,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,equal signs 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,typographical & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,! corrections li/$ 9 ! ,,errata h be5 appli$ to ! text4 ,,! ,,w9e ,,press ,,& ,,! ,,cell>4 ,a ,,manual ,,= ,,! ,,w9e-,,mak] ,,& ,,! ,,cell>-,,man4 ,by ,e4 ,h4 ,,rix=d4 ,,san ,,francisco3 ,,new ,,york3 ,,payot1 ,,upham ,,co4 ,d4 ,,van ,,no/r&4 #ahhc4 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahhc1 by ,e4 ,h4 ,,rix=d1 ,9 ! ,(fice ( ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress1 at ,wa%+ton4 ,c4 ,w4 ,,gordon1 ,/eam ,book & ,job ,pr9t]1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,illu/ration ,,preface4 ,9 #ahgf ! ,mission grape sold 9 ,cali=nia = f #g4ej to #aj p] ton1 & =eign v>ieties = f #ad to #ah p] ton1 & consequ5tly _m v9ey>di/s 9 di/ricts remote f ! m>ket turn$ _! hogs into ! v9ey>d to ga!r ! fruit4 ,at ?is "t f>m]s conclud$ t x w\ld n pay to gr[ grapes1 & ! v9es 7 root$ out ( _m v9ey>ds1 & ! l& devot$ to ! production ( m pr(itable crops4 ,9 #ahgh1 h[ev]1 ! prices 7 bett]1 & ! ,mission grape br\ght f #ab to #ad p] ton1 & ! =eign v>ieties f #bb to #bf1 & "u a gr[+ dem& = ,cali=nia w9es1 ! w9e mak]s 9 ! c\nties ( ,sonoma & ,napa h paid dur+ ! pa/ ?ree seasons ( #ahhj1 #ahha1 & #ahhb1 prices rang+ f #af to #bb p] ton = ,mission1 & f #bb to #ce = o!r =eign v>ieties1 & 9 "s cases ev5 z high z #dj p] ton = w9e grapes ( ! be/ v>ieties2 ! extremes 9 prices dep5d+ ^u ! activity ( ! competition 9 ! diff]5t localities4 ,al?\gh 9 ,cali=nia we are accu/om$ to speak ( ! 8,mission grape0 & ! 8=eign v>ieties0 9 contradi/9ction1 x may n be amiss to /ate = ! b5efit ( o!r ?an ,cali=nia read]s1 t ! 8,mission0 is und\bt$ly a grape ( ,european orig91 & 0 cultivat$ by ! ,spani% prie/s at ! missions exi/+ 9 ! c\ntry at ! adv5t ( ! ,am]icans1 & h5ce ! "n4 ,& not)/&+ ! exi/5ce ( our grape1 ,vitis ,cali=nica1 ! names 8native0 & 8,cali=nia grape0 h be5 appli$ to ! ,mission1 b ! ^w 8=eign0 is nev] us$ 9 describ+ x4 ,! increase 9 ! price ( grapes has foll[$ closely ^u ! increase 9 ! dem& = our w9es1 & ! production has kept pace ) ! dem&4 ,! annual %ipm5ts ( w9e & br&y f ,cali=nia1 comm5c+ ) #ahge1 accord+ to ! reports publi%$ f "t to "t1 are z foll[s1 9 gallons3 ,ye>4 ,w9e4 ,br&y4 #ahge #a1jca1ejg #db1cah #ahgf #a1aae1jde #ei1iic #ahgg #a1dfb1gib #ach1iib #ahgh #a1hab1aei #abi1aai #ahgi #b1aee1idd #afc1hib #ahhj #b1dhg1cec #ahi1jih #ahha #b1hde1cfe #bji1fgg ,! figures = #ahhb1 z publi%$1 are l>g] ?an ^? = #ahha1 b ! figures furni%$ by ,mr4 ,/one1 ! /ati/ician ( ! ,m]*ants ,ex*ange1 give w9e #b1gba1dbh1 br&y1 #bah1gib2 f :i* ,i am l$ to believe t ^? = #ahha are too l>ge4 ,! total production ( w9e = #ahgh has be5 /at$ to be f #f1jjj1jjj to #g1jjj1jjj gallons1 = #ahgi1 #g1gij1jjj1 = #ahhj1 #aj1jjj1jjj to #ab1jjj1jjj gallons4 ,not)/&+ ! increas$ acreage ( our v9ey>ds1 ! product 9 #ahha fell (f "o or two million gallons1 & 9 ! second annual report ( ! ,/ate ,viticultural ,commission1 j publi%$1 ! loss is e/imat$ at "o-?ird ( ! crop1 mak+ ! product #i1jjj1jjj gallons1 or a little less4 ,t ( #ahhb is ab\t #aj1jjj1jjj gallons4 ,9 #ahhj we _h ab\t #fj1jjj acres ( v9ey>ds 9 ! ,/ate1 & accord+ to ,mr4 ,h>asz?y's report z ,presid5t ( ! ,viticultural ,commission1 conta9$ 9 ! report ( ! commission la/ m5tion$1 ! increase dur+ ! fir/ two ye>s aft] ! fir/ organization ( ! commission 9 #ahhj1 am\nts to #dj1jjj acres4 ,s9ce ! date ( 8 report1 ,april #ai1 #ahhb1 ! acreage mu/ h be5 l>gely increas$1 & mak+ a lib]al all[ance = errors1 we mu/ h at lea/ #ajj1jjj acres 9 v9ey>ds 9 ! ,/ate at ! pres5t "t1 :i* ought to produce1 at a small e/imate1 #bj1jjj1jjj gallons ( w9e 9 five ye>s f n[1 & 9 five ye>s m1 ) ! increas$ product f ! great] age ( ! v9es1 & f ^? plant$ 9 ! meantime1 ! yield ought to be d\bl$4 ,among ^? :o are n[ plant+ v9ey>ds are _m :o h _h no exp]i5ce 9 w9e mak+2 & 9 ord] t su* may h ! advantage ( ! exp]i5ce ( ^? ( o!r c\ntries :o h sp5t _! :ole lives 9 p]fect+ ! art1 & h _h ! b5efit ( ! k d]iv$ f g5]ations be=e !m1 ! au?or has prep>$ ! foll[+ "w1 9 :i* he has attempt$ to lay be=e ! read] an acc\nt ( ! me?ods foll[$ 9 ^? portions ( ,europe1 especially ,france1 :]e ! f9e/ w9es ( ! _w are produc$4 ,:at is "h giv5 is ! result ( rese>* on ! "p ( ! au?or *iefly = 8 own b5efit2 & 9 go+ ov] ! lit]ature ( ! subject ( w9e mak+1 he fail$ to f9d a "w 9 ! ,engli% language :i* is adequate to ! ne$s ( ! practical w9e mak]1 or "o :o int5ds to become su*4 ,!re are _m good books 9 ! ,fr5* language1 &1 9 fact1 ! pr9cipal works on ! subject are to be f\nd 9 t language4 ,b ! au?ors ( _m ( !m h hobbies1 & ! practice indicat$ 9 a c]ta9 connection by "o (t5 diff]s f t po9t$ out by ano!r4 ,x1 !re=e1 became necess>y to comp>e ! writ+s ( v>i\s au?ors1 & :]e !y diff]$ 9 po9ts ( practice1 to try & f9d out ! reason !re=4 ,?is 0 n always an easy task2 b ! au?or confid5tly hopes t ! beg9n] w always f9d a safe c\rse po9t$ out to him 9 ! foll[+ pages1 & t ! exp]i5c$ v9iculturi/ w h br\ght to 8 m9d _m ?+s =gott5 9 ! multitude ( affairs1 & ! exp]im5tali/1 to :om we all are look+ = fur!r light1 w "h f9d _m h9ts :i* may assi/ him 9 f9d+ out :at are ! be/ me?ods "u ! conditions 9 :i* we f9d ourselves 9 ! infancy ( ?is absorb+ indu/ry4 ,:at =cibly /rikes "o 9 read+ ! works ( diff]5t au?ors on ! subject ( v9ification is1 t1 not)/&+ ! v>iations 9 ! me?ods1 !re are b few mat]ial diff]5ces 9 ! practices 9 diff]5t localities 9 mak+ a giv5 k9d ( w9e4 ,x is true t "o me?od makes a r$ w9e1 a diff]5t "o makes a :ite w9e1 t grapes ( "o degree ( rip5ess & ! correspond+ practice 9 v9ification produces a sweet w9e1 & ano!r a dry w9e1 b ! au?or is conv9c$ t ! me?od & practice :i* w produce ! be/ result 9 a giv5 case 9 "o locality w also produce ! be/ result 9 any o!r4 ,if x is f\nd t 9 ! nor!rn & c5tral portions ( ,france x is insi/$ t ! casks be always kept full1 & t 9 ,spa9 !y are left ) a vacant space1 x w also be f\nd t ?is practice dep5ds ^u ! alcoholic /r5g? & robu/ness ( ! w9e4 ,:5 ! grapes ( ! m nor!rn regions are artificially matur$ till _! sac*>9e /r5g? approa*es t ( grapes ( m s\!rn climes1 !n ! w9e made f _! mu/ may safely be treat$ accord+ to me?ods prevail+ 9 ! latt] regions4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! grapes ( hot c\ntries are ga!r$ z soon z _! mu/ indicates a d5sity ( #bj to #bd p] c5t41 ! w9e made f !m w\ld be absolutely ru9$1 if treat$ z ! w9e f ov]ripe grapes1 & x mu/ be c>$ = z ! weak] w9es ( ! nor!rn climes4 ,! ess5tials1 !n1 ( good w9e mak+1 :i* include ! treatm5t 9 ! cell>1 are ev]y:]e ! same1 & !y only v>y ) ! v>ieties ( w9e t are to be produc$4 ,! g5]al climate ( ,cali=nia corresponds 9 _m respects ) t ( ! m s\!rn w9e-produc+ regions ( ,europe2 & ! p]c5tage ( sug> c>ri$ 9 ! grapes gr[n 9 ! s\!rn & int]ior portions ( our ,/ate is ab\t ! same z t ( ! mu/s ( ^? regions4 ,! mu/s produc$ 9 ! c5tral coa/ c\nties & ! bay c\nties ( ! ,/ate1 9 av]age seasons1 equal1 if !y d n exce$1 9 d5sity ! mu/s ( ! c5tral & nor!rn portions ( ,france 9 _! v be/ seasons4 ,! foll[+ tables w af=d ! figures necess>y = a comp>ison betwe5 our w9es & ^? ( o!r c\ntries1 z to alcoholic /r5g? & acidity4 ,! fir/ table is useful z illu/rat+ an advance 9 w9e mak+ 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,! e>li] w9e mak]s1 guid$ by ! exp]i5ce d]iv$ f resid5ce 9 ! nor!rn viticultural regions ( ,europe1 or by ! in=mation f writ]s ( ^? c\ntries1 all[$ _! grapes to arrive at an advanc$ /ate ( maturity )\t consid]+ ! diff]5t conditions ( climate4 ,mu/s1 !re=e1 t 7 fit only = sweet w9es1 7 treat$ accord+ to dry w9e me?ods1 & no wond] !y 7 f\nd heady1 us$ z table w9es1 ) s high a p]c5tage ( alcohol4 ,! second table %[s t we h le>n$ to produce light] w9es1 :i* means1 n only t we are gr[+ grapes t c>ry less sug> ?an ! ,mission1 b *iefly t we d n all[ ! b]ries to become ov]ripe1 dri$ up1 "u ! ard5t rays ( our con/ant sun4 ,! fir/ figures are f a pap] read by ! late ,major ,snyd] be=e ! ,napa ,w9e ,gr[]s' ,association1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,rural ,press1 ,augu/ #c1 #ahga1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #ff4 ,vol4 p] c5t4 ,color4 ,"n ( ,mak]4 ,ye>4 ( ,alcohol4 ,:ite ,craig #ahfg ,=eign grapes #ad4d 8 8 #ahgj ,mission #ac4d 8 ,dresel ,gundla* #ahfa #ad4d 8 8 #ahgj #ac4c 8 8 #ahfb #ab4e 8 8 #ahfg #ac4f 8 ,j4 ,r4 ,snyd] #ahfe ,mission #ab4e 8 8 #ahfj #ab4f 8 8 #ahfg #ac4c 8 8 #ahfh #ab4h 8 ,a4 ,f4 ,h>asz?y #ahga ,=eign #aa4e 8 8 #ahgj 8 #ab4f ,r$ ,bu5a ,vi/a ,ass'n #ahff #af4e ,:ite 8 8 #ahga #aa4e ,r$ 8 8 #ahga #ab4f ,:ite ,h4 ,w9kle #ahfi ,mission #ac4b 8 8 #ahga 8 #ab4e 8 ,l4 ,goss #ahga ,z9f&el #ab4h ,! foll[+ figures are f ! ,report ( ! ,commission] ( ,agriculture ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = #ahhj1 report ( ! ,*emi/4 ,x w be obs]v$ t :]e ! "n is foll[$ by a 1 x is t ( ! ,ea/]n deal]1 & n t ( ! mak]4 ,,dry ,,r$ ,,w9es4 ,p] c5t4 ,total by vol4 ( acid z ,"n4 alcohol4 ,glucose4 t>t>ic4 ,mak]4 ,sonoma ,mission1 '#gi #aj4jc ,none 4#gbb ,grets* ,may]4 8 ,z9f&el1 '#gi #i4gh ,trace 4#fic 8 8 ,mission #i4bi d 4#iag ,b4 ,dreyfus ,co4 ,z9f&el #aa4ce d 4#gfh 8 8 ,z9f&el1 '#gh #aj4cj d 4#hbe ,dresel ,co4 ,z9f&el1 '#gi #aa4jh d 4#gih 8 8 ,z9f&el #ab4ca d 4#had ,geo4 ,haml9 ,co4 ,cali=nia ,cl>et #aj4ef d 4#ijc ,z9f&el #ac4bd #j4ah 4#gbf ,,dry ,,:ite ,,w9es4 ,:ite ,hock #ag4cg #j4ji 4#hee ,:ite ,hock #ab4hg #j4ji 4#gfg ,muscatel #ac4cd #j4ab 4#gfg ,sonoma ,hock #ab4je #j4ac 4#dbb ,p]k9s1 ,/]n ,co4 ,riesl+ #aa4bf ,trace 4#hdf ,dresel ,co4 ,hock #aa4ce d 4#ghe 8 8 ,dry ,muscat #aa4dd d 4#fai ,dreyfus ,co4 ,z9f&el #aa4bf d 4#eij 8 8 ,riesl+ #ab4je d 4#fif 8 8 ,gut$el #aa4gj d 4#gef 8 8 ,hock #i4gj d 4#gbc 8 8 ,sonoma ,mission1 '#gh #aj4ef d 4#fai ,grets* ,may]4 8 ,riesl+1 '#gg787 #ac4ae d 4#fie 8 8 8 8 '#gi #ac4ae d 4#ege 8 8 8 ,mission1 '#gi #aj4ch d 4#fai 8 8 8 ,gut$el1 '#gi #aa4hg d 4#ehi 8 8 ,dry ,muscat '#gd787 #ab4dj d 4#haf 8 8 ,z9f&el1 '#gh #aa4if d 4#gfa 8 8 8 '#gi #aa4jj d 4#gdj 8 8 ,,port4 ,,sweet ,,w9es4 ,cali=nia ,port #ba4hi #h4fj 4#gij 8 8 #bj4hi #e4gh 4#eaj ,kohl] ,frohl+4 8 8 #ah4hh #d4di 4#gee ,dreyfus ,co4 8 8 #ai4hg #e4hh 4#cgj 8 8 8 8 #ae4di #h4fj 4#dhf ,p]k9s1 ,/]n ,co4 8,sunny ,slope8 #ae4ab #aa4eg 4#dcc 8 8 ,los ,angeles #af4eb #aa4ci 4#ejh ,grets* ,may]4 ,,%]ry4 ,cali=nia ,%]ry4 #ag4if 4#fa 4#ecb 8 8 #af4ae #b4de 4#gba ,dreyfus ,co4 8 8 #af4hj #b4bj 4#egc 8 8 ,,*ampagnes4 8,gr& ,prize8 m$4 dry #ab4di #h4ba 4#hba ,arpad ,h>asz?y4 8,eclipse18 extra dry #aa4hg #f4ea 4#hhe 8 8 ,,miscellane\s4 ,g]ke's ,:ite #ad4gd #b4ba 4#fgc ,h5ry ,g]ke4 ,sweet ,muscatel #ah4eh #be4cg 4#gec ,p]k9s1 ,/]n ,co4 8 8 #bb4cf #aa4ei 4#cff ,dreyfus ,co4 8 8 #bb4df #af4id 4#cca 8 8 ,los ,angeles ,muscatel #ag4jh #ac4dd 4#ecc ,grets* ,may]4 ,angelica #aa4gi #ab4dh 4#dhi 8 #ac4ij #ac4be 4#cdg ,p]k9s1 ,/]n ,co4 8 #ah4ad #ad4ha 4#dcj ,dreyfus ,co4 8 #ah4gh #af4bj 4#dff ,grets* ,may]4 ,cali=nia ,malaga #ag4gj #h4ei 4#fei ,h5ry ,g]ke4 ,:at is p>ticul>ly /rik+ 9 ! figures la/ quot$1 is ! rem>kably high p]c5tage ( acid1 :i* f> exce$s :at we _h hi!rto suppos$ ! acidity ( our w9es to be4 ,yet z a l>ge proportion ( ! total acids 0 volatile1 x may be t ! w9es _h contract$ acidity f improp] me?ods ( keep+4 ,f ,pr(4 ,hilg>d's report ( ! "w done 9 ! viticultural laboratory ( ! ,college ( ,agriculture ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 dur+ ! ye>s #ahha & #ahhb1 we extract ,table ,v giv5 9 ! app5dix4 ,! figures = ! av]ages are our own4 ,?is report conta9s mu* valuable & int]e/+ in=mation reg>d+ ! "w done 9 ! laboratory1 & gives _m details ( ! analyses ( ^! w9es1 :i* ! limits ( ?is volume w n p]mit u to give 9 full4 ,& ^? :o wi% to see ! results ( ! mo/ complete analysis ( ,cali=nia w9es ev] be=e made1 are ref]r$ to ! report itself4 ,x w be notic$ t ! av]age total acidity ( ! diff]5t w9es m5tion$ 9 ! table is mu* l[] ?an t f\nd by ! *emi/ ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,! w9es 9 ?is table 7 furni%$ by ! produc] 9 ne>ly e case1 a few ( !m hav+ be5 produc$ at ! ,univ]sity1 & 7 und\bt$ly pure1 & 9 a fair condition1 z samples ( badly kept w9e w\ld n likely be furni%$ by ! mak] = ! purpose ( analysis2 & ! condition ( ^? analyz$ by ! *emi/ at ,wa%+ton is1 at lea/1 d\btful4 ,f analyses by ,r4 ,fres5ius & ,e4 ,borgman1 tabulat$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 ,london1 = ,april1 #ahhc1 f ,zeits4 ,anal4 ,*em41 ,,xxii1 #df-eh1 we extract ! foll[+ figures1 ! alcoholic /r5g? be+ r$uc$ to volume p] c5t4 z ne>ly z c\ld be done f ! p] c5t4 by weight 9 volume )\t ! specific gravity3 ,r$ ,:ite ,:ite ,r$ ,ma94 ,ma94 ,hocks4 ,fr5*4 ,fr5*4 ,moselle4 ,max4 #aa4gf #ab4ed #ab4gg #ab4ag #aa4eb #aj4gg ,alcohol ,m94 #aa4gc #aa4jj #h4jj #aa4ah #i4ia #h4gg ,av]4 #aa4ge #aa4gf #aj4hc #aa4fg #aj4eh #aj4jb ,max4 4#fb 4#hj #a4ja 4#ga 4#eh 4#ie ,acid ,m94 4#ed 4#ed 4#dh 4#ed 4#dh 4#fd ,av]4 4#eh 4#fi 4#ff 4#fb 4#ed 4#gi ,& f ! analyses giv5 9 ! "w ( ,?udi*um & ,dupr1 we d$uce ! foll[+3 ,,?irty-,,five ,,g]man ,,w9es4 ,vol4 p] c5t4 ,maximum #ad4de ,acid z ,maximum 4#hbc ,alcohol4 ,m9imum #i4ae t>t>ic4 ,m9imum 4#daf ,av]age #aj4jj ,av]age 4#edc ,,six ,,fr5* ,,cl>ets4 ,maximum #ab4ch ,maximum 4#fde ,alcohol ,m9imum #aj4db ,acid ,m9imum 4#edh ,av]age #aj4ie ,av]age 4#eic ,,f\r ,,burgundies4 ,maximum #ad4ig ,maximum 4#ffh ,alcohol ,m9imum #aa4ed ,acid ,m9imum 4#die ,av]age #ab4gh ,av]age 4#efb ,,elev5 ,,%]ries4 ,maximum #bb4ge ,maximum 4#fbf ,alcohol ,m9imum #ag4jc ,acid ,m9imum 4#cgb ,av]age #bj4ic ,av]age 4#dgf ,,six ,,s-,,call$ ,,natural ,,%]ries4 ,maximum #ah4hg ,maximum 4#eaj ,alcohol ,m9imum #af4fj ,acid ,m9imum 4#cig ,av]age #ag4cg ,av]age 4#ded ,,elev5 ,,port ,,w9es4 ,maximum #bc4cd ,maximum 4#eaj ,alcohol ,m9imum #ah4jd ,acid ,m9imum 4#cih ,av]age #ba4ej ,av]age 4#dbd ,,t5 ,,hung>ian ,,w9es4 ,maximum #ad4ee ,maximum 4#gaf ,alcohol ,m9imum #aa4ee ,acid ,m9imum 4#egj ,av]age #ab4he ,av]age 4#fcg ,! analyses ( _m o!r w9es are giv51 & _m o!r details :i* w\ld be ( little use to ! practical man1 belong+ r to ! doma9 ( ! *emi/ry ( w9es4 ,!re is a va/ field op5 to ! w9e mak] ( ?is ,/ate1 = we h diff]5ces ( soil & climate suitable = ! production ( a wond]ful v>iety ( w9es4 ,b e man mu/ decide = himself :at k9d ( w9e 8 soil & situation are be/ adapt$ to produce1 & 8 aim !n %\ld be to produce ! be/ ( t k9d4 ,?anks to ! "w ( ! ,/ate ,viticultural ,commission1 we are beg9n+ to le>n :at v>ieties ( grapes are be/ suit$ to ! diff]5t di/ricts ( ! ,/ate4 ,x is true t only a beg9n+ has be5 made1 & ! actual "w ( exp]im5t+ 9 ?is direction c only be c>ri$ on by ! practical viticulturi/s !mselves4 ,x is = ! ,commission to br+ ord] out ( *aos1 & furni% = ! in=mation ( ! public ! results ( ! labors ( ! exp]im5t]s 9 ! field4 ,?r\gh ! endeavors ( ! ,commission1 & especially ( its *ief executive ,viticultural (fic]1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,a4 ,wetmore1 :o has an ext5d$ k ( ! diff]5t v>ieties ( grapes gr[n 9 ! ,/ate1 & :]e !y are produc$1 ! viticulturi/s are beg9n+ to comp>e notes1 & an ex*ange ( k is n[ go+ on1 :i* )\t ! ,commission w\ld be impossible4 ,x is n )9 ! scope ( ?is "w to ent] into ! details ( v9e plant+1 or to po9t out :at p>ticul> v>ieties ( grapes %\ld be plant$ 9 ! diff]5t sections1 & probably ! "t to produce a "w :i* w\ld convey def9ite & satisfactory in=mation on ! latt] subject has n yet arriv$4 ,z fa/ z reliable in=mation is acquir$1 x w und\bt$ly be made kn[n by ! ,commission1 & e int5d$ v9e gr[] %\ld c>efully /udy its reports1 z well z to keep himself famili> ) ! discussions ( ! local viticultural societies1 & ^? ( ! g5]al conv5tions4 ,if e gr[] 9 ! ,/ate w only devote a portion ( 8 gr\nd to ! cultivation ( ! *oice/ v>ieties ( grapes1 mak+ sure t he kn[s :at he is cultivat+1 w use ! be/ me?ods ( v9ification1 pres]ve ea* k9d ( w9e by itself1 or keep a c>eful record ( 8 bl5ds1 & w age & re> ! diff]5t products accord+ to ! be/ & mo/ intellig5t me?ods1 ! writ] confid5tly expects t favor$ spots w be f\nd 9 "t :i* w produce w9es t w comp>e favorably ) ! f9e w9es ( ,europe2 & we may ev5 v5ture to hope t "s lucky individual w f9d t he is possess$ ( a v9ey>d t w make 8 "n fam\s z ! produc] ( a gr& w9e equal to ! mo/ r5[n$ w9es ( ! _w4 ,! writ] lays claim to b v little orig9ality 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,:at ! int5d$ w9e mak] wants is n new1 untri$ !ories1 b ! results ( ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs :o h already labor$ 9 ! field1 9 ord] t he may n sp5d 8 "t 9 inv5t+ me?ods :i*1 lat] he le>ns1 h already be5 tri$ by ! labor]s be=e him4 ,9 ?is connection1 ! au?or makes 8 ackn[l$gm5ts to ! foll[+ au?ors & _! productions1 z well z to o!rs m5tion$ 9 ! body ( ! "w4 ,& if1 9 "s cases1 he has fail$ to give cr$it :]e x is due1 x is because ! in=mation rema9s1 b ! s\rce is =gott54 ,a4 ,,du ,,breuil1 ,les ,vignobles et les ,arbres et ,fruits ,cidre1 ,p>is1 #ahge4 ,,dr4 ,,jules ,,guyot1 ,culture de la ,vigne et ,v9ification1 ,p>is1 #ahfa4 ,,h5ri ,,ma*>d1 ,trait ,pratique sur les ,v9s1 ,b5sanon1 #ahgd4 ,,raimond ,,boireau1 ,culture de la ,vigne1 ,traitem5t des ,v9s1 ,v9ification1 ,di/illation1 etc41 #b vols41 ,bordeaux1 #ahgf4 ,a4 ,,h>asz?y1 ,grape ,culture1 ,w9es1 & ,w9e ,mak+1 ,new ,york1 #ahfb1 includ+ translations ( ,,johann ,,c>l ,,leu*s on ,w9e ,mak+1 & ,,dr4 ,l4 ,,gall1 ,improvem5t 9 ,w9e ,mak+4 ,l4 ,,pa/eur1 on ,f]m5tation1 ,annales de ,*imie1 #c ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,lviii1 p4 #ccj4 ,,joseph ,,b\ss+ault1 ,sur la ,f]m5tation des ,fruits ,noyau ,annales de ,*imie1 #d ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #baj4 ,m4 ,,b\ss+ault1 ,expri5ces p\r con/at] la p]te en sucre dans le sucrage du mot de du m>c de rais94 ,annales de ,*imie1 #e ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #dcc4 ,,&re ,,pellicot1 ,le ,vign]on ,prov5al1 ,montpelli]1 #ahff4 ,,h5ry ,,vizitelli1 ,facts ab\t ,%]ry1 ,london1 #ahgf2 ,facts ab\t ,port & ,madeira1 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,j4 ,l4 ,w4 ,,?udi*um & ,,augu/ ,,dupre1 ,orig91 ,nature1 & ,v>ieties ( ,w9e1 ,london1 #ahgb4 ,n4 ,,basset1 ,guide ,?orique et ,pratique du ,frabricant d',alcool et du ,di/illateur4 ,j4 ,j4 ,,griff91 ,*emical ,te/+ ( ,w9es & ,liquors1 ,london4 ,l4 ,f4 ,,dubief1 ,trait ,complet ,?orique et ,pratique de ,v9ification ou ,art de ,faire du ,v91 #d ,ed41 ,p>is4 ,p4 ,,s*utz5b]g]1 ,on ,f]m5tation1 ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies1 ,new ,york1 #ahgf4 ,e4 ,j4 ,,maum5e1 ,trait ,?orique et ,pratique du ,travail des ,v9s1 ,p>is1 #ahgd4 ,m4 ,w4 ,,maigne1 ,n\veau ,manuel ,complet du ,sommeli] et du ,m>*& de ,v9s 7,manuels-,roret71 ,p>is1 #ahgd4 ,,don ,,p$ro ,,v]dad1 ,f ,v9ey>d to ,decant]1 a ,book ab\t ,%]ry1 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,,g54 ,e4 ,d4 ,,keyes1 ,lett] to ,major ,j4 ,r4 ,snyd]1 on ,%]ry mak+1 publi%$ 9 ,san ,francisco ,daily ,ev5+ ,bullet91 ,may #bi1 #ahgg4 ,,pr(4 ,e4 ,w4 ,,hilg>d1 ,report ( "w done 9 ! ,viticultural ,laboratory "u ! *>ge ( ,f4 ,w4 ,morse1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 ,college ( ,agriculture2 ,report ( #ahhb1 ,/ate ,pr9t]1 ,sacram5to1 #ahhc4 ,augu/1 #ahhc4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,preface4 ,prices ( grapes 9 ,cali=nia f #ahgf to #ahhb1 ! ,mission grape1 v2 annual %ipm5ts ( w9e & br&y f ,cali=nia1 annual production ( w9e1 acreage ( v9es1 probable future production ( w9e1 vi2 objects ( ?is book1 want ( works on ! subject 9 ,engli%1 me?od ( v9ification v>ies ) k9d ( w9e r ?an ) locality or climate1 vii2 climate ( ,cali=nia & d5sity ( mu/ simil> to ^? ( s\!rn ,europe1 viii2 comp>ison betwe5 ,cali=nia & ,european w9es1 viii-xiii2 ,/ate ,viticultural ,commission1 xiii2 advice to grape gr[]s1 xiv2 ackn[l$gm5ts by ! au?or1 li/ ( au?orities1 xv4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,ga!r+ ,,! ,,grapes--,,maturity4 ,ut5sils = pick+1 numb] ( pick]s necess>y1 :5 to comm5ce1 #a2 :5 to ga!r1 successive ga!r+1 #b2 sort+ ! grapes1 requisite degree ( maturity1 #c2 signs ( rip5ess1 ga!r+ be=e complete maturity1 #d2 ga!r+ aft] complete maturity1 rip5ess accord+ to requir$ /r5g?1 #e4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,mu/4 ,composition1 grape sug>1 #f2 mu/-scale1 #g2 te/+ = sug>1 #h2 correct+ = temp]ature1 #aj2 sug> & alcohol1 alcohol 9 w9e1 #aa4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,sug>+ ,,& ,,wat]+ ,,mu/4 ,sug>+1 #ac2 no?+ ga9$ by add+ sug>1 #ae2 co/ ( glucose w9e1 #af2 exp]im5t ) glucose1 ! use ( glucose condemn$1 #ag2 wat]+1 #ah4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,/emm+ ,,& ,,cru%+4 ,div]sity ( op9ion on /emm+1 effect ( /emm+1 prop] practice1 #bj2 to e/imate tann91 /emm]s1 #ba2 h[ to remove ! /ems1 cru%+1 me?ods ( cru%+1 #bb2 a]at+ ! mu/1 cru%]s1 #bc2 rapidity ( op]ation1 special practice1 #bd4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,f]m5tation--,,its ,,causes4 ,sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( f]m5tation1 alcoholic f]m5tation1 ! yea/ plant1 #be2 functions ( yea/1 normal conditions ( ! life ( yea/1 #bf2 action ( v>i\s *emical & physical ag5ts1 #bh2 visc\s or mannitic f]m5tation1 lactic f]m5tation1 #bi2 acetic f]m5tation1 #cj2 orig9 ( f]m5ts1 #ca2 ,,alcoholic ,,f]m5tation ,,9 ,,w9e ,,mak+3 v9\s or alcoholic f]m5tation1 sug>1 #cb2 alcohol by weight & by volume1 #cc2 f]m5tation1 its products1 p] c5t41 sug> to p] c5t4 alcohol1 diff]5t au?ors1 #cd2 limits ( sug> & _s1 #cf2 temp]ature1 #cg2 f]m5t+ h\ses1 #ch4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,r$ ,,w9e4 ,color+ matt]1 f]m5t+ tanks or vats1 fill+ ! tanks1 #ci2 op5 vats1 clos$ vats1 #dj2 ! be/ practice1 #da2 h]metically seal$ tanks1 practice 9 ! ,mdoc1 /irr+ ! pomace 9 ! vat1 #db2 :5 to draw f ! vat1 #dc2 ! objections to long vatt+1 9 mak+ f9e w9es1 #dd2 h[ to "k :5 to draw f ! vat1 me?od ( draw+ f ! vat & fill+ ! casks1 #de2 w9e presses1 #df2 press+ & press w9e1 special practice = f9e w9es1 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,r$ ,,w9es3 ins5sible f]m5tation1 #dg2 ull+ or fill+ up1 #dh2 summ>y ( ! rules = ! treatm5t ( new r$ w9es1 #ej2 treatm5t ( old r$ w9es1 #ea2 summ>y ( rules = ! c>e ( old r$ w9es1 #ec4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,:ite ,,w9e4 ,made f bo? r$ & :ite grapes1 diff]5ces betwe5 r$ & :ite w9e1 hygi5ic effect ( r$ & :ite w9e1 #ed2 process ( mak+1 ! b>rels1 fill+ ! b>rels dur+ f]m5tation1 #ee2 press+ & fill+1 diff]5t k9ds ( :ite w9e1 dry :ite w9es1 mell[ :ite w9es1 #ef2 sweet :ite w9es1 gr& :ite w9es1 #eg2 treatm5t ( :ite w9es1 to keep sweet1 #eh2 dry :ite w9es1 mell[ :ite w9es1 #ei2 summ>y ( rules1 rack+1 #fj4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,casks4 ,diff]5t woods1 oak wood1 /or+ casks1 #fa2 new casks1 #fb2 old casks1 r9s+ *a91 visitor to exam9e ! inside ( a cask1 #fc2 empty casks1 wa%+1 sulphur+ casks1 condition to be exam9$1 #fd2 flatness 9 ! cask1 acidity1 m\ldy casks1 #fe2 rott5ness1 br&y casks1 caution z to sulphur+1 cask bor]s1 #ff2 size ( casks1 #fg4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,sulphur+4 ,,arre/+ ,,f]m5tation4 ,sulphur+ casks1 mu/ & w9e1 sulphur\s oxide or sulphur dioxide1 ! sulphur] or sulphur burn]1 #fi2 sulphur mat*es or b&s1 to sulphur a cask1 #gj2 to sulphur w9e1 sulphur+ %\ld be avoid$ 9 c]ta9 cases1 #ga2 arre/+ f]m5tation1 unf]m5t$ mu/1 prep>$ 9 two ways1 #gb2 cl>ification & c>e ( unf]m5t$ mu/1 sulphur flavor1 #gc2 o!r sub/ances to arre/ f]m5tation1 burn+ alcohol1 aque\s solution ( sulphur\s acid1 bisulphite ( lime1 #gd2 salicylic acid1 #ge4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,ag+4--,,effects ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,influ5ces4 ,g5]al consid]ations1 h[ new w9e diff]s f old1 developm5t ( b\quet & flavor1 old w9e1 *>act]i/ics (1 #gf2 color1 aroma1 flavor1 influ5ces :i* develop1 also de/roy1 influ5ce ( ! air1 #gg2 v>iations ( temp]ature1 influ5ce ( heat1 #gh2 ag+ by heat1 #gi2 pres]v+ w9e by heat1 #hj2 influ5ce ( cold1 treatm5t ( froz5 w9e1 #ha2 influ5ce ( light1 ag+ by sunlight1 effect ( motion ( voyages1 w9es suitable = %ipm5t1 #hb2 %ipp+ new w9e1 #hc2 o!r motions1 ag+ by f9+1 ag+ g5]ally1 #hd2 w9es :i* ga9 ! mo/ by ag+ processes1 #he4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,g5]al ,,treatm5t--,,cell>s4 ,un=tifi$ or table w9es1 deposits1 lees1 etc41 #hf2 to prev5t deg5]ation1 ,,cell>s3 temp]ature1 #hg2 dampness1 v5tilation1 evaporation1 #hh2 o!r precautions1 supports = casks & tuns1 #hi4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,rack+4 ,object (1 "t =1 conditions indisp5sable = a good rack+1 #ia2 new r$ w9es1 #ib2 old r$ w9es1 new :ite w9es1 fir/ rack+1 subsequ5t rack+s1 #ic2 c>e to be obs]v$1 o!r precautions1 #id2 diff]5t me?ods ( rack+1 implem5ts = tipp+ ! cask1 #ie2 rack+ )\t contact ) ! air1 pumps & siphons1 #ig4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,cl>ification--,,f9+4 ,objects ( f9+1 diff]5t sub/ances employ$1 gelat9\s sub/ances1 #ii2 gelat9e1 its prep>ation1 is+lass1 fi% glue1 or i*?yocol1 #ajj2 album9\s sub/ances1 blood1 milk1 :ite ( eggs1 #aja2 cl>ify+ p[d]s1 gum arabic1 addition ( salt1 addition ( alcohol1 addition ( tann91 prep>ation1 #ajb2 me?od ( op]ation1 implem5ts = /irr+1 #ajc4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,sweet ,,w9es--,,=tifi$ ,,w9es4 ,g5]ally1 to increase sug> 9 mu/1 )\t f]m5tation1 c>e requir$1 #aje2 cl>ification1 boil+ mu/1 left on ! lees1 #ajf2 sweet muscat1 press+1 m>c ( sweet w9es1 am\nt ( alcohol to be add$1 d5sity1 furm9t w9e1 #ajg2 /raw w9e1 ,,port ,,w9e 9 ! ,upp] ,d\ro3 ! mu/1 lag>s1 etc41 #ajh2 tread+1 f]m5tation1 ,vizitelli's description1 #aji2 lodges or /oreh\ses1 mix+1 port loses color 9 wood1 alcoholic /r5g? & loss by evaporation1 #aab2 ,,madeira3 mak+1 casks1 treatm5t1 heat+ h\se1 heat+1 #aac2 sol]a sy/em1 ullage1 alcohol1 #aad2 ,,%]ry3 climate1 v9tage1 cru%+1 gypsum1 #aae2 press+1 #aaf2 pla/]+1 f]m5t+1 add+ _s1 #aag2 bodegas or /oreh\ses1 *anges 9 ! w9e1 f9o1 oloroso1 ba/o1 fl[]s1 #aah2 sweet w9e1 v9o dulce1 color w9e1 v9o de color1 arrope1 #aai2 mature w9e1 ,,! ,,sol]a ,,sy/em3 e/abli%+ a sol]a1 #abj2 /&>d sol]as & _! f\ndation1 #aba2 bl5d+ = %ipm5t1 #abb2 =mulas1 f9+1 #abd4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,defects ,,& ,,diseases4 ,divid$ into two classes1 g5]al consid]ations1 #abe2 ,,natural ,,defects3 e>?y flavor1 its causes1 #abf2 h[ prev5t$1 treatm5t1 #abg2 wild ta/e & grassy flavor1 gre5ness1 causes1 #abh2 prev5tion1 treatm5t1 #abi2 r\ghness1 causes1 n a fault1 disappe>s 9 "t1 h[ avoid$1 #acj2 h[ remov$1 bitt]ness1 causes1 h[ prev5t$1 treatm5t1 ta/e ( ! /ems1 #aca2 s\rness1 causes1 h[ prev5t$1 treatm5t1 #acb2 alcoholic weakness1 h[ avoid$1 treatm5t1 #acc2 want ( color1 causes1 h[ gu>d$ aga9/1 treatm5t1 dull1 blui%1 lead-color$ w9e & flavor ( ! lees1 causes1 #acd2 treatm5t1 #ace2 putrid decomposition1 causes1 #acf2 h[ avoid$1 treatm5t1 diff]5t defects toge!r1 ,,acquir$ ,,defects ,,& ,,diseases3 flat w9es1 fl[]s1 causes1 #acg2 prev5tion1 #ach2 treatm5t1 #aci2 s\rness1 acidity1 prick$ w9e1 causes1 :at w9e liable to1 #adj2 h[ prev5t$1 treatm5t1 #ada2 exp]im5t be=e treatm5t1 #adb2 ,ma*>d's treatm5t1 o!r me?ods1 #add2 cask flavor1 b>rel flavor1 causes1 #ade2 treatm5t1 #adf2 m\ldy flavor1 causes1 prev5tion & treatm5t1 =eign flavors1 #adg2 rop9ess1 causes1 treatm5t1 ropy w9es 9 bottles1 & o!r treatm5t1 #adh2 acrity1 treatm5t1 bitt]ness1 #adi2 treatm5t1 two k9ds accord+ to ,maum51 #aej2 f]m5tation1 ta/e ( ! lees1 yea/y flavor1 #aea2 h[ prev5t$1 treatm5t1 deg5]ation1 putrid f]m5tation1 duration ( diff]5t w9es1 #aeb2 treatm5t1 #aec4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,w9e ,,9 ,,bottles4 ,:5 ready = bottl+1 h[ long to rema9 9 wood1 #aed2 h[ prep>$ = bottl+1 ! mo/ favorable "t = bottl+1 #aee2 bottles1 #aef2 fill+ ! bottles1 #aeg2 corks1 #aeh2 cork+ ma*9es1 #aei2 prep>ation ( ! corks1 driv+ 9 corks1 #afj2 seal+ corks1 seal+ wax1 apply+ ! same1 color+ same1 #afa2 capsules1 capsul+1 pil+ bottles1 #afb2 racks & b9s = bottles1 #afd2 treatm5t ( w9e 9 bottles1 f]m5tation 9 bottles1 #afe2 deposits & turbidity1 #aff2 bitt]ness & acrity1 rop9ess1 deg5]ation & putridity1 #afg2 decantation1 #afh2 op]ation1 in/rum5t1 #afi4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,cutt+ ,,or ,,mix+ ,,w9es4 ,mo/ ,fr5* w9es mix$1 :5 necess>y1 effect (1 #aga2 w9es ( same nature %\ld be us$1 f9e w9es1 #agc2 ord9>y w9es1 mu/ be all[$ suffici5t "t1 l>ge quantities1 new & old w9e1 gre5 w9es1 #agd2 :ite & r$ w9es1 diseas$ w9es1 mix+ grapes1 precaution1 #age4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,w9e ,,lees1 ,,m>c1 ,,& ,,piquette4 ,pomace & lees (t5 plac$ 9 ! /ill1 ,,w9e ,,lees3 ! lees %\ld be c>$ =1 quantity ( w9e 9 lees1 con/itu5ts ( dry lees1 analysis1 v>y1 #agf2 treatm5t ( lees1 #agg2 extraction ( w9e f ! lees1 #agh2 f9+ ! w9e f ! lees1 #agi2 r$ w9e f lees1 :ite w9e f lees1 press+ ! s$im5t1 #ahj2 use ( dry lees1 ,,m>c ,,or ,,pomace--,,piquette3 unf]m5t$ m>c ( :ite w9e or ( r$ w9e n entirely f]m5t$1 f]m5t$ m>c ( r$ w9e1 wa%+ ! m>c1 ,pezeyre's me?od1 #ahc4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,w9e4 ,g5]ally1 #ahe2 table ( sub/ances recogniz$1 #ahf2 alcohol1 e/imate (1 #ahg2 e!rs1 sug>1 e/imate (1 #aij2 mannite1 mucilage & mell[ness1 #aia2 pectose1 pect91 fatty matt]1 glyc]91 color+ matt]1 aldehydes1 #aib2 acids1 t>t>ic1 malic1 citric1 pectic1 tannic1 c>bonic1 #aic2 acetic1 lactic1 val]ic1 succ9ic1 total acids1 ! b\quet1 artificial b\quet1 #aid2 ,maum5's exp]im5t1 #aie2 diff]5t sub/ances employ$1 iris1 #aif2 /rawb]ry1 gillyfl[] or /ockgilly1 #aig2 v9e fl[]s1 mignonette1 nutmeg1 bitt] almonds & fruit pits1 sassafras1 #aih2 o!r aromas1 effects1 #aii4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,g5]al ,,*apt]--,,miscellane\s4 ,proportion ( juice to m>c1 #bjj2 proportion ( w9e to grapes1 #bja2 wood5 & metal ut5sils1 #bjb2 cleanl9ess1 #bjc2 diff]5t cell> ut5sils1 #bjd1 #bje2 ,,useful ,,rules3 to asc]ta9 ! weight ( a giv5 numb] ( gallons ( a liquid1 = r$uc+ mu/1 = sug>+ mu/1 #bjf2 = =tify+ & r$uc+ w9es1 to r$uce ) wat]1 #bjg2 to r$uce ) weak] or =tify ) /rong] w9e or alcohol1 ,,pla/]+1 #bjh2 common practice 9 ,spa9 & s\!rn ,france1 objects1 *emical effects1 #bji2 effects on heal?1 #baj2 pla/]+ %]ry1 quantity us$1 #bab2 by add+ wat]1 %]ry flavor1 #bac4 ,,app5dix4 ,sug> tables3 ,table ,i1 ,ball+'s degrees 7p] c5t4 sug>71 correspond+ degrees ,baum1 & specific gravity at #fc ,f41 #bae2 ,table ,,ii1 ,baum's degrees1 correspond+ degrees ,ball+ 7p] c5t4 sug>71 & specific gravity at #fc ,f4 #baf2 ,table ,,iii1 ,baum's degrees & correspond+ p] c5t4 sug>1 at #fj ,f4 #bag2 ,alcohol table1 ,table ,,iv1 %[+ p] c5t4 by volume = e "o-t5? p] c5t4 f #j4a to #cj p] c5t41 correspond+ p] c5t4 by weight1 & specific gravity1 #bah-ai2 ,table ,v1 %[+ am\nt ( alcohol & acid 9 diff]5t ,cali=nia w9es1 #bbj-bc4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,fig4 ,page4 #a4 ,,hydromet] #h #b4 ,,hydromet]-,,j> #i #c4 ,,wood5 ,,/emm] #ba #d4 ,,cru%] #bc #e4 ,,f]m5t+ ,,vat #da #f4 ,,w9e ,,presses #df #g4 ,,ull+ ,,pots #di #h4 #i4 ,z ,,funnels #di #aj4 #aa4 ,,r9s+ ,,*a9 #fc #ab4 ,,visitor ,,= ,,exam9+ ,,! ,,inside ,,( ,a ,,cask #ac4 ,,sulphur] #fi #ad4 ,,maum5e',s ,,sulphur] #ae4 ,,cask ,,& ,,support #hi #af4 ,,jack ,,= ,,tipp+ ,a ,,cask #ie #ag4 ,,=k ,,= ,,tipp+ ,a ,,cask #ah4 ,,implem5ts ,,= ,,tipp+ ,a ,,cask #if #ai4 #bj4 ,a ,,me?od ,,( ,,rack+ #ig #ba4 ,,siphons #bb4 #bc4 ,,rot>y ,,=ce ,,pump #ih #bd4 #be4 ,,implem5ts ,,= ,,/irr+ #ajc #bf4 #bg4 ,,bottle ,,wa%] #bh4 ,,bottle ,,dra9]s #aef #bi4 #cj4 ,,res]voirs ,,= ,,fill+ ,,bottles #aeg #ca4 ,,bung ,,screw #aeh #cb4 ,,cork+ ,,ma*9es #aei #cc4 ,,cork+ ,,ma*9es ,,& ,,ne$les #afj #cd4 ,,p9c]s ,,= ,,remov+ ,,wax #afb #ce4 ,,capsul] #cf4 ,,pil+ ,,bottles #afc #cg4 ,,bottle ,,racks #afd #ch4 #ci4 ,,burr[',s ,,slid] ,,b9 #afe #dj4 ,,decant+ ,,basket #da4 ,,corkscrews #afi #db4 ,,decant+ ,,in/rum5t ,,errata ,on page #baf1 ,table ,,ii1 read #fc ,f1 in/ead ( #ic ,f4 ,on page #bah1 ,table ,,iv1 opposite #ac4f by volume1 read #aa4jj p] c5t4 by weight1 in/ead ( #aj4aj4 ,on page #bai1 ,table ,,iv1 opposite #ag4jc by weight1 read #bj4i by volume1 in/ead ( #bj4g2 & opposite #bc4d by volume1 read 4#igbea specific gravity1 in/ead ( 4#ifbea4 ,on page #bbb read ,ti5turi] in/ead ( ,t5turi]4 ,,! ,,w9e ,,press ,,& ,,! ,,cell>4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,ga!r+ ,,! ,,grapes--,,maturity4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 w9e mak+ prop]1 is ! ga!r+ ( ! grapes1 or 8pick+10 z x is usually t]m$ 9 ,cali=nia4 ,ut5sils = ,pick+4--,knives1 scissors1 & prun+ %e>s are us$ to cut ! /ems1 & e "o w adopt ! tool t he f9ds mo/ conv5i5t 9 practice2 b if ! b]ries are incl9$ to drop (f1 scissors or prun+ %e>s are pref]able4 ,"s au?ors give m9ute descriptions ( receptacles ( v>i\s sizes & =ms 9 :i* to ga!r ! grapes1 b ! practice 9 t respect usually foll[$ 9 ?is ,/ate w be f\nd ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,! grapes "h are g5]ally pick$ directly into boxes hold+ ab\t fifty p\nds4 ,! box is provid$ ) an oblong hole at ea* end ne> ! top1 or ?ree or f\r holes bor$ ) an in* aug]1 by :i* ! pick] c easily move x f v9e to v9e1 & "o man c c>ry x ) bo? h&s to ! wagon4 ,^! boxes are pil$ on ! wagon )\t empty+1 transport$ to ! w9e h\se1 & br\ght back empty1 to be fill$ aga94 ,numb] ( ,pick]s necess>y--,:5 to ,comm5ce4--,!re ought to be a suffici5t numb] ( m5 employ$ 9 pick+ to fill at lea/ "o f]m5t+ vat 9 a day1 9 mak+ r$ w9e4 ,if1 h[ev]1 circum/ances r5d] ?is impossible1 x w\ld be well to pile up ! grapes on a good clean floor1 "u cov]1 till suffici5t are ga!r$ to fill ! tank1 & !n cru% !m1 & fill ! tank 9 "o day4 7,see ,r$ ,w9e47 ,pick+ ought to comm5ce z soon z ! grapes are ( a fair av]age rip5ess1 beg9n+ ) ! e>lie/ & end+ ) ! late/ v>iety4 ,9 ! *apt] on mu/s1 we %all endeavor to indicate ! requisite maturity ( ! grapes1 & x w !re appe> t !y may become too ripe by rema9+ too long on ! v9e1 s t x is v important t a suffici5t numb] ( pick]s %\ld be employ$ to f9i% ! ga!r+ z promptly z possible1 & be=e too mu* sug> is develop$4 7,see ,mu/s47 ,:5 to ,ga!r4--,x is ( little importance at :at "t ( ! day ! grapes are pick$1 :e!r 9 ! cool ( ! morn+ or ! heat ( mid-day1 or :e!r ! dew is on or (f1 z long z !y are ripe4 ,9 "s c\ntries1 h[ev]1 & 9 :at are kn[n z bad ye>s1 ! grapes d n arrive at complete maturity1 & !re=e great c>e is tak5 to ga!r !m only 9 dry wea!r1 & aft] ! dew has disappe>$4 7,see ,f]m5tation--,temp]ature47 ,if !y are pick$ dur+ ! heat ( ! day1 f]m5tation w comm5ce soon] ?an if pick$ 9 ! cool ( ! morn+2 & = ?is reason1 9 mak+ :ite w9e f color$ grapes1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to pick & press !m :5 cool1 if x is desir$ t ! w9e %\ld be free f color2 = if ! slighte/ f]m5tation sets 9 be=e press+1 z x is apt to d if ! grapes are w>m1 "s ( ! color+ matt] is pretty sure to be extract$ f ! sk9s & w discolor ! w9e4 ,successive ,ga!r+4--,x is sometimes recomm5d$ t ! grapes %\ld be ga!r$ z !y rip51 by go+ ov] a v9ey>d two or ?ree times1 & pick+ (f n only ! bun*es t are ripe1 leav+ ! gre5 ones1 b ev5 pick+ (f sep>ately ?ree or f\r grapes f ea* bun* :]e x is n ev5ly rip5$1 & ?is is ! practice t is foll[$ to-day 9 mak+ ! great :ite w9es ( ,france & ,g]many2 b x c]ta9ly w n be adopt$ 9 ?is ,/ate :ile labor is z de>1 & w9e is z *eap z x is at pres5t4 ,in/ead1 t practice w be foll[$ :i* is recomm5d$ by ^? writ]s :o advise t ! grapes ( ea* v>iety be left on ! v9es till !y are all fairly ripe1 & t !y be ga!r$ clean at "o pick+4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 diff]5t v>ieties are plant$ 9 ! same v9ey>d1 :i* rip5 at diff]5t p]iods1 ^? only %\ld be pick$ at ! same "t :i* rip5 toge!r4 ,ga!r ! e>ly ones fir/1 & ! lat] ones successively z !y rip51 b pick clean4 ,! same rule also applies to grapes ( ! same v>iety1 b gr[n on diff]5t soils & 9 diff]5t situations1 z x is well kn[n t ! same v>iety ( v9e w rip5 its grapes on high l& & poor soil1 e>li] ?an on l[ l& & ri* soil4 ,sort+ ! ,grapes4--,x w frequ5tly happ51 h[ev]1 t !re are "s bun*es ( gre5 grapes1 & !y %\ld always be ?r[n aside1 if pick$ ) ! o!rs4 ,sometimes1 also1 !re is :at is call$ a second crop1 :i* rip5s s mu* lat] ?an ! ma9 "o t two ga!r+s are necess>y4 ,9 t case x w\ld be injuri\s to ! grapes ( ! e>li] crop to leave !m on ! v9e till ! complete maturity ( ^? ( ! second4 ,c>eful w9e mak]s1 !re=e1 w f9d x to _! advantage1 ei!r to leave ! gre5 grapes ^u ! v9es = a second pick+1 or1 if all are pick$ toge!r1 to ?r[ ! gre5 ones into a sep>ate receptacle1 or to sort !m out f ! ripe ones be=e cru%+4 ,^? :o wi% to take extra c>e w ev5 h ! unripe1 rott51 & dri$ b]ries clipp$ f ! bun*es ) scissors4 ,^! extra precautions are ^? :i* are obs]v$ 9 mak+ ! great w9es ( ,europe2 b !y are n sugge/$ "h 9 ! expectation t !y w be g5]ally foll[$ by ! w9e mak]s ( ,cali=nia1 b r = ! purpose ( indicat+ ! be/ practices to ^? :o may f9d out t on acc\nt ( ! v>ieties !y cultivate1 & ( ! situation & soil ( _! v9ey>ds1 !y too c produce su* w9es by us+ ! same c>e4 ,requisite ,degree ( ,maturity4--,x is insi/$ by all intellig5t writ]s on ! subject1 t1 ) possible exceptions1 :i* w be m5tion$1 ! grapes %\ld n be ga!r$ till !y h arriv$ at a /ate ( complete maturity4 ,)\t ?is1 w9es f ! f9e/ v>ieties ( grapes w\ld n possess t beauty ( color1 t delici\s flavor1 t fragrant b\quet1 & t alcoholic /r5g? :i* !y possess 9 s em95t a degree4 ,& if x is s necess>y t ! grapes ( f9e v>ieties %\ld be ?or\ghly ripe1 x is q z important t ^? ( ! poor] v>ieties %\ld be equally s4 ,= ^! latt] are g5]ally want+ 9 sug>1 & consequ5tly _! w9es are feeble 9 /r5g?1 & z ! sug> increases directly ) ! degree ( maturity ( ! grape1 s ! quantity ( alcohol 9 _! w9es increases accord+ly1 & ?us by rip5ess !y make up = _! natural defects4 ,signs ( ,rip5ess4--,complete maturity ( ! grape is indicat$ by ! concurr5ce ( ! foll[+ signs3 #a4 ,! /em ( ! bun* *anges f gre5 to br[n4 #b4 ,! bun* becomes p5dant4 #c4 ,! b]ry has lo/ its firmness2 ! sk9 has become ?9 & transluc5t4 #d4 ,! b]ries are easily sep>at$ f ! /em4 #e4 ,! juice ( ! grape has acquir$ an agreeable flavor2 has become sweet1 ?ick1 & glut9\s4 #f4 ,! se$s h become void ( glut9\s sub/ances4 ,^! are ! signs giv5 by sev]al ,fr5* au?ors1 & are "h tak5 f ,pr(4 ,du ,breuil1 :o says1 nev]!less1 t1 "u "s circum/ances ! grapes %\ld be ga!r$ be=e arriv+ at ! /ate ( maturity indicat$ by ^! signs1 & "u o!r conditions %\ld be ga!r$ ev5 lat]4 ,he says3 ,ga!r+ be=e ,complete ,maturity4--#a4 ,9 c]ta9 localities nor? ( ! viticultural region ! grape h>dly ev] arrives at ! degree ( maturity j indicat$4 ,yet ! crop mu/ be ga!r$1 or o!rwise x w\ld rot on ! v9es4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! only ?+ t c be done is to leave ! grapes on ! v9e z long z !y d]ive any b5efit f x4 #b4 ,grapes int5d$ to make sp>kl+ w9e %\ld also be ga!r$ be=e ! mom5t ( absolute maturity4 #c4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,france1 :ite grapes int5d$ = ! mak+ ( dry w9es1 ought to be pick$ be=e rea*+ ! la/ degree ( maturity4 ,o!rwise1 9 t hot climate1 ! quantity ( sug> 9 ! grape w\ld increase to su* an ext5t t x w\ld be impossible to make a dry w9e4 ,?is is ! practice 9 mak+ ! dry :ite w9es ( ,lunel1 ( ,c\drieux1 ( ! ,h]mitage1 & ( ,sa9t ,p]ay4 #d4 ,= all ! ord9>y r$ w9es ( ! region inhabit$ by ! olive1 if ! ga!r+ ( ! grapes is delay$ till ! la/ degree ( rip5ess1 ! mu/ w conta9 m sug> ?an c be trans=m$ into alcohol by f]m5tation4 ,! result w be t ^! w9es w und]go a sort ( cont9u\s f]m5tation1 :i* w make its appe>ance :5ev] !y are mov$1 & :i* w soon *ange into acetic f]m5tation4 ,! only way to cure ?is t5d5cy & to r5d] ! w9es capable ( %ipm5t1 is to /rongly =tify !m by ! addition ( spirits4 ,to prev5t ?is difficulty 9 ! fir/ place1 ! grapes %\ld be ga!r$ be=e complete maturity4 ,"s v respectable au?ors1 ^: exp]i5ce has be5 conf9$ to ! cold] w9e mak+ regions1 tell u t 9 all cases ! grapes %\ld be all[$ to rema9 on ! v9e z long z !y ga9 9 sug>1 & t 9 ord] to correct ! excess t !y w\ld ?us 9 _m cases acquire1 !y recomm5d t ! mu/ be r$uc$ by wat]4 7,see ,wat]+ ,mu/s47 ,ga!r+ aft] ,complete ,maturity4--,to make sweet w9es1 ! grapes %\ld rema9 on ! v9e until !y h develop$ ! greate/ possible quantity ( sug>4 ,= ?is purpose ! grapes are n only all[$ to %rivel be=e ga!r+1 b also artificial means are resort$ to1 su* z twi/+ ! /em1 or dry+ !m on /raw aft] pick+1 & ev5 apply+ heat to !m 9 v>i\s ways4 7,see ,sweet ,w9es47 ,rip5ess accord+ to ,requir$ ,/r5g?4--,if ! w9e mak] w fir/ det]m9e h[ /rong 9 alcohol he wi%es 8 w9es to be1 he may anticipate ! result approximately by te/+ f "t to "t ! am\nt ( sug> conta9$ 9 ! grapes1 & by ga!r+ !m at ! p]iod :5 ! sug> 9 ! juice %[s t1 f]m5t$1 x w produce ! desir$ p]c5tage ( _s4 ,?is te/+ is easily p]=m$ by ! use ( ! mu/-scale or ! sac*>omet]2 & = in=mation on ?is subject1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! *apt] on mu/s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,mu/4 ,mu/ is ! "n appli$ to ! juice ( ! grape be=e f]m5tation4 ,composition4--,a good1 av]age mu/1 conta9s 9 #ajj p>ts by weight1 ! foll[+ +r$i5ts1 & 9 ! proportions z indicat$1 by weight1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,guyot2 b ! am\nt ( sug> w\ld be consid]$ too small 9 ,cali=nia3 ,pure wat]1 #gh ,grape sug> 7glucose71 #bj ,free acids 7t>t>ic1 tannic1 etc471 #jj4be ,salts1 or organic acids 7bit>trate71 #a4ej ,m9]al salts1 #j4bj ,nitrog5\s1 f]m5tive matt]1 ,ess5tial oils1 4#je ,mucilag9\s & />*y sub/ances1 ,^! con/itu5ts v>y1 h[ev]1 accord+ to v>iety ( grape1 degree ( maturity1 soil1 climate1 etc42 & "s ( !m may rise 9 am\nt to d\ble ! av]age quantity giv51 or may ev51 "u "s circum/ances1 desc5d to ! "o-f\r? ( x4 ,al?\gh all ^! +r$i5ts d\btless h important effects ^u ! quality ( ! w9e produc$ by f]m5tation1 ! acid giv+ ze/ & fre%ness ( ta/e1 & ! o!r m9or +r$i5ts1 smoo?ness or h>%ness1 z ! case may be1 yet ! pr9cipal "o t we h to deal ) is ! sug>1 & x is ! only "o t ! practical w9e mak] w give mu* att5tion to1 al?\gh 9 ^? c\ntries :]e ! grape 9 "s seasons does n rip51 ! am\nt ( acid is an important elem5t to be tak5 into consid]ation 9 te/+ ! specific gravity ( ! mu/4 7,see ,composition ( ,w9es1 = fur!r details47 ,grape ,sug>1 or glucose1 z x is kn[n 9 *emical language1 z already rem>k$1 is ! mo/ important elem5t ent]+ into ! composition ( mu/1 & ^u its quantity dep5ds directly ! am\nt ( alcohol conta9$ 9 ! w9e4 ,! intellig5t w9e mak]1 !n1 :o wi%es to "k :at w be ! alcoholic /r5g? ( ! w9e produc$ by ! mu/ :i* he is ab\t to subject to ! action ( f]m5tation1 w te/ ! mu/ to asc]ta9 :at p]c5tage ( sug> x conta9s4 ,?is is v easily done by ! use ( an in/rum5t prep>$ = ! purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,hydromet]4 ,mu/-,scale4--,a c]ta9 quantity ( sug> be+ heavi] ?an ! same volume ( wat]--pure cane sug> weigh+ ab\t "o & six-t5?s to "o ( wat]--x foll[s t ! m sug> !re is add$ to a giv5 quantity ( wat] ! heavi] x becomes1 & ! m x w be> up any?+ float+ on x2 or1 z x is g5]ally /at$1 ! less ( ! liquid w be displac$ by ! float+ body4 ,on ?is pr9ciple1 ! specific gravity ( liquids1 or _! weight z comp>$ ) wat]1 is asc]ta9$4 ,! in/rum5t employ$ is kn[n by ! g5]al "n ( areomet]1 b x is n[ m commonly call$ a hydromet]1 & v>i\s specific names are giv5 to x accord+ to ! uses = :i* x is int5d$4 ,:5 con/ruct$ = te/+ ! /r5g? ( sug> syrups x is call$ a syrup-scale1 sac*>omet]1 pse-sirop1 etc41 & ^? especially = te/+ mu/s are call$ mu/-scales1 pse-mot1 etc4 ,^! latt] are con/ruct$ on ! !ory t ! liquid conta9s only cane sug> & wat]--! diff]5ce 9 specific gravity betwe5 cane sug> & grape sug> be+ disreg>d$--& t its d5sity dep5ds on ! quantity ( sug>2 & al?\gh ! d5sity ( mu/ is some:at affect$ by o!r solid matt]s ?an sug> conta9$ 9 x1 yet ^! in/rum5ts1 :e!r syrup-scales or mu/-scales prop]1 w give results suffici5tly accurate = ! purposes ( ! w9e mak]1 a small all[ance be+ made = ! o!r solids1 z h]eaft] m5tion$4 ,!re are ?ree in/rum5ts :i* are ! mo/ g5]ally us$ 9 ?is c\ntry3 ,oe*sle's mu/-scale1 ,ball+'s sac*>omet] or syrup-scale1 & ,baum's syrup-scale1 or pse-sirop4 ,! degrees ( ,oe*sle's in/rum5t indicate specific gravity 9 ! mann] m5tion$ "u ,table ,i2 ,ball+'s indicates p]c5tages ( sug> directly2 & ,baum's degrees are arbitr>y4 7,see ,tables ,,ii & ,,iii47 ,!re are o!r in/rum5ts us$ 9 ,france--! gleuco-nomet]1 read+ upw>ds = _s & d[n = sug> on ! same /em1 correspond+ 9 degrees to ,baum's--& ! gleucomet]1 :i* indicates at once ! p]c5tage ( alcohol :i* ! w9e w conta9 aft] f]m5tation4 ,baum's & ,ball+'s in/rum5ts are bett] suit$ = use 9 ,cali=nia1 :]e ! mu/s (t5 %[ a specific gravity high] ?an is indicat$ by ,oe*sle's scale1 :i* frequ5tly is graduat$ only up to #hj deg41 or #ai4ge p] c5t4 ( sug>4 ,!y are all made on ! same g5]al plan1 & are usually con/ruct$ ( glass4 ,! in/rum5t consi/s ( a tube ab\t ! size ( a pipe-/em1 t]m9at+ bel[ 9 a bulb or expansion1 weight$ at ! bottom s t x w /& upright & float :5 plac$ 9 a liquid4 ,! scale is m>k$ on ! /em1 comm5c+ at ! top & numb]+ d[nw>d4 ,! fir/ m>k is z]o1 & %[s h[ f> ! hydromet] s9ks 9 pure wat]4 7,fig4 #a47 ,z hydromet]s are n always accurate1 x is saf] be=e us+ "o to h x te/$ by a *emi/ or a gaug]1 z b few o!rs h ! necess>y skill or ! in/rum5ts requisite = t purpose4 ,if1 h[ev]1 an in/rum5t :i* has be5 te/$ is accessible1 ano!r "o c be easily comp>$ ) t by asc]ta9+ if bo? s9k to ! same po9t 9 ! same sug> solutions4 ,,te/+ ,,= ,,sug>4 ,any p]son1 provid$ ) "o ( ! hydromet]s m5tion$1 c easily asc]ta9 ! p]c5tage ( sug> conta9$ 9 any mu/ ) tol]able accuracy1 provid+ ! grapes f :i* x is press$ are ripe2 = if !y are gre51 & conta9 an undue am\nt ( acid1 ! d5sity w be mat]ially affect$ by t4 ,!re is no occasion1 h[ev]1 = mak+ w9e f gre5 grapes 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,hydromet]-,j>4 ,9 addition to ! hydromet]1 x is necess>y to be provid$ ) a !rmomet] ) :i* to asc]ta9 ! temp]ature ( ! mu/4 ,besides ! hydromet] & ! !rmomet]1 ! only o!r article necess>y is a glass tube clos$ at ! bottom & provid$ ) a foot1 s t x w /& upright1 call$ ! hydromet]-j>4 7,fig4 #b47 ,?is j> %\ld h a diamet] a little great] ?an t ( ! bulb ( ! hydromet]1 & mu/ be ( su* a height t ! latt] in/rum5t w /& upright & float freely 9 x1 :5 fill$ ) a liquid4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! hydromet]-j>1 an empty fruit j>1 or a tall t9 cup or c w answ] its purpose4 ,9 p]=m+ ! op]ation1 see t all ! articles us$ are p]fectly clean1 m p>ticul>ly ! hydromet]1 = any?+ t w\ld slightly affect its weight w\ld r5d] ! result ( ! te/ useless4 ,hav+ tak5 ?is precaution1 press ! juice f a small quantity ( grapes & /ra9 x ?r\gh a clo?1 & p\r suffici5t into ! hydromet]-j>1 t :5 ! hydromet] is plung$ into x1 x w j br+ ! level ( ! liquid to ! upp] edge ( ! vessel1 or to su* a height t ! figure on ! /em c easily be read4 ,n[ place ! !rmomet] 9 ! mu/ & asc]ta9 its temp]ature1 = ! in/rum5ts are int5d$ to be us$ at a c]ta9 degree ( heat1 al?\gh ?ree or f\r degrees v>iation ei!r way w n mat]ially affect ! result4 ,baum's in/rum5t1 z orig9ally con/ruct$1 0 graduat$ = a temp]ature ( #aj ,reamur1 :i* corresponds ) #ed ,f42 b z con/ruct$ n[-a-days1 is g5]ally graduat$ = a temp]ature ( #eh or #fj ,f42 & ,ball+'s & ,oe*sle's = a temp]ature ( #fc ,f4 ,"s ( ,ball+'s in/rum5ts sold 9 ! m>ket are graduat$ = #fb ,f4 ,if x is f\nd t ! temp]ature is above or bel[ ! degree indicat$1 x may be l[]$ by cool+1 or rais$ by w>m+1 till ab\t ! "r temp]ature is rea*$4 ,!n ! hydromet]1 be+ clean1 %\ld be tak5 by ! /em at ! top & gradually l[]$ into ! mu/ until x floats4 ,press x d[n slightly ) ! f+] & let x come to equilibrium1 be+ c>eful t !re is n a drop ( wat] on ! /em above ! surface ( ! liquid1 nor a bubble ( air bel[4 ,on look+ at ! /em :]e x meets ! surface1 x w be se5 t ! liquid !re curves upw>ds ar\nd ! in/rum5t1 & t ! top ( ?is curve m>ks "o degree high] ?an ! g5]al surface4 ,if ! read+ is tak5 f ! po9t m>k$ by ! top ( ! curve 7! figures read+ d[nw>ds71 add "o degree1 or 9 o!r words1 asc]ta9 ! m>k on ! /em correspond+ to ! g5]al surface ( ! liquid4 ,if ,ball+'s scale is us$1 ! numb] at ?is m>k %[s ! p]c5tage ( sug> :i* ! mu/ conta9s2 if ,baum's is us$1 consult ,table ,,ii or ,,iii1 & opposite ?is numb] w be f\nd ! correspond+ p] c5t4 ( sug>4 ,if ,oe*sle's scale is us$1 f9d f ,table ,i or ,,ii ! specific gravity & ! correspond+ sug> p] c5t4 ,"u ,table ,i in/ructions w be f\nd = read+ ,oe*sle's scale4 ,if ,baum's in/rum5t is us$1 & a table is n at h&1 multiply ! obs]v$ figure by #a4h1 & ! product w be ne>ly ! p] c5t4 ( sug>4 ,correction = ,temp]ature4--,x is kn[n t a sug> solution or a mu/ exp&s z ! temp]ature increases1 & contracts z x dim9i%es2 & nice exp]im5ts h be5 p]=m$ to %[ ! am\nt ( dilatation & contraction at diff]5t temp]atures1 & ! consequ5t v>iation 9 ! specific gravity ( ! liquid1 b !re is consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! results ( ! rese>*es ( diff]5t au?ors1 & x w\ld seem t fur!r exp]im5ts are necess>y2 b a rule may be d$uc$ :i* may be us$ in/ead ( *ang+ ! temp]ature ( ! mu/ to make x correspond ) t = :i* ! in/rum5t is graduat$1 & al?\gh n /rictly correct1 is suffici5t = our purpose2 & t is to add "o-half p] c5t4 to ! sug> p] c5t4 indicat$ by ! hydromet] = e #ae ,f4 above ! /&>d temp]ature1 & subtract p] c5t4 = e #ae bel[4 ,= in/ance1 if ,baum's in/rum5t %[s #bb p] c5t4 ( sug> at #ge ,f41 ! actual /r5g? is #bc p] c5t41 & x w\ld m>k t at #fj4 ,if ! same in/rum5t %[s #bc p] c5t4 at #de ,f41 ! real /r5g? is #bc p] c5t4 ,9 us+ ,ball+'s scale graduat$ at #fc ,f41 ! #ae 9 our example w\ld make #gh = ! fir/ suppos$ case1 & #dh = ! second4 ,9 mo/ cases ! v>iation 9 temp]ature w be s little t x may be disreg>d$2 b if ! te/ is made soon aft] ! grapes h be5 expos$ to a hot sun1 ! mu/ may %[ a temp]ature ( #ij or #ie ,f41 & x w\ld indicate "o p] c5t4 less ?an its real sug> /r5g?4 ,b ! temp]ature w\ld g bel[ ! freez+ po9t ( wat] be=e ! mu/ w\ld m>k "o p] c5t4 too mu*4 ,z ! mu/ conta9s a small quantity ( acids & extractive matt] :i* affect its d5sity1 "s au?ors recomm5d t f "o-t5? to "o-fifte5? ( ! figures indicat+ ! d5sity by ,baum %\ld be d$uct$1 call+ ! rema9d] sug>1 & ?is is ab\t equival5t to d$uct+ "o = e twelve p] c5t4 ( sug>4 ,b if ! grapes are ripe & ! mu/ is /ra9$1 = all practical purposes all ( ! solid matt] may be call$ sug>1 consid]+ t we make a pretty lib]al all[ance ( sug> = "o p] c5t4 ( alcohol4 ,fre% mu/ %\ld always be tak5 = ! purpose ( te/+ = sug>1 = z alcohol is mu* light] ?an wat]1 if f]m5tation has comm5c$1 x w be impossible to asc]ta9 ! am\nt ( sug> by means ( ! hydromet]4 ,sug> & ,alcohol4--,x w be %[n 9 ! *apt] on f]m5tation t1 9 actual practice1 x takes ab\t two p] c5t4 ( sug>1 z indicat$ by ! hydromet]1 to produce "o p] c5t4 by volume ( alcohol2 !re=e1 divide ! p]c5tage ( sug> conta9$ 9 ! mu/1 z %[n by ! hydromet]1 by two1 & ! quoti5t is approximately ! p] c5t4 ( alcohol :i* w be conta9$ 9 ! w9e aft] complete f]m5tation4 ,alcohol 9 ,w9e4--,a good1 saleable dry w9e ought to conta9 f elev5 to twelve or ?irte5 p] c5t4 ( alcohol2 & to produce su* a w9e ! mu/ %\ld indicate f #bb to #bf p] c5t4 ( sug> by ! hydromet]4 ,a w9e :i* is soon to be consum$ at home does n require t degree ( /r5g? necess>y = %ipm5t abroad & = keep+1 & may conta9 only t5 p] c5t4 ( alcohol1 & ev5 less1 & be f\nd a v palatable dr9k1 & less 8heady0 ?an t ( a high] degree ( _s4 ,& a w9e may conta9 z mu* z #ad p] c5t4 ( _s1 & be v acceptable to ! w9e m]*ant = mix+ ) weak] w9es4 ,a mu/ :i* does n conta9 m ?an #bd p] c5t4 ( sug> p] hydromet]1 if prop]ly manag$1 w complete its f]m5tation1 & if x does n conta9 less ?an #bb p] c5t41 w make a good1 s\nd1 %ipp+ w9e1 :i* w keep 9 almo/ any climate4 ,mr4 ,crabb1 a well kn[n w9e mak] ( ,oakville1 9 ?is ,/ate1 writes me t su* a mu/ w f]m5t dry 9 six days1 b t if x conta9s m ?an #bd p] c5t4 ( sug>1 f]m5tation is likely to be arre/$ by ! am\nt ( alcohol1 :5 x am\nts to #ab p] c5t4 ,?is g5tleman is an intellig5t v9iculturi/ & a practical man1 & x w\ld be safe to foll[ 8 advice4 ,mr4 ,arpad ,h>asz?y1 :o is not$ 9 ?is connection1 9 8 lecture on f]m5tation be=e ! conv5tion ( w9e gr[]s1 held at ,san ,francisco 9 ,septemb]1 #ahhb1 indicat$ #bb p] c5t4 z a prop] degree ( sug> 9 ! mu/2 & x is report$ t ! w9e mak]s ( ,los ,angeles c\nty1 9 fix+ ! prices ( grapes 9 #ahhb1 adopt$ #bc p] c5t4 z ! /&>d4 ,und\bt$ly ! f]m5tation w be f9i%$ soon]1 & w be less tr\blesome1 if ! mu/ conta9s sug> )9 ! limits ( #bb & #bd p] c5t41 ?an if all[$ to g beyond4 7,see ,maturity47 ,if x %\ld g to #bf p] c5t4 & beyond1 ! *ances are t ! f]m5tation w be incomplete1 & t a portion ( ! sug> w rema9 9 ! w9e1 :i* w cause x to f]m5t :5 expos$ to *anges ( temp]ature2 x may become milk s\r1 & !re w be dang] ( rapid det]ioration4 ,f :i* x foll[s t1 except = mak+ sweet w9es1 ! grapes %\ld be ga!r$ be=e !y develop mu* m ?an #bd p] c5t4 ( sug>4 ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 t pick+ comm5ces z soon z ! mu/ %[s #bb p] c5t41 suffici5t =ce %\ld be employ$ to f9i% be=e x goes beyond ! limit indicat$4 ,= ! writ] has se5 grapes ga!r$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! season & made into w9e :i* %[$ #aa p] c5t4 ( alcohol1 :5 ! w9e made f grapes ( ! same v9ey>d1 ga!r$ too late1 ei!r on acc\nt ( lack ( pick]s or ( f]m5t+ tanks1 conta9$ #ad4e p] c5t41 & 0 /ill sweet4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,sug>+ ,,& ,,wat]+ ,,mu/4 ,sug>+4--,z e>ly z #aggf1 ,macqu]1 9 ,france1 f\nd t by add+ sug> to ! mu/ ( gre5 grapes1 he c\ld make w9e2 & s9ce 8 "t _m au?ors1 notably ,*aptal1 ,gall1 & ,petiot1 h recomm5d$ ! addition ( sug> to ! mu/ ( bad ye>s :5 ! grapes did n rip52 & _h ! practice be5 limit$ to ! addition ( suffici5t sug> ( good quality to a mu/ :i* 0 defici5t 9 t respect1 b little h>m w\ld h be5 done4 ,! next /ep1 h[ev]1 0 to take ! mu/ ( p>tly ripe grapes :i* conta9$ an undue quantity ( acid1 & r$uce x by ! addition ( wat] till ! acid correspond$ 9 quantity to t conta9$ 9 a mu/ ( ripe grapes1 & !n to add suffici5t sug> to br+ x up aga9 to ! necess>y degree ( sweetness4 ,?is may be p]missible 9 ^? c\ntries :]e 9 "s ye>s ! grapes d n rip51 & 9 ord] to make a dr9kable w9e1 wat] to r$uce ! acid1 & sug> to give sweetness1 mu/ be add$4 ,b ?is did n satisfy ! gre$ ( ! artificial w9e mak]s2 !y f\nd1 s !y say1 t !y c\ld press ! juice f ! grapes1 f]m5t x by itself1 !n add to ! m>c wat] & sug> en\gh to br+ x back to its orig9al quantity & sug> /r5g?1 draw (f ! artificial juice slightly color$ by ! sk9s1 & repeat ! op]ation1 & s make ?ree & f\r times ! quantity ( w9e t c\ld o!rwise be made1 & all good w9e4 ,x 0 ?\ght t w9e mak+ 9 ,europe w\ld be revolutioniz$1 & untold weal? w\ld p\r into ! c(f]s ( ! w9e mak]s4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t cane sug> 0 too exp5sive1 b artificial glucose c\ld be made f gra9 & potatoes at a v small co/1 & by reason ( its *eapness its use 0 =?) recomm5d$2 & to su* an ext5t 0 ! matt] c>ri$1 t "o w\ld suppose t 9 ord] to make good w9e1 x 0 only necess>y to soak a few grape sk9s 9 a quantity ( sweet5$ wat] & let x f]m5t6 ,! practice1 h[ev]1 to ! ext5t m5tion$1 did n comm5d itself to s5sible m51 & w9e mak+ did n become revolutioniz$4 ,yet x 0 to "s ext5t adopt$1 & ! effect ^u ! w9es ( ,burgundy is %[n by ,dubrunfaut 9 8 "w on ,sucrage de ,mots4 ,he says t />*-sug> 7glucose7 factories 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,burgundy1 & f #ahbe to #ahde1 ?is mat]ial 0 us$ to /r5g!n ! mu/s4 ,b compla9ts arose 9 ,france & else:]e aga9/ ,burgundy w9es2 !y _h a new flavor1 & unexpect$ *anges 9 _m respects _h come ov] !m4 ,a congress ( w9e mak]s 0 held at ,dijon 9 #ahde1 at :i* ! ab&onm5t ( ! use ( glucose 0 decre$ ^u ! report ( a committee ( m]*ants & proprietors ( ,beaune1 :i* 0 9 effect z foll[s3 t ! long extoll$ & g5]ally practic$ sy/em ( sug>+1 & aga9/ :i* a reaction set 9 "s ye>s ago1 ought to be completely ab&on$1 z be+ fatal 7fune/e7 to ,burgundy4 ,he consid]s1 h[ev]1 z d "s o!rs :o condemn ! use ( glucose1 t ! use ( ref9$ cane sug> is unobjectionable if us$ 9 small quantities & m]ely to =tify ! mu/ :5 x ne$s x4 ,!re are _m au?ors1 h[ev]1 :o speak highly ( ! w9es produc$ by ! addition ( sug> & wat] to ! sk9s aft] ! juice has be5 drawn (f1 b x does n seem reasonable t a good w9e c be made 9 t mann]4 ,if a good mu/ conta9$ only wat]1 sug>1 & acids1 !n !re w\ld be reason = believ+ t ! w9e s made w\ld be good4 ,b x is well kn[n t _m o!r +r$i5ts ent] into ! composition ( ! juice ( ! grape :i*1 9 "s unkn[n mann]1 h a v important influ5ce ^u ! w9e made f x4 ,attempts h be5 made to produce an artificial mu/1 :i* is c>ry+ ! process b little f>!r ?an x is c>ri$ by "s ( ! writ]s on ! subject2 b ,mr4 ,boireau says t :at is produc$ resembles cid] r ?an w9e4 ,he gives ! foll[+ composition z approa*+ v ne>ly a mu/ = common :ite w9e3 ,ref9$ ,sug>1 #be kilog4 ,t9cture ( tann91 #bj gr4 ,cry/als ( t>t>ic acid1 #ejj gr4 ,gum arabic1 #a kilog4 ,v9e leaves & fre% twigs *opp$1 #e kilog4 ,di/ill$ or filt]$ wat]1 #a hectol4 ,! au?or la/ quot$ is a practical man1 & 8 op9ion is valuable4 ,he says1 :5 ! f]m5tation ( ?is artificial mu/ is mo/ active1 x has analogies ) ord9>y :ite w9e1 b x co/s mu* m ?an ! natural w9e2 & :5 its f]m5tation is complete1 x has n a bad ta/e1 & !re is no?+ hurtful 9 its composition1 b t x has n ! ta/e ( :ite w9e2 & ! only "t :5 x has any analogy to :ite w9e is dur+ ! tumultu\s f]m5tation z already m5tion$4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to v>y ! =mula1 b )\t important results4 ,tol]ably agreeable dr9ks are obta9$1 b !y are n w9e4 ,m4 ,b\ss+ault gives 8 exp]i5ce 9 sug>+ & wat]+ mu/2 & ! w9e produc$ lack$ acid1 color1 a/r+5cy1 & 0 v inf]ior to ! w9e fir/ made f ! pure juice2 x lack$ ! fix$ sub/ances & aromatic pr9ciples4 ,he says t "s w\ld pref] x to cid]1 b t x only diff]$ f piquette 9 hav+ a great] degree ( alcohol4 ,to give ev5 a summ>y ( :at has be5 writt5 ^u ?is subject w\ld occupy a volume1 b ! results arriv$ at by ! m intellig5t mod]n writ]s & exp]im5t]s may be summ$ up z foll[s3 #a4 ,t good w9e c be made only f ! pure juice ( ! grape4 #b4 ,t 9 case ! grapes d n rip5 suffici5tly to make a dr9kable w9e1 wat] may be add$ to r$uce ! acid1 & !n sug> en\gh to br+ x up to ! av]age sug> /r5g?2 b 9 no case %\ld any b ! ref9$ cane sug> be us$2 artificial glucose1 nev]4 ,no?+ ga9$ by add+ ,sug>4--,aside f ! "q ( quality1 x may n be amiss to add a few rem>ks = ! b5efit ( int5d$ w9e mak]s :o may h be5 l$ to believe1 by mi/ak5 au?ors1 t ! pr(its ( w9e mak+ may be increas$ by add+ sug> & wat]1 & !reby augm5t+ ! quantity4 ,assum+ t x is p]missible to use only ref9$ sug>1 x c easily be %[n t x is z *eap1 if n *eap]1 to make w9e f grapes ?an f sug>1 z long z grapes c be b\ght = #cj p] ton4 ,a gallon ( dry w9e ( av]age specific gravity1 conta9+ #aj p] c5t4 by weight1 or #ab4d by volume1 ( alcohol1 weighs ab\t #h p\nds1 & conta9s ab\t 4#hbe ( a p\nd ( pure alcohol4 ,to produce a p\nd ( alcohol requires ab\t #b lbs4 ( pure grape sug>1 or #b4ach lbs4 ( pure cane sug>1 9 practice1 accord+ to ! *apt] on f]m5tation2 s t to produce ! 4#hbe lbs4 ( alcohol 9 "o gallon ( w9e1 requires ab\t #a4hj lbs4 ( pure cane sug>4 ,b ref9$ cry/aliz$ sug> is n pure sug> 7anhydr\s71 z x conta9s ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( wat]2 s1 to make our #a4h ( pure sug>1 requires #b lbs4 ( ord9>y ref9$ sug>4 ,at #aj c5ts p] p\nd1 :i* w\ld be *eap = ?is m>ket1 x w\ld co/ #bj c5ts to make ! mu/ = a gallon ( w9e4 ,suppos+ t a ton ( grapes co/s #cj1 & produces #aej gallons ( w9e1 ea* gallon w\ld co/ #bj c5ts4 ,s t !re is no?+ to be ga9$ by add+ sug> at #aj c5ts a p\nd1 ev5 if a ton ( grapes co/s #cj a ton1 = ! same facts w\ld apply to e p\nd ( sug> add$ to a mu/1 z well z 9 ! case suppos$1 :]e all ! sug> 0 suppli$4 ,co/ ( ,glucose ,w9e4--,suppos+ t artificial glucose conta9s #hj p] c5t4 ( pure 7anhydr\s7 sug>1 x w\ld require #b lbs4 to make our gallon ( w9e2 & if x c\ld be laid d[n "h at #e c5ts a p\nd1 ! gallon ( w9e w\ld co/ ne>ly #ab c5ts1 & ?is w\ld be equival5t to pay+ #ah a ton = grapes4 ,:5 we take into consid]ation t e p\nd ( glucose & wat] add$ to a mu/ w dim9i% ! price ( e gallon ( w9e produc$1 x is probable t b little1 if any?+1 c\ld be ga9$ ev5 by ! use ( ?is article2 = ! product w n br+ ! price ( an hone/ w9e1 & 9 ! long run w de/roy ! reputation ( our w9es1 & reflect injury ^u e w9e mak] 9 ! ,/ate4 ,exp]im5t ) ,glucose4--,mr4 ,crabb1 ( ,oakville1 gave 8 exp]i5ce ) glucose 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,/4 ,hel5a ,v9icultural ,club1 9 ,july1 #ahhb1 z foll[s3 ,i took ?ree packages ( equal size1 "o conta9+ pure grape juice1 ! two o!rs conta9+ ea* equal p>ts ( ! same juice & glucose wat]1 all %[+ #bc p] c5t4 sug> by ,ball+'s sac*>omet]4 ,! pure juice 0 dry 9 #ae days 7! room be+ cold74 ,"o package ( ! mixture 0 dry 9 #cj days2 ! o!r cont9u$ 9 f]m5tation #fj days1 bo? emitt+ a rank (f5sive odor dur+ ! process1 aris+ f ! am\nt ( *alk & sulphuric acid requir$ 9 its 7glucose7 manufacture4 ,rack+ at ?is "t appe>$ to remove ! great] "p ( ! (f5sive odor1 & 9 #cj days ! w9e 0 cle> & bright en\gh to pass = a two-ye>s'-old w9e4 ,i n[ ?\ght x conta9$ a v sup]ior f9+ pr9ciple1 & if a small en\gh quantity w\ld answ] ! purpose1 x might be a valuable acquisition4 ,b ?is 0 its mo/ favorable p]iod2 x _h rea*$ its z5i?1 & :ile ! pure juice 0 n[ beg9n+ to develop its v9\s prop]ties1 ! mixture comm5c$ to det]iorate1 becom+ flat & insipid1 z any grape juice w\ld by be+ "o-half wat]1 & ! sulphuric acid & *alk 7sulphate ( lime7 develop+ a disagreeable aft]-ta/e4 ,not)/&+ t ,i h rack$ x aga9 & f9$ x to a p]fect condition1 !re is n ! lea/ improvem5t1 & ,i believe z x becomes m dry ) age1 t ! bitt]1 nause\s aft]-ta/e w become m & m pron\nc$1 s t "o glass ( x w leave su* a la/+ impression on ! palate z to nev] want any m2 :]eas1 ! package ( pure juice is n[ v9\s1 sprightly1 refre%+ & invit+4 ,! use ( ,glucose condemn$4--,on ! #af? day ( ,july1 #ahha1 ! ,/4 ,hel5a ,v9icultural ,association adopt$ resolutions condemn+ 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms ! use ( glucose 9 ! mak+ ( w9e & br&y1 & promis+ to expose all p>ties import+ or receiv+ ! sub/ance by publi%+ _! names1 & pl$g+ ! ,society to use all honorable means to prev5t ! adult]ation ( ! product ( our v9ey>ds4 ,! resolutions pass$ unanim\sly1 & 7 publi%$ 9 ! diff]5t newspap]s4 ,"o man 9 ! di/rict1 not)/&+ ! w>n+1 did cause to be %ipp$ to him a quantity ( glucose1 & ! ,presid5t & ,secret>y ( ! ,society publi%$ 9 sev]al diff]5t newspap]s1 9 ,decemb]1 #ahha1 ov] _! own signatures1 & 9 ! "n ( ! ,association1 a notice recit+ ! resolutions1 & /at+ t a p]son 7giv+ 8 "n7 8import$ eighty b>rels ( grape sug>1 made f corn1 commonly call$ glucose1 & us$ ! same1 or ! great] "p ( x1 9 ! manufacture ( w9e dur+ ! la/ v9tage40 ,we believe t ?is 0 an exceptional case1 & t its use 9 ?is ,/ate has be5 exce$+ly r>e4 ,wat]+4--,ano!r "q :i* has be5 a good deal discuss$ is1 :e!r x is bett] to pick ! grapes z soon z !y develop suffici5t sug>1 or leave !m on ! v9e till !y develop an excess1 & !n r$uce ! mu/ ) wat]4 ,dr4 ,guyot hav+ laid x d[n z a fundam5tal pr9ciple 9 w9e mak+ 9 ,france1 t ! grapes %\ld be left on ! v9e z late z possible1 & until !y h rea*$ ! highe/ po9t ( maturity1 except1 p]haps1 9 "s ( ! mo/ extreme s\!rn portions1 he is consi/5t 9 c\nsel+ ! addition ( wat] to ! mu/4 ,b ! only reason giv5 by him = x is t x is consonant ) 8 pr9ciple previ\sly /at$4 ,du ,breuil is also ( ! same op9ion4 ,bo? are m5 ( high au?ority1 b x does n appe> t ei!r ( !m ev] made w9e 9 a w>m climate1 :]e ! grapes w\ld develop s mu* sug> z to require ! addition ( wat]1 if left ^u ! v9e z late z possible4 ,we h1 on ! o!r h&1 ! te/imony ( ,boireau1 :o1 speak+ on ! subject1 says t x is probable t ! !oreticians :o are 9 favor ( ! practice h nev] made w9e ( mu/ too ri* 9 sug> & ( wat]4 ,he says1 x is true t ! quantity is increas$1 & f]m5tation is complete1 b t ! w9e s made is only fit = ! /ill1 w n keep & readily turns s\r4 ,! ,greeks h foll[$ ?is practice f "t immemorial 9 ! ,ar*ipelago1 :]e he ta/$ _! w9e s made 9 #ahfe1 & :i* !y c keep ) difficulty = "o ye>1 9 spite ( ! addition ( a l>ge quantity ( ros91 :i* !y introduce dur+ f]m5tation4 ,& yet1 ^! w9es are n weak1 hav+ an av]age ( #aj to #aa p] c5t4 ( alcohol4 ,he says t b few grapes give mu/s too ri* 9 sug>1 if !y are ga!r$ z soon z ripe2 = ev5 9 viticultural c\ntries situat$ f>!/ s\?1 z ! s\? ( ,france1 ,spa91 ,italy1 ,greece1 & ,africa1 ! grape j ripe gives a mu/ :i* does n exce$ #ad ,baum1 unless left on ! v9e until "p ( ! wat] ( vegetation has evaporat$4 ,hav+ allud$ to bo? sides ( ! "q1 x w\ld seem to be a fair inf]5ce f ! =ego+ t ! safe/ c\rse w\ld be1 9 a hot climate1 to ga!r ! grapes z soon z fairly ripe4 ,?is may easily be done1 :]e ea* grape gr[] makes 8 own w9e1 & has imm$iate sup]vision ( ! pick+1 & has suffici5t m5 to f9i% x ) promptness4 ,b 9 ! case ( l>ge manufactur]s :o buy _! grapes & _c sup]vise or ord] ! ga!r+ 9 ! num]\s v9ey>ds ^: crops !y pur*ase1 x may sometimes be necess>y1 :5 ! grapes come 9 ov]ripe1 & x is n desirable to make sweet w9e1 to add a small quantity ( wat] to insure prompt & complete f]m5tation4 ,:5 ! necessity arises1 great caution %\ld be us$1 & ! necessity %\ld be avoid$ :5 possible4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,/emm+ ,,& ,,cru%+4 ,div]sity ( ,op9ion on ,/emm+4--,!re is no subject connect$ ) w9e mak+ ^u :i* !re is a great] diff]5ce ( op9ion ?an t ( /emm+4 ,& x w\ld seem t ! div]sity ( practice is n always caus$ by ! diff]5t conditions & exig5cies ( location1 v>iety ( grapes1 etc42 b among ! diff]5t w9e mak]s 9 ! same locality1 "s remove ! /ems1 & o!rs d n2 f :i* ,dr4 ,guyot inf]s t ! practice _c be class$ among ! ess5tial pr9ciples gov]n+ v9ification1 b is a m]e matt] ( detail1 & t /emm+ may be practic$ or omitt$ )\t mat]ially affect+ ! w9e4 ,b ,ma*>d1 a writ] ( ! ,jura1 lays x d[n imp]i\sly z "o ( ! v ess5tials ( good w9e mak+ t ! grapes %\ld be f]m5t$ ) ! /ems1 & calls /emm+ a p]nici\s practice4 ,effect ( ,/emm+4--,all agree1 h[ev]1 t ! /ems1 dur+ f]m5tation1 if n remov$1 yield tann9 to ! w9e1 & !reby give x a/r+5cy4 ,x is also said to increase f]m5tation1 by furni%+ to ! mu/ additional g]ms ( f]m5tation adh]+ to ! /ems1 & p]haps act+ also 9 a me*anical way1 by pres5t+ _m sali5t po9ts1 & expos+ a great] surface to ! action ( ! f]m5t4#a ,!y also add a c]ta9 am\nt ( acid to ! w9e1 if gre54 ,x is evid5t t !y increase ! labor ( press+1 by add+ to ! mass ( m>c4 #a ,pa/eur1 9 8 ,/udies on ,be]1 says t ! reason has n yet be5 discov]$1 b t he has no d\bt t x may be attribut$1 pr9cipally1 to ! fact t ! int]/ices betwe5 ! grapes1 & ! spaces :i* ! bun* leaves ?r\gh\t1 consid]ably increase ! volume ( air plac$ at ! s]vice ( ! g]ms ( f]m5t4 ,prop] ,practice4--,if1 !re=e1 by reason ( ! v>iety ( grapes cultivat$1 or ! soil1 or situation1 y\r w9e is too s(t1 lacks life & a/r+5cy1 f]m5t ) all or a portion ( ! /ems2 b if y\r w9e is r\gh1 too a/r+5t1 x w be f\nd b5eficial to /em ! grapes4 ,if y\r grapes lack ! f]m5tive pr9ciple1 & f]m5tation is sl[ & incomplete1 leave ! grapes on ! /em2 & 9 ! same way ! f]m5tation w be assi/$1 if ! grapes are ov]ripe4 ,:5 ! grapes are f]m5t$ ) ! /ems1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t !y d n rema9 too long 9 ! vat1 or ! w9e may acquire a bitt]1 disagreeable flavor1 call$ by ! ,fr5* gt de rpe1 or /em flavor1 :i* is caus$ by ! bitt] pr9ciple conta9$ !re91 & :i* is dissolv$ out by mac]ation4 ,to ,e/imate ,tann94--,a c]ta9 am\nt ( tann9 is necess>y to ! prop] cle>+ ( ! w9e1 :i* is br\ght ab\t by ! tann9 comb9+ ) album9\s matt]s1 & !y are !n precipitat$1 & ! w9e may be drawn (f1 leav+ !m at ! bottom ( ! cask4 ,x is on ! application ( ?is well kn[n pr9ciple t ,maum5 gives a v simple me?od ( asc]ta9+ :e!r ! grapes %\ld be /emm$ or n4 ,he says3 ,fir/ make a small quantity ( w9e )\t ! /ems1 & add tann91 or1 :at is bett]1 a decoction made by boil+ a quantity ( /ems1 & if s5sible precipitation is produc$1 x is bett] to f]m5t ) ! /ems1 = tann9 is want+2 b if ! precipitation is n =m$1 ! grapes %\ld be /emm$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,wood5 ,/emm]4 ,/emm]s4--,?is is usually effect$ 9 ,cali=nia by ! use ( ! common h& /emm]1 ?\gh "s l>ge e/abli%m5ts are us+ a /emm] run by /eam or horse-p[]4 ,! common /emm] consi/s ( an oblong %all[ box or frame1 six or eight feet long by two wide1 or any conv5i5t size1 & ab\t six in*es deep1 ) a co>se wire nett+ or grat+ /ret*$ across ! bottom4 ,?is grat+ is usually made ( heavy galvaniz$ iron wire1 ) in* or in* me%es4 ,in/ead ( hav+ ! grat+ ext5d ! :ole l5g?1 a portion at "o end may be floor$ ) wood1 ^u :i* a box ( grapes c be plac$ )\t injur+ ! grat+4 ,! only objection to ?is /emm] is t ! grape juice comes 9 contact ) ! metal ( ! grat+1 & x is a well kn[n fact t ne>ly1 if n all1 ( ! bas] metals are corrod$ by ! acids2 x w\ld be bett] to replace ! wire ) a wood5 grat+1 z 9 ,france 7,fig4 #c474 ,h[ to ,remove ! ,/ems4--,! grapes are dump$ f ! boxes directly into ! /emm]1 & ! workman seizes z _m z he c easily manage ) bo? h&s1 & rubs & rolls !m to & fro ^u ! wire grat+1 & ! b]ries1 z !y are rubb$ (f1 fall ?r\gh ! me%es1 & ! /ems rema9 9 ! h&4 ,! few grapes t may rema9 are remov$ by rais+ ! mass ( /ems & =cibly ?r[+ !m two or ?ree times ^u ! grat+4 ,sometimes ! /ems1 ) ! few grapes cl++ to !m1 are turn$ ov] to ano!r workman1 :o1 ) a hay =k1 tosses !m ab\t ^u ano!r grat+ till all ! b]ries are remov$4 ,! /emm] ought to be situat$ ov] ! hopp] ( ! cru%]1 s t ! grapes w fall directly into x1 z !y are sep>at$ f ! /ems4 ,cru%+4--,x is g5]ally consid]$ ess5tial to cru% ! grapes :e!r /emm$ or n1 al?\gh 9 "s special cases1 to be h]eaft] not$1 cru%+ is omitt$4 ,me?ods ( ,cru%+4--,x is well kn[n t 9 ,europe ! grapes are usually cru%$ by be+ trodd5 ) ! feet ( m51 usually b>efoot$1 b sometimes 9 wood5 %oes1 & _m ( ! be/ writ]s ( to-day are ( ! op9ion t ! w9e is bett] :5 ! grapes h be5 well trodd5 ) ! b>e feet1 = by ?or\ghly rubb+ ! sk9s & p\nd+ !m into a pulp )\t break+ ! se$s1 !y ?9k t m color & aroma are develop$ ?an c be obta9$ by simply cru%+ !m1 z 9 a ma*9e1 & aft]w>ds f]m5t+4 ,al?\gh ! practice ( tread+ is ! m common "o 9 ,europe1 yet !re are exceptions1 & 9 "s places ! cru%+ is done by roll]s & ) satisfactory results4 ,9 ,cali=nia we are accu/om$ to reg>d ! tread+ ( grapes z an antiquat$ practice1 & a relic ( a pa/ age1 & x is almo/ univ]sally disc>d$1 be+ practic$ only occasionally & by ,europeans1 :o h n yet :olly fall5 into our me?ods ( practice4 ,^? :o are fa/idi\s 9 ?is matt] may re/ assur$1 t if !y w dr9k ,cali=nia w9e1 !y run b v small risk ( imbib+ a liquid :i* a man has _h 8 feet 94 ,a]at+ ! ,mu/4--,!re seems to be "s confusion on ?is subject1 = "s claim t ! mu/ is bett] expos$ to ! air1 & prep>$ = f]m5tation1 by tread+4 ,?is may be true ( tread+ 9 ! vat dur+ f]m5tation1 b simply tread+ ! grapes to cru% !m does n a]ate ! mu/ z mu* z cru%+ ) roll]s1 = 9 ! latt] case ! juice falls ?r\gh a consid]able di/ance 9 a f9ely divid$ =m1 :i* ?or\ghly exposes x to ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,cru%]4 ,cru%]s4--,! ma*9e g5]ally employ$ consi/s ( two roll]s made ( wood1 iron1 or o!r suitable mat]ial1 #f or #h1 or ev5 m1 in*es 9 diamet]1 ge>$ toge!r s t !y revolve 9 opposite directions & t[>ds ea* o!r1 & s t ! grapes w be drawn betwe5 !m f above4 ,! roll]s run ne> ea* o!r1 b d n t\*1 s t ! grapes w be cru%$1 & ! se$s rema9 unbrok54 ,x is op]at$ by "o man turn+ a crank1 ei!r atta*$ to "o ( ! roll]s or to a p9ion4 ,figure #d repres5ts su* a cru%]1 except t 9 ! figure ! roll]s are op5-"w1 in/ead ( solid1 z !y %\ld be4 ,x is surm\nt$ by a hopp] :i* all[s ! grapes to fall betwe5 ! roll]s z !y revolve1 & ! :ole app>atus %\ld be s plac$ t ! pomace may fall into ! f]m5t+ vats1 or be easily convey$ to !m or to ! press1 accord+ly z x is to be made into r$ or :ite w9e4 ,"s /emm]s h corrugat$ in/ead ( pla9 roll]s1 b !re is no advantage 9 ?is1 & unless !y are v nicely adju/$ to ! motion ( ! cog :eels1 !y may break ! se$s1 :i* is always consid]$ injuri\s to ! w9e4 ,rapidity ( ,op]ation4--,five m5--"o to h&le ! boxes ( grapes1 two to /em1 /&+ on opposite sides ( ! /emm]1 "o to op]ate ! cru%]1 & "o to take ! /ems & remove ! rema9+ grapes & to make himself g5]ally useful--c /em & cru% ) ^! h& ma*9es tw5ty tons ( grapes p] day1 en\gh to make ?ree ?\s& gallons ( w9e4 ,& ! "w c be done mu* m rapidly by ! use ( ! /emm] & cru%] comb9$1 :i* is to "s ext5t us$ 9 ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5ts4 ,special ,practice4--,boireau says t x has be5 obs]v$ t ( ! ,mdoc w9es1 ^? made )\t cru%+ ! grapes h less color ?an ^? made f grapes ( ! same crop :i* h be5 cru%$1 b t !y h a m ref9$ & delicate ta/e 7plus f9s de gt71 & t consequ5tly _m ( ! proprietors ( ! gr&s crs ( ! ,mdoc 9 ^? ye>s :i* are favorable to ! maturity ( ! grape d n cru%2 !y only d x 9 inf]ior ye>s1 :5 ! grapes h n become suffici5tly ripe1 & :5 !y fe> t ! w9e may n h a suitable color4 ,& 9 ano!r place he tells u t 9 ^? gr& w9es :i* are int5d$ to be bottl$1 a sup]abundance ( tann9 & its consequ5t r\ghness may be avoid$ by complete /emm+1 f]m5t+ ! :ole b]ries1 & by draw+ f ! f]m5t+ vat at j ! "r "t4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,f]m5tation--,,its ,,causes4 ,x is ) "s hesitancy t ,i attempt to give a brief summ>y ( ! results ( sci5tific inve/igation into ?is subject1 = fe> ( go+ beyond ! legitimate limits ( a practical "w1 z ?is book is int5d$ prem95tly = practical m54 ,b z ! "w w\ld be incomplete )\t x1 & z a k ( ! g5]al ph5om5a ( f]m5tation1 & ( ! diff]5t influ5ces to :i* x is subject1 are ( va/ importance to ^? :o w intellig5tly apply _! pr9ciples1 ,i give ! foll[+ z b a brief resum1 & w put x z pla9ly z ! subject w p]mit4 ,mo/ ( ! ideas giv5 bel[ are extract$ f ,s*utz5b]g]'s "w on f]m5tation4 ,!re are sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( ,f]m5tation1 z 7#a7 v9\s1 alcoholic or spiritu\s f]m5tation2 7#b7 muc\s or visc\s f]m5tation2 7#c7 lactic f]m5tation2 7#d7 ammoniacal f]m5tation2 7#e7 butyric f]m5tation2 7#f7 putrifaction2 & 7#g7 acetic f]m5tation1 or f]m5tation by oxidation1 & o!rs4 ,alcoholic ,f]m5tation is t :i* sug> und]goes "u ! influ5ce ( ! f]m5t or yea/2 & x is n[ agre$ t ?is f]m5t consi/s pr9cipally ( an aggregation ( liv+ organisms1 or an assemblage ( microscopic cells4 ,! ,yea/ ,plant4--,our au?or gives !m ! "n ( sac*>omyces c]evisi1 foll[+ ^? :o consid] x to be a species ( fungus1 & /ates t x is n[ v g5]ally admitt$ t f]m5ts are fungi1 al?\gh by "s !y h be5 consid]$ animal 9 _! nature4 ,^! cells are r\nd or oval1 & are f 4#jjjca to 4#jjjce ( an in* 9 _! greate/ diamet]4 8,!y are =m$ ( a ?9 & ela/ic membrane ( colorless cellulose1 & ( a protoplasm1 also colorless1 sometimes homog5e\s1 sometimes compos$ ( small granulations40 ,! cells are sep>ate or unit$ two by two4 ,:5 !y are deposit$ 9 a f]m5table liquid1 z a sug> solution or a mu/1 small prom95ces are se5 to arise at "o or r>ely two po9ts1 ! int]ior ( :i* is fill$ ) protoplasm f ! "m cell2 ^! prom95ces gr[ until !y h atta9$ ! size ( ! orig9al cell1 :5 ! base contracts1 =m+ a k9d ( neck1 & imm$iately !y sep>ate f ! "m cell1 & "u favorable conditions "o cell produces sev]al g5]ations1 b by degrees x loses all its protoplasm1 :i* at la/ unites 9 granules swimm+ 9 sup]-abundant cellul> juice4 ,! cell ceases to produce1 & dies2 ! membrane is ruptur$1 & ! granul> cont5ts are diffus$ 9 ! liquid4 ,9 ! manufacture ( be] ! f]m5tation is ( two k9ds3 surface f]m5tation & s$im5t>y f]m5tation1 dep5d+ ^u a high or a l[ degree ( heat4 ,! surface sac*>omyces develop m rapidly ?an ! o!rs1 are l>g]1 & !y bud s rapidly t ! cells :i* issue f ea* o!r d n sep>ate1 b rema9 atta*$1 =m+ ramifi$ *a9s ( f six to twelve or m buds4 ,! bubbles ( ris+ gas h a great] hold on ^! *aplets ?an on s+le cells1 :i* causes ! newly =m$ yea/ to rise to ! surface dur+ active f]m5tation4 ,^! organisms or fungi produce spores :i* are s[n on ! surface ( fruits1 & get into ! juice by cru%+1 :5 !y comm5ce _! reproduction by budd+4 ,s t ! basis or cause ( ! ph5om5a :i* we call f]m5tation is ! gr[? & reproduction ( yea/ or f]m5t1 :i* is made up pr9cipally ( ! m9ute organisms j describ$4 ,functions ( ,yea/4--,yea/ is a liv+ organism1 belong+ to ! family ( fungi1 g5us ,sac*>omyces1 de/itute ( mycelium1 capable ( reproduction1 l all ! elem5t>y fungi1 by buds & spores4 ,its composition s+ul>ly resembles t ( o!r vegetable tissues1 & especially ! plants ( ! same family4 ,x does n diff] ess5tially f o!r elem5t>y cells1 unprovid$ ) *lorophyll4 ,normal ,conditions ( ! ,life ( ,yea/4--,! conditions :i* our au?or calls normal 9 ! life-hi/ory ( yea/1 are ^? 9 :i* x develops itself & increases ) ! greate/ activity & en]gy4 ,!y are ( two ord]s1 physical & *emical4 ,) respect to physical conditions1 x is only necess>y to notice ! temp]ature4 ,t mo/ favorable to ! nutrition ( yea/1 & t :i* is f\nd advantage\s to o!r cellul> vegetable organisms1 is betwe5 #be ,c4 & #ce ,c4 7#gg & #ie ,f47 ,above & bel[ ^! limits1 ! vital manife/ations d n cease until we desc5d bel[ #i ,c4 7#dh4b ,f471 or rise above #fj ,c4 7#adj ,f471 ! temp]ature at :i* album9oid pr9ciples beg9 to coagulate4 ,) reg>d to ! *emical conditions1 our au?or says t ! mo/ favorable m$ium is t :i* conta9s ! mo/ appropriate nutritive elem5ts4 ,& z yea/ conta9s wat]1 m9]al salts1 especially potassium1 magnesium1 & calcium phosphates1 !re=e wat] & ! alkal9e & alkal9e-e>?y phosphates w be necess>y4 ,we f9d1 besides1 a great proportion ( nitrog5\s sub/ances1 ei!r album9\s or o!rwise2 & !re=e ! food ( yea/ mu/ conta9 nitrog54 ,x is suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ! cells are n directly n\ri%$ by album9oids 9 ! juices ( fruits1 ! wort ( be]1 or yea/ wat]1 b by analog\s comp\nds conta9$ 9 !m1 :i* h ! prop]ty ( pass+ by osmose ?r\gh ! membranes2 = ! album9oids !mselves1 x is said1 _c pass ?r\gh4 ,pa/eur has %[n by 8 exp]im5ts1 t m9]al salts are absolutely necess>y to ! developm5t & nutrition ( ! yea/ cell2 & ,may] foll[s him ) details z foll[s3 ,prep>ations ( iron1 9 small quantities1 seem to h no influ5ce2 9 l>g] proportions1 !y are injuri\s4 ,potassium phosphate is indisp5sable1 & ! abs5ce ( lime has little effect4 ,magnesium1 on ! contr>y1 appe>$ to be v useful1 if n indisp5sable4 ,! comb9ations ( sodium pres5t no mat]ial effects4 ,sug> is "o ( ! mo/ important elem5ts 9 ! n\ri%m5t ( ! yea/ cells1 & ,pa/eur has %[n t1 9 alcoholic f]m5tation1 a "p ( ! sug> is fix$ 9 ! yea/1 9 ! /ate ( cellulose or "s analog\s body1 =1 :5 ! f]m5tation is complet$1 x is f\nd t m yea/ is pres5t ?an at ! comm5cem5t4 ,wat] is necess>y1 & ! yea/ cell manife/s its activity1 develops & is n\ri%$ )9 ! limits ( #dj & #hj p] c5t4 ( wat]1 ?\gh yea/1 dri$ ) precaution1 may rega9 its p[] :5 moi/5$4 ,& ! fact t a solution conta9+ ov] #ce p] c5t4 ( sug> w n f]m5t1 is expla9$ on ! !ory t su* a solution takes f ! cells by osmose a suffici5t quantity ( wat] to l[] _! hydration bel[ #dj p] c5t4 ,! cells ( ! ,sac*>omyces c]evisi1 introduc$ into a liquid m$ium1 absorb oxyg5 ) great rapidity1 & develop a correspond+ quantity ( c>bon dioxide4 ,?is con/itutes respiration1 comp>able to t ( animals4 ,by c>eful exp]im5ts x has be5 %[n t yea/ brea!s :5 plac$ 9 contact ) dissolv$ oxyg51 & ! respiration is m active ?an t ( fi%es1 & x plays z important a "p 9 ! life ( ^? m9ute vegetable cells z 9 ! high] =ms ( vegetable & animal life4 ,oxyg5 is furni%$ by atmosph]ic air1 & f]m5tation is m rapid :5 a l>ge surface ( ! liquid is expos$1 & !n ! budd+ is m active4 ,action ( v>i\s ,*emical & ,physical ,ag5ts4--8,x has long be5 kn[n t c]ta9 *emical comp\nds1 especially ^? :i* coagulate album9\s sub/ances1 & disorganize ! tissues1 or :i*1 by _! pres5ce 9 suffici5t quantities1 are incompatible ) life1 are oppos$ to f]m5tation2 su* are ! acids & alkalies 9 suitable proportions1 silv] nitrate1 *lor9e1 iod9e1 ! soluble iron1 copp]1 & lead salts1 tann91 ph5ol1 creosote1 *lor(orm1 ess5ce ( mu/>d1 alcohol :5 its /r5g? is above #bj p] c5t41 hydrocyanic & oxalic acids1 ev5 9 v small quantities4 8,an excess ( neutral alkal9e salts or sug> acts 9 ! same mann]1 by dim9i%+ 9 ! int]ior ( ! cell ! m9imum quantity ( wat]1 :i* is necess>y to ! manife/ation ( its vital activity4 8,! r$ m]cury oxide1 calomel1 manganese p]oxide1 ! alkal9e sulphites & sulphates1 ! ess5ces ( turp5t9e & ( lemon1 etc41 also int]f]e )1 & de/roy alcoholic f]m5tation4 8,phosphoric & ars5i\s acids are1 on ! contr>y1 inactive40 ,exp]im5ts h %[n t sp>ks ( electricity pass+ ?r\gh yea/ d n modify its p[] ( *ang+ cane sug> into glucose1 nor its activity z an alcoholic f]m5t4 ,f]m5tation is sl[] 9 ! d>k1 & also 9 a vacuum4 ,fl\r ( sulphur did n s5sibly affect f]m5tation1 b ! c>bonic acid evolv$ conta9$ sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,sulphur\s acid1 h[ev]1 arre/s f]m5tation4 ,yea/ is always acid1 b an addition ( an excess ( diff]5t acids arre/s ! decomposition ( sug>4 ,if "o hundr$ times ! am\nt ( acid conta9$ 9 ! yea/ is add$1 f]m5tation does n take place4 ,m4 ,dumas has %[n ! action ( v>i\s salts on yea/1 b ! subject has little if any int]e/ = ! w9e mak]4 ,visc\s or ,mannitic ,f]m5tation is also excit$1 accord+ to ,pa/eur1 by special f]m5t act+ on glucose1 trans=m+ x into a k9d ( gum or dextr91 mannite1 & c>bon dioxide4 ,?is f]m5t is also =m$ ( small globules unit$ z 9 a necklace1 ^: diamet] v>ies f 4#jjjjdg to 4#jjjjee ( an in*4 ,^! globules1 s[n 9 a sac*>9e liquid conta9+ nutritive nitrog5\s matt] & m9]al sub/ances1 always give rise to visc\s f]m5tation4 ,"o hundr$ p>ts ( cane sug> give3 mannite1 #ea4ji2 gum1 #de4dh2 & c>bon dioxide1 #f4ah4 ,! liquids :i* are mo/ apt to produce visc\s f]m5tation c also und]go lactic & butyric f]m5tation1 b 9 ?is case ! organiz$ =ms ( life :i* are develop$ 9 ! liquid are ( a diff]5t nature4 ,! conditions ( action necess>y to ^! gummy & mannitic f]m5ts are ! same z ^? :i* suit alcoholic f]m5t4 ,! mo/ favorable temp]ature is #cj ,c4 7#hf ,f47 ,?is f]m5tation is :at gives rise to ! disease ( w9es1 call$ by ! ,fr5* la graisse1 or rop9ess4 ,:ite w9e is m subject to x ?an r$1 & x is g5]ally due to ! want ( tann94 7,see ,rop9ess47 ,lactic ,f]m5tation is ! trans=mation :i* c]ta9 sug>s1 z sug> ( milk & grape sug>1 und]go1 & by :i* !y are *ang$ into lactic acid4 ,?is takes place 9 ! s\r+ ( milk4 ,! mo/ favorable temp]ature = x seems to be ab\t #ie ,f4 ,?is also dep5ds on a special f]m5t4 ,sug> solutions are also capable ( butyric f]m5tation & putrefaction1 & we g5]ally see visc\s1 lactic1 & butyric f]m5tation appe> 9 succession4 ,acetic ,f]m5tation is to ! w9e mak] & w9e deal]1 aft] alcoholic f]m5tation1 ! mo/ important4 ,f]m5table matt] & f]m5t are also conc]n$ 9 x1 b oxyg5 also is necess>y4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t ! alcohol conta9$ 9 f]m5t$ liquids1 su* z w9e1 be]1 etc41 w disappe> "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 & give place to v9eg> or acetic acid1 & t ! air1 or r its oxyg51 plays a "p 9 ?is reaction4 ,to ! *emi/ ! reaction is simple1 & is =mulat$ ?us3 ,alcohol4 ,wat]4 ,acetic ,acid4 ,c,h,o ,o ,h,o ,c,h,o1 or ! oxidation may take place by two reactions1 ) ! production ( an int]m$iate product1 aldehyde3 ,alcohol4 ,aldehyde4 ,c,h,o ,o ,h,o ,c,h,o1 ,aldehyde4 ,acetic ,acid4 ,c,h,o ,o ,c,h,o ,accord+ to ,pa/eur1 ! oxidation ( alcohol is ! consequ5ce ( ! action ( a f]m5t or cryptogam1 ,mycod]ma aceti1 & x makes its appe>ance on ! surface ( liquids1 :ile 9 acetic f]m5tation1 9 ! =m ( a cont9u\s membrane1 "m ( v9eg>1 ei!r wr9kl$ or smoo?1 :i* is g5]ally =m$ ( v m9ute elongat$ cells1 ^: great] diamet] v>ies f 4#jjjjei to 4#jjjaah ( an in*2 ^! cells are unit$ 9 *a9s1 or 9 ! =m ( curv$ rods4 ,multiplication seems to be effect$ by ! transv]se division ( ! fully develop$ cells4 ,! conditions ( nutrition are simil> to ^? suitable to ! alcoholic f]m5t1 ! hydro-c>bon matt] be+ suppli$ by dilute alcohol4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be supplem5t$ by ! acetic acid itself2 = if ! process is left too long to itself1 ! v9eg> loses its /r5g? by be+ consum$4 ,! mo/ favorable temp]ature is betwe5 #gf & #hb ,f4 ,antiseptic ag5ts1 :i* arre/ ! developm5t ( be] yea/1 act 9 ! same mann] on ! ,mycod]ma aceti4 ,sulphur\s acid is especially active 9 ?is mann]2 h5ce ! use ( ! sulphur mat* 9 sulphur+ w9e casks4 ,!re is ano!r f]m5t1 ,mycod]ma v9i1 or fl[]s ( w9e1 :i* is f\nd 9 w9e & o!r alcoholic liquids expos$ to ! air :5 f]m5tation is ov] or has become languid1 :i* resembles 9 _m respects ! acetic f]m5t4 ,x has ! p[] ( produc+ alcoholic f]m5tation1 & is suppos$ by "s to be d]iv$ f ! ,sac*>omyces4 ,l ! ,mycod]ma aceti1 x is develop$ on ! surface ( f]m5t$ alcoholic liquors1 9 ! =m ( smoo? or wr9kl$ films or membranes1 b ?ick] & m compact4 ,x gr[s ) great rapidity1 & x has be5 calculat$ t "o cell w\ld1 9 =ty-eight h\rs1 produce ab\t #ce1cgh cells4 ,^! cells are ( v>i\s =ms1 ovoid1 ellipsoidal1 & cyl9drical1 ) r\nd$ extremities4 ,! ovoid cells h _! great] diamet] ab\t 4#jjjbcf1 & _! small] "o1 4#jjjaeg ( an in*4 ,! cyl9d]s h _! diamet]s 4#jjjdg 4#jjjaah 94 ,! nutritive pr9ciples are ! same z ^? ( ! "m ( v9eg>3 alcohol1 salts & nitrog5\s comp\nds4 ,x also appe>s capable ( utiliz+ = nutrition ! second>y products ( alcoholic f]m5tation1 su* z succ9ic acid & glyc]9e4 ,its developm5t is mo/ active betwe5 #fa & #hf ,f4 7,see ,%]ry47 ,orig9 ( ,f]m5ts4--,9 ord] to produce ! diff]5t k9ds ( f]m5tation1 ! necess>y f]m5t mu/ be add$1 unless x is already conta9$ 9 ! f]m5table matt] or 9 ! air4 ,9 ! manufacture ( be] & bread1 yea/ mu/ be us$2 ! o!r k9ds ( f]m5tation1 except alcoholic1 c g5]ally be produc$ by ! f]m5ts or _! spores furni%$ by ! atmosph]e2 b ,pa/eur1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 inve/igations1 nev] produc$ alcoholic f]m5tation f spores f\nd 9 ! air4 ,b ! g]ms ( ! ,sac*>omyces c]evisi & ( ,mycod]ma v9i seem to be f\nd only on ! surface ( fruits1 & _! /ems4#b #b ,f]m5t cells1 h[ev]1 occur 9 consid]able numb]s 9 ! neighborhood ( places :]e alcoholic f]m5tation is c>ri$ on1 & ! g]ms1 p]haps1 may be f\nd 9 ! atmosph]e ne> a v9ey>d1 & 9 ^? cases ! f]m5ts & _! g]ms may be borne ab\t to "s ext5t by ! w9d4 ,^! diff]5t g]ms1 h[ev]1 are all f\nd 9 ! mu/ ( grapes1 & 9 w9e1 & are ready to develop :5ev] favorable conditions (f] !mselves1 & produce diseases 9 ! w9e4 ,x is f\nd t ^! g]ms are kill$ by rais+ ! temp]ature ( ! liquid to #adj ,f41 & h5ce ! process ( heat+ w9es to pres]ve !m 7:i* see74 ,leav+ ! g]m !ory ( f]m5tation1 we w pass to :at is ( m practical importance4 ,,alcoholic ,,f]m5tation ,,9 ,,w9e ,,mak+4 ,v9\s or ,alcoholic ,f]m5tation trans=ms ! juice ( ! grape into w9e1 &1 z already %[n1 is caus$ by ! yea/ or f]m5t1 :i* f9ds its way into ! mu/2 & by ?is f]m5tation ! sug> ( ! grape is *ang$ pr9cipally into alcohol1 & c>bon dioxide1 or c>bonic acid gas4 ,& 9 ord] to %[ ! relations betwe5 ! sug> & ! alcohol produc$1 x is necess>y to say some?+ ab\t ! *emical con/itu5ts ( ea*4 ,sug>4--,9 g5]al t]ms1 cane sug> may be express$ by ! *emical =mula1 ,c,h,o1 or1 9 o!r words1 "o molecule conta9s #ab atoms ( c>bon1 #bb ( hydrog51 & #aa ( oxyg54 ,& ! g5]al t]m glucose1 or grape sug>1 may be express$ by ! =mula ,c,h,o1 or "o molecule conta9s #f atoms ( c>bon1 #ab ( hydrog51 & #f ( oxyg54 ,if1 in/ead ( us+ ! ^w atoms1 we use ! ^w p\nds1 ! *emical =mula may be made cle> to ! unsci5tific4 ,tak+ ! =mula = cane sug>1 already giv51 x simply means t #cdb p\nds conta9 ! foll[+ +r$i5ts1 9 ! foll[+ proportions3 lbs4 lbs4 #ab p>ts c>bon1 ea* weigh+ #ab1 #add #bb 8 hydrog51 8 #a1 #bb #aa 8 oxyg51 8 #af1 #agf ------ #cdb ,& ! =mula = glucose means t #ahj p\nds conta93 lbs4 lbs4 #f p>ts ( c>bon1 #ab1 #gb #ab 8 ( hydrog51 8 #a1 #ab #f 8 ( oxyg51 8 #af1 #if ------ #ahj ,& ! =mula = wat] means t #ah p\nds conta93 lbs4 lbs4 #b p>ts ( hydrog51 #a1 #b #a "p 8 oxyg51 8 #af1 #af ---- #ah ,9 f]m5tation1 x is glucose :i* is imm$iately trans=m$1 al?\gh cane sug> f]m5ts also2 b1 be=e do+ s1 x becomes *ang$ or inv]t$ into glucose1 & "o molecule takes up a molecule ( wat]1 & produces two ( glucose1 ?us3 ,cane ,sug>4 ,wat]4 ,glucose4 ,c,h,o ,h,o #b ,c,h,o #cdb #ah #b #ahj #cfj4 ,or1 9 ! production ( alcohol1 #ajj lbs4 ( pure cane sug> are equal to #aje4bf lbs4 ( pure grape sug>4 ,! g5]al =mula = alcohol is ,c,h,o1 & = c>bonic acid ,,co4 ,alcohol by ,weight & by ,volume4--,! quantity ( alcohol conta9$ 9 a giv5 mixture ( alcohol & wat] may be express$ z p] c5t4 by weight1 or p] c5t4 by volume4 ,! fir/ me?od is usually us$ by *emi/s1 & ! second 9 comm]ce4 ,if we h #ajj lbs4 ( a mixture ( alcohol & wat] ( :i* #aj lbs4 are alcohol & #ij lbs4 wat]1 x conta9s #aj p] c5t4 ( alcohol by weight4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we h #ajj gallons ( a mixture 9 :i* !re are #aj gallons ( alcohol & #ij gallons ( wat]1 we say t x conta9s #aj p] c5t4 by volume ( alcohol4 ,?is w s]ve to illu/rate ! mean+ ( ! t]ms p] c5t4 by volume & by weight1 al?\gh x is well kn[n t1 ow+ to %r9kage1 #aj gallons ( alcohol & #ij gallons ( wat] d n produce q #ajj gallons ( mixture4 ,:5ev] m]*ants & w9e mak]s use ! t]m p] c5t4 ( alcohol1 !y mean p] c5t4 by volume or measure2 & :5ev] ! expression is us$ 9 ?is "w1 x is us$ 9 t s5se1 unless o!rwise express$4 ,f]m5tation--,its ,products4--,p] c5t4 ,sug> to p] c5t4 ,alcohol4--,9 !ory1 glucose1 dur+ ! process ( f]m5tation1 is entirely *ang$ into alcohol & c>bonic acid2 ! two sub/ances produc$ conta9+ ! same elem5ts z glucose1 & no o!rs4 ,if !re 0 no loss ( sug>1 or deg5]ation1 z x is call$1 ! reaction w\ld be exactly express$ z foll[s3 ,glucose4 ,alcohol4 ,c>bonic ,acid4 ,c,h,o #b ,c,h,o #b ,,co #ahj #ib #hh ,& ! old au?orities said1 if #ahj p>ts ( glucose produce #ib ( alcohol1 #ajj w produce #ea4aaaa1 ?us3 #ahj 3 #ib 33 #ajj 3 x #ea4aaaa1 leav+ ! balance to be acc\nt$ = by c>bonic acid #dh4hhhi ---------------- #ajj ,& aga91 if x takes #ajj p>ts ( glucose to produce #ea4aaaa alcohol1 h[ mu* does x take to produce #a p] c5t4 by weight8 #ea4aaaa 3 #a 33 #ajj 3 x #a4iefe4 ,^! figures are n[ true only ( t "p ( ! sug> :i* is trans=m$ into alcohol & c>bon dioxide4 ,diff]5t ,au?ors4--,pa/eur has %[n t a portion ( ! glucose 0 *ang$ into succ9ic acid & glyc]9e1 & z ! result ( "o ( ! exp]im5ts :i* he gives1 out ( a l>ge numb]1 x appe>s t #ajj p>ts ( glucose produce ab\t #dh4df ( alcohol1 & x w\ld require #b4jfc to produce #a p] c5t4 ( alcohol by weight1 & #a4fe to produce #a p] c5t4 by volume4 ,b ?is em95t *emi/'s exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ 9 ! laboratory1 & "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances1 s t no loss by evaporation c\ld occur--conditions "u :i* f]m5tation on a l>ge scale is nev] c>ri$ on4 ,dr4 ,guyot /ates t x takes ab\t #a4e p] c5t4 ( grape sug> to produce #a p] c5t4 ( alcohol1 :i* is ev5 less ?an is requir$ accord+ to ,pa/eur1 & is manife/ly too little4 ,& ! /atem5t has be5 made1 t a mu/ conta9+ #bj p] c5t4 ( sug> w produce #ac p] c5t4 ( alcohol1 :i* is impossible4 ,j4 ,j4 ,griff9 quotes ,pa/eur1 & e/imat+ ! av]age loss to be #d p] c5t4 ( ! sug>1 d$uces ! figures 4#dhha z ! p] c5t4 by weight ( alcohol produc$ by #a p] c5t4 ( grape sug>4 ,dubief says t x takes #a4g p] c5t4 ( cane sug> to produce #a p] c5t4 ( alcohol by volume4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,b\ss+ault gives 8 exp]im5ts on mu/s f]m5t$ 9 small vessels "u conditions simil> to ^? "u :i* f]m5tation is c>ri$ on 9 w9e mak+ on a l>ge scale2 & ! result ( 8 rese>*es is t ! product 9 alcohol is ab\t #ij p] c5t4 ( :at ! *emical !ory calls =3 say1 4#df by weight = #a ( sug>1 or #a4g glucose = #a p] c5t4 ( alcohol by volume4 ,mr4 ,m4 ,b\ss+ault gives x z ! result ( 8 exp]im5t1 t x takes #a4h p] c5t4 ( sug> to produce #a p] c5t4 ( alcohol4 ,s t x is pretty safe to say t x takes on an av]age ab\t #a4h ( sug> to make #a ( alcohol1 mak+ "s all[ance = loss by evaporation1 etc4 ,z has already be5 /at$ 9 ! *apt] on ,mu/s1 #a p] c5t4 = e #ab %\ld be d$uct$ f ! p]c5tage ( sug> %[n by ! hydromet] = o!r matt]s ?an sug>4 ,if1 !re=e1 we h a mu/ :i* %[s #bd by ! sac*>omet]1 we w d$uct two1 & call ! rema9d] #bb1 sug>4 ,al?\gh x is n /rictly correct to say t #bb divid$ by #a4h w give ! p] c5t4 ( alcohol :i* may be expect$ aft] f]m5tation1 ow+ to ! well kn[n v>iation betwe5 p] c5t4 by weight & by volume1 z ! figures increase1 yet x is suffici5t = all practical purposes4 ,let u !n divide #bb1 ! suppos$ sug> 9 ! mu/1 by #a4h1 ! am\nt requir$ to produce #a p] c5t4 ( alcohol1 & we obta9 #ab & a fraction4 ,n[ ! total indication by ! sac*>omet] 0 #bd p] c5t42 if we divide ?is by two we get ! same result 9 r\nd numb]s4 ,h5ce ! rule3 "o-half ( ! figure indicat+ ! total p] c5t4 by ! sac*>omet] 7hydromet]7 is approximately ! p] c5t4 ( alcohol to be expect$ 9 ! w9e4 ,ow+ to ! fact t ! loss by evaporation & deg5]ation may v>y greatly 9 diff]5t cases1 ?is w be only a r\gh e/imate1 b x w prove z satisfactory z any me?od t c be adopt$1 & x corresponds v closely ) ! /atem5t made by ,n4 ,basset1 t 9 actual practice1 a mu/ ( #bj p] c5t4 gives only #g4hh p] c5t4 ( alcohol by weight1 :i* corresponds ) #aj p] c5t4 by volume1 ne>ly2 & x is ! rule giv5 by ,petiot & ,dr4 ,gall = a natural mu/4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 f :at foll[s bel[1 t ?is is only true ( a normal mu/1 b t a diff]5t rule applies to "o ( a v high degree ( sug>4 ,limits ( ,sug> & ,_s4--,x is said t :5 a solution or a mu/ conta9s ov] #ce p] c5t4 ( sug>1 x w n f]m5t2 nor w a w9e or o!r alcoholic mixture :i* conta9s #bj p] c5t4 ( _s f]m5t4 ,boireau says t ! maximum ( alcohol :i* a w9e c atta9 by ! f]m5tation ( ! ri*e/ mu/ is betwe5 #ae & #af p] c5t41 & ^? w9es :i* %[ a high] degree h be5 =tifi$4 ,he says t ! highe/ degree ( _s ev] obs]v$ by him 9 a natural r$ w9e 0 #ae4d p] c5t41 :5 x 0 a ye> old2 f t "t ! /r5g? dim9i%$1 b ! w9e always rema9$ sweet4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a rem>kable case giv51 & :i* seems to be well au!nticat$1 ( an ,au/ralian w9e :i* conta9$ naturally1 by f]m5tation1 #cb4d ( ,briti% pro( _s1 :i* is equal to ab\t #ah4ba p] c5t4 ,& ,vizitelli /ates t ,mr4 ,ellis1 ( ! firm ( ,graham ,co41 ass]ts t p]fectly f]m5t$ ,alto ,d\ro w9e w develop #cb pro( _s1 or #ah p] c5t4 ( alcohol1 & :5 made exclusively f ! ,ba/>do grape1 z mu* z #cd1 or ab\t #ai p] c5t4 ( _s4 ,& ,mr4 ,vizitelli adds t he is satisfi$ f :at he saw at ,j]ez1 t %]ry w9es :i* h _h m]ely #a or #b p] c5t4 ( _s add$ to !m w 9 ! c\rse ( "t indicate #cd4 ,to produce ^! results w\ld seem to require m ?an #ce p] c5t4 ( sug>1 accord+ to our rule2 b :ile x is approximately correct to say t #b p] c5t4 ( sug> produces #a p] c5t4 ( alcohol z long z we are deal+ ) a mu/ ( #bd or #be p] c5t4 & "u1 x may n be true ( a mu/ ( #cj to #ce p] c5t41 = ! o!r solid matt]s probably d n increase 9 proportion to ! sug>4 ,!re=e1 to reconcile ?is high degree ( alcohol ) ! /atem5t t a mu/ conta9+ ov] #ce p] c5t4 ( sug> w n f]m5t1 we mu/ use ,pa/eur's figures1 & !n we w f9d t by !m #ce p] c5t4 ( sug> is capable ( produc+ ov] #bj p] c5t4 ( alcohol4 ,temp]ature4--,! temp]ature mo/ favorable to f]m5tation--t is1 at :i* x comm5ces mo/ promptly1 & goes on ! mo/ rapidly--is betwe5 #gg & #ie ,f41 & x does n cease until ! temp]ature desc5ds bel[ #di1 or rises above #adj4 ,if ! temp]ature is favorable1 f]m5tation ought to comm5ce 9 t5 or twelve h\rs f ! "t ! pomace is put into ! vat1 or ! juice into ! b>rel4 ,9 c\ntries :]e ! wea!r is cold at ! w9e mak+ season1 x is necess>y t ! grapes %\ld be ga!r$ 9 ! heat ( ! day1 or f]m5tation w be long 9 comm5c+2 & if ! wea!r cont9ues unfavorable1 s t ! grapes d n become w>m$ by ! sun1 x is ev5 necess>y to heat a portion ( ! mu/ artificially1 & p\r x into ! vats or casks1 or to raise ! temp]ature ( ! f]m5t+ h\se4 ,mr4 ,maum5 also recomm5ds t ! vats be surr\nd$ ) mats ( loose /raw1 f\r or five in*es ?ick1 to be kept 9 place by a cov]+ ( l95 clo?2 & 9 ?is way ! temp]ature produc$ by ! f]m5tation may be ma9ta9$ 9 cool wea!r1 )\t resort+ to fires 9 ! f]m5t+ h\se4 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 t ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e %\ld be z high z t indicat$ z mo/ favorable to f]m5tation2 = x comm5ces readily 9 a temp]ature ( ab\t #gj1 & ! liquid w soon rise to #he or #ie1 by ! heat develop$ dur+ ! process2 & unless ! surr\nd+ temp]ature desc5ds bel[ #fe1 ?is heat w be ma9ta9$1 & ! f]m5tation w n be *eck$4 ,dr4 ,guyot says1 h[ev]1 t1 to make f9e w9es1 x %\ld be ma9ta9$ at #fh1 at lea/2 & t1 9 o!r cases1 x %\ld n be all[$ to fall bel[ #fj4 ,f]m5t+ ,h\ses4--,x is important n only t f]m5tation %\ld comm5ce promptly1 b t x %\ld be ma9ta9$ regul>ly2 & al?\gh a great am\nt ( heat is develop$ by f]m5tation1 yet ! mu/ is liable to cool dur+ ! night & cold days1 unless ! vats & casks are protect$ f ! *ange ( temp]ature1 :]eby ! f]m5tation may be *eck$1 to ! injury ( ! w9e4 ,! natural conclusion is t ! mu/ ought to be f]m5t$ 9 clos$ places4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 h[ev]1 x is n necess>y to con/ruct ! f]m5t+ h\se ) ! same c>e requir$ 9 cold] climates1 :]e x is deem$ desirable to furni% !m ) d\ble w9d[s & doors4 ,x _c be d5i$ t good w9e is made 9 ?is ,/ate1 9 places :]e ! vats rema9 out ( doors1 %ad$ only by trees2 b ! practice is n to be enc\rag$1 = ! f]m5tation w be *eck$ if ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e goes to #fj & bel[4 ,9 con/ruct+ a f]m5t+ h\se1 x ought to be s arrang$1 :5 practicable1 z to be on a l[] level ?an t ( ! /emm] & cru%]1 & high] ?an ! cell>2 = !n ! pomace & mu/ c be run imm$iately into ! vats & casks1 &1 aft] ! fir/ f]m5tation1 ! w9e c be drawn (f ?r\gh a hose into ! casks 9 ! cell>1 !reby sav+ "t & labor4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,r$ ,,w9e4 ,r$ w9es are made f color$ grapes1 & ! color is extract$ f ! sk9s dur+ f]m5tation4 ,! color+ matt] is blue1 b is *ang$ to r$ by ! action ( ! acids 9 ! mu/4 7,see ,color+ ,matt]--,o5ocyan9e47 ,9 ord] to develop ?is color1 ! grapes are f]m5t$1 sk9s & juice toge!r1 & ! press is only br\ght into requisition aft] ! fir/ f]m5tation is complet$4 ,f]m5t+ ,tanks or ,vats4--,! tanks or vats 9 :i* r$ w9e is f]m5t$1 9 ,france are g5]ally made ( oak1 sometimes ( masonry1 b 9 ?is ,/ate r$wood has be5 almo/ univ]sally adopt$1 & ,i am n aw>e ( any s]i\s inconv5i5ces f its use4 ,x is advisable be=e us+ !m ! fir/ "t1 to /eam !m = sev]al h\rs1 or ?or\ghly soak !m to extract ! color+ matt] ( ! wood4 ,! capacity dep5ds ^u ! quantity ( w9e to be made 9 a season1 v>y+ f #ajjj gallons to #bejj gallons & m1 & a suffici5t numb] %\ld be provid$ t :5 w9e mak+ has comm5c$1 x c be c>ri$ on )\t int]ruption till ! crop is work$ up4 ,! numb] ( workm5 mu/ be consid]$ z well z ! am\nt ( grapes1 & ev]y?+ ought to be s arrang$ t ! f]m5tation w be f9i%$ 9 ! fir/ tank fill$1 by ! "t ! la/ "o is full1 s t ! fir/ c be empti$ & fill$ aga91 & !n ! second1 & s on4 ,a hole mu/ be bor$ 9 ea* vat two or ?ree in*es f ! bottom by :i* to draw ! w9e ?r\gh a faucet4 ,& "s k9d ( a /ra9] mu/ be put ov] ?is hole inside to keep back ! m>c--a piece ( p]=at$ t91 a grat+ ( small /icks1 or a bundle ( /raw or v9e cutt+s kept 9 place by a /one4 ,fill+ ! ,tanks4--,9 ord] t ! :ole mass 9 "o tank may be equally f]m5t$1 x %\ld receive its full complem5t ( grapes 9 "o day4 ,by putt+ 9 "p ( ! grapes "o day & "p ano!r1 n only w "s ( !m complete _! f]m5tation be=e ! o!rs1 b ! addition ( fre% grapes to ! f]m5t+ mass w int]rupt ! f]m5tation1 & prove injuri\s to ! w9e4 ,! vats mu/ n be fill$ to _! full capacity1 = dur+ viol5t f]m5tation ! m>c1 consi/+ ( sk9s & se$s1 or ^? ) ! /ems1 rises to ! top1 br\ght up by ! bubbles ( c>bonic acid :i* are con/antly ris+1 & a portion ( ! boil+ & foam+ mass may be c>ri$ ov] ! top1 & mu* w9e !reby be lo/4 ,!y %\ld only be fill$ to )9 a foot or a foot & a half ( ! top1 & a little exp]i5ce w %[ ! prop] practice4 ,guyot says t !y %\ld only be fill$ to five-six?s ( _! capacity at mo/4 ,ano!r reason = n fill+ ! tank is t a lay] ( c>bonic acid gas w occupy ! space left vacant by ! pomace1 & prev5t ! contact ( ! air & ! consequ5t s\r+ ( ! w9e1 by ! *ang+ ( a portion ( ! alcohol into acetic acid--v9eg>4 ,r$ w9e is f]m5t$ 9 op5 vats1 vats loosely cov]$1 or 9 vats h]metically seal$1 & good w9e is made 9 ea* way4 ,9 ,op5 ,vats1 o!r conditions be+ equally favorable1 f]m5tation comm5ces m promptly & is soon] end$1 ow+ to ! free access ( ! air1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( oxyg51 z already %[n1 be+ necess>y to f]m5tation4 ,al?\gh f]m5tation w cont9ue away f ! air :5 once />t$1 x w be sl[4 ,! objections to op5 vats are1 t al?\gh !re is a lay] ( c>bonic acid re/+ above ! mu/1 yet x is liable to be di/urb$ & become mix$ ) ! air1 & if ! f]m5tation is long cont9u$1 a portion ( ! w9e may become s\r4 ,^? :o employ op5 tanks %\ld also avail !mselves ( ^? conditions "u :i* ! w9e w complete its f]m5tation 9 a few days1 & %\ld draw (f promptly4 ,clos$ ,vats4--,by us+ clos$ vats f]m5tation w be long] 9 comm5c+1 & w proce$ m sl[ly1 b z already intimat$1 ! w9e c ) safety be left long] 9 !m ?an 9 op5 tanks4 ,:5 x is necess>y to develop mu* color1 x w\ld be advisable to use cov]$ tanks1 = ! long] ! w9e is left 9 contact ) ! sk9s1 ! d>k] x becomes4 ,! cov]+ %\ld be close en\gh to prev5t ! imm$iate contact ( ! op5 air1 & yet all[ ! escape ( gas--( close bo>ds1 b n lut$1 unless provid$ ) a safety valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration ,! ,be/ ,practice1 h[ev]1 9 all cases1 :e!r ! vats are clos$ or n1 is to h a false head re/+ directly ^u ! pomace1 & :i* w keep ! latt] subm]g$ dur+ ! :ole process ( f]m5tation4 ,9 ?is way good color w be develop$1 & ! m>c w be kept f ! air1 & ! dang] ( s\r+ w be avoid$4 ,9 figure #e1 ,a repres5ts a f]m5t+ vat ) ! front half remov$1 %[+ ! false head 9 place4 ,?is head is made ( sev]al pieces :i* c be laid "o by "o ^u ! pomace1 & maybe p]=at$ ) aug] holes z repres5t$ 9 ,c1 or may be a wood5 grat+1 ,d4 ,^! pieces or sections toge!r con/itute ! head ,b1 & are kept 9 place by two cross pieces1 e e1 :i* are held d[n by blocks bolt$ or p9n$ to ! inside ( ! tank4 ,g is a /ave ) a block1 f1 atta*$1 & ,h ! same1 %[+ ! cross piece1 e1 slipp$ "u x4 ,:5 ! tank is fill$ to ! requir$ height1 ! false head is put 91 re/+ on ! pomace1 ! ends ( ! cross pieces are slipp$ "u ! blocks1 & ev]y?+ is ready4 ,z soon z ! f]m5tation becomes viol5t1 ! :ole w be subm]g$ 9 ! bubbl+ w9e4 ,h]metically ,seal$ ,tanks4--,closely cov]$ tanks mu/ be provid$ ) a safety valve or pipe = ! dis*>ge ( c>bonic acid gas1 lead+ & dis*>g+ into a vessel ( wat]1 :i* completely prev5ts contact ) ! air4 ,"u pressure ! f]m5tation is mu* sl[]1 & is n s complete4 ,yet great advantages are claim$ = ?is me?od by "s writ]s :o ma9ta9 t by keep+ ! cov] cool ) wet /raw or clo?1 or by us+ a safety tube 9 ! =m ( a worm pass+ ?r\gh a cond5s] on ! top ( ! vat1 ! vapors are cond5s$ & fall back into ! liquid1 prev5t+ loss ( alcohol1 & increas+ ! aroma1 & t ! w9e acquires a sup]ior f95ess & velvety smoo?ness "u ! pressure ( ! gas4 ,boireau says t ?is latt] quality is caus$ by ! complete dissolution ( ! mucilag9\s matt]s2 & ,pa/eur has %[n t m glyc]9e is produc$ :5 ! f]m5tation is sl[1 :i* may contribute to ! mell[ness & smoo?ness4 ,practice 9 ! ,mdoc4--,mr4 ,boireau says t ! great] "p ( ! gr& r$ w9es ( ! ,mdoc1 ! prime ,/4 ,emilion1 & ! prime ,graves1 are f]m5t$ 9 clos$ vats2 ?\gh a c]ta9 numb] ( ! v9iculturi/s /ill foll[ ! old cu/om1 & make _! w9e 9 op5 vats4 ,/irr+ ! ,pomace 9 ! ,vats4--,9 ,burgundy1 & 9 "s o!r p>ts ( ,france1 x is consid]$ necess>y to give ! mass a ?or\gh /irr+ 7f\lage7 dur+ ! active f]m5tation1 9 ord] t all p>ts may be equally expos$ to ! action ( ! f]m5t1 & also t a good color may be develop$2 & = ?is purpose m5 ent] into ! vats & ?or\ghly mix ! pomace & /ir x ab\t ) _! nak$ bodies & limbs1 a practice n only disgu/+ 9 ! extreme1 b dang]\s = ! m51 :o are expos$ to ! poison\s effects ( c>bonic acid4 ,x is by no means a g5]al practice1 & is ( d\btful utility1 ev5 if x %\ld be done by o!r ag5ts ?an ! nak$ human body4 ,x is evid5t t two oppos+ =ces are at "w :5 ! mu/ is /irr$ dur+ f]m5tation4 ,by ! a]ation f]m5tation w\ld naturally be increas$2 b ,dr4 ,guyot %[s t /irr+ actually dim9i%es its activity1 & he advocates ! practice 9 ord] t ! f]m5tation be n too tumultu\s4 ,! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e be+ l[] ?an t ( ! f]m5t+ mass1 a]ation by /irr+ mu/1 by l[]+ ! temp]ature1 dim9i% ! activity ( ! f]m5tation4 ,mr4 ,h>asz?y1 9 8 lecture be=e ! ,conv5tion ( ,v9iculturi/s 9 #ahhb1 recomm5d$ t ! mass be /irr$ :5 ! f]m5tation comm5ces to lag1 on ! !ory t by ?us mix+ aga9 ! yea/ ) ! liquid1 s expos+ x aga9 completely to ! action ( ! f]m5t1 f]m5tation w\ld />t aga9 ) r5ew$ vigor4 ,x c easily be /irr$ ) poles provid$ ) %\ld]s or %ort cross pieces4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t ! mu/ is suffici5tly a]at$ by cru%+ ! grapes ) roll]s1 & :]e ! vats are provid$ ) a false head to keep ! pomace subm]g$1 ! w9e w h suffici5t color )\t ! /irr+2 & x w\ld seem t ! w9e w\ld cle> soon] if ! lees 7 n /irr$ into x ne> ! end ( f]m5tation4 ,:]e ! vats are n cov]$1 & ! grapes are n /emm$ & n kept subm]g$1 a cru/ or cap is =m$ on ! top ( ! f]m5t+ mass1 :i* s\rs & rots if long expos$ to ! air1 & ! mix+ ( ?is ) ! liquid has a mo/ delet]i\s effect ^u ! w9e4 ,:5 to ,draw f ! ,vats4--,:5 ! fir/ or active f]m5tation 9 ! vats is complet$1 ! new w9e mu/ be drawn (f into pipes1 & ?us be sep>at$ f ! m>c1 consi/+ ( sk9s1 se$s1 & sometimes /ems1 & also f ! heavy lees :i* has settl$ 9 ! vats1 & x is important to "k ! prop] "t to d ?is4 ,! duration ( active f]m5tation dep5ds ^u sev]al causes & conditions z already indicat$1 su* z heat1 ! am\nt ( sug> conta9$ 9 ! mu/1 :e!r ! vats are cov]$ or op51 ! imm]sion ( ! m>c1 & :e!r ! grapes are /emm$1 etc4 ,x may be complet$ 9 f\r or five days1 or x may cont9ue = fifte5 or tw5ty days4 ,9 case ( mu/s poor 9 sug> x may r>ely t]m9ate 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,france ! grapes are all[$ to mac]ate = weeks & ev5 mon?s 7= !y _c f]m5t actively = t l5g? ( "t71 & :at might be good w9e1 ?us is (t5 spoil$4 ,! ,objections to ,long ,vatt+ are t ! m>c w absorb an undue am\nt ( alcohol1 z is %[n :5 x is submitt$ to di/illation 9 br&y mak+1 = m>cs :i* h rema9$ long 9 ! vats ) ! w9e yield m spirits1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! w9e is depriv$ ( s mu* /r5g?4 ,?is objection1 h[ev]1 w\ld h b little =ce :]e ! grapes are /emm$4 ,ano!r & m s]i\s objection is1 t by a long exposure to ! air :i* is apt to take place :5 ! vats are n closely cov]$1 "s ( ! alcohol w be *ang$ to v9eg>1 & ! w9e w rapidly deg5]ate1 & become s\r4 ,long contact ) ! se$s1 sk9s & /ems also produces a =eign ta/e 9 ! w9e kn[n to ! ,fr5* z gt de rpe1 /em flavor2 & x is obvi\s t if ! m>c is all[$ to rema9 9 ! liquid till x mac]ates & rots1 x w acquire a /ill m disagreeable aroma & flavor4 ,x is also said t "s v>ieties ( grapes :i* w n produce a w9e ) a b\quet1 :5 all[$ to rema9 long 9 ! tank1 w develop x 9 a vatt+ ( %ort duration4 ,! only advantage to be ga9$ by leav+ a w9e 9 ! vat aft] ! active f]m5tation is f9i%$1 is 9 ! way ( color4 ,:5 x is desirable--if x ev] is--to produce a d>k-color$ w9e at ! exp5se ( o!r good qualities1 x may be left 9 ! vat to soak4 ,su* w9es h _! use1 & t is to mix ) ^? :i* lack color1 b x is mu* bett] to mix 9 a quantity ( grapes :i* naturally produce good color4 ,9 mak+ ,f9e ,w9es1 a d>k color is n look$ = nor desir$1 b r a bright & lively r$2 & !y %\ld be all[$ to rema9 9 ! vat only long en\gh to conv]t ! great] "p ( ! sug> into alcohol4 ,h[ to ,"k :5 to ,draw f ! ,vat4--,x is said 9 g5]al t]ms t ! w9e %\ld be drawn f ! vat :5 ! active f]m5tation is f9i%$4 ,?is is kn[n by ! ta/e ( ! w9e by ^? long famili> ) ! v9\s flavor :i* takes ! place ( ! sweet ta/e ( ! sug>2 x is also recogniz$ by ! cessation ( ! production ( c>bonic acid & ! consequ5t bubbl+1 ! fall+ ( ! temp]ature1 ! settl+ d[n ( ! m>c1 & by ! cle>+ ( ! liquid4 ,if ! mu/ or new w9e %[s f #j to #a by ,baum's hydromet]1 or f #j to #b by ,ball+'s sac*>omet]1 ne>ly all ! sug> w h be5 conv]t$ into alcohol2 ,i say ne>ly all1 = all ! sug> is n conv]t$ till long aft] ! w9e is drawn f ! vat4 ,boireau says t ! f]m5tation is yet incomplete :5 ! hydromet] m>ks sev]al degrees ( d5sity1 & ! liquid is w>m1 sweeti%1 & muddy4 ,he says1 moreov]1 t c>e %\ld be tak5 t active f]m5tation has entirely ceas$ be=e putt+ ! w9e 9 pipes1 = if x is /ill sweeti% & f]m5t+1 x w rema9 sweet a long "t1 & f]m5ts w (t5 rema9 9 susp5sion1 :i* w r5d] ! w9e difficult to cle>1 & liable to f]m5t & become s\r4 ,me?od ( ,draw+ f ,vats & fill+ ,casks4--,if ! pipes are on ! same level ) ! vat1 or high]1 ! new w9e is run f ! vat ?r\gh a faucet into buckets & c>ri$ 9 !m to ! casks & p\r$ into ^! ?r\gh a funnel1 or is run into a l>ge receptacle or tub plac$ imm$iately "u ! faucet & pump$ into ! casks by means ( a =ce pump4 ,b ! m exp$iti\s way is to h ! casks rang$ on a level l[] ?an ! bottom ( ! f]m5t+ tank1 & !n to run ! w9e directly into !m ?r\gh a hose atta*$ to ! faucet4 ,( c\rse1 c>eful m5 mu/ be 9 att5dance to wat* ! op]ation1 & close ! faucet z soon z ! cask is fill$1 & imm$iately transf] ! hose to an empty "o1 s t ! w9e may n run ov] & wa/e4 ,:]e ! w9e is drawn f m ?an "o vat1 x %\ld be equally di/ribut$ ?r\gh all ! casks1 s t ! quality may be z ne>ly uni=m z possible4 ,if ! press w9e is to be mix$ ) ! vat w9e1 ! casks %\ld only be fill$ to ?ree-f\r?s or f\r-fif?s ( _! capacity1 9 ord] to leave room = ! =m]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,w9e ,presses4 ,w9e ,presses4--,w9e presses are con/ruct$ 9 sev]al diff]5t =ms1 & ! =ce is appli$ by means ( a simple lev]1 consi/+ ( a long timb] weight$ at ! end & rigg$ ) a rope & pulley to raise & l[] x1 or by means ( a l>ge screw4 ,hydraulic presses are also us$ 9 l>ge e/abli%m5ts4 ,x is n necess>y "h to give a detail$ description ( a press ( ei!r k9d1 = ! prospective w9e mak] w exam9e ! diff]5t ones & see !m 9 action1 & *oose accord+ to 8 means & necessities4 ,fig4 #f repres5ts screw presses4 ,a v simple "o1 h[ev]1 & :i* c be made by any c>p5t]1 consi/s ( a box two or ?ree feet squ>e1 & a foot or m high4 ,?is box1 h[ev]1 is made up ( sections1 ea* ( :i* is five or six in*es high2 & !y %\ld be con/ruct$ ( /rong two-in* timb]1 well mortis$ toge!r1 & p]=at$ ) small holes ?r\gh :i* ! w9e may ooze out4 ,! height1 & consequ5tly ! capacity ( ! box or receptacle w dep5d ^u ! numb] ( sections us$4 ,a broad bo>d con/itutes ! bottom ( ! press & %\ld be l>g] ?an ! receptacle itself1 & be provid$ ) a rim op5 9 ! middle ( ! l[] side1 & hav+ a %all[ sp\t = ! w9e to run ?r\gh4 ,?is bottom is firmly plac$ s z to incl9e slightly =w>d1 ! sections are plac$ on x1 "o on ! o!r1 till ! box is ( ! desir$ height1 !n ! m>c f ! vat is fill$ 9 & a head or foll[] fitt$ to ! inside ( ! box is plac$ on ! m>c1 & pressure is appli$ ) a lev]4 ,?is lev] is a /rong piece ( timb] ) its fulcrum end plac$ 9 a mortise 9 a l>ge tree1 or adju/$ 9 any o!r suitable mann]1 all[+ free play to ! o!r end to :i* is atta*$ ! rope & pulley to facilitate its movem5t4 ,press+ & ,press ,w9e4--,9 ! manufacture ( all b f9e w9es1 x is ! usual practice to mix ! press w9e ) ! w9e f ! vat4 ,& z ! w9e rema9+ 9 ! pomace is ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! :ole1 x w be equally di/ribut$ among all ! casks by fill+ ) x ! vacancy left 9 !m4 ,if a light pressure is fir/ appli$1 ! w9e ( ! fir/ press+ w diff] b little f ! vat w9e4 ,aft] ?is1 h[ev]1 ! m>c %\ld be spad$ & /irr$ & pressure appli$ aga91 & ! process repeat$ till ! w9e no long] fl[s4 ,dur+ ! la/ press+ x is necess>y to apply s mu* =ce t a great am\nt ( color+ matt] is press$ f ! sk9s1 & tann9 f ! se$s1 & also f ! /ems :5 n remov$1 & ! advantage ( color may be m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! excess ( tann94 ,!re may be dang] ( giv+ ! w9e too mu* a/r+5cy by mix+ ! la/ press+s4 ,special ,practice = ,f9e ,w9es4--,mr4 ,boireau indicates ! practice 9 mak+ common w9es1 z foll[s1 z a w>n+ to ^? :o c make f9e w9es4 ,he says t ! w9e :i* ! m>c conta9s is remov$ by press+ x almo/ to dryness1 & t ! w9e ?us obta9$ is v muddy1 v h>%1 & sometimes s\r1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! upp] "p ( ! cru/ has n be5 remov$1 :]e op5 vats are us$ & ! m>c n subm]g$4 ,! great] "p ( ! proprietors ( ! ord9>y gr[?s h ! deplorable habit ( mix+ ! press w9e1 )\t cle>+ x1 ) ! limpid "p drawn f ! vat4 ,he says t x %\ld be kept sep>ate1 or o!rwise ! bett] "p ( ! w9e w be made muddy & difficult to cle>4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,r$ ,,w9e4 ,ins5sible ,f]m5tation4--,aft] ! w9e has und]gone its active f]m5tation1 has be5 drawn f ! vat & be5 fill$ into casks1 ! latt] %\ld be at once /or$ 9 a suitable place above gr\nd ( ev51 mod]ate temp]ature1 or 9 an und]gr\nd cell> ^: temp]ature is n mu* bel[ #fj ,f4 ,! new w9e /ill conta9s "s sug>1 & a sl[ f]m5tation goes on1 bubbles ( gas are giv5 (f1 & s$im5t falls to ! bottom4 ,?is is call$ ! second>y or ins5sible f]m5tation1 & :5 ?is is f9i%$ & no m gas arises1 ! w9e has become cle>4 ,a good deal ( ! c>bonic acid t rises 9 bubbles is n produc$ by ! ins5sible f]m5tation1 b has become dissolv$ 9 ! w9e dur+ ! active f]m5tation1 & is gradually giv5 (f ) ! new gas produc$4 ,:ile ! gas is produc$ 9 ! cask1 x mu/ n be closely bung$1 b ! bung-holes %\ld be loosely cov]$ ) a v9e leaf1 a block1 an inv]t$ bung1 or a bag ( s&1 s t ! gas may escape4 ,v>i\s pat5t bungs h be5 devis$ ) ! same object4 ,! w9e %\ld be ta/$ at ea* fill+ ( ! cask dur+ ?is p]iod to asc]ta9 :e!r ! ins5sible f]m5tation has entirely ceas$1 :i* may be kn[n f ! fact t x has lo/ ! peculi> pung5t flavor ( ! c>bonic acid4 ,z soon z ?is f]m5tation is end$1 ! casks %\ld be tightly bung$ ) conical bungs1 :i* c be easily remov$ dur+ ! p]iod :5 x is necess>y to fill up frequ5tly4 ,ull+ or ,fill+ ,up4--,ow+ to ! escape ( gas & to evaporation1 vacant spaces are rapidly =m$ 9 ! casks :i* mu/ be fill$ ) ! same k9d ( w9e z t conta9$ 9 !m4 ,x is well to keep a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! w9e ( ea* v9tage 9 small] vessels1 to be us$ = ?is purpose1 su* z b>rels1 kegs1 demijohns1 & bottles1 accord+ to ! ext5t ( ! v9tage4 ,if "o vessel is p>tly empti$1 ! rema9+ w9e %\ld be put into a small] "o4 ,x is absolutely necess>y t all ( ! casks be kept full or ! w9e w spoil4 7,see exceptions "u ,sweet ,w9e47 ,= ?is purpose1 dur+ ! fir/ week !y %\ld be fill$ e day or two1 !n two or ?ree times ! next week1 & lat]1 once a week1 once 9 two weeks1 & f9ally once a mon?4 ,?is is gov]n$ a good deal by ! rapidity ( ! evaporation1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! cell> or place ( /orage4 ,?is op]ation is p]=m$ by means ( any vessel ) :i* ! w9e c easily be p\r$ into ! bung-hole2 ! conv5i5t ut5sil1 h[ev]1 is a vessel 9 ! =m ( a small wat]+ pot ) a long sp\t1 ) :i* ! bung c easily be rea*$4 7,figs4 #g & #h47 ,a good sub/itute is an ord9>y t9 funnel ) a flexible rubb] tube atta*$ to ! small op5+4 ,:]e ! casks are pil$ up 9 ! cell> s t ! bungs _c o!rwise be rea*$1 a funnel call$ ! ,z funnel 7fig4 #i7 is us$1 :i* is provid$ ) a long sp\t or tube turn+ at "r angles to ! upp] "p1 & ^: tip turns d[n1 & :i* c easily be pass$ betwe5 ! casks to ! bung4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! bung _c be rea*$1 a small hole is bor$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! head ( ! cask1 & ! w9e put 9 ) a ,z funnel ^: tube turns at "r angles b does n turn d[n at ! tip 7fig4 #aj47 ,! v5t is op5$ 9 ! highe/ "p ( ! bulge1 & w9e is p\r$ into ! funnel ^: tip is 9 ! end hole till x rises to ! v5t1 :i* is !n clos$1 & ! funnel is remov$ & ! hole clos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,fig4 #h4 ,ull+ ,pots4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,z ,funnel4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,z ,funnel4 ,z "s w9e is liable to be lo/ 9 ull+ a cask ^: bung is out ( sight1 to avoid ?is1 an in/rum5t 9 ! =m ( a wat]+ pot1 simil> to figs4 #g & #h1 has be5 devis$1 b ^: top is entirely cov]$1 ! w9e be+ p\r$ into x ?r\gh a tube :i* is clos$ ) a cork :5 9 use4 ,! v5t is ne> ! tip ( ! sp\t on ! "u side1 s t ! w9e w run z long z ! cask is n full1 b w /op z soon z ! v5t is cov]$ by ! w9e ris+ 9 ! cask4 ,x is conv5i5t to h a /opcock on ! sp\t4 ,_m ( ^! implem5ts are provid$ ) a socket to hold a c&le4 ,summ>y ( ! ,rules = ! ,treatm5t ( ,new ,r$ ,w9es4 #a4 ,put ! casks1 well bung$1 9 a cell> or o!r well clos$ place1 & keep !m con/antly full1 by frequ5tly & regul>ly fill+ !m ) w9e ( ! same k9d4 #b4 ,rack ! w9e z soon z ! ins5sible f]m5tation has ceas$ & ! w9e has become limpid1 i4 e41 ab\t ,decemb]2 rack aga9 be=e ! v]nal equ9ox2 t[>ds ! summ] sol/ice2 & also ne> ! autumnal equ9ox4 ,rack+ %\ld always be done1 if possible1 dur+ cool wea!r4 7,see ,rack+47 #c4 ,to prev5t second>y f]m5tations1 draw (f ! w9e :5ev] by ta/+ y recognize by ! flavor t x is comm5c+ to "w4 ,if ! w9es are bright1 avoid f9+1 & s pres]ve _! fruity flavor2 b if !y rema9 muddy aft] ! second rack+1 f9e !m aft] ! ?ird draw+ (f ) ! :ites ( eggs1 & leave !m ! %orte/ possible "t on ! f9+s4 ,mr4 ,boireau says t by su* treatm5t w9es w be obta9$ limpid & free f second>y f]m5tations1 & t gr& w9es w s pres]ve _! fruity flavor2 :ile if !y are all[$ to "w aga9 aft] ! cessation ( ! ins5sible f]m5tation1 !y w lose _! fruity flavor & mell[ness1 & become too dry4 ,9 ord] to avoid ?is dryness produc$ by second>y f]m5tations1 :i* w consid]ably dim9i% ! value ( ! w9es1 & especially ( gr& w9es1 "s w9e mak]s place ! casks ) ! bung on "o side aft] ! ,june rack+2 ?is practice %\ld n be foll[$1 = ! elevation ( ! temp]ature at t season is liable to set !m f]m5t+4 ,! idea is 9 all cases to avoid mix+ ! lees ) ! w9e1 & if "y w9es are to be %ipp$ be=e ! arrival ( ! p]iod ( ! fir/ rack+1 !y %\ld nev]!less be c>efully drawn (f1 if !y h already become cle>1 = to m+le aga9 ! lees ) w9e1 pr$isposes x to second>y f]m5tations1 & r5d]s x difficult to cl>ify4 ,treatm5t ( ,old ,r$ ,w9es4--,w9es aft] ! f\r? rack+ are treat$ z old w9es4 ,:5 !y h acquir$ a clean ta/e1 are limpid & no long] f]m5t1 ! casks %\ld be c>efully fill$ & tightly bung$1 & !y %\ld be /or$ 9 a suitable place1 ) ! bung turn$ to "o side4 ,! bung be+ ?us con/antly wet swells & exactly fills ! hole1 ! w9e keeps bett]1 !re is less loss by evaporation1 & con/ant fill+ up is avoid$4 ,if x happ5s t by bad treatm5t ! w9es are n cle> & behave badly1 !y %\ld receive ! necess>y treatm5t1 & be cl>ifi$ be=e p]man5tly put away ) ! bung at ! side4 ,9 cell>s & o!r well clos$ places1 old r$ w9e1 clean-ta/+1 bright & quiet1 /or$ 9 good1 well hoop$ casks1 ne$ only two rack+s p] ye>1 "o 9 ,m>* & ! o!r 9 ,septemb]1 unless = "s reason x loses its limpidity by ent]+ aga9 into f]m5tation1 :i* w be discov]$ by ta/+ f "t to "t4 ,9 t case1 x %\ld imm$iately be drawn (f )\t reg>d to ! date ( ! =m] rack+1 & !n f9$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to leave ullage 9 ! cask ( old w9e1 by frequ5t sampl+s & ta/+s4 ,& :5 x occurs1 9 ord] to avoid its effects1 ! w9e may imm$iately be drawn into a small] cask1 & ?is is necess>y m frequ5tly 9 airy /oreh\ses :]e ! evaporation is great] ?an 9 cell>s4 ,boireau says t if ^! rules are c>efully obs]v$ ! w9es w improve1 & develop all ! qualities :i* by _! nature !y are susceptible ( acquir+4 ,! great] or less degree ( f95ess :i* !y acquire by ag+ "u prop] conditions results pr9cipally f two causes3 ,! fir/ is ! deposit ( color+ matt] & div]s salts :i* ! new w9e conta9s 9 dissolution1 & :i* become insoluble by ent]+ into new comb9ations1 & :i* 9 _! turn are remov$ at ea* rack+1 ) ! lees2 ! second cause is ! trans=mation ( ! tann91 :i* gives ! w9e a c]ta9 degree ( r\ghness1 into gallic acid1 & its extraction 9 ! insoluble comb9ations :i* x =ms ) ! diff]5t pr9ciples conta9$ 9 ! w9e & ) ! f9+s :i* are introduc$4 ,x foll[s t old w9e loses "p ( its color & soluble salts1 & a great "p ( ! tann9 :i* x orig9ally conta9$4 ,its ta/e is m delicate1 its flavor1 :i* 0 mask$ by ^! diff]5t matt]s1 comes out bett]1 its b\quet comm5ces to develop1 & its mell[ness is m pron\nc$4 ,^! rem>ks are m p>ticul>ly applicable to gr& w9es1 = 9 _m ( ! ord9>y ones ! fruity flavor :i* !y h :5 new is lo/ be=e ! end ( ! fir/ ye>1 because ! mucilages & pect9e1 :i* give !m _! mell[ness1 are ei!r precipitat$ ) ! lees or are de/roy$ by ins5sible f]m5tation4 ,9 g5]al ^! w9es lack firmness1 body & tann91 & _m ( !m %[ a /rong t5d5cy to lose _! color4 ,! "t necess>y = w9es to rema9 9 wood 9 ord] to acquire ! highe/ degree ( p]fection :i* !y c acquire 9 casks1 dep5ds ^u ! quality ( ! w9e2 w9es ( /r5g? & body require m "t ?an feeble ones4 ,our au?or says t1 on ! av]age1 ! poore/ w9es ( ! ,mdoc become bright ab\t ! end ( two ye>s1 & if !y are kept long]1 !y lose _! mell[ness4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 ! firm & full-bodi$ w9es ( ! same localities require to rema9 9 wood a ye> long] to arrive at p]fect maturity4 ,c]ta9 w9es /rongly *>g$ ) tann91 com+ f c]ta9 localities1 & ^? made f ! v]dot grape1 are long 9 develop+1 b !y keep s mu* ! long]4 ,:5 !y h atta9$ _! entire developm5t & ! sep>ation ( ! lees is complete1 !y mu/ be bottl$1 = !y w lose _! qualities if left 9 casks4 ,9 bottles !y arrive at p]fection2 !y acquire b\quet :ile !y pres]ve _! mell[ness1 b 9 casks1 !y f9ally lose _! fruity flavor & velvety smoo?ness1 & become dry4 ,& he gives ! foll[+3 ,summ>y ( ,rules = ! ,c>e ( ,old ,r$ ,w9es4 #a4 ,!y %\ld be kept 9 places p]fectly clos$1 & be=e turn+ ! bung to "o side1 we %\ld be satisfi$ t !y are p]fectly bright1 quiet1 & well behav$4 #b4 ,!y %\ld be drawn f ! lees twice a ye>2 ! casks %\ld be kept full2 & !y %\ld be kept f second>y f]m5tations by wat*+ & opportune rack+4 #c4 ,keep d[n ! loss by evaporation by all means possible1 & keep !m 9 close cell>s1 9 /rong1 well hoop$ casks1 & avoid ullage4 #d4 ,bottle !m be=e !y lose _! fruity flavor1 & z soon z !y cease to deposit4 ,?us w !y acquire all ! qualities ( :i* by _! nature !y are susceptible4 ,b if !y are kept 9 places to :i* ! air has free access1 ! evaporation w be great2 & if ! casks are left ) ullage caus$ by too frequ5t sampl+1 or too infrequ5t rack+1 !y w "w1 become dry1 lose _! mell[ness1 & become slightly affect$ by acetic acid1 produc$ by contact ) ! air4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,:ite ,,w9e4 ,made f bo? ,r$ & ,:ite ,grapes4--,z ! color ( grapes resides entirely 9 ! sk9s1 ) ! exception ( a few v>ieties su* z ! ,ti5turi]s & ! ,am]ican v>iety ,l5oir1 :i* h color$ juice1 ) ^! exceptions1 :ite w9e may be made f bo? :ite & color$ grapes4 ,diff]5ces betwe5 ,r$ & ,:ite ,w9e4--,in/ead ( putt+ ! pomace into f]m5t+ vats1 x is tak5 imm$iately to ! press1 & ! juice is f]m5t$ by itself1 free f /ems1 sk9s1 & se$s1 & is !re=e n only free f ! color+ matt] conta9$ 9 ! sk9s1 b also f ! num]\s matt]s t are conta9$ 9 r$ w9e1 extract$ f ! pomace dur+ f]m5tation4 ,x is true t :ite w9e may be made f :ite grapes by ! process t is employ$ 9 mak+ r$ w9e f color$ grapes1 b !n x ceases to be :at is commonly call$ :ite w9e1 & possesses all ! *>act]i/ics ( r$ w9e except its color1 :i* ( itself has little effect ^u ! w9e1 except to *ange its appe>ance2 = :5 :ite w9e has be5 color$ by ! addition ( a small quantity ( v d>k w9e1 x rema9s :ite w9e /ill 9 all its o!r *>act]i/ics1 & ! diff]5ce is readily detect$ by exp]ts4 ,hygi5ic effects ( ,r$ & ( ,:ite ,w9e4--,dr4 ,guyot says t :ite w9es g5]ally are diffusible /imulants ( ! n]v\s sy/em2 if !y are light1 !y act rapidly ^u ! human organism1 & excite all its functions4 ,b !y escape z readily by ! sk9 & excretory organs1 & _! effect is ( %ort duration4 ,r$ w9es1 on ! o!r h&1 are tonic & p]si/5t /imulants ( ! n]ves1 muscles1 & dige/ive organs2 _! action is sl[] & m prolong$2 !y d n increase p]spiration or ! excretions1 & _! action g5]ally is a/r+5t1 p]si/5t1 & conc5trat$4 ,process ( ,mak+4--,z ! mu/ comes f ! press x is ei!r imm$iately run into casks1 or is fir/ put into a vat to settle4 ,9 ! latt] case x is all[$ to /& 9 ! settl+ vat f twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & a l>ge portion ( ! yea/y p>ts settle to ! bottom1 a ?ick scum rises to ! surface1 & ! mu/ becomes p>tially cle>$4 ,! scum is !n skimm$ f ! top1 & ! liquid is drawn (f into casks1 leav+ ! heavy lees4 ,by ?is means a great "p ( ! f]m5tive matt] is imm$iately remov$1 & ! w9e does n f]m5t z ?or\ghly nor z rapidly z x o!rwise w\ld1 & reta9s a portion ( its sug> & its sweetness long]4 ,9 ! ,*ampagne di/ricts ! mu/s = sp>kl+ w9es are ?us treat$4 ,if ! wea!r is v w>m1 x may n be practicable to d ?is1 because f]m5tation w set 9 be=e ! mu/ has "t to settle4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is desir$ to make a dry w9e1 ! mu/ is n put into a settl+ vat1 b is run f ! press directly into ! casks4 ,! ,b>rels 9 :i* :ite w9e is f]m5t$ & /or$ are g5]ally ( small size1 ( a capacity ( f #cj to #aej gallons1 or say #ej or #fj gallons on an av]age1 & x is consid]$ 9 ,france t x pres]ves its good qualities 9 casks ( mod]ate size bett] ?an 9 l>ge ones4 ,x is to be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t x is consid]$ advisable 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,france t :ite w9e %\ld reta9 a portion ( its sweetness & be mell[ r ?an dry2 b if x is desirable to make a dry w9e1 l>g] casks may be us$ = f]m5t+ & /or+4 7,b see ,summ>y ( ,rules1 bel[1 & ,casks47 ,fill+ ! ,b>rels dur+ ,f]m5tation4--,a "q ^u :i* !re is "s diff]5ce ( op9ion1 is :e!r ! casks %\ld be imm$iately fill$ to _! full capacity & kept fill$ up dur+ ! fir/ f]m5tation1 s t ! scum & foam w be ?r[n out ( ! bung1 or :e!r a vacant space %all be left 9 ea* b>rel1 s t all ! matt] ?r[n up by ! f]m5tation %all rema94 ,! objections to all[+ ! w9e to boil ov] are t mu* good w9e is !reby lo/1 & ! outside ( ! b>rels & ! floor ( ! f]m5t+ h\se or cell> becomes f\l4 ,:5 ! active f]m5tation ceases1 :atev] has be5 ?r[n up 9 ! =m ( a dirty scum w settle to ! bottom ) ! re/ ( ! lees1 & is no m injuri\s ?an ! latt]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! foam is all[$ to run ov] by keep+ ! b>rels full1 a portion ( ! yea/y p>ts w be ?r[n out1 f]m5tation w n g on z tumultu\sly nor be z complete1 & ! w9e w long] reta9 a portion ( its sweetness4 ,s t ! practice 9 ?is behalf1 z 9 mo/ o!rs :]e !re is a div]sity ( practices 9 mak+ :ite w9e1 dep5ds ^u :e!r x is desir$ to make a v dry w9e1 or "o t reta9s a portion ( its sug>4 ,b 9 ! ,*ampagne di/ricts1 al?\gh !y all[ ! m>c to settle1 !y d n all[ x to run ov] 9 f]m5t+4 ,press+ & ,fill+4--,! pomace is press$ 9 ! same mann] z ! m>c ( r$ w9e1 9 two or ?ree diff]5t press+s4 ,! usual practice is to fill ! b>rels ) an equal am\nt ( mu/ f ea* press+1 s t ! cont5ts ( all %all be uni=m 9 quality4 ,if x is kn[n be=eh& h[ mu* w9e c be made f a giv5 quantity ( grapes1 ! requisite numb] ( b>rels w be provid$ = ea* lot1 & ! mu/ ( ea* press+ w be equally di/ribut$ 9 all4 7,see ,g5]al ,*apt]47 ,diff]5t k9ds ( ,:ite ,w9e4--,boireau divides :ite w9es into ?ree classes3 dry1 mell[1 & sweet1 ^: *>act]i/ics dep5d ess5tially ^u ! d5sity ( _! mu/s4 ,9 ,dry ,:ite ,w9es f]m5tation is complete1 & all ! sug> t is appreciable by ! ta/e or ! hydromet]1 except ! small am\nt *ang$ into o!r sub/ances1 is trans=m$ into alcohol & c>bonic acid4 ,! grapes are ga!r$ z soon z ripe1 & are n all[$ to %rivel4 ,! d5sity ( ! mu/ r>ely exce$s #ac ,baum4 ,mell[ ,:ite ,w9es are ^? :i* pres]ve a small quantity ( sug> aft] ! tumultu\s f]m5tation has ceas$1 & :i* gives !m mell[ness & unctuosity4 ,to produce ^! w9es1 x is necess>y to increase ! d5sity ( ! mu/1 :i* is accompli%$ 9 ! ,gironde by leav+ ! grapes ^u ! v9es until !y %rivel & turn br[n 7:ite grapes are us$71 & !y are ga!r$ by sev]al successive pick+s4 ,! d5sity ( ! mu/ is f #ab to #ae ,baum4 ,^! w9es occupy ! place betwe5 dry w9es & sweet w9es4 ,:ite ,sweet ,w9es 7v9s de liqueur7 are ^? :i* pres]ve a consid]able portion ( _! sug>1 :i* r5d]s !m v sweet4 ,& 9 ord] t !y may reta9 _! sweetness 9 ag+1 ! mu/ %\ld m>k #ae to #bj ,baum4 ,! ,gr& ,:ite ,w9es ( ,france & ,g]many d n require any diff]5t treatm5t f t already describ$1 except t ! greate/ c>e is ex]cis$ 9 assort+ ! grapes & all[+ !m to arrive at ! p]iod ( greate/ maturity1 &1 ( c\rse1 !y are made f ! *oice/ v>ieties4 ,9 describ+ ! condition 9 :i* ! grapes are :5 ga!r$1 ! ,fr5* use ! ^w p\rris1 :i* is usually translat$ rott54 ,b ,boireau says t x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! grapes are spoil$ 7gts7 because !y are p\rris2 ! condition :i* is s\ght is a sort ( natural dessication effect$ by ! heat ( ! sun1 :i* evaporates a "p ( ! wat] ( vegetation & conc5trates ! sac*>9e matt]1 z well z ! savory & aromatic pr9ciple1 & bakes ! grape1 z x 74 ,if ! wea!r rema9s dry1 ! grapes rema9 = a =tnight p]fectly ripe )\t any det]ioration ( ! sk91 b little by little x *anges f yell[ or gold5 to br[n1 loses its consi/5cy & rots1 or r cracks & gives way4 ,x is !n t dessication comm5ces2 ! rays ( ! sun p5etrate ! ?9 pellicle & volatilize ! wat] ( vegetation4 ,9 ord] to bett] accompli% ?is result a portion ( ! leaves are remov$ f ! v9e :5 ! grapes are ne>ly ripe4 ,^? grapes only are pick$ :i* are suffici5tly %rivel$2 if only a "p ( ! clu/] is ripe1 a few grapes are remov$ at a pick+4 ,! v9es are usually gone ov] 9 ?is mann] ?ree times4 ,at ,b>sac & ,saut]nes ! :ite w9es are kn[n by ?ree diff]5t names1 indicat+ 9 _! ord] _! /r5g? & sweetness3 ,! fir/1 or sweete/1 are call$ ttes2 ! second1 c5tres2 & ! ?ird1 queues2 or head w9es1 middle w9es1 & tail w9es4 ,if ! mu/ does n indicate m ?an #ab1 #ac1 or #ad ,baum1 ! w9e _c be expect$ to pres]ve its sweetness & mell[ness 9 ag+4 ,if x is desir$ to make ! sweet head w9es1 hav+ ! inimitable flavor 7gt de roti7 :i* !y get f ! great maturity ( ! grapes1 ! d5sity mu/ be all[$ to increase till ,baum's in/rum5t m>ks #ah to #bj4 ,w9es f mu/ ( #af ,baum w pres]ve _! sweetness = a long "t1 b z !y develop a l>ge am\nt ( alcohol1 x is pref]able t !y be sweet]1 & t ! mu/ m>k #ah to #bj4 ,z ^! w9es d n develop m ?an #ae to #af p] c5t4 ( alcohol by f]m5tation1 !y w n be> transportation ?r\gh tropical climates ) safety1 & x is necess>y to add _s en\gh to raise ! /r5g? to #ah p] c5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y are c>efully manag$1 & kept 9 a cool cell>1 !y w rema9 sweet4 ,treatm5t ( ,:ite ,w9es4--,dur+ ! active f]m5tation !y %\ld be left 9 a mod]ately w>m place ( ev5 temp]ature1 & until ! foam+ has ceas$4 ,!n1 !y may be /or$ 9 a cool] place if desirable1 or may be left :]e !y are4 ,b !n ! bungs %\ld be loosely clos$ ) a *ip or any?+ t w all[ ! escape ( gas1 & ! casks mu/ be fill$ up e two or ?ree days4 ,:5 ! gas has ceas$1 !y %\ld be bung$ tight1 & fill$ up once or twice a week1 accord+ to ! rapidity ( evaporation1 until ! fir/ rack+4 7,see bel[47 ,to keep ,sweet4--,if x is desir$ t ! w9e %\ld pres]ve a portion ( its sweetness & rema9 mell[1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to di/urb x aft] x has comm5c$ deposit+1 = !reby ! s$im5t & f]m5t w be aga9 m+l$ ) ! w9e & its f]m5tation r5d]$ m active1 all its sug> may be trans=m$1 & ! w9e become dry4 ,f]m5tation may be *eck$ at any p]iod by sulphur+1 z is describ$ "u ! prop] head 7see ,sulphur+ & ,unf]m5t$ ,mu/71 & s ! w9es may be made dry or sweet at w2 b if ! sweet ones conta9 less ?an #ae p] c5t4 ( alcohol !y w f]m5t4 ,by sulphur+ !y may be kept sweet f "o v9tage to ano!r1 ev5 if ! mu/s h n a high degree ( sug>2 b !y mu/ be con/antly kept "u ! influ5ce ( sulphur\s acid & protect$ f ! air4 ,b ! frequ5t sulphur+ & rack+ :i* !y mu/ necess>ily und]go gives !m an odor & a flavor ( sulphur2 & if !y are n wat*$ !y f]m5t4 ,! c>e to be giv5 to :ite w9es aft] ! fir/ rack+ dep5ds ^u _! "*4 ,9 ! ,case ( ,dry ,w9es1 ^: sug> has all be5 trans=m$1 ! same att5tions are to be be/[$ z 9 ! case ( new r$ w9es1 & ! rules laid d[n are ref]r$ to4 7,see ,r$ ,w9e47 ,mell[ ,:ite ,w9es1 t is1 ^? :i* reta9 a portion ( _! sweetness aft] ! tumultu\s f]m5tation1 p>ticul>ly if !y d n c>ry #ae p] c5t4 ( alcohol1 require ! greate/ am\nt ( c>e 9 ord] to pres]ve _! mell[ness 9 ag+2 = if left to !mselves !y w aga9 ent] into f]m5tation1 & become dry4 ,su* w9es %\ld be pres]v$ aga9/ all ult]ior f]m5tations1 & %\ld be made p]fectly bright & fre$ f f]m5ts1 b ?is %\ld be done ) z little f9+ or filtration z possible1 :i* dim9i%es _! mell[ness4 ,x may be well to note t ! less alcohol t mell[ w9es h1 ! m susceptible !y are to f]m5tation1 & ! consequ5t loss ( _! mell[ness4 ,^? :i* h #ae p] c5t4 & h kept _! mell[ness aft] ! fir/ f]m5tation1 d n lose x z readily z ^? ( a less] degree4 ,if !y h less ?an #ae p] c5t4 ( _s & are sweet1 to reta9 _! sweetness1 !y mu/ be completely cl>ifi$ to free !m f f]m5ts2 & 9 "s cases x is necess>y n only to rack !m1 b at ! same "t to sulphur !m1 & f9e !m ) gelat9e aft] add+ tann94 ,su* w9es1 n hav+ naturally t]m9at$ _! f]m5tation1 :i* 0 arre/$ by sulphur\s acid1 reit]at$ rack+s1 ! extraction ( f]m5ts1 & ! l[]+ ( ! temp]ature--h a natural t5d5cy to f]m5t2 & ! arre/$ f]m5tation readily recomm5ces if ! w9e is left to itself1 if vigilance is relax$1 if ! temp]ature increases1 or if subject$ to ! movem5t ( transportation4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ^? :i* h acquir$ ! l>ge/ am\nt ( alcohol possible by f]m5tation 7betwe5 #ae & #af p] c5t471 no new _s is =m$ at ! exp5se ( ! sug>1 except 9 case ( loss ( /r5g? by evaporation or o!r enfeebl+ cause4 ,summ>y ( ,rules = ! treatm5t ( mell[ :ite w9es1 accord+ to ,boireau3 #a4 ,!y %\ld be /or$ 9 p]fectly clos$ places1 9 /rong1 well hoop$ casks4 #b4 ,! casks %\ld always be kept tightly bung$1 & con/antly full1 by frequ5t & regul> ull+s1 ) bright w9e ( ! same quality1 & hav+ ! same temp]ature4 #c4 ,!y %\ld become bright1 be protect$ aga9/ second>y f]m5tations1 & fre$ f ! yea/ :i* !y conta9 by rack+s dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 accord+ z _! lees are deposit$4 ,f9+ %\ld n be resort$ to except :5 !y _c be cle>$ by rack+ at ! prop] "t 7rigor\sly protect$ f contact ) ! air7 into a cask sulphur$ ) a d\ble squ>e ( a sulphur mat*4 #d4 ,:5 !y h be5 ?ree or f\r ye>s 9 wood1 if !y are n !n bottl$1 !y %\ld be rack$ & transf]r$ to tuns :]e !y receive ! same c>e2 ! tuns %\ld be fir/ temp]$ ) w9es ( ! same class4 #e4 ,!y mu/ be con/antly wat*$ & frequ5tly ta/$ to assure "o's self t !y d n ent] into f]m5tation2 if !y d1 !y mu/ be rack$ at once4 ,rack+4--,:5 !y rema9 calm aft] ! ins5sible f]m5tation is t]m9at$1 :e!r !y are old or "y1 !y %\ld be rack$ ?ree times ea* ye>2 fir/1 at ! spr\t+ ( ! v9e 9 ! spr+1 9 ,m>*1 be=e ! equ9ox2 secondly1 at ! fl[]+ ( ! v9e 9 ,june1 be=e ! summ] sol/ice2 & ?irdly1 at ! rip5+ ( ! grape 9 ,septemb]1 be=e ! autumnal equ9ox4 7,see ,rack+47 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,casks4 ,casks are almo/ univ]sally made ( oak1 ?\gh o!r mat]ial has be5 tri$1 b g5]ally to be ab&on$ 9 favor ( ! fir/ nam$4 ,l>ge1 cov]$ tanks ( r$wood are us$ to "s ext5t 9 ,cali=nia = /or+ r$ w9e1 be+ fir/ well /eam$ to extract ! color+ matt] ( ! wood1 b !y are n consid]$ desirable1 & _h bett] be replac$ by oak casks4 ,oak ,wood4--,9 ,france v nice di/9ctions us$ to be made z to ! k9d & nationality ( ! wood us$1 ! %ook f ! nor?1 ,dantzig1 ,lubeck1 ,memel1 ,riga1 & ,/ett91 tak+ ! fir/ rank1 t f ,am]ica ! second1 & t kn[n z ,bosnian1 f ! s\!rn prov9ces ( ,au/ria & ! nor? ( ,turkey 9 ,europe1 ! ?ird1 & t ( ,france ! f\r?4 ,t f ,am]ica is ! mo/ pliable1 b is liable to be f\nd worm-eat54 ,all k9ds ( oak wood conta9 9 diff]5t proportions f\rte5 diff]5t pr9ciples1 sev]al ( :i* are dissolv$ by w9e1 & among ! mo/ important ( :i* are tann91 gallic acid1 a bitt] extractive1 mucilage1 vegetable album51 & sev]al ( pron\nc$ smell & ta/e4 ,! ,bosnian oak conta9s ! mo/ tann9 & soluble matt]1 & is suitable = highly color$ w9es4 ,b n[-a-days !re is n s mu* /ress laid ^u ! quality ( ! wood z =m]ly4 ,_! extracts s]ve (t5 to correct "s ( ! defects ( ! w9e1 & _m ( !m are neutraliz$ by ! +r$i5ts ( ! latt]4 ,by ! introduction ( _! tann9 & album5 ! cl>ification ( w9e is facilitat$2 b none b new w9e ^: ins5sible f]m5tation is n yet complet$ %\ld be put into new casks1 = !y cause old] w9es to lose _! transp>5cy1 & give !m a woody flavor :i* may la/ a long "t4 ,!re=e1 temp] y\r new casks ) new w9e4 ,/or+ ,casks4--,casks %\ld be kept 9 a clos$ place1 n s dry z to cause mu* %r9kage1 nor s damp z to cause m\ld4 ,9 ,cali=nia dur+ ! summ]1 !re is no dang] f ! latt]1 b ! =m] %\ld be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,9 w9t]1 ! rev]se is ! rule4 ,:]e casks are to be kept a long "t empty1 !y %\ld be sulphur$ & tightly bung$1 & ! sulphur+ %\ld be repeat$ e six mon?s4 ,b !y mu/ be c>efully wa%$ be=e putt+ w9e into !m4 ,!y are less liable to be attack$ by ! bor] if /or$ 9 a d>k place4 ,new ,casks4--,be=e putt+ w9e into a new cask1 x is ord9>ily suffici5t to give x a ?or\gh wa%+ ) boil+ wat]4 ,p\r 9 "o or two gallons ( hot wat]1 bung x up1 & roll x & %ake x ab\t till x is ?or\ghly r9s$1 lett+ x re/ a:ile on ea* end1 & n only w ?is suffici5tly cleanse ! cask1 b w %[ if !re are any leaks4 ,:5 ! wat] is ne>ly cold1 let x run out1 & ?or\ghly r9se ) cold wat]1 & turn d[n ! bung-hole & leave till well dra9$4 ,mr4 ,maigne recomm5ds t a c\ple ( p\nds ( salt be dissolv$ 9 ! fir/ wat]1 & t ! second wa%+ be made ) a decoction ( pea* leaves4 ,(t5 ! casks are soak$ = a day ) cold wat]1 !n wa%$ ) lime wat]1 prep>$ by add+ f\r p\nds ( lime to two gallons ( boil+ wat] = a #ajj-;gallon cask4 ,aft] ?or\gh agitation1 x is wa%$ ) cold wat]4 ,sometimes1 too1 ! cask is wa%$ ) a gallon or s ( boil+ w9e1 b x is an unnecess>y wa/e4 ,mr4 ,boireau says t :5 x is necess>y to put old or v delicate w9es into new casks1 ! great] "p ( ! soluble matt]s c be extract$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,p\r 9 ab\t two gallons ( boil+ lye made f a%es or pota%1 or o!r alkal9e sub/ance1 su* z slack$ lime or pulv]iz$ *alk1 etc41 = !y w dissolve out m ( ^? soluble matt]s ?an pure wat]4 ,aft] ?or\ghly agitat+ ! cask1 p\r out ! lye1 & repeat ! process2 aft]w>ds r9se ) boil+ wat]1 & run x out be=e cold2 !n wa% ) cold wat] acidulat$ ) "o-t5? "p ( sulphuric acid1 :i* enfeebles ! solubility ( ^! matt]s2 f9ally1 r9se ) cold wat] & dra94 ,^! latt] op]ations may be avoid$ by fir/ wa%+ ) hot wat]1 & !n fill+ ! casks ) common w9e ( ! color ( t int5d$ to be put into !m1 & leav+ !m = ab\t two weeks4 ,& be=e fill+ !m ) a gr& r$ w9e1 x w be well to moi/5 ! inn] walls ( ! cask ) a glass or s ( good1 old br&y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,r9s+ ,*a94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,visitor4 ,old ,casks1 or ^? :i* h be5 9 use1 %\ld be well wa%$ z soon z empti$1 & ! wa%+s %\ld be repeat$ ) clean wat] until x runs out p]fectly cle>4 ,(t5times ! cask w h m or less lees adh]+ to its inn] walls1 :i* _c be remov$ by an ord9>y wa%+1 b x w be necess>y to make use ( ! r9s+ *a94 ,?is *a9 is ab\t six feet long1 consi/+ ( l9ks made ( squ>e iron ^: corn]s w m readily deta* ! lees4 ,"o end is atta*$ to a long conical bung to keep x f fall+ into ! cask1 & ! o!r is arm$ ) a squ>e block ( iron ( a size to easily g into ! bung-hole 7fig4 #aa74 ,aft] p\r+ 9 two or ?ree gallons ( boil+ wat]1 leave ! cask = a :ile s t ! lees may become s(t5$1 !n introduce ! *a9 by ! bung-hole1 & close x ) ! bung at ! o!r end ( ! in/rum5t4 ,?or\ghly roll & agitate ! cask until ! *a9 & its iron block h remov$ ! lees s t !y w run out ) ! wat]4 ,repeat ! op]ation ) clean wat] z (t5 z necess>y1 & r9se till ! wat] runs out limpid1 & let ! cask dra94 ,to ,exam9e ! ,inside ( a ,cask1 an in/rum5t call$ a visitor is us$4 ,?is is simply a piece ( heavy wire b5t into a loop or h&le at ! upp] end1 ) ! l[] end turn$ up & b5t ar\nd into ! =m ( a small r+ into :i* a c&le c be ins]t$ 7fig4 #ab74 ,put a piece ( a c&le into ?is c&le/ick or socket1 light x1 & l[] x into ! cask ?r\gh ! bung1 & ! int]ior c be inspect$4 ,empty ,casks %\ld n be all[$ to rema9 long )\t ,wa%+2 z soon z ! lees are remov$1 !y %\ld be r9s$ z already m5tion$1 & !y %\ld n be put to dra9 9 ! sun1 = ! heat w trans=m ! alcohol rema9+ into v9eg> 9 a few h\rs4 ,sulphur+ ,casks4--,if ! cask is to be kept empty = "s "t1 aft] x has be5 wa%$ & !n dra9$ = a few m9utes1 x %\ld be sulphur$ by burn+ 9 x a piece ( sulphur mat* ab\t an in* squ>e1 & x %\ld !n be left to dra9 dry4 ,aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 burn 9 x ?ree or f\r in*es ( ! mat*1 & bung x up ) ! gas 9 x4 ,/ore x 9 a suitable place z describ$ = new casks1 & sulphur x e ?ree mon?s4 7,see ,sulphur+47 ,condition to be ,exam9$4--,9 us+ an old cask1 z well z a new "o1 ! fir/ ?+ to asc]ta9 is if x leaks4 ,if ! hoops are loose1 !y %\ld be driv52 !n p\r 9 two or ?ree pails ( wat]1 & /& ! cask alt]nately on ea* end1 & if x is f\nd to leak1 soak x till x is tight4 ,if ! leaks _c be /opp$ by driv+ ! hoops & by soak+1 x mu/ be repair$4 ,! next ?+ to asc]ta9 is1 if ! cask has become s\r1 m\ldy1 or has be5 o!rwise injuri\sly affect$1 z x is liable to be if put away )\t be+ c>efully wa%$ & c>$ =4 ,?is c be asc]ta9$ by exam9+ ) ! visitor1 or by smell+4 ,if1 :5 ! c&le or a piece ( light$ sulphur mat* is l[]$ into ! cask1 x ceases to burn1 ! cask probably conta9s a noxi\s gas1 :i* mu/ be expell$4 ,?is may be done by bl[+ 9 ! bung-hole ) a h&-bell[s till ! air is *ang$1 or by /&+ ! cask on its l[] end ) ! hole 9 ! upp] head op51 & ! op5 bung turn$ t[>ds ! w9d4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is 9 ! condition :i* ! ,fr5* call ev5t1 :i* corresponds ) t diseas$ condition ( w9e call$ by ! same "n & :i* we call flatness1 ! gas be+ c>bonic acid1 & heavi] ?an air1 w run out ( its own accord if ! op5 bung is turn$ d[n & ! cask left = a :ile 9 t position4 ,flatness 9 ! ,cask1 z we w call x = want ( a bett] t]m1 ,boireau says1 consi/s 9 ! dis5gagem5t ( c>bonic acid gas :i* is produc$ 9 ! int]ior1 & is g5]ally f\nd 9 casks :i* h be5 bung$ up )\t wa%+1 & :i* gives !m an odor ( /agnant lees ) slight acidity1 & w ext+ui% ! sulphur mat*4 ,aft] ! bad air has be5 expell$ ! cask %\ld be well wa%$ ) ! use ( ! *a94 ,a cask :i* has conta9$ w9e t has become flat %\ld receive ! same treatm5t4 ,if a l>ge tun is to be treat$1 ! f\l air %\ld be expell$1 & a man %\ld n ent] till a light w burn 9 x4 7,see ! disease1 ,flatness47 ,acidity w be f\nd 9 ! cask if x is left = sev]al days unc>$ =2 ! alcohol conta9$ 9 ! w9e rema9+ on ! inside ( ! cask acidifies 9 contact ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 & is soon *ang$ into acetic acid1 & ! *ange is mu* m rapid 9 a high temp]ature4 ,in/ead ( be+ simply flat1 ! cask is n[ really s\r1 & smells ( v9eg>4 ,! treatm5t consi/s 9 ei!r remov+ or neutraliz+ ! acid4 ,! fir/ c be done by /eam4 ,turn ! bung-hole d[n1 & conduct a jet ( /eam into ! cask ei!r ?r\gh ! faucet-hole or ! bung2 ! wat] cond5s$ f ! /eam *>g$ ) acid runs out at ! bung-hole1 & ! process mu/ be cont9u$ till ! wat] no long] has an acid flavor4 ,:]e x is n conv5i5t to use /eam1 r9se ! cask by us+ ! *a91 & scald x out ) hot lye made f wood a%es or pota%1 or ) quicklime dissolv$ 9 hot wat]4 ,give x sev]al r9s+s ) ! alkal9e solution )\t all[+ x to cool1 &1 if possible1 fill x ) cold wat] & let x soak ?ree or f\r days1 & r9se z usual4 ,if ! wat] is all[$ to rema9 long] 9 ! cask x may become /agnant4 ,m\ldy ,casks4--,casks may become m\ldy inside :5 left 9 a damp place1 if ! bungs are left out1 or if !y are leaky ?r\gh defective /aves or hoops1 sometimes ev5 :5 !y h be5 sulphur$1 & mu* m if !y h n be54 ,?is condition is recogniz$ by a m\ldy smell4 ,! sure/ way to treat a m\ldy cask is to take out ! head1 & give x a ?or\gh scrubb+ ) a /iff broom & wat]4 ,if aft] remov+ ! m\ld ! /aves resume ! color ( w9e-/a9$ wood1 x is pro( t ! wood has n be5 affect$1 & ! head may be replac$1 & ! cask r9s$ 9 ! usual way4 ,if1 h[ev]1 aft] remov+ ! m\ld1 ! wood is f\nd to be ( a br[n color1 x is m or less rott54 ,rott5ness is due to ! same causes z m\ld9ess1 & :5 ! inside ( a cask is decay$1 x is no long] fit = w9e4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! m\ldy cask is br[n only 9 spots1 !y %\ld be entirely scrap$ (f1 & !n x may be us$4 ,b x is be/ n to put good w9e into su* casks1 = !re is dang] ( spoil+ x4 ,br&y ,casks1 :5 empti$1 %\ld simply be bung$ up1 )\t wa%+1 z ! alcohol rema9+ w h a pres]vative effect4 ,!y %\ld n be kept 9 a place :i* is too damp4 ,d n ,sulphur ,old ,br&y or ,:isky ,casks :i* h rec5tly be5 empti$ or 9 :i* any alcohol rema9s1 or y may cause a disa/r\s explosion4 ,9 prep>+ new casks = ! reception ( br&y1 !y %\ld be wa%$ & left to dra9 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs & until !y are dry1 & if !y are to be kept "s "t1 ?r[ 9 a glass or two ( br&y1 bung tightly1 & roll & %ake till ! inside is moi/5$ ) ! liquor4 ,if !y are to be us$ at once1 !y ought to be fir/ soak$ ) wat] = ?ree or f\r days to remove ! woody ta/e4 ,boireau says t common w9es may be put into br&y b>rels1 or ev5 oil b>rels :i* h n become rancid 7olive oil b>rels1 ,i presume71 b t f9e w9es %\ld nev] be put into !m4 ,he also adds t w9e %\ld n be put into casks :i* h be5 us$ = rum1 kirs*1 v9eg>1 abs9!1 v]m\?1 or any o!r liquor hav+ a /rong odor1 traces ( :i* w be pres]v$ 9 ! pores ( ! wood1 ev5 aft] ! /aves h be5 scrap$4 ,cask ,bor]s4--,!re is a beetle :i* is v de/ructive ( casks 9 ,cali=nia1 :i* ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,riv]s1 curator ( ! museum ( ! ,univ]sity1 describes z ,s9oxlylon declive ( ! family ( ,bo/ri*idae4 ,9 a pap] read be=e ! ,an?rozoic ,club1 & report$ 9 ! ,rural ,press1 ,vol4 ,,xx1 p4 #aec1 #ahhj1 he /ates t at ! reque/ ( ,mr4 ,s*ram1 ( ,napa c\nty1 he exp]im5t$ ) ! insect 9 ord] to asc]ta9 a rem$y = ! ru9 caus$ by x4 ,he says t 8,its prim>y mis*ief is caus$ by ! habit ( ! p>5t insect bor+ a hole ?ree or m in*es = ! purpose ( deposit+ eggs4 ,z casks are usually mu* less ?an ?ree in*es 9 ?ickness1 ! beetle taps ! liquid cont5ts1 & loss accrues by leakage4 ,! rem$y ,i fir/ ?\ght ( 0 to select "s species ( wood suitable = cask mak+ t w\ld be unpalatable to ?is insect4 ,my endeavors 9 t way h result$ 9 failure = ! reason t ?is beetle appe>s to h no p>ticul> dislike to oak1 *esnut1 p9e1 :itewood1 & sev]al ( ! eucalypti4 ,! next /ep 0 to saturate ! outside ( ! cask ) a /rong solution ( alum wat] appli$ hot1 & :5 dry1 a coat ( l9se$ oil1 ?is latt] to prev5t ! alum f be+ wa%$ out1 z x w\ld be 9 "t4 ,?is prov$ a success1 = all ! examples treat$ ) ! solution 7 unt\*$1 :ile ! unprep>$ 7 riddl$ by ! bor]40 ,! insect is m de/ructive to casks /or$ 9 light places2 x is !re=e bett] to keep !m 9 ! d>k4 ,! ,size ( ! ,casks is a matt] ( a good deal ( importance4 ,= %ipp+1 ! ord9>y pipe or pun*eon hold+ f #aej to #bjj gallons is ( a conv5i5t size = h&l+1 b = /or+ x is bett] to use z l>ge a vessel z possible1 & :]e ! quantity /or$ is l>ge1 tuns ( f #ajjj to #cjjj gallons or m 9 size are f> pref]able4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is a well kn[n fact t w9e made at ! same "t1 ( grapes ( l v>ieties1 f ! same v9ey>d1 & "u ! same app>5t conditions1 turns out q diff]5tly 9 diff]5t casks1 & ! cont5ts ( "o cask may f> excel 9 quality t ( ano!r4 ,9 ord] to insure uni=mity 9 a l>ge quantity ( w9e1 x is necess>y to /ore x 9 l>ge receptacles4 ,ano!r1 & p]haps /ill m important consid]ation1 is t !re is mu* less loss by evaporation :5 ! w9e is /or$ 9 l>ge casks4 ,! evaporation 9 a small b>rel w be almo/ z great z 9 a cask ?ree or f\r times ! size1 & to keep ! small "o full w require ab\t ! same am\nt ( w9e at ea* ull+1 :i* mu/ be p]=m$ ne>ly z (t54 ,!re are two reasons = ?is3 fir/1 because ! /aves ( small casks are ?9n]1 & secondly1 because 9 !m a great] surface ( w9e is expos$ to evaporation1 accord+ to ! volume1 ?an 9 ! case ( ! l>g] vessel4 ,guyot says1 h[ev]1 t ! l>g] ! receptacles1 o!r conditions be+ equal1 ! m rapid ! developm5t ( ! w9es1 & ! soon] !y g ?r\gh ! p]iods ( _! life1 & arrive at decrepitude4 ,he says t ! great] "p ( w9es1 especially light w9es & :ite w9es1 _c endure a long soj\rn 9 tuns1 vats1 & ci/]ns4 ,!y g ?r\gh ! phases ( _! life ) a rapidity fatal to _! good qualities2 nev]!less1 ?is fact may be utiliz$ to ha/5 ! epo* :5 w9e may be us$ or put ^u ! m>ket2 also to produce dry w9es1 to v9ify sweet ones1 & to age ^? ( good body4 ,if1 !re=e1 8 !ory is well f\nd$--& we "k t f]m5tation once e/abli%$ is m active1 if ! mass is great--! intellig5t man w act 9 ?is behalf z circum/ances require4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t a l>ge mass w\ld be less affect$ by sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature1 & !re=e1 bett] protect$ f _! consequ5t ill effects4 ,& ,boireau recomm5ds t :ite w9es be /or$ 9 tuns1 :5 mature1 z already m5tion$4 7,see ,ag+47 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,sulphur+--,,arre/+ ,,f]m5tation4 ,casks are sulphur$ = ! purpose ( de/roy+ ! activity ( ! f]m5ts conta9$ 9 ! lees :i* may rema9 9 !m1 & !reby to prev5t _! m\ld+ or s\r+1 & mu/ & w9e are sulphur$ to prev5t or to *eck f]m5tation1 & :ite w9e also to keep x f turn+ yell[4 ,sulphur\s ,oxide1 or ,sulphur ,dioxide1 is produc$ by burn+ sulphur4 ,x is a colorless gas1 ( a suffocat+ odor1 & is compos$ ( equal weights ( sulphur & oxyg51 or1 "o "p ( ! =m] & two ( ! latt]1 ,,s1 & ) wat] becomes sulphur\s acid4 ,x arre/s f]m5tation 9 two ways3 fir/1 x absorbs oxyg5 ) avidity1 & !reby removes :at may be 9 ! mu/ or w9e1 or 9 ! cask1 ?us tak+ away "o ( ! conditions necess>y to ! life & activity ( ! f]m5t4 7,see ,f]m5tation47 ,9 ! second place1 by ! absorption ( oxyg51 sulphuric acid is =m$ f ! sulphur\s acid1 9 a highly conc5trat$ /ate1 :i* is de/ructive ( ! life ( ! f]m5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,sulphur]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,maum5's ,sulphur]4 ,! ,sulphur]1 or ,sulphur ,burn]1 ! in/rum5t us$ = ! purpose indicat$1 consi/s ( a wire ) a hook at "o end1 & ! o!r atta*$ to ! c5tre ( a long1 conical bung 7fig4 #ac74 ,x is conv5i5t to h ! upp] end pass entirely ?r\gh ! bung1 all[+ ! latt] to move up & d[n on ! wire1 s t ! hook c be rais$ or l[]$1 accord+ to ! position to be occupi$ 9 ! cask4 ,?is is us$ by atta*+ ! sulphur mat* to ! hook & l[]+ x into ! cask1 aft] light+ x4 ,! objection to ?is =m ( in/rum5t is1 t ! coal or c9d] left on ! hook1 aft] burn+ ! mat*1 may fall into ! cask & give ! w9e an unpleasant flavor4 ,to avoid ?is1 ,mr4 ,maum5 inv5t$ a sulphur]1 provid$ ) a deep p]=at$ porcela9 cup1 into :i* ! mat* is plac$ & 9 :i* x burns1 & :i* reta9s ! c>boniz$ l95 7fig4 #ad74 ,a piece ( wire clo? b5t into a cup ( a simil> =m & atta*$ to ! l[] end ( ! wire answ]s ! purpose v well4 ,sulphur ,mat*es or ,b&s may be pur*as$1 or !y may be easily manufactur$4 ,to make !m1 melt roll brim/one 7/ick brim/one71 or :at is bett]1 fl[]s ( sulphur1 ov] a sl[ fire 7sulphur melts at #aae ,c4 or #bci ,f472 te> l95 or cotton clo? into /rips an in* & a half wide & #aj or #ab in*es long1 & dip !m into ! melt$ sulphur1 & lay !m aside to cool4 ,!n dip aga91 & repeat ! process1 dipp+ & cool+1 till ! coat+ ( sulphur is ( ! requir$ ?ickness1 & !y %\ld be ?ickly coat$1 or x may be necess>y to burn too mu* l95 to get suffici5t gas4 ,if ! sulphur is ov]heat$1 ! mat* w be d>k-color$4 ,sweet sc5t$ p[d]s are (t5 add$ to ! sulphur1 ^: ess5tial oils are dis5gag$ :5 ! sulphur is burn$1 & ! cask is p]fum$ by _! vapors4 ,! sub/ances usually employ$ are g+]1 c9namon1 ! fl[]s ( ! /ock gilly1 iris1 lav5d]1 ?yme1 violet1 etc41 & ! mat*es prep>$ ) ! addition ( !m is g5]ally pref]r$4 ,mr4 ,maum5 says t ! smalle/ am\nt ( ?is volatile oil gives a p]fume to ! w9e1 :i* is g5]ally advantage\s1 b ,boireau is ( op9ion1 h[ev]1 t ^! sub/ances *eck ! combu/ion ( ! sulphur1 & 9 a measure neutralize its action1 & he pref]s ! sulphur pure4 ,to ,sulphur a ,cask1 take a piece ( ! sulphur mat* & light x & l[] x into ! middle ( ! cask by means ( ! sulphur burn]1 & lightly put 9 ! bung ( ! in/rum5t4 ,by apply+ ! e> to ! /aves1 x c be asc]ta9$ if ! mat* is burn+4 ,if ! air is f\l 9 ! cask1 & ! mat* w n burn1 ! noxi\s gas mu/ be expell$ z describ$ "u ! head ( ,casks4 ,:5 ! fire is ext+ui%$ ! burn] is )drawn1 c>e be+ tak51 if ! hook is us$1 n to drop any ( ! c>boniz$ l95 into ! cask4 ,if t %\ld happ51 ! cask mu/ be wa%$ aga94 ,z ! burn+ sulphur fills ! cask ) gas1 :i* ex]ts consid]able pressure1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! bung is n bl[n out into ! face ( ! op]ator4 ,sometimes a /rip ( ! sulphur$ clo? is light$ at "o end & l[]$ into ! cask1 ! o!r end be+ secur$ by putt+ 9 ! bung4 ,?is is objectionable1 because x leaves ! debris ( ! mat* /ick+ to ! bung & ! /ave1 :i* may give a disagreeable flavor to ! w9e4 ,z already m5tion$ "u ! head ( ,casks1 nev] burn a mat* 9 a cask conta9+ alcohol4 ,to ,sulphur ,w9e1 if ! cask is only p>tly full1 op]ate ! same z 9 sulphur+ an empty cask1 only c>e mu/ be tak5 n to l[] ! mat* into ! w9e4 ,"h ! sulphur burn] ) a movable bung comes 9 play4 ,if ! cask is full1 ! gas may be drawn 9 by burn+ a mat* close to a hole bor$ 9 ! head ( ! cask some:at high] ?an ! faucet1 draw+ f ! latt] at ! same "t4 ,x is evid5t t :ile ! w9e runs f ! l[] hole1 ! gas w be drawn 9 at ! v5t4 ,:]e x is necess>y to leave a cask ) a vacancy 9 x = "s "t1 fl[]s & s\r+ may be prev5t$ by burn+ 9 x a piece ( sulphur mat* & bung+ x up1 & ! process %\ld be repeat$ e two weeks1 & besides z (t5 z ! bung is remov$ = any purpose4 ,x is bett] always to keep ! cask full1 = 9 "t ! sulphur\s gas w communicate a disagreeable ta/e to ! w9e1 :i* x takes a long "t to remove4 ,sulphur+ %\ld be ,avoid$ 9 ,c]ta9 ,cases4--,ropy w9es %\ld n be sulphur$1 = ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 is necess>y 9 ord] to help _! f]m5tation2 nor %\ld ^? w9es be sulphur$ :i* x is desirable to keep 9 a /ate ( eff]vesc5ce4 ,sulphur %\ld be v sp>+ly us$ 9 connection ) r$ w9es1 z x causes !m to lose a portion ( _! color by r5d]+ insoluble ! color+ matt]1 & precipitat+ x2 & = ! same reason x is us$ = blea*+ :ite w9es1 & x prev5ts ! latt] f turn+ yell[4 ,liqueur w9es :i* are sl[ ( f]m5tation %\ld n be sulphur$1 = !y ne$ all ! natural aids to f]m5tation4 ,f]m5tation is ,arre/$1 sometimes1 9 ! manufacture ( :ite w9es1 by draw+ !m (f into well sulphur$ casks1 us+ two or ?ree squ>es ( ! mat*1 if ! f]m5tation is n v tumultu\s2 b if x is v active1 x may be treat$ z m5tion$ bel[ = mu/s4 ,& 9 mo/ cases ! prop] practice is1 :]e w9e ne$s sulphur+1 to draw x (f into ! sulphur$ cask1 & 9 ?is way ! oxyg5 conta9$ 9 ! w9e is m ?or\ghly expos$ to ! action ( ! gas4 ,unf]m5t$ ,mu/4--,by sulphur+ ! mu/1 f]m5tation is prev5t$1 & !reby is produc$ :at ! ,fr5* call mute w9e2 & x is ! mu/ ( :ite grapes z x comes f ! press t is m g5]ally subject$ to ! process4 ,x is fir/ all[$ to settle z describ$ 9 ! *apt] on :ite w9e1 b x mu/ be drawn f ! vat z soon z signs ( f]m5tation appe>1 & bubbles ( c>bonic acid rise to ! surface4 ,& to h ! mu/ cle>1 x mu/ be closely wat*$1 = z soon z f]m5tation sets 91 x becomes turbid4 ,! mu/ %\ld be fre$ f all fragm5ts ( /ems1 sk9s1 se$s1 etc41 & %\ld !re=e be /ra9$ z x runs f ! press4 ,x is ,prep>$ 9 ,two ,diff]5t ,ways4--,fir/1 ! cask mu/ be scald$1 r9s$1 & dra9$ 9 ! usual way1 & !n z mu* sulphur mu/ be burn$ 9 x z c be consum$1 or until ! mat* goes out = want ( oxyg54 ,!n ! cask mu/ be rapidly made half full ( ! mu/1 & closely bung$4 ,x %\ld !n be roll$ & ?or\ghly %ak5 until ! gas has be5 well absorb$ by ! juice4 ,! mu/ is !n drawn (f )\t all[+ x to come 9 contact ) ! air 7,see ,rack+71 & into ano!r cask :i* has be5 sulphur$ 9 ! same mann]1 & is treat$ z be=e4 ,:ile ! second cask is be+ agitat$1 sulphur is aga9 burn$ 9 ! "o j empti$1 until x goes out1 & !n ! mu/ is transf]r$ back 9 ! same mann]1 & is aga9 %ak54 ,x is subject$ to ?is op]ation f\r times1 & ! cask is f9ally fill$ ) mu/ treat$ 9 ! same way1 & tightly bung$4 ,! m successful w ! op]ation be1 ! m ! liquid is kept f contact ) ! air1 & !re=e ?is me?od is pref]able to ! next4 ,! second me?od is z foll[s3 burn 9 an empty cask mat*es repres5t+ a c\ple ( ounces ( sulphur2 p\r 9 ab\t five gallons ( mu/1 bung x up & ?or\ghly %ake2 take out ! bung & put 9 ano!r light$ mat*2 if x w n burn = want ( oxyg51 ! air mu/ be r5ew$ by bl[+ 9 ! cask ) a bell[s4 ,!n burn ! mat* 9 ! cask1 & aft]w>ds p\r 9 five gallons m ( mu/1 bung & %ake z be=e4 ,cont9ue ! process till ! cask lacks ab\t five gallons ( be+ full4 ,!n five gallons mu/ be sulphur$ 9 ano!r cask1 & ! cask fill$ up ) ?is & tightly bung$4 ,( c\rse1 ! sulphur burn] mu/ be %ort5$ z ! cask fills up4 ,mu/ treat$ 9 ?is mann] may be kept = a long "t if well cl>ifi$1 & ! cask is well sulphur$ at ea* rack+1 or a portion sulphur$ :5 x comm5ces to f]m5t4 ,if x is only necess>y to keep ! mu/ a %ort "t1 a portion only1 say "o-?ird1 ne$ be sulphur$4 ,9 t case !re w be less odor ( sulphur1 & x w soon pass away4 ,cl>ification & ,c>e ( ,unf]m5t$ ,mu/4--,x %\ld be kept 9 good1 /rong casks1 well hoop$ & well bung$1 9 clos$ cell>s ( a con/ant temp]ature4 ,! casks %\ld be fill$ e few days ) sulphur$ mu/2 & !y %\ld be frequ5tly rack$ to free !m f f]m5ts4 ,!y %\ld n be expos$ to ! air :5 rack+1 & %\ld be rack$ into well sulphur$ casks4 ,boireau says t ! mu/ may be completely cl>ifi$ be=e sulphur+1 by introduc+ ab\t "o ounce ( tann9 p] #ajj gallons ( mu/1 & p\r+ into ! casks be=e completely fill+ ab\t a qu>t ( wat] 9 :i* has be5 dissolv$ ab\t f\r tablets ( gelat9e1 & :i* has become cold4 ,a ,sulphur ,flavor is sometimes communicat$ to mu/ treat$ z above1 & is also sometimes acquir$ by w9es :i* are put into casks :i* h be5 sulphur$ = "s "t1 )\t fir/ wa%+ !m1 & also by all[+ ! debris ( ! sulphur mat* to fall into ! cask2 ?is flavor is apt to pass away ) "t if n v pron\nc$1 or 9 t case may be remov$ by rack+ into a clean cask4 ,b if ! w9e has a v decid$ sulphur flavor1 x mu/ be dis9fect$ by wood *>coal4 ,sev]al l>ge pieces#c ( coal well clean$ & well dri$ are introduc$ into ! cask & soak$ 9 ! w9e1 f :i* !y c be )drawn by /r+s atta*$ be=e putt+ !m 9 ! cask4 ,=ty-eight h\rs are g5]ally suffici5t to remove ! flavor2 b if necess>y1 ! process may be repeat$1 by *ang+ ! *>coal4 ,9 op]at+ on :ite w9es1 a l>ge am\nt ( *>coal may be us$ )\t inconv5i5ce1 b 9 ! case ( r$ w9e1 !re seems to be "s dang] ( depriv+ x ( a portion ( its color4 ,mr4 ,maum5 says1 h[ev]1 t ! *>coal is liable to deprive ! w9e ( ! c>bonic acid dissolv$ 9 x1 x be+ an absorb5t ( t gas1 & !reby r5d]+ ! w9e m subject to ! action ( oxyg54 #c ,ma*>d says ab\t #abe grammes to a tonneau1 or #d or #e ounces to #bej gallons ( w9e4 ,o!r ,sub/ances h be5 recomm5d$ to ,prev5t ,f]m5tation 9 a ,mu/1 b not)/&+ ! disagreeable flavor :i* is communicat$ by an excessive use ( sulphur1 no o!r ag5t has be5 f\nd :i* is z satisfactory1 on ! :ole4 ,by ,burn+ ,alcohol 9 ! ,cask1 ! oxyg5 may be remov$1 b ! f]m5ts are n de/roy$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid an explosion4 ,!re=e1 ! _s mu/ n be p\r$ into ! cask & light$1 b mu/ be plac$ 9 a small vessel & l[]$ 9 ?r\gh ! bung1 z 9 ! case ( sulphur+4 ,! ,conc5trat$ ,aque\s ,solution ( ,sulphur\s ,acid has be5 recomm5d$1 b ,maum5 says t n only is its pres]vation v difficult1 b its managem5t is m difficult ?an ! sulphur mat*1 & ! *ances ( its be+ mix$ ) dang]\s sub/ances are consid]able2 & !re=e no "o %\ld ?9k ( us+ x4 ,! ,bisulphite ( ,lime has be5 us$ to prev5t f]m5tation 9 w9e & cid]1 b x does n always give satisfactory results1 & ! salt is difficult to keep1 & ! use = w9e1 at lea/1 has g5]ally be5 ab&on$4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,pr\/1 giv5 by ,maum51 ! smalle/ quantity us$ 0 #ae grammes to #ajj kilogrammes ( mu/1 or ab\t "o-half ounce to #bc gallons4 ,salicylic ,acid has be5 mu* recomm5d$ )9 ! pa/ few ye>s1 b l ev]y?+ else1 x affects ! flavor1 if suffici5t is us$ to prev5t f]m5tation4 ,! quantity necess>y dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( alcohol1 f]m5ts1 etc41 conta9$ 9 ! w9e4 ,pr(4 ,neubau]1 quot$ by ,h4 ,endemann 9 ,am]ican ,*emi/1 says t w9e :i* is yet f]m5t+ %\ld n receive any salicylic acid1 s9ce too l>ge quantities ( ! sub/ance are requir$ = effective use1 b t x may be us$ 9 w9e :5 made to prev5t aft]-f]m5tation2 t x w prev5t disease1 b w n cure w9e :5 diseas$4 ,?\gh infallible rules z to quantity _c be giv51 exp]im5ts %\ld be made ) f 4#jb to 4#jf gramme p] litre1 or say f #a4afe to #c4e gra9s p] gallon4 ,a solution ( #b grammes 7#cj4hfd gra9s7 ( salicylic acid to #ajj c4c4 7#c4ch fluid ounces7 ( alcohol ( #hj is employ$2 #a c4c4 #j4jb grammes2 #c c4c4 #j4jf grammes2 #fa4dd m9ims or a little m ?an "o fluidram #a4afe gra9s1 & #c4g fluidrams #c4e gra9s4 ,salicylic acid be+ b sp>+ly soluble 9 wat]1 x is pref]able to dissolve 9 /rong alcohol1 & ^! are conv5i5t proportions4 ,x is said t #ajj grammes 7#c ,ap4 ounces7 w /op ! f]m5tation ( #ajjj litres 7ab\t #bfd gals47 ( mu/1 :5 ne>ly complet$2 #hjj grammes are necess>y :5 9 active f]m5tation2 & #djj w pres]ve ! w9e :5 made4 ,b n[ ! intellig5ce comes t salicylic acid has an injuri\s effect ^u ! tee? & bones1 x hav+ an aff9ity = calc>e\s salts 7,bo/on ,j\rnal ( ,*emi/ry1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 #adc71 & ! ,fr5* ,m9i/] ( ,agriculture & ,comm]ce1 on ! report ( ! ,committee ( ,public ,hygi5e1 recomm5ds t ! sale ( articles ( food adult]at$ ) x be prohibit$ z injuri\s to ! public heal?4 7,ib4 ,vol4 ,,xv41 #de47 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,ag+--,,effects ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,influ5ces4 ,g5]al ,consid]ations4--,w9es1 f ! "t ( _! fir/ f]m5tation d[n to ! "t ( _! deg5]ation & decay1 are con/antly und]go+ *ange4 ,until !y h acquir$ a c]ta9 age1 v>y+ 9 ea* case ) ! quality & nature ( ! liquid1 !y d n possess ^? qualities :i* make !m an agreeable1 heal?ful bev]age4 ,! c>e to be be/[$ ^u !m 9 _! g5]al treatm5t n only includes :at is necess>y = _! pres]vation1 b also :at is necess>y to age !m by develop+ 9 !m all ! good qualities ( :i* !y are susceptible1 & ! means ( prev5t+ & rem$y+ _! defects & diseases4 ,a ,new ,w9e1 :5 fir/ f]m5t$1 is q diff]5t f "o ev5 a few mon?s old1 9 respect to color1 flavor1 & aroma4 ,b ! quality :i* x may acquire dep5ds ^u ! proportion ( diff]5t sub/ances :i* x conta9s4 ,"s w9es1 poor 9 alcohol & defici5t 9 tann91 w develop _! be/ qualities & beg9 to deg5]ate v soon aft] f]m5tation4 ,su* %\ld be consum$ z soon z _! ins5sible f]m5tation is complet$2 x is useless to attempt to age !m2 :ile ^? :i* are /\t1 firm & full-bodi$ mu/ be kept sev]al ye>s to be completely develop$4 ,! ,b\quet & ,di/9ctive ,flavor ( a w9e1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,boireau1 g5]ally1 are n p]fectly develop$ until defecation is complete--t is to say1 until1 aft] sev]al mon?s' repose "u prop] conditions1 !y h ceas$ to deposit insoluble matt]s1 & no long] m9]al & vegetable salts1 f]m5ts1 & color+ matt] are precipitat$4 ,old ,w9e1 !n1 diff]s f a new w9e ( ! same orig9 by its color1 its aroma1 & flavor1 & ! diff]5ce is due to sev]al causes4 ,! ,color ( old r$ w9e is less d>k on acc\nt ( ! precipitation ( a "p ( ! color+ matt]1 :i*1 r5d]$ insoluble by ! =mation ( diff]5t comb9ations1 has be5 c>ri$ d[n ) ! lees4 ,! r$ color becomes tawny 9 "t4 ,! ,aroma ( old w9e is m agreeable1 be+ l>gely due to e!rs :i* are =m$ by a comb9ation ( ! alcohol ) ! acids1 & because ! o!r aromatic pr9ciples are no long] mask$ by ! c>bonic acid :i* is dis5gag$ :5 ! w9e has be5 rec5tly f]m5t$4 ,! ,diff]5ce 9 ,flavor is due to sev]al causes1 su* z ! loss ( a great "p ( ! m9]al & vegetable salts1 :i* h become insoluble by comb9ation ) ! t>t>ic1 acetic1 & malic acid1 & _! consequ5t precipitation1 & also to ! deposit ( a portion ( ! color+ matt]4 ,s t :5 a w9e is old1 hav+ be5 well c>$ =1 x conta9s less color+ matt]1 vegetable & m9]al salts1 acids free & comb9$1 tann91 f]m5ts1 mucilage1 alcohol1 etc41 ?an :5 fir/ f]m5t$4 ,influ5ces :i* ,develop1 also ,de/roy4--,pellicot1 quot+ ,b*amp1 says t a w9e ages & improves "u influ5ces analog\s to ^? :i* spoil x1 & he1 himself1 c>ries ! idea a little f>!r1 & adds1 t ! influ5ce :i* produces ! amelioration 9 a w9e--:i* ages x--w1 aft] hav+ br\ght ab\t ! improvem5t1 cause x to det]iorate1 unless its action is opportunely susp5d$4 ,x mu/ also be und]/ood t c]ta9 influ5ces :i* w greatly improve a /rong1 alcoholic1 or a sweet w9e1 might 9 a %ort "t entirely ru9 a weak] "o1 or a dry w9e4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,air4--,:5 a w9e ( ord9>y /r5g?1 a table w9e1 comes into imm$iate contact ) ! air1 a portion ( its alcohol evaporates1 x loses its b\quet & flavor1 & if long expos$1 a :iti% scum is =m$ on its surface1 call$ fl[]s4 ,^! h already be5 describ$ 9 ! *apt] on f]m5tation z micod]ma v9i & micod]ma aceti4 ,a disagreeable flavor is communicat$ to ! w9e :i* ! ,fr5* call gt d' v5t1 & ! w9e is said to be v5t1 or flat2 & x becomes turbid1 & loses its transp>5cy4 ,sometimes :5 ! w9e /ill conta9s sug> ! fl[]s are n =m$1 b a second alcoholic f]m5tation sets 91 & x works4 ,if ! w9e is n imm$iately fre$ f contact ) ! air1 x acidifies1 becomes prick$1 & by degrees turns to v9eg>4 7,see ,acetic ,f]m5tation47 ,& if /ill long] expos$1 putrid f]m5tation sets 94 ,sweet w9es1 ^: alcoholic /r5g? exce$s #af p] c5t41 & :i* conta9 a good deal ( sug>1 are n s liable to be injur$ by ! influ5ce ( ! air4 ,n only does _! high degree ( _s int]f]e ) acetic & putrid f]m5tation1 b an ins5sible alcoholic f]m5tation sometimes takes place1 & ! supply ( alcohol is kept up4 ,b 9 "t1 z ! sug> disappe>s1 ! alcohol becomes enfeebl$ by evaporation1 & !n acetic f]m5tation sets 91 z 9 ! weak] w9es4 ,9 ! %]ry c\ntries x is consid]$ necess>y t ! w9e %\ld be expos$ to ! action ( ! air1 & !re=e ! casks are n kept full1 & fl[]s are consid]$ a good sign4 ,9 a few in/ances1 :]e ! w9es are /rong en\gh to be> x1 ag+ may be ha/5$ by "s exposure to ! air1 b great c>e mu/ be tak5 t !y are n left too long "u its influ5ce1 or disorganization may ensue4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be laid d[n z an almo/ univ]sal rule1 t ! casks mu/ be kept full & well bung$4 7,see ,ull+47 ,v>iations ( ,temp]ature affect w9es l o!r liquids by contraction & expansion4 ,:5 a full cask is put 9 a cold place1 ! w9e contracts & leaves a vacant space2 !n x mu/ be fill$ up or ! w9e drawn into a small] cask4 ,if ! temp]ature ( ! w9e 9 a full cask is rais$1 ! liquid exp&s1 & is apt to cause leaks2 ! s$im5t is liable to rise & give ! w9e a flavor ( ! lees4 ,influ5ce ( ,heat4--,guyot says t ! high] ! degree ( heat to :i* w9es are expos$1 ! great] _! int]nal activity4 ,^? subject$ to #ae1 #bj1 #cj degrees1 ,celsius1 7#ei1 #fh1 #hf ,f471 soon] arrive at maturity1 if "y1 at old age1 if ripe1 & at decrepitude1 if old1 ?an !y w\ld at a temp]ature ( #aj ,c4 7#ej ,f47 ,f :i* ! conclusion is drawn1 t w9es :i* h ne>ly or q rea*$ _! maturity mu/ be protect$ f heat1 or at lea/ f t ( an elevat$ temp]ature1 & t old w9es %\ld be kept 9 z cool a place z possible4 ,ag+ by ,heat4--,on ! o!r h&1 if we wi% to ha/5 ! maturity ( our w9es1 we c d s by keep+ !m 9 a w>m place r ?an 9 a cool cell>4 ,! y\ng] ! w9es1 & ! m sug> & alcohol !y conta91 ! m !y w ga91 & ! less risk w !y run if subject$ to a temp]ature ( f #fj to #hf ,f4 ,= example1 sweet w9es :i* are only ripe at ?irty or =ty ye>s w mature 9 fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s1 at #fh ( heat1 & 9 five or t5 ye>s1 at #hf2 a ,bordeaux or a ,h]mitage w9e :i* at #ej w\ld be made 9 eight or t5 ye>s1 w\ld c]ta9ly be made 9 f\r or five ye>s at f #ei to #fh1 & 9 two or ?ree ye>s at #gg or #hf ( heat4 ,he says t a temp]ature betwe5 #dj & #ij ,c4 7#ajd & #aid ,f47 w disorganize _m k9ds ( w9e1 p>ticul>ly r$ w9es & ^? :i* h rema9$ long 9 ! f]m5t+ vat1 ?\gh x w n h t effect ^u all w9es4 ,x is well kn[n t ! inhabitants ( _m s\!rn c\ntries are accu/om$ to expose _! w9es to a consid]able degree ( heat to ha/5 _! maturity1 & diff]5t me?ods are employ$ = ! purpose1 & x is important to "k :at k9d ( w9e w be improv$ & :at injur$ by ! practice4 ,on ?is subject ,boireau says1 t aft] _m exp]im5ts1 he c affirm t if ! heat exce$s #cj ,c4 7#hf ,f471 x is injuri\s to ! gr& mell[ w9es ( ! ,gironde2 also to w9es ( a delicate b\quet ^: alcoholic /r5g? does n exce$ #ab p] c5t4 ,f9e w9es :i* possess bo? an aromatic ta/e & b\quet1 a fruity flavor1 & a pron\nc$ mell[ness1 by heat take on a c]ta9 tawny flavor ( worn out w9e2 b !y become dry1 lose _! mell[ness1 & coolness1 & acquire a cook$ flavor1 :i* *anges _! nature & gives !m an analogy ) ! w9es ( ! s\? ( ,france4 ,?is ta/e cov]s _! natural flavor & r5d]s !m common4 ,he goes on to say t w9es subject$ to ! action ( heat 9 direct contact ) ! air1 loss by evaporation a "p ( _! alcohol2 ! oxyg5 deprives !m ( a "p ( _! color1 & if ! influ5ce is prolong$1 !y become weak & greatly det]iorat$4 ,expos$ to heat 9 imp]fectly clos$ vessels1 !y deposit1 & take ! tawny flavor 7gt de rancio7 if _! alcoholic /r5g? exce$s #af p] c5t42 b if feeble 9 _s1 & !y rema9 long 9 ?is condition1 ! oxyg5 trans=ms a "p ( _! alcohol into v9eg>4 ,9 receptacles kept full & well /opp$1 !y und]go b few con/itutional *anges1 if ! heat does n exce$ #aeh ,f42 b1 nev]!less1 a small "p ( _! color+ matt] is precipitat$1 & _! ta/e is s5sibly *ang$4 ,a flavor ( cook$ w9e is f\nd1 & a slight odor ( ! lees1 no matt] h[ quick ! heat+4 ,:atev] ! k9d ( w9e op]at$ ^u1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to c>ry ! heat too high1 = x w decompose & precipitate c]ta9 pr9ciples 9 dissolution 9 ! w9e1 & *ange its natural flavor4 ,aft] cool+1 volum9\s deposits w be f\nd1 & ! cook+ w give ! w9e a disagreeable flavor & an odor ( ! residue ( a /ill4 ,! extreme limits ( f #aac to #aeh ,f4 %\ld n be exce$$1 & ! great] ! heat ! %ort] %\ld be ! exposure to x4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! w9es :i* ga9 ! mo/ by heat+1 ei!r by artificial means or by leav+ !m 9 casks well bung$1 b 9 ullage1 9 w>m /ore rooms1 are /rongly =tifi$ liqueur w9es4 ,& 9 ord] t !y be n injur$ "u ^? conditions1 !y %\ld conta9 at lea/ #ah p] c5t4 ( pure alcohol4 ,& z !y w gradually lose a little ( _! _s by evaporation1 _! alcoholic /r5g? %\ld be tak5 f "t to "t1 & !y %\ld be kept up to ! indicat$ degree by =tify+4 ,pres]v+ ,w9e by ,heat4--,aside f ! "q ( ag+ w9e by ! effect ( heat1 ,pa/eur has attempt$ to %[ t w9es c be kept )\t *ange1 if ! temp]ature is rais$ = a %ort "t to #acj or #adj ,f4 ,?is is on ! !ory t w9es become flat1 prick$1 turn$1 or rott51 ow+ to second>y f]m5tations1 & t ea* *ange is due to ! action ( a p>ticul> f]m5t1 z /at$ 9 ! *apt] on f]m5tation2 & t ?is degree ( heat de/roys ! action ( ^! f]m5ts--9 fact1 kills !m4 ,x is ow+ to ! pres5ce ( ! alcohol1 t !y are de/roy$ by ?is degree ( heat1 = a mu/ :i* has be5 rais$ to ! boil+ po9t /ill f]m5ts accord+ to ! exp]i5ce ( ,boireau & ( ,pellicot4 ,! fir/ nam$ gives ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts 9 heat+ w9es accord+ to ,pa/eur's plan4 ,! w9e 0 9 bottles1 & ! heat 0 gradually rais$ to #eb ,c4 7#abe4f ,f47 ,9 comp>+ ! w9es treat$ ) unheat$ w9es kept "u ! same conditions1 he f\nd t ! w9e :i* _h be5 heat$ c\ld support contact ) ! air ) less injury ?an ! unheat$1 b t nev]!less x became flat1 cov]$ ) fl[]s1 & acidifi$ ev5 9 clos$ vessels :i* 7 n completely full2 also t f9e w9es g5]ally are injur$ by ! process4 ,! w9es exp]im5t$ ^u _h f #aj to #aj p] c5t4 ( alcohol4 ,x is a co/ly process to subject w9e to a high artificial heat1 & ow+ to ! d\bt :i* yet seems to att5d ! matt]1 b few are likely to g to ! exp5se4 ,influ5ce ( ,cold4--,mo/ au?ors h some?+ to say on ! subject ( congeal$ w9es1 & und\bt$ly ! liquid may be conc5trat$ by freez+ a portion ( ! wat]1 & draw+ (f ! rema9+ liquid4 ,^? liv+ 9 cold c\ntries c try ! exp]im5t1 b x w c]ta9ly n be practic$ 9 ,cali=nia4 ,mr4 ,boireau says t ! liquid rema9+ acquires a flavor simil> to t possess$ by w9es :i* h be5 heat$2 t f9e w9es ( a delicate b\quet & flavor acquire a common] flavor ?an ^? 9 _! normal /ate4 ,treatm5t ( ,froz5 ,w9es4--,x may n be amiss to indicate :at treatm5t a w9e %\ld receive 9 case x has be5 froz5 & has ?aw$ aga94 ,x becomes turbid1 loses "p ( its color1 & sev]al matt]s are precipitat$1 or rema9 9 susp5sion1 & x is liable to f]m5t :5 ! temp]ature rises4 ,! la/ nam$ au?or says t x %\ld be put 9 a place ( ev5 temp]ature1 & if necess>y1 x %\ld be f9$2 9 :i* case x %\ld be =tifi$ ) a /rong w9e ( ! same nature1 or a small am\nt ( br&y4 ,influ5ce ( ,light4--,guyot says t ! direct light ( ! sun causes w9e to "w1 especially r$ w9e1 & t x has an injuri\s effect ^u its composition & color2 & ! color+ matt] be+ decompos$1 or modifi$1 acts ^u ! o!r elem5ts & makes ! w9e turn4 ,& h5ce ! wisdom ( putt+ w9e 9 color$ bottles4 ,x is only ! direct light ( ! sun1 h[ev]1 t is to be avoid$1 = a dim light1 light reflect$ or pol>iz$1 & moonlight & artificial light are n suffici5tly p[]ful to produce a s5sible effect4 ,ag+ by ,sunlight4--,exposure to ! rays ( ! sun has be5 resort$ to = ! purpose ( ag+ w9e1 b ,boireau says t x is n favorable to all1 & is lea/ suit$ to ^? ^: alcoholic /r5g? does n exce$ #ae p] c5t4 ,he says t ! direct rays ( ! sun fall+ ^u bottl$ w9es w promptly precipitate ! color+ matt]1 & t ! effect is great] :]e ! bottles are n completely fill$ & cork$ ) ! ne$le4 ,if ! bottles are wrapp$ 9 pap]1 or if ! w9e is 9 casks1 ! ag+ is less rapid4 ,he %[s by exp]im5t t insolation is advantage\s only to w9es ( m ?an #ae p] c5t4 ( alcohol1 to sweet w9es1 & w9es =tifi$ up to #ah1 int5d$ to be treat$ z ! w9es ( ,madeira1 i4 e41 bak$4 ,b w9es ( ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( _s w n endure ?is me?od ( ag+ )\t m or less det]ioration by s\r+4 ,effect ( ! ,motion ( ,voyages4--,w9es age m rapidly if kept 9 motion1 & h5ce1 9 "p1 ! good effect ( a long voyage4 ,/rong1 sweet w9es1 are und\bt$ly greatly improv$ by ! motion consequ5t on transportation1 z well z by ! heat1 b con/ant agitation w cause weak ones to g rapidly ?r\gh ! p]iods ( _! exi/5ce1 & deg5]ate4 ,w9es ,suitable = ,%ipm5t4--,& ,dr4 ,guyot adds t a w9e :i* does n conta9 #ab p] c5t4 ( alcohol & #f p] c5t4 ( sug>1 crosses ! equator ) great difficulty1 ev5 9 bottles4 ,9 wood x %\ld be "y & conta9 #bj p] c5t4 ( _s1 or suffici5t sug> to make up t am\nt4 ,= a voyage 9 ,europe1 or to ,am]ica direct1 he says t ! w9es ( ,bordeaux1 ,burgundy1 & ( ,*ampagne1 ( #aj to #ab p] c5t4 ( _s & #b to #d p] c5t4 ( sug>1 behave well if "y or 9 bottles4 ,mr4 ,boireau1 h[ev]1 says t w9es prop] = exportation1 & :i* w keep 9 tropical climates1 :]e good cell>s & good c>e are g5]ally want+1 are ^? :i* possess naturally or by addition a high alcoholic title1 a solid1 b bright & h&some color1 a clean ta/e1 & p]fect limpidity4 ,sweet1 =tifi$ w9es be/ fulfil ^! conditions4 ,he says t liqueur w9es1 = %ipp+ to ! tropics1 %\ld h at lea/ #ah p] c5t4 ( pure alcohol2 bel[ t !y f]m5t1 _! sac*>9e matt] is trans=m$ into alcohol1 _! /r5g? dim9i%es1 & !y end by becom+ prick$4 ,dry w9es1 to be s5t to ^? c\ntries1 %\ld h ! same /r5g?1 unless ! casks are kept full4 ,he adds1 h[ev]1 t ^! rem>ks only apply to ^? w9es :i* on _! arrival d n receive ! usual c>e1 su* z fill+ ! casks1 cl>ify+ & rack+1 & are n kept 9 suitable places2 & t a good firm w9e ( ! s\? ( ,france1 :i* has naturally at lea/ #ab p] c5t4 ( alcohol1 c be %ipp$ )\t =tify+4 ,! motion & ! high temp]ature to :i* w9es are subject$ 9 transportation also cause a loss ( color by precipitation1 p>ticul>ly if !y lack tann94 ,w9es :i* are suffici5tly /rong 9 alcohol1 b f lack ( tann9 want firmness & body1 are liable to acidify4 ,!re=e1 w9es too poor 9 tann9 %\ld n be %ipp$ abroad4 ,! great] "p ( ! w9es ( ! ,gironde hav+ pl5ty ( tann91 c be safely %ipp$ if =tifi$ to #aa p] c5t41 & ! gr& w9es ( less alcohol are safe if %ipp$ 9 bottles4 ,9 ,%ipp+ a ,new ,w9e1 ^: s5sible f]m5tation is f9i%$1 ! motion (t5 causes a new dis5gagem5t ( c>bonic acid1 & sometimes 9 suffici5t =ce to bur/ out a head ( ! cask1 unless v5t$4 ,( c\rse1 su* w9e %\ld n be %ipp$1 except "u conditions :i* admit ( c>eful sup]vision4 ,if transport$ %ort di/ances1 a small gimlet hole %\ld be kept op5 ne> ! bung1 9 :i* ?ree or f\r /raws may be plac$ ) ! heads or spikes on1 or a small t9 tube ) a button at ! top may be plac$ 9 ! hole & b5t inside ! /ave1 hav+ suffici5t play to all[ ! gas to escape4 ,mu/ is %ipp$ 9 ! same way4 ,o!r ,motion1 su* z ,j>r+ & ,trembl+1 produc$ by l\d noises & bypass+ teams & by factories1 act injuri\sly ^u w9es1 caus+ !m to behave badly & to det]iorate4 ,guyot also says :at may be by "s deem$ fanciful1 t musical s\nds ha/5 ! developm5t ( w9e2 & t mo/ old w9es w turn 9 a cell> trans=m$ into a music hall4 ,f9+ is also resort$ to = ! purpose ( ag+ w9e1 produc+ results some:at simil> to ! effects ( "t4 ,b x %\ld be p]=m$ ) ! c>e & subject to ! conditions m5tion$ 9 ! prop] place4 7,see ,f9+47 ,ag+ ,g5]ally4--,be=e subject+ a w9e to any ( ! processes = artificial ag+1 c>e %\ld be tak51 says ,mr4 ,boireau1 to precipitate ! matt]s held 9 susp5sion1 & to r5d] x p]fectly limpid4 ,gr& w9es1 h[ev]1 %\ld nev] be subject$ to ! treatm5t1 = if a premature developm5t ( b\quet is obta9$1 x is at ! exp5se ( t preci\s quality1 mell[ness4 ,= to-day1 g\rmets & consum]s ( ref9$ ta/e d n select w9es :i* h a b\quet1 if !y are also dry & h>% to ! palate2 su* w9es are only too pl5ty4 ,!y e/eem above all ^? w9es :i* 9 ag+ h kept _! fruity flavor1 _! velvety smoo?ness1 t unctuosity :i* c only be pres]v$ 9 keep+ !m 9 a place hav+ a regul> temp]ature 7av]ag+ #fj71 9 well clos$ receptacles1 by br++ ab\t ! defecation ( _! lees & ! deposit ( _! f]m5ts by opportune rack+s )\t contact ) ! air1 & by f9+ !m z little z possible4 ,if1 = want ( c>e or suitable places1 ! w9es "w1 ent] into f]m5tation1 _! mell[ness dim9i%es1 & :5 neglect$ !y become dry4 ,! ,w9es :i* ,ga9 ! ,mo/ by ! ,ag+ ,processes m5tion$1 are3 #a/1 ,w9es excessively r\gh & ov]*>g$ ) color2 #b;d1 =tifi$ w9es1 ^: m9imum degree ( alcohol is #ah p] c5t42 #c;d1 sweet w9es =tifi$ to #ah or #bj p] c5t4 ,^? :i* rema9 too h>% %\ld be f9$ ) a /rong dose ( gelat9e2 cont9u$ agitation aft] ?is w make !m smoo!r4 ,=tifi$ w9es1 dry or sweet1 age v quickly1 if subject$ to agitation & aft]w>ds to insolation1 if foll[$ by a complete cl>ification2 b x is important to =tify !m anew1 = ! alcohol evaporates1 & bel[ #ae p] c5t4 !y w\ld s\r in/ead ( acquir+ b\quet4 ,x is also sometimes necess>y to add sug> to sweet w9es s treat$4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,g5]al ,,treatm5t--,,cell>s4 ,un=tifi$1 or ,table ,w9es4--,aft] :at has be5 said 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ! diff]5t effects produc$ by ! v>i\s influ5ces to :i* w9e may be subject$1 x rema9s to po9t out ! prop] c>e & treatm5t to be be/[$ ^u un=tifi$ table w9es1 ^: alcoholic /r5g? does n exce$ #ae p] c5t4 ,! ?ree ess5tial conditions indicat$ by ,mr4 ,boireau are3 #a4 ,!y %\ld be protect$ f ! contact ( ! air4 #b4 ,!y %\ld be kept 9 a uni=m temp]ature4 #c4 ,!y %\ld be fre$ f _! lees1 f]m5ts1 & deposits2 !y mu/ become p]fectly cle>1 & _! deg5]ation be prev5t$4 ,x is v important to ta/e !m1 & keep close wat* ov] !m by frequ5t visit+1 9 ord] to prev5t second>y f]m5tations & _! consequ5t injuri\s results1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( mell[ w9es1 :i* !reby trans=m into alcohol ! mucilages & pect9es :i* !y conta91 & lose _! fruity flavor4 7,see ,r$ ,w9e1 ,:ite ,w9e1 etc47 ,deposits1 ,lees1 etc4--,x is important t !y %\ld be fre$ f f]m5ts & deposits1 = muddy1 tr\bl$ w9es are pr$ispos$ to second>y f]m5tations1 alcoholic or acetic2 !y readily contract ! bad ta/e ( ! lees1 bitt]ness1 etc4 ,9 all w9es1 ! "w ( cle>+ is con/antly go+ on2 diff]5t matt]s1 among o!rs1 color+ matt]1 sev]al m9]al & vegetable salts1 etc41 :i* 7 dissolv$ 9 ! w9e1 become insoluble1 & ^! ) a portion ( ! tann9 are precipitat$ to ! bottom ( ! vessel or rema9 9 susp5sion4 ,x is ^! matt]s ) ! f]m5ts :i* con/itute ! lees4 ,w9es deposit m or less1 accord+ to _! nature & ! c>e be/[$ 9 _! mak+4 ,! mo/ volum9\s deposits take place dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 & !y dim9i% 9 volume & consi/5cy at ea* rack+1 if prop]ly c>$ =4 ,:5 !y h become well settl$ & bright1 & h a*iev$ _! complete developm5t1 ! deposit is almo/ no?+4 ,b x increases anew :5 ! w9e decl9es & beg9s to deg5]ate4 ,to ,prev5t ?is ,deg5]ation1 & to keep fully develop$ w9es1 !y mu/ be put into bottles4 7,see ,w9e 9 ,bottles47 ,,cell>s4 ,:at has be5 said 9 ! prec$+ *apt] naturally leads u to ! subject ( ! prop] place = /or+ w9e aft] x has complet$ its active f]m5tation4 ,cell>s prop] are con/ruct$ entirely "u gr\nd1 & %\ld h vault$ ro(s ( masonry4 ,if ! cell> is "u a build+1 ! ar* c safely come )9 two or ?ree feet ( ! level ( ! gr\nd1 b if no build+ is ov] x to protect x f ! heat ( ! sun1 x %\ld be f\r or five feet "u gr\nd4 ,_m /oreh\ses = w9e are con/ruct$ p>tly above & p>tly bel[ gr\nd1 & o!rs aga91 entirely above4 ,und\bt$ly ^? bel[ gr\nd are ! be/ adapt$ = keep+ w9es :i* h arriv$ at maturity1 & = ^? ( little alcoholic /r5g?1 b :5 x is desir$ to rapidly develop & age an immature w9e1 x c be soon] accompli%$ 9 a place ( a high] temp]ature1 & !re also c a /rong w9e be safely kept4 ,temp]ature4--,:atev] ! degree ( temp]ature1 all agree t x %\ld be z ne>ly uni=m z possible2 & to insure ?is1 ! cell> %\ld face ! nor? or ea/ :5 practicable4 ,! out] door %\ld n op5 directly into ! cell> or /oreh\se1 b x is bett] to h ! entrance ?r\gh an outbuild+1 or at lea/ ) an out] & an inn] door1 at a consid]able di/ance4 ,if ! w9e h\se is above gr\nd1 its walls %\ld be ( suffici5t ?ickness & ( suitable mat]ial to prev5t *anges ( temp]ature1 & x %\ld h a l(t or room above1 s t ! w9e may be protect$ f ! effects ( ! rays ( ! sun fall+ ^u ! ro(2 & x may also be %ad$ by trees4 ,"s ( ! old] writ]s say t ! prop] temp]ature = a cell> is #ej or #eb ,f41 b s l[ a degree c only be obta9$ 9 a well con/ruct$ cell> :olly "u gr\nd1 & deep1 & is n likely to be obta9$ 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,boireau1 h[ev]1 says t 9 ! ,gironde ! av]age temp]ature ( ! cell>s is f #ae to #ag ,c41 or #ei to #fb ,f41 & if a p]son c ma9ta9 ! temp]ature ( 8 cell> or /oreh\se 9 ?is ,/ate uni=mly at #fj he w d well4 ,dampness4--,=m]ly1 :5 wood5 hoops = casks 7 us$1 x 0 necess>y to gu>d aga9/ dampness1 = !y soon rott$1 & requir$ to be frequ5tly r5ew$2 b n[ ) ! use ( iron 9 place ( wood1 less c>e is necess>y 9 t respect4 ,x is be/1 h[ev]1 t !y %\ld be suffici5tly dry t m\ld w n =m on ! cask1 = a bad ta/e may !reby be communicat$ to ! w9e4 ,!re=e1 cell>s %\ld n be con/ruct$ 9 v damp places1 %\ld h ! soil ( ! floor well compact$1 %\ld be well dra9$1 & well cem5t$1 & if necess>y1 ! floor may be cov]$ ) a b$ a foot deep compos$ ( a mixture ( lime1 s&1 & gravel1 or c9d]s1 or ! l1 well beat5 d[n1 & ! :ole cov]$ ) dry s&4 ,no?+ %\ld be left 9 ! cell> :i* naturally ga!rs moi/ure4 ,all m\ld %\ld be frequ5tly remov$1 & ! s& remov$ & replac$ ) dry s& :5 necess>y4 ,sawdu/ %\ld n be us$ on ! floor4 ,9 ,san ,francisco1 ! be/ cell>s h a good asphaltum floor1 & ,i "k ( no?+ bett] aft] ! odor has pass$ away4 ,v5tilation is necess>y at times to prev5t too mu* dampness1 & also to *ange ! air :i* may become f\l4 ,und]gr\nd cell>s c be v5tilat$ by means ( a l>ge tube1 su* z is us$ on %ipbo>d1 provid$ ) a broad op5+ at ! top :i* c be turn$ 9 ! direction ( ! w9d1 conduct+ ! air into ! cell>4 ,/oreh\ses may h small1 movable w9d[s4 ,9 ord] to keep d[n ! temp]ature1 ! prop] "t to v5tilate is dur+ ! coole/ "p ( ! night 9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ?is ,/ate4 ,evaporation ( ! ,w9e1 h[ev]1 mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/1 :i* may v>y f #c to #aj p] c5t4 p] annum1 accord+ to :e!r ! place ( /orage is op5 or clos$4 ,9 ,france ! gov]nm5t makes an all[ance 9 favor ( ! :olesale m]*ant ( #h p] c5t41 = loss4 ,& ,boireau says t 9 dry /oreh\ses :]e ! air is cont9ually r5ew$ by v5tilation1 ! loss equals ! all[$ p] c5t41 & ev5 exce$s x1 p>ticul>ly if ! casks are weak & poor1 hoop$ 9 wood1 & if ! hoops are n driv5 :5 !y become dry4 ,! loss may !n rea* #aj p] c5t41 )\t extraord9>y leakage4 ,by gu>d+ aga9/ too free access ( air & heat1 n only w a v consid]able loss by evaporation be avoid$1 b also o!r defects :i* may s]i\sly affect ! w9e1 su* z acidity1 bitt]ness1 too great dryness1 etc4 ,& moreov]1 9 poor cell>s ! w9es require mu* m att5tion1 su* z ull+1 rack+1 & frequ5t ta/+1 to protect !m f second>y f]m5tations4 ,o!r ,precautions4--,f :at has be5 said conc]n+ ! influ5ce ( light1 motion1 etc41 x results t w9e cell>s %\ld n be too light1 nor be situat$ "u wagon roads :]e vehicles frequ5tly pass1 nor ne> blacksmi?s' %ops1 or o!r noisy indu/ries1 su* z boil] mak+1 etc4 ,! vic9ity ( s9ks1 cesspools1 sew]s1 & ! s\rces ( noisome odors g5]ally1 %\ld be avoid$2 & cell>s %\ld n be us$ = /or+ milk1 *eese1 v9eg>1 or any matt] liable to f]m5t1 su* z fruit1 vegetables1 etc42 nor %\ld new w9es be /or$ !re until _! active f]m5tation has ceas$1 = ^! ?+s may ei!r communicate a bad odor & ta/e to ! w9e1 or set up 9 x second>y f]m5tations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,cask & ,support4 ,! ,casks & ,tuns %\ld be support$ by /rong timb]s or masonry1 & %\ld be suffici5tly elevat$1 s t ! w9e may be easily drawn (f1 & %\ld be securely block$4 ,fig4 #ae repres5ts a cask support$ by timb]s re/+ on brick "w4 ,:]e ! casks are arrang$ 9 piles1 ^? 9 ! l[] ti] %\ld h f\r blocks or *ocks ea*1 = if !y are block$ only on "o side1 !y are liable to be di/urb$1 & ! out] ones %\ld also h a l>ge block "u ! bulge4 ,( c\rse1 ! out] blocks %\ld be s adju/$ t !y _c be knock$ out 9 pass+ by1 & 9 roll+ b>rels1 etc4 ,! casks ( ! upp] ti]s are roll$ up on skids1 or incl9$ planes1 & are !n roll$ along ov] scantl+s1 laid on ! ti] bel[2 & hoi/+ tackle is (t5 ( use 9 ?is connection4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! cell> is furni%$ ) suffici5t l>ge tuns1 ! pil+ ( casks may be disp5s$ )4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,rack+4 ,! ,rack+ ( ,w9es1 or draw+ (f1 is p]=m$ = ! purpose ( free+ !m f ! lees4 ,"s ( ! old] writ]s recomm5d t w9e %\ld be all[$ to rema9 on ! lees till ,febru>y or ,m>*1 b ! bett] practice is to draw x (f z soon z x has cle>$4 ,if x is all[$ to rema9 long ^u ! lees1 v>iations ( temp]ature & second>y f]m5tations1 /orms1 etc41 are apt to cause x to become tr\bl$ & muddy1 & acquire a flavor ( ! lees4 ,boireau says t he has con/antly obs]v$ t w9es 9 g5]al1 & especially ^? :i* h be5 f9$1 if rack$ z soon z well cle>$1 say f two weeks to a mon? aft] f9+1 accord+ to ! k9d ( f9+s us$1 place ( /orage1 nature ( ! w9e1 etc41 are g5]ally m limpid1 h a clean] ta/e1 & are mu* less liable to "w ?an if left on ! f9+s = six mon?s1 f "o rack+ to ano!r4 ,w9es n f9$1 :i* h become cle> naturally by repose1 exhibit ! same results2 ^? :i* are rack$ z soon z bright1 are1 9 e respect1 ( a quality sup]ior to ^? :i* h be5 left ^u _! lees f "o equ9ox to ano!r4 ,! ,conditions ,indisp5sable to ,good ,rack+ are /at$ by ,mr4 ,ma*>d z foll[s3 #a4 ,to p]=m ! op]ation :5 ! wea!r is dry & cle>1 & if possible dur+ a nor? w9d1 = x is only dur+ su* wea!r t ! precipitation ( ! lees c be really complete4 #b4 ,to avoid ! op]ation dur+ damp & ra9y wea!r1 & :ile viol5t w9ds are bl[+ f ! s\?4 #c4 ,n to proce$ dur+ a /orm1 because !n ! light] p>ts ( ! lees rise & produce f]m5tive movem5ts :i* are always to be gu>d$ aga9/4 #d4 ,nev] to draw (f a tr\bl$ or muddy w9e1 = !n x mu/ be rack$ aga92 & 9 t condition ! deposits are always mix$ ) ! w9e4 #e4 ,moreov]1 nev] rack at ! foll[+ p]iods ( ! vegetation ( ! v9e3 :5 ! buds beg9 to swell1 at ! "t ( fl[]+1 & especially at ! "t :5 ! fruit comm5ces to *ange color1 9 rip5+4 #f4 ,nev] to proce$ dur+ ! heat ( ! day1 or a s\? w9d1 b always 9 ! cool ( ! morn+ & dur+ a nor? w9d4 #g4 ,to always make use ( ! sulphur mat*4 #h4 ,nev] to leave ! w9e long expos$ to ! air4 #i4 ,n to all[ ! w9e to fall too f>1 s z n to deprive x ( its c>bonic acid1 :i* ex]ts a cons]vative effect1 & ?us also to avoid too great agitation1 :i* may be prejudicial4 #aj4 ,f9ally1 to use ! greate/ c>e to free x f ! lea/ traces ( s$im5t4 ,i h repeat$ ne>ly ! language ( ! au?or quot$1 at ! exp5se ( "s repetition1 because ! rules are laid d[n by him m m9utely ?an by ! o!r au?ors :o agree ) him 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,x is agre$ t ! mo/ critical p]iods = w9e on ! lees are ! diff]5t p]iods ( ! vegetation above m5tion$1 :i* v>y some:at 9 diff]5t climates1 & !y %\ld !re=e be rack$ be=e ^! epo*s arrive4 ,new ,r$ ,w9es1 says ,mr4 ,boireau1 :i* h be5 prop]ly made1 :i* are cle>1 :i* d n "w1 & :i* are kept 9 clos$ cell>s1 %\ld be drawn (f f\r times dur+ ! fir/ ye>2 ! fir/ rack+ is p]=m$ z soon z ! ins5sible f]m5tation has ceas$1 & ! w9e has become cle>1 i4 e41 dur+ ! fir/ cold wea!r ( ,decemb]2 ! second 9 ,m>*1 be=e ! spr\t+ ( ! v9e1 or at ! v]nal equ9ox2 ! ?ird be=e ! fl[]+ ( ! v9e1 9 ,june2 & ! f\r? at ! autumnal equ9ox1 9 ,septemb]4 ,ma*>d consid]s t no rack+ is s important z t ( ,m>*1 & he insi/s ^u x t x %\ld nev] be omitt$1 & t x %\ld be well done1 = if ! lees are all remov$ !n1 x may ev5 g safely till ! next v9tage1 & ! ,june or ,july rack+ be omitt$1 except 9 w>m climates2 & !n1 z be=e obs]v$1 x %\ld be done 9 ! cool ( ! day4 ,in/ead ( wait+ till ,septemb]1 ! op]ation is (t5 p]=m$ 9 ,augu/1 :5 ! grape beg9s to turn4 ,( c\rse1 ! p]iods *ange some:at 9 diff]5t climates1 z already obs]v$1 s t ! cell>-man mu/ famili>ize himself ) ! conduct ( ! w9e 9 8 locality1 & gov]n himself accord+ly1 rack+ be=e ! p]iod arrives :5 ! w9e usually works4 ,old ,r$ ,w9es are rack$ only twice a ye>1 9 ! spr+ & fall1 be=e ! equ9oxes1 except 9 case ( _! becom+ turbid by second>y f]m5tations1 :5 !y mu/ be rack$1 :atev] ! "t ( ye>1 except also 9 case ( c]ta9 diseases4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! w9e has n be5 well made or prop]ly c>$ =1 x may %[ signs ( f]m5tation & alt]ation1 & ne$ rack+ at p]iods diff]5t f ^? above m5tion$4 ,if ! w9e does n cle> ( itself by ! "t x %\ld be drawn (f1 x may be necess>y to cl>ify x by f9+ 7:i* see74 ,b if well made & prop]ly c>$ =1 x w ord9>ily cle> itself4 ,new ,:ite ,w9es are rack$ z soon z !y become cle>1 & no precise epo* c be fix$ = ! op]ation1 because ! duration ( ! f]m5tation dep5ds ess5tially ^u ! d5sity ( ! mu/ & ! temp]ature4 ,9 any case1 x is mu* m prolong$ ?an t ( r$ w9es4 ,x (t5 happ5s t x cont9ues till ! mon? ( ,febru>y1 :5 ! mu/ is v ri* 9 sug>1 especially if ! wea!r is cold late 9 ! fall2 :ile w9es made ( grapes f ! same v9ey>d1 made 9 ! same way1 b less ri* 9 ! sac*>9e pr9ciple1 may t]m9ate _! f]m5tation 9 ,decemb]4 ,! rack+ %\ld always be p]=m$ be=e ! wea!r becomes w>m1 = ! elevation ( ! temp]ature w set ! w9e work+1 & ! lees w become mix$ ) x4 ,ord9>ily ! mo/ favorable "t is ! mon? ( ,febru>y4 ,subsequ5t ,rack+s4--,:ite w9e1 new or old1 requires to be rack$ ?ree times a ye>1 z /at$ 9 ! *apt] on ,:ite ,w9e2 fir/1 9 ,m>*1 at ! "t ( ! spr\t+ ( ! v9e1 be=e ! equ9ox2 secondly1 at ! fl[]+ ( ! v9e1 9 ,june1 be=e ! summ] sol/ice2 & ?irdly1 9 ,septemb]1 at ! rip5+ ( ! grape1 be=e ! autumnal equ9ox4 7,see ,:ite ,w9e1 ,rack+47 ,c>e to be ,obs]v$4--,contact ) ! air %\ld be c>efully avoid$ dur+ ! op]ation4 ,! same c>e %\ld be obs]v$ z 9 rack+ r$ w9e1 & ! op]ation is p]=m$ 9 ! same mann]1 always keep+ 9 view t :at may be ess5tial to keep a mell[ w9e 9 condition1 may to a c]ta9 ext5t be neglect$ :]e dryness is desir$4 ,a sulphur mat* ought always to be burn$ 9 ! cask be=e w9e1 ei!r r$ or :ite1 is rack$ into x1 = ?us ! g]ms ( f]m5tation :i* may be 9 ! cask w be r5d]$ inactive by ! sulphur\s acid =m$1 & :i* w also absorb ) avidity ! oxyg51 & !reby 9 two ways t5d to prev5t f]m5tation4 ,! cask1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be sulphur$ till well dra9$1 or ! wat] rema9+ w be impregnat$ ) ! gas1 :i* is liable to give a disagreeable sulphur ta/e to ! w9e :i* w n disappe> = "s "t4 7,see ,sulphur+47 ,a cask :i* has be5 put away sulphur$ mu/ = ! same reason be wa%$ be=e us+2 & 9 fact no cask %\ld be us$ )\t wa%+4 ,o!r ,precautions4--,great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 all cases n to di/urb ! s$im5t by mov+ ! cask1 by p\nd+ on ! /ave to loos5 ! bung1 or by driv+ 9 ! faucet4 ,! latt] ought to be op5$ be=e ins]t+ x1 s z to all[ ! air conta9$ 9 x to escape1 & n to =ce itself into ! cask & tr\ble ! w9e1 :i* x is liable to d by contraction & expansion1 =c+ 9 ! faucet4 ,x %\ld be clos$ z soon z ! w9e beg9s to run4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t an empty bucket %\ld be kept "u1 :5 putt+ 9 ! faucet1 to cat* ! w9e t may escape4 ,c>e mu/ also be tak5 t ! cask to be fill$1 & all ! ut5sils us$ 9 & ab\t ! rack+1 are scrupul\sly clean1 & buckets1 hose1 funnels1 siphons1 etc41 mu/ be wa%$ c>efully e day1 = if all[$ to /& ) w9e 9 !m1 !y w become s\r4 ,siphons & %ort tubes c be sc\r$ by means ( a bru%1 su* z is us$ = clean+ bottles & lamp *imneys1 by atta*+ x to a long1 /iff wire4 ,diff]5t ,me?ods ( ,rack+4--,! commone/ way is to draw ! w9e ?r\gh a faucet into a bucket1 & p\r x into ! empty cask by means ( a funnel4 ,! faucet is plac$ 9 a hole bor$ 9 ! end ( ! cask1 an in* or m above ! l[] /ave4 ,aft] ! faucet has be5 plac$ 9 position1 v5t ! cask ( w9e1 b n be=e4 ,:5 ! w9e no long] runs1 ! cask %\ld be slightly tipp$ =w>d1 b by a v easy & gradual movem5t1 s z n to di/urb ! lees4 ,?is may be done by a man c>efully lift+ ! re> end4 ,a k9d ( hoi/+-jack 7fig4 #af7 is us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! l[] end re/s on ! gr\nd1 ne> ! re> end ( ! cask1 & ! upp] end ( ! movable rod is plac$ "u ! upp] *ime4 ,on turn+ ! crank ! cask is tipp$ g5tly =w>d1 & a rat*et cat*es ! p9ion & prev5ts ! return4 ,if !re is n suffici5t space betwe5 ! wall & ! cask to op]ate 9 ! mann] /at$1 "o end ( ! jack is plac$ aga9/ ! wall above ! cask1 & ! p[] is appli$ to ! upp] =w>d "p ( ! cask by plac+ ! o!r end beh9d a =w>d hoop4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,jack = tipp+ a ,cask4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,=k = tipp+ a ,cask4 ,! =k 7fig4 #ag7 is us$ 9 ! same way1 be+ l5g!n$ by means ( ! screw4 ,fig4 #ah repres5ts ano!r contrivance = ! same purpose4 ,if only "o man is employ$1 a lev] support$ above ! cask by two legs /raddl+ x1 & =m+ ! fulcrum1 ! re> end provid$ ) a hook :i* hooks "u ! *ime1 & ! o!r end ext5d+ =w>d beyond ! front1 may be us$ 7fig4 #ai74 ,! workman1 by be>+ d[n on ! lev]1 or by pull+ ! /rap at ! end1 tips ! cask =w>d4 ,:5 ! w9e has ne>ly all run out1 x %\ld frequ5tly be exam9$ by hold+ a small quantity to ! light 9 a small1 ?9 glass1 & z soon z ! slighte/ appe>ance ( lees pres5ts itself1 ! op]ation %\ld cease1 & none ( ! muddy w9e %\ld be p\r$ into ! o!r cask4 ,?is me?od has its advantages1 9 t ! fir/ appe>ance ( cl\d9ess c be detect$1 = ! liquid is always "u ! eye ( ! op]ator1 b x has ! disadvantage ( greatly expos+ ! w9e to ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,implem5t = tipp+ a ,cask4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,implem5t = tipp+ a ,cask4 ,ano!r me?od :i* avoids ! la/ objection1 is to securely connect ! faucet ( ! cask ( w9e ) ! faucet ( ! empty "o1 to op5 !m bo?1 & let ! w9e run f "o to ! o!r4 ,if !y are bo? on ! same1 or ne>ly ! same level1 a portion only w be transf]r$1 & !n ! re/ may be =c$ ov] by connect+ ! tube ( a h&-bell[s tightly ) ! bung-hole ( ! cask ( w9e1 & bl[+ into x4 ,?is is easily done by atta*+ ! bell[s by means ( a hose to a long1 holl[1 conical bung4 7,see fig4 #bj47 ,z soon z ! air is he>d 9 ! tube1 close ! faucet1 & be=e remov+ x1 bung ! cask tight4 ,! rema9+ w9e is remov$ z 9 ! fir/ me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,a ,me?od ( ,rack+4 ,pumps & ,siphons are v useful :]e w9e is to be m]ely transf]r$ f "o cask to ano!r1 b !y are n well suit$ = rack+ x f ! lees1 = x is difficult to make use ( !m )\t di/urb+ ! s$im5t1 & !reby tr\bl+ ! liquid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,siphon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,siphon4 ,figs4 #ba & #bb repres5t two =ms ( siphons4 ,!y may also consi/ simply ( a b5t tube4 ,fig4 #ba %[s an exhau/+ tube atta*$1 by :i* ! air is suck$ out ) ! m\?4 ,fig4 #bc %[s a rot>y =ce pump = transf]r+ w9e f "o cask to ano!r4 ,lev] =ce pumps are also us$ = ! same purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,rot>y ,=ce ,pump4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,cl>ification--,,f9+4 ,:5 ,necess>y4--,w9es d n always acquire ! desirable /ate ( brightness & limpidity by repose & rack+1 & x becomes necess>y to cl>ify !m4 ,!y may become cl\dy ?r\gh second>y f]m5tations1 :i* cause ! lees once deposit$ to rise & become aga9 mix$ ) ! liquid1 or ?r\gh *anges ( temp]ature1 by transportation1 by c>eless rack+1 etc41 & by mix+ diff]5t k9ds toge!r2 or !y may fail to cle> naturally1 because n possess$ ( suffici5t tann9 or album5 to precipitate ! diff]5t matt]s held 9 susp5sion4 ,weak w9es ( poor ye>s may conta9 f]m5ts 9 excess ( _! sug>1 :i* may be remov$ by cl>ification1 & s f]m5tation be *eck$ or ret>d$4 ,w9es1 h[ev]1 :i* are well made & prop]ly c>$ =1 ought to become bright )\t rec\rse to cl>ification1 & su* w be f\nd pref]able to1 & w possess m fruitness1 unctuosity1 & color1 ?an ^? :i* h be5 cl>ifi$ by sev]al f9+s4 ,& = ^! reasons--al?\gh x may be necess>y to f9e su* w9es z d n naturally cle> !mselves--c>e mu/ be obs]v$ n to c>ry ! process too f>1 & deprive !m ( ! tann9 necess>y to _! pres]vation1 z well z ( too mu* ( _! color1 fruity flavor1 & mell[ness4 ,! ,diff]5t ,sub/ances ,employ$ = ,cl>ify+ act ei!r *emically & me*anically1 or simply me*anically4 ,among ! latt] are blott+ pap]1 ei!r 9 %eets or 9 pulp1 f9e s&1 & p[d]$ /one1 :i* are plac$ 9 ! cask1 & :i* 9 fall+1 c>ry d[n ) !m ! matt]s :i* are held 9 susp5sion4 ,w9e is sometimes cl>ifi$ by filt]+ x ?r\gh wool5 bags4 ,^? sub/ances :i* act bo? *emically & me*anically are album5 & gelat9e1 & simil> sub/ances4 ,( ,gelat9\s ,sub/ances1 two k9ds are us$1 gelat9e1 s-call$1 & is+lass1 or fi% glue1 & !y act 9 two ways4 ,!y are n entirely dissolv$ 9 wat]2 ?91 transp>5t pellicles rema9 9 susp5sion1 :i* =m a sort ( network 9 ! w9e1 & 9 settl+ !y c>ry ) !m o!r insoluble matt]s4 ,?us1 _! action is me*anical4 ,! portion :i* is fully dissolv$ is pure gelat9e1 & acts *emically4 ,x comb9es ) ! tann9 ( ! w9e & =ms an insoluble sub/ance1 tannate ( gelat9e1 :i* is readily precipitat$4 ,gelat9e1 s-call$1 is prep>$ f ! bones1 sk91 & t5dons ( animals1 & is sold 9 tablets or %eets1 & is sometimes *ipp$ or brok5 into small fragm5ts4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ( f9+s1 & causes a loss by precipitation ( a consid]able portion ( ! tann9 & ( ! color+ matt] ( ! w9e4 ,x %\ld n1 !re=e1 be us$ 9 cl>ify+ r$ w9es1 except :5 x is desirable to deprive !m ( a portion ( _! r\ghness caus$ by an excess ( tann91 or ( a portion ( _! color2 & x %\ld always be employ$ ) caution4 ,x produces m s$im5t ?an ! two sub/ances next nam$1 & leaves a bad ta/e 9 ! w9e1 unless p]fectly fre% matt]s h be5 us$ 9 its prep>ation4 ,= ! latt] reason1 w9e cl>ifi$ ) x %\ld be rack$ f ! f9+s z soon z cle>$4 ,x may be pr(itably us$ to cl>ify common :ite w9es2 & if !y are difficult to cl>ify1 tann9 %\ld be add$ z describ$ bel[4 ,prep>ation4--,take ab\t two tablets1 or "o ounce1 = "o hundr$ gallons1 or d\ble ! quantity1 if ! greate/ possible effect is desir$4 ,dissolve x 9 a di% ov] ! fire ) a little wat]1 con/antly /irr+1 & d n all[ ! wat] to boil4 ,if previ\sly soak$ a few h\rs 9 wat]1 x w dissolve all ! m easily4 ,use z direct$ bel[4 ,is+lass1 ,fi% ,glue1 or ,i*?yocol 7,i*?yocolla ( ! ph>maci/s71 is prep>$ f ! swimm+ bladd] ( ! /urgeon1 & usually comes f ,russia4 ,x acts 9 ! same way z gelat9e1 me*anically1 & also by comb9+ ) ! tann94 ,?is is prem95tly ! f9+ = :ite w9e4 ,"o ounce or m maybe us$ = #ajj gallons4 ,x %\ld be brok5 up by p\nd+ x ) a hamm] on a block ( wood1 & %\ld be *opp$ into small fragm5ts1 s t x may be easily dissolv$4 ,put x 9 a vessel ( crock]y1 & p\r ov] x ( ! w9e to be cl>ifi$ suffici5t to cov] x4 ,add ano!r glass or two ( ! w9e 9 a few h\rs1 :5 ! fir/ has be5 absorb$4 ,aft] ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs x =ms a jelly4 ,?is %\ld be ?9n$ by add+ m w9e or w>m wat]1 & x %\ld be ?or\ghly work$ ) ! h& until completely dissolv$1 & !n be /ra9$ ?r\gh a piece ( l951 us+ suffici5t pressure to squeeze out ! mucilage4 ,x %\ld be ?or\ghly :ipp$ or beat51 & m w9e is add$ if too ?ick4 ,aft] be+ prep>$1 x may be kept = "s "t 9 bottles1 by add+ a little br&y4 ,9 cl>ify+ sweet :ite w9es1 x is recomm5d$ t an ounce or two ( cream ( t>t> be add$1 :i* mu/ fir/ be dissolv$ 9 w>m wat]4 ,album9\s ,sub/ances4--,among ^! are m5tion$ ! blood ( animals1 dri$ or fre%1 & x is a p[]ful cl>ifi]4 ,ab\t two qu>ts to #ajj gallons are us$1 beat5 up ) an equal quantity ( w9e4 ,x is liable to deprive ! w9e ( a portion ( its color1 & sometimes conveys a disagreeable flavor1 p>ticul>ly unless us$ :5 q fre%4 ,x %\ld n be us$ to cl>ify old or f9e w9es1 b may be employ$ = new & common ones4 ,x is ( use 9 cl>ify+ :ite w9es :i* h turn$ yell[1 = x effectually removes ?is color4 ,x %\ld be us$ sp>+ly1 if at all1 = r$ w9es1 & ! w9e %\ld be drawn f ! f9+s z promptly z possible4 ,milk is also us$ 9 ! same way & 9 ! same quantity z blood4 ,x is liable to s\r1 & a small quantity is apt to rema9 9 ! w9e4 ,by its use sug> ( milk is introduc$1 :i* is liable to und]go lactic & butyric f]m5tations1 & ! flavor ( s\r milk & rancid butt] may be communicat$ to ! w9e4 ,?is may also be us$ to decolor :ite w9e :i* has become yell[4 ,! ,:ite ( ,eggs is ! be/ ( ! album9\s sub/ances us$ = cl>ify+4 ,x is coagulat$ by ! alcohol & tann91 & =ms a precipitate heavi] ?an ! liquid1 & z x falls1 c>ries ) x ! matt]s rema9+ 9 susp5sion4 ,if ! eggs are fre%1 z !y always mu/ be1 !re is no dang] ( communicat+ any =eign flavor to ! w9e by _! use2 b x is n advisable to use ! yolks1 = !y injure ! w9e by decolor+ x1 & ! sulphur conta9$ 9 !m may communicate ! odor ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,?is is prem95tly ! f9+ = r$ w9e4 ,x is also us$ = ! cl>ification ( :ite w9e1 b ,ma*>d says t x is subject to be cond5s$ 9 ! =m ( spl9t]s 7esquilles71 :i* obscure r ?an cl>ify ! liquid4 ,! :ites ( t5 or a doz5 eggs are us$ = #ajj gallons4 ,!y are beat5 up 9 a small quantity ( w9e or wat] be=e us+4 ,cl>ify+ ,p[d]s4--,9 addition to ! sub/ances m5tion$1 !re are special prep>ations 9 ! =m ( p[d]s1 sold = ! purpose1 :i* are highly recomm5d$ by "s au?ors4 ,!y are suppos$ to consi/ ma9ly ( dri$ blood2 directions = us+ are giv5 on ! package4 ,gum ,arabic1 ab\t #aj ounces to #ajj gallons1 is also us$1 b x is n readily precipitat$1 & is apt to rema9 9 dissolution 9 ! w9e4 ,salt is (t5 add$ to ! diff]5t f9+s1 by fir/ dissolv+ a small h&ful 9 wat]4 ,x r5d]s !m heavi]1 & z x is insoluble 9 alcohol1 x becomes precipitat$1 & ?us acts 9 two ways4 ,_m au?ors recomm5d its use1 b ,boireau says x %\ld only be employ$ 9 cl>ify+ common or v turbid w9es4 ,alcohol is add$ ) great advantage if ! w9es are s weak 9 _s t ! f9+s d n act4 ,tann91 h[ev]1 m frequ5tly requires to be add$1 = ^u x & ! alcohol dep5ds ! action ( ! sub/ances employ$4 ,if ! w9e is n lack+ 9 alcohol1 & ! f9+s d n act1 suffici5t tann9 mu/ be add$ to produce ! desir$ effect4 ,if ! ord9>y tannic acid ( comm]ce is employ$1 "o-half to "o ounce = #ajj gallons may be us$4 ,dissolve lb4 9 a qu>t ( ! /ronge/ alcohol1 #ie1 by ?or\ghly %ak+ 9 a bottle ( d\ble ! size4 ,aft] /&+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs x is filt]$1 & "o gill ( ! solution conta9s "o ounce ( tannic acid4 ,?is prep>ation ( tann91 :i* is prep>$ f nutgalls1 is us$ = tannify+ sp>kl+ w9es1 because x does n adh]e to ! inside ( ! bottle4 ,x is pref]able1 h[ev]1 9 g5]al to employ ! tann9 d]iv$ f ! v9e itself4 ,= ?is purpose a /rong decoction is made by /eep+ grape se$s1 :i* h n und]gone f]m5tation1 9 wat]4 ,!y %\ld be co>sely brok51 or bruis$1 & boil$ = sev]al h\rs4 ,by add+ f "o-f\r? to "o-fif? ( its volume ( /rong alcohol ( #he p] c5t41 x c be kept = future use4 ,! liquor may be filt]$ be=e add+ ! alcohol4 ,in/ead ( ! se$s1 sometimes a h&ful ( /ems are /eep$1 & ! liquid is us$4 ,tannifi$ w9e may be prep>$ by soak+ #ej or #fj lbs4 ( ! bruis$ se$s 9 #ajj gallons ( :ite w9e1 = "o or two mon?s4 ,x is c>$ = z :ite w9e4 ,if only "o cask is to be treat$1 say #ajj gallons1 "o-half p\nd ( grape se$ may be r$uc$ to p[d] & put 94 ,x is difficult to lay d[n a def9ite rule z to ! am\nt ( ei!r prep>ation to use1 = ! reason t ! am\nt ( tann9 conta9$ 9 ! w9e itself v>ies4 ,?ree or f\r gallons ( ! tannifi$ w9e are recomm5d$ = #ajj gallons1 & a mu* small] quantity ( ! fir/ m5tion$ decoction w\ld be equival5t 9 its effects1 on acc\nt ( its additional /r5g?4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is f\nd t suffici5t has n be5 us$1 ! w9e mu/ be cl>ifi$ anew1 & tann9 add$ aga94 ,by exp]im5t+ on a small quantity ( ! w9e1 ! prop] quantity may be asc]ta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,implem5ts = /irr+4 ,me?od ( ,op]ation4--,aft] prep>+ ! f9+s z describ$ "u ! head ( ea* ( ! sub/ances already m5tion$1 two or ?ree gallons ( w9e are drawn f ! bung by ! aid ( a siphon1 pump1 or o!r suitable implem5t1 ! f9+s are p\r$ 91 & ! w9e is /irr$ until ?or\ghly mix$ ) !m4 ,?is may be done ) a /ick split at ! end into ?ree or f\r prongs 7fig4 #bd71 or by a sort ( bru% consi/+ ( sev]al small bundles ( bri/les ins]t$ 9 a /ick & at "r angles to ea* o!r 7fig4 #be71 or ) a sort ( b5t paddle1 pi]c$ ) holes1 call$ a :ip 7fig4 #bf74 ,! w9e drawn out %\ld !n be replac$ 9 ! cask1 :i* %\ld be completely fill$1 & left to re/ till ! w9e is bright4 ,9 fill+ a cask :i* has rec5tly be5 agitat$1 or into :i* f9+s h be5 put1 a good deal ( fro? is frequ5tly f\nd :i* w run out at ! bung be=e ! cask is full1 & w prev5t ! op]ator f fill+ x4 ,a few sm>t bl[s on ! bung /ave ) a bung />t] w break ! bubbles & remove ! foam4 ,! "t requir$ to cl>ify a cask ( w9e dep5ds some:at ^u ! quality ( ! w9e itself1 & also ^u ! k9d ( f9+s us$4 ,! usual "t is f two weeks to a mon?4 ,9 no case1 h[ev]1 %\ld x be all[$ to rema9 on ! f9+s aft] x has cle>$ & has ceas$ to deposit1 = ! s$im5t may "w up aga9 & cl\d ! w9e1 & if left too long 9 contact ) ! deposit1 ! w9e may acquire a disagreeable flavor4 ,if1 aft] leav+ ! w9e a suitable "t1 x /ill rema9s turbid & cont9ues to deposit1 x %\ld be rack$ into a clean cask & f9$ aga91 add+ tann91 if necess>y4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,sweet ,,w9es--,,=tifi$ ,,w9es4 ,g5]ally4--,! ,fr5* give ! "n v9s de liqueur1 liqueur w9es1 to sweet w9es1 & x is also sometimes appli$ to =tifi$ dry w9es4 ,sweet w9es are ^? :i*1 aft] t]m9at+ _! active f]m5tation1 /ill reta9 a quantity ( sug>4 ,9 ord] to produce natural sweet w9es1 x is necess>y t ! mu/ %\ld conta9 a l>ge am\nt ( sug>2 ,boireau says1 f #af to #be ,baum1 or ab\t #bi to #df p] c5t4 ,x w\ld seem t ! latt] figure is too high = a natural sweet w9e1 = x probably w\ld n f]m5t at all1 & to make a w9e f a mu/ conta9+ ov] #ce p] c5t4 ( sug>1 ! alcohol mu/ be add$4 7,see ,mu/s47 ,he goes on to say t ^! w9es w conta9 f #ae to #af p] c5t4 ( natural alcohol1 )\t addition2 ! sug> :i* !y conta9 makes !m heavi] ?an wat]4 ,to ,increase ,sug>4--,9 ord] to augm5t ! am\nt ( sug>1 ! grapes are left on ! v9e till !y become excessively ripe2 9 "s places ! /em ( ! bun* is twi/$ on ! v9e to int]rupt ! ris+ ( ! sap2 ! mu/ is also sometimes conc5trat$ by boil+2 sometimes ! grapes are pick$ & expos$ to ! sun on scre5s or /raw mats1 until !y become %rivel$1 & sometimes !y are dri$ 9 ov5s4 ,)\t ,f]m5tation4--,sometimes sweet w9es are made )\t all[+ ! mu/ to f]m5t at all1 by add+ alcohol till x conta9s #ah or #bj p] c5t4 ( _s2 ?us all ! sug> is pres]v$4 ,aga91 !y are made by mix+ ) dry w9es grape syrup or conc5trat$ mu/1 & =tify+4 ,c>e ,requir$4--,x has already be5 /at$ 9 ! *apt] on keep+ w9e t ^! w9es require less c>e ?an weak] ones4 ,b ,mr4 ,boireau says t w9es1 :e!r sweet or dry1 ^: /r5g? does n exce$ #af p] c5t41 require ! same c>e z ord9>y w9es4 ,9 ord] t sweet & =tifi$ w9es may be kept 9 /oreh\ses subject to great *anges ( temp]ature1 9 bottles upright1 or 9 casks 9 ullage--9 o!r words1 "u ! conditions 9 :i* br&y c be kept1 !y mu/ conta9 #ah or #bj p] c5t4 ( alcohol4 ,!y age soon] 9 casks ?an 9 bottles4 7,see ,ag+47 ,cl>ification ( ^! w9es is effect$ by f9+ or by filt]+4 ,! be/ f9+s = ! purpose are ^? conta9+ album51 su* z ! :ites ( eggs1 ?\gh fre% blood may be us$1 b only = ! common] w9es4 ,if !y are v pa/y1 tann9 %\ld be add$1 & !n !y %\ld be cl>ifi$ ) a /rong dose ( gelat9e4 ,small quantities ( w9e may be filt]$ ?r\gh pap] or flannel1 9 clos$ filt]s4 ,^! w9es %\ld always be all[$ to re/ = a :ile1 & !n be rack$ be=e %ipp+1 = x is r>e t !y d n make a deposit4 7,see ,f9+47 ,boil+ ,mu/4--,pellicot says t ! common practice 9 mak+ sweet w9es1 is to r$uce ! volume ( ! mu/ by "o-?ird1 or ev5 "o-half1 by boil+4 ,!y cle> soon]1 & reta9 less ( ! cook$ flavor if only a "p is boil$1 t is1 if1 aft] boil+1 "o-f\r? to "o-?ird ( ! volume is add$ ( mu/ f ! sweete/ v>ieties ( grapes4 ,9 ?is way ! w9es are m agreeable1 & soon] matur$4 ,:5 ! boil$ mu/ is tak5 f ! cauldron1 x mu/ be briskly /irr$ ) a bun* ( twigs1 or ! l1 till x ceases to smoke1 9 ord] to remove a disagreeable flavor :i* w9es s made may contract4 ,he gives x z 8 op9ion t ! great] "p ( ! sweet w9es1 ev5 ( s\!rn c\ntries1 are made by boil+ ! :ole or a portion ( ! mu/1 9 spite ( allegations to ! contr>y2 & he consid]s x an innoc5t & legitimate op]ation1 ! only objection be+ ! cook$ flavor1 :i* disappe>s ) age4 ,he excepts1 h[ev]1 w9e made f v sweet v>ieties1 :i* are rip5$ artificially4 ,he also recomm5ds t :5 kept 9 a l>ge cask1 ! lees %\ld n be remov$1 z !y conta9 a good deal ( sug>4 ,z a c]ta9 quantity is drawn (f1 x may be fill$ ea* ye> ) new w9e ( ! same quality4 ,sweet ,muscat4--,9 mak+ sweet ,muscat1 f]m5tation %\ld be *eck$ by ! addition ( alcohol1 = if all[$ to cont9ue too long1 ! ,muscat flavor w disappe>4 ,& ?is is usually necess>y1 z be=e /at$1 to keep ! w9es sweet4 ,press+4--,:]e ! grapes are q ripe1 & some:at dry1 x may be difficult to extract ! juice )\t a v p[]ful press2 "u su* circum/ances ,ma*>d recomm5ds t1 aft] cru%+1 ! grapes be put into a vat = tw5ty-f\r or =ty-eight h\rs1 accord+ to ! temp]ature1 & until f]m5tation comm5ces1 :i* fluidifies ! mu/ & makes x run m freely f ! press4 ,! ,m>c ( ,sweet ,w9es is useful to mix ) poor :ite w9es to give !m m sug> & m /r5g?4 ,! am\nt ( ,alcohol to be add$ v>ies f two to five p] c5t41 or m1 dep5d+ ^u ! am\nt develop$ by f]m5tation1 & ! degree ( sweetness desir$4 ,if ! mu/ is n all[$ to f]m5t at all1 x mu/ be =tifi$ up to #ah or #bj p] c5t42 if1 h[ev]1 x is s sweet t x w n f]m5t1 x may be kept )\t ! addition ( alcohol1 b x w be syrup1 & n w9e4 ,d5sity4--,dubief says t sweet w9es %\ld m>k a d5sity ( f #d to #e ,baum1 & ! be/ ( !m ev5 #g4 ,furm9t ,w9e4--,! foll[+ is ! me?od giv5 by ,pellicot z practic$ by him 9 mak+ w9e f ! ,furm9t grape4 ,he ga!rs ! grapes :5 !y are v ripe1 & ! small b]ries are half dri$1 & !n exposes !m to ! rays ( ! sun = six or eight days1 ^u scre5s4 ,:5 ready to cru%1 he takes ! scre5s to ! cru%]4 ,! drye/ b]ries are !n remov$ by %ak+ ! frame1 or ) ! h&1 & put by !mselves2 & ! rema9d] are cru%$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,!n ! dry ones are cru%$ z well z possible1 & ! two k9ds are mix$ toge!r & f]m5t$4 ,ow+ to ! syrupy nature ( ! mu/1 x f]m5ts = a long "t1 & )\t mu* eff]vesc5ce4 ,:5 x acquires a suitable flavor1 x is drawn (f1 & is !n rack$ sev]al times till cle>4 ,:]e ! grapes are trodd51 x is probably necess>y to sep>ate ! dry grapes f ! re/1 & cru% !m by !mselves1 9 ord] t !y may be well cru%$2 b if a good cru%] is us$1 x w\ld seem entirely unnecess>y4 ,/raw ,w9es1 accord+ to ,ma*>d1 are made z foll[s3 ,! ripe/ bun*es are *os51 & pref]ably f old v9es4 ,!y are ga!r$ :5 ! wea!r is w>m & dry4 ,!y are spread ^u /raw1 or hung up 9 ! upp] room ( a h\se4 ,!y are visit$ f "t to "t1 & ! rott5 b]ries remov$4 ,!y are ?us left till ,febru>y or ,m>*1 ! "t :5 /raw w9e is usually made4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 press 9 ,decemb]1 b ! w9e has n ! quality ( t made lat]4#d ,:5 suffici5tly dri$ ! grapes are /emm$1 & ! rema9+ rott5 b]ries are remov$4 ,!y are !n cru%$ & press$4 ,! press+s are all mix$ toge!r4 ,to arrive at p]fection1 su* a w9e1 he says1 mu/ be kept t51 twelve1 or m ye>s2 t x ne$ n be rack$1 nor ! casks made full1 & t x requires no f9+4 #d ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t he is writ+ = ! cold climate ( ! ,jura1 :]e ! grapes d n naturally acquire t degree ( maturity necess>y = sweet w9es4 ,,port ,,w9e4 ,! ,mu/s ( ! port w9e grapes gr[n 9 ! ,upp] ,d\ro1 ,portugal1 %[ f #bd to #bi p] c5t4 ( sug>1 accord+ to ! v>iety4 ,!re are o!rs cultivat$ 9 ! di/rict :i* conta9 less sug>4 ,! sweete/ ( all is ! ,ba/>do4 ,! f]m5tation takes place "u cov]1 9 :at is call$ a lag>1 :i* is a l>ge /one vat1 ab\t ?ree feet deep4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,bleasdale1 x is necess>y to ga!r ! grapes z soon z !y are completely ripe2 t ! lag> or f]m5t+ vat %\ld be fill$ z promptly z possible2 t ! mass %\ld be ?or\ghly /irr$2 t ! f]m5tation %\ld be tumultu\s & un9t]rupt$1 & t ! w9e %\ld be drawn (f :5 x has develop$ a v9\s smell & flavor1 & a/r+5cy & r\ghness to ! ta/e1 ?\gh all ! sug> has n be5 f]m5t$4 ,! defective grapes are pick$ out1 & only good ones put into ! vat4 ,z soon z ! f]m5t+ vat is fill$1 a suffici5t numb] ( m5 ent] into x to complete ! tread+4 ,?ree m5 to ea* #abj gallons ( mu/ are employ$1 :o ) b>e feet tread & dance ^u ! grapes4 ,if f]m5tation is sl[ 9 />t+1 m m5 are put 9 to imp>t w>m?1 or a quantity ( w>m mu/ is add$4 ,! fir/ tread+ la/s1 9 ! in/ance giv5 by ,dr4 ,bleasdale1 six h\rs dur+ ! fir/ night1 & is cont9u$ next day ) two m51 :]e ?ree 7 employ$ ! fir/ night4 ,m5 ent] aga9 dur+ ! active f]m5tation & tread to keep d[n ! pomace1 & to extract z mu* color+ matt] z possible4 ,!n ! tread]s leave ! lag>1 b ! f]m5tation is closely wat*$4 ,! foll[+ graphic description1 :i* diff]s 9 no ess5tial respect f t ( ,dr4 ,bleasdale1 is f ,vizitelli3 8,:5 ! mid-day meal is ov]1 ! grapes hav+ be5 already spread p]fectly level 9 ! lag>1 a b& ( sixty m5 is told (f to tread !m4 ,! casa dos lag>es#e is a long build+ ) a l[ po9t$ ro(1 light$ ) squ>e op5+s along "o side1 & conta9s f\r lag>es1 9 ! l>ge/ ( :i* suffici5t grapes c be trodd5 at "o "t to produce ?irty pipes ( w9e4#f ,z is univ]sally ! case 9 ! ,upp] ,d\ro1 ^! lag>es are ( /one1 & ab\t ?ree feet 9 dep?4 ,9 front ( ea*1 & on a l[] level1 is a small /one res]voir1 call$ a dorno1 into :i* ! express$ juice fl[s aft] ! tread+ ( ! grapes is conclud$1 & :i* communicates by pipes ) ! huge tonels#g 9 ! adega bel[1 al?\gh n b5ea? ! lag>es1 be+ 9 fact 9 ! face ( ! res]voirs1 b on a level "s twelve feet l[]1 ) a long1 wood5 /aircase lead+ to x4 ,9 front ( ! lag>es runs a n>r[ /one l$ge1 to :i* asc5t is ga9$ by a few /eps1 & "h :ile ! tread+ is go+ on ! ov]se]s po/ !mselves1 long /aves 9 h&1 9 ord] to see t e "o p]=ms 8 %>e ( labor4 ,! tread]s1 ) _! :ite bree*es well tuck$ up1 m\nt into ! lag>1 :]e !y =m ?ree sep>ate r[s ( t5 m5 ea* on ei!r side ( ! huge1 ov]hang+ beam1 & plac+ _! arms on ea* o!r's %\ld]s1 comm5ce "w by rais+ & l[]+ _! feet alt]nately1 call+ out z !y d s1 #8,direita1 esqu]da6' 7,"r1 left67 v>y+ ?is aft] a "t ) songs & %\t+s 9 ord] to keep ! weak] & lazi] ones up to ! "w1 :i* is q z irksome & monoton\s z ei!r treadmill or prison crank1 :i* t5d]-he>t$ philan?ropi/s reg>d ) s mu* horror4 ,b ! lag>iros h some?+ m ?an s++ or %\t+ to enc\rage !m4 ,tak+ "p ) !m 9 ! tread+ is a little b& ( musicians1 ) drum1 fife1 fiddle1 & guit>1 :o /rike up a lively tune1 :ile _! comrades *ime 91 "s by :i/l+1 o!rs ) ca/anets4 ,occasionally1 too1 nips ( br&y are s]v$ out1 & ! ov]se]s pres5t cig>ettes all r\nd1 :]eupon ! tread]s v>y _! monoton\s movem5ts ) a brisk] measure4 ,?is fir/ tread+1 ! #8sov> o v9ho1' or beat+ ! w9e1 z x is call$1 la/s1 ) occasional respites & relays ( fre% m51 = eighte5 h\rs4 ,a long int]val n[ ensues1 & !n ! tread+ or beat+ is resum$4 ,by ?is "t ! grapes are pretty well cru%$1 & walk+ ov] ! pips & /alks /rewn at ! bottom ( ! lag>1 becomes some?+ l ! pilgrimages ( old1 :5 ! dev\t trudg$ we>ily along ) h>d peas pack$ betwe5 ! soles ( _! feet & ! soles ( _! %oes4 ,! lag>iros1 ) _! g>m5ts m or less bespatt]$ ) grape juice1 move sl[ly ab\t 9 _! mauve-color$ mucilag9\s ba? 9 a li/less k9d ( way1 n[ smok+ cig>ettes1 n[ ) _! arms fold$1 or ?r[n beh9d _! backs1 or ) _! h&s tuck$ 9 _! wai/coat pockets1 or rais$ up to _! *9s1 :ile !y support ! elb[ ( ! "o arm ) ! h& ( ! o!r4 ,! fiddle /rikes up anew1 ! drum s\nds1 ! fife squeaks1 ! guit> t9kles1 & ! ov]se]s dr[sily upbraid4 ,b all to no purpose4 ,music has lo/ its inspiration1 & au?ority its t]rors1 & ! m51 dead beat1 raise "o purple leg languidly aft] ! o!r4 ,9 ! /ill night "t1 ) a few lant]ns dimly light+ up ! gloomy casa dos lag>es1 su* a sc5e z ,i h "h attempt$ to sket* has some?+ almo/ weird ab\t x4 ,by ! "t ! tread+ is complet$1 ! viol5t f]m5tation ( ! mu/ has comm5c$1 & is left to foll[ its c\rse4#h ,accord+ly1 z ! grapes are mod]ately or ov]ripe1 & ! atmosph]ic temp]ature is high or l[1 & x is int5d$ t ! w9e %all be sweet or dry1 ?is f]m5tation w be all[$ to cont9ue = a %ort] or a long] p]iod1 v>y+ f fifte5 h\rs to sev]al days1 dur+ :i* "t ! husks & /alks ( ! grapes1 ris+ to ! surface1 =m a ?ick incru/ation4 ,to asc]ta9 ! prop] mom5t = draw+ (f ! w9e into tonels1 rec\rse is usually _h to ! sac*>omet]1 :51 if ?is m>ks f\r or five degrees1 ! f>m] kn[s t ! w9e w be sweet2 if a small] numb] ( degrees are indicat$1 ! w9e w be mod]ately sweet1 :ile z]o signifies t ! w9e w be dry4 ,"s f>m]s judge ! /ate ( ! f]m5tation by ! appe>ance ( ! w9e on ! conv5tional :ite porcela9 sauc]1 & ! v9\s smell & flavor :i* x !n exhibits4 ,:5 x is asc]ta9$ t ! w9e is suffici5tly f]m5t$1 x is at once run (f into ! l>ge tonels1 hold+ _! #aj to #cj pipes ea*1 ! mo/o extract$ f ! husks ( ! grapes by ! application ( ! huge beam press be+ mix$ ) ! express$ juice result+ f ! tread+4 ,x is n[ t br&y--n poison\s ,b]l9 potato _s1 b di/ill$ f ! juice ( ! grape--is add$ at ! rate ( #e to #aa gallons p] pipe1#i if x is desir$ t ! w9e %\ld reta9 its sweetness4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 ! w9e be already dry1 ! *ances are t x w receive no _s at all4 ,! bungs are left out ( ! tonels till ,novemb]1 :5 !y are tightly replac$1 & ! w9e rema9s undi/urb$ until ! cold wea!r sets 91 usually dur+ ! mon? ( ,decemb]4 ,by ?is "t ! w9e has cle>$ & become ( a d>k purple hue4 ,x is n[ drawn (f its lees1 & return$ aga9 to ! tonel1 :5 x receives ab\t #e gallons ( br&y p] pipe4#aj ,9 ! foll[+ ,m>* x w be rack$ into pipes prep>atory to be+ s5t d[n ! ,d\ro to ! w9e %ipp]s' lodges at ,villa ,nova de ,gaia10 a suburb ( ,oporto4 #e ,f]m5t+ h\se4 #f ,a pipe is #ach w9e gallons1 or #aae ,imp]ial4 #g ,tuns4 #h ,x w be notic$ t ,dr4 ,bleasdale says t ! tread+ is repeat$ dur+ active f]m5tation4 ,probably diff]5t practices prevail 9 diff]5t localities4 #i ,ab\t #d to #i p] c5t--say #e to #aj4 #aj #d4ce p] c5t4 ,^! ,lodges or ,/oreh\ses are l>ge1 "o-/ory build+s above gr\nd1 dimly light$ ?r\gh small w9d[s1 = ,mr4 ,vizitelli in=ms u t x is consid]$ t ports mature less p]fectly :5 subject to ! influ5ce ( ! light4 ,b l o!r =tifi$ w9es1 exposure to ! air is consid]$ b5eficial to !m2 & 9 rack+1 !y are drawn (f into a wood5 pit*] hold+ ab\t five gallons1 & p\r$ into ! cask to be fill$1 com+ freely 9 contact ) ! air4 ,all ,w9es ( ,simil> ,"* are ,bl5d$ toge!r at ! lodge1 by mix+ 9 l>ge vats1 sometimes /irr$ ) a l>ge fan op]at$ by ma*9]y4 ,! bl5d+ is also p]=m$ 9 casks1 by p\r+ into ea* "o successively a c]ta9 numb] ( gallons ( ea* k9d ( w9e1 s t ! cont5ts ( all ! casks w be uni=m4 ,a small quantity ( _s is usually add$ at ! "t ( cutt+4 ,aft] bl5d+ ! w9e is rack$ e ?ree mon?s1 until 9 a condition = %ipm5t1 :i* may be 9 f fifte5 to tw5ty-f\r mon?s1 accord+ to quality4 ,port loses its ,color rapidly 9 ,wood1 & mu* ( its fullness1 & w9es five ye>s old cease to be reg>d$ z %ipp+ w9es1 & are !n kept 9 /ore & us$ to give age & "* to y\ng] w9es4 ,x is !n a valuable1 old1 mell[1 & tawny w9e1 :i* ! m]*ants ( ,oporto !mselves dr9k4 ,port ,w9e ,conta9s f #ah to #bc p] c5t4 ( absolute ,alcohol aft] =tify+1 ! am\nt ( _s add$ dep5d+ ^u h[ mu* is develop$ by f]m5tation1 & ! am\nt ( sug> 9 ! grapes4 ,x is cu/om>y to add a small am\nt :5ev] x is rack$1 & be=e %ipp+4 ,! object ( ^! frequ5t additions is to keep up ! necess>y /r5g?1 = a c]ta9 am\nt ( alcohol is con/antly evaporat+ :ile ! w9e is 9 casks1 & x may fall bel[ ! requir$ /r5g? if ^! additions are n made4 ,mr4 ,vizitelli has fall5 into ! error ( /at+ t 9 dry climates w9e becomes /rong] by ! evaporation ( its wat]y p>ts2 b ?is is impossible1 = alcohol is m volatile ?an wat]1 & :5ev] !re is evaporation 9 a w9e1 x becomes weak] f ! loss ( alcohol2 & :5ev] a w9e ga9s /r5g? by keep+1 x is because ! sug> conta9$ 9 x has be5 trans=m$ into alcohol1 etc41 by f]m5tation1 z /at$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ?is "w4 ,,madeira4 ,mak+4--,9 ! isl& ( ,madeira x is ! practice1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,vizitelli1 to tread ! grapes ?or\ghly 9 a l>ge1 squ>e wood5 tr\gh1 or lag>1 9 :i* !y are also press$1 z 9 %]ry mak+4 ,a great "p ( ! juice is extract$ by tread+1 be+ /ra9$ ?r\gh a basket z x runs (f into casks4 ,aft] ! grapes h be5 ?or\ghly trodd51 ! pomace is ga!r$ toge!r & pil$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! lag>1 & press$ & patt$ ) ! h&s to extract ! mu/1 & ?is is repeat$ ?ree times1 & f9ally ! pomace is aga9 rais$ 9 a m\nd1 w\nd ) a rope1 & press$ by means ( a heavy beam susp5d$ ov] ! lag>4 ,?is primitive me?od1 h[ev]1 c h b little int]e/ = ! w9e mak]1 z ! ess5tial practice 9 mak+ ,madeira1 or r 9 ! ag+ ( x1 is ! application ( heat4 ,casks1 ,treatm5t4--,! mu/ is f]m5t$1 ! w9e rack$ & heat$1 9 casks hold+ #acj gallons4 ,aft] heat+1 x is /or$ 9 casks hold+ ab\t #djj gallons4 ,x is f]m5t$ 9 ^! small] casks ) ! bung op51 simply cov]$ by a leaf1 till ! mon? ( ,novemb]4 ,ei!r be=e or aft] ! f]m5tation1 a small quantity ( br&y is add$1 v>y+ 9 quantity accord+ to ! quality ( ! mu/1 b seldom exce$+ ?ree p] c5t4 ,:5 ! w9e has well cle>$1 x is rack$ & lott$1 accord+ to quality1 & =w>d$ to ! heat+ h\se1 or e/ufa4 ,heat+ ,h\se1 ,heat+4--,"o ( ^! at ,fun*al1 describ$ by ,vizitelli1 consi/s ( a block ( build+s ( two /ories1 divid$ into f\r comp>tm5ts4 8,9 ! fir/ ( ^!1 common w9es are subject$ to a temp]ature ( #adj;,f41 d]iv$ f flues heat$ ) an?racite coal1 = ! space ( ?ree mon?s4 ,9 ! next comp>tm5t w9es ( an int]m$iate quality are heat$ up to #acj = a p]iod ( f\r & a half mon?s1 :ile ! ?ird is set ap>t = sup]ior w9es1 heat$ v>i\sly f #aaj to #abj = ! t]m ( six mon?s4 ,! f\r? comp>tm5t1 kn[n z ! #8calor1' possesses no flues1 b d]ives its heat1 v>y+ f #ij to #ajj1 exclusively f ! comp>tm5ts adjac5t2 & "h only high-class$ w9es are plac$40 ,!y receive a fur!r addition ( _s1 aft] leav+ ! e/ufa1 v>y+ 9 quantity f "o to ?ree gallons p] cask1 presumably to supply :at has evaporat$ dur+ ! heat+4 ,w9es are also heat$ by expos+ !m to ! rays ( ! sun 9 glass h\ses4 ,9 ! day "t a temp]ature ( #abj to #acj is secur$1 :i* becomes consid]ably less dur+ ! night1 :i* *ange is by _m consid]$ detrim5tal4 ,"s aga91 put ! casks out ( doors 9 ! full sun%9e4 ,9 ! e/ufas m5tion$1 ! pipes are plac$ on end 9 /acks ( f\r1 ) small] casks on ! top1 a gangway be+ left betwe5 ! diff]5t /acks4 ,! casks are v5t$ ) a small hole dur+ ! process4 ,leak+ is common dur+ ! exposure to s great a heat1 & x is necess>y to inspect ! casks once dur+ e day & once dur+ ! night4 ,ea* comp>tm5t is provid$ ) d\ble doors1 & aft] x is fill$ ) w9e1 ! inn] door is pla/]$ s z to /op all ! cracks4 ,9 ent]+ ! e/ufa1 only ! out] door is op5$1 entrance ?r\gh ! inn] "o be+ made ?r\gh a small door = ! purpose4 ,! man :o exam9es ! casks1 com+ out aft] a /ay ( an h\r1 dr9ks a tumbl]ful ( w9e1 & cools (f 9 a tight room provid$ = ! purpose4 ,f #aj to #ae p] c5t4 ( ! w9e is lo/ by evaporation :ile x rema9s 9 ! heat+ h\se4 ,g5]al ,treatm5t--,alcoholic ,/r5g?4--,! sol]a sy/em is some:at 9 vogue 9 ,madeira1 z 9 ! %]ry c\ntry4 ,! practice also ( leav+ ! casks 9 ullage prevails--a vacant space ( t5 or a doz5 gallons is left4 ,on ! s\? side ( ! isl& #e p] c5t4 is ! l>ge/ am\nt ( alcohol add$1 & on ! nor? side a little m1 :i* is add$ at diff]5t times4 ,mo/ ,madeira is dry1 or ne>ly s1 & conta9s ab\t #ah p] c5t4 ( alcohol on ! av]age4 ,,%]ry4 ,climate4--,accord+ to ,g5]al ,keyes1 ! climate ( ! %]ry di/ricts ( ,spa9 is a trifle w>m] 9 w9t] & ab\t ! same 9 summ] z t ( ,napa ,valley4 ,b ! seasons are n s di/9ctly wet & dry z 9 ,cali=nia1 & ! grapes are sometimes ra9$ on :ile gr[+1 & are frequ5tly wet :ile rip5+4 ,nev]?less1 ! s\? ( ,spa9 is a dry c\ntry4 ,! ,v9tage beg9s 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,septemb]1 at :i* "t ! grapes are ripe1 b by no means ov]ripe1 b sweet & lusci\s4 ,! grapes are pick$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! day1 & spread ^u mats 9 ! sun1 :]e !y rema9 till ! ev5+ ( ! same day1 :5 !y are cru%$4 ,g5]al ,keyes says t !y are inv>iably cru%$ 9 ! ev5+ ( ! same day1 b ,mr4 ,vizitelli /ates t !y rema9 on ! /raw mats f "o to ?ree days4 ,z bo? write f obs]vation1 x w\ld seem t ! practice v>ies1 ! "t ( ! exposure to ! sun probably dep5d+ ^u ! degree ( maturity :5 pick$4 ,! defective b]ries are c>efully remov$4 ,! cool ( ! night = cru%+ is pref]r$ to ! heat ( ! day1 & to avoid ! precipitation ( f]m5tation4 ,cru%+4--,mr4 ,vizitelli's description is z foll[s3 8,! press+ comm5c$ betwe5 sev5 & eight o'clock1 & 0 accompli%$ 9 a deta*$ build+ "u a l[ til$ ro(1 b entirely op5 9 front4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ! gateway1 & /umbl+ 9 ! dim light af=d$ by an occasional lamp fix$ aga9/ ! wall1 ov] a rudely pav$ c\rt-y>d1 we f\nd ourselves beside a r[ ( l>ge1 /\t wood5 tr\ghs1 "s t5 feet squ>e & a c\ple ( feet deep1 rais$ ab\t ?ree feet f ! gr\nd1 & kn[n 9 ! v]nacul> ( ! v9ey>ds z lag>es4 ,! bottoms ( ^! receptacles 7 already /rewn ) grapes1 lightly spr9kl$ ov] ) yeso 7gypsum71 :i* if spread ov] ! :ole ( ! bun*es1 w\ld n h be5 greatly 9 excess ( ! am\nt ( du/ ord9>ily ga!r$ by a simil> quantity ( grapes convey$ 9 op5 baskets on ! backs ( mules f ! v9ey>ds to ! press+ places 9 ! t[ns4 ,at ,torre ,breva1 ! sixty or m arrobas ( grapes 7#aejj lbs47 requir$ to make ea* butt ( w9e1 7 hav+ f two to f\r p\nds ( yeso spr9kl$ ov] !m1 or ab\t half ! quantity :i* w\ld be us$ 9 a moi/ season4 ,i 0 assur$ t at la/ ye>'s v9tage "h n a s+le ounce ( yeso 0 employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( upw>ds ( #gjj butts ( w9e4 99 99 99 ,ris+ p]p5dicul>ly 9 ! c5tre ( ea* ( ! f\r lag>es to a height ( ab\t sev5 feet1 is a tol]ably p[]ful screw1 :i* is only br\ght into requisition aft] ! grapes h be5 ?or\ghly trodd54 ,a c\ple ( sw>?y1 b>e-legg$ pisadores leap into ea* lag>1 & comm5ce spread+ out ! bun*es ) wood5 %ovels2 & soon ! :ole eight ( !m1 9 _! %ort draw]s1 blue-/rip$ %irts1 little caps1 r$ sa%es1 & hob-nail$ %oes1 are danc+ a m or less lively measure1 ankle-deep 9 newly-cru%$ grapes4 ,!y dance 9 c\ples1 "o on ea* side ( ! screw1 p]=m+ c]ta9 rapid1 p5dulum-l movem5ts :i* are suppos$ to h ! virtue ( express+ ! juice m satisfactorily f ! fruit ?an c be accompli%$ by m]e me*anical means4 ,_! saltatory evolutions end$1 ! trodd5 grapes are heap$ up on "o side & well patt$ ab\t ) ! %ovel1 l s mu* newly mix$ mort>4 ,?is causes ! express$ juice to fl[ out 9 a d+y1 br[n1 turgid /ream ?r\gh ! sp\t fix$ 9 front ( ! lag>1 into a metal /ra9]1 & !nce into ! vat plac$ b5ea? to receive x4 ,fre% grapes are n[ spread ov] ! bottom ( ! lag>1 &1 aft] be+ duly danc$ ^u1 are %ovel$ on "o side2 & ?is k9d ( ?+ goes on until suffici5t trodd5 murk has be5 accumulat$ to make :at is call$ a pile40 ,press+4--,8 description goes on to %[ t ! tread]s give place to ! press]s1 :o1 ) wood5 %ovels1 build up a m\nd ( m>c "u ! screw1 conical 9 =m1 "s five feet high1 :i* is neatly dress$ & trimm$1 & !n w\nd ar\nd ) a /raw rope or b&1 ab\t f\r in*es wide1 f base to summit4 ,a circul> piece ( wood is plac$ on ! top1 & ! pressure is appli$ by means ( ! screw1 ! mu/ pass+ ?r\gh ! int]/ices ( ! /raw b&4 ,tread+ & press+ goes on nightly = f\rte5 h\rs1 ) occasional int]vals = refre%m5t4 ,! w9e f ! press is inv>iably f]m5t$ sep>ately f t ( ! fir/ run dur+ ! tread+4 ,all agree t ! grapes are cru%$ )\t /emm+1 b x seems t ! practice ( press+ ) ! /ems on is n uni=m4 ,g5]al ,keyes says t he made c>eful inquiry on ?is subject1 & 0 in=m$ t only a few ( ! l>g] /ems 7 remov$1 :ile ,mr4 ,vizitelli /ates t ! %]ry w9e mak] is s mu* afraid ( tann9 & r\ghness 9 ! w9e1 t ! /ems are all remov$ be=e ! pomace is press$4 ,?is is n important1 h[ev]1 z ! press w9e is inf]ior1 & is usually di/ill$4 ,x is almo/ a univ]sal cu/om to spr9kle ea* press+ ( grapes ) two or ?ree h&fuls ( gypsum1 or f two to six p\nds to a butt ( w9e ( #acj gallons1 & 9 wet seasons1 ev5 m4 ,g54 ,keyes gives an in/ance ( "o w9e mak] :o made sev]al casks ( %]ry "o ye> )\t ! use ( gypsum1 & he f\nd no mat]ial diff]5ce 9 ! product1 b he /ill foll[s ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry4 7,see ,pla/]+47 ,f]m5t+4--,! mu/ is run into casks ( ab\t #aej gallons capacity1 :i* are fill$ only to )9 t5 or fifte5 gallons ( _! full capacity1 & is left to f]m5t 9 a cool %$1 or 9 a place sep>ate f ! /oreh\se or bodega2 new w9e is n f]m5t$ 9 ! same room ) ! old4 ,z soon z ! w9e falls bright1 :i* x does at any "t f ,janu>y to ,april1 x is rack$ & plac$ 9 ! bodega1 ) /ill a vacant space 9 ! cask1 & br&y is add$ equal to "o or two p] c5t4 to ! /rong] w9es1 & ?ree or f\r p] c5t4 to ! common] ones4 ,if ! w9e is defici5t 9 sug>1 x may cle> by ,janu>y1 b if ri*1 x may n become bright till ,april4 ,dur+ ! active f]m5tation1 ! bungs1 ( c\rse1 are left op51 & 9 ! bodega !y are left loose1 or laid ov] ! hole4 ,sometimes ! w9e is left undi/urb$ 9 ! bodega until requir$ = %ipm5t1 :5 x is rack$1 cl>ifi$1 & aga9 =tifi$4 ,x is consid]$ be/1 h[ev]1 to rack x once a ye>4 ,! w9e is n[ well f]m5t$1 & dry1 or ne>ly s1 & ! sug> t may be f\nd 9 x aft] %ipm5t1 has be5 put 9 by add+ a small quantity ( sweet w9e4 ,! ,bodegas1 or ,/oreh\ses1 9 :i* ^! w9es are /or$1 are entirely above gr\nd1 h v ?ick walls & d\ble doors1 ! ro( is cov]$ ) tiles1 & ! floor may consi/ only ( a mixture ( s& & loam1 :i*1 :5 moi/5$1 is n muddy1 & :5 dry1 is n v du/y4 ,!y are kept well v5tilat$1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( a good deal ( loss by evaporation1 & are comp>atively cool1 ! rays ( ! sun be+ exclud$ by %utt]s4 ,z only old or season$ casks are us$ = %ipm5t1 ! new ones are us$ = f]m5t+ ! mu/1 & s !y are season$4 ,*anges 9 ! ,w9e4--,! "y w9e 9 ! bodega n[1 dur+ ! fir/ two ye>s1 und]goes extraord9>y *anges4 ,t made f ! same v9ey>d & ( ! same v>ieties ( grapes1 cru%$ at ! same "t1 plac$ 9 casks side by side1 receiv+ app>5tly id5tical treatm5t1 develops totally diff]5t *>act]s 9 diff]5t butts1 & is class$ accord+ to ^! sev]al *>act]s1 z ,f9o1 ,oloroso1 & ,ba/o4 ,! be/ is f9o1 ( a delicate1 s(t1 mell[ flavor1 & pale 9 color1 & only f t5 to tw5ty p] c5t4 take ?is =m4 ,! f9o1 at times1 develops into a /ill f9] quality1 produc+ :at is kn[n z amontillado1 ! mo/ valu$ ( all4 ,oloroso is a nutty flavor$ developm5t r deep] 9 color1 & ( a /\t] "*2 :5 old1 x is ( great body1 & p]fectly dry4 ,! co>se1 inf]ior k9d is call$ ba/o4 ,!re are /ill o!r casks :i* by bad behavior1 poor f]m5tation1 or weakness1 are only fit = ! /ill4 ,fl[]s4--,%]ry produces ! ph5om5on kn[n z fl[]s ( w9e 7micod]ma v9i71 ( :i* a writ] "u ! assum$ "n ( ,p$ro ,v]dad1 :om ,i h frequ5t occasion to quote1 says3 8,at e p]iod1 ab\t ! fl[]+ ( ! v9e1 & at ab\t v9tage "t1 ! w9e beg9s to #8bre$2' t is1 ?r[ up a flor 7fl[]71 :i* rema9s = "s "t on ! surface1 & !n falls 9 s$im5t to ! bottom1 :5 ! w9e once m becomes bright4 ,?is ph5om5on is look$ = ) great anxiety 9 ! bodegas1 = if x does n occur1 ! w9e may be assum+ "s o!r & less valu$ "*4 ,/range z x may appe>10 he says1 8,i h se5 ! actual flor rise 9 a bottle 9 ,engl&1 j z 9 ! butt 9 ,spa940 ,v9o ,dulce1 or ,sweet ,w9e1 is made f ! sweet] k9ds ( grapes1 especially ! ,p$ro ,jim5es4 ,! grapes are expos$ to ! sun1 sometimes = a =tnight1 & till !y almo/ become rais9s1 & !y !n g ?r\gh ! ord9>y modes ( cru%+ & f]m5tation4 ,to ea* butt ( ?is w9e ab\t six or sev5 gallons ( _s are add$1 :ile ! mu/ ( o!r grapes h z mu* z tw5ty gallons mix$ ) ea* cask ( mu/ to *eck ! f]m5tation1 & keep ! w9e sweet4 ,"o-?ird ( ! _s is p\r$ 9 z soon z a small portion ( ! mu/ has be5 put into ! cask1 a ?ird :5 ! cask is half full1 & a ?ird :5 ne>ly ?ree-qu>t]s full4 ,! reason is obvi\s1 z ! _s is light] ?an ! mu/1 & w\ld o!rwise rema9 on ! top4 ,sol]as ( v9o dulce are ( a sweet1 lusci\s flavor1 & ( an oily & slightly glut9\s consi/5cy4 ,! f9] k9ds resemble a liqueur1 & are ( great value4 ,vizitelli says t sweet w9e is us$ to give s(tness & r\ndness to old & pung5t w9es1 z well z to ! crud]1 y\?ful gr[?s1 & x is rem>kable h[ v small a quantity suffices p]ceptibly to modify ^! opposite *>act]i/ics4 ,z little z "o p] c5t4 ( dulce w imp>t a s(tness to ! dri] w9es1 :i* o!rwise !y only acquire aft] be+ sev]al ye>s 9 bottle4 ,color ,w9e 7,v9o de ,color7 is compos$ ( a mixture ( :ite w9e & arrope4 ,! latt] is a mu/ ( :ite grapes boil$ d[n ov] a sl[ fire till x is r$uc$ to "o-fif? or "o-six? ( its orig9al quantity1 great c>e be+ tak5 to skim x :ile boil+4 ,?is is a d>k-color$1 almo/ black fluid1 ( a bitt]i% ta/e4 ,x is mix$ ) f ?ree to five times its volume ( :ite w9e1 & ! 8color0 is =m$4#aa ,x is *iefly us$ = giv+ color to "y & undevelop$ w9es4 ,) great age1 ! sol]a ( ?is w9e is v valuable1 be+ ( a deep br[n color1 & a p]fect ess5ce4 #aa ,vizitelli says ! arrope is mix$ ) n9e p>ts ( mu/1 & f]m5t$ to make ! color1 b ! o!r au?ors say 8:ite w9e10 in/ead ( 8mu/40 ,mature ,w9es4--,:5 ! w9es h assum$ _! di/9ctive *>act]s--& ?is requires f ?ree to five1 or ev5 m1 ye>s--!y are us$ to repl5i% ! sol]as4 ,9 ! %ipp]s' bodega are kept _m sol]as1 ea* conta9+ a giv5 numb] ( butts4 ,a sol]a1 :e!r class$ z f9o1 oloroso1 or o!rwise1 has its di/9ctive quality requir$ 9 ! prep>ation ( a w9e = %ipm5t4 ,x has be5 re>$ & nurs$ = ye>s ) c>eful att5tion2 ea* butt has be5 ta/$ f "t to "t1 & any cask 9 :i* a mat]ial det]ioration has be5 detect$ is reject$ f ! sol]a1 & probably =tifi$ ) spirits1 or di/ill$4 ,,! ,,sol]a ,,sy/em4 ,! di/9ctive feature 9 ! production ( %]ry is ! sol]a1 :i* signifies f\ndation1 & means old w9e kept 9 casks1 :i* are nev] mov$ z long z ! sol]a exi/s1 & on ! f\ndation ( :i* y\ng] w9es are re>$4 ,! casks are arrang$ 9 gr\ps1 pil$ 9 ti]s1 & ! gr\ps into scales4 ,! di/9ctive feature ( ! sy/em is a s]ies1 comm5c+ ) a v old w9e1 foll[$ by a y\ng] "o1 & s on d[n ! scale to ! y\nge/1 s t :5 w9e = bl5d+ & %ipm5t is drawn f ! gr\p ( casks con/itut+ ! olde/ sol]a1 !y are repl5i%$ f ! gr\p ( casks ( ! next y\ng] sol]a1 & ^! aga9 f ^? ( ! next y\ng]1 & s on ?r\gh ! scale1 ?us keep+ up ! *>act]s ( ! sol]as4 ,e/abli%+ a ,sol]a4--,! foll[+ f ! address ( ,mr4 ,pohndorff be=e ! ,viticultural ,conv5tion held at ,san ,francisco 9 ,septemb]1 #ahhb1 gives a good idea ( h[ to e/abli% a sol]a3 ,select ! f9e/ w9es ( a ye>'s v9tage1 put !m away by !mselves1 & c>efully c>e = !m & nurse !m by rack+1 etc41 dur+ ! ye>4 ,! next ye>1 sep>ate ! f9e/ w9es f ! v9tage1 always leav+ ullage 9 ! casks ( ?ree to five gallons1 accord+ to size1 & ! bungs loose1 simply laid ov] ! hole4 ,g on 9 ?is way = five ye>s4 ,n[ a fif? ( ?is five-ye>-old w9e may be drawn (f =1 & us$ to e/abli% ano!r sol]a1 & ! casks refill$ f ! f\r-ye>-old w9e1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be z ne>ly z possible ( ! same nature4 ,) ! y\ng] w9es1 y may d ! same1 except ^? ( "o & two ye>s old1 :i* are n yet sol]as1 b "y w9es4 ,y h !n a sol]a ( ?is five-ye>-old w9e1 :i* is "o-fif? f\r-ye>-old w9e1 & ?is may be call$ ! "m sol]a4 ,at ! end ( t5 ye>s m1 y c say t y h a sol]a fifte5 ye>s ( age2 ?\gh dur+ ! p]iod1 y h drawn (f p]iodically a small portion ( x & replac$ x ) ! next y\ng]1 always provid+ t ! y\ng] w9e is simil>1 = ?is quality is ( mu* great] importance ?an ! diff]5ce ( a ye> or two 9 age1 = w9e a ye> or two y\ng] or old]1 if ( ! same k9d1 w n injure ! sol]a1 b its "* may be de/roy$ by mix+ ) x w9e ( a diff]5t nature4 ,a sol]a1 !n1 really consi/s ( a mixture ( w9es ( diff]5t ye>s4 ,! head ( ea* cask is inscrib$ ) ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( its sol]a1 & ! numb] ( butts ( :i* x is compos$4 8,! ,/&>d ,sol]as10 says ,g54 ,keyes1 8are ^? f :i* ! w9e is drawn = %ipm5t1 & _! cont5ts h re/$ 91 & p]meat$ ?r\gh1 a s]ies ( gr\ps call$ fe$]s0--a sol]a sometimes dat+ back a c5tury1 x is said4 8,at e /age ! w9e is grad$1 s t ! be/ "y w9e passes ultimately into ! olde/ & highe/ pric$ sol]a4 ,:5 !re is only a small numb] ( fe$]s1 say two or ?ree1 9 ! gr\p next beh9d ! /&>d sol]a1 ! w9e ought n be drawn out = %ipm5t (t5] ?an twice a ye>2 b :5 !re are _m1 say twelve1 ! w9e = %ipm5t may be drawn out e two mon?s4 ,to make myself und]/ood 9 ?is complicat$ process1 ,i mu/ expla9 ! pr9ciple ^u :i* x is f\nd$4 ,:5 w9e is ne$$ = %ipm5t1 a portion is drawn out by siphons f ! /&>d sol]as4 ,! am\nt :i* may be drawn out ) safety1 & ! k9d ( y\ng] w9es :i* are to replace x 9 ! old sol]a1 requires great skill & exp]i5ce1 &1 ,i may say1 a natural aptness = ! bus9ess4 ,! end 9 view is to draw (f f a /&>d sol]a su* a numb] ( gallons1 t1 be+ replac$ by an equal numb] ( gallons ( ! y\ng] w9es1 ! /&>d ( ! sol]a may rema9 intact4 ,if too mu* is drawn out1 or if x is replac$ f ! wrong fe$]s1 ! /&>d may be injur$1 or ev5 de/roy$4 ,b if ! prop] numb] ( gallons are drawn out & replac$ by ! "r sorts f ! o!r casks1 ! old sol]a soon transmutes ! y\ng] w9es to its /&>d1 ! bodega reta9s its reputation1 & ! own] gr[s ri*40 ,he quotes ,mr4 ,davis1 ( ,j]ez1 z foll[s3 8,! age ( ! fir/ /ep ( a sol]a scale dep5ds entirely ^u ! "* & price ( ! olde/ grade ( t p>ticul> sol]a4 ,= in/ance1 ! fir/ gr\p ( w9e 9 a scale ( six1 end+ 9 a m$ium pric$ %]ry1 might be two ye>s old2 :]eas1 ! fir/ gr\p ( w9e to p]meate ?r\gh a scale (1 say f\r1 end+ 9 a w9e ( great age or value1 w\ld1 p]haps1 require to be fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s old4 ,9 proportion to ! numb] ( ! scale beh9d ! f9al sol]a1 s is ! frequ5cy ) :i* ! w9e c be drawn det]m9$4 ,9 a scale ( twelve1 ! f9al sol]a might be drawn1 p]haps1 e two mon?s4 ,9 a scale ( ?ree fe$]s1 p]haps twice a ye>40 ,bl5d+ = ,%ipm5t4--,9 ! cell> a book is kept 9 :i* is record$ ! bl5d ( ea* %ipm5t made1 ! hi/ory ( ! %ipm5t1 & all ! facts necess>y to its id5tification1 & a sample bottle ( e %ipm5t is also pres]v$4 ,:5 an ord] is receiv$ = a quantity ( w9e ( ! same k9d z a =m] %ipm5t1 ref]5ce is made to ! bl5d book1 & rec\rse is _h to ! sample bottle1 due all[ance be+ made = ! bottle flavor acquir$ by ! sample1 & ! bl5d is prep>$ accord+ly1 ! necess>y quantity be+ tak5 f ea* sol]a1 ( :i* !re are _m 9 a %ipp+ bodega1 & all[ance is also made = ! *ange t may h occurr$ 9 ! sol]a by repl5i%+4 ,x is ne$less to add t only exp]i5ce & natural aptitude fit a man = ?is delicate op]ation4 ,if ! ord] is by a sample ^: bl5d is n kn[n1 ! sample is br\ght into ! ta/+ (fice1 & ! bl5d glass br\ght into requisition4 ,x is a graduat$ glass tube1 ) =ty m>k+s1 correspond+ to ! numb] ( j>ras1 or j>s1 :i* a butt conta9s1 all %ipm5ts be+ by ! butt4 ,! %ipp+ butt conta9s #acj gallons1 & ! cask = /or+ is ab\t #bj gallons l>g]4 ,! cell>-man dips out & puts into ! graduat$ glass am\nts correspond+ to ! numb] ( j>s to be tak5 f ea* sol]a1 sweet w9e be+ add$ = sweetness1 & color w9e = color4 ,z ! sug> add$ 9 ! sweet w9e w\ld excite f]m5tation1 suffici5t agu>di5te1 _s1 mu/ be add$ to br+ its alcoholic /r5g? up to at lea/ #ah p] c5t4 ,! "r bl5d hav+ be5 asc]ta9$1 x is left = a :ile1 & ta/$ once or twice to make sure t x is correct4 ,if x does n mat* ! sample1 a little ( ?is & t sol]a is add$ till x exactly corresponds4 ,! bl5d is !n ent]$ 9 ! bl5d book1 :i* gives ! numb] ( butts requir$1 & ! am\nt to be tak5 f ea* sol]a4 ,! book is !n h&$ 9 to ! bodega = ! execution ( ! bl5d4 ,suppos+ x to be a t5-butt %ipm5t1 t5 butts are br\ght into ! cell>1 hav+ be5 mo/ c>efully exam9$ & r9s$ out ) _s4 ,if t5 j>s are requir$ f a sol]a ( fifty butts1 two j>s w\ld be drawn f ea* ( ! fifty butts ( ! sol]a1 & put into ! t5 butts1 & s on f ea* sol]a2 :atev] ! numb] ( butts 9 a sol]a1 an equal quantity ( w9e is drawn f ea* cask4 ,! foll[+ samples ( bl5ds are giv5 by ,v]dad3 ,,ord9>y ,,pale ,,%]ry4 ,pale sol]as1 #bj j>ras ,f9o sol]as1 #af 8 ,v9o dulce1 #c 8 ,agu>di5te1 #a 8 ---- #dj j>ras ,,ord9>y ,,gold5 ,,%]ry4 ,pale sol]as1 #bb j>ras ,oloroso sol]as1 #h 8 ,v9o de color1 #b 8 ,v9o dulce1 #f 8 ,agu>di5te1 #a 8 ------ #dj j>ras ,,ord9>y ,,br[n ,,%]ry4 ,pale sol]as1 #bc j>ras ,oloroso1 #d 8 ,v9o de color1 #e 8 ,v9o dulce1 #f 8 ,agu>di5te1 #b 8 ---- #dj j>ras ,f9+4--,aft] ! bl5d is complete1 ! w9e is f9$ ) ! :ites ( eggs & full]'s e>?1 a k9d ( e>? f\nd at ,lebrija1 ne> ,j]ez1 & call$ ,ti]ra de ,lebrija4 ,= a butt ( w9e1 a h&ful ( ?is e>? is made into a pa/e ) ! :ites ( t5 eggs4 ,! pa/e is ?r[n into ! cask1 & ! w9e is /irr$ 9 ! usual mann]4 7,see ,f9+47 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,defects ,,& ,,diseases4 ,^! are ,divid$ by ,boireau into two classes3 #a4 ,^? defects due to ! nature ( ! soil1 to f]tiliz]s employ$1 to bad processes 9 w9e mak+1 & to ! abundance ( common1 poor v>ieties ( grapes4 ,x is evid5t t defects ( ?is class may exi/ 9 ! w9es f ! mom5t :5 !y leave ! f]m5t+ vat1 or ! press1 & !y are z foll[s3 e>?y flavor1 gre5ness1 r\ghness1 bitt]ness1 flavor ( ! /ems1 acidity1 want ( alcohol1 lack ( color1 dull1 blui%1 lead5 color1 flavor ( ! lees1 & t5d5cy to putrid decomposition4 #b4 ,^? vices :i* w9es acquire aft] f]m5tation1 & ( :i* ! great] "p are due to want ( c>e1 or uncleanness ( ! casks1 & !y are3 flatness1 fl[]s1 acidity 7prick$ w9e71 cask flavor1 m\ld9ess1 bad flavors communicat$ by ! accid5tal introduction ( =eign soluble matt]s1 rop9ess1 bitt]ness1 acrity1 flavor ( f]m5tation1 deg5]acy1 & putrid f]m5tation4 ,g5]al ,consid]ations4--,be=e ent]+ on ! subject ( ! correction & cure ( defects & diseases1 x is prop] to say1 t :atev] be ! nature ( ! malady or defect1 especially if ! bad ta/e is v pron\nc$1 w9e once hurt1 h[ev] completely cur$ ( ! disease1 w nev] be wor? z mu* z a w9e ( ! same nature :i* has always _h ! correct flavor4 ,x is1 !re=e1 wis] & m prud5t1 says our au?or1 to seek to prev5t ! maladies ( w9es1 ?an to wait = !m to become diseas$ 9 ord] to cure !m4 ,( c\rse1 ! w9e mak] %\ld use e endeavor to rem$y ! natural defects ( 8 w9es4 ,& z = ! w9e m]*ant & ! consum]1 !y %\ld reject all vitiat$ w9es1 unless !y c be us$ imm$iately1 = !y lose quality in/ead ( ga9+ by keep+4 ,moreov]1 :5 a w9e has a v pron\nc$ defect1 x c r>ely be us$ alone1 ei!r because defici5t 9 _s or 9 color1 or because ! vice _c be entirely de/roy$4 ,x w\ld also be a mi/ake to suppose t ! flavor ( a diseas$ w9e w\ld be r5d]$ inappreciable by mix+ & di/ribut+ x ?r\gh\t a l>ge numb] ( casks ( s\nd w9e2 (t5] ! latt] w\ld be m or less injur$ by ! op]ation4 ,! defect ( su* a w9e %\ld fir/ be remov$ by treat+ x by itself1 & !n x %\ld be mix$ only ) ! commone/ w9e 9 ! cell>4 ,ea* defect & disease w be treat$ "u its prop] "n1 ! cause indicat$1 ) ! means to be employ$ to prev5t1 dim9i%1 or to remove x4 ,! doses 9 all cases1 unless o!rwise indicat$1 are accord+ to ,mr4 ,boireau1 :o gives :at is requir$ to treat #bbe litres1 b we h increas$ ! dose to :at is necess>y = #ajj gallons ( w9e 9 ea* case4 ,any "o c fir/ try ! exp]im5t on a gallon or less by tak+ a proportional am\nt ( ! sub/ances indicat$1 leav+ ! sample cork$1 9 a cool place1 = at lea/ two days 9 ord9>y cases1 or = eight days 9 case ! w9e is f9$4 ,,natural ,,defects4 ,e>?y ,flavor--,its ,causes4--,x is a natural defect 9 ! w9e1 & consi/s ( a bad ta/e by :i* ! pulp & ! sk9s ( ! grapes are affect$ be=e f]m5tation4 ,x occurs 9 w9e made f grapes gr[n on l[1 wet1 swampy l&1 & on l& too heavily manur$1 or f]tiliz$ ) sub/ances :i* communicate a bad flavor4 ,he says t ?is mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! natural flavor & b\quet ( ! w9e4 ,contr>y to ! op9ion ( ^? nologues :o attribute ?is defective flavor to ! pres5ce ( ess5tial oils1 he believes t !re is a s5sible diff]5ce betwe5 ! natural flavor 7sve7 & ! e>?y flavor4 ,9 fact1 ! flavor & b\quet ( w9es made f grapes ( ! same v>iety1 b gr[n 9 diff]5t v9ey>ds1 pres5t consid]able diff]5ces1 :i* are due to ! diff]5t natures ( ! soils1 to ! diff]5t processes 9 w9e mak+1 to climate1 exposure1 age ( ! w9e1 etc4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ta/e & odor produc$ by ! natural flavor & b\quet are n entirely develop$ till ! w9e is old1 & ! cle>+ is complete2 :ile ! bad ta/e transmitt$ f ! soil ?r\gh ! sap1 in/ead ( increas+ ) age1 dim9i%es1 & (t5 f9ally disappe>s4 ,! reason is t ?is ta/e be+ communicat$ pr9cipally by ! color+ matt]s ( ! sk9s1 dim9i%es ) ! deposit ( ^! matt]s1 accord+ z ! w9e becomes cle>4 ,x foll[s t c]ta9 w9es may h a good flavor1 & ev5 acquire a b\quet 9 ag+1 :i* :ile "y _h a disagreeable e>?y flavor4 ,he in/ances ! w9es ( sev]al crops1 treat$ by him1 hav+ a f9e color1 mell[ness1 & #aj p] c5t4 ( alcohol1 :i* 9 _! e>ly ye>s _h an e>?y flavor s pron\nc$ t x might almo/ h be5 tak5 = a m\ldy ta/e4 ,?is ta/e dim9i%$ gradually1 ) prop] c>e1 & f9ally disappe>$ t[>d ! ?ird ye>2 ! natural flavor !n develop$ itself1 & ! w9es acquir$ an agreeable b\quet 9 bottles4 ,grapes f "y v9es plant$ 9 moi/ l&1 h an e>?y flavor m pron\nc$ ?an ^? f old] v9es1 gr[n 9 ! same situations1 & ?is flavor is g5]ally m develop$ 9 ! heavy-yield+ common v>ieties ?an 9 ! f9e k9ds4 ,h[ ,prev5t$4--,?is flavor may be sometimes dim9i%$ or de/roy$ by dra9+ ! soil ( ! v9ey>d1 a]at+ ! v9es :5 too cr[d$1 & by avoid+ ! plant+ ( trees 9 ! v9ey>d4 ,if x comes f too mu* manure1 less %\ld be us$1 & less wood left on ! v9es4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 to draw su* w9es f ! f]m5t+ vat1 z soon z ! active f]m5tation is f9i%$1 = a long soj\rn 9 ! tank ) ! /ems & sk9s aggravates ! defect4 ,! ,treatm5t ( w9es s affect$ diff]s accord+ to _! orig91 _! nature1 & _! promise ( ! future2 b ! condition necess>y 9 all cases is to promptly obta9 _! defecation or cl>ification1 & nev] to all[ !m to rema9 on ! lees4 ,!y %\ld !re=e be drawn (f z soon z cle>1 & frequ5tly rack$ to prev5t ! =mation ( volum9\s deposits4 ,r$ w9es1 :i* 9 spite ( ?is defect1 h a future1 & may acquire quality ) age1 %\ld be rack$ at ! beg9n+ ( w9t]1 aga9 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*1 & aft] ! second rack+ %\ld be f9$ ) ! :ites ( #ab eggs to #ajj gallons ( w9e2 !y are !n rack$ aga9 two weeks aft] f9+4 ,common r$ w9es1 )\t a future1 dull & poor 9 color1 & weak 9 _s1 are treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 b be=e f9+1 a little m ?an a qu>t ( alcohol ( #fj to #ij p] c5t4 is add$ to facilitate ! coagulation ( ! album54 ,9 treat+ w9es :i* are firm1 full-bodi$1 & *>g$ ) color1 aft] ! two rack+s1 an excell5t result is obta9$ by an en]getic f9+ ) ab\t ?ree ounces ( gelat9e4 ,e>?y :ite w9es %\ld be rack$ aft] complet+ _! f]m5tation1 & aft] ! addition ( ab\t an ounce ( tann9 dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 or ! equival5t ( tannifi$ :ite w9e4 ,aft] rack+1 !y %\ld be f9$ ) ab\t ?ree ounces ( gelat9e4 ,^! rack+s & f9+s precipitate ! insoluble matt]s1 & "p ( ! color+ matt]1 :i* is /rongly impregnat$ ) ! e>?y ta/e1 & ! result is a s5sible dim9ution ( ! flavor4 ,:5 n v pron\nc$1 x is remov$ little by little at ea* rack+4 ,b if x is v m>k$1 ! w9e aft] ! fir/ rack+ %\ld h a little less ?an a qu>t ( olive oil ?or\ghly /irr$ into x4 ,aft] a ?or\gh agitation1 ! oil %\ld be remov$ by fill+ ! cask4 ,! oil removes ) x a portion ( ^? matt]s 9 ! w9e :i* cause ! bad flavor4 ,! w9e is aft]w>ds f9$ z above4 ,"s writ]s recomm5d t w9e hav+ an e>?y flavor %\ld be mix$ ) w9e ( a bett] ta/e1 z ! be/ me?od ( correct+ ! defect2 b f :at has be5 said 9 ! prec$+ "p ( ?is *apt]1 x w\ld seem to be an unsafe practice4 ,! ,wild ,ta/e & ,grassy ,flavor are due to ! same causes1 & are remov$ 9 ! same way4 ,gre5ness--,its ,causes4--,?is is due to ! pres5ce ( t>t>ic acid1 :i* x conta9s 9 excess4 ,x gives a s\r1 au/]e ta/e to ! w9e1 :i* also conta9s malic acid1 b 9 a less quantity4 ,:5 ta/$1 x produces ! disagreeable s5sation ( unripe fruit to ! palate1 sets ! tee? on edge1 & contracts ! n]v\s expansions ( ! m\?4 ,gre5ness1 z ! t]m imports1 is caus$ by want ( maturity ( ! grapes4 ,we all "k t acids ab\nd 9 unripe fruit1 & x is only at ! "t ( maturity1 & "u ! influ5ce ( ! heat ( ! sun1 t !y disappe> & are *ang$ into glucose or grape sug>4 ,a gre5 w9e1 !n1 is an imp]fect w9e1 :i*1 besides ?is defect1 g5]ally lacks alcohol1 body1 mell[ness1 firmness1 b\quet1 & color1 because ! incompletely matur$ grapes conta9 mu* t>t>ic & malic acid1 & b little grape sug> & o!r mucilag9\s matt]1 & because ! matt]s de/9$ to give color to ! sk9s1 z well z ! aromatic pr9ciples1 are n completely elaborat$4 ,! only way to ,prev5t ?is ,defect is to resort to means necess>y to increase ! maturity ( ! grape1 or to add sug> to ! mu/1 nei!r ( :i* w sc>cely ev] be f\nd necess>y 9 ,cali=nia1 :]e ! defect is n likely to exi/1 if ! grapes are n pick$ too gre54 ,treatm5t4--,:]e ! s\rness is n insupportable1 ! w9e may be ameliorat$ by add+ a qu>t or two ( old br&y = ea* #ajj gallons4 ,! w9e z x comes f ! vat conta9s mu* m free t>t>ic acid ?an x conta9s aft] ! ins5sible f]m5tation 9 ! cask1 because x comb9es ) ! t>trate ( pota% 9 ! w9e & =ms ! bit>trate ( pota%1 or cream ( t>t>1 :i* is deposit$ ) ! lees1 or atta*es itself to ! sides ( ! cask4 ,x foll[s t ! w9e w be less gre5 aft] ins5sible f]m5tation1 at ! fir/ rack+1 ?an :5 x 0 new2 b if ! gre5ness is excessive aft] ! ins5sible f]m5tation1 ! w9e /ill conta9s mu* free acid4 ,! excess ( acid may be neutraliz$ 9 w9es :i* are v gre5 by add+ ! prop] am\nt ( t>trate ( pota%1 :i* comb9es ) a "p ( ! t>t>ic acid to =m ! bit>trate1 :i* aft] a few days falls to ! bottom1 or adh]es to ! cask4 ,! dose v>ies f #aj to #bd ounces p] #ajj gallons ( w9e4 ,five or six gallons ( w9e are drawn out ( ! cask1 & ! t>trate ( pota% is ?r[n 9 by ! h&ful1 /irr+ ! :ile z 9 ! case ( f9+4 ,?is treatm5t does n always succe$2 h5ce1 ! necessity ( prev5t+ ! defect :5 possible4 ,:5 ! gre5ness is n v m>k$1 ! w9e may also be mix$ ) an old] w9e1 :i* conta9s b little acid & pl5ty ( _s4 ,lime & o!r alkal9e sub/ances w surely neutralize ! acid1 b !y injure ! w9e & r5d] x unheal?y1 & %\ld nev] be us$4 ,ma*>d lays great /ress ^u ! addition ( br&y to su* w9es1 because1 he says1 ! alcohol w precipitate ! excess ( acids1 & w also comb9e ) !m to =m e!rs :i* give a delicate1 balsamic odor to ! w9e1 :i* is mo/ agreeable4 7,see ,e!rs1 ,b\quet47 ,r\ghness is due to ! a/r+5cy giv5 to ! w9e by ! tann9 :5 9 excess4 ,tann9 is useful = ! pres]vation & ! cl>ification ( w9es1 & ^? :i* conta9 mu*1 ) an equal am\nt ( alcohol1 keep mu* long] ?an ^? :i* conta9 less1 & und]go transportation bett]1 & are consid]$ m heal?ful4 ,r\ghness is ,n a ,fault1 x is r an excess ( good quality1 if ! r\gh w9es h no aft]-ta/e ( ! /ems1 bitt]ness1 e>?y flavor1 acrity1 & possess a high degree ( _s1 a fruity flavor1 & a good color4 ,su* w9es are preci\s = =tify+1 & to assi/ 9 ag+ ^? :i* are too feeble to keep a long "t )\t deg5]at+4 ,:5 kept )\t cutt+1 !y la/ a long "t1 & end well4 ,b !y are long 9 develop+4 ,! ,r\ghness ,disappe>s 9 ,"t1 because ! tann9 is trans=m$ into gallic acid1 & besides is precipitat$ by o!r pr9ciples conta9$ 9 ! w9e1 & by f9+s4 ,an ,excess ( ,tann9 is ,avoid$ 9 /rong1 d>k-color$1 full-bodi$ w9es by remov+ all ! /ems1 & by e>ly draw+ f ! tank4 ,if ! w9es are incl9$ to be s(t1 weak1 & ) b little _s1 no attempt %\ld be made to avoid r\ghness4 ,:5 w9es are put into new casks1 _! r\ghness is increas$ by ! tann9 d]iv$ f ! oak wood ( :i* !y are made2 b dur+ ins5sible f]m5tation a good deal ( ! tann9 is ?r[n d[n ) ! vegetable album5 conta9$ 9 ! new w9e4 ,h[ ,remov$4--,if ! w9es are ( good body & color1 ! r\ghness may be remov$ by f9+ !m ) a /rong dose ( gelat9e1 two or ?ree ounces to #ajj gallons4 ,z ?is removes a portion ( ! color1 x %\ld only be resort$ to 9 ! case ( r\gh & d>k-color$ w9es1 to ha/5 _! maturity4 ,bitt]ness & ,ta/e ( ! ,/ems--,causes4--,bitt]ness is a disagreeable ta/e :i*1 9 new w9es attack$ by x1 comes f ! dissolution ( a bitt] pr9ciple conta9$ 9 ! /ems1 a pr9ciple entirely diff]5t f tann94 ,sometimes x is communicat$ by ! sk9s ( c]ta9 v>ieties ( grapes4 ,?is is ,prev5t$ by all[+ ! grapes to rea* complete maturity1 & above all by /emm+ !m all1 & by n leav+ ! w9e too long 9 ! f]m5t+ vat4 ,! ,treatm5t is ! same z = ! e>?y flavor1 & also aft]w>ds p\r+ 9 a qu>t or m ( old br&y4 ,! bitt]ness "h m5tion$ is only t met ) 9 new w9es1 & its cause is entirely diff]5t f t f\nd 9 old w9es1 :i* is describ$ fur!r on4 ,! ,ta/e ( ! ,/ems1 :i* (t5 accompanies bitt]ness1 is due to a prolong$ imm]sion ( ! /ems 9 ! w9e4 ,x is suppos$ t ?is defect1 :i* gives ! w9e a wild & common flavor1 comes f an aromatic pr9ciple conta9$ 9 ! /ems4 ,x is prev5t$ by /emm+1 & l natural bitt]ness1 dim9i%es ) "t4 ,! treatm5t is ! same4 ,an unreasonably long vatt+ is "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( bitt]ness & /em flavor4 ,s\rness--,its ,causes4--,s\rness1 or heat$ flavor1 z x is also call$1 is due to ! pres5ce ( acetic acid 9 ! w9e4 ,all w9es1 ev5 ! mell[e/1 ! be/ made1 & ! be/ c>$ =1 conta9 "s acetic acid1 b 9 s small a quantity z to be inappreciable to ! ta/e4 ,acetic acid is produc$ 9 w9es dur+ _! f]m5tation 9 op5 tanks1 & is due to ! contact ( ! air ) ! cru/ ( ! pomace4 ,?is cru/ or cap1 =m$ ( sk9s & /ems1 br\ght to ! surface by bubbles ( c>bonic acid ris+ f ! liquid1 is expos$ directly to ! air1 & ! alcoholic f]m5tation ( ! liquid "p is soon complet$1 & "u ! influ5ce ( ! air & f]m5ts1 ! alcohol is trans=m$ into acetic acid4 ,?is trans=mation is s rapid t :5 ! vatt+ is too prolong$1 & ! temp]ature is high1 ! ext]ior cru/ rapidly passes f acetic to putrid f]m5tation4 ,z long z ! tumultu\s f]m5tation cont9ues1 ! cru/ is kept up above ! surface by ! bubbles ( ris+ gas1 b :5 x ceases1 ! cap falls1 & settles d[n into ! liquid1 & ! w9e becomes impregnat$ ) ! acetic acid4 ,! w9e also1 by simple contact ) ! cru/1 acquires a v9eg> smell & ta/e4 ,w9es :i* become prick$ by contact ) ! air aft] f]m5tation are treat$ fur!r on "u ! head ( ,prick$ ,w9es4 ,h[ ,prev5t$4--,! =mation ( acetic acid dur+ f]m5tation is prev5t$ by f]m5t+ ! w9es 9 clos$ or p>tly clos$ vats1 by avoid+ contact ( ! air1 by keep+ ! pomace subm]g$1 & by conf9+ ! c>bonic acid 9 ! vat4 ,if op5 vats are us$1 !y %\ld be only ?ree-f\r?s full1 s t a lay] ( gas may re/ ^u ! pomace & protect x f ! atmosph]e2 or ! cap may be cov]$ ) a b$ ( /raw z soon z =m$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to draw (f z soon z f]m5tation is complete4 ,treatm5t4--,w9es affect$ 9 ?is mann] _c be expect$ to acquire good qualities ) age4 ,!y may be r5d]$ potable1 b _! future is de/roy$4 ,!re=e1 e precaution %\ld be tak5 to gu>d aga9/ ! defect4 ,!y %\ld be sep>at$ f _! fir/ lees z soon z possible2 consequ5tly1 !y %\ld be drawn (f z soon z ! gas ceases to rise4 ,if !y are /ill turbid1 !y %\ld be cl>ifi$ by an en]getic f9+1 & !y %\ld be rack$ f ! f9+s ! v mom5t !y are cle>4 ,!y %\ld be aft]w>ds rack$ to fur!r free !m f f]m5ts4 ,if ! w9es are only heat$1 ! odor ( acetic acid w be s5sibly dim9i%$ by ! above op]ation2 b if !y are decid$ly prick$1 ! means to neutralize _! acid :5 drawn f ! vat1 z indicat$ = ,prick$ ,w9es1 %\ld be resort$ to4 ,alcoholic ,weakness is due to a want ( suffici5t _s1 caus$ by an excess ( wat] ( vegetation1 & ! consequ5t lack ( sug> 9 ! grapes4 ,9 ,france ?is defect is g5]ally f\nd 9 w9es com+ f "y v9es plant$ 9 v f]tile soils1 or f ! common v>ieties1 prun$ ) long canes1 & produc+ a great quantity ( l>ge1 wat]y grapes4 ,:5 w9es weak 9 alcohol conta9 b little tann9 & color1 !y rapidly deg5]ate1 (t5 comm5c+ _! decl9e dur+ _! fir/ ye>1 & be=e _! cl>ification is complet$4 ,h[ ,avoid$4--,?is defect c be correct$ by plant+ ! prop] v>ieties ( v9es1 & by avoid+ ri* soils2 b 9 ! climate ( ,cali=nia !re is b little dang] ( ! w9es be+ too weak1 unless ! grapes are late v>ieties1 & gr[n 9 v unfavorable situations4 ,! ,treatm5t ( weak w9es is to rid !m ( _! f]m5ts z soon z possible1 9 ord] to avoid acid & putrid deg5]ation1 to :i* !y are q subject4 ,?is result is obta9$ by draw+ !m (f z soon z ! lees are deposit$4 ,if !y rema9 turbid aft] ! second rack+1 !y %\ld be g5tly f9$ ) ! :ites ( n9e or t5 eggs to #ajj gallons4 ,! coagulation ( ! album5 w be facilitat$ by add+ "o or m qu>ts ( /rong alcohol to ! w9e be=e f9+1 & by add+ to ! eggs a h&ful ( common salt dissolv$ 9 a little wat]4 ,b z ^! w9es1 by !mselves1 are %ort liv$1 x is necess>y1 9 ord] to prolong _! exi/5ce1 to mix !m ) firm w9es1 /rong 9 body & ri* 9 color4 ,by add+ alcohol1 !y are /ill left dry & )\t fruity flavor1 :ile if mix$ ) a w9e ( a flavor z ne>ly l _! own z possible1 & hav+ a fruity flavor1 & be+ firm & full-bodi$1 b n =tifi$1 !y w acquire mell[ness z well z /r5g?4 ,want ( ,color--,causes4--,z color+ matt] is n f\nd 9 ! sk9s ( grapes till !y are ripe1 gre5 w9es produc$ 9 ye>s :5 ! grapes d n rip5 well1 lack color4 ,! am\nt ( color may be dim9i%$ if by excess ( maturity ! sk9s ( ! grapes decay4 ,! me?od ( f]m5tation also influ5ces m or less ! ri*ness ( ! color4 ,^? w9es1 9 ! f]m5tation ( :i* ! pomace is kept con/antly imm]s$ 9 ! liquid1 dissolve out m color+ matt] ?an ^? f]m5t$ 9 op5 vats 9 :i* ! cru/ is rais$ above ! surface ( ! mu/4 ,"s k9ds ( grapes naturally develop m color ?an o!rs4 ,h[ ,gu>d$ ,aga9/4--,x is !re=e obvi\s1 t ! lack ( color may be gu>d$ aga9/ by ga!r+ ! grapes :5 !y are j ripe1 plant+ ! prop] v>ieties1 & keep+ ! pomace subm]g$ dur+ f]m5tation1 /irr+ x up1 if necess>y4 ,! ,treatm5t %\ld be su* z to avoid z mu* z possible ! precipitation ( ! color+ matt]4 ,!y %\ld1 !re=e1 be f9$ z little z possible1 & gelat9e %\ld be c>efully avoid$4 ,if !y mu/ be f9$1 use ! :ites ( eggs & 9 ! quantity m5tion$ = weak w9es--#aj to #ajj gallons4 ,( c\rse1 _! color may be increas$ by mix+ !m ) d>k] color$ w9es1 b 9 ord] n to affect _! natural flavor1 !y %\ld be mix$ only ) w9es ( ! same nature & ( ! same gr[?4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t any "o w resort to artificial color+ ( any k9d4 ,dull1 ,blui%1 ,lead-color$ ,w9e1 & ,flavor ( ! ,lees--,causes4--,c]ta9 w9es rema9 turbid1 & pres]ve a dull1 lead5 color1 ev5 aft] ins5sible f]m5tation4 ,?is /ate may be due to sev]al causes4 ,(t5times "y w9es rema9 turbid because1 = want ( rack+ at prop] times1 & = want ( /or+ 9 prop] places1 second>y f]m5tation has set 91 :i* has /irr$ up ! lees :i* _h be5 deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! cask4 ,?is also takes place :5 new w9es are mov$ be=e rack+4 ,treatm5t4--,9 ^! cases1 put !m into a cell> ( a con/ant temp]ature1 leave !m quiet = a c\ple ( weeks1 & see if !y settle naturally4 ,if n1 cl>ify !m by us+ ! f9+s appropriate to _! nature4 ,if !y are turbid on acc\nt ( an unseasonable f]m5tation1 ! fir/ ?+ to d is to /op ! work+ by rack+1 sulphur+1 etc4 ,:51 9 spite ( all ! c>es t h be5 be/[$ ^u !m1 !y /ill rema9 dull & difficult to cl>ify1 :ile und]go+ no f]m5tation1 ! cause mu/ be s\ght 9 ! want ( tann9 or alcohol4 ,if ! difficulty is due simply to lack ( _s1 ! treatm5t consi/s 9 add+ two or ?ree qu>ts ( /rong alcohol to ea* #ajj gallons1 mix+ ) ! w9e a fif? or a t5? ( a good-bodi$ w9e ( l natural flavor1 & !n by f9+ x ) eggs z m5tion$ = weak w9es4 ,if ! dull w9e has suffici5t alcohol1 z %[n by a pron\nc$ color1 add ab\t an ounce ( tann9 dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 or ! equival5t ( tannifi$ w9e1 & f9e x ) "o to two ounces ( gelat9e4 ,blui% or violet color1 accompani$ by a flavor ( ! lees1 (t5 occurs 9 w9es ( s\!rn c\ntries1 & is due to an abundance ( color+ matt] & a lack ( t>t>ic acid4 ,:5 ! violet-color$ w9e has a good deal ( color1 & m ?an n9e p] c5t4 ( alcohol1 ! color may be *ang$ to r$ by mix+ ) x f "o-six? to "o-f\r? ( gre5 w9e1 :i* conta9s an excess ( t>t>ic acid1 ! natural blue color ( ! grape be+ *ang$ to r$ by ! action ( ! acid2 !n ab\t an ounce ( tann91 or ! equival5t ( tannifi$ w9e1 %\ld be add$1 t ! color may become fix$1 & t cl>ification may subsequ5tly take place 9 a prop] mann]4 ,9 default ( gre5 w9e1 cry/aliz$ t>t>ic acid may be us$1 :i* is v soluble 9 w9e4 ,a small am\nt %\ld be fir/ exp]im5t$ )1 9 ord] to le>n j h[ mu* to use to *ange ! blue ( ! w9e to r$1 = we mu/ n =get t ?is acid gives gre5ness to ! w9e & !reby r5d]s x less heal?ful4 ,if ! w9es are s weak 9 alcohol t !y h b little color1 & t is blue & dull1 !y h a t5d5cy to putridity4 ,9 ?is case1 ! blue color is 9 fact only a comm5cem5t ( decomposition4 ,x is due to an int]nal reaction :i* trans=ms a "p ( ! t>trate ( pota% into c>bonate ( pota%4 ,su* w9es h a slightly alkal9e flavor1 & left to !mselves 9 contact ) ! air1 !y become rapidly corrupt1 )\t completely acidify+4 ,^! w9es are ( ! poore/ quality4 ,?is disease1 :i* is v r>e1 may be prev5t$ by us+ ! prop] me?ods ( v9ification1 & by r5d]+ !m firm] & full-bodi$ by ! *oice ( good v>ieties ( v9es4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( su* w9es1 "s propose ! use ( t>t>ic acid to re/ore !m4 ,?is w turn ! blue color to r$1 b w n prev5t ! ?reat5$ decomposition4 ,mr4 ,boireau pref]s ! use ( ab\t "o-six? ( gre5 w9e1 :i* conta9s an abundance ( ! acid1 & ! subsequ5t mix+ ) a /rong1 full-bodi$ w9e4 ,putrid ,decomposition--,causes4--,w9es are decompos$ & become putrid1 on acc\nt ( little spiritu\s /r5g? & lack ( tann94 ,! weakness 9 alcohol is due to want ( suffici5t sug> 9 ! grapes--to ! excess ( wat] ( vegetation4 ,we see1 !n1 t w9e is pr$ispos$ to putridity :5 x is want+ 9 ^! two cons]vative pr9ciples1 alcohol & tann94 ,su* w9e quickly loses its color2 x nev] becomes brilliant & limpid2 x rema9s turbid1 & nev] cle>s completely1 b cont9ues to deposit4 ,! t5d5cy to decomposition is ann\nc$ by a *ange ( color1 :i* becomes tawny & dull1 :i* gives x1 ?\gh "y1 an appe>ance ( worn out1 turbid1 old w9e4 ,its r$ color is 9 great "p deposit$1 & x reta9s only ! yell[4 ,if ! defect is n promptly rem$i$ by =tify+1 x acquires a nause\s1 putrid flavor ( /agnant wat]2 & x cont9ues turbid1 & is decompos$1 )\t go+ squ>ely into acet\s f]m5tation4 ,h[ ,avoid$4--,to avoid ?is t5d5cy1 :i* is r>e1 means %\ld be employ$ to increase ! natural sug> 9 ! mu/1 & by plant+ prop] v>ieties ( grapes1 :i* w produce good1 firm w9es1 & by *oos+ prop] situations = ! v9ey>d1 & employ+ ! be/ me?ods ( v9ification4 ,treatm5t4--,decomposition may be ret>d$ 9 sev]al ways3 ,fir/1 by =tify+ ! w9es1 by add+ tann9 to !m1 & by add+ a suffici5t quantity ( r\gh1 firm1 alcoholic w9e2 second1 9 default ( a /rong1 full-bodi$ w9e1 br&y may be add$1 or bett]1 ! tann9 prep>$ ) alcohol1 s z to give !m a /r5g? ( at lea/ t5 p] c5t42 ?ird1 f9+ %\ld be avoid$ z mu* z possible1 especially ! use ( f9+s :i* precipitate ! color+ matt]1 su* z gelat9e2 album5 %\ld be us$ 9 pref]5ce1 z = weak w9es2 f\r?1 ! movem5ts ( long j\rneys1 & draw+ (f by ! use ( pumps1 %\ld be avoid$1 = !y are apt to increase ! deposition ( ! color+ matt]4 ,! treatm5t m5tion$ w ret>d ! decomposition1 b w n arre/ x1 & su* w9es c nev] endure a long voyage unless heavily br&i$4 ,sev]al ,diff]5t ,natural ,vices & ,defects may attack ! same w9e1 :5 x %\ld be treat$ = t :i* is mo/ prom95t4 ,,acquir$ ,,defects ,,& ,,diseases4 ,flat ,w9e--,fl[]s--,causes4--,fl[]s ( w9e are no?+ b a k9d ( m\ld1 9 ! =m ( a :iti% scum or film1 compos$ ( microscopic fungi1 ! mycod]ma v9i & mycod]ma aceti1 already m5tion$ "u ! head ( ,f]m5tation1 & :i* develop on ! surface ( w9e left 9 contact ) ! air4 ,?is m\ld1 or "m1 communicates to ! w9e a disagreeable odor & flavor1 & also a slight acidity1 :i* ! ,fr5* call v5t odor1 or flavor v5t1 & :i* may be call$ flatness4 ,! developm5t ( ^! organisms is due pr9cipally to ! direct exposure ( ! w9e to ! air1 :i* favors _! gr[? by ! evaporation ( a portion ( ! alcohol :i* exi/s at ! surface ( ! liquid :i* is expos$1 & a comm5cem5t ( oxidation ( t :i* rema9s4 ,! result is t ! surface ( ! w9e becomes v weak 9 alcohol1 & hav+ lo/ its cons]vative pr9ciple1 x m\lds4 ,?is m\ld consi/s1 z be=e rem>k$1 ( a va/ numb] ( small fungi4 ,!y h a bad flavor1 & are impregnat$ ) an acidity :i* comes f ! action ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air ^u ! alcohol1 conv]t+ x into acetic acid4 ,?is disease develops m or less rapidly1 accord+ to ! alcoholic /r5g? ( ! w9e & ! temp]ature ( ! place :]e x is kept4 ,^? common1 weak w9es1 :i* h only f #g to #h p] c5t4 ( alcohol1 are ! fir/ attack$2 on !m fl[]s are develop$ 9 ?ree or f\r days4 ,/rong] w9es1 :i* conta9 f #aj to #aa p] c5t4 ( _s1 resi/ twice z long z ! weak] ones4 ,f9e w9es ( an equal /r5g? resi/ bett] ?an ! common k9ds2 & w9es :i* conta9 m ?an #ae p] c5t4 are n affect$4 ,dur+ summ] !y are mu* soon] affect$4 ,ma*>d is ( ! op9ion t ?is flavor is due to ! comm5cem5t ( disorganization ( ! f]m5ts rema9+ 9 ! w9e1 :i*1 z !y beg9 to putrify1 give (f ammoniacal emanations4 ,maum5 says t x is due to ! loss ( c>bonic acid4 ,to ,prev5t ,flatness1 all agree t w9es %\ld be protect$ f ! air2 = ?is purpose !y %\ld be kept 9 casks con/antly full1 or 9 well cork$ bottles ly+ 9 a horizontal position4 ,:5 x is necess>y to leave ullage 9 ! cask1 a sulphur mat* mu/ be burn$1 & ! cask tightly bung$4 7,see ,g5]al ,treatm5t1 ,w9e 9 ,bottles1 ,sulphur+1 etc47 ,9 frequ5tly draw+ f ! cask1 ! det]ioration is ret>d$ by tak+ c>e to admit ! lea/ possible am\nt ( air1 j en\gh to let ! w9e run1 b ! evil _c be entirely prev5t$ 9 ?is way2 & by frequ5t sulphur+ ! w9e w acquire a disagreeable sulphur flavor2 !re=e1 ullage %\ld nev] be left :5 x is possible to avoid x4 ,treatm5t4--,:5 ! w9es %[ fl[]s1 b h n yet become flat1 z 9 ! case ( new w9es :i* h be5 neglect$1 & h n be5 fill$ up = a week or m1 & are only affect$ at ! surface1 by fill+ up1 ! fl[]s may be caus$ to fl[ out at ! bung4 ,! cask mu/ !n be well bung$4 ,x mu/ aft]w>ds be kept well fill$1 = besides ! flat flavor t ! fl[]s may give ! w9e1 !y w r5d] x turbid on acc\nt ( ! acid f]m5ts introduc$1 & cause x to become prick$ 9 ! end4 ,w9e badly fl[]$1 & :i* has acquir$ a decid$ flavor ( flatness1 )\t be+ actually s\r1 %\ld be fill$ up1 & ! fl[]s %\ld be all[$ to pass out ( ! bung2 x %\ld !n be rack$ into a well sulphur$ cask1 :i* mu/ be completely fill$4 ,! fl[]s mu/ n be all[$ to become mix$ ) ! w9e4 ,aft] rack+1 two or ?ree qu>ts ( old br&y to ea* #ajj gallons %\ld be add$1 or a few gallons ( firm1 full-bodi$ w9e1 z ne> z possible ( ! same natural flavor4 ,x %\ld !n be well f9$1 us+ 9 pref]5ce ! :ites ( eggs 7"o doz5 = #ajj gallons1 & a h&ful ( salt dissolv$ 9 a little wat]71 & !n x mu/ be rack$ aga9 z soon z cle>4 ,! object ( ?is treatm5t is to extract f ! w9e by rack+ ! m\ld :i* causes ! bad ta/e2 to replace by =tify+1 ! alcohol lo/ by evaporation2 & f9ally1 by f9+1 to remove 9 ! lees ! acid f]m5ts1 :i* h develop$ 9 ! =m ( fl[]s4 ,yet ^? w9es :i* h become badly affect$ ?r\gh neglig5ce are nev] completely re/or$1 & if !y are f9e1 delicate w9es1 !y lose a l>ge "p ( _! value4 ,!re=e1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 to prev5t ?is disease1 :i* 9 ! end produces acidity1 =1 (t51 neglect$ w9es are at ! same "t flat & prick$4 ,"s au?ors recomm5d t su* a w9e %\ld be aga9 mix$ ) a good1 s\nd1 fre% pomace1 :i* has n be5 long 9 ! vat1 & all[$ to f]m5t a second "t2 ?is is call$ pass+ x ov] ! m>c4 ,( c\rse1 ?is c only be done 9 ! w9e mak+ season1 & _c be resort$ to by ^? :o d n make w9e !mselves1 or :o are at a di/ance f a w9e mak]4 ,:5 all else fails1 !y recomm5d t sev]al l>ge pieces ( dry1 fre% *>coal be susp5d$ 9 ! w9e1 atta*$ to cords to draw !m out by1 ,maigne says1 = =ty-eight h\rs1 & ,ma*>d says1 "o or two weeks1 r5ew+ ! *>coal f "t to "t till ! ta/e is remov$4 ,if ! w9e has already become acid1 *>coal w n remove ! flavor4 ,s\rness1 ,acidity1 ,prick$ ,w9e--,causes4--,acidity is a s\r ta/e caus$ by ! alcohol ( ! w9e be+ 9 "p *ang$ to acetic acid by ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,x is due to long contact ) ! air1 & x is ! oxyg5 :i* produces ! *ange1 z describ$ "u ! head ( ,acetic ,f]m5tation1 & x is ! m rapid1 accord+ z ! temp]ature is m elevat$1 & ! w9e conta9s m f]m5ts4 ,:at ,w9es ,liable to4--,all w9es ^: f]m5tation is complet$1 & :i* h be5 f]m5t$ "u ord9>y circum/ances--t is1 ^? :i* h receiv$ no addition ( alcohol1 & no long] conta9 sac*>9e matt]1 are subject to ?is affection :5 left expos$ to ! air4 ,:5 !y h be5 =tifi$ up to #ah p] c5t4 ( alcohol1 :e!r sweet or n1 !y d n s\r until ! alcohol has be5 enfeebl$ by evaporation4 ,if !y conta9 sug>1 al?\gh n =tifi$1 a new f]m5tation takes place1 & !y d n acidify until ! great] "p ( ! sug> has be5 trans=m$ into alcohol4 ,ma*>d1 h[ev]1 says t w9es :i* conta9 a good deal ( sug> d (t5 acidify1 & 9 ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs1 !re is a cont9u\s f]m5tation1 :i* r5d]s !m v liable to become prick$4 ,z ! acetic acid is =m$ at ! exp5se ( ! alcohol1 ! m ! w9e conta9s ( ! =m] ! less w x h ( ! latt]4 ,acidity is ,prev5t$ by giv+ w9es prop] c>e & att5tion1 & by keep+ !m 9 suitable places1 & by us+ ! precautions indicat$ = flat or fl[]$ w9es1 i4e41 by avoid+ long contact ) ! air4 ,fl[]s are ! =]unn]s ( acidity2 yet !y d n always appe> be=e ! w9e is prick$1 especially if ! temp]ature is elevat$1 & ! alcoholic /r5g? consid]able4 ,9 g5]al1 w9es become prick$ )\t produc+ fl[]s :5 !y are expos$ to ! air at a temp]ature ( #gg to #ajj ,f42 acidity is produc$ "u ^! conditions 9 a v rapid mann]2 & ?is is :y extra precautions %\ld be tak5 dur+ hot wea!r4 ,x %\ld also be rememb]$ t ?is vice comes ei!r f ! neglig5ce ( ! cell>-man to gu>d ! w9es f contact ) ! air1 or f ! bad /ate ( ! casks1 & /or+ 9 unsuitable places4 ,treatm5t4--,acetic acid 9 w9e may be 9 great "p neutraliz$ by sev]al alkal9e sub/ances2 b1 if us$1 !re rema9 9 solution 9 ! w9e c]ta9 salts 7acetates & t>trates7 =m$ by ! comb9ation ( ! acetic & t>t>ic acid ) ! alkal9e bases introduc$4 ,^! alkal9e sub/ances n only neutralize ! acetic acid1 b also ! vegetable acids conta9$ 9 ! w9e4 ,^! neutral salts are n p]fectly :olesome1 be+ g5]ally laxative 9 _! nature4 ,moreov]1 ! acetic acid _c be completely neutraliz$ by ! employm5t ( cau/ic alkalies 7pota%1 soda1 quicklime71 & ^! bases decompose ! w9e & cause ! dissolution & precipitation ( ! color+ matt]1 & r5d] x unfit to dr9k by reason ( ! bitt]ness :i* !y communicate4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to *oose = ! treatm5t ( prick$ w9es1 ^? alkal9e matt]s :i* are ! mo/ likely to neutralize ! excess ( acetic acid )\t alt]+ ! con/itution ( ! w9e1 )\t precipitat+ _! color1 & :i* produce by comb9ation ! lea/ soluble & lea/ un:olesome salts4 ,^? :i* %\ld be employ$ 9 pref]5ce to o!rs are1 c>bonate ( magnesium1 t>trate ( potassium1 & lime wat]4 ,! foll[+ sub/ances %\ld only be employ$ :5 x is impossible to obta9 ^? la/ m5tion$1 = ! reason t ! salts rema9+ 9 solution 9 ! w9e may cause loss ( color1 & ev5 decomposition1 if us$ 9 l>ge doses1 i4 e41 wood a%es 7a%es f v9e cutt+s be+ pref]r$ z conta9+ mu* ( ! salts ( pota%72 p[d]$ *alk & m>ble 7compos$ ( ! sub-c>bonates ( lime1 m>ble du/ be+ ! pur]72 solutions ( ! sub-c>bonates ( pota%1 & ( ! sub-c>bonates ( soda1 & pla/]4 ,9 ,us+ ! ,sub/ances1 x is always be/ to exp]im5t ) a small quantity ( w9e1 be+ c>eful to employ a dose proportion$ to ! ext5t ( ! degree ( acidity4 ,?us1 to a qu>t ( w9e add #ae or #bj gra9s ( c>bonate ( magnesia 7#a or #b grammes p] litre71 little by little1 %ak+ ! bottle ! :ile2 aga91 b only :5 ! w9e is badly prick$1 slack a suitable quantity ( quicklime 9 wat]1 & let x settle till ! surface wat] becomes cle>4 ,!n add to ! w9e :i* has already receiv$ ! c>bonate ( magnesia1 #e or #f fluidrams ( ! lime wat] 7#b c5tilitres71 & %ake ! mixture2 !n p\r 9 #b or #c fluidrams ( alcohol 7#a c5tilitre71 & f9ally cl>ify x ) album51 us+ fre% milk 9 pref]5ce1 f #a to #c fluidrams to a qu>t 7 to #a c5tilitre to a litre72 cork ! bottle1 %ake x well1 & let x re/ = ?ree or f\r days1 :5 by comp>+ ! sample treat$ ) ! prick$ w9e1 ! effect w be se54 ,?is treatm5t v>ies accord+ to ! nature ( ! w9e4 ,if x is gre5 & prick$1 add #ae gra9s 7#a gramme p] litre7 ( t>trate ( potassium to ! magnesia2 & if ! w9e has a dull color1 aft] hav+ add$ ! milk1 put 9 ab\t #c gra9s 7#bb c5tigrammes7 ( gelat9e dissolv$ 9 ab\t a fluidram 7 c5tilitre7 ( wat]2 if ! w9e is turbid & h>d to cl>ify1 add a little m ?an a gra9 7#h c5tigrammes7 ( tann9 9 p[d]1 be=e putt+ 9 ! milk & gelat9e4 ,( c\rse1 ! same proportion %\ld be us$ 9 op]at+ ^u a l>g] quantity ( w9e4 ,if c>bonate ( magnesium1 :i* is pref]able to all o!rs1 _c be obta9$1 ! dose ( lime wat] may be d\bl$1 & 9 default ( lime1 p[d]$ *alk1 or m>ble & v9e a% may be us$1 b ) great prud5ce1 & 9 small] proportions1 or solutions ( ! sub-c>bonates ( pota% & soda4 ,great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ z to ! quantity ( ! latt] us$1 & !y %\ld n be employ$ 9 treat+ w9e slightly attack$4 ,mr4 ,boireau pref]s ! c>bonate ( magnesium to any o!r alkal9e sub/ance1 because x affects ! color less1 & does n give bitt]ness to ! prick$ w9es1 nor r5d] !m un:olesome1 z d ! salts =m$ by alkalies ) a pota%1 lime1 or soda base4 ,9 m$ic9e1 c>bonate ( magnesium is us$ to correct s\rness ( ! /oma* 7s also1 we might add1 is c>bonate ( sodium74 ,= ! same reason1 decant$ lime wat] is pref]r$ to ! sub-c>bonate ( lime1 employ$ 9 ! =m ( m>ble du/ & p[d]$ *alk2 nev]!less1 lime wat] 9 l>ge doses makes a w9e weak & bitt]4 ,br&y is add$ to ^! w9es 9 ord] to replace ! alcohol lo/ 9 ! production ( acetic acid4 ,! pref]5ce giv5 to milk = f9+ is f\nd$ ^u ! fact t x is alkal9e1 & !re=e assi/s 9 remov+ ! acid flavor ( ! w9e :ile cl>ify+ x4 ,x is alkal9e1 h[ev]1 only :5 x is fre%2 skim-milk a day old is acid1 & %\ld n be us$4 ,f9ally1 ! t>trate & c>bonate ( potassium employ$ to treat gre5 & prick$ w9es1 are us$ to neutralize ! t>t>ic acid1 & gelat9e & tann9 to facilitate ! cl>ification & ! precipitation ( acid f]m5ts4 ,w9es ^: acid has be5 neutraliz$ %\ld be cl>ifi$1 & !n rack$ z soon z p]fectly cle>1 accord+ to ! me?ods po9t$ out4 ,! acetic acid be+ =m$ at ! exp5se ( alcohol1 ! m acid ! less alcohol1 & h5ce ! necessity ( add+ _s1 or1 if ! acidity is n too pron\nc$1 ( mix+ ) a full-bodi$ b ord9>y w9e2 b ^? w9es %\ld n be kept1 z !y always reta9 acid pr9ciples1 become dry1 & turn aga9 at ! lea/ contact ) ! air4 ,if !y are v bad1 & _! alcoholic /r5g? mu* enfeebl$1 !y _h bett] be made into v9eg>4 ,ma*>d's ,treatm5t4--,ma*>d says t ! mo/ successful treatm5t = s\r w9e employ$ by him1 is t f\nd$ ^u ! aff9ity ( vegetable sub/ances = acids1 & t he has succe$$ beyond 8 hopes 9 completely remov+ ! acid f a w9e :i* 0 s s\r t x c\ld n be drank )\t s]i\sly disagree+ ) ! p]son dr9k+ x4 ,?is is 8 me?od ( proce$+4 ,he =m$ a long *aplet1 six feet or s 9 l5g?1 by cutt+ c>rots into %ort1 ?9 pieces1 & /r++ !m on a cord4 ,?is he susp5d$ 9 ! w9e ?r\gh ! bung = six weeks1 & at ! end ( ! "t he did n f9d ! lea/ trace ( acetic acid1 !reby accompli%+ :at he _h = a long "t 9 va9 attempt$4 ,he says t ?is is ! only treatm5t t succe$$ ) him1 & he confid5tly recomm5ds x to o!rs4 ,b he advises t ! c>rots be left 9 ! w9e at lea/ a mon? & a half1 protect+ ! w9e f ! air4 ,& he says t !re is no dang] ( injur+ ! w9e by long contact ) ! c>rots1 or by us+ a l>ge quantity ( !m4 ,o!r ,me?ods4--,maigne says t if ! w9e is only affect$ at ! surface f leav+ ullage 9 ! cask1 ! bad air %\ld be expell$ by us+ a h&-bell[s2 :5 a piece ( sulphur mat* w burn 9 ! cask1 ! air has be5 purifi$4 ,!n take a loaf ( bread1 w>m z x comes f ! ov51 & place x ^u ! bung 9 su* a way z to close x4 ,:5 ! loaf has become cold1 remove x1 rack ! w9e into a well sulphur$ cask1 be+ c>eful to provide ! faucet ) a /ra9] ( crape or simil> fabric1 s z to keep ! fl[]s f becom+ mix$ ) ! w9e4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! bread absorbs a good deal ( ! acid1 & ! op]ation %\ld be repeat$ z (t5 z necess>y4 ,ano!r plan is to take ! meats ( #fj walnuts = #ajj gallons ( w9e1 break ea* into f\r pieces1 & roa/ !m z y w\ld c(fee2 ?r[ !m1 /ill hot1 into ! cask1 aft] hav+ drawn out a few qu>ts ( w9e4 ,f9e ! w9e1 & rack :5 cle>1 & if ! acidity is v bad1 repeat ! op]ation4 ,a half p\nd ( roa/$ :eat w produce ! same effect4 ,he also gives ! foll[+ me?od = us+ m>ble du/4 ,take ( ,:ite m>ble1 #ab lbs4 ,sug>1 #ah lbs4 ,animal *>coal1 wa%$ ) boil+ wat]1 #f ozs4 ,take ( ?is f #c to #f lbs4 to #ajj gallons ( w9e1 accord+ to ! degree ( acidity2 dissolve x 9 two or ?ree gallons ( ! w9e & p\r into ! cask4 ,%ake x well1 & cont9ue ! agitation f "t to "t1 = tw5ty-f\r or ?irty-six h\rs1 till ! w9e has lo/ its acidity1 tak+ c>e to leave ! bung op5 to all[ ! escape ( ! c>bonic acid :i* is g5]at$4 ,at ! end ( ! "t1 add ( cream ( t>t> "o-half z mu* z ! dose employ$2 %ake aga91 f "t to "t1 & at ! end ( five or six h\rs1 draw ! w9e (f & f9e x4 ,if1 at ! end ( ! fir/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! w9e is /ill acid1 add a little m ( ! p[d] be=e putt+ 9 ! cream ( t>t>4 ,9 answ] to ! objections t ! *>coal removes ! color & b\quet ( ! w9e1 & t ! acetate ( potassium =m$ injures ! w9e1 he says t ! *>coal w\ld n hurt a :ite w9e1 & w\ld h b little effect ^u a r$ w9e2 & z to ! b\quet1 t w9es :i* h become s\r h none1 & t ! acetate ( potassium has no p]ceptible effect ^u ! heal?4 ,in/ead ( ! prec$+ p[d]1 ! foll[+ may be employ$3 ,:ite m>ble1 9 f9e p[d]1 #ab lbs4 = ord9>y w9e1 #d ozs4 ,animal *>coal = f9e w9e1 #b ozs4 ,sug>1 #a lb4 ,f #e to #g lbs4 ( ?is are us$ = #ajj gallons ( w9e1 & "o-half ! quantity ( cream ( t>t> 9 f9e p[d] is !n add$1 9 ! mann] above m5tion$4 ,cask ,flavor1 or ,b>rel ,flavor--,causes4--,?is1 says ,mr4 ,boireau1 %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) ! wood flavor d]iv$ f oak wood1 & :i* w9es habitually contract :5 /or$ 9 new casks1 & :i* comes f aromatic pr9ciples conta9$ 9 ! oak4 ,?is b>rel flavor is a bad ta/e1 :i* appe>s to come f an ess5ce ( a disagreeable ta/e & smell1 & :i* is ! result ( a special decay ( ! wood ( ! cask4 ,?is vice is r>e4 ,x is impossible = ! coop] to prev5t x1 = he _c recognize ! /aves s affect$1 s z to reject !m4 ,= ^? pieces ( wood :i* h a disagreeable smell :5 work$1 or %[ r$di% ve9s1 blot*$ ) :ite1 (t5 produce casks :i* give no bad ta/e to ! w9e1 :ile o!r /aves select$ ) ! utmo/ c>e1 sometimes produce t effect1 & ev5 9 ! latt] case x is impossible to po9t out ! /aves :i* cause ! tr\ble4 ,:5 su* a cask is f\nd1 ! only way is to draw (f ! w9e1 & n use ! cask a second "t4 ,! ,treatm5t = w9es :i* h contract$ a bad ta/e ( ! cask1 is to rack !m into a sweet cask1 previ\sly sulphur$1 to remove !m f contact ) ! wood :i* has caus$ ! tr\ble4 ,! bad ta/e may be less5$ by mix+ 9 ! w9e a qu>t or two ( sweet oil1 & ?or\ghly /irr+ x = five m9utes1 fir/ remov+ a few qu>ts ( w9e f ! cask to p]mit ( ! agitation4 ,! oil is remov$ f ! surface by means ( a ta/]1 or pipette1 z ! cask is fill$ up4 ,! w9e %\ld !n be ?or\ghly f9$1 ei!r ) :ites ( eggs or gelat9e1 accord+ to its nature1 & rack$ at ! end ( "o or two weeks4 ,! reason = ! treatm5t is t ! fix$ oil takes up ! volatile ess5tial oil1 :i* app>5tly produces ! bad flavor4 ,! olive oil us$ contracts a decid$ flavor ( ! cask4 ,?is treatm5t dim9i%es ! cask flavor1 b r>ely entirely removes x4 ,maigne says t to succe$ well by ?is process1 ! oil %\ld be frequ5tly mix$ ) ! w9e1 by /irr+ x (t5 = two or ?ree m9utes at a "t1 dur+ a p]iod ( eight days4 ,x is also necess>y t ! oil be fre%1 inodor\s1 & ( good quality1 & ( ! la/ crop4 ,! same au?or gives ano!r process1 t ( mix+ ) ! w9e suffici5t sug> or mu/ to set up active f]m5tation4 ,aft] ! f]m5tation has ceas$1 f9e & rack4 ,?is au?or also m5tions o!r me?ods ( treatm5t1 b z olive oil is ! rem$y m g5]ally us$1 x is n wor? :ile to give !m at l5g?2 suffice x to say1 t ! sub/ances recomm5d$ are1 a roa/$ c>rot susp5d$ 9 ! w9e = a week2 a c\ple ( p\nds ( roa/$ :eat susp5d$ 9 ! w9e = six or eight h\rs 9 a small sack2 ! use ( roa/$ walnuts1 z m5tion$ = s\rness2 & two or ?ree ounces ( bruis$ pea* pits1 soak$ two weeks 9 ! w9e4 ,m\ldy ,flavor--,bad ,ta/e ,produc$ by ,=eign ,matt]s4--,w9e contracts a mu/y or m\ldy flavor by its soj\rn 9 casks :i* h become m\ldy inside1 on acc\nt ( neglig5ce & want ( prop] c>e1 z by leav+ !m empty )\t sulphur+ & bung+4 7,see ,casks47 ,! m\ld 9 empty casks is :iti%1 & consi/s ( microscopic fungi1 :i* are develop$ "u ! influ5ce ( humidity & d>kness4 ,! bad flavor appe>s to be due to ! pres5ce ( an ess5tial oil ( a disagreeable ta/e & smell4 ,prev5tion & ,treatm5t4--,x is prev5t$ by c>efully exam9+ ! casks be=e fill+ !m1 & by avoid+ ! use ( ^? :i* h a m\ldy smell4 ,w9es affect$ by ?is flavor require ! same treatm5t z ^? affect$ ) cask flavor4 ,maigne says t ?is ta/e may also be correct$ by apply+ a loaf ( w>m bread to ! op5 bung1 or by susp5d+ 9 ! w9e a half-bak$ loaf ( milk bread4 ,! op]ation %\ld be repeat$ 9 ?ree or f\r days4 ,=eign ,flavors4--,w9es :i* h contract$ =eign flavors1 ei!r by be+ kept 9 casks :i* h be5 us$ = liquors ( decid$ flavors & odors1 su* z anisette1 abs9!1 rum1 etc41 or f contact ) sub/ances hav+ good or bad odors1 owe _! ta/e to ! dissolution 9 !m ( a "p ( ! ess5tial oil :i* ^? sub/ances conta91 & %\ld be treat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! *ief ?+ is to remove ! cause1 by *ang+ ! cask1 = if ! =eign ta/e & smell become v m>k$1 !y _c be completely de/roy$2 !y c only be r5d]$ tol]able by mix+ !m ) s\nd w9es4 ,rop9ess is ! "n appli$ to a visc\s f]m5tation :i* takes place 9 w9e1 mak+ x slimy 9 appe>ance4 ,x is met ) m p>ticul>ly 9 :ite w9es1 :i* conta9 album9\s matt]s 9 susp5sion1 & b little tann94 ,x is n a v s]i\s difficulty1 = x c be easily correct$4 ,x is only necess>y to tannify ! w9e by add+ #ab or #ae qu>ts ( tannifi$ w9e1 well /irr$ 9 ) a :ip z 9 f9+1 or an ounce or two ( tann9 dissolv$ 9 alcohol = ea* #ajj gallons4 ,! tann9 comb9es ) ! visc\s matt] & precipitates x1 s t 9 remov+ ! rop9ess ! w9e is f9$ at ! same "t4 ,x %\ld be rack$ f ! f9+s aft] ab\t two weeks' repose4 ,& we may add t grapes :i* produce w9es pr$ispos$ to rop9ess ought n to be /emm$1 or ! mu/ %\ld be f]m5t$ ) at lea/ a portion ( ! /ems4 ,mr4 ,ma*>d says t ?is disease is also due sometimes to lack ( t>t>ic acid1 & t x may be cur$ by supply+ ?is sub/ance1 & sett+ up f]m5tation aga94 ,= #ajj gallons ( w9e1 ab\t a p\nd ( t>t>ic acid %\ld be dissolv$ 9 hot wat]1 to :i* ! same quantity ( sug> is add$1 & :5 dissolv$1 ! :ole is p\r$ w>m into ! cask conta9+ ! ropy w9e4 ,!n replace ! bung1 & give ! cask a ?or\gh roll+ = six or eight m9utes4 ,a small hole is previ\sly bor$ ne> ! bung & clos$ ) a spigot1 :i* is remov$ aft] roll+ ! cask1 to all[ ! gas to escape4 ,aft] re/+ two or ?ree days1 ! w9e1 :i* we suppose to be a :ite w9e1 %\ld be f9$ ) is+lass4 ,ropy ,w9es 9 ,bottles g5]ally cure !mselves1 b !y mu/ n be di/urb$ until ! deposit *anges color & takes a br[ni% t+e4 ,!n is ! "t to decant !m = dr9k+4 ,rop9ess may also be ,cur$ by pass+ ! w9e ov] ! m>c aga94 ,b only good1 fre% pomace %\ld be us$1 :i* is b a few days old4 ,?is is done by mix+ ! w9e ) ! m>c ( ?ree times ! quantity ( w9e1 & /irr+ f "t to "t till f]m5tation is e/abli%$4 ,aft] ! f]m5tation1 ! press w9e may be mix$ ) ! re/4 ,! au?or does n /ate :e!r ?is is to be done 9 ! case ( :ite w9e or r$ w9e1 or bo?1 b x is app>5t t x w\ld be subject+ a :ite w9e to a v unusual op]ation4 ,fre% lees may also be mix$ ) ! w9e in/ead ( ! m>c4 ,sometimes x is only necess>y to let ! w9e fall into "o vessel f ano!r at a little height1 sev]al times1 or to give x a ?or\gh agitation by /irr+ x1 or by driv+ x ab\t = a few h\rs 9 a vehicle ov] a r\gh road4 ,alum has be5 sometimes recomm5d$1 b x is n[ condemn$ z un:olesome4 ,o!r means h be5 sugge/$1 b ^! w suffice2 & x is agre$ by all t tann9 is ! sov]eign rem$y4 ,x is be/ to avoid ! use ( sulphur 9 treat+ ropy w9es1 = f]m5tation is to be enc\rag$ r ?an *eck$4 ,acrity4--,an acrid ta/e1 ) :i* c]ta9 w9es are affect$ z !y gr[ old1 is a sign ( deg5]ation4 ,mr4 ,boireau says t he has reason to believe t ?is disease is due to ! pres5ce ( acetic acid1 c\pl$ ) ! precipitation ( ! mucilages :i* give ! mell[ flavor to w9e4 ,x is m (t5 obs]v$ 9 old1 dry w9e1 improp]ly c>$ =1 & consequ5tly depriv$ ( its fruity flavor4 ,! ,prop] ,treatm5t is to remove ! acetic acid by us+ a gramme or two p] litre 7#fj to #abj gra9s to a gallon7 ( c>bonate ( magnesium4 7,see ,s\rness1 ,prick$ ,w9es47 ,if ! acrity is n too great1 w9es may be =tifi$1 or mix$ ) a /rong1 "y1 clean-ta/+ w9e ( ! same nature1 aft] :i* !y %\ld be f9$4 ,bitt]ness1 :i* is (t5 a natural defect 7:i* has already be5 consid]$71 becomes an accid5tal defect :5 develop$ 9 old w9es :i* 7 previ\sly s\nd4 ,x is almo/ always a comm5cem5t ( deg5]ation4 ,?is bitt] ta/e comes pr9cipally f ^? comb9ations :i* are =m$ by ! dissolution ( ! color+ matt]1 & by ! precipitation ( ! mucilag9\s sub/ances1 ! pect9es1 :i* give ! w9e unctuosity & its fruity flavor4 ,treatm5t4--,! way to dim9i% ?is bitt]ness is to =tify & reg5]ate ! bitt] w9e :i* has ent]$ on its decl9e1 by mix+ x ) w9e ( ! same nature1 b "y1 /\t1 & full-bodi$1 & :i* h n yet rea*$ maturity4 ,! mixture %\ld be f9$ ) album51 & rack$ aft] re/+ a =tnight4 ,! w9e may be improv$ 9 ?is way1 b ! bitt]ness w reappe> 9 a few mon?s4 ,x %\ld1 !re=e1 be us$ z soon z possible4 ,ma*>d recomm5ds ! foll[+3 ,f9e ! w9e ) eggs1 & let x re/ till cle>4 ,burn 9 a clean cask a qu>t] or a half ( a sulphur mat* 7= #fj gallons71 & p\r 9 ! bitt] w9e at once ) ! smoke 9 ! cask1 aft] hav+ add$ to ea* litre ( ! w9e ab\t "o gramme ( t>t>ic acid 7say #fj gra9s to ! gallon71 dissolv$ 9 w>m wat]4 ,x mu/ !n be mix$ ) f a f\r? to a half ( old w9e1 firm & well pres]v$4 ,he says t a new w9e to mix ) x is n suitable1 n hav+ suffici5t aff9ity = ! old4 ,:]e !re is su* a diff]5ce ( op9ion z !re is betwe5 ^! two au?ors1 "o recomm5d+ ! mixture ( new w9e1 & ! o!r =bidd+ x1 e "o _h bett] exp]im5t = himself ) a small quantity1 & aft] ! cut w9es h become ?or\ghly amalgamat$1 a *oice c be made4 ,& yet1 ,mr4 ,ma*>d says t if ! bitt]ness is n v great1 x is bett] to give !m no o!r treatm5t ?an simply mix+ !m ) y\ng] ones1 b :i* h a t5d5cy to become s\r1 or are already slightly prick$4 ,mr4 ,maum5e ,di/+ui%es ,two ,k9ds ( ,bitt]ness3 #a4 ,! nitrog5\s matt]s1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances n well und]/ood1 appe> to be *ang$ into a bitt] product1 & entirely spoil ! be/ w9e4 ,?is effect dep5ds especially ^u ! elevation ( ! temp]ature & ! old age ( ! w9e4 ,he says t he kn[s ( b "o way to remove ?is bitt]ness1 & t is to add a small quantity ( lime4 ,= example1 #be to #ej c5tigrammes p] litre 7say #ae to #cj gra9s p] gallon74 ,! lime %\ld be p]fectly new & fre%4 ,x is slack$ 9 a little wat] or w9e1 & p\r$ into ! cask2 aft] /irr+ well1 x is left to re/ = two or ?ree days1 & !n rack$ & f9$4 ,probably ! lime comb9es ) ! nitrog5\s matt]s1 gives an insoluble comp\nd1 :i* sep>ates f ! w9e1 & re/ores to x its =m] flavor4 ,! w9e ought to rema9 acid aft] ?is treatm5t4 ,he says t x has succe$$ ) him a great numb] ( times4 #b4 ,ano!r cause ( bitt]ness appe>s to him to be ! =mation ( ! br[n res9 ( ammoniacal aldehyde1 "u ! influ5ce ( oxyg54 ,! f]m5t :i* adh]es to ! inside ( ! cask gives a little ammonia by decomposition4 ,we see h[ ! w9e1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! air1 produces a little aldehyde1 ! ammoniacal aldehyde1 & f9ally ! v bitt] br[n res91 ^: =mation 0 made kn[n by ,liebig4 ,x is "u ^! circum/ances t sulphur+ may be employ$ z a rem$y4 ,! sulphur\s acid de/roys ! res9\s matt] 9 tak+ its oxyg5 to become sulphuric4 ,!re is !n made sulphate ( ammonia & pure aldehyde4 ,^! two sub/ances by no means communicate to ! w9e ! disagreeable flavor ( ! br[n res9 f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,ano!r orig9 ( bitt]ness is giv51 t ( ! oxidation ( ! color+ matt]1 b !re is no positive pro( ( ?is any m ?an !re is ( ! two causes m5tion$ by him4 ,un=tunately1 ! :ole matt] is hypo!tical4 ,f]m5tation & ,ta/e ( ! ,lees--,yea/y ,flavor4--,by ! t]m f]m5tation 9 ?is connection we mean ! malady :i* is kn[n 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,france by v>i\s names1 su* z la p\sse1 v9s monts1 t\rns1 t>s1 l'*aud4 ,x g5]ally attacks ^? w9es :i* are gr[n 9 l[ places1 :i* come f poor v>ieties ( grapes1 or are produc$ 9 bad seasons1 are weak1 full ( f]m5ts1 & !reby liable to "w4 ,mr4 ,boireau gives x ! "n ( gt de travail1 work+ ta/e1 or f]m5tation flavor4 ,he says t ! ta/e is due to ! pres5ce ( c>bonic acid1 dis5gag$ dur+ second>y alcoholic f]m5tation1 by reason ( sac*>9e matt] conta9$ 9 ! w9e1 or ( mucilag9\s matt]s :i* give !m _! mell[ness4 ,! pr9cipal cause ( f]m5tation is ! pres5ce ( ^! matt]s jo9$ ) f]m5ts1 & takes place 9 an elevat$ temp]ature4 ,! yea/y flavor comes f ! mixture 9 ! w9e ( ! lees & deposits already precipitat$1 & :i* are aga9 br\ght into susp5sion by ! movem5t ( f]m5tation4 ,h[ ,prev5t$4--,f]m5tation & ! consequ5t ta/e ( ! lees are prev5t$ by mak+ & f]m5t+ ! w9es "u prop] conditions1 keep+ !m 9 an ev5 temp]ature1 & by sep>at+ !m f _! lees by well-tim$ rack+s1 z detail$ 9 ! *apt]s on ,g5]al ,treatm5t1 ,rack+1 etc4 ,treatm5t4--,! work+ is /opp$ by rack+ ! w9es into sulphur$ casks1 & plac+ !m 9 cell>s ( a cool & ev5 temp]ature4 7,see ,sulphur+1 etc47 ,if !y h become turbid1 !y mu/ be f9$1 & !y mu/ be left on ! f9+s only z long z is /rictly necess>y = _! cl>ification4 ,ma*>d recomm5ds t ab\t a qu>t ( alcohol = #ajj gallons ( w9e1 or its equival5t ( old br&y1 be introduc$ into ! sulphur$ cask be=e draw+ ! w9e into x1 & t x be f9$ 9 all cases4 ,deg5]ation--,putrid ,f]m5tation4--,we are w>n$ ( deg5]ation 9 w9es a long "t 9 advance1 9 div]s mann]s3 by ! loss ( _! fruity flavor1 by bitt]ness1 acrity1 etc42 b ! true symptoms 9 old w9e are1 ! m abundant precipitation ( _! blue color+ matt]1 a heavy & tawny aspect1 ) a slightly putrid flavor4 ,! pr9cipal causes are ! same z ^? m5tion$ 9 speak+ ( ! putrid decomposition 9 new w9es1 t is1 feebl5ess 9 alcohol1 & lack ( tann94 ,we "k t by ! "t ! tann9 is trans=m$ into gallic acid1 ! alcohol is dim9i%$ by sl[ evaporation1 & x foll[s t w9es :i* are too old h lo/ a "p ( ^? pr9ciples :i* give !m _! keep+ qualities1 alcohol & tann94 ,! ,duration ( ,diff]5t ,w9es is exce$+ly unequal1 &1 l animate be+s1 !y display m>k$ diff]5ces 9 con/itution4 ,!re are v feeble w9es1 z we h already se51 :i* are 9 ! way ( deg5]ation ! fir/ ye>1 :ile o!rs1 firm & full-bodi$1 ga9 9 quality = f\r1 six1 t51 & m ye>s4 ,z soon z x is se5 t a w9e1 by its ta/e & appe>ance1 has comm5c$ to deg5]ate1 x is important to arre/ ! deg5]ation at once4 ,treatm5t4--,deg5]ation may be ret>d$ by add+ tann91 b x is pref]able1 9 mo/ cases1 to mix ! w9e ) y\ng] w9es ( ! same nature1 firm1 full-bodi$1 :i* are improv+1 & consequ5tly possess an excess ( ^? qualities :i* are want+ 9 ! deg5]at+ w9e4 7,see ,w9e 9 ,bottles47 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,w9e ,,9 ,,bottles4 ,:5 ,ready = ,bottl+4--,w9es %\ld n be bottl$ till _! ins5sible f]m5tation is entirely complet$1 h become entirely fre$ f deposits1 excess ( color1 salts1 & f]m5ts1 & h become p]fectly bright4 ,if !y are bottl$ be=e ^! conditions are fulfill$1 deposits are made 9 ! bottles1 ! w9es may contract bitt]ness & a ta/e ( ! lees1 & if f]m5tation is viol5t1 ! bottles may bur/4 ,:5 !y are bottl$ too "y !y are sure to deposit1 & !n !y mu/ be decant$4 ,! ,l5g? ( ,"t t ,!y ,require to ,rema9 9 ,wood be=e be+ ready = bottl+1 dep5ds ^u ! /r5g? & quality ( ! w9es1 & ! conditions "u :i* !y are kept4 ,weak w9es1 feeble 9 color & _s1 mature rapidly1 :ile firm1 full-bodi$ w9es1 ri* 9 color & alcohol1 require a long] "t to become suffici5tly ripe to admit ( bottl+4 ,! old] writ]s say t w9es %\ld n be put into glass until !y h become fully ripe1 & h become tawny 7if r$71 & h develop$ a b\quet4 ,b ,boireau says t ?is is n ! prop] practice4 ,he says t w9e is fit = bottl+ :5 fre$ f its s$im5t1 & :5 !re is h>dly any deposit =m$ 9 ! cask at ! semi-annual rack+--:5 its color is bright1 & x has lo/ its r\ghness or h>%ness1 :i* x possesses :ile "y1 & at ! same "t pres]ves its mell[ness4 ,if left 9 ! cask till a b\quet is develop$1 w9es w (t5 be f\nd to be 9 a decl9e by ! "t !y are bottl$1 & w n keep z long z ^? bottl$ previ\s to ! developm5t ( _! b\quet1 & :ile !y /ill possess _! fruity flavor4 ,b great] precautions mu/ be tak5 to insure _! limpidity1 or !y w be liable to deposit heavily 9 ! bottle4 ,& ,ma*>d1 :o indicates aroma & color z signs ( prop] maturity1 ?\gh lay+ m /ress ^u ! ta/e1 says t x is always bett] to be a little too soon ?an to wait till ! w9e passes ! po9t4 ,"s w9es are fit = ! bottle at "o ye> old1 o!rs require to be kept f two to six ye>s1 & "s ev5 t5 ye>s1 or long]1 9 wood4 ,:ite w9e1 g5]ally speak+1 matures e>li] ?an r$4 ,h[ ,prep>$ = ,bottl+4--,al?\gh a w9e may appe> p]fectly limpid to ! eye1 yet1 :5 bottl$1 x may make a consid]able deposit1 & !re=e1 ! only safety is to c>efully rack & f9e x to get rid ( ! insoluble matt]s 9 susp5sion4 ,if x is n cle> aft] "o f9+1 x mu/ be drawn (f & ! process repeat$4 ,:5 f9$ & cle>$1 x is bett] to rack aga9 into a cask slightly sulphur$1 & all[ x to re/ = ?ree or f\r weeks be=e draw+ into ! bottles2 = if drawn f a cask /ill conta9+ ! f9+s1 ! s$im5t is liable to be /irr$ up by ! movem5t ( ! liquid4 ,if ?is is n done1 ! faucet %\ld be fix$ 9 place at ! "t ( f9+ & be=e ! w9e has settl$1 & at ! same "t ! cask %\ld be slightly incl9$ =w>d & block$ 9 t position1 & o!r precautions mu/ be tak5 n to di/urb ! cask aft] ! w9e has cle>$4 ,if ! w9e is too feeble to all[ ( f9+ )\t injury1 & "o is sure ( its p]fect limpidity1 ! f9+ _h bett] be disp5s$ )4 ,v "y w9es may be bottl$ aft] subject+ !m to repeat$ f9+s1 b x w deprive !m ( "s ( _! good qualities4 7,see ,f9+47 ,x (t5 happ5s t a well-cov]$1 or d>k-color$ w9e w deposit consid]able color 9 ! bottle aft] "o f9+2 su* w9e %\ld be twice f9$1 & twice rack$ be=e f9+1 say1 once 9 ,decemb] or ,janu>y1 & aga9 9 ,m>*4 ,! ,mo/ ,favorable ,"t = ,bottl+ is dur+ cool1 dry wea!r1 b 9 cell>s ( uni=m temp]ature1 x may be done at any "t4 ,x is bett]1 if possible1 to avoid w>m or /ormy wea!r1 & ^? critical p]iods 9 ! gr[? ( ! v9e ref]r$ to 9 ! *apt] on ,rack+4 ,( c\rse1 ! w9e %\ld n be bottl$ if x %[s signs ( f]m5tation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,bottle ,wa%]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,fig4 #bi4 ,bottle ,dra9]s4 ,bottles %\ld always be c>efully wa%$ & dra9$ be=e us+4 ,!y are be/ wa%$ by ! use ( a ma*9e made = ! purpose1 :i* scrubs !m inside--& sometimes1 also1 outside--) a bru% 7fig4 #bg74 ,if only a small numb] ( bottles are to be clean$1 x may be done by us+ ! *a9 made = ! purpose1 or by putt+ 9 co>se s& or gravel & wat]1 & ?or\ghly %ak+ !m4 ,%ot mu/ n be us$1 = a portion ( ! lead w be dissolv$ by ! wat]1 & if any rema9s 9 ! bottle x w be act$ ^u by ! w9e1 & lead poison+ may result4 ,9 _m cases x w be necess>y only to r9se !m out ) clean wat]4 ,:e!r new or second-h&1 !y mu/ be scrupul\sly clean be=e us+4 ,aft] ! bottles are r9s$1 !y %\ld be all[$ to dra9 by leav+ !m inv]t$ = an h\r or two 9 a dry place2 if !y are left 9 a damp cell>1 !y are liable to contract a mu/y flavor )94 ,!y may be dra9$ by plac+ ! necks d[nw>d ?r\gh holes bor$ 9 a plank1 by inv]t+ !m 9 boxes or baskets1 or by plac+ !m ^u pegs or nails driv5 into a po/1 & incl9+ upw>ds suffici5tly to leave ! op5+ ( ! bottle d[n1 :5 ! neck is slipp$ ov] ! peg or nail4 ,figs4 #bh & #bi %[ devices = ! purpose4 ,! bottles are sometimes r9s$ out ) w9e1 or if int5d$ to conta9 v poor1 weak w9e1 ) a little br&y4 ,?is is done by p\r+ ! liquor f "o bottle to ano!r4 ,x is be/ to use bottles uni=m 9 size = ea* lot ( w9e1 & c]ta9ly to reject ^? :i* are crack$1 h l>ge bli/]s1 & ^? :i* are v ?94 ,^! latt]1 h[ev]1 may be employ$1 if b little pressure is us$ 9 cork+1 b !y %\ld be plac$ by !mselves1 or on ! top ( ! pile4 ,no "o w\ld make use ( su* bottles except to /ore w9e = 8 own consumption4 ,cle> & transp>5t bottles are us$ = :ite w9e1 & ^? ( color$ glass = r$4 ,hock1 h[ev]1 is (t5 put 9 br[ni% bottles1 conical 9 %ape4 ,:ite w9es :i* are p]fectly limpid %[ to advantage 9 cle> bottles1 b r$ w9es1 if /or$ 9 su*1 are liable to lose _! color by ! action ( light4 ,x is important t ! glass ( :i* w9e bottles are made %\ld n conta9 too mu* soda1 pota%1 or lime1 or !y may comb9e ) ! acids1 & injure ! w9e4 ,by ! use ( crude soda1 alkal9e sulphites may be =m$ 9 ! glass1 & communicate an odor ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 to ! w9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,res]voir = fill+ ,bottles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,bung ,screw4 ,fill+ ! ,bottles4--,if ! faucet has n previ\sly be5 plac$ 9 ! cask1 x mu/ n[ be done ) great c>e1 s z n to di/urb any lees t may h rema9$ at ! la/ rack+4 ,! faucet %\ld be put into ! cask op51 z = rack+1 & ) v light bl[s ( ! hamm]4 ,a %all[ di% or bucket is plac$ "u ! faucet 9 :i* ! bottle /&s4 ,an ord9>y brass faucet may be us$1 or ! bottles may be fill$ mu* m rapidly by draw+ ! w9e f ! cask into a res]voir provid$ ) z _m faucets or tubes z bottles :i* x is desir$ to fill at ! same "t 7fig4 #cj74 ,! cask mu/ be v5t$ ei!r by mak+ a gimlet hole or two ne> ! bung1 or ! bung mu/ be remov$4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be done by bl[s ) ! bung-/>t]1 b by us+ ! bung screw 7fig4 #ca71 or ! lees w be /irr$ up4 ,! bottle %\ld n be plac$ upright s t ! w9e w fall directly to ! bottom1 b %\ld be slightly incl9$ s z to p]mit ! w9e to trickle d[n ! inside1 or a foam w be =m$1 & x w be difficult to fill ! bottle4 ,! workman hav+ 8 empty bottles )9 rea*1 all[s a little ( ! fir/ w9e to run into ! di%1 or into a bottle1 :i* is put aside1 z !re may be "s impurities 9 ! faucet4 ,! workman is seat$ 9 front ( ! cask1 & ! empty bottles are plac$ "o at a "t "u ! faucet z describ$4 ,z soon z "o bottle is fill$1 x is remov$ & ano!r put 9 its place1 )\t clos+ ! faucet1 & )\t loss ( w9e4 ,! s$im5t w\ld be di/urb$ by ! %ocks caus$ by op5+ & %utt+ ! faucet4 ,if ! ne$le is us$ 9 cork+ ! bottles1 !y %\ld be fill$ )9 a little m ?an an in* ( ! top1 & if cork$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 only to )9 ab\t two in*es ( ! op5+1 leav+ an in* ( vacancy bel[ ! cork2 always1 h[ev]1 dep5d+ some:at ^u ! l5g? ( ! corks us$4 ,?is is cont9u$1 plac+ ! full bottles 9 a conv5i5t place1 until ! w9e ceases to run at ! faucet4 ,! cask mu/ !n be slightly incl9$ =w>d1 z describ$ 9 ! case ( rack+4 ,at ?is /age1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to tr\ble ! w9e2 & if a few bottles at ! end conta9 t :i* is n cle>1 !y %\ld be put aside1 to be decant$ aft] settl+4 ,9 draw+ f ! upp] ti]s ( casks 9 piles1 ! bas9 mu/ be elevat$ suffici5tly to br+ ! bottle plac$ 9 x up to ! faucet1 or ! latt] may be connect$ ) x by a hose4 ,corks4--,only good corks %\ld be us$4 ,!y are supple & uni=m 9 texture4 ,poor corks are sold 9 ! m>ket1 9 :i* is f\nd a good deal ( ! d>k1 h>d portion ( ! b>k1 :i* are n only liable to break ! bottles by ! great am\nt ( pressure requir$ to ins]t !m1 b also to discolor ! w9e1 affect its flavor1 & to p]mit x to leak out4 ,/raight corks are us$ n[-a-days1 some:at l>g] ?an ! neck ( ! bottle1 & are =c$ 9 by means ( ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,cork+ ,ma*9es4 ,cork+ ,ma*9es4--,^! ma*9es are ( diff]5t =ms & make1 b are provid$ ) a holl[ cone ?r\gh :i* ! cork is =c$ by a pi/on1 compress+ x s t x easily goes into ! neck ( ! bottle4 ,"s "w ) a lev]1 & "s ) a crank4 ,9 ! small h&-ma*9e1 ! pi/on is pu%$ by ! h&4 ,! bottles may be made full en\gh s t ! w9e w t\* ! bottom ( ! cork1 leav+ no vacant space1 if ! ne$le is us$ 9 cork+4 ,?is is a small1 tap]+1 half-r\nd1 /eel in/rum5t1 "o-t5? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ) a groove along ! flat side4 ,by plac+ ?is 9 ! neck ) ! groove next ! glass1 ! cork may be =c$ d[n to ! w9e1 ! air & surplus w9e escap+ by ! groove4 ,aft] ! cork is driv5 home1 ! ne$le is remov$4 ,a piece ( wire1 provid$ ) a h&le1 w answ] ! purpose4 ,! h&le ( ! ne$le 7ei!r a r+1 or l t ( a gimblet71 is atta*$ by a h+e1 & turns d[n out ( ! way ( ! tube & pi/on ( ! ma*9e4 ,"s bottl+ ma*9es h a ne$le atta*m5t4 ,bottles cork$ by ! use ( ?is in/rum5t d n conta9 a vacant space1 & ! w9e keeps bett]1 n be+ expos$ to ! action ( ! air1 :i* w\ld o!rwise rema9 9 ! neck ( ! bottle1 & n be+ %ak5 9 transportation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,cork+ ,ma*9es4 ,figures #cb & #cc %[ cork+ ma*9es ) & )\t ne$les4 ,9 fig4 #cc two ne$les are also %[n4 ,if ! old-fa%ion$ conical corks are us$1 !y may be driv5 home ) a small mallet1 or wood5 paddle1 b ! cyl9drical corks are pref]able1 if ! w9e is to be kept long4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,corks4--,9 ord] to r5d] !m m supple1 !y are soak$ = sev]al h\rs 9 wat]4 ,:at is f> bett]1 h[ev]1 is to /eam !m = two or ?ree h\rs1 or soak !m 9 hot wat]4 ,!y %\ld be all[$ to dra91 & !n be dipp$ 9 w9e l t to be bottl$4 ,"s dip !m 9 alcohol to r5d] !m m slipp]y1 & "s aga91 put a drop or two ( sweet oil on ! surface ( ! wat] 9 :i* !y are wet4 ,! ,corks may be ,driv5 d[n ,flu% ) ! op5+ ( ! bottle1 or !y may be left project+ a qu>t] ( an in*1 & if mu* l>g] ?an ! neck ( ! bottle1 a %\ld] w be =m$1 z 9 ! case ( sp>kl+ w9es4 ,! object ( leav+ ! corks project+ a ?ird ( _! l5g? 9 bottl+ sp>kl+ w9es is1 t !y may be =c$ out ) an explosion2 & ! %\ld] completely closes ! bottle1 be+ wir$ d[n4 ,seal+ ! ,corks4--,if ! bottles are /or$ 9 a damp place :]e ! corks are liable to rot1 & also if !y are to be kept m ?an two ye>s1 x is well to cov] ! ends ( ! corks ) wax4 ,?is also prev5ts attacks by insects4 ,! ,seal+ ,wax us$ %\ld be suffici5tly adhesive1 b n too h>d & brittle4 ,v>i\s receipts are giv5 = its prep>ation1 & ! foll[+ is giv5 by ,boireau3 ,melt common pit* or turp5t9e ov] a sl[ fire1 tak+ c>e n to all[ x to boil ov]4 ,:5 x is well melt$1 remove :atev] impurities x conta9s1 add a little tall[--a little less ?an an ounce ( tall[ to a p\nd ( pit*4 ,its natural color is r$di%1 & is us$ )\t addition ( color+ matt]4 ,ros9 may be sub/itut$ = ! pit*4 ,in/ead ( mak+ ?is prep>ation1 ! fruit wax ( comm]ce may be us$4 ,ab\t ! same quantity ( tall[1 h[ev]1 %\ld be add$1 if seal+ wax is us$1 or o!rwise x w be too brittle4 ,! tall[ may be replac$ by beeswax ) advantage4 ,an excell5t bottle wax is said to be made by melt+ toge!r two p\nds ros91 "o p\nd ,burgundy pit*1 "o-f\r? p\nd yell[ wax1 & "o-eigh? p\nd r$ wax4 ,! wax may be replac$ by ?ree ounces ( tall[4 ,if too mu* tall[ is add$ ! cem5t w be too s(t4 ,! ,cem5t is ,appli$ ,hot4--,x mu/ be melt$1 & ! bottle rev]s$ & dipp$ into x1 s t ! wax w cov] ! end ( ! cork & a small "p ( ! neck ( ! bottle1 say d[n to ! r+4 ,x is entirely unnecess>y to cov] m ( ! neck ( ! bottle4 ,color+ ,matt] may be add$ to ^! diff]5t cem5ts1 & any desir$ color produc$4 ,a little m ?an half an ounce ( ! foll[+ nam$ sub/ances is /irr$ 9 to "o p\nd ( ! melt$ wax4 ,a brilliant r$ is produc$ by v]milion1 a dull] r$ by r$ o*re1 black ) animal black1 yell[ ) orpim5t1 d>k yell[ ) yell[ o*re1 & blue ) ,prussian blue4 ,gre5 is made by mix+ equal p>ts ( blue & yell[1 & o!r %ades may be made by mix+ ! diff]5t colors to suit ! ta/e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,p9c]s = ,remov+ ,wax4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,capsul]4 ,capsules are n[ mu* us$ in/ead ( wax4 ,9 prep>+ ! bottl$ w9e = %ipm5t1 :]e ! corks h previ\sly be5 wax$ = /or+ 9 ! cell>1 capsules are also us$4 ,9 ?is case1 ! wax is remov$ be=e ! capsule is put on by means ( a pair ( p9c]s ) r\gh5$ jaws 7fig4 #cd74 ,^! capsules 9 diff]5t colors are sold by deal]s 9 corks4 ,!y are ,put on by slipp+ "o ov] ! neck ( ! bottle z f> z x w g1 & !n press+ x d[n closely all r\nd4 ,= ?is purpose1 "o turn is made ar\nd ! end ( ! capsule ) a /\t cord fa/5$ at "o end1 & ! bottle is pu%$ =w>d ) "o h&1 :ile ! loose end ( ! /r+ is pull$ tight ) ! o!r1 ?us slid+ ! loop ov] ! capsule & ! neck ( ! bottle1 & press+ x firmly 9 place4 ,in/ead ( hold+ ! cord ) "o h&1 x may be atta*$ to a p$al work$ by ! foot4 ,a ma*9e 7fig4 #ce7 is made ) two po/s or /&>ds1 "o solid1 to :i* "o end ( ! cord1 ,a1 is atta*$1 & ! o!r play+ on a h+e1 to :i* ! o!r end is fa/5$1 & pull$ tight by a p$al1 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,pil+ ,bottles4 ,pil+ ( ,bottles4--,bottles may be /ack$ on ! floor ( ! cell> 9 piles consi/+ ( a s+le or a d\ble range4 ,! b$ %\ld be made level by arrang+ ! soil1 or by lay+ d[n /rips ( wood1 & level+ !m4 ,! bottles %\ld be laid horizontal4 ,if ! neck is d[n1 ! deposit w be on & ne> ! cork1 & w tr\ble ! w9e z x runs f ! bottle4 ,if ! bottom is l[] ?an ! neck1 ! cork w n be kept wet1 & ! w9e is liable to be injur$ by ! air1 z ! cork is n p]fectly air-tight4 ,! bottles %\ld be support$ at two po9ts1 ! neck & ! bottom2 ! belly ( ! bottle ne$s no support4 ,if two ti]s ( bottles are put 9 a pile1 ! bottoms are on ! outside1 ) ! necks at ! middle ( ! pile4 ,la?s are us$ to support ! bottles1 ab\t ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick1 & "o in* or m wide4 ,! l[] r[ ( "o ti] is made by lay+ d[n at ! outside ( ! pile two la?s to support ! bottom end ( ! bottle1 & "o ?ick /rip or suffici5t la?s are laid d[n to support ! neck1 inside ! r+1 & keep ! bottle level4 ,! next ti] may be comm5c$ by lay+ "o or two la?s on ! necks ( ! bottles ( ! fir/ "o to support ! necks ( ^? ( ! o!r1 ! necks ( ! bottles ( "o ti] lapp+ ov] ^? ( ! bottles ( ! o!r2 ! bottoms ( ^? ( ?is ti] mu/ be suffici5tly elevat$ by la?s to keep ! bottles level4 ,! next r[ ( bottles is support$ by la?s laid on ^? bel[1 "o or two ne> ! out] end ( ! l[] ones1 & a l>g] numb] on _! necks4 ,9 ?is case ! necks all po9t 91 ! bottoms be+ toge!r 7fig4 #cf74 ,! bottles ( ea* r[ %\ld be suffici5tly sep>at$ to all[ ^? ( ! next r[ above to be support$ by ! la?s )\t t\*+ ea* o!r1 & %\ld be block$ aft] adju/+ ! di/ances4 ,! piles may be made f ?ree to six feet high1 & mu/ be support$ at ! ends1 ei!r by ! cell> walls or po/s4 ,ea* ti] may be made entirely indep5d5t ( ! o!r1 by support+ ! necks ( ! bottles ( ! next upp] r[ on la?s laid ne> ! bottoms ( ^? ( ! fir/ r[1 "o r[ hav+ ! necks po9t+ out1 & ! next "o hav+ !m po9t+ ! o!r way4 ,9 ?is case ! bottles 9 a r[ may be sep>at$ an in* or m f ea* o!r1 & block$ ) bits ( cork4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,bottle ,rack4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,bottle ,rack4 ,racks & ,b9s = ,bottles4--,in/ead ( pil+ ! bottles1 !y may be arrang$ 9 b9s con/ruct$ = ! purpose4 ,! simple/ is a frame ( wood or iron ( ! desir$ l5g? & height1 & deep en\gh to accommodate "o or two ti]s ( bottles4 ,! l[] b>s on :i* ! fir/ r[ ( bottles re/s1 %\ld be s arrang$ z to support !m 9 a level position1 z already describ$ = pil+4 ,if only "o ti] is to be made1 only two b>s at ! bottom are necess>y1 b if d\ble ranges are to be made1 ! frame mu/ be deep]1 & h a middle b> to support ! necks ( ! bottles1 ! bottoms all be+ outside4 ,! bottles are pil$ 9 ^! frames 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,in/ead ( pil+ !m 9 simple frames ) ! use ( la?s1 racks are made ) b>s to support ea* r[ ( bottles by itself1 & s t any "o bottle c be tak5 out )\t di/urb+ ! re/4 ,if ! supports are ( wood1 !y may be cut1 or if ( iron1 b5t 9 a =m to fit ea* bottle1 t is1 9 small half-circles 9 :i* ! bottles re/1 ) small] ones = ! necks1 or !y may be /raight4 ,^! b9s may be made portable1 & ( any size to suit4 7,figs4 #cg & #ch47 ,burr['s ,pat5t ,slid] ,b91 made 9 ,engl&1 has a sep>ate comp>tm5t = ea* bottle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,burr['s ,slid] ,b94 ,treatm5t ( ,w9e 9 ,bottles4--,sometimes x w be f\nd t w9e f]m5ts 9 ! bottle1 becomes turbid1 & makes a volum9\s deposit1 or may contract v>i\s maladies1 su* z bitt]ness1 h>%ness1 rop9ess1 or may become putrid4 ,^! effects result pr9cipally f bottl+ ! w9e too "y1 be=e ins5sible f]m5tation & ! natural cle>+ has be5 complet$1 or !y may be caus$ by *anges ( temp]ature1 or too great age4 ,f]m5tation 9 ! ,bottles is due to ! same causes z f]m5tation 9 casks--*anges ( temp]ature1 contact ( ! air1 etc4 ,x may be avoid$ by bottl+ at ! prop] "t1 c>efully protect+ ! w9e f ! air by cork+ ! bottles h]metically by ! use ( ! ne$le1 & keep+ !m 9 a cell> ( ev5 temp]ature4 ,boireau says t sweet & mell[ w9es are liable to f]m5t 9 bottles1 especially if expos$ to a high temp]ature1 unless _! alcoholic /r5g? exce$s #ae p] c5t4 ,/ill w9es :i* f]m5t 9 ! bottle g5]ally mu/ be empti$ into casks1 & !re treat$ z indicat$ 9 ! *apt] on ,diseases4 ,tempor>y relief may be giv5 by putt+ ! bottles 9 a cool] place1 & uncork+ !m = an h\r or two to all[ ! gas to escape4 ,deposits & ,turbidity4--,w9e1 aft] be+ "s "t 9 glass1 =ms m or less deposit1 accord+ to its age1 quality1 & degree ( limpidity at ! "t ( bottl+4 ,! deposits consi/ almo/ entirely ( color+ matt]1 & vegetable & m9]al salts2 sometimes !y adh]e to ! sides ( ! bottle1 & 9 "s cases !y r5d] ! w9e turbid1 & aga9 !y pres5t ! appe>ance ( gravel :5 ! w9e conta9s mu* t>t>4 ,9 w9es bottl$ too "y1 or :i* are made by mix+ ^? ( diff]5t natures1 q a volum9\s deposit may be =m$ aft] !y h rema9$ a few ye>s 9 glass4 ,b good1 natural w9es1 ( good gr[?1 well c>$ =1 & bottl$ "u prop] conditions1 sc>cely comm5ce to deposit at ! end ( "o or two ye>s4 ,! deposit1 h[ev]1 w be increas$1 if ! bottles are frequ5tly di/urb$1 are transport$ long di/ances1 und]go *anges ( temp]ature1 or are kept s long t !y beg9 to deg5]ate4 ,if !re is mu* deposit1 x is apt to give ! w9e a bitt] or acrid flavor1 or a ta/e ( ! lees4 ,!re=e1 if ! w9es are ( high quality1 !y %\ld be decant$4 ,mr4 ,boireau proce$s to say t if ! deposit is small1 & we are deal+ ) gr& w9es 9 bottles1 :i* h contract$ no bad ta/e1 x is bett] n to decant !m1 = ! op]ation is liable to cause a loss ( a portion ( ! b\quet1 especially if n done ) prop] precautions4 ,^! directions only apply to ^? bottl$ w9es :i* h deposit$ s$im5t1 b :i* are nev]!less cle>1 & bright1 & ( a lively color4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :i* become & rema9 turbid1 mu/ be f9$1 & = ?is purpose !y mu/ be put into casks4 ,if w9es conta9+ s$im5t are br\ght to ! table )\t decant+1 !y are kept 9 ne>ly ! same position z !y occupi$ 9 ! cell>1 by us+ small baskets contriv$ = ! purpose4 7,see ,decantation47 ,bitt]ness & ,acrity1 :5 n caus$ by deposits1 are due to loss ( ! fruit9ess & mell[ness ( ! w9e1 :i* !n has comm5c$ to decl9e4 ,! only rem$y 9 case ( f9e w9es :i* h pres]v$ _! b\quet1 is to mix !m ) y\ng] w9es1 mell[ & p]fectly bright4 ,?is %\ld be done by decant+ )\t contact ) ! air2 b if !y are s]i\sly affect$1 !y mu/ be put into casks & ! op]ation !re p]=m$2 !n !y %\ld be well f9$ be=e re-bottl+4 ,rop9ess 9 bottl$ w9es1 :i* is due to lack ( tann91 g5]ally occurs 9 :ite w9es :i* h be5 bottl$ be=e p]fectly cle>1 & :ile !y conta9$ consid]able nitrog5\s & album9\s matt]s 9 susp5sion4 ,! treatm5t is indicat$ else:]e4 ,9 mo/ cases1 if ! w9es are worn out1 x w be necess>y to put !m into casks1 & mix !m ) y\ng] ones ( ! same quality4 ,deg5]ation & ,putridity4--,w9e may be kept & improv$ 9 bottles1 if prop]ly treat$1 z long z its con/itu5t pr9ciples rema9 soluble & 9 comb9ation2 b ) ! lapse ( "t1 v>y+ ) diff]5t k9ds1 x beg9s to lose quality4 ,?is deg5]ation1 says ! au?or la/ quot$1 ann\nces itself a long "t 9 advance1 9 ! gr& w9es1 by a loss ( _! unctuosity1 ( _! fruity flavor1 & by a bitt] & sometimes acrid ta/e2 & if !y are kept = sev]al ye>s m1 ! fragrance ( ! b\quet is lo/1 & !y contract a rancio or tawny flavor1 :i* masks _! natural flavor2 !y rapidly lose color1 & =m a deposit mu* m consid]able ?an 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( _! soj\rn 9 bottles2 & f9ally1 :5 _! deg5]acy is advanc$1 !y give (f a slightly putrid odor4 ,z soon z high pric$ w9es h atta9$ _! entire developm5t 9 bottles1 9 ord] to prev5t _! decl9e1 !y %\ld be c>efully decant$ into bottles ) gr\nd glass /opp]s1 previ\sly r9s$ ) w9e ( ! same k9d4 ,loss ( color1 jo9$ ) an abundant deposit1 :i* is a sure sign ( deg5]ation 9 ! w9es ( ! ,gironde1 d n mean ! same 9 all o!r k9ds4 ,= in/ance1 ! r$ w9es ( ,spa9 7& we may add1 ,portugal71 & ! sweet w9es ( ,r\ssillon1 :i* h a v d>k color :5 "y1 almo/ entirely lose x aft] ?ree or f\r ye>s 9 bottle2 !y become tawny1 )\t deg5]at+2 b1 q to ! contr>y1 _! quality is improv$4 ,x is obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t 9 w9es ( ^! latt] classes1 ^: alcoholic /r5g? exce$s #ae p] c5t41 ! deposit is n s great1 comp>$ ) ! am\nt ( color+ matt] precipitat$1 z 9 w9es ( ! fir/ m5tion$ gr[?1 & t ! color+ matt] adh]es to ! sides ( ! bottle1 in/ead ( fall+ to ! bottom4 ,"s ( our ,cali=nia w9es deposit a good deal ( color 9 ! bottle1 ev5 :5 f9$4 ,probably a d\ble f9+ w\ld be advantage\s 9 _m cases4 ,z alcohol & tann9 are ! pres]vative pr9ciples ( w9es1 ^? la/ longe/ :i* are be/ provid$ ) !m4 ,! cause ( ! deg5]ation ( w9e is ! decomposition ( its con/itu5t p>ts1 :i* !reby become insoluble1 & are precipitat$4 ,! loss ( tann91 :i* 9 "t is trans=m$ into gallic acid1 takes f feeble w9es _! be/ cons]vator1 & causes precipitation ( ! color+ matt]4 ,& x is obs]v$ 9 practice t w9es :i* conta9 a great quantity ( tann9 la/ long] ?an ^? ( ! same alcoholic /r5g? hav+ less tann94 ,decantation consi/s 9 draw+ a w9e f ! bottle conta9+ x1 s z to leave ! s$im5t beh9d4 ,x %\ld be done )\t expos+ ! w9e to ! air4 ,! bottles %\ld be br\ght f ! cell> )\t *ang+ _! position1 = if ! deposit is di/urb$1 & ! w9e becomes cl\dy1 ! bottles mu/ re/ till x has settl$ aga94 ,= ?is purpose !y are laid 9 a basket1 or o!r suitable receptacle1 :]e !y are incl9$ j en\gh s t ! w9e w n run out :5 ! cork is remov$ 7fig4 #dj74 ,! cork mu/ be drawn )\t di/urb+ ! s$im5t1 by us+ a corkscrew1 :i* by means ( a screw or lev]1 gradually removes x1 & )\t a %ock 7fig4 #da74 ,! w9e is sl[ly run into ano!r clean bottle previ\sly r9s$ ) ! same k9d ( w9e4 ,if ! w9e is 9 its decl9e1 r9se ! bottles ) old br&y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,decant+ ,basket4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,corkscrews4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,decant+ ,in/rum5t4 ,! ,op]ation may be ,p]=m$ by c>efully p\r+ ! w9e into ! empty bottle ?r\gh a small funnel1 :i* is provid$ ) a /ra9]4 ,by means ( a light plac$ bel[ ! bottle1 ! s$im5t c be wat*$1 & z soon z x is ab\t to run out ) ! w9e1 ! op]ation mu/ cease4 ,! new bottle mu/ be fill$ up ) ! same k9d ( w9e & imm$iately cork$4 ,9 decant+ 9 ?is mann]1 ! bubbl+ ( ! air pass+ into ! bottle z ! w9e runs out1 is v apt to di/urb ! lees4 ,?is may be prev5t$ by us+ a small tube1 slightly curv$1 :i* connects ! air outside ) ! vacant space 9 ! bottle4 ,9 ord] to prev5t access ( ! air1 h[ev]1 an in/rum5t is us$ consi/+ ( two conical corks1 connect$ by a small rubb] tube4 ,ea* cork is pi]c$ ) two holes2 ! "o plac$ 9 ! bottle to be empti$1 besides ! hole :i* receives ! rubb] hose ?r\gh :i* ! w9e runs1 is provid$ ) "o ?r\gh :i* a b5t tube is plac$ to admit ! air2 ! hose passes ?r\gh ! o!r cork & conducts ! w9e into ! o!r bottle1 & ?is cork has ano!r hole = ! escape ( ! air 7fig4 #db74 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,cutt+ ,,or ,,mix+ ,,w9es4 ,mo/ ,fr5* ,w9es ,mix$4--,maigne1 speak+ ( ! w9es ( ,france1 says1 t ( "o hundr$ w9es 9 ! m>ket1 p]haps !re are n t5 :i* are n produc$ by mix+ sev]al diff]5t k9ds4 ,)\t d\bt1 he says1 we %\ld z mu* z possible pres]ve ! products ( ! v9e z !y are giv5 to u2 b !re are a multitude ( cases :]e x is absolutely impossible to r5d] !m dr9kable )\t mix+1 or z w9e m5 say1 )\t cutt+ !m ) o!r w9es4 ,:5 ,necess>y--,effect (4--,9 good ye>s1 almo/ all w9es c be drank 9 _! natural condition1 b :5 ! grapes h n become suffici5tly ripe1 ! w9es1 ev5 ( good gr[?s1 lack quality1 or pres]ve = a long "t a r\ghness m or less m>k$1 & always disagreeable4 ,x is !n necess>y to mix !m1 especially if common w9es1 ) bett] ones1 to make !m tol]able4 ,x is n always necess>y1 h[ev]1 t ! season %\ld be bad1 9 ord] t cutt+ %\ld be prop]4 ,w9es naturally h1 = a c]ta9 "t1 an e>?y flavor & gre5ness :i* are unpleasant1 :i* disappe> by mix+4 ,?is is :y ord9>y w9es ( a mod]ate price1 :i* h be5 mix$1 are pref]r$ by a great numb] ( consum]s to o!rs :i* are high] 9 price b left 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,= example1 a new1 v d>k-color$ w9e ( good gr[? is n an agreeable dr9k2 b if an old :ite w9e ( an inf]ior gr[?1 b ( good ta/e & con/itution be add$1 x w be drank ) pleasure4 ,mix+ ! w9e produces results simil> to ^? caus$ by mix+ ! fruit1 & x may be done by ! w9e mak] z well z by ! m]*ant4 ,z !y come f ! vat1 w9es manife/ ! qualities & defects communicat$ by ! v9tage1 & :i* are v>i$ by a multitude ( circum/ances1 su* z ! nature ( ! soil1 v>ieties ( grapes1 temp]ature ( ! season1 & ! l4 ,w9es end[$ ) qualities :i* fit !m to be kept 9 _! natural condition1 ( c\rse1 are n mix$4 ,b ^? :i*1 on ! o!r h& 7& !y are 9 ! majority71 h too mu* or too little color1 are weak1 flat1 co>se1 gre51 pa/y1 r\gh1 lack+ 9 b\quet1 too /rong1 or too light1 _c be put on ! m>ket till !y h be5 cut ) o!r w9es capable ( giv+ !m ! qualities :i* !y lack1 & ( rem$y+ _! defects4 ,x w be und]/ood t ! mixture ( a weak w9e ) a /rong] "o1 ( "o lack+ color ) "o :i* has too mu*1 a light w9e ) a g5]\s "o1 ( a h>d w9e ) a flat "o1 etc41 a w9e w be produc$ sup]ior 9 quality to any "o ( ^? us$4 ,= ^! reasons1 9 a viticultural di/rict1 :5 a produc] _c sell 8 w9e ( a bad ye>1 he mixes x ) t ( ! foll[+ ye>1 if ! latt] is ( a bett] quality2 if he _c mix x all1 he may use x = ullage4 ,9 ! same way1 if he has new :ite w9es :i* become discolor$ & turn yell[1 he m+les !m ) v d>k r$ w9es1 :i* !n become m agreeable to dr9k4 ,x is said t ! ti! w9es us$ to be ( sup]ior quality4 ,9 c]ta9 communes ( ,france1 ! inhabitants contribut$ to ! prie/'s cask a c]ta9 am\nt ( _! new w9e1 & ?is w9e :i* repres5t$ a mixture ( all ! w9es ( ! commune1 _h ! reputation ( be+ sup]ior to any "o ( ! o!rs4 ,& ! foll[+ case1 quot$ by ,maigne1 is giv5 = :at x is wor?4 ,a cask lay 9 a cell> into :i* !y 7 accu/om$ to ?r[ ! leav+s ( all k9ds ( w9e1 su* z f brok5 bottles1 dripp+s1 etc4 ,x 0 int5d$ to use ! liquid ^u diseas$ trees1 b x 0 = "s "t =gott54 ,:5 f\nd & br\ght out1 ! cell>-man ta/$ ! s+ul> mixture out ( curiosity4 ,x 0 f\nd to be a delici\s liquor1 :i* gave delight at dess]t2 & x 0 ) true grief t !y saw its end approa*6 ,9 ord] to p]=m ! op]ation successfully1 an exp]i5c$ man is requir$1 :o w be guid$ by 8 educat$ ta/e2 & !re=e1 precise rules _c be laid d[n1 b !re are c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples :i* x may be useful to /ate4 ,w9es ( ! same ,g5]al ,nature & ,flavor %\ld be us$1 & two ( su* w9es may nev]!less be defici5t 9 "s p>ticul> respects1 s t by mix+1 ! defects ( ! two w be correct$4 ,su* w9es are mix$1 because !y are said to m>ry bett]1 & produce a m homog5e\s liquid ?an ^? ( diff]5t natures4 ,f9e ,w9es4--,all agree t f9e w9es :i* h a b\quet & a future are be/ left 9 _! natural condition1 = _! di/9ctive "* w be de/roy$ by mix+ ) w9es ( a diff]5t nature & quality4 ,boireau says t exp]i5ce proves t if su* w9es are mix$ :ile "y1 ev5 ) old w9e ( good quality1 !y w nev] acquire t degree ( f95ess :i* !y w\ld h obta9$ if left by !mselves2 t !y soon] loose _! fruity flavor1 & are m liable to make a deposit 9 ! bottles4 ,!re are cases1 h[ev]1 :5 cutt+ becomes necess>y1 z :5 ! w9e f be+ kept too long 9 casks1 has comm5c$ to decl9e1 has lo/ its fruity flavor1 has become acrid & dry2 :5 made 9 a bad1 cold season2 & :5 !y are too poor1 gre51 or too feeble to keep well4 ,:5 w9es are too old & worn out1 !y %\ld be =tifi$ ) "y w9es ( ! same k9d1 produc$1 if possible1 f ! same v9ey>d1 "o or two1 or at mo/1 ?ree ye>s old1 & possess+ great mell[ness4 ,! am\nt ( new w9e to be us$ w dep5d ^u ! degree ( deg5]acy & ! l5g? ( "t !y are to be kept4 7,see ,deg5]ation47 ,poor1 weak w9es1 ^: keep+ qualities are d\bt$1 %\ld be mix$ ) "y w9e ( a good ye>1 firm & full-bodi$1 possess+ z ne>ly z possible ! same natural flavor4 ,! =ego+ is int5d$ to apply to feeble1 delicate w9es :i* h a flavor & b\quet1 b :i* are n too gre54 ,w9es :i* h a future %\ld n be sacrific$ by us+ !m to =tify o!rs :i* are bo? feeble & gre51 = ! excess ( t>t>ic acid conta9$ 9 ! latt] w totally de/roy ! mell[ness ( ^? us$ to =tify !m4 ,to mix ) su* w9es1 clean-ta/+ w9es ( ! s\? %\ld be us$4 ,if ! w9es are too gre51 a portion ( ! acid may be neutraliz$1 z describ$ "u ! head ( ,gre5ness4 ,ord9>y ,w9es %\ld be treat$ 9 su* a way z to give !m z mu* z possible ! qualities s\ght 9 f9e w9es1 & !y %\ld be cut ) suitable w9es ( ! same age to give !m b\quet1 flavor1 & mell[ness1 or at lea/ to remove _! excessive dryness--a v difficult ?+ to d4 ,x may be accompli%$1 9 "p1 by mix+ !m ) w9es ( ! same gr[?1 b ^: b\quet & flavor are v expansive1 & by add+ neutral1 mell[ w9es4 ,suffici5t ,"t ,mu/ be ,giv5 to ! mixture to all[ ! diff]5t w9es employ$ to become intimately comb9$1 or _! diff]5t flavors may be detect$1 :i* w n be ! case :5 ?or\ghly amalgamat$4 ,:5 ,l>ge ,quantities ( w9e are us$1 ! mixture is m ne>ly p]fect ?an if m+l$1 cask by cask2 & by op]at+ ^u ! :ole am\nt at "o "t 9 a l>ge vat1 a p]fect uni=mity w be insur$4 ,an ,entirely ,new ,w9e %\ld n be mix$ ) an old "o1 z !re is n suffici5t aff9ity betwe5 !m4 ,9 an old w9e1 says ,ma*>d1 all ! con/itu5ts are 9 a /ate ( complete quiet2 !y are well comb9$ 7melt$7 & homog5e\s4 ,if !re is mix$ ) x a w9e ^: pr9ciples are equally well comb9$1 no ult]ior action w result4 ,b if new pr9ciples are introduc$1 elem5ts ( a diff]5t nature1 ! equilibrium w be di/urb$1 !re w infallibly result a reciprocal action & disorganization4 ,v ,gre5 ,w9es %\ld n be mix$ ) ^? conta9+ mu* sug> = simil> reasons1 = ! mixture is liable to be ?r[n into a /ate ( viol5t f]m5tation1 :i* x w be difficult to arre/4 ,! reason giv5 is t ! gre5 w9e conta9s a good deal ( f]m5t2 b if bo? ! w9es are produc$ 9 ! s\?1 :]e ! f]m5t conta9$ 9 ! dry w9e is n abundant1 ! mixture may safely be made4 ,s t1 aft] all1 we get back to ! pr9ciple1 t w9es ( widely diff]5t natures & orig9s %\ld n be mix$1 b keep+ ?is 9 m9d1 a sweeti% & a dry w9e may be us$ to correct ea* o!r4 ,:ite ,w9es may sometimes be mix$ ) advantage ) r$ ones1 z be=e m5tion$1 b ! =m] %\ld n be employ$ too lib]ally4 ,diseas$ ,w9es mu/ n be mix$ ) s\nd ones1 except 9 ! few cases m5tion$ "u ,defects & ,diseases4 ,x is especially dang]\s to cut a s\r$ or prick$ w9e ) a s\nd "o1 = ! :ole mass is liable to be lo/4 ,mix+ ,grapes4--,x is d\btless always bett]1 :5 practicable1 to correct defects by mix+ ! grapes & f]m5t+ ! diff]5t k9ds toge!r1 = !n a m homog5e\s w9e w be =m$2 &1 !re=e1 ! intellig5t grape gr[] w f9d out ! defects ( 8 w9e1 & rem$y !m by plant+ a suffici5t quantity ( o!r v>ieties = ! purpose4 ,precautions4--,c>e1 h[ev]1 mu/ always be tak5 n to spoil a good w9e by cutt+ x ) a v common "o1 nor by mix+ poor v>ieties ) grapes ( f9e k9ds4 ,*eap w9es1 h[ev]1 = imm$iate consumption1 may admit a c]ta9 proportion ( poor1 common w9e1 into _! composition1 )\t inconv5i5ce4 ,9 t case1 ! f]m5ts ( ! common sorts w n h "t to act & produce s]i\s results4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y are to be kept = "s "t1 or bottl$1 ! effect w be bad1 = ! f]m5ts always abundant 9 w9es f ! common] v>ieties1 are liable to become decompos$1 & cause a disagreeable1 nauseat+ flavor4 ,:5ev] !re is a d\bt 9 ! m9d ( ! cell>-man z to :e!r c]ta9 w9es %\ld be mix$1 x is always be/ to make a small sample fir/1 cl>ify x1 & leave x = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t1 & judge ( ! result1 be=e op]at+ ^u a l>ge quantity4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,w9e ,,lees1 ,,m>c1 ,,& ,,piquette4 ,! ,residue ( ,w9e ,mak+1 pomace & lees1 are (t5 plac$ imm$iately 9 ! /ill1 & _! alcohol di/ill$ (f directly1 b ! result is bett] if ! w9e is fir/ extract$1 & di/ill$ )\t putt+ ! residue into ! boil]1 = x is liable to burn & give a disagreeable burnt flavor to ! br&y4 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,boireau1 s (t5 quot$1 = :at foll[s3 ,,w9e ,,lees4 ,! ,lees %\ld n be neglect$1 because1 = want ( prop] c>e1 ! w9e :i* is extract$ f !m w contract a v disagreeable ta/e1 :i* is due to its too long soj\rn on ! deposit1 & :i* w\ld be prev5t$ by draw+ x (f 9 "t4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] t ! w9e extract$ f !m %\ld n lose all its value1 ! lees %\ld receive p>ticul> att5tion1 & be /or$ 9 places free f v>iations ( temp]ature4 ,! ,quantity ( ,w9e ,conta9$ 9 ! ,lees v>ies f #cj to #ij p] c5t4 ,f ^? ( f9$ w9es an av]age ( #gj p] c5t4 may be extract$ )\t press+4 ,! ,dry ,p>ts ( ! ,s$im5t conta9 a great quantity ( insoluble matt]s1 t>t>1 or argol1 sev]al o!r vegetable & m9]al salts1 div]s comp\nds1 f]m5ts1 mucilag9\s matt]s1 & ! residue ( animal & vegetable matt]s 7album5 & gelat9e71 :i* h be5 employ$ 9 f9+4 ,an ,analysis ( ,dry ,lees by ,mr4 ,braconnot1 a di/+ui%$ *emi/1 e/abli%es ! pres5ce ( ! foll[+ sub/ances3 bit>trate ( pota% 7cream ( t>t>71 t>trate ( lime1 t>trate ( magnesia1 nitrog5\s animal matt]1 fatty sub/ances1 color+ matt]1 gum1 & tann94 ,! ,composition ( ,dry ,lees v>ies ) ! age1 nature1 & quality ( ! w9e :i* produces !m2 b 9 all1 ! bit>trate ( pota% or cream ( t>t> pr$om9ates4 ,! lees ( mell[ w9es conta9 mucilages1 & we f9d 9 ! lees deposit$ by sweet w9es great quantities ( sac*>9e matt] :i* may be utiliz$4 ,! diff]5t uses to :i* dri$ lees may be put w be m5tion$ fur!r on4 ,treatm5t ( ! ,lees4--,lees w settle by repose1 b ! w9e :i* comes f !m1 if left long ^u ! heavy lees1 contracts a disagreeable flavor1 ow+ to its contact ) ! insoluble matt]s =m+ ! s$im5t1 & ) ! f]m5ts f\nd 9 ! lees ) ! residue ( ! sub/ances us$ 9 f9+4 ,! surface w9e is (t5 9 a /ate ( f]m5tation1 & rema9s turbid1 contract+ at ! same "t a disagreeable bitt]ness1 unless soon )drawn f ! influ5ce ( ! f]m5ts4 ,by prop] c>e & att5tion1 n only c all ! liquid be extract$ f ! lees1 b ! w9e s extract$ w h no bad flavor1 no vice1 9 a ^w1 w p>take ( ! same qualities z ! w9e f :i* ! heavy lees 7 deposit$4 ,! casks into :i* !y are to be put %\ld be wa%$ 9 ! same mann] z ^? de/9$ to conta9 limpid w9e1 & d\ble ! quantity ( a sulphur mat* employ$ 9 ! case ( rack+ new r$ w9es1 %\ld be burn$ 9 ea*4 ,z fa/ z ! casks are empti$ 9 draw+ (f1 ! lees are turn$ into a pail1 & imm$iately p\r$ into ! cask int5d$ = !m4 ,9 empty+ !m into ! pail1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to introduce dirt1 m\ld1 etc41 & if !re is debris ar\nd ! bung-hole1 x %\ld be swept away be=e remov+ ! bung4 ,z soon z ! cask is full ( lees1 x %\ld be /or$1 bung up1 9 a prop] place1 z m5tion$1 & %\ld !n be ull$ & bung$1 & ! date ( /or+ may be m>k$ on x1 ) ! k9d & age ( ! w9e f :i* x came4 ,:5 ! casks are n completely fill$ ! same day1 & x is necess>y to leave !m ) ullage1 !y %\ld be bung$ tight1 aft] hav+ aga9 burn$ a squ>e ( a mat* 9 ea*1 & ! sulphur+ %\ld be r5ew$ z (t5 z ! lees are add$1 if left s = sev]al days1 9 ord] to avoid access ( air1 & to prev5t ! action ( f]m5ts4 ,9 a ^w1 casks conta9+ lees1 )\t be+ full1 %\ld always be well bung$ & sulphur$1 & gu>d$ f v>iations ( temp]ature4 ,! casks1 :5 /or$1 %\ld be regul>ly ull$ once a week ) limpid w9e1 & re-bung$1 & aft] two weeks' repose1 ! fir/ draw+ (f takes place1 & %\ld be r5ew$ once or twice e mon?4 ,all ! cle> w9e w be drawn (f at ea* rack+1 by foll[+ ! precautions indicat$ fur!r on4 ,by draw+ (f ?us frequ5tly1 f]m5tation1 to :i* su* w9e is subject1 w be avoid$1 ev5 9 summ]4 ,?us1 also1 w be avoid$ ! disagreeable ta/e ( ! lees1 ( acrity & bitt]ness1 :i* w9e contracts :5 left long on ! deposit1 & moreov]1 mu* m cle> w9e w be )drawn4 ,lees f diseas$ w9e %\ld n be mix$ ) ! re/1 b %\ld be put aside & treat$ accord+ to ! malady by :i* ! w9e 0 affect$4 ,extraction ( ,w9e f ! ,lees4--,lees pres]v$ "u ! conditions indicat$ naturally free !mselves f a great "p ( ! =eign sub/ances :i* !y conta91 by re/1 = !y are insoluble1 & specifically heavi] ?an w9e1 & settle ( _! own accord4 ,! w9e %\ld n be f9$ till drawn f ! heavy lees4 ,! rack+ (f ( ! cle> w9e may be p]=m$ 9 two ways1 ei!r by ! use ( a glass siphon or ( a faucet4 ,= ! fir/ rack+s ! glass siphon is mo/ appropriate1 & by its use ! bor+ ( holes high up 9 ! end ( ! cask is avoid$4 ,x is introduc$ ab\t eight in*es into ! full cask1 a prop] vessel to cat* ! w9e is plac$ "u ! end1 ) ano!r vessel close at h&1 & ! w9e is />t$ by ! brea?2 b ! siphon mu/ be held ) ! h&1 or o!rwise su/a9$ s t x w n g too deep into ! cask4 ,by hold+ a c&le bel[1 x c be se5 if ! w9e is any way cle>2 & z long z x runs suffici5tly limpid1 ! siphon is l[]$ into ! cask1 little by little1 till ! level ( ! turbid w9e is ne>ly rea*$4 ,:5 "o bucket is fill$1 ! o!r is slipp$ "u ! /ream )\t /opp+ x4 ,two m5 are usually requir$1 "o to att5d ! siphon1 & ! o!r to empty ! buckets4 ,z soon z ! w9e runs muddy1 x is /opp$4 ,if ! cask ( lees is suffici5tly elevat$1 ! /em ( ! siphon may run into a funnel plac$ 9 ! empty cask4 ,:5 ! casks h all be5 drawn f1 ! rema9+ heavy lees are fill$ into ^? conta9+ ! great] quantity1 s z to transf] ! lea/ quantity4 ,be=e fill+1 h[ev]1 ! casks %\ld h a d\ble squ>e ( sulphur mat* burn$ 9 ea*1 to prev5t subsequ5t f]m5tations4 ,! use ( ! faucet is pref]r$1 :5 ! lees are ?ick1 & ! casks :i* conta9 !m are ne> ! gr\nd1 & are only us$ = /or+ lees4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! injury to ! cask by bor+ holes 9 ! head at sev]al heights1 is ( little consequ5ce4 ,a great] quantity ( w9e may be drawn (f by ! use ( ! faucet ?an ) ! glass siphon1 b x is g5]ally less cle> ?an if c>efully done ) ! latt]2 & "o man c d ! "w4 ,fir/1 x is necess>y to asc]ta9 h[ f> d[n ! cle> w9e rea*es1 by means ( gimlet holes1 & ! faucet-hole %\ld !n be bor$ j above ! level ( ! heavy lees4 ,if ! faucet has be5 plac$ too l[1 ! s$im5t :i* runs ?r\gh x at fir/ may be put aside4 ,aft] ! draw+ ( ! cle> w9e has be5 repeat$ sev]al times1 & ! ?ick lees unit$ z above m5tion$1 ! casks %\ld n be fill$ until heavily sulphur$1 & !y mu/ n be di/urb$1 = ! lea/ agitation may /ir up ! s$im5t already =m$1 & cause bad flavor 9 ! w9e1 & ev5 produce putrid f]m5tation1 especially 9 ^? f f9$ w9es :i* conta9 l>ge quantities ( animal matt] introduc$ 9 ! f9+s4 ,casks empti$ ( heavy lees %\ld be wa%$ ) a *a91 to remove ! s$im5t cl++ to ! inside1 :i* mu/ n be all[$ to dry on4 ,f9+ ,w9es ,extract$ f ! ,lees4--,^! w9es (t5 are n suffici5tly cle>2 & !y are g5]ally m difficult to cl>ify completely by ! usual me?ods ?an ! w9es :i* produc$ ! lees4 ,x is noticeable t ^! w9es h less color & less alcohol ?an o!r w9es produc$ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,! difficulty 9 obta9+ _! complete cl>ification arises f ! great quantity ( insoluble matt] :i* !y /ill hold 9 susp5sion1 & _! relative feebl5ess 9 alcohol & tann94 ,! want ( color is due to ! me*anical action ( ! insoluble matt]s :i* ! lees conta92 ^! matt]s 9 precipitat+ c>ry d[n a "p ( ! color+ matt] rema9+ 9 solution 9 ! liquid4 ,x foll[s t ! old] ! lees1 & ! (t5] ! w9e has be5 drawn f !m1 ! feebl] ! color4 ,r$ ,w9es extract$ f ! lees1 to be completely cl>ifi$1 %\ld be f9$ ) a heavy dose ( album5 7! :ites ( #af or #ah eggs to #ajj gallons71 previ\sly well beat5 up 9 a p9t ( wat] 9 :i* half an ounce ( sea salt has be5 dissolv$ to give x d5sity4 ,if ! alcoholic /r5g? is bel[ n9e p] c5t1 !y %\ld be =tifi$ by ! addition ( two or ?ree qu>ts ( br&y or alcohol to ea* #ajj gallons4 ,r$ w9es f ?is s\rce %\ld n be f9$ ) gelat9e1 or x w dim9i% ! color too mu*4 ,:ite ,w9es ( ?is k9d may be f9$ ) album5 also1 if /rong 9 alcohol2 b o!rwise1 !y %\ld be f9$ ) a heavy dose ( gelat9e1 ?ree tablets4 ,b be=e f9+ !y mu/ be tannifi$ by add+ #d or #e gallons ( tannifi$ w9e1 or an ounce ( tann9 = ea* #ajj gallons4 ,w9es f lees %\ld rema9 on ! f9+s only long en\gh to precipitate ! matt]s us$1 ab\t t5 days2 aft] :i* !y mu/ be c>efully rack$1 & c>$ = l o!r w9es4 ,press+ ! ,?ick ,s$im5t4--,aft] ! lees h und]gone ?ree or f\r semi-mon?ly rack+s1 ! re/ ( ! w9e :i* !y conta9 may be extract$ by pressure1 & ?is am\nts on ! av]age to fifty p] c5t4 ,m w9e might be extract$ by fur!r rack+1 b by all[+ ! w9e to rema9 long] 9 contact ) ! f9+s & o!r s$im5t1 x w contract ! disagreeable flavors already allud$ to1 :i* may be avoid$ by press+ ! lees aft] ! fir/ ?ree or f\r rack+s2 & an excell5t result is obta9$ by us+ a filt] press aft] ! fir/ rack+1 & ! w9e obta9$ w h no bad ta/e4 ,! press+ is p]=m$ 9 small sacks ab\t eighte5 in*es long4 ,!y %\ld be made ( cotton clo?1 z ^? made f hemp1 ev5 aft] be+ us$ sev]al times1 give a disagreeable flavor to ! w9es pass$ ?r\gh !m4 ,x is n necess>y to provide m ?an sacks en\gh = "o cask ( lees4 ,! clo? ( :i* !y are made %\ld be f9e1 & ( close & regul> texture4 ,to make a *eap press1 "o head ( a cask is remov$1 & ! pieces ( ?is head are fa/5$ toge!r by nail+ on two cross pieces to keep x 9 =m1 & en\gh ( ! wood ar\nd ! edge is remov$ to all[ x to pass freely into ! cask z a foll[]4 ,! cask is !n plac$ upright1 & a hole is bor$ 9 "o ( ! /aves close to ! l[] head1 into :i* is plac$ a faucet4 ,?is cask1 :i* is to conta9 ! sacks1 may be plac$ high en\gh to all[ ! w9e to run f ! faucet directly into ! bung ( ano!r cask to hold ! w9e4 ,if ! casks conta9+ ! lees are plac$ on a horse or plat=m1 ! latt] may be run f ! faucet-hole directly into ! sacks1 :i* may be fa/5$ to ! *ime ) small hooks1 & be kept op5 ) ! h& or a small hoop4 ,a di% %\ld be plac$ "u be=e )draw+ ! spigot4 ,or1 to avoid f\l+ ! outside ( ! sack ) ! lees1 !y may fir/ be run into a tub1 & dipp$ into ! sacks1 ! tub be+ provid$ ) a sack-hold]4 ,z soon z a sack is suffici5tly fill$1 x %\ld be /rongly ti$ ) a b[-knot :i* c be easily unti$1 & laid 9 ! cask provid$2 & a few small /icks %\ld be plac$ ov] ! inn] end ( ! faucet s t x may n be /opp$ by a sack com+ 9 contact ) x4 ,sacks are plac$ 9 ! cask till x is full4 ,! faucet is left op51 s t ! w9e1 z fa/ z filt]$1 may run ?r\gh a hose into a well wa%$ & well sulphur$ cask1 plac$ 9 position to receive x4 ,:5 ! cask is full ( sacks1 ! cov] is plac$ on !m & !y are all[$ to dra9 = sev]al h\rs1 weights be+ gradually plac$ ^u ! cov] or foll[]4 ,fur!r pressure is appli$ by means ( a lev] rigg$ = ! purpose1 "o end made firm1 & ! o!r hav+ weights atta*$4 ,x is be/ t ! pressure be gradually appli$1 leav+ ! sacks to dra9 = sev]al h\rs1 !n apply+ ! lev]1 b load+ x ) weights sev]al h\rs lat]1 or ! next day4 ,:5 ! w9e no long] runs1 say tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] load+ ! lev]1 ! sacks are remov$4 ,if ! lees are n v ?ick1 b little w be f\nd 9 ! sacks1 & !y may be refill$ )\t remov+ x1 & subject$ to a second pressure4 ,!n !y mu/ be ?or\ghly wa%$ ) wat]4 ,lye %\ld n be us$4 ,:]e l>ge quantities ( lees are to be press$1 l>g] presses may be us$1 vats be+ employ$ in/ead ( casks4 ,x is impossible to obta9 all ! w9e by simple filtration )\t pressure1 ow+ to ! fact t ! filt]s soon become f\l1 & ! w9e ceases to pass ?r\gh4 ,if ! fir/ w9e :i* runs (f is turbid1 x may be put by itself1 & ! cle> w9e caught sep>ately4 ,x is apt to run turbid :5 additional weight is appli$4 ,use ( ,dry ,lees4--,!y h a c]ta9 value1 & aft] be+ remov$ f ! sacks !y may be sold to ! manufactur]s ( cream ( t>t>1 if !y are virg9 lees4 ,lees f f9$ w9es are ( little value = ?is purpose4 ,!y may be dri$ on well-air$ floors1 or 9 ! sun4 ,!y are also us$ = ! production ( pe>la% by burn+ !m4 ,! a% produc$ is ( a gre5i% gray color1 & is crude pe>la%4 ,good lees1 p]fectly dry1 produce ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ( ?is alkali4 ,lees are also valuable z a f]tiliz]4 ,^? f sweet w9e conta9 consid]able sug>1 :i* may be utiliz$ by f]m5t+ & di/ill+ ! alcohol produc$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w r5d] !m less valuable = mak+ cream ( t>t>1 a portion ( :i* w be dissolv$ by wa%+4 ,,m>c1 ,,or ,,pomace--,,piquette4 ,m>c1 or ,pomace1 is ! residue rema9+ 9 ! vat aft] ! f]m5tation ( r$ w9e1 or 9 ! press1 9 mak+ :ite w9e4 ,aft] be+ press$1 x is us$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,france to make a weak w9e call$ piquette1 = ! use ( ! labor]s4 ,= ?is purpose are utiliz$ all ! soluble pr9ciples rema9+ 9 ! m>c1 by ! foll[+ treatm5t3 #a4 ,! ,unf]m5t$ ,pomace ( ,:ite or ( ,r$ ,w9e n ,entirely ,f]m5t$1 is well brok5 & crumbl$ up s z to f9ely divide x1 & introduc$ into tuns1 :i* are !n completely fill$ ) wat]1 or into a f]m5t+ vat1 add+ d\ble its weight ( wat]4 ,aft] giv+ x a ?or\gh /irr+ & mix+1 ! fir/ piquette is drawn (f4 ,aft] a mac]ation ( ?ree or f\r days1 r5ew+ ! wat] sev]al times1 ! sac*>9e matt] & soluble salts :i* ! m>c conta9s are completely remov$4 ,piquette is f]m5t$ 9 casks & c>$ = l new w9e4 ,! weake/ is fir/ consum$4 ,or ! m>c may be press$ & put into b>rels1 keep+ x 9 z solid a mass z possible2 ! surface is !n cov]$ ) s& & ! casks clos$ air-tight4 ,piquette may !n be made z ne$$1 us+ ! m>c ( "o cask1 wa%+ ) wat] till x is exhau/$4 #b4 ,! ,f]m5t$ ,m>c ( ,r$ ,w9e is treat$ z foll[s3 ,aft] press+1 x is imm$iately put into a l>ge vat4 ,d\ble its weight ( wat] is add$1 & aft] a complete /irr+1 x is all[$ to mac]ate "o or two days at mo/4 ,! fir/ piquette is !n dra9$ (f1 & wat] is put 9 sev]al times till ! soluble matt]s are remov$4 ,press$ m>c is also us$ = =age1 mix+ x ) half ! quantity ( hay4 ,z = mak+ w9e f m>c by add+ sweet5$ wat]4 7,see ,wat]+ & ,sug>+ ,mu/47 ,! foll[+ me?od ( wa%+ ! m>c is f an article on ! ,di/illation ( ,m>c1 by ,j4 ,pezeyre1 pr9t$ 9 ,le ,p>fait ,vign]on1 ,almana* du ,moniteur ,v9icole1 #ahha3 ,six vats or b>rels are set up side by side1 ea* provid$ ) a faucet1 & a movable cov]4 ,! faucet is protect$ inside1 z 9 ! case ( ! ord9>y f]m5t+ vat4 ,to ?or\ghly exhau/ ! m>c1 x %\ld be wa%$ ) six times its weight ( wat]1 or #ajj lbs4 ( pomace require #gb gallons ( wat]4 ,! vats be+ arrang$1 are *>g$ ) m>c1 :i* is press$ d[n till x fills ! vat to )9 ab\t t5 in*es ( ! top4 ,! m>c is kept subm]g$ 9 ! usual way1 by a false1 p]=at$ head4 ,! fir/ vat is fill$ ) cold wat]1 & left to re/ = two h\rs4 ,! liquid is !n drawn (f & fill$ into vat ,no4 #b4 ,no4 #a is !n refill$ ) fre% wat]4 ,:5 ! liquid 9 ,no4 #b has rema9$ = two h\rs1 x is drawn (f & put into ,no4 #c4 ,no4 #a is !n empti$ into ,no4 #b1 & fill$ ) wat] a ?ird "t4 ,! mac]ation 9 ,no4 #c hav+ cont9u$ = two h\rs1 its liquid is drawn (f & p\r$ into ,no4 #d2 ,no4 #c is fill$ f ,no4 #b1 & ?is f ,no4 #a1 :i* is fill$ ! f\r? "t ) wat]4 ,no4 #e is fill$ f ,no4 #d1 & ea* vat is fill$ f ! prec$+ "o1 until ,no4 #a has receiv$ 9 wat] six times ! weight ( ! m>c conta9$ 9 x4 ,! liquid f ,no4 #e is p\r$ into ,no4 #f1 & aft] two h\rs is drawn f ?is la/ vat into ! /ill4 ,:5 ! w9e has be5 drawn f ! la/ vat1 ! m>c 9 ,no4 #a hav+ be5 wa%$ six times ) its weight ( wat]1 is exhau/$ ( all its alcohol4 ,x is !n refill$ ) m>c1 & becomes ,no4 #f ( ! s]ies1 & is fill$ ) ! liquid f ,no4 #e4 ,ea* numb] is !reby c>ri$ ar\nd ! circle1 becom+ successively ,no4 #f4 ,9 ?is way ! pomace is1 little by little1 depriv$ ( its alcohol1 & ! liquid com+ f ,no4 #f is ri* 9 _s1 & :5 deliv]$ to ! /ill is ne>ly equal 9 /r5g? to ! orig9al w9e4 ,:5 !re is b little m>c to op]ate ^u1 ! liquid may be drawn (f into buckets1 & s fill$ into ! vats2 b "t & labor may be sav$ by us+ a pump & hose4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,w9e4 ,g5]ally4--,w9e is n only compos$ ( alcohol & wat]1 :i* are ! two mo/ prom95t +r$i5ts1 b a great numb] ( o!r sub/ances h be5 recogniz$1 & o!rs /ill are suppos$ to exi/4 ,"s sub/ances :i* are f\nd 9 "o w9e may n exi/ 9 ano!r1 or x may exi/ 9 a great] or less quantity4 ,we "k t alcohol1 wat]1 & acids exi/ 9 all w9es1 9 v>y+ quantities2 t "s are sweet1 & conta9 sug>1 & t o!rs are dry1 ?or\ghly f]m5t$1 & conta9 none4 ,we also "k t ! alcohol 9 diff]5t w9es may v>y f #d or #e p] c5t4 9 piquette made by wa%+ ! pomace ) wat]1 to #bj or #be p] c5t4 9 ! m /rongly =tifi$4 ,& we "k g5]ally h[ a w9e is modifi$ z to its ta/e & effect on ! sy/em1 by su* sub/ances z wat]1 alcohol1 sug>1 & acid2 b !re are _m sub/ances ^: effect is b little kn[n1 & o!rs aga9 only kn[n by _! effects4 ,! sci5ce ( *emi/ry has n yet be5 able to lay hold ( !m4 ,sub/ances ,recogniz$4--,! foll[+ table f ,maum5 indicates ! diff]5t sub/ances conta9$ 9 diff]5t w9es1 ! lett] ,f indicat+ ^? produc$ by f]m5tation1 ! o!rs exi/+ 9 ! juice ( ! grape4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! am\nt ( acid t>trate ( pota% 7cream ( t>t>7 m5tion$ is #e4e grammes p] litre at mo/1 & ?is is ! quantity conta9$ 9 a new w9e1 old w9es conta9+ only "o or two grammes p] litre1 & ev5 less4 ,?is salt is conta9$ 9 ! grapes1 & is soluble 9 wat]1 b insoluble 9 alcohol1 &1 !re=e1 ! great] "p ( x is precipitat$ z ! alcohol increases by f]m5tation1 & is deposit$ ) ! lees4 ,! ,report ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ref]r$ to 9 ! preface1 %[s ! am\nt conta9$ 9 diff]5t ,cali=nia w9es & _! lees4 ,grammes4 ,wat] #i volumes1 #ijj to #hia ,common ,alcohol 7,absolute or ,pure71 ,f4 #a volume1 #hj to #gi ,o!r ,alcohols 7,butyric1 ,amylic1 etc47 ,f4 ,aldehydes 7sev]al87 ,f4 ,e!rs 7,acetic1 ,butyric1 nan?ic1 etc471 contribut+ pr9cipally to ! b\quet ,f4 ,ess5tial ,oils 7sev]al7 ,grape ,sug> 7,dextrose & ,levulose7 ,mannite ,f4 ,mucilage1 ,gum1 & ,dextr9 ,pect9 ,color+ ,matt]s 7nocyan9e7 ,fatty ,matt]s 7& ,wax87 ,glyc]9 ,f4 ,nitrog5\s ,matt]s 7,album91 ,gliad91 etc47 ,f]m5ts ,acid ,t>trate ( ,pota% ,neutral 7#e4e grammes at mo/7 ,bodies4 ,neutral ,t>trate ( ,lime 8 8 ,ammonia ,acid ,t>trate ( ,alum9a 7simple1 or ) ,pota%47 ,vegetable4,acid ,t>trate ( ,iron 7simple1 or ) ,pota%47 ,racemates ,acetates1 ,propionates1 ,butyrates1 ,lactates1 etc4 ,f4 #bj-cj ,salts4 ,sulphates ,nitrates ,m9]al4 ,phosphates ,) a base ( ,silicates ,pota%1 ,soda1 ,lime1 ,*lorides ,magnesia1 ,alum9a1 ,bromides ,oxide ( ,iron1 ,iodides ,ammonia ,fluorides ,c>bonic 7#b4e grammes at mo/7 ,f4 ,t>t>ic & ,racemic 7,gluco-t>t>ic87 ,malic ,citric ,free ,tannic ,acids4 ,metapectic ,f4 ,acetic ,f4 ,lactic ,f4 ,succ9ic ,f4 ,butyric ,f4------------------ ,val]ic8 ,f4#ajjj-ajjj ,a few ( ! m important ones w be briefly notic$4 ,alcohol is consid]ably light] ?an wat]1 & f ! specific gravity ( any mixture ( alcohol & pure wat]1 ! quantity ( _s conta9$ 9 x c readily be asc]ta9$4 7,see ,table ,,iv47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,fr5* ,/ill4 ,to ,asc]ta9 ! ,alcoholic ,/r5g? ( ,w9e1 if x consi/$ ( a mixture ( wat] & alcohol alone1 x w\ld only be necess>y to le>n its specific gravity2 b z all w9es conta9 o!r sub/ances :i* affect ! weight ( ! liquid1 x becomes necess>y to sep>ate ! alcohol f ! o!r matt]s by di/illation2 !n by add+ wat] en\gh to make up ! orig9al volume ( ! w9e assay$1 we w h simply a mixture ( alcohol & wat]4 ,small /ills are sold 9 ! m>ket1 ) ! necess>y in/rum5ts accompany+ !m1 ) :i* to p]=m ! op]ation4 ,9 ! accompany+ figure 7#dc71 :i* %[s a ,fr5* /ill1 ,l is a _s lamp1 ,b a glass boil] ) a p]=at$ /opp]1 ,s a worm1 conta9$ 9 ! cool] ,d1 :i* is kept fill$ ) cold wat]1 z a cond5s]2 t is a rubb] tube connect+ ! boil] ) ! cond5s]1 tightly fitt$ to ! /opp] ( ! =m]1 & also to ! end ( ! worm4 ,e is a small hydromet]-j>1 ( glass1 ) a foot1 = measur+ ! w9e to be di/ill$1 & = cat*+ ! di/illate z x runs f ! worm4 ,x has ?ree m>ks--! upp] "o1 m1 indicat+ ! height to :i* x is to be fill$ ) ! w9e1 & also a m>k & a m>k4 ,sometimes x is provid$ ) a groove along "o side to c>ry ! !rmomet]4 ,a repres5ts ! hydromet]1 or alcoholomet]1 be+ a sp9dle1 usually ( glass1 simil> 9 =m to ! sac*>omet] 7:i* see71 except t ! z]o m>k to :i* ! alcoholomet] s9ks 9 di/ill$ wat]1 is at ! l[] end ( ! /em1 & ! degrees are numb]$ f z]o to ! upp] end1 ea* figure repres5t+ "o p] c5t4 ( alcohol4 ,t is a !rmomet]1 9 its place 9 ! j> ) ! hydromet]2 t is a small glass pipette to assi/ 9 fill+ ! j> j to ! m>k4 ,to make use ( ! in/rum5ts1 measure 9 ! j>1 ,e1 ! w9e to be di/ill$1 by fill+ x up exactly to ! upp] m>k1 m1 us+ ! pipette1 t1 by :i* a little ( ! liquid c be suck$ up1 & let out1 drop by drop1 by increas+ & dim9i%+ ! pressure ( ! f+] appli$ to ! upp] op5+4 ,! w9e s measur$ is p\r$ into ! boil]1 ,b1 dra9+ out ! la/ drop1 or ! little rema9+ may be r9s$ out ) a little wat]1 :i* is p\r$ into ! boil] ) ! w9e )\t affect+ ! result4 ,! boil] is !n plac$ ov] ! lamp & connect$ ) ! cond5s] by means ( ! rubb] tube1 & ! cond5s] fill$ ) cold wat]4 ,light ! lamp1 & place ! n[ empty j> "u ! l[] end ( ! worm4 ,! vapor ( ! alcohol fir/ pass+ f ! boil] ?r\gh ! rubb] tube into ! cond5s]1 w !re cond5se1 & ! liquid runn+ f ! worm into ! te/ tube w be almo/ pure alcohol1 b z ! process goes on1 m & m wat] comes out ) ! alcohol1 till ! _s has all pass$ ov]4 ,if ! /r5g? ( ! w9e does n exce$ #ad or #ae p] c5t41 ! alcohol w all h pass$ ov] :5 "o-?ird ( ! w9e has be5 di/ill$1 z w be %[n :5 ! di/illate rea*es ! m>k on ! glass4 ,if ! /r5g? exce$s ! above limit1 "o-half ( ! w9e %\ld be di/ill$4 ,if1 !re=e1 on te/+ ! w9e1 x is f\nd to conta9 #af p] c5t4 or m ( _s1 & only "o-?ird 0 di/ill$1 ano!r quantity %\ld be di/ill$1 & ab\t "o-half all[$ to pass ov]4 ,x is always saf]1 unless ! w9e is v weak1 to di/il ov] a little m ?an a ?ird4 ,if y are op]at+ on a w9e :i* foams to su* an ext5t t a portion may pass ?r\gh ! tube into ! cond5s]1 :i* w\ld spoil ! effect ( ! op]ation1 ?is may be prev5t$ by putt+ into ! boil] ) ! w9e a p9* ( tannic acid4 ,9 op]at+ on a w9e :i* conta9s an appreciable am\nt ( acetic acid--is prick$--! acid ought to be neutraliz$ be=e di/illation1 z x is volatile1 & w g ov] ) ! alcohol & effect ! result4 ,?is is easily done by add+ to ! w9e cau/ic soda 9 drops1 till x completely *anges color1 r$ w9e becom+ blue1 & :ite w9e1 br[n4 ,^! precautions1 h[ev]1 are g5]ally omitt$ 9 analyses = comm]cial purposes4 ,:5 ! di/illation is complete1 add to ! di/illate suffici5t pure wat] 7di/ill$ wat] if possible71 to make up ! exact volume ( w9e measur$4 ,to d ?is1 take ! j> conta9+ ! di/illate & hold x p]p5dicul>1 ) ! upp] m>k on a level ) ! eye1 & c>efully let 9 ! wat]1 drop by drop1 by means ( ! pipette4 ,! surface ( ! liquid w be se5 to curve upw>d1 ow+ to ! attraction ( ! glass1 & ! tube %\ld be fill$ till ! bottom ( ! curve t\*es ! m>k2 & ! same precaution %\ld be tak5 9 measur+ ! w9e 9 ! fir/ place4 ,n[ we h a mixture correspond+ 9 volume ) ! w9e1 & conta9+ all ! alcohol orig9ally conta9$ 9 ! w9e1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat]1 & no?+ else4 ,z ! d5sity ( ! liquid also dep5ds ^u ! temp]ature1 x becomes necess>y to h a fix$ /&>d at :i* ! te/ is made1 & ?is is #fj ,f4 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ,i believe 9 all c\ntries except ,france1 :]e x is #ae ,c41 or #ei ,f4 ,z ! temp]ature affects ! volume1 x is bett] to adju/ x by cool+ ! di/illate be=e add+ ! la/ few drops ( wat]1 :i* may be done by dipp+ ! j> into cold wat]1 or if x is too cold1 by w>m+ x ) ! h&4 ,! hydromet] us$ w be adju/$ to a temp]ature ( #fj ,f41 or #ae ,c41 :i* is g5]ally %[n by directions accompany+ ! /ill1 or w be m>k$ on ! in/rum5t4 ,let ! hydromet] be p]fectly clean & dry1 no moi/ure on ! /em4 ,take ! tip ( ! /em betwe5 ! ?umb & =ef+] & l[] x into ! di/illate till x floats1 press x d[n ) ! f+] v slightly1 & let x come to equilibrium4 ,place ! eye on a level ) ! surface ( ! liquid1 & see :]e x cuts ! /em1 & ! m>k %[s ! p]c5tage ( alcohol conta9$ 9 ! w9e4 ,rememb] t ! m>k to be tak5 is ! "o correspond+ ) ! g5]al surface ( ! liquid1 n ! top ( ! m5iscus1 or curve4 ,) c>e1 a result c be obta9$ suffici5tly accurate = all comm]cial purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,monitor ,/ill4 ,a table is usually sold ) ^! /ills1 %[+ ! corrections = diff]5t temp]atures1 s t by its use ! r$uction ( ! temp]ature to ! /&>d may be avoid$4 ,fig4 #dd repres5ts a /ill made 9 ,new ,york1 call$ ! ,monitor ,/ill4 ,e!rs are =m$ by alcohol 9 pres5ce ( ! diff]5t acids conta9$ 9 ! w9e1 & !y take names correspond+ to ! acids1 occurr+ z comp\nd e!rs1 ! mo/ common "o be+ acetic e!r4 ,!y h a p[]ful & *>act]i/ic odor1 kn[n z ! e!r\s odor1 :i* is some:at disagreeable 9 ! pure e!r1 b becomes agreeable & resembles ! aroma ( fruit & fl[]s :5 greatly dilut$4 ,among ! important e!rs conta9$ 9 w9e is ,o5an?ic e!r1 :i* is said to give to w9e its *>act]i/ic v9\s smell1 :i* di/+ui%es x f any o!r f]m5t$ liquor4 ,sug> is conta9$ 9 _m w9es1 especially sweet w9es1 & ex]cises an important influ5ce ^u ! flavor4 ,to ,e/imate ,sug>4--,! quantity ( sug> conta9$ 9 a sweet w9e may be e/imat$ ) suffici5t accuracy1 = comm]cial purposes1 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( w9e is measur$ 9 ! j>1 & di/ill$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! e/imation ( alcohol 7:i* see71 or ! w9e may be plac$ 9 a %all[ di% on a /ove or ov] a lamp1 & boil$ sl[ly till ! volume is r$uc$ "o-half1 :5 ! alcohol w be all evaporat$2 !n ! orig9al volume %\ld be re/or$ by add+ wat]4 ,aft] x has re/$ = a day or s1 ! great] "p ( ! salts w cry/allize & be deposit$1 :5 ! sug> /r5g? c be asc]ta9$ by ! use ( ! sac*>omet]1 9 ! usual way 7see page #h74 ,"o degree1 h[ev]1 %\ld be d$uct$ f ! hydromet] read+4 ,mannite1 or ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( manna1 is produc$ 9 w9e :5 sug> und]goes visc\s f]m5tation4 ,its flavor is simil> to t ( sug>1 & its composition is b little diff]5t f t ( ! same sub/ance4 ,mucilage4--,! gr& r$ w9es ( ! ,mdoc1 & ( "s o!r portions ( ! ,gironde1 & also ! gr& w9es ( ,burgundy1 says ,boireau1 pres]ve 9 ag+ a pron\nc$ fruity ta/e1 an unctuosity1 a velvety mell[ness1 :i*1 jo9$ ) _! flavor & b\quet1 make ^! w9es 9 good ye>s ! delight ( ! g\rmets4 ,?is velvety mell[ness is f\nd only 9 ^? seasons :5 ! grapes rip5 well4 ,9 poor ye>s1 :5 ! grapes d n become completely ripe1 ! w9es may h at times m or less di/9ctive flavor 7sve71 & sometimes ev5 a little b\quet1 b !y are dry1 & ! mell[ness is want+4 ,_m ord9>y w9es possess :ile "y1 if !y h be5 well made1 & are produc$ 9 favorable ye>s1 a m>k$ fruity flavor2 b 9 ! great] "p ( ! w9es ( ?is k9d1 ?is mell[ness does n la/1 & disappe>s gradually ) age1 :ile 9 ! gr& w9es ( good ye>s1 ! unctuosity is m appreciable aft] ! defecation ( _! lees ?an :ile !y are new4 ,! sub/ance :i* 9 a measure produces ?is quality is call$ mucilage by ,maum5 & "s o!rs4 ,o!rs1 aga91 h giv5 x diff]5t names4 ,maum5 says t x seems to be a sort ( int]m$i>y sub/ance betwe5 cellulose & dextr91 & t its nature is n yet kn[n1 b t x is a ne> neighbor ( sug>4 ,mr4 ,boireau believes t ! mell[ness is produc$ by a modification ( grape sug>1 because1 :5 n prop]ly c>$ =1 mell[ w9es und]go an ins5sible f]m5tation1 especially if !y are 9 _! fir/ & second ye>s1 & /ill conta9 f]m5ts4 ,v (t5 at ! end ( ^! second>y f]m5tations1 ! unctuosity has disappe>$1 & ! w9es h become dry4 ,x seems1 accord+ly1 t ! sub/ance is capable ( und]go+ ! same trans=mations z sug> "u ! influ5ce ( f]m5ts & heat4 ,pectose is f\nd 9 gre5 grapes & o!r fruits1 & by ! acids is *ang$ into pect91 :i* is ! gelat9iz+ pr9ciple1 is soluble 9 wat]1 & may h "s effect on ! mell[ness ( w9e4 ,alcohol precipitates x 9 ! =m ( jelly4 ,fatty ,matt]s h be5 f\nd 9 w9e lees1 :i* may be extract$ f ! se$s by long contact dur+ f]m5tation1 = x is kn[n t ! se$s yield su* matt]s4 ,glyc]9 is m5tion$ among fatty matt]s1 b x is kn[n to be produc$ by ! f]m5tation ( sug>1 & is suppos$ to h its influ5ce on ! flavor ( w9e4 ,! ,color+ ,matt] ( r$ w9e has receiv$ ! "n ( nocyan9e4 ,9 its pure /ate x is blue1 b is *ang$ to r$ by acids4 ,! yell[ & br[n color ( "s :ite w9es is due to ! oxidation ( "s ( ! matt]s conta9$ 9 !m4 ,! *ange ( color 9 r$ w9es is also due to ! oxidation ( ! tannic acid1 !reby =m+ an insoluble comp\nd1 tannomelanic acid1 :i* is precipitat$1 c>ry+ d[n ! nocyan9e1 & ! w9e gradually becomes tawny4 ,aldehydes are produc$ fir/ 9 ! trans=mation ( alcohol into an acid by oxidation1 acetaldehyde occurr+ betwe5 alcohol & acetic acid1 z m5tion$ 9 ,acetic ,f]m5tation4 ,:5 a weak w9e is expos$ to ! air x is gradually conv]t$ into v9eg>1 or acetic acid4 ,if free access ( air is p]mitt$1 x may be conv]t$ at once into acetic acid1 b if ! access ( ! air is v limit$1 or if ! w9e is ri* & /rong1 oxidation /ops at ! fir/ /age1 & aldehyde is =m$4 ,x is a colorless liquid ( a v suffocat+ smell1 hav+ an e!r\s odor1 & is suppos$ to h an important influ5ce on ! flavor & b\quet ( v>i\s w9es4 ,! /rong w9es ( s\!rn c\ntries :i* are kept 9 casks 9 ullage1 expos$ to ! action ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 develop a c]ta9 am\nt ( aldehyde 9 "t1 & x is suppos$ t %]ry owes "s ( its qualities to ?is sub/ance4 ,acids4--,we c only allude briefly to ! acids :i* h be5 recogniz$ 9 w9es4 ,! pr9cipal "o is t>t>ic acid1 f\nd 9 consid]able quantities 9 grapes1 & is conta9$ 9 ! argols1 or crude cream ( t>t>1 bit>trate ( pota%1 :i* is deposit$ on ! inn] walls ( ! casks 9 :i* ! w9e is kept4 ,?is sub/ance pr9cipally gives ! acid ta/e to w9e4 ,malic ,acid1 or ! acid ( apples1 is f\nd2 & ( citric acid1 or ! acid ( lemons1 traces h be5 recogniz$2 also pectic acid1 d]iv$ f ! pectose4 ,tannic ,acid is a v important +r$i5t 9 w9e1 & is frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ?is "w4 7,see ,f9+1 ,tann947 ,c>bonic ,acid4--,x has be5 %[n 9 ! *apt] on ,f]m5tation t c>bon dioxide is ! gas produc$ by f]m5tation4 ,?is gas1 ,,co1 0 kn[n to ! old *emi/s z c>bonic acid1 or c>bonic acid gas1 & ! latt] t]ms are frequ5tly us$ 9 ?is "w 9 ! s5se ( c>bon dioxide1 9 accordance ) common usage4 ,b mod]n *emi/ry tea*es u t c>bon dioxide1 ,,co1 is n an acid at all1 b 9 connection ) wat] x takes up a molecule ( ! latt]1 & becomes ,h,,co1 c>bonic acid prop]4 ,! gas1 h[ev]1 z well z ! acid1 exi/s 9 all w9es1 & to ! =m]1 sp>kl+ w9es owe _! eff]vesc5ce4 ,its pres5ce is important1 ex]cis+ a pres]vative effect by prev5t+ _! oxidation1 & also by keep+ 9 dissolution sub/ances :i* w\ld o!rwise cl\d ! w9e4 ,:5 ! w9e is fir/ f]m5t$ x is saturat$ ) c>bon dioxide1 & :ile x rema9s s1 oxyg5 w n be absorb$1 & h5ce its pres]vative effect4 ,mr4 ,maum5 ev5 recomm5ds resort to artificial means to re/ore x1 or to re-saturate ! w9e 9 case ( its loss4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! precautions h]et(ore indicat$ = keep+ table w9es are obs]v$1 ! w9e w be well pres]v$4 ,acetic ,acid is ! result ( oxidation1 or acetic f]m5tation 7:i* see71 & lactic acid is d]iv$ f lactic f]m5tation1 b is reg>d$ z accid5tal 9 w9e1 probably n exi/+ 9 ! mu/1 ?\gh x is f\nd 9 "s w9es made f grapes :i* h be5 bruis$ & brok5 a long "t be=e us+4 ,butyric ,acid is ! product ( butyric f]m5tation4 ,val]ic ,acid is suppos$ to exi/ 9 w9e f ! di/9ctive odor :i* is smelt 9 x "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,succ9ic ,acid has be5 ref]r$ to z "o ( ! products ( alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,! ,total ,acids 9 w9e v>y a good deal1 b f\r or five p] mille is a fair av]age4 ,space w n p]mit ( m details on ! v>i\s sub/ances conta9$ 9 w9e1 b ^? :o desire fur!r in=mation are ref]r$ to ! "w ( ,maum5 9 ,fr5*1 & t ( ,?udi*um & ,dupr 9 ,engli%4 ,! ,b\quet prop] ( w9es is a p]fume conta9+ diff]5t odors1 l t ( a b\quet ( fl[]s4 ,x is v complex also 9 its orig91 & ! matt]s conta9$ 9 ! w9e :i* give rise to x are b little kn[n4 ,x is v>iable1 be+ diff]5t 9 diff]5t w9es1 & all ! odor\s matt]s d\btless contribute to its exi/5ce1 su* z nan?ic1 & o!r e!rs1 ! diff]5t alcohols1 aldehydes1 & p]haps ev5 c]ta9 ess5tial oils4 ,! v>ieties ( grapes1 ! season1 & ! soil1 also h _! effect1 z well z ! me?od ( v9ification4 ,x is believ$1 h[ev]1 t ! b\quet is pr9cipally due to ! e!rs4 ,artificial ,b\quet4--,9 ?is connection1 ! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,maum5 w be f\nd int]e/+4 ,he prep>$ "o litre ( a liquid simil> to w9e1 b )\t a s5sible odor1 by add+ di/ill$ wat] to ! di/illate f a r$ w9e ( ,bordeaux4 ,"o drop ( aldehyde produc$ no appreciable odor4 ,six drops ( acetic e!r produc$ no s5sible effect4 ,nor did cry/alliz$ acetic acid *ange ! result4 ,he !n add$ #e grs4 #e ( cream ( t>t>1 #j gr4 #ah ( succ9ic acid1 & #bj grs4 ( glyc]91 )\t produc+ any odor 9 ! liquid4 ,on add+ c]ta9 e!rs a rem>kable *ange 0 produc$4 ,by add+ two small drops ( nan?ic e!r 7obta9$ by di/ill+ fre% w9e lees71 ! liquid in/antly gave an odor ( w9e4 ,!n he add$1 drop by drop1 "o cubic c5timetre 7#ajjj? "p by measure7 ( ess5ce ( pe>s1 t is1 ! foll[+ mixture3 #a volume ( val]o-amylic e!r4 #f volumes ( alcohol ( #cf p] c5t4 ,! fir/ drops develop$ a b\quet :i* belongs to c]ta9 w9es2 b by add+ ! :ole am\nt m5tion$1 a pe> odor 0 develop$1 by :i* ! liquid c\ld be easily di/+ui%$ f w9e4 ,s he prep>$ ano!r litre ( ! liquid conta9+ ! same sub/ances1 & add$ only two or ?ree drops ( ess5ce ( pe>s4 ,he !n add$ two drops ( ord9>y butyric e!r1 & ! b\quet resembl$ 9 a rem>kable degree t ( a good ,b\zy w9e1 & sev]al p]sons took x = a decolor$ w9e4 ,by v>y+ ! exp]im5t1 ! b\quet ( w9es c be imitat$ 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,= ^? :o are curi\s 9 su* matt]s1 ,i translate ! foll[+ f ,boireau3 ,artificial b\quets are produc$ by aromatic sub/ances1 or ess5tial oils1 ^: aroma is extract$ or dissolv$ out by ! help ( alcohol4 ,! aromatic pr9ciple may be extract$ ei!r by a simple alcoholic t9cture1 by dige/ion or di/illation1 by dissolv+ ! oils !mselves1 etc41 & ! process v>ies ) ! sub/ance us$4 ,! aromatic sub/ances mo/ frequ5tly employ$ to produce artificial b\quets 9 non-=tifi$ w9es1 comm5c+ ) ^? :i* =m ! base & ^: aromas are m dom9ant1 are3 iris1 /rawb]ry1 gillyfl[]1 ! fl[] ( ! v9e1 mignonette1 nutmeg1 bitt] almond1 fruit pits1 sassafras1 etc4 ,! latt] are r>ely employ$ alone1 & play a second>y "p by mix+ ) ! two fir/1 iris & /rawb]ry1 ^: aromas are q di/9ctive4 ,iris4--,!re are two v>ieties ( ?is4 ,! roots only are employ$2 !y are :ite1 ( an av]age diamet] ( #j m4 #jb 7 9471 & ( a v irregul> =m4 ,!y are sold 9 pieces ab\t #j m4 #je 7#b 947 long1 ) ! rootlets remov$4 ,!y are l>gely employ$ 9 p]fum]y4 ,! root ( ! s-call$ ,flor5ce iris1 :i* gr[s 9 ,italy & ! s\? ( ,france1 has a pron\nc$ violet odor4 ,ano!r v>iety1 :i* gr[s 9 ! nor? ( ,france & 9 ,g]many1 is sold "u ! "n ( ,g]man iris4 ,an exp]i5c$ p]son c di/+ui% ! two4 ,! p]fume ( ! iris is ) difficulty & incompletely extract$ by di/illation2 x is obta9$ by infus+ ! roots 9 alcohol1 aft] fir/ r$uc+ !m to a p[d] by means ( a grat]4 ,! op]ation is long1 b indisp5sable4 ,! p[d] occurs 9 comm]ce1 b 9 t =m ! roots lose _! aroma1 & x is moreov] liable to be adult]at$4 ,! t9cture is prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ proportions3 old _s ( w9e ( #he p] c5t41 #aj litres 7#b gallons72 ,flor5ce iris1 #a kilogramme 7#b lb471 r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,bung or cork ! vessel conta9+ x1 /ir x ab\t = a few m9utes1 & !n put x 9 a place ( at lea/ #fh ,f41 b :i* does n g beyond #ie4 ,%ake x occasionally dur+ two weeks1 & !n press & filt] x4 ,! t9cture has a pron\nc$ violet odor1 & a h>%1 bitt] aft]-ta/e4 ,x may be employ$ alone1 9 a v small dose1 r>ely exce$+ #e c5tilitres p] hectolitre 7#ac fluidrams to #bf gallons74 ,(t5]1 h[ev]1 a few drops ( ! ess5tial oil ( gillyfl[]1 etc41 are mix$ ) x4 ,/rawb]ry4--,! prep>ation ( an alcoholic infusion ( /rawb]ries is v simple4 ,take fully ripe b]ries1 pick !m ov] & hull !m1 & put !m 9 a keg ) a l>ge bung4 ,t5 kilogrammes ( fruit to #ab litres ( old spirits ( w9e ( #he p] c5t4 7#bb lbs4 to #c gals47 are us$4 ,aft] mac]at+ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! liquor is drawn (f & filt]$4 ,x is a rose-color$ liquor ( a v pleasant aroma4 ,!n ! fruit is cru%$1 & br&y ( #ej p] c5t4 is add$1 & ! :ole is all[$ to mac]ate = a mon?1 & !n ! m>c is press$4 ,! second t9cture has an odor & flavor inf]ior to ! fir/1 & has m color4 ,x is filt]$1 or :at is bett]1 di/ill$ 9 a wat] ba?4 ,9 ! latt] way _s ( /rawb]ry is obta9$4 ,x is pref]able to employ ! liquor ( ! fir/ infusion4 ,?is aroma is g5]ally us$ alone1 & is mu* employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( sp>kl+ w9es4 ,sometimes a small quantity ( o!r aromatic sub/ances are add$1 all[+ ! /rawb]ry to pr$om9ate4 ,x is ! be/ modifi] ( ! aroma ( "y w9es4 ,! dose v>ies accord+ to ! degree ( ! aroma1 f #b to #aj c5tilitres p] hectolitre 7 to ( a gill1 or #e4d to #bg fluidrams to #bf4d gals47 ,gillyfl[]1 or ,/ockgilly4--,! ess5tial oil ( ?is fl[] may be extract$ by pressure1 by mac]ation1 or by di/illation1 & is f\nd 9 comm]ce4 ,to make ! b\quet1 ! oil is us$1 or ! conc5trat$ ess5ce1 :i* is produc$ by ! di/illation ( ! bruis$ fl[]s ) alcohol ( #he p] c5t41 9 ! proportion ( #cjj grammes ( ! fl[]s to #e litres ( alcohol 7#aj oz4 to #e qu>ts74 ,9 ! abs5ce ( an alembic1 ! aroma may be extract$ by infusion1 z 9 ! case ( iris1 by mac]at+ #ajj grammes ( ! bruis$ fl[]s to #a litre ( alcohol ( #he p] c5t4 7#c oz4 to a qu>t7 = eight days1 & filt]+4 ,gillyfl[] is r>ely us$ alone2 b by add+ a v small quantity ( x to iris1 a good effect is produc$1 & ! p]fume becomes m intimately mix$ ) ! w9e1 = ! oil ( gillyfl[] is heavi] ?an wat]2 b ?is aroma %\ld nev] pr$om9ate1 & is be/ = old w9es )\t b\quet4 ,v9e ,fl[]s are ga!r$ & ! petals infus$ 9 alcohol ( #he p] c5t41 9 ! proportion ( #ajj grammes ( fl[]s to #e litres ( alcohol 7#c oz4 to #e qu>ts74 ,aft] mac]at+ = eight days1 x is di/ill$ 9 a wat] ba?4 ,?is aroma1 :i* is v volatile1 is us$ 9 ! dose ( #e c5tilitres to a hectolitre 7#ac4e fluidrams to #bf4d gals47 ,mignonette4--,! p]fume ( ! mignonette1 l t ( _m o!r fl[]s1 is obta9$ by pick+ ! fl[]s f _! /ems1 bruis+ !m1 & plac+ !m ^u lay]s ( cotton or pieces ( l95 impregnat$ ) fre% oil1 or o!r sweet fats2 oil ( b5 is pref]r$4 ,! fl[]s are r5ew$ e f\r h\rs1 till ! cotton or ! clo? is *>g$ ) p]fume4 ,! oil or fat is remov$ by pressure or o!rwise1 & ! ess5tial oil is dissolv$ out ) alcohol ( #he p] c5t41 :i* is aft]w>ds sep>at$ f ! fix$ oil1 & filt]$4 ,! extract ( mignonette s obta9$ is employ$ 9 ! proportion ( #a to #e c5tilitres to a hectolitre 7#b4g to #ac4e fluidrams to #bf4d gals47 b (t5] x is mix$ ) o!r p]fumes4 ,nutmeg is employ$ 9 ! =m ( _s di/ill$ f ! nuts ov] ! fire1 #ejj grammes ( nuts to #aj litres ( alcohol 7#a lb4 to #aj qu>ts71 or 9 ! =m ( a t9cture made ) ! same proportions ( nuts & alcohol1 or a small quantity ( ! ess5tial oil is mix$ ) o!r aromatic sub/ances4 ,?is prep>ation1 p>ticul>ly ! t9cture or ! di/ill$ _s1 has a good effect4 ,be+ heavi] ?an wat]1 x assi/s ! mixture4 ,bitt] ,almonds & ,fruit ,pits4--,_! oil is f\nd 9 comm]ce1 & its aroma is due to ! hydrocyanic 7prussic7 acid conta9$ 9 x1 :i* is poison\s1 & !re=e ! oil %\ld be employ$ 9 ! smalle/ doses4 ,sassafras4--,! ess5tial oil is extract$ f ! wood & b>k by di/illation1 & c be pur*as$ 9 ! m>ket4 ,x is heavi] ?an w9e1 & fixes ! light] p]fumes4 ,x is us$ only second>ily1 & 9 v small quantities4 ,o!r ,aromas h be5 tri$1 b !y c only be us$ z auxili>y to ! ?ree fir/ nam$1 iris1 gillyfl[]1 & /rawb]ry1 because _! odors diff] ess5tially f ! natural b\quet ( mell[ w9es4 ,effects4--,^! prep>ations give w9es a b\quet or aroma :i* p>takes ( ! sub/ances employ$1 b !y d n give ! di/9ctive flavor 7sve7 :i* *>act]izes f9e w9es1 & ! result only flatt]s ! s5se ( smell4 ,^! p]fumes are v volatile1 & x does n require a v delicate or a mu* exp]i5c$ palate to di/+ui% !m f ! natural b\quet ( w9e1 & p]sons ( delicate s5sibilities are di/urb$ by !m1 if too pron\nc$4 ,:5 a w9e has be5 artificially p]fum$1 x /ill pres]ves its ta/e & e>?y flavor2 x has simply *ang$ its odor4 ,ta/e x )\t smell+1 & its di/9ctive flavor w be recogniz$4 ,mr4 ,boireau says t1 not)/&+ ! contr>y ann\ncem5ts ( int]e/$ manufactur]s1 !y are n pres]v$ l ! natural b\quets & flavors1 b1 little by little1 !y become enfeebl$1 & are volatiliz$ ) "t4 ,he says t ! trade is inundat$ ) ! ann\ncem5ts ( pret5d$ nologi/s1 *emi/s1 etc41 manufactur]s ( b\quets decorat$ ) su* pomp\s names z ,mdoc ,flavor+ 7,sve du ,mdoc71 ,b\quet ( ,bordeaux1 ( ,pom>d1 ,bordeaux ,extract1 etc41 & all ^! humbugs are adv]tis$ z giv+ ! mo/ ord9>y w9es ! true ,mdoc flavor1 etc41 :i*1 happily = ! produc]s ( ,mdoc1 _c be done4 ,x is bett]1 z /at$ 9 ! *apt] on ,cutt+ ,w9es1 to improve w9es by mix+ !m ) ^? hav+ expansible flavors & odors1 r ?an use ^! artificial b\quets4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,g5]al ,,*apt]--,,miscellane\s4 ,! ,proportion ( ,juice to ,m>c1 z /at$ 9 ,?udi*um & ,dupr's "w1 has be5 f\nd 9 v>i\s grapes z foll[s3 ,:ite ,*asselas1 /ems remov$1 gave by /rong pressure1 #ig p] c5t4 ( juice2 m>c ( sk9s & se$s1 #c p] c5t4 ,black ,p9ot grapes1 /ems remov$1 gave #id4h p] c5t4 ( juice1 & #e4b p] c5t4 ( m>c4 ,black ,p9ot1 press$ ) ! /ems1 gave #ia4h p] c5t4 ( juice1 & #h4b p] c5t4 ( m>c1 includ+ /ems4 ,black ,p9ot1 f]m5t$ ) ! /ems & !n press$1 gave #fi4f p] c5t4 ( w9e1 & #cj4d p] c5t4 ( m>c4 ,9 ! latt] case mu* w9e is absorb$ by ! /ems1 :i* _c be remov$ by pressure4 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree cases ! pressure mu/ h be5 su* z to r$uce ! m>c to ne> dryness to obta9 s high a p]c5tage ( juice4 ,9 ! report ( ! "w done 9 ! ,viticultural ,laboratory ( ! ,univ]sity1 ref]r$ to 9 ! preface1 ! foll[+ figures are f\nd1 & are extract$ f ,table ,no4 #a ( ! report4 ,omitt+ ! two extremes--,feh] ,szagos1 #bjc4b1 & ,l5oir1 #aah--we obta9 ! av]age ( #aeg gallons ( grape juice p] ton ( #bjjj lbs4 9 twelve :ite w9es1 & #agd4h gallons p] ton 9 twelve r$ w9es2 ! ^w 8r$0 be+ us$ 9 ! table to designate ! product obta9$ by f]m5t+ :ite grapes ) ! sk9s & se$s1 z well z to designate 8r$ w9e0 prop]4 ,! report says3 8,! r$ w9es1 ( c\rse1 produce v mu* less pomace1 :i* consi/s l>gely ( sk9s & se$s only4 ,! :ite pomace has mu* m ( ! pulp ( ! grape1 & consequ5tly a mu* l>g] am\nt ( wat]4 ,dur+ ! f]m5tation ! int]nal /ructure ( ! grape is de/roy$1 ! sug> is f]m5t$ out1 & only ! fibr\s /ructure rema9s2 ev5 ?is is to a great ext5t brok5 up1 & runs out ) ! w9e :5 press$40 ,gallons ,weight ,air- ( ,mu/ ,color7p\nds7 dri$ ,gallonsp] ton ,,"n4 ( ( ,pomace1,/ems1,pomace ( ( ,w9e4 ,grapes4 ,mu/4,grapes ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,mission-j ripe ,r$ #ga4ge #ac4ej #c4je -- #f4ch #agg4h 8 fully 8 ,:ite #ajf4ej #ah4cj #c4ge -- #i4bj #agb4f 8 8 8 ,r$ #aja4jj #aa4fc #c4if -- #h4ih #agg4h 8 ,:ite #he4hj #bd4aj #c4jg #h4ga #f4hd #aei4d 8 ,r$ #gc4ib #ab4bj #b4ia #e4bf #f4cj #agj4e ,z9f&el ,:ite #hd4jj #bg4cj #e4ge -- #f4bj #adg4f 8 ,r$ #abf4jj #ac4dj #e4ee -- #aa4jj #agd4f 8 ,:ite #hg4gh #bi4jg #d4ea #g4ca #f4cb #add4j 8 ,r$ #hd4bf #aj4if #d4jb #d4id #g4cj #agc4d ,malvoisie ,:ite #aaf4jj #ah4aj #b4eh -- #i4ij #agj4f 8 ,r$ #aea4jj #aj4ib #b4fe -- #ad4cj #ahi4d ,*>bono ,:ite #ig4jj #cj4ib #f4ah -- #g4jj #add4b ,burg] ,:ite #gd4jj #bb4jj 4#ig -- #f4dj #agb4h 8 8,r$0 #ie4jj #ab4aj #g4cf -- #h4be #agc4f ,*asselas ,:ite #ajc4hd #ca4ce #b4if #e4ic #g4dg #adc4h 8 8,r$0 #gj4dj #ac4ge #b4ib #c4gd #e4ig #afi4f ,gold5 ,*asselas 8,r$0 #aci4gj #ab4bh #d4ef #c4ae #ab4ij #ahd4f ,prolific ,:ite #ie4jd #bc4ae #c4gj #g4gf #g4ed #aeh4f 8 8,r$0 #hf4bd #aa4gc #c4eg #d4bd #g4cj #afi4b ,black ,pr9ce ,:ite #ajh4bd #be4fj #e4ah #i4ja #h4ac #aej4b 8 8 ,r$ #ajc4dj #ae4gd #d4df #e4ba #h4ed #afe4b ,feh] ,szagos ,:ite #ib4dj #be4ie #b4ad #d4hi #g4dg #afa4h 8 8 ,r$ #gg4ii #i4ja #b4bh #b4ee #g4ic #bjc4b ,mat>o ,:ite #aca4fg #ba4dj #f4fi #f4bf #aj4df #aeh4i 8 ,r$ #ij4bj #ab4ai #e4fj #e4jb #g4gf #agb4j ,l5oir ,r$ #cc4jj #ag4cj #f4jj #h4ej #a4if #aah4g ,?is table contradicts ! op9ion held by "s w9e mak]s1 t ! ,mission grape yields a l>g] p]c5tage ( /ems ?an o!r v>ieties4 ,! five lots ( ,mission grapes analyz$ give an av]age ( ne>ly #c4ce p] c5t4 ( /ems1 :i* is less ?an ! yield ( e o!r v>iety m5tion$1 except ,malvoisie1 ,*asselas1 & ,feh] ,szagos4 ,! ,proportion ( ,w9e to ,grapes4--,x is g5]ally said t x takes ab\t #ab lbs4 ( grapes to produce a gallon ( w9e2 "s give ! numb] ( p\nds z l[ z #aj2 ! product1 h[ev]1 is mu/1 or new w9e1 = no?+ is tak5 into consid]ation = loss by evaporation1 etc41 :ile ag+4 ,"s w9e deal]s "h consid] t x takes ab\t #ag lbs4 ( grapes to produce a gallon ( w9e ready = consumption4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,/4 ,hel5a ,v9icultural ,club1 ,napa ,valley1 9 ?is ,/ate1 ! foll[+ facts 7 /at$1 z report$ 9 ! newspap]s4 ,mr4 ,krug said t he _h always ?\ght t #ad lbs4 ( grapes w\ld give a gallon ( good w9e at ! "t ( ! second rack+ 9 ,m>*1 ,april1 or ,may4 ,mr4 ,s*effl] said he _h made la/ ye> #ace4f gallons ( w9e & #h gallons ( br&y to ! ton ( grapes4 ,c\nt+ ea* gallon ( br&y z equal to #e ( w9e1 x 0 equal to ab\t #agf gallons ( w9e4 ,t 0 ab\t ! av]age ( ,riesl+1 ,*asselas1 ,z9f&el1 ,malvoisie1 etc4 ,! g5]al av]age 0 #acf gallons ( w9e & #h ( br&y1 or #abe gallons ( good w9e & #aj ( br&y4 ,mr4 ,heyman said he 0 glad to get #ade gallons ( cle>1 m>ketable w9e on ! av]age4 ,mr4 ,pellet said t ! v be/ grapes w\ld make #aej gallons ( w9e at ! fir/ rack+1 & ?is is probably a fair av]age4 ,wood5 & ,metal ,ut5sils4--,9 ,european c\ntries1 & 9 all prop]ly ord]$ w9e cell>s1 wood5 ut5sils are us$ :]ev] practicable2 & x ought to be impress$ ^u ! m9d ( e "o :o has any?+ to d ) ! h&l+ ( ! liquid1 t metal %\ld nev] come 9 contact ) w9e1 if x c be avoid$1 except x be a preci\s metal l silv]4 ,! reason is t w9e1 on acc\nt ( ! acids conta9$ 9 x1 has a p[]ful effect ^u lead1 copp]1 z9c1 iron1 etc4 ,:5ev] su* a metal is expos$ to ! influ5ce ( ! air1 & ( an acid liquor1 ! metal is readily oxidiz$1 & ! oxide comb9es ) ! acid to =m a salt4 ,!re=e1 ,mr4 ,maum5e says t x is dang]\s to keep w9e = a few h\rs 9 vessels ( copp] or lead1 on acc\nt ( ! poison\s effects ( _! comp\nds4 ,x is bad ev5 to leave x 9 iron1 z9c1 or t94 ,among ! acids conta9$ 9 w9e1 t :i* is ! mo/ capable ( caus+ oxidation ( ! metals is ! t>t>ic acid & ! crude t>t>4 ,s ! pr9cipal salts =m$ by ! w9e 9 metallic vessels are ! bi-t>trates ( pota% & ! oxide ( ! metal4 ,iron wire wet ) w9e1 9 a few days becomes cov]$ ) a v d>k1 br[n pellicle1 ! w9e is r$uc$ to a solution ( t>trate ( iron & pota%1 :i* is ( t color4 ,a piece ( iron 9 ! w9e produces ! same result4 ,?is salt h[ev]1 is n poison\s4 ,b if ! acid acts en]getically on ! iron1 ! wat] w be depriv$ ( its oxyg51 & ! hydrog5 !reby set free may s]i\sly affect ! w9e1 by comb9+ ) =eign bodies f\nd 9 x1 produc+ a dete/able flavor & odor4 ,a cask ( w9e may be completely ru9$ by a nail4 ,! salts ( iron1 !re=e1 are n to be fe>$ on acc\nt ( any delet]i\s effect ^u ! sy/em1 b r on acc\nt ( ! ill effect :i* !y may h ^u ! color1 ! flavor1 & odor ( ! w9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! salts ( copp] & lead are highly poison\s1 & %\ld be c>efully avoid$4 ,z9c & galvaniz$ iron are also affect$ by w9e1 to ! ext5t t :5 left 9 vessels made ( ei!r1 x w cause s]i\s indisposition to ^? :o dr9k x4 ,t9 is also dissolv$ by w9e1 =m+ /annic oxide & /annic acid1 :i* comb9e ) ! color+ matt] & r5d] x insoluble1 mak+ ! w9e cl\dy at fir/1 & f9ally r5d]+ x ne>ly colorless4 ,by long contact ) t9 ! w9e develops a fetid odor4 ,e w9e mak] kn[s h[ soon 8 t9 vessels us$ ab\t w9e we> out1 & ! reason is app>5t4 ,cleanl9ess4--,:e!r wood or metal ut5sils are us$1 x is "o ( ! ess5tials 9 mak+ good1 :olesome w9e1 t !y %\ld be kept scrupul\sly clean & neat4 ,/emm]s1 cru%]s1 presses1 buckets1 funnels1 & 9 fact ev]y?+ t comes 9 contact ) ! liquid %\ld be scrubb$ & r9s$ (t5 en\gh to prev5t _! becom+ s\r1 or contract+ any disagreeable flavor or odor4 ,if metal vessels mu/ be us$1 by all means d n all[ w9e to /& 9 !m4 ,run wat] ?r\gh ! hose & ! pumps aft] us+1 & also be=e us+ aga94 ,= x is safe to ass]t t _m ( ! bad odors & flavors met ) 9 w9es made by inexp]i5c$ p]sons are (t5 due to want ( c>e 9 ^! matt]s4 ,! necess>y c>e to be be/[$ ^u ! casks has already be5 m5tion$ 9 ! prop] place4 ,diff]5t ,cell> ,ut5sils :i* w be f\nd conv5i5t are repres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ figures3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,t9 ,pit*]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,wood5 ,pit*]4 ,figures #de & #df are t9 pit*]s1 & #dg is ( wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,wood5 ,vessels4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,wood5 ,funnel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,adju/able ,hoop4 ,figure #dh %[s wood5 vessels n necess>y to describe4 ,figure #di is a wood5 funnel = casks4 ,figure #ej is an adju/able hoop1 useful 9 case ( leakage 9 a cask caus$ by ! break+ ( hoops4 ,x c be put ar\nd a cask & tight5$ ) ! screw till a new hoop is put 9 place4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 casks are well hoop$ ) iron1 x is n likely to be ne$$4 ,figure #ea are baskets = c>ry+ bottles4 ,e well ord]$ cell> %\ld be provid$ ) graduat$ measures 7figs4 #eb & #ec7 9 :i* to measure ! respective proportions to be tak5 ( ea* k9d ( w9e = cutt+4 ,!y c be _h ( any desir$ capacity1 & graduat$ decimally1 or o!rwise1 z ne$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,bottle ,baskets4 ,figure #ed1 in/rum5ts ( t9 = draw+ f ! bungs ( casks 9 ta/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,fig4 #ec4 ,graduat$ ,measures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,t9 ,ta/]s4 ,9 ! %]ry di/ricts1 :]e ! casks are n kept full2 a n>r[ cup atta*$ to a /ick is us$ to dip out ! w9e ?r\gh ! bung4 ,! practice ( us+ a piece ( hose = ?is purpose1 by lett+ "o end into ! cask & suck+ on ! o!r ) ! m\? till ! w9e runs1 z x is done 9 too _m cell>s 9 ,cali=nia1 is n to be comm5d$ to ! fa/idi\s4 ,a pump 9 ! =m ( figure #ee is sometimes useful = draw+ w9e f casks 9 c]ta9 positions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,h& ,pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,= ,remov+ ,corks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,bucket4 ,figure #ef repres5ts wire implem5ts = remov+ corks :i* h be5 pu%$ inside a bottle4 ,,useful ,,rules4 ,to ,asc]ta9 ! ,weight ( a ,giv5 ,numb] ( ,gallons ( a ,liquid1 multiply #h4cc by ! specific gravity ( ! liquid1 & ! product by ! numb] ( gallons4 ,= in/ance1 suppose we h #ajjj gallons ( a mu/ :i* %[s #bb p] c5t4 sug>4 ,f ,table ,i we obta9 ! correspond+ specific gravity1 #a4jibc 7! figure #a is omitt$ except at ! top ( ! column71 :i* %[s h[ mu* heavi] x is ?an wat]1 wat] be+ #a4 ,n[1 "o gallon ( wat] at #fj ,f4 weighs #h4cc lbs41 & ! temp]ature ( ! mu/ %\ld be ab\t ! same4 7,see ,mu/--,te/+ = ,sug>47 #h4cc multipli$ by #a4jibc ne>ly #i4a1 :i* is ! weight 9 p\nds ( "o gallon ( ! mu/4 ,"o ?\s& gallons w\ld weigh ne>ly #i1ajj lbs4 ,if ,beaum's hydromet] is us$1 asc]ta9 f ,table ,,ii ! specific gravity correspond+ to ! m>k on ! /em4 ,?is rule applies to all liquids ^: specific gravity is kn[n--syrup1 w9e1 br&y1 alcohol1 etc4 ,! specific gravity ( a w9e ( #ab p] c5t4 is 4#ihdc1 & by our rule1 "o gallon weighs ab\t #h4b lbs4 a little less ?an a gallon ( wat]4 ,rule = ,r$uc+ ,mu/ f a high] to a l[] p]c5tage ( sug>3 ,multiply ! numb] ( gallons ( ! mu/ by its specific gravity1 & ! product by ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! giv5 p] c5t4 & ! requir$ p] c5t41 & divide by ! requir$ p] c5t4 ,suppose t we h #ajjj gallons ( a mu/ ( #bg p] c5t41 h[ _m gallons ( wat] are requir$ to r$uce x to #bc p] c5t8 ,! specific gravity1 by ,table ,i1 is #a4aaed1 & ?is multipli$ by #ajjj #aaae4d1 :i* multipli$ by #d1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 #bg & #bc #ddfa4f1 :i* divid$ by #bc gives #aid gallons1 9 r\nd numb]s4 ,rule = ,sug>+ ,mu/4--,if cry/alliz$ sug> is us$1 dissolve x & make a /rong syrup1 or sug> wat]1 & ! proposition is3 ,giv5 a mu/ ( a c]ta9 sug> p] c5t41 & a syrup ( a giv5 p] c5t41 h[ mu* ( ! syrup = ea* gallon ( mu/ is requir$ to produce a mu/ ( any requir$ /r5g?1 betwe5 ! two8 ,fir/--,multiply ! requir$ p] c5t4 by ! correspond+ specific gravity4 ,second--,multiply ! p] c5t4 ( ! mu/ by its specific gravity4 ,?ird--,multiply ! p] c5t4 ( ! syrup by its specific gravity4 ,divide ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fir/ & second products by ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fir/ & ?ird1 & ! quoti5t w be ! fraction ( a gallon requir$4 ,suppose t we h a mu/ ( only #aj p] c5t4 ( sug>1 & a syrup ( #fj p] c5t42 h[ mu* ( ! second %\ld be add$ to "o gallon ( ! fir/ to produce a mu/ ( #bc p] c5t48 7#bc #a4jifi7 - 7#aj #a4jdja7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #j4bhd ( a gallon4 7#fj #a4bhii7 - 7#bc #a4jifi7 ,!re=e1 = e gallon ( ! mu/1 we add #j4bhd gallons ( ! syrup4 ,! same rule w apply to ! mix+ ( a /rong & a weak mu/4 ,rules = ,=tify+ & ,r$uc+ ,w9es & ,weak ,liquors4--,9 mix+ /rong spirits1 x is necess>y to make an all[ance = contraction1 & tables are prep>$ = ! purpose1 b 9 mix+ w9es & weak spirits1 x may be disreg>d$1 & ! foll[+ rules w be f\nd suffici5t4 ,to ,r$uce ) ,wat]4--,hav+ a w9e or a weak _s ( a c]ta9 p] c5t4 ( alcohol1 h[ mu* wat] is requir$ = ea* gallon to r$uce x to any l[] p] c5t48 ,divide ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! giv5 p] c5t4 & ! requir$ p] c5t41 by ! requir$ p] c5t4 ,suppose a w9e or o!r alcoholic solution ( #ae p] c5t4 by volume1 h[ mu* wat] is requir$ = ea* gallon to produce "o ( #aj p] c5t48 #ae - #aj ---------------- #aj ,!re=e1 add "o-half gallon ( wat] = ea* gallon ( ! w9e or weak _s4 ,to ,r$uce ) ,weak] ,w9e1 or to ,=tify ) ,/rong] ,w9e or ,alcohol4--,hav+ two w9es or o!r weak liquors ^: p]c5tages ( alcohol are kn[n1 h[ mu* ( ! second is requir$ = e gallon ( ! fir/1 to produce a w9e ( any requir$ /r5g? betwe5 ! two8 ,divide ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! p] c5t4 ( ! fir/1 & ! requir$ p] c5t4 by ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! p] c5t4 ( ! second & ! requir$ p] c5t4 ,hav+ a w9e1 etc41 ( #ah p] c5t41 & ano!r ( #h p] c5t41 h[ mu* ( ! second is requir$ = e gallon ( ! fir/ to produce "o ( #ab p] c5t48 7#ah - #ab7 #f ------------------ - #a 7#ab - #h7 #d ,or "o & "o-half gallons ( ! second = e gallon ( ! fir/4 ,or1 suppose we h a w9e ( #ae p] c5t41 h[ mu* br&y ( #ej p] c5t4 mu/ be us$ = e gallon ( ! fir/ to produce a w9e ( #bj p] c5t48 7#bj - #ae7 #e #a ------------------ ---- ---- 7#ej - #bj7 #cj #f ,or "o-six? ( a gallon ( ! br&y mu/ be us$ = ea* gallon ( ! w9e4 ,,pla/]+4 ,x is a ,common ,practice 9 ,spa9 & 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,france to pla/] ! w9es1 by add+ m or less gypsum1 or pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,x is ei!r ?r[n ^u ! grapes be=e or aft] cru%+1 or is add$ to ! mu/4 ,gypsum is kn[n to *emi/s1 :5 pure1 z calcium sulphate 7sulphate ( lime71 b conta9s a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat] ( cry/allization1 & is g5]ally f\nd associat$ ) o!r sub/ances1 su* z rock salt1 & calcium c>bonate1 or lime/one4 ,x is ! commone/ impurity f\nd 9 spr+ wat]1 & gives wat] its p]man5t h>dness4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 = & aga9/ ! practice ( pla/]+1 & bo? sides ( ! "q h /rong advocates4 ,objects4--,!re are _m diff]5t reasons giv5 = ! practice1 "s ( :i* are fanciful4 ,x is claim$ t x ret>ds f]m5tation1 & t r$ w9es "u its effects develop m color1 because ! m>c c be left long] 9 ! f]m5t+ vat2 t ! fro? ( pla/]$ w9e is liveli] & soon] disappe>s1 :i* pleases ! m]*ants2 & t x has a pres]vative effect ^u ! w9e4 ,x is claim$ by "s t x r5d]s ! w9e dry] & h>%]1 z x does1 if us$ to excess1 & by o!rs1 t x unites ) a portion ( ! wat] ( ! juice1 & r5d]s ! rema9+ juice ri*] 9 sug>4 ,aga91 x is add$ to neutralize a portion ( ! acid conta9$ 9 ! mu/4 ,*emical ,effects4--,maum5 says t x trans=ms ! potassium salts ( ! w9e into insoluble lime salts & potassium sulphate1 & ?is may h an important effect ^u f]m5tation1 = "s *emi/s attribute to ! acid potassium t>trate ! prop]ty ( hold+ f]m5ts 9 solution1 & t potassium sulphate1 ev5 ) ! fre$ t>t>ic acid1 does n possess ?is p[]2 t ! c>bonate ( lime conta9$ 9 ! pla/]1 9 neutraliz+ ! acidity ( ! t>t>1 )\t d\bt contributes to ! precipitation ( ! f]m5t :i* ?is salt held 9 solution2 & t dur+ ! neutralization1 c>bonic acid is dis5gag$1 & ! evaporation ( ! moi/ure c>ri$ up by ! gas some:at l[]s ! temp]ature4 ,he supposes t all ^! causes comb9$ ret>d ! f]m5tation4 ,p4 ,c>les 7,j4 ,ph>m4 ,*im4 #e1 #f1 #aah-abc71 says t ! calcium sulphate acts on ! potassium bit>trate 9 ! juice ( ! grape1 =m+ calcium t>trate1 t>t>ic acid1 & potassium sulphate1 a l>ge proportion ( ! la/ two bodies rema9+ 9 ! w9e4 ,t )\t pla/]+1 w9e conta9s ab\t two grammes p] litre ( pure t>t>ic acid1 :il/ aft] pla/]+1 x conta9s d\ble or treble t am\nt1 & ev5 m1 accord+ to ! quantity ( potassium bit>trate decompos$4 ,9 ord] to make cle> :at ?is *emi/ says1 9 ord9>y language1 we w say t ! gypsum acts ^u ! cream ( t>t> 9 ! grape juice1 sets free a portion ( ! t>t>ic acid exi/+ 9 comb9ation 9 x1 & also =ms t>trate ( lime & sulphate ( pota%4 ,at fir/ sight1 !re=e1 x w\ld seem t ! addition ( gypsum1 or pla/] ( ,p>is1 actually increases ! acid1 & ?is w\ld be true if ! gypsum consi/$ ( pure calcium sulphate1 b x always conta9s m or less calcium c>bonate1 & ?is sub/ance1 :i* is b ano!r "n = *alk1 lime/one1 or m>ble1 precipitates ! free t>t>ic acid1 & ! c>bonate ( lime does :at is g5]ally claim$ = ! gypsum--dim9i%es ! acidity ( ! w9e4 ,b if ! calcium c>bonate does n exi/ 9 suffici5t quantity 9 ! gypsum to precipitate all ! t>t>ic acid set free1 ! opposite effect w\ld be produc$4 ,:y n add m>ble du/ at once8 ,! exp]im5ts giv5 9 ,?udi*um & ,dupr's "w %[ t ! am\nt ( wat] )drawn f mu/ by ! addition ( ev5 anhydrat$ pla/] is s small z to be unwor?y ( notice1 be+ only "o-f\r? ! weight ( ! pla/] us$4 ,effects on ! ,heal?4--,?is "q 0 exam9$ at ,montpelli]1 9 ,france1 by a committee ( *emi/s appo9t$ by ! c\rt1 & ! results ( _! inquiries are frequ5tly cit$ by ^? :o are 9 favor ( pla/]+3 #a4 ,t ! pla/]$ w9e conta9s no new m9]al sub/ance4 #b4 ,t ! quantity ( pla/] introduc$ into ! w9e may be consid]$ null1 because x is entirely *ang$ into potassium sulphate1 a slightly purgative salt1 analog\s 9 ?is respect to t>t>4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 a commission 0 appo9t$ by ! ,conseil des ,armes1 :o report$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,t by ! ta/e1 pla/]$ w9es c\ld n be di/+ui%$ f ! natural ones4 #b4 ,t pla/] dim9i%$ ! int5sity ( ! color4 7,?is1 ( c\rse1 ref]s to ! direct effect47 #c4 ,t ! potassium bit>trate1 "o ( ! mo/ useful pr9ciples conta9$ 9 w9e1 is decompos$ by pla/]1 & t potassium sulphate is =m$1 :i* rema9s 9 solution1 & calcium t>trate1 :i* is precipitat$4 #d4 ,t potassium phosphate1 also "o ( ! salts naturally conta9$ 9 w9e1 is equally decompos$ by pla/]4 #e4 ,t pla/]+ pr(\ndly modifies ! nature ( w9es1 by sub/itut+ = ! potassium bit>trate a purgative salt 9 ! proportion ( f #c to m ?an #g grammes p] litre4 ,& !y dem& ! exclusion ( all w9e conta9+ m ?an #d grammes ( ! sulphate p] litre4 ,& ,mr4 ,c>les1 above quot$1 concludes t1 ow+ to ! purgative effect ( ?is salt1 potassium sulphate1 ! quantity pres5t %\ld n exce$ #b grammes p] litre1 or half z mu* z ! army commission all[4 ,/ill lat]1 we h ! in/ructions ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,ju/ice ( ,france to ! procureurs ,gnraux1 issu$ 9 #ahhj1 z foll[s3 ,aft] sev]al judicial decisions relative to ! sale ( pla/]$ w9es1 "o ( my pr$ecessors express$ to ! ,m9i/] ( ,agriculture & ,comm]ce ! desire t new exp]im5ts %\ld be made 9 ord] to e/abli%1 if 9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce ! immunity accord$ to pla/]$ w9es by ! circul> ( ,july #ba1 #aheh1 %\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,hav+ exam9$ ! "q1 ! consultation committee ( public hygi5e issu$ ! foll[+ notice3 #a4 ,t ! absolute immunity :i* pla/]$ w9es enjoy on acc\nt ( ! circul> ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,ju/ice dat$ ,july #ba1 #aheh1 ought no long] to be (ficially all[$4 #b4 ,t ! pres5ce ( potassium sulphate 9 ! w9es ( comm]ce1 :i* results f1 pla/]+ ! mu/1 f ! mixture ( pla/] or sulphuric acid ) ! w9e1 or f cutt+ ) pla/]$ w9es1 %\ld only be tol]at$ to ! maximum limit ( #b grammes p] litre 7ab\t #aag gra9s p] gallon74 ,9 call+ my att5tion to ?is notice1 my colleague ( agriculture & comm]ce in=ms me t he completely concurs4 ,he1 !re=e1 in/ructs ! (fic]s to prosecute1 "u ! laws aga9/ adult]ations1 ! deal]s :o %all sell w9e conta9+ m ?an ! quantity indicat$ ( potassium sulphate1 z dang]\s to ! heal? ( ! consum]s4 ,pla/]+ ,%]ry--,quantity ,us$4--,mr4 ,vizitelli says t dur+ 8 /ay at ,j]ez1 he paid p>ticul> att5tion to ! pla/]+ "q1 saw ! gypsum appli$ 9 almo/ a hundr$ in/ances1 & que/ion$ ! ov]se]s 9 scores ( v9ey>ds4 ,he /ates t )9 8 own k gypsum is by no means inv>iably us$ 9 ! v9ification ( %]ry1 z already /at$ "u ! head ( ,%]ry4 ,& al?\gh appli$ 9 ! majority ( cases1 b a few p\nds p] butt are us$1 say #f lbs4 at mo/ 9 a dry season1 & a little m ?an d\ble t quantity 9 ye>s :5 great dampness prevails4 ,& he argues f ! ,montpelli] exp]im5t1 already m5tion$1 :]e ! committee add$ #dj grammes ( gypsum to a litre ( w9e1 & f\nd only #a4bdj grammes ( sulphate ( pota% p] litre :]e pure calcium sulphate 0 us$1 & #a4hbh grammes :]e ord9>y pla/] 0 employ$1 t :5 ! ,spani>ds add ! am\nt :i* !y d to ! mu/ 9 %]ry mak+1 no injury to ! w9e c occur4 ,x may be prop] to sugge/1 h[ev]1 = ! b5efit ( future inquir]s1 t w9e1 aft] ins5sible f]m5tation1 conta9s b a small proportion ( ! potassium bit>trate :i* 0 conta9$ 9 ! grape1 ! great] "p ( x hav+ be5 deposit$ ) ! lees & ! m>c4 ,w9es d n conta9 t>t> en\gh to furni% #b grammes p] litre ( potassium sulphate1 nor en\gh to act ^u #a gramme ( pure gypsum4 ,b x is f> o!rwise ) grape juice4 ,n[ #f lbs4 ( gypsum to "o butt ( w9e ( #ajh ,imp]ial gallons w\ld be ! same z ab\t #e4e grammes p] litre1 & if pure1 ought to produce1 on be+ fully satisfi$ ) ! acid potassium t>trate1 z mu* z #h grammes p] litre ( potassium sulphate1 & ,mr4 ,c>les1 above quot$1 says t x does am\nt to f #d to #g4e grammes p] litre 9 pla/]$ w9es4 ,suppos+ ! foll[+ to be ! correct reaction1 #a gramme ( pure gypsum ought to produce1 ) #b4f grammes ( cream ( t>t>1 #a4dgg grammes ( sulphate ( pota%2 & to produce ! #b grammes p] litre ( ! latt] w\ld only require #a4cec ( ! =m]2 & b a little m ?an #a lb4 ( pure gypsum c\ld safely be add$ to #ajj gallons ( mu/3 ,ca,s,o #b7;,c,h,,ko7 ,c,h,ca,o ,c,h,o ,k,,s ,z ! gypsum is usually add$ to ! pomace itself1 or to ! grapes be=e cru%+1 x is unsafe to argue f ! effects produc$ by add+ x to w9e4 ,by ,add+ ,wat] to mu/1 ! effects ( pla/]+ may be produc$1 if ! wat] is h>d by reason ( ! gypsum conta9$ 9 x4 ,,%]ry ,,flavor4 ,9 _m ,cali=nia w9es a flavor call$ ! 8%]ry flavor0 is (t5 obs]v$2 & 9 ! r$ w9es may frequ5tly be ta/$ :at w\ld ) equal propriety be call$ a 8port flavor20 & ! 8%]ry flavor0 w\ld by "s be call$ a 8,madeira flavor40 ,mr4 ,pohndorff /at$ at ! ,/ate ,viticultural ,conv5tion ( #ahhb1 t he 0 ( ! op9ion t ?is flavor 0 due to ! oxidation ( ! w9e4 ,if ?is is s1 ! rem$y w\ld be to use great] c>e 9 its managem5t1 & avoid expos+ x to ! air1 9 fact1 obs]ve j ! treatm5t indicat$ 9 ?is book = all b sweet & =tifi$ w9es4 ,)\t attempt+ to say any?+ au?oritative on ! subject1 ! au?or w\ld sugge/ t 9 addition to ! above cause1 ^! flavors are l>gely due1 fir/1 to our hot climate2 second1 to ov]-maturity ( ! grapes2 & ?ird1 to ag+ ! w9e 9 too high a temp]ature2 = ^! conditions all exi/ 9 s\!rn c\ntries1 ^: w9es are apt to h a peculi> flavor1 call$ by "s writ]s ! 8cook$ flavor10 :i* is unobjectionable 9 a sweet w9e4 ,! fir/ is n always )9 ! control ( ! produc]1 b ! two la/ c always be controll$ by ! grape gr[] & ! cell>-man4 ,illu/ration ,,app5dix4 ,,table ,i4 ,ball+'s degrees 7p] c5t4 ( sug>71 correspond+ degrees ,baum1 & specific gravity at #fc ,f4--,*as4 ,/amm]4 ,ball+ ,ball+ or p] ,specific or p] ,specific c5t4 ,baum ,gravity c5t4 ,baum ,gravity sug> sug> ---------------------------------------- ---------- #a #j4ef #a4jjci #bf #ad4ce #a4aajg #b #a4aa 4#jjgh #bg #ad4ij 4#aaed #c #a4fg 4#jaag #bh #ae4dd 4#abja #d #b4bc 4#jaeg #bi #ae4ii 4#abdi #e #b4gh 4#jaig #cj #af4ec 4#abig #f #c4cd 4#jbcd #ca #ag4jg 4#acde #g #c4hi 4#jbgh #cb #ag4fa 4#acic #h #d4de 4#jcai #cc #ah4ae 4#addb #i #e4jj 4#jcfj #cd #ah4fi 4#adia #aj #e4ef 4#jdja #ce #ai4bc 4#aeda #aa #f4aa 4#jddc #cf #ai4gg 4#aeia #ab #f4ff 4#jdhe #cg #bj4cj 4#afda #ac #g4bb 4#jebh #ch #bj4hd 4#afib #ad #g4gg 4#jegj #ci #ba4cg 4#agdc #ae #h4cb 4#jfac #dj #ba4ia 4#agid #af #h4hg 4#jfeg #da #bb4dd 4#ahdf #ag #i4db 4#jgjj #db #bb4ig 4#ahih #ah #i4ig 4#jgdd #dc #bc4ej 4#aiej #ai #aj4eb 4#jghg #dd #bd4jc 4#bjjc #bj #aa4jg 4#jhcc #de #bd4ef 4#bjef #ba #aa4fb 4#jhgh #df #be4ji 4#baaj #bb #ab4ag 4#jibc #dg #be4fb 4#bafd #bc #ab4gb 4#jifi #dh #bf4ad 4#bbah #bd #ac4bf 4#ajae #di #bf4fg 4#bbgc #be #ac4ha 4#ajfa #ej #bg4ai 4#bcbh ,ball+ ,ball+ or p] ,specific or p] ,specific c5t4 ,baum ,gravity c5t4 ,baum ,gravity sug> sug> ---------------------------------------- ---------- #ea #bg4ga #a4bchc #gf #dj4cf #a4chid #eb #bh4bd 4#bdci #gg #dj4hd 4#ciei #ec #bh4ge 4#bdie #gh #da4cc 4#djbe #ed #bi4bg 4#beeb #gi #da4ha 4#djib #ee #bi4gi 4#bfji #hj #db4bi 4#daei #ef #cj4ca 4#bfff #ha #db4gh 4#dbbf #eg #cj4hb 4#bgbd #hb #dc4be 4#dbic #eh #ca4cd 4#bghb #hc #dc4gc 4#dcfa #ei #ca4he 4#bhdj #hd #dd4ba 4#ddcj #fj #cb4cf 4#bhii #he #dd4fh 4#ddii #fa #cb4hg 4#bieh #hf #de4ae 4#defh #fb #cc4ch 4#cjah #hg #de4fb 4#dfch #fc #cc4hi 4#cjgh #hh #df4ji 4#dgjh #fd #cd4dj 4#cach #hi #df4ef 4#dggh #fe #cd4ij 4#caii #ij #dg4jb 4#dhdi #ff #ce4dj 4#cbfj #ia #dg4dh 4#dibj #fg #ce4ij 4#ccbb #ib #dg4ie 4#diib #fh #cf4da 4#cchd #ic #dh4dj 4#ejfd #fi #cf4ia 4#cddf #id #dh4hf 4#eacf #gj #cg4dj 4#ceji #ie #di4cb 4#ebji #ga #cg4ij 4#cegb #if #di4gg 4#ebha #gb #ch4ci 4#cfcf #ig #ej4bb 4#ecee #gc #ch4hi 4#cgjj #ih #ej4fg 4#edbi #gd #ci4ch 4#cgfd #ii #ea4ab 4#eejd #ge #ci4hg 4#chbi #ajj #ea4ef 4#eegh ,,oe*sle',s ,,mu/-,,scale indicates specific gravity to ?ree decimal places4 ,:5 two figures are %[n on ! scale1 a ciph] be=e !m mu/ be und]/ood4 ,= in/ance3 #hc means #a4jhc1 or #bj p] c5t41 ,ball+2 & #ajf means #a4ajf1 or #be p] c5t41 ,ball+4 ,,table ,,ii4 ,baum's degrees1 correspond+ degrees1 ,ball+ 7p] c5t4 sug>17 & specific gravity at #fc ,f4 ,ball+ ,ball+ or p] ,specific or p] ,specific ,baum c5t4 ,gravity ,baum c5t4 ,gravity sug> sug> ---------------------------------------- ----------- #j4j #j4jj #a4jjjj #ac #bc4eb #a4jiib #j4e #j4ij 4#jjce #ac4e #bd4dc 4#ajcd #a #a4hj 4#jjgj #ad #be4ce 4#ajgg #a4e #b4fi 4#jaje #ad4e #bf4bg 4#aabj #b #c4ei 4#jada #ae #bg4ai 4#aafc #b4e #d4di 4#jagg #ae4e #bh4aj 4#abjf #c #e4ci 4#jbac #af #bi4jc 4#abej #c4e #f4bi 4#jbdi #af4e #bi4ie 4#abid #d #g4ai 4#jbhf #ag #cj4hg 4#acci #d4e #h4ji 4#jcbc #ag4e #ca4gi 4#achc #e #i4jj 4#jcfj #ah #cb4gb 4#adbi #e4e #i4ij 4#jcig #ah4e #cc4fe 4#adgd #f #aj4hj 4#jdce #ai #cd4eh 4#aebj #f4e #aa4gj 4#jdgc #ai4e #ce4ej 4#aeff #g #ab4fa 4#jeaa #bj #cf4dd 4#afac #g4e #ac4ea 4#jedi #bj4e #cg4cg 4#affj #h #ad4db 4#jehh #ba #ch4cj 4#agjg #h4e #ae4cb 4#jfbg #ba4e #ci4bd 4#agee #i #af4bc 4#jffg #bb #dj4ag 4#ahjc #i4e #ag4ad 4#jgjf #bb4e #da4aa 4#aheb #aj #ah4je 4#jgdf #bc #db4je 4#aija #aj4e #ah4if 4#jghg #bc4e #db4ii 4#aiej #aa #ai4hg 4#jhbg #bd #dc4id 4#bjjj #aa4e #bj4gh 4#jhfh #bd4e #dd4hh 4#bjej #ab #ba4fi 4#jiji #be #de4hc 4#baja #ab4e #bb4fj 4#jiea #be4e #df4gh 4#baeb - ,ball+ ,ball+ or p] ,specific or p] ,specific ,baum c5t4 ,gravity ,baum c5t4 ,gravity sug> sug> ---------------------------------------- ----------- #bf #dg4gc #a4bbjc #ci #gc4bc #a4cgad #bf4e #dh4fh 4#bbee #ci4e #gd4be 4#cghj #bg #di4fc 4#bcjh #dj #ge4bg 4#chdf #bg4e #ej4ei 4#bcfa #dj4e #gf4bi 4#ciac #bh #ea4ee 4#bdad #da #gg4cb 4#ciha #bh4e #eb4ea 4#bdfh #da4e #gh4ce 4#djdi #bi #ec4dg 4#bebb #db #gi4ci 4#daah #bi4e #ed4dd 4#begf #db4e #hj4dc 4#dahg #cj #ee4dg 4#bfcb #dc #ha4dg 4#dbfg #cj4e #ef4cg 4#bfhg #dc4e #hb4ea 4#dcbh #ca #eg4cd 4#bgdc #dd #hc4ef 4#ddjj #ca4e #eh4cb 4#bhjj #dd4e #hd4fb 4#ddgb #cb #ei4bi 4#bheg #de #he4fh 4#dede #cb4e #fj4bg 4#biae #de4e #hf4gd 4#dfai #cc #fa4be 4#bigc #df #hg4ha 4#dfid #cc4e #fb4bc 4#cjcb #df4e #hh4hh 4#dgfi #cd #fc4bb 4#cjia #dg #hi4if 4#dhde #cd4e #fd4ba 4#caea #dg4e #ia4jc 4#dibb #ce #fe4bj 4#cbaa #dh #ib4ab 4#ejjj #ce4e #ff4ai 4#cbgb #dh4e #ic4ba 4#ejgi #cf #fg4ai 4#cccc #di #id4cj 4#eaeh #cf4e #fh4ai 4#ccie #di4e #ie4dj 4#ebch #cg #fi4ai 4#cdeh #ej #if4ea 4#ecai #cg4e #gj4bj 4#ceba #ej4e #ig4fb 4#edja #ch #ga4bj 4#cehe #ea #ih4gc 4#edhd #ch4e #gb4bb 4#cfdi #ea4e #ii4he 4#eefh ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,table ,,iii4 ,baum's degrees & correspond+ p] c5t4 ( sug> at #fj ,f4 ,baum ,sug> ,baum ,sug> ,baum ,sug> ,baum ,sug> degrees degrees degrees degrees ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #a #a4gb #aa #ai4hh #ba #ch4bi #ca #eg4ca #b #c4ej #ab #ba4ga #bb #dj4ag #cb #ei4bg #c #e4cj #ac #bc4ed #bc #db4jc #cc #fa4bc #d #g4ji #ad #be4cd #bd #dc4ib #cd #fc4ah #e #h4ij #ae #bg4be #be #de4gi #ce #fe4ai #f #aj4ga #af #bi4jf #bf #dg4gj #cf #fg4ai #g #ab4eb #ag #cj4hi #bg #di4fj #cg #fi4ai #h #ad4ch #ah #cb4ge #bh #ea4ej #ch #ga4bb #i #af4bj #ai #cd4fj #bi #ec4db #ci #gc4bh #aj #ah4jd #bj #cf4dj #cj #ee4cf #dj #ge4ce ,,table ,,iv4 ,%[+ ! specific gravities ( mixtures ( alcohol & wat]1 conta9+ f #j4a to #cj p] c5t4 by volume1 ( absolute alcohol1 & correspond+ p] c5t4 by weight1 = e #j4a p] c5t4 by volume1 comp>$ ) wat] at #fj ,f4 ,! specific gravity ( absolute alcohol accord+ to ,u4 ,s4 /&>d be+ 4#gici1 ref]r$ to wat] at its greate/ d5sity z unity1 or 4#gidfa1 ref]r$ to wat] at #fj ,f4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,specific ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,specific by volume by weight ,gravity by volume by weight ,gravity ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #j4a #j4jh 4#iiihf #c4h #c4jd 4#iidfj #j4b #j4af 4#iiigb #c4i #c4ab 4#iidde #j4c #j4bd 4#iiieg #d4j #c4bj 4#iidca #j4d #j4cb 4#iiidc #d4a #c4bh 4#iidag #j4e #j4dj 4#iiibi #d4b #c4cf 4#iidjc #j4f #j4dh 4#iiiae #d4c #c4dd 4#iichh #j4g #j4ef 4#iiija #d4d #c4eb 4#iicgd #j4h #j4fd 4#iihhf #d4e #c4fj 4#iicfj #j4i #j4gb 4#iihgb #d4f #c4fh 4#iicdf #a4j #j4hj 4#iiheh #d4g #c4gf 4#iiccb #a4a #j4hh 4#iihdd #d4h #c4hd 4#iicag #a4b #j4if 4#iihcj #d4i #c4ib 4#iicjc #a4c #a4jd 4#iihae #e4j #d4jj 4#iibhi #a4d #a4ab 4#iihja #e4a #d4jh 4#iibgf #a4e #a4bj 4#iighg #e4b #d4af 4#iibfc #a4f #a4bh 4#iiggc #e4c #d4bd 4#iibej #a4g #a4cf 4#iigei #e4d #d4cb 4#iibcg #a4h #a4dd 4#iigdd #e4e #d4dj 4#iibbd #a4i #a4eb 4#iigcj #e4f #d4di 4#iibaa #b4j #a4fj 4#iigaf #e4g #d4eg 4#iiaih #b4a #a4fh 4#iigjb #e4h #d4fe 4#iiahf #b4b #a4gf 4#iifhh #e4i #d4gc 4#iiagc #b4c #a4hd 4#iifgc #f4j #d4ha 4#iiafj #b4d #a4ib 4#iifei #f4a #d4hi 4#iiadh #b4e #b4jj 4#iifde #f4b #d4ig 4#iiace #b4f #b4jh 4#iifca #f4c #e4je 4#iiabc #b4g #b4af 4#iifag #f4d #e4ac 4#iiaaj #b4h #b4bd 4#iifjb #f4e #e4ba 4#iijih #b4i #b4cb 4#iiehh #f4f #e4bi 4#iijhf #c4j #b4dj 4#iiegd #f4g #e4cg 4#iijgc #c4a #b4dh 4#iiefj #f4h #e4de 4#iijfa #c4b #b4ef 4#iiedf #f4i #e4ed 4#iijdh #c4c #b4fd 4#iieca #g4j #e4fb 4#iijcf #c4d #b4gb 4#iieag #g4a #e4gj 4#iijbd #c4e #b4gi 4#iiejc #g4b #e4gh 4#iijaa #c4f #b4hh 4#iidhh #g4c #e4hf 4#ihiii #c4g #b4if 4#iidgd #g4d #e4id 4#ihihf ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,specific ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,specific by volume by weight ,gravity by volume by weight ,gravity ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #g4e #f4jb 4#ihigd #aa4b #i4jc 4#ihecj #g4f #f4aj 4#ihifa #aa4c #i4aa 4#iheai #g4g #f4ah 4#ihidi #aa4d #i4bj 4#ihejh #g4h #f4bf 4#ihicf #aa4e #i4bh 4#ihdig #g4i #f4ce 4#ihibd #aa4f #i4cf 4#ihdhf #h4j #f4dc 4#ihiaa #aa4g #i4dd 4#ihdge #h4a #f4ea 4#ihhii #aa4h #i4eb 4#ihdfc #h4b #f4ei 4#ihhhf #aa4i #i4fj 4#ihdeb #h4c #f4fg 4#ihhgd #ab4j #i4fi 4#ihdda #h4d #f4ge 4#ihhfa #ab4a #i4gg 4#ihdcj #h4e #f4hc 4#ihhdi #ab4b #i4he 4#ihdai #h4f #f4ia 4#ihhcg #ab4c #i4ic 4#ihdjh #h4g #g4jj 4#ihhbd #ab4d #aj4ja 4#ihcig #h4h #g4jh 4#ihhab #ab4e #aj4aj 4#ihchf #h4i #g4af 4#ihgii #ab4f #aj4ah 4#ihcge #i4j #g4bd 4#ihghg #ab4g #aj4bf 4#ihcfd #i4a #g4cb 4#ihgge #ab4h #aj4cd 4#ihceb #i4b #g4dj 4#ihgfb #ab4i #aj4db 4#ihcda #i4c #g4dh 4#ihgej #ac4j #aj4ea 4#ihccj #i4d #g4eg 4#ihgcg #ac4a #aj4ei 4#ihcai #i4e #g4fe 4#ihgbe #ac4b #aj4fg 4#ihcjh #i4f #g4gc 4#ihgac #ac4c #aj4ge 4#ihbig #i4g #g4ha 4#ihgjj #ac4d #aj4hc 4#ihbhf #i4h #g4hi 4#ihfhh #ac4e #aj4ib 4#ihbge #i4i #g4ig 4#ihfge #ac4f #aa4jj 4#ihbfd #aj4j #h4je 4#ihffc #ac4g #aa4jh 4#ihbec #aj4a #h4ad 4#ihfeb #ac4h #aa4af 4#ihbdb #aj4b #h4bb 4#ihfda #ac4i #aa4bd 4#ihbca #aj4c #h4cj 4#ihfcj #ad4j #aa4cc 4#ihbbj #aj4d #h4ch 4#ihfai #ad4a #aa4da 4#ihbji #aj4e #h4df 4#ihfjh #ad4b #aa4di 4#ihaii #aj4f #h4ed 4#iheig #ad4c #aa4eg 4#ihahh #aj4g #h4fb 4#ihehf #ad4d #aa4fe 4#ihagh #aj4h #h4ga 4#ihegd #ad4e #aa4gd 4#ihafg #aj4i #h4gi 4#ihefc #ad4f #aa4hb 4#ihaef #aa4j #h4hg 4#iheeb #ad4g #aa4ij 4#ihadf #aa4a #h4ie 4#iheda #ad4h #aa4ih 4#ihace ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,specific ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,specific by volume by weight ,gravity by volume by weight ,gravity ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ad4i #ab4jg 4#ihabe #ah4g #ae4ba 4#iggcc #ae4j #ab4ae 4#ihaad #ah4h #ae4bi 4#iggbb #ae4a #ab4bc 4#ihajd #ah4i #ae4cg 4#iggab #ae4b #ab4cb 4#ihjid #ai4j #ae4df 4#iggjb #ae4c #ab4dj 4#ihjhc #ai4a #ae4ed 4#igfib #ae4d #ab4di 4#ihjgc #ai4b #ae4fb 4#igfhb #ae4e #ab4eg 4#ihjfc #ai4c #ae4gj 4#igfga #ae4f #ab4fe 4#ihjec #ai4d #ae4gh 4#igffa #ae4g #ab4gc 4#ihjdb #ai4e #ae4hg 4#igfea #ae4h #ab4hb 4#ihjcb #ai4f #ae4ie 4#igfda #ae4i #ab4ij 4#ihjba #ai4g #af4jd 4#igfca #af4j #ab4ih 4#ihjaa #ai4h #af4ab 4#igfbj #af4a #ac4jf 4#ihjja #ai4i #af4bj 4#igfaj #af4b #ac4ad 4#igiij #bj4j #af4bi 4#igfjj #af4c #ac4bb 4#igihj #bj4a #af4cg 4#igeij #af4d #ac4ca 4#igifi #bj4b #af4de 4#igehj #af4e #ac4ci 4#igiei #bj4c #af4ea 4#igefi #af4f #ac4dg 4#igidi #bj4d #af4fb 4#igeei #af4g #ac4ee 4#igich #bj4e #af4gj 4#igedi #af4h #ac4fc 4#igibh #bj4f #af4gi 4#igeci #af4i #ac4ga 4#igiag #bj4g #af4hg 4#igebi #ag4j #ac4hj 4#igijg #bj4h #af4ie 4#igeah #ag4a #ac4hh 4#ighig #bj4i #ag4jc 4#igejh #ag4b #ac4if 4#ighhg #ba4j #ag4ab 4#igdih #ag4c #ad4je 4#ighgf #ba4a #ag4bj 4#igdhh #ag4d #ad4ac 4#ighff #ba4b #ag4bh 4#igdgh #ag4e #ad4ba 4#ighef #ba4c #ag4cg 4#igdfg #ag4f #ad4bi 4#ighdf #ba4d #ag4de 4#igdeg #ag4g #ad4ch 4#ighce #ba4e #ag4ec 4#igddg #ag4h #ad4df 4#ighbe #ba4f #ag4fb 4#igdcg #ag4i #ad4ed 4#ighad #ba4g #ag4gj 4#igdbg #ah4j #ad4fb 4#ighjd #ba4h #ag4gh 4#igdaf #ah4a #ad4ga 4#iggid #ba4i #ag4hg 4#igdjf #ah4b #ad4gi 4#igghd #bb4j #ag4ie 4#igcif #ah4c #ad4hg 4#igggc #bb4a #ah4jc 4#igchf #ah4d #ad4if 4#iggfc #bb4b #ah4ab 4#igcge #ah4e #ae4jd 4#iggec #bb4c #ah4bj 4#igcfe #ah4f #ae4ab 4#iggdc #bb4d #ah4bh 4#igced ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,specific ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,specific by volume by weight ,gravity by volume by weight ,gravity ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #bb4e #ah4cg 4#igcdd #bf4c #ba4ee 4#ifiej #bb4f #ah4de 4#igccd #bf4d #ba4fd 4#ifici #bb4g #ah4ec 4#igcbc #bf4e #ba4gb 4#ifibh #bb4h #ah4fb 4#igcac #bf4f #ba4ha 4#ifjag #bb4i #ah4gj 4#igcjb #bf4g #ba4hi 4#ifijf #bc4j #ah4gh 4#igbib #bf4h #ba4ih 4#ifhif #bc4a #ah4hg 4#igbhb #bf4i #bb4jf 4#ifhhe #bc4b #ah4ie 4#igbgb #bg4j #bb4ae 4#ifhgd #bc4c #ai4jd 4#igbfa #bg4a #bb4bc 4#ifhfc #bc4d #ai4ab 4#igbea #bg4b #bb4cb 4#ifhec #bc4e #ai4bj 4#igbda #bg4c #bb4dj 4#ifhdb #bc4f #ai4bi 4#igbca #bg4d #bb4dh 4#ifhcb #bc4g #ai4cg 4#igbba #bg4e #bb4eg 4#ifhba #bc4i #ai4ed 4#igbjj #bg4g #bb4gd 4#ifgii #bd4j #ai4fb 4#igaij #bg4h #bb4hb 4#ifghi #bd4a #ai4ga 4#igahj #bg4i #bb4ia 4#ifggh #bd4b #ai4gi 4#igagj #bh4j #bb4ii 4#ifgfg #bd4c #ai4hg 4#igaei #bh4a #bc4jg 4#ifgef #bd4d #ai4if 4#igadi #bh4b #bc4af 4#ifgde #bd4e #bj4jd 4#igaci #bh4c #bc4bd 4#ifgcc #bd4f #bj4ac 4#igabi #bh4d #bc4cc 4#ifgbb #bd4g #bj4ba 4#igaah #bh4e #bc4da 4#ifgaa #bd4h #bj4bi 4#igajh #bh4f #bc4ej 4#ifgjj #bd4i #bj4ch 4#igjig #bh4g #bc4eh 4#iffhi #be4j #bj4df 4#igjhg #bh4h #bc4fg 4#iffgg #be4a #bj4ee 4#igjgf #bh4i #bc4ge 4#iffff #be4b #bj4fc 4#igjff #bi4j #bc4hd 4#iffee #be4c #bj4ga 4#igjee #bi4a #bc4ic 4#iffdd #be4d #bj4hj 4#igjde #bi4b #bd4ja 4#iffcb #be4e #bj4hh 4#igjcd #bi4c #bd4aj 4#iffba #be4f #bj4ig 4#igjbc #bi4d #bd4ah 4#iffji #be4g #ba4je 4#igjac #bi4e #bd4bg 4#ifeih #be4h #ba4ac 4#igjjb #bi4f #bd4ce 4#ifehg #be4i #ba4bb 4#ifiib #bi4g #bd4dd 4#ifege #bf4j #ba4cj 4#ifiha #bi4h #bd4eb 4#ifefd #bf4a #ba4ci 4#ifigj #bi4i #bd4fa 4#ifeeb #bf4b #ba4dg 4#ififj #cj4j #bd4fi 4#ifeda ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! basis ( ! =ego+ table is ,table ,,iii ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,manual = ,inspectors ( spirits1 giv+ ! respective volumes ( absolute alcohol & wat] 9 #ajj volumes ( spirits ( diff]5t /r5g?s1 = e #j4e p] c5t4 by volume1 & ! specific gravities1 ref]r$ to wat] at #fj ,f4 ,,table ,v4 ,color ,v>iety ,"n ( ,locality4 ,v9- ( ,,av ,,aat ( ,w9e4 ,contributor4 tage4,w9e4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,mission1 j ripe,dr4 ,j4 ,/r5tzel,m>t9ez #ahhj,:ite #aj4j 4#ecgj 8 8 8 8 8 8 ,r$ #h4e 4#edjj 8 fully 8 8 8 8 ,:ite #ab4h 4#cdij 8 8 8 8 8 8 ,r$ #ac4c 4#ccjj 8 ,george ,we/ ,/ockton #ahha,:ite #aa4i 4#ffij 8 8 8 8 ,r$ #ab4f 4#eeij 8 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,husman ,napa 8 8 ,:ite #ac4j 4#dbig 8 ,i4 ,de ,turk ,santa ,rosa #ahhj 8 #aa4i 4#cijj 8 8 8 #ahha 8 #ac4a 4#dejj 8 ,*as4 ,lefranc ,san ,jose 8 ,r$ #ab4j 4#dbde 8 ,j4 ,de,barth ,%orb,san ,gabriel #ahgc,:ite #ae4b 4#gcie 8 8 8 #ahha 8 #ab4d 4#dhig 8 ,i4 ,de ,turk ,santa ,rosa #ahgh 8 #ab4j 4#ecdg ,black ,pr9ce ,george ,we/ ,/ockton #ahha 8 #ad4i 4#gjbj 8 8 8 8 8 ,r$ #ae4b 4#fdej ,malvoisie ,*as4 ,krug ,/4 ,hel5a #ahhj,:ite #af4g 4#dbgj 7,malvasia87 8 8 8 ,r$ #ad4e 4#bdfj 8 ,r4 ,ha/y ,clayton 8 8 #ac4h 444 8 ,g4 ,husman ,napa 8 #ahha,:ite #ad4j 4#dfce 8 8 ,napa 8 8 ,r$ #ac4e 4#edcj 8 ,t4 ,f4 ,eis5 ,fresno #ahgh,:ite #ac4g 4#ffbb 8 8 8 #ahhj 8 #ag4b 4#eaig ,z9f&el ,*as4 ,krug ,/4 ,hel5a 8 8 #ab4f 4#fjjj 8 8 8 8 ,r$ #ab4i 4#cijj 8 ,geo4 ,we/ ,/ockton #ahha,:ite #ad4a 4#dbjj 8 8 8 8 ,r$ #ad4c 4#dcgj 8 ,gundla* ,co4 ,sacram5to 444 8 #aa4i 4#fgej 8 ,i4 ,de ,turk ,santa ,rosa #ahgi 8 #ac4d 4#fdie 8 8 8 #ahha 8 #ac4b 4#fgej 8 ,g4 ,husman ,napa 8 8 8 #ac4b 4#dggg 8 ,i4 ,de ,turk ,santa ,rosa #ahhj 8 #ab4g 4#fijj ,color ,v>iety ,"n ( ,locality4 ,v9- ( ,,av ,,aat ( ,w9e4 ,contributor4 tage4,w9e4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,z9f&el ,b4 ,dreyfus ,co4 ,r$ #ab4d 4#gagj ,*>bono ,g5]al ,naglee ,san ,jose #ahhj,:ite #h4a 4#dgej 8 8 8 8 ,r$ #f4e 4#ddbj 8 ,j4 ,t4 ,doyle ,santa ,cl>a 8 #ab4e 4#dcbj ,co4 8 ,mat>o ,*as4 ,lefranc ,san ,jose #ahhj,:ite #ad4a 4#dbde 8 8 8 8 ,r$ #ab4d 4#ebej ,gr5a*e 8 8 #ahgf 8 #aa4f 4#gibj 8 8 8 #ahha 8 #ab4e 4#cdej ,cali=nia 8 8 8 #aj4h 4#gejj ,burgundy ,l5oir ,h4 ,w4 ,crabb ,oakville #ahha 8 #aa4a 4#hjgj 8 8 8 8 8 #aa4i 4#eade ,*asselas ,j4 ,gundla* ,sonoma 8 ,:ite #ac4e 4#fccg 8 8 8 8 ,,ws #aa4g 4#fdie 8 ,dresel ,co4 8 ,:ite #ac4e 4#ccge ,rose ,*asselas ,g4 ,husman ,napa 8 #ahha 8 #ab4j 4#cgbj ,gold5 ,*asselas,*as4 ,krug ,/4 ,hel5a 8 ,w_/,s #ab4d 4#eibe ,riesl+ ,dresel ,co4 ,sonoma ,:ite #ab4e 4#fahj 8 ,b4 ,dreyfus ,co4 8 #ab4i 4#fgej 8 ,j4 ,de,barth ,%orb,san ,gabriel #ahhj 8 #ac4f 4#hcbe 8 ,kramp ,bro4 ,diamond 8 8 #ab4f 4#gebb ,spr+s ,blanc ,elba 7,elbl+87,j4,de ,b>? ,%orb,san ,gabriel #ahha 8 #ac4a 4#fhbe ,feh] ,szagos ,g4 ,eis5 ,fresno 8 8 #aj4f 4#efbe 8 8 8 8 ,w_/,s #aj4b 4#ebej ,prolific ,geo4 ,we/ ,/ockton 8 ,:ite #ad4e 4#fgej 8 8 8 8 ,w_/,s #ae4f 4#ecdg ,sauvignon ,v]t,*as4 ,lefranc ,san ,jose #ahge,:ite #ac4c 4#fahg ,burg] ,*as4 ,krug ,/4 ,hel5a #ahhj 8 #i4j 4#efbj 8 8 8 8 ,w_/,s #i4b 4#ebej 8 ,r4 ,ha/y ,clayton 8 ,:ite #aa4e 444 ,elvira ,h4 ,w4 ,crabb ,oakville #ahha 8 #aa4i 4#eade 8 ,kramp ,bro4 ,diamond #ahhj 8 #ad4a 4#edge ,spr+s ,color ,v>iety ,"n ( ,locality4 ,v9- ( ,,av ,,aat ( ,w9e4 ,contributor4 tage4,w9e4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,malaga ,t4 ,f4 ,eis5 ,fresno #ahgg,:ite #ad4f 4#febe 8 8 8 #ahha 8 #ag4i 4#bage ,madeira ,b4 ,dreyfus ,co4 8 8 #ah4b 444 ,muscat ,i4 ,de ,turk ,santa ,rosa 8 8 #aa4e 4#egge 8 ,t4 ,f4 ,eis5 ,fresno #ahgf 8 #af4g 4#ecbe 8 8 8 #ahha 8 #ag4b 4#bbej ,port1 ,z9f&el 8 8 8 ,r$ #ah4d 4#cdej 8 8 8 8 #ahgh 8 #ba4j 4#dieg ,port ,j4 ,de,parth ,%orb,san ,gabriel #ahge 8 #bb4a 4#cebe 8 8 8 #ahha 8 #bb4i 4#bjdh ,port1 ,ti5turi],t4 ,f4 ,eis5 ,fresno 8 8 #ah4h 4#cige ,angelica ,j4 ,de,barth ,%orb,san ,gabriel #ahge,:ite #ah4c 4#chbe 8 8 8 #ahha 8 #ba4h 4#addh ,%]ry 7,feh] ,szagos7,t4 ,f4 ,eis5 ,fresno #ahgg 8 #ah4h 4#cfjj 8 8 dry 8 8 #ahgh 8 #af4a 4#eeej ,,av p] c5t4 alcohol by volume4 ,,aat ,acid ,z ,t>t>ic4 ,w_/,s ,) ,sk9s ,:]e ! "n ( ! locality is foll[$ by 7871 x 0 omitt$ f ! report4 ,av]ages4--,9 ?irte5 ,mission w9es3 ,alcohol--maximum1 #ae4b2 m9imum1 #h4e2 av]age1 #ab4b4 ,acid--maximum1 4#gcie2 m9imum1 4#ccjj2 av]age1 4#diee4 ,9 sev5 ,malvoisie w9es3 ,alcohol--maximum1 #ag4b2 m9imum1 #ac4e2 av]age1 #ad4gg4 ,acid 9 six--maximum1 4#ffbb2 m9imum1 4#bdfj2 av]age1 4#dgfi4 ,9 t5 ,z9f&el w9es3 ,alcohol--maximum1 #ad4c2 m9imum1 #aa4i2 av]age1 #ac4jg4 ,acid--maximum1 4#gagj2 m9imum1 4#cijj2 av]age1 4#egca4 ,9 f\r ,riesl+ w9es3 ,alcohol--maximum1 #ac4f2 m9imum1 #ab4e2 av]age1 #ab4f4 ,acid--maximum1 4#hcbe2 m9imum1 4#fahj2 av]age1 4#gaid4 ,9 f\r ,port w9es1 includ+ two ,z9f&el3 ,alcohol--maximum1 #bb4i2 m9imum1 #ah4d2 av]age1 #ba4a4 ,acid--maximum1 4#djeg2 m9imum1 4#bjdh2 av]age1 4#cbgj4 ,,index4 ,page4 ,acetic acid1 #aid f]m5tation1 #cj ,acid 9 ,cali=nia w9es1 x1 #bbj 9 ,european w9es1 xii increas$ by /ems1 #bj 9 w9e1 x1 xi1 xii1 #aic1 #bbj see acetic1 c>bonic1 citric1 t>t>ic1 malic1 pectic1 tannic1 salicylic1 lactic1 val]ic1 succ9ic & pla/]+4 ,acidity1 disease1 see s\rness4 9 casks1 #fe ,acquir$ defects & diseases1 #acg ,acrity1 #adi 9 bottles1 #afg ,adju/able hoop1 see ut5sils4 ,a]at+ mu/1 #bc /irr+ pomace1 #db see tread+1 air1 influ5ce (4 port w9e1 #aab ,age1 effect on w9e1 #ea1 #eb ,ag+ w9e--effect ( v>i\s influ5ces1 #gf g5]al consid]ations1 #gf requisite to make agreeable & heal?ful1 #gf c>e to age & pres]ve1 #gf new w9e1 #gf diff]5t w9es require diff]5t p]iods1 #gf developm5t ( b\quet & flavor1 #gf old w9e1 *>act]i/ics (1 #gf color1 aroma & flavor1 #gg influ5ces :i* develop1 also de/roy1 #gg influ5ces on weak w9e & /rong w9e1 #gg influ5ce ( ! air1 see a]at+1 #gg v>iations ( temp]ature1 #gh influ5ce ( heat1 #gh ag+ by heat1 #gi pres]v+ by heat1 #hj influ5ce ( cold & froz5 w9es1 #ha influ5ce ( light1 #hb ag+ by sunlight1 insolation1 #hb effect ( motion & voyages1 #hb-hd w9es suitable = %ipm5t1 #hb ag+ by f9+1 #hd g5]ally1 #hd f9e be=e ag+1 #hd :at w9es ga9 ! mo/ by ! processes1 #he heat+ ,madi]a1 #aac see casks1 size ( ,air1 influ5ce (1 #gg see port1 a]at+ ,album51 see f9+4 ,alcohol 9 ,cali=nia w9es1 ix1 x1 #bbj 9 ,european w9es1 xii relation to sug>1 #aa1 #bh1 #cd requir$ 9 dry w9e1 #aa to keep w9e sweet1 #eh1 #ei1 #ajf1 #ajg 9 ag+ by heat1 #hj requir$ 9 ag+ by sunlight1 #hb = %ipp+ w9es1 #hb by weight & by volume1 #cc burn+ to arre/ f]m5tation1 #gd lo/ by evaporation1 #aab natural 9 sweet w9es1 #aje add+ 9 f9+1 #ajb to sweet w9es1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajg to port1 #aaa1 #aab to %]ry1 #aag1 #abc to ,madeira1 #aad see rules4 am\nt 9 port1 #aab 9 ,madeira1 #aae 9 %]ry1 #abc e/imation (1 #ahg limits by f]m5tation1 #cf ,alcoholic weakness1 #acc f]m5tation1 see f]m5tation4 ,aldehyde1 #cj ,almonds1 bitt]1 see b\quet1 artificial ,analysis ( dry lees1 #agf ,areomet]1 #g ,aroma1 see b\quet4 ,arre/+ f]m5tation1 #gb see sulphur+1 sulphur\s acid by burn+ alcohol1 #gd aque\s sulphur\s acid1 #gd bisulphite ( lime1 #gd salicylic acid1 #ge ,arrope1 #aai ,artificial mu/1 #ad ,ball+'s sac*>omet]1 #g1 #h1 #i ,b>rels1 see casks4 ,b>rel flavor1 #ade ,basket1 decant+1 #afi bottle1 #bje ,ba/>do grape1 see port4 ,ba/o1 see %]ry4 ,baum's sac*>omet]1 #g1 #h ,b9s = bottles1 #afd ,bisulphite ( lime1 #gd ,bit>trate ( pota%1 see cream ( t>t> ,bitt] almonds1 see b\quet1 artificial4 ,bitt]ness1 #aca1 #adi 9 bottles1 #afg ,bl5d+1 see cutt+4 %]ry1 #abb ,blood1 see f9+4 ,blott+ pap]1 see f9+4 ,blui% w9es1 #acd ,boil+ mu/1 #ajf ,bor]s ( casks1 #ff ,bottles1 w9e 91 bottl+1 etc41 see w9e 9 bottles4 wa%]1 dra9]s1 #aef pil+1 #afc racks & b9s1 #afd baskets1 #bje ,b\quet1 %ort vatt+ promotes1 #dd developm5t (1 by age1 #gf1 #gg h[ lo/1 #gg g5]ally1 #aid artificial1 #aid sub/ances us$1 #aif iris1 #aif /rawb]ry1 #aig gillyfl[]1 /ock gilly1 #aig v9e fl[]s1 #aih mignonette1 #aih nutmeg1 #aih bitt] almonds & fruit pits1 #aih sassafras1 #aih o!r aromas1 #aii effects1 #aii ,br&y1 %ipm5ts ( ,cali=nia1 vi casks1 empty1 #ff casks =1 #ff ,bung turn$ to "o side1 #ea1 #ec screw1 #aeh ,butyric f]m5tation1 #bi ,cali=nia1 prices ( grapes1 vi exports ( w9e & br&y1 vi product ( w9e1 vi w9es1 alcohol & acid 91 ix1 x1 #bbj w9es comp>$1 ix1 x1 #bbj mu/s1 viii ,capsules & capsul+1 #afb ,c>bonic acid produc$ by f]m5tation1 #cd 9 w9e1 #aic ,c>bon dioxide1 see c>bonic acid4 ,casks1 #fa r$wood1 #fa oak1 diff]5t k9ds1 pr9ciples conta9$ 91 #fa temp] ) new w9e1 #fa /or+1 #fa sulphur$ be=e /or+1 #fb new1 prep>+1 wa%+1 #fb old1 wa%+1 #fc to remove lees1 r9s+ *a91 #fc to exam9e inside1 visitor1 #fc wa% empty ones at once1 #fd d n leave 9 ! sun1 #fd exam9e to asc]ta9 condition1 #fd leaky1 to expel bad air1 #fd flatness 91 acidity 91 m\ldy1 #fe rott5ness1 #ff br&y1 d n sulphur1 #ff = br&y1 #ff oil casks1 #ff :i* h conta9$ aromatic liquors1 #ff bor]s1 #ff size (1 #fg see diff]5t w9es4 l>ge1 pref]able1 #fg :y sulphur$1 #fi h[ sulphur$1 #gj caution 9 sulphur+1 #ga fill+ f vats1 #de ( new w9e loosely clos$1 #dh mu/ be kept full1 #dh bung to "o side1 old w9e1 #ea1 #ec = :ite w9e1 #ee small = sweet1 l>ge = dry1 #ee fill+ dur+ f]m5tation ( :ite1 #ee see fro?1 rack+4 flavor1 #ade h[ long w9e to rema9 91 #aed support+ & arrang+1 #hi implem5ts = tipp+1 #ie ,cell>s1 #hg temp]ature1 #hg dampness1 floors1 #hh v5tilation1 evaporation1 #hh o!r precautions1 #hi support+ & arrang+ casks1 #hi = port1 #aab = %]ry1 #aah ut5sils1 #bjd ,cem5t = corks1 see wax4 ,c5tres1 see :ite w9e4 ,*a9 = wa%+ casks1 #fc ,*>coal to remove sulphur flavor1 #gd deprives w9e ( color & c>bonic acid1 #gd ,citric acid1 #aic ,cl>ification1 cl>ify+ p[d]s1 see f9+4 ,cleanl9ess ab\t w9e mak+1 #id1 #bjc ,climate ( %]ry di/ricts1 #aae ,coal1 see *>coal4 ,cold1 influ5ce ( on w9e1 #ha ,color1 increas$ by long vatt+1 #dd d>k1 n necess>y to f9e w9es1 #dd precipitat$ by sulphur1 #ga by blood1 #aja remov$ by *>coal1 #gd *ang$ by age1 #gg affect$ by light1 #hb heat & motion1 #hc weak5$ by f9+1 #ii want (1 #acd dull1 blui%1 lead-color$ w9es1 #acd see port1 tawny4 w9e1 see %]ry4 ,color+ matt] 9 r$ w9e1 #ci ,composition ( w9e1 #ahe cream ( t>t>1 #ahe n compos$ ( alcohol & wat] alone1 #ahe alcohol1 acid1 & sug> g5]ally1 #ahe table ( sub/ances recogniz$1 #ahf alcohol & e/imation (1 #ahg /ills = & op]ation1 #ahg monitor /ill1 #aij e!rs1 #aij sug> & e/imation1 #aij mannite1 #aia mucilage & mell[ness1 #aia pectose1 pect91 #aib ,composition ( w9e1 #ahe fatty matt]s1 #aib glyc]91 #aib color+ matt]1 nocyan9e1 #aib aldehydes1 #aib acids1 #aic t>t>ic1 #aic malic1 #aic citric1 #aic pectic1 #aic tannic1 #aic c>bonic1 #aic acetic1 #aid lactic1 #aid butyric1 #aid val]ic1 #aid succ9ic1 #aid total1 #aid b\quet1 natural & artificial1 #aid ,copp] affect$ by w9e1 #bjb ,corks1 #aeh prep>ation (1 #afj seal+ =1 #afa ut5sils to remove1 see ut5sils4 ,cork+ ma*9es1 cork+1 #aei1 #afj ,corkscrews1 #afi ,cream ( t>t>1 see pla/]+1 lees1 composition ( w9e1 f9+4 ,cru%+ & me?ods (1 #bb a]at+ mu/ by1 #bc ,cru%+ & /emm+1 rapidity1 #bd special practice 9 ! ,mdoc1 #bd effect (1 #bd dry grapes1 #ajh ,cru%]s1 #bc ,cutt+ w9es1 #aga mo/ ,fr5* w9es mix$1 #aga :5 necess>y1 effect1 #aga ti! w9es1 s+ul> case1 #aga no precise rules1 #aga mix w9es ( same nature1 #agc f9e w9es1 #agc ord9>y w9es1 #agd "t mu/ be all[$1 #agd quantity to mix1 #agd mix+ new & old w9es1 #agd gre5 w9e1 #agd :ite & r$ w9e1 #age diseas$ w9es1 #abe1 #abf1 #age mix+ grapes1 #age precaution1 #age ,dampness1 see cell>s4 ,decant+ w9e f bottles1 #ahh basket1 #afi in/rum5t1 #afi ,decomposition ( w9e1 see diseases4 ,defects & diseases1 #abe division1 g5]al consid]ations1 #abe bett] avoid$ ?an cur$1 #abe n always cur$ by mix+1 #abf doses 9 treat+1 #abf natural defects1 #abf e>?y flavor & causes1 #abf h[ prev5t$1 treatm5t1 #abg wild ta/e1 grassy flavor1 #abh gre5ness & causes1 #abh h[ prev5t$1 treatm5t1 #abi r\ghness1 #acj n a fault1 disappe>s 9 "t1 #acj to avoid excess ( tann91 #acj h[ remov$1 #aca bitt]ness & causes 9 new w9e1 #aca h[ prev5t$1 treatm5t1 #aca /em flavor1 #aca s\rness & causes1 #acb h[ prev5t$1 treatm5t1 #acb alcoholic weakness1 #acc h[ avoid$1 treatm5t1 #acc want ( color & causes1 #acd h[ gu>d$ aga9/1 treatm5t1 #acd dull1 blui%1 lead-color$ w9e1 flavor ( lees1 & causes1 #acd h[ avoid$1 treatm5t1 #ace putrid decomposition & causes1 #acf h[ avoid$1 treatm5t1 #acg sev]al natural defects comb9$1 #acg acquir$ defects & diseases1 #acg flat w9es1 fl[]s1 & causes1 #acg prev5tion1 #ach treatm5t1 #aci s\rness1 acidity1 prick$ w9e & causes1 #adj :at w9es liable to1 #adj h[ prev5t$1 treatm5t1 #ada prick$ w9e1 exp]im5ts ) sub/ances 9 treat+1 #adb ,ma*>d's treatm5t1 #add o!r me?ods1 #add cask flavor1 b>rel flavor1 & causes1 #ade treatm5t1 #adf m\ldy flavor1 #adg prev5tion1 treatm5t1 #adg =eign flavors1 #adg rop9ess1 causes & treatm5t1 #adh 9 bottl$ w9es1 #adh1 #afg o!r treatm5t1 #adh acrity & treatm5t1 #adi 9 bottles1 #afg bitt]ness1 #adi treatm5t1 #aej accord+ to ,maum51 #aej 9 bottles1 #afg f]m5tation1 ta/e ( ! lees1 yea/y flavor1 #aea h[ prev5t$1 treatm5t1 #aeb 9 bottles1 #afe deg5]ation1 putrid f]m5tation1 #hg1 #aeb 9 bottles1 #afg duration ( diff]5t w9es1 #aeb treatm5t1 #aec deposits & turbidity 9 bottles1 #aff ,deg5]ation ( w9es1 #hg1 #aeb see diseases4 ,d5sity ( sweet w9es1 #ajg mu/s1 see mu/s1 diff]5t w9es1 sug>4 ,deposits1 see diseases1 lees1 w9e 9 bottles4 ,diseases & defects1 #abe ,dra9]s = bottles1 #aef ,draw+ (f1 see rack+4 f vats1 #dc1 #dd1 #de ,dry grapes1 cru%+1 #ajh w9es1 see :ite1 r$1 treatm5t casks =1 #ee ,dull-color$ w9e1 #acd ,duration ( diff]5t w9es1 #aeb ( f]m5tation1 see f]m5tation1 diff]5t w9es4 ,e>?y flavor1 #abf ,e*aud1 #aea ,eff]vesc5t w9es n to be sulphur$1 #ga ,eggs1 see f9+4 ,empty casks1 see casks4 ,e/ufa1 see ,madeira1 heat+ h\se4 ,e!rs1 #aij ,european w9es1 alcohol & acid 91 xii ,evaporation ( w9e 9 cell>s1 #hh weak5s w9e1 #aab see casks1 size (4 ,ev5t1 v5t1 see flatness4 ,exports ( ,cali=nia ,w9e & br&y1 vi ,exportation1 see %ipp+4 ,fatty matt]s 9 w9e1 #aib ,f]m5ts1 orig9 (1 #ca de/roy$ by heat1 #ha see yea/1 sac*>omyces4 ,f]m5tation1 its causes1 #be k9ds (1 #be alcoholic g5]ally1 #be yea/ plant1 sac*>omyces c]evisi1 #be functions ( yea/1 #bf normal conditions ( ! life (1 #bf surface & s$im5t>y1 #bf physical conditions1 temp]ature1 #bg *emical conditions1 #bg action ( v>i\s *emical & physical ag5ts1 #bh visc\s or mannitic1 #bi lactic1 #bi butyric & putrefactive1 #bi1 #acf1 #aeb1 #afg acetic1 aldehyde1 #cj mycod]ma aceti1 "m ( v9eg>1 #cj mycod]ma v9i1 fl[]s ( w9e1 #ca orig9 ( f]m5ts1 #ca alcoholic1 9 w9e mak+1 #cb sug>1 cane1 grape or glucose1 #cb alcohol by weight & by volume1 #cc its products1 p] c5t4 sug> to p] c5t4 alcohol1 #cd diff]5t au?ors1 #cd limits ( sug> & _s1 #cf temp]ature1 #cg surr\nd+ vats ) /raw1 #cg f]m5t+ h\ses1 #ch duration ( 9 r$ w9e1 #dd 9 :ite w9e1 #ic ins5sible1 #dg1 #dh arre/+1 see sulphur+1 arre/+4 by burn+ alcohol1 #gd aque\s solution ( sulphur\s acid1 #gd bisulphite ( lime1 #gd salicylic acid1 #ge increas$ by /ems1 #bj by op5 vats1 #dj sl[ 9 clos$ vats1 #dj "u pressure & n s complete1 #db disease1 #aea1 #afe 9 bottles1 #afe see :ite w9e1 fill+ casks1 diff]5t w9es1 pla/]+1 effects (4 ,f]m5t+ h\ses1 #ch1 #aji tanks or vats1 #ci1 #da1 #ajh mat]ial1 size1 numb]1 arrangem5t (1 #ci surr\nd+ ) /raw1 #cg fill+1 #ci1 #dj1 #ajh op51 clos$1 #dj be/ practice1 #da h]metically seal$1 cool$ ) cond5s]1 #db practice 9 ! ,mdoc1 #db /irr+ pomace 91 #db1 #ajh draw+ f1 #dc1 #dd ,fill+ vats1 #ci1 #dj casks f vats1 #de dur+ f]m5tation ( :ite w9e1 #ee see fro?1 ull+4 ,filt]+1 see f9+4 ,f9+1 #ii :5 necess>y1 objects (1 #ii be/ avoid$ unless necess>y1 #ia1 #ii caution1 #ii sub/ances employ$1 #ii :i* act me*anically1 blott+ pap]1 f9e s&1 p[d]$ /one1 #ii filtration1 #ii sub/ances :i* act *emically & me*anically1 #ii gelat9\s sub/ances1 #ii gelat9e prop]1 #ajj its prep>ation1 #ajj is+lass1 fi% glue1 i*?yocol1 #ajj its prep>ation1 #ajj add+ cream ( t>t> = :ite w9e1 #ajj album9\s sub/ances1 #aja blood1 milk1 #aja :ite ( eggs1 #aja ! f9+ = r$ w9e1 #aja cl>ify+ p[d]s1 #ajb gum arabic1 #ajb addition ( salt1 #ajb addition ( alcohol1 #ajb addition ( tann91 #ajb me?od ( op]ation1 #ajc implem5ts = /irr+1 #ajc "t necess>y =1 #ajc new w9es1 #ej sweet w9es1 #ajf %]ry1 #abd to age w9e1 #hd be=e ag+1 #hd w9es extract$ f lees1 #agi1 #ahj ,f9+s1 see f9+4 leav+ w9e on1 #ia1 #ajd ,f9o1 see %]ry4 ,fi% ,glue1 see f9+4 ,flatness1 influ5ce ( air1 #gh 9 casks1 #fe ,flat w9e1 #acg ,flavor develop$ by ag+1 #gf1 #gg h[ lo/1 #gg causes ( *ange (1 #gg sulphur1 causes & removal1 #gc =eign1 #adg b>rel1 cask1 #ade %]ry1 madeira1 port1 #bac fruity1 see fruity flavor4 ,fl[]s on w9e1 #ca1 #gg1 #aah1 #acg ,=tifi$ w9es1 see sweet w9es4 ,=tify+1 see alcohol4 rule =1 #bjh ,f\l casks1 #fd ,fr5* w9es g5]ally mix$1 #aga alcohol & acid 91 xii ,fro? 9 fill+ a cask1 #ajd ,froz5 w9e1 #ha ,fruity flavor1 h[ lo/1 #ej1 #eb1 #ii pref]r$ by g\rmets1 #hd ,fruit pits1 see b\quet1 artificial4 ,funnels1 see ut5sils4 ,furm9t w9e1 #ajg ,gallons ( mu/ p] ton ( grapes1 #bjj1 #bja ( w9e p] ton ( grapes1 #bja ( liquid1 weight (1 #bjf ,galvaniz$ iron affect$ by w9e1 #bjc ,gas 9 empty casks1 #fd ,ga!r+ grapes1 maturity1 ut5sils1 #a numb] ( pick]s1 #a1 #ab :5 to comm5ce1 #a "t (1 successive ga!r+1 #b be=e complete maturity1 #d aft] complete maturity1 #e ,gelat9e1 see f9+4 ,g5]al treatm5t ( table w9es1 #hf sweet w9es1 #aje see diff]5t w9es ,gillyfl[]1 see b\quet1 artificial4 ,glass1 mat]ials 91 #aeg ,gleucomet]1 gleuco-nomet]1 #h ,glucose1 mu/1 #f = a gallon ( w9e1 #af co/ ( glucose w9e1 #af effect on ,burgundy1 #ad exp]im5t1 #ag use condemn$1 #ag "n ( us] publi%$1 #ah grape sug>1 g5]ally1 #cb ,glue1 fi%1 see f9+ ,glyc]9e1 produc$ by f]m5tation1 #cd 9 w9e1 #ahf1 #aib ,g\rmets1 w9e pref]r$ by1 #hd ,g\t d'v5t1 see flatness4 de travail1 #aea ,graduat$ measures1 see ut5sils4 ,gr& w9es %\ld n be ag$ artificially1 #hd see diff]5t practices & treatm5t1 r$ w9e1 :ite w9e4 ,grapes1 prices 9 ,cali=nia1 v ,mission1 v pick+1 #a see ga!r+1 maturity4 sort+1 #c tons /emm$ & cru%$ 9 a day1 #bd gallons ( w9e p] ton (1 #bja juice1 see mu/4 p] c5t4 ( /ems 9 diff]5t1 #bja sug>1 #f1 #cb ,grassy flavor1 #abh ,gre5 w9e1 mix+1 #agd ,gre5ness1 #abh ,gum arabic1 see f9+4 ,gypsum1 see pla/]+4 ,head w9es1 see :ite w9es4 ,heat1 influ5ce on w9e1 #gh ag+ by1 #gi pres]v+ by1 #hj de/roys f]m5t g]ms1 #ha see f]m5tation4 ,heat+ ,madeira1 #aac ,hoop1 adju/able1 see ut5sils4 ,h\ses1 f]m5t+1 #ch1 #aji ,hydromet]1 #g1 #h1 #i tables1 see app5dix4 ,hygi5ic effects ( r$ & :ite w9e1 #ed ,i*?yocol1 see f9+4 ,implem5ts1 see ut5sils4 ,influ5ces1 effect ( v>i\s on w9e1 #gf :i* develop1 also de/roy1 #gg ,+r$i5ts 9 w9e1 see composition4 ,ins5sible f]m5tation1 #dg :5 f9i%$1 #dh ,insolation1 see sunlight4 ,iris1 see b\quet1 artificial4 ,iron affect$ by w9e1 #bjb1 #bjc ,is+lass1 see f9+4 ,juice1 grape1 proportion to m>c1 #bjj see mu/4 ,lactic f]m5tation1 #bi acid1 #ahf1 #aid see milk1 f9+4 ,lag>1 see port1 %]ry4 ,lead affect$ by w9e1 #bjb ,lead-color$ w9e1 #acd ,leaky casks1 see casks4 ,lees1 m>c1 piquette1 #agf residues (t5 put 9 ! /ill1 #agf w9e1 #agf %\ld n be neglect$1 #agf quantity ( w9e conta9$ 91 #agf cont5ts ( dry p>ts1 analysis1 #agf composition v>ies1 #agf treatm5t (1 #agg w9e %\ld n be left long 9 contact )1 #agh1 #ahj except sweet1 #ajf casks =1 b>rel+1 #agg sulphur+1 /or+1 ull+1 #agg h[ (t5 to draw w9e f1 #agh f diseas$ w9e1 put by !mselves1 #agh extract+ w9e f ) siphon1 #agh extract+ w9e f ) faucet1 #agi f9+ w9e extract$ f1 #agi w9es f lack color1 difficult to cl>ify1 #ahj r$ w9e f1 to f9e1 #ahj :ite w9e f1 to f9e1 #ahj press+ ?ick s$im5t1 #ahj sacks =1 #aha press =1 #aha apply+ pressure1 #ahb to remove f casks1 #fc use ( dry1 #ahb flavor (1 #acd1 #aea1 #afe see rack+1 f9+1 etc4 m>c or pomace1 piquette1 #ahb unf]m5t$ & p>tly f]m5t$ pomace1 #ahc f]m5t$ m>c1 #ahc ,pezeyre's me?od ( wa%+1 #ahc deposits1 #hf1 #aff ,light1 influ5ce on w9e1 #hb port1 #aab ag+ by1 #hb ,liqueur w9es1 see sweet w9es4 ,liquid1 to asc]ta9 weight (1 #bjf ,lime1 bisulphite1 #gd see diseases4 ,loss by evaporation1 see cell>s1 casks1 size (4 ,madeira1 #aac mak+1 casks1 treatm5t1 #aac add+ alcohol1 #aac heat+1 heat+ h\ses1 #aac g5]al treatm5t1 #aad sol]a sy/em1 ullage1 #aad alcoholic /r5g?1 #aae flavor1 #bac ,malic acid1 #ahf1 #aic ,mannite1 #ahf1 #aia ,mannitic f]m5tation1 #bi ,m>c ( sweet w9e1 use (1 #ajg pass+ w9e ov]1 #aci proportion ( juice to1 #bjj see lees1 m>c1 piquette4 ,mat*es1 sulphur1 #gj ,matt]s 9 w9e1 see composition4 ,maturity ( grapes1 #c signs (1 #d ga!r+ be=e complete1 #d ga!r+ aft] complete1 #e accord+ to requir$ /r5g?1 #e = port1 #ajh ,maturity = %]ry1 #aae ( w9e1 see :ite1 r$ w9e1 ag+4 ,maum5's sulphur]1 #fi ,mell[ness1 h[ lo/1 #eb1 #hd cause (1 #aia see :ite1 r$ w9e4 ,measures1 graduat$1 see ut5sils4 ,metal ut5sils1 wood pref]able1 #bjb affect$ by w9e1 #bjb ,middle w9es1 see :ite w9es1 c5tres4 ,mignonette1 see b\quet1 artificial4 ,milk1 see f9+4 ,miscellane\s *apt]1 #bjj ,mission grape1 v ,mix+ press+s1 #de1 #dg see r$1 :ite1 port4 w9es1 see cutt+4 ,mont1 v91 #aea ,"m ( v9eg>1 #cj ,motion1 effect (1 ag+1 #hb1 #hd %ipp+1 #hc ,m\ldy casks1 #fe flavor1 #adg ,mucilage1 #ahf1 #aia ,muscat1 sweet1 #ajg ,mu/1 composition (1 #f grape sug>1 glucose1 #f scale1 sac*>omet]1 #g1 #h te/+ = sug>1 #h prop] am\nt ( sug>1 #aa1 #ab sug>+1 #ac no?+ ga9$ by1 #ae artificial1 #ad co/ (1 #af glucose1 exp]im5t )1 #ag condemn$1 #ag wat]+1 #ah :5 all[able1 #af a]at+1 #bc1 #dc rule = r$uc+1 #bjf :y sulphur$1 #fi unf]m5t$1 sulphur+1 #gb cl>ify+1 c>e (1 #gb prep>$ 9 two ways1 #gb proportion ( to m>c1 #bjj %ipp+1 #hc ( sweet w9e1 #eg1 #eh1 #aje ( dry :ite w9e1 d5sity1 #ef ( mell[ w9e1 #eg1 #eh ( port1 #ajh boil+1 #aja p] ton ( grapes1 #bja ,cali=nia1 viii ,mu/y1 see m\ldy4 ,mute w9e1 #gb ,mycod]ma aceti1 #cj ,mycod]ma v9i1 #ca see fl[]s4 ,natural defects1 #abf ,new r$ w9e1 treatm5t (1 #dg summ>y ( rules1 #ej :ite w9e1 #eh1 #fj w9e diff]s f old1 #gf influ5ce ( heat1 #gh1 #gi %ipp+1 #hc see rack+1 f9+4 ,nutmeg1 see b\quet1 artificial4 ,oakwood1 see casks1 vats4 ,oe*sle's mu/-scale1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj ,o5ocyan9e1 #aib ,old r$ w9e1 treatm5t1 #ea *>act]i/ics1 #eb1 #gf1 #gg w9e1 influ5ce ( heat1 #gh1 #gi see rack+1 album9\s sub/ances1 f9+4 ,oloroso1 see %]ry4 ,pass+ w9e ov] m>c1 #aci ,p$ro ,jim5es grape1 #aai ,pectic acid1 #aic ,pect91 #aib ,pectose1 #aib ,pse-sirop1 pse m\t1 #g ,pick+ grapes1 #a see ga!r+4 ,pil+ bottles1 #afc ,piquette1 see lees1 m>c1 piquette4 ,pit*]s1 see ut5sils4 ,pla/]+1 #bjh common 9 ,spa9 & ,s\? ( ,france1 #bjh objects1 #bji *emical effects1 #bji effects on heal?1 #baj report ( committee at ,montpelli]1 #baj ( conseil des armes1 #baa in/ructions ( ,fr5* ,m9i/] ( ju/ice1 #baa %]ry & quantity add$1 #aae1 #bab *emical reaction1 #bac by add+ wat]1 #bac ,pomace1 p] c5t4 9 diff]5t grapes1 #bjj1 #bja see lees1 m>c1 piquette4 /irr+ 9 vat1 #db ,port w9e1 #ajh mu/1 f]m5tation1 maturity ( grapes1 #ajh fill+ lag>1 /irr+1 draw+ (f1 sort+ grapes1 #ajh tread+1 #aji ,vizitelli's description1 #aji add+ alcohol1 #aaa1 #aab /or+1 rack+1 #aaa /oreh\ses1 #aab mix+1 #aab loses color 9 wood1 #aab alcoholic /r5g? (1 #aab becomes weak] by evaporation1 #aab flavor1 #bac ,p\sse1 #aea ,p[d]$ /one1 see f9+4 ,p[d]s1 cl>ify+1 see f9+4 ,pres]v+ by heat1 #hj ,press+ & press w9e1 r$1 #dg :ite w9e1 #ef sweet w9e1 #ajg s$im5t1 #ahj see diff]5t w9es4 ,press+s1 mix+1 diff]5t1 #df1 #dg ,presses1 w9e1 #df = lees1 #aha ,prices ( grapes 9 ,cali=nia1 v ,prick$ w9e1 #adj ,proportion ( juice to m>c1 #bjj w9e to grapes1 #bja ,pumps1 #ig1 #ih h&1 see ut5sils4 ,putrefaction1 putrid f]m5tation1 decomposition1 #bi1 #hg1 #acf1 #aeb1 #afg ,queues1 see :ite w9e4 ,rack+1 objects (1 #ia fir/ "t1 #ia1 #ib leav+ w9e on f9+s1 #ia rules =1 #ia1 #ib new r$ w9es1 #ej1 #ib be=e %ipp+1 #ej old r$ w9e1 #ea1 #ec1 #ic new :ite w9e1 #ic subsequ5t rack+s1 #fj1 #ic c>e to be obs]v$1 o!r precautions1 #id lees mu/ n be di/urb$1 #id diff]5t me?ods1 #ie by bucket & funnel1 #ie implem5ts = tipp+ cask1 #ie )\t contact ) air1 #ig pumps & siphons1 #ig see diff]5t w9es4 ,racks = bottles1 #afd ,rancio flavor caus$ by heat1 #hj 9 bottles1 #afg ,r$ w9e1 #ci color+ matt]1 #ci f]m5t+ tanks1 or vats1 fill+ same1 #ci op5 vats1 clos$ vats1 #dj be/ practice1 #da h]metically seal$ vats1 #db practice 9 ! ,mdoc1 #db /irr+ pomace 9 vat1 #db s\r+ ( ! cru/1 #dc :5 to draw f vats1 #dc duration ( f]m5tation1 #dd objections to long vatt+1 f9e w9es1 #dd h[ to "k :5 to draw f vats1 #de me?od ( draw+ f vats1 fill+ casks1 #de w9e presses1 #df press+ & press w9e1 #dg practice = f9e w9es1 #dg treatm5t ( new1 #dg ins5sible f]m5tation1 #dg /or+ new1 #dh ta/+1 fill+ up or ull+1 #dh summ>y ( rules = treatm5t (1 #ej ( old1 #ea *>act]i/ics ( age1 #ea1 #eb gr& & common *>act]i/ics1 #eb h[ soon bright1 #eb summ>y ( rules =1 #ec hygi5ic effects (1 #ed h[ diff]s f :ite1 #ed %\ld be sp>+ly sulphur$1 #ga f9+1 see gelat9e1 #ajj see blood1 milk1 :ite ( eggs1 #aja r$ w9e extract$ f lees1 #ahj put 9 color$ bottles1 #aeg ) e>?y flavor1 #abh see rack+1 f9+1 etc4 ,r$uc+ mu/ & w9e1 see rules4 ,r$wood1 see casks1 vats4 ,r9s+ *a9 = casks1 #fc ,rip5ess1 signs (1 #d see maturity4 ,rop9ess1 visc\s f]m5tation1 #bi1 #adh1 #afg ,ropy w9es %\ld n be sulphur$1 #ga ,rott5 casks1 #ff ,r\ghness1 #acj improv$ by ag+1 #he ,rules to asc]ta9 weight ( liquid1 #bjf = r$uc+ mu/1 #bjf = sug>+ mu/1 #bjf = =tify+ & r$uc+ w9e1 #bjg to r$uce ) wat]1 #bjg weak] w9e1 #bjh to =tify ) /rong] w9e or alcohol1 #bjh ,sac*>omet]1 #g1 #h ,sac*>omyces c]evuisi1 #be conditions ( life1 #bf action ( *emical & physical ag5ts1 #bh de/roy$ by heat & alcohol1 #ha ,sacks = press+ lees1 #aha ,salt 9 cl>ify+1 see f9+4 ,salicylic acid1 #ge ,s&1 see f9+4 ,sassafras1 see b\quet artificial4 ,seal+ wax = casks1 #afa to remove1 #afb ,sea voyage1 effect (1 see ag+4 ,se$s %\ld n be brok5 9 cru%+1 #bc tann9 f1 #ajc yield fatty matt]s1 #aib ,settl+ & skimm+ mu/ = :ite w9e1 #ge ,%]ry1 #aae climate1 v9tage1 cru%+ gypsum1 #aae press+1 #aaf /emm+1 f]m5t+1 rack+1 #aag =tify+1 #aag1 #abc casks 9 ullage & op51 #aag a ne>ly dry w9e1 #aah bodegas or /oreh\ses1 #aah season$ casks alone us$1 #aah *anges 9 ! w9e1 #aah f9o1 oloroso1 ba/o1 #aah fl[]s1 #aah v9o dulce1 or sweet w9e1 & prep>ation1 #aai v9o de color1 or color w9e1 & prep>ation1 arrope1 #aai mature w9e1 #abj sol]a sy/em1 #abj e/abli%+ a sol]a1 #abj /&>d sol]as1 #aba draw+ ! w9e1 #abb bl5d+ = %ipm5t1 #abb =mulas1 f9+1 #abc influ5ce ( air1 #gh flavor1 #bac ,%ipm5ts ( w9e & br&y f ,cali=nia1 vi ,%ipp+1 rack be=e1 #ej1 #ajf w9e suitable =1 #ab1 #hb new w9e or mu/1 #hc ,%ot1 d n clean bottles )1 #aef ,siphons1 #ig ( glass1 #agh to clean1 #ie ,skimm+ & settl+ mu/ 7:ite w9e71 #ee ,smoo?ness increas$ by pressure1 #db ,sol]a1 see %]ry4 ,sort+ grapes1 #c1 #ajh = gr& :ite w9es1 #eg ,s\r casks1 #fe ,s\rness1 #acb1 #adj ,_s1 see alcohol1 see tables 9 app5dix4 ,/ems1 effect on f]m5tation1 #bj h[ to remove1 #bb :5 to f]m5t )1 #bj1 #ba increase tann91 #bj1 #ba :5 to remove1 #bj1 #ba effect ( too long contact1 #ba flavor1 #ba1 #dd1 #aca p] c5t4 9 diff]5t grapes1 #bja ,/emm]s1 #ba ,/emm+1 div]sity ( op9ion1 #bj effect (1 #bj prop] practice1 #bj see %]ry1 #aag & cru%+1 #bj rapidity ( op]ation1 #bd special practice1 #bd ,/ills1 assay1 #ahg1 #aij ,/irr+ implem5ts1 f9+1 #ajc pomace1 see a]at+1 tread+1 vats1 port4 ,/ockgilly1 see b\quet1 artificial4 ,/one1 p[d]$1 see f9+4 ,/or+ casks1 #fa w9e1 see diff]5t w9es1 cell>s4 casks =1 #fg ,/raw w9es1 #ajh ,/rawb]ry1 see b\quet artificial4 ,sub/ances 9 w9e1 see composition4 ,succ9ic acid1 #cd1 #aid ,sug>1 grape1 #f te/+ = 9 mu/1 #h 9 w9e1 #aij correction = temp]ature1 #aj & alcohol1 #aa1 #cd 9 mu/ ( dry w9es1 #aa1 #ab1 #ef sweet w9es1 #eg1 #aje weight ( = a p\nd ( alcohol1 #af = a gallon ( w9e1 #af cry/aliz$1 purity (1 #af & glucose g5]ally1 #cb limits ( 9 f]m5tation1 #cf necess>y to gr[? ( yea/1 #bg n all conv]t$ by fir/ f]m5tation1 #de to increase 9 grapes1 #aje 9 mu/1 to r$uce1 rules1 #bjf see mu/1 tables 9 app5dix4 ,sug>+ & wat]+ mu/1 #ac c>ri$ too f>1 #ac effect on burgundy1 #ad artificial mu/1 #ad no?+ ga9$ by sug>+1 #ae co/ ( glucose w9e1 #af exp]im5t ) glucose1 #ag glucose condemn$1 #ag rule = sug>+1 #bjf wat]+1 #ah rule =1 #bjg ,sulphur mat*es or b&s1 h[ made1 #gj flavor1 h[ caus$1 #gc h[ remov$1 #gd ,sulphur] or sulphur burn]1 #fi ,sulphur+ casks1 #fb1 #fi1 #gj caution1 #ga p>tly empty1 #gc w9e1 #fi1 #ga :5 to avoid1 #ga f lees1 #agg mu/1 #fi1 #gb :ite w9e to arre/ f]m5tation1 #fi1 #gb ,sulphur\s acid1 #fi arre/s f]m5tation 9 two ways1 #fi aque\s solution (1 #gd see acetic f]m5tation1 #ca ,sunlight1 influ5ce on w9e1 #hb ag+ by1 #hb ,sweet1 =tifi$1 liqueur w9es1 #aje def9$1 #aje sweetness ( mu/ =1 #eg1 #aje natural alcohol 91 #aje increas+ sug> 9 grapes1 #aje )\t f]m5tation1 #aje c>e requir$1 #aje alcohol necess>y to keep1 #aje f9+1 rack be=e %ipp+1 #ajf boil+ mu/1 #ajf to be kept on lees1 #ajf sweet muscat1 #ajg press+1 #ajg m>c1 use (1 #ajg alcohol1 am\nt to add1 #ajg d5sity (1 #ajg ,furm9t w9e1 #ajg /raw w9es1 #ajh %\ld n be sulphur$1 #ga influ5ce ( heat1 ag+1 #gi1 #hj ( sunlight1 #hb casks =1 #ee see air1 influ5ce (1 heat1 influ5ce (1 r$ w9e1 :ite w9e1 port1 ,madeira1 %]ry4 ,table w9es1 see treatm5t4 ( sub/ances 9 w9e1 #ahf ( sug>1 d5sity1 alcohol1 hydromet]s1 see app5dix4 ,tail w9es1 see :ite w9es4 ,tanks1 see f]m5t+ tanks4 ,tann9 increas$ by /ems1 #bj1 #ba h[ to "k if suffici5t1 #ba excess (1 h[ avoid$ #acj h[ remov$1 #ajj1 #aca :5 add$ 9 f9+1 #ajb tannic acid1 #ajb1 #aic use & proportions1 #ajb f ! v9e pref]r$1 #ajc h[ prep>$ f se$s1 #ajc f /ems1 #ajc tannifi$ w9e1 #ajc soak+ se$s 9 w9e1 #ajc ,t>1 v91 #aea ,t>t>ic acid1 #aic see w9e1 ,cali=nia1 ,european1 acid 94 ,ta/]s1 see ut5sils4 ,tawny color by age1 #gg see old w9e4 flavor by heat1 #hj 9 bottles1 #afg ,temp]ature1 correction = 9 sug> te/+1 #aj effect on yea/1 #bg1 #ha 9 f]m5tation1 #cg v>iation (1 ag+1 #gh see heat1 cell>s1 hydromet]s4 ,te/+ = sug> 9 mu/1 #h 9 w9e1 #aij ,ttes1 see :ite w9es4 ,t91 affect$ by w9e1 #bjc ,tipp+ casks1 implem5ts =1 #ie ,ti! w9es1 see cutt+4 ,t\rn1 v91 #aea ,travail1 gt de1 #aea ,tread+ 9 vat1 #db1 #aji cru%+1 #bb1 #aji1 #aac1 #aaf a]at+ mu/1 #bc1 #dc ,treatm5t1 g5]al1 ( table w9es1 #hf sweet w9es1 #aje deposits1 lees1 #hf deg5]ation1 #hf ( ,madeira1 #aac ( w9e 9 bottles1 #afe see diff]5t w9es1 cell>s1 rack+1 f9+1 ag+1 etc4 ,tubes to clean1 #ie ,tuns1 see casks1 cell>s4 ,turbidity 9 bottles1 #aff see lees1 deposits1 etc4 ,ull+ ! casks1 #dh ut5sils =1 #di ,unf]m5t$ mu/1 #gb cl>ify+1 c>e (1 #gc ,un=tifi$ w9es1 see treatm5t4 ,ut5sils1 wood5 or metal1 #bjb effect ( w9e on metals1 #bjb cleanl9ess necess>y1 #bjc diff]5t cell>1 #bjd1 #bje pit*]s ( t9 & wood1 #bjd wood5 vessels1 #bjd wood5 funnels1 #bjd adju/able hoop1 #bjd bottle baskets1 #bje graduat$ measures1 #bje t9 ta/]s1 #bje h& pump1 #bje = remov+ corks1 #bje = /irr+1 f9+1 #ajc = ull+1 #di bung screw1 #aeh bottle wa%]1 #aef bottle dra9]s1 #aef res]voir = fill+ bottles1 #aeg cork+ ma*9es1 ne$les1 #aei1 #afj to remove wax1 #afb capsul]1 #afb bottle racks & b9s1 #afd decant+ basket1 #afi in/rum5t1 #afi corkscrews1 #afi presses1 w9e1 #df lees1 #aha sacks = press+ lees1 #aha = tipp+ a cask1 #ie r9s+ *a91 #fc visitor to exam9e casks1 #fc cru%]s1 #bc = rack+1 #ie1 #if1 #ig = pick+ grapes1 #a ,v>iations ( temp]ature1 ag+1 #gh ,val]ic acid1 #aid ,vats1 see f]m5t+ vats4 ,vatt+1 long1 effects (1 #dd ,v5tilation1 see cell>s1 #hh ,vessels1 see ut5sils4 ,v9e fl[]s1 see b\quet1 artificial4 ,v9 de liqueur1 see sweet w9es4 mont1 t>1 t\rn1 #aea dulce1 see %]ry4 ,v9eg>1 "m (1 #cj see acetic acid1 acetic f]m5tation4 ,v9ey>ds1 acreage ( 9 ,cali=nia1 vi ,v9ification1 ess5tials ! same ev]y:]e1 vii ,v9\s f]m5tation1 see alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,visc\s f]m5tation1 #bi ,visitor to exam9e casks1 #fc ,voyage1 effect on w9e1 see ag+4 ,wat]1 necess>y to gr[? ( yea/1 #bg ,wat]+ mu/1 #ah :5 all[able1 #ai rule =1 #bjf w9e1 rule =1 #bjg ,wax = seal+ corks1 #afa h[ remov$1 #afb ,weakness 9 alcohol1 #acc ,weight ( a liquid1 to asc]ta91 #bjf ,:ip = /irr+1 #ajc ,:ite ( eggs1 see f9+4 ,:ite w9e1 #ed f r$ & :ite grapes1 #ed h[ diff]s f r$1 #ed hygi5ic effects1 #ed process ( mak+1 #ee settl+ & skimm+1 #ee to keep sweet1 #ee to make dry1 #ee b>rels =1 #ee fill+ b>rels dur+ f]m5tation1 #ee press+ & fill+ casks1 #ef diff]5t k9ds (1 #ef dry :ite w9es1 #ef mell[ :ite w9es1 #ef sweet :ite w9es1 see sweet w9es4 #eg gr& :ite w9es1 #eg rip5+ ! grapes1 p\rris1 #eg ttes1 c5tres1 queues1 head1 middle1 tail1 #eg treatm5t (1 #eh d5sity ( mu/ to keep sweet1 #eh dry w9es1 #ei mell[ w9es1 #ei summ>y ( rules1 rack+1 #fj sulphur$ to keep f turn+ yell[1 #fi1 #ga blea*$ ) sulphur1 #ga ) blood1 milk1 #aja f]m5tation arre/$ by sulphur+1 #gb f9+1 see gelat9e1 #ajj is+lass1 #ajj :ite ( eggs1 blood1 milk1 #aja extract$ f lees1 #ahj ) e>?y flavor1 #abh matures e>li] ?an r$1 #aee mix+ ) r$1 #age 9 transp>5t bottles1 #aeg ,wild ta/e1 #abh ,w9e1 ,cali=nia1 %ipm5ts1 vi product1 vi alcohol & acid 91 ix1 x1 #bbj ,european1 alcohol & acid 91 xii ,w9e mak+1 ess5tials ev]y:]e ! same1 vii pla/]+1 #bjh gr& & common1 *>act]i/ics1 #eb1 #hd r$1 maturity (1 #eb new1 treatm5t (1 #dg old1 treatm5t (1 #ea1 #ec see r$ w9e4 :y sulphur$1 #fi h[ sulphur$1 #ga :5 to be sulphur$1 #ga effect ( heat1 #gh1 #gi1 #hj v>ies 9 diff]5t casks1 #fg dry /r5g? (1 #aa con/antly und]go+ *anges1 #gf influ5ce ( heat1 #gh pres]v+ by heat1 #hj weak1 see influ5ce ( air4 heat1 sunlight1 see ag+4 suitable = %ipm5t1 #hb %ipp+ new1 #hc k9ds pref]r$ by g\rmets1 #hd :i* ga9 mo/ by ag+ processes1 #he diseas$1 see defects & diseases4 :at liable to s\r1 #adj duration (1 #aeb lees1 see lees4 f lees1 see lees4 composition (1 #ahe proportion ( to grapes1 #bja rules = r$uc+ & =tify+1 #bjg mix+1 see cutt+4 bad1 (t5 due to want ( cleanl9ess1 #bjc %\ld n be left on ! lees & f9+s1 #agh1 #ahj unless sweet1 #ajf presses1 #df tannifi$1 #ajc see ag+1 :ite w9e1 r$ w9e1 sweet1 =tifi$1 new w9e1 old w9e1 gr& w9e1 g5]al treatm5t1 froz5 w9e1 ! diff]5t k9ds4 ,w9e 9 bottles1 bottl+1 #aed :5 ready = bottl+1 #aed h[ long to rema9 9 wood1 #aed h[ prep>$ = bottl+1 #aee mo/ favorable "t =1 #aee bottles1 wa%+1 bottle wa%]1 etc41 #aef %ot mu/ n be us$1 #aef dra9+1 dra9]s1 #aef r9s+ ) w9e1 #aef sort+1 #aeg diff]5t k9ds1 #aeg mat]ials 9 glass1 #aeg fill+1 adju/+ casks1 etc41 #aeg res]voirs =1 #aeg corks1 #aeh cork+ ma*9es1 ne$les1 #aei1 #afj prep>+ ! corks1 #afj h[ f> ins]t$1 #afj seal+ corks1 #afa seal+ wax =1 h[ made1 h[ appli$1 #afa color+ ! wax1 #afa capsules & capsul+1 #afb p9c]s = remov+ wax1 #afb capsul]1 #afb pil+ bottles1 #afb bottle racks & b9s1 #afd treatm5t ( w9e 9 bottles1 #afe f]m5tation 9 ! bottles1 #afe deposits1 turbidity1 #aff bitt]ness1 acrity1 rop9ess1 #afg deg5]ation & putridity1 #afg decantation1 #afh corkscrews1 baskets1 #afi op]ation ( decant+1 #afi decant+ in/rum5t1 #afi ,wood1 w9e1 h[ long to rema9 91 #aed ,wood5 ut5sils pref]able1 #bjb ,yea/ plant1 #be functions (1 #bf surface & s$im5t>y1 #bf conditions ( life1 physical & *emical1 #bf temp]ature1 #bg action ( *emical & physical ag5ts1 #bh wat]1 sug>1 oxyg51 etc41 necess>y1 #bg orig9 ( f]m5ts1 #ca ,yea/y flavor1 see lees1 flavor (4 ,yell[s1 see :ite w9e1 sulphur+4 ,yield ( juice by diff]5t grapes1 #bjj w9e p] ton ( grapes1 #bja ,z9c affect$ by w9e1 #bjb1 #bjc