pl\ton & ^! two goddesses 7 wor%ipp$ toge!r1 or ,zeus ,eub\leus & ! same two1 etc4#aie ,! names ( ! und]world god v>y indef9itely1 b ! names ( ,demet] & h] div9e daught] appe> e "t un*ang$4 ,ei!r alone or toge!r1 & wor%ipp$ 9 connexion ) o!r relat$ deities1 ^! two goddesses h by f> ! mo/ important place 9 ! cult ( ! und]world4 ,! fame & widespread popul>ity ( _! cult 9 all ,greek cities ( ! "m-c\ntry & 9 ! colonies proves m ?an any?+ else t s9ce ,hom]ic times a *ange mu/ h tak5 place 9 ! sph]e ( religi\s emotion & s]vice ( ! gods4 #afa ,hom] gives no h9t ( ! "* or importance ( ! lat] cult ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone4 ,= him ,p]sephone is simply ! grim unapproa*able ,que5 ( ! dead1 ,demet] inv>iably 7& solely7 a goddess ( ! f]tility ( crops#bje2 %e /&s ap>t inde$ f ! re/ ( ! ,olympians1 b no ref]5ce to a close association ) h] daught] is ev] made4#bae ,n[1 h[ev]1 bo? goddesses appe> 9 v>i\s & *ang+ activity1 b always closely associat$1 & x seems z if !y _h come to %>e "s ( _! previ\sly di/9ct *>act]i/ics4 ,bo? are n[ *?onic deities :o toge!r h 9 _! protection ! gr[? ( ! crops & ! c>e ( ! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,h[ 9 detail ! *ange came ab\t we c no long] discov]4 ,x may be t1 9 ! times ( ! great migrations1 f v>i\s c5tres ( ! wor%ip ( ! two goddesses1 su* z _h exi/$ f great antiquity 9 ! ,peloponnese especially1#bbe !re issu$ =? ?is fai? t diff]$ s ess5tially f ! ,hom]ic-,ionic view ( ?+s4 ,x mu/ h spread j z 9 lat] times ! special v>iety ( ! cult ( ! closely associat$ goddesses t 0 practis$ 9 ,eleusis 0 widely propagat$ by regul> missions4 ,x also seems t ,demet]1 9 ^: "n !re 0 e>ly a t5d5cy to recognize a second ,"m ,e>?1 9 _m places took ! place ( ,gaia 9 religi\s cult1 & !reby ent]$ into clos] connexion ) ! realm ( ! s\ls bel[ ! e>?4 #b ,z ! numb]s ( ! und]world be+s increas$1 & _! cult grew & exp&$1 ^! div9ities began to h a v diff]5t mean+ = ! liv+ f :at !y once _h = ! ,greeks ( ! ,hom]ic age4 ,! upp] & ! l[] worlds are drawn clos] to ea* o!r2 ! _w ( ! liv+ bord]s ^u t _w aft] dea? ov] :i* ! *?onic gods hold sway4 ,! anci5t belief t ! e>?-cav]ns ( _! own l&1 on :i* m5 dwelt & work$1 7 ! ne> & accessible abode ( div9ity1 n[ reappe>$ "h & !re1 & 0 no long] completely aw$ into sil5ce by ! poetic lu/re ( ! all-embrac+ div9e _w ( ,olympos4 ,we h spok5 9 a previ\s *apt] ( ,amphi>aos at ,!bes1 ,trophonios 9 ! ,lebadean cave1 & ,zeus 9 ! cave on ,mt4 ,ida2 & aga9 ( t ,zeus :o 0 se5 en?ron$ by ^? :o desc5d$ into a cave 9 ,epirus4 ,^! are all ve/iges ( ! same belief :i* orig9ally und]lay all local cults ( und]world deities4 ,! realm ( #afb *?onic gods1 ( spirits & dep>t$ s\ls1 seem$ to be close at h&4 ,pl\tonia1 i4e4 direct inlets to ! und]world1 exi/$ at _m places1#bce z also did ,psy*opompeia1 clefts 9 ! rock ?r\gh :i* ! s\ls c pass out into ! upp] _w4 ,9 ! middle ( ! city ( ,a!ns1 9 a natural *asm on ! ,areiopagos1 und]world be+s 7 reput$ to h _! home4#bde ,! mo/ /rik+ d5ial ( ! sep>ation betwe5 ! liv+ & ! und]world1 su* z 0 dem&$ by ,hom]ic !ology1 0 at ,h]mione4 ,"h1 beh9d ! temple ( ,*?onia lay a sacr$ prec9ct ( ,pl\ton or ,klym5os ) a *asm 9 ! gr\nd ?r\gh :i* ,h]akles _h once br\ght up ,k]b]os to ! e>?--& an ,a*]usian ,lake4#bee ,s ne> did ! _s _w seem "h1 t ! p ( ,h]mione did n give _! dead ! usual co9 to pay ! f>e ( ,*>on1 ! f]ryman ( ! dead3#bfe = !m1 9 ^: own c\ntry lay ! riv] ,a*]on1 no tract ( wat] lay betwe5 ! l& ( ! liv+ & ! dead4 ,m important ?an ^! cases ( contact betwe5 ! d>k und]world & ! _w ( ! liv+--= ! localization ( ! und]world /ill rema9$ = ! mo/ "p matt] ( fancy--is ! fact t ! creatures ( t _w are aga9 draw+ clos] to ! s5ses ( m54 ,! ?\ghts ( m5 turn m frequ5tly to ! o!r _w at s _m fe/ivals & anniv]s>ies2 ! gods :o rule bel[ desire & repay ! v5]ation ( mank9d1 bo? ( ! individual & ! city4 ,& 9 ! tra9 ( ! *?onic gods ! s\ls ( ! dead1 always closely b\nd to !m1 receive a cult :i* 9 _m p>ticul>s goes beyond any?+ cu/om>y 9 ! ,hom]ic ,age4 ,,ii ,,fun]al ,,c]emonies ,,& ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,! ,,dead ,! fir/ duty t ! survivors owe to _! dead is to bury ! body 9 ! cu/om>y mann]4 ,?is age takes ! matt] m s]i\sly ?an ! ,hom]ic p _h done4 ,:]eas 9 ,hom] d5ial ( burial to enemies fall5 9 w> is (t5 m5tion$1 x is n[ reg>d$ z a religi\s duty t is seldom neglect$ to give back ! bodies ( ! fall5 foe = burial4 ,to d5y ! hon\r ( burial to memb]s ( "o's own city is an outrage ( ! mo/ extreme k9d2 ev]yone kn[s :at t]rible v5geance = su* a neglect ( duty 0 tak51 by ! excit$ populace at ,a!ns1 on ! g5]als aft] ,arg9\sai4 ,no?+ c release a son f ! duty ( bury+ 8 fa!r & (f]+ him ! regul> gifts at 8 #afc grave4#bge ,& if ! relations1 9 spite ( ev]y?+1 neglect _! task ! law at ,a!ns requires ! ,dem>* to see to ! burial ( 8 fell[ demesman4#bhe ,religi\s requirem5ts1 h[ev]1 g beyond ! law4 ,at ! solemn agricultural fe/ival ( ,demet] ! ,b\zyges at ,a!ns invok$ a curse on all :o %\ld leave a corpse unburi$4#bie ,?is matt]1 :i* ! *?onic deities take "u _! protection1 is no m]e sanit>y police regulation4 ,x is n any su* consid]ation1 b solely ! unwritt5 laws ( religion :i* are obey$ by ,antigone :5 %e cov]s ! dead body ( h] bro!r ) a little du/3 ev5 su* symbolical burial is en\gh to av]t ! abom9ation 7a_/gos74 ,motives ( pure piety may h play$ _! "p1 b ! really fundam5tal idea und]ly+ all su* practices 0 ! "o already met ) 9 ! ,iliad3#cje t ! s\l ( ! unburi$ p]son c f9d no re/ 9 ! h]eaft]4 ,! gho/ haunts ! neighb\rhood1 its rage afflicts ! l& 9 :i* x is deta9$ aga9/ its w2 & ! )hold+ ( burial is worse = ! 9999)hold] ?an = him to :om burial is refus$4#cae ,condemn$ crim9als1 inde$1 are ?r[n by ! /ate1 unburi$1 into a pit2#cbe ! sacrilegi\s & traitors to _! c\ntry are d5i$ burial 9 ! gr\nd ( t c\ntry4#cce ,?is is a =midable puni%m5t1 = ev5 ?\gh ! outlaw is buri$ 9 a =eign c\ntry1#cde 8 s\l _c be p]man5tly t5d$ !re4 ,only ! family ( ! dead 9 _! own home c give _! dep>t$ k9sman ! hon\r due to him 9 ! cult ( ! s\ls1 & only !y at ! spot :]e 8 rema9s lie buri$4#cee ,:at we "k ( ! details ( ! fun]al c]emonies1 diff]s v little 9 ess5ce f :at _h surviv$ into ! ,hom]ic age z cu/oms no long] fully expla9$ by contempor>y belief4 ,! new features t we meet ) may also1 = ! mo/ "p1 be v primitive usage re/or$ to curr5cy4 ,"s ( ! p>ticul> details make ! solemnity ( ! act m app>5t4 ,aft] ! eyes & m\? h be5 clos$ by ! next ( k9 ! body is wa%$ & ano9t$ by wom5 ( ! family1 & clo!d 9 clean g>m5ts4 ,x is !n laid out ^u a bi] 9 ! int]ior ( ! h\se = ! c]emonial ly+-9-/ate4 ,9 ,a!ns m>joram 0 /rewn "u ! body1 = sup]/iti\s reasons1#cfe & also f\r brok5-(f v9e bran*es2 9 ! grave1 also1 ! corpse lay on v9e bran*es4#cge ,und]nea? ! bi] 7 plac$ o9tm5t vessels ( ! peculi> slim %ape t ! graves h re/or$ to u aga9 9 su* numb]s4 ,at ! door ( ! room1 = ! b5efit ( ^? leav+ ! h\se :o _h incurr$ religi\s defilem5t by com+ 9 contact #afd ) ! corpse1 0 plac$ a b[l full ( pure wat] br\ght 9 f ano!r h\se4#che ,cypress bran*es fix$ ^u ! h\se door outside w>n$ ! scrupul\s t a corpse 0 9 ! h\se4#cie ,! head ( ! dead p]son 0 g5]ally deck$ ) g>l&s & fillets1 9 a mann] unkn[n to ! ,hom]ic age1 z a sign1 x appe>s1 ( respect = ! high] sanctity ( ! dep>t$4#dje ,! ly+-9-/ate ( ! dead1 la/+ ! :ole ( "o day1 0 c]ta9ly n int5d$ orig9ally to s]ve ! purpose ( a public notification ( dea?1 su* z lat] writ]s attribute to x4#dae ,! fun]al dirge 0 sung at ! bi] ( ! dead man1 & to give opportunity = ?is c]emony 0 its real purpose4 ,! habit ( ! old ,attic gov]nm5t ( ! ,eupatridai _h increas$ ! pomp ( fun]al c]emonies 9 e direction1 & _h enc\rag$ an extravagant cult ( ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$4 ,solon's legislation _h to re/ra9 & limit su* exagg]ation 9 _m ways1 & 9 p>ticul>1 ! t5d5cy to increase unduly ! lam5tation sung ov] ! dead body requir$ to be kept )9 b\nds4 ,only ! wom5 ( ! imm$iate family ( ! dead might take "p 9 x1 = to !m alone ! cult ( ! dep>t$ belong$ z a duty4#dbe ,! viol5t expression ( grief1 ! te>+ ( ! *eeks1 beat+ ! brea/ & head1 0 =bidd51#dce z also 0 ! s++ ( poems1#dde i4e4 9 all probability regul> fun]al dirges specially writt5 = ! purpose su* z ,hom] made ! wom5 s+ r\nd ,hektor's bi]4 ,to ext5d ! subject ( ! fun]al dirge to apply to o!rs beside ! p]son !n be+ buri$ _h to be made absolutely illegal4#dee ,?is prohibition mu/ also h be5 appli$ already to ! ga!r+ at ! graveside4 ,b to sacrifice animals be=e ! procession to ! grave 0 a v anci5t cu/om1 & x seems z if ,solon 9999=bade ?is too4#dfe ,9 o!r /ates1 also1 legislation 0 necess>y to put a curb on ! t5d5cy to ov]do ! viol5ce ( ! expressions ( grief = ! dead#dge :i* 7 common 9 ! antiquity ( ! ,greeks z among _m ( ! unciviliz$ tribes :o c>ry !m to ! po9t ( exhau/ion4 ,x 0 n simple piety or natural human grief 7nev] p>ticul>ly giv5 to viol5t or excessive demon/ration7 t caus$ ^! ?+s4 ,x 0 r ! anci5t belief t ! s\l ( ! dead 0 /ill invisibly pres5t1 & w\ld be pleas$ at ! mo/ viol5t expressions ( grief = its loss4#dhe ,! dirge1 c>ri$ to ?is extreme1 belongs 9 fact to ! cult ( ! dep>t$ _s4 ,! re/ra9ts plac$ ^u ! traditional lam5tation may 9 _! turn--9 s f> z !y 7 effective-- h be5 d]iv$ n f consid]ations ( good #afe s5se 7:i* r>ely h mu* influ5ce 9 su* matt]s7 b f religi\s or sup]/iti\s reasons4#die ,! ly+-9-/ate ( ! body seems inv>iably to h la/$ = "o day only4#eje ,9 ! e>ly morn+ ( ! ?ird day#eae aft] dea? ! corpse1 toge!r ) ! bi] on :i* x lay1 0 borne out ( ! h\se4 ,legislation 0 9 "s places necess>y to *eck excessive o/5tation at ! fun]al procession4#ebe ,:at pomp & c]emony 0 cu/om>y 9 ! "t ( ! old ari/ocratic rule at ?is "p ( ! cult ( ! dead1 we may ga!r 7if x correspond$ at all to reality7 f ! picture ( a fun]al procession repres5t$ on a v ar*aic ,dipylon vase4#ece ,!re ! body is c>ri$ on high on a wagon drawn by two horses3 m5 c>ry+ swords surr\nd x1 & a :ole company ( wom51 mak+ lam5tation & beat+ _! heads1 foll[ ! procession4 ,at ,a!ns ! att5dance 9 ! procession 0 conf9$1 9 ! case ( wom5 at lea/1 to ^? ( ! imm$iate k9sfolk 7= ?ree g5]ations74 ,! m51 :o _h _! place 9 front ( ! wom5 seem to h be5 admitt$ )\t su* re/riction4#ede ,! admission ( hir$ companies ( ,k>ian wom5 & m51 s++ ! national dirges1 seems at ,a!ns n to h be5 =bidd54#eee ,at ,keos & else:]e1 ! laws ord]$ processions to ! grave to be conduct$ 9 sil5ce4#efe ,on ! :ole1 ! discipl9e ( respectable city life r$uc$ ! excessive & b>b>ic1#ege :i* mu/ once h be5 ! rule 9 ! display ( m\rn+1 to a discreet symbolism4 ,on ! details ( ! burial proc$ure our in=mation is incomplete4 ,occasional expressions us$ by ,greek au?ors all[ u to conclude--& ?is is confirm$ by ! excavation ( graves 9 ,greek c\ntries--t besides ! cu/om1 exclusively prevail+ 9 ,hom]ic times1 ( cremation1 ! m anci5t practice ( bury+ ! body unburnt 0 /ill kept up4#ehe ,! body 0 n int5d$ to be completely de/roy$4 ,out ( ! a%es ( ! fun]al pyre ! son c>efully ga!rs ! rema9s ( 8 fa!r's bones#eie 9 ord] to bury !m1 enclos$ 9 an urn or a box4 ,if on ! o!r h& ! body rema9s unburnt1 x is ei!r enclos$ 9 a c(f9 made ( bak$ clay1 or wood#fje--;a cu/om cle>ly betray+ its =eign orig91 or else--& ?is mu/ h be5 c]ta9ly ! old] & m purely native ,greek usage--x is let d[n into ! e>? )\t a c(f91 & laid ^u a b$ ( leaves2#fae at o!r times1 if ! nature ( ! gr\nd all[s1 x may re/ unburi$ 9 a rock-*amb]1 ^u a b$ ( /onework4#fbe ,! s\l1 ?\gh n[ set free1 keeps up "s connexion ) ! body x once inhabit$4 ,x is = its use & pleasure #aff t an ample provision ( h\sehold implem5ts & vessels is laid beside ! corpse 7?\gh no long] ! :ole ( ! dead man's possessions z once 0 usual72 & graves s9ce op5$ h re/or$ su* ?+s 9 l>ge numb]s to our gaze4#fce ,b ! ,greeks nev] s]i\sly believ$ t su* a phantasmal exi/5ce c\ld be prolong$ to et]nity4 ,elaborate exp$i5ts = ! p]petual pres]vation ( ! corpse 7by embalmm5t & o!r means1 su* z 7 employ$ 9 ! case ( bodies buri$ 9 ! ,myc5an %aft-graves7#fde 7 unkn[n 9 ^! lat] times--except z a peculi> ar*aism 9 ! burial ( ,sp>tan k+s4 #b ,once ! body is buri$1 ! s\l ( ! dead ent]s ! invisible company ( ! ,bett] & ,sup]ior4#fee ,?is belief1 :i* ,ari/otle reg>d$ z ( primeval antiquity 9 ,greece1 em]ges v cle>ly 9 ! cult-obs]vance ( ^! po/-,hom]ic c5turies f ! obscurity :i* ! ,hom]ic age _h impos$ ^u x4 ,! s\l ( ! dead has its special cult-gr\p compos$ naturally en\gh ( ! desc5dants & family ( ! dead1 & ( !m only4 ,!re ev5 surviv$ a dim memory ( ! "t :5 ! body ( ! dead 0 buri$ inside ! h\se1 :i* ?us became ! imm$iate c5tre ( 8 cult4#ffe ,t mu/ q c]ta9ly h be5 dur+ an age :i* knew little or no?+ ( ! almo/ pa9ful s5sitiv5ess to ! idea ( ritual purification su* z prevail$ 9 lat] times4 ,at lea/1 we h no reason = suppos+ t ! ,greeks 7l _m s-call$ savage peoples among :om ! cu/om prevails ( bury+ ! corpse )9 ! dead man's own hut7 des]t$ ! h\se t _h n[ become haunt$1 & left x to ! undi/urb$ possession ( ! gho/ ( ! dead man buri$ !re4#fge ,to bury ! dead )9 ! walls ( ! city1 at lea/1 0 9999consid]$ unobjectionable 9 lat] times by c]ta9 ,dorian /ates4#fhe ,ev5 :]e religi\s scruples & ! practical conv5i5ce ( city life comb9$ to fix ! place = burials outside ! city walls1 families kept _! graves toge!r (t5 9 a s+le ext5sive plot ) a wall built r\nd x4#fie ,:]e a c\ntry e/ate belong$ to a family1 ?is g5]ally also includ$ ! graves ( its ance/ors4#gje ,:]ev] x 0 situat$1 ! grave 0 holy1 z be+ ! place :]e lat] g5]ations t5d$ & wor%ipp$ ! s\ls ( dep>t$ memb]s ( _! family4 ,grave columns indicat$ ! hol9ess ( ! spot2#gae trees & sometimes a complete #afg grove surr\nd$ ! grave1 z !y did s (t5 ! alt>s & temples ( ! gods4#gbe ,^! 7 int5d$ to s]ve z pleasant retreats = ! s\ls ( ! belov$ dead4#gce ,sacrificial (f]+s began = ! mo/ "p at ! actual "t ( ! fun]al4 ,! cu/om ( p\r+ libations ( w9e1 oil1 & honey at ! grave 0 probably 9 g5]al use4#gde ,ev5 ! sacrifice ( animals1 su* z 0 made at ! fun]al pyre ( ,patroklos & ev5 ( ,a*illes1 _c h be5 unusual at an e>li] p]iod4 ,solon expressly =bade ! sacrifice ( an ox at ! grave4#gee ,at ,keos1 p]mission is j z expressly giv5 = a prelim9>y sacrifice to be (f]$ at ! fun]al 9 accordance ) ance/ral cu/om4#gfe ,:5 ! fun]al c]emony is ov]1 ! memb]s ( ! family1 aft] a solemn rite ( religi\s purification1#gge put on g>l&s 7!y _h previ\sly avoid$ ?is#ghe7 & beg9 ! fun]al fea/4#gie ,?is also 0 a "p ( ! cult ( ! dead4 ,! s\l ( ! dead man 0 reg>d$ z be+ pres5t--ev5 z play+ ! "p ( ho/4#hje ,x 0 awe felt = ! invisible pres5ce t orig9ally inspir$ ! cu/om ( speak+ only praise ( ! dead at ! fun]al fea/4#hae ,?is fea/ 0 an ent]ta9m5t giv5 9 ! h\se ( ! dead man to ! surviv+ memb]s ( 8 family4 ,! dead man _h a meal to himself alone1 :i* 0 (f]$ at ! grave#hbe on ! ?ird & on ! n9? day aft] ! fun]al4#hce ,on ! n9? day x appe>s t anci5t usage br\ght ! p]iod ( m\rn+ to an end4#hde ,:]e x 0 ext5d$ to a long] p]iod ! e>li] s]ies ( (f]+s to ! dead 0 prolong$ proportionally4 ,sp>ta _h a p]iod ( m\rn+ la/+ elev5 days4#hee ,at ,a!ns1 9 addition to ! sacrifice on ! ?ird & n9? days1 ano!r fun]al fea/ :i* might be repeat$ sev]al times1#hfe 0 held on ! ?irte5? day4#hge ,ev5 aft] ! c]emonies atta*$ to ! fun]al itself 7 at la/ ov]1 ! relations ( ! dead 7 by no means releas$ f ! duty ( t5d+ n m]ely ! grave1 b ! s\l ( ! deceas$ memb] ( _! family4 ,9 p>ticul> ! son & heir _h no m sacr$ duty to p]=m ?an ! (f]+ ( ! cu/om>y ?+s 7ta no_/mima7 to ! s\l ( 8 fa!r4 ,^! consi/$ above all ( libations to be made to ! dead on c]ta9 fix$ & recurr5t fe/ivals4 ,on ! #cj? ( ! mon? !re 0 a traditional fea/ ( ! dead4#hhe ,besides ?is1 e ye> at ! ,g5esia1 :5 ! bir?day ( ! dead came r\nd1 ! occasion 0 regul>ly celebrat$ ) sacrifice4#hie ,! day on :i* he fir/ ent]$ ?is life is /ill ( importance to ! psy*e ( ! dead man4 ,x is pla9 t no impassable gulf 0 fix$ betwe5 life & #afh dea?3 x almo/ seems z ?\gh life w5t on q un9t]rupt$ by dea?4 ,besides ^! v>iable fea/s ( ! ,g5esia1 celebrat$ z !y occurr$ by ! individual families1 !re 0 at ,a!ns a fe/ival1 also call$ ! ,g5esia1 at :i* ! :ole citiz5 body did hon\r to ! s\ls ( _! dead relatives on ! #e? ,bodromion4#ije ,we he> also ( ! ,nemesia z a fea/ ( ! dead 9 ,a!ns#iae 7probably int5d$ = ! av]t+ ( ! ang] ( ! dead--always a subject ( appreh5sion71 & ( v>i\s fe/ivals ( ! dead 9 o!r ,greek ,/ates4#ibe ,at ,a!ns ! *ief fe/ival ( all ! dead occurr$ at ! close ( ! ,dionysiac fea/ ( ! ,an!/]ia1 9 ! spr+1 ( :i* x =m$ ! conclud+ day4 ,?is 0 ! "t :5 ! dead sw>m$ up into ! _w ( ! liv+1 z !y did 9 ,rome on ! days :5 ! mundus patet1 & s /ill 9 ! belief ( our own 7,g]man7 c\ntry p at ,twelf?-tide4 ,! days belong$ to ! s\ls 7& _! ma/] ,dionysos73 !y 7 days ( uncleanness#ice unsuit$ to ! bus9ess ( city life4 ,! temples ( ! gods 7 clos$ dur+ t p]iod4#ide ,z protection aga9/ ! gho/s invisibly pres5t1 ! citiz5s employ$ v>i\s old & tri$ precaution>y measures2 !y *ew$ haw?orn leaves on _! morn+ walk1 & sme>$ _! doorpo/s ) pit*4 ,9 ?is way ! gho/s 7 kept at arms l5g?4#iee ,ea* family made (f]+ to its own dead1 & ! (f]+s !y made h rema9$ = ! mo/ "p ! appropriate gifts ( ! dead on _! fea/-days 9 _m l&s d[n to mod]n times4 ,a special (f]+ 0 made to ! dead#ife on ! la/ day ( ! fea/1 ! ,*ytrai1 :i* 0 sacr$ to none ( ! ,olympians1 b to ,h]mes ! lead] ( ! dead4 ,to ?is god--b = ! dead--7 (f]$ cook$ vegetables & se$s 9 pots 7:i* gave _! "n to ?is day ( ! fe/ival74#ige ,x seems probable t z a sacrifice to ! dead honey-cakes 7 ?r[n into a cleft ( ! e>? 9 ! ,temne ( ,ge ,olympia4#ihe ,indoors1 too1 ! sw>m+ gho/s ent]$ & 7 ent]ta9$4 ,!y 7 n1 h[ev]1 p]man5tly welcome gue/s1 & f9ally !y 7 driv5 out ( ! h\se 9 a mann] p>allell$ at ! close ( fe/ivals ( ! dead among _m nations ( old & mod]n times4#iie ,begone ye ,k]es1 ,an!/]ia is ov] 7 ! words us$ 9 s5d+ away ! s\ls1 & x is rem>kable t 9 ?is =mula !y 7 giv5 _! primeval "n--a "n ^: orig9al s5se _h be5 =gott5 by ,hom]1 b n by ! language ( ! common p ( ,attica4#ajje ,individuals may h f\nd /ill fur!r opportunities ( #afi br++ gifts to _! own dead & %[+ _! rev]5ce = !m4 ,! cult paid by ! family to ! spirits ( _! ance/ors is h>dly di/+ui%$1 except by ! great] limitation ( ! circle ( wor%ipp]s1 f ! wor%ip ( und]world deities & ,h]oes4 ,9 ! case ( ! s\ls1 h[ev]1 nature itself unit$ ! sacrific]s & wor%ipp]s 7& no "o else7 ) ! object ( _! devotion4 ,if we wi% to =m "s idea ( ! way 9 :i* 7"u ! influ5ce ( a civilization t t5d$ to r$uce all primitive gr&eur to m]e idyll7 ! wor%ip ( ! dead alt]$ its "* 9 ! direction ( piety & intimacy--we ne$ only look at ! pictures repres5t+ su* wor%ip 7?\gh r>ely be=e ! f\r? c5tury7 on ! oilflasks :i* 7 us$ at fun]als 9 ,attica & !n laid by ! side ( ! dead 9 ! grave4 ,^! slight sket*es brea! a _s ( simple k9dl9ess2 we see ! m\rn]s deck+ ! grave monum5t ) wrea?s & ribbons2 wor%ipp]s approa*+ ) ge/ures ( adoration1 br++ ) !m _m objects ( daily use--mirrors1 fans1 swords1 etc41 = ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! dead4#ajae ,sometimes ! liv+ seek to give pleasure to ! _s ( ! dead by ! p]=mance ( music4#ajbe ,gifts1 too1 ( cakes1 fruit1 & w9e are be+ made--b ! blood ( ! sacrificial animals is nev] spilt4#ajce ,!re 0 a "t :5 m solemn--& less com=table--?\ghts prevail$2#ajde & ( ^! we le>n some?+ f ! mu* old] sculptur$ reliefs1 f\nd on sepul*ral monum5ts 9 ,sp>ta1 :i* give ! dead a m awe-inspir+ attitude4 ,! ance/ral pair sit 9 /ate & are approa*$ by memb]s ( ! family 7repres5t$ z mu* small] figures7 (f]+ _! wor%ip4 ,^! br+ ) !m fl[]s1 pomegranates1 & sometimes ev5 animals = sacrifice1 a cock1 a pig1 or a ram4 ,o!r & lat] types ( su* banquets ( ! dead %[ ! dead p]son /&+ up 7n infrequ5tly by ! side ( a horse or ly+ ^u a c\* & accept+ ! dr9k-(f]+ made to him by ! survivors4#ajee ,^! reliefs all[ u to see at :at a di/ance ! dep>t$ spirits are suppos$ to /& f ! liv+3 ! dead d1 inde$1 seem n[ to be bett] & /rong] be+s2 !y are well on ! road to becom+ ,h]oes4 ,dr9k (f]+s su* z ^? we see (f]$ on ^! reliefs--a mixture ( honey-wat]1 milk1 & w9e1 & o!r liquids1 (f]$ 9 accordance ) precise ritual--always =m$ a regul> "p ( sacrifices made to ! dead4#ajfe ,besides ^!1 animals1 too1 7 sla91 especially %eep 7less (t5 ox57 ( black col\r4 ,^! mu/ be completely burnt1 z be+ int5d$ = ! sole enjoym5t ( ! dead--a cu/om #agj obs]v$ at all sacrifices made to ! spirits ( ! und]world4#ajge ,! :ole ( ?is v mat]ial cult dep5d$ ^u ! assumption--:i* 0 sometimes di/9ctly express$--t ! s\l ( ! dead is capable ( receiv+1 & is 9 ne$ (1 a physical satisfaction f ! gifts made to x4#ajhe ,x is consequ5tly1 n ?\ght ( z depriv$ ( ! p[] ( s5se-p]ception4 ,ev5 9 ! grave x c feel :at is go+ on 9 its neighb\rhood4#ajie ,x is n a good ?+ to attract its att5tion2 x is be/ to pass by ! graves ( ! dead 9 sil5ce4#aaje ,! common p ?\ght ( ! dead1 accord+ to a fam\s phrase ( ,plato's1 z hov]+ susp5d$ ov] _! graves1 ! site ( _! cult4#aaae ,! pictures on ! ,attic oilflasks illu/rate ?is belief1 = !y repres5t ! s\ls ( ! dead fly+ above ! grave-monum5t1 & ! dim9utive size ( ^! w+$ figures is evid5tly int5d$ to repres5t _! some:at contradictory immat]ial mat]iality1 & to express _! invisibility = mortal eyes4#aabe ,sometimes1 inde$1 ! s\ls become visible1 & !n1 l ! und]world gods & ! ,h]oes1 !y pref] ! %ape ( a snake4#aace ,nor are !y absolutely b\nd to ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! grave2 !y sometimes revisit _! old habitations among ! liv+1 & n only on ^? days ( ! dead 9 ! mon? ,an!/]ion4 ,! ,greeks1 l o!r p1 7 acqua9t$ ) ! cu/om ( all[+ :at fell to ! gr\nd to lie !re undi/urb$ = ! spirits t hov]$ ab\t ! h\se to c>ry away if !y lik$4#aade ,! dead man's _s1 be+ ?us invisibly pres5t1 c ov]he> if anyone speaks ill ( x3 ei!r ) ! idea ( def5d+ ! helpless1 or1 on ! contr>y1 to avoid incurr+ ! wra? ( invisible b pot5t spirits1 a ,solonian law =bade abusive language to be address$ to a dead man4 ,t is ! real mean+ ( ! old w>n+ de mortuis nil nisi b5e1 z popul> belief und]/ood x4 ,! desc5dants ( a dead man 7 b\nd to prosecute anyone :o sl&]$ _! ance/or3#aaee ?is also is among ! religi\s duties ow$ by ! liv+ to ! s\l ( ! dead4 #c ,l all o!r cults1 ! cult ( ! dead _h m to d ) ! relations ( ! daimon to ! liv+ ?an ) 8 nature & ess5ce consid]$ ab/ractly1 & 9 itself3 a dogmatic acc\nt ( ?is nature 0 nei!r (f]$ nor requir$ by 8 wor%ip4 ,/ill1 ! cult 0 f\nd$ ^u a g5]al #aga conception1 m]ely evad+ m exact def9ition1 ( ! nature ( ! dep>t$ _s4 ,m5 sacrific$ to ! s\ls ( ! dead1 z to ! gods#aafe & ,h]oes1 because !y reg>d$ !m z invisible ,p[]s1#aage a special class ( ,bless$ ,ones1 z ! dead 7 beg9n+ to be call$ ev5 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,!y attempt$ to propitiate !m1#aahe or at lea/ to av]t _! easily awak5$ displeasure4#aaie ,_! help 0 also s\ght 9 all times ( ne$2 b mo/ especially1 l ! *?onic gods into ^: realm !y h ent]$1 !y c prosp] ! fruits ( ! e>?#abje & l5d assi/ance at ! entry ( a new s\l into life4 ,= ?is reason libation is made to ! s\ls ( ance/ors at a m>riage4#abae ,! ,tritopatores also1 :o 7 invok$ at w$d+ celebrations 9 ,attica t ! m>riage might prove fruitful1#abbe 7 no?+ else ?an ! s\ls ( ! ance/ors4#abce ,we "k !m also to h be5 ref]r$ to z w9d-spirits1#abde & 9 ?is !re appe>s1 pla9ly or obscurely1 an isolat$ fragm5t ( ! mo/ anci5t belief ( ! p3 ! dep>t$ spirits ( ! dead become spirits ( ! air2 ! gho/s t travel on ! w9ds are ! lib]at$ s\ls ( ! dead4 #d ,?\gh x is good & pr(itable 9 "o's own int]e/ to enli/ ! sympa?y & reta9 ! goodwill ( ^! invisible _s p[]s by sacrifice1 yet _! wor%ip is to a mu* great] degree condition$ by a s5tim5t ( piety :i* no long] seeks its own advantage1 b ! great] hon\r & welf>e ( ! dead4 ,su* piety c]ta9ly takes on a curi\s =m1 b x is ?is :i* gives its special "* to ! cult ( ! s\ls1 & ! ideas :i* lie beh9d t cult4 ,! s\ls ( ! dead are dep5d5t ^u ! cult paid to !m by ! memb]s ( _! family :o /ill live on 9 ?is _w2 _! fate is det]m9$ by ! nature ( ?is cult4#abee ,! beliefs :i* n\ri%$ ! cult ( ! dead are totally di/9ct f ! mode ( ?\ght prevail+ 9 ! ,hom]ic poems accord+ to :i* ! s\ls are bani%$ into ! di/ant realm ( ,hades & cut (f et]nally f all att5tion or c>e t ! liv+ might pay !m4 ,x diff]s aga9 f ! beliefs :i* ! my/]ies implant$ 9 ! m9ds ( _! wor%ipp]s2 = 9 ?is case x 0 n _! m]it--:e!r religi\s or moral--:i* secur$ to ! disembodi$ s\ls _! position 9 ! future life4 ,^! two /reams ( religi\s belief fl[$ side by side1 b nev] met4 ,! ne>e/ analogue to ! cult ( ! s\ls & its appropriate beliefs 0 und\bt$ly ! cult #agb ( ,h]oes1 b ev5 "h ! diff]5ce is pr(\nd4 ,x is no long] a special privilege miracul\sly be/[$ ^u a few fav\r$ individuals2 e s\l has a "r to ! att5tive c>e ( its own family1 & 9 ea* case its fate is settl$1 n by ! "* display$ or de$s done dur+ its lifetime1 b by ! relation to itself ( ^? :o survive4 ,z a consequ5ce ev]ybody on ! approa* ( dea? ?9ks ( ! future /ate ( 8 s\l1 & t means ! cult :i* he w\ld l to make sure w be (f]$ to 8 dep>t$ _s4 ,sometimes = ?is purpose he makes a special f\ndation1 or beque/1 :i* is provid$ = 9 8 w4#abfe ,( c\rse1 if he leaves a son beh9d him1 ! c>e ( 8 _s w be amply provid$ =2 until t son comes ( age1 a gu>dian w (f] ! appropriate gifts4#abge ,ev5 slaves to :om he has giv5 _! fre$om w be sure to take "p 9 ! p]man5t & regul> cult ( _! =m] ma/]4#abhe ,"o :o has no son to leave beh9d him w make ha/e to take a son f ano!r family into 8 own h\se1 :o1 toge!r ) 8 prop]ty w inh]it also ! duty ( (f]+ a regul> & endur+ cult to 8 adopt$ fa!r1 & 8 new ance/ors1 & ( c>+ = ! ne$s ( _! s\ls4 ,?is is ! real & orig9al mean+ ( all adoption2 & h[ s]i\sly su* provision = ! prop] c>e ( ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ 0 tak51 c be/ & mo/ cle>ly be se5 f ! te/am5t>y spee*es ( ,isaeus1 9 :i* ) a complet5ess ( art t almo/ conceals itself expression is giv5 to ! g5u9e & simple feel+s ( ! homely ,a!nian b\rgeoisie :om no enlight5m5t _h ev] di/urb$ 9 ! beliefs ( _! fa!rs4#abie ,all cult1 all prospect ( a full life & future well-be+--= s we may express ! naive conception--( ! s\l on its sep>ation f ! body1 dep5ds ^u ! hold+ toge!r ( ! family4 ,to ! family itself ! s\ls ( its =m] ance/ors are1 9 a limit$ s5se1 ( c\rse1 gods--its gods4#acje ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t "h we h ! root ( all belief 9 ! future life ( ! s\l1 & we %all be tempt$ to subscribe to ! belief--z a guess t5d+ 9 ! "r direction--( ^? :o see 9 su* family wor%ip ( ! dead "o ( ! mo/ primitive roots ( all religi\s belief--old] ?an ! wor%ip ( ! high] gods ( ! /ate & ! community z a :ole2 old] ev5 ?an ! wor%ip ( ,h]oes1 & ( ! ance/ors ( l>ge national gr\ps4 ,! family is old] ?an ! /ate1#acae & among all peoples t h n pass$ beyond family-organization & =m$ /ates1 we f9d ?is type ( belief ab\t ! s\l inv>iably pres5t4 ,among #agc ! ,greeks1 :o 9 ! c\rse ( _! hi/ory le>nt s mu* t 0 new )\t ev] q disc>d+ ! old1 ?is belief liv$ on 9 ! %ad[ ( ! great gods & _! cults1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ! trem5d\s increase 9 ! p[] & organiz$ influ5ce ( ! /ate4 ,b ^! l>g] & wid] organizations cramp$ & h9d]$ its developm5t4 ,left to itself1 & giv5 m fre$om to gr[1 su* belief might possibly h elevat$ ! s\ls ( ! family ance/ors to ! position ( all-p[]ful spirits ( ! h\se "u ^: he>? !y _h once be5 laid to re/4 ,! ,greeks1 h[ev]1 nev] _h any?+ to correspond exactly ) ! ,italian ,l> famili>is4#acbe ,! ne>e/ equival5t to x w\ld be ! ,good ,daimon :i* ! ,greek h\sehold hon\r$4 ,c>eful exam9ation %[s ?is ,daimon to h be5 orig9ally ! s\l ( an ance/or :o has become ! good _s ( 8 h\se--b ! ,greeks !mselves _h =gott5 ?is4#acce #e ,we _c at ?is late date trace ! reawak5+ ( ! cult ( s\ls 9 po/-,hom]ic times or ! v>y+ /ages x may h gone ?r\gh 9 its developm5t4 ,/ill1 "s ( ! facts are pla94 ,indications h already be5 notic$ t po9t to ! view t ! cult ( ! dead 0 c>ri$ on 9 ! days :5 ! ari/ocratic regime /ill held sway 9 ,greece ) great] pomp & s]i\sness ?an 9 ! c5turies--! fif? & six?--beyond :i* our k h>dly ext5ds4 ,9 ^! e>li] times1 we are =c$ to conclude1 !re mu/ also h be5 a liveli] belief 9 ! p[] & importance ( ! s\ls correspond+ ) ! great] vig\r ( religi\s cult4 ,x seems z if at ?is "t anci5t usage & belief broke viol5tly ?r\gh ! suppression & neglect "u :i* !y lay 9 ! times t speak to u 9 ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t any "o memb] ( ! ,greek peoples 0 specially responsible = ! *ange4 ,at ! same "t1 diff]5t di/ricts 9 accordance ) _! v>y+ natural proclivities & civilization diff]$ 9 ! cult !y paid _! dead4 ,9 ,attica1 ) ! spread ( democracy1 ! ideas at ! bottom ( su* practice t5d$ m & m 9 ! direction ( m]e affectionate piety4 ,9 ,laconia & ,boeotia#acde & 9 o!r places :]e primitive life & cu/oms ma9ta9$ !mselves = a long "t1 m s]i\s notions ( ! nature & reality ( ! disembodi$ spirits rema9$ 9 =ce & a m s]i\s cult 0 paid to !m4 ,else:]e1 z 9 ,locris & on ! isl& ( ,keos1#acee ! #agd cult ( ! dead seems to h ma9ta9$ itself only 9 a v mu* weak5$ =m4 ,:5 advanc+ culture made individuals less dep5d5t on ! traditional beliefs ( _! own c\ntry _m temp]am5tal v>iations & gradations 9 belief & conception made _! appe>ance4 ,hom]ic ideas on ! subject1 univ]sally famili> f poetry1 may h ent]$ into ! "q & add$ to ! confusion2 ev5 :]e ! cult ( ! dead 0 practis$ ) ! greate/ f]v\r1 ideas radically incompatible ) t cult--z t ! s\ls ( ! wor%ipp$ dead are 9 ,hades#acfe--;are sometimes reveal$ un9t5tionally4 ,at q an e>ly p]iod we f9d expressions ( ! view1 :i* goes beyond any?+ said 9 ,hom]1 t no?+ at all survives aft] dea?4 ,attic orators1 = example1 are all[$ to speak to _! audi5ce 9 a tone ( hesitation & d\bt ab\t hopes commonly *]i%$ ( cont9u$ consci\sness & s5sation aft] dea?4 ,su* d\bts1 h[ev]1 only affect ! !oretic consid]ation ( ! s\l's future life2 ! cult ( ! s\ls 0 /ill c>ri$ on inside ! family4 ,ev5 an unbeliev]1 if he 7 9 o!r respects a true son ( 8 city & deeply root$ 9 its anci5t cu/oms1 might 9 8 la/ w & te/am5t provide s]i\sly = ! p]petual cult ( 8 own s\l & ^? ( 8 ne> relatives--z ,epicurus did 9 8 w1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( aft] ages4#acge ,?us1 ev5 unbelief /ill clung to cult z to o!r old e/abli%$ cu/oms1 & 9 _m an individual ! cult /ill t5d$ to awak5 ! beliefs :i* alone c\ld ju/ify x4 ,,iii ,,traces ,,( ,,! ,,cult ,,( ,,s\ls ,,9 ,,! ,,blood-,,feud ,,& ,,satisfaction ,,= ,,murd] #a ,9 ! r5ewal & developm5t ( ! cult (f]$ to ! dead1 an important "p 0 aga9 play$ by t prie/ly association :i* ex]cis$ su* a decisive influ5ce on ! public wor%ip ( invisible p[]s 9 ! ,greek /ates--! prie/hood ( ! ,delphic oracle4 ,on ! occurr5ce ( di/urb+ port5ts 9 ! sky rec\rse 0 _h to ! god1 :o gave ord]s t 9 addition to ! gods & ,h]oes sacrifice %\ld be made to ! dead also on ! appo9t$ days1 9 accordance ) cu/om & tradition1 by _! relatives4#ache ,individuals 9 d\bt z to :at ! sacr$ law #age requir$ 9 ! obs]vance due to a dep>t$ s\l appli$ at ,a!ns to "o ( ! ,exegetai--probably "o ( t college ( ,exegetai t _h be5 f\nd$ "u ! influ5ce ( ,delphi4#acie ,! god protect$ ! rights ( ! dead1 too2 ! fact t 8 decisions confirm$ ! sanctity ( ! cult ( ! dead mu/ h contribut$ a good deal to ! consid]ation & awe 9 :i* t cult 0 held by ! liv+4#adje ,! decrees ( ,delphi 7 ev5 m influ5tial :]e !y conc]n$ a cult to be (f]$ n to "o :o _h di$ 9 peace1 b to a p]son :o _h be5 robb$ ( 8 life ?r\gh an act ( viol5ce4 ,! treatm5t ( su* cases %[s ) /rik+ di/9ctness ! *ange :i* _h come ov] ! beliefs ab\t ! dead s9ce ! ,hom]ic p]iod4 ,9 ,hom]1 :5 a free man has be5 kill$1 ! ,/ate takes no %>e :atev] 9 ! pursuit & puni%m5t ( ! murd]]4 ,x is ! duty ( ! ne>e/ relatives or ! fri5ds ( ! murd]$ man#adae to c>ry on ! blood-feud aga9/ ! assailant4 ,z a rule ! latt] puts himself out ( rea* ( reprisals by flight4 ,he )draws to a =eign c\ntry :i* is unconc]n$ 9 8 action4 ,we he> no?+ ( any di/9ction betwe5 prem$itat$ murd] & un9t5tional or ev5 ju/ifiable homicide2#adbe & x seems probable t at t "t1 :5 no regul> inquiry 0 made into ! nature ( ! individual case1 ! relatives ( ! murd]$ man took no acc\nt ( ! diff]5t v>ieties ( kill+4 ,if ! guilty man c escape by flight f ^? ^: duty x is to av5ge 8 de$1 !y on _! "p may =go ! full toll ( v5geance1 :i* w\ld h requir$ ! dea? ( ! murd]]1 & may be satisfi$ ) ! paym5t ( comp5sation1 aft] :i* ! do] ( ! de$ is all[$ to rema9 9 8 own c\ntry undi/urb$4#adce ,! requirem5ts ( v5geance are ?us 9 ess5ce fulfill$1 b ! retaliatory murd] ( ! murd]] c be b\ght (f4 ,?is decid$ relax+ ( ! anci5t notion ( v5geance c only be acc\nt$ = by an equally decid$ weak5+ ( ! belief 9 ! cont9u$ consci\sness1 p[]1 & rights ( ! murd]$ man1 ^u :i* ! requirem5t ( v5geance 0 f\nd$4 ,! s\l ( ! dead is p[]less2 its claims c be easily satisfi$ by ! paym5t ( w]egild to ! liv+4 ,9 su* a satisfaction z ?is1 ! dep>t$ s\l is 9 reality n conc]n$ at all2 x rema9s a simple bus9ess transaction betwe5 liv+ p4#adde ,9 ! mid/ ( ! g5]al decl5sion ( ! beliefs ab\t ! dead--am\nt+ almo/ to complete ext9ction--:i* is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,hom]ic poems1 ?is weak5+ ( belief 9 "o p>ticul> po9t is n v surpris+4 ,b #agf 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! g5]al /udy ( ,hom]ic beliefs ab\t ! dead1 x is cle> t ! conception ( ! s\l z p[]less1 %ad[like1 & feeble is n ! primitive or orig9al "o2 x has foi/$ itself gradually 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s ^u a m anci5t mode ( conception 9 :i* ! dead _h undim9i%$ s5sibility & c\ld influ5ce ! condition ( ! liv+4 ,( ?is old] conception we h emphatic witness 9 ! duty--n =gott5 ev5 9 ,hom]ic ,greece--( prosecut+ ! blood-feud4 ,9 lat] times ! pursuit & puni%m5t ( homicide 0 organiz$ 9 accordance ) q diff]5t pr9ciples4 ,! ,/ate recogniz$ its int]e/ 9 ! reprisals made = su* a brea* ( ! peace3 we may take x z c]ta9 t 9 ,greek cities g5]ally ! /ate took a %>e 9 ! regul> inve/igation & puni%m5t ( murd] 9 its c\rts ( ju/ice1#adee ?\gh "h1 too1 x is only 9 ! case ( ,a!nian law t we h precise in=mation4 ,at ,a!ns1 9 accordance ) ! anci5t code deal+ ) ! legal prosecution ( murd] 7:i* nev] fell into disuse aft] ,drakon _h e/abli%$ x by 8 p5al legislation71 ! exclusive "r--& ! unavoidable duty--( prosecut+ ! murd]] belong$ to ! next ( k9 ( ! murd]$ man4 7,9 special cases only x 0 ext5d$ to include ! m di/ant relatives1 & ev5 ! memb]s ( ! phratria to :i* he _h belong$47 ,x is cle> t ?is duty ( mak+ an accusation :i* fell ^u ! next ( k91 pres]ves a relic ( ! anci5t duty ( ! blood-feud :i* has be5 trans=m$ by ! requirem5ts ( ! public welf>e4 ,x is ! same n>r[ circle ( relation%ip1 ext5d+ to ! ?ird g5]ation1 unit$ by a /rict religi\s bond1 to :i* alone belong$ ! "r to inh]it prop]ty & ! duty ( p]=m+ ! cult ( ! dead4 ,?is circle ( relatives is "h aga9 call$ ^u to succ\r ! un=tunate :o has be5 viol5tly done to dea?4#adfe ,! reason = ?is duty--a duty evid5tly d]iv$ f ! anci5t blood-feud--is easy to und]/&3 x1 too1 is a dep>tm5t ( ! cult ( ! dead :i* 0 b9d+ z a duty ^u exactly t circle ( relatives4 ,x 0 no m]e ab/ract "r1 b a q def9ite p]sonal claim1 made by ! dead man himself1 t ! surviv+ relatives 7 requir$ to satisfy4 ,at ,a!ns ev5 9 ! f\r? & fif? c5turies ! belief /ill surviv$ 9 undim9i%$ vig\r t ! s\l ( "o viol5tly done to dea?1 until ! wrong done to him 0 av5g$ ^u ! do] ( x1 w\ld w&] ab\t f9d+ no re/1#adge full ( rage at ! viol5t act1 & wra?ful1 too1 aga9/ ! relatives #agg :o %\ld h av5g$ him1 if !y did n fulfil _! duty4 ,he himself w\ld become an av5g+ _s2 & ! =ce ( 8 ang] might be felt ?r\gh\t :ole g5]ations4#adhe ,implacable rev5ge is ! sacr$ duty ( ^?--8 repres5tatives & executors--:o are specially call$ ^u to fulfil ! ne$s ( ! dead s\l4 ,! /ate =bids !m to take ! law into _! own h&s2 b x comm&s !m to seek r$ress at ! tribunals ( ju/ice4 ,x w take ov] ! duties ( judge & execution] itself2 b a decid$ consid]ation w be %[n to ! relatives ( ! murd]$ man at ! he>+ ( ! case4 ,9 duly conduct$ crim9al proc$ure ! c\rts specially appo9t$ = ?is purpose w decide :e!r ! de$ is to be consid]$ "o ( wilful murd]1 un9t5tional manslaught]1 or ju/ifiable homicide4 ,9 mak+ ^! di/9ctions ! /ate has /ruck a bl[ at t old] code ( ! blood-feud 9 :i* ! "r ( v5geance belong$ entirely to ! family ( ! murd]$ man4 ,accord+ to t code1 z we _c b conclude f ,hom]1 no?+ b ! fact ( ! viol5t dea? ( a relative 0 consid]$1 n ! "* or motive ( ! de$ itself4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! murd]] is liable to a dea? p5alty :i* he c avoid be=e ! v]dict is giv5 by go+ into volunt>y & p]petual exile4 ,he disappe>s & leaves ! c\ntry--at ! b\nd>ies ( ! c\ntry ! /ate's au?ority ceases1 & s does ! p[] ( ! indignant _s ( ! dead1 :i* is b\nd to its native soil--l t ( all local deities1 ^: influ5ce is conf9$ to ! place :]e !y are wor%ipp$4 ,if1 by su* flight ov] ! fronti]1 ! do] ( ! de$ )draws himself f ! p]son injur$ by him--i4e4 ! angry s\l ( ! dead man#adie--;8 life is !reby sav$1 ev5 if he himself is n ju/ifi$4 ,?is alone is meant by ! p]mission ( su* volunt>y exile4 ,involunt>y homicide#aeje is puni%$ by bani%m5t = a limit$ p]iod1 aft] ! expiration ( :i* ! relations ( ! dead man are to grant a p>don to ! murd]] on 8 return to 8 native l&4#aeae ,if !y vot$ = x unanim\sly#aebe !y c\ld ev5 d ?is be=e he w5t into bani%m5t1 9 :i* case ?is w\ld n take place at all4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is p>don _h to be grant$ by !m 9 ! "n ( ! dead man z well1 ( ^: rights !y 7 ! repres5tatives2 inde$1 ! man himself ly+ mortally w\nd$ c\ld be=e 8 dea?1 ev5 9 ! case ( wilful murd]1 p>don 8 assailant & !reby excuse 8 relatives ! duty ( prosecution2#aece to su* an ext5t 0 ! injur$ s\l's wi% = v5geance ! only po9t at issue1 #agh ev5 9 ! legal proc$ure ( a con/itutionally gov]n$ /ate1 & n 9 ! lea/ ! lawless act ( ! murd]] z su*4 ,:5 !re is no desire = v5geance on ! "p ( ! victim requir+ to be satisfi$1 ! murd]] goes unpuni%$4 ,:5 he suff]s puni%m5t1 he suff]s x = ! satisfaction ( ! s\l ( ! murd]$ man4 ,he is no long] sla9 z a sacrifice to 8 victim2 b :5 ! relations ( ! dead exact v5geance f him by legally con/itut$ processes1 t1 too1 is a "p ( ! cult (f]$ to ! s\l ( ! dead4 #b ,x is true t ! /ate directs ! blood-feud requir$ ( ! relatives ( ! dead man along con/itutional *annels t %all n contrav5e ! laws ( ! community2 b x does n 9 ! lea/ int5d to aboli% ! fundam5tal idea ( ! anci5t family v5detta4 ,x reass]ts ! orig9al claim to v5geance ( ! victim viol5tly done to dea?--a claim closely b\nd up ) ! cult ( ! dead--by =bidd+ ! old cu/om1 common 9 ,hom]ic times1 ( buy+ (f ! blood-guilt9ess ( ! murd]] by a comp5satory paym5t made to ! relatives ( ! dead man4#aede ,x does n de/roy ! religi\s "* ( ! :ole transaction2 x uses its own processes to secure ! fulfilm5t ( ! requirem5ts ( religion4 ,t is :y ! head ( all crim9al jurisdiction is ! ,k+ ,ar*on1 ! con/itutional ,adm9i/rator ( all ! religi\s functions ( ! anci5t royal gov]nm5t4 ,! religi\s basis ( ! olde/ ,a!nian crim9al jurisdiction is p>ticul>ly evid5t4 ,x has its seat on ! ,areiopagos1 ! hill ( ! ,curse-,goddesses1 ov] ! sacr$ *asm 9 :i* !y !mselves1 ! ,v5]able ,ones1 h _! dwell+4 ,! judicial (fice is closely b\nd up ) ! s]vice ( ! goddesses4#aeee ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! proce$+s bo? p>ties take an oa? 9 ! "n ( ! ,er9yes4#aefe ,ea* ( ! ?ree days at ! end ( ! mon?1 ^u :i* legal proce$+s 9 ^! c\rts took place1#aege 0 sacr$ to "o ( ! ?ree goddesses4#aehe ,to !m sacrifice 0 made by ^? :o 7 acquitt$ 9 ^? c\rts2#aeie = x is ! goddesses :o h giv5 !m absolution j z x is ! goddesses :o dem& ! puni%m5t ( ! guilty4 ,!y /ill d x1 z once !y _h done 9 ! typical case ( ,ore/es1 9 :i* !y !mselves _h be5 ! accus]s4#afje ,9 ?is ,a!nian wor%ip ! ,er9yes _h n vet entirely lo/ _! true & orig9al "*4 ,!y _h n become ! m]e gu>dians ( law 9 g5]al1 z :i* !y 7 sometimes #agi repres5t$ by poets & philosoph]s :o ?us ext5d$ & weak5$ immeasurably _! once mu* n>r[] significance4 ,!y are =midable daimones1 dwell+ 9 ! dep?s ( ! e>? f :i* !y are conjur$ up by ! curses & mal$ictions ( ^? :o h no e>?ly av5g] left4 ,h5ce !y are m p>ticul>ly ! av5g]s ( murd] committ$ )9 ! family itself2 !y puni% ! man :o has sla9 ! v p]son :om he w\ld h be5 call$ ^u to av5ge1 if t p]son _h fall5 at ! h& ( ano!r murd]] ?an himself4 ,:5 ! son has sla9 8 fa!r or "m1 :o %all !n c>ry out ! blood-feud incumb5t ^u ! ne>e/ relation ( ! dead8 ,?is ne>e/ relation is ! murd]] himself4 ,x is ! ,er9ys ( ! fa!r or ! "m :o sees to x t ! dead %all /ill receive due satisfaction4 ,%e breaks out f ! k+dom ( ! dead to seize ! murd]]4 ,%e is ev] at 8 heels 9 pursuit1 leav+ him no re/ night or day4 ,vampire-l %e sucks 8 blood3#afae he is h] de/9$ victim4#afbe ,ev5 9 ! judicial proc$ure ( ! fully organiz$ /ate x is ! ,er9yes :o dem& rev5ge = murd] at ! c\rts ( law4 ,_! absolute p[] ext5ds 9 wid5+ circle to all murd]1 ev5 :5 x is committ$ outside ! limits ( ! family2 ?\gh x 0 only ! imag9ation ( ! poetically or philosophically m9d$ t ev] trans=m$ !m completely to *ampions ( ju/ice ( all k9ds1 9 heav5 & ^u e>?4 ,9 ! cult & beliefs prop] to individual cities !y rema9$ ! auxili>ies atta*$ to ! s\ls ( murd]$ m54 ,^! gruesome daimones _h _! orig9 9 ! wor%ip ( ! dead1 & !y liv$ on 9 connexion ) ! undy+ wor%ip ( :i* !y 7 a "p4 ,inde$1 if we exam9e closely ! s\rces ( in=mation at our disposal1 we c see ev5 ?r\gh _! inadequacy & obscurity t ! ,er9ys 0 no?+ else b ! s\l itself ( ! murd]$ man1 indignant at its fate & seiz+ its rev5ge = itself--till lat] ages sub/itut$ = ?is ! conception ( ! gho/ f hell tak+ ov] to itself ! rage ( ! dead man's s\l4#afce #c ,?us1 ! :ole proc$ure at murd] trials 0 direct$ r to ! satisfaction ( invisible p[]s--! injur$ s\ls ( ! dead & ! daimones t repres5t !m--?an ( ! /ate & its liv+ memb]s4 ,9 ess5ce x 0 a religi\s act4 ,z a result all 0 n at an end :5 ! human v]dict on ! case _h be5 giv54 ,on 8 return f exile ! man guilty ( involunt>y homicide1 besides receiv+ ! #ahj p>don ( ! relatives ( ! dead man1 _h /ill a d\ble duty to p]=m2 he _h to be purifi$ & to (f] propitiatory sacrifice4#afde ,purification f ! blood ( ! sla9 0 necess>y ev5 9 ! case ( ! unpuni%$ ag5t ( :at ! /ate reg>d$ z ju/ifiable homicide2#afee x re/or$ ! man1 hi!rto reg>d$ z unclean1 to p>ticipation 9 ! religi\s ga!r+s ( /ate & family :i* c\ld n h be5 approa*$ by an unpurifi$ p]son )\t suff]+ defilem5t4 ,! ,hom]ic poems "k no?+ ( any su* religi\s purification ( ^? :o h incurr$ ! /a9 ( blood4#affe ,analog\s occurr5ces 9 ! religi\s usage ( alli$ peoples make x1 h[ev]1 almo/ impossible to d\bt t ! notion ( religi\s uncleanness belong+ to a man :o has _h any deal+s ) uncanny p[]s 0 ( primeval antiquity among ! ,greeks1 too4 ,x c only h be5 suppress$ 9 ! ,hom]ic view ( ! matt]2 j z t view also suppress$ ! usages ( expiation4 ,^! 7 int5d$ to propitiate ! indignant s\l ( ! dead & ! gods :o protect$ x1 by means ( solemn sacrifice2 b 9 ! ,hom]ic picture ( ! _w !y nev] appe>1 = ! ideas on :i* !y 7 bas$ _h !mselves be5 swept away4 ,! details ( purification & expiation--! =m] s]v+ ! int]e/s ( ! /ate & its religi\s ne$s1 ! latt] int5d$ z a f9al appeasem5t ( ! injur$ p[]s ( ! unse5 _w--7 closely unit$ 9 practice & are (t5 confus$ 9 ! acc\nts :i* h come d[n to u4 ,a h>d & fa/ di/9ction betwe5 !m _c be drawn4 ,s mu* at all ev5ts is cle>2 ! expiatory rites indisp5sable :5 murd] _h be5 committ$ _h ! close/ possible simil>ity ) ! ritual ( sacrifice to ! gods ( ! und]world4#afge ,&1 9 fact1 ! deities invok$ at su* rites ( expiation--,zeus ,meili*ios1 ,zeus ,apotropaios1 & ! re/--belong to ! und]world circle ( gods4#afhe ,to !m1 in/ead ( ! murd]] himself1 a victim 0 (f]$ to appease ! ang] felt by !m z ! patrons ( ! dep>t$ s\l4 ,! ,er9yes1 too1 h sacrifice made to !m at expiations#afie--;ev]y?+ 9 ^! matt]s is connect$ ) ! k+dom ( ! dead & its inhabitants4 ,b x 0 ! ,delphic ,oracle t saw to ! details ( purification & expiation aft] murd]4 ,! necessity ( su* rights 0 impress$ on m5 by ! example set 9 ! /ory ( ,apollo's own flight & purification aft] ! slay+ ( ! e>?-_s at ,py?o4 ,^! ev5ts 7 symbolically enact$ ov] aga9 regul>ly e eight ye>s4#agje ,at ,delphi1 #aha too1 accord+ to ,aes*ylus1 ,apollo himself purifi$ ,ore/es ! matricide f ! pollution ( 8 crime4#agae ,at ,a!ns "o ( ! olde/ propitiatory sites 0 call$ aft] "o ( ,apollo's titles1 ! ,delph9ion4#agbe ,! ,oracle mu/ (t5 h direct$ its inquir]s to placate n m]ely ! ,h]oes1 b also ! angry s\ls ( murd]$ 7& n h]oiz$7 m5 by means ( expiatory sacrifices3 z x bade ! murd]]s ( ,ar*ilo*os & ! ,sp>tan k+ ,pausanias4#agce ,propitiatory sacrifice 9 ?is s5se does n belong to ! ,apoll9e cult z an exclusive possession2 x belongs1 also1 to o!r1 mo/ly l[]-_w1 deities2 b x 0 ! ,oracle ( ,apollo t set ! seal on its sanctity4 ,at ,a!ns ! ,exegetai f\nd$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,delphic ,oracle 7 ! (ficial adm9i/rators ( ?is expiatory ritual4#agde ,plato 0 c]ta9ly foll[+ ! cu/oms ( ,greek cities :5 9 ! ,laws he decl>es t 8 /ate %all take its regulations = purification & propitiation f ,delphi4#agee #d ,! ,oracle1 !n1 ( ! omnisci5t ,god sanctifi$ & recomm5d$ ^! rites ( expiation2 ! /ate regulat$ its judicial proc$ure 9 murd] cases on ! l9es ( ! old family blood-feud4 ,x 0 natural1 !n1 t ! ideas on :i* ^! religi\s & political in/itutions 7 bas$--! conviction ( a cont9u$ exi/5ce enjoy$ by ! murd]$ man's s\l & ( 8 consci\sness & k ( :at occurr$ among ! liv+ :o surviv$1 8 ang] & 8 p[]s--t ^! ideas %\ld atta9 to some?+ l ! position ( an article ( fai?4 ,! confid5ce ) :i* ^! beliefs 7 held /ill manife/s itself to u 9 ! spee*es at murd] trials 9 :i* ,antiphon1 suit+ 8 language to 8 real or imag9$ public1 tries to ar\se t]ror & awe1 z at ! pres5ce ( indubitable realities1 by call+ ^u ! angry s\l ( ! dead man & ! spirits t av5ge ! dead4#agfe ,ab\t ! s\ls ( murd]$ m5 inde$1 reg>d$ z m ?an o!r spirits unable to f9d re/1 a /range & gho/ly my?ology grew up1 ( :i* we %all h "s specim5s lat] on4 ,h[ primitive su* beliefs c\ld be we may ga!r ) />tl+ cle>ness f occasional records ( purely savage cu/oms#agge :i* are d]iv$ f !m--cu/oms :i* _c possibly h be5 fre%ly inv5t$ 9 ! ,greece ( ?is enlight5$ p]iod1 & mu/ be ei!r primitive ,greek savag]y come to light aga91 or else b>b>isms only too easily welcom$ f less civiliz$ neighb\rs4 ,9 any case !y imply ! mo/ mat]iali/ic view ( ! survival #ahb ( ! murd]$ man1 & ( ! rev5ge t might be tak5 by 8 s\l4 ,x is evid5t t :at m5 believ$ ab\t ! s\ls ( murd]$ m5 mu/ h _h an important influ5ce ^u ! g5]al belief 9 a future life z x took %ape 9 ! m9d ( ! p4 ,b ! ext5t ( su* an influ5ce c be m exactly measur$ 9 ! /ory :i* ,x5ophon tells ab\t ! dy+ ,kyros2 z ! /ronge/ gr\nds = ! hope t an aft]-life w be ! portion ( all s\ls aft] _! sep>ation f ! body1 ! dy+ k+ po9ts to ! unque/ion$ facts :i*1 z all admit1 prove a special aft]-life = ! s\ls ( ^? :o h suff]$ inju/ice4 ,9 addition to ?is he lays /ress on ! argum5t t ! wor%ip ( ! dead w\ld n h be5 pres]v$ intact to 8 own "t if _! s\ls _h be5 entirely depriv$ ( all active p[]4#aghe ,?us we see h[ ! cult ( ! s\ls ( ! dead 0 ! *ief s\rce ( ! belief 9 a cont9u$ life aft] dea?4 ,,notes ,,to ,,*apt] ,v ,i #ae3 ,?is dual efficacy ( ! *?o_/nioi is expla9$ naturally en\gh by _! nature z und]gr\nd spirits4 ,!re is no reason = suppos+ t _! influ5ce on ! f]tility ( ! fields 0 a lat] addition 7z ,prell] does1 ,dem4 u4 ,p]seph4 #ahh ff41 foll[$ by _m74 ,/ill less h we any gr\nds = reg>d+ ! protection ( s\ls & ! c>e = ! f]tility ( crops z a sort ( allegoriz+ p>allel 7s\l gra9 ( se$7 z has be5 usual s9ce ! "t ( ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]4 #be3 ,zeus kata*?o_/nios1 ,i #deg4 !\ *?oni_/ou 4 4 4 iph?i_/m\ ,a_/de1 ,hes4 ,?4 #gfg f4 ,evid5tly !re is no di/9ction "h betwe5 kata*?o_/nios & *?o_/nios1 z ,prell]1 ,dem4 u4 ,p]s4 #ahg1 wi%es to make out4 #ce3 ,hes4 ,op4 #dfe1 eu_/*e/hai de ,dii *?oni_/ ,dm_/t]i_/ ?' hagn ktl4 ,x is impossible ev5 by f>-fet*$ me?ods ( int]pretation 7su* z ,lehrs makes use (1 ,popul4 ,aufs4#b #bih f47 to make ?is ,zeus *?o_/nios into any?+ else ?an a ,zeus ( ! und]world4 ,! god ( ! l[] _w1 totally di/9ct f ! ,olympian ,zeus 7,zeus a_/llos1 ,aes*41 ,supp4 #bca71 is "h a disp5s] ( bless+s to ! f>m]4 ,9 ! sacrificial regulation f ,mykonos 7,,sig4 #fae7 x is prescrib$ to (f]3 huper k>pn 7kampn on ! /one7 ,dii ,*?o_/ni_/ ,g ,*?oni_/ ,,d]ta me_/lana et_/sia8 xe_/n ou !_/mis 7:]e d]ta ho/ias pelle spoliatas1 see ,prott1 ,leg4 ,sacr4 i1 p4 #ag2 ?\gh ! addition ( ! col\r ( ! no long] visible sk9 seems rem>kable7--huper k>pn "h belongs to ,dii_/1 etc41 z ! division-m>k on ! /one be=e huper %[s3 see ,,b*4 #ahhh1 p4 #dfj f4 ,evid5ce ( ?is sort makes x cle> h[ unju/ifiable x w\ld be to rule out all fructify+ influ5ce f ! idea ( ! *?onic & to reg>d ! *?onic deities z simply ! p[] ( dea? & de/ruction 9 ! _w ( nature & m51 z is done by ,h4 ,d4 ,mll] 7:o is met by s]i\s difficulty 9 ?is passage f ! ,op43 ,my?ol4 d4 grie*4 ,/4 ii1 #dj74 ,x is1 inde$1 sc>cely necess>y to seek = an ab/ractly =mulat$ idea ( ! *?onic2 b if ?is fructify+ & life-giv+ =ce does belong to ! nature ( ! *?o_/nioi z su*1 :at becomes ( ,h4 ,d4 ,mll]'s +5i\sly ?\ght-out & viol5tly def5d$ view accord+ to :i* ! *?onic only con/itutes "o side ( ! nature ( c]ta9 deities :o h 9 addition a diff]5t1 ,olympian1 side 9 :i* !y are positively creative & b5efic5t8 #de3 ,zeus *?o_/nios at ,cor9?1 ,paus4 #b1 #b1 #h2 at ,olympia1 #e1 #ad1 #h4 #ee3 ,?us ,p]sephone is call$ ,hagn_/1 ,de_/spo9a1 etc4 7,lehrs1 ,pop4 ,aufs4#b #bhh71 also ,melit_/ds1 ,meli_/boia2 ,mel9di_/a1 consort ( ,hades1 ,malalas1 p4 #fb1 #aj1 ,di4 #h? ed41 ,bonn4 78 ,meli_/noia1 z ,hekate is ,meil9o_/1 ,orph41 ,h4 #ga74 ,ari_// *?oni_/a1 ,p4 ,mag4 ,p>4 #adej4--;,hekate is ,kalli_//1 ,eukoli_/n 7kat' anti_/phras9 h m ousa eukolos1 ,,em471 ! ,er9yes ,semnai_/1 ,eum5i_/des2 _! "m ,eunu_/m 7 ,g73 ,i/] ap4 ,s*4 ,soph41 ,,oc4 #db 7f a simil> s\rce1 ,s*4 ,aes*94 i1 #ahh71 etc4 ,cf4 ,b*el]1 ,rh4 ,mus4 #cc1 #af-ag4 #fe3 ,polude_/kts1 ,polude_/gmn1 ,agsi_/laos 7,epigr4 ,gr4 #aie2 see ,b5tley ad ,callim41 ,lav4 ,pall4 #acj2 ,prell]1 ,dem4 u4 ,p]s4 #aib2 ,welck]1 ,gtt]l4 ii1 #dhb71 ,eukls 7,b*el]1 ,rh4 ,mus4 #cf1 #ccb f474--,eu_/kolos 7correspond+ to ! ,eukoli_/n above z a title ( ,hades mu/ be reject$ if ,khl]'s correction ( ,,cia4 ii1 #c1 #aebi1 is "r3 ,hdu_/los--,euko_/l\4 #ahd #ge3 ,cult ( ,zeus ,eub\leu_/s at ,amorgos1 ,p>os 7insc4 cit4 by ,f\c>t1 ,,b*4 vii1 #djb71 ( ,zeus ,b\leu_/s at ,mykonos1 ,,sig4 #fae 7,zeus ,b\laios1 ,ins4 ,p]g4 i1 #bdf1 l4 #di1 does n belong "h72 ( 9999,eu_/b\los 7orig9al title ( ,hades3 ,orph41 ,h4 xviii1 #ab7 9 ,eleusis 7side by side ho !o_/s1 h !a_/73 ,,sig4 #bj1 #ci2 ,,cia4 ii1 #afbj c4d4 7,! ,a!nian leg5d makes ,eub\leus into a mortal h]dsman3 ,clem4 ,al41 ,protr4 ii1 pp4 #ad-ae ,p42 ,s*ol4 ,luc41 ,de ,m]c41 #b1 p4 #bge1 #bg ,rabe47 ,eub\leu_/s simply ,hades3 ,nic41 ,al4 #ad2 epitaph f ,syros1 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #bgb1 #i1 & frequ5tly4 ,s1 too1 ! ,zeus ,eub\leu_/s 7,hesy*4 s4 ,eub47 wor%ipp$ 9 ,kyr5e mu/ h be5 a ,zeus *?o_/nios4 ,eub\leus is also a title ( ,dionysos z ,zagreus 7,iak*os71 i4e4 ! ,dionysos ( ! und]world4--,incid5tally1 :at is ! orig9 ( ?is designation ( ! god ( ! und]world z good c\nsellor 7boni consilii prae/item z ,macr4 #a1 #h1 #ag1 translates ,eub\la78 ,x c h>dly h be5 because he 0 specially able to take c\nsel on 8 own behalf 7?is is ! s5se 9 :i* ,d4,s4 #e1 #gb1 #b1 takes ! title2 b r because he 0 an oracle god1 & z su* disp5s$ good c\nsel to inquir]s4 ,?us ! oracle-god ,n]eus is call$ eu_/b\los 9 ,pi41 ,p4 iii1 #ib2 s also ,i4 vii1 #cb3 eu_/b\los ,!_/mis4 #he3 ,lasos fr4 #a 7,,plg4 iii1 #cgf71 etc4--,consecration to ,klu_/m5os f ,a!ns3 ,,cig4 #dji4--;,hesy*4 ,p]iklu_/m5os2 ho ,pl\_/tn 7x is no accid5t t gave ! "n ,p]iklym5os to ! magically gift$ son ( ,neleus74 ,klym5os ,hades1 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #ebb a #b4 #ie3 ,! "n ,treph_/nios1 ,troph_/nios itself also po9ts to ! fact t assi/ance to ! f]tility ( ! e>? 0 expect$ ( ?is ,zeus *?o_/nios4 ,9 ! lat] cult ( ,trophonios n a trace ( su* a belief survives4 #aje3 en oudemia po_/lei ,ha_/id\ bmo_/s e/94 ,ais*u_/los phsi_/n2 mo_/nos !n gar ,?a_/natos ou d_/rn era ktl4 7fr4 #afa ,sidg473 ,s*ol41 ,,ab4 on ,a #aeh4 #aae3 ,9 ,elis hi]os t\ ,ha_/id\ p]i_/bolo_/s te kai nao_/s1 ,paus4 #f1 #be1 #b4 ,cult ( ,demet] & ,kore & ( ,hades 9 ! v f]tile ,triphylia1 ,/r4 #cdd4 #abe3 ,kaukones f ,pylos1 ! ,nelidai at _! head1 rea* ,attica3 connexion ) ! cult ( ! *?o_/nioi 9 ,phlya 9 ,eleusis3 see ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,kl4 ,s4 ii1 #beh4 ,su* acc\nts may h an hi/orical f\ndation4 ,! elaborate acc\nts by ,h4 ,d4 ,mll]1 ,my?ol4 ,gr4 #a1 c4 #f1 & ,o4 ,crusius1 ,ers*-,grub] ,kaukones--op]ate ) too _m unc]ta9 factors = ! results to h any c]ta9ty4 #ace3 ,ha_/ids 4 4 4 tois en?a_/de tosauta aga?a ani_/s93 ,pl41 ,crat4 #djc ,e4 ho ,ha_/ids ou mo_/non tas psu*as sune_/*ei1 alla kai tois k>pois ai_/tio_/s e/9 anapnos kai anado_/ses kai aux_/ses3 ,s*ol4 ,b4,l41 ,o #ahh4 #ade3 hoi polloi phob\_/m5oi to o_/noma ,pl\_/tna kal\s9 auto_/n 7ton ,ha_/idn71 ,pl41 ,crat4 #djc ,a4 #aee3 ,at ! ,g5esia 7,nekysia sacrifice = ,ge & ! dead1 ,hesy*4 ,g5e_/sia4--*oai ,g te kai ph?itois1 ,a4 ,p]s4 #bbj3 call+ to ,h]mes1 ,ge1 & ,adoneus 9 _s-rais+1 ,p]s4 #fbh ff41 #fdj ff4 cf4 ,*4 #abd ff4--appeal to ,h]mes & ,g ka_/to*os on defixiones3 ,,cig4 #ech-i4 #afe3 ,gaios 9 ,olympia1 ,paus4 #e1 #ad1 #aj2 cf4 ,e4 ,curtius1 ,altre v4 ,olymp41 p4 #ae4 ,at ,kos x w\ld seem to h be5 /at$ t ,ge 0 wor%ipp$ mo_/n !n1 ,ant4 ,lib4 #ae 7acc4 to ,boios74 ,side by side ) ,zeus ,*?o_/nios 0 wor%ipp$ ,g *?oni_/ at ,mykonos1 ,,sig4 #fae1 #bf4 #age3 po_/tnia ,g ,zagreu te1 !n panupe_/rtate pa_/ntn1 ,alkmaionis fr4 #c 7,k9k474 #ahe3 ,cult ( ,klym5os & ,demet] ,*?oni_/a 7h] fe/ival ,*?o_/neia3 see also ,ael4 ,,ha4 xi1 #d7 9 ,h]mione1 ,paus4 #b1 #ce1 #d ff4 ,pausanias also ?9ks 7#c1 #ad1 #e7 t ! cult ( ,dem4 ,*?oni_/a 0 br\ght to ,sp>ta #ahe f ,h]mione1 :i* may be "r4 ,kore z ,meli_/boia is also m5tion$ 9 ?is connexion by ,lasos ( ,h]m4 fr4 #a1 ,,plg4 iii1 #cgf4 ,d$icatory inscriptions 7,,cig4 #aaid-abjj7 also m5tion1 side by side ) ,demet] ,*?onia1 ,klym5os1 & ,kore z well4 ,once 7,,b*4 #ahhi1 p4 #aih1 n4 #bd7 only ,da_/matri1 ,klume_/n4 ,demet] 0 cle>ly ! *ief goddess3 cf4 ,,cig4 #aaic4--;,f ! community ( ! wor%ip ( ,damat] ,*?onia 9 bo? ,h]mione & ,as9e x may be ju/ifiable to conclude t ?is cult belong$ orig9ally to ! ,dryopians :o comb9$ ) ! ,dorians 9 ,h]mione & 7 driv5 by !m out ( ,argolic ,as9e4 ,!re is no w>rant :atev] = ! fanciful d]ivation ( ! ,demet]-cult ( ^! neighb\rhoods f ,pelasgians subm]g$ by ,dryopian invad]s4 #aie3 ,!re 0 a common wor%ip (3 ,zeus ,eub\leus1 ,demet]1 & ,kore at ,amorgos2 ,zeus ,eub41 ,demet] ,!smophoros1 ,kore1 ,"h1 ,babo at ,p>os2 ,pl\ton1 ,demet]1 ,kore1 ,epima*os1 ,h]mes 9 ,knidos2 ,pl\ton & ,kore 9 ,k>ia4 ,see ! citations giv5 by ,f\c>t1 ,,b*4 vii1 #djb 7) ^: own pron\ncem5ts ,i _c1 h[ev]1 agree at all74 ,9 ,delos1 ,demet]1 ,kore1 ,zeus ,eub\leus3 ,,b*4 #bd1 #eje n4 #d4 ,s1 too1 9 ,cor9? ,pl\ton1 ,demet]1 & ,kore3 ,paus4 #b1 #ah1 #c2 ,hades ,demet] & ,kore 9 ,triphylia1 ,/r4 #cdd4 ,obs]ve also ! gr\p ( div9ities at ,lebadeia 9 ! cult ( ,trophonios3 ,paus4 #i1 #ci4--;,at ,eleusis side by side ) ,demet] & ,kore ,pl\ton also 0 wor%ipp$3 ,,cia4 ii1 #hcd b4 ,b !re exi/$ ev5 !re o!r gr\ps ( *?o_/nioi wor%ipp$ 9 conjunction1 t !_/ once m jo9$ ) ,triptolemos1 & a second triad3 ho !o_/s1 h !a_/1 & ,eub\leus1 ,,cia4 ,suppl4 i1 #bg;b1 p4 #ei1 ff4 ii1 #afbj bc2 iii1 #aajh-i4 ,?is second triad1 :i* is n m5tion$ on ! inscr4 ,,cia4 i1 #e 7f ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury71 may h only be5 subsequ5tly add$ to ! ,eleus9ian (ficial cult 7see ,zieh51 ,leg4 ,sacr41 ,diss]t4 pp4 #i-aj74 ,x is a wa/e ( "t to try & id5tify ! vague appellations !o_/s & !a_/ ) ! names ( def9ite *?onic deities 7z e4g4 ,k]n attempts1 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahia1 pp4 #e-f74 ,acc4 to ,ls*cke1 ,d4 ,enneakrunosepis4 bei ,paus41 pp4 #ae-af1 ^! ,eleus9ian div9ities 7 import$ into ,a!ns1 e/abli%$ 9 ! *asm ( ! ,eum5ides1 & in/ead ( ho !o_/s1 h !a_/ & ,eub\leus1 7 call$ ,h]mes1 ,ge1 & ,pl\ton4 ,b ! correlation ( ^! div9ities wor%ipp$ !re 9 conjunction ) ! ,semnai_/ 7acc4 to ,paus4 #a1 #bh1 #f7 ) ! ,eleus9ian gr\p dep5ds entirely ^u ! id5tification ( ! ,semnai_/ ) ,demet] & ,kore4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is bas$ on no?+ m ?an a guess ( ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]'s 7,aes*4 ,eum41 p4 #agf #afj f4 ,e4,t471 :i* w\ld /ill be v mu* 9 ! air ev5 if ! !ories ab\t ,demet] ,er9ys ) :i* x is connect$ did n re/ on su* insecure f\ndations4 7,to id5tify ! ,eleus9ian-,a!nian ,eub\leus ) ,pl\ton is impossible1 if only because ( ! fact t 9 ! *?onic cult ( ^? places ,eub\leu_/s1 orig9ally ! "n ( an und]world god1 has develop$ into ! "n ( a ,h]o :o n[ has a place alongside ! *?onic deities47--,) ! cauti\s appelations ho !o_/s1 h !a_/ we may comp>e ! appeal on a defixio f ,a!ns1 ,,cig4 #ajcd3 dai_/moni *?oni_/ kai t *?oni_/a kai tois *?oni_/ois pasi ktl4 #bje3 ,cf4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ol4 ,=s*4 #ahhd1 p4 #bbe ff4 #bae3 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be d5i$ t already 9 ,hom] ,p]sephone is ! daught] ( ,demet] & ,zeus4 ,adduc+ ,x #cbf & l #bag ,k4 ,o4 ,mll] 7,kl4 ,s*4 ii1 #ia7 has dispos$ conclusively ( ,prell]'s d\bts3 9 spite ( :i* ,h4 ,d4 ,mll] 9 8 recon/ruction ( ! ,demet]-my? cl+s firmly to ! view t ! goddess c>ri$ #ahf away by ,hades 0 only aft]w>ds made ! daught] ( ,demet]4--,! ,hom]ic poems seem to "k ( ! rape ( ,p]sephone by ,adoneus b n ! /ory ( h] p]iodical return to ! upp] _w--:i* is ! mo/ important feature 9 ! ,eleus9ian cre$4 ,:at ,lehrs says on ?is mu*-discuss$ subject is completely conv9c+ 7,pop4 ,aufs4#b1 p4 #bgg f474 #bbe3 ,! cult ( ,demet] is old 9 ,ph?iotis too 7--,pu_/rason1 ,d_/mtros te_/m5os1 ,b #fie f4--e_/*\sai ,antrna petr_/enta1 h4 ,c]4 #dij74 ,also 9 ,p>os & ,crete4 ,t x is possible to trace ! ext5sion ( ! wor%ip ( ,demet] 9 detail 7z _m h tri$ to d1 is "o ( ! curr5t illusions on ?is subject t ,i _c %>e4 #bce3 ,aornon & nekuomanteion 7psu*opompeion ,phot4 ,!oi ,molottikoi_/ cf4 ,app5d4 prov4 iii1 #ah ,l4-,s42 ,eu/4 k #ead1 p4 #affg7 at ,ephyre on ! ,riv] ,a*]on 9 ,!sprotia3 well kn[n f ,hdt4's /ory ( ,p]i&] 7v1 #ib74 ,"h ! place ( ,orpheus' desc5t to ! l[] _w 0 localis$1 ,paus4 #i1 #cj1 #f2 cf4 also ,hyg4 #hh1 p4 #hd1 #ai-bj ,s*m4--,entrance to ,hades at ,ta9>on1 ?r\gh :i* ,h]akles dragg$ up ,k]b]os 7,s*ol4 ,d4,p4 #gia1 etc471 ) psu*omanteion3 cf4 ,plu41 ,s]4 ,num4 ,v9d4 #ag1 p4 #efj ,e 7cf4 ,/at41 ,?4 ii1 #cb ff41 #dh f41 etc474--,simil> entrance to ,hades at ,h]mione1 see bel[2 kataba_/sion ha_/d\ at ,aigialos ,sikyon3 ,call4 fr4 #aaj4--;,at ,phigaleia 9 ,arcadia a psu*omanteion at :i* ,k+ ,pausanias inquir$1 ,paus4 #c1 #ag1 #i4--,m fam\s is ! psu*omanteion at ,h]akleia ,pont43 see ,rh4 ,mus4 #cf1 #eef 7?is also 0 a place :]e ,k]b]os appe>$ above1 ,mela i1 #ajc74 ,hi!r ,pausanias came = guidance1 acc4 to ,plu41 ,s]4 ,num4 #aj1 p4 #eee ,c2 ,cimon #f4--,! ,pl\t_/nion & psu*omanteion at ,cumae 9 ,italy _h a long-/&+ reputation 7m5tion$ z e>ly z ,soph41 fr4 #fhb #gdh ,p473 cf4 ,rh4 ,mus4 #cf1 #eee 7an ,italian ,greek applies to ti psu*omanteion1 ,plu41 ,cons4 ,apoll4 #ad1 p4 #aji ,c74--,next ! ,asiatic ,pl\t_/nia & ,*>_/neia3 at ,a*>aka 9 ,k>ia1 ,/r4 #fdi-ej2 at ,magnesia on ! ,mai&]1 a_/ornon sp_/laion hi]o_/n1 ,*>_/nion lego_/m5on1 ,/r4 #fcf2 at ,my\s1 ,/r4 #egi4 ,?is is :at to en ,la_/tm o_/rugma mu/ h be51 m5tion$ among o!r ,*>_/nia by ,antig4 ,c>y/4 #abc2 ! ,ki_/mbros kal\_/m5os ho p]i ,phrugi_/an bo_/?unos also m5tion$ !re1 may v well h be5 ! place 9 ,phrygia spok5 ( by ,alkman ap4 ,/r4 #ehj3 bo_/?unos ,k]b_/sios e_/*n ole?ri_/ous apophora_/s 7sugge/$ by ,kell] on ,antig74 ,p]haps ! latt] place--nam$ aft] ! ,korybantes 787 see ,b]gk on ,alcm4 fr4 #hb--;is ! same z ! cave at ,hi]apolis4--,bett] kn[n ?an any 0 ! oracul> cav]n at ,hi]apolis 9 ,phrygia into :i* only ! ,galli ( ! ,great ,"m1 ! ,matris ,magnae sac]dos1 c g )\t be+ ov]come by ! vap\rs issu+ f x3 ,/r4 #fbi-cj1 ,pl94 ii1 #bjh4 ,!re exi/$ "u a temple ( ,apollo a direct kataba_/sion ha_/d\1 accessible at lea/ to ! fai?ful tetelesme_/noi3 see ! v rem>kable acc\nt ( ,damasc41 ,v4 ,isid4 ap4 ,phot41 p4 #cdd;b1 #ce-cde;a1 #bg ,bk4 7,cult ( ,e*idna 9 ,hi]apolis1 see ,guts*mid1 ,rh4 ,mus4 #ai1 #cih ff42 ?is is also a *?onic cult3 ne_/rt]os ,e_/*idna1 ,eur4 ,ph4 #ajbc2 ,e*idna among ! mon/]s ( ,hades3 ,ar41 ,ra4 #dgc74--,^! are ! mortif]a 9 ,asia ,plutonia1 quae vidimus1 ,cic41 ,div4 i1 #gi 7cf4 ,gal4 iii1 #edj2 xvii1 #a1 #aj74--;,entrances to ,hades 7 regul>ly to be f\nd at ^? places :]e ! cave 0 %[n by :i* ,aidoneus made 8 exit or 8 entrance 9 c>ry+ (f ,kore4 ,?us at ,eleusis1 to_/?i p] pu_/lai eis' ,a_/dao1 ,orph41 ,h4 #ah1 #ae1 ,paus4 #a1 #ch1 #e2 at ,kolonos1 ,s*4 ,s41 ,,oc4 #aeij-c2 at ,l]na1 ,paus4 #b1 #cf1 #g2 at ,ph5eos 7a *a_/sma en ,kull_/n3 ,conon #ae71 & probably 9 ,crete too 7cf4 ,bac*4 fr4 #ec ,jebb1 ap4 ,s*4 ,hes41 ,?4 #iad72 at ,enna 9 ,sicily a *a_/sma 9999kata_/geion3 ,d4,s4 #e1 #c1 #c2 ,cic41 ,v]r4 iv1 #ajg2 #ahg at ,syracuse at ! spr+ ,kyane1 ,d4,s4 #e1 #d1 #b2 at ,kyzikos1 ,prop4 #c 7#d71 #bb1 #d4 #bde3 ,! ,semnai_/ live !re 9 a *a_/sma *?ono_/s1 ,eur41 ,el4 #abff f41 on ! ea/]n slope ( ! hill4 #bee3 ,paus4 #b1 #ce1 #aj4 ,! prec9ct ( ! temple 0 an ,asylon1 ,phot4 ,h]mi_/on2 ,,ab4 #bef1 #ae2 ,znb4 ii1 #be 7,ar4 ,babul474--,k]b]os is br\ght up f bel[ at ,h]mione3 ,eur41 ,,hf4 #fae4 ,an ,a*]on1 & ev5 an ,a*]\sias li_/mn1 0 to be f\nd 9 ,!sprotia1 ,triphylia1 ,h]akleia on ! ,pontus1 ,cumae1 & ,cos5tia 9 ,bruttium--all sites ( anci5t cults ( ,hades & reput$ z 9 close proximity to ! und]world4 #bfe3 ,/rabo viii1 #cgc--! same is report$ by ,call4 fr4 #aaj ( ! inhabitants ( ,aigialo_/s 7prob4 ,sikyon1 :]e !re 0 a cult ( ,demet]1 ,paus4 #b1 #aa1 #b-c2 cf4 #b1 #e1 #h4 ,hesy*4 eppi_/s2 ,dm_/tr p>a ,sikuni_/ois71 :]e1 at any rate1 !re 0 a kataba_/sion ha_/d\4--,! "n ,h]mione seems almo/ to h acquir$ a g5]ic s5se4 ,9 ! ,orphic ,argonautica a city ,h]mioneia is said to be situat$ 9 ! fabul\s nor?-we/ ( ,europe 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! gold-be>+ riv] ,a*]on1 :]e 7z always on ! m>g9 ( ! oik\me_/n7 !re dwell ge_/n dikaiota_/tn an?r_/pn1 hois9 apoph?ime_/nois a_/nesis nau_/loio te_/tuktai1 etc4 7#aace-dg74 ,?us ,h]mione 9 ?is case lies imm$iately 9 ! c\ntry ( s\ls & bless$ness1 :i* ! anci5t inhabitants ( ! ,peloponnesian city r suppos$ to be 9 ! neighb\rhood ( _! own c\ntry4--,hesy*4 /rangely3 ,h]mio_/n2 kai h ,dm_/tr kai h ko_/r en ,surak\_/sais4 ,0 !re a place call$ ,h]mione !re too8 ,see ,lob41 ,p>alip4 #bii4 ,,ii #bge3 ,if a fa!r makes money by 8 son's un*a/ity1 ! son is releas$ f ! duty ( provid+ food or %elt] = 8 fa!r :ile ! latt] is alive--apo?ano_/nta d' auton ?apte_/t kai talla poiei_/t ta nomizo_/m5a3 ,solonian law ap4 ,aes*941 ,tim4 #ac4 #bhe3 ,dem4 #dc1 #eg-h4 #bie3 ,s*4 ,soph41 ,ant4 #bee4 ,philo ap4 ,euseb41 ,,pe4 viii1 #ceh ,d2 #cei ,a4 ,see ,b]nays1 ,b]i*te ,b]4 ,ak4 #ahgf1 p4 #fjd1 #fjf f4 #cje3 ,ps #ga ff4 #cae3 ,isoc4 #ad1 #ee4 #cbe3 ,! ba_/ra?ron at ,a!ns1 ! ,kaia_/das at ,sp>ta4 ,b ! bodies 7 (t5 giv5 up to ! relatives to bury1 & 9 any case ! refusal ( burial c only h be5 tempor>y--x is incr$ible t !y c\ld h wi%$ to leave ! bodies to putrify 9 ! op5 air4 #cce3 ,a!nian law1 ,x541 ,,hg4 #a1 #g1 #bb2 common ,greek in/itution at lea/ z aga9/ temple-robb]s1 ,d4,s4 #af1 #be4 ,examples ( ! en=cem5t ( ?is law 9 ! fif? & f\r? c5turies discuss$ by ,w4 ,vis*]1 ,rh4 ,mus4 #bj1 #ddf ff4--,suicides 9 "s places 7 refus$ burial hon\rs 79 ,!bes & ,cyprus72 ev5 9 ,a!ns x 0 cu/om>y to cut (f ! h& ( ! suicide & bury x sep>ately 7,aes*941 ,ctes4 #bdd74 ,?is is ! puni%m5t ( auto_/*eires4 ,self-/>vation 0 consid]$ less %ock+ & t is p]haps :y x occurs s frequ5tly z a me?od ( suicide4 ,cf4 ,?alheim1 ,gr4 ,re*tsalt4 p4 #dd f4 ,p]haps also ! religi\s objection ( ! ,py?agoreans 7& ,platoni/s7 to tak+ ?is means ( escape f an exi/5ce t has become unbe>able re/s ^u popul> feel+ & belief--x 0 n %>$ at all by ! enlight5$ ( lat] ages4 7,!re is1 h[ev]1 no?+ 9 anci5t beliefs t po9ts to ! idea t ! body ( ! suicide %\ld be all[$ only burial1 n burn+4 ,acc4 #ahh to ! ,ilias mikra_/ ,aias aft] tak+ 8 own life 0 buri$1 n burnt1 dia tn orgn t\ basile_/s--fr4 #c3 ,apollod4 ,epit4 v1 #g4 ,!re is no gr\nd = suppos+ t ! fable ( ,philo/r41 ,h4 #gba1 p4 #ahh ,k41 acc4 to :i* ,kal*as decl>$ ! burn+ ( ! bodies ( suicides to be n ho_/sion1 is tak5 out ( an anci5t poem2 z ,welck] does ,kl4 ,s*r4 ii1 #bia47 #cde3 ,cf4 ! words ( ,teles p]i phugs ap4 ,/ob41 ,fl4 #dj1 #h 7iii1 p4 #gch1 #ag ff4 ,h5s471 & ! answ] ( ,krates ,cyn4 to ,demetrius ( ,phal]on ap4 ,plu41 ,adul4 #bh1 p4 #fi ,,cd4 ,x is wor? rem>k+ t 9 ! f\r? & ev5 ?ird c5turies x 0 /ill necess>y to reply to ! idea ho_/ms de to epi xe_/ns taphnai o_/neidos4 ,:5 lat] on ! cosmopolitanism prea*$ by ! ,cynics 7& aft] _! model by ,teles7 becomes really common prop]ty x seems no long] necess>y to introduce special gr\nds ( consolation = hav+ to be buri$ 9 =eign soil into pamphlets p]i phugs4 ,at lea/ ?is is n done by ! ,/oic ,musonius or ! ,platoniz+ ,plut>*4 ,cf4 also ,philodem4 ,mort41 p4 #cc-d ,mekl4 #cee3 ,?is is ! reason :y s (t5 ! bones or a%es ( ^? :o die abroad are collect$ & br\ght home = burial by _! relations4 ,exx4 ap4 ,we/]mann on ,dem41 ,eubul4 #gj2 cf4 also ,plu41 ,phoc4 #cg4 #cfe3 ,ar41 ,ec4 #ajcj4 ,origanon 7wild m>joram1 :ite ?yme possesses apotropaic p[]3 x keeps away evil spirits4 ,! anci5ts knew ( ! virtue possess$ by ^! plants ( sc>+ snakes1 ants1 & o!r v]m9--,ari/ot41 ,,ha4 #d1 #h1 #ecd;b1 #bb2 ,pl94 #aj1 #aie2 ,?phr41 ,,cp4 #f1 #e1 #d2 ,diosc41 ,,mm4 iii1 #bi i1 p4 #cge ,spr42 ,gp4 #ab1 #ai1 #i3 cf4 ,niclas ad ,gp4 #ac1 #aj1 #e4 ,mod]n sup]/ition employs !m aga9/ gobl9s & wat] sprites1 wit*es & gho/s1 ,grimm1 p4 #abad2 p4 #ahbj1 n4 #ihj4 ,if m>joram & g5tian are laid by wom5 9 *ild-b$ gho/s & devils c d !m no h>m = !y %un su* h]bs3 ,j4 ,*4 ,mnnl+5 ap4 ,alw9 ,s*ultz1 ,alltagsleb5 e4 d4 ,frau im #ah ,jahrh41 p4 #aie f4 ,! two purposes are closely connect$4 ,! pung5t od\r ( h]bs & burn+ /uff keeps away snakes z d noc5tes spiritus mon/ra noxia3 ,pall4 #a1 #ce #aa1 #c1 p4 #di ,sohn4 ,! same ?+ applies to mon/ra noxia if !y try to approa* ! corpse 9 ! %ape ( snakes or insects 7j z ! gho/ 9 ,apul41 ,m4 ii1 #be1 approa*es ! corpse 9 ! %ape ( a weasel2 :]e we also read t ! v]sipelles :i* ?reat5 ! corpse et aves et rursum canes et mures immo v]o etiam muscas induunt3 ii1 #bb74 ,s1 too1 ! m>joram has a ka?>tic effect on ! corpse1 i4e4 x is a means ( keep+ (f und]world spirits4 #cge3 ,ar41 ,ec4 #ajca4 ,! corpse lay on v9e bran*es 9 sev]al ( ! rec5tly discov]$ ,dipylon graves at ,a!ns3 ,a!n4 ,mitt4 #ahic1 pp #afe1 #ahd4 ,sup]/iti\s reasons 7z 9 ! cases :]e olive leaves are us$ z a b$3 see bel[7 are to be suspect$ 9 ?is case1 too1 b c h>dly be prov$3 cf4 9999,fr$ri*1 ,s>kophag/ud41 ,na*4 ,gtt4 ,ges4 ,wiss4 ,ph4 ,cl4 #ahie1 pp4 #ah1 #fi2 ,anri*1 ,gr4 ,my/]i5w4 #ajb1 #c4 ,ap>t f ?is ! a_/mpelos does n seem to h lu/ral effect4 #che3 l_/ku?oi1 t\_//rakon3 ,ar41 ,ec4 #ajcb f42 *e_/rnips epi ph?itn pu_/lais3 ,eur41 ,al4 #ih ff4 ,! b[l 0 call$ arda_/nion3 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,ec4 #ajcc2 ,poll4 viii1 #fe 7cf4 ,phot4 #cdf1 #a orda_/nion74 ,x conta9$ wat] fet*$ f ano!r h\se3 ,hesy*1 o_//rakon--obvi\sly because ! wat] 9 ! h\se :]e ! corpse lay 0 reg>d$ z pollut$4 7,?us :5 ! fire1 = example1 is pollut$1 fre% fire is br\ght 9 f outside3 ,plu41 ,q4 ,gr4 #bd1 p4 #big ,a2 ,ari/4 #bj47 ,^? :o left ! h\se purifi$ !mselves ) x3 ,hesy*4 arda_/nia1 cf4 #ahi pgaion1 pgaion hu_/dr4 ,a laurel bran* 7z holy-wat] spr9kl]1 z commonly 9 lu/rations7 0 plac$ 9 x3 ,s*4 ,eur41 ,al4 #ih4 #cie3 ,s]v41 ,a4 iii1 #fhj3 apud ,atticos fune/ae domus huius 7cupressi7 frondo velantur4 ,! object may h be5 to w>n ! sup]/iti\s aga9/ approa*+ ! unclean h\se3 x is a *>act]i/ic ( ! deisidai_/mn1 ou_/te epibnai mn_/mati1 ou_/te epi nekron ou_/t' epi le* el!in e!lsai1 ,?phr41 ,*4 #af4 ,?is at lea/ 0 ! reason giv5 at ,rome = a simil> cu/om3 ,s]v41 ,a4 #c1 #fd2 #d1 #ejg4 #dje3 ,cr[n+ ( ! dead ) g>l&s1 aft]w>ds a g5]al cu/om1 is fir/ m5tion$ 9 ! ,alkmaini_/s 7epical1 b h>d to date precisely3 fr4 ii1 p4 #gf ,k9k474 ,on ! ,ar*emoros vase a woman is ab\t to place a myrtle-wrea? on ! head ( ,ar*emoros4 ,! myrtle is sacr$ to ! *?o_/nioi1 & h5ce ! myrtle-cr[n belongs to ! ,my/ai ( ,demet] z well z to ! dead3 see ,apollod4 ap4 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,ran4 #ccj2 ,i/] ap4 ,s*4 ,soph41 ,,oc4 #fha4 ,grave-monum5ts too 7 cr[n$ & plant$ especially ) myrtles2 ,eur41 ,el4 #cbd1 #eab2 cf4 ,?phr41 ,,hp4 #e1 #h1 #c2 ,vg41 ,a4 iii1 #bc4 ,n only ! dead b graves too 7 frequ5tly cr[n$ ) se_/l9on1 p>sley3 ,plu41 ,timol4 #bf2 ,smp4 #e1 #c1 #b1 p4 #fgf ,d2 ,diog54 viii1 #eg1 & o!rs2 cf4 above1 *ap4 iv1 n4 #ba4 ,! cr[n+ inv>iably implies "s =m ( consecration to a god4 ,acc4 to ,t]tul41 ,cor4 ,mil4 #aj1 ! dead 7 cr[n$ quoniam et ipsi idola /atim fiunt habitu et cultu consecrationis2 :i* at lea/ gets ne>] ! real s5se ( ! practice ?an ! view ( ,s*4 ,ar41 ,lys4 #fja3 /e_/phanos edi_/doto tois nekrois hs ton bi_/on dignisme_/nois4 #dae3 ,pl41 ,lg4 #iei ,a4 ,poll4 iii1 #fe4 ,a /ill /rang] reason add$ ap4 ,phot4 pro_/!sis4 #dbe3 ,p]mission to att5d ei!r ! pro_/!sis ( ! corpse 7& ! fun]al lam5tation7 or ! fun]al procession 7! ekphora_/7 giv5 only to wom5 ( k9%ip me*ri anepsio_/ttos3 ,law ap4 ,dem4 #dc1 #fb-c3 i4e4 )9 ! ag*i/ei_/a1 to :i* alone ! duty ( ! cult ( ! dead belong$ 9 pr9ciple4 ,only ^! wom5 ( ! imm$iate k9 are mia9o_/m5ai 9 ! case ( dea?3 cf4 ,hdt4 vi1 #eh2 ?is is ! reason = ! re/rictions laid d[n by ! fun]al regulation f ,keos 7,,sig4 #hgg1 #be ff471 :i* makes an ev5 n>r[] selection )9 ! ranks ( ! ag*i/ei_/a4 7,f l4 #bb m hupoti!_/nai1 etc41 ! law speaks ( ! pro_/!sis1 ev5 ?\gh at ! beg9n+ only ! ekphora_/ is 9 "q47 #dce3 amu*as koptome_/nn apheil54 ,plu41 ,sol4 #ba4 ,! democratiz+ ( life 9 ,attica aft] ,solon's "t may h contribut$ to ! c>ry+ out !re ( provisions re/rict+ ! elaborate fun]al rites ( ! old ari/ocratic p]iod4 ,! practice ( ko_/pte/hai epi te?nko_/ti appe>s1 h[ev]1 to h rema9$ 9 use3 beat+ ( ! head at fun]al lam5tations is a fav\rite motif 9 ,attic vase-pa9t+s 7! s-call$ ,pro!sis vases72 cf4 ,monum4 dell' ,in/it4 viii1 #d1 #e2 iii1 #fj1 etc4 ,see ,b5ndorf1 ,grie*4 ,sicil4 ,vas5b4 #a4 #dde3 to ?rnein pepoime_/na1 ,plu41 ,sol4 #ba3 by :i* is meant fun]al hymns c>efully prep>$ be=eh& & p]haps ord]$ f pr(essional ?r_/nn sophi/ai_/1 n spontane\s expressions ( grief break+ out z ?\gh involunt>ily4 #dee3 ,plu41 ,sol4 #ba3 kai to kku_/e9 a_/llon en taphais hete_/rn apheil54 ,?is mu/ surely mean3 ,solon =bade dirges to be sung at a fun]al ( "o p]son 9 hon\r ( ano!r1 diff]5t f ! p]son actually be+ buri$4 7hete_/rn is only us$ = v>iety aft] a_/llon & simply a_/lln3 z frequ5tly by ,attic writ]s3 m proe_/m5on a_/llon hete_/r tn allagn1 ,pl41 ,lg4 viii1 #hdi ,e3 he_/t]on--a_/llon ,isoc4 #aj1 #cf1 etc474 #aij ,! t5d5cy to ext5d ! fun]al hymns to include o!rs besides ! dead man is impli$ by a prohibition 9 a fun]al ord9ance ( ! patri_/a ( ! ,labua_/dai at ,delphi 7fif?-f\r? c5tury ,b4,c471 ,,b*4 '#ie1 p4 #aa1 l4 #ci ff4 tn de pro_//a te?nako_/tn en tois sama_/tessi m ?rnein md' ototu_/z5 7at ! fun]al ( ano!r p]son74 ,0 ,hom] ?9k+ ( some?+ ( ! k9d 9 ,t #cjb3 ,pa_/troklon pro_/phas9--8 #dfe3 ,9 ,a!ns x _h once be5 ! cu/om hi]eia prospha_/tte9 pro ts ekphoras1 i4e4 :ile /ill 9 ! h\se ( ! dead p]son3 ,pl4 ,m94 #cae ,c4 ,su* a sacrifice be=e ! ekphora_/ 7:i* is n describ$ till l4 #abfa ff47 is impli$ by ,euripides1 ,hel4 #abee1 at ! burial ( ! dead body f\nd 9 ! sea3 prospha_/zetai men haima prta n]te_/rois--:]e prospha_/gion is us$ inaccurately ( sacrifice at ! grave1 9 :i* case ! pro_/ is mean+less2 z also 9 ! insc4 f ,keos 7,,sig4 #hgg1 #ba74 pro_/sphagma is also ?us us$1 ,eur41 ,hec4 #da4 ,plu4 7,sol4 #ba7 says ( ,solon3 enagi_/ze9 de b\n ouk ei_/as54 ,possibly ,solon 9999=bade ! sacrifice ( animals be=e ! ekphora_/1 s9ce ! au?or ( ! ,ps4-,platonic ,m9os seems also to ref] to su* a prohibition4 #dge3 ,! ,solonian re/rictions says ,plu4 7,sol4 #ba7 h be5 = ! mo/ "p adopt$ 9 our 7i4e4 ! ,boeotian7 no_/moi--z acc4 to ! indubitable witness ( ,cic]o1 ,solon's fun]al regulations _h be5 reproduc$ 9999eisdem prope v]bis 9 ! t5? ( ! ,twelve ,tables by ! ,decemviri4 ,limits set to c]emonial m\rn+ 9 ,sp>ta3 ,plu41 ,lyc4 #bg 7:5ce ,in/4 ,lac41 #ah1 p4 #bch ,d71 9 ,syracuse by ,gelon3 ,d4,s4 #aa1 #ch1 #b2 cf4 ,*>ondas1 ,/ob41 ,fl4 #dd1 #dj ,m4 iv1 #b1 #bd1 p4 #aec1 #aj ,h4 ,"s degree ( re/riction 0 impos$ on _! memb]s 7ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c47 by ! patri_/a ( ! ,labua_/dai 9 ,delphi 9 ! te?mo_/s publi%$ 9 ! ,,b*4 '#ie1 p4 #i ff4 #dhe3 ,we h a v naive expression ( ! ideas ly+ beh9d su* viol5t lam5tations1 self-inflict$ injuries1 & o!r excessive demon/rations ( grief 9 ! pres5ce ( ! dead body1 :5 e4g4 9 ,tahiti p w\nd !mselves & !n call out to ! s\l ( ! dead man to witness _! atta*m5t to him 7,ratzel1 ,hi/4 ( ,mank9d1 i1 #ccj72 cf4 ,waitz-,g]l&1 ,an?rop4 vi1 #djb4 #die3 ,x is a v anci5t idea common to _m diff]5t nations t too viol5t expressions ( grief = ! dead man may di/urb 8 re/ & make him return3 see ,mannh>dt1 ,gtt] d] deuts*5 ,vlk]1 #ahfj1 p4 #bij 7= ,g]many 9 p>tic4 see ,wuttke1 ,deut4 ,volksab]gl4#b1 #gbh1 p4 #dca2 ,ro*holz1 ,d4 ,glaube u4 ,brau*1 i1 #bjg74 ,simil> sup]/ition 9 ,greece is ref]r$ to 9 ,lucian1 ,luct4 #bd 79 :i* ! lat5ess ( ! witness does n prev5t ! belief f be+ anci5t74 ,! survivors :o prolong beyond reason _! lam5ts are ask$3 me_/*ri ti_/nos oduro_/me?a8 e_/ason anapau_/sa/hai t\s t\ mak>i_/ou dai_/monas4--,9 ,pl41 ,mx4 #bdh ,b1 ! dead say deo_/me?a pate_/rn kai mte_/rn eide_/nai ho_/ti ou ?rn\tes oude olophuro_/m5oi hmas hmin ma_/li/a *>i\ntai--?us viol5t grief is int5d$ 9 ,greece1 too1 to please ! dead3 see la/ note--alla 4 4 4 h\_/ts a*a_/ri/oi eien an ma_/li/a3 :ile acc4 to ,*>ondas1 ,/ob41 ,fl4 iv1 #b1 #bd1 p4 #aec ,h43 a*>i/i_/a e/i pros dai_/monas *?oni_/ous lu_/p huper to me_/tron gignome_/n4 #eje3 ekphe_/re9 ton apo?ano_/nta t hu/]ai_/a h an pro?ntai1 prin h_/lion exe_/*e91 ,solonian law 9 ,d4 #dc1 #fb2 cf4 ,antipho1 ,*or4 #cd4 ,kle>*4 ap4 ,proclus 9 ,pl4 ,rp4 ii1 #aad ,kroll3 ,kleonymos 9 ,a!ns1 te?na_/nai d_/xas tri_/ts hme_/ras ou_/ss kata ton no_/mon pr\te_/?1 i4e4 x 0 ! morn+ ( ! ?ird day1 imm$iately be=e ! ekphora_/1 ! pro_/!sis hav+ occupi$ ! :ole ( ! second day 7q diff]5tly tak5 by ,maass1 ,orpheus1 #ahie1 p4 #bcb1 #df2 b h>dly correctly4 ,x is sc>cely probable t a man te?na_/nai d_/xas1 i4e4 seem+ to ^? #aia ar\nd him to be dead1 %\ld be recogniz$ by ^! same p & treat$ z m]ely 9 a trance--z 9 fact1 0 ! case74 ,s1 too1 9 ! analog\s /ory ( ,!spesios ( ,soli 9 ,plut>*1 ,s4 ,num4 ,v9d4 #bb1 p4 #efc ,d1 tritaios1 _/d p]i tas taphas auta_/s1 an_/negke 7,philo/r41 ,,va4 #c1 #ch1 p4 #aad1 #bh ,k43 ! wife ( ! man :o has j di$ p]i tn eunn hu_/brise1 tritai_/ou keime_/n\ sc4 t\ &ro_/s gam!isa hete_/r3 i4e4 imm$iately be=e ! ekphora_/1 :ile ! dead man /ill 0 9 ! h\se74 ,simil> cu/oms are impli$ = ! ,greeks 9 ,cyprus ap4 ,ant4 ,lib4 #ci1 #e1 p4 #bce1 #ba ,we/4 p4 #abb1 #g f4 ,m>t43 hme_/ra de trit to sma pro_/negkan eis emphane_/s 7eis t\mphane_/s87 hoi pros_/kontes4 ,fur!r1 acc4 to ,plato's view z giv5 9 ,lg4 #iei ,a1 !re %\ld be tritai_/a pros to mnma ekphora_/4 #eae3 ,be=e sunrise3 ,d4 #dc1 #fb 7m di/9ctly comm&$ by a law ( ,dem4 ,phal43 ,cic41 ,lg4 ii1 #ff74 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 consid]$ a disgrace to be buri$ dur+ ! night3 kakos kaks taph_/s1 nuktos ouk en hme_/ra1 ,eur41 ,tro4 #ddh4 #ebe3 ,s 9 p>ticul> ! fun]al-law f ,keos1 ,,sig4 #hgg2 cf4 ,plu41 ,sol4 #ba2 ,b]gk1 ,rh4 ,mus4 #ae1 #dfh4 ,fun]al-law ( ! ,labyadai at ,delphi1 l4 #bi f43 /rma de hen hupobale_/t kai poikepha_/laion hen poti!_/t 7= ! dead74 #ece3 ,reproduc$ ,monum4 dell' ,in/ituto1 ix1 #cia & 9 ,rayet-,collignon1 ,cramique grecque1 ,pl4 i4 #ede3 ,! law 9 ,d4 #dc1 #fb 7cf4 #fd71 makes re/rictions 9 ! att5dance at a fun]al :i* are to apply to wom5 only 7& only !n = ^? "u #fj73 m5 seem !re=e to be grant$ p]mission indiscrim9ately4 ,we are told too 9 ,plu41 ,sol4 #ba1 t at ! ekkomid_/ ,solon _h n =bidd5 ep' allo_/tria mn_/mata badi_/ze9--= m5 t is1 we mu/ suppose4 ,! m5 w5t 9 front 9 procession2 ! wom5 foll[$3 ,d4 #dc1 #fb4 ,evid5tly ! same appli$ 9 ,keos3 ,,sig4 #hgg1 #bj4--,pittakos z aesymnetes 9 ,mityl5e =bade absolutely acc$]e quemquam 9 funus aliorum1 ,cic41 ,lg4 ii1 #fe4--;,fun]al-law ( ! ,labyadai 7,delphi1 l4 #db ff43 f ! burial apim5 woi_/kade he_/ka/on1 e_/*? home/i_/n kai patradelphen kai p5!rn kkgo_/nn kai gambrn1 i4e4 ! next-(-k9 ( ! dead 9 asc5d+ & desc5d+ ord]4 #eee3 ,?is is ref]r$ to z /ill-exi/+ cu/om by ,plato1 ,lg4 #hjj ,e2 cf4 ,s*4 ad loc42 ,hesy*4 ,k>inai4 ,m5&4 ,k>i_/n1 ,me941 ,com4 iv1 p4 #add 7,k>o-phrygian fun]al-flutes3 ,a?4 #agd ,f3 ,poll4 iv1 #ge-i74 #efe3 ton ?ano_/nta de phe_/r5 katakekalumme_/non sip me_/*ri epi to sma1 ,,sig4 #hgg1 #aa4 ,fun]al-law ( ,labyad41 l4 #dj ff4 ton de nekron kekalumme_/non ph]e_/t siga1 kn tais /rophais 7at ! /reet-corn]s7 m katti!_/ntn mdamei1 md' ototuzo_/ntn e_/*?os tas woiki_/z pri_/g k' epi to sama hi_/knti2 tnei d' e_/nagos e_// ktl4 7! la/ n yet satisfactorily expla9$74 #ege3 ,solon dim9i%$ 7"u ! alleg$ influ5ce ( ,epim5ides7 at fun]als to sklron kai to b>b>ikon h sunei_/*onto pro_/t]on hai plei/ai gunaikes1 ,plu41 ,sol4 #ab4 #ehe3 ,9 ! li/ ( quotations f individual au?ors f ! fif? c5tury on1 giv5 9 ,beck] 9999,*>4#b iii1 #ih ff4 ,e4,t4#c pp4 #cij-a1 only ! foll4 speak = burial z ! prevail+ cu/om3 ,plu41 ,sol4 #ba4 ouk ei_/as5 7,solon7 sunti!_/nai ple_/on himati_/n trin1 & ,plu41 ,lyc4 #bg1 sun?a_/pte9 ou_/d5 eias5 7,lycurg47 alla en pho9iki_/di kai phu_/llois elai_/z !_/ntes to sma p]ie_//ellon3 cf4 ,?4 i1 #acd1 #d4 ,cremation1 on ! o!r h&1 is impli$ z ! m common 9 ,a!ns 7f\r? c5tury7 by ,is4 #d1 #ai3 ou_/t' e_/kaus5 out' /olo_/gs52 s1 too1 ! w 7?ird c5tury7 ( ! ,p]ipatetic ,lykon 7,d4,l4 v1 #gj73 p]i de ts ekphoras kai #aib kau_/ses epimel?_/tsan ktl4 ,cf4 ,also ,teles ap4 ,/ob4 #dj1 #h1 i1 p4 #gdg1 #e ,h42 ti_/ diaphe_/rei hupo puros katakau?nai--:i* is "h reg>d$ z ,greek fun]al usage4--,9 ! graves rec5tly discov]$ be=e ! ,dipylon gate 9 ,a!ns ^? belong+ to ! e>lie/ p]iod almo/ )\t ex]tion h _! dead buri$ 7)\t c(f972 ! foll[+ p]iod 7into ! six? c5tury7 g5]ally burnt _! dead2 lat]1 burial seems to h be5 m usual--see ! acc\nt by ,brckn] & ,p]nice ( ! excavations be=e ! ,dipylon gate1 ,a?4 ,mitt4 #ahic1 pp4 #gc-aia4 ,?us x appe>s t 9 ! lat] p]iod burial 0 ! prevail+ practice 9 ,attica 7,l4 ,ross1 ,ar*aeol4 ,aufs4 i1 #bc71 z also1 be+ ess5tially *eap] ?an cremation1 9 o!r p>ts ( ,greece z well 7a few ref]5ces giv5 9 ,,b*4 '#ie1 p4 #add1 #b74 #eie3 /olo_/gs51 ,is4 #d1 #ai4 #fje3 ,! cu/om ( ekphora_/ on an op5 kli_/n is n 9 h>mony ) ! int5tion ( lay+ ! body ( ! dead 9 a c(f91 b evid5tly presupposes t ! body is to be plac$ ei!r un5velop$ 9 ! gr\nd or else to be burnt4 ,! practice ( c(f9-burial 7probably introduc$ f ! ,ea/7 lat] became common1 b 0 nev] completely h>moniz$ ) ! anci5t c]emonies ( ! ekphora_/4 #fae3 ,c(f9less burial 0 usual 9 ! graves ( ! ,myc5aean p]iod1 & also 9 ! olde/ times 9 ,attica4 ,! ,sp>tans 7 m]ely keep+ up ?is anci5t cu/om :5 !y en pho9iki_/di kai phu_/llois elai_/z !_/ntes to sma p]ie_//ellon 7buri$71 ,plu41 ,lyc4 #bg4 ,"h ev]y?+ po9ts to ! ret5tion ( primitive usage4 ,! bodies 7 buri$ 9 ! anci5t fa%ion1 n burnt2 !y 7 wrapp$ 9 a crimson robe4 ,crimson is o!rwise ! special col\r = w> & fe/ival dress 7cf4 ,mll]1 ,dorians1 ii1 #bfd72 "h x is us$ 9 connexion ) *?onic cult3 e_/*ei ga_/r t9a to porphur\n *rma sumpa_/!ian pros ton ?a_/naton says rightly ,artemid4 #a1 #gg1 p4 #gj1 #aa ,h4 ,?is c h>dly be because ( ! r$ col\r ( blood2 any m ?an t is :y ?a_/natos is call$ porphu_/reos4 ,b ev5 ,hom] #gif makes ,hektor's bones wrapp$ purphure_/ois pe_/ploisi--! bones only 9 ?is case in/ead ( ! :ole body3 cle>ly a ve/ige ( an old] cu/om :i* surviv$ un*ang$ 9 ,sp>ta4 ,simil>ly ,ps #bed4 ,s1 too1 e4g4 9 ! ,dipylon graves at ,a!ns burnt bones 7 f\nd wrapp$ 9 a clo?1 ,a?4 ,mitt4 #ah1 #afj-a1 #ahe4 ,! head ( ! murd]$ bro!r pho9iki_/di ekalupsa_/tn kai e?apsa_/tn ! two o!r ,kabeiroi 9 ! religi\s my? relat$ by ,clem4 ,al41 ,protr4 ii1 p4 #af ,p4 ,crimson frequ5tly occurs z a col\r us$ 9 *?onic cult3 e4g4 at ! c]emonial a_/rai imply+ consecration to ! inf]nal deities 9 ,lys4 #f1 #ea2 at sacrifices to ! ,plataean ,h]oes3 ,plu41 ,ari/4 #ba2 at ! transf] ( ! bones ( ,rhesos3 see above1 *ap4 iv1 n4 #cf2 ,polya54 vi1 #ec2 at sacrifices to ! ,eum5ides1 ,aes*41 ,eum4 #ajbh4--,! cu/om ( burial ^u leaves 0 also reta9$ by ! ,py?agoreans3 !y buri$ _! dead 7)\t burn+ !m1 ,iamb41 ,,vp4 #aed7 9 myrti et oleae et populi nigrae foliis 79 fact1 ! trees regul>ly sacr$ to ! *?o_/nioi71 ,pl94 #ce1 #afj4 ,fauvel 7ap4 ,ross1 ,ar*4 ,aufs4 i1 #ca7 f\nd 9 graves by ! ,melitean gate at ,a!ns le squelette c\* sur un lit pais de feuilles d'olivi] encore en tat de brl]4 7,olive /ones 9 ,myc5aean ,graves1 ,tsundas1 ,eph4 ,ar*41 '#hh1 p4 #acf2 '#hi1 p4 #aeb47 #fbe3 ,?us 9 ! lett] ( ,hipp>*os1 9 ,phlegon1 #a2 simil>ly ,x54 ,eph4 #c1 #g1 #d 7see my ,grie*4 ,roman1 p4 #cia n4 #b74 ,plato wi%$ 8 ,eu?ynoi to be buri$ l ?is on /one klinai 7,lg4 xii1 #idg ,d72 & ?is is probably h[ ! bodies 7 plac$ 9 ! rock burial-*amb]s provid$ ) sep>ate c\*es1 su* z occur at e4g4 ,rhodos & ,kos #aic 7see ,ross1 ,ar*4 ,aufs4 ii1 #chd ff41 #cib73 cf4 esp4 ! description giv5 by ,heusey1 ,mission ar*4 de ,macdo9e 7,texte71 p4 #beg ff41 '#gf4 ,x is ! regul> mode ( burial 9 ,etruria 7foll[+ ,greek models873 sev]al skeletons h be5 f\nd !re ly+ on c\*es ( masonry 9 ! grave-*amb]s4 #fce3 ,z ?\gh ! dead _h n entirely dep>t$ kai ho_/pla kai skeu_/ kai hima_/tia sun_/? tois te?nko_/s9 sun?a_/ptontes h_/dion e_/*\s9 ,plu41 ,ne ,suav4 ,ep4 #bf1 p4 #aajd ,d4 ,re/rictions 9 ,law ( ! ,labyad4 7l4 #ai ff47 ho_/d' ho te?mo_/s p] tn ento?kn2 m ple_/on pe_/nte kai tria_/konta dra*man en!_/m51 m_/te pria_/m5on m_/te woi_/k4 #fde3 ,helbig1 ,hom4 ,epos4 #da4 #fee3 belti_/ones kai krei_/ttones4 ,ari/41 ,eudem4 #cg #dd ap4 ,plu41 ,cons4 ,apoll4 #bg1 p4 #aae ,,bc4 #fff3 ,pl4 ,m94 #cae ,d4 ,to raise d\bts on ?is po9t is m]e p]v]sity4 ,x is ( no avail to advance ! argum5t 7:i* is commonly us$ also aga9/ ! simil> /atem5ts ab\t ,rome 9 ,s]v41 ,a4 v1 #fd2 vi1 #aeb7 t ?is /ory only int5ds to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! wor%ip ( ! h\sehold ,l>es4 ,! ,greeks did n h ?is p>ticul> wor%ip1 or else x 0 s completely =gott5 t no explanatory acc\nt ( its orig9 0 ev] (f]$4--,beside ! he>? & ! alt> ( ,he/ia ! mo/ anci5t re/+ place ( ! head ( ! h\se mu/ h be5 plac$ too4 ,:5 ! wife ( ,phokion _h _h ! body ( h] husb& burnt abroad en!me_/n t ko_/lp ta o/a kai komi_/sasa nu_/ktr eis tn oiki_/an kat_/ruxe p>a tn he/i_/an1 ,plu41 ,phoc4 #cg4--;,x 0 wrongly believ$ t 9 ! rem>kable rock-graves 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,pnyx at ,a!ns examples ( su* graves situat$ inside ! h\se _h be5 discov]$4 ,see ,mil*hf] 9 ,baumei/]'s ,d5km4 #aec;b4 #fge3 ,?is occurs among ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 ,eskimos1 etc42 cf4 ,lubbock1 ,prehi/oric ,times1 pp4 9999#dfe1 #eaa1 etc4 #fhe3 ,9 ,sp>ta & ,t>5tum3 see ,beck]1 ,*>4#b iii1 #aje 7,e4,t4#c p4 #cic74 ,acc4 to ,kle>*4 ap4 ,a?4 #ebb ,f c]ta9 m5 ( ,t>5tum 7 /ruck by lightn+ & kill$2 !y 7 !n buri$ pro tn ?urn ( _! h\ses & /lai 7 put up 9 _! hon\r4 ,if !y _h really be5 ! crim9als t leg5d made !m x w\ld h be5 impossible1 ev5 9 ,t>5tum1 = !m to h be5 buri$ )9 ! walls ( ! city1 /ill less be=e ! doors ( _! h\ses--an hon\r giv5 only to ,h]oes2 cf4 above1 *ap4 iv1 n4 #acf4 ,! viol5t alt]ation ( pro tn ?urn into pro tn puln 9 ord] to avoid ?is difficulty1 is obvi\sly r5d]$ unt5able by ! previ\s heka_// tn oikin ho_/s\s ktl4 ,! leg5d is evid5tly a fiction & ^! dio_/bltoi 7to :om x appe>s1 z ,h]oes1 nei!r ! fun]al dirge nor ! usual *oai_/ 7 (f]$7 mu/ h belong$ to ! class ( ^? :om dea? by ! fla% ( lightn+ rais$ to a high] & hon\r$ rank 7see ,app5d4 #a74 ,?us1 too1 ! graves 9 ! m>ket at ,meg>a m5tion$ by ,beck] mu/ h be5 ,h]o-graves3 see above1 *ap4 iv1 n4 #hc4 ,^! cases :]e ! graves ( ,h]oes are f\nd 9 ! middle ( ! city1 9 ! m>ket place1 etc41 %[ v pla9ly ! ess5tial diff]5ce t 0 held to exi/ betwe5 ! ,h]oes & ! ord9>y dead4 #fie3 ,! mnma ko9on pasi tois apo ,b\se_/l\ g5ome_/nois 0 a polus to_/pos p]ibeblme_/nos1 h_/sp] hoi ar*aioi eno_/mizon3 ,d4 #dc1 #gi4 ,! ,b\selidai compos$ n a ge_/nos1 b a gr\p ( five oikoi b\nd toge!r by def9itely traceable ties ( k9%ip4 ,! memb]s ( a ge_/nos 9 its political s5se no long] held graves 9 common possession3 see ,mei]1 de g5til4 ,att4 #cc2 ,ditt5b41 ,h]mes1 #bj1 #d4 ,! ,kim_/neia #aid mn_/mata 7 also family-graves3 ,plu41 ,cim4 #d1 ,m>cell94 ,v4 ,?4 #ag1 ,plu41 ,x ,or41 p4 #hch ,b4 ,x 0 always insi/$ on1 = obvi\s reasons1 t no /rang] to ! family %\ld be laid 9 ! family grave4 ,b j z ! p5al clauses s (t5 inscrib$ on graves ( a lat] p]iod 7 necess>y to prev5t ! burial ( /rang]s 9 ^? graves1 s too ,solon _h to make a law 9 respect ( graves ne quis ali5um inf]at3 ,cic41 ,lg4 ii1 #fd4 #gje3 ,! speak] 9 ,dem4 #ee1 #ac ff41 m5tions ! palaia mn_/mata ( ! pro_/gonoi ( ! e>li] possessors ( 8 *ri_/on 7c\ntry-e/ate74 ,?is cu/om ( bury+ ! family dead 9 ! private gr\nd ( ! family kai tois a_/llois *ri_/ois sumbe_/bke4 ,tim>*os is ask$ by 8 "m to ,alpe_/ksi *ri_/on 7:i* lay #aa or #ab /ades away f ! city walls7 entaphnai hupolipein aut 79 spite ( :i* he sold x73 ,aes*941 ,tim4 #ii4 ,examples 9 ,ea/ ,attica ( wall$-9 family cemet]ies ) room = _m graves3 ,belg]1 ,localsage von d5 ,grb]n ,agamem41 etc4 7,progr4 ,b]l4 #ahic71 pp4 #dj-b4 ,x 0 ?us ! v g5]al cu/om to keep ! family graves on _! own gr\nd & soil2 & ?is corresponds closely en\gh ) ! olde/ cu/om ( all1 t ( bury+ ! ma/] ( ! h\se 9 8 own home4--,9 ,plu41 ,ari/4 #a1 ,demetr4 ,phal4 m5tions an ,ari/ei_/d\ *ri_/on en h te_/?aptai 9 ,phal]on4 #gae3 ,re/riction ( ! gr[+ magnific5ce ( grave columns 9 ,a!ns made by ,demetr4 ,phal41 ,cic41 ,lg4 ii1 #ff4 7,p5al clauses ei_/ ti_/s ka ?a_/pt epi_//ama ephi/a ktl4 9 a law f ,nisyros ,b]l4 ,phil4 ,wo*4 #ahif1 pp4 #aij1 #dbj3 !y probably d n ref] to a g5]al prohibition ( tomb/ones altoge!r47 #gbe3 ,cf4 ,curtius1 ,z4 ,ges4 ,wegebaus ,gr41 p4 #bfb4 #gce3 ,nemora aptabant sepulcris ut 9 amo5itate animae =5t po/ vitam3 ,s]v41 ,a4 v1 #gfj4 ,9 lucis habitabant manes piorum3 iii1 #cjb2 cf4 ad i1 #dda2 vi1 #fgc4 ,my grave is 9 a grove1 ! pleasant haunt ( birds1 says a dead man o_/phra kai e9 ,a_/di t]pnon e_/*oimi to_/pon1 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #edf1 #e-ad4 #gde3 ,cf4 ! ins4 f ,keos1 ,,sig4 #hgg1 #h-i4 ,eur4 ,,x4 #fcc ff43 xan? t' elai_/ sma sn katasbe_/s1 kai 99994 4 4 ga_/nos x\?s meli_/sss es puran bal4 #gee3 enagi_/ze9 de b\n ouk ei_/as51 ,plu41 ,sol4 #ba4 #gfe3 prosphagi_/ 7at ! fun]al7 *r/hai kata ta pa_/tria1 ,,sig4 #hgg1 #ac4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! sacrifice ( animals at ! graves ( private individuals gradually became r>] & r>]3 see ,/5gel1 ,*?on4 u4 ,todt4 #dcj f4 #gge3 ,cf4 esp4 ! ins4 f ,keos1 l4 #ae ff41 #cj4 ,! eg*utri_//riai employ$ 9 old ,a!nian usage1 ,pl4 ,m94 #cae ,c1 seem to h be5 wom5 :o caught ! blood ( ! sacrific$ animals 9 b[ls & purifi$ ! mia9o_/m5oi ) x4 ,! "n itself sugge/s x2 to ?is effect is "o among sev]al o!r1 cle>ly mi/ak51 explanations giv5 by ! ,s*ol4 to ,m941 loc4 cit4 7diff]5tly ,s*4 ,ar41 ,vesp4 #bhi74 #ghe3 p]i ta pe_/n? 4 4 4 homopa!i_/a t\ kekmko_/tos kolob\m5 hmas aut\s t te k\ra tn tri*n kai t tn /epha_/nn aphaire_/sei1 ,ari/4 fr4 #ajh 7#aja7 ,rose4 #gie3 p]i_/deipnon4 ,?is is impli$ z univ]sally occurr+ by ,a54 ,tact4 #aj1 #e4 ,?is meal %>$ by ! relatives 7:o alone are invit$3 ,dem4 #dc1 #fb7 mu/ be meant by ,h]aklid41 ,pol4 #cj1 #b1 p>a tois ,lo_/krois odu_/re/hai ouk e_//9 epi tois teleut_/sas91 all' epeidan ekkomi_/ss9 eu*\ntai4 #hje3 h hupodo* gi_/gnetai hupo t\ apo?ano_/ntos1 ,artemid4 #e1 #hb1 p4 #bga1 #aj ,h4 #hae3 ,cic41 ,lg4 ii1 #fc 7cf4 9999le_/ge9 epide_/xia epi te?nko_/ti1 ,anax&r4 ap4 ,a?4 #dfd ,a474 ,on ! o!r #aie h&1 m5tiri nefas erat4 ,& yet ei_/!san hoi palaioi en tois p]idei_/pnois ton teleutko_/ta epa9ein1 kai ei phaulos n1 ,z5ob4 v1 #bh1 & o!r ,p>oemiogr4--,besides ?is ! lam5tation = ! dead may h be5 r5ew$ at ! v>i\s commemorations ( ! dead2 ! fun]al regulation ( ! ,labyadai at ,delphi =bids expressly 7n ! fe/ival b7 ! fun]al dirge on su* occasions3 l4 #df ff4 mde ta hu/]ai_/a 7aft] ! burial1 on :i* day ! p]i_/deipnon 0 held7 mde en tais deka_/tais md' en tois eniautois 7we %\ld expect r en t4 eniauti_/ois1 cf4 nn4 #hh-ib ( ?is *ap47 m_/t' oim_/z5 m_/t' ototu_/z54 #hbe3 ,^! meals giv5 to ! dead took place at ! grave itself4 ,ar41 ,lys4 #fab f4 h_/xei soi 4 4 42 ,is4 #h1 #ci1 ta e_/nata ep_/negka4 #hce3 ,! tri_/ta & e_/nata1 at any rate1 7 held on ! ?ird & n9? days aft] ! fun]al1 & n aft] ! day ( dea?4 ,x is true ! ref]5ces to ^! sacrifices 9 ,ar41 ,lys4 #fab ff41 ,is41 etc41 d n make ?is v cle>4 ,b if ! tri_/ta _h tak5 place on ! ?ird day aft] dea? x w\ld h co9cid$ ) ! ekphora_/ itself1 :i* is aga9/ all ! evid5ce4 ,fur!r1 ! ,roman novemdiale1 :i* 0 cle>ly modell$ on ,greek cu/om1 also occurr$ on ! n9? day aft] ! burial1 acc4 to ! unequivocal te/imony ( ,porph4 on ,hor41 ,epod4 xvii1 #dh 7nona die quam sepultus e/74 ,?is is also d$ucible f ,vg41 ,a4 v1 #df ff41 & #aje2 cf4 also ,ap41 ,m4 ix1 #ca4 #hde3 ,t ?is 0 ! object ( ! ,novemdialia fe/ival at ,rome is %[n cle>ly en\gh by ! evid5ce2 t ! same 0 true ( ,greece is at lea/ highly probable2 cf4 ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,aes*4 ,eum41 p4 #adc #abj ,e4,t44 ,lei/1 ,graecoitalis*e ,re*ts41 p4 #cd4--,n9e is evid5tly a r\nd numb]1 esp4 9 ,hom]2 i4e4 ! division ( p]iods ( "t into gr\ps ( n9e 0 9 antiquity a v common & famili> practice4 ,cf4 n[1 ,kaegi1 ,die ,neunzahl bei d5 ,o/>i]n1 ,phil4 ,abh4 f4 ,s*weitz]-,sidl]1 #ej ff4 ,m\rn+ cu/oms 7 really int5d$ to w>d (f malefic5t action on ! "p ( ! dead4 ,!y la/$ z a rule z long z ! return ( ! s\l ( ! dead 0 to be fe>$ 7esp4 s 9 ,india3 see ,old5b]g1 ,rel4 d4 ,v$a1 p4 #ehi71 & acc4 to anci5t belief ! s\l c return once m on ! n9? day aft] dea?4 ,see bel[1 *ap4 xiv1 ii1 n4 #aed4 #hee3 ,a *ro_/nos pe_/n?\s ( elev5 days1 ! m\rn+ conclud$ ) a sacrifice to ,demet]3 ,plu41 ,lyc4 #bg2 cf4 ,hdt4 vi1 #eh f94 ,! ,labyadai at ,delphi celebrate ! t5? day aft] ! fun]al z a fea/ ( ! dead2 see above1 n4 #ha ( ?is *apt]4 ,?is m\rn+ p]iod is n o!rwise demon/rable = ,greece 7,,sig4 #fcc1 #e1 is diff]5t71 b x is met ) aga9 among ! ,indians & ,p]sians 7cf4 ,kaegi1 p4 #e1 #aa71 & may be primitive4 #hfe3 ,lex4 ,rh41 9 ,,ab4 #bfh1 #ai ff42 ,phot4 a little diff]5tly3 ka!_/dra2 t triako/ 7pr_/t ,phot43 ,a in/ead ( ,l7 hme_/ra t\ apo?ano_/ntos hoi pros_/kontes sunel?o_/ntes ko9 edeipn\n epi t apo?ano_/nti--kai t\to ka!_/dra ekaleito 7,phot4 adds3 ho_/ti ka!zo_/m5oi edei_/pn\n kai ta nomizo_/m5a epl_/r\n27 san de ka!_/drai te_/ss>es 7! la/ clause is abs5t f ,phot47 ,x 0 a meal %>$ by ! relatives ( ! dead 9 hon\r ( ! dead & held on ! ?irtie? day2 possibly no?+ m nor less ?an ! (t-m5tion$ triaka_/des4 ,! gue/s eat _! food sitt+ aft] ! old cu/om prevail+ 9 ,hom]ic times & always obs]v$ by wom52 z appli$ to m5 x surviv$ 9 ,crete only1 see ,mll]1 ,dorians1 ii1 #bhd4 ,p]haps ?is primitive attitude pres]v$ 9 cultus is :at we see 9 ! ,sp>tan sculptur$ reliefs repres5t+ fea/s ( ! dead :]e ! figures are seat$4 ,!re 7 f\r su* ka!_/drai1 i4e4 ! p]iod ( m\rn+ ext5d$ ov] f\r mon?s3 ?us x 0 ! law 9 ,gambreion 7,,sig4 #hgi1 #aa ff47 t #aif m\rn+ might la/ at ! mo/ ?ree mon?s1 or 9 ! case ( wom5 f\r4 ,we (t5 he> ( mon?ly repetitions ( ! fea/s ( ! dead3 mon?ly celebration ( ! eika_/des = ,epicurus 9 acc4 ) 8 w1 ,d4,l4 x1 #ah2 cf4 ,cic41 ,f94 ii1 #aja2 ,pl94 #ce1 #e2 kata mna sacrifice to ! deifi$ ,ptolemies1 ,,cig4 #dfig1 #dh4 7,9 ,india1 too1 ! sacrifices to ! dead on ! ?irtie? ( ! mon? 7 sev]al times repeat$3 ,kaegi1 #g2 #aa47 #hge3 ,! ,lexicograph]s1 ,h>p41 ,phot41 etc4 7,,ab4 #cjh1 #e1 is ambigu\s1 too71 speak ( ! triaka_/s 9 a way t makes x h>d to see :e!r !y mean ! traditional sacrifice ( ! dead tak+ place regul>ly on ! ?irtie? day ( ! mon?1 or a special (f]+ on ! ?irtie? day aft] burial or aft] ! day ( dea? 7h triako/ hme_/ra dia t\ ?ana_/t\ ,h>p41 ,phot4 meta ?a_/naton is ! correction ( ,s*mann on ,is41 p4 #bai1 b dia ?ana_/t\ is =m$1 n q correctly1 on ! analogy ( dia *ro_/n\1 dia me_/s\ ev5 dia progo_/nn s9ce ! "t ( our =efa!rs1 ,polyb4 #ba1 #ba1 #d1 & mu/ mean ! same ?+1 viz4 aft] dea?74 ,b 9 ,lys4 #a1 #ad1 we h ! idea cle>ly express$ t ! p]iod ( m\rn+ %\ld la/ till ! ?irtie? day 7see ,beck]1 ,*>4#b #c1 #aag ,e4,t4#c1 p4 #cih71 & 9 ?is case x is natural to suppose t ! triaka_/des correspond+ ) ! tri_/ta & e_/nata1 took place on ! ?irtie? day aft] burial4 ,s1 too1 ! ins4 f ,keos1 ,,sig4 #hgg1 #ba1 epi t ?ano_/nti triko_//ia m poiein4 ,= ,argos see ,plu41 ,q4 ,gr4 #bd1 p4 #bif ,f4 ,x is evid5t t ! triaka_/des 7 n s firmly e/abli%$ 9 ,a!ns 7at lea/ 9 ! f\r? c5tury7 z ! tri_/ta & e_/nata3 e4g4 ,isaeus g5]ally only ref]s to ^! la/ z ! indisp5sable nomizo_/m5a3 #b1 #cf-g2 #h1 #ci4 ,x appe>s also t x is wrong to reg>d ! triaka_/des z o!rwise exactly on a foot+ ) ! tr4 & e_/nata1 z is g5]ally done4 ,! la/-m5tion$ pair 7 sacrifices to ! dead1 ! triaka_/des seems to h be5 a commemorative banquet ( ! liv+4--,^! fix$ p]iods ( m\rn+ l s mu* else 9 ! cult ( ! dead may h be5 h&$ d[n by tradition f a v e>ly "t4 ,! ?ird1 n9? 7or t5?71 & ?irtie? days aft] ! fun]al m>k$ /ages 9 ! gradually dim9i%+ uncleanness ( ! relatives ( ! dead1 & ?is exi/$1 x appe>s1 already 9 ,indo-,g]manic times4 ,until ! n9? day ! relatives 7 /ill 9 contact ) ! dep>t$ & 7 consequ5tly unclean2 ! ?irtie? day puts an end to ?is1 & is a memorial fe/ival 7?\gh (t5 repeat$72 cf4 ,kaegi1 pp4 #e1 #aj1 #ab 7( ! sep>ate edition72 ,old5b]g1 #egh4 ,9 ,*ri/ian usage1 sanction$ by ! *ur*1 ! ?ird1 n9?1 & =tie? days aft] dea? or aft] burial 7 v e>ly obs]v$ z memorial days 7sometimes ?ird1 sev5?1 ?irtie?2 cf4 ,ro*holz1 ,d4 ,gl4 u4 ,brau*1 i1 #bjc71 & survive 9 "s cases to ! pres5t day3 see ,ac4 ,soc4 ph4 ,lips4 v1 #cjd f4 #hhe3 ta neku_/sia t triaka_/di a_/getai3 ,plu41 ,prov4 ,alex4 viii1 p4 #f1 #aj ,crus4 7,app4 prov4 ,vat4 9 ,s*neidew9's ,crit4 ,app4 to ,diog54 viii1 #ci74 ,!re 0 a fe/ival kept by s]vants 9 hon\r ( _! dead ma/]s 7alla!a_/des1 ,,gdi4 #agca1 #aj2 #agge1 #bi2 #agif1 #f7 twice mon?ly1 at ! n\mni_/a & on ! sev5?3 ,,gdi4 #ahja1 #f-g ,delphi4 ,! la/ ?ree days ( ! mon? are at ,a!ns sacr$ to ! inhabitants ( ! l[] _w & !re=e apophra_/des3 ,,em4 #aca1 #ac f42 ,e4 ,gud4 #gj1 #c ff42 cf4 ,lys41 fr4 #ec4 ,on ^! days banquets 7 prep>$1 at ! crossroads1 etc41 = ,hekate 7acc4 to ,a?4 #cbe ,a1 = ,hekate kai tois apotropai_/ois 7,plu41 ,symp4 #g1 #f1 p4 #gji ,a74 ,! s\ls ( ! dead 7 !n n =gott54 ,s*4 ,pl41 ,lg4 vii1 #hjj ,d1 apophra_/des hme_/rai en hais tois katoi*ome_/nois *oas epiphe_/r\s94 #aig #hie3 ,! son enagi_/zei ka?' he_/ka/on eniauto_/n to 8 dead fa!r1 ,is4 #b1 #df4 ,?is sacrifice to ! dead1 celebrat$ once e ye> 7?usi_/a epe_/teios (f]$ by a pais patri_/71 is ! fe/ival ( ! ,g5e_/sia1 9 vogue acc4 to ,hdt4 iv1 #bf1 among ! ,greeks1 ev]y:]e z x appe>s4 ,z ! "n %[s ?is fe/ival fell on ! bir?day ( ! hon\r$ ance/or z x recurr$ 7n on ! day ( 8 dea? z ,amm4 pp4 #cd-e ,valck4 incorrectly says72 cf4 ,s*ol4 ,pl41 ,alc4 i1 #aba ,c4 ,s ,epicurus 9 8 w 7,d4,l4 x1 #ah7 provides = a ye>ly celebration ( 8 bir?day4 7,simil> f\ndation1 ,,cig4 #cdag47 ,! ,koans enagi_/z\si to ,hippokrates e ye> on ! #bg? ,agrianos z 8 bir?day3 ,soran41 ,v4,hp41 p4 #dej1 #ac-ad ,we/4 ,h]o-fe/ivals1 too1 fall on ! bir?day ( ! ,h]o3 ,plu41 ,arat4 #ec4 ,gods h _! fea/-days & _! bir?days comb9$2 ?us ,h]mes has 8 on ! #d? ( ! mon?1 ,artemis on ! #f?1 ,apollo on ! #g?1 & s on4 ,^! are bir?day fe/ivals repeat$ e mon?4 ,9 ! second c5tury at ,se/os1 foll[+ su* prec$5ts1 !re 0 held ta g5e_/?lia t\ basile_/s 7"o ( ! deifi$ ,attalids7 ka?' he_/ka/on mna3 ,,sig4#a #bdf1 #cf4 ,celebration ( ! e_/mmnos g5e_/sios ( ! rul+ ,emp]or3 ,ins4 ,p]g4 ii1 #cgd ,b1 #ad4 ,ev5 9 lat] times 9 imitation ( hea!n usage ! ,kephall5ians /ill hon\r ,epiphanes1 son ( ,k>pokrates1 kata n\mni_/an1 g5e_/?lion apo!_/s91 ,clem4 ,al41 ,/r4 iii1 p4 #eaa ,p4 #ije3 ,?is is ! public fe/ival meant by ,phryn41 p4 #ajc ,lob4 #hc1 p4 #ahd ,ru?41 :51 to di/+ui% x f ! bir?day celebrations ( liv+ p]sons1 g5e_/?lia 7:i* did n become common till lat]71 he calls ! ,g5e_/sia1 ,a?_/ns9 heort_/ pe_/n?imos add4 ,meursius2 cf4 ,hesy*4 g5e_/sia2 ,,ab4 #bca1 #ai4 ,! ,antiattici/a1 9 8 r absurd polemic aga9/ ,phryn4 7p4 #hf1 #bj ff471 adds ! /ill cle>] /atem5t 7tak5 f ,solon's a_/xones & ,philo*oros7 t ! heort dmotel_/s ( ! ,g5e_/sia at ,a!ns 0 held on ! #e? ,bo$romion4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ reason = d\bt+ ! correctness ( ?is /atem5t 7z _m h done74 ,9 ,rome1 too1 besides ! _m moveable p>5talia ( ! families !re 0 an (ficial & public ,p>5talia held e ye> 79 ,feb474 ,simil>ly 9 anci5t ,india3 ,old5b]g1 #eej1 #c4 #iae3 ,! ,neme_/seia is m5tion$ by ,dem4 #da1 #aa4 ,! context sugge/s a rite p]=m$ by a daught] 9 hon\r ( h] dead fa!r4 ,x is a q c]ta9ly correct conjecture 7m_/pote--7 ( ! ,lexicog4 t ! ,nemeseia may be a fe/ival ( ! dead 7see ,h>p4 s4v4 ,,ab4 #bhb1 #cb3 bo? glosses comb9$ 9 ,phot4 ,suid4 neme_/sia74 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t !y knew no?+ fur!r ab\t x4 ,momms5 decl>es 7,heort4 #bji7 ! ,nemeseia to h be5 )\t d\bt id5tical ) ! ,g5e_/sia4 ,i see no reason at all = suppos+ s4--,! "n neme_/seia *>act]izes x z a fe/ival d$icat$ to ! wra? ( ! dead1 to ! ne_/mesis tn ?ano_/ntn1 ,soph41 ,el4 #gib2 ph?ime_/nn kuta_/t ne_/mesis1 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #aai2 cf4 #aie--?is easily becomes a p]sonifi$ ,ne_/mesis3 e_//i gar en ph?ime_/nois ,ne_/mesis me_/ga1 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #cfg1 #i4 ,! cult ( ! dead1 l ! cult ( ! und]world 9 g5]al1 is always apotropaic 9 "* 7placantur sacrificiis ne noceant1 ,s]v41 ,a4 iii1 #fc73 ! ,nemeseia mu/ !n h be5 apotropaic 9 int5tion too4 #ibe3 ,at ,apollonia 9 ,*alcidice !re 0 a ye>ly cu/om to ta no_/mima suntelein tois teleut_/sas9 9 e>ly times 9 ,elaphebolion1 lat] 9 ,an!/]ion3 ,heges&4 ap4 ,a?4 #ccd ,f4--eniau_/sia1 a ye>ly fe/ival ( ! dead 7b p]haps r to be tak5 z sacra privata7 9 ,keos3 ,,sig4 #hgh4--,!re is a mon? call$ ,neku_/sios 9 ,knossos 7& common to ! :ole ( ,crete acc4 to ! ,hm]olo_/gion ,flor4 ,cors9i1 ,fa/4 ,att4 ii1 #dbh74 ,x took its "n f a fea/ ( ! dead 7neku_/sia is m5tion$ along ) p]i_/deipna1 z a regul> expression by ,artemid4 #aic iv1 #ha1 p4 #bdi1 #i ,h473 = ?is see ,treaties ( ,kretan cities1 ,,b*4 #ahgi1 #bid1 l4 #ef f4--,!re 0 a mon? ,agri_/nios or ,agria_/nios 9 ,boeotia & ev5 9 ,byzantium1 ,kalymna1 ,kos1 ,rhodos3 ,hesy*4 ,agria_/nia2 neku_/sia p>a ,argei_/ois kai agnes en ,?_/bais 7z to ! ,agon at ! ,a4 see ! ins4 f ,!bes1 ,a?4 ,mitt4 vii1 #cdi74--;eteleito de kai ?usi_/a tois nekrois en ,kori_/n?1 di' hn ts po_/les en tois mn_/mas9 ou_/ss epe_/r*etai ho ,al_/ts ktl4 ,s*4 ,pi4 ,n4 vii1 #aee4 #ice3 ,hesy*4 mi>ai hme_/rai4 ,phot4 mi>a hme_/ra4 #ide3 sugklei/hnai ta hi]a dur+ ! ,*oes3 ,phanodem4 ap4 ,a?4 #dcg ,c4 #iee3 ,phot4 mi>a hme_/ra2 en tois ,*\sin ,an!/rinos mno_/s1 en h 7en hois87 dok\s9 hai psu*ai tn teleutsa_/ntn anie_/nai1 rha_/mnon he_/!n emasnto1 kai pi_/tt tas ?u_/ras e_/*rion4 ,rha_/mnos2 phuto_/n1 ho en tois ,*\sin hs alexipha_/rmakon emasnto he_/!n2 kai pi_/tt e*ri_/onto ta s_/mata 7leg4 d_/mata72 ami_/antos gar hau_/t2 dio kai en 9999tais g5e_/sesi tn paidi_/n *ri_/ousi tas oiki_/z eis ape_/las9 tn daimo_/nn4--,i d n recollect hav+ read else:]e ( pit* z a protection aga9/ malevol5t spirits or ( its use 9 ,greek sup]/iti\s practices4 7,! flame & smoke ( burn+ pit*--& ( a_/sphaltos3 ,diph4 fr4 #abf ii1 p4 #egg ,k4 ap4 ,clem4 ,al4 ,/r4 #g1 #d1 #bf1 p4 #hdd ,p4--z ( sulphur1 belong to ! region ( magic & are ka?>moi_/3 b t is a diff]5t matt]4--ta ka?a_/rsia2 tauta de_/ e/i dades kai !ion kai a_/sphaltos1 ,zos4 ii1 #e1 p4 #fg1 #ai ,bk474 ,bett] kn[n is ! magic protective p[] ( ! rha_/mnos4 ,x is ( use aga9/ pha_/rmaka & phanta_/smata1 & is !re=e hung up on ! doors en tois enagi_/smasi3 ,s*4 ,nic41 ,?4 #hfj 7,euphorion & ,sophnon _h also ref]r$ to ?is sup]/ition74 ,cf4 ,anon41 de ,vir4 ,h]b4 #i-ac1 #bj ff41 & ! ,s*olia 7p4 #dhf1 ed4 ,haupt41 ,opusc4 #b72 also ,dioscorides i1 #aai f94 7rha_/mnos also fright5s away poison\s bea/s3 ,diosc4 iii1 #ab4 ,9 ! same way m>joram & scilla are equally available aga9/ daimones & iobo_/la47 ,at ,rome ! haw?orn 7sp9a alba7 is specially kn[n = ^! purificatory prop]ties4 ,ovid1 ,f4 vi1 #abi 7at a w$d+ procession a tor* made ( a bran* ( ! sp9a alba is us$ ,fe/4 #bde;a1 #c ,m41 & ?is is purgationis causa3 ,v>ro ap4 ,*>is41 p4 #add1 #bb ,k474--,at ! ,*oes ! rha_/mnos 7i4e4 twigs or leaves ( x7 is *ew$3 ?is is 9 ord] t its p[]s may be absorb$ into ! *ew]'s own body4 ,! ,sup]/iti\s man 7l ! ,py?ia7 puts laurel leaves 9 8 m\? kai h\_/t tn hme_/ran p]ipatei3 also at ! ,*oes8 ,?phr41 ,*4 #af4 ,! laurel 9 addition to its o!r m>vell\s prop]ties c also drive (f spirits3 e_/n?a an h da_/phn1 ekpodn dai_/mones1 ,gp4 #aa1 #b1 #e-g4 ,lyd41 ,m5s4 #d1 #d1 p4 #fh1 #i ,w4 #ife3 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,a*4 #ifa1 p4 #bf1 #h ff4 ,dbn4--,at ! nekrn deipna ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ memb]s ( ! family are summon$ by ! pros_/kontes to come & take _! %>e 7) ! s+le exception ( ^? :o h hang$ !mselves73 ,artemid4 i1 #d1 p4 #aa1 #aj f4 ,h4 7cf4 :at is said ( ! neku_/sia 9 ,bi?ynia by ,arr4 ap4 ,eu/41 i #fe1 p4 #afae74 ,! same ?+ mu/ h happ5$ at ! ,an!/]ia4 #ige3 ,wor%ipp]s (f]$ ! *u_/tran pansp]mi_/z to ,h]mes hilasko_/m5oi ton ,h]mn kai p]i tn apo?ano_/ntn1 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,a*4 #ajgf 7,didymus f ,!opomp47--t\s to_/te p>ag5ome_/n\s 7read p]ig9ome_/n\s1 viz4 f ! ,flood7 huper tn apo?ano_/ntn hila_/sa/hai ton ,h]mn1 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,ran4 #bah 7aft] ,!op474 ,! (f]+ 0 m]ely plac$ ready = ! recipi5ts 7n s5t up to heav5 9 flames & smoke7 z 0 cu/om>y at ! ,!ox5ia 7esp4 ^? 9 hon\r ( *?onic deities7 & 9 (f]+s made to ,h]oes4 ,! ,heka_/ts deipna 7 simil>1 & p>ticul>ly ! (f]+s to ! ,er9yes3 ta pempo_/m5a autais hi]a po_/pana kai ga_/la en a_/ggesi k]amei_/ois1 ,s*4 ,aes*94 i1 #ahh4 #aii #ihe3 ,,em4 #ggd1 #ef3 ,hudropho_/ria2 heort ,a?_/nsi pe_/n?imos 7s f> ,hesy*4 too1 s4v47 epi tois en t kataklusm apolome_/nois4 ,! fea/ ( ,*ytrai 0 also suppos$ to h be5 a commemoration ( ,deucalion's ,flood4 ,! flood 0 said to h subsid$ f9ally ?r\gh a cleft 9 ! e>? 9 ! ,temple ( ,g ,olumpi_/a3 ,paus4 #a1 #ah1 #g4 ,pausanias adds1 esba_/ll\s9 es auto 7! *asm7 ana pan e_/tos a_/lphita purn me_/liti ma_/xantes4 ,x is at lea/ natural1 ) ,prell]1 ,dem4 u4 ,p]s4 #bbi1 n41 to see 9 ! ,hydrophoria a "p ( :i* is describ$ by ,pausanias1 a fe/ival relat$ to ! ,*ytrai4 ,connexion ( ! dead ) ,g 9 ! ,g5e_/sia too3 ,hesy*4 s4v4--,hudropho_/ria a fea/ ( ,apollo at ,aeg9a3 ,s*4 ,pi41 ,n4 v1 #ha 7fanciful rem>ks !reon by ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 9 ,aes*4 ,eum41 p4 #ada #aaf ,e4,t474 #iie3 ,ovid's acc\nt ( ! ,lemuria at ,rome1 ,f4 v1 %[s ! close/ resemblances to ! ,a!n4 cu/oms4 ,! spirits are f9ally driv5 out3 ,manes exite pat]ni6 7#ddc74 ,! same happ5s 9 ! fe/ivals ( ! dead 9 _m places3 esp4 9 ,india1 ,old5b]g1 #eec2 cf4 also ! ,e/honian cu/oms3 ,grimm1 p4 #ahdd1 n4 #db4 ,a p>allel f anci5t ,prussia is giv5 7aft] ,joh4 ,meletius1 #aeea7 by ,*4 ,h>tkno*1 9 ,alt- u4 ,neues ,preuss51 #afhd1 pp4 #ahg-h4 ,!re on ! ?ird1 six?1 n9?1 & =tie? day aft] ! fun]al a banquet ( ! relatives ( ! dead 0 held4 ,! s\ls ( ! dead 7 invit$ & 7) o!r s\ls z well7 ent]ta9$4 ,:5 ! fea/+ 0 end$ ! prie/ rose f ! table & swept out ! h\se1 driv+ =? ! s\ls ( ! dead z ?\gh he 7 driv+ out fleas1 say+ ! :ile3 ',ye h eat5 & drunk1 ,o ye ,bless$ ,ones1 dep>t h5ce6 dep>t h5ce6' ,at ! close ( ! lant]n-fea/ to ! dead 9 ,nagasaki 7,japan7 :5 ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! s\ls 0 ov] a great noise 0 made all ov] ! h\se s t no s+le s\l %\ld rema9 beh9d & haunt ! place--!y mu/ be driv5 out )\t m]cy3 ,preuss4 ,exp$4 na* ,o/asi51 ii1 #bb4 ,o!r examples ( ! expulsion ( s\ls giv5 9 ,tylor1 ii1 #aii4 ,! gho/s 7 ?\ght ( 9 a ?or\ghly mat]iali/ic fa%ion1 & driv5 out by wav+ clubs 9 ! air1 sw++ tor*es1 etc41 z 9 ! case ( ! x5ikoi !oi_/ ( ! ,kaunians3 ,hdt4 i1 #agb4 ,comp>e ) ?is ! pray]s address$ to ,h]akles 9 ! ,orphic ,hymns 7reproduc+ anci5t sup]/itions z frequ5tly73 el! ma_/k> 4 4 4 exe_/lason de kakas a_/tas1 kla_/don en *]i pa_/lln1 ptnois t' iobo_/lois kras *alepas apo_/pempe 7#ab1 #ae-af74 ,x w be cle> h[ ne> su* p]sonifi$ atai & kres are to ! angry s\ls1 f :i* 9 fact !y h aris52 cf4 besides1 ,orph41 ,h4 #aa1 #bc2 #ad1 #ad2 #cf1 #af2 #ga1 #aa4--kras apodiopompei/hai1 ,plu41 ,lys4 #ag4 #ajje3 ?u_/raze ,kres1 ouk e_/t' ,an!/_/ria4 ,?is is ! correct word+ ( ! =mula2 ,kares ! =m common lat] & expla9$ ) mi/ak5 +5uity4 ,photius has x "r & expla9s1 hs kata tn po_/l9 tois ,an!/ri_/ous tn psu*n p]i]*ome_/nn4--,kres--is cle>ly a mo/ primitive equival5t = psu*ai_/ :i* has become almo/ completely obscur$ 9 ,hom]1 ?\gh x dimly appe>s 9 ,b #cjb1 x #bjg1 :]e ! ,kres are spok5 ( z ^? :o c>ry away o!r psu*ai_/ to ,hades4 ,aes*ylus knew x 7presumably f old ,attic spee*7 & simply sub/itut$ psu*ai_/ = ! ,k]es 9 ! fate-weigh+ sc5e 9 ,hom]1 ?us turn+ ! ,k]o/asia into a ,psu*o/asi_/a 7to ! surprise ( ! ,s*ol4 ,a1 ,? #gj2 ,a4,b4 ,* #bji74 ,see ,o4 ,crusius 9 ,ers*-,grub]1 ,k]51 #b1 #ce1 #bfe-g ,aes*4 fr4 #bgi ,sidg44 #ajae3 ,cf4 ! collections 9 ,potti]1 ,les lcy!s blancs attiques reprs4 funr41 p4 #eg1 #gj ff4 #ajbe3 ,?\gh n all ( !m1 "s at any rate ( ! sc5es 9 :i* #bjj lyre-play+ at a grave is repres5t$ on a leky?os are to be tak5 z imply+ t ! liv+ provide music = ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! dead3 see ,furtwngl] on ! ,sammlung ,sabur(f4 i1 ,pl4 lx4 #ajce3 ,see 9999,b5ndorf1 ,sicil4 u4 unt]ital4 ,vas5b41 p4 #cc4 #ajde3 ,h[ ! mode ( conceiv+ ! spiritual activity ( ! dead & consequ5tly ! cult ( ! dead 0 at fir/ m solemn & awe/ruck & completely on a p> ) ! cult ( ! *?o_/nioi2 h[ 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! relations ( ! liv+ to ! dep>t$ became m famili> & ! cult ( ! dead correspond+ly less awe-inspir+1 m pi\sly protective 9 "* ?an apotropaic--all ?is is set out 9 m detail by ,p4 ,/5gel1 ,*?onis*4 u4 ,todt5cult ,fe/s*rift fr ,fri$lnd]1 p4 #dad ff4 #ajee3 ,! reliefs repres5t a man en?ron$1 sometimes alone1 sometimes ) a woman beside him1 /ret*+ out a kan?>os to receive ! (f]+s4 ,z a rule he is approa*$ by a gr\p ( wor%ipp]s repres5t$ on a small] scale4 ,! e>lie/ examples ( ^! reliefs 7 f\nd 9 ,sp>ta & g back to ! six? c5tury4 ,s9ce ! inve/igations ( ,mil*hf] especially1 !y are n[ g5]ally recognis$ z repres5t+ ! family wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,!y are ! =]unn]s ( ! repres5tations ( simil> food-(f]+s 9 :i* 7foll[+ lat] cu/om7 ! ,h]o is ly+ on a kl9e & receiv+ 8 wor%ipp]s4 7,t ?is class ( reliefs repres5t+ banquets ( ! dead 0 also sacrificial 9 "* is prov$ cle>ly by ! pres5ce ( ! wor%ipp]s :o 9 _m cases lead sacrificial victims4 ,h4 v4 ,fritze 9 ,a?4 ,mitt4 '#if1 p4 #cdg ff41 supposes t !y are int5d$ to repres5t n sacrifices b ! sumpo_/sion :i* ! dead p]son is to enjoy 9 ! aft] life4 ,b he c only acc\nt = ! pres5ce ( ! wor%ipp]s 9 su* a =c$ & unnatural way p4 #cef ff41 t ?is alone seems to refute 8 !ory4 purami_/des & inc5se among ! (f]+s made d n by any means contradict its nature z a sacrifice to ! dead47 ,! same is ! mean+ ( ! reliefs f\nd esp4 9 ,boeotia 9 :i* ! p]son wor%ipp$ is seat$ on a horse1 or lead+ a horse1 & accept+ (f]+s 7summ>y by ,wolt]s1 ,ar*ol4 ,zeitung1 #ahhb1 p4 #bii ff42 cf4 also ,g>dn]1 ,,jhs4 #ahhd1 pp4 #ajg-db2 ,furtwngl]1 ,samml4 ,sab4 i1 p4 #bc74 ,! wor%ipp]s br+ pomegranates1 a cock 7e4g4 ,a?4 ,mitt4 ii1 ,pl4 #bj-b71 a pig 7cock & pig on ,!ban relief3 ,a4 ,mitt4 iii1 #cgg2 pig on ,boeotian rel43 ,a4 ,mitt4 iv1 ,pl4 #ag1 #b71 a ram 7rel4 f ,patras3 ,a4 ,mitt4 iv1 #abe f42 cf4 ! ram's head on a grave monum5t f ! neighb\rhood ( ,argos1 ,a4 ,mitt4 viii1 #ada74 ,all ^! gifts are ( ! k9d prop] to ! und]world4 ,we "k ! pomegranate z food ( ! *?o_/nioi f ! ,hymn to ,demet]2 ! pig & ram are ! ma9 con/itu5ts ( sacrifice made to ! *?o_/nioi & burnt 9 ca?>tic or hila/ic 7propitiatory7 c]emonial4 ,9 su* cases ! cock1 ( c\rse1 does n appe> because x 0 sacr$ to ,helios & ,sel5e 7cf4 ,d4,l4 viii1 #cd2 ,iamb41 ,,vp4 #hd71 b because x 0 a sacrificial animal ( ! *?o_/nioi 7& ( ,asklepios7 & = ! same reason mu* us$ 9 necromancy1 _s-rais+1 & magic ,diet]i*1 ,pap4 mag4 #ahe1 #c4 ,z su* x 0 =bidd5 food to ! ,my/ai ( ,demet] at ,eleusis3 ,porph41 ,abs4 #d1 #af1 p4 #bee1 #e ,n4 ,s*4 ,luc41 ,d4 ,me4 #g1 #d1 p4 #bhj1 #bc ,rabe--,anyone :o p>takes ( ! food ( ! und]world spirits is =feit to !m4 ,on _! side ! recl9+ or en?ron$ spirits ( ! dead on ^! reliefs are br\ght into conjunction ) a snake 7,a4 ,mitt4 ii1 ,pl4 #bj-b2 viii1 ,pl4 #ah1 #a1 etc471 a dog1 or a horse 7sometimes a horse's head only occurs74 ,! snake is ! well-kn[n symbol ( ! ,h]o3 ! #bja dog & ! horse c]ta9ly d n repres5t victims z ,g>dn]1 p4 #aca1 ?9ks--_! real mean+ has n yet be5 made out4 ,! horse occurs sometimes by ! side ( wom5 & !re=e c h>dly symbolize a knight's /atus4 ,i reg>d x z also a symbol ( ! dep>t$ z n[ hav+ ent]$ ! _s-_w1 l ! snake too 7,grimm und]/&s x diff]5tly3 p4 #hda f41 #hdd74 ,i c =m no decid$ op9ion z to ! dog3 x is n likely to be m]e g5re--any m ?an any?+ else 9 ^! sculptures4 #ajfe3 ,! *oai_/1 ha_/p] nekroisi meilikt_/ria1 ( w9e1 honey1 wat]1 or oil1 :i* are (f]$ 9 ,trag$y by *ildr5 at ! grave ( a fa!r--,a4 ,p]s4 #fji ff42 ,*4 #hd ff42 ,e41 ,,x4 #aei ff4--are modell$ ^u ! food (f]+s to ! dead 9 real life4 ,honey & wat] 7meli_/kraton7 7 always ! *ief +r$i5ts3 cf4 ,/5gel1 ,philolog4 #ci1 #cgh ff42 ,jahr4 f4 ,phil4 #ahhg1 p4 #fec4 ,! ritual at ! p\r+ ( an apo_/nimma--ess5tially a ca?>tic libation-sacrifice b also (f]$ eis timn tois nekrois is describ$ by ,kleidemos en t ,exgtik 7! quotation is n complete1 ,a?4 #dji ,e f4 7,/rik+ simil>ities 9 ritual & language 9 ,indian sacrifice to ! dead3 ,old5b]g1 ,rel4 d4 ,v$4 #eej4 ,some?+ extremely primitive may be pres]v$ 9 ^! uses47 ,! same is ! mean+ ( ! *?o_/nia l\tra tois nekrois epiph]o_/m5a1 ,z5ob4 vi1 #de1 etc4 ,^! ?+s h no?+ to d ) ! ,hudropho_/ria1 z "s h ?\ght4 #ajge3 ,! regul> animal us$ z victim 9 enagi_/smata = ! dead is a %eep2 o!r animals occur less frequ5tly4 ,! black col\r is g5]al2 ! sacrifice 0 burnt completely3 cf4 ! in/ances collect$ by ,/5gel1 ,zts*r4 f4 ,gymnasi41 #ahhj1 p4 #gdc f41 ,jahrb4 f4 ,phil4 #ahhb1 p4 #cbb f42 '#hc1 p4 #cge4--,phot4 kau/o_/n2 k>pton ho enagi_/zetai tois teteleutko_/s9 7cf4 ,hesy*4 kauto_/n74--,! se_/l9on 7a plant sacr$ to ! dead2 see above1 n4 #dj7 probably s]v$ z food = ! dead at ! tri_/ta & o!r banquets ( ! dead1 & 0 n us$ z food = ! liv+ at ! p]i_/deipnon2 consequ5tly x might nev] be us$ at ! meals ( ! liv+3 ,pl94 #bj1 #aac1 foll[+ ,*rysippos & ,dionysios4 7,9 ! my/]ies ( ! ,kabeiroi ! anaktotele_//ai _h a special reason ( _! own = =bidd+ p>sley auto_/rizon epi trape_/zs ti!_/nai1 ,clem4 ,al41 ,protr4 ii1 p4 #af ,p47 #ajhe3 ,! food (f]$ is a meal = ! dead3 ,a41 ,*4 #dhc ff4 7cf4 ,luc41 ,luct4 #i2 ,*>4 #bb74 ,! dead man is summon$ to come & dr9k ! (f]+s 7el! d' hs pi_/s73 ,e41 ,hec4 #ece ff4 ,x 0 ! g5]al op9ion t ho nekros pi_/etai ( ! dr9k (f]+s 7,,ap4 xi1 #h2 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #fdf1 #ab71 hai gar *oai p>apsu*_/ tis eisephe_/reto tois eid_/lois tn teteleutko_/tn ktl4 ,lyd41 ,m5s4 #d1 #ca1 p4 #ij ,w4 #ajie3 ,x feels :5 fri5ds or enemies approa* its grave3 ,is4 #i1 #d1 #ai4 #aaje3 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,av4 #adij 7ref]r+ to ! ,titano_/panes ( ,myrtilos1 a poet ( ! ,old ,com$y74 ,phot4 krei_/ttones 7,hesy*4 krei_/ttonas7 hoi h_/res2 dok\si de kaktikoi einai2 di' ho kai hoi ta hra p>io_/ntes sips94 7h_/res & hra "h1 9 accordance ) ! usage common 9 lat] times1 simply teteleutko_/tes & mn_/mata ( ! usual k9d47 ,s9ce a ,h]o 9 ! high] s5se 0 buri$ !re x 0 cu/om>y to pass 9 sil5ce ! monum5t1 e4g41 ( ,n>kissos1 h_/rs ,siglo_/s3 ,/r4 #djd 7s also ! grove & *asm ( ,kolonos :]e ! ,er9yes dwell3 ,s41 ,,oc4 #acj ff474 ,! feel+ und]ly+ ?is is easy to und]/&1 & ! cu/om !re=e is widespread3 e4g4 among ,we/ ,african negroes1 ,rville1 ,relig4 des peuples non civil4 i1 #gc4 ,x is a ,g]man sup]/ition 7,grimm1 p4 #ahaa1 n4 #hcj74 ,nev] call ! dead by "n or y may cry !m up4 #aaae3 ,pl41 ,phd4 #ha ,,cd4 ,! psu*_/ 4 4 4 h_/sp] le_/getai p]i ta mn_/mata_/ te #bjb kai t\s ta_/ph\s kul9dome_/n2 p]i ha d kai _/ph? a_/tta psu*n skioeid phanta_/smata1 ktl4 #aabe3 ,see ,o4 ,jahn1 ,ar*ol4 ,beitr4 #abh ff42 ,b5ndorf1 ,grie*4 u4 sicil4 ,vas5b41 p4 #cc f41 p4 #fe 7on ,pl4 #ad1 #cb72 also ,potti]1 ,lcy!s blancs1 p4 #fe1 #b 7:o proposes a d\btful !ory ( a suppos$ ros funbre1 p4 #gf ff474 #aace3 ,we frequ5tly on vases see ! occupant ( a grave repres5t$ 9 ! =m ( a snake at ! foot ( 8 tomb1 etc42 e4g4 on ! ,pro!sis vase1 ,monum4 d4 ,in/it4 viii1 #d1 #e1 & (t51 see ,luck5ba*1 ,jahrb4 f4 ,phil41 ,suppl4 ii1 #ejj4--,we h already met ) snakes z a fav\rite =m ( inc>nation *os5 by *?o_/nioi ( all k9ds1 deities ( ! und]world1 ,h]oes1 & ! ord9>y dead1 & we %all frequ5tly meet ) ! same ?+ aga94 ,"h we ne$ only ref] to ,photius h_/rs poiki_/los--dia to t\s o_/pheis poiki_/l\s o_/ntas h_/rz kalei/hai4 #aade3 ,:at falls to ! gr\nd belongs to ! h_/res 7 s\ls ( ! dead73 ,ar4 ,h_/res fr4 #cje ,h4 & ,g4 tois teteleutko_/si tn phi_/ln ape_/nemon ta pi_/ptonta ts trophs apo tn trapezn 7allud$ to by ,eur4 9 ! ,bell]oph4 ,/h5eb4 fr4 #ffg ,d9471 ap4 ,a?4 #dbg ,e4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( ! ,py?agorean su_/mbolon--z usual f\nd$ on anci5t belief ab\t ! s\l--ta peso_/nta apo trapezs m anairei/hai1 ,d4,l4 viii1 #cd4 ,suid4 ,pu?ago_/ra ta su_/mbola4 ,?is sup]/ition is also ! reason = ! no_/mos said to h be5 curr5t 9 ,kroton1 to peson epi tn gn klu_/n anairei/hai1 ,iamb41 ,,vp4 #abf4 ,simil> belief & cu/om 9 ,rome3 ,pl94 #bh1 #bg4 ,among ! anci5t ,prussians x 0 ! cu/om n to pick up ! fragm5ts ( food t fell to ! gr\nd at meal times1 b to leave !m = ! poor s\ls t h no blood-relations or fri5ds left beh9d 9 ! _w to look aft] !m2 see ,*r4 ,h>tkno*1 ,alt u4 ,neues ,preuss51 p4 #ahh4 ,simil> cu/oms else:]e3 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9c4 ( ,sociol4 i1 #bha4 #aaee3 ,solonian law3 ,d4 #bj1 #ajd2 #dj1 #di4 ,plu41 ,sol4 #ba1 ,s_/lnos ho klu_/n no_/mos ton te?nko_/ta kaks agoreu_/e94 kai gar ho_/sion t\s me!/ko_/tas hi]\s nomi_/ze94 ,?is rem9ds u ( ! words ( ,ari/41 ,eudem4 fr4 #cg #dd giv5 9 ,plu41 ,c4 ,apoll4 #bg1 p4 #aae ,b1 to pseu_/sa/hai_/ ti kata tn teteleukko_/tn kai to blasphmein ou* ho_/sion hs kata beltio_/nn kai kreitto_/nn _/d gegono_/tn 7,*ilon ap4 ,/ob41 ,fl4 #abe1 #ae ,m43 ton teteleukko_/ta m kakolo_/gei alla maka_/rize74 ,a v extreme =m ( outrage is pseu_/sa/hai kata t\ teleut_/santos3 ,is4 #i1 #f2 #bc2 #bf4 7,! kakolo_/gos is p>ticul>ly liable to kaka eipein p]i tn teteleutko_/tn1 ,?phr41 ,*>4 #bh47 ,! heir ( ! dead man has ! duty ( c>ry+ out ! cult ( ! dead man's s\l1 & ?is includes ! legal prosecution ( sl&]]s ( ! dead3 see ,mei] & ,s*mann1 ,att4 ,process#b1 p4 #fcj4 #aafe3 ,ar41 ,tag5i/4 fr4 9999#dhe1 #ab1 says ( ! dead1 kai ?u_/ome_/n g' autoisi tois enagi_/smas91 h_/sp] !ois9 ktl4 #aage3 krei_/ttones ,hesy*4 ,phot4 s4v4 ,ari/4 ap4 ,plu41 ,c4 ,apoll4 #bg1 p4 #aae ,c4 #aahe3 hi_/les e_/*e9 7t\s teleut_/santas73 ,pl41 ,rp4 #dbg ,b4 #aaie3 ,t ! h_/res duso_/rgtoi kai *alepoi tois empela_/z\si gi_/gnontai 7,s*4 ,ar41 ,av4 #adij7 applies equally to ! ,h]oes prop]ly s call$--see above1 *ap4 iv1 #aa1 ! leg5ds ( ! ,h]o ,anagyros1 ! ,h]o ( ,temesa1 etc4--& to ^? :o gradually came to be call$ ,h]oes 9 lat] times by an ext5sion ( ! t]m1 viz4 ! s\ls ( ! dead 9 g5]al--*alep\s kai pl_/ktas t\s h_/rz nomi_/z\si1 kai mallon nu_/ktr me?' hme_/ran3 ,*amaileon ap4 ,a?4 #dfa ,c 7& h5ce ! precautions tak5 aga9/ nocturnal #bjc app>itions3 ,a?4 #adi ,c74 ,cf4 ,z5ob4 v1 #fj4 ,hesy*4 ,phot4 s4 krei_/ttones4--,t ! h_/res d1 & are responsible =1 evil only & nev] good 7,s*4 ,ar41 ,av4 #adij2 ,babr4 #fc7 is a late belief2 x does n apply ei!r to ,h]oes or ord9>y dead 9 ! conceptions ( e>li] ages4 ,orig9ally ! gods1 j z mu* z ,h]oes & ! dead1 %>$ 9 ! viol5t & malignant nature ( ! unse54 ,?is 0 lat] conf9$ m & m to ! l[] classes ( ! krei_/ttones & came to be atta*$ to !m s exclusively t x c\ld 9 ! end be reg>d$ z a suffici5t gr\nd ( di/9ction betwe5 !m & ! gods 7z x c]ta9ly _h n be5 to />t )7 t malice is exclud$ f ! nature ( ! gods & b5evol5ce on ! contr>y f t ( ,h]oes & ! dead4 #abje3 ,ar41 ,tag5i/4 fr4 9999#dhe1 #ac3 kai *oa_/s ge *eo_/m5oi 7to ! dead7 ait\_/me?' aut\s ta kala deur' anie_/nai 7int5d$ z a p>oimi_/a or at any rate imitat$ f a trag$ian--apo/rophe to a dead woman ekei ble_/p\sa1 deur' ani_/ei taga?a_/1 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,ran4 #adfb--;& reproduc$ 9 ?is passage by ! int]polator ( ,ari/oph474 ,?is s5d+-up bless+s f bel[ is to be und]/ood 9 ! wide/ s5se 7cf4 ,a41 ,p]s4 #bbb72 b x is natural to be rem9d$ by su* a pray] to anie_/nai taga?a_/ ( ,demet] ansid_/ra 7,paus4 #a1 #ca1 #d2 ,plu41 ,smp4 #i1 #ad1 #d1 p4 #gde ,a71 & ( ,g ansid_/ra4 dia to k>p\s anie_/nai 7,hesy*472 ,s41 ,,ot4 #bfi1 eu_/*omai !\s m_/t' a_/roton autois gs anie_/nai t9a_/4--,t ! dead :o dwell b5ea? ! gr\nd 7 really expect$ to assi/ ! gr[? ( ! soil we may le>n especially f a v int]e/+ /atem5t 9 ! ,hippocratic "w p]i enupni_/n 7ii1 p4 #ad ,khn2 vi1 p4 #feh ,littr p4 diai_/ts iv1 #ib74 ,if a p]son 9 8 dream sees apo?ano_/ntas dress$ 9 :ite1 (f]+ some?+1 t is a good om53 apo gar tn apo?ano_/ntn hai trophai kai auxsies kai spe_/rmata gi_/nontai4 ,!re 0 a cu/om at ,a!ns ( /rew+ se$s ( all k9ds ov] ! newly-made grave3 ,isigon41 ,mir4 #fg2 ,cic41 ,lg4 ii1 #fc4 ,! reason = ?is 7evid5tly religi\s7 is v>i\sly giv5 7ano!r1 no m conv9c+1 is sugge/$ by ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,kl4 ,s*r4 ii1 #cjb f474 ,x seems mo/ natural to suppose t ! se$ ( ! e>? is put "u ! protection ( ! s\ls ( dead :o h n[ !mselves become spirits inhabit+ ! e>?4 7,note besides ! entirely simil> cu/om 9 anci5t ,india1 ,old5b]g1 ,rel4 d4 ,v$a1 #ehb47 #abae3 ,electra 9 ,a41 ,*4 #dhf ff41 makes a v[ to ! s\l ( h] fa!r3 kag *oa_/s soi ts ems pagklri_/z oi_/s patr_/n ek d_/mn gamli_/ous2 pa_/ntn de prton to_/nde presbeu_/s ta_/phon4--,z *?onic p[]s ! ,er9yes also s5d bless+s on agriculture & ! br++-up ( *ildr54 ,rh4 ,mus4 #ej1 #ba4 ,pray] 0 also made to ,g by ^? :o desir$ to h *ildr54 #abbe3 ,phano_/dmo_/s phs9 ho_/ti mo_/noi ,a?naioi ?u_/ous9 kai eu_/*ontai autois huper g5e_/ses pai_/dn1 ho_/tan gamein me_/lls91 ,phot4 ,suid4 tritopa_/tores4 #abce3 ,! =m ( ! ^w itself %[s t ! tritopa_/tores are simply pro_/pappoi4 tritopa_/tr is ! e>lie/ ance/or1 ho pa_/pp\ t_/?s pat_/r 7,ari/4 ap4 ,poll4 #c1 #ag74 ,j z mtropa_/tr is ho mtros pat_/r & patropa_/tr ho patros pat_/r 7,poll4 #c1 #af71 propat_/r ! =efa!r1 pseudopa_/tr pseuds pat_/r1 epipa_/tr ! /epfa!r 7mtrom_/tr mtros m_/tr7--9 ! same way tritopa_/tr is ! ?ird =efa!r1 ! fa!r ( ! patropa_/tr1 i4e4 ! pro_/pappos4 ,! tritopa_/tores h an alt]native =m tritopa_/treis1 ,philo*4 ap4 ,suidas tritopa_/tores3 ,,sig4 #ddc2 ,leg4 ,sacr4 i1 p4 #di1 l4 #cb1 #eb3 9 ,orphic v]se ?is =m alone1 & n tritopa_/tores1 c\ld be us$3 see ,lobeck1 ,agl4 #gfd4 ,!y 7 9 fact ! tri_/toi pate_/res 7j z #bjd ! trite_/ggonoi are ! tri_/toi e_/ggonoi1 ! e_/ggonoi ( ! ?ird g5]ation74 ,b ! ?ird =efa!rs are 9 fact ! fir/ ance/ors 7,lobeck1 #gfc f471 hoi propa_/tores 7,hesy*471 hoi prtoi ar*ge_/tai 7,,ab4 #cjg1 #af7--! ance/ors ( ! individual fir/ ( all1 8 bodily goneis 7! s]ies ( :om 0 n g5]ally c\nt$ beyond ! pro_/pappos--,is4 #h1 #cb--;i4e4 ! tritopa_/tr71 & !n ! ance/ors ( ! human race 9 g5]al 7acc4 to ! explanation ( ,philo*4 ap4 ,phot4 ,suid4 tritop42 cf4 ,welck]1 ,gtt]l4 iii1 #gc74--,we _c d m ?an ref] "h to ! completely analog\s ideas ( ! anci5t ,indians ab\t ! ?ree-fa!rs3 ! fa!r1 gr&fa!r1 great-gr&fa!r1 z ! ,sap9da-fa!rs beyond :om ! l9e ( ance/ry 0 n trac$ 7,kaegi1 ,neunzahl1 pp4 #e1 #f74 #abde3 ,! ,tritopatores are mo/ di/9ctly ref]r$ to z a_/nemoi3 ,demon ap4 ,phot4 ,suid4 tritop4 cf4 despo_/tai ane_/mn ,phot4 tritopa_/tr2 ,tz4 ,lyc4 #gch4 ,orphic poetry made !m ?urr\s kai phu_/lakas tn ane_/mn4 ,?is is already a free int]pretation2 ! ,attic belief1 express$ by ,demon1 kn[s no?+ ab\t ?is4 ,x c only h be5 le>n$ inv5tion t limit$ _! numb] to ?ree 7z 9 ! case ( ! orig9ally unlimit$ numb] ( ,horai1 ,er9yes1 etc471 & gave !m def9ite names 7,amalkeides1 etc41 ,orph4 fr4 #bdj1 ,ab47 or id5tifi$ !m ) ! ?ree ,hekaton*eires 7,kleidemos 9 ! ,exg474 ,! g5u9e & anci5t belief ab\t !m c /ill be disc]n$ ?r\gh all ! confusion ( mis9t]pretation & misund]/&+1 & accord+ to ?is ! tritopa_/tores 7 ! s\ls ( ance/ors :o 7 also w9d-spirits4 ,p pray$ = *ildr5 to ^! spirits3 & ,lobeck1 ,agl4 #gee ff41 is "r 9 connect+ ) ?is cu/om ! ,orphic doctr9e t ! s\l ( man comes into him f )\t ) ! w9d4 ,ev5 ?is1 h[ev]1 is only a speculative embelli%m5t ( ! popul> belief ab\t ! ,tritopatores 7:i* ! ,orphics _c1 z ,welck] ?9ks1 ,gtt]l4 iii1 #ga1 h inv5t$3 !y only expla9$ x aft] _! fa%ion & consequ5tly mu/ h f\nd x already exi/+74 ,:5 we h /ripp$ (f all speculative accretions we f9d ! ,tritopatores to h be5 ! s\ls ( ance/ors :o h become w9d-spirits & travel 9 ! w9d l o!r psu*ai_/ 7^: "n ev5 is d]iv$ f ! brea? ( ! w9d74 ,f ^! z f real pnoiai zogo_/noi _! desc5dants hope = aid :]e ! entry into life ( a new psu*_/ is conc]n$4 ,x is n h>d to und]/& ! connexion betwe5 s\ls & w9d-spirits2 x is m]ely t su* conceptions 7 r>e among ! ,greeks & = t reason ^! isolat$ w9d-spirits surviv+ 9 popul> belief 7 turn$ into individual daimones--! ,tritopatores no less ?an ! ,h>pies 7see ,rh4 ,mus4 #ej1 #c ff474 #abee3 ,! words ( ,ore/es 9 ,a41 ,*4 #dhc1 give v naive expression to ! belief4 ,he calls to ! s\l ( 8 fa!r3 h\_/t 7if ?\ s5de/ me aid7 gar a_/n soi daites e_/nnomoi brotn ktizoi_/at'2 ei de m_/1 p>' eudei_/pnois e_/sei a_/timos empu_/roisi knistois *?ono_/s4 ,?us we see t ! belief ridicul$ by ,luc41 ,luct4 #i1 0 true ( e>li] times z well3 tre_/phontai de a_/ra 7! dead7 tais p>' hmin *oais kai tois ka?agizome_/nois epi tn ta_/phn2 hs ei_/ t m ei_/ kataleleimme_/nos huper gs phi_/los sugg5_/s1 a_/sitos h\tos nekros kai lim_/ttn en autois politeu_/etai4 #abfe3 ,epicurus devotes by w c]ta9 def9ite pro_/sodoi to ! ye>ly (f]+ ( enagi_/smata to 8 p>5ts1 8 bro!rs1 & himself3 ,d4,l4 x1 #ah4--,to ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury belongs ! ,te/am5t ( ,epikteta1 i4e4 ! inscription record+ ! f\ndation by ,epikteta 7:o came f ,!ra z we "k n[ = c]ta93 ,eph4 ,ar*4 #ahid1 p4 #adb7 ( a ?ree-day sacrificial fea/ to be p]=m$ e ye> = #bje ! ,muses & ! ,h]oes1 i4e4 = h] husb&1 h]self1 & h] sons2 & ! in/itution = ?is special purpose ( a ko9on t\ &rei_/ou tn sugg5n 7toge!r ) wom5 ( ! family74 ,! inscr4 gives also ! rules ( ?is sacrificial society 7,mi*el n4 #ajja2 ,,cig4 #bddh74--,! (f]+s to ! dead 9 ?is case 7vi1 #f ff47 consi/ ( a hi]eion 7i4e4 a %eep7 & hi]a_/1 especially ellu_/tai ( five *o9ikes ( :eat5 fl\r & a /at] ( dry *eese 7ell4 are a k9d ( sacrificial cake specially (f]$ to ! deities ( ! l[] _w1 z = ex4 to ,trophonios at ,lebadeia3 ,,gdi4 #dac ) n41 p4 #cic71 & 9 addition to ^! g>l&s are m5tion$4 ,! foll[+ are to be sacrific$3 ! cu/om>y p>ts ( ! victim1 an ellu_/ts1 a loaf1 a pa_/rax 7 ba_/rax1 b_/rx3 int]*ange ( t5uis & m$ia z frequ5tly7 & "s opsa_/ria 7i4e4 small fi%es3 cf4 ! apopuri_/s = ! dead1 ,,gdi4 #cfcd ,kos74 ,! re/ 0 probably consum$ by ! religi\s society3 ^! special portions ! p]son (f]+ ! sacrifice1 we are told1 k>psei1 i4e4 7he %all (f] !m to ! ,h]oes by burn+ !m entire4 ,cf4 ,phot4 kau/o_/n2 k>pto_/n1 ho enagi_/zetai tois teteleutko_/s9 7k>psai1 ka_/rpma1 holoka_/rpsis1 etc41 are frequ5t 9 ! ,,lxx7 & ,phot4 holok>p\_/m5on & holokautismo_/s4 k>p\n holokaut\n 9 ! sacrificial cal5d> f ,kos1 ,,gdi4 #cfcf2 cf4 ,/5gel1 ,h]mes1 #bg1 #afa f4 #abge3 ,see ,is4 #a1 #aj4 #abhe3 ,9 manumission records x is sometimes def9itely enjo9$ t ! fre$ p]sons %all at ! dea? ( _! ma/]s ?apsa_/nt kai ta h_/ria autn poisa_/tsan3 ?us on ! insc4 f ,phokis1 ,,sig4 #hda4 7,in/ructions ( ?is k9d z esp4 frequ5t 9 ! records ( emancipation f ,delphi3 see ,b*s5s*tz1 ,bes4 u4 ,erw41 #agh ,anm4 #c-d47 ta h_/ria :5 appli$ to ! dead 7,,gdi4 #aede-f2 hrai_/n tu*ein ,e41 ,sup4 #age7 means ! ka?' h_/ran suntel\_/m5a hi]a_/ 7,hesy*4 hraia2 fun]al ord9ance ( ! ,labyadai1 l4 #di ff43 tas d' a_/llas ?oi_/nas kat' tan h_/ran agage_//hai71 i4e4 ! sacrifices to be celebrat$ p]iodically 7tais hikn\me_/nais hme_/rais1 n4 #ach2 cf4 teletai h_/riai1 ,pi41 ,p4 ix1 #ih ff474 ,?is d\btless means 9 p>ticul> ! eniau_/sia hi]a_/ 7cf4 nn4 #ha1 #hi1 #ib ( ?is *ap474 ,g>l&+ ( graves kat' eniauton tais hri_/ois 7sc4 hame_/rais71 ,,gdi4 #agge1 #ba2 kat' eniauton hraia hi]a apete_/l\n 7to ! ,h]oes71 ,pl41 ,cri4 #aaf ,c4 #abie3 ,! foll4 are ! expressions occurr+ 9 ! spee*es ( ,isaeus :i* conclusively w>rant :at is said above4 ,! *ildless ,m5ekles esko_/pei ho_/ps m e_/soito a_/pais1 all' e_/soito aut ho_//is znta grotroph_/soi kai teleut_/santa ?a_/psoi auton kai eis ton e_/peita *ro_/non ta nomizo_/m5a aut poi_/soi1 #b1 #aj4 ,to be c>$ = 9 old age1 buri$ aft] dea?1 & to h p]man5t att5tion paid to "o's s\l is a s+le unifi$ conception1 9 :i* ritual burial at ! h&s ( "o's own e_/kgonoi 7?us secur+ ! cult ( ! family7 does n =m ! lea/ important "p 7cf4 ,pl41 ,hipp4 ma4 #bia ,,de3 x is ka_/lli/on = a man--accord+ to ! popul> view--aphikome_/n es gras t\s haut\ gone_/z teleut_/santas kals p]i/ei_/lanti hupo tn haut\ ekgo_/nn kals kai megalopreps taphnai4 ,m$ea says to h] *ildr5 9 ,e41 ,m$4 #ajcb ei*on elpi_/das pollas en humin grobosk_/se9 t' eme kai kat?an\san *]sin eu p]i/elein1 zlton an?r_/pois974 ,t he may %>e 9 ?is att5tion to ! s\ls ( ! dead a man mu/ leave beh9d him a son2 ^u a son alone ?is w fall z a sacr$ duty4 ,h5ce a man :o has no son takes ! *os5 heir ( 8 possessions into 8 own family by adoption4 ,inh]itance & adoption inv>iably accompany ea* o!r 9 su* cases 7& ev5 9 ! fir/ spee*1 :]e1 ?\gh no?+ is actually said ( adoption1 x is c]ta9ly impli$ ?r\gh\t74 ,! #bjf motive ( adoption is said 9 ! cle>e/ possible t]ms to be ! desire on ! "p ( ! adopt] = a p]man5t c>e ( 8 own s\l at ! h&s ( 8 adopt$ son3 #b1 #be1 #df2 #f1 #ea1 #fe2 #g1 #cj2 #i1 #g1 #cf4 ,!re is consequ5tly a close connexion betwe5 einai klrono_/mon kai epi ta mn_/mata ie_/nai1 *eo_/m5oi kai enagi\nta 7#f1 #ea74 ,x is a m>k ( ! heir ta nomizo_/m5a poiein1 enagi_/ze91 *ei/hai 7#f1 #fe72 cf4 also ,d4 #dc1 #fe4 ,duties t[>ds ! s\l ( ! dead consi/ 9 ! son & heir's provision = a solemn fun]al1 ! erection ( a h&some grave-monum5t & 9 8 (f]+ ( ! tri_/ta & e_/nata kai talla ta p]i tn taph_/n3 #b1 #cf1 #cg2 #d1 #ai2 #i1 #d4 ,aft] t he is responsible = ! regul> cont9uation ( ! cult & ( sacrifice to ! dead1 enagi_/ze/hai ka?' he_/ka/on eniauto_/n 7#b1 #df71 & g5]ally1 kai eis ton e_/peita *ro_/non ta nomizo_/m5a poiein 7#b1 #aj74 ,!n1 j z he has to c>ry on = ! dead man 8 family wor%ips1 8 hi]a patra 7#b1 #df3 e4g4 = ,zeus ,ktesios3 #h1 #af72 s also he mu/1 z ! dead man once did1 make regul> (f]+ to ! pro_/gonoi ( ! h\se3 #i1 #g4 ,9 ?is way ! family cult secures its own cont9uity4--,ev]y?+ 9 ?is rem9ds u 9 ! /ronge/ way ( :at is done = ! cont9uation ( ! cult ( ! dead1 esp4 by adoption1 9 ! c\ntry :]e ance/or-wor%ip rea*es its greate/ height--,*9a4 ,desire to p]petuate ! family "n1 ! /ronge/ motive ) u 9 ! adoption ( male *ildr51 c\ld n be s /rong 9 ,greece :5 only individual names 7 usual4 ,ev5 ?is1 h[ev]1 occurs z a motive = ! adoption ( a son1 hi_/na m an_/numos ho oikos aut\ ge_/ntai1 #b1 #cf1 #df2 cf4 ,isocr4 #ai1 #ce 7& ,philodem41 ,mort41 p4 #bh1 #i ff4 ,mekl474 ,! h\se at any rate is call$ aft] its ance/ors 7l ^? ,b\seli_/dai ( :om ,dem4 speaks71 & if ! h\se has no male heir ?is common "n w disappe>4 ,ap>t f ?is1 ! adopt$ p]son w call himself ! son ( 8 adoptive fa!r1 & w ensure ! pres]vation ( ! latt]'s "n1 9 ! well-kn[n fa%ion1 by giv+ ?is "n to ! elde/ 7,dem4 #ci1 #bg7 ( 8 own sons4 7,a simil> p]petuation ( a "n is probably int5d$ 9 ,e41 ,,x4 #fie-h47 #acje3 ,appeal+ to phmai1 pollai kai spho_/dra palaiai_/1 ,plato ass]ts1 ,lg4 #ibg ,a1 hs a_/ra hai tn teleutsa_/ntn psu*ai du_/nam9 e_/*\si_/ t9a teleut_/sasai1 h tn kat' an?r_/p\s pragma_/tn epimel\ntai4 ,h5ce ! epi_/tropoi ( orphan$ *ildr5 prton men t\s a_/n !\s phobei_//hn 4 4 4 eita tas tn kekmko_/tn psu*a_/s1 hais e/9 en t phu_/sei tn hautn ekgo_/nn k_/de/hai diaph]o_/nts1 kai timsi_/ te aut\s eum5eis kai atima_/z\si dusm5eis4 ,x is only ! circle ( influ5ce belong+ to ! psu*ai_/ :i* is "h limit$ 7& ! circle ( wor%ip 9 consequ5ce1 n ! pot5cy ( t influ5ce4 #acae3 ,?is is true at lea/ ( ! ,greeks1 z anci5t philosophy 0 already aw>e3 ,ari/41 ,pol4 i1 #b2 ,dicae>*us ap4 ,/4 ,byz4 pa_/tra 7:o app>5tly ?9ks ( ! pa_/tra z held toge!r by endogam\s m>riage74 ,! :ole developm5t ( ,greek law & politics--?is mu* at lea/ may be conc$$ to ! analysis ( ,fu/el de ,c\langes 7,la ,cit antique7--po9ts to ! conclusion t ! division into ! smalle/ gr\ps goes back to ! beg9n+ ( ,greek life4 ,! ,greeks 7 ev5 !n divid$ into families & gr\ps ( k9sfolk1 f ! comb9ation ( :i* ! lat] ,greek /ate grew up2 !y nev] 7z happ5$ else:]e7 liv$ ! community life ( ! tribe or ! horde4 ,& yet1 c we imag9e ! ,greek gods )\t ! tribal community t wor%ipp$ !m8 #acbe3 ,! idea ( ! ,l> famili>is c be translat$ into ,greek n inadequately by ! words ho kat' oiki_/an h_/rs1 h_/rs oik\ro_/s1 z is done by ,dionys4 ,hal41 & ,plut>* 9 _! acc\nts ( ! /ory #bjg ( ,ocrisia 7,d4,h4 #d1 #b1 #c2 ,plu4 ,=t4 ,rom4 #i1 p4 #cbc ,c74 ,b ?is 0 n an idea curr5t among ! ,greeks4 ,! ,lat9 g5ius g5]is ,l> famili>is 7,lab]4 #ed ,rib47 is mo/ ne>ly approa*$ by ! rem>kable expression h_/rs sugg5ei_/z1 ,,cia4 iii1 #adfj4 ,inside ! h\se1 at ! family he>? 79 ^: mu*oi_/1 dwells ,hekate3 ,e41 ,m$4 #cig71 ! ,greeks wor%ipp$--no long] ! spirits ( ! ance/ors--b ! !oi patroi1 kt_/sioi1 mu_/*ioi1 h]keioi4 ,^! 7 comp>$ ) ! ,roman ,p5ates 7,d4,h4 #a1 #fg1 #c2 cf4 ,hyg4 ap4 ,macr4 #c1 #d1 #ac71 b _! relation%ip to ! spirits ( ! h\se & ( ! family is consid]ably less app>5t ?an 9 ! case ( ! ,p5ates4 7,x is simply imitation ( ,roman cu/om t makes ! dy+ ,p]egr9us call ^u ! dai_/mones patroi kai mtroi3 ,luc41 ,p]egr4 #cf4 ,/e_/phanos tois t\ patros haut\ dai_/mos91 ins4 f ,lykia1 ,,cig4 #dbcb ,,b*4 xv1 #eeb1 n4 #bf4 tois dai_/mosi ts apo?an\_/ss gunaiko_/s1 ,philo1 ,leg4 ad ,g4 #fe1 ii1 p4 #eee ,m4 ,m 9 ,lob41 ,agl4 #gfi n47 #acce3 ,! aga?os dai_/mn ( :i* ,attic writ]s 9 p>ticul> (t5 speak has v indef9ite features4 ,^? :o us$ ! ^w comb9$ ideas--no long] fully intelligible--( a div9e be+ ( fairly def9ite nature & %ape ) ?is "n :i* 9 itself 0 altoge!r too liable to g5]alization4 ,mod]n writ]s h decl>$ t x 0 orig9ally a daimon ( ! f]tility ( crops4 ,b !re is j z little gr\nd = believ+ ?is z !re is = id5tify+ x ) ,dionysos1 z 0 done by ! physician ,philonides 9 connexion ) an absurd /ory :i* he has inv5t$ on 8 own acc\nt 7,a?4 #fge ,b74 ,!re is mu*1 h[ev]1 t po9ts to ! connexion ( ! aga?os dai_/mn ) *?onic p[]s4 ,he appe>s z a snake 7,g]h>d1 ,akad4 ,abh4 ii1 #bd7 l all *?o_/nioi4 7,on a snake on a talisman ! words are writt5 to o_/noma t\ aga?\ dai_/monos3 ,p4 ,mag4 ,p>4 #bdbg ff47 aga?odai_/mones 0 ! "n giv5 to a special k9d ( non-poison\s snake 7describ$ aft] ,ar*ig5es1 9 ! ,vatican iologus br\ght to light by myself3 ,rh4 ,mus4 #ch1 #bgh2 cf4 ,photius1 p>eiai o_/pheis1 & aga9 esp4 s4v4 o_/pheis p>ei_/z1 #cfd1 #a74 ,sacrifice 0 made to !m 9 ,alex&ria on ! #be? ,tybi z tois aga?ois dai_/mosi tois prono\me_/nois tn 9999oikin3 ,calli/h4 i1 #cb 7cod4 ,a1 or z p5ates dei z ! words are translat$ by ,jul4 ,val]41 p4 #ch1 #bi ff4 7,kuebl474 ,9 ?is in/ance ! ag4 d4 is evid5tly a good _s :o protects ! h\se4 ,only ) ?is 9 m9d c we und]/& h[ anyone c\ld consecrate 8 h\se aga? dai_/moni1 z ,timoleon did at ,syracuse 7aga? dai_/moni1 ,plu41 ,ips4 ,laud41 #aa1 p4 #edb ,e2 tn oiki_/an hi] dai_/moni ka?ie_/rs51 ,plu41 ,timol4 #cf1 :]e hi] is evid5tly an anci5t copyi/'s error74 ,cf4 also ! say+ ( ,x5iades1 ,d4,l4 vi1 #gd4 ,su* gu>dian spirits ( ! h\se are ( c\rse famili> en\gh 9 our own popul> sup]/ition1 b 9 _! case ! transition f s\ls ( ! dead to k9dly h\se-spirits or kobolds is /ill demon/rable 7,grimm1 p4 #iac74 ,at ! h\sehold meal ! fir/ few drops ( unmix$ w9e belong by "r to ! aga?os dai_/mn 7,hug1 ,plat4 ,symp4#b1 p4 #bc72 !n foll[s ! libation to ,zeus ,sot]4 ,b sometimes x 0 ! ,h]oes & n ! ag4 d4 :o prec$$ ,zeus ,sot] 7,s*4 ,pi41 ,i v1 #aj2 ,g]h>d1 p4 #ci73 !y h tak5 ! place ( ! ag4 d41 :i* itself reveals ! connexion betwe5 ! ag4 d4 & ^! s\ls4 ,ano!r fact po9t+ 9 ! same direction is ! wor%ip ( ! aga?os dai_/mn 9 common ) _m o!r deities ( *?onic nature 9 ! temple ( ,trophonios at ,lebadeia 7,paus4 #i1 #ci1 #e74 ,9 ?is case x is m5tion$ by ! side ( ,ty*e & ^! two are sometimes met ) toge!r 9 grave-inscriptions 7e4g4 ,,cig4 #bdfe f47 & ,ty*e h]self appe>s ) su* *?onic deities z ,despo9a1 ,pl\ton1 & ,p]sephone 7,,cig4 #bjh #adfd ,sp>ta74 ,9 epitaphic inscriptions daimo_/nn aga?n sometimes occurs z completely equival5t to ,dis ,manibus3 e4g4 ,daimo_/nn aga?n ,poti_/ou1 ,,cig4 #bgjj b4c4 7,mylasa72 daimo_/nn aga?n ,arte_/mnos kai ,ti_/t\1 ,a?4 ,mitt4 '#ij1 p4 #aaj 7,mylasa72 cf4 ! inscr4 f ,mylasa 9 ,a?4 ,mitt4 '#ij1 pp4 #bgf-g 7nn4 #bc-e1 #bg74 ,! s+ul> is r>e3 ,dai_/monos aga?\ ,ari/e_/ou ktl4 ,,b*4 '#ij1 p4 #fbf 7,k>ia74 7dai_/mos9 heaut\ te kai ,laititi_/z ts gunaikos aut\ ,dis ,manibus suis et ,laetitiae uxoris 9 ! bil+ual ins4 f ,b]oea1 ,,cig4 #ddeb3 cf4 #dbcb & #ehbg47 ,all ^! h come "u ,roman influ5ce1 b x is wor? notic+1 all ! same1 t ! aga?os d4 0 id5tifi$ ) ! ,di ,manes2 :i* means t x 0 reg>d$ z a daimon t _h once be5 a disembodi$ human s\l4--,! subject might be dealt ) m fully ?an w\ld be 9 place "h4 #acde3 ,9 ,boeotia 7& else:]e1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,!ssaly7 ! designation ( ! dead z h_/rs--always an indication ( a high] conception ( its _s nature--is especially frequ5t on tomb/ones4 ,m w be f\nd on ?is subject bel[4 ,! inscriptions are = ! mo/ "p ( late date4 ,b ev5 9 ! fif? c5tury 7at all ev5ts at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r?7 ! cu/om ( h]oiz+ ! ord9>y dead 0 curr5t4 ,to ?is ,plato ,com4 7i1 p4 #fbb ,k47 alludes 9 ! ,m5elaos1 ti_/ ouk ap_/gx1 hi_/na ,?_/bs9 h_/rs ge_/n2 7,z5ob4 vi1 #ag1 etc4 ,! ,p>oemiogrr4 connect ?is ) ! ,!ban cu/om ( refus+ ! hon\rs ( ! dead to ^? :o committ$ suicide4 ,?is is c]ta9ly wrong & contradicts ,pl4's int5tion4 ,keil %[s ?is cle>ly1 ,syll4 ,insc4 ,boeot41 p4 #aec74 #acee3 ,among ! ,epizephyrian ,locrians odu_/re/hai ouk e_//9 epi tois teleut_/sas91 all' epeidan ekkomi_/ss91 eu*\ntai1 ,h]aclid41 ,pol4 #cj1 #b4 ,9 ,keos ! m5 nev] we> any sign ( m\rn+1 ?\gh wom5 m\rn = a ye> = a son :o dies "y2 ib4 #i1 #d 7see ,welck]1 ,kl4 ,s*r4 ii1 #ejb74 ,! fun]al regulation ( ,iulis 7,,sig4 #hgg7 publi%$ 9 imitation ( ,a!nian usage implies r a t5d5cy to exagg]at$ display ( m\rn+1 at lea/ among ! common p4 #acfe3 e4g4 ,is4 #b1 #dg3 bo?_/sate kai hmin kai ekei_/n t en ,ha_/id\ o_/nti4 ,/rictly speak+ no "o c bo!in ! dep>t$ 9 ,hades4 ,few nations h entirely escap$ su* contradictions betwe5 a cult ( ! dead 9 ! h\se or at a grave & ! conception ( ! relegation ( ! s\l to an inaccessible o!r _w4 ,!y arise f two simultane\sly exi/+ m5tal attitudes 7repres5t+ also diff]5t /ages ( culture7 t[>ds ^! obscure subjects4 ,! naive !ology ( ! common p reconciles su* discrepancies by attribut+ two s\ls to m51 "o ( :i* goes d[n to ,hades :ile ! o!r rema9s beside ! /ill-animat$ body & receives ! (f]+s ( ! family3 e4g4 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians3 ,mll]1 ,ges4 d4 ,am]4 ,urrel4 #ff2 cf4 ,tylor1 i1 #dcd4 ,^! two s\ls are 9 reality ! creation ( two mutually incompatible modes ( ?\ght4 #acge3--;idne te/am5to cavebit is qui nobis quasi oraculum edid]it nihil po/ mortem ad nos p]t9]e8 ,cic41 ,f94 ii1 #ajb4--;,besides ,epic41 ,!ophra/os seems to h made "s arrangem5t = ! regul> celebration ( 8 memory 7by ! associates ( ! ,p]ipatos874 ,h>p4 #aci1 #d ff43 m_/pote de hu_//]on n5o_/mi/ai to epi tim t9as tn apo?ano_/ntn sunie_/nai kai orgenas homoi_/s noma_//hai2 hs e_//i sunidein ek tn ,!ophra_//\ dia?kn4 ,! w ( ,?phr4 pres]v$ by ,d4,l4 #e1 #b1 #ad1 is sil5t on ! po9t4 #bji ,,iii #ache3 ,oracle ap4 ,d4 #dc1 #ff 7cf4 #fg7 tois apoph?ime_/nois en hikn\me_/na hame_/ra 7en tais ka?k\_/sais hme_/rais1 #fg7 telein t\s ka?_/kontas katta hagme_/na4--ta hagme_/na ta nomizo_/m5a ! cu/om>y ?+s 7,buttmann1 ,ausf4 ,gramm41 #aac n4 #g1 #a1 p4 #hd ,lob474 #acie3 ,inquiry1 at sacrifices to ! dead1 ( an exgt_/s3 ,is4 #h1 #ci2 ( ! exgtai_/ 7:o give detail$ in/ructions & advice3 ,d4 #dg1 #fh ff4 ,h>p4 exgt_/s2 e_//i de kai ha 7p]h4 ho_/te ta7 pros t\s katoi*ome_/n\s nomizo_/m5a exg\nto tois deome_/nois4 ,tim4 ,lex4 exgtai_/2 treis gi_/nontai pu?o_/*r/oi 7!re is no ne$ to und]/& ?is o!r ?an lit]ally1 i4e4 t ! college ( ! pu?o_/*r4 exg4 consi/$ ( ?ree memb]s3 ,s*ll1 ,h]mes1 #bb1 #efd71 hois me_/lei ka?ai_/re9 t\s a_/gei t9i enis*!_/ntas4 ,! purification ( ! enageis is closely connect$ ) ! cult ( ! s\ls4 ,x is true t prescriptions = su* purification 7 to be f\nd also en tois tn ,eupatridn 7s ,mll]1 ,aes*4 ,eum4 #afc ,a4 #bj #aeb n4 ,e4,t47 patri_/ois3 ,a?4 #i1 #daj ,a1 & x may be t ! college ( ! ex ,eupatridn exgtai_/ may h also giv5 decisions 9 su* cases4 ,/ill1 t does n prev5t ! /atem5t ( ,timaeus 9 reg>d to ! exg4 pu?o_/*r4 f be+ true4 7,expiations belong pr9cipally if n exclusively to ! ,apoll9e cult47 #adje3 ,plu41 ,s]4 ,num4 #ag1 p4 #fej ,c4,d4 expressly appeals = confirmation ( ! belief 9 a cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] ! dea? ( ! body to utt]ances ( ! ,delphic god3 a_/*ri t\ polla toiauta pro!spi_/ze/hai1 ou* ho_/sio_/n e/i ts psu*s katagnnai ?a_/naton4 #adae3 ,t already 9 ,hom] ! circle ( ! ag*i/eis 79 ! ,a!nian legal s5se7 0 call$ ^u to prosecute ! blood-feud is c]ta9ly probable 9 itself2 x _c1 h[ev]1 be prov$ f examples occurr+ 9 ,hom]4 ,lei/'s /atem5ts 9 ,graecoital4 ,re*tsges41 p4 #db1 are n q exact4 ,! facts are3 a fa!r is call$ ^u to av5ge 8 son1 & a son 8 fa!r1 & a bro!r to av5ge 8 bro!r 7g #cjg2 ,i #fcb f42 #dcd72 once ! av5g]s are ! kasi_/gntoi_/ te e_/tai te ( ! murd]$ man1 o #bgc4 e_/tai has a v wide s5se & is n ev5 conf9$ to k9%ip2 at any rate x is n simply c\s9s 7e_/tai kai anepsioi_/ side by side4 ,i #dfd74--;,9 ,attic law1 too1 9 c]ta9 cases ! duty ( prosecut+ ! murd]] ext5d$ beyond ! limits ( ! anepsiadoi to m di/ant relatives & ev5 to ! phra_/tores ( ! murd]$ man 7,law ap4 ,d4 #dc1 #eg74 #adbe3 ,flight1 inde$ aeiphugi_/a1 on acc\nt ( pho_/nos ak\_/sios3 ,ps #he ff4 7,! fugitive becomes ! !ra_/pn ( ! p]son :o receives him into 8 h\se 9 ! =eign l&3 l4 #ij2 cf4 ,o #dca f42 ?is mu/ h be5 ! rule47--,flight on acc\nt ( pho_/nos hek\_/si\s 7lo*sa_/m5os #bfh7 n #bei ff4 ,& s frequ5tly4 #adce3 ,i #fcb ff4 kai me_/n ti_/s te kasign_/toio phonos 9999po9n h\ paidos h$e_/xato te?ntos2 kai_/ rh' ho men en d_/m me_/nei aut\ po_/ll' apoti_/sas t\ de_/ t' ertu_/etai kradi_/ kai ?umos ag_/nr po9n dexame_/n\4 ,"h x is v pla9ly repres5t$ t all t is requir$ is to appease ! he>t & _s ( ! receiv] ( ! po9_/3 ! murd]$ man is n consid]$4 #adde3 ,x is v natural to suppose t ! po9_/ 7z ,k4 ,o4 ,mll] sugge/s 9 ,aes*4 ,eum4 #ade #abb ,e ,t47 may h aris5 out ( ! sub/itution ( a vic>i\s sacrifice in/ead ( t ( ! murd]] himself1 :o %\ld /rictly h be5 (f]$ to ! dead man4 ,9 ?is way primitive human sacrifice has 9 _m cases be5 replac$ by sacrifice ( animals4 ,9 t case ! po9_/ too mu/ h orig9ally be5 (f]$ to ! murd]$ man3 9 ,hom]ic times #baj only ! satisfaction ( ! liv+ av5g] 0 ?\ght (4--,9 any case x is a mi/ake to look ^u ! p]mission to buy (f ! blood-feud z a mitigation ( primitive sev]ity 9 ! tak+ ( v5geance due to ! int]v5tion ( ! ,/ate4 ,! ,/ate 9 ?is case mitigat$ no?+ s9ce x took no int]e/ at all 79 ,hom]7 9 ! treatm5t ( murd] cases4 ,( c\rse1 legal proce$+s c be tak5 to decide :e!r a /ipulat$ po9_/ has be5 paid or n 7,s #dig ff471 z 9 ! case ( any o!r sumbo_/laion4 ,b ! prosecution ( ! murd]] 9 all its dep>tm5ts is left entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! family ( ! murd]$ man4 #adee3 ,we h v few details on ?is po9t4 ,9 ,sp>ta hoi ge_/rontes 7dika_/z\si7 tas phonikas 7di_/kas71 ,ari/41 ,pol4 #c1 #a1 p4 #abge;b #aj 7& 9 ,cor9?1 too1 ,d4,s4 #af1 #fe1 #f ff474 ,involunt>y homicide is puni%$ by exile & 79 ?is be+ m sev]e ?an at ,a!ns7 p]petual exile z x appe>s4 ,! ,sp>tiate ,drakontios s]v+ 9 ! army ( ! ,t5 ,?\s& e_/phuge pais n oi_/ko!n paida a_/kn 9999katakann 7l ,patroklos 9 fact1 ,ps #hg71 xu_/l pata_/xas1 ,x541 ,an4 #d1 #h1 #be4 ,if 8 bani%m5t _h be5 only tempor>y ! p]iod mu/ h expir$ long be=e4--,9 ,kyme !re are ve/iges ( legal prosecution ( murd] 7) witnesses73 ,ari/41 ,pol4 #abfi;a1 #a ff4--,9 ,*alkis epi ,?ra_/k ! laws ( ,&rodamas ( ,rhegion 7 9 =ce p]i_/ te ta phonika kai tas epikl_/r\s1 ,ari/41 ,pol4 #b1 #h1 p4 #abgd;b #bc ff4--,9 ,lokri 7 us$ ! laws ( ,zaleukos 9 comb9ation ) ,cretan1 ,sp>tan & ,areopagite in/itutions2 ^! la/ und\bt$ly deal+ ) homicide1 :i* mu/ !re=e h be5 regulat$ con/itutionally4 7,/r4 vi1 #bfj1 foll[+ ,eph47 #adfe3 ,! limits ( ^? qualifi$ to inh]it ext5ds 9 ,a!nian law me_/*ri 9999anepsiadn pai_/dn 7,law ap4 ,d4 #dc1 #ea2 cf4 #bg7 z did ! duty ( av5g+ murd] me*ri anepsiadn3 ,d4 #dg1 #gb 7entos anepsio_/ttos1 :i* mu/ mean ! same ?+1 ,law ap4 ,d4 #dc1 #eg74 ,! circle ( p]sons ?us unit$ 9 ! "r ( inh]itance & ! duty ( tak+ v5geance = murd] con/itut$ ! ag*i/ei_/a1 ! body ( k9sfolk trac+ _! desc5t 79 ! male l9e only7 f ! same man1 ! fa!r1 gr&fa!r1 or great-gr&fa!r ( !m all4 ,?is is ! limit to :i* ! goneis are trac$3 ,is4 #h1 #cb2 cf4 above1 note #abc4 ,_m nations ( ! e>? are famili> ) a simil> limitation ( ! n>r[] body ( k9sfolk compos+ a h\se3 z to ! und]ly+ reasons = ! practice _m conjectures are made by ,h4 ,e4 ,seebohm1 ,on ! ,/ructure ( ,greek ,tribal ,society 7#ahie74 #adge3 ,z to ! re/less w&]+ ( ! biaio?a_/natoi m details w be giv5 bel[ ,app5d4 vii4 ,9 ! meantime x w be en\gh to ref] to ,a41 ,eum4 #ih1 :]e ! /ill unav5g$ s\l ( ! murd]$ ,klytaimne/ra compla9s ais*rs almai4 ,a lat] au?ority uses words t correspond well ) anci5t belief3 ,porph41 ,ab/4 ii1 #dg1 tn an?r_/pn hai tn bi_/a apo?ano_/ntn 7psu*ai7 kate_/*ontai pros t s_/mati1 l ! s\ls ( ! a_/taphoi4 #adhe3 ,9 ,hom]ic times ! injur$ dead becomes a !n m_/nima to ! evil-do] 7,* #ceh1 l #gc74 ,lat] times believ$ t ! s\l ( ! dead man himself angrily pursu$ ! murd]] ) its t]rors till x drove him beyond its own b\nd>ies3 ho ?anat!is ?um\tai t dra_/santi ktl41 ,pl41 ,lg4 #hfe ,,de1 appeal+ to palaio_/n t9a tn ar*ai_/n mu_/?n lego_/m5on2 cf4 ,x41 ,cyr4 #h1 #g1 #ah3 ,a41 ,*o4 #ci ff41 #cbc ff4 ,if ! next-(-k9 ^: duty x is to av5ge ! dea? ( 8 relative %irks ! duty incumb5t on him ! ang] ( ! dead man is turn$ ^u ! latt]3 ,pl41 ,leg4 #i1 #hff ,b--t\ pa?o_/ntos pro/repome_/n\ tn pa_/?n4 ,! indignant s\l becomes pro/ro_/paios4 pro/ro_/paios probably #baa applies only 9 a d]ivative s5se to a dai_/mn :o takes ! "p ( ! dead man 7esp4 ,zeus pro/ro_/paios72 x is /rictly speak+ an epi!t ( ! s\l itself 9 its long+ = v5geance4 ,?us 9 ,antiphon ,tetral4 #a1 g #aj1 hmin men pro/ro_/paios ho apo?ann ouk e_//ai4 #c1 d #aj1 ho apoktei_/nas 7or r ho te?nks7 tois aiti_/ois pro/ro_/paios e_//ai4 ,s1 too1 ,a41 ,*o4 #bhg1 ek pro/ropai_/n en ge_/nei peptko_/tn4 ,,em4 #db1 #g1 rigo_/nn1 an>t_/sasan heaut_/n1 pro/ro_/paion tois ,a?nai_/ois g5e_//hai4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 see p>ticul>ly well f ?is case h[ easily ! *ange came ab\t f a s\l 9 a special condition to a simil> daimonic be+ :i* takes ! place ( ! s\l ( ! dead4 ,! same ,antiphon speaks also ( hoi tn apo?ano_/ntn pro/ro_/paioi1 ho pro/ro_/paios t\ apo?ano_/ntos z some?+ di/9ct f ! dead man himself3 ,tetr4 #c1 a #d2 #c1 b #h2 cf4 ho ,murti_/l\ pro/ro_/paios1 ,paus4 #b1 #ah1 #b1 etc42 cf4 ,za*]1 ,diss]t4 phil4 ,hal5s41 iii1 p4 #bbh4 ,! injur$ dead himself becomes araios1 ,soph41 ,tr4 #abja ff4 7cf4 fr4 #cfg2 ,e41 ,,x4 #ggh2 ,m$4 #fjh72 lat] 8 place is tak5 by dai_/mones araioi4 ,:at t]rible evils ! unav5g$ s\l c br+ ^u ! p]son :o is call$ ^u to take v5geance are pa9t$ = u by ,aes*4 9 ,*o4 #bgh ff4 7or else z "s ?9k an anci5t int]polator ( ,a474 ,sickness & tr\ble might be s5t ov] sev]al g5]ations by su* palaia mni_/mata ( ! dead3 ,pl41 ,phdr4 #bdd ,d 7see ,lobeck's acc\nt1 ,agl4 #fcf f474 ,true to anci5t beliefs an ,orphic hymn prays to ! ,titanes mn9 *alepn apope_/mpe91 ei_/ tis apo *?oni_/n progo_/nn oi_/koisi pela_//h1 ,h4 #cg1 #g f42 cf4 #ci1 #i-aj4 #adie3 *re_/n e/9 hupexel!in t pa?o_/nti ton dra_/santa tas h_/ras pa_/sas t\ eniaut\1 kai ermsai pa_/ntas t\s oikei_/ous to_/p\s xumpa_/ss ts patri_/dos1 ,pl41 ,lg4 ix1 #hfe ,e4 ,! law says 9 ! case ( ! crim9al convict$ ( murd] ei_/rge9 men ts t\ pa?o_/ntos patri_/dos1 ktei_/ne9 de ou* ho_/sion hapanta*\1 ,d4 #bc1 #ch4 #aeje3 ,:5 ! victim 0 a citiz51 & also 9 wilful murd] ( a non-citiz54 ,see ,mei4 & ,s*41 ,att4 ,proc4#b1 p4 #cgi1 n4 #ebj4--,:5 ! citiz5%ip ( a city re/$ ^u conque/ ! lives ( ! subjects belong+ to ! old] subject population 7 ( less acc\nt4 ,9 ,tralles 7,k>ia7 ! murd] ( "o ( ! ,leleges by an 7,argive7 full citiz5 might be b\ght (f by paym5t ( a bu%el ( peas 7a purely symbolical po9_/7 to ! relations ( ! victim3 ,plu41 ,q4,gr4 #df1 p4 #cjb ,b4 #aeae3 ,on ! expiry ( ! legally appo9t$ p]iod ( bani%m5t ! relations ( ! dead man d n seem to h be5 all[$ to refuse ai_/desis4 ,see ,philippi1 ,areop4 u4 ,ephet51 #aae f4 #aebe3 ,law ap4 ,d4 #dc1 #eg4 #aece3 ,d4 #cg1 #ei4 ,see ,philippi1 op4 cit41 p4 #add ff4 ,cf4 ,e41 ,hipp4 #adce f41 #addb f41 #addh f4 #aede3 ,su* prohibition aga9/ tak+ a po9_/ = murd] is made by ! ,law ap4 ,d4 #bc1 #bh3 t\s d' &ropho_/n\s exeinai apoktei_/ne9 4 4 4 lumai_/ne/hai de m_/1 mde apo9an 7cf4 #cc to de md' apo9an2 m *r_/mata pra_/tte91 ta gar *r_/mata a_/po9a no_/mazon hoi palaioi_/74 ,9 spite ( ?is ,mei] & o!rs unju/ifiably conclude t murd] c\ld be indemnifi$ by paym5t ( money1 f ! illegal practice m5tion$ 9 ,d4 #eh1 #bi3 ?is speaks r = ! contr>y4 ,!y h m appe>ance ( ju/ification :5 !y appeal to ,h>p4 7,phot4 ,suid41 ,e4,m4 #ghd1 #bf2 ,,ab4 #cac1 #e ff471 s4v4 hupopho_/nia2 ta epi pho_/n dido_/m5a *r_/mata tois oikei_/ois t\ phoneu!_/ntos1 hi_/na m epexi_/s94 ,on ! /r5g? ( ?is ,h]mann1 ,gr4 ,/aatsalt4#e #ajd1 #f1 says1 ev5 int5tional murd] c\ld be absolutely indemnifi$4 ,no?+ is actually said ( pho_/nos hek\_/sios "h nor d we any:]e le>n t ! paym5t ( hupopho_/nia #bab on ! occasion ( a murd] 0 ev] a =mally legaliz$ proce$+4 ,x rema9s possible1 & ev5 9 ! circum/ances m probable1 t ,d9>*4 & ,?phr4 9 ! passages on hupopho_/nia quot$ by ,h>p4 ref]r$ to ! practice z "o =bidd5 by law1 ?\gh x might be1 on occasion1 an actual fact4 ,if we _h only ! gloss ( ,suidas--a_/po9a2 lu_/tra1 ha di_/dsi_/ tis huper pho_/n\ s_/matos4 h\_/ts ,s_/ln en no_/mois--we might h conclud$ t paym5t ( su* blood-money 0 all[$ 9 ,a!ns & m5tion$ 9 ,solon's laws z all[able4 ,?is w\ld be q z ju/ifiable z to argue z above f ,h>p4 s4 hupopho_/nia4 ,we "k1 9 fact1 t ! law ref]r$ to ! a_/po9a & apo9an z =bidd5 ?+s1 f ! passages already quot$ f ,dem4 7#bc1 #bh-cc74 ,f ^! ! gloss 0 itself probably d]iv$4 #aeee3 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 believe on ! poor au?ority ( ,s*4 ,dem1 p4 #fjg1 #af ff41 t ! hi]opoioi tais ,semnais !ais 7 select$ out ( ! :ole ,a!nian citiz5 body by ! ,areiopagos4 7,?ree 7 *os5 out ( all ! ,a!nians3 ,d4 #ba1 #aae2 at o!r times t53 ,d9>*4 ap4 ,,em4 #dfi1 #ab ff42 an indef9ite numb]3 ,phot4 hi]opoioi_/47 ,accord+ to all analogies we %\ld r expect ?is selection to h be5 made by ! popul> ,assembly4 #aefe3 hai dimosi_/ai kai ta to_/mia1 ,antiphon1 ,h]od4 #hh4 ,9 m detail ,d4 #bc1 #fg-h4 ,^? :o _h to take an oa? swore by ! ,semnai !ai_/ & o!r gods3 ,d9>*41 adv4 ,demo/h4 #dg4 ,bo? sides _h to swe> to ! ju/ice ( _! case 9 respect ( ! mat]ial facts 9 dispute 7,philippi1 ,areop41 pp4 #hg-ie74 ,su* a compulsory oa? tak5 by bo? p>ties c\ld n ( c\rse 9 any circum/ances s]ve z pro(3 "o side at lea/ mu/ be p]jur$4 ,nor c ! ,a!nians !mselves h fail$ to see ?is4 ,x is surely do+ !m an inju/ice n to see ! simple explanation ( ?is /range sort ( prelim9>y oa?-tak+ & to dismiss ! matt] ) a ref]5ce to ! ,a!nians z n a legally-m9d$ p 7z ,philippi does1 p4 #hh74 ,x is mu* m natural to suppose t ?is d\ble oa?1 tak5 "u circum/ances ( peculi> solemnity1 0 n reg>d$ z a juridical matt] at all1 b _h a purely religi\s s5se 7z x _h 9 ! q simil> cases m5tion$ by ,me9]s1 ,allg4 ,ges*4 d4 ,relig4 ii1 #bif f474 ,! oa?-tak] invokes a dreadful curse ^u himself if he breaks 8 oa? & devotes hauton kai ge_/nos kai oiki_/an tn haut\ 7,antiphon1 ,h]od4 #aa7 to ! ,curse-,goddesses1 ! ,arai_/ or ! ,er9u_/es hai_/ ?' hupo gaian an?r_/p\s ti_/nuntai1 ho_/tis k' epi_/orkon omo_/ss 7,t #bei f47--& to ! ,gods :o are to puni% 8 *ildr5 & 8 :ole ki? & k9 on e>? 7,lycurg41 ,leocr4 #gi74 ,if ! c\rt discov]s ! p]jur$ p>ty ! puni%m5t due to 8 action ov]takes him 7or if he is ! pla9tiff1 he fails 9 8 purpose7 & at ! same "t ! ju/ice ( heav5 puni%es him = 8 brok5 oa? 7cf4 ,d4 #bc1 #fh74 ,b ! c\rt may make a mi/ake & n f9d out ! p]jur]2 9 :i* case ! p]jur] is /ill puni%$ = he becomes a victim ( ! gods to :om he has devot$ himself--:o d n err4 ,?us ! d\ble oa? is an addition to ! judicial inquiry1 & heav5ly puni%m5t /&s side by side ) t ( m54 ,! two may co9cide1 b ?is ne$ n be s1 & 9 ?is way ! guilty is puni%$ :atev] happ5s4 7,h[ famili> su* ideas 7 9 antiquity we see f expressions us$ by orators3 ,isoc4 #ah1 #c2 ,d4 #ai1 #bci-dj2 ,lycurg41 ,leocr4 #gi47 ,! oa?1 be+ an appeal to a high] c\rt1 supplem5t$ human ju/ice1 or r ! legal processes ( m5 supplem5t$ ! oa?-tak+1 = 9 ?is p>tn]%ip ! appeal to an oa? mu/ h be5 ! old] memb]4 #bac #aege3 ,poll4 #h1 #aag1 ka?' he_/ka/on de mna trin hm]n edi_/kazon 7! judges on ! ,areiopagos7 ephexs1 teta_/rt ph?i_/nontos1 tri_/t1 deute_/ra4 #aehe3 hoi ,areopagitai treis p\ t\ mnos hme_/ras tas phonikas di_/kas edi_/kazon1 heka_// tn !n mi_/an hme_/ran apone_/montes1 ,s*4 ,aes*94 #a1 #ahh1 p4 #bhb ,s*4 ,?is c]ta9ly implies t ! limitation ( ! numb] ( ! ,er9yes to ?ree 7& n two = example--:i* fir/ appe>s 9 ,eurip41 b 0 c]ta9ly n 8 own inv5tion--0 (ficially curr5t 9 ! wor%ip ( ! city4--,s9ce ^! ?ree days 7 sacr$ to ! ,er9yes1 z goddesses ( ,hades1 !y c\nt$ z apophra_/des hme_/rai3 ,,em4 #aca1 #af f42 ,et4 ,gud4 #gj1 #e 7! ?irtie? day ( ! mon? is = t reason phau_/l pas9 e_/rgois acc4 to ,orpheus fr4 #bh ,ab474 #aeie3 ,paus4 #a1 #bh1 #f4 #afje3 ,! ,er9yes are ! accus]s ( ,ore/es n only 9 ,aes*ylus 7& !nce 9 ,eurip4 too1 ,,x4 #idj ff471 b also 9 ! v>y+ acc\nts d]iv$ f diff]5t s\rces1 9 :i* ! twelve gods s]v$ z judges ap4 ,d4 #bc1 #ff 7cf4 #gd1 & ,d9>*41 adv4 ,dem4 #hg74 #afae3 ,! ,er9yes are said apo zntos rhophein eru?ron ek mele_/n pe_/lanon1 ,a41 ,eum4 #bfd f42 cf4 #ahc f42 #cjb2 #cje4 ,9 ?is !y closely resemble ! vampires :i* we he> ( especially 9 ,slav popul> my?ology1 & ! ,tii ( ! ,polynesians1 etc4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are ! s\ls ( ! dead return$ f ! grave & suck+ m5's blood4 #afbe3 ,! ,er9yes say to ,ore/es3 emoi traphei_/s te kai ka?i]me_/nos kai zn me dai_/seis oude pros bm sphagei_/s1 ,a41 ,eum4 #cjd f4 ,! matricide is divis p>5tum 7i4e4 _! ,manes7 sac]1 _! sacrificial victim 7?uma kata*?oni_/ou ,dio_/s ,d4,h4 #b1 #aj1 #c71 9 ! old] belief ( ,greece1 too4 #afce3 ,see ,rh4 ,mus4 #ej1 #f ff4 #afde3 ,! fact t aft] receiv+ ! ai_/desis ( ! dead man's relatives ! ag5t ( a pho_/nos ak\_/sios 0 /ill requir$ to (f] ! expiatory sacrifice z well z und]go purification 7hilasmo_/s & ka?>mo_/s7 is allud$ to by ,dem4 #bc1 #gb-c1 9 ! d\ble expression ?usai kai ka?>?nai1 hosi\n kai ka?ai_/re/hai 7cf4 ,mll]1 ,aes*4 ,eum41 p4 #add #abb1 n4 #b1 ,e4,t474 #afee3 ,see ,philippi1 ,areop4 u4 ,eph4 #fb4 #affe3 ,9 ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey !re is a total abs5ce n only ( all ref]5ce to purification f blood-guilt9ess b ( ! necess>y conditions = x4 ,! murd]] goes freely among m5 )\t !re be+ any fe> ( o!rs suff]+ f a mi_/asma atta*+ to him4 ,cf4 ! case especially ( ,!oklym5os1 o #bga-h4 ,lobeck rightly emphasizes ?is1 ,agl4 #cja4 ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]'s attempts to prove 9 spite ( ev]y?+ t purifications f ! /a9 ( murd] 7 a ,hom]ic cu/om1 are failures4 ,see ,ngelsba*1 ,hom4 ,!ol4#b1 p4 #bic4--,! olde/ examples ( purifications f murd] 9 ! lit]ature are 7,lobeck #cji73 purification ( ,a*illes f ! blood ( ,!rsites 9 ! ,ai?iopi_/s1 p4 #cc ,k9k42 refusal ( ,neleus to purify ,h]akles f ! murd] ( ,iphitos3 ,hesiod en katalo_/gois1 ,s*41 ,il4 ,b #ccf4--,my?ical exx4 ( su* purifications 9 lat] acc\nts3 ,lob41 ,agl4 #ifh-i4 #afge3 ,e g4 (f]+ ( cakes1 sacrifice ( dr9k-(f]+s )\t w9e1 burn+ ( ! mat]ials ( sacrifice2 cf4 ! description ( hilasmo_/s 79 ?is place cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ka?>mo_/s7 9 ,a4,r4 iv1 #gab ff4 ,simil> acc\nt 7(f]+s )\t w9e1 etc47 ( ! hilasmo_/s 7:i* is1 h[ev]1 improp]ly call$ ka?>mo_/s1 l4 #dff7 ( ! ,eum5ides at ,kolonos :i* ! *orus recomm5ds to ,o$ipus1 ,s41 ,o4,c4 #dfi ff4 ,no "o might eat ( ! expiatory sacrifice3 ,porph41 ,ab/4 #b1 #dd4 ,x is burnt completely3 ,/5gel1 ,jahrb4 f4 ,phil4 #ahhc1 p4 #cfi ff4--,! #bad cla% ( bronze 0 us$ pros pasan aphosi_/s9 kai apoka_/?>s93 ,apollod4 fr4 #cf 7& 9 (f]+s to ,hekate1 ,!oc4 ii1 #cf2 z protection aga9/ gho/s1 ,luc41 ,philops4 #ae2 ,s*4 ,!oc4 ii1 #cf2 ,tz41 ,lyc4 #gg4 ,cla% ( bronze 9 ?is apotropaic s5se occurs1 too1 9 ! dance ( ! ,k\retes1 etc42 see bel[74 ,! ritual ( expiation 0 affect$ 9 _m ways by admixture ( =eign sup]/itions f ,phrygia & ,lydia4 ,its *ief s\rce is to be f\nd 9 ! ,cretan wor%ip ( ! 7*?onic7 ,zeus4 ,!nce x seems to h spread all ov] ,greece assi/$ by ! ,apoll9e oracle ( ,delphi4 ,?is is :y ! ram1 ! peculi> victim ( ,zeus *?o_/nios1 is ! pr9cipal victim 9 expiatory sacrifices1 its fleece1 ! ,dios k_/dion1 receiv+ ! v>i\s mat]ials ( expiation1 etc4 #afhe3 ,on ! *?onic "* ( ! deities ( expiation see 9 g54 ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,aes*4 ,eum41 p4 #aci ff4 7#aab ff474 ,*ief among !m is ,zeus meili_/*ios 7a euphemi/ic title2 cf4 above1 n4 #e71 :o is unmi/akably a *?o_/nios4 ,h5ce1 l all *?o_/nioi he is repres5t$ z a snake on ! votive tablet to ,z4 meil4 discov]$ 9 ! ,peiraeus 7c]ta9ly ! ,a!nian god & n a =eign deity id5tifi$ ) ?is god :om all ,a!nians knew well f ! fea/ ( ! ,diasia73 ,,b*4 #g1 #ejg ff42 ,,cia4 ii1 #aegh ff4 ,on a votive insc4 f ,lykia we h1 side by side ) ! *?onic ,hekate1 ,dii ,meili*i_/ kai ,enodi_/a1 ,,b*4 #ac1 #cib4 ,o!r !oi meili_/*ioi 9 ,lokris 7 wor%ipp$ ) nocturnal sacrifice 7z regul>ly 9 ! case ( und]world deities73 ,paus4 #aj1 #ch1 #h4 ,! dai_/mones meili_/*ioi z *?o_/nioi are contra/$ ) ! maka_/ress9 ourani_/ois 9 ! oracle v]ses ap4 ,phlegon1 ,macr4 iv1 p4 #ic1 #e ,kel43 deis mili*eis ,acta ,lud4 ,saecul4 ,tab4 ,a l4 #aa ,,cil4 vi1 #cb1 #cbc2 see ,momms51 ,ges4 ,s*r4 viii1 #egj4--,!n come ! apotro_/paioi3 _! nature c be guess$ f ! fact t !y 7 wor%ipp$ toge!r ) ! dead & ,hekate on ! ?irtie? day ( ! mon? 7see above1 n4 #hh74 ,aft] a bad dream (f]+s 7 made to ! apotro_/paioi1 to ,ge & ! ,h]oes3 ,hp41 ,diaet4 #d1 #h1 vi1 p4 #feb ,l4 ,zeus apotro_/paios mu/ h be5 a *?o_/nios1 b we h side by side ) him an ,a?na apotropai_/a 7& an ,apollo apotr4 too73 ins4 f ,ery?rai1 ,,sig4 #fjj1 #fi2 #aae3 ! prov9ces ( ,olu_/mpioi & *?o_/nioi 7 n always kept absolutely di/9ct4--,an anci5t & h]$it>y s]vice ( ! propitiation deities belong$ to ! ,attic family ( ! ,phytalids :o _h once purifi$ & (f]$ expiatory sacrifice = ,!seus aft] ! murd] ( ,skiron & o!rs 7hagni_/santes kai meili_/*ia ?u_/santes73 ,plu41 ,!s4 #ab4 ,! gods to :om ?is family (f]$ sacrifice 7 ,demet] & ,zeus ,meili*ios3 ,paus4 #a1 #cg1 #b-d4--;,isoc4 #e1 #aag1 makes a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! !oi ,olu_/mpioi & ! gods to :om only an apotropaic cult1 apopompa_/s1 0 (f]$2 ^! be+ ! gods ( expiation 7cf4 apodiopompei/hai 9 propitiatory sacrifices2 apopompaioi !oi_/3 ,apollod4 ap4 ,h>p4 apopompa_/s4 ,cf4 also apopomp_/ ( evil daimones 9 contra/ to ! epipomp_/ ( ! same3 ,anon4 ,vir4 ,h]b4 xxii1 #afe4 ,see ,hem/]huys1 ,lucian ii1 p4 #bee ,bip42 ,lob41 ,agl4 #ihd1 ii74 #afie3 e4g4 9 ! description ( ! hilasmo_/s ( ,m$ea by ,kirke 9 ,a4,r4 iv1 #gab ff4 #agje3 ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,dorians1 i1 #cbh1 #ccf2 cf4 ! same anci5t cu/om ( flight = n9e ye>s & p5ance = ! slay+ ( a man 9 ! leg5d & cult ( ,zeus ,lykaios2 cf4 ,h4 ,d4 ,mll]1 ,my?4 d4 gr4 ,/4 ii1 #aje4 ,see bel[4 #agae3 ,*o4 #ajee-fj4 ,eum4 #bcg ff41 #bha ff41 #dde ff41 #dgj4 #agbe3 ,! ,delph9ion1 ! c\rt = try+ pho_/nos di_/kaios1 & ! anci5t dwell+ ( ,aegeus 7,plu41 ,!s4 #ab71 0 at ! same "t #bae 7& p]haps orig9ally7 an expiation site4 ,expiatory sacrifice 0 !re made = ,!seus aft] 8 fights ) ! ,pallantidai & ! highway robb]s 7aphosi\_/m5os to a_/gos1 ,poll4 viii1 #aai74 #agce3 ,plu41 ,s]4 ,num4 #ag1 p4 #efj ,,ef4 ,note ! expressions3 hila_/sa/hai tn t\ ,ar*ilo_/*\ psu*_/n1 hilasa/hai tn ,pausani_/ou psu*_/n4 ,suid4 ,ar*i_/lo*os1 f ,aelian3 meili_/xa/hai tn t\ ,telesiklei_/ou paidos psu*_/n1 kai pranai *oais4 #agde3 ,! ?ree exgtai pu?o_/*r/oi1 hois me_/lei ka?aire9 t\s a_/gei t9i enis*!_/ntas1 ,tim4 9999,lex4 p4 #aji ,r4 #agee3 ,pl41 ,lg4 #hfe ,b3 ! ag5t 9 a pho_/nos ak\_/sios 7( a special k9d7 ka?>!is kata ton ek ,delphn komi/he_/nta p]i t\_/tn no_/mon e_// ka?>o_/s4 #agfe3 ,i set d[n "h ! expressions occurr+ 9 ! spee*es & ! 7at any rate contempor>y see ,app5dix iv7 ,tetralogies ( ,antiphon1 :i* ?r[ light on ! religi\s ideas ly+ beh9d ! proc$ure 9 trials = murd]4 ,9 ! prosecution ( ! murd]] ! foll[+ are conc]n$3 ho te?ne_/s1 hoi no_/moi1 & !oi hoi ka_/t1 ,or4 #a1 #ca4 ,! vigor\s prosecution ( ! case on ! "p ( ! relations ( ! dead is bo!in t te?neti3 #a1 #ca4 ,tetr4 #a b1 #ac4 ,! condemnation ( ! murd]] is timri_/a t adik!_/nti1 8 p]sonal rev5ge3 #e1 #hh #f1 #f4 ,! accus+ relatives come be=e ! c\rt z repres5tatives ( ! dead man1 anti t\ pa?o_/ntos episk_/ptom5 humin1 z !y say to ! judges1 ,tetr4 #c g1 #g4 ,! duty ( accus+ z well z ! ase_/bma ( ! de$ ( blood%$ re/s ^u !m until satisfaction is made = x3 ,tetr4 #a a1 #c4 ,b ! mi_/asma ( ! de$ atta*es to ! :ole city 9 :i* ! murd]] lives4 ,all :o sit at table ) him1 or live "u ! same ro(1 ev5 ! temples he walks 91 are pollut$ by 8 m]e pres5ce3 h5ce come aphori_/ai & du/u*eis pra_/xeis on ! city4 ,x is to ! greate/ int]e/ ( ! judges to av]t ?is pollution by giv+ a propitiatory judgm5t3 ,tetr4 #a a1 #aj2 ,or4 #e1 #aa1 #hb2 ,tetr4 #a a1 #c2 #a g1 #i1 #aa2 #c g1 #f1 #g4 ,above all x is necess>y to f9d ! real crim9al & to puni% him4 ,if ! relatives ( ! dead prosecute "s "o o!r ?an ! real do] ( ! de$1 x is !y1 & n ! judges 7on acc\nt ( _! wrong decision71 :o w h to be> ! wra? ( ! dead man & ( ! av5g+ spirits3 ,tetr4 #a a1 #c2 #c a1 #d2 #c d1 #aj2 = 9 ?is case ! murd]$ man is depriv$ ( 8 timri_/a3 #c a1 #d4 ,b p]jur$ witnesses & unju/ judges are liable to a mi_/asma1 too1 :i* !y !n introduce into _! own h\ses3 ,tetr4 #c a1 #c2 or at lea/1 if !y give a false condemnation 7b n a false acquittal7 ( ! accus$1 !y incur ! m_/nima tn alitri_/n acc4 to ,tetr4 #c b1 #h--;i4e4 t ( ! falsely condemn$ p]son 7:]eas ! murd]$ man /ill cont9ues angry ) 8 own relatives74 ,if !y kn[+ly acquit ! murd]] contr>y to ju/ice1 ! murd]$ man becomes en?u_/mios to ! judges & no long] to 8 relatives3 ,tetr4 #a g1 #aj4--,! s\rce ( ! res5tm5t is said to be ! dead man himself3 pro/ro_/paios ho apo?an_/n1 ,tetr4 #a g1 #aj2 cf4 #c d1 #aj2 :]e he is p>allel ) to m_/nima tn alitri_/n4 ,! murd]$ man leaves beh9d him tn tn alitri_/n dusme_/neian 7& ?is is :at ! mi_/asma really is--n z "s mod]n writ]s h imag9$1 any sort ( moral pollution--z is cle>ly /at$ 9 ?is passage3 tn tn alit4 dusme_/neian1 n 4 4 4 mi_/asma 4 4 4 eisa_/gontai73 ,tetr4 #c a1 #c2 cf4 ,aga9 #c b1 #h2 #c g1 #g4 ,9 ?is case ! av5g+ spirits sub/itute !mselves = ! s\l ( ! dead man 7j z 9 ! case :]e a pro/ro_/paios t\ apo?ano_/ntos is spok5 (3 cf4 above1 n4 #adh74 ,! pro/ro_/paioi tn apo?ana_/ntn become !mselves de9oi alit_/rioi ( ! dilatory relatives3 #baf ,tetr4 #c a1 #d4 ,!re is no ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 ! two 7cf4 ,poll4 #e1 #aca74 ,else:]e we he> ( to pro/ro_/paion z ! special attribute or feel+ ( ! murd]$ man himself3 ,tetr4 #b d1 #i4 ,?us also we h ! alt]natives en?u_/mios ho apo?an_/n 7#a g1 #aj7 & to en?u_/mion 7#b a1 #b2 #b d1 #i74 ,9 ?is connexion x is cle> t en?u_/mion 7z ! fix$ & conv5tional expression = ^! sup]/itions7 means ! indignant memory1 ! long+ = rev5ge ( ! murd]$ man 7--en?u_/mion e_// ,da_/matros kai ,k\_/ras1 ,,gdi4 #ceda1 #h74 ,! prop] und]/&+ ( ?is ^w w help u to see :at is meant by ! expression oxu?u_/mia us$ ( ! meal (f]$ to ! dead & ,hekate1 & ! almo/ id5tical purificatory (f]+s1 t aft] ! religi\s cleans+ ( a h\se 7 ?r[n out at ! cross-roads 7,h>p4 s4v4 ,phot4 s4v4 ,art4 #a1 #b1 #c2 ,,ab4 #bhg1 #bd1 #bhh1 #g2 ,,em4 #fbf1 #dd ff474 ,!y are int5d$ to appease ! easily awak5$ ang] ( ! s\ls 7& ( _! patroness ,hekate71 _! oxu_/?umon1 a /rong] v]sion ( en?u_/mion1 by apotropaic sacrifice4 #agge3 ,see ,app5dix ii 7mas*alismo_/s74 #aghe3 ,x541 ,cyr4 #h1 #g1 #ag ff43 ou gar d_/p\ t\to_/ ge saphs dokeite eide_/nai hs oude_/n eimi eg e_/ti1 epeidan t\ an?rpi_/n\ bi_/ou teleut_/s2 oude gar nun toi t_/n g' emn psu*n herate 4 4 4 tas de tn a_/dika pa?o_/ntn psu*as ou_/p kat5o_/sate1 hoi_/ous men pho_/b\s tois miaipho_/nois emba_/ll\s91 hoi_/ous de palamnai_/ous 7:i* means fir/ ! crim9al & !n1 z "h1 ! puni%+ _s t av5ges ! crim9al de$1 exactly l pro/ro_/paios1 alit_/rios1 ala_//r1 mia_//r3 see ,za*]1 ,diss]t4 phil4 ,hal5s4 iii1 #bcb ff47 tois anosi_/ois epipe_/mp\si8 tois de ph?ime_/nois tas timas diame_/ne9 e_/ti an dokeite1 ei md5os autn hai psu*ai ku_/riai san8 ou_/toi e_/gge1 paides1 oude 9999t\to p_/pote epei_//hn1 hs h psu*_/1 he_/s men an en ?nt s_/mati 1 z1 ho_/tan de t\_/t\ apallag1 te_/?nk54 ,!n foll[ o!r popul> argum5ts = ! belief 9 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] its sep>ation f ! body4 #bag ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,eleus9ian ,,my/]ies ,! cult ( ! dead1 ?us pursu$ 9 unhamp]$ fre$om1 pres]v$ & enc\rag$ c]ta9 ideas ( ! life ( ! s\l aft] dea?2 ( ! s\l z a consci\s & p[]ful be+ :i* ?\gh sep>at$ f ! body has n be5 p>t$ = ev] f ! sc5e ( its e>?ly exi/5ce4 ,to ! ,greeks su* ideas _h become /range & unfamili>--/range1 at lea/1 to ! ,ionian ,greeks ( ! ,hom]ic age4 ,b f su* a cult no dogmatic or di/9ctly outl9$ picture ( ! life ( ! dep>t$ s\l c\ld h be5 d$uc$1 nor ev] 0 d$uc$4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ?is connexion dealt ) ! relation ( ! dead to ! liv+4 ,families by means ( sacrifice & religi\s acts s\ght to n\ri% ! s\ls ( _! own dead4 ,b ! cult 0 9 itself *iefly precaution>y 7apotropaic7 9 "*1 & z a consequ5ce m5 pref]r$ r to avoid inve/igation into ! nature & condition ( ! dead !mselves1 except 9 s f> z !y came into ! life ( ! liv+4 ,?is is ! po9t at :i* ! cult ( ! s\ls & belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( s\ls /opp$ %ort among _m ( ! s-call$ savage peoples :o h no hi/ory4 ,nor c !re be mu* d\bt t x _h rea*$ ?is /age ( developm5t 9 ,greece1 too1 be=e ! "t ( ,hom]2 ?\gh tempor>ily ov]%ad[$1 x cont9u$ to exi/ = x 0 root$ firmly 9 ! unit$ life ( ! family & its traditional practices4 ,su* traditional beliefs1 h[ev]1 left ! nature ( ! disembodi$ s\l vague & undef9$2 !y view$ x purely f ! /&po9t ( ! liv+ & almo/ entirely 9 its relations ) ?is _w2 & re/+ on su* f\ndations x is n v surpris+ if !y yield$ unresi/+ly & sank into insignificance once ! feel+ ( ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! dead ^u ! liv+ began to weak51 or if any?+ happ5$ to cause ! decl9e or discr$it ( ! cult ( ! dead4 ,:5 ! liv+ )drew _! support & rev]5ce f ! dep>t$ s\l ! latt] ceas$ to pres5t any cle> picture to ! m9ds ( m5--x became a m]e evanesc5t %ad[--unsub/antial--little m ?an no?+4 ,?is is :at #bah happ5$ 9 ! p]iod ( ,ionic culture1 9 :i* ,hom] liv$4 ,! poetry ( t p]iod1 h[ev]1 _h ( its own accord giv5 rise to aspirations aft] a full] & m def9ite picture ( ! long1 unb\nd$ future 9 ! life to come4 ,^! aspirations _h be5 giv5 %ape 9 ! pictures ( ! translation ( individual mortals to ,elysium & ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/4 ,su* ?+s1 h[ev]1 71 & cont9u$ to be1 matt]s ( poetry1 n ( religi\s fai?4 ,ev5 ! poetical fancy dealt ) ! m>vell\s pa/ & ) exceptional h]oes *os5 out long ago by ! special fav\r ( ! gods2 su* fav\r 0 n ext5d$ to include ! liv+ g5]ations ( m54 ,! desire1 once x 0 awak5$1 = a m hopeful prospect ( ! life to come beyond ! grave & = some?+ m ?an ! m]e negative exi/5ce ( ! ance/ors wor%ipp$ 9 family cults1 mu/ look to o!r s\rces = its satisfaction4 ,su* desires began to be felt by _m1 b _! orig9at+ s\rce & ! secret =ces t set !m go+ mu/ rema9 = u hidd5 beh9d ! obscurity t lies ov] ! mo/ important p]iod ( ,greek developm5t1 ! eigh? & sev5? c5turies4 ,nor does x help u v mu* :5 hi/orians try to /op ! gaps ( our k ) platitudes or ! b>r5 (fspr+ ( _! own imag9ation4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* desires & _! gr[+ /r5g? is %[n by ! fact t !y 7 able to create = !mselves a means ( satisfaction 7a peculi>ly limit$ satisfaction x is true7 9 a direction t imm$iately occurs to ev]yone z soon z ! subject ( future bless$ness or belief 9 immortality among ! ,greeks is m5tion$--! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies4 #b ,:]ev] ! cult ( ! gods ( ! e>? & ! l[] _w1 & p>ticul>ly ( ,demet] & h] daught]1 0 at its height x 0 n difficult = hopes ( a bett] fate 9 ! k+dom ( s\ls bel[ ! e>?1 :]e ^? deities rul$1 to become atta*$ to p>ticipation 9 _! cult4 ,! t5d5cy to connect closely su* hopes ) ! wor%ip ( ^! gods may h exi/$ 9 _m diff]5t localities4 ,9 ,eleusis alone1 h[ev] 7& 9 ! cults1 mo/ly ( lat] orig91 affiliat$ to ,eleusis71 we see ?is connexion c>ri$ out z a fully organiz$ in/itution4 ,we c foll[ at lea/ 9 g5]al outl9e ! gradual advance ( ! ,eleus9ian religi\s organization4 ,! ,hom]ic ,hymn to ,demet] tells u ! orig9 #bai ( ! cult accord+ to ! national leg5ds ( ,eleusis4 ,9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,eleus9ians ! div9e daught] ( ,demet]1 aft] be+ c>ri$ d[n to ! l[] _w by ,adoneus1 came up once m to ! light ( day1 & 0 re/or$ to h] "m4 ,be=e asc5d+ to ,olympos & ! company ( ! o!r immortals1 9 accordance ) ! wi% ( ,zeus1 ,demet] fulfill$ h] promise1 & :5 ! ,eleus9ians _h erect$ a temple to h] outside ! city1 ov] ! spr+ ,kalli*oros1 %e f\nd$ ! sacr$ wor%ip :]eby m5 %\ld d hon\r to h] 9 ! future4 ,%e h]self in/ruct$ ! pr9ces ( ! l& 9 ! p]=mance ( ! cult & taught !m h] sacr$ ,orgia1 :i* respect = ! goddess does n all[ !m to communicate to o!rs4#af ,?is primitive ,eleus9ian cult ( ,demet]1 !n1 is ! religi\s s]vice ( a close corporation4 ,k ( ! holy ritual1 c>ry+ ) x ! prie/hood ( ! two goddesses is conf9$ to ! desc5dants ( ! f\r ,eleus9ian pr9ces to :om ,demet] once gave h] ord9ances z an inh]itance4 ,! cult is !re=e a secret "o3 n m s1 inde$1 ?an a great _m cult-societies ( ,greece1 p>ticipation 9 :i* 0 /rictly =bidd5 to all unau?oriz$ p]sons4#bf ,x diff]s f !m1 h[ev]1 9 ! solemn promise :i* is made to ! p>ticipants 9 its wor%ip4 ,bless$ is ! man :o has beheld ^! holy acts2 b he t is un9itiat$ & has no %>e 9 ! holy c]emonies %all n enjoy a l fate aft] 8 dea?1 9 ! gloomy d>kness ( ,hades4 ,to ^? :o %>e 9 ! ,eleus9ian wor%ip a privileg$ fate is promis$ aft] dea?2 b ev5 9 8 lifetime1 we read fur!r on1#cf he is highly bless$ :om ! two goddesses love3 !y s5d him ,pl\tos1 ! giv] ( good ?+s1 to be a belov$ p>tn] ( 8 he>? & home4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :osoev] hon\rs n ,kor1 ! que5 ( ! l[] _w1 ) gifts & sacrifice1 %all d p5ance ev]la/+ly 7#cfh ff474 ,! n>r[ circle ( ^? to :om su* a trem5d\s promise 0 made began to be ext5d$ aft] ! "t :5 ,eleusis 0 unit$ ) ,a!ns 7:i* may h tak5 place "s "t 9 ! sev5? c5tury71 & :5 ! ,eleus9ian wor%ip 0 rais$ to ! position ( an (ficial cult ( ! ,a!nian /ate4 ,nor 0 x ,attica alone1 b ! :ole ( ,greece :i* became int]e/$ 9 ! ,eleus9ian fe/ival1 :5 ,a!ns became ! *ief c5tre ( ,greek life4 ,a solemn truce ( ,god 0 proclaim$ :i* assur$ ! peaceful & undi/urb$ p]=mance ( ! sacr$ ritual1 & di/+ui%$ ! ,eleus9ia1 l ! great games & ,fairs ( ,olympia1 ! ,i/hmus1 etc41 z a ,pan-,hell5ic fe/ival4 ,at #bbj ! height ( ,a!nian p[] 7ab\t #ddj7df a decree ( ! p 0 pass$ :i* requir$ ! ye>ly (f]+ ( fir/ fruits ( ! fields to ! ,eleus9ian temple f ,a!nian citiz5s & allies1 & invit$ simil> (f]+s f all ,greek /ates4 ,! decree c\ld appeal 9 s do+ to anci5t & ance/ral cu/om1 & to an utt]ance ( ! ,delphic god :o _h au?oriz$ ^! ?+s4#ef ,! inn] hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! ,eleus9ian fe/ival is a matt] ( "s obscurity4 ,! holy rites cont9u$ to be p]=m$ at ,eleusis2 ,eleus9ian noble families /ill took "p#ff 9 ! wor%ip ( ! goddesses1 :i* 0 yet direct$ by ! ,a!nian gov]nm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a good deal mu/ h be5 alt]$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,! popul> decree m5tion$ above acqua9ts u ) ! names ( two triads1 ea* compos$ ( two div9e p]sonages & a ,h]o1 :o 7 wor%ipp$ at ,eleusis at t "t4 ,demet] & ,kor occur toge!r ) ,triptolemos1 & also ! god1 ! goddess1 & ,eub\leus4#gf ,! ,hom]ic hymn gives no h9t ( ! v important position "h 7& 9 innum]able o!r acc\nts1 z well z pictorial repres5tations7 attribut$ to ,triptolemos1 nor ( ! o!r addition to ! ,eleus9ian gr\p ( div9ities4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s _m diff]5t local figures & modes ( wor%ip h be5 add$ to & fus$ ) ! old cult ( ! two goddesses2 & t 9 ^! local figures we h always ! "o type ( *?onic godhead express+ itself anew 9 ev] v>i$ & diff]5tiat$ =ms4 ,_! numb] is n exhau/$ by ! six already m5tion$4#hf ,! mo/ important addition to ! ,eleus9ian circle ( deities 0 ,iak*os1 ! son ( ,zeus 7,*?onios7 & ,p]sephone4 ,?is god 0 himself an und]world deity1 q di/9ct f t ,dionysos1 ) :om o!r ,a!nian cults confus$ him1 & ) :om he 0 9 fact commonly id5tifi$4#if ,x is a v probable supposition t ?is god1 :o soon came to be reg>d$ z ! c5tral figure ( ! gr\p ( deities wor%ipp$ at ,eleusis1#ajf 0 ! contribution ( ,a!ns to t circle3 8 temple 0 situat$ 9 ,a!ns n ,eleusis2#aaf 9 ! ,a!nian suburb ,agrai ! ,little ,my/]ies 7 celebrat$ 9 8 hon\r 9 ! spr+ z a sort ( prelude to ! great] fe/ival4 ,at ! ,eleus9ia itself1 ! sacr$ procession1 9 :i* ! picture ( ! y\?ful god 0 borne f ,a!ns to ,eleusis1 =m$ ! l9k betwe5 ! "p ( ! fe/ival already p]=m$ at ,a!ns & t /ill to take place at ,eleusis4 ,! introduction ( ,iak*os into ! fe/ival ( ,eleusis did n m]ely make an ext]nal addition to ! gr\p ( div9ities t already %>$ 9 x2 x add$ #bba an act#abf to ! sacr$ /ory1 ! repres5tation ( :i* 0 ! goal & summit ( ! fe/ival2 & !reby 9 all probability enri*$ x int]nally 9 mean+ & sub/ance4 ,x is1 inde$1 q impossible = u ev5 to haz>d a guess z to ! exact mean+ & ess5ce ( ! *ange :i* came ov] ! fe/ival ?us enl>g$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 be sure ( ?is mu*2 !re is no gr\nd at all = ent]ta9+ ! commonly held view t x 0 ! private my/]ies ( ,orphic conv5ticles :i* ex]cis$ su* a trans=m+ influ5ce on ! public my/]ies ( ! ,a!nian /ate4 ,^? :o are n cont5t ) solemn & my/]i\s j>gon ab\t ,orphics & ! l1 b keep cle>ly 9 m9d ! well-kn[n & q di/9ctive features ( ! ,orphic doctr9e ab\t gods & ! s\ls ( m51 w easily recognize t ev]y?+ po9ts to ! unlikelihood ( ev5 a s+le "o ( ^! hav+ ent]$ ! circle ( ideas curr5t at ,eleusis4#acf ,!y c\ld only h %att]$ su* ideas to pieces4 ,if ! fe/ival1 !n1 grew ( its own accord 9 inw>d mean+ & outw>d circum/ance1 ! circle ( ^? :o came to take "p 9 x grew z well4 ,orig9ally ?is fe/ival1 s ri* 9 promis$ bless+s1 admitt$ only ! citiz5s ( ,eleusis1 p]haps only ! memb]s ( c]ta9 noble ,eleus9ian families--& may h appe>$ to its memb]s an ev5 great] privilege ?r\gh ?is v exclusiv5ess4 ,9 ?is respect x *ang$ completely1 admission to x 0 ?r[n op5 to all ,greeks--n m]ely ,a!nians1 b e ,greek )\t di/9ction ( race or c\ntry1 :e!r man or woman1 0 welcom$ at ,eleusis 7& ev5 hetairai1 :o 7 /ill exclud$1 e4g4 f ! ,demet]-fe/ival ( ! ,a!nian wom52 to say no?+ ( *ildr5 & slaves74#adf ,! g5]osity ( ,a!ns--su* 0 ! glori\s boa/--wi%$ ! unexampl$ salvation :i* ?is fe/ival promis$ to its wor%ipp]s to be made accessible to all ,greeks4#aef ,:at contra/ to ! exclusive cult-unions into :i* a man _h to be born 9 ord]1 z citiz5 ( a /ate1 memb] ( a phratria1 clan1 or family1 to p>ticipate 9 ! advantages !y (f]$6 ,! society ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]y-fe/ival1 once j z exclusive z ! re/1 _h ?r[n op5 its doors s widely t ?is almo/ unconditional fre$om ( access became its pr9ciple & di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic4 ,! attraction ( memb]%ip 0 ev5 height5$ by ! fact t j by 8 own unhamp]$ free w & *oice ! individual c\ld ent] ! great society ?r\gh ! m$iation ( "o ( ! two families to :om ! highe/ prie/hood ( ! fe/ival #bbb 0 committ$4#afe ,! only condition made 0 ritual purity1 & murd]]s1 = :om ?is 0 an impossibility--z x 0 ev5 = ^? :o 7 only accus$ ( ! %$d+ ( blood--7 z su* exclud$ f ! my/]ies3 z1 inde$1 !y 7 f all ! religi\s c]emonies ( ! /ate4#agf ,religi\s purification ( ! wor%ipp]s prec$$ & accompani$ ! hold+ ( ! fe/ival2 to _m ( ! believ]s x may h appe>$ t ! :ole fe/ival itself 0 pr9cipally a great purification & religi\s d$ication ( unusual solemnity1 by :i* ! memb]s 7! ,pure#ahf z !y call$ !mselves7 7 made wor?y ( ! fav\r ( ! goddesses4 #c ,z to ! actual details ( :at w5t on at ! long-drawn-out fe/ival itself our k h>dly ext5ds beyond ! mo/ ext]nal circum/ances1 & is ev5 s mo/ incomplete4 ,a few notices 9 late & (t5 untru/wor?y writ]s give u a v inadequate picture ( :at took place inside ! great temple ( initiation & ( ! ess5tial ,my/]y4 ,! secret :i* 0 committ$#aif to ! ,my/ai & ,epoptai has be5 well kept4 ,consid]+ ! enorm\s numb] ( wor%ipp]s indiscrim9ately admitt$ to ! fe/ival1 ?is w\ld1 inde$1 h be5 a real miracle1 if ! secret to be kept _h tak5 ! =m ( dogma express$ 9 concept & words & capable ( be+ communicat$ v]bally to o!rs4 ,s9ce ! lab\rs ( ,lobeck1 h[ev]1 dra/ically r$uc+ to ord] ! confusion ( op9ions on ?is subject1 no reasonable p]son believes t ?is 0 ! case4 ,x 0 difficult to let out ! secret = !re 0 ess5tially no secret to let out4 ,pr(anation c\ld only come ?r\gh actions1 ?r\gh ! ,my/]ies be+ act$1#bjf z !y 7 9 ! ye> #dae 9 ! h\se ( ,p\lytion4 ,! ,my/]y 0 a dramatic p]=mance1 or1 m /rictly1 a religi\s ,pantomime1 accompani$ by sacr$ songs#baf & =mal spee*es2 a repres5tation1 z ,*ri/ian au?ors let u see1 ( ! ,rape ( ,kor1 ! w&]+s ( ,demet]1 & ! f9al reunion ( ! goddesses4 ,?is 9 itself w\ld n h made ! my/]ies rem>kable2 a simil> dramatic reproduction ( ! circum/ances att5d+ ! life ( a god1 :i* _h l$ to ! f\ndation ( ! fe/ival 9 "q1 0 a v widespread cult-practice 9 ,greece2 x 0 "p ( ! fe/ivals ( ,zeus1 ,"h1 ,apollo1 ,artemis1 ,dionysos1 &1 above all1 ( o!r fe/ivals 9 hon\r ( ,demet] h]self4 ,b ! ,eleus9ia 0 di/+ui%$ f all o!r su* fe/ivals1 ev5 f ! equally secret fe/ivals ( ,demet] kn[n z ! ,!smophoria & ! ,haloa1 by reason #bbc ( ! hopes :i* x inspir$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! initiat$4 ,! ,hymn to ,demet] tells u t ! pi\s wor%ipp] ( ! ,goddess at ,eleusis might hope = ri*es ^u e>? & a bett] fate aft] dea?4 ,lat] au?orities also speak ( ! success 9 ?is life :i* initiation at ,eleusis gave good gr\nd = expect+4 ,b f> m emphatic are ! /atem5ts1 made by innum]able witnesses f ,p9d> & ,sophokles onw>ds1 t only !y :o h be5 initiat$ into ^! my/]ies may ent]ta9 a joyful expectation ( ! life to come4 ,to !m only is x grant$ to h real life 9 ,hades2 no?+ b evil awaits o!rs 9 t place4#bbf ,x 0 ^! promises ( a bless$ immortality t = c5turies drew s _m wor%ipp]s to ! ,eleus9ian fe/ival4 ,n[h]e else c\ld su* promises be obta9$ ) su* di/9ctness & assurance4 ,! injunction comm&+ secrecy mu/ obvi\sly h ref]r$ to q o!r matt]s2 x _c h appli$ to ?is1 ! greate/ boon anticipat$ f initiation at ,eleusis4 ,ev]yone speaks out al\d & )\t re/ra9t ab\t x4 ,at ! same "t1 all our in=mation is s completely at "o on ! po9t & s free f d\bt or unc]ta9ty t we mu/ p]=ce believe t ! p]=mances t 7 to be pres]v$ s secret 71 9 reality1 = ! believ]s ! s\rce ( an assurance :i* 0 n held z ! m]e probable conjecture ( individuals1 b z fix$ & c]ta9 tru? beyond "q or ne$ ( int]pretation4 ,h[ ?is 0 br\ght ab\t c]ta9ly rema9s obscure4 ,s9ce ! discr$it+ ( symbolism 9 ! s5se made famili> by ,creuz] or ,s*ell+1 _m ( our mod]n my?ologi/s & hi/orians ( religion h be5 all ! m eag] to ass]t t ! p]=mances at ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies 7 9 reality ! true & my/ic celebration ( ! ,greek ,religion ( ,nature z discov]$ by !mselves4 ,demet]1 9 ?is view1 w\ld be ! e>?2 ,kor-,p]sephone1 h] daught]1 ! se$ ( corn2 ! ,rape & ,return ( ,kor w\ld mean ! s[+ ( ! se$ 9 ! e>? & ! rise ( ! "y gra9 f b5ea? ! soil2 or1 9 a m g5]al s5se1 ! ye>ly decay & r5ewal ( vegetation4 ,9 "s way or o!r ! ,my/ai mu/ h _h reveal$ to !m ! real mean+ ( ! nature-symbolism hidd5 9 ! my/ical p]=mances4 ,witness+ ^! p]=mances !y are suppos$ to h le>nt t ! fate ( ! se$ ( corn1 repres5t$ by ,p]sephone1 its disappe>ance b5ea? ! e>? & ev5tual rebir?1 is an image ( ! fate ( ! human s\l1 :i* also disappe>s t x may #bbd live aga94 ,?is1 !n1 mu/ be ! real cont5t ( ! holy ,my/]y4 ,x rema9s1 h[ev]1 fir/ & =emo/1 to be prov$ t ! ,greeks#bcf !mselves w\ld h reg>d$ su* symboli/ic mumm]y1 9 :i* ! ph5om5a & processes ( nature appe> "u ! guise ( an?ropomorphic gods1 z religi\s at all1 or w\ld h recogniz$ _! own religion 9 su* ?+s4 ,/ill fur!r--admitt+ = ! sake ( argum5t ! possibility ( su* an int]pretation--! id5tification ( ,kor ) ! se$ ( corn & its fate leads at once1 if we try to get beyond ! vague/ g5]alities1 to intol]able absurdity4 ,x is difficult to see1 h[ev] 7& ?is w\ld be ! ma9 po9t at issue71 h[ su* an analogy betwe5 ! s\l & ! gra9 ( se$ c\ld h l$ to a fai? 9 immortality t 0 n to be _h1 x w\ld seem1 9 a m direct fa%ion4 ,:at possible effect c\ld h be5 produc$ by su* a f>-fet*$ & arbitr>y p>allel betwe5 ! ph5om5a ( two su* :olely diff]5t prov9ces ( exi/5ce8 ,if a reasonably plausible d$uction 0 to be made f ! visible & unmi/akable 7! condition ( ! gra97 to ! invisible & unkn[n 7! condition ( ! s\l7 surely ! fir/ & simple/ requisite w\ld be t a real causal connexion betwe5 ! two %\ld be pla9ly demon/rat$4 ,^! may seem dull & p$antic consid]ations :]e ! sublime/ =ebod+s ( ! he>t are conc]n$2 b ,i %\ld n h suppos$ t x w\ld h be5 s easy to tempt ! ,greeks ) vague surmises f ! pa? ( logic & lucidity1 or t su* surmises w\ld h af=d$ !m su* extremity ( bliss4 ,la/ly1 ! analogy1 ev5 if x prov$ any?+1 is false4 ,x w\ld only hold if ! s\l1 l ! gra91 aft] a tempor>y disappe>ance bel[ ! e>?1 7 promis$ a new life ^u ! e>?--if a pal+5esia 9 fact 7 promis$4 ,t ?is1 h[ev]1 0 n a belief support$ by ! (ficially conduct$ my/]ies ( ,a!ns1 is admitt$ on all h&s4 ,equally unt5able is ! view t ! dramatic pres5tation at ! my/]ies ( ! ,rape & ,return ( ,kor 7reg>d$ ?is "t z a div9e p]sonage1 n z ! p]sonifi$ gra9 ( corn7 0 int5d$ to inspire hopes ( an analog\s fate = ! human s\l1 by virtue ( a my/ic unification ( ! life ( man ) ! life ( ! godhead to :om he swe>s allegiance4#bdf ,ev5 s ! hope bas$ ^u ! typical fate ( ,kor c\ld only h l$ to a hope = ! pal+5esia ( mank9d 9 g5]al1 n 7:at 0 & always rema9$ ! real belief ( ,eleusis7 to ! hope ( a specially #bbe fav\r$ aft]-life = ! ,my/ai 9 ! k+dom bel[ ! _w4 ,inde$1 we mu/ n look to ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies = ! ec/atic exaltation ( ! s\l to ! recognition ( its own godhead--?\gh su* exaltation 0 ! motive =ce & ! ess5tial core ( ,greek my/icism1 z ( all my/icism & my/ic religion4 ,f ! my/]ies ( ,eleusis1 h[ev]1 x rema9$ f> remov$2 ! belief !re fo/]$1 ) its absolute division & di/9ction betwe5 ! div9e & ! human1 nev] transgress$ ! b\nds ( popul> ,greek religion1 ov] ^: portals /ood ! univ]sally prescriptive words3 hen &rn1 hen !n ge_/nos--! race ( m5 is "o1 & ! race ( gods is ano!r4 ,nor 0 ,eleusis any exception to ?is rule2 ! my/]ies did n po9t ! way to my/icism4 #d ,inquiry is on ! wrong track :5 a deep] mean+ is s\ght = 9 ! mimic pres5tation ( ! sacr$ my? at ,eleusis :]eby ! human s\l 0 to obta9 ! bless$ hope ( immortality4 ,! conviction t ! human s\l 0 immortal 9 its own "r1 by reason ( its own nature1 0 n a conviction t 0 obta9$ at ,eleusis4 ,t is :y we may dismiss su* fanciful analogies z ^? betwe5 ! human s\l & ! se$ ( corn or ! goddess ( ! e>?'s life4 ,su* analogies1 if !y prov$ any?+1 w\ld prove at mo/ ! complete inde/ructibility1 9 spite ( all vicissitude1 ( ! life ( ! human s\l--( e human s\l4 ,b ?is 0 n ,eleus9ian doctr9e4 ,! cont9u$ consci\s exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] its sep>ation f ! body 0 n a doctr9e b a presupposition ( ,eleusis2 & x c\ld be ?us presuppos$ because x 0 ! basic idea ( ! popul> & widespread cult (f]$ to ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$4#bef ,! advantage obta9$ by ! initiat$ at ,eleusis 0 t a liveli] & full] cont5t 0 giv5 to ! b>e exi/5ce ( ! disembodi$ s\l1 :i* 0 all t ! curr5t wor%ip ( ! s\ls ess5tially contemplat$4 ,we are assur$ t only ! initiat$ at ,eleusis w h a real life aft] dea?2 t evil w be ! fate ( ! o!rs4#bff ,n t ! s\l1 reliev$ ( ! pres5ce ( ! body1 w live h]eaft]1 b h[ x w live 0 :at ,eleusis taught m54 ,) ! calm assurance common to all close & conf9$ religi\s associations1 ! ,eleus9ian society divid$ mank9d into two classes3 ! ,pure1 t is ^? :o _h be5 initiat$ at ,eleusis1 & ! innum]able multitude ( ! un9itiat$4 ,only = ! memb]s 9 #bbf communion ) ! my/]y ( ,eleusis 0 salvation assur$4 ,salvation 0 !irs z a rev]sion>y "r1 b salvation su* z !irs 0 a privilege & c\ld only be obta9$ by p>ticipation 9 ! b\nte\s fe/ival ( ! ,a!nian ,/ate & 9 its c]emonial4 ,c5turies ( l>ge-m9d$ tol]ance 9 admitt+ to ! my/]ies ext5d$ ?is privilege to an imm5se numb] ( ,greeks 7& ( ,romans1 too1 9 lat] times74 ,b ! prospect ( a bless$ h]eaft] nev] became a matt] ( c\rse2 n z man1 n ev5 z a virtu\s & pi\s man did su* a privilege come to anyone4 ,x 0 grant$ solely to ! memb] ( ! ,eleus9ian religi\s society & ! p>ticipator 9 ! div9e s]vice ( ! goddesses4#bgf ,:at 7 ! means employ$ to impress ?is hope--?is c]ta9 expectation r--( a bless$ h]eaft] 9 ,hades ^u ! ,my/ai8 ,we mu/ frankly admit t we _c1 un=tunately1 say any?+ def9ite 9 answ] to ?is "q4 ,only to ! sugge/ion t ^! hopes 7 gr\nd$ ^u symbolic repres5tations ( any k9d may we give a decid$ d5ial4 ,& yet ?is is ! g5]ally accept$ op9ion4 ,symbols !re may h be51 z an assi/ance to ! dramatic or pantomimic repres5tation ( ! ,rape & ,return ( ,kor2#bhf b h>dly 9 any o!r s5se ?an t ( typical cond5sations--! "p be+ put = ! :ole1 or ! :ole und]/ood 9 ! "p--( sc5es impossible to repres5t 9 _! entirety4 ,x is true t ) ! lapse ( c5turies1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( any (ficial writt5 int]pretation ( ! inn] mean+ & int5tion ( ! ritual _m ( ^! symbols became un9telligible--a disadvantage :i* belong$ to all o!r dep>tm5ts ( ,greek religion z well4 ,z soon z indep5d5t reflexion on matt]s ( religion began to arise1 _m sorts ( allegorical or symbolical int]pretations began to be appli$ to ! details ( ! p]=mances at ! my/]ies4 ,does x foll[ f ?is t ! my/]ies ( ! ,e>? div9ities1 z "s are incl9$ to believe1 bore a symbolical or allegorical "* f ! outset1 & diff]$ 9 ?is respect f all o!r ,greek wor%ip ( ! gods8#bif ,simil> int]pretations 7 appli$ by philosoph]s or w\ld-be philosoph]s to ! fables ( ! gods 9 ,hom]ic or popul> my?ology2 ! my/]ies did n by any means hold a peculi> position 9 ! m9ds ( connoisseurs ( my?-int]pretation 9 antiquity4 ,if a deep] mean+ 0 atta*$ by pref]5ce to ! p]=mances at ,eleusis1 t only %[s t mu* 9 ^! p]=mances 0 no long] und]/ood1 or 9 its real mean+ no long] satisfi$ ! _s ( ! philosophic c5turies4 ,b x %[s also t = ?is #bbg fe/ival ( unexampl$ spl5d\r1 :]e night & ! injunction ( secrecy awak5$ aw$ expectancy1#cjf p]=m$ accord+ to an ar*aic ritual ( ev]-increas+ p]fection & att5d$ by ! :ole ( ,greece1 an unusual sympa?y 0 felt4 ,x (f]$ some?+ to ! eye & ! e> :i* 0 attractive to all m51 & !y ex]t$ !mselves to f9d a satisfactory mean+ 9 its sights & s\nds4 ,f9ally1 x is likely en\gh t ! mean+ :i* !y !mselves _h arbitr>ily be/[$ ^u !m 0 :at made ! my/]ies specially attractive to _m4 ,to ?is ext5t x is legitimate to say t symbolism 0 a real & hi/orical factor 9 ! con/itution ( ! my/]ies4 ,ev5 suppos+1 h[ev]1 t mu* 9 ! pres5tation ( ?is my/ic fe/ival 0 consci\sly ord]$ & dispos$ by ! f\nd]s ( x ) a view to symbolic int]pretation1 & consequ5tly to ! possibility ( an ev]-increas+ idealization ( its significance1 yet ?is _c h ext5d$ to ! hopes ( a bless$ immortality reveal$ to ! ,my/ai4 ,symboli/ or allegoriz+ modes ( int]pretation mu/ always h be5 ! private conc]n ( individuals & !re=e liable to mu* unc]ta9ty & v>iety4#caf ,our au?orities1 h[ev]1 f ! mo/ div]se p]iods1 speak ) f> too great di/9ctness & unanimity ab\t ! bless$ h]eaft] v\*saf$ to ! initiat$ 9 ! my/]ies1 = x to be cr$ible t ?is c h be5 ! outcome ( any int]pretation ( complexities1 or ( any metaphorical application ( ! hopes d]iv$ f ev5ts 9 ! life ( ! gods to a q diff]5t prov9ce1 ! life ( ! human s\l4 ,:at e witness speaks ( 9 ! pla9e/ & simple/ language )\t any special my/]y--! hope ( future bless$ness--mu/ h be5 (f]$ to ! p>ticipants 9 ! my/]ies 9 ! mo/ unequivocal fa%ion4 ,x is natural1 above all1 to suppose t ! exhibition ( ! my/ic drama includ$ p>ticul>ly ! f9al sc5e z x is sket*$ 9 ! #bnd ,hom]ic ,hymn3 ! f\ndation ( ! ,eleus9ian fe/ival by ! goddess h]self--:at _h once be5 reveal$ to ! little city-community mu/ h be5 proclaim$ to ! great company ( ^? admitt$ to ! common fe/ival ( ,eleusis3#cbf ! highe/ rew>d ( p>ticipation 9 ?is unp>allel$ act ( wor%ip is :at ! ,hom]ic ,hymn di/9ctly puts =? z su*--! peculi> fav\r ( ! gods ( ! l[] _w & a future life ( bless$ness )9 _! k+dom4 ,! /atues ( ! goddesses 7 se5 radiantly illum9at$2#ccf at ?is fe/ival ( grace 9 remembrance ( _! trials1 _! happ9ess1 & _! b5efic5t acts1 !y #bbh !mselves--z x seem$ to ! fai?ful believ]--7 invisibly pres5t4 ,:at fur!r ne$ ( w>rant 0 !re = ! promises ( future bless$ness8 #e ,9 spite ( _m extravagant /atem5ts f antiquity1 we h no means ( e/imat+ h[ widely p>ticipation 9 ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies 7:e!r ( ^? celebrat$ at ,eleusis itself or 9 ! num]\s associat$ fe/ivals7 0 ext5d$ 9 ,greece4 ,/ill1 x is probable t l>ge numb]s1 n f ,a!ns alone b f ! :ole ( ,greece1 s\ght eag]ly to ent] ! /ate ( grace v\*saf$ to ! wor%ipp]s at ,eleusis4 ,9 ?is way ! m lively conception ( ! /ate ( ! s\l 9 ! h]eaft] may h gradually become ! common prop]ty ( ,greek imag9ation4 ,on ! :ole1 we mu/ be on our gu>d aga9/ attribut+ too great an importance to ^! my/]ies4 ,!re c h>dly h be5 any "q ( moral influ5ce--! anci5ts !mselves 9 _! mo/ exagg]at$ eulogies ( ! my/]ies & _! greatness1 say almo/ no?+ ( ?is4#cdf ,nor is x easy to see :at "p ( ! my/]ies c\ld h s]v$ z a vehicle ( moral influ5ce4#cef ,di/9ct dogma 9 ! religi\s s5se 0 nev] provid$ by ! my/]ies any m ?an by o!r wor%ips ( ! gods 9 ,greece4 ,nor 0 !re any?+ exclusive ab\t ! cult ( ! my/]ies2 side by side ) t cult & aft] x ! ,my/ai took "p 9 o!r wor%ips ( ! gods1 accord+ to ! usages prevail+ 9 _! own homes4 ,! great fe/ival :5 x 0 ov] left no /+ beh9d 9 ! he>ts ( ! initiat$4 ,no requirem5t ( a new mann] ( life1 no new & peculi> condition ( consci5ce 0 !irs on its acc\nt2 no /range revaluation ( values1 contradict+ ! g5]al op9ions ( ! "t1 0 le>nt !re4 ,!re 0 a total abs5ce ( t :i* 7if we rightly und]/& ! ^w7 gives to ! doctr9es ( sect>ian religion _! =ce & p]suasiv5ess--p>adox4 ,ev5 ! prospect ( future bliss op5$ to ! initiat$ did n div]t !m f ! normal t5or ( _! exi/5ce4 ,x 0 a g5ial prospect2 n a compell+ dem& draw+ all ?+s to itself & turn+ m5 away f ord9>y life4 ,! light t fell f beyond 0 n s bl9d+ t x made all ?+s on ?is e>? seem d>k & mean4 ,if 9 ! decad5ce ( ,greek culture--& ev5 among ! p ( ,hom]--ideas ho/ile to ?is life made _! appe>ance & 9 _m places acquir$ weight & influ5ce2 if "s m5 began to ?9k dea? sup]ior #bbi to life1 & ?is life1 ( :i* alone we c be assur$1 z m]ely a prep>ation1 a l& ( passage to a high] life 9 ! _w invisible--= all ?is ! my/]ies 7 n responsible4 ,x 0 n !y1 nor ! feel+s & surmises awak5$ by _! pictures & p]=mances1 t dull$ ! beauty ( ?is e>? = ! en?usia/s intoxicat$ ) o!r-worldl9ess1 or made !m /rang]s to ! in/9cts ( life & sanity prevail+ 9 old] & unspoil$ ages ( ,greek life4 ,,notes ,,to ,,*apt] ,,vi #af3 ,h4 ,c]4 #bgj ff4 7,demet] speaks7 all' a_/ge moi no_/n te me_/gan kai bmon hup' aut teu*o_/ntn pas dmos hupai po_/l9 aipu_/ te tei*os1 ,kalli*o_/r\ ka?u_/p]!n1 epi pr\_/*onti koln4 o_/rgia d' aut egn hupo?_/somai1 hs an e_/peita euage_/s e_/rdontes emon me_/nos hila_/sk/he4 ,build+ ( ! temple3 #bih ff41 & foll[+ t ! in/ructions ( ! goddess z to ! drsmosu_/n hi]n & ! o_/rgia1 #dgd ff4 #bf3 ,see ,lobeck1 ,agl4 #bgb ff4 #cf3 #dhg ff4 ,i w n /op to answ] ! attacks made on ! conclud+ "p ( ! hymn nor to def5d ! _m l9es :i* editors h reject$4 ,none ( ! attacks seem to me ju/ifi$4 #df3 ,krte1 ,a?4 ,mitt4 #ahif1 p4 #cbj1 dates ! decree 9 ! ye> #dah4 #ef3 kata ta pa_/tria kai tn mantei_/an tn ek ,delphn1 ,,sig4 #bj1 l4 #e2 #bf f42 #ce ,,ig4 i1 ,supp41 p4 #ei1 #bg;b4 ,9 ,sicily ! ,eleus9ia are already well kn[n 9 ! "t ( ,epi*>mos3 ,epi*4 en ,odussei automo_/l ap4 ,a?4 #cgd ,d #ajj ,kaib4 ,,em4 #bee1 #b2 cf4 ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,kl4 ,s*r4 ii1 #bei4 #ff3 ,we c only /ate ?is def9itely ( ! ,eumolpidai :o provid$ ! male & female hi]ophants4 ,sev]ely z ! g5ealogy ( ?is family has suff]$ on all sides ?r\gh fictiti\s accretions & comb9ations !re c be no d\bt ( its ,eleus9ian orig94 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is a /rik+ fact t none ( ! ge_/n :o are kn[n to h %>$ 9 ! direction ( ! ,eleus4 my/]ies d]iv$ _! orig9 f ! ,eleus9ian pr9ces m5tion$ 9 h4 ,c]4 #dge-f z receiv+ ) ,eumolpos ! in/ructions ( ! goddess 7,triptolemos1 ,diokles1 ,keleos74 ,! ,krokonidai & ,koironidai did1 x is true1 claim ,triptolemos z _! ance/or1 b _! connexion ) ! sacr$ fe/ival is obscure & dubi\s 7see ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,kl4 ,s*r4 ii1 #bee f474 ,! ,k]ykes 79 ^: family ! po/s ( ,dad\*os1 ,h]ald ( ! ,my/]ies1 ,prie/ epi bm1 etc41 7 h]$it>y7 7 only connect$ ) ,eumolpos by a tradition :i* ! family itself reg>d$ z apocryphal 7,paus4 #a1 #ch1 #c72 !y !mselves trac$ _! desc5t f ,h]mes & ,h]se ! daught] ( ,kekrops 7s4 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,h]mes1 xx1 #b71 & !re=e evid5tly reg>d$ !mselves z an ,a!nian family4 ,we "k too little ( ^! relation%ips to v5ture to say t ?is claim 0 unju/ifi$ 7z ,mll]1 p4 #bej f41 is incl9$ to d74 ,no?+ ne$ prev5t u f suppos+ t ?is is "o ( ! _m innovations introduc$ at & aft] ! union ( ,eleusis & its fe/ival ) ,a!ns--_m ( !m are q evid5t--& t 9 addition to ! old ,eleus9ian prie/ly families ! ,a!nian family ( ! ,k]ykes 0 giv5 a regul> "p 9 ! drsmosu_/n hi]n4 ,?is w\ld !n be "p ( ! compromise 7sun?kai1 ,paus4 #b1 #ad1 #b7 betwe5 ,a!ns & ,eleusis ^u :i* ! :ole relation%ip betwe5 ! two /ates & _! religi\s cults re/$4 #gf3 ,see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #ah4 #hf3 ,x is d\btful :at "p ! goddess ,daeira play$ 9 ! ,eleus9ia3 t %e play$ "s "p mu/ be reg>d$ z c]ta9 f ! fact t among ! (ficial prie/hoods ( ! fe/ival a daeiri_/ts is expressly m5tion$ 7,poll4 i1 #ce74 ,%e /&s 9 a c]ta9 opposition to ,demet]3 b ?\gh %e is nev]!less id5tifi$ by ,aes*4 #bca & o!rs ) ,p]sephone 7,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,kl4 ,s*r4 ii1 #bhh7 ! mo/ we may d$uce f ?is is t %e also 0 a *?onic deity4 7,acc4 to ! sacrificial cal5d> ( ! ,attic ,tetrapolis1 ,leg4 ,sacr4 i1 p4 #dh1 ,b4 #ab4 ,dai_/ra hois ku\sa 0 (f]$4 ,?is does n po9t to ! id5tity ( ?is goddess ) ,p]sephone--z ! editor1 p4 #eb1 po9ts out4 ,pregnant animals 7 by pref]5ce (f]$ to ,demet]1 ?\gh occasionally to ,artemis & ,a!ne too47 ,daeira seems f all ! indications to belong to ! *?o_/nioi4 7,mean+ ( ! "n unc]ta93 8 ! kn[+ "o or ! 7tor*7 burn+ "o3 cf4 ,lobeck1 ,pa?ol4 prol4 #bfc47 ,9 ,eu/4 on ,z #cgh1 p4 #fdh1 #bd1 among ! notices collect$ f ! lexicograph]s !re is "o 9 :i* ,ph]ekydes makes h] ! si/] ( ,/yx 7x is n ,ph]ekydes b ! ov]-subtle s*ol> to :om ,eu/4 owes 8 note1 :o ?9ks t ,daeira signifi$ ! hugra phu_/sis to ! anci5ts2 s also ,ael4 ,dionys4 quot+ hoi p]i teletas kai mu/_/ria 9 8 ,lexicon1 ap4 ,eu/4 #fdh1 #da4 ,?is is a wor?less allegorical int]pretation74--,= :i* reason "s made h] ! daught] ( ,okeanos 7,mll]1 pp4 #bdd1 #bhh 7--t9es de phu_/laka ,p]sepho_/ns hupo ,pl\_/tnos apodei*?nai_/ phasi tn ,da_/eiran 7#fdh1 #dj74 ,accord+ to ?is %e w\ld be a ,hades-daimon keep+ gu>d ov] ! wife ( ,aidoneus 7cf4 ! gu>dian ,kkut\ p]i_/dromoi ku_/nes 9 ,ar41 ,ran4 #dgb1 quot+ ,eurip474 ,9 ?is case we c see ! orig9 ( ,demet]'s ho/ility4 ,did ?is ,daeira also play a "p 7z a "*7 9 ! ,eleus9ian drama mu/iko_/n8 ,ap4 ,rh4 makes h] ! same z ,hekate1 :o1 h[ev]1 9 ! h4 ,c]4 7& on vase-pa9t+s7 is ! help] r ?an ! enemy ( ,demet]4 #if3 ,s also 9 ! rec5tly discov]$ ,paean 7f\r? c5tury ,b4,c47 ( ,philodamos ( ,sk>pheia address$ to ,dionysos 7,,b*4 #ahie1 p4 #djc71 :]e 9 ! ?ird section we are told h[ ,dionysos1 ! son ( ,?yone1 born 9 ,!bes1 w5t f ,delphi to ,eleusis :]e he 0 call$ ,iak*os by ! mortals to :om he _h 79 ! my/]ies7 reveal$ po_/nn ho_/rmon a_/lupon4--,! attempt at hi/orical syn!sis1 br++ toge!r z _m z possible ( ! diff]5t relations & ramifications ( ! ,dionysos nature1 is p>ticul>ly evid5t 9 ! :ole composition ( ?is hymn4 ,! cult ( ,dionysos 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,attica by ! ,delphic oracle--s mu* is c]ta92 & t is en\gh = ! poet :o n[ makes ,iak*os1 too1 come f ,delphi to ! p ( ,attica4 ,su* a conception has no hi/orical significance4 #ajf3 ,i_/ak*os 7!re cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ,dio_/nusos7 ts ,d_/mtros dai_/mn is describ$ z ho ar*ge_/ts tn mu/ri_/n 9 ,/r4 #dfh 7cf4 ,ar41 ,ran4 #cih f474 #aaf3 ,! ,iak*eion 7,plu41 ,ari/4 #bg4 ,alciphr4 iii1 #ei1 #a74 #abf3 ,0 ! bir? ( ,iak*os any "p ( ! spectacle at ! my/]ies8 ,x might be ?\ght s f :at we are told by ,hippol41 ,,rh4 #e1 #h1 p4 #afb ,d4-,s43 ! hi]ophant nuktos en ,eleusini hupo poll puri teln ta mu/_/ria boa kai ke_/krage le_/gn2 hi]on e_/teke po_/tnia k\ron ,brim brimo_/n4 ,?is /atem5t1 h[ev]1 suff]s f ! disadvantage belong+ to all in=mation giv5 by ,*ri/ian writ]s on ! subject ( my/]ies :5 n confirm$ by e>li] evid5ce2 su* in=mation is admissible at mo/ = ! actual "t ( ! writ]4 7,imm$iately comb9$ ) ?is 9 ,hippol4 comes ! rem>kable ass]tion t ! hi]ophant 0 eun\*isme_/nos dia knei_/ou4 ,( ?is ,epict4 = example 7#c1 #ba1 #af7 kn[s no?+1 b only speaks ( ! hagnei_/a--probably conf9$ to ! "t ( ! fe/ival & its prep>ation--( ! hi]ophant4 ,/ill1 ,j]ome1 adv4 ,jov94 #a1 #di1 p4 #cbj ,c ,vall41 speaks ( ! cicutae sorbitionis ca/r>i ( ! hi]ophant4 ,likewise ,s]v41 ,a4 vi1 #ffa47 #bcb #acf3 ,an opportunity ( speak+ 9 m detail ( ,orphic doctr9e w occur lat] on4 ,"h ,i w only po9t out 9 pass+ t ! anci5ts !mselves nev] sugge/$ = a mom5t t ,orpheus--! ma/] ( e k9d ( my/icism--_h any?+ 9 p>ticul> to d ) ! ,eleus9ia2 z ,lob4 ,agl4 #bci %[s4 #adf3 ,z to ! admission ( slaves to ! ,eleus9ian initiation c]emonies ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,kl4 ,s*r4 ii1 #ef1 opposes ,lobeck 7,agl4 #ai7 & sugge/s a d\bt4 ,8 ma9 objection is t on ! great inscr4 deal+ ) ! regulation ( ! ,eleus9ia 7,,cia4 i1 #a7 side by side ) mu_//ai kai epo_/ptai !re is m5tion also ( ako_/l\?oi 7b n ( d\loi1 ,zieh51 ,leg4 ,sacr4 ,diss41 p4 #ad f47--i4e4 presumably slaves1 n !mselves ,my/ai1 belong+ to ! mu_//ai4 ,b if slaves 7 initiat$ t w\ld n prev5t !re be+ o!r slaves1 ako_/l\?oi ( ! mu_//ai1 un9itiat$ & n reckon$ among ! mu_//ai4 ,x is def9itely /at$ on ! (ficial record ( build+ exp5ses at ,eleusis dat+ f ! ye> #cbi_/h1 ,,cia4 ii1 #hcd1 b1 col4 #b1 #ga1 mu_/sis duoin tn dmosi_/n 7! /ate slaves employ$ 9 ! build+ op]ations7 ,d ,d ,d 7cf4 l4 #fh74 ,initiation ( ! dmo_/sioi also 9 ,,cia4 ii1 #hcd c1 #bd4 ,on ?is view1 :5 ! comic poet ,!ophilos 7ii1 p4 #dgc ,k47 makes someone speak ( 8 agaptos despo_/ts by :om he emu_/? !ois1 x w n be necess>y to suppose t a fre$man 7z ,me9eke1 ,com4 #c1 #fbf7 is speak+ & n a slave4--,! g5]osity impli$ 0 all ! great] s9ce 9 _m ( ! mo/ sacr$ fea/s ( ! gods at ,a!ns slaves 7 expressly exclud$3 cf4 ,philo1 ,q4 omn4 ,prob4 #bj1 ii1 p4 #dfg ,m4 ,casaubon on ,a?41 vol4 #ab1 p4 #die ,s*w4 #aef3 ,isoc4 #d1 #bh1 ,d_/mtros gar aphikome_/ns eis tn *_/ran 4 4 4 kai d\_/ss dreas ditta_/s1 hai_/p] me_/gi/ai tug*a_/n\s9 ousai1 t\_/s te k>p\s kai tn telet_/n1 4 4 4 h\ts h po_/lis hmn ou mo_/non !ophils alla kai philan?r_/ps e_/s*51 h_//e kuri_/a g5ome_/n tos\_/tn aga?n ouk eph?o_/nse tois a_/llois1 all' hn e_/lab5 ha_/pasi 7he means all ,greeks3 cf4 #aeg7 mete_/dk54 #aff3 muein d' einai tois ousi ,kru_/kn kai ,eumolpidn z ! law appo9ts1 ,,cia4 i1 #a 7m exactly ,supp4 p4 #c f471 ll4 #aaj-aa4 ,?us ! mu_/sis belong$ exclusively to ! memb]s ( ! ge_/n ( ! ,eumolpidai & ,k]ykes 7b to all ! memb]s1 n m]ely ^? s]v+ z (fic]s at ! p>ticul> fe/ival conc]n$74 ,cf4 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,h]mes1 #bj1 #ca f4 ,! ,emp]or ,hadrian1 9 ord] to be able to hold ! fe/ival 9 a m sumptu\s mann]1 _h himself made a_/r*n ( ! ,eumolpidn ge_/nos1 hav+ already be5 made a memb] ( t ge_/nos3 ins4 f ,eleusis1 ,a?4 ,mitt4 #ahid1 p4 #agb4--,!re is no ref]5ce to ! ,eleus9ia 9 :at is said ab\t ! muein ( a prie/ess belong+ to ! family ( ! ,phyllidai 9 ,phot4 ,philleidai3 see ,tpff]1 ,att4 ,g5eal4 #ib4--,! exx4 ( mu_/sis collect$ by ,lobeck 7,agl4 #bh ff47 d n contradict ?is law3 9 ! case ( ,lysias :o hupe_/s*eto mu_/se9 ! hetaira ,metaneira ,d4 #ei1 #ba1 muein m]ely means defray ! co/ ( initiation 7q correctly expla9$ by ,mll]1 review ( ,aglaoph41 ,kl4 ,s*r4 ii1 #ef74 ,s1 too1 9 ! case ( ,!oph4 7ii1 p4 #dgc ,k47 emu_/?n !ois1 i4e4 at ! exp5se ( my ma/]4 #agf3 ,! pro_/rrsis ( ! ,basileus & ! proclamations ( ! hi]ophant & dad\*os exclud$ all &ropho_/noi f ^? tak+ "p 9 ! my/]ies3 ,lob41 ,agl4 #ae4 ,!y 7 also1 x is true1 exclud$ f all o!r sacr$ rites3 ,lob4 #ag4 ,ev5 tois en aiti_/a ! ,ar*on gave w>n+ ape_/*e/hai mu/ri_/n kai tn a_/lln nomi_/mn 7,poll4 #h1 #ij73 9 fact1 ! p]son accus$ ( murd] 0 9 any case1 z unclean1 exclud$ f all no_/mima3 ,antipho1 vi1 #cf 79 ,,ab4 #caj1 #h read nomi_/mn74 #bcc #ahf3 ho_/sioi mu_//ai1 ,ar41 ,ran4 #ccf4 7,s1 too1 ! ,my/ai ( ! ,orphic my/]ies are call$ hoi ho_/sioi3 ,pl41 ,rp4 #cfc ,c2 ,orph41 ,h4 #hd1 #c47 ho_/sios is probably "h us$ 9 its primitive s5se clean 7ho_/siai *eires1 etc474 ,pl4 ,axio*4 #cga ,d ref]s to tas hosi_/ous ag*i/ei_/z ( ! ,eleus4 ,my/ai4 ,9 ! same way hosi\n 0 us$ ( ritual purification & expiation3 phugais9 hosi\n ! murd]1 ,e41 ,or4 #eae2 hosi\n ! return$ homicide1 ,d4 #bc1 #gc2 7( ! ,bac*ic my/]ies ba_/k*os ekl_/?n hosi!i_/s1 ,e4 fr4 #dgb1 #ae74 ,?us ! ho_/sioi are id5tical ) ! keka?>me_/noi z ! initiat$ are call$3 ,pl4 ,phd4 #fi ,c1 & frequ5tly4 ,x w\ld be haz>d\s to suppose t ! ,my/ai call$ !mselves ho_/sioi z ! only pi\s & righte\s p 7?\gh t is :at ho_/sios a_/n?rpos & ! l mean else:]e74 ,_! spiritual self-satisfaction h>dly w5t z f> z t1 & inde$ !y did n ascribe s mu* p]sonal m]it to !mselves at all4 #aif3 ,9 a solemn ann\ncem5t ( ! ,k]yx z x seems3 ! latt] acc4 to ,sopat] diai_/r4 ztm4 7,walz1 ,rhet4 ,gr4 viii1 #aah1 #bd f47 dmosi_/a epita_/ttei tn sip_/n at ! comm5cem5t ( ! sacr$ ritual4 #bjf3 ta mu/_/ria poiein1 ,&oc41 ,my/4 #aa-ab4--,! m cle>ly descriptive expression1 exor*ei/hai ta mu/_/ria does n seem to occur be=e ,ari/ides1 ,lucian1 & ! latt]'s imitator ,alciphron4 ,lys4 #f1 #ea3 h\tos endus /ol_/n1 mim\_/m5os ta hi]a 9999ep$ei_/knue tois amu_/tois kai eipe t phn ta apo_/rrta4 ,! apor4 ?us divulg$ 7 ! sacr$ =mul utt]$ by ! hi]ophant4 #baf3 ,at lea/ 9 lat] ages !re 0 pl5ty to he>3 eis epha_/millon kate_// tais akoais ta hor_/m5a1 ,ari/id41 ,eleus4 ,i1 #dae ,di4 ii1 #bh ,ke44 ,we frequ5tly he> ( ! beautiful voices ( ! hi]ophants1 ( hu_/mnoi r++ out1 etc4 #bbf3 ,! well-kn[n /atem5ts ( ,p9d>1 ,sophokles1 ,isokrates1 ,kr9agoras1 ,cic]o1 & o!rs are collect$ by ,lobeck1 ,agl4 #fi ff4 ,!re is a rem9isc5ce ( ,isocr4 9 ,ari/id4 ,eleus4 ,i #dba ,di4 ii1 #cj ,ke4 alla mn to_/ ge ke_/rdos ts pangu_/res ou* ho_/son h p>\sa eu?umi_/a 4 4 4 alla kai p]i ts teleuts hdi_/ous e_/*e9 tas elpi_/das4 id4 ,pana?4 ,i1 #cjb ,di4 tas arr_/t\s teletas hn tois metas*\si kai meta tn t\ bi_/ou teleutn belti_/ ta pra_/gmata gi_/gne/hai dokei4 ,cf4 also ,welck]'s acc\nt1 ,gr4 ,gtt]l4 ii1 #eai ff41 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 !re is a good deal mix$ up :i* has no?+ to d ) ! my/]ies4 #bcf3 ,t is1 9 ! "t ( /ill vital religion & 9 ! circles :i* /ill reta9$ an unspoilt feel+ = x4 ,ap>t f ^! x is true t ! allegorical int]pretation ( my?s 0 already famili> 9 antiquity1 & 9 le>n$ circles ! gods & ! /ories ( ! gods 7 trans=m$ & dis9tegrat$ eis pneu_/mata kai rheu_/mata kai spo_/r\s kai aro_/t\s kai pa_/? gs kai metabolas hrn z ,plut>* compla9s1 ,is4 et ,o4 #ff1 p4 #cgg ,d4 ,^! allegorical int]pret]s f ,anaxagoras & ,metrodoros onw>ds are ! real ance/ors ( our mod]n nature my?ologi/s4 ,no "o d\bts1 h[ev]1 t f _! int]pretations no?+ c be le>nt except :at ! real s5se ( ,greek belief 9 ! gods c]ta9ly 0 n4 ,x is wor? notic+ t ,prodikos1 because he said t h_/lion kai sel_/nn kai potam\s kai leimnas kai k>p\s kai pan to toi\tdes 7 ! real ess5ce ( ! ,greek gods1 0 look$ ^u z "o ( ! a_/!oi 7,s4,e41 ,m4 #i1 #ea-b ,b #e ,diels74 ,quam t&em religionem reliquit8 asks ! ,greek :om ,cic]o is reproduc+ 9 ,,nd4 i1 #aah1 ) ref]5ce to ?is anci5t prophet ( ,greek nature-religion4--,= ! anci5t allegori/s ,p]sephone1 too1 is no?+ b to dia tn k>pn ph]o_/m5on pneuma 7s ,klean!s3 ,plu4 z above74 ,acc4 to ,v>ro ,p]sephone means fecunditatem sem9um1 #bcd c>ri$ (f by ,orcus on ! occasion ( "s crop-failure1 etc4 7,aug41 ,,cd4 vii1 #bj74 ,9 ,porph4 ap4 ,eus41 ,,pe4 #c1 #aa1 #g-i4 we actually h ! v int]pretation :i* has be5 rec5tly re/or$ to s mu* fav\r--t ,ko_/r is no?+ else b a 7fem99e7 p]sonification ( ko_/ros "y plant1 %oot4 #bdf3 ,a h9t ( su* an explanation occurs 9 ,sallu/ius1 de ,dis iv1 kata tn enanti_/an ism]i_/an 7i4e4 ! autumnal7 h ts ,ko_/rs h>pag 9999mu?ologeitai g5e_//hai2 ho d ka_/?odo_/s he/i tn psu*n 7f ! /&po9t ( ?is ,neoplatoni/ at any rate ! analogy might be c>ri$ ?r\gh74 ,s1 too1 ,sopat] diai_/r4 zt4 9 ,walz1 ,rh4 ,gr4 viii1 #aae1 #c1 speaks ( to ts psu*s pros to !ion sugg5e_/s z if x 7 confirm$ 9 ! 7,eleus9ian7 my/]ies4 #bef3 ,x may be m5tion$ "h by anticipation t a real doctr9e ( ! inde/ructibility ( ! human s\l 0 fir/ traditionally attribut$ 9 antiquity to ! ,greek philosoph]s su* z ,?ales or to ! !osophoi su* z ,ph]ekydes 7& ,py?agoras too74 ,9 :at s5se ?is c be reg>d$ z true we %all le>n 9 ! c\rse ( our inquiry4 ,! my/]ies ( ,eleusis1 f :i* _m mod]n critics w\ld l to d]ive ! belief 9 immortality among ! ,greeks1 are m5tion$ by no anci5t au?ority z among ! s\rces ( t belief or ( su* a doctr9e4 ,9 :i* !y 7 q "r4 #bff3 ,soph4 fr4 #gec ,n4 #gia ,p4 hs tris o_/lbioi keinoi brotn1 hoi tauta d]*!_/ntes te_/l mo_/ls' es ,ha_/id\2 toisde gar mo_/nois ekei zn e_//i1 tois d' a_/lloisi pa_/nt' ekei kaka_/4 #bgf3 ,! privileg$ position ( ! initiat$ is exhibit$ ) /rik+ vig\r 9 ! well-kn[n outbur/ ( ,diog5es3 ti_/ le_/geis1 e_/ph1 krei_/ttona moiran he_/xei ,pataiki_/n ho kle_/pts apo?ann ,epame9_/ndas1 ho_/ti memu_/tai8 ,plu41 ,aud4 ,poet4 iv1 p4 #ba ,f2 ,d4,l4 vi1 #ci2 ,jul41 ,or4 vii1 #bch ,a 7p4 #cjh ,h]t474--,a homiletic application ( ,diog5es' say+ is made by ,philo1 ,vict4 ,(f4 #ab1 ii1 p4 #bfa ,m4 sumbai_/nei polla_/kis tn men aga?n &rn mde_/na muei/hai1 l/as de e_//9 ho_/te kai kataponti/as kai gunaikn ?ia_/s\s bdeluktn kai akola_//n1 epan argu_/rion p>a_/s*si tois teloisi kai hi]ophant\si4 ,cf4 ,spec4 ,leg4 #c1 #g1 i1 p4 #cjf ,m4 #bhf3 ,( ?is nature 7 ! hi]a_/ :i* ! hi]ophant %[$ & ! o!r ?+s t 7 employ$ 9 ! fe/ival3 pictures ( gods1 relics1 & p>aph]nalia ( all sorts 7e4g4 ! ki_// & ! ka_/la?os3 ,o4 ,jahn1 ,h]mes1 #c1 #cbg f473 see ,lob41 ,agl4 #ea-fb4 #bif3 ,prell]1 = example 7/imulat$ by ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]71 is fond ( dwell+ on ! special "* & mean+ ( ! wor%ip ( ! *?onic deities z some?+ q di/9ct f o!r ,greek wor%ips ( ! gods4 ,an example may be f\nd 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a#a1 s4v4 ,eleusis1 iii1 p4 #ajh3 ,! dep>tm5t ( religion to :i* ! ,eleus9ian cult belongs is t ( ! *?onic deities1 :i* _h be5 indig5\s 9 ,greece f ! e>lie/ times & 0 a widely popul> cultus4 ,9 ?is cultus ideas ( ! g5]\s fruitfulness ( ! e>?'s soil & ( ! fruitfulness ( dea?--^: seat seems to be b5ea? ! e>? l ! ,old ,te/am5t ,%eol--7 int]wov5 9 a my/]i\sly sugge/ive way3 a way :i* ess5tially resi/$ all ef=ts at cle> & di/9ct compreh5sion1 & c\ld n help lead+ to my/ical or occult sugge/ions & obscure symboli/ic expression4 ,?is & fur!r amplifications 9 ! same s5se all re/ ^u ! unprovable axiom t ! activities ( ! *?o_/nioi z gods ( ! soil & z gods ( ! k+dom ( ! s\ls 7 int]wov53 ! sugge/ive haze ( ! re/ foll[s naturally4 ,b :at 9 all ?is is ,greek8 #cjf3 h kru_/psis h mu/ik tn hi]n semnopoiei to !ion1 mim\me_/n tn phu_/s9 aut\ pheu_/g\san hmn tn ai_//hs94 ,/r4 #dfg4 #bce #caf3 ,9 fact ! anci5t allegorical int]pretations ( ! my/]ies diff]$ widely among !mselves3 ,lob41 ,agl4 #acf-dj4--;,ev5 ,gal5 attribut$ an allegorical s5se to ! my/]ies ( ,eleusis1 b he ?9ks amudra ekeina pros e_/ndeix9 hn speu_/dei dida_/ske9 7iv1 p4 #cfa ,k474 ,?is _c h be5 true ( ! assurances giv5 to ! ,my/ai ( a bless$ future 9 ,hades4 #cbf3 ,su* proclamations may h occurr$ 9 ! hi]opha_/nt\ rh_/seis 7,sop4 diai_/r4 zt4 ,walz1 viii1 #abc1 #bi2 cf4 ,lob41 ,agl4 #ahi74 #ccf3 ,lob41 ,agl4 #eb1 #eh f4 #cdf3 ,no "o says any?+ ( any k9d ( moral obligation und]tak5 by ! ,my/ai or ( any consequ5t moral influ5ce ( ! fe/ival3 n ev5 ,&okides 9 ^: w>n+s address$ to ! college ( judges compos$ ( ,my/ai 7,my/4 #ca7 ! words hi_/na timr_/ste men t\s aseb\ntas ktl4 are n to be tak5 ) ! previ\s memu_//he kai hera_/kate toin !oin ta hi]a_/ b ) hoi_/t9es ho_/rk\s mega_/l\s ktl41 kai arasa_/m5oi ktl4 ,he speaks1 9 fact1 ( ! moral obligation ( ! jury :o h tak5 ! oa?1 z judges n z ,my/ai4 ,9 ,ar41 ,ran41 #dee ff41 ! words ho_/soi memu_/me?a /& loosely side by side ) euseb di_/gom5 tro_/pon p]i t\s xe_/n\s kai t\s idi_/tas4 7,( ! ,samo?rakian my/]ies ,diodoros says1 #e1 #di1 #f3 gi_/ne/hai de_/ phasi kai eusebe/e_/r\s kai dikaiote_/r\s kai kata pan belti_/onas heautn t\s tn mu/ri_/n ko9n_/santas--z x seems )\t ef=t on _! "p by a pure act ( grace47 #cef3 ,=mal or v]bal in/ruction ( a !ological or moral k9d 0 n suppli$ at ,eleusis2 s mu* may be /at$ )\t fe> ( contradiction s9ce ! "w ( ,lobeck4 ,?us1 ! ?ree comm&m5ts ( ,triptolemos1 :i* acc4 to ,x5okrates diame_/n\si ,eleusini 7,porph41 ,abs4 #d1 #bb7 _c be reg>d$ z moral precepts proclaim$ at ! my/]ies3 inde$1 !re is no?+ to lead "o to conclude t !y _h any?+ to d ) ! my/]y fe/ival at ,eleusis4 ,9 "* ^! v simple precepts seem relat$ to ! laws ( ,b\zyges1 ) :om ,triptolemos is sometimes confus$ 7,haupt1 ,opusc4 iii1 #eje7 & 7 v likely1 l !m1 recit$ at "s agricultural fe/ival4 ,suppos+ fur!r t ! ?ird law ( ,triptolemos3 za m si_/ne/hai 0 really 7z ,x5okr4 seems to h und]/ood x7 int5d$ to recomm5d a complete apo* empsu_/*n1 !n x c]ta9ly _c h be5 proclaim$ at ! ,eleus9ia 7?\gh ?is is :at ,diet]i* ?9ks happ5$1 ,nekyia1 #afe74 ,x is surely un?9kable t ! ,my/ai at ,eleusis 71 aft] ! ,orphic model1 absolutely =bidd5 to eat fle% = ! re/ ( _! lives4 ,x rema9s a possibility t ! precept _h q a diff]5t mean+--x does n def9itely speak ( ! kill+ ( animals--& t x belongs to "s simple f>m]'s fe/ival 7n to ! great fe/ival ( ,eleusis1 b r1 e4g4 ! ,haloa7 at :i* ! f>m] 0 recomm5d$ to sp>e 8 live /ock 7j z ! ?ird ( ! ?ree laws ( ,demonassa at ,cyprus =bade ! f>m] m apokteinai b\n aro_/trion1 ,d4 ,*r4 #fd1 #c #cbi ,r41 #adh ,arn42 ,attic law ap4 ,ael4 ,,vh4 #e1 #ad1 etc474--,9 any case to br+ all ?is into connexion ) ! my/]y fe/ival ( ,eleusis is absolutely )\t ju/ification4 #bcf ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,ideas ,,( ,,! ,,future ,,life ,c]ta9 allusions 9 ,plut>* & ,lucian#ag w\ld lead u to suppose t ! my/]y-drama ( ,eleusis includ$ also a visual exhibition ( ! und]world & its ble/1 or unble/1 inhabitants4 ,b ^! contempor>ies ( a f9al & luxuriant fl[]+ ( my/]y-religions ( e k9d c s]ve z reliable witnesses only = _! own p]iod4 ,9 _! day ! ,eleus9ian fe/ival1 9 competition x may be ) o!r secret wor%ips :i* 7 invad+ ! ,greco-,roman _w 9 ev]-increas+ numb]s1 seems to h und]gone a consid]able alt]ation & ext5sion ( its primitive & traditional %ape4 ,we may d\bt :e!r 9 e>li]1 classical times ! ,eleus9ia c h attempt$ to b9d ! imag9ation ) :at 7 always petty details1 or conf9e )9 =mal limits :at lay beyond all human exp]i5ce4 ,/ill ! solemn promise ( future bless$ness made 9 ! my/ic fe/ival may1 at any rate1 h /imulat$ ! imag9ation ( its wor%ipp]s & giv5 a m def9ite turn to _! own natural ef=ts to picture ! life to come4 ,! ideas cultivat$ at ,eleusis unmi/akably contribut$ to ! process by :i* ! picture ( ,hades acquir$ col\r & di/9ctness4 ,ev5 )\t su* /imulus1 ! natural in/9ct ( ! ,greeks at all p]iods to give =m ev5 to :at 0 ess5tially =mless1 work$ 9 ! same direction4 ,! limits set by ,hom]ic beliefs ab\t ! future _w _h made ! ,odyssean description ( a desc5t to ,hades seem a risky exp]im5t only to be und]tak5 ) ! greate/ caution4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 s9ce ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! belief 9 a consci\s aft]-life ( ! disembodi$ s\l1 su* imag9ative body+s-=? ( ! invisible realm ( %ad[s _h become app>5tly ! mo/ natural & innoc5t employm5t ( poetic fancy4 ,! /ory ( ,odysseus' j\rney to ,hades & its expansion 9 con=mity ) ! gradually increas+ di/9ctness ) :i* ! life aft] dea? 0 conceiv$1 0 foll[$ at an e>ly p]iod 9 ! developm5t ( ,epic poetry by fur!r acc\nts ( su* j\rneys und]tak5 by o!r h]oes4 ,a ,hesiodic poem describ$ ! desc5t ( ,!seus & ,peiri?os to ! und]world4#bg ,a ,nekyia1 ! details ( :i* are unkn[n1 occurr$ 9 ! poem ( ! ,return ( ! h]oes #bcg f ,troy4 ,! epic :i* w5t by ! "n ( ! ,m9yas seems to h giv5 consid]able space to a desc5t to ,hades4#cg ,! anci5t fable ( ,h]akles' desc5t to ,hades & conflicts 9 ! und]world receiv$ embelli%m5t at m ?an "o poet's h&4#dg ,z a result ( su* repeat$ & rival int]pretations ( ! /ory ! /ock ( *>act]s & ev5ts associat$ ) ,hades 0 gradually & cont9ually be+ enl>g$4 ,accid5t has pres]v$ to u ! fact ab\t ! little-kn[n ,m9yas t x1 too1 add$ to ! details ( ! picture4 ,to :at ext5t popul> imag9ation & my?ology1 on ! "o h&1 & poetic inv5tiv5ess1 on ! o!r1 may h be5 responsible = all ?is we c h>dly say4 ,x seems probable t "h1 z 9 ! developm5t ( s _m ,greek my?s1 on ! :ole ! balance ( inv5tion lay on ! side ( ! poets4 ,purely poetic visions or pictures l t ( ! translation ( individual h]oes to ,elysium may h gradually won _! way to popul> acceptance4 ,de>e/ ,h>modios1 said ! ,a!nian ,skolion1 ?\ art n dead inde$1 b live/ yet1 m5 say1 9 ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/4 ,n t !re 0 any?+ fix$ or dogmatic on ! po9t4 ,9 a fun]al oration ,hyp]ides repres5ts ,leo/h5es & 8 companions 9 battle z meet+ 9 ,hades1 among ! illu/ri\s dead1 ! ,tyrannicides1 ,h>modios & ,ari/ogeiton4#eg ,mu* t may h be5 ! inv5tion ( poets = ! fill+ up or furni%+ ( ! des]t region s /amp$ itself ^u ! g5]al m9d t x almo/ seem$ ! natural gr[? ( au!ntic popul> belief4 ,ev]yone 0 famili> ) ! gu>dian ( ! gate ( ,pl\ton1 ! malignant h\nd ( ,hades :o admits ev]yone b lets no "o out aga94 ,he is ! same creature1 long kn[n f ! adv5ture ( ,h]akles1 :i* is already nam$ ,k]b]os by ,hesiod4#fg ,l ! gate & ! gate-keep]1 ! wat]s t divide ,erebos f ! _w ( ! liv+ are already kn[n to ,hom]4 ,n[ !y h a ,f]ryman add$ to !m1 ! *urli% old man ,*>on1 :o1 l a second ,k]b]os1 safely transports ev]yone across ! wat]1 b lets no "o return4#gg ,! ,m9yas is ! fir/ to m5tion him3 t he became a real figure ( popul> belief 7z he is /ill 9 ,greece to ?is day1 ?\gh ) alt]$ significance is %[n by pictures on ! ,attic vases t 7 put into ! graves ) ! dead4 ,^! repres5t ! s\l z x /&s ^u ! s$gy bank & meets ! f]ryman :o w c>ry x ov] to ! o!r side :5ce no man returns4#hg ,! cu/om ( bury+ ! dead ) a small co9 fix$ betwe5 ! tee? 0 also expla9$ z provision = ! passage-money t w\ld h to be paid to ,*>on4#ig #bch #b ,! s\l1 !n1 be+ safely arriv$ on ! o!r bank & ,k]b]os pass$ by--:at await$ x !re8 ,^? :o _h be5 initiat$ into ! my/]ies n[ c\nt$ ^u enjoy+ ! glad future t _! hopes _h =m]ly pictur$4 ,9 reality ?is bless$ future1 v\*saf$ by ! grace ( ! deities :o rule bel[1 0 n v h>d to obta94 ,s _m 7 initiat$ & recomm5d$ to div9e fav\r t ! picture ( ,hades1 once s gloomy1 began to assume a m g5ial aspect4 ,q e>ly we meet ) ! g5]al "n ( ,bless$ness z appli$ to ! future life2 :ile ! dead )\t mu* di/9ction are call$ ! ,bless$4#ajg ,( c\rse1 anyone :o _h be5 s fooli% z to neglect or despise initiation has n ! same fate bel[1 z ! ,hymn to ,demet] discreetly puts x4 ,only ! initiat$ h life1 says ,sophokles3 ! un9itiat$1 ) :om x goes ill 9 ! l& bel[1 c h>dly h be5 ?\ght ( o!rwise ?an z float+ 9 ! glimm]+ half-life ( ! %ad[s 9 ! ,hom]ic ,erebos4 ,well-mean+ mod]n ef=ts to read a moral mean+ into ?+s ,greek h s\ght to prove t ! ,greeks1 too1 _h a g5u9e popul> belief 9 a future judgm5t & recomp5se = ! pa/ de$s & "* ( ! dead4 ,hom] makes h>dly ! mo/ di/ant allusion to su* a belief4 ,! p]jur] alone suff]s 9 ,hom] ! puni%m5t at ! h&s ( ! gods ( ! und]world :i* he _h invok$ ^u himself 9 8 oa?4 ,ev5 ! ,s9n]s & _! puni%m5t :i* lat] imitation add$ to ! /ory ( ,odysseus' ,j\rney to ,hades1 consid]$ )\t prejudice1 d n support ! op9ion t ,hom]ic poetry knew ( a belief 9 retribution h]eaft]4 ,lat] poets 7 only foll[+ ?is model :5 !y made o!r enemies ( ! gods endure et]nal puni%m5t 9 ,hades--,?amyris1 = example1 or ,amphion 7z ! ,m9yas relat$71 & lat] ,ixion 9 p>ticul>4#aag ,all ?is does n1 ev5 9 ! slighte/ degree1 sugge/ a g5]al belief 9 future rew>ds & puni%m5t4 ,( c\rse1 !re is ! judgm5t t is giv5 9 ,hades by ,"o accord+ to ,p9d> 7,ol4 ii1 #fe71 b ?is occurs 9 connexion ) a description ( ! la/ ?+s :i* ! poet has borr[$ f ! tea*+s ( my/ic sep>ati/s4 ,aes*ylus#abg kn[s ( a judgm5t pron\nc$ by ,hades himself2 b 8 ?\ghts ab\t div9e retribution bo? on e>? & h]eaft] are d]iv$ f 8 own religi\s temp]am5t :i* 0 entirely oppos$ to ! popul> beliefs ( 8 day & m incl9$ to accept ! speculative doctr9es ( ! !ologians4 ,! #bci fir/ precise acc\nt ( ! ?ree judges 9 ,hades1 ,m9os1 ,rhadaman?ys1 & ,aiakos1 :o judge ! de$s ( m5 done 9 _! lifetime ^u e>? occurs 9 ,plato 9 a description ( ! o!r _w :i* reproduces any?+ r ?an ! popul> beliefs ( ! "t4#acg ,lat] on1 ! picture ( ! judges 9 ,hades 7to :om ,triptolemos 0 also add$71#adg l _m o!r details ( ! ,platonic es*atological my?s1 became a real "p ( popul> fancy1 z allusions 9 lat] lit]ature & ev51 p]haps1 pictures ( ! und]world on vase-pa9t+s f ,s\!rn ,italy1 be> witness4 ,b ! idea t 9 ! supreme p]iod ( ,greek culture ! belief 9 a judgm5t & judges 9 ,hades1 :o pass$ s5t5ce on ! de$s ( m5 done on e>?1 _h really any root 9 popul> belief1 is q unprov$ & c be %[n to be errone\s f ! argum5t ex sil5tio4 ,& :]e !re are no judges no judgm5t c take place4 ,we (t5 see x ass]t$ t ! belief 9 a future /ate ( comp5sation = ! good & evil de$s ( ?is _w 0 obta9$ by ! ,greeks f ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies4 ,9 reality ! opposite is true2 if & 9 s f> z ! ,greeks ev] receiv$ or ent]ta9$ su* a belief 9 future rew>ds & puni%m5ts ! my/]ies ( ,eleusis _h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! matt]4 ,we h only to rememb] ! simple fact t ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies admitt$ to initiation1 ) ! s+le exception ( ^? /a9$ by ! crime ( murd]1 ,greeks ( all sorts )\t any inquiry into _! pa/ life & actions1 or ev5 _! "*4 ,! initiat$ 7 promis$ a bless$ life h]eaft]2 a gloomy fate await$ ! un9itiat$4 ,! diff]5ce 0 n made by goodness or badness2 ,pataikion ! ?ief w h a bett] fate aft] 8 dea? because he has be5 initiat$ at ,eleusis ?an ,agesilaos or ,epame9ondas sne]$ ,diog5es ! ,cynic4 ,n political or moral wor? b spiritual m]it alone is decisive4 ,nor w anyone be v surpris$ at t4 ,x is s 9 mo/ religions4 ,b 9 any case1 ! idea ( a s5t5ce pass$ on virtue or vice 9 ,hades _h be5 =e/all$ by ! sy/em ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts 9 ! l[] _w :i* ! my/]ies _h already =mulat$ f q a diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,:]e ! my/]ies 7 s]i\sly & consci5ti\sly tak5 !y w\ld r h ?r[n _! weight into ! scales aga9/ any su* idea1 if x began to make itself felt1 ( comp5sation = good & evil de$s 9 ,hades2 !y c]ta9ly conta9$ no?+ t fo/]$ su* a belief4 ,no d\bt 9 ! long run1 among a spiritually al]t p1 #bdj ! morality inculcat$ by religion alli$ itself freely & )\t reluctance to ! morality ( ! citiz5 9 its indep5d5t developm5t4 ,only 9 ?is way c\ld ! =m] ma9ta9 its asc5dancy4 ,?us1 9 ! m9ds ( _m ( ! ,greeks ! idea ( religi\s ju/ification 7?r\gh ! my/]ies7 may h l5t its support to ! idea ( civic j deal+2 &1 at ! same "t1 ! company ( ! unble/ :o _h neglect$ ! sacr$ my/]ies & _! future salvation z well1 0 increas$ by ! n unimportant body ( ^? :o receive ! wages ( s9 9 ,hades & expiate _! crimes aga9/ ! gods1 ! family1 & ! civil society ( m54 ,^? :o h tak5 a false oa?1 p>ricides1 violators ( ! laws ( hospitality are made by ,ari/ophanes 79 ! ,frogs7 to lie 9 ! mud--a =m ( p5alty orig9ally anticipat$ = ! un9itiat$ 9 "s ,orphic private my/]ies1 b n[ transf]r$ by him to ^? guilty ( moral misdemean\rs4#aeg ,! inconsi/5cy ) ! promises made 9 ! my/]ies !mselves involv$ 9 su* conceptions may h be5 ! less obs]v$ j because ! idea ( a future sy/em ( comp5sation 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( morality 0 nev] s]i\sly or fully develop$1 b rema9$ m]ely a matt] ( vague sugge/ion4 ,9 circum/ances ( real ne$ t ideal nev] satisfi$ anyone 9 ,greece4 ,m5 expect$ to see ! retributive p[] ( ! gods visibly active ^u e>?2 ^? 9 :om exp]i5ce weak5$ ?is belief w\ld n h d]iv$ mu* com=t f ! idea ( comp5sation h]eaft]4 ,ev]yone kn[s ! typical case ( ,diagoras1 ! ,a!i/4#afg #c ,! pictur+ ( ! future life1 h[ev] s]i\sly x might be c>ri$ on by adh]5ts ( c]ta9 my/ical sects1 rema9$ = ! poets & ! public at ,a!ns 9 ! fif? c5tury little m ?an an amusem5t ( idle fancy 9 :i* a man might indulge 8 own :im ) p]fect fre$om4 ,! comic poets f ,ph]ekrates onw>ds reg>d$ a ,desc5t into ! ,unkn[n c\ntry z a suitable framework = a burlesque play4#agg ,accord+ to _! fancy a ,p>adise1 l t ( ! gold5 age on e>? :5 ,kronos /ill rul$1 await$ ! ,bless$ 9 ! _w bel[2#ahg a ,city ( ,delight#aig su* z m5 hop$ to meet ) at ! ends ( ! _w1 or ev5 some:]e ^u ! real _w4 ,x is f a com$y1 ! ,frogs ( ,ari/ophanes1 9 connexion ) ! ,desc5t to ,hades ( a typical commonplace ,a!nian citiz51 :o = ! "t be+ plays ! "p ( ,dionysos1 t we get a cle>] outl9e ( ! geography ( ! l[] regions4 ,beyond #bda ! ,a*]\sian ,sea ) its cross-gra9$ f]ryman dwell snakes & mon/]s ( all k9ds4 ,hav+ pass$ by ! d>kness & putresc5ce ( ! sl\gh 9 :i* wall[ p]jur]s & ^? :o h committ$ crimes aga9/ fa!r or /rang]1 ! way leads to ! palace ( ,pl\ton1 ne> :i* lives ! *orus ( ^? :o h be5 initiat$ into ! my/]ies4 ,= !m ev5 9 ,hades ! sun disp5ses a brilliant light2 !y dance 9 myrtle groves & s+ to ! s\nd ( ! flute hymns ( praise to ! gods ( ! und]world4#bjg ,a sep>ation ( ! inhabitants ( ! l[] regions into two classes z taught by ! my/]ies1 is "h also c>ri$ ?r\gh3 at lea/ cle> consci\sness is impli$ 9 ! case ( ! ,my/ai :i* 9 itself m>ks cle>ly ! *ange :i* has tak5 place s9ce ! ,nekyia ( ! ,odyssey4 ,!n !re are o!r regions 9 ,hades besides ! places :]e ! initiat$ & ! impi\s dwell4 ,!re is a ref]5ce to ! pla9 ( ,le!1#bag & to ! place :]e ,oknos is plait+ ! rope :i* 8 %e-ass gnaws to pieces z fa/ z he plaits x4 ,?is is a p>ody1 half humor\s1 half pa!tic1 ( ! ,hom]ic figures ( ,sisyphos & ,tantalos2 a sort ( b\rgeois c\nt]p>t ( t ,hom]ic ari/ocracy ( ! enemies ( heav51 ^: puni%m5t1 z ,goe! rem>k$1 is a type ( ev]-unrew>d$ lab\r4 ,b1 we may ask1 :at _h hone/ ,oknos done to des]ve ?is fate ( et]nally fruitless toil8 ,he is only a man l o!r m51 b he typifies all human endeav\r4 ,t anyone c\ld h introduc$ su* qua9t inv5tions ( innoc5t hum\r into ! realm ( ,hades %[s h[ f> all ?is 0 f !ological s]i\sness4 #d ,we ought to be able to obs]ve ! *ange :i* _h come ov] ! conception ( ! future life s9ce ! days ( ,hom] f a consid]ation ( ! picture ( ! ,und]world :i* ,polygnotos ( ,?asos pa9t$ on "o ( ! walls ( ! ,hall ( ! ,knidians at ,delphi4 ,! details ( ?is picture are precisely kn[n to u f ! acc\nt giv5 by ,pausanias4 ,! fir/ impression t we get f x is ! extraord9>y vagu5ess & undevelop$ /ate ( ! my?ology ( ! und]world at ?is p]iod1 ab\t ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,on ! wall 0 repres5t$ ! que/ion+ ( ,teiresias by ,odysseus2 ! companies ( h]oes1 ! m5 & wom5 ( poetry1 occupi$ ! great] "p ( ! space4 ,! div9e judgm5t ( heav5 0 illu/rat$ by ! figures ( ! ,hom]ic ,s9n]s1 ,tityos1 ,tantalos1 & ,sisyphos4 ,outside ! ranks ( ! ,h]oic company is ,oknos & 8 #bab %e-ass4 ,b :]e is ! rew>d ( virtue1 ! puni%m5t ( wick$ness8 ,9 expiation ( ! wor/ excesses1 ^? committ$ aga9/ gods & p>5ts1 a temple-robb] receives a cup ( poison f a sorc]ess1#bbg & an undutiful son is be+ *ok$ by 8 own fa!r4#bcg ,ap>t f ^! evil-do]s are ! un9itiat$1 ^? :o h made light ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies4 ,because !y h miss$ ! completion ( ! initiation !y are n[ =c$1 m5 & wom51 to p\r wat] f brok5 pit*]s into a 7p]=at$7 j> 9 ev]-unavail+ endeav\r4#bdg ,!re is no sign any:]e ( a judge :o %\ld sep>ate ! s\ls into two classes2 & ( ! mon/]s ( ! und]world !re only appe>s ! corpse-dev\r+ daimon ,eurynomos :o mu/ h be5 kn[n to ! arti/ f "s local leg5d4#beg ,( ! rew>d ( ! virtu\s !re is n a trace1 & ev5 ! hopes ( ! initiat$ 9 ! my/]ies are only vaguely allud$ to 9 ! casket :i* ,kleoboia1 z %e crosses ! riv] 9 ,*>on's boat ) ,tellis1 is hold+ on h] knee4#bfg ,?is is a symbol ( ! sacr$ my/]ies ( ,demet] :i* ,kleoboia once br\ght f ,p>os to ,?asos1 ! home ( ,polygnotos4 ,) ?is s]ies ( pictures1 h>dly alt]$ at all f ,hom]1#bgg contra/ = a mom5t ! sc5es ( torm5t repres5t$ 9 ,etruscan pictures ( ! ,und]world1 or ! p$antic details ( ! trial ( ! dead on ! day ( judgm5t z ! ,egyptians elaborat$ !m 9 picture & writ+4 ,f su* gloomy sev]ity1 f ! rigid & ov]p[]+ dogmatism t a p )\t imag9ation _h con/ruct$ = itself out ( religi\s speculations & visions won by mu* lab\r & ?\ght1 ! ,greeks 7 =tunately pres]v$ by _! own g5ius4 ,_! fancy is a w+$ god ^: nature x is to pass lightly ov] ?+s--n to fall heavily to e>? & !re rema9 pond]\sly pro/rate4 ,nor 7 !y v susceptible dur+ _! be/ c5turies to ! infecti\s malady ( a sick consci5ce4 ,:at _h !y to d ) pictures ( an und]world ( purgatory & torm5t 9 expiation ( all imag9>y types & degrees ( s91 z 9 ,dante's gha/ly ,hell8 ,x is true t ev5 su* d>k fancies ( ! ,*ri/ian ,hell are 9 "p d]iv$ f ,greek s\rces4 ,b x 0 only ! misguid$ fancy ( p>ticul> isolat$ sects t c\ld call =? su* pictures z ^!1 & recomm5d itself to a philosophic speculation :i* 9 its wor/ excesses viol5tly contradict$ all ! mo/ fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,greek culture4 ,! p & ! religion ( ,greece1 ! my/]ies :i* h] cities organiz$ & deem$ holy1 may be freely acquitt$ ( all su* ab]rations4 ,,notes ,,to ,,*apt] ,,vii #ag3 ,plu4 7! ,,mss4 wrongly give ,!mi/ios7 de ,an4 fr4 #f ap4 ,/ob41 ,fl4 iv1 #eb b1 #dh ,h4 p4 #ajg1 #bg ff4 ,me942 ,luc41 ,catapl4 #bc4 #bg3 ,paus4 #i1 #ca1 #e4 #cg3 ,! rema9s 9 ,k9kel1 ,frag4 ,epic4 i1 #bae ff4 ,?is ,m9ua_/s 0 id5tifi$ by ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,or*om#b41 p4 #ab1 ) ! ,orphic kata_/basis eis ,ha_/id\1 & ?is sugge/ion has be5 foll[$1 ?\gh ) hesitation1 ev5 by ,lobeck1 ,agl4 #cfj1 #cgc4 ,x re/s solely on ! fact t ! ,orphic kata_/basis 0 v d\btfully ascrib$ accord+ to ,clem5s to ,prodikos ( ,samos1 accord+ to ,suidas to ,h]odikos ( ,p]9?os 7or to ,k]kops1 or to ,orpheus ( ,kam>9a72 :ile ! ,m9yas1 accord+ to ,paus4 #d1 #cc1 #g1 0 v d\btfully ascrib$ to ,prodikos ( ,phokaia4 ,mll] fir/ id5tifi$ ,prodikos ( ,samos ) ,h]odikos ( ,p]9?os1 & !n bo? ( !m ) ,prodikos ( ,phokaia4 ,! ju/ification ( su* a proc$ure is by no means self-evid5t & ! id5tification--entirely dep5d+ ^u ?is q arbitr>y view--( ! ,orphic kata_/basis eis ,ha_/id\ ) ! ,m9yas is 9 ! la/ degree haz>d\s4 ,su* an alt]native title to an anci5t n>rative poem c only be def5d$ by fictiti\s & q unt5able p>allels4 ,! "n ,m9ua_/s has no p>allel 9 ,orphic lit]ature1 & sugge/s r a poem deal+ ) h]oic adv5ture 9 :i* ! ,nekyia w\ld only be an episode4 ,if we are to believe 9 ! d\ble title we require at lea/ to be told h[ ! "n 7,m9yas7 c\ld possibly h be5 giv5 to a poem ^: cont5ts z impli$ by ! title kata_/basis eis ,ha_/id\ pla9ly consi/$ 9 a desc5t to ,hades--made by ,orpheus himself 7z ,lobeck also und]/&s1 p4 #cgc74 ,besides1 ev]y?+ we le>n ab\t ! ,nekyia ( ! ,m9yas diff]s widely f ! temp] & doctr9e ( ,orphism1 :i* %\ld h manife/$ !mselves v di/9ctly 9 su* a vision ( ! life to come4 ,nor is any?+ f ! ,m9yas giv5 else:]e "u ! "n ( ,orpheus1 l s _m ( ! details ( und]world my?ology4 ,!re is no?+ to sugge/ t x 0 ,orpheus :o s\ght ! atra atria ,ditis3 an unprejudic$ int]pretation ( fr4 #a 7ap4 ,paus4 #aj1 #bh1 #b7 w\ld sugge/ t x 0 r ,!seus & ,peiri?oos ^: desc5t to ,hades suppli$ ! framework = ! ,hades episode 9 ! poem4 ,!re is !n n ! slighte/ ju/ification = includ+ ! ,m9yas 9 ! li/ ( ,orphic poems or = cit+ :at is kn[n ( its cont5ts z ,orphic my?ological doctr9e 7:i* la/ ,lobeck himself did n d3 he knew too well ! real nature & mean+ ( ,orphism74 ,cf4 ,dmml]1 ,delphika1 p4 #ai 7,bas4 #ahid74 #dg3 ,allusions 9 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey presuppose ! exi/5ce ( an old poem on ! j\rney to ,hades ( ,h]akles3 h[ he 0 commission$ by ,eury/heus1 conduct$ by ,a!ne 7& ,h]mes71 w5t d[n bel[ & w\nd$ ,hades himself & c>ri$ (f ! dog ( ,hades4 ,_m h&s mu/ subsequ5tly h tak5 "p 9 fill+ 9 ! details ( ! adv5ture3 we _c1 h[ev]1 def9itely "n ! poet :o gave its f9al =m & "* to ! :ole4 ,z f> z ! individual features ( ! poem are kn[n to u 7esp4 f ! survey giv5 9 ,apollod41 #b1 #ab4 ,my?4 ,gr41 #b1 #abb ff4 ,w41 comb9+ bo? e>ly & late my?ological *>act]i/ics71 !y are r ! features ( a vigor\s /ory ( h]oic adv5ture1 full ( movem5t & t5d+ to ! gruesome & ! extravagant--n ( a /atic or #bdd tranquil n>rative t w\ld all[ ( ! calm reception ( pictures illu/rat+ ! quiet ord9>y life & ev5ts ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! my/]i\s _w ( d>kness4 ,9 ?is respect ! kata_/basis ( ,h]akles 9 its traditional =m mu/ h diff]$ noticeably f ! ,nekyia 9 l1 z well z f ! ,m9yas4 ,9 fact1 n "o ( ! fabul\s details curr5t 9 lat] times ab\t ,hades c be trac$ back to a description 9 ! ,h]akles adv5ture 7ev5 ,k]b]os seems to h got 8 "n else:]e4 #eg3 ,hyp]ides1 ,epit4 #ce-i p4 #ib f4 7,blass#c73 ,leo/h5es w meet en ,ha_/id\ ! ,h]oes ( ! ,trojan w>1 ! ,p]sian w>1 & also ,h>modios & ,ari/ogeiton4 ,?is is a /]eotyp$ rhetorical idea3 cf4 ,pl41 ,ap4 #da ,a-,c4 ,an epigram f ,knossos on a ,cretan :o has di/+ui%$ himself 9 a cavalry battle 7,,b*4 #ahhi1 p4 #fj1 ll4 #a-b1 aft] ,simon41 ,ep4 #ii1 #c-d ,bgk471 ll4 #i-aj3 t\_/neka_/ se ph?ime_/nn ka?' hom_/gur9 ho klutos ,ha_/ds i_/se poliss\_/* su_/n?ronon ,idom5ei4 #fg3 ,k]b]os is fir/ nam$ 9 ,hes41 ,?4 #caa1 & he is ! same h\nd ( ,hades :i* ,hom] kn[s & leaves unnam$1 z ,hesiod does1 ,?4 #gfi ff4 ,accord+ to ?is acc\nt he admits ev]yone1 fawn+ ab\t !m & wagg+ 8 tail3 b anyone :o tries to slip out ( ,hades aga9 he dev\rs4 ,t ,k]b]os inspires t]ror 9 ^? :o ent] ,hades is !re=e a conception ( lat] ages 7:5 8 "n 0 sometimes d]iv$ f ! fact t he tas kras1 ho dloi tas psu*a_/s1 e_/*ei bora_/n3 ,porph4 ap4 ,eus41 ,,pe4 #c1 #aa1 #aa1 p4 #aaj ,a1 etc473 ! sup]/iti\s are afraid t ,k]be_/r diada_/kne/hai 7,plu41 ,n4,p4 ,suav4 ,ep4 #aaje ,a2 cf4 ,v]g41 ,a4 vi1 #dja2 ,apul41 ,met4 i1 #ae f9474 ,! honey cakes giv5 to ^? :o ent] ,hades are int5d$ to pacify him 7,s*4 ,ar41 ,lys4 #fja2 ,v]g41 ,a4 vi1 #dbj2 ,ap41 ,met4 vi1 #ai74 ,x _c be prov$ t ?is is an anci5t conception 7c]ta9ly n f ! absurd inv5tion ( ,philo*oros1 fr4 #df1 to :i* ,diet]i*1 ,nekyia1 #di1 appeals74 ,ar41 ,lys4 #fja1 speaks ( ! melit\tta = ! dead )\t sugge/+ any su* purpose2 & 9 fact honeycakes w\ld h>dly be a satisfactory bait to a dog3 !y r sugge/ (f]+s = und]world snakes 7z 9 ! cave ( ,trophonios1 ,ar1 ,nu4 #ejg2 = ! ,asklepios-snake1 ,h]ond4 iv1 #ij-a7 & = spirits appe>+ z snakes 7& h5ce cu/om>y at (f]+s = ! dead1 & ev5 e4g4 accord+ to ! precepts ( ! rhizoto_/moi :5 digg+ up m$ic9al plants1 ,?phr41 ,,hp4 #i1 #h1 #g74 ,9 ! l9es ( ,sophokles1 ,,oc4 #aegd ff41 ,ls*cke1 ,aus d] ,unt]welt1 p4 #i 7,progr4 ,dorpat1 #ahhh7 f9ds an expression ( ! idea t !re 0 ne$ ( pacify+ ,k]b4 9 8 rage aga9/ s\ls ent]+ ,hades4 ,9 reality no?+ ( ! k9d is ev5 sugge/$ !re4 ,! traditional text is un9telligible1 & is em5d$ & int]pret$ ) probable correctness by ,nauck 7d_/s in/ead ( ho_/n74 ,adopt+ ?is correction ! words express a pray] ( ! ,*orus address$ to a *ild ( ,t>t>os & ,ge1 :o is call$ ho aie_/nupnos1 :i* mu/ mean :o s5ds to ev]la/+ sleep 7n :o sleeps = ev]7--7or to sep>ate pais ,gas kai ,t>ta_/r\ f aie_/nupnos z ! ,s*ol4 w\ld d1 is impossible4 ,! aie_/nupnos1 z ! ,s*ol4 has already notic$1 c h>dly be anyone else ?an ,?anatos 7x w\ld be an un9telligible epi!t = ,hesy*os1 ( :om ,l4 ?9ks74 ,?anatos1 h[ev]1 is n[h]e else call$ son ( ,t>t>os & ,ge 7nor is ,hesy*os1 :ile ,typhon & ,e*idna are1 ?\gh ! adj4 w\ld n suit !m2 :o else besides ,soph41 ,,oc4 #dj1 calls ! ,er9yes daught]s ( ,ge & ,skotos874 ,! ,*orus pray to him 7acc4 to ,nauck's correction7 to grant ,o$ipus a safe passage 9 8 j\rney to ,hades4 ,t]rors ( all k9ds 7 to be met ) on ! way !re1 o_/pheis kai ?ri_/a 7,ar41 ,ra4 #adc ff41 #bgh ff42 we may also rememb] ,v]g41 #bde ,a4 vi1 #bgc ff41 #bhe ff41 etc473 t ,k]b]os is among ^! t]rors is sugge/$ by ,soph4 z little z x is by ,ari/oph4 9 ! ,frogs4 ,9 fact1 ,soph4 _h spok5 ( him a few l9es be=e 7#aefi ff47 9 words :i* sugge/ any?+ r ?an dang] to ^? :o ent] ,hades4 ,sophokles1 !n1 _c be made to s]ve z witness = ! view t ! ,greeks ?\ght ( ,k]b]os aft] ! mann] ( ! two piebald dogs ( ! ,indian ,yama t t]rify & drive back ! dead4 ,fur!r1 !re is no good evid5ce = a ,greek tradition ( two h\nds ( ,hell4 ,nor c x be prov$ by ! case adduc$ by ,ls*cke3 ! picture on a s>cophagus f ,klazom5ai ( a nak$ boy hold+ a cock 9 ea* h& & /&+ betwe5 two 7female dogs t leap r\nd him 79 a mann] sugge/+ play r ?an ang]74 ,! picture c h>dly h a my?ical s5se4 ,?is _c give support to ! view 7z old z ,wil=d7 t ,ke_/rb]os is no o!r ?an "o ( ! two piebald 7abala7 dogs ( ,yama & a creation ( primitive ,indo-,g]manic times4 ,9 any case1 ! evid5ce is weak en\gh4 ,see ,gruppe1 ,gr4 ,culte u4 ,my!n1 i1 #aac-ad2 ,old5b]g1 ,rel4 d4 ,v$a1 #ech #dei ,fr4 ,t44 #gg3 ,aga?>*4 p4 #aae1 #ad ff4 ,mll41 says t x is a popul> belief tn ouke_/ti o_/ntn t\s tu_/p\s en por?mi_/di diaplein1 e_/*ontas ,*a_/rna nau_/klron kai kub]n_/tn1 hi_/na m kata/raphe_/ntes ekphoras epide_/ntai pa_/l94 #hg3 ,cf4 v4 ,duhn1 ,ar*4 ,zeit4 #ahhe1 #ai ff42 ,jahrb4 ar*4 ,in/4 ii1 #bdj ff4 #ig3 ,*>on's f>e 7#b obols in/ead ( ! o!rwise usual "o--! diff]5ce n satisfactorily expla9$7 is fir/ m5tion$ 9 ,ar41 ,ran4 #adj1 #bgj4 ,t ?is is ! purpose ( ! money t 0 ins]t$ betwe5 ! tee? ( ! dead is frequ5tly ass]t$ by lat] au?ors4 ,! _m diff]5t names :i* 7 giv5 to ?is ,*>on's p5ny 7k>ka_/dn1 cf4 ,lobeck1 ,prol4 ,pa?4 #cea2 katit_/rion1 dana_/k & simply naulon3 see ,hem/]h4 ,lucian1 ii1 #ead ff47 %[ t ?is idea & ! symbolism und]ly+ x 0 a fav\rite subject ( speculation4 ,9 spite ( ?is we may d\bt :e!r ! cu/om ( supply+ ! dead ) a small co9 has really aris5 out ( ! wi% to give !m ! f>e-p5ny = ! und]world f]ryman4 ,x is extremely d\btful :e!r ,*>on & 8 boat c h be5 figures ( su* cle> dogmatic fixity z to h giv5 rise to su* a rem>kable cu/om express+ itself 9 su* a lit]al fa%ion4 ,! cu/om itself1 n[1 x seems1 atte/$ 9 ,greece only f graves ( a late p]iod 7see ,ross4 ,ar*ol4 ,aufs4 i1 #bi1 #cb1 #eg ,anm42 ,ra\l ,ro*ette1 ,mm4 de l',in/4 de ,fr41 ,ac4 des ,ins4 xiii1 p4 #ffe f47 mu/ be anci5t 7?\gh no old] ?an ! use ( co9$ money 9 ,greece71 & has held its own ) ! mo/ rem>kable t5acity 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,roman ,empire to a late age--ev5 ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages to our own "t 7cf4 among o!rs ,maury1 ,la magie et l'a/rol4 dans l'antiq4 #aeh1 #b74 ,x is n v h>d to und]/& t x might be +5i\sly connect$ ) ! poetical /ory ( ! f]ryman ( ! dead1 & ?is plausible explanation ( ! /range cu/om might !n become a "p ( popul> belief4 ,! cu/om itself ought r to h be5 br\ght into connexion ) ! practice common 9 _m l&s ( satisfy+ ! requirem5ts ( ! dead by ! gift ( "s dim9utive & all b symbolical object :i* is (f]$ at burial & put 9 ! grave 7see some?+ ( ! k9d 9 ,tylor1 i1 #aic-d74 ,p>va petunt ,manes3 pietas pro divite grata e/ mun]e2 non avidos ,/yx habet ima deos4 ,! obol may be ! la/ symbolical ve/ige ( ! entire prop]ty ( ! dead :i* ! anci5t law ( ! dead requir$ to be plac$ undim9i%$ 9 _! graves4 te?n_/x 4 4 4 ek polln obolon #bdf m\non enegka_/m5os3 ! epigram ( ,antiphanes ,mac$4 7,,ap4 xi1 #afh7 expresses m ne>ly p]haps1 ?\gh 9 s5tim5tal language1 ! orig9al & primitive int5tion ( ! gift ( an obol1 ?an does ! fable ( ,*>on's p5ny 7cf4 ,,ap4 xi1 #aga1 #g2 #bji1 #c74 ,accord+ to ,g]man sup]/ition money %\ld be laid 9 ! m\? ( ! dead man s t if he has buri$ a treasure he may n return1 ,grimm1 p4 #aghe1 n4 #bjg4 ,"h ! und\bt$ly anci5t conception is q cle>ly betray$3 t by giv+ a co9 ! prop]ty ( ! dead 0 b\ght up4 ,! evid5ce = ?is fir/ & prop] mean+ ( ! cu/om has be5 pres]v$ 9 ! /range/ fa%ion1 toge!r ) ! cu/om itself1 ev5 d[n to ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ,j4 ,*r4 ,mnnl+5 voices x1 ,alb]tt5 #cec 7summ>iz$ 9 ,a4 ,s*ultz1 ,alltagsleb5 e4 d4 ,frau im #ah ,jh41 p4 #bcb f473 ?is cu/om1 common bo? to hea!ndom & ,*ri/ianity1 ( putt+ a p5ny 9 ! c(f9 ( ! dead means t m5 buy up ! prop]ty ( ! dead1 :]eby !y ?9k !y w h good luck 9 _! life4 #ajg3 ,ar41 ,tag5i/4 fr4 #dhh1 #i3 dia tauta ga_/r toi kai kal\ntai 7hoi ne_/kroi7 maka_/rioi2 pas gar le_/gei tis1 ho mak>i_/ts oi_/*etai ktl41 mak>i_/ts1 !n1 0 already1 by t "t1 a common expression = ! dead :i* _h lo/ its full s5se & value1 j l ! ,g]man selig 7:i* is borr[$ f ,greek74 ,/rictly speak+ x means a condition approa*+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ma_/k>es !oi aien eo_/ntes4 ,! full mean+ /ill appe>s 9 ! appeal to ! h]oiz$ ,p]sian mon>*3 mak>i_/tas isodai_/mn basileu_/s1 ,aes*41 ,p]s4 #fcc 7nun d' e/i ma_/kaira dai_/mn1 ,e41 ,alc4 #ajjc72 cf4 also ,x541 ,ages4 xi1 #h1 nomi_/zn t\s eukles teteleutko_/tas mak>i_/ous4 ,su* passages all[ u to see t maka_/rios1 mak>i_/ts 7 n us$ ( ! dead 9 any s5se kat' anti_/phras91 z *r/o_/s sometimes is 7,plu41 ,q4 ,gr4 v1 p4 #bib ,b2 ?\gh on grave inscr4 x is g5]ally meant 9 its prop] s5se72 cf4 eukr9_/s1 ,phot4 ,suid4 mak>i_/ts frequ5tly occurs z appli$ to "o lately dead 9 late writ]s3 see ,ruhnk51 ,tim41 p4 #ei4 ,lehrs1 ,popul4 ,aufs#b41 p4 #cdd4 ,doric =m zam]i_/tas3 ,phot4 mak>i_/tas4 mak>i_/a ,bless$ness1 ! l& ( ! ,bless$1 i4e4 ! dead1 is only us$ 9 a humor\s s5se 9 su* phrases z a_/pag' es mak>i_/an 7,ar4 ,eq4 #aaea71 ba_/ll' es mak>i_/an4 ,s1 too1 is es olbi_/an4 hs eis mak>i_/an2 to eis ha_/d\1 ,phot4 7mak>i_/a1 ! "n ( a sacrificial cake--,h>p4 ne_/lata--occurs 9 mod]n ,greek usage z a cake us$ at fun]als1 ,lob41 ,agl4 #hgi74 #aag3 ,! puni%m5t ( ,ixion = 8 +ratitude to ,zeus consi/$ accord+ to ! old] =m ( ! /ory 9 8 be+ fa/5$ to a w+$ :eel & !n be+ :irl$ ?r\gh ! air4 ,t ,zeus et>ta_/rs5 him 7,s*4 ,eur41 ,ph4 #aahe7 mu/ !n be a lat] /ory or "o :i* did n become curr5t till lat]3 n until ,a4,r4 iii1 #fa f41 is !re any m5tion ( ,ixion 9 ,hades1 ?\gh aft] him frequ5tly2 cf4 ,klgmann1 ,annali d4 ,in/41 #ahgc1 pp4 #ic-e4 7,! analogy ) ! puni%m5t ( ,tantalos & its displacem5t f ! upp] _w to ,hades is obvi\s2 see ,comp>etti1 ,philol4 #cb1 #bcg47 #abg3 ,aes*41 ,eum4 #bgc f42 cf4 ,supp4 #bcj f4 ,! fact t 9 ?is passage ! poet says ekei dika_/zei tamplak_/ma?'1 hs lo_/gos1 ,zeus a_/llos simply %[s t he is n simply foll[+ 8 own ideas 9 ?is fancy ( a judgm5t 9 ! o!r _w 7ouk emos ho mu?os74 ,x does n 9 ! lea/ sugge/ 7z ,diet]i*1 ,nek4 #abf1 seems to ?9k7 t he is reproduc+ popul> tradition or c\ld be s do+4 ,only !ological doctr9es1 at t "t at lea/1 knew any?+ ( su* a judgm5t 9 ! future life ^u ! de$s ( ?is3 x is _! lo_/gos t ,aes*4 is foll[+ 79 ?is "o po9t74 ,see bel[1 p4 #dbe4 #acg3 ,gorg4 #ebc ,a ff4 7:5ce ,axio*4 #cga ,b ff41 etc474 ,:5 ,plato #bdg keeps clos] to popul> belief1 9 ,ap4 #da ,a1 he speaks ( ! judges 9 ,hades1 ,m9os1 ,rhadaman?ys1 ,aiakos kai ,tripto_/lemos kai a_/lloi ho_/soi tn hmi!_/n di_/kaioi ege_/nonto en t heautn bi_/4 ,he says no?+ ( a judgm5t giv5 on ! de$s done 9 ?is life1 & cle>ly does n imply any decision z to ! good or evil des]ts ( ^? :o h j left ! upp] _w & come d[n to ,hades4 ,we %\ld be mu* r l$ to suppose t ^? al?s dika/ai_/1 hoi_/p] kai le_/gontai ekei dika_/ze9 ex]cise _! p[]s z judges among ! dead1 too1 & decide betwe5 !m 9 _! disputes j z ,m9os does 9 ! ,nekyia ( l #efh-ga1 & z ,rhadaman?ys /ill does 9 ,pi41 ,o4 ii1 #hc ff41 on ! maka_/rn nasos4 ,only ! numb] ( ^? :o h ?is wide au?ority bel[ is ext5d$ 79 ,plato7 almo/ indef9itely4 ,! process seems to h be5 z foll[s3 ! allusions 9 ! ,odyssey 7 tak5 up & 9 ! c\rse ( ! elaboration ( ! picture ( ,hades ! numb] 0 enl>g$ ( ^? :o l ,m9os are patt]ns ( ju/ice among ! dead & give judgm5t among !m4 ,!n philosophico-poetical speculation 7p]haps n )\t ,egyptian influ5ce7 ab\t a judgm5t 9 ! next _w h&$ ov] to ?is increas$ numb] ( judges 9 ,hades ! (fice ( judg+ ! conduct dur+ _! lifetime ( ^? :o h j ent]$ ,hades4--,! selection ( judges is n h>d to und]/&4 ,aiakos1 ,rhadaman?ys1 & ,m9os are reg>d$ z patt]ns ( ju/ice3 ,dem4 #ah1 #abg4 ,m9os z judge 9 ,hades 0 tak5 f l #efh ff4 ,rhadaman?ys is kn[n to d #efd z dwell+ among ^? :o h be5 translat$ alive to ,elysion4 ,!re he is--n judge3 !re is no?+ !re to judge1 b--pa_/r$ros ( ,kronos1 acc4 to ,pi41 ,o4 ii1 #hc4 ,z soon z m5 began to transf] ,elysion to ,hades 7( :i* m lat]7 ,rhad4 also f\nd 8 place !re4 ,8 fame z ! mo/ j ( judges 7see ,crat941 ,*ei_/rnes1 #bca i1 p4 #hc ,k42 ,pl41 ,lg4 #idh ,b1 etc42 cf4 also ,plu41 ,!s4 #af ad f947 all[$ him easily to f9d 8 place next to ,m9os z judge ov] ! dead4 ,aiakos1 too1 z a model ( euse_/beia 7,isoc4 #i1 #ad1 etc471 lawgiv] to ,aeg9a1 arbitrator among ! gods !mselves 7,pi41 ,i4 viii1 #bd f471 seem$ naturally call$ to be a judge among ! dead4 ,8 position z judge1 h[ev]1 0 nev] s secure z t ( ,m9os & ,rhadaman?ys4 ,p9d>1 ?\gh he (t5 speaks ( ,aiakos & ! ,aiakidai gives no h9t ( a special position held by ,aiakos 9 ! next _w4 ,isoc4 #i1 #ae1 le_/getai p>a ,pl\_/tni kai ,ko_/r megi_//as timas e_/*n p>$reu_/e9 ekei_/nois :]e no?+ is impli$ z to 8 (fice ( judge b m]ely to ! hon\r done to ,aiakos 9 be+ giv5 a seat ne> ! rul+ pair 7cf4 ,pi41 ,o4 ii1 #hc1 ( ,rhad42 ,ar41 ,ra4 #gfe1 !re is a rule 9 ,hades t ! be/ arti/ lamba_/nei ?ro_/non t\ ,pl\_/tnos hexs4 ,pro$ria ( ! ,my/ai 9 ,hades1 etc474 ,aiakos is kleid\*os ( ,hades2 ,apollod4 #c1 #ab1 #f1 #aj2 ,epigr4 ,gr41 #fdf1 #d2 ,p4 ,mag4 ,p>4 #abfd ff42 pulro_/s 7cf4 ,hades himself z pula_/rts1 ,? #cfh7 9 ,luc41 ,d4 ,mort4 #ac1 #c2 #bj1 #a1 #f2 #bb1 #c2 ,de ,luct4 #d2 ,philops4 #be & ,philo/r41 ,,va4 #g1 #ca1 p4 #che ,k4 ,hold] ( ! ,key is an (fice ( high di/9ction 7sugge/$ 9 ! case ( ,aiakos p]haps by ! cult (f]$ to him toge!r ) *?onic p[]s73 keys belong to _m ( ! gods--,pl\ton himself1 ,paus4 #e1 #bj1 #c1 & o!rs2 see ,tafel & ,diss5 on ,pi41 ,p4 #h1 #d2 9 ,p4 ,mag4 ,p>4 #adjc comes ! trimet]1 kleid\*e ,p]se_/phassa ,t>ta_/r\ ko_/r4 ,x is difficult to believe t ! attribution ( ?is rem>kable (fice ( di/9ction to ,aiakos 0 a lat] inv5tion ?an ! app>5tly commonplace (fice ( judge4 ,x seems1 9 fact1 t ,eurip4 9 ! ,peiri?oos 7fr4 #eia ,n47 made ,aiakos ! fir/ to meet ,h]akles z he ent]$ ,hades1 i4e4 probably at ! gate itself4 ,x c h>dly be any?+ b a #bdh rem9isc5ce ( ,eurip4 t sugge/$ 7n to ,ari/oph4 himself--see ,hill]1 ,h]mes viii1 #dee--;b to a well-read grammaticus7 ! "n ,aiakos z t ( ! p]son :o meets ,h]akles at ! v gate ( ,pl\ton 9 ! ,frogs 7l4 #dfd74 ,j because ! /ory ( ,aiakos' position z hold] ( ! key at ! gate ( ,hades 0 an old "o & m5tion$ by respect$ au?orities1 ! belief 9 8 position z judge nev] q prevail$1 9 spite ( ,plato4 #adg3 ,?is is obvi\sly ,attic inv5tion4 ,plato c]ta9ly m5tions ,triptolemos 9 addition to ,m9os & ! o!r judges4 ,b x seems t to ! ,a!nians ,m9os 0 unacceptable z a type ( ju/ice 7he 01 especially on ! /age1 ! object ( bitt] attacks z an enemy ( ! c\ntry2 see ,plu41 ,!s4 #af74 & !y tri$ to sub/itute _! own ,triptolemos = him 9 ! triad ( judges4 ,?us we f9d ,triptolemos n beside ,m9os b 9 8 place 9 a picture ( ! und]world on a vase f ,altamura 7,tript4 ,aiak4 ,rhad471 & 9 an analog\s picture on an amphora at ,k>lsruhe 7,aiak4 ,tript41 ! left side is brok5 (f b prob4 repres5t$ ,rhadaman?ys n ,m9os74 ,cf4 ,w9kl]1 ,d>/4 d4 ,unt]welt auf unt]ital4 ,vas51 p4 #cg4 ,= ! re/1 no?+ sugge/s t ! ?ree judges on ^! vase-pictures pass judgm5t on ! de$s ( m5 done 9 _! lifetime3 9 /rictness no?+ is impli$ ab\t _! giv+ judgm5ts4 ,:at is c]ta9 is simply t !y1 z types ( ju/ice1 epi taisi t\ ,pl\_/tnos oik\s9 ?u_/rais 7l ! ,my/ai 9 ,ar41 ,ra4 #afc73 !y enjoy ! rights ( pa_/r$oi ( ! div9e pair1 & h5ce !y are seat$ on ?ro_/noi or di_/phroi4 #aeg3 ,ar41 ,ra4 #ade ff41 #bgc ff4 ,d>kness & mud1 sko_/tos kai bo_/rboros1 z mann] & place ( puni%m5t = amu_/toi kai ate_/le/oi1 are d]iv$ f ,orphic tea*+3 ,pl41 ,rp4 #cfc ,d2 ,olympiod4 on ,pl41 ,phd4 #fi ,c4 ,by an inaccurate ext5sion ( mean+ ?is fate 0 said to ?reat5 all ate_/le/oi )\t di/9ction3 ,plu4 p4 psu*s ap4 ,/ob4 ,fl4 #abj1 #bh 7#d1 #ajh1 #b ,me9472 ,ari/id41 ,eleus41 p4 #dba ,d4 ii1 #cj ,keil2 ,plot41 #a1 #f1 #f4 ,plot9os und\bt$ly has ! "r int]pretation ( ! reason = ?is /range =m ( puni%m5t3 ! mud 9 :i* ! un9itiat$ lie m>ks !m out z m keka?>me_/n\s :o h n %>$ 9 ! purifications su* z 7 (f]$ by ! ,orphic initiation c]emonies4 ,h5ce !y rema9 fix$ = ev] 9 _! orig9al f\lness 7& 9 d>kness because ( _! ignorance ( ! !ia74 ,x is1 9 fact1 an allegorical puni%m5t :i* has no mean+ outside ! range ( ,orphic doctr9es ( ka?>sis & atonem5t4 ,ari/oph4 transf]s x to ^? :o h s]i\sly transgress$ ! laws ( city or religion1 = :om x 0 unsuitable3 ?is only %[s t an appropriate p5alty 9 ,hades = crimes aga9/ civil society _h n yet be5 inv5t$4 ,x _h evid5tly be5 ?\ght suffici5t to say g5]ally t ! asebeis 7or at lea/ ! m he9\s (f5d]s7 w\ld be puni%$ 9 ,hades4 ,?is commonplace =m ( ! op9ion is probably to be reg>d$ z a f9al e*o ( "s def9ite !ological doctr9e :i* _h become vulg>iz$ & empti$ ( di/9ct mean+ among ! g5]al public ( ! pr(ane4 ,! au?or ( ! fir/ spee* aga9/ ,ari/ogeiton 7,d4 #be7 :o speaks ( ! eis t\s asebeis /hnai 9 ,hades 7#ec71 confesses himself an adh]5t ( ,orpheus 7#aa74--,! memume_/noi dwell 9 ,hades next to ! palace ( ,pl\ton himself3 ,ar41 ,ra4 #afb f41 :]e !y h ! privilege ( pro$ri_/a1 ,d4,l41 vi1 #ci4 ,:5 a di/9ction betwe5 a *ros eusebn & a *ros asebn 9 ,hades began to be made1 ! initiat$1 9 ord] t !y might n be depriv$ ( _! privileg$ position1 7 giv5 pro$ri_/a 9 ! *4 eusebn4 ,9 ?is way1 e4g4 ! au?or ( ! ,axio*4 #cga ,d 7:o #bdi c h>dly h writt5 be=e ! ?ird c5tury7 tries to reconcile ! hopelessly contradictory pret5sions ( ! eusebeis & memume_/noi to rew>d 9 ,hades4 #afg3 ,sex4 ,emp41 ,m4 ix1 #ec4 ,suid4 ,diago_/ras4 #agg3 ,desc5ts to ,hades occurr$ 9 ! ,krapa_/taloi ( ,ph]ecr4 7i1 p4 #afg ,k472 ! ,ba_/tra*oi & ,gruta_/ds ( ,ar42 ,ph]ecr4 ,metall4 7i1 p4 #agd ,k472 & probably also 9 ! ,troph_/nios ( ,crat941 etc4--,on a vase f ,eretria1 fif? c5tury1 !re is a repres5tation ( a repulsive sc5e ( torture2 an old woman1 nak$ & ti$ to a tree1 is be+ tortur$ by ?ree satyrs4 ,?is1 accord+ to ,j4 ,z+]le1 ,ar*ol4 epigr4 ,mit!il4 a4 ,oe/]rei*1 #ah1 #afb ff41 is a p>ody ( "s incid5t f a com$y ( ! "t1 ! plot ( :i* 0 laid 9 ,hades4 ,b no?+ 9 ! picture sugge/s t ! l[] regions are ! sc5e ( ?is gruesome affair2 & :at w\ld ! satyrs be do+ !re8 #ahg3 ,utopian exi/5ce 9 ,hades2 see 9 p>tic4 ,ph]ecr4 ,metall4 7i1 p4 #agd ,k474 ,a pretext = su* p>odies 0 p]haps giv5 by ! ,orphic promise ( an ev]la/+ c>\se = ! initiat$ at ! sumpo_/sion tn hosi_/n 9 ,hades 7,pl41 ,rp4 ii1 #bfc ,c1 maka_/rn eu*i_/a1 ,ar41 ,ra4 #he74 ,_m details 7 borr[$ f ! descriptions ( ! reign ( bliss ^u e>? 9 ! gold5 age "u ,kronos' rule :i* _h long be5 a famili> subject ( com$y 7cf4 ,ps*el1 ,das ,mr*5 vom ,s*l>aff5l&1 #g ff474 ,! gold5 age 9 ! dim pa/ & ! l& ( ,elysion 9 ! future always _h _m features 9 common4 7,see above1 *ap4 ii1 n4 #di47 ,f ^! traditional pictures ( a _s-_w only to be met ) 9 ! long-vani%$ pa/ or 9 ! next _w1 ! :ole ,greek lit]ature ( imag9>y ,utopias drew its su/5ance 7see my ,grie*4 ,roman1 ii1 #b1 #c74 ,t lit]ature 0 really an attempt to transpose ^? e>ly fantasies ( a l& ( spirits into real life & on to ! inhabit$ _w4 #aig3 e_//i g' eudai_/mn po_/lis p>a tn eru?ran ?a_/lattan1 ,ar41 ,av4 #add f4 7cf4 ,grie*4 ,roman1 #bja ff474 #bjg3 li_/mn 7! ,a*]\sian lake3 ,eur41 ,alc4 #ddc1 & (t5 aft]w>ds74 ,*>on3 ,ar41 ,ra4 #acg ff41 #ahb ff41 #ahe ff4--sko_/tos kai bo_/rboros #add ff41 #bgh ff41 #bhi ff4 ,abode & life ( ! ,my/ai3 #aei1 #afc1 #caa ff41 #ded ff4 #bag3 to ,l_/?s p$i_/on1 l4 #ahf4 ,?is is ! e>lie/ ref]5ce to ,le! ( :i* we c be q sure2 b x is made s casually t x is obvi\s t ,ari/oph4 is m]ely allud+ to a /ory well kn[n to 8 audi5ce4 ,plato makes use ( ! ,l_/?s p$i_/on toge!r ) ! ,ame_/ls potamo_/s 7h5ce #fba ,c3 ,l_/?s potamo_/s7 9 ! my? at ! close ( ! ,republic1 x1 #fba ,a1 :i* is int5d$ to illu/rate & support ! !ory ( pal+5esia4 ,( c\rse1 ?is +5i\s fancy 0 em95tly suitable = use by adh]5ts ( ! doctr9e ( metempsy*osis2 b !re is no?+ to %[ t x _h be5 actually inv5t$ = ! special b5efit ( ?is doctr9e1 i4e4 by ,orphics or ,py?agoreans--z _m h suppos$4 ,x is probable t x 0 no?+ m orig9ally b an attempt to expla9 symbolically ! unconsci\s condition ( ! am5na ka_/rna4 ,does ,!ognis already 7#gjd1 #gje7 ref] to x8--,p]sepho_/nn 4 4 4 h_/te bro_/tois p>e_/*ei l_/?n1 bla_/pt\sa no_/oio4 ,o!r ref]5ces to ! ,l_/?s pu_/lai1 ,la_/?as d_/moi1 ,l_/?s hu_/dr are all lat]2 ! ,l_/?s ?ro_/nos 9 ! acc\nt ( ,!seus' j\rney to ,hades 9 ,apollod4 ,epit4 i1 #bd1 is p]haps tak5 f old] leg5d>y mat]ial4 7,b]gk's ass]tion1 ,opusc4 ii1 #gaf3 ,! conception ( ,le!'s f\nta9 & /ream is c]ta9ly anci5t & popul>3 ! well ( ,le! is no?+ b ! f\nta9 ( ! gods3 :oev] dr9ks ( x =gets all sorr[s1 etc41 #bej is entirely devoid ( f\ndation 9 fact47 ,! riv] ( ,le! 0 9 lat] times localiz$ on e>? l ,a*]on & ,/yx2 9 ! ,r4 ,limia ( ,gallaecia--f> away on ! we/]n sea--m5 r$iscov]$ ! ,oblivionis flum5 7acc\nt ( ! ye> #acg ,b4,c43 ,liv41 ,epit4 #ee2 ,flor4 #a1 #cc1 #ab2 ,app41 ,hisp4 #gb3 ,plu41 ,,qr4 #cd1 p4 #bgb ,d2 cf4 ,mela1 #c1 #aj2 ,pl941 ,,nh4 #d1 #aae4 ,absurd aetiology 9 ,/rabo1 p4 #aec74 #bbg3 ,?is is presumably ! mean+ ( ! words :i* ,pausanias 7#aj1 #bh1 #e7 uses3 8 absurd mann]ism makes him talk r\nd ! incid5t in/ead ( simply describ+ x4 7,mu* too artificial explanation ( ! circum/ance 9 ,dmml]1 ,delphika1 p4 #ae #ahid47 #bcg3 ,paus4 #aj1 #bh1 #d4 #bdg3 ,see ,app5dix iii4 #beg3 ,eurynomos3 d>k-blue body l a bluebottle1 ) prom95t tee?1 sitt+ on a vulture's sk91 ,paus4 #aj1 #bh1 #g4 ,!re seems to be no m5tion ( him 9 lit]ature3 :e!r ! /atem5t ( ,pausanias t he 0 a dai_/mn tn en ,ha_/id\ :o eats ! fle% ( corpses (f _! bones1 is any?+ m ?an a guess1 we _c tell4 ,! vulture-sk9 inde$ sugge/s t ! nature ( ! ,daimon :o sits on x 0 relat$ to ! vulture4 ,! fact t ! vulture eats ! fle% ( corpses 0 (t5 obs]v$ by ! anci5ts 99997see ,plu41 ,rom4 #i1 etc43 ,leemans on ,horapollo1 p4 #agg74 ,welck] 7,kl4 ,s*r4 v1 #aag7 sees 9 ,eurynomos no?+ b ! corruption ( ! body1 9 :i* case he w\ld be a purely allegorical figure4 ,on ! contr>y he is mu* m likely to be "o ( ^? v concretely imag9$ spirits ( ,hell 7only ) a euphemi/ic "n1 l ! less] spirits ,lamia1 ,mormo1 ,gorgyra1 ,emp\sa1 etc4 7a ^w ab\t !m w be f\nd bel[1 ,app5d4 vi74 ,! arti/ mu/ h kn[n him f "s local tradition4 ,he dev\rs ! fle% ( ! corpse3 ?us a late epigram 7,epigr4 ,gr4 #fdg1 #af7 calls ! dead luprn daita ,*a_/rni4 ,ev5 9 ,soph41 ,el4 #edb1 we h2 ,ha_/ids hi_/m]on te_/knn tn ekei_/ns e_/s*e dai_/sa/hai 7,welck]1 ,syll41 p4 #id74 #bfg3 ,paus4 #aj1 #bh1 #c4 ,cf4 ,o4 ,jahn1 ,h]mes1 iii1 #cbf4 #bgg3 ,! ?ird c5tury vase-pa9t+s f ,s\!rn ,italy also z a rule keep )9 ! limits ( ! epic ,nekyia4 ,9 addition to ! few special types ( ! s9n]s und]go+ puni%m5t 9 ,hades 7,sisyphos1 ,tantalos1 ! ,danaids7 we h allusions to ! j\rneys to ,hades ( ,!seus1 ,peiri?oos1 ,h]akles1 & ,orpheus4 ,all attempts to read my/ical or edify+ int5tions into ^! 7z 9 ,baumei/]'s ,d5km4 #aibf-cj7 are n[ reg>d$ z completely mi/ak54 7,orpheus appe>s !re n z f\nd] & prophet ( 8 my/]ies b simply z ! my?ical s+] :o goes d[n to ! und]world to rescue ,eurydike ) 8 s++4 ,?is is rightly ma9ta9$ by ,mil*hf]1 ,philol4 #ec1 #che ff41 #ed1 #gej f41 aga9/ ,kuhn]t1 ,ar*4 ,jahrb4 viii1 #ajd ff42 ,philol4 #ed1 #aic47 ,no?+ at all is sugge/$ z to ! fate ( mank9d 9 g5]al4 ,on a vase f ,canosa a fa!r & "m ) a boy /& on ! left ( ,orpheus3 ?is1 too1 mu/ belong to ! region ( my?ology4 7,!y _c1 h[ev]1 be ,dionysos & ,ariadne z ,w9kl] sugge/s1 ,d>/4 d4 ,unt]w4 auf unt]it4 ,vas51 #di4 ,b x is difficult to imag9e t !y c be a family ( ,my/ai z ,mil*hf] supposes47 ,,"p ,,ii #bec ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,orig9s ,,( ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,immortality ,,! ,,?racian ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,dionysos ,! popul> conception ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! s\ls ( ! dead1 re/+ ^u ! cult ( ! dead1 grew up & coalesc$ ) a view ( ! s\l d]iv$ f ,hom]ic tea*+ on ! subject1 :i* 0 9 ess5tial1 ?\gh unrecogniz$1 contradiction ) ! cult ( s\ls4 ,! popul> conception1 un*ang$ 9 all ess5tials1 rema9$ 9 =ce ?r\gh\t ! com+ c5turies ( ,greek life4 ,x did n conta9 )9 itself ! se$s ( fur!r developm5t2 x did n make any dem& = bett] & deep] ideas ( ! "* & condition ( ! s\l 9 its indep5d5t life aft] its sep>ation f ! body4 ,/ill m1 x _h no?+ 9 x t c\ld h l$ beyond ! belief 9 ! indep5d5t future life ( ^? s\ls to ! conception ( an ev]la/+1 inde/ructible1 immortal life4 ,! cont9u$ life ( ! s\l1 su* z 0 impli$ 9 & gu>ante$ by ! cult ( s\ls1 0 entirely b\nd up ) ! remembrance ( ! survivors ^u e>?1 & ^u ! c>e1 ! cult1 :i* !y might (f] to ! s\l ( _! dep>t$ ance/or4 ,if t memory dies out1 if ! v5]at+ ?\ghtfulness ( ! liv+ ceases1 ! s\l ( ! dep>t$ is at once depriv$ ( ! sole elem5t 9 :i* x /ill ma9ta9$ its %ad[ ( an exi/5ce4 ,x 0 impossible1 !n1 t ! cult ( ! s\ls %\ld produce out ( itself ! idea ( a true immortality ( ! s\l or ( ! indep5d5t life ( ! s\l inde/ructible by its v nature4 ,greek religion z x exi/$ among ! p ( ,hom] c\ld n %ape su* a belief ( its own accord1 & ev5 if x 7 (f]$ f outside c\ld n h accept$ x4 ,x w\ld h meant giv+ up its own ess5tial "*4 ,if ! s\l is immortal1 x mu/ be 9 its ess5tial nature l ,god2 x mu/ itself be a creature ( ! realm ( ,gods4 ,:5 a ,greek says immortal he says ,god3 !y are int]*angeable ideas4 ,b ! real fir/ pr9ciple ( ! religion ( ! ,greek p is ?is--t 9 ! div9e ord]+ ( ! _w1 humanity & div9ity are absolutely divid$ 9 place & nature1 & s !y mu/ ev] rema94 ,a deep #bed gulf is fix$ betwe5 ! worlds ( mortality & div9ity4 ,! relations betwe5 man & ,god promot$ by religion dep5d entirely ^u ?is di/9ction4 ,! e?ical ideas ( ! ,greek popul> consci5ce 7 root$ 9 ! frank admission ( ! limitations prop] to human capacity :i* 0 condition$ by an exi/5ce & a fate s diff]5t f t enjoy$ by ! gods2 9 ! r5unciation ( all human claims to happ9ess & indep5d5ce4 ,poetic fancies ab\t ! ,translation ( individual mortals to an un5d+ life enjoy$ by ! s\l /ill unit$ to ! body might make _! appeal to popul> belief2 b su* ?+s rema9$ miracles 9 :i* div9e omnipot5ce _h brok5 d[n ! b>ri]s ( ! natural ord] on a special occasion4 ,x 0 b a miracle1 too1 if ! s\ls ( c]ta9 mortals 7 rais$ to ! rank ( ,h]oes1 & s promot$ to ev]la/+ life4 ,! gulf betwe5 ! human & ! div9e 0 n made any n>r[] on t acc\nt2 x rema9$ unbridg$1 abysmal4 ,! b>e idea t ! gulf did n 9 reality exi/1 t actually 9 ! ord] ( nature ! inn] man1 ! ,s\l ( man belong$ to ! realm ( gods2 t z a div9e be+ x _h ev]la/+ life--su* an idea w\ld involve fur!r consequ5ces ab\t :i* no "o c be 9 mu* d\bt3 x w\ld h contradict$ e s+le idea ( ,greek popul> religion4 ,x nev] c\ld h become widely held & believ$ 9 by ! ,greek populace4 ,nev]!less1 at a c]ta9 p]iod 9 ,greek hi/ory1 & n[h]e e>li] or m unmi/akably ?an 9 ,greece1 appe>$ ! idea ( ! div9ity1 & ! immortality implicit 9 ! div9ity1 ( ! human s\l4 ,t idea belong$ entirely to my/icism--a second ord] ( religion :i*1 ?\gh little rem>k$ by ! religion ( ! p & by or?odox believ]s1 ga9$ a foot+ 9 isolat$ sects & influ5c$ c]ta9 philosophical s*ools4 ,!nce x has affect$ all subsequ5t ages & has transmitt$ to ,ea/ & ,we/ ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( all true my/icism3 ! ess5tial unity ( ! div9e & ! human _s2 _! unification z ! aim ( religion2 ! div9e nature ( ! human s\l & its immortality4 ,! !ory & doctr9e ( my/icism grew up 9 ! soil ( an old] cult-practice4 ,greece receiv$ f abroad a deeply emotional religi\s cult1 accompani$ by practices t /imulat$ my/]i\s & extraord9>y imag9+s4 ,! sp>ks ( mom5t>y illum9ation /ruck out by ?is fai? 7 f$ & fann$ by my/icism till !y became a vivid & endur+ flame4 ,= ! fir/ "t1 cle>ly #bee disc]nible ?r\gh its my/ical wrapp+s1 we meet ) ! belief 9 ! inde/ructibility & et]nal life ( ! s\l3 we meet x 9 ! doctr9es ( a my/ical sect :i* unit$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,dionysos4 ,! wor%ip ( ,dionysos mu/ h s[n ! fir/ se$ ( ! belief 9 an immortal life ( ! s\l4 ,to expla9 h[ ?is may h happ5$2 to make cle> to ! m9d ( ! read] h[ ! ess5ce & inn] reality ( t wor%ip 0 b\nd to /ir up ! belief 9 an immortal life--su* is our next task4 #b ,9 ! spiritual life ( m5 & nations1 x is n by any means ! extravagant or1 9 "o s5se or ano!r1 ! abnormal t is mo/ difficult = our sympa!tic und]/&+ to grasp4 ,by cl++ to a traditional & too n>r[ =mula = ! ,greek _s we make difficulties = ourselves2 b x is n really a matt] ( s]i\s p]plexity1 if we reflect ^u x1 to und]/& h[ ,greek religion at ! height ( its developm5t reg>d$ madness 7mani_/a7 z a religi\s ph5om5on ( wide-rea*+ importance4 ,madness1 9 ?is s5se1 is a tempor>y de/ruction ( physical balance1 a condition 9 :i* ! self-consci\s _s is ov]:elm$1 possess$ by a =eign p[]1 z our au?orities expla9 x to u4 ,?is madness :i* comes n f mortal weakness or disease1 b f a div9e bani%m5t ( ! commonplace#ah f\nd effective application 9 ! mantic & tele/ic arts4 ,its effects 7 s common & well recogniz$ t ! tru? & importance ( su* religi\s madness 7entirely di/+ui%able f bodily disease 0 treat$ z a fact ( exp]i5ce n m]ely by philosoph]s1 b by ! doctors !mselves4#bh ,= u x only rema9s obscure h[ su* div9e mania 0 fitt$ into ! regul> work+ ord] ( ! religi\s life2 ! s5sations & exp]i5ces !mselves belong+ to ?is condition are made intelligible en\gh by a :ole ho/ ( analogies4 ,9 fact if ! tru? 7 told we %\ld r h to admit t x is easi] = u to sympa?ize ) su* ov]fl[+ ( s5sation & all t goes ) x ?an ) ! opposite pole ( ,greek religi\s life1 ! calm & measur$ composure ) :i* man lift$ up he>t & eye to ! gods1 z ! patt]ns ( all life & ! patrons ( a s]5ity z brilliant & unmov$ z t ( ! cle> heav5s !mselves4 ,b h[ came x t 9 ! "* ( a s+le p su* extravagance ( emotion 0 comb9$ ) a fa/-b\nd & regulat$ equilibrium ( temp] & behavi\r8 ,! answ] is t ^! oppos+ features sprang f two #bef diff]5t s\rces4 ,!y 7 n orig9ally comb9$ 9 ,greece4 ,! ,hom]ic poems h>dly give any h9t ( t ov]fl[+ ( religi\s emotion :i* lat] ,greek peoples knew & hon\r$ z a heav5-s5t madness4 ,x spread among ! ,greeks !mselves 9 ! tra9 ( a religi\s agitation1 we might almo/ say revolution1 ( :i* ,hom] records1 at mo/1 only ! fir/ fa9t essays4 ,x _h its orig9 9 ! religion ( ,dionysos1 & 9 company ) ?is religion ent]s z some?+ new & /range into ,greek life4 ,! ,hom]ic poems d n recognize ,dionysos z belong+ to ! gods ( ,olympos1 b !y are aw>e ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,x is true !y n[h]e pla9ly#ch ref] to him z ! w9e-god hon\r$ 9 joyful fe/ivals1 b we read 79 ! n>rative ( ,glaukos' meet+ ) ,diom$es7 ( ! fr5zi$ ,dionysos & 8 ,nurses :o 7 attack$ by ! ,?racian ,lyk\rgos4#dh ,! ,ma9as1 ! fr5zi$ woman ( ! ,dionysos-cult1 0 su* a well-kn[n ph5om5on1 s famili> 9 m5's m9ds1 t ! ^w c\ld be us$ 9 a simile to expla9 ! mean+ ( some?+ else4#eh ,9 ?is =m ! wor%ip ( ! god fir/ came to ! notice ( ! ,greeks2 ?is 0 ! orig9 ( all ! o!r fe/ivals ( ,dionysos t lat] ,greece develop$ 9 s _m diff]5t directions4#fh ,!y le>nt to "k ,dionysos ,bak*eios1 :o makes m5 fr5zi$1#gh z he 0 wor%ipp$ 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,t ! orig9al home ( ,dionysos-wor%ip 0 9 ,?race1 t 8 cult1 popul> among _m ( ! ,?racian peoples1#hh 0 p>ticul>ly hon\r$ among ! s\!rnmo/ ( ! ,?racian /ocks :o 7 be/ kn[n to ! ,greeks & liv$ on ! coa/ betwe5 ! m\?s ( ! riv]s ,hebros & ,axios & 9 ! m\nta9\s c\ntry beh9d--to all ?is ! ,greeks !mselves bore frequ5t & manifold witness4#ih ,! god ^: "n ! ,greeks knew 9 its ,greek =m ,dionysos _h1 x appe>s1 among ! num]\s & divid$ ,?racian peoples v>i\s appellations ( :i* ^? mo/ famili> to ! ,greeks 7 ,sabos & ,sabazios4#ajh ,! ,greeks mu/ h kn[n & rem>k$ on ! nature & wor%ip ( ! god at an e>ly p]iod ( _! hi/ory4 ,!y may h met ) him 9 ,?race itself4 ,at all p]iods !y _h an ext5sive & v>i$ int]c\rse ) ?is c\ntry & mu/ 9 ! e>ly days ( _! w&]+s h pass$ ?r\gh x on _! way to _! future home4 ,!y may h _h fur!r opportunities ( kn[+ x f ! ,?racian races or tribes :o1 accord+ to a few isolat$ leg5ds1 _h dwelt 9 primitive times 9 c]ta9 localities ( ,c5tral ,greece4 ,! e?nographical mat]ial ( ^! #beg leg5ds 0 reg>d$ z f\nd$ on fact by ! great hi/orians ( ! fif? & f\r? c5turies4#aah ,! cult ( ?is ,?racian div9ity diff]$ 9 e p>ticul> f any?+ t we "k ( f ,hom] z ,greek wor%ip ( ! gods4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 closely relat$ to ! cult paid by ! ,phrygians1 a p almo/ id5tical ) ! ,?racians1 to _! m\nta9-"m ,kybele4 ,x 0 ?or\ghly orgia/ic 9 "*4 ,! fe/ival 0 held on ! m\nta9 tops 9 ! d>kness ( night amid ! flick]+ & unc]ta9 light ( tor*es4 ,! l\d & tr\bl$ s\nd ( music 0 he>d2 ! cla% ( bronze cymbals2 ! dull ?und]\s ro> ( kettl$rums2 & ?r\gh !m all p5etrat$ ! madd5+ unison ( ! deep-ton$ flute1#abh ^: s\l ,phrygian aultai _h fir/ wak$ to life4 ,excit$ by ?is wild music1 ! *orus ( wor%ipp]s dance ) %rill cry+ & jubilation4#ach ,we he> no?+ ab\t s++3#adh ! viol5ce ( ! dance left no brea? = regul> songs4 ,^! dances 7 some?+ v diff]5t f ! measur$ movem5t ( ! dance-/ep 9 :i* ,hom]'s ,greeks advanc$ & turn$ ab\t 9 ! ,paian4 ,x 0 9 frantic1 :irl+1 headlong eddies & dance-circles#aeh t ^! inspir$ companies danc$ ov] ! m\nta9 slopes4 ,!y 7 mo/ly wom5 :o :irl$ r\nd 9 ^! circul> dances till ! po9t ( exhau/ion 0 rea*$2#afh !y 7 /rangely dress$2 !y wore bass>ai1 long fl[+ g>m5ts1 z x seems1 /it*$ toge!r out ( fox-sk9s2#agh ov] ^! 7 doesk9s1#ahh & !y ev5 _h horns fix$ to _! heads4#aih ,_! hair 0 all[$ to float 9 ! w9d2#bjh !y c>ri$ snakes sacr$ to ,sabazios#bah 9 _! h&s & br&i%$ dagg]s or else ?yrsos-w&s1 ! spe>-po9ts ( :i* 7 conceal$ 9 ivy-leaves4#bbh ,9 ?is fa%ion !y rag$ wildly until e s5se 0 wr\ght to ! highe/ pit* ( excitem5t1 & 9 ! sacr$ fr5zy !y fell ^u ! bea/ select$ z _! victim#bch & tore _! captur$ prey limb f limb4 ,!n ) _! tee? !y seiz$ ! ble$+ fle% & dev\r$ x raw4 ,x is easy en\gh1 by foll[+ poets' descriptions & pla/ic repres5tations ( su* sc5es1 to elaborate /ill fur!r ! picture ( ?is nocturnal fe/ival ( fanatic en?usiasm4 ,b1 we mu/ ask1 :at 0 ! mean+ ( x all8 ,we %all get ne>e/ to ! tru? if we w exclude z f> z possible all !ories import$ f unrelat$ prov9ces ( ?\ght & fix our att5tion solely on :at1 = ! p>ticipants1 0 ! result ( x all--! result anticipat$ & consci\sly propos$ by !m1 & !re=e ! recogniz$ object1 or1 at lea/1 "o #beh ( ! recogniz$ objects ( ^! /range proce$+s4 ,! p>ticipators 9 ^! dance-fe/ivals induc$ int5tionally 9 !mselves a sort ( mania1 an extraord9>y exaltation ( _! be+4 ,a /range rapture came ov] !m 9 :i* !y seem$ to !mselves & o!rs fr5zi$1 possess$4#bdh ,?is excessive /imulation ( ! s5ses1 go+ ev5 z f> z halluc9ation1#beh 0 br\ght ab\t1 9 ^? :o 7 susceptible to _! influ5ce1 by ! deliri\s :irl ( ! dance1 ! music & ! d>kness1 & all ! o!r circum/ances ( ?is tumultu\s wor%ip4#bfh ,?is extreme pit* ( excitem5t 0 ! result int5d$4 ,! viol5tly induc$ exaltation ( ! s5ses _h a religi\s purpose1 9 t su* enl>gem5t & ext5sion ( 8 be+ 0 man's only way1 z x seem$1 ( ent]+ into union & relation%ip ) ! god & 8 spiritual att5dants4 ,! god is invisibly pres5t among 8 inspir$ wor%ipp]s4 ,at any rate1 he is close at h&1 & ! tumult ( ! fe/ival is to br+ him completely into _! mid/4#bgh ,!re are v>i\s leg5ds ab\t ! disappe>ance ( ! god into ano!r _w & 8 return !nce to mank9d4#bhh ,e second ye> 8 return is celebrat$1 & x is j ?is ,appe>ance1 ?is ,epiphany ( ! god1 t gives ! reason & ! motive ( ! fe/ival4 ,! ,bull-,god1 9 ! mo/ anci5t & primitive =m ( ! belief1 appe>$ 9 p]son among ! danc]s1#bih or else ! imitat$ ro>+ ( a bull produc$ by hidd5 ,mimes ( ,t]ror s]v$ to sugge/ ! invisible ,pres5ce4#cjh ,! wor%ipp]s1 too1 9 furi\s exaltation & div9e inspiration1 /rive aft] ! god2 !y seek communion ) him4 ,!y bur/ ! physical b>ri]s ( _! s\l4 ,a magic p[] takes hold ( !m2 !y feel !mselves rais$ high above ! level ( _! ev]yday exi/5ce2 !y seem to become ^? spiritual be+s :o wildly dance 9 ! tra9 ( ! god4#cah ,nay1 m1 !y h a %>e 9 ! life ( ! god himself2 no?+ less c be ! mean+ ( ! fact t ! enraptur$ s]vants ( ! god call !mselves by ! "n ( ! god4 ,! wor%ipp] :o 9 8 exaltation has become "o ) ! god1 is himself n[ call$ ,sabos1 ,sabazios4#cbh ,! sup]human & ! infra-human are m+l$ 9 8 p]son2 l ! fr5zi$ god#cch he ?r[s himself ^u ! sacrificial animal to dev\r x raw4 ,to make ?is trans=mation ( _! nature outw>dly manife/1 ! p>ticipants 9 ! dance-fe/ival we> /range dress3 !y resemble 9 _! appe>ance ! memb]s ( ! wild ?iasos ( ! god2#cdh ! horns !y set on _! heads recall ! horn$1 bull-%ap$ god himself1 etc4#ceh ,! :ole might be call$ a religi\s drama1 s9ce #bei ev]y?+ is c>efully arrang$ s z to sugge/ to ! imag9ation ! actual pres5ce ( ! my/]i\s figures f ! _s _w4 ,at ! same "t1 x is some?+ m ?an m]e drama1 = x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ! play]s !mselves 7 possess$ by ! illusion ( liv+ ! life ( a /range p]son4 ,! awe-inspir+ d>kness ( night1 ! music1 especially t ( ! ,phrygian flute1 to :i* ! ,greeks attribut$ ! p[] ( mak+ its he>]s full ( ! god1#cfh ! v]tig9\s :irl ( ! dance--all ^! may v well1 9 suitably dispos$ natures1#cgh h really l$ to a /ate ( vision>y exaltation 9 :i* ! inspir$ p]son saw all ext]nal objects 9 accordance ) 8 fancy & imag9ation4 ,intoxicat+ dr9ks1 to :i* ! ,?racians 7 addict$1 may h increas$ ! excitem5t2#chh p]haps !y ev5 us$ ! fumes d]iv$ f c]ta9 se$s1 ) :i* ! ,scy?ians & ,massagetai knew h[ to intoxicate !mselves4#cih ,we all "k h[ ev5 to day 9 ! ,ea/ ! smoke ( ha%i% may make m5 vision>ies & excite religi\s raptures#djh 9 :i* ! :ole ( nature is trans=m$ = ! en?rall$ dream]4 ,only :5 ?us possess$ did ! ,bak*ai dr9k milk & honey out ( ! riv]s2 _! p[] ceas$ :5 !y came to !mselves aga91 says ,plato4#dah ,= !m ! e>? fl[$ ) milk & honey1 & ! air 0 fill$ ) ! sweet od\rs ( ,syria4#dbh ,halluc9ation 0 accompani$ by a /ate ( feel+ 9 :i* pa9 itself 0 only an add$ /imulus to s5sation or 9 :i* ! vision>y became completely ins5sible to pa91 z is n unusual 9 su* /ates ( exaltation4#dch ,e detail confirms ! picture ( a condition ( wild excitem5t 9 :i* ! limitations ( ord9>y life seem$ to be aboli%$4 ,^! extraord9>y ph5om5a transc5d+ all normal exp]i5ce 7 expla9$ by say+ t ! s\l ( a p]son ?us possess$#ddh 0 no long] at home#deh b abroad1 hav+ left its body beh9d4 ,?is 0 ! lit]al & primitive mean+ und]/ood by ! ,greek :5 he spoke ( ! ek/asis ( ! s\l 9 su* orgia/ic conditions ( excitem5t4#dfh ,?is ek/asis is a brief madness1 j z madness is a prolong$ ek/asis4#dgh ,b ! ek/asis1 ! tempor>y ali5atio m5tis ( ! ,dionysiac cult 0 n ?\ght ( z a va9 purposeless w&]+ 9 a region ( pure delusion1 b z a hi]omania1#dhh a sacr$ madness 9 :i* ! s\l1 leav+ ! body1 w+$ its way to union ) ! god4#dih ,x is n[ ) & 9 ! god1 9 ! condition ( en?\siasmos2 ^? :o are possess$ by ?is are e_/n!oi2 !y live & h _! be+ 9 ! god4#ejh ,:ile /ill reta9+ #bfj ! f9ite ,ego1 !y feel & enjoy to ! full ! inf9ite p[]s ( all life4 ,9 ek/asis ! s\l is lib]at$ f ! cramp+ prison ( ! body2 x communes ) ! god & develops p[]s ( :i*1 9 ! ord9>y life ( ev]yday1 ?w>t$ by ! body1 x knew no?+4 ,be+ n[ a _s hold+ communion ) spirits x is able to free itself f ,"t & see :at only ! spiritual eye beholds--?+s sep>at$ f x 9 "t & space4 ,! en?usia/ic wor%ip ( ! ,?racian s]vants ( ,dionysos gave bir? to ! inspiration mantik1#eah a =m ( prophecy :i* did n 7l prophecy z x inv>iably appe>s 9 ,hom]7 h to wait = accid5tal1 ambigu\s & ext]nal signs ( ! god's w1 b on ! contr>y ent]$ imm$iately into communion ) ! _w ( gods & spirits & 9 ?is height5$ spiritual condition beheld & proclaim$ ! future4 ,?is p[] belong$ to m5 only 9 ek/asis1 9 religi\s madness1 :5 ! ,god ent]s into m54 ,! ,ma9ads are ! (ficial expon5ts ( ?is mantik ( inspiration4#ebh ,x is simple & intelligible en\gh t ! ,?racian cult ( ,dionysos1 :i* 0 ?r\gh\t a means ( /imulat+ m5 to a condition ( extreme exaltation t !y might ent] into direct communion ) ! _s-_w1 also enc\rag$ ! prophesy+ ( inspir$ se]s1 :o 9 _! rapt exaltation & fr5zy became clairvoyant4 ,among ! ,?racian ,satrai !re 0 a tribe call$ ! ,bessoi :o produc$ prophtai1 & ^! 7 9 *>ge ( an oracle ( ,dionysos situat$ on ! top ( a high m\nta94 ,! prophetess ( ?is temple 0 a woman :o gave prophecies l ! ,py?ia at ,delphi1 t is to say1 9 a /ate ( rapt ec/asy4 ,?is1 at lea/1 is :at ,h]odotos says1#ech & we h _m o!r acc\nts ( ,?racian mantik & its close connexion ) ! orgia/ic cult ( ,dionysos4#edh #c ,! ,greek type ( religion1 p]haps f its v orig91 c]ta9ly at ! e>lie/ p]iod ( its developm5t 9 :i* x becomes accessible to our obs]vation--! p]iod to :i* ! ,hom]ic poems belong--_h no lean+ to any?+ resembl+ an excit$ emotional wor%ip l t practis$ by ! ,?racians 9 _! orgia/ic cult ( ,dionysos4 ,! :ole movem5t :]ev] x came to _! notice mu/ h /ruck ! ,greeks ( ,hom] z some?+ /range & b>b>ic1 attractive only ?r\gh ! int]e/ ev] atta*$ to ! unkn[n4 ,& yet--! fact is c]ta9--! ?rill+ tones #bfa ( ?is en?usia/ic wor%ip awoke an answ]+ *ord deep 9 ! he>ts ( _m ,greeks2 9 spite ( all t 0 /range !y mu/ h recogniz$ a famili> acc5t 9 x--some?+ t1 h[ev] outl&i%ly express$1 c\ld appeal to ! common nature ( mank9d4 ,?is en?usia/ic ,?racian cult 0 9 fact only a special expression1 con=m+ to _! peculi> national *>act]i/ics1 ( a religi\s impulse t is to be f\nd all ov] ! e>?1 & :i* breaks out 9 e /age ( civilization4 ,x mu/1 inde$1 answ] to an in/9ctive ne$ ( human nature1 & be root$ 9 ! physical & psy*ical con/itution ( man4 ,9 mom5ts ( supreme exaltation man felt ! pres5ce above him & ar\nd him ( mighty p[]s t seem$ to express !mselves ev5 9 8 own p]sonal life4 ,^! he 0 no long] to confront 9 pi\s & fe>ful awe1 passively conf9$ )9 ! limits ( 8 own sep>ate p]sonality3 he 0 to break d[n e b>ri] & clasp !m to 8 he>t1 mak+ !m 8 own 9 unconditional surr5d]4 ,mank9d ne$$ n to wait = t /range product ( poetry & ?\ght1 ,pan!ism1 be=e x c\ld exp]i5ce ?is in/9ctive ne$ to lose its own private exi/5ce1 = a mom5t1 9 ! div9e4 ,!re are :ole races ( m51 n o!rwise among ! mo/ di/+ui%$ memb]s ( ! human family1 :o h a special t5d5cy & gift = su* expansion ( ! human consci\sness into ! supra-p]sonal4 ,!y h an urg5t impulse to su* rapt & vision>y /ates1 & !y reg>d ! entic+ or horrify+ visions t visit !m 9 ^? /ates z actual exp]i5ces ( ano!r _w into :i* _! s\ls h = a brief :ile be5 transport$4 ,9 e "p ( ! _w !re are peoples :o reg>d su* ec/atic exaltation z ! only true religi\s act1 ! only way ( int]c\rse ) ! _s-_w available to man1 & base _! religi\s p]=mances pr9cipally ^u su* c]emonial z exp]i5ce has %[n to be mo/ capable ( induc+ ! ec/asies & visions4 ,! means mo/ commonly adopt$ by su* peoples to produce ! desir$ int5sity & /imulation ( feel+ is a viol5tly excit$ dance prolong$ to ! po9t ( exhau/ion1 9 ! d>kness ( night1 to ! accompanim5t ( tumultu\s music4 ,sometimes :ole companies ( ! p induce 9 !mselves a /ate ( religi\s excitem5t by wild & furi\s danc+4#eeh ,m (t5 select$ individuals1 specially susceptible to su* impressions1 suff] _! s\ls to be drawn out by music & danc+ & e o!r sort ( /imulat+ influ5ce1 & made to visit ! _w ( spirits & gods4#efh ,su* magicians & prie/s :o c place #bfb !mselves 9 imm$iate contact ( s\l ) ! _s _w1 are to be f\nd all ov] ! globe4 ,! %amans ( ,asia1 ! m$ic9e m5 ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! ,angekoks ( ,gre5l&1 ! ,butios ( ! ,antilles1 ! ,piajes ( ! ,c>ibbees are m]ely special cases ( a univ]sal type1 ess5tially ! same 9 all its diff]5t manife/ations4 ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 & ! isl& _w ( ! ,pacific are equally famili> ) !m4 ,bo? _! p]=mances & ! range ( ideas t lie beh9d !m belong to a type ( religi\s exp]i5ce t occurs ) ! regul>ity ( a natural ph5om5on1 & mu/ !re=e n be reg>d$ z abnormal4 ,ev5 among ,*ri/ian peoples ( long /&+1 ! sm\ld]+ fires ( ?is primitive & emotional type ( religion are ev] ready to bur/ out aga9 9 r5ew$ flames1 & ^? :o feel _! w>m? are k9dl$ to a m ?an human s5se ( life & vig\r4#egh ,conv5tionality & traditionalism1 ev5 ! sub/itution ( a cold & spuri\s mimicry = real feel+1 are ( c\rse q compatible ) a =m ( religion :i* consi/s s mu* 9 ! display ( emotion4 ,b ev5 s1 ! mo/ cauti\s obs]v]s#ehh h decl>$ t by su* viol5t /imulation ( e s5se ! magicians are ?r[n into a /ate ( q unfeign$ exaltation4 ,9 accordance ) ! "* & cont5t ( _! normal modes ( ?\ght1 ! halluc9ations to :i* ! magicians are subject diff] 9 diff]5t cases2 b z a g5]al rule _! fr5zy op5s to !m a way ( imm$iate int]c\rse1 frequ5tly ( complete communion ( be+1 ) ! gods4 ,?is is ! only explanation :i* w acc\nt = ! fact t1 l ! inspir$ ,bak*antes ( ,?race1 ! magicians & prie/s ( s _m peoples are call$ by ! "n ( ! div9ity to :om _! en?usia/ic wor%ip elevates !m4#eih ,! impulse to union ) ,god1 ! ext9ction ( ! individual 9 ! div9e--^! are :at =m ! fundam5tal po9ts ( contact betwe5 ! my/icism ( ! mo/ highly cultivat$ & tal5t$ p & ! emotional religion ( primitive savages4 ,ev5 ! ext]nal ma*9]y ( excitem5t & /imulation are n always disp5s$ ) by ! my/ics3#fjh !y are always ! same z ^? ) :i* we are already famili> 9 ! orgia/ic religion ( primitive peoples--music1 ! giddy :irl ( ! dance1 n>cotic /imulants4 ,?us 7to take ! mo/ /rik+ example out ( _m t might be giv57 ! d]vi%es ( ! ,ori5t :irl r\nd 9 _! viol5t dances to ! rattle ( drums1 & ! s\nd ( flutes till ! la/ /ages ( excitem5t & exhau/ion are rea*$4 ,! purpose ( x all is vividly express$ by ! #bfc mo/ fe>less ( all ! my/ics1 ,jelal$d9 ,rumi1 9 ! words3 ,he t kn[s ! p[] ( ! dance dwells 9 ,god2 = he has le>nt t ,love c slay4#fah ,allah hu6 4 4 4 #d ,:]ev] a cultus ( ?is k9d1 mak+ its aim & object ! evocation ( ec/atic raptures1 has tak5 root--:e!r 9 :ole races ( m5 or 9 religi\s communities--!re we f9d 9 close alliance ) x1 :e!r z cause or effect or bo?1 a peculi>ly vital belief 9 ! life & p[] ( ! s\l ( man aft] its sep>ation f ! body4 ,our comp>ative glance ov] ! analog\s ph5om5a ( o!r l&s has %[n u t ! exalt$ wor%ip (f]$ to ,dionysos among ! ,?racians 0 only a s+le v>iety ( a me?od1 famili> to m ?an half ! human race1 ( gett+ into t\* ) ! div9e by a religi\s en?\siasmos4 ,we !re=e expect to f9d among ! ,?racians a specially /rong & well-develop$ belief 9 ! life ( ! s\l4 ,& 9 fact we f9d ,h]odotos tell+ u ( a ,?racian tribe1 ! ,getai1 ^: belief made m5 immortal4#fbh ,!y _h only "o god1 ,zalmoxis by "n4#fch ,to ?is god1 :o dwelt 9 a cav]n\s m\nta91 all ! dead ( _! race1 !y believ$1 w\ld "o day be ga!r$ & h immortal life4#fdh ,! same belief 0 held by o!r ,?racian tribes1 too4#feh ,?is cre$ seems to h _h 9 view ! transplantation#ffh ( ! dead to a bless$ life 9 ! h]eaft]4 ,b1 x w\ld seem1 ?is transplantation 0 n p]haps = ev]4 ,we he> ( ! belief t ! dead w\ld return#fgh f ! o!r _w2 & t ?is idea exi/$ among ! ,getai is impli$ 7?\gh ! n>rator does n cle>ly und]/& ?is7 by ! absurd pragmatiz+ fable :i* ,h]odotos got f ! ,greek settl]s on ! ,hellespont & ! ,pontos4#fhh ,9 ?is /ory 7z (t5 9 lat] acc\nts too ,zalmoxis is actually a slave & pupil ( ,py?agoras ( ,samos4 ,:oev] inv5t$ ?is fairy-tale 0 l$ to x by obs]v+ ! close relation%ip betwe5 ! ,py?agorean doctr9e ( ! s\l & ! ,?racian belief4 ,9 ! same way lat] obs]v]s ( ! same fact rev]s$ ! positions & made ,py?agoras ! pupil ( ! ,?racian4#fih ,9 any case ! fact _c to be d\bt$ t 9 ,?race p ?\ght !y _h f\nd aga9 ! special doctr9e ( ,py?agoras z to ! transmigration ( s\ls4 ,! belief 9 ! return ( ! s\l mu/ be int]pret$ z mean+ t ! s\ls ( ! dead return to life 9 new bodies & resume _! life on e>?1 to ?is ext5t be+ #bfd immortal4 ,only s int]pret$ c\ld x h be5 held = a mom5t )\t com+ into conflict ) obvi\s appe>ances4 ,an allusion 9 ,euripides seems to reg>d z ,?racian su* a belief 9 a recurr5t inc>nation ( ! s\l4#gjh ,we %\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 expect+ to f9d an inn] connexion betwe5 ?is ,?racian belief 9 immortality1 :i* seems to h made su* an impression on our ,greek in=mants1 & ! religion & en?\sia/ic wor%ip ( ! same p4 ,nor are traces lack+ ( a close association ( ! ,?racian wor%ip ( ,dionysos & ,?racian cult ( ! ,s\ls4#gah ,b if we ask :y ! religion ( ! ,?racian ,dionysos 0 att5d$ by a belief 9 ! indep5d5t1 inde/ructible life ( ! s\l1 a life n conf9$ to ! p]iod ( its soj\rn 9 ! body :i* at pres5t envelopes x1 ! answ] mu/ be s\ght n 9 ! nature ( ! god to :om ! cult 0 (f]$ 7t nature be+1 9 fact1 insuffici5tly kn[n to u7 b 9 ! nature ( ! cult itself4 ,! object ( t cult--we might almo/ say its special task--0 to exalt its wor%ipp]s to a /ate ( ek/asis 9 :i* _! s\ls %\ld be =cibly deliv]$ f ! normal circle ( _! human & circumscrib$ be+1 & rais$ z pure spirits to communion ) ! god & 8 company ( spirits4 ,! true ,bak*ai#gbh--^? :o 7 really ca/ into a /ate ( religi\s madness--f\nd 9 ! rapture ( ^! orgies a new prov9ce ( exp]i5ce op5 be=e !m3 !y exp]i5ce ?+s ( :i* !y c\ld give no acc\nt 9 ! fully consci\s light ( ord9>y day4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! exp]i5ces & visions t _! ek/asis gave !m 7 reg>d$ by !m z ! pla9e/ & mo/ lit]ally real ( facts4#gch ,! belief 9 ! exi/5ce & life ( a second self di/9ct f ! body & sep>able f x 0 already enc\rag$ by ! exp]i5ces ( ! sep>ate exi/5ce & indep5d5t behavi\r ( t self 9 dreams & fa9t+ fits4#gdh ,h[ mu* m /rongly & vividly mu/ ?is belief h be5 confirm$ = ^? :o 9 ! intoxication ( ^? deliri\s dances _h exp]i5c$ = !mselves h[ ! s\l1 fre$ f ! body1 c\ld p>ticipate 9 ! joys & t]rors ( ! div9e exi/5ce2 n inde$ ! :ole man1 body & s\l toge!r1 b ! s\l by itself & 9 sep>ation f ! body--! spiritual be+ invisibly liv+ )9 ! man4 ,! s5se ( its own div9ity1 its et]nity1 :i* _h be5 bl9d+ly reveal$ to x 9 ek/asis1 might be develop$ by ! s\l into a la/+ p]suasion t x 0 inde$ ( a div9e nature1 & call$ to a div9e life :i* x w\ld enjoy = ev] z soon z x 0 fre$ f ! body1 #bfe j z x _h !n enjoy$ x = a mom5t4 ,no m]e intellectual argum5ts c\ld give su* p[]ful support to a spiritualism ( ?is k9d z ! p]sonal exp]i5ce itself :i*1 ev5 9 ?is life suppli$ a =eta/e ( :at ! individual 0 "o day to enjoy z 8 own = ev]4 ,9 "s su* way z ?is1 ! p]suasion ( an indep5d5t1 cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] ! dea? ( its body 0 develop$ into a belief 9 ! div9ity & immortality ( ! s\l4 ,9 all su* cases x 0 almo/ inevitable t ! naive di/9ction betwe5 body & s\l1 natural to simple-m9d$ peoples & individuals1 %\ld h>d5 into an opposition betwe5 ! two4 ,! desc5t f ! heights :]e ! ec/atic & emancipat$ s\l enjoy$ its ?rill+ delights 0 too sudd52 ! body c\ld n b seem a burd5 & a h9drance1 almo/ an enemy ( ! heav5-born s\l4 ,disp>agem5t ( ! ord9>y exi/5ce ( e day1 a turn+ aside f ?is life--^! are ! natural results ( su* an advanc$ spiritualism1 ev5 ?\gh x may h no speculative basis1 :5 x influ5ces s pr(\ndly ! religi\s temp]am5t ( a p z yet untr\bl$ by ! subtleties ( a sci5tific culture4 ,a trace ( su* a depreciation ( ! e>?ly life ( mank9d 9 comp>ison ) ! joys ( a free _s-exi/5ce is to be f\nd 9 :at ,h]odotos & o!r n>rators tell ( c]ta9 ,?racian tribes#geh :o receive ! new-born among _! k9sfolk ) m\rn+1 & bury _! dead ) joyful acclamation1 = ! latt] are n[ beyond ! rea* ( all pa91 & are liv+ 9 p]fect happ9ess4#gfh ,! *e]fulness ) :i* ! ,?racians fac$ dea? 9 battle#ggh 0 expla9$ by ! p]suasion :i* !y held t dea? 0 only an entrance into a high] life = ! s\l4 ,!y 7 ev5 cr$it$ ) a real desire = dea?1 = to !m dy+ seem$ s fair4#ghh #e ,fur!r ?an ?is ! ,?racians--:o nev] q outgrew a sort ( semi-animat$ torpor ( ! intellect--c\ld n g on ! way m>k$ out = !m4 ,! se$ ( a my/ical =m ( religion t exi/$ 9 ! ec/atic dance-orgies ( ,dionysos-wor%ip nev] came to fruition4 ,we nev] feel ) !m t we are be+ tak5 beyond ! region ( vague unconsci\s emotion2 x is b a pass+ illum9ation t = a mom5t ( wild excitem5t reveals ! ne> pres5ce ( ov]:elm+ _s-=ces4 ,n until ! flames ( su* ec/atic wor%ip 7 f$ & n\ri%$ by a p ( m indep5d5t & develop$ spiritual life1 c\ld fitful sugge/ions be weld$ into deep & #bff endur+ ?\ght4 ,reflexion ^u ! nature ( ! _w & ( ,god1 ! *ang+ & deceptive fl[ ( appe>ance ) ! inde/ructible ,"o ,reality beh9d x2 ! conception ( a div9ity t is ,"o1 a s+le light t1 divid$ into a ?\s& rays & reflect$ f ev]y?+ t is1 a*ieves its unity aga9 9 ! s\l ( man2 su* ?\ghts z ^!1 alli$ to ! dim half-consci\s impulse ( an en?usia/ic dance-wor%ip1 might all[ ! pure wat]s ( ! /ream ( my/icism to run cle> at la/1 fre$ f ! turbid & unsatisfy+ en?usiasm ( popul> religi\s practices4 ,?us1 = example1 among ! /]n & rigid-m9d$ peoples ( ,islam1 ) _! /iff1 uncompromis+ ,mono!ism1 !re arose1 no "o kn[s :5ce1 ! inspir$ dance-orgies ( ! ,d]vi%es1 :i* !n spread f> & wide c>ry+ ) !m ! my/ical doctr9e ( ! ,sfis1 t *ild ( ! pr(\nd m9d ( ,india4 ,man is ,god2 ,god is ,all3 su* 0 ! pron\ncem5t ( ! inspir$ poetry--! special contribution 9 p>ticul> ( ,p]sia to ?is religion ( my/ic 9999ec/asy--n[ 9 ! mo/ transp>5t simplicity1 n[ 9 ! mo/ gorge\s magnific5ce ( imag]y4 ,9 ! ec/atic dance1 :i* 9 ?is case rema9$ 9 organic connexion ) ! my/ical doctr9e 7z ! soil ( ! mat]nal e>? ) ! fl[]s :i* %e puts =?7 new /r5g? 0 ev] be+ add$ to ! spiritual sup]/ructure4 ,my/ical !ory 0 invigorat$ by ! practical exp]i5ce1 9 height5$ consci\sness1 ( an int]nal & unqu5*able s\rce ( undy+ p[] & might4 ,! veil ( ! _w 0 torn aside = ! inspir$ wor%ipp]2 ! ,all-,"o became s5sible & intelligible = him2 x p\r$ into 8 own be+2 ! deification ( ! ,my/ai 0 realiz$ 9 him4 ,:o kn[s ! p[] ( ! ,dance dwells 9 ,god4 4 4 ,_m ye>s be=e all ?is1 a process ( developm5t 0 complet$ on ,greek soil :i* has no clos] p>allel ?an ! special phase ( ,ori5tal religion j ref]r$ to4 ,greek religion nev] inde$ 7s long at lea/ z ! indep5d5ce ( ,greek life la/$7 w5t to ! extravagant l5g?s ( ,ori5tal my/icism4 ,ev5 ! s5se ( ! inf9ite _h to be express$ by ! ,greek imag9ation 9 pla/ic =m4 ,b = all t1 on ,greek soil1 9 ! ec/atic ,cult ( ,dionysos1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,greek reflexion ^u ,god1 ! _w & mank9d1 ! se$s :i* previ\sly lay undevelop$ 9 ! womb ( t cult 7 unfold$ 9 a my/ical doctr9e1 ^: guid+ pr9ciple 0 ! div9ity ( ! human s\l & ! inf9it5ess ( its life 9 ,god4 ,x 0 f ?is s\rce t ,greek philosophy f\nd ! c\rage to advance a doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,,notes ,,to ,,*apt] ,,viii #ah3 ,pl41 ,phdr4 #bfe ,a4 #bh3 e4g4 ,cael4 ,aurel4 7i4e4 ,soranos71 ,morb4 ,*r4 i1 #add ff42 ,aret4 ,*ron4 ,pass4 i1 #f1 p4 #hd ,khn vol4 #bd4 #ch3 ,ev5 ! late int]polat$ passages ,x #cbe1 #gd1 are n q conclusive4 ,ap>t f ^! ! /atem5t ( ,s*4 i #aih applies /rictly ?r\gh\t bo? poems3 to m p>adido_/nai ,ho_/mron ,dio_/nuson oi_/n\ heuret_/n1 ,lehrs1 ,ari/4#c1 p4 #aha4 #dh3 ,z #acb ff4 ,! sc5e is evid5tly meant to be a ,bac*ic fe/ival4 ,?is is %[n by ! ?u_//hla1 :i* ! ,dinu_/soio ti?nai let fall out ( _! h&s4 ,all ! re/ is obscure4 ,ev5 9 antiquity no "o knew :o ! ti?nai ( ,dionysos really 71 & h5ce alt]native sugge/ions 7 all ! m num]\s3 cf4 ,nauck1 ,fr4 ,trag4#b1 p4 #ag4 ,voigt1 9 ,ros*]'s ,my?ol4 ,lex4 i1 #ajdi4 ,x c h>dly be necess>y 7) ,s*4 ,a on ,z #abi7 to d$uce f ! ref]5ce to ti?nai t ,dionysos himself 0 reg>d$ z n_/pios e_/ti kai pais4 ,8 =m] ti?nai foll[ him 9 ! ,bac*ic fe/ival ev5 aft] he has gr[n up1 exactly z 9 h4 ,hom4 xxvi1 #c1 #g-aj4 hai ,dionu_/s\ trophoi_/ z ! fr5zi$ mob wor%ipp+ ! god1 t ! orgia_/z\sai 79 ,!ssaly71 come 9 ,d4,s4 #e1 #ej1 #d1 9 a p>allel n>rative to ! /ory ( ,lyk\rgos & ! ,ma9ads4 ,) ! conception ( ! god z likni_/ts nei!r 8 leap into ! sea 7,z #ace ff471 nor esp4 ! adj4 ma9ome_/noio 7#acb7 are 9 h>mony4 ,?is la/ ^w does c]ta9ly give u pause4 ,! acc\nts provid$ by lat] ages ( ! madness ( ,dionysos are obvi\sly made up f ! l9es ( ,hom] & are !re=e ( no use to u 7already ap4 ,eumelos 9 ! ,eurpi_/a1 ,s*ol4 ,,ad4 ,z #aca2 !n ,ph]ekydes1 ,a*aios en ,i_/ridi3 ,phld41 ,piet41 p4 #cf ,nauck1 ,fr4 ,trag4#b1 p4 #gea2 ,e41 ,cyc4 #c4 ,apollod4 iii1 #e1 #a1 is prob4 d]iv$ f ,ph]ec4 z are also ,phili/os fr4 #eg1 ,,fhg4 i2 ,pl41 ,lg4 #fgb ,b2 ,nic4 ,ophiak4 fr4 #cj ,s*n41 etc474 ,s*ola/ic int]pret]s ev5 ?\ght ( a hypallage3 ma9ome_/noio maniopoi\1 bak*ei_/z p>askeua/ik\1 ,s*ol4 ,a1 ,z #acb2 cf4 ,s*4 ,b1 p4 #ahb;a1 #dc f4 ,bk4 ,&1 inde$1 !re is c]ta9ly 9 ?is case a sort ( my?ological or sacram5tal hypallage3 ! /ate ( m9d br\ght ab\t by ! god 9 ^? :o surr\nd him is reflect$ back on to ! god himself 7ma9o_/m5oi ,sa_/turoi1 ,e41 ,ba4 #acj2 cf4 ! mad nurses ( ,dionysos1 ,nonn41 ,d4 ix1 #ch ff474 ,x w\ld n be h>d to p>allel ?is 7e4g4 ,dionys4 :o makes m5 drunk is repres5t$ z himself drunk1 ,a?4 #dbh ,e1 etc474 #eh3 ,x #dfj1 mega_/roio die_/ssuto ma9a_/di i_/s1 pallome_/n kradi_/n4 ,! evid5ce ( ?is passage = ! famili>ity ( ,hom]'s audi5ce ) ! nature ( ! ,ma9ads _c be set aside z ,lob41 ,agl4 #bhe1 tries to d4 ,! ^w c\ld only be us$ z an eik_/n if ! ?+ 7 (t5 be=e m5's eyes4 ma9a_/s1 inde$1 is ev5 some?+ diff]5t f1 & m specializ$ ?an ma9ome_/n 7,z #chi74 #fh3 ,! view t mai_/ne/hai 0 primitive 9 ! cult ( ,d41 ! w9e1 etc41 be+ add$ lat]1 0 def9itely put =w>d 9 #ahbe by ,o4 ,mll] 7,kl4 ,s*r4 ii1 #bf ff47 argu+ aga9/ ,j4 ,h4 ,voss4 ,b x is only 9 q rec5t times t 9 trac+ ! orig9 ( ! religion ( ,dionysos occasional inquir]s h tak5 ?is view z _! />t+ po9t3 cf4 esp4 ,voigt 9 8 notewor?y treatm5t ( ,dionysos 9 ,ros*]'s ,my?4 ,lex4 i1 #ajbi ff4 #gh3 hos mai_/ne/hai ena_/gei an?r_/p\s1 ,hdt4 iv1 #gi4 #bfh #hh3 ,e4g4 ! ,odrysai1 :o1 h[ev]1 liv$ fur!r nor? 9 ! ,hebros valley2 ,mela1 ii1 #ag1 m5tions di/9ctly ! m\nta9 *a9s ( ,haimos1 ,rhodope1 & ,orbelos z sacris ,lib]i patris et coetu ,ma5adum celebratos4 #ih3 ,lob41 ,agl4 #bhi ff4 #ajh3 ,sabazios3 ,saba_/zion ton ,dio_/nuson hoi ,?rakes kal\s9 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,ves4 #i2 cf4 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,lys4 #chh2 ,d4,s4 #d1 #d1 #a2 ,h>p4 ,saboi_/2 ,alex4 ,polyh4 ap4 ,macr4 i1 #ah1 #aa 7,sebadius3 cf4 ,apul41 ,m4 viii1 #be1 p4 #aej1 #aa ,ey4 ,! orig9al =m ( ?is "n seems to h be5 ,savos1 ,savadios1 ,krets*m]1 ,e9leitung 94 d4 9999,ges*4 d4 grie*4 ,spr4 #aie f42 ,us5]1 ,gtt]nam5 #dd74 ,sabos1 ,phot4 p4 #die1 #aa-ab ,pors4 ,hesy*4 s4v42 ,orph41 ,h4 #di1 #b1 etc4 ,! fact t o!rs c\ld call ,sabazios a ,phrygian god 7,amphi!os p4 ,hraklei_/os b' ap4 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,av4 #hgd2 ,/r4 #dgj2 ,hs*4 s4v471 only s]ves to br+ out m cle>ly ! op9ion1 unanim\sly held ev5 9 antiquity1 t ! ,?racians & ! ,phrygians 7 closely relat$4 ,sabazios 7besides be+ id5tifi$ ) ,helios3 ,alex4 ,polyh4 l4c42 cf4 ,soph4 fr4 #ebc ,n471 z ! supreme & almighty god ( ! ,?racians1 0 ev5 call$ ,zeus ,saba_/zios 7,val4 ,max4 i1 #c1 #b71 esp4 on inss4 7a few are giv5 9 ,rapp1 ,dionysoscult ,progr4 p4 #ba2 cf4 also ins4 f ,peiraeus ,eph4 ,ar*4 #ahhc1 p4 #bde2 ,ins4 ,p]gam4 i1 #bdh1 #cc1 #di3 f ,pisidia1 ,pap]s ( ! ,am]4 ,s*ool at ,a!ns1 ii1 p4 #ed1 #ef4 ,jovi ,sabazio1 ,orelli1 ,ins4 #abei74 ,we ev5 f9d ,zeus ,ba_/k*os1 ,zeus ,h_/lios 7,,b*4 vi1 #ahi74--,! "n ,saba_/zios 0 d]iv$ f saba_/ze9 eua_/ze91 dia ton g5o_/m5on p]i auton euasmo_/n 7!iasmo_/n73 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,av4 #hgd2 ,lys4 #chh4 ,s1 too1 ,ba_/k*os 0 on ?is view only ano!r way ( express+ ! same mean+2 s9ce ?is "n also 0 d]iv$ by ! anci5ts f ba_/ze9 eua_/ze9 7x is really f ! root wa* 7a*e_/7 ,ba_/k*os1 ) affrication2 a r$uplicat$ =m ( x is wiwa*os1 ,i_/ak*os1 ia*e_/1 iak*e_/2 cf4 ,curtius1 ,grie*4 ,etym4#e1 p4 #dfj1 #egf74 ,o!r names ( ! ,?racian ,dionysos are ! foll[+3 ,bass>eu_/s 7,ba_/ss>os1 ,orph41 ,h4 #de1 #b71 d]iv$ f bassa_/ra ! long dress 7made ( sk987 worn by ! ,bass>i_/des ,?ra_/kiai ba_/k*ai1 ,,ab4 #bbb1 #bf f42 ,hs*4 s4v4 ,bassa_/rai & ,,em4 s4v4 7! la/ compil$ f ,orion & ,s*4 ,lyc4 #gga74 ,o!r acc\nts 7n contradict+ 9 ?is po9t ! /atem5t ( ,hs*47 made x ! dress worn by ! god himself3 ,s*4 ,p]s4 i1 #aja4 7,! ,bass>eu_/s 0 g5]ally describ$ z be>d$ & ev5 s5ili specie1 l ! repres5tation ( ,dionysos himself 9 ! olde/ ,greek art3 ,macr4 i1 #ah1 #i47 ,if ,bass>eu_/s means ! we>] ( ! long fox-sk9 we %\ld be /rongly rem9d$ ( !--also ,?racian--god ,za_/lmolxis 7,za_/lmoxis71 ^: "n 0 d]iv$ f zalmo_/s dora a_/rkt\ 7,porph41 ,,vp4 #ad1 ?\gh ?is comes only f ,antonius ,diog5es #f71 & probably means he :o is cloak$ 9 ! be>sk9 7see ,fick1 ,spra*e9h4 d4 ,indog4 ,europ41 p4 #dah2 ,hehn1 ,culturpflanz4 #dbh ,e4,t474--,gi_/gn a "n ( ,dionysos1 ,,em4 #bca1 #bh3 p]haps a "n giv5 to ! god 9 ! city ,gigonos m5tion$ 9 ! same passage1 & ! a_/kra ,gi_/gnis at ! we/]n end ( ! ,?racian ,*alkidike4--,,em4 #ahf1 #cb1 is too %ort to be intelligible3 balia_/2 diapoi_/kilos4 kai ton ,dio_/nuson ,?rakes4--,du_/alos ,dio_/nusos p>a ,pai_/os91 ,hesy*4 #aah3 ,at any rate ! p :om ,?uc41 ,ephoros1 & o!rs call ,?racians & reg>d$ z hav+ be5 once settl$ 9 ,phokis1 ,boeotia1 etc41 are und\bt$ly to be consid]$ ,?racians--& n ! impossibly hone/ & exempl>y p1 a creation ( ! fancy1 ! ,?racians ( ! ,muses1 alleg$ to be q di/9ct f ! real ,?racian peoples1 ( :om we h he>d s mu* s9ce ,k4 ,o4 #bfi ,mll] 7,or*om4 #cgi ff47 introduc$ ! idea4 ,antiquity only knew ( "o k9d ( ,?racian4 ,9 ! ,hom]ic poems !y are n s diff]5t f ! ,greeks 9 civilization z !y 7 9 lat] times1 :5 we "k !m f ! acc\nts ( ,h]od4 & ,x54 ,= all t !y are ! same p4 ,!y seem 9 ! c\rse ( "t to h deg5]at$1 or r !y h n %>$ 9 ! progress made by o!rs & s h rema9$ backw>d 7ev5 beh9d _! ,phrygian relatives :o w&]$ to ,asia ,m9or & a*iev$ a high] culture "u ,semitic influ5ce74 ,9 fact1 l ! ,keltoi1 !y 7 nev] able to get beyond a condition ( semi-civilization4 #abh3 mani_/z epaggn homokla_/n4 ,aes*4 9 ! dnoi_/ ap4 ,/r4 #dgj-a 7fr4 #eg71 is ! locus classicus = ! music 9 ! ,?racian fe/ival ( ,dionysos4 ,ap>t f ?is x is impossible to di/+ui% 9 ! acc\nts giv5 by our anci5t au?orities1 betwe5 ! /rictly ,?racian fe/ival & ! ideal g5]aliz$ fe/ival ( ,dionysos 7n ! mitigat$ c]emonial actually us$ 9 ! fe/ival 9 ,greece4 ,!y m]ge completely into ea* o!r4 #ach3 saba_/ze9 eua_/ze91 ,s*ol4 ,ar41 ,av4 #hgd2 ,lys4 #chh4 #adh3 hai ,ba_/k*ai sigs94 ,diog541 ,prov4 iii1 #dc4 #aeh3 ,complete revolution r\nd "o's own axis1 z 9 ! dance ( a d]vi%1 is kn[n at lea/ only 9 ! m fanatic dance-fe/ivals ( antiquity3 /rophn holos_/maton h_/sp] hoi ka_/to*oi d9eu_/ontes1 ,heliod4 #d1 #ag1 p4 #aaf1 #a ,bk4 di_/nsis tn !ophor_/tn 9 ,phrygia3 ,horus ap4 ,,em4 #bgf1 #cb4 ,crusius1 ,philol4 #ee1 #efe1 comp>es besides ,v]g41 ,a4 vii1 #cgg ff42 ,alex4 ,aphr41 ,prob41 p4 #f ,u4 ,9 ! ,sp>tan dance diamale_/z 787 ,seil5oi & ,satyrs appe>$ or*\_/m5oi hupo_/tro*a p]i_/tro*a acc4 to ,me9eke3 p]haps bett]4 ,poll4 #d1 #ajd4 #afh3 ,e41 ,ba4 #aaf ff41 #ffd ff4 ,?racian3 assiduis ,edonis fessa *oreis qualis 9 h]boso concidit ,apidano1 ,prop4 #a1 #c1 #e f4 #agh3 ,bass>is3 ,?racian acc4 to ,s*4 ,p]s4 i1 #aja2 worn by ba_/k*ai ,hs*4 bassa_/rai4 ,lydian1 too3 ho_//is *itnas bassa_/ras te ,ludi_/z e*ei pod_/reis1 ,a4 en dnois1 fr4 #ei2 cf4 ,poll4 #g1 #ei4 ,p]haps a ,phrygian ^w t has p5etrat$ into ,lydia1 ,krets*m]1 ,e9leitung1 #cij4 ,! wor%ip ( ,dionysos :i* _h also presumably come f ,phrygia1 0 esp4 popul> 9 ,lydia4 #ahh3 ,famili> 9 ! ,bac*ic c]emonial ( ,greece2 b occurr+ already 9 ,?race3 ,aes*4 en dnoi_/ 7deal+ entirely ) ,?racian cu/oms7 m5tions ! nebri_/des1 & 9 ! same place has aigi_/das z well 7fr4 #fd74 #aih3 ,! ,ba_/k*ai ( ,mac$onia & ! ,mimallo_/nes1 9 all respects resembl+ ! ,?racian ,bac*ants1 k]atophor\si kata mi_/ms9 ,dionu_/s\3 ,s*4 ,lyc4 #abcg 7,laphu/i_/z k]aspho_/r\s gunaikas74 #bjh3 ,m5tis inops rapitur1 quales audire solemus ,?reicias passis ,ma5adas ire comis1 ,ov41 ,f4 iv1 #deg f4 #bah3 ,?phr4 ,*4 #af 7#bh1 p4 #ada ,jebb72 ,artemid4 #b1 #ac1 p4 #ajf1 #i ,h4 #bbh3 ,snakes & dagg]s are f\nd 9 ! h&s ( ! mimallo_/nes kai bassa_/rai kai ludai_/ 9 ! tra9 ( ,ptol4 ,philad43 ,kallix5os ap4 ,a?4 #aih ,e4 ,snakes & ?u_/rsoi belong to ! p>aph]nalia ( ! e_/no*oi tois ,orphikois kai tois p]i ton ,dio_/nuson orgiasmois gunaikes 9 ,mac$onia1 & ( ! ,kl_/dnes kai ,mimallo_/nes :o polla tois dni_/si kai tais p]i ton ,haimon ,?r_/ssais ho_/moia drs91 ,plu41 ,alex4 #b 79 connexion ) ! snake ( ,olympias4 ,%e 0 especially giv5 to ! ,?rako-,dionysian my/]ies3 cf4 ! lett] ( ,olympias to ,alex&]1 ,a?4 #fei ,f74--?u_/rsoi ( ! ,mac$onian ,mimallo_/nes3 ,polya54 #d1 #a2 ,s*4 ,p]s4 #a1 #ii4--;,ev5 n[ ! ?yrsos w&s are deck$ ) ivy 9 ! ,?raciae populis sollemnibus sacris1 ,pl941 #bgj ,,nh4 xvi1 #add4--,! na_/r?x ( ! ?yrsos is really a %eph]d's /aff3 ,clem4 ,al41 ,protr4 ii1 p4 #ad ,p4 #bch3 ,eur41 ,ba4 #gce ff4 & frequ5tly4 #bdh3 kato*ai kai en?\siasmoi_/ 9 ! ,?rako-,mac$onian wor%ip ( ,dionysos3 ,plu41 ,alex4 #b4 7,! ,mimallones imitantur furorem ,lib]i1 ,s*41 ,p]s4 i1 #ii47 hoi t ,sabazi_/ ka_/to*oi3 ,porph4 ap4 ,iamb4 de ,my/4 #c1 #i1 p4 #aag1 #af4 ba_/k*os2 ho mani_/ds1 ,eu/4 d #bdi2 b #af4 ,kl_/dnes is ! "n giv5 to ! ma9a_/des kai ba_/k*ai apo t\ kato_/*\s g9ome_/nas kl_/ze91 ,,em4 #eba1 #ej4 hoi ka_/to*oi tois p]i ton ,dio_/nuson orgiasmois1 ,plu41 ,is4 et ,os4 #ce1 p4 #cfd ,f4 #beh3 hoi bak*euo_/m5oi kai korubantintes en?\sia_/z\si me_/*ris an to po?\_/m5on i_/ds91 ,philo1 ,vit4 ,cont4 #b1 ii1 p4 #dgc ,m4 #bfh3 ,s too ! wild %ak+ & :irl+-r\nd ( ! head1 :i* acc4 to innum]able lit]>y & pictorial descriptions 0 a regul> feature ( ! ,bac*ic dance & cult1 mu/ h contribut$--& 0 s int5d$--to br+ ab\t ! condition ( ec/asy & fr5zy 7rhipsau_/*5i sun klo_/n1 ,pi41 fr4 #bjh2 krata seisai1 ,e41 ,ba4 #ahe1 etc474--,h[ su* fanatic %ak+ ( ! head1 if kept up = along "t1 is by itself suffici5t1 9 p]sons naturally pr$ispos$ to x1 to br+ on complete religi\s e_/k/asis1 may be le>nt f a rem>kable acc\nt 9 ,moreau du ha*is*1 p4 #bij ff41 d]iv$ f p]sonal obs]vation 9 ! ,ea/4 #bgh3 ,! object ( ! triet]ic fe/ival ( ,dionysos 7repeat$ e second ye>7 held 9 s _m places 9 ,greece 7cf4 ,w5ig]1 ,dionysosdi5/ 9 ,elis1 ,progr4 #ahhc1 p4 #h7 0 to celebrate ! pres5ce ( ! god4 ,?is is cle>ly %[n by ,d4,s4 #d1 #c1 #b1 :o also attributes ! triet]ic fe/ival to ! ,?racians3 t\s ,boit\s kai t\s a_/ll\s ,he_/llnas kai ,?rakas 4 4 4 katadeixai tas trietri_/das ?usi_/z ,dionu_/s kai ton !on nomi_/ze9 kata ton *ro_/non t\ton poiei/hai tas p>a tois an?r_/pois epiphanei_/z4 ,at ?is "t wom5 & maid5s celebrat$ tn p>\si_/an t\ ,dionu_/s\4 7,9 ! ar*aic song ( ! ,elean wom5 ! ,bull-god is ?us call$ ^u3 ,plu41 ,,qg4 #cf1 #bii ,a2 ,is4 et ,os4 #ce1 p4 #cfd ,f2 :]eupon ! ,eleans believ$ t ton !o_/n sphis9 epiphoitan es tn ,?ui_/n tn heort_/n3 ,paus4 #f1 #bf1 #a47--;,= ,bak*os among/ ! danc]s see ,e41 ,ba4 #ahe ff41 #cjf f41 & (t54 ,at ! triet]ic fe/ival at ,delphi ,dio_/nusos 4 4 4 ,p>nason kata 9999pda *oreu_/ei p>!_/nois sun ,delphi_/s91 ,e41 ,hypsip4 fr4 #geb4 ,& s (t5 9 poetry3 see ,nauck on ,s41 ,,ot4 #bac2 ,ant4 #aabf ff4--,?racian triet]ic fe/ival3 tuo motae proles ,semeleia ?yrso ,ism>iae celebrant repetita tri5nia bac*ae1 ,ov41 ,m4 ix1 #fda f42 tempus erat1 quo sacra sol5t triet]ica ,bac*o ,si?oniae celebr>e nurus2 nox conscia sacris1 etc41 vi1 #ehg4 #bhh3 aphanismo_/s foll[$ by epipha_/neia ( ,dionysos repres5t1 z we frequ5tly le>n1 ! v>y+ relation%ip ( ! god ) mank9d4 ,^! are alt]nat+ & p]iodically repeat$1 & !y are reflect$ 9 ! triet]ic p]iod ( ! fe/ivals4 ,x is cu/om>y to expla9 ?is disappe>ance & return ( ! god z an allegorical typification ( ! de/ruction & re/oration ( vegetation4 ,!re is no reason at all to believe ?is1 except = ^? :o reg>d ! doctr9es ( ! ,greek ,religion ( ,nature z infallible axioms4 ,! god is simply1 & 9 ! lit]al s5se ( ! words1 reg>d$ z remov$ = a "t f ! _w ( m51 dur+ :i* p]iod he is 9 ! _w ( spirits4 ,9 ! same way ,apollo1 accord+ to ! ,delphic leg5d1 is c>ri$ away f ! human _w = c]ta9 p]iods3 he lives dur+ t "t among ! ,hyp]boreans1 ^: l& is inaccessible to mortal foot or %ip4 ,we ought n to be afraid to make use ( ! light ?r[n on ^! matt]s by p>allel leg5ds ( ! tempor>y disappe>ance #bga ( gods among unciviliz$ peoples 7! god may be sometimes asleep or "u con/ra9t2 cf4 ,plu41 ,is4 et ,os41 #fi f94 #cgh ,f72 cf4 :at we are told 9 ,dobrizh(f]'s ,ges*4 d4 ,abip4 ii1 p4 #fc 7,e4,t471 ab\t ! beliefs held by ! ,abipones ( ,p>aguay2 or1 aga91 :at is said ( ! negro races ( ,we/ ,africa1 accord+ to :om ! god normally lives 9 ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 b at regul>ly recurr+ int]vals comes up to visit m52 :]eupon ! memb]s ( a my/ical society build him a h\se1 receive 8 oracles1 etc42 ,rville1 ,rel4 des peuples non-civil4 i1 #aaj-aa4 ,?us ,dionysos1 too1 is = a "t 9 ! und]world1 9 ! _w ( spirits & ! s\ls4 ,?is is cle>ly presuppos$ by ! fe/ival at ,l]na1 9 :i* ,dionysos is call$ up out ( ! bottomless spr+ ,alkyonia by :i* !re 0 an entrance to ,hades 7j z ! inhabitants ( ,kos e ye> anakal\ntai ,hylas out ( 8 spr+1 i4e4 f ! und]world3 ,h4 ,trk1 ,de ,hyla1 p4 #c f42 ,welck]1 ,kl4 ,s*r4 i1 #ab2 & see ,maass1 ,litt4 ,ztg4 #ahif1 #g-h74 ,h5ce also 9 ,l]na a lamb 0 (f]$ z a victim t pulao_/*1 i4e4 to ,hades himself1 & 0 ?r[n into ! spr+ 7,plu41 ,is4 et ,os4 #ce1 p4 #cfh ,f1 quot+ ,sokrates p]i tn ,hosi_/n2 ,smp4 #d1 #f1 #b1 p4 #fga ,e2 ,paus4 #b1 #cf1 #g2 #cg1 #e-f74 ,because he is 9 ! realm ( ! dead a pragmatical my? repres5t$ him z sla9 by ,p]seus & ?r[n into ! spr+ ( ,l]na3 ,lob41 ,agl4 #egd4 ,9 ,delphi1 too1 some?+ 0 kn[n ( ! dea? & reawak5+ ( ,dionysos1 b we h 9 ,orph41 ,h4 #ec1 a q unambigu\s expression ( ! real conception1 acc4 to :i* ,d4 re/$ 9 ! h\se ( ,p]sephone1 & appe>s aga9 9 ! upp] _w at ! "t ( ! triet]ic fe/ival :5 he egei_/rei 8 kmon1 eua_/zn k9n te *or\_/s4 ,we may be all ! m c]ta9 t ! same idea is to be attribut$ to ! triet]ic fe/ival 9 ,?race1 s9ce ! same belief exactly occurs aga9 9 ! leg5d ( ! ,?racian 7,getic7 god ,zalmoxis 7see bel[7--he 0 believ$ to h disappe>$ into 8 inf]nal k+dom among ! spirits & s\ls & to h made p]iodical returns to ! _w ( ! liv+4 ,! reason :y ,dionysos1 z wor%ipp$ bo? 9 ,?racian & ,greek triet]ic fe/ivals1 /ops = a "t 9 ! und]world ( ! s\ls1 is cle> en\gh3 t too 0 8 realm4 ,we c n[ und]/& :y x is t ,dionysos is also rul] ov] ! s\ls & c be call$ ,zagreus1 ,nukte_/lios1 ,isodai_/ts3 i4e4 he is simply giv5 names ( ,hades himself 7,plu41 ,e ap4 ,d4 ix1 p4 #chi ,a74 ,8 real "* ( ma/] ( ! s\ls & spirits 7a_/nax1 h_/rs71 z x _h be5 orig9ally 9 ! ,?racian cult1 0 ?us 9999pres]v$1 9 spite ( mu* alt]ation 9 its ,greek =m1 p>tly 9 ,greek local cults1 p>tly 9 ! ,orphic cult ( ,dionysos4--,!re is a leg5d :i* is bas$ on a rem9isc5ce ( ?is p]iodic disappe>ance ( ,dionysos to ! und]world1 viz4 ! ?or\ghly ,greek /ory ( 8 desc5t on a s+le occasion into ,hades 9 ord] to br+ back ,semele4 ,else:]e 8 disappe>ance into ! realm ( ! spirits gave rise to ! leg5d ( 8 escape & flight to ! ,muses2 ?is 0 spok5 ( 9 ! ,agrionia at ,*aironeia 7,plu41 ,smp4 #h ,praef474 #bih3 ,cf4 ,eur41 ,ba4 #ibj ff41 #ajbj f4 #cjh3 tauro_/ph?oggoi d' hupomukntai_/ po!n ex aphan\s phob]oi mimoi3 ,a4 dnoi_/ describ+ ! ,?racian wor%ip ( ,d4 7fr4 #eg74 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly int5d$ to increase = ! p>ticipants 9 ! fe/ival ! feel+ ( ! god's pres5ce & ?us to add to ! wildness ( _! orgies1 z ,rapp1 ,dionysosc41 #ai1 v rightly obs]ves4 ,! invisible bell[+ bull is ! god himself4 7,dionysos appe>s z a bull to ! insane ,p5!us3 ,e41 ,ba4 #ibj ff474--,! ,batloka1 a tribe 9 ! ,nor!rn ,transvaal1 hold a ye>ly fe/ival ( ! dead 9 :i* #bgb hidd5 magicians make weird s\nds ) flutes :i* ! p take = ! voice ( spirits2 !y say ',modimo is !re'4 ,s*neid]1 ,relig4 d4 ,afrikan4 ,naturv4 #adc4 #cah3 ,! wom5 tak+ "p 9 ! triet]ic fe/ival ( ! god play ! "p ( ! ma9a_/des 9 8 tra92 ,d4,s4 #d1 #c1 #c4 ,imitation ( ! ,nu_/mphai te kai ,panes kai ,seilnoi kai ,sa_/turoi 9 ! bak*ei_/a3 ,pl41 ,lg4 #hae ,c4 ,:at 0 aft]w>ds m]ely a piece ( traditional ritual 0 orig9ally )\t d\bt a real halluc9ation ( ! ka_/to*oi4--,! idea t a ?rong1 ?i_/asos1 ( wood-spirits ,satyrs & ,seil5oi danc$ ab\t ! ,god mu/ also h be5 common 9 ! ,?racian cult 7sug*oreuetai ,dionu_/s\1 ,ael41 ,,vh4 iii1 #dj2 ho t ,dionu_/s p>epo_/m5os o_/*los1 ,a?4 #cfb ,e4 saua_/dai 7obvi\sly relat$ to ,saba_/zios2 cf4 ,us5]1 ,gtt]nam51 #dd f47 0 ! "n giv5 to hoi seilnoi_/ by ! ,mac$onians1 :o 9 ! practice ( ,dionysos-wor%ip 7 entirely dep5d5t ^u ! ,?racians4 ,hs*4 s4v41 cf4 ,hdt4 viii1 #ach f94 #cbh3 ,! bak*eu_/ontes t ! 7i4e4 ,sabazios1 ,sabos7 are call$ sa_/boi kai sa_/bai kai saba_/zioi3 ,phot4 sab\_/s2 cf4 ,eu/41 b #af1 p4 #adca1 #df4 ,h>p4 7,phot47 s4 sa_/boi2 ,phot4 p>asaba_/ze9 7p4 #chc1 #af ,pors472 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,av4 #hgd4 ,?is id5tification ( ! god ) 8 ec/atic wor%ipp]s belongs to ! ,phrygian cult ( ,kybele z well4 ,j z ! goddess is call$ ,kub_/b s ho kate*o_/m5os t mtri tn !n is call$ ,ku_/bbos3 ,phot4 ,ku_/bbos1 ku_/bbon1 ,eu/4 b #af4 ,?us ! ,greeks 9 call+ ! ec/atic wor%ipp]s ( ,bak*os by ! "n ( ! god 7 only adopt+ ! conceptions & vocabul>y ( ! ,?racian religion ( inspiration into _! ,dionysos-wor%ip :i* 0 modell$ on ! ,?racian cult4 ,ba_/k*os is _! "n = ! orgia/s t\ !\ 7etymologically connect$ is baba_/kts krau_/gasos1 ho_/!n kai ,ba_/k*os ,hs*4 a ,phrygian ^w = ! fr5zi$ prie/ ( ,kybele3 & !re=e ,ku_/bbos2 cf4 ,ribbeck1 ,alazon1 p4 #hf74 ,x appe>s t ! ba_/k*oi ( ,dionysos 7 (t5 call$ by ! old ,?racian "n sa_/boi3 sa_/b\s kai nun e_/ti polloi t\s ba_/k*\s kal\s91 ,plu41 ,smp4 #d1 #f1 #b1 p4 #fga ,f 7,laphu_//ioi is also a "n giv51 aft] ,dio_/nusos ,laphu_//ios1 to ! ,ba_/k*oi :o wor%ip him3 ,lyc4 #abcg ) ,s*474 #cch3 ,dio_/nusos ma_/dios 7,porph41 ,abs4 ii1 #ee71 m/_/s 7,plu41 ,!m4 #ac71 laphu_//ios1 tauropha_/gos 7,soph4 fr4 #fjg ,n474--,at o!r times we cat* a glimpse ( ! idea t ! god himself is ! torn & dev\r$ bull 7j z 9 _m anci5t wor%ips ! prop] victim ( ! god is ! animal mo/ homog5e\s ) him73 ?is is evid5tly ! mo/ primitive =m ( en-?\siasmo_/s1 ! primeval symbolism ( a my/ic wor%ip t1 l all my/icism1 desires to take p]sonal possession ( ! ,god4 #cdh3 ,dionysos himself also c>ries ! ?yrsos 7z (t5 9 sculpture73 ,e41 ,hyps4 fr4 #geb1 etc4 #ceh3 ,see above1 n4 #ai 7ho b\_/k]s ,i_/ak*os1 ,soph41 fr4 #hgd1 tauro_/k]s !o_/s1 ,e41 ,ba4 #ajj74 ,! ,greek ,dionysos is (t5 describ$ z bull-%ap$ & horn$3 ?is1 too1 9 imitation ( ,?racian belief4 ,x is ,sabazios :om !y k]a/i_/an p>eisa_/g\si1 ,d4,s4 #d1 #d1 #b2 cf4 #c1 #fd1 #b4 ,hu_/ tauroke_/rti1 ,euphor4 fr4 #ad4--;,an allusion 9 ,d4,s4 #d1 #d1 #b1 seems to sugge/ t ! god1 ! murio_/morphos1 0 also 7l ,attis7 reg>d$ z a h]dsman4 ,some?+ ( ! sort may be ref]r$ to 9 ! un9telligible l9es quot$ by ,cl4 ,al41 ,prot4 ii1 p4 #ad ,p41 app>5tly 9 connexion ) ! ,sabazios my/]ies4 ,s ,dionysos1 too1 is sometimes ?\ght ( z a b\ko_/los3 poime_/ni d' agrau_/ln tau_/rn1 ,dios aigio_/*oio huie_/i kisso*i_/tni are words us$ ( him 9 ,orph4 ,li?4 #bfj4 ,aga91 9 imitation ( ! god himself 8 mu_//ai are b\ko_/loi on ! inscriptions f ,asia ,m9or 7,ins4 ,p]g4 ii1 #dhe-h7 & ,?race1 ( #bgc :i* ,r4 ,s*ll speaks1 de commun4 et coll4 ,graecis 7,satura philol4 ,saupp471 p4 #agh ff4 b\koliko_/s occurs among ! cult (ficials 9 ! ,iobak*eia at ,a!ns3 ,a?4 ,mit?41 #ahid1 p4 #bfj1 l4 #abb2 ar*ibucolos dei ,lib]i on inscriptions ( ! city ( ,rome4 b\ko_/los & b\kolein occur 9 connexion ) ,bac*ic wor%ip z e>ly z ,krat9os1 ,ari/oph41 & ,eurip43 nuktipo_/l\ ,zagre_/s b\_/tas1 ,e41 ,cret4 fr4 #dgb1 #aa 7acc4 to ,diels74 ,see ,crusius1 ,rh4 ,m4 #de1 #bff f42 ,diet]i* de hymnis ,orph4 7,m>b4 #ahia71 p4 #c ff4 #cfh3 ,! special flute-melodies go+ "u ! "n ( ,olympos 7 call$ !ia 7,pl4 ,m94 #cah ,b72 kate_/*e/hai poiei 7,pl41 ,smp4 #bae ,c72 homolog\me_/ns poiei tas psu*as en?\sia/ika_/s 7,ari/41 ,pol4 #acdj;a #aj74 ,cic41 ,div4 i1 #aad3 ergo et ei quorum animi1 spretis corporibus1 evolant atque excurrunt =as1 ardore aliquo incitati atque inflammati1 c]nunt illa pr(ecto quae vatic9antes pra5untiant3 multisque rebus inflammantur tales animi qui corporibus non inha]5t3 ut ei qui sono quodam vocum et ,phrygiis cantibus incitantur4 ,an unmi/akable description ( :at 0 meant by e_/k/asis & ,korybantic fr5zy 7see bel[74 #cgh3 i4e4 ^? :o are en?\siasm\ katak_/*imoi1 z ,ari/otle knew !m2 c]ta9 manikai dia!_/seis are kn[n to ,plato4 ,some:at simil> is ! phu_/sis !ia_/z\sa :i* accord+ to ,demokritos ,d4 ,*r4 #cf1 #a fr4 #ba ,diels1 belongs to ! inspir$ poet4 #chh3 ,! drunk5ness ( ! ,?racians & _! anci5t cultivation ( ! v9e are well kn[n4 ,!y ev5 brew$ be] f b>ley3 ,a?4 #edg ,,bc 7cf4 ,hehn1 ,culturpflanz51 p4 #aba ,e4,t474 ,! prophetai 7prophesy+ 9 en?usiasm7 ( a ,?racian oracle prophesi$ plurimo m]o sumpto1 ,ari/ot4 ap4 ,macr4 #a1 #ah1 #a4--;,ev5 ! wom5 drank unmix$ w9e 9 ,?race3 ,pl41 ,lg4 #fcg ,e4 #cih3 ,mela1 #b1 #ba 7& f him ,sol94 #aj1 #e1 p4 #ge1 #af ,mom47 says ( ! ,?racians epulantibus ubi sup] ignes quos circumsid5t qua$am sem9a +e/a sunt1 similis ebrietati hil>itas ex nidore cont+it 7cf4 ,plu4 de ,flu4 #c1 #c74 ,!re c be no d\bt t x 0 hemp-se$ 7ka_/nnabis7 :i* _h ?is effect4 ,hdt4 iv1 #gd1 says expressly t ! ,?racians knew hemp4 ,x 0 ?us ) a sort ( ha%i% t !y intoxicat$ !mselves 7ha%i% is an extract ( cannabis indica74 ,! ,scy?ians did some?+ simil>3 ,hdt4 tells ( _! vap\r-ba?s 9 tightly clos$ huts 7iv1 #ge73 !y produc$ a smoke by lay+ hempse$s on r$-hot /ones &--?\gh ,hdt4 does n say s--mu/ necess>ily h got into a /ate ( wild intoxication4 ,?is may h be5 a religi\s p]=mance4 ,drunk5ness is g5]ally reg>d$ by savage tribes z a religi\sly inspir$ condition4 ,fur!r1 ! ,scy?ian practice has ! mo/ /rik+ p>allel 9 ! use ( vap\r-huts among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 9 :i* case ! religi\s int5tion is c]ta9 7see ! acc\nt 9 ,klemm1 ,culturg4 ii1 #age-h2 ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 ,am]ik4 ,urrelig4 #ib74 ,hdt4 i1 #bjb1 also m5tions intoxication f ! fumes ( c]ta9 fruits among ! ,massagetai2 ^! la/1 aft] !y _h completely bemus$ !mselves1 /ood up to dance & s+4 ,! ,?racians1 too1 may v well h us$ intoxication ?r\gh ha%i%-fumes z a means ( excit+ !mselves to _! ec/atic religi\s dances4--,! anci5ts 7 q famili> ) ! practice ( inhal+ aromatic smoke to produce religi\s halluc9ations3 ,gal5 ho_/r4 iatr4 #ahg 7xix1 p4 #dfb ,k7 en?\siasmo_/s e/i ka?a_/p] exi_//antai_/ t9es epi 7hupo87 tn hupo?umime_/nn en tois hi]ois1 pha_/smata 7om4 edd47 horntes tumpa_/nn auln sumbo_/ln 7scr4 kumba_/ln7 ak\_/ontes2 cf4 odorum del5im5to pote/ animus humanus ext]n>i1 ,apul41 ,ap4 #dc4--;,= ! use ( smoke 9 ! #bgd ,korybantic c]emonies see bel[4--,! gaga_/ts li_/?os hupo?umia!i_/s is useful z an epilptikn e_/leg*os 7,dioscor4 v1 #ade72 x br+s on ! convulsions ( ! victim ( hi]a no_/sos 7epilepsy7 ,orph4 ,l4 #dgh ff4 7cf4 fur!r ,damig]on1 de ,lap4 #bj1 p4 #agi ,ab42 ,pl941 ,,nh4 #cf1 #ada2 & also ,gal4 xii1 p4 #bjc ,k474 #djh3 ,polak1 ,p]si51 ii1 #bde ff4--,we h only to read ! acc\nts d]iv$ f p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! s5sations & halluc9atory /ates accompany+ ha%i%-smok+--su* z ^? giv51 = in/ance1 by ,moreau 7de ,t\rs7 ,du ha*is* et de l'alination m5tale 7,p>is1 #ahde71 esp4 pp4 #bc ff41 #ea ff41 #ei ff41 #ij1 #adg ff41 #aea ff41 #cfi ff4--to h a complete p>allel to ! condition :i* und]lay ,bac*ic excitem5t4 ,!re1 too1 is ! complete e_/k/asis ( ! _s1 a wak+ dream-/ate1 an oligo*ro_/nios mani_/a4 ,x only requires ! special tone & "* giv5 to ! halluc9ations & illusions by deep-root$ religi\s or fanciful conceptions--& ! ext]nal ma*9]y = cultivat+ su* illusions--to make !m an exact equival5t ( ! deliri\s condition ( ! real ba_/k*oi at ! nightly fe/ival ( ,dionysos4 7,! helpless /ate ( impressionability to outw>d--e4g4 musical--& inw>d influ5ces is a m>k$ feature ( ! intoxication & fantasia ( ha%i%47 ,o!r n>cotics also h simil> effects 7,moreau1 p4 #ahd ff474 #dah3 ,pl41 ,ion1 #ecd ,a 7p]haps an allusion to ! words ( ,ais*9es ,socr4 9 ! ,alkibia_/ds ,ari/id4 ,rh4 ii1 #bc f4 ,d9d474 #dbh3 ,e41 ,ba4 #adb f41 #gjf ff4 7#add ,suri_/z d' hs liba_/n\ kapno_/s74 #dch3 ,anae/hesia ( ! ,bak*ai3 epi de bo/ru_/*ois pur e_/ph]on oud' e_/kai51 ,ba4 #geg f4--suum ,bac*e non s5tit saucia volnus1 dum /upet ,edonis exululata iugis1 ,ov41 ,tr4 #d1 #a1 #da f4 qualis deo p]cussa ma5as 4 4 4 atque exp]s sui volnus d$it nec s5sit1 ,s541 ,troad4 #fhb ff4 ,simil> ins5sibility to pa9 7c]ta9ly n always feign$7 0 %[n 9 _! ek/asis by ! self-w\nd+ galli ( ,kybele1 ! prie/s & prie/esses ( ,m 7,tibull4 #a1 #f1 #de ff47--some?+ ( ! sort is report$ ( ! prophets ( ,baal 7#a ,k+s xviii1 #bh74 ,see 9 g5]al on ! subject ( anae/hesia & ! or?s kate*o_/m5oi hupo tn !n1 ,iamb41 ,my/4 #c1 #d1 p4 #aaj ,p>4 ,9 ! case ( ! %amans1 ! ,indian ,yogis1 ! d]vi%es1 & ! natives ( ,nor? ,am]ica ! exi/5ce ( su* /ates ( ins5sibility 9 religi\s excitem5t has be5 actually obs]v$4 #ddh3 kate*o_/m5os ek t\ !\ 7,pl41 ,m54 #ii ,d2 ,x41 ,sym4 i1 #aj4 kate*o_/m5oi h_/sp] hai ba_/k*ai1 ,pl41 ,ion1 #ecd ,a2 ,sym4 #bae ,c4 mane_/nti te kai katas*ome_/n1 ,phdr4 #bdd ,e4 h d' aphron exieisa kai dia/ro_/ph\s ko_/ras heli_/ss\s'1 ou phron\s' ha *rn phronein1 ek ,bak*i_/ou katei_/*eto1 ,e41 ,ba4 #aabb ff4 ka_/to*oi above1 n4 #bd4 #deh3 e_/n!o_/s te gi_/gnetai kai e_/kphrn kai ho n\s ouke_/ti en aut e_/ne/91 ,pl41 ,ion1 #ecd ,b 7:]e x is appli$ to ! inspir$ poet b prop]ly belongs to ! ,bak*ai74 #dfh3 e_/k/asis1 exi_//a/hai is (t5 us$ ( ! inspir$ /ate4 mai_/ne/hai1 en?\sian1 e_/n!on gi_/ne/hai1 ek/nai are all us$ 9 ! same s5se & apply to ! inspir$ prophets 7,ba_/kides1 ,si_/bullai7 & ! poets3 ,ari/41 ,prob4 #cj1 #a1 p4 #ied;a1 #cd-i4 exi_//atai kai mai_/netai1 ,ari/4 ,,ha4 #f1 #bb1 p4 #egg;a1 #ab4 ,! religi\s orgiasmoi_/1 ek/a_/sias psu*as epa_/gonti3 ,ph9tys ap4 ,/ob41 ,fl4 iv1 #bc1 #fa;a1 p4 #eic ,h4 e_/k/asis is a /ate 9 :i* ! s\l seems e/rang$ f itself2 :5 ! oikeiai k9_/seis ouk eno*l\ntai all' aporrapi_/zontai 7,ari/41 ,pa4 ,nat4 #dfd;a1 #be74 ,! ^w became weak & commonplace en\gh 9 lat] usage1 b x 0 evid5tly meant1 orig9ally1 to express ! exit ( ! s\l f its body4 ,9 ! same way ! phrase us$ ( "o :o #bge goes (f into a fa9t3 ton d' e_/lip5 psu*_/ orig9ally meant ! same ?+ & 0 s und]/ood1 see above 7*ap4 i1 n4 #h74 ,! same idea occurs aga9 9 ,p4 ,mag4 ,p>41 l4 #gbe1 p4 #fc ,wessely3 hupe_/klutos d' e_/sei t psu* kai ouk en seaut e_/sei ho_/tan soi apokri_/ntai ! god conjur$ up4 #dgh3 e_/k/asis e/9 oligo*ro_/nios mani_/a ,gal5 ho_/r4 iatr4 #dhe 7xix1 p4 #dfb74 mani_/ e_/k/asi_/s e/i *ro_/nios ,aretaeus1 ,*r4 ,pass4 #a1 #f1 p4 #gh ,k4 #dhh3 ,dio_/nuson ma9o_/ln orgia_/z\si ba_/k*oi1 mophagi_/a tn hi]omani_/an a_/gontes1 kai teli_/sk\si tas krenomi_/z tn pho_/nn ane/emme_/noi tois o_/phes9 epololu_/zontes eua_/n1 ,clem4 ,al41 ,protr4 ii1 p4 #aa ,p4 #dih3 ,! en?\sintes ek !\ t9os become l ! god1 lamba_/n\si ta e_/? kai ta epitdeu_/mata 7t\ !\71 ka?o_/son dunaton !\ an?r_/p metas*ein1 ,pl41 ,phdr4 #bec ,a4 ,m boldly heautn ek/a_/ntas ho_/l\s enidru/hai tois !ois kai en!a_/ze91 ,procl4 9 ,rp4 ii1 #ajh1 #bc ,kr4--ouk e_/k/asis ha_/pls h\_/ts e/i_/n1 alla 79 its positive s5se7 epi to kreitton anagg kai meta_//asis1 ,iamb4 ,my/4 #c1 #g1 p4 #aad1 #i ,p>?4 #ejh3 e_/n!oi gunaikes ( ! ,bak*ai1 ,s4 ,ant4 #ifc4 hai ,ba_/k*ai ho_/tan e_/n!oi ge_/nntai--,aes*4 ,socr4 ap4 ,ari/id41 ,rh4 7ii1 #bc ,d9d474 e_/n!os _/de h mani_/ 7! religi\s sort7 ,aret41 p4 #hd ,k4 ,! ess5tial mean+ ( e_/n!on einai 7pl5um esse deo7 is cle>ly def9$ 9 ,s*41 ,e41 ,hip4 #ada3 e_/n!oi le_/gontai hoi hupo pha_/smato_/s t9os aphaire!_/ntes ton n\n1 kai hup' ekei_/n\ t\ !\ t\ phasmatopoi\ kate*o_/m5oi kai ta dok\nta kei_/n poi\ntes4 ,! e_/n!os is completely 9 ! p[] ( ! god2 ! god speaks & acts ?r\gh him4 ,! e_/n!os has lo/ 8 consci\sness ( himself2 l ! !ioi a_/ndres 7:i* phrase 9 ,plato has ! same mean+ z e_/n!oi a_/ndres7 esp4 ! !oma_/nteis1 le_/g\si men al? kai polla_/1 i_/sasi d' ouden hn le_/g\si1 ,pl41 ,m54 #ii ,c4 7,philo1 ,spec4 ,leg4 ii1 p4 #cdc ,m41 says ( ! inspir$ prophet3 en?\sia gegons en agnoi_/a1 metani/ame_/n\ men t\ logism\ 4 4 4 epipephoitko_/tos de kai enkko_/tos t\ !i_/ou pneu_/matos kai pasan ts ph_/ns organopoi_/an kr\_/ontos ktl42 cf4 ,iamb41 ,my/4 #c1 #d1 p4 #aji47 #eah3 e_/n!oi ma_/nteis 7,bakides1 ,sibyllai ,ari/41 ,prb4 #cj1 #b1 #ied;a1 #cg4 !oma_/nteis ,pl41 ,m54 ad f94 mantik kata to e_/n!on1 ho_/p] e/in en!a/iko_/n ,plu4 ,plac4 ,phil4 #e1 #a1 #a ,dox41 p4 #dae4 #ebh3 ma_/ntis d' ho dai_/mn ho_/de 7,dionysos72 to gar bak*eu_/simon kai to manides mantikn polln e_/*ei2 ho_/tan gar ho !os eis to sm' e_/l? polu_/s1 le_/ge9 to me_/llon t\s memno_/tas poiei1 ,e41 ,ba4 #bih ff4 ,"h ! inn] relation%ip ( ! inspiration mantik & ! possession :i* took place 9 ec/atic fr5zy is express$ ) all possible cle>ness 7drunk5ness is surely n ref]r$ to674 ,?is is h[ ,plu41 ,smp4 #g1 #aj1 p4 #gaf ,b1 also und]/ood ,eur4 ,prophesy+ ,ma9ads3 ma9a_/das ?uosko_/ous ,e41 ,ba4 #bbd--oudeis e_/nn\s epha_/ptetai mantiks en!_/ou kai al?\s1 all' ka?' hu_/pnon tn ts phron_/ses p$!is du_/nam9 dia no_/son dia_/ t9a en?\siasmon p>alla_/xas1 ,pl41 ,ti4 #ga ,e4 nos_/mata mantika en?\sia/ika_/ make inspir$ ma_/nteis :at !y are3 ,ari/4 ,prob4 #ied;a1 #ce4 ,su* mantik takes place 9 ! /ate ( furor1 cum a corpore animus ab/ractus div9o in/9ctu concitatur1 ,cic41 ,div4 i1 #ff4 ,a fam\s case is t ( ,kass&ra f :om ! deus inclusus corpore humano1 non iam ,cass&ra loquitur1 #fg2 cf4 ! ,sibyl :o prophesies ma9ome_/n /o_/mati 7,h]aclit4 fr4 #ab ,by4 #ib ,d47 & ! ,py?ia at ,delphi prophesy+ 9 a /ate ( mani_/a4 ,= ! prophecy ( ,korybantic ,phrygians possess$ & fr5zi$1 see ,arrian ap4 ,eu/41 on ,d4,p4 #hji4 #ech3 ,hdt4 vii1 #aaa 7= ,hdt4 ! ,bssoi_/ seem to be a division1 p]haps a clan1 ( ! ,satrai4 ,polyb41 ,/rabo1 ,pl9y1 ,dio ,c41 & o!rs "k !m z an indep5d5t ,?racian tribe3 pro_/mantis gun *re_/ousa kata_/p] en ,delphoisi--:i* means t %e prophesi$ 9 ec/asy1 = t is :at ! ,py?ia at ,delphi did4 7,see ,s*4 ,ar41 ,plut4 #ci2 #bgf ,plu41 ,def4 ,or4 #ea1 p4 #dch ,b4 ,lucan vi1 #aff ff41 cle>ly describes ! ph5om5a suppos$ to att5d _! religi\s ek/asis3 artus ,phoebados irrupit ,paean1 m5temque priorem expulit1 atque hom9em toto sibi c$]e iussit pectore4 bac*atur dem5s ali5a1 etc47 #edh3 ho ,?rxi ma_/ntis ,dio_/nusos1 ,e41 ,hec4 #abfg4 ,rhesos dwell+ 9 ,mt4 ,pangaios is ,ba_/k*\ proph_/ts1 ,rh4 #igb4 aphike_//hai tois ,leib?ri_/ois p>a t\ ,dionu_/s\ ma_/nteuma ek ,?ra_/ks1 ,paus4 #i1 #cj1 #i4 ,ari/oteles qui ,!ologum5a scripsit1 apud ,ligyreos 787 ait 9 ,?racia esse adytum ,lib]o consecratum1 ex quo r$duntur oracula4 ,macr4 #a1 #ah1 #a4 ,! wife ( ,sp>tacus1 h]self a ,?racian1 0 mantik_/ te kai ka_/to*os tois p]i tn ,dio_/nuson orgiasmois1 ,plu41 ,crass4 #h4 ,octavian 9 ,?race consult$ 9 ,lib]i patris luco b>b>a ca]imonia1 i4e4 an oracle3 ,suet41 ,oct4 #id4 ,ev5 9 #aa ,b4,c4 ! ,bessoi /ill _h a hi]eus t\ ,dionu_/s\1 ,vologeses1 :o by means ( prophesy+s 7polla !i_/asas7 & t p>a t\ !\ d_/x /irr$ up 8 p to rebel aga9/ ! ,odrysai3 ,d4,c4 #ed1 #cd1 #e4 ,9 #bi ,b4,c4 ,m4 ,crassus _h h&$ ov] to ! ,odrysai ! piece ( l& occupi$ by ! ,bessoi en h kai ton !on aga_/ll\si1 ,d4,c4 #ea1 #be1 #e4--,! _s ( ! old ,?racian ec/atic cult reappe>$ 9 ! "* ( ! ,bac*ic wor%ip introduc$ f ,greece into ,italy ^: excesses 79 #ahf ,b4,c47 are n>rat$ by ,livy3 #ci1 #h ff43 among ^! be+ viros velut m5te capta cum iactatione fanatica corporis vatic9>i3 #ci1 #ac1 #ab4 #eeh3 ,comp>e1 = example1 :at we are told ( ! religi\s dances ( ! ,o/iaks 7,erman1 ,travels 9 ,sib]ia1 ii1 #de f41 ,e4 ,t41 ,cooley71 ! ,haokah dance ( ! ,dakota1 ! m$ic9e-dance ( ! ,w9nebago 9 ,nor? ,am]ica 7,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes1 iii1 #dhg ff41 #bhf ff471 ! dance ( voodoo negroes 9 ,haiti 7,n\v4 annales des voyages1 #aheh1 iii1 p4 #ij ff474 ,= ! viol5t religi\s dances ( ! p 9 anci5t ,p]u see ,mll]1 ,am]ik4 ,urrelig4 #che2 9 ,au/ralia1 ,r4 ,br\gh-,smi?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 i1 #aff ff4 7#ahgh74 ,among ! ,v$das ( ,ceylon !re 0 a dance ( ! devil's prie/s 7call$ ,kattadias7 dress$ up z demons3 see ,t5n5t1 ,ceylon1 i1 #edj f42 ii1 #ddb4--;,9 antiquity ! foll[+ h ! close/ relation%ip to ! ec/atic cult ( ! ,?racians3 ! dance fe/ivals 9 hon\r ( ! ,syrian ,goddess1 ( ! ,kappadocian ,m1 ( ! ,phrygian ,m\nta9 ,"m1 & ( ,attis 7! la/ hav+ mu* ! same orig9 z ! ,?racian fe/ival1 b be+ m /rongly affect$ by ,semitic influ5ces1 & p]haps by ! religi\s practices ( ! prehi/oric inhabitants ( ,asia ,m9or74 ,besides ^! we may rememb] ! acc\nt giv5 by ,poseidonios ap4 ,/rabo1 #aih1 ,d4,p4 #egj ff41 ( ! excit$ nocturnal fe/ival celebrat$ 9 hon\r ( ,dionysos 9 an isl& at ! m\? ( ! ,loire by ! wom5 ( ! ,namnites 7,samnites1 ,amnites7 ,dionu_/s kate*o_/m5ai 9 ! wilde/ delirium 7lu_/tta74 #efh3 ,?is is regul>ly ! mean+ ( su* excesses practis$ by magicians4 ,! %aman 7) 8 s\l7 voyages out into ! _s-_w2 see ! rem>kably vivid acc\nt ( ,radl(f1 ,sib]i51 ii1 #a-fg2 & also ,erman1 ,zs*r4 f4 ,e?nologie1 ii1 #cbd ff42 ,a4 ,krause1 ,tl9kit9dian]1 p4 #bid ff41 #ahhe4 ,s does ! ,lapp magician 7,knud ,leem1 ,lapp5 9 ,f9m>k5 ,e4,t4 9 ,p9k]ton's ,voyages74 ,! ,angekok ent]s into communion ) 8 ,torngak 7,cranz1 ,hi/4 ( ,gre5l&1 i1 p4 #aid1 ,e4,t41 #ahbj72 ! ,butio ) ! ,zem5 7,mll]1 ,am]ik4 ,urrelig41 #aia f472 ! ,piajes ) ! spirits 7,mll]1 #bag74 ,?us1 too1 communication ) ! div9e gr&fa!r ( ! p is e/abli%$ by means ( dances1 etc41 among ! ,abipones 7,dobrizh(f]1 ,abipones1 ii1 #fd1 ,e4,t474 ,! expulsion ( ! s\l to visit ! _s-_w is also practis$ 79 _! convulsions7 by ! #bgg magicians ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ! p ( ! ,pacific ,isl&s 7,tylor1 ii1 #acc71 etc4 ,su* practices />t out f a commonly held conception ( ! nature ( body & s\l & ( _! relations ) ! unse54 ,! magicians believe t 9 _! ec/atic condition !y c break ?r\gh ! b>ri] betwe5 ?is _w & ! next1 ,mll] #cig4 ,to facilitate ?is process !y employ ! v>i\s means allud$ to ( /imulat+ _! s5ses4 #egh3 ,! mo/ rem>kable case ( ?is is provid$ by ! hi/ory ( a religi\s sect ( our own day widely spread 9 ,russia1 :o call !mselves ! ,*ri/s1 i4e4 sons ( ,god4 ,! sect 0 f\nd$ by a holy man nam$ ,philippov 9 ^: body ,god "o day took up 8 abode2 aft] :i* ! man spoke z ! liv+ ,god himself & gave comm&m5ts4 ,! sect p>ticul>ly /ood = ! idea t ! div9e dwells 9 mank9d1 ,*ri/ 9 m5 & ,m>y 9 wom51 & t ! s5se ( _! pres5ce c be awak5$ 9 m5 by ! action ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 ?r\gh ! =ce ( /rong belief1 by sa9tl9ess & by religi\s ec/asy4 ,to produce ! ec/asy dances are held 9 common4 ,ab\t midnight1 aft] long pray]s1 hymns1 & religi\s addresses1 ! p>ticipators 9 ! secret fe/ival1 bo? m5 & wom51 dress$ 9 /range co/umes beg9 to dance4 ,soon ! ranks & circles ( ! danc]s & s+]s break up2 individuals beg9 to turn r\nd & r\nd1 revolv+ on _! own axis ) incr$ible spe$1 balanc+ mean:ile on _! heels4 ,! excitem5t ( ! danc+ & leap+ cr[d gr[s cont9ually great]4 ,f9ally "o ( !m calls out ,he comes2 ,he is ne>--! ,holy ,gho/4 ,! wilde/ ec/asy takes hold ( e "o4 ,details may be f\nd 9 ,n4 ,tsakni's ,la ,russie sectaire1 p4 #fc ff4 7cf4 :at is said 9 ! same "w1 p4 #hj ff41 ( ! religi\s dances ( ! ,skopzes1 & p4 #aai f4 ( ! sect ( ! ,leap]s74--,all ?is is true ,bac*analia *ri/iana & !re=e m5tion$ "h4 #ehh3 e4g4 ,m>9]1 ,tonga ,isl&]s1 i1 #ajh 7#ahag72 ,wrangel1 ,reise 9 ,sib]i51 i1 #bhf 7i1 #bfg f41 ,fr5* trans472 ,radl(f1 ,sib]i51 ii1 #eh4 ,ev5 ! respectable ,cranz1 ^: own po9t ( view made x impossible = him to appreciate prop]ly ! ,angekok practices s cle>ly obs]v$ by him1 admits t _m ( !m really saw visions t sugge/$ some?+ sup]natural to !m3 ,hi/4 ( ,gre5l&1 p4 #aig ,e4,t4 ,some?+ simil> is said ab\t ec/atically danc+ d]vi%es by ,lane1 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 ii1 #aig4 #eih3 ,magicians call$ by ! "n ( ! god 7,keebet7 among ! ,abipones3 ,dobrizh(f]1 ii1 #bdh4 ,simil> cases else:]e3 ,mll]1 #gg4 ,9 ,tahiti ! p]son inspir$ by ! god s long z ! inspiration la/$ 7sev]al days sometimes7 0 himself call$ god or giv5 ! "n ( "s p>ticul> god3 ,waitz1 ,an?ropol4 vi1 #chc4 ,9 ! case ( an ,african tribe dwell+ on ! banks ( ,lake ,nyanza ! *ief _s sometimes takes tempor>y possession ( "o ( ! magicians 7man or woman7 :o !n be>s ! "n ( ! _s3 ,s*neid]1 ,relig4 d4 ,afrik4 ,naturv4 #aea4 ,sometimes ! id5tity ( ! magician ) ! god is express$ by ! we>+ ( ! god's di/+ui%+ dress & imitation ( 8 outw>d appe>ance 79 ! mann] ( ! ,?racian ,ba_/k*oi72 cf4 ! devil-danc]s 9 ,ceylon1 etc4 #fjh3 ,:5 x acquires a m philosophical temp] my/icism seeks its unification ) ! highe/ 7! e_/llampsis ts phu_/ses ts pr_/ts7 m by means ( ! complete/ passivity ( m9d & body4 ,x employs ! eis hautn xulle_/ge/hai kai a?roi_/ze/hai ( ! s\l 7,plato71 or its )drawal f all t is f9ite & p>ticul> 7! recojimi5to ( ! ,spani% my/ics74 ,! pr(\nde/ quietude ( _s br+s #bgh ab\t ! unification ) ! ,"o beh9d all multiplicity2 cf4 ! ,neoplatonic my/ics1 ! ,buddhi/s1 etc4 ,sometimes bo? are f\nd toge!r2 absorption & passivity ( ! _s side by side ) wild excitem5t4 ,bo? me?ods 7 practis$ by ! ,p]sian ,sufis4 ,*>d91 ,voyage en ,p]se1 iv1 #deh 7cd4 ,langls7 says ( !m1 cep5dant ils se s]v5t plus communm5t du *ant de la danse et de la musique1 disant qu'ils produis5t plus srem5t leur extase4 ,x may be t ! cult ( religi\s exaltation is always ! real orig9 ( ^! ec/atic /ates4 ,?\gh ! cult sometimes falls into decay itself1 its (fspr+ ! e_/k/asis survives4 #fah3 ,9 ! language ( ^! my/ics ! words mean3 he kn[s t ! passionate long+ = reunion ) ,god1 ! ,s\l ( ! univ]se1 breaks d[n ! individual p]sonality & its limitations--= :]e ,love awakes to life ! ,self dies1 t gloomy tyrant4 #fbh3 ,ge_/tai hoi a?anati_/zontes1 ,hdt4 ,iv1 #ic-d 7apa?anati_/zontes1 ,plato & o!rs1 see ,wessel+ on ,d4,s4 i1 p4 #aje1 #cb74 #fch3 4 4 4 oude_/na a_/llon !on nomi_/zontes ei m ton sphe_/t]on 7! ,zalmoxis j m5tion$7 ,hdt4 iv1 #id f94 ,!re we are told t ! ,getai pros bront_/n te kai a/rapn toxeu_/ontes a_/n apeileusi t !1 oude_/na ktl4 ,if x 7 true 7z mo/ p seem to ?9k7 t ! god 7ho !o_/s7 ?reat5$ by ! ,getai dur+ ?und] 0 _! own god ,zalmoxis1 !n x c]ta9ly is difficult1 or1 inde$1 impossible1 to und]/& ! po9t ( expla9+ ! ?reat5+ ( ?is god by ! /atem5t t !y hold him = ! only true god4 ,! tru? is t ! t ! ref]s simply to ! sky dur+ a ?und]/orm4 ,! usage is common 9 ,greek & is only transf]r$ to ! ,getai by a r awkw>d ext5sion4 ,?is ?und]+ !o_/s is n ,zalmoxis at all 7h5ce ,z4 is n z "s h ?\ght a sky-god74 ,! ,getai reg>d$ ,zalmoxis z ! only god3 ! ,?und]] is no real god to !m 7at ! mo/ a bad demon or a magician or some?+ ( ! k9d74 ,to %[ t !y are n afraid ( him !y %oot arr[s aga9/ him1 probably 9 ! hope ( break+ ! ?und]cl\d4 7,p>allels 9 o!r c\ntries3 ,grimm1 p4 #ajhh2 ,dobrizh(f]1 ii1 #gh4 ,9 ,india1 ,old5b]g1 #dia-d4 ,excitem5t dur+ an eclipse ( ! moon3 ,weiss5born on ,livy1 #bf1 #e1 #i4 ,rem9isc5ce ( su* cu/oms 9 ! my? ( ,h]akles3 ,apollod4 #b1 #e1 #aj1 #e4 ,f ,hdt4 by indirect *annels comes ,isig41 ,mir4 #db p4 #afb ,we/42 cf4 also ! acc\nt ( ,d4,c4 #ei1 #bh1 #f ab\t ,caligula4--,pallad41 ,,rr4 i1 #ce contra gr&9em47 #fdh3 a?anati_/z\si de to_/nde ton tro_/pon 4 4 4 ou_/te apo?n_/ske9 heut\s nomi_/z\si1 ie_/nai te ton apollu_/m5on p>a ,za_/lmox9 dai_/mona 7hoi de autn ton auton t\ton ounoma_/z\si ,gebele_/z971 ,hdt4 iv1 #id4 ,"h1 z regul>ly 9 ,greek use ( ! words1 we mu/ n und]/& by a?a_/naton einai a m]e %ad[y 7if timeless7 survival ( ! s\l aft] dea? z 9 ! ,hom]ic ,hades4 ,su* a belief if x _h be5 held by ! ,getai w\ld n h /ruck ,hdt4 or 8 read]s z rem>kable 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,x mu/ !re=e imply an un5d+ & fully consci\s exi/5ce1 9 ?is la/ respect resembl+ ! life on e>?4 #feh3 a?anati_/z\si de kai ,te_/rizoi 7t]etizoi ,phot47 kai ,kro_/buzoi kai t\s apo?ano_/ntas hs ,za_/lmoxi_/n phas9 oi_/*e/hai1 ,phot4 ,suid41 ,,em4 ,za_/molxis4 ,! ,krobyzoi are a well-kn[n ,?racian /ock4 ,! ,t]izoi are n else:]e m5tion$2 p]haps !y may be plac$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ti_/ri/is1 ,ti_/rixis a_/kra ,c4 ,kaliakra 7cf4 ,c4 ,mll] on ,arrian1 ,p4 ,eux4 #ce72 !re we also he> ( a ,ti_/ri/is po_/lis1 ,ptolem4 ,) ?is ,tomas*ek also agrees 7,d4 alt5 ,?rak]1 ,b]4 ,wi54 ,ak4 #abh1 iv1 p4 #ig74 ,9 ?is case !y w\ld be neighb\rs ( ! ,krobyzoi4 #bgi #ffh3 ouk apo?n_/ske9 alla metoiki_/ze/hai nomi_/zontes is :at we he> ( ! ,getai 9 ,julian1 ,caes4 #cbg ,d4 animas 7putant7 non ext+ui s$ ad beatiora transire1 ,mela1 ii1 #ah4 #fgh3 4 4 4 t\s apo?ano_/ntas hs ,za_/lmoxi_/n phas9 oi_/*e/hai1 h_/xe9 de au?is4 kai tauta aei nomi_/z\s9 al!u_/e94 ?u_/ousi de kai eu*\ntai hs au_/?is h_/xontos t\ apo?ano_/ntos1 ,phot4 ,suid41 ,,em4 ,za_/molxis4 ,mela1 ii1 #ah3 alii 7among ! ,?racians7 r$ituras putant animas obeuntium4 #fhh3 ,hdt4 iv1 #ie1 ,zalmoxis1 a slave ( ,py?agoras 9 ,samos1 is set free & comes back a ri* man to 8 9999pov]ty-/rick5 c\ntry4 ,he collects toge!r ! lead+ m5 ( ! race 9 a room1 :]e he ent]ta9s !m & seeks to p]suade !m ( ! belief t nei!r he nor !y nor _! desc5dants w die b t !y w all come aft] dea? to a place :]e !y w enjoy all good ?+s 9 abundance4 ,!reupon he )draws into a secret und]gr\nd *amb] & lives !re = ?ree ye>s4 ,9 ! f\r? ye> he comes to light aga9 & ! ,?racians are p]suad$ ( ! tru? ( :at ,zalmoxis _h told !m4 ,?is implies--?\gh ,hdt4 omits to say s1 & s does ,hellan4 p4 nom4 b>b4 7foll[+ ,hdt47 ap4 ,phot41 etc41 s4 ,za_/molxis--t he _h also promis$ t he & 8 adh]5ts %\ld return to e>? alive aft] ! expiry ( a def9ite p]iod 7?ree ye>s74 ,t su* a belief 9 ! return ( ! dead 0 actually held by ! ,?racians is cle> en\gh f ! quotations giv5 9 ! la/ note4 ,! /ory ( ,zalmoxis' trick 7:i* 0 p]haps int5d$ humor\sly by its inv5tors7 seem$ suspici\s ev5 to ,hdt41 b x is n pure inv5tion 7any m ?an ! analog\s /ories ab\t ,py?agoras1 ,trophonios1 & lat] ,emp$otimos73 x is r a euhem]i/ v]sion ( a miracul\s leg5d4 ,! disappe>ance ( ,zalmoxis into a subt]ranean *amb] is a di/ortion ( ! belief 9 8 p]man5t abode 9 a holl[ m\nta9-side1 an antrde_/s ti *_/rion 9 ,mt4 ,kogaionon ( :i* ,/r4 #bih speaks pla9ly en\gh4 ,9 t m\nta9 ! god dwells2 j z ,rhesos kruptos en a_/ntrois ts hup>gu_/r\ *?ono_/s ( ,mt4 ,pangaios1 dwells !re z an an?rpodai_/mn ,e41 ,rh4 #igj2 cf4 *ap4 iv1 n4 #cf4 ,he lives !re undy+ l ! ,ba_/k*\ proph_/ts1 :o has become a god1 to :om ! trag$y obscurely alludes 9 ll4 #igb f4 z liv+ on ,mt4 ,pangaios 7?is may p]haps ref] to ,lyk\rgos--see ,g4 ,h]mann1 ,op4 v1 #bc f4--surely n to ,orpheus z ,maass1 ,orpheus1 p4 #fh #ahie1 sugge/s74 ,! obvi\s p>allel is ,amphi>aos & ,trophonios 9 _! caves1 & ,orig41 ,cels4 iii1 #cd 7see above1 *ap4 iii1 n4 #ac71 puts !m & ,zalmoxis toge!r4 ,we may safely complete ,hdt4's acc\nt ( h[ ! apollu_/m5oi ( ! ,getai g away & h ev]la/+ life p>a ,za_/lmox9 dai_/mona 7iv1 #id71 by say+ t !y rea* ?is same holl[ m\nta91 a subt]ranean place ( delight :]e !y dwell ) ! god4 ,mnaseas comp>es ,zalmoxis ) ,kronos 7,,fhg42 ,phot4 ,suid4 ,,em41 z be=e7 & ! simil>ity d\btless resides 9 ! fact t bo? rule ov] ! spirits ( ! ble/ 9 ano!r _w4 ,b besides ?is ! ,?racian belief mu/ also h includ$ ! idea ( a p]iodical appe>ance ( ! god 9 ! upp] _w4 ,hdt4's /ory ( ! trick practis$ by ,zalmoxis %[s ?is 7! return ( ! s\ls to :i* ! /ory also po9ts1 is a sort ( c\nt]p>t ( ?is74 ,are we to suppose t ! epipha_/neia ( ! god 0 expect$ aft] ! expiry ( ?ree ye>s 7j z x 0 aft] two ye>s 9 ! ,dionysos fe/ival2 see above1 n4 #bg78 ,we d n "k :e!r ^! ,?racian tribes celebrat$ ! epipha_/neia ( ! god ) en?usia/ic wor%ip4 ,su* an elem5t 9 ! cult ( ,zalmoxis seems to be sugge/$ by ! fact t we he> ( physicians ( ,zalmoxis 7,pl41 ,*>m4 #aef ,d7 & ( mantik--:i* is g5]ally closely b\nd up ) iatrik_/--#bhj 9 ! cult ( ?is god4 ,?is mu/ be ! mean+ ( call+ ,zalm4 himself ma_/ntis3 ,/r4 #gfb1 #big2 cf4 also ! o!rwise valueless acc\nt ( ,ant4 ,diog4 ap4 ,porph4 ,,vp4 #ad-ae4 ,f9ally1 ! en?usia/ic "* ( ! cult seems to be impli$ 9 ! id5tify+ ( ! prie/ ) ! god by ! ,getai 7z 9 ! simil> cases m5tion$ above1 notes #cb & #ei74 ,?us1 ! high prie/ is himself call$ god3 ,/r4 #bih 7he has au?ority ov] bo? k+ & /ate3 cf4 ! hi]eus t\ ,dionu_/s\ among ! ,bessoi1 above1 n4 #ec2 cf4 ,jordanes1 ,get4 #ga74 ,?is made x easy = ! god ,zalmoxis1 :om ev5 ,hdt4 q rightly reg>d$ z dai_/mn tis ,ge_/tsi epi*_/rios 7iv1 #if7 to be metamorphos$ into a man ( ! hi/orical pa/ 7he is ?is 9 ,d4,s4 #a1 #id1 #b2 ,/r4 vii1 #big2 cf4 ,jordanes1 ,get4 #ci74 ,if ! contempor>y prie/ 0 call$ god x might naturally be conclud$ t ! god ,zalmoxis 0 once only a prie/ too4 #fih3 ,h]mip4 ap4 ,jos41 ,ap4 i1 #bb4 #gjh3 ,9 ,e41 ,hec4 7#abfe ff47 ! ,?racian ,polyme/or prophecies to ,hekabe t %e %all become a dog aft] h] dea?1 pu_/rs' e_/*\sa de_/rgmata4 ,hekabe asks ps d' oi/ha morphs ts ems meta_//as92 ,pol43 ho ,?rxi ma_/ntis eipe ,dio_/nusos 9999ta_/de4 ,x looks z if ,eur4 9 ?is allusion to a belief 9 metempsy*osis 0 int5d+ to give a reali/ic t\* ( ,?racian national "*4 ,he 0 well in=m$ 9 su* matt]s4 #gah3 ,! connexion betwe5 ,?racian ,dionysos-wor%ip & ! belief 9 immortality & cult ( ! dead is v\*$ =1 acc4 to ,rapp1 ,dionysosc4 #ae ff41 by ! insc4 f\nd by ,heuzey 9 ,?racian di/ricts4 ,an epitaph f\nd at ,doxato 7ne> ,philippi7 says ( "o :o has di$ "y 7ll4 #ab ff473 rep>atus vivis 9 ,elysiis4 ,sic placitum e/ divis aet]na viv]e =ma qui b5e de sup]o lum9e sit m]itus4--nunc seu te ,bromio signatae 7see ,anri*1 ,antike ,my/]i5wes51 #abc f47 my/ides ad se florig]o 9 prato congregem uti ,satyrum1 sive cani/rif]ae poscunt sibi ,nades aeque1 qui ducibus ta$is agm9a fe/a trahas 4 4 4 7,,cil4 iii1 #fhf74 ,x is true t ?is rem>kable fantasy conta9s no?+ directly allud+ to specifically ,?racian wor%ip4 ,on ! o!r h& ?is is c]ta9ly sugge/$ & bo? ! ,?racian god & 8 connexion ) a cult ( ! dead is impli$ 9 ! use ( ! local cult-title ( ,dionysos 9 an (f]+ made by ,by?os & ,rufus to ! ?iasi ,lib]i patris ,tasiba/5i ( #cjj d5>ii ex quorum r$itu annuo rosalibus 7& s at ! ye>ly fe/ival ( ! dead7 ad monim5tum eorum vesc5tur4 ,,cil4 iii1 #gjc2 cf4 #gjd4 ,ev5 ! conjunction by ,e41 ,hec4 #abfe ff41 ( ! belief 9 pal+5esia ) ! oracle ( ! ,?racian ,dionysos seems to imply a connexion betwe5 t belief & ! cult ( ,dionysos4 #gbh3 polloi men n>?kopho_/roi1 pauroi de_/ te ,ba_/k*oi ap4 ,pl41 ,phd4 #fi ,c4 ,! /rict mean+ ( ?is ,orphic v]se 7,lob41 ,agl4 #hac ff47 is t out ( ! multitudes :o take "p 9 ! ,bac*ic fe/ival only a few h any real "r to call !mselves by ! "n ( ! god--z hav+ become "o ) him ?r\gh _! ec/asy & exaltation4 ,a special morbid /ate 0 necess>y = t3 ! same /ate :i* 9 o!r circum/ances made ! real %amans1 ,piajes1 etc4 #gch3 ,ev5 :5 _! e_/k/asis _h ceas$ ! ec/atic wor%ipp]s /ill reg>d$ z real ! visions :i* !y _h enjoy$ 9 t condition3 hoion sune_/b ,antiphe_/ronti t rei_/t kai a_/llois exi/ame_/nois4 ta gar phanta_/smata e_/legon hs g5o_/m5a kai hs mnmoneu_/ontes1 ,ari/4 p4 mn_/ms1 #a1 p4 #dea;a1 #h4 ,magicians :o _h subsequ5tly be5 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity 7 /ill conv9c$ ( ! reality ( _! e>li] visions3 !y ?\ght !y _h se5 some?+ p]fectly real4 #bha ,mll]1 ,am]ik4 ,urrelig4 #hj4 ,add3 ,tylor1 ii1 #aca2 ,cranz1 ,gre5l&1 p4 #aig4 #gdh3 ,see above1 *ap4 i1 p4 #g ff4 #geh3 ,hdt4 v1 #d 7speak+ ( ! ,trausoi_/4 ,hs*4 has ! same1 s4v4 ,trauso_/s74 ,! /ory 0 !n add$ to ! regul> li/ ( no_/mima b>b>ika_/ us$ = illu/rat+ ! v>iability ( no_/mos4 ,x 0 soon aft] told ( ! ,kro_/buzoi3 ,isig41 ,mir4 #bg 7!y 7 also reg>d$ z /rong adh]5ts ( a belief 9 immortality2 see above1 n4 #fe72 !n ( ! ,kausianoi_/3 ,nic4 ,dam41 ,mir4 #ah ,we/4 ,z5ob41 ,prov4 v1 #be1 p4 #abh1 #e ,l4-,s*n4 7,kau_/sioi1 ,kausianoi_/74 ,x occurs aga9 9 a fragm5t ( "s collection ( no_/mima b>b>ika_/ writt5 be=e ! ?ird c5tury 7!re is no reason to ascribe x to ,ari/otle7 giv5 by ,mahaffy1 ,on ! ,fl9d]s ,petrie ,papyri1 ,transcript41 p4 #bi3 ,kausianois de no_/mimon t\s men gignome_/n\s ?rnein t\s de teleutntas eudaimoni_/ze9 hs polln kakn anapepaume_/n\s 7kakn z above or po_/nn mu/ be suppli$ to fill ! gap2 cf4 ! well-kn[n fragm5t ( ,eur4 ,cresph43 e*rn gar hmas 4 4 4 fr4 #ddi1 :i* p]haps alludes to ,hdt4's acc\nt74 ,x is told ( ,?racians 9 g5]al1 or ( "s tribe n p>ticul>ly nam$1 by ,s4 ,e41 ,p4 iii1 #bcb2 ,val4 ,max4 #b1 #f1 #ab 7bo? cle>ly draw+ on collections ( no_/mima b>b>ika_/72 ,mela1 ii1 #ah2 ,,ap4 ix1 #aaa 7,ar*ias74 ,!re 7 ?us ?ree s\rces ( ! /ory3 ,besides ,hdt4's1 two 9 :i* ei!r ! ,krobyzoi or ! ,kausianoi 7 nam$ z ! ,?racian tribe in/ead ( ,hdt4's ,trausoi4 #gfh3 ho_/sn kakn exapalla*!is e_//i en pa_/s 9999eudaimoni_/1 ,hdt4 v1 #d4 #ggh3 ,see ,jul41 ,caes4 #cbg ,d1 ,mela1 ii1 #ah4 ,likewise ( ! ,kausianoi_/ 9 ,anon4 ap4 ,mahaffy 7see n4 #ge71 p4 #bi1 #aj-ab4 ,iamb41 ,,vp4 #agc3 z a result ( ! 7,py?agorean7 doctr9e ( immortality taught by ,zalmoxis e_/ti kai nun hoi ,gala_/tai 7because !y _h be5 in/ruct$ by ,zalm42 f a simil> fabul\s s\rce comes ,hippol41 ,,rh4 i1 #b1 p4 #ad1 #ic ,d4-,s47 kai hoi ,tra_/leis kai polloi tn b>ba_/rn t\s hautn hui\s pei_/?\s9 hs ouk e_//i ph?>nai 9999tn psu*_/n 4 4 4 kai ho_/ti ton ?a_/naton ou phobte_/on1 alla pros t\s k9du_/n\s eur_//s hekte_/on4--,tra_/lleis ,scalig] = ! ,,ms4 tralis1 rightly z f> z s5se goes4 ,b we f9d ! "n ,,traleis giv5 to ! ,p]gam5e m]c5>ies call$ aft] ! ,?racian tribes3 ,ins4 ,p]g4 i1 n4 #ac1 #bc1 #ei4 ,^! _h already s]v$ z infantry 9 #cca 9 ! army ( ,alex&] ! ,great3 ,d4,s4 #ag1 #fe1 #a2 cf4 ,hs*4 ,tralleis4 ,!y 7 a s\? ,?racian tribe3 ,plu41 ,ages4 #af2 ,ap4 ,lac4 #db2 ,/r4 #fdi 7:]e read ,tralle_/n72 ,tralli ,?raeces1 ,liv4 #ch1 #ba1 #b1 :o else:]e calls !m ,illyriorum g5us1 #bg1 #cb1 #d2 #ca1 #ce1 #a4 ,x appe>s t a bran* ( ! ,?racian tribe ( ! ,tralles rea*$ ,illyria 9 _! w&]+s2 !re ,!opompos1 too1 knew !m3 ,/eph4 ,byz4 ,tralli_/a2 cf4 also s4 vv4 ,bgis1 ,bo_/l\ros 7cf4 ,tomas*ek1 ,sitzb4 ,wi54 ,ak41 #abh1 iv1 p4 #ef f474 #ghh3 ,appetitus maximus mortis1 ,m>t4 ,cap4 #f1 #fef4 ,! ,?racians esp4 are meant by ,gal5 :5 he speaks ( b>ba_/rn eni_/ois :o ent]ta9$ ! belief ho_/ti to apo?n_/ske9 e/i kalo_/n 7xix1 p4 #gjd ,k74 #bhb ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,dionysiac ,,religion ,,9 ,,greece ,,its ,,amalgamation ,,) ,,apoll9e ,,religion4 ,,ec/atic ,,prophecy4 ,,ritual ,,purification ,,& ,,exorcism4 ,,asceticism ,! ,greeks receiv$ f ! ,?racians & assimilat$ to _! own purposes ! wor%ip ( ,dionysos1 j z1 9 all probability1 !y receiv$ ! p]sonality & wor%ip ( ,ares & ! ,muses4 ,( ?is assimilation we _c give any fur!r p>ticul>s2 x took place 9 a p]iod ly+ be=e ! beg9n+s ( hi/orical tradition4 ,9 ?is p]iod a multiplicity ( sep>ate t5d5cies & conceptions1 freely m+l$ ) features borr[$ f =eign cre$s1 7 weld$ toge!r to =m ! religion ( ,greece4 ,hom] is already acqua9t$ ) ! fanatical wor%ip ( ,dionysos2 ! god is call$ by ! "n "u :i* ,greek wor%ipp]s made !mselves famili> ) ! /rang]4#ai ,b 9 ,hom]1 ,dionysos appe>s only once or twice = a mom5t 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,he is n ! b\ntiful giv] ( w9e2 he does n belong to ! ,r\nd ,table ( ! great gods assembl$ on ,olympos4 ,n[h]e 9 ! /ory told 9 ei!r ( ! ,hom]ic poems does he influ5ce ! life & de/9y ( human be+s4 ,!re is no ne$ to seek f> = ! reason ( ,dionysos' subord9ate position 9 ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey4 ,hom]'s sil5ce makes x q pla9 t at t "t ! ,?racian god _h n yet em]g$ f a position ( insignificance or m]ely local importance 9 ! life & fai? ( ,greece4 ,nor is ?is h>d to und]/&2 ! cult ( ,dionysos only gradually won recognition 9 ,greece4 ,_m leg5ds tell ( ! battles t _h to be f\ght by ! new wor%ip & ( ! opposition t met ! invad]4 ,we he> h[ ! ,dionysiac fr5zy & ! ek/asis ( ! ,dionysiac dance-fe/ival took possession ( ! :ole female population ( _m di/ricts ( ,c5tral ,greece & ! ,peloponnese4#bi ,sometimes a few wom5 w\ld v5ture to jo9 ! w&]+ *oruses ( wild ,bac*ants :o danc$ ^u ! m\nta9 tops2 "h & !re ! k+ ( ! l& w\ld oppose ! progress ( ?is tumultu\s wor%ip4 ,su* /ories are told ( ! daught]s ( ,m9yas 9 ,or*om5os1 ( ,proitos 9 ,tiryns1 ( ,k+ ,p5!us at ,!bes1 & ,p]seus at ,argos2#ci _! opposition to ! ,dionysiac =m ( wor%ip1 occurr+ 9 #bhc reality at no precise date1 assum$ a deceptive di/9ctness 9 ! artificial sy/ems ( ! my?ologi/s & develop$ ! "* ( hi/orical ev5ts4 ,9 reality :at we are told ( ^! individuals--h[ ! oppon5ts ( ,dionysos !mselves fell into ev5 wild] fr5zy & 9 ,bac*ic delirium slew & tore 9 pieces _! own *ildr5 in/ead ( ! victim-animal1 or 7z 9 ! case ( ,p5!us7 became !mselves ! victim sla9 & torn 9 pieces by ! rag+ wom5--all ?is belongs to ! class ( tiological my?4 ,!y are leg5ds 9 :i* special features ( wor%ip 7= example1 ! exi/+ or dimly rememb]$ sacrifice ( human be+s at ! fea/s ( ,dionysos7 are provid$ ) a my?ical prototype 9 ! suppos$ hi/orical pa/ ( my?ology1 & ?us receive _! ju/ification4#di ,/ill1 !re rema9s a sub/ratum ( hi/orical fact und]ly+ su* /ories4 ,!y all presuppose t ! cult ( ,dionysos arriv$ f abroad & ent]$ into ,greece z some?+ =eign4 ,?is presupposition notori\sly corresponds to ! actual facts ( ! case1 & we are b\nd to assume t ! acc\nt :i* !y imm$iately proce$ to give ( ! viol5t opposition :i* ?is cult1 & only ?is cult1 met ) 9 _m p>ts ( ,greece1 is n pure fiction4#ei ,we are oblig$ to recognize t su* /ories pres]v$ a trace ( real hi/orical memory express$ 9 ! "o =m :i* 0 inv>iably assum$ by ! e>lie/ ,greek tradition1 namely my?ology1 9 :i* all ! accid5ts & v>ieties ( e>?ly exp]i5ce 7 cond5s$ into types ( univ]sal applicability4 ,x 0 !n n )\t opposition1 x appe>s1 t ! wor%ip ( ,dionysos1 desc5d+ f ! nor? into ,boeotia1 spread f !nce to ! ,peloponnese & at an e>ly p]iod invad$ ev5 "s ( ! isl&s z well4 ,9 tru?1 ev5 if we _h no evid5ce at all on ! po9t1 we %\ld h expect$ ! ,greeks to feel a pr(\nd repugnance to ?is disord]ly & tumultu\s ,?racian wor%ip2 a deep-seat$ in/9ct mu/ 9 _! case h resi/$ su* extravagance ( emotional excitem5t & refus$ to lose itself 9 ! limitless abyss ( m]e feel+4 ,?is un*eck$ roam+ ov] ! m\nta9 sides 9 nocturnal revelry might be suitable en\gh = ,?racian wom5-folk1 b respectable ,greek citiz5s c\ld n give !mselves up to su* ?+s )\t a /ruggle--)\t1 inde$1 a break ) all inh]it$ propriety & decorum4#fi ,x seems to h be5 ! wom5 :o 7 ! fir/ to give 9 to ! invad+ wor%ip1#gi c>ri$ away 9 a real fr5zy ( inspir$ en?usiasm1 & ! new cult may really h ow$ its fir/ success *iefly to !m4 ,:at we are told ( ! irresi/ible progress & widespread success#hi ( ! #bhd ,bac*ic dance-wor%ip & its exaltation rem9ds u ( ! ph5om5a :i* h att5d$ simil> religi\s epidemics su* z h 9 m rec5t times occasionally bur/ out & ov]fl[$ :ole c\ntries4 ,we may 9 p>ticul> recall to m9d ! acc\nts :i* we h ( ! viol5t & widespread dance-madness :i*1 soon aft] ! sev]e m5tal & physical %ock suff]$ by ,europe 9 ! ,black ,dea? ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 broke out on ! ,rh9e & = c5turies c\ld n be entirely /amp$ out4 ,^? :o 7 attack$ by ! fev] 7 driv5 by an irresi/ible impulse to dance4 ,! by/&]s1 9 convulsions ( sympa!tic & imitative fury jo9$ 9 ! :irl+ dance !mselves4 ,?us ! malady 0 spread by contagion1 & soon :ole companies ( m51 wom51 & girls1 w&]$ danc+ ?r\gh ! c\ntry4 ,9 spite ( ! insuffici5cy ( ! surviv+ records1 ! religi\s "* ( ?is dance-en?usiasm is unmi/akably app>5t4 ,! ,*ur* reg>d$ x z a h]esy4 ,! danc]s call$ ^u ! "n ( ,/4 ,john or ( c]ta9 demons2 halluc9ations & visions ( a religi\s nature accompani$ _! ec/asies4#ii ,c x h be5 ano!r su* popul> religi\s malady :i* attack$ ,greece--p]haps 9 ! tra9 ( ! di/urbance ( spiritual equilibrium caus$ by ! de/ructive migrations :i* take _! "n f ! ,dorians8 ,! circum/ances ( ! "t mu/ h pr$ispos$ m5's m9ds 9 t direction & made !m ready to accept ! ,?racian ,dionysos & 8 en?usia/ic dance-wor%ip4 ,9 any case ?is invasion did n1 l its m$ival c\nt]p>t1 break d[n by com+ into conflict ) a well-e/abli%$ religion & an exclusive ecclesia/ical organization ( a v diff]5t temp] f its own4 ,9 ! deceptive twilight ( my? we c only dimly disc]n ! arrival & progress ( ! ,dionysiac religion 9 ,greece4 ,b s mu* at lea/ is evid5t3 ! ,bac*ic cult1 ?\gh x _h to ov]come _m ob/acles1 at la/ e/abli%$ itself 9 ,greece & triumphantly ov]ran bo? ma9l& & isl&s1 until 9 ! c\rse ( "t x obta9$ a pr(\nd & f>-rea*+ importance 9 ,greek life ( :i* ,hom] c\ld sc>cely give a h9t4 #b ,x 0 no long] simply ! old ,?racian ,dionysos :o n[ took 8 place beside ! o!r great gods ( ! ,greek ,olympos z "o ( !mselves4 ,he _h become ,hell5iz$ & humaniz$ 9 ! meantime4 ,cities & /ates celebrat$ him 9 ye>ly fe/ivals z ! giv] ( ! v9e's inspir+ fruit1 z #bhe ! daimonic patron ( vegetation1 & ! :ole ( ,nature's ri* & fl\ri%+ gr[?4 ,he 0 wor%ipp$ z ! inc>nation ( all natural life & vig\r 9 ! fulle/ & wide/ s5se3 z ! typical expon5t ( ! mo/ eag] enjoym5t ( life4 ,ev5 ,art1 ! highe/ expression ( ! c\rage & pride ( life1 drew mu* ( its inspiration & its aspiration t[>ds ! inf9ite f ! wor%ip ( ,dionysos2 & ! drama1 t supreme a*ievem5t ( ,greek poetry1 arose out ( ! *oruses ( ! ,dionysiac fe/ival4 ,n[ ! art ( ! actor consi/s 9 ent]+ into a /range p]sonality1 & 9 speak+ & act+ out ( a "* n 8 own4 ,at bottom x reta9s a pr(\nd & ultimate connexion ) its mo/ primitive s\rce--t /range p[] ( transfus+ ! self into ano!r be+ :i* ! really inspir$ p>ticipator 9 ! ,dionysiac revels a*iev$ 9 8 ek/asis4 ,! ess5tial features ( ! god z he fir/ arriv$ 9 ,greece f =eign l&s1 9 spite ( mu* alt]ation & trans=mation ( ! primitive type1 7 ?us n entirely lo/4 ,!re rema9$ also1 9 addition to ! *e]ful fe/ivity ( ! daylight wor%ip ( ,dionysos1 z x 0 celebrat$ m p>ticul>ly 9 ,a!ns1 c]ta9 ve/iges ( ! old ec/atic wor%ip :i* drove m5 & wom5 ov] ! m\nta9s 9 nocturnal revelry4 ,9 _m places !re 7 /ill celebrat$ ! triet]ic fe/ivals#aji 9 :i* at recurr5t int]vals ! ,epiphany ( ,dionysos1 8 appe>ance 9 ! _w ( m5 & asc5t f ! und]world1 0 9999solemniz$ by night4 ,! primitive "* ( ,dionysos ! ,"l ( ,spirits & ( ! ,s\ls ( ! dead--a v diff]5t figure inde$ f ! t5d] & delicate ,w9e-,god ( lat] times--0 /ill obscurely pres5t 9 _m features ( ! ,dionysiac fe/ivals1 9 ^? ( ,delphi especially1 b ev5 to "s ext5t at ,a!ns too4#aai ,! ec/asy & ! viol5ce1 ev5 ! d>k savag]y ( ! anci5t cult did n q die out 9 ! mid/ ( all ! ref9em5ts ( ,greek civilization2 recognizable traces ( su* ?+s 7 pres]v$ 9 ! ,nuktelia & ,agrionia & 9 ! v>i\s triet]ic fe/ivals t 7 (f]$ to ! god 9 _m diff]5t localities4#abi ,9 ,greece ! awful god receiv$ ! blood ( human victims4#aci ,nor did ! outw>d signs ( deliri\s fr5zy1 su* z ! eat+ ( raw fle%1 ! kill+ & te>+ 9 pieces ( snakes1 entirely disappe>4#adi ,s little inde$1 did ! ,bac*ic fr5zy t c\ld exalt & lift ! wor%ipp] to communion ) ! god & 8 tra91 disappe> be=e ! g5tl] attractions ( ! graci\s w9e-god & 8 fe/ival1 t ! rav+ & possession :i* *>act]iz$ ! cult ( ,dionysos 7 #bhf n[ actually reg>d$ by =eign peoples z ! ess5tially ,hell5ic =m ( ! wor%ip ( ! god4#aei ,?us1 a sympa!tic und]/&+ ( ! orgia/ic cult & its trem5d\s capabilities liv$ on4 ,! ,bac*ants ( ,euripides /ill pres]ves = u a brea? ( its magic1 a trace ( ! en?usiasm & exaltation t ov]:elm$ ! s5ses & en?rall$ ! w & consci\sness ( ^? :o gave !mselves up to ! p[]ful ,dionysiac influ5ce4 ,l an irresi/ible curr5t t ov]:elms a swimm] or l ! my/]i\s helplessness t fru/rates ! dream]1 ! magic p[] emanat+ f ! neighb\rhood ( ! god took complete possession ( ! wor%ipp] & drove him :i!r x will$4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! _w 0 trans=m$ = him2 he himself 0 alt]$4 ,e "* 9 ! play falls "u ! spell z soon z he ent]s into ! magic circle4 ,ev5 ! mod]n read] :o turns ov] ! pages ( ,euripides' poem feels some?+ ( t /range p[] to subdue ! s\l wield$ by ! ,dionysiac my/]ies & exp]i5ces 9 8 own p]son a fa9t reflexion ( ^! extraord9>y /ates ( m9d4 ,probably z a result ( ?is pr(\nd ,dionysiac fev] :i* _h once rag$ ?r\gh ,greece l an epidemic & 0 liable to p]iodic returns 9 ! nocturnal fe/ivals ( ! god1 !re rema9$ 9 ! con/itution ( ! ,greek p a c]ta9 morbid weakness1 a susceptibility to sudd5ly appe>+ & z sudd5ly disappe>+ crises 9 :i* ! normal p[]s ( p]ceiv+ & feel+ 7 tempor>ily ov]?r[n4 ,a few /ray acc\nts h come d[n to u 9 :i* we read h[ su* brief attacks ( pass+ insanity ran ?r\gh :ole cities l an infecti\s disease4#afi ,! ,korybantic =m ( ! malady1 :i* 0 religi\s 9 "*#agi & took its "n f ! daimonic companions ( ! ,phrygian ,m\nta9 ,"m1 0 a ph5om5on q well-kn[n to doctors & psy*ologi/s4 ,^? affect$ by su* fev]s saw /range figures t correspond$ to no objective reality1 & he>d ! s\nd ( invisible flutes1 until at la/ !y 7 excit$ to ! highe/ pit* ( fr5zy & 7 seiz$ ) a viol5t desire to dance4#ahi ,! initiation fe/ivals ( ! ,phrygian deities 7 specially direct$ to ! dis*>ge & s ev5tually to ! cure & purgation ( su* emotional /ates2 ! means employ$ be+ pr9cipally dance & music--m especially ! music compos$ = ! flute by ! old ,phrygian ma/]s2 music t c\ld fill ! s\l ) inspiration 9 suitably dispos$ natures4#aii ,by su* me?ods ! ec/atic elem5t 0 n simply suppress$ or expell$1 x 0 tak5 #bhg up z a special discipl9>y process by ! physician-prie/hood :o recogniz$ 9 x a vital movem5t & add$ x to ! regul> wor%ip ( ! god4 ,9 a simil> fa%ion ,greece 9 its mo/ enlight5$ p]iod accept$ & practis$ ! en?usia/ic cult ( ,dionysos4 ,ev5 ! tumultu\s night-fe/ivals ( ! ,?racian god--fe/ivals closely relat$ to ^? ( ,phrygia f :i* !y _h borr[$ & to :i* !y _h giv5 s _m features--7 made to s]ve ! purgation ( ! ec/atically exalt$ s\l4 ,! wor%ipp] 9 su* fe/ivals initiat$ 8 s\l into ! company ( ! god 9 holy purifications1 :ile he rag$ ov] ! m\nta9s 9 ,bac*ic fr5zy4#bji ,! purification consi/$ 9 ?is case1 too1 ( viol5t excitem5t 9 :i* ! s\l 0 /imulat$ to ! highe/ pit* ( religi\s ec/asy4 ,dionysos z ,bak*eus awoke ! holy madness :i* he himself aga91 aft] x _h rea*$ its highe/ po9t ( int5sity1 /ill$ & tranquilliz$ z ,lysios & ,meili*ios4#bai ,! old ,?racian cult ( ec/asy has "h be5 modifi$ 9 a fa%ion t belong$ only to ,greek soil & to ,greek modes ( ?\ght4 ,leg5d1 allegoriz+ ! facts1 ?rew back ?is f9al developm5t ( ! ,dionysiac wor%ip into ! remote/ antiquity4 ,ev5 ,hesiodic poems#bbi relat$ h[ ! daught]s ( ,k+ ,proitos ( ,tiryns w&]$ 9 ! holy fr5zy ( ,dionysos#bci ov] ! m\nta9 ( ,peloponnesus1 until at la/ !y & all ! 9999multitude ( wom5 :o _h jo9$ !m 7 heal$ & purifi$ by ,melamp\s ! ,se] ( ,pylos fam$ 9 leg5d4#bdi ,! cure 0 effect$ ?r\gh ! int5sification ( ! ,dionysiac fr5zy ) l\d cry+ & inspir$ danc+1#bei &1 fur!r1 by ! use ( c]ta9 special purificatory devices4#bfi ,melamp\s did n put an end to ! ,dionysiac cult & its en?usiasm2 he r regulat$ & develop$ x4 ,= ?is reason ,h]odotus c ev5 call him ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,dionysiac cult 9 ,greece4#bgi ,leg5d1 h[ev]1 always recogniz$ 9 ?is f\nd] ( ! ,dionysiac fe/ival an adh]5t ( ! specifically ,apoll9e =m ( religion4 ,apollo _h fav\r$ him especially1 & be/[$ ^u him ! ,se]%ip :i* became ance/ral 9 8 family4#bhi ,leg5d us$ him z a type 9 :i* ! reconciliation betwe5 ! ,apoll9e & ! ,dionysiac 0 figuratively express$4 ,! reconciliation is an hi/orical fact1 b x did n happ5 9 ! primitive pa/ ( leg5d4 ,x is a fact1 h[ev]1 t ,apollo did at la/1 d\btless aft] prolong$ resi/ance1 ent] into ! close/ alliance ) ?is rem>kable div9e bro!r ( 81 ! ,hell5iz$ ,dionysos4 #bhh ,! cov5ant mu/ h be5 made at ,delphi4 ,!re at lea/ on ! heights ( ,p>nasos1 9 ! ,korykian ,cave1 ! triet]ic fe/ival ( ,dionysos 0 held e second ye> 9 ! close neighb\rhood ( ,apollo ! ,"l ( ,delphi4 ,nay1 m1 9 ,apollo's own temple ! grave ( ,dionysos 0 %[n1#bii & at ?is grave1 :ile ! ,?yiades ( ! god ru%$ ov] ! m\nta9 heights1 ! prie/s ( ,apollo celebrat$ a secret fe/ival ( _! own4#cji ,! fe/al ye> ( ,delphi 0 divid$1 ?\gh unequally x is true1 betwe5 ,apollo & ,dionysos4#cai ,to su* an ext5t _h ,dionysos tak5 root at ,delphi1#cbi s closely 7 ! two gods relat$1 t :ile ! front p$im5t ( ! temple %[$ ! =m ( ,apollo1 ! back p$im5t repres5t$ ,dionysos--& ! ,dionysos ( ! nocturnal ec/atic revels4 ,apollo1 too1 %>$ 9 ! triet]ic fe/ival ( ,dionysos1#cci :ile ,dionysos 9 lat] times at ! p5tet]ic fe/ival ( ! ,py?ia1 receiv$1 z well z ,apollo1 8 %>e ( sacrifice & ! conte/s ( cyclic *oruses4#cdi ,! two div9ities h _m ( _! titles & attributes 9 common2 9 ! end ! di/9ction betwe5 !m seems to disappe> entirely4#cei ,antiquity nev] =got t at ,delphi1 ! radiat+ c5tre ( 8 cult1 ,apollo 0 an intrud]4 ,among ! old] deities :om he supplant$ !re1 ! "n ( ,dionysos also occurr$2#cfi b ! ,delphic prie/hood ?\ght x wise to tol]ate ! ,?racian god & 8 ec/atic cult t at fir/ seem$ s oppos$ to t ( _! own deity4 ,dionysos may h be5 too vigor\s a _s to all[ 8 wor%ip to be suppress$ l t ( ! ,e>? div9ity :o s5t ! prophetic dreams4 ,apollo is ! ,"l ( ,delphi2 b ! prie/hood ( ! ,delphic ,apollo1 foll[+ 9 ?is ! t5d5cy to religi\s syncretism :i* is s recognizable 9 !m1 took ! wor%ip ( ,dionysos "u _! protection4 ,! ,delphic ,oracle 9 fact introduc$ ,dionysos into localities :]e he _h hi!rto be5 a /rang]1 & n[h]e s successfully or ) su* mom5t\s consequ5ces z at ,a!ns4#cgi ,x 0 ?is promot+ ( ! ,dionysiac =m ( religion by ! great corporation :i* _h ! lead]%ip 9 ,greece 9 all matt]s ( religion1 t did m ?an any?+ else to secure = ! god & 8 wor%ip t pr(\nd1 wide-rea*+ influ5ce on ,greek religion t ,hom]1 :o kn[s little ev5 ( ! ,delphic ,oracle1 completely ignores4 ,b x 0 a g5tl] & m civiliz$ ,dionysos :om ,delphi popul>iz$ & ev5 help$ to re-%ape2 ! extravagance ( 8 ec/atic ab&onm5t 0 prun$ & mod]at$ #bhi to suit ! m sob] temp] ( ord9>y city-life1 & ! bright]1 daylight fe/ivals ( urban & c\ntryside wor%ip4 ,h>dly a trace ( ! old ,?racian wor%ip ( ec/asy & exaltation is discov]able 9 ! ,dionysiac wor%ip ( ,a!ns4 ,9 o!r places1 & especially 9 ! di/ricts rul$ ov] by ! ,delphic ,apollo himself1 ,dionysiac wor%ip pres]v$ m ( its primitive nocturnal wildness4 ,ev5 ,a!ns1 9 ob$i5ce to an oracul> comm&1 s5t a religi\s embassy ( elect$ wom5 to ! ,delphic ,triet]ia4 ,x is pla9 en\gh h[ev]1 t 9 all ?is !re 0 no?+ b a dim c\nt]p>t ( ! =m] tumultu\s m\nta9-wor%ip ( ! god1 & its pr(\nd s\l-/irr+ c]emonies2 ! wor%ip ( ,a!ns & ,delphi _h r$uc$ all t to a vague ritual traditionalism4#chi #c ,b 9 spite ( all attempts to mod]ate & civilize x outw>dly1 ! cult ( ,dionysos reta9$ z its mo/ endur+ feature a t5d5cy to ! ec/atic & ! extravagant t 0 cont9ually break+ out 9 ?reat5+ or allur+ guise4 ,s /rong inde$ 0 ! ec/atic elem5t 9 ,dionysiac wor%ip1 t :5 ! ,apoll9e & ,dionysiac =ms ( religion became unit$1 z at ,delphi1 x 0 ! ,apoll9e wor%ip--once s ho/ile to any?+ 9 ! nature ( ec/asy--t _h to accept ?is entirely novel feature4 ,! prophecy ( inspiration1 d]iv+ its k ( ! unse5 f an elevation ( ! human s\l to ! div9e1 0 n always a "p ( ,greek religion4 ,hom]1 ( c\rse1 kn[s ( ! prophetic art 9 :i* specially in/ruct$ se]s expla9$ su* signs ( ! gods' w z occurr$ accid5tally or 7 purposely s\ght out by m51 & by ?is means claim$ to discov] ! w ( heav5 bo? at ! mom5t & = ! future4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 ! sort ( prophecy t ,apollo be/[$ ^u 8 se]s4#cii ,b ! prophecy ( :i* !re 0 no art & :i* no man c\ld be taught#dji 7= x came 9 a mom5t by inspiration7--( ?is ,hom] %[s no trace4#dai ,9 addition to pr(essional & indep5d5tly work+ prophets ! ,odyssey1 & ev5 ! ,iliad1 too1 are aw>e ( ! enclos$ oracul> in/itutions belong+ to ! temple ( ,zeus at ,dodona & t ( ,apollo at ,py?o4#dbi ,bo? ^! us$ ! names ( ! gods ) ^: s]vice !y 7 conc]n$ to increase ! effect & ! cr$it ( _! utt]ances4 ,9 ! ,odyssey 7b n ! ,iliad7 !re is a ref]5ce to ! influ5ce wield$ by ! oracle ( ,apollo 9 ! m important circum/ances ( a p's #bij life4 ,b :e!r at t "t x 0 an inspir$ prophetess :o gave replies at ,delphi we _c be sure f ! poet's words4 ,!re mu/ h be5 oracles ( sortilege#dci at t place f an e>ly p]iod "u ! protection ( ! god & x is ^! we %\ld naturally expect a poet to mean :o n[h]e#ddi %[s any k ( ! /rik+ ph5om5a ( ec/atic mantik4#dei ,9 any case ?is new mantik ( inspir$ prophets1 :i* subsequ5tly enjoy$ su* enorm\s developm5t & gave ! ,delphic oracle su* peculi> p[]1 0 a late-com+ innovation 9 ! ,apoll9e cult4 ,ov] ! *asm 9 ! rock at ,py?o1 out ( :i* arose a /range & pot5t vap\r f ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 !re _h once exi/$ an oracle ( ,gaia at :i* p]haps inquir]s _h receiv$ _! in/ruction ?r\gh ! means ( premonitory dreams by night4#dfi ,! e>?-goddess 0 displac$ by ,apollo "h z at _m o!r oracul> sites4#dgi ,! accuracy ( ?is tradition is confirm$ by ! ,delphic temple leg5d :i* speaks ( ! ov]?r[ ( ! oracul> e>?-_s ,py?on by ,apollo4#dhi ,! *ange may h be5 gradually br\ght ab\t2 9 any case1 :]e once ! e>?-div9ity _h spok5 directly 9 dreams to ! s\ls ( m51 !re ,apollo n[ prophesi$--no long] indirectly ?r\gh ! int]v5+ m$ium ( signs & om5s1 b directly answ]+ ^? :o1 9 op5-ey$ wakefulness1 inquir$ ( him1 & speak+ to !m out ( ! m\? ( 8 ec/atically inspir$ prophetess4 ,?is ,delphic prophecy ( inspiration is z f> remov$ f ! old ,apoll9e art ( int]pret+ om5s z x is closely alli$ to ! mantik :i* we f\nd atta*$ f ! e>lie/ times to ! ,?racian cult ( ,dionysos4#dii ,x appe>s t 9 ,greece ,dionysos b r>ely obta9$ an (ficial prie/hood t c\ld h organiz$ or ma9ta9$ a p]man5t oracul> in/itute atta*$ to a p>ticul> place or temple4 ,9 ! "o ,dionysiac oracle 9 ,greece1 h[ev]1 ( :i* we h c]ta9 k a prie/ gave prophecies 9 a /ate ( en?usiasm & possession by ! god4#eji ,en?usiasm & ec/asy are inv>iably ! means ( ! ,dionysiac prophecy j z !y 7 ! means ( all ,dionysiac religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,:5 we f9d ,apollo 9 ,delphi itself--! place :]e he mo/ closely alli$ himself ) ,dionysos--des]t+ 8 old om5-int]pretation & turn+ to ! prophecy ( ek/asis1 we _c h mu* d\bt z to :5ce ,apollo got ?is new ?+4#eai ,) ! mantic ek/asis1 ,apollo receiv$ a ,dionysiac elem5t into 8 own religion4 ,h5ce=w>d1 he1 ! cold1 #bia alo(1 sob] deity ( =m] times1 c be address$ by titles t imply ,bac*ic excitem5t & self-ab&onm5t4 ,he is n[ ! en?usia/ic1 ! ,bac*ic god3 ,aes*ylus /rik+ly calls him ivy-cr[n$ ,apollo1 ! ,bac*ic-fr5zi$ prophet 7fr4 #cda74 ,x is n[ ,apollo1 :o m ?an any o!r god1 calls =? 9 m5's s\ls ! madness#ebi t makes !m clairvoyant & enables !m to "k hidd5 ?+s4 ,at n a few places !re are f\nd$ oracul> sites at :i* prie/s or prie/esses 9 fr5zi$ ec/asy utt] :at ,apollo puts into _! m\?s4 ,b ! ,py?ian oracle rema9$ ! patt]n ( !m all4 ,!re1 prophecy 0 utt]$ by ! ,py?ia1 ! y\?ful prie/ess :o sat ^u ! tripod ov] ! e>?-*asm & 0 inspir$ by ! intoxicat+ vap\r t arose f x1 until %e 0 fill$ ) ! god1 & ) 8 _s4#eci ,! god1 s ran ! belief1 ent]$ into ! e>?ly body2 or else ! s\l ( ! prie/ess1 releas$ f h] body1 receiv$ ! heav5ly revelation ) spiritual s5se4#edi ,:at %e !n ) fr5zi$ m\? proclaim$1 t ! god spoke out ( h]2 :5 %e said ,i1 ,apollo 0 speak+ ( himself & ( :at conc]n$ him4#eei ,x is ! god :o lives1 ?9ks1 & speaks 9 h] s long z ! madness la/s4 #d ,a pr(\nd & compell+ t5d5cy ( ! human m9d mu/ h be5 ! s\rce ( ! great religi\s movem5t t c\ld succe$ 9 e/abli%+1 ) ! ec/atic prophecy ( ! ,delphic prie/ess1 a se$ ( my/icism 9 ! v he>t ( ,greek religion4 ,! introduction ( ek/asis into ! ord]$ /ability ( ! ,delphic mode ( religion 0 only a symptom ( t religi\s movem5t & n its cause4 ,b n[1 confirm$ by ! god himself1 & by ! exp]i5ce :i* ! mantic practice seem$ to make s evid5t1 ! new belief1 s long famili> to ,dionysiac religion & wor%ip1 mu/ h at la/ invad$ ! old] & orig9al type ( ,greek religion1 & tak5 hold ( x 9 spite ( t religion's natural antipa?y to any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,& ?is belief 0 t a highly exalt$ /ate ( feel+ c\ld raise man above ! normal level ( 8 limit$1 ev]yday consci\sness1 & c\ld elevate him to heights ( vision & k unlimit$2 t1 fur!r1 to ! human s\l x 0 n d5i$1 9 v tru? & n 9 va9 fancy1 to live = a mom5t ! life ( div9ity4 ,?is belief is ! f\nta9-head ( all my/icism1 & tradition /ill records a few traces ( ! way 9 :i* x grew & spread at t "t4 #bib ,x is true t ! =mal & (ficial wor%ip ( ! gods 9 ,greece 7:]e _! cults 7 n obvi\sly affect$ by =eign influ5ce7 rema9$ z fa/-b\nd z ev] )9 ! conf9es ( ord] & lucidity4 ,we he> v little ( ! entrance ( ec/atic exaltation into ! con/itution ( ! old] cults4#efi ,! irresi/ible religi\s impulse to su* ?+s f\nd an outlet ?r\gh o!r *annels4 ,m5 & wom5 began to appe> :o on _! own initiative began to act z int]m$i>ies betwe5 ! gods & ! ne$s ( individual m54 ,!y 7 natures1 we mu/ suppose1 ( unusual susceptibility to en?usia/ic exaltation2 hav+ a /range capacity = project+ !mselves into ! inf9ite4 ,no?+ 9 ! organization ( ,greek religion prev5t$ su* m5 & wom51 if !y c\ld n obta9 au?ority f any religi\s community ( ! /ate itself1 f acquir+ a real influ5ce 9 religi\s matt]s simply f _! own exp]i5ce ( div9e fav\r1#egi _! own inw>d communion ) div9e p[]s4 ,9 ! d>kness & f]m5t ( ?is p]iod ( gr[?1 f ! eigh? to ! six? c5turies1 we c vaguely disc]n _m su* %ad[y figures2 !y look uncommonly l ^? /range products ( ! e>lie/ infancy ( ,*ri/ianity :5 prophets1 ascetics1 & exorci/s w&]$ f l& to l&1 call$ to _! "w by no?+ b ! imm$iate grace ( god 7*a_/risma71 & n atta*$ to any p]man5t religi\s community4 ,x is true t :at we he> ( ,sibyls & ,bakides--m5 & wom5 :o w&]$ f l& to l& prophesy+ ! future1 indep5d5tly ( & uncommission$ by any p>ticul> oracul> in/itute--is mo/ly leg5d2 b ^! are ! sort ( leg5ds t pres]ve real hi/orical tradition cond5s$ into s+le types & pictures4 ,! nom5clature itself tells u mu*3 ,sibyls & ,bakides are n individual names1 b titles belong+ to v>i\s types#ehi ( ec/atic prophet1 & we are entitl$ to suppose t ! types s nam$ once exi/$4 ,! appe>ance 9 _m places ( ,greek ,asia ,m9or & ! old ma9l& ( ,greece ( su* div9ely inspir$ prophets is among ! di/+ui%+ m>ks ( a cle>ly def9$ p]iod 9 ,greek hi/ory2 ! age ( promise t came imm$iately be=e ! philosophic p]iod ( ,greece4 ,! lat] age1 entirely giv5 up z x 0 to ! pursuit ( philosophic enlight5m5t1 made s little claim to ! inh]itance 9 _! own "t ( ! div9e fav\r t _h once enabl$ ! ,sibyls & ,bakides to see _! visions & utt] _! wisdom1 t !re actually began to appe> 9 l>ge numb]s prophets at second-h&1 :o 7 satisfi$ #bic ) pres]v+ ! traditional wisdom ( ! inspir$ prophets ( ! pa/1 & ) ! judici\s int]pretation ( _! treasures4#eii ,! age ( en?usia/ic prophets 0 evid5tly a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,! v lit]ature ( ,sibyll9e & ,bakid oracles1 :i* began to appe> j at t "t & %[$ itself capable ( an almo/ indef9ite ext5sion1 0 itself l>gely responsible = ! veil ( my? & leg5d :i* completely envelop$ ! orig9al be>]s ( ! prophetic title4 ,e>li] & e>li] became ! hi/oric ev5ts ( ! pa/ :i* !y _h =etold2 fur!r & fur!r into ! my?ical pa/1 be=e ! "t ( ! ev5ts prophesi$1 rec$$ ! imag9>y p]iod ( ! great prophets4#fji ,9 spite ( :i* ! sci5tific *ronologi/s ( antiquity1 :o 7 f> f be+ impos$ ^u by ! delusive anticipations ( prophetic poems1 f\nd reason = fix+ ! date ( p>ticul> ,sibyls--:i* means = our purpose ! :ole prophetic age ( ,greece--9 ! fully hi/orical p]iod ( ! eigh? & sev5? c5turies4#fai ,we may recognize1 9 :at we he> ( ^! prophets1 ! %ad[y repres5tatives ( a once real & liv+ pa/2 !y are rem9isc5ces ( a /rik+ & !re=e nev] q =gott5 phase ( ,greek religi\s life4 ,! ,bakids & ,sibyls 7 indep5d5t ag5ts--?\gh n entirely )\t connexion ) ! regul> wor%ip ( ! gods1 !y 7 n atta*$ to any p>ticul> temple--:o w&]$ f l& to l& accord+ to ! ne$s ( ^? :o s\ght _! c\nsel4 ,9 ?is respect1 at lea/1 !y resembl$ ! ,hom]ic om5-int]pret]s1#fbi & cont9u$ _! "w2 b !y diff]$ f !m pr(\ndly 9 ! mode ( _! prophesy+4 ,!y 7 seiz$ by ! god & 9 ec/atic clairvoyance saw & proclaim$ unse5 ?+s4 ,x 0 no academic skill t !y possess$1 enabl+ !m to int]pret ! mean+ ( signs & om5s t anyone c\ld see--!y saw :at 0 visible only to ,god & to ! s\l ( man fill$ ) ,god4#fci ,9 ho>se tones & wild words#fdi ! ,sibyl gave utt]ance to :at ! div9e impell+ p[] )9 h] & n h] own arbitr>y fancy sugge/$2 possess$ by ! god1 %e spoke 9 a div9e di/raction4 ,an e*o ( su* daimonic possession1 & ( ! horrible reality & t]ror t x _h = ! possess$1 c /ill be he>d 9 ! cries & convulsions :i* ,aes*ylus 9 ! ,agamemnon gives to 8 ,kass&ra--a true picture ( ! primitive ,sibyl1 & a type t ! poets ( t prophetic g5]ation _h reflect$ backw>ds into ! e>li] pa/ ( leg5d4#fei #bid #e ,! activity ( ! se] 0 n conf9$ to =esee+ & =etell+ ! future4 ,we he> ( a ,bakis :o purifi$ & deliv]$ ! wom5 ( ,sp>ta f an attack ( madness t _h spread l an epidemic among !m4#ffi ,! prophetic age ( ,greece mu/ h se5 ! orig9 ( :at lat] became "p ( ! regul> duties ( ! se]3 ! cure ( diseases1 especially ^? ( ! m9d2#fgi ! av]t+ ( evil ( e k9d by v>i\s /range means1 & p>ticul>ly ! supply ( help & c\nsel by purifications ( a religi\s nature4#fhi ,! gift or art ( prophecy1 ! purification ( ! unclean1 ! heal+ ( disease1 all seem to be d]iv$ f "o s\rce4 ,nor c we be long 9 d\bt z to :at ! s+le s\rce ( ?is ?reefold capacity mu/ h be54 ,! _w ( invisible spirits surr\nd+ man1 :i* ord9>y folk "k only by its effects1 is famili> & accessible to ! ec/atic prophet1 ! ,mantis1 ! _s-se]4 ,z exorci/ he und]takes to heal disease2#fii ! ,ka?>tic process is also ess5tially & orig9ally an exorcism ( ! baleful influ5ces ( ! _s-_w4 ,! wide popul>ity & elaboration giv5 to ! notion--h>dly h9t$#gji at z yet 9 ,hom]--( ! univ]sally pres5t m5ace ( pollution1 :i* is only to be av]t$ or got rid ( by means ( a religi\s process ( purification--?is is "o ( ! *ief di/+ui%+ features ( ! ov]-anxi\s piety t m>k$ ! po/-,hom]ic age :5 m5 c\ld no long] be cont5t ) ! means ( salvation h&$ d[n to !m by _! fa!rs4 ,if we conf9$ our att5tion to ! fact t n[ we f9d purification requir$ = su* actions z murd] & ! spill+ ( blood :i* seem to imply a moral /a9 to ! do] ( !m1#gai we might be tempt$ to see 9 ! developm5t ( ,ka?>tic practices a fre% /ep 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greek e?ics1 & to suppose t ! new practices arose out ( a ref9em5t & deep5+ ( ! consci5ce :i* n[ desir$ to be free f ! ta9t ( s9 by ! help ( religion4 ,b su* an int]pretation ( ,ka?>sis 7fav\rite z x is7 is dispos$ ( by a consid]ation ( ! real ess5ce & mean+ ( ! ?+4 ,9 lat] times ! me?ods ( ,ka?>sis 7 ne>ly always 9 competition & conflict 7r>ely 9 fri5dly alliance7 ) consci5ce1 ) ! indep5d5tly develop$ e?ical ?\ght t bas$ itself ^u ! un*ang+ requirem5ts ( a moral law transc5d+ all p]sonal w & feel+1 & ev5 ! w ( daimonic p[]s4 ,9 its orig9 & ess5ce ,ka?>sis #bie _h no?+ :atev] to d ) morality or ) :at we %\ld call ! voice ( consci5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 x usurp$ ! place :i* 9 a m advanc$ & morally develop$ p w\ld h belong$ to a true morality bas$ on an inn] feel+ = :at is "r4 ,nor did x fail to h9d] ! free & unfett]$ developm5t ( su* a morality4 ,ka?>tic practices requir$ & impli$ no feel+ ( (f5ce1 ( p]sonal guilt1 ( p]sonal responsibility4 ,all t we "k ( ^! practices s]ves to br+ ?is out & set ! matt] 9 a cle>] light4 ,c]emonies ( purification accompany e /ep ( a man's life f ! cradle to ! grave4 ,! woman ) *ild is unclean & s is anyone :o t\*es h]2 ! new-born *ild is unclean2#gbi m>riage is f5c$ ab\t ) a s]ies ( purificatory rites2 ! dead1 & ev]y?+ t approa*es !m1 are unclean4 ,n[1 9 ^! in/ances ( ! common & almo/ daily occurr5ce ( purification c]emonies1 !re c be no moral /a9 involv$ t requires to be wa%$ (f1 n ev5 a symbolical "o4 ,equally little c !re be any :5 ritual purifications are employ$ aft] a bad dream1#gci ! occurr5ce ( a prodigy1#gdi recov]y f illness1 or :5 a p]son has t\*$ an (f]+ made to deities ( ! l[] _w or ! graves ( ! dead2 or :5 x is f\nd necess>y to purify h\se & he>?1#gei & ev5 fire & wat]#gfi = sacr$ or pr(ane purposes4 ,! purification ( ^? :o h %$ blood /&s on exactly ! same foot+4 ,x 0 necess>y ev5 = ^? :o _h kill$ a man ) j cause1 or _h committ$ homicide unkn[+ly or unwill+ly2 ! moral aspect ( su* cases1 ! guilt or innoc5ce ( ! do]1 is ignor$ or unp]ceiv$4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( prem$itat$ murd]1 ! remorse ( ! crim9al or 8 w to am5d#ggi is q sup]flu\s to ! efficacy ( purification4 ,x c\ld n be o!rwise4 ,! /a9 :i* is wip$ out by ^! my/]i\s & religi\s means is n )9 ! he>t ( man4 ,x cl+s to a man z some?+ ho/ile1 & f )\t1 & t c be spread f him to o!rs l an infecti\s disease4#ghi ,h5ce1 ! purification is effect$ by religi\s processes direct$ to ! ext]nal removal ( ! evil ?+2 x may be wa%$ (f 7z by wat] f a runn+ spr+ or f ! sea71 x may be viol5tly effac$ & oblit]at$ 7z by fire or ev5 smoke alone71 x may be absorb$ 7by wool1 fleece ( animals1 eggs71#gii etc4 ,x mu/ be some?+ ho/ile & dang]\s to m5 t is ?us remov$2 s9ce ?is some?+ c only be attack$ by #bif religi\s means1 x mu/ belong to ! daimonic _w to :i* alone ,religion & its means ( salvation h ref]5ce4 ,!re exi/s a population ( spirits ^: neighb\rhood or contact ) m5 r5d]s !n unclean1 = x gives !m ov] to ! p[] ( ! unholy4#hji ,anyone :o t\*es _! places ( abode1 or ! (f]+s made to !m1 falls "u _! spell2 !y may s5d him sickness1 insanity1 evils ( e k9d4 ,! prie/ ) 8 purifications is an exorci/ :o sets free ^? :o h fall5 victims to ! surr\nd+ p[]s ( d>kness4 ,he c]ta9ly fulfils ?is function :5 he disp]ses diseases1 i4e4 ! spirits :o s5d ! diseases1 by 8 m9i/rations2#hai :5 he employs 9 8 purificatory ritual hymns & incantatory =mul :i* regul>ly imply an invisibly li/5+ be+ to :om !y are address$2#hbi :5 he uses ! clang ( bronze in/rum5ts ^: well-kn[n prop]ty x is to drive away gho/s4#hci ,:]e human blood has be5 %$ & requires purification ! ,ka?>tic prie/ accompli%es ?is by driv+ out murd] ) murd]1#hdi i4e4 he lets ! blood ( a sacrific$ animal fall ov] ! h&s ( ! pollut$ p]son4 ,"h1 ! purification is pla9ly 9 ! nature ( a sub/itution-sacrifice 7! animal be+ (f]$ in/ead ( ! murd]]74#hei ,9 ?is way ! ang] ( ! dead is wa%$ away--= ?is ang] is itself ! pollution t is to be remov$4#hfi ,! fam\s scapegoats 7 no?+ b sacrifices (f]$ to appease ! ang] ( ! ,unse51 & !reby release a :ole city f pollution4 ,at ! ,?>gelia or on extraord9>y occasions ( ne$ 9 ,ionic cities1 & ev5 9 ,a!ns1 un=tunate m5 7 9 anci5t times sla9 or /on$ to dea? or burnt = ! purification ( ! city4#hgi ,ev5 ! mat]ials ( purification t 9 private life s]v$ to free ! individual & 8 h\se f ! claims ( invisible p[]s1 7 ?\ght ( z (f]+s to ^! p[]s3 ?is is prov$ cle>ly en\gh by ! cu/om ( remov+ su* mat]ials1 :5 !y _h s]v$ _! purpose z purifications1 to ! cross-roads1 & ( mak+ !m ov] to ! une>?ly spirits :o h _! be+ !re4 ,! mat]ials ( purification s treat$ are 9 fact id5tical ) (f]+s to ! dead or ev5 ) ,hekate's banquets4#hhi ,9 ?is case we c see mo/ cle>ly :at ! =ces are :i* ,ka?>tic processes ess5tially aim at av]t+4 ,9 !m no attempt 0 made to satisfy a he>tfelt consci\sness ( s9 or a moral s5se t has become delicate2 !y 7 mu* r ! result ( a sup]/iti\s fe> ( uncanny =ces surr\nd+ m5 & /ret*+ out aft] !m ) a ?\s& ?reat5+ h&s 9 ! d>kness4 #big ,x 0 ! mon/r\s phantasies ( _! own imag9ation t made m5 call ^u ! prie/s ( purification & expiation = mu*-ne$$ aid & protection4 #f ,x is simply ! invasion ( human life by ! s9i/] creatures ( ! daimonic _w t ! clairvoyant mantis is suppos$ to av]t ) 8 purifications4 ,among ^! s9i/] influ5ces ,hekate & h] crew are p>ticul>ly noticeable4 ,?is is )\t d\bt an anci5t product ( religi\s phantasy--?\gh x is n m5tion$ by ,hom]--:i* did n till a late p]iod em]ge f ! obscurity ( local obs]vance & obta9 g5]al popul>ity3 ev5 !n x only "h & !re ceas$ to be a private & dome/ic cult & rea*$ ! dignity ( public city-wor%ip4#hii ,! cult ( ,hekate fl$ ! light ( day1 z did ! wild f>rago ( weird & s9i/] phantoms t surr\nd$ h]4 ,%e is *?onic1 a goddess ( ! l[] _w1#iji :]e %e is at home2 b1 m easily ?an o!r l[]-_w creatures1 %e f9ds h] way to ! liv+ _w ( m54 ,:]ev] a s\l is ent]+ into p>tn]%ip ) a body--at bir? or 9 *ild b$--%e is at h&2#iai :]e a s\l is sep>at+ f a body1 9 burials ( ! dead1 %e is !re4 ,amid/ ! dwell+-places ( ! dep>t$1 ! monum5ts ( ! dead & ! gloomy ritual ( _! wor%ip1 %e is 9 h] elem5t4#ibi ,%e is ! que5 ( ! s\ls :o are /ill fa/ b\nd to ! upp] _w4 ,x %[s h] deep-seat$ connexion ) ! primeval wor%ip ( ! dead at ! h\sehold he>?1#ici :5 we he> ( ,hekate z dwell+ 9 ! dep? ( ! he>?1#idi & be+ hon\r$ toge!r ) ! und]world ,h]mes1 h] mascul9e c\nt]p>t1 among ! dome/ic gods :o 7 left to u by our =efa!rs4#iei ,?is dome/ic cult may be a legacy f times :5 9 famili> int]c\rse ) ! l[] _w m5 did n yet fe> pollution !refrom4#ie;a#i ,to lat] ages ,hekate 0 ! pr9cipal s\rce & orig9ator ( all t 0 gho/ly & uncanny4 ,m5 came ^u h] sudd5ly & to _! hurt by night1 or 9 ! dreamy solitudes ( midday's bl9d+ heat2 !y see h] 9 mon/r\s %apes t1 l ! figures 9 a dream1 are cont9ually *ang+4#ifi ,! names ( _m female deities ( ! und]world ( :om ! common p _h mu* to say--,gorgyra 7,gorgo71 ,mormo1 ,lamia1 ,gello or ,emp\sa1 ! gho/ ( midday--d5ote 9 reality s _m diff]5t p]sonifications & v>iations ( ,hekate4#igi #bih ,%e appe>$ mo/ frequ5tly by night1 "u ! half-light ( ! moon1 at ! cross-roads4 ,%e is n alone b is accompani$ by h] crew1 ! h&-maid5s :o foll[ 9 h] tra94 ,^! are ! s\ls ( ^? :o h n _h _! %>e ( burial & ! holy rites t accompany x2 :o h be5 viol5tly done to dea?1 or :o h di$ be=e _! "t4#ihi ,su* s\ls f9d no re/ aft] dea?2 !y travel on ! w9d n[1 9 ! company ( ,hekate & h] daimonic pack ( h\nds4#iii ,x is n )\t reason t we are rem9d$ ( ! leg5ds ( wild hunt]s & ! furi\s ho/1 s famili> 9 mod]n times 9 _m c\ntries4#ajji ,simil> beliefs produc$ simil> results 9 ea* case2 p]haps !re is ev5 "s hi/orical connexion betwe5 !m4#ajai ,^! night-w&]+ spirits & s\ls ( ! dead br+ pollution & disa/] ^u all :o meet !m or fall into _! h&s2 !y s5d evil dreams1 nightm>es1 nocturnal app>itions1 madness & epilepsy4#ajbi ,x is = !m1 ! unquiet s\ls ( ! dead & ,hekate _! que51 t m5 set out ! banquets ( ,hekate at ! cross-roads4#ajci ,to !m m5 consign ) av]t$ faces ! rema9s ( ! purificatory sacrifices#ajdi t !y may n come too close to human dwell+ places4 ,puppies1 too1 7 sacrific$ to ,hekate = purifications1 i4e4 apotropaic sacrifices4 ,gruesome inv5tions ( all k9ds 7 easily atta*$ to ?is prov9ce ( sup]naturalism3 x is "o ( ! s\rces :i*1 ) help f o!r ,greek conceptions & _m =eign creations ( fancy1 let loose a /ream ( anxi\s & gloomy sup]/iti\sness t spread ?r\gh ! :ole ( lat] antiquity & ev5 rea*$ ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages to our own day4 ,protection & riddance f su* ?+s 7 s\ght at ! h&s ( se]s & ,ka?>tic prie/s :o1 9 addition to c]emonies ( purification & exorcism _h o!r ways ( giv+ help--prescriptions & recipes ( _m /range sorts :i* 7 orig9ally cle> & natural en\gh to ! fanta/ic logic ( sup]/ition & 7 /ill cr$it$ & h&$ d[n z magic & inexplicable =mul aft] _! real mean+ _h be5 entirely =gott54 ,o!rs1 aga91 7 driv5 by a fe>ful curiosity to attempt to br+ ! _w ( surr\nd+ spirits--( ^: do+s su* /range /ories 7 told 9 leg5d#ajei--;ev5 clos] to !mselves4 ,by magic arts & incantations1 !y compell$ ! w&]+ gho/s & ev5 ,hekate h]self to appe> be=e !m3#ajfi ! magic p[] =ces !m to d ! w ( ! _s-rais] or to h>m 8 enemies4#ajgi ,x 0 ^! creatures ( ! _s-_w t #bii magicians & exorci/s claim$ to bani% or compel4 ,popul> belief 0 on _! side 9 ?is1 b x is h>dly possible t !y nev] resort$ to deceit & impo/ure 9 mak+ good _! claims4 #g ,! mantic & ,ka?>tic practices1 toge!r ) :at arose out ( !m1 are kn[n to u almo/ exclusively z !y 7 9 ! "t ( _! decay4 ,ev5 9 ! brief sket* j attempt$ ( ?is notable by-way ( ,greek religion1 _m details h _h to be tak5 f ! acc\nts left to u by lat] ages t _h q outgr[n ! :ole idea ( mantic & ,ka?>tic proc$ure4 ,comp>$ on ! "o h& ) sci5ce1 s]i\sly engag$ 9 /udy+ ! real & inw>d s\rces ( be+ & becom+ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 toge!r ) ! limitations ( man's e/ate1 & on ! o!r h& ) ! practical & cauti\s m$ical /udy ( ! physical conditions ( human life 9 heal? & sickness1 ! mantic & ,ka?>tic practices & all ! myriad sup]/itions aris+ f !m seem$ l a legacy f a =gott5 & discr$it$ pa/4 ,b su* ?+s p]si/$ 9 _m circles ( old-fa%ion$ & primitive-m9d$ p1 ?\gh by ! emancipat$ & cultur$ !y 7 despis$ z ! silly & dang]\s quack]y ( m5dicant prie/s & wiz>ds4 ,b ?is product ( ! religi\s in/9ct _c always h appe>$ 9 su* a light2 x c]ta9ly 0 n s reg>d$ :5 x fir/ came into prom95ce4 ,a movem5t t 0 zeal\sly tak5 up by ! ,delphic oracle1 :i* influ5c$ _m ,greek /ates 9 ! organization ( _! religi\s cults1 mu/ h _h a p]iod :5 its "r to exi/ 0 inconte/able4 ,x mu/ h answ]$ to ! ne$s ( a "t :5 ! dawn+ s5se ( ! pr(\nd unity & int]connexion ( all be+ & becom+ 9 ! _w /ill cont5t$ itself ) a religi\s explanation ( :at seem$ my/]i\s1 & :5 a few *os5 natures 7 s]i\sly cr$it$ ) ! p[] to communicate ) ! all-embrac+ _s-_w4 ,e age has its own ideal ( ,wisdom2 & !re came a "t :5 ! ideal ( ! ,wise ,man1 :o by 8 own innate p[]s has a*iev$ a comm&+ spiritual position & insight1 became embodi$ 9 ! p]sons ( c]ta9 great m5 :o seem$ to fulfil ! highe/ conceptions ( wisdom & p[] t 7 attribut$ to ! ec/atic se] & prie/ ( purification4 ,! half-my?ical /ories 9 :i* lat] ages pres]v$ ! memory ( ! times ly+ j be=e ! #cjj age ( ! philosophic exploration ( nature tell u ( c]ta9 great ma/]s ( a my/]i\s & occult ,wisdom4 ,x is true t !y are cr$it$ ) p[]s ov] nature ( a magical k9d r ?an ) a purely intellectual insight into ! laws ( nature2 b ev5 9 ! scanty acc\nts ( !m :i* h come d[n to u !re are cle> indications t _! "w already includ$ ! fir/ attempts at a mode ( /udy bas$ on !ory4 ,we _c call !m philosoph]s--n ev5 ! =]unn]s ( ,greek philosophy4 ,m (t5 _! po9t ( view 0 "o :i* ! real philosophic impulse t[>ds self-det]m9ation & ! fre$om ( ! s\l consci\sly & decisively reject$1 & cont9u$ to reject1 ?\gh n inde$ )\t occasional wav]+ & backslid+4 ,^! m5 mu/ be c\nt$ among ! magicians & exorci/s :o s (t5 appe> 9 ! e>lie/ dawn ( ! spiritual hi/ory ( civiliz$ nations1 &1 z primitive & m>vell\s types ( ! _s ( inquiry1 prec$e ! philosoph]s4 ,!y all belong to ! class ( ec/atic se]s & ,ka?>tic prie/s4 ,leg5d relat$ h[1 out ( ! c\ntry ( ! ,hyp]boreans1 t di/ant ,wond]l& :]e ,apollo hid himself 9 w9t]1 !re came to ,greece "o ,ab>is1 s5t by ! god himself4 ,he 0 a sa9t & ne$$ no e>?ly food4 ,c>ry+ 9 8 h& ! gold5 arr[1 ! pro( ( 8 ,apoll9e orig9 & mission1 he pass$ ?r\gh _m l&s dispell+ sickness & pe/il5ce by sacrifices ( a magic k9d1 giv+ w>n+ ( e>?quakes & o!r disa/]s4 ,ev5 9 lat] times prophecies & purifications1 go+ "u 8 "n1 7 /ill to be read4#ajhi--,?is man1 & also ano!r l him1 call$ ,ari/eas1 7 already m5tion$ by ,p9d> 7fr4 #bga74 ,ari/eas1 a man ( high rank 9 8 native city ( ,prokonnesos1 _h ! magic gift ( prolong$ ek/asis4 ,:5 8 s\l left 8 body beh9d1 be+ seiz$ by ,phoibos1 x 7z 8 second self made visible7 0 se5 9 di/ant places4#ajii ,z ,apollo's att5dant he also appe>$ toge!r ) ! god 9 ,metapontum4 ,a bronze /atue 9 ! m>ket-place ( t city rema9$ to te/ify to 8 pres5ce !re1 & to ! a/oni%m5t awak5$ by 8 inspir$ utt]ances4#aaji ,b among all ^! examples ( ! type1#aaai ,h]motimos ( ,klazom5ai is ! mo/ /rik+4 ,8 s\l c\ld des]t 8 body = _m ye>s1 & on its return f its ec/atic voyages1 br\ght ) x mu* mantic lore & k ( ! future4 ,at la/1 enemies set fire to ! t5antless body ( ,h]motimos :5 8 s\l 0 away1 & ! latt] return$ no m4#aabi ,! greate/ ma/] ( all ^! magically gift$ m5 01 #cja accord+ to tradition1 ,epim5ides4 ,8 home 0 9 ,crete1 an anci5t c5tre ( ,ka?>tic wisdom1#aaci :]e ,epim5ides 0 in/ruct$ 9 ?is lore z an adh]5t ( ! cult ( ! und]world ,zeus4#aadi ,?r\gh a mi/ ( leg5d & fable we he> ( 8 prolong$ /ay 9 ! my/]i\s cave ( ,zeus on ,mt4 ,ida1 8 int]c\rse ) ! spirits ( ! d>kness1 8 sev]e fa/+1#aaei ! long ec/asy ( 8 s\l1#aafi & 8 f9al return f solitude to ! light ( day1 mu* exp]i5c$ & f>-travell$ 9 en?usia/ic wisdom4#aagi ,next he j\rney$ ?r\gh _m l&s br++ 8 heal?-giv+ arts ) him1 prophesy+ ! future z an ec/atic se]1#aahi int]pret+ ! hidd5 mean+ ( pa/ occurr5ces1 & z ,ka?>tic prie/ expell+ ! daimonic evils t arose f specially f\l misde$s ( ! pa/4 ,! ,ka?>tic activity ( ,epim5ides 9 ,delos & o!r ,greek cities 0 fam\s4#aaii ,x 0 9 p>ticul> nev] =gott5 h[ 9 ,a!ns at ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury he br\ght to a satisfactory close ! expiation ( ! godless murd] ( ! foll[]s ( ,kylon4#abji ,) pot5t c]emonies ( :i* 8 wisdom alone knew ! secret1 ) sacrifice ( animals & m51 he appeas$#abai ! ang] ( ! (f5d$ spirits ( ! dep? :o 9 _! rage 7 pollut+ & h>m+ ! city 4 4 4 ,x 0 n )\t reason t lat] tradition1 undet]r$ by que/ions ( *ronological possibility1 br\ght all ! names j m5tion$ into connexion ) ,py?agoras or 8 adh]5ts1#abbi & 0 ev5 accu/om$ to ref] to ,ph]ekydes ( ,syros1 ! late/ ( ! b&1 z ! tea*] ( ,py?agoras4 ,! practice1 if n ! philosophy1 ( ! ,py?agorean sect grew up among ! ideas & :at may be call$ ! tea*+ ( ^! m51 & belongs to ! epo* :i* hon\r$ !m z ,wise ,m54 ,we /ill possess a few scraps ( evid5ce to %[ t ! conceptions guid+ _! life & "w t5d$ to rea* "s sort ( unification 9 ! m9ds ( ^! vision>ies :o 7 yet some?+ m ?an ! m]e practicians ( a magical species ( religion4 ,we _c1 inde$1 tell h[ f> ! fanciful pictures ( ! orig9 ( ! _w ( m5 :i* ,epim5ides#abci & ,ph]ekydes drew 7 connect$ ) ! bus9ess & pr(essional activity ( ^! m52#abdi b :5 x is relat$ ( ,h]motimos t he1 l 8 c\ntry-man ,anaxagoras1 attempt$ a di/9ction betwe5 pure m9d & matt]1#abei we c see v cle>ly h[ ?is !ory might arise out ( 8 special exp]i5ces4 ,! ec/asies ( ! s\l ( :i* ,h]motimos himself & ?is :ole g5]ation _h su* ample exp]i5ce seem$ to po9t to ! sep>ability ( ! s\l f ! body#abfi--;&1 inde$1 to ! sup]iority ( #cjb ! s\l's ess5ce 9 its sep>ate /ate ov] t ( ! body--z to a fact ( ! mo/ firmly e/abli%$ au!nticity4 ,9 contra/ ) ! s\l ! body c\ld h>dly help appe>+ z an encumbrance1 an ob/acle to be got rid (4 ,! conception ( an ev]-?reat5+ pollution & uncleanness :i* 0 n\ri%$ by ! tea*+ & activities ( ^? innum]able purification-prie/s ( :om ,epim5ides is kn[n to u z ! supreme ma/]1 _h gradually s p5etrat$ ! :ole ( ! (ficial religion itself ) purification-c]emonies t x might v well h seem$ z ?\gh1 9 ! mid/ ( ?is r5ovation & developm5t ( a type ( religi\s ?\ght t _h be5 m ?an half =gott5 9 ! ,hom]ic p]iod1 ,greek religion 0 fa/ approa*+ ! condition ( ,brahmanism or ,zoroa/rianism & becom+ ess5tially a religion ( purification4 ,^? :o _h become famili> ) ! contra/ betwe5 body & s\l1 especially if !y liv$ 9 ! atmosph]e ( ,ka?>tic ideas & _! practical ex]cise1 7 almo/ b\nd to proce$ to ! idea t ev5 ! s\l requir$ to be purifi$ f ! pollut+ emb>rassm5t ( ! body4 ,t su* ideas 7 almo/ a commonplace is %[n by _m /ories & turns ( phrase :i* repres5t ! de/ruction ( ! body by fire z a purification ( ! man himself4#abgi ,:]ev] ^! ideas--! precise opposite & contr>y ( ! ,hom]ic conception ( ! relation betwe5 body & s\l-image--_h p5etrat$ m deeply !y mu/ h l$ to ! idea t ev5 9 ! lifetime ( ! body ! purification ( ! s\l %\ld be prep>$ by ! d5ial & inhibition ( ! body & its impulses4 ,! fir/ /ep 0 ?us tak5 t[>ds a purely negative sy/em ( morality1 n attempt+ ! inn] re=mation ( ! w1 b aim+ simply at av]t+ f ! s\l ( man a pollut+ evil ?reat5+ x f )\t--9 fact to a morality ( religi\s asceticism su* z lat] became su* an important & decisive spiritual movem5t 9 ,greece4 ,9 spite ( all ! inadequacy ( our in=mation ab\t ^! ,wise ,m5 ( ! e>ly pre-philosophic p]iod1 we c /ill dimly make out ! fact t _! natural b5t lay 9 ?is ascetic direction 7! ab/5tion f food practis$ by ,ab>is & ,epim5ides are di/9ct cases ( x74#abhi ,h[ f>1 exactly1 !y w5t 9 ?is direction is inde$ m ?an we c say4 ,?us1 ! ascetic ideal 0 n abs5t ev5 f ,greece4 ,x rema9$1 h[ev]--9 spite ( ! influ5ce x _h 9 "s qu>t]s--always a =eign ?+ 9 ,greece1 hav+ its obscure home among sects ( spirituali/ic en?usia/s1 & reg>d$ 9 contra/ ) ! normal & rul+ view ( life1 z a p>adox1 #cjc almo/ a h]esy4 ,! (ficial religion itself is n entirely )\t ! se$s ( an ascetic sy/em ( morality2 b ! ascetic ideal1 fully develop$ & di/+ui%$ f ! simple & normal religi\s attitude1 0 9 ,greece f\nd only among m9orities :o cut !mselves (f 9 clos$ & exclusive conv5ticles ( a !ological or philosophical temp]4 ,! ,wise ,m5 z idealiz$ 9 ! leg5ds ( ,ab>is4 ,epim5ides1 etc41 7 z individuals n f> remov$ f ! ideal ( asceticism4 ,nor 0 x long be=e ! attempt 0 made to use ^! ideals z ! basis on :i* to f\nd a society4 ,,notes ,,to ,,*apt] ,,ix #ai3 ,we may safely take x = grant$ t ,dio_/nusos is ! ,greek "n ( ! god1 ?\gh a completely conv9c+ etymology = ! ^w has yet to be f\nd4 ,rec5t attempts to d]ive x f ! ,?racian language are n v conv9c+4 7,tomas*ek1 ,sitzb]4 ,wi54 ,ak4 #acj1 #da2 ,krets*m]1 ,aus d] ,anomia1 #bb f42 ,e9l4 #bda47 ,acc4 to ,krets*m] a ,?racian orig9 = ! "n is prov$ by ! appe>ance ( ! =m ,deo_/nuso--on inss4 f\nd 9 a few ,greek t[ns surr\nd$ by ,?racian influ5ces1 e4g4 ,abd]a1 ,m>oneia4 ,acc4 to him ! transition f i to e be=e a v[el is regul> 9 ,?rako-,phrygian1 :ile on ! o!r h& x is completely incompatible ) all ! laws ( ,greek phonetics4 ,o!rs h disagre$ ) ?is view1 e4g4 ,g4 ,curtius1 c]ta9ly an auctor probabilis1 to :om ! occasional appe>ance ( ! transition f i to e be=e a v[el 7side by side ) ! mu* common] rev]se process7 seem$ q compatible ) ! laws ( ,greek phonetics4 ,he ev5 c\nt$ ,dio_/nusos--,deu_/nusos 7,anakreon7 among ! examples ( ?is v[el *ange )9 ! limits ( ! ,greek language 7,gr4 ,etym4#e1 p4 #fjh f474 ,at any rate ,ea_/sn ,ia_/sn1 & patr\e_/an patri_/an are c]ta9 cases ( x 7see ,mei/]1 ,gr4 ,dial4 i1 #bid2 ,g4 ,mey]1 ,gr4 ,gramm4#b1 p4 #afb74 ,krets*m] himself1 ,e9l4 #bbe1 supplies ,asklpeo_/dros1 ,dei_/ ,dii_/4 ,to acc\nt = ^! =ms he po/ulates ! influ5ce ( ,?racian surr\nd+s on ,greek pronunciation2 b 9 ! case ( su* a purely ,greek ^w z ,asklpio_/dros ! ,?racian influ5ce mu/ h be5 a second>y ph5om5on op]at+ to cause ! alt]ation ( ! old io into eo4 ,:y %\ld we n use ! same explanation 9 acc\nt+ = ! *ange f ,dio_/nusos to ,deo_/nusos & 7if ,?racian influ5ce is to be presum$--by no means probable 9 view ( ! /atem5t ( ,,em4 #bei1 #cj1 ,deo_/nusos1 h\_/t gar ,sa_/mioi prophe_/r\s97 say t ?is ,?racian influ5ce 0 a second>y "o act+ ^u ! orig9al ,greek =m ( ! "n ,dio_/nusos8--,x is evid5t t ! anci5ts _h no idea t ,dio_/nusos 7,di_/nusos1 ,dio_/nnusos7 0 ! indig5\s "n ( ! ,?racian god1 = !y w\ld 9 t case h said s )\t hesitation4 ,!y d]iv$ ! conception1 figure1 & cult ( ! god f ,?race b n ?is p>ticul> "n1 :i* !y regul>ly reg>d z ! ,greek "n ( ! daimon :om ! ,?racians spoke ( z ,saba_/zios or o!rwise4 7,s too ,hdt4 reg>ds ,dio_/nusos z ! ,greek "n ( ! god ^: ess5tial nature is ,egyptian47 ,?is is by no means )\t importance2 on ! contr>y1 x provides cog5t reason = d\bt+ ! 7o!rwise insecurely f\nd$7 d]ivation ( ! "n f ! ,?racian4 #bi3 ,! wom5 9 ,boeotia en!_/tata ema_/nsan 7cf4 ,eur41 ,ba474 tais ,lak$aimoni_/n gunaixin ene_/pese_/ tis oi/ros bak*ikos kai tais tn ,*i_/n1 ,ael41 ,,vh4 iii1 #db4 ,hdt4 ix1 #cd1 speaks inclusively ( ! madness ( ! wom5 9 ,argos 7tn en ,a_/rge gunaikn maneise_/n71 :]e o!rs speak only ( ! fr5zy attack+ ! daught]s ( ,proitos4 ,nei!r is incompatible ) ! o!r2 !y simply repres5t two diff]5t /ages ( ! /ory4 ,! mai_/ne/hai :i* attacks ! entire female population is n 7z lat] acc\nts g5]ally make out7 ! puni%m5t s5t by ,dionysos3 x is simply ano!r way ( express+ ! g5]al acceptance ( 8 wor%ip :i* ess5tially consi/$ 9 #cje mai_/ne/hai 7 bak*eu_/e9 9 ,ant4 ,lib4 #aj74 ,! mai_/ne/hai ( individual wom5 :o try to resi/ ! contagi\s en?usiasm ( ! ,dionysiac revelry go+ on ar\nd !m 7e4g4 ! daught]s ( ,eleu!r3 ,suid4 melanaig4 ,di_/on47 is1 h[ev]1 a puni%m5t s5t by ! angry god :5 x leads !m to murd] _! own *ildr54--,! regul> & widespread mania ( ! newly introduc$ cult ( ,dionysos is ref]r$ to also by ,d4,s4 #d1 #fh1 #d2 ,apollod4 #b1 #b1 #b1 #e2 ,paus4 #b1 #ah1 #d2 cf4 also ,nonn41 ,d4 #dg1 #dha ff4 #ci3 ,resi/ance ( ,p]seus to ,dionysos :o 9 ?is acc\nt arrives ) ! ,ma9ads f ! isl&s ( ! ,aegean ,sea 7s ,paus472 victory ( ,p]seus1 foll[$1 h[ev]1 by a reconciliation ) ! god ^: wor%ip is e/abli%$ & a temple built = ,dionysos ,kresios3 ,paus4 #b1 #bj1 #d2 #bb1 #a2 #bc1 #g-h4 ,s1 too1 ,nonn41 ,d4 #dg1 #dge-gda2 ,apollod4 #c1 #e1 #b1 #c2 ,s*4 ,v41 ,x #cai2 cf4 ,me9eke1 ,an4 ,alex4 #ea4 7,dionysos is sla9 9 ! w> ) ,p]seus3 ,d9>*os ! poet ap4 ,eus41 ,*r4 ii1 pp4 #dd-e ,s*4 an4 #gah ,abr42 ,lob41 ,agl4 #ecg f474--,lyk\rgos does n prop]ly belong to ?is s]ies3 8 leg5d1 z told by ,apollod4 #c1 #e1 #a 7app>5tly foll[+ ! direction giv5 to x by ,aes*471 is a late trans=mation ( ! /ory pres]v$ by ,hom]1 9 :i* /ories ( ,p5!us or ! ,m9yads or ! ,proitides are imitat$4 #di3 ,?is is esp4 cle> 9 ! leg5d deal+ ) ,or*om5os2 cf4 ! acc\nt 9 ,plu41 ,q4,gr4 #ch1 p4 #bic ,d4 ,x is v probable t ! o!r /ories1 too1 7 f\nd$ ^u sacrificial ritual2 cf4 ,welck]1 ,gr4 ,gtt]l4 i1 #ddd ff4 #ei3 ,cf4 also ,s*4 ,ar41 ,a*4 #bdc4 #fi3 ,cf4 ,eur41 ,ba4 #bag ff41 #dhg1 #cb ff4 ,! daught]s ( ,m9yas epo_/?\n t\s game_/tas 7see ,p]izon4 ad loc47 kai dia t\to ouk ege_/nonto t ! ma9a_/des1 ,ael41 ,,vh4 iii1 #db4 ,?r\gh\t all ^! leg5ds ! contra/ betwe5 ,dionysos & ,h]a1 :o is ! patroness ( m>riage1 is v m>k$4 #gi3 orsigu_/naika ,di_/onuson--unkn[n poet ap4 ,plu41 ,exil4 #ag1 p4 #fjg ,c2 ,smp4 #d1 #f1 #a1 p4 #fga ,c2 ,e ap4 ,d4 #i1 #chi ,b4 hi_/la?i1 eiraphita1 gunaimane_/s1 h4 ,hom4 #cd1 #ag4 #hi3 ,l an infection or a conflagration4 _/d to_/d' eggus h_//e pur epha_/ptetai hu_/brisma ,bak*\1 pso_/gos es ,he_/llnas me_/gas1 ,p5!us 9 ,e41 ,ba4 #ggh4 #ii3 ,see ! acc\nts report$ ap4 ,heck]1 ,epidemics ( ! ,m4,a41 pp4 #hh1 #aec ,bab+ton1 esp4 ^? ( ,petrus de ,h]5tal 7ap4 ,/eph4 ,baluz41 ,vit4 ,pap4 ,av9ion4 i1 #dhc73 qua$am nom9a daemoniorum appellabant4 ,! danc] c]nit ,m>iae filium et caelum ap]tum4--,! ma/]s ( ! ,holy ,scripture :o exorciz$ ! danc]s reg>d$ !m z be+ possess$ by ! devil4 7,limburg ,*ronicle2 see ,mon4 ,g]m41 ,*ron4 iv1 #a1 ed4 ,tilemann3 p4 #fd1 ed4 ,wyss47 #aji3 ,details giv5 by ,w5ig]1 ,dionysosdi5/ 9 ,elis1 p4 #h 7#ahhc74 #aai3 ,at ,delphi !re 0 a fe/ival call$ hr_/s 9 :i* ! ,dionysiac ,?yiades took "p2 a ,seme_/ls anagg_/ 0 ! *ief feature ( ! dr_/m5a phan]s 7,plu41 ,q4,gr4 #ab74 ,! "n hr_/s po9ts to a g5]al fe/ival ( ! dead 7cf4 ,voigt 9 ,ros*]'s ,lex4 i1 #ajdh72 = ano!r g5]al fe/ival ( ,h]oes at ,delphi see *ap4 iv1 n4 #hb4 ,at ,a!ns ! great fe/ival ( ! dead1 ! ,*oes & ,*ytrai 7*ap4 v1 p4 #afh7 =m$ "p ( ! ,an!/]ia4 ,x is precisely 9 ^! ar*aio_/t]a ,dionu_/sia 7,?uc4 ii1 #ae1 #d7 t ,dionysos appe>s z he 0 9 primitive belief1 ! ma/] ( ! s\ls4 ,?us1 too1 9 ,argos "o ( ! mo/ anci5t seats ( ! wor%ip ( ,dionysos1 ! ,dionysiac fe/ival ( ! ,agriania 0 at ! same "t a fe/ival #cjf ( ! dead1 neku_/sia3 ,hs*41 agria_/nia 7x 0 specially epi mia tn ,proi_/t\ ?ugate_/rn ,iph9o3 ,apollod4 #b1 #bb1 #h1 ,hs*4 s4v43 ev5 s x 0 a fe/ival ( ! dead74--,9 ,plu41 ,e ap4 ,d4 #i1 #chi ,a1 9 view ( ! hopeless confusion %[n by ,plut>* 9 t *apt] betwe5 ,delphic cult-proc$ure & ! op9ions ( c]ta9 unspecifi$ !olo_/goi1 x is un=tunately impossible to say ) c]ta9ty :e!r x is ! ,delphians :o ,dio_/nuson kai ,zagre_/a kai ,nukte_/lion kai ,isodai_/tn onoma_/z\s9 or :e!r ?is only applies to ! !olo_/goi 79 :i* case !y are probably ,orphics74 #abi3 ,! ,agrionia to ! savage god 7m/s kai agri_/nios z contra/$ ) ! *>ido_/ts kai meili_/*ios1 ,plu41 ,ant4 #bd7 7 celebrat$ 9 ,!bes & ,argos4 agri_/nia kai nukte_/lia hn ta polla dia sko_/t\s dratai are oppos$ to ! olu_/mpia hi]a_/1 by ,plu41 ,,qr4 #aab1 p4 #bia ,a4 ,bac*ic d91 pso_/phos1 at ! nukte_/lia1 ,plu41 ,smp4 #d1 #f1 p4 #fgb ,a4--,temple ( ,d4 ,nukte_/lios at ,meg>a3 ,paus4 #a1 #dj1 #f4 ,nocturnal fe/ivities 7nu_/ktr ta polla1 ,eur41 ,ba4 #dhf7 at ! ,dionysia at ,l]na ,paus4 #b1 #cg1 #f1 at ! fe/ival ( ,dio_/nusos ,lampt_/r 9 ,pellone3 ,paus4 #g1 #bg1 #c4 o_/rgia ( ,d4 at ,melangeia 9 ,arcadia #h1 #f1 #e2 at ,h]aia #h1 #bf1 #a4 ,! orgia/ic cult ( ,d4 seems to h be5 pres]v$ p>ticul>ly 9 ,sp>ta4 ,we he> ( ! oi/ros bak*iko_/s t once attack$ ! wom5 ( ,sp>ta f ,aelian1 ,,vh4 iii1 #db2 "s l9es ( ,alkman 7fr4 #cd7 allude to ! fanatical ,bac*ic revels on ! m\nta9 tops 7q misund]/ood by ,welck]1 ,kl4 ,s*r4 iv1 #di74 ,x became prov]bial3 virg9ibus bac*ata ,laca5is ,taygeta1 ,vg41 ,g4 ii1 #dhg4 ,a special ^w is appli$ to ! ,bac*ic fury ( ^! ,sp>tan ,ma9ads3 du_/sma9ai 7,phil>g4 on ,vg41 ,g4 ii1 #dhg2 ,hs*4 s4v42 ,me9eke1 ,an4 ,alex4 #cfj74 ,9 view ( ^! ec/atic m\nta9-revels we ne$ n be surpris$ at ! prohibition ( drunk5 roam+ ab\t ! city & c\ntryside1 ( :i* ,pl41 ,lg4 #fcg ,,ab speaks4 #aci3 ,welck]1 ,gr4 ,gtt]l4 i1 #ddd4--;,b human sacrifice 9 ! ,?racian wor%ip ( ,d4 is nev]!less sugge/$ by ! rem>kable /ory ( ,porph4 7,abs4 ii1 #h7 ab\t ! ,ba_/ss>oi 7:om he seems to take = a ,?racian tribe4 #adi3 ,clem4 ,al41 ,arn41 ,firm4 all speak ( ! mophagi_/a ( ! ,bak*ai z a /ill-prevail+ cult-practice4 ,b]nays1 ,h]aklit4 ,briefe1 #gc4 ,gal51 too1 speaks 9 ! same way ( ! te>+ 9 pieces ( snakes at ! ,bac*ic fe/ivals 7quot$ ,lob41 ,agl4 #bga a2 to sn>e vip]s ka_/lli/o_/s e/i kairo_/s1 hon kai autos ho ,&ro_/ma*os 7#gi ff4 ( 8 poem7 ed_/ls51 hni_/ka kai hoi t ,dionu_/s bak*eu_/ontes ei_/?asi diaspan tas e*i_/dnas1 pauome_/n\ men t\ hros ou_/p d' rgme_/n\ t\ !_/r\s 7,antid4 i1 #h xiv1 p4 #de ,k474 hni_/ka--e*i_/dnas are ,gal4's words n ,&roma*os'4 ,cf4 also ,prud41 ,sym4 i1 #acj ff4 #aei3 ,we ne$ only recall ! rem>kable /ory ( ,hdt4 7iv1 #gi7 ab\t ! ,scy?ian k+ :o 9 ,bory/h5es 0 initiat$ into ! my/]ies ( ,dionysos ,bak*eios hos mai_/ne/hai ena_/gei an?r_/p\s4 ,8 ,scy?ian subjects took exception to ?is4 ,= !m ! religion 0 specifically ,greek1 ,a ,bory/h5ite says to ! ,scy?ians3 hmn gar katagelate1 ,sku_/?ai1 ho_/ti bak*eu_/om5 kai hmas ho !os lamba_/nei4 nun h\tos ho dai_/mn kai ton hume_/t]on basile_/a lela_/bke kai bak*eu_/ei kai hupo t\ !\ mai_/netai4 #afi3 ,cf4 ! rem>kable acc\nt giv5 by ,plu41 ,mul4 ,virt4 #aa1 p4 #bdi ,b2 fr4 de ,an4 ap4 ,gell4 #ae1 #aj2 ,polya54 #h1 #fc2 & ,lucian 9 ,h4,conscr4 7#be71 #a4 #agi3 ,( a diff]5t description are ! attacks ( tempor>y insanity accompani$ by simil> features b n religi\s 9 complexion describ$ by ,aretaeus1 p4 #hb ,k41 & ,gal4 vii1 pp4 #fj-a ,k4 7! case ( ,!ophilos74 #cjg #ahi3 ,ph5om5a ( korubantiasmo_/s3 he>+ ! s\nd ( flutes ,pl41 ,crit4 #ed ,d1 ,max4 ,t41 ,diss4 #ch1 #b1 p4 #bbj ,r42 cf4 ,cic41 ,div4 i1 #aad2 see+ phantasi_/ai1 ,d4,h41 ,dem4 #bb4 ,x is ?is wak+ dream-condition1 a condition relat$ to hypnosis1 :i* ,pl9y probably means3 pat5tibus oculis dormiunt multi hom9es1 quos corybanti>e ,graeci dicunt1 ,,nh4 xi1 #adg4 ,excitem5t1 beat+ he>t1 weep+3 ,pl41 ,smp4 #bae ,e4 ,madd5$ dance3 hoi korubantintes ouk e_/mphrones o_/ntes or*\ntai1 ,ion1 #ecd ,a4 ,sob] drunk5ness me_/? npha_/lios ( ! korub41 ,philo1 ,mund4 ,op4 #bc1 i1 p4 #af ,m4--,! "n %[s t ^? attack$ by ! disease 7 reg>d$ z possess$ by ! ,korybantes4 korubantian to ,koru_/basi kate_/*e/hai1 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,v4 #i4 ,! ,korybantes mani_/z kai en!iasm\ eis9 empoitikoi_/1 ib4 #h4 e_/n!os ek semnn ,koruba_/ntn1 ,e41 ,hip4 #adb2 ,s*4 ad loc43 ,koru_/bantes mani_/z ai_/tioi4 e_/n!n kai koruba_/ntian4--,arrian gives an unusually good acc\nt ( ! ,korybantic fr5zy ( ! ,phrygians 9 a little notic$ passage ap4 ,eu/4 on ,d4,p4 #hji3 mai_/nontai t ,rhe_/a kai pros ,koruba_/ntn kate_/*ontai1 _/g\n korubantisi daimonntes 7i4e4 possess$ by ! dai_/mn1 see ,us5]1 ,gtt]nam51 #bic74 ho_/tan de kata_/s* aut\s to !ion1 elauno_/m5oi kai me_/ga bontes kai or*\_/m5oi pro!spi_/z\si ta me_/llonta1 !ophor\_/m5oi kai ma9o_/m5oi4 ,! complete simil>ity betwe5 ?is condition & t ( ! ,bac*ic wor%ip is suffici5tly obvi\s4 #aii3 ,use ( dance & music to cure ^? :o are attack$ by ,korybantic excitem5t3 ,pl41 ,lg4 #gij ,,de1 #gia ,a4 ,m especially ! melodies = ! flute compos$ by ,olympos1 be+ !ia1 7 able to discov] & cure ^? liable to ,korybantic ek/asis 7by means ( ! inspir+ effect :i* !y _h on su* p]sons74 ,?is is %[n p>ticul>ly by a passage 9 ,plato 7,smp4 #bae ,c-,e72 :]e x is evid5t t ! korubantintes ( #bae ,e are n to be di/+ui%$ f ! !n kai teletn deo_/m5oi ( #bae ,c 7,c /ates ! g5]al rule ( :i* ,e is a p>ticul> application74 ,?is homoeopa?ic cure ( ! korubantintes by ! int5sification & subsequ5t dis*>ge ( ! disord] is impli$ 9 all t we he> ( ! "* ( ! ,phrygian mode z en?\sia/ik_/ & ( ! me_/l ,olu_/mp\ z excit+ ! s\ls ( m5 to en?\siasmos2 ,ari/41 ,pol4 #acdj;b1 #d1 #e1 #acdb;b1 #a ff41 #acdj;a1 #h2 ,pl41 ,m94 #cah ,b2 ,cic41 ,div4 i1 #aad4 ,! korubantintes are also meant 9 ,ari/41 ,pol4 #h1 #g1 #acdb;a1 #g ff 4 4 4 kai gar hupo tau_/ts ts k9_/ses 7i4e4 t\ en?\siasm\7 katak_/*imoi_/ t9e_/s eis92 ek de tn hi]n meln horm5 t\_/t\s1 ho_/tan *r_/sntai tois orgia_/z\si tn psu*n me_/lesi1 ka?i/ame_/n\s h_/sp] iatrei_/z tu*o_/ntas kai ka?a_/rses4 ,plato's analysis 7,lg4 #gij ,d ff47 is exactly p>allel3 ! cure = ! manikai dia!_/seis ( ! ,korybantic pati5ts is ou* hsu*i_/a alla t\nanti_/on ki_/nsis1 :]eby !y are assi/$ to rega9 _! he_/xeis e_/mphrones4 7,x is f ?is religio-musical proc$ure & n f /rictly m$ical exp]i5ce or practice t ,ari/otle1 tak+ a h9t f ,plato1 ,rp4 #fjf1 d]iv$ 8 idea ( ! ka_/?>sis tn pa?ma_/tn by viol5t dis*>ge ( ! emotions & transf]r$ x to trag$y--n1 z 9 ! explanation to :i* "s h rec5tly return$1 by a tranquilization ( ! emotions 9 a f9al reconciliation47 ,?is ka_/?>sis & iatrei_/a ( ! korubantintes is ! object ( ! initiation c]emony ( ! ,korybantes 7^: true ba_/k*oi are ! korubantintes1 i4e4 ! wor%ipp]s :o are 9 ne$ ( & capable ( cure2 ( ! ,koruba_/ntn mu/_/ria :i* are held epi ka?>m ts mani_/z 7,s*4 ,ar41 ,v4 #aai-bj1 ekoruba_/ntize72 cf4 ! telet tn ,koruba_/ntn 7,pl41 ,eu?d4 #bgg ,d1 includ+ ?ro_/nsis3 ,d4 ,*r4 #ab1 p4 #chh ,r41 #cc ,arn42 ,lob41 ,agl4 #aaf1 #cfi4 ,!re is a p>ody ( ?ro_/nsis 9 ! initiation sc5e ( ,ar41 ,nub4 #bed1 :]e ,/reps4 sits epi ton hi]on ski_/mpoda4 te?ronisme_/nos tois !ois initiat$ #cjh 9 ,p4 ,mag4 ,lond4 #gdg f4 ,k5yon1 ,greek ,papyri 9 ,b4,m4 i1 p4 #ajh72 & cf4 ! mtra kai korubantika te_/l3 ,d4,h41 ,dem4 #bb4 ,at ! initiation c]emony 7korubantismo_/s2 ka_/?>sis mani_/z ,hs*47 held 9 ! ,korubanteion 7,hdn4 ,gr4 #a1 #cge1 #ae ,l5tz2 ,app4 ,prov4 ii1 #bc7 ! fam\s music ( inspiration 0 play$2 !re 0 also *orei_/a 7,pl4 ,eu?d471 *oi e4g4 ! s\nd ( tu_/mpana 7,ar41 ,ves4 #abj f42 ,luc4 ,,dd4 #ab1 #a71 & also x appe>s inc5se-burn+3 osmai_/1 ,d4,h41 ,dem4 #bb2 cf4 above1 *ap4 viii1 n4 #ci4 ,all ^! /imulants int5sifi$ ! pa?ological t5d5cy ( ! korubantintes & gave !m relief by ! viol5t dis*>ge ( _! emotions4--,!re is no ne$ to d\bt ! actual occurr5ce ( su* pa?ological /ates & _! m$ical treatm5t by music1 etc4 ,x 0 cle>ly ! same type ( psy*opa?ical malady t invad$ ,italy 9 ! ,middle ,ages "u ! "n ( ,t>antism1 repeat+ its attacks = sev]al c5turies2 9 ?is case1 too1 music 7& ev5 ! s\nd ( a p>ticul> melody7 s]v$ bo? to excite & ev5tually to cure ! viol5t dance-mania2 cf4 ,heck] #agb1 #agf ff4--,!re seems to be a fabul\s elem5t 9 o!r /ories curr5t 9 antiquity ab\t ! cure ( madness1 love-passions1 & ev5 sciatica by ! music ( ! flute 7,py?agoras1 ,emp$okles1 ,damon1 ,?phr4 fr4 #hg74 ,su* belief 9 ! curative p[]s ( music1 esp4 ( ! flute1 seems to h be5 d]iv$ orig9ally f actual exp]i5ce ( ! ka?a_/rseis practis$ 9 ,korybantic fe/ivals1 & !n to h be5 exagg]at$ into a fable4 ,ev5 doctors _h no d\bt t mani_/a 0 curable by ! cantiones tibi>um2 see ,cael4 ,aur41 ,morb4 ,*r4 i1 #e1 #age1 #agh 7,asklepiades72 ,cael4 ,aur4 7i4e4 ,soranos71 ib4 #agf1 h[ev]1 d5ies x4 ,x dep5d$ entirely ^u ! !ory1 orig9ally d]iv$ f korubantismo_/s1 ( cure by int5sification & dis*>ge ( ! emotional /ate4 #bji3 ma_/k> ho_//is 4 4 4 ?iaseu_/etai psu*a_/n1 en o_/ressi bak*eu_/n1 hosi_/ois ka?>mois91 ,e41 ,ba4 #gb ff4--dicunt sacra ,lib]i ad purgationem animae p]t9]e ,s]v4 on ,vg41 ,g4 ii1 #chi2 cf4 also on ,a4 vi1 #gda4 #bai3 ,dio_/nusos lu_/sios 7l ,d4 meili_/*ios eleu!reu_/s & sa_/ts7 is rightly tak5 z ! fre] f orgia/ic fr5zy 7& n 9 ! ord9>y political s5se7 by ,klaus51 ,orpheus1 p4 #bf ,ers*-,grub] & ,voigt 9 ,ros*]'s ,lex4 i1 #ajfb4 ,t ?is is ! prop] mean+ ( lu_/sios is %[n by its be+ contra/$ ) bak*eios1 :i* by common cons5t means ! god hos mai_/ne/hai ena_/gei an?r_/p\s 7,hdt472 e4g4 9 ,kor9?1 ,paus4 #b1 #b1 #f2 ,sikyon1 ,paus4 #b1 #g1 #e-f4 ,& ,d4 bak*eu_/s & meili_/*ios 9 ,naxos1 ,a?4 iii1 #gh ,c4 #bbi3 ,9 ! kata_/logos gunaikn z x seems2 fr4 #ed ,rz4 ,b p]haps also 9 ! ,melampodia 7fr4 #ahd ,k9k474 #bci3 ema_/nsan1 hs ,hsi_/odo_/s phs91 ho_/ti tas ,dionu_/s\ teletas ou kat$e_/*onto4 ,apollod4 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b1 & cf4 #a1 #i1 #ab1 #h4 ,! same /ory 7only ) ! "n ,anaxagoras sub/itut$ = t ( 8 gr&fa!r ,proitos--d\btless on *ronological gr\nds7 ) ! words tas ,argei_/z gunaikas manei_/sas dia tn ,dionu_/s\ mn93 ,d4,s4 #d1 #fh1 #d4 7mani_/a--9 ! reign ( ,anaxagoras--,paus4 #b1 #ah1 #d2 ,eu/41 on ,b #efh1 p4 #bhh1 #bh74--,o!rwise1 x is g5]ally ,h]a :o s5ds ! mani_/a ,ak\sil4 ap4 ,apollod4 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b fr4 #ad ,diels4 ,ph]ekyd4 ap4 ,s*4 on o #bbe4 ,probus & ,s]v4 on ,ecl4 vi1 #dh4 ,?is is a lat] v]sion ( ! leg5d dep5d+ ^u a diff]5t int]pretation ( ! insanity4 #bdi3 ,apollod4 #b1 #b1 #b4 ,acc4 to ,hdt4 ix1 #cd1 ! treatm5t ( ,melamp4 0 appli$ g5]ally to all ! ,argeiai gunaikes 7:o acc4 to ,apollod4 #e1 7 also attack$ by ! madness72 cf4 ,d4,s4 #d1 #fh1 #d4 74 4 4 tas ,argei_/z h_/s t9es mallo_/n phasi1 tas ,proiti_/das ,eu/a?4 kata tn hi/ori_/an74 !rapeu_/e9 is ,d4,s4' ^w2 eka_/?r51 ,s*4 ,pi41 ,n4 ix1 #cj2 purgavit ,s]v4 #cji #bei3 ,mela_/mp\s p>alabn t\s dunatta_/t\s tn neanin met' alalagm\ kai_/ t9os en!_/ou *orei_/z ek tn orn autas es ,sikuna sun$i_/xe 7i4e4 ! fr5zi$ wom5 :o _h ev5tually become v num]\s3 #e1 #f7 ,apollod4 #b1 #b1 #b1 #g4 ,! acc\nt 9 ,pl41 ,phdr4 #bdd ,d1 ,e1 corresponds closely ) ! proce$+s ( ,melamp\s & p]haps ref]s to !m3 alla mn no_/sn ge kai po_/nn tn megi_//n1 ha d palain ek mnima_/tn po!n e_/n tisi tn g5n h mani_/a egg5ome_/n kai prophteu_/sasa hois e_/dei apallagn heu_/reto1 kataphug\sa pros !n eu*a_/s te kai latrei_/z1 ho_/!n d ka?>mn te kai teletn tu*\sa exa_/nt epoi_/se ton heauts e_/*onta pro_/s te ton p>o_/nta kai ton e_/peita *ro_/non1 lu_/s9 t or?s mane_/nti kai katas*ome_/n tn p>o_/ntn kakn heurome_/n4 ,?is is a description ( ! rem$ial me?ods us$ 9 ! ,bac*ic & ,korybantic en?\siasmos b appli$ to special circum/ances ( ! my?ical pa/ :i* are reg>d$ z ! /&>d ( all lat] ka?>tic me?ods4 #bfi3 ka?>moi_/ ,apollod4 #h4 ,! regul> ka?>tic mat]ials are ski_/lla1 9999a_/sphaltos1 wat]1 etc42 ,diphilus1 fr4 #abf ,k41 employs !m all = 8 own purpose1 ap4 ,clem4 ,al41 ,/r4 vii1 p4 #hdd ,p4 ,! black hellebore 7elle_/boros me_/las7 0 popul>ly kn[n z melampo_/dion because ,melamp\s _h fir/ ga!r$ & employ$ x = ! purpose 7,?phr41 ,,hp4 #i1 #aj1 #d71 esp4 :5 he cur$ & purifi$ ! ,proi_/t\ ?ugate_/ras manei_/sas 7,gal41 ,atrabile #g v1 p4 #acb ,k42 x c only be by mi/ake t he calls x ! :ite hellebore2 cf4 also ,diosc4 #d1 #adi1 :]e ! old ka?>t_/s becomes ,mela_/mp\s tis aipo_/los h5ce ,pl941 ,,nh4 #be1 #dg2 ! reason may be elicit$ f ,?phr41 ,,hp4 #i1 #aj1 #b74 ,! place :]e ! ka?>moi_/ took place & :]e ! ka?a_/rsia 7 ?r[n away diff]$ acc4 to ! natural features ( ! locality & ! conv5i5ce !y (f]$3 ?us 9 ,arcadia x 0 at ,l\soi1 9 ,elis at ! riv] ,anigros1 etc42 ,ov41 ,m4 xv1 #cbb ff42 ,vitr4 #h1 #c1 #ba2 ,paus4 #e1 #e1 #aj2 #h1 #ah1 #g-h2 cf4 ,call41 ,h4 ,art4 #bcc f42 ,/r4 #cdf1 etc4 #bgi3 ,melamp\s ,he_/lls9 ho exgsa_/m5os t\ ,dionu_/s\ to_/ te ou_/noma kai tn ?usi_/n kai tn pompn t\ phall\1 ,hdt4 ii1 #di4 ,hdt4's elaborate !ory 9 ?is passage ( a connexion betwe5 ,mel4 & ,egypt1 etc41 is ( c\rse hi/orically q wor?less1 b ! fact t he pit*$ ^u ,melamp4 especially z ! introduc] ( ! ,dionysiac religion c only h be5 due to ! exi/5ce ( anci5t tradition 7i4e4 leg5d>y tradition ( c\rse74 ,!re c be no d\bt t he1 l ,hesiod1 reg>d$ z ,dionysiac ! fr5zy 9 :i* ! ,argive wom5 7 said mannai & to h be5 heal$ by ,melamp4 7ix1 #cd74 #bhi3 ,mela_/mp\s phi_/ltatos n ,apo_/llni1 ,hes41 ,eoiai1 7#afh ,rz47 ap4 ,s*4 ,a4,r4 i1 #aah4 phi_/los ,apo_/llni1 ,d4,s1 #f1 #g1 #g ,d9d4 ,! poet ( ! family tree ( ! ,melampodidai giv5 9 o #bdd ff4 und\bt$ly reg>d$ ,melamp4 z an ,apoll9e ma_/ntis 7l all ma_/nteis 9 ,hom]74 ,?is poet at lea/ kn[s no?+ ( ! ,dionysiac side ( ,melamp\s' activities4 ,h[ ,mel4 met ,apollo on ! banks ( ! ,alphaios & f him receiv$ 8 consecration z true ma_/ntis1 we le>n f ,apollod4 #a1 #i1 #aa1 #c4 ,! same is said ( ,polypheides1 a desc5dant ( ,mel4 o #beb3 autar hupe_/r?umon ,poluphei_/dea ma_/nt9 ,apo_/lln ?ke brotn o_/*' a_/ri/on1 epei ?a_/n5 ,amphia_/ros4 ,ano!r desc5dant ( ,melamp41 ,polyeidos1 comes to ,meg>a to purify ,alka?os f ! murd] ( 8 son1 & f\nds !re a temple ( ,dionysos3 ,paus4 #a1 #dc1 #d4 #bii3 ,see above1 *ap4 iii1 n4 #cb4 #cji3 ,plu41 ,is4 et ,o4 #ce1 p4 #cfe ,a4 ,sacrifice made by ,agamemnon to ,dionysos en mu*ois ,delph9i_/ou p>' a_/ntra k]d_/ou !\1 ,lyc4 #bjg ff4 #cai3 ,plu41 ,e ap4 ,d4 ix1 p4 #chh ,f4 ,?ree w9t] mon?s 7 sacr$ to ,dionysos 7cf4 ! ?ree *ief ,dionysiac fe/ivals at ,a!ns :i* #caj occurr$ 9 ! mon?s ,gamelion1 ,an!/]ion1 ,elaphebolion74 ,only dur+ ^! ?ree mon?s is ! god on e>?4 ,s1 too1 ,kore %>$ h] rule ov] ! und]world ) ,adoneus = ?ree mon?s 7or six72 ! re/ ( ! ye> %e is on e>? p>a mtri kai a_/llois a?ana_/toisi4 #cbi3 ,dionu_/s tn ,delphn ouden htton t ,apo_/llni me_/te/91 ,plu41 ,e ap4 ,d4 ix1 #chd ,d4 #cci3 ta de nephn te_/ e/9 ante_/r ta a_/kra 7t\ ,p>nas\71 kai hai ,?uia_/des epi t\_/tois t ,dionu_/s kai t ,apo_/llni mai_/nontai1 ,paus4 #aj1 #cb1 #g4 ,p>nasus gem9o petit ae!ra colle1 mons ,phoebo ,bromioque sac]1 cui num9e mixto ,delphica ,!banae ref]unt triet]ica ,bac*ae1 ,luc41 v1 #gb ff4 ,we he> ( a ,delphos ! son ( ,apollo & ,?yia ! fir/ prie/ess & ,ma9ad ( ,dionysos at ,delphi3 ,paus4 #aj1 #f1 #d4 #cdi3 ,apollo himself 9 an oracul> comm& ,pu?ia_/s9 p5tet_/rois9 4 4 4 e_/taxe ,ba_/k*\ ?usi_/an *orn te polln kukli_/an a_/millan2 s says ,philodamos ( ,sk>pheia 9 ! ,paian 7second half f\r? c5tury ,b4,c47 ,,b*4 #ahie1 p4 #djh4 ,we mu/ suppose1 too1 t ?is comm& 7i4e4 decree ( ! ,delphic prie/hood7 0 actually c>ri$ out4 #cei3 ,delphoi de dipl prosgori_/a tims9 7se_/1 i4e4 ,apollo71 ,apo_/llna kai ,dio_/nuson le_/gontes1 ,m54 ,rhet41 p4 #ddf1 #e ,sp4 #cfi3 ,arg41 ,s*4 ,pi41 ,p41 p4 #big1 ,bckh p4 #b1 #e ff4 ,dr*43 4 4 4 t\ prophtik\ tri_/podos 79 ,delphi7 en h prtos ,dio_/nusos e!mi_//euse4 ,& aga9 4 4 da_/ktulon 7a "p ( ! no_/mos ,pu?iko_/s7 apo ,dionu_/s\1 ho_/ti prtos h\tos dokei apo t\ tri_/podos !mi/eusai4 ,z x has be5 previ\sly said t at ! ,delphic manteion pr_/t ,nux e*rsm_/ds51 ,dionysos seems to be "h reg>d$ z pro_/mantis ( ,nyx4 ,?us1 at ,meg>a !re 0 a temple ( ,dio_/nusos ,nukte_/lios 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood (1 & 9 all probability closely associat$ ) a ,nuktos manteion3 ,paus4 #a1 #dj1 #f4 #cgi3 ,paus4 #a1 #b1 #e2 ,ribbeck1 ,anf4 d4 ,dionysoscult 9 ,att41 p4 #h 7#ahfi72 cf4 ,dem4 #ba1 #eb4 ,regulation ( a fe/ival ( ,dionysos 9 ,kolone by ! ,oracle3 ,paus4 #c1 #ac1 #g2 9 ,alea1 ,paus4 #h1 #bc1 #a 7at :i* wom5 7 sc\rg$1 a sub/itution = primitive human sacrifice1 z at ! diama/i_/gsis 9 ,sp>ta1 ( :i* ,paus4 is rem9d$74 ,introduction ( ! wor%ip ( ,dio_/nusos ,phall_/n at ,me?ymna by ! oracle3 ,paus4 #aj1 #ai1 #c4--;,at ,magnesia on ! ,mae&] a plane-tree split by a /orm reveal$ a /atue ( ,dionysos 7a true ,dio_/nusos e_/nd5dros74 ,! ,delphic oracle comm&$ ! ambassadors s5t by ! city to build a temple to ,dionysos 7:o _h hi!rto be5 )\t "o 9 ,magnesia & put a prie/ 9 *>ge ( x2 !n1 = ! in/itution ( ! cult !y 7 to introduce f ,!bes ,ma9ads ( ! family ( ,ino3 ,ma9a_/das hai g5es ,e9\s a_/po ,kadmei_/s4 7,! cult ( ,dionysos 0 evid5tly traditional at ,!bes 9 ?is family :i* trac$ its desc5t f ,ino1 ! fo/]-"m ( ,dionysos47 ,! ?ree ,ma9ads obta9$ f ,!bes 7call$ ,kosko1 ,baubo1 & ,!ttale in/itut$ ! cult ( ! god & f\nd$ ?ree ?i_/asoi arrang$ accord+ to locality 7!re 7 ?ree ?i_/asoi 9 ,!bes1 too1 ,e41 ,ba4 #fhj ff474 ,!y !mselves rema9$ 9 ,magnesia till _! dea? & 7 buri$ ) great c]emony by ! city1 ,kosko on ! ,hill ( ,kosko1 ,baubo en ,taba_/rnei1 ,!ttale pros t !_/atr4 ,see ! ar*aios *rsmo_/s ) explanatory notes 9 prose1 re/or$ by ,apoll_/neios ,moko_/lls1 ar*aios mu_//s 7( ,dionysos73 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ae 7#ahij71 p4 #cca f4 #chi3 ,see ,rapp1 ,rhe94 ,mus4 #bg4 ,9 spite ( 8 q correct emphasis 9 g5]al ^u ! ritual & purely =mal "* ( ?is sacr$ embassy & ! dance-fe/ival t foll[$1 ,rapp makes ! mi/ake ( und]e/imat+ ! ec/atic side ( ! ,dionysiac fe/ivals--a side #caa :i* 0 once pr$om9ant & 0 always liable to recur4 7,if ?is elem5t _h n be5 real !re w\ld h be5 no ne$ = a symbolical rituali/ic imitation ( su* e_/k/asis74 ,h[ ev5 9 lat] times a true ek/asis & self-=getfulness seiz$ ^u ! ,?yiades 9 _! sacr$ night-fe/ivals & 9 consequ5ce ( ! num]\s /imulat+ influ5ces ( ! occasion1 we c le>n v cle>ly f ,plut>*'s description ( ! ,?yiads :o w&]$ 9 _! fr5zy to ,amphissa 7,mul4 ,virt4 #ac1 #bdi ,e74 ,rapp41 p4 #bb1 tries 9 va9 to upset ! hi/orical value ( ?is acc\nt4 ,o!r po9ts h already be5 m5tion$ incid5tally4 #cii3 hn dia mantosu_/nn tn hoi po_/re ,phoibos ,apo_/lln ,a #gb4 #dji3 to a_/te*non kai adi_/dakton 7ts mantiks7 t\te_//9 enu_/pnia kai en?\siasm\_/s ,plu4 ,vit4 ,poes4 ,hom4 ii1 #bab4 ,! only =m kn[n to ,hom] is h tn emphro_/nn z_/tsis t\ me_/llontos dia_/ te orni_/?n poi\me_/n kai tn a_/lln smei_/n 7,pl41 ,phdr4 #bdd ,c74 #dai3 ,! ,ps4-,plut>* ( ! la/ note does1 h[ev]1 f9d 9 ,!oklym5os' position among ! suitors1 u #cde-eg 79 any case a passage add$ by a lat] h&71 a pro( t he is an e_/n!os ma_/ntis1 e_/k t9os epipnoi_/z smai_/nn ta me_/llonta4 ,b 9 t /ory ! abnormal /ate belongs r to ! suitors ?an ! se]4 ,see ,lob41 ,agl4 #bfd4 ,/ill less c we 7) ,welck]1 ,gtt]l4 ii1 #aa7 d$uce ,hom]'s k ( ec/atic prophecy f ,a #ia ff4 or #cd-ec4 ,! d]ivation ( ! ^w ma_/ntis f mai_/ne/hai1 frequ5tly repeat$ s9ce ! "t ( ,plato1 w\ld make ! ec/atic elem5t pr$om9ant 9 ! idea ( ! prophet4 ,b ?is d]ivation is q unc]ta9 & a connexion ) manu_/ is mu* m probable4 #dbi3 ,py?o3 ? #hj1 ,i #dje4 ,dodona3 ,p #bcd1 x #cbg f41 t #bif f4 ,an oracle is que/ion$ p]haps 9 p #djb f4 ,see ,ngelsba*1 ,hom4 ,!ol41 p4 #aha f4 #dci3 ,see ,lob41 ,agl4 #had f4 7ev5 ! regul> use ( ! expressions aneil5 ho !o_/s1 h pu?i_/a suffice to prove x74 ,cf4 also ,bgk41 ,gr4 ,lit4 i1 #ccd4 h4 ,hom4 ,m]c4 9 its own fa%ion 7#eeb-ff7 tells h[ ! god des]t$ ! lot oracle at ,delphi z too unreliable & unwor?y ( ! god4 #ddi3 ,ev5 ! case ( ,hel5os is no real example ( ?is3 #dd 7,plu4 ,vit4 ,hom4 ii1 #bab1 seems to reg>d x z "o74 ,cic41 ,div4 i1 #hi1 expressly di/+ui%es ! prophesy+ ( ,hel5os f ! en?usia/ic fr5zy ( ,kass&ra4 #dei3 ,ev5 ! h4 ,hom4 ,m]c4 to ! ,py?ian ,apollo1 ?\gh x describes ! in/itution ( ! cult & oracle ( ,apollo at ,delphi1 n[h]e m5tions ! ,py?ia 7z ,lob41 ,agl4 #bfd1 v p]t95tly rem>ks74 7,acc4 to #cjf f4 we mu/ suppose t at t "t ! prophesy+ 0 done exclusively by male ma_/nteis or prophtai47 #dfi3 ,see ,eur41 ,,x4 #abcd ff4 ,oracles ( e>?-div9ities 7 always giv5 by ,incubation4 ,ev5 ,cic]o 7,div4 i1 #ch1 foll[+ ,*rysippos x seems7 ref]s to vis illa t]rae1 quae m5tem ,py?iae div9o afflatu 9999concitabat 7z some?+ t has disappe>$74 ,x is (t5 ref]r$ to by lat] au?ors4 ,! plac+ ( ! tripod ov] ! *asm f :i* ! vap\r ( inspiration came1 is c]ta9ly1 ) ,welck]1 ,gtt]l4 ii1 #aa1 to be reg>d$ z a rem9isc5ce ( ! anci5t me?od ( ! e>?-oracle :i* 0 ?us cont9u$ 9 ! direct inspiration ( ,apollo4 7,! en?\siasmo_/s does n exclude o!r /imulants4 ,! ,py?ia dr9ks f ! inspir$ spr+--l ! ma_/nteis at ,kl>os3 ,a?4 ,mit?4 xi1 #dcj--;& !reupon becomes e_/n!os3 ,luc41 ,h]m4 #fj4 ,! prophetess ( ,apollo ,deiradiotes at ,argos by dr9k+ ! sacrificial blood ka_/to*os ek t\ !\ 9999gi_/netai3 ,paus4 #b1 #bd1 #a4 ,! ,py?ia *ews ! sacr$ laurel-leaves to become inspir$3 ,luc41 ,bis ,acc4 #a2 also #cab ! da_/phn1 hs pote geusa_/m5os peta_/ln ane_/phn5 aoidas autos a_/nax skpt\*os3 ,h4 ,mag4 ap4 ,abel1 ,orphica1 p4 #bhh4 ,! holy plant conta9s ! vis div9a :i* "o absorbs into oneself by *ew+4 ,?is is ! crude1 primitive idea und]ly+ su* actions1 z pla9ly appe>s 9 a simil> case m5tion$ by ,porph41 ,abs4 ii1 #dh47 #dgi3 e4g4 9 ,sp>ta3 e_//9 eponomazo_/m5on ,ga_/spton hi]on ,gs4 ,apo_/lln d' huper 9999auto hi_/drutai ,malea_/ts1 ,paus4 #c1 #ab1 #h4--,! leg5d ( ,apollo & ,daphne symbolizes ! ov]?r[ ( ! e>?-oracle by ,apollo & 8 own k9d ( prophecy4 #dhi3 ,see above1 *ap4 iii1 p4 #ig4 ,welck]1 ,gtt]l4 i1 #ebj ff4 #dii3 ,see above1 p4 #bfj ff4 #eji3 ,at ,amphikleia 9 ,phokis !re 0 an oracle ( ,dionysos3 pro_/mantis de ho hi]eu_/s e/i1 *ra de ek t\ !\ ka_/to*os1 ,paus4 #aj1 #cc1 #aa4 ,! words ( ,cornutus probably ref] to ,greece 7*ap4 xxx1 p4 #ei1 #bj ,lang73 kai manteia e_//h' ho_/p\ t\ ,dionu_/s\ e_/*ontos 4 4 4 cf4 ,plu41 ,smp4 #g1 #aj1 #ag1 p4 #gaf ,b3 hoi palaioi ton !on 7,dionysos7 mantiks polln e_/*e9 hg\nto moiran4 #eai3 ,dionysos ! fir/ giv] ( oracles at ,delphi3 ,arg41 ,pi4 ,py?41 p4 #b1 #g ,dr*4 7see above1 n4 #cf74 ,voigt ap4 ,ros*]1 i1 #ajcc-d1 reg>ds ,apollo at ,delphi z ! heir ( ! ,dionysiac mantik2 b he consid]s ,dionysos to h be5 9 ! same condition z ! ,py?on :o 0 ov]?r[n & kill$ by ,apollo--a view t c h>dly be ju/ifi$4 ,my own view is t ,apollo1 aft] de/roy+ ! *?onic 7dream7 ,oracle adopt$ f ! mantik ( ,dionysos ! prophecy by furor div9us :i* _h be5 hi!rto unkn[n to him4--,no "o c s]i\sly claim to h a cle> c]ta9 insight into ! intricate & kaleidoscopic *anges ( p[] & au?ority t f9ally l$ to ! supremacy ( ! composite ,apoll9e cult 9 ! viol5tly disput$ c5tre ( ,greek religion4 #ebi3 4 4 4 ho_/s\s ex ,apo_/llnos mannai le_/g\si 7i4e4 ! anci5t *rsmolo_/g\s71 ,paus4 #a1 #cd1 #d4 mani_/a t\ *rsmolo_/g\1 ,diog541 ,pr4 #f1 #dg4 ,s1 too1 epi_/pnoia3 ,sittl1 ,gebrd5 d] ,gr4 u4 ,r4 #cde4 ho en?\siasmos epi_/pneusi_/n t9a !i_/an e_/*e9 dokei1 ,/r4 #dfg4--;hoi numpho_/lptoi kai !o_/lptoi tn an?r_/pn1 epipnoi_/a daimoni_/ou t9os h_/sp] en?\sia_/zontes1 ,e?4 ,eud4 i1 #a1 #d1 #abad;a1 #bc4 #eci3 ,ec/atic condition ( ! ,py?ia3 ,d4,s4 xvi1 #bf2 miscon/ru$ 9 a ,*ri/ian s5se1 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,plu4 #ci 7see ,hem/]h4 ad loc474 ho_/l gi_/gnetai t\ !\1 ,iamb41 ,my/4 #c1 #aa1 p4 #abf1 #ae ,p>!y4 ,description ( a case 9 :i* ! prophesy+ ,py?ia became completely e_/kphrn3 ,plu41 ,def4 ,or41 #ea1 p4 #dch ,b4 #edi3 ,9 ! inspir$ mantik ! s\l becomes free f ! body3 animus ita solutus e/ et vacuus ut eo plane nihil sit cum corpore1 ,cic41 ,div4 i1 #aac2 cf4 #gj4 7ka?' heautn gi_/gnetai h psu*_/ 9 dream+ & manteiai3 ,ari/4 ap4 ,s4,e41 ,m4 #i1 #ba fr4 #aj ,r44 e_/oike h ar* 7( n\s7 apoluome_/n\ t\ lo_/g\ 9999is*u_/ei mallon 9 en?\siasmos1 ,,ee4 #abdh;a1 #dj2 cf4 #abbe;,a1 #bh47 ,?is is e_/k/asis ( ! und]/&+ itself3 see above1 p4 #bfj ff4 ,at o!r times x is said t ! god ent]s into m5 & fills _! s\ls2 :]eupon ! man is e_/n!os3 see above1 *ap4 viii1 n4 #ej2 cf4 pl5i et mixti deo vates1 ,m9uc4 #g1 #f4 ,! prie/ess at ! oracle ( ,bran*idai de_/*etai ton !o_/n1 ,iamb41 ,m4 #c1 #aa1 p4 #abg1 #g ,p>4--exoiki_/zetai ho en hmin n\s kata tn t\ !i_/ou pneu_/matos a_/phix91 kata de tn metana_//as9 aut\ pa_/l9 esoiki_/zetai ktl3 ,philo1 ,q4 r]4 div4 #ec1 i1 p4 #eaa ,m41 speak+ ( ! e_/n!os kato*tik_/ te mani_/a1 h to prophtikon ge_/nos *rtai 7p4 #eji ,m472 cf4 also ,spec4 ,leg4 i1 p4 #cdc ,m4 ,?is also 0 ! idea prevail+ at ,delphi4 ,plu41 ,def4 ,or4 #i1 p4 #dad ,e1 rejects z eu_/!s1 to oi_/e/hai ton !on auto_/n1 h_/sp] t\s egga/rimu_/?\s1 #cac enduo_/m5on eis ta s_/mata tn prophtn hupoph!_/gge/hai1 tois ekei_/nn /o_/masi kai phnais *r_/m5on orga_/nois4 ,b ?is 0 evid5tly ! ord9>y & deep-root$ op9ion 7ton !on eis sma ka!irgnu_/nai ?nto_/n1 ,plu41 ,py?4 ,or4 #h1 p4 #cih ,a74 ,! primitive idea is naively express$ by a late magic papyrus 7,k5yon1 ,gk4 ,pap4 9 ,,bm4 i1 p4 #aaf #ahic1 ,no4 #abb f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 l4 #b ff473 el!_/ moi1 ku_/rie ,h]m hs ta bre_/ph eis tas koili_/z tn gunaikn ktl4--,nei!r 9 mantik nor 9 e_/k/asis is any great di/9ction made betwe5 ! out-go+ ( ! s\l & ! 9-com+ ( ! god3 ! two ideas m]ge toge!r4 ,! condition is reg>d$ z "o 9 :i* two p]sons are unit$ & become "o2 ! human be+ hoion a_/llos g5o_/m5os kai ouk auto_/s1 !os g5o_/m5os mallon de _/n1 no long] exp]i5c+ a s5se ( division betwe5 himself & div9ity metaxu gar oude_/n1 oud' e_/ti du_/o all' he_/n a_/mph 7z ! subtle my/icism ( ,plot9os describes e_/k/asis1 #f1 #i1 #i-aj2 #f1 #g1 #cd-e74 ,9 ! above-m5tion$ magic invocation ( ,h]mes ! g_/s :o has conjur$ ! god into himself says to ! god 7l4 #cf ff41 p4 #aag7 su 7soi ,,mss47 gar eg1 kai eg su_/ 7soi ,,mss47 2 to sn o_/noma emon kai to emon s_/n2 eg ga_/r eimi to ei_/dlo_/n s\ ktl4 ,cf4 ,sw9burne1 ,songs be=e ,sunrise ii1 #gd f4 #eei3 ,s ,b]gk1 ,gr4 ,lit4 i1 #cce1 n4 #eh4 ,! v]ses ( ! oracle are reg>d$ z ! god's own3 ,plu41 ,py?4 ,or4 v1 #cif ,c ff4 ,s9ce ! god himself speaks out ( h] ! ,py?ia c prop]ly speak+ only give true oracles ouk apoda_/m\ ,apo_/llnos tu*o_/ntos1 ,pi41 ,p4 iv1 #e2 i4e4 :5 ,apollo is pres5t at ,delphi & n 7z he is 9 w9t]7 f> away among ! ,hyp]boreans4 ,?is 0 :y oracles 7 orig9ally only giv5 9 ! spr+ mon? ,bysios 7,plu41 ,q4 ,gr4 #i7 9 :i* app>5tly ! !opha_/nia occurr$ 7,hdt4 i1 #ea74 ,j z 9 ! case ( ! old oracul> e>?-spirits 7see above1 *ap4 iii1 n4 #ab7 :o 7 conf9$ to special localities1 s 9 ! case ( ! gods :o "w ?r\gh ! en?\siasmo_/s ( an inspir$ prophetess1 _! p]sonal pres5ce 9 ! temple at ! "t ( ! prophesy+ is requisite4 ,?is pres5ce is ?\ght ( z actual & corporeal 9 ! primitive =m ( ! belief 7?\gh x 0 got ov] & re9t]pret$ 9 lat] times71 & !re=e 9 ! case ( ! gods c only be tempor>y4 ,:51 9 summ]1 ,apollo is 9 ,delos 7,vg41 ,a4 iv1 #adc ff471 no *r/_/rion takes place 9 ! temple ( ,apollo at ,pat>a 9 ,lykia 7,hdt4 i1 #ahb74 ,& s 9 g5]al phugo_/ntn meta/a_/ntn 7tn p]i ta manteia kai *r/_/ria tetagme_/nn daimoni_/n7 apoba_/llei tn du_/nam9 7ta manteia71 ,plu41 ,,d4 #ae1 p4 #dah ,d4 #efi3 ,! cult ( ,zeus 9 ,crete 0 held met' orgiasm\3 ,/r4 #dfh4 ,! same applies to ! cult (f]$ 9 _m places to ! v>i\s & v diff]5t female deities :o 7 g5]ally comb9$ toge!r "u ! "n ( ,artemis3 ,lob41 ,agl4 #ajhe ff42 ,me9eke1 ,an4 ,al4 #cfa4 ,9 _! case ,asiatic influ5ce 0 at "w sometimes1 b by no means always3 ,welck]1 ,gtt]l4 i1 #cia2 ,mll]1 ,dorians1 i1 #djd ff4 ,! wor%ip ( ,pan 0 also orgia/ic4 ,o!rwise we f9d x pr9cipally 9 =eign wor%ips t _h made _! way at an e>ly p]iod into private cults3 e4g4 ! ,phrygian wor%ip ( ,kybele1 etc4 ,^! easily comb9$ ) ! ,bac*ic wor%ip & became almo/ indi/+ui%able f x2 sometimes !y ev5 alli$ !mselves ) true ,greek cults1 ) t ( ,pan1 = example1 :i* 0 closely assimilat$ bo? to ! wor%ip ( ,kybele & t ( ,dionysos4 ,x rema9s obscure h[ f> ! ,cretan cult ( ,zeus 0 affect$ by ,phrygian elem5ts4 #egi3 ,a rem>kable example is giv5 by ,h]od4 7ix1 #id71 :o tells u ( ! bl9d ,eu5ios 9 ,apollonia :o sudd5ly became possess$ ( #cad e_/mphutos mantik_/ 7n acquir$ by le>n+74 ,he is a true !o_/mantis 7,pl41 ,ap4 #bb ,c74 #ehi3 ,! anci5ts knew q well t ,ba_/kis & ,si_/bulla 7 really common n\ns d5ot+ inspir$ *rsmdoi_/3 ?us ! ,si_/bulla is ! p>numi_/a ( ,h]ophile1 ,plu41 ,p4 ,or4 #ad1 p4 #dja ,a1 & ,ba_/kis an epi_/!ton ( ,peisi/ratos1 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,pax #ajga4 ,! words are cle>ly us$ to d5ote :ole classes ( individuals by ,ari/41 ,prob4 #ied;a1 #cf3 nos_/mata manika kai en?\sia/ika_/ are liable to attack ,si_/bullai kai ,ba_/kides kai hoi e_/n!oi pa_/ntes4 ,& 9 g5]al :5 ! anci5ts speak 9 ! s+ul> ( ! ,sibyl or ,bakis1 ! ^w is g5]ally meant z a class-"n2 j z = ! mo/ "p :5 h ,pu?i_/a1 h 9999,pu?ia_/s occurs x is n a p>ticul> individual ,py?ia :o is meant b ! class-concept ( ! ,py?ia 7or "s p>ticul> memb] ( ! class actually function+ at ! mom5t74 ,h5ce x is by no means c]ta9 t ,h]akleitos1 etc41 :5 !y speak simply ( h ,si_/bulla1 & ,h]od4 :5 he says ,ba_/kis 7 ( ! op9ion t !re 0 only "o ,sibyl & "o ,bakis4--,x mu/ be admitt$ t we d n "k ! real mean+ ( ^! adjectival words !mselves1 _! etymology be+ q unc]ta94 ,0 ! ec/atic "* ( ^! prophets already express$ 9 _! titles8 sibullai_/ne91 ( c\rse en!_/aze9 7,d4,s4 #d1 #ff1 #g71 b ! v]b is naturally en\gh d]iv$ f ! "n ,si_/bulla1 j z baki_/ze9 is f ,ba_/kis1 er9u_/e91 f ,er9u_/s & n vice v]sa4 ,nor c we tell h[ f> ! p]sonal names atta*$ to c]ta9 ,sibyls & ,bakides h real hi/orical significance4 ,sibyl names are ,h]ophile1 ,demophile 7abbreviat$ to ,demo1 ,phut_/ or p]haps r ,phoit_/2 cf4 phoitas agu_/rtria1 ,a41 ,ag4 #abgc 7s ,la*mann on ,tib4 #b1 #e1 #fh73 ! ,arcadian ,bakis 0 call$ ,kydas or ,aletes 7cf4 ,phoit_/7 acc4 to ,philetas ,eph4 ap4 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,pa4 #ajga4 ,x is impossible to extract f ! by no means scanty mat]ials any real elem5t ( hi/orical fact ) respect to ^! /ories ( individual ,sibyls4 ,mo/ untru/wor?y ( all 9 ?is z 9 all he says on ?is subject is ,h]akleides ,pont4 & 8 /ory ( ! ,phrygian 7or ,trojan7 ,sibyl3 we might be m incl9$ to believe :at ,erato/h5es report$ acc4 to ! antiquis annalibus ,samiorum ( a ,samian ,sibyl 7,v>ro ap4 ,lactant41 ,in/4 #a1 #f1 #i7--;if x _h n includ$ s entirely wor?less a /ory z t pres]v$ 9 ,val4 ,m4 #a1 #e1 #i4--;,clem4 ,al41 ,/r4 i1 #ba1 p4 #cih ,p41 gives aft] ,bakis a :ole li/ ( *rsmdoi_/ ) names3 !y evid5tly d n all belong to leg5d1 b h>dly "o ( !m is o!rwise kn[n to u4 ,! foll[+ are possibly real p]sons belong+ to ! prophetic p]iod3 ,melesagoras ( ,eleusis :o prophesi$ 9 ,a!ns l ano!r ,bakis ek numphn ka_/to*os3 ,max4 ,tyr4 #ch1 #c 7!re is n a %ad[ ( a reason = id5tify+ him ) ,amelesagoras1 ! au?or ( an alleg$ anci5t ,at?is3 ,mll]1 ,,fhg4 ii1 #ba72 ,euklos ( ,cyprus ^: *rsmoi_/ writt5 9 ! old ,cypriote language inspire a c]ta9 confid5ce 7,m4 ,s*midt1 ,kuhns ,zts*r4 #ahfj1 p4 #afa ff473 un=tunately he wrote be=e ,hom]3 ,paus4 #aj1 #bd1 #c2 ,tat41 ,gr4 #da1 :i* makes 8 p]sonality dubi\s aga94 #eii3 ,( ?is description 7 ! *rsmolo_/goi ( ! fif? & f\r?--ev5 ( ! expir+ six?--c5turies 7,onomakritos belongs entirely to ?is class74 ,lob41 ,agl4 #igh ff41 #icb4 ,x is v r>ely t we he> 9 ^! times ( real prophets on _! own acc\nt1 prophesy+ 9 ! furor div9us1 l t ,amphilytos ( ,ac>nania :o met ,peisi/ratos z he return$ f ,eretria be=e ! battle epi ,pallni_/di & prophesi$ to him en!a_/zn 7,hdt4 i1 #fb f42 he is an ,a!nian 9 ,pl4 ,?g4 #abd ,d--:]e he is m5tion$ side by side ) ,ba_/kis te #cae kai ,si_/bulla--& 9 ,clem4 ,al41 ,/r4 i1 #ba1 p4 #cih ,p474 ,9 ! same way occasional ,sibyls occur ev5 9 late times 7,pha5nis1 ,a!nais3 see ,alex&re1 ,or4 ,sib4#a ii1 p4 #ba1 #dh74 #fji3 ,h]akl4 ,pont4 ap4 ,cl4 ,al41 ,/r4 i1 #ba1 p4 #chd ,p41 seems to h be5 ! fir/ to speak def9itely ( two ,sibyls1 ,h]ophile ( ,ery?rai & ! ,phrygian ,sibyl 7:om he id5tifies ) ! ,m>pessian ,sibyl or ! ,s4 ( ,g]gis3 ,lact4 #a1 #f1 #ab1 see ,alex&re1 ii1 p4 #be1 #cb4 ,philetas ap4 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,av4 #ifb1 foll[s him except t he adds a ?ird1 ! ,s>dian74 ,! ,phrygian-,trojan ,sibyl is dat$ by ,h]akleides 9 ! times ( ,solon & ,cyrus 7,lact472 we _c tell :at date he assign$ to ! ,ery?raean4 ,p]haps x 0 only aft] 8 times t ! *rsmoi_/ ( ,h]ophile fir/ appe>$ 9 :i* %e prophesi$ ! ,trka_/4 ,f ^! v]ses x 0 n[ d$uc$ t %e liv$ be=e ! ,trojan w>3 s ,paus4 #aj1 #ab1 #b1 & ev5 ,apollodoros ( ,ery?rai 7,lact4 #a1 #f1 #i74 ,!nce=w>d ! "n ( ,h]ophile 0 associat$ ) ! idea ( extreme antiquity4 7,! ,libyan ,sibyl ( ,paus4 :o is said to be ! olde/ ( all is m]ely an inv5tion ( ,euripides & nev] really obta9$ curr5cy3 ,li_/bussa ,si_/bulla anagrammatically4 ,see ,alex&re1 p4 #gd f47 ,h]ophile 0 id5tifi$ also ) ! pr_/t ,si_/bulla :o came to ,delphi & prophesi$ !re3 ,plu41 ,p4,or4 #i1 #cih ,c2 expressly s by ,paus4 #aj1 #ab1 #a1 & ,boc*us ap4 ,sol94 #b1 p4 #ch1 #ba-d ,mom4 ,acc4 to ,h]akleides 7ap4 ,clem4 ,al47 x 0 r ! ,phrugi_/a :o call+ h]self ,artemis prophesi$ 9 ,delphi 7s1 too1 ,philetas foll[+ ,h]akl4 & see also ,suid4 ,sib4 ,delphi_/s74 ,?is is due to ! local patriotism ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,troad4 ,_! ,sibyl is ! ,m>pessian 7 ! ,phrugi_/a ( ,h]akl474 ,! artificial sort ( int]pretation & =g]y t enabl$ a local hi/orian ( ! ,troad 7x _c h be5 ,demetrios ( ,skepsis7 to id5tify ! ,m>pessian ,sibyl1 :o also call$ h]self ,artemis1 ) ,h]ophile & turn h] into ! true eru?rai_/a1 may be guess$ f ,paus4 #aj1 #ab1 #b ff4 7,! same s\rce z t ( ,paus4 is us$ by ,/4 ,byz4 s4 ,m]msso_/s1 z ,alex&re1 p4 #bb1 rightly rem>ks47 ,! ,ery?raean claim to ,h]ophile 0 also disput$ f o!r directions4 ,! ,ery?raean is di/+ui%$ f ,h]ophile z be+ lat] by ,boc*us ap4 ,sol94 #b1 p4 #ch1 #bd2 & 9 a diff]5t fa%ion ! same is done by ,m>t4 ,cap4 ii1 #aei4 ,acc4 to ,eus41 ,*r4 #acje ,abr4 7n ,erato/h5es 9 ?is case7 ev5 ! ,samian ,sibyl 0 id5tifi$ ) ,h]ophile--to say no?+ ( ! ,ephesian ,h]ophile 9 ! fragg4 ( ! enl>g$ ,xan?os1 ,,fhg4 iii1 #djf-h4 ,f ! fable ( ! ,m>pessian ,h]ophile 0 lat] inv5t$ ! /ory ( h] prophecy to ,a5eas3 ,tib4 #b1 #e1 #fg2 ,d4,h4 #a1 #ee1 #d2 ,alex&re1 p4 #be4--;,9 comp>ison ) ^! diff]5t claimants to ! "n ( ,h]ophile 7ev5 ! ,cumaean ,sibyl 0 said to be ! same z ,h]ophile7 ! re/ ( ! ,sibyls 7 h>dly able to obta9 a real foot+ 9 tradition4 #fai3 ,! ,ery?raean ,sibyl 0 dat$ by ,eusebius 9 ,ol4 #i1 #c 7! absurd addition en ,aigu_/pt belongs only to ! au?or ( ! ,*ron4 ,pasc4 & n to ,eus43 ,alex&re1 p4 #hj72 he dat$ ! ,samian 9 ,ol4 #ag1 #a 7x is q arbitr>y to ref] ?is view to ,erato/h5es74 ,acc4 to ,suid4 ,si_/bulla ,apo_/llnos kai ,lami_/z ! ,ery?raean liv$ #dhc ye>s aft] ! fall ( ,troy3 i4e4 ,ol4 #bj1 #a 7#gjj ,b4,c474 ,h]akleides put ! ,phrygo-,trojan ,sib4 9 ! times ( ,solon & ,kyros 7to :i* ,epim5ides also belongs & to :i* ,ari/eas & ,ab>is 7 suppos$ to belong74 ,we c no long] discov] or guess at ! reasons = ^! dat+s4 ,9 any case ! ,*ronologi/s to :om !y g back evid5tly reg>d$ ! ,sibyls z lat] ?an ! e>lie/ ,py?ia at ,delphi4 ,ev5 ! ,cumaean ,sibyl 0 n to be di/+ui%$ #caf f ! ,ery?raean3 ,ari/4 ,mirab4 #ie1 :i* p]haps comes f ,timaeus2 ,v>ro ap4 ,s]v4 ,a4 vi1 #cf2 cf4 ,d4,h4 #d1 #fb1 #f4 ,9 spite ( :i* %e is a contempor>y ( ,t>qu9ius ,priscus 7?is 0 en\gh to di/+ui% ! ,cimm]ia 9 ,italia :o prophesi$ to ,a5eas f ! ,cumaean ,sibyl3 ,naev4 & ,calp4 ,piso 9 ,v>ro ap4 ,lact4 #a1 #f1 #i74 ,naturally 9 ^! *ronological /raits rec\rse 0 _h to ! fav\rite device ( su* acc\nts--unnatural longevity4 ,! ,sibyl is polu*ronita_/t ,ari/43 %e liv$ a ?\s& ye>s or !reab\ts3 ,phleg41 ,macr4 #d 7! oracle ( ?is passage 0 also kn[n to ,plu42 cf4 ,,po4 #ac1 #dja ,b2 a simil> s\rce inspires ,ov41 ,m4 xiv1 #acb-ec4 ,9 ?is case ! ,sibyl has already liv$ #gjj ye>s be=e ! arrival ( ,a5eas1 & %e w live ano!r #cjj1 :i* w\ld br+ h]--by a r inexact calculation--to ab\t ! "t ( ,t>qu9ius ,priscus74 ,9 ! v]ses f\nd at ,ery?rae belong+ to a /atue ( ! ,sibyl 7,bures*1 ,wo*4 ,klass4 ,phil4 #ahia1 p4 #ajdb2 ,a?4 ,mitt4 #ahib1 p4 #bj71 ! ,ery?raean ,sibyl is said to live #ijj ye>s--un=tunately "o _c be sure t ?is means till ! "t ( ! inscr4 itself & ( ! ne_/os kti_//s ( ,ery?rai 9 ! age ( ! ,anton9es :o is ref]r$ to at ! close4 ,if s ! ,sibyl w\ld h be5 born ab\t ! ye> #gjj ,b4,c4 7z 9 ,suid47 or a little e>li]4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! l5g?y p]iod ref]s to ! life "t ( ! long s9ce dead ,sibyl h]self1 :ile ! au?is d' en?a_/de eg hmai ( l4 #aa f4 only applies to ! /atue4 ,9 :i* case ! comm5cem5t & end ( ! ,sibyl's lifetime w\ld be unkn[n4--,cumaeae saecula vatis became prov]bial3 ,alex&re1 p4 #eg4 ,f9ally ! ,sibyl 0 reg>d$ z entirely =gott5 by dea?1 z 9 ! /ory 9 ,petronius #dh 7cf4 also--probably ref]r+ to ,ery?rai--,ampel41 ,,lm4 viii1 #ae2 ,rh4 ,mus4 #cb1 #fci74 #fbi3 r #chc ff4 #fci3 ,! ,sibyl is ov]come by ! furor div9us 9 su* a way ut quae sapi5s non videat ea videat insanus1 et si qui humanos s5sus amis]it div9os assecutus sit1 ,cic41 ,div4 ii1 #aaj2 cf4 i1 #cd4 nos_/mata manika kai en?\sia/ika_/ ( ,sibyls & ,bakids ,ari/4 ,prob4 #cj1 #a1 #ied;a1 #cf4 ,! ,sibyl prophesies mantik *rme_/n en!_/1 ,pl41 ,phdr4 #bdd ,b4 ma9ome_/n te kai ek t\ !\ ka_/to*os1 ,paus4 #aj1 #ab1 #b4 deo furibunda recepto1 ,ov41 ,m4 xiv1 #ajg4 ,!re is 9 h] div9itas et qua$am caelitum societas1 ,pl941 ,,nh4 vii1 #aai4 kato* kai epi_/pnoia ,j41 ,co4 ad4 ,gr41 #cg1 #cf ,a4 ,s1 too1 9 our collections ( ,sibyll9e oracles ! ,s4 (t5 speak ( _! div9e fr5zy1 etc42 e4g4 ii1 #d1 #e2 iii1 #afb f41 #bie f42 xi1 #cag1 #cbj1 #cbc f42 xii1 #bid f41 etc4 ,fr5zy ( ! ,cumaean ,s43 ,vg41 ,a4 vi1 #gg f4--,bakis has 8 prophetic gift f ! ,nymphs 7,ar41 ,pa4 #ajga71 he is kata_/s*etos ek numphn1 maneis ek numphn 7,paus4 #aj1 #ab1 #aa2 #d1 #bg1 #d71 numpho_/lptos 7cf4 !o_/lptos1 phoibo_/lptos1 pano_/lptos1 mtro_/lptos2 ,lymphati3 ,v>ro1 ,,ll4 vii1 p4 #cfe ,sp41 ,paul4 ,fe/41 p4 #abj1 #aa ff41 ,placid41 p4 #fb1 #ae ff4 ,deu]l474 #fdi3 ,si_/bulla de ma9ome_/n /o_/mati ktl43 ,h]akleitos ap4 ,plu41 ,py?4 ,or4 #f1 p4 #cig ,a4 fr4 #ab ,by4 #ib ,diels 7! words *ili_/n 4 4 4 !\ are n ,h4's b ,plut>*'s4 ,cl4 ,al41 ,/r4 #a1 #ae1 p4 #ceh ,p4 uses only ,plu474 ,to reg>d ,h]akleitos' ,sibyl z ! ,py?ia 7) ,bgk41 etc47 is absurd ap>t f ! fact t ! ,py?ia is nev] call$ ,si_/bulla4 ,x is exclud$ by ! way ,plu4 introduces ! ^w 9 ?is passage1 & connects *ap4 #i ) *ap4 #f4 ,x is true1 ?\gh1 t ,pl4 draws a p>allel betwe5 ! nature ( ! ,sibyl & t ( ! ,py?ia4 #fei3 ,hom] kn[s ,kass&ra z "o ( ! daught]s ( ,priam & inde$ z ,pria_/moio ?ugatrn eidos ari_//n1 ,n #cfe2 probably t x :y %e is allott$ to ,agamemnon z 8 %>e ( ! spoil & :y %e is sla9 ) him1 l #dba ff4 ,! ,ku_/pria is ! fir/ to tell ( h] #cag prophetic skill4 ,0 x ! n>rative ( #fii :i* fir/ sugge/$ to ! ne_/t]oi ! idea ( h] k ( ! future8 7,9 reality t passage alludes r to ! sumpa_/!ia ( ! si/] & daught] & n to mantik3 ,s*4 ,b4 ad loc47 ,h] prophetic gifts 7 elaborat$ lat] 9 _m /ories3 e4g4 ,bac*yl4 xiv1 #ej fr4 #bi ,bgk4 7,porph4 on ,hor4 ,o4 i1 #ae74 ,aes*4 repres5ts h] z ! type ( ! ec/atic prophetess 7phr5oman_/s1 !opho_/rtos1 ,ag4 #aadj1 #abaf74 ,z su* %e is call$ by ,eur4 mantipo_/los ba_/k*1 ,hec4 #aba4 phoiba_/s #hbg4 to bak*eion ka_/ra ts !spid\ ,kassa_/ndras #fgf4 ,%e wildly %akes h] head l ! ,bac*ants ho_/tan !\ manto_/sunoi pneu_/ss' ana_/gkai1 ,,ia4 #gfj ff4 #ffi3 ,ab\t ! ,arcadian ,bakis 7,kydas or ,aletes by "n7 ,!o_/pompos en t ?' tn ,philippikn a_/lla te polla hi/orei p>a_/doxa kai ho_/ti pote tn ,lak$aimoni_/n tas gunaikas manei_/sas eka_/?r51 ,apo_/llnos t\_/tois t\_/ton ka?>tn d_/ntos1 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,pa4 #ajga4 ,! /ory is closely p>allel to t ( ,melamp\s & ! ,proitides1 see above1 nn4 #bb-e4 #fgi3 ,cf4 e4g4 ,hippocr4 p4 p>!ni_/n 7ii1 p4 #ebh ,k42 viii1 #dfh ,l474 ,^u _! recov]y f hy/]ical halluc9ations ! wom5 d$icate valuable hima_/tia to ,artemis keleuo_/ntn tn ma_/nten4 ,?is is ! regul> "n = ! ma_/goi1 ka?>tai_/1 agu_/rtai 7cf4 ,teiresias d_/lios agu_/rts1 ,s41 ,,ot4 #chh2 ,kass&ra is accus$ ( be+ phoitas agu_/rtria1 ,a41 ,ag4 #abgc74 ,hp4 speaks else:]e also ( _! mann] ( heal+ epilepsy1 i1 p4 #ehh ,k4 7vi1 #ced ,l474 #fhi3 ka?>moi 4 4 4 kata tn mantik_/n1 ,pl41 ,crat4 #dje ,,ab4 ,! ma_/nteis are able e4g4 to drive away by magic ! mi/ t is s dang]\s = ! olive-trees3 ,?phr41 ,,cp4 #b1 #g1 #e4 ,! ma_/nteis kai t]atosko_/poi1 hagu_/rtai kai ma_/nteis possess ! arts ( magganeu_/mata1 epdai_/1 katade_/seis & epaggai_/ :i* compel ! gods to d _! w1 ,pl41 ,rp4 #cfd ,,bc2 ,lg4 #icc ,,ce4 ,^! ma_/nteis correspond 9 all ess5tials to ! magicians & m$ic9e m5 ( savage tribes4 ,prophet1 doctor1 & magician are "h unit$ 9 a s+le p]son4 ,a my?ical prototype ( ^! ,greek m$ic9e m5 is ,apis1 ( :om we he> 9 ,aes*41 ,sup4 #bfj-gj4 7,! ma_/nteis also (ficiate z sacrificial prie/s1 esp4 :]e ! sacrifice is comb9$ ) a special sacrificial mantik--q unkn[n to ,hom]--9 :i* ! w ( ! gods is inquir$3 ,eur41 ,hcld4 #dja99991 #hai2 ,ph4 #abee ff4 & frequ5tly4 ,h]mann ,gottesdi5/l4 ,alt]?4 #cc1 #i47 #fii3 ,! cle>e/ evid5ce = ?is is ,hp41 ,morb4 ,sacr4 7vi1 #ceb ,l474 ,see bel[1 n4 #ha4 ,assi/ance 9 ! case ( int]nal diseases is naturally s\ght 9 anci5t times f magicians1 = su* diseases arise imm$iately f ! action ( a god3 /ug]os de_/ hoi e_/*rae dai_/mn1 e #cif 7cf4 k1 #fd71 is said ( an invalid :o lies dron tko_/m5os4 ,cf4 n\sos ,dios mega_/l\1 i #daa4 ,9 su* cases help is s\ght f ! iatro_/mantis 7,a41 ,sup4 #bfc7 :o is at once ma_/ntis & t]atosko_/pos & ka?>t_/s l 8 div9e prototype ,apollo3 ,a41 ,eum4 #fb-c4 ,9 a long illness ,k+ ,kleom5es ,i ( ,sp>ta resorts to ka?>tai kai ma_/nteis1 ,plu41 ,ap4 ,lac4 #aa1 p4 #bbc ,e4 #gji3 ,a #cac f42 * #dha ff4 ,ka?>tic practices1 h[ev] mu* !y may conta9 a primitive core1 7 fairly late 9 atta9+ popul>ity 9 ,greece 7or 9 rega9+ a lo/ popul>ity73 z is %[n esp4 by ! all b total abs5ce ( any m5tion ( su* practices & ! sup]/itions und]ly+ !m f ,hesiod1 ,op41 :i* o!rwise pres]ves ! memory ( s mu* c\ntryside sup]/ition 7some?+ r l x is p]haps to be f\nd 9 ,op4 #gcc-f74 #gai3 ,no?+ is said 9 ,hom] ( ! purification ( ! murd]] or ! homicide3 see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #aff4 #gbi3 ,?us at ! amphidro_/mia all :o h _h any?+ to d ) #cah ! mai_/sis1 apoka?ai_/rontai tas *eiras 7,suid4 s4v474 ,b ev5 ! *ild is lu/rat$3 x is c>ri$ 9 ! arms ( a gr[n-up :o runs ) x r\nd ! alt> & ! alt> fire3 cle>ly a ve/ige ( ! apotropiasmos kai ka_/?>sis ( ! *ild by sacr$ fire ( :i* s _m relics h be5 obs]v$3 see ,grimm1 p4 #fbe2 ,tylor1 ii1 #dcj f4--,uncleanness ( ! pregnant woman until ! =tie? day aft] ! *ild is born3 ,welck]1 ,kl4 ,s*r4 iii1 #aig-i4 ,at ! bir? ( a *ild cr[ns ( olive-bran*es or wooll5 fillets 7e_/ria7 7 9 ,attica hung up on ! h\se-door2 j z cypress-bran*es 7 hung on ! doors ( h\ses :]e a corpse lay 7see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #ci73 = ka?>tic purposes /r+s ( onions 7squills7 7 susp5d$ on h\se-doors2 see bel[73 ,hs*4 /e_/phanon ekphe_/re94 ,bo? are lu/ral mat]ials4 ,use ( olive bran*es at ka?>mo_/s3 ,s41 ,,oc4 #dhc f42 ,vg41 ,a4 #bcj4 ,:5 a "m gives h] *ild t is to be expos$ a cr[n made ( olive bran*es 7z 9 ,eur41 ,ion1 #adcc ff471 ?is1 too1 has an apotropaic purpose z also has ! ,gorgon's head on ! embroid]$ /uff t also accompanies ! *ild 7l4 #adbj f473 see on ?is ,o4 ,jahn1 ,bs4 ,blick1 #fj4 ,! olive is also sacr$ to ! *?o_/nioi 7h5ce its use z a b$ = corpses3 see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #fa2 cf4 tois apo?an\s9 elaas sunekphe_/r\s93 ,artemid4 iv1 #eg1 p4 #bcf1 #bj ,h4 koti_/n kai ta9i_/a ! goddess cr[ns ,*ios 9 8 dream & po9ts ! man ?us d$icat$ to dea? to 8 mnma3 ,*io1 ,epi/4 #ag1 #b74 ,?is makes ! olive suitable = lu/ration & apotropiasmoi_/4 ,! h\se 9 :i* ! *ild lay 0 ?us reg>d$ z ne$+ purification4 ,! uncleanness felt to exi/ 9 ?is case is cle>ly express$ by ,phot4 rha_/mnos2 ami_/antos h pi_/tta2 dio kai en tais g5e_/sesi tn paidi_/n 7tau_/t7 *ri_/ousi tas oiki_/z1 eis ape_/las9 daimo_/nn 7see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #ie74 ,x is ! neighb\rhood ( ^! 7*?onic7 dai_/mones t cause ! pollution4 #gci3 ,a41 ,p]s4 #bja ff41 #baf ff42 ,ar41 ,ra4 #acdj2 ,hp41 ,insom4 7ii1 p4 #aj1 #ac ,k4 vi1 p4 #fed ,l472 cf4 ,beck]1 ,*>icles1 p4 #acc1 n4 #d ,e4,t4 #gdi3 ,cf4 ,plu41 ,sept4 ,sap4 ,conv4 iii1 p4 #adi ,d1 & on ?is ,wytt5b4 vi1 p4 #icj f4 #gei3 ,purification ( h\ses 7* #dha ff472 e4g4 ,d4 #dg1 #ga4 ,x 0 cu/om>y to purify oiki_/z kai pro_/bata ) black hellebore3 ,?phr41 ,,hp4 #i1 #aj1 #d2 ,dsc4 #d1 #adi 7h5ce ! sup]/iti\s details ( its ga!r+1 ,?phr41 ,,hp4 #i1 #h1 #h1 & ,dsc474 ,! t\*+ ( ! h\se by unholy daimones necessitates purification3 ,?phr41 ,*4 #bh 7#af71 #ae1 ( ! deisidai_/mn2 kai pukna de tn oiki_/an ka?arai de9os ,heka_/ts pha_/skn epaggn gegone_/nai4 #gfi3 ,pres5ce ( a dead body 9 a h\se makes ! wat] & fire unclean2 clean wat] & fire mu/ !n be br\ght 9 f else:]e4 ,see ,plu41 ,,qg4 #bd 7,argos71 p4 #big ,a 7see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #ch74 ,at a fe/ival ( ! dead 9 ,lemnos all ! fires 7 put out 7z unclean72 clean fire 0 s\ght f ,delos1 &1 aft] ! completion ( ! enagi_/smata br\ght into ! c\ntry & di/ribut$4 ,philo/r41 ,h4 #ai1 #ad1 p4 #bjf-h1 #g ,k4--,alex&] 0 foll[+ ,greek1 z well z ,p]sian1 cu/oms :5 at ! burial ( ,hephai/ion he all[$ to p>a tois ,pe_/rsais kal\_/m5on hi]on pur to g out1 me_/*ri an tele_/s tn ekphora_/n1 ,d4,s4 #ag1 #aad1 #d4 #ggi3 ,:5 a ,greek saw anyone us+ expiatory rites1 he presum$ 9 t p]son ! w to am5d1 ,ngelsba*1 ,na*hom4 ,!ol41 #cfc4 ,if ?is 0 really s x is /range t we nev] see ?is presumption express$ 9 words4 ,we d inde$ read t ! deisidai_/mn mortifies himself & exagoreu_/ei t9as ham>ti_/z haut\ kai plmmelei_/z1 b 9 :at d ^! ham>ti_/ai consi/8--hs to_/de phago_/ntos pio_/ntos badi_/santos #cai hodon hn ouk ei_/a to daimo_/nion1 ,plu41 ,sup]/it4 #g1 p4 #afh ,d3 m]ely ritual omissions 9 fact1 n moral transgressions at all4 ,x is ! same ev]y:]e 9 ?is doma94 ,! conceptions und]ly+ purificatory practice c]ta9ly did n correspond to ! ref9$ morality ( lat] ages1 b !y cont9u$ 9 =ce s long z ka?>tik rema9$ popul>3 !y are well express$ 7?\gh disapprov+ly7 by ,ovid 9 ! well-kn[n l9es :i* we %all1 h[ev]1 d well to recall3 omne nefas omnemque mali purgam9a causam cr$ebant no/ri toll]e posse s5es4 ,graecia pr9cipium moris fuit3 illa noc5tis impia lu/ratos pon]e facta putat4--a6 nimium faciles1 qui tri/ia crim9a ca$is flum9ea tolli posse putetis aqua1 ,f4 #b1 #ce ff42 cf4 ,hp4 i1 p4 #eic ,k41 vi1 #cfb ,l4 #ghi3 ,we c only "h allude to ! rem>kable p>allel provid$ by ! purificatory & expiatory ritual ( ,india1 :i* is completely analog\s to ! ka?>tik ( ,greece & _h a simil> orig94 ,ev5 9 details ,indian conceptions & proc$ure answ] closely to ,greek4 ,!y are bo? z f> remov$ z possible f all idea ( quiet+ a guilt-lad5 consci5ce & are direct$ solely t[>ds effac+1 expung+1 or expell+ an ext]nal mi_/asma1 a pollution arriv+ f )\t1 a ta9t aris+ f contact ) a ho/ile daimo_/nion conceiv$ z some?+ 9 ! nature ( a daimonic fluid4 ,indian s\rces are on ?is po9t v ri* & full3 an excell5t acc\nt ( !m is giv5 by ,old5b]g 9 8 ,religion des ,v$a 7esp4 ,fr4 tr4 #bdc ff42 #dag ff474 ,greek & ,indian practices illum9ate ea* o!r4 ,x w\ld be a valuable exp]im5t to take ! highly elaborat$ ka?>tic ritual ( ! ,ave/a & comp>e x ) ! hi/ory & te*nique ( purification & expiation 9 ,greek religion4 ,x w\ld mean r5ew+ ,lomei]'s old book ,epim5ides s4 de lu/rat4 ,zutph5 #agjj3 ! mat]ials are v scatt]$ & ! gr\nd has nev] be5 ?or\ghly gone ov] s9ce !n4 ,by ! help also ( ! comp>ative me?od ( religi\s /udy1 :i* 9 ?is case is q ju/ifi$1 x w\ld !n be possible to recon/ruct a mo/ important fragm5t ( primitive religio--a fragm5t :i* _h become almo/ entirely =gott5 9 ,hom]ic times1 :i* !n recov]$ its anci5t influ5ce & cont9u$ to develop & 0 ev5 transmitt$ to ! ritual ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* 7cf4 ,anri*1 ,d4 ant4 ,my/]i5w4 #aij f474 ,we mu/ be c>eful1 h[ev]1 to %ut our e>s to ! o!rwise v conv9c+ p :o are s anxi\s to introduce purely moral int]e/s & conceptions into anci5t religio4 ,morality is a lat] a*ievem5t 9 ! life-hi/ory ( ! *ildr5 ( m53 ?is fruit did n gr[ 9 ,ed54 #gii3 ,see ,app5dix v4 #hji3 ,:at ! ,greeks meant by mi_/asma c be v cle>ly se51 e4g4 9 ! conv]sation betwe5 ,phaidra & h] nurse 9 ,eur4 ,hp4 #caf ff4 ,phaidra's di/ress ( m9d is n d]iv$ f a de$ ( blood3 *eires men hagnai_/ %e says phrn d' e_/*ei mi_/asma_/ ti4 ,does ! ,nurse ?9k ( any moral disgrace or defilem5t ( ! di/ress$ woman 9 ?is phr5os mi_/asma8 ,n at all3 %e only asks1 mn ex epakt\ pmons e*?rn t9os8 9 o!r words by defilem5t ( ! m9d %e c only conceive ( an en*antm5t1 some?+ f )\t t comes1 by epagg t9n daimoni_/n 7see bel[1 n4 #ajh71 a /a9 d]iv$ f ! pollut+ neighb\rhood ( su* daimones4 ,?is 0 ! g5]al & popul> conception4 7,tak5 lit]ally ,plato's words also give expression to ! popul> conception3 polln o_/ntn kai kaln en t tn an?r_/pn bi_/1 tois plei_//ois autn hoion kres epipephu_/kas91 hai katamiai_/n\si_/ te kai kat>rupai_/n\s9 auta1 ,lg4 #icg ,d47 #cbj #hai3 ,diseases come palain ek mnima_/tn1 ,pl41 ,phdr4 #bdd ,,de2 i4e4 f ! rage ( dep>t$ g5]ations ( s\ls or ( *?o_/nioi1 ,lob41 ,agl4 #fce-g4 ,esp4 madness is a nosein ex ala/o_/rn1 ,s41 ,tr4 #acbe1 a ta_/ragma t>ta_/reion1 ,e41 ,,hf4 #hi4 ,cure ( su* diseases is und]tak5 n by doctors b by ka?>tai_/1 ma_/goi kai agu_/rtai1 expiatory prie/s ) magic proce$+s--?is is well %[n by ! treatm5t ( ! sacr$ disease 9 ,hp41 ,morb4 ,sac41 p4 #ehg-id ,k vi1 #ceb-fd ,l4 ,su* p1 introduc+ !mselves z magicians 9 ! /rict s5se 7p4 #ceh ,l471 use no regul> m$ic9al treatm5t 7#cef71 b op]ate p>tly ) ka?>moi_/ & epdai_/1 p>tly ) v>i\s prescriptions ( ab/95ce hagneiai kai ka?>o_/ttes4 ,^! la/ are expla9$ by ,hp4 on dietetic gr\nds b ! ,ka?>tai !mselves d]iv$ !m f to !ion kai to daimo_/nion 7#ceh74 ,& su* !y 7 evid5tly 9 int5tion4 ,! acc\nt ( su* prescriptions giv5 on pp4 #ced-f mo/ly ref]s to ab/5tions f plants & animals suppos$ to be sacr$ to ! und]world4 ,noticeable also3 hima_/tion me_/lan m e_/*e91 ?anatdes gar to me_/lan 7all trees ) black b]ries or fruit belong to ! inf]i3 ,macr4 #c1 #bj1 #c74 ,o!r sup]/itions are f\nd ) ^!3 mde po_/da epi podi e_/*e91 mde *eira epi *eiri_/2 tauta gar pa_/nta klu_/mata einai4 ,! belief is famili> f ! /ory ( ! bir? ( ,h]akles4 ,see ,welck]1 ,kl4 ,s*r4 iii1 #aia4 ,sittl1 ,gebrd5 #abf4 7,some?+ ( ! k9d 9 ,p4 ,mag4 ,p>4 #ajeb ff41 p4 #ga ,wess47 ,! s\rce ( ! disease 01 h[ev]1 always suppos$ to be ! direct influ5ce ( a dai_/mn 7#cfj-b7 :i* mu/ !re=e be av]t$4 ,acc4 to popul> belief x is always ,god :o to an?r_/p\ sma miai_/nei 7cf4 p4 #cfb74 ,= ?is reason ! magicians purify1 ka?ai_/r\si1 ! sick hai_/masi kai tois9 a_/lloisi :i* are us$ to purify p mi_/asma_/ ti e_/*ontas or on :om a curse has be5 laid4 ,! ka?a_/rsia are buri$ or ?r[n into ! sea 7kai eis ha_/la lu_/mat' e_/ballon1 ,a #cad71 or c>ri$ away into a des]t$ m\nta9 di/rict 7p4 #cfb74 ,su* ka?a_/rsia are n[ ! re/+ place ( ! mi_/asma t has be5 wa%$ (f1 & s ! magician drives eis ore_/n kephalas n\_/s\s te kai a_/lg1 ,orph4 ,h4 #cf1 #af4 ,simil>ly 9 ,india1 ,old5b]g #die4 #hbi3 ,epdai us$ = /opp+ ! fl[ ( blood1 t #deg4 ,frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 lat] times3 p>ticul>ly us$ 9 ! magic cure ( epilepsy1 ,hp4 vi1 #ceb-d2 ,d4 #be1 #gi-hj4 ,:5 h\ses & he>?s are purifi$ by be+ spr9kl$ ) hellebore sunepa_/d\si_/ t9a epd_/n1 ,?phr4 ,,hp4 #i1 #aj1 #d 7comprecationem solemnem is ,pl9y's trans41 ,,nh4 #be1 #di74 ,pa9s ( *ildbir? prev5t$ or alleviat$ by epdai1 ,pl41 ,?t4 #adi ,,cd4 7,mu* m ( ! k9d 9 ,welck]1 ,kl4 ,s4 iii1 #fd ff47 ,! ess5tial mean+ ( su* epdai is regul>ly an appeal or exorcism address$ to ! daimonic creature 7cle>ly an appeal :5 lions or snakes are appeas$ 9 ?is way3 ,welck]1 iii1 #gj1 #ad-ae74 ,epdai accompany+ rhizotomi_/a are epikl_/seis ( ! dai_/mn h h bota_/n anie_/rtai3 ,p4 ,mag4 ,p>4 #bigc ff4 ,! mean+ ( su* conjur+s address$ to diseases--:5 ! daimon is exorcis$--is cle>ly se5 9 :at ,plot94 says ( ! ,gno/ics3 !y claim$ to heal ! sick by means ( epaoidai_/1 me_/l1 *oi1 & ka?ai_/re/hai no_/sn1 hupo/sa_/m5oi tas no_/s\s daimo_/nia einai1 kai ta toiauta exairein lo_/g pha_/skontes du_/na/hai1 #b1 #i1 #ad4 #hci3 ,cla%+ ( bronze us$ at apoka?a_/rseis to drive away gho/s3 see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #afg2 cf4 also ,macr4 #e1 #ai1 #aa4 ,claud4 iv4 ,cons4 ,hon4 #adi3 nec te 7l ,juppit]7 prog5itum ,cybeleius a]e sonoro lu/ravit ,corybas4 ,! noise ( bronze has a ka?>tic effect simply z av]t+ gho/s4 ,9 ! process ( driv+ out ! gho/s at ! ,lemuria1 ,temesaea concrepat a]a1 ,ov41 ,f4 #e1 #dda4 ,h5ce 787 *alk\ #cba audan *?oni_/an1 ,e41 ,hel4 #acdf4 ,at eclipses ( ! sun or moon k9\si *alkon kai si_/dron a_/n?rpoi pa_/ntes 7cf4 ,plu41 ,aem4 #ag2 ,juv4 vi1 #ddc2 ,m>t4 xii1 #eg1 #af f41 etc47 hs t\s dai_/mones apelau_/nontes1 ,al4 ,aphr41 ,prb4 #b1 #df1 p4 #fe1 #bh ,id4 ,?is is ! object ( ! crepitus dissonus at eclipses ( ! moon3 ,pl941 ,,nh4 ii1 #ed2 ,liv4 xxvi1 #e1 #i2 ,tac41 ,a4 i1 #bh1 & cf4 ,tib4 i1 #h1 #ba f42 ob /rias3 ,aug4 ,sacrileg4 v1 #af1 ) ,casp>i's refs41 p4 #ca f4 #hdi3 pho_/n pho_/non ekni_/pte91 ,e41 ,,x4 #abcc4 ,purgantur cruore cum cruore polluuntur 4 4 4 ,h]aclit4 7p4 #cce1 #e ,s*u/4 #e ,d4 #acj ,b474 #hei3 ,a4,r4 iv1 #gjc ff4 ka?>mois *oirokto_/nois 4 4 43 ,a41 ,eum4 #bhc1 #ddi1 hai_/matos ka?>si_/ou2 cf4 ,mll]1 ,aes*4 ,eum4 #abd4 ,repres5tation ( ! ka?>mo_/s ( ,ore/es on well-kn[n vase-pa9t+s3 ,mon4 d4 in/4 iv1 #dh1 etc4 #hfi3 ,! purification ( ! /a9 ( blood 9 ^! & simil> cases really consi/$ 9 a sub/itution sacrifice :]eby ! ang] ( ! daimones 0 appeas$3 s mu* 01 on ! :ole correctly1 obs]v$ long ago by ,me9]s1 ,allg4 ,ges*4 d] relig4 ii1 #acg4 ,! mi_/asma t cl+s to ! murd]] is 9 fact j ! indignation ( ! murd]$ man or ( ! und]world spirits3 ?is is pla9 9 ,antiph41 ,tet4 #c;a1 #c 7see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #agf74 ,! ?+ t makes ! son :o has n av5g$ 8 fa!r's murd] unclean & keeps him away f ! alt>s ( ! gods is ou* horme_/n patros mnis ,a41 ,*4 #bic4--;,9 ! case ( murd] or homicide !re is n only ! contact ) ! s9i/] o!r-_w t makes m5 unclean 7?is applies to all cases ( pollution71 b1 besides ?is1 !re is also ! ang] ( ! murd]$ s\l itself 7& ( its protect+ spirits74 ,h5ce 9 ?is case1 besides ka?>mo_/s1 hilasmo_/s z well is necess>y 7see above1 *ap4 v74 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t x w\ld be difficult to keep ! two processes di/9ct & t !y w\ld easily m]ge into ea* o!r4 #hgi3 ,! ph>makoi_/ are put to dea? at ! ,?>gelia ( ,ionic cities3 ,hipponax fr4 #cg4 ,9 o!r places on extraord9>y occasions1 b regul>ly at ! ,?>gelia 9 ,a!ns4 ,?is is d5i$ by ,/5gel1 ,h]mes1 #bb1 #hf ff41 b 9 ! face ( def9ite /atem5ts f antiquity g5]al consid]ations c h no weight4 ,9 addition x 0 only a special mode ( execution appli$ to crim9als already condemn$ to dea?4 7,two m51 acc4 to ,h>p4 #ahj1 #ai3 a man & a woman ,hs*4 ph>makoi_/3 ! v>iation is expla9$ by ,hellad4 ap4 ,phot41 ,bibl41 p4 #ced;a1 #c ff4 ,bk47 ,! ph>makoi_/ s]ve z ka?a_/rsia to ! city 7,h>p4 #ahj1 #ai ,bk473 ,hippon4 fr4 #d2 ,hellad4 ap4 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,eq4 #aacf4 ph>mako_/s ka_/?>ma1 ,phot41 ,lex4 #fdj1 #h ,pors4 ,! ph>makoi_/ 7 ei!r burnt 7aft] be+ put to dea?7 l o!r propitiatory victims3 ,tz41 ,*4 v1 #gcf1 prob4 foll[+ ,hippon4 7! burn+ ( ! ph>m4 at ,a!ns seems to be allud$ to by ,eup4 ,dm4 #abj i1 #bij ,k472 or /on$3 ?is =m ( dea? is impli$ 79 ! case ( ,a!ns7 by ! leg5d ( ,i/ros ap4 ,h>p4 #ahj1 #bc4 ,analog\s cu/oms 7indicat$ by ,mll]1 ,dorians1 i1 #cde7 at ,abd]a3 ,ov41 ,ib4 #dfe f4 7:i* acc4 to ! ,s*4 is tak5 f ,call41 :o evid5tly transf]r$ to ,apollonios ! pi\s wi% direct$ by ,hippon4 aga9/ ,b\palos72 at ,massilia 7,petr4 fr4 #a ,b41 :]e ! ph>mako_/s is ei!r ?r[n d[n ! cliff or saxis occidebatur a populo3 ,lact4 ad ,/at41 ,?4 #aj1 #gic74 ,apollonios ( ,tyana 0 cle>ly foll[+ anci5t cu/om :5 he made ! p ( ,ephesos /one an old begg>1 :o 0 evid5tly no?+ b ! plague-daimon itself1 = ! purification ( ! city3 ka?_/ras t\s ,ephesi_/ous ts no_/s\1 ,philo/r41 ,,va4 #d1 #aj-aa4 ,0 ! /on+ a sort ( c\nt]-en*antm5t8 ,see ,ros*]1 ,kynan?ropie1 #ch-i4 #cbb #hhi3 ,among ! +r$i5ts ( a ,heka_/ts deipnon en t trio_/d 0 an on ek ka?>si_/ou3 ,luc41 ,,dm4 #a1 #a2 or ! te/icles ( a suck+ pig t _h be5 us$ z a victim3 ,d41 #ed1 #ci4 ,! oxu?u_/mia1 sacrifices to ,hekate & ! s\ls ( ! dead 7see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #agf71 are id5tical ) ! ka?a_/rmata kai apolu_/mata :i* 7 ?r[n out at ! crossroads 9 ! ,hekataia3 ,did4 ap4 ,h>p4 oxu?u_/mia2 cf4 ,e4,m4 #fbf1 #dd4 ka?a_/rsia is ! "n ( ! purificatory (f]+s3 ka?a_/rmata ( ! same :5 !y are ?r[n away3 ,ammon41 p4 #gi ,valck4 ,! dead bodies ( dogs :i* _h be5 us$ z victims at ! purification 7 aft]w>ds ?r[n t ,heka_/t meta tn a_/lln ka?>si_/n1 ,plu41 ,,qr4 #fh1 p4 #bhj ,c4 ,ev5 ! blood & wat] ( ! purificatory sacrifice1 ! apo_/nimma1 is also d$icat$ to ! dead3 ,a?4 #dji ,e ff4 ,! fact t ! ka?a_/rmata are made ov] to ! invisibly pres5t spirits at ! cross roads might be d]iv$ also f ! necessity = ?r[+ !m out ameta/repti_/ 7see bel[1 n4 #ajd74 ,ev5 ! ,argive cu/om ( ?r[+ ! ka?a_/rmata into ! ,l]naean lake 7,znb41 iv1 #hf2 ,dgn41 vi1 #g2 ,hs*4 ,le_/rn !atn7 %[s t ^! ka?>tic mat]ials are int5d$ z a sacrifice to ! und]gr\nd spirits s9ce ! ,l]naean lake 0 an entrance to ! und]world 7see above1 *ap4 viii1 n4 #bh74 #hii3 ,annual telet_/ to ,hekate 9 ,aeg9a reput$ to h be5 f\nd$ by ,orpheus4 ,hekate & h] ka?>moi_/ 7 !re reg>d$ z valuable aga9/ insanity 7= %e c remove :at %e h]self has s5t73 ,ar41 ,ves4 #abb2 ,lob41 ,agl4 #bdb4 ,?is initiation fe/ival la/$ on into ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4--,paus4 ref]s to only "o o!r temple ( ,hekate 9 ,argos3 #b1 #bb1 #g4--;,indications ( a rigor\s wor%ip ( ,hekate 9 ,kos3 ,,gdi4 #cfbd1 iii1 p4 #cde f94 ,hekate 0 patron-goddess ( ! city ( ,/ratonikeia3 ,tac41 ,a4 iii1 #fb4 ,/r41 #ffj1 & 9 o!r cities ( ,k>ia 7z is kn[n f inscr474 ,possibly ,hekate is !re only a ,greek title ( a native ,k>ian deity4 ,! anci5t cult ( ! *?o_/nioi at ! ,triopion 9 ,knidos 01 h[ev]1 ,greek3 ,bckh on ,s*4 ,pi41 p4 #cad f42 ,,cig4 i1 p4 #de4 #iji3 *?oni_/a kai n]te_/rn pru_/tanis3 ,sophr4 fr4 #g ,kaib4 ap4 ,s*4 ,!oc4 ii1 #ab4--,%e is actually que5 9 ,hades1 %>+ ! ?rone ( ,pl\ton x seems3 ,s41 ,ant4 #aaii4 ,%e is (t5 call$ *?oni_/a4 ,%e is ,adm_/t\ ko_/r 7i4e4 ( ,hades1 ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,introd4 ,sci5t4 ,my?4 #bde73 ,hs*4 ,%e is call$ adm_/t h]self 9 ,h4 ,mag4 ,hec41 ,abel1 ,orph41 p4 #bhi4 ,%e is ! daught] ( ,eub\los1 i4e4 ,hades3 ,orph4 ,h41 #gb1 #c 7else:]e ( c\rse %e has o!r orig9s74 ,z *?oni_/a %e is (t5 confus$ ) ,p]sephone 7& bo?1 z !y are all ?us unit$ 9 sev]al p>ticul>s1 ) ,artemis74 ,9 ! transcript ( a metrical inscr4 f ,budrum 7,cilicia7 9 ,,jhs4 xi1 #beb4 !re appe>s a ,g ,heka_/t4 ,?is w\ld c]ta9ly be v rem>kable b on ! /one itself ! actual words are tn sebo_/me/h' ,heka_/tn4 ,b cf4 ,tab4 ,defix41 p4 xiii1 a #ac4 #iai3 ,hekate goddess ( *ildbir?3 ,sophr4 fr4 #g4 wor%ipp$ 9 ,a!ns z k\rotro_/phos1 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,v4 #hjd4 ,samian wor%ip ( ! k\rotro_/phos en t trio_/d 7i4e4 z ,hek471 ,hdt4 ,v4 ,hom4 #cj2 ,hes41 ,?g4 #dej3 ?ke de_/ m9 7,hek47 ,kroni_/ds k\rotro_/phon4 7,ev5 z e>ly z ?is k\r4 is ! epi!t ( ,hek4 & n ! "n ( an indep5d4 fem99e daimon :i* x may h be5 to beg9 )1 & 9 isolat$ cases rema9$47 ,g5etulli_/s goddess ( *ildbir? is said to be eoikuia t ,heka_/t3 ,hs*4 ,g54 ,! goddess ,eilei?yia to :om dogs 7 sacrific$ 9 ,argos is c]ta9ly a ,hekate 7,sokr4 ap4 ,plu41 ,q4 ,rom4 #eb1 p4 #bgg ,b--%e 0 ,artemis else:]e74 ,a consecration to ,hekate huper paido_/s3 inscr4 f ,l>isa1 ,a?4 ,mit?4 xi1 #dej4 ,hek4 is also a goddess ( m>riage3 z su* 7ho_/ti gam_/lios h ,heka_/t1 ,s*47 %e is call$ ^u ) ,hym5aios #cbc by ,kass&ra 9 ,eur41 ,tr4 #cbc4 ,hekate is gam_/lios simply z *?oni_/a3 ! *?o_/nioi frequ5tly take "p 9 m>riage z well z bir?3 see above1 *ap4 v1 p4 #fd ff42 ,gaia3 see ,welck]1 ,gtt]l4 i1 #cbg4 ,(f]+ made pro pai_/dn kai gamli_/ou te_/l\s to ! ,er9yes3 ,a41 ,eum4 #hce4 #ibi3 ,hekate pres5t at fun]als 7ru%+ pros a_/ndras nekron phe_/rontas1 ,sophr4 fr4 #g7 er*ome_/na ana_/ t' ri_/a kai me_/lan haima ,!oc4 ii1 #ac4 *ai_/r\sa skula_/kn hulak kai hai_/mati phoi_/n en ne_/kusi /ei_/*\sa kat' ri_/a te?n_/tn1 ,h4 ,hec4 ap4 ,hipp41 ,,rh4 iv1 #ce1 p4 #ajb1 #fd f4 ,d4-,s4--,hekate pres5t at all infam\s de$s3 see ! rem>kable =mulae ap4 ,plu41 ,sup]/4 #aj1 p4 #agj ,b 7,bgk41 ,,plg#d iii1 p4 #fhj74--;,hek4 reg>d$ z dev\r+ corpses 7l ,eurynomos1 etc41 above1 *ap4 vii1 n4 #bd73 haimopo_/tis1 k>dio_/daite1 s>kopha_/ge1 arobo_/re are said ( h] 9 ! ,hymn4 ,magic1 #e1 ll4 #ec-d 7p4 #bid ,ab474 ph?isi_/kre %\ld be also read1 ib41 l4 #dd 7kres psu*ai_/1 see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #ajj72 cf4 mopha_/goi *?o_/nioi1 ,p4 ,mag4 ,p>4 #addd4 ,heka_/t akr\robo_/r on a defixio f ,meg>a ap4 ,tab4 ,defix41 p4 xiiia1 l4 #g ,wns*4 ,probably arobo_/r %\ld be read 7,wns* diff]5tly1 p4 xxb74 #ici3 ,see above1 *ap4 v1 nn4 #ff1 #acb4 #idi3 ,m$ea 9 ,e41 ,m$4 #che ff43 ou gar ma tn de_/spo9an hn eg 7z magician7 se_/b ma_/li/a pa_/ntn kai xun]gon heilo_/mn1 ,heka_/tn1 mu*ois nai_/ousan he/i_/z ems4--,d_/mtros ko_/r is address$ z puros de_/spo9a1 9 company ) ,hephai/os1 9 ,e41 ,phae?41 fr4 #gha1 #ei4 ,probably ,hekate is meant be+ "h z frequ5tly comb9$ or confus$ ) ,p]sephone ! daught] ( ,demet] 7cf4 ,ion1 #ajdh74 #iei3 ,! pi\s man cleans & decorates e mon? ton ,h]mn kai tn ,heka_/tn kai ta loipa tn hi]n ha d t\s progo_/n\s katalipein1 ,!opomp4 ap4 ,porph41 ,abs4 ii1 #af 7p4 #adf1 #h-i ,n474 ,acc4 to ?is ,hekate & ,h]mes belong to ! !oi patroi ( ! h\se4--,%r9es ( ,hekate be=e ! h\se-door 7,lob41 ,agl4 #accf f472 cf4 ! sacella ( ! ,h]oes 9 ! same place3 above1 *ap4 iv1 n4 #ace4 #ie;a#i3 ,! late int]polation 9 ,hes41 ,?4 #daa-eb1 9 praise ( ,hekate leaves out ! uncanny side ( h] "* altoge!r4 ,hekate has "h become s mu* ! univ]sally rev]$ goddess t %e has lo/ all def9ite p]sonality 9 ! process4 ,! :ole is a tell+ example ( ! sort ( ext5sion t might be giv5 to a s+le div9ity :o _h once be5 ! vital cult-object ( a small locality4 ,! "n ( ?is univ]sally kn[n daimon becomes f9ally ( little importance 7= ev]y?+ is heap$ ^u "o p]sonality74 ,h5ce !re is little to be le>nt ( ! special *>act]i/ics ( ,hekate f ?is ,hymn4 7,9 any case x is "t we gave up call+ ?is ,hymn to ,hekate ,orphic3 ! ^w is ev5 m ?an usually mean+less & conv5tional 9 ?is case47 #ifi3 ,hekate 7nai_/ousa at ! crossroads1 ,s4 fr4 #dib ,n47 meets m5 z an antai_/a !o_/s 7,s4 fr4 #caa7 & is h]self call$ antai_/a 7fr4 #caa1 #cfh2 cf4 ,,em4 #aaa1 #ej1 :]e :at prec$es is f ,s*4 ,a4,r4 i1 #aada74 ,! same adj4 applies to a dai_/mn t %e causes to appe>3 ,hs*4 antai_/a1 antaios1 9 ?is z 9 mo/ cases ) ! add$ s5se ( ho/ile4 ,hek4 pha9ome_/n en ekto_/pois pha_/smas91 ,suid4 ,heka_/tn4 7f ,elias ,cret4 on ,greg4 ,nz4 iv1 p4 #dhg ,mg474 ,%e appe>s or s5ds app>itions by night z well z by day3 ,e9odi_/a1 ?u_/gat] ,da_/matros1 ha tn nuktipo_/ln epho_/dn ana_/sseis kai me?am]i_/n1 ,e41 ,ion1 #ajdh ff4 ,meil9oe1 a euphemi/ically 7cf4 above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #e7 nam$ daimonic creature1 ei!r ,hekate or ,emp\sa1 meets antai_/ais epho_/doisi kata zophoeide_/a nu_/kta1 ,orph4 ,h4 #ga1 #i4 ,hek4 appe>s at midday 9 ,luc41 ,philops4 #bb4 ,9 ?is midday vision %e op5s ! e>? & ta en ,ha_/id\ ha_/panta become visible 7c4 #bd74 ,?is rem9ds u ( ! /ory told by ,h]akl4 #cbd ,pont4 ( ,emp$otimos to :om ,pl\ton & ,p]sephone appe>$ en mesmbri_/a /a!ra 9 a lonely spot & ! :ole _w ( ! spirits became visible 7ap4 ,procl4 9 ,rp4 ii1 #aai ,kroll74 ,lucian is probably p>ody+ t /ory4 ,else:]e 9 ! same pamphlet he gives an absurd turn to a fabul\s n>rative ( ,plut>*'s 7de ,an4 fr4 #a ,b]n4 ,philops4 #be74 #igi3 ,see ,app5d4 vi4 #ihi3 ,see ,app5d4 vii4 #iii3 ,hekate h]self is reg>d$ z hav+ ! head ( a dog3 und\bt$ly an anci5t conception ( h] 7%e has skulak_/dea phn_/n1 ,h4 ,mag4 #e1 #ag ,ab474 ,%e is sometimes ev5 a dog h]self3 ,hs*4 ,heka_/ts a_/galma1 & p>tic4 ,,ab4 #ccf1 #ca-ccg1 #e2 ,call4 fr4 #ajj h1 #d4 ,%e is id5tifi$ ) ,k]b]os3 ,lyd41 ,m5s4 #c1 #h1 p4 #db ,w4 ,%e is actually invok$ z a dog 9 ,p4 ,mag4 ,p>4 #adcb ff41 p4 #hj ,w43 kuri_/a ,heka_/t e9odi_/a1 ku_/n me_/la9a4 ,h5ce dogs are sacr$ to h] & are sacrific$ to h] 7e>lie/ witness ,sophr4 fr4 #h ,kaib474 ,! h\nds ) :om %e flies ab\t at night are daimonic creatures l ,hekate h]self4 ,porph4 7:o 0 specially well in=m$ ab\t su* ?+s7 said t saphs ! h\nds ( ,hekate 7 ponroi dai_/mones3 ap4 ,eus41 ,,pe4 #d1 #bc1 #g-h4 ,9 ,lycophron's acc\nt 7ll4 #aagd-hj7 ,hekabe is repres5t$ exactly 9 ?is way1 i4e4 z a daimonic creature :o appe>s to m5 z a h\nd 7cf4 ,,plg4 iii1 #gba f474 ,%e is trans=m$ by ,hekate 7,brimo7 into "o ( h] tra9 7heppi_/da7 :o by _! nocturnal h[l+ /rike t]ror into m5 :o h neglect$ to make (f]+ to ! goddess4--,dogs occur z symbols ( ! dead on grave-reliefs8--above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #aje4 7,er9yes z h\nds2 ,k]es z ,h\nds ( ,hades3 ,a4,r4 iv1 #affe2 ,,ap4 vii1 #dci1 #c ,!odorid41 etc4 ,ruhnk51 ,ep4 ,cr4 i1 #id47 #ajji3 ,see ,dil!y1 ,rh4 ,mus4 #be1 #ccb ff4 #ajai3 ,! ,italian ,diana :o _h long become id5tical ) ,hekate rema9$ famili> to ! ,*ri/ianiz$ peoples ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages 7allusions 9 ,*ri/ian au?ors3 ,grimm1 pp4 #bhc1 #bhf1 #icc1 #idi1 #aafa f4 ,o4 ,jahn1 ,bs4 ,blick1 #ajh74 ,%e 01 9 fact1 ! meet+ po9t ( ! endless mass ( sup]/ition t _h surviv$ into t "t f ,graeco-,roman tradition4 ,! nocturnal rid+ ( a mob ( wom5 7i4e4 s\ls ( wom57 cum ,diana1 paganorum dea is quot$ z a popul> sup]/ition by ! s-call$ ,canon ,episcopi1 :i* 9 ! controv]sies on wit*es 0 s (t5 appeal$ to4 ,?is docum5t1 x seems1 _c be trac$ back fur!r ?an ,reg9o 7end ( n9? c5tury74 ,he seems to h got x out ( ,aug4 ,de ,sp4 et ,anima 7probably writt5 9 ! six? c5tury74 ,x 0 rescu$ f oblivion by ,burkh>d ( ,wurms1 us$ 9 ! ,decretals ( ,gratian1 & became v well kn[n 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 7,! passage f ,burkh>d is pr9t$ 9 ,grimm1 p4 #agda4 ,t ! :ole is a ,canon 7#bd7 ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,ancyra1 #cad ,a4,d41 is1 h[ev]1 only a mi/ak5 idea ( ,burkh>d's47 ,?is belief 9 ! nightly hunt ( ,diana ) ! s\ls may be reg>d$ z a ve/ige ( ! anci5t idea ( ,hekate & h] nocturnal crew4 ,x 0 all ! m likely to survive 9 nor!rn c\ntries ) _! native leg5ds ( wild ,hunt]s & ! furi\s ho/ ) :i* x c\ld s easily comb9e4 ,h]ne ! ,hunt]1 ,m]ry ,wives ( ,w9dsor1 iv1 #d2 v1 #e4 #ajbi3 hoko_/sa dei_/mata nuktos p>i_//atai1 kai pho_/boi kai p>a_/noiai kai anapd_/seis ek ts kli_/ns kai pho_/btra kai pheu_/xeis e_/x1 ,heka_/ts phasin einai epibolas kai hr_/n epho_/d\s1 ka?>moisi_/ te *re_/ontai kai epaoidais1 ,hp41 ,morb4 ,sac4 vi1 #cfb ,l42 cf4 ,plu41 ,sup]s41 #c1 p4 #aff ,a2 ,hor41 ,,ap4 #ded4 ,hekate is manin aiti_/a1 ,eu/41 ,il41 p4 #hg1 #ca 7h5ce also releases m5 f madness 9 ! initiations ( ,aeg9a1 see above1 n4 #hi72 cf4 e_/n!os #cbe ex ,heka_/ts1 ,e41 ,hip4 #ada4 ,dreams ( ,hekate1 ,artemid41 #b1 #cg1 p4 #aci1 #a ff4 ,h4 ,! h_/res apopl_/kt\s poiein du_/nantai3 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,av4 #adij4 ,! h_/res are also ! s\rce ( nightm>es1 ,rh4 ,mus4 #cg1 #dfg n4 7l ,pan z ,ephialtes3 ,didym4 ap4 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,ves4 #ajch--:]e ,eua_/pan %\ld be read1 f eu_/a ! noise ( bleat+ goats & ,pan3 ,suid4 & ,,cig4 iv1 #hchb74 ,! ,lamiai & ,emp\sai seem also to h be5 night-t]rors2 cf4 :at is said ( _! amor\s disposition & desire = human blood by ,apollonios ap4 ,philo/r4 ,,va4 #d1 #be1 p4 #ade1 #ah2 & :at is said ( ,pan-,ephialtes1 ean de sun\sia_/z1 ,artemid41 p4 #aci1 #ba ,h4 ,g5]al /atem5t3 oneir_/sse9 comes apo daimo_/nn en]gei_/z ,suid4 oneiropolein1 p4 #aabd ,gaisf4 ,seir5es3 ,crusius1 ,philol4 #ej1 #ig ff4 #ajci3 ,! ,banquets ( ,hekate1 besides ! ka?a_/rmata ref]r$ to above 7n4 #hh71 includ$ also ! specially prep>$ di%es t 7 made & put out = ,hekate kata mna 7,ar41 ,plu4 #eif7 at ! triaka_/des 7see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #hh7 or else at ! n\mni_/ai1 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,plu4 #eid3 kata tn n\mni_/an1 hespe_/ras2 cf4 ! (f]+ to ,hekate & ,h]mes at ea* n\mni_/a3 ,!opomp4 ap4 ,porph41 ,abs4 #b1 #af1 p4 #adf1 #g ,n4 ,^! banquets ( ,hek4 are meant by ,ar41 ,plu4 #eid ff41 ,s4 fr4 #ffh ,n42 ,plu41 ,smp4 #g1 #c1 p4 #gji ,a4--,x is possible t at ! turn ( ! mon? !re 0 a purification ( ! h\se1 9 :i* case ! ka?a_/rsia & ! ,heka_/ts deipna w\ld be aga9 comb9$4--,+r$i5ts ( ! (f]+s to ,hek43 eggs & toa/$ *eese 7,s*4 ,ar472 tri_/gl & ma9a_/s ,a?4 #cbe ,b42 flame-cakes 7( *eese1 plak\ntes dia tur\1 ,paus4 ,lex4 ap4 ,eu/4 #aafe1 #ad7 amphiphntes 7see ,lob41 ,agl4 #ajfb f474 #ajdi3 ,! p]son ka?a_/rmata ekpe_/mpsas ?r[s !m away ao/ro_/phois9 o_/mmas93 ,a41 ,*o4 #ih-i4 ,! vessel fill$ ) ! purificatory (f]+s 0 empti$ en tais trio_/dois & ameta/repti_/3 ,s*ol4 ib4 ,?is 0 regul> ) ka?>moi_/3 ,!oc4 xxiv1 #id ff41 & at (f]+s to ! ,er9yes3 ,s41 ,,oc4 #dij4 ,ev5 ,odysseus is oblig$ at 8 sacrifice to ! dead apono_/sphi trape_//hai1 k #ebh4 ,m$ea 9 collect+ h] magic juices turns h] eyes exopi_/s *]o_/s3 ,s4 ,rhiz4 fr4 #dia ,n42 ,a4,r4 iv1 #acae2 cf4 also ,lomei]1 de lu/rat41 p4 #dee f4 ,?is rema9$ ! rule at sacrifices to *?o_/nioi & 9 magic c]emonies :i* regul>ly _h to d ) ! und]world4 ,ev5 ,m>c4 ,emp4 9 giv+ directions = ! cure ( phusika_/ (t5 enjo9s nec retro respice e4g4 #a1 #ed1 likewise ,pl941 ,,nh4 #ba1 #agf2 #bi1 #ia4 ,9 mak+ an en*antm5t poreu_/ou anepi/reptei md5i d\s apo_/kris9 ,p4 ,mag4 ,lond41 giv5 9 ,k5yon ,greek ,pap4 9 ,b4,m41 i1 p4 #ih4 ,mod]n sup]/ition agrees3 cf4 ,grimm1 p4 #aghi1 n4 #bii2 cf4 nn4 #ceg1 #eeh1 #hij1 #aacg4 ,! eye mu/ be turn$ away f ! furi\s ho/3 ,birl+]1 ,aus ,s*wab51 ,n4,s4 i1 #ij4 ,! precaution is1 h[ev]1 ( primeval antiquity4 ,9 ! old ,indian cult ( ! dead & wor%ip ( =midable deities _m ( ! proce$+s mu/ be p]=m$ ameta/repti_/1 ,old5b]g1 #cce f41 #dhg f41 #eej1 n4 #e2 #egg f41 #ehj4 ,! reason = ! precaution is n h>d to see4 ,if ! p]son look$ r\nd he w\ld see ! spirits engag$ 9 tak+ possession ( ! objects ?r[n to !m1 :i* w\ld be sure to br+ ill-luck--*alepoi de !oi phai_/ne/hai en>gs4 ,h5ce ,odysseus1 :5 he is return+ ,leuko?o's wimple by ?r[+ x into ! sea1 mu/ autos apono_/sphi trape_//hai1 e #cej4 ,h5ce ,orpheus mu/ n look back at ,eurydike :ile %e belongs to ! l[] _w4 7,cf4 ,hannibal's dream report$ aft] ,sil5us & ,cael4 ,ant4 by ,cic41 ,div4 i1 #di47 hoi entug*a_/nontes nuktos h_/rsi die_//rephon tas o_/pseis3 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,av4 #adic4 ,v cle>ly put by ,ov41 ,f4 #e1 #dcg2 at ! ,lemuria ! sacrific] ?r[s away ! beans av]sus 4 4 4 nec respicit4 umbra putatur collig]e et nullo t]ga vid5te sequi4 ,at la/ :5 ! ,manes are #cbf all driv5 out1 respicit 7#ddd74 ,"o ( ! ,py?agorean su_/mbola1 ^? invaluable fragm5ts ( ,greek old wives' wisdom1 runs3 apodmn ts oiki_/z m epi/re_/ph\2 ,er9u_/es gar mete_/r*ontai 7,iamb41 ,protr41 p4 #aad1 #bi f4 ,pi/74 ,"h ! reason = ! sup]/iti\s practice is cle>ly %[n 7cf4 also ,grimm1 p4 #aggh1 n4 #ad2 cf4 n4 #cfj73 ! und]world spirits 7w&]+ ov] ! e>?1 esp4 on ! fif? ( ! mon?1 z 9 ,hes41 ,op4 #hjc7 are foll[+ ! dep>t+ p]son3 if he 7 to turn r\nd he w\ld see !m4 #ajei3 ,appe>ance ( ei_/dla ( ! dead3 n z 9 ,hom] 9 dreams only1 b op5ly be=e m5's wak+ eyes4 ,/ories ( ?is g back z f> z ! poems ( ! ,epic ,cycle2 cf4 appe>ance ( ,a*illes 9 ! little ,iliad 7p4 #cg ,ki71 9 ! ,no_//oi 7p4 #cc74 ,h[ famili> ?is idea _h become by ! fif? c5tury may be judg$ f ! frequ5cy ( gho/s 9 ! trag$ians3 ,a41 ,p]s4 ,eum4 ,prom4 ,psu*42 ,s41 ,polux42 cf4 fr4 #gie ,n42 ,e41 ,hec42 rais+ ( ! _s ( a dead man1 fr4 #iab2 cf4 also ! /ories ( ,simonides & ! grateful dead 7,bgk4 on ,sim4 fr4 #abi72 ( ,pelops & ! ei_/dlon ( ,killos 7see ,a4 ,m>x1 ,grie*4 ,mr*5 von dankb>5 ,?i]51 p4 #aad f474 #ajfi3 ,_s-rais+ at entrances to ! und]world at def9ite psu*omanteia or nekuomanteia3 see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #bc4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 psu*aggoi_/ :o c\ld compel individual s\ls to appe> at o!r places z well3 ,e41 ,alc4 #aabh f4 ,su* psu*aggoi_/ belong+ to ! fif? c5tury & to be f\nd 9 ,!ssaly are spok5 ( by ,plu4 ap4 ,s*4 ,e41 ,alc4 #aabh4 ,p t\_/s te te?netas pha_/skontes psu*aggein kai !\s hupis*n\_/m5oi pei_/!91 hs ?usi_/ais te kai eu*ais kai epdais gteu_/ontes occur 9 ,pl41 ,lg4 #iji ,b4 ,lat] lit]ature ab\nds 9 su* _s-rais+s4 ,conjur+ ,hekate to appe> 0 a fav\rite magic exp]im5t3 ,a4,r4 iii1 #ajcj f41 etc41 recipe = produc+ ?is illusion 9 ,hipp41 ,,rh4 iv1 #ce-f1 p4 #ajb f4 ,d4-,s4 ,a ,heka_/ts epagg_/ occurs z e>ly z ,?phr41 ,*4 #bh 7#af74 #ajgi3 agu_/rtai kai ma_/nteis pr(ess ea_/n ti_/s t9' e*?ron pmnai e!_/l meta smikrn dapann homoi_/s di_/kaion adi_/k bla_/pse91 epaggais tisi kai katade_/smois t\s !\_/s1 h_/s phasi1 pei_/?onte_/s sphis9 hupretein1 ,pl41 ,rp4 #cfd ,c4 ,& esp4 f ,lg4 #icc ,,ae we get a good idea ( ! fe> t ! ma_/nteis & t]atosko_/poi g5]ally inspir$ ) _! katade_/seis epaggai_/1 epdai_/1 & o!r magganeiai 7we ev5 he> ( wax-figures on h\se-doors1 grave-/ones1 epi trio_/dois1 z s frequ5tly lat]1 ) ! same sup]/iti\s purpose4 ,plato himself does n rule out ! possibility ( su* magic incantations3 at lea/ !y did n conflict ) 8 own daimonic !ory3 see ,smp4 #bjc ,a4 epaggai_/ are evocations ( spirits or gods3 see ,ruhnk41 ,tim41 p4 #aae4 epipompai_/ h ! same mean+3 see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #afh4 epipe_/mpe9 frequ5tly 9 ?is s5se 9 ! ,orph4 ,h4 katade_/seis1 kata_/desmoi are ! b9d+s :]eby ! _s-rais] magically compels ! unse5 to d 8 w4 ,compulsion is regul>ly f\nd to be necess>y3 ! spirits d n come will+ly4 ,! magician by 8 spells & c]emonies is _! ma/]2 he ex]ts ov] !m t ana_/gk 7ho epa_/nagkos is frequ5t 9 ! magical books7 or pei?ana_/gk ( :i* ,porph4 ap4 ,eus41 ,,pe4 #e1 #h1 specially tells u 7probably d]iv+ x f ,py?agoras ( ,rhodos74 pei_/!9 is ,plato's weak] ^w3 ! mo/ extreme is bia/ikai apeilai_/ ,iamb4 ,my/4 #f1 #e i4e4 ,porph4 ,ep4 ,aneb4 fr4 #ca ,p>?42 cf4 to deina pra_/xeis kan !_/ls kan m !_/ls3 refra9 9 a magic hymn1 ,p4 ,mag4 ,p>4 #bbeb ff4--,j z 9 ^! incantations ! kata_/desis affects ! gods !mselves s 9 o!r cases ! victim is ! un=tunate p]son :om ! magician int5ds to h>m3 9 ?is s5se we h katade_/seis1 kata_/desmoi1 ,p4 ,p>4 #ccf2 ,orph4 ,li?4 #ehb1 & ! #cbg devotiones or defixiones writt5 on metal tablets :i* h be5 f\nd 9 su* numb]s 9 graves2 see ,go?(r$4 ad ,cod4 ,!od4 #i1 #af1 #c4 ,^! are n[ collect$ & edit$ by ,r4 ,wns*1 ,defixionum tabellae 9 ,attica rep]tae 7,,cia4 ,app471 #ahig1 ) ^? f\nd outside ,attica includ$ 9 ! ,praefatio4 ,"h we f9d katad 7katadi_/dmi ton deina 8 tongue1 limbs1 m9d1 etc4 7nn4 #fh1 #hi1 #ie1 etc471 i4e4 a magical disabl+1 p>alys+1 fett]+ ( 8 faculties--& ( all 8 ef=ts3 atel1 enanti_/a pa_/nta ge_/noito1 nn4 #fd1 #ih4 ,! c>ry+ out ( ?is is entru/$ to ,h]mes *?o_/nios or to ,hekate 7katad auton pros ton ,h]mn ktl47 z ! ka_/to*oi dai_/mones2 cf4 nn4 #ha1 #hd1 #he1 #hf1 #aja1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,sometimes ! promot] ( ! kata_/desis says ( himself katad kai kate_/* #aji1 etc4 ,! defixio itself is call$ ho ka_/to*os1 ,gk4 ,pap4 9 ,b4,m4 7,k5471 ,no4 #aba1 ll4 #cid1 #dbi p4 #ig-h4 katadein is !re=e "h kate_/*e/hai poiein 7 disable him--n make him possess$7 & implies ! deliv]y ( ! victim into ! p[] ( ! inf]nal spirits4--,! ma_/nteis & ka?>tai_/ appe> z accompli%$ wea!r-magicians 9 ,hp41 ,morb4 ,sac4 vi1 #ceh ,l4 ,!y are claim$ to be able to draw d[n ! moon 7an old art ( ,!ssalian wit*es71 make ! sun g out1 cause ra9 or dr\ght at w1 etc4 ,a ge_/nos ( anemokoitai at ,kor9? 0 able t\ ane_/m\s koimi_/ze93 ,hs*4 ,suid4 anemok43 cf4 ,welck]1 ,kl4,s4 iii1 #fc4 ,! claims made by ^! ka?>tai_/ = !mselves 7 made by lat] ages on behalf ( ,ab>is1 ,epim5ides1 ,py?agoras1 etc42 ,porph41 ,,vp4 #bh-i 7,iamb4 #ace f472 ,emp$okles promis$ !m to 8 own pupils2 #dfd ff4 ,mull41 fr4 #aaa ,diels2 & cf4 ,welck]1 ,kl4,s4 iii1 #fj f4--,^! are all examples ( magical arts f e>ly times3 ! ov]:elm+ mass ( evid5ce = su* proce$+s 9 lat] ages _c be m5tion$ "h except z expla9+ anci5t acc\nts4 #ajhi3 ,ab>is _h be5 m5tion$ by ,p9d> 7,h>p4 ,a_/b>is72 ,hdt4 m5tions him 9 iv1 #cf4 ,!re we he> ( ! arr[ :i* he bore along ) him kata pasan tn gn & ( 8 complete ab/5tion f food 7cf4 ,iamb41 ,,vp4 #ada74 ,! arr[1 a su_/mbolon t\ ,apo_/llnos 7,lycurg4 fr4 #he1 ap4 ,eudoc41 p4 #cd1 #aj7 is borne by ,ab>is 9 8 h&--! sugge/ion ( ,wessel+1 rec5tly reviv$1 t we %\ld 9 ,hdt4's passage read hs ton o/os p]ie_/ph]e1 has be5 %[n to be l+ui/ically impossible by ,/ruve1 ,opusc4 ,crit4 ii1 #bfi4 ,! embelli%m5t ( ! ,ab>is /ory1 :]eby he 7l ,musaios7 flew ?r\gh ! air on 8 arr[1 is lat] ?an ,hdt4 or ?an ,lyk4 7,! arr[ is presumably ! same z ! "o ( :i* ,h]ak4 ,pont4 tells "s /range ?+s2 ap4 ,erato/h4 ,cata/4 #bi47 ,! /ory s\nds r l ,h]akleides4 ,see ,porph41 ,,vp4 #bi2 ,iamb41 ,,vp4 #ia1 #acf2 ,him41 ,o4 #be1 #b1 #d2 ,nonn4 ,d4 #aa1 #acb f42 ,proc4 ,gaz41 ,ep4 #if4 ,ab>is 0 reg>d$ z e_/n!os 7,eudoc47 z ka?>t_/s & *rsmolo_/gos1 z driv+ away pe/il5ces by magic arts 7esp4 9 ,sp>ta1 :]e klut_/ria apotropaic sacrifices1 7 in/itut$ & a temple ( ,ko_/r s_/teira f\nd$3 ,apollon41 ,mir4 #d--prob4 f ,!opomp43 see ,rh4 ,mus4 #bf1 #eeh--;,iamb41 ,,vp4 #ib1 #ada2 ,paus4 #c1 #ac1 #b74 ,he is also said to h prophesi$ e>?quakes1 pe/il5ce1 etc4 7,apollon471 & to h giv5 prescriptions aga9/ disease & epdai_/ 7,pl41 ,*rm4 #aeh ,,cd72 0 a type ( eukoli_/z kai lito_/ttos kai dikaiosu_/ns3 ,/r4 #cja4--,! figure ( ,ab>is ?us left r vague 9 anci5t leg5d 0 elaborat$ f two s\rces3 7#a7 ! ,a!nian cult-leg5ds ( ! f\ndation ( ! ,prorosia3 ,h>p4 ,a_/b41 ,suid4 prorosi_/a4 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,eq4 #gbi2 ,lycurg4 kata ,m5esai_/*m\2 & 7#b7 ! ,py?agorean leg5ds4 ,x is 9 itself v probable t ! /ory 9 ,iamb41 ,,vp4 #ia-c1 #adg1 ( ! meet+ betwe5 ,ab>is & ,py?agoras goes back to ! fabul\s ,ab>is ( ,h]akleides #cbh 7! /ory 9 #bae-ag ( ,ab>is & ,py?agoras be=e ,phal>is evid5tly comes f ,apoll4 ,ty474 ,?is 0 sugge/$ by ,kris*e de soc4 ,py?ag41 p4 #ch1 & has be5 m def9itely ma9ta9$ by ,diels1 ,ar*4 f4 ,ges*4 d4 ,philos4 iii1 #dfh3 x _c1 h[ev]1 be demon/rat$ absolutely--!re is n a scrap ( evid5ce to %[ t ,h]akleides did actually make ,ab>is meet ,py?agoras4 7,pu?ago_/ras en t pros ,a_/b>9 lo_/g1 ,procl4 9 ,tim4 #ada ,d4 may v possibly1 b n necess>ily1 z ,diels ?9ks1 ref] to ! ,ab>is ( ,h]akleides47--,9 any case ! br++ toge!r ( ,ab>is & ,py?4 is a late inv5tion2 x is impossible to say :e!r x c\ld h occurr$ or did occur z e>ly z ! ,ari/otelian "w p]i tn ,pu?agorei_/n4--,9 any case1 ! guid+ conception 9 all ?is is t ,ab>is did n belong to ! primeval pa/ b came to ,greece 9 ! daylight ( hi/orical times4 ,p9d> makes ?is happ5 kata ,kroison ton ,ludn basile_/a 7prob4 ab\t ! "t ( ! ,sa_/rden ha_/lsis1 ,ol4 #eh1 #c #edf72 o!rs 7acc4 to ,h>p47 made x e>li]1 9 ,ol4 #ba #fif4 ,x is impossible to tell :at ! reasons 7 = ei!r ( ^! p>ticul> dates4 ,ab>is might /ill be reg>d$ z a contempor>y ( ,py?agoras by ^? :o1 ) ,eusebios & ,niko/ratos ap4 ,h>p41 put him 9 ,ol4 #ec 7kata tn ng ,olumpia_/da1 = s ! figure 9 ,h>p4 %\ld be read & n g ,ol42 ! "r read+ is pres]v$ f ,h>p4 9 ,suid4 ,a_/b474 ,?is view1 h[ev]1 is n1 z ,diels ?9ks1 obta9$ by mak+ ,ab>is =ty ye>s old] ?an ,py?4 7,! akm_/ ( ,py?4 falls 9 ,ol4 #fb--see ,rh4 ,mus4 #bf1 #egj--;& t1 too1 is ! date--n ,ol4 #fc--;giv5 by ,eusebius ,*ronica1 i4e4 ! ,arm5ian1 tr4 & ! ,,mss4 ,,pemr ( ,j]ome47 ,p]haps ,ab>is 0 reg>d$ z ! contempor>y ( ,phal>is ^: reign accord+ to "o ( ! v]sions giv5 by ,eusebios began 9 ,ol4 #ec1 or #eb1 #c4 ,cf4 ,rh4 ,mus4 #cf1 #efg4 #ajii3 ,ek/asis ( ,ari/eas3 t\_/t\ phasi tn psu*n1 ho_/tan eb\_/leto1 exie_/nai kai epanie_/nai pa_/l94 ,suid4 ,ari/e_/z4 ,8 body lies z if dead h de psu* ekdusa t\ s_/matos epla_/zeto en t ai!_/ri ktl4 ,max4 ,tyr4 #af1 #b1 p4 #bhh ,r4 7rep]imus7 ,ari/eae animum evolantem ex ore 9 ,proconneso corvi effigie1 ,pl941 ,,nh4 vii1 #agd 7v simil> /ories f else:]e1 ,grimm1 p4 #ajhc & ,b>+-,g\ld1 ,my?s ( ,m4,a474 ,s1 too1 ! ,arima_/speia said t ,ari/eas rea*$ ! ,iss$ones phoiba_/lamptos g5o_/m5os 7,hdt4 iv1 #ac72 :i* at lea/ means 9 "s /range way impossible = o!r m51 i4e4 9 ,apoll9e 9999ec/asy 7cf4 above1 n4 #fc1 numpho_/lptos1 etc42 en ek/a_/sei apophoib_/m5os1 ,p4 ,mag4 ,p>41 p4 #fc ,wess474 ,s1 too1 ,max4 ,tyr4 #ch1 #c1 p4 #bbb ff41 makes ,ari/eas describe h[ 8 psu*_/1 katalip\sa to sma _h rea*$ ! ,hyp]boreans1 etc4 ,^! acc\nts are n d]iv$ f ,hdt4 :o on ! contr>y says t ,ari/4 di$ 9 a full]'s mill at ,prokonnesos & t 8 body !n disappe>$ & 0 se5 by a man at ,kyzikos4 ,?is w\ld be translation ( body & s\l toge!r n e_/k/asis ( ! s\l alone4 ,9 ?is case ,hdt4 is probably inaccurate4 ,9 su* cases ( translation ! po9t ( ! /ory1 9 fact its :ole mean+1 lies 9 ! fact t ! translat$ p]son has n di$ b t he has vani%$ )\t 8 s\l be+ sep>at$ f 8 body1 i4e4 )\t dy+2 = normally 9 dea? ! s\l alone vani%es4 ,?is applies to all ! cases ( translation ref]r$ to 9 ?is book 7see e4g4 ! /ory ( ! ,h]o ,eu?ymos3 above1 *ap4 iv1 n4 #aaf2 ( ,kleom$es1 p4 #abi1 above2 & also to ! leg5d ( ,romulus 9 ,plu41 ,rom4 #bg-h1 9 :i* ,plu4 rightly f9ds mu* resemblance ) ! /ory ( ,ari/eas z told by ,hdt4 ,x applies to ! num]\s /ories ( translation :i*1 evid5tly aft] ,greek models1 7 told ( ! ,lat9 & ,roman k+s 7see ,prell]1 ,rm4 ,my?ol4#b1 p4 #hd f41 #gjd74 ,x appe>s !n t #cbi ,hdt1 has comb9$ two v]sions ( ! leg5d3 "o acc4 to :i* ,ari/eas di$ 7n only on ?is occasion b (t571 i4e4 8 s\l sep>at$ itself f 8 body & _h a life ( its own2 ano!r 9 :i* 8 body & s\l 7 translat$ toge!r )\t 8 dea?4 ,9 ei!r v]sion ,ari/eas might meet ) ! man 9 ,kyzikos3 if he 7 translat$1 x w\ld be 8 vani%$ body 7cf4 ,romulus' meet+ ,julius ,proculus72 b if 8 s\l left 8 body beh9d z ?\gh lifeless !n x w\ld be ! s\l z ei_/dlon ( its body t appe>$ to ! man 7z 9 ! cases ( ,py?agoras & ,apoll4 ,tyan4 :o 7 se5 at two diff]5t places at ! same "t74 ,?is la/ /ory seems to be ! real & primitive "o2 x is sugge/$ by ! above-m5tion$ acc\nts ( ! e_/k/asis ( ! s\l ( ,ari/eas & x 0 s und]/ood by ! au?ority 7app>5tly ,?pomp47 :om ,apollon41 ,mirab4 #b1 is foll[+4 #aaji3 ,hdt4 iv1 #ae1 ,?pomp4 ap4 ,a?4 #ac1 #fje ,c3 ! bronze laurel 0 set up kata tn ,ari/e_/a t\ ,prokonnsi_/ou epidmi_/an ho_/te e_/phs5 ex ,hup]bore_/n p>agegone_/nai4 ,?is is n said by ,hdt4 b is compatible ) 8 acc\nt4 ,acc4 to ,hdt4 ,ari/eas told ! p ( ,metapontum t !y alone ( all ! ,italiots _h be5 visit$ by ,apollo & t he1 ,ari/eas1 _h be5 9 ! god's tra9 9 ! %ape ( a rav5 7sacr$ to ,apollo74 ,?is la/ feature all[s u to conclude t ,hdt41 too1 knew ( ! w&]+s made by ! s\l ( ,ari/eas :ile 8 body rema9$ at home z ?\gh dead4 ,! rav5 is cle>ly ! s\l ( ,ari/eas3 ,pl941 ,,nh4 vii1 #agd4--,! epidmi_/a ( ,ari/eas 9 ,metapontum fell acc4 to ,hdt4's own calculation 7hs sumballo_/m5os 4 4 4 heu_/riskon7 #bdj ye>s 7n #bcj7 aft] ! second aphanismo_/s ( ,ari/eas f ,prokonnesos4 ,z ,ari/eas _h 9 8 poem spok5 ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ,kimm]ian invasion 7,hdt4 iv1 #ac7 8 fir/ aphanismo_/s _c h be5 be=e #fha 7! fir/ ye> ( ,ardys' reign1 :5 ! ,kimm]ian invasion began acc4 to ,hdt4 i1 #ae3 ,prokonnesos 01 too1 fir/ f\nd$ "u ,gyges3 ,/r4 #ehg74 ,tak+ ?is z a />t+ po9t 7& x is ! e>lie/ admissible t]m9us7 & subtract+ #bdj #g ye>s 7,hdt4 iv1 #ad f947 we %\ld arrive at ! ye> #dcd4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _c possibly h be5 meant by ,hdt4 z ! ye> ( ! miracul\s pres5ce ( ,ari/eas 9 ,metapontum4 ,we seem to h "o ( ,hdt4's errors ( calculation to :i* he is prone4 ,we _c inde$ make out :5 exactly he int5d$ to date ! v>i\s sc5es ( ! ,ari/eas /ory4--,9 any case1 ,hdt4 nev] int5d$ to make ,ari/eas ! tea*] ( ,hom]1 z ,b]gk foll[+ o!rs ?9ks4 ,he makes ,hom]'s flor4 ab\t #hef3 see ,rh4 ,mus4 #cf1 #cig2 & puts ! ,kimm]ian invasion mu* lat]4 ,ari/eas c\ld only be reg>d$ z tea*] ( ,hom] 7,/r4 #fci2 ,tat4 ,gr4 #da7 by ^? :o made ,hom] a contempor>y ( ! ,kimm]ian invasion1 ,?pomp4 esp43 see ,rh4 ,mus4 #cf1 #eei4--,we d n "k :at gr\nds ^? ,*ronologi/s _h :o made ,ari/eas contemp4 ) ,kroisos & ,kyros & put 8 flor4 9 ,ol4 #eh1 #c 7,suid474 ,! reason may possibly h be5 id5tification--?is is h>dly likely--or conjunction ) ,ab>is 7,guts*mid ap4 ,niese1 ,hom4 ,s*iffskat41 p4 #di1 n474 ,un=tunately no?+ is kn[n ( su* a conjunction ) ,ab>is 7v problematical conjectures by ,crusius 9 ,my?4 ,lex4 i1 #bhad f474 ,possibly ^? :o fav\r$ ?is view held t ! ,arima_/speia _h be5 foi/$ ^u ,ari/eas2 cf4 ,d4 ,h41 ,?uc4 #bc2 p4 hu_/ps\s1 #aj1 #d4 ,?is "w 0 c]ta9ly reg>d$ z hav+ be5 compos$ at ! "t ( ! ,kim4 invasion4 ,! hi/orical reality ( ,ari/eas 0 nev] d\bt$ 9 antiquity & 9 spite ( ! _m leg5ds t ga!r$ ab\t 8 "n !re is no ne$ = u to d s4 ,! /ories ( ,ari/eas' extremely prolong$ lifetime 7f ! #ccj ,kim4 invasion to ! evid5tly mu* lat] p]iod 9 :i* he really liv$7 appe> to h be5 d]iv$ *iefly f fictions 9 ! ,arima_/speia :i* probably also gave reasons ( a my/]i\s k9d = ?is m>vell\s ext5sion ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,we _c tell :e!r ,ari/eas himself wrote ! poem & provid$ 8 own halo ( m>vel or :e!r someone else1 com+ lat]1 made use ( ?is "n s fam\s 9 leg5d4 ,if !re 0 any basis = ! acc\nt 9 ,suid4 ,pei_/s&ros ,pei_/snos f94 we might be ju/ifi$ 9 attribut+ ! composition ( ! ,arima_/speia to ,ari/eas himself4 ,9 any case ! poem 0 already 9 exi/5ce at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury3 x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ,aes*ylus modell$ ^u x 8 picture ( ! griff9s & ,arimaspoi 9 ,pr4 #hjc ff4 #aaai3 ,dexikreon 9 ,samos1 ,plu41 ,q4 ,gr4 #ed4--,poly>atos ( ,?asos1 ,phormion ( ,sp>ta3 ,cl4 ,al41 ,/r4 i1 #ba1 p4 #cii ,p4 ,phormion is bett] kn[n because ( 8 m>vell\s exp]i5ces3 ,paus4 #c1 #af1 #b-c2 ,?pomp4 ap4 ,suid4 ,phor43 see ,me9eke1 ,com4#b1 p4 #abbg ff4--,at ! end ( ! above-m5tion$ enum]ation ( ma_/nteis ap4 ,clem4 ,al41 a c]ta9 ,emp$o_/timos ho ,surako_/sios is giv54 ,v>ro ap4 ,s]v4 on ,g4 i1 #cd1 tells ( ! ec/atic vision ( ?is ,emp$otimos3 aft] be+ a quadam pote/ate div9a mortalis aspectus det]sus he saw 9 ! sky int] cet]a ?ree gates & ?ree ways 7to ! gods & ! k+dom ( ! dead74 ,v>ro is evid5tly quot+ ! acc\nt ( "s anci5t au?ority n a "w ( ,emp$ot4 himself2 b 9 any case ?is vision is ! s\rce ( :at ,emp$otimos _h to say ab\t ! dwell+-place ( ! s\ls 9 ! ,milky ,way3 ,suid4 ,emp$41 ,i\liano_/s3 ,rh4 ,mus4 #cb1 #cca1 n4 #a2 cf4 ,damasc4 ap4 ,philop4 9 ,ari/4 ,meteor41 p4 #aag1 #aj ,hayd4 ,suid4 ,emp$4 calls 7probably a guess7 ! "w 9 :i* ,emp$ot4 gave an acc\nt ( 8 visions p]i phusiks akroa_/ses4 7,because ,e4 also br\ght back ) him in=mation ab\t ! future life1 ! usual /ories ab\t ! subt]ranean *amb]1 etc41 are transf]r$ to him by ,s*4 ad ,greg4 ,nz41 ,c4 vii1 #bhf ,eudocia1 p4 #fhb1 #ae47 ,ap>t f ?is no "o gives u any in=mation ab\t ! p]sonality ( ,emp$4 except ,jul41 ,ep4 #bie ,b41 p4 #cgi1 #ac ff4 ,h41 :o tells u h[ he 0 murd]$ b ! gods av5g$ him ^u 8 murd]]s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 re/s ^u a confusion 7ei!r ,julian's or 8 copyi/'s7 ) ,h]mo_/timos ^: murd]]s 7 puni%$ 9 ! next _w acc4 to ,plu41 ,g54 ,socr4 #bb1 p4 #eib ,c4 ,! above-m5tion$ /ory ( ! s\ls & ! ,milky ,way 0 also kn[n to ,julian 7see ,suid4 ,i\l473 8 s\rce be+ ,h]akleides ,pont4 7:o also probably suppli$ x to o!rs1 e4g4 ,n\m5ios ap4 ,procl4 9 ,rp4 ii1 p4 #abi ,kroll1 ,porph41 ,iamb4 ap4 ,/ob41 ,ecl4 i1 p4 #cgh1 #ab ,w41 & ev5 e>li]1 ,cic]o1 ,somn4 #ae-af74 ,no old] s\rce ( ?is fancy is kn[n3 ,py?agoras m5tion$ z its au?ority by ,julian1 etc41 only takes u back aga9 to ,h]akleides4 ,all t we "k up to ! pres5t ab\t x sugge/s ! suspicion t ! v exi/5ce & hi/ory ( ?is rem>kably little-kn[n great ,emp$otimos may h be5 a simple inv5tion ( ,h]akleides'1 :o may h made use ( him 9 "o ( 8 dialogues to add int]e/ & importance to "s ( 8 own fancies4 ,b n[ we come ^u some?+ m detail$ ab\t ! /ory told by ,h]akleides ( ! vision 9 :i* ,emp$4 7meta t\ s_/matos1 p4 #abb1 #b7 beheld pasan tn p]i tn psu*n al!i_/an3 ,procl4 9 ,rp4 ii1 #aai1 #ba ,kroll4 ,f ?is passage x is q cle> t ,emp$otimos is simply a figure 9 a dialogue by ,h]akleides1 & no m exi/$ 9 reality ?an ,er ! son ( ,arm5ios or ,!spesios ( ,soli1 or ?an _! prototype ,kleonymos ( ,a!ns ap4 ,kle>*os ( ,soli 7,rh4 ,mus4 #cb1 #cce74 #cca #aabi3 ,apollon41 ,mirab4 #c 7prob4 f ,?pomp472 ,pl941 ,,nh4 vii1 #agd2 ,plu41 ,g54 ,soc4 #bb1 p4 #eib ,c 7,h]mo_/dros--! same copyi/'s error occurs 9 ,procl4 9 ,rp4 ii1 #aac1 #bd ,kroll72 ,luc41 ,enc4 ,musc4 #g2 ,t]t41 ,an4 #b2 #dd 7f ,soranos2 cf4 ,cael4 ,aur41 ,t>d4 #a1 #c1 #e72 ,or41 ,cels4 iii1 #c2 #cb4 ,! same ,h]motimos ( ,klazom5ai is und\bt$ly ! p]son meant :5 a ,h]mo_/timos is m5tion$ among ! e>li] inc>nations ( ! s\l ( ,py?agoras1 ev5 :5 ! c\ntry ( ! p]son 9 "q is n nam$ 7z 9 ,d4,l4 viii1 #e f42 ,porph41 ,,vp4 #de2 ,t]t41 ,an4 #bh7 or is incorrectly call$ a ,milesian 7e4g4 9 ,hipp41 ,,rh4 #a1 #b1 p4 #ab ,d4-,s474 ,a q unt5able !ory ab\t ?is ,h]mot4 is giv5 by ,gttl+1 ,opusc4 ,ac4 #baa4--;,acc4 to ,pl94 ! enemies :o f9ally burnt ! body ( ,h]mot4 7) ! connivance ( 8 wife7 7 ! ,can?>idae--probably ! "n ( a ge_/nos ho/ile to ,h]mot4--,!re is a rem>kably simil> /ory 9 ,indian tradition3 see ,rh4 ,mus4 #bf1 #eei n4 ,b ,i no long] suspect any hi/orical connexion betwe5 ?is /ory & t ( ,h]mot42 ! same preconceptions h l$ 9 ,india z 9 ,greece to ! inv5tion ( ! same tale4 ,simil> conceptions 9 ,g]man beliefs3 ,grimm1 #ahjc1 n4 #fej4 #aaci3 ,h5ce ! leg5d t ,apollo aft] ! murd] ( ,py?on 0 purifi$ n at ,tempe1 z ! /ory g5]ally w5t1 b 9 ,krete at ,t>rha by ,k>manor3 ,paus4 #b1 #g1 #g2 #b1 #cj1 #c2 #aj1 #f1 #g 7! hexamet]s ( ,phemono72 #aj1 #af1 #e4 ,! ka?a_/rsia = ,zeus 7 br\ght f ,krete3 ,orph4 fr4 #ahc ,ab42 cf4 ! oracle ap4 ,o9om4 ,eus41 ,,pe4 #e1 #ca1 #b3 ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,introd4 ,sci5t4 ,my?4 #ih4--,krete an anci5t seat ( mantik3 ! ,lokrian ,onomakritos1 tea*] ( ,?aletas1 liv$ 9 ,krete kata te_/*nn mantik_/n1 ,ari/41 ,pol4 #abgd;a1 #be4 #aadi3 ,see above 7pp4 #if f74 ,z "o :o _h be5 initiat$ into ! orgia/ic cult ( ,zeus 9 ,krete 7,/r4 #dfh71 ,epim5ides is call$ ne_/os ,k\_/rs3 ,plu41 ,sol4 #ab2 ,d4,l4 i1 #aae4 ,he is call$ hi]eus ,dios kai ,rhe_/z 9 ,s*4 ,clem4 ,al4 iv1 p4 #ajc ,klotz4 #aaei3 ,leg5d ( ! a_/limon ( ,e43 ,h4 ,smyrn4 #ah4 ,d4,l4 i1 #aad4 ,plu4 #g ,sap4 #ad4 ,he 0 prep>$ = x by liv+ on aspho_/delos1 mala_/* & ! edible root ( a k9d ( ski_/lla 7,?phr41 ,,hp4 #g1 #ab1 #a74 ,all ^! are sacr$ to ! *?o_/nioi 7on aspho_/delos1 see p>tic4 ,,ab4 #deg1 #e ff41 :i* goes back to ,ari/>*os2 & ,hs*4 s4v471 & 7 only eat5 occasionally by ! poor3 ,hes41 ,op4 #da4 #aafi3 h\ 7,epim5i_/d\7 lo_/gos hs exi_/oi h psu* ho_/poson _/!le *ro_/non kai pa_/l9 eis_/ei en t s_/mati1 ,suid4 ,epim54 ,?is is possibly ! mean+ ( prospoi?nai 7le_/getai7 polla_/kis anabebike_/nai1 ,d4,l4 i1 #aad4 ,epim5ides l o!rs meta ?a_/naton en tois zsi g5o_/m5os1 ,procl4 9 ,rp4 ii1 #aac1 #bd ,kr4 ,! /ory ( 8 prolong$ sleep 9 ! cave is an example ( a widespread fairy-tale motif2 see ,rh4 ,mus4 #cc1 #bji1 n4 #b2 #ce1 #afj4 ,9 ! case ( ,epim5ides x has be5 exagg]at$ beyond all b\nds & atta*$ to him z a sort ( popul> mode ( express+ 8 long ek/a_/seis4 ,?is cave-sleep is int]pret$ z a /ate ( ek/asis by ,max4 ,tyr4 #af1 #a3 en t\ ,dios t\ ,diktai_/ou 7see above1 *ap4 iii1 n4 #bc7 t a_/ntr kei_/m5os hu_/pn ba!i e_/t su*na_/ 7cf4 ! psu*_/ ( ,h]mot4 :i* apo t\ s_/matos plazome_/n apodmei epi polla e_/t1 ,apollon41 ,mir4 #c7 o_/n> e_/ph entu*ein autos !ois ktl4 ,?us 8 o_/neiros became dida_/skalos to him1 ,max4 ,tyr4 #ch1 #c2 cf4 ,s*4 ,luc41 ,tim4 #f1 #aaj ,rb4 #aagi3 sophos p]i ta !ia 7de9os ta !ia1 ,max4 ,tyr4 #ch1 #c7 tn en?\sia/ikn sophi_/an1 ,plu41 ,sol4 #ab4 ,epim54 is put among ! e_/n!oi ma_/nteis1 ,bakis & ! ,sibyl1 by ,cic41 ,div4 #a1 #cd4--,prolong$ solitude is a prep>ation = ! bus9ess ( ! ec/atic se] 7cf4 ,plu4's /ory ( a sort ( c\nt]p>t to ,epim5ides1 ,def4 ,or4 #ba1 p4 #dba ,b74 ,!re #ccb is /ill ano!r fragm5t rema9+ f ! /ory ( ,epim4 on ?is head 9 ! acc\nt giv5 by ,!opompos 7?\gh he makes too rationali/ic a use ( x73 ,epim4 did n sleep all t "t alla *ro_/non t9a ekpatsai1 as*ol\_/m5on p]i rhizotomi_/an 7:i* he ne$$ z an iatro_/mantis72 ,d4,l4 i1 #aab4 ,we _c help be+ rem9d$ ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,angekok ( ,gre5l&1 aft] prolong$ & pr(\nd solitude1 sev]e fa/+ & conc5tration ( ?\ght1 makes himself into a magician 7,cranz1 ,hi/4 ( ,gre5l&1 p4 #aid74 ,9 ! same way ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian /ays = weeks 9 a solit>y wood & consci\sly prep>es himself = 8 visions4 ,at la/ ! real _w falls away f him1 ! imag9$ _w ( 8 visions becomes ! real "o & seems almo/ palpable2 till f9ally 9 complete ec/asy he ru%es out ( 8 hid+ place4 ,nor w\ld x be h>d to f9d analogies 9 ! religion ( civiliz$ peoples4 #aahi3 ,epim4 is cr$it$ ) prophecies ( com+ ev5ts3 ,pl41 ,lg4 #fdb ,d2 ,d4,l4 i1 #aad1 & also ,cic41 ,div4 i1 #cd4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,ari/41 ,rh4 #c1 #ag1 #aj1 has p]i tn esome_/nn ouk emanteu_/eto1 alla p]i tn gegono_/tn men ad_/ln de_/ :i* at lea/ means discov]+ ! gr\nds ( an ev5t--gr\nds kn[n only to ! god & ! se]2 e4g4 ! int]pretation ( a pe/il5ce z ! v5geance ( ! daimones = an anci5t crime1 etc4 ,if only rational explanation 7 meant !re w\ld be no ne$ = a ma_/ntis4 #aaii3 ,delos3 ,plu41 ,sept4 ,sap4 #ad1 p4 #aeh ,a4 7,!re is no ne$ to suppose t !re has be5 any confusion betwe5 ?is me_/gas ka?>mo_/s by ,epim5ides & any o!r purification ( ,delos t happ5s to be bett] kn[n to u--! ,pisi/ratean or t ( ! ye> #dbf47 ,epim5ides po_/leis eka_/?r5 a_/llas te kai tn ,a?nai_/n1 ,paus4 #a1 #ad1 #d4 #abji3 ,! purification ( ,a!ns f ! ,kylonian a_/gos by ,epim5ides is n[ fur!r confirm$ by ! ,ari/otelian ,a?4 pol4 #a f94 ,?is admitt$ly is n a v /rong gu>antee ( its hi/orical tru?2 b no /rong gu>antee is requir$ to dispose ( ! d\bts rec5tly rais$ z to ! hi/orical tru? ( ! /ory t ,a!ns 0 purifi$ by ,epim5ides1 & ev5 ( ,epim5ides' v exi/5ce4 ,!re is no reason at all = su* a d\bt4 ,! fact t ! hi/orical figure ( ,epim5ides has be5 almo/ entirely obscur$ beh9d ! veil ( fable & romance gives u ( c\rse no "r to d\bt 8 exi/5ce 7or :at w\ld be ! fate ( ,py?agoras1 ,ph]ekydes ( ,syros1 & ( _m o!rs872 & fur!r1 because "s p>ts ( ! /ory ( ,epim4 & 8 life are fabul\s1 to d\bt ! tru? ( 8 entirely non-fabul\s purification ( ! ,a!nians f murd] is a mon/r\s inv]sion ( true hi/orical me?od4--,no exact dat+ = ! purification ( ,a!ns is to be d]iv$ f ! ,ari/otelian acc\nt ( ! ev5t1 z ! ,engli% ed4 7,k5yon7 ( ! ,a?4 pol4 rightly obs]ves4 ,x c]ta9ly does n foll[ 7z e4g4 ,bau] takes = grant$ 9 8 ,=s*4 zu ,ari/4 ,a?4 pol4 #da7 t ! purification took place be=e ! ar*on%ip ( ,drakon 7,ol4 #ci74 ,fur!rmore1 x is probable t 9 ,plu41 ,sol4 #ab1 ev]y?+ t comes be=e t\s ho_/r\s 7p4 #afe1 #ai1 ,s9t4 ed4 m947 is tak5 f ,ari/otle 7?\gh p]haps n directly74 ,9 ?is case ,ari/otle1 too1 w\ld be %[n to h attribut$ to ,solon ! fir/ sugge/ion t l$ to ! condemnation ( ! enageis4 ,9 ,plu41 h[ev]1 ,solon is /ill f> f hav+ ?\ghts ( 8 nomo!si_/a1 he is /ill only _/d d_/xan e_/*n c4 #ab 7n till c4 #ad does 8 ar*on%ip beg974 ,solon's ar*on%ip is put by ,a?4 pol4 9 ! ye> #eia_/j 7c4 #ad1 #a1 :]e we %\ld be c>eful to avoid arbitr>y alt]ation ( ! figures72 ,suid4 ,s_/ln1 ,eus41 ,*ron4 also date x 9 ,ol4 #dg1 & ! same p]iod is impli$ by ,plu41 ,sol4 #ad1 p4 #afh1 #ab4 7,a?4 ,pol4 #ccc #ac1 #b1 also br+s ! fir/ ar*on%ip ( ,damasias to #ehb_/a ,ol4 #di1 #c3 a date to :i* all o!r reliable tradition also po9ts74 ,! condemnation ( ! enageis & ! purification ( ,a!ns by ,epim5ides ?us took place "s consid]able "t be=e #eia4 ,x is possible t ,suid4 gives ! "r date4 s4v4 ,epim5i_/ds2 eka_/?re tas ,a?_/nas t\ ,kulnei_/ou a_/g\s kata tn md ,olumpia_/da 7#fjd_/a7--t 9 ! ,kirrhaian w> !re 0 an ,alkmai_/n g5]al ( ! ,a!nians (f]s no objection3 ,plu41 ,sol4 #aa4 ,suidas' /atem5t has n 7z ,i once ?\ght myself1 ) ,b]nh>dy7 be5 tak5 f ,d4,l41 nor is x to be correct$ acc4 to 8 text4 ,d4,l4 i1 #ajj1 only br+s =w>d ! connexion betwe5 ! purification & ! ,kul_/neion a_/gos z ! op9ion ( "s 7:i* 9 spite ( ! vagu5ess ( expression mu/ mean ,nean!s ap4 ,a?4 #fjb ,c71 :ile ! real reason is said to be a loimo_/s1 & ! purification 7z 9 ,eus4 ,*r47 is plac$ 9 ,ol4 #df2 i4e4 probably #df1 #c1 ! traditional date ( ,solon's legislation4--,plato1 ,lg4 #fdb ,,de1 does n conflict ) ! /ory ( ! expiation ( ! ,kul4 a_/gos by ,epim5ides3 8 /ory t ,epim54 0 pres5t 9 ,a!ns 9 ! ye> #ejj & ret>d$ ! ?reat5$ ,p]sian invasion = t5 ye>s is n int5d$ to conte/ ! tru? ( ! tradition ( ! mu* e>li] purification ( ,a!ns by ,epim54 7ret>d$3 s ,clem4 ,al41 ,/r4 vi1 #ac1 p4 #gee ,p41 und]/ood ,plato & prob4 rightly2 we (t5 he> 9 leg5d>y /ories ( ! gods or _! prophets ret>d+ com+ ev5ts :i* h be5 det]m9$ by fate2 cf4 ,pl41 ,smp4 #bja ,d2 ,hdt4 i1 #ia2 ,a?4 #fjb ,b2 ,eus41 ,,pe4 #e1 #ce1 p4 #bcc ,,bc2 ,vg41 ,a4 vii1 #cac ff42 viii1 #cih f42 & :at ,s]v4 ad loc4 reports f ! libri ,a*]untici74 ,h[ ! same man c\ld be liv+ bo? at ! end ( ! sev5? & ( ! six? c5turies w\ld h tr\bl$ ,plato n at all--tradition attribut$ a miracul\sly long life to ,ep4 ,at any rate1 x is q impossible to base ! *ronology ( ,ep4's life on ! /ory 9 ,plato4 7,x may h be5 sugge/$ by a =g$ oracle made ex ev5tu aft] #dij & fa!r$ on ,epim41 z ,s*ultess sugge/s1 ,de ,epim4 ,crete1 p4 #dg1 #ahgg47 #abai3 ,details ( ! expiation c]emonies3 ,d4,l4 i1 #aaa-ab2 ,nean!s ap4 ,a?4 #fjb ,c4 ,x is n ! human sacrifice b ! s5tim5tal int]pretation ( ,nean?4 t ,polemon 7,a?4 #fjb ,f47 decl>es to be fictiti\s4 ,!y are inv>iably sacrifices to ! *?o_/nia t ,epim4 in/itutes4 ,?us 7z ,ab>is f\nd$ a temple at ,sp>ta = ,ko_/r s_/teira7 he f\nd$ at ,a!ns1 evid5tly z ! conclud+ "p ( ! purification1 ta hi]a tn semnn !n1 i4e4 ( ! ,er9yes3 ,d4,l4 i1 #aab4 #abbi3 ,su* a connexion mu/ at lea/ be int5d$ :5 ,ari/eas is br\ght to ,metapontum & ,phormion to ,kroton1 bo? important c5tres ( ! ,py?agorean society4 ,ari/eas1 too1 z well z ,ab>is1 ,epim5ides1 etc41 is "o ( ! fav\rite figures ( ! ,py?agoreans3 see ,iamb41 ,,vp4 #ach4 #abci3 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be necess>y to d5y to ,epim5ides ! ,!ogony t ! :ole ( antiquity read & quot$ "u ! "n ( ,epim5ides )\t once express+ a d\bt1 if ! figm5ts ( t ,!ogony really conta9$ borr[+s f ! tea*+ ( ,anaxim5es or1 ev5 worse1 f ! rhapsodical ,!ogony ( ,orpheus1 z ,k]n1 de ,orphei ,ep4 ,ph]4 ,!og4 #ff ff4 ma9ta9s4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place a few vague resemblances are n en\gh to %[ any connexion betwe5 ,epim5ides & ^? o!rs4 ,9 ! second1 suppos+ ! connexion prov$1 ,epim5ides ne$ n necess>ily h be5 ! borr[]4 ,9 any case1 su* alleg$ borr[+s d n oblige u to advance ! p]iod :5 ,ep4 liv$ f ! end ( #ccd ! sev5? to ! end ( ! six? c5tury4 ,if !y really exi/ !n we %\ld r h to conclude t ! ,!ogony is itself a =g]y ( a mu* lat] date4 #abdi3 ,! possibility ( !oretical activity 9 ! case ( ^! m5 is (t5 impli$ 9 ! /atem5ts ( lat] writ]s2 e4g4 :5 ! "n is giv5 to ,epim5ides 7,d4,s4 #e1 #hj1 #d7 or ,ab>is 7,apollon41 ,mir4 #d72 or :5 ,ari/eas is call$ an anr philo_/sophos 7,max4 ,tyr4 #ch1 #c1 p4 #bbb ,r474 #abei3 ,ari/41 ,meta4 #a1 #c1 p4 #idh;b1 #ai f4 #abfi3 ,see ,app5d4 viii4 #abgi3 ,see above1 *ap4 i1 n4 #da4 ,ar*ilo*4 fr4 #ab3 kei_/n\ kephaln kai *>i_/enta me_/l ,h_/phai/os ka?>ois9 en hei_/mas9 amphepon_/?4 ,e41 ,or4 #dj f43 ! sla9 ,klytaimne/ra puri ka?_/gni/ai de_/mas & ,s*4 pa_/nta gar ka?airei to pur1 kai hagna dokei einai ta kaio_/m5a1 ta de a_/tapha memiasme_/na4 ,e41 ,sup4 #abaa3 4 4 4 hi_/n' autn 7^? :o are be+ buri$7 s_/ma?' hgni_//h puri_/2 cf4 ha_/gnison purs me_/la?ron1 ,,x4 #abaf4 ,on a grave inscr4 f ,attica 7,epigr4 ,gr4 #ajd73 en?a_/de ,dia_/logos ka?> puri guia ka?_/ras 4 4 4 _/*et' es a?a_/nat\s--evid5tly modell$ on anci5t ideas2 cf4 also ib4 #aji1 #e 7,,cia4 iii1 #acbe74 ,^?1 too1 :o are /ruck by lightn+ 7see ,app5dix i7 are purifi$ f all e>?ly ta9t by ! holie/ sort ( pur ka?a_/rsion 7,e41 ,,ia4 #aaab2 ka?>si_/ phlogi_/1 ,e41 ,hel4 #hfi7 & g /raight pros a?ana_/t\s4 ,iamb41 ,my/4 v1 #ab1 also expla9s h[ fire ta prosago_/m5a ka?ai_/rei kai apolu_/ei tn en t hu_/l desmn1 aphomoioi tois !ois1 etc4 #abhi3 ,cf4 also ,pl41 ,lg4 #fgg ,,de2 ,plu41 ,fac4 ,orb4 ,lun4 #be1 p4 #idj ,c4 #cce ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,orphics ,! e>lie/ au?ority :o m5tions ,orphic sects & _! practices is ,h]odotos 7ii1 #ha71 :o calls att5tion to ! correspond5ce betwe5 c]ta9 sac]dotal & ascetic ord9ances ( ! ,egyptian prie/hood1 & ! ,orphic & ,bac*ic my/]ies4 ,! latt]1 he says1 are really ,egyptian & ,py?agorean1 or 9 o!r words !y 7 f\nd$ by ,py?agoras or ,py?agoreans ^u ,egyptian models2 & ?us1 9 ! op9ion ( ! hi/orian1 !y _c h come into exi/5ce be=e ! la/ decade ( ! six? c5tury4 ,h]odotos !n1 ei!r 9 ,a!ns or else:]e1 _h he>d dur+ 8 j\rneys ( c]ta9 private societies :o by call+ !mselves aft] ! "n ( ,orpheus1 ! prototype ( ,?racian song s well kn[n to leg5d1 recogniz$ ! orig9 ( _! peculi> cult & cre$ 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,?race1 & did hon\r to ,bak*os ! ,?racian god4 ,! fact t ! ,greek ,orphics did inde$ wor%ip ,dionysos1 ! "l ( life & dea?1 be=e all o!r gods1 is cle>ly %[n by ! rema9s ( ! !ological poems t orig9at$ 9 _! mid/4 ,orpheus himself1 z f\nd] ( ! ,orphic sect1 is actually said to h be5 ! f\nd] also ( ! ,dionysiac initiation-my/]ies4#aaj ,?is ga!r+-toge!r 9 ! "n ( ,orpheus = ! purpose ( (f]+ a special wor%ip to ,dionysos 01 !n1 ! "w ( sects :o1 9 private association1 practis$ a cult :i* ! public & (ficial wor%ip ( ! /ate ei!r did n "k ( or disda9$4 ,!re 7 _m su* associations1 & ( v v>i$ "*1 :i* kept !mselves alo( f ! organiz$ religion ( ! community1 & 7 tol]at$ by ! /ate4#baj ,z a rule1 !y 7 =eign gods#caj :o 7 ?us wor%ipp$2 & g5]ally by =eign]s :o ?us kept up ! special wor%ip ( _! own homes1 ?\gh !y did n always exclude natives ( _! adopt$ c\ntry4 ,n[1 ,dionysos1 ! god ( ! ,orphic sects1 _h = a long "t ceas$ to be a =eign] 9 ,greek c\ntries2 s9ce 8 arrival f ,?race he _h be5 ref9$ & matur$ "u ! humaniz+ sun ( ,greece1 until he _h become a ,greek god1 & a wor?y associate ( ! ,greek ,olympos4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t 9 ?is process1 ! old ,?racian god may h seem$ to 8 orig9al wor%ipp]s to h lo/ 8 real #ccf "*1 & !y may on t acc\nt h jo9$ toge!r to (f]1 9 sep>ation f ! (ficial wor%ip1 a special cult 9 :i* all ! old ideas ( ! national religion %\ld be pres]v$ unalt]$4 ,a second>y wave ( influ5ce ?us broke ^u ! long-s9ce-,hell5iz$ god1 ! ,?racian ,dionysos 9 ,greece1 & ?is wave ! (ficial wor%ip ei!r _h n ! p[] or lack$ ! w to assimilate4 ,x 0 !re=e left to special sects :o hon\r$ ! god aft] _! own private laws4 ,:e!r inde$ !y 7 ,?racians :o1 z 9 ! simil> case ( ! unmodifi$ wor%ip ( ,b5dis1#daj or ,kotytto1 ?us re9/itut$ _! anci5t & national wor%ip ( ,dionysos 9 ,greek c\ntries1 we _c ) c]ta9ty tell2 b ?is special cult w\ld c]ta9ly n h a*iev$ ! importance x did 9 ,greek life if x _h n be5 jo9$ by ,greek adh]5ts br\ght up 9 ! native conceptions ( ,greek piety1 :o "u ! "n ( ,orphics once m adapt$ ! ,?racian god to ,greek modes ( ?\ght--?\gh ?is new adaptation diff]$ f ! previ\s assimilation ( ! god by ! (ficial wor%ip ( ! /ate4 ,we h no reason = believ+ t ,orphic sects 7 =m$ 9 ,greek /ates be=e ! second half ( ! six? c5tury1#eaj t critical age ( transition :5 9 s _m places primitive & my?ological modes ( ?\ght 7 develop+ into a !osophy1 :i* 9 its turn 0 mak+ an ef=t to become a philosophy4 ,! ,orphic religi\s poetry is itself cle>ly m>k$ by ?is ef=t--= 9 ,orphism x nev] became m ?an an ef=t & nev] succe$$ 9 rea*+ its goal4 ,! exact po9t ( orig9 ( ?is comb9$ movem5t ( religion & !osophy1 ! v>i\s /eps & mann] ( its developm5t rema9 hidd5 f u4 ,a!ns 0 a c5tre ( ,orphism2 x does n !re=e foll[ t ,orphism _h its orig9 !re1 any m ?an _h ! multif>i\s t5d5cies & activities 9 art1 poetry1 & sci5ce t at ab\t ! same p]iod fl[$ toge!r1 & z ?\gh driv5 by an unse5 intellectual curr5t1 f\nd _! meet+ place at ,a!ns4 ,onomakritos1 we are told1 ! giv] ( oracles 9 ! c\rt ( ,peisi/ratos f\nd$ ! secret wor%ip ( ,dionysos4#faj ,?is appe>s to ref] to ! fir/ f\nd+ ( an ,orphic sect at ,a!ns2 & we meet ) ! "n ( ,onomakritos among ! au?ors ( ,orphic poems4 ,b ! real au?or%ip ( ^! poems is f> m (t5 ascrib$ to c]ta9 m5 ( ,s\!rn ,italy & ,sicily1 :o c be m or less cle>ly connect$#gaj ) ! ,py?agorean societies :i* 7 fl\ri%+ 9 ^? di/ricts ab\t ! la/ decades ( ! six? & ! fir/ ( ! fif? c5turies4 #ccg ,x seems c]ta9 t 9 ,s\!rn ,italy at t "t1 ,orphic societies 7 already 9 exi/5ce--= :om else c ^! writ]s h int5d$ _! ,orphic poems8 ,9 any case we mu/ take x z c]ta9 t ! correspond5ce ( ,orphic & ,py?agorean doctr9e on ! subject ( ! s\l is n purely accid5tal4 ,did ,py?agoras :5 he came to ,italy 7ab\t #ecb7 f9d ,orphic societies already settl$ 9 ,kroton & ,metapontum1 & did he associate himself ) _! ideas8 ,or did ! ,orphic sect>ies 7z ,h]odotos imag9$#haj7 owe _! inspiration to ,py?agoras & 8 disciples8 ,! v>i\s cross-curr5ts ( reciprocal influ5ce c no long] be dis5tangl$ by u1 b if ! ,py?agoreans 7 ! sole cr$itors 9 ! b>ga9 we %\ld und\bt$ly f9d ! :ole body ( ,orphic doctr9e ?or\ghly p]meat$ ) conceptions t belong exclusively to ! ,py?agorean s*ool4 ,9 ! wreckage ( ! ,orphic poems1 h[ev]1 except = a few negligible traces ( ! ,py?agorean my/ic !ory ( numb]s1#iaj we f9d no?+ t mu/ necess>ily h be5 d]iv$ by ! ,orphics f ,py?agorean s\rces4#ajaj ,lea/ ( all did !y ne$ to d]ive ! doctr9e ( ! migration ( s\ls & its application f ?is s\rce4 ,x is possible1 !re=e1 t x 0 ! indep5d5tly develop$ ,orphic doctr9e :i* ex]t$ an influ5ce ^u ,py?ogoras & 8 adh]5ts 9 ,s\!rn ,italy2 j z x 0 a ready-made ,orphic tea*+ 7& t1 too1 p]haps1 br\ght f ,s\!rn ,italy7 ) :i* ,onomakritos1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,orphic sects at ,a!ns1 associat$ himself--ab\t ! same "t z ,py?agoras' simil> action 9 ,kroton4 ,x is h>dly possible to int]pret 9 any o!r way ! v>i\s relations ( ! ,orphics ) ea* o!r :5 we le>n t at ! c\rt ( ! ,peisi/ratids1 9 addition to ,onomakritos1 two o!r m5 :o _h arriv$ f ,s\!rn ,italy 7 active & 7 c\nt$ among ! e>lie/ writ]s ( ,orphic poems4#aaaj #b ,! ,orphics :]ev] we meet ) !m 9 ,greek c\ntries always appe> z memb]s ( a private cult-society :o are held toge!r by a specially organiz$ & individual mode ( wor%ip4 ,! old ,?racian wor%ip ( ,dionysos 9 its /ra9+ aft] ! inf9ite conduct$ its revels "u ! op5 sky ( night1 seek+ out des]t$ m\nta9-sides & =e/s :]e x 0 f>!/ f civilization & close/ to unspoil$ & untrammell$ nature4 ,h[ ?is cult may h accommodat$ itself to ! n>r[ limitations ( ord9>y #cch city-life1 x is h>d to imag9e2#abaj ?\gh x is natural to suppose t mu* ( ! extravagance t 0 lit]al & actual en\gh 9 ! old nor!rn fe/ival ( night 0 repres5t$ 9 ! mild] wor%ip ( ,greece by m]e symbol4 ,we h less difficulty 9 discov]+ ! side ( _! religi\s activity :i* ! ,orphics1 ap>t f ! private wor%ip ( ! conv5ticle1 reveal$ to ! out] _w ( ! pr(ane4 ,orpheus himself 9 ! tradition _h be5 n m]ely ! inspir$ s+] b ! se]1 ! magically end[$ physician & purification-prie/ z well1#acaj & ! ,orphics1 z 8 foll[]s1 7 active1 too1 9 all ^! directions4#adaj ,9 ! composition ( ,greek ,orphism ! ka?>tic ideas :i* _h be5 evolv$ on ,greek soil 7 comb9$ 9 a n unnatural alliance ) ! old ,?racian wor%ip ( ,dionysos4 ,! ,orphic prie/s ( purification 7 pref]r$ to o!rs ( _! k9d by _m religi\s p4#aeaj ,b among ! inn] circles ( ,orphism ! sac]dotal activities ( purification & ! removal ( daimonic h9drances1 :i* 7 by no means giv5 up1 t5d$ r to produce deep] & broad] ideas ( purity & ( release f ! e>?ly & ! transitory4 ,9 "s su* way 0 evolv$ t asceticism :i* 9 close comb9ation ) ! ,?racian wor%ip ( ,dionysos gave ! peculi> tone to ! fai? & temp]am5t ( ! sect>ies & gave to _! lives _! special direction4 ,! ,orphic sect _h a fix$ & def9ite set ( doctr9es2 ?is alone suffic$ to di/+ui% x bo? f ! (ficial wor%ips ( ! /ate1 & f all o!r cult-associations ( ! "t4 ,! r$uction ( belief to di/9ct doctr9al =mul may h done m ?an any?+ else to make ,orphism a society ( believ]s--none ( ! o!r !ologi ( ! "t1 ,epim5ides1 ,ph]ekydes1 etc41 accompli%$ z mu*4 ,)\t its fundam5tal religi\s doctr9e ,orphism 9 ,greece is inconceivable2 accord+ to ,ari/otle ! doctr9es ( ,orpheus 7 put into poetical =m by ! f\nd] ( ! ,orphic sect 9 ,a!ns1 ,onomakritos4#afaj ,! unc]ta9 acc\nts giv5 u by ! lat] au?orities d n all[ u to make out q cle>ly#agaj :at 0 ! ext5t ( ,onomakritos' "w 9 ! =mation or collection ( ,orphic doctr9al poetry4 ,:at is important is ! fact t he is di/9ctly nam$ z ! au?or ( ! poem call$ ,initiations4#ahaj ,?is poem mu/ h be5 "o ( ! basic1 & 9 ! /ricte/ s5se religi\s1 writ+s ( ! sect2 a poem ( ?is "* may v well h _h = its c5tral incid5t ! dismemb]m5t ( ! god at ! h&s ( ! ,titans--a /ory :i* ,onomakritos is said to h put into v]se4#aiaj #cci ,! religi\s beliefs & wor%ip ( ! sect 7 f\nd$ ^u ! detail$ in/ructions ( c]ta9 v num]\s writ+s deal+ ) matt]s ( ritual & !ology4 ,^! claim$ ! au?ority ( religi\s inspiration1#bjaj & 7 z a :ole suppos$ to be ! "w ( ! primitive ,?racian b>d1 ,orpheus1 himself4 ,! anonymity :i* conceal$ ! id5tity ( ! real au?ors ( ^! poems 0 n1 h[ev]1 v ?or\ghly pres]v$2 ev5 t[>ds ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury !re 7 ^? :o claim$ to be able to give ) c]ta9ty ! names ( ! orig9al au?ors ( ! v>i\s poems4 ,/rictly canonical au?ority1 su* z w\ld at once h r$uc$ to sil5ce e conflict+ view or /atem5t1 nev] seems to h belong$ to any ( ^! writ+s4 ,9 p>ticul>1 !re 7 sev]al ,!ogonies#baaj--poems :i* attempt$ to give expression to ! fundam5tal ideas ( ,orphic speculation on religi\s subjects--& 9 spite ( mu* h>mony 9 g5]al effect !y diff]$ consid]ably f ea* o!r 9 p>ticul> mode ( expression4 ,!y repres5t$ ev]-r5ew$ & increas+ly elaborate attempts to con/ruct a connect$ doctr9al sy/em = ,orphism4 ,) unmi/akable allusion to ! olde/ ,greek !ological sy/em--t :i* _h be5 committ$ to writ+ 9 ! ,hesiodic poem--^! ,orphic ,!ogonies describ$ ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! _w f obscure primordial impulses to ! cle> & di/9ct v>iety-9-unity ( ! organiz$ kosmos1 & x describ$ x z ! hi/ory ( a long s]ies ( div9e p[]s & figures :i* issue f ea* o!r 7ea* new "o ov]com+ ! la/7 & succe$ ea* o!r 9 ! task ( build+ & organiz+ ! _w until !y h absorb$ ! :ole univ]se into !mselves 9 ord] to br+ x =? anew1 animat$ ) "o _s &1 ) all its inf9ite v>iety1 a unity4 ,^! gods are c]ta9ly no long] deities ( ! famili> ,greek type4 ,n m]ely ! new gods evolv$ by ! creative fancy ( ,orphism--creatures :i* _h almo/ entirely lo/ all di/9ct & s5sible outl9e "u ! accumulation ( symbolical mean+--b ev5 ! figures actually borr[$ f ! ,greek _w ( div9ities are turn$ into little m ?an m]e p]sonifi$ ab/ractions4 ,:o w\ld recognize ! ,zeus ( ,hom] 9 ! ,orphic ,zeus :o aft] he has dev\r$ ! ,_w-,god & tak5 unto himself ! p[] ( ,erikapaios1#bbaj has become himself ! ,univ]se & ! ,:ole8 ,zeus ! ,beg9n+1 ,zeus ! ,middle1 9 ,zeus all ?+s are complet$4#bcaj ,! concept "h s /ret*es ! p]sonality t x ?reat5s to break x d[n altoge!r2 ! outl9es ( ! individual figures are #cdj lo/ & are m]g$ into an int5tional confusion ( deities4#bdaj ,/ill1 ! my?ical envelope 0 nev] q giv5 up2 ^! poets c\ld n d )\t x altoge!r4 ,_! gods did inde$ /rive to become pure ab/ractions b !y 7 nev] q successful 9 ?r[+ (f all traces ( individuality & ! limitations ( =m & matt]3 ! concept nev] q broke ?r\gh ! veil ( my?ology4 ,! poets ( ! ,orphic ,!ogonies vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 _! attempts to make ! half-se5 & half-conceiv$ accessible alike to ! imag9ation & ! reason2 & 9 succession gave v>y+ expression to ! same fundam5tal conceptions until f9ality 0 rea*$ z x seems 9 a poem ^: cont5ts are bett] kn[n to u ?an ! o!rs f quotations made f x by ,neoplatonic writ]s--! ,!ogonical poem ( ! f\r-&-tw5ty ,rhapsodies4 ,into ?is poem 0 p\r$ all ! traditional mat]ial ( my?ological & symbolical doctr9e1 & 9 x su* doctr9e a*iev$ its f9al expression4#beaj #c ,?is comb9ation ( religion & quasi-philosophical speculation 0 a di/+ui%+ feature ( ! ,orphics & ( ,orphic lit]ature4 ,religion only ent]$ into _! ,!ogonical poetry 9 s f> z ! e?ical p]sonalities ( ! div9ities !re9 describ$ _h n entirely fad$ away into transp>5t allegories4#bfaj ,x 0 ab/ract speculation alone :i* really prevail$ !re1 little respect be+ paid to religion2 & z a result a mu* great] lic5ce 0 giv5 to speculative con/ruction4 ,?is ab/ract speculation1 h[ev]1 rea*$ its climax 9 a religi\s n>rative ( ! fir/ importance = ! beliefs & cult ( ! sect4 ,at ! end ( ! s]ies ( g5ealogically connect$ deities came ! son ( ,zeus & ,p]sephone1 ,dionysos1 :o 0 also giv5 ! "n ( ! und]world deity ,zagreus4#bgaj ,to him1 ev5 9 infancy1 0 entru/$ ! rule ( ! _w by ,zeus4 ,b ! wick$ ,titans1 urg$ on by ,h]a1 approa*$ him by a /ratagem4 ,!y 7 ! enemies ( ,zeus1 & _h already be5 ov]?r[n by ,ouranos1#bhaj b _h1 x seems1 be5 let loose aga9 by ,zeus f ,t>t>os4 ,!y made ,dionysos tru/ !m by giv+ him pres5ts1 & :ile he 0 look+ at 8 own image 9 a mirror#biaj t !y _h giv5 him1 !y fell ^u him4 ,he tri$ to escape !m by repeat$ trans=mations ( %ape2 f9ally1 9 ! =m ( a bull1#cjaj he 0 at la/ ov]come & 8 body torn to pieces :i* 8 savage foes !reupon dev\r$4 ,! he>t alone #cda 0 rescu$ by ,a!ne1 & %e br\ght x to ,zeus :o swall[$ x4 ,f ,zeus !re sprang ! new ,dionysos1 ! son ( ,zeus & ,semele1 9 :om ,zagreus came to life aga94 ,! my? ( ! dismemb]m5t ( ,zagreus by ! ,titans 0 already put into v]se by ,onomakritos2#caaj x cont9u$ to be ! culm9at+ po9t ( ! doctr9al poetry ( ! ,orphics4 ,x occurr$ n only 9 ! ,rhapsodies1#cbaj b 9 o!r v]sions ( ! ,orphic leg5d compos$ 9 complete indep5d5ce ( ^!4#ccaj ,x is a religi\s my? 9 ! /rict] s5se2 its tioloqical "* is mo/ m>k$2#cdaj its purpose is to expla9 ! religi\s implication ( ! ritual dismemb]m5t ( ! bull-god at ! ,bac*ic nocturnal fe/ivals1 & to d]ive t feature f ! leg5d>y suff]+s ( ,dionysos-,zagreus4 ,b ?\gh ! leg5d ?us has its roots 9 ! primitive sacrificial ritual ( anci5t ,?race1#ceaj 9 its ext5d$ =m x belongs entirely to ! region ( ,hell5ic ?\ght2 & 9 ?is comb9ation ( ! two elem5ts x becomes truly ,orphic4 ,! wick$ ,titans belong entirely to /rictly ,greek my?ology4#cfaj ,9 ?is case1 z ! murd]]s ( ! god1 !y repres5t ! primeval p[] ( evil4#cgaj ,!y dismemb] ! ,"o into ,_m p>ts2 by _! impiety ! ,"o div9e be+ is disp]s$ into ! multiplicity ( ! ?+s ( ?is _w4#chaj ,x is reborn z ,"o 9 ! new ,dionysos sprung f ,zeus4 ,! ,titans--s ! leg5d goes on to relate--:o _h dev\r$ ! limbs ( ! god 7 de/roy$ by ,zeus ) 8 lightn+ fla%4 ,f _! a%es sprang ! race ( m5 9 :om1 9 con=mity ) _! orig91 ! good d]iv$ f ,dionysos-,zagreus is mix$ ) a wick$ ,titanic elem5t4#ciaj ,) ! rule ( ! new-born ,dionysos & ! orig9 ( mank9d1 ! s]ies ( my?ological ev5ts 9 ! ,orphic poetry came to an end4#djaj ,) ! entry ( mank9d into ,creation#daaj ! exi/+ p]iod ( ! _w beg9s2 ! p]iod ( _w-revolutions is ov]4 ,! poems n[ turn to ! subject ( man & ! revelation ( 8 fate1 8 duty & 8 purpose 9 ! _w4 #d ,! mixture ( ! elem5ts t make up ! totality ( 8 be+ 9 itself prescribes = man ! direction t 8 ef=t %all take4 ,he mu/ free himself f ! ,titanic elem5t &1 ?us purifi$1 return to ! god1 a fragm5t ( :om is liv+ 9 him4#dbaj ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,titanic & ,dionysiac elem5ts 9 man is an allegorical expression ( ! popul> #cdb di/9ction betwe5 body & s\l2 x also corresponds to a pr(\ndly felt e/imate ( ! relative value ( ^! two sides ( man's be+4 ,accord+ to ,orphic doctr9e man's duty is to free himself f ! *a9s ( ! body 9 :i* ! s\l lies fa/ b\nd l ! prison] 9 8 cell4#dcaj ,! s\l has a long way1 h[ev]1 to g be=e x c f9d its fre$om2 x may n by an act ( viol5ce te> its bonds asund] = itself4#ddaj ,! dea? ( ! body only frees x = a %ort :ile2 = ! s\l mu/ once m suff] imprisonm5t 9 a body4 ,aft] leav+ its old body1 x flutt]s free 9 ! w9d1 b a brea? ( air s5ds x into a new body aga94#deaj ,s x cont9ues its j\rney1 p]petually alt]nat+ betwe5 an unfett]$ sep>ate exi/5ce1 & an ev]-r5ew$ inc>nation--trav]s+ ! great ,circle ( ,necessity 9 :i* x becomes ! life-companion ( _m bodies bo? ( m5 & bea/s4 ,?us1 ! ,:eel ( ,bir?#dfaj seems to return ev] ^u itself 9 hopeless repetition3 9 ,orphic poetry 7& !re p]haps = ! fir/ "t occurs ! despair+ ?\ght ( ! exact repetition ( ! pa/2 ev5ts :i* h already be5 liv$ ?r\gh once return+ aga9 ) ! conv]g5ce ( ! same att5dant circum/ances4#dgaj ,?us1 ,nature1 ev] rev]t+ to its own beg9n+s1 draws m5 ) x 9 its s5seless revolution r\nd itself4 ,b ! s\l has a way op5 = escape f ?is p]petual recurr5ce ( all ?+s t ?reat5s to close 9 ^u x2 x may hope to escape f ! circle & h a respite f mis]y4#dhaj ,x is =m$ = bless$ fre$om1 & c at la/ deta* itself f ! condition ( be+ x has to endure ^u e>?--a condition unwor?y ( x4 ,a release is possible2 b man 9 8 bl9dness & ?\ghtlessness _c help himself1 _c ev51 :5 salvation is at h&1 turn himself t[>ds x4#diaj ,salvation comes f ,orpheus & 8 ,bac*ic my/]ies2 ,dionysos himself w loose 8 wor%ipp] f ,evil & ! un5d+ way ( mis]y4 ,n 8 own p[]1 b ! grace ( ! releas+ gods is to be ! cause ( man's lib]ation4#ejaj ,! self-reliance ( ! old] ,greece is break+ d[n2 9 humility ( he>t ! pi\s man looks else:]e = help2 he ne$s ! revelation & m$iation ( ,orpheus ! ,rul]#eaaj 9 ord] to f9d ! way ( salvation2 he mu/ foll[ 8 ord9ances ( salvation ) p]fect ob$i5ce if he is to cont9ue 9 t way4 ,x is n only ! sacr$ my/]ies !mselves1 9 ! =m 9 :i* ,orpheus has orda9$ !m1 :i* prep>e = ! release2 a complete ,orphic life#ebaj mu/ be develop$ out #cdc ( !m4 ,asceticism is ! prime condition ( ! pi\s life4 ,?is does n mean ! practice ( ! respectable b\rgeois virtues1 nor ! discipl9e & moral re=mation ( a man's "*2 ! height ( morality is 9 ?is case ! turn+ aga9 t[>ds god1#ecaj & ! turn+ away n m]ely f ! weaknesses & errors ( e>?ly be+ b f ! :ole ( e>?ly life itself2 r5unciation ( all t ties man to mortality & ! life ( ! body4 ,! fi]ce det]m9ation ) :i* ! ,indian p5it5t te>s away 8 w f life1 to :i* e organ 9 8 body cl+s desp]ately--= ?is1 inde$1 !re 0 no place among ! ,greeks1 ! lov]s ( life--n ev5 among ! _w-d5y+ ascetics4 ,ab/5tion f ! eat+ ( fle% 0 ! /ronge/ & mo/ /rik+ species ( self-d5ial practis$ by ! ,orphic ascetics4#edaj ,ap>t f ?is1 !y kept !mselves 9 all ess5tials uncontam9at$ by c]ta9 ?+s & situations :i* r sugge/$ to a religi\s symbolism ?an actually indicat$ 9 !mselves atta*m5t to ! _w ( dea? & transitor9ess4 ,! long-/&+ ord9ances ( ! prie/ly ritual ( purification 7 tak5 up & add$ to2#eeaj b !y 7 also rais$ to a high] plane4 ,!y are no long] int5d$ to free m5 f ! effects ( daimonic contacts2 ! s\l itself is made pure by !m#efaj--pure f ! body & its pollut+ association1 pure f dea? & its loa?some ma/]y4 ,9 expiation ( guilt ! s\l is conf9$ )9 ! body1#egaj ! wages ( s9 is 9 ?is case t life ^u e>? :i* = ! s\l is dea?4 ,! :ole multiplicity ( ! univ]se1 empti$ ( its innoc5t & natural sequ5ce ( cause & effect1 appe>s to ^! zealots "u ! uni=m aspect ( a correlation betwe5 crime & puni%m5t1 betwe5 pollution & purification4 ,?us1 my/icism ent]s into ! close/ alliance ) ka?>tic practices4 ,! s\l :i* comes f ! div9e & /rives to return ?i!r1 has no o!r purpose to fulfil ^u e>? 7& !re=e no o!r moral law to obey72 x mu/ be free f life itself & be pure f all t is e>?ly4 ,! ,orphics1 moreov]1 7 ! only p :o c\ld v5ture among !mselves or be=e /rang]s to greet ea* o!r ) ! special "n ( ! ,pure4#ehaj ,! fir/ rew>d ( 8 piety 0 receiv$ by ! initiate ( ! ,orphic my/]ies 9 t int]m$iate region :i!r m5 mu/ g aft] _! e>?ly dea?4 ,:5 a man dies1 ,h]mes leads ! dea?less s\l into ! und]world4#eiaj ,special poems ( ! ,orphic community ann\nc$ ! t]rors & delights ( ! und]world k+dom4#fjaj ,:at ! ,orphic #cddmy/]y-prie/s v\*saf$ to _! public ^u ^! hidd5 matt]s--outdo+ ! promises made 9 ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies 9 co>se appeal to ! s5ses--may h be5 ! mo/ popul>1 b 0 c]ta9ly n ! mo/ orig9al feature ( ,orphic tea*+4#faaj ,9 ,hades a judgm5t await$ ! s\l--x 0 no in/9ctive fancy ( ! p1 b ! sacr$ doctr9e#fbaj ( ^! sect>ies :i* fir/ introduc$ & elaborat$ ! idea ( comp5satory ju/ice 9 ! _w ( ! dead4 ,! impi\s suff] puni%m5t & purgation 9 ! dep?s ( ,t>t>os2#fcaj ^? :o h n be5 made pure by ! ,orphic my/]ies lie 9 ! miry ,pool2#fdaj dreadful ?+s#feaj await ! disda9] ( ! sacr$ wor%ip4 ,by a conception t is q unique 9 anci5t religion1 p>ticipation 9 ! ,orphic c]emonial enables ! desc5dant to obta9 f ! gods p>don & purification = 8 dep>t$ ance/ors :o may be pay+ ! p5alty 9 ! next _w = ! misde$s ( ! pa/4#ffaj ,b = ! initiate ( ! ,orphic my/]ies himself :o has n m]ely borne ! n>!x b has be5 a true ,bak*os1#fgaj 8 rew>d is t he %all obta9 a mild] fate 9 ! k+dom ( ! und]world deities :om he has rev]$ on e>?1 & dwell 9 ! fair mead[s ( deep-runn+ ,a*]on4#fhaj ,! bless$ home ( refuge no long] lies l ! ,hom]ic ,elysium ^u e>?1 b bel[ 9 ! _w ( ! ,s\ls1 = only ! releas$ s\l rea*es !re4 ,!re1 ! initiat$ & purifi$ w live 9 communion ) ! gods ( ! ne!r _w#fiaj--we feel t we are li/5+ to ,?racian & n ,greek conceptions ( ! ideal :5 we he> ( ! ,banquet ( ! ,pure & ! un9t]rupt$ intoxication :i* !y enjoy !re4#gjaj ,b ! dep?s re/ore ! s\l at la/ to ! light1 = its la/+ habitation is n bel[2 x /ays !re only = ! int]val :i* sep>ates dea? f its next rebir?4 ,= ! reprobate ?is is a "t ( puni%m5t & purgation--! ,orphics c\ld n di/ress _! he>]s ) ! awful & intol]able idea ( ! p]petual puni%m5t ( ! damn$ 9 ,hell2 _m times ov] ! s\l rises aga9 to ! light & 9 cont9ually r5ew$ bodies fulfils ! cycle ( bir?s4 ,= ! de$s ( its pa/ life x is recomp5s$ 9 ! next life t x lives1 & ea* man mu/ n[ suff] exactly :at he has done to ano!r4#gaaj ,s he pays ! p5alty = anci5t guilt3 ! ?rice-anci5t law--:at ?\ ha/ done ?\ %alt suff]--is ?us fulfill$ = him 9 f> liveli] fa%ion ?an x c\ld be 9 any torm5ts ( ! %ad[-_w4 ,s surely also %all ! pure be rew>d$ 9 future lives by ev]-increas+ happ9ess4 ,h[ exactly ! ,orphic fancy fill$ out ! #cde individual gradations 9 ! scale ( happ9ess is beyond our k4#gbaj ,b ! s\l is immortal1 & ev5 s9n]s & ! unr$eem$ _c p]i% entirely4 ,hades & ! life on e>? holds !m 9 _! p]petual r\nd1 & ?is is _! puni%m5t4 ,= ! s\l ( ! bless$1 h[ev]1 nei!r ,hades nor e>?ly life c (f] ! highe/ cr[n ( happ9ess4 ,if x has be5 made pure & spotless 9 ! ,orphic my/]ies & ! ,orphic mann] ( life1 x is fre$ f ! necessity ( rebir? & )drawn f ! cycle ( becom+ & p]i%+4 ,! purification ends 9 a f9al r$emption4 ,! s\l m\nts upw>ds f ! base level ( e>?ly life1 n to become no?+ 9 a f9al dea?1 = x is n[ t x fir/ truly beg9s to live2 hi!rto x has la9 imprison$ 9 ! body l ! corpse 9 ! grave4#gcaj ,x 0 dea? = ! s\l :5 x ent]$ into life--n[ x is free & w no m suff] dea?2 x lives = ev] l ,god1 = x comes f ,god & is itself div9e4 ,we d n "k :e!r ^! !osophi/s w5t s f> z to lose !mselves 9 detail$ pictur+ & contemplation ( ! blissful heights ( ! div9e life4#gdaj ,9 ! rema9s ( _! poems we read ( />s & ! moon z o!r worlds1#geaj p]haps z ! dwell+-place ( illum9at$ spirits4#gfaj ,b p]haps also ! poet all[$ ! s\l to flee f its la/ contact ) mortality )\t himself desir+ to foll[ x into ! unbrok5 radiance ( div9ity t no e>?ly eye c abide4 #e ,?is1 !n1 is ! key/one t completes ! ar* ( ,orphic religion--! belief 9 ! div9e1 immortal1 & abid+ life ( ! s\l = :om union ) ! body & its desires is a ?w>t+ h9drance & repression--a puni%m5t f :i* its "o desire1 z soon z x is awak5$ to a full k ( itself is to escape 9 ord] t x may belong entirely to itself 9 full enjoym5t ( its p[]s4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ^! ideas & ^? ( ! ,hom]ic _w is complete2 !re1 ! s\l releas$ f ! body 0 cr$it$ only ) a poor1 %ad[y1 half-consci\s exi/5ce1 s t an et]nity ( godlike be+ 9 ! full enjoym5t ( life & its p[]s 0 only ?9kable if ! body & ! s\l1 ! tw(old self ( man1 7 translat$ 9 undissolv$ communion out ( ! _w ( mortality4 ,! ,orphic leg5ds ab\t ! orig9 ( ! human race d n tell u ! real s\rce & d]ivation ( ! v diff]5t beliefs ab\t ! s\l held by ! ,orphics2 ^? leg5ds only give expression to ! #cdf way--& only "o ( _m ways#ggaj--;9 :i* ! already e/abli%$ confid5ce 9 ! div9ity ( ! s\l 0 d$ucible f :at might be consid]$ ! olde/ hi/orical /ory ( mank9d1 & h[ x might be br\ght into connexion ) ! ,orphic leg5d ( ! gods4 ,?is p]suasion1 ! belief t a god 0 liv+ 9 man & a god t c\ld n be free until he _h brok5 ?r\gh ! prison ( ! body1 0 deeply root$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,dionysos & ! ec/asies belong+ to t wor%ip2 we _c be 9 mu* d\bt t x 0 tak5 ov] ready-made1 toge!r ) ! en?usia/ic cult ( ! div9ity1 & fur!r develop$ by ! ,orphic believ]s4 ,we h already met ) traces ( ?is belief ev5 9 ! ,?racian home ( ! ,dionysiac cult2 & 9 :at we "k ( ! ,?racian =m ( ! religion1 traces are n absolutely want+ ( an ascetic t5d5cy ( liv+ t w\ld easily & naturally arise f su* a belief4#ghaj ,ev5 9 ^? ,nor!rn c\ntries we f\nd ! belief 9 ! transmigration ( s\ls b\nd up ) ! religion ( ,dionysos1 & t belief1 :5 x is naively held1 has z its ess5tial presupposition ! idea t ! s\l1 9 ord] to h a complete life1 & "o t c survive bodily dea?1 mu/ ( necessity be unit$ to ano!r body4 ,ev5 ?is idea is1 h[ev]1 q =eign to ,orphism4 ,! ,orphics reta9$1 9 spite ( ev]y?+1 ! doctr9e ( transmigration1 & comb9$ x 9 a /range alliance ) _! own belief 9 ! div9ity ( ! s\l & its vocation to a life ( p]fect lib]ty4 ,x is evid5tly improbable t !y inv5t$ t doctr9e entirely on _! own acc\nt2 ! fir/ pr9ciples ( _! cre$ by no means l$ necess>ily to x4 ,h]odotos#giaj ass]ts di/9ctly t ! doctr9e ( transmigration came to ! ,greeks f ,egypt2 & z a consequ5ce1 t x 0 f ,egyptian tradition t ! ,orphics receiv$ x4 ,?is ass]tion has no m to recomm5d x ?an any o!r ( ,h]odotos' _m pron\ncem5ts z to ! ,egyptian orig9 ( ,greek op9ions & leg5ds1 & x is ev5 less likely to mislead u 9 view ( ! fact t x is by no means c]ta9 & n ev5 probable t a belief 9 transmigration ev] really exi/$ 9 ,egypt4#hjaj ,?is belief has aris5 indep5d5tly 9 _m places on ! surface ( ! e>?1 )\t ! ne$ ( transmission f "o place to ano!r2#haaj x might easily arise 9 a c\ntry :]e ! belief prevail$ t !re exi/$ only a limit$ numb] ( s\ls ( :i* ea* "o--9 ord] t no e>?ly body might be )\t its spiritual gue/--mu/ inhabit _m p]i%able life-t5em5ts1 & n be b\nd to any "o ( !m by a real inn] necessity4 ,?is1 #cdg h[ev]1 is a conception common to popul> psy*ology all ov] ! _w4#hbaj ,if x is /ill consid]$ m probable t ! idea ( a migration ( ! s\l ?r\gh _m tempor>y bodies 0 n spontane\sly evolv$ by ! ,orphics1 b 0 receiv$ by !m f ! h&s ( o!rs1 !re is yet no reason to reject ! mo/ natural assumption--namely1 t ?is also 0 "o ( ! beliefs t ! ,orphics took ov] ) ! cult ( ,dionysos f ,?race4 ,l o!r my/ics1#hcaj ! ,orphics took ov] ! belief 9 transmigration f popul> tradition & turn$ x into a s]viceable memb] ( _! own body ( doctr9e4#hdaj ,x s]v$ !m by giv+ a /rik+ & physical expression to _! own conception ( ! inevitable connexion betwe5 guilt & p5ance1 pollution & ! ref9+ p[] ( puni%m5t1 piety & future bless$ness ^u :i* all _! religi\s e?ic dep5d$4 ,x 0 ) an exactly simil> purpose t !y also reta9$ & develop$ ! old ,greek idea ( a place ( ! s\ls 9 ! dep?s bel[ ! e>?4 ,b if !y believ$ 9 ! transmigration ( s\ls1 t belief did n ) !m hold ! highe/ place4 ,!re is a realm :]e ! ev] free & div9e s\ls h _! be+1 a realm to :i* ! s]ies ( lives 9 e>?ly bodies is only transitional1 & ! way to x 0 po9t$ out by ! sav+ doctr9e ( ! ,orphic my/]ies1 by ! purification & salvation af=d$ by ,orphic asceticism4 ,,notes ,,to ,,*apt] ,x #aaj3 4 4 4 ho_/s pote kai teletas mu/ri_/das heu_/reto ,ba_/k*\1 ,,ap4 vii1 #i1 #e 7,damagetos74 dio kai tas hupo t\ ,dionu_/s\ g5ome_/nas teletas ,orphikas prosagoreu?nai1 ,d4,s4 #c1 #fe1 #f4 heure de ,orpheus ta ,dionu_/son mu/_/ria ,apollod4 #a1 #c1 #b1 #c4 7,dionysum7 ,iove et ,luna 7natum71 cui sacra ,orphica putantur confici3 ,cic41 ,,nd4 iii1 #eh2 cf4 ,lyd41 ,m5s4 #d1 #ea1 p4 #ajg ,w4 ,bak*ika_/ an ,orphic poem3 ,suid4 ,orpheu_/s 7cf4 ,hill]1 ,h]mes1 #ba1 #cfd f471 :5ce fr4 #c 7,abel72 & p]haps frr4 #aeb1 #afg1 #afi1 #afh4 ta ,orphika kal\_/m5a kai ta ,bak*ika_/ are already reckon$ z a s+le class by ,hdt4 ii1 #ha4 #baj3 ,?is is se5 9 ! decree ( ! ,c\ncil & p ( ,a!ns deal+ ) ! e_/mporoi ,kitieis & _! temple ( ,aphrodite--,,cia4 ii1 #afh 7#ccc_/b ,b4,c474--,t on ! o!r h& su* =eign my/]y-cults 7 n always s tol]at$ 7or n )\t resi/ance is %[n by ! case ( ,n9os3 ,dem41 ,,fl4 7#ai7 #bha ) ,s*42 cf4 ,d4,h41 ,d9>*4 #aa4 #caj3 !oi x5ikoi_/1 ,hs*41 see ,lob41 ,agl4 #fbg ff4 ,a nameless !os x5iko_/s occurs 9 ,,cia4 i1 #bgc f41 #ah4--,! f\ndation ( su* ?i_/asoi = =eign deities 7or deities at lea/ n (ficially wor%ipp$ by ! city 9 "q7 is almo/ inv>iably ! "w ( =eign]s 7_m exx4 f ,rhodos 9 ,,b*4 #ahhi1 p4 #cfd74 ,!y are all =eign]s1 e4g4 ^: names occur 9 ! decree ( ! ?iastai ( ! ,k>ian ,zeus ,labraundos1 ,,cia4 ii1 #fac 7#bih_/g ,b4,c472 cf4 ib4 #fad2 ,,sig4 #gbf4 ,m]*ants f ,kition f\nd a cult ( _! ,aphrodite 7,a/>te7 9 ,a!ns1 j z "s ,egyptians _h a little :ile be=e put up to ts ,i_/sidos hi]o_/n !re3 ,,cia4 ii1 #afh4 ,! names ( =eign]s 79 addition to ,a!nians7 are v num]\s among ! o_/nomata tn erani/n ( a 9999collegium ( ,sabazia/ai_/ 9 ! ,peiraeus 7second c5tury ,b4,c473 ,eph4 ,ar*4 #ahhc1 p4 #bde f4 ,! =eign wor%ip w\ld !n beg9 to receive ! support ( natives ( ! ho/-city 7mo/ ( !m be+ at fir/ ( ! poor] classes71 & 9 ?is way ! new religion w\ld ga9 a foot+ 9 its adopt$ home4 7,pure ,a!nian citiz5s compose ! society ( ! ,dionysia/ai 9 ! ,peiraeus1 second c5tury ,b4,c41 ,a?4 ,mitt4 ix1 #bhh ,,cia4 iv1 #b1 #fbc d47 #daj3 ,! ,b5dideia e>ly became a /ate fe/ival 9 ,a!ns 7ev5 fif? c5tury1 ,,cia4 i1 #baj1 fr4 ,k1 p4 #ic74 ,an allusion 9 ,plato 7,rp4 #cbg ,a71 h[ev]1 %[s t ! ,?racians 7:o mu/ h introduc$ ! cult ( ,b5dis into ,a!ns1 or at lea/ into ! ,peiraeus1 ! home ( mo/ ?i_/asoi7 /ill kept up a special wor%ip ( _! goddess 9 _! own mann]1 side by side ) ! ,hell5iz$ cult4 ,x appe>s at lea/ z if ! wor%ip 9 its remodell$ ,greek =m seem$ to !m no long] ! "r "o4 7,b5dis1 too1 l ,dionysos1 is a div9ity ( bo? ?is _w & ! next3 see ,hs*4 di_/log*on47 #eaj3 ,alleg$ traces ( ,orphic influ5ce on special sections ( ! ,iliad 7,dios apa_/t7 or ! ,odyssey are entirely illusory1 nor did ! ,orphic doctr9es ex]t any influ5ce on ! ,hesiodic ,!ogony4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,orphism 0 itself /rongly affect$ by ! primitive ,greek !ology ! fragm5ts ( :i* 7 put toge!r 9 ! ,hesiodic poem4 #faj3 ,onoma_/kritos 4 4 4 ,dionu_/s sune_/?k5 o_/rgia1 ,paus4 #h1 #cg1 #e4 #cdi #gaj3 ,among ! writ]s ( ,orphic poems m5tion$ by 7#a7 ,clem4 ,al41 ,/r4 #a1 #ba1 p4 #cig ,p4 7f ,epig5es7 & 7#b7 ,suidas 7f ,epig5es & ano!r au?ority3 bo? ,su4 & ,clem4 probably got _! in=mation ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ,d4,h47--two c]ta9 ,py?agoreans are nam$1 ,brot9os 7( ,kroton or ,metapontum7 & ,k]kops 7n ! ,milesian74 ,abel1 ,orphica1 p4 #aci4 ,f l[] ,italy or ,sicily come3 ,zopyros ( ,h]akleia 7! same p]son is probably meant by ,iamb41 ,,vp4 #aij1 #e ,n41 :5 he c\nts ,zopyros among ! ,py?agoreans com+ f ,t>5tum71 ,orpheus ( ,kroton1 ,orpheus ( ,kam>9a 7,suid471 ,timokles ( ,syracuse4 ,py?agoras himself is m5tion$ among ! writ]s ( ,orphic poems 9 ! ,triagmoi_/ ( ,ion 7at lea/ z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury74 ,ap>t f ^! ! only names ( conjectur$ compos]s ( ,orphic poems are3 ,!ognetos ho ,!ttalo_/s1 ,prodikos ( ,samos1 ,h]odikos ( ,p]9?os1 ,p]s9os ( ,miletos2 all ( :om are unkn[n to u except ,p]s9os1 :om ,obre*t n improbably id5tifies ) ! c\rt poet ( ,eub\los ( ,at>neus m5tion$ by ,poll4 ix1 #ic 7cf4 ,lob4 #cei f4 ,bgk41 ,,plg4 iii1 #fee74 ,9 ?is case he is an ,orphic ( a mu* lat] p]iod4 #haj3 homologe_/ousi de 7sc4 ,aigu_/ptioi7 tauta 7prohibition to bury ! dead 9 wooll5 clo?+7 toisi ,orphikoisi kaleome_/noisi1 kai ,bak*ikoisi1 e\si de ,aigupti_/oisi kai ,pu?agorei_/oisi1 ,hdt4 ii1 #ha4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,hdt4 9 ^! words meant to d]ive ! ,orphika kai ,bak*ika_/ 7! f\r datives are all neut]s1 n masc47 f ! ,aigu_/ptia kai ,pu?ago_/reia1 i4e4 ! ,py?agorean ord9ances :i* 7 !mselves d]iv$ f ,egypt 7cf4 ,gomp]z1 ,sitzb4 ,wi54 ,ak4 #ahhf1 p4 #ajcb74 ,if he _h reg>d$ ! ,pu?ago_/reia z entirely indep5d5t ( ! ,aigu_/ptia 7& ! ,orphika_/ z indep5d5t ( ! ,py?ag47 he c]ta9ly c\ld n h br\ght !m 9 "h4 7,?is answ]s ,zell]1 ,b]4 ,b]l94 ,ak4 #ahhi1 p4 #iid1 :o introduces a comma be=e kai ,pu?47--,x is equally impossible 7) ,maass1 ,orpheus1 p4 #afe1 #ahie71 to connect ! e\si de ,aigupti_/oisi ) ,bak*ikoisi only2 x mu/ ( necessity g ) toisi ,orphikoisi z well2 = x is ! :ole po9t ( ,hdt4's note to %[ t ! religi\s usage :i* he m5tions has1 l s mu* else ( ! k9d 9 ,greece :]ev] x may be f\nd1 be5 borr[$ f ,egypt1 & is ,egyptian4 ,9 ?is he w\ld fail completely if he did n reg>d ! ,orphika_/ 7& h5ce also ! ,pu?ago_/reia7 z ,aigu_/ptia eo_/nta & cle>ly say s4 ,hdt4 c]ta9ly has no idea1 z ,maass w\ld h u believe1 ( mak+ a g5]ic di/9ction betwe5 ,orphika_/ & ,bak*ika_/3 ,bak*4 is ! "n ( ! g5us ( :i* ,orph4 is ! species4--! ,orphika_/1 & ! ,bak*ika_/ 9 g5]al4 ,n all ,bak*ika_/ are ,orphika_/4 ,?is use ( kai :]eby ! :ole is add$ subsequ5tly to ! "p is p]fectly regul> & legitimate 7x may also add ! "p to ! :ole z 9 ! cases adduc$ by ,maass1 #aff n43 tas ,dionusiakas kai tas ,orphika_/s1 etc474 ,hdt4 m5tions ! ,pu?ago_/reia la/ 9 ord] to indicate by :at int]m$iate /ep ! ,egyptian elem5t 9 ! fir/-m5tion$ ,orphika_/ 0 specially assi/$--he has fur!r 9 ii1 #abc1 %[n cle>ly en\gh t he reg>d$ ,py?agoras z "o ( ! pupils ( ! ,egyptians 7,p4 9 any case is "o ( ! tea*]s ( immortality !re ref]r$ to74 ,?is is also obvi\s f 8 :ole attitude4--,hdt4's op9ion does n 9 any case oblige u to believe 9 x4 ,he 0 =c$ to reg>d ,py?agoras z ! e>lie/ au?or ( ,orphic doctr9e because 8 connexion ) ,egypt seem$ c]ta9 7cf4 ,hdt4 ii1 #abc7 :ile t ( ! ,orphikoi_/ !mselves 0 n s3 9 ?is way only c\ld ,hdt4 seem to prove ! ,egyptian orig9 ( t doctr9e4--,! priority ( ! ,orphics is (t5 suppos$ to be prov$ by ! witness ( ,philolaos 7fr4 #ad ,d47 ap4 ,clem4 ,al41 ,/r4 #cej #c1 #c1 p4 #eah ,p4 7& cf4 ,cic41 ,hort5s4 fr4 #he ,or472 x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ! passage does n prove :at x is suppos$ to d4 #iaj3 ,frr4 #adc-ea 7cf4 ,lob4 #gae ff474 ,"h1 inde$1 ,orphic & ,py?agorean doctr9e are mix$ up inextricably4 ,fr4 #adc 7,pu?agorei_/s te kai ,orphiks ,syrian47 belongs to ! eis ton ari?mon ,pu?ago_/reios hu_/mnos :i* is sev]al times di/9ctly s call$ by ,proclus4 7,! frr4 are 9 ,nauck1 ,iamb41 ,,vp41 p4 #bbh4 fr4 iii74 ,fr4 #adg 7,lyd4 ,m5s47 obvi\sly comes f ! same 7,nauck1 p4 #bcd1 fr4 ix74 ,! same is at lea/ highly probable ( ! frr4 #add-f1 #adh-ea4 ,probably :at ,orpheus says ( ! numb] #ab comes f ! same hu_/mnos 7ap4 ,procl4 9 ,rp4 ii1 #aca1 #aj ,kroll74 ,proclus1 h[ev] 79 ,rp4 #afi1 #be ,k471 also cites ll4 #b-e f ! hu_/mnos 7,nauck1 fr4 iii7 b ?is "t attributes !m to an eis ton ari?mon ,horphikos hu_/mnos4 ,?is ,orphico-,py?agorean hu_/mnos _h at any rate no?+ to d ) ! 7,rhaps47 ,!ogony ( ,orpheus4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! words tetra_/da tetrake_/raton1 :i* acc4 to ,procl4 9 ,rp4 #afi1 #bi ,k41 occurr$ muria_/kis 9 ! ,orphik !ologi_/a1 come f ! ,!ogony4 ,!y 7 possibly us$ z a title ( ,zagreus ! k]o_/en bre_/phos 7,nonn41 ,d4 vi1 #afe73 ?\gh :at is "h said by ,proclus ab\t ! ,dionusiak 7i4e4 ( ,zagreus7 !o_/ts1 viz4 t x tetra_/s e/91 0 appli$ r to ! f\r-ey$ ,orphic ,phanes by ,h]mias 7fr4 #fd ,ab474 #ajaj3 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is mu* 9 ,orphic !ology & poetry t is tak5 imm$iately f ! primitive ,?racian wor%ip ( ,dionysos & abs5t f ,py?agorean tea*+4 ,?is makes x v probable t ev5 su* !olog\m5a z are common to ,orphism & ,py?agoreanism really g back to ! fanatical cult ( ,dionysos1 or at lea/ 7 easily !nce d]iv$ by religi\s speculation3 9 ?is case ! ,orphics may well h got !m f ?is orig9al s\rce ( my/ic lore t 0 common to bo? p>ties & n by ! circuit\s r\te ( ,py?agorean tea*+4 ,orphism rema9$ m closely atta*$ to ! common s\rce ?an did ,py?agoreanism1 & may = t reason be reg>d$ z some:at old] ?an its rival & be suppos$ to h orig9at$ indep5d5tly ( x4 #aaaj3 ,zopyros ( ,h]akleia1 ,orpheus ( ,kroton3 ,tz41 ,prol4 9 ,ari/oph4 7p4 #bj1 #bh ,kaibel1 ,com4 ,fr4 ,rits*l1 ,opusc4 i1 #bjg72 ,suid4 ,orph4 ,krotnia_/ts 7f ,asklepiades ( ,myrlea74 #abaj3 ,we may n simply take x = grant$ t ! acc\nt giv5 9 ,dem4 #ah1 #bei-fj1 ( ! nocturnal initiations & ! processions by day ?r\gh ! city held by a my/ical sect1 is int5d$ to describe ! secret my/]ies ( an ,orphic conv5ticle 7z ,lob4 does #fdf ff41 #feb ff41 #fie f474 ,! explanation ( ! apoma_/tte9 t pl ( t passage by ref]5ce to ! specially ,orphic my? ( ,zagreus & ! ,titans is arbitr>y 9 itself & h>d to reconcile ) ! language ( ,demo/h4 7,h>p4 & ,phot4 are responsible = ?is expl47 ,h>dly m successful is ! d]ivation ( ! call a_/tts hu_/s f ! a_/t ( ,dionysos 7,zagreus7 on be+ torn to pieces by ! ,titans3 ,,em4 #afc1 #fc4 ,a def9ite connexion und\bt$ly does exi/ betwe5 ! ,orphika o_/rgia & ! ,saba_/zia kai ,mtra 7,/r4 #dga7 describ$ by ,dem42 b ! ,orphics 7 nev] call$ wor%ipp]s ( ,sabazios nor _! god ,saba_/zios1 & x seems likely t _! secret wor%ip 0 diff]5t f ! c]emonies ( ! ,sabazia/ai_/ t ,dem4 _h 9 view 7! latt] may h reta9$ m ( ! primitive b>b>ic ritual3 cf4 ! ins4 giv5 9 ,eph4 ,ar*4 #ahhc1 p4 #bde f4 ,,cia4 iv1 ,supp4 ii1 n4 #fbf b2 f ! end ( second c5tury ,b4,c474 #acaj3 ,see ,lob41 ,agl4 #bce f41 #bcg1 #bdb f4 #adaj3 ,to attribute ! practical side ( ,orphism to a late deg5]ation #cea ( ! once purely speculative "* ( ! sect 7z _m h done7 is a v arbitr>y proce$+ & q unju/ifiable on hi/orical gr\nds4 ,! fact t a cle> description ( ?is activity does n occur be=e ! f\r? c5tury 79 ,plato7 does n prove t x did n exi/ e>li]4 ,ap>t f ?is an orpheotele/_/s nam$ ,philippos is m5tion$ by ,plu41 ,apoph4 ,lac4 #bbd ,e z a contempor>y ( ,k+ ,leoty*idas ,,ii ( ,sp>ta 7reign$ #dia-dfi74 ,?is evid5ce is n to be s easily set aside1 z ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,introd4 ,sci5t4 ,my?4 #caa ff41 w\ld l to d4 ,! ,orphic sect f ! v beg9n+ d]iv$ its /r5g? f its tele/ic & ka?>tic practices4 #aeaj3 ,?phr41 ,*4 #bh 7#af74 #afaj3 aut\ 7,orphe_/s7 men einai ta d_/gmata1 tauta de_/ phs9 7,ari/ot47 ,onoma_/kriton en e_/pesi katateinai ,ari/4 p4 philosophi_/z fr4 #aj #g ,rose1 ,ari/4 ,pseudepig4 #agaj3 ,tatian1 ,gr4 #da 7p4 #db ,s*w471 seems to speak only ( r$action 7sunteta_/*?ai7 ( ! eis ,orphe_/a anaph]o_/m5a among already exi/+ ,orphic poems z ! "w ( ,onomakritos 79 ! same way ,onomakr4 is only ! dia!_/ts--! arrang] n ! au?or--( ! *rsmoi_/ ( ,m\saios1 ,hdt4 vii1 #f74 ,traces ( an ext]nal l9k+-toge!r ( ! individual poems ( ,orpheus 9 a r$action are n want+ 7cf4 ! l9k+-toge!r ( ! poems ( ! ,epic ,cycle or ( ! corpus ,hesiodeum73 fir/ ( all com+ 9 all probability ! great] krat_/r 7z 9 ! enum]ation ( ,clem4 ,al41 ,/r4 i1 #ba1 p4 #cig ,p472 see ,lob4 #cgf1 #dag1 #dfi4--;,clem4 ,al41 ,/r4 i1 p4 #cig ,p4 7& ,eus41 ,,pe4 #aj1 #aa1 p4 #die ,d7 is only d]iv$ f ,tatian1 ?\gh ,onomakr4 is "h def9itely call$ ! au?or ( ! eis ,orphe_/a ph]o_/m5a poi_/mata4 ,onomakr4 seems also to h be5 simply reg>d$ z ! au?or ( ! ,orphika_/ 9 ! doxographical exc]pt ap4 ,s4,e4 ,p4 iii1 #cj ,m4 #i1 #cfa1 p4 #bhg ,muts*m42 cf4 ,gal41 ,h4 ,philos4 7,dox41 p4 #faj1 #ae73 ,onoma_/kritos en tois ,orphikois4--,on ! o!r h&1 9 !--admitt$ly incomplete--enum]ation ( ,orphic poems 9 ,clem4 ,al41 ,/r4 i1 #ba1 p4 #cig ,p41 n "o is attribut$ to ,onomakr41 & 9 ,suid4 ,orpheus he is only giv5 ! *rsmoi_/ 7no confusion ) ! *rsmoi_/ ( ,m\saios is to be suspect$ "h7 & ! teletai_/4 ,paus4 7#h1 #cg1 #e7 m5tions 7)\t nam+ !m7 e_/p ( ,onomakr4 7cf4 ,rits*l1 ,opusc4 i1 #bda74 ,"s at lea/ ( ! poetry go+ "u ! "n ( ,orpheus mu/ h be5 ascrib$ to ,onomakr4 by ,ari/4 7fr4 #aj #g ,teubn474 #ahaj3 ,suid4 ,orpheu_/s1 #bgba ,a ,gaisf4 #aiaj3 ,onomakr4 einai t\s ,titanas t ,dionu_/s tn pa?ma_/tn epoi_/s5 aut\rg\_/s1 ,paus4 #h1 #cg1 #e4 ,lob41 p4 #cce1 ?9ks ?is ref]s to ! ,!ogony3 b no au?ority attributes a s+le "o ( ! sev]al ,orphic ,!ogonies to ,onomakr4 z its real au?or4 ,we %\ld r be incl9$ to ?9k ( ! teletai_/ :i* is di/9ctly ascrib$ to ,onomakr4 & :i* at lea/ dealt ) ! practical side ( wor%ip3 cf4 ,pl41 ,rp4 #cfd ,e-#cfe ,a1 lu_/seis1 ka?>moi_/ adikma_/tn ktl4 has d teletas kal\s9 7b x 0 n t ! my/ical bi_/bloi 7 call$ teletai_/ z ,gruppe1 ,gr4 ,culte u4 ,my!n1 i1 #fdj1 mi/ak5ly supposes3 he is o!rwise q "r 9 8 prote/ aga9/ ,abel's treatm5t ( ! teletai_/74 ,!y mu/ almo/ necess>ily h dealt ) ! reproduction ( ! pa_/? t\ ,dionu_/s\ 7z provid+ ! hi]os lo_/gos to ! dr_/m5a71 &1 z ! c5tral idea ( ! orgia/ic cult1 mu/ h includ$ ! mo/ important circum/ance ( ! ,orphic teletai_/ 7see ,d4,s4 #e1 #ge1 #d2 ,clem4 ,al41 ,protr4 ii1 #ag1 p4 #ae ,p474 #bjaj3 ,"o ( ! poems 7p]haps inde$ ! poem ( ! rhapsdi_/ai1 & 9 t case ! hi]os lo_/gos z well7 made ,orpheus di/9ctly appeal to a revelation made to him by ,apollo3 fr4 #di 7see ,lob4 #dfi74 #ceb #baaj3 ,besides ! ?ree ,!ogonies di/+ui%$ by ,damascius !re 7 7ap>t f o!r m d\btful traces7 at lea/ two o!r v>iations ( ! same !me3 see fr4 #he 7,alex4 ,aphrod47 & frr4 #cg2 #ch 7,clem4 ,rom472 cf4 ,gruppe1 i1 #fdj f4--,! s]ies ( div9e rul]s giv5 by ,orpheus acc4 to ,nigid4 ,fig4 ap4 ,s]v4 ,ecl4 iv1 #aj 7fr4 #bdh ,ab471 conflicts ) all ! o!r ,!ogonies b agrees 9 "s p>ticul>s ) ,lact4 i1 #ac 7fr4 #bdc74 ,/ill1 ?is rem>k ne$ n necess>ily h be5 tak5 f any ,orphic ,!ogony4 #bbaj3 7,zeus7 4 4 4 prtogo_/noio *anon me_/nos rikapai_/ou1 tn pa_/ntn de_/mas ei*5 he eni ga/e_/ri koi_/l1 fr4 #abj 7f ! ,rhapsodiai4 ,we are accu/om$ to read "h *an_/n ) ,zoga 7,abh4 #bfb f473 b *an_/n does n mean cat*+ up or dev\r+ ,zo42 at mo/ x might mean1 9 bad late-,greek1 j ! opposite ( ?is--ab&on+ 7transitive74 ,lobeck's explanation 7p4 #eai n47 is also unsatisfactory4 ,! ^w may h be5 orig9ally *ad_/n4 #bcaj3 ,! l9e occurr$ 9 v>i\s =ms 9 ! ,!ogonic poem2 frr4 #cc 7,plato872 #df ,ari/4 de ,mundo72 #abc 7,rhapsod742 see ,lob4 #ebj-cb4 ,x seems c]ta9 !n 7,gruppe's d\bts g too f>3 ,rhaps4 ,!og4 #gjd ff47 t ! l9e appe>$ 9 ! olde/ =m ( ,orphic ,!ogony & 0 m]ely borr[$ !nce1 l s mu* else t 0 anci5t1 by ! ,rhapsod4 ,!ogony 7i4e4 ! words1 ,zeus kephal ktl4 :i* w\ld be ! olde/ =m1 z ,gruppe rightly rem>ks3 kephal teleut_/2 cf4 ,pl41 ,ti4 #fi ,b74 ,ev5 ! writ] ( ! spee* aga9/ ,ari/ogeiton ,a 7,dem4 #be71 an ,orphic adh]5t1 appe>s1 z ,lob4 rem>ks1 to allude to ! words 9 #h4 #bdaj3 ,!okrasia mu/ h belong$ to ,orphic !ology f ! outset3 ,lob4 #fad2 ?\gh ! mo/ extreme examples ( ?is may p]haps come f lat] poems3 frr4 #afg2 #afi 7,macr472 #afh 7,d4,s472 #bja 7,rhaps471 etc41 be+ probably d]iv$ f ! ,little ,krat] 7fr4 #afj71 9 :i* ,*rysippos seems to be imitat$ 7,lob4 #gce & fr4 #afd71 & f ! ,dia?kai1 fr4 #g 7,j4,m47 a =g]y 9 ,judaeo-,*ri/ian int]e/s :i* nev]!less made use ( _m anci5t pieces ( ,orphic lit]ature 7! hi]os lo_/gos3 ,lob4 #dej ff41 #ded74--,!okrasia is met ) ev5 9 ! or?odox poets ( ! fif? c5tury1 ?\gh !y did n inv5t x2 ! !ologoi ( ! six? c5tury ,epim5ides & ,ph]ekydes 7 z famili> ) x z 7 ! ,orphics2 cf4 ,k]n1 de ,!ogon4 #ib4 #beaj3 ,see ,app5d4 ix4 #bfaj3 ,x mu/ h be5 *iefly ! religi\s significance ( ! gods :i* caus$ ! ret5tion ( _! p]sonalities & prev5t$ !m f fad+ into m]e p]sonifications ( ab/ract ideas or elem5t>y p[]s ) :i* religion c\ld h _h no?+ fur!r to d4 #bgaj3 ,9 ! /atem5ts ( ! ,neoplatonic writ]s ?is fir/ ,orphic ,dionysos is regul>ly call$ ,dio_/nusos simply 7p]haps also ,ba_/k*os3 fr4 #aib74 ,nonnus 9 rec\nt+ ! ,orphic leg5d calls him ,zagreus3 ,d4 vi1 #afe2 cf4 ,zagre_/a ge9ame_/n 7( ,p]seph47 ) cle> allusion to ,callim4 fr4 #aga1 huia ,di_/nuson ,zagre_/a ge9ame_/n4 ,callim4 "h1 z else:]e1 seems to h 9 m9d ! ,orphic /ory4 ,tz4 on ,lyc4 #cee calls ! god ( ! ,orphic leg5d ,dio_/nuson ton kai ,zagre_/a kal\_/m5on4 ,zagreu_/s ! great ,hunt] is a "n ( ! all-absorb+ ,hades3 ?us also ! ,alkmaionis fr4 #c ,k9k4 ,zagreus is id5tifi$ ) ! ,dionysos ( nocturnal revelry 9 ,e41 ,kret4 fr4 #dgb1 #aj 7a ref]5ce 9 ,ba4 #aaha ,kir*h472 & see above1 *ap4 viii1 n4 #bh4 ,?is ,dionysos is reg>d$ z a *?o_/nios 7see ,hs*4 ,zagreu_/s7 & ?is mu/ indubitably h be5 q famili> to ! poets :o made him ! son ( ,p]sephone3 *?o_/nios ho ts ,p]sepho_/ns ,dio_/nusos 7,h>p4 leu_/k74 #cec ,!y 7 z cle>ly consci\s z 0 ,h]akleitos ( ! fact t hutos ,ha_/ids kai ,dio_/nusos1 :]eas ?is consci\sness 0 und\bt$ly obscur$ 9 ! public c]emonial ( ,dionysos-wor%ip 7to :i*1 h[ev]1 ,hcl4's say+ ref]s74 ,zagreus-,dionysos 0 nev] id5tifi$ ) ! ,i_/ak*os ( ! ,eleus9ia 7to :i* ,orph4 fr4 #bae1 l4 #b ref]s72 ?\gh ,dionysos alone 0 (t5 s id5tifi$4 #bhaj3 ,ouranos ca/s ! ,titans into ,t>t>os3 frr4 #ig1 #ajj4 ,acc4 to ,procl4 7fr4 #bje7 & ,arn4 7#aif3 prob4 n f ! ,rhaps47 we %\ld be l$ to suppose t ! ,titans aft] !y _h torn ,zagreus 9 pieces 7 ca/ d[n to ,t>t>os by ,zeus4 ,9 ,arn4 ?is is set d[n side by side ) ! /atem5t t ! ,titans 7 de/roy$ by ! lightn+ ( ,zeus 7h ,tita_/nn k]au_/nsis1 ,plu41 ,es4 ,c>n4 #a1 #g1 p4 #iif ,c71 ?\gh obvi\sly incompatible ) ! latt] /atem5t1 z x is also 7ev5 m s7 ) ! orig9 ( mank9d f ! a%es ( ! ,titans :i* is kn[n n only to ,olympiodoros 7ad ,phd41 p4 #fh ,f9ckh3 ,lob4 #eff71 b also to ,proclus :o got x f ! ,rhapsodiai 7z also did ,olymp473 ,procl41 9 ,rp4 ii1 #gd1 #bi2 i1 #ic ,kroll4 ,x seems f ?is t ,proclus 7& p]haps ,arn47 9 error ascrib$ ! katat>ta_/rsis ( ! ,titans to ,zeus in/ead ( to ,ouranos4 #biaj3 ,nonn4 vi1 #agc2 ,o41 fr4 #aie4 ,p]haps ,proclus is "r 9 expla9+ ?is d\bl+ ( ! god's figure 9 ! mirror z mean+ 8 entrance ^u ! m]i/ dmi\rgi_/a4 ,a ref]5ce to a simil> explanation ( ?is ,dionu_/s\ ka_/topton occurs ev5 9 ,plot4 #d1 #c1 #ab 7,lob4 #eee7--8 also 9 ! /range /atem5t made by ,m>silius ,fic9us z to ! crudelissimum apud ,orpheum ,n>cissi fatum 70 ,zagreus ano!r ,n>cissus87 fr4 #cae2 cf4 ,plot4 #a1 #f1 #h4 ,! entry ( ! "o orig9 ( ! univ]se into ! multiplicity ( ph5om5a is fir/ cle>ly ref]r$ to 9 ! dismemb]m5t ( ,zagreus1 b x w\ld be q l ?is symbol-lov+ poetry to introduce ! same motif 9 a diff]5t =m ) a pass+ ref]5ce e>li] 9 ! poem4 #cjaj3 ,nonn41 ,d4 vi1 #aig ff4 #caaj3 ,paus4 #h1 #cg1 #e4 #cbaj3 ,procl41 ,o41 frr4 #aie1 #aih1 #aii4 ,9 any case ,nonn4 vi1 #afi ff4 is foll[+ ! ,rhapsodiai4 #ccaj3 ,callim4 & ,euphor4 knew ( ! dismemb]m5t ( ,dionysos by ! ,titans3 ,tz4 ad ,lyc4 #bjh 7f ! complet] v]sion 9 ,,em474 ,9 any case x is n f ! ,rhaps4 t ?is leg5d is also kn[n to ,d4,s4 #e1 #ge1 #d2 ,cornut4 #cj1 p4 #fb1 #aj ,lang2 ,plu41 ,es4 ,c>n4 #a1 #g1 p4 #iif ,c2 ,is4 et ,os4 #ce1 p4 #cfd ,f2 ,clem4 ,al4 7see ,orph4 frr4 #aif1 #bjj74--;,a r\ghly c>icatur$ draw+ on a hydria belong+ to ! e>ly f\r? c5tury f\nd at ,rhodos & made probably 9 ,attica appe>s 9 ,,jhs4 xi 7#ahij71 p4 #bdc2 :]e x is said to repres5t ! dismemb]m5t ( ,zagreus z conceiv$ by ,orphics4 ,! picture1 h[ev]1 does n agree at all ) ! mean+ ?us attribut$ to x2 ! int]pretation _c be ! "r "o4 #cdaj3 ,a true hi]os lo_/gos1 i4e4 an acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ritual acts f\nd$ ^u my? or leg5d4 7,! ,orphics _h su* acc\nts1 e4g4 ( ! prohibition aga9/ be+ buri$ 9 wooll5 clo?+3 ,hdt4 ii1 #ha f947 #ceaj3 ,t ! te>+ 9 pieces ( ! bull 9 ! primitive ,?racian mann] occurr$ also 9 ! ,orphic o_/rgia may p]haps be d$uc$ f ! fact t 9 ! leg5d ,orpheus himself is torn 9 pieces by ! ,ma9ads4 ,! prie/ /&s 9 ! place ( ! god3 :at ! god suff]s 9 ! ritual dr_/m5a t ! prie/ suff]s too4 ,?is is frequ5tly met )4 ,orpheus ha_/te tn ,dionu_/s\ teletn hgemn g5o_/m5os ta ho_/moia pa!in le_/getai t sphete_/r !1 ,procl4 9 #ced ,rp4 i1 #age ,kr4 ,! anci5ts 7 fully aw>e t ! bull torn 9 pieces 9 ! ,bac*ic orgies repres5t$ ! god himself 7& ?is n only 9 ,orphic ritual b f ! beg9n+ 9 ! ,?racian wor%ip73 ! idea is (t5 express$ 7see e4g4 ,firm4 ,mat41 ,error4 ,p4,r4 vi1 #e71 b n[h]e m cle>ly ?an 9 ! ,orphic hi]os lo_/gos4 #cfaj3 ,! introduction ( ! ,titans f ,hell5ic my?ology into ! ,?racian my? is cle>ly describ$ z ! "w ( ,onomakritos by ,paus4 #h1 #cg1 #e4 #cgaj3 ,titnes kekomtai1 hupe_/rbion tor e_/*ontes1 fr4 #ajb4 amei_/li*on tor e_/*ontes kai phu_/s9 eknomi_/n1 fr4 #ig4 ,z e>ly z ,hesiod ! ,titans are hat$ by _! fa!r z de9o_/tatoi pai_/dn 7,!og4 #aee74 ,titanik phu_/sis is ! evil "* t _c keep an oa?3 ,pl41 ,lg4 #gja ,c2 ,cic41 ,lg4 iii1 #e2 impios ,titanas1 ,hor41 ,o4 #c1 #d1 #db4 #chaj3 ,?is explanation ( ! diamelismo_/s ( ,zagreus is (t5 put =w>d 7?\gh subtiliz$ into a ,neoplatonic s5se7 by ^? :o use ! ,orphic ,rhapsodiai3 see ,lob4 #gaj ff4 ,b ev5 ,plut>* has some?+ ( ! sort 7,e ap4 ,d4 #i1 p4 #chi ,a71 & x _c be d\bt$ t ?is 7ap>t f its ,platoni/ wrapp+s7 0 ! mean+ ( ! leg5d 9 ! m9d ( its fir/ inv5tor4 ,nor c ! conception t ! sep>ate exi/5ce 7multiplicity7 ( ?+s fir/ came into ! _w by an act ( impiety1 h be5 /range to ! !ologoi ( ! six? c5tury3 we mu/ admit ?is at once on rememb]+ ! doctr9e ( ,anaxim&] t ! multiplicity ( ?+s :i* has aris5 out ( ! orig9al "o a_/peiron is 9 itself an adiki_/a = :i* x mu/ pay recomp5se & puni%m5t 7fr4 #b ,mull41 #i ,diels74 ,su* p]sonification ( ! processes ( nature & ! read+ ( an e?ical s5se into !m1 comb9$ z x 0 ) a quieti/ t5d5cy1 0 mu* m likely to h aris5 9 ! fanciful m9ds ( semi-philosophical my/ics ?an to h be5 giv5 to !m by ! philosoph]s4 #ciaj3 ,see ! acc\nts giv5 9 ,lob4 #efe f43 !y come f ! ,rhapsodiai4 ,! fact t ! orig9 ( m5 & ! doctr9e ( ,metempsy*osis z well 7 dealt ) 9 ! ,rhaps4 foll[s f ,procl4 9 ,rp4 ii1 #cch ,kroll4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 h be5 f old] ,orphic poetry--at any rate1 n f ! ,rhaps4--t ! /ory 0 d]iv$ by ,d4 ,*r4 #cj1 #aj f4 ,plut>*1 too1 does at lea/ ref] to x3 to en hmin a_/logon kai a_/takton kai bi_/aion hoi palaioi ,titanas no_/masan1 ,es4 ,c>n4 #a1 #g1 p4 #iif ,c2 & possibly ,opp41 ,h4 v1 #i-aj2 ,ael4 fr4 #hi1 p4 #bcj1 #ai f4 ,h]*4 7,lob4 #efg g74 ,ev5 ! words ( ,x5okrates 7fr4 #bj1 p4 #aff ,he9ze7 seem to allude to ?is ,orphic my?4 ,?us ! ,rhapsodiai 9 ?is case also 7 foll[+ old] ,orphic tea*+ & poetry4 ,orph4 ,h4 #cg d]ives f a lat] age4 ,:at ,nic4 ,?4 #h ff4 reproduces 7mi/ak5ly87 z ,hesiodic tradition 0 p]haps really an e*o ( ,orphic poetry4 ,0 ! d]ivation ( ,man f ! ,titans sugge/$ by /ill e>li] fancies su* z e4g4 meet u 9 passages l h4 ,hom4 ,ap4 #cce 7#acg7 f43 ,titne_/s te !oi tn ex a_/ndres te !oi_/ te--8 ,?is is n ,hom]ic 7= all ! ,hom]ic patr &rn te !n te71 ?\gh possibly x _h a diff]5t s5se f :at x _h = ,orpheus4 #djaj3 ,dionysos is ! la/ ( ! div9e rul]s ( ! _w3 frr4 #aad1 #aij4 ,h5ce despo_/ts hmn1 ,procl4 9 ,crat41 pp4 #ei1 #aad ,boiss4 7?\gh ,procl4 also speaks ( e4g4 ,h]mes z ho despo_/ts humn 9 ,cr41 p4 #gc ,b474 ,dionysos is ! six? rul]2 ,zeus :o came be=e him be+ ! fif?3 frr4 #aac 7#he1 #aba1 #abb74 ,! ord] giv5 is3 #a ,phanes1 #b ,nyx1 #c ,ouranos1 #d ,kronos1 #e ,zeus1 #f ,dionysos4 ,?is is def9itely /at$ by ,syrian43 fr4 #he 7,proclus foll[s 8 ma/]3 frr4 #he1 #aba71 & confirm$ by ! fragm5ts ( ! ,rhapsodiai3 frr4 #hf1 #hg1 #if1 #aac4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 z if ,plato actually f\nd ?is ord] 7z ,syrian4 ?\ght7 #cee 9 ! ,orphic ,!ogony :i* he read4 ,x is true t z _! sil5ce %[s ! ,neoplatoni/s did n f9d ! v]se cit$ by ,plato 9 ! ,rhapsodiai z !y knew !m4 7,plato's l9e is he_/kt d' en g5e katapau_/sate ko_/smon aoids3 ,plu41 ,e ap4 ,d4 #ae1 p4 #cia ,d1 has ! mean+less ?umo_/n in/ead ( ko_/smon--did he read !smo_/n87 ,!y 7 "r1 h[ev]1 9 d$uc+ f ! l9e t ! anci5t ,orphic ,!ogony ref]r$ to by ,plato also knew ( six g5]ations ( ! gods 7foll[+ ! ,py?agorean te_/leios ari?mo_/s87 & end$ ) ! six? g5]ation4 ,! v]se 0 int5d$ d\btless by ,plato himself 9 r a diff]5t s5se & he only quotes x humor\sly 7,gruppe diff]s2 ,rhaps4 ,!og4 #fic f474 ,?is passage !re=e provides important evid5ce ( ! h>mony t exi/$ betwe5 ! ,rhapsodiai & ! olde/ ,orphic ,!ogony 9 ! g5]al outl9es ( _! con/ruction4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 q a diff]5t "q :e!r ! six rul]s 9 ! poem ref]r$ to by ,plato 7 ! same z ^? giv5 by ! ,rhaps42 nor c we tell :e!r ,dionysos !re occupi$ ! la/ place1 ?\gh ! pr$om9ance held by ,dionysos 9 ,orphic belief makes x v probable t he did4 #daaj3 ,! au?orities :o speak ( ! orig9 ( mank9d f ! a%es 7or ! blood7 ( ! ,titans 7,lob4 #efe ff47 express !mselves 9 su* a way t we are =c$ to suppose t !y reg>d$ ?is z ess5tially ! fir/ appe>ance ( m54 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _c be reconcil$ ) :at ,proclus1 z usual foll[+ ! ,rhapsodiai1 says ( ! gold5 & silv] ages ( mank9d "u ,phanes & ,kronos1 :i* !n1 & n till !n1 are foll[$ by ! ?ird & la/ race1 to titanikon ge_/nos3 see fr4 #bdd & esp4 9 ,rp4 ii1 #gd ,kr4 ?ntoi_/ 9 ! reign ( ,phanes ev5 occurs 9 ! l9e quot$ by ,syrian4 79 ,ar4 ,meta4 #ice;a #bb ,u47 fr4 #he4 ,x is impossible to say :e!r ?is improvem5t ^u ! ,hesiodic leg5d ( ! ,ages ( ,mank9d actually occurr$ 9 an anci5t ,orphic ,!ogony 7! "o us$ p]haps by ,lactant42 ,o41 fr4 #bdc1 #h2 cf4 #bdh71 & 0 !nce tak5 = ! ,rhapsodiai )\t be+ reconcil$ ) ! leg5d ( ! orig9 ( m5 f ! a%es ( ! ,titans2 or :e!r ! two sc>cely reconcilable acc\nts ( ! orig9 ( m5 7 someh[ or o!r made to agree4 7,fr4 #bdf ,plu4 prob4 comes f a picture ( ! long life enjoy$ by ! e>lie/ g5]ations ( m53 see ,lob4 #eac4 ,?is picture does n necess>ily presuppose a s]ies ( sev]al g5eai_/ be=e ! ,titanic race47 #dbaj3 me_/ros aut\ 7t\ ,dionu_/s\7 esme_/n1 ,olymp4 7f ,orphic doctr9e7 9 ,pl4 ,phd41 p4 #c ,f9ckh4 ho en hmin n\s ,dionusiako_/s e/9 kai a_/galma o_/nts t\ ,dionu_/s\1 ,procl4 9 ,crat41 p4 #hb ,boiss4 ,! ,hell5es are accu/om$ to make use ( ! dismemb]m5t1 re-integration & resuscitation ( ,dionysos eis ton p]i ts psu*s lo_/gon ana_/ge9 kai tropologein1 ,orig41 ,cels4 #d1 #ag1 p4 #ba ,lo4 #dcaj3 hoi amphi ,orphe_/a ?9k t ! s\l has ! body z a p]i_/bolon1 desmtri_/ou eiko_/na1 ,pl41 ,crat4 #djj ,c4 ,c]ta9ly ,orphic1 too 7z ! ,s*ol4 also say71 is ho en aporr_/tois lego_/m5os lo_/gos hs e_/n t9i phr\ra esm5 hoi a_/n?rpoi ktl41 ,pl4 ,phd4 #fb ,b2 see ,lob4 #gie f4 #ddaj3 fr4 #bba 7,phd4 #fb ,b ) ,s*474 ,! simil> say+ ( ,philolaos is1 z ,plato's mann] ( record+ x %[s 7,phd4 #fa ,e-#fb ,b7 evid5tly d]iv$ f a say+ ( ! ,orphic apo_/rrta 7& ,philolaos himself appeal$ to ! palaioi !olo_/goi te kai ma_/nties 9 confirmation ( ! closely connect$ doctr9e ( ! enclosure ( ! psu*_/ 9 ! sma ( ! sma3 fr4 #bc ,mull4 #ad ,di474 ,! doctr9e cont9u$ to be taught by ,py?agoreans3 see ,euxi!os ,py?4 ap4 ,kle>*4 9 ,a?4 iv1 #aeg ,,cd2 ,cic41 ,s54 #gc4 ,x _h moreov] "s root 9 popul> belief & 9 legal usage3 see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #cc4 #cef #deaj3 ,accord+ to ! ,orphika e_/p kal\_/m5a1 ap4 ,ari/4 de ,an4 #a1 #e1 p4 #daj;b1 #bh ff43 tn psu*n ek t\ ho_/l\ eisie_/nai anapneo_/ntn ph]ome_/nn hupo tn ane_/mn4 7,! anci5t comm5tators add no?+ fre%47 ek t\ 9999ho_/l\ means simply out ( space4 ,! a_/nemoi 7 reg>d$ z daimonic p[]s subord9ate & relat$ to ! ,tritopa_/tores3 see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #abd4 ,we _c say h[ ?is conception 0 made to squ>e ) ! o!r articles ( ,orphic belief 7purgation ( s\ls 9 ,hades1 etc474 ,x is pla9ly no?+ b an attempt at su* reconciliation t 7foll[+ ! ,rhapsodiai1 fr4 #bbd7 makes ! s\ls t pass 9 dea? out ( ! bodies ( m51 g into ,hades1 :ile ^? t h inhabit$ ! bodies ( animals fly ab\t 9 ! w9d eiso_/k5 autas a_/llo aph>pa_/z mi_/gdn ane_/moio pnos94 ,ari/otle kn[s no?+ ( any su* re/riction4 ,plato 7,phd4 #ha ,d2 r diff]5tly #ajh ,,ab7 app>5tly mak+ free use ( ,orphic ideas reg>ds all ! m ka?>s apolu!isai psu*ai_/ z liable to ! same fate z t allott$ by ! ,rhapsodiai to ! bea/s4 7,( c\rse x is possible to suppose t ! psu*ai_/ on be+ releas$ f ,hades = a new ensma_/tsis fir/ ( all fly ab\t 9 ! w9d r\nd ! dwell+ places ( ! liv+ & are !n brea!d into a new body4 ,?is w\ld n prev5t !re be+ a pr$e/9$ conjunction ( a p>ticul> s\l ) ! p>ticul> sma correspond+ to its /ate ( purification47--,! e/abli%m5t 9 lat] ,orphic poetry ( ! !ory t ! psu*ai_/ dwelt 9 ! air may h be5 assi/$ by ! philosophic !ory ( ! so>+-up ( ! pneu_/mata into _! elem5t ! ae!r 7( :i* m bel[74 ,?is !ory1 ?\gh n fir/ put =w>d by ! ,/oics1 0 specially fav\r$ by !m3 x almo/ atta9$ ! /atus ( a popul>ly accept$ belief4 ,:5 ! realm ( ! s\ls _h ?us be5 at lea/ 9 "p transf]r$ to ! air1 late ,orphic poetry began to reg>d "o ( ! f\r riv]s ( ! s\l-_w1 ,a*e_/rn1 z ! a_/r3 frr4 #aee1 #aef 7,rhaps474 ,!re is no reason to see 9 all ?is ! traces ( a suppos$ anci5t conception 9 :i* ,okeanos is really a riv] 9 ! sky 79 spite ( ,b]gk's fanciful speculations 9 ,opusc4 ii1 #fia-f74 ,! elevation ( ! s\l-k+dom to ! sky is 9 ,greek ?\ght inv>iably ! result ( comp>atively late speculation4 ,we might ev5 ask :e!r !re is n ,egyptian influ5ce at "w 9 ! transf]5ce ( ,okeanos 7 ! ,milky ,way87 to ! sky4 ,su* influ5ce w\ld be late ( c\rse2 b 9 ,egypt ! idea ( ! ,nile 9 ! sky 0 q famili>4 #dfaj3 ku_/klos ts g5e_/ses1 fr4 #bbf2 ho ts moi_/ras tro*o_/s1 rota fati et g5]ationis3 see ,lob4 #gig ff4 #dgaj3 hoi d' autoi pate_/res te kai huie_/es en mega_/rois9 7polla_/kis7 d' a_/lo*oi semnai k$nai_/ te ?u_/gatres 4 4 4 gi_/gnont' all_/ln metameibome_/nsi g5e_/?lais1 frr4 #bbe1 #bbb 7,rhaps474 ,"h1 z ,lob4 #gig rightly rem>ks1 !re is an allusion to ! dogma ( ! recurr5ce ( exactly ! same /ate ( ?+s 9 ! _w4 ,! doctr9e ( complete paligg5esi_/a or 9999apokata_//asis hapantn 7see ,gatak] ad4 ,m4 ,ant4#a1 p4 #che7 0 closely & inde$ indissolubly b\nd up ) ! doctr9e ( ! migration ( s\ls4 7,illogicality belongs r to ! conception ( ! break 9 ! circle caus$ by ! secession ( individual s\ls47 ,x 0 !re=e f\nd among ! ,py?agoreans to :om x is ascrib$ by ,eudemos fr4 #ea sp4 7see ,porph41 ,,vp4 #ai1 p4 #bf1 #bc ff4 ,n42 us$ lat] /ill 9 a ,py?agorean s5se by ,synes41 ,aeg4 #b1 #g1 p4 #fb f4 ,krab474 ,x 0 borr[$ f ! ,py?agoreans by ! ,/oa 7by ,*rysippos esp471 :i* aft] its usual fa%ion pu%$ ! r biz>re fancy to p$antic extremes4 7,aft] ! ,/oic model is ,plot4 #e1 #g1 & p]haps also ! g5e?liaci spok5 ( by ,v>ro ap4 ,aug41 ,,cd4 #bb1 #bh47 ,x is at lea/ #ceg probable 9 ! extreme t ^! ideas 7 fir/ held by ! ,orphics & n borr[$ by !m f ! ,/oics3 !re are ev5 traces 9 ,orphic tradition ( ! great ,_w-ye> 7:i* is always closely connect$ ) ! apokata_//asis tn hapa_/ntn73 ,lob4 #gib ff4 #dhaj3 ku_/klon te lxai kai anapneusai kako_/ttos 7 ! words ,proclus probably _h be=e him3 7fr4 #bbf7 9 ,tim4 #ccj ,b4 ,! =ms an l_/xai kai anapneu_/sai--?us rightly acc5t$ "h by ,s*neid]--come f ,procl4 himself1 :o accommodates ! words ( ! orig9al to ! con/ruction ( 8 own s5t5ce4 ,we mu/ !re=e n write au lxai ) ,gale & ,lob4 #hjj4 ,9 ?is case ! subject ( ! s5t5ce is ! pray+ s\l2 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! =m pres]v$ by ,simp41 ku_/klon t' allusai kai anapsuxai kako_/ttos1 ! subject is ! gods to :om ! s\l prays2 psu*_/ be+ object4 ,9 ei!r =m ! free+ ( ! s\l f ! circle is reg>d$ z a grace f ! gods4 #diaj3 fr4 #gf4 ,! l9es ( ! ,c>m4 ,aur4 #ee ff4 7,nauck1 p4 #bjg7 are probably modell$ on ! ,orphic ou_/t' aga?\ p>eo_/ntos ktl4 ,! po9t is3 few are !y :o tr\ble ab\t ! salvation t ,orpheus 7or ,py?agoras7 br+s !m2 ! ho_/sioi are always a small m9ority4 #ejaj3 frr4 #bjh1 #bbf4 ,dio_/nusos luseu_/s1 lu_/sios1 !oi lu_/sioi2 see ,lob4 #hji f4 & cf4 fr4 #caa 7,fic9us74 #eaaj3 ,orphe_/a t' a_/nakt' e_/*n ba_/k*eue 4 4 4 ,e4 ,hp4 #iec 7,n4,b4 a_/nax n despo_/ts1 l4 #hh74 #ebaj3 ,orphikos bi_/os1 ,pl41 ,lg4 #ghb ,c2 ,lobeck1 #bdd ff4 #ecaj3 ,! ,py?agorean e_/p\ !1 akol\!in t ! 7,iamb41 ,,vp4 #acg1 f ,ari/ox5os7 might also h be5 giv5 to ! ,orphics z _! motto4 #edaj3 a_/psu*os bora_/ ( ! ,orphics3 ,e41 ,hp4 #ieb1 ,pl41 ,lg4 #ghb ,,cd2 ,lob41 p4 #bdf4 ,?is1 too1 is ! mean+ ( ,ar41 ,ra4 #ajcb1 ,orpheus men gar teleta_/s ?' hmin kate_/deixe pho_/nn t' ape_/*e/hai1 i4e4 us+ sla9 animals = food4 ,hor41 ,,ap4 #cia f43 silve/ris hom9es 4 4 4 ca$ibus et victu fo$o det]ruit ,orpheus means to speak n ( ! ritual veget>ianism ( ,orpheus1 b ( ! previ\s cannibalism ( m5 :i* ,orpheus _h put an end to4 ,z ?is is n[h]e else m5tion$ ( ,orpheus we might p]haps reg>d x z mi/ak5 allusion on ! "p ( ,horace to ! passage ( ,ari/oph4 quot$ above4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 impossible t ,horace did 9 fact h 9 m9d "s ,orphic v]se :i* really report$ some?+ l :at he himself says ( ,orpheus4 ,! ,orphic fragm5t #bdg ap4 ,s4,e41 ,m4 ii1 #ca2 ix1 #ae 7,lob41 p4 #bdf71 may h aris5 9 ! same way2 see ,maass1 ,orpheus1 #gg4 7,! well-kn[n l9es ( ,kritias ,s4,e41 ,m4 ix1 #ed fr4 #be ,di4 & ,mos*ion1 p4 #hac ,nauck1 c h>dly h any?+ to d ) ,orphism & %\ld r be connect$ ) ! !ories ( ! ,sophi/s & ,demokritos--foll[$ lat] by ! ,epicureans--ab\t ! gradual evolution ( human civilization f mis]able & savage orig9s2 & n f a gold5 age ( :i* ! ,orphics too spoke47 #eeaj3 ,prohibition to bury corpses 9 wooll5 g>m5ts3 ,hdt4 ii1 #ha 79 ea* case 9 ord] t no?+ ?nsei_/dion might cl+ to ! dep>t$74 ,prohibition aga9/ eat+ eggs3 ,lob4 #bea 7eggs are "p ( ! (f]+ to ! dead & ! food ( ! *?o_/nioi1 & s =bidd53 s rightly expla9$ by ,lob4 #dgg74 ,x 0 =bidd5 9 ,orphic poetry1 z well z ,py?agorean1 to eat beans3 ,lob4 #bea2 ,nauck on ,iamb41 ,,vp41 p4 #bca f43 ! reason "h1 too1 be+ t beans z "p ( ! (f]+s to ! dead1 putantur ad mortuos p]t9]e 7,fe/472 see ,lob4 #bed & ,crusius1 ,rh4 ,mus4 #ci1 #afe4 ,! same or simil> reasons are ev]y:]e at "w to cause ! eat+ ( c]ta9 foods to be =bidd5 #ceh bo? by ! ,py?agorean ord9ances & 9 ! my/ical cult ( ! *?o_/nioi3 x is because !y are us$ z (f]+s to ! be+s ( ! l[] _w1 pros ta p]i_/deipna kai tas prokl_/seis tn nekrn1 or ev5 because !y h names :i*1 l ere_/b9?os or la_/?uros1 recall e_/rebos & l_/?3 ,plu41 ,,qr4 #ie1 p4 #bhf ,e4 ,! purifi$ /ate requires above all complete sep>ation f any?+ connect$ ) ! realm ( ! dead & ! div9ities ( ! dead4 #efaj3 ,cf4 fr4 #bjh4 #egaj3 ,! s\l is conf9$ )9 ! body 7accord+ to ^? amphi ,orphe_/a71 hs di_/kn did\_/ss ts psu*s hn d he_/neka di_/ds91 ,pl41 ,crat4 #djj ,c4 ,! exact nature ( ?is guilt ( ! s\l is n expla9$ 9 our rema9s ( ,orphic lit]ature4 ,! po9t1 h[ev]1 is *iefly t ! life )9 ! body is accord+ to _! doctr9e n 9 accordance ) b contr>y to ! prop] nature ( ! s\l4 #ehaj3 sumpo_/sion tn hosi_/n1 ,pl41 ,rp4 #cfc ,c4 hosi_/ous mu_//as1 ,orph41 ,h4 #hd1 #c2 see above1 *ap4 vi1 n4 #ah4 #eiaj3 psu*as a?ana_/tas kata_/gei ,kull_/nios ,h]ms gai_/s es keu?mna pel_/rion fr4 #bbd 7x w\ld be va9 to look = an example ( a?a_/natos us$ z adjective to psu*_/ 9 ,hom]74 ,h]mes *?o_/nios leads ! s\ls d[n into ,hades & also upw>ds aga9 7to fre% ensmat_/seis73 ,orph41 ,h4 #eg1 #f ff4 7,= ! ,py?agorean ,h]mes see ,d4,l4 viii1 #ca47 #fjaj3 ,especially 9 ! kata_/basis eis ,ha_/id\ 7,lob4 #cgc2 cf4 above1 *ap4 vii1 n4 #c74 ,! desc5t lay ?r\gh ! *asm at ,ta9>on3 see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #bc1 & cf4 ,orph41 ,arg4 #da4--,o!r ,orphic poems may also h dealt ) su* matt]s3 polla memu?olo_/gtai p]i tn en ,ha_/id\ pragma_/tn t ts ,kallio_/ps1 ,jul41 ,or4 vii1 p4 #bha1 #c ,h]tl4 #baf ,d4 #faaj3 lu_/seis kai ka?>moi_/ ( ! liv+ & ev5 ! dead c>ri$ out by ,orphic prie/s3 ,pl41 ,rp4 #cfd ,e4 ,rew>d ( ! initiat$ 9 ,hades3 cf4 ! anecdote ( ,leoty*idas ,,ii 9 ,plu41 ,apoph?4 ,lac41 p4 #bbd ,e2 & ( ,anti/h5es 9 ,d4,l4 vi1 #d4 ,^? :o fe>$ ! bite ( ,k]b]os or ! wat]-c>ry+ to ! leaky cask 7see ,app4 iii7 s\ght protection aga9/ su* ?+s 9 teletai kai ka?>moi_/3 ,plu4 ,n4,p4,q4 ,suav4 ,epic4 #bg1 p4 #aaje ,b4 ,hope ( immortality = ! s\l re/s on ! ,dionysiac my/]ies acc4 to ,plu41 ,cons4 ad ,ux4 #aj1 p4 #faa ,d4 #fbaj3 ,x is significant t ! belief 9 a judgm5t & puni%m5t ( psu*ai_/ is bas$ 9 ,pl4 ,ep4 vii1 #cce ,a n on popul> acceptance or ! /atem5ts ( poets b on palaioi_/ te kai hi]oi lo_/goi2 cf4 above1 *ap4 vii1 n4 #ac4 #fcaj3 fr4 #aed 7puni%m5t 9 ,hades ( ^? guilty ( crimes aga9/ _! own p>5ts8 fr4 #bha74 #fdaj3 ,see above1 *ap4 vii1 n4 #ae4 #feaj3 de9a p]ime_/nei3 ,pl41 ,rp4 #cfe ,a2 cf4 fr4 #cad 7,fic9us74 #ffaj3 fr4 #bjh 7,rhaps47 o_/rgia_/ t' ektele_/s\si 7a_/n?rpoi71 lu_/s9 progo_/nn a!mi_//n maio_/m5oi2 su 7sc4 ,dionysos7 de tois9 7dat4 commodi71 e_/*n kra_/tos1 h\s k' e!_/l/ha lu_/seis e_/k te po_/nn *alepn kai apei_/ronos oi_//r\ 7( cont9ual rebir?74 ,t ?is belief 9 ! efficacy ( pray]s = ! poor s\ls ( ! dep>t$ belong$ to ! e>li] /ratum ( ,orphism foll[s f ,pl41 ,rp4 #cfd ,,bc1 ,e1 #cfe ,a1 :]e he speaks ( lu_/seis te kai ka?>moi_/ ( ! ,orphics :i* promis$ to deliv] liv+ & dead f ! adik_/mata aut\ progo_/nn4 7,x has be5 wrongly attempt$ to fa/5 ! same belief on ,plato himself1 9 ! ,pha$o47--,= ,gno/ic & e>ly ,*ri/ian ideas ( ! same k9d see ,anri*1 ,d4 ,ant4 ,my/]i5wes51 #hg1 #d2 #abj n4 ,b ev5 9 ! ,rigv$a 7#g1 #ce1 #d7 we may f9d ! ?\ght t ! pi\s works ( ! pi\s c help o!rs to salvation 7,old5b]g1 ,rel4 d4 #cei ,v$a1 #bhi74 ,religi\s pietism seems to produce ! same effects ev]y:]e4 #fgaj3 polloi men n>?kopho_/roi ktl4 0 an ,orphic v]se4 ,lob4 #hji1 #hac4 #fhaj3 fr4 #aed4 #fiaj3 ho keka?>me_/nos te kai tetelesme_/nos ekeise 7eis ,ha_/id\7 aphiko_/m5os meta !n oik_/sei1 fr4 #bbh 7,pl474 #gjaj3 sumpo_/sion tn hosi_/n 9 ,hades1 me_/? ai_/nios _! rew>d3 ,pl41 ,rp4 #ccf ,,cd 7cf4 ,diet]i*1 ,nekyia1 #hj n474 ,plato !re m5tions ,m\saios & 8 son 7,eumolpos7 z au?orities = ^! promises & contra/s ) !m1 by a hoi de_/1 o!rs :o made diff]5t promises2 p]haps ref]r+ to o!r ,orphic poems 7cf4 fr4 #bbg74 ,b ,m\saios1 himself always closely connect$ 9 ,plato ) ,orpheus 7,rp4 #cfd ,e1 ,prot4 #caf ,d1 ,ap4 #da ,a1 ,ion1 #ecf ,b71 "h simply means ,orphic poetry4 ,a lit]ature ( ess5tially ,orphic "* w5t "u 8 "n4 ,s ,plu41 ,comp4 ,cim4 et ,luc4 #a seems "r 9 sub/itut+ simply ton ,orphe_/a = ! ,m\saios nam$ 9 ,pl4 #gaaj3 ,pl41 ,lg4 #hgj ,,de2 !n 9 m detail = a special case b d]iv$ f same s\rce3 no_/m 4 4 4 t nun d_/ 7i4e4 9 #hgj ,,de7 le*!_/nti #hgb ,,de1 #hgc ,a4--,! idea ( su* a religio-juridical talio 0 popul> also 9 ,greece3 see bel[ 7*ap4 xi1 n4 #dd74 ,frequ5tly = in/ance 9 curses ( v5geance ! wi% is t ! do] may suff] exactly ! same ?+ z t :i* he has done to 8 victim4 ,exx4 f ,soph4 7be/ is ,tr4 #ajci f47 giv5 by ,g4 ,wolff 9 ,s41 ,aias1 #hci2 cf4 ,a41 ,*o4 #cji ff41 ,ag4 #adcj4--;,z a ,neoplatonic idea3 ,plot4 #c1 #b1 #ac2 ,porph4 & ,iamb4 ap4 ,a54 ,gaz41 ,!ophr41 p4 #ah ,b4 #gbaj3 ,we may1 h[ev]1 suppose t ! ideas ( ! ,orphics correspond$ ) ! /atem5ts ( ,emp$okles1 ,plato1 etc41 ab\t ! s]ies ( bir?s4 #gcaj3 sma--sma is ,orphic3 ,pl41 ,crat4 #djj ,c4 #gdaj3 ,complete escape f ! _w ( bir? & dea? is di/9ctly anticipat$ = ! pi\s ,orphic 9 fr4 #bbf1 ku_/klon te lxai ktl4 ,! o!r & positive side complet+ ?is negative promise is n cle>ly suppli$ = u by any fragm5t4 7,we nev] ev5 he> di/9ctly ( ! return ( ! individual s\l to ! "o ,s\l ( ! ,_w2 ?\gh c]ta9 ,orphic my?s--probably ( late orig9--seem to sugge/ su* a doctr9e ( ,emanation & f9al ,remanation47 #geaj3 frr4 #a1 #ha4 ,! moon 0 reg>d$ z inhabit$1 l ! _w1 by ,py?agoreans too 7esp4 ,philolaos7 & also by ,anaxagoras4 #gfaj3 ,?is at lea/ 0 ! belief ( ,py?agoreans & lat] ( ,platonics3 see ,grie*4 ,roman1 #bfi2 ,wytt5b4 on ,eun4 ,,vs4 #aag4 ,b ! idea occurs z e>ly z 9 ! ,ti4 ( ,plato1 esp4 9 #db ,b4 ,x may h be5 long famili> to ,greek popul> belief 7z to o!r peoples2 cf4 ,tylor1 ii1 #gj71 & rea*$ ,orphics f t s\rce4 7,simil> ?\gh n q ! same is ! popul> belief hs a/e_/res gigno_/me?' ho_/tan tis apo?a_/n1 ,ar41 ,pa4 #hcc f41 :i* ! ,greeks %>$ ) all ! nations ( ! e>?3 cf4 ,py?agoras ap4 ,comm4 ,b]n4 9 ,lucan1 #i1 #i47--,no op9ion c be built ^u ! /atem5t ( ,fic9us 7fr4 #cba74 #ggaj3 ,orphic poetry mu/ h v>i$ 9 its acc\nt ( :at happ5$ to ! dismemb]$ limbs ( ,zagreus-,dionysos4 ,t ! ,titans tore ! god limb f limb seems to h be5 common to all v]sions ( ! ,!ogonic poem 7see nn4 #bh1 #da2 p4 #cda74 ,b :]eas accord+ to "o acc\nt ! ,titans !n dev\r$ ! god 7except ! he>t7 & f ! mix$ ,titanic & ,dionysiac elem5ts ( _! bodies aft] !y _h be5 de/roy$ by lightn+ ! race ( m5 _h its orig9 7p4 #cda72 accord+ to o!rs ! mangl$ limbs #cfj ( ! god 7 br\ght by ,zeus to ,apollo :o buri$ !m tak+ !m on to ,p>nasos1 i4e4 at ,delphi3 see ,orph4 fr4 #bjj 7,clem4 ,al47 & s1 too1 ,callim4 fr4 #cgd4 ,! ,rhapsodiai gave ! fir/ v]sion 9 detail1 b also pres]v$ an acc\nt resembl+ ! second 7see frr4 #bjc1 #bjd3 ! h5i_/ze9 ta m]i/he_/nta t\ ,dionu_/s\ me_/l !re ref]s probably to ! reunion ( ! collect$ limbs = ! purpose ( burial & n = ! re/oration ( ! dead god to life4 ,?is is also possibly ! mean+ ( ! ,dionu_/s\ meln koll_/seis 9 ,jul41 ,*r41 p4 #afg1 #g ,neum4 ,b ,or41 ,cels4 #d1 #ag1 p4 #ba ,lom41 speaks ( ! reanimation ( ,dionysos sunti!me_/n\ aft] ! dismemb]m5t74 ,?is second acc\nt1 :]e x occurs alone1 ( c\rse excludes ! ,an?ropogony f ! ,titans' a%es4 ,! second v]sion unmi/akably connects itself ) ! ,delphic leg5d ( ! grave ( ,dionysos at ! foot ( ,apollo's tripod 7see above1 pp4 #ig f47 z ,k4 ,o4 ,mll] obs]v$1 ,introd4 ,sci5t4 ,my?4 #bdb4 ,x does1 9 fact1 accord 9 ?is in/ance1 b ap>t f ?is x has no connexion :atev] ) ! real ,delphic leg5d ab\t ! disappe>ance ( ,dionysos into ! und]world & 8 p]iodic return to ?is _w4 7,see above1 *ap4 viii1 n4 #bh4 ,! ,orphic & ,delphic leg5ds are elaborately comp>$ & work$ 9 toge!r z ?\gh !y 7 sep>ate fragm5ts ( a s+le :ole 9 ,lbb]t's book1 de ,p9d>o !ologiae ,orph4 c5sore3 ,ind4 ,s*4 ,bonn4 ,lib4 #ahhh1 p4 xiii f4--) %ock+ results & no intr9sic ju/ification47 ,:e!r ?is second v]sion 0 ! "o put =w>d by ,onomakritos is unc]ta94 ,9 any case1 bo? acc\nts are mu* old] ?an ! ,rhapsodiai1 9 :i*1 x appe>s1 !y 7 includ$ side by side & sup]ficially h>moniz$ 7--only ! limbs ( ! god n dev\r$ by ! ,titans be+ buri$ acc4 to ?is v]sion74 ,besides ^! two v]sions !re may h be5 ano!r ,an?ropogony diff]+ f t giv5 9 ! fir/ acc\nt3 ! exi/5ce ( some?+ ( ! k9d is p]haps to be d$uc$ f :at ! ,rhapsodiai !mselves h to tell ab\t ! gold5 & silv] g5]ations ( mank9d 7see above1 n4 #da74 #ghaj3 ,( ! ,?racian ,mysoi le_/gei ho ,poseid_/nios kai empsu_/*n ape_/*e/hai 7:i* ,py?agoras is said to h le>nt f ,zalmoxis1 ,/r4 #bih7 kat' euse_/beian1 dia de t\to kai ?remma_/tn2 me_/liti de *r/hai kai ga_/lakti kai tur1 zntas ka?' hsu*i_/an2 dia de t\to kalei/hai !osebeis te kai kapnoba_/tas 7p]h4 kapnobo_/tas acc4 to an anci5t conjecture74 einai de_/ t9as tn ,?rakn hoi *ris gunaikos zs91 h\s kti_//as kalei/hai1 ani]/hai_/ te dia timv kai met' adei_/z zn1 ,/r4 #bif4 ,! religi\s "* ( ?is asceticism is se5 9 ! words kat' euse_/beian & ! "n !osebeis2 also 9 ! ^w ani]/hai1 :i* are all us$ ( ! kti_//ai z ( a mona/ic ord]4 ,jos41 ,,aj4 #ah1 #a1 #e1 says ( ! ,ess5es zsi d' ouden p>llagme_/ns all' ho_/ti ma_/li/a emphe_/rontes ,dakn 7i4e4 ,?rakn1 ,getn3 ,getae1 ,daci ,romanis dicti1 ,pl941 ,,nh4 iv1 #hj7 tois poli/ais kal\me_/nois4 ,9 any case ! same ,?racian ascetics are meant :om ,poseidonios 7lit]ally translat+ a ,?racian ^w7 calls ! kti_//ai4 ,?us1 !y are said l ! ,ess5ce to live )\t wom51 eat no meat1 & 9 ! practice ( v>i\s o!r asceticisms live toge!r & h all ?+s 9 common4--,x _c be c]ta9ly decid$ h[ old ?is ,?racian asceticism 01 its exact connexion ) ,dionysiac religion1 & :e!r x c\ld or did give any impulse 9 ! direction ( asceticism to ! ,orphics4 7,foll[+ ,hom41 ,n #d ff41 _m told simil> /ories ( ! nomadic ,sky?oi3 see ,ephor41 frr4 #gf1 #gh2 or ( ! fabul\s ,argimpaioi1 ,hdt4 iv1 #bc2 ,znb41 ,pr4 #e1 #be1 p4 #abi1 #a1 etc4 ,grie*4 ,roman1 #bjc4--;apo* empsu_/*n occurr$ also among ! ,atlantes & c]ta9 ,indian races3 ,hdt4 iv1 #ahd2 iii1 #ajj47 #cfa #giaj3 ii1 #abc4 ,8 words make x pla9 t ! ,greek tea*]s ( transmigration ( s\ls :om he has 9 m9d 7,ph]ekydes1 ,py?agoras1 ,orphics1 ,emp$okles7 _h no idea ( ! ,egyptian orig9 ( t doctr9e 7,rh4 ,mus4 #bf1 #eef1 #a74 #hjaj3 ,! ,egyptian monum5ts %[ no k ( a g5]al transmigration ( s\ls1 due to a law ( nature or ! decree ( ! gods4 ,we c see v well1 h[ev]1 :at x 0 9 ,egyptian traditions t might seem l a doctr9e ( transmigration to ,h]odotos 7cf4 ,wi$emann1 9999,erlut4 zu ,h]odots #b4 ,b4 p4 #deg f474 #haaj3 ,x is suffici5t to ref] to ,tylor's collections3 ii1 #c ff4--,9 antiquity ! ,greeks met ) a doctr9e ( ,transmigration1 ap>t f ,?race1 among ! ,keltic races 7,caes41 ,,bg4 #f1 #ad1 #e2 ,d4,s4 #e1 #bh1 #f2 cf4 ,timag5es ap4 ,amm4 ,m>c4 #ae1 #i1 #h74 ,?is 0 ! sole reason :y ,py?agoras 0 made ! pupil ( ! ,gallic ,druids3 ,alex4 ,polyh4 ap4 ,clem4 ,al41 ,/r4 i1 p4 #cee_/f ,p41 etc4 #hbaj3 ,t x 0 n unnatural = ! ,greeks also to h ! conception ( ! migration ( ! s\l f its fir/ body to "s o!r suitable second or ?ird body 7entry ( ts tu*\_/ss psu*s eis to tu*on sma acc4 to ,ari/47 may be se5 f ! fact t 9 ,greek popul> tales ( ! trans=mation ( m5 into bea/s ! idea regul>ly prevails t :ile ! body *anges 9 su* cases ! s\l rema9s ! same z be=e4 ,?us1 explicitly 9 ,hom4 k #bdj 7cf4 ,s*4 !re & #cbi72 cf4 also ,ov41 ,m4 ii1 #dhe2 ,nonn41 ,d4 v1 #cbb f42 ,aesop41 ,f4 #bid 7,halm73 ,luc4 ,as94 #ac1 #ae init42 ,apul41 ,m4 iii1 #bf init2 ,aug41 ,,cd4 #ah1 #ah1 p4 #bgh1 #aa ff4 ,domb41 etc4 7,9 all trans=mation /ories ?is is regul>ly impli$ & gives ! po9t to ! /ory47 ,?is is true f ! e>lie/ times onw>d1 d[n to ,voltaire's mulete] :o 0 turn$ into a mule et du vila9 l'me t]re/re et crasse pe9e vit qu'elle eut *ang de place47--,! bea/s also h a psu*_/3 e4g4 x #dbf4 #hcaj3 ,brahm9s1 ,buddhi/s1 ,mani*aean1 etc4 #hdaj3 ,a fix$ t]m = transmigration ( s\ls does n seem to h be5 (f]$ by ,orphic tea*+4 ,x 0 lat] call$ paligg5esi_/a 7a t]m :i* did n exactly fit ! real mean+ ( ! idea3 ?is seems to h be5 its olde/ "n 7cf4 hai psu*ai pa_/l9 gi_/gnontai hek tn te?ne_/tn1 ,pl41 ,phd4 #gj ,c71 & rema9$ its mo/ c]emoni\s "o4 ,py?agoras non metempsu_/*s9 s$ paligg5esi_/an esse dicit3 ,s]v41 ,a4 iii1 #fh4 met5sma_/tsis1 is n uncommon 7frequ5t 9 ,hippol41 ,,rh41 p4 #ab1 #ec ,d4-,s42 #bff1 etc474 ,! ^w mo/ commonly us$ among ourselves1 metempsu_/*sis1 is among ! ,greeks precisely ! lea/ usual2 x occurs e4g4 9 ,d4,s4 #aj1 #f1 #a2 ,gal4 iv1 #gfc ,k42 ,t]tul4 de ,an4 #ca2 ,s]v41 ,a4 vi1 #ecb2 #fjc2 ,suid4 s4v4 ,ph]eku_/ds4 metempsu*\/hai occurs 9 ,s*41 ,a4,r4 i1 #fde4 #cfb ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,philosoph]s ,! ,orphic tea*+1 9 :i* a protract$ movem5t ( religion 9 ,greece rea*$ compreh5sive expression1 might seem almo/ an ana*ronism1 appe>+ z x did 9 an age :5 a religi\s int]pretation ( ! _w & ( mank9d 0 h>dly any long] admissible4 ,ea/w>ds1 on ! coa/s ( ,ionia1 a new view ( ! _w _h aris5 :i*1 l a y\? t has come ( age1 dem&$ ! "r to pursue its c\rse )\t any guidance f traditional beliefs4 ,! ,ionic m>itime cities 7 ! meet+-place ( all ! collect$ wisdom & exp]i5ce ( mank9d2 & !re all ! m s]i\s k & /udy--bo? indig5\s & ( =eign orig9--( ,nature1 ! e>?1 & ! heav5ly bodies1 0 ga!r$ toge!r 9 ! intellig5ce ( ^? ev]-memorable spirits :o at t "t 7 lay+ ! f\ndations ( natural sci5ce1 & ( all sci5ce 9 g5]al4 ,?is k 0 n[ attempt+ to turn itself into an organiz$ & all-embrac+ :ole4 ,obs]vation & con/ructive /udy comb9$ ) an imag9ative vision to haz>d a picture ( ! _w & reality z a :ole4 ,because x 0 impossible any:]e 9 ?is _w to f9d any?+ completely & = ev] fix$ & dead1 speculation inevitably press$ =w>d to ! discov]y ( ! undy+ s\rce ( ,life1 t p]petually fills1 moves1 & rebuilds ?is :ole1 & ( ! laws accord+ to :i* x works & necess>ily mu/ "w4 ,?is 0 ! direction pursu$ by ^! e>lie/ pione]s ( philosophy2 & !y pursu$ x unhamp]$ by any subs]vi5ce to my?ical or religi\s modes ( ?\ght4 ,:]e my?ology & ! !ology f\nd$ ^u x saw a complete hi/ory ( cosmic ev5ts ea* "o ( :i* 0 ! result ( ! sep>ate & unique action ( div9e p]sonalities end[$ ) consci\sness & ! p[] ( arbitr>y *oice--!re ! philosoph] saw ! play ( ev]la/+ =ces :i* c\ld n be completely resolv$ into ! s+le ev5ts ( any hi/orical process1 =1 )\t beg9n+ or end !y _h be5 ev] 9 action1 tirelessly fulfill+ !mselves 9 accordance ) un*ang+ laws4 ,9 su* a univ]se !re seem$ #cfc to be little room left = div9e figures creat$ by man aft] 8 own image1 & wor%ipp$ by him z ! guid+ & supreme p[]s ( ! _w4 ,& 9 fact1 ! f\ndations 7 n[ laid ( t trem5d\s /ructure ( free inquiry1 :i* f9ally succe$$ 9 weav+ out ( its treasure new worlds ( ?\ght1 :]e ev5 ^? :o _h qu>rell$ or 7 dissatisfi$ ) ! old religion 7n[ inw>dly fall+ into decay = all its outw>d appe>ance ( be+ at ! mo/ brilliant z5i? ( its p[]s7 might yet f9d a refuge if !y w\ld n fall back ^u %e] no?+ness4 ,& yet ,greece nev] saw a ?or\gh-go+ opposition & consci\s qu>rel betwe5 sci5ce & religion4 ,9 a few special cases ! religion ( ! /ate 0 =c$ to recognize its incompatibility ) ! op5ly express$ op9ions ( individual philosoph]s1 & took /eps to make its claims to univ]sal supremacy respect$4 ,b = ! mo/ "p1 ! two /reams ( influ5ce fl[$ on side by side = c5turies )\t ev] com+ into ho/ile contact4 ,! propag&i/ temp] 0 completely abs5t f philosophy f ! v beg9n+4 7,ev5 :5 x appe>$ lat] z among ! ,cynics x produc$ v little effect on ! supremacy ( ! /ate religion47 ,religion on its side 0 n repres5t$ by any prie/ly ca/e :i* might h be5 l$ to take up arms = religion & = :at x believ$ to be its own int]e/ alike4 ,!oretic contradictions might ! m easily rema9 unobs]v$ :5 religion dep5d$ s little ^u fix$ dogma or ^u a _w-embrac+ :ole ( op9ions & doctr9es2 :ile ,!ology1 :]ev] x accompani$ ! wor%ip ( ! gods 7euse_/beia71 :i* 0 ! real core ( religion1 01 j z mu* z philosophy1 ! bus9ess ( individuals & _! adh]5ts ga!r$ toge!r outside ! limits ( ! (ficial religion ( ! /ate4 ,philosophy 7except 9 a few special & unrepres5tative cases7 nev] s\ght op5 w> ) religion--n ev5 ) ! weak5$ & dilut$ religion ( ! masses4 ,9 fact ! juxtaposition ( philosophy & religion 7) !ology itself by _! side7 sometimes w5t beyond ! ext]nal conditions ( ! "t1 & affect$ ! private intellectual life ( c]ta9 ?9k]s4 ,x might seem z if religion & philosophy 7 n m]ely diff]5t b dealt ) diff]5t prov9ces ( reality1 & ?us ev5 /rict & philosophically m9d$ ?9k]s c\ld hone/ly & )\t imag9+ disloyalty to philosophy1 adopt p>ticul> & ev5 fundam5tal conceptions f ! cre$ ( _! fa!rs1 & all[ !m to gr[ up side by side & at peace ) _! own purely philosophical ideas4 #cfd #b ,:at ! ,ionic philosoph]s 9 connexion ) ! re/ ( _! cosmology _h to say ab\t ! s\l ( man did n = all its /rik+ novelty br+ !m into direct conflict ) religi\s op9ion4 ,philosophy & religion us$ ! same words to d5ote totally diff]5t ?+s2 x c\ld surprise no "o if diff]5t ?+s 7 said ab\t q diff]5t objects4 ,accord+ to ! popul> view1 :i* f9ds expression 9 ,hom]1 & ) :i*1 9 spite ( _! v diff]5t e/imate ( ! relative values ( body & s\l1 ! religi\s !ory ( ! ,orphics & o!r !ologi also agre$--accord+ to ?is view ! psy*e 0 reg>d$ z a unique creature ( comb9$ spiritual & mat]ial nature t1 :]ev] x may h come f1 n[ dwells )9 man & !re1 z 8 second self1 c>ries on its sep>ate exi/5ce1 mak+ itself felt :5 ! visible self loses consci\sness 9 dream1 swoon1 or ec/asy 7see above1 pp4 #f f474 ,9 ! same way1 ! moon & ! />s become visible :5 no long] obscur$ by ! bright] light ( ! sun4 ,x 0 already impli$ 9 ! conception itself t ?is d\ble ( mank9d1 :i* c\ld be deta*$ f him tempor>ily1 _h a sep>ate exi/5ce ( its own2 x 0 no v great /ep f ?is to ! idea t 9 dea?1 :i* is simply ! p]man5t sep>ation ( ! visible man f ! invisible1 ! latt] did n p]i%1 b only !n became free & able to live by & = itself4 ,?is spiritual be+ & ! obscure manife/ations ( its exi/5ce 9 ! liv+ man1 did n attract ! obs]vation ( ! ,ionian philosoph]s4 ,_! ?\ghts 7 all = ! univ]se z a :ole2 !y look$ = ! orig9s 7ar*ai_/7 ( all t is & becomes2 = ! simple elem5ts ( multif>i\s appe>ance & = ! =ce :i* turns ! simple into ! multif>i\s :ile controll+1 mov+1 & giv+ life to primeval matt]4 ,! p[] ( life1 ! =ce :i* c set 9 motion bo? itself & all else t )\t x w\ld be fix$ & motionless--?is =ce p5etrates all be+2 :]e x manife/s itself mo/ /rik+ly 9 sep>ate individual be+s1 !re x is :at ^! philosoph]s call ! psy*e4 ,?\ght ( 9 ?is way1 ! psy*e is some?+ q diff]5t f ! old psy*e ( popul> belief1 idly obs]v+ ! life & activities ( its body1 z ( "s /rang]1 conc5trat$ 9 itself1 & pursu+ its own secret1 hidd5 life4 ,& yet ! "n giv5 to ^! v diff]5t concepts rema9$ ! same4 ,! application ( ! ^w psy*e #cfe to ! p[] :i* gives life & movem5t to ! visible body--man's p[] ( life--might h be5 sugge/$ to ! philosoph]s by a mann] ( expression :i*1 ?\gh 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! words conflict+ ) ,hom]ic conceptions1 is occasionally obs]vable 9 ! ,hom]ic poems1 & seems to h become m & m frequ5t 9 late times4#aaa ,9 m exact language1 ! psy*e ( ^! philosoph]s is a collective expression = all ! p[]s ( ?\ght1 desire1 & w 7no_/os1 me_/nos1 mtis1 b\l_/71 & especially = ! functions d5ot$ by ! untranslatable ^w ?umo_/s--p[]s :i* accord+ to ! ,hom]ic & popul> p>tition all belong entirely to ! side ( ! visible man & 8 body4#baa ,accord+ to t view1 !y are all expressions ( ! body's natural p[]s ( life--?\gh !y _c inde$ be awak5$ to real life be=e ! arrival ( ! psy*e--& 9 ,hom]ic usage are almo/ ! exact opposite ( ! psy*e1 = !y p]i% at dea?1 :ile ! psy*e leaves !m beh9d to w&] ab\t 9 its sep>ate %ad[-life4 ,b ! s\l1 accord+ to ! view ( ! physiologi/s1 has q a diff]5t relation to ! totality ( life & liv+1 & diff]s 9 ?is respect bo? f ! ,hom]ic psy*e & ! ,hom]ic ?umo_/s4 ,! same =ce :i* manife/s itself s /rongly1 z ?\gh specially conc5trat$ !re1 9 ! psy*e ( man1 works & rules 9 all matt] z ! g5]al s\rce ( life t creates & pres]ves ! _w4 ,?us1 ! psy*e loses ! special s+ul>ity t di/+ui%$ x f all ! o!r ?+s & sub/ances 9 ! _w1 & made x incomp>able & unique4 ,lat] report]s are wrong 9 attribut+ to ^! ,ionic ?9k]s 7= :om vital p[] & mat]ial sub/ance seem$ imm$iately & indissolubly unit$7 ! conception ( a sep>ate1 indep5d5t ,_w-,s\l4 ,n z emanations f a s+le ,s\l ( ! ,_w did !y conceive ! sep>ate s\ls ( m52 b nei!r did !y conceive !m z simply indep5d5t1 unique1 & entirely incomp>able ess5ces4 ,!y are expressions ( t =ce :i* ev]y:]e 9 all ! ph5om5a ( ! _w produces life & is itself life4 ,attribut+ spiritual qualities to ! primeval s\rce ( ?+s1 ! physiology ( ! ,hylozoi/s naturally c\ld n assume any pr(\nd di/9ction betwe5 t s\rce & ! s\l4 ,depriv$ 9 ?is way ( its sep>at5ess1 ! s\l acquir$ a new importance 9 ex*ange2 9 ano!r s5se f t ( ! my/ics & !ologians x c\ld /ill be ?\ght ( z some?+ div9e1 = x 0 a p>ticipator 9 ! "o ,=ce :i* builds & rules ! _w4 ,x is n ! abode ( a s+le daimonic #cff nature1 b in/ead1 ! v nature ( god is alive )9 x4 ,! clos] its inw>d connexion ) ! univ]sal ,:ole ! less1 ( c\rse1 w ! s\l be able to pres]ve its individual exi/5ce1 :i* 0 only l5t to x :ile x gave life & movem5t to ! body1 :5 t body1 ! sign & support ( its sep>at5ess1 is ov]tak5 by dea?4 ,^! e>lie/ philosoph]s ^: view 0 almo/ entirely conc5trat$ on ! broad outl9es ( ! life ( nature z a :ole1 w\ld h>dly h reg>d$ x z "p ( _! task to =mulate a delib]ate op9ion ab\t ! fate ( ! puny individual s\l aft] ! dea? ( its body4 ,9 no case c\ld !y h spok5 ( an immortality ( ! s\l 9 ! same s5se z did ! my/ics :o reg>d$ ! s\l ( :i* !y spoke z some?+ :i* has ent]$ f )\t into mat]ial exi/5ce1 & z a spiritual ess5ce q di/9ct f ev]y?+ mat]ial4 ,! latt] 7 ?us able to attribute to ! psy*e a capacity = sep>ate & cont9u$ exi/5ce :i* 0 inadmissible 9 ! case ( a =ce ( movem5t & s5sation completely inh]+ 9 matt] & 9 ! %ap+ ( matt]4 ,& x 0 su* a =ce :i* ! physiologi/s call$ ! s\l4 ,anci5t tradition1 nev]!less1 ass]ts t ,?ales ( ,miletos1 ^: g5ius fir/ began ! philosophic /udy ( nature1 0 ! fir/ to call ! s\l 7( man7 immortal4#caa ,b ,?ales1 :o recogniz$ a s\l also 9 magnets & plants1#daa & ?\ght ( ! mat]ial /uff & ! motive =ce ( ! s\l z insep>able1 c only h spok5 ( ! immortality ( ! human s\l 9 ! same s5se z he might h spok5 ( ! immortality ( all s\l-=ces 9 nature4 ,l ! primal ,matt] :i* works & creates by reason ( its own natural p[]s ( life1 s1 too1 ! univ]sal ,=ce :i* p]meates x#eaa is imp]i%able & inde/ructible1 z x is uncreat$4 ,x is entirely & ess5tially alive & c nev] be dead4 ,anaxim&] said ( ! ,unlimit$ f :i* all ?+s h be5 develop$ by sep>ation1 & by :i* all ?+s are envelop$ & direct$1 t x nev] gr[s old1 b is immortal & imp]i%able4#faa ,?is _c be int5d$ to apply to ! human s\l z a sep>ate exi/5ce2 = l all sep>ate creations out ( ! ,unlimit$ x mu/ 9 ! ord] ( ! "t pay ! p5alty = ! (f5ce ( its sep>ate exi/5ce1#gaa & lose itself aga9 9 ! "o primordial matt]4 ,nor c\ld ! ?ird 9 ?is s]ies--,anaxim5es ( ,miletos--h diff]$ s]i\sly f ,?ales 9 ! s5se 9 :i* #cfg he spoke ( ! s\l z immortal2 = him x 0 ( ! same nature#haa z ! "o div9e#iaa primal elem5t ( ,air t is et]nally 9 movem5t & produces all ?+s out ( itself4 #c ,9 ! tea*+ ( ,h]akleitos ( ,ephesos ! liv+ p[] ( ! primal ess5ce--! "o#ajaa & univ]sal1 out ( :i* arises ?r\gh *ange ! _m & ! p>ticul>1 :i* manife/s itself 9 ! union1 reg>d$ z indissoluble1 ( matt] & motive =ce--receiv$ ev5 great] prom95ce ?an ) ! old] ,ionians4 ,by !m matt] itself--describ$ z ei!r limit$ or n limit$ 9 ref]5ce to "o p>ticul> quality--is reg>d$ z self-evid5tly 9 motion4 ,= ,h]akleitos ! orig9 ( all multiplicity lies r 9 ! creative en]gy ( absolute ,life itself :i* is at ! same "t a def9ite mat]ial sub/ance or analog\s to "o ( ! kn[n sub/ances4 ,! idea ( life1 & t =m ( x :i* makes its appe>ance 9 man1 mu/ h be5 m important = him ?an = any ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,?is nev]-re/+ =ce & activity ( becom+ t has nei!r beg9n+ nor end1 is repres5t$ by ! ,hot & ,dry & call$ by ! "n ( t elem5t>y condition :i* _c be ?\ght ( z ceas+ to move1 namely1 ,fire4 ,! ev]-liv+ 7aei_/zon7 fire1 :i* p]iodically k9dles itself & p]iodically goes out 7,bywat]1 fr4 #bj71 is =m$ entirely ( movem5t & liv+ness4 ,liv+ belongs to ev]y?+2 b liv+ is becom+1 *ang+1 becom+ some?+ diff]5t )\t cessation4 ,e appe>ance br+s =? f itself1 at ! mom5t ( its appe>ance1 ! opposite ( itself4 ,bir?1 life1 & dea?1 & fre% bir? cla% toge!r 9 a s+le burn+ mom5t1 l ! lightn+ 7fr4 #bh74 ,t :i* ?us moves itself 9 unceas+ vitality & has all its be+ 9 becom+2 :i* p]petually *anges & 9 backw>d-/ra9+ ef=t f9ds itself aga9--?is is some?+ end[$ ) reason1 creative 9 accordance ) reason & art2 is ,reason 7lo_/gos7 itself4 ,9 creat+ ! _w x loses itself 9 ! elem5ts2 x suff]s its dea? 7frr4 #ff1 #fg7 :5 9 ! ,way d[nw>ds x becomes wat] & e>? 7fr4 #ba74 ,!re are degrees ( value 9 ! elem5ts decid$ by ! relation :i* !y hold t[>ds ! mov+ & self-vivify+ fire4 ,b t :i* 9 ! multiplicity ( ! ph5om5a 9 ! _w1 yet pres]ves its godlike fi]y nature--?is is = ,h]akleitos psy*e4 ,psy*e is fire4#aaaa ,fire & psy*e are int]*angeable t]ms4#abaa ,& s1 too1 ! psy*e ( man is fire1 a "p ( ! univ]sal fi]y #cfh en]gy t surr\nds x & upholds x1 ?r\gh ! inhalation ( :i* x ma9ta9s itself alive2#acaa a portion ( ! ,_w-,reason by p>ticipation 9 :i* x is itself rational4 ,9 m5 ,god is liv+4#adaa ,b god does n desc5d into man1 z 9 ! tea*+ ( ! ,!ologians1 ent]+ z a f9ite individuality into ! vessel ( ! individual human life4 ,z a unit$ :ole he surr\nds m5 ) 8 flood & rea*es aft] & into !m1 z ?\gh ) fi]y tongues4 ,a portion#aeaa ( 8 univ]sal ,wisdom is liv+ 9 ! s\l ( man3 ! dri]1 m fi]y1 ne>] to ! univ]sal ,fire & fur!r f ! less liv+ elem5ts he is1 ! wis] w he be 7frr4 #gd1 #ge1 #gf74 ,if he sund]$ himself f ! univ]sal wisdom1 man w\ld become no?+2 x is 8 bus9ess 9 ?9k+1 z 9 act+ & 9 moral behavi\r1 to surr5d] himself to ! ,"o ,liv+ ess5ce t n\ri%es him & is ! ,m9d & ,law ( ! _w 7frr4 #ia1 #ib1 #ajj1 #ajc74 ,b ! s\l itself is also a portion ( ! univ]sal ,fire t 9 ! p]petual v>iation ( its =m ( be+ has be5 encompass$ by ! body & become entangl$ 9 corporeality4 ,"h we no long] h ! rigid1 unm$iat$ contra/ betwe5 ,body & ,s\l su* z x appe>$ f ! /&po9t ( ! !ologian4 ,! elem5ts ( ! body1 wat] & e>?1 h !mselves aris5 & p]petually arise out ( ! fire :i* *anges into all o!r ?+s1 & into :i* ev]y?+ else *anges 7fr4 #bb74 ,s x is ! s\l itself1 ! creative fire1 :i* creates ! body4 ,s\l1 i4e4 ,fire1 unceas+ly turns itself into ! l[] elem5ts2 !re is no contra/ betwe5 !m1 & x is b a cont9ual flux ( transition4 ,:ile x is enclos$ 9 ! body ! s\l is /ill affect$ by unceas+ *ange4 ,9 ?is x is l ev]y?+ else4 ,no?+ 9 ! _w c = a s+le mom5t pres]ve ! p>ts :i* compose x unalt]$2 ! p]petual movem5t & alt]ation ( its be+ con/itute its life4 ,! sun itself1 ! greate/ fire-body1 becomes ano!r sun e day 7fr4 #cb74 ,s1 too1 ! s\l1 ?\gh di/9ct f ! body & a self-exi/+ sub/ance1 yet is a sub/ance t nev] rema9s l itself4 ,9 unceas+ alt]ation ( its mat]ial sub/ance1 its cont5ts are p]petually be+ transpos$4 ,x loses its fire ( life 9 ! l[] elem5ts2 x absorbs fre% fire f ! liv+ ,fire ( ! univ]se t surr\nds x4 ,!re c be no "q ( ! p]man5t id5tity ( ! s\l1 ( ! spiritual p]sonality1 ) itself4 ,:at 9 ! unbrok5 process ( upw>d & d[nw>d /ra9+ seems to ma9ta9 itself z a s+le p]son1 is 9 reality a s]ies ( s\ls & #cfi p]sonalities1 "o tak+ ! place ( ano!r & ou/+ & be+ ou/$ 9 turn4 ,?us1 ev5 :ile x is 9 life1 ! s\l is p]petually dy+--b to live aga92 ev] supplem5t+ ! dep>t+ s\l-life or supply+ its place ) ano!r4 ,s long z x c recruit itself f ! surr\nd+ ,_w-,fire1 s long ! individual lives4 ,sep>ation f ! s\rce ( all life1 ! liv+ & univ]sal fire ( ! _w1 w\ld be dea? = x4 ,! s\l may tempor>ily lose its life-giv+ contact ) ! common _w3 ?is happ5s 9 sleep & dream+ :i* enclose x 9 _! own _w 7frr4 #id1 #ie71 & ?is is already a p>tial dea? to x4 ,sometimes1 too1 ! s\l has a t5d5cy to trans=m itself to a humidity n always made good by fre% fire2 ! drunk>d has a moi/ s\l 7fr4 #gc74 ,f9ally1 !re comes ! mom5t :5 ! s\l ( man _c any long] repair ! loss ( ! liv+ fire :i* is tak5 f x 9 ! p]petual alt]ation ( its matt]4 ,!n x dies2 dea? c>ries (f ! la/ ( ! s]ies ( liv+ fires :i* 9 _! cont9uity made up ! human s\l4#afaa ,b 9 ,h]akleitos' _w !re is no su* ?+ z dea? 9 ! absolute s5se--an end foll[$ by no beg9n+1 an unconditional cessation ( becom+4 ,dea? is = him only a po9t :]e "o condition ( ?+s gives way to ano!r2 a relative n-be+1 involv+ dea? = "o b simultane\sly br++ bir? & life = ano!r 7frr4 #be1 #fd1 #ff1 #fg74 ,dea?1 j z mu* z life1 is = him a positive ?+4 ,fire lives ! dea? ( e>?1 & air lives ! dea? ( fire2 wat] lives ! dea? ( air1 & e>? ! dea? ( wat] 7fr4 #be74 ,! ,"o t is 9 all ?+s is at once dead & alive 7fr4 #gh71 immortal & mortal 7fr4 #fg72 a p]petual dea? & becom+ agitates x4 ,s1 too1 ! dea? ( man mu/ be ! exit f "o positive /ate ( ?+s1 & ! entry into ano!r1 also positive1 condition4 ,dea? occurs = man :5 ! s\l is no long] )9 him4 ,only ! body is !n left2 alone & by itself x is no bett] ?an dung 7fr4 #he74 ,b ! s\l--:at becomes ( t8 ,x mu/ h alt]$2 x 0 fire1 b n[ x has desc5d$ on ! ,way d[nw>ds & become wat]--to become e>? aft] t4 ,s x mu/ happ5 to all fire4 ,9 dea? ! fire 9 man goes out 7fr4 #gg74 ,x is dea? = ! s\ls to become wat] says ,h]akleitos cle>ly en\gh 7fr4 #fh74agaa ,! s\l mu/ tread ?is pa? at la/1 & treads x will+ly2 *ange is = ! s\l its delight & refre%m5t 7fr4 #hc74 ,! s\l has !n *ang$ itself into ! elem5ts ( ! body1 has lo/ itself 9 ! body4 #cgj ,b x _c re/ p]man5tly 9 ?is trans=mation4 ,= ! s\ls x is dea? to become wat]2 = ! wat] x is dea? to become e>?4 ,& yet f e>? comes wat]2 & f wat]1 s\l 7fr4 #fh74 ,?us1 9 ! re/less up & d[n ( becom+1 9 ! ,way upw>ds ! s\l recon/itutes itself out ( ! l[] elem5ts4 ,b n t s\l :i* _h =m]ly animat$ ! p>ticul> individual & ( ^: complete self-id5tity 9 ! mid/ ( ! influx ( ! ,fire-_s !re c\ld be no "q ev5 dur+ ! life ( ! body4 ,! inquiry aft] an individual immortality or ev5 a cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! sep>ate s\l c\ld h>dly h _h any mean+ at all = ,h]akleitos4 ,nor c he h admitt$ x "u ! =m ( ! transmigration ( ! s\l4#ahaa ,x is q c]ta9 t ,h]akleitos c nev] h di/9ctly ass]t$ ! *angeless p]si/5ce ( ! individual human s\l 9 ! mid/ ( ! unbrok5 /ream ( becom+ 9 :i* all fixity is no?+ b an illusion ( ! s5ses4 ,b x is also incr$ible t1 9 despite ( 8 own fundam5tal pr9ciples1 he ev5 admitt$ ! possibility ( ?is popul> view ) an indulg5ce q =eign to 8 nature4#aiaa ,:at c\ld h tempt$ him to d s8 ,we are told#bjaa t x 0 f ! my/]ies t he adopt$ ?is op9ion :i* 0 "o ( _! mo/ important doctr9es4 ,h]akleitos1 h[ev]1 only ca/s an occasional glance at ! my/]ies & :at might be call$ _! doctr9e 7j z he glanc$ at o!r prom95t manife/ations ( ! excit$ religi\s life ( 8 "t#baaa72 & he does s 9 ord] to h>monize _! tea*+ ) 8 own--a result :i* he a*ieves r by impos+ an int]pretation ?an by pati5tly elicit+ "o4 ,he demon/rates t ! my/]ies might be h>moniz$ ) 8 own doctr9e1#bbaa :i* seem$ to him able to expla9 all ! ph5om5a ( ! _w2 t contr>iwise he ev] s\ght to set 8 own tea*+ 9 h>mony ) t ( ! my/]ies1 or t ! latt] _h %[n him ! way to 8 ?\ght1 or c\ld ev] h tempt$ him to set foot outside 8 own self-*os5 pa?--( ?is !re is n a scrap ( evid5ce to be _h4 ,! individual 9 its isolation has1 = ,h]akleitos1 nei!r value nor importance3 to p]si/ 9 ?is isolation 7if x _h be5 possible w\ld h seem$ to him a crime4#bcaa ,! ,fire is = him inde/ructible & immortal z a totality1 n z divid$ into individual p>ticles1 b only z ! "o ,univ]sal ,m9d t trans=ms itself into all ?+s & draws all ?+s back aga9 into itself4 ,! s\l ( man has a claim to immortality z an emanation ( ?is univ]sal ,reason1 #cga & %>es ! immortality :i* belongs to x4 ,s1 too1 ! s\l1 ev5 :5 x has lo/ itself 9 ! elem5ts1 f9ds itself aga94 ,betwe5 want & satisfaction 7frr4 #bd1 #cf71 ?is process ( becom+ has its p]petual be+4 ,a day w come :5 ! ,fire w ov]take ev]y?+ 7fr4 #bf72 ,god w !n be utt]ly by himself--all 9 all4 ,b t is n ! purpose ( ?is _w2 "h *ange1 becom+ & pass+ away w nev] end4 ,nor %\ld !y end2 ! ,/rife 7fr4 #dc7 :i* has creat$ ! _w1 & ev] fa%ions x anew1 is ! mo/ inw>d nature ( ! ,all-liv+ :i* x p]petually /irs to insatiable desire ( becom+4 ,= ! desire & refre%m5t ( all ?+s is ,*ange 7frr4 #gb1 #hc71 ! com+ & go+ 9 ! int]play ( ,becom+4 ,x is ! precise opposite ( a quieti/ic mood t speaks f ! :ole tea*+ ( ,h]akleitos4 ,8 voice is a trumpet call t gr[s l\d] & l\d] z 8 l(ty & maje/ic _s ) ev]-increas+ int5sity proclaims prophet-l ! la/ ^w ( wisdom4 ,he kn[s well t x is only lab\r t c give mean+ to re/1 & hung] to satisfaction2 only sickness c call =? ! desire ( heal? 7fr4 #ajd74 ,t is ! law ( ! _w :i* b9ds toge!r ! oppos+ contr>ies1 ea* ( :i* is eng5d]$ f ! la/1 ) an inw>d & complete necessity4 ,he b[s be=e x & ass5ts to x4 ,= him ! fixity ( ! s\l 9 a ,bless$ness t 0 )\t activity & )\t *ange--ev5 if su* 7 ?9kable#bdaa--w\ld n h seem$ a possible goal ( desire4 #d ,ev5 be=e ! days ( ,h]akleitos ! tor* ( philosophic inquiry _h be5 borne f ! coa/s ( ,ionia to ! ,we/ by ,x5ophanes ( ,kolophon :o 9 a life ( adv5ture _h w&]$ z f> z ,s\!rn ,italy & ,sicily4 ,= 8 fi]y temp]am5t ! mo/ subtle reflection 0 turn$ into life & exp]i5ce1 & ! "o endur+ s\rce ( ,be+ to :i* he ev] direct$ 8 gaze became ! univ]sal ,div9ity t is all p]ception & ?\ght1 t tirelessly embraces all ?+s 9 its ?\ght & intellig5ce1 &1 )\t beg9n+ or end1 p]petually rema9s ! same ) itself4 ,:at ,x5ophanes _h to say ab\t ?is ,god :i* = him is ! same z ! _w1 became ! basis = ! elaborat$ doctr9e ( ! ,eleatic s*ool :i*1 9 decl>$ opposition to ,h]akleitos1#beaa d5i$ all possibility ( movem5t1 becom+1 alt]ation1 division ( ! ,"o into ,_m1 to ! "o absolute ,be+ t completely & entirely occupies ,space1 is rais$ #cgb above all developm5t1 :e!r temporal or spatial1 & rema9s p]petually enclos$ 9 itself 9 absolute self-suffici5cy4 ,= ?is view ! :ole multiplicity ( ?+s t presses itself ^u s5se-p]ception is an illusion4 ,deceptive also is ! app>5t exi/5ce ( a multiplicity ( animat$ be+s1 j z ! :ole ( nature is an illusion4 ,x 0 n ,nature1 ! cont5t ( actual exp]i5ce1 t provid$ ! />t+-po9t ( ! philosophy ( ,p>m5ides4 ,)\t any assi/ance f exp]i5ce1 simply by ! pure logical d$uctions to be made f a s+le fundam5tal concept 7t ( ,be+71 :i* 0 to be grasp$ only by ! und]/&+1 ?is philosophy claim$ to arrive at ! :ole cont5t ( its tea*+4 ,= ! philosophic sci5ti/s ( ,ionia ! s\l also _h be5 a "p ( nature & ! sci5ce ( ! s\l a dep>tm5t ( ! sci5ce ( nature2 & ?is inclusion ( ! psy*ical )9 ! physical 0 ! peculi>ity 9 _! doctr9e ( ! s\l :i* di/+ui%$ x f ! ord9>y popul> psy*ology4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! :ole ( ,nature 0 to be rul$ out ( acc\nt z a subject ( sci5tific k1 ! d]ivation ( psy*ology f physiology _h to be giv5 up z well4 ,^! aphysici#bfaa 7 logically deb>r$ f hold+ any doctr9e ( ! s\l4 ,) a complaisance t is rem>kable 9 view ( ! uncompromis+ logical vig\r ) :i* !y d$uc$ _! ma9 !ory & bas$ x on ab/ract1 sup]-s5sual k1 ! ,eleatics conc$$ s mu* at lea/ to ! region ( appe>ance & ! pressure ( s5se-p]ception t1 al?\gh !y did n d$uce f _! own fundam5tal conceptions a physical !ory ( multif>i\s appe>ance & its developm5t1 yet1 side by side ) _! rigid doctr9e ( be+1 9 unju/ifi$ & unju/ifiable relation ) x1 !y did 9 fact put =w>d su* a !ory4 ,x5ophanes1 himself1 _h already 9 ! same way (f]$ a physical !ory ( limit$ & relative validity4 ,p>m5ides 9 ! second "p ( 8 doctr9al poem1 develop$1 9 deceptive adornm5t ( words1 n an au?oritative /atem5t ( ! true nature ( be+1 b human op9ions ( becom+ & creation 9 ! _w ( multiplicity4 ,?is1 too1 mu/ be ! /&po9t ( ! physiological doctr9es put =w>d by ,z5o ( ,elea1 ! bolde/ dialectician :o upheld ! doctr9e ( ! motionless ,all-,"o4 ,9 ! c\rse ( su* a physiology1 & ) ! same impli$ res]vations1 ! ,eleatic philosoph]s dealt also ) ! nature & orig9 ( ! s\l4 ,_! physical doctr9e 0 fram$ entirely on ! l9es ( ! old] type ( #cgc natural philosophy1 & !y reg>d$ ! relation ( ! spiritual to ! corporeal f exactly ! same po9t ( view z _! pr$ecessors _h done4 ,= ,p>m5ides 7#adf ff1 ,mull4 fr4 #af ,diels7 ! m9d 7no_/os7 ( man dep5ds = its exi/5ce ^u ! mixture ( two +r$i5ts ( :i* ev]y?+1 includ+ its body1 is compos$4 ,^! +r$i5ts are ! ,light & ! ,night 7! ,w>m & ! ,cold1 ,fire & ,e>?74 ,:at is intellectually active is1 ev5 9 mank9d1 ! nature ( 8 limbs2 ! "* ( 8 ?\ght is det]m9$ by ! "o ( ! two elem5ts :i* prepond]ates 9 ! individual4 ,ev5 ! dead man 7because he /ill has a body7 has feel+ & s5sation2 b ^! p[]s are des]t$ by ! w>m & ! fi]y & giv5 ov] to ! cold1 ! d>k1 & sil5ce4 ,all t is has "s capacity ( k4#bgaa--;,x w\ld be impossible to condemn ! s\l to corporeality m completely ?an is "h done by ! bold philosoph] ( ab/ract ,reason1 :o at ! same "t d5i$ s unconditionally all validity to s5se-p]ception4 ,! s\l is evid5tly no long] an indep5d5t sub/ance b a m]e resultant ( mat]ial mixture1 a function ( elem5ts 9 composition4 ,= ,z5o1 too1 ! s\l 9 ! same way 0 an exactly equal mixture ( ! f\r elem5t>y prop]ties ( matt]1 ! ,w>m1 ! ,cold1 ! ,dry1 & ! ,wet4#bhaa ,x is1 !re=e1 />tl+1 9 ! face ( ^! utt]ances1 to f9d t ,p>m5ides also said ab\t ! s\l t ! deity t rules ! _w at "o "t1 s5ds x out ( ! ,invisible into ! ,visible1 & at ano!r "t back aga94#biaa ,"h1 ! s\l is no long] a condition aris+ f ! mixture ( mat]ial elem5ts1 b an indep5d5t be+ cr$it$ ) pre-exi/5ce be=e its entry into ! ,visible1 i4e4 be=e its entry into ! life ( ! body1 & also ) a cont9u$ exi/5ce aft] its sep>ation f ! realm ( visibility--& inde$1 ) a soj\rn1 sev]al times repeat$1 9 ^? two worlds4 ,did ,p>m5ides di/+ui% betwe5 ?is indep5d5tly exi/+ s\l & ! be+ t p]ceives 9 ! mixture ( ! elem5ts & z m9d 7no_/os7 ?9ks1 b ^: exi/5ce is b\nd up ) ! elem5ts & ! body !y toge!r compose8 ,x is obvi\s at any rate t 9 :at he says ( ! psy*e1 & its alt]nate life 9 ! visible & ! invisible1 ,p>m5ides is n speak+ z a physiologi/1 b z an adh]5t ( ! ,orphic-,py?agorean !osophy4 ,:ile res]v+ = himself 8 k ( ,tru? & unalt]able ,be+1 he c\ld select z he lik$ among ! op9ions ( m5 :5 speak+ only hypo!tically4 ,9 8 doctr9e z a practical tea*] ) an e?ical purpose #cgd 9 view he pref]r$ to adopt ! conceptions ( ! ,py?agoreans ) :om he liv$ 9 close association4#cjaa #e ,ionic physiology _h fix$ its att5tion on ,nature z a :ole1 & on ! ph5om5a ( life display$ 9 e nook & corn] ( ! univ]se2 man1 z a m]e ripple on ! surface ( ! ocean ( becom+ & tak+ =m1 0 almo/ entirely neglect$4 ,a philosophy t made x its ma9 ef=t to le>n ! nature ( man1 &1 /ill fur!r1 ) ! k s acquir$1 to %[ man ! way & purpose ( 8 liv+1 _h to try o!r pa?s4 ,?is is :at ,py?agoras ( ,samos did4 ,:at he call$ 8 ,philosophy#caaa 0 9 ess5ce a practical ef=t4 ,plato#cbaa tells u t ,py?agoras 0 s peculi>ly hon\r$ because he discov]$ a special mode ( direct+ "o's life4 ,a di/9ct way ( liv+1 =m$ on a religi\s & e?ical basis1 0 8 creation4 ,h[ f> 8 polyma?y1#ccaa :i* indubitably conta9$ already ! sub/ance ( ,py?agorean sci5ce1 may h become a sy/em 9 8 h&s1 is n di/9ctly kn[n4 ,:at is c]ta9 is t 9 ,kroton he =m$ a society :i*1 toge!r ) ! /rict rules 9 accordance ) :i* he organiz$ _! mann] ( life = 8 associates1 ev5tually spread f> & wide among ! ,a*an & ,dorian cities ( ! ,italian great ,greece4 ,9 ?is society a pr(\nd conception ( human life & its purposes 0 giv5 practical & visible application1 & to h br\ght ?is ab\t mu/ be reg>d$ z ! act & ! special s]vice ( ,py?agoras4 ,! fundam5tal conception ( ?is way ( life1 except 9 s f> z x may h conta9$ f ! beg9n+ a my/ic philosophy ( numb]s1 0 by no means ! special inv5tion ( ,py?agoras2 ! new & pot5t feature :i* he introduc$ 0 ! =ce ( p]sonality :i* 0 able to give life & body to ! ideal4 ,:at 0 app>5tly lack+ 9 simil> movem5ts 9 anci5t ,greece 0 n[ provid$ by a great man :o = 8 foll[]s 0 a patt]n & an example1 a lead] inspir+ imitation & emulation4 ,8 p]sonality became a c5tre to :i* a :ole community 0 attract$ by a sort ( inw>d necessity4 ,be=e v long ?is f\nd] ( a community appe>$ to 8 foll[]s z a sup]man1 unique & incomp>able among all o!r m54 ,"s l9es ( ,emp$okles1#cdaa :o did n himself belong to ! ,py?agorean society1 be> witness to ?is fact1 & to 8 foll[]s ,py?agoras became 9 memory a sa9t or ev5 a god 9 human =m1 & !y relat$ leg5ds ( ! miracles he _h #cge p]=m$4 ,= u x is difficult to =m a connect$ picture or trace ! real features ( ! man b5ea? ! dazzl+ halo ( ! sa9t4 ,! tea*+ :i* enabl$ him to knit toge!r 8 foll[]s 9 a f> clos] bond ( fell[%ip 9 liv+ ?an _h be5 a*iev$ by any ,orphic sect1 mu/ /ill 9 ! ma9 h co9cid$ ) :at 9 ! ,orphic doctr9e imm$iately relat$ to ! religi\s life4 ,he too po9t$ out ! way ( salvation = ! s\l & 8 doctr9e ( ! s\l =m$ ! c5tral feature ( 8 philosophy4 ,s f> z our scanty & dubi\s evid5ce s]ves u1 ! sub/ance ( ! ,py?agorean doctr9e ( ! s\l may be /at$ z foll[s4 ,! s\l ( man1 once m reg>d$ entirely z ! d\ble ( ! visible body & its p[]s1 is a daimonic immortal be+#ceaa t has be5 ca/ d[n f div9e heights & = a puni%m5t is conf9$ )9 ! cu/ody ( ! body4#cfaa ,x has no real relation%ip ) ! body2 x is n :at may be call$ ! p]sonality ( ! individual visible man2 any s\l may dwell 9 any body4#cgaa ,:5 dea? sep>ates x f ! body ! s\l mu/ fir/ endure a p]iod ( purgation 9 ,hades#chaa & !n return aga9 to ! upp] _w4 ,! s\ls invisibly sw>m ab\t ! liv+2#ciaa 9 ! tremul\s motion ( motes 9 ! sunbeam ! ,py?agoreans saw ! movem5t ( ! s\ls4#djaa ,! :ole air is full ( s\ls4#daaa ,^u e>?1 h[ev]1 ! s\l mu/ seek out ano!r body1 & ?is may be repeat$ _m times4 ,s x w&]s a long way1 pass+ ?r\gh _m bodies ( m5 & bea/s4#dbaa ,v anci5t tradition#dcaa said t ,py?agoras himself rememb]$ ! e>li] inc>nations ?r\gh :i* 8 s\l _h pass$ 7& ( :i* he gave in=mation = ! in/ruction & w>n+ ( ! fai?ful74 ,"h1 too1 ! doctr9e ( ! s\l's transmigrations took on an edificatory "* 9 a religi\s & e?ical s5se4 ,! conditions ( ! new inc>nations & ! "* ( ! new lifetime are gov]n$ by ! p]=mances ( ! pa/ life4 ,:at ! s\l has done 9 ! pa/1 t x mu/ suff] 9 its own p]son :5 x becomes a man aga94#ddaa ,x is ?us ( prim>y importance bo? = ! pres5t life & = future inc>nations to "k & to foll[ ! me?ods ( salvation deliv]$ by ,py?agoras to 8 foll[]s4 ,! society po9ts out ! way to its company ( ! fai?ful 9 purifications & initiations1 9 a ,py?agorean life#deaa entirely organiz$ ) ! same purpose 9 view--to foll[ ! god4#dfaa ,mu* ( ! old ritual symbolism t _h be5 #cgf 9 use = ages mu/ h be5 incorporat$ 9 ?is ,py?agorean asceticism4#dgaa ,! !ological e?ic ( asceticism 0 ess5tially negative 9 "*1 & "h1 too1 x meant no?+ m ?an a protect+ ( ! s\l aga9/ ! attacks ( ext]nal evil t might come & pollute x4#dhaa ,all t matt]s is to keep ! s\l pure3 no ne$ = moral re=mation--only t x be kept free f ext]nal evil4 ,! fact ( immortality1 ! s\l's p]petuity1 /&s fa/ & unalt]able2 z x 0 f ! beg9n+ s x mu/ ev] be & live4#diaa ,to lift x at la/ altoge!r f ?is e>?ly exi/5ce & re/ore x to a free div9e /ate ( be+--t1 at lea/1 0 ! f9al goal4#ejaa ,! practical philosophy ( ! ,py?agorean s*ool is f\nd$ ^u a conception ( ! s\l z absolutely di/9ct f nature1 &1 9 fact1 oppos$ to x4 ,x is ?ru/ into ! life ( nature1 b x is 9 a =eign _w :]e x pres]ves its self-enclos$ individuality intact & f :i* x escapes into indep5d5ce to und]go ev]-r5ew$ inc>nations4 ,its orig9 is supra-mundane1 & s1 too1 :5 lib]at$ f ! %ackles ( natural life x w "o day be enabl$ to return to a sup]natural exi/5ce z a _s4 ,n "o ( ^! ideas is a*iev$ by a process ( sci5tific ?9k+4 ,physiology1 ! sci5ce ( ! _w & all ! ph5om5a ( ! _w c\ld nev] lead to ! conception ( ! s\l's sep>at5ess f nature & its life4 ,x 0 n f ,greek sci5ce1 b nei!r 0 x1 z anci5t tradition w\ld h u believe1 f =eign l&s1 t ,py?agoras got 8 belief 9 ! fall5 nature ( ! s\l1 desc5d$ f supra-mundane heights to ?is e>?ly nature1 & 9 its long pilgrimage ?r\gh _m bodies on ! completion ( :i* x is to be free at la/1 ?r\gh purifications & initiations4 ,he may h ow$ mu* to 8 travels2 f 8 /ay 9 ,egypt1 p]haps1 he may 7l ,demokritos aft] him7 h d]iv$ ! /imulus to 8 ma!matical discov]ies & mu* else besides ( ! le>n+ :i* ,h]akleitos ascribes to him4 ,8 doctr9e ( ! s\l1 on ! o!r h&1 simply reproduces 9 ess5tials ! fanciful ideas ( ! old popul> psy*ology1 z x _h be5 enl>g$ & trans=m$ by ! !ologi & ! purification prie/s4 ,tradition 0 "r 9 its e/imation ( 8 "*1 :5 x set him 9 ?is company & made him ! pupil ( ,ph]ekydes ( ,syros1 ! !ologos4#eaaa ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ,py?agoras himself laid ! f\ndations ( ! ,py?agorean sci5ce--! doctr9e ( ! creation ( ! _w & p]haps1 too1 ! int]pretation ( #cgg all be+ & becom+ 9 ! _w z due to ! action & relation ( numb]s1 z ! ess5tial basis ( all ?+s--all ?is1 at lea/ 9 elem5t>y outl9e1 mu/ h be5 h&$ on by him to 8 foll[]s4 ,aft] 8 dea? ! two sides ( 8 doctr9e cont9u$ to develop = a p]iod 9 loose conjunction side by side2 ! guidance ( life by ! my/ical & religi\s philosophy 7?\gh ?is1 inde$1 0 h>dly capable ( fur!r developm5t71 & ! sci5tific int]e/ :i* grew into a fairly elaborate sy/em4 ,inde$1 ) ! break-up ( ! ,py?agorean society & its bifurcation 9 ! fif? c5tury1 ! scatt]$ memb]s ( ! b& n[ br\ght into t\* ) ! sci5tific /udies ( o!r communities & cut (f f ! ideal ( ! ,py?agorean life :i* c\ld only be realiz$ )9 ! limits ( ! society1 7 =c$ to cont9ue _! sci5tific /udies 9 solitude4 ,py?agorean sci5ce1 evolv+1 z x did1 a picture ( ! _w z a :ole1 no less ?an ,ionian physiology depriv$ ! s\l ( ! unique &1 inde$1 antagoni/ic relation to nature t ,py?agorean !ology _h giv5 x4 ,philolaos1 conceiv+ x 9 a mann] /rictly con=m+ to ! ma!matical & musical !ory1 call$ ! s\l a ,h>mony ( contr>y elem5ts unit$ toge!r 9 ! body4#ebaa ,if1 h[ev]1 ! s\l is only a b9d+-toge!r ( opposites to unity & h>mony1 !n x mu/1 :5 dea? breaks up ! conjunction ( ! unit$ elem5ts1 itself pass away & p]i%4#ecaa ,x is difficult to imag9e h[ ! old] ,py?agorean fai? 9 ! s\l z an indep5d5t be+ dwell+ 9 ! body & surviv+ x--9 ! immortal s\l1 9 fact--c\ld be accommodat$ to ?is conception4 ,c x be t ! two conceptions 7 n orig9ally int5d$ to be br\ght into conjunction at all1 or 7 n meant to exclude ea* o!r8 ,anci5t tradition spoke ( diff]5t gr\ps among ! foll[]s ( ,py?agoras :o _h also diff]5t objects1 me?ods1 & aims ( /udy2 nor %all we be incl9$ to d5y all cr$ibility to ?is tradition :5 we obs]ve h[ little1 9 fact1 ,py?agorean sci5ce & ,py?agorean fai? _h to d ) ea* o!r4#edaa ,& yet we h to admit t ! same ,philolaos1 :o describ$ ! s\l z a h>mony ( its body1 also spoke ( ! s\l z an indep5d5t & imp]i%able be+4 ,we may well d\bt :e!r ^! two contradictory utt]ances c really come f ! same man & apply to ! same object2 ?\gh ! same man might really speak 9 v>y+ language ab\t ! "o s\l if he recogniz$ diff]5t p>ts ( ! s\l ( :i* diff]5t tru?s held good2 & ?is 01 9 fact1 fir/ sugge/$ by ! ,py?agorean s*ool4#eeaa #cgh #f ,emp$okles ( ,akragas did n belong to ! ,py?agorean s*ool 7x lo/ its ext]nal unity 9 8 "t72 b he approa*es ,py?agorean doctr9e s closely 9 8 op9ions & tea*+ ab\t ! s\l ( man1 its problems & de/9ies1 t !re c be no d\bt ab\t ,py?agorean influ5ce ^u ! =mation ( 8 convictions on ^! po9ts4 ,8 _m-sid$ activities also includ$ ! /udy ( natural sci5ce & he took up ! rese>*es ( ! ,ionic ,physiologi/s ) zeal & a m>k$ aptitude = ! obs]vation & syn!sis ( natural ph5om5a4 ,b ! roots ( 8 peculi> individuality--! pa?os :i* mov$ & agitat$ him--lay 9 a practical activity f> remov$ f sci5tific inve/igation & repres5t+ a brilliant resuscitation 9 a v diff]5t age ( ! "* & practice ( ! mantis1 ! purification-prie/ & magical-physician ( ! six? c5tury4 ,! introduction to 8 ,purifications#efaa gives a picture ( 8 triumphal progress f city to city1 cr[n$ ) ribbons & g>l&s1 ador$ z a god & que/ion$ by ?\s&s3 ,:]e is ! road to heal+8 ,he int5ds to give 8 disciple ,pausanias ! results ( 8 own exp]i5ce & to tea* him all 8 rem$ies = disease & _! virtues1 ! arts ( /ill+ ! w9ds & /irr+ !m up1 produc+ dr\ght or ra91 rais+ ! dead f ,hades4#egaa ,he himself boa/$ ( be+ a magician & 8 pupil ,gorgias saw him d magic4#ehaa ,?r\gh him ^? ef=ts ( ! ,ka?>tes1 ! expiation-prie/ & se]1 :i* an e>li] & already di/ant-seem+ "t _h hon\r$ z ! highe/ =m ( wisdom1 at la/ a*iev$ a voice & lit]>y expression--an expression giv5 !m ) ! fulle/ p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! tru? ( _! claims by "o :o 0 conv9c$ ( _! p[] to control nature & sure ( ! godlike /atus ( ! man :o _h rea*$ ^! almo/ sup]human heights ( empire ov] nature4 ,z a god1 an immortal no long] subject to dea?1 he pass$ ?r\gh all ! l&--s ,emp$okles himself tells u4#eiaa ,he may h won cr$it 9 _m places4 ,he did n1 inde$1 f\nd an ord]$ society ( disciples & adh]5ts1 a sect3 ?is does n seem to h be5 8 int5tion4 ,b he alone z a unique & unp>allel$ be+1 a self-confid5t p]sonality ( ! greate/ =ce & weight impress$ himself ma/]fully bo? z my/ic & politician ^u ! mundane affairs ( 8 contempor>ies & po9t$ ! way beyond "t & all ?+s temporal to a bless$ & div9e /ate z ! f9al goal ( human life4 ,he #cgi mu/ h made a pr(\nd impression ^u ! m5 among :om he liv$1#fjaa ?\gh he disappe>$ f _! mid/ l a comet1 & left no p]man5t traces ( 8 pres5ce beh9d him4 ,_m leg5ds /ill witness to ! a/oni%m5t t 8 appe>ance among m5 provok$1 m especially ^? leg5ds t 9 v>y+ =m relat$ 8 end4#faaa ,!y are all expressions ( ! same belief3 t he1 z 8 own v]ses _h =etold1 9 8 dep>ture did n h to suff] dea?2 he _h vani%$1 translat$ body & s\l toge!r to an ev]la/+ div9e life1 z once ,m5elaos _h be5 & s _m great figures ( ! anci5t days1 & ev5 a few ,h]oes ( m rec5t times4#fbaa ,once m ! anci5t conception %[s 9 ?is /ory t x /ill lives on3 immortal life c only be obta9$ by undissolv$ union ( ! psy*e ) its body4 ,su* a leg5d h>dly did ju/ice to ,emp$okles' own idea4 ,:5 he claim$ to be a god :o w\ld nev] die he c]ta9ly did n mean t 8 psy*e w\ld rema9 = ev] b\nd to 8 body4 ,on ! contr>y1 he ?\ght t 9 dea?1 z m5#fcaa call x1 x w\ld be fre$ f ?is la/ corporeal envelope#fdaa & nev] aga9 h to ent] into a body1 b w\ld live = ev] 9 fre$om & div9ity4 ,8 conception ( ! consci\s aft]-life ( ! psy*e 0 z diff]5t z x 0 possible = x to be f ! ,hom]ic conception on :i* t translation leg5d 0 bas$4 ,emp$okles unit$ 9 8 own p]son to an a/oni%+ degree ! mo/ sob] attempts at a /udy ( nature t 0 sci5tific accord+ to its lights1 & q irrational beliefs & !ological speculations4 ,occasionally ! sci5tific impulse passes ov] to influ5ce ev5 ! _w ( 8 beliefs2#feaa b z a rule !ology & natural sci5ce exi/ side by side 9 8 m9d q indep5d5tly4 ,z a physiologi/ he inh]it$ ! already ext5sive & v>i\sly develop$ /ock ( ideas belong+ to ! old] g5]ations ( inquir]s & ?9k]s4 ,he himself 0 able to unite conceptions d]iv$ f ! mo/ diff]5t s\rces into an orig9al :ole t satisfi$ himself at lea/4 ,becom+ & pass+-away1 all qualitative *ange1 7 d5i$ by him z by ! ,eleatics1 b ! p]man5t sub/ance ( ,be+ is = him no s+le indivisible unity4 ,!re are f\r roots ( ?+s1 ! f\r bodies ( elem5ts1 :i* 9 ?is division are = ! fir/ "t cle>ly di/+ui%$4 ,x is ! mixture & sep>ation ( ! ess5tially indivisible elem5ts t cause ! appe>ance ( becom+ & p]i%+2 & ^? two processes are caus$ by ! two =ces--cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! elem5ts--( attraction & repulsion1 #chj ,love & ,hate1 :i* 9 ! creative process /ruggle & 9 turn ov]ma/] ea* o!r until at la/1 9 ! f9al victory ( "o ( ! two =ces1 all ?+s are ei!r unit$ or divid$2 9 ei!r case an organic _w ceases to exi/4 ,! pres5t /ate ( ! univ]se is "o 9 :i* ,love1 ! t5d5cy to amalgamation ( diff]5ces1 is prevail+2 :5 ?is t5d5cy is complet$1 !re w be an absolute levell+-out ( all di/9ction2 a result :i* ,emp$okles1 a quieti/ 9 8 sci5tific /udies z well1 reg>ds z ! mo/ desirable end4 ,9 ?is _w1 !n1 t exp]i5ces only me*anical movem5t & *ange1 & f ^: evolution ,emp$okles by an +5i\s turn is able to exclude all idea ( purpose1 !re are also to be f\nd s\ls2 or r psy*ical p[]s :i* gr[ up entirely )9 x4 ,s5se-p]ception is expressly di/+ui%$ f ! capacity ( ?\ght by ,emp$okles4#ffaa ,! =m] takes place :5 ea* ( ! elem5ts1 f ! mixture ( :i* ! p]ceiv+ be+ has its orig91 comes into contact )1 & s becomes aw>e (1 ! same elem5ts 9 ! object p]ceiv$1 ?r\gh ! passages t connect ! int]ior ( ! body ) ! ext]ior4#fgaa ,?9k+ has its seat 9 ! he>t's blood1 :]e ! elem5ts & _! p[]s are mix$ mo/ equally4 ,or r ?is blood actually is ?9k+ & ! p[] ( ?\ght2#fhaa ! mat]ial sub/ance & its vital functions ?us also = ,emp$okles completely co9cide4 ,pla9ly1 no?+ 9 ! nature ( a p]man5t sub/antial s\l is "h int5d$ by ! ?9k+-p[] ( ! m9d1 b r a capacity ( br++ toge!r & unify+ ! individual s5se-activities2#fiaa a capacity no less ?an ! individual p[]s ( s5sation b\nd up ) ! elem5ts1 ! s5ses1 & ! body4#gjaa ,) ! v>y+ con/itution ( ! body1 !y too v>y4#gaaa ,bo? capacities1 t ( s5se-p]ception1 & t ( ?\ght1 z vital expressions ( ! matt] t is comb9$ toge!r 9 ! organic creature1 are pres5t 9 all organisms2 9 m51 9 bea/s1 & ev5 9 plants4#gbaa ,if we give ! "n ( s\l#gcaa to ! sum ( ^! psy*ical p[]s--a "n g5]ally res]v$ = ! common p]man5t sub/ratum ( ! *ang+ psy*ical activities--we _c avoid conclud+1 9 accordance ) ! logic ( ?is philosoph]1 t ! s\l mu/ be p]i%able4 ,) ! dea? & de/ruction ( ! individual ! elem5t>y p>ts t g to compose him are disunit$1 & ! s\l :i* 9 ?is case is no?+ b ! highe/ resultant ( t composition1 mu/ itself disappe> ) _! dissolution--z x _h come into be+ ) _! union4#gdaa #cha ,x might seem z if ,emp$okles himself 0 z f> z possible remov$ f draw+ su* conclusions f 8 own premises4 ,no "o speaks m di/9ctly & =cibly ( ! spiritual1 individual be+s t dwell 9 m5 & 9 o!r creatures ( nature z well4 ,!y are reg>d$ by him z ,daimones fall5 to ! corporeal _w1 :o h to pass ?r\gh _m diff]5t =ms ( life till !y may at la/ hope = release4 ,9 ! introduction to 8 poem on ,nature1 he describes1 f 8 own exp]i5ce1 & ! in=mation ( ! ,daimones :o _h once l$ 8 s\l d[n to ?is e>?ly ,vale ( ,grief1#geaa h[ by an anci5t decree ( ! gods & ! compulsion ( ,necessity1 e daimon t has pollut$ itself by dr9k+ ! blood or eat+ ! fle% ( liv+ be+s1#gfaa or has brok5 its oa?1#ggaa is bani%$ = a long p]iod#ghaa f ! company ( ! bless$4 ,x is ?ru/ d[n to ! ,mead[ ( ,disa/]1 into ! realm ( contradiction1#giaa ! cave ( mis]y ^u ?is e>?1 & mu/ n[ w&] ?r\gh _m pa9ful ways ( life#hjaa 9 *ang+ inc>nations4 ,?us1 ,i myself 0 once a boy & also a maid51 a bu%1 a bird1 & a voiceless fi% 9 ! salty flood 7ll4 #aa1 #ab fr4 #aag74 ,?is daimon t 9 expiation ( its crime mu/ w&] ?r\gh ! =ms ( m51 bea/s1 & ev5 plants1 is evid5tly no o!r ?an :at popul> spee* & t ( !ologians z well call$ ! psy*e1 ! s\l-_s4#haaa ,9 all ess5tials ?\gh p]haps 9 cle>] language1 ,emp$okles m]ely repeat$#hbaa :at ! adh]5ts ( ! doctr9e ( ,transmigration _h long told ( its div9e orig91 its fall & p5al bani%m5t 9 e>?ly bodies4 ,s1 too1 :5 z tea*] ( ! means t br+ salvation1 he tells h[ m graci\s =ms & conditions ( life may be obta9$ 9 ! s]ies ( bir?s1 till at la/ complete release f rebir? is a*iev$1#hcaa ,emp$okles foll[s 9 ! foot/eps ( ! purification-prie/s & !ologi ( old4 ,x is a matt] ( keep+ ! daimon )9 u free f ! pollutions t b9d x fa/ to ! e>?ly life4 ,to ?is end ! me?ods ( religi\s purification are mo/ efficaci\s2 ,emp$okles respects !m q z mu* z did ! old ,ka?>tai4 ,x is necess>y to keep ! int]nal daimon f> remov$ f e k9d ( s91#hdaa m p>ticul>ly f ! dr9k+ ( blood & ! eat+ ( meat :i* mu/ necess>ily involve ! murd] ( k9sm5 daimones :i* are dwell+ 9 ! slaught]$ bea/s4#heaa ,by purification & asceticism 7:i* "h aga9 disp5ses ) a positive =m ( morality aim$ at re=m+ ! man7 a gradual process to pur] & bett] bir?s is a*iev$2#hfaa 9 ! end ! p]sons ?us reborn 9 a purifi$ condition #chb become se]s1 poets1 doctors1 & are ! lead]s ( mank9d4#hgaa ,f9ally1 :5 !y h em]g$ sup]ior ev5 to ^! highe/ /eps ( e>?ly life1 !y return to ! o!r immortals1 & become !mselves gods releas$ f human mis]y1 escap+ dea?1 & n[ inde/ructible4#hhaa ,emp$okles reg>d himself z "o :o has rea*$ ! la/ /age1#hiaa & po9ts out to o!rs ! way up to x4 ,betwe5 :at ,emp$okles ! my/ic "h tells u ( ! s\l t 0 once liv+ its div9e life1 b has s9ce be5 plung$ into ! _w ( ! elem5ts1 ?\gh x is n = ev] b\nd to !m2 & :at ,emp$okles ! physiologi/ tea*es ( ! psy*ical p[]s t dwell 9 ! elem5ts & are b\nd to ! body t is compos$ ( ! elem5ts & p]i% ) _! dissolution1 !re seems to be a hopeless contradiction4 ,& yet if we are to grasp ! :ole tru? ( :at ,emp$okles means1 we mu/ nei!r leave on "o side half ( :at he says1#ijaa nor yet by well-mean+ int]pretation seek to br+ ! philosoph] into h>mony ) himself1#iaaa :5 he cle>ly speaks ) two diff]5t voices4 ,! two voices say diff]5t ?+s1 & yet 9 ! m9d ( ,emp$okles1 !re is no contradiction 9 :at !y say1 = !y are deal+ ) totally di/9ct objects4 ,! psy*ical p[]s & faculties ( feel+ & p]ception :i* are functions ( matt]1 born 9 matt]1 & det]m9$ by x1 toge!r ) ! ?9k+ faculty t is no o!r ?an ! he>t's blood ( m5--^! nei!r make up ! "* & cont5t ( t s\l-_s :i* dwells 9 m51 bea/s1 & fl[]s1 nor are !y expressions ( its activity4 ,!y are entirely b\nd up ) ! elem5ts & _! comb9ation1 & 9 man !y are jo9$ to ! body & its organs2 !y are ! p[]s & faculties ( ?is body1 & n ( a special & invisible entity1 ! s\l4 ,! s\l-daimon is n made out ( ! elem5ts1 nor is x = ev] *a9$ to !m4 ,x ent]s z a /rang] into ?is _w 9 :i* ! only p]man5t compon5t p>ts are#ibaa ! f\r elem5ts1 & ! two =ces ( ,love & ,hate2 & x ent]s x f ano!r _w1 ! _w ( gods & spirits1 to its detrim5t2 ! elem5ts ca/ x ab\t f "o to ano!r & !y all hate x 7fr4 #aae1 #ab1 l4 #ce ,m474 ,?is liv+ s\l1 ) its indep5d5t exi/5ce1 t ?us ent]s into =eign & ho/ile surr\nd+s1 only ent]s into su* e>?ly creatures z already possess s5ses1 feel+ & p]ception1 toge!r ) reason or ! faculty ( ?9k+1 ! cr[n+ manife/ation ( _! mat]ial union4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 z little id5tical ) ^! psy*ical faculties z x is ) ! mixture ( elem5t>y matt] or1 9 #chc ! case ( m51 ) ! he>t's blood4 ,x exi/s1 unmix$ & incapable ( mixture1 alongside ! body & its faculties :i* inde$ only h life--:at m5 call life--7fr4 #ae1 #b1 l4 #aag ,m47 :5 unit$ ) x4 ,:5 !y are sep>at$ f x !y fall into dissolution2 n s ! s\l1 :i* cont9ues its j\rney & visits o!r dwell+ places1 & does n %>e 9 _! dissolution4 ,?is peculi> duali/ic doctr9e reflects ! two sides ( ,emp$okles' own m5tal activity4 ,he probably int5d$ 9 ?is way to unite ! views ( bo? ! physiologi/s & ! !ologians4 ,to ! ,greeks1 su* a tw(old division ( ! inn] life may h seem$ less surpris+ ?an x does to u4 ,! conception ( a s\l t z an indep5d5t1 unique1 & self-conta9$ spiritual be+ dwells )9 ! body1 :ile ! body does n receive its intellectual faculties ( p]ceiv+1 feel+1 will+ & ?9k+ f ! s\l1 b ex]cises ^! by its own p[]--?is conception agrees at bottom ) ! ideas ( popul> psy*ology t are z a rule describ$ or impli$ 9 ! ,hom]ic poems4#icaa ,! only diff]5ce is t ^! ideas ( poet & populace are elaborat$ & def9$ by ! speculations ( !ologians & philosoph]s4 ,h[ deeply impress$ ^u ! ,greek m9d su* conceptions1 d]iv$ ev5tually f ,hom]1 actually 71 c be measur$ by ! fact t a conception ( ! tw(old orig9 ( psy*ic activity1 its tw(old nature & sph]e ( action1 closely relat$ to t ( ,emp$okles1 is cont9ually recurr+ 9 m advanc$ /ages ( philosophy4 ,x occurs n m]ely 9 ,plato1 b ev5 9 ,ari/otle1 :o 9 addition to ! s\l t directs & expresses itself 9 ! physico-organic nature ( man1 recognizes ano!r be+ ( div9e desc5t t ent]s into man f )\t1 ! m9d 7n\s7 :i* is sep>able bo? f ! s\l & f ! body1 & is alone de/9$ to survive ! dea? ( ! man to :i* x 0 assign$4#idaa ,9 ! doctr9e ( ,emp$okles1 too1 x is a /rang]-gue/ f ! di/ant l& ( gods t ent]s into man to give him a s\l4 ,?is be+ is inde$ f> bel[ ! m9d ( ,ari/otle 9 philosophic importance2 nev]!less1 9 ! introduction ( ?is ,/rang] into ! _w compos$ ( ! elem5ts & vital faculties1 a s5se ( ! absolute uniqu5ess ( _s1 its unlik5ess to ev]y?+ mat]ial1 its ess5tial di/9ctness f matt]1 f9ds expression1 if only 9 a limit$ !ological fa%ion4 ,9 ! light ( su* !ological consid]ations1 ! s\l seems also to ,emp$okles some?+ ess5tially di/9ct f its prototype1 ! ,hom]ic psy*e1 :i* aft] its sep>ation #chd f ! body passes to ! twilight ( a %ad[y dream-life4 ,to him1 ! s\l is ( div9e race1 too noble = ?is _w ( visibility1 & only :5 x escapes f ?is _w does x seem to him to beg9 its real & full life4 ,?\gh conf9$ )9 ! body1 x has its sep>ate exi/5ce !re2 x has no conc]n ) ! ev]yday bus9ess ( p]ception & s5sation--n ev5 ) t ( ?9k+1 :i* is no?+ else b ! he>t's blood4 ,b x is active 9 ! high] mode ( k1 9 ec/atic inspiration2#ieaa to x alone belongs ! pr(\nd insight ( ! philosoph] :o is enabl$ to pass beyond ! limits ( m]e exp]i5ce & s5se-p]ception1 & behold ! totality ( ! univ]se 9 its true nature4#ifaa ,to x alone apply all ! requirem5ts ( e?ical & religi\s sy/ems--duties 9 ?is high] s5se belong only to ! s\l2 x is some?+ 9 ! nature ( a consci5ce4 ,its highe/ duty is to free itself f ! unhall[$ union ) ! body1 & ! elem5ts ( ?is _w2 ! rules ( purification & asceticism ref] solely to x4 ,betwe5 ?is s\l-daimon t ye>ns aft] its div9e home1 & ! _w ( ! elem5ts1 !re exi/s no inw>d bond or necess>y connexion4 ,& yet1 s9ce !y h become implicat$ 9 ea* o!r's exi/5ce1 a c]ta9 p>allelism exi/s betwe5 !m 9 "* & de/9y4 ,9 ! me*anically mov$ _w1 too1 ! sep>ate & p>ticul> ph5om5a t5d back aga9 t[>ds _! />t+ po9t1 ! inw>dly coh]5t ,unity f :i* !y once took _! orig94 ,a day w come :51 aft] all /ruggle has be5 done away1 ,love alone w h absolute rule2 & ?is means = ! poet--:o 9 8 description ev5 ( ?is _w ( me*anical attraction & repulsion int]polates half-realiz$ e?ical concepts#igaa--;a /ate ( absolute goodness & happ9ess4 ,if !re is no long] any _w1 !n1 until ano!r "o is creat$1 no s\l-daimon c be b\nd any m to ! individual organisms ( a _w4 ,h !y !n all return$ to ! bless$ communion ( ! immortal gods8 ,x appe>s t n ev5 ! gods & daimones 7& s n ! spirits enclos$ 9 _w z s\ls7 are reg>d$ by ,emp$okles z hav+ ev]la/+ life4 ,long-liv+ is ! "n he repeat$ly applies to !m2 he nev] di/9ctly ascribes et]nal life to !m4#ihaa ,!y1 too1 %all = a p]iod enjoy ! happ9ess ( pr(\nde/ peace until1 j z ! elem5ts & =ces are drawn into ! unity ( ! ,sphairos1 !y1 too1 come toge!r 9 ! unity ( ! godlike ,univ]sal ,m9d1 !nce at a new _w-creation to appe> once m z individual sep>ate be+4#iiaa #che #g ,emp$okles took a fully develop$ hylozoic sy/em 7:i* 9 itself1 ) its introduction ( ! motive =ces ( ,conflict & ,love1 already betray$ a lat5t dualism7 & attempt$ to comb9e ) x an extreme =m ( spirituali/ tea*+4 ,8 attempt illu/rates v cle>ly ! obs]vation t a philosophic sci5ce ( nature 9 itself c\ld nev] lead to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! axiom t ! individual s\l aft] its sep>ation f ! body cont9ues to exi/1 /ill less t x is inde/ructible4 ,any "o :o /ill felt x necess>y to ass]t t axiom c\ld f9d support = x only by all[+ physiology to be ei!r ov]:elm$ by !ological speculation1 or else supplem5t$ by x 9 ! mann] attempt$ by ,emp$okles4 ,su* an attempt to reconcile ! irreconcilable c h f\nd few adh]5ts among ^? :o 7 accessible to sci5tific ideas1 nor 0 x likely to tempt ! physiological philosophy f ! pa? :i* x _h hi!rto foll[$4 ,soon aft] ,emp$okles1 & 9 ess5tials h>dly influ5c$ by him1 ,anaxagoras & ,demokritos develop$ ^? doctr9al sy/ems :i* 7 ! la/ products ( ! indep5d5t speculation ( ,ionia4 ,demokritos 0 ! f\nd] & complet] ( ! atomic doctr9e accord+ to :i* !re exi/ 9 reality only ! indivisible1 m9ute/ mat]ial bodies--:i*1 :ile qualitatively indi/+ui%able1 yet diff] 9 %ape1 position1 & arrangem5t 9 space z well z 9 bulk & weight--& empty space4 ,he 0 oblig$ to seek = ! s\l 7:i* to ! mat]iali/ may easily pres5t itself z be+ a sep>ate1 sub/antial1 self-exi/5t ?+7 among ^? m9ute/ bodies out ( :i* ! :ole fabric ( ! _w ( appe>ance is built up4 ,! s\l is t :i* conf]s movem5t ^u ! inh]5tly motionless collections ( bodies4 ,x is compos$ ( ! r\nd & smoo? atoms :i*1 9 ! univ]sal condition ( unre/ t keeps all ! atoms 9 agitation1 are ! mo/ easily mov$1 = !y (f] lea/ resi/ance to *ange ( position1 & c mo/ easily p5etrate o!rs4 ,^! atoms compose fire & ! s\l4 ,x is ! s\l-atom--"o be+ ins]t$ betwe5 e two ( ! o!r atoms#ajjaa--:i* gives ^! _! movem5t2 & x is f all ! s\l-atoms uni=mly dispos$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole body t ! body gets its movem5t1 :5ce also 7?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ 9 an un9telligible mann]7 comes ! p[] ( p]ception1 :i* equally dep5ds on movem5t1 & ! ?\ght aris+ !nce1 ( ?is same body4 #chf ,dur+ ! life-"t ( ! individual body1 ! cont9uance ( ! s\l-atoms is secur$ by ! brea?+ :i* cont9ually replaces ! smoo? s\l-p>ticles t are z cont9ually be+ expell$ f ! :ole atom-complex by ! pressure ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,! brea?+ is always draw+ 9 fre% s\l-/uff f ! air :i* is full ( float+ s\l-atoms1 & supplies x to ! body4 ,a "t comes1 h[ev]1 :5 ! brea?+ refuses ?is function1 & dea? occurs1 :i* is simply ! insuffici5t supply ( ^! mov+ & animat+ atoms4#ajaaa ,) ! com+ ( dea?1 !re is an end to ! union ( ! atoms1 ^: amalgamation _h =m$ ! p>ticul> liv+ organism4 ,nei!r ! s\l-atoms nor any ( ! o!r atoms are de/roy$2 !y d n alt] 9 k9d2 b f ! loose /ate ( aggregation :i* ev5 9 ! liv+ body h>dly am\nt$ to an absolute unity to :i* a s+le common "n c\ld be appli$--f ?is !y n[ escape entirely4 ,x is sc>cely possible to see h[1 on ?is view ( :at ess5tially con/itutes m5tal & vital ph5om5a1 z a m]e resultant ( ! sep>ate & individual activities ( individual & disconnect$ bodies1 ! unity ( ! liv+ organism & ! spiritual entity c\ld ev] come into be+4 ,x is ev5 m evid5t t a unifi$ s\l c\ld n possibly cont9ue to exi/ aft] ! dissolution :i* takes place at dea? ( ! atoms t 9 _! union made up ! organism4 ,&1 9 fact1 ! s\l-atoms disp]se2#ajbaa !y return :5ce !y came into ! re/less mass ( _w-/uff4 ,! human individual1 9 ?is view ( ! case1 p]i%es 9 dea? entirely4#ajcaa ,! mat]ials out ( :i* he 0 %ap$ & compos$ are inde/ructible1 & res]v$ = future con/ruction2 b 8 p]sonality--! invisible p]sonality1 ! s\l1 j z mu* z ! visible--has b a s+le exi/5ce /rictly limit$ to its "o appe>ance 9 "t4 ,! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] dea?1 an immortality 9 :atev] mann] ! ?+ may be conceiv$1 is "h = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greek ?\ght1 expressly d5i$4 ,! ,atomi/1 ) ! c&id precision t di/+ui%es him1 draws ! necess>y consequ5ces ( 8 premises4 ,anaxagoras /rikes out a pa? almo/ directly oppos$ to ?is mat]iali/ doctr9e4 ,z ! fir/ decisive & consci\s duali/ among ,greek philosoph]s1 he takes ! mat]ial sub/ratum ( be+1 ! inexhau/ible _m ( di/9ctly *>act]iz$ & di/9ctly sep>ate ,se$s ( ?+s--:i* are nev]!less indi/+ui%ably int]m+l$ ) ea* o!r--& sets ov] aga9/ !m a =ce :i* he #chg obvi\sly did n mean to d]ive f !m1 to :i* he gives a "n usually atta*$ to ! faculty ( ?\ght 9 man1 & :i* 9 any case he ?\ght ( z analog\s to t faculty4#ajdaa ,?is ,m9d1 simple1 unmix$ & un*angeable1 is giv5 su* titles & adjectives t x is impossible to mi/ake ! ef=t ( ,anaxagoras to ?9k ( x z some?+ di/9ct f ev]y?+ mat]ial1 & 9 fact1 absolutely immat]ial & incorporeal4#ajeaa ,x is at once p[] ( ?\ght & =ce ( w2 at ! creation ( ! _w x gives ! fir/ circul> impulse to ! intr9sically motionless lump ( matt]2 ! creation ( di/9ct =ms 9 accordance ) a consci\s purpose is begun by x--?\gh ! c>ry+ out ( ?is purpose is inde$ to be complet$ 9 accordance ) pure me*anical laws )\t ! int]f]5ce ( ,m9d4 ,?is ,m9d t plans & ord]s b does n make ! _w1 t ) ! consci\s insight ( its omnisci5t wisdom#ajfaa influ5ces matt] )\t be+ influ5c$ 9 turn1 t moves )\t be+ mov$2#ajgaa set ov] aga9/ ! multiplicity ( ?+s z an indivisible unity1#ajhaa hav+ no?+ 9 common ) any?+ outside itself#ajiaa b entirely self-conta9$#aajaa--;h[ %all we conceive ( x o!rwise ?an z an almo/ p]sonifi$1 transc5d5t div9e p[] confront+ ! _w ( matt] z some?+ =eign to x1 rul+ ! _w f )\t by magical1 n me*anical1 means8 ,b ?is transc5d5t is also completely imman5t4 9999,:]ev] 9 ?is _w life & indep5d5t movem5t are f\nd1 !re1 too1 ! m9d z ! s\rce ( life & movem5t mu/ be active4 ,m9d rules all t has s\l says ,anaxagoras4#aaaaa ,9 say+ ?is he has n inde$ ass]t$ ! pres5ce ( ,m9d )9 ! animat$ be+ nor yet id5tity ( nature z betwe5 s\l & m9d4 ,b :5 we he> t ,m9d goes ?r\gh all ?+s1#aabaa t 9 ev]y?+ !re is a "p ( all ?+s1 except ( m9d1 & 9 "s ?+s ( m9d also1#aacaa t mu/ imply ! p5etration ( _m associations ( matt] by m9d 7h>dly any long] to be ?\ght ( z immat]ial7 :]eby ! previ\sly ass]t$ transc5d5cy ( m9d seems to be giv5 up4 ,at any rate1 z su* associations 9 :i* is ,m9d1 liv+ & animat$ be+s are reg>d$4 ,x is 9 !m t ,m9d is pres5t 9 cont9ual1 equal creativ5ess1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t degrees2#aadaa inde$1 ,m9d is or con/itutes t v ?+ t we call ! s\l ( a liv+ be+4#aaeaa ,among ^! liv+ be+s1 :i* exi/ ^u ! moon1#aafaa z well z on e>?1 are n only m5 & bea/s1 b also plants4#aagaa ,9 all ^! ,m9d is active2 )\t los+ any ( its purity or unity1 x is mix$ ) !m4#aahaa #chh ,h[ we are to conceive ! omnipot5t ,m9d1 ^: on5ess & self-conta9$ness has be5 s emphatically ass]t$1 z nev]!less ent]+ simultane\sly into ! inf9ity ( individual be+--t c]ta9ly rema9s obscure4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t hav+ ?us d]iv$ all animat$ be+ f ! s+le ,_w-,m9d1 ,anaxagoras c\ld n speak ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( individual1 self-exi/5t s\ls aft] ! dissolution ( ! mat]ial concretions 9 :i* mov+ & animat+ s\l-=ce _h once liv$4 ,! view is def9itely ascrib$ to him t sep>ation f ! body is also ! s\l's dea?4#aaiaa ,no?+1 inde$1 ( ! compon5t p>ts t belong to ! :ole p]i%es1 & no *ange 9 its nature takes place4 ,s ,m9d1 ^: manife/ations ! s\ls 71 ma9ta9s itself unalt]$ & undim9i%$2 b aft] ! dissolution ( ! unit$1 :i* ! ,hell5es reg>d z its de/ruction1#abjaa ?\gh ! compon5t p>ts ( ! individual rema91 yet n t p>ticul> mixture 9 :i* ! peculi>ity ( ! individual 0 inh]5t--,m9d rema9s1 b n ! s\l 4 4 4 ,?us1 ! fir/ di/9ct sep>ation ( ! intellectual ?9k+ pr9ciple f ! mat]ial sub/ance ) :i* x 0--n fus$1 mu* less id5tifi$1 b--contra/$ 9 sov]eignty & indep5d5ce1 did n lead to ! recognition ( ! inde/ructibility ( ! individual _s4 ,%all we say t ! m5tal1 self-mov$1 life-giv+ pr9ciple1 :e!r set ov] aga9/ ! mat]ial & corporeal or indivisibly unit$ ) x1 is = ! physiologi/ always some?+ univ]sal--t ! ess5tially real is imp]sonal8 ,= him ! individual1 ! p]sonality consci\s ( itself & ( ! out] _w1 c be no?+ b a manife/ation ( ! univ]sal1 :e!r ! latt] is reg>d$ z fix$ & at re/1 or z a liv+ process t untir+ly develops itself1 recruits itself1 & recon/ructs itself 9 ev] r5ew$ creations4 ,! only p]man5t1 un*ang+ reality is ! univ]sal1 ! ess5tial & fundam5tally real ,nature :i* appe>s 9 all individual ?+s1 speaks out ( _! m\?1 &1 9 reality1 only works & lives 9 !m4 ,! individual human s\l has its inde/ructibility only 9 its id5tity ) ! univ]sal t repres5ts itself 9 x4 ,! individual =ms ( appe>ance1 hav+ no indep5d5ce ( _! own1 _c p]man5tly abide4 ,! view t imp]i%able life belongs to ! individual s\l c\ld only be rea*$ by a l9e ( ?\ght t took z a fact & held fa/ to x z some?+ giv5 t ! individual _s is a reality4 7,its appe>ance & disappe>ance 9 ! #chi mid/ ( ! "o univ]se 0 inde$ = ! physiologi/s ! true miracle1 ! problem nev] satisfactorily solv$47 ,su* a belief 9 individuality1 ! belief 9 an indep5d5tly exi/5t individual sub/ance t _h nev] _h a beg9n+ & c\ld !re=e nev] h an end1 0 ! contribution1 h[ev] fancifully x might be express$1 ( ! !ologians & ! my/ics4 ,= !m immortality1 ! p[] ( sub/antive duration unlimit$ by "t1 0 ext5d$ also to include ! individual4 ,! individual s\l is = !m a self-exi/5t1 individual1 div9e be+1 inde/ructible because x is div9e4 ,greek philosophy und]w5t _m *anges 9 ! c\rse ( its speculations dur+ ! foll[+ ages2 b exactly 9 proportion z x1 to a great] or less] degree1 accept$ !ological elem5ts or on ! o!r h& reject$ su* elem5ts1 did x give fundam5tal support to ! view ( ! s\l's immortality1 or grudg+ly admit x1 or absolutely reject x4 ,,notes ,,to ,,*apt] ,,xi #aaa3 psu*_/ life1 concept ( life1 9 ,hom] 7?\gh n inde$ us$ to d5ote psy*ical p[]s dur+ lifetime73 see above1 pp4 #cj1 #ca4 ,s1 too1 occasionally 9 ! rema9s ( ! ,iambic & ,elegiac poets ( ! e>lie/ p]iod3 ,ar*il4 #bc2 ,tyrt4 #aj1 #ad2 #aa1 #e2 ,sol4 #ac1 #df2 ,?gn4 #efh f41 #gcj2 7,hippon4 #dc1 #a874 psu*_/ life 9 ! prov]bial phrase p]i psu*s tre*ein 7see ,wessel4 & ,valck4 on ,hdt4 vii1 #eg2 ,jacobs on ,a*4 ,tat41 p4 #hif999974 psu*_/ frequ5tly life 9 ! idiom ( ! ,attic orators 7see ,meuss1 ,jahrb4 f4 ,philol4 #ahhi1 p4 #hjc74 #baa3 ,see above1 pp4 #e1 #cj4 ,ev5 ! ,hom]ic poems 9 "o case %[ a slight unc]ta9ty ( language & ( psy*ological conception :5 !y use ?umo_/s1 ! highe/ & mo/ g5]al ( ! p[]s ( life dwell+ )9 ! visible & liv+ man1 9 ! s5se ( psu*_/1 ! d\ble ( ! man :o dwells z a lodg] 9 8 body1 sep>ate & tak+ no "p 9 ! ord9>y bus9ess ( 8 life4 ,! ?umo_/s 7see above1 *ap4 i1 n4 #eg7 is active dur+ ! man's lifetime1 is enclos$ 9 ! midriff 7en phresi ?umos7 & :5 t is ov]tak5 by dea? is itself ov]:elm$ 7,ps #ajd73 on ! arrival ( dea? x leaves ! body & p]i%es--:ile ! psu*_/ flies away intact4 ,! di/9ction is cle>ly ma9ta9$1 e4g4 9 l #bbj f43 fire de/roys ! body epei_/ k5 prta li_/p leu_/k' o/e_/a ?umo_/s1 psu* d' u_/t' o_/neiros apoptame_/n pepo_/ttai4 ?umo_/s & psu*_/ !re=e leave ! body ( ! sla9 man simultane\sly 7?um\ kai psu*s kekad_/n ,l #ccd1 ph #aed72 b 9 v diff]5t ways4 ,! relation betwe5 !m becomes1 h[ev]1 int]*angeability 9 ! s+le case :5 x is said ( ! ?umo_/s t x 9 dea? w ent] apo me_/le_/n d_/mon ,a_/idos ei_/s-- #aca2 9 reality ?is c\ld only be said ( t v diff]5t be+1 ! psu*_/4 7,:5 a fa9t+-fit has pass$ ov] we d inde$ he>1 n t ! psu*_/--?\gh ?is x 0 t _h left ! man3 see above1 *ap4 i1 n4 #h--;b t es phre_/na ?umos age_/r?1 ,* #dge1 e #deh1 #cdi4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n a case ( ?umo_/s in/ead ( psu*_/1 b ?umo_/s is m]ely an abbreviat$ =m ( ! :ole /atem5t :i* w\ld be 9 full3 bo? ?umo_/s & psu*_/ h n[ return$ into ! man2 cf4 ,e #fif4 ,x is a k9d ( synecdo*e47 ,9 ! l9e #aca we really1 !n1 d h ?umo_/s in/ead ( psu*_/ ei!r z ! result ( a misund]/&+ ( ! real mean+ ( ! two words or m]ely ?r\gh an ov]sight4 ,b nev] 7& ?is is ! mo/ ess5tial po9t7 d we h a case 9 ,hom] ( ! opposite ex*ange ( significance3 i4e4 ( psu*_/ us$ 9 ! s5se ?umo_/s 7no_/os1 me_/nos1 tor1 etc471 z mean+ ! m5tal p[] & its activity 9 ! liv+ & wak+ man4 ,j ?is1 h[ev]1 & m ?an ?is1 ! sum & sub/ance ( all ! m5tal p[]s 9 g5]al1 is :at ! ^w psu*_/ means 9 ! language ( ! philosoph]s 7except ^? affect$ by religi\s t5d5cies74 ,!y left out ( acc\nt altoge!r t spiritual d\ble ( mank9d :om ! popul> psy*ology call$ ! psu*_/1 & 7 ?us free to use ! ^w to express ! :ole psy*ical cont5t ( ! human individual4 ,f ! fif? c5tury onw>ds we f9d ! ^w psu*_/ us$ commonly1 & ev5 regul>ly1 9 ?is s5se 9 ! vocabul>y ( non-philosophical poets & prose writ]s4 ,only !ologians & poets1 or philosoph]s ( a !ological t5d5cy1 cont9u$ to use ! #cia ^w 9 its anci5t & primitive s5se4 ,inde$1 :5 ! sep>ation ( a spiritual be+ f ! body ( a man 9 dea? 0 be+ spok5 (1 psu*_/ always cont9u$ to be ! prop] ^w = ?is s5se ev5 9 popul> language4 7,an extremely r>e example ( ?umo_/s 9 ?is s5se1 comp>able ) #aca1 is ,ari/4 ,pepl4 #fa ,bgk42 ?umo_/n 4 4 4 ai?r lampros e_/*ei4 ,9 ! correspond+ epigram1 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #da1 we h psu*_/n47 #caa3 e_/nioi1 among !m ,*oirilos ( ,samos3 ,d4,l4 i1 #bd 7f ,favor9us73 ,vors4#d1 i1 p4 #a1 #ba4 #daa3 ,ari/41 ,an4 #a1 #b1 p4 #dje;a1 #bj f4 ,ari/otle & ,hippias ap4 ,d4,l4 i1 #bd2 ,vors41 p4 #b1 #a4 ta phuta e_/mpsu*a za1 ,dox4 #dch;a1 #f1 b1 #a4 #eaa3 ,metaphorical language3 ,?als _/? pa_/nta pl_/r !n einai1 ,ari/41 ,an4 #a1 #e1 p4 #daa;a1 #h4 ton ko_/smon 7e_/mpsu*on kai7 daimo_/nn pl_/r1 ,d4,l4 i1 #bg2 ,dox4 #cja;b1 #b2 ,vors4 p4 #b1 #bj4 ,pl41 ,lg4 #hii ,b1 is an allusion to ! !n pl_/r pa_/nta 7z ,kris*e rem>ks1 ,!ol4 ,lehr4 d4 ,gr4 ,d5k]1 p4 #cg74 ,!re is p]haps a half-mock+ ref]5ce to ! words 9 ! say+ attribut$ by anecdotal tradition to ,h]akleitos3 einai kai entau?a !\_/s 7i4e4 9 8 own he>?7 ,ari/41 ,,pa4 #a1 #e1 p4 #fde;a1 #ag ff4 ,h5ce ,h]akleitos himself 0 cr$it$ ) ! op9ion ( ,?ales 9 slightly alt]$ =m3 pa_/nta psu*n einai kai daimo_/nn pl_/r1 ,d4,l4 ix1 #g 7,vors41 p4 #fh1 #bi71 9 ! fir/ 7& valueless7 ( ! two li/s ( ! doctr9es ( ,h]akl4 !re giv54 #faa3 ,ari/41 ,phys4 #c1 #d1 p4 #bjc;b1 #aj-ad4 ,dox4 #eei1 #ah4 ,vors41 p4 #ag1 #ce4 #gaa3 ,anaxim&]1 fr4 #b ,mull4 ,vors41 p4 #ae1 #bf4 ,t ,anaxim&] decl>$ ! s\l to be l air is an errone\s /atem5t ( ,!odoret43 see ,diels1 ,dox4 #chg;b1 #aj 7,vors4 #ba1 #e74 #haa3 ,anaxim5es 9 ,dox4 #bgh;a1 #ab ff42 b1 #h ff4 fr4 #b ,diels4 #iaa3 ,anaxim4 calls ton ae_/ra !o_/n1 i4e4 x has div9e p[]3 ,dox4 #cjb;b1 #e2 #eca;a1 #ag1 b1 #a-b4 ,vors4 #bd1 #ah4 ,?is at lea/ is to be und]/ood 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* ,anaxim&] is said to h call$ to a_/peiron1 to !ion 7,ari/41 ,phys4 #c1 #d1 p4 #bjc;b1 #ac2 ,vors41 p4 #ag1 #ce74 #ajaa3 hen pa_/nta einai1 fr4 #a 7,byw472 #ej 7,diels74 #aaaa3 ,ari/41 ,an4 #a1 #b1 p4 #dje;a1 #be ff4 ,vors4 #gd1 #cj4 ,hkl4 is also meant 9 p4 #dje;a1 #e4 ,dox4 #dga1 #b 7,arius ,didymus72 #chi;a1 #c ff4 #abaa3 ,ari/41 p4 #dje;a4 #be ff4 ,hkl4 fr4 #fh 7#cf ,d474 #acaa3 ,s4,e41 ,m4 #g1 #abg1 #abi-ca4 ,vors4 #ge1 #ad ff4 #adaa3 ho !o_/s is bo? ! ,univ]sal ,fire1 t trans=ms itself into ! _w1 & at ! same "t its p[] 7& lo_/gos3 frr4 #b #a1 #ib #b73 fr4 #cf 7#fg74 to pur !on hupei_/lph51 ,h]akl43 ,cl4 ,al41 ,prot4 #e1 #fd1 p4 #ee ,p4 ,vors4 n4 #h ,a #h4 pur no]on ton !on 7einai eph!_/gxato71 ,hippol41 ,,rh4 i1 #d1 p4 #aj1 #eg ,mill4--,zeus z metaphor = ?is univ]sal fire 7h5ce ouk e!_/lei kai e!_/lei71 ! only wise "o2 fr4 #fe 7#cb74 #aeaa3 h epix5!isa tois hmete_/rois s_/mas9 apo t\ p]ie_/*ontos moira 7p]ie_/*4 ! univ]sal ,fire7 is said ( ! s\l & its reason+ faculty ap4 ,s4,e41 ,m4 vii1 #acj2 ,vors41 p4 #ge1 #ai2 7cf4 aporro kai moira ek t\ phron\ntos1 ,plu41 ,is4 et ,o4 #gg1 p4 #chb ,b74 ,?is is fully ,h]akleitean 9 ?\ght if n also 9 actual =m ( expression4 #afaa3 ,t ,h]akleitos drew ! conclusions affect+ also ! ,s\l--! spiritual man--freely p>aphras$ 9 ! text1 aris+ necess>ily out ( 8 doctr9e ( ! p]petual *ange 9 ! mat]ial sub/ance t excludes all possibility ( la/+ self-id5tity 9 any object 7frr4 #dj1 #da1 #db1 #ha #ia1 #ab1 #di a71 is prov$ especially by ! words ( ,plut>* 9 ! eighte5? *apt] ( 8 treatise de ,e ,delph4 p4 #cib--;a *apt] :i* is entirely bas$ on ,h]akleitos1 :o is twice actually cit$ 9 x4 ,n only does ho ne_/os die eis ton akma_/zonta ktl41 b ho *!s 7a_/n?rpos7 eis ton s_/m]on te_/?nk51 ho de s_/m]on eis ton #cib au_/rion apo?n_/skei4 me_/nei d' oudei_/s1 oud' e_//9 heis1 alla gigno_/me?a polloi p]i hen pha_/ntasma ktl42 cf4 ,cons4 ad ,apoll4 #aj1 p4 #ajf ,e4 ,h]akl4 is also ! orig9 ( :at is said 9 ,plato1 ,smp4 #bjg ,d ff43 ea* man is only app>5tly "o & ! same2 9 reality1 ev5 :ile he is /ill alive1 he cont9ually suff]s a new & diff]5t man to take ! place ( ! old & dep>t+ "o--& ?is applies1 j z mu* to ! s\l z to ! body4 7,only f ! /&po9t ( ,h]akleitean doctr9e--"h adopt$ 9 pass+ by ,plato z suit+ 8 *os5 me?od ( argum5t--is ! conclusion he rea*es ju/ifi$2 ! conclusion is t x is only by ! p]petual sub/itution ( a new be+ l ! old "o t man has immortality1 & n by ! et]nal pres]vation ( 8 own prop] be+2 = ?is advantage belongs peculi>ly to ! div9e4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 _c possibly be und]/ood z ! s]i\s tea*+ ( ,plato himself47--,! ,h]akleitean d5ial ( p]sonal id5tity 9 m5 is allud$ to by ,epi*>mos 7or a pseudo-,ep487 ap4 ,d4,l4 iii1 #aa1 ll4 #ac-ah2 ,vors41 p4 #aah-ai 7cf4 ,wytt4 ad ,plu41 ,s]4 ,num4 ,v4 #eei ,a vii1 p4 #cig f4 ,ox42 ,b]nays1 ,rh4 ,mus4 viii1 #bhj ff472 & cf4 ,s541 ,ep4 #eh1 #bc4--;,x is in/ructive to comp>e ) ,h]akl4's doctr9e ( ! in/ability ( ! psy*ic complex ! v simil> !ory ( ! influx & reflux ( ! elem5ts ( ! s\l z describ$ 9 ! ,indian doctr9e ( ,ja9ism4 ,! s\l 79 ! ,indian doctr9e7 cont9ually trans=ms1 re-arranges1 & re/ores itself1 j l ! body4 ,see ,deuss51 ,sy/em d4 ,v$nta1 #ccj4 #agaa3 ,! app>5tly contradictory /atem5t psu*si te_/rps91 m ?a_/naton1 hugrsi g5e_//hai ap4 ,porph41 ,antr4 ,nymph4 #aj 7#gb ,by41 #gg ,d471 does n repres5t ! words or real op9ion ( ,hkl41 b only ( ,num5ios' 7fr4 #ce ,!d+a7 arbitr>y & p]sonal int]pretation ( ,hkl4 doctr9e 7see ,gomp]z 9 ,sitzb4 d4 ,wi54 ,ak4 #aac1 #ajae ff474 #ahaa3 ,a doctr9e ( transmigration ( s\ls is attribut$ to ,hkl4 by ,s*u/]1 ,h]aklit1 p4 #agd ff4 7#ahgc74 ,! utt]ances ( ,h]akleitos !re quot$ to prove ?is !sis 7frr4 #gh1 #fg1 #abc #hh1 #fb1 #fc7 d n1 h[ev]1 imply any?+ ( ! k9d & !re is n ! slighte/ indication 9 ! :ole ( ,hkl's doctr9al sy/em ^u :i* a !ory ( ! transmigration ( ! s\l might be f\nd$4 #aiaa3 ,to prove t ,h]akleitos spoke ( a cont9uation ( ! life ( ! individual s\l aft] its sep>ation f ! body1 appeal is made p>tly to ! /atem5ts ( lat] philosoph]s1 p>tly to actual utt]ances ( ,h]akl4 7cf4 9 p>ticul> ,zell]1 ,greek ,phil4 to ,socr4 ii1 #hf2 ,pfleid]]1 ,philos4 d4 ,h]aklit im ,li*te d] ,my/]i5idee1 p4 #bad ff474 ,platoni/ philosoph]s d1 ( c\rse1 attribute to ,h]akleitos a doctr9e ( ! s\l :i* taught ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! individual s\l1 its fall 9 bir?1 & its dep>ture into a sep>ate life ( its own aft] dea? 7cf4 ,num5ios ap4 ,porph41 ,ant4 #aj2 ,iamb41 ap4 ,/ob41 ,ecl4 i1 #cge1 #g2 #ch1 #ba ff4 ,w42 ,a54 ,gaz41 ,?phr41 pp4 #e1 #g ,boiss474 ,^! acc\nts1 h[ev]1 are pla9ly b private & arbitr>y int]pretations ( ,h]akleitean say+s 7metaba_/llon anapau_/etai1 ka_/mato_/s e/i tois autois aei mo*!in kai a_/r*e/hai7 9 ! light ( ! conceptions curr5t among ^? philosoph]s !mselves2 !y are homiletic1 fancifully conceiv$ expositions ( v %ort & ambigu\s texts1 & c s mu* ! less s]ve z witnesses ( ,h]akleitos' real op9ions s9ce ,plot9os 7#d1 #h1 #a7 op5ly admits t ,h]akl4 9 ?is matt] has omitt$ saph hmin poisai ton lo_/gon4 ,o!rs read into c]ta9 ,h]akleitean utt]ances ! ,orphic doctr9e ( sma--sma1 ! entombm5t ( ! s\l 9 ! body 7,philo1 ,leg4 ,alleg4 #a1 #cc1 i1 p4 #fe ,m42 ,s4,e41 ,p4 iii1 #bcj71 :i* _c1 h[ev]1 be s]i\sly suppos$ to be 8 tea*+4 ,! s\l did n = ,hkl41 any m ?an = ! ,py?agoreans or ,platonics1 #cic come into exi/5ce at bir? 7sub/antially7 out ( no?+ 7:i* 0 ! popul> idea72 x r1 z a portion ( ! univ]sal fire 7! univ]sal psy*e7 is 9 exi/5ce f et]nity4 ,b x c]ta9ly does n foll[1 because lat] writ]s insi/$ on f9d+ 9 him ! idea s famili> to !mselves1 t ,hkl4 himself accept$ ! pre-exi/5ce ( disembodi$ sep>ate s\ls possess+ complete & absolute individuality4 ,a few enigmatic & highly picturesque expressions--typical ( ?is philosoph]'s fav\rite mann] ( express+ ab/ract ideas by clo?+ !m 9 symbolic imag]y--might tempt to su* an int]pretation4 a?a_/natoi ?ntoi_/1 ?ntoi a?a_/natoi1 zntes ton ekei_/nn ?a_/naton ton de ekei_/nn bi_/on te?netes 7fr4 #fg #fb7--t c]ta9ly does s\nd z if ,hkl4 _h meant to speak ( ! entrance into ! human life ( individual div9e be+s 7& ?is 0 simply sub/itut$ 9 inaccurate quotations ( ! say+3 !oi ?ntoi_/1 a_/n?rpoi a?a_/natoi1 etc42 cf4 ,b]nays1 ,h]aklit4 ,briefe1 #ci ff474 ,& yet ,h]akleitos c only h meant1 9 con=mity ) 8 :ole position1 t et]nal & p]i%able1 div9e & human are alike & int]*angeable2 he has = ! mom5t p]sonifi$ to !ion 7also call$ ho !o_/s fr4 #cf #fg2 cf4 fr4 #fa #ajb7 z individual a?a_/natoi1 b he only means :at he says 9 ano!r place3 tauto to zn kai te?nko_/s 7fr4 #gh #hh71 bi_/os & ?a_/natos are ! same 7fr4 #ff #dh74 ,x seems to me impossible to extract f ^! words ( ?is #fg? fragm5t 7#fbnd71 or f no4 #dd 7 #ec71 a doctr9e ( ! asc5t to div9ity ( special great m5 7) ,gomp]z1 ,sitzb4 ,wi54 ,ak4 #ahhf1 p4 #ajaj1 #ajda f474 ,nor w\ld any?+ be ass]t$ by su* a doctr9e ab\t ! immortality ( su* m54 ,! /rik+ phrase an?r_/p\s me_/nei teleut_/santas ha_/ssa ouk e_/lpontai 7fr4 #abb #bg7 is c]ta9ly und]/ood by ,cl4 ,al4 z ref]r+ to ! puni%m5t ( ! s\l aft] dea?4 ,b ! same ,cl4 ,al41 ,/r4 9999v1 #i1 p4 #fdi ,p41 is capable ( expla9+ ! ,h]akleitean ekpu_/rsis 79 :i* ,h]akl4 actually speaks ( a kri_/sis by fire3 fr4 #bf #ff7 z a dia puros ka_/?>sis tn kaks bebiko_/tn4 ,9 fact1 he is giv+ to /atem5ts torn f _! context a mean+ t accords ) 8 own k & compreh5sion4 ,! same s5t5ce 7fr4 #abb #bg7 is giv5 a q diff]5t & consolatory s5se by ,plu4 ap4 ,/ob41 ,fl4 #abj1 #h f942 cf4 ,s*u/]1 ,h]aklit1 p4 #aij1 n4 #a4 ,h]akl4 himself ne$ h meant no?+ m ?an ! p]petual process ( *ange t awaits m5 aft] dea?4--,o!r utt]ances are no m conclusive = a doctr9e ( immortality 9 ,hkl4 7fr4 #g #ah belongs to q ano!r context74 ,^? :o h fall5 9 w> are hon\r$ bo? by gods 7^: exi/5ce 0 n d5i$ by ,hkl4 nor 0 x necess>y t he %\ld7 & m51 fr4 #ajb #bd2 t _! rew>d 0 any?+ else b fame--= example1 bless$ immortality--is n sugge/$ ev5 by ,cl4 ,al4 7,/r4 iv1 #af1 p4 #ega ,p471 & is c]ta9ly n to be extract$ f ,h4's words1 fr4 #abf #e 7! fool7 h\_/ti g9_/skn !\s oud' h_/rz hoi_/t9e_/s eis9 simply %[s t ,hkl4 did n %>e ! popul> ideas ab\t gods & ,h]oes1 b supplies no?+ positive4--,9 fr4 #ch #ih we h hai psu*ai osmntai ka?' ha_/dn4 ,are we really to d$uce f ?is t ,h]akl4 believ$ 9 a regul> ,hom]ic ,hades8 ha_/ds is a metaphorical expression = ! opposite ( ! life on e>? 7j z x is us$ metaphorically = ! opp4 ( pha_/os by ! ,h]akleitean ,hippocr4 de ,victu1 #a1 #d1 p4 #fcb ,khn vi1 #dgf ,lit474 ,= ! s\ls ha_/ds means ! ho_/dos ka_/t & ! s5se ( ! dictum is3 aft] disappe>+ 9 dea? ! s\ls :5 !y h travell$ on ! way d[nw>ds ?r\gh wat] & e>? w at la/ rise up aga9 ?r\gh wat]1 & draw+ 9 to !mselves pure1 dry fire w become s\ls aga91 7osmntai is rem>kable #cid b n to be alt]$4 hosi\ntai ,pfleid]]2 b ! connexion 9 :i* ,plu4 quotes ! say+ ( ,h]akl4 ,fac4 ,o4 ,l4 xxviii1 p4 #idc ,e %[s t !re is no ref]5ce to ! purification ( ! s\ls 9 ,hades1 b m]ely ( _! n\ri%m5t & /r5g!n+ by ! ana?umi_/asis ( ! fi]y ae!r2 cf4 also ,s4,e41 ,m4 ix1 #gc1 foll[+ ,poseidonios4 ,?is ana?umian--& ! becom+ fi]y aga9--is :at ,hkl4 calls osma/hai47--,f ! hopelessly corrupt fr4 #abc #fc no?+ intelligible c be extract$4--,n[h]e c we f9d cle> & unambigu\s /atem5ts ( ,h]akleitos witness+ to 8 belief 9 ! immortality ( ! individual s\l2 & x w\ld require su* /atem5ts to make u attribute to ,h]akleitos a conception t1 z ev]yone admits1 is 9 hopeless contradiction ) ! re/ ( 8 tea*+4 ,he says p]fectly pla9ly t 9 dea? ! s\l becomes wat]2 & t means t x1 z ! s\l fire1 p]i%es4 ,if 8 belief _h be5 any?+ l t ( ! my/ics 7z ! ,neoplatoni/s suppos$7 he mu/ h reg>d$ dea?--! lib]ation ( ! s\l f ! fett]s ( corporeality & ! realm ( ! l[] elem5ts--z a complete issue ( ! s\l into its prop] elem5t1 ! fire4 ,:]eas1 :at he tea*es is ! opposite ( ?is3 ! s\l p]i%es1 becomes wat]1 !n e>?1 & !n wat] aga91 & f9ally s\l once m 7fr4 #fh #cf74 ,only 9 ?is s5se is x inde/ructible4 #bjaa3 e4g4 by ,pfleid]]1 ,philos4 d4 ,h]aklit1 etc41 p4 #bji1 & frequ5tly4 #baaa3 ,! ,sibyl fr4 #ab #ib2 ! ,delphic ,oracle #aa #ic2 ,ka?>tic practices #acj #e2 ,bak*oi1 etc41 #abd #ad4 #bbaa3 hutos ,ha_/ids kai ,dio_/nusos fr4 #abg #ae 7& to t ext5t--z be+ reconcilable ) ! doctr9e ( ,hkl4--may ! ,dionysiac my/]ies be consid]$ valid3 ?is mu/ be ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce74 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h disapproval ( ! mu/_/ria c>ri$ out ani]/i_/ by m53 fr4 #abe #ad 7= ! wor%ipp]s d n p]ceive ! real mean+ ( ! c]emonies74 #bcaa3 ,9 contra/ to ! ,neoplatonic writ]s :o attribut$ to ,hkl4 a doctr9e ( ! s\l l ! ,orphico-,py?agorean1 ! ,plut>*ian acc\nt 9 ! ,placita ,philos4 is aga9 mu* ne>] ! real mean+ ( ,h]akleitos2 cf4 #d1 #g 7:]e ! "n ( ,h]akleitos has fall5 out1 z c be se5 f ,!odoret2 see ,diels1 ,dox41 p4 #cib2 ,vors4 #gf1 #a7 4 4 4 exi\san 7tn an?r_/p\ psu*n7 eis tn t\ pantos psu*n ana*rein pros to homog5e_/s4 ,ev5 ?is is n q correct z express+ :at ,hkl4 really ?\ght z to ! fate ( ! s\l b x does at lea/ %[ once m t ! contr>y views ( ! ,neoplatoni/s are also only int]pretations1 n evid5ce4 #bdaa3 ,hra_/kleitos remi_/an kai /a_/s9 ek tn ho_/ln an_/rei2 e_//i gar t\to tn nekrn4 ,dox41 p4 #cbj2 ,vors4 #gc1 #aj4 /a_/sis & remi_/a c\ld nev] make a real life--n ev5 a bless$ life f> remov$ f ! _w--b are signs ( :at is dead1 i4e4 ( :at is n[h]e to be f\nd 9 ?is _w1 9 fact1 ,no?+4 #beaa3 ,p>m5ldes' polemic aga9/ ,h]akleitos3 l4 #df ff4 ,mull42 fr4 #f1 #d ff4 ,diels2 see ,b]nays1 ,rh4 ,mus4 vii1 #aae 7cf4 ,diels1 ,p>m4 #fh74 #bfaa3 ,ari/otle 7acc4 to ,s4,e41 ,m4 x1 #df2 ,vors4 #adb1 #cc ff47 aphusi_/k\s aut\s ke_/klk51 ho_/ti ar* k9se_/s e/9 h phu_/sis1 hn aneilon pha_/m5oi mden k9ei/hai4 #bgaa3 ,?phr41 ,s5s4 #d2 ,vors4 #adf1 #ac f4 #bhaa3 geg5/hai tn tn pa_/ntn phu_/s9 ek !rm\ kai psu*r\ kai xr\ kai hugr\1 lambano_/ntn eis a_/llla tn metanol_/n1 kai psu*n krama hupa_/r*e9 ek tn proeirme_/nn kata md5os t\_/tn epikra_/ts91 ,z5o ap4 ,d4,l4 ix1 #bi2 ,vors4 #aff1 #ad4 ,! composition out ( f\r elem5ts in/ead ( two z ) ,p>m5ides may h be5 arriv$ at by ,z5o #cie 9 imitation ( ! f\r roots ( ,emp$okles1 ea* ( :i* 0 di/+ui%$ by possess+ "o ( ! f\r qualities !rmo_/n ktl4 ,! /atem5t t ! psu*_/ arises f ! equal mixture ( ! f\r qualities rem9ds u ( ,emp$okles' acc\nt ( phronein 7,vors4 #bah1 #a #bbj1 #bc2 ,?phr41 ,s5s4 #aj1 #bc74 ,on ! o!r side1 ,z5o takes ov] & applies to ! psu*_/ :at ! ,py?agorean physician ,alkmaion said ab\t hugi_/eia 7,vors4 #acf1 #a2 ,dox41 p4 #ddb2 cf4 ,ari/41 ,an4 #djh;a1 #a73 8 po9t ( view is almo/ id5tical ) t ( ^? ,py?agoreans :o reg>d$ ! s\l z made up out ( a h>moni_/a ( ! ,cold1 ! ,w>m1 etc4 7see bel[74 ,he may h actually got 8 views f ! acqua9tance ( ,py?agorean physiologi/s 7he 0 reg>d$ z a ,py?agorean3 ,/r4 #beb74 #biaa3 ,simpl4 ad ,ari/41 ,ph41 p4 #ci ,d42 ,vors4 #afb1 #aa2 cf4 ,diels1 ,p>m4 #aji f4 7#ahig74 #cjaa3 ,p>m5ides pupil ( ,dio*aites ! ,py?agorean & ( ,ame9ias1 also z x appe>s a ,py?agorean3 ,sotion ap4 ,d4,l4 ix1 #ba2 ,vors4 #ach4 ,he 0 c\nt$ a ,py?agorean by tradition :i*1 h[ev]1 0 v free ) its attributions ( ?is k9d4 ,call4 fr4 #ajj;d1 #ag2 ,/r4 #beb2 ,v4 ,py?4 ap4 ,phot41 ,bibl4 #bdi1 p4 #dci;a1 #cg ,bk42 ,iamb41 ,,vp4 #bfg 7) ,s*41 p4 #aij ,n474 ,! ,py?4 influ5ce on ,p>m5ides may h be5 ess5tially ( an e?ical nature3 eis hsu*i_/an proetra_/p hupo ,ame9i_/ou1 ,d4,l4 ix1 #ba4 ,p>m5i_/deios kai ,pu?ago_/reios bi_/os z equival5t3 ,ceb4 ,tab4 #b f94 ,/r41 p4 #beb1 connects ! good gov]nm5t ( ,elea ) ! ,py?agorean influ5ce ( ,p>m5ides 7& ( ,z5o74 ,p>m5ides law-giv] ( ,elea3 ,speus4 p4 philoso_/phn ap4 ,d4,l4 ix1 #bc4 #caaa3 philosophi_/an de prtos no_/mase ,pu?ago_/ras kai heauton philo_/sophon3 ,d4,l41 ,proem4 #ab 7?\gh ! re/ is f ! fictiti\s dialogue ( ,h]akl4 ,pont4 see ,cic41 ,,td4 v1 #h-i74 #cbaa3 ,pl41 ,rp4 #fjj ,,ab4 #ccaa3 poluma?i_/1 hi/ori_/ ( ,py?ag42 ,h]akl4 frr4 #af1 #ag #dj1 #abi4 pantoi_/n ta ma_/li/a sophn epi_/ranos e_/rgn is said ( ,py?ag4 by ,emp$4 7#dbi ,mull47 fr4 #abi1 #c4--,! ,py?agorean acc\nt ( ! con/ruction ( ! _w 0 kn[n to ,p>m5ides at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury & imitat$ by him 9 sev]al po9ts3 ,kris*e1 ,!ol4 ,lehr5 d4 gr4 ,d4 #ajc ff4 7,to :at ext5t ,p>m5ides 9 o!r respects controv]t$ ,py?ag4 doctr9e--z has be5 rec5tly ass]t$ ( him--may be left undecid$47 ,fanciful speculations ab\t numb]s are attribut$ to ,py?ag4 himself by ,ari/ot41 ,,mm4 #aahb;a1 #aa ff42 ,vors4 #cdg1 #c4 #cdaa3 ,emp$4 #dbg ff4 ,mull42 fr4 #abi ,diels4 ,t ?is praeconium does really ref] to ,py?ag4 7z ,timaeus & o!rs suppos$7 & n to ,p>m5ides 7z ! undef9$ hoi de_/ ( ,d4,l4 viii1 #ed1 ?\ght7 appe>s to be prov$ by l4 #d ff41 :i* allude to a rem>kable p[] ( ana_/mnsis :i* 0 c]ta9ly attribut$ by leg5d to ,py?ag41 nev] to ,p>m5ides4 #ceaa3 psu*ai_/ fill+ ! :ole air1 n di/+ui%$ f dai_/mones & h_/res1 ,alex4 ,polyh4 ap4 ,d4,l4 viii1 #cb2 ,vors4#d i1 xliv 7:o 9 ?is section ( 8 acc\nt--#ca ff4--is giv+ old] ,py?agorean ideas4 ,poseidonios expresses ! same ideas2 b x does n !re=e foll[ t he got !m f ! ,/oics4 ,poseid4 borr[$ & elaborat$ _m ,py?agorean views74 ,m subtly express$3 ! s\l is a?a_/natos because x is et]nally 9 motion l ta !ia pa_/nta1 ! moon1 sun1 />s1 & heav52 ,alkmaion ap4 ,ari/41 ,an4 #dje;a1 #bi ff42 ,vors4 #acc1 #dj2 cf4 ,kris*e1 #ge f4 ,! p]petual movem5t ( ! psu*ai_/ 0 "o ( ! old] ,py?ag4 beliefs3 x is express$ 9 ! old fable 7kn[n already to ,demokritos7 ( ! motes 9 ! sunbeam1 #cif :i*1 9 _! cont9ual agitation1 are1 or enclose1 sw>m+ s\ls 7see bel[1 n4 #dj74 ,9 ,alkmaion's treatm5t ( ! doctr9e !re is ! additional idea t ! s\l ( man e_/oike tois a?ana_/tois4 ,! d]ivation ( its immortality & div9ity f its orig9 9 ! ,_w-s\l 7?is is (t5 said to be a ,py?agorean doctr9e3 ,cic41 ,,nd4 i1 #bg2 ,s54 #gh2 ,d4,l4 viii1 #bh2 ,s4,e41 ,m4 ix1 #abg7 does inde$ sugge/ ,/oic pan!ism 9 ! =m ( its expression b 9 sub/ance x may v well g back to ! old] ,py?ag4 tea*+4 7,! g5u95ess ( ! frag4 #ba ,d4 ( ,philolaos ap4 ,/ob41 ,ecl4 i1 #bj1 #b ff42 ,vors4 #cah1 #ac1 rema9s1 h[ev]1 dubi\s47 ,! idea t ! s\l & n\s ( man came to him f an imp]sonal !ion1 an all-p]vad+ en t panti phro_/nsis1 mu/ h be5 widespread ev5 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,x f9ds expression 9 ,x541 ,m4 #a1 #d1 #h-ag2 #d1 #c1 #ad1 :]e x is c]ta9ly n an orig9al fancy ( ,x5ophon's1 b mu/ h be5 d]iv$ by him f some:]e or o!r 7n f ,socrates1 h[ev]1 nor ,plato74 #cfaa3 en phr\ra1 ,pl41 ,phd4 #fb ,b4 ,?is is trac$ back to ,py?ag4 belief 7?\gh he mis9t]prets ! mean+ ( ! ^w phr\ra_/7 by ,cic41 ,s54 #gc2 cf4 ! ,py?agorean ,euxi!os ap4 ,a?4 #aeg ,c2 ,vors4 #cae1 #ai4 ,see ,bckh1 ,philol4 #agi ff4 7,philolaos fr4 #ae #af ,mull4 speaks ( ! ,_w-s\l or ,god :o holds & conta9s all ?+s en phr\ra )\t m5tion+ ! human s\l3 see ,bckh1 p4 #aea47 ,! comp>ison ( life 9 ! body to a phr\ra_/ may v well be ,py?agorean2 nor is ?is 9999prev5t$ by ! fact t x is also ,orphic 7see above1 *ap4 x1 n4 #dc74 ,?is comp>ison implies ! conception ( ! e>?ly life z a puni%m5t4 dia_/ t9as timri_/z ! s\l is enclos$ 9 ! body3 ,philolaos fr4 #ad 7#bc7 appeal+ to palaioi !olo_/goi te kai ma_/nties 7cf4 ,iamb41 ,,vp4 #he1 aga?on hoi po_/noi 4 4 4 epi kola_/sei gar el?o_/ntas dei kola/hnai74--,esp9as 9 ,ar*4 f4 ,ges4 d4 ,philos4 viii1 #deb1 int]prets ! en phr\ra ( ,pl41 ,phd4 #fb1 z 9 ! cattle-p5 or %eep-fold2 ! idea ( ,god z ! ,%eph]d ( man w\ld !n be vaguely pres5t ev5 "h 7cf4 ,plt4 #bga ,e2 ,criti4 #aji ,b74 ,x rema9s1 h[ev]1 to be prov$ 7to beg9 )7 t phr\ra_/ is ev] us$ 9 ! s5se ( sko_/s or heirkt_/4 #cgaa3 ,ari/41 ,an4 #a1 #c1 p4 #djg;b1 #bb ff4 #chaa3 hoi en t t>ta_/r t]rifi$ by ?und] acc4 to ,py?ag4 belief3 ,ari/41 ,an4 ,po4 #id;b1 #cb ff42 su_/nodoi tn te?ne_/tn 9 ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 ,ael41 ,,vh4 iv1 #ag 7p]haps f ,ari/4 p4 tn ,pu?agorei_/n74 ,description ( ! condition ( ?+s 9 ,hades giv5 9 ! ,py?agorean ,kata_/basis eis ha_/d\4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,orphics ?is purgation & puni%m5t 9 ! _s-_w mu/ h belong$ to ! p>ts ( ! ,pu?ago_/reioi mu?oi t 7 q s]i\sly believ$4 #ciaa3 ekriph!isan 7out ( ! body7 autn 7tn psu*n7 epi gs pla_/ze/hai en t ae_/ri homoi_/an t s_/mati 7be+ a complete ei_/dlon ( ! liv+73 ,alex4 ,polyh4 ap4 ,d4,l4 viii1 #ca4 #djaa3 ,ari/41 ,an4 #a1 #b1 #d1 p4 #djd;a1 #af ff42 ,vors4 #ceg1 #a2 _m call$ ! en t ae_/ri xu_/smata !mselves s\ls1 o!rs to tauta k9\n4 ,?is may re/ on a real popul> belief :i*1 h[ev]1 has already be5 p>tially elevat$ to a philosophical /&+3 ! s\ls are comp>$ to :at is evid5tly itself 9 p]petual agitation 7,ari/41 l4 #ai f474 ,?is 0 und\bt$ly ,py?agorean 7& old ,ionic7 tea*+3 see ,alkmaion ap4 ,ari/41 ,an4 #dje;a1 #bi ff42 ,vors4 #acc1 #dj4 7,/atem5t ( ,dox4 #chf;a1 #ac ff41 b1 #h ff41 is m d\btful47 #daaa3 ,d4,l4 viii1 #cb2 ,vors#d4 i1 p4 xliv4 #dbaa3 ,t ! ,py?agoreans believ$ 9 ! entry ( ! s\l into ! bodies ( animals also is impli$ 9 ! satirical v]ses ( ,x5ophanes #cig 7fr4 #f7 ap4 ,d4,l4 viii1 #cf4 ,all probability sugge/s t ?is 0 ! reason = ! injunction to ab/a9 f fle% food among ! old] ,py?agoreans !mselves 7& ) ,emp$okles74 7,s4,e41 ,m4 ix1 #abg ff41 h[ev]1 drags 9 ! ,_w-,s\l 9 a mom5t ( untimely ,/oicism4 ,s4,e4's own quotation f ,emp$okles %[s t ! latt] at any rate d]iv$ ! apo* empsu_/*n simply f ! fact ( ,metamorphosis1 & n at all f ! psu*s pneuma :i* rules 9 all life2 ?\gh ?is la/ is attribut$ to him by ,s4,e47 #dcaa3 ,see ,app5dix x4 #ddaa3 ,accord+ to ! ,py?agoreans to di_/kaion is no?+ else ?an to antipepon?o_/s1 i4e4 ha tis epoi_/se taut' antipa!in3 ,ari/41 ,,en4 #e1 #e1 p4 #aacb;b1 #ba ff42 ,,mm4 #aaid;a1 #bi ff4 7also giv5 ) fanciful num]ical expression1 ,,mm4 #aahb;a1 #ad2 ,s*4 ,ari/4 #edj;a1 #ai ff42 #eda;b1 #f ,br42 ,iamb4 ,!ol4 ,ari?41 p4 #bh f4 ,a/74 ,?is def9ition ( ju/ice 0 simply tak5 ov] by ! ,py?agoreans f popul> say+s su* z ! v]se ( ,rhadaman?ys ap4 ,ari/41 ,,en4 ab\t ! dra_/santi pa!in & simil> =mulae3 see collection 9 ,blomfield's ,gloss4 9 ,a41 ,*o4 #cjg2 ,soph4 fr4 #bbi ,p4 ,comp5satory ju/ice ( ?is k9d we may suppose 0 manife/$ 9 ! rebir?s ( m5 79 ?is respect ! ,p4 w5t beyond ! commonplace s5se ( t trige_/rn mu?os73 we may assume ?is )\t fur!r hesitation if we rememb] ! completely analog\s application ( ?is conception by ! ,orphics 7above1 *ap4 x1 n4 #ga74 #deaa3 ,pu?ago_/reios tro_/pos t\ bi_/ou1 ,pl41 ,rp4 #fjj ,b4 #dfaa3 akol\!in t !1 ,iamb41 ,,vp4 #acg 7foll[+ ,ari/ox5os72 ,vors4 #cfb1 #cb2 he_/p\ ! ,py?agoras ap4 ,/ob41 ,ecl4 ii1 p4 #di1 #af ,w4 ,see ,wytt5b4 on ,plu41 ,s]4 ,num4 ,v9d4 #eej ,d4 #dgaa3 ,anci5t te/imony ascribes to ! ,py?agoreans3 ab/95ce f fle%-food or at lea/ f ! fle% ( su* animals z are n sacrific$ to ! ,olympians 7! an?r_/p\ psu*_/ does n ent] into ! ?u_/sima za 9 transmigration3 ,iamb41 ,,vp4 #he2 ,vors4 #cei1 #ac72 f eat+ fi%1 p>ticul>ly tri_/glai & mela_/n\roi1 & beans2 f us+ l95 clo?+ 7or be+ buri$ 9 x3 ,hdt4 ii1 #ha72 & a few o!r =ms ( ab/95ce & measures assur+ ritual purity4 ,! :ole app>atus ( ritual hagnei_/a is ascrib$ to ! old] ,py?agoreans by ,alex4 ,polyh4 ap4 ,d4,l4 viii1 #cc4 ,?is1 z a g5]al /atem5t is c]ta9ly correct4 ,x is cu/om>y to say t x began among ! deg5]ate ,py?agoreans aft] ! break up ( ! ,italian society 7s esp4 ,kris*e1 ,de ,soc4 a ,py?ag4 cond4 scopo politico1 ,gtt41 #ahca74 ,b :5 ,ari/ox5os1 ! contempor>y ( ! lat]1 sci5tifically-m9d$ ,py?agoreans1 d5ies all su* sup]/iti\s ideas & regulations to ! orig9al ,py?agoreans1 8 evid5ce really applies only to ^? ,py?agorean s*ol>s ) :om he 0 acqua9t$ & :o seem$ to him to h pres]v$ ! real _s ( ! old] ,py?agoreanism mu* m truly ?an ! ascetic 7& 9 any case deg5]ate7 ,py?agoreans ( ! same p]iod4 ,ev]y?+1 h[ev]1 goes to %[ t ! /r5g? ( ! surviv+ community z x _h be5 f\nd$ by ,py?agoras lay 9 ! religi\s & my/ical elem5ts ( its doctr9e2 & t :at 0 olde/ 9 ,py?agoreanism 0 :at x _h 9 common ) ! fai? & religi\s discipl9e ( ! ,orphics4 ,to ?is side belongs :at we le>n f tradition ( ! old] ,py?agorean asceticism4 ,mu*1 !n1 t is ( e>ly ,py?agorean orig9 7?\gh c]ta9ly comb9$ ) o!r & lat] elem5ts7 is to be f\nd 9 _m ( ! ak\_/smata or su_/mbola ( ! ,py?agoreans1 esp4 9 ^? ( !m 7& !y are num]\s7 t give directions ( a ritual or m]ely sup]/iti\s k9d4 ,a fre% collection1 arrangem5t & #cih explanation ( ^! rem>kable fragm5ts w\ld be v useful3 ,gttl+'s purely rationali/ treatm5t ( !m does !m less ?an ju/ice4 7,corn4 ,hlk1 ,de acusmatis s4 symbolis ,py?ag41 ,diss4 ,kiel4 #ahid47 #dhaa3 ,ef=ts 9 a m positive direction may p]haps be se5 9 ! practice ( ! musical =m ( ka_/?>sis :i* ,py?ag4 & ! ,py?agoreans us$ 9 accordance ) an elaborate sy/em3 cf4 ,iamb41 ,,vp4 #fd ff41 #aaj ff42 ,s*4 ,v4 on ,* #cia2 also ,qu9t4 #i1 #d1 #ab2 ,porph41 ,,vp4 #cc1 etc4--,:at ,ari/ox5os has to say ab\t ,py?agorean e?ics1 morali/ic p>a9esis & edification--mo/ ( x ( a purely rationali/ k9d--c sc>cely be said to h hi/orical value4 #diaa3 ,good =mulation ( ,py?ag4 belief ap4 ,max4 ,tyr4 #af1 #b1 i1 #bhg ,r43 ,pu?ago_/ras prtos en tois ,he_/lls9 eto_/lms5 eipein1 ho_/ti haut to men sma te?n_/xetai1 h de psu* anaptasa oi*_/setai a?ans kai ag_/rs4 kai gar einai autn prin h_/ke9 deuro4 i4e4 ! life ( ! s\l is n only endless b )\t beg9n+2 ! s\l is immortal because x is timeless4 #ejaa3 ,! )drawal ( ! s\l f ! ku_/klos ana_/gks & its return to an emancipat$ exi/5ce z a bodiless _s 0 nev] s cle>ly held 9 view = ! ,pure by ! old] ,py?agorean tradition z x 0 among ! ,orphics 7& ,emp$okles74 ,x is1 h[ev]1 h>dly ?9kable t a sy/em :i* reg>d$ e inc>nation ( ! s\l z a puni%m5t & ! body z its prison or its tomb %\ld nev] h held out to ! true ba_/k*oi ( its my/]ies ! prospect ( a full & p]man5t lib]ation ( ! s\l1 at la/1 f corporeality & ! e>?ly life4 ,only s c\ld ! long *a9 ( dea?s & rebir?s rea* a f9al & satisfactory conclusion4 ,et]nally deta9$ 9 ! cycle ( bir?s ! s\l w\ld be et]nally puni%$ 7?is is e4g4 ! idea ( ,emp$okles3 #dee f41 fr4 #ade ,d472 & ?is _c h be5 ! real conclusion ( ! ,py?agorean doctr9e ( salvation4 ,claud4 ,mam]tus1 de ,an4 #b1 #g ,vors4 #cbj1 #ab1 gives x z a doctr9e ( ,philolaos fr4 #bb t ! 7pure s\l aft] its sep>ation f ! body leads a bodiless life 9 ! ,univ]se 7! ko_/smos situat$ above ! ourano_/s73 see ,bckh1 ,philol4 #agg4 ,ap>t f ?is ! only evid5ce = ! )drawal ( ! s\l is late3 ,c>m4 ,aur4 #gj f4 7mak+ use ( ! ,emp$ok4 v]ses1 fr4 #aab1 #d f4 #djj ,mull471 ,alex4 ,polyh4 ap4 ,d4,l4 viii1 #ca 7a_/ge/hai tas ka?>as psu*as epi ton hu_/psi/on 9 altissimum locum ,cobet3 b an ellipse ( to_/pon is h>dly admissible4 ho hu_/psi/os ! highe/ ,god w\ld be a ,hebraic =m ( expression1 nor c x be a possible "o "h = ,alex4 ,polyh4--we %\ld also1 ) ?is mean+ ( hu_/psi/os1 expect pros t4 hu_/4 ad sup]iores circulos b5e viv5tium animae1 secundum philosophorum altam sci5tiam1 ,s]v41 ,a4 vi1 #abg--%\ld we !n supply epi ton hu_/psi/on ku_/klon8 ,or p]h4 epi to hu_/psi/on87--,an escape ( ! s\ls aft] ! expiry ( _! p]i_/odoi mu/ h be5 kn[n z a ,py?agorean belief to ,luc41 ,,vh4 ii1 #ba4 7,v]gil1 too1 is speak+ 9 a ,py?agorean s5se1 ,a4 vi1 #gdd1 pauci laeta arva ,elysii t5emus4--i4e4 = ev] )\t r5ew$ ensma_/tsis--see ,s]v41 ,a4 vi1 #djd1 #dbf1 #gac4 ,x is true ! l9e is out ( its "r place1 b !re c be no d\bt t x reproduces ! words & !--9 ?is section ,py?agorean--op9ion ( ,v]gil47 ,! idea t ! cycle ( bir?s is nev] to be brok5 _c be reg>d$ z ,py?agorean nor ev5 z ,neopy?agorean4 7,a few isolat$ lat] acc\nts ( ,py?ag4 doctr9e2 e4g4 ,d4,l4 viii1 #ad 7f ,favor9us71 ,porph41 ,,vp4 #ai1 & also ! cursory description 9 ,ov41 ,m4 xv--) a good deal ( =eign matt] add$--speak ( ! ,py?4 doctr9e ( s\l-transmigration )\t also ref]r+ to ! possibility ( ku_/kl\ lxai2 b !y are n meant to d5y t #cii possibility b m]ely leave x unm5tion$ z unnecess>y 9 ! context47 ,!re seems to be no example ( a ,greek doctr9e ( transmigration t did n also include a promise to ! ho_/sioi or ! philo_/sophoi t !y w\ld be able to escape f ! cycle ( bir?s 7at lea/ = a _w-p]iod3 z ,syrian4 took x1 ?\gh probably n ,porph474 ,su* a promise1 z ! consummation ( ! promises ( salvation !re9 made1 c\ld only be disp5s$ ) 9 ! case ( a doctr9e ( transmigration 9 :i* be+ born aga9 0 itself reg>d$ z a rew>d = ! pi\s 7z 9 ! tea*+ :i* ,jos41 ,,bj4 #b1 #h1 #ad1 attributes to ! ,ph>isees74 ,by ,greek p>tisans ( ! doctr9e ( ,metempsy*osis rebir? ^u e>? is always reg>d$ z a puni%m5t or at any rate a burd51 n z a desirable goal = ! life ( ! s\l4 ,we mu/ !re=e presume t ! promise ( escape f ! cycle ( rebir? 0 made also by ! olde/ ,py?agorean tea*+ z ! f9al b5efit ( its message ( salvation4 ,)\t ?is complet+ t\* ,py?agoreanism w\ld be l ,buddhism )\t ! promise ( a f9al atta9m5t ( ,nirvna4 #eaaa3 ,py?agoras is call$ ! pupil ( ,ph]ekydes z e>ly z ,&ron ( ,ephesos 7be=e ,!opompos73 ,d4,l4 i1 #aai2 ,vors4 ii1 #aii1 #ah4 ,ph]ekydes 0 reg>d$ z ! fir/ :o taught ! immortality ( ! s\l 7,cic41 ,,td4 i1 #ch7 or m correctly metempsy*osis 7,suid4 ,ph]ek472 cf4 ,prell]1 ,rh4 ,mus4 7,n4,f471 iv1 #chh f4 ,a h9t ( su* tea*+ mu/ h be5 f\nd 9 8 my/ical treatise 7cf4 ,porph41 ,antr4 #ca2 ,vors4 ii1 #bjd1 #ab--;,gomp]z is r too sceptical1 ,gk4 ,?9k]s1 i1 #edb74 ,?is tea*+ seems to h be5 ! *ief reason :i* tempt$ lat] writ]s to make ! old !ologos into ! tea*] ( ,py?agoras1 ! *ief spokesman ( ! doctr9e ( ! s\l's transmigrations4--,x is1 h[ev]1 an unt5able !ory t ,ph]ek4 illu/rat$ 8 doctr9e ( transmigration by ! example ( ,ai?alides4 ,:at ! ,s*4 on ,a4,r4 i1 #fde ,vors4 ii1 #bjd1 #bd1 quotes f ,ph]ekydes ab\t ! alt]nate soj\rn ( ! psu*_/ ( ,ai?alides 9 ,hades & on e>?1 does n come f ,ph]ekydes ! !ologos 7z ,gttl+1 ,opusc4 #baj1 & ,k]n1 de ,orph4 ,epim4 ,ph]ec41 pp4 #hi1 #ajf1 ?9k7 b )\t ! slighte/ d\bt f ! g5ealogi/ & hi/orian2 ?is is ! only ,ph]ekydes :o is us$ by ! ,s*4 ( ,ap4 ,rh41 & he is us$ frequ5tly4 ,besides ?is1 ! way 9 :i* ! diff]5t /atem5ts ( ! v>i\s au?orities us$ 9 ?is ,s*olion are di/+ui%$1 %[s q cle>ly t ,ph]ekydes _h only spok5 ( ,ai?alides' alt]nate dwell+ above & bel[ ! e>?1 b z /ill be+ ,ai?alides1 & n z metamorphos$ by ! s]ies ( bir?s into o!r p]sonalities liv+ ^u e>?4 ,ph]ekydes 0 obvi\sly reproduc+ a ,ph?iotic local-leg5d 9 :i* ,ai?alides z ! son ( 7! *?onic87 ,h]mes alt]nately liv$ on & bel[ ! e>?1 z an het]_/m]os--l ! ,dioscuri 9 ,lac$aimonian leg5d 7l #cja ff43 9 t passage & g5]ally 9 ! old] view--z held by ,alkman1 ,p9d>1 etc4--bo? ! ,dioscuri *ange _! place ( abode toge!r3 x is n till lat] t ! v>iant arose acc4 to :i* !y alt]nate ) ea* o!r3 see ,hem/4 ,luc4 ii1 p4 #cdd ,bip474 ,x 0 ,h]akleides ,pont4 :o fir/ turn$ ! alt]nate soj\rn+ ( ,ai?alides into dea? & resurrection 7he also made ,ai?alides "o ( ! previ\s inc>nations ( ,py?agoras2 see ,app5dix x72 b z a diff]5t p]son1 s t ,a4 ?us became an example ( metempsy*osis4 ,x is n h>d to see :y ,ai?alides 0 *os5 z "o ( ! previ\s inc>nations ( ,p41 nor h[ ! old miracle-/ory1 pres]v$ to lit]ature by ,ph]ekydes1 0 ?us trans=m$ to suit its new purpose4 ,pla9ly ,ph]ekydes did n say t ,h]mes #djj also gave ,ai?alides ! p[] ( memory aft] 8 dea? 7o!rwise ! /atem5t to ?is effect 9 ,s*4 ,a4,r4 w\ld h /ood "u ! "n ( ,ph]ek472 & ! privilege 0 r mean+less until aft] ,h]akleides' n>rative4 ,p]haps x 0 ,h]4 :o fir/ add$ ?is t\* to ! /ory4 ,ap4 ,rh4 foll[s him 9 ?is po9t 7i1 #fdc ff471 b n--or n pla9ly1 at lea/3 #fdf ff4--9 :at ,h]akleides _h inv5t$ ab\t ! metempsy*osis ( ,ai?alides4 #ebaa3 ,macr41 ,som4 ,scip4 #a1 #ad1 #ai1 attributes ?is view to ,py?agoras & ,philolaos1 be+ c]ta9ly correct 9 ! case ( ! latt]2 s9ce ! op9ion t ! s\l is a krasis & h>moni_/a ( ! w>m & ! cold1 ! dry & ! wet1 :i* g to make up ! body1 is giv5 by ,simmias 9 ,pl41 ,phd4 #hf ,b1 z a tradition t he has receiv$ & n an inv5tion ( 8 own4 ,b :at else c ?is mean ?an a tradition h&$ d[n 9 ,!bes by 8 tea*] ,philolaos 7,phd4 #fa ,d78 7,h5ce ,h>moni_/z ts ,?baks1 #ie ,a47 ,x is true t ,claud4 ,mam4 de ,an4 ii1 #g1 only attributes to ,philolaos ! doctr9e t ! s\l is b\nd up ) ! body 9 et]nal & incorporeal h>mony 7conv5i5tiam73 :i* w\ld imply an indep5d5t sub/ance ( ! s\l side by side ) t ( ! body4 ,b ?is mu/ h be5 a misund]/&+ ( ! real mean+ ( ,philolaos4 ,ari/ox5os1 too1 c only h got 8 doctr9e ( ! s\l z a h>mony f 8 ,py?agorean fri5ds4 ,p]haps1 too1 ?is 0 ! influ5ce :i* sugge/$ to ,dikai>*os 8 view t ! s\l is a h>moni_/a tn tessa_/rn /oi*ei_/n 7,dox41 p4 #chg71 & inde$ tn en t s_/mati !rmn kai psu*rn kai hugrn kai xrn1 z ,nemes41 ,nat4 ,hom41 p4 #fi ,mat?41 tells u--?us exactly resembl+ ,simmias 9 ,plato 7unless inde$ ! passage 9 ,nemes4 is a m]e rem9isc5ce ( ,plato /ray$ "h by accid5t74 ,see also *ap4 x1 n4 #bg4 #ecaa3 ,see ,pl41 ,phd4 #hf ,,cd4 ,pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l impossible if x is only an h>moni_/a ( ! body3 #ib ,,ab4 #edaa3 ,x 0 9 itself almo/ unavoidable t a community f\nd$ l ! ,py?agorean ma9ly on a my/ical doctr9e b n ill-dispos$ to sci5tific /udies1 %\ld1 z x 0 ext5d$ 7& /ill foll[$ practical aims7 split up into two p>ties3 an inn] circle ( qualifi$ tea*]s & s*ol>s1 & "o or m gr\ps1 outside & atta*$ to !m1 ( lay memb]s = :om a special tea*+ suit$ = popul> compreh5sion w\ld be provid$4 ,?us ! inn] circle ( ,buddhism1 ! ,bik%u1 0 surr\nd$ by ! common h]d ( wor%ipp]s2 & ! same c be se5 9 ,*ri/ian mona/ic organisations4 ,a division1 !n1 ( ! foll[]s ( ,py?agoras into ,ak\smatikoi & ,ma!matikoi--,py?agoreioi & ,py?agori/ai--etc41 is n 9 itself at all incr$ible4 #eeaa3 ,! division ( ! s\l1 or ! duna_/meis ( ! s\l1 into ! logiko_/n & ! a_/logon 0 made1 be=e ,plato1 by ,py?agoras--s we might h le>nt1 aut\ t\ ,pu?ago_/r\ suggra_/mmatos oud5os eis hmas szome_/n\1 f ! writ+s ( 8 foll[]s1 acc4 to ,poseidonios ap4 ,gal51 de ,plac4 ,hipp4 et ,pl4 #e1 p4 #dei ,mll4 v1 #dgh ,k42 cf4 also #dbe ,k4 7,vors4 #cd1 #bc74 ,f ,poseidonios evid5tly comes ! same op9ion 9 ,cic41 ,,td4 iv1 #aj4 ,&1 9 fact1 a fragm5t ( ,philolaos p4 phu_/ses1 fr4 #ac ,diels 7,!ol4 ,ar41 p4 #bj1 #ce ,a471 gives a division ( ! ar*ai t\ z_/ou t\ logik\1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! idea t ! highe/ liv+ organism conta9s )9 itself & makes use ( all ! l[] organisms z well 7n\s 9 ! head1 an?r_/p\ ar*a_/--psu*a kai ai_//hsis 9 ! he>t1 z_/ou ar*a--rhi_/zsis kai ana_/phusis 9 ! navel1 phut\ ar*a--spe_/rmatos metabola_/ & ge_/nnsis 9 ! aidoion1 xunapa_/ntn ar*a_/74 ,!n 9 ! psy*ical region we h a division betwe5 ! logiko_/n #dja & ! a_/logon accord+ to _! nature & seat 9 man 7logiko_/n be+ made up ( reason+ p[]1 n\s1 specific to man1 & s5se-p]ception1 ai_//hsis1 :i* also belongs to ! o!r za1 :ile ! a_/logon rhi_/zsis kai ana_/phusis & resembles ! ai_/tion t\ tre_/phe/hai kai au_/xe/hai1 or ! phutiko_/n1 a "p ( ! a_/logon ts psu*s 9 ,ari/41 ,,en4 #a1 #ac1 p4 #aajb;a1 #cb ff474 ,?is evid5tly repres5ts an attempt at a division ( ! s\l into logiko_/n & a_/logon1 su* z ,poseidonios mu/ h f\nd c>ri$ out by o!r ,py?agoreans4 ,a cle> di/9ction betwe5 phronein 7xunie_/nai & ai/ha_/ne/hai 0 made by ! ,py?ag4 physician ,alkmaion1 ^: division 0 at lea/ diff]5t f & m pr(\nd ?an t ( ,emp$okles 7) :om he is contra/$ by ,?phr41 ,s5s4 #be2 ,vors4 #acb1 #bj74 ,emp$okles did inde$ di/+ui% betwe5 ?9k+ & p]ceiv+1 b ?9k+ 7noein7 0 only a smatiko_/n ti h_/sp] to ai/ha_/ne/hai & to ?is ext5t tauto_/n ) x 7,ari/41 ,an4 #c1 #c1 p4 #dbg;a1 #ba74 ,alkmaion _c1 !re=e1 h made xunie_/nai smatiko_/n4 ,^! ,py?agoreans 7 on ! way to sep>at+ f ! s\l z a :ole a sep>ate1 ?9k+ s\l t requir$ no s5se-p]ception = its ?\ght1 ! n\s4 ,to ?is latt] alone w\ld div9ity & immortality be ascrib$1 z 9 lat] philosophy 7& ?us ,dox4 #cic;a1 #aj1 ?\gh unhi/orically & prematurely1 gives to logikon ts psu*s a_/ph?>ton z a doctr9e ( ,py?agoras74--,x is c]ta9ly difficult to see h[ ,philolaos' doctr9e ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! an?r_/p\ ar*a_/1 ! n\s--an elem5t ( ! s\l belong+ exclusively to m5--& ! z_/ou ar*a_/ 7conf9$ to ai_//hsis & psu*a_/1 p[] ( life7 c\ld possibly be reconcil$ ) ! old] ,py?agorean doctr9e ( ! s\l's transmigration4 ,acc4 to t belief ! s\l w&]s ?r\gh ! bodies ( animals z well z m51 & ! idea implies ! view t ! same s\l c\ld inhabit animals z well z m52 t1 9 fact1 pa_/nta ta g5o_/m5a e_/mpsu*a are homog5 7,porph41 ,,vp4 #ai2 cf4 ,s4,e41 ,m4 ix1 #abg74 ,philolaos1 on ! contr>y1 holds t ! s\l ( man is diff]5tly con/itut$ f ! s\ls ( animals--! latt] lack n\s 7x is n m]ely t its efficacy is h9d]$ 9 animals by ! duskrasi_/a t\ s_/matos z is said wrongly to be ! op9ion ( ,py?ag4 by ,dox4 #dcb;a1 #ae ff474 ,! same difficulty arises aga9 9 ! case ( ,plato's doctr9e ( transmigration4--,alkmaion :o ascribes xunie_/nai to man alone seems n to h held ! transmigration doctr9e4 #efaa3 #dja ff4 ,mull42 fr4 #aab1 #e ,diels4 #egaa3 #dfb ff4 fr4 #aaa4 #ehaa3 ,satyros ap4 ,d4,l4 viii1 #ei2 ,vors4 #aie1 #bf4--;,especially fam\s 0 8 feat ( driv+ away adv]se w9ds f ,akragas 7cf4 fr4 #aaa1 #c72 see also ,welck]1 ,kl4 ,s*r4 iii1 #fj-a4--,! asses' sk9s ) :i* ,emp$4 kept ! nor? w9ds away f ,akragas 7 at any rate int5d$ z apotropaic mat]ials--magic means ( driv+ away spirits4 ,9 ! same way protection aga9/ hail & lightn+ is obta9$ by hang+ up ! sk9 ( a hy5a1 a seal1 etc4 7see ,geop4 i1 #ad1 #c-e2 i1 #af1 & ,niclas' notes !re74 ,^! sk9s e_/*\si du_/nam9 antipa?3 ,plu41 ,smp4 #d1 #b1 #a1 p4 #ffd ,c4--,o!r magic *>ms aga9/ hail--! *alazophu_/lakes1 ,plu41 ,smp4 #g1 #b1 #b1 p4 #gjj ,f2 ,s541 ,,nq4 #d;b1 #f4 #eiaa3 4 4 4 eg d' humin !os a_/mbrotos1 ouke_/ti ?nto_/s1 pleumai meta pasi tetime_/nos ktl4 #djj f4 7fr4 #aab1 #d f474 #fjaa3 ,a late e*o is to be f\nd 9 ! inspir$ l9es ( ,lucretius 9 praise ( ,emp$okles1 i1 #gag ff4 #faaa3 ,! well-kn[n /ory ( ,emp$okles' leap into ! crat] ( ,mt4 ,aetna--int5d$ by 8 complete disappe>ance to call =? ! belief t he _h n di$ 7,luc41 ,,dm4 xx1 #d71 b _h be5 translat$ #djb alive--is a p>ody ( a s]i\s translation leg5d & presupposes ! exi/5ce ( "o4 ,! p>odi/s' v]sion 0 contradict$ e>ly by ,emp$okles' foll[]1 ! physician ,pausanias3 ,d4,l4 viii1 #fi 7?is does n come f ! fabul\sly conceiv$ n>rative ( ,h]akleides ,pont4 ,x does n foll[1 f ! epigram quot$ by ,d4,l4 viii1 #fa1 fr4 #aef2 ,,ap4 vii1 #ejh1 t ,paus4 di$ be=e ,emp$42 ! au?or%ip ( t ep4 is unc]ta9 & 9 any case x is n v wor?y ( cr$it74 ,! s]i\sly int5d$ leg5d mu/ !n h aris5 soon aft] ! disappe>ance ( ,emp$okles3 x 0 f\nd$ ^u ! fact t no "o did "k :]e ,emp4 _h di$ 7?a_/natos a_/dlos1 ,timaeus ap4 ,d4,l4 viii1 #ga71 or c\ld po9t to ! grave :i* cov]$ 8 rema9s4 7,?is is expressly /at$ by ,timaeus1 :o1 9 o!r respects1 contradicts ! translation-fable z well z ! /ory ( ! leap into ,mt4 ,aetna3 ,d4,l4 viii1 #gb4 ,9 ! face ( ?is no importance ne$ be atta*$ to :at "s "o--,nean!s app>5tly--/ates ap4 ,d4,l4 viii1 #gc2 t !re 0 a grave ( ,emp$4 at ,meg>a47 ,free elaboration 0 giv5 to ! translation /ory by ,h]akleides ,pont4 p4 no_/sn3 ,d4,l4 viii1 #fg-h 79 return1 8 philosophic rivals contemptu\sly appli$ a malici\s /ory ( feign$ translation to ,h]akleides himself1 :o 9 ?is way wi%$ to legitimize 8 own claim to be god or ,h]o3 ,d4,l4 v1 #hi ff4 ,f o!r s\rces comes ,suid4 ,hrakl4 ,eu?u_/phronos2 cf4 ,m>x1 ,grie*4 ,mr*5 v4 dankb4 ,?i]51 p4 #ig ff474 ,all k9ds ( /upid v>iations ( ! /ory ( ,emp$okles' end ap4 ,d4,l4 viii1 #gd4 #fbaa3 ,see above1 *ap4 ii1 & p4 #abi4 #fcaa3 ,cf4 #aac ff42 fr4 #i4 #fdaa3 s>kn *it_/n1 #dad1 fr4 #abf4 #feaa3 ,8 treatm5t ( ! woman :o seem$ to be dead 7a_/pn\s1 ,d4,l4 viii1 #fj7 has q ! appe>ance ( a psy*ophysical exp]im5t2 "o1 h[ev]1 t 0 int5d$ to prove ! correctness ( precisely ! irrational side ( 8 doctr9e ( ! s\l4 #ffaa3 gui_/n pi_//is is di/+ui%$ f noein 9 v1 #eg 7fr4 #d1 #ac71 & no_/ de_/rke/hai f de_/rke/hai o_/mmas9 9 #hb 7fr4 #ag1 #ba72 cf4 ou_/t' epi_/d]kta ta_/d' a_/ndras9 ou_/t' epak\/a_/1 ou_/te no_/ p]i_/lpta1 #db f4 7fr4 #b1 #g74--;,else:]e x is true t ,emp$4 7:o ?r\gh\t avoids prosaic exactitude 9 ! use ( te*nical t]ms7 uses nosai z simply s5se-p]ception foll[+ epic idiom3 e4g4 #ef 7fr4 #d1 #ab2 b x is n q correct to say t ,emp$4 to phronein kai to ai/ha_/ne/hai tauto_/ phsi1 z ,ari/4 decl>es3 ,an4 #dbg;a1 #bb74 #fgaa3 #cgh ff42 fr4 #aji3 gai_/ men gar gaian op_/pam51 etc4 7horan is "h us$ 9 its wide/ s5se1 eidos anti ge_/n\s1 & ai/ha_/ne/hai4 ,?us1 no_/ de_/rke/hai 9 #hb #ag1 #ba ai/ha_/ne/hai1 & v commonly words d5ot+ "o ( ! modes ( p]ception are us$ in/ead ( ^? ( ano!r eidos1 or = ! :ole ge_/nos ( ai_//hsis4 ,lob41 ,rhemat4 #ccd ff474 #fhaa3 #cgb ff4 ,mull42 fr4 #aje3 hai_/matos en pela_/gessi 4 4 4 t te no_/ma ma_/li/a kukli_/sketai an?r_/pois92 haima gar an?r_/pois p]ika_/rdio_/n e/i no_/ma4--,! blood is ! seat ( to phronein2 en t\_/t gar ma_/li/a kekra/hai ta /oi*eia1 ,?phr41 ,s5s4 #aj1 #bc f4 #fiaa3 ,a k9d ( suggumnasi_/a tn ai/h_/sen z ! physician ,asklepiades def9es ! idea ( ! psu*_/ 7,dox4 #cgh;a1 #g74--;,x resembles :at ,ari/4 calls ! prton ai/ht_/rion4--,?is function :i* ,emp$4 calls phronein w\ld probably be ! h5opoi\n ( ! p]ceptions :i* ,ari/ot4 f\nd want+ 9 ,emp4 7,an4 #dji;b1 #cj ff42 #daj;a1 #a-aj2 b1 #aj74 #gjaa3 to noein is smatikon h_/sp] to ai/ha_/ne/hai1 ,ari/41 ,an4 #dbg;a1 #bf4 #gaaa3 ,ari/41 ,metaph4 #ajji;b1 #ag ff4 #gbaa3 #bih ,mull42 fr4 #aaj1 #aj3 pa_/nta gar i_//hi phro_/ns9 e_/*e9 kai n_/matos haisan4 ,! pa_/nta mu/ be und]/ood q lit]ally2 = x is ! #djc elem5ts 9 :i* ! p[]s ( p]ception inh]e 7he_/ka/on tn /oi*ei_/n psu*n einai is ! op9ion attribut$ to ,emp$4 by ,ari/41 ,an4 #djd;b1 #ab74 ,b elem5ts are pres5t 9 ! mixture ( all ?+s1 & ?us /ones1 etc41 h phro_/nsis & a portion ( m9d 9 !m 7?\gh ! /atem5t t x is hai_/ma t fir/ produces phro_/nsis w n squ>e ) ?is3 ,?phr41 ,s5s4 #bc74 ,emp$4 attribut$ complete s5sation & p]ception to plants1 & ev5 gave !m n\s & gnsis 7)\t blood873 ,ari/4 ,plant4 #hae;a1 #af ff42 b1 #af f4 ,t is :y !y1 too1 are capable ( h>b\r+ fall5 daimones4 #gcaa3 ,emp$4 himself does n use ! ^w psu*_/ at all 9 ! fragm5ts t h be5 pres]v$ to u2 & x is h>dly probable t he himself w\ld h us$ ! t]m ( ! psy*ical faculties ( ! body ev5 if he reg>d$ ^! z ga!r$ toge!r to a sub/antive unity4 ,lat] au?orities1 on ! o!r h&1 9 _! acc\nts ( ! doctr9e ( ,emp$4 give ! "n ( psu*_/ precisely to ^! somatic intellectual faculties2 ?us ,ari/41 ,an4 #djd;b1 #i ff42 #dji;b1 #bc ff43 haima phs9 einai tn psu*_/n1 ,gal41 ,hipp4 et ,pla4 #b v1 #bhc ,k42 cf4 ,cic41 ,,td4 i1 #ai2 ,t]t41 ,an4 #e4 #gdaa3 #aac-ai ,mull42 frr4 #aa1 #ae1 d n 7z ,plu41 adv4 ,col4 #ab1 p4 #aaac ,d1 und]/ood !m7 tea* ! pre-exi/5ce & p]si/5ce aft] dea? ( ! psy*ic p[]s )9 ! _w ( ! elem5ts1 b m]ely speak ( ! inde/ructibility ( ! elem5ts t are ! compon5t p>ts ( ! human body1 ev5 :5 ! latt] has suff]$ dissolution4 #geaa3 a_/ts leim_/n1 fr4 #aba1 #d 7#ba ,mull42 cf4 #af7 is ! "n giv5 by ,emp$okles to ! e>?2 & n to ,hades 7z has be5 suppos$71 ( :i*--z an int]m$iate place ( purgation betwe5 two bir?s--!re is n[h]e any m5tion 9 8 v]ses4 ,t ! at]ps *ros 7fr4 #aba1 #a7 to :i* ,emp$4 is ca/ d[n1 ! realm ( ,pho_/nos ktl4 7fr4 #aba7 & ! ,a_/ts leim_/n1 all ref] to ! e>?1 ho e_/ggeios to_/pos1 ta p]i gn1 is expressly /at$ by ,!mi/ios1 ,or4 #ac1 & ,hi]ocl4 9 ,c4 ,aur4 #bd 7fr4 #aba71 p4 #dgj ,mull4 ,,fpg4 i2 ,synes4 also implies x 7,ep4 #adg1 p4 #bhc ,c2 ,prov4 i1 #hi ,d72 ! same is di/9ctly impli$ = fr4 #aba1 #d1 & by ,jul41 ,or4 vii1 #bbf ,b2 ,philo1 ii1 p4 #fch ,m4--,procl41 9 ,crat41 p4 #ajc ,boiss41 connects fr4 #aba1 #c1 au*mrai_/ te no_/soi kai s_/psies e_/rga te rheu/a_/ imm$iately ) fr4 #aba1 #b1 & bo? l9es acc4 to him apply to ta hupo tn sel_/nn2 i4e4 n to any k9d ( und]world b to ! region ( ! e>? 7cf4 ,emp4 ap4 ,hippol41 ,,rh4 i1 #d2 ,vors4 #baj1 #bg2 ,dox4 #eei74 ,! idea t ,hades is be+ spok5 ( 9 ^! l9es is a view peculi> to mod]ns :o h misund]/ood ! poet & set aside ! cle> te/imony ( ,!mi/ios & ! re/4 ,maass1 ,orpheus1 #aac1 speaks z ?\gh ! int]pretation 9 fav\r ( ,hades re/$ ^u a tradition :i* ,i contradict$4 ,on ! contr>y1 t int]pretation is itself contradict$ by def9ite tradition & by common s5se 7= ,emp4 falls f ,heav5 to e>? & n1 please ,god1 to ,hades674 ,! view is q baseless 7?\gh ,maass himself f9ds 9 ! e_/rga rheu/a_/ ( fr4 #aba #bj ,m4--! incon/ant1 transitory works ( m5 ^u e>?--a support = 8 ,hades-view3 ^! fluid works or ?+s are1 he ?9ks1 no?+ else b ! /ream ( fil?1 ! skr aei_/nn1 9 ,hades ( :i* pi\s inv5tion rum\r$3 c]ta9ly an +5i\s int]pretation74 ,emp4 is1 9 fact1 ! fir/ to reg>d ?is e>?ly soj\rn+ z ! real ,hell--! asun_/?s1 at]ps *ros 7fr4 #aah1 #aba1 #a1 ! latt] a p>ody+ rem9isc5ce ( l #id7-- an a_/ntron hupo_//egon 7fr4 #abj7 fill$ ) all ! plagues & t]rors ( ! orig9al ,hades 7#aba74 ,/oics & ,epicureans 7see bel[7 took up ! idea aft] him & elaborat$ x 9 detail4 ,! daimones t are %ut up 9 ?is life "h bel[--a z a_/bios 7fr4 #b1 #c7--;are z if dead3 #djd frr4 #abe 7871 #ce1 #ad4 ,! ,orphic idea ( ! sma--sma 7see above1 p4 #cde7 0 ?us ?or\ghly & en]getically c>ri$ out4 7,macr41 9 ,s4 ,scip4 #a1 #aj1 #i ff41 attribut$ ! idea t ! inf]i are no?+ else b ! mat]ial _w ( e>? to ! old !ologi 7 #ag7 :o1 he says1 liv$ be=e ! developm5t ( a philosophic sci5ce ( nature47 #gfaa3 #c ,mull42 fr4 #aae1 #c3 eute_/ tis 7tn daimo_/nn7 amplaki_/si pho_/n phi_/la guia min4 ,he means brsis s>kn kai alllophagi_/a z ,plu4 p>aphrases x1 ,es4 ,c>n4 #a1 p4 #iif ,b 7= ?is mu/ always imply acc4 to ,emp4 ! murd] ( a _s ( ! same race3 fr4 #acf74 ,ev5 = ,god x is a crime to ta/e ( a meat 7blood7-(f]+ &1 9 fact1 !re 7 only bloodless (f]+s made 9 ! ,gold5 ,age 7:i* 0 describ$ by ,emp4 n 9 ! ,phusika_/--! pr9ciple ( :i* "w d5i$ t !re _h ev] be5 su* a p]iod--b 9 "s o!r poem 9 :i* he left 8 philosophic doctr9e out ( acc\nt2 p]haps ! ,ka?>moi_/73 #dbj ff4 ,m2 fr4 #abh1 #c ff4 #ggaa3 fr4 #aae1 #d4 ,! e>? !n becomes ! place ( _! bani%m5t & puni%m5t = gods t h brok5 _! oa?4 ,?is is a v]sion ( ! impressive picture 9 ,hes41 ,?4 #gic ff4 ,dei pei]antes 7 puni%$ = n9e ye>s 7cf4 ,hes41 ,?4 #hja7 9 ,t>t>os3 ,orpheus 7n ,lucan 9 8 ,orpheus7 ap4 ,s]v41 ,a4 vi1 #efe4 7,to ?is also alludes ! poet f ^: elegiac v]ses came ! frag4 ap4 ,s]v41 ,a4 vi1 #cbd3 t\ sc4 ,/ugos hu_/datos /ugnon pma kai a?ana_/t3 ?is is probably h[ ! words %\ld be read47 ,s t in/ead ( ! und]world or ,t>t>os1 ! _w is = ,emp4 ! wor/ place ( sorr[s4 ,f ,emp4 is d]iv$ ! conception t ! realm ( ! inf]i is our _w1 t inhabit$ by m51 & t !re is no o!r1 nor any ne$ ( ano!r ha_/ds--a conception (t5 allud$ to & improv$ ^u by ,/oic & o!r semi-philosoph]s 7esp4 cle> 9 ,s]v41 ,a4 vi1 #abg1 (t5 only 9 allegorical s5se3 ,lucr4 iii1 #igh ff4 ,see also ,bevan1 ,/oics & ,sceptics1 p4 #ajg474 #ghaa3 #cj1jjj hrai3 :i* means probably ye>s 7h>dly seasons z ,diet]i*1 ,nekyia1 #aai1 takes x74 ,! figure #cj1jjj has no special mean+ 7e4g4 #cjj p]iods ( a life-"t ea*73 x is m]ely a concrete phrase = innum]able 7& is frequ5t3 ,hirzel1 ,b]4 s*s4 ,ges4 d4 ,wiss4 #ahhe1 p4 #fd ff474 ,?is enorm\s p]iod ( "t is ! div9e c\nt]-"p1 z measur$ by div9e /&>ds ( "t1 ( ! me_/gas eniauto_/s1 ! ennat]is dur+ :i* ! e>?ly murd]] _h to fly f ! l& ( 8 viol5t de$4 ,! fiction ( ,emp4 cle>ly %[s ! influ5ce ( ?is expiation ( murd] by ap5iautismo_/s4 #giaa3 fr4 #aba 7#bb ff474 #hjaa3 argale_/z bioi_/toio keleu_/?\s 4 4 4 fr4 #aae1 #h 7#h74 #haaa3 ,emp4 does n ev5 use ! ^w psu*_/ ( ^! dai_/mones conf9$ )9 corporeality4 ,!y are s nam$1 h[ev]1 regul>ly & )\t qualification by ! lat] au?ors :o quote v]ses f ! ,prooimion ( ! ,phusika_/1 ,plut>*1 ,plot9os1 ,hippolytos1 etc4 #hbaa3 ,peculi> to ,emp4 is ! attempt to give actual details ( ! crimes = :i* ! spirits are condemn$ to ensma_/tsis2 & also ! ext5sion ( metempsy*osis to plants 7:i* is occasionally attribut$1 b by late au?orities only1 to ! ,py?agoreans z well74 #hcaa3 ,! entirely unpurifi$ seem n to h be5 condemn$ to ev]la/+ puni%m5t 9 ,hades1 ( :i* 9 g5]al he %[s no k1 by ,emp4 7z by ! ,py?agoreans sometimes74 ,he m]ely1 x seems1 ?reat5s !m ) ev]-r5ew$ rebir? ^u e>? & ! impossibility ( to ku_/kl\ lxai 7until ! complete asc5d5cy ( phili_/a74 ,?is appe>s to be ! mean+ ( fr4 #ade 7#dee f47 f ! way 9 :i* ,cl4 ,al41 ,protr4 ii1 #bg1 p4 #bc ,p41 cites ! l9es4 #dje #hdaa3 ,z we may p>aphrase--?\gh inde$ "h1 too1 only ) res]vations--! kako_/ts & kako_/ttes ( ,emp4 fr4 #ade 7#ded f474 #heaa3 frr4 #acf-g1 #abh1 #i f4 7#dbd1 #ddj74 ,v rem>kable 9 a ?9k] ( su* an e>ly p]iod is :at is said 7fr4 #ace7 ab\t ! pa_/ntn no_/mimon :i* =bids ktei_/ne9 to e_/mpsu*on4--,ap>t f ?is we h o!r ve/iges ( ka?>tic rules3 purification ) wat] drawn f five spr+s3 fr4 #adc 7see ,app5d4 v72 ab/5tion f ! eat+ ( beans 7fr4 #ada7 & ( laurel leaves 7fr4 #adj74 ,! laurel is sacr$ z a magic plant1 toge!r ) ! ski_/lla 7see ,app4 v7 & rha_/mnos 7see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #ie74 ,cf4 ,gp4 #aa1 #b1 etc4 ,its special sacr$ness gives ! laurel its importance 9 ! cult ( ,apollo4 ,emp4 7l ,py?agoras7 seems to h paid special hon\r to ,apollo3 x appe>s f some?+ t is said ap4 ,d4,l4 viii1 #eg1 t he wrote a prooi_/mion eis ,apo_/llna3 ! exalt$ conception ( a div9ity t is pure phrn hi]_/ 9 ab/raction f all s5se-p]ception1 elaborat$ by ,emp4 9 frr4 #acc-d1 0 reg>d$ by him z apply+ p>ticul>ly p]i ,apo_/llnos 7,amm4 9 ,ari/41 ,int]pr4 #bdi1 #a ed4 ,br&4 #ace;a1 #bc74 #hfaa3 ,9 fanciful ways3 fr4 #abg 7lion1 laurel71 #ddh ,mull4 #hgaa3 fr4 #adf 7#deg7 pro_/moi be+ us$ probably ) int5tion z a vague t]m3 regal p[] w\ld h>dly h seem$ to possess special m]it to ! democratically m9d$ ,emp4 ,he h>dly knew x 9 any =m b ! tyrannis & to ?is he %[$ himself an en]getic oppon5t 7ev5 ?\gh ! viol5t language ( ,timaeus1 ! enemy ( tyrants1 is n to be tak5 q lit]ally74 ,he himself 0 (f]$ royal p[]1 b he refus$ x ) contempt z "o :o 0 pa_/ss ar*s allo_/trios3 ,xan?os & ,ari/4 ap4 ,d4,l4 viii1 #fc2 ,vors4 #aif1 #aj4 ,he might all ! same 7& rightly7 reg>d himself 9 political matt]s1 too1 z "o ( ! pro_/moi2 x is pla9 t 9 ! enum]ation ( ^? :o 7 eis te_/los born z ma_/nteis te kai humnopo_/loi kai itroi_/1 kai pro_/moi an?r_/pois9 epi*?oni_/oisi pe_/lontai1 & 7 nev] to be born aga91 he includes himself especially1 &1 9 fact1 takes himself z ! model ( ?is la/ & highe/ /age ^u e>?4 ,he himself 0 all ^! ?+s simultane\sly4 #hhaa3 frr4 #adf-g 7#dei ff47 e_/n!n anabla/\si !oi timsi phe_/ri/oi1 a?ana_/tois a_/llois9 home_//ioi1 e_/n te trape_/zais 7read e_/n te tra_/pezoi--a tmesis1 entra_/pezoi_/ te72 eu_/nies &rei_/n a*e_/n1 apo_/kroi1 ateireis4 #hiaa3 ,emp$4 p]haps describ$ himself z god also 9 fr4 #bc1 #aa 7#add7 alla tors t\t' i_//hi 7he is speak+ to ,pausanias71 !\ pa_/ra mu?on ak\_/sas4 ,see ,bidez1 ,biogr4 d',emp41 p4 #aff 7#ahid7--unless ^! words w\ld be bett] tak5 z an abbreviat$ comp>ison 7) omission ( hs73 z c]ta9ly z if y _h receiv$ ^! words f a god4 #ijaa3 ,z ,plu4 is incl9$ to d3 ,exil4 xvii1 p4 #fjg ,d4 #iaaa3 ,z sev]al mod]n critics h attempt$ to d4 #ibaa3 fr4 #ag1 #cj 7#ib74 #icaa3 ,see above1 *ap4 i1 pp4 #d ff4 #idaa3 ,z late aga9 z ,plot9os1 :o speaks ( ! ditton en hmin3 ! sma :i* is a ?ri_/on z!_/n & ! al?s a_/n?rpos di/9ct f x1 etc4 7#a1 #a1 #aj2 #f1 #g1 #e74 #ieaa3 ,at any rate ,emp4 spoke ( ! ek/asis1 ! furor :i* is an animi purgatio & to be entirely di/+ui%$ f t :i* is produc$ by ali5atio m5tis 7phronein alloia1 fr4 #ajh73 ,cael4 ,aur41 ,morb4 ,*ron4 i1 #e1 p4 #be ,si*4 ,vors4 #bbc4 ,a special en?\sia/iko_/n 9 ! s\l z its !io_/taton 7"p73 ,/oics 7& ,plato7 acc4 to ,dox4 #fci1 #be4 ,a special organ ( ! s\l :i* effects ! union ) ! div9e1 be+ ! a_/n?os ts ousi_/z hmn1 is m5tion$ 9 ,proclus 7,zell]1 ,phil4 d4 ,grie*4#b iii1 #b1 #gch74 #djf #ifaa3 to ho_/lon1 ! :ole reality ( ,be+ & ,becom+ 9 ! _w1 _c be compreh5d$ by man ?r\gh 8 s5ses nor ev5 ) n\s3 fr4 #b 7#cf-dc74 ,b ,emp$okles has 9 8 own p]suasion grasp$ x2 he is situat$ sophi_/s ep' a_/kroisi 7fr4 #d1 #h71 autn epagge_/lletai d_/se9 tn al_/!ian 7,procl41 9 ,ti4 #ajf ,e4 ,proclus decl>es t ! words sophi_/s ep' a_/kroisi--& ?is is a fur!r po9t--are meant to apply to ,emp$4 himself4 7,i d n q und]/& ,bidez' d\bts ab\t :at is said "h1 & 9 :at foll[s3 see ,ar*iv4 f4 ,ges*4 d4 ,phil4 ix1 #bjc1 #db47 ,:5ce1 !n1 did ! poet obta9 ?is k ( ! tru? s9ce x is reveal$ nei!r to ! s5ses nor to ! n\s8 ,at any rate1 ! psu*opompoi duna_/meis 7,porph41 ,antr4 #h71 :o conduct$ 8 s\l-daimon out ( ! region ( ! gods1 say to ! s\l 7fr4 #b1 #h73 su d' oun epei hd' elia_//hs 7i4e4 s9ce y h be5 ca/ up "h--on ! e>?--n s9ce y h s desir$ x1 z ,b]gk1 ,opusc4 ii1 #bc1 expla9s3 :i* w\ld be a di/ort$ idea express$ 9 di/ort$ language7--peu_/seai ou ple_/on e brotei_/ mtis ho_/pp5 7?us ) ,panz]biet]1 = o_/rre74 ,accord+ to ?is we mu/ suppose t 8 m pr(\nd k 7insight into ! mixi_/s te dia_/llaxi_/s te mige_/ntn ( ! elem5ts1 toge!r ) k ( ! de/9y & purpose ( ! s\l-daimones1 etc471 :i* he _c h got on e>? or 9 8 e>?ly body mu/ h be5 br\ght ) him out ( 8 div9e pa/-life4 ,?is k is !n peculi> to ! daimon 7or psu*_/ 9 ! old] s5se7 t is buri$ 9 ! body2 & ,emp4 presumably owes x to an ana_/mnsis ( 8 e>li] life 7a faculty t is only r>ely active74 ,f :at o!r s\rce c\ld he h got 8 k ( 8 previ\s ensmat_/seis 7fr4 #aag78 ,he has ev5 f>!r & m pr(\nd k ?an he d>es communicate--fr4 #d 7#de-ea71 & says q pla9ly t he is keep+ back 9 piety a la/ remnant ( wisdom t is unsuit$ = human e>s 7to ?is ext5t ! au?orities--a_/lloi d' san hoi le_/gontes--( ,s4,e41 ,m4 vii1 #abb--;h rightly und]/ood him74--,! belief 9 a miracul\s p[] ( ana_/mnsis t goes beyond ! pres5t life ( ! individual may h be5 d]iv$ by ,emp4 f ,py?agorean doctr9e or my?ology4 ,emp4 himself foll[s ! leg5d ( ! ,py?4 s*ool & attributes su* a p[] ( recollection to ,py?agoras3 ho_/ppote gar pa_/ssi 4 4 4 fr4 #abi #dcj ff44 ,see ,app5d4 x4 ,! eag] developm5t--inde$1 ! cult--( ! mn_/m 9 ,py?agorean circles is well kn[n4 ,! inv5tion ( ! my?s describ+ ! f\nta9 ( ,mnemosyne 9 ,hades may also be ,py?agorean 7see bel[74 ,?r\gh\t ! v>i\s ensmat_/seis ( ! s\l x is ! undy+ mn_/m t alone pres]ves ! unity ( p]sonality :i* 7z ! psu*_/7 lives ?r\gh all ^! trans=mations & is b\nd toge!r 9 ?is way4 ,x is evid5t h[ important ?is idea 0 = ! doctr9e ( transmigration 7x occurs also 9 ! tea*+ ( ,buddha74 ,plato1 l ,emp$okles1 seems to h got ! idea ( an ana_/mnsis rea*+ beyond ! limits ( ! pres5t life f ! ,py?agoreans3 he1 !n1 x is true1 develop$ ! idea 9 connexion ) 8 own philosophy to unexpect$ conclusions 7cf4 fur!r1 ,diet]i*1 ,nekyia1 #abb74 #igaa3 phili_/a is = him 7n inde$ 9 8 words b 9 8 int5tion z ,ari/4 und]/ood him73 aiti_/a tn aga?n1 to de neikos tn kakn1 ,metaph4 #ihe;a1 #d ff42 #ajge;b1 #a-g4 ,h5ce ! pio_/phrn ,philo_/ttos amemphe_/os a_/mbrotos horm_/ 7fr4 #ce7 is contra/$ ) ,neikos ma9o_/m5on 7#aae1 #ad71 oulo_/m5on 7#ag1 #ai71 lugro_/n 7#aji74 ,! sphairos 9 :i* only phili_/a prevails :ile neikos is completely vanqui%$1 is call$ moni_/ p]i_/rge gai_/n1 fr4 #bg1 #bh4 #djg #ihaa3 !oi doli*ai_/nes 7frr4 #bj1 #ab1 #bc1 #h74 ,exactly ! same is said ( ! dai_/mones hoi_/te bi_/oio lelo_/g*asi makrai_/nos 7#aae1 #e74 ,9 ! face ( ^! expressions1 s def9itely sett+ a p]iod to ! lifetime ( ! gods1 we mu/ suppose t ! epi!ts :i* ,emp4 applies to himself--he is to be 9 ! future !os a_/mbrotos ouk e_/ti ?nto_/s1 #aab1 #d--;are m]ely int5d$ to ass]t t he %all n die any m 9 8 inc>nation z a man 7! same ?+ mu/ be meant :5 ^? :o are deliv]$ f ! circle ( rebir? are call$ apo_/kroi1 a_/teireis 7#adg72 ! gods are only call$ a_/?anatoi by traditional conv5tion74 ,plut>* also1 ,def4 ,or4 #af1 p4 #dah ,e1 di/9ctly /ates t ! dai_/mones ( ,emp4 ev5tually die4 ,t ! gods 7b n to !ion itself7 7 liable to ext9ction _h already be5 ! op9ion ( ,anaxim&] & ,anaxim5es4 ,acc4 to ,emp4 ! individual dai_/mones w\ld be reabsorb$ into ! univ]sal div9ity1 ! sphairos 7j z ! individual deities ( ! ,/oics are reabsorb$ at ! _w-conflagration into ,zeus :o is alone inde/ructible74 ll4 #aca1 #ada1 #dfa1 #dfj ,m4 #iiaa3 ,emp41 frr4 #acc1 #acd 7#chi-if71 speaks ( a sup]s5sual div9ity t is entirely phrn hi]_/3 he gives to ?is div9ity ! "n ( ,apollo1 b ! description is said to apply p]i pantos t\ !i_/ou4 ,hipp41 ,,rh4 vii1 #bi1 p4 #chf ,d4-,s41 ref]s ! description to ! sphairos4 ,! sphairos1 9 :i* no neikos is left 0 call$ by ,emp4 ho !o_/s1 ho eudaimone_//atos !o_/s 7,ari/41 ,an4 i1 #e1 #daj;b1 #e-f2 ,metaph4 ii1 #d1 #ajjj;b1 #c74 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t ,emp4 w\ld n h 9999reg>d$ ! sphairos z pure phrn hi]_/4 ,x appe>s1 9 fact1 t 9 ! sphairos1 9 :i* ev]y?+ is toge!r & unit$1 ev5 ! div9e p[] ?\ght ( z sup]s5sual is br\ght to a close4 ,9 ! _w-/ate ( multiplicity caus$ by neikos div9ity seems to be reg>d$ z sep>ate f ! elem5ts & ! =ces4 ,furi\s conflict 7#aae1 #ad7 !n attacks ev5 ! div9ity & divides x aga9/ itself2 h5ce ! orig9 ( individual dai_/mones z a self-caus$ division ( ! div9e1 a des]tion f ! ,"o !ion--! individual dai_/mones are phuga_/des1 !o_/!n 7#aae1 #ac74 ,^! individual dai_/mones are entangl$ 9 ! _w f its orig9 until at la/1 hav+ become purifi$1 !y rise aga9 to ! heights ( div9ity2 & :5 all individuality is aga9 fus$ into "o by phili_/a !y return once m into ! univ]sal div9ity 9 ord] ) x to ent] into ! sphairos4--,?us we may p]haps recon/ruct ! ,emp$oklean fantasy4 ,8 l9es d n supply suffici5t evid5ce = ! complete recon/ruction ( 8 picture ( ! p]petually recurr+ process4 ,we %\ld naturally expect a c]ta9 obscurity to cl+ to ?is attempt to fuse toge!r physiology & !ology4 #ajjaa3 ,lucr4 iii1 #cgj-c4 #ajaaa3 ,all t is ess5tial on ! subject ( ,demokritos' doctr9e ( ! s\l is to be f\nd 9 ,ari/41 ,an4 i1 #b1 p4 #djc;b1 #ca-djd;a1 #af2 #dje;a41 #g-ac2 i1 #c1 p4 #djf;b1 #ae-bb2 ,resp4 iv1 p4 #dga;b1 #cj-dgb;a1 #ag4--,! air is full ( ! p>ticles :i* ,demokritos calls n\s & psu*_/3 ,resp4 #dgb;a1 #f-h ,vors4 ii1 #cf4 ,! atoms hov]+ 9 ! air become visible z motes 9 ! sunbeam2 ( ^! "s are ! s\l-atoms 7?is mu/ be ! mean+ ( ,an4 #djd;,a1 #c ff42 ,iamb4 ap4 ,/ob41 ,ecl4 i1 p4 #chd1 #ae ,w41 is only draw+ ^u ,ari/474 ,?is is a modification ( ! op9ion held by ! ,py?agoreans 7m5tion$ also by ,ari/4 #djd;a1 #af ff47 t ! motes 9 ! sunbeam are s\ls 7see above1 *ap4 x1 n4 #cd74 ,inhalation ( ! _w-/uff z a condition ( life 9 ! individual is imitat$ f ,h]akleitos 7see ,s4,e41 ,m4 vii1 #abi74 #ajbaa3 ,! s\l acc4 to ,dem4 ekbai_/nei men t\ s_/matos1 en de t ekbai_/ne9 diaphoreitai kai diask$a_/nnutai1 ,iamb4 ap4 ,/ob41 ,ecl4 i1 p4 #chd1 #af f4 ,w4 #djh #ajcaa3 ,dem4 ph?>tn 7einai tn psu*n7 t s_/mati sundiaph!irome_/nn1 ,dox4 #cic;a1 #h ,vors4 ,a #aji4 ,s9ce ! disruption ( ! s\l-atoms is n effect$ at a s+le bl[ dea? may1 9 consequ5ce1 sometimes be only app>5t2 i4e4 :5 _m b n all ! s\l-p>ticles h escap$4 ,= ?is reason also1 ) ! possible re-assemblage ( ! s\l-atoms1 anabi_/seis ( ! app>5tly dead may occur4 ,cases ( ?is k9d seem to h be5 treat$ 9 ! "w p]i tn en ,ha_/id\3 see ,procl41 9 ,rp4 ii1 #aac1 #f ,kr42 ,d4,l4 ix1 #df2 x is c\nt$ among ! mo/ fam\s1 or at lea/ ! mo/ popul> ( ,dem4's writ+s 9 ! anecdote ap4 ,a?4 #afh ,b2 cf4 ,hp4 ,ep4 #aj1 #c1 p4 #bia ,h*4 ix1 #cbb ,lit42 ,vors4 #ee ,c1 #b4 ,?is view ( ! ret5tion ( vitality1 ( c\rse1 only applies to ! p]iod imm$iately foll[+ ! 7app>5t7 dea? 7x is fairly correctly repres5t$ by ,plu4 ,plac4 ,ph4 #d1 #d1 #d ,dox4 #cij1 x 0 probably attribut$ to ,dem4 on acc\nt ( a simil> obs]vation made by ,p>m5ides2 see above1 p4 #cgc74 ,nev]!less1 out ( x grew up ! ass]tion1 :i* 0 !n attribut$ to ,dem41 t 9 fact ta nekra tn sma_/tn ai/ha_/netai3 e4g4 ,alex4 ,aph4 9 ,ari/41 ,top4 #ba1 #ba2 ,vors4 ii1 #ch1 #h2 ,/ob41 ,ecl4 i1 p4 #dgg1 #ah ,w4 ,9 ! case1 at lea/1 ( ^? t are really dead1 i4e4 ( bodies t h be5 des]t$ by all ! s\l-atoms1 ,dem4 c]ta9ly nev] taught ! pres5ce ( ai_//hsis3 aga9/ ! vulg>ization ( 8 op9ions t w\ld attribute su* a view z ?is to him 7z ,epicurus himself did7 ! ,democritici spok5 ( by ,cic4 7,,td4 i1 #hb7 made _! prote/4--,! "w p]i tn en ,ha_/id\ c c]ta9ly n h conf9$ itself to consid]ations ( a purely physical nature2 o!rwise ,?rasyllos 7,d4,l4 ix1 #df7 c\ld n h classifi$ x among ! ?ika bibli_/a ( ,dem4 ,vors4 ii1 #ai4 ,x is1 inde$1 difficult to imag9e :at f ,dem4's po9t ( view !re c\ld h be5 to say ab\t ! ?+s 9 ! ,und]world4 ,x is h>dly possible to suppose 7z ,mulla*1 ,dem4 fr41 pp4 #aag-ah1 & ,heyne d7 t ,dem4 w\ld ?9k himself oblig$ ei!r to answ] or to p>ody ! fabul\s inv5tions ( ! poets ab\t ! realm ( %ad[s4 ,x is difficult to be c]ta9 t ,dem4 0 really ! au?or ( ! "w3 ! =g]y ( lat] times 0 p>ticul>ly fond ( turn+ ! mo/ cle>-head$ ( mat]iali/s into a mage & a jack-(-all-trades4 7,dem4's obs]vations ( ! possibility ( anabi\n is 9 "p at lea/ ! orig9 ( ! writ+ p4 t4 en ha_/d\2 x is also responsible = ! anecdote t makes him promise to ! ,p]sian k+ t he w re/ore 8 dead wife to life aga91 etc4--a v>iation ( an +5i\s /ory widely spread bo? 9 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/4 ,see my ,lecture on ,greek ,novel-writ+3 ,v]h4 d] ,philolog5v]s4 zu ,ro/ock1 #ahge1 p4 #fh f47--,! fragm5ta moralia ( ,dem4 are ) r>e exceptions 7e4g4 ,mull4 frr4 #g1 #bc1 #dh1 #di1 etc4 #adf1 #aei1 #adg1 #abg ,d47 :olesale fabrications ( ! feeble/ k9d4 ,"o ( !m1 h[ev] 7#aai ,mull41 #big ,d471 agrees at lea/ ) :at ,dem4 may v well h said ab\t ! puni%m5ts 9 ,hell 7?\gh 9 r diff]5t words--he 0 incapable ( q su* a mon/rosity z mu?opla/e_/ontes1 :i* s\nds v late ,greek4 ,va9 ef=ts h be5 made to ju/ify ?is mu?opla/e_/ by ref]5ce to ! old] mu?opla_//s4 ,b mu?opoio_/s1 odophu_/lax1 arguroko_/pos1 etc41 are also old1 & x is no secret t v]bs d]iv$ by fur!r ext5sion f su* composite v]bal n\ns are mo/ly late =mations3 ?us mu?opoie_/1 odophulake_/1 argurokope_/1 & aga9 petrobole_/1 hi]ophante_/1 teknoktone_/1 etc474 ,9 ano!r ( ^! falsa no e*o ev5 ( ,dem4's ?\ght is to be f\nd3 fr4 moral4 #a ,mull4 #aga ,d4 psu* oikt_/rion dai_/monos4 #ajdaa3 ,dem41 ^: inquiries set out f ! /udy ( inorganic nature1 #dji 0 l$ to pr$icate a me*anical ob$i5ce to law 9 organic nature z well4 ,anaxagoras />t+ f ! /udy ( organic nature & 9 p>ticul> ( man1 its highe/ developm5t1 d]iv$ f t /udy ! concept ( purpose--purpose consci\sly und]tak5 & c>ri$ out--& ?is idea affect$ 8 outlook ^u ! :ole ( nature1 includ+ inorganic nature4 ,?is teleological sy/em1 reg>d$ z ( univ]sal application1 is made by him to dep5d on a ,be+ modell$ ^u ! human m9d1 ! only s\rce1 9 fact1 f :i* he c\ld h d]iv$ 8 exp]i5ce ( action c>ri$ out 9 accordance ) pre-arrang$ purpose4 #ajeaa3 ,cf4 "h & on :at foll[s1 ,he9ze1 ,b]4 d4 ,s*s4 ,ges4 d4 ,wiss4 #ahij1 pp4 #a ff4 #ajfaa3 n\s mu/ be omnisci5t if x gn_/mn p]i pantos i_/s*ei 7fr4 #f ,m4 #ab ,d474 ,x has organiz$ 7dieko_/smse7 n only :at 0 & is b also :at is to be3 frr4 #f1 #ab #ab1 #ad ,d44 #ajgaa3 ,ari/41 ,ph4 #bef;b4 #bd ff4 #ajhaa3 ho gar n\s 7( ,anaxag47 heis3 ,ari/41 ,metaph4 #ajfi;b1 #ca4 ,on ! o!r h&1 *r_/mata a_/peira pl?os3 ,anaxag4 fr4 #a4 #ajiaa3 ,anaxago_/ras phsi ton n\n ko9on ou!n ou!ni tn a_/lln e_/*e94 ,ari/41 ,an4 i1 #b1 p4 #dje;b1 #ai ff42 cf4 iii1 #d1 p4 #dbi;b1 #bc f4 #aajaa3 ,anaxag4 fr4 #f #ab3 ta men a_/lla pa_/nta pantos moiran mete_/*ei1 no_/os de_/ e/i a_/peiron kai autokrates kai me_/miktai oud5i *r_/mati1 alla m\nos autos eph1 heut\ e/i4 7a_/peiron does n seem to supply ! requir$ opposition to :at proce$s3 8 haplo_/on4 ,anaxag4 us$ ! ^w ( n\s acc4 to ,ari/41 ,an4 #dje;a1 #af2 #dbi;b1 #bc4 ,zell] also sugge/s haplo_/on1 ,ar*iv f4 ,g4 d4 ,philos4 v1 #dda47 #aaaaa3 ho_/sa psu*n e_/*ei1 kai ta me_/z kai ta ela_/ss1 pa_/ntn no_/os krate_/ei2 kai ts p]i*r_/sios ts sumpa_/ss no_/os ekra_/tse1 _//e p]i*rsai tn ar*_/n1 fr4 #f #ab4 ,?is kratein at ! beg9n+ ( ! p]i*_/rsis _c at any rate take place by ! int]-mixture ( n\s 9 ! spe_/rmata or by ! entry ( n\s into ^!4 ,because n\s is bo? apa?_/s & amig_/ss1 x kratoi_/ an amigs _/n1 ,ari/41 ,ph4 #bef;b1 #bg2 cf4 #dbi;a1 #ah4 ,does ?is also apply to n\s :5 x tn psu*n e*o_/ntn krate_/ei8 ,& yet 9 ?is case x appe>s to be divid$1 z mei_/zn or ela_/ttn 9 ea* case1 9 ! za4--,no "o c help be+ rem9d$ "h ( ! insoluble aporiai rais$ 9 ,ari/otle's own doctr9e ( ! active n\s :i*1 9 ?is case too1 is apa?_/s1 amig_/s1 *ri/o_/s f ! body2 is also depriv$ ( all attributes ( individuality 7:i* reside entirely 9 ! l[] psy*ical p[]s7 & ?us appe>s z a common div9e _s4 ,& yet x is said to be a mo_/rion ts psu*s1 pres5t en t psu*1 dwell+ inside ! body yet hav+ no?+ 9 common ) x1 & 9 any case is ?\ght ( z an individual m9d4 ,9 ! case ( ,anaxagoras ! same aporiai apply also to ! n\ri%+1 feel+1 desir+1 & mov+ s\l 7z x is call$ by ,ari/472 = all ! p>ts ( ! s\l are includ$ almo/ indi/+ui%ably by him "u ! conception ( n\s4--,! difficulty ( reconcil+ ! unity & inw>d cont9uity ( ! spiritual 7immat]ial1 t _c be ?\ght ( z divid$7--) its individuation & di/ribution into ! multiplicity ( s\ls1 is "o :i* repeat$ly occurs 9 ,greek philosophy4 #aabaa3 dia pa_/ntn io_/nta1 ,pl41 ,crat4 #dac ,c4 #aacaa3 en panti pantos moira e_/ne/i pln no_/ou2 e_//i hoisi de kai no_/os e_/ni1 fr4 #e #aa4 #aadaa3 no_/os de pas ho_/moio_/s e/i kai ho me_/zn kai ho ela_/ssn1 fr4 #f #ab4 #aaeaa3 ,ari/41 ,an4 i1 #b1 p4 #djd;b1 #a-g3 ,anaxag4 (t5 gives ton n\n z to ai_/tion t\ kals kai or?s2 hete_/r?i de 7he says7 t\ton einai tn psu*_/n2 en ha_/pasi gar hupa_/r*e9 auton tois z_/ois1 kai mega_/lois kai mikrois #daj kai timi_/ois kai atimote_/rois 79 :i* case ! n\s t dwells )9 all ! za _c be any long] reg>d$ z ho kata phro_/ns9 lego_/m5os n\s74 ,anaxag4 _h express$ himself indi/9ctly3 htton diasaphei p]i autn 7i4e1 ! relation betwe5 n\s & psu*_/74 ,cf4 #dje;a1 #ac f4 ,9 ! s5se ( ! words z us$ by ,anaxagoras n\s & psu*_/ 7 simply id5tifi$ by ,plato3 ,crat4 #djj ,a4 #aafaa3 ,d4,l4 ii1 #h ,vors4 #cge4 ,acc4 to ,anaxag4 ! moon has oik_/seis 7alla kai lo_/ph\s kai pha_/raggas74 ,fr4 #aj #d probably ref]s to ! m5 & o!r za 9 ! moon 7to :om yet ano!r moon gives light74 ,anaxag4 tn sel_/nn gn phsin einai 7i4e4 an inhabitable heav5ly body l ! e>?71 ,pl41 ,ap4 #bf ,d2 cf4 ,hippol41 ,r4,h4 i1 #h1 #aj1 p4 #bb1 #dj ,d4-,s4--,we are rem9d$ ( ! ,orphico-,py?agorean fantasies ab\t life on ! moon 7see above1 *ap4 x1 n4 #gf74 #aagaa3 ,anaxag4 c\nt$ ! plants z za & ascrib$ emotions to !m3 h_/de/hai kai lupei/hai ,ari/4 ,plant4 #hae;a1 #ah4 ,l ,plato & ,demokritos ,anaxag4 also reg>d$ plants z za e_/ggeia3 ,plu41 ,,qn4 #a1 #iaa ,d4 #aahaa3 ,9 spite ( its entry into *r_/mata1 n\s is yet said to rema9 unmix$ & unaffect$ by !m3 autokra_/tora gar auton o_/nta kai oud5i memigme_/non pa_/nta phsin auton kosmein ta pra_/gmata dia pa_/ntn io_/nta1 ,pl41 ,crat4 #dac ,c4 ,we ?us h at ! same "t dia pa_/ntn io_/nta & d5ial ( mixture :i* is reit]at$ 9 /rong] & /rong] language4 ,?us n\s ev5 s rema9s /ill eph' heut\ 7ei m gar eph' heut\ n1 a_/ll te_/ eme_/mikto a_/n2 metei*e de an hapa_/ntn *rma_/tn ei eme_/mikto_/ te2 en panti gar pantos moira he_/ne/i ktl4 ,s p]haps we %\ld read fr4 #f #ab re/or+ a complet$ syllogism4 ,9 ! traditional text ! clause ei eme_/mikto_/ te is sup]flu\s & 9 ! way74 ,x takes no p>ticle ( ! o!rs into itself4 #aaiaa3 ,plu4 ,plac4 ,phil4 #e1 #be1 #b 7,at41 ,dox4 #dcg2 ,vors4 #cig1 #ah71 9 ! *ap4 pote_/r\ e/in hu_/pnos kai ?a_/natos psu*s s_/matos2 ,anaxag4 taught3 einai de kai psu*s ?a_/naton ton dia*rismo_/n4 ,no?+ else c be meant by ! words--! !me ( ! *apt] alone %[s x--?an3 ! dea? ( ! s\l 7z well z ( ! body7 occurs ) its sep>ation 7f ! body74 ton dia*rismo_/n is subject & einai ts psu*s ?a_/naton pr$icate ( ! s5t5ce 7n ! o!r way r\nd z ,siebeck seems to ?9k3 ,ges4 d4 ,psy*ol4 i1 #bhe74 ,! viol5t alt]ation propos$ by ,wytt5ba* 7de immort4 animi1 9999,opusc4 ii1 #eig f47 has n ! smalle/ ju/ification3 einai de kai ton ?a_/naton psu*s dia*rismon kai s_/matos4 ,!re c\ld h be5 no reason at all 9 appeal+ specially to ,anaxagoras = a confirmation ( ! popul> conception ( dea? 7x w\ld be no?+ m74 ,fur!r1 9 ?is p>ticul> connexion su* a def9ition ( dea? is q out ( place2 s9ce ! !me ( ! *ap4 is only to ask ! "q :e!r dea? also affects ! s\l1 n :at x is4 psu*_/ "h mu/ mean ! individual s\l1 n ! n\s :i* is ! basis ( ! individual s\ls4 ,anaxag4 made ! individual s\l p]i% at dea?--s mu* is c]ta94 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t we _c say = c]ta9 :e!r ! ,placita are ref]r+ to an actual utt]ance ( ,anaxag4 or are only draw+ conclusions f 8 tea*+4 #abjaa3 fr4 #ag #ag4 #daa ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,lay ,,au?ors ,!ology & ,philosophy1 ea* 9 its own way attempt+ to g beyond inadequate popul> belief1 c\ld only v gradually transc5d ! limits ( ^? n>r[ communities )9 :i* _! influ5ce 0 fir/ felt & rea* ! circles 9 :i* t popul> belief held sway4 ,dur+ ! e>lie/ successes ( ! !ological & philosophical _s h>dly a voice 0 rais$ t might h sugge/$ t ! belief 9 ! imp]i%ability & div9e nature ( ! human ,s\l1 ( ! inh]5ce ( all ?+s spiritual 9 "o imp]i%able1 fundam5tal sub/ance1 might become some?+ m ?an a my/]y kn[n to ! wise & illum9at$1 & ent] into ! convictions ( ! p & ! unle>n$4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ! body1 ! ,image ( ,life rema9s alive2 = t alone is desc5d$ f ! gods--su* is ! ann\ncem5t ( ,p9d>4 ,b = all ! confid5ce ) :i*1 z ?\gh anticipat+ no contradiction1 he "h proclaims ! view ( ! s\l's immortality & bases x ^u its div9e nature1 su* an op9ion c at t "t h be5 no m ?an ! p]suasion ( isolat$ communities =m$ & in/ruct$ 9 t p>ticul> doctr9e4 ,x _c be m]ely accid5tal1#aab t 9 ! fragm5ts :i* h come d[n to u ( ! lyric & semi-lyric 7elegiac & iambic7 poetry--poetry int5d$ = a wide & unspecializ$ public & express+ feel+s & ideas 9 language t all c\ld und]/&--h>dly a trace appe>s ( t enhanc$ conception ( ! wor? & nature ( ! ,s\l4 ,reflexion does n l+] ov] su* d>k subjects2 :5ev] !y are illum9at$ = a pass+ mom5t1 we disc]n ! outl9es ( ^? figures f ! _s _w j z ! ,hom]ic imag9ation _h giv5 !m %ape4 ,life & light are only to be f\nd 9 ?is _w2#bab ,dea?1 to :i* we are all ow+1#cab leads ! s\l into a realm ( no?+ness4#dab ,in>ticulate1 voiceless1 ! dead man lies 9 ! grave l a /atue4#eab ,^u e>?1 & n 9 any %ad[y h]eaft]1 is complet$ t judgm5t#fab :i* div9e ,ju/ice passes ^u ! crim9al himself1 or ^u 8 desc5dants 9 :om some?+ ( him /ill lives on4 ,x is ! lack ( su* desc5dants t =ms ! bitt]e/ pang1 z he goes d[n to ,hades1 ( ! man :o passes *ildless out ( ?is life4#gab #dab ,m di/9ctly & bitt]ly1 9 ?is age ( advanc+ civilization & gr[+ s5sibility1 s\nds ! wail ov] ! pa9 & affliction ( life1 ! obscurity ( its ways1 & ! unc]ta9ty ( its outcome4#hab ,sil5os1 ! prophetic wood-_s1 s w5t ! anci5t leg5d1 :5 captur$ by ,k+ ,midas 9 8 rose-g>d5s at ,b]mios e>n$ 8 release ) ! judgm5t ( melan*oly wisdom t ! ,greek 0 nev] tir$ ( repeat+ 9 ev]-v>y+ =ms--n to be born is ! be/ ?+ = m51 b hav+ be5 born1 let him pray t he may return z soon z possible to ! k+dom ( ,night1#iab & ( ,hades4#ajab ,! *e]ful enjoym5t ( life is no long] s sure ( itself z once x _h be5 9 ! days ( its nave confid5ce3 & yet !re is no sub/itute attempt$1 no comp5satory h]eaft] 9 a next _w ( ju/ice & untr\bl$ happ9ess4 ,we r he> ! op9ion express$ t re/ is ! greate/ ( all e>?ly bless+s2 & re/ is br\ght by ,dea?4 ,nev]!less !re is little dem& = consolation2 a robu/ & virile s5se ( life t c put up ) :atev] may befall ( evil or h>d%ip 9 heal?y indiff]5ce1 is 9 ! air1 & speaks to u f _m a page ( ?is poetic legacy ) unpret5d+ v]acity4 ,no attempt is made to smoo? ov] ! h>d%ip & cruelty ( life4 ,man's p[] is small1 8 ef=ts g unrew>d$1 "o necessity aft] ano!r besets 8 %ort life3 ov] all alike hangs ! %ad[ ( inevitable dea?4 ,all ?+s come at la/ to ! awful *asm--! brave/ virtue & ! highe/ au?ority 9 ! _w4#aaab ,yet life is good & dea? an evil2 else1 :y d ! bless$ gods n die8 asks ,sappho#abab ) fem99e naivet2 ?\gh inde$1 h] life's pa? _h la9 ?r\gh ! deepe/ valley ( ! %ad[4 ,ev5 ! dead man1 if he wi%es to be pres]v$ f utt] no?+ness1 mu/ dep5d ^u ! _w ( ! liv+ z ! only place ( reality2 ! fame ( 8 virtues & 8 de$s is all t outla/s 8 dea?4#acab ,p]haps "s dim p]ception ( t fame rea*es ev5 to ! dead4#adab ,!y !mselves are = ! liv+ z ?\gh !y _h pass$ into no?+ness2 we %\ld n1 ?9ks a poet1 give !m ano!r ?\ght aft] we h buri$ !m4#aeab ,"h ev5 ! "t-hon\r$ conv5tions associat$ ) ! cult ( s\ls seem to be p]v]sely ca/ aside4 ,9 g5]al1 ! poet ) 8 wide-rang+ obs]vation ( mank9d _h small occasion to be rem9d$ ( ! cult ( ! s\l t ! n>r[ circles ( family or city (f]$ to _! dead1 or ( ! conceptions !reby enc\rag$ ( ! cont9u$ life enjoy$ by ! dep>t$4 ,! omission is suppli$ by ! ,orators ( ! fif? & f\r? c5turies & by :at !y say--& d #dac n say--( ! /ate ( ?+s h]eaft]4 ,! greate/ p]iod ( lyric poetry 0 by t "t already fad+ into ! pa/1 & yet :oev] wi%$ 9 speak+ be=e a citiz5 assembly to meet ) g5]al agreem5t & und]/&+ 0 /ill oblig$ to refra9 f speak+ ( ! bless$ immortality1 ! et]nity & div9ity ( ! s\l4 ,! ,orators#afab nev] pass beyond ! conceptions ( ! survival1 p[]1 & rights ( ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ :i* 7 call$ =? & ma9ta9$ 9 exi/5ce by ! cult ( ! s\l4 ,! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! s\ls 9 ! next _w is n call$ 9 "q2 b ! op9ion t ! s\ls /ill pres]ve _! consci\sness & h any k ( :at happ5s on ?is e>? is only express$ ) ! mo/ cauti\s avoidance ( def9it5ess4#agab ,:at--ap>t f ! sacrificial (f]+s ( _! relatives--/ill b9ds ! dead to ! life ^u e>?1 is little m ?an ! fame accord$ to !m among ! liv+4#ahab ,ev5 9 ! elevat$ language ( solemn fun]al orations ! consolations (f]$ to ! survivors omit all m5tion ( any enhanc$ /ate ( be+1 any ?\ght ( immortal life 9 fully-consci\s bless$ness1 t might belong n[ to ! glori\s dep>t$4#aiab ,su* high visions & hopes = ! future 7 /ill1 x appe>s1 z little necess>y or dem&$ = ! com=t ( ! p z !y _h be5 9 ! times ( ! great w>s ( lib]ty4#bjab ,! belov$ dead :o _h giv5 _! lives = _! c\ntry 9 ^? w>s1 z well z _m o!rs ( ! "t :om dea? _h ov]tak51 7 ! recipi5ts ( ! epitaphs compos$ by ,simonides ! ma/] ( brilliant & cond5s$ inscriptions4 ,nev]!less1 n once does he v\*safe a ^w t might po9t =w>d to a l& ( bless$ immortality = ! dep>t$4 ,!re is a ve/ige ( life /ill rema9+ = ! dead--b x is 9 ?is _w2 ! memory ( ! liv+ & _! own great "n hon\r$ by aft] g5]ations is all t c prolong _! exi/5ce4 ,x seems l an e*o f ano!r _w :5 7ab\t ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury7 ,melanippides ! di?yrambic poet addresses a god 9 ! words3 ,he> me ,fa!r1 m>vel ( all mortal m51 ,?\ t rule/ ov] ! ev]liv+ ,s\ls4 ,! words mu/ be address$ to ,dionysos2#baab = su* z ent]$ into ! magic circle ( 8 nightly fe/ival ^? visions ( ! imp]i%ability ( ! human s\l & its div9e p[] acquir$ reality4 ,su* wisdom receiv$ b p>tial ass5t f ^? :o liv$ unaffect$ by ! conceptions ( isolat$ sects ( ! !ologically or philosophically m9d$4 #dad #b ,a peculi> position is tak5 up by ,p9d>4 ,two contra/$ views ( ! nature1 orig91 & de/9y ( ! s\l seem to be comb9$ 9 8 m9d ) equal claim to au?ority4 ,9 ! ,victory ,odes allusions pr$om9ate :i* imply an agreem5t ) ! popul> view express$ 9 ! say+s ( poets & ! presuppositions ( ! cult ( s\ls & ! wor%ip ( ,h]oes4 ,aft] its sep>ation f ! body1 ! s\l disappe>s into ! und]world4#bbab ,! piety & affectionate memory ( relatives & desc5dants rema9s z a l9k betwe5 ! dead & ! liv+2#bcab :e!r ! s\l itself is /ill consci\s ( any connexion ) ! _w ( ! liv+ seems unc]ta94#bdab ,its p[] is ov] & done )--x is c]ta9ly no condition ( bless$ happ9ess into :i* x has ent]$4 ,only ! glori\s "n1 ! fame t is hon\r$ 9 song1 rew>ds ! great de$s ( ! virtu\s aft] dea?4#beab ,an exalt$ /ate ( be+1 aft] _! dep>ture f ?is e>?1 is attribut$ to ! ,h]oes alone4 ,! belief 9 ! exi/5ce1 importance1 & p[] ( ^! illum9at$ spirits holds complete sway2#bfab x em]ges 9 lively reality f ! words & n>rations ( ! poet ?r\gh\t all 8 "w4 ,moreov]1 ! anci5t conception--9 reality r5d]$ unt5able by ! belief 9 ,h]oes--t only ) ! undivid$ union ( body & s\l is complete life imag9able1 is disc]nible 9 _m allusions & /ories ( ,translation t imply t conception4 ,amphi>aos1 ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( ^? :o h be5 translat$ to ev]la/+ life1 is specially de> to ! he>t ( ! ,!ban poet1 & is glorifi$ m ?an once 9 ! language ( unaffect$ fai? 9 su* miracles4#bgab ,b1 fur!r1 ev5 :5 dea? has occurr$ 9 ! meantime1 elevation to a high] life rema9s possible--ev5 beyond ! heights ( ! ,h]o4 ,semele lives = ev]1 ?\gh %e di$ "u ! cra% ( ! ?und]-bolt4#bhab ,! b>ri] betwe5 m5 & gods is n insup]able2 we c di/antly approa* ! immortals n only 9 greatness ( m9d1 b 9 bodily vig\r4#biab ,"o "m gave bir? to bo? races1 ?\gh ! gulf betwe5 !m is inde$ a deep "o2 man is n\ght--a %ad['s dream-image2 = ! gods ! braz5 heav5s rema9 = ev] z an unconqu]able /ronghold4#cjab ,only a miracle ( div9e int]f]5ce ) ! lawful & normal c\rse ( nature1 c raise ! individual s\l to ! ev]la/+ life ( ! gods & ,h]oes4 ,su* visions z ^! c\ld be indulg$ 9 by "o :o /ill #dae kept 8 feet firmly fix$ ^u ! gr\nd ( popul> belief4 ,& yet side by side ) !m 9 ,p9d>'s works are to be f\nd descriptions ( q ano!r ord] 9 :i* is express$1 ) elaborate fullness & dogmatic exactitude1 a complete doctr9e ( ! nature1 de/9y1 & fate ( ! s\l2 passages 9 :i*1 9 spite ( "s little poetic lic5ce 9 detail1 a well ord]$ &1 9 ! ma91 consi/5t :ole is pictur$4 ,! ,s\l1 ! ,image ( ,life1 ! o!r ,self ( ! liv+ & visible man1 sleeps :ile ! limbs ( man are active2 :5 ! individual is asleep x %[s him dream-visions ( ! future4#caab ,?is psy*e#cbab :i* dur+ ! wak+ & consci\s h\rs ( ! man is itself ly+ 9 ! d>kness ( unconsci\sness1 is f> f be+ ! totality ( m5tal p[]s ga!r$ toge!r 9 a s+le creature1 or at any rate1 9 a s+le concept1 su* z ! philosoph]s z well z ! ev]yday use ( ! ^w at t p]iod und]/ood by ! "n psy*e4 ,"h1 aga91 ! "n once m d5otes ! d\ble ( mank9d dwell+ )9 ! liv+ man su* z x 0 kn[n to primeval popul> belief & to ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,a !ological mean+ has1 h[ev]1 be5 add$ to x4 ,?is ,image ( man1 we are told1 is alone desc5d$ f ! gods1 & ) ?is ! reason also is discov]$ :y ! s\l-image alone aft] ! de/ruction ( ! body by dea? rema9s alive4#ccab ,d]iv$ f ! gods & !re=e et]nally exempt f de/ruction1 ev]la/+ & immortal1 ! s\l is none ! less condemn$ to f9it5ess2 x dwells )9 ! mortal body ( man4 ,?is is ! result ( ! anci5t guilt ( :i*1 q 9 ! mann] ( !ological poetry1 ,p9d> also speaks4#cdab ,aft] ! dea? ( ! body x is to await 9 ,hades ! /]n s5t5ce t ,"o %all pron\nce ov] its e>?ly de$s4#ceab ,= ! condemn$ !re is 9 /ore affliction pa/ behold+#cfab 9 deep ,t>t>os1 :]e ! sl[ riv]s ( murky night spit out endless d>kness1 & =getfulness encloses ! victims4#cgab ,! j ent] into ! subt]ranean places ( bliss :]e ! sun gives !m light :5 he has set ^u e>?4#chab ,9 fl[]y mead[s !y enjoy an exi/5ce ( respl5d5t idl5ess1 su* z only ! ,greek imag9ation1 n\ri%$ amid ! arti/ic surr\nd+s ( ,greek life1 c\ld describe )\t fall+ into empt9ess & futility4 ,b ! s\l has n ev5 s f\nd its la/ re/+ place4 ,x mu/ aga9 give life to a body & n until x has complet$ ^u e>? a ?ird faultless life c x hope = an end ( its e>?ly c\rse ( be+4#ciab ,! conditions ( ea* new life #daf ^u e>? dep5d ^u ! degree ( purity t ! s\l has a*iev$ 9 its previ\s lifetimes4 ,:5 at la/ ! ,que5 ( ! ,und]world consid]s t its anci5t guilt has be5 aton$ =1 %e s5ds =? ! s\ls aft] ! n9? ye>#djab ( _! la/ soj\rn 9 ,hades once m to live 9 ! upp] _w1 ?is "t 9 happ9ess4 ,"h !y pass ?r\gh "o m lifetime z k+s1 mighty m5 ( val\r1 & ,wise ,m54#daab ,!n at la/ !y escape f ! necessity ( e>?ly rebir?4 ,z ,h]oes !y are hon\r$ among m52#dbab & !y h !re=e ent]$ into a /ate ( high] be+ :i* ! popul> belief ( ,p9d>'s "t ascrib$ n only to ! s\ls ( ! great ance/ral figures ( ! pa/1 b also to _m :o _h dep>t$ h5ce 9 m rec5t times aft] a life ( val\r & s]vice4#dcab ,n[ !y are beyond ! rea* ( ,hades z mu* z ( ! _w ( m54 ,fai? seeks !m 9 ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/ f> out 9 ,okeanos2 ?i!r1 to ! ,citadel ( ,kronos !y travel on ! ,way ( ,zeus#ddab & enjoy1 9 company ) ! great ones ( ! pa/1 "u ! protection ( ,kronos#deab & 8 assessor ,rhadaman?ys1 a life ( bliss = ev] undi/urb$4 ,su* conceptions ( ! orig91 =tunes1 & ultimate de/9y ( ! s\l1 ! m !y div]ge f commonly held op9ions1 ! m c]ta9ly mu/ !y be reg>d$ z be+ "p ( ! private & real p]suasion ( ! poet himself4 ,! poet1 :o on o!r occasions :5 he makes pass+ & casual ref]5ce to ! ?+s ( ! next _w accommodates himself to ! traditional view1 gives himself up will+ly to su* hopes & aspirations :]e ! circum/ances ( 8 song provid$ an opportunity ( deal+ at l5g? ) su* matt]s--especially 9 hymns ( m\rn+ = ! dead4 ,he may h paid att5tion 9 su* poems to ! special op9ions ( ^? :o 7 to be ! fir/ he>]s ( 8 song4 ,!ron1 ! rul] ( ,akragas1 to :om 0 d$icat$ ! second ,olympian ,ode ( ,victory t deals s fully ) ! hope ( bliss to come1 0 an old man ^: ?\ghts might well be occupi$ ) ! life aft] dea?4#dfab ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 we may presume p]haps ! special int]e/ ( ! p]son ^: praises are sung 9 ^! reflections t lead s f> away f ! commonly accept$ view ( ! ,s\l4#dgab ,b t ,p9d>1 pr\d & self-will$1 consci\s ( specific k & pr\d ( t consci\sness1 %\ld h giv5 expression to /range doctr9e s =eign to popul> ideas simply out ( complaisance to ano!r's w1 & 9 9999subs]vi5ce to ano!r man's belief--t is q un?9kable4 ,x is r ! sub/ance ( :at he believes himself #dag & has a*iev$ by 8 own /ruggles t 9 a solemn h\r he reveals = a mom5t to l-m9d$ fri5ds4 ,! diff]5t elem5ts out ( :i* ,p9d> has compos$ 8 special view are n h>d to di/+ui%4 ,he is foll[+ !ological doctr9e 9 :at he tells ( ! div9e orig9 ( ! s\l1 its w&]+s ?r\gh sev]al bodies1 ! judgm5t 9 ,hades1 ! special place assign$ to ! j1 & t ( ! wick$4 ,b x is layman's !ology t he is prop\nd+2 x does n b9d itself to a s+le unalt]able =mula1 & betrays ?r\gh\t t its expon5t is a poet4 ,p9d>1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( 8 poetic activity1 comb9es ! (fice ( s+] ) t ( pr(essional tea*]1 m especially :]e he has to speak ( ! ?+s ( an invisible div9e _w4 ,b = all 8 didactic pr(essionalism he rema9s ! poet1 = :om z depository & tru/ee ( ! ,my? x is out ( ! "q to ab&on ! traditional1 :e!r 9 leg5d or belief4 ,8 task is to keep pure :at has be5 h&$ d[n to him1 to make x m pr(\nd1 p]haps to supplem5t & complete x1 b ) all ?is to ju/ify x4 ,?us1 poetic leg5d & popul> belief ent] ev5 into 8 !ologian's doctr9e ( ! ,s\l2 ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/1 ! elevation ( man to ,h]o--^! 7 ?+s he c\ld n give up4 ,f :at p>ticul> direction ,p9d>'s !ological int]e/s may h come to him we _c say ) precision or c]ta9ty4 ,orphic z well z ,py?agorean doctr9es may h come to 8 notice 9 ,sicily :i!r he made repeat$ visits aft] #dgg ,b4,c4#dhab ,= bo? sects ?is c\ntry 0 ! orig9al nurs]y & bre$+ gr\nd4 ,!re1 too1 ! poet may p]haps h 7ev5 at t date7 met ) c]ta9 v>ieties ( ! ,orphic my/ical doctr9e :i*1 l 8 own views1 7 int]m+l$ ) elem5ts tak5 f conv5tional my?ology4 ,examples ( ?is type ( ,orphic my/icism alli$ ) =eign elem5ts are ! v]ses :i*1 inscrib$ ^u gold tablets1 7 f\nd n long ago 9 graves ne> ! anci5t ,syb>is4#diab ,?ree ( ^! poems beg9 ) phrases t are common to !m all1 & imply ! same und]ly+ conceptions2 aft] t !y "p company & repres5t two diff]5t views4 ,! s\l ( ! dead p]son#ejab ?us addresses itself to ! ,que5 ( ! l[] _w1 & ! o!r gods ( ! dep?s bel[3 ,i draw ne> to y purifi$ & born ( pure p>5ts4#eaab ,x belongs !n to a mortal :o1 l 8 p>5ts be=e him1 has be5 purifi$ 9 ! sacr$ my/]ies ( a religi\s association4#ebab ,x claims also to be desc5d$ f ! bless$ race ( ! deities ( ! l[] #dah _w4#ecab ,lightn+ robb$ me ( life1 s "o ( ! v]sions goes on1#edab & s ,i escap$ f ! ,circle1 ! burd5some1 ! griev\s4 ,9 ^! words purely ,orphic belief is express$3 ! ,s\l has n[ at la/ escap$ entirely f ! ,circle ( ,bir?s1#eeab & x ent]s z x tells u ) spe$y feet into ! wi%$-= prec9ct1#efab & buries itself 9 ! bosom ( ! ,que5 ( ! ,und]world4#egab ,x is ! latt]1 probably1 :o at ! end greets ! lib]at$ s\l ) ! words3 ,=tunate & to be call$ ,bless$ art ?\2 n[ %alt ?\ be1 in/ead ( a mortal--a god4 ,mu* less exalt$ are ! hopes express$ 9 ! o!r two v]sions ( ! my/ic docum5t--two v]sions t resemble ea* o!r 9 mo/ ess5tials4 ,"h ! s\l ass]ts t x has done p5ance = unrighte\s de$s2 n[ x appe>s be=e ! rev]$ ,p]sephoneia to implore h] graci\sly to s5d x to ! dwell+ places ( ! pure & ! holy4#ehab ,h[ are we to expla9 ! discrepancy8 ,x w\ld inde$ be possible to expla9 ! m re/ra9$ v]sion z t ( a sect ^: memb]s 7 less confid5t ( _! own div9e orig9 & ( ! necess>y return ( ! s\l at la/ to its enfran*is$ div9e /ate4 ,x is mu* m probable1 h[ev]--s9ce 9 fact ! presupposition ( ! div9e nature ( ! s\l & its k9%ip ) ! div9e is really made 9 bo? cases & ) ! same words--t we "h h to d ) ! beliefs ( "o & ! same sect1 & t ! v>y+ heights ( felicity aspir$ to correspond to diff]5t /ages ( ! process ( r$emption4 ,he :o ?r\gh p>ticipation 9 ! sacr$ my/]ies has aton$ = ! anci5t guilt1 c be admitt$ by ! goddess into ! p>adise ( ! ble/ 9 ! mid/ ( ,hades4 ,b he mu/ /ill1 9 subsequ5t rebir?s ^u e>? fir/ complete ! cycle be=e he c be fully releas$ f rebir? & become once m :at he 0 at ! beg9n+1 entirely a god4 ,! dead man ( ! fir/ tablet has rea*$ ! f9al goal ( 8 pilgrimage2 ! o!r two h only rea*$ an int]m$iate re/+ place4#eiab ,ano!r inscription1 f\nd 9 a grave ( ! same neighb\rhood1#fjab by its use ( a my/ic =mula#faab app5d$ also to ! fir/ v]sion ( ! above-m5tion$ poems1 reveals itself z an expression ( fai? d]iv+ f ! same sect4 ,among a v>iety ( disconnect$ in/ructions & appeals to ! dead1#fbab /rung toge!r ) no p>ticul> arrangem5t1 x conta9s ! foll[+ /atem5t3 a god ha/ ?\ become in/ead ( a mortal1 ,?is !n always rema9$ ! cr[n+ po9t ( ! salvation promis$ by ! sect4 #dai ,9 ! cult & beliefs ( ?is sect :i* ?us ) divid$ voice speaks to u 9 ^! v]ses1 ! wor%ip ( ! anci5t ,greek div9ities ( ! ,und]world 7among :om ,dionysos is n ?is "t includ$7 0 fus$ ) ! bolde/ conception belong+ to ! ,dionysiac my/]ies3 ! confid5t assurance t ! div9e nature ( ! s\l mu/ 9 ! end break ?r\gh1 purifi$ & triumphant ov] ! e>?l9ess t obscur$ x4 ,p9d> 9 ano!r1 b n v diff]5t1 way has br\ght ! same elem5ts into conjunction4 ,"o w\ld inde$ l to be able to e/imate ! influ5ce :i* 8 doctr9e1 :i* lay s close to 8 own he>t1 may h ex]cis$ on ! he>]s & read]s ( 8 poems4 ,he 0 at once some?+ m & some?+ less ?an a !ological tea*]4 ,nev] aga9 among ! ,greeks did ! bless$ life ( ! sanctifi$ s\l receive su* maje/ic expression1 clo!d 9 su* ample & respl5d5t diction1 z t :i* p\r$ s freely f ! he>t ( ?is ri*ly gift$ poet4 ,b ?\gh ! poet may h t\*$ ! he>t ( 8 he>] & tempt$ 8 imag9ation to /ray along ! pa? laid out = him1 yet x _c h be5 easy 7& p]haps ! greatness ( ! poet's triumph almo/ made x h>d]7 p]man5tly to mi/ake ! magic gleam ( poetry = ! sunlight ( reality4 ,"o may d\bt :e!r ! poems 9 :i* ,p9d> rec\nt$ 8 dreams ( future bless$ness c h f\nd _m he>]s 9 :om !y awak5$ n m]ely /hetic satisfaction1 b belief 9 ! lit]al tru? ( ! tea*+1 9 ! reality ( ^? beautiful1 dim1 halo$ figures4 #c ,b p]haps by ! expression ( su* d\bts we d less ?an ju/ice to ! influ5ce :i* a ,greek poet might ex]cise ^u ! m9ds & dispositions ( 8 he>]s4 ,greek popul> op9ion 0 v mu* incl9$ to place ! poet on a p$e/al to :i* 8 mod]n repres5tative w\ld h>dly c>e to aspire1 & to :i* at any rate he c\ld nev] atta94 ,! purely arti/ic value & importance ( a poem did n seem to be impair$ by ! dem& t x %\ld at ! same "t in/ruct & edify4 ,! poet 0 to be ! tea*] ( 8 p 9 an age :51 9 ! conditions ( ,greek life1 ! p _h no o!r in/ructor4 ,he 0 to be a tea*] 9 ! highe/ s5se ( all :51 speak+ 9 ! language ( ! mo/ exalt$ poetry1 he dealt ) ! d\bts & c]ta9ties ( religion & ! relation%ip betwe5 religion & morality4 ,9 ^! matt]s he c\ld supplem5t out ( ! weal? ( #dbj 8 own f>-rea*+ reflection :at 0 lack+ 9 ! public morality ( ! "t ?r\gh ! abs5ce ( an (ficial1 au?oritative religi\s ,book4 ,by giv+ !m intelligible & memorable expression1 toge!r ) great] cohesion & unity1 he c\ld /r5g!n ! f\ndations ( ! common /ock ( moral ideas t _h be5 evolv$ 9 ! c\rse ( social & city life4 ,he might also exp& & give great] dep? to ! ideas ( popul> morality1 temp]+ !m 9 ! fire ( 8 own m rigor\s ?\ght & int]pret+ & ref9+ !m f ! heights ( a m elevat$ und]/&+ ( ! div9e4 ,:at he ?us gave back to ! p /amp$ ) ! impress ( 8 own v p]sonal temp]am5t & outlook1 no long] rema9$ ! casual op9ion ( a s+le individual1 b took root 9 suitably con/itut$ m9ds & became = _m a valu$ possession1 an endur+ addition to _! consci\sness4 ,x 0 n until ! rise 9 lat] times ( a fully develop$ philosophy ext5d+ its range ( int]pretation to ! :ole ( life t poetry 0 depriv$ ( its special (fice ( in/ructress to ! aspir+ m9ds among ! p4#fcab ,poetry _h always be5 will+ to ex]cise ?is function1 b nev] s decid$ly or ) su* fully consci\s purpose z 9 ! times ( transition at ! beg9n+ ( :i* ,p9d> liv$--! transition f an unsophi/icat$ fai? 9 ! traditional view ( all ?+s visible & invisible to a fre% /abilization ( belief secur$ by1 & re/+ ^u1 philosophic conviction4 ,! ne$ felt = ! readju/m5t or v]ification ( ! ance/ral or traditional =ms ( belief 0 vividly awak5$1 & x 0 /ill only poetry t c\ld ext5d ! light ( its tea*+ to illum9ate ! m9ds ( :ole classes ( ! population4 ,! influ5ce ( ! poets mu/ h increas$ 9 proportion z ! numb]s increas$ ( ^? :o 7 ready to receive ! special b\nty :i* !y 7 able to (f]4 ,b if ! influ5ce wield$ by ,p9d>1 ! ,pan-,hell5ic poet ( ! great ,fe/ivals1 z ! tea*] ( 8 p 01 z we h se51 consid]able1 a v wide field inde$ = ! propagation ( fruitful ideas lay op5 to ! ,attic trag$ians 9 ! huge conc\rse ( ! p :i* flock$ toge!r to he> _! creations--a multitude :i* seem$ all ! great] = be+ conf9$ )9 a n>r[] space4 ,! poets !mselves frequ5tly all[ x to be se5 h[ s]i\sly !y reg>d$ !mselves z ! tea*]s ( _! public1 & ! p admitt$ _! claims4 ,all m5 expect$ & dem&$ in/ruction f ! ^w ( ! poet--! highe/ in/ruction f ! highe/ poetry4#fdab ,we %all n be mu* mi/ak5 #dba if we believe t ! op9ions & reflections to :i* ,aes*ylus1 ,sophokles1 & n lea/ ,euripides1 gave utt]ance 9 _! tragic drama did n rema9 ! sole prop]ty ( ^? 9 ^: m9ds !y _h fir/ aris54 #d ,! ,attic ,trag$y ( ! fif? c5tury mu/ ( its own accord1 ev5 if ! consci\s purpose ( ! dramati/s _h n t5d$ 9 ! same direction1 h develop$ into an arti/ic product bas$ on psy*ological int]e/4 ,! real !atre ( t drama mu/ inevitably h become ! int]ior ( its h]o's m9d4 ,! tragic poet attempt$ some?+ hi!rto unkn[n4 ,! *>act]s & ev5ts ( anci5t leg5d or hi/ory :i* _h pass$ %ad[like be=e ! m9ds ( ! he>]s or read]s ( all e>li] poetry1 at ! m]cy ( ^? he>]s' own private & v>i\sly limit$ imag9ation--^! same ev5ts & *>act]s 7 n[ to take =m & body & appe> visibly be=e ! eyes ( all behold]s alike 9 equal cle>ness4 ,:at _h hi!rto seem$ a dream-vision ( ! imag9ation n[ visibly pres5t$ itself to ! eyes ( ! behold]1 un*ang+1 precise1 indep5d5t ( ! limitations ( intellect among ! audi5ce1 a concrete & self-mov+ object ( wak+ p]ception4 ,?us reawak5$ to a palpable & fully realiz$ life1 ! my? 0 se5 9 a new light4 ,:at 9 x 0 m]e incid5t became subord9at$ to ! p]sonality ( ! man :o plays 8 "p 9 ^! ev5ts be=e our eyes1 & ^: importance & cont5t is n exhau/$ 9 ! s+le p>ticul> action4 ,! old leg5d 9 becom+ drama has und]gone an ext5sion bo? spatial & temporal1 & ev5 9 ext]nals ! plot t unfolds itself 9 a s]ies ( mom5t>y acts plays ! lea/ "p 9 ! /ory4 ,! spee*es & c\nt]-spee*es ( ! h]o & ! o!r actors :o take "p 9 ! /ory 7 b\nd to take up ! great] "p ( ! "t4 ,motives ( action1 express$1 debat$ & f\ght out 9 words1 become m important ?an _! ev5tual outcome 9 passionate de$ or mortal woe4 ,) ! advance ( arti/ic skill ! intellect seeks to grasp ! p]man5t outl9es ( ! "* t 9 ! giv5 circum/ances c be mov$ by p>ticul> motives to p>ticul> acts4 ,?us1 ! complete mat]ialization ( ! my? leads to its complete spiritualization4 ,! eyes & m9d ( ! behold] are direct$ less to ! ext]nal ev5ts--^!1 be+ famili> f ! anci5t leg5d1 c\ld #dbb awak5 little curiosity--& m to ! inw>d mean+ & import ( :at ! h]o does & suff]s4 ,& x 0 "h t ! dramatic poet 0 fac$ ) 8 special & peculi> problem4 ,:at 0 to happ5 9 8 drama 0 settl$ out ( h& by ! c\rse ( ! anci5t leg5d 79 a few cases by ! c\rse ( hi/orical ev5ts7 & ! l9es along :i* 8 inv5tion mu/ move 7 plann$ out = him 9 advance4 ,to give life to ! p]sonages ( ! drama1 motivation & ju/ification to ! ev5ts ( ! drama--t 0 8 p>ticul> bus9ess4 ,b 9 ?is he 0 ?r[n entirely ^u 8 own res\rces4 ,ev5 if he c\ld he 0 n p]mitt$ to d]ive ! inn] motive =ces ( ! action f ! real modes ( feel+ & ?9k+ t _h belong$ to ! di/ant pa/ 9 :i* ! my? _h fir/ be5 conceiv$4 ,su* motives w\ld h rema9$ un9telligible to ! audi5ce1 & 8 play w\ld h be5 /illborn4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 h[ 0 he to make plausible & intelligible to ! va/ly diff]5t m5tality & *ang$ feel+s ( ! age 9 :i* he liv$ actions :i* really sprang f ! habits & moral ideas ( a long s9ce vani%$ age8 ,x is op5 to him 7if he is n cont5t to be a m]e annali/ simply /r++ toge!r b>e ev5ts7 to take ! actual incid5t giv5 him by ! my?ical leg5d & set ov] aga9/ x ! actor 9 ! /ory ^: emotions are ^? ( a mod]n man1 & ^u ^: %\ld]s ! burd5 ( ! ev5t is laid2 he may repres5t ?is opposition z beyond reconciliation1 & s lead to ! mo/ simple & ov]:elm+ ( tragic conflicts4 ,?is simple opposition ( "* & de/9y :i* places bo? ! poet & 8 h]o--ano!r ,hamlet--9 a position ( direct ho/ility to ! my?ological backgr\nd c1 h[ev]1 nev] become ! rule4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! poet z f> z possible to assimilate & make 8 own ! _s t actually call$ =? ! d>k & cruel leg5d ( ! pa/1 :ile yet rema9+ true to ! mode ( p]ception prop] to 8 own "t4 ,he mu/ manage to leave undi/urb$ ! full primitive s5se ( ! my?ical /ory & br+ x ab\t t by its m>riage ) ! _s ( a lat] age its mean+ is n de/roy$ b deep5$4 ,he is committ$ to ! se>* = an adju/m5t betwe5 ! m5tal attitudes ( an old] & a new] age4 ,su* an adju/m5t came mo/ easily to ,aes*ylus & satisfi$ ! ne$s ( 8 temp]am5t4 ,z "o :o _h gr[n to manhood 9 ! ,a!ns ( ! p]iod be=e ! ,p]sian w>s 8 own "* _h its roots 9 anci5t & traditional modes ( ?\ght4 ,^! he built up "u ! guid+ #dbc influ5ce ( 8 own special ways ( ?9k+ & feel+ into a new & l(ti] :ole3 to corroborate ?is :ole1 :i* appe>$ to him z a law ( ! moral _w1 by ref]5ce to typical examples tak5 f my?ology--examples *os5 by him ) delib]ate c>e to s]ve z subjects ( 8 dramatic poetry--?is 0 "o ( ! *ief aims ( 8 art4 ,to ! plot 9 its moral--nay1 its religi\s--s5se1 all 8 ?\ghts are direct$2 ! *>act]s ( ! actors !mselves are only illum9at$ f ! /&po9t ( ?is special int]e/2 _! wid]1 indep5d5t exi/5ce outside ! life ( ! drama :i* completely 9999envelops !m is n meant to draw att5tion to itself4 ,he himself gives u ! "r1 9 /udy+ 8 plays1 to leave out ( sight = a mom5t ! repres5tational aspect ( ! p>ticul> & ! p]sonal--all t 9 fact makes !m ess5tially works ( art--9 ord] to obs]ve m closely ! "u-curr5t ( g5]aliz$ belief :i* we may reasonably call ! e?ic & !ology ( ! poet4 ,beh9d ! liv+ tissue ( 8 arti/ic creation ,aes*ylus all[s u to p]ceive pretty cle>ly ! firm outl9es ( 8 own e?ical & religi\s convictions4 ,he fuses toge!r elem5ts prescrib$ to him f )\t ) t :i* 0 dictat$ by 8 own _s4 ,:at is prescrib$ to him by leg5d--:i* he all[s to run its full c\rse1 9 /rictly dramatic =m & by pref]5ce z a trilogy1 a =m 9 ?is case uniquely adapt$ to ! subject--is a hi/ory t deals ) ! cont9u$ op]ation ( ! =ces ( evil & suff]+ ^u sev]al g5]ations ( a family1 p]si/+ f fa!r to son & f son to son's son4 ,! belief also 9 su* int]connexion ( human de/9ies is prescrib$ to him f )\t4 ,t ! s9s ( ! ance/ors 7 visit$ ^u _! desc5dants "h ^u e>? 0 an anci5t article ( fai? especially /rong 9 ,attica4#feab ,:at ,aes*ylus contributes on 8 "p is ! unsw]v+ conviction t ! son & gr&son ( ! s9n] are puni%$ = _! own s9 too4 ,suff]+ is puni%m5t1#ffab & suff]+ w\ld n h ov]tak5 ,o$ipus1 nor ! sons ( ,o$ipus1 if ,laos _h be5 ! only guilty "o--if _! own s9 _h n des]v$ puni%m5t4 ,& yet x does n lie )9 _! p[] to *oose :e!r ! guilt %all be !irs or n3 !y _c escape ! de$ ( s94 ,h[1 we may ask1 c a guilty de$ be necessitat$1 impos$ ^u ! guilty "o by ! decree ( a high] p[]1 & yet at ! same "t ! fault ( ! do] ( ! de$1 z ?\gh he _h act$ ( 8 own free w8 #dbd ,! "q is a p]plex+ & a =midable "o1 & x 0 by no means unnotic$ by ! poet4 ,beh9d ! ext]nal app>atus ( my? he f9ds himself fac$ by ! problem ( ! fre$om or det]m9ation ( man's w1 :i*1 z civilization & culture advance1 feels itself morally responsible = e decision4 ,he f9ds a way out ( ! difficulty 9 ! view t x is n m]ely ! de$ ( wick$ness itself1 b ! consci\s decision t leads up to ! de$ t arises out ( ! family inh]itance ( crime4 ,! consci\s *oice & decision1 ?\gh reg>d$ z necess>y1 seem$ to demon/rate fully ! p]sonal guilt & responsibility ( ! do]4#fgab ,! cl\d ( evil t proce$s f ! de$ ( ! ance/or ca/s a d>k %ad[ also ov] ! m9ds ( 8 son & 8 son's son4 ,n f 8 own m9d or "* does ! w to d wrong take its orig94 ,! noble1 pure & resolute ,eteokles1 ! model ( intellig5t manhood1 ! %ield & protection ( 8 p1 falls 9 a mom5t1 a victim to om9\s de/9y2 8 cle>-sight$ _s is d>k5$1 he gives himself up--8 bett] self--= lo/1#fhab & ru%es ^u 8 doom ) awful resolve4 ,! s9s d]iv$ f 8 ance/ors#fiab drive him on4 ,!n1 & n till !n1 is ! full measure ( p5ance at la/ paid = ! crime done by ! ance/or2#gjab 8 desc5dants are 8 repres5tatives1 & become guilty on 8 behalf & !n1 = _! own guilt z well z 81 !y suff] retribution4 ,div9ity1 or a _s ( v5geance s5t ) a div9e mission1 drives ! victims burd5$ ) ! inh]itance ( crime to ! crim9al de$4 ,! div9e guidance is actuat$ no long]1 z 9 anci5t & undy+ popul> belief1 by p]sonal desire ( v5geance1 ang] or malice1#gaab b by div9e ju/ice1 act+ ) j deceit1#gbab t ! measure ( guilt may be fulfill$1 & t ! div9e w to ju/ice may h a means to complete satisfaction4 ,! evil ,_s ( ! ,h\se assi/s ,klytaimne/ra to conceive ! ?\ght ( murd]+ h] husb&2#gcab ,god himself guides & urges =w>d ,ore/es to ! act ( matricide :i* he plans & c>ries out ) fully consci\s purpose--a crime t is also a duty4 ,to ! poet ! old ideas ( ! duty ( av5g+ murd] are a v liv+ reality4 ,! "r to wor%ip & cult possess$ by ! s\ls1 _! claim to v5geance :5 !y h be5 viol5tly done to dea?1 _! gho/ly influ5ce ex]t$ ^u ! life & de/9ies ( _! imm$iate k9sfolk ^u :om ! duty ( tak+ v5geance re/s--all ^! ?+s are = him n ! obsolete fancies ( an old] g5]ation b true & awful realities4#gdab ,:ole dramas1 ! 9999,*oephoroi & ! ,eum5ides1 = #dbe in/ance1 w\ld appe> z a mean+less beat+ ( ! air if !y 7 n animat$ & made significant by unalt]$ fai? 9 ! "r & ! might ( ! s\ls1 ! reality & pot5cy ( ! daimonic c\nsel1 ! ,er9yes1#geab :o appe> on behalf ( ! murd]$ "m4 ,& n[ at la/ light breaks ?r\gh ! d>k & cl\d$ sky ( awful imag9ation3 :]e ,duty & ,crime h become inextricably confus$1 div9e grace1 ?\gh yield+ no?+ ( its rights1 f9ds at la/ a solution4 ,all ^! ?+s1 h[ev]--conflict & solution1 crime & its expiation 9 ev]-r5ew$ crime & ! suff]+ t arises !nce--fulfil !mselves 9 ?is _w4 ,guilt is av5g$ always ^u e>?4 ,! o!r _w is by no means an indisp5sable l9k 9 ?is *a9 ( conceptions & fancies2 ! poet's view is r>ely turn$ 9 t direction4 ,speculation ^u ! /ate ( ! s\l aft] dea?1 ^u a bless$ life 9 ! k+dom ( ! spirits1#gfab does n int]e/ him4 ,only su* portions ( ! es*atological imag9+s ( ! !ologians z might s]ve ! purposes ( moral inspiration or support1 f\nd fav\r ) ! poet4 ,!re are occasional allusions to ! judgm5t t1 9 ,hades1 ano!r ,zeus holds ov] ! de$s ( e>?ly life1#ggab b !y rema9 d>k & vague4 ,x is n expla9$ 9 :at relation ?is judgm5t 9 ,hades /&s to ! complete equival5ce ( guilt & de/9y t1 "h ^u e>?1 ,zeus & ,moira br+ to completion 9 ! p]son ( ! crim9al himself &1 aft] 8 dea?1 ( 8 desc5dants4 ,side by side ) ! allusions to ! judgm5t 9 ! und]world imply+ ! complete consci\sness ( ! dead1 /& expressions t call up a picture ( ! s5seless1 twilight exi/5ce ( ! s\ls 9 ,hades l t describ$ 9 ,hom]4#ghab ,! poet1 to :om e feature ( ! beliefs d]iv$ f ! cult ( ! s\ls ab\t ! relations ( ! dep>t$ to ! life ( ! dwell]s on e>? 0 int5sely & vividly real1 nev] c>$ to fix 8 att5tion = long ^u ! nature & condition ( ! dead 9 _! sep>ate o!r-_w exi/5ce4 ,9 fact 8 *os5 "w ( giv+ a moral significance & deep] mean+ to popul> & anci5t fai? 0 :olly d]iv$ f ?is fai? itself2 & s also 0 ! l(ty & consi/5t idea ( div9ity :i* fills ! backgr\nd ( 8 picture ( life4 ,! g5]ation :i* _h f\ght at ,m>a?on1 9 spite ( a pr(\nd] & ev5 m sombre m$itation ^u life & de/9y1 c\ld /ill disp5se almo/ entirely ) ! assi/ance ( ! !ological doctr9es ( ! sects :o s\ght refuge f ! d>k & au/]e #dbf realities ( ?is unsatisfy+ _w 9 ?\ghts ( an imag9$ h]eaft]4 #e ,t[>ds ! great problems ( dramatic philosophy--! problems ( ! fre$om or compulsion ( ! w1 ! guilt & de/9y ( man--,sophokles took up a position t diff]$ ess5tially f t ( 8 great pr$ecessor4 ,a matur] & calm] self-ab&onm5t to ! obs]vation ( life & its difficulties made him less able to re/ cont5t ) simple or sweep+ solutions ( ! complexities2 made him seek out o!r & m v>i\s modes ( und]/&+4 ,! individual man1 /amp$ ) ! unique impression ( 8 peculi> be+1 ) him becomes m fully deta*$ f ! backgr\nd ( omnipot5t might & univ]sal law4 ,! individual f9ds )9 himself ! rules ( 8 behavi\r1 ! causes ( 8 success1 or 8 tragic failure4 ,no petty1 egoti/ical motive inspires ! action ( ,antigone or ,elektra3 !y are ob$i5t to ! old1 unwritt5 laws ( ! gods4 ,b ! =ce t leads !m to obey is d]iv$ solely f ! special fa%ion & impulse ( _! own he>ts4 ,no "o else c\ld d :at !y d1 suff] :at !y suff]4 ,we realize ! necessity & ju/ification ( :at !y d & suff] solely f ! contemplation ( ! /r5g? & weakness ( _! own *>act]s z display$ = u 9 ! action t takes place ^u ! /age4 ,inde$1 ! l5g? to :i* ,sophokles1 9 ! ,elektra1 goes 9 ! suppression ( su* univ]sally recogniz$ & b9d+ motives z ^? d]iv$ f ! duty ( v5geance & ! rights ( injur$ s\ls1 may well cause surprise4 ,! special & individual case mu/ = him c>ry its own ju/ification )9 itself1 & 9 fact x receives su* ju/ification s completely f ! "* & behavi\r ( ! actors 9 ! drama t1 unlike ! h]o ( ,aes*ylus' trag$y1 ,ore/es ne$s to h no qualm ( d\bt 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 de$1 & suff]s no remorse aft] ! murd] ( ! wick$ murd]ess4 ,once aga9 z 9 ! ,hom]ic /ory1 ) ,ore/es' righte\s de$ ( blood1#giab ! circle ( calamity is complete3 no ,er9ys rises f ! e>? to dem& 8 ov]?r[4#hjab ,s1 too1 :5 ! suff]+ & calamity t befalls ! mortal h]o comes n f 8 own consci\s decision & ex]cise ( w1 b f obscure decrees ( fate x is /ill ! special "* ( ! h]o :i* n only dem&s ! great] "p ( our att5tion1 b entirely conditions & suffici5tly expla9s ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,! same #dbg mis=tune might ov]take ano!r man1 b nei!r its inw>d nor its outw>d effects w\ld be ! same z !y are = ,o$ipus or ,aias4 ,only tragically extreme *>act]s c h a tragic fate4 ,& yet1 9 ^! z 9 o!r trag$ies1 :at gives ! fir/ impulse & direction to ! c\rse ( ! /ory does n arise f ! w or "* ( _! h]oes4 ,! m9d ( ,aias is n free b subject :5 he p]=ms ! de$ t s5ds him to 8 dea?4 ,o$ipus1 ,deianeira take v5geance ^u !mselves = ! de$s ( horror t !y h br\ght ab\t )\t kn[+ :at !y did4 ,not)/&+ ! fact t ! int]e/ ( ! ,philoktetes c5tres s completely r\nd ! vividly contra/$ *>act]s ( ,philoktetes1 ,neoptolemos1 & ,odysseus1 yet ! situation :i* br+s !m into opposition is "o :i* x 0 beyond ! p[] or ! purpose ( man to br+ ab\t or to h9d]4 ,an obscure de/9y plunges man into suff]+1 drives him to actions 9 ! face ( :i* easy & ready-made judgm5ts ab\t guilt & ! relation betwe5 suff]+ & des]t are sil5c$4 ,x is n inh]it$ family crime t "h =ces ! son & ! gr&son to de$s t c h>dly be call$ _! own4 ,! poet1 x is true1 kn[s ( ^! conceptions#haab t play s l>ge a "p 9 ! poetry ( ,aes*ylus1 b !y are m]e hi/orical tradition to him1 n vital motives ( 8 drama4 ,nor is x m]e irrational *ance1 or imp]sonal fate work+ by necessity & )\t passion t directs ! m9d & guides ! h& ( ! actor 9 8 bondage4 ,cle>ly or obscurely mov+ ab\t 9 ! backgr\nd ( ev5ts ! w ( a div9e p[] c be disc]n$ t1 inevitable z fate1#hbab guides ! de$s & ! fate ( m5 9 accordance ) its own purpose4 ,! div9e purpose br+s to maturity a plan 9 :i* ! individual man & 8 de/9y are m]e in/rum5ts4 ,to make pla9 ! prem$itat$ "* ( ?is purposeful direction ( human affairs is ! object ( ! prophetic anticipations ( ! future1 ! div9e oracles & prophecies ( se]s ( :i* we he> s mu* 9 ! plays4 ,if ?is div9e purpose %\ld involve ! fatal act1 ! undes]v$ suff]+ ( ! individual1 !n t purpose w be fulfill$ ?\gh human happ9ess may be de/roy$ 9 ! process1 & ?\gh pa91 crime1 agony1 & viol5t dea? may ov]:elm ! mortal individual4 ,! well-be+ ( ! individual does n ent] into ! "q :]e ! int5tions ( a div9ity t sees f> beyond ?is puny exi/5ce are conc]n$4 ,an hone/1 simple-m9d$1 good-he>t$ man1 )\t #dbh deceit or fault1 l ,philoktetes1 is ab&on$ = _m long ye>s to e k9d ( suff]+ 9 ord] t he may n int]f]e prematurely 9 ! developm5t ( ! w> aga9/ ,troy ) ! magic weapons t are 9 8 possession4#hcab ,he is an involunt>y m>tyr = ! good ( ! :ole community4 ,9 ord] t ,h]akles may be releas$ f ?is life at ! precise mom5t ( "t t has be5 fix$ by div9e =ekn[l$ge1#hdab ,deianeira1 ! mo/ devot$ & womanly "* 9 ! :ole ( ! ,attic drama1 mu/ out ( ! goodness ( h] he>t & ! love %e be>s to h] husb& s5d him to ! mo/ awful ( dea?s & !n p]i% h]self4 ,simply because su* is ! w ( heav5#heab mu/ ,o$ipus1 unkn[+ & blameless1 slay 8 fa!r1 m>ry 8 "m1 & plunge himself into ! deepe/ dep? ( mis]y4 ,?us1 out ( ! d>kness1 ! h& ( div9e sup]iority guides ! de/9ies ( humanity1 ! w & behavi\r ( m51 accord+ to its own purposes4 ,! problematical 9 human life1 ! disp>ity betwe5 p]sonal guilt & p]sonal suff]+1 :i* daily exp]i5ce br+s be=e our eyes1 seem$ to ! poet to be r5d]$ m intelligible by ?is conception4 ,he prea*es dutiful submission to ^! disp5sations ( a high] p[]4 ,he himself is "o ( ! pi\s1 9 ! specific s5se ( ! ^w1#hfab = :om to p]ceive ! w ( ! gods is suffici5t to call =? adoration ( ! gods2 :o feel no ne$ t ?is mighty w %\ld ju/ify itself to human ideas ( morality & goodness4#hgab ,x may be "r to call ?is w a holy w2 b !re is no ne$ = x to prove itself su* at ! b> ( human judgm5t4 ,nor does su* piety f9d itself di/urb$ 9 its wor%ip :51 9 ord] to ass]t ! div9e pr]ogative ov] humanity 7^: fir/ duty x is to recognize ! limits ( :at is all[$ & possible = x71 div9e inhumanity & cold lu/ ( v5geance manife/ !mselves s cle>ly z 9 ! ,a!ne ( ! ,ajax4#hhab ,x gives ! measure ( ! peculi> & unique "* ( ,sophoklean art & ! ,sophoklean attitude to life--a q p]sonal "* n to be expla9$ on ab/ract gr\nds--t ?is attitude ( aw$ submissiv5ess 9 matt]s ( religion c\ld exi/ side by side ) ! /rong appreciation & ju/ification ( ! unfett]$ action ( free individuality4 ,r>ely--only once or twice 9 ! plays--is a cry ( pa9 wre/$ f ! lips ( "o ( ^! uncompla9+ victims ( a purpose n _! own4#hiab ,z a rule1 ! eye %uns to behold1 ! judgm5t to criticize1 ! ultimate reasons ( div9e action4 ,x is p>tly arti/ic re/ra9t no d\bt1 b religi\s discretion1 too1 makes ! poet leave #dbi su* ?+s 9 semi-obscurity4#ijab ,! maje/y ( div9e p[] rema9s = ! mo/ "p 9 ! backgr\nd & does n m+le famili>ly ) m5 or too notori\sly int]f]e ) human de/9y4#iaab ,b ! individual :o ) 8 suff]+s mu/ s]ve a purpose t is n 8 own1 ,humanity t lives "u su* bitt] laws--:at elevat+ & consol+ ?\ghts are awak5$ by ! contemplation ( _! fate4 ,! poet employs all ! res\rces ( 8 ov]:elm+ art to secure ! pr(\nde/ sympa?ies ( 8 he>]s = ! undes]v$ suff]+s ( ! victim1 = ! delusions ( well-int5tion$ b limit$ vision t mu/ always /ray f ! goal at :i* x aims4 ,! moral ( ! play is n lo/ ev5 on ! suff]]'s foe z he beholds ! error & guilt ( ! noble b misguid$ he>t4#ibab ,:at ?us ov]:elms ! /rong & ! wise1 ! good & ! well-mean+1 ?r\gh no fault ( _! own1 may desc5d ^u any memb] ( ! human family4 ,?us ! de/9ies ( m5 are allott$4 ,! lam5t ov] ! vanity & ! sorr[ ( life1 its brief happ9ess1 & ! unc]ta9ty ( its joy1 is p\r$ =? 9 memorable l9es4#icab ,!y end on a note ( resignation :i* gives ! keynote ( ! poet's own "*2 b !re is a bitt]ness :i* rema9s beh9d4 ,x might h be5 suppos$ t "o :o ?us ab&on$ all attempt to reconcile ! wor? & actions ( m5 ) _! fate ^u e>?1 w\ld feel all ! m ne$1 = 8 own satisfaction & t ( o!rs1 to prove ! exi/5ce ( a div9e ju/ice t %\ld re/ore ! balance 9 a future /ate ( be+4 ,b ! poet %[s little sign ( any su* ne$4 ,?\ghts ( :at may happ5 aft] dea? are nev] ( v great mom5t to him4 ,!y nev] di/9ctly affect ! behavi\r ( ^? ^: de$s or suff]+ fill 8 plays4#idab ,:51 h[ev]1 light is ?r[n = a pass+ mom5t on ! unkn[n l& beyond ! grave ! sc5e t imag9ation reveals h>dly diff]s at all f ! picture t _h once be5 pres5t to ! m9ds ( ! ,hom]ic s+]s4 ,! place t is 9 /ore = ! dep>t$ is ,hades1#ieab ! unlovely c\ntry ( ! dead1#ifab :i!r ! ,s\l flits p[]less1 %ad[like1 little m ?an a no?+1#igab feel+ no joy b no pa9 ei!r2#ihab :]e x ent]s ^u a /ate ( ins5sibility t ! grief-/rick5 suff]] on e>? (t5 longs = z a mu*-desir$ hav5 ( re/4#iiab ,pl\ton1 ,p]sephone1 all ! deities ( ! e>? bel[1#ajjab !re rule ov] ! dep>t$4 ,b x is n grace nor k9dl9ess t prevails !re--only ,ju/ice3 ,hades dem&s equal ju/ice = all4#ajaab #dcj ,pi\s v5]ation ( ! gods cont9ues also 9 ! o!r _w1#ajbab & = ! re/ we he> no?+ ( ei!r rew>d or puni%m5t or ( a f9al supplem5t+ 9 ! l& ( ! ,s\ls ( ! inadequacy ( ! ju/ice t fulfils itself on e>?4 ,b ?\gh dep>t$ into ,hades ! dead h /ill a claim ^u ! upp] _w & on ^? :o /ill are liv+ !re4 ,toge!r ) ! ,hom]ic picture ( ! l[] _w is unit$ ! cult ( ! s\ls & ! ideas1 connect$ ) t cult1 ( ! cont9u$ life ( ! dead4 ,! next ( k9 owe to ! dep>t$ ! c]emoni\s burial t is ! fir/ expression ( _! pi\s solicitude = 8 s\l's welf>e4#ajcab ,9 two plays ! ,ajax & ! ,antigone1 ! love & loyalty ( ! survivors is oblig$ to fight = ?is "r ( ! dead 9 desp]ate enc\nt] ) e>?ly au?ority & ev5 ) ! sacrifice ( _! own devot$ lives4 ,su* in/ances s]ve to br+ out cle>ly ! fact t x is no empty conv5tion or tradition t is ?us def5d$ & c>ri$ ?r\gh to ! end4 ,nor does ! completion ( ! burial m>k ! end ( ! dead man's relations ) ! upp] _w3 ev5 aft] t he may be b5efit$ by (f]+s made at 8 grave4#ajdab ,in=mation ( :at happ5s on e>? may p5etrate to ! dead2#ajeab & he himself1 "u ! protection ( ! und]world spirits & ( _! assessor ,dik1 :o take cognizance ( 8 claims1#ajfab may int]f]e 9 ! affairs ( ! liv+ z a ,curse-_s ^u ^? :o disreg>d 8 wi%es1#ajgab by s5d+ ?reat5+ dream-visions ^u 8 foes1#ajhab & z a v pres5t help & unse5 ally to 8 fri5ds 9 _! h\r ( ne$4#ajiab ,z to an et]nity ( bliss await+ ! s\l1 ! god 9 man1 aft] its f9al release f ! %ackles ( ! body1 ! poet kn[s z little ( su* z he does ( an et]nity ( damnation = ! wick$4 ,only ! q special /ate ( grace :i* is enjoy$ by ^? :o h be5 purifi$ 9 ! my/]ies ( ! goddesses at ,eleusis receives m5tion by him#aajab3 he is frequ5tly dispos$ to ?9k ( ?is supreme expression ( ,attic wor%ip ) patriotic pride4#aaaab ,b x is only a m9ority ( ! good :o ?us a*ieve by ! grace ( ! goddesses a privileg$ life 9 ! k+dom ( %ad[s4 ,"o & only "o is lift$ by ! div9e grace cle> ( ! human fate ( annihilation1 & 9 ! ,grove ( ! ,er9yes ! sorely-tri$ ,o$ipus is translat$ )\t see+ dea? out ( ?is e>?ly life4#aabab ,s liv+ a reality to ?is poet ( anci5t piety is ! conviction t ! div9e miracle ( translation#aacab is a lit]al tru?1 t he is ev5 ready #dca to make ?is /range circum/ance s]ve z ! sole aim & purpose ( a :ole drama3 a miracle :i* all ! o!r sc5es s]ve n s mu* to prep>e z simply to po/pone1 & ?us height5 ! expectancy ) :i* ! ev5t is await$4 ,x is n supreme virtue t secures an immortality = ,o$ipus :i* o!rs also :o %[$ an equal degree ( goodness might possibly atta94 ,he reveals himself to u z an innoc5t suff]] inde$1#aadab b also z obdurate 9 8 ra% & viol5t nature1 v9dictive1 /ubborn1 & self-will$1 n ennobl$ b r brutaliz$ by 8 suff]+s4#aaeab ,nev]!less1 div9e p[] elevates him to ! /ate ( immortal ,h]o less almo/ = ! sake ( ! satisfaction & bliss to himself z 9 ord] t he may be ! savi\r ( ! ,attic l&1 ! c\ntry ( humanity & k9dness t has tak5 into its protection#aafab ! un=tunate "o1 & desires to pres]ve = ev] 8 p[] ( bless+4#aagab ,j z once x _h pleas$ div9e p[] to ov]:elm ! innoc5t victim 9 a sea ( crime & suff]+1 s n[ x pleases ! same div9e p[] to raise ! suff]]1 )\t any new or special m]it on 8 side1 to a fate ( sup]human bliss4#aahab ,9 8 case a div9e miracle occurs1 into ! ultimate reasons = :i* x is n pr(itable to inquire4 ,9 8 views1 s f> z he all[s u to see !m1 ( ! ?+s ( ! next _w1 ,sophokles diff]s n at all f ^? :o /ill saw life & wor%ipp$ ! gods z _! fa!rs _h done be=e !m4 ,! great poet ( human1 tragic de/9y1 ! pr(\nd /ud5t ( ! div9e gov]nm5t ( ?is m\rnful _w1 0 unwill+ to set by ! side ( x a bright] & m com=t+ picture ( a _s _w ( ! imag9ation4 ,9 ?is1 too1 he is mode/ & w n say mu*--he kn[s no m ( ^! matt]s1 & 9 no o!r fa%ion1 ?an any o!r hone/ citiz5 ( ,a!ns4#aaiab #f ,9 ! c\rse ( a long life ,sophokles 0 able to make himself complete ma/] ( 8 art & gr[ up into /rong & g5]\s manhood )\t ! guidance or support ( ei!r !ological or philosophical le>n+4 ,!ology he did n c>e to seek out 9 its hid+ place1 ! obscurity ( isolat$ sects4 ,philosophy1 9 ! p]iod ( 8 impressionable y\?1 _h n yet rea*$ ,a!ns1 & :5 he _h atta9$ rip] ye>s 8 noble simplicity ( temp] _h little to ga9 or to fe> f ! m$itat$ wisdom or folly ( ! y\ng] g5]ation4 ,9 s]5e deta*m5t he pass$ on 8 way ?r\gh all ! press & clam\r ( ! m>ket place4 #dcb ,! mov+ impulse :i* s9ce ! end ( ! six? c5tury _h collect$ toge!r at ,a!ns all ! intellectual =ces ( ,greece = a f9al expansion ( _! capacity n[ began1 9 ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury1 to take hold ( philosophy z x _h long s9ce done lit]ature & ! f9e arts4 ,a!ns saw ! la/ repres5tatives ( ,ionian physiology ga!r$ toge!r )9 h] walls4 ,"s1 l ,anaxagoras1 took up _! resid5ce !re = a long p]iod1 & left ! impress ( _! tea*+ ^u ! =emo/ m9ds ( ! city4 ,! o!rs :o paid brief] visits 7 ^? :o 9 consci\s opposition to ! rec5t tr5d ( ?9k+1 /\tly upheld ! old] pr9ciples ( philosophic ,monism or ,hylozoism1 su* z ,diog5es ( ,apollonia or ,hippon ( ,samos2 or :o s\ght l ,ar*elaos to reconcile ! old & ! new ,ionic doctr9e4 ,besides ^!1 ,a!ns 0 a headqu>t]s ( ! w&]+ expon5ts ( ! newe/ wisdom1 ! ,sophi/s4 ,n[h]e did unfett]$ discussion f9d su* cultivat$ appreciation ( its d>+2 n[h]e 0 su* an eag] welcome giv5 to ! dialectical ^w-play t1 seem+ to be an end 9 itself1 0 de/9$ to become ! mo/ fruitful nurs]y ( native ,a!nian philosophy4 ,all traditional beliefs & cu/oms t _h n _! orig9 or _! ju/ification 9 reflexion 7 already doom$ z soon z !y1 toge!r ) e conv5tional view ( life & ! _w1 7 depriv$ ( _! natural protection ( un*all5g$ self-evid5ce by ! cold scrut9y ( ! sov]eign tyrant ,dialectic4 ,! ,sophi/s1 ^? skirmi%]s ( a new & z yet unrecognizable philosophy1 scatt]$ & put to flight ! old gu>d ( positive & doctr9al wisdom1 b to ! individual1 :o 0 bidd5 to dep5d ^u 8 own res\rces1 !y (f]$ /imulus to reflection 9 abundance b no p]man5t foo?old 9 ! %ift+ s&s ( op9ion4 ,x w\ld be b a f9al ass]tion ( ! pr9ciple t !re are no pr9ciples if by any *ance ! ,sophi/s !mselves %\ld = a mom5t speak 9 ! language ( edification &1 = example1 l5d ! support ( _! eloqu5ce to c]ta9 articles ( doctr9e t provid$ a positive tea*+ z to ! nature & life ( ! s\l4#abjab ,if ,sophokles rema9$ q unaffect$ by ?is :ole movem5t :i* rea*$ its flood tide 9 ,a!ns1 ,euripides 0 drawn completely into its curr5t4 ,he s\ght out philosoph]s & sophi/s p]sonally & 9 _! writ+s4 ,8 0 a _s t urg5tly desir$ to "k ! tru? & he foll[$ e available guide to k & wisdom = a /age ^u _! j\rney4 ,b he 0 nev] able to cont9ue p]man5tly 9 any "o direction2 9 ! re/lessness #dcc & bewild]m5t ( se>* & exp]im5t he is ! true son ( 8 age4 ,8 philosophical & sophi/ical lean+s 7 suffici5tly m>k$ to make x impossible = him to accept any "p ( ! belief or tradition ( 8 c\ntrym5 )\t trial4 ,s f> z x is possible )9 ! limits ( dramatic art1 he in/itut$ an unsp>+ & unhesitat+ criticism ( all accept$ ?+s1 & 9 ! process felt himself immeasurably sup]ior to ! wit & wisdom ( ! pa/4 ,& yet he nev] satisfi$ himself4 ,he c\ld nev] re/ cont5t ) a m]ely negative position1 = all onesid$ness 0 =eign to 8 nature4 ,! trem5d\s hone/y ( 8 nature made x impossible = him to admit t elem5t ( frivolity :i* made ! sophi/ic movem5t & ! dialectical negation ( all c]ta9ty s simple & attractive1 & at ! same "t took away half its /+4 ,b he c\ld take no?+ easily2 & s ) all 8 sophi/ic enlight5m5t he 0 nev] happy4 ,! pupil ( ! ,sophi/s w\ld he> e o!r side z well2 !re 7 ev5 mom5ts :5 he long$ to take refuge 9 ! re/ful n>r[ness ( old & traditional piety4 ,b x 0 n giv5 to him to settle d[n 9 any fix$ set ( op9ions2 all 8 convictions 7 provisional1 m]e hypo!ses adopt$ = ! purposes ( exp]im5t4 ,afloat on a *angeful sea1 he let himself be driv5 hi!r & ?i!r by e w9d ( intellectual excitem5t or arti/ic necessity4 ,:5 all convictions 7 involv$ toge!r 9 a /ate ( p]petual *ange & in/ability1 ! conception ( ! nature & be+ ( ! s\l & its relation to ! p[]s ( life & dea? c\ld n alone rema9 9 fix$ & dogmatic c]ta9ty4 ,:]e ! cont5t & "* ( ! fable *os5 z ! subject ( 8 drama dem& x1 ! poet frankly adopts ! popul> view ( ! nature & de/9y ( ! dep>t$ s\l1 its p[] & claim ^u ! wor%ip ( ! survivors ^u e>?4 ,9 ! fairy-tale play ( ! ,alce/is ! :ole app>atus ( popul> belief plays its "p2 ! ,god ( ,dea? & 8 awful (fice1 ! dwell+ ( ! dead 9 ! und]world1 are spok5 ( z facts & creatures ( exp]i5ce & reality4#abaab ,! elaborate fun]al c]emonies ow$ to ! dead are treat$ ) ! utmo/ s]i\sness & precision4#abbab ,a :ole drama1 ! ,suppliant ,wom51 has z its real subject1 or at lea/ z its o/5sible motive1 ! religi\s importance ( a ritual burial1#abcab nor is !re any lack ( isolat$ passages 9 :i* ! importance ( burial & ! hon\r paid to graves is /ress$4#abdab ,! survivors on e>? give pleasure to ! dead by (f]+s at _! graves1#abeab #dcd & 9 ?is way obta9 _! goodwill & c c\nt ^u _! support4#abfab ,p[] & hon\r belong n only to ! great ones ( antiquity translat$ to a high] /ate ( be+2#abgab n only ,h]oes c ext5d _! influ5ce beyond _! graves & affect ! c\rse ( e>?ly ev5ts3#abhab f ! s\l ( 8 murd]$ fa!r1 ! son expects assi/ance & succ\r 9 8 "t ( ne$4 ,! dread creatures ( antique fai?1 ! ,er9yes1 exact v5geance = ! murd]$ "m4#abiab ,b at ?is po9t x becomes app>5t t ! poet only associates himself = 8 own purposes ) ?is circle ( anci5t & sanctifi$ popul> fancy--s long 9 fact z x suits ! tone t he wi%es to give to ! drama & its *>act]s4 ,! ,er9yes are excell5t mat]ial = ! play--t 9 reality _! horrid figures only exi/ 9 ! imag9ation ( ! m5tally diseas$ is cle>ly ass]t$ 9 ! ,ore/es4#acjab ,! :ole s]ies ( beliefs & dem&s--murd] ev] call+ =? fre% murd] 9 accordance ) ! sacr$ duty ( v5geance1 ! ,er9yes1 ! blood?ir/y patrons ( ! murd]$ victim :o leaves no prop] av5g] beh9d him--all ^! h ceas$ to h any validity = him4 ,! animal & blood?ir/y "p ( ^! figures ( anci5t belief call =? ! loa?+ ( ! poet liv+ 9 ! days ( organiz$ ju/ice & human] mann]s4#acaab ,he does n believe 9 ! s\ls' "r to blood2 ! anci5t leg5ds :i* dep5d on ?is "r are an abom9ation to him4 ,9 fact1 he only seems to h writt5 8 plays ab\t !m 9 ord]1 by ! mann] ( 8 pres5tation1 to h 8 rev5ge ^u ?is mat]ial t 0 almo/ unavoidably ?ru/ ^u him by ! tradition ( ! tragic /age4 ,! duty ( ! liv+ to (f] a cult to ! dep>t$ s\ls becomes d\btful 9 its turn4 ,! s]i\sness ) :i* t cult is sometimes h&l$ 9 ! plays is compromis$ by su* reflections z ^!3 x is c]ta9 t x matt]s little to ! dead :e!r ri* (f]+ are plac$ 9 _! graves or n2 su* ?+s only satisfy ! idle vanity ( ! liv+2#acbab hon\r & di%on\r are ( no fur!r consequ5ce to ! dead4#accab ,h[ %\ld !y be1 if ! dep>t$ no long] feel ei!r pleasure or pa91 are no?+ at all1 z is repeat$ly decl>$ ev5 9 ! middle ( ! ,alce/is8#acdab ,x is evid5t t only f an arbitr>ily adopt$ po9t ( view d ! picturesque creations ( popul> belief 9 ! s\l & ( ! cult ( s\ls seem real to ! poet2 ap>t f ?is !y disappe> f 8 m9d l ! creatures ( a dream4#aceab ,! tea*+s ( ! !ologians suppli$ him ) no real sub/itute = popul> fai?2 at ! mo/ !y 7 a #dce mom5t>y & pass+ /imulus4 ,no d\bt he did n %ut 8 eyes completely to ^! manife/ations ( ! spiritual life ( 8 "t4 ,8 plays conta9 allusions to ,orphic poetry & he jo9s ! asceticism ( ! ,orphics to ! cold virtue ( 8 ,hippolytos4#acfab ,! ?\ght t ! s\l has fall5 f a high] /ate ( be+ & is enclos$ )9 ! body l ! dead man 9 8 c(f9 takes captive 8 imag9ation = a mom5t4 ,:o kn[s !n :e!r life is n a k9d ( dea?1 s t 9 dea? ! s\l awakes to its real life8#acgab ,! gloomy view ( human de/9y ^u ?is e>? to :i* ! poet s (t5 gives expression1 might seem to h9t at a consolation to come 9 a m satisfactory h]eaft]2 b ! poet has no long+ = ! consolation (f]$ by ! !ologians4 ,among ! _m & v>i\s reflections ( ! poet ^u ! reality t may reveal itself :5 ! curta9 is drawn aside by dea?1 we nev] meet ) ! conception t lies at ! bottom ( ! assurances made by ! !ologians--! conception t ! spiritual individual is c]ta9 ( its immortality because 9 its individuality x is ( div9e nature & is itself a god4#achab ,true1 he is ! au?or ( ! bold say+ s (t5 quot$ & v>i$ 9 lat] times1 t ,god is no?+ else b ! m9d t dwells 9 m54#aciab ,b ?is makes no allusion to ! !ological doctr9e ( ! multiplicity ( individual gods or daimones bani%$ into ! life ( m52 x r implies a semi-philosophic doctr9e ( ! s\l 9 :i* "o may p]ceive = ! fir/ "t ! expression ( a p]man5t conviction on ! "p ( ! poet4 ,9 q inapposite contexts ,euripides sometimes introduces pass+ allusions to a philosophical view ( ! _w & humanity1 t is ! m c]ta9ly to be reg>d$ z ! private conviction ( ! poet himself z ! utt]ances fail to correspond fully ) ! "* ( ! p]son 9 ! play :o makes !m1 & d n arise necess>ily f ! dramatic situation4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! _w has _h its orig9 f ,e>? & ! ,ae!r ( ,zeus2 ! ,e>? is ! mat]nal womb f :i* ! ,ae!r br+s ev]y?+ to bir?4#adjab ,bo? con/itu5ts comb9e to produce ! multiplicity ( appe>ance2 !y are n fus$ toge!r nor are !y to be d]iv$ f a s+le common orig9al elem5t2#adaab !y rema9 9 duali/ic contra/ side by side4#adbab ,x 0 probably ! dualism ( ?is cosmological fancy t rem9d$ ! anci5ts ( ,anaxagoras2 b ^! /atem5ts _c be reg>d$ z simply a poetical v]sion ( ! doctr9e ( ,anaxagoras2#adcab = !y d]ive ! multiplicity ( matt] & ?+s f ! simple elem5t ( ,e>? f :i* #dcf !y arise only by a process ( *ange & trans=mation1 :ile 9 ! se$mixture ( ,anaxagoras1 ! un*angeable se$s ( all ?+s only sep>ate !mselves out f ! :ole & give rise by me*anical reassembl+s to all ! p]ceiv$ appe>ances ( ! _w4 ,! ,ae!r ( ,euripides 9 its relations ) ! ,e>? is besides be+ ! active p>tn] also ! intellectual & animat$ elem5t4 ,! isolation ( su* an elem5t f ! re/ ( matt] does inde$ rem9d u ( ! proc$ure ( ,anaxagoras4 ,b ! poet's ,ae!r is /ill an elem5t ?\gh x may be p5etrat$ by m9d & animat$ by _s2 x is n a m5tal be+ /&+ ov] aga9/ all ! o!r elem5ts 9 ess5tial di/9ctness l ! ,n\s ( ,anaxagoras4 ,! fact t x is ! elem5t ( ! ,ae!r1 i4e4 ! dry & hot air1 9 :i* intellectual capacity is said to inh]e1 may be reg>d$ z hav+ be5 borr[$ f ,diog5es ( ,apollonia1 a philosoph] :o 0 held 9 consid]able e/imation at ,a!ns at t "t1 & :o 0 well kn[n to ,euripides4#addab ,9 8 doctr9e1 ! air 7:i* inde$1 9 contra/ to ! view ( ,euripides1 produces all o!r ?+s simply out ( itself7 is expressly id5tifi$ ) ! ,s\l & is itself describ$ z hav+ und]/&+4#adeab ,?is view ( ! elem5t>y =ces & con/itution ( ! univ]se1 made up z x is f philosophical sugge/ions ( a sc>cely reconcilable "*1 9 :i* ! duali/ic t5d5cy is 9 fact f9ally pr$om9ant1 sugge/s itself to ! poet :5ev] 9 an exalt$ mood he speaks ( ! f9al de/9y ( ! human s\l4 ,! s\l on its sep>ation f ! body w dep>t to jo9 ! ,ae!r4 ,b 9 su* conceptions x is n always ! imag9ation ( ! philosoph]-poet t f9ds expression4 ,on ?is subject x is accompani$ or replac$ by a m popul> view t only di/antly resembles x1 b :i* l$ to ! same result4 ,:5 we he> n[ & aga9 ( ! ,ae!r1 ! lum9\s atmosph]e above ! cl\ds1 z be+ ! dwell+ place ( ! dep>t$ s\ls1#adfab ! view--m !ological ?an philosophic 9 its "*--seems to be impli$ t aft] dea? ! lib]at$ s\l w float upw>ds to ! seat ( ! gods#adgab :i* has long ceas$ to be situat$ ^u ,olympos1 b is 9 heav5 or 9 ?is same ,ae!r4 ,?is1 too1 0 ! mean+ ( a say+ traditionally ascrib$ to ,epi*>mos ! comic-poet ( ,sicily :o 0 himself v]s$ 9 philosophy4 ,9 ?is say+ ! pi\s man is assur$ t = him dea? w br+ no evil = 8 m9d w dwell p]man5tly 9 heav54#adhab ,?is conception1 :i* appe>s s frequ5tly 9 lat] epitaphs1 #dcg mu/ h be5 famili> to popul> imag9ation at ,a!ns at an e>ly p]iod2 at lea/ 9 ! grave-epigram (ficially d$icat$ by ! /ate to ! memory ( ! ,a!nians :o fell 9 ! ye> #dcb be=e ,poteidaia1 we f9d ! belief express$ 7z a commonly receiv$ op9ion7 t ! s\ls ( ^! brave m5 h be5 receiv$ by ! ,ae!r j z ! e>? has receiv$ _! bodies4#adiab ,su* (ficial use implies a commonly accept$ op9ion & ! fundam5tal ideas ( ! popul> cult ( ! s\ls might h l$ to simil> results4 ,f ! beg9n+ popul> belief _h reg>d$ ! psy*e1 :i* got its "n f ! air or brea?1 z closely ak9 to ! w9ds1 ! mobile air & its spirits4 ,x w\ld n be difficult = ! idea to arise t ! s\l1 z soon z x 0 free to decide = itself :at %\ld become ( x1 %\ld g to jo9 ! elem5tal spirits t are its k9sfolk4 ,p]haps ?is1 too1 is :at ,epi*>mos means :5 on ano!r occasion he says t 9 dea? :5 ! unit$ are p>t$ asund] ea* returns :5ce x came1 ! body to e>?1 b ! s\l up to ! heights--its "n1 9 :i* allusion is made to its p]petual mobility1 be+ n[ aft] ! example ( ,x5ophanes d]iv$ f ! brea? ( ! w9d1 ! mov+ air 7pneuma71 a usage :i* became v common 9 lat] times4#aejab ,b p]haps ! use ( su* a "n is an indication t ?is poet also reg>ds ! s\l z /&+ 9 a close relation & k9%ip ) ! ,ae!r t is de/9$ to receive x aft] its release f ! body2 s t f ?is side1 too#aeaab--;9 addition to ! m popul> conception j m5tion$--,euripides may h receiv$ a h9t = 8 peculi> v]sion ( ! physiological !ory ( ,diog5es4 ,9 8 view ! s\l p>ticipates 9 ! nature ( ! ,ae!r4 ,b x is m important to notice t ! ,ae!r p>ticipates 9 ! nature & true reality ( ! s\l2 x possesses life1 consci\sness & p[] ( ?\ght4 ,!y bo? belong to "o family4 ,! ,ae!r accord+ to ! poet--& "h ! speculations ( ,anaxim5es z reviv$ by ,diog5es are unmi/akable#aebab--;is a true vital atmosph]e1 an all-embrac+ psy*ic elem5t1 s t x becomes1 n a m]e vehicle ( m9d1 b ! ,all-,m9d itself4 ,! concept is ev5 cond5s$ & half-p]sonifi$1 x is call$ by ! "n ( ! highe/ div9e p[]1 ,zeus1#aecab & ! poet z ?\gh speak+ ( a p]sonal god1 calls x immortal4#aedab ,! human m9d1 too1 z ak9 to ! univ]sal god & ! ,all-,m9d1 appe>s1 z x _h be5 9 ! tea*+ ( ,diog5es1#aeeab z a "p ( ?is ,god1 ?is univ]sal ,m9d4 ,god is ! m9d1 & ! m9d & und]/&+ 9 u is ,god--s ! poet cle>ly ass]ts4#aefab ,9 dea?1 :5 #dch ! sep>ation ( ! m9d f its e>?ly elem5ts takes place1 ! ,pneuma ( man w n inde$ live1 z x _h done 9 ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( ! individual man1 b x w pres]ve an immortal consci\sness1 ent]+ into ! immortal ,ae!r & fus+ itself ) ! ,all-liv+ & ! ,all-?9k+4#aegab ,none ( ! physiologi/s :o conceiv$ ! same idea ( an immortality exclud+ ! p]sonal immortality ( ! individual1 ( ! univ]sal _s ( life 9 mank9d1 has express$ 8 mean+ ) su* di/9ctness z ?is philosophic layman4 ,! poet may h wi%$ to rema9 p]man5tly ^u ! sublime heights ( ?is ,pan!i/ic vision2 b he mu/1 9 8 peculi> all-embrac+ _s t nev] held fa/ to any "o view ) endur+ p]si/5ce1 h exp]i5c$ too (t5 ! tru? ( ! say+ ( ,protagoras t e /atem5t calls =? its equally legitimate opposite1#aehab to h become an unsw]v+ adh]5t ( any s+le op9ion4 ,dea?1 & :atev] may reveal itself aft] dea?1 is beyond ! exp]i5ce ( any man4#aeiab ,x may be t complete disappe>ance into no?+ness foll[s dea?2 t ! dead man becomes simply no?+4#afjab ,x may be t 9 ! p]man5ce ( ! human race ! great "n & ! r5[n ( glori\s de$s lives on undy+4#afaab ,:e!r !re may rema9 besides a ve/ige ( life 9 a _s _w1 :o c tell8 ,p]haps su* a ?+ is h>dly ev5 to be wi%$4#afbab ,x is j :at makes dea? su* a com=t+ ?+1 t x puts an end to all feel+ & !re=e to all pa9 & e c>e4 ,we %\ld n lam5t ov] our fate if1 l ! h>ve/s t foll[ ea* o!r 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>s1 "o g5]ation ( m5 aft] ano!r fl[]s1 fades1 & is c>ri$ (f4 ,s x is ord]$ 9 ! c\rse ( ,nature1 & we ought n to be dismay$ by any?+ t is r5d]$ inevitable by h] laws4#afcab ,,notes ,,to ,,*apt] ,,xii #aab3 ,! le>n$ & m p>ticul>ly ! philosoph]s ( lat] ages paid special att5tion to utt]ances ( ! old] poetry t gave expression to belief ( a spirituali/ t5d5cy4 ,j z !y select$ & pres]v$ passages f ,p9d> 7& f ,melanippides 9 ! case soon to be m5tion$71 :i* bore witness to an advanc$ view ( ! s\l1 s !y mu/ also h giv5 u simil> passages f o!r melic or f iambic & elegiac poets--if su* passages _h exi/$4 ,!y mu/1 = example1 h be5 abs5t f ! ?rnoi ( ,simonides :i* 7 fam\s z ! models ( ?is k9d ( poetry4 ,& s ) all ! re/4 #bab3 ,hades puts an end to all pleasure = e man2 h5ce ! w>n+ t man %\ld enjoy 8 y\? ^u e>?3 ,?gn4 #igc ff42 cf4 #hgg f41 #aaia ff41 #ajji f42 ,sol4 #bd2 ,?gn4 #gai ff4 #cab3 ?ana_/t pa_/ntes opheilo_/me?a--an anci5t say+ (t5 repeat$2 cf4 ,b]gk on ,simon4 #abb1 #b2 ,nauck on ,soph41 ,el4 #aagc ,blaydes ad loc44 #dab3 ,hades himself plays ! "p ( ,?anatos & c>ries (f ! s\ls to ! l[] _w4 ,?us z e>ly z ,semon4 i1 #ac f41 t\s d' ,a_/rei d$me_/n\s pe_/mpei melai_/ns ,a_/ds hupo *?ono_/s4 ,9 metaphorical language ,ha_/ids = ?a_/natos is q regul> f ! "t ( ,p9d> onw>ds4 ,?is1 9 turn1 l5t support to ! use ( ! "n ( ,ha_/ids in/ead ( ! p]sonifi$ ,?a_/natos4 ,s esp4 9 ,pi41 ,o4 ix1 #cc-e2 cf4 besides1 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #hi1 #c-d4 to_/nde 4 4 4 ma_/rpsas ,ha_/ids hoi skoti_/z amphe_/bal5 pte_/rugas2 cf4 #bja1 #b2 #beb1 #a-b4 7,& !re=e 9 ,eur41 ,alc4 #bfa1 we %\ld n alt] ! pt]tos ,ha_/idas :o is nam$ in/ead ( ,?anatos--n ev5 9 fav\r ( ! o!rwise +5i\s ble_/pn 4 4 4 ha_/dan47 #eab3 dron e_/n]!n gs ole_/sas psu*n kei_/somai h_//e li_/?os a_/ph?oggos ,?gn4 #efg f4--! condition ( ?+s 9 ,hades is reg>d$ exactly z 9 ! ,hom]ic pictures3 ,?gn4 #gjd-aj4 #fab3 ,see esp4 ,sol4 #ac1 #bi ff43 ,?gn4 #gca-db2 #bje ff4 #gab3 ,mimn4 ii1 #ac3 a_/llos d' hau pai_/dn epideu_/etai1 hnte ma_/li/a himei_/rn kata gs e_/r*etai eis ,a_/dn4 ,)\t *ildr5 !re c be no assurance t ! cult ( ! s\l w be c>ri$ on4 ,b we may well believe t ! atta*+ ( s mu* importance to (fspr+ 0 assi/$ by ! natural human belief t ! man :o left *ildr5 beh9d him on e>? did n completely p]i% 9 dea? 7h5ce aeig5e_/s e/i kai a?a_/naton hs ?nt h ge_/nnsis z 9 ,plato1 ,smp4 #bjf ,e74 ,?is alone gives a mean+ & a reason = ! widespread belief among ! ,greeks t ! wick$ man :o is puni%$ aft] 8 dea? 9 8 *ildr5 & *ildr5's *ildr5 himself feels t puni%m5t4 #hab3 ,semon4 #a2 #c4 ,mimn4 #b4 ,sol4 #ac1 #fc ff42 #ad4 ,?gn4 #afg f42 #dbe ff4 ,we may also add "h ! expressions ( resignation1 ,hdt4 vii1 #df2 i1 #ca4 #iab3 ,nuktos ?a_/lamos ,ion fr4 #h1 #b4 #ajab3 ,on ! /ory ( ,midas & ,sil5os see ,grie*4 ,roman1 p4 #bjd f4 ,z to ! anci5t & (t5 repeat$ maxim ar*n 7or pa_/ntn7 men m phunai epi*?oni_/ois9 a_/ri/on ktl41 see ,bgk41 ,opusc4 ii1 #bad2 ,,plg#d4 ii1 p4 #aee f4 ,nietzs*e1 ,rh4 ,mus4 xxviii1 #bab ff4 7^: view t ! #ddj beg9n+ ar*n 4 4 4 is old & orig9al--b n 8 involv$ explanation ( ?is--has be5 fully confirm$ by ! f9d+ ( ! primitive =m ( ! ag_/n3 ,mahaffy1 ,on ! ,fl9d]s ,petrie ,papyri1 i1 p4 #gj74 #aaab3 ,simon1 fr4 #ci2 #ch4 #abab3 fr4 #acg4--,us5]1 ,gtt]nam51 #bbi1 #ac1 says ( ,sappho t %e 0 possess$ by ! belief t z a poetess %e w\ld live aga9 aft] h] dea? among ! gods1 & w\ld !re=e become a h]o9e2 see frr4 #fh & #acf4 ,b f ^! fragm5ts ( ,sappho no su* belief c be extract$ )\t fir/ read+ into !m a good deal t !y d n say4 #acab3 ,( ! man :o has fall5 9 glory on ! battlefield ,tyrtaios says1 #ab1 #ca f43 oude_/ pote kle_/os e/hlon apo_/llutai oud' o_/nom' au_/t\1 all' hupo gs p] en gi_/gnetai a?a_/natos 7i4e4 9 r5[n ^u e>?74 ,?gn4 says to 8 ,kyrnos1 #bdc ff41 9 y\r lifetime my songs w make y fam\s kai ho_/tan dnoph]s hupo keu_/!si gai_/s bs polukku_/t\s eis ,ai_/dao d_/m\s1 oude_/pot' oude ?ann apoleis kle_/os alla mel_/seis a_/ph?iton an?r_/pois aien e_/*n o_/noma 4 4 4 cf4 ,aes*41 ,epigr4 iii1 #c 7#bda ,bgk4 #ddi ,di471 zon de ph?ime_/nn pe_/letai kle_/os4 #adab3 ,ev5 9 ,hades ! dead p]ceive *?oni_/a phr5i_/ if !y !mselves or ! aretai_/ ( _! desc5dants ^u e>? are prais$3 ,pi41 ,p4 v1 #ih3 cf4 ,o4 viii1 #ha ff42 xiv1 #bj ff42 ,ion ,an?4 ,pal4 vii1 #dc1 #c 7to ,eurip471 i_//hi d' hupo *?onos _/n1 ho_/ti soi kle_/os a_/ph?iton e_//ai ktl4--,9 ! expressions collect$ by ,meuss1 ,jahrb4 f4 ,philol4 #ahhi1 p4 #hab f41 f ! f\r? c5tury orators !re only rema9s a v fa9t recollection ( su* a belief4 #aeab3 ,semon4 #b1 t\ men ?ano_/ntos ouk an en?umoi_/me?a1 ei_/ ti phronoim51 pleion hme_/rs mis4--,/es4 #ea1 atele_//ata gar kai ama_/*ana t\s ?ano_/ntas klai_/e94 #eb1 ?ano_/ntos &ros pas' apo_/llutai pot' an?r_/pn *a_/ris4 #afab3 ,?is em]ges at once if we review ! mat]ial collect$ by ,h4 ,meuss ^u ! conceptions appe>+ 9 ! ,attic orators ( exi/5ce aft] dea?3 ,jahrb4 f4 ,philol4 #ahhi1 pp4 #hja-ae4 ,= ! cult ( ! s\l & all t atta*es to x ! orators are our mo/ au?oritative witnesses & z su* are frequ5tly exam9$ 9 ! sections ( ?is book t deal ) ! subject4 #agab3 ei_/ t9es tn teteleutko_/tn la_/boi5 tro_/p t9i t\ nun gignome_/n\ pra_/gmatos ai_//hs9 & frequ5tly 9 ?is /yle3 cf4 ! passages quot$ by ,we/]mann on ,d41 ,lept4 7#bj71 #hg2 cf4 also ,lehrs1 ,pop4 ,aufs4 #cbi ff4 ,! "q is always :e!r ! dead are capable 9 any way ( appreh5d+ :at goes on 9 ?is _w4 ,! cont9u$ life ( ! dead is nev] d\btful b r impli$ ?r\gh\t1 = )\t su* implication no possibility :atev] w\ld be left = t ei--4 #ahab3 ,see ,ngelsba*1 ,na*hom4 ,!ol4 #dbj4 ,meuss1 p4 #hab4 #aiab3 ,?is is well br\ght out by ,lehrs1 ,pop4 ,aufs4 #cca4 ,b ! /atem5t holds good 9 an ev5 m precise & exclusive s5se ?an he !re gives x4 ,! words ( ,hyp]41 ,epit4 xiii1 #ci1 deal simply ) ! exi/5ce 9 ,hades ( ^? :o h di$ = _! c\ntry 7) "s traditional embelli%m5ts2 see above1 *ap4 vii1 n4 #e7--?is mu* c h>dly ev] h be5 expressly d\bt$ or d5i$ by any orator4 ,b x is wrong to say 7z ,lehrs does3 p4 #cca7 t ,hyp4 expresses1 ?\gh 9 o!r words1 :at 0 aft]w>ds laid d[n by ,d4,h4 ,rhet4 vi1 #e1 z prop] = su* fun]al spee*es 7no1 only = private fun]als--:i* is q ano!r matt]74 ,x is true t ! advice !re giv5 is to say t ! s\l is a?a_/natos & n[ dwells #dda ) ! gods4 ,b x nev] ent]s into ! head ( ,hyp4 to say any su* ?+ 7nor 9 ! frag4 ( ! spee* pres]v$ by ,/ob41 ,fl4 #abd1 #cf74 ,9 fact1 ! precept ( ?is sophi/ic writ] 7/ill m ! advice giv5 by ,m54 ,rhet41 de ,encom4 #dad1 #af ff42 #dba1 #af ff4 ,sp47 r reveals ! enorm\s contra/ betwe5 ! /yle ( ! sophi/ic fun]al oratory ( a lat] p]iod & ! real *>act]i/ics ( ! old ,attic fun]al orations3 a diff]5ce f\nd$ ^u ! diff]5ce ( s5tim5t manife/$ by ! public t li/5$ to su* spee*es 9 two diff]5t ages4 ,ev5 ! /atem5ts ( ,dem4 ,epit4 7#fj7 #cd 7pa_/r$roi tois ka_/t !ois toge!r ) ! aga?oi a_/ndres ( e>li] times en maka_/rn n_/sois7 betray sophi/ic col\r+ ?\gh fall+ f> %ort ( ! excesses ( ,ps4-,d4,h4 & ,m54 ,rhet4 #bjab3 ,! only ?+ ag_/rantos ab\t ^? :o h fall5 9 ! w>s ( fre$om is _! eulogi_/ ,simon4 #ajj1 #d2 cf4 #ajf1 #d 7) ,bgk4's note74 #ii1 #c-d oude te?nasi ?ano_/ntes epei_/ sph' aret ka?u_/p]!n kudai_/n\s' ana_/gei d_/matos ex ,a_/de 7:i* is imitat$ 9 ! epitaph ( ,?rasyma*os ! ,kretan oude ?ann aretas o_/num' le_/sas1 alla se ,pha_/ma kudai_/n\s' ana_/gei d_/matos ex ,a_/da1 ,,b*4 #ahhi1 p4 #fj74 #baab3 klu?i_/ moi pa_/t]1 ?auma brotn1 tas aeiz_/ou m$e_/n psu*as1 ,melanipp4 #f4 ,! words ?auma brotn 7modell$ on ! ?auma brotoisi ( ,hom]7 c ref] only to ,dionysos 7( ! gods :o ent] into ! "q "h73 ,di_/nusos1 *a_/rma brotois91 ,x #cbe4 ,fur!r1 x is natural to ?9k ( ,dionysos 9 ! "w ( a di?yrambic poet4 #bbab3 ,! dead man amph' ,a*e_/ronti naieta_/n1 ,pi41 ,n4 iv1 #he4 ,?is is ! g5]al assumption3 e4g4 ,p4 xi1 #ai-bb2 ,o4 ix1 #cc-e2 ,i4 viii1 #ei f42 fr4 #bjg ,bgk4 #bcab3 e_//i de kai_/ ti ?ano_/ntess9 me_/ros kan no_/mon erdo_/m5on2 katakru_/ptei d' ou ko_/nis suggo_/nn k$nan *a_/r91 ,o4 viii1 #gg ff4 #bdab3 ,some?+ ( ! k9d is adopt$ = ! mom5t1 e4g4 9 ,o4 xiv1 #bj ff42 viii1 #ha ff4 ,a real belief 9 su* a possibility appe>s p]haps mo/ cle>ly 9 ,p4 v1 #ih ff4 #beab3 ,= him :o dies fight+ = 8 c\ntry !re is 9 /ore--n bless$ness b only ,fame1 ,i4 vii1 #bf ff4 ,he :o comes kala e_/rxais aoidas a_/t] eis ,a_/da /a?mo_/n has little rew>d = 8 pa9s 78 rew>d w\ld1 9 fact1 h be5 j ! praise giv5 9 ! aoida_/71 ,o4 x1 #ia ff41 cf4 ,n4 vii1 #cj-b4 #bfab3 ,a /range expression is ! dai_/mn g5e_/?lios ( ,o4 xiii1 #aje 79 ! same poem we also h ,x5ophntos dai_/mn #bh1 :i* 9 ?is case at lea/ is some?+ m ?an de/9y1 o!rwise ! normal mean+ ( dai_/mn 9 ,p9d>1 cf4 ,p4 v1 #abc1 ,i4 vii1 #dc74 ,x almo/ seems z if x 7 int5d$ to describe ! ance/or _s t br+s good luck to ! h\se l ! g5ius g5]is or h_/rs sugg5ei_/z 7see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #acb74 #bgab3 ,amphi>aos1 ,o4 vi1 #ad2 ,n4 ix1 #bd ff42 x1 #h f4 7,amph4 f 8 und]gr\nd cav]n sees ! fight+ 9 ! w> ( ! ,epigonoi1 ,p4 viii1 #ci-ef4 ,!re is no sugge/ion t ! ,epi_/gonoi inquire at 8 oracle--z ,diss5 supposes2 ) ?is ! hd' eipe m>name_/nn #dc is inconsi/5t47--,ganym$es translat$ to et]nal life1 ,o4 i1 #dd2 x1 #ajd f4 ,ap>t f ?is !re are tempor>y translations to ! gods or f "o place on e>? to ano!r1 ,o4 i1 #cf ff42 ix1 #ei2 ,p4 ix1 #e;ff42 ,i4 viii1 #bj f4 #bhab3 ,o4 ii1 #bg ff4 #biab3 alla_/ ti prosphe_/rom5 e_/mpan me_/gan no_/on _/toi phu_/s9 a?ana_/tois1 ,n4 vi1 #d f4 #cjab3 skias o_/n> a_/n?rpos1 ,p4 viii1 #ie4 hen &rn hen !n ge_/nos1 ek mias de pne_/om5 matros ampho_/t]oi2 diei_/rgei de pasa kekrime_/na du_/namis1 #ddb hs to men oude_/n1 ho de *alkeos asphales aien he_/dos me_/nei ourano_/s1 ,n4 vi1 #a ff4 #caab3 fr4 #aca ,bgk4 #cbab3 ,p9d> 9 ^! l9es speaks only ( ! ainos ei_/dlon2 b t by ?is he means ! psu*_/ is obvi\s 9 itself & is /at$ by ,plut>*1 :o pres]ves ! l9es1 ,cons4 ad ,apoll4 #ce1 p4 #abj ,d 7p]i psu*s le_/gn2 cf4 ,rom4 #bh74--psu*_/ 9 ,p9d> sometimes /&s = :at is o!rwise call$ k>di_/a or phr_/n1 he>t or disposition e4g4 ,p4 i1 #dh2 iv1 #abb2 ,n4 ix1 #ci2 ,i4 iv1 #ec;b1 & ,o4 ii1 #gg1 & prob4 also ,p4 iii1 #da2 disposition1 ,n4 ix1 #cb4 ,! ^w is sometimes 7z 9 ,hom]7 equival5t to z_/1 ,p4 iii1 #aja1 psu*an lip_/n4 ,x simultane\sly life & ! alt] ego dwell+ )9 ! liv+ man1 ,o4 viii1 psu*as ba_/lon2 cf4 ,n4 i1 #dg4 ,b ! poet kn[s also ! full mean+ ( psu*a_/ 9 ! old] idiom & belief4 ,entirely 9 ! mann] ( ,hom]ic usage psu*a_/ d5otes ! spiritual d\ble ( mank9d1 :i* survives ! man himself1 9 ^? in/ances :]e ! psu*_/ ( ! dead is said to be /ill 9 exi/5ce3 psu*an komi_/xai1 ,p4 iv1 #aei2 ,n4 viii1 #dd f42 sun ,agamemnoni_/a psu*a 7is ,kass&ra s5t into ,hades71 ,p4 xi1 #bj f4 ,p]sephone anadidoi psu*as pa_/l9 7out ( ,hades71 fr4 #acc1 #c 7,bgk472 ,i4 i1 #fh1 psu*an ,a_/da tele_/n 79 dea?74--psu*ai_/ is also us$ 9 ! old idiomatic s5se 9 fr4 #acb1 #a3 :i* is1 h[ev]1 spuri\s4--psu*a_/ 9 ,p9d> nev] d5otes ! psy*ical p[]s ( ! liv+ man inclusive ( ! intellect1 mu* less ! intellect1 n\s1 alone4 #ccab3 kai sma men pa_/ntn he_/petai ?ana_/t p]i/h5ei1 zon d' e_/ti lei_/petai ainos ei_/dlon2 to gar e/i mo_/non ek !n1 fr4 #aca 7#if ,boeckh74 #cdab3 oisi de ,ph]sepho_/na po9an palai\ pe_/n!os de_/xetai--fr4 #acc4 ,:at is meant is und\bt$ly ! anci5t guilt ( ! s\l = :i* ,p]seph4 receives satisfaction4 ,?is guilt c only be call$ a pe_/n?os if %e :o accepts ! satisfaction is reg>d$ z h]self grief-/rick5 by ! guilty dead2 if1 9 fact1 ! de$ has be5 ! occasion ( m\rn+ = ,p]sephone4 ,t ?is c apply to ! goddess ( ! und]world is />tl+1 b x _c be got rid ( by artificial int]pretation 7z ,diss5 w\ld l to get rid ( x74 ,p9d> foll[s ?r\gh\t ! analogy ( ! anci5t proc$ure ( expiation 9 ! case ( blood-guilt9ess4 ,b ?is proc$ure seems to be famili> ) ! idea t1 ap>t f ! ag*i/ei_/a ( ! murd]$ man1 ! und]world gods !mselves 7z gu>dians ( ! ,s\ls7 are imm$iately injur$ by ! de$ & /rick5 by grief & mu/ receive satisfaction on _! own acc\nt4 ,h5ce 9 c]ta9 leg5ds 7typificatory ( ritual7 ! murd]] n only has to fly f ! l& b to und]go s]vitude to ! *?o_/nioi3 ,apollo1 especially aft] ! slay+ ( ,py?on1 has to s]ve ,a_/dmtos1 i4e4 ,hades = an ennat]is 7m on ?is subject bel[1 n4 #dj74 ,?us1 ! guilty s\l bani%$ f its prop] home s]ves a great ye> "u ,p]sephone1 & ?is is ! po9a_/ t x pays4 #ceab3 ,o4 ii1 #fc-e4 ,ev]y?+ "h ref]s to judgm5t & comp5sation 9 ,hades4 ,9 ! words ?ano_/ntn men en?a_/d' auti_/k' apa_/lamnoi phre_/nes po9as e_/tisan ! en?a_/de _c possibly belong to ! po9as e_/tisan1 z ,ari/>*os suppos$1 s t ! words %\ld ref] to ! puni%m5t 9 ! c\rse ( a new bir? ^u e>? ( crimes committ$ 9 ,hades 79 itself a rem>kable conception74 ?ano_/ntes alone w\ld n be put = ?ano_/ntes kai anabebiko_/tes1 & we c only und]/& by ! ^w ^? :o aft] a life-"t ^u e>? h di$ & are n[ sp5d+ _! "t bel[ 9 ! und]world4 ,moreov]1 x is h>dly likely 7z ,ty4 ,momms5 rem9ds u adnot4 crit4 ad ,olymp4 #bd7 t ! exposition ( ! k ( ! future 7#fb7 on ! "p ( #ddc a man /ill liv+ ^u e>? w\ld beg9 ) :at may happ5 to man1 n aft] 8 dea?1 b 9 a second appe>ance ^u e>? t is to fall to 8 lot lat] on4 ,we mu/ fir/ ( all be told :at happ5s aft] ! conclusion ( ! pres5t condition ( life1 viz4 t ^u e>?4 ,f9ally1 ! use ( auti_/ka is q satisfactory if x ref]s to ! judgm5t 9 ,hades t foll[s imm$iately aft] dea?2 :ile x is mean+less 9 ,ari/>*os' int]pretation 7h5ce ,rau*5/e9 writes autis--a m]e conjecture & a sup]flu\s "o74 ,! view t ! men--de_/ ( #fc-d necessitates ,ari/>*os' explanation is n conv9c+ 7z ,lbb]t ?9ks1 ,ind4 ,s*ol4 ,bonn4 hib4 #ahhg1 p4 xviii--incid5tally he q unju/ifiably introduces specifically ,platonic fancies into ,p9d>1 p4 xix74 ,! ?ano_/ntn me_/n ( #fc is n answ]$ till ho_/soi d' eto_/lmasan 4 4 4 #ge1 j z ! auti_/ka ( #fc does n receive its contra/ till we come to :at happ5s mu* lat]--aft] ! life on e>? has be5 ?rice repeat$--describ$ 9 #ge ff4 ,! de_/ ( #fd & #fg are subord9ate 7n adv]sative7 to :at is introduc$ by ! me_/n ( #fc & !y cont9ue ! ?\ght4 ,! en?a_/de ( #fc might inde$1 9 accordance ) an o!rwise correct usage1 be connect$ ) apa_/lamnoi phre_/nes1 z x is by "o ( ! ,s*olia/s3 ! phre_/nes :i* h committ$ crimes "h ^u e>?4 ,b apa_/lamnos does n mean scel]atus1 impius 7nor does x 9 ! passages adduc$ = ?is mean+ by ,za*]1 ,diss4 ,hal5s4 iii1 #bcg3 ,?gn4 #bha2 ,sim4 v1 #c74 ,! apa_/lamnoi phre_/nes are simply equival5t to ! am5na ka_/rna ( ,hom]1 & are a v suitable expression = ! psu*ai_/ ( ! dead 7?\gh n inde$ = ! psu*ai_/ ( ! reborn z ,ari/>*os w\ld h x74 ,no alt]native rema9s save to connect ?ano_/ntn & en?a_/de3 simulac mortui sunt hic1 s4 dec$unt h9c 7,diss574 ,! s5t5ce ta d' en tade 4 4 4 mu/ !n ei!r be a m exact description ( :at has be5 /at$ g5]ally j be=e 9 po9as e_/tisan 7& ?is is ,momms5's view support$ by "o ,s*ol471 or else be subord9at$--toge!r ) its contra/$ i_/sais de 4 4 4 #fg ff4--to po9as e_/tisan4 po9a_/ 9 ,p9d> means regul>ly comp5sation1 :e!r expiation = evil de$s or rew>d = good 7cf4 ,p4 i1 #ei2 ,n4 i1 #gj;b74 ,if we might suppose t by a bra*ylogy n beyond possibility 9 ,p9d> po9as e_/tisan is put = po9as e_/tisan kai ede_/xanto1 !n ! s5se might be3 aft] dea? ! s\ls receive at once recomp5se = _! actions--& !n foll[s ! division ( ! bad #fd ff41 & ! good #fg ff4 ,b we may p]haps re/ cont5t ) ,momms5's explanation4 #cfab3 ,o4 ii1 #gd4 #cgab3 ,plu41 de ,lat4 ,viv4 #g1 p4 #aacj ,c aft] cit+ ! l9es ( ,p9d> fr4 #acj 7#ie7 adds3 7! riv]s ( ,erebos7 de*o_/m5oi kai apokru_/ptontes agnoi_/a kai l_/? t\s koazome_/n\s4 ,?is might possibly be an addition made by ,plu4 on 8 own acc\nt--he _h frequ5tly spok5 ( eis a_/gnoian auton embalein1 etc41 9 8 w> aga9/ ! ,epicurean la_/! bi_/sas & "h ! same ?+ appe>s aga9 f ,erebos4 ,b ! words are m probably a p>aphrase f ,p9d>4 ,at any rate1 :at is said 9 ,plu4 ab\t ! mnmai kai lo_/goi ( ! eusebeis 9 cle> contra/ ) ! l_/? ( ! asebeis1 comes f ,p9d>3 ?is is %[n by ! allusions ( ,ari/id4 i1 p4 #adf1 #a ,d9d4 ,f ?is p>allel x is also cle>ly prov$ t ! l_/? does n ref] 7z ,lehrs1 ,pop4 ,aufs4 #cac ?9ks7 to ! =getfulness ( ! kolazo_/m5oi 9 ! m9ds ( ! liv+1 b =getfulness ( _! previ\s life by ! kolazo_/m5oi !mselves4 ,accord+ly we are to suppose t ,p9d> assigns ret5tion ( memory & complete consci\sness only to ! good 9 ,hades1 z _! special privilege 7cf4 ! position ( ,teiresias 9 k #did71 :ile ! puni%m5t #ddd ( ! wick$ is enhanc$ by l_/? 7cf4 above1 *ap4 vii1 n4 #ba 74 ,n to h fall5 a victim to l_/? 9 ,hades--n to h drunk ! wat]s ( ,le!--is occasionally allud$ to 9 poetico-religi\s utt]ances ( lat] times z a special privilege ( ! good1 e4g4 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #bjd1 #aa 7fir/ c5tury ,b4,c472 #dad1 #aj4 ,l_/?s & ,mnmosu_/ns p_/g 9 ,hades 7z 9 ! sanctu>y ( ,trophonios at ,lebadea1 ,paus4 #i1 #ci1 #h72 ,epigr4 #ajcg 7cf4 above1 *ap4 vii1 n4 #ba2 *ap4 xi1 n4 #if2 & see also bel[74 #chab3 toisi la_/mpei me_/n me_/nos aeli_/ou tan en?a_/de nu_/kta ka_/t fr4 #abi4 ,9 ?is naive conception1 :at ,helios only ?reat5s to d 9 ,hom]1 du_/somai eis ,a_/dao kai en neku_/essi phaei_/n1 he does 9 reality & regul>ly dur+ ! e>?ly night4 ,! same idea mu/ be ref]r$ to 9 ,o4 ii1 #fa ff41 i_/son de nu_/ktess9 aiei i_/son en hame_/rais ha_/lion e_/*ontes 7s ,boeckh7--! e/hloi_/ live 9 ! *ros eusebn 9 ,hades3 !y h by night & day ! same sun 7z we3 ! apone_//]on ( #fb also implies ?is71 t is to say1 j z mu* ( ! sun z we h on e>? only 9 rev]se ord] ( "t4 ,! sun only %9es ^u ! eusebeis bel[2 mo_/nois gar hmin h_/lios kai phe_/ggos hil>o_/n e/i s+ ! initiat$ 9 ,hades 9 ,ar41 ,ran4 #ded f4 7b x is ! same sun :i* %9es ^u !m z %9es on u1 phs ka_/lli/on h_/sp] en?a_/de #aee4 solemque suum sua sid]a norunt is a subtlety ( lat] excogitation74 ,helios %9+ by night 9 ,hades occurs aga9 9 ! late ,greek ,hymn eis ,h_/lion 7,orph41 p4 #bia ,ab471 v1 #aa1 n gai_/s keu?mna mo_/ls neku_/n t' epi *ron4 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #bbh;b1 #g-h1 ,ltog5e_/s1 su de paidas en hr_/essi phula_/ssois1 eusebe_/n aei *ron ep]*o_/m5os4 #ciab3 ,o4 ii1 #ge ff4 #djab3 fr4 #acc ena_/t e_/te4 ,:at is meant is beyond all "q aft] ! expiration ( an ennat]is 7p]iod ( #ii mon?s1 i4e4 #h ye>s & #c int]cal>y mon?s71 a p]iod :i* besides be+ famili> z a cycle ( religi\s fe/ivals 7,apoll9e specially b n exclusively7 also occurs 9 ! anci5t proc$ure ( atonem5t = murd] z ! p]iod ( self-bani%m5t & s]vitude 9 a =eign l& und]gone by ! murd]]4 ,apollo aft] slay+ ,py?on s]ves me_/gan eis eniauto_/n 7i4e4 an ennat]is7 9 ! h\se ( ,admetos 7i4e4 ! god ( ! l[] _w7 & !n returns purifi$ 7,mll]1 ,dorians1 i1 #cch72 9 ! same way ,h]akles s]ves ,eury/heus 7at lea/ a trace ( ?is is f\nd 9 ,apollod4 #b1 #e1 #aa1 #a2 see ,mll]1 ,dorians1 i1 #dde74--;,aft] ! murd] ( ,iphitos ,h]akles has to s]ve z bondsman to ,omphale 7peculi> 9 ?is case is ! comb9ation ( ?is species ( atonem5t = murd] ) ! buy+-(f ( ! relatives ( ! murd]$ man ,apollod4 #b1 #f1 #b1 #e2 ,d4,s4 #d1 #ca1 #e74 ,at ! end ( ?is p]iod ( s]vice he is once m pure 7hagnos n ,s41 ,tra*4 #beh74--,kadmos aft] slay+ ! dragon & ! ,sp>toi_/ s]ves ,ares 7! *?onic87 = an eniauto_/s ( eight ye>s ,apollod4 #c1 #d1 #b1 #a2 ,mll]1 ,or*om54 #bac4--;,hippotes aft] ! murd] ( ,mantis has to fly ! c\ntry de_/ka e_/t ,apollod4 #b1 #h1 #c1 #c4--,on ! analogy ( ?is cu/om ! gods1 too1 :o h brok5 an oa? sworn by ! ,/yx are bani%$ n9e ye>s f ! re/ ( ! ,olympians 7& conf9$ to ,hades1 s9ce m5ial s]vice ( ! *?o_/nioi is ! ess5tial idea ( all su* ap5iautismo_/s71 ,hes41 ,?4 #gic ff43 ,orph4 fr4 #aeg4 ,) a rem9isc5ce ( ?is expiatory bani%m5t ,p9d> makes ! s\ls at ! conclusion ( _! e>?ly pilgrimage 7:i* is itself a bani%m5t7 und]go a f9al p]iod ( p5ance 9 ,hades = an ennat]is1 at ! end ( :i* ! po9_/ = ! anci5t crime is reg>d$ z completely paid (f4--,! life on e>? & ! p]iod 9 ,hades :i* foll[s is reg>d$ z an exile ( ! s\ls 7on acc\nt ( s]i\s crime74--,su* an idea 0 mo/ natural if ! real home ( ! s\l 0 ?\ght ( z be+ #dde a div9e 7n e>?ly7 c\ntry2 ! idea occurs q cle>ly 9 ,emp$okles 7c]ta9ly un9flu5c$ by ! brief allusions ( ,p9d>72 see above1 *ap4 xi1 n4 #ge4 #daab3 fr4 #acc4 ,! simil>ity to ! promises made by ,emp$4 fr4 #adf 7#deg f47 is imm$iately app>5t1 b is n to be expla9$ by imitation ( ,p9d> by ,emp$41 b simply by ! simil>ity ( imag9ative outlook :i* l$ to simil> results 9 ! two cases4--,elevation to ! rank ( ,h]o is ! rew>d :i* next awaits ! man :o is born a k+1 accord+ to ?is view4 ,v rem>kable is ! mann] 9 :i* ,p9d>1 ,o4 ii1 #eh-fb1 effects ! transition to 8 es*atological /atem5t3 ! man :o possesses pl\tos aretais d$aidalme_/nos kn[s ! future1 viz1 :at we are !n told ab\t ! fate ( ! s\l h]eaft]4 ,?is ass]tion1 :i* seems to attribute to ! virtu\s ,great ,man at once a high] & a pr(\nd] k1 is p]haps be/ expla9$ by ! allusions ( fr4 #acc4 ,he :o has rea*$ ?is highe/ /age ( e>?ly happ9ess mu/ d$uce f t v circum/ance t = him n[ x is fat$ aft] ano!r dea? to become a ,h]o4 ,he !re=e kn[s t ev]y?+1 inde$1 happ5s t is relat$ 9 ll4 #fc-gd1 b t be=e him 9 p>ticul> lies t :i* foll[s 9 ll4 #ge ff42 & ?is is to be reg>d$ z ! real import ( :at ! man 9 "q kn[s1 #fb1 :ile ! re/1 #fc-gd1 is only add$ = ! sake ( complet5ess4 ,!ron1 !re=e--= x is he :o is allud$ to ?r\gh\t--may be assur$ be=eh& t aft] dea? he w be ga!r$ to ! ,h]oes4 ,?is is :at ,p9d> means to say "h1 or at lea/ to give ! sunetoi_/ to und]/& #ia ff4 ,z a matt] ( hi/orical fact ,!ron 0 wor%ipp$ ) hrkai timai_/ aft] 8 dea?1 ,d4,s4 xi1 #ec1 #b4 #dbab3 fr4 #acc4 ,!re is accord+ to ,diss5 a contradiction betwe5 fr4 #acc & ,o4 ii1 #ge ff43 9 ! latt] ?ree p]iods ( life on e>? are necess>y be=e ! f9al dep>ture1 9 fr4 #acc only two4 ,?is v>iation w\ld be got rid ( if we c\ld adopt ! int]pretation giv5 by ,ty4 ,momms51 adnot4 crit4 ,olymp4 #cj1 & ass]t t 9 ,o4 ii also ,p9d> only speaks ( two e>?ly lives ) a s+le resid5ce 9 ,hades int]v5+4 ,b ! words es tris hekate_/r?i mei_/nantes1 #ge-f1 c h>dly be> any o!r int]pretation ?an ?ree times on ea* ( ! two sides 7n3 on bo? sides--once on t side1 twice on ?is side3 total ?ree times74 ,at ! same "t !re is no?+ 9 fr4 #acc to prev5t u tak+ ! same numb] ( lives 7?ree z a m9imum7 to be impli$ !re too4 ,we are n !re told t ! bir? z k+s1 etc41 mu/ always be ! "o to foll[ ! fir/ bir?3 9 ?is case also two e>li] lives may h gone be=e4 #dcab3 ,see above1 *ap4 iv1 #h4 #ddab3 e_/teilan ,dios hodon p>a ,kro_/n\ tu_/rs91 ,o4 ii1 #gg4 ,:at exactly is to be und]/ood by ! way ( ,zeus 0 presumably cle>] to ! sunetoi_/ v]s$ 9 ! my?ology ( my/icism = :om ,p9d> is "h writ+1 ?an x is to u4 ,x mu/ mean 7z ,boeckh supposes7 ! way :i* ,zeus treads 9 ord] to rea* t ,isl&1 f> to ! ,we/ 9 ,okeanos1 inaccessible z ! ,l& ( ! ,hyp]boreans to %ip or travell] on foot2 x is a special a?ana_/tn hodo_/s l t :i* leads to ,hom]'s grotto ( ! ,nymphs1 n #aab4 ,acc4 to ,b]gk1 ,opusc4 ii1 #gjh1 x is c]ta9 t ,p9d> means ! ,milky ,way4 ,along ?is ! gods travel to ! h\se ( ,zeus1 ,ovid1 ,m4 i1 #afh2 & ,orpheus 9 ! same way fr4 #abc1 #ag ,ab41 speaks ( ! !n hodoi ourani_/nn 9 ! heav5s4 ,b ! s\ls c\ld only be made to travel along ! ,milky ,way if _! habitation 0 plac$ 9 ! sky z x (t5 0 lat]4 ,s1 z ,b]gk po9ts out1 foll[+ ,lob41 ,agl4 #ice1 #ddf ! ,emp$otimos ( ,h]akld4 ,pont4 calls ! ,milky ,way hodos psu*n tn hadn ton en oura_/n diaporeuome_/nn ap4 ,philop4 9 ,ari/41 ,mete41 p4 #aag1 #aj ,hayd42 see above1 *ap4 ix1 n4 #aaa4 ,b ,p9d> situates 8 maka_/rn nsos 9 ! ,ocean 7#gh73 x is difficult to see h[ ! s\ls c\ld arrive !re on ! ,milky ,way f ! place :]e !y f9d !mselves aft] dea?4 7,we may surely acquit ,p9d> ( ! lat] fancies ab\t an ,okeanos 9 ! heav5s47 ,q4,s4 iii1 #gfa ff4 7cit$ by ,tafel7 kn[s ( a special way belong+ to ! gods :i* leads f heav5 d[n to ! lu_/sion p$i_/on4 ,b ! way by :i* ! s\ls rea* ! maka_/rn nsos does n1 l t way1 beg9 9 heav54 ,we %\ld r ?9k ( "s way only passable = gods & spirits lead+ f ! inhabit$ _w ov] ! pa?less ,ocean to ! latt]'s s\rces f> 9 ! ,we/4 #deab3 ,9 ,o4 ii1 #hd-e1 x is c]ta9ly ,kronos :o is meant 7z ,didymos took x1 ?\gh he gave an absurd int]pretation ( ! passage7 & n ,zeus z ,ari/>*os imag9$4 ,! exce$+ly corrupt & 7ow+ to ! intrusion ( glosses7 unmetrical l9es are beyond c]ta9 re/oration3 ! em5dations ( ! ,byzant9e s*ol>s give ! requir$ s5se4--,:at happ5$ to ! incorrigibly wick$8 ,9 accordance ) ! !ory ( ! s\l's ,transmigration two alt]native views z to _! fate 7 possible3 !y might be reg>d$ z pass+ f body to body unceas+ly 7,emp$okl47 or z do+ p5ance by suff]+ et]nal puni%m5t 9 ,hell 7z ) ,plato & o!rs74 ,! circum/ances 9 :i* he alludes to ^! matt]s d n give ,p9d> any special occasion to decl>e himself = ei!r view4 ,he has only to speak ( ! f9al condition ( ! j2 ! fate ( ! asebeis is left 9 semi-obscurity4 ,some?+ ab\t ! matt] is1 h[ev]1 said 9 fr4 #acb2 psu*ai asebe_/n hov] "u ! vault ( heav5 t cov]s ! e>? 7gai_/a ei!r corrupt or grammatically bad ,greek71 :ile ! pi\s above ! vault ( heav5 7ep\ra_/nioi7 s+ to ! ,great ,bless$ ,"o4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ?is is un-,p9d>ic1 ! inadequacy & ev5 incorrectness ( ! language 7molpais en hu_/mnois71 ! unconceal$ mono!ism ( ! phrase ma_/k>a me_/gan1 ! conception ( ! s\ls z hav+ no?+ else to d ?an s+ to ! ,"o ,god1 ! :ole idea t ^! bless$ ones dwell 9 heav54 ,?is la/ is an idea famili> to ,greeks ( a lat] p]iod1 nor is ! division ( s\ls into hup\ra_/nioi & ep\ra_/nioi unkn[n to !m2 cf4 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #fej1 #i ff4 ,b ,p9d> _c h writt5 any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,x is ev5 d\btful :e!r ,clem4 ,al4 :o1 ,/r4 iv1 #fdj ,p41 names z ! au?or ( ! l9es ton melopoio_/n1 meant ,p9d> by ! words3 ,!odoret4 7,gr4 ,aff4 ,c4 viii1 #eii ,c71 :o attributes ! second half ( ! frag4 to ,p9d>1 _h no o!r s\rce b ! same ,clem4 ,al4 ,b x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! :ole is to be attribut$ to any ,greek ( ! old] fai?4 ,x has q ! appe>ance1 z ,zell]1 ,socr4 & ,socratics1 p4 #bd1 n4 #c1 /rik+ly sugge/s1 ( "o ( ^? ,jewi% =g]ies 9 :i* ,jewi% mono!ism & ! ideas connect$ ) x 7 to be fa!r$ ^u ,greek antiquity4 ,welck]1 ,kl4 ,s*r4 v1 #beb ff42 ,gtt]l4 i1 #gda f41 def5ds ! fr4 7& mo/ unconv9c+ly connects ! psu*ai hup\ra_/nioi & ep\ra_/nioi ( ! fr4 ) ! q diff]5t dai_/mones epi*?o_/nioi & hupo*?o_/nioi ( ,hes41 ,op4 #abc & #ada74 ,he ?9ks he c def5d ! g5u95ess ( ! l9es 7:i* _h already be5 decl>$ spuri\s by ,diss57 by po9t+ to ! words ( ,horace ab\t ,p9d>'s ?rnoi 7,o4 iv1 #b1 #ba73 flebili sponsae iuv5em raptum plorat1 et vires animumque moresque aureos educit 9 a/ra nigroque invidet ,orco4 ,ev5 suppos+ t ?is ref]r$ to ! transport ( ! s\ls to ! />s ! witness ( ,horace ?us giv5 w\ld only #ddg remove a s+le difficulty f a passage t has o!r ov]:elm+ difficulties 9 pr(usion4 ,b ,horace says no?+ ( ! transport ( ! ,s\l to ! heav5ly regions1 vires1 animus1 mores1 all ^! toge!r ref] n at all to ! psu*_/ b to ! ?os & ! aretai_/ ( ! dead4 ,p9d>1 ,horace means1 rescues ! memory ( ! nature & m]its ( ! y\? f decay3 only ! fame :i* ! poet secures = him is "u discussion4 educit 9 a/ra & invidet ,orco mean no?+ m ?an3 he rescues ! memory ( ! dead f oblivion1 exactly z 9 ! epitaph quot$ above1 n4 #bj3 h\de ?ann aretas o_/num' _/lesas alla_/ se ,pha_/ma kudai_/n\s' ana_/gei d_/matos ex ,a_/da4 ,?us1 x is lea/ ( all to be conclud$ f ,horace's words t ,p9d> transport$ ! s\ls ( ! eusebeis into ! heav5s 7r t 9 ! ?rnoi--z mu* z any:]e else3 see above1 n4 #be--,p9d> sometimes only recognizes ! immortality ( fame3 ( t alone does ,horace speak74 #dfab3 ,o4 ii celebrates ! victory :i* ,!ron _h won at ,olympia 9 ,ol4 #gf1 b 0 probably writt5 "s "t aft] t victory4 ,!ron di$ ,ol4 #gg1 #a1 or #gf1 #d4 #dgab3 ,sicily 0 ri* 9 cults ( *?o_/nioi1 9 :i* ,gelon1 ,hi]on & _! ance/ors 7 hi]ophants1 ,hdt4 vii1 #aec2 ,pi41 ,o4 vi1 #ie4 ,s1 too1 ,akragas ! city ( ,!ron 7& ! home ( ,emp$oldes :i* also is n )\t its importance7 0 ,ph]sepho_/nas he_/dos1 ,pi41 ,p4 xii1 #b1 hav+ be5 giv5 by ,zeus to ,p]sephone on h] m>riage1 ,s*4 ,pi41 ,o4 ii1 #af 7z also _h1 9 addition to o!r cities1 ,p9d>'s native city ,!bes1 ,euphorion1 fr4 #dh2 cf4 ,eur41 ,pho54 #fhd ff4 ,!ron's family trac$ its desc5t f ,eteokles ! son ( ,o$ipus74 ,x is v possible t ! hopes ( a bless$ immortality ( ! s\l su* z 7 fo/]$ 9 _m ways 9 ! cult ( ! *?o_/nioi & p>ticul>ly 9 t ( ,p]sephone1 %\ld h be5 famili> to ,!ron f su* a cult & attractive to him4 #dhab3 ,! !ological "* ( mu* ( ,p9d>'s "w makes k ( my/ic doctr9e n surpris+ 9 him4 ,9 fr4 #acg he speaks ( ! ,eleus9ia 7to :i* he o!rwise owes no?+74 ,9 fr4 #aca1 ?\gh ! words are un=tunately mo/ corrupt & probably conta9 lacunae z !y h be5 transmitt$1 he speaks ( ! releas+ ,initiations1 olbi_/a d' ha_/pantes aisa lusi_/ponon teleta_/n--?is is ! =m ( ! words requir$ by ! metre 7dactylo-epitritic71 & ?us 7n teleuta_/n7 !y appe> 9 ,plu41 ,cons4 ,apoll4 #ce1 p4 #abj ,d1 & also 9 cod4 ,vatic4 #aci 7:i* ,i h collat$74 #diab3 ,,ig4 xiv ,,ig4 ,sic4 et ,x41 #fda1 #a-b-c4 ,h>rison-,murray1 ,prolegom4 #ffa ff42 ,vors4 #ff ,b1 #ah1 #ai4--,! inscription ( ! olde/ ( ^! poems belongs to ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! v]ses c1 h[ev]1 be cit$ "h because ! orig9al or r ! two orig9als ^u :i* ! poems are modell$ 7 old] ?an ! olde/ ( ! ?ree surviv+ inscr4 7:i* itself %[s s]i\s corruption ( ! primitive text72 & no?+ prev5ts u f suppos+ t ! orig9al =ms ( ^! v]ses g to ! fif? c5tury4--,! common ance/or ( v]sions #b & #c is n d]iv$ f v]sion #a1 ev5 9 ! p>ts 9 :i* x agrees ) t v]sion1 b f a /ill old] orig9al4--,acc4 to ,diet]i*1 ,nekyia #abh f41 #ace f41 ! l9es are tak5 f a poem ( ,orpheus' desc5t to ,hades2 b ( ?is !y !mselves (f] n ! slighte/ sugge/ion4 #ejab3 ,! fem99e e_/r*omai ek ka?>n ka?>a_/--& also nun d' hike_/tis hk 7?\gh ?is inde$ is metrically impossible7 ,,ig4 xiv1 #fda1 #b1 l4 #f--ref]s probably to ! psu*_/ & n to ! sex ( ! dead p]son z ?\gh a woman 7 speak+ 9 all ?ree cases4 ,moreov]1 9 #ddh ,no4 #a1 #i1 ,p]sephone speaks z ?\gh to a man o_/lbie kai mak>i/e_/1 !os d' e_/s anti brotoio4 #eaab3 l4 #a1 e_/r*omai ek ka?>n ka?>a_/1 *?oni_/n basi_/leia4 ,?is is c]ta9ly ! "r punctuation 7& is giv5 by ! editors71 & n ,h(mann's ek ka?>n1 ka?>a *?4 b4 ,pure & born ( ! pure 7ref]r+ to ! imm$iate p>5ts ( ! dead3 m di/ant ance/ry w\ld be express$ by apo_/72 cf4 ka_/ki/os kak kakn1 etc4 7,nauck on ,soph41 ,,ot4 #acig2 ,ph4 #hgd72 aga?oi ex aga?n o_/ntes1 ,&oc41 ,m4 #aji4 #ebab3 ,! p>5ts are ka?>oi_/1 ! s\l ( ! dead ka?>a_/1 simply z be+ purifi$1 sanctifi$1 9 teletai_/ ( ! *?o_/nioi4 ,9 ! same way1 else:]e1 ! ,my/ai are ho_/sioi ! pure3 see above1 *ap4 vi1 n4 #ah4 #ecab3 kai gar egn humn ge_/nos o_/lbion eu_/*omai eim5--s 9 all ?ree v]sions4 #edab3 alla_/ me moir' eda_/masse kai a/]opta k]aunn 7p>ticip473 s 9 ! orig9al to :i* ! read+s ( ?ree v]sions po9t1 z re/or$ by ,o4 ,h(mann 9 ,,gdi4 #afed4 a/]oblta is 9 ,no4 #a--?is might simply a/]opoblta1 b x may only h be5 sub/itut$ by mi/ake = a/]opta 7 a/]opt_/s ( ,hom]74 ,! l9e 9 ?is =m occurs 9 ,no4 #a1 #d4 ,v]sions #b & #c h ei_/te me moir' eda_/mass' ei_/t' a/ropta k]aunn4 ,b ! dead _h no *oice betwe5 natural dea? 7= ?is is :at moira mu/ mean z contra/$ ) dea? by ! ?und]bolt7 & dea? by be+ /ruck by lightn+2 "o or o!r ( ! two 7or m7 =ms ( dea? mu/ 9 actual fact h occurr$4 ,9 ?is emb>rassm5t--= dea? by lightn+ is n a v frequ5t occurr5ce--! anci5t v]se 0 alt]$ 9 su* a way t x might ref] also to "o :o _h di$ a natural dea?4 ,! attempt 0 inde$ n a great success4 ,orig9ally dea? by lightn+ c alone h be5 m5tion$ 7z 9 ,no4 #a7 & ! orig9al =m ( ! l9es mu/ h ref]r$ to someone :o _h actually p]i%$ 9 ?is way4 ,! dead p]son 0 !n imm$iately reg>d$ z sanctifi$ simply on acc\nt ( ! me?od ( 8 dea?2 he became a hi]os nekro_/s translat$ to a high] & cont9u$ life3 see above1 *ap4 ix1 n4 #abg1 & ,app5dix i4 ,?is is ! only int]pretation ( ! l9es :i* gives any po9t to ! introduction "h ( ?is peculi> mann] ( dea?--"o :o has be5 ?us translat$ out ( life w c]ta9ly n[ be !os anti brotoio4 #eeab3 ku_/klos ts g5e_/ses1 rota fati1 etc4 ,lob41 ,agl4 #gih ff4 #efab3 him]t\ d' epe_/ban /epha_/n\ posi k>pali_/moisi1 ,despoi_/nas d' hupo ko_/lpon e_/dun *?oni_/z basilei_/z1 ,no4 #a1 #f-g4 ,! /e_/phanos w probably be ! sacr$ prec9ct1 ! enclosure t surr\nds ! realm ( ,p]sephone1 z ,diet]i*1 ,de hymn4 ,orph4 #ce1 v plausibly sugge/s4 #egab3 ,see ,app5dix xi4 #ehab3 h_/s me pro_/phrn pe_/mps he_/dras es euage_/n4 ,! he_/drai euage_/n correspond to ! *ros eusebn ( o!r poets & my?ologi/s4 ,b ! /range phrase does also conta9 an allusion to ! fact t ?is p>adise ( ! pure is specially res]v$ = ! initiates ( ! my/]ies4 ,! euag_/s1 ! man unt\*$ by any a_/gos1 is ho_/sios 7ho_/sios e_// kai euag_/s law ap4 ,&41 ,m4 #if73 euagein hosi\n 9 an ins4 f ,ialysos 9 ,rhodes1 ,,igm4 ,aeg4 i1 #fgg4 ,ord9>y non-religi\s language also pres]ves ! orig9al mean+ ( ! ^w3 x frequ5tly means 79 contra/ to skot_/ds & ! l7 bright1 pure1 clean 7& 9 places1 too1 :]e x is cu/om>y to ins]t )\t good reason euaug_/s1 foll[+ ! ex4 ( ,hem/]h4 on ,eur41 ,suppl4 #ffb74 #eiab3 ,! simil>ity ) ! /ages ( ! rew>d giv5 to ! good 9 ,p9d> is obvi\s3 *ros eusebn 9 ,hades2 !n & n till !n #ddi escape f ! und]world & f human life z well4 ,! only diff]5ce is t 9 ,pi4 ! s\l's f9al end is to become a h_/rs :ile "h x becomes !o_/s4 #fjab3 ,,ig4 xiv1 #fdb4 #faab3 id4 #fda1 #a1 v1 #aj1 e_/riphos es ga_/l' e_/peton4 #fdb1 #d1 !os ege_/n\ ex an?r_/p\4 e_/riphos es ga_/la e_/petes4 ,! conjunction ( ! two phrases 9 #fdb %[s t ,z a kid ,i fell into ! milk is a condition ( ,i became a ,god4 ,we may c]ta9ly recognize 9 ! phrase a su_/n?ma or su_/mbolon ( ! ,my/ai l ^? usual 9 o!r secret initiatory rites--ek tumpa_/n\ ephagon ktl41 ,lob4 #bc ff4--:i* ref] to p]=mance ( symbolical actions 9 ! initiation c]emonies4 ,! precise s5se ( ?is su_/n?ma _c be made out 7,diet]i*'s ef=ts1 ,h4 ,orph41 p4 #ce1 h n succe$$ 9 cle>+ up ! matt]74 #fbab3 ,wor? rem>k+ is ! in/ruction all' hopo_/tam' psu* proli_/p pha_/os aeli_/oio1 dexion eisie_/nai pephulagme_/nos eu ma_/la pa_/nta 7?is or some?+ l x may h be5 ! orig9al =m ( ! l9es :i* h be5 ?r[n into confusion by ! intrusion ( ! explanatory words dei t9a74 ,!n at ! conclusion 77 *aire *aire1 dexian hodoiporn leimna_/s te hi]\s kai a_/lsea ,ph]sephonei_/z4 7kai_/3 ?is & no?+ else is probably conceal$ by ! ,,kat ( ! inscription--kai_/ long be=e a v[el 9 #crd !sis is ev5 9 ,hom] n unhe>d (47 ,"h at a comp>atively e>ly date we meet ) ! leg5d ( ! ,two ,ways at ! entrance to ! und]world1 ( :i* t to ! "r leads to ! *ros eusebn1 ! left to ! place ( puni%m5t ( ! a_/dikoi4 ,x may d]ive f ! fancies ( ,s\? ,italian my/ic sects4 dexio_/n & ari/]o_/n 9 ! ,py?agorean table ( ,opposites--& 9 oioni/ike = a long "t be=e t--mean ! same z aga?o_/n & kako_/n 7,ari/41 ,metaph4 #a1 #e1 p4 #ihf;a1 #bd2 cf4 ,iamb41 ,,vp4 #aef74--,! ,u ,py?agoreum d5ot$ ! p>t+ ( ! ways ( life to ! "r 7to virtue7 & to ! left 7vice73 ,s]v41 ,a4 vi1 #acf2 cf4 ,o4 ,jahn1 ,p]s41 p4 #aee f4 ,plato transf]r$ ! ,two ,ways to ! und]world probably foll[+ ,py?agorean example1 ,rp4 #fad ,c2 cf4 t hod_/1 ,gorg4 #ebd ,a2 divorso it9]e1 ,cato ap4 ,sall41 ,c4 #eb1 #ac1 9 a ,platoni/ passage4 ,to ! "r ! f\nta9 ( ,mnemosyne1 to ! left t ( ,le!--grave-tablet f ,petelia3 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #ajcg ,,ig4 xiv4 #fch4 ,! ,two ,ways 9 ! und]world 7( :i* t to ! "r h& regul>ly leads to salvation7 are also spok5 ( by ! pot_/s ^: l9es are quot$ by ,hippol41 ,,rh4 #e1 #h1 p4 #afd1 #hj ,d4-,s4 7p]haps ,orpheus z ,diet]i*1 ,nek4 #aic ?9ks72 cf4 also ,v]g41 ,a4 vi1 #edj ff41 ,hegesipp41 ,,ap4 vii1 #ede1 & ! ,jewi% =g]y "u ! "n ( ,philem41 ,me94 #d1 #fg1 #f f4 7ii1 p4 #eci ,k474--,?ree ,ways 9 ! _w ( ! spirits1 :i* he takes z be+ 9 ! sky1 are se5 by ! ,emp$otimos ( ,h]akld4 ,pont4 7see above1 *ap4 ix1 n4 #aaa73 ,s]v41 ,g4 i1 #cd4 ,plut>* also alludes to ?ree ,ways 9 ! und]world1 ,lat4 ,viv4 vii1 p4 #aacj1 = 9 giv+ 8 quotation f ,p9d>'s ?rnos fr4 #abi-cj he sudd5ly1 )\t hav+ previ\sly said any?+ ab\t ! o!r two ,ways1 speaks ( ! tri_/t tn anosi_/s bebiko_/tn kai p>a_/nomn hodo_/s :i* leads into ,erebos4 ,we %\ld suppose t he f\nd ^! ?ree ,ways 9 ,p9d> :om he is mak+ use ( ?r\gh\t ! passage4 ,?ree ,ways w\ld seem natural to "o :o knew ( ?ree classes ( s\ls2 ! eusebeis & ! asebeis hav+ 9 betwe5 !m ^? :o h n /ray$ s]i\sly f ei!r side ( ! middle way ( ord9>y morality & des]ve nei!r rew>d nor sev]e puni%m5t4 ,to ^! !n 0 probably allott$1 in/ead ( ! bliss or sorr[ ( ! two o!r classes1 ! indiff]5t /ate ( ! ,hom]ic ei_/dla kamo_/ntn4 ,s at lea/ x appe>s f ,lucian1 ,luct4 #g-i4 ,a simil> triple #dej division occurs 9 a popul> =m ap4 ,d4,h4 viii1 #eb ad f943 7#a7 a place ( puni%m5t1 a k9d ( ,t>t>os3 7#b7 to l_/?s p$i_/on 7:i* is "h ! indiff]5t /ate72 7#c7 ! ai?_/r :i* is ! dwell+-place ( ! ,bless$4 ,v]g41 too1 has ?ree classes1 b he places ! middl+ *>act]s 9 ! limbus infantium1 beyond :i* ! road fir/ divides t[>ds ,elysium & ,t>t>us4 ,did ,p9d> !n anticipate ^! & incid5tally--he ne$ n h be5 logically consi/5t ab\t x--introduce su* a triple division ( ! s\ls8 #fcab3 ,plato's viol5t attacks on poets & poetry--9 :i* nev]!less acc4 to 8 own acc\nt ouden sp\ds *>i_/n1 alla paidias he_/neka pa_/nta dratai--%[ once m cle>ly en\gh t 9 8 "t ! old ,greek view ( ! poets z ! true tea*]s ( _! age 0 by no means a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,x 0 precisely z tea*]s1 :e!r rightly or wrongly s reg>d$1 t !y seem$ to him dang]\s & wor? oppos+4 #fdab3 ,ari/ophanes is only =mulat+ popul> op9ion--& 9 unusually naive language--:5 he says ,ran4 #ajcj tauta gar a_/ndras *r poitas askein2 ske_/psai gar ap' ar*s hs phe_/limoi tn poitn hoi g5naioi gege_/nntai ktl4 ,& aga9 #ajec ff4 :]e he is ref]r+ p>ticul>ly to tragic dramati/s1 apokru_/pte9 *r to ponron to_/n ge poit_/n1 kai m p>a_/ge9 mde dida_/ske94 tois men gar paid>i_/ois9 e_//i dida_/skalos ho_//is phra_/zei1 tois hbs9 de poitai_/4 #feab3 ,?is idea is allud$ to z e>ly z ,d #afj ff4 ,!n ,hes41 ,op4 #bhb ff4 ,x is e/abli%$ = ,hdt42 cf4 i1 #ia1 vi1 #hf4 ,fur!r examples collect$ by ,ngelsba*1 ,na*hom4 ,!ol4 #cd f4 ,?gn4 #bje ff41 #gca ff41 is p>ticul>ly def9ite4 ,among ,attic au?ors2 cf4 ,sol41 fr4 #ac1 #bi 7anai_/tioi e_/rga ti_/n\s972 ,e41 ,hipp4 #hca ff41 #acgh ff4 7:]e note ton ouden o_/nt' epai_/tion71 fr4 #ihj2 ,lys4 #f1 #bj2 ,lycurg4 #gi4 ,x is briefly allud$ to z a commonly held op9ion by ,isoc4 #aa1 #be2 cf4 ,lys41 fr4 #ec ,?4 ,! case ( ,diagoras ( ,melos ! a_/!os may also be rememb]$2 cf4 above1 *ap4 vii1 n4 #af4--,?is idea ( ! puni%m5t ( ! son = ! de$s ( ! fa!r receives its ju/ification acc4 to ,plu41 ,s]4 ,nu4 ,vi4 #af1 #eei ,d 7q 9 accordance ) primitive ideas7 9 ! unity t belongs to all ! memb]s ( ! same ge_/nos--s t 9 ! p]son ( ! son x is ! fa!r himself1 ?\gh he may be dead1 :o is also puni%$4 ,! idea arises f ! deeply +ra9$ feel+ ( ! unity1 solid>ity1 & cont9uity ( ! anci5t family cult-circle pre-suppos$ by ! cult ( s\ls4 7,?is is primitive & meets u1 e4g4 9 ,india z well3 release u f ! wrongs t our fa!rs h done2 take away ! s9s ( t we ourselves h committ$ is ! pray] to ,v>una 9 ! ,rigv$a1 #g1 #hf1 #e4 ta ek prote_/rn aplak_/mata are transf]r$ also to ! next g5]ation l a pe/il5ce-bre$+ sub/ance1 ,old5b]g1 ,rel4 d4 ,v4 #bhi4 ,else:]e ! conception em]ges t ! guilty ance/or lives aga9 9 ! desc5dant & is puni%$ 9 8 p]son3 ,rob9sohn1 ,psy*ol4 d4 ,naturv4 #dg47 #ffab3 ,x is precisely on ?is po9t1 namely1 t evil does n befall m5 )\t _! own fault1 t ! ,*orus1 i4e4 ! poet1 ( ! ,agamemnon 7#geg71 ackn[l$ges di_/*a d' a_/lln mono_/phrn eimi_/4 #fgab3 ,9 ?is way1 too1 ! ,/oics sav$ ! responsibility ( m5 = _! own de$s 9 spite ( ! unavoidable eim>me_/n4 ,! de$s w\ld n h come to fruition if ! p]sonal sugkata_/!sis ( ! man _h n be5 add$ to ! orig9al necess>y cause condition+ ! acts4 ,! sugk41 ?\gh n itself free1 yet always rema9s eph' hmin & makes u responsible3 ,cic41 ,fat4 #ah2 ,nemes4 ,nat4 ,hom41 p4 #bia ,mat?4 #dea #fhab3 ,cle>ly s f l4 #fhi onw>ds4 #fiab3 ta gar ek prote_/rn aplak_/mata_/ n9 pros ta_/sd' 7tas ,er9u_/z7 apa_/gei1 ,eum4 #icd4 #gjab3 ,only :5 ,eteokles & ,polyneikes h fall5 9 s+le combat e_/lxe dai_/mn1 ,sept4 #ief4 #gaab3 ,?is idea is q common 9 ,hom] 7,ngelsba*1 ,hom4 ,!ol4 #gj f41 #cbj f471 & 9 lat] times reappe>s frequ5tly 9 ! case ( su* au?ors z always1 or on occasion1 express popul> ideas3 ,?gn4 ,hdt4 esp4 ,eur4 7cf4 ,fr4 ,trag4 ,adesp4 #d1 #ee ,n471 & ! orators3 see ,ngelsba*1 ,na*hom4 ,?4 #ed ff41 #ccb f41 #cgh4 #gbab3 apa_/ts dikai_/z ouk apo/atei !o_/s1 fr4 #cja ,s4 ,?is1 too1 mu/ be ! mean+ ( o!r expressions 9 :i* ! poet ref]s less pla9ly to ! righte\s purpose ( div9e deception3 ,p]s4 #ic ff41 #gdb2 frr4 #aef1 #cjb 7cf4 also ,suppl4 #djc f474--,ari/oph4 makes 8 ,cl\ds speak q 9 accordance ) ! ,aes*ylean ideas1 ,nub4 #adeh ff4 ,?is grim idea mu/1 9 fact1 h _h consid]able success & spread beyond ! /age4 ,falsehood & deception = a good end pres5t$ no difficulty to ! m9d ( ! ,greeks 7ev5 z appli$ to _! gods74 ,h5ce ,sokrates 79 ,x5471 ,plato1 & c]ta9 ,/oics c\ld q op5ly approve ( & recomm5d su* falsehoods 7& ! au?or ( ! ,diale_/xeis1 c4 #c 9 def5d+ ! same !ory also appeals to ! l9es ( ,aes*474 #gcab3 ,ag4 #adig-aejh4 ,"h !re is a cle> opposition betwe5 ! popul> view :i* attribut$ all guilt to an ala_//r tempt+ to crime 7a rem9isc5ce ( :i* appe>s 9 ,soph41 ,el4 #aig ff471 & ! m elevat$ conception ( ! poet :o holds fa/ to ! view t ?\gh ! ala_//r may contribute to ! result ! ag5t ( ! evil de$ is n anai_/tios4 #gdab3 ,! dead man /&s 9 ne$ ( ! cult paid by 8 surviv+ k9sfolk1 ,*o4 #dhd 78 grave a bmo_/s1 ,*o4 #ajf2 *oai gam_/lioi = him1 #dhf f474 ,z an appeasem5t ( 8 easily ar\s$ wra? *oai n]te_/rn meili_/gmata1 ,*o4 #ae4 ,! dead man is /ill consci\s ( ev5ts bo? pa/ & pres5t ^u e>?3 phro_/nma t\ ?ano_/ntos ou dama_/zei puros mal]a gna_/?os1 ,*o4 #cbd f4 ,9 ! song ( awak5+ address$ to ! dep>t$ & ! invocations sung by ,electra & ! ,*orus 9 ,*o4 ! s\l ( ,agamem4 is simil>ly reg>d$ z fully alive & accessible to ! call]s 7?\gh1 inde$1 ex amauras phr5o_/s #aeg7 & address$ accord+ly 7cf4 #aci1 #adg f41 #aef f41 #dgi ff42 ,p]s4 #fcf74 ,x is ev5 expect$ t 8 s\l1 invisibly pres5t 9 ! upp] _w1 w take an active %>e 9 ! "w ( v5geance3 a_/k\son es pha_/os mol_/n1 xun de g5\ pros e*?r\_/s1 ,*o4 #dei2 cf4 #dhi4 ,s1 too1 ,ore/es1 ,eum4 #eih1 hopes 9 8 extremity ( ne$ t argas ek ta_/ph\ pe_/mpsei pat_/r4 ,m especially ! murd]$ man has a "r to be av5g$ by 8 ag*i/eis 7oud' ap' a_/lln1 ,*o4 #dgb7 & ,apollo himself has comm&$ ,ore/es to take su* v5geance1 ,*o4 #bfi ff41 etc4 ,dread results ( neglect+ ?is duty1 ,*o4 #bgh-if 7possibly an int]polat$ passage1 b /ill an ext5sion ( ! words ( ,a4 himself #bga ff4 9 a s5se ?or\ghly 9 consonance ) popul> belief74 #geab3 ,! ,er9yes only av5ge ! murd] ( a blood-relation & n !re=e :5 "o ( a m>ri$ pair is murd]$ by ! o!r1 ,eum4 #baj-ab1 #fjd ff4 ,b ! op9ion em]ges t !y are p>ticul>ly *>g$ ) ! v5geance ( a "m :o has be5 murd]$ by h] son 7r ?an a fa!r :o has suff]$ ! same fate71 #feh ff41 #gcf ff4 7,rem9isc5ces ( su* a view 9 ,s41 ,el4 #cda ff41 #ceb ff42 ,e41 ,ore/4 #eeb ff41 fr4 #ajfd47 ,?is may possibly be an old popul> belief 7n fully und]/ood by ,a4 himself7 :i* ne$ n1 h[ev] 7z is (t5 #deb suppos$71 dep5d ^u an anci5t sy/em ( matri>*y = :i* !re is no o!r evid5ce 9 ,greece4 ,x is simply expla9$ by ! fact t ! fa!r has pl5ty ( m5 /ill liv+ among 8 k9sfolk :o w av5ge him 7ev5 aga9/ 8 own son71 :]eas ! "m :o is sep>at$ f h] own family c expect no av5g] f t side1 :ile 9 ! family ( h] husb& !re w be nobody yet old en\gh to take v5geance on h] own son4 ,= ?is reason x is = h] mo/ p>ticul>ly & necess>ily t ! daimonic av5g]s ( murd] mu/ int]v5e1 & !y are ! ,er9yes1 :o are always ?\ght ( z only active :]e no e>?ly av5g] is available4--,( c\rse1 x c\ld nev] be d5i$ t !re exi/s also patros euktai_/an ,er9u_/n1 ,sep4 #ghc4 #gfab3 dai_/mn1 !o_/s1 dios ana_/ktr1 isodai_/mn basileu_/s are titles giv5 only to ! dead ,p]sian k+1 ,p]s4 #fbj1 #fcc1 #fdd1 #fea4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 probably int5d$ to *>act]ize ,p]sian & n ,greek beliefs 7! ,greek k+1 too1 is /ill a k+ 9 ,hades1 b n a dai_/mn1 ,*o4 #cee-fb74 #ggab3 kakei dika_/zei tamplak_/ma?'1 hs lo_/gos1 ,zeus a_/llos 7cf4 ,zna tn kekmko_/tn #aeh7 en kam\s9 hu/a_/tas di_/kas1 ,suppl4 #bcj f42 cf4 #dad ff4--me_/gas gar ,ha_/ids e/in eu_/?unos brotn e_/n]! *?o_/nos1 deltogra_/ph de pa_/nt' eppa phr5i_/1 ,eum4 #bgc ff4 ,n ev5 9 ,hades d ! ,er9yes let ! murd]] g1 ,eum4 #cdj4 ,! puni%m5t 9 ,hades seems to be reg>d$ z m]ely supplem5t>y to ! 7p]haps delay$7 puni%m5t ( crime on e>? rhop d' episkopei di_/kas ta*eia t\s men en pha_/ei1 ta d' en metai*mi_/ sko_/t\ me_/nei *roni_/zontas a_/*1 t\s d' a_/kratos e_/*ei nu_/x1 ,*o4 #fa ff4 #ghab3 t\s ?ano_/ntas ei !_/leis eu]getein ei_/t' oun kak\rgein1 amphidexi_/s e_/*ei t m_/te *ai_/re9 m_/te lupei/hai nekr\_/s1 fr #bff4 ,?is does1 n1 h[ev]1 agree ) ,*o4 #cbd f41 or ) ! frequ5tly occurr+ expressions :i* presuppose consci\sness & feel+ 7& s also *ai_/re9 & lupei/hai7 9 ! dead4 ,consi/5cy 9 su* matt]s mu/ n1 9 fact1 be look$ = 9 a non-!ological poet4 ,! psu*_/ ( ! dead man a %ad[ )\t ! sap ( life1 fr4 #bbi4 ,dea? a refuge f e>?ly suff]+1 fr4 #bee4 ,! spe$y dea? :i* ! ,*orus wi% = !mselves1 ,ag4 #addi ff41 br+s ) x ton aei ate_/leuton hu_/pnon & !re=e a condition ( unconsci\sness if n ( complete no?+ness4--,! %ad[ ( ,d>eios takes 8 leave ( ! ,p]sian nobles 9 ! foll4 words3 humeis de_/1 pre_/sbeis1 *ai_/ret'1 en kakois ho_/ms psu*n dido_/ntes hdon ka?' hme_/ran1 hs tois ?an\si pl\tos ouden phelei1 ,p]s4 #hdj ff4 ,?is view ( life is p]haps int5d$ to h an ,ori5tal col\r+ 7l ! epitaph ( ,s>danapalus :i* is rightly quot$ 9 illu/ration ( ?is passage72 ! reason giv5 hs tois ?an\si ktl4 is p]haps to be simil>ly expla9$4 #giab3 e_/ndikoi sphagai_/1 #cg4 ,ore/es is to 8 fa!r's h\se di_/k ka?>ts pros !n hrmme_/nos #gj4 #hjab3 ,"o reason :y no ,er9ys pursues ,ore/es aft] he has murd]$ 8 "m is1 inde$1 ! fact t ,sophokles is treat+ ! ,elektra 9 isolation z an indep5d5t drama & c\ld n !re=e introduce a fre% ?read ( int]e/ at ! end1 if he 0 to br+ x to a satisfactory conclusion4 ,b ! m]e fact t he c\ld s arrange matt]s %[s t = him1 9 contra/ ) ,aes*ylus1 ! belief 9 ! v]itable reality ( ! ,er9ys & ! necess>y p]petuation ( ! idea ( v5geance 9 ! family 0 already obscur$ & almo/ obsolete4 ,! anci5t family blood-feud is less important to him ?an ! rights ( ! sep>ate & indep5d5t individual4 #haab3 ,casual allusions1 ,el4 #ejd ff42 ,,oc4 #ife2 ,ant4 #hef2 & cf4 #ehd ff41 #eid ff4 #dec #hbab3 ou gar i_/dois an a?rn broton ho_//is an1 ei !os a_/goi1 ekphugein du_/naito1 ,o4,c4 #beb4 ho_/tan de_/ tis !n bla_/pt1 du_/nait' an oud' an ho /he_/nn phugein1 ,el4 #fif f4 ai_/s* me_/n1 gunaikes1 oud' an heis phu_/goi brotn po?' h kai ,zeus 7z ! "o :o rules & orda9s ev]y?+1 cf4 ,el4 #age2 ,o4,c4 #ajhe7 ephorm_/s kaka_/2 no_/s\s d' ana_/gk tas !la_/t\s phe_/re91 fr4 #fai ,n4 #hcab3 ,phil4 #aia-bjj4 #hdab3 ,x is fix$ long be=e by an oracle3 #hba ff42 #aaei ff4 ,x is n exactly ov]p[]+ viol5ce or heav5-s5t madness t drives ,deianeira to c>ry out ! prophecy2 x is r an obscure =ce t trans=ms h] pure/ int5tions to an evil result4 ,%e h]self is completely innoc5t3 h_/m>te *r/a mme_/n4 #heab3 ,! reason = ?is w ( ! gods is n reveal$ to u1 ei!r 9 ,,ot4 or 9 ! subsequ5t treatm5t giv5 9 ,,oc4 ,! only ?+ t is made q cle> !re is ! complete innoc5ce ( ,o$ipus2 z to ! mean+ ( ! div9e purpose t has plung$ him into su* de$s ( horror ! suff]] c only say !ois gar n h\_/t phi_/lon1 ta_/*' a_/n ti mni_/ous9 eis ge_/nos pa_/lai 7#ifd f474 ,?is is a passage 9 :i* mod]n int]pretation ( ! anci5ts f9ds ! uphold+ ( ! moral ord] 9 ! _w cle>ly express$ z a motive ( div9e w4 #hfab3 kai gar n tn !osebe/a_/tn1 ,s*41 ,el4 #hca4 #hgab3 fr4 #bbf ,n41 sophos gar oudeis pln hon an tima !o_/s4 all' eis !o_/n s' horta1 kan e_/x di_/ks *rein keleu_/1 keis' hodoiporein *re_/n4 ais*ron gar ouden hn huphg\ntai !oi_/4 #hhab3 ,aias has ang]$ ! goddess because he has boa/$ t he c\ld d )\t h] help4 ,?us he has drawn ^u himself a/]g !as org_/n1 #ggf4 ,! goddess makes him insane t he may recognize tn !n is*un 9999ho_/s1 #aah4 ,?us1 h] sup]ior p[] is %[n & ! folly ( m5 :o despise t p[]4 ,b z = %[+ t ! rev5geful act ( ! goddess has any sort ( moral purpose or mean+ beh9d x1 ! pi\s poet makes no su* attempt4--,! int]polation ( ideas m famili> 9 mod]n times does n make x any easi] to und]/& ! peculi> "* ( su* antique euse_/beia & deisidaimoni_/a4 ,! same k9d ( fe>ful awe ( ! gods :i* we f9d "h1 runs ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,h]odotos' hi/orical writ+ 7,hdt4 0 n )\t reason a fri5d ( ,sophokles7 & meets u aga9 9 ! "* ( ,nikias & to a l>ge ext5t 9 ,x5ophon1 too4 ,?uc4 &1 on ! :ole1 ,eurip4 7= he v>ies7 calmly ignore x or else viol5tly reject x4 ,its nature is %[n 7bett] ?an 9 ! m usual euse_/beia7 by ! phrase h pros t\s !\s eula_/beia :i* also occurs3 ,d4 #ei 7,nea]47 #gd4 #hiab3 ,tra*4 #abff f42 #abgb 7:]e1 h[ev]1 !re rema9s a suspicion t ! traditional text may be uns\nd72 fr4 #ajc ,n4 ,p>allels occur also 9 ,phil4 #ijab3 ,!re exi/s a region ( div9e my/]y t is n to be fa?om$3 ou gar an ta !ia krupto_/ntn !n ma_/?ois a_/n1 oud' ei pa_/nt' epexe_/l?ois skopn1 fr4 #hcc2 cf4 ,,ot4 #bhj f4 & polla kai la!in kalo_/n1 fr4 #hj ,n4 #iaab3 ,! behavi\r ( ,a!ne 9 ! prologue ( ! ,aias is an exception4 #ibab3 ,odysseus behold+ ! insane ,aias3 epoikti_/r de_/ n9 du_//non o_/nta kai_/p] o_/nta dusm51 ho?\_/nek' a_/t sugkate_/zeuktai kak1 ouden to t\_/t\ mallon t\mon skopn2 hor gar hmas ouden o_/ntas a_/llo pln ei_/dl' ho_/soip] zm51 k\_/phn skia_/n1 ,ai4 #aba ff4 #icab3 i g5eai brotn ktl4 ,,ot4 #aahf ff42 ho_//is t\ ple_/onos me_/r\s *r_/zei 4 4 4 ,,oc4 #abaa-ch2 cf4 frr4 #ab1 #ece1 #ecf1 #ehh1 #hei1 #hfj4 #idab3 ,nor is ,antigone affect$ by su* motives z might appe> f a casual or isolat$ /udy ( su* l9es z ,ant4 #gc ff4 ,! :ole play #ded %[s t ,antig4 ?r\gh\t foll[s ! a_/grapta kasphal !n no_/mima & ! in/9cts ( h] own nature1 )\t pay+ any att5tion to :at may happ5 to h] on e>? & )\t a side glance at :at may be ! result 9 ! _w bel[ ( h] pi\s crime4 #ieab3 ,we (t5 h en ,ha_/id\ kekeu?o_/tn 7,ant4 #iaa7 mu*\s ki*ein t\ ka_/t !\ 7,ai4 #ega7 & o!r phrases be dead 7cf4 to be an oik_/tr ( ,erebos1 ,ai4 #cie ff4 ,hades seems to be call$ p&o_/kos x5o_//asis fr4 #beb74 ,! confusion ( ! idea ( a k+dom ( ,hades ) t ( ! grave is %[n 9 ! n infrequ5t expression en ,ha_/id\1 p>' ,ha_/id kei/hai1 ,el4 #dfc2 ,,ot4 #igb2 ,ph4 #hfa2 phi_/l met' aut\ kei_/somai phi_/l\ me_/ta1 ,ant4 #gc2 cf4 fr4 #eah4 #ifab3 ton apo_/tropon ,ha_/idan1 ,ai4 #fjh2 fr4 #eah4 #igab3 ,! dead man is a skia_/1 ,ai4 #abca4 spodos kai skia anphel_/s1 ,el4 #aaei;a4 mde_/n1 ,el4 #aaff2 ,ai4 #abca4--;,9 spite ( ?is1 9 ! ,hom]ic mann]1 a def9ite %ape & a measure ( semi-consci\s exi/5ce is presum$ 9 ! %ades 9 ,hades3 ,,ot4 #acga ff4--,d\bt3 ei_/ tis e_//' ekei *a_/ris1 ,el4 #cef4 #ihab3 ?ano_/ntn ouden a_/lgos a_/ptetai1 ,,oc4 #iee4 tois gar ?an\si mo_/*?os ou prosgi_/gnetai1 ,tr4 #aagc4 t\s gar ?ano_/ntas ou* hor lup\me_/n\s1 ,el4 #aagj4 7,all ?ree l9es are d5i$ to ,soph4 by ! late/ criticism47 #iiab3 ,ph4 #gig f42 ,ai4 #hed2 ,,oc4 #abbj ff42 fr4 #fca 7cf4 ,a41 fr4 #bee2 ,fr4 ,tr4 ,adesp4 #cfj4 limn kakn ho ?a_/natos1 a commonplace ( lat] morali/s3 see ,wytt5b4 ,plu41 ,mor4 vi1 p4 #gbj1 0 tak5 ov] f trag$y74--,! conv]se fr4 #fd1 #bge4 #ajjab3 ,collectively hoi ne_/rt]oi1 hoi ne_/rt]oi !oi_/1 ,,oc4 #affa2 ,ant4 #fjb4 ,hades 9 p>ticul> is (t5 m5tion$1 & also ,pl\_/tn3 ,ha_/ids /5agmois kai g_/ois pl\ti_/zetai1 ,,ot4 #cj2 fr4 #bea4 ho p>a ton ,a*e_/ronta 7tan ,a*e_/rontos akta_/n1 ,ant4 #hab4 aktan hespe_/r\ !\1 ,,ot4 #agg7 !os ana_/ssn1 ,el4 #ahd4 ,p]sephone & ,aidoneus1 ,,oc4 #aeef ff4 ,er9yes1 ,?anatos1 ,k]b]os3 ,,oc4 #aefh ff4 pompaios ,h]ms *?o_/nios1 ,ai4 #hcb2 & see ,el4 #aaj ,b41 etc4--,ha_/ids 7"h z (t5 ,?a_/natos7 desires to dev\r m53 dai_/sa/hai1 ,el4 #edb1 f4--a popul> conception or at lea/ popul> language3 see above1 *ap4 vii1 n4 #be4 #ajaab3 ,hades hos ou_/te t\pieikes ou_/te tn *a_/r9 oid51 monn d' e_//]xe tn hapls di_/kn1 fr4 #gjc1 i4e4 ! ju/ice ( absolute equality 7= all e>?ly di/9ctions h pass$ away73 ho_/ g' ,ha_/ids t\s no_/m\s i_/s\s po!i1 ,ant4 #eai4 #ajbab3 h gar euse_/beia sun?n_/skei brotois 7x dies :5 ! man dies to :om x belong$3 i4e4 x foll[s him1 or 8 psu*_/1 into ! l[]-_w4 ,no textual corruption ne$ be assum$ "h1 kan zsi kan ?a_/ns9 ouk apo_/llutai1 ,ph4 #addc f4 #ajcab3 ,)\t ritual burial ! dead man is tn ka_/t! !n a_/moiros akte_/ri/os ano_/sios ne_/kus1 ,ant4 #ajgj f4 #ajdab3 enta_/phia hoia tois ka_/t nomi_/zetai1 ,el4 #cbf4 kt]i_/smata1 #dcd1 #ica4 l\tra_/1 #hd1 #dcd 7cf4 above1 *ap4 v1 nn4 #ajf1 #ajg71 e_/mpura1 #dje4 *oai_/1 #ddj4--;,el4 #deb1 pray] is made to ! dead t he %all help u & ,ore/es ho_/ps to loipon auton aphnete_/rais *]sin /e_/phm5 ta nun dr\_/me?a 7at pres5t only a lock ( hair & a girdle1 #ddh ff474--,(f]+s to ! dead made by foes & ev5 ! approa* ( su* p]sons to ! neighb\rhood ( ! grave is displeas+ & hateful to ! dep>t$ :o lies !re93 ,el4 #dca ff41 #ddb ff42 ,ai4 #acid f4 7cf4 above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #aji74 ,9 ?is case z 9 ! cult ( ! s\l g5]ally ! pres5ce ( ! dead man 9 ! grave1 or else 9 its imm$iate neighb\rhood1 is presuppos$--n 8 dep>ture into an inaccessible l& ( ! dead4 ,! latt] view1 reta9$ f ,hom]ic #dee poetry1 is g5]ally all[$ to rema9 incongru\sly side by side ) ! =m]4 #ajeab3 ,el4 #ajff ff4 #ajfab3 ,! god ( ! und]world is ouk ap]i_/tropos ( ! murd]$ man3 ,el4 #ahb f4 ,h5ce all ! gods & spirits ( ! l[] _w are summon$ to take v5geance = ! murd] ( ,agamemnon3 ,el4 #aaj-af4 ,we he> ( ,di_/k h xu_/noikos tn ka_/t !n z ! patron ( ! dead 9 _! claim to ju/ice3 ,ant4 #dea4 #ajgab3 ,h]akles 9 giv+ 8 la/ comm&s to ,hyllos f9ally ?reat5s ! latt]3 ei de m_/1 m5 s' eg kai ne_/r!n _/n1 araios eis aei b>u_/s1 ,tr4 #abja f42 cf4 fr4 #cfg2 see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #adh4 #ajhab3 ,elektra ?9ks t ,agamemnon himself may h s5t ! duspro_/sopt' onei_/rata to ,klytaimne/ra3 ,el4 #dei f4 7,!re is no reason = alt]+ ! traditional text "h--) ,nauck--to make ! gods ! s5d]s ( ! dreams in/ead ( ! dead man4 h_/res1 too1 c s5d nocturnal visions ( t]ror3 see above1 *ap4 ix1 n4 #ajb47 ,"h ,elektra supposes t by s5d+ su* h>b+]s ( 8 wra? ! unav5g$ victim ( murd] has signifi$ 8 read9ess to assi/ 9 ! tak+ ( v5geance4 ,?is makes p]fectly good s5se & is ! only int]pretation t suits ! context ( ,elektra's admonitions to h] si/]4 #ajiab3 arg_/s1 ,el4 #ded4 zs9 hoi gas ka_/t kei_/m5oi4 pali_/rruton gar haima hupexair\si tn ktano_/ntn hoi pa_/lai ?ano_/ntes1 ,el4 #adai f4 ,! dead man br+s dea? to ! liv+1 ,nauck on ,tr4 #aafc4 #aajab3 frr4 #gec1 #hje4 #aaaab3 ,,oc4 #ajdi ff41 #fhj2 fr4 #gcf4 #aabab3 ,o$ipus does n die b vani%es 7is se5 no m1 #afdi72 ! dep?s ( ! e>? op5 & receive him3 #affa f41 #afha4 ,:at is meant is translation )\t dea? z 9 ! case ( ,amphi>aos1 etc4 ,! poet only h9ts at ! miracle 9 int5tionally vague words--b !y _c ref] to any?+ b translation4 _/leto #afef1 & e_/?ane are !re=e only inaccurate expressions to describe 8 dep>ture 7see also above1 *ap4 iii1 n4 #b74 ,! ,mess5g] ( #aehc f4 refuses1 h[ev]1 to give a di/9ct answ] to ! "q ( ! ,*orus o_/lle gar du_//nos2 he w only h9t t ,o$ipus has inde$ o_/lle 7#aehj71 b has n simply di$--he has in/ead be5 translat$ out ( e>?ly life4 ,! corrupt hs leloipo_/ta keinon ton aei 7?is 0 already :at ! ,alex&rians read7 bi_/oton exepi_//aso may n !re=e be alt]$ simply into ton a9o_/n1 ton a_/bion bi_/oton4 ,x may p]haps h orig9ally be5 some?+ l ton e_/n?a1 ton en g1 ton &rn bi_/oton 7cf4 ,m$ea to h] *ildr5 es a_/llo s*m' apo/a_/ntes bi_/ou1 ,e41 ,m$4 #ajci4 ,a dead woman hupoke*_/rke aiphni_/dion t\ ka?' hmas bi_/ou4 ,ins4 f ,amorgos1 ,,b*4 #ahia1 p4 #egf1 ll4 #i-aj74 #aacab3 ,a di/9ct act ( precaution aga9/ disbelief 9 su* a miracle3 ,,oc4 #affe f4 7cf4 e_/rrei de ta !ia1 ,,ot4 #ijf ff42 :i* ref]s esp4 to ! belief 9 ! ,oracle ( ,loxias1 a matt] ( great importance to ,soph474 #aadab3 ,! innoc5ce ( ,o$ipus & ! fact t ! awful crimes committ$ by him h be5 done 9 ignorance & aga9/ 8 w !n ago_/ntn1 is /ress$ 9 ord] t 8 elevation to ! position ( ,h]os may n seem to be an hon\r done to a guilt-/a9$ crim9al4 ,b ! poet does n attribute positive virtues to him ev5 9 ,,oc4--f> less 9 fact ?an 9 ,,ot4 #aaeab3 ,"o has only to read ! play )\t preconceiv$ ideas to see t ?is passionate & savage old man1 pitilessly heap+ dreadful curses on 8 sons1 gloat+ v9dictively ov] ! com+ mis=tunes #def ( 8 own c\ntry1 is q ignorant ( ! deep peace f ! gods or ! illum9ation ( ! pi\s suff]] :i* conv5tional lit]>y int]pretation has be5 anxi\s to ascribe to him4 ,! poet is n "o to gloss ov] ! h>% realities ( life ) trite phrases ( vapid consolation1 & he has cle>ly p]ceiv$ t ! usual effect ( unhapp9ess & mis]y ^u m5 is n to illum9ate b to enfeeble & vulg>ize !m4 ,8 ,o$ipus is pi\s 7he 0 t f ! beg9n+ 9 ,,ot4 z well71 b he is made savage1 gri_/tai1 exactly l ,philoktetes 9 8 mis]y 7,ph4 #acba74 #aafab3 ,humanit>ianism ( ,a!ns & h] k+3 #efb ff41 #aabe ff4 #aagab3 ,x is emphasiz$ ov] & ov] aga9 t ! settlem5t ( ,o$ipus on ,attic soil is meant to br+ ab\t ! salvation ( ! ,a!nians & ! discomfiture ( ! ,!bans 7,apollo's oracle has ?us decre$ x73 #ib f41 #bhg f41 #djb1 #dji ff41 #egf ff41 #fba ff4 ,! :]eab\ts ( ! valuable possession mu/ !re=e be kept secret 7z frequ5tly ) ! graves ( ,h]oes3 see above1 *ap4 iv1 n4 #ch72 #aebj ff4 ,?is elevation ( ,o$ipus to be ! st_/r ( ,attica 7#dei f47 is evid5tly :at makes ! int]e/ & importance = ! poet ( ! :ole my/]y :i* he relates4 #aahab3 nun gar !oi_/ s' or?\si1 pro_//he d' _/llusan1 #cid4 ,! gods n[ feel _/ran t9a_/ = ,o$ipus1 #chf4 ,aft] _m p_/mata pa_/l9 sphe dai_/mn di_/kaios au_/xoi 7a_/n71 #aefe f4 ,x is1 9 fact1 an act ( k9dness aft] a long p]iod ( ill-usage2 !re is a rev]sal ( =tune1 b !re is no rew>d or indemnification giv5 9 recognition ( a j claim4 ,x is all grace4 #aaiab3 ,9 ?is1 too1 hs a_/n tis heis tn *r/n ,a?nai_/n 7,ion ap4 ,a?4 #ac1 #fjd ,d74 #abjab3 ,prodikos is1 acc4 to ,welck]1 ,kl4 ,s*r4 ii1 #dig ff41 responsible = mo/ ( ! !ories prop\nd$ 9 ! ,ps4-,platonic ,axio*us on ! subject ( ! a?anasi_/a ts psu*s1 ,ax4 #cgj ,b ff41 ! t5d5cy ( ! s\l to ! heav5ly ai?_/r 7#cff ,a1 & ev5 ( ! ,platoniz+ fantasy at ! end ab\t ! fate ( ! dep>t$ 7#cga-b74 ,prodikos1 if we adopt$ ?is attribution1 w\ld become less ! =]unn] ( ,sokrates 7z ,welck] calls him7 ?an ! =]unn] ( ,plato4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no real reason to attribute to him any m %>e 9 t docum5t ?an is ass]t$ di/9ctly 9 x4 ,! brief & c>elessly compos$ pamphlet consi/s ( a m$ley ( ! conv5tional +r$i5ts ( ! usual lo_/goi p>amu?tikoi_/ loosely /rung toge!r4 ,to ,prod4 is assign$3 ! disquisition on ! tr\bles ( life 9 all its /ages #ccf ,d-#cfg ,e2 & ! say+ ho_/ti ho ?a_/natos ou_/te p]i t\s znta_/s e/9 ou_/te p]i t\s metlla*o_/tas ktl41 #cfi ,b 7cf4 ,bures*1 ,leip4 ,/ud4 ix1 #h-i74 ,^! two passages put toge!r w\ld e/abli% z ! op9ion ( ,prodikos j ! opposite ( :at ,welck] wi%es to ascribe to him4 ,he w\ld %[ himself z a true peisi?a_/natos 7--ex ekei_/n\ ?anata m\ h psu*_/1 #cff ,c71 :o w\ld make dea? a m]e exit into a /ate ( unconsci\sness aft] ! tr\bles ( life1 & ?us seem an absolute non5tity4 ,b ! piece is 9 reality q )\t au?ority3 x app>5tly puts =w>d ! "n ( ,prodikos1 :o is s (t5 /at$ 9 ,plato to h be5 ! tea*] ( ,sokrates1 m]ely 9 ord] to h a def9ite au?ority 7l ! fabul\s ,gobryes lat] on7 = :at ! au?or does n wi% to repres5t ,sokrates z say+ on 8 own acc\nt4 ,"o ( ! say+s attribut$ to ! imag9>y ,prodikos1 ho_/ti ho ?a_/natos 4 4 4 is1 h[ev]1 only too cle>ly a simple appropriation ( ,epicurus' aphorism1 ho ?a_/natos ouden pros hmas ktl4 7p4 #fa1 #f ,us542 cf4 p4 #bbg1 #cj2 #cia4 ,he9ze also po9ts ?is out1 ,b]4 s*s4 ,ges4 d4 ,wiss4 #ahhd1 p4 #ccb74 ,! o!r passage 7#cff ,d ff47 agrees suspici\sly #deg ) :at ,teles 7p4 #ch ,h5s47 has to say on ! same subject app>5tly 9 entire dep5d5ce on ,krates ! ,cynic4 ,x seems extremely probable t ! au?or ( ! ,axio*us also _h ,krates be=e him or ev5 ,teles 7z ,wytt5ba* already sugge/$1 ,plu41 ,mor4 vi1 p4 #da72 & t he attributes :at he has ?us borr[$ f extrane\s s\rces to ,prodikos by a fiction t nev] came amiss to ! compos]s ( su* dialogues4--,x foll[s !n t :at ,prodikos really said ab\t ! s\l & its de/9y is unkn[n to u2 cf4 on ?is rec5tly mu*-discuss$ subject3 ,br9kmann1 ,rh4 ,mus4 #ea1 #ddd ff4 #abaab3 ,9 ! ,prologue ,?anatos at once describes 8 claims & 8 (fice4 ,he has to receive ! dep>t$ & cut (f ! lock ( hair f ! =ehead 7#ge f4 probably z a sign t ! dead ent] into ! possession ( ! und]world deities3 9 ,v]g41 ,a4 iv1 #fih f4 ,pros]p9a 9 ! same way d$icates ! dead to ,orcus74 ,he !n leads !m to ,hades1 #hga4 ,he comes 9 p]son to ! grave & enjoys ! (f]+s laid !re1 #hdd ff41 #hea f4 7l ! dead man himself on o!r occasions1 see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #ajh74 ,prop]ly speak+ he is only ! s]vant ( ,hades2 b j z ! ^w ha_/ds 0 already common z ?a_/natos1 s ,?anatos himself is also actually call$ ,ha_/ids 7#bfh1 see above1 n4 #d72 only z id5tical ) ,hades c he be call$ a_/nax nekrn1 #hdc2 cf4 daimo_/nn koi_/ranos1 #aadj4--;,9 ! und]world are ,*>on ho psu*opompo_/s1 #cfa1 #bed ff41 #deh f41 & ,k]b]os1 #cfj4 ,hades & ,h]mes *?o_/nios receive ! dead4 ei de_/ ti kakei ple_/on e_//' aga?ois ,alke/is w h ! seat ( hon\r next to ,p]sephone3 #gdd ff4 ,by ! liv+ :o survive %e is reg>d$ on acc\nt ( h] incomp>able virtue z ma_/kaira dai_/mn & h] grave is n ! abode ( a dead woman b a place ( wor%ip1 #iie-ajje4 ,su* facile elevation to ! rank ( ,h]o9e 0 suppos$ to be *>act]i/ic ( ,!ssaly & ,eurip4 may 9 ?is also h int5d$ to give 8 poem a t\* ( ,!ssalian local col\r4 7dai_/mn z an int]m$iate /age betwe5 !oi_/ & a_/n?rpoi2 s frequ5tly 9 ,eur41 e4g4 ,tro4 #ee-f2 ,m$4 #acia2 is ?is ! mean+ ( ! me_/son 9 ,hel4 #aacg87--,?or\ghly 9 keep+ ) popul> belief is *aire kan ,ha_/id\ d_/mois eu soi ge_/noito1 #fbf f4 7su* a *aire is ! la/ ^w ) :i* hs nomi_/zetai "o addresses ! dead exi\san hu/a_/tn ho_/don1 #fji f474 ,simil> also 7b really imply+ ! conception ( ! dead z re/+ 9 ! grave & n 9 ,hades7 is3 k\pha_/ soi *?n epa_/n! pe_/soi1 #dfc4 #abbab3 ,! fun]al dirge1 #hf ff42 ko_/smos buri$ ) ! dead1 #fah ff42 m\rn+ c]emonies3 ! manes ( ! horses are cut %ort2 no s\nd ( flute or lyre is to be he>d 9 ! t[n = twelve mon?s1 #dbh ff4 7pe_/n?os et_/sion is usual1 #ccf74 ,^! extreme obs]vances are probably tak5 f ! m\rn+ cu/oms ( ! ,!ssalian dyna/ic families4 #abcab3 ,burial ( ! dead 9 accordance ) no_/mos palaios daimo_/nn1 ,suppl4 #efc2 no_/mima !n1 #ai2 a g5]al ,hell5ic cu/om1 #ebf f4--,burial ( ,polyneikes 9 spite ( ,kreon's prohibition3 ,pho54 & probably ,antigo_/n4 #abdab3 tois gar ?an\si *r ton ou te?nko_/ta timas dido_/nta *?o_/nion eusebein !o_/n1 ,ph4 #acbj f4 en eusebei g\n no_/mima m kle_/pte9 nekrn1 ,hel4 #abgg4 ,! hon\r ( ! grave m important ev5 ?an good =tune ^u e>?1 ,hec4 #cag f4 ,lam5t ov] ! di%on\r+ ( ! grave ( ,agamem41 ,el4 #cbc ff4 ,reque/ = ! burial ( ,a/yanax1 ,tro4 #aacc ff41 ( ,ore/es1 ,,x4 #gjb ff41 ( ,mak>ia1 ,hcld4 #ehh ff4 ,! %ade ( ! murd]$ ,polydoros prays especially = burial1 ,hec4 #dg ff4 7#ca f41 #gif f474 ,he is an example ( ! w&]+ ( ! a_/taphoi ^u ! upp] e>?2 he a_/?aptos alai_/nei1 ,tro4 #ajhd 7see above1 p4 #afc1 & ,app5d4 vii74--,fun]al c]emony = ^? :o h #deh be5 dr[n$ at sea1 ,hel4 #ajeg ff41 #abec ff42 ?\gh !re ! idea is only us$ z an excuse = ! intrigue4 #abeab3 *oai_/ = ! dead1 e4g4 ,or4 #aab ff41 ,el4 #eaa ff42 ,,x4 #aei ff4 #abfab3 *oai_/ make ! dead eum5 t[>ds ! giv]s ( ! (f]+1 ,or4 #aai4 ,! *ildr5 call ^u ! s\l ( ! murd]$ fa!r to help !m1 ,el4 #fgf ff41 9 ! belief t pa_/nt' ak\_/ei ta_/de pat_/r1 #fhd4 ,! s\l ( ! dead man hov]s above ! liv+ obs]v+ ev]y?+1 ,or4 #fgd ff4 ,invocation ( ! dead 7/rik+ bo? h&s on ! gr\nd3 see above1 *ap4 iii1 n4 #aj71 ,tro4 #acje f4 ,expectation t ! dead ?us call$ on w ssai 8 fri5ds1 ,or4 #gig1 or help !m1 ,el4 #fgi4 ,call+ ^u ! dep>t$ 9 ,hades a_/rxon1 el! kai skia pha_/n?i_/ moi1 ,,hf4 #did 7?\gh ) ! qualification ei_/ tis ph?o_/ggos eisak\_/setai ?ntn p>' ,ha_/id1 #dij74 #abgab3 ,translation miracles are t\*$ ^u by ! poet ) obvi\s pleasure2 cf4 transl4 ( ,kadmos & ,h>monia1 ,bac4 #accj ff41 #acch ff43 ( ,peleus1 ,&r4 #abeg ff42 ( ,hel51 ,or4 #afbi ff43 ( ,h]akles1 ,hcld4 #iaj2 ( ,m5elaos 79 unmi/akable s>casm71 ,hel4 #afgf ff4 ,s1 too1 9 ! spuri\s conclusion to ! ,,ia4 !re is a translation ( ,iphig5eia1 #aehc ff4 7pros !\s aphi_/ptato1 #afjh74 #abhab3 ,eury/heus buri$ 9 ! temple ( ,a!ne ,pall5is w br+ safety to ,a!ns & evil to h] enemies3 ,hcld4 #ajbf ff4 ,eury/h4 says soi men eu_/n\s kai po_/lei st_/rios me_/toikos aei kei_/somai kata *?ono_/s1 #ajcb f42 i4e4 he w become a h_/rs st_/r ( ! l& 7j z ,o$ip4 0 to become st_/r = ,attica4 ,s41 ,,oc4 #dfj1 & ,brasidas ,h]os st_/r ( ! ,amphipolitans1 ,?uc4 #e1 #aa1 #a74 ,h]oic cult ( ,hippolytos1 ,hip4 #adbc ff41 fr4 #ddf4 #abiab3 ,! ,er9yes are spok5 ( 7app>5tly ) real belief7 9 ,,x4 #gi ff4 & else:]e4 #acjab3 ,or4 #beh f41 n v diff]5t1 ,,x4 #bhh-id4 #acaab3 to ?rides t\to kai miaipho_/non1 ,or4 #ebd4 ,ore/es in/ead ( committ+ murd] himself %\ld h br\ght 8 fa!r to ju/ice1 ,or4 #ejj f4 ,agamemnon himself if he c\ld h be5 ask$ w\ld n h desir$ ?is bloody v5geance1 ,or4 #bhh ff4 ,x is only ,apollo's unwise c\nsel t has l$ ,ore/es to ! murd] ( 8 "m1 ,el4 #iga ff41 #abif f42 ,or4 #bgf ff41 #daf1 #eia4 ,aft] ! de$ ,ore/es does inde$ feel remorse b no religi\s t]rors1 ,el4 #aagg 79 spite ( :i* !re is mu* ab\t ! pursu+ ,er9yes ( 8 "m74 ,h[ completely ?is :ole s]ies ( ideas1 ! duty ( v5geance1 etc41 has lo/ its mean+ = ! poet1 is to be felt m especially 9 ! sophi/ical frigidity ) :i* ! subject is treat$ 9 an ag_/n betwe5 ,tynd>eos & ,ore/es1 ,or4 #dia-fjd1 & 9 ! hair-splitt+ ( ! spee* ( ,ore/es himself1 #icb ff4 #acbab3 dok de tois ?an\si diaphe_/re9 bra*u_/1 ei pl\si_/n tis teu_/xetai kt]isma_/tn2 k5on de gau_/rm' e/i tn z_/ntn to_/de1 ,tro4 #abdh ff4 #accab3 fr4 #agf4 #acdab3 ouden e_//h' ho kat?an_/n1 ,alc4 #cha4 ,! dead are hoi ouke_/t' o_/ntes #cbb4 tois 7! dead7 men gar ouden a_/lgos a_/psetai_/ pote1 polln de mo_/*?n eukles epau_/sato1 #icg f4 ,b ev5 fame is no?+ to ! dead4 ,admetos says to 8 fa!r 9 ! scurril\s dialogue ?anei ge me_/ntoi duskle_/s1 ho_/tan ?a_/ns4 ,to :i* ! old man unconc]n$ly replies kaks ak\_/e9 ou me_/lei ?ano_/nti moi 7#gbe f474 #aceab3 ,x might seem simpl] to reg>d all ! utt]ances ( p]sons 9 ! plays :i* correspond to conv5tional beliefs z be+ m]ely dramatic expressions ( ! "*'s own 7or?odox7 view1 & 9 no s5se put =w>d by ! poet z 8 own op9ion4 ,& c]ta9ly ! sep>ate & indep5d5tly act+ p]sons ( ! drama c only #dei speak & act 9 accordance ) _! own prop] conceptions & spr+s ( action--n 9 accordance ) ! poet's4 ,b 9 ! antique drama ?is complete deta*m5t ( ! creatures ( ! dramatic imag9ation f _! creator1 ! poet ( ! drama1 only holds good 9 a limit$ s5se4 ,! anci5t dramati/s ex]cis$ _! (fice ( judge mu* m vigor\sly ?an ! greate/ ( ! mod]ns4 ,! c\rse ( 8 play %[$ cle>ly :at acts & *>act]s ! poet disapprov$ (1 b also :i* op9ions he sanction$ & :i* he did n4 ,we h only to rememb] ! attacks ( ,o$ipus & ,ioka/e ^u ! judgm5ts ( ! gods 9 ,,ot4 7or ! /ory ( ,s541 ,ep4 #aae1 #ad3 ,eur4 fr4 #cbd74 ,accord+ly we may take x t su* utt]ances ( dramatic *>act]s z are n suppli$ ) practical or spok5 corrective are among ^? ( :i* ! poet did n disapprove4 ,euripides s v frequ5tly puts words into ! m\? ( 8 *>act]s :i* c only express 8 own moods or op9ions t we may also assume t :5 _! language h>monizes ) traditional belief !n1 too1 ! mo/ subjective ( ! trag$ians is = ! mom5t express+ 8 own view4 ,?us1 = example1 we _c d\bt t ! /ra9 ( piety runn+ ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! ,hiketides 7subjection ( phro_/nsis to ,god's wisdom1 #baf ff41 submission to ! guidance ( ! gods1 #eib ff41 & to ,zeus' gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 #gcd ff471 & especially ! :ole-he>t$ elaboration ( ! picture ( ,!seus z a model ( euse_/beia repres5t ! actual op9ion ( ! poet at t p>ticul> p]iod 7he cle>ly speaks ( himself1 #ahj-c74 ,at o!r times1 too 7ap>t f ! ,bac*ae71 ?\gh g5]ally = a %ort "t only1 he %[s vague aspirations t[>ds or?odoxy4 #acfab3 ,alc4 #ifh ff42 ,hipp4 #ieb ff4--,asceticism ( ! my/ai ( ,zeus & ,zagreus ( ! ,m\nta9 ,"m & ! ,k\retes3 ,krtes1 fr4 #dgb4 #acgab3 ,polyid4 fr4 #fch2 ,phrixos1 fr4 #hcc4 ,x is usual 7cf4 ,b]gk1 ,gr4 ,litt4 #c1 #dge1 #cc7 to see "h a rem9isc5ce ( ,h]akleitos4 ,b ! latt]'s a?a_/natoi ?ntoi_/1 ?ntoi a?a_/natoi1 zntes ton ekei_/nn ?a_/naton1 ton de ekei_/nn bi_/on te?netes 7fr4 #fg ,byw4 #fb ,d47 is cle>ly int5d$ to express ! view t dea? & life are purely relative concepts2 t dea? 7( ! "o1 i4e4 ,fire7 & life 7( ! o!r1 i4e1 ,wat] or ,e>?7 are simultane\sly pres5t 9 ! same object 7see also frr4 #fh1 #gh #cf1 #hh74 ,accord+ to ?is view x w\ld be /rictly true t life on e>? is n m life ?an x is dea?2 b t is c]ta9ly n :at ,eurip4 means to say4 ,philo & ,sext4 ,emp4 are mi/ak5 9 attribut+ to ,h]akl4 ! ,orphic doctr9e ( ! dea? ( ! s\l :i* takes place :5 x is enclos$ 9 ! sma1 z its sma 7see above1 *ap4 xi1 n4 #ai74 ,b x is precisely ?is ,orphic doctr9e t is pres5t to ! m9d ( ,eurip4 7& ,plato1 ,gorg4 #dib ,e1 #dic ,a1 br+s x into imm$iate connexion ) ! v]ses ( ,e474 ,he is speak+ ( ! true dea? ( ! s\l 9 ! life ( ! body & ( its release to a real 7& n a m]ely relative7 life aft] dea?2 & ?9ks t life has no claim to ! di/+ui%+ "n 7cf4 ho d bi_/oton kale_/ousi ,emp$4 #aag ,mull4 fr4 #ae ,d474 #achab3 ,pal+5esia is allud$ to once only & 9 je/ z a desirable rew>d = ! virtu\s1 ,,hf4 #fee-fh2 cf4 ,m4 ,ant4 xii1 #e4 #aciab3 ho n\s gar hmn e/9 en heka_// !o_/s1 fr4 #ajah4 #adjab3 fr4 #hci 7,*rysipp47 fully physical 9 fr4 #hih1 #g ff4--fr4 #ajbc ,ai!_/ra kai ,gaian pa_/ntn g5e_/teiran aei_/d4 ,cf4 fr4 #ajjd4 #adaab3 fr4 #dhd 7,melan4 h soph_/7--hs ourano_/s te gaia_/ t' n morph mi_/a ktl4 ,"h1 too1 ! poet is speak+ ( a m]e initial association ( ! elem5ts aft]w>ds to be p>t$1 b ?\ght ( z always f ! #dfj beg9n+ indep5d5t--!re is no d]ivation ( bo? f a s+le common orig9al elem5t1 or ( "o out ( ! o!r4 ,eurip4 may really h be5 ?9k+ "h ( ! ho_/m\ pa_/nta *r_/mata n ( ,anaxagoras 7z ! anci5t au?orities suppos$71 esp4 z1 ) ,anax4 also1 out ( ! g5]al conglom]ation two masses1 a_/r & ai?_/r1 fir/ em]ge 7?\gh 9 ?is case n\s is n includ$ 9 ! ai?_/r z x is ) ,eurip474 ,"h1 too1 !n ! usual dualism ( ! ,euripidean cosmogony is pres]v$4 ,= ! re/ ?is fr4 #dhd all[s u to p]ceive t 9 spite ( all 8 physiological t5d5cies ,eurip4 c nev] q get rid ( ! my?ical elem5t 9 8 cosmogonical ev5ts4 ,! reason :y ,ouranos & ,gaia 9 p>ticul> recomm5d !mselves to him z elem5tal =ces 7& ko9oi hapa_/ntn goneis1 fr4 #ajjd7 0 t ^! figures _h long be5 set at ! beg9n+ ( ! _w & ( ! gods by cosmogonical poetry 7ai?_/r is simply ! m physiological t]m = :at is half-p]sonifi$ z ,ourano_/s74 ,?is probably expla9s :y matt] 7or at lea/ ! m solid =ms ( matt] z di/+ui%$ f ! ai?_/r ! lepto_/taton pa_/ntn *rma_/tn7 is = him includ$ 9 ! description e>?4 ,9 ?is he is n foll[+ ! old physiologi/s1 none ( :om _h call$ e>? ! orig9al matt]--at lea/ n e>? alone 7see ,ilb]g1 ,quae/4 ,pseudohippocrat41 p4 #af ff41 #ahhc74 ,e>? z describ+ ! m]ely mat]ial1 matt] des]t$ by _s1 may h come to him f popul> usage4 ,z e>ly z #ed ! body des]t$ by s\l & life is call$ kph gaia 7cf4 ,eur4 frr4 #ecb2 #geg1 #e74 ,?us = ! poet ! contra/ betwe5 g & ai?_/r almo/ am\nts to t betwe5 matt] & m9d1 except t he ei!r c\ld n or w\ld n ?9k ( a m9d )\t any mat]ial sub/ratum & t = ?is reason 8 ai?_/r /ill pres]ves a remnant ( matt]4 #adbab3 ,?is is esp4 cle> 9 fr4 #hci1 #h ff4 ,9 ! disruption ( ! elem5ts out ( :i* pa_/nta are compos$ ea* ( ! two1 g & ai?_/r1 pres]ves itself undim9i%$ & unmix$4 ?n_/skei d' ouden tn gignome_/nn diakr9o_/m5on d' a_/llo pros a_/ll\ morphn idi_/an ape_/deix5 7re/ores itself 9 its indep5d5t be+74 ,:]eupon we feel ourselves irresi/ibly rem9d$ ( ! say+ ( ,anaxagoras--ouden gar *rma gi_/netai oude apo_/llutai1 all' ap' eo_/ntn *rma_/tn summi_/sgetai_/ te kai diakri_/netai1 kai h\_/ts an or?s kaloien to_/ te gi_/ne/hai summi_/sge/hai kai to apo_/llu/hai diakri_/ne/hai1 fr4 #ag ,mull4 & ,d44 #adcab3 ,t x 0 n ,anaxagoras1 or at lea/ n he alone1 :o gave ! decid$ direction to ! philosophic ideas ( ,eurip4 has rightly come to be held ( late4 ,we d n f9d a trace 9 ,eurip4 ( ! sep>ation ( n\s f matt]1 at lea/ n 9 ! =m 9 :i* ,anaxagoras und]/ood x4 ,= ,e4 ! m9d is b\nd to "o ( ! two primal elem5ts & q =eign to ! o!r1 ! e>?4 ,?us he arrives at a dualism inde$1 b 9 q a diff]5t s5se f t ( ,anaxag4 ,dmml]1 ,proleg4 zu ,platons ,/aat 7,progr4 ,basel1 #ahia71 p4 #dh1 po9ts out rem9isc5ces 9 ,eurip4 ( ,diog5es ( ,apollonia--b x is n true to say t ! poet's views %[ ! close/ k9%ip ) ! moni/ic sy/em ( ,diog41 or ) any ,monism4 #addab3 ,tro4 #hhd ff4 ,! air1 call$ by ! "n ( ,zeus1 & id5tical ) ! n\s brotn1 c only be tak5 f ! doctr9e ( ,diog43 ,diels1 ,rh4 ,mus4 #db1 #ab4 #adeab3 ,diog4 ,apoll41 frr4 #c1 #d1 #e ,mull4 7 #h1 #c1 #d ,d474 ,! s\l is ar !rmo_/t]os t\ e_/x1 en h esm51 ?\gh x is cold] ?an ! air :i* is p>a t hli_/1 fr4 #f #e4 ,! s\l is !re=e m ak9 to ! ai?_/r ?an to ! a_/r 7ai?_/r & a_/r 7 at t "t (t5 confus$3 e4g4 9 ,e41 fr4 #idd1 ai?_/r in/ead ( a_/r74 #dfa #adfab3 ,suppl4 #aadj ai?r e_/*ei n9 _/d ktl4 ,elektra expects to f9d h] dead fa!r 9 ! ,ai!r1 ,el4 #ei4 ,( a dy+ man1 pneum' apheis eis ai!_/ra1 fr #iga 7diff]5tly1 ,or4 #ajhf f472 cf4 also ,suppl4 #eca-f 7imitat$ f ,epi*>m471 :]e aga9 ! ai?_/r is only spok5 ( z ! abode1 & n z ! orig9al & consub/antial elem5t ( ! s\l4 #adgab3 ai?r oi_/ksis ,dio_/s1 ,eur41 fr4 #dhg 7,melanip474 #adhab3 ,epi*41 fr4 #g1 p4 #beg ,lor4 fr4 #bfe ,kaibel4 #adiab3 ,,cia4 i1 #ddb1 ai?r men psu*as hup$e_/xato1 s_/mata de *?n tnde4 4 4 4 #aejab3 sunekri_/? kai diekri_/?1 kapl!n ho_/!n l!n pa_/l91 ga men es gan1 pneum' a_/n2 ti_/ tnde *a_/lepo_/n8 oude he_/n1 ,epi*4 ap4 ,plu41 ,cons4 ad ,apoll4 #ae1 #aaj ,a2 ,epi*41 fr4 #h #bde ,kaib44 pneuma z a g5]al "n = ! psu*_/ occurs also 9 ,epi*41 fr4 #g #bfe4 ,no e>li] au?ority is to be f\nd = ?is usage t became s common lat] 7"u ,/oic influ5ce7 ?an ,x5ophanes :o prtos apeph_/nato ho_/ti h psu* pneuma 7,d4,l4 ix1 #ai74 ,epi*>m4 may h be5 actually foll[+ ,x5ophanes 7^: writ+s he knew3 ,ari/41 ,meta4 iii1 #e1 #ajaj;a1 #f7 9 ?is use ( ! ^w4 ,eurip4 !n did ! same1 ,suppl4 #ecc4 pneuma is ! "n giv5 to ! a_/r 9 s f> z x is 9 motion4 7hupolpte_/on1 einai sma ton ae_/ra7 gi_/netai de pneuma k9!i_/s4 ou!n gar he_/t]o_/n e/i pneuma k9\_/m5os a_/r3 ,h]o1 m*an4 su_//41 p4 #aba 7ed4 ,diels i1 p4 #f4 ed4 ,s*midt7 aft] ,/raton4 ,! s\l is call$ a pneuma j because ! s\l is t :i* has cont9ual movem5t f its v nature 7& is ! pr9ciple ( movem5t72 z su* x _h already be5 reg>d$ by ,alkmaion 7& lat] by ,plato71 & ev5 be=e t by ,py?agoras 7see above1 *ap4 xi1 n4 #dj72 9 a diff]5t way by ,h]akleitos & ,demokritos also4 ,! univ]sal a_/r & ! ,s\l-pneuma1 if we give ! t]ms _! prop] mean+1 are to be ?\ght ( z be+ ( ! same nature1 s t ! a_/r1 too 7/ill m ! ai?_/r z a high] a_/r71 is psy*ical & animat$ by s\l4 ,t at lea/ 0 h[ ,diog5es ( ,apollonia reg>d$ x4 7a_/r ! out] air1 pneuma ! air :i* is inside m5's bodies3 ,hp4 de ,flatib4 #c vi1 #id ,l41 a section tak5 f ,diog4 ,ap47 #aeaab3 ,num]\s ref]5ces 9 ,eurip4 to v]ses ( ,epi*>m4 are po9t$ out by ,wilam[itz1 ,eurip4 ,h]akles1 i1 #bi4 ,! fact t ,eurip4 knew ! poems ( ,epi*4 & valu$ !m = _! philosophic cont5ts is cle>ly made out by ,wilam[itz' /udy4 ,b he goes on to ass]t t all ! allusions ( ,eurip4 ref] only to ! 7or "o ( !7 =g]ies 9 ! "n ( ,epi*>m41 ( :i* _m 7 kn[n 9 antiquity4 ,! reason alleg$ = ?is /atem5t--,euripides nev] quotes com$ies--is m]ely a petitio pr9cipii4 ,x may be t ,eurip4 does n quote contempor>y ,attic com$y1 b :e!r he ma9ta9$ ! same attitude to ! brilliantly orig9al comic poet ( ,sicily1 :om ,ari/otle & ev5 ,plato 7,gorg4 #eje ,e & esp4 ,?t4 #aeb ,e7 7 n a%am$ to notice1 is ! v po9t at issue2 no?+ is ga9$ by unprov$ d5ial ( ?is ma9 premiss4--,moreov]1 x w\ld be a mo/ unusual species ( =g] t pref]r$ to publi% gems l naphe kai 4 4 4 7imitat$ by ,eurip47 or no_/os hor--"u ano!r man's "n4 ,! fragm5ts ( ! ,politei_/a1 :i* is really a =g]y fa!r$ on ,epi*>mos 7ap4 ,clem4 ,al41 ,/r4 v1 p4 #gai ,p4 ,lor41 p4 #big71 are ( a v diff]5t "*4 #aebab3 ,ar*elaos makes a less satisfactory model = ,eurip4 "h4 ,ar*4 9 8 reconciliation ( ! doctr9es ( ,anaxagoras & ,diog5es did n sep>ate n\s f ! mixture ( ! mat]ial elem5ts 7or f ! a_/r71 b he di/+ui%$ betwe5 !m1 :ile = ! poet ai?_/r & m9d are ! same4 #dfb #aecab3 ai?_/r ,zeus1 fr4 #ida4 ai?_/r4 4 4 4 ,zeus hos an?r_/pois onoma_/zetai1 fr4 #hgg4 ,h5ce ! ai?_/r is koruph !n1 fr4 #iai4--;,9 ! same way = ,diog4 ,ap4 ! air is god 7,cic41 ,,nd4 i1 #bi7 & ,zeus 7,philod41 ,piet4 c4 #f;b1 p4 #gj ,gomp42 ,dox4 #ecf74--;,9 ,e41 fr4 #ida3 ton hups\ to_/nd' a_/peiron ai!_/ra kai gn pe_/rix e_/*on?' hugrais en agka_/lais ! ai?_/r is n put in/ead ( a_/r 7= ton hups\ only suits ai?_/r 9 its prop] s5se71 b ! two are comb9$ "u ! "o ^w 7hugrais en agka_/lais c\ld n be said ( ! ai?_/r 9 ! /rict s5se71 j z ! a_/r ( ,diog5es includes ! ai?_/r 7= ! hot ar p>a t hli_/1 fr4 #f #e ,diels is1 9 fact1 ! ai?_/r1 & s1 too1 ess5tially1 is ! w>m a_/r 9 our bodies74 #aedab3 --eis a?a_/naton ai!_/r' empes_/n1 ,hel4 #ajaf4 #aeeab3 ho entos ar 7:i* alone ai/ha_/netai--n ! s5ses7 mikron mo_/rion n t\ !\1 ,diog4 ap4 ,?phr41 ,s5s4 #db4 #aefab3 ,! liv+ air1 or ,zeus1 is n\s brotn1 ,tro4 #hhf4 ,& vice v]sa1 ! n\s 9 ea* "o ( u is no o!r ?an ,god1 fr4 #ajah4 #aegab3 ho n\s tn kat?ano_/ntn z men ou_/1 gn_/mn d' e_/*ei a?a_/naton1 eis a?a_/naton ai!_/r' empes_/n1 ,hel4 #ajac ff4--,ambiguity atta*es to ! passages 9 :i* a dy+ p]son is said to dep>t eis a_/llo s*ma bi_/ou 7,m$4 #ajci71 es a_/llas bio_/t\ morpha_/s 7,ion1 #ajfh71 to he_/t]on aina kai moiran 7,,ia4 #aejh74 ,x is possible t 9 ea* case a p]sonal exi/5ce cont9u$ 9 a l& ( ! dead is und]/ood--b if !y mean no m ?an t !y are rem>kably pregnant 9 =m4 ,9 read+ !m 7esp4 ,m$4 #ajci7 "o is rem9d$ ( ! rem>kable l9es ( ,philiskos 7pupil ( ,isocr47 ap4 ,plu4 ,vit4 ,x ,or41 p4 #bdc1 #fj ,we/4 t gar es a_/llo s*ma me?>mo/he_/nti kai a_/llois en ko_/smoisi bi_/ou sma labo_/n?' he_/t]on--said ( ! dead ,lysias4 ,b "h ! idea ( metempsy*osis seems really to be involv$1 :i* x c h>dly be 9 ! case ( ,eurip4 #aehab3 ,eur4 adopts x = himself1 fr4 #ahi 7,antiope71 & confirms x by s _m lo_/gn ha_/millai 9 :i* he all[s ! mo/ contradictory op9ions ab\t a s+le subject to be giv5 equally plausible expression4 #aeiab3 apeirosu_/n a_/ll\ bio_/t\1 etc4 ,hip4 #aia-g4 to zn gar i_/sm51 t\ ?anein d' apeiri_/a pas tis phobeitai phs lipein to_/d' hli_/ou1 fr4 #haf1 #aj f4 7,pho9ix74 #afjab3 ,! dead man is g kai skia_/--to mden eis ouden rhe_/pei1 fr4 #ecb2 cf4 #ecc1 #ecd4 to m g5e_//hai t ?anein i_/son2 h_/sp] ouk id\sa phs ! dead woman kn[s no?+ ( h]self or h] suff]+s1 ,tro4 #fcf-dd 7a locus (t5 initiat$ 9 consolations3 ,axio*4 #cfe ,d1 ,plu41 ,cons4 ad ,apoll4 #ae1 p4 #aaj ,a74 #afaab3 ph_/m ton e/hlon kan mu*ois dei_/knusi gs1 fr4 #hfe4 aret de kan ?a_/n tis ouk apo_/llutai1 z d' ouket' o_/ntos s_/matos1 fr4 #gcd2 cf4 ,&r4 #ggb4 ,at ! sacrifice ( ,mak>ia ! *orus 9 ,hcld4 #fba ff4 c only (f] z consolation ! fame :i* awaits h]--oud' akle_/s n9 d_/xa pros an?r_/pn hupode_/xetai4 #afbab3 ,mak>ia volunt>ily go+ to meet h] dea?--ei_/ ti d kata *?ono_/s2 ei_/ ge me_/ntoi mde_/n4 ei gar he_/xom5 kakei m]i_/mnas hoi ?an\_/m5oi brotn ouk oid' ho_/poi tis tre_/psetai2 to gar ?anein me_/gi/on pha_/rmakon nomi_/zetai1 ,hcld4 #eib ff42 cf4 fr4 #iaf4 #afcab3 fr1 #geg 7! metaphor ( ll4 #e ff4 is employ$ = homiletic purposes by ,epictet4 ii1 #f1 #aa-ad72 ,&r4 #abgj ff4 #dfc ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,plato ,! belief 9 human immortality1 con/ru$ 9 a !ological or philosophical s5se1 _h at ?is "t h>dly p5etrat$ to circles ( ord9>y lay folk4 ,socrates himself1 :5 x came to su* inquiries into ! unkn[able1 nev] claim$ to provide an answ] t diff]$ f t :i* w\ld be giv5 by ! majority ( 8 fell[ citiz5s out ( ! accumulat$ wisdom ( _! ance/ors4 ,:]e 9 ! pages ( ,plato he is all[$ to give undisguis$ expression to 8 natural & homely vig\r--9 ! ,apology--he %[s little anticipation ( an immortal life ( ! s\l4 ,dea?1 he ?9ks1 ei!r br+s complete unconsci\sness to m51 l a dreamless sleep1 or else x means ! transition ( ! s\l to ano!r life 9 ! realm ( ! ,s\ls--a realm :i*1 to judge by 8 allusions1 has mu* m resemblance to ! ,hom]ic ,hades ?an to any ( ! vision>y c\ntries imag9$ by !ologians or !ologically m9d$ poets4#aac ,bo? possibilities he accepts ) complete equanimity1 tru/+ 9 ! righte\sness ( ! controll+ gods1#bac & he looks no fur!r4 ,h[ %\ld he "k ) c]ta9ty :]e ev]yone 0 ignorant8#cac ,) a l abs5ce ( conc]n x is possible t ! majority ( ! cultur$ 7:o 7 j beg9n+ to sep>ate !mselves f ! re/ ( ! community7 left unsettl$ ! problem ( ! ,unkn[n4#dac ,plato assures u t x 0 9 8 "t a widespread belief ( ! populace t ! outgo+ s\l-brea? ( ! dy+ 0 caught up by ! w9ds--especially if its exit took place 9 /ormy wea!r--& 0 disp]s$1 bl[n away1 into no?+4#eac ,9 o!r ways1 too1 we may suppose t ! or?odox ,greek1 :5 dea? approa*$1 all[$ 8 fancy to picture :at might await 8 s\l on ! o!r side ( dea?'s ?re%old4#fac ,b x is c]ta9 t ! belief 9 an un5d+ life ( ! s\l--a life ) no end because x _h no beg9n+--0 n among ^! ?\ghts4 ,plato himself lets u see h[ /range su* a conception 0 ev5 to ^? :o 7 capable ( foll[+ & und]/&+ a philosophical discussion4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! long dialogue ^u ! be/ k9d ( ,/ate 8 ,sokrates asks ,glaukon ) app>5t irrelevance are y n aw>e t #dfd our s\l is immortal & nev] p]i%es8 ,:]eupon1 we are told1 ,glaukon look$ at him 9 a/oni%m5t & said1 ,no1 9 tru?1 ( t ,i 0 n aw>e3 c y !n ass]t any su* ?+8#gac ,! idea t ! s\l ( man may be ev]la/+ & imp]i%able seem$ ?us a p>adoxical freak to "o :o 0 no adept 9 ! !ological doctr9e ( ! s\l4 ,if 9 lat] times ! case 0 alt]$1 no "o contribut$ m effectually or m p]man5tly to br+ t *ange ab\t ?an ! great ?9k] & poet :o e/abli%$ ! !ological conception ( p]sonal immortality 9 ! v he>t ( philosophy & !n gave back ! idea /r5g!n$ & made m pr(\nd to its p>5t !ology1 :ile he himself ext5d$ ! influ5ce ( t idea f> beyond ! b\nds ( s*ool or sect by ! f>-rea*+ p[] ( 8 own unag+ writ+s :i* belong1 n to ! s*oolroom1 b to ! greate/ a*ievem5ts ( lit]ature :e!r ( ,greece or ( mank9d4 ,x is beyond calculation :at p[] has be5 wield$ s9ce _! fir/ appe>ance by ! ,platonic dialogues 9 ! confirmation1 dissem9ation1 & precise def9ition ( ! belief 9 immortality--a p[] t ) all its alt]ation 9 ! passage ( ! c5turies has ma9ta9$ itself unbrok5 into our own times4 #b ,plato _h n always giv5 8 ass5t to ! belief 9 immortality4 ,at any rate1 x mu/ h rema9$ v mu* 9 ! backgr\nd ( 8 ?\ghts & 8 belief 9 ! days :5 he /ill reg>d$ ! _w f ! po9t ( view ( a slightly m develop$ ,socraticism4 ,n only at t p]iod 79 ! ,apology7 does he make 8 ,sokrates g to 8 dea? )\t ! mo/ di/ant approa* to a belief 9 ! undy+ vitality ( 8 s\l1 b also 9 ! fir/ sket* ( 8 ,ideal ,/ate--a sket* made :ile ! influ5ce ( ! ,socratic view ( life /ill prevail$ ) him--! belief 9 immortality is omitt$ & ev5 exclud$4#hab ,x seems z if ,plato did n rea* ! high] conception ( ! nature & value ( ! s\l1 its orig9 & de/9y rea*+ out beyond all temporal limitation1 until ! great *ange :i* came ov] 8 philosophy _h be5 complet$4 ,! _w ( ev]-*ang+ ,appe>ance manife/+ itself to ! s5ses 9 p]petual flux & efflux--?is 9 its iness5tial1 unseizable unreality he ab&on$ to ! criticisms ( ,h]akleitos4 ,b above x1 9 accordance ) 8 own deepe/ long+s &1 z x seem$1 impli$ z its real object by ! ,socratic se>* itself aft] #dfe conceptual k1 /ood a _w ( un*angeable ,be+ )\t beg9n+ or end1 to :i* all ! appe>ances ( ?is l[] _w ow$ su* reality z !y possess$4 ,be+ itself1 ! totality ( ! ,ideas1 rema9$ uncontam9at$ ) ,becom+ & pass+ away2 rema9$ ! highe/ goal & supreme aim /&+ high above all t aspir$ to x1 or felt a long+ = its complete & unlimit$ fullness4#iac ,?is ev]la/+ reality holds itself alo( f ! /ream ( appe>ance & is n to be grasp$ )9 t /ream2 x is n manife/$ 9 ! deceitful ev]-*ang+ p]ception ( ! s5ses1 nor yet 9 ! ,op9ion t is bas$ ^u !m2 x c only be appreh5d$1 )\t any assi/ance f ! s5ses1 by ! pure intuition ( ! ,reason4#ajac ,?is _w ( ev]la/+ self-id5tical ,be+ exi/s outside ! ?\ght & k ( man1 b x fir/ reveals itself to man 9 ! activity ( 8 own ?9k+2#aaac & at ! same "t !re is reveal$ to him a high] p[] ?an ! m]e capacity to ab/ract ! unsub/antial g5]al conceptions f ! multiplicity ( exp]i5ce--a p[] t is ! highe/ capacity ( ! s\l1 enabl+ x to voyage out beyond all exp]i5ce & ) infallible k#abac to so> ( its own indep5d5t p[] upw>ds to a transc5d5tal _w ( p]man5t & ess5tial reality4 ,! highe/ capacity t belongs to man1 ! s\l ( 8 s\l1 is n enclos$ )9 ?is _w t surr\nds 8 s5ses 9 its re/less flood4 ,l ! objects t are ! la/ goal ( its /udy ! s\l itself is rais$ to :]e x c = ! fir/ "t f9d a =m ( activity wor?y ( its natural p[]s4 ,x a*ieves a new di/9ction1 a prie/like dignity1 z an int]m$i>y betwe5 ! two worlds to bo? ( :i* x belongs4 ,! s\l is a pure spiritual ess5ce2 x conta9s no?+ )9 x t is mat]ial1 no?+ ( ! place :]e ,becom+ is %ap$ into a di/ant resemblance to ,be+4#acac ,x is incorporeal & belongs to ! realm ( ! invisible1 :i* 9 ?is immat]iali/ doctr9e c\nts z ! mo/ real ( all1 m real ?an ! mo/ solid matt]4#adac ,x is n "o ( ! ,ideas2 on ! contr>y x seems to p>take 9 "o ( ! ,ideas--t ( ,life--only z o!r appe>ances %>e 9 _! ,ideas4#aeac ,b x /&s ne>] to ! :ole _w ( ! ev]la/+ ,ideas ?an any?+ else t is n itself an ,idea2 ( all ! ?+s 9 ! _w x is mo/ l to ! ,idea4#afac ,b x has also a %>e 9 ,becom+4 ,x _c simply rema9 ) ! ,ideas 9 unalt]$ o!r-_w transc5d5ce4 ,x has its orig9 inde$ 9 t o!r _w beyond ,appe>ance4 ,x 0 f ! beg9n+1 uncreat$#agac l ! ,ideas & l #dff ! ,s\l ( ! ,_w to :i* x is ak94#ahac ,x is old] ?an ! body#aiac to :i* x mu/ l9k itself2 x does n come into be+ at ! same "t z ! body1 b is only drawn d[n f its spiritual /ate ( be+ into ! realm ( matt] & becom+4 ,9 ! ,pha$rus ?is fall into bir? appe>s z ! necess>y result ( an intellectual fall :i* takes place )9 ! s\l itself4#bjac ,9 ! ,timaeus1 h[ev]1 ) its /udy ( ! g5]al life ( ! :ole _w-organism1 ! animation ( ! liv+ creature has n[ to be expla9$ z aris+ out ( ! plan--n f a failure ( ! plan--( ! ,creator4#baac ,! s\l ?us seems to be de/9$ f ! beg9n+ to give life to a body4 ,x is n only ! kn[+ & ?9k+ elem5t 9 a _w ( inanimate ?+s1 x is also ! s\rce ( all movem5t4 ,itself 9 motion f ! beg9n+ x be/[s ! p[] ( movem5t ^u ! body ) :i* x is associat$2 )\t x1 !re w\ld be no movem5t 9 ! _w1 & no life ei!r4#bbac ,b ?\gh enclos$ )9 ! body x rema9s a /rang] to ! body4 ,on its side x has no ne$ ( ! body & is n condition$ by x4 ,x rema9s indep5d5tly associat$ ) x z its mi/ress & lead]4#bcac ,ev5 9 _! unit$ exi/5ce !re is a great gulf fix$ betwe5 ! s\l & all t is n s\l2#bdac body & s\l nev] fuse into "o1 h[ev] closely !y may be b\nd up ) ea* o!r4 ,& yet ! body & its impulses h ! p[] to influ5ce pr(\ndly ! immortal be+ t dwells )9 x4 ,by its union ) ! body ! s\l c be made unclean2 diseases su* z folly & unre/ra9$ passion come to x f ! body4#beac ,x is n beyond ! rea* ( *ange l ! ,ideas1 to :i* x is ak9 )\t be+ ( _! nature2 on ! contr>y1 x c deg5]ate entirely4 ,! evil influ5ces ( ! body p5etrate to its inmo/ be+2 ev5 9 its ev]la/+1 immat]ial1 spiritual nature x c d]ive some?+ corporeal#bfac f su* a s9i/] p>tn]%ip4 ,x is b\nd to ! body by influ5ces ( a l[] k9d :i* atta* !mselves to ! pure p[] ( k t alone is prop] to x4 ,at ! outset ( 8 speculations ,plato1 l o!r ?9k]s be=e him1#bgac _h ?\ght ( ! diff]5t capacities ( ! s\l1 alt]nately 9 conflict or alliance ) ea* o!r1 z p>ts ( unequal rank & value1 b\nd up toge!r )9 ! s\l ( man4#bhac ,ev5 9 ! previ\s life ( ! s\l1 9 ! o!r _w1 ! reason+ p[] ( ! s\l is1 accord+ to ! ,pha$rus1 already c\pl$ ) ,temp] & ,desire2 x is ^! 9 fact :i* drag d[n ! s\l into ! realm ( ! mat]ial2 & ! ?ree p>ts /ill #dfg rema9 indissolubly unit$ 9 ! ev]la/+ life :i* awaits ! s\l aft] its release f ! body4 ,b 9 proportion z ! philosoph] ext5ds & elevates 8 conception ( ! s\l1 & z he becomes m conv9c$ ( its et]nal de/9y & vocation to a life ( un5d+ bless$ness 9 a realm ( un*angeable be+1 ! m impossible does x seem to him t ?is c&idate = immortality 9 ! realm ( ! ev]la/+ ,=ms c be a composite amalgam ( elem5ts capable ( be+ resolv$ aga9 by division & analysis#biac--t ! reason+ faculty c be = ev] unit$ ) ,ef=t & ,desire1 :i* p]petually ?reat5 to drag x d[nw>ds into mat]iality4 ,! s\l 9 its true & orig9al nature is n[ = him simple & indivisible4#cjac ,only ) its enclosure 9 ! body does ! ev]la/+1 ?9k+ s\l1 ^: t5d5cy is t[>ds ! et]nal1 acquire impulses & desires#caac t h _! orig9 9 ! body & belong to ! body1#cbac t only adh]e to ! s\l dur+ ! p]iod ( its e>?ly life1 t ) _! sep>ation f _! immortal associate w pass away1 s9ce !y are !mselves mortal & su* z p]i% ) ! body4 ,! s\l1 to :i* s5se-p]ception1#ccac feel+1 emotion1 & desire are only add$ f outside1 is 9 its own imp]i%able nature no?+ b pure capacity ( ?\ght & k--) :i* inde$ ! p[] to w t :i* is conceiv$ 9 ?\ght1 seems to be directly associat$4 ,x is de/9$ = ! o!r _w1 = ! intuition & undi/ort$ reflection 9 its consci\sness ( ! immat]ial ess5ces4 ,bani%$ to ?is e>? amid ! re/less *ange & alt]ation ( all be+1 & n un9flu5c$ by ! =ces ( bodily life1 x mu/ endure a brief exile "h4#cdac ,n unsca!d does x leave beh9d x1 9 dea?1 its ill-assort$ companion1 ! body4#ceac ,!n x goes into an int]m$iate region ( bodiless exi/5ce 9 :i* x mu/ d p5ance = ! misde$s ( its life on e>?1 & free itself f _! effects4#cfac ,aft] t x is driv5 away once m into a body & transport$ to a fre% life ^u e>?1 ! "* ( :i* x *ooses = itself 9 accordance ) ! special nature t x _h evolv$ 9 its e>li] inc>nation ^u e>?4#cgac ,?\gh no organic connexion exi/s betwe5 !m1 yet !re is a c]ta9 symmetry#chac betwe5 ! individual s\l & ! body t is l5t to x4 ,?us1 ! s\l lives ?r\gh a s]ies ( e>?ly lives#ciac ( ! mo/ v>i$ "*2 x may ev5 s9k s l[ z ! animals 9 ! c\rse ( its inc>nations4#djac ,its own m]its1 ! success or failure ( its conflict ) ! passions & desires ( ! #dfh body1 decide :e!r or n its lives %all lead x upw>ds to a nobl] type ( exi/5ce4 ,its task is pla93 x mu/ free itself f its impure companions1 s5sual ,lu/ & ! d>k5+ ( ! p[]s ( ,reason4 ,if x c succe$ 9 ?is x w f9d once m ! way upw>ds#daac :i* at la/ leads x into complete immunity f r5ew$ inc>nation & br+s x home aga9 into ! k+dom ( ev]la/+ untr\bl$ ,be+4 #c ,x is evid5t t 9 :at he ?us1 clo?+ philosophy 9 ! language ( poetry1 says ( ! orig91 de/9y1 & "* ( ! s\l1 :i* ?\gh beyond "t is yet plac$ )9 "t1 & ?\gh beyond space is yet ! cause ( all movem5t )9 space--t 9 all ?is ,plato is foll[+ 9 ! track ( ! !ologians ( e>li] times4 ,only 9 ! poetry & speculative ?\ght ( !ologi1 n 9 any physiologi/s' doctr9e1 did he f9d ! conception1 imag9atively express$ & po9t+ 9 ! direction :i* he also foll[$1 ( a multiplicity ( indep5d5t s\ls ^: exi/5ce _h be5 f all "t & 0 n fir/ begun 9 ! mat]ial _w ) ! creation ( a liv+ organism2 ( s\ls enclos$ 9 ! corporeal z ?\gh 9 a =eign1 ho/ile elem5t1 :i* survive _! association ) ! body1 pass+ ?r\gh _m su* bodies & yet pres]v+ !mselves intact aft] ! de/ruction ( ea* ( ^? bodies1 immortal1 endless 7= !y are )\t beg9n+71#dbac & alive f ! v beg9n+ ( ,"t4 ,! s\ls1 moreov]1 h life z di/9ct1 complete1 & indivisible p]sonalities1 n z m]e dep5d5t emanations ( a simple common ,s\rce ( all life4 ,! !ory ( ! et]nity & inde/ructibility ( ! individual s\ls1 ( ! p]sonal immortality ( ! s\ls1 is difficult to reconcile ) m specifically ,platonic doctr9e--) ! doctr9e ( ! ,ideas4#dcac ,& yet x is und5iable t f ! mom5t t he fir/ adopt$ ?is !ory--& adopt$ x1 too1 precisely 9 connexion ) ! philosophy ( ! ,ideas--he adh]$ to x /eadfa/ly & )\t deviat+ f its ess5tial mean+4 ,! process by :i* he arriv$ at x is n to be f\nd 9 ! pro(s by :i* he attempts 9 ! ,pha$o to e/abli% ! tru? ( ! s\l's immortality 9 :i* he himself already believ$4 ,^? pro(s 9 reality d n prove :at !y are int5d$ to prove 7& :at consid]$ z a fact ( exp]i5ce is unprov$ & z an axiom necess>y to ?\ght is beyond pro(72 !y _c !re=e be ! reasons t l$ ! philosoph] to #dfi hold 8 conviction4 ,he has 9 fact borr[$ ?is article ( 8 fai? f ! cre$s :i* already conta9$ x4 ,he himself sc>cely conceals ! fact4 ,z au?ority = ! ma9 outl9es ( ! s\l's hi/ory z giv5 by himself he ref]s u almo/ apologetically1 & z ?\gh excus+ himself = n provid+ a philosophical pro(1 to ! !ologi & prie/s ( ! my/]ies4#ddac ,& he himself becomes ! philosophical poet1 completely & )\t concealm5t1 :5 9 imitation ( ! poetry ( edification he1 too1 gives a picture ( ! s\l's soj\rn 9 an int]m$iate /ation ( its pilgrimage or describes ! /ages ( its e>?ly exi/5ce#deac t lead ! s\l d[n ev5 to ! animal4 ,= su* my?ological expressions ( ! inexpressible ! philosoph] himself claims no m ?an symbolical tru?4#dfac ,he is fully 9 e>ne/1 h[ev]1 ) ! fundam5tal conception ( ! s\l z an indep5d5t sub/ance t ent]s f beyond space & "t into ! mat]ial & p]ceptible _w1 & into ext]nal conjunction ) ! body1 n into organic union ) x2 t ma9ta9s itself z a be+ ( spiritual ess5ce 9 ! mid/ ( ! flux & decay ( ! mat]ial _w1 ?\gh at ! same "t its pure brightness is ov]%ad[$ ?r\gh ?is conjunction & mu/ purify itself f ! effects2 t c dis5tangle itself1#dgac ev5 to ! ext5t ( complete sev]ance f ! embrace ( ! mat]ial & ! p]ceptible4 ,all t is ess5tial 9 ?is conception he d]ives f ! !ologians1 b he br+s x into close relation%ip ) 8 own philosophy :i* dep5ds ^u a conviction ( ! absolute opposition betwe5 ,be+ & ,becom+1 & ^u ! duali/ic division ( ! _w into matt] & m9d--a dualism t applies also to ! relations ( s\l & body & ?r\gh\t ! :ole realm ( ,appe>ance4 ,! s\l :i* /&s half-way betwe5 ! unity & un*angeability ( ,be+ & ! ev]-v>y+ multiplicity ( matt] has 9 ?is realm ( fragm5t>y & subord9ate validity1 into :i* x is tempor>ily exil$1 ! p[] to reflect ! ,ideas & repres5t !m 9 its own consci\sness cle> & unfalsifi$4 ,! s\l 9 its complete indep5d5ce ( s5se-p]ception & ( concepts d]iv$ f ! s5ses is alone able to pursue ! ,que/ ( ,reality4#dhac ,9 ?is pursuit ! body ) :i* x is associat$ is no?+ b a h9drance & a s]i\s "o4 ,! s\l has a h>d /ruggle aga9/ ! t5d5cies ( ! body 9 spite ( its indep5d5ce & alo(ness4 ,j z1 9 ! creation ( ! univ]se1 matt]1 ?\gh n a cause is at lea/ a subord9ate cause :i* by its influ5ce & exig5cies gives #dgj v>i\s h9drances#diac to ! ,m9d t %apes & ord]s ! _w1 s1 too1 ! s\l f9ds 9 ?is ephem]al & incon/ant ,matt]1 ) its /irr+ & tumultu\s unre/1 a s]i\s ob/acle to its own prop] activity4 ,?is is ! evil1 or ! cause ( evil1#ejac :i* mu/ be ov]?r[n 9 ord] t ! m9d may w9 its way to fre$om & f9al re/ & security 9 ! realm ( pure ,be+4 ,plato (t5 speaks ( ! ka?>sis1 ! purification1 aft] :i* man mu/ /rive4#eaac ,he takes bo? ! ^w & ! idea f ! !ologians1 b he gives x a high] mean+ :ile yet pres]v+ unmi/akably ! analogy ) ! ka?>sis ( ! !ologi & my/]y-prie/s4 ,x is n ! pollution :i* comes f contact ) s9i/] daimones & f all t belongs to !m1 t is to be avoid$1 b r ! dull+ ( ! p[] ( k & ( will+ :at is kn[n 7reg>d$ z a simultane\sly creat$ p[]7 due to ! _w ( ! s5ses & its fi]ce impulses4#ebac ,man's ef=t mu/ be direct$ n s mu* to ritual purity1 z to ! pres]vation ( 8 k ( ! et]nal f eclipse ?r\gh ! deceptive illusions ( ! s5ses2 t[>ds ! conc5tration & ga!r+ toge!r ( ! s\l )9 itself2#ecac its )drawal f contact ) ! ephem]al z ! s\rce ( pollution & debasem5t4 ,?us1 ev5 9 ?is philosophic re9t]pretation ( ritual ab/95ce 9 t]ms ( a spiritual release & emancipation1 ! ef=t aft] purity reta9s its religi\s s5se4 ,! _w ( ! ,ideas1 ! _w ( pure ,be+1 to :i* only ! pure s\l c atta91#edac is a _w ( div9ity4 ,! ,good z ! highe/ ( ! ,ideas1 ! l(tie/ patt]n1 ! supreme aim to :i* all ,be+ & ,becom+ t5d1 :i* is at ! same "t m ?an all ! ,ideas--! fir/ cause ( all ,be+ & all k--is also ,god4#eeac ,! s\l = :i*1 9 its desire & long+ = ! full be+ ( ! ,idea1 ! k ( ! ,good is ! supreme sci5ce1#efac ent]s h]eby into ! close/ communion ) ,god4 ,! turn+ away ( ! s\l f ! _m-col\r$ image to ! sun ( ! highe/ ,idea1 is itself#egac a turn+ t[>ds ! div9e1 t[>ds ! lum9\s s\rce ( all ,be+ & ,kn[+4 ,?us exalt$1 philosophic inquiry turns to en?\siasmos4#ehac ,! way :i* leads upw>ds f ! l[] levels ( ,becom+ to ,be+1 is discov]$ by means ( dialectic1 :i* 9 its compreh5sive view#eiac is able to unite ! di/ract$ ev]-mov+ flood ( multif>i\s ,appe>ance into ! ev]-endur+ unity ( ! ,idea :i* is reflect$ 9 ,appe>ance4 ,dialectic travels ?r\gh ! :ole range ( ! ,ideas1 graduat$ "o above ! o!r1 till x rea*es ! la/ & #dga mo/ univ]sal ( ! ,ideas4 ,9 its upw>d c\rse x passes by an ef=t ( %e] logic ?r\gh ! :ole edifice ( ! highe/ concepts4#fjac ,plato is ! mo/ subtle ( dialecticians2 he almo/ c>ries subtlety to excess 9 8 eag] pursuit ( e intricacy ( logic--& ( p>alogism4 ,b he comb9$ to a rem>kable degree ! cold exactitude ( ! logician ) ! en?usia/ic int5sity ( ! se]2 & 8 dialectic1 aft] its pati5t upw>d m>* /ep by /ep f concept to concept1 at la/ so>s to its f9al goal 9 a s+le trem5d\s flight1 9 :i* ! long$-= realm ( ! ,ideas reveals itself 9 a mom5t ( imm$iate vision4 ,s ! ,bac*ant 9 8 ec/asy saw div9ity sudd5ly pla91 & s too 9 ! nights consecrat$ by ! my/]ies ! epopts beheld ! vision ( ! ,goddesses 9 ! tor*-lit gl>e ( ,eleusis4#faac ,to ?is l(tie/ height :5ce a view is obta9$ ( col\rless1 =mless ,be+1 beyond ! rea* ( e contact1 inaccessible to s5se-p]ception1 x is dialectic t %[s ! way2 & dialectic n[ becomes a way ( salvation 9 :i* ! s\l f9ds once m its own div9e nature & its div9e home4 ,! s\l is closely ak9 to godhead & l x#fbac--;x is itself some?+ div9e4 ,! reason 9 ! s\l is div9e1#fcac & compreh5ds ev]la/+ ,be+ imm$iately by its p[] ( ?\ght4 ,if ! eye 7 n sunlike1 x c\ld nev] see ! sun2#fdac if ! m9d 7 n ak9 by nature to ! good1#feac ! highe/ ( ! ,ideas1 x c\ld nev] compreh5d ! ,good1 ! ,beautiful1 & all t is p]fect & et]nal4 ,9 its p[] ( recogniz+ ! et]nal ! s\l be>s )9 itself ! sure/ pro( t x is itself et]nal4#ffac ,! purification by means ( :i* ! s\l gets rid (#fgac ! defacem5t t has ov]tak5 x dur+ its e>?ly life reveals aga9 ! div9e 9 man4 ,ev5 on e>? ! philosoph] is ?us r5d]$ immortal & godlike4#fhac ,z long z he c cont9ue 9 a /ate ( pure intellectual k & compreh5sion ( ! ev]la/+1 = s long is he liv+1 already 9 ?is life1 9 ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/4#fiac ,by expell+ all traces ( ! corruptible & ! mortal 9 & ab\t himself1 he is m & m to become l ,god2#gjac s t :5 x is at la/ set free f ?is e>?ly exi/5ce1 8 s\l may ent] into ! div9e1 ! invisible1 ! pure1 ! et]nally self-id5tical1 & z a disembodi$ m9d rema9 = ev] ) t :i* is its k94#gj;a#ac ,at ?is po9t1 language t c only make use ( physical imag]y becomes totally inadequate4#gaac ,a goal is set be=e ! s\l t lies outside all physical nature1 beyond "t & space1 )\t pa/ or future1 an ev]-pres5t n[4#gbac #dgb ,! s\l c escape out ( "t & space & f9d its home 9 et]nity1 )\t at ! same "t los+ its own self 9 ! ,g5]al & ,univ]sal t /&s above "t & space4 ,we mu/ n inquire :at sort ( p]sonality & individual di/9ctness c yet rema9 ) ! s\l :5 x has ca/ (f all ef=t1 desire1 s5se-p]ception1 & ev]y?+ relat$ to ! _w ( *ange & multiplicity1 to become once m a pure mirror ( ! et]nal4 ,nor mu/ we ask h[ x is possible to ?9k ( a _s remov$ above space & "t & all ! multiplicity ( matt] & yet p]sonal & sep>ate 9 its p]sonality4#gcac ,= ,plato ! ,s\ls live on z !y _h be5 9 ! beg9n+--individual be+s consci\s ( !mselves 9 a "t t has no end & is beyond all "t4 ,he tea*es a p]sonal immortality4 #d ,!re is an o!r-worldly tone 9 ?is philosophy1 & its doctr9e ( ! s\l4 ,f> beyond ! _w 9 :i* life has plac$ man lies ! realm ( pure ,be+1 ! good1 ! p]fect1 & ! unspoilt4 ,to rea* t realm at la/1 to free ! m9d f ! unre/ & illusion ( ! s5ses1 to be rid ( ! desires & emotions t w\ld nail#gdac x d[n "h bel[1 to sev] its connexion#geac ) ! body & bodily ?+s--t is ! s\l's highe/ duty4 ,! only reason :y x is bani%$ into ?is _w is t x may all ! m completely sep>ate itself f ! _w4 ,to die--to be dead inw>dly to all t is visible1 mat]ial1 physical--t is ! goal & ! fruit ( philosophy4#gfac ,to be ready & fit to die is ! hall-m>k ( ! complete philosoph]4 ,= su*1 philosophy is ! deliv]] t frees him = all "t f ! body#ggac--;f its desires1 its re/lessness1 its wild passions#ghac--;& gives him back aga9 to ! et]nal & its sil5ce4 ,to be pure1 to be free f evil1 to die already 9 ?is temporal _w--^! are ! (t-repeat$ exhortations :i* ! philosoph] addresses to ! immortal s\l4 ,ascetic morality "h aga9 dem&s f man :at is ess5tially a q negative proce$+4 ,b ?is d5ial ( ! _w is only a /ep lead+ on to ! mo/ supremely positive behavi\r4 ,ka?>sis is only ! gateway to philosophy2 & x is philosophy :i* tea*es man h[ to rea* :at alone is positive1 ! only true & unconditional ,be+2 in/ructs him h[ to rea* ! cle> & p]fect und]/&+ ( ! only p]man5t good & h[ to m]ge himself utt]ly 9 t good4#giac ,! s\l ( ! ?9k] ye>ns aft] ,reality2#hjac #dgc dea? is = x n m]ely ! annihilation ( ! *a9s ( ! body t imp$e x1 b a v positive acquisition ( intellectual k#haac to :i* x is urg$ on by its prop] nature--:i* is !re=e also a fulfilm5t ( its prop] task4 ,s ! turn+ aside f ! physical & ! ephem]al is at ! same "t & )\t transition a turn+ t[>ds ! et]nal & ! div9e4 ,! flight f ! ?+s ( ?is _w is 9 itself an entry into t o!r _w1 & a becom+ l to ! div9e4#hbac ,b ! true realities are n to be f\nd 9 ?is _w4 ,to grasp !m pla9ly 9 its ?\ght--to recov] ! untr\bl$ vision ( its spiritual eye--! s\l mu/ dive/ itself entirely ( all ! /ress & di/raction ( ! e>?ly4 ,= ?is mundane _w1 ! mirage t encompasses ! s5ses1 ! philosoph] has no?+ b d5ial4 ,because x gives no foo?old = true k ! :ole _w ( ,becom+ has no indep5d5t value = 8 sci5ce4 ,! appreh5sion ( t :i* is nev] m ?an relative1 :i* simultane\sly manife/s contr>y qualities 9 itself1 c only s]ve z /imulus & invitation to ! se>* = :at is absolute4#hcab ,9 ?is realm ( d\btful %ad[s ! s\l f9ds no?+ b obscure rem9d]s ( t :i* x _h once beheld pla9ly4 ,! beauty ( ! physical _w :i* is appreh5d$ by ! noble/ ( ! s5ses1 ! eye1 s]ves inde$ to recall to ! s\l's memory ! ,beautiful-9-itself1 ( :i* t o!r is b a pale copy1 & to disclose to ! s\l :at is really its own prop]ty1 :at x _h br\ght ) x ready made f an e>li] exi/5ce beyond ! b\nds ( all matt]4#hdac ,b ! obs]vation ( beauty "h bel[ mu/ lead beyond itself at once & conduct ! m9d out ( ! _w ( m]e appe>ance to ! pure =ms ( ! ,ideal _w4 ,! process ( ,becom+ tells u no?+ ab\t ! nature ( ,be+2 ! ?9k] le>ns no?+ f ?is s\rce--9 fact he le>ns no new k or wisdom ( any k9d 9 ?is _w2 he only recov]s :at he _h be=e & always possess$ 9 lat5t =m4#heac ,! treasure1 h[ev]1 lies beyond ! limits ( ?is _w4 ,he mu/ turn away 8 gaze f ! %ad[-figures ^u ! wall ( ! cave ( ?is _w1 & direct x t[>ds ! sun ( et]nity4#hfac ,he is plac$ 9 ?is _w ( p]petual *ange2 to x 8 s5ses & 8 und]/&+ are directly ref]r$2 & yet he mu/ disda9 & rise sup]ior to1 & flee f1 all t ?is _w (f]s1 giv+ himself up imm$iately & entirely to ! unse51 & tak+ flight f ?is _w to t :]e he w become l ,god1 & be purifi$ & ju/ifi$ by ! p[] & might ( 8 k4#hgac #dgd ,e>?ly life z x actually is w rema9 /range to him1 & he a /rang] 9 e>?ly life1#hhac despis$ z a fool = 8 inaptitude 9 e>?ly affairs by ! great majority ( ^? :o are s v]s$ 9 su* ?+s4#hiac ,he has some?+ high] to ?9k ab\t--! salvation ( 8 own s\l4 ,he w n live = ! community1 b = himself1 & 8 real task4#ijac ,human int]e/s seem to him h>dly wor? tr\bl+ ab\t1#iaac ! /ate itself hopelessly corrupt1 f\nd$ z x is ^u deception & passion & inju/ice4 ,at ! same "t1 he himself ( c\rse w\ld be ! real /atesman1#ibac ! lead] :o c\ld guide 8 fell[ citiz5s to _! true salvation--act+ n z ! s]vant ( _! lu/s1 b z a doctor :o gives help to ! sick4#icac ,x is n %ips & h>b\rs & walls & taxes & su* trivialities#idac t he w\ld give ! city1 b ju/ice & heal? & ev]y?+ else :i* aft] ?is life c /& be=e ! /]n judgm5t ( ! o!r _w4#ieac ,?is w\ld be ! be/ mode ( life1#ifac & he c\ld %[ !m ! way to x2 no worldly p[] or greatness c d z mu*--none ( ! great /atesm5 ( ! pa/1 ,!mi/okles1 ,kimon1 & ,p]ikles1 und]/ood any?+ ( all ?is2 all _! ef=ts 7 no?+ b bl9d error & w&]+4#igac ,at ! climax ( 8 life & ( 8 philosophical developm5t ,plato complet$ an ideal picture ( ! ,/ate1 drawn 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples & ! requirem5ts ( 8 own philosophy4 ,x re/s ^u a broad f\ndation--! multitude ( its inhabitants divid$ /rictly into classes t 9 !mselves & _! mann] ( life are to display1 l a beacon t c be se5 af>1 ! virtue ( ,ju/ice4 ,at "o p]iod ?is _h seem$ to include all t 0 necess>y = ! completion ( ! ideal ,/ate2 b n[1 f> above t level1 po9t+ upw>ds into ! l(ty ae!r above ! e>?1 a f9al consummation reveals itself to him1 to :i* all m]e mundane ?+s s]ve b z support & fur!rance4 ,a small m9ority ( ! citiz5s1 ! philosoph]s1 =m ?is la/ p9nacle ( ! build+4 ,"h on e>? & 9 ?is /ate t is organiz$ 9 con=mity ) ju/ice1 !y w s]ve ! /ate1 z 9 duty b\nd & n = _! own satisfaction1 & take "p 9 gov]nm5t4#ihac ,z soon z duty is fulfill$ !y w return to ! supramundane contemplation :i* is ! aim & cont5t ( _! :ole life's activity4 ,to provide a place :]e ^! contemplatives may live1 :]e !y may be educat$ = _! vocation1 ! highe/ !re is2 to all[ dialectic z a =m ( liv+ to take its place 9 ! activity ( worldly civilization z an object ( m5's ef=t#iiac--to br+ ab\t all ?is ! ,ideal ,/ate is built up /ep by /ep4 ,! #dge b\rgeois social virtues & _! firm e/abli%m5t & int]connexion1 :i* _h once seem$ ! real & suffici5t reason = ! erection ( ! :ole edifice ( ! /ate--se5 f ?is elevation1 ^! no long] reta9 _! indep5d5t importance4 ,! s-call$ virtues all pale be=e ! highe/ capacity ( ! s\l1 :i* is ! my/ic behold+ ( ! et]nal4#ajjac ,! *ief mission ( ! p]fect wise man is no long] to fulfil 8 obligations to ! o!rs t /& )\t4 ,to make 8 own inn] life fit & ready = self-emancipation is n[ 8 real & imm$iate task4 ,my/icism aims at a p]sonal salvation su* z ! individual c only obta9 = himself4 ,good works are no long] necess>y :5 ! m9d has no fur!r connexion ) e>?ly life & conduct4 ,:5 x comes to deal+ ) practical e>?ly affairs he :o possesses ! highe/ virtue w h all ^! o!rs add$ unto him4#ajaac ,virtue belongs to him2 x is 8 real condition ( be+2 b ! p>ticul> virtues he w r>ely ne$ to use4 ,?is l(ty p9nacle is accessible to b a few4 ,god alone & a small#ajbac company ( mortals are able to approa* 9 pure ?\ght to ! ev]la/+ ,reality1 ! sole object ( c]ta91 pla9 & un*ang+ ,k4 ,! majority ( m5 c nev] become philosoph]s4#ajcac ,& yet1 accord+ to ?is philosophy1 ! cr[n ( all life belongs to ! philosoph]4 ,?is is no religion = ! poor 9 _s4 ,sci5ce--! supreme k ( ! highe/ ,be+--is a pre-condition ( salvation4 ,to "k ,god is to become l ,god4#ajdac ,x is easy to see :y su* a message ( salvation c\ld n attract a wid] community ( believ]s4 ,x c\ld n h done s )\t be+ false to its own nature4 ,to a few l(ty spirits among mank9d1 x (f]s a rew>d t beckons f et]nity4 ,fre$om f life 9 ! corruptible body is ! prize x (f]s2 t & a nev]-end+ union ) true ,reality--a return to :at is ev]la/+ & div9e4 ,a symbol ( :at ! philosoph] has a*iev$ aft] 8 dea? w be provid$ by ! community by :om ! dep>t$ w be hon\r$ z a ,daimon4#ajeac ,su* !n is ! ideal vision ( a civilization 9 :i* ! belief 9 ! s\l's immortality & its vocation to an ev]la/+ life 9 ! k+dom ( ! gods 0 held ) pr(\nd & s]i\s conviction4 ,! belief 9 immortality "h becomes ! corn]-/one ( a build+1 ! ar*itect ( :i* reg>ds all e>?ly ?+s z only valid = ! mom5t1 & !re=e ( pr(\nd unimportance4 ,= him only ! ,heav5 ( ! spiritual _w ) its ev]la/+ laws & #dgf patt]ns s]i\sly matt]s4 ,he disc>ds )\t a regret ! :ole ( ,greek culture z x _h express$ itself 9 /ate & society1 cu/om & art--an art t w la/ z long z humanity itself4 ,he dem&s an ari/ocracy1 & an ari/ocracy measur$ by a /&>d ( :at is ! be/ t 0 q beyond ! rea* ( any possible human society ev5 ?\gh x 7 z deeply impregnat$ ) ari/ocratic ideas z ,greek society always 04 ,& ! f9al aim & ideal s\ght by ?is organization ( life on e>? 0 to be ! sup]s$+ ( all e>?ly life 4 4 4 ,! m9d ( ,plato1 equally ready to receive z to give1 0 n likely to become immobiliz$ = ev] 9 a my/ic rapture ( vision4 ,ev5 :5 he _h f9i%$ ! ,republic he did n cease to re%ape 8 sy/em at _m po9ts & 9 _m directions1 :ile "s special problems 7 tak5 up aga9 = fur!r & repeat$ /udy4 ,ev5 a second sket* ( a political sy/em 0 left beh9d by him 9 :i* he s\ght to lay d[n rules = ! guidance ( life among ! multitude :o are /ill reg>d$ z completely %ut out f ! realm ( ! ev]la/+ ,=ms4 ,to ?is end ! highe/ aims ( human endeav\r are almo/ left out ( sight & practical rules = rea*+ ! atta9able bett] are suppli$ = ! b5efit ( ! majority4 ,he _h le>nt resignation at _m po9ts4 ,nev]!less1 ! pr(\nd conviction ( all 8 ?\ghts rema9$ un*ang$2 ! claims t he put be=e ! _w & mank9d rema9$ ess5tially ! same4 ,= ?is reason aft] g5]ations h n be5 mi/ak5 9 see+ 9 him ! prie/ly man ( wisdom1 :o ) w>n+ f+] po9ts ! immortal _s ( man on its way f ?is feeble _w upw>ds to ! ev]la/+ life4 ,,notes ,,to ,,*apt] ,,xiii #aac3 ,pl41 ,ap4 c4 #cb f4 7#dj ,c ff474 #bac3 ,ap4 #da ,c ,d4 #cac3 ,ap4 #bi ,a ,b1 #cg ,b4 #dac3 ,x54 ,cyrop4 #h1 #g1 #ag1 makes ! dy+ ,kyros ju/ify 8 fai? t ! s\l survives ! body r on ! l9es ( popul> belief & ! cult ( s\ls ?an f w\ld-be-philosophical consid]ations 7 #bj2 see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #agh74 ,9 spite ( ?is he all[s ! "q to rema9 undecid$--z ?\gh ( little importance--:e!r1 9 fact1 ! s\l !n leaves ! body & lives on or :e!r me_/n\sa h psu* en t s_/mati sunapo?n_/skei1 #ba4 ,9 ei!r ev5tuality he w aft] dea? mden e_/ti kakon pa!in1 #bg4--;,ari/41 ,,se4 xvii1 p4 #agf;b1 #af1 po_/t]on ph?>t a?a_/natos h psu* tn z_/n1 ou di_/ri/ai tois pollois--9 ?is "q !y amphidox\si4 #eac3 ,pl41 ,phd4 #gj ,a1 #gg ,b1 #hj ,d4 ,?is belief ( ! polloi_/ & paides looks inde$ mu* m l a piece ( sup]/ition ?an a d5ial ( ! cont9u$ life ( ! psu*_/ 79 :i* light ,pl4 repres5ts x74 ,we h already met ) ! s\l z a w9d-_s m ?an once3 :5 x leaves ! body ! o!r w9d-spirits c>ry x (f & away ) !mselves 7cf4 above1 *ap4 i1 n4 #aj71 esp4 :5 a high w9d is bl[+ 7cf4 ! ,g]man popul> belief t :5 a man hangs himself a /orm arises3 ,grimm1 p4 #fce3 cf4 ,mannh>dt1 ,g]m4 ,my?4 #bgj n4 ,9 o!r words1 ! furi\s ho/1 ! p]sonifi$ /orm-spirits--,grimm1 p4 #fcb2 cf4 ,app5d4 vii--come & c>ry away ) !m ! poor unquiet s\l74 #fac3 ,cf4 ,pl4 ,rp4 #ccj ,d ,e4 ,!re is m ab\t ^! matt]s 9 ! spee* aga9/ ,ari/ogeiton1 ,d4 #be1 #eb-c4 ,9 spite ( ! popul> =m 9 :i* x is put su* an op9ion is n to be claim$ at once z a popul> & g5]ally held belief3 ! au?or ( ?is spee* is a foll[] ( ,orpheus1 a fact :i* he himself betrays 9 #aa4 #gac3 ,pl4 ,rp4 #fjh ,d4 #hac3 ,x is probable t 9 ! ,politei_/a two ess5tially di/9ct /ages ( ,platonic doctr9e are f\nd side by side ) only an ext]nal bond ( union1 & t 9 p>ticul> :at is said 9 ,bk4 v1 #dga ,c ff41 to ! end ( ,bk4 vii ab\t ! philo_/sophoi1 _! education & position 9 ! /ate 7& outside politics71 is an extrane\s addition to ! complet$ picture ( ! kalli_/polis :i* is giv5 9 ,bks4 ii--v1 #dga ,c3 an aft]?\ght n orig9ally includ$ 9 ! plan ( ! :ole book & n anticipat$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( x4 ,?is seems to me to em]ge unmi/akably f a c>eful & unprejudic$ /udy ( ! :ole "w & to h be5 completely demon/rat$ by ,krohn & ,pfleid]]4 ,t ,plato himself reg>d$ ! fir/ sket* ( an ideal /ate z a sep>ate "w 7:i* may ev5 h be5 actually publi%$ sep>ately3 ,gellius1 #ad1 #c1 #c71 is %[n by ! beg9n+ ( ! ,timaeus4 ,"h--) ! implication ( q a diff]5t /ag+ ( ! dialogue & a diff]5t introduction f :at we n[ read 9 ,rp41 ,bk4 i1 c4 #a--;ii1 c4 #i--we h an exact recapitulation ( ! subject ( ! inquiry 9 ! ,politei_/a f ii1 #aj1 #cfg ,e1 to v1 #dfj ,c1 ) ! def9ite /atem5t 7#ai ,,ab7 t ?us f> & no f>!r _h ! discussion gone ye/]day4 ,! /ages 9 :i* ! :ole "w 0 compos$ seem !n to be divisible z foll[s3 7#a7 ,sket* ( ! /ate ( ! #dgh phu_/lakes 79 brief7 embodi$ 9 a dialogue betwe5 ,sokrates1 ,kriton1 ,timaios1 ,h]mokrates1 & ano!r companion3 9 subject matt] agree+ 7ap>t f ! introduction7 sub/antially ) ,rp4 ii1 #aj1 #cfg ,e1 to v1 #dfj ,c4 7#b7 ,cont9uation ( ?is sket* 9 ! /ory ( anci5t ,a!ns & ! p ( ,atlantis4 ,its completion is transf]r$ else:]e because 9 ! meantime ! ,politei_/a itself has be5 ext5d$ & into ! empty framework ( ! ,ti_/m4 ?us left available ! acc\nt ( ! creation ( ! _w giv5 by ,timaios is v loosely ins]t$3 ! frame-n>ratives ( ! ,ti_/maios & ,kriti_/z nev] be+ complet$4 7#c7 ,cont9uation ( ! fir/ sket* 7/ill virtually along ! l9es orig9ally laid d[n7 9 ,rp4 v1 #dfj ,d-#dga ,c 79 :i* #dff ,e ff4 is a brief acc\nt ( ! behavi\r ( ! /ate 9 "t ( w>--a sub/itute = ! long] & m detail$ /atem5t on ! same subject 9 ,tim4 #bj ,b f471 & 9 viii1 ix 7! great] "p71 & x1 second half 7#fjh ,c ff474 7#d7 ,f9ally ! :ole "w receives its cr[n & completion 9 a section t 01 h[ev]1 n =ese5 9 ! old] p>ts ( ! design1 = x di/urbs "p ( t orig9al design's indep5d5ce & validity & does m ?an m]ely supplem5t x--! introduction ( ! philo_/sophoi & _! special type ( virtue1 v1 #dga ,c-vii f942 ix1 #ehj ,d-#ehh ,a2 x1 "p #a 7to #fjh ,b74--,!n came ! f9al edit+ ( ! :ole3 ins]tion ( ! new introduction1 i1 #a-;ii1 #i 7n necess>ily left until ! completion ( ! :ole2 necess>y br++ into h>mony ( ! div]g5t elem5ts by a few excisions1 qualifications1 etc42 & probably a lit]>y revision & poli%+ ( ! :ole book4--,! :ole ?us f9ally produc$ reveals its orig9 cle>ly en\gh 9 ! outgr[+ ( a fir/ plan & its replacem5t by a second t has naturally sugge/$ itself 9 ! c\rse ( ! au?or's own cont9u$ developm5t4 ,at ! same "t ,plato c\ld claim t ! :ole edifice1 9 spite ( mu* ext5sion & rebuild+ 9 a diff]5t /yle ( ar*itecture1 %\ld be consid]$ z a unity 9 ! =m 9 :i* he f9ally left x 7z a notewor?y monum5t1 too1 ( 8 own alt]ation ( view74 ,he himself 9 ! sublime/ mom5ts ( 8 my/ic flight 9 ,bks4 vi & vii 9 no s5se rejects ! gr\ndwork ( ! kalli_/polis ( ii-v 7?\gh n1 inde$1 design$ orig9ally z su*71 b m]ely r$uces x to ! position ( a sub/ructure :i* rema9s a necess>y & sole f\ndation ev5 = ! my/ic p9nacle & pres]ves its absolute validity = ! great majority ( ! citiz5s :o inhabit ! kalli_/polis 7= ! philo_/sophoi are /ill reg>d$ z v few 9 numb]7 = :om x is a s*ool = ! exhibition ( political virtue4--,9 ! fir/ sket*1 !n1 !re is no trace ( a doctr9e ( immortality t c be prop]ly s call$1 & ! popul> belief 9 a cont9u$ life ( ! s\l aft] dea? has = ,plato1 at ?is /age at lea/1 no s]i\s weight or importance4 ,! phu_/lakes are n to tr\ble ab\t :at may foll[ dea? 7iii1 #a ff472 ! ma9 purpose 9 view is to %[ t dikaiosu_/n is its own rew>d1 & ! rew>ds :i* are anticipat$ = x aft] dea? are only ironically allud$ to 7ii1 #cfc ,,cd2 cf4 #cff ,,ab72 ,sokrates means to d )\t su* hopes 7#cff ,e ff474 ,! a?anasi_/a psu*s is only introduc$ z a p>adox 9 x1 #fjh ,d 79 ! cont9uation ( ! fir/ sket*7 = :i* pro( is s\ght2 :]eupon ! importance ( ! "q z to :at may await ! s\l aft] dea? em]ges 7#fad ,a ff47 z well z ! necessity ( tak+ ?\ght n = ?is %ort life b huper t\ ha_/pantos *ro_/non 7#fjh ,c71 ( :i* no?+ _h be5 said or c\ld h be5 said 9 iii-v4 ,f9ally 9 vi-vii ! inde/ructibility ( ! s\l is impli$ 9 its sublime/ =m4 ,x is evid5t t ,plato's own views on ^! matt]s _h und]gone *anges 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 & t ^! #dgi *anges are reflect$ 9 ! v>i\s /rata ( ! ,politei_/a ev5 aft] its f9al edit+4 7,cf4 ,krohn1 ,platon4 ,/aat1 p4 #bfe2 ,pfleid]]1 ,platon4 ,frage1 p4 #bc f41 #ce ff41 #ahhh47 #iac3 ,! ,appe>ance b\_/letai1 ore_/getai1 pro?umeitai einai :at its ,idea is3 ,phd4 #gd ,d1 #ge ,,ab4 ,! ,ideas are ?us teleological causes l ! div9e n\s ( ,ari/otle :i*1 unmov$ itself1 k9ei hs er_/m5on 7j z matt] has a desire = =m1 pot5tiality = actuality74 ,plato x is true did n keep to ?is me?od ( illu/rat+ r ?an expla9+ ! relation betwe5 ! ,appe>ance & ! unmov$ ,idea4 #ajac3 no_/sei meta lo_/g\ p]ilpto_/n1 ,tim4 #bg ,d4 h\ ou_/pot' an a_/ll epila_/boio t ts dianoi_/z logism1 ,phd4 #gi ,a4 aut di' hauts h psu* ta ko9a phai_/netai p]i pa_/ntn episkopein1 ,?t4 #ahe ,d4 #aaac3 ,! prius 9 ! case ( man is really ! p]ception ( 8 own m5tal activity 9 no_/sis meta lo_/g\ z be+ a process ess5tially diff]5t f d_/xa met' ai/h_/ses alo_/g\4 ,x is inf]5ce f ! =m] alone t leads to ! conclusion t ! no\_/m5a exi/3 ,tim4 #ea ,b-#eb ,a4 ,x is ! ,ideas t we grasp 9 ab/ract ?\ght3 aut h ousi_/a hs lo_/gon di_/dom5 kai ertntes kai apokr9o_/m5oi1 ,phd4 #gh ,d4 #abac3 ,! epi/_/m :i* dialektik_/ alone c give 7,rp4 #ecc ,,de is anama_/rttos 7,rp4 #dgg ,e4 #acac3 ,( ! ?ree ei_/d or ge_/n--! o_/n1 ! gigno_/m5on & ! en h gi_/gnetai 7! *_/ra7 ( ,tim4 #dh ,e f41 #eb ,,abd7--! ?ird at any rate is q =eign to ! s\l4 ,l ! ,_w-,s\l 7,tim4 #ce ,a1 along ) :i* x is mix$ 7#da ,d71 ! individual s\l also is a middle t]m betwe5 ! a_/m]es ( ! ,idea & ! kata ta s_/mata m]i/o_/n1 hav+ a %>e 9 bo?4 #adac3 ,true1 unalt]able ,be+ belongs only to ! aeide_/s & !re=e also to ! s\l3 ,phd4 #gi ,a f4 #aeac3 ,phd4 c4 #ed-f 7#aje ,b-#ajg ,b74 #afac3 homoio_/t]on psu* s_/mato_/s e/i t aeidei 7& t t aei hsau_/ts e_/*onti71 ,phd4 #gi ,b4 t !i_/ kai a?ana_/t kai not kai monoeidei kai adialu_/t kai hsau_/ts kata tauta e_/*onti heaut homoio_/taton psu*_/1 #hj ,,ab4 #agac3 age_/nton1 ,phdr4 c4 #bd1 #bde ,d 7a_/dios simply1 ,rp4 #faa ,b74 ,! creation ( ! s\ls 9 ,tim4 is only int5d$ to repres5t ! orig9 ( ! spiritual f ! dmi\rgo_/s 7n ! com+ into be+ ( ! s\l 9 "t73 see ,siebeck1 ,ges4 d4 ,psy*ol4 i1 #a1 #bge ff4 ,/ill1 x rema9s impossible to say :e!r ,plato :5ev] he speaks ( ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l always means t ! s\l exi/$ )\t beg9n+4 #ahac3 ,z to ! relation ( ! individual s\l to ! s\l ( ! univ]se1 nei!r ! my?ical acc\nt 9 ,timaeus nor ! brief] allusion 9 ,phileb4 #cj ,a all[s u to conclude t ! s\l ( our body is tak5 f ! s\l ( ! sma t\ panto_/s4 ,9 reality ! fiction ( a ,_w-,s\l is int5d$ to s]ve q o!r purposes ?an ! d]ivation ( ! individual s\l f a s+le common s\rce4 #aiac3 ,tim4 #cd ,c2 ,lg4 #hia ,a-#hif ,c4 #bjac3 ,acc4 to ! acc\nt 9 ,phdr4 #bdf ,c1 ! s\l suff]s its d[nfall into ! e>?ly exi/5ce if ho ts ka_/ks hi_/ppos1 i4e4 ! epi?umi_/a 9 ! s\l1 t5ds t[>ds ! e>?--#bdg ,b4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be ! result ( ! prepond]ance ( ! appetitive impulses4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 c only happ5 if ! logi/iko_/n ( ! s\l has become too weak to drive ! s\l-*>iot any long] z its duty 04 ,h5ce ! support+ w+s1 i4e4 ! no_/sis1 ( ! s\l-horse fall (f4 ,x is ?us a weak5+ ( ! cognitive "p ( ! s\l t causes its d[nfall into mat]iality 7j z x is ! measure ( _! capacity = k t det]m9es #dhj ! "* ( ! ensma_/tsis ( ! s\ls1 & _! return to ! to_/pos hup]\ra_/nios is equally det]m9$ by _! recov]y ( ! pur] =m ( k3 #bdh ,c ff41 #bdi ,,ac74 ,?us x is n1 z 9 ,emp$okles1 a religio-moral transgression t leads to ! inc>nation ( ! s\ls1 b a failure ( intellect1 an intellectual fall 9 s94 #baac3 ,! s\l is1 acc4 to ! acc\nt 9 ,tim41 creat$ 9 ord] t by animat+ & gov]n+ a body1 x may complete ! sum ( creation3 )\t ! za ! ourano_/s 7! univ]se7 w\ld be atel_/s1 ,tim4 #da ,b ff4 ,acc4 to ?is teleological motivation ( ! be+ & ! ensma_/tsis ( ! s\l1 ?is latt]1 ! ensma_/tsis1 w\ld h belong$ to ! orig9al plan ( ! dmi\rgo_/s & !re w\ld be no purpose 9 ! creation ( ! s\ls 7by ! dmi\rgo_/s & ! inf]ior gods7 unless !y 7 de/9$ to ! animation ( ! za & conjunction ) s_/mata4 ,b x is obvi\sly inconsi/5t ) all ?is t ! object ( ! s\l's endeav\r %\ld be to sep>ate itself z soon z possible & z completely z possible f ! body & ev]y?+ mat]ial 9 ord] to get back aga9 to immat]ial life )\t any body--#db ,,bd4 ,?is is a relic ( ! orig9al !ological view ( ! relation betwe5 body & s\l4 ,9 ,phd4 7& usually 9 ,plato7 x displays itself unconceal$2 b x 0 f> too closely b\nd up ) ! :ole ( ,plato's e?ic & metaphysics n to make its illicit appe>ance ev5 :5 z 9 ,tim4 he wi%$ to keep ! physiological side to ! =e4 #bbac3 ,phdr4 #bde ,c-#bdf ,a4 ,! s\l is to hauto k9\n1 & inde$ cont9ually1 aeiki_/nton1 x is tois a_/llois ho_/sa k9eitai pg kai ar* k9_/ses 7! body only seems to move itself1 b x is really ! s\l )9 :i* moves x--#bdf ,c74 ,if ! s\l 7 to p]i%1 pas ouranos pasa_/ te ge_/nesis w\ld be at a /&/ill4 ,! conception ( ! s\l z ! aeiki_/nton 0 already well & long e/abli%$ 9 ,plato's "t 7see above1 *ap4 xii1 n4 #aej74 ,9 ! =m 9 :i* he introduces x "h 7z a pro( ( ! imp]i%ability ( ! s\l7 he may h modell$ 8 conception on t ( ,alkmaion 7,ari/41 ,an4 #dje;a1 #bi73 see ,hirzel1 ,h]mes1 xi1 #bdd4 ,b ,plato "h & ?r\gh\t ,phdr4 is speak+ ( ! individual s\l 7psu*_/ collective s+ul>74 ,s too 9 ,lg4 #hid ,e ff41 #hif ,a ff4 7lo_/gos ( ! s\l3 h duname_/n aut hautn k9ein ki_/nsis4 ,x is ! aiti_/a & ! issue ( all movem5t 9 ! _w1 ! s\rce ( life2 = life belongs to t :i* auto_/ hauto k9ei #hie ,c47 ,z di/+ui%$ f ! psu* enoik\sa en ha_/pasi tois k9\me_/nois we d n he> ( ! 7d\ble ,_w-,s\l until #hif ,e4 ,!re is 9 fact ki_/nsis 9 pl5ty 9 ! _w besides t ( ! animat$ organisms4 #bcac3 ,phd4 #ic ,b 7c4 #dc7 & (t54 #bdac3 psu*_/ on ! "o side1 pan to a_/psu*on on ! o!r4 ,phdr4 #bdf ,b & s g5]ally4 #beac3 ,tim4 #hf ,b ff4 7c4 #da74--;,9 brief3 kakos hekn oudei_/s1 dia de ponran he_/x9 t9a t\ s_/matos kai apai_/deuton trophn 7education ( ! s\l7 ho kakos gi_/gnetai kako_/s1 #hf ,e4 #bfac3 to smatoeides ho t psu* h homili_/a te kai xun\si_/a t\ s_/matos 4 4 4 enepoi_/se xu_/mphuton ktl4 ,phd4 #ha ,c1 #hc ,d4 #bgac3 ,py?agoreans1 see above 7*ap4 xi1 n4 #ee72 h>dly ,demokritos 7,dox41 p4 #cij1 #ad74 ,! tri*otomy c exi/ v well side by side ) ! di*otomy 7:i* also appe>s7 into logi/iko_/n & alo_/gi/ikon1 ! la/ be+ simply divid$ aga9 into ?umo_/s & epi?umi_/a4 #bhac3 ,9 ! fir/ sket* ( ! ,republic 7ii-v74 ,"h x is admitt$ly b\nd up ) ! ?ree classes or ca/es ( ! /ate1 b x has n be5 inv5t$ = ! b5efit ( ^! classes4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! #dha tri*otomy ( ! s\l is orig9al & ! division ( ! citiz5 body into ?ree p>ts is d]iv$ & expla9$ f x2 cf4 #dce ,e4--,! view t ,plato 0 nev] q s]i\s ab\t ! ?reefold division ( ! s\l b always spoke ( x z some?+ semi-my?ical or z a tempor>ily adopt$ hypo!sis1 w n appe> plausible on an unprejudic$ /udy ( ! passages 9 ! ,platonic writ+s t deal ) ! ?reefold division ( ! s\l4 #biac3 ,rp4 x1 #faa ,a-,e 7c4 #aa71 %[s cle>ly t ! reason :i* made ,plato ab&on 8 conception 7giv5 9 ! fir/ sket* ( ! ,rep4 & /ill ma9ta9$ 9 ! ,pha$rus7 ( ! natural tri*otomy ( ! s\l into p>ts or divisions 0 ! consid]ation ( its immortality & vocation to int]c\rse ) ! !ion kai a?a_/naton kai aei o_/n4--,! emotions & passions by :i* ! s\l is fett]$ hupo t\ s_/matos1 expla9 its t5d5cy to clo! itself 9 ano!r body aft] dea?1 ,phd4 #hc ,c ff4 ,if ! emotions & passions 7 indissolubly l9k$ to ! s\l ! latt] c\ld nev] escape f ! cycle ( rebir?s4--,on ! o!r h&1 if only ! logi/iko_/n1 z ! only indep5d5tly exi/+ side ( ! s\l1 goes into ! place ( judgm5t 9 ! o!r _w !re w\ld seem to be no reason t %\ld tempt ?is simple uncomp\nd$ s\l to r5ew$ ensma_/tsis1 a process :i* implies mat]iality & desire4 7,?is difficulty tr\bl$ ,plot9os too47 ,plato takes into view ! possibility ( an inn] corruption ( ! pure & undivid$ intellectual s\l :i* makes a future /ate ( puni%m5t & purgatory possible & intelligible & expla9s ! exi/5ce 7until a complete return to purity is a*iev$7 ( a t5d5cy or con/ra9t to r5ew$ ensma_/tsis ev5 )\t a p]man5t association ) ! ?umoeide_/s & ! epi?umtiko_/n4 #cjac3 t al!/a_/t phu_/sei ! s\l is monoeide_/s1 ,rep4 x1 c4 #aa 7#faa ,b1 #fab ,a74 ,h5ce x is to p>a_/pan adia_/lutos eggu_/s ti t\_/t\1 ,phd4 #hj ,b4 #caac3 ,! intellect-s\l a?a_/naton ar*n ?nt\ z_/ou is ! creation ( ! dmi\rgo_/s2 ! o!r faculties ( ! s\l1 ?umo_/s1 epi?umi_/a 7& ai_//hsis !re)71 psu*s ho_/son ?nton 7,tim4 #fa ,c71 are all add$ to ! s\l at ! mom5t ( its union ) ! body by ! subord9ate deities3 ,tim4 #da ,d-#dd ,d2 #fi ,a-#gj ,d 7c4 #ad1 #ae1 #ca74 ,! same idea appe>s 9 ,rp4 x1 #faa ,,bc4 to aeig5es me_/ros ts psu*s is di/+ui%$ f ! zog5e_/s3 ,polit4 #cji ,c4 #cbac3 to sma kai hai t\_/t\ epi?umi_/ai1 ,phd4 #ff ,c4 ,! s\l mov$ by passion suff]s hupo s_/matos1 #hc ,,cd4 ,9 dea? ! s\l is ka?>a pa_/ntn tn p]i to sma kakn kai epi?umin1 ,crat4 #djd ,a4 #ccac3 ,tim4 #dc ,c4 ,x is only z a result ( ?is viol5t & contradictory excitem5t ?r\gh ! physical p]ception ( ,becom+ t ! s\l becomes a_/n\s 7:i* is 9999orig9ally =eign to x7 ho_/tan eis sma ende? ?nto_/n1 #dd ,a4 7,x w 9 "t become e_/mphrn once m & c become wise1 #dd ,,bc4 ,9 ! case ( ! animals1 :i* c be inhabit$ by ! same s\l1 x w rema9 always a_/phrn--"o may suppose47 #cdac3 4 4 4 smikron *ro_/non1 ouden men oun pros ton ha_/panta 7*ro_/non74 ,rp4 #dih ,d4 #ceac3 ,9 accordance ) popul> ?\ght 7b obvi\sly also 9 p]fect s]i\sness & )\t any special concession7 dea? is reg>d$ z ts psu*s apo t\ s_/matos apallag_/1 ,phd4 #fd ,c2 ,gorg4 #ebd ,b4 ,h5ce1 x usually happ5s t ! s\l mde_/pote eis ,ha_/id\ ka?>s aphike_//hai1 all' aei t\ s_/matos anaple_/a exie_/nai1 ,phd4 #hc ,d4 7--aei1 i4e4 ) ! exception ( ! few complete philo_/sophoi t d n ne$ fur!r purification 9 ,hades1 & ?is is1 9 fact1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,phd4 itself2 cf4 #aad ,c1 #hj ,e1 #ha ,a47 #cfac3 ,purgatory1 puni%m5t & rew>ds 9 ! o!r _w3 ,gorg4 #dhb #ebc ff43 ,rp4 x1 c4 #ac ff41 #fad ,a ff4 7vision ( ,er1 son ( ,arm5ios 9 ! cont9uation ( ! fir/ v]sion ( ! politei_/a72 ,phd4 #aaj ,b-#aad ,c4 ,we mu/ n "h g into ! details ( ! individual my?s 9 :i* x is /ill p]haps possible to di/+ui% :at p>ts ,plato has tak5 out ( anci5t poetry & popul> leg5d & :at comes f !ological & p>ticul>ly ,orphic doctr9al poetry--or ev5 7,rp4 x7 f ,ori5tal fables--& h[ mu* he has add$ indep5d5tly on 8 own acc\nt4 7,a few rem>ks w be f\nd 9 ,g4 ,ettig1 ,a*]unt41 ,leipz4 ,/ud4 xiii1 #cje ff42 cf4 also ,dr+1 ,ar*4 ,ges4 ,phil4 #acic1 p4 #dge ff42 ,diet]i*1 ,nekyia1 #aab ff47 ,he usually di/+ui%es ?ree classes among ! s\ls 7only app>5tly two 9 ,phdr4 #bdi ,a73 ^? :o are affect$ ) curable faults1 ! hopelessly & incurable guilty 7:o are condemn$ to et]nal puni%m5t 9 ,t>t>os )\t rebir?3 ,gorg4 #ebe ,c ff42 ,rp4 #fae ,d2 ,phd4 #aac ,e72 &1 ?irdly ! hosi_/s bebiko_/tes1 di_/kaioi kai ho_/sioi4 ,?is is ! sy/em ( ,gorg4 #ebe ,,bc1 #ebf ,c2 ,rp4 #fae ,,bc4 7,) ^! come also ! a_/roi1 #fae ,c1 :o nei!r des]ve puni%m5t nor rew>d--( !m ,er said a_/lla1 ouk a_/xia mn_/ms4 ,p]haps old] !ologians _h already conc]n$ !mselves ) ^!1 n be+ satisfi$ ) ! fate assign$ by popul> my?ology to ! a_/roi--see ,app5d4 vii--x w\ld h be5 a natural subject = ! pr(essional att5tion ( ^! ,s*oolm5 ( popul> sup]/ition47 ,9 ,phd4 #aac ,d ff4 ! "q is ev5 m m9utely dealt )4 ,"h we h 7#a7 hoi me_/ss bebiko_/tes 7*e viss]' s5z' infamia e s5za lode71 7#b7 hoi ania_/ts e_/*ontes1 7#c7 hoi ia_/sima hm>tko_/tes1 7#d7 hoi diaph]o_/nts hosi_/s bebiko_/tes1 & 7#e7 ! lite ( ^! ho_/sioi1 ! real philosoph]s1 hoi philosophi_/a hikans ka!ra_/m5oi--^! are n born aga94 ,to ! o!r classes are assign$ _! appropriate purgation1 rew>d or puni%m5t4 ,"h classes #b1 #c1 & #d correspond to ! ?ree classes ( ,rp4 & ,gorg4 7:i* may p]haps be modell$ on ! divisions popul>iz$ by old] !ological poetry--see above1 *ap4 xii1 n4 #fb74 ,novelties are ! me_/ss bebiko_/tes & ! true philosoph]s4 ,= ^! la/ ! abode ^u ! maka_/rn nsoi 7,gorg4 #ebf ,c71 or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 ^u ! surface ( ! e>? 7,phd4 #aad ,,bc71 is no long] suffici5t4 ,!y g es maka_/rn t9as eudaimoni_/z 7#aae ,d71 :i* means t !y are really fre$ entirely f temporal exi/5ce & ent] into ! un*ang+ ,n[ ( et]nity4 7,z f> z ! complete escape ( ! philo_/sophoi is conc]n$ ! acc\nt 9 ,rp4 x1 c4 #ac #fad ,a-#fae ,c does n contradict t ( ,phd4 ,! only reason :y ?is is n m5tion$ 9 ,rp4 is t ^! absolutely enfran*iz$ s\ls c\ld n appe> ^u ! leim_/n !re m5tion$3 #fad ,e47--,( ^! v>i\s acc\nts t ( ,phd4 seems to be ! late/4 ,9 ,lg4 !re is yet ano!r indef9ite allusion to ! necessity ( und]go+ a judgm5t aft] dea?3 #ijd ,c ff4 #cgac3 ,*oice ( _! new /ate ( life by ! s\ls 9 ! o!r _w1 ,rp4 #fag ,e ff42 ,phdr4 #bdi ,b4 ,! purpose ( ?is arrangem5t is made cle> by ,rp4 #fag ,e2 aiti_/a helome_/n\2 !os anai_/tios 7cf4 ,tim4 #db ,d74 ,x is1 9 fact1 a !odicy & at ! same "t secures ! complete responsibility ( e man = 8 own "* & de$s 7cf4 #fai ,c74 ,!re is no idea ( f\nd+ a det]m9i/ !ory ^u x4--,! *oice is guid$ by ! special "* ( ! s\l 7:i* x has develop$ 9 its previ\s life7 & its t5d5cies 7cf4 ,phd4 #ha ,e2 ,lg4 #ijd ,,bc74 ,= ! same reason !re is no *oice on ! occasion ( ! s\l's fir/ ensma_/tsis 7,tim4 #da ,e73 aft] t1 9 lat] bir?s1 a def9ite desc5t 9 well-m>k$ /ages 9 peius1 c be obs]v$1 ea* condition$ by ! degree ( corruption atta*+ to ! s\l 7,tim4 #db ,b ff474 #dhc ,all ( :i* c v well co-exi/ ) a *oice ( its own fate by ! s\l condition$ by its own nature4 #chac3 xummetri_/a1 ,tim4 #hg ,d4 #ciac3 ,at lea/ ?ree 7z 9 ,pi41 ,o4 ii1 #ge ff471 acc4 to ,phdr4 #bdi ,a4 ,betwe5 ea* two bir?s !re is an int]v5+ p]iod ( #a1jjj ye>s 7,rp4 #fae ,a2 ,phdr4 #bdi ,,ab74 ,?is cuts away ! gr\nd f su* my?s z t ( ! v>i\s lives ( ,py?agoras 7see ,app5d4 x74 #djac3 ,inc>nation 9 animals1 ,phdr4 #bdi ,b2 ,rp4 #fah ,a1 #fbj ff42 ,phd4 #ha ,e2 ,tim4 #db ,,bc4 ,t ?is "p 0 any less s]i\sly meant ?an any o!r "p ( 8 doctr9e ( metempsy*osis is n 9 ! lea/ sugge/$ by ,plato himself4 ,acc4 to ,tim4 #ia ,d-#ib ,b1 all ! animals h s\ls t _h once inhabit$ ! bodies ( m5 7see ,procl41 9 ,rp4 ii1 #ccb ,kroll2 he is try+ to h>monize ,tim4 & ,phdr474 ,9 fact1 ! idea t a man's s\l might inhabit an animal 0 precisely ! great difficulty 9 ,plato's doctr9e ( ! s\l4 ,if1 z is said 9 ,phdr4 #bdi ,,bc1 a real animal-s\l _c ent] into a human body because x does n possess no_/sis or ! p[] ( dialectic :i* con/itutes ! ess5tial "p ( ! human s\l's activity1 h[ c a real human s\l ent] into an animal's body :5 x is obvi\s t z an animal x c make no use ( its no_/sis8 7,= ?is v reason _m ,platoni/s--^? :o 7 n satisfi$ ) +5i\s or artificial int]pretations3 cf4 ,sallu/41 de ,dis #bj2 ,procl41 9 ,tim4 #cbi ,,de--d5i$ ! entrance ( ! human s\l into animals2 cf4 ,aug4 ,,cd4 ,x1 #cj1 & p>tic4 ,nemes41 p4 #aaf ,mat?4 ,lucr4 iii1 #gfj1 already seems to h su* ,platoni/s 9 m9d47 ,! logi/iko_/n ( ! s\l seems to be abs5t f animals or to be pres5t b undevelop$ z 9 *ildr53 ,rp4 iv1 #dda ,a ,b 7or does x rema9 p]man5tly b\nd 9 aphrosu_/n8 see above1 ?is *ap41 n4 #cc4 ,j su* a !ory put =w>d by expon5ts ( metempsu_/*sis :o w\ld make ! psu*_/ always ! same b n always equally active1 is attack$ by ,alex4 ,aphr41 de ,an41 p4 #bg ,br474 ,b acc4 to ! lat] doctr9e ( ,plato ! logi/iko_/n comprises ! :ole cont5ts ( ! s\l be=e x ent]s a body2 if ! animals d n possess x !n !y d n /rictly speak+ possess a s\l 7?umo_/s & epi?umi_/a 9 !mselves are n ! s\l2 !y are only add$ to ! s\l :5 x fir/ ent]s into a body74 ,x seems c]ta9 t ,plato adopt$ ! view t ! s\l migrates into ! bodies ( animals f ! !ologians & ,py?agoreans1 :ile he /ill believ$ t ! s\l 0 n pure p[] ( ?\ght b also 7z /ill 9 ,phdr47 includ$ ?umo_/s & epi?umi_/a 9 itself4 ,lat]1 because x 0 difficult to d )\t ! migration-!ory ( ! s\l on acc\nt ( its e?ical importance1 he all[$ ! idea to rema9 side by side ) 8 reorganiz$ & sublimat$ doctr9e ( ! s\l4 7,on ! o!r h&1 metempsy*osis into plants--:i* are c]ta9ly also za1 ?\gh !y only h to to epi?umtiko_/n1 ,tim4 #gg ,b--0 nev] adopt$ by him f ,emp$okles2 cf4 ,procl41 9 ,rp4 ii1 #ccc ,kr41 & = ! same reason3 ?is idea 0 unimportant & indiff]5t f an e?ical po9t ( view47 #daac3 tn eis ton noton to_/pon ts psu*s a_/nodon1 ,rp4 #eag ,b4 #dbac3 epeid de age_/nto_/n e/i1 kai adia_/ph?oron auto anagk einai1 ,phdr4 #bde ,d--! anci5t argum5t f ! fact t ! individual s\l 7& ( ?is ,plato is speak+7 has no beg9n+ to ! conclusion t its life c h no end4 #dcac3 ,?is mu* may be conc$$ to ,tei*mll]'s obs]vations4 ,! individual1 & ! individual s\l1 is n an indep5d5t pr9ciple b only a resultant ( ! comp\nd+ ( ! ,idea & ! pr9ciple ( ,becom+--?\gh ?is is n h[ ,plato reg>ds ! #dhd matt]2 h5ce 9 ,plato--! individual is n et]nal 7i4e4 n necess>ily71 & ! et]nal ,pr9ciples are n individual1 ,/ud4 z4 ,ges4 d4 ,begr41 p4 #aae1 #adb 7#ahgd74 ,b all t ,tei*mll] has to say "u ?is head is 9 reality only a criticism ( ! ,platonic doctr9e ( ! s\l & does n help u to det]m9e :at exactly t doctr9e 04 ,plato speaks always ( ! immortality1 i4e4 ! et]nity1 ( ! individual s\l2 n[h]e does he conf9e inde/ructibility to ! common nature ( ! s\l2 & ?is fact is n ev5 remotely expla9$ by appeal+ z ,tei*mll] does to an alleg$ or?odoxy to :i* ,plato is suppos$ to be accommodat+ 8 words4 ,if f no o!r passage we %\ld be oblig$ to conclude def9itely f ,rp4 #faa ,a t ,plato believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( a plurality ( s\ls & 9 _! inde/ructibility3 aei an eien hai autai_/ 7psu*ai_/74 ou_/te gar a_/n p\ ela_/tt\s ge_/no9to mdemias apollume_/ns1 ou_/te hau plei_/ous4 ,"h ! pr$icate ( ! fir/ s5t5ce is indubitably eien only2 x is affirm$ t always ! same s\ls w exi/1 n t hai autai eien 7! s\ls are always ! same ones7 z ,tei*mll] supposes1 ,platon4 ,frage1 #g ff41 & x is ass]t$ ) all possible pla9ness t ! plurality ( individual s\ls1 ( :i* a def9ite numb] exi/1 is inde/ructible4 #ddac3 ,e4g4 appeal made to teletai_/1 palaioi lo_/goi en aporr_/tois lego_/m5oi1 & p>ticul>ly to ,orphic doctr9e1 9 ^? places :]e he is speak+ ( ! inw>d diff]5ce betwe5 ! s\l & all t is corporeal1 ( ! s\l's dea? 9 e>?ly life1 ( its enclosure 9 ! sma z its sma 9 puni%m5t ( its misde$s--( puni%m5t & purification aft] dea? 9 ,ha_/ids1 ( ! migration ( ! s\l1 its imp]i%ability1 dwell+ ( ! pure 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! gods 7,phd4 #fa ,,bc1 #fc ,c1 #gj ,c1 #ha ,a1 #ajg ,d ff42 ,gorg4 #dic ,a2 ,crat4 #djj ,,bc2 ,m54 #ha ,a2 ,lg4 #hgj ,,de1 #hgb ,e74 ,?is also is ! orig9 ( ! t5d5cy to comp>e ! highe/ philosophical activity1 or ! behold+ ( ! ,ideas be=e all "t1 ) ! epopteiai ( ! my/]ies3 ,phdr4 #bej ,b2 cf4 ,lob41 ,agl4 #abh4 #deac3 ,n9e 7an anci5t sacr$ numb]7 /ages f ! philo_/sophos d[nw>ds to ! tu_/rannos1 ,phdr4 #bdh ,,de4 #dfac3 ,?is is frequ5tly /at$ 9 individual my?s2 cf4 also ,phd4 #he ,,cd4 #dgac3 ,phdr4 #bej ,c 7o_//reon73 ,rp4 #faa ,,cd 7,glaukos74 #dhac3 tn t\ o_/ntos ?_/ran1 ,phd4 #ff ,c 7ho_/tan aut ka?' hautn pragmateu_/tai h psu* p]i ta o_/nta1 ,?t4 #ahg ,a4 aut t psu* !ate_/on auta ta pra_/gmata1 ,phd4 #ff ,d74 #diac3 xunai_/tia1 ,tim4 #df ,c ff4 n\s kai ana_/gk1 #dg ,e ff4 7ho !o_/s is polln anai_/tios1 namely tn kakn1 ,rp4 #cgi ,,ac74 #ejac3 ,! sma ) :i* ! s\l is b\nd up is a kako_/n1 ,phd4 #ff ,b 7desmoi_/ ( ! s\l1 #fg ,d74 ,! kaka_/ 9 ! _w are regul>ly said to come f matt] until 9 ,lg41 side by side ) ! 9999eu]ge_/tis psu*_/ ( ! _w1 !re appe>s an evil ,_w-,s\l t works evil4 #eaac3 ,p>ticul>ly 9 ,phd41 ka?>eu_/e9--ka_/?>sis--hoi philosophi_/a hikans ka?ra_/m5oi 9 contra/ ) ! aka_/?>toi psu*ai_/1 #fg ,a ff41 #fi ,,bc1 #hj ,e1 #hb ,d1 #ajh ,b1 #aad ,c4 ,ka?>sis ( ! s\l ?r\gh dialectic ,soph4 #bcj ,c ff4 ,express allusion to ! analog\s requirem5t ( ka_/?>sis by hoi tas teletas hmin kata/_/santes1 ,phd4 #fi ,c4 #ebac3 ka_/?>sis einai t\to xumbai_/nei1 to *ri_/ze9 ho_/ ti ma_/li/a apo t\ s_/matos tn psu*n kai e?i_/sai autn ka?' hautn panta*o_/!n ek t\ s_/matos sunagei_/re/hai_/ te kai ha?roi_/ze/hai1 kai oikein kata to dunaton kai en t nun p>o_/nti kai en t e_/peita mo_/nn ka?' hautn1 ekluome_/nn h_/sp] ek desmn ek t\ s_/matos1 ,phd4 #fg ,c4 ,?us dikaiosu_/n & #dhe &rei_/a1 & m p>ticul>ly phro_/nsis1 are ka?>mo_/s tis1 #fi ,,bc4 lu_/sis te kai ka?>mo_/s ( philosophi_/a1 #hb ,d4 #ecac3 philosophi_/a tea*es ! s\l eis hautn xulle_/ge/hai kai ha?roi_/ze/hai & to ana*rein f ! apa_/t ( ! s5ses ho_/son m ana_/gk autois *r/hai1 ,phd4 #hc ,a4--ean ka?>a h psu* apalla_/tttai 4 4 4 pheu_/g\sa to sma kai sun?roisme_/n aut eis haut_/n1 #hj ,e1 #gf ,c4 #edac3 4 4 4 ka?>oi apallatto_/m5oi ts t\ s_/matos aphrosu_/ns 4 4 4 gns_/me?a di' hmn autn pan to eilikr9e_/s1 m ka?> gar ka?>\ epha_/pte/hai m ou !miton 1 ,phd4 #fg ,,ab4 #eeac3 ,= ! aga?o_/n1 h t\ aga?\ ide_/a1 aiti_/a bo? ( al_/!ia & ( epi/_/m b id5tical ) nei!r 7!y are only aga?oeid7 & e_/ti meizo_/ns timte_/on--cause ( ! gignsko_/m5a & n only ( gign_/ske/hai1 ( bo? einai & ousi_/a1 ouk ousi_/z o_/ntos t\ aga?\ all' e_/ti epe_/ke9a ts ousi_/z presbei_/a kai duna_/mei hup]e_/*ontos--see ,rp4 vi1 c4 #ai 7#ejh ,a ff471 #eag ,,bc4 ,"h to aga?o_/n1 z ! reason & active cause ( all ,be+ is itself plac$ beyond & above ,be+ 7z x is regul>ly ) ! ,neoplatonics7 & id5tifi$ ) ,godhead 7! !ios n\s1 ,phil4 #bb ,c72 ?is la/ is1 h[ev]1 9 ,tim4 set side by side ) ! ,ideas1 ( :i* to aga?o_/n is n[ ! highe/4 #efac3 h t\ aga?\ ide_/a me_/gi/on ma_/?ma1 ,rp4 #eje ,a4 #egac3 ,! p]iagg_/ ( ! s\l1 ,rp4 vii init4 #ehac3 ,! philosoph]1 exi/a_/m5os tn an?rpi_/nn sp\dasma_/tn kai pros t !i_/ gigno_/m5os1 en?\sia_/zn le_/l! t\s poll\_/s1 ,phdr4 #bdi ,d4 #eiac3 ho gar sunoptikos dialektiko_/s1 ,rp4 #ecg ,c4 eis mi_/an ide_/an sunornta a_/ge9 ta polla* diesp>me_/na 7& aga9 kat' ei_/d te_/mne9 :at is unifi$7--?is is ! bus9ess ( ! dialektiko_/s1 ,phdr4 #bfe ,d4 ek polln ai/h_/sen eis hen logism xunair\_/m5on 7ie_/nai1 ,phdr4 #bdi ,b4 #fjac3 ,gradual asc5t ( dialectic upw>ds to auto ho e_//9 aga?o_/n1 ,rp4 #ecb ,a f41 #eaa ,,bc1 #ecd ,b ff4 to auto to kalo_/n1 ,smp4 c4 #bh-i 7#baa ,b74 ,its aim is epanagg t\ belti_//\ en psu* pros t\ ari_//\ en tois ousi !_/an1 ,rp4 #ecb ,c4 #faac3 ,! philosophic ertiko_/s at ! end ( ! dialectic asc5t exai_/phns kato_/psetai_/ ti ?auma/on tn phu_/s9 kalo_/n ktl41 ,smp4 #baj ,e--exactly z 9 ! te_/lea kai epoptika mu/_/ria1 #baj ,a4 holo_/klra kai hapla kai eudai_/mona pha_/smata mu\m5oi_/ te kai epopteu_/ontes en aug ka?>a1 ,phdr4 #bej ,c4--x is a vision>y & a sudd5ly acquir$ appreh5sion ( ! _w-ord]1 n "o obta9$ 9 discursive ?\ght4 ,we may comp>e ! way 9 :i* ,plot9os1 ) a recollection ( su* ,platonic passages1 describes ! arrival ( e_/k/asis--ho_/tan h psu* exai_/phns phs la_/b ktl4 7#e1 #c1 #ag2 cf4 #e1 #e1 #ag74 #fbac3 ,! s\l e_/oike t !i_/1 ,phd4 #hj ,a4 ,x is xugg5s t te !i_/ kai a?ana_/t kai t aei o_/nti1 ,rp4 #faa ,e--sugge_/neia !i_/a ( m52 ,lg4 #hii ,d4 ,! et]nal & immortal is1 z su*1 div9e4 ,! real ,ego ( man1 ! a?a_/naton1 psu* eponomazo_/m5on1 aft] dea? goes p>a !\s a_/ll\s1 ,lg4 #iei ,b4 #fcac3 ,! !ion1 a?ana_/tois hom_/numon1 "p ( ! s\l is a?a_/natos ar* ?nt\ z_/ou1 ,tim4 #da ,c1 #db ,e4 ,! phro_/nsis ( ! s\l 7its w+ ,phdr4 #bdf ,d7 t !i_/ e_/oik51 ,alc4#a #acc ,c4--,9 ,tim4 #ij ,a ,c ?is kuri_/taton ts psu*s eidos is actually call$ ! dai_/mn :i* man has xu_/noikon en haut4 #fdac3 ,! eye is hlioeide_//aton tn p]i tas ai/h_/seis orga_/nn1 ,rp4 #ejh ,b4--,goe! is allud+ ei!r to ^! words or to ! phrase ( ,plot9os tak5 f !m1 #a1 #f 7p]i t\ kal\71 #i4 #feac3 epi/_/m kai al_/!ia are bo? aga?oeid1 ,rp4 #eji ,a--! s\l some?+ !oeide_/s1 ,phd4 #ie ,c4 #dhf #ffac3 ,f ! philosophi_/a ( ! s\l & f ! "q hn ha_/ptetai kai hoi_/n ephi_/etai homilin its real nature c be disc]n$ z "o :i* is xugg5s t !i_/ kai a?ana_/t kai t aei o_/nti1 ,rp4 #faa ,,de2 ,phd4 #gi ,d4 ,) ! xugg5e_/s ( ! s\l we a*ieve contact ) ! o_/nts o_/n1 ,rp4 #dij ,b4 ,if ! ,ideas are ev]la/+1 s mu/ our s\l be1 ,phd4 #gf ,,de4 ,by its p[] ( phronein a?a_/nata kai !ia ! an?rpi_/n phu_/sis has itself a %>e ka?' ho_/son ende_/*etai 7i4e4 ) n\s7 9 a?anasi_/a1 ,tim4 #ij ,,bc4 ,?is ?9k+ "p ( ! s\l pros tn en ouran xugge_/neian apo gs hmas ai_/rei1 hs o_/ntas phuton ouk e_/ggeion all' oura_/nion1 ,tim4 #ij ,a4 #fgac3 lu_/e9 tn psu*n f ! body & f s5se-p]ception1 ,phd4 #hc ,,ab1 #fe ,a1 #fg ,d4 lu_/sis & ka?>mo_/s ( ! s\l by philosophi_/a1 ,phd4 #hb ,d4 lu_/sis kai i_/asis tn desmn 7( ! body7 kai ts aphrosu_/ns1 ,rp4 #eae ,c4 #fhac3 !ios eis to dunaton an?r_/p gi_/gnetai--said ( ! true philosoph]1 ,rp4 #ejj ,d2 a?a_/natos1 ,smp4 #bab ,a4 ,! philo_/sophos is p]petually 9 contact ) ! on aei & ! !ion1 :i* la/ is ) difficulty recognizable by ! eyes ( ts tn polln psu*s1 ,soph4 #bed ,a4--kai_/ moi dokei !os men 7z e4g4 ,emp$okles call$ himself7 anr oudams einai1 !ios m_/n2 pa_/ntas gar eg t\s philoso_/ph\s toi\_/t\s prosagoreu_/ ,soph4 #baf ,b 7:]e !ios is us$ 9 q a diff]5t s5se f t x has 9 o!r passages :]e ,plato speaks ( *rsmdoi kai !oma_/nteis z !ioi1 ,m54 #ii ,c1 & ( ! insight & virtue ( ! unphilosophic z com+ !i_/a moi_/ra a_/neu n\74 #fiac3 ,rp4 #eai ,c1 #edj ,b4--ts t\ o_/ntos !_/z1 hoi_/an hdonn e_/*ei1 adu_/naton a_/ll gegeu/hai pln t philoso_/ph1 ,rp4 #ehb ,c 7cf4 ,phileb474 #gjac3 ,! flight en!_/nde ekeise produces homoi_/s9 ! kata to dunaton1 ,?t4 #agf ,b4 homoi\/hai !1 ,rp4 #fac ,a 7to katano\me_/n to katano\n exomoisai1 ,tim4 #ij ,d74 #gj;a#ac3 ,! s\l t has ?r\gh philosophy become completely pure is )drawn f ! cycle ( ,rebir? & f ! :ole mat]ial _w4 ,ev5 z e>ly z ,phdr4 ! s\ls ( ! philosoph_/santes aft] a ?ird ensma_/tsis are exempt = ! rema9d] ( ! p]i_/odos ( #aj1jjj ye>s1 :ile ! real & unwav]+ 7aei_/7 philosoph] rema9s = ev] free f ! body4 ,t at lea/ mu/ be ! mean+ ( #bdh ,c-#bdi ,a4 ,! subject is !n treat$ 9 m detail 9 ,phd43 ,release ( ! philosophi_/a hikans ka?ra_/m5oi = ev] f life 9 ! body 7a_/neu sma_/tn zsi to p>a_/pan eis ton e_/peita *ro_/non1 #aad ,c7--entry ( ! pure s\l to its k9 7eis to xugg5e_/s1 #hd ,b7 & its l 7eis to ho_/moion aut1 to aeide_/s1 #ha ,a71 & eis !n ge_/nos1 #hb ,b--& to ! t\ !i_/ou te kai ka?>\ kai monoeid\s xun\si_/a1 #hc ,e4 ,/ill m my?ologically express$--,tim4 #db ,,bd 7ho tn kakn ka?>os to_/pos ,?t4 #agg ,a74 ,?r\gh\t we h ! release !ory ( ! !ologians re-express$ 9 a philosophical & m elevat$ mann] 7,orphic3 memume_/noi1 ,phd4 #ha74 #gaac3 4 4 4 ou rha_/dion dlsai 4 4 4 1 ,phd4 #aad ,c4 #gbac3 ,to ! a_/dios ousi_/a1 to e_//i mo_/non kata ton al? lo_/gon pros_/kei ,tim4 #cg ,e4 #gcac3 ,x is true t n until x becomes associat$ ) ! body does ! s\l1 by obta9+ ai_//hsis1 epi?umi_/a1 ?umo_/s1 & all ! o!r faculties t br+ x into t\* ) ,becom+ & ,*ang+1 obta9 :at c /rictly be call$ its individual p]sonality4 ,! p]fectly adequate compreh5sion 9 ?\ght ( ! ev]-,un*ang+ by ! bodiless & free s\l w\ld h no individualiz$ cont5t4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 7) ,tei*m41 ,pl4 ,fr4 #dj71 conclude f ?is t ,plato knew no?+ ( an immortality ( ! individual & ( #dhg individuality4 ,he did n di/9ctly raise ! "q ( ! seat & orig9 ( individuality 9 ! s\l4 ,he is cont5t to suppose t a plurality ( individual s\ls 0 liv+ be=e _! entanglem5t ) ,becom+1 & to conclude f ?is t 9 et]nity1 too1 aft] _! la/ escape f ge_/nesis1 ! same numb] ( individual s\ls w /ill be liv+4 ,num]ical di/9ctness 7:i* affects 9 a sc>cely intelligible mann] ! spaceless & immat]ial7 has to d duty ) him = qualitative di/9ctness :i* w\ld alone be able to acc\nt = ! self-consci\sness ( ?is plurality4 ,acc4 to ! picture giv5 9 ,tim4 c4 #ad 7#da ,d ff47 ! s\ls creat$ by ! dmi\rgo_/s are evid5tly all alike 7h5ce also is ge_/nesis pr_/t tetagme_/n mi_/a pas91 #da ,e71 & only :5 !y are 9 ! sma1 & b\nd up ) mortal portions ( s\l1 d !y react 9 diff]5t ways to :at affects !m f )\t--& s become diff]5t4 7,?is is s1 h[ev]1 9 ! pre-exi/5t p]iod1 too1 acc4 to ,phd43 b 9 t acc\nt ?umo_/s & epi?umi_/a are also b\nd up ) ! s\l 9 pre-exi/5ce47 ,! influ5ce ( ! l[] s\l-p>tn]s & ( ! troph paideu_/ses 7,tim4 #dd ,b7 makes ! logi/ika_/ also ( ! s\ls diff] among !mselves4 ,?is acquir$ individual *>act]ization1 ! fruit ( diff]+ paidei_/a kai troph_/--some?+ q ! rev]se ( ! common nature ( s\l 9 g5]al :i* ,tei*mll] supposes to be meant "h3 ,/ud4 #adc--;is tak5 ) x by ! s\l to ! place ( judgm5t1 i4e4 ,hades1 ,phd4 #ajg ,d4 ,:51 h[ev]1 by ! be/ troph paideu_/ses x has become completely pure & free f all ! trammels ( ! physical & p]i%able & dep>ts into bodiless exi/5ce 9 ! aeide_/s--!n 9 tru? all individual di/9ctness has be5 dissolv$ out ( x4 ,/ill1 x mu/ endure = ev] z a self-consci\s p]sonality2 = t ?is is :at ,plato meant _c be d\bt$4 #gdac3 ,phd4 #hc ,d4 #geac3 *ri_/ze9 ho_/ti ma_/li/a apo t\ s_/matos tn psu*n1 ,phd4 #fg ,c4 ana*rein1 #hc 7q 9 ! mann] ( g5u9e my/icism--x is ! sep>at5ess ( ! man :o is to behold god1 ( :i* ,eckh>t speaks74 #gfac3 ,phd4 #fd ,a ff41 #fg ,e4 #ggac3 ,phd4 #aad ,c4 #ghac3 t\ s_/matos pto_/sis kai mani_/a1 ,crat4 #djd ,a4 #giac3 t xugg5ei plsia_/sas kai migeis t o_/nti o_/nts1 ,rp4 #dij ,b4 #hjac3 ,! s\l esa *ai_/re9 to sma kai ka?' ho_/son du_/natai ou ko9n\sa ore_/getai t\ o_/ntos1 ,phd4 #fe ,c4 ,9 ! same way ! ,appe>ance ye>ns aft] ! ,idea2 see above1 ?is *ap41 n4 #i4 #haac3 ts phron_/ses ktsis1 ,phd4 #fe ,a ff4 #hbac3 peira/hai *r en!_/nde ekeise pheu_/ge9 ho_/ti ta_/*i/a4 phug de homoi_/sis ! kata to dunato_/n1 ,?t4 #agf ,,ab4 #hcac3 ,rp4 #ebc ,a-#ebd ,d4 #hdac3 ,beyond all o!r ?+s x is ! ka_/llos ( ! _w ( ,appe>ance t awakes ! memory ( t :i* has once be5 se5 9 ! _w ( ,ideas3 ,phdr4 #bej ,b1 #bej ,d ff42 ,smp4 c4 #bh ff4 7#baj ,a ff474 ,plato gives a peculi> reason = ?is1 b 9 reality x is due to a vigor\s re-em]g5ce ( ! fundam5tal arti/ic s5se--! ae/hetic elem5t 9 8 philosophic speculation & en?usiasm--:i* ! ?9k] _h s viol5tly suppress$ 9 ob$i5ce to 8 !ory t ! ai/h_/seis & all ! arts are m]ely imitations ( deceptive imitations ( ! only true ,reality4 #heac3 ,n ma_/?sis--only ana_/mnsis1 ,phdr4 #bdi ,,bc2 ,m54 c4 #ad ff4 7#hj ,d ff472 ,phd4 c4 #ah ff4 7#gb ,e ff474 7,?is !ory occurs regul>ly 9 ,plato 9 close connexion ) ! !ory ( ! s\l's migrations2 #dhh & x appe>s t he did z a matt] ( fact d]ive x f ! anticipations & sugge/ions ( e>li] tea*]s ( metempsy*osis3 see above1 *ap4 xi1 n4 #if47 #hfac3 ,rp4 vii init4 #hgac3 homoi_/sis de ! di_/kaion kai ho_/sion meta phron_/ses g5e_//hai1 ,?t4 #agf ,b4 #hhac3 eis agoran ouk i_/sasi tn hodo_/n ktl41 ,?t4 #agc ,d ff4 #hiac3 ,?t4 #agb ,c-#agg ,c4 ,! philosoph] is unskill$ 9 ! life ( ! ev]yday _w & its arts1 & is q indiff]5t t[>ds !m4 ,commonplace p1 if he is at any "t drawn into ! affairs ( ! m>ket place or ! law c\rts1 reg>d him z eu_/?s1 ano_/tos1 geloios4 ,sometimes d_/xan p>a_/s*o9t' an 7hoi o_/nts philo_/sophoi7 hs panta_/pas9 e_/*ontes maniks1 ,soph4 #baf ,d2 ,rp4 #eag ,a--passages f ! lat] writ+ ( ,plato4 ,ev5 z e>ly z ,phdr4 #bdi ,d exi/a_/m5os tn an?rpi_/nn sp\dasma_/tn kai pros t !i_/ gigno_/m5os n\!teitai hupo tn polln hs p>ak9n ktl4 #ijac3 iditeu_/e9 alla m dmosieu_/e9 is ! injunction made to ! philosoph]1 ,ap4 #cb ,a2 at lea/1 9 po_/leis z !y are1 ,rp4 #ebj ,b4 ,aft] dea? comes ! rew>d &ros philoso_/ph\ ta haut\ pra_/xantos kai ou polupragmon_/santos en t bi_/1 ,gorg4 #ebf ,c4 h_/sp] eis ?ri_/a a_/n?rpos empes_/n ! true philosoph] w hsu*i_/an e_/*e9 kai ta haut\ pra_/tte91 ,rp4 #dif ,d4 #iaac3 ta tn an?r_/pn pra_/gmata mega_/ls men sp\ds ouk a_/xia1 ,lg4 #hjc ,b4 #ibac3 ,gorg4 #eba ,d4 ho hs al?s kub]ntiko_/s1 ,rp4 #dhh ,e 7cf4 also ,m54 #ii ,e1 #ajj ,a74 #icac3 ,n dia_/konos kai epi?umin p>askeua/_/s b r an iatro_/s1 ,gorg4 #eah ,c1 #eba ,a2 cf4 #dfd ,b ff4 #idac3 ,gorg4 #eai ,a4 ,all ^! worldly matt]s seem to him phlu>i_/ai3 j z all ! ,appe>ances 9 ! _w ( ,becom+ are = him b phlu>i_/ai1 ,rp4 #eae ,d4 #ieac3 ,gorg4 c4 #gh ff4 7#ebb ,b ff474 #ifac3 h\tos ho tro_/pos a_/ri/os t\ bi_/ou1 ,gorg4 #ebg ,e--7?is is ! real subject ( ! ,gorg41 viz4 ho_/nt9a *r tro_/pon zn1 #ejj ,c1 & n ! nature ( rhtorik_/--& x is ?is :i* gives its special emotional tone to ! dialogue74 #igac3 ,gorg4 #eae ,c ff41 #eai ,a ff4 ,summ>y3 oude_/na hmeis i_/sm5 a_/ndra aga?on gegono_/ta ta politika en tde t po_/lei1 #eag ,a4 #ihac3 ou* hs kalo_/n ti all' hs anagkaion pra_/ttontes1 ,rp4 #edj ,b4 #iiac3 ,x is n[ ! skopos en t bi_/--inaccessible to ! apai_/deutoi--h\ /o*azome_/n\s dei ha_/panta pra_/tte91 ,rp4 #eai ,c4 #ajjac3 ,! a_/llai aretai kal\_/m5ai 7ev5 includ+ sophi_/a reg>d$ z practical %rewdness3 ,rp4 #dbh ,b ff47 z eggus ousai tn t\ s_/matos become ( second>y importance comp>$ ) ! virtue ( phro_/nsis1 i4e4 ( dialectic & ! contemplation ( ! ,ideas1 ,rp4 #eah ,,de4 ,?is alone is !io_/t]on1 some?+ meizon ?an ^? b\rgeois virtues1 ,rp4 #ejd ,d--philosophy /&s high above dmotik_/ te kai politik aret_/1 ex e_/?\s te kai melets gegonuia a_/neu philosophi_/z te kai n\1 ,phd4 #hb ,,bc4--,?is1 too1 rightly und]/ood1 is ! real po9t ( ! inquiry 9 ,m5o4 ,explicitly1 inde$1 ! dialogue only conc]ns itself ) t aret_/ :i* is commonly s reg>d$ & is bas$ on al?s d_/xa1 com+ into exi/5ce by in/9ct 7!i_/a moira72 :i*1 h[ev]1 to ! philosoph] is n aret_/ 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w2 t "n he w\ld only give to epi/_/m1 ! only sort ( k t c be le>nt & acquir$ z a p]man5t possession1 dep5d+ z x does ^u ! doctr9e ( ,ideas4 ,to epi/_/m he ?is "t only makes di/ant allusion4 #dhi #ajaac3 ,rp4 vii1 c4 #ae 7#ece ,a1 #ecf ,d72 cf4 vi1 c4 #b1 #e 7#dhe ,b1 #dhg ,b2 #dhi ,d1 #dij ,e4 #ajbac3 kai t\ men 7d_/xs al?\s7 pa_/nta a_/ndra mete_/*e9 phate_/on1 n\ de !\_/s1 an?r_/pn de ge_/nos bra*u_/ ti1 ,tim4 #ea ,e4 #ajcac3 philo_/sophon pl?os adu_/naton einai1 ,rp4 #did ,a4 phu_/seis ( a completely philosophical k9d1 pas hmin homolog_/sei oliga_/kis en an?r_/pois phu_/e/hai kai oli_/gas1 ,rp4 #dia ,b4 #ajdac3 ,t into :i* ,i s9k myself--t becomes "o ) me3 :5 ,i ?9k on ,him ,i am z ,god t is ! ,f\nt ( ,be+--! true my/ic note4 ,= ! my/ics1 k ( an object is real on5ess ) ! ?+ kn[n2 k ( ,god is union ) ,god4 #ajeac3 ,rp4 #edj ,b4 #dij ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,lat] ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,greek ,,_w ,,"p ,i ,,philosophy ,plato & ! ,platonic acc\nt ( ! nature1 orig91 & de/9y ( ! s\l closes a p]iod4 ,x m>ks ! end ( t !ological & spirituali/ movem5t to ! =ce & significance ( :i* no?+ be>s cle>] witness ?an ! fact t x c\ld h su* a conclusion4 ,aft] ?is po9t its developm5t ceases--at lea/ x disappe>s f ! surface ( ,greek life3 l "o ( ^? ,asiatic torr5ts ) :i* ! anci5ts 7 famili> x buries itself und]gr\nd = a long /ret* ( its c\rse1 only to reappe> ev5tually1 ) all ! great] effect1 f> away f ! place ( its orig94 ,ev5 ,plato's own s*ool almo/ imm$iately aft] ! dea? ( its ma/] & direct+ _s turn$ its att5tion 9 a direction q o!r ?an t :i* he _h giv5 x4#aad ,to h reta9$ ! ,platonic outlook w\ld h made 8 pupils ev5 m isolat$ 9 _! v diff]5t age ?an ,plato himself _h be5 9 8 own4 ,greece ent]$ ^u a new & f9al phase ( h] developm5t4 ,! om9\s breakd[n ( ! old] political fabric at ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury might h seem$ likely to put an end to ! natural vitality ( ! ,greek peoples4 ,) ! conque/ ( ! ,ea/ by ,mac$onians & ,greeks1 h[ev]1 new tasks 7 set be=e t p & ) ! new task !y acquir$ new faculties4 ,! polis1 inde$1 ! pure/ expression ( ,greek con/ructive ability1 c\ld n be re/or$ to life4 ,su* ( ! old & n>r[ city-republics z _h n p]i%$ completely 9 t /ormy p]iod only langui%$ 9 a /agnant peace4 ,r>e1 inde$1 are ! exceptions 9 :i* 7z p>ticul>ly 9 ,rhodos7 a m vigor\s & indep5d5t life ass]t$ itself4 ,! new & swoll5 cities ( ! ,mac$onian ,empire1 ) _! motley populations drawn f _m nationalities1 c\ld n make good ! loss4 ,! ,leagues 9 :i* ,greece seem$ to be mak+ an ef=t to f9d a political organization ( a wid] compass soon broke d[n "u ! effects ( inw>d #dia corruption & ext]nal viol5ce4 ,ev5 9 its deepe/ & mo/ ess5tial "* ! old national _s ( ,greece1 :i* _h drawn its /r5g? f its cle>-cut individuality1 seem$ to be suff]+ damage ?r\gh ! unlimit$ ext5sion ea/w>ds & we/w>ds ( ,greek life4 ,x did n cease to be an immeasurable advantage to be a ,greek1 b a ,greek n[ meant anyone :o _h a %>e 9 ! "o ?+ t /ill di/+ui%$ & *>act]iz$ ! ,greeks1 namely1 ,greek culture--& ,greek culture 0 no long] conf9$ to a s+le nation4 ,x 0 no fault ( ?is ,greek humanism t n a s+le "o ( ! va/ populations ( ! ,ea/ 7& 9 ! ,we/ at la/ ,rome /ood alone7 0 able to make _! own ?is culture s g5]\sly (f]$ to ! :ole _w1 s t !re1 too1 all %\ld become ,greek :o 7 capable ( becom+ free human be+s4 ,nev]!less1 f all c\ntries & nationalities unc\nt$ multitudes ( individuals ent]$ into ! circle ( ?is ext5d$ ,hell5ism4 ,! way 0 op5 = all :o c\ld live )\t ! ne$ ( a way ( life & ?9k+ modell$ /rictly ^u national l9es3 = ! culture :i* n[ unit$ all ,greeks & ,greek communities 0 bas$ ^u sci5ce--& sci5ce kn[s no?+ ( national fronti]s4 ,! sci5ce :i* c\ld ?us pres5t itself z ! guid+ pr9ciple ( su* a l>ge & het]og5e\s mass ( cultur$ p1 mu/ at any rate h rea*$ a condition ( /ability if n ( completely r\nd$ f9ality4 ,aft] all ! /ir & controv]sy ( ! previ\s c5turies x _h at la/ arriv$ at a p]iod ( cont5t$ enjoym5t ( its own res\rces3 ! long drawn-out /ruggle1 ! re/less ye>s ( se>* 7 n[ held to h borne fruit4 ,9 philosophy at lea/ !re 0 a di/9ct slack5+ ( ! insatiable zeal & boldness ( individual ?9k]s 9 pos+ new que/ions & wre/+ answ]s or 9 seek+ = fre% solutions to old problems4 ,a few great sy/ems1 =mulat$ 9 accordance ) ! fix$ t5ets ( ! v>i\s s*ools ( ?\ght1 /ill (f]$ a refuge to ^? :o dem&$ fixity & def9ition 9 _! op9ions2 = c5turies !y kept up _! special traditions )\t s]i\s alt]ation until !y1 too1 fell 9 pieces at la/4 ,a great] measure ( indep5d5ce & v>iety 0 display$ by ! special sci5ces :i* s9ce !y _h n[ be5 completely releas$ = ! fir/ "t f ! lead+-/r+s ( philosophy proce$$ to develop freely 9 accordance ) _! own pr9ciples4 ,art1 too1 0 by no means devoid z yet ( orig9ality & attractiv5ess1 & 9 spite ( ! ov]:elm+ a*ievem5ts ( ! pa/ refus$ to be driv5 #dib into a position ( subs]vi5ce & imitation4 ,b x 0 no long]1 9 conjunction ) ! peculi> cu/oms & mann]s ( a p1 ! mi/ress & disp5s] ( wisdom & k ( ! _w4 ,art becomes a play?+ & an incid5tal div]sion3 x is sci5ce t det]m9es ! g5]al "* & cont5t ( culture4 ,b ?is sci5tifically m9d$ culture %>es 9 ! natural temp] ( all sci5ce4 ,sci5ce has its feet firmly plant$ 9 life itself3 x keeps m5's m9ds actively employ$ 9 ?is _w2 x has small temptation to leave ! firm gr\nd ( :at is kn[able & c nev] be too well kn[n1 to voyage out into ! region ( ! intangible :i* c nev] be a subject ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,a cool rationalism1 a calm adh]5ce to ! intelligible & ?9kable1 )\t any lean+s to ! gloomy t]rors ( a my/]i\s _w ( ! unkn[n--su* is ! temp] t m>ks ! sci5ce & culture ( ! ,hell5i/ic age & m>ks x m di/9ctively ?an any o!r p]iod ( ,greek culture4 ,su* my/icism z 0 /ill vigor\s & effective kept itself timidly 9 ! backgr\nd at ?is "t2 9 ! ev]yday _w x is r ! direct contr>y ( my/icism t we are made aw>e (2 ! unlovely results ( ! prevail+ rationalism1 a bleak reasonabl5ess1 a kn[+ & prosaic common s5se su* z />es dully at u f ! pages ( ,polybios' ,hi/ory z ! po9t ( view ( ! n>rator himself & ( ^? ( :om he writes4 ,x 0 no age ( h]oes or ( ! h]oic4 ,a weak] & m delicate g5]ation holds ! field4 ,! breakd[n ( political life & ! disappe>ance ( its obligations made x m possible ?an x _h ev] be5 be=e = ! individual to lead 8 own life 9 8 own way4#bad ,& he makes ! mo/ ( 8 fre$om1 8 culture1 ! treasures ( an inw>d1 private life enri*$ ) all ! brilliance & *>m ( an old & p]fect$ civilization4 ,all ! pa/ _h ?\ght & lab\r$ on 8 behalf2 he is n idle1 b he is busy )\t ev] be+ 9 a hurry1 enjoy+ 8 h]itage & tak+ 8 ease 9 ! cool+ sunlight ( ! long drawn-out autumn ( ,greek life4 ,& he is little conc]n$ to inquire :at may foll[ :5 ?is brilliant1 _m-col\r$ _w t surr\nds him %all h vani%$ f 8 gaze4 ,?is _w is all 9 all to him4 ,! hope or fe> ( immortality has little effect ^u ! educat$ p ( ! age4#cad ,philosophy to :i* 9 "o =m or ano!r !y are all m or less closely atta*$ tea*es !m accord+ to its p>ticul> mood to *]i% t hope or calmly to set x to "o side3 9 none ( ! popul> sects #dic _h ! doctr9e ( ! et]nity or imp]i%able nature ( ! s\l any s]i\s significance z ! c5tral doctr9e ( a sy/em4 ,natural sci5ce rul$ ! day1 :ile !ology rema9$ 9 ! backgr\nd & c\ld only obta9 a d\btful he>+ 7if x 0 ev5 li/5$ to at all7 = its proclamation ( ! div9e orig9 & ev]la/+ life ( ! s\ls4 #b ,at ! outset ( ?is p]iod1 & illum9at+ a long /ret* ( x ) ! light ( 8 g5ius1 /&s ! figure ( ,ari/otle4 ,9 :at ?is ma/] di color' *e sanno _h to say ( ! s\l's nature & de/9y two voices are di/9ctly audible4 ,! s\l1 he in/ructs u1 is t :i* 9 a liv+ & organic physical body br+s ! pot5tially exi/+ to actual exi/5ce4 ,x is ! =m to ! body's matt]1 ! culm9ation ( ! capacities ( indep5d5t life resid+ 9 ! p>ticul> body4 ,bodiless & immat]ial itself1 x is n ! outcome ( ! mixture ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body2 x is ! cause1 n ! resultant1 ( ! vital functions ( its body :i* exi/s = ! s\l's b5efit z its in/rum5t4#dad ,x dwells )9 a natural organism & ?\gh x is itself unmov$ x moves t organism z ! s\rce ( its gr[? & n\ri%m5t1 ( its desires & locomotion1 ( its feel+ & p]ceiv+2 :ile 9 ! high] organisms x acts z ! comb9ation ( all ^! faces4 ,x is z little to be ?\ght ( z sep>ate f ! body--its own body--z ! p[] ( vision is 9 sep>ation f ! eye or z its %ape f ! m\ld$ wax5 image4#ead ,!oretically1 inde$1 x is possible to di/+ui% betwe5 body & s\l1 b actually & 9 ! animat$ organism !y _c be di/+ui%$4 ,:5 ! liv+ creature dies ! matt] ( :i* x 0 compos$ loses x special adaptation to a purposeful organism1 & ?is adaptation 0 its life2 )\t x !re c be no indep5d5t ,sub/ance 7ousi_/a74#fad ,! ,=m1 ! functional p[] ( ! once liv+ organism1 its s\l1 has no long] any indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,?is is ! voice ( ,ari/otle ! physici/ :5 he is speak+ f ! /&po9t ( a physical doctr9e :i* includes ! /udy ( ! s\l 9 s f> z x occurs n )\t matt]4#gad ,ari/otle ! metaphysician takes u fur!r4 ,9 ! s\l ( man1 besides ! vital p[]s ( ! organiz$ individual1 !re lives a spiritual be+ ( m ?an natural "* & orig91 ! ,m9d--t 9 u :i* ?9ks & conceives4#had ,?is ?9k+ m9d is n b\nd to ! body & its life4#iad ,x does n come into be+ ) ! creation ( ! human organism :i* is complet$ by ! addition ( ,m9d4 ,x has no beg9n+ & 0 uncreat$ f et]nity3#ajad x ent]s into man at 8 creation f )\t4#aaad ,ev5 :ile x lives )9 ! body x rema9s unm+l$ ) ! body & its p[]s & un9flu5c$ by !m4#abad ,enclos$ )9 itself x lives its sep>ate life z some?+ q o!r ?an ! s\l 7( :i* x is nev]!less call$ a "p#acad7 & sep>at$ f x by a gulf4 ,comp>able ) ! ,god ( ,ari/otle's _w x transc5ds :at might be call$ its little _w1#adad ! liv+ human organism4 ,x influ5ces t organism )\t be+ influ5c$ 9 turn4 ,x is ak9 to ,god2 x is call$ ! div9e 9 man4#aead ,its activity is ! same z t ( ,god4#afad ,god--pure sub/ance1 unlimit$1 highe/1 ev]la/+ actuality--is absolute & p]petually op]ant ?9k+4#agad ,all practical activity1 do+ & creat+1 is f> remov$ f ,god4#ahad ,s1 too1 ! ,m9d is entirely occupi$ 9 ?9k+ 7?\gh "h !re is "s alt]nation p]haps betwe5 ! pot5tial & ! actual74#aiad ,x grasps1 9 an intuition ( ! intellect t is beyond failure & error1#bjad ! unm$iat$ fir/ pr9ciples1 ! fir/ & highe/ concepts1 imm$iately c]ta9 & n d$ucible f /ill high] concepts1 f :i* all k & philosophy is d]iv$4#baad ,9 its association ) ! body & its s\l ?is ?9k+ ,reason lives z ! rul+#bbad elem5t ov] bo?--n1 h[ev]1 z ! realization ( ?is p>ticul> individual creature4 ,! ,m9d is inde$ said to be t :i* ! individual man is1#bcad & )\t ! addition ( ,m9d ! man c\ld n exi/1 b ! special & p]sonal "* belong+ to ! individual is n to be f\nd 9 ?is reason+ ,m9d4#bdad ,m9d is totally devoid ( di/+ui%able qualities & is id5tical 9 e case :]e x appe>s2 x is inv>iably =eign to ! sep>ate & individual "* ( ! man to :om x is add$1 & h>dly seems to be 8 peculi> prop]ty4 ,:5 dea? occurs ! ?9k+ ,m9d is n involv$ 9 ! de/ruction :i* ov]takes ! human organism ) :i* x 0 associat$4 ,dea? does n affect x4 ,l ev]y?+ t is )\t beg9n+ x is inde/ructible4#bead ,x returns aga9 to its sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,l ! great ,_w-,m9d1 ,god1 & 9 company ) x--= x has n sprung f ,god & does n m]ge aga9 into ,god--! individual ,m9d ( man cont9ues 9 un5d+ life4#bfad ,x #die disappe>s n[ into imp5etrable d>kness4 ,! sep>ate exi/5ce ( ! ,m9d is beyond n m]ely our p]ception b our conceiv+ z well--p]si/+ = itself alone1 ,m9d has no m5tal activity1 no memory & no consci\sness2 inde$1 x is impossible to say :at special qualities or activity c be attribut$ to x beyond ! simple pr$icate ( exi/5ce1 ( be+4#bgad ,9 ! doctr9e ( ?is ?9k+ ,m9d :i* is associat$ ) ! human s\l f )\t & nev] m]ges into x1 ( its pre-exi/5ce f et]nity1 its k9%ip ) ,god & its imp]i%able life aft] its sep>ation f ! human organism--9 all ?is ,ari/otle pres]ves a my?ological elem5t tak5 f ! dogmatic tea*+ ( ,plato4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 he _h be5 a complete ,platoni/ precisely 9 8 doctr9e ( ! s\l4 ,9 8 y\?1 l o!r memb]s ( ! ,academy1 he _h yield$#bhad to ! fasc9ation ( clo?+ 9 arti/ic & p]fect$ language brilliant fantasies ab\t ! orig91 nature1 & de/9y ( ! s\l--! div9e daimon#biad inhabit+ ! mortal frame ( man4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 x seem$ inconceivable to him t any s\l may inhabit any body4#cjad ,he c\ld only conceive ( ! s\l ( ! individual man z a realization ( ! life ( ?is entirely di/9ct & physical organism1 to :i* x is indissolubly b\nd z ! purpose & =m ( ! p>ticul> in/rum5t4 ,all ! vital p[]s z well z appetite1 p]ception1 memory1 & reflective ?\ght1 appe>$ to him m]ely z ! modes ( activity manife/$ by ! animat$ body :i* is itself un?9kable ap>t f its s\l4 ,& yet he /ill pres]v$ a relic ( ! old duali/ic opposition betwe5 ! body & ! indep5d5t sub/antial s\l--! same conception ( ! s\l1 9 fact1 z t :i* ,plato _h himself1 9 ! lat] p]iod ( 8 philosophical developm5t1 alone reta9$4 ,?is 0 z ! contemplative ,m9d :i* is occupi$ 9 appreh5d+ ! highe/ tru?s 9 intellectual intuition2 & ?is m9d is1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 n to be includ$ 9 ! s\l1 b to be sep>at$ f x z a special be+ t has desc5d$ f ! heights ( div9ity & has be5 c\pl$ ) ! s\l f )\t & = its limit$ p]iod ( life4 ,! orig9 ( ?is conception ( a r$uplicat$ s\l is pla93 x is d]iv$ f memories ( ,plato & beyond t f !ological doctr9e :i* 0 itself 9 ! la/ resort b a spiritualiz$ re/atem5t ( primeval popul> fancies ( ! psy*e t dwells 9 ! liv+ body4 ,b ?\gh he took ov] ! doctr9e he did n take ov] ! special s5se t #dif ! !ologians _h giv5 to x3 he omitt$ bo? ! conclusions !y drew & ! exhortations !y bas$ ^u x4 ,we he> no m ( ! purification ( ! div9e ,m9d )9 mank9d4 ,x has no?+ impure or evil 9 x nor c any brea? ( pollution affect x f )\t4 ,! ef=t t[>ds ! o!r _w ( purity1 ! d5ial & rejection ( its e>?ly p>tn] ! liv+ body1 are =eign to ! ,m9d ( ,ari/otle4#caad ,x has no impulse to deliv]ance or self-emancipation2 x kn[s ( no peculi> task t po9ts beyond ?is _w4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is sep>able ,m9d 9 ! liv+ man is an assur$ fact1 & no?+ m3 no purpose 9 life is d$ucible f x4 ,! fact itself seem$ to be evid5t f ! p[] t man possesses ( grasp+ imm$iately a highe/ =m ( k t is beyond demon/ration1 n z ! result ( ! m5tal activity ( 8 s\l1 = ! appreh5sion is prior to ! s\l1 b by means ( a high] spiritual faculty1 a special intellectual be+ t seem$ to proclaim its pres5ce & exi/5ce )9 man 9 ?is way4 ,x is ?us by way ( a !ory ( k n ( a !ological doctr9e t we arrive at ! di/9ction betwe5 ,m9d & ,s\l4 ,b ! doctr9e ?us reass]t$ 0 9 reality no?+ b ! old doctr9e ( ! !ologians4 ,?is ,m9d1 too1 seems to ! ?9k] to be a be+ ak9 to ,god4 ,! pure contemplative exi/5ce1 a life consi/+ 9 ! contemplation ( ! f9al objects ( intuition is c\nt$ z a privilege ( ! div9e & ( all div9e be+s1 z ! true purpose ( vital en]gy & ( its manife/ation2 & 9 ! description ( ?is /ate ! sob] res]ve ( 8 lecture /yle seems to be uplift$ & almo/ illum9at$ ) ! w>m? & brilliance imp>t$ by a g5u9e gl[ ( p]sonal exp]i5ce4#cbad ,?is pure activity ( contemplation1 f9d+ its deepe/ satisfaction 9 itself1 belongs to ! div9e 9 man--to ! ,m9d2 its :ole life lies 9 ?is4 ,?is activity1 h[ev]1 ! ,m9d p]=ms & f9i%es 9 ?is life1 :ile x is unit$ ) ! body & ! body's s\l4 ,!re is no?+ left t c be ?\ght ( z =m+ ! cont5t ( ! life & activity ( ! ,m9d 9 its sep>ate exi/5ce aft] ! completion ( its p]iod ( life on e>?4 ,m9d & ! man ) :om x is associat$ c h>dly h a v urg5t desire = t emancipation 9 ano!r _w :i* is ?us left blank & )\t cont5t = our ?\ght4 ,! ?\ght ( immortality ca/ 9 ?is =m c\ld no long] possess any real value or e?ical significance = man4#ccad ,x arises f a logical d$uction1 f metaphysical consid]ations1 n #dig f a dem& ( ! _s4 ,x lacks n only ! di/9ctness t might h appeal$ to ! s5ses & giv5 direction to ! imag9ation1 b ! p[] 7or ! int5tion7 ( play+ a lead+ "p 9 ! conduct or direction ( life on ?is e>?4 ,!re is no inspiration 9 ?is doctr9e--n ev5 = ! philosoph]1 ?\gh x 0 to him & 8 activity & 8 ef=ts t ! picture & panegyric ( ,m9d1 ! philosoph] 9 man1 _h really ref]r$4 ,x 0 q possible to abide by ! tea*+ & philosophy ( ,ari/otle1 direct$ z x 0 to ! obs]vation & int]pretation ( ! ?+s ( ?is _w1 :ile ab&on+ ! advanc$ po/ ( ! doctr9e ( ,m9d--t ,be+ :i* has sunk to ! level ( ?is _w f ! o!r _w ( div9ity1 :i* sep>ates itself1 ) ! dea? ( man1 once m to ev]la/+ div9e life ?\gh h>dly to a cont9uation ( individual exi/5ce4 ,on ?is po9t 9 p>ticul> free discussion ( ! ma/]'s tea*+ ma9ta9$ itself 9 8 s*ool3 "s1 & by no means ! weake/1 ( ,ari/otle's successors d5i$ altoge!r & 9 e =m ! doctr9e ( immortality4#cdad #c ,! dogmatic tea*+ ( ! ,/oics on ! subject ( ! human s\l is closely b\nd up ) ! mat]iali/ic pan!ism by means ( :i* !y expla9$ all ! ph5om5a ( life1 ( be+ & becom+ ^u e>?4 ,god is ,all1 & div9ity is no?+ outside ?is all1 :i* =ms ! _w3 ! ,univ]se is ,god4 ,god is ?us n only ! matt] b ! =m1 ! life & ! p[] ( ! _w4 ,div9ity is ! orig9al matt]1 ! e!rial ,fire1 ! fi]y brea? :i* ma9ta9s itself or *anges & 9 innum]able metamorphoses creates ! _w4 ,god is also :at supplies a purpose to ?is _w & is ! purposeful =ce--! reason & law ( ! _w4 ,! univ]sal deity :i* is ?us at once matt]1 m9d1 & =mative pr9ciple s5ds out f itself at v>y+ p]iods ! multiplicity ( ,appe>ance & !n aga9 at ano!r "t takes back ! multif>i\s & ! divid$ into ! fi]y unity ( its own brea? ( life4 ,?us1 9 ev]y?+ t has %ape1 9 ev]y?+ t lives & moves1 ! cont5t & ! unify+ =m is ,god3 he is & works z _! /ate 9 inorganic ?+s1 z nature 9 plants1 z irrational s\l 9 ! o!r liv+ ?+s1 z rational & ?9k+ s\l 9 man4#cead #dih ,! s\l ( man1 ?us end[$ ) reason1 is a fragm5t ( ! div9e1#cfad & is itself div9e l ev]y?+ else 9 ! _w b 9 a pur] s5se ?an all o!r ?+s4 ,x has rema9$ clos] to ! fir/ & orig9al ess5ce ( ! div9e1 conceiv$ z creative fire 7pur te*nik_/n71 ?an ! e>?ly fire :i* has lo/ mu* ( its orig9al purity & ref9em5t4 ,x is clos]#cgad ?an ! l[] matt] t 9 all its *angeful =ms deg5]ates progressively z x gets f>!r & f>!r away f ! div9e fire by gradual loss ( ! t5sion 7to_/nos7 t _h once be5 liv+ & active 9 ! primeval fire2 clos] ev5 ?an ! mat]ial ( its own body 9 :i* x dwells & rules4 ,z some?+ ess5tially di/9ct f ! body1 !n1 ! individual s\l comes into be+ among ! elem5ts ( its body :5 t body is conceiv$1 & x develops its full nature aft] ! bir? ( ! individual4#chad ,b ev5 9 its individual1 sep>ate exi/5ce x rema9s incompletely deta*$ f ! univ]sal life t is pres5t 9 x2 x rema9s subject to ! univ]sal ,law ( ! _w1 :i* is ,god1 & fa/ b\nd by fate1 ! de/9y 7peprme_/n1 heim>me_/ne7 :i* decrees ! c\rse ( _! exi/5ce = ! totality ( all ,life & ! individual lives4#ciad ,nev]!less1 ! s\l has its special gifts & special task--x is capable ( self-det]m9ation & is responsible = its own decisions & acts4 ,?\gh x is a pure emanation f ! univ]sal ,reason & b\nd d[n to no irrational elem5ts1 x has ! p[] ( irrational *oice & c resolve ^u :at is evil4 ,?\gh !y h all sprung f "o & ! same orig9al s\rce ! individual s\ls are ( v diff]5t "*1 intellect1 & prop5sity ( w4 ,unreason 9 ?\ght1 w1 & conduct is common 9 ! _w2 ^? :o h real insight are few2 9 fact1 ! ,wise ,man1 ! man :o keeps 8 own w 9 complete h>mony ) ! univ]sal & div9e direction ( ! _w1 is b a picture ( imag9>y p]fection1 natur human exempl>1 nev] fully & p]fectly realiz$ 9 actual life4 ,e?ical int]e/s dem&$ ! fre$om & indep5d5ce ( ! moral p]sonality & its w1 :i* c only fulfil ! requirem5ts ( duty by self-ma/]y & ! ov]?r[ ( base impulses2 b ?is indep5d5ce 0 9 conflict ) ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ,/oic metaphysics4 ,! ,/oics taught t ! _w 7& ! s\l includ$ 9 x7 is only ! necess>y self-developm5t ( a s+le & absolute ,be+ t excludes all indep5d5t & sep>ate multiplicity4 ,nor c\ld !y recognize any pr9ciple ( ,evil1 an anti-rational pr9ciple answ]+ to ! purity ( div9e p[]1 work+ #dii evil & sugge/+ x1 & mak+ ! individual capable ( wilful disob$i5ce to ! laws ( all-embrac+ div9ity4 ,pure pan!ism1 unit+ ,god & ! _w 9 indissoluble unity1 _c imag9e a real conflict betwe5 humanity & div9ity2 x _c po/ulate a pr9ciple ( ,evil ?r\gh ! ov]?r[ ( :i* a lo/ unity ) ,god is to be re/or$4 ,pan!ism makes no claims ( an e?ical or religi\s k9d4 ,! +5uity ( ! ,/oic doctors 0 ex]cis$ 9 va9 9 ! attempt to f9d a way out ( ?is dilemma4#djad ,f ! v orig9 ( ! s*ool two t5d5cies 7 disc]nible 9 ! tea*+ ( ! ,/oa1 d]iv$ z t tea*+ 0 f su* diff]5t s\rces4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! e?ical doctr9e ( ! ,cynics1 to :om ! ,/oics ow$ ! great] "p ( _! practical tea*+1 ?rew ! individual back ^u 8 own res\rces & made ev]y?+ dep5d ^u ! det]m9ation ( 8 own w4 ,x ?us po9t$ 9 ! direction ( ! mo/ self-suffici5t individualism--to an e?ical atomism4 ,! physical doctr9e d]iv$ f ,h]akleitos1 on ! o!r h&1 m]g$ ! individual completely into ! omnipot5ce & omnipres5ce ( ! ,all-,"o2 & !re=e1 z its e?ical c\nt]p>t1 dem&$ t ?is relation ( ! individual to ! univ]sal ,logos ( ! _w %\ld f9d expression 9 a life liv$ completely ex ductu rationis1 9 unconditional ab&onm5t ( ! individual w to ! ,univ]sal ,m9d t is ! ,_w & ,god4#daad ,9 actual fact x 0 ,cynicism t _h ! pr(\nd] influ5ce 9 e?ical matt]s4 ,! univ]sal ,law & ord] ( ! _w1 embrac+ bo? univ]se & individual 9 its absolute decrees1 ?rew its net too widely to be able to answ] closely en\gh to ! ne$s ( n>r[ & individual exi/5ce4 ,no practical e?ics c\ld possibly unite ?is di/ant & f9al aim ) ! individual man 9 a s+le nexus ( ord]$ self-det]m9ation4 ,! int]m$iate l9k betwe5 ! univ]se & its laws1 on ! "o h&1 & ! individual ) 8 private w1 on ! o!r1 _h =m]ly be5 ! ,greek polis ) its law & cu/om4 ,b x 0 a cosmopolitan age1 & = ! ,/oics z well z = ! ,cynics be=e !m ! city-/ate _h lo/ mo/ ( its educative =ce4 ,! individual saw himself m & m left to 8 own devices & =c$ to dep5d ^u 8 own /r5g?--8 life _h to be ord]$ on self-erect$ /&>ds & guid$ by self-f\nd rules4 ,individualism1 :i* gave its tone to ! age m decisively ?an 9 any pa/ p]iod ( ,greek life1 began to w9 a foot+ ev5 9 ?is pan!i/ic sy/em4 ,! ,wise ,man :o is a law to himself 9 p]fect #ejj self-det]m9ation1#dbad & feels himself b\nd only to ^? l himself1#dcad is individualism's faire/ fl[]4 ,b ! s\l1 ?us elevat$ to a height :]e x 0 capable ( mu* t 0 impossible = or only incompletely )9 ! rea* ( its weak] si/]s1 began m & m to seem l some?+ r diff]5t f a m]e dep5d5t (f%oot ( ! ,"o div9e p[] t is ! same ev]y:]e4 ,x is1 9 fact1 reg>d$ z an indep5d5t1 div9e1 & self-enclos$ creature 9 ^? passages :]e 9 ,/oic lit]ature1 z 9 ! old] lit]ature ( ! !ologians1 ! s\l is call$ a daimon--! daimon dwell+ )9 ! individual man1 & giv5 to him z 8 associate4#ddad ,dea?1 too1 is reg>d$ by ?is pr(ess$ly moni/ sy/em z a sep>ation ( s\l f body#dead 9 accordance ) :at 0 really a naive or a consci\s spiritualism4 ,9 dea?1 !n1 ?is s\l-ess5ce ^: indep5d5ce _h be5 s m>k$ ev5 9 life1 does n p]i% ) ! body--x does n ev5 lose itself aga9 9 ! ,"o f :i* x _h tak5 its orig94 ,an inf9itely ext5d$ individual life is inde$ n attribut$ to ! individual s\ls3 only ,god1 ! "o ,s\l ( ! ,_w1 is et]nally inde/ructible4#dfad ,b ! s\ls :i* h aris5 by sep>ation f ! "o & all-embrac+ div9ity1 survive ! de/ruction ( _! bodies3 until ! f9al dissolution1 9 ! ,conflagration t w make an end ( ! pres5t p]iod ( _w-hi/ory1 !y p]si/ 9 _! indep5d5t life2 ei!r all ( !m 7z 0 ! old] tea*+ ( ! s*ool7 or1 z ,*rysippos1 ! ma/] ( ,/oic or?odoxy1 taught ! s\ls ( ! ,wise only1 :ile ! o!rs h be5 lo/ 9 ! g5]al life ( ! ,:ole "s "t previ\sly4#dgad ,! /rong] e?ical p]sonality is held toge!r 9 itself = a long] "t4#dhad ,f ! po9t ( view ( physical sci5ce & mat]iali/ doctr9e#diad x 0 also h>d to see :y ! s\l1 compos$ ( pure fire-brea?1 :i* ev5 9 life _h held ! body toge!r & _h n be5 held toge!r by ! body1#ejad %\ld disappe> at once :5 t body 0 dis9tegrat$4 ,z x _h once held ! body toge!r1 s x might well & all ! m easily hold itself toge!r n[4 ,its lightness c>ries x upw>ds into ! pure air "u ! moon1 :]e x is f$ by ! brea? t rises upw>ds & :]e !re is no?+ t c put an end to x4#eaad ,an und]world region l t ( popul> imag9ation & !ological tea*+1 0 expressly d5i$ by ! ,/oics4#ebad ,_! imag9ation pref]r$ to ex]cise itself 9 an imag9>y ext5sion ( life 9 ! ,ae!r1 :i* 0 _! region ( #eja ! s\ls2#ecad b z a rule x appe>s t su* flights ( fancy 7 avoid$4 ,! life ( ! s\ls aft] dea?--t ( ! wise z well z ( ! unwise--rema9$ indi/9ct & )\t cont5t#edad 9 ! imag9ation ( ^? ^: life 0 /ill ^u e>?4 ,?us1 ! doctr9e ( ! s\l-p]sonality & its cont9u$ exi/5ce 7nev] simply exp&$ into p]sonal immortality71 :i* 0 9 reality n requir$ by ! metaphysical pr9ciples ( ,/oicism1 & c\ld inde$ h>dly be reconcil$ ) !m1 _h 9 fact no s]i\s significance = ! g5]al int5tion & sub/ance ( ,/oicism--lea/ ( all = ,/oic e?ics & conduct ( life4 ,! philosophy ( ,/oicism is direct$ to ! /udy ( life1 n ( dea?4 ,9 ?is life on e>? & only "h c ! purpose ( human endeav\r--! reproduction ( div9e wisdom & virtue 9 ! human _s--be fulfill$ 9 manful conte/ ) contr>y impulses1 fulfill$1 t is1 9 s f> z su* a ?+ is possible = lonely & isolat$ fragm5ts ( div9ity4#eead ,b virtue is suffici5t 9 itself = ! atta9m5t ( happ9ess--a happ9ess :i* loses no?+ ?r\gh ! brevity ( its duration & to :i* no?+ w\ld be add$ by ! prolongation ( its span4#efad ,no?+ 9 ! doctr9e ( ,/oicism po9ts man1 or ! ,wise ,man1 to ano!r _w beyond ! life ( ! body & outside ?is e>?ly !atre ( conflict & duty1 = ! fulfilm5t ( 8 be+ & 8 task4 #d ,! limit$ doctr9e ( immortality :i*1 z we h se51 0 n an ess5tial "p ( ! tea*+ ( ,/oicism1 began to be call$ 9 "q z soon z ! rigid dogmatism ( ! s*ool 0 subject$ to ! too-se>*+ criticism ( o!r s*ools ( ?\ght4 ,9 ! cla% ( op9ions ,/oicism began to be d\btful ( ! absolute validity ( its own tea*+4 ,! b\nd>ies ( or?odox doctr9e once s firmly drawn n[ became m fluid2 ex*ange & ev5 compromise became common4 ,panaitios1 ! fir/ writ] among ! p$antic pr(essors ( ,/oicism to a*ieve a wid] popul>ity = 8 writ+s1 became ! tea*] & fri5d ( ^? ari/ocratic ,romans :o f\nd 9 ,greek philosophy ! impulse to a humanism t ! b>r5 soil ( ,rome c\ld nev] h produc$ unaid$4 ,& ,panaitios diff]$ 9 m ?an "o po9t f ! /rict or?odoxy ( ! old] ,/oicism4 ,= him ! s\l is =m$ ( two di/9ct elem5ts#egad--;x is no long] simple & undivid$1 b #ejb comp\nd$ ( ,nature & ,s\l 79 ! n>r[] s5se74#ehad ,9 dea? ^! two elem5ts sep>ate & *ange into o!r =ms4 ,! s\l hav+ _h its orig9 at a p>ticul> po9t 9 pa/ "t n[ p]i%es 9 "t4 ,be+ capable ( grief & subject to ! de/ructive influ5ce ( ! emotions x falls a victim at la/ to its own pa9s4 ,panaitios1 :ile rema9+ a ,/oic1 taught ! dissolution ( ! s\l1 its dea? & simultane\s de/ruction ) ! dea? ( ! body4#eiad ,8 pupil ,poseidonios1 :o z a writ] possess$ an ev5 great] influ5ce ?an ,panaitios ) ! great majority ( cultivat$ read]s :o belong$ to no special s*ool ( ?\ght1 return$ to ! old] ,/oic doctr9e ( ! simple & undivid$ nature ( ! s\l z fi]y brea?4 ,he di/+ui%$ ?ree faculties b n ?ree sep>ate & indep5d5t elem5ts 9 ! human s\l1 & z a consequ5ce ( ?is view _h no fur!r ne$ to believe 9 ! dissolution ( ! s\l into its compon5t p>ts at dea?4 ,he also d5i$ ! orig9 ( ! individual s\l 9 "t1 f :i* ! doctr9e ( its de/ruction 9 "t _h seem$ to foll[ by a logical necessity4 ,he return$ to ! old !ological idea ( ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 its life s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! creat$ _w2 & c\ld !re=e g on to ass]t its cont9u$ exi/5ce aft] dea?--at lea/ till ! "t ( ! next de/ruction ( ! ,_w at ! h&s ( omnipot5t ,fire4#fjad ,x 0 n an inw>d & private necessity t l$ to ?is trans=mation ( ! old tea*+ ( ! ,s*ool4 ,d\bts & criticisms levell$ at x f outside--f ! ,sceptics 9 p>ticul>--_h necessitat$ ! *ange4 ,:ile "s gave up ! /ruggle1 o!rs s\ght refuge 9 a re-arrangem5t ( ! figures ( ! dialectical game & by ! introduction ( fre% *>act]s4#faad ,immortality might be ab&on$ to criticism or reaffirm$ 9 ei!r case ) equal indiff]5ce4 ,! ,platonic & poetic v]sion ( ,/oicism provid$ by ,poseidonios may h f\nd a wid] response among ! read]s ( a highly cultivat$ society :o felt ! ne$ ( a doctr9e ( immortality m z a satisfaction to ! arti/ic fancy ?an f any deep] or m temp]am5tal causes4 ,cic]o1 ! mo/ eloqu5t repres5tative ( ! ,hell5iz$ ,roman culture ( ! "t1 may p]haps give u a picture ( ! ref9$ & /hetic p>tiality ) :i* ^! ideas 7 tak5 up4 ,9 ! ,dream ( ,scipio & ! fir/ book ( ! ,tusculans1 he gives an acc\nt1 ma9ly bas$ on ,poseidonios1 ( ! belief !n held ( a cont9u$ life ( ! s\l 9 ! div9e elem5t ( ! ,ae!r4#fbad #ejc #e ,/oicism _h a long & vigor\s life4 ,m ?an ev] dur+ ! fir/ & second c5turies ( our era did x fulfil its real task ( act+ z a practical guide to conduct1 n z a m]e museum ( dead erudition4 ,x made good its claim to provide its adh]5ts ) ! autonom\s fre$om & indep5d5ce ( a m9d at peace ) itself1 ^: virtue 0 pro( aga9/ ! tribulation & failure ( life1 & n corrupt$ by its pl5ty4 ,x 0 n always bl9d imitation ( a lit]>y fa%ion or ! love ( display+ virtu\s p>adoxes t attract$ ! noble/ ( ! high] ,roman ari/ocracy to ! doctr9es ( ,/oicism4 ,n a few ( !m guid$ _! lives 9 accordance ) its pr9ciples & ev5 di$ = _! convictions4 ,n entirely )\t tragic emotion1 z ! ,/oic ,emp]or w\ld pref] x1 b at any rate ) consci\s & delib]ate purpose--n 9 m]e unreason+ 9999/ubbornness#fcad--;did ^! ,/oic m>tyrs g to _! dea?4 ,nor 0 x ! unque/ion$ c]ta9ty ( a cont9u$ life 9 a high] exi/5ce t made !m s ready to give up life ^u ?is e>?4#fdad ,ea* 9 ! special mann] dictat$ to him by 8 own temp]am5t & ! circum/ances ( 8 life1 !y /ill speak to u1 ^! lead]s ( ,roman ,/oicism--,s5eca ! philosophic director ( ! _w's consci5ce1 ,m>cus ,aurelius ! ,emp]or1 & ^? in/ructors & patt]ns ( ! aspir+ y\? ( ,rome1 ,musonius & ,epictetus4 ,! eag] & unsw]v+ ef=t ( ^! wise m5 to educate !mselves to ! atta9m5t ( fre$om & peace1 ( purity & goodness ( he>t1 w9s our admiration--n lea/ 9 ! case ( ,s5eca 9 :om ! /ruggle = self-ma/]y & philosophic calm mu/ h be5 a cont9ual w> ) 8 own too-receptive & imag9ative nature4 ,b j z !y look$ = no sup]natural help] & r$eem] b tru/$ to ! p[] ( _! own _s = ! assurance ( success1 s !y requir$ no promise ( a future cr[n+ ( _! lab\rs 9 an aft]-life ( ! s\l4 ,! :ole scope ( _! endeav\r lies )9 ! limits ( ?is _w4 ,! old ,/oic belief 9 ! cont9u$ life ( ! individual s\l until ! annihilation ( all sep>ate creation 9 ! ,_w ,conflagration#fead is reg>d$ at ! be/ z "o possibility among _m#ffad--;x is p]haps b a beautiful dream4#fgad ,b :e!r dea? is a transition to ano!r =m ( be+ or a complete t]m9ation ( individual life--to ! wise man x is equally welcome1 = he measures ! value ( life n by ! numb] #ejd ( its ye>s b by ! ri*ness ( its cont5t4 ,at bottom ,s5eca is incl9$ to ! view t dea? is ! end ( all ?+s = man1 aft] :i* ev]la/+ peace awaits ! re/less _s4#fhad ,! ,/oic ,emp]or is unc]ta9 :e!r dea? is a dissipation ( ! elem5ts ( ! s\l 7z ! atomi/s tea*7 or :e!r ! m9d survives 9 a consci\s or an unconsci\s exi/5ce t mu/ yet disappe> ev5tually 9 ! life ( ! ,:ole4 ,all ?+s are 9 p]petual flux--s ! ,law ( ! univ]se has will$ x--nor %all ! human p]sonality ma9ta9 itself unt\*$ & un*ang$4 ,b ev5 suppos+ t dea? is a putt+ out ( 8 small individual c&le1 ! wise man is n afraid3 to ! melan*oly t is ! prevail+ mood ( 8 g5tle1 pure1 & high-/rung "* ,dea?1 ! annihilator1 seems to beckon l a fri5d4#fiad ,! t\gh] _s ( ! ,phrygian slave & fre$man ne$$ no conviction ( p]sonal survival to enable him to face ! battle ( e>?ly life ) c\rage & intrepidity4 ,:at has be5 made mu/ be unmade3 )\t hesitation & )\t regret ! wise man gives himself up to ! laws ( ! rationally-ord]$ univ]se 9 :i* ! pres5t mu/ make way = ! future--n inde$ to be lo/ entirely1 b to be *ang$ & to m]ge its individuality1 its unimportant self 9 new manife/ations ( ! creative /uff ( ,life4 ,! ,:ole does n p]i%1 b its p>ts *ange & alt] _! relations among !mselves4#gjad ,! pan!i/ic pr9ciples ( ! s*ool :i* _h be5 tak5 ov] f ,h]akleitos & :i* made x p]man5tly inconceivable t ! dim9utive individual sp>k ( life c\ld a*ieve a la/+ sep>ation f ! c5tral fi]y mass1 _h become a settl$ conviction4 ,! passionate ab&onm5t ( ! p]sonal1 %ort-liv$ self to ! ev]la/+ ,:ole & ,"o _h become a fix$ habit ( m9d4 ,no long] did x seem intol]able t ! individual exi/5ce %\ld pass away aft] a brief span ( life2 x 0 possible to rema9 a ,/oic & yet ass]t expressly1 l ,cornutus ! tea*] ( ,p]sius1 t ) ! dea? ( its body !re is an end1 too1 ( ! individual s\l4#gaad #f ,! atomi/ doctr9e r5ew$ by ,epicurus dem&$ 9 ! mo/ emphatic mann] ( its adh]5ts t !y %\ld ab&on ! belief 9 p]sonal survival4 ,= ! atomi/ ! s\l is corporeal1 a comp\nd made #eje up ( ! mo/ mobile ( ! atoms :i* =m ! pla/ic elem5ts ( air & fire4 ,x occupies all p>ts ( ! body1 & is held toge!r by ! body1 :ile at ! same "t1 & 9 spite ( ?is1 hold+ itself 9 ess5tial di/9ctness f ! body4#gbad ,epicurus also speaks ( ! ,s\l z a special & endur+ sub/ance )9 ! body1 a "p ( ! corporeal1 n a m]e h>mony result+ f ! association ( ! p>ts ( ! body4#gcad ,he ev5 speaks ( two p>ts or modes ( manife/ation 9 ! s\l2 ! irrational1 :i* holds ! :ole body 9 its sway z its vital =ce1 & ! rational1 situat$ 9 ! brea/1 :i* ex]cises w & intellig5ce & is ! la/ & mo/ ess5tial s\rce ( life 9 liv+ ?+s1 )\t ! undivid$ pres5ce ( :i* dea? occurs4#gdad ,anima & animus 7z ,lucretius calls !m71 di/9ct b n sep>able f "o ano!r1#gead come into be+ 9 ! embryo ( man & gr[ to maturity1 old age & decay1 toge!r ) ! body4#gfad ,if dea? occurs x means t ! atoms belong+ to ! body are sep>at$ & ! s\l-atoms )drawn--ev5 be=e ! f9al dissolution ( ! body1 ! sep>able s\l disappe>s4 ,no long] held toge!r by ! body1 x is bl[n away 9 ! w9d1 x disappe>s l smoke 9 ! air4#ggad ,! s\l1 ?is s\l t _h animat$ ! individual man1 is no m4#ghad ,! mat]ial elem5ts ( :i* x 0 compos$ are inde/ructible2 x is q possible t !y may at "s future "t comb9e toge!r ) ! life-/uff to produce new life & consci\sness ( exactly ! same k9d z _h once be5 jo9$ toge!r 9 ! liv+ man4 ,b1 if s1 x w be a new creature t ?us comes into be+3 ! orig9al man has be5 annihilat$ by dea?2 !re is no bond ( cont9u\s consci\sness unit+ him ) ! fre% creation4#giad ,! vital =ces ( ! _w are cont9u\s1 undim9i%$1 inde/ructible1 b 9 ! =mation ( ! individual liv+ creature !y are only l5t tempor>ily1 = ?is occasion & = a brief p]iod1 aft] :i* !y are )drawn = ev] f ! p>ticul> creature4 ,vitaque mancipio nulli datur1 omnibus usu4 ,aft] 8 dea? ! individual is unaffect$ by ! fate ( 8 inanimate body2#hjad nor %\ld he be tr\bl$ by ! ?\ght ( :at may happ5 to ! atoms ( 8 s\l4 ,dea? does n conc]n him at all2 = he only is :5 dea? is n2 :]e dea? is1 he is no long] !re4#haad ,s5sation & consci\sness h left him at ! dissolution ( body & s\l2 :at he _c possibly feel affects him no long]4 ,epicurean maxims are nev] tir$ ( driv+ home #ejf ?is proposition3 dea? is no?+ to u4#hbad ,f e possible direction1 f ab/ract pr9ciple & practical exp]i5ce 9 actual life1 ,lucretius lab\rs to demon/rate ! tru? ( ?is view#hcad z ard5tly z o!r philosoph]s seek to prove its opposite4 ,physical sci5ce has no m valuable s]vice to r5d] ?an t ( conv9c+ u ( its tru?4#hdad ,j z ! wisdom ( ,epicurus has no o!r purpose ?an to protect man1 ( all creatures ! "o mo/ s5sitive to pa91 f di/ress & angui%--& ev5 pleasure is b ! removal ( pa9--s m p>ticul>ly1 9 putt+ an end to ! fe> ( dea? & ! crav+ aft] unceas+ life1 x s]ves ?is f9ite life itself1#head t is committ$ to u once & = all & nev] repeat$4#hfad ,if a man has once succe$$ 9 realiz+ t he w cease to be 9 ! mom5t ( dea?'s com+1 he w nei!r be oppress$ ) t]ror at ! ?reat5$ loss ( self-consci\sness nor w ! t]rors ( et]nity#hgad or ! fabul\s mon/]s ( ! _s-_w bel[ ! e>?#hhad d>k5 8 exi/5ce by ca/+ _! d>k %ad[ ov] all 8 life4#hiad ,he w devote himself to life )\t rep9+1 nei!r fe>+ dea? nor seek+ x4#ijad ,he alone--! ideal ,wise ,man ( ! ,epicurean fai?--w "k h[ to live z ! true arti/ ( 8 own life2#iaad he w n wa/e ! preci\s "t 9 va9 prep>ations = ! future1#ibad b w cram e mom5t to ! full s t 8 brief span ( exi/5ce w h all t a long life c\ld give4 ,long life1 9 fact1 ev5 life )\t an end1 w\ld n make him any happi] or any ri*]4 ,:at life has to (f] x has already (f]$--any?+ fur!r mu/ only be a repetition ( :at has gone be=e3 eadem sunt omnia semp]4#icad ,! ,wise ,man has no reason ev5 to look = an et]nity ( life4#idad ,9 8 own p]sonality1 9 ?is pres5t n[1 he possesses all ! conditions necess>y to happ9ess4 ,! v transi5ce ( ?is supreme happ9ess to :i* mortality c atta9 makes x seem ! m valuable to him4 ,to ! developm5t & ! enjoym5t ( ?is1 ! only life t belongs to him he w devote himself exclusively4 ,9 e?ical matt]s1 too1 ! atomi/ doctr9e holds good4 ,!re is no su* ?+ 9 nature z an ess5tial community ( human be+s--/ill less ( humanity--!re are only individuals4#iead ,9 associations ent]$ into by free & un=c$ *oice ! individual may atta* himself to ! individual z "o fri5d to ano!r2 b ! political societies t m5 h inv5t$ & set up among !mselves h no obligations = ! ,wise ,man4 ,he is himself ! c5tre & inde$ ! :ole circumf]5ce ( ! _w surr\nd+ #ejg him4 ,/ate & society are valuable1 & inde$ only exi/ = ! protection ( ! individual & to make x possible = him "u _! enfold+ c>e to develop 8 own p]sonality 9 fre$om4#ifad ,! individual1 on ! o!r h&1 does n exi/ = ! /ate1 b = himself4 ,x is no long] necess>y to save ! ,hell5es or to w9 cr[ns ( victory f !m 9 conte/s ( wisdom4#igad ,su* is ! decision rea*$ ) a sigh ( relief by a civilization t has atta9$ ! highe/ po9t ( its developm5t & is n[ ov]come by a lassitude 9 :i* x no long] sets itself new tasks1 b takes its ease z age may be p]mitt$ to d4 ,9 its lassitude x no long] hopes1 & 9 all hone/y no long] c>es1 to ext5d ! p]iod ( its exi/5ce beyond ! limits ( ?is e>?ly life4 ,calm & untr\bl$ x sees ?is life1 de> ?\gh x may once h be51 fade away1 tak+ its leave & s9k+ into no?+ness )\t a /ruggle4 ,,notes ,,to ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,"p ,i #aad3 ,at fir/ ! philosophy ( ,plato's old age liv$ on 9 _s 9 ! ,academy4 ,j z 8 pupils c>ri$ on 8 ,py?agorean speculations ab\t numb]s1 r$uc$ 8 imag9ative sugge/ions z to a daimonic nature int]m$iate betwe5 t ( ,god & man to p$antic sy/em1 & elaborat$ ! !ological /ra9 9 8 ?\ght to a gloomy & burd5some deisidaimonia 7witness esp4 ! ,ep9omis ( ,philippos ( ,opos & 9 addition all t we "k ( ,x5okrates' speculations7--s too !y reta9$ & respect$ = a "t ! ,platonic doctr9e ( ! s\l & ! ascetic t5d5cy 9 8 e?ical tea*+4 ,= ,philippos ( ,opos ! aim ( all human endeav\r is a f9al & bless$ emancipation f ?is _w 7:i*1 h[ev]1 is only possible = a few ( ^? :o are1 9 8 special mann]1 wise--#igc ,c ff41 #iib ,c74 ,he is a my/ic = :om ?is e>? & its life fall away into no?+3 all s]i\s int]e/ is conf9$ to ! contemplation ( div9e ?+s su* z are reveal$ 9 ma!matics & a/ronomy4 ,aga91 ! ,platonic doctr9e ( ! s\l1 9 its my/ic & _w-r5\nc+ s5se1 lies at ! bottom ( ! fabul\s n>ratives ( ,h]akleides ,pontikos 79 ! ,a_/b>is1 ,emp$o_/timos1 etc474 ,?is1 too1 acc\nts = ! y\?ful attempts 9 ?is direction ( ,ari/otle himself 79 ! ,eu_/dmos & probably also 9 ! ,protreptiko_/s74 ,?is side ( 8 doctr9e 0 z x seems sy/ematiz$ f ! /&po9t ( ! late/ /age ( ,platonism by ,x5okrates 9 p>ticul>4 ,x may be m]ely accid5t t we d n he> v reliably ( any?+ indicat+ an ascetic t5d5cy or an o!r-worldly ef=t aft] 9999emancipation ( ! s\l 9 connexion ) ,x5okrates4 ,krantor 79 8 mu*-read book p]i pe_/n?\s7 0 already capable ( employ+ ! ,platonic doctr9e ( ! s\l & ! imag9ative fancies t c\ld be atta*$ to x simply z a lit]>y adornm5t4 ,& be=e him 8 tea*] ,polemon betrays a turn+ aside f ! true ,platonic my/icism4 ,) ,arkesilaos ! la/ ve/ige ( ?is :ole type ( ?\ght disappe>s completely4 #bad3 tois eleu!_/rois h_/ki/a e_/xe/9 ho_/ ti e_/tu*e poiein1 alla pa_/nta ta plei/a te_/taktai1 ,ari/41 ,meta4 #ajge;a1 #ai 79 maxima =tuna m9ima lic5tia e/1 ,sall41 ,c4 #ea1 #ac74 ,fre$om 9 ?is s5se inde$ 0 a ?+ ( ! pa/4 #cad3 ,n t su* hopes or fe>s 7 entirely abs5t4 ,! read] w rememb] ! case ( ,kleombrotos ( ,ambrakia 7,call41 ,ep4 #be71 :o by read+ ! ,pha$o ( ,plato 7& completely misund]/&+ ! mean+ ( ! prophet1 z n unfrequ5tly happ5s7 0 l$ to seek an imm$iate entrance into ! life ( ! o!r _w by a viol5t break ) ?is "o--& committ$ suicide4 ,?is is an isolat$ example ( a mood to :i* ,epiktetos be>s witness z common 9 8 own mu* lat] "t--! desire felt by _m "y m5 ( ard5t temp]am5t to escape f ! di/ract$ life ( humanity & return z quickly z possible to ! univ]sal life ( ,god by ! de/ruction ( _! own individual exi/5ce3 ,epict4 #a1 #i1 #aa ff4 ,b 9 ! e>li] p]iod su* viol5t manife/ations ( o!r-worldly fanaticism 7 ( r>e occurr5ce4 ,h$onism 0 #eji capable ( lead+ to ! same result z we may see f ! ,apok>t]n ( ,hegesias ! ,cyr5aic1 call$ ho peisi?a_/natos1 :om ,cic]o m5tions toge!r ) ?is same ,kleombrotos3 ,,td4 i1 #hc-d4 #dad3 to sma_/ ps ts psu*s he_/nek5 7ge_/gonei71 z ho pri_/n ts pri_/ses he_/neka--& n vice v]sa3 ,,pa4 #a1 #e1 #fde;b1 #ai4 #ead3 ,! psu*_/ is relat$ to ! body z o_/psis is to ! eye1 i4e4 z ! effective p[] resid+ 9 ! o_/rganon 7n l ho_/rasis1 ! individual act ( vision74 ,x is ! pr_/t entele_/*eia ( its body de ,an4 ii1 #a1 #dab;a1 #bg4 ,!re is no su_/n!sis ( sma & psu*_/3 !y are simply toge!r l ! wax & ! ball =m$ out ( ! wax3 ,top4 #aea;a1 #bj ff42 ,,ga4 #gbi;b1 #i ff42 de ,an4 #dab;b1 #g4 #fad3 apel?\_/ss g\n 7ts psu*s7 ou_/keti zo_/n e/91 oude tn mori_/n ouden to auto lei_/petai1 pln t s*_/mati mo_/non ka?a_/p] ta mu!uo_/m5a li?\/hai1 ,,pa4 #fda;a1 #ah4 #gad3 ,meta4 #ajbf;a1 #e3 p]i psu*s eni_/z !rsai t\ phusik\1 ho_/s m a_/neu ts huls e/i_/n4--oude gar pasa psu* phu_/sis1 alla_/ ti mo_/rion auts1 ,,pa4 #fda;b1 #i4 ,! subject ( to ke*risme_/non ( ! s\l is /udi$ by ho prtos philo_/sophos3 de ,an4 #djc;b1 #af4 #had3 le_/g de n\n1 h dianoeitai kai hupolamba_/nei h psu*_/1 de ,an4 #dbi;a1 #bc4 #iad3 ,! n\s & its !rtik du_/namis e_/oike psu*s ge_/nos he_/t]on einai kai t\to mo_/non ende_/*etai *ri_/ze/hai1 ka?a_/p] to a_/dion t\ ph?>t\1 ta de loipa mo_/ria ts psu*s ouk e_//i *ri/a_/ ktl41 de ,an4 #dac;b1 #be4 #ajad3 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,ari/otle's op9ion 0 t n\s 0 uncreat$ & exi/$ )\t beg9n+ f et]nity3 see ,zell]1 ,sitzb4 ,b]l4 ,ak4 #ahhb1 p4 #ajcc ff4 #aaad3 ?u_/ra!n epeise_/r*etai into ! man z he is be+ made1 ,,ga4 #gcf;b1 #bh2 cf4 ho ?u_/ra!n n\s1 #gdd;b1 #ba4 #abad3 n\s is apa?_/s1 amig_/s1 ou me_/miktai t s_/mati--x has no physical o_/rganon1 de ,an4 iii1 #d4 ouden aut\ 7t\ n\7 t en]gei_/a ko9nei smatik ene_/rgeia1 ,,ga4 #gcf;b1 #bh4 #acad3 mo_/rion ts psy*s1 de ,an4 #dbi;a1 #aj ff4 psu* ou* ho_/l1 all' h notik_/1 #dbi;a1 #bh4 h psu* 4 4 4 m pasa all' ho n\s1 ,meta4 #ajgj;a1 #bf4 #adad3 ,! zon a mikros ko_/smos1 ,phys4 #beb;b1 #bf4 #aead3 n\s1 !io_/t]o_/n ti kai apa!_/s1 de ,an4 #djh;b1 #bi4--ton n\n !ion einai mo_/non1 ,,ga4 #gcf;b1 #bh 7#gcg;a1 #aj74 ei_/te !ion ho_/n ei_/te tn en hmin to !i_/otaton1 ,,en4 #aagg;a1 #ae4 n\s is to sugg5e_//aton to ! gods1 #aagi;a1 #bf4--to an?r_/pn ge_/nos mo_/non mete_/*ei t\ !i_/ou tn hmin gnri_/mn z_/n ma_/li/a pa_/ntn1 ,,pa4 #fef;a1 #g4 #afad3 e_/rgon t\ !iota_/t\ to noein kai phronein1 ,,pa4 #fhf;a1 #bh4 #agad3 ,meta4 ,l #g1 #i4 #ahad3 ,,en4 #aagh;b1 #g-bb2 ,cael4 #bib;b1 #d ff4 #aiad3 ,s too epikalu_/ptetai ho n\s eni_/ote pa_/!i no_/s hu_/pn1 de ,an4 #dbi;a1 #g4 #bjad3 ?igga_/ne9 is ! t]m (t5 appli$ to ! activity ( n\s1 i4e4 a simple & indivisible act ( app]ceiv+ ! asu_/n!ta4 ,?is act n be+ composite 7( subject & pr$icate71 l judgm5t1 leaves no room = error3 ! act simply occurs or does n occur--al!_/s or pseudos does n ent] into ! "q ) x4 ,meta4 #ajea;b1 #af-bf 7?igein1 #bd-e71 #ajbg;b1 #ba4 #baae3 ta al? kai prta kai a_/mesa kai gnrim_/t]a kai pro_/t]a kai ai_/tia t\ sump]a_/smatos1 ,an4 ,po4 i1 #b1 ,?is ame_/sn epi/_/m anapo_/deiktos 7#gb;b1 #ai7 belong to n\s4 ,!re is only a n\s--n an epi/_/m 7z be+ a he_/xis apodeiktik_/1 ,,en4 #aaci;b1 #ca7--tn ar*n1 ts ar*s t\ epi/t\1 ,,en4 vi1 #f4 ,?us also n\s is epi/_/ms ar*_/1 ,an4 ,po4 #ajj;b1 #e-ag4 tn ak9_/tn ho_/rn kai pr_/tn n\s e/i kai ou lo_/gos1 ,,en4 #aadc;b1 #a 7cf4 ,,mm4 #aaig;a1 #bj ff474 #eaj #bbad3 to ku_/rion1 ,,en4 #aagh;a1 #c1 & frequ5tly4 n\s dokei ar*ein kai hgei/hai1 #aagg;a1 #ad4 ,x rules esp4 ov] o_/rexis 7z h psu*_/ does ov] ! sma71 ,pol4 #abed;b1 #e 7cf4 ,,en4 #aajb;b1 #bi ff474 #bcad3 ,a man is call$ egkrat_/s or akrat_/s1 t katein ton n\n m_/2 hs t\_/t\ heka_//\ o_/ntos1 ,,en4 #aafh;b1 #ce4 d_/xeie d' a_/n kai einai he_/ka/os t\to 7n\s71 #aagh;a1 #b4 t an?r_/p d 7kra_/ti/on kai _/di/on7 ho kata ton n\n bi_/os1 ei_/p] t\to ma_/li/a a_/n?rpos 7"h only 9 s f> z ! possession ( n\s di/+ui%es m5 9 g5]al f ! o!r za71 #aagh;a1 #f4 #bdad3 ,cic]o makes a di/9ction ( ?is k9d betwe5 ratio & animus4 ,(f4 i1 #ajg 7aft] ,panaetius73 intelleg5dum e/1 duabus quasi nos a natura indutos esse p]sonis2 qu>um una communis e/ ex eo quod omnes p>ticipes sumus rationis 4 4 4 2 alt]a autem quae proprie s+ulis e/ tributa4 #bead3 ha_/panta ta g9o_/m5a kai ph!iro_/m5a phai_/netai1 ,cael4 #bgi;b1 #bj4 to g5o_/m5on ana_/gk te_/los labein1 ,ph4 #bjc;b1 #h4 ,b ha_/pan to aei o_/n hapls a_/ph?>ton4 homoi_/s de kai age_/nton1 ,cael4 #bha;b1 #be4 ei to age_/nton a_/ph?>ton kai to a_/ph?>ton age_/nton1 ana_/gk kai to a_/dion hekate_/r akol\!in1 kai ei_/te ti age_/nton1 a_/dion1 ei_/te ti a_/ph?>ton1 a_/dion ktl41 ,cael4 #bhb;a1 #ca ff4 ,?us too n\s 7apa?_/s7 z uncreat$ is ev]la/+ & imp]i%able 7see ,zell]1 ,sitzb4 ,b4 ,ak4 #ahhb1 p4 #ajdd f474 ,x belongs to ! imp]i%able ousi_/ai1 :i* z su* are ti_/miai kai !iai1 ,,pa4 #fdd;b1 #bb ff4 #bfad3 ho n\s hupome_/nei at ! sep>ation1 ,meta4 #ajgj;a1 #be-f4 ,m /rictly ?is applies to ! n\s apa?_/s 7poitiko_/s74 ,:ile ! n\s pa?tiko_/s 7^: relation to ! n\s poitiko_/s rema9s mo/ obscure7 is ph?>to_/s1 we he> ( ! n\s poitiko_/s t x is *ri/heis mo_/non t\to ho_/p] eti_/1 kai t\to mo_/non a?a_/naton kai a_/dion1 de ,an4 #dcj;a1 #aj-be4 #bgad3 de ,an4 #djh;b1 #ah ff43 n\s ou ph!i_/retai1 nor hupo ts en t g_/ra amaur_/ses 4 4 4 to noein kai to !rein m>ai_/netai 79 old age7 a_/ll\ t9os e_/s ph!irome_/n\ 78 no?+ p]i%es )9 to noein--read en h z 9 l4 #bc & und]/&3 a_/ll\ t9os en h to noein ho n\s1 e_/ne/i1 i4e4 ! :ole liv+ man71 auto de apa!_/s e/9 7j z n\s is always analloi_/ton1 ev5 its no_/sis is no ki_/nsis1 & ! lpsis ts epi/_/ms makes no alloi_/sis = x3 de ,an4 #djg;a1 #cb2 ,ph4 #bdg;a1 #bh2 b1 #a ff42 #bj ff471 to de dianoei/hai 7?9k+ & judg+7 kai philein misein ouk e_//9 ekei_/n\ pa_/?1 alla t\de t\ e_/*ontos ekeino1 h ekeino e_/*ei4 dio kai t\_/t\ ph!irome_/n\ ou_/te mnmoneu_/ei ou_/te philei1 ou gar ekei_/n\ n1 alla t\ koi_/n\ 7t :i* _h once be5 associat$ ) ! n\s71 ho apo_/ll52 ho de n\s i_/ss !io_/t]o_/n ti kai apa!_/s e/94 ,9 its sep>ate exi/5ce n\s has no memory--?is at lea/ is meant by ou mnmoneu_/om51 de ,an4 #dcj;a1 #bc1 h[ev] we may be incl9$ to int]pret ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce4 #bhad3 ,p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,eu_/dmos 7frr4 #ca-dj #cg-dd71 probably also 9 ! ,protreptiko_/s4 #biad3 ,= ?is mu/ be ! mean+ ( fr4 #cf #dd 7,eu_/d47--! dai_/mn is ! s\l itself2 cf4 #ce #da4 #cjad3 de ,an4 #djg;b1 #ac-bf2 #dad;a1 #ai-bg4--;,& yet x mu/ be admitt$ t ! n\s ( ,ari/otle is itself a tu*o_/n )9 ano!r tu*o_/n--n inde$ z a sep>ate entity ) any qualities set 9 a =tuit\s vessel ( p]haps discordant qualities t d n fit x 7:i* acc4 to ! ,pu?ago_/reios mu?os 0 true ( ! psu*_/ 9 ! sma7--b at any rate set )9 an animat$ individual ) q def9ite qualities z a /rang]1 itself devoid ( all def9ite quality & !re=e n capable ( hav+ a "* specially fitt+ t individual 9 :i* x is plac$4 ,?us1 aft] all1 ! ,ari/otelian mu?os ab\t ! n\s betrays its orig9 f ! mu?oi ( old !ology4 #eaa #caad3 ,x is only z an argum5tum ad hom9em t ! view is sugge/$ on "o occasion1 t be_/ltion t n m meta s_/matos einai 7ka?a_/p] ei_/!_/ te le_/ge/hai kai pollois sundokei71 de ,an4 #djg;b1 #d4 #cbad3 ,,en4 x1 #g-i4--;dokei h philosophi_/a ?auma/as hdonas e_/*e9 ka?>io_/tti kai t bebai_/4 eu_/logon de tois eido_/si tn zt\_/ntn hdi_/ tn diaggn einai1 #aagg;a1 #bf4 ,! sopho_/s requires no su_/n]goi 7z ! s_/phrn & ! &reios d1 & is aut>ke_//atos 9 himself4 ,! activity ( n\s is ! mo/ valuable z be+ !rtik_/ & because p>' hautn oude_/nos ephi_/etai te_/l\s4 ,a suffici5tly long life ( ! !oretic activity ( n\s is telei_/a eudaimoni_/a an?r_/p\--inde$1 ?is is no long] an an?r_/p9os bi_/os1 b r krei_/ttn kat' a_/n?rpon--a !ios bi_/os z n\s !io_/n ti en an?r_/p hupa_/r*ei4 ,!re=e man mu/ n an?r_/p9a phronein b eph' ho_/son ende_/*etai a?anati_/ze9 7be immortal already 9 ?is life7 kai pa_/nta poiein pros to zn kata to kra_/ti/on tn en haut 7#aagg;b1 #ca ff474 ,?is telei_/a eudaimoni_/a1 z a !rtik ene_/rgeia1 br+s ! ?9k]s ne> to ! gods ^: life does n consi/ 9 pra_/tte9 7n ev5 virtu\s7 or poiein b 9 pure !ri_/a1 & ?is c be s ) ! life ( man 7alone among ! za7 eph' ho_/son homoi_/ma_/ ti ts toiau_/ts 7!rtiks7 en]gei_/z hupa_/r*ei 7#aagh;b1 #g-cb74 ,n[h]e d we meet ) s mu* z ! %ad[ ( an idea t ! eudaimoni_/a ( ! !rtikos bi_/os c only become telei_/a 9 ano!r _w1 or is conceivable z exi/+ else:]e ?an 9 ! life on e>?4 ,! only condition = telei_/a eudaimoni_/a t is made is mkos bi_/ou te_/leion 7#aagg;b1 #be7--no?+ ly+ outside or beyond ?is life4 ,! !rtikos bi_/os has its complete & f9al developm5t "h ^u e>?4--te_/leios bi_/os is m5tion$ z necess>y = ! obta9+ ( eudaimoni_/a1 ,,en4 #aajj;a1 #e2 #aaja;a1 #af4 ,b eudaimoni_/a is completely conf9$ )9 ! limits ( e>?ly life3 to call a dead man eudai_/mona w\ld be pantels a_/topon1 = he lacks ! ene_/rgeia :i* is ! ess5ce ( eudaimoni_/a--only a m]e %ad[ ( s5sation c belong to ! kekmko_/tes 7almo/ ! ,hom]ic conception7 #aajj;a1 #aa-bi2 #aaja;a1 #bb-;b1 #i4--,s9ce x is impossible = ! individual to enjoy an un5d+ p]man5ce & %>e 9 to aei kai !ion1 x foll[s t ! cont9uation ( ! individual aft] dea? consi/s only 9 ! cont9uance ( ! ei_/dos--n ( ! auto_/ 7:i* p]i%es7 b only ( ! hoion auto_/ :i* p]si/s 9 ! s]ies ( creatures propagat$ on e>?3 de ,an4 #dae;a1 #bh-;b1 #g2 ,,ga4 #gca;a1 #bd-;b1 #a4 7,borr[$ f ! obs]vations ( ,plato1 ,smp4 #bjf ,c-#bjg ,a2 cf4 also ,lg4 #gba ,c1 #ggc ,e2 ,philo1 ,incor4 ,mund4 #h1 ii1 p4 #die ,m41 aft] ,kritolaos47 ,x 0 mu* easi] = ,ari/otle to take ?is conception s]i\sly ?an x 0 = ,plato ) 8 p>ticul> outlook3 only = ! pass+ requirem5ts ( 8 dialogue does ,plato adopt ! ,h]akleitean view & exp& x3 see above1 *ap4 xi1 n4 #af4 #ccad3 oimai de t\ g9_/ske9 ta o_/nta kai phronein aphaire!_/ntos ou bi_/on alla *ro_/non einai tn a?anasi_/an1 ,plu41 ,is4 et ,os4 i1 f941 p4 #cea ,e4 ,orig5 7,cels4 iii1 #hj1 p4 #cei ,lom47 draws a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! a?anasi_/a ts psu*s ( ,platonic doctr9e & ! ,/oic epidiamon ts psu*s on ! "o h&--& ?is ,ari/otelian doctr9e ( ! t\ n\ a?anasi_/a3 hoi pei/he_/ntes p]i t\ ?u_/ra!n n\ hs a?ana_/t\ 7?ana_/t\ ,edd47 kai mo_/n\ 7ka9\ ,edd47 diaggn 7 bi_/on7 e_/xontos 7--?is is h[ ! passage %\ld be read74 #cdad3 ,!ophra/os discuss$ 7by ! me?od ( apori_/ai fa%ionable ) ! s*ool7 ! obscurities & difficulties inh]5t 9 ! doctr9e ( n\s1 p>ticul>ly ( ! r$uplicat$ n\s1 ! poitiko_/s & ! pa?tiko_/s4 ,true to 8 "*1 h[ev]1 he adh]es to ! fix$ dogma ( 8 s*ool ( ! n\s *ri/o_/s :i* e_/x!n n kai h_/sp] #eab epi_/!tos is ho_/ms su_/mphutos ) man & be+ age_/nntos is also a_/ph?>tos3 ,frag4 #ec;b1 p4 #bbf ff42 #ec1 p4 #agf ,wim4 7!ri_/a belongs to n\s1 ?igo_/nti kai hoion hapsame_/n1 & is !re=e )\t apa_/t1 fr4 #ab1 #bf4 ,! n\s is kreitto_/n ti me_/ros ts psy*s kai !io_/t]on1 fr4 #ec4 ,to ! n\s & its !ri_/a we mu/ suppose ! kata du_/nam9 homoi\/hai ! to ref]--= ?is is ! tea*+ ( ,?phr4 also3 ,jul41 ,or4 vi1 p4 #ahe ,a47 ,n[h]e is !re any indication t = him ! immortality ( n\s _h ! slighte/ importance = ?is life & its conduct4 ,nor has x any 9 ! e?ical doctr9e ( ! v !ologically incl9$ ,eudemos4 ,"h ! aim ( life--! aret te_/leios :i* is kalolaga?i_/a--is said to be h t\ !\ !ri_/a :i* is c>ri$ on by ! n\s1 to en min !ion1 #abdh;a1 #bg2 9 ?is process x is be/ h_/ki/a ai/ha_/ne/hai t\ a_/ll\ me_/r\s ts psu*s1 #abdi;b1 #bb4 ,= ! sake ( to gnri_/ze9 man wi%es zn aei1 #abde;a1 #i--;b ^u e>? & 9 ! body3 !re is no ?\ght ( ! o!r _w4 7,?is w\ld h be5 q natural & to be expect$ ( ?is semi-!ological ?9k] :o1 e4g4 speaks q s]i\sly ( ! sep>ability ( n\s f ! lo_/gos--! a_/llo me_/ros ts psu*s--9 bodily life & ( its high] intuition 9 en?\siasmos & v]aci\s dream+3 #abad;a1 #bc2 #abbe;a1 #bh2 #abdh;a1 #dj47--,to ?is fir/ g5]ation ( ,p]ipatetics belong also ,ari/ox5os & ,dikai>*os :o did n recognize any peculi> sub/ance ( ! s\l ap>t f ! h>mony br\ght ab\t by ! mixture ( bodily mat]ial4 ,dik4 an_/rke tn ho_/ln hupo_//as9 ts psu*s3 ,atticus ap4 ,eus41 ,,pe4 xv1 #haj ,a4 ,ari/ox4 & ,dik4 nullum omn9o animum esse dix]unt ,cic4 ,,td4 #a1 #ea3 #ba2 #da1 etc42 ,dik4 79 ! ,lesbiakoi lo_/goi7 expressly controv]t$ ! doctr9e ( immortality1 ,,td4 i1 #gg4 7,x rema9s v rem>kable t ,dik4 :o naturally knew no?+ ( a sep>abilis animus1 ,,td4 i1 #ba1 nev]!less1 believ$ n m]ely 9 mantic dreams--t w\ld be j intelligible1 e_/*ei ga_/r t9a lo_/gon1 ,ari/41 ,p4 ,nat4 #dfb;b ff4--b also 9 ! prophetic p[] ( en?\siasmo_/s1 ,cic41 ,div4 i1 #e2 #aac2 ,dox4 #daf;a1 :i* inv>iably presupposes ! dogma ( a special sub/ance ( ! s\l & its sep>ability f ! body47--,/raton ! naturali/ 7d4 #bgj71 = :om ! s\l is an undivid$ =ce1 insep>able f ! body & ! ai/h_/seis1 gave up completely ! belief 9 ! n\s *ri/o_/s ( ,ari/otle3 he _c possibly h held any doctr9e ( immortality 9 any =m or "u any limitations4--,!n foll[s ! p]iod ( pure s*ol>%ip :5 ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool almo/ gave up philosophy4 ,) ! return to ! /udy ( ! ma/]'s writ+s 7f ! "t ( ,ari/onikos7 !y ga9$ a new lease ( life4 ,! problems ( ! p>ts ( ! s\l1 ! relation ( n\s to ! s\l 7& to ! n\s pa?tiko_/s7 7 discuss$ once m4 ,x became m & m common1 h[ev]1 to set aside ! n\s ?u_/ra!n epeisi_/n 7cf4 ! def9ition ( ! s\l giv5 by ,&ronikos ap4 ,gal5 p4 t4 ts psu*s ?n1 iv1 #ghb f41 ,k42 ,!mi/41 de ,an4 ii1 #ef1 #aa2 #ei1 #f ,sp474 ,?is meant ! d5ial ( immortality 7:i* belong$ to n\s only73 e4g4 by ,bo?os3 ,simp41 de ,an4 p4 #bdg1 #bd ff4 ,hayd4 ,/o4 ,vet4 iii1 #bfg ,arn44 ,a diff]5t view aga91 & "o :i* ev5 w5t beyond ,ari/otle1 0 held by ,kratippos1 ! contempor>y ( ,bo?os3 ,cic41 ,div4 i1 #gj2 cf4 #e2 #aac4 ,alex&] ( ,aphrodisias ! great exgt_/s absolutely bani%$ ! n\s poitiko_/s f ! human s\l4 7,?is is ! div9e n\s1 :i* is p]petually n\s & noton en]gei_/a1 & t1 too1 already pro t\ noei/hai by ! hulikos n\s ( man4 ,x ent]s into ! latt] ?u_/ra!n--?\gh n locally1 = x is incapable ( *ange ( place1 p4 #aac1 #ah f4--) ! individual act ( noein by ! n\s huliko_/s1 b x nev] becomes a mo_/rion kai du_/nami_/s tis ts #eac hmete_/ras psu*s3 ,alex4 de ,an41 p4 #ajg-i2 p4 #ij ,br474 ,= him n\s is *ri/o_/s & a?a_/natos1 apa?_/s1 etc41 :]eas ! human s\l exactly l ! eidos ( its sma f :i* x is a*ri/o_/s p]i%es at dea? toge!r ) its n\s huliko_/s1 completely3 sumph!i_/retai t s_/mati1 de ,an41 p4 #ba1 #bb f42 p4 #ij1 #af f4 ,! individual s\l ?us p]i%es3 ! imp]i%able n\s _h n communicat$ itself to ! individual4--,! inde/ructibility ( ! individual n\s ( man 7& ?is 0 indubitably :at ,ari/otle himself taught71 a doctr9e d]iv$ n f exp]i5ce b f pure logical inf]5ce1 _h 9 reality no s]i\s significance = ! g5]al tea*+ ( ! ,p]ipatetics s long z !y pres]v$ _! indep5d5ce4 ,f9ally1 inde$1 !y too 7 swall[$ up 9 ! f]m5t ( ,neoplatonism4 #cead3 he_/xis1 phu_/sis1 a_/logos psu*_/1 psu* lo_/gon e_/*\sa kai dia_/noian1 ,plu41 ,virt4 ,mor4 #dea ,,bc & ,a4 ,?r\gh all ^! & all ?+s 9 :i* ^! are--di_/kei ho n\s1 ,d4,l4 vii1 #ach f4 ii1 p4 #aib ,arn44 #cfad3 ,our s\l an apo_/spasma ( ! e_/mpsu*os ko_/smos1 ,d4,l4 vii1 #adc ii1 #aia ,arn44 ,we (t5 f9d ! s\l ( man call$ an apo_/spasma t\ !\ 7,dio_/s71 !i_/a apo_/moira1 apo_/rroia 7see ,gatak] on ,m4 ,ant41 pp4 #dh1 #baa2 ,ed4 #afeb7--;& (t5 ev5 !o_/s 7see ,bonhff]1 ,epiktet u4 d4 ,/oa1 p4 #gf f474 #cgad3 7h psu*7 araio_/t]on pneuma ts phu_/ses kai leptome_/re/]on 4 4 4 ,*rysipp4 ap4 ,plu41 ,/oic4 ,rep4 #da1 p4 #ajeb ,f ii1 #bbb ,arn44 ,nature is pneuma t has become moi/1 s\l ! same pneuma :i* has rema9$ dry 7,gal51 iv1 #ghc f4 ,k4 p4 #bah ,arn474 #chad3 ,! bre_/phos is creat$ z a phu_/ton1 & only aft]w>ds becomes a zon by p]i_/psuxis 7d]ivation ( psu*_/ h5ce674 ,*rysipp4 ap4 ,plu41 ,/oic4 ,rep4 #ajeb ,f p4 #bbb ,arn44 ,?us comes ek phu_/ses psu*_/1 ,plu41 ,prim4 ,frig4 ii1 p4 #idf ,c4 #ciad3 ,x w\ld almo/ be possible to employ ! semi-,/oic language ( ,philo to describe ! s\l z conceiv$ by ?is ,/oic ,pan!ism3 ts !i_/z psu*s apo_/spasma ou diaireto_/n 7te_/mnetai gar ouden t\ !i_/ou kat' apa_/rts91 alla mo_/non ektei_/netai71 ,q4 ,det4 ,pot4 ,insid41 #bd1 i1 p4 #bji ,m4 ,b 9 or?odox ,/oic doctr9e ! idea prevails t ! individual apospa_/smata are completely deta*$ f ! univ]sal !ion--b at ! same "t )\t d5ial ( ultimate connexion ) ! ,all & ! ,"o4 #djad3 ,acc4 to ! old] ,/oical doctr9e z sy/ematiz$ by ,*rysippos ! s\l is absolutely simple & unifi$1 hav+ sprung f ! univ]sal ,reason ( ,god :i* conta9s no a_/logon4 ,its impulses 7hormai_/7 mu/ on ?is view be rational j z mu* z its will$ decisions 7kri_/seis73 x is affect$ f )\t by phu_/sis1 :i*1 be+ itself a developm5t ( ! highe/ reason1 ,god1 c only be good & rational4 ,x is q impossible to conceive h[1 on ! pr9ciples ( ! old] ,/oicism1 errone\s judgm5t or excessive & evil impulses c\ld arise4 h ts kaki_/z ge_/nesis is r5d]$ un9telligible z ,poseidonios ma9ta9s 9 opposition to ! subtle obs]vations ( ,*rysipp4 on ?is head 7see ,s*mekel1 ,phil4 d4 mittl4 ,/oa1 p4 #cbg ff474 #daad3 akol\_/?s t phu_/sei zn 7b our phu_/seis are me_/r ts t\ ho_/l\71 i4e4 9 h>mony ) ! koi_/nos no_/mos ho_/sp] e/in ho or?os lo_/gos ho dia pa_/ntn er*o_/m5os1 ho autos n t ,dii_/1 ka?gemo_/ni t\_/t ts tn ho_/ln dioik_/ses o_/nti1 ,*rysipp4 ap4 ,d4,l4 vii1 #hg-h iii1 #c ,arn44 ,?is ob$i5ce to ! rational ord] & gov]nance ( ! _w--! deum sequ]e1 ,s541 ,,vb4 #ae1 #e2 ,ep4 #af1 #e2 he_/pe/hai !ois1 ,epict4 i1 #ab1 #e1 etc4--is m (t5 reg>d$ z a passive attitude ( self-ab&onm5t adopt$ consci\sly & ) sugkata_/!sis3 *r moi loipon eis ho an !_/ls4 homognmon soi1 s_/s eimi ktl41 ,epict4 ii1 #af1 #db4 !_/le gi_/ne/hai ta #ead g9o_/m5a hs gi_/netai1 kai euro_/seis 7?is s\nds v l make ,god's w y\r own w71 ,en*4 #h4 ,mu* ! same idea occurs already 9 ! l9es ( ,klean!s a_/g\ de_/ m' h ,zeu kai su_/ g' h ,peprme_/n ktl4 i1 #aah ,arn44 ,b su* affirmation ( ! univ]se1 und]/ood 9 ! full pan!i/ic s5se 7cf4 ,klean!s tn ko9n mo_/nn ekde_/*etai phu_/s9 h dei akol\!in1 ouke_/ti de kai tn epi me_/r\s1 ,d4,l4 vii1 #hi i1 #abf ,arn471 c\ld n lead to an e?ical tea*+ ( active "* & concrete sub/ance4 #dbad3 ,! sopho_/s is eleu_/!ros2 einai gar tn eleu!ri_/an ex\si_/an autopragi_/z1 ,d4,l4 vii1 #aba4 ,laws & con/itutions d n apply to him3 ,cic41 ,ac4 ,pri4 ii1 #acf4 #dcad3 ,enemies & /rang]s are m sp\daioi to "o ano!r--politai kai phi_/loi kai oikeioi hoi sp\daioi mo_/non4 ,z5o1 en t ,politei_/a1 ap4 ,d4,l4 vii1 #cb-c i1 #ed ,arn44 #ddad3 ho p>' heka_// dai_/mn :i* "o mu/ keep 9 h>mony pros tn t\ tn ho_/ln dioikt\ b\_/ls91 ,d4,l4 vii1 #hh1 aft] ,*rysipp4 iii1 #d ,arn44 ,9 ! lat] ,/oic lit]ature1 ! only "p ( x :i* has come d[n to u1 we (t5 he> ( ?is dai_/mn ( ! individual--sac] intra nos spiritus 7,s541 ,epict41 ,m4 ,ant43 see ,bonhff]1 ,epiktet1 #hc74 ,x is g5]ally spok5 ( 9 language t seems to reg>d x z some?+ sep>able f ! man or 8 s\l1 includ+ ! hgemoniko_/n2 ,zeus p>e_//s5 epi_/tropon heka_// ton heka_//\ dai_/mona kai p>e_/dke phula_/sse9 auton aut ktl41 ,epict4 i1 #ad1 #ab4 ho dai_/mn on heka_// pro/a_/tn kai hgemo_/na ho ,zeus e_/dk51 ,m4 ,ant4 v1 #bg4 ana_/kr9on to daimo_/nion1 ,epict4 iii1 #bb1 #ec 7"o c ask que/ions ( x1 z ,sokrates did ( 8 daimo_/nion1 z some?+ o!r & diff]5t f oneself74 ,?is dai_/mn !n does n seem to be simply id5tifiable ) ! s\l ( man l ! daimon 9 man ( :i* ! !ologians speak4 ,x is conceiv$ & spok5 ( 9 language t sugge/s r ! protect+ _s ( a man z kn[n to popul> belief 7cf4 n[ ,us5]1 ,gtt]nam51 #bid ff474 ha_/panti dai_/mn &ri sump>i_//atai eu?us g5ome_/n mu/aggs t\ bi_/ou1 ,m5&4 #eej ,k4 7:]e ! idea ( two daimonic p>tn]s 9 ! life ( man is already reject$3 ,eukleides ,socr4 _h spok5 ( su*1 cf4 ,c5sor41 ,,dn4 iii1 #c1 & 9 a diff]5t way aga9 ,phocyl41 fr4 #ae74 ,plato himself speaks 7) a le_/getai7 ( ! dai_/mn ho_/sp] znta eil_/*ei 7& guides ! dep>t$ s\l into ,hades73 ,phd4 #ajg ,d4 ,! idea1 h[ev]1 mu/ h be5 mu* old]3 x appe>s fairly cle>ly express$ 9 ,p9d>'s words1 ,o4 xiii1 #bh 7,zeu pa_/tr71 ,x5o_/phntos eu_/?une dai_/monos ouron1 :]e ! transition to ! mean+ fate = ! ^w dai_/mn has n yet be5 complet$4 ,lat] 7) ! ,trag$ians & o!r poets7 ?is use became v common1 b ev5 !n /ill presupposes ! belief 9 su* p]sonal daimonic p>tn]s 9 ! life ( man3 ! use w\ld h be5 q impossible o!rwise4 7dai_/mn po_/tmos1 ,pi41 ,p4 v1 #aba f41 & already 9 ,?gn4 #afa1 #afc4 ,:5 ,h]akleitos says ?os an?r_/p dai_/mn1 fr4 #aba ,by41 #aai ,d4 he uses dai_/mn 9 ! s5se ( =tune 9 life4 ,! ^w means bo? ?os & condition ( life at ! same "t 9 ,pl41 ,rp4 #fag ,e1 ou* humas dai_/mn l_/xetai1 all' humeis dai_/mona hair_/se/he1 :]e ! d]ivation ( ! metaphorical use ( ! ^w dai_/mn f a belief 9 a special daimon belong+ to ! individual man c /ill be se5 pla9ly4 ,see also ,lys4 ,epit4 7#b71 #gh4 ,b ! metaphorical use comes z e>ly z ,? #aff1 pa_/ros toi dai_/mona d_/s po_/tmon eph_/s47--,! p]sonal exi/5ce ( ! daimon is /ill f> remov$ f all dang] ( su* ab/raction 9 a v rem>kable case3 9 ,halik>nassos ,poseidonios & 8 e_/kgonoi decide t on ! fir/ day ( ! mon? !y w (f] ,dai_/moni aga? ,poseidni_/ou 4 4 4 krio_/n 7,gr4 ,ins4 9 ,br4 ,mus4 #eae iv1 #a1 n4 #hif1 p4 #gj1 l4 #ce4 ,! inscr4 seems to date f ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c474 ,"h !n (f]+ is made to ! aga?os dai_/mn 7see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #acc7 ( ! liv+1 j z (f]+ 0 made on bir?days1 & at o!r times also1 to ! g5ius ( ,romans2 ag4 d4 is "h cle>ly equival5t to g5ius4 ,apollo ^: advice _h be5 s\ght at 8 oracle _h expressly enjo9$ 7ib41 l4 #i7 4 4 4 timan kai hila_/ske/hai kai aga?on dai_/mona ,poseidni_/ou kai ,g_/rgidos 7! latt]1 ,p4's "m1 seems to h be5 already dead3 l4 #cd74--,?is special dai_/mn atta*$ to individuals ) :om x c be contra/$ 7z ,brutus c be ) 8 dai_/mn kako_/s3 ,plu41 ,brut4 #cf7 is di/9ct f ! individual's psu*_/1 ?\gh x is natural to suppose t x may h aris5 f ! projection ( ! psu*_/--conceiv$ z v indep5d5t--outside ! man himself1 9 :i* x w\ld aga9 resemble ! ,roman g5ius4 7,! daimonic phu_/lakes ( ,hesiod cf4 above1 p4 #fg ff41 belong to q a diff]5t range ( ideas47 ,at any rate ! ,/oics _h ?is analog\s popul> conception 9 m9d :5 !y spoke ( ! p>' heka_// dai_/mn z some?+ diff]5t f ! man himself & 8 hgemoniko_/n4 ,!y use x1 h[ev]1 only z a figure ( spee*4 ,! dai_/mn ( ! individual really means = !m ! orig9al1 ideal p]sonality z contra/$ ) ! empirical p]sonality 7z ,bonhff] v rightly puts x3 ,epikt4 #hd7--! "* ! man already is ideally b mu/ become actually 7ge_/noi' hoios essi_/ 4 4 474 ,?us ! dai_/mn is di/9ct f ! psu*_/ 7dia_/noia7 & yet id5tical ) x4 ,x is a semi-allegorical play ^u ! idea ( ! dai_/mn z individual g5ius & at ! same "t z cr[n or summit ( ! human p]sonality--j z ,plato _h us$ ! ^w already incid5tally1 ,tim4 #ij ,a4 ,f9ally--= ! ,/oics did n s]i\sly wi% to e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( an indep5d5t protect+ deity t ent]s man f )\t & rules ov] him--! hgemoniko_/n is ! same z ! dai_/mn4 ,?us 9 ,m4 ,ant4 iv1 #bg1 ! dai_/mn is completely id5tical ) ! apo_/spasma ,dio_/s1 & ! heka_//\ n\s kai lo_/gos 7cf4 also iii1 #c f942 ii1 #ac2 #ag2 iii1 #g1 ton heaut\ n\n kai dai_/mona74 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 t ?is apo_/spasma t\ !\ c be call$ a dai_/mn be>s witness to a t5d5cy to conceive ! s\l-_s z some?+ indep5d5t & m cut (f & sep>at$ f ! common & orig9al s\rce ( div9ity ?an 0 possible = ,/oic pan!ism ( ! /rict] sort 7to :i* ! t]ms apo_/spasma1 apo_/rroia t\ !\ 7 m apt74 ,a decid$ approximation 0 ?us made to ! !ological idea ( ! s\l z an individual daimon :i* p]si/s 9 its sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,to ?is view ,poseidonios w5t ov] completely3 he reg>ds ! individual dai_/mn t lives 9 man z sugg5s n t ton ho_/lon ko_/smon dioik\nti 7,pos4 ap4 ,gal4 v1 #dfi71 & no long] z ! dep5d5t apo_/spasma ( ! latt]1 b z "o ( _m indep5d5t & individually *>act]iz$ spirits t h liv$ f all "t 9 ! air & ent] into man at bir?4 7,see ,bonhff]1 ,epikt4 #gi-hj1 & also ,s*mekel1 ,phil4 d4 mittl4 ,/oa1 #bdi ff41 #bef47 #dead3 ho ?a_/natos e/i *rismos psu*s apo s_/matos 4 4 4 ,*rysipp4 ap4 ,nemes41 ,,nh41 p4 #ha ,mat?42 ,z5o & ,*rysipp4 ap4 ,t]t41 ,an4 #e ii1 #bai ,arn44 #dfad3 ,ev]y?+ comes into be+ & p]i%es1 includ+ ! gods1 ho de ,zeus mo_/nos a_/dio_/s e/i1 ,*rysipp4 ap4 ,plu41 ,/o4 ,rep4 #ch1 p4 #ajeb ,a2 ,comm4 ,n4 #ca1 p4 #ajge ,a ff4 ii1 #cji ,arn44--epidiamon b n a?anasi_/a ( ! human s\l ib41 #bbc4 #dgad3 ,klea_/n?s men oun pa_/sas 7tas psu*as7 epidiame_/ne9 7le_/gei7 me_/*ri ts ekpur_/ses1 ,*ru_/sippos de tas tn sophn mo_/non1 ,d4,l4 vii1 #aeg4 #eaf ,a /atem5t (t5 repeat$ )\t m5tion ( ! two au?orities3 ,arius ,did4 ap4 ,eus41 ,,pe4 #ae1 #bj1 #f1 p4 #hbb 9999,a-,c 7! psu*ai tn aphro_/nn kai alo_/gn 9999z_/n p]i% imm$iately ) ! dea? ( ! body1 ,c7 & o!rs ii1 #bbc ,arn44 ,*rysippos' doctr9e comes also 9 ,tac41 ,agr4 #df1 si ut sapi5tibus placet non cum corpore ext+uuntur magnae animae 7hai mega_/lai psu*ai_/1 ,plu41 ,def4 ,or4 #ah1 p4 #dai f472 cf4 omnium quidem animos immortalis esse s$ =tium bonorumque div9os1 ,cic41 ,leg4 ii1 #bg1 n q accurately put4 #dhad3 ,! a/h5e/e_/ra psu*_/ 7hau_/t de_/ e/i tn apaideu_/tn7 p]i%es soon]1 h de is*urote_/ra1 hoia e/i p]i t\s soph\_/s rema9s me_/*ri ts ekpur_/ses1 ,plu4 ,plac4 ,phil41 #d1 #g ap4 ,dox4 #cic;a4 #diad3 ,! pr$om9ance ( ! mat]iali/ic po9t ( view is rem>kable 9 ^? ,/oici :o acc4 to ,s5eca1 ,ep4 #eg1 #g1 exi/imant animum hom9is magno pond]e extriti p]man]e non posse et /atim sp>gi1 quia non fu]it illi exitus lib] 7:i* rem9ds u ( ! popul> belief t ! s\l ( "o :o has di$ 9 a high w9d eu?us diapephu_/stai kai apo_/ll51 ,pl41 ,phd4 #gj ,a1 #hj ,d1 see above1 *ap4 xiii1 n4 #e74 #ejad3 ou ta s_/mata tas psu*as sune_/*ei all' hai psu*ai ta s_/mata1 h_/sp] kai h ko_/lla kai heautn kai ta ektos kratei1 ,poseidon4 ap4 ,a*4 ,tat41 ,isag41 p4 #acc ,e ,petav41 borr[$ f ,ari/4 7de ,an4 #a1 #e1 #daa;b1 #g71 b a ?or\ghly ,/oic idea z contra/$ ) ,epicurean doctr9e 7see ,he9ze1 ,x5okrates1 #ajj f474 #eaad3 ,s4,e41 ,m4 ix1 #ga-c4 ,! naive b q pla9 /atem5ts g back to ,poseid4 z has (t5 be5 po9t$ out 7e4g4 by ,corss51 de ,pos4 ,rhod41 p4 #de1 #ahgh1 & o!rs74 ,s1 too1 d ! simil> rem>ks 9 ,cic41 ,,td4 i1 #db4 ,poseid4 does n appe> to be utt]+ het]odox op9ions 9 ?is case1 s f> z we c see4 #ebad3 --kai gar oude tas psu*as e_/ne/9 huponosai ka_/t ph]ome_/nas4 leptom]eis gar ousai eis t\s a_/n mallon to_/p\s k\phophor\s91 ,s4,e41 ,m4 ix1 #ga4 ,?is physical reason 0 9 itself en\gh to make x impossible = ! ,/oics to believe 9 a subt]ranean region ( ! s\ls3 oudeis ,ha_/ids1 oud' ,a*e_/rn1 oude ,kkuto_/s ktl41 ,epict4 iii1 #ac1 #ae4 ,x is ! regul> ,/oic doctr9e3 see ,bonhff]1 ,epikt4 #ef f42 cf4 ,cic41 ,,td4 i1 #cf f42 ,s541 ,c4 ad ,m>c4 #ai1 #d4 ,:5 ,/oics speak occasionally ( inf]i or ha_/ds z ! abode ( ! s\ls1 !y are only us+ metaphorical language4 ,:5 ! ^w is n a m]e conv5tionalism1 !y mean ! regions ne>] ! e>?1 ! cl\d regions & l[] levels ( ! air1 ho pa*um]e_//atos kai prosgeio_/tatos a_/r 7,corn41 ,,nd4 #e1 p4 #d1 #ag ,l2 o!r exx4 9 ,he9ze1 ,x5okr4 #adg1 #b74 ,"h ! unwise s\ls 7! moi/]1 less buoyant ones7 are suppos$ to rema9 aft] dea? 7circa t]ram z ,t]t41 ,an4 #ed says1 allud+ to ,/oic doctr9e--& ?is is obvi\sly :]e ! inf]i m5tion$ at ! end ( ! same *apt] are situat$74 ,?is a_/r 7di/+ui%$ f ! high] regions ( ! air7 ha_/ds1 mu/ h be5 :at ,z5o ref]r$ to :5 he spoke ( ! loca t5ebrosa :]e ! s\ls ( ! unwise h to expiate _! folly 7quot$ & v>i$ by ,lact41 ,in/4 #g1 #g1 #ac1 9 a ,platonic s5se i1 #dj ,arn474 #ecad3 ,abode ( ! s\ls 9 ! air3 ,s4 ,e41 ,m4 ix1 #gc2 ,cic41 ,,td4 i1 #db-c1 bo? probably aft] ,poseid4 ,cf4 sapi5tum animas 9 sup]nis mansionibus 9999collocant 7,/oici71 ,t]t41 ,an41 #ed4 ,g5]ally3 eis ton ae_/ra me?i_//a/hai said ( ! dep>t$ s\ls1 ,m4 ,ant4 iv1 #ba4 en t p]ie_/*onti 4 4 4 diame_/ne9 tas tn apo?ano_/ntn psu*a_/s1 ,ar4 ,did4 ap4 ,eus41 ,,pe4 xv1 #hbb ,a ii1 #bbe ,arn44 7,gradual asc5t to ev] high] regions1 ,s541 ,c4 ad ,m>c4 #be1 #a--;h>dly or?odox ,/oic doctr9e4--,! conception may possibly belong to ! old] ,/oicism1 & may und]lie ! op9ion ( ,*rysipp43 sphairoeideis--z fi]y mete_/ra--tas psu*as #eag meta ?a_/naton gi_/ne/hai1 ap4 ,eu/41 ,il4 #abhh1 #aj f4 #bbd ,arn44 ,poseid4 seems to h work$ x out fur!r1 probably mak+ use also ( ,py?agorean & ,platonic fancies to :i* he 0 di/9ctly incl9$4 ,! ,py?agoreans _h fancies ab\t ! s\ls hov]+ 9 ! air 7see above1 *ap4 xi1 n4 #ce71 ( ! sun & moon z places :]e ! s\ls liv$ 7*ap4 x1 n4 #gf74 ,acc4 to ,poseid4 ! s\ls inhabit ton hupo sel_/nn to_/pon 7,s4,e41 ,m4 ix1 #gc7 z suitable = div9e b n p]fect creatures4 ,x is ! s\ls :o are meant :5 p speak ( dai_/mones 7,s4,e4 #gd71 or h_/res 7,/oic 9 ?is use ,d4,l4 vi1 #aea ii1 #cbj ,arn472 cf4 h]oes et l>es et g5ii1 ,v>ro us+ ,/oic language 7ap4 ,aug41 ,,cd4 vii1 #f1 p4 #bhb1 #ad ,domb474 ,! :ole air is full ( !m3 ,pos4 ap4 ,cic41 ,div4 i1 #fd4 ,some?+ v simil> giv5 z ,py?ag4 doctr9e by ,alex4 ,polyh4 ap4 ,d4,l4 viii1 #cb2 see above1 *ap4 xi1 n4 #ce4 ,b ,poseidonios 7esp4 if he is really ! s\rce ( ! ,cic]onian ,somn4 ,scip47 seems to h emulat$ m p>ticul>ly ! imag9ative ef=ts ( ,h]akleides ,pont4 & 8 /ory ( ,emp$otimos' vision 7see above1 *ap4 ix1 n4 #aaa74 ,h]akl4 contribut$ l>gely to popul>iz+ ! idea t ! s\ls inhabit ! air & giv+ x %ape2 ! int]e/ ) :i* 8 fancies 7 /udi$ is %[n by ! quotations f 8 book s common f ,v>ro d[n to ,proclus & ,damascius4 ,he mu/ h be5 l$ to make ! s\ls1 on be+ fre$ f ! body1 float upw>ds 7& occupy ! />s or ! moon--:i* are inhabitable heav5ly bodies3 ,dox4 #cdc1 #g ff42 #cef;a1 #aj7 by ! view--j z ! ,/oics aft] him 7--t ! s\l is an ai!_/rion sma 7,philop47--phtoeid_/s1 a lum51 ,t]t41 ,an4 #i4 ,9 ?is he is foll[+ an idea t _h be5 common 9 ! fif? c5tury 7held by ,x5ophanes1 ,epi*>mos1 ,eurip43 see above1 p4 #dcf ff471 & _h ev5 atta9$ popul> vogue4 ,?is idea f ! v fir/ l$ to ! conclusion t ! s\l1 :5 ready = x1 ent]s eis ton ho_/moion ai!_/ra & asc5ds to ! upp] regions 7( ! ae!r74 ,h]akleides c>ri$ ?is idea fur!r & embelli%$ x ) philosophical & a/ronomical fancies4 7,on ano!r occasion he seems to h d5i$ sub/ance & consi/5cy to individual s\ls3 ,plu41 ,mor4 v1 p4 #fii ,wytt4--a view to :i* 8 doctr9e ( ! o_/gkoi might easily h l$ him47 ,poseidonios !n took up ?is idea ( ,h]akl4 ,9 ?is way1 or at lea/ n un9flu5c$ by ?is semi-philosophical lit]ature1 ! belief 9 ! abode ( ! s\ls 9 ! ae!r atta9$ ! popul>ity t grave inscriptions witness = x 7see bel[1 *4 xiv1 #b1 n4 #ace74 #edad3 ,cic]o1 foll[+ ,poseid41 imag9es a blissful obs]vation ( ! e>? & ! />s by ! s\ls 9 ! air3 ,,td4 i1 #dd-g 7cf4 ,s541 ,c4 ad ,m>c4 #be1 #a-b72 & simil>ly 9 ,somn4 ,sci42 9 bo? cases ! idea c]ta9ly comes f ,h]akl4 ,pont4 #eead3 apo_/spasma t\ !\ i1 #cf ,arn44 #efad3 ,a frequ5tly repeat$ ,/oic dogma 7/at$ ) p>ticul> fullness by ,s5ec41 ,ep4 #ic73 see ,gatak] on ,m4 ,ant4 7iii1 #g71 p4 #ajh-i4 ,! happ9ess ( ! 7,/oic7 wise man does n require mkos bi_/ou te_/lei\ z ,ari/ot4 _h ma9ta9$ 7see above1 n4 #cb74 ,9 ?is po9t ,/oic & ,epicurean doctr9e fully agre$3 magni artificis e/ clusisse totum 9 exiguo3 tantum sapi5ti sua1 quantum deo omnis aetas patet 7,s541 ,ep4 #ec1 #aa1 & see bel[1 n4 #ib74 #egad3 ,acc4 to ,panaitios !re are duo g5]a 9 ! s\l :i* he calls inflammata anima 7,cic41 ,,td4 i1 #db74 ,x is at any rate v probable t ,panaitios 7& ,bo?os--r\ghly contempor>y ) ,pan43 see ,comp>etti1 ,ind4 ,/oic41 p4 #gh f4--acc4 to ,macr41 9 ,s4 ,scip4 #a1 #ad1 #bj7 reg>d$ ! s\l z comp\nd$ ( two elem5ts1 a] et ignis1 n #eah z a s+le & uncomp\nd$ pneuma e_/n!rmon z ! old] ,/oa _h taught 7see ,s*mekel1 ,philos4 d4 mittl4 ,/oa1 #cbd f474 #ehad3 phu_/sis & psu*_/3 ,pan4 ap4 ,nemes41 ,,nh41 p4 #bab ,mat?4 ,?is cle>ly %[s a t5d5cy to a psy*ological dualism3 ,zell]1 ,/oics & ,epicureans1 p4 #edb f4 ,:at fur!r sugge/ions 7 made by ,pan4 ab\t ! division ( ! s\l rema9s v problematical4 ,! only m precise /atem5t is ,cic]o's1 ,,td4 i1 #hj 7speak+ ( ,pan471 aegritud9es iras libid9esque semotas a m5te et disclusas putat4 #eiad3 ,panaitios d5i$ n m]ely ! immortality b ev5 ! diamon_/ ( ! s\l aft] dea?3 ,cic41 ,,td4 i1 #gh-i4 ,two reasons are !re giv53 ev]y?+ t has come into be+ 7l ! s\l ( man at bir?7 mu/ also p]i%--! ,ari/otelian pr9ciple3 see above1 n4 #be2 :at c feel pa9 7z ! s\l does7 mu/ become diseas$ & :at is diseas$ mu/ ev5tually p]i%4 7,"h ! 9999de/ruction ( ! s\l f its own inw>d decay is ass]t$--n f ! effect ( ext]nal =ce at ! _w conflagration1 ! p]iodic occurr5ce ( :i* ,pan4 at lea/ call$ 9 "q47 ,acc4 to ,s*mekel 7mittl4 ,/oa1 p4 #cji7 x foll[s f ,cic41 ,,td4 i1 #db1 t ,panaitios also add$ a ?ird argum5t3 t ! s\l be+ composite mu/ suff] ! dissolution ( its p>ts 9 dea? :i* *ange into o!r elem5ts4 ,?is does n inde$ at all foll[ f ! passage1 b su* a view w\ld almo/ h be5 inevitable ) ,panaitios' doctr9e ( ! s\l & _h already be5 sugge/$ by ,k>neades 9 8 polemic aga9/ ! inde/ructibility ( ! div9e & ( e zon--an argum5t to :i* ,pan4 on ! :ole yield$4 #fjad3 ,poseidonios di/+ui%$ 9 ! human s\l n ?ree p>ts b ?ree duna_/meis mias ousi_/z ek ts k>di_/z hormme_/ns 7,gal4 v1 #eae71 namely1 ! ,platonic ?ree1 ! logi/iko_/n1 ?umoeide_/s1 epi?umtiko_/n 7,gal4 v1 #dgf74 ,! la/ two are ! duna_/meis a_/logoi 7!y only give phantasi_/ai ! special =ms tak5 by _! impulses3 ,gal4 v1 #dgd1 #cii74 ,! pa_/? are n judgm5ts nor ! consequ5ces ( judgm5t b ! motions 7k9_/seis7 ( ^! duna_/meis a_/logoi 7,gal4 v1 #dbi2 cf4 #cgh74 ,9 ?is way alone is x possible to und]/& h[ passion or wrong-do+ c arise 9 man2 x is because s\l is n 7z ,*rysipp4 _h taught7 pure reason+ p[] 7cf4 also ,gal4 iv1 #hbj74 ,!re exi/s !n 9 man an a_/logon kai kako_/daimon kai a_/!on 9 addition to ! dai_/mn sugg5s t ton ho_/lon ko_/smon dioik\nti3 ,gal4 v1 #dfi f4 ,h[1 inde$1 ?is is possible :5 ! s\l is a s+le ousi_/a & 9 its nature no?+ b div9e pneuma x is difficult to say4--,pos4 too 0 q ignorant ( an evil pr9ciple 9 ! _w1 n ! div9e or contr>y to ! div9e pr9ciple4 ,! e?ical tea*+ ( ,/oicism _h always conta9$ a dualism :i* is "h transf]r$ to ! physical doctr9e :]e x 0 orig9ally unkn[n4 ,f ! "t ( ,pos4 !re is an ev] gr[+ t5d5cy to emphasize ! contra/ 7:i* 01 h[ev]1 always famili> to ! old] ,/oics z well7 betwe5 s\l & body1 ! inutilis c>o ac fluida1 ,pos4 ap4 ,s541 ,ep4 #ib1 #aj4 ,9 view ( ?is contra/ ! s\l too is no long] said to come into be+ ) ! body or ) ! physical conception ( ! individual 7cf4 gegone_/nai tn psu*n kai metag5e/e_/ran einai t\ s_/matos1 ,*rysipp4 ap4 ,plu41 ,/o4 ,rep4 #ajec ,d ii1 #bbb ,arn471 b r to h be5 liv+ be=e t1 9 ! sep>ate life ( ! div9e4 ,x is n[h]e expressly or au?oritatively /at$ t ,poseidonios held ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l2 b t view has be5 rightly attribut$ to him1 fitt+ 9 z x does ) 8 o!r ideas1 & because x is (t5 introduc$ & tak5 = grant$ 9 ^? passages :]e #eai ,cic]o or ,s5eca are foll[+ ,pos4 7see ,corss51 de ,pos4 ,rhod41 p4 #be ff4 ,b we may n read ! doctr9e ( pre-exi/5ce into ,s4,e41 ,m4 ix1 #ga1 z ,he9ze1 ,x5ok4 #acd1 #b1 does74 ,if ! s\l-dai_/mn 0 9 exi/5ce be=e its inc>nation x c presumably only ent] ! body ) ! conception ( ! individual life ?u_/ra!n1 tractus extr9secus z ,cic4 puts x1 ,div4 ii1 #aai2 a passage obvi\sly relat$ 7z ,bonhff]1 ,epikt4 #gi rem>ks7 to ! /atem5t 9 ,div4 i1 #fd1 :]e he is speak+ ( ! immortales animi ( :i* ! air is full--& !re ,pos4 is m5tion$ by "n z ! au?ority4 ,f its pre-exi/5t life 9 ! air ! s\l ent]s into man4 ,! multitude ( individual bodiless s\ls--n only ! "o imp]sonal s\l-sub/ance ( ! _w--7 ?us liv+ be=e _! ensma_/tsis1 & ! ,/oic pan!ism ?us turns into a r que/ionable p&aemonism4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,poseidonios 9 opposition to 8 tea*]1 ,panaitios1 adh]es to ! doctr9e ( ! p]iodic ext9ction ( all life 9 ! "o ,s\l ( ! ,_w1 ! orig9al ,fire3 cf4 ,dox4 #chh;a1 #ah2 b1 #ai4 ,hold+ ?is view he _c v well h put ! orig9 ( ea* ( ! individual s\l-daimones be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! p>ticul> _w-p]iod 9 :i* !y live4 ,nor c ! survival ( ! s\ls aft] _! sep>ation f ! body be prolong$ beyond ! next ekpu_/rsis 7:i* makes ,cic]o's immortales animi inexact3 ,div4 i1 #fd1 aft] ,pos474 ,?us1 al?\gh ! survival :i* ,panaitios _h d5i$ is reaffirm$ x does n g beyond ! qualifi$ doctr9e ( immortality :i* ! old] ,/oics _h held4 ,at ! same "t ,pos4 c\ld hold1 ) ,*rysipp4 & o!r ,/oics1 t !re 0 a p]iodik paligg5esi_/a 7,m4 ,ant4 xi1 #a7 aft] ! _w-conflagration & ev5 t ea* individual man ( ! previ\s _w-p]iod w\ld be re/or$ aga9 9 precisely ! same place 7,*rysipp4 ap4 ,lact41 ,in/4 #g1 #bc1 #c1 etc42 ii1 #ahi ,arn42 cf4 ! ,orphico-,py?agorean fantasy3 above1 *ap4 x1 n4 #dg74 ,b ?is w\ld n am\nt to an a?anasi_/a = ! individual3 ! individual life has be5 int]rupt$ & is sep>at$ f its apokata_//asis by a long int]val ( "t4--,!re is no satisfactory reason = assign+ to ,pos4 ! belief 9 a s]ies ( met5smat_/seis ( ! s\l--z ,he9ze does1 ,x54 #acb ff4--?\gh su* an idea w\ld n h be5 h>d to arrive at1 ev5 :ile hold+ fa/ to ! doctr9e ( ! f9al ekpu_/rsis4 ,b ! dubi\s acc\nts giv5 by _m doxogra_/phoi ( ,/oic tea*+ on ! "q ( ! metaggismos psu*n ne$ n necess>ily ref] to ,poseidonios3 nor are we b\nd to draw ?is conclusion because !y reappe> 9 ,plut>*4 ,plu4 does inde$ "h & !re foll[ ,poseidonios1 b he nev] hesitates to add ,platonic ideas or fancies ( 8 own inv5tion1 a fact :i* makes x mo/ risky to attempt to fix an exact s\rce = any p>ticul> detail 9 8 v>iegat$ mosaic4 #faad3 ,s*mekel 7,phil4 d4 mittl4 ,/oa1 #ahib7 ma9ta9s conv9c+ly t ,panaitios 0 l$ to 8 view ( ! nature & fate ( ! s\l *iefly by ! polemic ( ,k>neades aga9/ ! dogmatic philosoph]s & p>ticul>ly ! ,/oics4 ,x is less c]ta9 t ,poseidonios & 8 het]odox views are influ5c$ by respect = ,k>neades4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ,pos4 diff]s f ,*rysipp41 & /ill m f ,panaitios4 ,!re is ?us an indirect connexion betwe5 him & ,k>neades1 to ^: criticisms ,panaitios _h 9 ! mo/ ess5tial po9ts giv5 way4 #fbad3 ,t ,pos4 is be+ us$ 9 ! fir/ book ( ,tusc4 ,disp4 is admitt$ on all h&s 7z to ! ext5t ( t use conjecture may inde$ be v>i\s74 ,x is at lea/ v possible 9 ! case ( ,somn4 ,scip4 7see ,corss51 ,pos4 #dj ff474--,! attraction ( su* !ories ( immortality #ebj rema9$ an ae/hetic "o ) ,cic]o 7& probably among all ! cultur$ ( 8 age & social circle74 ,:]e he is n speak+ rhetorically or 9 pursuance ( a lit]>y pose--9 8 lett]s esp4--he %[s no trace ( ! conviction t he def5ds at o!r times ) s mu* ard\r 7see ,boissi]1 ,rel4 rom4 d',aug4 aux ,ant4 i1 #eh f474 #fcad3 ou kata psiln p>a_/tax91 alla lelogisme_/ns kai semns ?\gh n always q atrag_/ds 7,m4 ,ant4 xi1 #c74 #fdad3 ,julius ,kanus :5 condemn$ to dea? by ,gaius only attempts to enquire :e!r !re is any tru? 9 ! belief 9 immortality3 ,s541 ,tr4 ,an4 #ad1 #h-i4 ,de natura animae et dissociatione spiritus corporisque inquirebat ,?rasea ,paetus1 be=e 8 execution1 ) 8 in/ructor ,demetrius ! ,cynic3 ,tac41 ,a4 xvi1 #cd4 ,!y h no firm conviction 9 ^! matt]s t might s]ve to expla9 or acc\nt = _! h]oism 7,cato reads ! ,pha$o be=e 8 suicide3 ,plu41 ,cat4 m94 #fh1 #gj74 #fead3 nos quoque felices animae et aet]na sortitae says ! s\l ( h] fa!r to ,m>cia3 ,s541 ,c4 ad ,m>c4 #bf1 #g1 9 antiqua elem5ta v]temur at ! ekpu_/rsis4 #ffad3 ,s541 ,ep4 #hh1 #cd4 #fgad3 bellum somnium1 ,s541 ,ep4 #ajb1 #b4 #fhad3 ,:]e ,s5eca admits m positive conceptions ( a life aft] dea? he nev] goes beyond a =tasse1 si modo v]a sapi5tium fama e/ 7,ep4 #fc1 #af72 a delib]ate concession to ! cons5sus hom9um 7,ep4 #aag1 #f7 or ! op9iones magnorum virorum rem gratissimam promitt5tium magis quam probantium 7,ep4 #ajb1 #c74 ,foll[+ ! conv5tional /yle ( consolatory disc\rses he gives su* expressions a m vivid turn 9 ! ,consolationes3 e4g4 ,m>c4 #be1 #a ff42 ,helv4 #aa1 #g2 ,polyb4 #i1 #h4 ,b ev5 !re ! idea ( p]sonal immortality h>dly seems to be tak5 s]i\sly4 ,9 ! same pieces dea? is comm5d$ simply z putt+ an end to all pa91 &1 9 fact1 to all s5sation3 ,m>c4 #ai1 #d-e4 ,9 dea? we become aga9 z we 7 be=e be+ born1 ,m>c4 #ai1 #e2 cf4 ,ep4 #ed1 #d1 mors e/ non esse1 id quale sit iam scio4 hoc erit po/ me quod ante me fuit2 & ,ep4 #gg1 #aa1 non eris3 nec fui/i4 ,s t :e!r dea? is a f9is or a transitus1 7,prov4 #f1 #f2 ,ep4 #fe1 #bd71 x is equally welcome to ! wise man :o has made ! mo/ ( 8 life1 h[ev] %ort x may h be54 ,:e!r he goes !n to ! gods or :e!r on ! o!r h& no?+ is left ( ! mortal creature aft] dea? aeque magnum animum habebit 7,ep4 #ic1 #aj72 cf4 nunquam magis div9um e/ 7pectus humanum7 quam ubi mortalitatem suam cogitat1 et scit 9 hoc natum hom9em ut vita defung]etur cet41 7,ep4 #abj1 #ad72 ipsum p]ire non e/ magnum1 anima 9 exp$ito e/ hab5da 7,,qn4 #f1 #cb1 #e72 to be ready is ev]y?+4--,( ! old ,/oic dogmas ! only "o t seems to rema9 c]ta9 = ,s5eca is t ( paligg5esi_/a at ! new creation ( ! _w1 ,ep4 #cf1 #aj-aa3 mors int]mittit vitam1 non eripit3 v5it it]um qui nos 9 lucem reponat dies2 b t is n 9 any way a consolation3 multi recus>5t nisi oblitos r$uc]et4 ,consci\sness ceases ) ! com+ ( dea? 9 ?is _w-p]iod4 #fiad3 ,x is v r>ely t ! utt]ances ( ! ,emp]or on ! subject ( :at happ5s aft] dea? resemble ^? ( a conv9c$ ,/oic ( ! old s*ool4 ,! s\ls are all p>ts ( ! "o no]a psu*_/ ( ! _w :i* ?\gh ext5d$ ov] s _m individual s\ls yet rema9s a unity 7ix1 #h2 xii1 #cj74 ,aft] dea? ! individual s\l w survive = a p]iod 9 ! air until x is m]g$ into ! univ]sal s\l eis ton tn ho_/ln sp]matikon lo_/gon 7iv1 #ba74 ,?is implies ! survival ( ! p]sonal self = an undef9$ p]iod1 b x is #eba n a fix$ conviction ( ,m4 ,ant4 ,z a rule he all[s ! *oice betwe5 sbe_/sis meta_//asis1 i4e4 imm$iate ext9ction & m]g+ ( ! individual s\l 7,panait47 or its removal into a tempor>y abode ( ! s\ls 9 ! air 7hai eis ton ae_/ra me?i/a_/m5ai psu*ai_/1 iv1 #ba2 cf4 v1 #ec74 ,or else ! *oice is betwe5 sbe_/sis1 meta_//asis 7bo? 9 agreem5t ) ! ,/oic doctr9e ( ! he_/nsis ( ! s\l7 or sk$asmo_/s ( ! s\l-elem5ts1 9 case ! atomi/s are "r 7vii1 #cb2 viii1 #be2 vi1 #bd7--;a dilemma :i* really comes d[n to sk$asmo_/s or sbe_/sis 7 lph?nai eis t\s ko_/sm\ sp]matik\s lo_/g\s72 & meta_//asis falls out4 ,?is is probably ! mean+ also ( x1 #g3 _/toi sk$asmos /oi*ei_/n trop_/ 79 :i* to pneumatiko_/n disappe>s eis to a]des7 & trop_/ only ( ! la/ pneumatiko_/n t man pres]ves 9 himself3 = "h 7at ! end ( ! *apt]7 ! id5tity ( ! individual s\l ) itself is giv5 up 9 ! ,h]akleitean mann] 7see above1 p4 #cgj74 ,sometimes ! *oice is pres5t$ betwe5 anai/hsi_/a or he_/t]os bi_/os aft] dea? 7iii1 #c7 or ai_//hsis het]oi_/a 9 an alloion zon 7viii1 #eh74 ,?is is no allusion to metempsy*osis 79 :i* ! envelope into :i* ! s\l goes is ano!r b its ai_//hsis does n become het]oi_/a73 x means ! turn+ ( ! s\l-pneuma1 exhal$ 9 dea?1 to new =ms ( life unit$ to ! previ\s =ms by no id5tity ( s\l-p]sonality4 ,9 ?is case we c inde$ say t\ zn ou pau_/s3 b !re c be no idea ( ! survival ( ! p]sonal ego4 h tn ho_/ln phu_/sis ex*anges & r$i/ributes its elem5ts2 all ?+s are *ang+ 7viii1 #f2 ix1 #bh74 ,! ,emp]or nev] s]i\sly ?9ks ( ! survival ( p]sonality2 he seeks r to inquire :y ?+s are z !y are2 b he nev] d\bts t z a matt] ( fact ev5 ! noble/ ( mank9d mu/ also g out completely ) dea? 7xii1 #e74 ,ev]y?+ *anges & "o ?+ p]i%es to make way = ano!r 7xii1 #ba72 & s ea* man mu/ say to himself met' ou polu oudeis oudam\ e_/s 7xii1 #ba2 viii1 #e74 ,! wise man w say x ) calmness3 8 s\l is he_/toimos ean _/d apolu?nai de_/ t\ s_/matos 4 4 4 xi1 #c4 ,liv+ among m5 to :om 8 way ( ?\ght is /range 7en t diaphni_/a ts sumbi_/ses7 he sighs at times ?atton e_/l?ois1 ?a_/nate 4 4 4 ix1 #c2 cf4 ,bonhff]1 ,epikt4 u4 d4 ,/oa1 #ei ff4 #gjad3 ,i %all die )\t resi/+ ,god eids ho_/ti to g5o_/m5on kai ph?>nai dei4 ou ga_/r eimi ain all' a_/n?rpos1 me_/ros tn pa_/ntn hs h_/ra hme_/ras2 en/nai_/ me dei hs tn h_/ran kai p>el!in hs h_/ran1 ,epictet4 ii1 #e1 #ac4 ,! pres5t mu/ make way = ! future hi_/n' h p]i_/odos anu_/tai t\ ko_/sm\1 ii1 #ag-ah2 iv1 #a1 #ajf4 ,dea? br+s ) x n complete de/ruction1 ouk ap_/leian1 b tn prote_/rn eis he_/t]a metabola_/s1 iii1 #bd1 #ia-d4 ,b ! p]sonality ( ! n[ liv+ individual does inde$ p]i% completely 9 dea?4--,cf4 ,bonhff]1 ,epiktet1 #fe f42 cf4 also ! same au?or's ,e?ik des ,epiktet1 p4 #bf ff41 #eb 7#ahid74 #gaad3 ,cornutus ap4 ,/ob41 ,ecl4 i1 #chc1 #bd-chd1 #b ,w4 #gbad3 ,! psu*_/ a sma 7! only z_/maton is empty space :i* is m]ely a passage way = ! s_/mata71 ,d4,l1 x1 #fg p4 #ba ,u44 ,x is a sma leptom]e_/s1 p>' ho_/lon to a_/?roisma 7i4e4 ( atoms to a body7 p>esp>me_/non1 prosemph]e_//aton de pneu_/mati !rm\ t9a kras9 e_/*onti1 ,d4,l4 x1 #fc4 ,cf4 ,lucr4 iii1 #abf ff42 m precise is iii1 #bca-df4 ,x is ! a_/?roisma :i* tn psu*n /ega_/zei1 ,d4,l4 x1 #fd4 vas quasi con/itit eius1 ,lucr4 iii1 #ddj1 #eee4 #gcad3 ,lucr4 iii1 #id ff41 #aag ff4 #gdad3 ,! a_/logon ho en t loip p>e_/sp>tai s_/mati1 to de logikon en t ?_/raki1 ,s*4 ,d4,l4 x1 #fg 7p4 #ba ,u471 fr4 #cab1 #cac ,u4 anima & animus1 ,lucr4 iii1 #acf ff4 ,! anima1 ?\gh x is dim9i%$ #ebb :5 ! man loses 8 limbs 79 :i* x inh]es71 yet all[s him to rema9 alive4 ,! animus1 h[ev]1 vitai clau/ra co]c5s1 mu/ n be dim9i%$ o!rwise ! anima escapes z well & ! man dies3 ,lucr4 iii1 #cif ff4 ,! animus ) its p]ceptions is m indep5d5t ( anima & corpus ?an !y are ( x3 ,lucr4 iii1 #ade ff4 #gead3 ,lucr4 iii1 #dba-d4 #gfad3 ,lucr4 iii1 #dde ff4 #ggad3 ,! s\l diaspei_/retai1 luome_/n\ t\ ho_/l\ a?roi_/smatos & _c reta9 any ai_//hsis ap>t f its a_/?roisma1 ,d ,l4 x1 #fe-f4 ,! w9ds disp]se x3 ,lucr4 iii1 #ejf ff4 kapn\ di_/kn ski_/dnatai1 ,epicur4 fr4 #ccg4 ceu fumus1 ,lucr4 iii1 #ddf-ehc4 #ghad3 radicitus e vita se tollit et eicit1 ,lucr4 iii1 #hgg4 #giad3 ,lucr4 iii1 #hed-fj2 #hdg-ec4 #hjad3 oude taphs phrontiein 7ton sopho_/n7 fr4 #egh4 ,cf4 ,lucr4 iii1 #hgj ff4 ,! way 9 :i* ! body1 des]t$ by its s\l1 is buri$ or dispos$ ( is ( no consequ5ce3 ,phld41 ,mort41 p4 #da-b ,mekl4 #haad3 ,d4,l4 x1 #abd-e4 #hbad3 ho ?a_/natos ouden pros hmas1 to gar dialu!n anai/htei1 to de anai/ht\n ouden pros hmas1 ,ep41 ,s5t4 ii2 ,d4,l4 x1 #aci 7p4 #ga ,u474 ,frequ5tly repeat$3 see ,us541 p4 #cia f4 #hcad3 dolor & morbus1 leti fabricator ut]que1 affect ! s\l too1 ,lucr4 iii1 #dei ff41 #dgj ff41 #dhd ff4 ,no?+ t c be brok5 up into p>ts c be et]nal2 #fdj ff41 #ffg ff4 ,! *ief argum5t3 quod cum corpore nascitur1 cum corpore int]eat necesse e/1 ,ep41 fr4 #ccf4 7,!y are id5tical 9 "p ) ! argum5ts :i* ,k>neades direct$ aga9/ ! !ory ( ! et]nity & inde/ructibility ( ! highe/ zon1 ,god4 ,k>n4 mu/ h got !m f ,epicurus47 #hdad3 ,cf4 ,ep41 ,s5t4 xi1 p4 #gc f4 ,u4 #head3 ,to be able to see mden pros hmas einai ton ?a_/naton1 apo_/lau/on poiei to ts zs ?nto_/n1 ouk a_/peiron proti!isa *ro_/non alla ton ts a?anasi_/z aphelome_/n po_/?on1 ,d4,l4 x1 #abc2 cf4 ,metrod4 7871 ed4 ,krte1 p4 #ehh1 col4 xvi4 #hfad3 gego_/nam5 ha_/pax1 dis de ouk e_//i g5e_//hai ktl4 h5ce c>pe diem6 fr4 #bjd2 see also fr4 #dij-d4 ,metrod4 fr4 #ec ,k4 #hgad3 ,d4,l4 x1 #ha4 #hhad3 ,aga9/ ! fe> ( torm5t & puni%m5t 9 ! und]world3 fr4 #cdj-a1 cf4 ,lucr4 iii1 #ajaa ff4 7torm5ts su* z ^? fabl$ ( ,hades exi/ 9 ?is _w3 iii1 #igh ff474 ,cf4 ! lett] ( ! ,epicurean ,diog5es1 ,rh4 ,mus4 #dg1 #dbh 4 4 4 phob\mai gar ouden 7sc4 ton ?a_/naton7 dia t\s ,titu\s kai t\s ,tanta_/l\s h\s anagra_/ph\s9 en ,ha_/id\ t9e_/s1 oude phri_/tt tn mu_/ds9 7m_/ds9 ! /one7 ktl4 #hiad3 metus ille =as praeceps ,a*]untis ag5dus1 funditus humanam qui vitam turbat ab imo1 omnia suffund5s mortis nigrore neque ullam esse voluptatem liquidam puramque reliquit1 ,lucr4 iii1 #cg ff4 #ijad3 ,d4,l4 x1 #abf4 ridiculum e/ curr]e ad mortem ta$io vitae1 fr4 #dif4 #iaad3 artifex vitae1 ,s54 ,ep4 #ij1 #bg4 #ibad3 --su de ts au_/rion ouk n ku_/rios anaba_/ll ton kairo_/n2 ho de pa_/ntn bi_/os mellsm p>apo_/llutai 4 4 4 fr4 #bjd4 #icad3 ,negat ,epicurus ne diuturnitatem quidem temporis ad beate viv5dum aliquid aff]re1 nec m9orem voluptatem p]cipi 9 brevitate temporis quam si sit illa sempit]na1 ,cic41 ,f94 ii1 #hg2 cf4 ,ep41 ,s5t4 xix 7p4 #ge ,u474 *ro_/non ou ton m_/ki/on alla ton h_/di/on k>pi_/zetai 7ho sopho_/s73 ,d4,l4 x1 #abf4--quae mala nos subigit vitai tanta cupido1 ,lucr4 iii1 #ajgg4 eadem sunt omnia semp]1 #ide4 #ebc #idad3 h dia_/noia 4 4 4 ton pantel bi_/on p>eskeu_/as5 kai ouden e_/ti t\ apei_/r\ *ro_/n\ pros$e_/?1 ,s5t4 xx 7p4 #ge ,u474 #iead3 ouk e_//i phusik ko9ni_/a tois logikois pros all_/l\s4--sibi quemque consul]e1 fr4 #ebc4 ,alo(ness f tais tn pl?n ar*ais frr4 #eed1 #eeb1 #i4 #ifad3 hoi no_/moi *a_/r9 tn sophn keintai1 ou* ho_/ps m adiks91 all' ho_/ps m adikntai1 fr4 #ecj4 #igad3 ouke_/ti dei s_/ze9 t\s ,he_/llnas1 oud' epi sophi_/a /epha_/nn p>' autois tug*a_/ne9 4 4 4 ,metrod4 fr4 #da4 #ebd ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,"p ,,ii ,,popul> ,,belief ,philosophic tea*+ & ! philosophic outlook 7 at ?is "t by no means conf9$ exclusively to ! n>r[ circles dom9at$ by p>ticul> s*ools4 ,nev] m widely or m effectively ?an 9 ?is ,hell5i/ic p]iod did philosophy 9 "o %ape or ano!r provide ! basis & common m$ium ( a culture t no "o ( mod]ate weal? & leisure w\ld will+ly be )\t4 ,su* ideas z educat$ p ( ! "t g5]ally possess$1 deal+ 9 a m connect$ & def9ite =m ) ! ?+s ( ?is life & exi/5ce t lie beyond ! scope ( imm$iate p]ception1 7 all drawn f ! tea*+ ( philosophy4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ?is is true also ( ! curr5t views z to ! nature & de/9y ( ! s\l4 ,b 9 ! region ( ! unkn[able philosophy c nev] entirely replace or suppress ! natural--! irrational beliefs--( mank9d4 ,su* beliefs 7 9 _! natural elem5t 9 deal+ ) su* subjects4 ,!y influ5c$ ev5 ! philosophically enlight5$ & _! au?ority 0 supreme ) ! _m :o 9 e age are incapable ( und]/&+ ! dis9t]e/$ se>* = k4 ,ev5 9 ?is supreme p]iod ( univ]sal philosophic culture1 popul> beliefs ab\t ! s\l /ill rema9$ 9 =ce1 unmodifi$ by ! speculations or ! exhortations ( philosoph]s4 ,!y _h _! roots--^! beliefs--n 9 any =m ( speculative ?\ght b 9 ! practice ( ! ,cult ( ,s\ls3 & t ,cult1 z x has be5 describ$#aae = an e>li] /age ( ,greek life1 /ill w5t on unalt]$ & ) undim9i%$ vig\r4 ,?is may be ass]t$ ) confid5ce1 ?\gh we c produce no v important evid5ce f ! lit]ature ( ?is lat] p]iod4 ,! "* & cont5t ( t lit]ature is su* t we %\ld h>dly expect to f9d su* evid5ce 9 x4 ,b = ! mo/ "p ! lit]>y evid5ce f :i* we 7 able to illu/rate ! ,cult ( ,s\ls 9 an e>li] p]iod may be tak5 to apply equally to ! age ) :i* we are n[ deal+4 ,ev5 9 its f9al ye>s ,lucian's pamphlet ,on ,m\rn+ be>s express witness to ! survival ( ! anci5t & sanctifi$ usages 9 _! fulle/ compass4 ,we he> aga9 ( ! wa%+1 ano9t+1 #ebe & cr[n+ ( ! dead1 ! c]emoni\s ly+-9-/ate ^u ! bi]1 ! viol5t & extravagant lam5t ov] ! dead body1 & all ! traditional cu/oms t are /ill 9 full =ce4 ,la/ comes ! solemn int]m5t ( ! body--! articles ( luxury burnt toge!r ) ! corpse ( ! dead man or buri$ ) him 9 ! grave--articles t _h once belong$ to him & :i* he is suppos$ to enjoy ev5 9 dea?--! fe$+ ( ! helpless s\l ( ! dead ) libations ( w9e & burnt-(f]+s--! ritual fa/+ ( ! relatives only brok51 aft] ?ree days1 9 ! ,banquet ( ! ,dead4#bae ,! dead man mu/ n be depriv$ ( a s+le "o ( ! cu/om>y ?+s--only s c 8 well-be+ be fully secur$4#cae ,! mo/ important ( ^! is ! solemn int]m5t ( ! body4 ,?is is c>ri$ out n only by ! family ( ! dead man1 b 9 _m cases also by ! society to :i* he may h belong$4#dae ,9 ^! times :5 ! cities s\ght to make up = ! loss ( m s]i\s int]e/s 9 _! life by an (t5 t\*+ c>e = ! imm$iate & ! insignificant1 des]v+ citiz5s 7 frequ5tly hon\r$ ) elaborate fun]al processions 9 :i* ! municipality took "p2#eae ! city fa!rs w\ld !n probably decree t repres5tatives %\ld be s5t to ! survivors & commission$ to express ! sympa?y ( ! city 9 _! loss & di/ract _! m9ds f _! grief by a spee*4#fae ,! ritual act ( burial1 ! object ( s mu* pi\s zeal1 0 ! v rev]se ( ! indiff]5t matt] t philosophy lov$ to repres5t x4#gae ,! sanctity ( ! place :]e re/s ! dead is also a matt] ( great importance1 n only = ! dead man himself b = ! re/ ( ! family :i* desires to be /ill unit$ 9 ! life ( ! _s _w1 & s inhabits a common burial-gr\nd 7g5]ally outside ! city1 v r>ely )91#hae b sometimes1 ev5 yet1 actually inside ! h\se4#iae ,! f\nd] ( a family-grave desires ! memb]s ( x to be jo9$ toge!r 9 ! same grave = at lea/ ?ree g5]ations4#ajae ,^? :o h a "r to be buri$ !re take /eps--religi\s & legal or municipal--aga9/ ! pr(anation ( ?is family tomb & sanctu>y by ! bury+ 9 x ( /rang]s or ! pillag+ ( ! vault--a practice t became increas+ly common 9 ! f9al p]iod ( ! antique _w4#aaae ,!re are innum]able grave-notices ?reat5+ money p5alties 9 accordance ) ! anci5t law ( ! city1 to be paid into ! public treasury by ^? :o violate ! peace ( ! grave4#abae ,no less common are ! inscriptions :i* place ! grave & its sanctity #ebf "u ! protection ( ! und]world deities1 invok+ at ! same "t ! mo/ %ock+ curses--torm5ts & calamities bo? temporal & et]nal--aga9/ pr(an]s ( ! hol9ess ( ! tomb4#acae ,especially ! inhabitants ( c]ta9 di/ricts ( ,asia ,m9or1 only v sup]ficially ,hell5iz$1 give !mselves free re9 9 ! accumulation ( su* viol5t execrations4 ,9 _! case ! d>k sup]/itions ( ance/ral & native wor%ip ( gods or spirits may h infect$ ! ,hell5es also--x is (t5 ! ,greeks :o become b>b>ian r ?an ! b>b>ians :o are ,hell5iz$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greek relations ) ^! /ubborn & b>b>\s native populations4#adae ,b ev5 9 l&s :]e ! ,greek population has ma9ta9$ itself )\t admixture su* execrations are occasionally to be f\nd 9 graves4 ,z "t w5t on & ! sanctity & peace ( ! grave began to be m & m s]i\sly ?reat5$1 measures ( all k9ds 7 tak5 = its protection4 ,! grave is no m]e *amb] ( corruption2 ! s\ls ( ! dead dwell !re1#aeae & !re=e is x holy2 z a sanctu>y x becomes completely sanctifi$ :5 x has receiv$ ! la/ memb] ( ! family1 & is enclos$ = ev]4#afae ,! family s long z x la/s cont9ues to pay ! regul> ,s\l-,cult to its ance/ors2#agae sometimes special f\ndations ensure ! paym5t = ev]#ahae ( ! ,s\l-,cult ( :i* ! dead h ne$4#aiae ,ev5 ^? ^: burial place lies f> away f ! graves ( _! own family#bjae are n entirely depriv$ ( b5evol5t c>e & cult4 ,! pre-supposition ( all ,cult ( ,s\ls--t ! dead survive to enjoy at lea/ a gloomy sepul*ral exi/5ce 9 _! la/ re/+-place--is ev]y:]e vividly impli$4 ,x speaks to u ) ar*aic simplicity f ^? grave-/ones ^u :i* ! dead1 z ?\gh /ill accessible to ! s\nds ( ! human voice & able to und]/& ! words ( ! liv+1 are address$ ) ! cu/om>y words ( greet+4#baae ,sometimes ! dead man himself is provid$ ) a simil> greet+ :i* he is suppos$ to address to ! pass]s-by#bbae--;betwe5 him1 conf9$ to 8 grave1 & ! o!rs :o /ill walk ab\t 9 ! daylight a dialogue takes place4#bcae ,! dead man is n entirely cut (f f ! affairs ( ! upp] _w4 ,he feels an access ( fre% life :5 he is call$ by ! "n t he _h once borne 9 8 life-"t1 & ! memory ( :i* is n[ pres]v$ only by 8 grave/one4 ,8 fell[-citiz5s call ^u him ?ree times by "n at 8 burial2#bdae b ev5 9 ! grave #ebg he is capable ( he>+ ! preci\s s\nd4 ,on a grave/one at ,a!ns#beae ! dead man enjo9s ^u ! memb]s ( ! actors' guild to :i* he _h belong$ to call ^u 8 "n 9 *orus :5ev] !y pass by 8 grave1 & to gladd5 him ) ! s\nd ( h&-clapp+1 to :i* he _h be5 accu/om$ 9 life4 ,at o!r times ! pass]-by kisses 8 h&#bfae to ! dead man2 a ge/ure :i* d5otes ! hon\r paid to a ,h]o4#bgae ,! s\l is n m]ely alive2 x belongs n[1 z primitive & age-long belief express$ x1 to ! ,high] & ,mighti] ,ones4#bhae ,p]haps ?is exaltation ( ! wra? & p[] ( ! dead is ! mean+ ( ! cu/om by :i* ! dead are call$ ! ,good1 ! ,hone/ 7*r/oi_/74 ,?is usage mu/ h become e/abli%$ at an e>ly p]iod1#biae b x is n until ^! lat] days t x is fir/ employ$ z an addition to ! simple words ( greet+ address$ to ! dead on grave/ones4 ,9 ?is use x is n uni=mly curr5t2 x is r>e 9 ,attica 7at lea/1 on graves ( natives ( t c\ntry72 :]eas 9 ,boeotia1 ,!ssaly1 & ! c\ntries ( ,asia ,m9or x is frequ5t & almo/ univ]sal4#cjae ,9 fact x is natural to suppose#caae t ?is mode ( address1 orig9ally a euphemi/ic title address$ to ! gho/s ( ! dead :o 7 conceiv$ z q capable ( act+ 9 a mann] ! v rev]se ( t attribut$ to !m by ! ^w1 0 int5d$ to sugge/ ! p[] belong+ to ! p]sonality s address$ z "o :o has ris5 to a high] =m ( exi/5ce--& to v5]ate him ) becom+ awe4#cbae #b ,! conception ( ! dep>t$ _s z "o :o has be5 rais$ to a high] /ate ( dignity & p[] receives cle>] & m consci\s expression :]e ! dep>t$ "o is call$ a ,h]o4 ,?is class ( int]m$iate be+s /&+ on ! bord] l9e betwe5 mank9d & godhead--! _w ( ! ,h]oes--0 9 no dang] ( ext9ction at ?is p]iod ( ,greek religi\s belief4 ,! attitude ( m9d t c\ld ?9k ( c]ta9 special s\ls z )drawn f ! limitations ( visible exi/5ce & rais$ to a high] spiritual /ate rema9$ /ill vigor\s & 0 ev5 able to give bir? to new conceptions4 ,9 its orig9al & prop] s5se ! "n ,h]os nev] indicat$ an indep5d5t & self-suffici5t _s4 ,ar*egetes1 lead] or orig9ator1 is 8 real & di/9ctive title4 ,! ,h]os /&s at ! beg9n+ ( a s]ies1 tak+ its orig9 #ebh f him1 ( mortal m5 = :om he is ! lead] & ance/or4 ,! g5u9e ,h]oes are ! ance/ors1 :e!r real or imag9>y1 ( a family or a h\se2 9 ! ,h]oes1 aft] :om !y wi% to be call$1 ! memb]s ( a society1 a clan1 or ev5 a :ole race hon\r ! ar*egetai ( ^? gr\ps4 ,!y are always m5 ( p[] & influ5ce1 prom95t & di/+ui%$ f o!r m51 :o are reg>d$ z hav+ ?us ent]$ into ! life ( ,h]oes aft] _! dea?4 ,& ev5 9 lat] times ! ,h]oes ( a m rec5t elevation1 ?\gh !y may no long] be ! lead]s ( a tra9 ( desc5dants tak+ _! orig9 f !m1 are yet reg>d$ z di/+ui%$ f ! p :o wor%ip !m by _! peculi> virtue & dignity4 ,to become a ,h]os aft] dea? 0 a privilege res]v$ = a few great & uncommon p]sonalities :o ev5 9 _! lifetime 7 n z o!r m5 74 ,! companies ( ^! old & specially *os5 ,h]oes did n suff] ! fate ( =getfulness :i* w\ld h be5 _! second & real dea?4 ,! love ( c\ntry & city1 undy+ among ! ,greeks1 atta*$ itself 9 rev]5t memory to ! illum9at$ spirits ( ! pa/ :o _h once protect$ & def5d$ _! native l&4 ,:5 ,mess5e 0 ref\nd$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury ! ,h]oes ( ! c\ntry 7 solemnly call$ ^u to become inhabitants ( ! city z !y _h be5 be=e--m p>ticul>ly ,ari/om5es1 ! nev]-=gott5 *ampion ( ,mess5ian fre$om4#ccae ,ev5 at ,leuctra he _h appe>$ 9 ! mele ( ! fight1 do+ battle = ! ,!bans4#cdae ,be=e ! battle1 ,epame9ondas _h secur$ ! fav\r ( ! ,h]o9es ( ! place1 ! daught]s ( ,sk$asos1 by means ( pray] & sacrifice4#ceae ,^! 7 ev5ts ( ! la/ h]oic age ( ,greek hi/ory1 b ! cult & memory ( ! local ,h]oes ( ! ,greek c\ntries surviv$ into a mu* lat] age4 ,leonidas 0 wor%ipp$ by ! p ( ,sp>ta = _m c5turies1#cfae & ! *ampions ( ! ,p]sian ,w>s1 ! savi\rs ( ,hellas1 7 wor%ipp$ by _! remote desc5dants4#cgae ,ev5 9 imp]ial times ! inhabitants ( ! isl& ( ,kos /ill wor%ipp$ ^? :o _h fall5 to secure _! fre$om c5turies be=e4#chae ,su* individual cases all[ u to see :at 0 ! g5]al rule3 ! memory & cult ( a ,h]o liv$ on z long z ! community rema9$ 9 exi/5ce ^: duty x 0 to ma9ta9 8 wor%ip4 ,ev5 ^? ,h]oes--a class by !mselves--:o h secur$ _! immortality ?r\gh _! fame 9 anci5t poetry#ciae /ill reta9$ _! cult undim9i%$4 ,! h]oic #ebi figure ( ,hektor /ill pres]v$ life & reality = 8 wor%ipp]s 9 ! ,troad or at ,!bes4#djae ,ev5 9 ! ?ird c5tury ( our era ! di/rict ( ,troy & ! neighb\r+ coa/s ( ,europe /ill kept fre% ! memory & ! cult ( ! ,h]oes ( ,epic r5[n4#daae ,( ,a*illes1 :o _h a special fate1 we mu/ speak 9 ano!r connexion4#dbae ,nor did less spl5did figures vani% f ! memory ( _! n>r[] associations ( wor%ipp]s4 ,autolykos ! f\nd] ( ,s9ope reta9$ 8 cult ev5 9 ! "t ( ,lucullus4#dcae ,at a q late p]iod ! relics ( ! specially popul> ,h]oes ( ! ,pan-,hell5ic games 7 /ill ! subject ( _m sup]/itions#ddae t be> witness to _! cont9u$ influ5ce4 ,h]oes to :om heal+ p[]s 7 ascrib$ cont9u$ to d works ( heal+ & to be wor%ipp$1 & _! numb] 0 ev5 ext5d$4#deae ,m]e local spirits1 ^: v names _h be5 =gott51 nev]!less lo/ none ( ! hon\r t came to !m f _! b5efic5t miracles2 su* 71 = in/ance1 t ,philopregmon ( ,poteideia :o 0 celebrat$ by a late poet1#dfae or ! ,h]o ,euodos ( ,apoll9opolis 9 ,egypt :o disp5s$ good j\rney to ^? :o hon\r$ him 9 pass+ by 8 monum5t4#dgae ,b all ,h]oes 7 n yet r$uc$ to su* casual salutations f occasional pass]s-by4 ,9 _m places#dhae ! regul> fe/ivals & sacrifices to ,h]oes /ill surviv$--ev5 human sacrifice 0 /ill sometimes made to spirits :o 7 held capable ( special exhibitions ( p[]4#diae ,9 a few cases ! fe/ivals ( ,h]oes are ! *ief fea/s 9 ! annual cal5d> ( a city4#ejae ,! names ( ,h]oes q z mu* z ( ,gods 7 us$ 9 oa?-tak+#eaae at treaties made by ,greek cities s long z !y reta9$ _! indep5d5ce4 ,f\ndations 7 d$icat$ to ! hon\r ( ,gods & ,h]oes toge!r4#ebae ,cult associations call$ !mselves aft] ! ,h]oes !y met to wor%ip4#ecae ,special prie/s ( c]ta9 ,h]oes 7 regul>ly appo9t$4#edae ,ev5 9 ! second c5tury1 9 8 book ( travels1 ,pausanias is able to in=m u ( n a few ,h]oes ^: cult1 z he di/9ctly says1 _h gone on unbrok5 9 _! cities d[n to 8 own day4#eeae ,! annual fe/ival ( ! ,h]oes :o _h fall5 at ,plataea 0 /ill celebrat$ ) ! greate/ pomp 9 ! "t ( ,plut>*1 :o describes e detail ( its ar*aic c]emonial4#efae ,& at ,sikyon1 at ! same "t1 ! ,h]oic fe/ival ( ,aratos1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,a*an ,league1 0 /ill celebrat$1 ?\gh "h ! c5turies _h robb$ ! occasion ( _m ( its =m] glories4#egae #ecj ,9 all su* c]emonies x 0 to a s+le & def9ite _s-p]sonality t ! devotion ( m5 0 (f]$4 ,ea* ( !m receiv$ ! cult t 0 due to him by ! t]ms ( "s old-e/abli%$ & sanctifi$ f\ndation4 ,no?+ 0 fur!r f m5's m9ds ?an ! loose & vague conception1 express$ sometimes by anci5t writ]s1 t all brave m5 ( ! pa/ or all out/&+ individuals ( :atev] "t are to be reg>d$ =?) z ,h]oes4#ehae ,x 0 /ill cle>ly & consci\sly felt t elevation to ! rank ( ,h]o 0 n a privilege t belong$ z a matt] ( c\rse to any p>ticul> class ( mank9d1 b1 :]ev] x occurr$1 0 ess5tially a ratification ( q exceptional wor? & influ5ce display$ already 9 ! lifetime ( ! ,h]o4 ,foll[+ ?is conception ev5 ! ,hell5i/ic age add$ to ! numb] ( ! ,h]oes by draw+ ^u ! great m5 ( ! pres5t4 ,a little e>li] ,pelopidas & ,timoleon _h be5 hon\r$ 9 ?is way1 & n[ ! figures ( ,leo/h5es1 ,kleom5es1 & ,philopoim5 7 rais$ to h]oic glory4#eiae ,ev5 ,aratos1 ! v inc>nation ( ! sobriety ( a too matt]-(-fact age1 at ! end ( a life devot$ ) ard\r b )\t endur+ success to ! s]vice ( 8 c\ntry1 0 suppos$ by 8 c\ntrym5 to h pass$ ov] 9 a my/]i\s mann] into ! realm ( h]oic semi-div9ity4#fjae ,z 9 ^! cases :ole populations hon\r$ individuals s also did n>r[] & mu* humbl] associations1 ev5 9 ?is rationali/ age1 elevate _! help]s & protectors to ! rank ( ,h]o & hon\r !m z su*4 ,! slaves ( ,kos ?us hon\r$ _! =m] comrade & lead] ,drimakos2#faae at ano!r place !re 0 a ,h]o :o protect$ all refugees :o took %elt] ) him2#fbae at ,ephesos !re 0 a ,h]o :o _h be5 a simple %eph]d4#fcae ,at ! "t ( ,augu/us1 a b5efactor ( 8 city1 ,a!nodoros1 ! philosoph]1 _h be5 made a ,h]o by grateful ,t>sians aft] 8 dea?4#fdae ,x sometimes happ5s t a ,h]o ( ! di/ant pa/ may f9d himself confus$ ) a desc5dant ( ! same "n :om 8 contempor>ies put 9 ! place ( 8 own ance/or & wor%ip 9 8 /ead4#feae ,s little 7 m5 gr[n out ( ! ideas c5tr$ r\nd ! cult ( ,h]oes t1 accu/om$ to ! ev]-increas+ adoration ( ! ,mighti] & ,bett]1 e age 0 eag] to add to _! numb] f ! m5 ( ! pres5t4 ,!y did n always wait = ! dea? ( ! individual s hon\r$ be=e beg9n+ to address him z ,h]os2 ev5 9 8 lifetime he mu/ enjoy a =eta/e ( ! hon\r t 0 de/9$ #eca to be 8 aft] 8 dep>ture f ?is life4 ,?us1 ,lys&] 0 salut$ z a ,h]o aft] 8 victory by ! ,greeks :om he _h lib]at$ f ! despotism ( ,a!ns2 & 9 ! ,hell5i/ic age _m a =tunate army comm&] or mighty k+ receiv$ ! same hon\r4 ,( ! ,romans ,flam99us ! fri5d ( ! ,greeks 0 ! fir/ to receive x4#ffae ,?is misapplication ( ! cult ( ,h]oes to ! liv+ !n became /ill fur!r ext5d$4#fgae ,x may be t sometimes x 0 a real feel+ ( unusual m]it t fir$ ! impulsive temp]am5t ( ! ,greeks2 b 9 ! end ! cu/om became almo/ a mean+less conv5tion2 ev5 private individuals 7 ?us call$ ,h]o 9 _! lifetime#fhae & h]oic hon\rs--ev5 ! f\ndation ( annual a?letic games--7 grant$ to liv+ p]sons almo/ indiscrim9ately4#fiae ,& at la/ :5 x 0 necess>y to hon\r an individual :om ! love & passionate regret ( a mon>* elevat$ to ! rank ( ,h]o aft] 8 dea? !n1 inde$1 ! age c\ld h>dly d en\gh 9 ! hyp]bole ( pomp & c]emony4 ,! fun]al hon\rs paid to ! dead ,hephai/ion are an extravagant example ( ?is4#gjae ,if 9 su* cases ! limits betwe5 ! wor%ip ( a ,h]o & ! adoration ( a god seem$ almo/ to h disappe>$1 we /ill h evid5ce ( individual cases 9 :i* ! survivors1 )\t actually nam+ !m ,h]oes1 (f] to _! mu*-lov$ dead a memorial cult t h>dly falls %ort ( full h]oic hon\rs4#gaae ,nor is x only 9 su* cases z ^! t we p]ceive ! signs ( a t5d5cy to exalt ! ,cult ( ,s\ls ev]y:]e & to approximate x to ! wor%ip ( ance/ors 9 ! anci5t ,cult ( ,h]oes4 ,x em]ges cle>ly en\gh1 = all ! brevity ( _! language1 f ! multitude ( epitaphic inscriptions 9 :i* memb]s ( simple citiz5 families are address$ ) ! title ( ,h]os4 ,at any rate1 x betok5s an increase 9 ! importance & dignity ( ! dead :5 a tomb/one expressly ann\nces t an individual citiz5 has be5 h]oiz$ by ! city aft] 8 dea?4 ,& ?is is :at n infrequ5tly happ5$--e>ly 9 ,!ra & lat] on 9 _m o!r places z well4#gbae ,! same conclusion mu/ be drawn :5 we he> ( associations decl>+ a dead memb] to be a ,h]os2#gcae or :5 a society recognizes a dead man z ,h]os on ! =mal motion ( an individual4#gdae ,families1 too1 become accu/om$ to giv+ ! "n to ^? ( _! numb] t h di$ be=e ! re/2 & a son w ?us speak ( 8 fa!r1 p>5ts ( a son1 & a wife ( h] husb&--ei!r in=mally or by a =mal decl>ation nam+ #ecb ! dead "o z ,h]os4#geae ,a high] & mighti] =m ( exi/5ce aft] dea? mu/ be imag9$ = ! dep>t$ :5 he is ?us di/+ui%$ s explicitly f ! ord9>y multitude ( ! dead--/ill m s 9 ^? cases :5 ! dead man1 elevat$ to a my/ic communion ) high] =ms ( life1 loses 8 own "n & receives 9 ex*ange t ( a ,h]o ( long-/&+ hon\r1 or ev5 t ( a ,god4#gfae ,9 e case t is kn[n to u1 ! h]oiz+ ( a dead p]son by ! city or a society or ! family is c>ri$ out entirely on ! indep5d5t au?ority ( ^? bodies4 ,! ,delphic ,oracle1 )\t ^: decid+ voice x 0 h>dly possible 9 e>ly times = ! company ( ! elect to receive any addition1#ggae 01 9 ^! days :5 ! pre/ige ( ! oracle _h sunk almo/ to no?+1 no long] appli$ to = its sanction4 ,! consequ5ce 0 h>dly avoidable t ! lic5ce ?us accord$ to corporations & families %\ld wid5 /ill fur!r ! b\nds ( ! ,h]oes' k+dom4 ,9 ! end1 ^! b\nd>ies broke d[n entirely4 ,!re 7 cities & c\ntries :]e x became ! cu/om to apply ! title ( ,h]o z an epi!t ( hon\r belong+ to all ! dead )\t di/9ction4 ,x seems t ?is ext5sion ( h]oiz+ to all ! dead fir/ became common 9 ,boeotia1#ghae ?\gh "h x 0 n q univ]sal--,!spiai 0 an exception4#giae ,!ssalian grave-inscriptions give ! fulle/ evid5ce = ! h]oiz+ ( ! dead ( e age & description4 ,b ! cu/om spread to e c\ntry populat$ by ,greeks2#hjae only ,a!ns is less unre/ra9$#haae 9 ! be/[al ( ! title ( ,h]o ^u ! dead--a title :i* reta9$ no m ( ! old & ess5tial mean+ ( ! ^w 7:i* p]haps surviv$ longe/ 9 ,a!ns7 ?an to say t ! dead 7 really n[ dead4#hbae ,9 spite ( su* indiscrim9ate application ! "n ,h]o /ill cont9u$ to be some?+ ( a title ( hon\r4 ,an hon\r1 inde$1 t 0 ?us accord$ to ev]yone )\t di/9ction 0 9 dang] ( becom+ ! rev]se ( an hon\r4 ,b isolat$ phrases ( a naive & popul> "* make x cle> t a diff]5ce 0 /ill felt to exi/ betwe5 ! ,h]o & ^? :o 7 n hon\r$ ) ?is di/+ui%+ epi!t4#hcae ,:5 ! "n ( ,h]o 0 ?us appli$ to all ! dead1 n 9 exceptional cases b z a rule1 ! glory & di/9ction ( :i* ! idea ( ! ,h]o 0 ?us depriv$ mu/ h fall5 9 "s measure ^u ! individual dead1 if !y #ecc & ! ,h]oes c\ld meet on common gr\nd4 ,?us1 ev5 ! dissipation ( ! h]oic hon\r & its indiscrim9ate application to all ! dead is 9 reality b ano!r indication ( ! fact t ev5 9 ! decl9e ( ! anci5t _w ! p[] & dignity ( ! dep>t$ s\l _h n decl9$ too1 b _h1 on ! contr>y1 gr[n great]4 #c ,! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ %[ _! p[] & ! fact t !y are /ill alive m p>ticul>ly 9 ! effect t !y h on ?is life & on ! liv+4 ,= ! purposes ( ! ,cult ( ,s\ls !y are reg>d$ z conf9$ to ! region ( ! inhabit$ e>?2 !y cont9ue 9 ! grave or ne> x1 = a "t or p]man5tly1 & c !re=e be rea*$ by ! (f]+s or ! pray]s ( _! liv+ relatives4 ,!re c be no d\bt t at ?is "t m5 /ill believ$1 z !y _h done s9ce ! e>lie/ times1 9 a k9dly relation%ip betwe5 ! family & its dep>t$ memb]s1 an ex*ange 9 :i* (f]+s 7 made at ! grave by ! liv+ & bless+s v\*saf$ by ! ,unse54 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t we only h imp]fect records ( su* calm & com=table family belief 9 ! survival ( ! dep>t$ & ( ! "p !y cont9ue to play 9 ! daily life ( _! desc5dants4 ,b !re is a m s9i/] v>iety ( int]c\rse ) ! s\ls or spirits ( ! dead4 ,!y sometimes appe> uns\ght to ! liv+2 !y c be compell$ by ! =ce ( magic to use _! p[]s 9 ! s]vice ( ! liv+4 ,bo? ^! possibilities apply m p>ticul>ly to ^? unquiet s\ls :om fate or _! own h&s h depriv$ ( life viol5tly & be=e _! "t2 to ^? :o h n be5 consign$ to ! peace ( ! grave by c]emoni\s burial4#hdae ,! enlight5$ ( ! "t d inde$ refuse to believe 9 gho/s & haunt+ spirits ( ! dead t w&] )\t re/ ab\t ! place ( _! tragic fate1 & make _! pres5ce disagreeably felt by ! liv+4#heae ,b ! populace1 ev5 9 su* enlight5$ days1 gave ! fulle/ cr$5ce to /ories 9 :i* ! exi/5ce ( a _s-_w seem$ to reveal its s9i/] reality1 trespass+ at times ^u ! _w ( ! liv+4 ,regul> folk-tales ( spectral app>itions1 vagrant gho/s ( un=tunate s\ls1 vampire-l spirits ( ! grave1#hfae are pres]v$ to u 9 "s numb]s--*iefly su* z appeal$ to a p]v]t$ philosophy1 ! insani5s sapi5tia ( an outworn age1 z seem+ to confirm its fancies ( an invisible _w betwe5 heav5 & e>?4 ,9 ,lucian's ,lov] ( ,lies ! grey-be>d #ecd philosoph]s ent]ta9 ea* o!r 9 port5t\s s]i\sness ) su* communications f ! _s _w4#hgae ,plut>* himself is q s]i\sly conv9c$ ( ! reality ( "s gho/ly appe>ances4#hhae ,philosophy1 :i* at ?is "t 0 go+ back to ,plato1 f\nd 9 its sy/em ( demonology a means ( mak+ su* old wives' tales intelligible & cr$ible to itself4 ,f9ally1 ! "t arrives :5 ! viol5t & arbitr>y int]f]5ce ) ! unse5 _w--sorc]y & _s-rais+--becomes a "p ( or?odox philosophy4 ,! popul> imag9ation ( ! ,greeks did n h to wait = in/ruction f _! b>b>ian neighb\rs1 :o _h r$uc$ ! irrational to a sy/em1 be=e !y c\ld believe 9 ! summon+ ( spirits f ! deep4 ,magic 9 ?is s5se 0 ( extreme antiquity 9 ,greece4#hiae ,b 9 ! fusion & int]mixture ( ,greeks ) b>b>ians :i* m>k$ ! ,hell5i/ic age simil> & cognate sup]/itions f all ! corn]s ( ! e>? met toge!r & acquir$ /r5g? f _! union4 ,x 0 =eign s\rces r ?an ,greek :i* *iefly contribut$ to swell ! turbid & noxi\s /ream ( sorc]ies & _s-rais+s1 ! practical application ( an irrational !ory ( ! nature & be+ ( ! s\l 9 sep>ation f ! body4 ,! l(ty heav5 ( ! old ,greek gods 0 beg9n+ to gr[ dim be=e ! tr\bl$ vision ( ?is lat] age2 m & m _! place 0 tak5 by a mob ( idols & an obscure rabble ( less] devils4 ,9 ?is *aotic m$ley ( ,greek & b>b>ian demonology ! companies ( unquiet s\ls & gho/s ( ! dead easily f\nd a place4 ,! gho/ 0 no long] an ali5 :5 ! ,gods !mselves _h become gho/ly4 ,:5 bo? ,gods & spirits h to answ] to ! spells ( ! sorc]] ! s\ls ( ! dead are seldom left 9 peace4#ijae ,we possess "s relics ( ! art ( _s-rais+ 9 ! ,grco-,egyptian magic books2 & we c n[ see ) our eyes specim5s :i* illu/rate ! practical outcome ( ?is delusion 9 ! magic *>ms & exorcisms t 7 scrat*$ on tablets ( lead or gold & plac$ 9 ! graves--z ! natural abode ( ! spirits :i* 7 to be compell$--:]e !y h be5 f\nd 9 consid]able quantities 9 mod]n times4 ,among ! s9i/] influ5ces t are ?us conjur$ to d ! "w ( v5geance1 puni%m5t1 or de/ruction ^u ! conjur]'s enemy1 ! unquiet s\ls ( ! dead are also regul>ly m5tion$4 ,to !m is attribut$ ! p[] & ! w to int]v5e ) malevol5ce & ob/ruction 9 ! life ( m51 no less ?an to ! o!r spiritual #ece p[]s ( heav5 & hell 9 company ) :om !y are summon$4#iaae #d ,! ,cult ( ,s\ls = all its expansion gave no assi/ance to ! pictur+ ( :at might be ! condition ( ! dep>t$ s\ls indep5d5tly ( _! connexion ) ! liv+4 ,^? :o tr\bl$ !mselves ab\t su* matt]s & s\ght fur!r in=mation 7 oblig$ to h rec\rse1 if n to ! sy/ems ( !ologians & philosoph]s1 !n to ! imag9ative acc\nts & pictures ( anci5t poetry & leg5d4 ,! idea ( a di/ant realm ( ! s\ls into :i* ! /r5g?less %ad[s ( ^? :o _h dep>t$ ?is life disappe>$ _h n lo/ its hold on ! popul> imag9ation ev5 ( ^! lat] ages--difficult z x might be to reconcile#ibae su* an idea ) ! pre-suppositions ( cultus ) its cu/om>y wor%ip & su/5ance ( ! s\ls conf9$ )9 ! grave4 ,! belief 9 a di/ant k+dom ( ! dead c\ld n b cont9ue to be curr5t among m5 = :om ! ,hom]ic poems rema9$ ! e>lie/ manual & s*ool-book 9 ! h&s ( y\? & ! s\rce ( in/ruction & ent]ta9m5t to e age4 ,! passionate indignation ) :i* philosoph]s ( ! ,/oic z well z ! ,epicurean fai? attack$ ! beliefs re/+ on ! tea*+ ( ,hom] _c be expla9$ except by suppos+ t ,hom] & 8 picture _h rema9$ a guid+ =ce ) ! masses :o 7 un9/ruct$ 9 philosophy4 ,&1 9 fact1 anci5t writ]s use language :i* %[s t ! anci5t conception ( ,hades 0 by no means disc>d$ b on ! contr>y 0 /ill vigor\sly alive among ! populace4#icae ,z to :at might g on d[n bel[ & ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! und]world--^! 7 que/ions t ! inv5tion ( !ological & semi-philosophic fancy1 ea* accord+ to its special lights & preconceptions1 /rove to answ] 9 eag] competition4#idae ,b su* attempts to picture ! condition ( ?+s 9 ! k+dom ( ! s\ls--attempts :i* rea*$ _! highe/ po9t 9 ! elaborate *i>oscuro ( ,v]gil's ,hades--rema9$ ! ex]cises ( +5i\s fancy & r>ely pret5d$ to be any?+ else4 ,a di/9ct & au?oritative popul> sy/em ( belief on ^! po9ts 0 sc>cely possible :5 ! or?odox religion ( ! /ate =mally & dogmatically reject$ ev]y?+ ( ! k9d4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 h be5 m natural if 9 connexion ) ! idea ( ! congregation ( s\ls enclos$ 9 ! #ecf k+dom ( ! und]world deities a belief 9 a comp5satory ju/ice to be f\nd 9 ?is aft]-life ( ! dead1 _h gr[n up & obta9$ popul> curr5cy4 ,! oppress$ & ne$y :o feel !mselves depriv$ ( _! %>e 9 ?is _w's goods ?9k only too easily t some:]e !re mu/ be a place :]e !y too w "s day enjoy ! fruits t o!rs alone are all[$ to pluck ^u e>?--& place t some:]e beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ?is _w & ( reality4 ,pi\s belief 9 ! gods expects to obta9 ! prize1 s (t5 d5i$ ^u e>?1 9 a realm ( ! _s4 ,if inde$ su* a conviction ( a comp5satory ju/ice to come#ieae--rew>d ( ! virtu\s & puni%m5t ( ! wick$ 9 a h]eaft]--0 really m widely & s]i\sly held 9 ?is age ?an x _h be5 be=e1#ifae !n ! cult ( ! und]world deities z x 0 practis$ 9 ! my/]ies ( ! /ates & ! v>i\s religi\s societies mu/ h contribut$ 9 a l>ge degree to br+ ?is ab\t4 ,& contr>iwise1 ! belief t ! puni%+ & rew>d+ omnipot5ce ( ! gods w\ld be felt 9 a h]eaft] mu/ h br\ght an unbrok5 /ream ( adh]5ts to ^? my/]ies :i* 9 fact (f]$ _! help & m$iation 9 ! life to come4 ,^? only c\ld imag9e t !y _h detail$ k ( ! enigmas t lie beyond ! rea* ( all exp]i5ce1 :o c\ld surr5d] !mselves entirely to ! dogmatic tea*+ ( a clos$ sect4 ,we may 9 fact take leave to d\bt :e!r ! gruesome pictures ( a place ( torm5t 9 ,hades1 ) its undy+ puni%m5t 9 dev\r+ flames1 & ! simil> fancies t lat] au?ors sometimes express1 7 9 reality any?+ m ?an ! private imag9ations ) :i* exclusive & sup]/iti\s conv5ticles s\ght to t]rorize _! memb]s4#igae ,! *>m+ pictures ( a ,l& ( ,arrival to :i* dea? s5ds ! mu*-tri$ *ildr5 ( m51 may h be5 m widely accept$4 ,hom]1 ! univ]sal in/ructor1 _h /amp$ !m ^u m5's memories4 ,= ! poet ! ,elysian pla9 _h be5 a place situat$ ^u ! surface ( ! e>? to :i* ! occasional fav\r ( ! gods 0 able to translate a few ( _! de>e/ fav\rites1 t !y might !re enjoy1 )\t see+ dea?1 un5d+ bliss4#ihae ,9 imitation ( ! ,hom]ic fancy1 ! poetry ( ! foll[+ ages _h imag9$ ! translation ( _m o!r ,h]oes & h]oic wom5 ( ! leg5d>y pa/ to a secret life ( bliss 9 ,elysium or 9 ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/4#iiae ,lat] fancy1 :i* saw 9 ,elysium ! ,l& ( ,promise to :i* all m5 :o _h liv$ 9 a mann] pleas+ to ! gods #ecg w\ld be tak5 aft] _! dea?1#ajjae n[ plac$ its ,elysium or ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/ 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>? beyond ! rea* ( all save disembodi$ s\ls4 ,9 lat] times ?is became ! curr5tly accept$ view1 b ! subject rema9$ undef9$ & subject to v>iation4 ,m5 mu/ /ill1 9 fact1 h imag9$ ,! ,isles ( ! ,ble/1 ! abode ( privileg$ spirits1 to be situat$ ^u ! surface ( ! e>? 7?\gh1 inde$1 f> away beyond ! limits ( ! discov]$ c\ntries ( ! globe1 :5 attempts c\ld be made to f9d ! way !re & to br+ back news to ! liv+4 ,! attempt attribut$ to ,s]torius 0 only ! mo/ fam\s ( su* voyages ( discov]y4#ajaae ,:y1 inde$1 %\ld ^! magic ,isles rema9 = ev] undiscov]$ ^u ! bord]s ( ! inhabit$ _w t yet (f]$ s wide a field = discov]y1 :5 ev]ybody knew ( ! isl& 9 ! ,black ,sea1 (t5 visit$ by liv+ m51 :]e ,a*illes1 ! supreme example ( miracul\s translation1 liv$ = ev] 9 p]petual enjoym5t ( 8 y\?8 ,= c5turies ! isl& ( ,leuk1 ! sep>ate ,elysium ( ,a*illes & a few select among ! ,h]oes1 0 visit$ & rev]5c$ ) religi\s awe4#ajbae ,"h m5 ?\ght !y c\ld disc]n 9 imm$iate p]ception1 & 9 actual physical contact1 some?+ ( ! my/]i\s exi/5ce ( bless$ spirits4 ,! belief 9 ! possibility ( miracul\s translation to an et]nity ( unbrok5 union ( body & s\l1 ?us palpably & visibly sub/antiat$1 c\ld n completely die ev5 9 ?is prosaic age4 ,! educat$ did inde$ f9d ?is conception s /range & un9telligible t :5 !y come to speak ( translation leg5ds ( ! pa/ !y pr(ess !mselves unable to say :at exactly ! anci5ts _h suppos$ to occur :5 su* miracles took place4#ajcae ,b ! populace1 :i* f9ds no?+ easi] to believe 9 ?an ! impossible1 once m naively accept$ ! miracle4 ,did n ! examples ( ,amphi>aos & ,trophonios pla9ly e/abli% ! fact ( translation to und]gr\nd retreats8 ,& to !m z be+ /ill alive 9 _! caves b5ea? ! e>? a cult 0 (f]$ until an advanc$ p]iod4#ajdae ,! translation ( beautiful y\?s to ev]la/+ life 9 ! k+dom ( ! nymphs & spirits 0 ! subject ( _m folk-tales4#ajeae ,ev5 9 contempor>y life ! miracle ( translation seem$ n altoge!r impossible4#ajfae ,:5 ! k+s & que5s ( ! ,mac$onian empire ( ! ,ea/ began to receive div9e hon\rs 9 imitation ( ! great ,alex&] himself1 x 0 n long be=e m5 v5tur$ to affirm t at ! end ( 8 e>?ly exi/5ce ! ,div9e ,rul] ev]y:]e #ech does n die b is m]ely c>ri$ away by ! gods & /ill lives on4#ajgae ,x is ! peculi> prop]ty ( div9ity1 z ,plato cle>ly expresses x1#ajhae to live = ev] 9 ! indivisible unity ( body & s\l4 ,a c\rt-br$ !ology c\ld ! m easily make su* dem&s ^u ! belief ( subject peoples 9 ! ,semitic ,ea/1 & possibly 9 ,egypt too1 because native#ajiae leg5ds _h already told ( ! translation to immortal life ( individual m5 de> to ! gods & ak9 to ! gods 9 nature2 j z simil> /ories became common 9 ,italian leg5ds too1#aajae ?\gh possibly only "u ! influ5ce ( ,greek models4 ,inde$1 q ap>t f obsequi\s c\rtl9ess1 ,greeks & half-,greeks 7 q capable ( ent]ta9+ ! idea#aaaae t ! d>l+s ( _! fancy1 su* z ,alex&] ! ,great1 _h n suff]$ dea? b _h be5 translat$ alive to ! realm ( imp]i%able physical exi/5ce4 ,?is is %[n cle>ly en\gh by ! success :i* att5d$ ! appe>ance1 9 ,moesia at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d41 ( ano!r ,alex&]4 ,?is impo/] travell$ f l& to l& ) a great tra9 ( ,bac*ants1 & ev]y:]e m5 believ$ 9 8 id5tity ) ! great mon>*4#aabae ,a little e>li] !y _h believ$ ) equal cr$ulity 9 ! reappe>ance ^u e>? ( ! ,emp]or ,n]o1#aacae :o1 x 0 ?\ght1 _h n di$ b _h m]ely disappe>$4 ,:5 ,ant9\s1 ! beautiful y\? belov$ by ! ,emp]or ,hadrian1 sank & disappe>$ 9 8 wat]y grave he 0 at once reg>d$ z a god :o _h1 9 fact1 n di$ b _h be5 translat$4#aadae ,! miracul\s translation ( ,apollonios ( ,tyana is report$ ) ! utmo/ s]i\sness2#aaeae l ! o!r m>vels & my/]ies 9 ! /range & enigmatic exi/5ce ( ?is prophetic figure1 x f\nd believ]s en\gh4#aafae ,b su* unbrok5 cont9uance ( ! unit$ life ( body & s\l1 begun ^u e>? & c>ri$ on 9 a my/]i\s abode ( bliss 7! olde/ =m tak5 by ! idea ( human immortality 9 ! ,greek m9d71 0 nev] attribut$ to m ?an a few specially fav\r$ & specially gift$ individuals4 ,an immortality ( ! human s\l z su*1 by virtue ( its nature & composition--z ! imp]i%able =ce ( div9ity 9 ! mortal body--nev] became a real "p ( ! belief ( ! ,greek populace4 ,:5 approximations to su* a belief d occasionally f9d expression 9 popul> modes ( ?\ght1 x is because a fragm5t ( !ology or ( ! univ]sally popul> philosophy has p5etrat$ to ! l[] /rata ( ! un9/ruct$ populace4 ,!ology & philosophy rema9$ ! sole true repositories ( ! belief 9 ! #eci immortality ( ! s\l4 ,9 ! meet+ toge!r & conjunction ( ,greek & =eign ideas 9 ! ,hell5iz$ ,ori5t x 0 n ,greek popul> tradition b solely ! influ5ce ( ,greek philosophy1 t1 f9d+ fav\r ev5 outside ! limits ( ,greek nationality1 communicat$ to =eign nations ! arre/+ concept ( ! div9e1 imp]i%able vitality ( ! human s\l--^u ! impressionable ,jewi% p1 at lea/1 x _h ! pr(\nde/ & mo/ deeply p5etrat+ influ5ce4#aagae #e ,all ! v>i\s modes ( conceiv+ ! life enjoy$ by ! s\l aft] ! dea? ( ! body1 z !y _h be5 explor$1 modifi$1 & develop$ 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 7 admitt$ on an equal foot+ to ! consci\sness ( ! ,greeks 9 ?is late p]iod ( _! maturity4 ,no =mulat$ body ( religi\s doctr9e _h by a process ( exclusion & def9ition giv5 ! victory to any "o conception at ! exp5se ( ! o!rs4 ,b :]e s mu* 0 p]mitt$ & s little proscrib$ x is /ill possible to ask h[ ^! v>i\s =mulations ( belief1 expectation1 & hope /ood 9 relation to ea* o!r4 ,7 any m popul> & m readily receiv$ ?an o!rs8 ,to answ] ?is "q x is natural to suppose t we h only to turn to ! num]\s inscriptions f ! grave/ones ( ! p4 ,"h1 especially 9 ^! lat] times1 individuals give unhamp]$ expression to _! own feel+s & ?us reveal ! ext5t & "* ( popul> belief4 ,b in=mation d]iv$ f ?is s\rce mu/ be c>efully scrut9iz$ if x is n to lead to misconception4 ,if we pass 9 imag9ation ?r\gh ! long r[s ( /reets 9 :i* ! ,greeks plac$ ! memorials ( _! dead1 & read ! inscriptions on ! tomb/ones--!y n[ =m "p ( ! accumulat$ treasures ( ,greek ,epigraphy--! fir/ ?+ t mu/ arre/ our att5tion is ! complete sil5ce ma9ta9$ by ! enorm\s majority ( ^! inscriptions ) reg>d to any hope--h[ev] =mulat$--or any expectation ( a life ( ! s\l aft] dea?4 ,!y cont5t !mselves ) record+ ! "n ( ! dead1 add+ only ! "n ( ! fa!r & 79 ! case ( a =eign]7 ! c\ntry ( ! deceas$4 ,at ! mo/1 ! cu/om ( "s localities may add a ,f>ewell4 ,su* /ubborn sil5ce _c be satisfactorily expla9$ simply on ! gr\nds ( an economy practis$ by ! surviv+ relatives #edj ( ! deceas$ 7?\gh 9 "s cases a municipal regulation aga9/ wordy inscriptions may h giv5 c\nt5ance to su* economies74#aahae ,! v sil5ce ( ?is p t 0 nev] at a loss = words to express its mean+ :e!r 9 v]se or 9 prose1 is 9 itself expressive4 ,:]e s little ne$ 0 felt to give utt]ance to hopes ( com=t1 su* hopes _c h be5 ( v vital consequ5ce or matt]s ( mu* assurance4 ,m5 rescu$ f =getfulness only :at _h be5 ! exclusive prop]ty ( ! individual--8 "n2 ! appellation :i* _h di/+ui%$ him f all o!rs 9 8 lifetime & has n[ become ! b>e/ & emptie/ envelope ( ! once liv+ p]sonality4 ,inscriptions 9 :i* precise hopes ( a future life are express$ =m a v small proportion ( ! great mass ( epitaphic records4 ,& ( ^! v few aga9 are 9 prose4 ,n z simple records ( pla9 & au!ntic fact d su* provisions & ann\ncem5ts ( a bless$ & hop$-= futurity pres5t !mselves4 ,!y ne$ ! arti/ic pomp & circum/ance ) :i* poetic fancy & extravagant affection clo! _! inspir$ voyag+s beyond ! region ( cold & matt] ( fact reality4 ,?is is c]ta9ly significant4 ,ev5 among ! poetic epitaphs ! majority allude only to ! life :i* ! deceas$ has n[ done )1 look+ back ^u ! circum/ances ( 8 life--8 =tunes & activities & "*2 giv+ expression1 (t5 ) ! mo/ conv9c+ s9c]ity1 to ! regret & dep5d5ce ( ! survivors2 fix+ att5tion exclusively ^u ?+s ( ?is _w4 ,:]ev]1 at la/1 allusion is made to a future life1 ! t5d5cy is r to let fancy roam f> beyond ! limits ( exp]i5ce & sob] reflexion to a vague & vision>y l& ( promise4 ,su* l(ty aspirations ne$$ m ?an any o!rs ! elevat$ language ( v]se4 ,b we %\ld run ! risk ( fall+ into grave error if we conclud$ f ! prepond]ance ( su* aspirations among ! metrical epitaphs t ^! 7 ! normal views ( ! city folk :o 7 _! contempor>ies4 ,! simple & ar*aic conception :i* p]petuates ! old ,hom]ic attitude & views )\t a compla9t or a regret ! disappe>ance ( ! s\l ( ! dep>t$ into ,erebos1 is ( ! r>e/ occurr5ce among ^! sepul*ral v]ses4#aaiae ,m commonly we h ! pray] t ! dep>t$ may re/ 9 peace1 express$ 9 ! traditional =mula#abjae--;a =mula t really ref]s to ! dead man ly+ 9 8 grave b also conta9s a fur!r allusion to ! s\l t has dep>t$ to ,hades4#abaae ,! idea is n yet dead #eda t !re is a realm ( ! s\ls :i* receives ! dep>t$--,hades1 ! _w rul$ ov] by ! ,und]world deities1 ! ,*amb] ( ,p]sephone1 ! seat ( primeval ,night4#abbae ,"h a /ate ( semi-consci\s exi/5ce is conceiv$ to prevail1 "u ! empire ( ,=getfulness1 dr9k+ ( :i*#abcae ! consci\sness ( ! s\l is d>k5$4 ,"h ! majority#abdae are assembl$1 & ! dead man is visit$ by ! reassur+ ?\ght t he may greet once m ! s\ls ( ^? :o h gone be=e him4#abeae ,b /]n] conceptions also occur4 ,!re is occasional ref]5ce to a judgm5t#abfae t sep>ates ! s\ls 9 ! _w bel[1 divid+ !m into two & sometimes ?ree#abgae classes 9 accordance ) ! des]ts :i* !y h e>n$ on e>?4 ,!re is no l+]+ ov] ! pa9s ( ! damn$1#abhae 9 ! description ( :i* ! !ological imag9ation _h indulg$ s frequ5tly4 ,a m simple-m9d$ fancy did n ne$ su* ph>isaical satisfaction 9 ! mis=tunes ( s9n]s 9 ord] to height5 its own assurance ( sup]iority4 ,!re is no trace ( a s5tim5t ( p5it5ce & t]ror indulg$ 9 = its own sake4 ,! s\l hopes to come by its rights2#abiae to rea* ! ,bless$1 to arrive at ! ,isles or ! ,isl& ( ! ,ble/--to ,elysium1 ! abode ( ,h]oes & demi-gods4#acjae ,su* hopes are v commonly express$1 b z a rule only 9 a brief phrase ( confid5ce & hope4 ,we r>ely meet ) any elaborate or allur+ picture ( ! abode ( ! bless$4#acaae ,t abode is g5]ally plac$ )9 ! limits ( ! und]world k+dom ( ! s\ls1#acbae & su* anticipations1 :5 p>ticul>iz$1 ref] commonly to a ,place ( ! ,good1 :i* 9 v>i\s =ms is repres5t$ z ! hop$-= dwell+-place ( future life4#accae ,b we also meet ) ! view t ! company ( ! good is entirely remov$ f ! region ( und]world d>kness4#acdae ,= _m individuals ! hope is express$ or ! c]ta9ty ann\nc$ t aft] dea? !y w h _! dwell+ 9 ! sky--9 ! %9+ ,ae!r1 among ! />s4 ,?is belief 9 ! elevation ( ! disembodi$ s\l to ! regions above ! e>? is s frequ5tly repeat$ 9 v>i\s =ms 9 ?is late p]iod t we mu/ suppose t among ^? :o ent]ta9$ precise conceptions ( ! ?+s ( ! next _w ?is 0 ! mo/ popul> & widely held conviction4#aceae ,?is belief t ! s\l rises to ! neighb\rhood & ev5 ! community ( ! heav5ly deities#acfae has its orig9 bo? 9 religi\s aspiration & 9 philosophy4 ,its roots1 inde$1 /ret* back to a mu* #edb e>li] p]iod#acgae & we may suppose t ev5 9 ^! lat] days x 0 d]iv$ f & v l>gely support$ by ! popul> conception1 dissem9at$ by ,/oic writ]s1 ( a liv+ brea?1 :i* composes ! human s\l1 & its ef=t upw>ds to ! heav5ly regions4#achae ,b su* language is 9 _m cases pla9ly no?+ m ?an a conv5tional =mula :i* has already lo/ all vital significance2 x r>ely goes fur!r ?an ! expression ( a hope t ! s\l w m\nt upw>ds to ! heav5ly heights4 ,v occasionally1 9 ! adjective immortal#aciae appli$ to ! s\l 7:i* only sleeps 9 dea?71#adjae we may detect ! influ5ce ( mix$ philosophical & !ological ideas4 ,we soon come to an end ( ! inscriptions :i* give expression to ! doctr9es ( !ology & ( !ologically m9d$ philosophy z to ! div9e nature ( ! s\l1 its brief pilgrimage ?r\gh e>?ly life & de/9$ return to its true home 9 a div9e incorporeal exi/5ce4#adaae ,!re is no c]ta9 m5tion ( a belief 9 ! transmigration ( s\ls4#adbae ,( ! specifically ,platonic doctr9e or its influ5ce !re is sc>cely a trace4#adcae ,ano!r type ( belief d]ives its /r5g? n f ! tea*+s ( philosoph]s b f ! usage & popul> practice ( religion4 ,?is is ! belief ( ^? :o hope to be conduct$ aft] dea? to a bless$ life by ! special c>e ( a god1 presumably ! god to :i* 9 _! life-"t !y h (f]$ p>ticul> devotion4 ,su* a god w lead !m by ! h&1 !y hope1 & conduct !m into ! l& ( bliss & purity4 ,"o :o has ?us obta9$ a god z 8 lead]#addae may face ! future ) equanimity4 ,toge!r ) ,h]mes ! mess5g] ( ,p]sephoneia1#adeae ,p]sephone h]self is mo/ frequ5tly m5tion$ among ^! conduct+ deities4#adfae ,p]haps 9 ?is we may see a rem9isc5ce ( ! hopes awak5$ & *]i%$ 9 ! ,eleus9ian & o!r relat$ my/]ies#adgae--;hopes o!rwise express$ on ^! tomb/ones ) /rik+ r>ity4 ,on ! epitaph--c]ta9ly a late composition--( a ,hi]ophant ( ,eleusis :o goes to ! ,immortals1 ! dead man is made to comm5d1 z a my/]y reveal$ by ! gods1 ! anci5t op9ion illu/rat$ by /ories l t ( ,kleobis & ,biton#adhae t dea? n only br+s no evil to mortals1 b is r a bless+4#adiae ,a gloomy philosophy has 9 ^! latt] days ( ! old religion & wor%ip ( ! gods tak5 hold ( ! my/]ies !mselves & giv5 !m an attitude ( ho/ility to human life t 0 n orig9ally !irs4#aejae ,we are rem9d$ ( ! my/]ies aga9 :5 we f9d pray]s #edc or promises t ! dead %all n dr9k ( ! wat] ( =getfulness 9 ! realm ( ! s\ls1 b %all be giv5 ! cold wat] to dr9k by ! ,god ( ! l[] _w2 t he %all be refre%$ at ! spr+ ( ,mnemosyne1 ! ba? ( immortality1 & s pres]ve intact 8 memory & consci\sness1 ! necess>y conditions ( full & bless$ life4#aeaae ,"h !re appe>s to be a ref]5ce to ! promises made by p>ticul> secret cults 9 :i* ! dep>t$ has specially recomm5d$ himself to ! p[]s ( life & dea?4 ,?is mu/ pla9ly be ! case :51 in/ead ( ! ,greek ,aidoneus1 !re is m5tion ( ,osiris1 ! ,egyptian ,"l ( ,s\ls4 ,may ,osiris give y ! cold wat] is a common pray] express$ 9 a =mula t is ( frequ5t & significant occurr5ce 9 late epitaphs4#aebae ,( ! num]\s secret cults ( ^! lat] times t promis$ a bless$ immortality to _! adh]5ts1 !re is b infrequ5t m5tion 9 ! grave-inscriptions3 occasionally at ! mo/ !re is an allusion to ! special fav\r1 rea*+ ev5 beyond ! grave1 :i* belongs to ! initiat$ 9 ! my/]ies ( ,mi?ras4#aecae ,no d\btful promises1 b real & practical exp]i5ce =ms ! basis ( ! belief ( ^? to :om ! dead has appe>$ visibly 9 a dream to assure !m t 8 s\l has n be5 annihilat$ by dea?4#aedae ,! olde/ pro( ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! s\l rema9s 9 =ce ! longe/4 ,! pupil hopes = some?+ high] f ! ma/] :om dea? has tak5 away f 8 sight3 he prays to him t1 z he _h once 9 life1 s he w n[ cont9ue to /& by 8 side1 assi/+ him 9 ! pursuance ( 8 pr(ession z a physician--,?\ can/1 = n[ ?\ ha/ a m div9e "p 9 life4#aeeae ,expectations ( an en]getic aft]-life ( ! dep>t$ s\l1 express+ !mselves 9 _m =ms1 are widely curr5t2 b su* expectations nev] a*ieve a unifi$1 dogmatic =m4 ,nor 0 anyone =bidd5 to *]i% = himself & inscribe ^u 8 grave-/one1 unor?odox op9ions ( e k9d--ev5 ?\gh !y %\ld po9t to ! v opposite ( su* expectations4#aefae ,a dubi\s ,if prec$es on _m epitaphs ! anticipation ( a consci\s life ( ! dead 9 full possession ( ! s5ses1 or a rew>d ( ! dead 9 accordance ) _! des]ts3 if any?+ yet rema9s bel[4 ,su* phrases are ( v frequ5t occurr5ce4#aegae ,inde$ ! d\bt itself is set aside :5 x is di/9ctly ass]t$ t aft] dea? no?+ ( ! man rema9s alive4 ,all t m5 say ( ,hades & its t]rors or its consolations is ! fabl$ inv5tion ( poets2 d>kness #edd & no?+ness is all t awaits u bel[4#aehae ,! dead turns to a%es or to e>?2#aeiae ! elem5ts out ( :i* he 0 creat$ take back :at is _! own4#afjae ,life is only l5t to man & 9 dea? he re/ores ! loan aga94#afaae ,9 dea? he pays tribute to nature4#afbae ,! bitt] outcry ( ! survivors aga9/ dea?1 ! savage bea/ ( prey1 loveless & pitiless1 t has snat*$ away _! de>e/ f _! side1 %[s small hope ( ! pres]vation ( ! vani%$ life4#afcae ,grief & compla9t1 say o!rs1 are va9 bo? = ! dead & = ! liv+2 no man returns2 ! p>t+ effect$ by dea? is = ev]4#afdae ,only submission is left4#afeae ,take com=t1 *ild1 no man is immortal--s runs ! conv5tional phrase curr5t among ! populace & inscrib$ by _m ^u ! graves ( _! vani%$ dead4#affae ,once ,i 0 n1 !n ,i 01 & n[ ,i am no m3 :at m is !re to be said8--s speaks ! dead f m ?an "o grave/one1 address+ ! liv+ :o is soon to suff] ! same fate4#afgae ,live1 he cries to ! liv+1 = !re is no?+ sweet] grant$ to u mortals ?an ?is life 9 ! daylight4#afhae ,a la/ ?\ght rev]ts once m to ! life t has be5 left beh9d on e>?4 ,! body dies1 p]sonality vani%es1 no?+ is left alive on e>? b ! memory ( ! de$s & virtue ( ! dep>t$4#afiae ,b !re is a cont9uance 9 ! life ( o!rs1 m vital ?an 9 ! empty s\nd ( fame1 a*iev$ by him :o leaves beh9d him on e>? *ildr5 & *ildr5's *ildr54 ,!re are _m :o1 9 ^! lat] ages too1 are cont5t1 9 ! true _s ( antiquity1 ) ?is bless+ & desire no o!r consolation = _! own annihilation4#agjae #f ,b su* reass]tions ( ! antique temp] 7 ( r>] & r>] occurr5ce4 ,! anci5t _w to :i* x _h giv5 su* t\ghness & en]gy ( purpose 0 on its dea?-b$4 ,) ! end ( ! ?ird & ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury x ent]s ^u its la/ agony2 a g5]al failure ( n]ve _h long ?reat5$ ! loosely b\nd masses t %>$ 9 ! ,grco-,roman civilization4 ,9 ! g5]al atrophy t beset its old age ! vigor\s blood ( ! g5u9e & 9999unadult]at$ ,greek & ,roman /ocks 0 fl[+ b feebly4 ,n[ ! univ]sal process ( decay sets 9 irresi/ibly4 ,x 0 its own inh]5t weakness t made ! attacks ( outside =ces s om9\s to ! old _w4 ,9 ! ,we/ ! old ord] vani%$ m swiftly & submitt$ m #ede completely to ! new =ces1 ?an 9 ! ,hell5iz$ ,ea/4 ,x 0 n t ! old civilization 0 any less rott5 9 ! ,ea/ ?an 9 ! ,we/4 ,! enfeebl$ h& & ! fail+ m9d betray !mselves 9 e utt]ance--9 ! la/ spasms ( vital en]gy t inspir$ ! art & lit]ature ( moribund ,greece4 ,! impov]i%m5t ( ! vital =ces out ( :i* ,greece _h once br\ght =? ! fl[] ( its special & *>act]i/ic _s makes itself felt 9 ! alt]$ relation ( ! individual to ! :ole1 & ( ! totality ( visible life to ! %ad[y p[]s ( ! unse5 _w4 ,individualism has _h its day4 ,no long] is ! emancipation ( ! individual ! object ( man's endeav\r2 no long] is he requir$ to arm himself aga9/ all t is n himself1 t is outside ! region ( 8 free w & *oice4 ,he is n /rong en\gh1 & %\ld n feel himself /rong en\gh1 to tru/ to ! self-consci\s /r5g? ( 8 own intellig5ce4 ,au?ority--an au?ority t is ! same = all--mu/ be 8 guide4 ,rationalism is dead4 ,9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! second c5tury a religi\s reaction beg9s to ass]t itself & makes itself felt m & m 9 ! p]iod t foll[s4 ,philosophy itself becomes at la/ a religion1 draw+ its n\ri%m5t f surmise & revelation4 ,! invisible _w w9s ! day ov] ! meagre pres5t1 s griev\sly b\nd d[n by ! limitation ( m]e exp]i5ce4 ,no long] does ! s\l await ) c\rage & calmness :atev] may be hidd5 beh9d ! d>k curta9 ( dea?4 ,life seem$ to ne$ some?+ to complete x4 ,& h[ fad$ & grey life _h become#agaae--;a rejuv5ation ^u ?is e>? seem$ to be out ( ! "q4 ,all ! m complete1 9 consequ5ce1 is ! submission t ?r[s itself ) clos$ eyes & eag] ye>n+ ^u ano!r _w1 situat$ n[ f> beyond ! limits ( ! kn[n or kn[able _w ( ! liv+4 ,hopes & a vague long+1 a %r9k+ be=e ! my/]i\s t]rors ( ! unkn[n1 fill ! s\l4 ,nev] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! anci5t _w is ! belief 9 an immortal life ( ! s\l aft] dea? a matt] ( su* burn+ & exac]bat$ ard\r z 9 ^! la/ days :5 ! antique civilization 0 prep>+ itself to brea! its la/4 ,hopes ( immortality1 widely esp\s$ by ! masses & f$ r on fai? ?an on reflexion1 s\ght satisfaction 9 ! brilliant c]emonial ( religions t easily out%one ! simple wor%ip ( e day (ficially und]tak5 by ! city4 ,9 ^! new rites ! wor%ipp]s unit$ 9 ! secret cult seem$ to be plac$ m directly 9 ! h&s ( ! gods2 &1 above all1 a bless$ exi/5ce h]eaft] 0 assur$ to pi\s #edf believ]s4 ,9 ^! days ! anci5t & hall[$ my/]ies ( ,eleusis awake to a new life & rema9 9 vigor\s activity till ne>ly ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury4#agbae ,orphic conv5ticles mu/ h attract$ wor%ipp]s = ages2#agcae ! ,hell5iz$ ,ori5t 0 famili> ) _m su* orgia/ic cults4 ,9 ! mix$ populations ( ! ,ea/ ! new religions prov$ m attractive to ! ,greeks1 too1 ?an _! old wor%ip ( ! gods ( ,greece4 ,cle> & def9ite obligations1 fix$ comm&m5ts & dogmas1 hold+ ! weak & frail individual 9 _! /rong] embrace1 seem$ to belong m peculi>ly to ^! =eign wor%ips ?an to ! old beliefs ( ,greece4 ,rigid & unalt]able ma9t5ance ( primitive ideas & practices seem$ to give ! =m] ! /amp ( sacr$ & c]ta9 k4 ,f all m5 !y dem&$ p]fect submission to ! ,god & 8 prie/s2 p]fect r5unciation ( ! _w1 conceiv$ z duali/ically oppos$ to ! div9e2 ! purg+ away ( ! contam9ation ( its lu/s by purifications & sanctifications1 c]emonial expiations & asceticisms4 ,by ^! means ! fai?ful prep>$ !mselves = ! highe/ rew>d t piety c\ld conceive2 an un5d+ life ( bliss f> away f ?is unclean _w 9 ! realm ( ! holy & ! consecrat$4 ,to ! belief 9 a bless$ immortality ^! =eign my/]ies contribut$ _! mu* desir$ support2 & ! populace welcom$ _! message ( salvation ) all ! great] eag]ness s9ce _! v>i$ & impressive c]emonial contra/$ s /rik+ly ) ! pla9 & homely wor%ip ( ! ,greek gods4 ,9 ! symbolism ( ^! exotic cults m5 seem$ to disc]n a my/]i\s & secret k2 & to ! div9e figures illum9at$ by su* a halo 7 easily attribut$ /range & magical p[]s beyond belief or exp]i5ce4 ,! cult ( ! ,egyptian deities _h long be5 famili> bo? 9 ! ,ea/ & 9 ! ,we/1 & !y ma9ta9$ & ext5d$ _! influ5ce d[n to ! la/ days ( ! anci5t religions4 ,! ,phrygian deities1 ! ,?raco-,phrygian cults ( ,sabazios1 ,attis1 & ,kybele1 & ! ,p]sian wor%ip ( ,mi?ras 7 lat] com]s1 b !y1 too1 took equally firm root & spread ov] ! :ole ext5t ( ! empire4#agdae ,! high] culture ( ^! la/ c5turies1 hav+ become cr$ul\s & avid ( m>vels1 no long] look$ ) contempt ^u ! means ( salvation & sanctification :i* _h once be5 left almo/ entirely to ! l[] ord]s ( ! population4 ,! mo/ cultivat$ & educat$ p ( ^! times us$ _! culture & _! education simply to ju/ify ev]y?+ my/]i\s & incompreh5sible 9 itself--ev5 #edg :5 x 0 express$ 9 ! mo/ physical symbolism4 ,! newly awak5$ religi\s int]e/ ( ! populace _h co9cid$ ) a return on ! "p ( philosophy to ! tea*+ ( ,plato2 a tea*+ :i* itself t5d$ t[>ds religion4 ,platonism _h invad$ ! doctr9e ( o!r s*ools at _m po9ts1 & x _h already acquir$ a new home = itself 9 ! re/or$ ,academy1 :]e once an un-,platonic ,scepticism _h ov]?r[n ! tea*+ ( ! ma/]4 ,n[ a new ,platonism comes =w>d & ov]:elms all ! o!r s*ools ( philosophy4 ,absorb+ ! doctr9es ( ,ari/otle & ,*rysippos 7:i* x fanci$ x c\ld reconcile ) ,platonism71 x weav$ !m into its own special tea*+ s t ! :ole pres5t$ a subtle & f>-rea*+ sy/em ( ?\ght4 ,! speculative sy/em ( ,neoplatonism1 into :i* ! old age ( ,greece1 9 spite ( its we>9ess1 contriv$ to introduce s mu* pr(undity1 _s1 & +5uity 7toge!r ) a luxuriant mass ( s*ola/ic folly71 fills ! hi/ory ( ! la/ c5turies ( ,greek ?\ght4 ,its fundam5tal t5d5cy is1 once m1 a turn+ away f ! life ( nature1 & a det]m9$ invasion ( a transc5d5t _w ( pure _s2 & x 0 by ?is t5d5cy t x satisfi$ ! ne$s ( its "t4 ,! ,sole & ,fir/ ,cause1 ly+ beyond all be+ & cont9ually express+ itself 9 creative emanations1 yet nev] tr\bl$ or impair$ 9 its p]fect & et]nal transc5d5cy2 ! developm5t1 9 an unbrok5 process f ?is ,"o1 ( ! _w ( ?9k+1 ( ! ,ideas & pure ?\ght pres]v$ 9 x--! _w ( ,_s & ! _w ( ,matt]--until at la/1 9 long+ & desire1#ageae all ?+s creat$ return to ! orig9 ( all ,be+3 to describe & express all ?is is ! s+le !me1 p]si/+ ?r\gh\t all v>iations1 ( ?is philosophy4 ,! :ole fabric ( reality1 ! int]play ( cause & effect1 dep5ds ^u ! inh]5ce ( ! ?+ caus$ 9 its ,cause f :i* x takes its orig9 & to :i* x returns at la/4 ,t :i* 9 ! evolution ( nature takes its orig9 f ! ,"o1 & deg5]ates m & m completely1 9 ! d>kness & corruption ( ,matt]1 z x gets fur!r away f its s\rce--n[ becomes ,man & seeks 9 morality & religion a consci\s return to ! pure & ev]la/+ & unfail+ ,"o4 ,! div9e does n desc5d to e>? & man mu/ rea* upw>ds to ! div9e heights 9 ord] to unite himself ) ! ,"o t is be=e all multiplicity4 ,?is union c be br\ght ab\t by ! pure ex]cise ( ! human reason1 b also 9 ! my/]i\s h>mony ( ! individual life ) ! ,fir/ ,cause t is beyond all reason 9 ! ec/asy #edh t is above all rationality4 ,x c be a*iev$ :5 at la/ ! :ole s]ies ( rebir?s has be5 pass$ ?r\gh1 :]eupon ! pure s\l1 ! div9e 9 man1 ent]s into ! div9ity ( ! ,:ole4#agfae ,to fly f ! _w--n to "w )9 ! _w to produce some?+ bett]--is ! tea*+ & injunction ( ?is la/ ,greek philosophy4 ,away f sep>ate1 divid$ ,be+1 upw>d t[>ds ! un9t]rupt$ glory ( ! ,"o div9e life1 ! s\l w+s its way4 ,! _w1 ?is visible _w ( matt]1 is fair1 says ,plot9os1 = x is ! "w & image ( ! div9e1 pres5t & work+ 9 x4 ,a la/ gleam ( ! dep>t+ sunlight ( ,greek s5sibility seems to break ?r\gh ! words 9 :i* ,plot9os rejects ! ,*ri/ian-,gno/ic hatr$ ( ! _w4#aggae ,! ugly1 he says1 is /range & contr>y to ,god z well z to ,nature4#aghae ,b ! s\l mu/ no long] re/ 9 ! _w ( creat$ beauty4#agiae ,! s\l is s pr(\ndly consci\s ( its d]ivation f ! supra-s5sual1 ( its div9ity & et]nity1 t x mu/ rise above all creat$ be+ & rea* out to ! ,"o t 0 be=e ! _w & rema9s = ev] outside ! _w4#ahjae ,?is philosophy1 pr(\ndly e/rang$ ?\gh x 0 f ! old ,greek attitude to life ) its enjoym5t ( ! _w1 nev]!less felt itself call$ ^u to oppose ! ris+ tide ( ! new & irresi/ible religion4 ,x took "u its protection ! anci5t ,greek culture & ! anci5t fai? t 0 s insep>ably b\nd up ) t culture4 ,its mo/ conv9c$ support]s1 ) ! la/ ( ! ,emp]ors ( ! old fai? at _! head1 ?rew !mselves :ole-he>t$ly into ! fray4 ,& be=e !m rode ! ,g5ius ( anci5t ,hellas1 & ! old beliefs ( ,greece4 ,b :5 ! battle _h be5 f\ght & lo/ x became app>5t to all ! _w t x 0 a corpse t rode be=e ! exalt$ combatants1 l ! body ( ! dead ,cid ,campeador fa/5$ ^u 8 horse & lead+ 8 ho/s aga9/ ! ,moors4 ,! anci5t religion ( ,greece1 & ) x ! :ole civiliz$ life ( ! ,greek _w1 fad$ & di$ at t discov]y1 & c\ld n be recall$ to life4 ,a new] fai?1 v diff]5tly end[$ & hav+ p[] to cru% ! heavily lad5 s\l & po9t x upw>ds 9 absolute submission to ! div9e compassion1 held ! field4 ,! new _w t 0 com+ into be+ _h ne$ ( x4 ,& yet--0 ,greece q ext+ui%$ & dead = ev]8 ,mu*--only too mu*--( ! philosophy ( its old age liv$ on 9 ! speculative sy/em ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,& 9 ! :ole ( mod]n culture s f> z x has built itself ^u #edi ,*ri/ianity or by ext5sion f x1 9 all mod]n sci5ce & art1 n a little survives ( ,greek g5ius & ,greek inspiration4 ,! outw>d embodim5t ( ,hellas is gone2 its _s is imp]i%able4 ,no?+ t has once be5 alive 9 ! spiritual life ( man c ev] p]i% entirely2 x has a*iev$ a new =m ( exi/5ce 9 ! consci\sness ( mank9d--an immortality ( its own4 ,n always 9 equal measure1 nor always 9 ! same place1 does ! /ream ( ,greek ?\ght rise to ! surface 9 ! life ( mank9d4 ,b x is a riv] t nev] q runs dry2 x vani%es1 to reappe>2 x buries itself to em]ge aga94 ,des9unt i/a1 non p]eunt4 ,,notes ,,to ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,"p ,,ii #aae3 ,see above1 *ap4 v1 p4 #afb f4 #bae3 ,lucian #ej1 ,de ,luctu3 wa%+1 ano9t+1 cr[n+ ( ! dead body1 pro_/!sis3 c4 #aa4 ,viol5t dirge-s++ ov] ! dead1 #ab2 accompani$ by ! aulo_/s1 #ai2 & l$ by a special s+] ?rnn sophi/_/s1 #bj4 ,special lam5t by ! fa!r1 #ac4 ,! dead is be=e !m ) jaws ti$ up & s secur$ aga9/ unsightly gap+--#ai f94 7a /rong] =m ( ! ,hom]ic su_/n te /o_/m' erei_/de91 l #dbf74 ,= ?is purpose n>r[ b&s are drawn r\nd ! *91 *eeks1 & =ehead ( ! dead man4 ,we sometimes see !m repres5t$ on vases depict+ a ly+-9-/ate1 & !y h also be5 f\nd sometimes 9 graves 9 :i* case !y h be5 made ( metal 7gold or lead73 see ,wolt]s1 ,a?4 ,mit?4 #ahif1 p4 #cfg ff4 e/h_/s1 ko_/smos 7ev5 includ+ horses & slaves7 burnt or buri$ 9 company ) ! dead = 8 pleasure1 #ad4 obolo_/s giv5 to ! dead1 #aj4 ,! dead f$ by *oai_/ & ka?agi_/smata1 #i4 ,! grave/one cr[n$2 spr9kl$ ) a_/kratos2 burnt (f]+1 #ai4 p]i_/deipnon aft] a ?ree days' fa/1 #bd4 #cae3 ,f a r e>li] p]iod we he> t x is a bad ?+ to be dead m tu*o_/nta tn nomi_/mn--x is an infam\s de$ = ! son to d5y 8 fa!r ta nomizo_/m5a aft] dea?2 ,d941 ,ari/og4 viii1 #ah2 cf4 ,d4 #be1 #ed4--,! dead man says ) satisfaction pa_/n?' ho_/sa tois *r/ois ph?ime_/nois no_/mos e/i g5e_//hai tnde tu*n kag to_/nde ta_/phon kate_/*1 ,epigr4 ,gr41 #acg2 cf4 #aec1 #g-h4 #dae3 homo_/taphoi are m5tion$ among o!r associations z occurr+ 9 a ,solonian law3 ,dige/4 #dg1 #bb1 #d4 ,^! w\ld probably be special collegia fun]aticia 7at any rate societies ( :i* ! exclusive or ess5tial bond ( union consi/$ 9 hom\ taphnai--& n1 !re=e1 any ( ! ord9>y ?i_/asoi or any g5tilician association z ,zieb>? ?9ks1 ,gr4 ,v]e9swes51 p4 #ag #ahif74 ,!re are also traces 7b n v frequ5t7 ( common burial gr\nds belong+ to ?i_/asoi2 e4g4 9 ,kos1 ,inscr4 ,cos1 #aee-i4 erani/ai_/ bury _! dead memb]1 ,,cia4 ii1 #ccjh2 summu_//ai d ! same1 ,a?4 ,mitt4 ix1 #ce4 ,a memb] contributes z tami_/z ( ! collegium out ( 8 own means1 = ! b5efit ( dead memb]s ( an e_/ranos1 eis tn taph_/n1 t\ eus*monein aut\s kai teteleutko_/tas ktl41 ,,cia4 ii1 #fba 7ab\t #aej ,b4,c474 ,ano!r tami_/z de_/dk5 tois metalla_/xas9 7?ias_/tais7 ta taphikon p>a*rma ins4 f ,attica1 ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,,cia4 iv1 #b1 #fbc;b2 cf4 ib41 #fae;b1 l4 #ad-ae2 ,rhod4 inscr4 9 ,,b*4 iv1 #ach4 ,dionysia/ai1 ,a!nai/ai 9 ,tanagra e_/?apsan ton deina3 ,,gdi4 #ifj-b 7,,ig4 ,sept4 i1 #fhe-i74 ,! ,iobak*ai 9 ,a!ns 7?ird c5tury ,a4,d47 (f] a cr[n & w9e at ! burial ( a memb]3 ,a?4 ,mitt4 #ahid1 #bfa1 l4 #aeh ff4 hoi ?i_/asoi pa_/ntes & ev5 hoi e_/phboi kai hoi ne_/oi1 ho dmos1 h g]\si_/a erect ! monum5t1 ,,cig4 #caja1 #caab4 7,teos7 sunodeitai bury toge!r ! memb]s ( _! su_/nodoi1 ,,ipe4 ii1 #fj-e4 ,a gymnasi>* also und]takes tn ekkomidn epime_/leian1 ,inscr4 ,p]g41 ii1 #beb1 l4 #af2 notewor?y also is ii1 #cgd ,b1 l4 #ba-e4 ,a few m exx4 are giv5 by ,e4 ,lo*1 ,zu d4 grie*4 ,grabs*rift5 7,fe/s*r4 ,fri$lnd]1 #ahie71 p4 #bhh4 #eea #eae3 dmosi_/a taph_/ frequ5tly4 ,resolution p&mei p>ape_/mpsa/hai to sma t\ deinos epi tn kdei_/an aut\1 inscr4 ( ,amorgos1 ,,b*4 #ahia1 p4 #egg 7l4 #bf72 p4 #ehf 7l4 #ag ff474 ,resolution ( ! c\ncil & p ( ,olbia 7fir/ c5tury ,b4,c473 :5 ! body ( a c]ta9 des]v+ citiz5 :o has di$ abroad is br\ght into ! city1 all work%ops are to close1 ! citiz5s we>+ black %all foll[ 8 ekphora_/2 an eque/rian /atue ( ! dead man to be erect$ & e ye> at ! hippodromi_/ai ( ,a*illes ! gold5 cr[n grant$ to ! dead man to be proclaim$1 etc43 ,,ipe4 i1 #ag1 #bb ff4--,hon\r paid to a dead man by grant+ a gold5 cr[n1 ,,cig4 #cahe2 cf4 ,cic41 ,flac4 #ge4 ,?is example comes f ,smyrna1 :]e su* hon\rs 7 p>ticul>ly common3 see ,bckh on ,,cig4 #cbaf4 ,frequ5t on ,asia ,m9or inss43 ha po_/lis sc4 /ephanoi1 e_/?aps51 ton deina4 ho damos t deini1 sc4 ane_/?ke1 on graves3 see esp4 ,g4 ,hirs*feld1 ,greek ,inscr4 9 ,brit4 ,mus4 iv1 #a1 p4 #cd4 ,m ap4 ,lo*1 op4 cit41 p4 #bhg4 #fae3 ,?is seems to h be5 p>ticul>ly common 9 ,amorgos2 cf4 ,,cig4 #bbfd;b3 f\r inss4 f ,amorgos4 ,,b*4 #ahia1 p4 #egd 7#aec-d ,b4,c471 #egg1 #ehf 7#bdb ,b4,c471 #ehh f4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ! ,areopagos & ! p ( ,a!ns decree ! erection ( a /atue 9 hon\r ( a "y man ( rank 7,t4 ,/atilius ,lamprias7 :o has di$ pro h_/ras 9 ,epidauros1 & also ! dispat* ( envoys to p>amu?_/sa/hai apo t\ ts po_/les ono_/matos 8 p>5ts & 8 gr&fa!r ,lamprias4 ,9 ! same way ! citiz5s ( ,sp>ta s5d an embassy ( sympa?y & consolation to o!r relatives ( ! same y\? 7fir/ c5tury ,a4,d471 ,f\il4 d',epidaur4 i1 #bje-i1 pp4 #fg-gj4 ,honorific decree ( c\ncil & p ( ,cor9? = ! same p]son1 ,eph4 ,ar*41 #ahid1 p4 #ae4 psphi_/smata p>amu?tika_/ ( two ,lydian cities at ! dea? ( a man ( rank 7fir/ c5tury ,a4,d471 ,anz4 ,wi54 ,ak41 ,phil4 ,hi/4 ,cl41 #af? ,nov41 #ahic 7n4 #bd7 ,a?4 ,mitt4 #ahid1 p4 #ajb f42 cf4 ,p>os1 ,,cig4 #bchc 7! c\ncil & p decree ! erection ( a /atue to a dead boy epi me_/r\s p>amu?s_/m5oi ton pate_/ra72 ,aphrodisias 9 ,k>ia1 ,,cig4 #bgg;b1 #bgge;b-d2 ,neapolis1 ,,cig4 #ehcf ,,ig4 ,sic4 ,x4 #geh4--,! gr\nds ( consolation1 s f> z !y are allud$ to1 are regul>ly indep5d5t ( any !ological tea*+3 phe_/re9 summe_/trs ta ts lu_/ps eido_/tas ho_/ti ap>ai_/tto_/s e/9 h epi pa_/ntn an?r_/pn moira & ! l 7phe_/re9 to sumbebkos an?rpi_/ns1 ,f4 d',epid4 i1 #bji74 ,we are rem9d$ ( ! p>amu?tikoi lo_/goi ( ! philosoph]s :i* are lit]>y expressions ( ^! consolations--! philosoph]s 9 fact 7 expect$ ex (ficio to (f] su* consolations to ! m\rn]s1 cf4 ,plu41 ,sup]/4 #ahf ,c2 ,d4 ,*r4 #bg1 #i 7ii1 #bhe ,arn474 #gae3 ,9 spite ( any brevity 9 ! n>rative ! fact ( ritual burial is regul>ly allud$ to 7z an important circum/ance7 9 ! romance ( ,x54 ,eph4 & 9 ! ,hi/oria ,apollonii3 ,grie*4 ,roman1 #cia1 #c2 #dac1 #a4 #hae3 ,at ,a!ns 8 fri5d va9ly tries to obta9 burial intra urbem = ! murd]$ ,m>cellus3 quod religione se imp$iri dic]5t2 neque id antea cuiquam concess]unt 7:ile 9 ,rome p 7 occasionally buri$ 9 ! city 9 spite ( ! prohibition ( ! ,,xii tables3 ,cic41 ,lg4 ii1 #eh73 ,s]vius to ,cic]o1 ,fam4 #d1 #ab1 #c 7#de ,b4,c474 ,!re x 0 p]mitt$ uti 9 quo vell5t gymnasio eum sepelir5t & f9ally 8 body 0 cremat$ & ! rema9s buri$ 9 nobilissimo orbis t]r>am gymnasio1 ! ,academy4 entapha kai !_/sis t\ s_/matos en t gumnasi_/ 7( an ari/ocratic ,roman7 9 ,kyme3 ,,gdi4 #caa4 ,to a liv+ b5efactor ( t city sune*r_/? kai entaphnai 79 ! future7 en t gumnasi_/1 ,,cig4 #bgi;b 7,aphrodisias 9 ,k>ia74 ,z a special m>k ( hon\r paid to a b5efactor ( ! city x is p]mitt$ t 8 body 9 oppidum intr(]atur 7into ,smyrna3 ,cic41 ,flac4 #ge71 entapha kata po_/l9 kai #eeb tapha dmosi_/a1 entapha kata po_/l9 en t episamota_/t t\ gumnasi_/ou to_/p1 ,knidos1 ,,gdi4 #ceja1 #cejb 7"t ( ,augu/us74 ,! city buries a y\? gumna_/dos en teme_/nei1 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #bbb 7,amorgos74--,ulpian1 ,dig4 #dg1 #ab1 #c1 #e1 implies ! possibility t lex municipalis p]mittat 9 civitate sepel]i4 #iae3 sma1 i4e4 probably grave & monum5t1 ( ,messia set up by h] husb& 9 8 own h\se3 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #fhb 7,rome74 #ajae3 ,?us ,inscr4 ,p]g4 ii1 #eij1 zn ho deina kateskeu_/ase to mnmeion t idi_/a ma_/mm 4 4 4 kai t pa_/pp1 heaut1 gunaiki_/1 te_/knois1 ekgo_/nois anexallotri_/ton he_/s diado*s ktl4 ,simil> directions1 ib41 n4 #eia1 & frequ5tly4 ,! s]ies includes ! old & traditional circle ( ! ag*i/eis3 see above1 *ap4 v1 nn4 #ada & #adf 7:]e me_/*ri anepsiadn pai_/dn %\ld be read74 #aaae3 ,!re 0 ev5 a ,solonian law aga9/ violation & plund] ( tombs3 ,cic41 ,lg4 ii1 #fd4 ,! specially inv5t$ ^w tumbru_/*os %[s t su* practices 7 frequ5t at a q e>ly p]iod2 cf4 sma_/tn phra1 ,h]ond4 v1 #eg4 ,compla9t on acc\nt ( ! rifl+ ( a tomb3 ,egypt1 papyr4 ( #abg ,b4,c41 ,notices et extraits1 xviii1 #b1 p4 #afa f4 ,frequ5t rescripts ( emp]ors ( ! f\r? c5tury aga9/ ! pr(anation ( graves1 ,cod4 ,!od4 ix1 #ag4 ,b ev5 emp]ors ( second & ?ird c5turies _h to deal ) ! subject3 ,dig4 #dg1 #ab1 & cf4 ,paul41 ,s5t4 #a1 #ba1 #d ff42 sepul*ri violati actio1 ,qu9t41 ,decl4 #bii1 #cfi1 #cgc4 ,grave-?ieves 7 a fav\rite "* 9 romance3 e4g4 ap4 ,x54 ,eph41 ,*>iton & o!rs4 ,epigram ( ,greg4 ,naz4 on ! subject ( loot$ graves1 ,an?4 ,pal4 viii1 #agf ff4 ,f ! f\r? c5tury ! ,*ri/ians 9 p>ticul> seem to h be5 a dang] to hea!n burial places 7cf4 ,go?(r$41 ad ,cod4 ,!od4 iii1 p4 #aej ,ritt47--9 fact1 ecclesia/ics 7 specially giv5 to grave-robb]y3 ,novell4 ,val5t94 #e 7p4 #aaa ,ritt471 ,cassiod41 ,v>4 iv1 #ah2 bu/u>ii latrones 7,amm4 ,m>c4 #bh1 #a1 #ab71 7 !n frequ5t4 ,an ,egyptian an*orite _h at an e>li] p]iod become latronum maximus et sepul*rorum violator3 ,ruf941 ,vit4 ,patr4 #i 7p4 #ddf;b ,rossw474 #abae3 ,inscrr4 indicat+ su* sepul*ral p5alties are r>e on ! ma9l& ( ,greece1 common 9 ,?race & ! ,greek cities ( ,asia ,m9or1 b mo/ frequ5t ( all 9 ,lykia4 ,mo/ ( !m belong to ! ,roman p]iod1 b also appeal occasionally to ton ts asebei_/z no_/mon ( ! city 7cf4 also ,korkyra4 ,,cig4 #aicc72 or ref] to ! e_/gklma tumbru*i_/z z ?\gh x 7 a local process ( law :i* _h p]haps be5 confirm$ by an ,imp]ial ord9ance 7hupeu_/?unos e_// tois diata_/gmasi kai tois patri_/ois no_/mois1 inscr4 f ,tralles3 see ,hirs*feld1 p4 #aba74 ,!y !re=e _c be simply borr[$ f ! ,roman cu/om1 b belong to ! old law ( ! c\ntry esp4 9 ,lykia :]e a simil> prescription has be5 f\nd dat+ f ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c43 ,,cig4 #debi2 see ,hirs*feld1 ,knigsb4 ,/ud4 i1 pp4 #he-add 7#ahhg7--;d\bt is ?r[n on ! legal validity ( ! p5al clauses 9 su* inscrr4 by ,j4 ,m]kel1 ,fe/g4 f4 ,ih]+1 p4 #aji ff4 7#ahib74 #acae3 ,curses direct$ aga9/ ^? :o bury unau?oriz$ p]sons 9 a grave or damage ! monum5t are r>e 9 ,european ,greece3 e4g4 ,aeg9a1 ,,cig4 #badj;b2 ,!ssaly1 ,,b*4 xv1 #efh2 ,a!ns1 ,,cia4 #adag-bh2 among ^! is a ,!ssalian grave1 #adbg2 a ,*ri/ian1 #adbh2 #adag-bb are set up by ,h]odes ,atticus to ,apia ,regilla & ,polydeukion 7cf4 ,k4 ,keil1 ,pauly-,wiss4 i1 #baja71 b 8 coquett+ ) ! cult ( ! *?o_/nioi proves no?+ = ! common op9ion ( 8 fell[ citiz5s4 ,sepul*ral curses are p>ticul>ly common 9 inss4 f ,lykia & ,phrygia2 also ,cilicia1 ,,jhs4 #ahia1 p4 #bbh1 #bca1 #bfg2 a few also f ,halik>nassian graves2 ,samos1 ,,cig4 #bbfj4--,! #eec grave & its peace are plac$ "u ! c>e ( ! und]world deities 9 ^! inss43 p>adi_/dmi tois kata*?oni_/ois !ois t\to to hron phula_/sse9 ktl41 ,,cia4 iii1 #adbc-d4 ,cf4 also a ,cretan inscr4 ,a?4 ,mitt4 #ahic1 p4 #baa4 ,:oev] introduces a /rang] into ! grave or damages ! grave asebs e_// !ois kata*?oni_/ois 7?us 9 ,lykia1 ,,cig4 #dbjg2 #dbij2 #dbib71 aseb_/sei ta p]i t\s !\_/s te kai !as pa_/sas kai h_/rz pa_/ntas 7f ,itonos 9 ,ph?iotis1 ,,b*4 xv1 #efh74 ham>tlos e_// !ois kata*?oni_/ois1 ,,cig4 #dbeb;b1 #dbei1 #dcjj;e1 i1 k1 v1 #dcjg1 #dcjh2 ,,b*4 #ahid1 p4 #cbf 7n4 #i7--;all f ,lykia4 7,! =mula occurs already 9 a ,lyk4 inscr4 ( #bdj ,b4,c42 ,,b*4 #ahij1 p4 #afd3 ham>tloi e_//san--! ar*ons & citiz5s :o neglect to (f] ! ye>ly sacrifice to ,zeus ,sot]--!n pa_/ntn kai apot9e_/t ho a_/r*n ktl41 :i* ?us corresponds exactly ) ! olde/ ,lyk4 inscr4 ) sepul*ral p5alty1 ,,cig4 #dbei74 e_// hi]o_/sulos !ois ourani_/ois kai kata*?oni_/ois1 ,,cig4 #dbec 7,p9>a 9 ,lykia74 ,?is mu/ mean3 he %all be reg>d$ z hav+ transgress$ ! law aga9/ ase_/beia1 hi]osuli_/a 7cf4 hoi no_/moi hoi p]i hi]osu_/l\1 ,teos1 ,,sig4 #ebc1 #ea71 tumbru*i_/a1 hav+ at ! same "t (f5d$ aga9/ ! gods 7see ,hirs*feld1 op4 cit41 p4 #abj f474 ,m p>ticul> is ano!r ,lyk4 ins43 ham>tlos e_// !n pa_/ntn kai ,lt\s kai tn te_/knn 7z ! special gods ( ! c\ntry71 ,,cig4 #dbei1 #dcjc1 7iii1 p4 #aach71 #dcjc e#c 7p4 #aaci74 ,9 ,cilicia e_// sebks e_/s te ton ,di_/a kai tn ,sel_/nn1 ,,jhs4 xii1 #bca4 ,phrygian3 ke*olme_/non e_/*oito ,mna kata*?o_/nion1 ,,b*4 #ahhf1 p4 #ejc1 #f2 cf4 enorkizo_/me?a ,mna kata*?o_/nion eis t\to mnmeion mde_/na eisel!in1 ,am]4 ,s*ool at ,a!ns iii1 #agd4 ,! same is int5d$ by ! peculi>ly ,phrygian d5unciation e_// aut pros ton !on1 pros tn *eira t\ !\1 pros to me_/ga o_/noma t\ !\1 ,,cig4 #chgb;b 7p4 #ajii71 #chij1 #cijb f4o41 #cifc3 ,am]4 ,s*ool iii1 #daa2 ,,b*4 #ahic1 p4 #bdf ff4 ,t ^! are ,*ri/ian =mulae--z ,ramsay1 ,,jhs4 iv1 p4 #djj f41 supposes--is h>dly likely4 ,equally unlikely 9 ! case ( #cijbr 7,franz rightly prote/s aga9/ ! idea73 e_//ai aut pros ton znta !o_/n 7! same occurs aga9 9 a decisively non-,*ri/ian s5se3 ,,b*4 #ahic1 p4 #bda7 kai nun kai en t krisi_/m hme_/ra 7kri_/sis app>5tly dea? 9 ,,cig4 #fgca1 f ,rome1 :i*1 consid]+ ! words a_/galma eimi ,hli_/ou1 c h>dly be ,*ri/ian74 ts t\ !\ orgs me!_/xetai1 ,,cia4 iii1 #adbg4 ,obscure ?reat3 ou gar m sunei_/k 4 4 41 ,,cig4 #badj;b 7,aeg9a4 ,! pr(an] ( graves is curs$ 9 m detail3 t\_/t m g bat_/1 m ?a_/lassa plt_/1 alla ekreiz?_/setai pagge_/nei 7! arai_/ on ! mss4 ( ,h]od4 ,att4 agree s f> at lea/ 9 int5tion1 ,,cia4 iii1 #adag-bb74 pasi tois kakois peiran d_/sei1 kai phrei_/k kai puret kai tet>tai_/ kai ele_/phanti ktl41 ,,cia4 iii1 #adbc-d 7simil> curse on a lead tablet f ,crete3 ,a?4 ,mitt4 #ahic1 p4 #baa74 ,! fir/ half ( ?is imprecation repres5ts ! regul> =mula 9 su* arai_/ & ho_/rkoi--m g bat_/ ktl42 cf4 ,wns*1 ,defix41 p4 vii1 & a ,jewi%-,greek inscr4 f ,euboea3 ,eph4 ,ar*41 #ahib1 p4 #age2 x occurs also 9 ,,cig4 #bffd1 #bffg 7,halik>nassos72 #dcjc 7p4 #aach ,phrygia4 d_/sei tois kata*?oni_/ois !ois di_/kn1 #daij 7,cappadocia74 o_/rphana te_/kna li_/poito1 *ron bio_/n1 oikon e_/rmon1 en puri pa_/nta da_/moito1 kakn hu_/po *eiras o_/loito #chfb1 #chge1 #djj 7,phrygia74 ,^! are all peculi>ly & orig9ally ,phrygian2 some?+ simil> seems to occur 9 inss4 9 ! ,phrygian language3 see ,zts*r4 v]gl4 ,spra*f4 #bh1 #cha ff42 ,,b*4 #ahif1 p4 #aaa ff4 ,phrygian1 too1 is ! curse h\tos d' a_/rois p]ipe_/soito sumphorais1 ,epigr4 ,gr41 p4 #adi1 ,am]4 ,s*4 ,a?4 ii1 #afh--;i4e4 may 8 *ildr5 die a_/roi4 7,m pla9ly te_/knn a_/rn p]ipe_/soito sumphora1 ,,b*4 #ahic1 p4 #bgb47 ,sometimes ! additional phrase is f\nd kai meta ?a_/naton de la_/boi t\s hupo*?oni_/ous !\s timr\s kai ke*olme_/n\s1 #eed ,,cig4 #ciae 7,phrygian74 ,besides ! common imprecations we also h ?ano_/nti de oude h g p>e_/xei aut ta_/phon1 #bhbf 7,aphrodisias 9 ,k>ia72 m_/te ouranos tn psu*n aut\ p>ade_/xaito1 ,am4 ,s*4 ,a?4 iii1 #daa 7,pisidia74 ,b>b>\s 9 ! extreme is an inscr4 f ,cilicia 7,,jhs4 #ahia1 p4 #bhg73 he_/xei pa_/nta ta !ia ke*olme_/na kai tas /ug]as ,ere9u_/z kai idi_/ou te_/kn\ h_/patos geu_/setai4--,) ^! grave-imprecations we may comp>e also ! ?reats utt]$ aga9/ ^? :o %all neglect ! directions = ! hon\r+ ( ,k+ ,antio*os ( ,kommag5e :o lies buri$ 9 8 hi]o!_/sion 7ib1 #ac2 iiib1 #c3 h5ce correct hi]o?u_/sion 9 ,paus4 #d1 #cb1 #a7 on ! ,nemrud ,dagh3 eido_/tas ho_/ti *alep ne_/mesis basilikn daimo_/nn1 timros homoi_/s ameli_/z te kai hu_/bres1 ase_/beian di_/kei ka?sime_/nn te hr_/n ateima/heis no_/mos aneila_/t\s e_/*ei po9a_/s4 ta men gar ho_/sion ha_/pan k\phon e_/rgon1 ts de asebei_/z opi/hob>eis anagkai_/ 7iiia1 #bb ff41 ,b]4 ,b]l4 ,akad4 #ahhc74 #adae3 ,f ! po9t ( view ( religion1 at any rate1 x is true1 ?\gh ) consid]able res]vations1 t mo/ ( ! ,greeks & ,mac$onians scatt]$ ov] ,asia & ,egypt 9 coloniae1 9 ,syros ,p>?os ,aegyptios deg5]>unt1 ,liv4 #ch1 #ag1 #aa-ab4 ,! only non-,greek nation 7ap>t f ! ,romans7 :i* le>nt any?+ f ! ,greeks or f ! semi-religi\s ,greek philosophy 0 ! ,jewi%--at once ! mo/ /ubborn & ! mo/ pliable ( !m all4 #aeae3 ,at a q late p]iod1 9 ord] to expla9 ! impiety ( grave-robb+1 ,val5t9ian says 7foll[+ ! libri vet]is sapi5tiae q z mu* z ,*ri/ian tea*+7 licet occasus necessitatem m5s div9a 7( man7 non s5tiat1 amant tam5 animae s$em corporum relictorum et nescio qua sorte rationis occultae sepul*ri honore laetantur 7,nov4 ,val5t4 v1 p4 #aaa ,ritt474 #afae3 ,aft] ! reception ( ! la/ p]son :o has a "r !re apoi]/hai ton pla_/tan1 aphr_//hai to mnmeion1 ,,cig4 #bhbg1 #bhcd4 korak?_/setai1 i4e4 x w be f9ally %ut up3 #ciai4 #agae3 epean de tois kam\s9 eg*utl_/sm51 ,h]ond4 v1 #hd 7i4e4 at ! end ( ! mon?3 fe/ival ( ! dead at ! triaka_/des1 see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #hh4 hme_/ras lg\_/ss kai mnos ph?i_/nontos ei_/?as9 enagi_/ze9 hoi polloi_/1 ,plu41 ,q4 ,rom4 #cd1 p4 #bgb ,d74 ,(f]+s to ! dead at ! grave3 see besides ,luc41 ,*>on1 #bb4 #ahae3 ,epikteta3 see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #abf4 ,traces ( a simil> f\ndation on an inscr4 f ,!ra ap4 ,ross1 ,inscr4 ,gr4 #aih 7ii1 p4 #ha74--,o!rwise ! son w p]haps (f] to 8 fa!r tn taphn kai ton enagismo_/n 7,,cig4 #aigf1 ,!ssalonike2 #cfde ,lampsakos7--to hron kateskeu_/as5 eis ai_/nion mn_/mn kai t meta ?a_/naton aphsime_/n ?rskei_/a 7,,cig4 #dbbd;d1 iii1 p4 #aaai ,lykia74 ,a dead man has left ! c\ncil ( a city a sum ( money = a /ephantiko_/n 7,,cig4 #ciab1 #ciaf ,hi]apolis 9 ,phrygia72 i4e4 9 ord] t 8 grave may be cr[n$ e ye> f ! int]e/ ( ! money3 #ciai4 ,ano!r man leaves money to a society to celebrate 8 memory ye>ly by hold+ a eu*i_/a ) o9oposi_/a illum9ation & cr[ns3 #cjbh ,ephesos4 ,an annual fea/ 9 hon\r ( a dead man's memory on 8 g5e_/?lios hme_/ra3 #cdag ,philadelphia 9 ,lydia 7?is is ! prop] day = a fea/ ( ! dead3 see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #hi74 ,annual memorial 9 ! mon? ,huaki_/n?ios = a dead ar*i]ani/_/s 9 ,rhodos1 anago_/reusis ( 8 cr[ns ( hon\r & cr[n+ ( 8 mnmeion1 regul> anago_/reusis tan timan en tais suno_/dois 7( ! e_/ranos7 kai tais epi*u_/ses9 7second c5tury ,b4,c471 ,,igm4 ,aeg4 i1 #aee1 l4 #ec ff41 #fg ff4 ,ano!r f\ndation1 9 ,elatea 7,,b*4 x1 #chb71 seems to h be5 mu* m elaborate 9 int5tion & to h includ$ ! sacrifice ( a bull1 z well z eu*i_/a & an ag_/n4 #eee #aiae3 ta_/phos1 deuo_/m5os g]a_/n1 inscr4 f ,a!ns 7second c5tury ,a4,d473 ,a?4 ,mitt4 #ahib1 p4 #bgb1 l4 #f4 !_/lge9 psu*n te?nko_/tos &ro_/s by libations at ! grave3 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #abj1 #i-aj4 #bjae3 ,! apo_/taphoi3 ?is is ! "n giv5 to ^? ape/]me_/noi tn progonikn ta_/phn1 ,,em4 #aca1 #dd4 ,!y ev5 _h a burial place ( _! own3 apota_/phn ta_/phn on a m>ble vase f ,rhodos1 ,,igm4 ,aeg4 i1 #fef4 #baae3 ,?is *aire repeats ! la/ f>ewell :i* accompani$ ! removal ( ! body f ! h\se 7,eur41 ,alc4 #fbf f474 ,cf4 *aire_/ moi ,pa_/trokle kai e9 ,a_/dao d_/mois91 ! words ) :i* ,a*illes 7,ps #agi7 addresses 8 dead fri5d ly+ ^u ! fun]al pyre4 ,s too on tomb/ones *aire mu/ be int5d$ to sugge/ ! cont9u$ sympa?y ( ! survivors & ! appreciation by ! dead ( t sympa?y4 ,does x also imply v5]ation ( ! dep>t$ z krei_/ttn8 ,gods & ,h]oes 7 also address$ ) ?is ^w3 cf4 *air' a_/nax ,hra_/klees1 etc4--,! pass]-by calls out *aire3 *ai_/rete h_/res4 ho p>a_/gn se aspa_/zetai1 ,a?4 ,mitt4 ix1 #bfc2 & cf4 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #bah1 #ag-ah2 #bcg1 #g-h2 cf4 ,lo*1 op4 cit41 #bgh f4 #bbae3 *ai_/rete is said by ! dead man to ! liv+2 ,bckh on ,,cig4 #cgge 7ii1 p4 #ifh72 cf4 *aire_/t ho anagn\_/s1 ,,ig4 ,sic4 et ,x4 ,,ig4 xiv #cej4 #bcae3 *ai_/rete h_/res4 *aire kai su kai euo_/dei1 ,,cig4 #aief 7m giv5 by ,bckh1 ii1 p4 #ej2 see also on #cbgh72 ,inscr4 ,cos1 #cdc2 ,,ig4 ,sic4 et ,x4 #fj1 #cai2 ,,b*4 #ahic-d1 #bdb 7#e71 #bdi 7#bb71 #ebh 7#bd71 #ecc 7#cf72 specially notewor?y is p4 #ebi 7#bh71 ,leu_/kie ,liki_/nie *aire4 ke su_/ ge p>odeita *ai_/rois ho_/ti t\to to semnon eipas emoi *ai_/re9 hei_/nek5 eusebi_/s4 ,to call ^u ! dead is an act ( euse_/beia4 #bdae3 ,at ! burial ( a woman :o is be+ giv5 a public fun]al epebo_/ase ho damos tris to o_/noma autas1 ,,gdi4 #cejd 7,knidos2 9 ! "t ( ,trajan74 ,9 ! same way ! "n ( ! h_/rs 0 call$ out ?ree times at a sacrifice 9 8 hon\r3 see above1 *ap4 iv1 n4 #fb4 #beae3 ,tomb/one ( ,q4 ,m>cius ,/rato 7circ4 second c5tury ,a4,d471 ,a?4 ,mitt4 #ahib1 p4 #bgb1 l4 #e ff4 toi_/g> ho_/soi ,bromi_/ ,paphi_/ te ne_/oi meme_/l/he1 deuo_/m5on g]a_/n m m>anei/he ta_/phon2 alla p>a/ei_/*ontes ou_/noma kle9on hom>t b/re_/et' rhad9as sumpatageite *e_/ras4 ,^? :o are ?us *>g$ answ]1 pros5ne_/p ,/ra_/tna kai tim kro_/t4 #bfae3 ,(t5 repres5t$ on ,attic leky?oi3 ,potti]1 ,les lcy!s blancs1 p4 #eg4 #bgae3 ,! gods & _! /atues are hon\r$ 9 ?is way3 ,sittl1 ,gebrd51 p4 #ahb4 #bhae3 belti_/ones kai krei_/ttones1 ,ari/41 ,eudem4 fr4 #cg #dd4 #biae3 *r/\s poiein euphemism = apokt9nu_/nai 9 a treaty betwe5 ,tegea & ,sp>ta3 ,ari/41 fr4 #edb #eib4 ,!y become *r/oi_/ only aft] dea?4 ,?is anci5t & evid5tly popul> expression gives f> /rong] gr\nds = believ+ t *r/o_/s appli$ to ! dead ?an does ! passage f ,?phr41 ,*4 x1 #af 7xiii1 #c71 = ! opposite view 7! p]i_/ergos writes on a tomb/one t a dead woman & h] family *r/oi san1 :i* ,lo* concludes t ! ^w really d5otes a quality ( ! liv+ & n ( ! dead1 op4 cit41 #bha74 ,x is possible at ! same "t t ^? :o us$ su* words did n mean any?+ special by _! *r/e *aire1 & at any rate only ?\ght ( x z a vague adjective ( praise4 ,b t 0 n its real mean+4 #cjae3 *r/e *aire & ! l1 ) or )\t h_/rs1 are v commonly met ) on epitaphs f ,!ssaly1 ,boeotia1 ! c\ntries ( ,asia ,m9or 7& ,cyprus z well3 cf4 ,,b*4 #ahif1 pp4 #cdc-f2 #cec-f74 ,on #eef ,attic graves ! use ( ! title *r/o_/s seems to be conf9$ to =eign]s & ^? mo/ly slaves 7see ,keil1 ,jahrb4 ,phil4 suppl4 iv1 #fbh2 ,guts*]1 ,att4 ,grab9s*r4 i1 p4 #bd2 ii1 p4 #ac74 #caae3 ,) ,guts*]1 op4 cit41 i1 #bd2 ii1 #ci4--;,f ! fact t 9 ,attica ?is ^w does n seem to be giv5 to natives no conclusion is to be drawn z to ! op9ions held by ! ,a!nians ab\t _! dead 7z ?\gh !y ?\ght ( !m ) less respect74 ,! ^w 0 simply n traditional 9 ?is s5se 9 ,attica4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ^w mak>i_/ts 0 specifically ,attic z appli$ to ! dead 7see above1 *4 vii1 n4 #aj71 & ?is provides unmi/akable evid5ce t ! conception ( ! dead z bless$ 0 curr5t also 9 ,attica4 #cbae3 *r/n !n1 ,hdt4 viii1 #aaa4--;ho h_/rs 7,protesilaos71 *r/os _/n1 xug*rei t p %\ld sit d[n 9 8 te_/m5os3 ,philo/r41 ,h]4 p4 #acd1 #d ,ks4--,o!r modes ( address int5d$ to mollify ! dead are a_/lupe1 *r/e kai a_/lupe1 a_/ri/e1 a_/mempte1 etc4 *aire 7cf4 ,inscr4 ,cos1 #afe1 #bfc1 #bgi1 & ,lo*1 op4 cit41 #bha74 #ccae3 ,paus4 #d1 #bg1 #f4 #cdae3 ,paus4 #d1 #cb1 #d4 #ceab3 ,paus4 #i1 #ac1 #e-f4 ,sacrifice 7ente_/mne97 ( a :ite m>e to ! ,h]o9es3 ,plu41 ,pelop4 #bj-b4 ,! same ?+ is briefly ref]r$ to 9 ,x541 ,,hg4 #f1 #d1 #g2 see also ,d4,s4 xv1 #ed4 ,detail$ acc\nt ( ! fate ( ! maid5s ap4 ,plu41 ,n>r4 ,amor4 #c2 ,j]ome1 a4 ,jov94 i1 #da 7ii1 #a1 #cjh ,d ,vall474--hai ,leu_/ktron ?ugate_/res1 ,plu41 ,h]od4 ,mal4 ii1 p4 #hef ,f4 #cfae3 ,leni_/deia 9 ,sp>ta 7,,cig4 #adba7 at :i* !re 7 spee*es ab\t ,leonidas 7ev5 9 ,sp>ta n a surpris+ circum/ance at ?is late p]iod71 & an ag_/n 9 :i* only ,sp>tiates might take "p3 ,paus4 #c1 #ad1 #a4--;agnisa_/m5oi ton epita_/phion ,leni_/d\ kai ,pausani_/ou kai tn loipn hr_/n agna1 ,,cig4 #adag4 #cgae3 ,at ,m>a?on3 cr[n+ & enagismo_/s at ! polua_/ndreion ( ! ,m>a?onian ,h]oes c>ri$ out by ! epheboi3 ,,cia4 ii1 #dga1 #bf4 ,cf4 m g5]ally ,ari/id4 ii1 p4 #bbi f4 ,d9d4 ,nocturnal fight+ ( ! gho/s !re3 ,paus4 #a1 #cb1 #d 7! olde/ prototype ( ! simil> leg5ds told1 9 connexion ) ! /ory ( ! battle betwe5 ! dead ,huns & ,romans1 by ,damasc41 ,v4 ,isid4 #fc74 #chae3 a_/ndras e?' h_/rz se_/betai patri_/s ktl41 ,inscr4 ,cos1 #cej 7beg9n+ ( ,empire74 #ciae3 ,speak+ ( ! ,attic trag$ians1 ,d4 ,*r4 ?9ks 7#ae1 p4 #bcg ,m4 ii1 #bce ,arn47 h\s ekeinoi apodeiknu_/ous9 h_/rz t\_/tois phai_/nontai enagi_/zontes 7hoi ,he_/llnes7 hs h_/rs91 kai ta hra ekei_/nois kodomme_/na idein e_//94 ,b ?is is only true 9 a v limit$ & qualifi$ s5se4 #djae3 ,he_/ktori e_/ti ?u_/ous9 en ,ili_/1 says ,luc4 7expressly speak+ ( 8 own times71 ,d4 ,conc4 #ab4 ,app>ition ( ,hektor 9 ,troad3 ,max4 ,tyr4 #ae1 #g1 p4 #bhc ,r4 ,miracles work$3 ,philo/r41 ,h]4 pass4 ,hekt4 9 ,!bes3 ,lyc4 #abjd ff4 #daae3 ,9 ! ,hrikos ,philo/ratos gives pl5ty ( evid5ce ( ?is4 ,mo/ ( :at he says ab\t ! ,h]oes ( ! ,trojan w> is entirely )\t traditional basis1 b n all ( x3 & especially :]e he speaks 79 ! fir/ "p ( ! dialogue7 ( ! appe>ances & displays ( p[] attribut$ 9 8 own day to ! ,h]oes he is f> f inv5t+4 7,8 p[]s ( inv5tion are ex]cis$ p>ticul>ly 9 :at he says ab\t ! ev5ts ( _! lives :]e he is exp&+ or correct+ ,hom]47 ,acc4 ,to ,philo/r4 7,h]4 #fha1 p4 #adi1 #cb ff4 ,kays41 #ahga7 horntai--at lea/ by ! %eph]ds ( ! ,trojan pla9--! figures ( ! ,hom]ic *ampions 7gigantic 9 size1 pp4 #acf-dj #ffg2 phai_/nontai 9 full arm\r1 #eeg p4 #aca1 #a74 ,hektor 9 p>ticul> appe>s1 works miracles1 & 8 /atue polla erga_/zetai *r/a ko9 te kai es he_/na1 pp4 #aea-b4 ,leg5d ab\t ,antilo*os1 p4 #aee1 #aj ff4 ,palam$es appe>s1 p4 #aed4 ,on ! s\? coa/ ( ! ,troad opposite ,lesbos he has an anci5t temple 9 :i* ?u_/ous9 to him xunio_/ntes hoi tas aktai_/z oik\ntes po_/leis1 p4 #ahd1 #ba 7see also ,v4 ,ap4 iv1 #ac74 ,sacrifice to ,palam$es z a ,h]o1 #aec1 #bi ff4--,mantic p[] attribut$ to ! h_/res1 #ace1 #ba ff42 #adh1 #bj ff4 7to ,odysseus 9 ,i?aca1 #aie1 #e ff474 ,h5ce ,protesilaos 9 p>ticul>1 :o appe>s at ,elai\s 9 ,?rac4 ,*]s4 to ! v9ey>d-keep] into ^: m\? ,philo/r4 puts 8 /ory1 has s mu* to say ev5 ab\t :at he _h n himself se5 or exp]i5c$4 ,protes4 is /ill fully alive 7z1 #acj1 #bc72 l ,a*illes 79 ,leuke1 etc47 he has 8 hi]oi dro_/moi en hois gumna_/zetai 7#aca1 #ca74 ,a vision ( ,protes4 appe>+ to an enemy makes him bl9d 7#acb1 #i74 7,to meet a ,h]o (t5 bl9ds a mortal1 cf4 ,hdt4 vi1 #aag1 & ! case ( ,/esi*oros & ! ,diosk\roi47 ,he protects 8 protg's fields f snakes1 wild bea/s1 & ev]y?+ h>mful3 #acb1 #ae ff4 ,he himself is n[ en ,ha_/id\ 7:5 he is ) ,laodameia71 n[ 9 ,ph?ia1 & n[ 9 ! ,troad 7#adc1 #ag ff474 ,he appe>s ab\t midday 7#adc1 #ba1 #cb2 cf4 ,app5d4 vi74 ,at 8 anci5t oracle at ,elai\s 7m5tion$ already by ,hdt4 ix1 #aaf1 #abj2 allud$ to by ,philo/r41 p4 #ada1 #ab7 he disp5ses oracles m p>ticul>ly to ! *ampions ( ! great games1 ! h]oes ( ! age 7p4 #adf1 #ac ff41 #bd ff41 #adg1 #h ff41 #ae ff42 fam\s contempor>ies are m5tion$3 ,eudaimon ( ,alex&ria1 victor at ,olympia 9 ,ol4 #bcg1 & ,helix well-kn[n f ! ,gumna/iko_/s74 ,he heals diseases1 esp4 consumption1 dropsy1 oph?almia1 & ague1 & he helps p 9 ! pa9s ( love 7p4 #adg1 #cj ff474 ,prot4 also gives oracles 9 8 ,ph?iotic home ,phylake 7:]e he pays frequ5t visits71 #adh1 #bd ff4--,x is ! regul> s]ies ( miracul\s p]=mances normally attribut$ to ! h_/res ( old] leg5ds1 t ,protesilaos c>ries out "h4--,on ,mt4 ,ism>os 9 ,?race ,m>on 7,euan!_/os huio_/s1 ,od4 i #aig7 appe>s & horatai tois gergois to :om he s5ds ra9 7#adi1 #c ff474 ,mt4 ,rhodope 9 ,?race is haunt$ 7oikei7 by ,rhesos1 :o lives !re a life ( *ivalry1 bre$+ horses1 practis+ 8 weapons1 & hunt+2 ! woodl& animals (f] !mselves will+ly z sacrifices at 8 alt>2 ! h]os keeps ! plague away f ! surr\nd+ kmai 7#adi1 #g-ai74--,! leg5d>y details f ,philo/ratos "h select$ = m5tion may be tak5 z really d]iv$ f popul> tradition 7cf4 also ,w4 ,s*mid1 ,d4 ,atticismus1 iv1 #egb ff474 #dbae3 ,aga9 9 #cge ,a4,d4 ,a*illes pres]v$ ,attica f an e>?quake 7,zosim4 iv1 #ah72 9 #cif he kept ,al>ic away f ,a!ns2 ib41 v1 #f4 #dcae3 ,plu41 ,lucull4 #bc2 ,app41 ,mi?r4 #hc4 ,lucullus 0 ,roman en\gh to c>ry (f f ! inhabitants ( ,s9ope _! mu*-hon\r$ /atue ( ,autolykos1 to :i* ! elaborate cult 0 pr9cipally atta*$3 eti_/mn ,autol4 hs !o_/n4 n de kai manteion aut\1 ,/r4 #edf4 #ddae3 ,see above1 *ap4 iv1 nn4 #aai-bj4--;,h]oon ( ,kyniska 7si/] ( ,agesilaos7 9 ,sp>ta z victor at ,olympos3 ,paus4 #c1 #ae1 #a4 #deae3 ,h]o-physicians3 see above1 *ap4 iv1 #aj4 ,our k ( ! cult & activity ( ^! ,h]oes is *iefly d]iv$ f evid5ce f lat] times4--,an evid5tly late creation is ! ,h]o ,n]yll9os 9 ! ,troad1 ( ^: wor%ip1 heal+1 & prophetic p[]s ,a!nag41 ,apol4 #bf1 has some?+ to say 7,lob4 ,agl4 #aaga74 ho xe_/nos iatro_/s1 ,tox>is1 9 ,a!ns3 ,luc41 ,scy?4 #a2 #b4 7,! special "n ( ! xe_/nos iatro_/s may be ,lucian's inv5tion1 b n :at he tells u ( 8 cult47 ,!re 0 a p]man5t cult ( ,hippokrates 9 ,kos 9 ! "t ( ,soranos3 ! ,koans (f]$ sacrifice to him 7enagi_/ze97 annually on 8 bir?day #eeh 7see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #hi73 ,soran4 ap4 ,anon41 ,v4 ,hipp4 #dej1 #ac ,we/4 7miracle at ! tomb ( ,hipp4 9 ,l>isa3 ib41 #dea1 #ee ff474 ,! doctor 9 ,luc41 ,philops4 #ba1 makes an elaborate sacrifice 7some?+ m ?an enagi_/ze97 annually to 8 bronze /atue ( ,hipp4--,a good /ory ?or\ghly 9 ! mann] ( popul> folk-lore is t told ( ,pelli*os ! ,cor9?ian g5]al :o 0 also wor%ipp$ z giv+ help 9 sickness & ! magic tricks t he 7simply z h_/rs7 0 able to play on ! ,libyan slave :o _h /ol5 ! gold pieces :i* us$ to be (f]$ to him3 ,luc41 ,philops4 #ah-bj4 #dfae3 ,an?4 ,pal4 vii1 #fid 7,addai_/ou1 probably ! ,mac$onian74 #dgae3 ,,cig4 #dhch;b 7see above1 *ap4 iv1 n4 #fj74 ,! "n expresses ! idea3 euo_/dei 0 ! greet+ :i* ! dead man return$ to ! travell]1 ,,cig4 #aief4 #dhae3 ,ano!r example3 bulls are /ill sacrific$ 9 ,meg>a 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 (ficially by ! city to ! ,h]oes :o _h fall5 9 ! ,p]sian w>s1 ,,ig4 ,sept4 i1 #ec4 #diae3 ,at ! monum5t ( ,philopoim51 ,plu41 ,philop4 #ba4 #ejae3 en tois ,hrkois kai en tais a_/llais heortais--9 ,priansos & ,hi]apytna 9 ,crete 7?ird c5tury ,b4,c471 ,,cig4 #beef1 #cg4 ,annual fe/ival ( ! ,hra1 9 :i* 7 held eu*>i/_/rioi agnes = ,asklepiades & ^? :o _h f\ght ) him 9 "o ( ! city's w>s4 ,a decree hon\r+ ! gr&sons ( ?is ,asklep4 has be5 f\nd at ,eski-,manyas ne> ,kyzikos3 ,a?4 ,mitt4 #ahhd1 p4 #cc4 #eaae3 ,9 tak+ an oa? !y swore by ! gods kai h_/rz kai hra_/ssas 7,dr]os 9 ,crete73 ,cau]1 ,delect4#a #ch ,a1 #ca 7?ird c5tury ,b4,c474 ,treaty betwe5 ,rhodos & ,hi]apytna 7second c5tury ,b4,c471 ,cau]1 #dd1 #c3 eu_/xa/hai t ,hali_/ kai ta ,rho_/d kai tois a_/llois !ois pasi kai pa_/sais kai tois ar*age_/tais kai tois h_/rsi1 ho_/soi e_/*onti tan po_/l9 kai tan *_/ran tan ,rhodi_/n 4 4 4 ,oa? ( citiz5%ip f ,*]sonnesos 7?ird c5tury71 ,sitzb4 ,b]l4 ,akad4 #ahib1 p4 #dhj3 omnu_/ 4 4 4 h_/rz ho_/soi po_/l9 kai *_/ran kai teu_/* e_/*onti ta ,*]sonasitan4--,simil> exx4 f e>li] times3 see above1 *ap4 iv1 n4 #d 7& cf4 ,d941 ,dem4 #fd3 m>tu_/romai 4 4 4 kai t\s h_/rz t\s eg*ri_/ous ktl474 #ebae3 e4g4 inscr4 f ,a/ypalaia ,,b*4 #ahia1 p4 #fcb 7n4 #d73 ,damatrios son ( ,hippias d$icates a f\nta9 & trees !ois h_/rsi_/ te 4 4 4 a?lopho_/r\ te_/*nas antidid\s *a_/rita4--,a grave is d$icat$ !ois h_/rsi1 ,,cig4 #cbgb 7,smyrna71 i4e4 probably ?4 kai h_/rsi 7cf4 !ois dai_/mosi1 #ehbg4 etc474 #ecae3 ,collegia ( hri/ai_/3 ,f\c>t4 ,assoc4 relig4 #bcj 7#di71 #bcc 7#ef74 ,,cia4 ii1 #fcj4 ,9 ,boeotia1 ,a?4 ,mitt4 #c1 #bii ,,ig4 ,sept4 i1 #bgbe4 #edae3 e g4 inscr4 on "o ( ! seats 9 ! !atre at ,a!ns3 hi]e_/s ,ana_/ko9 kai h_/ros epitegi_/ou1 ,,cia4 iii1 #bij4 #eeae3 diame_/n\si de kai es to_/de t ,ai_/anti p>' ,a?nai_/ois timai_/1 aut te kai ,eurusa_/kei1 ,paus4 #a1 #ce1 #c 7,aia_/nteia 9 ,salamis 9 fir/ c5tury ,b4,c41 ,,cia4 ii1 #dfg-ga74 enagi_/z\si de kai es hmas e_/ti t ,phornei 79 ,argos71 #b1 #bj1 #c4 kai_/ hoi 7,!ras7 kai nun e_/ti hoi ,?raioi kat' e_/tos enagi_/z\s9 hs oiki/1 #c1 #a1 #h4 ,he also be>s witness to ! /ill surviv+ cult ( ,p&ion z ,h]o 9 ,meg>a1 #a1 #da1 #f2 ,t]eus 9 ,meg>a1 #a1 #da1 #i2 ,melamp\s 9 ,aigo/h5a1 #a1 #dd1 #e2 ,ari/om5es 9 ,mess5ia1 #d1 #ad1 #g2 ,aitolos 9 ,elis 7enagi_/zei ho gumnasi_/ar*os e_/ti kai es eme ka?' he_/ka/on e_/tos t ,aitl1 #e1 #d1 #d2 cf4 ! gumnasi_/ar*os :o looks aft] ! ekkomidai_/3 above1 ?is *ap41 n4 #d72 ,so/ratos ! er_/m5os ( ,h]akles 9 ,dyme1 #g1 #ag1 #h2 ,iphikles 9 ,ph5ea1 #h1 #ad1 #i2 ! boys sla9 at ,kaphyai1 #h1 #bc1 #f-g2 ! f\r lawgiv]s ( ,tegea1 #h1 #dh1 #a2 ! ,eusebeis 9 ,katana1 #aj1 #bh1 #d-e4--,( c\rse1 x does n foll[ t :5 ,paus4 m5tions o!r v num]\s ,h]oes )\t s #eei expressly say+ t _! cult /ill surviv$1 he means t ^? cults _h di$ out4 #efae3 ,plu41 ,ari/id4 #ba4 #egae3 ,aratos receiv$ f ! ,a*aeans aft] 8 dea? ?usi_/an kai timas hrika_/s 9 :i* he may take pleasure himself ei_/p] kai p]i t\s apoi*ome_/n\s e_//i tis ai_//hsis1 ,polyb4 #h1 #ad1 #h4 ,he 0 buri$ at ,sikyon1 z oiki/s kai str ts po_/les1 9 a to_/pos p]i_/optos call$ ! ,ara_/teion 7cf4 ,paus4 #b1 #h1 #a2 #i1 #d74 ,sacrifice 0 made to him twice a ye>1 on ! day :5 he _h fre$ ,sikyon1 #e? ,daisios1 ! ,st_/ria1 & on 8 bir?day2 ! =m] 0 c>ri$ out by ! prie/ ( ,zeus ,sot]1 ! latt] by ! prie/ ( ,aratos4 ,!y includ$3 ,hymn by ! ,dionysiac te*nitai1 procession ( paides & e_/phboi 9 :i* ! gymnasi>*oi1 ! b\le we>+ cr[ns1 & ! citiz5s took "p4 ,( all ?is only dei_/gmata mikra_/ /ill surviv$ 9 ,plut>*'s "t1 hai de plei/ai tn timn hupo *ro_/n\ kai pragma_/tn a_/lln ekleloi_/pas91 ,plu41 ,arat4 #ec 7st_/r3 cf4 epigram 9 c4 #ad74 #ehae3 pa_/ntes h_/rz nomi_/z\si t\s spho_/dra palai\s a_/ndras1 kai ean mden exai_/reton e_/*si1 di' auton oimai ton *ro_/non4 ,b only a few ( !m h regul> teletas hr_/n3 ,d4 ,*r4 #ca1 p4 #cce ,m4 i1 #bdc ,arn44 omnes qui patriam cons]v>9t1 adiuv]9t1 aux]9t become immortal3 ,cic41 ,som4 ,sci4 #c1 :i* also goes too f>4 #eiae3 ,pelopidas1 ,timoleon1 ,leo/h5es1 ,aratos become ,h]oes3 see ,keil1 ,anal4 epigr4 et onom4 #ej-d4 ,kleom5es ,plu41 ,cleom4 #ci4 ,philopoim51 ,philop4 #ba4 iso_/!oi timai_/ annual sacrifice ( a bull & hymns ( praise to ,philop4 sung by ! neoi_/3 ,d4,s4 #bi1 #ah2 ,liv4 #ci1 #ej1 #i2 ,,sig4 #bhi4 ,see ,keil1 op4 cit41 #i ff4 #fjae3 ,9 ,sikyon ,aratos is held to be ! son ( ,asklepios :o _h visit$ 8 "m 9 ! =m ( a snake3 ,paus4 #b1 #aj1 #c2 #d1 #ad1 #g-h 7fav\rite =m ( /ories ( div9e p>5tage3 see ,m>x1 ,mr*5 v4 dankb4 ,?i]51 #abb1 #b74 #faae3 ,! v *>m+ & *>act]i/ic /ory ( ,drimakos1 ! lead] & law-giv] ( ! drape_/tai 9 ,*ios1 is told by ,nymphodoros 7ap4 ,a?4 vi1 c4 #hh-ij71 z hav+ happ5$ mikron pro hmn4 ,he _h a hron 9 :i* he 0 hon\r$ "u ! "n ( h_/rs eum5_/s 7by ! drape_/tai ) ! fir/fruits ( _! plund]74 ,he frequ5tly appe>$ to ma/]s to :om he reveal$ ! oiketn epib\la_/s4 #fbae3 ,hs*4 ,ga?ia_/das2 h_/ros o_/noma1 hos kai t\s katapheu_/gontas eis auton rhu_/etai kai ?ana_/t\4 #fcae3 ,pixod>os1 a %eph]d ( ,ephesos1 discov]$ 9 a /range fa%ion a v excell5t k9d ( m>ble1 a discov]y :i* he communicat$ to ! au?orities 7= use 9 temple-build+74 ,he 0 made a ,h]o & r5am$ h_/rs eua_/ggelos3 sacrifice 0 made to him (ficially e mon?1 hodieque1 ,vitruv4 x1 #b4 #fdae3 ,luc41 ,macrob4 #ba 7= ,a!nod4 see ,,fhg4 iii1 #dhe f474--,9 ,kos an ex$ra 9 ! !atre 0 d$icat$ to ,c4 ,/]t9ius ,x5ophon 7c\rt-physician to ! ,emp4 ,claudius7 h_/ri1 ,inscr4 ,cos1 #ic4--;,9 ,mityl5e !re 0 ev5 an apo!osis ( ! hi/orian ,!ophanes 7! fri5d ( ,pompeius3 cf4 ,gn4 ,pomp_/ios ,hi]oi_/ta huios ,!opha_/ns ) full "n1 ,a?4 ,mitt4 ix1 #hg73 ,tac41 ,a4 vi1 #ah4 ,!opha_/ns !os on co9s ( ! city1 & cf4 ,se_/x/on h_/ra1 ,lesbnax h_/rs ne_/os1 etc41 on ! same city's co9s 7,head1 ,hi/4 ,num4 #dhh74 #feae3 ,on a /ele 9 ,mess5e !re 0 a portrait ( a c]ta9 ,ai?idas ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c42 in/ead ( :om a desc5dant ( ! same "n is wor%ipp$3 ,paus4 #d1 #cb1 #b4 ,9 ! m>ket place ( ,mant9ea /ood a h]oon ( ,pod>es :o _h #efj di/+ui%$ himself 9 ! battle ( ,mant4 7#cfb74 ,?ree g5]ations be=e ,paus4 visit$ ! place ! ,mant9eans _h alt]$ ! inscription on ! h]oon & d$icat$ x to a lat] ,pod>es1 a desc5dant ( ! orig9al "o1 :o liv$ 9 ! ,roman p]iod3 ,paus4 #h1 #i1 #i4 #ffae3 ,cf4 ,keil1 ,anal4 ,epigr4 #fb4 #fgae3 ,cult paid to k+ ,lysima*os 9 8 lifetime 9 ,samo?rake1 ,,sig4 #aij 7,ar*ol4 ,unt]s4 auf4 ,samo?4 ii1 #he1 n4 #b74 ,h]oiz+ ( ,diog5es phr\r>*os ( ,demetrios2 9 #bbi ,b4,c4 he 0 brib$ by ,aratos to lead ! ,mac$onian g>rison out ( ,attica3 see ,khl]1 ,h]mes1 vii1 #a ff4--huper tas ,niki_/a t\ da_/m\ hui\1 philopa_/tridos1 h_/ros1 eu]ge_/ta de tas po_/lios1 stri_/z a d$ication !ois patrois1 ,inscr4 ,cos1 #gf4 ,?is is a decree made 9 ! lifetime ( ! h]os 7or :y stri_/z871 :o is probably id5tical1 z ! editors sugge/1 ) ,nikias1 tyrant ( ,kos 9 ! ,/rabo's "t3 ,/r4 #feh2 ,p]izonius on ,ael41 ,,vh4 i1 #bi4 #fhae3 h_/rs appli$ to a liv+ p]son occasionally on inss4 ( ! ,imp]ial age1 ,,cig4 #behc1 ,lyttos1 ,crete2 #cffe hri_/s1 liv+1 ,kyzikos second c5tury2 ,a?4 ,mitt4 vi1 #aba 7,kyzikos aga97 hipp>*\ntos ,kleome_/n\s h_/ros also c]ta9ly liv+4 #fiae3 ,:5 ,demetrios ,poliorketes conqu]$ & rebuilt ,sikyon 9 #cjc ! inhabitants ( ! city :i* is n[ call$ ,demetrias (f] to him :ile /ill alive1 sacrifice1 fe/ival1 & annual agnes z kti_// 7alla tauta men ho *ro_/nos ku_/rs573 ,d4,s4 #bj1 #ajb1 #c4 ,lat] ?is frequ5tly occurr$3 ,m>cellea1 ,lucullea1 etc41 are well kn[n4 ,b ! matt] did n /op !re4 ,! inhabitants ( ,lete 9 ,mac$onia 9 ! ye> #aag ,b4,c4 decree to a prom95t ,roman1 besides o!r hon\rs1 ti_/!/hai aut agna hippikon kat' he_/tos en t ,daisi_/ mni_/1 ho_/tan kai tois a_/llois eu]ge_/tais hoi agnes epitelntai 7,ar*4 des miss4 sci5tif4 #c;e srie1 iii1 p4 #bgh1 n4 #abg74 ,?is implies t all eu]ge_/tai 7 by cu/om (f]$ su* games at ?is "t4 #gjae3 ,d4,s4 #ag1 #aae4 ,alex&] aft] inquiry at ! oracle ( ,ammon comm&$ t he %\ld be wor%ipp$ z h_/rs 7! oracle hav+ grant$ 9 8 case enagi_/ze9 hs h_/ri1 b n hs ! ?u_/e973 ,arrian1 ,an4 #g1 #ad1 #g2 #bc1 #f2 ,plu41 ,alex4 #gb 7an hron 0 imm$iately set up to him 9 ,alex&ria ,aeg43 ,arr4 #g1 #bc1 #g74 ,?is did n prev5t ! sup]/ition & s]vility :i* fl\ri%$ toge!r 9 ,alex&]'s empire f occasionally wor%ipp+ ,heph4 z ,hphai/i_/n !os pa_/r$ros4--,d4,s4 probably only exagg]ates ! tru?3 #ag1 #aae1 #f2 cf4 ,luc41 ,calumn4 #ag-ah4 7,! new h]os or god imm$iately gave pro( ( 8 p[] by appe>ances1 visions s5t 9 dreams1 ia_/mata1 manteiai1 ib4 #ag47--;,elaborate pomp at ! fun]al ( ,dem4 ,poliork43 ,plu41 ,demetr4 #ec4 #gaae3 ,cf4 ! ,te/am5t ( ,epikteta & o!r f\ndations m5tion$ above1 ?is *ap41 n4 #ah1 & *ap4 v1 n4 #abf4 ,or cf4 ! elaborate arrangem5ts :i* ,h]odes ,atticus made = ! fun]al1 etc41 ( ,regilla & ,polydeukes 7b h_/rs ,poludeuki_/n is only said 9 ! weak5$ s5se 9 :i* h_/rs _h be5 curr5t = a long "t73 collect$ by ,keil 9 ,pauly-,wiss4 i1 #baja ff4 ,! extravagant manife/ations ( grief t ,cic]o (f]$ to ! memory ( 8 daught] 7 modell$ on ,greek orig9als 7& ^u ! c]ta9ly ,greek auctores qui dicant fi]i id oport]e3 ,att4 #ab1 #ha1 #a74 ,9 ,att4 #ab he gives an acc\nt ( _! ar*itectural side3 he frequ5tly calls ! object t he m$itates an apo!_/sis2 cf4 consecrabo te 7,consol4 fr4 #e ,or474--,cf4 ! ,temple-tomb ( ,pomptilla1 :o l ano!r ,alke/is di$ in/ead ( h] husb&1 :om %e foll[$ into exile z f> z ,s>d9ia3 h] dea? 0 caus$ by brea?+ 9 ! brea? ( ! sick man4 ,h] #efa temple is at ,cagli>i 9 ,s>d9ia1 & is adorn$ ) _m inss4 9 ,lat9 & ,greek3 ,,ig4 ,sic4 et ,x4 #fjg1 p4 #add ff4 7fir/ c5tury ,a4,d474 #gbae3 ho damos 7occasionally also ha b\la kai ho damos7 aphr_/xe--,!ra1 ,,cig4 #bdfg2 ,ross1 ,inscr4 ,gr4 ,in$4 #bjc ff4 7& sometimes outside ,!ra3 ,lo*1 ,zu d4 gr4 ,grabs*r4 #bhb1 #a7 ho damos eti_/mase 7ton deina7 4 4 4 h_/ra4 ,cf4 also 7,!ra7 ,a?4 ,mitt4 xvi1 #aff2 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #aia-b4 #gcae3 phronti_/sai de t\s orgenas 7! memb]s ( a collegium ( ,dionysia/s7 ho_/ps aphri/hei ,dionu_/sios kai anate!i en t hi] p>a ton !o_/n1 ho_/p\ kai ho patr aut\1 hi_/na hupa_/r*ei ka_/lli/on hupo_/mnma aut\ eis ton ha_/panta *ro_/non1 inscr4 ( ,peiraeus1 second c5tury ,b4,c42 ,,cia4 iv1 #b1 n4 #fbc;e1 #de ff4 ,9 ,argos a guild1 app>5tly ( tann]s1 puts up an inscr4 t deini1 kti_//a h_/ri1 ,,cig4 #aacd4 #gdae3 ,l t ,naulo*os :om ,philios ( ,salamis saw ?ree times 9 a dream appe>+ 9 company ) ,demet] & ,kore4 ,! city ( ,pri5e !reupon ord]$ t he %\ld be wor%ipp$ 7h_/ra se_/be91 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #ggd74 #geae3 ,ka_/rpos tan idi_/an gunaika aphr_/xe 7,!ra7 ,,cig4 #bdga4 ,f ! same place come _m m exx4 ( aphri_/ze9 by memb]s ( a family3 #bdgb;b-d1 #bdgc2 cf4 ,&ro/he_/nn ,phi_/lnos ne_/on h_/ra 4 4 4 h m_/tr 7,mac$onia7 ,ar*4 miss4 sci5t4 iii1 #ahgf1 #bie1 n4 #acj4--,?is is probably h[ we %\ld und]/& ! matt] :5 9 sepul*ral epigrams "o memb] ( ! family addresses or ref]s to ano!r z h_/rs3 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #dhc1 #eaj1 #eeb1 #fgd4--;,b h_/rs sugg5ei_/z1 ,,cia4 iii1 #adfj1 mu/ h a full] s5se ?an ! o!rwise usual h_/rs4 ,x di/+ui%es a true ar*ge_/ts4 ,prob4 ?is is also ! mean+ ( ,*>mu_/l\ h_/ros tn ,*>mulei_/n1 ,,gdi4 #cgja 7,kos74 ,some?+ m ?an simple h_/rs is also probably int5d$ by ! language ( ! ,p]gam5e inscr4 7specially di/ort$ to suit ! isopsphi_/a7 ,inscr4 ,p]g4 ii1 #ehg1 ,i4 ,niko_/dmos1 ho kai ,ni_/kn 7aphig7 aga?os eien an h_/rs 7aphig74 #gfae3 ,x is true t x is difficult to f9d c]ta9 exx4 ( ! id5tification ( a dead man ) an already exi/+ & hon\r$ h]os ( ano!r "n4 ,( ! v>i\s examples g5]ally quot$ = ?is p]haps ! only relevant is ! ,sp>tan inscr4 ,ari/okls ho kai ,z?os1 ,a?4 ,mitt4 iv1 tab4 #h1 #b4 ,id5tification ) a god is ( frequ5t occurr5ce3 cf4 imag9es defuncti1 quas ad habitum dei ,lib]i =mav]at 7uxor71 div9is p]col5s honoribus3 ,apul41 ,m4 viii1 #g4 7,cf4 ,lob41 ,agl4 #ajjb1 :o also ?9ks ( ! example giv5 9 ! ,prtesi_/laos ( ,eur42 b ! resemblance is only a di/ant "o47 ,! dead man z ,ba_/k*os1 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #hba2 ,dionu_/s\ a_/galma1 ib4 #gje2 cf4 ! dead man ( ,,cig4 #fgca1 a_/galma eimi ,hli_/ou4 ,_m simil> exx4 ( ! repres5tation ( ! dead 9 accordance ) ! types ( ,dionysos1 ,asklepios1 ,h]mes are giv5 by ,ross1 ,ar*ol4 ,aufs4 i1 #ea2 ,d5ek5 9 ,ros*]1 ,lex4 i1 #behh4 #ggae3 ,see above1 *ap4 iv1 p4 #abh ff4 #ghae3 ,see ,keil1 ,syll4 ,inscr4 ,boeot41 p4 #aec4 #giae3 ,9 ,!spiai ! inss4 d n %[ ! addition ( h_/rs to ! "n ( ! dead until ,imp]ial times3 see ,ditt5b]g] on ,,ig4 ,sept4 i1 #baaj1 p4 #cfg4 #hjae3 ,_m exx4 ( h_/rs1 h_/rs *r/e *aire1 etc41 are collect$ & arrang$ by ,d5ek5 9 ,ros*]'s ,lex4 s4 ,h]os1 i1 #bedi ff4 ,see also ,lo*1 ,gr4 ,grabs*r41 p4 #bhb ff4 #haae3 ,z ,keil has already obs]v$1 loc4 cit4 n4 #gh4--;,at any rate hri_/n /ill pres]ves its full s5se :5 ! c\ncil & p ( ,a!ns1 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d41 s describe a woman ( position aft] h] dea?1 ,,cia4 iii1 #hhi4 ,or aga91 :5 ! ,a!nian z well z ! #efb ,sp>tan decree calls ,p4 ,/atilius ,lamprias expressly h_/rs 7see above1 n4 #f7--;,f\illes d',epid4 i1 n4 #bje-i4 #hbae3 ,x is curi\s h[1 mu* lat]1 9 ,*ri/ian times1 ho h_/rs is appli$ to "o :o has rec5tly di$ 7exactly synonym\s ) ho mak>i_/ts73 cf4 ho h_/rs ,eudo_/xios1 ho h_/rs ,patri_/kios1 ,ia_/mbli*os 9 ,s*ol4 ,basilic4 #hcae3 hu_/pnos e_/*ei se ma_/k> 4 4 4 1 kai zs hs h_/rs kai ne_/kus ouk ege_/n\1 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #dcc2 :]e x is evid5t t ! h_/rs is some?+ m liv+ ?an ! m]e ne_/kus4 aspa_/ze/h' h_/ra1 ton ouk edama_/ssato lu_/p 7i4e4 :o has n be5 made no?+ by dea?71 ib41 #bif4 ,! husb& timais iso_/moiron e_/?ke tan homo_/lektron h_/rs91 #ahi1 #c4 ,! title h_/rs /ill has a /rong] & deep] s5se 9 inss4 su* z ,,cig4 #afbg 7ref]r+ to a desc5d5t ( ,plut>*'s7 & #djeh 74 4 4 a_/ndra philo_/logon kai pa_/s aret kekosmme_/non eudai_/mona h_/ra74 ,cf4 ,orig41 ,cels4 #c1 #hj1 p4 #cei ,lom43 hoi bi\ntes h/h' h_/res g5e_//hai kai meta !n he_/xe9 tas diatriba_/s4 ,9 #c1 #bb1 p4 #bgf1 he di/+ui%es betwe5 !oi_/1 h_/res1 hapaxapls psu*ai_/ 7! s\l c div9a fi]i et a legibus mortalitatis educi1 ,arnob4 ii1 #fb2 cf4 ,corn4 ,labeo ap4 ,s]v41 ,a54 iii1 #afh74 #hdae3 a_/roi1 bio?a_/natoi1 a_/taphoi see ,app5d4 vii4--?a_/pte9 kai hosi\n t ,g1 significantly1 ,philo/r41 ,h]4 #gad1 p4 #ahb1 #i f4 ,k4 #heae3 ,plu41 ,dio1 #b3 "s say t only *ildr5 & wom5 & fooli% m5 see gho/s1 dai_/mona ponron en autois deisidaimoni_/an e_/*ontes4 ,plu4 on ! o!r h& ?9ks t he c conf\nd ! unbeliev+ by po9t+ to ! fact t ev5 ,dio & ,brutus _h se5 pha_/smata %ortly be=e _! dea?4 #hfae3 ,cf4 ! /ory ( ,phil9nion & ,ma*ates 9 ,amphipolis3 ,phleg41 ,mirab4 #a4 ,procl4 9 ,rp41 p4 #fd ,s*4 ii1 p4 #aaf ,kr42 see ,rohde 9 ,rh4 ,mus4 #cb1 #cbi ff44 ,! ,er9yes 9 ,aes*4 are conceiv$ z vampire-l3 ,eum4 #bfd f43 see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #afa4--,s\ls ( ! dead z nightm>e1 ephia_/lts1 incubo oppress+ a man's enemy3 ,soran4 ap4 ,t]t41 ,an4 #dd2 ,cael4 ,aurel41 ,morb4 ,*ron4 #a1 #c1 #ee 7,rh4 ,mus4 #cg1 #dfg1 #a74 #hgae3 ,! ,philopseud_/s is a g5u9e treasure-h\se ( typical n>ratives ( app>itions & sorc]ies ( e k9d4 dai_/monas ana_/ge9 kai nekr\s he_/l\s anakalein is a m]e bagatelle1 accord+ to ^! sage doctors1 to ! magician3 c4 #ac4 ,an example is giv5 ( ?is conjuration ( ! dead 7! sev5-mon?s dead fa!r ( ,glaukias73 #ad4 ,appe>ance ( ! dead wife ( ,eukrates ^: gold5 s&als !y _h =gott5 to burn ) h]3 #bg 7see above1 *ap4 i1 n4 #ea74 ,z a rule ! only haunt+ gho/s are hai tn biai_/s apo?ano_/ntn psu*ai_/ n ^? ( ! kata moiran apo?ano_/ntn z ! le>n$ ,py?agorean in/ructs u1 c4 #bi4 ,!n foll[s ! /ory ( ! gho/ ( ,cor9? 7#cj-a71 :i* mu/ be tak5 f a widely kn[n gho/-/ory1 z x agrees completely 9 its circum/ances ) ! /ory told ) su* simple c&\r by ,pl9y 7,ep4 vii1 #bg74 dai_/mona_/s t9as einai kai pha_/smata kai nekrn psu*as p]ipolein huper gs kai phai_/ne/hai hois an e!_/ls9 7#bi7 is ! fix$ conviction ( ^! philosoph]s4 ,! liv+ too c sometimes cat* a glimpse ( ! und]world3 #bb-d4 ,a man's s\l c be deta*$ f 8 body & g d[n to ,hades1 & aft]w>ds1 aga9 reunit$ to 8 body1 relate its adv5tures4 ,?us ! s\l ( ,kleodemos1 :ile 8 body lay 9 fev]1 is tak5 d[n to ! l[] _w by a mess5g] b !n s5t back aga9 s9ce he _h be5 tak5 by mi/ake = 8 neighb\r1 ! smi? ,demylos3 #be4 ,?is edify+ n>rative is c]ta9ly int5d$ z a p>ody ( ! simil> /ory told 9 good fai? by ,plu4 de ,an4 fr4 #a1 pres]v$ #efc ap4 ,eus41 ,,pe4 #aa1 #cf1 p4 #efc4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,plu4 did n simply inv5t su* a /ory2 he may p]haps h f\nd x 9 "s old] collection ( miracul\s anabi_/seis su* z1 = example1 ,*rysippos did n disda9 to make4 ,! probability t ,plu4 got ?is /ory ( mi/ak5 id5tity f a collection ( folk-tales is made all ! likeli] s9ce ! same /ory occurs aga9 9 a popul> guise4 ,( a simil> "* is :at ,augu/9e has to say on ! au?ority ( ,corn4 ,labeo3 ,civ4 ,dei #bb1 #bh 7p4 #fbb1 #a-e ,domb474 ,augu/9e himself1 ,cur4 pro ,mort4 #ae1 tells a /ory exactly l t ( ,plu4 7ab\t ,curma ! curialis & ,curma ! fab] f]r>ius71 :i*1 ( c\rse1 is suppos$ to happ5 a little be=e 8 "t 9 ,africa2 & once m at ! end ( ! six? c5tury ,gregory ! ,great introduces a vision ( ,hell by ! same =mula3 ,dial4 #d1 #cf1 p4 #chd ,,ab ,migne4 ,! inv5tive p[]s ( gho//ory-tell]s is v limit$3 !y keep on repeat+ ! same few old & tri$ motifs4 #hhae3 ,plu41 ,dio1 #b1 #ee3 ,cimon1 #a2 ,brut4 #cf f41 #dh4 #hiae3 ,cf4 above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #bc2 *ap4 ix1 nn4 #aje ff4 #ijae3 psu*as hr_/n anakalein among ! regul> arts ( ! magician1 ,cels4 ap4 ,orig41 ,cels4 #a1 #fh1 p4 #abg ,lomm4 #iaae3 ,see ,app5d4 xii4 #ibae3 ,& 9 consequ5ce we sometimes h ! mo/ surpris+ confusion ( ! two /ates ( be+4 ,lucian1 e4g4 79 ,d4 ,mort4 frequ5tly1 cf4 #ah1 #a1 #bj1 #b1 & ,necyom4 #ae1 #ag2 ,*>4 #bd7 speaks ( ! dead 9 ,hades z skeletons ly+ "o ^u ano!r1 ,aiakos all[+ !m ea* "o foot ( e>?1 etc4 7,! ,romans h ! same confusion ( ideas3 nemo tam pu] e/1 says ,s541 ,ep4 #bd1 #ah1 ut ,c]b]um timeat et t5ebras et l>valem habitum nudis ossibus coha]5tium4 ,cf4 ,prop4 iv1 #e1 #c1 ,c]b]us 4 4 4 ieiuno t]reat ossa sono1 etc47 ,!re is also a confusion betwe5 ! grave & ,hades 9 su* expressions z met' eusebe_/essi kei/hai3 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #bei1 #a2 sknos nun keimai ,pl\te_/os emmela_/?rois1 #bbf1 #d2 cf4 above1 *ap4 xii1 n4 #ie4 ,su* a mixture ( ideas 0 all ! m natural see+ t ,ha_/ids also occurs z a metaphor = tu_/mbos 7see bel[1 n4 #ace74 #icae3 ho polus ho_/milos h\s idi_/tas hoi sophoi kal\s91 ,hom_/r kai ,hsio_/d kai tois a_/llois mu?opoiois p]i t\_/tn pei?o_/m5oi1 to_/pon t9a hupo tn gn ba?un ,ha_/idn hupeil_/phasi ktl41 ,luc41 ,luct4 #b 7cont9u$ to c4 #i74 ,plu41 ,suav4 ,viv4 #bg1 #aaje ,,ab1 ?9ks t ou pa_/nu polloi_/ are afraid ( ,k]b]os1 hav+ to fill brok5 pit*]s & ! o!r t]rors ( ,hades1 z be+ mte_/rn kai tit?n d_/gmata kai lo_/g\s mu?_/deis4 ,& yet z protection aga9/ ^! ?+s p are always seek+ teletas kai ka?>m\_/s4 #idae3 ,see ,grie*4 ,roman1 #bfa1 ,ettig ,a*]untica 7,leipz4 ,/ud4 #ac1 #bea ff474 #ieae3 ,man hopes t aft] dea? he w see t\s nun hubri_/zontas hupo pl\_/t\ kai duna_/mes ktl4 axi_/an di_/kn ti_/nontas1 ,plu41 ,suav4 ,v4 #bh1 #b1 #aaje ,c4 ,rev]sal ( e>?ly situation 9 ,hades3 ta pra_/gmata es t\_/mpal9 ane/ramme_/na2 hmeis men gar hoi pe_/ntes gelm51 anintai de kai oim_/z\s9 hoi pl\_/sioi1 ,luc41 ,catapl4 #ae2 cf4 ,,dm4 #ae1 #b2 #be1 #b3 isotimi_/a1 isgori_/a 9 ,hades & ho_/moioi pa_/ntes4 aequat omnes c9is2 imp>es nascimur1 p>es morimur1 ,s541 ,ep4 #ia1 #af--;a fav\rite commonplace3 see ,gatak] on ,m4 ,ant4 vi1 #bd1 p4 #bce f4 #ifae3 ,h[ f> inde$ ?is really happ5$ is ( c\rse n to be answ]$ decisively4 ,! ,celsus aga9/ :om ,orig5 wrote 8 polemical treatise looks at ! matt] f ! popul> po9t ( view on ! :ole4 7,he is no ,epicurean z ,orig4 supposes2 b nei!r 9 fact is he a pr(essional philosoph] ( any k9d1 b r #efd an idi_/ts ) incl9ations to philosophy ( all sorts & esp4 to ! semi-,platonism curr5t at ! "t47 ,he di/9ctly says m_/te t\_/tois 7! ,*ri/ians7 ei_/ m_/t' emoi m_/t' a_/ll t9i an?r_/pn apo!_//hai to p]i t\ kola/h_/se/hai t\s adi_/k\s kai g]n axi?_/se/hai t\s dikai_/ous d_/gma 7ap4 ,orig41 ,cels4 #c1 #af1 p4 #bgj ,lomm474--,on ! o!r h&1 x is significant ( ! temp] ( ! v secul> ,graeco-,roman society :i* 0 at ! head ( affairs at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury ,b4,c41 t ,cic]o at ! end ( 8 "w1 de ,nat4 ,deor4 7iii1 #ha ff471 9 discuss+ ! v>i\s means ( obta9+ a balance betwe5 des]t & puni%m5t1 virtue & rew>d1 9 ! circum/ances ( human life1 nev] ev5 m5tions ! belief 9 a f9al balance & recomp5se aft] dea?4 7,he only m5tions among o!r ?+s ! visit+ ( ! s9s ( ! fa!r ^u 8 9999desc5dants on e>?--#ij ff4--t old ,greek belief see above1 *ap4 xii1 n4 #fe :i* really excludes ! idea ( an aft] life47 ,betwe5 ! days ( ,cic4 & ^? ( ,celsus ideas _h *ang$4 ,we "k ?is f innum]able indications2 ev5 ! next _w 0 look$ at 9 q a diff]5t light 9 ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 f :at x _h be5 two c5turies e>li]4 #igae3 timri_/ai ainioi hupo gn kai kolasmoi phrik_/deis are expect$ aft] dea? by _m 7:ile o!rs reg>d dea? z m]ely an aga?n /e_/rsis73 ,plu41 ,virt4 ,moral4 #aj1 #dej ,a4 ,horrible tortures 9 ! kola/_/rion 9 ,hades1 fire1 sc\rg+1 etc43 ,luc41 ,necyom4 #ad 7c>ri$ /ill fur!r 9 ,plu4's pictures ( ,hades1 ,g54 ,soc4 & ,s]4 ,,nv474 ,fire1 pit*1 & sulphur belong to ! regul> app>atus ( ?is place ( torm5t2 already 9 ,axio*4 #cgb ,a1 s9n]s are scor*$ by burn+ tor*es adi_/ois timri_/ais 7cf4 ,lehrs1 ,popl4 ,aufs4 #cjh ff474 ,h[ f> su* horrors really repres5t$ popul> belief x is difficult to say = c]ta9 7!y became q famili> to ,*ri/ian writ]s on ,hell f classical tradition3 cf4 ,maury1 ,magie et l'a/rol4 dans l'antiq4 #aff ff474 ,b ,celsus1 = example1 ?\gh he himself believes 9 ! puni%m5ts ( ,hell 7,orig41 ,cels4 #h1 #di1 p4 #ahj7 only appeals 9 confirmation ( 8 belief to ! tea*+ ( exgtai tele/ai_/ te kai mu/aggoi_/ ( c]ta9 7n precisely def9$7 hi]a_/3 #h1 #dh1 p4 #agh2 cf4 above1 *ap4 vii1 #b2 *ap4 x1 n4 #fb4 #ihae3 ,see above1 *ap4 ii1 #a4 #iiae3 ,peleus1 ,kadmos1 ,a*illes 9 ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/3 ,pi41 ,o4 ii1 #hf ff4 7,peleus & ,kadmos ! supreme examples ( eudaimoni_/a3 ,p4 iii1 #hf ff474 ,9 ,eur41 ,&r4 #abed ff4 ,!tis promises to ,peleus immortal life ,nre_/s en d_/mois4 ,an anci5t poem mu/ h spok5 to ?is effect ( ,kadmos 7& ( ,h>monia 8 wife72 bo? are transport$ maka_/rn es aian ,eur41 ,ba4 #acch f42 poitai_/ & mu?ogra_/phoi ap4 ,s*4 ,pi41 ,p4 iii1 #aec 7?is w\ld be aft] _! dea? 9 ,illyria :]e _! graves 7 %[n1 & ! snakes ( /one into :i* !y _h be5 *ang$3 see ,mll] on ,scylax1 #bd1 p4 #ca74 ,a*illes & ,diom$es are n_/sois en maka_/rn acc4 to ! skolion on ,h>modios3 ,c>m4 pop4 fr4 #aj ,bgk4 7,?us we (t5 he> t ,a*illes is 9 ! ,is4 ( ! ,ble/ or 9 ! lu_/sion p$i_/on :i* 0 regul>ly id5tifi$ ) !m--cf4 lu_/sios leim_/n 9 ! maka_/rn nsos3 ,luc41 ,jup4 ,conf4 #ag2 ,,vh4 ii1 #ad--;e4g4 ,pla4 ,smp4 #aii ,e2 ,a4,r4 iv1 #haa2 ,apollod4 ,epit4 v1 #e4 ,8 special place ( abode on ! isl& ( ,leuke is also a maka_/rn nsos & an old] inv5tion ?an ! common ,is4 ( ! ,ble/ ( :i* we fir/ he> 9 ,hes41 ,op4 #aei ff4 ,diom$es 9 ! same way aft] 8 aphanismo_/s enjoy$ immortal life 9 ! isl& nam$ aft] him 9 ! ,adriatic3 ,ibyc4 ap4 ,s*4 ,pi41 ,n4 x1 #ab2 ,/r4 #bhc-d1 etc42 b ! skolion transf]r$ him to ! common dwell+-place ( ! bless$ ,h]oes47 ,a*illes1 sometimes 9 ,leuke1 sometimes on ! ,is4 #efe ( ! ,ble/1 is accompani$ by 8 wife ,m$ea 79 ,elys43 ,ibyc4 ,simon4 ,s*4 ,a4,r4 iv1 #had2 ,a4,r4 iv1 #haa ff47 or ,iphig5eia :o _h once be5 betro!d to him 79 ,leuke3 ,ant4 ,lib4 #bg aft] ,nik&42 diff]5t v]sion by ,lycophr4 #ahc ff47 or ,hel5 7,paus4 #c1 #ai1 #aa-ac2 ,conon1 #ah2 ,s*4 ,pl41 ,phdr4 #bdc ,a2 ,philo/r41 ,h]4 #baa ff4 ,kays474--,alkm5e aft] h] body _h vani%$ f ! sight ( ^? :o 7 be>+ ! c(f9 7cf4 ,plu41 ,rom4 #bh7 0 translat$ to ! maka_/rn nsoi3 ,ant4 ,lib #cc aft] ,ph]ecyd4--,neoptolemos is transport$ es lu_/sion p$i_/on maka_/rn epi gaian1 ,q4,s4 iii1 #gfa ff4--,among ! o!r ,h]oes !re ,agamemnon is also impli$3 ,artemid4 v1 #af4--;,9 all ^! fabul\s acc\nts ! ,is4 ( ! ,ble/ 7,elysion7 rema9 inv>iably ! abode ( special & *os5 ,h]oes 7,h>modios' translation !re 9 ! skolion is no exception2 nor is ,lucian's je/+ ref]5ce1 ,,vh4 ii1 #ag74 ,x 0 only lat] imag9ation t1 "u ! influ5ce ( !ology1 made ?is k+dom ( bliss ! common dwell+-place ( almo/ all ! eusebeis4 #ajjae3 ,=tunatorum memorant insulas quo cuncti qui aetatem eg]9t ca/e suam conv5iant1 ,plaut41 ,tr94 #edi f4 ,m5&4 ,rh41 ,encom4 #dad1 #af ff4 ,sp41 recomm5ds ! use 9 a p>amu?tikos lo_/gos ( ! words3 pei_/?omai ton meta/a_/nta to lu_/sion p$i_/on oikein 7--& ev5 kai ta_/*a p\ mallon meta tn !n diaitatai nun72 cf4 p4 #dba1 #af-ag ,sp4 ,& mu* lat]1 *a_/r9 amei_/psa/hai auton eu_/*omai t\s !\_/s1 en maka_/rn nsois _/d suzn xi_/m5on1 ,suid4 ,ant_/nios ,alex&reu_/s 7#daj ,b ,gaisf47 f ,damascius4 #ajaae3 ,s]torius3 ,plu41 ,s]t4 #h-i2 ,sall41 ,h4 #a1 fr4 #fa1 #fb2 ,flor4 #b1 #aj 7,hor41 ,epod4 #af1 #ci ff474 ,"s ev5 ?\ght t !y _h f\nd 7cf4 ,pho54 leg5ds3 ,gr4 ,roman #bae7 ! mak4 ns4 (f ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa3 ,/r4 i1 p4 #c2 iii1 #aej2 ,mela1 iii1 #aj2 ,pl941 ,,nh4 vi1 #bjb ff42 ,m>cellus1 ,ai?iop4 ap4 ,procl41 9 ,tim41 p4 #ed ,f1 #ee ,a1 #ef ,b1 etc4 ,isl&s inhabit$ by spirits 9 ! nor?3 ,plu41 ,def4 ,or4 #ah1 p4 #dai ,f2 fr4 vol4 v1 #gfd ff4 ,wytt4 ,procop41 ,go?4 iv1 #bj 7! maka_/rn nsoi are 9 ! middle ( ! ,african cont95t acc4 to ,hdt4 iii1 #bf2 9 ,boeot4 ,!bes1 ,lyc4 #abjd ) ,s*474 ,ps4 ,calli/h4 makes ,alex4 ! ,great rea* ! l& ( ! ,ble/1 ii1 #ci ff4 ,!re may h be5 _m su* fables :i* h be5 p>odi$ by ,lucian 9 ,,vh4 ii1 #f ff41 :]e he & 8 company e_/ti zntes hi]\ *ri_/ou epibai_/n\s9 7ii1 #aj74 ,x 0 always natural to hope t at ! ,antipodes 7cf4 ,s]v41 ,a4 vi1 #ecb7 su* a l& ( ! ,s\ls & ! ,ble/ might "s day be discov]$--z inde$ _m h ?\ght !y _h discov]$ x 9 ! progressive geographical discov]y ( ! ,middle ,ages & mod]n times4 #ajbae3 ,leuke1 to :i* already 9 ! ,ai?iopis ,a*illes _h be5 translat$1 0 orig9ally a purely my?ical place 7see above1 p4 #fe71 ! isl& ( ! pallid %ades 7l ! ,leukas pe_/tr ( ,od4 #aa1 at ! entrance ( ,hades2 cf4 k #eae4 ,x is ! same rock ( ,hades f :i* unhappy lov]s ca/ !mselves d[n to dea?1 ar!is dut' apo ,leuka_/dos pe_/trs ktl4 ,anacr4 #ag1 etc4 cf4 ,diet]i*1 ,nek4 #bg f44 leu_/k1 ! :ite popl>1 z ! tree ( ,hades1 0 us$ to make ! g>l&s ( ! ,my/ai at ,eleusis2 cf4 leuk kupa_/rissos at ! entrance ( ,hades1 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #ajcg1 #b74--;,x 0 probably ,milesian sailors :o localiz$ ?is isl& ( ,a*illes 9 ! ,black ,sea 7!re 0 a cult ( ,a*4 9 ,olbia & 9 ,miletos itself74 ,alc4 already kn[s ( ! *ampion z rul+ ov] ! c\ntry ( ! ,scy?ians3 fr4 #dh;b1 en ,euxei_/n pela_/gei pha5nan ,a*ileus nason 7e_/*ei71 ,pi4 ,n4 iv1 #di4 ,!n ,eur41 ,&r4 #abei ff42 ,,x4 #dcf ff42 f9ally ,q4,s4 iii1 #ggj ff4 ,leuke 0 p>ticul>ly id5tifi$ ) an un9habit$ islet ris+ ) its :ite lime/one cliffs out ( ! sea at ! m\? ( ! ,danube3 #eff ,ke_/lt\ pros ekbolaisi1 ,lyc4 #ahi 7probably ! ,i/ros is meant b ! late/ editor simply sub/itutes ,i_//r\ pros ek4--a f> too facile conjecture74--,x /ood1 m exactly1 be=e ! psilon /o_/ma1 i4e4 ! mo/ nor!rly m\? ( ! riv] 7! ,kilia m\?73 ,arrian1 ,p]ipl4 #bj1 #c ,h43 ,scylax ,p]ipl4 #fh prob4 means ! same isl&2 cf4 ,leuke1 eu?u ,i_//r\1 ,max4 ,tyr4 #ae1 #g4 ,x has be5 propos$ to id5tify x ) ! snake isl& :i* lies m or less 9 ! same neighb\rhood3 see ,h4 ,koehl]1 ,mm4 sur les les et la c\rse cons4 ,a*ille1 etc41 ,mm4 acad4 ,s4 ,pet]sb4 #ahbf1 iv1 p4 #eii ff4 ,x 0 only by a confusion t ! long s&y bea* at ! m\? ( ! ,bory/h5es1 call$ ,a*ille_/s dro_/mos1 0 id5tifi$ ) ,leuke 7e4g4 by ,mela1 ii1 #ih2 ,pl941 ,,nh4 iv1 #ic2 ,d4,p4 #eda ff472 leg5ds ( ,a*illes' epiphanies may h be5 curr5t !re too 7z 9 o!r isl&s ( ! same "n3 ,dionys4 ( ,olbia ap4 ,s*4 ,a4,r4 ii1 #feh72 ! ,olbiopolitai (f] a cult to ,a*illeus ,ponta_/r*s !re3 ,,cig4 #bjgf-g1 #bjhj1 #bjif;b-f 7,,ipe4 i1 #gg-hc74 ,b z a settl$ abode ( ,a*illes only ,leuke 0 g5]ally recogniz$ 7!re 0 a dro_/mos ,a*ille_/s !re z well3 ,eur41 ,,x4 #dcg2 ,hesy*4 ,a*ill4 pla_/ka2 ,arr4 #ba--;h5ce ! confusion m5tion$ above74 ,/rabo's rem>ks on ! subject are peculi> 7vii1 #cjf f474 ,he di/+ui%es ! ,a*4 dro_/mos 7:i* _h already be5 m5tion$ by ,hdt4 iv1 #ee7 f ,leuke altoge!r2 & he places t isl& n at ! m\? ( ! ,i/ros b #ejj /ades away at ! m\? ( ! ,tyras 7,dnie/]74 ,b ! place :]e sacrifice & wor%ip 0 made to ,a*illes1 z ! abode ( 8 _s1 0 def9itely fix$2 & ?is 01 9 fact1 ! isl& at ! m\? ( ! ,danube 7kata t\ ,i_//r\ tas ekbola_/s1 ,paus4 #c1 #ai1 #aa71 ( :i* ,arr4 #bc1 #c1 gives an acc\nt bas$ p>tially on ! evid5ce ( eye-witnesses 7p4 #cii1 #ab ,mll474 ,x 0 an un9habit$1 ?ickly wood$ isl& only occupi$ by num]\s birds2 !re 0 a temple & a /atue ( ,a*4 on x1 & also an oracle 7,arr4 #bb1 #c71 :i* mu/ h be5 an oracle tak5 by ca/+ or draw+ lots 7= !re 7 no human int]m$i>ies7 :i* ^? :o l&$ on ! isl& c\ld make use ( = !mselves4 ,! birds--:i* 7 p]haps reg>d$ z inc>nations ( ! ,h]oes1 or z h&maid5s ( ! div9ity ( light :i* ,a*illes 01 acc4 to ,r4 ,holl&1 ,h]o5vgel 9 d4 gr4 ,my?4 #g ff41 #ahif--! birds purify ! temple e morn+ ) _! w+s1 :i* !y h dipp$ 9 ! wat]3 ,arr41 p4 #cih1 #ah ff4 ,philo/r41 ,h]4 #gdf1 p4 #bab1 #bd ,kays4 7,cf4 ! comrades ( ,diom$es *ang$ into birds on 8 magic isl&3 ,iuba ap4 ,pl941 ,,nh4 x1 #abg--;ano!r bird miracle3 ib41 x1 #gh74 ,no human be+s d>$ to live on ! isl&1 ?\gh sailors (t5 l&$ !re2 !y _h to leave be=e nightfall 7:5 spirits are abroad73 ,amm4 ,m>c4 #bb1 #h1 #ce2 ,philo/r41 ,h]4 #gdg1 p4 #bab1 #cj-bac1 #f4 ,! temple possess$ _m votive (f]+s & ,greek & ,lat9 inss4 7,,ipe4 i1 #aga-b74 ,^? :o l&$ !re sacrific$ ! goats :i* _h be5 plac$ on ! isl& & ran wild4 ,sometimes ,a*4 appe>$ to visitors2 at o!r times !y he>d him s++ ! ,paian4 ,9 dreams too he sometimes appe>$ 7i4e4 if a p]son happ5$ to sleep--!re 0 no ,dream-oracle !re74 ,to sailors he gave directions & sometimes appe>$ l ! ,diosk\roi 7z a flame87 on ! top ( ! %ip's ma/ 7see ,arr41 ,p]ipl4 #ba-c2 ,scymn4 #gij-f2 f bo? ^! is d]iv$ ,anon41 ,p4 ,pont4 ,eux4 #fd-f2 ,max4 ,tyr4 #ae1 #g1 p4 #bha f4 ,r42 ,paus4 #c1 #ai1 #aa2 ,amm4 ,m>c4 #bb1 #h1 #ce74 7,! acc\nt 9 ,philo/r41 ,h]4 #gde1 p4 #baa1 #ag-bai1 #f ,kays41 is fanta/ic b uses good mat]ial & is ?r\gh\t q 9 keep+ ) ! true leg5d>y _s--esp4 9 ! /ory also ( ! girl torn to pieces by gho/s3 #bae1 #f-cj4 ,nor is x likely t #efg ,phil4 himself inv5t$ ! m>vell\s tale laid precisely 9 ! ye> #afc-d ,b4,c474 ,a*illes is n reg>d$ z liv+ q alone "h3 ,patroklos is ) him 7,arr4 #cb1 #cd2 ,max4 ,tyr4 #ae1 #g71 & ,hel5 or ,iphig5eia is giv5 him z 8 wife 7see above1 n4 #ii74 ,leonymos ( ,kroton1 six? c5tury ,b4,c41 meets ! two ,aiantes & ,antilo*os !re3 ,paus4 #c1 #ai1 #ac2 ,conon #ah2 ,d4,p4 7"t ( ,hadrian7 says 7#ede73 kei?i d' ,a*illos kai hr_/n pha_/tis a_/lln psu*as heili_/sse/hai ermai_/z ana b_/ssas 7:i* ,avi541 ,des4 ,orb41 misund]/&s & improves on3 #gbb ff474 ,?us ! isl&1 ?\gh 9 a limit$ s5se1 became a true maka_/rn nsos--insula ,a*illea eadem ,leuce et ,mac>on appelata1 ,pl941 ,,nh4 iv1 #ic4 #ajcae3 ,cic41 speak+ ( ! translations ( ,h]akles & ,romulus1 says non corpora 9 caelum elata1 non enim natura pat]etur 4 4 4 7ap4 ,aug41 ,,cd4 #bb1 #d72 only _! animi remans]unt et aet]nitate fruuntur1 ,,nd4 ii1 #fb2 cf4 iii1 #ab4 ,plu41 ,rom4 #bh1 speaks 9 ! same way ( ! old translation /ories 7^? ( ,ari/eas1 ,kleom$es1 ,alkm5e1 & f9ally ,romulus7--x 0 n _! bodies :i* _h disappe>$ toge!r ) _! s\ls1 = x w\ld be p>a to eiko_/s1 en!ia_/ze9 to ?nton ts phu_/ses hama tois !i_/ois 7cf4 ,pelop4 #af f9472 cf4 also ! ,hymn 7repres5t$ z anci5t7 ( ,philo/r4 deal+ ) ! translat$ ,a*illes3 ,h]4 #gda1 p4 #bjh1 #bd ff4 ,k4 #ajdae3 ,celsus & ,plut>* bo? "k & describe ! anci5t cult & oracul> p[] ( ,amphi>aos 7only at ,oropos n[7 z /ill 9 exi/5ce2 ! same applies to t ( ,trophonios 7l t ( ,amphilo*os also 9 ,cilicia4 ,an inscr4 f ,lebadeia 7fir/ half ?ird c5tury ,a4,d47 m5tions a prie/ess ts ,homonoi_/z tn ,hell_/nn p>a t ,trophni_/1 ,,ig4 ,sept4 i1 #cdbf4 #ajeae3 ,a/aki_/dn ton ,krta1 ton aipo_/lon1 h_/rpase nu_/mph ex ore_/n kai nun hi]os ,a/aki_/ds 7he has become div9e1 i4e4 immortal73 ,call41 ,ep4 #bd4 ,( a simil> "* is ! leg5d ( ,hylas3 aphans ege_/neto1 ,ant4 ,lib4 #bf2 & ( ,bormos among ! ,m>y&ynoi 7numpho_/lptos ,hesy*4 ,brmon1 aphani/hnai ,nymphis1 fr4 #i74 ,! ,daphnis leg5d is ano!r example1 & ev5 ! /ory ( ,odysseus & ,kalypso1 :o deta9s him 9 h] cave & w\ld l to make him immortal & ageless = ev]1 is 9 reality bas$ on su* leg5ds ( ! ,nymphs4 7,ev5 ! "n ( ! ,nymph 9 ?is case indicates h] p[]3 to kalu_/pte9 h] mortal lov]1 i4e4 aphan poiein47 ,only 9 ?is case ! spell is brok5 & ! apa?ana_/tisis ( ! translat$ lov] is nev] c>ri$ out4 ,= o!r exx4 ( leg5ds ( ! love ( ,nymphs = a y\? see ,grie*4 ,roman1 #aji1 #a2 a ,hom]ic ex4 9 ,z #ba ( ! nis ,ab>b>e_/ & ,b\kolion ! son ( ,laom$on4 ,! idea t a p]son translat$ by ! nymphs did n die b liv$ on = ev]1 rema9$ curr5t3 cf4 inscr4 f ,rome1 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #egj1 #i-aj3 tois pa_/ros oun mu_/?ois pi/eu_/sate2 paida gar e/hln h_/rpas5 hs t]pnn ,na_/des1 ou ?a_/natos4 ,& aga91 n4 #ega3 ,nu_/mphai krnaiai_/ me sun_/rpasan ek bio_/toio1 kai ta_/*a p\ tims hei_/neka t\t' e_/pa?on4 #ajfae3 ,9 ! extravagant & fanatical wor%ip ( ,dionysos t 0 transplant$ f ,greece to ,italy & ,rome 9 ! ye> #ahf ,b4,c4 ! miracle ( translation 0 c>ri$ out 9 a v practical fa%ion 7belief 9 its possibility 0 evid5tly firmly e/abli%$74 ,ma*9es 7 prep>$ ^u :i* ^? ^: disappe>ance 0 to be effect$ 7 b\nd2 !y 7 !n transf]r$ by ! ma*9e 9 abditos specus2 :]eupon ! miracle 0 ann\nc$3 raptos a dis hom9es i/os3 ,liv4 #ci1 #ac4 ,?is only becomes intelligible 9 ! light ( su* leg5ds ( ! translation ( mortals1 body & s\l1 to immortality1 ( :i* we h be5 speak+4 #efh #ajgae3 ,pla9ly s 9 ! case ( ,b]5ike ! consort ( ,ptolemy ,sot]3 ,!oc4 #ag1 #df4 ,!ocritus addresses ,aphrodite3 se_/!n d' he_/nek5 ,b]5i_/ka eueids ,a*e_/ronta polu_//onon ouk epe_/ras51 alla_/ m9 h>pa_/xasa pa_/roi?' epi na katel!in kuane_/an kai /ugnon aei por?ma kamo_/ntn1 es naon kate_/?kas1 heas d' ap$a_/ssao timas 7z !a pa_/r$oros or su_/nnaos3 cf4 ,inscr4 ,p]g4 i1 #bdf1 #h74 ,cf4 also ,!oc4 #ae1 #ajf ff4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ?is idea is n s def9itely express$ 7?\gh x is pla9ly impli$ t translation is ! normal way 9 :i* deifi$ pr9ces dep>t ?is life1 9 ! /ory indignantly reject$ by ,arrian1 ,anab4 #g1 #bg1 #c1 t ,alex&] ! ,great want$ to ?r[ himself into ! ,euphrates hs aphans ex an?r_/pn g5o_/m5os pi/ote_/ran tn d_/xan p>a tois e_/peita egkatalei_/poi ho_/ti ek !\ te aut h ge_/nesis sune_/b kai p>a !\s h apo*_/rsis--:i* is ! regul> & anci5t idea ( translation1 exhibit$ e4g4 9 ! /ory ( ,emp$okles' end2 see above1 *ap4 xi1 n4 #fa3 & ,*ri/ian pamphlete]s transf]r$ ! fable to ,julian & 8 end74 ,! ,roman ,emp]ors also all[$ su* conv5tional miracles to be told ( !mselves1 9 :i* at lea/ !y 7 imitat+ ! practice ( ! ,hell5i/ic mon>*s & ! consecration fables usual at _! dea? 7!y d n die b me?i_//antai ex an?r_/pn1 me?4 eis !\_/s1 ,,sig#a4 #bdf1 #af2 ,inscr4 ,p]g4 i1 #bdi1 #d2 inscr4 f ,hi]apolis giv5 by ,frnkel1 ib4 i1 p4 #ci;a74 ,t ! god is translat$1 8 :ole p]sonality 9 caelum r$it1 is impli$ z occurr+ at ! dea? ( an ,emp]or on ! co9s ( consecration1 9 :i* ! translat$ is repres5t$ z be+ c>ri$ up to heav5 by a ,g5ius or a bird 7e4g4 ! eagle :i* 0 set free at ! rogus ( ! emp]or3 ,d4,c4 #ef1 #db1 #c2 #gd1 #e1 #e2 ,hdn4 #d1 #b f9473 see ,m>qu>dt1 ,rm4 ,/aatsv]w4 #c1 #ddg1 #c4 ,nor 7 !re lack+ p :o ma9ta9$ on oa? t !y _h actually witness$ ! translation ( ! emp]or body & s\l to heav51 z _h once happ5$ to ,julius ,proculus & ,romulus4 ,?us at ! end ( ,augu/us' life3 ,d4,c4 #ef1 #df1 #b4 & t ( ,drusilla3 #ei1 #aa1 #d4 ,s541 ,apocol4 #a4 ,x 0 ! (ficial & only recognis$ mann] 9 :i* a god c leave ?is life4 #ajhae3 ,phdr4 #bdf ,,cd4 pla_/ttom5 4 4 4 !on1 a?a_/nato_/n ti zon1 e_/*on men psu*_/n1 e_/*on de sma1 ton aei de *ro_/non tauta xumpephuko_/ta4 ,9 acc4 ) ! w ( ! dmi\rgo_/s body & s\l 9 ! gods rema9 jo9$ toge!r 7?\gh 9 itself to de!n pan luto_/n4 ,x is to ?is t ,kle>*4 alludes ap4 ,a?4 #ae1 #fgj ,b1 ho_/ti luton lu_/etai ! ,,mss4 men pan to d$eme_/non73 h5ce !y are a?a_/natoi1 ,tim4 #da ,,ab4 #ajiae3 ,hasisatra1 ,eno*3 see above1 *ap4 ii1 n4 #ah4 ,moses1 too1 0 translat$ acc4 to lat] leg5d1 & ,elijah 7cf4 aft] ! battle ( ,panormos ,hamilc> disappe>s & = t reason is wor%ipp$ ) sacrifice3 ,hdt4 vii1 #aff-g74 ,9 ,egypt too3 ,d4,s4 #a1 #be1 #g1 speaks ( ! ex an?r_/pn meta_//asis1 i4e4 translation1 ( ,osiris 7= ! expression cf4 ,ka_//r kai ,poludeu_/ks ex an?r_/pn phani_//hsan1 ,isoc41 ,ar*id4 7#f71 #ah1 etc41 frequ5tly74 #aajae3 ,/ories ( ! disappe>ance 7non comp>uit1 nusquam app>uit phani_//h7 ( ,a5eas & ,turnus1 ,k+ ,lat9us1 ,romulus & o!rs3 ,prell]1 ,rm4 ,my?4#b1 pp4 #hd-e2 #fhc1 #b2 #gjd4 ,an*ises3 ,procop41 ,go?4 iv1 #bb f94 #aaaae3 ,s too ,caes> 9 deorum num]um relatus e/ non ore modo dec]n5tium s$ et p]suasione volgi1 ,suet41 ,jul4 #hh4 #aabae3 ,d4,c4 #gi1 #ah4--;,x is natural to suppose t "s prophecy ( ! return ( ! great ,mac$onian 0 curr5t & enc\rag$ ! attempt to turn ! prophecy into a reality & pr$ispos$ p to believe 9 x4 ,?is at lea/ is :at happ5$ 9 ! case ( ,n]o #efi & ! false ,fr$]icks ( ! middle ages4 ,?is seems to h be5 at ! back ( ! sup]/iti\s cult ( ,alex&] p>ticul>ly fl\ri%+ j at t "t 7cf4 ! /ory told ( ! family ( ! ,macriani by ,treb4 ,poll4 xxx ,tyr4 #ad1 #d-f74 ,c>acalla 7,aur4 ,vict41 ,epit4 #ba2 cf4 ,hdn4 #d1 #h2 ,d4,c4 #gg1 #g-h7 & ,alex&] ,sev]us actually reg>d$ !mselves z ,avat>s ( ,alex&] reborn & inc>nat$ 9 !mselves 7! latt] 0 fir/ call$ ,alex&] at 8 elevation to ! pr9cipate1 c]ta9ly om9is causa1 & 0 suppos$ to h be5 born1 on ! anniv]s>y ( ,alex&]'s dea?1 9 ,a4's temple3 ,lamprid41 ,al4 ,sev4 #e1 #a2 #ac1 #a1 #c1 #d4 ,he paid special hon\r to ,alex41 & z we are expressly told by ,lamp4 #fd1 #c1 se magnum ,alex&rum vid]i volebat74 #aacae3 ,! ,*ri/ian anticipation ( ! return ( ,n]o 7z ,anti*ri/7 is well kn[n3 he 0 suppos$ to h disappe>$ & n to h di$4 ,!y bas$ _! expectation1 h[ev]1 on a widespread belief ( ! populace :i* ! v>i\s ,pseudone_/rnes :o actually appe>$ turn$ to _! advantage 7,suet41 ,n]4 #eg2 ,tac41 ,h4 i1 #b2 ii1 #h3 ,luc41 ,indoct4 #bj74 #aadae3 ,?is 0 ! idea ly+ beh9d ! deification ( ,ant9\s comm&$ by ! ,emp]or2 z may be se5 f ! connexion 9 :i* ,celsus speaks ( ! matt] 7ap4 ,orig41 ,cels4 #c1 #cf1 p4 #bif ,lomm473 he m5tions ! disappe>ance ( ,ant4 9 ! same context z ! translation ( ,kleom$es1 ,amphi>aos1 ,amphilo*os1 etc4 7c4 #cc-d74--,! language 9 :i* ! deification ( ,ant4 is spok5 ( on ! obelisk at ,rome gives no precise idea ( :at happ5$3 see ,erman1 ,mit4 ar*4 ,in/4 rm4 ,abt4 #ahif1 p4 #aac ff4--,9 ?is case1 !n1 we h a translation effect$ by a riv]-god3 cf4 ! wat]-nymphs m5tion$ above1 n4 #aje4 ,9 ! same way ,a5eas disappe>$ into ! riv] ,numicius3 ,s]v41 ,a54 xii1 #gid2 ,s*4 ,v]on41 ,a54 i1 #bei2 ,d4,h4 i1 #fd1 #d2 ,arnob4 i1 #cf2 ,ov41 ,m4 xiv1 #eih ff42 ,liv4 i1 #b1 #f4 cf4 ! fable ( ,alex4 ! ,great's translation into a riv]3 n4 #ajg4 ,eu?ymos 9 ! same way vani%$ into ! riv] ,kaik9os 7suppos$ to be 8 real fa!r3 ,paus4 #f1 #f1 #d72 see above1 *ap4 iv1 n4 #aaf4 #aaeae3 ,philo/r41 ,v4 ,ap4 viii1 #bi-cj 7n inde$ f ,damis z ,ph4 himself def9itely ass]ts2 b c]ta9ly f s9c]e acc\nts d]iv$ f ! v>i\s adh]5ts ( ,apoll4--none ( ! facts 9 ! biography are ,phil4's own inv5tion74 ,apoll4 ei!r di$ 9 ,ephesos or disappe>$ 7aphani/hnai7 9 ! temple ( ,a!ne at ,l9dos or disappe>$ 9 ! temple ( ,diktynna 9 ,crete & asc5d$ to heav5 aut s_/mati 7z ,eus4 adv4 ,hi]ocl4 #dd1 #djh1 #e ,ks4 rightly und]/&s x74 ,?is 0 ! leg5d g5]ally pref]r$4 ,8 aphanismo_/s 0 confirm$ by ! fact t no grave or c5otaph ( ,apoll4 0 to be f\nd3 ,philo/r4 viii1 #ca f94 ,! imitation ( ! leg5ds ab\t ! disappe>ance ( ,emp$okles is obvi\s4 #aafae3 t\ ,apollni_/ou ex 9999an?r_/pn d o_/ntos1 9999?aumazome_/n\ de epi t metabol kai md' antile_/xai ?>r\ntos mde_/nos hs ouk a ?a_/natos ei1 ,philo/r4 viii1 #ca4 ,!n foll[s a miracle v\*saf$ to an unbeliev+ ,?omas to :om ,apoll4 himself appe>s4 #aagae3 ,pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 return ( ! s\ls ( ! good to _! home ) ,god1 puni%m5t ( ! wick$1 complete a?anasi_/a ( all s\ls z su*--all ?is belongs to ! wisdom ( ,solomon4 ,! ,ess5e doctr9e ( ! s\l z describ$ by ,jos41 ,,bj4 #b1 #h1 #aa1 is also ?or\ghly ,greek2 x belongs to ! ,/oico-,platonic tea*+ 7i4e4 ! ,neopy?agorean v>iety72 see ,s*wally1 ,leb5 n4 ,todt n4 ,vor/4 alt4 ,isral1 p4 #aea ff41 #agi ff4 #ahib4 ,! c>m5 ,phocylideum is ! "w ( "s ,jewi% au?or :o obscurely mixes up #egj ,platonic ideas ) ^? ( ,greek !ologians 7cf4 #ajd :]e ,bgk41 ,,plg4 ii1 p4 #ie1 rightly def5ds ! ,,mss4 !oi_/ aga9/ ,b]nays71 & ( ! ,/oics 7#ajh7--;add+ also ideas d]iv$ f ! ,jewi% doctr9e ( ! resurrection 7#aae at lea/ is completely ,greek3 psu* d' a?a_/natos kai ag_/rs z dia panto_/s74 ,9 ,philo's doctr9e ( ! s\l ev]y?+ comes f ,platonic or ,/oic s\rces4 #aahae3 e4g4 9 ,sikyon z x appe>s3 ,paus4 #b1 #g1 #b4 #aaiae3 ,p]haps 9 ,epigr4 ,gr4 ed4 ,kaibel 7:i* w be ref]r$ to 9 ?is section z ,ep471 #ce;a1 p4 #eag2 b ?is belongs to ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,a late example 79 prose1 ,,ig4 ,sic4 et ,x4 #agjb4 #abjae3 gaian e_/*ois elaphra_/n1 ,ep4 #aie1 #d2 cf4 #ajc1 #i2 #ech1 #g2 #eea1 #d2 #eei1 #c2 ,,ig4 ,sic4 et ,x4 #bbi2 ,rhodian inscr41 ,,igm4 ,aeg4 i1 #aea1 #c-d 7fir/-second c5tury ,a4,d472 alla su_/1 daimon1 t ph?ime_/n k\_/phn gaian hu_/p]!n e_/*ois4--,eur4 already has some?+ simil>3 ,alc4 #dfc3 see above1 *ap4 xii1 n4 #aba4 #abaae3 ,! confusion ( ideas is evid5t1 e4g4 9 ,ep4 #gjj1 k\phon e_/*ois gai_/s ba_/ros eusebi_/s eni *_/r1 cf4 #bbb;b1 #aa-ab4--,! real mean+ ( su* wi%es is indicat$ by ,luc41 ,luct4 #ah2 ! dead son says to 8 m\rn+ fa!r1 de_/dias m_/ soi apopnig kataklei/heis en t mn_/mati4 #abbae3 ,ph]sepho_/ns ?a_/lamos1 ?a_/lamoi1 ,ep4 #ce1 #d2 #ej1 #b2 #bja1 #d2 #bca1 #b2 ,an?4 ,pal4 vii1 #ejg-h ,simonides4 ph?ime_/nois ae_/naos ?a_/lamos1 ,ep4 #adc1 #b4 d_/mos ,nukto_/s1 ,,ap4 vii1 #bcb4 7,we ne$ n hesitate to use ! grave-epigrams 9 ! ,an?ology side by side ) ! actual sepul*ral inss4 ,! =m] are sometimes ! models ( ! latt]1 sometimes modell$ ^u actual epitaphic inscriptions1 b always closely relat$ to ! m lit]>y epitaphs47 #abcae3 ,l_/?s pausi_/ponon po_/ma1 ,ep4 #bdd1 #aj4 n katabs es pma ,l_/?s1 #bfa1 #bj4 7,nu_/x1 l_/?s dra phe_/r\s' ep' emoi_/1 #cab47 ,moirai kai ,l_/? me kat_/gagon eis ,ai_/dao1 #eba4 7,cf4 ,,ap4 vii1 ,l_/?s d_/moi1 #be1 #f2 ,l_/?s lim_/n1 #dih2 ,l_/?s pe_/lagos1 #gaa1 #gaf47 ,la_/?as _/lu?on eis lime_/z1 ,mysian inscr4 ,,b*4 xvii 7#ahid71 p4 #ecb1 n4 #cd4 #abdae3 hoi plei_/ous ! dead 7l ! ,lat9 plures3 ,plaut41 ,tr94 #bia1 ,petron4 #db73 es pleo_/nn 9 ,hades1 ,ep4 #cgc1 #d2 ,,ap4 vii1 #gca1 #f2 xi1 #db4 ,already 9 ,ar41 ,eccl4 #ajgc3 graus ana/kuia p>a tn pleio_/nn4 ,call41 ,epigr4 #e 7cf4 ,boisson4 on ,eunap41 p4 #cji74 ,anci5t oracle ap4 ,polyb4 #h1 #cj1 #g3 meta tn pleo_/nn tn metlla*o_/tn 7,t>5tum74 ,ev5 9 ! pres5t day3 '/\s poll\s1 ,s*midt1 ,volksl4 d4 ,neugr4 i1 #bce4 #abeae3 ,ep4 #bff1 m mu_/r\1 phi_/l' a_/n]1 me2 kai autos ekei gar hodeu_/sas heur_/seis tn sn su_/ggamon ,eutu*i_/n4 ,cf4 #eeh1 #e ff42 #cig1 #e4 ,phrygian inscr41 ,pap]s ,am]ican ,s*ool1 iii1 #cje 7n4 #dbg73 a fa!r address+ 8 dead son kai polu t]sane_/ to_/te da_/kruon h_/nika seio psu*n a?r_/s gn hupodusa_/m5os4 #abfae3 ei de_/ tis en ph?ime_/nois kri_/sis1 hs lo_/gos amphi ?ano_/ntn1 ,ep4 #bae1 #e4 ,a "m boa/s ( ! piety ( h] son to ,rhadaman?ys3 #ead1 #e 7cf4 #eei1 #c f474 ,s too1 9 ,,ap4 vii !re is little m5tion ( a judgm5t 7#eif ,aga?ias74 #abgae3 ,! division ( ! dead into two classes is impli$ :]e ! pi\s dep>t$ is said to be ab\t to dwell en maka_/ress91 etc4 ,b ! di/9ct sep>ation ( ! dead into two or ?ree classes see above1 *ap4 xii1 n4 #fb is r>e 9 ! sepul*ral inscr43 ,ep4 #fej1 #i ff41 is an exception 7b !re "o company is epi*?oni_/1 ! o!r 9 ! ai!r--a ,/oic idea4--,a peculi> arrangem5t1 imply+ ! ?ree classes1 is giv5 9 ,socr4 ,epi/4 #bg1 #a 7!y are 9 ! to_/pos eus4 & asebn 9 ,hades1 & 9 ! ai!r73 t\ eite kata gn en eusebn *_/r o_/ntos #ega ei_/te kat' a_//ra 7ho_/p] kai ma_/la pei_/?omai7 ,skra_/t\s4--,! same aga9 9 ,,ap4 vii1 #cgj 7,diodor47 en ,dios 7i4e4 9 ,heav57 maka_/rn4 #abhae3 ,!re is p]haps no ref]5ce 9 ! grave-inss4 to ! puni%m5t ( ! asebeis1 & sc>cely any 9 ,,ap4 vii 7b cf4 #cgg1 #g f4 ,erykios74 #abiae3 psu* d' es to di_/kaion e_/b1 ,ep4 #ejb1 #ac2 i4e4 to ! place to :i* x ju/ly belongs4 #acjae3 nai_/eis maka_/rn n_/s\s ?ali_/ eni poll1 ,ep4 #fdi1 #b2 #cff1 #f2 #fdh1 #i4 nson e_/*eis maka_/rn1 #dgc1 #b2 #ajg1 #b2 ,,ap4 vii1 #fij1 #d4 maka_/rn p$i_/on1 ,ep4 #eaf1 #a-b4 lu_/sion p$i_/on #dad1 #h2 #aej1 #f4 p$i_/a lu_/sia1 #cch1 #b2 #fdi1 #c4 *ros lu_/sios #fah;a1 #h4 met' eusebe_/n esmen en lusi_/1 #eed1 #d4--nai_/ d' hr_/n hi]on d_/mon1 ouk ,a*e_/rontes2 toion gar bio_/t\ te_/rma sophois9 e_/ni1 ,ep4 #bbh1 #g-h4 hr_/n *ron e_/*ois ph?i_/m5os1 #eci1 #d4 ,ltog5e_/s1 su de paidas en hr_/essi phula_/ssois1 eusebe_/n aei *ron ep]*o_/m5os1 #bbh;b1 #g 7p4 #ebj74 _/*et' es hmi!_/ous1 #fii 7soi men he_/dr !i_/oisi p>' &ra_/si1 ,,ap4 vii1 #fei1 #c74 #acaae3 ,description ( ! *>ms ( ! maka_/rn nsoi & ! ,elysian fields :]e oude po!9os an?r_/pn e_/ti bi_/otos1 ,ep4 #fdi4 ,m elaborate 9 ! poem ( ,m>cellus on ,regilla ! wife ( ,h]odes ,att43 ,ep4 #ajdf 7%e is me?' hr_/ns9 en maka_/rn n_/sois91 hi_/na ,kro_/nos embasileu_/ei1 #h-i2 ,zeus _h dispat*$ h] ?i!r ) s(t breezes1 es keano_/n1 #ba ff4 ,n[ %e is ou ?nt_/1 atar oude !_/a9a b a ,h]o9e1 #db ff4 ,9 ! *oros prot]a_/n hmi!a_/n %e s]ves z an opa_/n nu_/mph ( ,p]sephone1 #ea ff474 #acbae3 ,cle>ly e4g4 ! place :]e ,rhadaman?ys holds sway 9 ,hades1 ,ep4 #deb1 #ah-ai4 #accae3 ,! *ros eusebe_/n cle>ly indicates ,hades3 ,ai_/de nu*i_/oio me_/las hup$e_/xato ko_/lpos1 eusebe_/n ?' hosi_/n eu_/nas5 es klisi_/n1 ,ep4 #bg1 #c-d2 cf4 inscr4 f ,rhodes1 ,,igm4 ,aeg4 i1 #ada1 ( an old s*oolma/]--eusebn *ros sph' e_/*ei2 ,pl\_/tn gar auton kai ,kor kat_/kisan1 ,h]ms te kai dad\*os ,heka_/t1 prosphil ha_/pas9 einai1 mu/ikn t' epi/a_/tn e_/taxan auton pi_//es pa_/ss *a_/r94--,n infrequ5tly ,elysion & ! place ( ! eusebe_/es are id5tifi$3 e4g4 ,ep4 #cch1 eusebe_/es de psu*n 7sc4 e_/*\si7 kai p$i_/n te_/rmones lusi_/n4 t\to saophrosu_/ns e_/la*on ge_/ras1 ambrosi_/n de 7! immortality ( h] s\l7 s_/matos hubri/s ouk epa_/tse *ro_/nos4 alla ne_/ nu_/mphsi 7?us ! /one3 ,a?4 ,mitt4 iv1 #ag7 met' eusebe_/essi ka?tai4--,if !re is a judgm5t 9 ,hades oik_/seis eis d_/mon eusebe_/n1 ,ep4 #bae1 #e-f4 ,kore conducts ! dead *ron ep' eusebe_/n1 #bah1 #ae-af4 ka_//9 en eusebe_/n hn dia sphrosu_/nn1 #efi1 #ab4 eusebe_/n *ros1 #bif4 eus4 d_/mos1 #bbb1 #g-h4 eusebe_/n nai_/ois hi]on d_/mon1 ,,ipe4 ii1 #bih1 #aa4 psu* d' eusebe_/n oi_/*etai eis ?a_/lamon1 ,ep4 #ij 7,,cia4 ii1 #cjjd74 eus4 eis hi]\s ?ala_/m\s1 #bbb;b1 #ab4 eus4 en ski]ois ?ala_/mois1 #bec1 #f4 e/hla de nai_/ d_/mata ,ph]sepho_/nas *_/r en eusebe_/n1 #ahi1 #e-f4 met' eusebe_/essi kei/hai1 ant' arets1 #bei4 ?k' ,ai_/ds es mu*on eusebe_/n1 #bda;a1 #ah4 eusebi_/s d' hei_/nek5 eusebe_/n *ron e_/b ph?i_/m5os1 ,a?4 ,mitt4 xi1 #dbg 7,kolophon74 ,late ,roman inscr41 ,,ig4 ,sic4 et ,x4 #affj3 a wife says ( h] dead husb& p]i h\ de_/omai t\s kata*?oni_/ous !\_/s1 tn psu*n eis t\s eusebeis katata_/xai4 #acdae3 ,! *ros maka_/rn 9 ! sky3 psu* d' a?ana_/tn b\lais epid_/mio_/s e/9 a_//rois kai hi]on *ron e_/*ei maka_/rn1 ,ep4 #cbd1 #c-d4 kai nai_/eis maka_/rn n_/s\s 4 4 4 augais en ka?>ais91 ,olump\ plsi_/on o_/nts1 #fdi1 #b1 #h4 ,! lu_/sion p$i_/on outside ! ph?ime_/nn d_/moi1 #dad1 #h1 #f4 ,sometimes bo? ! heav5ly abode ( ! bless$ & ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/ occur toge!r3 ,luc4 ,dem4 ,enc4 #ej4 #egb ,demo/h4 is aft] 8 dea? ei!r 9 ! maka_/rn n_/sois ) ! ,h]oes1 or else 9 ! ourano_/s z an att5dant daimon on ,zeus ,eleu!_/rios4 #aceae3 psu* pros ,o_/lumpon an_/llato1 ,ep4 #fdf;a1 #c4 psu* d' en ,olu_/mp1 #aei1 #bfa1 #aa4 l!n d' eis ,aidao de_/mas1 psu* d' es ,o_/lumpon1 ,,ap4 vii1 #cfb1 #c4 7,ai_/ds "h ! grave z (t52 s too 9 ,ep4 #bhh1 #d-e1 psu* 4 4 4 es ai!_/ra 4 4 4 o/e_/a eis ,ai_/dn a_/tropos eile no_/mos47 meta po_/tmon hor pha_/os ,oulu_/mpoio1 ,,ap4 vii1 #fgh1 #e4--psu*n d' ek mele_/n ouranos eurus e_/*ei1 ,ep4 #ajd;b1 #d4 tor d' ouran meta_/rsion1 #dfb1 #f4 psu* moi nai_/ei d_/mat' ep\ra_/nia1 #bfa1 #aj 7& frequ5tly 9 ?is poem 9 v>i\s =ms74 es ourani_/z at>p\s psu* paptai_/nei sm' apodusame_/n1 ,,ap4 vii1 #ccg1 #g2 cf4 also #cfc1 #c2 #ehg1 #b2 #fgb1 #a & ix1 #bjg-h4 ai?r men psu*as hup$e_/xato1 ,ep4 #ba 7fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 see above1 *ap4 xii1 n4 #adi74 ,euruma_/*\ psu*n kai hup]phia_/l\s dianoi_/z ai?r hugros e_/*ei1 #da 7f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 b ! ai?_/r is n moi/--ai?r lampros e_/*ei is ! m primitive v]sion ( ! phrase giv5 9 ! correspond+ epigr4 ( ! ,pe_/plos4 ,! a_/r w\ld be hugro_/s3 tn psu*n ape_/dk5 es ae_/ra1 ,ep4 #fdb1 #g74 psu*n men es ai!_/ra kai ,dios aula_/s1 #bhh1 #d4 psu* d' ai!_/rion kate_/*ei po_/lon1 #bbe1 #c4 es ai_/?rn psu* e_/b eme_/!n1 #cbe1 #e4--psu* d' a?ana_/tn b\lais epid_/mio_/s e/9 a_//rois1 ,ep4 #cbd1 #c4 ,f ,?yatira1 ,,b*4 #ahhg1 p4 #dfa3 ?a_/ps5 d' adelphos ,ar*e_/laos sm' emo_/n1 psu*a de_/ meu pros a_//ra kai !\s ,,esi 7read e_/b74 ,"o company ( ! s\ls tei_/ressi sun ai!ri_/oisi *oreu_/ei2 hs /ratis heis eimi1 ,ep4 #fej1 #aa-ab 7,diog5es7 nun de ?ann a/e_/ras oikon e_/*ei1 ,,ap4 vii1 #fd1 #d4 #acfae3 psu* d' ek rhe!_/n ptame_/n meta dai_/monas a_/ll\s _/lu! s_/1 nai_/es d' en maka_/rn dape_/d1 ,ep4 #bdc1 #e-f4 kai_/ me !n maka_/rn kate_/*ei d_/mos asson io_/nta1 ourani_/ois te d_/moisi ble_/p pha_/os rig5ei_/s1 #cab1 #f4--tn su_/neton psu*n maka_/rn eis ae_/ra d\sa1 pro_//h5 men ?nt_/1 nun de ! me_/to*os1 #fed1 #d-e4--;alla nun eis t\s !\_/s ,,ig4 ,sic4 et ,x4 #adbj4 hs de phu_/sis men e_/lus5 apo *?ono_/s1 a?a_/natoi men auton e_/*\si !oi sma de skos ho_/de1 ,,ap4 vii1 #egj2 #fa1 #b2 #egc1 #c-d4 #acgae3 ,see above1 *ap4 xii1 p4 #dcf ff4 #achae3 ,see above1 p4 #ejj f4 pneuma1 ,ep4 #bej1 #f2 #fac1 #f2 pneuma labn da_/nos ourano_/!n tele_/sas *ro_/non antape_/dka 7cf4 pneuma ga_/r e/i !\ *rsis ?ntoisi1 ,c>m4 ,phoc4 #ajf74 #aef1 #b3 pnoin ai?r e_/lab5 pa_/l91 ho_/sp] e_/dk5 7?ird c5tury ,b4,c42 see ,khl] on ,,cia4 ii1 #dace74--,?is conception hav+ become popul> frequ5tly occurs 9 ! !ological poetry ( lat] times3 e4g4 *rsmo_/s ap4 ,/ob41 ,ecl4 #a1 #di1 #df1 i1 p4 #dad ,w43 to men 7to sma7 lu!_/n e/i ko_/nis1 psu* de pros ai_/?rn ski_/dnatai1 hoppo_/!n l!1 met_/oros eis ai!_/r' hapl\n 7read ai!_/r' es hagno_/74 ,oracle ( ,apoll4 ,tyan4 ap4 ,philo/r41 ,,va4 viii1 #ca3 a?a_/natos psu* 4 4 4 meta sma m>an!n 4 4 4 rhidi_/s pro?or\sa k]a_/nnutai e_/ri k\_/ph4 #aciae3 psu*n d' a?a_/naton ko9os e_/*ei ?a_/natos1 ,ep4 #ce1 #f 7,,cia4 ii1 #cfbj1 f\r? c5tury ,b4,c474 ,,ig4 ,sic4 et ,x4 #idj1 #c-d3 a?ana_/t psu* men es ai!_/ri kai ,dios augais ptatai4 ib4 #idb3 4 4 4 en?a_/de keimai1 ou*i ?an_/n2 ?n_/ske9 m le_/ge t\s aga?\_/s 7f ,call41 ,epigr4 #aa1 tade ,sa_/n 4 4 4 hi]on hu_/pnon koimatai4 ?na_/ske9 m le_/ge t\s aga?\_/s74--ouk e_/?anes1 ,pr_/t1 mete_/bs d' es amei_/nona *ron ,ep4 #fdi4 #adjae3 ,?is reta9s its full & orig9al mean+ 7z 9 ,call41 ,epigr4 #aa72 cf4 ,ep4 #eei1 #g1 le_/ge ,popili_/n heu_/de9 a_/n]2 ou !miton ?n_/ske9 t\s aga?\_/s1 all' hu_/pnon hdun e_/*e94 ,m (t5 z a m]e conv5tional phrase3 #dcc2 #aja1 #d2 #bjb1 #a2 #bjd1 #g2 s' ekoi_/mis5 hu_/pnos ho l_/?s1 #bbc1 #c2 #ejb1 #b2 ,,ap4 vii1 #bi1 #a2 #cj1 #b1 #bfj4 #adaae3 ,ep4 #fea3 ?nton sma 4 4 4 to d' a?a_/naton es maka_/rn ano_/r\se #egc ke_/ar2 psu* gar aei_/zs h to zn p>e_/*ei kai !o_/ph9 kate_/b 4 4 4 sma *itn psu*s 7cf4 ,emp4 #dad ,m4 fr4 #abf ,d41 s>kn p]i/e_/ll\sa *itni sc4 tn psu*_/n72 ton de !on se_/be m\ 7! god 9 me1 my psu*_/74 #bfa1 #f1 tn psu*n d' a?ana_/tn e_/la*on2 en gai_/ men sma to sugg5e_/s oura_/nios de _/lu!n h psu* dma kat' ou ph?i_/m5on ktl42 cf4 #cbj1 #f ff4--#eid 7late epitaph ( a doctor ) philosophic lean+s2 f\nd 9 ,rome1 #g ff43 oud' a_/ra ?ntos e_/n1 hup' ana_/gks hupsime_/dontos tu_/mb e9ale_/ pep$me_/nos _/nus5 oimon4 ek rhe!_/n d' a_/ma /ei*n semnon e_/b ,dios oikon4 ,no s5se c be made ( ! passage if tu_/mb is und]/ood z ! real grave & ?is has l$ to alt]+ or /ra9+ ! s5se ( e9ale_/ 7e9ali_/ ,franz1 sigale_/ ,jacobs74 ,b ! poet means3 ! dead man 0 79 8 real nature1 8 s\l7 immortal1 only ! w ( ! gods _h caus$ him 78 s\l7 to be b\nd to ! body & to complete 8 c\rse ( life 9 ! body1 aft] ! end ( :i* he w rise imm$iately 7& return7 to ! realm ( ! gods4 ,read !re=e tu_/mb e9 ala pep$me_/nos1 fett]$ 9 ! d>k grave ( ! body3 sma sma4 7,exactly z 9 ,v]g41 ,a4 vi1 #gcd1 ! animae3 clausae t5ebris et c>c]e caeco47--#fjc3 he :o lies buri$ "h ?ntois psu*n pei_/sas epi s_/mas9 el!in tn haut\1 me_/leos1 ouk ane_/peise me_/ne94 ,t is3 he has p]suad$ 8 7previ\sly liv+ & bodiless7 s\l to ent] into ! realm ( mortal bodies 7to occupy a body71 b c\ld n p]suade x to rema9 !re long--9 ?is e>?ly life4 #adbae3 ,once at ! mo/3 ei pa_/l9 e_//i g5e_//hai 4 4 4 ei d' ouk e_//9 pa_/l9 el!in--,ep4 #cjd 7cf4 above1 *ap4 xii1 n4 #ach74 #adcae3 ,! epitaphs quot$ 9 n4 #ada h a !ological mean+ b d n allude to any specifically ,platonic op9ion or doctr9es4 ,!re is no ne$ to see ,platonic influ5ce 7z ,lehrs w\ld3 ,pop4 ,aufs4#b1 p4 #cci f47 9 ! num]\s epitaphs t speak ( ! asc5t ( ! s\l into ! ai!r1 ! />s1 etc4 7notes #ace1 #acf74 ,x is true t ,alexis #aeh ,k4 inquires :e!r ! view t ! body decays aft] dea?--to d' a?a_/naton exre pros ton ae_/ra--is n ,platonic doctr9e 7taut' ou s*ol ,pla_/tnos74 ,b he has no real k ( ,platonic tea*+ & calls ,platonic t idea ( ! asc5t ( ! s\ls ( ! dead into ! upp] regions :i* _h long be5 popul> 9 ,a!ns--ev5 be=e ,plato's "t4 ,9 fact ,plato's doctr9e has only ! mo/ di/ant resemblance to ! popul> "o1 & ! latt] orig9at$ & p]si/$ )\t be+ influ5c$ at all by ,plato or 8 s*ool4 #addae3 ,ep4 #fej1 #ab4 ,i belong to ! company ( ! bless$ :i* tei_/ressi sun ai!ri_/oisi *oreu_/ei1 la*n !on hgemona4 ,^! la/ words mu/ ref] to a special relation ( a pi\s k9d to "s god4 ,we may note ! conclusion ( ! ,caes>es ( ,julian 7#ccf ,c73 ,h]mes addresses ! ,emp]or3 foll[ ! entolai_/ ( patr ,mi_/?ras 9 life1 kai hni_/ka an en!_/nde apie_/nai de_/1 meta ts aga?s elpi_/dos hgemo_/na !on eum5 ka?i/as seaut4 ,cf4 also ! promise made 9 an ,egyptian magic papyrus ed1 ,p>!y1 ,abh4 ,b]l4 ,ak4 #ahfe1 p4 #abe1 l4 #agh ff43 ! gho/ ?us conjur$ up w aft] y\r dea? s\ to pneuma ba/a_/xas eis ae_/ra a_/xei sun haut1 eis gar a_/dn ou *r_/sei ae_/rion pneuma su/a!n 7i4e4 comm5d$7 kratai p>e_/dr4 ,cf4 ,pl41 ,phd4 #ajg ,d ff43 ! s\ls ( ! dead are conduct$ ea* by ! dai_/mn ho_/sp] znta eil_/*ei to ! judgm5t place3 !nce !y g eis had\ meta hgemo_/nos ekei_/n\ h\ d pro/e_/taktai t\s en!_/nde ekeise poreusai4 ,aft]w>ds yet ano!r1 a_/llos hgem_/n z x appe>s1 leads !m back aga94 ,a bless$ abode h]eaft] is f\nd by h ka?>s te kai metri_/s ton bi_/on diexel?\sa kai xunempo_/rn kai hgemo_/nn !n tu*\sa1 #ajh ,c4 ,! same idea occurs on ! monum5t ( ,vibia 79 ! ,catacombs ( ,praetextatus 9 ,rome73 ,m]curius nuntius #egd conducts h] 7& ,alce/is7 be=e ,dispat] & ,a]acura to be tri$3 aft] t a special bonus angelus leads h] to ! banquet ( ! bless$ 7,,cil4 vi1 #adb74 ,!re is no?+ ,*ri/ian 9 ?is1 any m ?an 9 ! :ole monum5t or its inscriptions4 7,! angel z an int]m$iate be+ betwe5 gods & m5 _h long be5 tak5 f ,jewi% religion by hea!n belief & philosophy3 !y 7 sometimes id5tifi$ ) ! ,platonic dai_/mones3 see ,r4 ,he9ze1 ,x5okrat4 #aab f4 ,^! int]m$iate natures1 ! a_/ggeloi1 h no?+ to d ) ! old ,greek conception ( c]ta9 gods z ,mess5g]s or ( ! ,h]o ,eua_/ggelos1 etc4 cf4 ,us5]1 ,gtt]nam51 #bfh ff447 ,) ! fanciful picture ( ,vibia we may comp>e 7besides ! ,platonic passages m5tion$ above7 :at ,luc41 ,philops4 #be1 has to say ( ! neani_/z pa_/gkalos :o leads ! s\ls into ! und]world 7hoi agago_/ntes auto_/n less precisely 9 ! p>allel n>rative ( ,plut>*1 de ,an4 fr4 #a1 ap4 ,eus41 ,,pe4 #aa1 #cf1 p4 #efc ,d74 #adeae3 ,h]mes ! conductor ( ! s\ls z a_/ggelos ,ph]sepho_/ns ,ep4 #ege1 #a4 ,h]mes br+s ! s\ls to ,eub\leus & ,p]sephone1 ,ep4 #bgb1 #i4--;,he leads ! s\ls to ! maka_/rn lu_/sion p$i_/on1 #dad1 #i2 #daa2 to ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/1 #ajg1 #b4 ,he leads !m by ! h& to heav51 to ! bless$ gods1 #cab1 #h ff4 #adfae3 ,ep4 #bah1 #ae1 alla su_/1 pambasi_/leia !a_/1 polu_/nume k\ra_/1 t_/nd' a_/g' ep' eusebe_/n *ron1 e_/*\sa *]o_/s4 #deb1 #ag ff4 ,( ! s\ls ( ! dead man1 8 wife & *ildr5 x is said3 de_/*eo es ,ha_/id\ 7,hades does n admit ev]yone3 cf4 ! dead man :o prays hoi /u_/gion *ron huponai_/ete dai_/mones e/hloi_/1 de_/xa/h' eis ,a_/dn kame ton oiktro_/taton1 #fbd71 po_/tnia nu_/mph1 ki psu*as pr\_/pempe1 hi_/na xan?os ,rhada_/man?us4 ,to be ?us receiv$ & conduct$ by a god or goddess is evid5tly reg>d$ z a special fav\r4 ,! abode ( ! eusebeis is rea*$ by ^? :o h hon\r$ ,p]sephone be=e all o!r deities3 ,,ig4 ,sic4 et ,x4 #aefa4 ,zeus too conducts ! s\ls1 ,ep4 #eaa1 #a3 anti_/ se kudali_/mas aretas1 polu_/rate k\re1 hx5 es lu_/sion autos a_/nax ,kroni_/ds 7!o_/s1 #eaf1 #a-b74 ,speak+ ( a ,ptolemy :o has di$ "y1 ,antipat] ,sid4 says 7,,ap4 vii1 #bda1 #aa ff47 ou de_/ se nux ek nuktos ede_/xato2 d gar a_/naktas toi_/ous ouk ,a_/das1 ,zeus d' es o_/lumpon a_/gei4 ,apollo also3 ,p>m5is buri$ by h] p>5ts says nun mega_/lou 7to be re/or$ 9 "s su* fa%ion7 de_/ m' e_/*ei te_/m5os ,dio_/s1 ho_/rra_/ t' ,apo_/lln loigou 7d\btful completion7 a_/meips51 heln ek puros a?a_/naton1 ,,igm4 ,aeg4 i1 #adb 7,rhodos74--,tibull4 is cle>ly imitat+ ,greek poetry :5 he says 7#a1 #c1 #eg7 s$ me quod facilis t5]o sum semp] ,amori ipsa ,v5us campos ducet ad ,elysios 7! poet himself expla9s :y x %\ld be ,v5us3 he has specially hon\r$ h]4 ,!re is no ne$ to imag9e a ,v5us ,libit9a74 ,phleg41 ,mirab4 #c1 p4 #acj1 #af ff4 ,we/4 #gc1 #a ,kell43 ,phoibos ,apo_/lln ,pu_/?ios 4 4 4 moi heon krat]on !ra_/pont' 7! daimonic wolf7 epipe_/mpsas _/gag5 eis maka_/rn te d_/m\s kai ,p]sephonei_/s4 #adgae3 ,isidote1 hi]ophantis 9 ,eleusis 7gr&-daught] ( ! fam\s sophi/ ,isaios7 is call$ by h] epitaph 7,eph4 ,ar*4 #ahhe1 p4 #adi1 l4 #h ff47 e_/xo*on e_/n t' aretais e_/n te saophrosu_/nais2 hn kai ameibome_/n ,d maka_/rn epi n_/ss\s _/gage1 pantoi_/s ektos epduni_/s4 7l4 #bj hn kai ,dm_/tr _/pas5 a?ana_/tois47 #adhae3 ,by _! noble dea? ! gods %[ hs a_/me9on ei_/ an?r_/p te?na_/nai mallon z_/e91 ,hdt4 i1 #ca2 cf4 ,pl4 ,axio*4 #cfg ,c2 ,cic41 ,,td4 i1 #aac2 ,plu41 ,cons4 ad ,apoll4 #ac1 #ajh ,e2 cf4 ,amm4 ,m>c4 #be1 #c1 #ae4--,! epitaph ( ,isidote alludes to ! leg5d1 l4 #aa3 dke 7,demet]7 de_/ hoi ?a_/naton gluk]_/t]on hde_/os hu_/pn\ pa_/g*u kai ,argei_/n phe_/rt]on !_/n4 #ege #adiae3 ,grale_/n psu*n ep' akmai_/ s_/mati ,glaukos kai ka_/llei k]a_/sas krei_/ttona sphrosu_/nn1 o_/rgia pas9 e_/pha9e brotois phaesi_/mbrota ,dous e9aete_/s1 deka_/t d' l! p>' a?ana_/t\s4 kalon ek maka_/rn mu/_/rion1 ou mo_/non einai ton ?a_/naton ?ntois ou kako_/n1 all' aga?on1 ,eph4 ,ar*4 #ahhc1 pp4 #ha-b 7?ird c5tury ,a4,d474 ,bel[ ! /atue ( a daught] ( ?is ,glaukos1 at ,eleusis1 !re is an inscr41 ,glau_/k\ de gnt !oeide_/os1 ho_/s te kai autos hi]ophant_/sas _/*et' es a?ana_/t\s1 ,eph4 ,ar*4 #ahid1 p4 #bje1 n4 #bf1 l4 #aa ff4 #aejae3 ,z a conv5tional =mula2 ,d4,h4 ,rhet4 #f1 #e3 epi te_/lei 7( ! fun]al oration7 p]i psu*s anagkaion eipein1 ho_/ti a?a_/natos1 kai ho_/ti t\s toi\_/t\s1 en !ois o_/ntas1 ameinon i_/ss apalla_/tte94 #aeaae3 --ton a?a_/natoi phile_/eskon2 t\_/neka kai pgais l\san en a?ana_/tois 7we are rem9d$ ( ! a?a_/natos pg_/ out ( :i* ,glaukos drew a?anasi_/a3 ,s*4 ,pl41 ,rp4 #faa ,c71 kai maka_/rn n_/s\s ba_/llon es a?ana_/tn1 ,ep4 #cff1 #d ff4 ,!re are two f\nta9s 9 ,hades1 t 7to ! left7 ( ,le!1 & 7to ! "r7 ( ,mnemosyne1 f :i* cold wat] fl[s 7l4 #e73 f ! latt] ! gu>dians w give ! suppliant s\l wat] to dr9k kai to_/t' e_/peit' a_/lloisi me?' hr_/ess9 ana_/xei3 sepul*ral tablet f ,petelia 7ab\t ?ird c5tury ,b4,c471 ,,ig4 ,sic4 et ,x4 #fch 7,ep4 #ajcg2 ,h>rison1 ,proleg4 #ffa ff474 ,mutilat$ copies ( ! same orig9al h be5 f\nd at ,eleu!rnai 9 ,crete1 ,,b*4 #ahic-d1 p4 #abf1 #fbi2 cf4 above1 *ap4 xii1 n4 #fb4--,?is1 9 fact1 is ! wat] ( life s (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! folk-lore ( _m c\ntries2 cf4 ,grimm1 ,d4 ,mr*51 n4 #ig1 ) ,notes iii1 p4 #agh1 #cbh2 ,diet]i*1 ,abraxas1 #ig f42 ,nekyia1 #id1 #ii4 ,?is is ! f\nta9 f :i* ,psy*e also has to br+ wat] to ,v5us 7,apul41 ,m4 vi1 #ac-ad72 & x is c]ta9 t 9 ! orig9al ,psy*e-/ory x 0 n ! wat] ( ! ,/yx t 0 int5d$ 7z ,apul4 supposes1 b ( :at use w\ld t be871 b ! wat] ( ! f\nta9 ( life 9 ,hades4 ,x is a speak+ f\nta91 vocales aquae 7,apul4 vi1 #ad71 &1 9 fact1 precisely ! same z t m5tion$ 9 a unique leg5d ( ,h]akles giv5 9 ,ju/94 pros ,he_/llnas #c 7p4 #fcf1 #g1 ed4 ,h>nack1 ,b]4 ,b]l4 ,ak4 #ahif72 ,h]akles is call$ ho o_/r pd_/sas 78 pidu_/sas1 mak+ x gu% =?1 w\ld be m acceptable7 hi_/na la_/b hu_/dr e_/n>?ron phnn apodido_/n4 ,h]akles makes ! m\nta9 gu% =? by /rik+ ! speak+ wat] out ( ! rock4 ,?is is exactly p>allel$ 9 ! mod]n ,greek /ories giv5 by ,hahn1 ,gr4 u4 alb4 ,mr*51 ii1 p4 #bcd2 ! ,lamia :o gu>ds ! wat] ( life 7to a?a_/nato n]o_/1 ! phrase (t5 appe>s 9 ^! /ories2 cf4 also ,s*midt1 ,grie*4 ,mr*51 p4 #bcc7 /rikes ) a hamm] on ! rock till x op5s & %e c draw ! wat] ( life4 ,?is is ! same anci5t fairy tale motif4 ,! prop] home ( ?is wat] ( life is probably ! l[] _w1 ! _w ( ei!r dea? or immortality1 ?\gh ?is is n expressly /at$ 9 ! ,h]akles leg5d nor 9 ! fairy tale ( ,glaukos :o discov]$ ! a?a_/natos pg_/ 7b probably also 9 ! magic c\ntry ( ! ,we/4 ,?us ,alex&] ! ,great f9ds ! a?a_/natos pg_/ at ! entrance to ! maka_/rn *_/ra acc4 to ,ps4-,calli/h4 ii1 #ci ff42 8 /ory %[s cle> rem9isc5ces ( ! ,glaukos tale1 its prototype1 9 c4 #ci f941 #da1 #b74--,! ,orphic 7& ,py?agorean7 my?ology ( ,hades 7see above3 *ap4 xi1 n4 #if2 *ap4 xii1 nn4 #cg-h2 *ap4 vii1 n4 #ba7 !n proce$$ to make use ( ! folk-tale = _! own purposes4 ,9 ,ep4 #feh ! pray] also ref]s to ! ,orphic fable 7,,cig4 #eggb7 psu*ron hu_/dr doi_/ soi a_/nax ene_/rn ,adneu_/s1 & #gai1 #aa1 psu* dips_/s psu*ron hu_/dr metado_/s4 ,!y mean3 may y live on 9 complete consci\sness4 7,! same ?+ 9 ! negative3 ! dead man dwells ha_/ma paisi !n kai l_/?s ouk e_/pi5 liba_/da1 #dad1 #aj3 #egf ouk e_/pion ,l_/?s ,adni_/dos e_/s*aton hu_/dr1 s t ,i c p]ceive ! m\rn+ ( ! liv+ = my loss1 #bjd1 #aa4 kai ?n_/skn gar e_/* no_/on ou_/t9a baio_/n1 #ccd1 #e4--,poetical allusion 9 ,,ap4 vii1 #cdf3 su d' ei !_/mis1 en ph?ime_/noisi t\ ,l_/?s ep' emoi m_/ ti pi_/s hu_/datos4--,p]haps some?+ ( ! sort already occurs 9 ,p9d>2 see above1 *ap4 xii1 n4 #cg47 #aebae3 eupsu_/*ei kuri_/a kai doi_/ soi ho ,o_/siris to psu*ron hu_/dr1 ,,ig4 ,sic4 et ,x4 #adhh2 #agje2 #aghb2 ,rev4 ,ar*4 #ahhg1 p4 #bja4 7,& once ! l9e soi de ,osei_/ridos hagnon hu_/dr ,eisis *>i_/saito1 inscr4 f ,alex&ria3 ,rev4 ,ar*4 #ahhg1 p4 #aii47 eupsu_/*ei meta t\ ,osei_/ridos1 ,i4 ,sic4 et ,x4 #bjih4 ,! dead man is ) ,osiris1 ,ep4 #dad1 #e4 ,osiris z "l 9 ! _w ( ! bless$3 defixio f ,rome1 ,i4 ,sic4 et ,x4 #ajdg2 ho me_/gas ,o_/seiris ho e_/*n tn katex\si_/an kai to basi_/leion tn n]te_/rn !n4--,x appe>s t ! leg5d ( ! f\nta9 ( ,mnemosyne & its cold wat] 0 indep5d5tly develop$ by ! ,greeks & !n associat$ subsequ5tly ) ! analog\s ,egyptian idea or br\ght into h>mony ) x 7c]ta9ly n z e4g4 ,bttig]1 ,kl4 ,s*r41 ?9ks1 orig9ally belong+ to ! ,egyptians alone & !nce import$ into ,greece f ,egypt74 ,egyptian ,books ( ! dead (t5 speak ( ! cool wat] t ! dead enjoy 7cf4 ,masp]o1 t4 de my?ol4 et d'ar*4 gypt4 #ahic1 #a1 #cff f471 z well z ( ! wat] drawn f ! ,nile & pres]v+ ! y\? ( ! dead man3 ,masp]o1 ,notices et ,extraits1 #bd1 #ahhc1 pp4 #ii-ajj4 ,! =mula1 may ,osiris give y ! cold wat] 7ev]la/+ life71 does n seem to occur on orig9al ,egyptian monum5ts4 ,x is prob4 !re=e modell$ by ,egyptian ,greeks on _! own anci5t ,greek =mula4--,on ,*ri/ian inss4 we (t5 h ! =mula3 spiritum tuum dom9us 7or deus ,*ri/us1 or a holy m>tyr7 refrig]et3 see ,kraus1 ,real5cykl4 d4 *ri/l4 ,alt]?4 s4v4 refrig]ium4 ,?is is probably1 z has be5 frequ5tly sugge/$1 an imitation ( ! hea!n =mula1 l s _m features ( e>ly ,*ri/ian burial usage4 #aecae3 ,on s>cophagi 9 ,isauria ! lion is sometimes repres5t$ on ! lid ) ! inscr4 describ+ ! cont5ts3 ho deina zn kai phronn ane_/?k5 heauton le_/onta kai tn gunaika aut\ prote_/ran1 etc4 ,on ano!r s>cophagus3 ,l\_/kios ane_//se 7?ree names7 kai heauton aeton kai ,a_/mm\k9 ,babo_/ou ton pate_/ra aeton teims *a_/r91 ,am]ican ,s*ool at ,a!ns1 iii1 p4 #bf1 #ia-b4 ,^! expressions mu/ ref] to some?+ q diff]5t f ! o!rwise n uncommon practice ( repres5t+ lions or eagles on graves4 ,i c only expla9 !m on ! supposition t ! dead p]sons repres5t !mselves & ! relatives nam$ 9 ! =ms :i* _h belong$ to !m 9 ! my/]ies ( ,mi?ras1 9 :i* lions & lionesses =m$ ! f\r? grade1 & eagles1 aetoi_/ 7or hie_/rakes7 ! sev5? 7cf4 ,porph41 ,ab/4 iv1 #af72 ^! are else:]e call$ pate_/res4 #aedae3 ,! s\l ( a dead son 7:o z x appe>s f ll4 #a1 #b1 #f ff4 _h be5 kill$ by a fla% ( lightn+ & !re=e remov$ to a high] /ate ( be+ see ,app5d4 i7 appe>s by night to 8 "m & confirms h] own ass]tion1 ouk _/mn broto_/s1 ,ep4 #cbj4 ,! s\l ( _! daught] :o has di$ a_/ros & a?ala_/meutos appe>s to h] p>5ts on ! n9? day 7l4 #ce7 aft] dea?1 #cgb1 #ca ff4 7,! n9? day m>ks ! end ( ! fir/ (f]+s to ! dead3 see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #hd2 cf4 ,app>itions ( ! deceas$ occur mo/ frequ5tly on ! n9? day aft] dea?3 a ,g]man sup]/ition m5tion$ by ,grimm1 #ahab1 n4 #hef47 ,x is significant t ! daught] :o ?us appe>s 9 a vision has di$ unm>ri$4 ,! a_/gamoi1 l ! a_/roi1 d n f9d re/ aft] dea?3 see ,app5d4 vii & iii4 ,! #egg s\l ( ano!r unm>ri$ maid5 says di/9ctly t ^? l h]self are especially able to appe> 9 dreams3 !_/ois gar e_/dke !os meta moiran ole_/?ron hs z_/ousi lalein pas9 epi*?oni_/ois1 ,ep4 #cbe1 #g-h4--;,x becomes m g5]al1 h[ev]1 9 #ebb1 #ab-ac3 s_/mata gar kate_/luse ,di_/k1 psu* de propasa a?a_/natos di' ho_/l\ 7?us ! /one1 ,a?4 ,mitt4 xiv1 #aic7 ptme_/n pa_/nt' epak\_/ei 7cf4 ,eur41 ,ore/4 #ffg ff474 #aeeae3 psu* de--says 8 son & pupil to ! dead physician ,philadelphos--ek rhe!_/n ptame_/n meta dai_/monas a_/ll\s _/lu! s_/1 nai_/es d' en maka_/rn dape_/d1 hi_/la?i kai_/ moi o_/paze no_/sn a_/kos1 hs to pa_/roi!n1 nun gar !iote_/rn moiran e_/*eis bio_/t\1 ,ep4 #bdc1 #e ff4 7,inscr4 ,p]g4 ii1 #egf74 #aefae3 ,!re is a /rik+ conjunction ( ! mo/ exalt$ hope & ! mo/ utt] unbelief on a s+le /one3 ,ep4 #bfa4 #aegae3 ei_/ ge_/ ti e_//i 7e/e_/7 ka_/t1 ,,cig4 #fddb4--kata gs ei_/p] *r/ois ge_/ras e/i_/n1 ,ep4 #dh1 #f2 #fc1 #c4 ei_/ g' en ph?ime_/noisi_/ tis ai_//hsis1 te_/knon1 e/i_/n--,ep4 #gjj1 #d4 ei de_/ ti_/s e/i no_/os p>a ,t>ta_/r p>a ,l_/?1 #gbb1 #e4 ei ge_/nos eusebe_/n z_/ei meta te_/rma bi_/oio1 ,,ap4 vii1 #fgc4--;,cf4 above1 *ap4 xii1 n4 #ag4 #aehae3 ,call41 ,epigr4 #ae2 ,ep4 #fdf2 #fdf;a 7p4 xv72 #cgb1 #a ff4 #aeiae3 hmeis de pa_/ntes hoi ka_/t1 te?nko_/tes1 o/e_/a1 te_/phra gego_/nam51 a_/llo d' oude he_/n1 ,ep4 #fdf1 #e f42 cf4 #bih1 #c-d4 ek gai_/z bla/n gaia pa_/l9 ge_/gona1 #ge 7?ird c5tury ,b4,c472 cf4 #dch2 #caa1 #e3 t\?' ho_/ pot' _/n 7! ,i t 0 once liv+ has n[ become ^! ?+s1 viz471 /_/l1 tu_/mbos1 li_/?os1 eik_/n4 #eac1 #b1 keitai anai_//htos h_/sp] li_/?os 7cf4 ,?gn4 #efg f47 e si_/dros4 #eea1 #c1 keitai li_/?os h_/s1 h pa_/nsophos1 h p]i_/btos4 #afjae3 ,he_//k5 men ,he_/rs 7prob4 on ! monum5t7 heu_/dn hu_/pnon1 en ph?ime_/nois de ou po_/?os1 ou philo_/ts e_//i katoi*ome_/nois4 all' ho ?ann keitai p$i_/ li_/?os hoia pepg_/s1 ei*_/rn apaln sa_/rkas aposk$a_/sas--ex hu_/datos kai gs kai pneu_/matos 7"h evid5tly n 9 ! ,/oic s5se1 b simply a_/r7 a pa_/roi!n2 alla ?ann keimai pasi 7all ! elem5ts7 ta pa_/nt' apod\_/s4 pas9 t\to me_/nei2 ti_/ de to ple_/on8 hoppo_/!n l!n1 eis t\t' aut' elu_/? sma m>a9o_/m5on 7inscr4 9 ,bu*>e/2 ,gomp]z1 ,ar*4 epigr4 ,mitt4 a4 ,oe/4 vi1 #cj74 #afaae3 pneuma labn da_/nos ourano_/!n tele_/sas *ro_/non antape_/dka1 ,ep4 #fac1 #f4 7,?is is a commonplace ( popul> philosophy3 life is only l5t to man2 see ,wytt5ba* on ,plu41 ,cons4 ad ,apoll4 #ajf ,f2 ,upton on ,epict4 #a1 #a1 #cb ,s*w42 cf4 usura vitae ,an?4 ,lat4 ,ep4 ed4 ,b*el]1 i1 p4 #ij1 n4 #ahc47 #afbae3 ,epitaph f ,amorgos3 ,a?4 ,mitt4 #ahia1 p4 #agf1 :i* ends3 to te_/los ape_/dka4 #afcae3 dai_/mn ho pikros ktl41 ,ep4 #abg1 #c 7cf4 #ei74 a/o_/rg\ moira ki_/*5 ?ana_/t\1 #adf1 #f4 di_/ssa de te_/kna lip\san ha pantoba_/rs la_/be m' ,ha_/ids1 a_/kriton a_//orgon ?ros e_/*n kradi_/n 7,tyrrheion 9 ,ak>nania1 ,,b*4 #ahhf1 p4 #agh74 #afdae3 pau_/sa/hai de9\ pe_/n?\s de9\ te kudoim\2 ouden gar ple_/on 7,,pac9 ! /one z /at$7 e/i_/1 ?ano_/nta gar oude_/na 7read ouden7 egei_/rei ktl41 ins4 f ,l>isa1 ,a?4 ,mitt4 xi1 #dea4 ei d' n t\s aga?\s ana_/ge9 pa_/l91 ins4 f ,ph]ai1 ,,b*4 #ahhi1 p4 #djd4 #afeae3 ou kako_/s e/' ,ai_/ds--com=t be+ d]iv$ f ! fact t dea? is common4 ,ep4 #bef1 #i-aj2 #bhb2 #bib1 #f2 #bih4 #affae3 eupsu_/*ei1 te_/knon1 oudeis a?a_/natos1 ,,ig4 ,sic4 et ,x4 #aeca2 #aecf 7cf4 #agdc ad f9472 #aiig & frequ5t2 ,,cig4 #ddfc2 #ddfg 7,syria71 eupsu_/*ei ,atala_/nt1 ho_/sa g5natai teleuta1 ,,ig4 ,sic4 et ,x4 #ahcb4 kai ho ,hrakls ape_/?an51 #ahjf4--;,ev5 on ,*ri/ian graves ! =mula is frequ5t3 eupsu_/*ei 7h deina71 oudeis a?a_/natos 7see ,s*ultze1 ,die ,katakomb51 #bea74 #egh #afgae3 ouk _/mn1 g5o_/mn1 ouk e_/som' ou me_/kei moi2 ho bi_/os tauta4 ,,ig4 ,sic4 et ,x4 #baij 7! orig9al =m ( ! end+ is probably ouk e_/somai2 ti_/ ple_/on2 see ,gomp]z1 ,ar*4 ep4 ,mitt4 ,oe/]r4 vii1 #adi2 ,zts*r4 f4 /4 ,gymn4 #ahgi1 p4 #dcg72 cf4 ,ep4 #aaag1 ouk _/mn1 g5o_/mn1 _/mn1 ouk eimi_/2 tosauta2 7?is tosauta1 or m commonly tauta1 is frequ5t 9 epitaphs z a =mula ( resignation--a summ>y ( exi/5ce3 all life comes to no?+ b ?is4 ,see ,lo*1 ,zu d4 grie*4 ,grabs*r4 #bhi-ie7--;ei de_/ tis a_/llo "h_/ei1 pseu_/setai2 ouk e_/somai4 ,,cig4 #fbfe3 eupsu*1 ho_//is ouk _/mn kai eg5o_/mn1 ou_/k eimi kai ou lup\mai 7cf4 also ,ep4 #ejb1 #ae2 #fdf1 #ad2 ,,ap4 vii1 #cci1 #e-f2 x1 #aah1 #c-d74 ,frequ5t also 9 a ,lat9 =m3 ,non eris1 nec fui/i1 ,s541 ,epi/4 #gg1 #aa 7see above1 *ap4 xiv1 pt4 i1 n4 #fh74 ,ausonius1 p4 #beb1 ed4 ,s*5kl 7ex sepul*ro lat9ae viae73 nec sum nec fu]am2 g5itus tam5 e nihilo sum4 mitte nec explores s+ula1 talis eris 7probably ?is is h[ x %\ld be read72 cf4 ,,cil4 ii1 #adcd2 v1 #ahac1 #aici1 #bhic2 viii1 #bhhe1 etc42 ,b*el]1 ,c>m4 lat4 epigr4 i1 p4 #aaf4 #afhae3 gn\s hs ?natois ouden gluk]_/t]on augas z?i1 ,ep4 #efj1 #g4 ,co>s] admonitions to enjoy ! pass+ h\r1 ,,cig4 #chdf 7iii1 p4 #ajgj74 ,ep4 #cfb1 #e4 paison1 tru_/phson1 zson2 apo?anein se dei1 #dci1 #dhj;a1 #g4 ,an ins4 f ,saloniki1 second c5tury ,a4,d41 ,a?4 ,mitt4 #ahif1 p4 #ii1 concludes--ho bi_/os h\tos4 ti_/ /_/hkeis an?rpe8 tauta ble_/pn ,,upal\s\ 7apo_/lauson8 ,or apolau_/ou874 #afiae3 ei kai 4 4 4 phr\don sma 4 4 4 all' areta biotas aien zoisi me_/te/i1 psu*as manu_/ous' eukle_/a sphrosu_/nn1 ,ep4 #efj1 #aj ff4 sma men en?a_/d' e_/*ei s_/n1 ,di_/phile1 gaia ?ano_/ntos1 mnma de ss e_/lipes pasi dikaiosu_/ns 7& else:]e ) v>iations73 ,ep4 #ef-h4 ,or only3 4 4 te_/les5 de kai essome_/noisi nosai /_/ln1 ,a?4 ,mitt4 #ahia1 p4 #bfc1 #c 7,!ssaly74 ,hom]ic3 see above1 *ap4 i1 n4 #hh1 & cf4 sama toz' ,idam5eus poi_/sa hi_/na kle_/s ei_/ 4 4 4 anci5t inscr4 f ,rhodos3 ,a?4 ,mitt4 #ahia1 p4 #aab1 #bdc 7,,igm4 ,aeg4 i1 n4 #gcg74 #agjae3 ,f an e>li] p]iod 7ca4 ?ird c5tury ,b4,c471 ,ep4 #dd3 n ho su_/neunos e_//]x5 men zsan epe_/n?s5 de ?an\san4 phs d' e_/lip' eudai_/mn1 paidas pai_/dn epid\sa4 ,f9e also are #fg & #ha;b4 ,b some?+ l !m appe>s ev5 late3 #fdg1 #e-aj2 #eef3 a prie/ess ( ,zeus congratulates h]self eu_/teknon a/ona_/*ton e_/*ei ta_/phos2 ou gar amaurs dai_/mones hmete_/rn e_/blepon eusebi_/n4--,to recov] = a mom5t ! ta/e ( ! old robu/ _s we may rem9d ourselves ( ,h]odotos' /ory ( ,tellos ! ,a!nian1 ! happie/ ( mank9d4 ,he 0 born 9 a prosp]\s city1 _h f9e *ildr5 & saw ! *ildr5 ( all ^! *ildr51 none ( :om di$4 ,& 8 happy life 0 cr[n$ by a noble end4 ,9 a battle ( ! ,a!nians aga9/ _! neighb\rs he 0 successful 9 putt+ ! foe to r\t & !n he himself fell :ile fight+1 s t 8 c\ntry buri$ him 9 ! place :]e he fell & hon\r$ him greatly4 7,hdt4 i1 #cj4 ,h]odotos' ,solon does inde$ assign ! second prize ( happ9ess to ,kleobis & ,biton & _! =tunate end3 c4 #ca4 ,a *ang$ attitude to life makes itself felt 9 _! /ory47 #agaae3 ,mundus s5esc5s1 ,cyprian1 ad ,demetr4 #c ff4 ,! ,*ri/ians lay ! blame = ! impov]i%m5t & decay ( life on ! hea!n4 ,! latt] 9 turn blame ! rec5tly arriv$ & n[ dom9ant ,*ri/ianity = ! unhapp9ess ( ! "t3 ,t]tull41 ,apol4 #dj ff42 ,arnob4 #a2 ,aug41 ,,cd4 ,x 0 already a vulg>e prov]bium--,pluvia defit1 causa ,*ri/iani sunt1 ,,cd4 ii1 #c4 ,! ,emp4 ,julian f\nd tn oik\me_/nn h_/sp] lipopsu*\san & wi%$ tn ph?oran ts oik\me_/ns /sai1 ,liban41 ,or4 i1 p4 #fag1 #aj2 #ebi1 #d4--,! ,*ri/ians return$ ! complim5t3 ! reason :y ev]y?+ 9 nature & ! life #egi ( m5 0 go+ awry is simply paganorum exac]bata p]fidia 7,leg4 ,novell4 ,!odos4 ii1 i1 #c1 p4 #aj ,ritt474 #agbae3 ,we "k ( a c]ta9 ,nikagoras ,m9uc4 f4 7significantly en\gh an ard5t admir] ( ,plato7 temp4 ,con/4 dad\*os tn hagita_/tn ,eleusini mu/ri_/n1 ,,cig4 #dggj4 ,julian1 ev5 z a boy1 0 initiat$ at ,eleusis3 ,eunap41 ,v4 ,soph41 p4 #ec 7,boiss474 ,at t "t1 h[ev]1 9 mis]&am ru9am concid]at ,eleus9a1 ,mam]t41 ,act4 ,jul4 #i4 ,"h aga9 ,julian seems to h re/or$ ! cult4 ,val5t9ian ,i1 on ! po9t ( aboli%+ all nocturnal fe/ivals 7see ,cod4 ,!od4 iii1 #i1 #af1 #g71 all[$ !m to cont9ue :5 ,praetextatus ,procons4 ( ,a*aea repres5t$ to him t = ! ,greeks ho bi_/os w\ld be abi_/tos1 ei me_/lloi5 klu_/e/hai ta sune_/*onta to an?r_/peion ge_/nos hagi_/tata mu/_/ria kata !smon ektelein1 ,zosim4 iv1 #c4 7,praetext4 0 a fri5d ( ,symma*us &1 l him1 "o ( ! la/ pill>s ( ,roman or?odoxy3 pr9ceps religiosorum1 ,macr41 ,s4 i1 #aa1 #a4 ,he 0 himself sacratus ,eleus9iis1 & hi]ophanta !re3 ,,cil4 vi1 #aggi2 probably ! ,praite_/xtatos ho hi]opha_/nts ( ,lyd41 ,m5s4 #d1 #b1 p4 #adh ,r4 p4 #fe ,w41 is ! same p]son47 ,9 #cge ,a4,d4 we he> ( a ,ne/orius 7probably ! fa!r ( ! ,neoplatonic ,plut>*7 z hi]ophantein tetagme_/nos at ! "t 7,zos4 iv1 #ah74 ,9 #cif dur+ ! hi]ophantia ( a patr ts ,mi?riaks telets 7^: oa? %\ld h exclud$ him f t (fice7 ! temple ( ,eleusis 0 de/roy$ by ,al>ic1 incit$ !reto by ! monks :o accompani$ him 7,eunap41 ,,vs41 p4 #eb-c74 ,! regul> hold+ ( ! fe/ival mu/ !n h come to an end4--,evid5ce ( lat] celebration ( ! ,eleus9ia is n =?com+4 ,! expressions ( ,proclus1 :i* ,maass reg>ds z c]ta9ly prov+ t ! fe/ival 0 /ill be+ held 9 ! fif? c5tury 7,orpheus1 #ae71 are q insuffici5t to ! purpose4 ,proclus speaks ( v>i\s sacr$ c]emonies ( initiation f :i* we mema?_/kam5 some?+3 ( a ph_/m1 i4e4 writt5 tradition1 ( c]ta9 unspecifi$ ,eleus9ian !olo_/goi2 ( :at ! ,eleus4 my/]ies hupis*n\ntai to ! my/ai 7j z we might speak 9 ! pres5t t5se ( ! p]man5t cont5t ( ,greek religion74 ,^! passages prove no?+3 :]eas ! imp]fects :i* he uses else:]e cle>ly %[ t nei!r temple nor fe/ival exi/$ any long] 9 8 "t4 7,he speaks1 9 ,alc41 p4 #e ,crz41 ( :at us$ to be 9 ! temple ( ,eleusis & /ill m ( :at =m]ly occurr$ en tois ,eleus9i_/ois hi]ois--ebo_/n ktl41 9 ,ti4 #bic ,c47 ,! fe/ival moreov] _c h gone on )\t ! temple & its app>atus4 #agcae3 ,! ,orphic hymns 9 ! =m 9 :i* we h !m all belong z x seems to "o p]iod1 & t c h>dly h be5 e>li] ?an ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d4 ,!y are all compos$ = practical use 9 ! cult1 & t presupposes ! exi/5ce ( ,orphic communities 7see ,s*ll1 ,commun4 et coll4 quib4 ,graec4 ,sat4 ,saupp41 p4 #ad ff42 ,diet]i*1 de ,h4 ,orph474--,x mu/ be admitt$ t !y 7 n purely & exclusively ,orphic communities = :i* ! poems 7 writt54 ,^! hymns1 call$ ,orphic a potiori1 make use 9 p>ts ( old] ,orphic poetry 7cf4 ,h4 #fb1 #b f41 ) ,dem4 #be1 #aa74 #agdae3 ,probably all ^! cults promis$ immortality to _! my/ai4 ,?is is c]ta9 9 ! wor%ip ( ,isis 7cf4 ,burckh>dt1 ,zeit ,con/ant9s d4 ,g4#b1 p4 #aie ff474 ,apul41 ,m4 xi1 #ba-c1 alludes to symbolic dea? & reawak5+ to ev]la/+ life z ! subject ( ! dr_/m5a 9 ! ,isis my/]ies4 ,! initiat$ is ?us r5atus 7#ba74 ,9 ! same way ! my/ai ( ,mi?ras are said to be 9 aet]num r5ati3 ,,cil4 vi1 #eaj2 #gcf4 ,immortality mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 promis$4 ,acc4 to ,t]t41 ,pr4 ,ha]4 #dj1 ! my/]ies ( ,mi?ras #ehj includ$ an imago resurrectionis4 ,by ?is ! ,*ri/ian au?or c only und]/& a real ana_//asis ts s>ko_/s4 ,did ^! my/]ies promise to _! ho_/sioi a resurrection ( ! body & ev]la/+ life8 ,?is belief 9 ! ana_//asis nekrn 7always a difficulty = ! ,greeks3 ,act ,ap4 xvii1 #ah2 #cb2 ,plot94 #c1 #f1 #f f947 is 9 fact anci5t ,p]sian 7,!opomp4 fr4 #ga-b2 ,hbs*mann1 ,jb4 ,prot4 ,!ol4 v1 p4 #bbb ff471 & probably came to ! ,jews f ,p]sia4 ,x is possible !n t x may h be5 ! ess5tial idea ( ! ,mi?ras my/]ies4--,hopes ( immortality z !y appe>$ to ! my/ai ( ,sabazios are illu/rat$ by ! sculptures ( ! monum5t ( ,vibia 79 ! ,catac4 ( ,praetextatus71 & ( ,v9c5tius3 num9is anti/es ,sabazis ,v9c5tius hic e/4 ,qui sacra sancta deum m5te pia coluit 7,g>rucci1 ,tre ,sepolcri1 etc41 tab4 i-iii1 ,nap4 #aheb74--;,x is difficult to see :y ,*ri/ian ar*eologi/s %\ld reg>d ?is ,v9c5tius z a ,*ri/ian4 ,he calls himself a wor%ipp] ( ! gods & an anti/es ,sabazii 7!re _c be ! slighte/ objection to giv+ ?is mean+ to num9is anti/es ,sabazis4 ,! difficulties rais$ by ,s*ultze1 ,katakomb51 #dd1 are gr\ndless3 ,sabazis ,sabazii is no m objectionable or d\btful ?an ! 9999g5itives ,clodis1 ,helis3 see ,rits*l1 ,opusc4 iv1 #ded-f4 ,! arrangem5t ( words1 n4 a4 ,sab41 is due to ! exig5cies ( metre4 #ageae3 h o_/rexis t\ aga?\ eis hen o_/nts a_/gei kai epi t\to speu_/dei pasa phu_/sis1 ,plot4 #f1 #e1 #a4 pa_/nta ore_/getai ekei_/n\ kai ephi_/etai aut\ phu_/ses ana_/gk 4 4 4 hs a_/neu aut\ ou du_/natai einai1 #e1 #e1 #ab2 #a1 #h1 #b4 po!i de pan to g5nsan 7! n\s desires ! prton1 ! psu*_/ ! n\s73 #e1 #a1 #f4 #agfae3 hai e_/x t\ ai/ht\ g5o_/m5ai 7psu*ai_/71 ,plot4 #c1 #d1 #f4 ,9 dea? ana_/ge9 to en hmin !ion pros to en t pa_/nti !ion1 ,porph41 ,v4 ,plot4 #b4 ,return eis patri_/da1 ,plot41 #e1 #i1 #a4 #aggae3 #b1 #i1 esp4 #af ff4 #aghae3 to men gar ais*ron enanti_/on kai t phu_/sei kai t !1 #c1 #e1 #a4 #agiae3 ,flight f ! en s_/mati ka_/llos to ! ts psu*s ka_/ll1 etc41 #e1 #i1 #b4 ,& aga9 9 ! f9e treatise1 p4 t\ kal\1 #a1 #f1 #h4 ,?\gh ev5 "h x is 9 a diff]5t s5se f t 9 :i* ,plato speaks 9 ! ,symp4 ( ! asc5t f kala s_/mata to kala epitdeu_/mata1 etc4 ,plot9os prote/s en]getically aga9/ ! idea t 8 own s5se ( beauty makes him any ! less pheu_/ge9 to sma ?an ! hatr$ ( beauty cultivat$ by ! ,gno/ics3 #b1 #i1 #ah4 ,he too waits "h bel[1 only a little less impati5tly1 = ! "t :5 he w be able to say f>ewell to e e>?ly habitation3 ib4 #ahjae3 4 4 4 kai h\_/t !n kai an?r_/pn !i_/n kai eudaimo_/nn bi_/os apallag tn tde1 bi_/os an_/donos tn tde1 phug mo_/n\ pros mo_/non1 #f1 #i1 #aa f94 #eha ,,app5dix ,i ,9 _m leg5ds dea? by lightn+ makes ! victim holy & raises him to godlike 7ev]la/+7 life4 ,we ne$ only rememb] ! /ory ( ,semele :o n[ z_/ei en ,olumpi_/ois apo?anoisa bro_/m k]aun\ 7,pi41 ,o4 ii1 #bg71 or t ( ,h]akles & 8 vani%+ f ! pyre ( wood light$ by ,zeus' fla% ( lightn+ 7see p>tic4 ,d4,s4 #d1 #ch1 #d-e71 or ! p>allel acc\nts ( ! translation or dea? by lightn+ ( ,ere*!us 7above1 *ap4 iii1 n4 #ci74 ,! primitive1 popul> belief f9ds unusually cle> expression 9 ! words ( ,*>ax ap4 ,anon4 de ,incr$4 xvi1 p4 #cbe1 #e ff4 ,we/41 :o says ( ,semele1 k]aun\ katask_/psantos phani_//h2 ekei_/nn men oun1 hopoia epi tois diobl_/tois le_/getai1 !i_/z moi_/ras la*ein _/?san4 7,9 ?is acc\nt ,semele is imm$iately rais$ to heav5 by ! fla% ( lightn+--a v]sion ( ! /ory frequ5tly giv5 by lat] au?ors3 ,zeus tn ,seme_/ln ek ts gs eis ton ,o_/lumpon komi_/zei dia puro_/s1 ,ari/id4 #a1 p4 #dg ,d9d4 ,o4 #da1 #c ,k44 ,cf4 ,philo/r41 ,imag4 i1 #ad2 ,nonnus1 ,d4 viii1 #dji ff4 ,! passage ( ,p9d> quot$ above w\ld also admit ( a simil> int]pretation47 ,g5]ally speak+1 ho k]aun!is hs !os timatai 7,artem4 #b1 #i1 p4 #id1 #bf7 z "o hupo ,dios tetimme_/nos 7ib4 #ic1 #bd74 ,! belief 9 su* elevation ( a mortal ?r\gh ! disruption & purification ( 8 body by ! sacr$ fire ( lightn+ 7a pur ka?a_/rsion ( ! highe/ k9d--see *ap4 i1 n4 #da7 ne$ n be ( late orig9 simply because x s happ5s t only late au?orities speak ( x 9 unmi/akable t]ms 7z ,wilam[itz ?9ks1 ,ind4 ,s*ol4 ,gtt+4 hib4 #ahie1 pp4 #ab-ac74 ,su* l(ty conceptions 7 by ?is "t no long] ! product ( popul> imag9ation4 ,besides1 x is q cle>ly ref]r$ to 9 ! above-m5tion$ /ory ( ,semele 7see esp4 ,d4,s4 #e1 #eb1 #b7 & 9 ^? ( ,h]akles1 ,ere*!us1 ,asklepios4 ,9 ! same way lightn+ /ruck ! tomb ( ,lyk\rgos 7z aft]w>ds t ( ,euripides7 z !ophile_//atos kai hosi_/tatos 7,plu41 ,lyc4 #ca74 ,:5 ! /atues ( ! ,olympic victor ,eu?ymos at ,locri & ,olympia are /ruck by lightn+ x %[s t he has become a ,h]o3 ,pl9y1 ,,nh4 vii1 #aeb4 ,! body ( ! p]son /ruck by lightn+ rema9s uncorruptible3 dogs & birds ( prey d>e n t\* x3 ,plu41 ,smp4 #d1 #b1 #c1 p4 #ffe ,b2 x mu/ be buri$ 9 ! place :]e ! lightn+ /ruck x 7,artem41 p4 #ie1 #f2 cf4 ,fe/41 p4 #agh;b1 #ba ff42 ,pl941 ,,nh4 ii1 #ade74 ,e detail %[s pla9ly t ! dio_/bltos 0 reg>d$ z holy4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n prev5t dea? by lightn+ f be+ reg>d$ on o!r occasions z ! puni%m5t ( crime--z 9 ! cases ( ,salmoneus1 ,kapaneus1 etc42 ?\gh 9 "s ev5 ( ^! cases ! idea is occasionally pres5t t ! lightn+'s victim is rais$ to a high] exi/5ce4 ,?is is di/9ctly s :5 ,euripides 9 ,suppl4 makes a "* call ,kapaneus1 :o has be5 kill$ by lightn+1 a hi]os nekro_/s 7#ice7 & 8 tu_/mbos 7rogus7 hi]o_/s too 7#iha74 hi]o_/s nev] means #ehb accurs$ l ! ,lat4 sac]3 x is inv>iably a title ( hon\r4 ,kapaneus is "h call$ holy j z ,a/akides1 on 8 translation to ev]la/+ life1 is hi]o_/s 9 ,kallima*os2 & z ,hesiod speaks ( ! hi]on ge_/nos a?ana_/tn 7) tu_/mbos hi]o_/s cf4 ,s41 ,,oc4 #aede1 #agfc74 ,we mu/ n fail to obs]ve t 9 ?is passage1 :]e a fri5d ( ,kap4 is suppos$ to be speak+1 ! latt] is c]ta9ly n reg>d$ by ,eurip4 z an impi\s p]son 7z he is g5]ally 9 ,trag$y1 & by ,eurip4 himself 9 ,pho541 & ev5 9 ,suppl4 ! enemy s reg>ds him 7#dif ff471 ?\gh acc4 to ?is speak] ,amphi>aos too is snat*$ away 9 atonem5t = 8 crime74 ,euripides 9 fact makes him highly prais$ by ,adra/os 7#hfa ff47 z ! v opposite ( a hubri/_/s2 & x is obvi\s t ,euadne's sacrifice ( h] life :i* imm$iately foll[s is n int5d$ to be (f]$ = ! b5efit ( a crim9al & enemy ( ! gods4 ,= ^! reasons ,euripides ennobles ! "* ( ,kapaneus &1 consequ5tly1 ! dea? ( ! ,h]o by lightn+ c no long] /& = 8 puni%m5t1 b is on ! contr>y a di/9ction4 ,he becomes a hi]os nekro_/s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 c\ld n h be5 done by ,eurip4 unless ! view t su* a dea? might 9 c]ta9 circum/ances br+ hon\r on ! victim & elevate him to a high] plane ( be+1 _h be5 at t "t widespread & g5]ally recogniz$4 ,eurip4 !re=e provides ! mo/ di/9ct evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( su* a belief 9 8 "t4 7,z "o ( ! exalt$ dead ,kapaneus is to be sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! dead & burnt p>' oi_/k\s t\_/sde3 #ice1 #icf1 #ajji--;i4e4 be=e ! ana_/ktoron ( ! ,goddesses at ,eleusis3 #hh1 #bij47--;,f9ally ,asklepios1 9 all ! /ories t are told ( 8 dea? by lightn+ 7& already 9 ,hes4 fr4 #aji ,rz471 is nev] reg>d$ z entirely remov$ f ?is life3 he lives on z ,h]o or god = all "t1 disp5s+ bless+s4 ,zeus all[s him to live on = ev] immortal 7,luc41 ,,dd4 #ac71 & acc4 to lat] v]sions ( ! /ory1 9 ! con/ellation ,ophiu*us 7,erato/h4 kata/4 #f2 ,hyg941 ,a/ron1 ii1 #ad72 ! real & primitive conception evid5tly be+ t he 0 transport$ to ev]la/+ life by ,zeus' lightn+-fla%4 ,s ,m94 ,fel4 #bb1 #g1 says q rightly3 ,aesculapius1 ut 9 deum surgat1 fulm9atur4 ,,app5dix ,,ii mas*alismo_/s emas*ali_//h is ! ^w us$ by ,aes*41 ,*o4 #dci1 ( ! murd]$ ,agamemnon4 ,soph41 ,el4 #dde1 says huph' hs 7,klutaimn_//ras7 ?ann a_/timos h_//e dusm5s emas*ali_//h--also ( ,agamemnon4 ,:at p>ticul> abom9ation 0 meant by ?is brief /atem5t mu/ h be5 imm$iately und]/ood by ! ,a!nian public ( ! day4 ,a m detail$ acc\nt is giv5 by ,phot4 & ,suid4 mas*ali_/smata 7cf4 ,hesy*4 s4v42 ,apo/ol41 ,pr4 xi1 #d71 & !y give ,ari/ophanes ( ,byzantium z _! au?ority4 7,n f ,ari/ophanes--= !y diff] 9 _m p>ticul>s--b f a closely relat$ s\rce come ! two v]sions #ehc ( ! ,s*olion to ,soph41 ,el4 #ddf & ,,em4 #aah1 #bb f47 ,accord+ to _! au?ority mas*alismo_/s is some?+ done by ! murd]] 7hoi phoneu_/santes ex epib\ls--,ari/oph47 to ! corpse ( ! murd]$ man4 ,he cuts (f ! extremities ( 8 victim1 /r+s ! sev]$ p>ts on a *a9 & puts !m on4--,on :om8 on himself8 or ! murd]$ man8 ,ari/ophanes' words are undecisive3 ! ,s*ol4 ,soph41 ,el4 #dde1 speaks 9 ! fir/ v]sion ( himself 7heautois1 p4 #abc1 #ag ,papag47 & 9 ! second ( him1 i4e4 ! murd]$ man3 p]i tn mas*a_/ln aut\ ekre_/mazon auta_/ ta a_/kra1 p4 #abc1 #bc2 cf4 #abd1 #e4 ,?is too is probably ! mean+ ( ,s*ol4 ,ap4 ,rh4 iv1 #dgg2 ,,em4 #aah1 #bh-i1 speaks di/9ctly ( hang+ ! *a9 r\nd ! neck ( ! dead man4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 ! mo/ probable v]sion4 ,! murd]] hung ! limbs1 /rung toge!r on a rope1 r\nd ! neck ( 8 victim & !n drew ! rope "u ! armpits 7mas*a_/lai73 a proce$+ :i* is f> f be+ impossible 7z has be5 said71 z anyone may discov] by try+ x = himself4 ,! murd]] !n cross$ ! ends ( ! rope ov] ! brea/ ( 8 victim & aft] draw+ !m "u ! armpits fa/5$ !m beh9d 8 back4 ,f ?is process ( draw+ "u ! armpits ! :ole proc$ure is call$ mas*alismo_/s1 & ! mo_/ria ( ! dead man ?us fa/5$ to 8 body are 8 mas*ali_/smata 7,ari/oph474 ,anyone :o wi%es to reject ?is description ( mas*alismo_/s 7z "s h done rec5tly7 mu/ fir/ ( all %[ f :at s\rce ,ari/ophanes ( ,byzantium--:om no "o :o kn[s him w\ld accuse ( improviz+ su* details or ( conceal+ 8 ignorance by inv5tion--c h got 8 in=mation if n f actual report & hi/orical tradition4 ,! possibility t he arriv$ at x by /ra9+ ! mean+ & giv+ a private int]pretation ( 8 own to ! words mas*ali_/ze9 & mas*alismo_/s is exclud$ by ! nature ( ^! words4 ,!y (f] no h9t :atev] 9 ! direction ( ! special mean+ sugge/$ by 8 acc\nt4 ,we _c inde$ say 7z ,wilam[itz does on ,a41 ,*o4 #dci7 t gramm> =bids u to accept ! explanation ( :at happ5$ 9 mas*ali_/ze9 giv5 by ,ari/oph4 ,to say3 emas*ali_//h1 he _h to suff] mas*ali_/ze91 mas*alismo_/s1 is equally correct :atev] s5se we give to ! process ( mas*alismo_/s4 ,b ! ^w itself does n te/ify1 by its m]e =m1 to ! absolute or exclusive correctness ( ,ari/ophanes' int]pretation3 x d5otes )\t di/9ction absolutely any proce$+ 9 :i* ! mas*a_/lai figure at all4 ,v]bs 9 -ize91 d]iv$ f ! names ( p>ts ( ! body1 c d5ote accord+ to ! circum/ances ! utmo/ v>iety ( actions done to or ) ! "p ( ! body conc]n$3 cf4 kephali_/ze91 au*5i_/ze91 tra*li_/ze91 laimi_/ze91 mi_/ze91 rha*i_/ze91 *eiri_/ze91 daktuli_/ze91 ga/ri_/ze91 skeli_/ze9 7& ev5 pugi_/ze974 ,:at p>ticul> sort ( activity appli$ to ! mas*a_/lai is indicat$ by ! v]b mas*ali_/ze9 _c be decid$ f ! m]e =m ( ! v]b4 ,?is only makes x ! m necess>y to adh]e to ,ari/ophanes' int]pretation1 :i* mu/ h be5 d]iv$ f "s o!r s\rce1 i4e4 f actual k4 ,x may be true t mas*ali_/ze91 consid]$ simply f #ehd ! po9t ( view ( its =m1 might conceivably mean to te> ! arm f ! %\ld] at ! armpits 7z ,b5ndorf sugge/s1 ,monum5t von ,adamklissi1 p4 #acb ,a7--?\gh su* an ekmo*leu_/e9 ton bra*i_/ona ek ts mas*a_/ls %\ld r be apomas*ali_/ze9 or ekmas*ali_/ze94 ,b t out ( its _m possible mean+s ! v]b %\ld h j ?is p>ticul> "o is n sugge/$ by any?+3 lea/ ( all by ! sculptur$ relief on :i* ! gods appe> to be te>+ out ! "r arms ( _! defeat$ enemies4 ,su* sc5es accord+ to ,b5ndorf repres5t mas*alismo_/s4 ,b c ! ,greeks really h attribut$ to ! gods ?is mu* execrat$ practice ( c[>dly murd]]s8 ,we are n told by anyone t ?is sc5e repres5ts mas*alismo_/s--t is only a conclusion drawn f an app>5t agreem5t betwe5 ! repres5tation & ! view 7itself z yet unprov$7 ( :at happ5$ 9 mas*ali_/ze94 ,is ! correctness ( ! mean+ assign$ to ! ^w to be prov$ 9 its turn f its agreem5t ) ! repres5tation8 ,a mo/ palpable argum5t 9 a circle6 ,!re is no valid reason = reject+ ! /atem5t ( ,ari/ophanes2 & !re mu/ be v good reason inde$ = s do+ be=e we may discr$it su* an au?ority4 ,he gives 8 in=mation ) no unc]ta9 voice & no sugge/ion ( hesitation1 & x mu/ be reg>d$ z ! simple acc\nt ( well-e/abli%$ facts4 ,x w\ld receive additional confirmation--if x ne$$ any--f ! v mean+ & conception ( ! ^w mas*a_/lisma4 mas*ali_/smata mu/ be ! product ( mas*alismo_/s2 !y are1 9 fact1 ! sev]$ mo_/ria ( ! murd]$ man1 ) :i* too ,ari/ophanes id5tifies !m4 ,sophokls en 9999,tr_/l pl_/r mas*alisma_/tn ei_/rke ton mas*alismo_/n 7probably a m]e ov]sight = ton tra_/*lon73 ,suid4 s4v4 emas*ali_//h 7,soph4 fr4 #eff #fbc ,p474 ,if mas*ali_/ze9 _h consi/$ 9 ! dislocation ( ! arm f its socket1 x w\ld be impossible to say :at su* mas*ali_/smata might be4 ,!y are )\t d\bt id5tical ) :at are o!rwise call$1 9 descriptions ( mutilations ( ! corpse ( a murd]$ man1 apa_/rgmata 7,jason aft] ! murd] ( ,apsyrtos apa_/rgmata ta_/mne ?ano_/ntos1 ,a4,r4 iv1 #dgg2 cf4 ,s*ol4 & ,,em4 #aah1 #bb ff471 akrtria_/smata1 to_/mia 7ta apotm_/mata kai akrtria_/smata t\ nekr\1 ,hesy*474 ,^! expressions all[ u to conclude t ! :ole proc$ure is int5d$ to (f] ! murd]$ man z a sacrifice to "s sort ( apotro_/paioi4 ,! mas*ali_/smata are ! ap>*ai_/ ( ?is sacrificial victim4 ,inde$1 ,ari/oph4 ( ,byzantium1 ap4 ,phot4 ,suid4 mas*ali_/smata1 def9itely /ates t mas*ali_/smata 0 ! "n giv5 to ta tois mrois epiti!_/m5a apo tn mn 7n _/mn z ! edd4 give2 z also ,nauck1 ,ari/4 ,byz41 p4 #bba7 kre_/a en tais tn !n ?usi_/ais4 ,?is ref]s--?\gh x does n seem to h be5 rem>k$ by ^? :o h hi!rto dealt ) ! passage--to ! p>ts ( ! body :i* 7 cut (f f ! raw fle% ( ! hi]eion be=e ! sacrifice1 laid on ! sev]$ mroi_/ ( ! victim1 & burnt up completely ) ^!3 ! mo!tein 9 fact s (t5 m5tion$ 9 ,hom] 7,a #dfj i42 ,b #dbc f42 g #def ff42 m #cfj f42 x #dbg f474 ,if ^! mo!t\_/m5a c\ld also be call$ 79 #ehe a comp>ison7 mas*ali_/smata1 t aga9 %[s t at ! mas*alismo_/s !re 0 no te>+ out ( an arm f its socket1 b t 9 reality ! extremities ( ! murd]$ man 7--akrtria_/santes mo_/ria t\_/t\7 7 hewn (f & a piece cut (f ek pantos me_/r\s t\ s_/matos z ! gramm>ians foll[+ ,ari/ophanes say4 ,only 9 ?is case is ! proce$+ l t :i* took place at ! mo!tein :5 ! sacrific]s e_/kopsan mikron apo pantos 9999me_/l\s 7,ari/onic4 9 ,s*ol4 ,a #dfa2 ,apollon41 ,lex4 ,hom4 #aga1 #h2 lex4 ,rhet4 ap4 ,eu/4 ,a #dfa1 p4 #acd1 #cf3 mo!_/tsan2 to aph' heka_//\ me_/l\s t\ hi]ei_/ou apete_/monto kai ap_/rxanto ap' m\ s ! la/ ^w %\ld be writt5 "h too1 ?\gh ,eu/a?4 f\nd--& 0 surpris$--_/m\ kai ene_/balon eis ta mri_/a kata tn ?usia_/n74 ,s too x is said ( ,eumaios3 ho d' mo!teito sub_/ts1 pa_/ntn arxa_/m5os mele_/n1 x #dbg f4 7?is is ! passage 9 :i* hrm_/neuse ho poit_/s1 ti_/ e/i to mo!tein3 ,s*ol41 ,b4,l4 ,a #dfa2 x is ?is passage1 & n ,a #dfa1 :i* is meant by ,hesy*4 too s4v4 mo!tein1 :5 he says exgeitai d' autos ,ho_/mros2 cf4 also ,dion4 ,hal4 #g1 #gb1 #ae74 mas*alismo_/s 0 !n ess5tially an (f]+ int5d$ to av]t evil or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 a ka?>tic (f]+ 7i4e4 a symbol indicat+ su* an (f]+74 ,x 0 consummat$ by murd]]s epi tais ka?a_/rses9 7,s*4 ,s41 ,el4 #dde72 huper t\ tn mn9 ekkli_/ne9 z ,ari/oph4 ,byz4 says 7p4 #bba ,n472 to e_/rgon aphosi\_/m5oi z we are told by ,apo/olius1 ,prov4 xi1 #d4 ,all ^! mean ! same ?+4 ,b besides ^! !re may /ill h be5 ano!r int5tion pres5t 9 ! m9ds ( ! sup]/iti\s4 ,! mutilation ( ! murd]$ man took place accord+ to ,s*4 ,s41 ,el4 #dde 79 ! second v]sion2 !re is some?+ simil> ev5 9 ! fir/1 p4 #abc1 #ah f47 hi_/na1 phasi_/n1 a/h5s ge_/noito pros to antiti_/sa/hai ton phone_/a4 ,! mutilation ( ! corpse 0 transf]r$ to ! psu*_/ t 0 leav+ ! body--su* is ! anci5t conception to :i* ,hom] too is n a /rang] 7cf4 e4g4 l #dj ff474 ,if ! dead man is mutilat$ he w n1 = example1 be able to hold or ?r[ ! spe> :i* 9 ,a!ns 0 borne be=e ! murd]$ man at 8 fun]al 7if he left no k9sman z av5g] beh9d him7 & 0 !n set up beside 8 grave 7,d4 #dg1 #fi3 ,eur41 ,tro4 #aadg f43 ,poll4 viii1 #fe2 ,i/] ap41 ,,em4 #ced1 #cc ff42 ,,ab4 #bcg1 #cj f47--c]ta9ly = no o!r purpose ?an t ( supply+ ! dead man himself ) a weapon ) :i* to take v5geance on 8 own acc\nt s9ce no "o else w\ld bo!i him4 7,?us among ! ,tasmanians a spe> 0 plant$ on ! grave ( ! dead t he might h a weapon ready = fight+3 ,quatrefages1 ,hommes fossiles et hommes sauvages1 p4 #cdf47 ,probably ! ,greek murd]] :5 he emas*a_/liz51 calculat$ 9 exactly ! same fa%ion z ! ,au/ralian negro :o cuts (f ! ?umb f ! "r h& ( 8 fall5 foe 9 ord] t 8 s\l may no long] be able to hold a spe> 7,sp5c]1 ,pr9c4 ( ,sociol4 i1 p4 #bab74 ,9 ,soph41 ,el4 #ddf1 ! murd]] aft] ! mas*alismo_/s also wipes ! bloody in/rum5t ( dea? on ! head ( ! murd]$ man4 ,murd]]s did ?is h_/sp] apotropiazo_/m5oi to mu_/sos to en t pho_/n #ehf 7,s*ol474 ,!re are passages 9 ! ,odyssey :i* allude to ! cu/om 7me_/ga e_/rgon1 ho s kephal anama_/xeis1 t #ib7 z well z 9 ,h]odotos & ,demo/h5es 7see ,s*neidew9 on ,electra74 ,_! mean+ is q correctly giv5 9 ,eu/4 on ,od4 t #ib3 hs eis kephaln d!n ekei_/nois 7tois pephoneume_/nois7 trepome_/n\ t\ kak\4 ,evid5tly a mimic v]sion ( eis kephaln soi_/4 ,some?+ simil> is int5d$ :5 ! murd]] sucks ! blood ( ! murd]$ man ?ree times & spits x out aga9 ?ree times4 ,ap4 ,rh4 describes su* a sc5e 7iv1 #dgg f472 & some?+ simil> occurr$ 9 ,aes*4 7fr4 #ced2 ,,em4 ref]s to ?is 9 imm$iate connexion ) mas*alismo_/s74 ,"h too ! object is ! ka_/?>sis ( ! murd]]1 ! expiation ( ! impi\s de$4 7h !_/mis au!_/ntsi doloktasi_/z hile_/a/hai1 ,a4,r42 apoptu_/sai dei kai ka?_/ra/hai /o_/ma1 ,a47 ,spitt+ ?ree times is a regul> feature 9 magic *>ms & c\nt]-*>ms3 9 ?is case ! blood ( ! murd]$ man & ) x ! p[] ( v5geance t rises up out ( ! blood1 is av]t$1 7despuimus comitiales morbos1 hoc e/1 contagia reg]imus1 ,pl941 ,,nh4 #bh1 #ce47--,:at savage tribe ev] _h m primitive ideas or a m reali/ic symbolism ?an ! ,greek populace--& p]haps n populace only--( classical times 9 ! s9i/] backwat]s ( _! life into :i* we h "h = a mom5t desc5d$8 ,,app5dix ,,iii amu_/toi1 a_/gamoi ,,& ,,dana,,des ,,9 ,,! ,,und]world ,9 ,polygnotos' picture ( ! und]world 7 to be se5 ! figures tn ou memume_/n1 tn ta dr_/m5a ,eleusini en oud5os !me_/nn lo_/g--an old man1 a pais1 a "y & an old woman1 :o be> wat] to a pi_/?os 9 brok5 pit*]s3 ,paus4 #aj1 #ca1 #i-aa4 ,! my? is evid5tly f\nd$ ^u an etymological play on words--^? :o h neglect$ ! completion ( ! holy te_/l & are ateleis hi]n 7h4 ,c]4 #dhb7 mu/ p]=m ! va9 lab\r 9 ! realm ( ,p]sephone ( c>ry+ wat] 9 brok5 vessels3 ! ,dana_/dn hudrei_/z ateleis 7,axio*4 #cga ,e74 ,x c only h be5 an ov]sight t made ,pausanias =get to say t ! pi_/?os is tetrme_/nos1 = ?is is ess5tial to ! /ory 7see ,pl41 ,gor4 #dic ,,bc2 ,philetair4 ap4 ,a?4 #fcc ,f1 #ah #b1 p4 #bce ,k42 ,z5ob41 ,prov4 ii1 #f1 etc471 & c]ta9ly _c1 z ,diet]i*1 ,nekyia1 #gj1 imag9$1 be replac$ by ! kateago_/ta o_//raka4 ,t ! ou memume_/noi1 ! amu_/toi1 z ! inscription on ! picture call$ !m 7,paus4 #i71 7 9 fact ^? :o _h neglect$ ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies is only a conclusion ( ,pausanias' 7or ( 8 au?ority71 z we see f ! way he speaks 9 #aa2 b x is probably ! "r conclusion4 ,! ,orphics took ov] ! ,eleus9ian fable1 b exagg]at$ x to ! po9t ( absurdity3 !y t\s anosi_/ous kai adi_/k\s koski_/n hu_/dr anagka_/z\si phe_/re9 9 ,hades 7,pl41 ,rp4 #cfc ,d2 ,gor4 #dic ,,bc74 ,9 ?is !y foll[$ a h9t giv5 by a popul> prov]b--repres5t+ "o ( ! adu_/nata--koski_/n hu_/dr phe_/re9 7:i* is also ,roman3 cf4 ,plaut41 #ehg ,pseud4 #ajb2 z an ordeal3 ,pl941 ,,nh4 #bh1 #ab74 ,x is n until lat] 7nor 9 surviv+ lit]ature be=e ! ,axio*us1 #cga ,e3 ?\gh p]haps a little e>li] on vase pa9t+s f ,s\? ,italy7 t ! /ory occurs 9 :i* x is ! daught]s ( ,danaos :o are puni%$ 9 ,hades by hav+ to fill ! leak+ vessel4 ,! reason giv5 = ?is puni%m5t is _! murd] ( ! sons ( ,aigyptos 9 ! m>riage b$3 b :y did ! puni%m5t take ?is p>ticul> =m8 ,cle>ly 9 ! case ( ! ,danaides _! non-fulfilm5t ( an important te_/los is requit$ 9 ! ev] ateleis hudreiai4 ,_! m>riage union 0 uncomplet$ ?r\gh _! own *oice 7?us m>riage itself 0 (t5 call$ a te_/los & ! w$d+ 0 prec$$ by prote_/leia & comp>$ ) ! te_/l ( ! my/]ies74 ,9 ?is x is c]ta9ly impli$ t _! de$ _h n be5 expiat$1 & !y !mselves _h n f\nd o!r husb&s1 b _h z x 7 imm$iately aft] _! impi\s de$ be5 s5t d[n to ,hades 7cf4 ,s*4 ,eur41 ,hec4 #hhf1 p4 #dcf1 #ad ,d9d474 ,! daught]s ( ,danaos came to ! und]world z a_/gamoi4 ,to die be=e m>riage 0 reg>d$ z ! height ( ill-luck by ! common p 7cf4 ,welck]1 ,syll4 ep41 p4 #di73 ! ess5tial reason be+ t ^? :o die ?us leave beh9d !m nobody :o is call$ ^u to keep up ! cult ( _! s\ls 7,e4 ,tro4 #chj74 ,o!r ideas may h be5 vaguely comb9$ ) ?is4 ,?us1 on ! graves ( a_/gamoi a l\tropho_/ros 0 set up--a figure ( a pais or a ko_/r l\tropho_/ros1 or a vessel call$ ! l\tropho_/ros :i* has be5 id5tifi$ ) c]ta9 bottomless vases 7see ,furtwngl]1 ,samml4 ,sab\r(f1 on ,pl4 lviii-lix2 cf4 ,wolt]s1 ,a?4 ,mit?4 xvi1 #cgh ff474 ,c ?is h ref]r$ to a simil> fate await+ ! a_/gamoi aft] _! dea?1 a fate su* z 0 imput$ to ! ,danaides 9 p>ticul> z my?ical types ( ^? :o are a_/gamoi by _! own fault8--an ev] unsuccessful c>ry+ ( wat] = ! l\tro_/n ( ! bridal ba?4 7,diet]i*1 ,nekyia1 #gf1 ) "s probability takes ?is z ! reason = ! wat]-c>ry+47 ,( ^! two my?s1 0 ! "o :i* appe>s lat] 9 ord] ( "t--! /ory ( ! ,danaids--m]ely a subsequ5t developm5t out ( ! e>li] "o 7ev5 said to occur on a black-figur$ vase71 :i* told ( ! va9 wat]-c>ry+ ( ! amu_/toi8 ,i _c be s sure ( ?is z ,i once 04 ,i _c inde$ admit 7) ,dmml]1 ,delphica1 #ah ff41 :o1 h[ev]1 fails to prove an e>li] date = ! /ory ( ! ,danaids' j>7 t x w\ld be difficult to imag9e h[ a special class ( human be+s came to be replac$ lat] on by c]ta9 my?ical repres5tatives su* z ! ,danaids 74 ,b x is a v suspici\s fact t ! ,danaids d n z a matt] ( fact repres5t ! p>ticul> class ( mank9d--! amu_/toi--^: place !y are suppos$ to h tak5 z _! my?ological repres5tatives4 ,!y are n amu_/toi at all1 b a_/gamoi4 ,! a_/gamoi & _! ateleis hudreiai 9 ,hades mu/ h be5 famili> 9 popul> belief3 9 addition to ?is ! my/ical fable ( ! simil> behavi\r ( ^? :o _h neglect$ ! te_/los ( initiation may h sprung up1 b c]ta9ly n z ! model ( ! a_/gamoi /ory1 m probably z a subsequ5t #ehh reh&l+ ( x = ! purposes ( my/ical edification4 7,! /ory ( ! a_/gamoi has a mu* m primitive & popul> flav\r2 & x alone gives a def9ite relation betwe5 ! special lab\r ( wat]-c>ry+ 9 ,hades & ! nature ( _! default on e>?47 ,! my?ical fate ( ! a_/gamoi 0 !n =gott5 ow+ to ! compet+ int]e/ ( ! /ory ( ! 9999amu_/toi1 :i*1 9 fact1 absorb$ x1 :5 a poet--= a poet x mu/ h be5--took up :at /ill-surviv+ cu/om & its accompany+ leg5d appli$ to ! a_/g4 9 g5]al & transf]r$ x to ! ,danaides4 ,?is v]sion ( ! my? 0 !n victori\s 9 ! g5]al consci\sness bo? ov] ! popul> tradition ab\t ! a_/gamoi & ! my/]y-fable ( ! 9999amu_/toi4--,x rema9s to be said t ! ,danaids 7& ! 9999amu_/toi too 9 a less] degree7 7 suppos$ to be puni%$ by _! ateleis hudreiai1 ,?is1 s long z x 0 a matt] ( ! a_/gamoi simply1 _c h be5 ! mean+ ( t fate ( purposeless toil 9 _! case any m ?an x 0 9 ! case ( ,oknos4 ,ev5 ,x5ophon1 ,oec4 vii1 #dj1 lets u see t ! va9 toil]s are n z a matt] ( fact int5d$ to inspire horror1 z s9n]s1 b r pity4 ,8 words are3 ou* horas1 hoi eis ton tetrme_/non pi_/?on antlein lego_/m5oi hs oikti_/rontai1 ho_/ti ma_/tn ponein dok\si8 n ,di_/'1 e_/ph h gun_/1 kai gar tl_/mone_/s eis91 ei t\to_/ ge poi\s94 ,?is gives u ! attitude ( m9d f :i* ! :ole /ory orig9ally grew up4 ,,app5dix ,,iv ,,! ,,tetralogies ,,( ,,antiphon ,i ought n to h admitt$ ! d\bt sugge/$ 9 *ap4 v1 n4 #agf1 z to ! g5u95ess ( ! ,tetralogies traditionally ascrib$ to ,antiphon4 ,i h exam9$ m c>efully ! well-kn[n l+ui/ic v>iations betwe5 ! ,tetralogies & spee*es i1 v1 & vi ( ,antiphon1 & also ! rec5tly notic$ div]g5ces 7see ,ditt5b]g]1 ,h]mes1 #ca2 #cb7 ( ! ,tetralogies f ,a!nian law 7= :i* ! au?or1 l ! declamation-writ]s ( lat] times1 sub/itutes occasionally a ius s*ola/icum--a purely fanciful creation b "o m suit$ to plead+ 9 utramque p>tem74 ,all ^! objections seem to me1 on matur] consid]ation1 insuffici5t to make u reject ! id5tity--o!rwise s well e/abli%$--( ! au?or ( ! ,tetralogies ) ! au?or ( ! ,spee*es4 ,,app5dix ,v ,,ritual ,,purification ,,effect$ ,,by ,,runn+ ,,wat]1 ,,rubb+ ,,) ,,animal ,,or ,,vegetable ,,sub/ances 7ski_/lla1 ,,figs71 ,,absorption ,,( ,,! mat]ia peccans ,,into ,,eggs4 ,= ! purpose ( ritual purification x is necess>y to h wat] drawn f runn+ spr+s or /reams1 or f ! sea3 ?a_/lassa klu_/xei pa_/nta tan?r_/pn kaka_/1 ,eur41 ,,x4 #aaic4 7,h5ce 9 ! exalt$ #ehi semi-oracul> language ( b>dic poetry h ami_/antos ?a_/lassa1 ,aes*41 ,p4 #egh4 ,at a sacrifice ho hi>eus aporrai_/netai ?ala_/ssa1 sacrificial cal5d> f ,kos3 ,inscr4 ,cos1 #ch1 #bc47 ,v>i\s details on ?is po9t 9 ,lomei]1 ,de lu/rat4 c4 #ag4 ,9 ! wat] ?us drawn f runn+ s\rces ! p[] ( wa%+ (f & c>ry+ away ! evil /ill seem$ to be inh]5t4 ,:5 ! pollution is unusually sev]e x has to be purg$ by ! wat] f sev]al runn+ spr+s3 krna_/n apo pe_/nte1 ,emp$4 #deb ,m4 #adc ,d42 apo krnn trin1 ,m5&41 ,deis4 #ecj1 #bb ,k42 ,ore/es se apud tria flum9a circum ,hebrum ex response purificavit 7f ! /a9 ( matricide71 ,lamprid41 ,heliog4 vii1 #g--or else at ,rhegion 9 ! sev5 /reams :i* comb9e to =m "o riv]3 ,v>ro ap4 ,prob41 ad ,v]g41 p4 #c1 #d ,keil2 ,s*4 ,!oc41 prol41 p4 #a1 #c ff4 ,db4 7& cf4 ,h]mann1 ,opusc4 ii1 #ga ff474 ,ev5 wat] f f\rte5 diff]5t spr+s might be us$ at a purification ( murd]3 ,suid4 #dgf ,,bc ,gaisf4 7apo dis hepta kuma_/tn1 conclusion ( an iambic or tro*aic l9e74 ,9 all ?is ! rem>kable p]si/5ce ( ,greek ritual p]=mances is %[n once m4 ,ev5 9 a late p]iod ! same ka?>tic rules prevail4 ,an ord] ( ! ,kl>ian oracle ( ab\t ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d4 7ap4 ,bures*1 ,kl>os1 p4 #i7 comm&s ^? :o seek its aid apo ,naa_/dn hepta mateu_/e9 ka?>on po_/ton entu_/ne/hai1 ho_/n !isai pro_/so!n 7tak5 f ,il4 ,ps #ecc1 b und]/ood 9 a temporal s5se7 e*rn kai epessume_/ns aphu_/sa/hai rhnai_/ te d_/m\s ktl4 ,& 9 a magical papyrus 7ab\t f\r? c5tury71 ap4 ,p>!y1 ,abh4 ,b]l4 ,ak4 #ahfe1 p4 #abf1 l4 #bcd-e1 in/ructions are giv5 to collect hu_/dr pgaion apo z' pgn = magic purposes4 7,!n aga9 9 m$ival sup]/ition3 = ! purposes ( hydromantia wat] mu/ be tak5 f ?ree runn+ /reams1 a little f ea*1 etc4--,h>tlieb ap4 ,grimm1 p4 #aggj--probably a survival f classical antiquity3 cf4 ,pl941 ,,nh4 #bh1 #df1 e tribus puteis1 etc47 ,cf4 also & 9 g5]al ! completely analog\s use ( wat] 9 old ,indian c]emonies ( purification3 ,old5b]g1 ,rel4 ,v$a1 #dbc ff42 #dhi4--p]ima_/tte91 apoma_/tte93 wip+-(f ( ! uncleanness3 see ,wytt5b4 ad ,plu41 ,mor4 vi1 pp4 #ajjf-g4 ,9 ?is use p]ipsn also occurs3 9 a transf]r$ s5se a ph>mako_/s is call$ a p]i_/psma p]ika_/?>ma1 ,ep4 ad ,cor4 #a1 #d1 #ac4 ,wa%+-(f ) bran1 e>?1 etc41 is (t5 m5tion$4 ,o!rwise ! ski_/lla is us$ or ! bodies ( sacrific$ dogs3 eka_/?re_/ te_/ me kai ape_/maxe kai p]i_/gnise dadi_/ois 7) p]i_/gn47 kai ski_/ll1 ,luc41 ,necyom4 #g4 ,! ,sup]/iti\s ,man is accu/om$ hi]ei_/z kale_/sas ski_/ll sku_/laki keleusai hauton p]ika?arai1 ,?phr41 ,*4 #bh 7#af7 f94 ,all sorts ( m$ic9al prop]ties 7 attribut$ to ! ski_/lla4 7,! idea is elaborat$ f>cically 9 ! pamphlet ( ,py?agoras p]i ski_/lls ,d4,l4 viii1 #dg8 k_/ls ,cobet1 an extract ( :i* is giv5 by ,gal5 p4 eupori_//4 #c1 vol4 xiv1 9999#egf-i ,k47 ,b above all x is reg>d$ z ka?a_/rsios3 ,artem4 iii1 #ej2 ka?>tik pa_/ss kaki_/z1 ,s*4 ,!oc4 v1 #aba1 & cf4 ,crat941 ,*ei_/r4 #bcb ,k4 ,h5ce x is also alexipha_/rmakon1 ho_/l pro tn ?urn kremame_/n1 ,diosc4 ii1 #bjb f94 7see ,h]mes1 #ea1 #fbh72 su* also 0 ! tea*+ ( ,py?agoras3 ,pl941 ,,nh4 #bj1 #aja2 9999or x may be buri$ at ! ?re%old3 ,ar4 ,dana_/d4 fr4 #h #bee ,h4-,g44 #eij ,x is also lu_/kn ph?>tik_/3 ,artem4 iii1 #ej 7cf4 ,gp4 #ae1 #a1 #f1 ) notes ( ,niclas74 ,z be+ able to keep (f daimones 79 wolf-=m7 x 0 !n us$ 9 religi\s purification4--,figs are also us$ = ! purpose ( religi\s cleans+ & sc\r+ 7black figs p>ticul>ly inf]um deorum et av]t5tium 9 tutela sunt1 ,macr4 #c1 #bj1 #b-c74 ,figs us$ en ka?>mois3 ,eu/a?41 ,od41 p4 #aegb1 #eg 78 is ?is ! mean+ ( ! p]ima_/tte9 ( ! eyes ) figs 9 ,ph]ecr4 ap4 ,a?4 #c1 #gh ,d #acb ,k474 ,h5ce ,zeus suka_/sios ka?a_/rsios 7,eu/a?474 ,figs ! be/ alexipha_/rmakon3 ,ari/4 ap4 ,jul41 ,ep4 #bd1 p4 #eje1 #g ff4 ,f ! specially magic prop]ties ( ! fig comes ! idea t fig-trees are nev] /ruck by lightn+3 ,plu41 ,smp4 #e1 #i1 p4 #fhd ,c2 ,gp4 #aa1 #b1 #g2 ,!oph4 ,nonn4 #bfj1 #bhh 7& cf4 ,rh4 ,mus4 #ej1 #ehd72 ,lyd41 ,m5s4 fr4 fals4 #a1 p4 #aha ,w42 #d1 #d1 p4 #fi ,w4 ,! ph>makoi_/ at ! ,?>gelia 7above1 *ap4 ix1 n4 #bf7 we> /r+s ( figs r\nd _! necks 7,hellad4 ap4 ,phot41 ,bibl41 p4 #ecd;a1 #e ff471 & are beat5 ) bran*es ( ! fig-tree 7kra_/dai7 & ) ski_/llai 7,hippon4 frr4 #d1 #e1 #h2 ,hs*4 kradi_/s no_/mos73 "h aga9 ! figs h a ka?>tic purpose 7,mll] mi/akes ?is1 ,dorians1 i1 #cdf71 z is %[n also by ! pres5ce ( ski_/llai z well 7cf4 9 g5]al ,!oc4 vii1 #ajg2 v1 #aba74 ,be=e ! ph>makoi_/ 7 driv5 out ( ! city z scapegoats !y 7 ?us purifi$ ) ! above-m5tion$ kra_/dai & ski_/llai4 ,! same ?+ is said 9 ! /ory ( ! rav5s :i* p>odies ?is expiatory rite4 ,! rav5s are (f]$ up to ,loimo_/s z a sort ( ph>makoi_/--p]ika?ai_/rontas epdais aphie_/nai zntas1 kai epile_/ge9 t ,loim2 pheug' es ko_/rakas 7,ari/4 fr4 #ded #dif ,tbn42 = a simil> apotropiasmo_/s 7eis aigas agri_/z7 see ! comm5tators on ,mac>4 iii1 #ei1 ,diog54 v1 #di2 cf4 tn no_/son 7reg>d$ z a daimon71 phasi_/n1 es aigas tre_/psai1 ,philo/r41 ,h]4 #agi1 #h ,kays474--,rubb+-(f ( ! impurity 0 effect$ also ) ! dead bodies ( puppies 7ski_/ll sku_/laki1 ,?phr41 ,*4 #bh #af74 ,^? hagnism\ deo_/m5oi 7 rubb$ d[n ) ! bodies ( puppies 7:i* _h be5 sacrific$ to ,hekate73 p]ima_/ttontai1 & ?is is p]iskulakismo_/s1 ,plu41 ,q4 ,rom4 #fh1 p4 #bhj ,c4 ,x 0 believ$ t ^! mat]ials 7wool & ! sk9s ( animals 7 also employ$7 receiv$ into !mselves ! h>mful & pollut+ sub/ance4 ,?is is :y eggs are also us$ z ka?a_/rsia3 e4g4 9 ,p4 ,mag4 ,lond41 n4 #aba1 l4 #ebb ap4 ,k5yon1 ,greek papyri 9 ,,bm4 i1 p4 #aja 7#ahic73 gra_/phe to o_/noma eis a du_/o arr5ika kai t h5i p]ika?ai_/reis 7sic7 seauton ktl4 ,m 9 ,lomei]1 ,lu/r4 7ed4 #b ,zutph4 #agjj71 p4 #beh f4 ,!y 7 meant to absorb ! impurity4 anela_/mbanon ta t\ p]ika?>!_/ntos kaka_/1 ,auct4 p4 deisid4 ap4 ,clem41 ,/r4 vii1 p4 #hdd ,p4 ,,app5dix ,,vi ,,hekate ,,& ,,! ,hekatika pha_/smata1 ,,gorgyra1 ,,gorgo1 ,,mormolyke1 ,,mormo1 ,,baubo1 ,,gello1 ,,emp\sa1 ,,etc4 ,hekate h]self is address$ z ,gorg kai ,morm kai ,m_/n kai polu_/morphe3 ,hymn4 ap4 ,hipp41 ,,rh4 iv1 #ce1 p4 #ajb1 #fg ,d4-,s4 ,s*4 ,a4,r4 #eia iii1 #hfa1 says ( ,hek4 le_/getai kai pha_/smata epipe_/mpe9 7cf4 ,eur41 ,hel4 #efi2 ,d4 ,*r4 iv1 p4 #gc ,m4 i1 p4 #gj ,arn42 ,hs*4 antai_/a71 ta kal\_/m5a ,heka_/taia 7pha_/smata ,hekatika_/1 ,m>941 ,v4 ,procl4 #bh7 kai polla_/kis aut metaba_/lle9 to eidos dio kai ,e_/mp\san kalei/hai4 ,hekate-,emp\sa also 9 ,ar4 ,tag54 fr4 #ejj-a3 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,ran1 #bic2 ,hesy*4 ,e_/mp\sa4 ,?us ,hekate is ! same z ,gorgo1 ,mormo1 & ,emp\sa4 ,baubo also is "o ( h] names3 ,h4 ,mag41 p4 #bhi ,abel4 7,baubo probably id5tical ) ! ,bab_/ m5tion$ among o!r *?o_/nioi 9 an inscr4 f ,p>os3 ,a?_/naion1 v1 #ae2 cf4 ! male p]sonal names ,bab_/1 ,babei_/s4 ,baub_/ c h>dly be etymologically connect$ ) baub_/n unpleasantly famili> 9 ,h]ond4 7?\gh ! mi/ake has be5 repeat$ 9 ,ros*]1 ,my?4 ,lex4 ii1 #cjbe72 "o does n see h[ a female daimon c\ld be nam$ aft] a male o_/lisbos4 ,! nature ( ,hekate makes its m probable t %e got h] "n f bau_/ ! noise ( ! bay+ h\nd3 cf4 bauku_/n1 ,p4 ,mag4 ,p>4 #aiaa47 ,baubo1 too1 is else:]e ! "n ( a gigantic nocturnal spectre3 ,orph4 fr4 #baf ,ab42 ,lob41 ,agl4 #hbc4--;,else:]e ^! epikl_/seis1 or =ms 9 :i* ,hekate1 ,gorgo1 ,mormo1 etc41 appe>1 are f\nd z ! names ( sep>ate inf]nal spirits4 ,gorgu_/ra2 ,a*e_/rontos gun_/ ,apollod4 p4 !n ap4 ,/ob41 ,ecl4 i1 #di1 p4 #dai1 #ae ,w42 cf4 ,apollod4 #a1 #e1 #c4 ,gorg_/ is probably only ! %ort5$ =m ( ?is daimon 7%e is allud$ to z an inhabitant ( ,hades z e>ly z ,od4 l #fcd2 9 ! kata_/basis ( ,h]akles ,apollod4 #b1 #e1 #ab2 *?oni_/a ,gorg_/1 ,eur41 ,ion1 #ajec74 ,a*]on1 ^: consort %e is1 mu/ h be5 reg>d$ z ! "l ( ! und]world4 ,we also he> ( a "m ( ! und]world god3 9 ,aes*41 ,ag4 #abce1 ,kass&ra calls ,klytaimne/ra ?u_/ousan ,ha_/id\ mte_/ra4 ,9 ?is v /rik+ phrase x is impossible to take ha_/d\ 9 its g5]aliz$ s5se 7z ,lob4 does3 ,aj4#c1 p4 #bib71 & ! :ole phrase z m]ely metaphorical a9om_/tora4 ,:y mte_/ra 9 p>ticul>8 ,&1 above all1 :at w\ld be ! po9t ( ?u_/ousan8 ,klytaimne/ra1 ( c\rse1 x goes )\t say+1 is only metaphorically call$ ! rag+ "m ( ,hades1 i4e4 a true %e-devil2 b ! ?+ ) :i* %e is comp>$1 f :i* ! metaphor is tak51 mu/ h be5 a real figure ( leg5d4 ,9 exactly ! same way1 9 ,byz4 ,greek1 tn daimo_/nn m_/tr is a figurative expression = a wick$ woman3 see ,kalli_/m4 kai ,*rusorro_/ #begi ed4 ,lambros2 cf4 ib41 #acjf1 tn ,nri_/dn ma_/mm4 ,9 ,g]man too ! 9999devil's "m1 or gr&mo!r1 or ! devil's wife or bride1 are ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 a metaphorical s5se3 ,grimm1 p4 #ajjg2 #afjg4 ,b 9 all ^! cases ! comp>ison inv>iably implies ! exi/5ce ( real leg5d>y figures to :i* ! comp>ison ref]s3 & (t5 en\gh 9 m$ival & mod]n ,greek folk-lore ^! creatures actually occur4 ,we may !re=e conclude t ! ?u_/ousa ,ha_/id\ m_/tr 0 a real figure ( ,greek leg5d4 ,hades 9 ?is connexion _c be ! god ( ! und]world1 common 9 ,hom] & a regul> poetic "* else:]e1 ! bro!r ( ,zeus & ,poseidon4 ,9 t case 8 "m w\ld be ,rhea :o c]ta9ly _c be id5tifi$ ) ! ?u_/ousa ,ha_/id\ m_/tr4 ,9 local my?ology !re 7 num]\s o!r und]world #eib gods any ( :om might be loosely call$ ,ha_/ids1 ! ^w be+ us$ z a g5]al "n = su* deities4 ,b ! rag+ "m ( ! und]world god has ! mo/ unmi/akable resemblance to ,hekate :o flies ab\t by night on ! w9d 7see above1 *ap4 ix1 p4 #big f42 bel[1 ,app4 vii7 psu*ais neku_/n me_/ta bak*eu_/ousa 7,reiss1 ,rh4 ,mus4 #di1 #aha n41 comp>es h] less well ) ! huntsman ( ,hades74 ,x seems almo/ z if ! two 7 id5tical3 local leg5d c\ld q well h made ,hekate ! "m ( ! und]world god 7j z %e 0 ! daught] ( ,admetos1 or ( ,eub\leus1 i4e4 ( ,hades74 ,if %e is ! same z ,morm_/ 7cf4 ! ,hymn4 ap4 ,hipp41 ,,rh4 iv1 #ce7 !n %e 0 also kn[n to folk-lore z ! fo/]-"m ( ,a*]on4 ,?is title is appli$ to ,mormolu_/ka2 ti?_/n ( ,a*]on 9 ,sophron fr4 #i ,kaibel4 ,b ,morm_/ is simply ! abbreviat$ =m ( ,mormolu_/k z ,gorg_/ is ( ,gorgu_/ra1 & cf4 also ,momm_/ ,hs*41 & ) meta!sis ( r1 ,mombr_/ id4 7,mormol4 is m5tion$ toge!r ) ,lamia_/1 ,gorg_/1 ,ephia_/lts z a leg5d>y creature 9 ,/r41 p4 #ai1 & see ,ruhnk51 ,tim4 ,lex41 p4 #agi ff41 ,mormolu_/keion47 ,morm_/ also 9 plural3 h_/sp] mormo_/nas paida_/ria 7phob\ntai71 ,x541 ,,hg4 #d1 #d1 #ag2 ,hs*4 mormo_/nas2 pla_/ntas dai_/monas 7i4e4 w&]+1 z 9 ,hesiod1 & l ! ,er9yes 9 ! ,py?agorean su_/mbolon1 & ! ala_//r1 ! unquiet & w&]+ s\l ^: "n is d]iv$ f ala/hai--s ,lob41 ,p>alip4 #dej74 ,besides ?is we h ,heka_/tas too 9 ! plural3 ,luc41 ,philops4 #ci f94 7p]haps only g5]aliz+72 trissn ,hekatn1 ,p4 ,mag4 ,p>4 #bhbe f42 ,e_/mp\sai 7) a_/lla ei_/dla71 ,d4,p4 #gbe1 etc41 to say no?+ ( ,gorgo_/nes4 ,morm_/ z a bogey to fright5 *ildr53 ,morm da_/knei1 ,!oc4 xv1 #dj 7cf4 ana_/klsis ,mormous1 a !atrical piece1 probably a f>ce3 ,,igm4 ,aeg4 i1 #abe;g74 ,s too is ! mon/] ,la_/mia t kidnaps *ildr53 ,duris1 fr4 #ce 7#b ,,fhg72 ,d4,s4 #bj1 #da2 ,h]aclit41 ,incr$4 #cd1 etc4 ,"s details 9 ,fri$lnd]1 ,d>/ell4 a4 d4 ,sitt5g4#d1 i1 #eaa f4 7z a nickname ,lam_/3 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,eq4 #fb74 ,mormo h]self is call$ ,lamia1 ,morm\s ts kai ,lami_/z1 ,s*4 ,greg4 ,nz4 ap4 ,ruhnk51 ,tim4 ,lex41 p4 #ahb;a4 ,) ,mormo & ,lamia ,gell_/ is also id5tifi$ 7,s*4 ,!oc4 xv1 #dj71 a gho/ t kidnaps *ildr5 m5tion$ already by ,sappho1 fr4 #dd2 ,z5ob4 iii1 #c1 etc4 ,k>k_/1 too1 is ! same z ,la_/mia 7,hesy*474 ,lamia is evid5tly ! g5]al "n 7see above1 *ap4 iv1 n4 #aae71 :ile ,mormo1 ,gello1 ,k>ko1 & ev5 ,emp\sa1 are p>ticul> ,lamiai1 :o also m]ge into "o ano!r4 ,j z ,mormo & ,gello co9cide1 s also d ,gello & ,emp\sa3 ,gell ei_/dlon ,emp\_/ss1 ,hs*4 7,emp\sai1 ,lamiai1 & ,mormolykai ! same3 ,philo/r41 ,v4 ,ap4 #d1 #be1 p4 #ade1 #af ,k474 ,emp\sa1 :o appe>s 9 cont9ually *ang+ %apes 7,ar41 ,ran4 #bhi ff471 is se5 by human be+s at night 7nukt]9on pha_/sma h ,e_/mp\sa1 ,v4 ,aes*94 init42 ,philo/r4 ,v4 ,ap4 #b1 #d71 b ev5 m commonly at midday 7l ! ,hekate ( ,lucian73 mesmbri_/z ho_/tan tois katoi*ome_/nois enagi_/zs91 ,s*4 ,ar41 ,ran4 #bic4 ,%e is1 9 fact1 ! daemonium m]idianum kn[n to ,*ri/ian writ]s z ,diana 7,lob41 ,agl4 #ajib2 ,grimm1 #aafb74 ,= devils appe>+ at midday see ,ro*holz1 ,glaube u4 ,br41 i1 #fg ff42 ,mannh>dt1 ,ant4 #eic ,wald u4 ,feldc4 ii1 #ace f42 ,hab]l&1 ,zts*r4 ,vlk]psy*4 xiii1 #caj ff42 ,drexl] 9 ,my?4 ,lex4 ii1 #bhcb ff2 ,grimm1 #affa4 ,hekate1 9 s f> z %e appe>s z an ei_/dlon 9 ! upp] _w is id5tical ) ,emp4 & ) ,borbo1 ,gorgo1 ,mormo1 z well z ,gello1 ,k>ko1 ,lamia4 7,acc4 to ,s*4 ,a4,r4 iv1 #hbh ,/esi*oros1 en t ,sku_/ll ei_/d\s ,eid\s ,b]gk on ,/es4 fr4 #ac q unconv9c+ly t9os ,lami_/z tn ,sku_/llan phsi ?ugate_/ra einai4 ,"h ,hek4 h]self seems to be describ$ z a k9d ( ,lamia1 = %e 0 g5]ally reg>d$ z ! "m ( ,skylla1 e4g4 by ,ak\silaos #gc ,b1 #bg ,vors41 9 ! ,hesiodic ,eoiai1 #agb ,rz4 ,s*4 ,a4,r41 & ev5 9 ,a4,r4 himself :o 9 iv1 #hbi1 expla9s ! ,hom]ic ,krataiis m #abd z m]ely a "n ( ,hekate47--,! vagu5ess ( feature & confusion ( p]sonality is *>act]i/ic ( ^! gho/ly & delusive app>itions4 ,9 reality ! individual names 79 "s cases onomatopoeic =mations to sugge/ t]ror7 7 orig9ally ! titles ( local gho/s4 ,9 ! long run !y all come to sugge/ ! same g5]al idea & are !re=e confus$ ) ea* o!r & are id5tifi$ ) ! be/ kn[n ( !m1 ,hekate4 ,! und]world & ! realm ( gho/s is ! prop] home ( ^! fem99e daimones z a :ole & ( ,hekate too2 mo/ ( !m1 ) ! possible exception ( ,emp\sa1 give way entirely to ,hekate 9 importance & are relegat$ to *ildr5's fairy-tales4 ,9 ! case ( ,gorgyra 7,gorgo7 & ,mormolyke 7,mormo7 ?is fact is cle>ly atte/$4 ,lamia & ,gello c>ry (f *ildr5 & also a_/r\s f ?is life1 l o!r daimones ( ! und]world1 ,k]es1 ,h>pies1 ,er9yes1 & ,?anatos himself4 ,! ,lamiai rise to ! light f _! und]gr\nd lairs--lami_/z t9as hi/or\ntes 7! olde/ writ]s ( hi/ories7 en hu_/lais kai na_/pais ek gs anieme_/nas1 ,d4,h41 ,?uc4 #f4 ,emp\sa appe>s on e>? at midday because t 0 ! "t :5 sacrifice 0 (f]$ to ! dead 7,s*4 ,ar41 ,ran4 #bic2 sacrifice to ,h]oes at midday3 above1 *ap4 iv1 n4 #i74 ,%e approa*es ! (f]+s to ! creatures ( ! l[] _w because %e h]self is "o ( _! numb]4 7,9 ! same way ! *?onic "* ( ! ,seir5es--!y are closely relat$ to ! ,h>pies--is %[n by ! fact t !y too appe> l ,emp\sa at midday & oppress sleep]s1 etc41 accord+ to ! popul> demonology4 ,see ,crusius1 ,philol4 #ej1 #ig ff47 ,,app5dix ,,vii ,! ,ho/s ( ,hekate cause fe> & sickness at night3 ei_/t' e_/nupnon pha_/ntasma phob *?oni_/z ?' ,heka_/ts kmon ede_/x1 ,trag4 ,inc]t4 fr4 #cge 7,porson sugge/$ ,aes*474 ,!y =m ! nukti_/phantoi pro_/poloi ,enodi_/z1 ,eur41 ,hel4 #egj4 7,^! pro_/poloi tas !\ are probably also ref]r$ to 9 ! defixio ,,cig4 #eggc2 ,wns*1 ,tab4 ,defix41 p4 ixb47 ,!y are no?+ else ?an ! re/less s\ls ( ! dead w&]+ 9 ! tra9 ( ,hekate4 ,nocturnal t]rors are produc$ by ,heka_/ts epibolai kai hr_/n e_/phodoi1 ,hp41 ,morb4 ,sacr4 7vi1 #cfb ,l474 ,h5ce ,orph41 ,h4 i1 #a1 calls ,hekate psu*ais neku_/n me_/ta bak*eu_/ousan4 ,! s\ls :i* ?us w&] ab\t ) ,hekate are #eid 9 "p ^? ( ! a_/roi1 i4e4 ( ^? :o h di$ be=e ! completion ( _! de/9$ p]iod ( life1 prin moiran ex_/ke9 bi_/ou1 ,soph41 ,ant4 #hif2 cf4 ,phryni*4 9 ,,ab4 #bd1 #bb1 & pro_/moiros h>pag_/1 ,inscr4 ,cos1 #cbb4 ,?anatos has act$ unju/ly t[>ds !m en ta*utti bi_/ou pau_/n neo_/likas akma_/s1 ,orph41 ,h4 #hg1 #e-f4 ,! p]iod ( consci\s exi/5ce on e>? :i* !y _h left incomplete !y mu/ n[ fulfil z disembodi$ s\ls3 aiunt immatura morte praev5tas 7animas7 eo usque vag>i i/ic1 donec reliquatio compleatur aetatum quas tum p]vixiss5t si non intempe/ive obiiss5t1 ,t]t41 ,an4 #ef4 7,!y haunt ! place ( _! burial3 h_/res atu*eis1 hoi en t deini to_/p sune_/*e/he1 ,p4 ,mag4 ,p>4 #adjh2 cf4 ,,cig4 #eheh;b47 ,= ?is reason x is (t5 m5tion$ on grave/ones 7& else:]e3 ,eur41 ,alc4 #afh f47 z some?+ specially to be lam5t$ t ! p]son !re buri$ _h di$ a_/ros--see ,epigr4 ,gr4 #ab2 #af2 #aic2 #bbj1 #a2 #bba1 #b2 #cac1 #b-c3 a_/teknos a_/ros1 9999#bcf1 #b2 & cf4 #cgb1 #cb2 #ahd1 #c2 ,,cig4 #eegd 7see also ,app4 iii & *ap4 xiv1 pt4 ii1 n4 #aee1 a_/gamoi74 ,gello :o h]self p>!_/nos a_/rs eteleu_/tse !n becomes a pha_/ntasma1 slays *ildr5 & causes t\s tn a_/rn ?ana_/t\s1 ,z5ob4 iii1 #c2 ,hs*4 ,gell_/4 ,! s\ls ( ! a_/roi _c re/ b mu/ cont9ually w&]3 see ,plaut41 ,mo/4 #dii4 ,!y 7ane_/mn ei_/dlon e_/*ontes1 ,h4 ,hec41 l4 #ae3 ,orph41 p4 #bij ,ab47 are ! creatures :i* accompany ,hekate 9 h] nocturnal w&]+s4 ,! ,hymn4 to ,hekate1 p4 #bhi ,ab4 7cf4 ,p4 ,mag4 ,p>4 #bgbg ff47 addresses ,hek4 ?us 7#aj ff473 deur' ,heka_/t trioditi1 puri_/pnoe1 pha_/smat' e_/*\sa 7a_/g\sa ,me9471 h_/ t' e_/la*es de9as men hod\s 7de9a_/s t' epho_/d\s87 *alepa_/s t' epipompa_/s1 tn ,heka_/tn se kal sun apoph?ime_/nois9 a_/rois kei_/ t9es hr_/n ?a_/non agnaioi_/ te 7kai ,me941 b ?is position ( te_/ is a regul> ,hell5i/ic usage2 occurs frequ5tly 9 ,orac4 ,sibyll47 a_/paides ktl4 ,?us ! a_/roi became ! typical haunt+ spirits kat' exo*_/n4 ,j z 9 ?is ,hymn4 !y are summon$ 7) ,hek47 = unholy purposes ( magic1 s an a_/ros is sometimes expressly invok$ 9 ! defixiones :i* 7 plac$ 9 graves 7esp4 9 ^? ( a_/roi3 see ! in/ructions giv5 9 ,p4 ,mag4 ,p>4 #ccb ff41 #bbae1 #bbbj f42 ,p4 ,ana/asy1 l4 #ccf ff42 #cec73 le_/g t a_/r t kata t\ton ton to_/pon1 etc43 ,roman defixio1 ,i4 ,sic4 et ,x4 #ajdg2 exorki_/z se1 neku_/daimon a_/re1 lead5 tablet f ,c>?41 ,,b*4 #ahhh1 p4 #bii 7,tab4 ,defix41 p4 xvi72 cf4 also ,p4 ,mag4 ,p>4 #cdb f42 #acij ff42 p>a_/dote 7! victim7 a_/rois1 lead5 tablet f ,alex&ria1 ,rh4 ,mus4 #i1 #cg1 l4 #bb2 a lead tablet f ,phrygia 7,,b*4 #ahic1 p4 #bea7 has3 gra_/ph pa_/ntas t\s emoi anti_/a poi\ntas meta tn a_/rn2 ,epa_/ga?on ,sabinan1 etc4 ,9 ! curses ( ,epigr4 ,gr41 p4 #adi1 ! ,heka_/ts melai_/ns dai_/mones alt]nate ) a_/roi sumphorai_/2 see also ,/]rett1 ,am]4 ,s*4 ,a!ns1 ii1 #afh4--;,ev]y?+ t has be5 said ( ! a_/roi applies also to ! biaio?a_/natoi 7or bi_/aioi1 a t]m f\nd 9 ! magical papyri2 cf4 also bio?a_/naton pneuma1 ,p4 ,mag4 ,p>4 #aiej72 !y are a special k9d ( a_/roi3 !y f9d no re/1 see above1 *ap4 v1 n4 #adg2 ,t]t41 ,an4 #ef-g2 ,s]v41 ,a4 iv1 #chf1 quot+ ! physici2 cf4 also ,heliod41 #b1 #e1 p4 #db1 #bj ff4 ,bk4 ,a biaio?a_/natos1 :o has ?us be5 depriv$ ( 8 life1 has to make special supplication = admission #eie into ,hades3 ,epigr4 ,gr4 #fbe2 cf4 ,v]g41 ,a4 iv1 #fif ff4 ,su* s\ls become ala_//ores1 w&]+ spirits3 see above1 ,app5d4 vi1 p4 #eib2 w&]+ ( a biaio?a_/natos1 ,plu41 ,cim4 #a4--;,f9ally ! s\ls ( unburi$ p]sons :o h no %>e 9 ! cult ( ! s\ls or home 9 ! grave are also condemn$ to w&] 7cf4 ,eur41 ,hec4 #ca-ej73 see above1 *ap4 v1 p4 #afc4 ,! a_/taphos is deta9$ en?a_/de3 ,soph41 ,ant4 #ajgj1 & w&]s ab\t ! e>?3 alai_/nei1 ,eur41 ,tro4 #ajhc2 cf4 ,t]t41 ,an4 #ef4 ,h5ce ! s\ls ( ^! a_/taphoi c\ld be =c$ to appe> & answ] ! sorc]]3 ,heliod41 p4 #agg1 #ae ff4 ,bk42 rite conditis ,manibus ! w&]+s ( ! s\l cease3 ,pl941 ,ep4 #g1 #bg1 #aa2 ,luc41 ,philops4 #ca f94--,! art ( ! ma_/ntis & ( ! ka?>t_/s 7& ( ! apoma_/ktria graus1 ,plu41 ,sup]/4 #c1 p4 #aff ,a7 is suppos$ to keep (f su* nocturnal t]rors2 x is purification precisely because x drives away su* unholy be+s4 ,x is also a k9d ( ka?a_/rsion t is employ$ :5 apomagdali_/ai 7in/ead ( to ! dogs3 ,a?4 #dji ,d7 are ?r[n out en tois ampho_/dois g9ome_/nois nukt]9ois pho_/bois 7,h>modios ( ,leprea ap4 ,a?4 #adi ,c71 i4e4 to ,hekate & h] r\t :i* also appe>s z a pack ( h\nds4 ,,app5dix ,,viii ,,dis9tegration ,,( ,,consci\sness ,,& ,,r$uplication ,,( ,,p]sonality ,9 t p]iod ( extreme excitem5t ! ,greeks mu/ h _h frequ5t exp]i5ce ( ! abnormal b by no means unusual psy*ical /ate 9 :i* a division ( consci\sness takes place & becomes app>5t4 ,! s+le p]sonality splits up into two 7or m7 di/9ct c5tres ( consci\sness2 & ^! give rise to two p]sonalities 7succe$+ ea* o!r1 or contemporane\s71 ) a d\ble w & a d\ble intellect appe>+ 9 "o man4 ,ev5 unprejudic$ psy*ological obs]v]s ( our own "t are unable to describe su* ph5om5a1 :i* appe> 7spontane\sly or produc$ exp]im5tally7 9 c]ta9 neuropa?ic conditions1 except z a r$uplication or multiplication ( p]sonality4 ,a second self comes into be+1 a second c5tre ( consci\sness foll[+ or by ! side ( ! fir/ & normal p]sonality1 :i* is g5]ally unaw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( its rival4 7,probably ! mo/ complete & cauti\s acc\nt ( ^! matt]s is t giv5 by ,pi]re ,janet 9 ,l'automatisme psy*ologique1 ,p>is1 #ahhi47 ,:5 su* ph5om5a appe> 9 conjunction ) m>k$ religi\s or spirituali/ic t5d5cies !y are naturally expla9$ 9 accordance ) ^! intellectual preconceptions4 ,! appe>ance 9 a man or woman ( an intellig5t w1 unguid$ or unp]ceiv$ by ! normally dom9ant p]sonality1 is conceiv$ z ! entrance ( a =eign p]sonality into ! individual2 or z ! expulsion ( ! real s\l ( ! individual by su* a demonic or spiritual visitor4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 is common]1 9 all ages1 ?an ! religi\s or spirituali/ preconceptions t lead to su* an explanation2 & s #eif :at ! ,greeks call$ e_/k/asis or kate_/*e/hai ek !\ has be5 a v frequ5t explanation ( su* my/]i\s occurr5ces f ! e>lie/ times 7& 9 ! pres5t day74 ,x has appeal$ j z mu* to ! p]son affect$ by su* r$uplication ( p]sonality z to ^? r\nd ab\t him 7unless !y h be5 sci5tifically educat$74 ,! actual exp]i5ce ( su* ph5om5a is g5]ally a fact2 fancy beg9s only ) ! explanation (f]$4 ,= ! ,greeks ! ,py?ia 0 always ! be/ kn[n example ( su* possession ( a human be+ by a =eign w or _s :i* seem$ to ent] viol5tly & f outside into ! human individual1 hav+ little correspond5ce 7z x usually happ5$7 ) ! "* or ! intellect ( ! m$ium 9 8 or h] normal /ate ( consci\sness4 ,! ,sibyls1 ,bakides1 ,ba_/k*oi1 ! se]s & prie/s ( purification1 ,epim5ides1 ,ari/eas1 & s _m o!rs1 7 fur!r cases ( ! asc5t ( ! s\l to ! div9e or ! entrance ( a god into ! s\l4 ,x 0 inevitable t ! idea ( an imm$iate relation betwe5 ! s\l & ! div9e1 & ( ! div9e nature ( ! s\l itself1 %\ld gr[ up 9 connexion ) su* cases z ^!1 & seem to be au!nticat$ 9 !m m ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,greece is n ! only place :]e ?is has happ5$4 ,,app5dix ,,ix ,,! ,,great ,,orphic ,,!ogony ,! in=mation ab\t a coh]5t ,orphic ,!ogony & ,an?ropogony :i* has come d[n to u f ! /atem5ts ( ,neoplatonic philosoph]s & _! contempor>ies1 is d]iv$1 z ,lobeck v rightly conclud$1 f ! en tais rhapsdi_/ais ,orphikais !ologi_/a1 hn kai hoi philo_/sophoi di]mneu_/ous9 7,damasc41 ,pr9c41 p4 #chj ,k474 ,?is la/ /atem5t means t !y 7 expla9$ 9 lectures giv5 by ! heads ( ! ,platonic s*ool s9ce ! "t ( ,syrianos 7,orphikai sun\si_/ai ( ,syrian43 ,procl41 9 ,tim4 #if ,b2 ,s*olia ( ,proclus on ,orpheus1 ei kai m eis pa_/sas tas rhapsdi_/z3 ,m>941 ,v4 ,procl4 #bg74 ,writt5 comm5t>ies 7 also publi%$1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ord] to prove ! sumphni_/an ,orphe_/s1 ,pu?ago_/r\ kai ,pla_/tnos 7,syrianos wrote a book ) ?is title1 wrongly ascrib$ to ,proclus by ,suidas3 see ,r4 ,s*ll on ,procl4 9 ,rp41 p4 #e4 ,probably ! "w ( ,syr4 eis tn ,orphe_/s !ologi_/an is ! s\rce ( ,orph41 frr4 #abc-d1 :i* are trac$ back 9 ! ,!osophi_/a1 #ej1 to ,surianos en tois heaut\ pon_/mas94 ,f ,syr4 also probably comes ! citation f ,orpheus en t teta_/rt rhapsdi_/a1 ib41 #fa74 ,! old] ,neoplatoni/s be=e ,syrianos took little notice ( ! ,orphica4 ,plot9os gives no quotation at all 7?\gh p]haps an allusion 9 #d1 #c1 #ab2 see ,lob41 p4 #eee71 ,iambli*os quotes no?+ f imm$iate acqua9tance1 ,porphyrios1 :o read ev]y?+1 gives a little 7frr4 #aad2 #abc ,euseb4 f ,porph42 #baa7 & :at he does give c]ta9ly comes f ! ,rhapsodiai4 ,9 fact1 #eig ! ,neoplatonics z a :ole :5 !y quote ,orpheus f _! own k 7& d n1 = example1 simply write ,orpheus in/ead ( ,py?agoras3 see above1 *ap4 x1 n4 #i7 use ! ,rhapsodiai only1 z ,lobeck rightly ma9ta9s1 p4 #dff 7,abel did n realize ?is1 to ! detrim5t ( 8 collection ( ! frr474 ,! title ( ! poem !y us$ c h>dly h be5 ,!ogoni_/a4 7,?is seems to occur z a title 9 fr4 #ahh ,clem4 ,al4 f auct4 p4 klops4 ,9 fr4 #ajh x is only a description ( cont5ts2 fr4 #caj is spuri\s4 ,9 ,suidas1 ,gais=d's ,,mss41 we d inde$ read ( a !ogoni_/a1 e_/p z'3 b ! figure indicat+ ! numb] ( l9es corresponds mo/ suspici\sly ) t ( ! previ\s onoma/iko_/n1 & 9 any case w\ld be insuffici5t = ! great l5g? ( ! rhapsdi_/ai47 ,x seems extremely probable 7z ,lobeck already suspect$1 p4 #gaf1 #gbf7 t ! simple description3 an ,orphic poem divid$ into sev]al ,rhapsodiai1 hi]oi lo_/goi en rhapsdi_/ais kd' 7,suid471 0 ! real title ( ! poem1 :i* consi/$ ( sev]al rhapsdi_/ai4 ,?is hi]os lo_/gos 7! plural only means t !re 7 sev]al books7 is1 h[ev] a diff]5t "o 7,lobeck miss$ ?is1 p4 #gaf7 f ! hi]os lo_/gos :i* ,epig5es 7ap4 ,clem4 ,al41 ,/r4 i1 #ba1 p4 #add ,p47 attribut$ to ! ,py?agorean ,k]kops4 7,& aga9 :5 ,suid4 attributes ! #bd ,rhaps4 to ! ,!ssalian ,!ognetos or to ,k]kops he also means ! old hi]os lo_/gos n divid$ into ,rhaps41 & confuses ?is ) ! lat] & mu* ext5d$ hi]os lo_/gos47 ,! old] hi]os lo_/gos is t allud$ to by ,cic41 ,,nd4 i1 #ajg1 & prob4 also by ,plu41 ,smp4 #b1 #c1 #b1 p4 #fcf ,d 7fr4 #db72 ! quotation 9 ,,em4 7fr4 #dd7 f ! #h? ,bk4 ref]s to ! lat] hi]os lo_/gos4 ,b x is c]ta9 t ! hi]os lo_/gos 9 #bd ,bks41 ! poem possess$ by ! ,neoplatoni/s1 f :i* by f> ! great] numb] ( our fragm5ts are tak51 0 n a "w ( ! six? c5tury1 writt5 = in/ance 7z ,lobeck 0 incl9$ to ?9k1 #fhc f47 by ,onomakritos4 ,x is ev5 untrue--regrettably en\gh we might add--t z ! ,neoplatoni/s presum$ 7& ,lobeck believ$ 9 consequ5ce3 p4 #ejh1 #ebi f41 #fjb1 #fac7 ,plato knew & made use ( ! ,rhapsodies4 7,?is em]ges ) p>ticul> pla9ness f ,gruppe's /udy ( ! "q 9 ,jb4 ,philol4 ,supp4 xvii1 #fhi ff474 ,& :5 ?is is gone no o!r evid5ce = ! e>li] date ( ! ,orphic ,!ogony 9 ?is =m is left4 ,& 9 ! v few passages 9 :i* a real co9cid5ce 7& n a d\btfully assum$ "o7 exi/s betwe5 ! ,rhapsodies & ,ph]ekydes1 ,h]akleitos1 ,p>m5ides 7see ,lob41 p4 #ecb2 ,k]n1 ,!ogon41 p4 #eb2 ,gruppe1 p4 #gjh7 or ,emp$okles1 ! poet ( ! ,rhapsodies is ! borr[] n ! cr$itor4 ,! age 9 :i* he liv$ _c be precisely det]m9$2 ! fact t ,neoplatonic writ]s are ! fir/ to quote him does n settle ! "q2 x is unc]ta9 :e!r he liv$ aft] 7z ,i ?9k7 or be=e ! 7o!rwise unkn[n7 ,hi]onymos ^: /atem5t ab\t an ,orphic ,!ogony is quot$ by ,damasc41 ,pr9c4 #cha f4 ,k4 ,9 any case ,gruppe 7p4 #gdb7 has correctly appreciat$ ! "* ( ! bulky poem 7equall+ or ev5 surpass+ ! l5g? ( ! ,iliad71 :5 he says t x consi/s 9 ! ma9 ( a loosely connect$ pat*work ( old] ,orphic tradition4 #eih ,!re are _m po9ts 9 :i* agreem5t betwe5 ! ,rhapsodies & old] ,orphic tea*+ & poetry is /ill demon/rable2 l9es f old] ,orphic poems 7 tak5 ov] unalt]$2 subjects f old] ,orphic ,!ogonies 7 comb9$1 sometimes )\t reg>d = _! div]g5t "*2 diff]5t v]sions ( ! same motif occur toge!r4 ,?us we h ! kata_/posis 7modell$ ev5tually ^u ,hesiod7 twice ov]3 9 ! fir/ v]sion ,zeus swall[s ,phanes1 9 ! second ! he>t ( ,zagreus4 ,bo? mean ! same ?+2 ! dev\r+ ( ! he>t ( ,zagreus may p]haps belong to ! old] ,orphic leg5d>y mat]ial1 ! dev\r+ ( ,phanes to ! lat]4 ,! p]sonality ( ,pha_/ns1 h[ev]1 _c h be5 unkn[n ev5 to ! old] /ratum ( ,orphic poetry4 ,d4,s4 #a1 #aa1 #c1 quotes a l9e ( ,orpheus1 :i* c]ta9ly 0 n tak5 f ! ,rhaps41 9 :i* ,pha_/ns is m5tion$ 7& id5tifi$ ) ,dionysos74 ,& 9 a gold tablet1 fold$ up ) ! tablet be>+ an inscription ( ,orphic "*1 ,i4 ,sic4 et ,x4 #fdb1 & f\nd 9 ! same grave ne> ,syb>is1 !re occurs 9 addition to o!r 7illegible7 matt] a li/ ( div9e names :i* includes t ( ,pha_/ns 7& also ,prto_/gon\s "h app>5tly di/+ui%$ f ,pha_/ns ) :om ?is figure ( ,orphic !ology is g5]ally id5tifi$73 see ,comp>etti1 ,notizie degli scavi di anti*it1 #ahgi1 p4 #aeg2 #ahhj1 p4 #aef4 ,?is e/abli%es ! exi/5ce ( ?is figure ( ,orphic my?ology z e>ly z ! ?ird c5t4 ,b4,c4 7! prob4 date ( ^! tablets74--,we may !re=e employ ! facts d]iv$ f ! ,rhapsodies ) "s confid5ce = ! recon/ruction ( ,orphic poetry & doctr9e at ^? po9ts at lea/ 9 :i* co9cid5ce ) old] ,orphic tea*+ & ! fanta/ic creatures ( ,orphic !ology c /ill be prov$4 ,i leave ^! rem>ks exactly z !y /ood 9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is book1 = !y /ill fully correspond to my own op9ion4 ,o!rs 9 ! mean:ile h express$ div]g5t views1 esp4 ,gomp]z1 ,greek ,?9k]s1 i1 p4 #eci4 ,b t ,gruppe's pro( ( ! fact t ,plato did n "k ! ,rhapsodi/ ,!ogony is :olly unsuccessful1 is some?+ :i* no "o has yet s\ght to %[ ^u intelligible gr\nds4 ,until su* a dispro( is =?com+ ! belief 9 ! e>ly date ( ! ,rhapsodies has no real gr\nd on :i* to /&4 ,,app5dix ,x ,,previ\s ,,lives ,,( ,,py?agoras4 ,,8 ,,desc5t ,,to ,,hades ,py?agoras' miracul\s p[] ( rememb]+ :at _h happ5$ long ago 9 previ\s lives seems to be already allud$ to 9 ! l9es ( ,emp$okles1 #dcj ff4 ,m4 fr4 #abi ,d4 ,! leg5d 9 :i* x 0 relat$ h[ ,py?ag4 %[$ t he _h once be5 9999,euphorbos ! son ( ,pan?\s :o _h be5 sla9 by ,m5elaos 9 ! ,trojan w>1 mu/1 at any rate1 h be5 put =w>d at an e>ly p]iod4 ,! /ory is (t5 told or allud$ to3 ,d4,s4 #aj1 #f1 #a-c2 ,s*4 ,v4 #eii on ,r #bh3 ,max4 ,tyr4 #af 7i1 #bhg f4 ,r472 ,porph41 ,,vp4 #bf-g2 ,iambl41 ,,vp4 #fc2 ,philo/r41 ,v4 ,,ap4 #a1 #a1 #a2 #h1 #g1 #d2 ,h]4 #ag1 p4 #aib1 #bc ff4 ,ks42 ,tatian1 ,gr4 #be2 ,hor41 ,c4 #a1 #bh1 #aj2 ,ov41 ,m4 #ae1 #afj ff42 ,hyg94 #aab2 ,lact41 ,in/4 #c1 #ah1 #ae2 cf4 also ,call41 fr4 #hc;a 7completely misund]/ood by ,s*neid]7 :o ev5 calls ,py?ag4 ,euphorbos1 z ,hor4 does & ,luc41 ,,dm4 #bj1 #c4 ,! /ory is always told 9 su* a way z to imply t no int]m$iate 9999ensmat_/sis ( 8 s\l _h tak5 place betwe5 ,py?ag4 himself & ,euphorbos 7!y are def9itely exclud$ 9 ,luc41 ,gall4 #ag74--,:y 0 ,euphorbos 9 p>ticul> select$8 ,! fact t ?r\gh 8 fa!r ,pan?\s he _h a special connexion ) ,apollo1 l ,py?agoras 7a true psu* ,apollniak_/3 cf4 also ,luc41 ,gall4 #af71 c h>dly h be5 suffici5t reason 7z ,gttl+1 ,opusc4 #baj2 ,kris*e1 ,soc4 ,py?ag4 #fg f4 sugge/74--,euphorbos 0 tak5 up & made "o ( a :ole s]ies ( previ\s inc>nations 7,ai?alides--,euphorbos--,h]motimos--,py rrhos ! ,delian fi%]man--,py?agoras7 by ,h]akleides ,pont43 ,d4,l4 viii1 #d-e 7) :i* agree ,hippol41 ,,rh4 #a1 #b1 p4 #ab1 #ed f4 ,d4-,s42 ,porph41 ,,vp4 #de2 ,t]t41 ,an4 #bh1 #ca2 ,s*4 ,soph41 ,el4 #fb74 ,/>t+ ) ,ai?alides 7to :om ,h]akleides 0 p]haps ! fir/ to ascribe ! gift ( miracul\s memory 9 addition to o!r miracul\s p[]s7 ! p[] ( ana_/mnsis 9 life & dea? 0 transmitt$ ?r\gh all ! l9ks 9 ! *a9 d[n to ,py?ag4 himself4 7,! /ory ( ! %ield ( ,euphorbos 0 n[ transf]r$ to ,h]motimos = obvi\s reasons47 ,accord+ to ,d4,l4 ,h]akleides phsin p]i haut\ ta_/de le_/ge9 7ton ,pu?ago_/ran74 ,x is v possible t ! language is "h inexact & ,h]akleides did n 7z ! words ( ,d4,l4 w\ld /rictly sugge/7 appeal to a /atem5t ( ,py?agoras 79 a book7 b repres5t$ him z say+ all ?is 79 a dialogue74 ,if ?is is correct1 ap>t f ! inc>nation z ,euphorbos :i* he took ov] f ! tradition1 ,h]akleides inv5t$ all ! re/1 accord+ to 8 own fancy4 ,! fable 0 !n tak5 up ) v>iations by o!rs3 9 ,s*4 ,a4,r4 i1 #fde1 two v]sions d]iv$ f ! fiction ( ,h]akl4 b div]g+ 9 "s po9ts are m5tion$ 7"o be+ support$ by hoi ,pu?agorikoi_/1 ! o!r by ,py?agoras himself--9 a book8 ,pu?ago_/ras phsi_/n are ! actual words74 ,:at ,gellius #d1 #aa1 #ad1 has to say on ! au?ority ( ,kle>*os & ,dikai>*os diff]s 7except 9 ! matt] ( ,euphorbos7 entirely f ,h]akleides 7& ! names giv5 %\ld n be alt]$74 ,b x may1 nev]!less1 be ess5tially ! same fable ov] aga91 ?is "t 9 ! =m ( a p>ody ( ,h]akl4 7:i* is n v likely 9 ! case ( ,kle>*os b suits ,dikai>*4 v well74 ,enc\rag$ by ^! pr$ecessors ,lucian 9 ! ,cock 7#ai-bj7 c>ri$ /ill fur!r ! p>ody ( ! fabul\s tale4 ,! /ory ( ,h]akleides seems to be s]i\sly us$ 9 ! graph_/ 9 :i* ,py?agoras auto_/s phsi di' hepta kai dikosi_/n etn ex ai_/de p>ageg5/hai es an?r_/p\s1 ,d4,l4 viii1 #ad4 ,z ,diels1 ,ar*iv4 f4 ,ges*4 ,philos4 iii1 #dfh f41 %[s to be v probable1 ?is 0 9 ! ps4-,py?agorean book writt5 9 ! ,ionic dialect1 n be=e ! ?ird c5tury & divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 :i* ,d4,l4 quotes & makes use ( 7viii1 #f2 #i2 #ad2 cf4 also ,s*4 ,pl41 ,rp4 #fjj ,b74 #fjj ,py?4 "h /ates t he appe>s on e>? f ! und]world e #bjg ye>s1 & ! calculation may possibly be bas$ on ! s]ies ( lives inv5t$ by ,h]akleides & ! ,*ronology ( ,apollodoros 79 :i* case x c\ld n be be=e ! la/ c5tury ,b4,c471 ?us3 ,py?ag4 born #egb1 ,pyrrhos #ggi1 ,h]motimos #ihf1 ,euphorbos #aaic 79 ! fir/ ye> ( ! ,trika_/ acc4 to ,erato/h5es & ,apollodor471 ,ai?alides #adij4 ,x mu/ inde$ be admitt$ t ?is me?od ( reckon+ makes ! gross error ( calculat+ f bir? to bir? in/ead ( f ! dea? ( ,a to ! bir? ( ,b4 7,o!r int]vals are giv5 9 ,!ologum4 ,ari?m41 p4 #dj ,a/ #baf #fc3 ,d4,l4 viii1 #ad1 %\ld n be alt]$ to suit ?is z ,i once propos$2 ,s*4 ,b]n4 ,lucan1 ix1 #a1 p4 #bhi1 #ab ,u4 #dfb1 8 an error = #dcb #b x #baf2 cf4 ,!ol4 ,ari?41 p4 #dj1 #cj7--,! exi/5ce ( a ,py?agorean writ+ belong+ to ! p]iod be=e ,h]akleides1 9 :i* ^! previ\s lives ( ,py?ag4 7 m5tion$ _c be c]ta9ly prov$4 ,x might be suppos$ 7z ,i once suppos$3 ,rh4 ,mus4 #bf1 #eeh7 t ! conjunction ( ! leg5d ( ,py?agoras' previ\s lives ) ! desc5t ( ,p4 to ,hades1 :i* appe>s 9 ,s*4 ,soph41 ,el4 #fb1 & ,t]t41 ,an4 #bh1 is anci5t & orig9al2 9 :i* case ! previ\s lives w\ld h be5 describ$ 9 a ,py?agorean kata_/basis eis ha_/d\4 ,b ! conjunction is q arbitr>y & is n su* z w\ld be likely 9 a ,py?agorean book on ! desc5t3 ! desc5t is1 9 fact1 told z a p>ody1 ! =m :i* _h be5 giv5 to x by ,h]mippos1 & ) ! implication t x is untrue4 ,nor is x v likely t ! previ\s lives w\ld be describ$ 9 connexion ) a desc5t to ,hades1 consid]+ t ,py?4 rememb]$ !m :ile alive on e>? & n 9 a condition ( ec/asy1 & did n le>n ( !m 9 ,hades4 ,x w\ld be m natural t1 vice v]sa1 an acc\nt ( ! previ\s lives %\ld also include some?+ ab\t ta en ha_/d\--! ana_/mnsis includ$ t also3 cf4 ,d4,l4 viii1 #d f94 7see ! decisive objections to my previ\s view rais$ by ,g4 ,ettig1 ,a*]untica1 ,leipz4 ,/ud4 #ac1 #bhi f474 ,?is applies equally to ! view ( ,diels#a;,a#aj 7,ar*iv1 p4 #dfi7 t ,h]akleides 79 8 "w p4 tn en ha_/d\7 told ( ! previ\s lives ( ,p4 9 connexion ) ! desc5t ( ,p4 to ,hades & t ,h]akl4 0 ! fir/ to make ,p4 g d[n to ,hades4 ,!re is no?+ to prove t ,h]akl4 did ?is or to make x ev5 probable4 ,)\t any #fja gr\nds = do+ s ,diels supposes t :at ,py?agoras 7acc4 to ,s*4 ,ambros4 on a #cga7 phsi_/n2 e_/x g5o_/m5os t\ s_/matos ak_/koa emme_/l\s h>moni_/z1 0 said by ,py?ag41 n 9 a book go+ "u 8 "n1 b 9 a dialogue by ,h]akleides 7:o is n ev5 m5tion$ 9 t ,s*ol474 ,!re is no reason at all to d\bt t ^! words 7z ,lobeck suppos$1 #idd7 came f a book ascrib$ to ,py?agoras himself1 9 :i* he describ$ 8 ek/asis & ec/atic visions 7cf4 ,s*4 ,ari/4 #dif;b1 #a f41 #ac ff4 ,br474 ,!re is no fur!r def9ite evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( su* a ,py?agorean ,kata_/basis eis ha_/d\ 7= ! graph_/ ( ,d4,l4 viii1 #ba1 has ano!r & bett] int]pretation1 z already rem>k$74 ,b a fairly e>ly date = ! orig9 ( at lea/ a leg5d ab\t a desc5t ( ,p4 to ,hades 7& ( q def9ite /atem5ts ab\t x ) a propag&i/ aim7 is atte/$ by ,hi]onymos ( ,rhodos ap4 ,d4,l4 viii1 #ba4 7,b we %\ld n )\t m def9ite reason ascribe ! inv5tion ( ! fable itself to ,hi]on41 z is done by ,hill]1 ,hi]4 ,rh4 frag41 p4 #be4 ,:at reason c\ld ,hi]on4 h _h = inv5t+ any?+ ( ! k9d87 ,fur!r1 ! l9es ( ! comic poet ,ari/ophon ap4 ,d4,l4 viii1 #ch fr4 #ab ,k41 already sugge/ t su* leg5ds 7 9 exi/5ce 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,:e!r ! "w on ! subject ( ,py?agoras' desc5t to ,hades call$ =? ! leg5d or :e!r ! leg5d 0 already curr5t & call$ =? ! book1 mu/ rema9 undecid$4 ,b 9 any case ! book includ$ no acc\nt ( ! previ\s lives ( ,py?agoras3 ^! 7ap>t f ! old] leg5d ( ,p4 & ,euphorbos7 7 fir/ put =w>d by ,h]akleides ,pont4 7b n ! ,desc5t ( ,p4 to ,hades74 #a;,a#aj3 ,:at ,diels1 ,p>m5ides1 p4 #ae 7#ahig7 says 9 support ( 8 view might /& if we 7 will+ to ignore ! fact t ,py?ag41 z has already be5 rem>k$1 rememb]$ 8 previ\s lives :ile he 0 /ill alive1 & n 9 ! ec/atic condition--n e_/x g5o_/m5os t\ s_/matos4 ,b ?is is a fact1 s t ,diels' view rema9s unt5able4--,i _c see :at !re is ( a rationali/ "* 7,diels7 9 ! fact t ,py?4 saw ,hesiod & ,hom] 9 ,hades und]go+ puni%m5t an?' hn eipon p]i !n 7,d4,l4 viii1 #ba74 ,?is is1 9 fact1 an anti-rationali/1 prie/ly inv5tion 7& s ,i see ,diet]i* also und]/&s x1 ,nekyia1 #acj74 ,?is fact c]ta9ly does n tell aga9/ ! view t ! ,hades poem _h its orig9 9 ! six? 7or ! fir/ half ( ! fif?7 c5tury ,b4,c4 ,,app5dix ,,xi ,,initiation ,,consid]$ ,,z ,,adoption ,,by ,,! ,,god ,! ,my/es ^: s\l is speak+ 9 ! fir/ ( ! gold tablets f\nd at ,syb>is 7,diels1 ,no4 #ah7 says1 l4 #g-h3 him]t\ d' epe_/ban /ephan\ posi k>pali_/moisi1 despoi_/nas d' hupo ko_/lpon e_/dun *?oni_/z basilei_/z4 ,?is hupo ko_/lpon e_/dun 4 4 4 c h>dly mean any?+ else ?an3 ,i seek 7z hike_/ts7 ! protection ( h] mat]nal bosom 7or lap74 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be attractive to take ?is 7) ,diet]i*1 de hymn4 ,orph41 p4 #ch7 z ref]r+ to a symbolical act1 correspond+ to ! c]emony 9 :i* 9 ,greece & else:]e1 ! adoption ( a boy1 8 reception into a new ge_/nos1 0 symbolically repres5t$4 7,d4,s4 #d1 #ci1 #b1 9 p>ticul> records ! process3 see ,wessel+'s le>n$ note !re2 cf4 also ,prell]1 ,gr4 ,my?ol4#d i1 #gjb47 ,b su* a symbolical proce$+ if x 0 to br+ ab\t ! association ( ! mu_//s ) ! goddess mu/ h tak5 place already 9 ! o_/rgia once held ^u e>?--"h we are 9 ,hades1 & x is to say ! lea/ ( x difficult to believe t ?is die_/lke/hai t\ ko_/lp\ c h be5 suppos$ to occur 9 ,hades 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! goddess h]self 7a fact :i* made a m]ely symbolical act ( ! k9d suppos$ q #fjb unnecess>y74--,ap>t f ?is ! views ( ,diet]i* are q s\nd3 ! c]emony 0 ess5tially reg>d$ z an adoption ( ! mu_//s by ! goddess or ! god1 z a reception ( ! initiat$ into ! div9e ge_/nos4 ,! dra_/kn 7:o repres5ts ! god himself7 dielko_/m5os t\ ko_/lp\ 9 ! ,sabazia seems actually to h _h ?is mean+4 ,fur!r ! mu_//s is sometimes call$ r5atus1 or 9 aet]num r5atus 7,apul41 ,m4 xi1 #ba2 ,,cil4 vi1 #eaj2 #gcf72 ! day ( 8 initiation is 8 natalis sac] 7,apul41 ,m4 xi1 #bd1 :]e natalem sacrum %\ld be read73 9 ^! circum/ances we may v5ture to recall t ! above-m5tion$ solemn rites ( adoption also repres5t$ a new bir? ( ! !tos huio_/s f ! womb ( 8 new "m 7see ,d4,s4 l4c4 ,h5ce ,h]a is call$ ! deute_/ra tek\sa ( ,h]akles :om %e adopt$3 ,lycophr4 #ci2 & h5ce also ! adopt$ is call$ deut]o_/potmos1 i4e4 reborn3 ,hs*4 s4v4 ad f947 ,?is conception also provides ! simple/ explanation ( ! fact t ! mun1 :o has receiv$ ! ne_/os mu_//s into ! div9e ge_/nos to :i* he himself already belongs1 c be call$ ! pat] or p>5s ( ! mu_//s 7,apul41 ,m4 xi1 #be2 ,t]t41 ,apol4 #h2 ad ,nat4 i1 #g7--;he effects ! entrance ( ! new memb] into 8 own family4 7,9 ,greek ! "n = su* a my/ic fa!r seems to h be5 patromu_//s1 ,,cig4 #cagc1 #caie47--,?is conception ( a new bir? by initiation rem9ds u ( ! ,*ri/ian idea ( rebir? by baptism 7:i* 9 its turn is develop$ f old] ,jewi% ideas3 see ,anri*1 ,ant4 ,my/]i5wes51 p4 #aaa1 n474 ,x is nev]!less "o :i* ! ,greeks !mselves _h at an e>ly date4 ,! mu_//ai ( ! ,eleus9ia seem to h be5 n f> f reg>d+ initiation z an adoption into ! div9e ge_/nos4 ,9 ! ps4-,platonic ,axio*us1 p4 #cga ,d1 we read 9 ! description ( ! *ros eusebn3 entau?a tois memume_/nois e/i_/ tis pro$ri_/a kai tas hosi_/ous hagi/ei_/z kakeise suntel\si2 ps oun ou soi pr_/t me_/te/i ts tims1 o_/nti g5n_/t tn !n8 kai t\s p]i ,hrakle_/a te 7p]haps de_/ w\ld be bett]7 kai ,dio_/nuson katio_/ntas eis ,ha_/id\ pro_/t]on lo_/gos en?a_/de 7i4e4 at ,a!ns7 mu?nai kai to ?a_/rsos ts ekeise porei_/z p>a ts ,eleus9i_/z enau_/sa/hai4--,"h ,axio*os 7= x is to him t ,sokrates is speak+7 is pla9ly describ$ z g5n_/ts tn !n simply & solely because he belongs to ! memume_/noi4 ,accord+ to ,wilam[itz 7,gtt4 ,gel4 ,anz41 #ahif1 p4 #ihd7 he is call$ g5n_/ts tn !n only z a memb] ( ! ge_/nos ( ! ,eupatri_/dai to :i* he app>5tly belong$4 ,b t anyone j on ! /r5g? ( ! by no means uncommon fact t he belong$ to a ge_/nos t happ5$ to trace its e>lie/ orig9 f a god 7nor is x c]ta9 ev5 t ! ,eupatri_/dai did ?is7--t anyone on ?is acc\nt %\ld h d>$ to call himself a memb] ( ! same family z ! gods is to say ! lea/ ( x difficult to p>allel4 ,9 ?is case at any rate no?+ ( ! k9d c be meant4 ,f ! g5]al pr9ciple t ! initiat$ h a pro$ri_/a 9 ,hades x is d$uc$1 simply z conclusion f premiss1 ) a surely !n--7ps oun ou--71 t ,axio*os too may hope to enjoy ?is same hon\r 7ts tims--74 ,x is !n entirely impossible t1 to acc\nt = ?is hope1 a reason #fjc %\ld be impli$ & express$ :i*1 l ! suppos$ desc5t ( ,axio*os f ! gods1 _h no?+ to d ) ! my/]ies & ! privileges ( ! mu_//ai4 ,if x 0 ! 7alleg$7 desc5t ( ,axio*os f ! gods :i* secur$ him tim_/ 9 ,hades x w\ld be q mean+less to accompany ! m5tion ( ! tim_/ ?us secur$ to ,axio*os ) an allusion to ! tim_/ obta9$ on q diff]5t gr\nds by ! memume_/noi 7:i* yet is my/]i\sly equival5t to t obta9$ by "r ( bir?74 ,?is allusion1 moreov]1 is put 9 su* a way t x q unambigu\sly includes ! special case ( ,axio*os 9 ! common d5om9ation ( ! memume_/noi ( :om he is said to be "o4 ,! fact1 inde$1 t ! privileges ( ! memume_/noi is ! only subject allud$ to ?r\gh\t is %[n also by ! ?ird & la/ s5t5ce3 ! fam\s cases ( ! initiation ( ,h]akles & ,dionysos are only m5tion$ z emphasiz+ /ill fur!r ! importance ( mu?nai = ^? eis ha_/d\ katio_/ntas4 ,"h !n ,axio*os c only be call$ g5n_/ts tn !n 9 s f> z he is memume_/nos4 ,:y1 inde$1 he prtos1 be=e o!r memume_/noi1 %\ld h a claim to ! hon\r ( pro$ri_/a is some?+ t our text does n say & t c h>dly be extract$ f x4 ,x c]ta9ly appe>s t ,axio*os has a special privilege beyond t ( o!r ,my/ai4 ,_h he rea*$ a specially high /age ( ! te_/l :i* 0 n op5 to ev]yone & at :i* k9%ip ) ! gods 0 fir/ fully assur$8 ,did ! family ( ! ,eupatri_/dai und]take "s active "p 9 ! mu_/sis :i* gave !m a clos] relation to ! gods8 ,9 any case 8 claim to be reg>d$ z g5n_/ts tn !n mu/ h dep5d$ on 8 hav+ be5 initiat$ at ,eleusis4 ,n[ ?is k9%ip ) ! gods to :i* he ?us atta9s c only be made intelligible1 if1 9 accordance ) ! analogies adduc$ above1 we reg>d ! mu_/sis 7or p]haps only its highe/ /ages7 z a symbolic adoption by ! div9ities1 sugge/+ or repres5t+ entrance into ! div9e ge_/nos4 ,no "o w ma9ta9 t g5n_/ts tn !n is a v unnatural phrase 7,wil47 = "o :o has be5 adopt$ by ! gods1 :o w recall ! fact t at ,a!ns ! adopt$ p]son 0 inscrib$ eis t\s g5n_/tas ( ! adopt] 7,is4 #g1 #ac2 #ae2 #ag2 #dc71 or1 :i* is precisely ! same ?+1 eis t\s sugg5eis ( ! adopt] 7,is4 #g1 #bg2 #a74 ,!reby he becomes himself g5n_/ts ( ! memb]s ( ! ge_/nos into :i* he ?us ent]s2 he is n[ _! g5n_/ts1 or1 z x is once express$ 9 an absolutely equival5t phrase1 _! sugg5s kata tn poi_/s9 7,dem4 #dd1 #cb74 ,?us ! fully initiat$ is g5n_/ts ( ! div9e family1 kata tn poi_/s94 ,,app5dix ,,xii ,,magical ,,exorcisms ,,( ,,! ,,dead ,,on ,,late kata_/desmoi1 phimtika_/1 ,,etc4 ,invocations & conjur+s ( a_/roi & o!r nekudai_/mones ( an e>li] p]iod are m5tion$ above 7p4 #eid f474 ,to a lat] p]iod belong #fjd ! defixiones f\nd at ,cyprus 7,kurion7 & edit$ 9 ! ,proc4 ( ! ,soc4 ( ,bibl4 ,ar*aeology1 p4 #agd ff4 ,! defixiones are !re call$ p>a?kai1 phimtikai t\ antidi_/k\ 7i1 #ci1 & frequ5tly71 or phimtika kata!_/mata 7iv1 #ae1 etc474 phim\n & phimtiko_/n 9 ?is rude ,egypto-,syrian ,greek are equival5t to ! t]ms1 o!rwise usual = su* magic *>ms1 katadein1 kata_/desmos 7see above1 *ap4 ix1 n4 #ajg74 ,see also ,p4 ,mag4 ,lond4 7,k5yon1 ,greek ,pap4 9 ,,bm41 p4 #aad71 l4 #ifg ff43 9 an appeal to a god 7deuro_/ moi kai7 phi_/mson1 hupo_/taxon1 katad\_/lson ton deina t deini ktl4--ib41 p4 #ig1 l4 #cif ff43 phimtikon kai hupotaktikon g5naion kai ka_/to*os2 labn mo_/lubon apo psu*ropho_/r\ slnos poi_/son la_/mnan kai epi_/graphe *alk graphei_/ 7bronze is a magic metal71 hs hupokeitai1 kai !s p>a a_/ron 7see above1 p4 #eid f47 "h foll[s ! re/ ( ! b>b>\s text4--,on ^! ,cypriote defixiones among ! o!r invocations regul>ly appe> ^? address$ to ! s\ls ( ! unquiet dead1 to ! dai_/mones polua_/ndrioi 7vi1 #ag4 adds pepelekisme_/noi kai estaurme_/noi or eskolopisme_/noi8 cf4 ,luc41 ,philops4 #bi7 kai bio?a_/natoi kai a_/roi kai a_/poroi taphs 7ts hi]as taphs iv1 #ah73 ?us i1 #cj f41 & frequ5tly4 ,! dai_/mones polua_/ndrioi 7 probably ! s\ls ( execut$ crim9als ^: bodies 7 ?r[n out into ! common burial gr\nds--z at ,melite 9 ,a!ns3 ,plu41 ,!mi/4 #bb--! polua_/ndria 7cf4 ,p]izon4 on ,ael41 ,,vh4 #ab1 #ba74 bio?a_/natoi ei_/te xe_/noi ei_/te ento_/pioi are invok$1 iv1 #d4 ,invocation is made 9 common to3 tu_/mbe p&a_/krute kai *?o_/nioi !oi kai ,heka_/t *?oni_/a kai ,h]m *?o_/nie kai ,pl\_/tn kai ,er9u_/es hupo*?o_/nioi kai humeis hoi hde katkme_/noi a_/roi kai an_/numoi 7see ,rh4 ,mus4 #ej1 #bj1 #c73 i1 #ce1 & frequ5tly repeat$ ) ! same =mula4 ,:at we h "h is ( frequ5t occurr5ce3 a dead p]son is call$ ^u to c>ry out a curse4 ,an e>ly example is ,,cig4 #eci3 katad aut\s 7! p]sons to be curs$7 soi_/1 ,on_/sime 7,attica1 f\r? c5tury ,b4,c474 ,! tablet 9 ,bckh1 i1 p4 #dhg1 admits ! read+ ,on_/sime z well z ,on_/sim4 ,! latt] 7z a nom9ative is pref]r$ by ,wns*1 ,tab4 ,defix41 p4 ivb1 p4 #be 7n4 #ajj71 simply 9 ord] to expel e example ( ! invocation ( a dead p]son to c>ry out a curse4 ,b ?is is only a petitio pr9cipii2 & if we accept$ ,onsi_/m 7z ! "n ( ! curs]7 at lea/ ! addition ( "s ^w l eg_/ aft] aut\s soi_/ w\ld be necess>y--= :i* !re is no room on ! tablet4 ,x w be necess>y to reta9 ! g5]ally accept$ vocative ,on_/sime 7to :i* ! com+ pa_/ntas 4 4 4 trein1 l4 #e-h1 is mu* bett] suit$ ?an to ! foll[+ ,h]m1 l4 #h1 z 9 ,wns*'s v]sion74 ,!re is no?+ rem>kable 9 ! invocation "h ( ! individual nekudai_/mn by "n 7?us d\bl+ ! =ce ( compulsion ex]t$2 cf4 ,kroll1 ,rh4 ,mus41 #eb1 #cde f47 to complete & c>ry out ! curse3 p>allels are giv5 above1 p4 #eid ff41 & 9 ! above-m5tion$ ,cypriote phimtika_/3 cf4 also ,,cig4 #eheh;b1 dai_/mones kai pneu_/mata 7i4e4 s\ls7 en t to_/p t\_/t ?lukn kai arr5ikn1 exorki_/z humas4 ,! cu/om ( bury+ su* magic defixions 0 a/oni%+ly widespread4 ,defigi diris deprecationibus nemo non metuit1 ,pl941 ,,nh4 #bh1 #ai4 ,9 ! places :]e ,lat9 0 spok5 su* abom9ations 7 #fje inde$ ev5 m common ?an 9 ,greek-speak+ c\ntries4 7,! ,lat9 defixiones are collect$ n[ by ,wns*1 ,tab4 ,defix4 xxv f47 ,! practice _h a long life & is n q dead ev5 to-day4 ,on ! ,roman side examples f ! sev5? & eigh? c5turies are by no means r>e3 see e4g4 ,aug4 ,hom4 de ,sacrileg41 #bj4 ,= a ,greek example see e4g4 ! /ory ap4 ,sophronius1 ,,ss4 ,cyri et ,ioannis ,miracula 7saec4 vi71 *ap4 #ee1 p4 #cfbe ,migne3 magical objects 7 buri$ "u ! door/ep ( ! victim's h\se2 7 discov]$ & dug up2 :]eupon ! dea? imm$iately foll[$ (--n ! victim b--! magician4 #ab? ,augu/1 #ahig 7 #bnd ,g]man ,ed474 ,,index ,! figures indicate pages1 except :]e !y foll[ a ,roman num]al1 9 :i* case !y ref] to ! numb]$ notes4 ,ab>b>e & ,b\kolion1 xiv1 ii1 #aje4 ,ab>is1 #cjj4 ,abioi1 #fc4 ,abipones 9 ,p>aguay1 i1 #cj2 viii1 #bh4 ,academy1 its doctr9e ( ! ,s\l1 xiv1 #a4 ,a*]on1 ,a*]\sias li_/mn1 i1 #fg2 v1 #be2 #bda4 ,a*]on1 god ( ,hades1 #eia4 ,a*illes1 i1 #da2 9 ,hades1 #ci2 translat$1 #fd f42 on ! maka_/rn nsos1 xiv1 ii1 #ii2 on ,leuke1 xiv1 ii1 #ajb2 z ,h]o or ,god1 #ff2 #abf2 iv1 #c1 #hg1 #acg2 xiv1 ii1 #db4 ,admetos1 xii1 #dj2 ix1 #ij4 ,adonis1 iii1 #cj4 ,adoption1 #agb2 ,ritual ,act ( ,adoption 9 ! ,my/]ies1 #fja f4 ,a5eas translat$1 xiv1 ii1 #aaj1 #aad 7ii1 9999#c74 ,a]acura1 xiv1 ii1 #add4 ,aes*ylus1 #aeg2 vii1 #ab2 #dbb f42 ,agam4 #abce1 #eia f4 ,ae!r1 ! elem5t ( ! ,s\ls1 #dce f42 dwell+ place ( ,s\ls1 #agj-a2 x1 #de2 xiv1 #ec1 #fi2 #eda4 ,ae?iopians1 #fc4 ,ages1 diff]5t1 ( ,mank9d 7,hesiod71 #fg f42 ,gold5 ,ages1 ii1 #di2 vii1 #ah4 ,agamemnon translat$1 xiv1 ii1 #ii4 a_/gamoi aft] dea?1 #ehf2 xiv1 ii1 #aed4 ,aga?os daimon1 v1 #acc4 ,agides 9 ,sp>ta1 iv1 #ec4 ,agon1 see ,fun]al ,games4 ,agriania1 viii1 #bh2 ix1 #aa-ab4 ,agrianios1 "n ( a mon? 9 9999,boeotia1 v1 #ib4 ,aiaia1 ii1 #ad4 ,aiakos1 vii1 #ac4 ,aias1 ,h]o1 #abf2 #acg2 xiv1 ii1 #ee1 #ajb2 ,sophokles' ,aias1 xii1 #hh4 ai_/desis1 v1 #aea4 ,ha_/ids ?a_/natos1 ,?a_/natos1 xii1 #d2 ! grave1 xiv1 ii1 #ace2 confusion ( ! two ideas1 ib41 #ib2 cf4 ,hades4 eis ,ai_/dao1 ,a_/d_/sde1 i1 #cb4 ,ha_/id\ m_/tr1 #eia f4 haimak\ri_/a1 iv1 #ac4 ,aipytos1 #abc2 iv1 #ec4 ,air1 see ,ae!r4 ,ai?alides1 xi1 #ea2 #eii4 ,ai?iopis1 #fd2 v1 #aff2 xiv1 ii1 #ajb4 ,akrisios1 iii1 #dc4 ,aktaion1 #acd4 ,ak\silaos1 #eic4 ,alab&os1 iv1 #ach4 ,al>ic1 xiv1 ii1 #agb4 ala_//r1 v1 #adh1 #agh2 xii1 #gc2 #eib1 #eie4 ,albanians 9 ! ,caucasus1 i1 #cj4 ,aletes1 ix1 #ff4 ,alex&] ! ,great rea*es ! l& ( ! ,ble/1 xiv1 ii1 #aja2 translat$1 ib41 #ajg2 ,return (1 & false ,alex&]s1 ib41 #aab4 ,alex&] ( ,aphrodisias1 xiv1 #cd4 ,alexis1 comic poet1 xiv1 ii1 #adc4 alit_/rios1 v1 #agf1 #agh4 ,alk&ros1 iii1 #ef4 ,alkmaion ,h]o1 iv1 #aje1 #acf2 ,physician1 xi1 #bh1 #ce1 #dj1 #ee2 xii1 #aej2 xiii1 #bb4 ,alkmaionis1 v1 #ag1 #dj4 ,alkm5e1 iv1 #acd2 translat$1 xiv1 ii1 #ii4 ,alkon1 iii1 #ef4 alla!a_/des1 v1 #hh4 ,allegorical int]pretation ( my?s1 vi1 #bc4 ,al?aim5es1 iii1 #d4 ,ambrosia1 #eh4 ,ame9ias 7,py?agorean71 xi1 #cj4 ,amelesagoras1 ix1 #eh4 ameta/repti_/1 ix1 #ajd4 ,ampelius1 ,lib4 ,mem41 viii1 #c2 iii1 #ab4 #fjh ,amphi>aos1 translat$1 #hi f41 #ib-c2 7,zeus ,amph471 #id1 #aja1 #aei2 7n orig9ally a god71 iii1 #eg2 7lat] cult (71 xiv1 ii1 #ajd4 amphidro_/mia1 ix1 #gb4 ,amphilo*os translat$1 iii1 #e1 #ac1 #ef2 #acc2 iv1 #aje2 xiv1 ii1 #ajd1 #aad4 ,amphilytos1 ix1 #ei4 ,amphion1 #bch4 amu_/toi1 #ehf f4 ,amyklai1 #ii f4 anabi_/seis1 xi1 #ajc4 ,an/hesia1 see ,ins5sibility4 ,anagyros1 ,h]o1 #acd4 ana_/mnsis z taught by ,py?agoras1 ,emp$okles1 ,plato1 xi1 #if2 #eih f4 ,anaxagoras1 vi1 #bc2 #chf2 #dcb2 xii1 #adc2 fr4 #f #ab1 xi1 #aaj-aa4 ,anaxim&]1 x1 #ch2 #cff2 xi1 #ih4 ,anaxim5es1 #cff2 xi1 #ih4 ,ance/or-cult1 #aj f42 #bg f42 #gg f4 7,hesiod72 ,ance/ors 9 ! cult ( ,h]oes1 #aai f41 #ebg f42 ( ! ge_/n1 etc41 #abd f4 7) nn474 ,an*ises translat$1 xiv1 ii1 #aaj4 ag*i/ei_/a 79 ! cult ( s\ls71 v1 #db1 #ada2 #agf2 xiv1 ii1 #aj4 anie_/nai 7ta kala_/1 etc471 v1 #abj4 ,anima & animus 9 ,lucretius1 xiv1 #gd4 ,animals 9 cult ( ! dead1 v1 #aje2 c>e ( animals enjo9$1 vi1 #ce 7& see ,food72 sk9 (1 apotropaic use (1 xi1 #eh 7v1 #afg72 s\ls (1 x1 #de2 xiii1 #dj4 ,&ronikos 7,p]ipatetic71 #eab4 a_/nemoi1 x1 #de4 anemokoitai1 ix1 #ajg4 ,angekoks1 ( ,gre5l&1 #bfb2 ix1 #aag4 ,angels1 xiv1 ii1 #add4 ,an?ropogony 7,orphic71 #cda f41 7,hesiodic7 #fg f4 ,anios1 iv1 #ajb4 ,an!/]ia1 #afh2 ix1 #aa4 ,an?ologia ,palat9a1 xiv1 ii1 #abb4 an?rpodai_/mn1 ii1 #dc4 ,anti*ri/1 xiv1 ii1 #aac4 ,antigone1 #afc2 #dbf2 xii1 #id4 ,antilo*os translat$1 xiv1 ii1 #ajb 7p4 #efg74 ,ant9\s translat$1 xiv1 ii1 #aad4 ,antio*os ( ,kommag5e1 8 tomb1 xiv1 ii1 #ac 7p4 #eed74 ,antiphon 7( ,rhamn\s1 ! orator71 v1 #agf2 #ehh4 ,antipodes1 xiv1 ii1 #aja4 aro?a_/natoi1 #eid 7add ,phryn4 ,app4 ,soph4 9 ,bekk4 ,anecd41 #bd1 #bb74 a_/roi1 xiii1 #cf2 #ecc2 #eec2 #eid2 #fjd2 xiv1 ii1 #aed4 arobo_/ros ,hekate1 ix1 #ib4 ,apis1 ix1 #fh4 apokata_//asis1 x1 #dg2 #eai4 ,apollo1 #ig f42 #acj2 xii1 #dj2 god ( expiation1 #ahj f42 z lead] ( ! ,s\ls1 xiv1 ii1 #adf2 & ,dionysos1 #bhg f42 supplants ,gaia1 #bij2 ,hyak9?os1 #ii f42 ,atu_/mnios1 etc41 iv1 #ii4 ,apoll9e mantik1 #bhi f4 ,apollonia 9 ,*alkidike1 v1 #ib4 ,apollonios ( ,tyana1 ii1 #ah2 xiv1 ii1 #aae4 apomagdali_/ai1 #eie4 apoma_/tte91 9999#ehi1 #eij4 apo_/nimma1 ix1 #hh4 apopomp_/ 7daimo_/nn71 v1 #afh4 apo_/taphoi1 9999xiv1 ii1 #bj4 apotropaioi 7!oi_/71 v1 #afh4 ,app>itions ( ! dep>t$1 xiv1 ii1 #aed2 see ,gho/s4 a_/psu*a trial held ov]1 iv1 #aah4 araios 7ne_/kus1 dai_/mn71 v1 #adh2 xii1 #ajg4 ,aratos z ,h]o1 xiv1 ii1 #eg f4 ar*goi_/1 ar*ge_/tai1 iv1 #ea1 #ee2 #ebg4 ,ar*elaos1 ! philosoph]1 #dcb2 xii1 #aeb4 ,ar*emoros ,vase1 v1 #dj4 ,ar*ilo*os1 v1 #agc4 ,ar*on ,basileus at ,a!ns1 #agh4 ,areopagos1 #afb2 v1 #ade2 #agh4 ,argeios & ,h]akles1 i1 #ce4 ,argimpaioi1 x1 #gh4 ,arg9\sai1 battle (1 #afb4 ,ari/aios1 iii1 #f4 ,ari/eas ( ,prokonnesos1 #cjj1 #eif4 ,ari/ogeiton & ,h>modios 9 ,hades1 #bcg4 ,ari/ogeiton1 ,spee* aga9/1 vii1 #ae4 ,ari/om5es z ,h]o1 #ebh4 ,ari/ophanes ,frogs1 #bdj4 ,ari/ophon1 comic poet1 #fja4 ,ari/otle1 #chc2 xiv1 #a2 #dic f4 7,an4 #djh;b1 #ah2 xiv1 #bg74 ,ari/ox5os1 xi1 #dg1 #eb2 #eab4 ,ari/ophanes ( ,byzantium1 #ehc4 ,arkesilaos1 xiv1 #a4 ,art ( ! ,greeks1 #aeg2 ,cult ( ,s\ls z repres5t$ 91 v1 #aje4 #fji ,askesis 7,asceticism71 vi1 #ce2 #cjb1 #cch2 ,orphic1 #cdc2 ,?racian1 x1 #gh2 ,py?agorean1 xi1 #dg2 ,emp$okles1 #cha2 practis$ 9 =eign my/]y-religions1 #edf4 ,asklepiades1 doctor1 xi1 #fi4 ,asklepios1 iii1 #ac2 *?onic1 mantic1 #ajj f42 8 dea? by lightn+1 #ehb2 ,asklepiadai1 iv1 #ib f4 ,asphalt 7bitum571 apotropaic virtue (1 v1 #ie4 aspho_/delos sacr$ to ! *?o_/nioi1 ix1 #aae4 ,associations3 burial1 xiv1 ii1 #d2 religi\s1 xiv1 ii1 #ec4 ,a/akides1 xiv1 ii1 #aje2 #ehb4 ,a/>te1 iii1 #cj4 ,a/rabakos1 #acg4 a_/taphoi1 re/less w&]+ (1 #afc2 v1 9999#adg2 #eie 7i1 #cc74 ate_/le/oi1 un9itiat$1 ly+ 9 mud 9 ! und]world1 vii1 #ae2 #ehf f4 a?a_/natos pg_/ 79 ! und]world71 xiv1 ii1 #aea4 ,a!naeus 7#aci ,e71 iii1 #dh4 ,a!nas1 ix1 #ei4 ,a!ne apotropai_/a1 v1 #afh4 ,a!nodoros1 philosoph] & ,h]o1 #ecj4 ,a!ns1 #ih2 ,a4 & ,eleusis1 #bai f4 ,atlantes1 x1 #gh4 ,atomi/s1 #che f42 #ejf4 ,atonem5t 9 ,plato 7,purgation71 xiii1 #cf4 ,attis1 iii1 #cj2 viii1 #ee1 #edf4 ,augu/9e1 xiv1 ii1 #hg4 ,augu/us1 asc5t to ,heav51 (1 xiv1 ii1 #ajg4 ,aurelius1 ,m4 ,anton9us1 xiv1 #dd1 #fc1 #fi2 #ejd4 ,ausonius1 xiv1 ii1 #afg4 ,au/ralian natives1 religi\s dances (1 viii1 #ee2 #ehe4 ,autolykos1 iv1 #aja2 xiv1 ii1 #dc4 ,au?ority1 lat] ,antiquity's ne$ (1 #ede4 ,axio*os1 ! pseudo-,platonic dialogue1 vii1 #ae2 xii1 #abj2 #fjb f4 ,av5g+ _s1 v1 #adh1 #agf2 cf4 ala_//r4 ,av]t+ ! eves f ! sight ( spirits1 ix1 #ajd4 ,avoid+ ! sight ( spirits1 iv1 #hd2 ix1 #ajd4 ,baal1 ec/atic prophets (1 viii1 #dc4 ,babo1 v1 #ai2 #eia4 ,babylonia1 i1 #dd4 ,bac*analia 9 ,rome1 xiv1 ii1 #ajf2 viii1 #ed4 ,bak*iadai1 iv1 #df1 #dg4 ,ba_/k*os1 viii1 #aj1 #ce2 #cce2 cf4 ,dionysos4 ,ba_/k*oi1 viii1 #ca f4 ,bakis1 ,bakides1 #bib2 ix1 #eh1 #fc1 #ff2 #eie4 ,bani%m5t1 #afc2 9 expiation ( murd]1 #age f4 7v1 #adb f474 ,banquet ( ! ,pure 7,orphic doctr9e (71 9 ! o!r _w1 vii1 #ah2 x1 #gj4 ,b>a?ron at ,a!ns1 v1 #cb4 ,b>b>ossa1 leg5d (1 iii1 #af4 ,basili_/dai1 iv1 #dg4 ,bass>eu_/s 7,bass>ides71 viii1 #aj f4 ,batloka1 viii1 #cj4 ,baubo1 #eia f4 ,beans1 see ,food1 prohibition (4 ,be] kn[n to ! ,?racians1 viii1 #ch4 ,b5dis1 ,b5dideia at ,a!ns1 x1 #d4 ,b]5ike1 translat$1 xiv1 ii1 #ajg4 ,bessoi 9 ,?race1 #bfj2 viii1 #ec-d4 biaio?a_/natoi 7bio?a_/natoi1 bi_/aioi71 #age f42 v1 #adh1 #agf2 #eid f42 #fjd4 ,birds 7inc>nations ( ,h]oes71 xiv1 ii1 #ajb4 ,bir?1 pollution (1 #bie4 ,bir?day z day ( remembrance ( ! dead1 v1 #hi2 xiv1 ii1 #ah1 #de4 ,biton & ,kleobis1 xiv1 ii1 #adh1 #agj4 ,black objects 7trees1 fruit1 etc47 sacr$ to *?o_/nioi1 & h5ce h ka?>tic prop]ties1 v1 #fa2 ix1 #ha2 cf4 ix1 #bf2 #eij4 ,ble/1 ( ! dead1 #aga2 vii1 #aj2 xiv1 ii1 #ca2 #eda 7cf4 mak>i_/ts & ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/74 ,bl9dness foll[s ! sight ( a deity1 xiv1 ii1 #da4 ,bliss1 life (1 9 ,hades2 see ,utopia4 ,blood ?\ght1 #chj4 ,boccaccio1 iv1 #acd4 ,bo?os1 xiv1 #cd 7f9471 #eg4 ,bones ( ,h]oes1 cult paid to1 #abb4 ,born1 bett] n to be1 xii1 #aj4 ,b\kolion1 xiv1 ii1 #aje4 ,b\ko_/loi1 ,dionysiac1 viii1 #ce4 ,b\selidai1 v1 #fi1 #abi4 ,brahm9ism1 #cjb2 x1 #hc4 ,brasidas1 z ,h]o1 iv1 #bj2 #abh4 ,brea?+ out ! s\l1 i1 #be2 #cj4 ,bride1 conte/s = ! h& ( a1 i1 #ai4 ,bronze3 see ,noise1 etc4 ,brot9os 7,py?agorean71 x1 #g4 #faj ,brutus1 #eae2 xiv1 ii1 #hh4 ,buddhism1 viii1 #fj2 x1 #hc2 xi1 #ed1 #if4 ,burial1 i1 #cd2 olde/ cu/oms (1 #bb f42 c(f9less1 v1 #fa1 #fb2 inhumation & burn+ 9 ,attica1 v1 #eh2 )9 ! h\se1 at ! he>?1 v1 #ff2 xiv1 ii1 #i2 )9 ! city1 v1 #fh2 xiv1 ii1 #h4 ,burial societies1 xiv1 ii1 #d4 ,burn+ & inhumation1 #ai f42 burn+ ! possessions ( ! dead1 i1 #cj1 #ea2 burn+ ! dead2 see ,cremation4 ,butios ( ,antilles1 #bfb4 ,cs>1 deification (1 xiv1 ii1 #aaa4 ,call+ home ! ,s\ls1 #db4 ,canosa1 vase f1 vii1 #bg4 ,cannibalism1 x1 #ed4 ,c>acalla z an avat> ( ,alex&]1 xiv1 ii1 #aab4 ,cato ( ,utica1 xiv1 #fd4 ,cave ( ,zeus 9 ,crete1 #if f4 ,cave-deities1 #hi f42 viii1 #fh4 ,caves1 sleep 91 ix1 #aaf4 ,catacombs1 xiv1 ii1 #add1 #aff1 #agd4 ,celsus1 xiv1 ii1 #if4 ,celts1 x1 #ha4 ,c5otaph1 i1 #hh4 ,c]emonial ( fun]als re/rict$1 #afe1 #afg2 v1 #ace2 #edj4 ,cities1 ,f\nd]s (1 #abg f42 cf4 ar*goi_/4 ,*a9s atta*$ to a sacr$ /atue1 iv1 #ajh4 *aire on tomb/ones1 #ebf f4 ,*alkis1 crim9al law (1 v1 #ade4 *a_/risma1 #bib4 ,*>on1 #bcg4 ,*>_/nion1 v1 #bc4 ,*>on's f>e giv5 to ! dead1 #ah2 #afb2 vii1 #i4 ,*ildr51 importance (1 #agb2 xii1 #g4 ,*9a1 ance/or-wor%ip 91 v1 #abi4 *oai_/1 = ! dead1 v1 #ajf1 #abj4 ,*oes1 v1 #ie2 ix1 #aa4 *r/oi_/ ( ! dead1 xiv1 ii1 #bi f4 7vii1 #aj74 ,*ri/ianity2 ascetics & exorci/s1 #bib1 xiv1 ii1 #aga1 #agi2 use ( ^w h_/rs1 xiv1 ii1 #hb2 violation ( graves by1 xiv1 ii1 #aa2 ,hell1 #bdb2 future rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 xiv1 ii1 #if2 rebir?1 #fjb2 ,anti*ri/1 xiv1 ii1 #aac4 ,*ri/i1 ,russian sect (1 viii1 #eg4 ,*rysippos1 xiv1 #dj1 #dg1 #fj-a2 xiv1 ii1 #hg4 ,*?onic deities1 #aeh f41 #bah f42 vi1 #bi2 gr\ps ( *?o_/nioi1 v1 #ai2 invok$ at m>riage & bir?1 #aga2 ix1 #ia4 ,*ytroi1 fe/ival at ,a!ns1 #afh2 ix1 #aa4 ,cic]o1 vi1 #bb1 #bc2 xiv1 #ed2 #eai2 xiv1 ii1 #ga1 #if4 ,cliff ( ,leukas1 xiv1 ii1 #ajb4 ,clos+ ! eyes ( ! dead1 i1 #be4 ,c(f9-burial1 v1 #fj4 ,collegia fun]aticia1 xiv1 ii1 #d4 ,colonies1 ,greek1 #bg2 #aef4 ,com$y1 ,desc5ts to ,hades 91 #bdj4 ,consci5ce1 #bid1 #chd4 ,consci\sness division (1 #eie2 see e_/k/asis4 ,consolationes1 xiv1 ii1 #f1 #ajj4 ,cor9?1 crim9al law (1 v1 #ade4 ,cornutus1 #ejd4 ,corpes dev\r$ by a daimon 7,eurynomos71 vii1 #be2 7,hekate71 ix1 #ib4 ,cosmopolitanism1 v1 #cd2 #dii f4 ,cosmos1 #bi4 ,co/ume1 see ,dress4 ,c\langes1 ,fu/el de1 iv1 #dh2 v1 #aca4 ,cremation1 #h1 #ai f41 #bh2 i1 #ff2 iv1 #ch2 v1 #cc1 #eh2 & burial 9 lat] p]iod1 v1 #eh4 ,crete1 cult ( ,zeus 91 #if f42 v1 #afg2 ix1 #aac-ad 7mantic & ka?>tic reputation74 ,creuz]1 #bbc4 ,crossways1 #baf2 ix1 #hh4 ,cr[n+ ! dead body ) g>l&s1 v1 #dj4 ,cr[ns 7( fl[]s7 = ! dead1 v1 #dj4 ,crumbs1 etc41 left on ! gr\nd = ! ,s\ls1 v1 #aad4 ,cult-societies1 #bba4 ,cure ( diseases by prophets1 #bid f4 ,curses aga9/ tomb-violators1 #ebf f4 ,curse-tablets2 see ,defixiones4 ,cycle1 ,epic1 #cd1 #fd f41 #ge1 #ij4 ,cyclic poetry1 edit+ (1 x1 #ag4 ,cynics1 v1 #cd2 #dii4 ,cypress at fun]als1 v1 #ci4 ,daeira1 ,daira1 ,daeiri_/ts at ,eleusis1 vi1 #h4 daemonium m]idianum1 ix1 #if2 #eib4 ,daimones1 deities ( second rank1 i1 #ef2 di/9ct f ,h]oes1 iv1 #bc2 xii1 #aba2 9 ,hesiod1 #gj f42 ,emp$okles1 #cha2 ,/oics1 #ejj4 #faa dai_/mn1 p]sonal1 ( individual m51 xiv1 #dd2 7 po_/tmos71 xii1 #bf2 xiv1 #dd2 aga?os d41 v1 #acc2 cf4 xiv1 #dd2 dai_/mn ?nto_/s 7an?rpodai_/mn1 nekudai_/mn71 ii1 #dc4 dai_/mones apotro_/paioi1 v1 #afh2 araioi1 v1 #adh2 meili_/*ioi1 v1 #afh2 pla_/ntes1 #eib2 pro/ro_/paioi1 v1 #adh1 #agf2 ,angel1 xiv1 ii1 #add2 daimo_/nn m_/tr1 #eia4 ,daites1 ,trojan ,h]o1 iv1 #c4 ,damon1 ix1 #ai4 ,danaides1 #bdb2 #ehg4 ,dances1 religi\s1 #beg2 viii1 #ee2 ix1 #ai4 ,dance1 circul>1 9 cult ( ,dionysos1 viii1 #ae4 ,dante1 #cc1 #bdb4 ,danube1 m\?s (1 xiv1 ii1 #ajb4 ,daphne1 #ajj4 da_/phn1 v1 #ch1 #ie2 ix1 #df2 xi1 #he4 ,daphnis1 xiv1 ii1 #aje4 ,days1 unlucky1 v1 #aeh4 ,dea ,syria1 viii1 #ee4 ,dead1 (f]+s to1 #ah f42 #afe f42 v1 #aje2 dirge = !1 #ah1 #afd2 ,banquet (1 #afh2 sacrifices to 7,patroklos71 #ab f42 9 ,myc5ean graves1 #bb f42 9 ,od4 l1 #cf f42 else:]e1 #aaf1 #afd1 #afg f42 ,oracles ( !1 #bd2 i1 #gc2 ,judges ( ! 7,aes*4 & ,plato71 #bch f42 7,p9d>71 xii1 #cd f42 7,aes*471 xii1 #gg2 7lat]71 #eda2 classes ( !1 xii1 #fb2 xiv1 ii1 #abg2 imag9$ z skeletons1 xiv1 #aa1 #ib2 exorcism1 conjuration (1 see ,s\ls & ,gho/s4 ,dea?1 9999#c2 sup]ior to life1 #bbi1 #edb2 caus+ pollution1 #bie2 ( gods1 iii1 #cj2 ,black ,dea?1 #bhd4 ,defixiones1 ix1 #ib1 #ajg2 #ecd1 #eid1 #fjc f4 ,deification ( ,rul]s1 #ecg f4 7cf4 #ecj f474 ,delos1 purification (1 ix1 #aai4 ,delphic ,oracle1 regulates expiatory rites1 v1 #afg2 #ahj f42 au?ority (1 9 ! cult ( ,h]oes1 #abh f42 gives support to ! cult ( ,s\ls1 #agd2 to ! ,eleus9ian wor%ip1 vi1 #e2 to ! wor%ip ( ,dionysos 9 ,attica1 vi1 #i2 s\rces ( oracul> inspiration1 #bhi f42 importance ( ,d4 9 religi\s life ( ,greece1 #aeg2 grave ( ,py?on at ,d41 #ig2 ,delphic fun]al ord9ance1 v1 #de4 ,delph9ion at ,a!ns1 v1 #agb4 ,demet] 7& ,kore71 #afj f42 v1 #afh2 #bah f4 ,demetrios ,poliorketes z ,h]o1 xiv1 ii1 #fi4 ,demetrios1 ,cynic1 xiv1 #fd4 ,demigods 7hmi_/!oi71 iv1 #bc4 dmoi call$ aft] ge_/n 9 ,attica1 etc41 iv1 #eb4 ,demokritos1 xi1 #ce2 #che f42 xii1 #aej2 xiii1 #bg2 p]i tn en ha_/d\1 xi1 #ajc 7fragg4 moral474 ,demonassa1 vi1 #ce4 ,demonology1 #ecd4 ,demophon1 i1 #da4 ,de mortuis nil nisi b5e1 v1 #ha2 #agj4 ,d]vi%es1 viii1 #ae1 #dc2 #bfb1 #bff4 ,devil's ,bride1 ii1 #g4 ,devil's ,"m1 #eia4 ,dexikreon1 ix1 #aaa4 ,dexion ! 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,peloponnese1 #bg4 ,drakon1 #aae1 #agf4 ,drama1 #bhe1 #dba2 9 cult1 #bbb1 #beh2 my/ic drama at ,eleusis1 #bbg4 ,dreams1 visions ( ! dead 91 #g 7prov+ survival72 xiv1 ii1 #aed2 i1 #ee2 see ,incubation & ,prophecy4 ,dress 9 ,dionysiac wor%ip1 #beg4 ,drimakos 7,h]o71 #ecj4 ,driv+ out ! s\ls1 v1 #ii1 #ajj4 ,druids1 x1 #ha4 ,drusilla 7asc5t to heav571 xiv1 ii1 #ajg4 ,dryopes1 v1 #ah4 ,du_/alos1 viii1 #aj4 ,duty1 z conceiv$ by ! ,/oics1 #dih f4 ,e>? ,hell1 xi1 #ge4 ,e>?-deities2 see ,*?onic4 ,e>?1 ,oracle (1 at ,delphi1 #ig1 #afj2 ix1 #df4 ,e*etlos 7,h]o71 #acf4 ,e*idna1 v1 #bc4 ,eckh>t1 xiii1 #ge4 eg*utri_//riai1 v1 #gg4 ,eggs1 ka?>tic use (1 x1 #ee2 #eij4 ,egypt1 i1 #e1 #ci2 #bdb2 #cce2 x1 #h1 #de2 #cdf2 xiv1 ii1 #aji1 #aeb-c1 #add4 ekphora_/ ( ! dead body1 v1 #df1 #ej1 #fj4 e_/k/asis 7en?\sismo_/s1 kato*_/71 #cj1 #bee2 viii1 #bd2 #beh f42 #bhd f42 #bic2 #cjj f42 #chd2 #dga2 #edg2 #eie f4 ,eleatics1 #cga f4 ,elem5ts1 ! f\r1 xi1 #bh2 #cgi4 ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies1 #bah f42 secrecy at1 #bbb2 promises made by1 #bbc2 mod]n int]pretations (1 #bbc f42 symbolism at1 #bbf2 lat] m5tion & end ( 7f\r? c5tury71 #edb2 xiv1 ii1 #agb2 ,less] ,my/]ies at ,a!ns1 #bbj2 & ,morality1 #bbh4 ,eleusis1 v1 #ai1 #ba4 ,elijah1 9999ii1 #ah2 xiv1 ii1 #aji4 elle_/boros ka?>tic effects (1 ix1 #bf1 #ge4 ,elp5or1 #ag2 i1 #bi1 #cc2 #ai2 #bj2 #cf4 ,elysium1 #ee f41 #ei f41 #ge f42 xiv1 ii1 #ii2 #eda4 ,embalm+ 9 ,egypt1 i1 #ci2 9 ,sp>ta1 iv1 #df4 ,emp$okles1 #cgh f42 x1 #gb2 xi1 #bh1 #cd1 #db1 #ej1 #ef f42 xii1 #da2 xiii1 #dj1 #fh2 xiv1 ii1 #ajg2 #eig4 ,emp$otimos1 ix1 #aaa-ab2 xii1 #dd2 xiv1 #ec4 ,emp\sa1 vii1 #be2 #eia4 enagi_/ze91 iv1 #ae1 #hf4 e_/nata1 an (f]+ to ! dead1 v1 #hb-c4 ,enemies ( ! gods 9 ,hades1 #bch1 #bda4 eniau_/sia = ! dead1 v1 #ha1 #ij1 #ib4 e_/n!os 7en?\siasmo_/s73 see e_/k/asis4 en?u_/mion1 #baf4 ,enlight5m5t 9 ,greece1 #gi1 #aae1 #bib4 ennaetri_/s 9 expiation ( murd]1 xi1 #gh2 xii1 #cd1 #dj2 #ahj4 ,eno*1 ii1 #ah2 xiv1 ii1 #aji4 ,eoiai1 ,hesiodic1 #eic4 epagg_/ 7daimo_/nn71 ix1 #ajf-g4 ,ephialtes 7daimon71 ix1 #ajb2 xiv1 ii1 #hf2 #eib4 ,ephyrai 9 ,!sprotia1 v1 #bc4 ,epi*>mos1 vi1 #e2 #dcf f42 xii1 #aea2 xiv1 #ec4 ,epidauros1 iii1 #ac1 #ed4 ,epidemics1 religi\s1 #bhd4 ,epig5es1 #eig4 ,epikteta1 ,te/am5t (1 v1 #abf2 xiv1 ii1 #ah1 #ga4 ,epiktetos1 #ejd2 xiv1 #c1 #da1 #dd4 ,epicurus1 doctr9e ( ! s\l1 #ejd f42 f\ndation = ! cult ( 8 s\l1 v1 #abf1 #acg4 ,epigrammata ,graeca1 ed4 ,kaibel1 xiv1 ii1 #aai f4 7,no4 #eid3 #ada74 ,epilepsy 7see m5tal diseases71 viii1 #ci4 ,epima*os1 v1 #ai4 ,epim5ides1 #cja2 iii1 #bd2 v1 #eg2 #eif2 ,!ogony (1 ix1 #abc4 epipha_/neia ( ,dionysos1 #beh2 viii1 #fh2 #bhe4 epipompai_/ 7daimo_/nn71 v1 #afh2 ix1 #ajg4 ,epitaphs1 #eci f4 7see ,an?4 ,pal474 epdai_/1 ix1 #ha-b1 #ajg4 ,ere*!us 7,eri*?onios71 #ih2 #eha4 ,er9yes1 ii1 #f2 v1 #e1 #ig1 #aba2 #agh f42 vii1 #f2 xii1 #ge2 #eib4 er9u_/e91 ix1 #eh4 ,eros1 v1 #aab4 es*a_/ra1 i1 #ec4 ,eskimo1 mann] ( burial1 v1 #fg ,ess5es1 x1 #gh2 xiv1 ii1 #aag4 ,e/honian cult ( ! dead1 v1 #ii4 e_/tai1 v1 #ada4 ,eteob\tadai1 iv1 #eb4 euag_/s1 xii1 #eh4 ,eua_/ggelos ,h]o1 xiv1 ii1 #fc1 #add4 ,euadne1 9999#ehb4 ,eua_/pan1 ix1 #ajb #fac ,eub\leus 7,eub\los71 god ( ! und]world1 v1 #g1 #ai2 #bbj2 xiv1 ii1 #ade4 ,eudemos1 ,e?ics (1 #eab4 ,euhem]os1 iii1 #bh4 ,eukleides 7,socratic71 xiv1 #dd4 ,euklos1 ix1 #eh4 ,eumolpos1 ,eumolpidai1 vi1 #f1 #af2 x1 #gj4 ,euno/os 7,h]o71 #acd4 ,euodos 7,h]o71 #ebi4 ,eupatridai 9 ,a!ns1 iv1 #dg2 v1 #aci2 #fjb f4 ,euphemi/ic names = *?o_/nioi1 v1 #e4 ,euphorbos1 #eii4 ,euripides1 #dcb f42 ,alce/is1 xii1 #aba2 ,bac*ae1 #bhf2 ,hecuba1 viii1 #gj2 or?odoxy (1 xii1 #ace4 ,eurynomos1 ,hades-daimon1 vii1 #be4 ,eurypontidai1 iv1 #ec4 ,eury/h5idai1 iv1 #ec4 eusebn *ros1 vii1 #ae2 xiv1 ii1 #acc4 ,eu?ykles1 iv1 #aag4 ,eu?ymos1 #ace2 #eha4 ,evil1 speak+1 ( ! dead =bidd51 v1 #aae4 ,evil1 nature (1 #dgj 7,plato72 #dih2 xiv1 #dj1 #fj4 ,exegetai1 _! advice s\ght 9 que/ions relat+ to ! cult ( ,s\ls1 v1 #aci1 #agd4 ,exorcism1 #fjd4 ,expiation1 gods (1 v1 #afh2 sacrifices (1 made to *?o_/nioi1 v1 #afg2 aft] murd]1 #ahj f4 ,eyes ( ! dead1 clos+ (1 i1 #be4 ,fa9t+ 7lipopsu*i_/a71 i1 #i4 ,fame1 all t is left to ! dead1 #dc2 xii1 #ac1 #bj1 #be2 xiv1 ii1 #afi4 ,family graves 9 ! c\ntry1 v1 #fi1 #gj2 #ebe f4 ,fate & guilt1 #dbc f41 #dbf f4 ,fe> ( ! dead1 #af1 #afc1 #afi2 ( dea?1 dispell$ by ,epicurus1 #ejf2 breaks out at ! end ( ! classical p]iod1 #ede 7xiv1 9999ii1 #agj74 ,feet ( ! corpse po9t+ t[>ds ! door1 i1 #bf4 ,feti%ism 9 ,greece1 iv1 #aah4 ,figs1 ka?>tic uses (1 #eij4 ,fire1 ka?>tic uses (1 i1 #da2 ix1 #abg4 ,fi%3 see ,food1 prohibition (4 ,flam9ius z ,h]o1 #eca4 ,folk-poetry1 #be2 belief ab\t ! s\ls1 #ebd2 leg5ds ab\t ! translat$1 xiv1 ii1 #aje4 ,folk tales 7,greek71 iv1 #aae2 xiv1 ii1 #aea4 ,food1 ,prohibition ( c]ta9 foods 7attribut$ to ,eleusis71 vi1 #ce2 among ! ,orphics1 x1 #ed-e2 ,?racian1 x1 #gh2 by ,py?agoras1 xi1 #db1 #dg2 ,emp$okles1 xi1 #gf1 #he4 ,f\nta9s 9 ,hades1 xii1 #fb2 xiv1 ii1 #aea2 ( ,immortality1 xiv1 ii1 #aea4 ,frava%i 7,p]sian71 i1 #e4 ,fr$]ick1 leg5d ( ! return ( ! ,emp]or1 #ic2 xiv1 ii1 #aab4 ,freewill3 see ,w4 ,fri5d%ip 9 ! doctr9e ( ! ,epicureans1 #ejf4 ,fun]al rites1 9 ,hom]1 #ag f42 9 lat] times1 #afb f41 #ebd f42 ( pr9ces1 i1 #ag2 ( k+s 9 ,sp>ta1 ,cor9?1 ,crete1 iv1 #df2 at public exp5se1 xiv1 ii1 #e2 refusal (1 v1 #cb-c4 ,fun]al fea/ 9 ,hom]1 #ah2 lat] 7p]i_/deipnon71 #afg2 games1 9 ,hom]1 #ae2 = ,h]oes1 #aaf f42 procession1 #afe2 v1 #fj4 ,furi\s ,ho/1 ii1 #g2 #bih2 xiii1 #e2 7#eic74 ,fu/el de ,c\langes2 see ,c\langes4 ,gabriel1 ! ,ar*angel1 iv1 #acd4 ,gaia1 #afj1 #afh2 v1 #aba2 at ,delphi1 #bij4 ,gambreion1 m\rn+ p]iod (1 v1 #hf4 ,games1 #ae1 #aaf f42 iv1 #bb2 orig9ally fun]al c]emonies1 #aaf f4 ,ganym$es1 #eh4 ,g>ganus1 m\nta9 9 ,italy1 iv1 #ib1 #if4 ,g>l&s = ! dead1 v1 #dj4 ,gauls1 x1 #ha4 ,gello1 #eib4 g5e_/?lios dai_/mn1 xii1 #bf4 ,g5e_/sia1 private & public1 v1 #ae2 #afg4 ,g5esis1 ii1 #ah4 ,g5etyllis1 ix1 #ia4 ge_/n1 #abd4 ,g5ius1 i1 #e2 v1 #acb2 xiv1 #dd4 g5n_/ts tn !n1 #fjc4 ,g]man tribes1 i1 #cd2 #bb4 ,getai1 #bfc4 ,gho/s1 #i2 #ba2 #bi2 #acd2 v1 #ii1 #ajd1 #aad2 #ecd2 xiv1 ii1 #aed2 #eff2 #eij f4 ,gi_/gn1 viii1 #aj4 ,glaukos1 xiv1 ii1 #aea4 ,gno/ics1 xiv1 ii1 #agi4 #fad ,gods1 9 ,hom]1 #be f42 ,olympians & o!rs1 9999i1 #ef2 idea ( div9ity1 xiv1 ii1 #ajg2 ,gods n immortal1 #chd2 asleep or dead1 iii1 #cj2 buri$1 #if f42 bir?days (1 v1 #hi2 9 human %ape1 iv1 #acd2 visit+ m51 ii1 #ch2 comp>$ ) m51 #bec f41 #dad2 p]iodically appe>+1 viii1 #bh2 ( expiation1 v1 #afh2 am\rs (1 iv1 #acd2 conductors into ! l[] _w1 xiv1 ii1 #add f42 unkn[n1 iv1 #fb2 /atues (1 #acf2 see ,*?onic4 ,goe!1 xiii1 9999#fd4 ,gold5 ,age1 #fg f42 ii1 #di2 vii1 #ah4 goneis1 iv1 #di2 v1 #adf4 ,gorgias1 pupil ( ,emp$okles1 #cgh4 ,gorgu_/ra1 ,gorg_/1 vii1 #be2 #eia4 ,grace ( ! gods 7salvation71 #cdb4 ,grave & ,hades confus$1 xiv1 ii1 #ib4 ,graves3 see ,burial1 ,family-graves1 & ,rock-graves2 ( ,gods1 #if2 ( ,asklepios1 #aja2 ,ere*!us1 #ih2 ,hyak9?os1 #ii2 ,kekrops1 iii1 #da2 ,pl\ton1 iii1 #cd2 ,py?on1 #ig2 ,zeus1 #if2 ( ,h]oes1 #aba2 cult (1 #abc1 #aff f42 sil5ce at1 v1 #aaj2 curses atta*$ to1 xiv1 ii1 #ac4 ,grave-monum5ts1 i1 #bh2 v1 #fi f4 ,grave-robb]s1 #ebf4 ,gregory ! ,great1 xiv1 ii1 #hg4 ,grief1 display (1 di/urb+ to ! dead1 v1 #di4 ,gu>dian _s ( individuals1 xiv1 #dd4 ,guilt3 see ,s9 & ,fate4 ,hades1 #bf1 #ce f41 #aei1 #bbc1 #bcf f42 xii1 #d1 #fb2 #ejj1 #ece f41 #edj f42 ,picture (1 pa9t$ by ,polygnotos1 #bda f42 on vases f ,s\!rn ,italy1 vii1 #bg2 cult (1 #aei2 "m (1 #eia2 entrances to 7,pl\tonia71 v1 #bc2 ,f]ryman (1 vii1 #i2 ,desc5ts to1 #cb f42 i1 #fb1 #fe2 iii1 #h2 #bcf f42 #bdj f42 7,epic71 vii1 #b-d2 7,!seus & ,peiri?oos71 vii1 #c2 7,h]akles71 #eia2 79 com$y71 #bdj f42 7vases71 vii1 #bg2 7,orphic71 x1 #fj2 7,py?ag471 #fjj f42 riv]s (1 #ce1 #bcg2 vii1 9999#ba2 ,judges 91 #bdg4 ,hail3 see ,wea!r-magicians4 haimak\ri_/a1 iv1 #ac4 ,hair1 (f]+ (1 i1 #ad4 ,halluc9ations1 #bei2 9999#bfb4 ,haloa1 #bbb2 vi1 #ce4 ,hamilc>1 translation (1 xiv1 ii1 #aji4 ,haokah dance ( ! ,dakota1 viii1 #ee4 ,h>modios1 translation (1 xiv1 ii1 #ii2 & ,ari/ogeiton 9 ! o!r _w1 vii1 #e4 ,h>monia & ,kadmos1 xiv1 ii1 #ii4 h>moni_/a 7( ! s\l71 xi1 #eb4 ,h>pocration on ,a_/b>is1 ix1 #ajh4 ,h>pies1 #ef2 v1 #abd2 #eic4 ,ha%i%1 #bei4 ,hasisatra1 ii1 #ah2 xiv1 ii1 #aji4 ,he>?1 e>lie/ place ( burial1 v1 #ff4 ,heav5 7! sky71 z dwell+ place ( ! ,ble/1 xii1 #dd1 #fb2 xiv1 ii1 #acd2 asc5t to1 ( ,roman ,emp]ors1 xiv1 ii1 #ajg2 ( ,apollonios ( ,tyana1 xiv1 ii1 #aae4 ,h$onism1 #dib 7xiv1 9999#c74 ,hegesias1 xiv1 9999#c4 ,heirs1 _! duties to ! dead1 v1 #abi4 ,hekabe1 ix1 #ii4 ,hekate1 v1 #e1 #hh1 #afh2 #big f41 #eij f42 7,h4 ,hek41 p4 #bhi ,ab471 #eid2 ,ho/s ( #eic f42 ,banquet (1 v1 #ig2 #baf2 ix1 #hh1 #ajc4 ,hekatika pha_/smata1 #eij f4 ,hektor1 z ,h]o1 iv1 #ce2 xiv1 ii1 #da 7/ill wor%ipp$ ) sacrifice 9 ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury 9 ! ,troad3 ,julian1 ,ep4 #gh1 p4 #fjc-d ,h474 ,hel51 leg5d ( h] ei_/dlon1 i1 #gi2 translat$1 ii1 #ba2 xiv1 ii1 #ii1 #ajb2 giv5 h]oic hon\rs1 #acg4 ,helios 9 ,hades1 xii1 #ch4 ,hell1 puni%m5t 91 #dj f42 #bch f41 #bdb1 #cdd1 #dae1 #ecf2 creatures (1 #be1 #eij f4 7see ,k]b]os74 ,hemi!a1 iv1 #ajc4 hmi_/!os1 iv1 #bc4 ,hephai/ion1 xiv1 ii1 #gj4 ,h]akles 9 ! ,odyssean ,nekyia1 #ci2 8 desc5t to ,hades1 v1 #be2 vii1 #d2 #eia2 ,h4 & ,argeios1 i1 #ce2 ,h4 & ,eury/heus 7,omphale71 xii1 #dj2 z ,h]o-,god1 #acb2 translat$1 #eha2 xiv1 ii1 #ajc4 ,h]akleides ,ponticus1 ix1 #eh1 #fj 7,sibyls71 #ajh 7,ab>is71 #aaa1 #if2 xii1 #dd 7,emp$otimos72 xi1 #fa 7,emp$okles72 xiv1 i1 #ec 7s\ls 9 ! air72 #eii f4 7,py?agoras74 ,h]akleitos1 #cfg f42 xi1 #e1 etc41 #aja2 xii1 #acg1 #aej2 #dfd2 xiv1 #cb2 #dii2 #ejd2 #eig4 ,h]mes1 conductor ( s\ls1 #i1 #afh2 xiv1 ii1 #ade4 #fae ,h]mione1 cult ( *?o_/nioi !re1 iii1 #cd2 v1 #ah1 #bf4 ,h]mippos1 #fjj4 ,h]motimos1 #cjj f4 ,h]o ( ,alex&ria1 xii1 #aej4 ,h]odes ,atticus1 xiv1 ii1 #ga1 #aca4 ,h]odikos1 ( ,p]9?os1 vii1 #c2 x1 #g4 ,h]oes1 #gd1 #ig f41 #aae f42 iii1 #df2 #bed2 #daf2 xii1 #aba2 help 9 w>1 #acf f42 graves (1 #aba2 v1 #fh2 games =1 #aaf f42 bones (1 transf]r$ & wor%ipp$1 iv1 #ce-f2 #ebi2 z ,birds1 xiv1 ii1 #ajb2 relation ) !oi_/ & dai_/mones1 iv1 #be2 become gods1 #acb2 ,hom]ic ,h]oes1 iv1 #bf2 9 ,hesiod1 #gd f41 #aah2 nocturnal sacrifice to1 iv1 #i2 :at falls to ! gr\nd sacr$ to1 v1 #aad2 9 ,p9d>1 #dad f42 leg5ds (1 #acd f42 lat]1 #ebg f4 h_/rs a dead p]son1 v1 #aaj1 #acd2 #eca2 7,*ri/ian71 xiv1 ii1 #hb2 appli$ to ! liv+1 #ecj f42 xiv1 ii1 #fh2 nameless or adjectival ,h]oes1 #abf f41 #ebi2 xiv1 ii1 #fa-b2 h4 iatro_/s iv1 #id-e2 xiv1 ii1 #de2 h4 sugg5ei_/z1 v1 #acb4 ,h]oiz$ ,k+s & ,lawgiv]s1 #abh2 ,k+s ( ,sp>ta1 ,cor9?1 & ,crete1 iv1 #df2 ,w>riors ( ! ,p]sian ,w>s1 #ebh2 prom95t m5 ( lat] times1 #ecj2 ,h]oiz+ easi] 9 ,boeotia1 v1 #acd2 9 ,!ssaly1 xii1 #aba2 #ecb2 becomes common1 #eca f42 sub/itution ( desc5dants = orig9al ,h]o1 xiv1 ii1 #fe4 ,h]o-,physicians 7,oracul>71 #acc2 xiv1 ii1 #de4 h_/res duso_/rgtoi1 v1 #aai4 hra at ! doors1 iv1 #aje1 #acf2 v1 #fh4 ,hrko_/s ( ,philo/ratos1 xiv1 ii1 #da4 hrs1 hrka_/1 ix1 #aa2 xiv1 ii1 #ej2 ,bir?day fe/ivals ( ,h41 v1 #hi4 hr/ai_/1 xiv1 ii1 #ec4 ,h]odotos1 #aae2 xii1 #h4 ,h]ophile ( ,ery?rai1 ix1 #fj4 ,hesiod1 ,! ,five ,ages1 #fg f42 ,op4 et ,d4 7#abd71 ii1 #cd2 7#ada71 ii1 #da2 ,!og4 7#daa71 ix1 #ie;a4 ,hesy*os1 vii1 #f4 ,hi]apolis1 its pl\t_/nion1 v1 #bc4 hi]o!_/sion1 xiv1 ii1 #ac 7p4 #eed74 ,hi]ophant at ,eleusis1 eun\*isme_/nos1 vi1 #ab4 hilasmo_/s1 v1 #afg4 ,hippokrates1 cult (1 v1 #hi2 xiv1 ii1 #de4 ,hippolytos1 iv1 #ch4 ,hippon ( ,samos1 #dcb4 ,hippotes1 xii1 #dj4 ,h]dsman 7%eph]d71 type ( ,god1 xi1 #cf2 7see div9e app>itions71 xiv1 ii1 #da4 ,hom]1 #be f41 #aeg4 ,homicide1 /ate trials (1 #agf f42 held ov] inanimate objects 79 ,a!ns71 iv1 #aah4 ,horace 7,odes1 iv1 #b1 #ba71 xii1 #de4 ,honey-cakes (f]$ to ! und]world1 i1 #ac2 v1 #ih2 vii1 #f4 h_/ria1 hraia (f]$ to ! dead1 v1 #abh4 ,horse 9 ! cult ( ! dead1 v1 #aje4 ,ho/1 ,furi\s1 ii1 #g2 #bih2 xiii1 #e2 7#eic74 ,h\se1 e>lie/ place ( burial1 v1 #ff4 ,h\se-_s1 v1 #acb4 ,human sacrifice1 ix1 #hg2 9 ! cult ( ,dionysos1 #bhe2 (f]$ by ,epim5ides1 ix1 #aba2 9 ! cult ( ,h]oes1 xiv1 ii1 #di2 replac$ by animal sacrifice or po9_/1 v1 #add2 #agi-hj4 ,humanity3 see ,mank9d4 ,hunt3 see ,ho/4 ,hyades1 iii1 #de4 ,huaki_/n?ia1 #ii f4 ,hyak9?ides1 iii1 #de4 ,hyak9?os1 #ii f4 9999,hydromantia1 #ehi4 ,hydrophoria at ,a!ns1 v1 #ih4 ,hylas1 xiv1 ii1 #aje4 ,hylozoism1 #cfe1 #che1 #dcb4 hupopho_/nia1 v1 #aed4 ,iambli*os1 ,vit4 ,py?ag41 viii1 #gg4 ,iak*os1 #bbj f4 ,ian!1 iii1 #c4 ,iaso1 iii1 #ef4 ,iatromantic1 #acc4 ,iatros1 ,h]o1 iv1 #id-e2 xiv1 ii1 #de4 ,icel&1 i1 #dc4 ,idaian cave 9 ,crete1 #if2 #afa4 ,images1 cult (1 #acf4 ,immortal godlike 7becom+ god71 9 ,hom]1 #eg2 be+ a god1 #bec f4 ,immortality1 ,belief 91 connect$ ) ,dionysiac religion1 #bfc f42 among ,orphics1 #cdc f42 9 ,philosophy1 #cfe f42 #dfc f42 #dif2 xiv1 #fj2 9 ,popul> ,religion1 #ech f42 #edb2 #edf2 d\bts (1 xiv1 ii1 #aeg4 #faf ,imprecations3 see ,curses4 ,incas1 i1 #cj4 ,inc5se 9 temples1 viii1 #ci2 ix1 #ai4 ,incubation1 iii1 #h2 #ib2 ix1 #df2 ,h]oic oracles (1 #acc4 ,indians1 ,burial cu/oms1 #aj1 #ba-b2 cult ( ! dead1 i1 #ge2 v1 #hd-f1 #ij1 #aje1 #abc2 ,yama 9 ,hades1 vii1 #f2 religi\s an/hesia1 viii1 #bf2 ,yogis1 viii1 #dc2 k>?>sis1 ix1 #gh2 ,ascetics1 #cdc2 x1 #gh2 philosophy 7,ja9ism71 xi1 #af2 7,s\? ,am]ican7 mutilation ( corpses1 i1 #cd2 7,nor? ,am]ican7 cult ( s\ls1 v1 #acf4 ,individualism1 #aag2 #chh f42 #dii f42 #ede4 ,inh]itance1 laws (1 v1 #adf4 ,ino ,leuko!a1 #eh2 iv1 #ajd4 ,insanity3 see ,madness & ,m5tal4 ,inscriptions 7,i4,g4 7xiv7 ,sic4 et ,x4 #fda71 xii1 #di f42 7,,ig4 ,m4 ,aeg4 i1 #adb71 xiv1 ii1 #adf2 7,a?4 ,mitt471 xiv1 ii1 #afd1 #afh4 ,ins5sibility to pa91 etc41 9 vision>y /ates1 viii1 #dc4 ,inspiration1 prophecy (1 #ib f42 79 ,?race71 #bfj2 79 ,greece71 #bhi f4 ,intoxication1 religi\s use (1 viii1 #ci4 ,invisibility 79 ,hom]71 #ef4 ,iolaia 9 ,!bes1 iv1 #ba4 ,ionia1 #bg f4 ,iphig5eia1 #fd1 #ff2 xiv1 ii1 #ii1 #ajb4 ,iphis1 iii1 #c4 ,iron keeps away daimones & ! dead1 i1 #gb4 ,isaeus1 v1 #abi4 ,is*ys1 iii1 #ef4 ,isis1 my/]ies (1 xiv1 ii1 #agd4 ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/ 7,hesiod74 #fh f42 7,p9d>71 #dae f42 translation ( ,h]oes to1 xiv1 ii1 #ii2 dwell+-place ( all ! pi\s1 xiv1 ii1 #ajj1 #acj f42 discov]$ by sailors1 xiv1 ii1 #aja2 id5tifi$ ) ,leuke1 xiv1 ii1 #ii1 #ajb4 ,isodaites1 #bga4 ,isokrates1 vi1 #bb2 ii1 #dc4 ,i/hmian ,games1 iv1 #bb4 ,isyllos1 iv1 #b4 ,ixion1 vii1 #aa4 ,ja9ism 7see ,indian71 xi1 #af4 ,japan1 cult ( dead 91 v1 #ii4 ,jaws ( ! dead1 b9d+ up !1 xiv1 ii1 #b4 ,jewi% =g]y ( a ,p9d>ic poem1 xii1 #de4 ,jews1 influ5c$ by ,greeks1 xiv1 ii1 #ad4 ,jews influ5ce ,greeks1 xiv1 ii1 #add4 ,judaeo-,hell5i/ic doctr9e ( ! s\l1 xiv1 ii1 #aag4 ,judgm5t 9 ,hades1 #bch f41 #ece f41 #eda2 ,orphic1 #cdd2 ,p9d>1 #dae2 ,plato1 xiii1 #cf4 ,julian ! ,apo/ate1 xiv1 ii1 #ajg1 #add1 #aga4 ,julius ,kanus1 xiv1 #fd4 jus talionis1 x1 #ga4 ,ju/91 pros ,he_/ll41 #c1 xiv1 ii1 #aea4 7,! em5dation pidu_/sas is already m5tion$1 z ,i see too late1 9 ! ,maur9] edition ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4 ,! app>5tly traditional ho_/r pd_/sas is inde$ possible on grammatical gr\nds analog\s con/ructions1 o!rwise peculi> to poetry1 are n unkn[n 9 prose3 see ,lobeck ad ,aiac4#c1 p4 #fi-gj1 b provides no satisfactory s5se47 ,ka ( ,egyptians1 i1 #e4 ,kadmos translat$ to ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/1 xiv1 ii1 #ii4 ,kaiadas at ,sp>ta1 9999v1 #cb4 ,ka9eus1 iii1 #c4 ,kal*as1 iv1 #if4 ,kalypso1 xiv1 ii1 #aje4 ,kanobos1 iii1 #dc4 ,kanus ,julius1 xiv1 #fd4 ,kapaneus1 #eha f4 ,k>k_/1 #eib4 ,k>manor1 ix1 #aac4 ,k>neades1 xiv1 #ei1 #fa1 #hc4 k>p\n1 v1 #abf4 ,kass&ra1 viii1 #eb2 ix1 #fe4 katadein1 kata_/desmos1 kata_/desis 9 magic1 ix1 #ajg2 #fjd4 ka?a_/rmata giv5 up to ! spirits1 ix1 #hh 7cf4 #ha74 ,ka?>tic practices1 etc41 v1 #cf2 #ahj2 vi1 #ah2 vii1 #ae2 #bid f42 #cjb2 #cgh2 #ehb2 #ehe2 #ehi f4 ka_/?>sis mani_/z 7music71 ix1 #ai2 7( ,py?agoreans71 xi1 #dh2 by ,melamp\s1 #bhg2 ,bakis1 #bid2 ,orphic1 #cch f42 #cdc2 ,emp$okles1 xi1 #he2 ,plato1 #dgj4 ka!_/drai1 fe/ival ( ,s\ls1 v1 #hf4 ka_/to*os1 ( magic1 ix1 #ajg4 ka_/to*oi1 kato*_/1 kate_/*e/hai1 ( possession1 viii1 #bd1 #dd4 ,kattadias 7,devil-prie/s ( ,ceylon71 viii1 #ee4 ,kaukones1 v1 #ab4 #fag ,kaunians1 v1 #ii4 ,kausianoi1 viii1 #ge1 #gg4 ,kekrops1 iii1 #da4 ,keos1 fun]al ord9ance f1 v1 #db1 #eb1 #ef1 #gd1 #gf-g1 #hg1 #ib1 #ace4 ,k]b]os1 vii1 #f4 kres s\ls1 i1 #aj2 v1 #ajj2 ix1 #ib4 ,k]kops 7,py?agorean71 x1 #g2 #eig4 ,k]ykes1 vi1 #f1 #af4 ,key1 keep] (1 9 ,hades1 vii1 #ac4 ,kikones ( ! ,odyssey1 #db4 ,kimon z ,h]o1 #abi4 ,kirke1 #cb2 v1 #afi4 ,kiss+ ! h& to a grave1 xiv1 ii1 #bf-g4 ,klean!s1 xiv1 #da1 #dg4 kleid\*oi !oi_/1 #bdg4 ,klei/h5es1 #abd4 ,kleitos1 #eh4 ,kleobis & ,biton1 xiv1 ii1 #adh4 ,kleombrotos1 xiv1 #c4 ,kleom$es 7,h]o71 #abi2 xiv1 ii1 #aad4 ,kleom5es z ,h]o1 xiv1 ii1 #ei4 ,klym5os ,hades1 v1 #h1 #ah2 r$uc$ to rank ( ,h]o1 iii1 #cd4 ,knossos1 #if2 iii1 #be4 ,kore1 #afj2 v1 #aa2 #bai f42 #bbd2 xiv1 ii1 #adf4 ,koronis1 iii1 #ef4 ,korybantism1 viii1 #cf1 #eb2 #bhf f4 ,kos 7,ge71 v1 #af4 ,kotytto1 #ccf4 ,k\retes1 v1 #afg4 klu_/mata1 magic spells1 ix1 #ha4 ,kragos1 iii1 #cj4 ,krantor1 xiv1 #a4 ,krataiis1 #eic4 ,krates 7,cynic71 v1 #cd4 ,krat9os1 vii1 #ag4 ,kratippos1 #eab4 krei_/ttones ! dead1 v1 #fe1 #aaj1 #aag4 ,kr9agoras1 vi1 #bb4 ,kritias1 ,sisyphos1 x1 #ed4 ,kritolaos1 xiv1 #cb4 ,krobyzoi1 viii1 #fe1 #ge4 ,krokos1 iii1 #dc4 ,kronos1 rul] 9 ,elysium1 #gf4 kte_/rea kt]ei_/ze91 i1 #bj1 #bi4 ,kybele1 #beg2 viii1 #cb1 #dc1 #ee2 #bhf f42 ix1 #ef2 xiv1 ii1 #agd4 ,ky*reus 7pu*rei_/ds o_/phis71 iv1 #abi4 ,kydas1 ix1 #ff4 9999,kyffhus]1 leg5d (1 #ic2 xiv1 ii1 #aab4 ,kylon1 at ,a!ns1 ix1 #abj4 ,kyme1 crim9al law (1 v1 #ade4 ,kypria1 #fd4 ,labyadai1 _! fun]al ord9ance 9 ,delphi1 v1 #eb1 #he1 #abh4 ,lam5tation di/urbs ! dead1 v1 #di4 ,lamia1 vii1 #be2 #eib f4 ,lant]ns1 fea/ ( 9 ,japan1 v1 #ii4 ,laodike1 iii1 #f4 ,l> famili>is & ,l>es at ,rome1 v1 #acb4 ,lat9us1 translation (1 xiv1 ii1 #aaj4 ,laurel1 drives away gho/s1 v1 #ie4 ,law1 unwritt51 #afc1 #dbf2 xii1 #id4 ,lebadeia1 #ij f41 #ie2 iii1 #bf2 v1 #ai1 #acc2 xiv1 ii1 #ajd4 ,lecti/]nia1 iii1 #bf2 iv1 #af4 ,leky?oi1 v1 #ch2 #afi2 #agj2 #bcg4 ,lemnos1 fea/ ( ! dead 91 ix1 #gf4 ,lemuria 9 ,rome1 v1 #ii4 ,leonidas 7z ,h]o71 iv1 #bj2 #ebh4 ,leo/h5es 7,h]o71 vii1 #e2 xiv1 ii1 #ei4 ,l]na1 ix1 #hh2 viii1 #bh4 ,le!1 vii1 #ba2 xii1 #cg2 & ,mnemosyne1 f\nta9s (1 xiv1 ii1 #aea4 ,leto1 iii1 #df ,leuke1 ,i4 ( ,a*illes1 #fe1 #ff2 xiv1 ii1 #ajb2 ,cliff (1 ib4 ,leuko!a3 see ,ino4 ,lie1 ju/ification (1 xii1 #gb4 ,life1 #c1 #ca2 repudiation (1 viii1 #ge2 only l5t1 xiv1 ii1 #afa2 #eje2 ,wat] ( life1 xiv1 ii1 #aea-b2 ,future ,life1 #bcf f42 see ,hades & ,ways4 ,lightn+ sanctifies its victim1 iii1 #ci2 #ajj2 v1 #fh2 ix1 #abg2 xii1 #ed2 xiv1 ii1 #aed2 #eha f4 ,l9os1 iii1 #dc4 ,lobeck1 #bbb4 ,local deities & _! cults1 #be f42 #bg4 lo_/gos1 #dii2 xiv1 #fi4 ,lokroi1 crim9al law (1 v1 #ade4 ,lot1 oracles receiv$ by means ( 7,delphi1 #bij4 9999l\tropho_/roi1 #ehg4 ,lucian1 iii1 #bh2 #bcf2 de ,luctu1 xiv1 ii1 #b2 ,philops41 xiv1 ii1 #hg1 #add2 9999ix1 #if4 ,lucretius1 #eje4 ,lydia1 v1 #afg4 ,ly+-9-/ate ( ! dead1 #afe4 ,lykaios1 ,zeus1 v1 #agj4 ,lykas 7,h]o71 iv1 #aad4 ,lykia1 imprecatory tablets f graves 91 #eec4 ,lykian language1 iv1 #ii4 ,lykos 7,h]o71 iv1 #aad4 #fah ,lyk\rgos1 ,k+ ( ,edonians1 ix1 #c2 9 ,sp>ta wor%ipp$ z ,h]o & ,god1 #acb2 sanctifi$ by lightn+1 #eha4 ,lyric poetry ( ! ,greeks1 #aeg2 #daa f4 ,lys&] z ,h]o1 #eca4 ,lysima*os 7,h]o71 xiv1 ii1 #fg4 lu_/sios ,dio_/nusos1 ix1 #ba2 lu_/sioi !oi_/1 x1 #ej4 lu_/sis ( ! s\l1 x1 #fa1 #ff2 xiii1 #fg4 ,m1 wor%ipp$ ) ec/atic cult1 viii1 #dc1 #ee4 ,mac$onians1 viii1 #ca4 ,ma*aon & ,podaleirios1 iv1 #ib4 ,macriani1 xiv1 ii1 #aab4 ,madness cur$ by magic1 ix1 #ai1 #ha2 cf4 ,m5tal diseases4 ,magical papyri1 xiv1 ii1 #add2 #ehi2 #eib2 #fjd2 cf4 ,defixiones4 ,magicians1 among savage peoples1 #bfa f42 ,greek1 #bid f41 #bih f42 xi1 #eh2 #ecc f42 #fjd4 ,mahbhrata1 iii1 #c4 ma9a_/s1 #bef4 mak>i_/ts 7( ! dead71 vii1 #aj2 xiv1 ii1 #ca4 maka_/rn nsoi3 see ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/4 ,manes1 v1 #ii1 #acc4 mani_/a1 div9e1 #bee f42 #bhf f42 9 ! wor%ip ( ,dionysos1 #bhb f4 ,mani*aeans1 x1 #hc4 ,mank9d1 orig9 (1 accord+ to ! ,orphics1 #cda f42 g5]ations 7,ages7 (1 9 ,hesiod1 #fg f4 ma_/nteis1 ix1 #da f42 z magicians1 ix1 #fh4 ,mantik 7inspir$ prophecy71 #bfj1 #bhi f4 ,m>a?on1 iv1 #hd2 #acf2 ,grave ( ! dead at1 xiv1 ii1 #cg4 ,m>joram1 ka?>tic1 apotropaic uses (1 v1 #cf4 ,m>on 7,h]o71 xiv1 ii1 #da4 mas*alismo_/s1 #aha2 #ehb f4 ,massagetai1 #bei4 ,mat]ialism1 #che4 ,matri>*y1 n ,greek1 xii1 #ge4 ,m$ea translation (1 xiv1 ii1 #ii2 7v1 #afi74 ,m$ic9e m5 7,nor? ,am]ican ,indians71 #bfb2 ix1 #fh1 #aag2 dance ( ! ,w9nebago1 viii1 #ee4 me_/g>a1 iii1 9999#g4 meili_/*oi !oi_/1 v1 #afh2 ,dio_/nusos meili_/*ios1 ix1 #ba4 ,meil9oe1 v1 #e2 ix1 #if4 ,melamp\s1 #hi2 #bhg4 ,melanippides1 xii1 #a1 #ba4 ,melesagoras1 ix1 #eh4 ,memnon1 #fd f4 ,m5elaos 7translation (71 #ee f42 iv1 #b2 ii1 #ba4 ,m5e/heus1 iv1 #ajj4 ,m5tal diseases1 orig9 & cure (1 #bhf f42 ix1 #ai1 #ha4 ,metal1 noise (1 drives away gho/s1 i1 #gb2 ix1 #hc2 see ,iron1 ,bronze4 ,metamorphoses1 iii1 #c2 x1 #hb4 metempsu_/*sis1 x1 #hd2 see ,transmigration4 ,metrodoros1 allegorical int]pretation ( my?ology1 vi1 #bc4 ,metrodoros 7,epicurean71 xiv1 #he1 #hf1 #ig4 m phunai1 xii1 #aj4 m_/nima !n1 v1 #adh2 alitri_/n1 v1 #agf4 mi_/asma1 v1 #agf2 #bie f4 mia_//r1 v1 #agh4 ,mi*ael1 ! ,ar*angel1 iv1 #if4 ,midas1 #dab4 ,mid-day1 spectres appe>+ at1 ix1 #if2 xiv1 ii1 #da2 #eib f4 ,migrations1 ,greek1 #bg1 #aee1 #afa1 #bhd4 ,milky ,way 7abode ( ! s\ls71 ix1 #aaa2 xii1 #dd4 ,miltiades1 z ,h]o1 iv1 #bj4 ,mimn]mos1 xii1 #g4 ,m9d1 #e1 #bi f41 #chc1 #chg1 #dic f4 ,m+relians1 i1 #cj4 ,m9os 7& ,zeus1 9 ,crete71 #if2 ,judge 9 ,hades1 vii1 #ac4 ,m9yas1 9999vii1 #c2 #bcg1 #bch1 #bhb4 ,miracle1 #bed2 xiv1 ii1 #dj-a1 #de1 #gj2 #ecg2 desire = 9 lat] ages ( antiquity1 #edf f4 ,missions1 s5t out f ,eleusis1 #afa4 ,mi?ras1 ,my/]ies (1 xiv1 ii1 #add1 #aec1 #agb1 #agd4 ,mityl5e1 fun]al ord9ance (1 v1 #ed4 ,mitys1 iv1 #aah4 mn_/m 7,emp$okles & ,py?agorean71 xi1 #if2 & l_/? 9 ,hades 7,p9d>71 xii1 #cg2 xiv1 ii1 #aea4 ,mnemosyne1 xii1 #cg2 xiv1 ii1 #aea4 moira1 #bi4 ,moon & />s inhabit$ by s\ls1 x1 #ge2 xi1 #aaf2 xiv1 9999#ec4 ,monism1 #dcb2 #ejj4 #fai ,mopsos1 iii1 #e1 #ac2 #acc4 ,morality1 #dj2 #bbh2 #bid f42 #cjb2 #cgf4 ,mormolu_/k1 ,morm_/1 vii1 #be2 #eib4 ,mos*ion1 x1 #ed4 ,moses1 ii1 #ah2 xiv1 ii1 #aji4 ,motes 9 ! sunbeam ,s\ls 7,py?agoras71 xi1 #dj2 ,emp$4 9999xi1 #aja4 ,m\nta9s1 leg5ds ab\t1 #bfc2 viii1 #fh4 ,m\rn+1 p]iod (1 #afg4 ,m\saios1 x1 #gj4 mu_/*ioi !oi_/1 iii1 #ce4 muein1 vi1 #af4 ,murd]]1 exclud$ f religi\s wor%ip1 vi1 #ag4 ,murd]1 action =1 religi\s s5se (1 #ahj f42 expiation (1 #agd f41 #ach2 xii1 #cd1 #dj4 ,murd] trials2 see ,homicide4 ,music 9 ,dionysiac wor%ip1 #beg2 z a cure = ,korybantic fr5zy & o!r diseases1 #bhf f42 ix1 #ai2 xi1 #dh4 ,musonius1 v1 #cd2 #ejc4 ,mutt]re*t1 n ,greek1 xii1 #ge4 ,mutilation ( ! dead1 #ehb f4 ,myc5ae1 #bb1 #bg1 #abb4 ,mykonos 7cult ( ,*?onic ,zeus71 v1 #c1 #g1 #af4 ,myrtle sacr$ to *?o_/nioi1 iv1 #ba2 v1 #dj1 #fa4 ,mysians1 x1 #gh4 ,my/]ies3 see ,eleus9ian ,m42 ,orphic1 #cdc f42 ,samo?racian1 vi1 #cd2 7see also ,isis & ,mi?ras74 ,my/icism1 #bbe f41 #bed f41 #bfb1 #bia f41 #cdd2 xiii1 #ge1 #ajd2 xiv1 #a4 ,my?1 allegorical int]pretation (1 vi1 #bc4 ,"n1 call+ ! dead by1 #db1 #ebg2 ( ,h]o us$ 9 sacrific+1 iv1 #fb2 9 invocation ( av5g+ spirits1 #fjd4 ,nameless ,gods1 iv1 #fb2 ,h]oes1 #abf f42 #ebi2 xiv1 ii1 #fa1 #fc4 ,namnites 9 ,gaul1 viii1 #ee4 ,n>cissus 7,orphic871 x1 #bi4 na_/r?x1 viii1 #bb4 ,national ,h]oes3 see ar*goi_/4 ,nature1 religion (1 #bbc f4 ,naulo*os 7,h]o71 xiv1 ii1 #gd4 ,nect>1 #eh4 nefa/i dies1 v1 #aeh4 ,negro tribes1 i1 #cd2 v1 #aaj2 #bga4 ,nekyia ( ! ,odyssey1 #cb f42 iii1 #h2 #bcg f42 #bdj f42 #bnd ,nekyia1 i1 #fb1 #fe2 ,n4 9 o!r epics1 #bcg f41 7see ,desc5ts72 on vases1 vii1 #bg4 neku_/sia1 v1 #ib4 ,nemea1 iv1 #bb4 neme_/seia1 ne_/mesis1 ,ne_/mesis1 9999v1 #ia4 ,neoplatonic writ]s1 x1 #bg1 #bi1 #ch2 #eif f4 ,neoptolemos1 translation (1 xiv1 ii1 #ii4 ,n]o1 translat$ 7,anti*ri/71 xiv1 ii1 #aac4 ,neurotic diseases1 cure (1 #bhf f4 ,new ,zeal& 7me?od ( burial71 v1 #fg4 ,nightm>e1 ix1 #ajb2 xiv1 ii1 #hf4 ,n9e1 sanctity ( numb]1 v1 #hd2 xiii1 #de2 xiv1 ii1 #aed4 ,noise ( bronze or iron drives away gho/s1 i1 #gb2 v1 #afg2 ix1 #hc4 ,no/oi1 #ff f4 ,novel 7,greek1 etc471 iv1 #acd2 xiv1 ii1 #hg4 ,novemdialia3 fe/ival 9 ,rome1 v1 #hd4 n\s1 9 ,anaxagoras1 #chg f42 9 ,ari/otle1 #dic f42 cf4 #chc4 ,numb]s 7,py?agorean my/ical !ory (71 x1 #i4 ,nyktelios1 ,nyktelia1 viii1 #bh2 #bhe2 ix1 #cf4 numpho_/lptos1 ix1 #fc4 ek numphn ka_/to*os1 ix1 #eh4 ,nymphs1 ag5ts ( ,translation1 xiv1 ii1 #aje4 ,oa?1 religio-juri/ic significance (1 #da f42 v1 #aef2 #bch2 xi1 #gg2 xii1 #dj4 ,oa?-break+ puni%$ 9 ,hades2 see ,p]jury4 ,oa? tak5 by bo? p>ties 9 a suit1 v1 #aef4 ,obolos = ! f]ryman ( ! dead3 see ,*>on4 ,ocrisia1 v1 #acb4 ,odyssey1 #cb f41 #ee1 #fb f41 #bcf2 #bnd ,nekyia1 i1 #fb1 #fe4 ,odysseus1 end (1 ii1 #cj2 oracle (1 iv1 #ig2 z ,h]o1 xiv1 ii1 #da2 ,o4 & ,kalypso1 xiv1 ii1 #aje4 ,o$ipus1 #dcj f42 xii1 #he1 #aab f4 ,oiki/es1 #abg f4 ,o9omaos1 iv1 #b4 ,oknos1 #bda4 ,olbia1 xiv1 ii1 #ajb4 #fbj ,olive1 ka?>tic effects (1 v1 #cf-g1 #fa2 ix1 #gb4 ,olympos z dwell+-place ( s\ls1 xiv1 ii1 #ace4 ,olympia1 iv1 #bb1 #fb2 #aba1 #afj2 v1 #ih4 mo!tein1 #ehd f4 omphalo_/s at ,delphi1 iii1 #ca4 ,onomakritos1 #ccf-g1 #cch f42 7! ,lokrian71 ix1 #aac4 ,oracles ( ,h]oes1 #acc f42 ( ,e>?1 #afj2 see ,delphi1 ,dodona1 ,incubation4 ,orators1 ,greek1 #dac4 ,orators' (ficial spee*es ( consolation1 xiv1 ii1 #f4 ,ore/es1 iv1 #ce2 #agh2 #dbd1 #dbf4 ,orgeones1 #abd4 ,orgia/ic cults 9 ,greece1 ix1 #ef2 9 ,!ssaly & ,phrygia1 #beg4 ,ori5t influ5c$ by ,greece1 #eci4 ,orig51 c4 ,cels41 iii1 9999#bj2 xiv1 #cc4 ,orion1 #ci2 #eh4 ,oropos1 #ib2 iii1 #ai1 #ef2 xiv1 ii1 #ajd4 ,orpheus1 kata_/basis eis ,ha_/id\1 vii1 #c1 #bg2 x1 #fj2 ( ,kam>9a1 x1 #g2 ( ,kroton1 x1 #g1 #aa4 ,orphics1 v1 #ii2 #abd2 vi1 #ac2 vii1 #ae1 #ah2 #cce f42 xii1 #acg2 xiii1 #dd2 #gj;a2 #ehf2 alleg$ influ5ce 9 ,hom]1 x1 #e4 ,orphic cult ( ,bak*os1 x1 #a2 poetry1 au?or%ip (1 x1 #g2 ,rhapsodical ,!ogony1 ix1 #abc2 #cci-dj2 #eif f42 o!r ,!ogonies1 x1 #ba2 orig9 ( mank9d 91 #cci f42 x1 #gg2 six ,rul]s ( ! _w1 x1 #dj2 ,asceticism1 #cdb f42 ka?>tic doctr9e1 #cch2 ideas ( ,hades1 #cdd f42 doctr9e ( rebir? & ,transmigration ( s\ls1 #cde f42 grave-tablets 7,sicily71 #dag f42 xiv1 ii1 #aea2 #eih1 #fja2 ,hymns1 xiv1 ii1 #agc4 ,orphica 7fr4 #abj74 x1 #bb2 7fr4 #bbf71 x1 #dh4 ,orphico-,py?agorean ,hymnus on ,numb]1 x1 #i4 ,ortugi_/1 ii1 #be4 ,os resectum ( ! ,romans1 i1 #cd4 ho_/sioi1 ! ,pure1 vi1 #ah2 #cdc4 ,osiris1 xiv1 ii1 #aeb4 ,o/iaks1 religi\s dances ( !1 viii1 #ee4 oxu?u_/mia1 #baf2 ix1 #hh4 ouk _/mn1 g5o_/mn ktl4 on epitaphs1 xiv1 ii1 #afg4 ,ouranos1 x1 #bh4 ,paetus ,?rasea1 xiv1 #fd4 ,palam$es1 xiv1 ii1 #da4 ,palaimon1 iii1 #ch4 palamnaios1 v1 #agh4 paligg5esi_/a1 #bbd2 vii1 #ba2 x1 #dg1 #ha1 #hd2 #eai2 xiv1 9999i1 #fh1 #adb2 #edg4 ,pan1 ix1 #ef4 ,panaitios1 xiv1 #bd2 #eja f4 ,p&aemonism1 #eai4 ,p&>eos1 daught]s (1 ii1 #e4 ,pan!ism1 #bfa1 #dih f42 xiv1 #fj2 #ejd4 ,pan*atantra1 iv1 #acd4 ,p>adise1 imag9>y1 9 ,hades1 vii1 #ah4 p>amu?tika psphi_/smata1 xiv1 ii1 #f4 ,p>don = ,homicide1 v1 #add1 #aea1 #aed4 ,p>5talia 9 ,rome1 v1 #ij4 ,p>m5ides1 #cgb2 #djh2 #eig4 ,p>sley us$ 9 cult ( ! dead1 iv1 #bb2 v1 #dj1 #ajg4 ,pasipha1 iv1 #ajd4 pa_/trai1 iv1 #di2 v1 #aca2 9 ,rhodos1 iv1 #eb4 ,patroklos1 ,fun]al (1 #ab f42 ,translation (1 xiv1 ii1 #ajb4 patromu_//s1 #fjb4 ,pausanias1 ,sp>tan ,k+1 v1 #agc2 ,p]iegeta1 #abf2 #ebi2 7#d1 #cb1 #a7 #eed2 ,doctor 7pupil ( ,emp$okles71 #cgh2 xi1 #fa4 ,pehu5*5 ,indians 7,s4 ,am]ica71 i1 #bf4 ,peiri?os1 vii1 #c4 ,pelasgians1 v1 #ah4 ,peleus1 ,translation (1 xiv1 ii1 #ii4 ,pelli*os1 xiv1 ii1 #de4 ,pelops1 #aba2 iv1 #cg4 ,p5ates1 v1 #acb-c4 ,p5it5ts und]go+ puni%m5t 9 ,hades1 #dj f41 #bch1 #bda2 vii1 #bg4 ,p5!us1 #bhc4 p]i_/deipnon1 #afg4 p]ika_/?>ma1 #ehi4 p]ima_/tte91 #eij4 ,p]jury puni%$ 9 ,hades1 #da f42 v1 #aef2 #bch2 xi1 #gg2 xii1 #dj4 ,p]ipatetics1 #eab4 p]ipsn1 #ehi4 ,p]sephone1 #aeh f42 v1 #e2 #afj f42 #bbj2 #bbb f42 & see ,kor4 ,p]seus & ! ,ma9ades1 ix1 #c4 ,p]sian ,w>1 ,h]oiz+ ( ^? :o fell 91 #aca4 ,p]sians1 i1 #e2 #aj2 #bb2 v1 #he-f2 ka?>tic practice among1 ix1 #gh4 ,p]s9os ( ,miletos1 x1 9999#g4 ,p]sius1 i1 #ca2 #ejd4 #fba ,p]sonality1 r$uplication (1 #eie f42 cf4 e_/k/asis4 ,p]u1 religi\s dances 91 viii1 #ee4 ,pessimism1 #dab1 #ede4 ,petelia1 grave tablet f1 #dag f41 #fja f41 #eih4 ,phaeacians1 #fc2 ii1 #ag1 #df4 ,phannis1 ix1 #ei4 ,pha?on1 iii1 #ce4 ,phanes1 x1 #i2 #eih4 ,ph>isees1 xi1 #ej4 ph>makoi_/1 ix1 #hg2 #ehi f4 pha_/smata ,hekatika_/1 #eij f4 ,ph]ekrates1 comic poet1 vii1 #ag4 ,ph]ekydes1 #cja2 x1 #gi2 xi1 #ea2 vi1 #be2 #eig4 ,philippos ( ,opos1 au?or ( ,ep9omis1 xiv1 #a4 ,philiskos1 xii1 #aeg4 ,philo ,judaeus1 xiv1 ii1 #aag2 7ap4 ,gal4 xiii1 #bfh71 iii1 #dc4 ,philodamos ( ,sk>pheia1 8 ,hymn to ,dionysos1 vi1 #i4 ,philolaos1 x1 #dd2 xi1 #ce-f1 #ej1 #ee4 ,philopoim51 z ,h]o1 xiv1 ii1 #di4 ,philopregmon 7,h]o71 #ebi4 ,philosophy1 #cfb f42 #dcb f42 #dfc f42 #dij f4 ,philo/ratos1 ,h]oikos1 xiv1 ii1 #da2 ,v4 ,apoll41 xiv1 ii1 #aae4 phim\n1 phimtiko_/n1 #fjd4 ,phokion1 v1 #ff4 ,pseudo-,phokylides1 xiv1 ii1 #aag4 ,phormion1 ( ,sp>ta1 ix1 #aaa4 ,phratriai 9 ,a!ns1 #abd f4 ,phrygians1 v1 #afg2 #beg2 viii1 #eb2 #bhf2 xiv1 ii1 #ac1 #agd4 ,phylai 9 ,a!ns1 #abd f4 ,pig1 9 cult ( ! dead1 v1 #aje4 ,pit*1 ka?>tic prop]ty (1 v1 #ie2 ix1 #gb4 ,piety ( ! ,greeks1 #bh f4 ,piety t[>ds ! dead1 #af1 #afd1 #afi4 ,p9d>1 #g1 #aae1 #aeg2 vi1 #bb2 #bch2 #dab2 #dad f42 7,o4 #b1 #eg71 xii1 #ce2 7,o4 #b1 #fa71 xii1 #ch2 7,p4 #h1 #eg71 iv1 #aje2 7fr4 #abi-cj71 xii1 #cg2 7fr4 #acb71 xii1 #de2 7fr4 #acc71 xii1 #cd1 #da4 pi_/?os tetrme_/nos 9 ,hades1 #ehf f4 ,pittakos ( ,mityl5e1 v1 #ed4 ,pixod>os 7,h]o71 xiv1 ii1 #fc4 ,plato1 ix1 #ajg2 #chc2 xi1 #if2 #dfc f42 xiv1 ii1 #ajh2 #edg2 ,beauty 9 #dgc2 influ5ce (1 on popul> belief1 xiv1 ii1 #adc2 doctr9e ( ,ideas1 #dgj f42 diff]5t /rata ( ! ,republic1 xiii1 #h2 #dgd2 ,laws1 xiii1 #cf1 #cg2 #dgf2 ,gorgias1 vii1 #ac2 xiii1 #cf1 #if2 ,m5o1 xiii1 #ajj2 ,pha$o1 xiii1 #cf2 #dfh f4 ,plants ) s\ls1 xi1 #gb1 #hb2 #chb2 xi1 #aag2 xiii1 #dj4 hoi plei_/ous1 ! dead1 xiv1 ii1 #abd4 ,plot9os1 #edg f4 ,pl\ton1 iii1 #cd2 #afj4 pl\t_/nia1 v1 #bc4 ,plut>*1 v1 #cd2 vi1 #bc2 vii1 #a2 xiv1 ii1 #he1 #hg4 ,pluto1 iii1 #cd2 #afj4 pneuma s\l1 9999xii1 #aej2 #dih2 #eda f4 ,podaleirios1 iii1 #ac2 #acc4 po9_/ = homicide1 9 ,hom]1 #age2 =bidd51 v1 #aed2 & see ,murd]4 ,polemon1 xiv1 #a4 ,polemokrates 7,h]o71 iv1 #ic4 ,politics1 ,epicurean )drawal f1 #ejf f4 ,pollution1 #bid f4 polua_/ndrioi dai_/mones1 #fjd4 ,poly>atos1 ix1 #aaa4 ,polybios1 #dib4 ,polyboia1 #ajj4 ,polygnotos' picture ( ,hades1 #bda f42 #ehf4 ,polynesians1 v1 #afa4 ,pomegranate 9 ! cult ( ! dead1 v1 #aje4 ,pomptilla1 grave 9 ,s>d9ia1 xiv1 ii1 #ga4 ,popl> 9 ! cult ( ! dead1 v1 #fa2 xiv1 ii1 #ajb4 ,popul> belief ab\t ! dead1 #ebd4 ,popul> v]sion ( ,translation1 xiv1 ii1 #aje4 ,poseidonios1 x1 #gh2 xi1 #ce1 #ee2 xiv1 #dj1 #dd1 #ea1 #ec-d2 #ejb2 xiv1 #fj-b4 ,possession1 #bee2 #eie2 see e_/k/asis4 ,possessions ( ! dead burnt ) ! body1 i1 #cj1 #ea4 ,po/ponem5t ( com+ ev5ts by ! gods1 ix1 #abj4 ,p\lytion1 #bbb4 ,praetextatus1 xiv1 ii1 #agb4 ,praise ( ! dead at ! p]i_/deipnon1 v1 #ha4 ,pre-exi/5ce3 see ,s\l4 ,prophecy by ,incubation 7dream-oracles71 #ib f41 #bhi f42 by ,h]oes1 #acc2 9 ,?racian wor%ip ( ,dionysos1 #bfj2 two k9ds ( 7te*nik_/ & a_/te*nos71 #bhi2 by inspiration1 #bhi f42 at ,delphi1 #bhi f42 9 ,greek #fbb wor%ip ( ,d41 #bhi f42 w&]+ prophets1 #bib f42 by means ( lots at ,delphi1 #bhi2 9 ,leuke1 xiv1 ii1 #ajb4 ,prodikos ( ,keos1 vi1 #bc2 ( ,phokaia1 vii1 #c2 ( ,samos1 vii1 #c2 x1 #g4 ,prorosia1 ix1 #ajh4 ,proitides1 #bhb1 #bhg4 ,proklidai1 iv1 #ec4 ,prophecy3 see ,mantik4 ,prophetic p[] ( ! dy+1 i1 #fi4 prospha_/gion1 v1 #df4 pro/ro_/paios1 v1 #adh1 #agf4 ,protagoras1 #dch4 ,protesilaos1 iv1 #ih4 ,proteus 9 ! ,odyssey1 #ee4 pro_/!sis ( ! corpse1 #afd 7v1 #da f474 ,prov]bs1 ,greek1 v1 #abj2 xii1 #c2 #ehf4 ,prussia1 cult ( ! dead 91 v1 #ii1 #aad4 psu*_/ 9 ,hom]1 #d f42 #cj f42 #cfd f42 alt] ego1 #f2 9 ,p9d>1 xii1 #cb2 9 ,philosophy1 #cfd f42 situat$ 9 eye or m\?1 i1 #be2 ,life1 i1 #ei2 xi1 #a4 psu*agg_/s1 ix1 #ajf4 ,psy*e 7( ,apuleius71 xiv1 ii1 #aea4 ,psy*ology1 ,hom]ic1 #cj f42 ( ! philosoph]s1 #cfd f4 psu*omanteia1 v1 #bc4 psu*pompeia1 v1 #bc4 psu*o/asi_/a1 v1 #ajj4 ,puni%m5t ( guilty ?r\gh desc5dants1 xii1 #g1 #fe2 xiv1 ii1 #if4 ,purification3 see ,ka?>tic1 ka_/?>sis2 aft] a fun]al1 v1 #gg2 aft] see+ a corpse3 ,jul41 ,ep4 #gg1 p4 #fja1 #bj f4 ,h42 c>ri$ out by exgtai_/1 v1 #aci2 ( murd]]s1 #agi f42 #bie2 7?is n ,hom]ic71 v1 #aff2 ritual1 9 daily life1 #bie2 ( ! new-born1 ib42 by blood1 #bif2 by fire1 #ba2 by runn+ wat]1 #ehh f42 removal ( ! pollut+ sub/ance ) figs or eggs1 #ehi f4 ,pure1 !1 vi1 #ah2 #cdc4 ,purgation 9 ,plato1 xiii1 #cf4 ,purple 7,r$7 col\r prop] to ! dead1 v1 #fa4 ,py?agoras1 #cgd f42 xii1 #aej2 & ,zalmoxis1 viii1 #fh2 & ,ab>is1 ix1 #ajh1 #abb2 8 previ\s bir?s1 #eih f42 desc5t to ,hades1 #fjj f4 ,py?agoreans1 suicide1 v1 #cc2 bury ! body on leaves1 v1 #fa2 & ,orphics 9 ,h]odotos1 #ccf2 x1 #h2 9 ,a!ns1 #ccg2 psy*ology1 xi1 #ee2 ,transmigration-doctr9e1 x1 #gi1 #ha2 xi1 #db2 xiii1 #dj2 psu*_/ 7,alkmaion71 xi1 #bh1 #ce2 & ,p>m5ides1 xi1 #cj2 ,emp$okles & ,p4 ana_/mnsis1 xi1 #if2 ,u ,py?ag41 xii1 #fb2 & ,plato 7divisions ( ! s\l71 xiii1 #bg2 7transmigration ( ! s\l71 xiii1 #dj2 & ! ,/oics 7s\ls 9 ! air71 xiv1 #ec4 ,py?ia1 viii1 #eb-c2 ix1 #de2 #bhi f42 #eif4 ,py?ian ,games1 iv1 #bb4 ,py?on1 #ig2 #ahj f4 ,quietism1 #chj4 ,ram1 9 cult ( ! dead1 v1 #aje1 #ajg2 z expiatory sacrifice1 v1 #afg4 ,rationalism among ! ,greeks1 #bi f42 #abb2 #dib2 #ede4 ,rebir? 7see paligg5esi_/a71 xiv1 ii1 #agd2 #fjb4 ,recurr5ce1 p]iodical1 ( ev]y?+1 x1 #dg2 xiv1 #fh4 ,r$ col\r belong+ to ! dead1 v1 #fa4 ,r$uplication ( ,p]sonality1 #eie f4 ,regilla1 wife ( ,h]odes ,atticus1 xiv1 ii1 #ga1 #aca4 ,relatives oblig$ to prosecute v5detta1 v1 #ada4 ,release ( man f fate1 etc41 #cdb f42 xi1 #ej2 #chd4 ,religion1 ,hom]ic1 #bh f42 ( ,nature #bbc f42 ,symbolic1 ib4 ,relics1 cult (1 iv1 #b2 #aba f42 #ebi4 ,responsibility1 moral1 9 ,trag$y 7,aes*471 #dbc f4 ,resurrection ( ! body1 xiv1 ii1 #agd4 ,rev5ge & ,v5detta1 circle ( ^? expect$ to c>ry x out 79 ,hom]71 v1 #ada2 ,v5d4 b\ght (f 79 ,hom]71 v1 #adc2 ?is lat] =bidd51 v1 #aed2 ,v5d4 9 ,trag$y1 #dbd f41 #dcd4 ,rew>ds & puni%m5ts transmitt$ to desc5dants1 xii1 #fe 7x1 #dg72 exact equival5ce1 x1 #ga2 xi1 #dd2 9 ,hades1 #dj-a2 #bci f42 #dfg f42 #ecf4 ,"r & left1 significance (1 9 ,hades1 xii1 #fb4 ,rhadaman?ys1 #ee f42 ii1 #ag1 #bc2 #bdg2 xiv1 ii1 #acb4 rha_/mnos1 ka?>tic uses (1 v1 #ie2 xi1 #he4 ,rhea3 see ,kybele4 ,rhesos1 iv1 #cf2 #eeg4 #fbc ,rock graves1 v1 #fb1 #ff4 ,rome1 g5ius1 i1 #e2 v1 #acb2 m>riage c]emonies1 v1 #ie2 ,l>es1 v1 #ff1 #acb2 ,lemuria1 v1 #ii2 ,manes1 ib42 v1 #acc2 ,novemdialia1 v1 #hc-d2 os resectum1 i1 #cd2 ,p>5talia1 v1 #ij2 ,p5ates1 v1 #acb-c2 ,cult ( ,s\ls 91 v1 #aad2 ,cremation1 i1 #cg1 #ci4 ,romans1 admitt$ to ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies1 #bbf4 ,romulus1 translation (1 xiv1 ii1 #ajc1 #ajg1 #aaj4 ,sabazios 7,sabos71 viii1 #aj4 sa_/bos1 saba_/zios1 viii1 #cb4 ,saba_/zia 9 ,a!ns1 x1 #ab4 ,sabazios ,my/]ies 7late1 xiv1 ii1 #agd4 ,sacrifice at graves1 #afg1 #afi2 made to ,h]oes be=e gods1 iii1 #df2 ka?>tic1 #ehe4 ,salamis1 #acf f4 ,salmoneus1 #eha4 ,samo?race1 ,my/]ies (1 vi1 #cd4 ,sappho1 xii1 #ab ,s>p$on1 ii1 #bh2 iv1 #ii4 ,satrai1 viii1 #ec4 ,scapegoat1 ix1 #hg4 ,s*ell+1 #bbc4 ,s*]i1 ii1 #df4 ,s*ol4 ,ari/oph4 ,vesp4 #ajch1 ix1 #ajb4 ,scy?ians1 #bei2 ix1 #ae2 x1 #gh4 ,second sight1 #bfj2 #bic 7see e_/k/asis74 ,second-sight ( ! dy+1 i1 #fi4 ,secret cults1 #bai4 ,sects1 ,orphic1 #cce4 ,se]s1 ec/atic3 see ma_/nteis & ,prophecy4 ,seir5es1 ix1 9999#ajb2 #eic4 se_/l9on sacr$ to ! dead1 v1 #dj1 #ajg4 ,se_/lloi1 iii1 #ad4 ,semele1 #eha4 ,sem9oles ( ,florida1 i1 #be4 ,semitic influ5ce on ,greeks1 #fj2 #if4 ,semonides 7,simonides ( ,amorgos71 xii1 #d1 #h1 #ae4 ,s5eca1 xiv1 #da1 #ef1 #fh2 #ejc4 ,s]torius1 8 se>* = ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/1 xiv1 ii1 #aja4 ,sev]us ,alex&]1 xiv1 ii1 #aab4 ,s]vius ad4 ,a54 vi1 #cbd 7,poeta ,anon471 xi1 #gg4 ,sex1 *anges (1 9 leg5d1 iii1 #c4 ,%amans1 viii1 #dc2 #bfb4 ,%eep 7or ,ram71 v1 #aje1 #ajg1 #afg4 ,sibyls1 viii1 #eb2 #bib f42 #eif4 ,sicily1 xii1 #dg2 #dag f4 ,sikyon 7limitation on ! l5g? ( epitaphs71 xiv1 ii1 #aah4 ,sil5us1 leg5d (1 xii1 #aj 7viii1 #ae1 #ca74 ,sil5ce 9 pass+ graves1 v1 #aaj4 ,simonides ( ,keos1 xii1 #a1 #c1 #aa4 ,s91 #bid f41 #cdc1 #cha1 7,plato7 #dff2 consci\sness (1 #bdb4 ,sisyphos1 i1 #hb2 #bda2 vii1 #bg4 ,sit tibi t]ra levis1 xiv1 ii1 #abj4 ,si?on1 iii1 #c4 ,sitt+ 7n recl9+7 at fea/s 9 hon\r ( ! dead1 v1 #hf4 ,sk$asos1 daught]s (1 xiv1 ii1 #ce4 ,skeletons1 ! dead z1 xiv1 ii1 #ib4 ski_/lla1 ka?>tic prop]ty (1 ix1 #aae2 xi1 #he2 #ehi f4 ,skiron1 v1 #afh4 ,skotos1 vii1 #f4 ,skylla 7daught] ( ,hekate71 #eic4 ,slaves admitt$ to initiation at ! ,my/]ies1 vi1 #ad2 :5 fre$1 b\nd to keep up ! cult ( _! dead ma/]1 v1 #abh4 ,slavonic cult ( s\ls1 v1 #afa4 ,sleep & ,dea?1 ii1 #bh2 ,dea? only ,sleep1 xiv1 ii1 #adj2 ( ! ,gods1 iii1 #cj2 ,temple-sleep3 see ,incubation4 ,snakes1 =m 9 :i* *?o_/nioi appe>1 iii1 #ab1 #cc2 #ih2 iii1 #ee2 iv1 #abi2 v1 #aje99991 #aac1 #acc1 #afh2 #fjb4 ,societies3 see ,associations4 ,sokrates1 #dfc4 ,solon1 date ( ar*on%ip1 ix1 9999#abj2 z ,h]o1 iv1 #ch2 limits fun]al pomp1 #d1 #de1 #eg1 #ge2 protects ! memory ( ! dead1 v1 #aae2 8 view ( life1 xii1 #f2 & ,croesus1 xiv1 ii1 #agj4 ,sorc]y3 see ,magic & ,conjuration ( ! dead4 ,sortilege1 oracle ( at ,delphi1 #bij4 ,s\l brea? 7pneuma71 #ejj f42 xiv1 ii1 #ach2 repres5t$ on leky?oi z w+$1 #agj2 ,pre-exi/5ce (1 taught by ,py?agoras1 xi1 #di2 by ,plato1 #dfe f42 ,ari/otle1 #die f42 ,/oics1 xiv1 #fj2 by ,jews "u ,greek influ5ce1 xiv1 ii1 #aag2 ,s\l & ,m9d1 9 ,ari/otle1 #dif2 ,poor ,s\ls1 v1 #aad2 x1 #ff2 ,s\ls 9999become daimones 7,hesiod71 #fg f42 transition f ,s\l to daimon1 v1 #acc1 #adh2 #agi2 v1 #agf2 assi/ gr[? ( crops1 v1 #abj2 call$ ^u #fbd at m>riages1 v1 #aba2 appe>ances aft] dea?1 ix1 #aje2 #ecc f42 xiv1 ii1 #aed2 dissipat$ by w9d aft] leav+ ! body1 xiii1 #e2 xi1 #ajb2 xiv1 #di1 #gg2 ( murd]$ m51 #aha f42 k+dom ( ,s\ls 9 ! air1 9 ! ,ae!r or 9 ,heav51 #cdb2 xi1 #ce2 #dcf f42 ,/oic1 #ejj f42 #eda f42 cf4 ,hades2 9 popul> belief1 xiv1 ii1 #adb2 9 ,neoplatonism1 #edg2 p>ts ( ! s\l1 acc4 to ,py?agoras1 xi1 #ee2 ,plato1 #dff f42 ,p]ipatetics1 #eab2 ,/oics1 xiv1 #fj2 ,epicureans1 #eje2 conjuration ( s\ls n kn[n 9 ,hom]1 #bd2 lat]1 v1 #bc2 ix1 #ajf2 xiv1 ii1 #hg1 #ij2 on ,defixions1 #eid f41 #fjd f42 ,s\ls1 ,cult (1 aft] burial1 #bb f41 #gg f41 #aeh f41 #afc f41 #aff f41 #aha f41 #bec f42 ,rudim5ts (1 9 ,hom]1 #ab f42 9 ! family1 #agb f42 repres5t$ on sepul*ral reliefs1 v1 #aje2 ,s\ls1 ,fe/ival (1 #afh2 9 cult ( ,dionysos1 ix1 #aa2 ,s\l1 ,salvation ( !1 #agb4 ,s\ls3 ,transmigration ( ,s\ls--,greek names =1 x1 #hd2 ,?racian belief 91 #bfc f42 ,egyptian belief 91 #cdf2 ,orphic1 #ccg2 #cdb f42 #cdf f42 ,py?agorean1 #cge2 xi1 #ej1 #ee2 9 ,p9d>1 #dae f42 ,emp$okles1 xi1 #ge1 #if2 ,plato1 #dfg2 ,/oics 7,poseidonios871 xiv1 #fj4 sma--sma3 ,orphic1 #cdb2 x1 #gc2 ,py?agoras1 #cge2 xi1 #ej2 ,emp$okles1 xi1 #ge2 ,euripides1 xii1 #acg2 ,plato1 xiii1 #dd2 9 popul> belief1 xiv1 ii1 #ada4 ,somnium ,scipionis1 xiv1 #ec1 #ed1 #fb2 xiv1 ii1 #eh4 ,sophi/s1 #dcb4 ,sophokles1 vi1 #bb1 #bf2 #dbf f42 z ,h]o1 iv1 #ga2 ,o$4 ,col4 #aehc1 xii1 #aab4 st_/r 7h_/rs71 xii1 #abh4 ,sp>ta2 fun]al ( k+s1 iv1 #df2 burial cu/oms1 v1 #fa2 reliefs repres5t+ fea/s ( ! dead1 v1 #aje1 #hf2 crim9al law (1 v1 #ade4 ,speak+ ill ( ! dead =bidd51 v1 #aae4 ,spell3 see ,magic4 ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 #f4 ,spielhansel1 folk-tale (1 i1 #hb4 ,spiritualism1 #bfd f42 #che2 #ejj2 #eie4 ,spirits3 see ,gho/s4 ,spirits1 isl& ( 7,leuke71 xiv1 ii1 #ajb2 nocturnal battle (1 xiv1 ii1 #cg2 magical compulsion (1 ix1 #ajg4 ,spitt+1 apotropaic effect (1 #ehf4 ,/>s inhabit$1 xi1 #aaf2 by ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$1 x1 #ge-f2 my?s1 #eh4 ,/ate3 see ,politics2 ,/ate ,fun]als1 xiv1 ii1 #e-f4 ,/atues ( ,h]oes1 miracles p]=m$ by1 #acf4 /e_/phanos1 iv1 #ba4 ,/]t9ius1 ,c4 ,x5ophon 7,h]o71 xiv1 ii1 #fd4 ,/obaeus1 ,ecl4 i1 #di1 #df2 xiv1 ii1 #ach4 ,/oics1 xi1 #ih2 xii1 #fg2 #dig f42 #edb4 ,/ones 7a s\l attribut$ to71 xi1 #gb4 ,/ormcl\ds1 %oot+ at1 viii1 #fc2 cf4 ,wea!r-magicians4 ,/raton1 xii1 #aej2 xiv1 #cd4 ,/rik+ ! gr\nd 9 call+ on *?o_/nioi1 iii1 #aj4 ,/yx1 vii1 #ba4 ,subt]ranean translation among ! ,greeks1 #hi f42 xiv1 ii1 #ajd2 9 ,g]many1 #ic2 9 ,mexico & 9 ! ,ea/1 iii1 #ag4 ,sfis ( ,p]sia1 viii1 #fj2 #bff4 ,suicide =bidd5 7,orphic71 x1 #dd2 suicides refus$ burial1 v1 #cc4 ,suidas on emas*ali_//h1 #ehb f4 ,sulphur1 ka?>tic prop]ty (1 v1 #ie4 ,swoon 7piopsu*i_/a71 i1 #i4 ,syrians1 xiv1 ii1 #agd4 ,syb>is 7,lamia71 iv1 #aae2 ,orphic gold tablets f1 #dag f42 #eih2 #fja4 ,symbolism 9 religion1 #bbd1 #bbf f4 ,symma*os1 xiv1 ii1 #agb4 ,syncretism1 #bhh2 #ecd4 ,syrianos1 #eif f4 ,syrie1 #fb f4 ,tacitus1 xiv1 #dg4 ,tahiti1 fun]al dirges (1 v1 #dh4 ,tal?ybios1 #acd4 ,tantalos1 #dj f41 #bda2 vii1 #bg4 ,t>antism1 ix1 #ai4 ,t>axippos 7,h]o71 #abg4 ,t>5tum1 v1 #fh4 ,t>t>os1 #gf2 vii1 #f2 #cdj2 xi1 #ch4 ,tasmania1 cult ( dead 91 #ehe4 ,tauta1 tosauta 9 epitaphs1 xiv1 ii1 #afg4 ,teiresias1 #cf f41 #da2 iii1 #c1 #h4 ,telegoneia1 #fe1 #ij4 ,teleology 9 ,anaxagoras1 xi1 #ajd4 ,tellos ! ,a!nian1 xiv1 ii1 #agj4 ,temesa1 ! ,h]o (1 #ace f4 #fbe ,temple-sleep3 see ,incubation4 ,t5es1 iv1 #ach4 ,t]izoi 9 ,?race1 9999viii1 #fe4 ,?ales1 vi1 #be2 #cff4 ,?amyris1 #bch4 ,?anatos1 xii1 #d1 #aba2 & ,hypnos1 ii1 #bh4 ,?>gelia1 ix1 #hg4 ,!ag5es 7,h]o71 #acf2 iv1 #aai1 #acd4 ,!bais1 #ge1 #ij1 #ic4 !ios an_/r1 xiii1 #fh4 ,!mi/okles z ,h]o1 iv1 #cj4 ,!ognetos 7,orphic71 x1 9999#g2 #eig4 ,!ognis1 #daa f42 xii1 #ac4 ,!ogony ( ,epim5ides1 ix1 #abc2 ( ,hesiod1 x1 #e2 ,orphic1 #cci f42 #eif4 ,!okrasia1 x1 #bd4 ,!ology1 ,hom]ic1 #be f41 #ca f42 ( ! c\rt 9 ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 #ech 7see ,orphics74 ,!ophanes 7,h]o71 xiv1 ii1 #fd4 ,!ophra/os1 xiv1 #cd2 ,te/am5t (1 v1 #acg4 ,!opompos1 on ,ab>is1 ix1 #ajh2 ,ari/eas1 ix1 #aji2 ,bakis1 ix1 #ff2 ,epim5ides1 ix1 #aag2 ,h]motimos1 ix1 #aab2 ,phormion1 ix1 #aaa4 ho !o_/s1 h !a_/ at ,eleusis1 v1 #ai4 ,!osophy 7,orphic71 #ccf4 ,!ox5ia1 #if2 iv1 #af1 #ga2 fe/ival at ,delphi1 iv1 #hb4 ,!ron1 #daf4 ,!seus1 transf] ( 8 bones to ,a!ns1 #abb2 expiation ( murd] ( ,skiron1 v1 #afh2 ,desc5t to ,hades1 vii1 #c4 ,!smophoria1 #bbb4 ?i_/asos1 ,dionysiac1 ,?racian1 viii1 #ca4 #cj1jjj innum]able1 xi1 #gh4 ?o_/loi1 iii1 #ca4 ,?orn3 see ,:ite-?orn4 ,?racians1 viii1 #aa2 cult ( ,dionysos1 #bef f42 belief 9 immortality1 #bfc f42 9 ,transmigration1 #bfc f42 ,ascetic practices1 x1 #gh4 ,?rasea ,paetus1 xiv1 #fd4 ?ro_/non /rnnu_/nai = a god1 iii1 #bf4 ?ro_/nsis 7( my/ai71 ix1 #ai4 ,?und] cl\ds driv5 away by noise1 etc41 viii1 #fc4 ?u_/e91 iv1 #ae4 ,?yme us$ 9 burial1 v1 #cf4 ?umo_/s & psu*_/1 i1 #eh2 xi1 #a4 ,?yrsos1 viii1 #bb4 ,tii ( ,polynesia1 v1 #afa4 ,timokles ( ,syracuse1 x1 #g4 ,timoleon z ,h]o1 xiv1 ii1 #ei4 ,titans 7,orphic71 #cdj f42 x1 #gg 7cf4 p4 #gf74 ,ti?onos1 #eh4 ,tityos1 #dj f4 ,trag$y1 ,greek1 #dba f4 ,tra_/leis1 ,?racian tribe ( m]c5>ies1 viii1 #gg4 ,tralles 9 ,k>ia1 crim9al law (1 v1 #aej4 ,translation1 9 ,hom]1 #ee f42 subt]ranean1 #hi f42 9 ,p9d>1 #dad2 9 ,euripides1 xii1 #abg2 ,semitic1 #fj2 xiv1 ii1 #aji2 ,g]man1 #ic2 ,italian1 xiv1 ii1 #aaj2 ,tr4 to ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/1 xiv1 ii1 #ii2 to ! ,nymphs1 xiv1 ii1 #aje2 into a riv]1 xiv1 ii1 #aad2 by lightn+1 #ehc2 ,tr4 ( ,a*illes1 #fd f42 ,alkm5e1 xiv1 ii1 #ii2 ,al?aim5es1 iii1 #d2 ,amphi>aos1 #hi f42 ,amphilo*os1 iii1 #e2 ,ant9\s1 xiv1 ii1 #aad2 ,apollonios ( ,tyana1 xiv1 ii1 #aaf2 ,ari/aios1 iii1 #f2 ,ari/eas 7871 ix1 #aji2 ,b]5ike1 etc41 xiv1 ii1 #ajg2 ,diom$es1 #fg2 xiv1 ii1 #ii2 ,emp]ors1 xiv1 ii1 #ajg2 ,emp$okles1 xi1 #fa2 ,ere*!us1 #ih2 ,eu?ymos1 #acf2 ,hamilc>1 xiv1 ii1 #aji2 ,hel51 ii1 #ba2 ,h]akleid4 ,pont41 xi1 #fa2 ,iphig5eia1 ii1 #bf2 ,kleom$es1 #abi2 ,laodike1 iii1 #f2 ,memnon1 #fd2 ,m5elaos1 #ee2 ii1 #ba2 ,o$ipus1 xii1 #aab2 ,phae?on1 iii1 #ce2 ,rhadaman?ys1 ii1 #ag2 ,telegonos & ,p5elope1 #fe2 ,trophonios1 #ij2 ,tr4 no long] und]/ood 9 lat] ages1 xiv1 ii1 #ajc2 effect$ me*anically1 xiv1 ii1 #ajf4 ,trausians1 viii1 #ge4 ,trees plant$ r\nd graves1 i1 #bh2 v1 #gc2 sacr$ to ! *?o_/nioi1 v1 #fa4 ,triaka_/des1 v1 #hf f42 xiv1 ii1 #ag4 ,triet]ic fe/ival ( ,dionysos1 #beh1 #bhe4 ,triopion1 anci5t ,greek cult !re1 ix1 #hi4 ,triphylians1 v1 #aa4 ,triptolemos1 i1 #da2 #bbj2 vi1 #ce2 z ,judge 9 ,hades1 vii1 #ad4 tri_/ta 7sacrifice to ! dead71 v1 #hc4 tritopa_/tores1 v1 #abc f42 x1 #de4 ,trophonios1 #ij f41 #aja1 #aba1 #aei1 #afa2 v1 #acc2 viii1 #fh2 xiv1 ii1 #ajd2 ,zeus ,troph41 iii1 #ah4 ,trojan ,h]oes1 xiv1 ii1 #da4 ,tronis 9 ,phokis1 iv1 #cd4 #fbf ,turn+ "o's back on spirits3 see ,avoid+1 etc4 ,turnus1 translation (1 xiv1 ii1 #aaj4 tumbru_/*os1 xiv1 ii1 #aa4 ,twelve 9999,tables influ5c$ by ,solon1 v1 #dg4 ,typhon1 vii1 #f4 ,tyrtaios1 xii1 #ac4 ,und]world1 pictures ( on vases1 vii1 #bg2 ,polygnotos' picture (1 #bda f41 #ehf f4 ,unkn[n gods1 iv1 #fb2 ,h]oes1 #abg4 ,unlucky days1 v1 #aeh4 ,utopia 9 ,hades1 vii1 #ah4 ,vampyre1 v1 #afa2 xiv1 ii1 #hf4 ,vap\r-ba?s us$ by ,scy?ians & ,indians to produce religi\s intoxication1 viii1 #ci4 ,v>ro1 i1 #ba1 #cd2 iii1 #ca2 vi1 #bc2 ix1 #aaa4 ,v5detta3 see ,rev5ge4 ,v5us1 conductress ( s\ls1 xiv1 ii1 #adf4 ,v]gil1 i1 #cg2 vii1 #f2 xi1 #ej2 xii1 #fb2 #ece4 ,vibia1 tomb (1 xiv1 ii1 #add1 #agd4 ,v9e1 cultivation ( 9 ,?race1 viii1 #ch2 bran*es us$ 9 burial1 v1 #cg4 ,virbius1 leg5d (1 iv1 #ch4 ,visions1 #cj f41 #beh f4 7& see e_/k/asis74 ,visits ( ,gods to m51 ii1 #ch 7iv1 #acd74 ,voodoo1 ,negro sect 9 ,haiti1 viii1 #ee4 ,w&]+s3 see ,migration4 ,wat] pollut$ by ! neighb\rhood ( a corpse1 v1 #ch2 ix1 #gf2 fl[+1 ka?>tic prop]ties (1 #ehh f42 cold wat] 9 ! l[] _w1 xiv1 ii1 #aea2 ( ,life 9 folk-lore1 ib42 speak+1 ib4 ,ways1 ,two1 ,?ree1 9 ! l[] _w1 xii1 #fb4 ,wea!r-magicians1 viii1 #fc2 ix1 #ajg4 ,w]egild1 #age f42 =bidd51 v1 #aed4 ,w1 fre$om (1 #dbc f42 #dih f4 ,w9d ,s\l1 xiii1 #e2 ,spirits (1 v1 #abd2 ,bride (1 ii1 #g4 ,w9e1 belongs to lat] ,dionysos1 viii1 #c4 ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 xiv1 ii1 #aag4 ,:ite-?orn1 v1 #ie4 ,wit*es1 etc4 7see also ,hekate71 ix1 #aja4 ,works ( sup]]ogation assi/ o!rs1 x1 #ff4 ,_w1 diff]5t ,ages (1 9 ,hesiod1 #fg f4 ,_w1 )drawal f1 9 lat] ,greek life1 #edf f42 enjoym5t (1 9 e>ly p]iod1 9999#c1 #fc2 xiv1 ii1 #agj2 hatr$ (1 ,*ri/ian-,gno/ic1 xiv1 ii1 #agi2 p]iods ( 7,orphic71 #cdb4 ,wolf-%ape1 ( spirits1 iv1 #aad2 #eij4 ,wool1 ka?>tic prop]ties (1 #eij4 x5ikoi !oi_/1 x1 #c4 ,x5okrates1 vi1 #ce2 x1 #ci2 xiv1 #a4 ,x5ophanes1 #cga f42 xi1 #db2 xii1 #aej2 xiv1 #ec4 ,x5ophon ,c4 ,/]t9ius 7,h]o71 xiv1 ii1 #fd4 ,yama1 ,indian god ( ! l[] _w1 vii1 #f4 ,yogis ( ,india1 viii1 #dc4 ,zagreus1 #cdj f42 viii1 #bh2 x1 #i1 #ab1 #gg2 #eih4 ,zaleukos1 v1 #ade4 ,zalmoxis1 iii1 #ac2 viii1 #aj1 #bh2 #bfc4 ,z5o 7,eleatic71 #cgb f4 ,z5o 7,/oic71 xiv1 #dc4 ,zeus 9 ,crete1 #ig f41 #afa2 ix1 #ef2 & ,alkm5e1 iv1 #acd2 z conductor ( ,s\ls1 xiv1 ii1 #adf4 ,zeus ,amphia_/raos1 iii1 #ai2 *?o_/nios1 #aei2 v1 #afg2 #bbj2 ,eub\leu_/s1 ,b\leu_/s1 v1 #g1 #ai2 ,lu_/kaios1 v1 #agj2 meili_/*ios1 v1 #afh2 pro/ro_/paios1 v1 #adh2 phi_/lios1 ii1 #ch2 ,saba_/zios1 viii1 #aj2 ,troph_/nios1 iii1 #ah4 ,zopyros1 x1 #g1 #aa4 ,zoroa/rianism1 #cjb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,page numb]s are writt5 9 1 :5 n pr9t$ 9 ! text b ref]r$ to 9 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts1 etc4 ,footnote m>k]s & footnotes are numb]$ mn :]e m is ! numb] ( ! footnote1 n is ! numb] ( ! *apt] 7*apt] #ad ,"p #b is "h numb]$ #ae74 ,transcrib$ ,greek text is plac$ )9 4 ,acc5ts are m>k$ _/ = acute1 = grave1 = circumflex2 indicates iota subscript4 ,r\gh brea?+s are writt5 h2 smoo? brea?+s are omitt$4 ,a few ,greek words use digamma1 transcrib$ w4 ,delib]ate *anges f ! text ( ! ,engli% translation are m>k$ by 9999 & li/$ bel[4 ,mo/ *anges 9 =eign language quotations are bas$ on comp>ison ) ! orig9al ,g]man v]sion &1 :]e possible1 o!r onl9e v]sions su* z at ! ,p]seus ,project4 ,?is transcription indicates emphasis 9 ,greek & ,lat9 texts by ! sign = italics 2 9 g5]al ! ,engli% translation did n m>k !m4 ,location ,orig9al text ,em5dation 9 ?is v]sion ,trans4 note ,gp4 ,gp4 ,re9is*es ,rhe9is*es * #a n4 #a omitt$ 7 at end ( s5t5ce n4 #af pota_/m potam n4 #cj ,langls ,langls * #b p4 #fb conqu]]s conqu]ors p4 #fe ,telegonos ,telema*os p4 #ff immortality mortality n4 #f aphipoln amphipoln * #c p4 #hh naivity naivety p4 #ic ! ^w 'cult' 0 put at ! beg9n+ ( a l9e in/ead ( at ! end p4 #id so>es so>s n4 #b ,?bsi ,?_/bsi * #d n4 #d ,plata_/da ,platai_/da n4 #bb ,,fhg4 ,,fhg4 n4 #ch #bf1 p4 #gj #af1 p4 #agj n4 #fb ,h]on ,h]on n4 #ic ,h]on ,h]on n4 #ace omits second tsi * #e p4 #afc )old] )hold] p4 #afd =ebade =bade p4 #aff con-consid]$ consid]$ n4 #g ,eib\los ,eub\los n4 #bc katageion kata_/geion n4 #cg ,fri$ri* ,fr$ri* n4 #dg eiusdem eisdem n4 #eh ,*>4 is n 9 italics n4 #fg #efe #dfe n4 #gd ga_/nos 4 4 4 4 4 4 ga_/nos n4 #ha ,! ,greek text le_/ge9 epide_/xia epi te?nko_/ti 0 omitt$ 9 ! ,engli% translation n4 #hc quam qua n4 #ie tois tais n4 #ajc ,b5dorf ,b5ndorf n4 #aaf_/abj #dhh #dhe n4 #acc oiki_/n oikin n4 #adc po9n is omitt$ n4 #ade katakan_/n katakann n4 #adf anepsi_/n anepsiad_/n 7v4 n4 #ajae7 n4 #agd ,lex4 ,lex4 n4 #agh t\to is omitt$ * #f n4 #bj ap$ei_/knue ep$ei_/knue n4 #bd mu?ologeito mu?ologeitai * #g n4 #ab sorbitionis sorbitione n4 #be 3 7 * #h p4 #bff ec/acy ec/asy n4 #aj d4 grie*4 d4 ,ges*4 d4 grie*4 n4 #bg pda pda n4 #bh p]s]v$ pres]v$ n4 #ce ar*ibucolos ar*ibucolus n4 #fh pov]ty-/rik5 pov]ty-/rick5 n4 #gj to_/de ta_/de n4 #gf eudaimoni_/a eudaimoni_/ n4 #gg tn tn * #i p4 #bhe solemiz$ solemniz$ p4 #bhg multitide multitude #a n4 #bf asphaltos a_/sphaltos n4 #df concitebat concitabat n4 #dg aut\ auto n4 #ed es*u_/ei is*u_/ei n4 #eh ,pu?i_/z ,pu?ia_/s n4 #fh #dja-hai #dja1 #hai n4 #aji ec/acy ec/asy * #aj n4 #c collegiun collegium n4 #de hol\ ho_/l\ n4 #dg apoka_/tasis apokata_//asis4 n4 #hj ,erlat4 ,erlut4 * #aa p4 #cfa ,erlat4 ,erlut4 p4 #chg ,:]e-ev] ,:]ev] n4 #a 7 omitt$ aft] #hif n4 #ai #i1 v1 v1 #i1 n4 #cf pres5t$ prev5t$ n4 #ii regrad$ reg>d$ n4 #aai ,opusc4 ,opusc4 * #ab p4 #daf subs]viance subs]vi5ce p4 #dbc envelopes envelops p4 #dbd ,*oephorai ,*oephoroi n4 #hh hos_/ ho_/s * #ac n4 #cc org9ally orig9ally n4 #ej en]ge_/tis eu]ge_/tis * #ad p4 #ejc /ubborness /ubbornness n4 #a emanicipation emancipation n4 #dg ,a ,a-,c z_/n z_/ n4 #ec callocant collocant n4 #ei di/ruction de/ruction * #ae p4 #edd unadult]$ unadult]at$ n4 #if desc5d5ts desc5dants n4 #aaf an?r_/p\ an?r_/pn ?aumazome_/n\ ?aumazome_/no n4 #agd g5etives g5itives app #b p4 #ehd ,tro_/l ,tr_/l p4 #ehe me_/r\s me_/l\s app #c p4 #ehh a_/mutoi amu_/tai app #e p4 #ehi #egf-i #efg-i ( or app #f p4 #eia devils devil's app #g p4 #eid #ccf #bcf app #aj p4 #eih ,emphorbos ,euphorbos p4 #eii ensmat_/seis ensmat_/sis index ,a5eas #d #c ,agrianios ,boiotia ,boeotia apoma_/tte9 #ehf #ehi apo_/taphoi v1 #hh1 #aeh xiv1 ii1 #bj a_/taphoi #adh #adg ,dea? #a #c ,elijah i ii ,euadne #eha #ehb ,fe> xiv1 xiv1 ii1 ,gods ii i ,goe! #ac #fd ,hades #ba #bb halluc9ations #cfb #bfb h$onism #a #c ,hegesias #a #c ,hydromantic ,hydromantia ,kaiadas ii v ,kyffhas] ,kyffhus] l\tropho_/rsi l\tropho_/roi ,lucian xi ix meg>a #c #g ,m9yas viii vii ,moon #eb #ec motes ix xi neme_/seia iv v ,orig5 #hj #bj paligg5esi_/a ii i ,p]s9os #h #g pneuma xi xii s]e9es #ajj #ajb snakes 2 1 ,solon #bj #abj s\l becomes become ,t]izoi ix vii ,!ognetos #h #g ,twelve ,tabes ,tables ,_w #a #c