----------------------------------------
---------  ,transcrib]'s note3          
,obvi\s typographic errors h be5        
correct$4                               
----------------------------------------
---------      ,,tol/oy',s              
,,int]pretation    ,,( ,,money ,,&      
,,prop]ty    ,by    ,,milivoy ,s4       
,,/anoyevi*1 ,m4,l4    7,univ]sity (    
,cali=nia7    ,repr9t$ f 8,lib]ty01     
,decemb]1 #aiaf4    ,lib]ty ,publi%+    
,co4  ,oakl&1 ,cal4          ,,tol/oy',s
 ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,money ,,&        
,,prop]ty          ,a4 ,int]pretation ( 
,money4      ,i    ,assum+ t our society
 may exi/ )\t positive laws x c\ld  also
 exi/ )\t money4 ,! ,russian re=m]1 ,leo
 ,n4 ,tol/oy1 is  consi/5t ) 8 doctr9e (
 social re=m#a4 ,accord+ to him  enact$ 
law is viol5ce1 private prop]ty is evil1
 & subsequ5tly  8money z a c5tre ar\nd  
:i* economic sci5ce clu/]s0#b _c be     
any?+ else1 b a m$ium ( oppression#c4   
,describ+ ! economic  nature & (fices   
p]=m$ by money1 he diss5ts widely f !   

politico-economi/s & disapproves ( _!   
tea*+s on ! same  subject-matt]4    ,at 
! outset ( ! sev5te5? *apt] ( 8 notable 
"w1 ,:at  ,%all ,we ,d ,!n1 ,tol/oy     
inquires1 ,:at is money8 ,& fur!r on  he
 proce$s3 8,i h met educat$ p :o ass]t$ 
t money  repres5ts ! labor ( him :o     
possesses x4 ,i mu/ confess t  =m]ly ,i 
9 "s obscure mann] %>$ ?is op9ion4 ,b ,i
 _h  to g to ! bottom ( :at money 01 & s
 to f9d ?is out1  ,i turn$ to sci5ce4   
,sci5ce says t !re is no?+ unju/  &     
prejudicial ab\t money1 t money is a    
natural condition (  social             
life--necess>y3 #a4 = conv5i5ce (       
ex*ange2 #b4 =  ! e/abli%m5t ( measures 
( value2 #c4 = sav+2 & #d4 =            
paym5ts0#d4    ,are ^! !ories true8     
,accord+ to ! tea*+ ( economics !y  are2
 accord+ to ,tol/oy !y are n4 ,_m writ]s
 ev5 ^? (  ! e>lie/ "t argu$ t money is 
a m$ium ( ex*ange#e4  ,! f\nd]s (       
classical economics1 ,smi?#f1 ,ric>do#g1
 ,mill#h1  ,c>ey#i1 sociali/ re=m]s1    
,lassalle#aj1 & ,m>x#aa1 all agree  9 ! 

ma9 t money is an ex*angeable commodity 
by means ( :i*  p measure ! value ( o!r 
commodities4 ,pr(essor ,fi%]  %ortly &  
precisely def9es money z ,:at is g5]ally
 acceptable  9 ex*ange = goods#ab4 ,m   
acute det]m9ation ( ! nature (  money is
 giv5 by ,pr(4 ,k9ley 9 8 elaborate /udy
 on ,money#ac4  ,accord+ to ?is au?or no
 def9ition ( m$ium ( ex*ange c be  fram$
 on ! basis ( ! mat]ial ( :i* x is made 
b on !  basis ( its s]vices1 & its      
ess5tial s]vices are ?ree fold3         
,fir/1 money is sometimes us$ to        
describe all m$ia ( ex*ange--gold1      
silv]1 pap]1 *ecks1 bank drafts or !    
deposits :i* !y  repres5t1 comm]cial    
bills ( ex*ange1 & ev5 corporation      
/ocks4  ,^! ?+s all effect ex*anges2 9 a
 way !y all relieve !  difficulties (   
b>t]4 ,b ?is def9ition1 h[ev]1 is too   
inclusive1  ,pr(4 ,k9ley cont5ds4 ,x is 
inclusive because all m5tion$ articles  
d n atta9 ! "* ( m$ia ( ex*ange because 
!re is a  dem& = !m = t purpose         
prim>ily4 ,! m$ium ( ex*ange  includes  

money b its cont5t is great] ?an t (    
money4 ,all money  c be a m$ium (       
ex*ange b all m$ium ( ex*ange is n      
money#ad4    ,second1 at ! o!r extreme  
is a set ( def9itions :i* w\ld  re/rict 
money to :at may be call$ commodity     
money4 ,^? :o hold  ?is view insi/ t    
money is an article ( direct utility )  
specific value bas$ on its direct       
s]vices = consumption4 ,!y hold  t x mu/
 h value due to a dem& = o!r ?an a      
monet>y  sy/em4 ,! implication is t 9 ! 
abs5ce ( ?is o!r dem&  ! article w\ld n 
h any value & !re=e c\ld n prop]ly  s]ve
 z a measure ( value4 ,?is view ( !     
nature ( money is  def9ite & cle>-cut1 b
 x is n correct because ! article has   
value if !re is a dem& = x1 :atev] !    
reason = t dem&4    ,?ird1 betwe5 ^! two
 extremes fluctuates ! view t all m$ia (
  ex*ange & paym5t1 ^: acceptance ! law 
requires 9 dis*>ge  ( debts1 may prop]ly
 be call$ money4 ,?is def9ition conf9es 
to  /&>d money1 or inconv]tible pap]1 if
 x 7 legal t5d]4 ,bo?  k9ds ( money     

circulate )\t ref]5ce to ! possibility (
  recov]+ _! value f ! pay] if !y %\ld  
fail to pass1  & _! value z money dep5ds
 entirely on ! fact t !y are  g5]ally   
acceptable 9 ex*ange#ae4    ,tak+ n[ 9  
view ^! ?ree /&po9ts ( ! nature ( money1
 we  c\ld def9e x 9 ^! words3 ,legal    
t5d]1 inconv]tible pap]1 &  all         
commodities :i* are us$ z g5]al         
circulat+ & pay+ m$ia1  are prop]ly     
call$ money4    ,?is is "o ( ! mo/      
typical def9itions includ+ ne>ly all    
o!rs  support$ by curr5t political      
economy4 ,tol/oy z always disagrees  ) !
 tea*+ ( economics & he simply says t   
money is a new  & t]rible =m (          
slav]y#af4 ,8 full def9ition is z       
foll[s3  ,money is a conv5tional tok5   
:i* gives ! "r1 or m correctly1  !      
possibility1 to exploit ! labor ( o!r   
p#ag4 ,to expla9  ?is inadequate        
def9ition ( money m appropriately & 9   
its  full] ext5t1 x is necess>y to turn 
our att5tion to ! functions  ( money z  
!y are enunciat$ by ,leo ,tol/oy4    ,"o

 ( _m o!r functions :i* money p]=mes1   
accord+ to  ,tol/oy1 is ! repres5tation 
( labor4 ,!re exi/s a common op9ion  t  
money repres5ts weal?1 b money is !     
product ( labor1 &  s money repres5ts   
labor#ah4 ,?is op9ion1 says ,tol/oy     
sne]+ly1  is z correct z t o!r op9ion t 
e political organization  is ! result ( 
a pact 7contrat social74 ,yes1 money    
repres5ts  labor#ai1 !re is no d\bt ab\t
 t1 b ^:1 labor ( ! own]  ( ! money1 or 
( ! o!r p8 ,9 t rude /age ( society1    
,tol/oy goes on1 :5 p volunt>ily b>t]$ !
 fruits ( _!  products1 or ex*ang$ !m   
?r\gh ! m$ium ( money1 sub/antially     
money repres5t$ _! individual labor4 ,t 
is inconte/ably true1  & ?is 0 only s   
long z 9 society :]e ?is ex*ange took   
place1  has n appe>$ ! viol5ce ( "o man 
ov] ano!r 9 any =m3 w>1  slav]y1 (      
def5ce ( "o's labor aga9/ o!rs4 ,b z    
soon z any  viol5ce 0 ex]t$ 9 society1 !
 money at once lo/ = ! own]  its        
significance z a repres5tative ( labor1 
& assum$ ! mean+  ( a "r :i* is n bas$  

on labor1 b on viol5ce#bj4 ,?is is  "o (
 ! functions ( ! m$ium ( ex*ange 9 !    
pages ( ,tol/oy4    ,! second function (
 money is ! repres5tation ( ! /&>d      
value4 8,catallactics0 admits ?is       
function ( money4 ,tol/oy himself  %\ld 
recognize x 9 an ideal /ate ( society1 9
 a society :]e  extortion has n made its
 appe>ance#ba4 ,if p ex*ang$ directly   
commodity = commodity2 if !y !mselves   
det]m9$ ! /&>ds  ( values by %eep1 furs1
 hides1 & %ells#bb1 !n "o c\ld speak  ( 
money z an in/rum5t ( ex*ange1 z an     
ideal /&>d ( value  9 an ideal /ate (   
society4 ,b 9 su* a society !re w\ld be 
no  money z su*1 z a common /&>d (      
values1 z x has n exi/$  & _c exi/#bc4  
,! /&>d value ( money is det]m9$ by law 
& gov]nm5t1 & ^! in/itutions are bas$   
*iefly on deceit#bd1  or repres5t !     
organiz$ =ce#be4 ,:at 9 rec5t "t        
receives a  value is n :at is m conv5i5t
 = ex*ange1 b :at is dem&$  by gov]nm5t4
 ,if gold is dem&$ gold w be a common   
d5om9ator1  if knuckle-bones are dem&$1 

knuckle-bones w h value#bf4 ,if  ?is 7 n
 s :y has ! issue ( ?is m$ium ( ex*ange 
always  be5 ! pr]ogative ( ! gov]nm5t8  
,9 su* a /ate ( society 9  :i* we live1 
! /&>d ( values ceases to h any         
significance1  because ! /&>d ( value ( 
all articles dep5ds on ! arbitr>y  w ( !
 oppressor#bg4 ,by ?is reason we c\ld   
speak only on  arbitr>y & conv5tional   
value ( money1 n ( its intr9sic1 nor (  
its /&>d value4    ,pass+ n[ to ! ?ird  
function ( money1 enum]at$ by ,tol/oy1  
we see t he attributes to x a new       
cont+5t s]vice :i* is  n m5tion$ z su* 9
 any political economy4 ,9 mod]n        
civilis$  society1 he says1 all !       
gov]nm5ts are 9 extreme ne$ = money1  & 
always 9 insolvable debt#bh4 ,:]e=e !y  
issue monet>y  tok5s 9 ! diff]5t        
c\ntries#bi4 ,^! tok5s3 legal t5d]1     
inconv]tible pap]1 co91 bills1 & o!r    
gov]nm5tal fiats1  are di/ribut$ among !
 p1 9 ord] t lat] !y c\ld  be collect$ z
 direct1 indirect1 & l& taxes#cj4 ,!    
debts (  ! pres5t monet>y /ate gr[ f ye>

 to ye> 9 a t]rify+  progression4 ,ev5 s
 gr[ ! budgets#ca4 ,a /ate :i* %\ld n   
levy taxes1 = a comp>atively %ort "t    
w\ld g to bankruptcy4 ,!  taxes & impo/s
 requir$ f p may be paid 9 =m ( cattle1 
corn1 furs1 sk9s1 & o!r natural         
products1 b ?is 8natural  economy0 nev] 
practices 9 a civilis$ /ate4 ,gov]nm5ts 
=ce p  to pay ^? taxes usually 9 8h>d0  
or 8s(t0 ca%1 because ?is k9d  ( money  
be/ suits ! purposes ( rew>d+ ! milit>y 
& civil  (ficials1 ( ma9ta9+ ! cl]gy1 ! 
c\rts1 ! con/ruction (  prisons1        
=tresses1 cannon#cb1 & support+ ^? m5 :o
 aid 9  ! seizure ( ! money f ! p#cc4 ,s
 we h ! ?ird  function ( money z ! ?ird 
me?od ( enslavem5t#cd1 by means (       
tribute & taxes#ce4 ,9 mod]n times1 s9ce
 ! discov]y ( ,am]ica  & ! developm5t ( 
trade & ! influx ( gold1 :i* is accept$ 
z ! univ]sal money /&>d1 ! monet>y      
tribute becomes1 )  ! en=cem5t ( !      
political p[]1 ! *ief in/rum5t ( !      
enslavem5t ( m5#cf1 & ^u x all !        
economic relation ( m5  are bas$#cg4    

,,ii    ,discuss+ money1 ,tol/oy _c     
sep>ate ! economic "q f  ! political4   
,to him x appe>s inevitable t money     
p]=mes a  social s]vice equival5t to !  
in/rum5t ( extortion4 ,he does n  take  
into consid]ation ^? inum]able utilities
 :i* circulat+  m$ium r5d]s to !        
community & p>ticul>ly to ! comm]cial   
_w1 facilitat+ ! transf] z well z       
aggregation ( capital4  8,*remmati/ics0 
tea*es u t money is ! mo/ g5]al =m (    
capital1 capital 9 ! fluid /ate1 s t x c
 be imm$iately  turn$ to new ent]prises 
& transf]$ = inve/m5t to di/ant  places4
 ,on ! o!r h&1 capital 9 ! =m ( money is
 ! mo/  conv5i5t vehicle ( production & 
di/ribution ( weal?4 ,tol/oy1  z a      
m$ieval canoni/1 reg>ds capital & weal? 
to be %ameful  & crim9al ?+s4 ,he       
absolutely repudiates ! !ory t 9 all    
production only ?ree factors take "p3   
l&1 capital & labor4  ,8 disconc]t+     
controv]sy 9 ^! matt]s conta9s no?+     
fundam5tally new 9 political economy1 b 
x is an odd mann] 9  :i* he c\*es !     

notion ( money 9 relation to production4
    ,x seems /range1 ,tol/oy's !ory     
runs1 t economi/s d n  recognize !      
natural objects 9 production ( weal?4 ,!
 p[] (  ! sun1 wat]1 food1 air1 & social
 security1 are ! requisites (           
production z mu* z ! l& or capital4     
,education1 k1 &  ability to speak are  
c]ta9 ag5ts ( production4 ,i c\ld fill a
  :ole volume1 says ,tol/oy1 ) su*      
omitt$ factors1 & put !m at  ! basis (  
sci5ce#ch4 ,! division into ?ree factors
 ( production  is n prop] to m54 ,x is  
improp]1 arbitr>y1 & s5seless4 ,x does  
n lie 9 ! ess5ce ( ?+s !mselves4    ,by 
its division ( ! factors ( production1  
proce$s our au?or1  sci5ce affirms t !  
natural condition ( ! labor] is t       
unnatural condition 9 :i* he is2 j z 9 !
 anci5t _w  !y affirm$1 9 divid+ p into 
citiz5s & slaves1 t  ! unnatural        
condition ( ! slaves is a natural       
prop]ty ( man4  ,?is division1 :i* is   
accept$ by sci5ce only 9 ord] to ju/ify 
! exi/+ evil1 :i* is plac$ by x at !    

basis ( all its  inve/igations1 has _h  
?is effect1 t sci5ce tries 9 va9 to     
give explanations ( exi/+ ph5om5a1 &    
d5y+ ! cle>e/ &  simple/ answ]s to      
que/ions t pres5t !m1 x gives answ]s :i*
  are devoid ( cont5t4 ,! "q ( economic 
sci5ce is z foll[s3  ,:at is ! cause (  
?is1 t "s m51 :o h l& & capital1  are   
able to enslave ^? :o h n l&1 & no      
capital8 ,! answ]  :i* pres5ts itself to
 common s5se is ?is1 t x is due to !    
money1 :i* has ! p[] ( enslav+ p4 ,?is  
is n due to !  prop]ty ( money1 b       
because "s h l& & capital1 & o!rs  h n4 
,we ask1 :y p :o h l& & capital enslave 
^?  :o h none1 & we are told3 because !y
 h l& & capital4  ,b t is precisely :at 
we want to "k4 ,! privation ( ! l&  & ( 
! tools ( labor is t v enslavem5t4 ,!   
answ] is l  ?is3 ,facit dormire quia    
habet virtutem dormitiva4 ,to simple p  
x is indubitable t ! ne>e/ cause ( !    
enslavem5t ( "o  class ( m5 by ano!r is 
money#ci4 ,!y "k t x is possible to     
cause m tr\ble ) a r\ble ?an ) a club2 x

 is only political  economy t does n    
want to "k x#dj4    ,^! !ories on money 
respect+ production d n appe> ( su*     
nature t !y c\ld be appli$ 9 ! o!r      
c\ntries besides  ,russia4 ,! ,russian  
enlight5$ feudalism ( ! n9ete5? c5tury  
gave ,tol/oy excell5t mat]ial & a good  
reason to attack x )  all 8 /r5g?1 & he 
0 "r4 ,b 8 assault on political  economy
 = its 8omission0 to treat ! natural    
objects 9 production  ( weal?1 are n    
ju/ifiable1 & c\ld n be admitt$4 ,9 !   
fir/  place1 any bett] political economy
 does n consid] ^! objects at  l5g?1    
because nobody lays claims on !m1 z     
,tol/oy himself av[$  ?is fact#da4 ,!   
gifts ( nature _c be appropriat$ by any 
"o4  ,!y are inexhau/ible & unlimit$ z  
comp>$ ) ! wants ( m54  ,!re=e !y nev] h
 a direct value to be tak5 z factors (  
productions#db4    ,9 mod]n indu/rial   
society ! ess5tial factors ( production1
 among  ! o!rs1 are money & weal?4      
,weal? is usually reg>d$ z !  object (  
consumption1 & z an ag5t (              

production#dc4 ,! idea  ( weal?1 h[ev]1 
is (t5 conf\nd$ ) ! idea ( money4 ,john 
,s4 ,mill has ju/ly rem>k$ t mo/ p reg>d
 money z weal?1  because by t means !y  
provide almo/ all _! necessities4 ,9  ! 
same s5se is ! ass]tion ( ! ,fr5*       
economi/ ,*>les ,gide1  :5 he not$ t 9  
all times & 9 all places except among   
savages1  money has occupi$ an          
exceptional place 9 ! ?\ghts & desires (
  m54 ,p reg>d x1 if n z ! only weal?1  
at any rate1 z by  f> ! mo/ important =m
 ( weal?4 ,!y appe> to measure ! value  
( all o!r weal? by ! quantity ( money t 
c be obta9$ 9  ex*ange = x4 ,etre ri*e1 
c'e/ avoir soit de l'arg5t1 soit les    
moy5s de s'en procur]#dd4    ,tol/oy (  
c\rse has no cle> di/9ction ei!r (      
weal?1 or (  money4 ,he also confuses ^!
 notions1 z _m au?ors be=e &  aft] him4 
,to def9e weal? exactly is v]ily a      
difficult task2 & to  dwell ^u x        
imp>tially is p]haps /ill m difficult4  
,!re are  two !ories 9 8,plutology0     
reg>d+ ! def9ition ( weal?3 fir/1  t    

weal? is all ex*angeable & valuable     
commodities & second1  t x is p[]4      
,repres5tatives ( ! fir/ !ory are ,h5ry 
,fawcet  & ,john ,s4 ,mill1 ( ! second1 
,hobbes & ,c>ey4 ,tol/oy is ne>]  to ^? 
!oriz]s :o tea* t weal? is p[]1 ?an to  
^?  :o def9e x z commodity4 ,yet1 we    
%\ld err gravely if we assum$  t betwe5 
,tol/oy's int]pretation ( weal? & t (   
o!r  economi/s exi/s any con=mity4 ,=   
in/ance ,c>ey def9es weal?  z ! p[] to  
comm& nature4 ,tol/oy def9es x z ! p[]  
to  comm& o!r p :o h nei!r weal? nor 8! 
signs0 ( weal?4  8,only 9 ! ,p5tateu*1  
weal? is ! highe/ good & rew>d0#de4 ,9  
ev]yday life weal? is evil1 deception & 
cause ( enslavem5t4 ,to  be hone/ & at !
 same "t to "w = ,mammon1 is some?+ q   
impossible#df4 ,?is e?ical pr9ciple may 
be true4 ,b our !ori/  =gets t que/ions 
( :at p ought to d1 & que/ions  ( :at x 
w pr(it m5 & nations to d1 belong to    
diff]5t  categories ( sci5ces4 ,he =gets
 t e?ical ideas %\ld n be  read into !  
conceptions ( weal? & money :5 !y are   

employ$ 9  _! ev]yday s5se4 ,pr(4 ,s4   
,*apman#dg ju/ly says 8,if our aim is   
to indicate :at p ought to want in/ead (
 :at !y d want1 we  _h bett] speak (    
e?ical weal? & e?ical value04    ,tol/oy
 0 v ne> to ^? re=m writ]s :o taught t  
political  economy mu/ be reg>d$ z a "p 
( moral philosophy4 ,b he 0  n ! fir/   
social re=m] :o has introduc$ ! moral   
elem5ts  into ! /udy ( economic ph5om5a4
 ,z x is kn[n ,ari/otle's               
int]pretations ( money are writt5 9 !   
,ni*oma*ean ,e?ics4  ,! political       
economy ( ,plato & ,x5ophon re/s on     
moral bases#dh4  ,m$ieval s*ola/ics &   
!ologians rais$ _m problems :i* 7 9     
connection ) ! se>*+ inquire z to :at   
con/itutes a j  price1 & ?is inquiry    
belong$ to ! e?ics ( political economy4 
,adam ,smi? & ,john ,s4 ,mill adopt$ !  
d\ble role to be economi/s  & at ! same 
"t e?ical tea*]s#di4 ,fr5* economi/s    
,rossi1 ,de  ,laveley1 & ,le ,play1     
introduc$ e?ical pr9ciple 9 ! sci5ce (  
weal? z well4    ,!re are sev]al su*    

examples ( 8e?ical int]pretation0 (     
economics among ! mo/ illu/ri\s ?9k]s4  
,!y may be exculpat$  = _! disagreem5ts 
only on ! gr\nd t !y liv$ 9 times  :5   
social sci5ce 0 9 incumb5t /age1 :5     
sci5tific ideas  7 int]m+l$ f "o sph]e (
 sci5ce into ano!r4 ,good1  g5tle       
,tol/oy1 may also be p>don$ = 8 8blund]s
 ( expression0  because he made !m 9 8  
fanatic love ( tru?1 & tru? al?\gh  x is
 tru?1 does n always seem true1 says a  
,fr5* prov]b4 ,to  treat ! delicate &   
intricate complexity ( money & weal?1 & 
nev] mislead1 "o %\ld be a high]-man1 a 
sup]man4 ,b sup]m5  are n yet born 9 ?is
 sordid e>? z fitly object$ a well-kn[n 
philosoph]4    ,,footnotes3    #a 8,if  
,tol/oy's tea*+ is n sy/ematic1 two     
facts may be urg$ 9  ext5uation3 8      
doctr9es1 s f> z he exp\nds !m1 are     
consi/5t  9 !mselves0--says ,t4 ,s4     
,kn[lson 9 8 biographical & critical    
/udy on ,leo ,tol/oy1 *4 ,,vii1 p4 #adc4
 ,london1 #aijd4    #b ,see ,j4 ,w4     
,h>p]1 ,money & ,social ,problem1 *4 ,v1

 sec4 ,i1 p4 #ih4    #c ,:at ,%all ,we  
,d ,!n1 *4 ,,xix1 p4 #abg4 ,wi5]'s ed4  
#aijd4    #d ,loc4 cit41 *4 ,,xvii1 p4  
#ajj4    #e ,cf4 = in/ance1 ,plato1     
,laws1 *4 ,,xi1 & ,ari/otle's           
,politics1 bk4 ,i1 *4 #i2 ,nicoma*ean   
,e?ics1 by ,ari/otle1 bk4 ,v1  *4       
#e4--,roman au?ors def9$ money z a 8j   
m$ium & measure  ( commutable ?+s0      
,moneta e/ ju/um m$ium1 et m5sura r]um  
commutabilium1 quot$ 9 ,h4 ,c4 ,black1  
,diction>y ( ,law1 p4 #ghe4  #ahia4     
#f ,weal? ( ,nations1 bk4 ,,ii1 *4 ,,ii4
    #g ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy 
& ,taxation1 *4 ,,xxi4    #h ,pr9ciples 
( ,political ,economy1 bk4 ,,iii1 *4    
,,vii4    #i ,pr9ciples ( ,social       
,sci5ce1 vol4 ,,ii1 *4 ,,xxx1 #a4    #aj
 ,die ,philosophie ,h]acleitos des      
,dunkeln1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bb4 #ahde4    #aa
 ,capital1 ,engli% ed4 "p ,i1 *4 ,,iii4 
#ab ,! ,pur*as+ ,p[] ( ,money1 *4 ,,ii1 
ces4 #a4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4    #ac ,d4  
,k9ley1 ,money1 a ,/udy ( ! ,!ory ( !   
,m$ium (  ,ex*ange1 *4 ,v1 #f4 ,new     

,york1 #aiac4    #ad ,"s excell5t h9ts z
 to ! money-commodity1 comp>e ,h4 ,:ite1
  ,money & ,bank+1 bk4 ,i1 *4 ,i4 ,new  
,york1 #aijh4    #ae ,valuable          
sugge/ions on /&>d money1 see ,w4 ,a4   
,scott1 ,money  & ,bank+1 *4 ,i1 sec4   
,i4--,j4 ,l4 ,laughl91 ,! ,pr9ciples (  
,money1 *4 ,,iii4--,j4 ,b4 ,cl>k1 ,!    
,ultimate ,/&>d ( ,value1  9 ,yale      
,review1 ,nov4 #ahib1 vol4 #a1 p4       
#beh-gd4--,! same subject  is well      
treat$ by ,c4 ,mang] 9 an article       
entitl$ 8,geld0 9 !  ,h&wo]t]bu* d]     
,/aatswiss5s*aft51 bd4 ,,iv4 #aijj1 &   
,l4 ,nasse1 8,das ,geld und ,mu5zwes50 9
 ,s*o5b]g1 ,h&bu* d]  ,politis*5        
,oekonomie1 bd4 ,i4 #ahif4    #af ,:at  
,%all ,we ,d ,!n1 *4 ,,xxi1 p4 #afd4    
,wi5]'s ed4    #ag ,id4 ,ibid4 *4       
,,xxii1 p4 #afa4    #ah ,:at ,%all ,we  
,d ,!n1 *4 ,,xxi1 p4 #aeh4    #ai ,op4  
cit41 p4 #afj4    #bj ,loc4 cit4 *4     
,,xxi1 p4 #aei4    #ba ,id4 ,ib4 *4     
,,xix1 p4 #abf4    #bb ,op4 cit4 *4     
,,xviii1 p4 #abb4    #bc ,id4 ib4 *4    

,,xix1 p4 #abf4    #bd ,patriotism &    
,gov]nm5t4 ,complete ,works1 vol4       
,,xxiii1 p4 #ech4  ,wi5]'s ed4 #aijd4   
#be ,! ,slav]y ( ,our ,times4 ,comp4    
,works1 vol4 ,,xxiv1 p4 #abh4    #bf    
,:at ,%all ,we ,d ,!n1 *4 ,,xviii1 p4   
#abb4    #bg ,id4 ,ibid4 *4 ,,xix1 p4   
#abg4    #bh ,loc4 cit4 *4 ,,xviii1 p4  
#aba4    #bi ,op4 cit4 *4 ,,xx1 p4 #ade4
    #cj ,loc4 cit4 *4 ,,xx1 p4 #ade4    
#ca ,id4 ,ibid4 *4 ,,xviii1 p4 #aba4    
#cb ,! ,k+dom ( ,god is ,)9 ,y1 *4 ,,ix1
 p4 #bcg4    #cc ,! ,slav]y ( ,our      
,times1 *4 ,x1 p4 #da4    #cd ,! fir/   
me?od ( ! enslavem5t ( m5 is by means ( 
p]sonal  viol5ce1 accord+ to ,tol/oy1 & 
second is by depriv+ p (  _! l&4 ,cf4   
,:at ,%all ,we ,d ,!n1 *4 ,,xx1 p4      
#adb-dc4    #ce ,:at ,%all ,we ,d ,!n1  
*4 ,,xx4 p4 #add4    #cf ,id4 ,ibid4 *4 
,,xviii1 p4 #aaa4    #cg ,= ! s\nd      
discussion on function ( money1 :i* is  
av[$ly  opposite to ,tol/oy's !ory1 see 
,w4 ,s4 ,jevons1 ,money & !  ,me*anism (
 ,ex*ange1 *4 ,,iii4--,j4 ,l4 ,laughl91 

,! ,pr9ciples  ( ,money1 *4 ,i4--,f4 ,a4
 ,walk]1 ,money1 *4 ,i4 #ahhc4--;,e4 ,b4
  ,baw]k1 ,positive ,!orie des          
,capitals1 b*4 ,,ii1 abt4 ,,ii-,,iii4   
#aijb4--;,c4 ,jannet1 ,capital1 *4      
,,ii-,,iii4 ,= a diff]5t &  s\nd]       
int]pretation ( taxes & taxation1 see ! 
excell5t book1  ,introduction to ,public
 ,f9ance1 by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,c4 ,plehn4 ,n4  
,york1 #ahif4    #ch ,:at ,%all ,we ,d  
,!n1 *4 ,,xvii1 p4 #ajb4    #ci ,loc4   
cit4 *4 ,,xvii1 p4 #aji4    #dj ,id4    
,ibid4 *4 ,,xviii1 p4 #abd4    #da ,op4 
cit4 *4 ,,xviii1 p4 #aag4    #db ,cf4   
,w4 ,ros*]1 ,sy/em d] ,volkswirts*aft1  
bd4 ,i1 kap4 ,i1 #ca4  #aijf4 ,j4 ,s4   
,mill1 ,political ,economy1 bk4 ,i1 *4  
,i1 sec4 #a4    #dc ,cf4 ,a4 ,m>s*al1   
,pr9ciples ( ,economics1 bk4 ,,iv1 *4   
,,vii1 sec4  #a4 p4 #cjj4 ,london1      
#ahih4    #dd ,c\rs d',economie         
,politique1 p4 #caj4 ,p>is1 #aiaa4      
#de ,cp4 ,! ,complete ,works1 vol4      
,,xiv1 p4 #aji4 ,wi5]'s ed4 #aije4      
#df ,id4 ,ibid4 p4 #bhh4    #dg         

,political ,economy1 *4 ,,ii1 p4 #fj4   
,london1 #aiab4    #dh ,cf4 ,hi/oire de 
,l',economie ,politique en ,europe1 p>  
,j4 ,a4  ,blanqui1 *4 ,,iii4--,see also 
,des ,raports de ,l',economie ,politique
 et de  la ,morale1 p> ,m4 ,h4          
,baudrill>d1 lec4 ,,ii4 ,p>is1 #ahhc4   
#di ,see ,j4 ,n4 ,keynes1 ,! ,scope &   
,me?od ( ,political ,economy1 *4  ,,ii1 
sec4 #a1 p4 #fb4 ,london1 #ahig4        
,b4 ,int]pretation ( ,prop]ty4      ,i  
,:5 two ,greek law-giv]s1 ,lycurgus &   
,solon1 impos$ _! laws  ^u ! ,greek     
nation1 !y bo? _h ! same purpose--to    
e/abli%  ! equal "r ( all m5 to ! use ( 
l& & o!r prop]ties4  ,plut>*1 speak+ (  
,lycurgus1 obs]ves t at t "t 8"s 7  s   
poor t !y _h no in* ( l&1 & o!rs1 ( :om 
!re 7  b few1 s weal?y t !y possess$    
all04 ,lycurgus p]suad$ !  citiz5s to   
re/ore ! l& to common use1 & !y did s4  
,solon _h  no o!r end 9 giv+ laws to !  
,a!nians b to set up ju/ice  among all 8
 fell[-citiz5s4 ,he says t ambition ( ! 
ri*  kn[s no b\nds1 t !y respect nei!r  

sacr$ prop]ty nor public  treasure1     
plund]+ all 9 defiance ( ! holy laws (  
ju/ice4 8,i  _h comm&$ ! weal?ie/ & mo/ 
p[]ful to refra9 f h>m+  ! weak10 says  
he fur!r1 8,i _h protect$ great & humble
 )  a d\ble buckl]1 equally /rong bo?   
sides1 )\t giv+ m to  "o ?an to ! o!r4  
,my advice has be5 disda9$4 ,today !y   
are  puni%$ = x0#ej4    ,tak5 z a :ole  
?is doctr9e ( ,lycurgus & ,solon is n 9 
accordance ) ,tol/oy's tea*+ on laws &  
prop]ty4 ,b  nev]!less x %[s cle>ly t   
law & prop]ty are two indivisible  civil
 in/itutions :i* c n exi/ sep>ately#ea4 
,tol/oy is 9  opposition to bo? ( !m1   
law & prop]ty1 because !y (f5d  aga9/   
humanity1 especially aga9/ ! comm&m5t n 
to resi/ evil  by =ce4    ,"u ! t]m (   
prop]ty "h mu/ be und]/ood private or   
individual prop]ty4 ,! notion ( prop]ty1
 h[ev]1 is n cle>  ei!r 9 anci5t or     
mod]n writ]s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( human        
evolution  prop]ty has _m times *ang$   
its =m & its sub/ance1 its mean+  & its 
scope4 ,9 ! societies t prec$$ ours1    

prop]ty embodi$  itself 9 a =m (        
oppression :i* has be5 def9itely aboli%$
  once = all4 ,z x is kn[n slav]y 0 "o (
 ! =ms ( private  prop]ty#eb4 ,9 ,greece
 & ,rome !re 7 public slaves1 i4e4      
slaves ( ! city1 & slaves ( ! /ate2 b   
mo/ ( ! slaves  7 simply a "p ( !       
patrimony ( ! citiz5s4 ,ma/]s _h !  "r  
to use !m = cultivation ( l&1 or to give
 !m away z  pres5ts1 or to sell !m1 or  
to leave !m to _! heirs4 ,!y _h  ! legal
 "r ( imprison+ & fett]+ ! slaves1 or   
sep>at+  !m f _! wives1 or =bidd+ !m to 
m>ry4 ,! slaves 7  "p ( ! ma/]'s private
 own]%ip1 & he dispos$ ( !m z he        
pleas$4 ,9 ! ,roman laws1 & also 9 !    
laws ( ,a!ns1 we f9d  t a fa!r c\ld sell
 8 son4 ,?is 0 because ! fa!r might     
dispose ( all ! prop]ty ( ! family1 & ! 
son might be look$  ^u z prop]ty1 s9ce 8
 labor 0 a s\rce ( income#ec4 ,!  be/   
,greek & ,roman philosoph]s saw no?+    
unlawful 9 t4 ,_!  conceptions ( !      
respective rights & duties ( ma/]s &    
slaves  w\ld n cla% 9 ! lea/ ) ! ideas  

ev5 n[ 9 equatorial  ,africa1 & "s o!r  
,european colonies else:]e4    ,betwe5  
^! old in/itutions ( slav]y & mod]n     
capitali/ic  sy/ems1 ,tol/oy 0 n able to
 f9d any great diff]5ces4 ,to him !     
in/itution ( slav]y exi/$ ev5 9 8 "t    
only 9 o!r =m ?an  x 0 9 ,greece1       
,india1 & ,rome4 ,& ! reason :y ?is     
slav]y  exi/$ lies 9 ! in/itution (     
private prop]ty4 ,if x be true1  ,tol/oy
 sugge/s1 t prop]ty has its orig9 only 9
 labor1 :y s  _m combats1 revolutions1 &
 w>s8 ,:y s _m luxuries1 robb]ies1  &   
debau*]ies8 ,are ^! vices n orig9at$ 9  
p]sonal or  private prop]ty8 ,is x true 
t prop]ty & money repres5t labor8  ,by  
no means1 answ]s our philosoph]4        
,prop]ty may be repres5t$ by  money1 &  
vice v]sa1 b money has 9 our "t         
completely lo/  t desirable significance
 z a repres5tative ( labor2 su* a       
significance x has only exceptionally1 =
 z a g5]al rule x has  become a "r or a 
possibility = exploit+ ! labor ( o!rs4  
,money is a new =m ( slav]y1 :i* diff]s 

f ! old only 9  be+ imp]sonal1 & 9 free+
 p f ! human relations ( !  slave#ed4   
,9 a revolution>y article1 ,to ! ,work+ 
,p1 writt5 9  #aijb1 ?ree ye>s be=e !   
,russian ,revolution1 ,tol/oy attempt$  
to op5 ! eyes ( ! p /at+ t !y 7 depriv$ 
(  ! l& :i* !y =m]ly possess$ & 7 =c$ to
 come to  ! cities1 z wage-work]s1 or   
practically1 z slaves4 ,! work+  p 9    
manufactur+ cities are 9 complete slavi%
 dep5d5ce on  _! ma/]s4 ,^! slaves may  
be lib]at$ f ! *a9s 9 :i*  !y are fett]$
 9 no way1 except by ! abolition (      
private &  capitali/ic prop]ty1 t is1   
giv+ ! l& to ! p :o "w1  & n to ! p :o  
live by ! une>n$ increm5t4 ,he adds  t  
rural labor]s h no?+ to d ) sociali/ic  
doctr9aires  :o propose ! dim9ution (   
h\rs ( "w & rais+ ( wages1 by  /rikes1  
unions1 & *ildi% processions ) flags on 
! fir/ (  ,may4 ,!y ne$ n s5d into      
p>liam5ts ! repres5tatives :o fight  !re
 8ab\t words1 ) words1 & = words01 z    
sometimes ,lassalle  reproa*$ !         
8b\rgeois0 repres5tatives4 ,! work+ m5  

:o leave  ! l& & live by factory labor  
mu/ f9d "s o!r means to rid  !mselves ( 
! slav]y4 ,!y %\ld ask & dem& ( _! ma/]s
  & rul]s ! "r to settle on ! l&1 & to  
"w !re4 ,9  dem&+ ?is1 !y w n be dem&+  
some?+ n _! own1 n  belong+ to !m1 b !  
re/itution ( _! mo/ unque/ionable &     
inali5able "r1 :i* is inh]5t 9 e liv+   
be+1 to live on  ! l& & get _! su/5ance 
f x1 )\t ask+ p]mission  f anyone else  
to d s4 ,to be sure1 ma/]s & rul]s w n  
give  ! p ! l& :i* !y dem&4 ,gov]nm5ts  
are 9 p[] to  prev5t ?is claim4 ,b      
gov]nm5ts h no p[] )\t police &  army1 &
 :o are ! con/itu5ts ( ?is army &       
police8 ,p1  work+m54 ,:5 ^! labor]s    
refuse to s]ve ! un*ri/ian &  brutal    
comm&s ( ! gov]nm5ts1 !n p c divide &   
take z  mu* l& z !y ne$ = cultivation & 
_! liv+4    ,%\ld x n be robb]y to take 
! possessions ( p :o  accumulat$ !m =   
hundr$s & ?\s&s ( ye>s8 ,yes1 b h[  did 
^! upp] classes accumulate _! prop]ty & 
ri*es8 ,tol/oy  replies on ?is "q toge!r
 ) 8 tea*] ,pr\dhon3 ,!y  heap$ up _!   

prop]ties by !ft f o!r p4 ,la proprit   
c'e/ le vol1 said ,pr\dhon#ee4 ,sob/v5o/
 e/ kor5 zla 7,prop]ty  is ! root (     
evil71 cont9ues 8 disciple1 by ! same   
axiomatic  language z ! ma/]#ef4    ,is 
?is /atem5t categorical8 ,f ! /&po9t (  
,pr\dhon &  ,tol/oy x is1 b f ! po9t (  
view ( economi/s ?is doctr9e  is at     
fault4 ,! ,russian iconocla/1 ,tol/oy1 l
 ! ,am]ican  advocate ( ,s+le ,tax1     
,george1 ma9ta9s t ! l& "q may  be solv$
 simply by re/oration ( ! l& to ! p :o  
"w on  x4 ,?is is1 und\bt$ly1 ! be/1 !  
easie/1 & quicke/ way to  make private  
prop]ty common & equitable1 b :at d     
hi/ory &  economics say ( ?is quae/io   
vexata4      ,,ii    ,x is n ne$ful "h  
to g ) hi/orians & juri/s f> beyond !   
,greek & ,roman lawy]s 9 ?is inquiry4   
,let u beg9 ! discussion  ) ,plato &    
,ari/otle4 ,we "k already t ,plato 9 8  
,republic  is a communi/4 ,he p]mits no 
citiz5 to h any prop]ty ( 8 own  beyond 
:at is absolutely necess>y4 ,! l& is    
divid$ into equal  p>ts among all !     

citiz5s1 9 ord] t all may be int]e/$ 9  
! def5ce ( ! c\ntry#eg4 ,?is communism (
 ,plato 0 vigor\sly  combat$ by         
,ari/otle 9 a brief passage ( ,!        
,politics1 :i*  conta9s _m ( ! be/      
argum5ts s9ce us$ on t side ( !         
controv]sy#eh4 ,h[ev]1 ,ari/otle 0 n an 
exclusive individuali/4  ,he wants 9 a  
/ate1 ,private prop]ty & common use4 ,9 
,plato's  judgm5t1 ! /ate %\ld be gov]n$
 9 ! rev]se way1 ,common  prop]ty &     
private use4 ,9 ,greek hi/ory we f9d a  
con/ant /ruggle  ab\t ^! que/ions (     
inequality among p & private dom9ion  ( 
l&4 ,b ! ideas ( communism & social     
possessions among  anci5t nations are   
preval5t4 ,! le>n$ hi/orian1 ,!o4       
,momms51 9  8 ,roemis*e ,ges*i*te /at$ t
 9 ! e>lie/ times ! arable  l& 0        
cultivat$ 9 common1 & x 0 n till lat] t 
l&  came to be di/ribut$ among !        
burgesses z _! own prop]ty#ei4          
,momms5's !sis is bas$ on ! quotations (
 ,cic]o#fj1 ,dionysius  ( ,halic>nassus1
 & ,plut>*4 ,9 lat] "t x is support$ by 

!  hi/orian1 ,p4 ,viollet#fa1 economi/  
,e4 de ,laveley#fb1 sociologi/s  ,*4    
,let\rneau#fc1 ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9#fd1 &    
almo/ all sociali/  writ]s#fe4    ,dur+ 
! ,middle ,ages ! idea ( common own]%ip 
0 !oretically  ma9ta9$ by *ur* ,fa!rs & 
_! foll[]s1 on ! basis (  ,*ri/'s tea*+ 
:i* p]petually sympa?iz$ ) ! poor4 ,/4  
,fa!rs reg>d$ community ( goods z !     
ideal ord] ( society1  private prop]ty z
 a necess>y evil1 trade z an occupation 
h>dly  compatible ) ! "* ( a dev\t      
,*ri/ian1 & ! receipt  ( int]e/ = ! use 
( money z altoge!r s9ful4 ,!y said t    
individual prop]ty is contr>y to !      
,div9e ,law1 !re=e ,omnia  deb5t esse   
communia4 ,^! pr9ciples c\ld nev] be    
appli$ )  logical sev]ity4 ,ecclesia/ics
 !oretically prea*$ equality ( m51  & 9 
practice !y 7 ! weal?ie/ class among o!r
 classes4  ,rod]igo ,borgia1 lat] ,pope 
,alex&] ,,vi1 0 "o ( ! ri*e/ m5 (  8    
"t#ff4 ,! luxury1 immorality & privileg$
 weal? ( cl]gy  caus$ ! ,re=mation1 b ! 
,re=mation c\ld n re/ra9 !  cl]gy f     

acquir+ imm5se private possessions4     
,communism ( !  ,middle ,ages 0 !n a    
pure utopia1 z x is today4    ,9 !      
philosophy ( ! #ag?1 #ah?1 & #ai?       
c5turies ! in/itution  ( private prop]ty
 0 ju/ifi$ by _m jurisconsults1 re=m]s1 
& philosoph]s :o1 bas$ _! tea*+s on     
human nature4 ,among  ^! are significant
 !ories ( ,grotius1 ,locke1 ,hobbes1    
,?i]s#fg1  & ,c\langes#fh4 ,9 opposition
 to ^! writ]s we f9d1 ?r\gh\t  ! ,fr5*  
,revolution & lat] on1 ! writ]s :o      
assail$ private  prop]ty z p]nici\s4    
,r\sseau express$ himself ) all 8 f]vid 
eloqu5ce ^u ?is !me1 & he f\nd a l>ge   
public to sympa?ize  ) 8 declamations4  
,r\sseau 0 ! inspir] ( ^? revolution>y  
writ]s1 inf]ior 9 g5ius b equally d>+1  
:o help$ to diffuse  8 doctr9es4        
,mirabeau & ,robespi]re 7 also          
,r\sseau's adh]5ts4  ,ev5 ! sociali/s1  
?\gh !y h dropp$ "s ( 8 fir/  pr9ciples 
& h adopt$ "s ( ! conclusions ( mod]n   
sci5ce1  h inh]it$ no small portion ( 8 
_s#fi4    ,9 ,am]ica we f9d _m (        

,r\sseau's foll[]s :o 7 inspir$  by     
philosoph]s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4      
,among ^! foll[]s is  ,h5ry ,george#gj1 
& 9 ,russia1 ,tol/oy4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5
 ^!  two re=m]s is t ,george w\ld put ! 
r5t ( real prop]ty  9 ! h& ( gov]nm5t = 
bett] & m righte\s taxation  ?an is n[ !
 case4 ,tol/oy1 mean:ile1 is aga9/ all  
taxation1  because x c only be collect$ 
by =ce1 & all =ce is =bidd5  by ,*ri/4  
,george is = nationalization ( l&1      
,tol/oy = full  communalization1 aga9/  
all gov]nm5t & all /ate own]%ip#ga4     
,tol/oy is1 indubitably1 influ5c$ by    
,r\sseau1 ,pr\dhon1 &  an>*o-communi/ic 
writ]s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,8 tea*+  (  
prop]ty has _m elem5ts ( *im]ical       
s*emes1 sometimes  conf\nd$ ) m$iaeval  
communism & ,*ri/ian primitive utopias1 
sometimes ) an>*i/ic pr9ciples :i*      
reject bo? private &  social prop]ty4 ,!
 labor "q is solv$ by ,tol/oy simply 9 !
  de/ruction ( private own]%ip & 9 !    
di/ribution ( l& to  ! p :o "w manually4
 ,m5tal labor & intellectual production 

are ignor$ & disda9$4 ,9 _m books pr9t$ 
dur+ ,tol/oy's life  we f9d 8no rights  
res]v$04 ,lit]>y prop]ty1 accord+ly1 is 
!  common prop]ty ( mank9d4 ,ideas &    
facts are free to all m54 ,!re  are no  
pat5ts & copyrights ( m5tal ex]tions cum
 privilegio4  ,! au?or ( a "w has no "r 
( prop]ty 9 ! book he has made2  he took
 ! common /ock & work$ x ov]1 & "o man  
has j z  good a "r to x z ano!r4 ,if !  
au?or is all[$ to be ! own]  ( 8 works1 
! public are depriv$ ( _! rights4 ,!    
immat]ial  prop]ty 9 writ+ is 9 ! same  
degree a robb]y z x is mat]ial4         
,f9ally1 lit]>y labor does n belong to  
?is "q4 ,accord+ to  ,tol/oy's          
int]pretation1 inv5tions1 arts1         
lit]ature1 & sci5ce1  are privileg$ only
 to ! high] classes4 ,! class ( p       
exclusively occupi$ ) physical labor    
n[h]e read books1 nei!r  h ! masses     
le>n$ f books to pl\gh1 to make kvas1 to
 weave1  to make %oes1 to build huts1 to
 s+ songs1 or ev5 to pray4    ,( ?is    
,tol/oy's criticism ( lit]ature1 sci5ce1

 & private  prop]ty1 7 cog5t objections4
 ,he 0 call$ an utopian1 a sophi/1  an  
inconsi/5t au?or :o speaks "o ?+ & works
 some?+ else4  ,"s call$ him *>latan1   
de/roy] ( sacr$ in/itutions1 & a  man :o
 did n "k :at he 0 prea*+4 ,^! epi!ts   
rem9d "o  ( t :i* ,jean ,bod9 gave to   
,ma*iavelli call+ him a 8butt (         
invective01 & 8wret*$ man01 or ( ^?     
names :i* ,voltaire gave  ,r\sseau      
honor+ him z a 8,pun*9ello ( lett]s01 8!
 fanf>on  ( ink01 8ar*-madman01         
8sc\ndrel01 8m\ntebank01 & o!r *oice    
epi!ts4    ,su* criticism might be      
valuable & apropos to a c]ta9 sort (    
newspap]s1 b n to s]i\s inve/igators &  
critics4 ,?r[+  ?is k9d ( adjectives at 
an au?or1 does n mean t he is really    
wrong4 ,inde$1 ,tol/oy's doctr9e (      
aboli%+ individual own]%ip  con/itutes  
no valid gr\nds = criticism ( ! hi/oric 
"r (  private prop]ty 9 l&4 ,mo/ ( 8    
great expectations w\ld n  be realiz$4  
,! problems ( weal? di/ribution1 l&1 &  
money1  are mu* deep] & m complex ?an he

 presum$4 ,!y _c be  expla9$ solely by a
 !ory1 nor solv$ by refus+ to s]ve 9    
milit>y & /ate obligations4 ,!y are !   
inh]itance ( ! pres5t  g5]ation f a long
 pa/1 ! resultant ( a complex ( =ces1   
mat]ial & spiritual1 political1         
economic1 moral1 & social4 ,!y  c only  
be unravel$ by a mo/ m9ute & c>eful /udy
 ( hi/orical  records1 int]pret$ by !   
aid ( ! be/ results ( ! ?\ght  (        
economi/s1 sociologi/s1 & politicians4  
,& yet1 9 _m ways1  ,tol/oy aid$ !      
solution ( ^! problems4 ,he help$ to    
accel]ate  x by ! example he set (      
e>ne/ness1 altruism1 & int5se devotion  
to ideals :i* he made ! cre$ ( future   
society4    ,illu/ration3 ,l9e          
,,footnotes3    #ej ,see ^! quotations  
on ,solon & ,lycurgus 9 ,prop]ty1 by ,*4
  ,let\rneau1 *4 ,,xiv1 sec4 ,v1 #f4    
#ea ,t prop]ty 0 creat$ by law x is     
prov$ by ,montesquieu &  ,b5?am4 ,9 !   
,_s ( ,laws1 ,montesquieu argues t civil
 law  is ,paladium ( prop]ty1 & z ! p   
acquir$ by political laws  lib]ty1 s !y 

acquir$ by ! civil laws prop]ty4 ,! ,_s 
(  ,laws1 book ,,xxvi1 *4 #ae4--;,9 ,!  
,pr9ciples ( ,civil ,code1 by ,j4       
,b5?am1 we f9d ! same idea express$ 9 ^!
 words3 8,prop]ty is  entirely !        
creature ( law4444 ,prop]ty & law are   
born & mu/ die  toge!r4 ,be=e ! laws1   
!re 0 no prop]ty2 take away ! laws1  all
 prop]ty ceases04 ,! ,pr9ciples ( !     
,civil ,code1 pt4 ,i1 *4  ,,viii4    #eb
 ,cf4 ,*4 ,let\rneau1 ,prop]ty1 *4 ,,xiv
 & ,,xv4 ,see also  ,ari/otle's         
,politics1 bk4 ,i1 *4 ,,viii4    #ec    
,cf4 ,f4 de ,c\lange1 ,cit ,antique1    
,engli% by ,w4 ,small1 #aija1  book     
,,ii1 *4 ,,viii1 p4 #abj4    #ed ,:at   
,%all ,we ,d ,!n1 *4 ,,xxi4 p4 #afc4    
#ee ,cf4 ,qu'e/ ce que la ,proprit1     
#ahdj1 ,engli% translation by  ,b4      
,tuck]1 #ahgf1 ,fir/ ,memoir1 *4 ,i4    
#ef ,:at ,%all ,we ,d ,!n1 *4 #ci4      
,wi5]'s ed4 p4 #cah4    #eg ,plato's    
view on prop]ty is express$ 9 ,!        
,republic1 bk4  ,,iii1 ,,iv1 ,v &       
,,viii4 ,!n 9 ,! ,laws1 bk4 ,,iii1 :]e  

he speaks (  di/ribution ( l& & equaliz+
 ( prop]ty4 ,9 ! same "w1 he  fur!r on  
says t prop]ty does n belong to !       
individual b to  ! :ole family1 &       
prop]ty & family alike belong to !      
,/ate1  ,! ,laws1 b4 ,,xi4    #eh 8,i d 
n ?9k01 says ,ari/otle1 8t prop]ty ought
 to be  common04 ,! ,politics1 bk4      
,,vii1 *4 #aj4 ,on ! o!r place he       
argues t !re are two ?+s :i* pr9cipally 
inspire mank9d  ) c>e & affection1      
namely1 ! s5se ( :at is "o's own1 &     
exclusive possession4 ,! ,politics1 bk4 
,,ii1 *4 ,,iv    #ei ,9 aelte/] ,zeit   
das ,ack]l& geme9s*aftli*1 wahrs*e9li*  
na* d5 e9zeln5 ,ges*le*tsg5oss5s*aft5   
be/ellt und er/  d] ,ertrag unt] die    
e9zeln5 dem ,ges*le*t angeho]ig5 ,haeus]
  v]!ilt w>d 444 er/ spaet] das ,l& unt]
 die ,bu]g] zu  ,sond]eig5?um aufge!ilt 
w>d4 ,roemis*e ,ges*i*te1 #bte ,auflage1
  #ahef1 bd4 ,i1 /4 #aga-gb4    #fj ,tum
 zur ,zeit des ,romulus erat res 9      
pecore et locorum  possessionibus1 ex   
quo pecuniosi et locupletos             

vocabantur4--,numa  primum agros1 quos  
bello ,romulus cep]at1 divisit viritim  
civibus4  ,cit$ by ,momms5 f ,de        
,republica1 #b1 #i1 #ad4    #fa ,du     
,c>act]e ,collectif des ,premi]es       
,proprits ,immobili]es1  #ahgb4    #fb  
,de la ,proprit et de ses ,=mese        
,primitives1 #ahgd4 ,engli% tr4  #ahgh4 
#fc ,l',evolution de la ,proprit1 #ahhh4
 ,engli% translation1 #ahib4    #fd     
,anci5t ,law1 *4 ,,viii4 ,london1 #ahfa4
    #fe ,especially ,p4 ,laf>gue1 ,!    
,evolution ( ,prop]ty1 #aijh4    #ff ,on
 ?is ,pope1 ,pr(essor ,p4 ,vill>i says3 
8,"o ( 8 /ronge/  passions 0 an         
insatiable gre$ = gold 444 he accumulat$
 !  imm5se =tune t s]v$ to raise him to 
! papacy04444 ,see ,/oria  di ,girolamo 
,savon>ola e de' suvi tempi1 #ahei4     
,engli% by ,ll4 ,vill>i1  #aiji1 *4     
,,ix1 #aeb4    #fg ,! ,rights (         
,prop]ty1 by ,a4 ,?i]s1 ,london1 #ahdh4 
#fh ,! ,orig9 ( ,prop]ty 9 ,l&1 by ,f4  
de ,c\langes4 ,engli%  translation1     
,london1 #ahia4    #fi ,on ! private    

prop]ty dur+ ! ,fr5* ,revolution see ,le
  ,socialisme et la ,revolution         
,francaise1 p> ,dr4 ,a4 ,li*t5b]g1      
,p>is1  #ahii1 *4 ,,vii1 #a4 ,ano!r     
valuable book on ?is subject is ,! ,fr5*
  ,revolution & ,mod]n ,fr5* ,socialism1
 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,peixotto1 ,new  ,york1
 #aija1 *4 ,i1 #d2 *4 ,,iii1 #c2 & *4   
,,vi1 #b4    #gj ,see ,progress &       
,prop]ty1 by ,h4 ,george1 #ahgi1 bk4    
,,vii-,,viii4  ,tol/oy m5tion$ ,george 9
 sev]al ( 8 political articles1 &  wrote
 ,two ,lett]s on ,h5ry ,george1 #ahic4  
,9 ,wi5]'s translations (  ! ,complete  
,works ( ,c\nt ,tol/oy1 ^! ,two ,lett]s 
are publi%$  9 volume ,,xxiii1 pp4      
#cif-dja4    #ga ,a p>allel drawn betwe5
 ,george's & ,tol/oy's !ory ( prop]ty   
may be f\nd 9 ,c4 ,b4 ,fillebr[n1 ,! ,a 
,b ,c ( ,taxation1 ,app4 ,b4 pp4        
#afh-agj4 ,new ,york1 #aiji4