,transcriber's ,note3 ,italic text is denoted by underscores and bold text by equal signs4 ,,the ,,deipnosophists ,,or ,,banquet ,,of ,,the ,,learned ,,of ,,athen,,us4 ,,literally ,,translated ,,by ,c4 ,d4 ,,yonge1 ,b4 ,a4 ,,with ,,an ,,appendix ,,of ,,poetical ,,fragments1 ,,rendered ,,into ,,english ,,verse ,,by ,,various ,,authors1 ,,and ,a ,,general ,,index4 ,,in ,,three ,,volumes4 ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,london3 ,,henry ,g4 ,,bohn1 ,,york ,,street1 ,,covent ,,garden4 ,m ,,dccc ,,liv4 ,,contents ,,of ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,book ,,xii4 ,love of ,pleasure--,luxury of the ,persians--,profligacy of the ,lydians ,persian ,customs--,the ,sybarites--,the ,tarentines--,the ,milesians --,the ,abydenes--,the ,colophonians--,luxury of the ,syrians--,of the ,asiatic ,kings--,sardanapalus--,philip--,the ,pisistratid--,alcibiades --,pausanias--,diomnestus--,alexander--, polycrates--,agrigentum --,lucullus--,aristippus--,the ,persian--,epicurus--,anaxarchus-- ,ptolemy ,euergetes--,the ,lacedmonians--,cincsias--,anointing-- ,venus ,callipyge #hahhhh ,,book ,,xiii4 ,lacedmonian ,marriages--,hercules--,rapacity of ,courtesans--,folly of ,marrying--,love--,beauty--,courtesans-- ,hetr--,courtesans-- ,love--,beauty of ,women--,praise of ,modesty--,faults of ,philosophers --,lending ,money #hhhigh ,,book ,,xiv4 ,jesters--,concerts--,songs--,rhapsodist s--,magodi--,harp-players-- ,music--,dancing--,dances--,music--,musi cal ,instruments--,music-- ,love ,songs--,sweetmeats--,different ,courses at ,dinner--,dessert-- ,cheesecakes--,cakes--,vegetables--,pome granates--,figs--,grapes-- ,peacocks--,partridges--,the ,helots--,cheese--,cooks--,the ,thessalians-- #ighajfb ,,book ,,xv4 ,the ,cottabus--,garlands--,dyes--,perfumes-- ,libations--,scolia-- ,parodies--,torches #ajfbaabb ,,appendix #aabc ,,index4 ,,book ,,xii4 #a4 ,,you appear to me1 my good friend ,timocrates1 to be a man of ,cyrene1 according to the ,tyndareus of ,alexis-- ,for there if any man invites another ,to any banquet1 eighteen others come2 ,ten chariots1 and fifteen pairs of horses1 ,and for all these you must provide the food1 ,so that 'twere better to invite nobody ,and it would be better for me also to hold my tongue1 and not to add anything more to all that has been said already2 but since you ask me very earnestly for a discussion on those men who have been notorious for luxury1 and on their effeminate practices1 you must be gratified4 #b4 ,for enjoyment is connected1 in the first instance1 with appetite2 and in the second place1 with pleasure4 ,and ,sophocles the poet1 being a man fond of enjoyment1 in order to avoid accusing old age1 attributed his impotence in amatory pleasures to his temperance1 saying that he was glad to be released from them as from some hard master4 ,but ,i say that the ,judgment of ,paris is a tale originally invented by the ancients1 as a comparison between pleasure and virtue4 ,accordingly1 when ,venus1 that is to say pleasure1 was preferred1 everything was thrown into confusion4 ,and that excellent writer ,xenophon seems to me to have invented his fable about ,hercules and ,virtue on the same principle4 ,for according to ,empedocles-- ,mars was no god to them1 nor gallant ,war1 ,nor ,jupiter the king1 nor ,saturn old1 ,nor ,neptune2 ,venus was their only queen4 ,her they propitiate and duly worship ,with pious images1 with beauteous figures ,skilfully carved2 with fragrant incenses1 ,and holy offerings of unmix'd myrrh1 ,and sweetly-smelling frankincense2 and many ,a pure libation of fresh golden honey ,they pour'd along the floor4 ,sidenote3 ,,love ,,of ,,pleasure4 ,and ,menander1 in his ,harp-player1 speaking of some one who was very fond of music1 says-- ,he was to music much devoted1 and ,sought ever pleasing sounds to gratify ,his delicate taste4 #c4 ,and yet some people say that the desire of pleasure is a natural desire1 as may be proved by all animals becoming enslaved by it2 as if cowardice1 and fear1 and all sorts of other passions were not also common to all animals1 and yet these are rejected by all who use their reason4 ,accordingly1 to be very eager in the pursuit of pleasure is to go hunting for pain4 ,on which account ,homer1 wishing to represent pleasure in an odious light1 says that the greatest of the gods receive no advantage from their power1 but are even much injured by it1 if they will allow themselves to be hurried away by the pursuit of pleasure4 ,for all the anxiety which ,jupiter1 when awake1 lavished on the ,trojans1 was lost in open day1 when he abandoned himself to pleasure4 ,and ,mars1 who was a most valiant deity1 was put in chains by ,vulcan1 who was very powerless1 and incurred great disgrace and punishment1 when he had given himself up to irrational love2 and therefore he says to the ,gods1 when they came to see him in fetters-- ,behold1 on wrong ,swift vengeance waits1 and art subdues the strong4 ,dwells there a god on all th' ,olympian brow ,more swift than ,mars1 and more than ,vulcan slow8 ,yet ,vulcan conquers1 and the ,god of arms ,must pay the penalty for lawless charms4#a ,but no one ever calls the life of ,aristides a life of pleasure 771 but that is an epithet they apply to ,smindyrides the ,sybarite1 and to ,sardanapalus1 though as far as glory went1 as ,theophrastus says in his book on ,pleasure1 it was a far more splendid one2 but ,aristides never devoted himself to luxury as those other men did4 ,nor would any one call the life of ,agesilaus the king of the ,lacedmonians 2 but this name they would apply rather to the life of ,ananis1 a man who1 as far as real glory is concerned1 is totally unknown4 ,nor would one call the life of the heroes who fought against ,troy 2 but they would speak in that way much more of the men of the present time2 and naturally enough4 ,for the lives of those men were destitute of any luxurious preparation1 and1 as ,i might almost say1 had no seasoning to them1 inasmuch as at that time there was no commercial intercourse between nations1 nor were the arts of refinement carried to any degree of accuracy2 but the life of men of the present day is planned with entire reference to laziness1 and enjoyment1 and to all sorts of pastimes4 #d4 ,but ,plato1 in his ,philebus1 says--,pleasure is the most insolent of all things2 and1 as it is reported1 in amatory enjoyments1 which are said to be the most powerful of all1 even perjury has been pardoned by the ,gods1 as if pleasure was like a child1 incapable of distinguishing between right and wrong4 ,and in the eighth book of his ,polity1 the same ,plato has previously dilated upon the doctrine so much pressed by the ,epicureans1 that1 of the desires1 some are natural but not necessary1 and others neither natural nor necessary1 writing thus--,is not the desire to eat enough for health and strength of body1 and for bread and meat to that extent1 a necessary desire8--,i think it is4--,at all events1 the desire for food for these two purposes is necessary1 inasmuch as it is salutary1 and inasmuch as it is able to remove hunger8--,no doubt4--,and the desire for meat1 too1 is a necessary desire1 if it at all contributes to a good habit of body8--,most undoubtedly4--,what1 then1 are we to say8 ,is no desire which goes beyond the appetite for this kind of food1 and for other food similar to it1 and which1 if it is checked in young people1 can be entirely stifled1 and which is injurious also to the body1 and injurious also to the mind1 both as far as its intellectual powers are concerned1 and also as to its temperance1 entitled to be called a necessary one8--,most certainly not4 ,sidenote3 ,,love ,,of ,,pleasure4 #e4 ,but ,heraclides of ,pontus1 in his treatise on ,pleasure1 speaks as follows--,tyrants and kings1 having all kinds of good things in their power1 and having had experience of all things1 place pleasure in the first rank1 on the ground that pleasure makes the nature of man more magnanimous4 ,accordingly1 all those who have honoured pleasure above everything1 and who have deliberately chosen to live a life of luxury1 have been and magnificent people1 as1 for instance1 the ,medes and the ,persians4 ,for they1 of all men1 are those who hold pleasure and luxury in the highest honour2 and they1 at the same time1 are the most valiant and magnanimous of all the barbarians4 ,for to indulge in pleasure and luxury is the conduct of freeborn men and of a liberal disposition4 ,for pleasure relaxes the soul and invigorates it4 ,but labour belongs to slaves and to mean men2 on which account they are contracted in their natural dispositions4 ,and the city of the ,athenians1 while it indulged in luxury1 was a very great city1 and bred very magnanimous men4 ,for they wore purple garments1 and were clad in embroidered tunics2 and they bound up their hair in knots1 and wore golden grasshoppers over their foreheads and in their hair3 and their slaves followed them1 bearing folding chairs for them1 in order that1 if they wished to sit down1 they might not be without some proper seat1 and forced to put up with any chance seat4 ,and these men were such heroes1 that they conquered in the battle of ,marathon1 and they alone worsted the power of combined ,asia4 ,and all those who are the wisest of men1 and who have the greatest reputation for wisdom1 think pleasure the greatest good4 ,simonides certainly does when he says-- ,for what kind of human life ,can be worth desiring1 ,if pleasure be denied to it8 ,what kingly power even8 ,without pleasure e'en the gods ,have nothing to be envied for4 ,and ,pindar1 giving advice to ,hiero the tyrant of ,syracuse1 says-- ,never obscure fair pleasure in your life2 ,a life of pleasure is the best for man4 ,and ,homer1 too1 speaks of pleasure and indulgence in the following terms-- ,how sweet the products of a peaceful reign1-- ,the heaven-taught poet and enchanting strain1 ,the well-fill'd palace1 the perpetual feast1 ,a loud rejoicing1 and a people blest6 ,how goodly seems it ever to employ ,man's social days in union and in joy2 ,the plenteous board high heap'd with cates divine1 ,and o'er the foaming bowl the laughing wine4 ,and again1 he calls the gods living at ease4 ,and at ease certainly means without labour2 as if he meant to show by this expression1 that the greatest of all evils is labour and trouble in life4 #f4 ,on which account ,megaclides finds fault with those poets who came after ,homer and ,hesiod1 and have written about ,hercules1 relating how he led armies and took cities1--who passed the greater part of his life among men in the most excessive pleasure1 and married a greater number of women than any other man2 and who had unacknowledged children1 by a greater number of virgins1 than any other man4 ,for any one might say to those who do not admit all this--,whence1 my good friends1 is it that you attribute to him all this excessive love of eating2 or whence is it that the custom has originated among men of leaving nothing in the cup when we pour a libation to ,hercules1 if he had no regard for pleasure8 or why are the hot springs which rise out of the ground universally said to be sacred to ,hercules2 or why are people in the habit of calling soft couches the beds of ,hercules1 if he despised all those who live luxuriously8 ,accordingly1 says he1 the later poets represent him as going about in the guise of a robber by himself1 having a club1 and a lion's hide1 and his bow4 ,and they say that ,stesichorus of ,himera was the original inventor of this fable4 ,but ,xanthus the lyric poet1 who was more ancient than ,stesichorus1 as ,stesichorus himself tells us1 does not1 according to the statement of ,megaclides1 clothe him in this dress1 but in that which ,homer gives him4 ,but ,stesichorus perverted a great many of the accounts given by ,xanthus1 as he does also in the case of what is called the ,orestea4 ,but ,antisthenes1 when he said that pleasure was a good1 added--such as brought no repentance in its train4 #g4 ,but ,ulysses1 in ,homer1 appears to have been the original guide to ,epicurus1 in the matter of that pleasure which he has always in his mouth2 for ,ulysses says to ,alcinous-- 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,thou whom first in sway1 ,as first in virtue1 these thy realms obey1 ,how goodly seems it ever to employ ,man's social days in union and in joy6 ,the plenteous board high heap'd with cates divine1 ,and o'er the foaming bowl the laughing wine1 ,the well-fill'd palace1 the perpetual feast1 ,are of all joys most lasting and the best4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,,love ,,of ,,pleasure4 ,but ,megaclides says that ,ulysses is here adapting himself to the times1 for the sake of appearing to be of the same disposition as the ,phacians2 and that with that view he embraces their luxurious habits1 as he had already heard from ,alcinous1 speaking of his whole nation-- ,to dress1 to dance1 to sing1 our sole delight1 ,the feast or bath by day1 and love by night2 for he thought that that would be the only way by which he could avoid failing in the hopes he cherished4 ,and a similar man is he who recommends ,amphilochus his son-- ,remember thou1 my son1 to always dwell ,in every city cherishing a mind ,like to the skin of a rock-haunting fish2 ,and always with the present company ,agree1 but when away you can change your mind4 ,and ,sophocles speaks in a like spirit1 in the ,iphigenia-- ,as the wise polypus doth quickly change ,his hue according to the rocks he's near1 ,so change your mind and your apparent feelings4 ,and ,theognis says-- ,imitate the wary cunning of the polypus4 ,and some say that ,homer was of this mind1 when he often prefers the voluptuous life to the virtuous one1 saying-- ,and now ,olympus' shining gates unfold2 ,the ,gods with ,jove assume their thrones of gold2 ,immortal ,hebe1 fresh with bloom divine1 ,the golden goblet crowns with purple wine2 ,while the full bowl flows round the ,powers employ ,their careful eyes on long-contended ,troy4 ,and the same poet represents ,menelaus as saying-- ,nor then should aught but death have torn apart ,from me so loving and so glad a heart4 ,and in another place-- ,we sat secure1 while fast around did roll ,the dance1 and jest1 and ever-flowing bowl4 ,and in the same spirit ,ulysses1 at the court of ,alcinous1 represents luxury and wantonness as the main end of life4 #h4 ,but of all nations the ,persians were the first to become notorious for their luxury2 and the ,persian kings even spent their winters at ,susa and their summers at ,ecbatana4 ,and ,aristocles and ,chares say that ,susa derives its name from the seasonable and beautiful character of the place3 for that what the ,greeks call the lily1 is called in the ,persian language 4 ,but they pass their autumns in ,persepolis2 and the rest of the year they spend in ,babylon4 ,and in like manner the kings of the ,parthians spend their spring in ,rhag1 and their winter in ,babylon1 and the rest of the year at ,hecatompylus4 ,and even the very thing which the ,persian monarchs used to wear on their heads1 showed plainly enough their extreme devotion to luxury4 ,for it was made1 according to the account of ,dinon1 of myrrh and of something called labyzus4 ,and the labyzus is a sweet-smelling plant1 and more valuable than myrrh4 ,and whenever1 says ,dinon1 the king dismounts from his chariot1 he does not jump down1 however small the height from the chariot to the ground may be1 nor is he helped down1 leaning on any one's hand1 but a golden chair is always put by him1 and he gets on that to descend2 on which account the king's chairbearer always follows him4 ,and three hundred women are his guard1 as ,heraclides of ,cum relates1 in the first book of his history of ,persia4 ,and they sleep all day1 that they may watch all night2 and they pass the whole night in singing and playing1 with lights burning4 ,and very often the king takes pleasure with them in the hall of the ,melophori4 ,the ,melophori are one of his troops of guards1 all ,persians by birth1 having golden apples 77 on the points of their spears1 a thousand in number1 all picked men out of the main body of ten thousand ,persians who are called the ,immortals4 ,and the king used to go on foot through this hall1 very fine ,sardian carpets being spread in his road1 on which no one but the king ever trod4 ,and when he came to the last hall1 then he mounted a chariot1 but sometimes he mounted a horse2 but on foot he was never seen outside of his palace4 ,and if he went out to hunt1 his concubines also went with him4 ,and the throne on which he used to sit1 when he was transacting business1 was made of gold2 and it was surrounded by four small pillars made of gold1 inlaid with precious stones1 and on them there was spread a purple cloth richly embroidered4 ,sidenote3 ,,luxury ,,of ,,the ,,persians4 #i4 ,but ,clearchus the ,solensian1 in the fourth book of his ,lives1 having previously spoken about the luxury of the ,medes1 and having said that on this account they made eunuchs of many citizens of the neighbouring tribes1 adds1 that the institution of the ,melophori was adopted by the ,persians from the ,medes1 being not only a revenge for what they had suffered themselves1 but also a memorial of the luxury of the body-guards1 to indicate to what a pitch of effeminacy they had come4 ,for1 as it seems1 the unseasonable and superfluous luxury of their daily life could make even the men who are armed with spears1 mere mountebanks4 ,and a little further on he says--,and accordingly1 while he gave to all those who could invent him any new kind of food1 a prize for their invention1 he did not1 while loading them with honours1 allow the food which they had invented to be set before them1 but enjoyed it all by himself1 and thought this was the greatest wisdom4 ,for this1 ,i imagine1 is what is called the brains of ,jupiter and of a king at the same time4 ,but ,chares of ,mitylene1 in the fifth book of his ,history of ,alexander1 says--,the ,persian kings had come to such a pitch of luxury1 that at the head of the royal couch there was a supper-room laid with five couches1 in which there were always kept five thousand talents of gold2 and this was called the king's pillow4 ,and at his feet was another supper-room1 prepared with three couches1 in which there were constantly kept three thousand talents of silver2 and this was called the king's footstool4 ,and in his bed-chamber there was also a golden vine1 inlaid with precious stones1 above the king's bed4 ,and this vine1 ,amyntas says in his ,posts1 had bunches of grapes1 composed of most valuable precious stones2 and not far from it there was placed a golden bowl1 the work of ,theodorus of ,samos4 ,and ,agathocles1 in the third book of his ,history of ,cyzicus1 says1 that there is also among the ,persians a water called the golden water1 and that it rises in seventy springs2 and that no one ever drinks of it but the king alone1 and the eldest of his sons4 ,and if any one else drinks of it1 the punishment is death4 #aj4 ,but ,xenophon1 in the eighth book of his ,cyropdia1 says--,they still used at that time to practise the discipline of the ,persians1 but the dress and effeminacy of the ,medes4 ,but now they disregard the sight of the ancient ,persian bravery becoming extinct1 and they are solicitous only to preserve the effeminacy of the ,medes4 ,and ,i think it a good opportunity to give an account of their luxurious habits4 ,for1 in the first place1 it is not enough for them to have their beds softly spread1 but they put even the feet of their couches upon carpets in order that the floor may not present resistance to them1 but that the carpets may yield to their pressure4 ,and as for the things which are dressed for their table1 nothing is omitted which has been discovered before1 and they are also continually inventing something new2 and the same is the way with all other delicacies4 ,for they retain men whose sole business it is to invent things of this kind4 ,and in winter it is not enough for them to have their head1 and their body1 and their feet covered1 but on even the tips of their fingers they wear shaggy gloves and finger-stalls2 and in summer they are not satisfied with the shade of the trees and of the rocks1 but they also have men placed in them to contrive additional means of producing shade4 ,and in the passage which follows this one1 he proceeds to say--,but now they have more clothes laid upon their horses than they have even on their beds4 ,for they do not pay so much attention to their horsemanship as to sitting softly4 ,moreover1 they have porters1 and breadmakers1 and confectioners1 and cup-bearers1 and men to serve up their meals and to take them away1 and men to lull them to sleep and men to wake them1 and dressers to anoint them and to rub them1 and to get them up well in every respect4 ,sidenote3 ,,profligacy ,,of ,,the ,,lydians4 #aa4 ,the ,lydians1 too1 went to such a pitch of luxury1 that they were the first to castrate women1 as ,xanthus the ,lydian tells us1 or whoever else it was who wrote the ,history which is attributed to him1 whom ,artemon of ,cassandra1 in his treatise on the ,collection of ,books1 states to have been ,dionysius who was surnamed ,leather-armed2 but ,artemon was not aware that ,ephorus the historian mentions him as being an older man than the other1 and as having been the man who supplied ,herodotus with some of his materials4 ,xanthus1 then1 in the second book of his ,affairs of ,lydia1 says that ,adramyttes1 the king of the ,lydians1 was the first man who ever castrated women1 and used female eunuchs instead of male eunuchs4 ,but ,clearchus1 in the fourth book of his ,lives1 says--,the ,lydians1 out of luxury1 made parks2 and having planted them like gardens1 made them very shady1 thinking it a refinement in luxury if the sun never touched them with its rays at all2 and at last they carried their insolence to such a height1 that they used to collect other men's wives and maidens into a place that1 from this conduct1 got the name of ,hagneon1 and there ravished them4 ,and at last1 having become utterly effeminate1 they lived wholly like women instead of like men2 on which account their age produced even a female tyrant1 in the person of one of those who had been ravished in this way1 by name ,omphale4 ,and she was the first to inflict on the ,lydians the punishment that they deserved4 ,for to be governed and insulted by a woman is a sufficient proof of the severity with which they were treated4 ,accordingly she1 being a very intemperate woman herself1 and meaning to revenge the insults to which she herself had been subjected1 gave the maiden daughters of the masters to their slaves1 in the very same place in which she herself had been ravished4 ,and then having forcibly collected them all in this place1 she shut up the mistresses with their slaves4 ,on which account the ,lydians1 wishing to soften the bitterness of the transaction1 call the place the ,woman's ,contest--the ,sweet ,embrace4 ,and not only were the wives of the ,lydians exposed to all comers1 but those also of the ,epizephyrian ,locrians1 and also those of the ,cyprians--and1 in fact1 those of all the nations who devote their daughters to the lives of prostitutes2 and it appears to be1 in truth1 a sort of reminding of1 and revenge for1 some ancient insult4 ,so against her a ,lydian man of noble birth rose up1 one who had been previously offended at the government of ,midas2 while ,midas lay in effeminacy1 and luxury1 and a purple robe1 working in the company of the women at the loom4 ,but as ,omphale slew all the strangers whom she admitted to her embraces1 he chastised both--the one1 being a stupid and illiterate man1 he dragged out by his ears2 a man who1 for want of sense1 had the surname of the most stupid of all animals3 but the woman4444 #ab4 ,and the ,lydians were also the first people to introduce the use of the sauce called caruca2 concerning the preparation of which all those who have written cookery books have spoken a good deal--namely1 ,glaucus the ,locrian1 and ,mithcus1 and ,dionysius1 and the two ,heraclid 7who were by birth ,syracusans71 and ,agis1 and ,epnetus1 and ,dionysius1 and also ,hegesippus1 and ,erasistratus1 and ,euthydemus1 and ,criton2 and besides these1 ,stephanus1 and ,archytas1 and ,acestius1 and ,acesias1 and ,diocles1 and ,philistion2 for ,i know that all these men have written cookery books4 ,and the ,lydians1 too1 used to speak of a dish which they called candaulus2 and there was not one kind of candaulus only1 but three1 so wholly devoted were they to luxury4 ,and ,hegesippus the ,tarentine says1 that the candaulus is made of boiled meat1 and grated bread1 and ,phrygian cheese1 and aniseed1 and thick broth3 and it is mentioned by ,alexis1 in his ,woman ,working all ,night1 or ,the ,spinners2 and it is a cook who is represented as speaking3-- ,a4 ,and1 besides this1 we now will serve you up ,a dish whose name's candaulus4 ,b4 ,i've ne'er tasted ,candaulus1 nor have ,i e'er heard of it4 ,a4 ',tis a most grand invention1 and 'tis mine2 ,and if ,i put a dish of it before you1 ,such will be your delight that you'll devour ,your very fingers ere you lose a bit of it4 ,we here will get some balls of snow-white wool4 99 99 99 99 99 ,you will serve up an egg well shred1 and twice ,boil'd till it's hard2 a sausage1 too1 of honey2 ,some pickle from the frying-pan1 some slices ,of new-made ,cynthian cheese2 and then ,a bunch of grapes1 steep'd in a cup of wine3 ,but this part of the dish is always laugh'd at1 ,and yet it is the mainstay of the meal4 ,b4 ,laugh on1 my friend2 but now be off1 ,i beg1 ,with all your talk about candauli1 and ,your sausages1 and dishes1 and such luxuries4 ,philemon also mentions the candaulus in his ,passer-by1 where he says-- ,for ,i have all these witnesses in the city1 ,that ,i'm the only one can dress a sausage1 ,a candaulus1 eggs1 a thrium1 all in no time3 ,was there any error or mistake in this8 ,and ,nicostratus1 in his ,cook1 says-- ,a man who could not even dress black broth1 ,but only thria and candauli4 ,and ,menander1 in his ,trophonius1 says-- ,here comes a very rich ,ionian1 ,and so ,i make a good thick soup1 and eke ,a rich candaulus1 amatory food4 ,sidenote3 ,,persian ,,customs4 ,and the ,lydians1 when going out to war1 array themselves to the tune of flutes and pipes1 as ,herodotus says2 and the ,lacedmonians also attack their enemies keeping time to their flutes1 as the ,cretans keep time to the lyre4 #ac4 ,but ,heraclides of ,cum1 who wrote the ,history of ,persia1 having said in his book entitled ,the ,preparation1 that in the country which produces frankincense the king is independent1 and responsible to no one1 proceeds as follows3--,and he exceeds every one in luxury and indolence2 for he stays for ever in his palace1 passing his whole life in luxury and extravagance2 and he does no single thing1 nor does he see many people4 ,but he appoints the judges1 and if any one thinks that they have decided unjustly1 there is a window in the highest part of the palace1 and it is fastened with a chain3 accordingly1 he who thinks that an unjust decision has been given against him1 takes hold of the chain1 and drags the window2 and when the king hears it1 he summons the man1 and hears the cause himself4 ,and if the judges appear to have decided unjustly1 they are put to death2 but if they appear to have decided justly1 then the man who has moved the window is put to death4 ,and it is said that the sum expended every day on the king1 and on his wives and friends1 amounts to fifteen ,babylonian talents4 #ad4 ,and among the ,tyrrhenians1 who carry their luxury to an extraordinary pitch1 ,timus1 in his first book1 relates that the female servants wait on the men in a state of nudity4 ,and ,theopompus1 in the forty-third book of his ,history1 states1 that it is a law among the ,tyrrhenians that all their women should be in common3 and that the women pay the greatest attention to their persons1 and often practise gymnastic exercises1 naked1 among the men1 and sometimes with one another2 for that it is not accounted shameful for them to be seen naked4 ,and that they sup not with their own husbands1 but with any one who happens to be present2 and they pledge whoever they please in their cups3 and that they are wonderful women to drink1 and very handsome4 ,and that the ,tyrrhenians bring up all the children that are born1 no one knowing to what father each child belongs3 and the children1 too1 live in the same manner as those who have brought them up1 having feasts very frequently1 and being intimate with all the women4 ,nor is it reckoned among the ,tyrrhenians at all disgraceful either to do or suffer anything in the open air1 or to be seen while it is going on2 for it is quite the custom of their country3 and they are so far from thinking it disgraceful1 that they even say1 when the master of the house is indulging his appetites1 and any one asks for him1 that he is doing so and so1 using the coarsest possible words for his occupation4 ,but when they are together in parties of companions or relations1 they act in the following manner4 ,first of all1 when they have stopped drinking1 and are about to go to sleep1 while the lights are still burning1 the servants introduce sometimes courtesans1 and sometimes beautiful boys1 and sometimes women2 and when they have enjoyed them1 they proceed to acts of still grosser licentiousness3 and they indulge their appetites1 and make parties on purpose1 sometimes keeping one another in sight1 but more frequently making tents around the beds1 which are made of plaited laths1 with cloths thrown over them4 ,and the objects of their love are usually women2 still they are not invariably as particular as they might be and they are very beautiful1 as is natural for people to be who live delicately1 and who take great care of their persons4 ,and all the barbarians who live towards the west1 smooth their bodies by rubbing them with pitch1 and by shaving them2 and among the ,tyrrhenians there are many shops in which this trade is practised1 and many artists whose sole employment it is1 just as there are barbers among us4 ,and when the ,tyrrhenians go to these men1 they give themselves wholly up to them1 not being ashamed of having spectators1 or of those who may be passing by4 ,and many of the ,greeks1 and of those who inhabit ,italy1 adopt this practice1 having learnt it from the ,samnites and ,messapians4 ,but the ,tyrrhenians 7as ,alcimus relates7 are so far gone in luxury1 that they even make bread1 and box1 and flog people to the sound of the flute4 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,sybarites4 #ae4 ,the tables of the ,sicilians also are very notorious for their luxury4 ,and they say that even the sea in their region is sweet1 delighting in the food which is procured from it1 as ,clearchus says1 in the fifth book of his ,lives4 ,and why need we mention the ,sybarites1 among whom bathing men and pourers of water were first introduced in fetters1 in order to prevent their going too fast1 and to prevent also their scalding the bathers in their haste8 ,and the ,sybarites were the first people to forbid those who practise noisy arts from dwelling in their city2 such as braziers1 and smiths1 and carpenters1 and men of similar trades2 providing that their slumbers should always be undisturbed4 ,and it used to be unlawful to rear a cock in their city4 ,and ,timus relates concerning them1 that a citizen of ,sybaris once going into the country1 seeing the husbandmen digging1 said that he himself felt as if he had broken his bones by the sight2 and some one who heard him replied1 ,i1 when ,i heard you say this1 felt as if ,i had a pain in my side4 ,and once1 at ,crotona1 some ,sybarites were standing by some one of the athletes who was digging up dust for the palstra1 and said they marvelled that men who had such a city had no slaves to dig the palstra for them4 ,but another ,sybarite1 coming to ,lacedmon1 and being invited to the phiditium1 sitting down on a wooden seat and eating with them1 said that originally he had been surprised at hearing of the valour of the ,lacedmonians2 but that now that he had seen it1 he thought that they in no respect surpassed other men3 for that the greatest coward on earth would rather die a thousand times than live and endure such a life as theirs4 #af4 ,and it is a custom among them that even their children1 up to the age when they are ranked among the ephebi1 should wear purple robes1 and curls braided with gold4 ,and it is a custom with them also to breed up in their houses little mannikins and dwarfs 7as ,timon says71 who are called by some people 2 and also little ,maltese dogs1 which follow them even to the gymnasia4 ,and it was these men1 and men like them1 to whom ,masinissa1 king of ,mauritania1 made answer 7as ,ptolemy rebates1 in the eighth book of his ,commentaries71 when they were seeking to buy some monkeys3 ,why1--do not your wives1 my good friends1 produce any offspring8 ,for ,masinissa was very fond of children1 and kept about him and brought up the children of his sons1 and of his daughters equally1 and he had a great many of them3 and he brought them all up till they were three years old1 and after that he sent them to their parents1 having the younger ones to take their places4 ,and ,eubulus the comic writer has said the same thing in his ,graces3-- ,for is it not1 ,i pray you1 better far ,for one man1 who can well afford such acts1 ,to rear a man1 than a loud gaping goose1 ,or sparrow1 or ape--most mischievous of beasts8 ,and ,athenodorus1 in his treatise on ,serious ,studies and ,amusements1 says that ,archytas of ,tarentum1 who was both a statesman and a philosopher1 having many slaves1 was always delighted at his entertainments when any of them came to his banquets4 ,but the ,sybarites delighted only in ,maltese puppy dogs1 and in men which were no men4 #ag4 ,the ,sybarites used to wear also garments made of ,milesian wool1 from which there arose a great friendship between the two cities1 as ,timus relates4 ,for of the inhabitants of ,italy1 the ,milesians gave the preference to the ,tyrrhenians1 and of foreigners to the ,ionians1 because they were devoted to luxury4 ,but the cavalry of the ,sybarites1 being in number more than five thousand1 used to go in procession with saffron-coloured robes over their breastplates2 and in the summer their younger men used to go away to the caves of the ,lusiades ,nymphs1 and live there in all kinds of luxury4 ,and whenever the rich men of that country left the city for the country1 although they always travelled in chariots1 still they used to consume three days in a day's journey4 ,and some of the roads which led to their villas in the country were covered with awnings all over2 and a great many of them had cellars near the sea1 into which their wine was brought by canals from the country1 and some of it was then sold out of the district1 but some was brought into the city in boats4 ,they also celebrate in public numbers of feasts2 and they honour those who display great magnificence on such occasions with golden crowns1 and they proclaim their names at the public sacrifices and games2 announcing not only their general goodwill towards the city1 but also the great magnificence which they had displayed in the feasts4 ,and on these occasions they even crown those cooks who have served up the most exquisite dishes4 ,and among the ,sybarites there were found baths in which1 while they lay down1 they were steamed with warm vapours4 ,and they were the first people who introduced the custom of bringing chamber-pots into entertainments4 ,but laughing at those who left their countries to travel in foreign lands1 they themselves used to boast that they had grown old without ever having crossed the bridges which led over their frontier rivers4 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,sybarites4 #ah4 ,but it seems to me1 that besides the fact of the riches of the ,sybarites1 the very natural character of their country1--since there are no harbours on their coasts1 and since1 in consequence1 nearly all the produce of the land is consumed by the citizens themselves1--and to some extent also an oracle of the ,god1 has excited them all to luxury1 and has caused them to live in practices of most immoderate dissoluteness4 ,but their city lies in a hollow1 and in summer is liable to excess of cold both morning and evening1 but in the middle of the day the heat is intolerable1 so that the greater part of them believe that the rivers contribute a great deal to the health of the inhabitants2 on which account it has been said1 that a man who1 living at ,sybaris1 wishes not to die before his time1 ought never to see the sun either rise or set4 ,and once they sent to the oracle to consult the ,god 7and one of the ambassadors was named ,amyris71 and to ask how long their prosperity should last2 and the priestess of ,delphi answered them-- ,you shall be happy1 ,sybarite1--very happy1 ,and all your time in entertainments pass1 ,while you continue to th' immortal gods ,the worship due3 but when you come1 at length1 ,to honour mortal man beyond the gods1 ,then foreign war and intestine sedition ,shall come upon you1 and shall crush your city4 ,when they had heard this they thought the ,god had said to them that they should never have their luxury terminated2 for that there was no chance of their ever honouring a man more than ,god4 ,but in agreement with the oracle they experienced a change of fortune1 when one of them flogging one of his slaves1 continued to beat him after he had sought an asylum in a temple2 but when at last he fled to the tomb of his father1 he let him go1 out of shame4 ,but their whole revenues were dissipated by the way in which they rivalled one another in luxury4 ,and the city also rivalled all other cities in luxury4 ,and not long after this circumstance1 when many omens of impending destruction1 which it is not necessary to allude to further at present1 had given them notice1 they were destroyed4 #ai4 ,but they had carried their luxury to such a pitch that they had taught even their horses to dance at their feasts to the music of the flute4 ,accordingly the people of ,crotona1 knowing this1 and being at war with them1 as ,aristotle relates in his ,history of the ,constitution of ,sybaris1 played before their horses the air to which they were accustomed to dance2 for the people of ,crotona also had flute-players in military uniform4 ,and as soon as the horses heard them playing on the flute1 they not only began to dance1 but ran over to the army of the ,crotonians1 carrying their riders with them4 ,and ,charon of ,lampsacus tells a similar story about the ,cardians1 in the second book of his ,annals1 writing as follows3--,the ,bisalt invaded the territory of the ,cardians1 and conquered them4 ,but the general of the ,bisalt was ,onaris2 and he1 while he was a boy1 had been sold as a slave in ,cardia2 and having lived as a slave to one of the ,cardians1 he had been taught the trade of a barber4 ,and the ,cardians had an oracle warning them that the ,bisalt would some day invade them2 and they very often used to talk over this oracle while sitting in this barber's shop4 ,and ,onaris1 escaping from ,cardia to his own country1 prompted the ,bisalt to invade the ,cardians1 and was himself elected general of the ,bisalt4 ,but all the ,cardians had been in the habit of teaching their horses to dance at their feasts to the music of the flute2 and they1 standing on their hind feet1 used to dance with their fore feet in time to the airs which they had been taught4 ,onaris then1 knowing these things1 got a female flute-player from among the ,cardians4 ,and this female flute-player coming to the ,bisalt1 taught many of their flute-players2 and when they had learnt sufficiently1 he took them in his army against the ,cardians4 ,and when the battle took place1 he ordered the flute-players to play the airs which they had learnt1 and which the horses of the ,cardians knew4 ,and when the horses heard the flute1 they stood up on their hind feet1 and took to dancing4 ,but the main strength of the ,cardians was in their cavalry1 and so they were conquered4 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,sybarites4 ,and one of the ,sybarites1 once wishing to sail over to ,crotona1 hired a vessel to carry him by himself1 on condition that no one was to splash him1 and that no one else was to be taken on board1 and that he might take his horse with him4 ,and when the captain of the ship had agreed to these terms1 he put his horse on board1 and ordered some straw to be spread under the horse4 ,and afterwards he begged one of those who had accompanied him down to the vessel to go with him1 saying1 ,i have already stipulated with the captain of the ship to keep along the shore4 ,but he replied1 ,i should have had great difficulty in complying with your wishes if you had been going to walk along the sea-shore1 much less can ,i do so when you are going to sail along the land4 #bj4 ,but ,phylarchus1 in the twenty-fifth book of his ,history1 7having said that there was a law at ,syracuse1 that the women should not wear golden ornaments1 nor garments embroidered with flowers1 nor robes with purple borders1 unless they professed that they were public prostitutes2 and that there was another law1 that a man should not adorn his person1 nor wear any extraordinarily handsome robes1 different from the rest of the citizens1 unless he meant to confess that he was an adulterer and a profligate3 and also1 that a freewoman was not to walk abroad when the sun had set1 unless she was going to commit adultery2 and even by day they were not allowed to go out without the leave of the regulators of the women1 and without one female servant following them17--,phylarchus1 ,i say1 states1 that the ,sybarites1 having given loose to their luxury1 made a law that women might be invited to banquets1 and that those who intended to invite them to sacred festivities must make preparation a year before1 in order that they might have all that time to provide themselves with garments and other ornaments in a suitable manner worthy of the occasion1 and so might come to the banquet to which they were invited4 ,and if any confectioner or cook invented any peculiar and excellent dish1 no other artist was allowed to make this for a year2 but he alone who invented it was entitled to all the profit to be derived from the manufacture of it for that time2 in order that others might be induced to labour at excelling in such pursuits4 ,and in the same way1 it was provided that those who sold eels were not to be liable to pay tribute1 nor those who caught them either4 ,and in the same way the laws exempted from all burdens those who dyed the marine purple and those who imported it4 #ba4 ,they1 then1 having carried their luxury and insolence to a great height1 at last1 when thirty ambassadors came to them from the people of ,crotona1 slew them all1 and threw their bodies down over the wall1 and left them there to be eaten by beasts4 ,and this was the beginning of great evils to them1 as the ,deity was much offended at it4 ,accordingly1 a few days afterwards all their chief magistrates appeared to see the same vision on one night2 for they thought that they saw ,juno coming into the midst of the market-place1 and vomiting gall2 and a spring of blood arose in her temple4 ,but even then they did not desist from their arrogance1 until they were all destroyed by the ,crotonians4 ,but ,heraclides of ,pontus1 in his treatise on ,justice1 says1--,the ,sybarites having put down the tyranny of ,telys1 and having destroyed all those who had exercised authority1 met them and slew them at the altars of the gods4 ,and at the sight of this slaughter the statue of ,juno turned itself away1 and the floor sent up a fountain of blood1 so that they were forced to cover all the place around with brazen tablets1 wishing to stop the rising of the blood3 on which account they were all driven from their city and destroyed4 ,and they had also been desirous to obscure the glory of the famous games at ,olympia2 for watching the time when they are celebrated1 they attempted to draw over the athletes to their side by the extravagance of the prizes which they offered4 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,tarentines4 #bb4 ,and the men of ,crotona1 as ,timus says1 after they had destroyed the people of ,sybaris1 began to indulge in luxury2 so that their chief magistrate went about the city clad in a purple robe1 and wearing a golden crown on his head1 and wearing also white sandals4 ,but some say that this was not done out of luxury1 but owing to ,democedes the physician1 who was by birth a native of ,crotona2 and who having lived with ,polycrates the tyrant of ,samos1 and having been taken prisoner by the ,persians after his death1 was taken to the king of ,persia1 after ,ortes had put ,polycrates to death4 ,and ,democedes1 having cured ,atossa1 the wife of ,darius1 and daughter of ,cyrus1 who had a complaint in her breast1 asked of her this reward1 to be sent back to ,greece1 on condition of returning again to ,persia2 and having obtained his request he came to ,crotona4 ,and as he wished to remain there1 when some ,persian laid hold of him and said that he was a slave of the king of ,persia1 the ,crotonians took him away1 and having stripped the ,persian of his robe1 dressed the lictor of their chief magistrate in it4 ,and from that time forward1 the lictor1 having on the ,persian robe1 went round with the chief magistrate to all the altars every seventh day2 not for the sake of luxury or insolence1 but doing it for the purpose of insulting the ,persians4 ,but after this the men of ,crotona1 as ,timus says1 attempted to put an end to the ,assembly at ,olympia1 by appointing a meeting for games1 with enormously rich prizes1 to be held at exactly the same time as the ,olympian games2 but some say that the ,sybarites did this4 #bc4 ,but ,clearchus1 in the fourth book of his ,lives1 says that the people of ,tarentum1 being a very valiant and powerful people1 carried their luxury to such a height1 that they used to make their whole body smooth1 and that they were the first people who set other nations an example of this smoothness4 ,they also1 says he1 all wore very beautiful fringes on their garments2 such as those with which now the life of woman is refined4 ,and afterwards1 being led on by their luxury to insolence1 they overthrew a city of the ,iapyges1 called ,carbina1 and collected all the boys and maidens1 and women in the flower of their age1 out of it into the temples of the ,carbinians2 and building tents there1 they exposed them naked by day for all who chose to come and look at them1 so that whoever pleased1 leaping1 as it were1 on this unfortunate band1 might satiate his appetites with the beauty of those who were there assembled1 in the sight of every one1 and above all of the ,gods1 whom they were thinking of but little4 ,and this aroused the indignation of the ,deity1 so that he struck all the ,tarentines who behaved so impiously in ,carbina with his thunderbolts4 ,and even to this day at ,tarentum every one of the houses has the same number of pillars before its doors as that of the people whom it received back of those who were sent to ,iapygia4 ,and1 when the day comes which is the anniversary of their death1 they do not bewail those who perished at those pillars1 nor do they offer the libations which are customary in other cases1 but they offer sacrifices to ,jupiter the ,thunderer4 #bd4 ,now the race of the ,iapygians came originally from ,crete1 being descended from those ,cretans who came to seek for ,glaucus1 and settled in that part of ,italy2 but afterwards1 they1 forgetting the orderly life of the ,cretans1 came to such a pitch of luxury1 and from thence to such a degree of insolence1 that they were the first people who painted their faces1 and who wore headbands and false hair1 and who clothed themselves in robes embroidered with flowers1 and who considered it disgraceful to cultivate the land1 or to do any kind of labour4 ,and most of them made their houses more beautiful than the temples of the gods2 and so they say1 that the leaders of the ,iapygians1 treating the ,deity with insult1 destroyed the images of the gods out of the temples1 ordering them to give place to their superiors4 ,on which account1 being struck with fire and thunderbolts1 they gave rise to this report2 for indeed the thunderbolts with which they were stricken down were visible a long time afterwards4 ,and to this very day all their descendants live with shaven heads and in mourning apparel1 in want of all the luxuries which previously belonged to them4 #be4 ,but the ,spaniards1 although they go about in robes like those of the tragedians1 and richly embroidered1 and in tunics which reach down to the feet1 are not at all hindered by their dress from displaying their vigour in war2 but the people of ,massilia became very effeminate1 wearing the same highly ornamented kind of dress which the ,spaniards used to wear2 but they behave in a shameless manner1 on account of the effeminacy of their souls1 behaving like women1 out of luxury3 from which the proverb has gone about1--,may you sail to ,massilia4 ,and the inhabitants of ,siris1 which place was first inhabited by people who touched there on their return from ,troy1 and after them by the ,colophonians1 as ,timus and ,aristotle tell us1 indulged in luxury no less than the ,sybarites2 for it was a peculiar national custom of theirs to wear embroidered tunics1 which they girded up with expensive girdles 772 and on this account they were called by the inhabitants of the adjacent countries 1 since ,homer calls those who have no girdles 4 ,and ,archilochus the poet marvelled beyond anything at the country of the ,siritans1 and at their prosperity4 ,accordingly1 speaking of ,thasos as inferior to ,siris1 he says-- ,for there is not on earth a place so sweet1 ,or lovely1 or desirable as that ,which stands upon the stream of gentle ,siris4 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,milesians4 ,but the place was called ,siris1 as ,timus asserts1 and as ,euripides says too in his play called ,the ,female ,prisoner1 or ,melanippe1 from a woman named ,siris1 but according to ,archilochus1 from a river of the same name4 ,and the number of the population was very great in proportion to the size of the place and extent of the country1 owing to the luxurious and delicious character of the climate all around4 ,on which account nearly all that part of ,italy which was colonised by the ,greeks was called ,magna ,grcia4 #bf4 ,but the ,milesians1 as long as they abstained from luxury1 conquered the ,scythians1 as ,ephorus says1 and founded all the cities on the ,hellespont1 and settled all the country about the ,euxine ,sea with beautiful cities4 ,and they all betook themselves to ,miletus4 ,but when they were enervated by pleasure and luxury1 all the valiant character of the city disappeared1 as ,aristotle tells us2 and indeed a proverb arose from them1-- ,once on a time ,milesians were brave4 ,heraclides of ,pontus1 in the second book of his treatise on ,justice1 says1--,the city of the ,milesians fell into misfortunes1 on account of the luxurious lives of the citizens1 and on account of the political factions2 for the citizens1 not loving equity1 destroyed their enemies root and branch4 ,for all the rich men and the populace formed opposite factions 7and they call the populace ,gergith74 ,at first the people got the better1 and drove out the rich men1 and1 collecting the children of those who fled into some threshing-floors1 collected a lot of oxen1 and so trampled them to death1 destroying them in a most impious manner4 ,therefore1 when in their turn the rich men got the upper hand1 they smeared over all those whom they got into their power with pitch1 and so burnt them alive4 ,and when they were being burnt1 they say that many other prodigies were seen1 and also that a sacred olive took fire of its own accord2 on which account the ,god drove them for a long time from his oracle2 and when they asked the oracle on what account they were driven away1 he said-- ,my heart is grieved for the defenceless ,gergith1 ,so helplessly destroy'd2 and for the fate ,of the poor pitch-clad bands1 and for the tree ,which never more shall flourish or bear fruit4 ,and ,clearchus1 in his fourth book1 says that the ,milesians1 imitating the luxury of the ,colophonians1 disseminated it among their neighbours4 ,and then he says that they1 when reproved for it1 said one to another1 ,keep at home your native ,milesian wares1 and publish them not4 #bg4 ,and concerning the ,scythians1 ,clearchus1 in what follows these last words1 proceeds to say--,the nation of the ,scythians was the first to use common laws2 but after that1 they became in their turn the most miserable of all nations1 on account of their insolence3 for they indulged in luxury to a degree in which no other nation did1 being prosperous in everything1 and having great resources of all sorts for such indulgences4 ,and this is plain from the traces which exist of it to this day in the apparel worn1 and way of life practised1 by their chief men4 ,for they1 being very luxurious1 and indeed being the first men who abandoned themselves wholly to luxury1 proceeded to such a pitch of insolence that they used to cut off the noses of all the men wherever they came2 and their descendants1 after they emigrated to other countries1 even now derive their name from this treatment4 ,but their wives used to tattoo the wives of the ,thracians1 7of those ,thracians1 that is1 who lived on the northern and western frontiers of ,scythia17 all over their bodies1 drawing figures on them with the tongues of their buckles2 on which account1 many years afterwards1 the wives of the ,thracians who had been treated in this manner effaced this disgrace in a peculiar manner of their own1 tattooing also all the rest of their skin all over1 in order that by this means the brand of disgrace and insult which was imprinted on their bodies1 being multiplied in so various a manner1 might efface the reproach by being called an ornament4 ,and they lorded it over all other nations in so tyrannical a manner1 that the offices of slavery1 which are painful enough to all men1 made it plain to all succeeding ages what was the real character of a ,scythian command4 ,therefore1 on account of the number of disasters which oppressed them1 since every people had lost1 through grief1 all the comforts of life1 and all their hair at the same time1 foreign nations called all cutting of the hair which is done by way of insult1 aposkythizomai4 #bh4 ,and ,callias1 or ,diocles1 7whichever was the author of the ,cyclopes71 ridiculing the whole nation of the ,ionians in that play1 says-- ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,abydenes4 ,what has become of that luxurious ,ionia1 with the sumptuous supper-tables8 ,tell me1 how does it fare8 ,and the people of ,abydus 7and ,abydus is a colony of ,miletus7 are very luxurious in their way of life1 and wholly enervated by pleasure2 as ,hermippus tells us1 in his ,soldiers-- ,a4 ,i do rejoice when ,i behold an army ,from o'er the sea1--to see how soft they are ,and delicate to view1 with flowing hair1 ,and well-smooth'd muscles in their tender arms4 ,b4 ,have you heard ,abydus has become a man8 ,and ,aristophanes1 in his ,triphales1 ridiculing 7after the fashion of the comedians7 many of the ,ionians1 says-- ,then all the other eminent foreigners ,who were at hand1 kept following steadily1 ,and much they press'd him1 begging he would take ,the boy with him to ,chios1 and there sell him3 ,another hoped he'd take him to ,clazomen2 ,a third was all for ,ephesus2 a fourth ,preferred ,abydus on the ,hellespont3 ,and all these places in his way did lie4 ,but concerning the people of ,abydus1 ,antipho1 in reply to the attacks of ,alcibiades1 speaks as follows3--,after you had been considered by your guardians old enough to be your own master1 you1 receiving your property from their hands1 went away by sea to ,abydus1--not for the purpose of transacting any private business of your own1 nor on account of any commission of the state respecting any public rights of hospitality2 but1 led only by your own lawless and intemperate disposition1 to learn lascivious habits and actions from the women at ,abydus1 in order that you might be able to put them in practice during the remainder of your life4 #bi4 ,the ,magnesians also1 who lived on the banks of the ,mander1 were undone because they indulged in too much luxury1 as ,callinus relates in his ,elegies2 and ,archilochus confirms this3 for the city of ,magnesia was taken by the ,ephesians4 ,and concerning these same ,ephesians1 ,democritus1 who was himself an ,ephesian1 speaks in the first book of his treatise on the ,temple of ,diana at ,ephesus2 where1 relating their excessive effeminacy1 and the dyed garments which they used to wear1 he uses these expressions3--,and as for the violet and purple robes of the ,ionians1 and their saffron garments1 embroidered with round figures1 those are known to every one2 and the caps which they wear on their heads are in like manner embroidered with figures of animals4 ,they wear also garments called sarapes1 of yellow1 or scarlet1 or white1 and some even of purple3 and they wear also long robes called calasires1 of ,corinthian workmanship2 and some of these are purple1 and some violet-coloured1 and some hyacinth-coloured2 and one may also see some which are of a fiery red1 and others which are of a sea-green colour4 ,there are also ,persian calasires1 which are the most beautiful of all4 ,and one may see also1 continues ,democritus1 the garments which they call act2 and the acta is the most costly of all the ,persian articles of dress3 and this acta is woven for the sake of fineness and of strength1 and it is ornamented all over with golden millet-grains2 and all the millet-grains have knots of purple thread passing through the middle1 to fasten them inside the garment4 ,and he says that the ,ephesians use all these things1 being wholly devoted to luxury4 #cj4 ,but ,duris1 speaking concerning the luxury of the ,samians1 quotes the poems of ,asius1 to prove that they used to wear armlets on their arms2 and that1 when celebrating the festival of the ,hera1 they used to go about with their hair carefully combed down over the back of their head and over their shoulders2 and he says that this is proved to have been their regular practice by this proverb--,to go1 like a worshipper of ,juno1 with his hair braided4 ,now the verses of ,asius run as follows3-- ,and they march'd1 with carefully comb'd hair ,to the most holy spot of ,juno's temple1 ,clad in magnificent robes1 whose snow-white folds ,reach'd to the ground of the extensive earth1 ,and golden knobs on them like grasshoppers1 ,and golden chaplets loosely held their hair1 ,gracefully waving in the genial breeze2 ,and on their arms were armlets1 highly wrought1 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 and sung ,the praises of the mighty warrior4 ,but ,heraclides of ,pontus1 in his treatise on ,pleasure1 says that the ,samians1 being most extravagantly luxurious1 destroyed the city1 out of their meanness to one another1 as effectually as the ,sybarites destroyed theirs4 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,colophonians4 #ca4 ,but the ,colophonians 7as ,phylarchus says71 who originally adopted a very rigid course of life1 when1 in consequence of the alliance and friendship which they formed with the ,lydians1 they began to give way to luxury1 used to go into public with their hair adorned with golden ornaments1 as ,xenophanes tells us-- ,they learnt all sorts of useless foolishness ,from the effeminate ,lydians1 while they ,were held in bondage to sharp tyranny4 ,they went into the forum richly clad ,in purple garments1 in numerous companies1 ,whose strength was not less than a thousand men1 ,boasting of hair luxuriously dress'd1 ,dripping with costly and sweet-smelling oils4 ,and to such a degree did they carry their dissoluteness and their unseemly drunkenness1 that some of them never once saw the sun either rise or set3 and they passed a law1 which continued even to our time1 that the female flute-players and female harpers1 and all such musicians and singers1 should receive pay from daybreak to midday1 and until the lamps were lighted2 but after that they set aside the rest of the night to get drunk in4 ,and ,theopompus1 in the fifteenth book of his ,history1 says1 that a thousand men of that city used to walk about the city1 wearing purple garments1 which was at that time a colour rare even among kings1 and greatly sought after2 for purple was constantly sold for its weight in silver4 ,and so1 owing to these practices1 they fell under the power of tyrants1 and became torn by factions1 and so were undone with their country4 ,and ,diogenes the ,babylonian gave the same account of them1 in the first book of his ,laws4 ,and ,antiphanes1 speaking generally of the luxury of all the ,ionians1 has the following lines in his ,dodona3-- ,say1 from what country do you come1 what land ,call you your home8 ,is this a delicate ,luxurious band of long and soft-robed men ,from cities of ,ionia that here approaches8 ,and ,theophrastus1 in his essay on ,pleasure1 says that the ,ionians1 on account of the extraordinary height to which they carried their luxury1 gave rise to what is now known as the golden proverb4 #cb4 ,and ,theopompus1 in the eighth book of his ,history of the ,affairs of ,philip1 says that some of those tribes which live on the sea-coast are exceedingly luxurious in their manner of living4 ,but about the ,byzantians and ,chalcedonians1 the same ,theopompus makes the following statement3--,but the ,byzantians1 because they had been governed a long time by a democracy1 and because their city was so situated as to be a kind of mart1 and because the whole people spent the whole of their time in the market-place and about the harbour1 were very intemperate1 and in the constant habit of feasting and drinking at the wine-sellers'4 ,but the ,chalcedonians1 before they became members of the same city with them1 were men who at all times cultivated better habits and principles of life2 but after they had tasted of the democracy of the ,byzantians1 they fell into ruinous luxury1 and1 from having been most temperate and moderate in their daily life1 they became a nation of hard drinkers1 and very extravagant4 ,and1 in the twenty-first book of the ,history of the ,affairs of ,philip1 he says that the nation of the ,umbrians 7and that is a tribe which lives on the shores of the ,hadriatic7 was exceedingly devoted to luxury1 and lived in a manner very like the ,lydians1 and had a fertile country1 owing to which they advanced in prosperity4 #cc4 ,but speaking about the ,thessalians1 in his fourth book1 he says that they spend all their time among dancing women and flute-playing women1 and some spend all the day in dice and drinking1 and similar pastimes2 and they are more anxious how they may display their tables loaded with all kinds of food1 than how they may exhibit a regular and orderly life4 ,but the ,pharsalians1 says he1 are of all men the most indolent and the most extravagant4 ,and the ,thessalians are confessed 7as ,critias says7 to be the most extravagant of all the ,greeks1 both in their way of living and in their apparel2 which was a reason why they conducted the ,persians into ,greece1 desiring to copy their luxury and expense4 ,but concerning the tolians1 ,polybius tells us1 in the thirteenth book of his ,history1 that on account of their continual wars1 and the extravagance of their lives1 they became involved in debt4 ,and ,agatharchides1 in the twelfth book of his ,histories1 says--,the tolians are so much the more ready to encounter death1 in proportion as they seek to live extravagantly and with greater prodigality than any other nation4 ,sidenote3 ,,luxury ,,of ,,the ,,syrians4 #cd4 ,but the ,sicilians1 and especially the ,syracusans1 are very notorious for their luxury2 as ,aristophanes also tells us1 in his ,daitaleis1 where he says-- ,but after that ,i sent you1 you did not ,learn this at all2 but only learnt to drink1 ,and sing loose songs at ,syracusan feasts1 ,and how to share in ,sybaritic banquets1 ,and to drink ,chian wine in ,spartan cups4 ,but ,plato1 in his ,epistles1 says--,it was with this intention that ,i went to ,italy and ,sicily1 when ,i paid my first visit there4 ,but when ,i got there1 the way of life that ,i found there was not at all pleasing to me2 for twice in the day they eat to satiety1 and they never sleep alone at night2 and they indulge also in all other such practices as naturally follow on such habits3 for1 after such habits as these1 no man in all the world1 who has been bred up in them from his youth1 can possibly turn out sensible2 and as for being temperate and virtuous1 that none of them ever think of4 ,and in the third book of his ,polity he writes as follows3--,it seems to me1 my friend1 that you do not approve of the ,syracusan tables1 and the ,sicilian variety of dishes2 and you do not approve either of men1 who wish to preserve a vigorous constitution1 devoting themselves to ,corinthian mistresses2 nor do you much admire the delicacy which is usually attributed to ,athenian sweetmeats4 #ce4 ,but ,posidonius1 in the sixteenth book of his ,histories1 speaking of the cities in ,syria1 and saying how luxurious they were1 writes as follows3--,the inhabitants of the towns1 on account of the great fertility of the land1 used to derive great revenues from their estates1 and after their labours for necessary things used to celebrate frequent entertainments1 at which they feasted incessantly1 using their gymnasia for baths1 and anointing themselves with very costly oils and perfumes2 and they passed all their time in their 1 for that was the name which they gave to their public banqueting-rooms1 as if they had been their own private houses2 and the greater part of the day they remained in them1 filling their bellies with meat and drink1 so as even to carry away a good deal to eat at home2 and they delighted their ears with the music of a noisy lyre1 so that whole cities resounded with such noises4 ,but ,agatharchides1 in the thirty-fifth book of his ,affairs of ,europe1 says--,the ,arycandians of ,lycia1 being neighbours of the ,limyres1 having got involved in debt1 on account of the intemperance and extravagance of their way of living1 and1 by reason of their indolence and devotion to pleasure1 being unable to discharge their debts1 placed all their hopes on ,mithridates1 thinking that he would reward them with a general abolition of debts4 ,and1 in his thirty-first book1 he says that the ,zacynthians were inexperienced in war1 because they were accustomed to live in ease and opulence4 #cf4 ,and ,polybius1 in his seventh book1 says1 that the inhabitants of ,capua in ,campania1 having become exceedingly rich through the excellence of their soil1 fell into habits of luxury and extravagance1 exceeding all that is reported of the inhabitants of ,crotona or ,sybaris4 ,accordingly1 says he1 they1 not being able to bear their present prosperity1 called in ,hannibal1 owing to which act they afterwards suffered intolerable calamities at the hands of the ,romans4 ,but the people of ,petelia1 who kept the promises which they had made to the ,romans1 behaved with such resolution and fortitude when besieged by ,hannibal1 that they did not surrender till they had eaten all the hides which there were in the city1 and the bark and young branches of all the trees which grew in the city1 and till they had endured a siege for eleven months1 without any one coming to their assistance2 and they did not even then surrender without the permission of the ,romans4 #cg4 ,and ,phylarchus1 in the eleventh book of his ,history1 says that schylus says that the ,curetes derived their name from their luxurious habits-- ,and their luxurious curls1 like a fond girl's1 ,on which account they call'd him 4#b ,and ,agathon in his ,thyestes says1 that the suitors who courted the daughter of ,pronax came sumptuously dressed in all other points1 and also with very long1 carefully dressed hair4 ,and when they failed in obtaining her hand-- ,at least 7say they7 we cut and dress'd our hair1 ,to be an evidence of our luxury1 ,a lovely action of a cheerful mind2 ,and thence we gain'd the glory of a name1-- ,to be 1 from our well-cut 77 hair4 ,sidenote3 ,,luxury ,,of ,,the ,,asiatic ,,kings4 ,and the people of ,cum in ,italy1 as ,hyperochus tells us1 or whoever else it was who wrote the ,history of ,cum which is attributed to him1 wore golden brocaded garments all day1 and robes embroidered with flowers2 and used to go to the fields with their wives1 riding in chariots4--,and this is what ,i have to say about the luxury of nations and cities4 #ch4 ,but of individual instances ,i have heard the following stories3--,ctesias1 in the third book of his ,history of ,persia1 says1 that all those who were ever kings in ,asia devoted themselves mainly to luxury2 and above all of them1 ,ninyas did so1 the son of ,ninus and ,semiramis4 ,he1 therefore1 remaining in-doors and living luxuriously1 was never seen by any one1 except by his eunuchs and by his own women4 ,and another king of this sort was ,sardanapalus1 whom some call the son of ,anacyndaraxes1 and others the son of ,anabaxarus4 ,and so1 when ,arbaces1 who was one of the generals under him1 a ,mede by birth1 endeavoured to manage1 by the assistance of one of the eunuchs1 whose name was ,sparamizus1 to see ,sardanapalus2 and when he with difficulty prevailed upon him1 with the consent of the king himself1--when the ,mede entered and saw him1 painted with vermilion and adorned like a woman1 sitting among his concubines carding purple wool1 and sitting among them with his feet up1 wearing a woman's robe1 and with his beard carefully scraped1 and his face smoothed with pumice-stone 7for he was whiter than milk1 and pencilled under his eyes and eyebrows2 and when he saw ,arbaces1 he was just putting a little more white under his eyes71 most historians1 among whom ,duris is one1 relate that ,arbaces1 being indignant at his countrymen being ruled over by such a monarch as that1 stabbed him and slew him4 ,but ,ctesias says that he went to war with him1 and collected a great army1 and then that ,sardanapalus1 being dethroned by ,arbaces1 died1 burning himself alive in his palace1 having heaped up a funeral pile four plethra in extent1 on which he placed a hundred and fifty golden couches1 and a corresponding number of tables1 these1 too1 being all made of gold4 ,and he also erected on the funeral pile a chamber a hundred feet long1 made of wood2 and in it he had couches spread1 and there he himself lay down with his wife1 and his concubines lay on other couches around4 ,for he had sent on his three sons and his daughters1 when he saw that his affairs were getting in a dangerous state1 to ,nineveh1 to the king of that city1 giving them three thousand talents of gold4 ,and he made the roof of this apartment of large stout beams1 and then all the walls of it he made of numerous thick planks1 so that it was impossible to escape out of it4 ,and in it he placed ten millions of talents of gold1 and a hundred millions of talents of silver1 and robes1 and purple garments1 and every kind of apparel imaginable4 ,and after that he bade the slaves set fire to the pile2 and it was fifteen days burning4 ,and those who saw the smoke wondered1 and thought that he was celebrating a great sacrifice2 but the eunuchs alone knew what was really being done4 ,and in this way ,sardanapalus1 who had spent his life in extraordinary luxury1 died with as much magnanimity as possible4 #ci4 ,but ,clearchus1 relating the history of the king of ,persia1 says that--in a very prudent manner he proposed prizes for any one who could invent any delicious food4 ,for this is what1 ,i imagine1 is meant by the brains of ,jupiter and the king4 ,on which account1 continues he1 ,sardanapalus was the most happy of all monarchs1 who during his whole life preferred enjoyment to everything else1 and who1 even after his death1 shows by his fingers1 in the figure carved on his tomb1 how much ridicule all human affairs deserve1 being not worth the snap of his fingers which he makes 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 anxiety about other things4 ,however1 ,sardanapalus does not appear to have lived all his life in entire inaction2 for the inscription on his tomb says-- ,sardanapalus ,the king1 and son of ,anacyndaraxes1 ,in one day built ,anchiale and ,tarsus2 ,but now he's dead4 ,and ,amyntas1 in the third book of his ,account of the ,posts1 says that at ,nineveh there is a very high mound1 which ,cyrus levelled with the ground when he besieged the city1 and raised another mound against the city2 and that this mound was said to have been erected by ,sardanapalus the son of ,king ,ninus2 and that on it there was said to be inscribed1 on a marble pillar and in ,chaldaic characters1 the following inscription1 which ,chrilus translated into ,greek1 and reduced to metre4 ,and the inscription is as follows-- ,sidenote3 ,,sardanapalus4 ,i was the king1 and while ,i lived on earth1 ,and saw the bright rays of the genial sun1 ,i ate and drank and loved2 and knew full well ,the time that men do live on earth was brief1 ,and liable to many sudden changes1 ,reverses1 and calamities4 ,now others ,will have th' enjoyment of my luxuries1 ,which ,i do leave behind me4 ,for these reasons ,i never ceased one single day from pleasure4 ,but ,clitarchus1 in the fourth book of his ,history of ,alexander1 says that ,sardanapalus died of old age after he had lost the sovereignty over the ,syrians4 ,and ,aristobulus says--,in ,anchiale1 which was built by ,sardanapalus1 did ,alexander1 when he was on his expedition against the ,persians1 pitch his camp4 ,and at no great distance was the monument of ,sardanapalus1 on which there was a marble figure putting together the fingers of its right hand1 as if it were giving a fillip4 ,and there was on it the following inscription in ,assyrian characters-- ,sardanapalus ,the king1 and son of ,anacyndaraxes1 ,in one day built ,anchiale and ,tarsus4 ,eat1 drink1 and love2 the rest's not worth e'en this1-- by this meaning the fillip he was giving with his fingers4 #dj4 ,but ,sardanapalus was not the only king who was very luxurious1 but so was also ,androcotus the ,phrygian4 ,for he also used to wear a robe embroidered with flowers2 and to adorn himself more superbly than a woman1 as ,mnaseas relates1 in the third book of his ,history of ,europe4 ,but ,clearchus1 in the fifth book of his ,lives1 says that ,sagaus the king of the ,mariandyni used1 out of luxury1 to eat1 till he arrived at old age1 out of his nurse's mouth1 that he might not have the trouble of chewing his own food2 and that he never put his hand lower than his navel2 on which account ,aristotle1 laughing at ,xenocrates the ,chalcedonian1 for a similar preposterous piece of laziness1 says-- ,his hands are clean1 but sure his mind is not4 ,and ,ctesias relates that ,annarus1 a lieutenant of the king of ,persia1 and governor of ,babylon1 wore the entire dress and ornaments of a woman2 and though he was only a slave of the king1 there used to come into the room while he was at supper a hundred and fifty women playing the lyre and singing4 ,and they played and sang all the time that he was eating4 ,and ,phnix of ,colophon1 the poet1 speaking of ,ninus1 in the first book of his ,iambics1 says-- ,there was a man named ,ninus1 as ,i hear1 ,king of ,assyria1 who had a sea ,of liquid gold1 and many other treasures1 ,more than the whole sand of the ,caspian sea4 ,he never saw a star in all his life1 ,but sat still always1 nor did wish to see one2 ,he never1 in his place among the ,magi1 ,roused the sacred fire1 as the law bids1 ,touching the ,god with consecrated wand2 ,he was no orator1 no prudent judge1 ,he never learn'd to speak1 or count a sum1 ,but was a wondrous man to eat and drink ,and love1 and disregarded all besides3 ,and when he died he left this rule to men1 ,where ,nineveh and his monument now stands3-- ,behold and hear1 whether from wide ,assyria ,you come1 or else from ,media1 or if ,you're a ,choraxian1 or a long-hair'd native ,of the lake country in ,upper ,india1 ,for these my warnings are not vain or false3 ,i once was ,ninus1 a live breathing man1 ,now ,i am nothing1 only dust and clay1 ,and all ,i ate1 and all ,i sang and jested1 ,and all ,i loved44444444 ,but now my enemies have come upon me1 ,they have my treasures and my happiness1 ,tearing me as the ,bacch tear a kid2 ,and ,i am gone1 not taking with me gold1 ,or horses1 or a single silver chariot2 ,once ,i did wear a crown1 now ,i am dust4 ,sidenote3 ,,philip4 #da4 ,but ,theopompus1 in the fifteenth book of his ,history of ,philip1 says that ,straton the king of ,sidon surpassed all men in luxury and devotion to pleasure4 ,for as ,homer has represented the ,phacians as living feasting and drinking1 and listening to harp-players and rhapsodists1 so also did ,straton pass the whole of his life2 and so much the more devoted to pleasure was he than they1 that the ,phacians1 as ,homer reports1 used to hold their banquets in the company of their own wives and daughters2 but ,straton used to prepare his entertainments with flute-playing and harp-playing and lyre-playing women4 ,and he sent for many courtesans from ,peloponnesus1 and for many musicians from ,ionia1 and for other girls from every part of ,greece2 some skilful in singing and some in dancing1 for exhibitions of skill in which they had contests before himself and his friends2 and with these women he spent a great deal of his time4 ,he then1 delighting in such a life as this1 and being by nature a slave to his passions1 was also especially urged on by rivalry with ,nicocles4 ,for he and ,nicocles were always rivalling one another2 each of them devoted all his attention to living more luxuriously and pleasantly than the other4 ,and so they carried their emulation to such a height1 as we have heard1 that when either of them heard from his visitors what was the furniture of the other's house1 and how great was the expense gone to by the other for any sacrifice1 he immediately set to work to surpass him in such things4 ,and they were anxious to appear to all men prosperous and deserving of envy4 ,not but what neither of them continued prosperous throughout the whole of their lives1 but were both of them destroyed by violent deaths4 ,and ,anaximenes1 in his book entitled the ,reverses of ,kings1 giving the same account of ,straton1 says that he was always endeavouring to rival ,nicocles1 who was the king of ,salamis in ,cyprus1 and who was exceedingly devoted to luxury and debauchery1 and that they both came to a violent end4 #db4 ,and in the first book of his ,history of the ,affairs of ,philip1 ,theopompus1 speaking of ,philip1 says--,and on the third day he comes to ,onocarsis1 which was a strong place in ,thrace1 having a large grove kept in beautiful order1 and full of every resource for living pleasantly1 especially during the summer4 ,for it was one of the places which had been especially selected by ,cotys1 who1 of all the kings that ever lived in ,thrace1 was the most eager in his pursuit of pleasure and luxury4 ,and going round all the country1 wherever he saw any place shaded with trees and well watered with springs1 he made it into a banqueting place4 ,and going to them whenever he chose1 he used to celebrate sacrifices to the ,gods1 and there he would stay with his lieutenants1 being a very happy and enviable man1 until he took it into his head to blaspheme ,minerva1 and to treat her with contempt4 ,and the historian goes on to say1 that ,cotys once prepared a feast1 as if ,minerva had married him2 and prepared a bed-chamber for her1 and then1 in a state of intoxication1 he waited for the goddess4 ,and being already totally out of his mind1 he sent one of his body-guards to see whether the goddess had arrived at the bed-chamber4 ,and when he came there1 and went back and reported that there was nobody there1 he shot him and killed him4 ,and he treated a second in the same way1 until a third went1 and on his return told him that the goddess had been a long time waiting for him4 ,and this king1 being once jealous of his wife1 cut her up with his own hands1 beginning at her legs4 #dc4 ,but in the thirteenth book of his ,history of the ,affairs of ,philip1 speaking of ,chabrias the ,athenian1 he says--,but he was unable to live in the city1 partly on account of his intemperance1 and partly because of the extravagant habits of his daily life1 and partly because of the ,athenians4 ,for they are always unfavourable to eminent men2 on which account their most illustrious citizens preferred to live out of the city4 ,for instance1 ,iphicrates lived in ,thrace1 and ,conon in ,cyprus1 and ,timotheus in ,lesbos1 and ,chares at ,sigeum1 and ,chabrias himself in ,egypt4 ,and about ,chares he says1 in his forty-fifth book--,but ,chares was a slow and stupid man1 and one wholly devoted to pleasure4 ,and even when he was engaged in his military expeditions1 he used to take about with him female flute-players1 and female harp-players1 and a lot of common courtesans4 ,and of the money which was contributed for the purposes of the war1 some he expended on this sort of profligacy1 and some he left behind at ,athens1 to be distributed among the orators and those who propose decrees1 and on those private individuals who had actions depending4 ,and for all this the ,athenian populace was so far from being indignant1 that for this very reason he became more popular than any other citizen2 and naturally too3 for they all lived in this manner1 that their young men spent all their time among flute-players and courtesans2 and those who were a little older than they1 devoted themselves to gambling1 and profligacy of that sort2 and the whole people spent more money on its public banquets and entertainments than on the provision necessary for the well-doing of the state4 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,pisistratid4 ,but in the work of ,theopompus1 entitled1 ,concerning the ,money of which the ,temple at ,delphi was pillaged1 he says--,chares the ,athenian got sixty talents by means of ,lysander4 ,and with this money he gave a banquet to the ,athenians in the market-place1 celebrating a triumphal sacrifice in honour of their victory gained in the battle which took place against the foreign troops of ,philip4 ,and these troops were commanded by ,adus1 surnamed the ,cock1 concerning whom ,heraclides the comic poet speaks in the following manner-- ,but when he caught the dunghill cock of ,philip ,crowing too early in the morn1 and straying1 ,he kill'd him2 for he had not got his crest on4 ,and having kill'd this one1 then ,chares gave ,a splendid banquet to the ,athenian people2 ,so liberal and magnificent was he4 ,and ,duris gives the same account4 #dd4 ,but ,idomeneus tells us that the ,pisistratid also1 ,hippias and ,hipparchus1 instituted banquets and entertainments2 on which account they had a vast quantity of horses and other articles of luxury4 ,and this it was that made their government so oppressive4 ,and yet their father1 ,pisistratus1 had been a moderate man in his pleasures1 so that he never stationed guards in his fortified places1 nor in his gardens1 as ,theopompus relates in his twenty-first book1 but let any one who chose come in and enjoy them1 and take whatever he pleased4 ,and ,cimon afterwards adopted the same conduct1 in imitation of ,pisistratus4 ,and ,theopompus mentions ,cimon in the tenth book of his ,history of the ,affairs of ,philip1 saying--,cimon the ,athenian never placed any one in his fields or gardens to protect the fruit1 in order that any of the citizens who chose might go in and pick the fruit1 and take whatever they wanted in those places4 ,and besides this1 he opened his house to every one1 and made a daily practice of providing a plain meal for a great number of people2 and all the poor ,athenians who came that way might enter and partake of it4 ,he also paid great attention to all those who from day-to-day came to ask something of him2 and they say that he used always to take about with him one or two young men bearing bags of money4 ,and he ordered them to give money to whoever came to him to ask anything of him4 ,and they say that he also often contributed towards the expense of funerals4 ,and this too is a thing that he often did2 whenever he met any citizen badly clad1 he used to order one of the young men who were following him to change cloaks with him4 ,and so by all these means he acquired a high reputation1 and was the first of all the citizens4 ,but ,pisistratus was in many respects very oppressive2 and some say that that statue of ,bacchus which there is at ,athens was made in his likeness4 #de4 ,and ,heraclides of ,pontus1 in his treatise on ,pleasure1 says that ,pericles1 nicknamed the ,olympian1 after he got rid of his wife out of his house1 and devoted himself to a life of pleasure1 lived with ,aspasia1 the courtesan from ,megara1 and spent the greater part of his substance on her4 ,and ,themistocles1 when the ,athenians were not yet in such a state of intoxication1 and had not yet begun to use courtesans1 openly filled a chariot with prostitutes1 and drove early in the morning through the ,ceramicus when it was full4 ,but ,idomeneus has made this statement in an ambiguous manner1 so as to leave it uncertain whether he means that he harnessed the prostitutes in his chariot like horses1 or merely that he made them mount his four-horsed chariot4 ,and ,possis1 in the third book of his ,history of the ,affairs of ,magnesia1 says1 that ,themistocles1 having been invested with a crowned magistracy in ,magnesia1 sacrificed to ,minerva1 and called the festival the ,panathena4 ,and he sacrificed also to ,dionysius ,choopotes1 and celebrated the festival of the ,choeis there4 ,but ,clearchus1 in the first book of his treatise on ,friendship1 says that ,themistocles had a triclinium of great beauty made for him1 and said that he should be quite contented if he could fill that with friends4 #df4 ,and ,chamleon of ,pontus1 in his ,essay on ,anacreon1 having quoted these lines-- ,and ,periphoretus ,artemon ,is loved by golden-hair'd ,eurypyle1 says that ,artemo derived this nickname from living luxuriously1 and being carried about 77 on a couch4 ,for ,anacreon says that he had been previously very poor1 and then became on a sudden very luxurious1 in the following verses-- ,having before a poor berberium cloak1 ,and scanty cap1 and his poor ears ,with wooden earrings decorated1 ,and wearing round his ribs a newly-bought ,raw ox-hide1 fitter for a case ,for an old-fashion'd shield1 this wretch ,artemon1 who long has lived ,with bakers' women1 and the lowest of the low1 ,now having found a new style of life1 ,often thrusts his neck into the yoke1 ,or beneath the spear doth crouch2 ,and many a weal he can display1 ,mark'd on his back with well-deserved scourge2 ,and well pluck'd as to hair and beard4 ,but now he mounts his chariot1 he the son ,of ,cyca1 and his golden earrings wears2 ,and like a woman bears ,an ivory parasol o'er his delicate head4 ,sidenote3 ,,alcibiades4 #dg4 ,but ,satyrus1 speaking of the beautiful ,alcibiades1 says1--,it is said that when he was in ,ionia1 he was more luxurious than the ,ionians themselves4 ,and when he was in ,thebes he trained himself1 and practised gymnastic exercises1 being more of a ,botian than the ,thebans themselves4 ,and in ,thessaly he loved horses and drove chariots2 being fonder of horses than the ,aleuad3 and at ,sparta he practised courage and fortitude1 and surpassed the ,lacedmonians themselves4 ,and again1 in ,thrace he out-drank even the ,thracians themselves4 ,and once wishing to tempt his wife1 he sent her a thousand ,darics in another man's name3 and being exceedingly beautiful in his person1 he cherished his hair the greater part of his life1 and used to wear an extraordinary kind of shoe1 which is called ,alcibias from him4 ,and whenever he was a choregus1 he made a procession clad in a purple robe2 and going into the theatre he was admired not only by the men1 but also by the women3 on which account ,antisthenes1 the pupil of ,socrates1 who often had seen ,alcibiades1 speaks of him as a powerful and manly man1 and impatient of restraint1 and audacious1 and exceedingly beautiful through all his life4 ,and whenever he went on a journey he used four of the allied cities as his maid-servants4 ,for the ,ephesians used to put up a ,persian tent for him2 and the ,chians used to find him food for his horses2 and the people of ,cyzicus supplied him with victims for his sacrifices and banquets2 and the ,lesbians gave him wine1 and everything else which he wanted for his daily food4 ,and when he came to ,athens from ,olympia1 he offered up two pictures1 the work of ,aglaophon3 one of which represented the priestesses of ,olympia and ,delphi crowning him2 and in the other ,nemea was sitting1 and ,alcibiades on her knees1 appearing more beautiful than any of the women4 ,and even when on military expeditions he wished to appear beautiful2 accordingly he had a shield made of gold and ivory1 on which was carved ,love brandishing a thunderbolt as the ensign4 ,and once having gone to supper at the house of ,anytus1 by whom he was greatly beloved1 and who was a rich man1 when one of the company who was supping there with him was ,thrasyllus1 7and he was a poor man17 he pledged ,thrasyllus in half the cups which were set out on the side-board1 and then ordered the servants to carry them to ,thrasyllus's house2 and then he very civilly wished ,anytus good night1 and so departed4 ,but ,anytus1 in a very affectionate and liberal spirit1 when some one said what an inconsiderate thing ,alcibiades had done2 ',no1 by ,jove1' said he1 'but what a kind and considerate thing2 for when he had the power to have taken away everything1 he has left me half4' #dh4 ,and ,lysias the orator1 speaking of his luxury1 says--,for ,axiochus and ,alcibiades having sailed to the ,hellespont1 married at ,abydus1 both of them marrying one wife1 ,medontias of ,abydus1 and both cohabited with her4 ,after this they had a daughter1 and they said that they could not tell whose daughter she was2 and when she was old enough to be married1 they both cohabited with her too2 and when ,alcibiades came to her1 he said that she was the daughter of ,axiochus1 and ,axiochus in his turn said she was the daughter of ,alcibiades4 ,and he is ridiculed by ,eupolis1 after the fashion of the comic writers1 as being very intemperate with regard to women2 for ,eupolis says in his ,flatterers-- ,a4 ,let ,alcibiades leave the women's rooms4 ,b4 ,why do you jest 4 4 4 4 ,will you not now go home and try your hand ,on your own wife8 ,and ,pherecrates says-- ,for ,alcibiades1 who's no man 77 at all1 ,is1 as it seems1 now every woman's husband 774 ,and when he was at ,sparta he seduced ,tima1 the wife of ,agis the king4 ,and when some people reproached him for so doing1 he said1 that he did not intrigue with her out of incontinence1 but in order that a son of his might be king at ,sparta2 and that the kings might no longer be said to be descended from ,hercules1 but from ,alcibiades3 and when he was engaged in his military expeditions1 he used to take about1 with him ,timandra1 the mother of ,lais the ,corinthian1 and ,theodote1 who was an ,athenian courtesan4 ,sidenote3 ,,pausanias4 #di4 ,but after his banishment1 having made the ,athenians masters of the ,hellespont1 and having taken more than five thousand ,peloponnesians prisoners1 he sent them to ,athens2 and after this1 returning to his country1 he crowned the ,attic triremes with branches1 and mitres1 and fillets4 ,and fastening to his own vessels a quantity of ships which he had taken1 with their beaks broken off1 to the number of two hundred1 and conveying also transports full of ,lacedmonian and ,peloponnesian spoils and arms1 he sailed into the ,pirus3 and the trireme in which he himself was1 ran up to the very bars of the ,pirus with purple sails2 and when it got inside the harbour1 and when the rowers took their oars1 ,chrysogonus played on a flute the trieric air1 clad in a ,persian robe1 and ,callippides the tragedian1 clad in a theatrical dress1 gave the word to the rowers4 ,on account of which some one said with great wit--,sparta could never have endured two ,lysanders1 nor ,athens two ,alcibiadeses4 ,but ,alcibiades was imitating the ,medism of ,pausanias1 and when he was staying with ,pharnabazus1 he put on a ,persian robe1 and learnt the ,persian language1 as ,themistocles had done4 #ej4 ,and ,duris says1 in the twenty-second book of his ,history1--,pausanias1 the king of ,lacedmon1 having laid aside the national cloak of ,lacedmon1 adopted the ,persian dress4 ,and ,dionysius1 the tyrant of ,sicily1 adopted a theatrical robe and a golden tragic crown with a clasp4 ,and ,alexander1 when he became master of ,asia1 also adopted the ,persian dress4 ,but ,demetrius outdid them all2 for the very shoes which he wore he had made in a most costly manner2 for in its form it was a kind of buskin1 made of most expensive purple wool2 and on this the makers wove a great deal of golden embroidery1 both before and behind2 and his cloak was of a brilliant tawny colour2 and1 in short1 a representation of the heavens was woven into it1 having the stars and twelve signs of the ,zodiac all wrought in gold2 and his head-band was spangled all over with gold1 binding on a purple broad-brimmed hat in such a manner that the outer fringes hung down the back4 ,and when the ,demetrian festival was celebrated at ,athens1 ,demetrius himself was painted on the proscenium1 sitting on the world4 ,and ,nymphis of ,heraclea1 in the sixth book of his treatise on his ,country1 says--,pausanias1 who defeated ,mardonius at ,plata1 having transgressed the laws of ,sparta1 and given himself up to pride1 when staying near ,byzantium1 dared to put an inscription on the brazen goblet which is there consecrated to the gods1 whose temple is at the entrance of the strait1 7and the goblet is in existence to this day17 as if he had dedicated it himself2 putting this inscription on it1 forgetting himself through his luxury and arrogance-- ,pausanias1 the general of broad ,greece1 ,offered this goblet to the royal ,neptune1 ,a fit memorial of his deathless valour1 ,here in the ,euxine sea4 ,he was by birth ,a ,spartan1 and ,cleombrotus's son1 ,sprung from the ancient race of ,hercules4 #ea4 ,pharax the ,lacedmonian also indulged himself in luxury1 as ,theopompus tells us in the fourteenth book of his ,history1 and he abandoned himself to pleasure in so dissolute and unrestrained a manner1 that by reason of his intemperance he was much oftener taken for a ,sicilian1 than for a ,spartan by reason of his country4 ,and in his fifty-second book he says that ,archidamus the ,lacedmonian1 having abandoned his national customs1 adopted foreign and effeminate habits2 so that he could not endure the way of life which existed in his own country1 but was always1 by reason of his intemperance1 anxious to live in foreign countries4 ,and when the ,tarentines sent an embassy about an alliance1 he was anxious to go out with them as an ally2 and being there1 and having been slain in the wars1 he was not thought worthy even of a burial1 although the ,tarentines offered a great deal of money to the enemy to be allowed to take up his body4 ,and ,phylarchus1 in the tenth book of his ,histories1 says that ,isanthes was the king of that tribe of ,thracians called ,crobyzi1 and that he surpassed all the men of his time in luxury2 and he was a rich man1 and very handsome4 ,and the same historian tells us1 in his twenty-second book1 that ,ptolemy the ,second1 king of ,egypt1 the most admirable of all princes1 and the most learned and accomplished of men1 was so beguiled and debased in his mind by his unseasonable luxury1 that he actually dreamed that he should live for ever1 and said that he alone had found out how to become immortal4 ,and once1 after he had been afflicted by the gout for many days1 when at last he got a little better1 and saw through his window-blinds some ,egyptians dining by the river side1 and eating whatever it might be that they had1 and lying at random on the sand1 ,o wretched man that ,i am1 said he1 that ,i am not one of those men6 ,sidenote3 ,,diomnestus4 #eb4 ,now ,callias and his flatterers we have already sufficiently mentioned4 ,but since ,heraclides of ,pontus1 in his treatise on ,pleasures1 speaks of him1 we will return to the subject and quote what he says3--,when first the ,persians made an expedition against ,greece1 there was1 as they say1 an ,eretrian of the name of ,diomnestus1 who became master of all the treasures of the general2 for he happened to have pitched his tent in his field1 and to have put his money away in some room of his house4 ,but when the ,persians were all destroyed1 then ,diomnestus took the money without any one being aware of it2 but when the king of ,persia sent an army into ,eretria the second time1 ordering his generals utterly to destroy the city1 then1 as was natural1 all who were at all well off carried away their treasures4 ,accordingly those of the family of ,diomnestus who were left1 secretly removed their money to ,athens1 to the house of ,hipponicus1 the son of ,callias1 who was surnamed ,ammon2 and when all the ,eretrians had been driven out of their city by the ,persians1 this family remained still in possession of their wealth1 which was great4 ,so ,hipponicus1 who was the son of that man who had originally received the deposit1 begged the ,athenians to grant him a place in the ,acropolis1 where he might construct a room to store up all this money in1 saying that it was not safe for such vast sums to remain in a private house4 ,and the ,athenians did grant him such a place2 but afterwards1 he1 being warned against such a step by his friends1 changed his mind4 ,callias1 therefore1 became the master of all this money1 and lived a life of pleasure1 7for what limit was there to the flatterers who surrounded him1 or to the troops of companions who were always about him8 and what extravagance was there which he did not think nothing of87 ,however1 his voluptuous life afterwards reduced him so low1 that he was compelled to pass the rest of his life with one barbarian old woman for a servant1 and he was in want of actual daily necessaries1 and so he died4 ,but who was it who got rid of the riches of ,nicias of ,pergasa1 or of ,ischomachus8 was it not ,autoclees and ,epiclees1 who preferred living with one another1 and who considered everything second to pleasure8 and after they had squandered all this wealth1 they drank hemlock together1 and so perished4 #ec4 ,but1 concerning the luxury of ,alexander the ,great1 ,ephippus the ,olynthian1 in his treatise on the ,deaths of ,alexander and ,hephstion1 says that he had in his park a golden throne1 and couches with silver feet1 on which he used to sit and transact business with his companions4 ,but ,nicobule says1 that while he was at supper all the morris dancers and athletes studied to amuse the king2 and at his very last banquet1 ,alexander1 remembering an episode in the ,andromeda of ,euripides1 recited it in a declamatory manner1 and then drank a cup of unmixed wine with great eagerness1 and compelled all the rest to do so too4 ,and ,ephippus tells us that ,alexander used to wear even the sacred vestments at his entertainments2 and sometimes he would wear the purple robe1 and cloven sandals1 and horns of ,ammon1 as if he had been the god2 and sometimes he would imitate ,diana1 whose dress he often wore while driving in his chariot2 having on also a ,persian robe1 but displaying above his shoulders the bow and javelin of the goddess4 ,sometimes also he would appear in the guise of ,mercury2 at other times1 and indeed almost every day1 he would wear a purple cloak1 and a tunic shot with white1 and a cap which had a royal diadem attached to it4 ,and when he was in private with his friends he wore the sandals of ,mercury1 and the petasus on his head1 and held the caduceus in his hand4 ,often also he wore a lion's skin1 and carried a club1 like ,hercules4 ,sidenote3 ,,alexander4 ,what wonder then is it1 if in our time the emperor ,commodus1 when he drove abroad in his chariot1 had the club of ,hercules lying beside him1 with a lion's skin spread at his feet1 and liked to be called ,hercules1 when even ,alexander1 the pupil of ,aristotle1 represented himself as like so many gods1 and even like ,diana8 ,and ,alexander used to have the floor sprinkled with exquisite perfumes and with fragrant wine2 and myrrh was burnt before him1 and other kinds of incense2 and all the bystanders kept silence1 or spoke only words of good omen1 out of fear4 ,for he was a very violent man1 with no regard for human life2 for he appeared to be a man of a melancholic constitution4 ,and on one occasion1 at ,ecbatana1 when he was offering a sacrifice to ,bacchus1 and when everything was prepared in a most lavish manner for the banquet1 4 4 4 and ,satrabates the satrap1 feasted all the soldiers4444 ,but when a great multitude was collected to see the spectacle1 says ,ephippus1 there were on a sudden some arrogant proclamations published1 more insolent even than ,persian arrogance was wont to dictate4 ,for1 as different people were publishing different proclamations1 and proposing to make ,alexander large presents1 which they called crowns2 one of the keepers of his armoury1 going beyond all previous flattery1 having previously arranged the matter with ,alexander1 ordered the herald to proclaim that ,gorgos1 the keeper of the armoury1 presents ,alexander1 the son of ,ammon1 with three thousand pieces of gold2 and will also present him1 when he lays siege to ,athens1 with ten thousand complete suits of armour1 and with an equal number of catapults and all weapons required for the war4 #ed4 ,and ,chares1 in the tenth book of his ,history of ,alexander1 says--,when he took ,darius prisoner1 he celebrated a marriage-feast for himself and his companions1 having had ninety-two bedchambers prepared in the same place4 ,there was a house built capable of containing a hundred couches2 and in it every couch was adorned with wedding paraphernalia to the value of twenty min1 and was made of silver itself2 but his own bed had golden feet4 ,and he also invited to the banquet which he gave1 all his own private friends1 and those he arranged opposite to himself and the other bridegrooms2 and his forces also belonging to the army and navy1 and all the ambassadors which were present1 and all the other strangers who were staying at his court4 ,and the apartment was furnished in the most costly and magnificent manner1 with sumptuous garments and cloths1 and beneath them were other cloths of purple1 and scarlet1 and gold4 ,and1 for the sake of solidity1 pillars supported the tent1 each twenty cubits long1 plated all over with gold and silver1 and inlaid with precious stones2 and all around these were spread costly curtains embroidered with figures of animals1 and with gold1 having gold and silver curtain-rods4 ,and the circumference of the court was four stadia4 ,and the banquet took place1 beginning at the sound of a trumpet1 at that marriage-feast1 and on other occasions whenever the king offered a solemn sacrifice1 so that all the army knew it4 ,and this marriage-feast lasted five days4 ,and a great number both of barbarians and ,greeks brought contributions to it2 and also some of the ,indian tribes did so4 ,and there were present some wonderful conjurors--,scymnus of ,tarentum1 and ,philistides of ,syracuse1 and ,heraclitus of ,mitylene2 after whom also ,alexis of ,tarentum1 the rhapsodist1 exhibited his skill4 ,there came also harp-players1 who played without singing1--,cratinus of ,methymne1 and ,aristonymus the ,athenian1 and ,athenodorus the ,teian4 ,and ,heraclitus the ,tarentine played on the harp1 accompanying himself with his voice1 and so did ,aristocrates the ,theban4 ,and of flute-players accompanied with song1 there were present ,dionysius of ,heraclea1 and ,hyperbolus of ,cyzicus4 ,and of other flute-players there were the following1 who first of all played the air called ,the ,pythian1 and afterwards played with the choruses1--,timotheus1 ,phrynichus1 ,caphesias1 ,diophantus1 and also ,evius the ,chalcidian4 ,and from this time forward1 those who were formerly called ,dionysio-colaces1#c were called ,alexandro-colaces1 on account of the extravagant liberality of their presents1 with which ,alexander was pleased4 ,and there were also tragedians who acted1--,thessalus1 and ,athenodorus1 and ,aristocritus2 and of comic actors there were ,lycon1 and ,phormion1 and ,ariston4 ,there was also ,phasimelus the harp-player4 ,and the crowns sent by the ambassadors and by other people amounted in value to fifteen thousand talents4 ,sidenote3 ,,alexander4 #ee4 ,but ,polycletus of ,larissa1 in the eighth book of his ,history1 says that ,alexander used to sleep on a golden1 couch1 and that flute-playing men and women followed him to the camp1 and that he used to drink till daybreak4 ,and ,clearchus1 in his treatise on ,lives1 speaking of ,darius who was dethroned by ,alexander1 says1 ,the king of the ,persians offered prizes to those who could invent pleasures for him1 and by this conduct allowed his whole empire and sovereignty to be subverted by pleasures4 ,nor was he aware that he was defeating himself till others had wrested his sceptre from him and had been proclaimed in his place4 ,and ,phylarchus1 in the twenty-third book of his ,history1 and ,agatharchides of ,cnidus1 in the tenth book of his ,history of ,asia1 say that the companions also of ,alexander gave way to the most extravagant luxury4 ,and one of them was a man named ,agnon1 who used to wear golden studs in his sandals and shoes4 ,and ,cleitus1 who was surnamed ,the ,white1 whenever he was about to transact business1 used to converse with every one who came to him while walking about on a purple carpet4 ,and ,perdiccas and ,craterus1 who were fond of athletic exercises1 had men follow them with hides fastened together so as to cover a place an entire stadium in extent2 and then they selected a spot within the encampment which they had covered with these skins as an awning2 and under this they practised their gymnastics4 ,they were followed also by numerous beasts of burden1 which carried sand for the use of the palstra4 ,and ,leonnatus and ,menelaus1 who were very fond of hunting1 had curtains brought after them calculated to enclose a space a hundred stadia in circumference1 with which they fenced in a large space and then practised hunting within it4 ,and as for the golden plane-trees1 and the golden vine--having on it bunches of grapes made of emeralds and ,indian carbuncles1 and all sorts of other stones of the most costly and magnificent description1 under which the kings of ,persia used often to sit when transacting business1--the expense of all this1 says ,phylarchus1 was far less than the daily sums squandered by ,alexander2 for he had a tent capable of containing a hundred couches1 and fifty golden pillars supported it4 ,and over it were spread golden canopies wrought with the most superb and costly embroidery1 to shade all the upper part of it4 ,and first of all1 five hundred ,persian ,melophori stood all round the inside of it1 clad in robes of purple and apple-green2 and besides them there were bowmen to the number of a thousand1 some clad in garments of a fiery red1 and others in purple2 and many of them had blue cloaks4 ,and in front of them stood five hundred ,macedonian ,argyraspides2 and in the middle of the tent was placed a golden chair1 on which ,alexander used to sit and transact business1 his body-guards standing all around4 ,and on the outside1 all round the tent1 was a troop of elephants regularly equipped1 and a thousand ,macedonians1 having ,macedonian dresses2 and then ten thousand ,persians3 and the number of those who wore purple amounted to five hundred1 to whom ,alexander gave this dress for them to wear4 ,and though he had such a numerous retinue of friends and servants1 still no one dared to approach ,alexander of his own accord2 so great was his dignity and the veneration with which they regarded him4 ,and at that time ,alexander wrote letters to the cities in ,ionia1 and to the ,chians first of all1 to send him a quantity of purple2 for he wished all his companions to wear purple robes4 ,and when his letter was read among the ,chians1 ,theocritus the philosopher being present1 said-- ,he fell by purple#d death and mighty fate4 #ef4 ,and ,posidonius1 in the twenty-eighth book of his ,history1 says that ,antiochus the king1 who was surnamed ,grypus1 when he was celebrating the games at ,daphne1 gave a magnificent entertainment2 at which1 first of all1 a distribution of entire joints took place1 and after that another distribution of geese1 and hares1 and antelopes all alive4 ,there were also1 says he1 distributed golden crowns to the feasters1 and a great quantity of silver plate1 and of servants1 and horses1 and camels4 ,and every one was expected to mount a camel1 and drink2 and after that he was presented with the camel1 and with all that was on the camel1 and the boy who stood by it4 ,and in his fourteenth book1 speaking of his namesake ,antiochus1 who made war upon ,arsaces1 and invaded ,media1 he says that he made a feast for a great multitude every day2 at which1 besides the things which were consumed1 and the heaps of fragments which were left1 every one of the guests carried away with him entire joints of beasts1 and birds1 and fishes which had never been carved1 all ready dressed1 in sufficient quantities to fill a waggon4 ,and after this they were presented with a quantity of sweetmeats1 and chaplets1 and crowns of myrrh and frankincense1 with turbans as long as a man1 made of strips of gold brocade4 #eg4 ,but ,clytus1 the pupil of ,aristotle1 in his ,history of ,miletus1 says that ,polycrates1 the tyrant of ,samos1 collected everything that was worth speaking of everywhere to gratify his luxury1 having assembled dogs from ,epirus1 and goats from ,scyros1 and sheep from ,miletus1 and swine from ,sicily4 ,sidenote3 ,,polycrates4 ,and ,alexis1 in the third book of his ,samian ,annals1 says that ,samos was adorned by ,polycrates with the productions of many other cities2 as he imported ,molossian and ,lacedmonian dogs1 and goats from ,scyros and ,naxos1 and sheep from ,miletus and ,attica4 ,he also1 says he1 sent for artists1 promising them enormous wages4 ,but before he became tyrant1 having prepared a number of costly couches and goblets1 he allowed any one the use of them who was preparing any marriage-feast or extraordinary entertainment4 ,and after hearing all these particulars we may well admire the tyrant1 because it was nowhere written that he had sent for any women or boys from any other countries1 although he was of a very amorous constitution1 and was a rival in love of ,anacreon the poet2 and once1 in a fit of jealousy1 he cut off all the hair of the object of his passion4 ,and ,polycrates was the first man who called the ships which he had built ,samians1 in honour of his country4 ,but ,clearchus says that ,polycrates1 the tyrant of the effeminate ,samos1 was ruined by the intemperance of his life1 imitating the effeminate practices of the ,lydians2 on which account1 in opposition to the place in ,sardis called the beautiful ,ancon1 he prepared a place in the chief city of the ,samians1 called ,laura2 he made those famous ,samian flowers in opposition to the ,lydian4 ,and the ,samian ,laura was a narrow street in the city1 full of common women1 and of all kinds of food calculated to gratify intemperance and to promote enjoyment1 with which he actually filled ,greece4 ,but the flowers of the ,samians are the preeminent beauty of the men and women1 and indeed of the whole city1 at its festivals and banquets4 ,and these are the words of ,clearchus4 ,and ,i myself am acquainted with a narrow street in my native city of ,alexandria1 which to this very day is called the ,happy ,street1 in which every apparatus of luxury used to be sold4 #eh4 ,but ,aristotle1 in his treatise on ,admirable and ,wonderful ,things1 says that ,alcisthenes of ,sybaris1 out of luxury1 had a garment prepared for him of such excessive expensiveness that he exhibited it at ,lacinium1 at the festival of ,juno1 at which all the ,italians assemble1 and that of all the things which were exhibited that was the most admired4 ,and he says that ,dionysius the elder afterwards became master of it1 and sold it to the ,carthaginians for a hundred and twenty talents4 ,polemo also speaks of it in his book entitled1 ,a ,treatise concerning the ,sacred ,garments at ,carthage4 ,but concerning ,smindyrides of ,sybaris1 and his luxury1 ,herodotus has told us1 in his sixth book1 saying that he sailed from ,sybaris to court ,agariste1 the daughter of ,clisthenes the tyrant of ,sicyon4 ,and1 says he1 there came from ,italy ,smindyrides1 the son of ,hippocrates1 a citizen of ,sybaris2 who carried his luxury to the greatest height that ever was heard of among men4 ,at all events he was attended by a thousand cooks and bird-catchers4 ,timus also mentions him in his seventh book4 ,but of the luxury of ,dionysius the younger1 who was also tyrant of ,sicily1 an account is given by ,satyrus the ,peripatetic1 in his ,lives4 ,for he says that he used to fill rooms holding thirty couches with feasters4 ,and ,clearchus1 in the fourth book of his ,lives1 writes as follows3--,but ,dionysius1 the son of ,dionysius1 the cruel oppressor of all ,sicily1 when he came to the city of the ,locrians1 which was his metropolis1 7for ,doris his mother was a ,locrian woman by birth17 having strewed the floor of the largest house in the city with wild thyme and roses1 sent for all the maidens of the ,locrians in turn2 and then rolled about naked1 with them naked also1 on this layer of flowers1 omitting no circumstance of infamy4 ,and so1 not long afterwards1 they who had been insulted in this manner having got his wife and children into their power1 prostituted them in the public roads with great insult1 sparing them no kind of degradation4 ,and when they had wreaked their vengeance upon them1 they thrust needles under the nails of their fingers1 and put them to death with torture4 ,and when they were dead1 they pounded their bones in mortars1 and having cut up and distributed the rest of their flesh1 they imprecated curses on all who did not eat of it2 and in accordance with this unholy imprecation1 they put their flesh into the mills with the flour1 that it might be eaten by all those who made bread4 ,and all the other parts they sunk in the sea4 ,but ,dionysius himself1 at last going about as a begging priest of ,cybele1 and beating the drum1 ended his life very miserably4 ,we1 therefore1 ought to guard against what is called luxury1 which is the ruin of a man's life2 and we ought to think insolence the destruction of everything4 ,sidenote3 ,,agrigentum4 #ei4 ,but ,diodorus ,siculus1 in his books ,on the ,library1 says that the citizens of ,agrigentum prepared for ,gelon a very costly swimming-bath1 being seven stadia in circumference and twenty cubits deep2 and water was introduced into it from the rivers and fountains1 and it served for a great pond to breed fish in1 and supplied great quantities of fish for the luxury and enjoyment of ,gelon4 ,a great number of swans also1 as he relates1 flew into it2 so that it was a very beautiful sight4 ,but afterwards the lake was destroyed by becoming filled with mud4 ,and ,duris1 in the tenth book of his ,history of ,agathocles1 says that near the city of ,hipponium a grove is shown of extraordinary beauty1 excellently well watered2 in which there is also a place called the ,horn of ,amalthea2 and that this grove was made by ,gelon4 ,but ,silenus of ,calatia1 in the third book of his ,history of ,sicily1 says that near ,syracuse there is a garden laid out in a most expensive manner1 which is called ,mythus1 in which ,hiero the king used to transact his business4 ,and the whole country about ,panormus1#e in ,sicily1 is called ,the ,garden1 because it is full of highly-cultivated trees1 as ,callias tells us in the eighth book of his ,history of ,agathocles4 ,and ,posidonius1 in the eighth book of his ,history1 speaking of ,damophilus the ,sicilian1 by whose means it was that the ,servile war was stirred up1 and saying that he was a slave to his luxury1 writes as follows3--,he therefore was a slave to luxury and debauchery4 ,and he used to drive through the country on a four-wheeled chariot1 taking with him horses1 and servants of great personal beauty1 and a disorderly crowd of flatterers and military boys running around his chariot4 ,and ultimately he1 with his whole family1 perished in a disgraceful manner1 being treated with the most extreme violence and insult by his own slaves4 #fj4 ,and ,demetrius ,phalereus1 as ,duris says in the sixteenth volume of his ,histories1 being possessed of a revenue of twelve hundred talents a-year1 and spending a small portion of it on his soldiers1 and on the necessary expenses of the state1 squandered all the rest of it on gratifying his innate love of debauchery1 having splendid banquets every day1 and a great number of guests to feast with him4 ,and in the prodigality of his expense in his entertainments1 he outdid even the ,macedonians1 and1 at the same time1 in the elegance of them1 he surpassed the ,cyprians and ,phnicians4 ,and perfumes were sprinkled over the ground1 and many of the floors in the men's apartments were inlaid with flowers1 and were exquisitely wrought in other ways by the artists4 ,there were also secret meetings with women1 and other scenes more shameful still4 ,and ,demetrius1 who gave laws to others1 and who regulated the lives of others1 exhibited in his own life an utter contempt of all law4 ,he also paid great attention to his personal appearance1 and dyed the hair of his head with a yellow colour1 and anointed his face with rouge1 and smeared himself over with other unguents also2 for he was anxious to appear agreeable and beautiful in the eyes of all whom he met4 ,and in the procession of the ,dionysia1 which he celebrated when he was archon at ,athens1 a chorus sang an ode of ,siromen the ,solensian1 addressed to him1 in which he was called1 ,like the ,sun3-- ,and above all the noble prince ,demetrius1 like the sun in face1 ,honours you1 ,bacchus1 with a holy worship4 ,and ,carystius of ,pergamus1 in the third book of his ,commentaries1 says--,demetrius ,phalereus1 when his brother ,himerus was put to death by ,antipater1 was himself staying with ,nicanor2 and he was accused of having sacrificed the ,epiphaneia in honour of his brother4 ,and after he became a friend of ,cassander1 he was very powerful4 ,and at first his dinner consisted of a kind of pickle1 containing olives from all countries1 and cheese from the islands2 but when he became rich1 he bought ,moschion1 the most skilful of all the cooks and confectioners of that age4 ,and he had such vast quantities of food prepared for him every day1 that1 as he gave ,moschion what was left each day1 he 7,moschion7 in two years purchased three detached houses in the city2 and insulted freeborn boys1 and some of the wives of the most eminent of the citizens3 and all the boys envied ,theognis1 with whom he was in love4 ,and so important an honour was it considered to be allowed to come near ,demetrius1 that1 as he one day had walked about after dinner near the ,tripods1 on all the following days all the most beautiful boys came together to that place1 in the hopes of being seen by him4 ,sidenote3 ,,lucullus4 #fa4 ,and ,nicolaus the ,peripatetic1 in the tenth book of his ,history1 and again in the twentieth book1 says that ,lucullus1 when he came to ,rome and celebrated his triumph1 and gave an account of the war against ,mithridates1 ran into the most unbounded extravagance1 after having previously been very moderate2 and was altogether the first guide to luxury1 and the first example of it1 among the ,romans1 having become master of the riches of two kings1 ,mithridates and ,tigranes4 ,and ,sittius1 also1 was a man very notorious among the ,romans for his luxury and effeminacy1 as ,rutilius tells us2 for as to ,apicius1 we have already spoken of him4 ,and almost all historians relate that ,pausanias and ,lysander were very notorious for their luxury2 on which account ,agis said of ,lysander1 that ,sparta had produced him as a second ,pausanias4 ,but ,theopompus1 in the tenth book of his ,history of the ,affairs of ,greece1 gives exactly the contrary account of ,lysander1 saying that he was a most laborious man1 able to earn the goodwill of both private individuals and monarchs1 being very moderate and temperate1 and superior to all the allurements of pleasure2 and accordingly1 when he had become master of almost the whole of ,greece1 it will be found that he never in any city indulged in amatory excesses1 or in unreasonable drinking parties and revels4 #fb4 ,but luxury and extravagance were so very much practised among the ancients1 that even ,parrhasius the painter always wore a purple robe1 and a golden crown on his head1 as ,clearchus relates1 in his ,lives3 for he1 being most immoderately luxurious1 and also to a degree beyond what was becoming to a painter1 laid claim1 in words1 to great virtue1 and inscribed upon the works which were done by him-- ,parrhasius1 a most luxurious man1 ,and yet a follower of purest virtue1 ,painted this work4 ,but some one else1 being indignant at this inscription1 wrote by the side of it1 7worthy of a stick74 ,parrhasius also put the following inscription on many of his works3-- ,parrhasius1 a most luxurious man1 ,and yet a follower of purest virtue1 ,painted this work3 a worthy citizen ,of noble ,ephesus4 ,his father's name ,evenor was1 and he1 his lawful son1 ,was the first artist in the whole of ,greece4 ,he also boasted1 in a way which no one could be indignant at1 in the following lines3-- ,this will ,i say1 though strange it may appear1 ,that clear plain limits of this noble art ,have been discover'd by my hand1 and proved4 ,and now the boundary which none can pass ,is well defined1 though nought that men can do ,will ever wholly escape blame or envy4 ,and once1 at ,samos1 when he was contending with a very inferior painter in a picture of ,ajax1 and was defeated1 when his friends were sympathising with him and expressing their indignation1 he said that he himself cared very little about it1 but that he was sorry for ,ajax1 who was thus defeated a second time4 ,and so great was his luxury1 that he wore a purple robe1 and a white turban on his head2 and used to lean on a stick1 ornamented all round with golden fretted work3 and he used even to fasten the strings of his sandals with golden clasps4 ,however1 as regarded his art1 he was not churlish or ill-tempered1 but affable and good-humoured2 so that he sang all the time that he was painting1 as ,theophrastus relates1 in his treatise on ,happiness4 ,but once he spoke in a marvellous strain1 more like a quack1 when he said1 when he was painting the ,hercules at ,lindus1 that the god had appeared to him in a dream1 in that form and dress which was the best adapted for painting2 on which account he inscribed on the picture-- ,here you may see the god as oft he stood ,before ,parrhasius in his sleep by night4 ,sidenote3 ,,aristippus4 #fc4 ,we find also whole schools of philosophers which have openly professed to have made choice of pleasure4 ,and there is the school called the ,cyrenaic1 which derives its origin from ,aristippus the pupil of ,socrates3 and he devoted himself to pleasure in such a way1 that he said that it was the main end of life2 and that happiness was founded on it1 and that happiness was at best but short-lived4 ,and he1 like the most debauched of men1 thought that he had nothing to do either with the recollection of past enjoyments1 or with the hope of future ones2 but he judged of all good by the present alone1 and thought that having enjoyed1 and being about to enjoy1 did not at all concern him2 since the one case had no longer any existence1 and the other did not yet exist and was necessarily uncertain3 acting in this respect like thoroughly dissolute men1 who are content with being prosperous at the present moment4 ,and his life was quite consistent with his theory2 for he spent the whole of it in all kinds of luxury and extravagance1 both in perfumes1 and dress1 and women4 ,accordingly1 he openly kept ,lais as his mistress2 and he delighted in all the extravagance of ,dionysius1 although he was often treated insultingly by him4 ,accordingly1 ,hegesander says that once1 when he was assigned a very mean place at a banquet by ,dionysius1 he endured it patiently2 and when ,dionysius asked him what he thought of his present place1 in comparison of his yesterday's seat1 he said1 ,that the one was much the same as the other2 for that one1 says he1 is a mean seat to-day1 because it is deprived of me2 but it was yesterday the most respectable seat in the room1 owing to me3 and this one to-day has become respectable1 because of my presence in it2 but yesterday it was an inglorious seat1 as ,i was not present in it4 ,and in another place ,hegesander says--,aristippus1 being ducked with water by ,dionysius's servants1 and being ridiculed by ,antiphon for bearing it patiently1 said1 ',but suppose ,i had been out fishing1 and got wet1 was ,i to have left my employment1 and come away8' ,and ,aristippus sojourned a considerable time in gina1 indulging in every kind of luxury2 on which account ,xenophon says in his ,memorabilia1 that ,socrates often reproved him1 and invented the apologue of ,virtue and ,pleasure to apply it to him4 ,and ,aristippus said1 respecting ,lais1 ,i have her1 and ,i am not possessed by her4 ,and when he was at the court of ,dionysius1 he once had a quarrel with some people about a choice of three women4 ,and he used to wash with perfumes1 and to say that-- ,e'en in the midst of ,bacchanalian revels ,a modest woman will not be corrupted4 ,and ,alexis1 turning him into ridicule in his ,galatea1 represents one of the slaves as speaking in the following manner of one of his disciples3-- ,for this my master once did turn his thoughts ,to study1 when he was a stripling young1 ,and set his mind to learn philosophy4 ,and then a ,cyrenean1 as he calls himself1 ,named ,aristippus1 an ingenious sophist1 ,and far the first of all the men of his time1 ,but also far the most intemperate1 ,was in the city4 ,him my master sought1 ,giving a talent to become his pupil3 ,he did not learn1 indeed1 much skill or wisdom1 ,but got instead a sad complaint on his chest4 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,antus1 speaking of the luxurious habits of the philosophers1 says-- ,my friend1 now do you know who this old man ,is called8 ,by his look he seems to be a ,greek4 ,his cloak is white1 his tunic fawn-colour'd1 ,his hat is soft1 his stick of moderate size1 ,his table scanty4 ,why need ,i say more1 ,i seem to see the genuine ,academy4 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,persian4 #fd4 ,and ,aristoxenus the musician1 in his ,life of ,archytas1 represents ambassadors as having been sent by ,dionysius the younger to the city of the ,tarentines1 among whom was ,polyarchus1 who was surnamed the ,luxurious1 a man wholly devoted to sensual pleasures1 not only in deed1 but in word and profession also4 ,and he was a friend of ,archytas1 and not wholly unversed in philosophy2 and so he used to come with him into the sacred precincts1 and to walk with him and with his friends1 listening to his lectures and arguments3 and once1 when there was a long dispute and discussion about the passions1 and altogether about sensual pleasures1 ,polyarchus said--,i1 indeed1 my friends1 have often considered the matter1 and it has seemed to me that this system of the virtues is altogether a long way removed from nature2 for nature1 when it utters its own voice1 orders one to follow pleasure1 and says that this is the conduct of a wise man3 but that to oppose it1 and to bring one's appetites into a state of slavery1 is neither the part of a wise man1 nor of a fortunate man1 nor indeed of one who has any accurate understanding of what the constitution of human nature really is4 ,and it is a strong proof of this1 that all men1 when they have acquired any power worth speaking of1 betake themselves to sensual pleasures1 and think the power of indulging them the principal advantage to be gained from the possession of power1 and everything else1 so to say1 as unimportant and superfluous4 ,and we may adduce the example of the ,persian king at present1 and every other tyrant possessed of any power worth speaking of1--and in former times1 the sovereigns of the ,lydians and of the ,medes1--and even in earlier times still1 the tyrants of the ,syrians behaved in the same manner2 for all these men left no kind of pleasure unexplored3 and it is even said that rewards were offered by the ,persians to any one who was able to invent a new pleasure4 ,and it was a very wise offer to make2 for the nature of man is soon satiated with long-continued pleasures1 even if they be of a very exquisite nature4 ,so that1 since novelty has a very great effect in making a pleasure appear greater1 we must not despise it1 but rather pay great attention to it4 ,and on this account it is that many different kinds of dishes have been invented1 and many sorts of sweetmeats2 and many discoveries have been made in the articles of incenses and perfumes1 and clothes1 and beds1 and1 above all1 of cups and other articles of furniture4 ,for all these things contribute some amount of pleasure1 when the material which is admired by human nature is properly employed3 and this appears to be the case with gold and silver1 and with most things which are pleasing to the eye and also rare1 and with all things which are elaborated to a high degree of perfection by manual arts and skill4 #fe4 ,and having discussed after this all the attendance with which the king of the ,persians is surrounded1 and what a number of servants he has1 and what their different offices are1 and also about his amorous indulgences1 and also about the sweet perfume of his skin1 and his personal beauty1 and the way in which he lives among his friends1 and the pleasing sights or sounds which are sought out to gratify him1 he said that he considered the king of ,persia the happiest of all men now alive4 ,for there are pleasures prepared for him which are both most numerous and most perfect in their kind4 ,and next to him1 said he1 any one may fairly rank our sovereign1 though he falls far short of the king of ,persia4 ,for this latter has all ,asia to supply him with luxury1 but the store which supplies ,dionysius will seem very contemptible if compared with his4 ,that1 then1 such a life as his is worth struggling for1 is plain from what has happened4 ,for the ,medes1 after encountering the greatest dangers1 deprived the ,syrians of the supremacy1 for no other object except to possess themselves of the unrestrained licence of the ,syrians4 ,and the ,persians overthrew the ,medes for the same reason1 namely1 in order to have an unrestrained enjoyment of sensual pleasures4 ,and the lawgivers who wish the whole race of men to be on an equality1 and that no citizens shall indulge in superfluous luxury1 have made some species of virtue hold its head up4 ,and they have written laws about contracts and other matters of the same kind1 and whatever appeared to be necessary for political communion1 and also with respect to dress1 and to all the other circumstances of life1 that they should be similar among all the citizens4 ,and so1 as all the lawgivers made war upon every kind of covetousness1 then first the praises of justice began to be more thought of3 and one of the poets spoke of-- ,the golden face of justice2 and in another passage some one speaks of-- ,the golden eye of justice4 ,and the very name of justice came to be accounted divine1 so that in some countries there were altars erected and sacrifices instituted to ,justice4 ,and next to this they inculcated a respect for modesty and temperance1 and called an excess in enjoyment covetousness2 so that a man who obeyed the laws and was influenced by the common conversation of men in general1 was necessarily moderate with respect to sensual pleasures4 #ff4 ,and ,duris says1 in the twenty-third volume of his ,history1 that in ancient times the nobles had a positive fondness for getting drunk4 ,on which account ,homer represents ,achilles as reproaching ,agamemnon1 and saying-- ,o thou whose senses are all dimm'd with wine1#f ,thou dog in forehead4 ,and when he is describing the death of the king1 he makes ,agamemnon say-- ,e'en in my mirth1 and at the friendly feast1 ,o'er the full bowl the traitor stabb'd his guest2#g pointing out that his death was partly caused by his fondness for drunkenness4 ,speusippus also1 the relation of ,plato1 and his successor in his school1 was a man very fond of pleasure4 ,at all events ,dionysius1 the tyrant of ,sicily1 in his letter to him blaming him for his fondness for pleasure1 reproaches him also for his covetousness1 and for his love of ,lasthenea the ,arcadian1 who had been a pupil of ,plato4 ,sidenote3 ,,epicurus4 #fg4 ,but not only did ,aristippus and his followers embrace that pleasure which consists in motion1 but also ,epicurus and his followers did the same4 ,and not to say anything of those sudden motions1 and irritations1 and titillations1 and also those prickings and stimuli which ,epicurus often brings forward1 ,i will merely cite what he has said in his treatise on the ,end4 ,for he says--,for ,i am not able to perceive any good1 if ,i take away all the pleasures which arise from flavours1 and if ,i leave out of the question all the pleasures arising from amorous indulgences1 and all those which are caused by hearing sweet sounds1 and all those motions which are excited by figures which are pleasant to the sight4 ,and ,metrodorus in his ,epistles says--,my good natural philosopher ,timocrates1 reason which proceeds according to nature devotes its whole attention to the stomach4 ,and ,epicurus says--,the origin and root of all good is the pleasure of the stomach2 and all excessive efforts of wisdom have reference to the stomach4 ,and again1 in his treatise concerning the ,end1 he says--,you ought therefore to respect honour and the virtues1 and all things of that sort1 if they produce pleasure2 but if they do not1 then we may as well have nothing to do with them3 evidently in these words making virtue subordinate to pleasure1 and performing as it were the part of a handmaid to it4 ,and in another place he says--,i spit upon honour1 and those who worship it in a foolish manner1 when it produces no pleasure4 #fh4 ,well then did the ,romans1 who are in every respect the most admirable of men1 banish ,alcius and ,philiscus the ,epicureans out of their city1 when ,lucius ,postumius was consul1 on account of the pleasures which they sought to introduce into the city4 ,and in the same manner the ,messenians by a public decree banished the ,epicureans4 ,but ,antiochus the king banished all the philosophers out of his kingdom1 writing thus--,king ,antiochus to ,phanias3 ,we have written to you before1 that no philosopher is to remain in the city1 nor in the country4 ,but we hear that there is no small number of them1 and that they do great injury to the young men1 because you have done none of the things about which we wrote to you4 ,as soon1 therefore1 as you receive this letter1 order a proclamation to be made1 that all the philosophers do at once depart from those places1 and that as many young men as are detected in going to them1 shall be fastened to a pillar and flogged1 and their fathers shall be held in great blame4 ,and let not this order be transgressed4 ,but before ,epicurus1 ,sophocles the poet was a great instigator to pleasure1 speaking as follows in his ,antigone#h-- ,for when men utterly forsake all pleasure1 ,i reckon such a man no longer living1 ,but look upon him as a breathing corpse4 ,he may have1 if you like1 great wealth at home1 ,and go in monarch's guise2 but if his wealth ,and power bring no pleasure to his mind1 ,i would not for a moment deem it all ,worthy a moment's thought compared with pleasure4 #fi4 ,and ,lycon the ,peripatetic1 as ,antigonus the ,carystian says1 when as a young man he had come to ,athens for the sake of his education1 was most accurately informed about everything relating to banquets and drinking parties1 and as to how much pay every courtesan required4 ,but afterwards having become the chief man of the ,peripatetic school1 he used to entertain his friends at banquets with excessive arrogance and extravagance4 ,for1 besides the music which was provided at his entertainments1 and the silver plate and coverlets which were exhibited1 all the rest of the preparation and the superb character of the dishes was such1 and the multitude of tables and cooks was so great1 that many people were actually alarmed1 and1 though they wished to be admitted into his school1 shrunk back1 fearing to enter1 as into a badly governed state1 which was always burdening its citizens with liturgies and other expensive offices4 ,sidenote3 ,,anaxarchus4 ,for men were compelled to undertake the regular office of chief of the ,peripatetic school4 ,and the duties of this office were1 to superintend all the novices for thirty days1 and see that they conducted themselves with regularity4 ,and then1 on the last day of the month1 having received nine obols from each of the novices1 he received at supper not only all those who contributed their share1 but all those also whom ,lycon might chance to invite1 and also all those of the elders who were diligent in attending the school2 so that the money which was collected was not sufficient even for providing sufficient unguents and garlands4 ,he also was bound to perform the sacrifices1 and to become an overseer of the ,muses4 ,all which duties appeared to have but little connexion with reason or with philosophy1 but to be more akin to luxury and parade4 ,for if any people were admitted who were not able to spend money on these objects1 they1 setting out with a very scanty and ordinary choregia 4 4 4 4 and the money was very much out of proportion 4 4 4 4 ,for ,plato and ,speusippus had not established these entertainments1 in order that people might dwell upon the pleasures of the table from daybreak1 or for the sake of getting drunk2 but in order that men might appear to honour the ,deity1 and to associate with one another in a natural manner2 and chiefly with a view to natural relaxation and conversation2 all which things afterwards became in their eyes second to the softness of their garments1 and to their indulgence in their before-mentioned extravagance4 ,nor do ,i except the rest4 ,for ,lycon1 to gratify his luxurious and insolent disposition1 had a room large enough to hold twenty couches1 in the most frequented part of the city1 in ,conon's house1 which was well adapted for him to give parties in4 ,and ,lycon was a skilful and clever player at ball4 #gj4 ,and of ,anaxarchus1 ,clearchus the ,solensian writes1 in the fifth book of his ,lives1 in the following manner--,anaxarchus1 who was one of those who called themselves ,eudmonici1 after he had become a rich man through the folly of those men who supplied him with means out of their abundance1 used to have a naked full-grown damsel for his cup-bearer1 who was superior in beauty to all her fellows2 she1 if one is to look at the real truth1 thus exposing the intemperance of all those who employed her4 ,and his baker used to knead the dough wearing gloves on his hands1 and a cover on his mouth1 to prevent any perspiration running off his hands1 and also to prevent him from breathing on his cakes while he was kneading them4 ,so that a man might fairly quote to this wise philosopher the verses of ,anaxilas the lyric poet-- ,and anointing one's skin with a gold-colour'd ointment1 ,and wearing long cloaks reaching down to the ground1 ,and the thinnest of slippers1 and eating rich truffles1 ,and the richest of cheese1 and the newest of eggs2 ,and all sorts of shell-fish1 and drinking strong wine ,from the island of ,chios1 and having1 besides1 ,a lot of ,ephesian beautiful letters1 ,in carefully-sewn leather bags4 #ga4 ,but how far superior to these men is ,gorgias the ,leontine2 of whom the same ,clearchus says1 in the eighth book of his ,lives1 that because of the temperance of his life he lived nearly eighty years in the full possession of all his intellect and faculties4 ,and when some one asked him what his system had been which had caused him to live with such comfort1 and to retain such full possession of his senses1 he said1 ,i have never done anything merely for the sake of pleasure4 ,but ,demetrius of ,byzantium1 in the fourth book of his treatise on ,poems1 says--,gorgias the ,leontine1 being once asked by some one what was the cause of his living more than a hundred years1 said that it was because he had never done anything to please any one else except himself4 ,and ,ochus1 after he had had a long enjoyment of kingly power1 and of all the other things which make life pleasant1 being asked towards the close of his life by his eldest son1 by what course of conduct he had preserved the kingly power for so many years1 that he also might imitate it2 replied1 ,by behaving justly towards all men and all gods4 ,and ,carystius of ,pergamus1 in his ,historical ,commentaries1 says--,cephisodorus the ,theban relates that ,polydorus the physician of ,teos used to live with ,antipater2 and that the king had a common kind of coarse carpet worked in rings like a counterpane1 on which he used to recline2 and brazen bowls and only a small number of cups2 for that he was a man fond of plain living and averse to luxury4 ,sidenote3 ,,ptolemy ,,euergetes4 #gb4 ,but the story which we have of ,tithonus represents him as a person sleeping from daybreak to sunset1 so that his appetites scarcely awakened him by evening4 ,on which account he was said to sleep with ,aurora1 because he was so wholly enslaved by his appetites4 ,and as he was at a later period of life prevented from indulging them by old age1 and being wholly dependent on them4444 ,and ,melanthius1 stretching out his neck1 was choked by his enjoyments1 being a greater glutton than the ,melanthius of ,ulysses4 ,and many other men have destroyed their bodily strength entirely by their unreasonable indulgence2 and some have become inordinately fat2 and others have become stupid and insensible by reason of their inordinate luxury4 ,accordingly1 ,nymphis of ,heraclea1 in the second book of his ,history of ,heraclea1 says--,dionysius the son of ,clearchus1 who was the first tyrant of ,heraclea1 and who was himself afterwards tyrant of his country1 grew enormously fat without perceiving it1 owing to his luxury and to his daily gluttony2 so that on account of his obesity he was constantly oppressed by a difficulty of breathing and a feeling of suffocation4 ,on which account his physicians ordered thin needles of an exceedingly great length to be made1 to be run into his sides and chest whenever he fell into a deeper sleep than usual4 ,and up to a certain point his flesh was so callous by reason of the fat1 that it never felt the needles2 but if ever they touched a part that was not so overloaded1 then he felt them1 and was awakened by them4 ,and he used to give answers to people who came to him1 holding a chest in front of his body so as to conceal all the rest of his person1 and leave only his face visible2 and in this condition he conversed with those who came to him4 ,and ,menander also1 who was a person as little given to evil-speaking as possible1 mentions him in his ,fishermen1 introducing some exiles from ,heraclea as saying-- ,for a fat pig was lying on his face2 and in another place he says-- ,he gave himself to luxury so wholly1 ,that he could not last long to practise it2 and again he says-- ,forming desires for myself1 this death ,does seem the only happy one1--to grow ,fat in my heart and stomach1 and so lie ,flat on my back1 and never say a word1 ,drawing my breath high up1 eating my fill1 ,and saying1 ,here ,i waste away with pleasure4 ,and he died when he was fifty-five years of age1 of which he had been tyrant thirty-three1--being superior to all the tyrants who had preceded him in gentleness and humanity4 #gc4 ,and ,ptolemy the ,seventh1 king of ,egypt1 was a man of this sort1 the same who caused himself to be styled ,euergetes1#i but who was called ,cacergetes by the ,alexandrians4 ,accordingly1 ,posidonius the ,stoic1 who went with ,scipio ,africanus when he was sent to ,alexandria1 and who there saw this ,ptolemy1 writes thus1 in the seventh book of his ,history1--,but owing to his luxury his whole body was eaten up with fat1 and with the greatness of his belly1 which was so large that no one could put his arms all round it2 and he wore over it a tunic which reached down to his feet1 having sleeves which reached to his wrists1 and he never by any chance walked out except on this occasion of ,scipio's visit4 ,and that this king was not averse to luxury1 he tells us when he speaks of himself1 relating1 in the eighth book of his ,commentaries1 how he was priest of ,apollo at ,cyrene1 and how he gave a banquet to those who had been priests before him2 writing thus3--,the ,artemitia is the great festival of ,cyrene1 on which occasion the priest of ,apollo 7and that office is one which lasts a year7 gives a banquet to all those who have been his predecessors in the office2 and he sets before each of them a separate dish4 ,and this dish is an earthenware vessel1 holding about twenty artab1#aj in which there are many kinds of game elaborately dressed1 and many kinds of bread1 and of tame birds1 and of sea-fish1 and also many species of foreign preserved meats and pickled fish4 ,and very often some people also furnish them with a handsome youth as an attendant4 ,but we ourselves omitted all this1 and instead we furnished them with cups of solid silver1 each being of as much value as all the things which we have just enumerated put together2 and also we presented each man with a horse properly harnessed1 and a groom1 and gilt trappings2 and we invited each man to mount his horse and ride him home4 ,his son ,alexander also became exceedingly fat1 the one1 ,i mean1 who put his mother to death who had been his partner in the kingdom4 ,accordingly ,posidonius1 in the forty-seventh book of his ,history1 mentions him in the following terms3--,but the king of ,egypt being detested by the multitude1 but flattered by the people whom he had about him1 and living in great luxury1 was not able even to walk1 unless he went leaning on two friends2 but for all that he would1 at his banquets1 leap off from a high couch1 and dance bare-foot with more vigour than even those who made dancing their profession4 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,laced,,monians4 #gd4 ,and ,agatharchides1 in the sixteenth book of his ,history of ,europe1 says that ,magas1 who was king of ,cyrene for fifty years1 and who never had any wars1 but spent all his time in luxury1 became1 towards the end of his life1 so immensely bulky and burdensome to himself1 that he was at last actually choked by his fat1 from the inactivity of his body1 and the enormous quantity of food which he consumed4 ,but among the ,lacedmonians1 the same man relates1 in his twenty-seventh book1 that it is thought a proof of no ordinary infamy if any one is of an unmanly appearance1 or if any one appears at all inclined to have a large belly2 as the young men are exhibited naked before the ephori every ten days4 ,and the ephori used every day to take notice both of the clothes and bedding of the young men2 and very properly4 ,for the cooks at ,lacedmon were employed solely on dressing meat plainly1 and on nothing else4 ,and in his twenty-seventh book1 ,agatharchides says that the ,lacedmonians brought ,nauclides1 the son of ,polybiades1 who was enormously fat in his body1 and who had become of a vast size through luxury1 into the middle of the assembly2 and then1 after ,lysander had publicly reproached him as an effeminate voluptuary1 they nearly banished him from the city1 and threatened him that they would certainly do so if he did not reform his life2 on which occasion ,lysander said that ,agesilaus also1 when he was in the country near the ,hellespont1 making war against the barbarians1 seeing the ,asiatics very expensively clothed1 but utterly useless in their bodies1 ordered all who were taken prisoners1 to be stripped naked and sold by the auctioneer2 and after that he ordered their clothes to be sold without them2 in order that the allies1 knowing that they had to fight for a great prize1 and against very contemptible men1 might advance with greater spirit against their enemies4 ,and ,python the orator1 of ,byzantium1 as ,leon1 his fellow-citizen1 relates1 was enormously fat2 and once1 when the ,byzantians were divided against one another in seditious quarrels1 he1 exhorting his fellow-citizens to unanimity1 said--,you see1 my friends1 what a size my body is2 but ,i have a wife who is much fatter than ,i am2 now1 when we are both agreed1 one small bed is large enough for both of us2 but when we quarrel1 the whole house is not big enough for us4 #ge4 ,how much better1 then1 is it1 my good friend ,timocrates1 to be poor and thinner than even those men whom ,hermippus mentions in his ,cercopes1 than to be enormously rich1 and like that whale of ,tanagra1 as the before-mentioned men were6 ,but ,hermippus uses the following language1 addressing ,bacchus on the present occasion-- ,for poor men now to sacrifice to you ,but maim'd and crippled oxen2 thinner far ,than e'en ,thoumantis or ,leotrophides4 ,and ,aristophanes1 in his ,gerytades1 gives a list of the following people as very thin1 who1 he says1 were sent as ambassadors by the poets on earth down to hell to the poets there1 and his words are-- ,a4 ,and who is this who dares to pierce the gates ,of lurid darkness1 and the realms o' the dead8 ,b4 ,we're by unanimous agreement chosen1 7,making the choice in solemn convocation17 ,one man from each department of our art1 ,who were well known to be frequenters of the ,shades1 ,as often voluntarily going thither4 ,a4 ,are there among you any men who thus ,frequent the realms of ,pluto8 ,b4 ,aye1 by ,jove1 ,and plenty2 just as there are men who go ,to ,thrace and then come back again4 ,you know ,the whole case now4 ,a4 ,and what may be their names8 ,first1 there's ,sannyrion1 the comic poet2 ,then1 of the tragic chori1 ,melitus2 ,and of the ,cyclic bards1 ,cinesias4 ,and presently afterwards he says-- ,on what slight hopes did you then all rely6 ,for if a fit of diarrha came ,upon these men1 they'd all be carried off4 ,and ,strattis also mentions ,sannyrion1 in his ,men fond of ,cold1 saying-- ,the leathern aid of wise ,sannyrion4 ,and ,sannyrion himself speaks of ,melitus1 in his play called ,laughter1 speaking as follows-- ,melitus1 that carcase from ,lenum rising4 ,sidenote3 ,,cinesias4 #gf4 ,and ,cinesias was in reality an exceedingly tall and exceedingly thin man2 on whom ,strattis wrote an entire play1 calling him the ,phthian ,achilles1 because in his own poetry he was constantly using the word 4 ,and accordingly1 he1 playing on his appearance1 continually addresses him-- ' 4-- ,but others1 as1 for instance1 ,aristophanes1 often call him 1 because he took a plank of linden wood 771 and fastened it to his waist under his girdle1 in order to avoid stooping1 because of his great height and extreme thinness4 ,but that ,cinesias was a man of delicate health1 and badly off in other respects1 we are told by ,lysias the orator1 in his oration inscribed1 ,for ,phanias accused of illegal ,practices1 in which he says that he1 having abandoned his regular profession1 had taken to trumping up false accusations against people1 and to making money by such means4 ,and that he means the poet here1 and no one else1 is plain from the fact that he shows also that he had been attacked by the comic poets for impiety4 ,and he also1 in the oration itself1 shows that he was a person of that character4 ,and the words of the orator are as follows3--,but ,i marvel that you are not indignant at such a man as ,cinesias coming forward in aid of the laws1 whom you all know to be the most impious of all men1 and the greatest violater of the laws that has ever existed4 ,is not he the man who has committed such offences against the gods as all other men think it shameful even to speak of1 though you hear the comic poets mention such actions of his every year8 ,did not ,apollophanes1 and ,mystalides1 and ,lysitheus feast with him1 selecting one of the days on which it was not lawful to hold a feast1 giving themselves the name of ,cacodmonist1#aa instead of ,numeniast1 a name indeed appropriate enough to their fortunes8 ,nor1 indeed1 did it occur to them that they were really doing what that name denotes2 but they acted in this manner to show their contempt for the gods and for our laws4 ,and accordingly1 each of those men perished1 as it was reasonable to expect that such men should4 ,but this man1 with whom you are all acquainted1 the gods have treated in such a manner1 that his very enemies would rather that he should live than die1 as an example to all other men1 that they may see that the immortal ,gods do not postpone the punishment due to men who behave insolently towards their ,deity1 so as to reserve it for their children2 but that they destroy the men themselves in a miserable manner1 inflicting on them greater and more terrible calamities and diseases than on any other men whatever4 ,for to die1 or to be afflicted with sickness in an ordinary manner1 is the common lot of all of us2 but to be in such a condition as they are reduced to1 and to remain a long time in such a state1 and to be dying every day1 and yet not be able to end one's life1 is a punishment allotted to men who act as this man has acted1 in defiance of all human and divine law4 ,and this orator used this language respecting ,cinesias4 #gg4 ,philetas also1 the ,coan poet1 was a very thin man2 so that1 by reason of the leanness of his body1 he used to wear balls made of lead fastened to his feet1 to prevent himself from being blown over by the wind4 ,and ,polemo1 surnamed ,periegetes1 in his treatise on ,wonderful ,people and ,things1 says that ,archestratus the soothsayer1 being taken prisoner by the enemy1 and being put into the scale1 was found to weigh only one obol1 so very thin was he4 ,the same man also relates that ,panaretus never had occasion to consult a physician1 but that he used to be a pupil of ,arcesilaus the philosopher2 and that he was a companion of ,ptolemy ,euergetes1 receiving from him a salary of twelve talents every year4 ,and he was the thinnest of men1 though he never had any illness all his life4 ,but ,metrodorus the ,scepsian1 in the second book of his treatise on the ,art of ,training1 says that ,hipponax the poet was not only very diminutive in person1 but also very thin2 and that he1 nevertheless1 was so strong in his sinews1 that1 among other feats of strength1 he could throw an empty oil cruise an extraordinary distance1 although light bodies are not easy to be propelled violently1 because they cannot cut the air so well4 ,philippides1 also1 was extremely thin1 against whom there is an oration extant of ,hyperides the orator1 who says that he was one of those men who governed the state4 ,and he was very insignificant in appearance by reason of his thinness1 as ,hyperides has related4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,thesprotians1 said-- ,o ,mercury1 sent by the gods above1 ,you who've obtained ,philippides by lot2 ,and you1 too1 eye of darkly-robed night4 ,and ,aristophon1 in his play called ,plato1 says-- ,a4 ,i will within these three days make this man ,thinner than e'en ,philippides4 ,b4 ,how so8 ,can you kill men in such a very short time8 ,sidenote3 ,,anointing4 ,and ,menander1 in his ,passion1 says-- ,if hunger should attack your well-shaped person1 ',twould make you thinner than ,philippides4 ,and the word was used for being extremely thin1 as we find in ,alexis2 who1 in his ,women taking ,mandragora1 says-- ,a4 ,you must be ill4 ,you are1 by ,jove1 the very ,leanest of sparrows--a complete ,philippides 774 ,b4 ,don't tell me such strange things3 ,i'm all but dead2 ,a4 ,i pity your sad case4 ,at all events1 it is much better to look like that1 than to be like the man of whom ,antiphanes in his olus says-- ,this man then1 such a sot and glutton is he1 ,and so enormous is his size of body1 ,is called by all his countrymen the ,bladder4 ,and ,heraclides of ,pontus1 in his treatise on ,pleasure1 says that ,dinias the perfumer gave himself up to love because of his luxury1 and spent a vast sum of money on it2 and when1 at last1 he failed in his desires1 out of grief he mutilated himself1 his unbridled luxury bringing him into this trouble4 #gh4 ,but it was the fashion at ,athens to anoint even the feet of those men who were very luxurious with ointment1 a custom which ,cephisodorus alludes to in his ,trophonius-- ,then to anoint my body go and buy ,essence of lilies1 and of roses too1 ,i beg you1 ,xanthias2 and also buy ,for my poor feet some baccaris4 ,and ,eubulus1 in his ,sphingocarion1 says-- 99 99 99 99 4 4 4 4 ,lying full softly in a bed-chamber2 ,around him were most delicate cloaks1 well suited ,for tender maidens1 soft1 voluptuous2 ,such as those are1 who well perfumed and fragrant ,with amaracine oils1 do rub my feet4 ,but the author of the ,procris gives an account of what care ought to be taken of ,procris's dog1 speaking of a dog as if he were a man-- ,a4 ,strew1 then1 soft carpets underneath the dog1 ,and place beneath cloths of ,milesian wool2 ,and put above them all a purple rug4 ,b4 ,phbus ,apollo6 ,a4 ,then in goose's milk ,soak him some groats4 ,b4 ,o mighty ,hercules6 ,a4 ,and with ,megallian oils anoint his feet4 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,alcestis1 represents some one as anointing his feet with oil2 but in his ,mendicant ,priest of ,cybele1 he says-- ,he bade the damsel take some choice perfumes ,from the altar of the goddess1 and then1 first1 ,anoint his feet with it1 and then his knees3 ,but the first moment that the girl did touch ,his feet1 he leaped up4 ,and in his ,zacynthus he says-- ,have ,i not1 then1 a right to be fond of women1 ,and to regard them all with tender love1 ,for is it not a sweet and noble thing ,to be treated just as you are2 and to have ,one's feet anointed by fair delicate hands8 ,and in his ,thoricians he says-- ,he bathes completely--but what is't he does8 ,he bathes his hands and feet1 and well anoints them ,with perfume from a gold and ample ewer4 ,and with a purple dye he smears his jaws ,and bosom2 and his arms with oil of thyme2 ,his eyebrows and his hair with marjoram2 ,his knees and neck with essence of wild ivy4 ,and ,anaxandrides1 in his ,protesilaus1 says-- ,ointment from ,peron1 which this fellow sold ,but yesterday to ,melanopus here1 ,a costly bargain fresh from ,egypt1 which ,anoints to-day ,callistratus's feet4 ,and ,teleclides1 in his ,prytanes1 alludes to the lives of the citizens1 even in the time of ,themistocles1 as having been very much devoted to luxury4 ,and ,cratinus in his ,chirones1 speaking of the luxury of the former generations1 says-- ,there was a scent of delicate thyme besides1 ,and roses too1 and lilies by my ear2 ,and in my hands ,i held an apple1 and ,a staff1 and thus ,i did harangue the people4 ,sidenote3 ,,venus ,,callipyge4 #gi4 ,and ,clearchus the ,solensian1 in his treatise on ,love ,matters1 says--,why is it that we carry in our hands flowers1 and apples1 and things of that sort8 ,is it that by our delight in these things nature points out those of us who have a desire for all kinds of beauty8 ,is it1 therefore1 as a kind of specimen of beauty that men carry beautiful things in their hands1 and take delight in them8 ,or do they carry them about for two objects8 ,for by these means the beginning of good fortune1 and an indication of one's wishes1 is to a certain extent secured2 to those who are asked for them1 by their being addressed1 and to those who give them1 because they give an intimation beforehand1 that they must give of their beauty in exchange4 ,for a request for beautiful flowers and fruits1 intimates that those who receive them are prepared to give in return the beauty of their persons4 ,perhaps also people are fond of those things1 and carry them about them in order to comfort and mitigate the vexation which arises from the neglect or absence of those whom they love4 ,for by the presence of these agreeable objects1 the desire for those persons whom we love is blunted2 unless1 indeed1 we may rather say that it is for the sake of personal ornament that people carry those things1 and take delight in them1 just as they wear anything else which tends to ornament4 ,for not only those people who are crowned with flowers1 but those also who carry them in their hands1 find their whole appearance is improved by them4 ,perhaps also1 people carry them simply because of their love for any beautiful object4 ,for the love of beautiful objects shows that we are inclined to be fond of the productions of the seasons4 ,for the face of spring and autumn is really beautiful1 when looked at in their flowers and fruits4 ,and all persons who are in love1 being made1 as it were1 luxurious by their passion1 and inclined to admire beauty1 are softened by the sight of beauty of any sort4 ,for it is something natural that people who fancy that they themselves are beautiful and elegant1 should be fond of flowers2 on which account the companions of ,proserpine are represented as gathering flowers4 ,and ,sappho says-- ,i saw a lovely maiden gathering flowers4 #hj4 ,but in former times men were so devoted to luxury1 that they dedicated a temple to ,venus ,callipyge on this account4 ,a certain countryman had two beautiful daughters2 and they once1 contending with one another1 went into the public roads1 disputing as they went1 which had the most beautiful buttocks4 ,and as a young man was passing1 who had an aged father1 they showed themselves to him also4 ,and he1 when he had seen both1 decided in favour of the elder2 and falling in love with her1 he returned into the city and fell ill1 and took to his bed1 and related what had happened to his brother1 who was younger than he2 and he also1 going into the fields and seeing the damsels himself1 fell in love with the other4 ,accordingly1 their father1 when with all his exhortations he could not persuade his sons to think of a higher marriage1 brings these damsels to them out of the fields1 having persuaded their father to give them to him1 and marries them to his sons4 ,and they were always called the 2 as ,cercidas of ,megalopolis says in his ,iambics1 in the following line-- ,there was a pair of women ,at ,syracuse4 ,so they1 having now become rich women1 built a temple to ,venus1 calling the goddess 1 as ,archelaus also relates in his ,iambics4 ,and that the luxury of madness is exceedingly great is very pleasantly argued by ,heraclides of ,pontus1 in his treatise on ,pleasure1 where he says--,thrasylaus the xonensian1 the son of ,pythodorus1 was once afflicted with such violent madness1 that he thought that all the vessels which came to the ,pirus belonged to him4 ,and he entered them in his books as such2 and sent them away1 and regulated their affairs in his mind1 and when they returned to port he received them with great joy1 as a man might be expected to who was master of so much wealth4 ,and when any were lost1 he never inquired about them1 but he rejoiced in all that arrived safe2 and so he lived with great pleasure4 ,but when his brother ,crito returned from ,sicily1 and took him and put him into the hands of a doctor1 and cured him of his madness1 he himself related his madness1 and said that he had never been happier in his life2 for that he never felt any grief1 but that the quantity of pleasure which he experienced was something unspeakable4 ,,footnotes4 #a ,this is a blunder of ,athenus4 ,mars does not say this1 but it is the observation made by the gods to each other4 4 ,odys4 viii4 #cbh4 #b ,from 1 to cut and dress the hair4 #c 1 a flatterer4 #d is a common epithet of death in ,homer4 ,liddell and ,scott say--,the first notion of was probably of the troubled sea1 4 1--and refer the use of it in this passage to the colour of the blood1 unless it be 4 #e ,the modern ,palermo4 #f ,iliad4 i4 #bbe4 #g ,odyss4 ii4 #dah4 #h ,soph4 ,ant4 #aafi4 #i 1 from 1 well2 1 from 1 ill2 and 1 a work4 #aj ,the artabe was equivalent to the ,greek medimnus1 which was a measure holding about twelve gallons4 #aa ,cacodmonist1 from 1 bad1 and 1 a deity4 ,numeniast1 from 1 the ,feast of the ,new ,moon4 ,,book ,,xiii4 ,sidenote3 ,,laced,,monian ,,marriages4 #a4 ,,antiphanes the comic writer1 my friend ,timocrates1 when he was reading one of his own comedies to ,alexander the king1 and when it was plain that the king did not think much of it1 said to him1 ,the fact is1 ,o king1 that a man who is to appreciate this play1 ought to have often supped at picnic feasts1 and must have often borne and inflicted blows in the cause of courtesans1 as ,lycophron the ,chalcidian relates in his treatise on ,comedy4 ,and accordingly we1 who are now about to set out a discussion on amatory matters1 7for there was a good deal of conversation about married women and about courtesans17 saying what we have to say to people who understand the subject1 invoking the ,muse ,erato to be so good as to impress anew on our memory that amatory catalogue1 will make our commencement from this point-- ,come now1 ,o ,erato1 and tell me truly what it was that was said by the different guests about love and about amatory matters4 #b4 ,for our admirable host1 praising the married women1 said that ,hermippus stated in his book about lawgivers1 that at ,lacedmon all the damsels used to be shut up in a dark room1 while a number of unmarried young men were shut up with them2 and whichever girl each of the young men caught hold of he led away as his wife1 without a dowry4 ,on which account they punished ,lysander1 because he left his former wife1 and wished to marry another who was by far more beautiful4 ,but ,clearchus the ,solensian1 in his treatise on ,proverbs1 says1--,in ,lacedmon the women1 on a certain festival1 drag the unmarried men to an altar1 and then buffet them2 in order that1 for the purpose of avoiding the insult of such treatment1 they may become more affectionate1 and in due season may turn their thoughts to marriage4 ,but at ,athens1 ,cecrops was the first person who married a man to one wife only1 when before his time connexions had taken place at random1 and men had had their wives in common4 ,on which account it was1 as some people state1 that ,cecrops was called 1#ab because before his time people did not know who their fathers were1 by reason of the numbers of men who might have been so4 ,and beginning in this manner1 one might fairly blame those who attributed to ,socrates two wives1 ,xanthippe and ,myrto1 the daughter of ,aristides2 not of that ,aristides who was surnamed the ,just1 7for the time does not agree17 but of his descendant in the third generation4 ,and the men who made this statement are ,callisthenes1 and ,demetrius ,phalereus1 and ,satyrus the ,peripatetic1 and ,aristoxenus2 who were preceded in it by ,aristotle1 who relates the same story in his treatise on ,nobleness of ,birth4 ,unless perhaps this licence was allowed by a decree at that time on account of the scarcity of men1 so that any one who pleased might have two wives2 to which it must be owing that the comic poets make no mention of this fact1 though they very often mention ,socrates4 ,and ,hieronymus of ,rhodes has cited the decree about wives2 which ,i will send to you1 since ,i have the book4 ,but ,pantius the ,rhodian has contradicted those who make this statement about the wives of ,socrates4 ,sidenote3 ,,hercules4 #c4 ,but among the ,persians the queen tolerates the king's having a number of concubines1 because there the king rules his wife like her master2 and also because the queen1 as ,dinon states in his history of ,persia1 receives a great deal of respect from the concubines4 ,at all events they offer her adoration4 ,and ,priam1 too1 had a great many women1 and ,hecuba was not indignant4 ,accordingly1 ,priam says-- ,yet what a race6 ere ,greece to ,ilion came1 ,the pledge of many a loved and loving dame4 ,nineteen one mother bore--dead1 all are dead6#ac ,but among the ,greeks1 the mother of ,phnix does not tolerate the concubine of ,amyntor4 ,and ,medea1 although well acquainted with the fashion1 as one well established among the barbarians1 refuses to tolerate the marriage of ,glauce1 having been forsooth already initiated in better and ,greek habits4 ,and ,clytmnestra1 being exceedingly indignant at a similar provocation1 slays ,cassandra with ,agamemnon himself1 whom the monarch brought with him into ,greece1 having given in to the fashion of barbarian marriages4 ,and a man may wonder1 says ,aristotle1 that ,homer has nowhere in the ,iliad represented any concubine as living with ,menelaus1 though he has given wives to every one else4 ,and accordingly1 in ,homer1 even old men sleep with women1 such as ,nestor and ,phnix4 ,for these men were not worn out or disabled in the time of their youth1 either by intoxication1 or by too much indulgence in love2 or by any weakness of digestion engendered by gluttony2 so that it was natural for them to be still vigorous in old age4 ,the king of ,sparta1 then1 appears to have too much respect for his wedded wife ,helena1 on whose account he collected all the ,grecian army2 and on this account he keeps aloof from any other connexion4 ,but ,agamemnon is reproached by ,thersites1 as a man with many wives-- ',tis thine1 whate'er the warrior's breast inflames1 ,the golden spoil1 and thine the lovely dames2 ,with all the wealth our wars and blood bestow1 ,thy tents are crowded and thy chests o'erflow4#ad ,but it is not natural1 says ,aristotle1 to suppose that all that multitude of female slaves were given to him as concubines1 but only as prizes2 since he also provided himself with a great quantity of wine1--but not for the purpose of getting drunk himself4 #d4 ,but ,hercules is the man who appears to have had more wives than any one else1 for he was very much addicted to women2 and he had them in turn1 like a soldier1 and a man employed at different times in different countries4 ,and by them he had also a great multitude of children4 ,for1 in one week1 as ,herodorus relates1 he relieved the fifty daughters of ,thestias of their virginity4 geus also was a man of many wives4 ,for1 first of all he married the daughter of ,hoples1 and after her he married one of the daughters of ,chalcodous1 and giving both of them to his friends1 he cohabited with a great many without marriage4 ,afterwards he took thra1 the daughter of ,pittheus2 after her he took ,medea4 ,and ,theseus1 having attempted to ravish ,helen1 after that carried off ,ariadne4 ,accordingly ,istrus1 in the fourteenth book of his ,history of the ,affairs of ,athens1 giving a catalogue of those women who became the wives of ,theseus1 says that some of them became so out of love1 and that some were carried off by force1 and some were married in legal marriage4 ,now by force were ravished ,helen1 ,ariadne1 ,hippolyta1 and the daughters of ,cercyon and ,sinis2 and he legally married ,meliba1 the mother of ,ajax4 ,and ,hesiod says that he married also ,hippe and gle2 on account of whom he broke the oaths which he had sworn to ,ariadne1 as ,cercops tells us4 ,and ,pherecydes adds ,phereba4 ,and before ravishing ,helen he had also carried off ,anaxo from ,troy2 and after ,hippolyta he also had ,phdra4 #e4 ,and ,philip the ,macedonian did not take any women with him to his wars1 as ,darius did1 whose power was subverted by ,alexander4 ,for he used to take about with him three hundred and fifty concubines in all his wars2 as ,dicearchus relates in the third book of his ,life in ,greece4 ,but ,philip1 says he1 was always marrying new wives in war time4 ,for1 in the twenty-two years which he reigned1 as ,satyrus relates in his ,history of his ,life1 having married ,audata the ,illyrian1 he had by her a daughter named ,cynna2 and he also married ,phila1 a sister of ,derdas and ,machatas4 ,and wishing to conciliate the nation of the ,thessalians1 he had children by two ,thessalian women2 one of whom was ,nicesipolis of ,pher1 who brought him a daughter named ,thessalonica2 and the other was ,philenora of ,larissa1 by whom he had ,aridus4 ,he also acquired the kingdom of the ,molossi1 when he married ,olympias1 by whom he had ,alexander and ,cleopatra4 ,and when he subdued ,thrace1 there came to him ,cithelas1 the king of the ,thracians1 bringing with him ,meda his daughter1 and many presents3 and having married her1 he added her to ,olympias4 ,and after all these1 being violently in love1 he married ,cleopatra1 the sister of ,hippostratus and niece of ,attalus4 ,and bringing her also home to ,olympias1 he made all his life unquiet and troubled4 ,for1 as soon as this marriage took place1 ,attalus said1 ',now1 indeed1 legitimate kings shall be born1 and not bastards4' ,and ,alexander having heard this1 smote ,attalus with a goblet which he had in his hand2 and ,attalus in return struck him with his cup4 ,and after that ,olympias fled to the ,molossi2 and ,alexander fled to the ,illyrians4 ,and ,cleopatra bore to ,philip a daughter who was named ,europa4 ,euripides the poet1 also1 was much addicted to women3 at all events ,hieronymus in his ,historical ,commentaries speaks as follows1--,when some one told ,sophocles that ,euripides was a woman-hater1 ',he may be1' said he1 'in his tragedies1 but in his bed he is very fond of women4' #f4 ,but our married women are not such as ,eubulus speaks of in his ,female ,garland-sellers-- ,by ,jove1 we are not painted with vermilion4 ,nor with dark mulberry juice1 as you are often3 ,and then1 if in the summer you go out1 ,two rivulets of dark discoloured hue ,flow from your eyes1 and sweat drops from your jaws1 ,and makes a scarlet furrow down your neck2 ,and the light hair1 which wantons o'er your face1 ,seems grey1 so thickly is it plastered over4 ,sidenote3 ,,rapacity ,,of ,,courtesans4 ,and ,anaxilas1 in his ,neottis1 says-- ,the man whoe'er has loved a courtesan1 ,will say that no more lawless worthless race ,can anywhere be found3 for what ferocious ,unsociable she-dragon1 what ,chimra1 ,though it breathe fire from its mouth1 what ,charybdis1 ,what three-headed ,scylla1 dog o' the sea1 ,or hydra1 sphinx1 or raging lioness1 ,or viper1 or winged harpy 7greedy race71 ,could go beyond those most accursed harlots8 ,there is no monster greater4 ,they alone ,surpass all other evils put together4 ,and let us now consider them in order3-- ,first there is ,plangon2 she1 like a chimra1 ,scorches the wretched barbarians with fire2 ,one knight alone was found to rid the world of her1 ,who1 like a brave man1 stole her furniture ,and fled1 and she despairing1 disappear'd4 ,then for ,sinope's friends1 may ,i not say ,that 'tis a hydra they cohabit with8 ,for she is old3 but near her age1 and like her1 ,greedy ,gnathna flaunts1 a two-fold evil4 ,and as for ,nannion1 in what1 ,i pray1 ,does she from ,scylla differ8 ,has she not ,already swallow'd up two lovers1 and ,open'd her greedy jaws t' enfold a third8 ,but he with prosp'rous oar escaped the gulf4 ,then does not ,phryne beat ,charybdis hollow8 ,who swallows the sea-captains1 ship and all4 ,is not ,theano a mere ,siren pluck'd8 ,their face and voice are woman's1 but their legs ,are feather'd like a blackbird's4 ,take the lot1 ',tis not too much to call them ,theban ,sphinxes4 ,for they speak nothing plain1 but only riddles2 ,and in enigmas tell their victims how ,they love and dote1 and long to be caress'd4 ,would that ,i had a quadruped1 says one1 ,that may serve for a bed or easy chair ,would that ,i had a tripod--,or a biped1 ,that is1 a handmaid4 ,and the hapless fool ,who understands these hints1 like dipus1 ,if saved at all is saved against his will4 ,but they who do believe they're really loved ,are much elated1 and raise their heads to heaven4 ,and in a word1 of all the beasts on earth ,the direst and most treacherous is a harlot4 #g4 ,after ,laurentius had said all this1 ,leonidas1 finding fault with the name of wife 771 quoted these verses out of the ,soothsayers of ,alexis-- ,oh wretched are we husbands1 who have sold ,all liberty of life1 all luxury1 ,and live as slaves of women1 not as freemen4 ,we say we have a dowry2 do we not ,endure the penalty1 full of female bile1 ,compared to which the bile of man's pure honey8 ,for men1 though injured1 pardon3 but the women ,first injure us1 and then reproach us more2 ,they rule those whom they should not2 those they should ,they constantly neglect4 ,they falsely swear2 ,they have no single hardship1 no disease2 ,and yet they are complaining without end4 ,and ,xenarchus1 in his ,sleep1 says-- ,are then the grasshoppers not happy1 say you8 ,when they have wives who cannot speak a word4 ,and ,philetrus1 in his ,corinthiast1 says-- ,o ,jupiter1 how soft and bland an eye ,the lady has6 ',tis not for nothing we ,behold the temple of ,hetra here2 ,but there is not one temple to a wife ,throughout the whole of ,greece4 ,and ,amphis says in his ,athamas-- ,is not a courtesan much more good-humour'd ,than any wedded wife8 ,no doubt she is1 ,and 'tis but natural2 for she1 by law1 ,thinks she's a right to sulk and stay at home3 ,but well the other knows that 'tis her manners ,by which alone she can retain her friends2 ,and if they fail1 she must seek out some others4 #h4 ,and ,eubulus1 in his ,chrysille1 says-- ,may that man1 fool as he is1 who marries ,a second wife1 most miserably perish2 ,him who weds one1 ,i will not blame too much1 ,for he knew little of the ills he courted4 ,but well the widower had proved all ,the ills which are in wedlock and in wives4 ,and a little further on he says-- ,o holy ,jove1 may ,i be quite undone1 ,if e'er ,i say a word against the women1 ,the choicest of all creatures4 ,and suppose ,medea was a termagant1--what then8 ,was not ,penelope a noble creature8 ,if one should say1 ,just think of ,clytmnestra1 ,i meet him with ,alcestis chaste and true4 ,perhaps he'll turn and say no good of ,phdra2 ,but think of virtuous 4 4 4 who8 4 4 4 ,alas1 alas6 ,i cannot recollect another good one1 ,though ,i could still count bad ones up by scores4 ,sidenote3 ,,folly ,,of ,,marrying4 ,and ,aristophon1 in his ,callonides1 says-- ,may he be quite undone1 he well deserves it1 ,who dares to marry any second wife2 ,a man who marries once may be excused2 ,not knowing what misfortune he was seeking4 ,but he who1 once escaped1 then tries another1 ,with his eyes open seeks for misery4 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,philopator1 says-- ,a4 ,he's married now4 ,b4 ,how say you8 do you mean ,he's really gone and married--when ,i left him1 ,alive and well1 possess'd of all his senses8 ,and ,menander1 in his ,woman carrying the ,sacred ,vessel of ,minerva1 or the ,female ,flute-player1 says-- ,a4 ,you will not marry if you're in your senses ,when you have left this life4 ,for ,i myself ,did marry2 so ,i recommend you not to4 ,b4 ,the matter is decided--the die is cast4 ,a4 ,go on then4 ,i do wish you then well over it2 ,but you are taking arms1 with no good reason1 ,against a sea of troubles4 ,in the waves ,of the deep ,libyan or gean sea ,scarce three of thirty ships are lost or wreck'd2 ,but scarcely one poor husband 'scapes at all4 ,and in his ,woman ,burnt he says-- ,oh1 may the man be totally undone ,who was the first to venture on a wife2 ,and then the next who follow'd his example2 ,and then the third1 and fourth1 and all who follow'd4 ,and ,carcinus the tragedian1 in his ,semele 7which begins1 ,o nights71 says-- ,o ,jupiter1 why need one waste one's words ,in speaking ill of women8 for what worse ,can he add1 when he once has call'd them women8 #i4 ,but1 above all other cases1 those who when advanced in years marry young wives1 do not perceive that they are running voluntarily into danger1 which every one else foresees plainly3 and that1 too1 though the ,megarian poet#ae has given them this warning3-- ,a young wife suits not with an aged husband2 ,for she will not obey the pilot's helm ,like a well-managed boat2 nor can the anchor ,hold her securely in her port1 but oft ,she breaks her chains and cables in the night1 ,and headlong drives into another harbour4 ,and ,theophilus1 in his ,neoptolemus1 says-- ,a young wife does not suit an old man well2 ,for1 like a crazy boat1 she not at all ,answers the helm1 but slips her cable off ,by night1 and in some other port is found4 #aj4 ,and ,i do not think that any of you are ignorant1 my friends1 that the greatest wars have taken place on account of women3--the ,trojan war on account of ,helen2 the plague which took place in it was on account of ,chryseis2 the anger of ,achilles was excited about ,briseis2 and the war called the ,sacred ,war1 on account of another wife 7as ,duris relates in the second book of his ,history71 who was a ,theban by birth1 by name ,theano1 and who was carried off by some ,phocian4 ,and this war also lasted ten years1 and in the tenth year was brought to an end by the cooperation of ,philip2 for by his aid the ,thebans took ,phocis4 ,the war1 also1 which is called the ,crissan ,war 7as ,callisthenes tells us in his account of the ,sacred ,war71 when the ,crissans made war upon the ,phocians1 lasted ten years2 and it was excited on this account1--because the ,crissans carried off ,megisto1 the daughter of ,pelagon the ,phocian1 and the daughters of the ,argives1 as they were returning from the ,pythian temple3 and in the tenth year ,crissa was taken4 ,and whole families also have been ruined owing to women2--for instance1 that of ,philip1 the father of ,alexander1 was ruined on account of his marriage with ,cleopatra2 and ,hercules was ruined by his marriage with ,iole1 the daughter of ,eurytus2 and ,theseus on account of his marriage with ,phdra1 the daughter of ,minos2 and ,athamas on account of his marriage with ,themisto1 the daughter of ,hypseus2 and ,jason on account of his marriage with ,glauce1 the daughter of ,creon2 and ,agamemnon on account of ,cassandra4 ,and the expedition of ,cambyses against ,egypt 7as ,ctesias relates7 took place on account of a woman2 for ,cambyses1 having heard that ,egyptian women were far more amorous than other women1 sent to ,amasis the king of the ,egyptians1 asking him for one of his daughters in marriage4 ,but he did not give him one of his own daughters1 thinking that she would not be honoured as a wife1 but only treated as a concubine2 but he sent him ,nitetis1 the daughter of ,apries4 ,sidenote3 ,,love4 ,and ,apries had been deposed from the sovereignty of ,egypt1 because of the defeats which had been received by him from the ,cyreneans2 and afterwards he had been put to death by ,amasis4 ,accordingly1 ,cambyses1 being much pleased with ,nitetis1 and being very violently in love with her1 learns the whole circumstances of the case from her2 and she entreated him to avenge the murder of ,apries1 and persuaded him to make war upon the ,egyptians4 ,but ,dinon1 in his ,history of ,persia1 and ,lynceas of ,naucratis1 in the third book of his ,history of ,egypt1 say that it was ,cyrus to whom ,nitetis was sent by ,amasis2 and that she was the mother of ,cambyses1 who made this expedition against ,egypt to avenge the wrongs of his mother and her family4 ,but ,duris the ,samian says that the first war carried on by two women was that between ,olympias and ,eurydice2 in which ,olympias advanced something in the manner of a ,bacchanalian1 with drums beating2 but ,eurydice came forward armed like a ,macedonian soldier1 having been already accustomed to war and military habits at the court of ,cynnane the ,illyrian4 #aa4 ,now1 after this conversation1 it seemed good to the philosophers who were present to say something themselves about love and about beauty3 and so a great many philosophical sentiments were uttered2 among which1 some quoted some of the songs of the dramatic philosopher1 ,euripides1--some of which were these3-- ,love1 who is wisdom's pupil gay1 ,to virtue often leads the way3 ,and this great god ,is of all others far the best for man2 ,for with his gentle nod ,he bids them hope1 and banishes all pain4 ,may ,i be ne'er mixed up with those who scorn ,to own his power1 and live forlorn1 ,cherishing habits all uncouth4 ,i bid the youth ,of my dear country ne'er to flee from ,love1 ,but welcome him1 and willing subjects prove4#af ,and some one else quoted from ,pindar-- ,let it be my fate always to love1 ,and to obey ,love's will in proper season4 ,and some one else added the following lines from ,euripides-- ,but you1 ,o mighty ,love1 of gods and men ,the sovereign ruler1 either bid what's fair ,to seem no longer fair2 or else bring aid ,to hapless lovers whom you've caused to love1 ,and aid the labours you yourself have prompted4 ,if you do this1 the gods will honour you2 ,but if you keep aloof1 you will not even ,retain the gratitude which now they feel ,for having learnt of you the way to love4#ag #ab4 ,and ,pontianus said that ,zeno the ,cittian thought that ,love was the ,god of ,friendship and ,liberty1 and also that he was the great author of concord among men2 but that he had no other office4 ,on which account1 he says in his ,polity1 that ,love is a ,god1 being one who cooperates in securing the safety of the city4 ,and the philosophers1 also1 who preceded him considered ,love a venerable ,deity1 removed from everything discreditable3 and this is plain from their having set up holy statues in his honour in their ,gymnasia1 along with those of ,mercury and ,hercules--the one of whom is the patron of eloquence1 and the other of valour4 ,and when these are united1 friendship and unanimity are engendered2 by means of which the most perfect liberty is secured to those who excel in these practices4 ,but the ,athenians were so far from thinking that ,love presided over the gratification of the mere sensual appetites1 that1 though the ,academy was manifestly consecrated to ,minerva1 they yet erected in that place also a statue of ,love1 and sacrificed to it4 ,sidenote3 ,,love4 ,the ,thespians also celebrate ,erotidia1 or festivals of ,love1 just as the ,athenians do ,athena1 or festivals of ,minerva1 and as the ,eleans celebrate the ,olympian festivals1 and the ,rhodians the ,halan4 ,and in the public sacrifices1 everywhere almost1 ,love is honoured4 ,and the ,lacedmonians offer sacrifices to ,love before they go to battle1 thinking that safety and victory depend on the friendship of those who stand side by side in the battle array4 ,and the ,cretans1 in their line of battle1 adorn the handsomest of their citizens1 and employ them to offer sacrifices to ,love on behalf of the state1 as ,sosicrates relates4 ,and the regiment among the ,thebans which is called the ,sacred ,band1 is wholly composed of mutual lovers1 indicating the majesty of the ,god1 as these men prefer a glorious death to a shameful and discreditable life4 ,but the ,samians 7as ,erxias says1 in his ,history of ,colophon71 having consecrated a gymnasium to ,love1 called the festival which was instituted in his honour the ,eleutheria1 or ,feast of ,liberty2 and it was owing to this ,god1 too1 that the ,athenians obtained their freedom4 ,and the ,pisistratid1 after their banishment1 were the first people who ever endeavoured to throw discredit on the events which took place through his influence4 #ac4 ,after this had been said1 ,plutarch cited the following passage from the ,phdrus of ,alexis3-- ,as ,i was coming from ,pirus lately1 ,in great perplexity and sad distress1 ,i fell to thoughts of deep philosophy4 ,and first ,i thought that all the painters seem ,ignorant of the real nature of ,love2 ,and so do all the other artists too1 ,whoe'er make statues of this deity3 ,for he is neither male nor female either2 ,again1 he is not ,god1 nor yet is he man3 ,he is not foolish1 nor yet is he wise2 ,but he's made up of all kinds of quality1 ,and underneath one form bears many natures4 ,his courage is a man's2 his cowardice ,a very woman's4 ,then his folly is ,pure madness1 but his wisdom a philosopher's2 ,his vehemence is that of a wild beast1 ,but his endurance is like adamant2 ,his jealousy equals any other god's4 ,and ,i1 indeed1--by all the gods ,i swear1-- ,do not myself precisely understand him2 ,but still he much resembles my description1 ,excepting in the name4 ,and ,eubulus1 or ,ararus1 in his ,campylion1 says-- ,what man was he1 what modeller or painter1 ,who first did represent young ,love as wing'd8 ,he was a man fit only to draw swallows4 ,quite ignorant of the character of the god4 ,for he's not light1 nor easy for a man ,who's once by him been master'd1 to shake off2 ,but he's a heavy and tenacious master4 ,how1 then1 can he be spoken of as wing'd8 ,the man's a fool who such a thing could say4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,man ,lamenting1 says-- ,for this opinion is by all the ,sophists ,embraced1 that ,love is not a winged god2 ,but that the winged parties are the lovers1 ,and that he falsely bears this imputation3 ,so that it is out of pure ignorance ,that painters clothe this deity with wings4 #ad4 ,and ,theophrastus1 in his book on ,love1 says that ,chremon the tragedian said in one of his plays1 that-- ,as wine adapts itself to the constitution ,of those who drink it1 so likewise does ,love ,who1 when he's moderately worshipp'd1 ,is mild and manageable2 but if loosed ,from moderation1 then is fierce and troublesome4 ,on which account the same poet afterwards1 distinguishing his powers with some felicity1 says-- ,for he doth bend a double bow of beauty1 ,and sometimes men to fortune leads1 ,but sometimes overwhelms their lives ,with trouble and confusion4#ah ,but the same poet also1 in his play entitled ,the ,wounded ,man1 speaks of people in love in this manner3-- ,who would not say that those who love alone ,deserve to be consider'd living men8 ,for first of all they must be skilful soldiers1 ,and able to endure great toil of body1 ,and to stick close to th' objects of their love3 ,they must be active1 and inventive too1 ,eager1 and fertile in expedients1 ,and prompt to see their way in difficulties4 ,sidenote3 ,,love4 ,and ,theophilus1 in his ,man fond of the ,flute1 says-- ,who says that lovers are devoid of sense8 ,he is himself no better than a fool3 ,for if you take away from life its pleasures1 ,you leave it nothing but impending death4 ,and ,i myself am now indeed in love ,with a fair maiden playing on the harp2 ,and tell me1 pray1 am ,i a fool for that8 ,she's fair1 she's tall1 she's skilful in her art2 ,and ,i'm more glad when ,i see her1 than you ,when you divide your salaries among you4 ,but ,aristophon1 in his ,pythagorean1 says-- ,now1 is not ,love deservedly cast out ,from his place among the twelve immortal gods8 ,for he did sow the seeds of great confusion1 ,and quarrels dire1 among that heavenly band1 ,when he was one of them4 ,and1 as he was ,bold and impertinent1 they clipp'd his wings1 ,that he might never soar again to heaven2 ,and then they banished him to us below2 ,and for the wings which he did boast before1 ,them they did give to ,victory1 a spoil ,well won1 and splendid1 from her enemy4 ,amphis1 too1 in his ,dithyrambic1 speaks thus of loving-- ,what say'st thou8--dost thou think that all your words ,could e'er persuade me that that man's a lover ,who falls in love with a girl's manners only1 ,and never thinks what kind of face she's got8 ,i call him mad2 nor can ,i e'er believe ,that a poor man1 who often sees a rich one1 ,forbears to covet some of his great riches4 ,but ,alexis says in his ,helena-- ,the man who falls in love with beauty's flower1 ,and taketh heed of nothing else1 may be ,a lover of pleasure1 but not of his love2 ,and he does openly disparage ,love1 ,and causes him to be suspect to others4 #ae4 ,myrtilus1 having cited these lines of ,alexis1 and then looking round on the men who were partisans of the ,stoic school1 having first recited the following passage out of the lambics of ,hermeas the ,curian-- ,listen1 you ,stoiclings1 traffickers in nonsense1 ,punners on words1--gluttons1 who by yourselves ,eat up the whole of what is in the dishes1 ,and give no single bit to a philosopher4 ,besides1 you are most clearly proved to do ,all that is contrary to those professions ,which you so pompously parade abroad1 ,hunting for beauty2-- went on to say1--,and in this point alone you are imitators of the master of your school1 ,zeno the ,phnician1 who was always a slave to the most infamous passions 7as ,antigonus the ,carystian relates1 in his ,history of his ,life72 for you are always saying that the proper object of love is not the body1 but the mind2 you who say at the same time1 that you ought to remain faithful to the objects of your love1 till they are eight-and-twenty years of age4 ,and ,ariston of ,ceos1 the ,peripatetic1 appears to me to have said very well 7in the second book of his treatise on ,likenesses connected with ,love71 to some ,athenian who was very tall for his age1 and at the same time was boasting of his beauty1 7and his name was ,dorus17 ,it seems to me that one may very well apply to you the line which ,ulysses uttered when he met ,dolon-- ,great was thy aim1 and mighty is the prize4#ai #af4 ,but ,hegesander1 in his ,commentaries1 says that all men love seasoned dishes1 but not plain meats1 or plainly dressed fish4 ,and accordingly1 when seasoned dishes are wanting1 no one willingly eats either meat or fish2 nor does any one desire meat which is raw and unseasoned4 ,for anciently men used to love boys 7as ,aristophon relates72 on which account it came to pass that the objects of their love were called 4 ,and it was with truth 7as ,clearchus says in the first book of his treatise on ,love and the ,affairs of ,love7 that ,lycophronides said-- ,no boy1 no maid with golden ornaments1 ,no woman with a deep and ample robe1 ,is so much beautiful as modest2 for ',tis modesty that gives the bloom to beauty4 ,and ,aristotle said that lovers look at no other part of the objects of their affection1 but only at their eyes1 in which modesty makes her abode4 ,and ,sophocles somewhere represents ,hippodamia as speaking of the beauty of ,pelops1 and saying-- ,and in his eyes the charm which love compels ,shines forth a light1 embellishing his face3 ,he glows himself1 and he makes me glow too1 ,measuring my eyes with his1--as any builder ,makes his work correspond to his careful rule4#bj ,sidenote3 ,,love4 #ag4 ,and ,licymnius the ,chian1 saying that ,somnus was in love with ,endymion1 represents him as refusing to close the eyes of the youth even when he is asleep2 but the ,god sends his beloved object to sleep with his eyelids still open1 so that he may not for a single moment be deprived of the pleasure of contemplating them4 ,and his words are these-- ,but ,somnus much delighted ,in the bright beams which shot from his eyes1 ,and lull'd the youth to sleep with unclosed lids4 ,and ,sappho says to a man who was admired above all measure for his beauty1 and who was accounted very handsome indeed-- ,stand opposite1 my love1 ,and open upon me ,the beauteous grace which from your eyes doth flow4 ,and what says ,anacreon8-- ,oh1 boy1 as maiden fair1 ,i fix my heart on you2 ,but you despise my prayer1 ,and little care that you do hold the reins ,which my soul's course incessantly do guide4#ba ,and the magnificent ,pindar says-- ,the man who gazes on the brilliant rays ,which shoot from th' eyes ,of beautiful ,theoxenus1 and yet can feel his heart ,unmoved within his breast1 nor yields to love1 ,must have a heart ,black1 and composed of adamant or iron4#bb ,but the ,cyclops of ,philoxenus of ,cythera1 in love with ,galatea1 and praising her beauty1 and prophesying1 as it were1 his own blindness1 praises every part of her rather than mention her eyes1 which he does not2 speaking thus3-- ,o ,galatea1 ,nymph with the beauteous face and golden hair1 ,whose voice the ,graces tune1 ,true flower of love1 my beauteous ,galatea4 ,but this is but a blind panegyric1 and not at all to be compared with the encomium of ,ibycus3-- ,beauteous ,euryalus1 of all the ,graces ,the choicest branch1--object of love to all ,the fair-hair'd maidens1--sure the soft-eyed goddess1 ,the ,cyprian queen1 and soft ,persuasion ,combin'd to nourish you on beds of roses4 ,and ,phrynichus said of ,troilus-- ,the light of love shines in his purple cheeks4 #ah4 ,but you prefer having all the objects of your love shaved and hairless4 ,and this custom of shaving the beard originated in the age of ,alexander1 as ,chrysippus tells us in the fourth book of his treatise on ,the ,beautiful and on ,pleasure4 ,and ,i think it will not be unseasonable if ,i quote what he says2 for he is an author of whom ,i am very fond1 on account of his great learning and his gentle good-humoured disposition4 ,and this is the language of the philosopher3--,the custom of shaving the beard was introduced in the time of ,alexander1 for the people in earlier times did not practise it2 and ,timotheus the flute-player used to play on the flute having a very long beard4 ,and at ,athens they even now remember that the man who first shaved his chin1 7and he is not a very ancient man indeed17 was given the surname of 2#bc on which account ,alexis says-- ,do you see any man whose beard has been ,removed by sharp pitch-plasters or by razors8 ,in one of these two ways he may be spoken of3 ,either he seems to me to think of war1 ,and so to be rehearsing acts of fierce ,hostility against his beard and chin2 ,or else he's some complaint of wealthy men4 ,for how1 ,i pray you1 do your beards annoy you8-- ,beards by which best you may be known as men8 ,unless1 indeed1 you're planning now some deed ,unworthy of the character of men4 ,and ,diogenes1 when he saw some one once whose chin was smooth1 said1 ',i am afraid you think you have great ground to accuse nature1 for having made you a man and not a woman4' ,and once1 when he saw another man1 riding a horse1 who was shaved in the same manner1 and perfumed all over1 and clothed1 too1 in a fashion corresponding to those particulars1 he said that he had often asked what a was2 and now he had found out4 ,and at ,rhodes1 though there is a law against shaving1 still no one ever prosecutes another for doing so1 as the whole population is shaved4 ,and at ,byzantium1 though there is a penalty to which any barber is liable who is possessed of a razor1 still every one uses a razor none the less for that law4 ,and this is the statement of the admirable ,chrysippus4 ,sidenote3 ,,beauty4 #ai4 ,but that wise ,zeno1 as ,antigonus the ,carystian says1 speaking1 as it should seem1 almost prophetically of the lives and professed discipline of your sect1 said that those who misunderstood and failed rightly to enter into the spirit of his words1 would become dirty and ungentlemanlike-looking2 just as those who adopted ,aristippus's sect1 but perverted his precepts1 became intemperate and shameless4 ,and the greater portion of you are such as that1 men with contracted brows1 and dirty clothes1 sordid not only in your dispositions1 but also in your appearance4 ,for1 wishing to assume the character of independence and frugality1 you are found at the gate of covetousness1 living sordidly1 clothed in scanty cloaks1 filling the soles of your shoes with nails1 and giving hard names to any one who uses the very smallest quantity of perfume1 or who is dressed in apparel which is at all delicate4 ,but men of your sect have no business to be attracted by money1 or to lead about the objects of their love with their beards shaved and smooth1 who follow you about the ,lyceum-- ,thin1 starved philosophers1 as dry as leather1 as ,antiphanes calls them4 #bj4 ,but ,i am a great admirer of beauty myself4 ,for1 in the contests at ,athens for the prize of manliness1 they select the handsomest1 and give them the post of honour to bear the sacred vessels at the festivals of the gods4 ,and at ,elis there is a contest as to beauty1 and the conqueror has the vessels of the goddess given to him to carry2 and the next handsomest has the ox to lead1 and the third places the sacrificial cakes on the head of the victim4 ,but ,heraclides ,lembus relates that in ,sparta the handsomest man and the handsomest woman have special honours conferred on them2 and ,sparta is famous for producing the handsomest women in the world4 ,on which account they tell a story of king ,archidamus1 that when one wife was offered to him who was very handsome1 and another who was ugly but rich1 and he chose the rich one1 the ,ephori imposed a fine upon him1 saying that he had preferred begetting kinglings rather than kings for the ,spartans4 ,and ,euripides has said-- ,her very mien is worthy of a kingdom4#bd ,and in ,homer1 the old men among the people marvelling at the beauty of ,helen1 are represented as speaking thus to one another-- ,they cried1 ,no wonder such celestial charms ,for nine long years have set the world in arms2-- ,what winning graces6 what majestic mien6 ,she moves a goddess1 and she looks a queen4#be ,and even ,priam himself is moved at the beauty of the woman1 though he is in great distress4 ,and also he admires ,agamemnon for his beauty1 and uses the following language respecting him-- ,say1 what ,greek is he ,around whose brow such martial graces shine1-- ,so tall1 so awful1 and almost divine8 ,though some of larger stature tread the green1 ,none match his grandeur and exalted mien4#bf ,and many nations have made the handsomest men their kings on that account4 ,as even to this day that thiopian tribe called the ,immortals does2 as ,bion relates in his ,history of the ,affairs of thiopia4 ,for1 as it would seem1 they consider beauty as the especial attribute of kings4 ,and goddesses have contended with one another respecting beauty2 and it was on account of his beauty that the gods carried off ,ganymede to be their cup-bearer-- ,the matchless ,ganymede1 divinely fair1 ,whom ,heaven1 enamour'd1 snatch'd to upper air4#bg ,and who are they whom the goddesses have carried off8 are they not the handsomest of men8 ,and they cohabit with them2 as ,aurora does with ,cephalus and ,clitus and ,tithonus2 and ,ceres with ,jason2 and ,venus with ,anchises and ,adonis4 ,and it was for the sake of beauty also that the greatest of the gods entered through a roof under the form of gold1 and became a bull1 and often transformed himself into a winged eagle1 as he did in the case of gina4 ,and ,socrates the philosopher1 who despised everything1 was1 for all that1 subdued by the beauty of ,alcibiades2 as also was the venerable ,aristotle by the beauty of his pupil ,phaselites4 ,and do not we too1 even in the case of inanimate things1 prefer what is the most beautiful8 ,the fashion1 too1 of ,sparta is much praised1 ,i mean that of displaying their virgins naked to their guests2 and in the island of ,chios it is a beautiful sight to go to the gymnasia and the race-courses1 and to see the young men wrestling naked with the maidens1 who are also naked4 ,sidenote3 ,,beauty4 #ba4 ,and ,cynulcus said3--,and do you dare to talk in this way1 you who are not rosy-fingered1 as ,cratinus says1 but who have one foot made of cow-dung8 and do you bring up again the recollection of that poet your namesake1 who spends all his time in cookshops and inns8 although ,isocrates the orator has said1 in his ,areopagitic ,oration1 ,but not one of their servants ever would have ventured to eat or drink in a cookshop2 for they studied to keep up the dignity of their appearance1 and not to behave like buffoons4 ,and ,hyperides1 in his oration against ,patrocles1 7if1 at least1 the speech is a genuine one17 says that they forbade a man who had dined at a cookshop from going up to the ,areopagus4 ,but you1 you sophist1 spend your time in cookshops1 not with your friends 771 but with prostitutes 771 having a lot of pimps and procuresses about you1 and always carrying about these books of ,aristophanes1 and ,apollodorus1 and ,ammonius1 and ,antiphanes1 and also of ,gorgias the ,athenian1 who have all written about the prostitutes at ,athens4 ,oh1 what a learned man you are6 how far are you from imitating ,theomandrus of ,cyrene1 who1 as ,theophrastus1 in his treatise on ,happiness1 says1 used to go about and profess that he gave lessons in prosperity4 ,you1 you teacher of love1 are in no respect better than ,amasis of ,elis1 whom ,theophrastus1 in his treatise on ,love1 says was extraordinarily addicted to amatory pursuits4 ,and a man will not be much out who calls you a 1 just as they call ,aristides and ,pausanias and ,nicophanes 4 ,and ,polemo mentions them1 as painting the subjects which they did paint exceedingly well1 in his treatise on the ,pictures at ,sicyon4 ,think1 my friends1 of the great and varied learning of this grammarian1 who does not conceal what he means1 but openly quotes the verses of ,eubulus1 in his ,cercopes-- ,i came to ,corinth2 there ,i ate with pleasure ,some herb called basil 7ocimum71 and was ruin'd by it2 ,and also1 trifling there1 ,i lost my cloak4 ,and the ,corinthian sophist is very fine here1 explaining to his pupils that ,ocimum is the name of a harlot4 ,and a great many other plays also1 you impudent fellow1 derived their names from courtesans4 ,there is the ,thalassa of ,diodes1 the ,corianno of ,pherecrates1 the ,antea of ,eunicus or ,philyllus1 the ,thais1 and the ,phanion of ,menander1 the ,opora of ,alexis1 the ,clepsydra of ,eubulus--and the woman who bore this name1 had it because she used to distribute her company by the hour-glass1 and to dismiss her visitors when it had run down2 as ,asclepiades1 the son of ,areas1 relates in his ,history of ,demetrius ,phalereus2 and he says that her proper name was ,meticha4 #bb4 ,there is a courtesan 4 4 4 4 4 7as ,antiphanes says in his ,clown7-- 4 4 4 who is a positive ,calamity and ruin to her keeper2 ,and yet he's glad at nourishing such a pest4 ,on which account1 in the ,nera of ,timocles1 a man is represented as lamenting his fate1 and saying-- ,but ,i1 unhappy man1 who first loved ,phryne ,when she was but a gatherer of capers1 ,and was not quite as rich as now she is1-- ,i who such sums of money spent upon her1 ,am now excluded from her doors4 ,and in the play entitled ,orestantoclides1 the same ,timocles says-- ,and round the wretched man old women sleep1 ,nannium and ,plangon1 ,lyca1 ,phryne too1 ,gnathna1 ,pythionica1 ,myrrhina1 ,chrysis1 ,conallis1 ,hieroclea1 and ,lapadium also4 ,and these courtesans are mentioned by ,amphis1 in his ,curis1 where he says-- ,wealth truly seems to me to be quite blind1 ,since he ne'er ventures near this woman's doors1 ,but haunts ,sinope1 ,nannium1 and ,lyca1 ,and others like them1 traps of men's existence1 ,and in their houses sits like one amazed1 ,and ne'er departs4 ,sidenote3 ,,courtesans4 #bc4 ,and ,alexis1 in the drama entitled ,isostasium1 thus describes the equipment of a courtesan1 and the artifices which some women use to make themselves up-- ,for1 first of all1 to earn themselves much gain1 ,and better to plunder all the neighbouring men1 ,they use a heap of adventitious aids4-- ,they plot to take in every one4 ,and when1 ,by subtle artifice1 they've made some money1 ,they enlist fresh girls1 and add recruits1 who ne'er ,have tried the trade1 unto their cunning troop1 ,and drill them so that they are very soon ,different in manners1 and in look1 and semblance ,from all they were before4 ,suppose one's short-- ,they put cork soles within the heels of her shoes3 ,is any one too tall--she wears a slipper ,of thinnest substance1 and1 with head depress'd ,between the shoulders1 walks the public streets1 ,and so takes off from her superfluous height4 ,is any one too lean about the flank-- ,they hoop her with a bustle1 so that all ,who see her marvel at her fair proportions4 ,has any one too prominent a stomach-- ,they crown it with false breasts1 such as perchance ,at times you may in comic actors see2 ,and what is still too prominent1 they force ,back1 ramming it as if with scaffolding4 ,has any one red eyebrows--those they smear ,with soot4 ,has any one a dark complexion-- ,white-lead will that correct4 ,this girl's too fair-- ,they rub her well with rich vermilion4 ,is she a splendid figure--then her charms ,are shown in naked beauty to the purchaser4 ,has she good teeth--then she is forced to laugh1 ,that all the bystanders may see her mouth1 ,how beautiful it is2 and if she be ,but ill-inclined to laugh1 then she is kept ,close within doors whole days1 and all the things ,which cooks keep by them when they sell goats' heads1 ,such as a stick of myrrh1 she's forced to keep ,between her lips1 till they have learnt the shape ,of the required grin4 ,and by such arts ,they make their charms and persons up for market4 #bd4 ,and therefore ,i advise you1 my ,thessalian friend with the handsome chairs1 to be content to embrace the women in the brothels1 and not to spend the inheritance of your children on vanities4 ,for1 truly1 the lame man gets on best at this sort of work2 since your father1 the boot-maker1 did not lecture you and teach you any great deal1 and did not confine you to looking at leather4 ,or do you not know those women1 as we find them called in the ,pannuchis of ,eubulus-- ,thrifty decoys1 who gather in the money1-- ,fillies well-train'd of ,venus1 standing naked ,in long array1 clad in transparent robes ,of thinnest web1 like the fair damsels whom ,eridanus waters with his holy stream2 ,from whom1 with safety and frugality1 ,you may buy pleasure at a moderate cost4 ,and in his ,nannium1 7the play under this name is the work of ,eubulus1 and not of ,philippides7-- ,for he who secretly goes hunting for ,illicit love1 must surely of all men ,most miserable be2 and yet he may ,see in the light of the sun a willing row ,of naked damsels1 standing all array'd ,in robes transparent1 like the damsels whom ,eridanus waters with his holy stream1 ,and buy some pleasure at a trifling rate1 ,without pursuing joys he's bound to hide1 7,there is no heavier calamity17 ,just out of wantonness and not for love4 ,i do bewail the fate of hapless ,greece1 ,which sent forth such an admiral as ,cydias4 ,xenarchus also1 in his ,pentathlum1 reproaches those men who live as you do1 and who fix their hearts on extravagant courtesans1 and on freeborn women2 in the following lines-- ,it is a terrible1 yes a terrible and ,intolerable evil1 what the young ,men do throughout this city4 ,for although ,there are most beauteous damsels in the brothels1 ,which any man may see standing all willing ,in the full light of day1 with open bosoms1 ,showing their naked charms1 all of a row1 ,marshall'd in order2 and though they may choose ,without the slightest trouble1 as they fancy1 ,thin1 stout1 or round1 tall1 wrinkled1 or smooth-faced1 ,young1 old1 or middle-aged1 or elderly1 ,so that they need not clamber up a ladder1 ,nor steal through windows out of free men's houses1 ,nor smuggle themselves in in bags of chaff2 ,for these gay girls will ravish you by force1 ,and drag you in to them2 if old1 they'll call you ,their dear papa2 if young1 their darling baby3 ,and these a man may fearlessly and cheaply ,amuse himself with1 morning1 noon1 or night1 ,and any way he pleases2 but the others ,he dares not gaze on openly nor look at1 ,but1 fearing1 trembling1 shivering1 with his heart1 ,as men say1 in his mouth1 he creeps towards them4 ,and how can they1 ,o sea-born mistress mine1 ,immortal ,venus6 act as well they ought1 ,e'en when they have the opportunity1 ,if any thought of ,draco's laws comes o'er them8 ,sidenote3 ,,courtesans4 #be4 ,and ,philemon1 in his ,brothers1 relates that ,solon at first1 on account of the unbridled passions of the young1 made a law that women might be brought to be prostituted at brothels2 as ,nicander of ,colophon also states1 in the third book of his ,history of the ,affairs of ,colophon1--saying that he first erected a temple to the ,public ,venus with the money which was earned by the women who were prostituted at these brothels4 ,but ,philemon speaks on this subject as follows3-- ,but you did well for every man1 ,o ,solon2 ,for they do say you were the first to see ,the justice of a public-spirited measure1 ,the saviour of the state--7and it is fit ,for me to utter this avowal1 ,solon72-- ,you1 seeing that the state was full of men1 ,young1 and possess'd of all the natural appetites1 ,and wandering in their lusts where they'd no business1 ,bought women1 and in certain spots did place them1 ,common to be1 and ready for all comers4 ,they naked stand3 look well at them1 my youth1-- ,do not deceive yourself2 a'nt you well off8 ,you're ready1 so are they3 the door is open-- ,the price an obol3 enter straight--there is ,no nonsense here1 no cheat or trickery2 ,but do just what you like1 and how you like4 ,you're off3 wish her good-bye2 she's no more claim on you4 ,and ,aspasia1 the friend of ,socrates1 imported great numbers of beautiful women1 and ,greece was entirely filled with her courtesans2 as that witty writer ,aristophanes 7in his ,acharnenses#bh7 relates1--saying1 that the ,peloponnesian war was excited by ,pericles1 on account of his love for ,aspasia1 and on account of the girls who had been carried away from her by the ,megarians4 ,for some young men1 drunk with the cottabus ,going to ,megara1 carry off by stealth ,a harlot named ,simtha4 ,then the citizens ,of ,megara1 full of grief and indignation1 ,stole in return two of ,aspasia's girls2 ,and this was the beginning of the war ,which devastated ,greece1 for three lewd women4 #bf4 ,i therefore1 my most learned grammarian1 warn you to beware of the courtesans who want a high price1 because ,you may see other damsels play the flute1 ,all playing th' air of ,phbus1 or of ,jove2 ,but these play no air save the air of the hawk1 as ,epicrates says in his ,anti-,lais2 in which play he also uses the following expressions concerning the celebrated ,lais3-- ,but this fair ,lais is both drunk and lazy1 ,and cares for nothing1 save what she may eat ,and drink all day4 ,and she1 as ,i do think1 ,has the same fate the eagles have2 for they1 ,when they are young1 down from the mountains stoop1 ,ravage the flocks and eat the timid hares1 ,bearing their prey aloft with fearful might4 ,but when they're old1 on temple tops they perch1 ,hungry and helpless2 and the soothsayers ,turn such a sight into a prodigy4 ,and so might ,lais well be thought an omen2 ,for when she was a maiden1 young and fresh1 ,she was quite savage with her wondrous riches2 ,and you might easier get access to ,the satrap ,pharnabazus4 ,but at present1 ,now that she's more advanced in years1 and age ,has meddled with her body's round proportions1 ',tis easy both to see her and to scorn her4 ,now she runs everywhere to get some drink2 ,she'll take a stater--aye1 or a triobolus2 ,she will admit you1 young or old2 and is ,become so tame1 so utterly subdued1 ,that she will take the money from your hand4 ,anaxandrides also1 in his ,old-,man's ,madness1 mentions ,lais1 and includes her with many other courtesans in a list which he gives in the following lines3-- ,a4 ,you know ,corinthian ,lais8 ,b4 ,to be sure2 ,my countrywoman4 ,a4 ,well1 she had a friend1 ,by name ,anthea4 ,b4 ,yes2 ,i knew her well4 ,a4 ,well1 in those days ,lagisca was in beauty2 ,theolyta1 too1 was wondrous fair to see1 ,and seemed likely to be fairer still2 ,and ,ocimon was beautiful as any4 #bg4 ,this1 then1 is the advice ,i want to give you1 my friend ,myrtilus2 and1 as we read in the ,cynegis of ,philetrus1-- ,now you are old1 reform those ways of yours2 ,know you not that 'tis hardly well to die ,in the embraces of a prostitute1 ,as men do say ,phormisius perished8 ,or do you think that delightful which ,timocles speaks of in his ,marathonian ,women8-- ,sidenote3 ,,het,r4 ,how great the difference whether you pass the night ,with a lawful wife or with a prostitute6 ,bah6 ,where's the firmness of the flesh1 the freshness ,of breath and of complexion8 ,oh1 ye gods6 ,what appetite it gives one not to find ,everything waiting1 but to be constrain'd ,to struggle a little1 and from tender hands ,to bear soft blows and bullets2 that1 indeed1 ,is really pleasure4 ,and as ,cynulcus had still a good deal which he wished to say1 and as ,magnus was preparing to attack him for the sake of ,myrtilus1--,myrtilus1 being beforehand with him 7for he hated the ,syrian71 said-- ,but our hopes were not so clean worn out1 ,as to need aid from bitter enemies2 as ,callimachus says4 ,for are not we1 ,o ,cynulcus1 able to defend ourselves8 ,how rude you are1 and boorish with your jokes6 ,your tongue is all on the left side of your mouth2 as ,ephippus says in his ,philyra4 ,for you seem to me to be one of those men ,who of the ,muses learnt but ill-shaped letters1 as some one of the parody writers has it4 #bh4 ,i therefore1 my friends and messmates1 have not1 as is said in the ,aur of ,metagenes1 or in the ,mammacythus of ,aristagoras1 ,told you of female dancers1 courtesans ,who once were fair2 and now ,i do not tell you ,of flute-playing girls1 just reaching womanhood1 ,who not unwillingly1 for adequate pay1 ,have borne the love of vulgar men2 but ,i have been speaking of regular professional ,hetr--that is to say1 of those who are able to preserve a friendship free from trickery2 whom ,cynulcus does not venture to speak ill of1 and who of all women are the only ones who have derived their name from friendship1 or from that goddess who is named by the ,athenians ,venus ,hetra3 concerning whom ,apollodorus the ,athenian speaks1 in his treatise on the ,gods1 in the following manner3--,and they worship ,venus ,hetra1 who brings together male and female companions 7 7--that is to say1 mistresses4 ,accordingly1 even to this day1 freeborn women and maidens call their associates and friends their 2 as ,sappho does1 where she says-- ,and now with tuneful voice ,i'll sing ,these pleasing songs to my companions 774 ,and in another place she says-- ,niobe and ,latona were of old ,affectionate companions 77 to each other4 ,they also call women who prostitute themselves for money1 4 ,and the verb which they use for prostituting oneself for money is 1 not regarding the etymology of the word1 but applying a more decent term to the trade2 as ,menander1 in his ,deposit1 distinguishing the from the 1 says-- ,you've done an act not suited to companions 7v71 ,but1 by ,jove1 far more fit for courtesans 771 ,these words1 so near the same1 do make the sense ,not always easily to be distinguished4 #bi4 ,but concerning courtesans1 ,ephippus1 in his ,merchandise1 speaks as follows3-- ,and then if1 when we enter through their doors1 ,they see that we are out of sorts at all1 ,they flatter us and soothe us1 kiss us gently1 ,not pressing hard as though our lips were enemies1 ,but with soft open kisses like a sparrow2 ,they sing1 and comfort us1 and make us cheerful1 ,and straightway banish all our care and grief1 ,and make our faces bright again with smiles4 ,and ,eubulus1 in his ,campylion1 introducing a courtesan of modest deportment1 says-- ,how modestly she sat the while at supper6 ,not like the rest1 who make great balls of leeks1 ,and stuff their cheeks with them1 and loudly crunch ,within their jaws large lumps of greasy meat2 ,but delicately tasting of each dish1 ,in mouthfuls small1 like a ,milesian maiden4 ,and ,antiphanes says in his ,hydra-- ,but he1 the man of whom ,i now was speaking1 ,seeing a woman who lived near his house1 ,a courtesan1 did fall at once in love with her2 ,she was a citizen1 without a guardian ,or any near relations1 and her manners ,pure1 and on virtue's strictest model form'd1 ,a genuine mistress 772 for the rest of the crew ,bring into disrepute1 by their vile manners1 ,a name which in itself has nothing wrong4 ,and ,anaxilas1 in his ,neottis1 says-- ,sidenote3 ,,het,r4 ,a4 ,but if a woman does at all times use ,fair1 moderate language1 giving her services ,favourable to all who stand in need of her1 ,she from her prompt companionship 77 does earn ,the title of companion 772 and you1 ,as you say rightly1 have not fall'n in love ,with a vile harlot 771 but with a companion 774 ,is she not one of pure and simple manners8 ,b4 ,at all events1 by ,jove1 she's beautiful4 #cj4 ,but that systematic debaucher of youths of yours1 is such a person as ,alexis1 or ,antiphanes1 represents him1 in his ,sleep-- ,on this account1 that profligate1 when supping ,with us1 will never eat an onion even1 ,not to annoy the object of his love4 ,and ,ephippus has spoken very well of people of that description in his ,sappho1 where he says-- ,for when one in the flower of his age ,learns to sneak into other men's abodes1 ,and shares of meals where he has not contributed1 ,he must some other mode of payment mean4 ,and schines the orator has said something of the same kind in his ,speech against ,timarchus4 #ca4 ,but concerning courtesans1 ,philetrus1 in his ,huntress1 has the following lines3-- ',tis not for nothing that where'er we go ,we find a temple of ,hetra there1 ,but nowhere one to any wedded wife4 ,i know1 too1 that there is a festival called the ,hetridia1 which is celebrated in ,magnesia1 not owing to the courtesans1 but to another cause1 which is mentioned by ,hegesander in his ,commentaries1 who writes thus3--,the ,magnesians celebrate a festival called ,hetridia2 and they give this account of it3 that originally ,jason1 the son of son1 when he had collected the ,argonauts1 sacrificed to ,jupiter ,hetrias1 and called the festival ,hetridia4 ,and the ,macedonian kings also celebrated the ,hetridia4 ,there is also a temple of ,venus the ,prostitute 77 at ,abydus1 as ,pamphylus asserts3--,for when all the city was oppressed by slavery1 the guards in the city1 after a sacrifice on one occasion 7as ,cleanthus relates in his essays on ,fables71 having got intoxicated1 took several courtesans2 and one of these women1 when she saw that the men were all fast asleep1 taking the keys1 got over the wall1 and brought the news to the citizens of ,abydus4 ,and they1 on this1 immediately came in arms1 and slew the guards1 and made themselves masters of the walls1 and recovered their freedom2 and to show their gratitude to the prostitute they built a temple to ,venus the ,prostitute4 ,and ,alexis the ,samian1 in the second book of his ,samian ,annals1 says--,the ,athenian prostitutes who followed ,pericles when he laid siege to ,samos1 having made vast sums of money by their beauty1 dedicated a statue of ,venus at ,samos1 which some call ,venus among the ,reeds1 and others ,venus in the ,marsh4 ,and ,eualces1 in his ,history of the ,affairs of ,ephesus1 says that there is at ,ephesus also a temple to ,venus the ,courtesan 774 ,and ,clearchus1 in the first book of his treatise on ,amatory ,matters1 says--,gyges the king of the ,lydians was very celebrated1 not only on account of his mistress while she was alive1 having submitted himself and his whole dominions to her power1 but also after she was dead2 inasmuch as he assembled all the ,lydians in the whole country1 and raised that mound which is even now called the tomb of the ,lydian ,courtesan2 building it up to a great height1 so that when he was travelling in the country1 inside of ,mount ,tmolus1 wherever he was1 he could always see the tomb2 and it was a conspicuous object to all the inhabitants of ,lydia4 ,and ,demosthenes the orator1 in his ,speech against ,nera 7if it is a genuine one1 which ,apollodorus says it is71 says--,now we have courtesans for the sake of pleasure1 but concubines for the sake of daily cohabitation1 and wives for the purpose of having children legitimately1 and of having a faithful guardian of all our household affairs4 #cb4 ,i will now mention to you1 ,o ,cynulcus1 an ,ionian story 7spinning it out1 as schylus says17 about courtesans1 beginning with the beautiful ,corinth1 since you have reproached me with having been a schoolmaster in that city4 ,it is an ancient custom at ,corinth 7as ,chamleon of ,heraclea relates1 in his treatise on ,pindar71 whenever the city addresses any supplication to ,venus1 about any important matter1 to employ as many courtesans as possible to join in the supplication2 and they1 too1 pray to the goddess1 and afterwards they are present at the sacrifices4 ,and when the king of ,persia was leading his army against ,greece 7as ,theopompus also relates1 and so does ,timus1 in his seventh book71 the ,corinthian courtesans offered prayers for the safety of ,greece1 going to the temple of ,venus4 ,on which account1 after the ,corinthians had consecrated a picture to the goddess 7which remains even to this day71 and as in this picture they had painted the portraits of the courtesans who made this supplication at the time1 and who were present afterwards1 ,simonides composed this epigram3-- ,sidenote3 ,,courtesans4 ,these damsels1 in behalf of ,greece1 and all ,their gallant countrymen1 stood nobly forth1 ,praying to ,venus1 the all-powerful goddess2 ,nor was the queen of beauty willing ever ,to leave the citadel of ,greece to fall ,beneath the arrows of the unwarlike ,persians4 ,and even private individuals sometimes vow to ,venus1 that if they succeed in the objects for which they are offering their vows1 they will bring her a stated number of courtesans4 #cc4 ,as this custom1 then1 exists with reference to this goddess1 ,xenophon the ,corinthian1 when going to ,olympia1 to the games1 vowed that he1 if he were victorious1 would bring her some courtesans4 ,and ,pindar at first wrote a panegyric on him1 which begins thus3-- ,praising the house which in th' ,olympic games ,has thrice borne off the victory4#bi ,but afterwards he composed a scolium#cj on him1 which was sung at the sacrificial feasts2 in the exordium of which he turns at once to the courtesans who joined in the sacrifice to ,venus1 in the presence of ,xenophon1 while he was sacrificing to the goddess himself2 on which account he says-- ,o queen of ,cyprus' isle1 ,come to this grove6 ,lo1 ,xenophon1 succeeding in his aim1 ,brings you a band of willing maidens1 ,dancing on a hundred feet4 ,and the opening lines of the song were these3-- ,o hospitable damsels1 fairest train ,of soft ,persuasion1-- ,ornament of the wealthy ,corinth1 ,bearing in willing hands the golden drops ,that from the frankincense distil1 and flying ,to the fair mother of the ,loves1 ,who dwelleth in the sky1 ,the lovely ,venus1--you do bring to us ,comfort and hope in danger1 that we may ,hereafter1 in the delicate beds of ,love1 ,heap the long-wished-for fruits of joy1 ,lovely and necessary to all mortal men4 ,and after having begun in this manner1 he proceeds to say-- ,but now ,i marvel1 and wait anxiously ,to see what will my masters say of me1 ,who thus begin ,my scolium with this amatory preface1 ,willing companion of these willing damsels4 ,and it is plain here that the poet1 while addressing the courtesans in this way1 was in some doubt as to the light in which it would appear to the ,corinthians2 but1 trusting to his own genius1 he proceeds with the following verse-- ,we teach pure gold on a well-tried lyre4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,loving ,woman1 tells us that the courtesans at ,corinth celebrate a festival of their own1 called ,aphrodisia2 where he says-- ,the city at the time was celebrating ,the ,aphrodisia of the courtesans3 ,this is a different festival from that ,which the free women solemnize3 and then ,it is the custom on those days that all ,the courtesans should feast with us in common4 ,sidenote3 ,,courtesans4 #cd4 ,but at ,lacedmon 7as ,polemo ,periegetes says1 in his treatise on the ,offerings at ,lacedmon17 there is a statue of a very celebrated courtesan1 named ,cottina1 who1 he tells us1 consecrated a brazen cow2 and ,polemo's words are these3--,and the statue of ,cottina the courtesan1 on account of whose celebrity there is still a brothel which is called by her name1 near the hill on which the temple of ,bacchus stands1 is a conspicuous object1 well known to many of the citizens4 ,and there is also a votive offering of hers besides that to ,minerva ,chalcicos--a brazen cow1 and also the before-mentioned image4 ,and the handsome ,alcibiades1 of whom one of the comic poets said-- ,and then the delicate ,alcibiades1 ,o earth and all the gods6 whom ,lacedmon ,desires to catch in his adulteries1 though he was beloved by the wife of ,agis1 used to go and held his revels at the doors of the courtesans1 leaving all the ,lacedmonian and ,athenian women4 ,he also fell in love with ,medontis of ,abydos1 from the mere report of her beauty2 and sailing to the ,hellespont with ,axiochus1 who was a lover of his on account of his beauty1 7as ,lysias the orator states1 in his speech against him17 he allowed ,axiochus to share her with him4 ,moreover1 ,alcibiades used always to carry about two other courtesans with him in all his expeditions1 namely1 ,damasandra1 the mother of the younger ,lais1 and ,theodote2 by whom1 after he was dead1 he was buried in ,melissa1 a village of ,phrygia1 after he had been overwhelmed by the treachery of ,pharnabazus4 ,and we ourselves saw the tomb of ,alcibiades at ,melissa1 when we went from ,synad to ,metropolis2 and at that tomb there is sacrificed an ox every year1 by the command of that most excellent emperor ,adrian1 who also erected on the tomb a statue of ,alcibiades in ,parian marble4 #ce4 ,and we must not wonder at people having on some occasions fallen in love with others from the mere report of their beauty1 when ,chares of ,mitylene1 in the tenth book of his ,history of ,alexander1 says that some people have even seen in dreams those whom they have never beheld before1 and fallen in love with them so4 ,and he writes as follows3--,hystaspes had a younger brother whose name was ,zariadres3 and they were both men of great personal beauty4 ,and the story told concerning them by the natives of the country is1 that they were the offspring of ,venus and ,adonis4 ,now ,hystaspes was sovereign of ,media1 and of the lower country adjoining it2 and ,zariadres was sovereign of the country above the ,caspian gates as far as the river ,tanais4 ,now the daughter of ,omartes1 the king of the ,marathi1 a tribe dwelling on the other side of the ,tanais1 was named ,odatis4 ,and concerning her it is written in the ,histories1 that she in her sleep beheld ,zariadres1 and fell in love with him2 and that the very same thing happened to him with respect to her4 ,and so for a long time they were in love with one another1 simply on account of the visions which they had seen in their dreams4 ,and ,odatis was the most beautiful of all the women in ,asia2 and ,zariadres also was very handsome4 ,accordingly1 when ,zariadres sent to ,omartes and expressed a desire to marry the damsel1 ,omartes would not agree to it1 because he was destitute of male offspring2 for he wished to give her to one of his own people about his court4 ,and not long afterwards1 ,omartes having assembled all the chief men of his kingdom1 and all his friends and relations1 held a marriage-feast1 without saying beforehand to whom he was going to give his daughter4 ,and as the wine went round1 her father summoned ,odatis to the banquet1 and said1 in the hearing of all the guests1--',we1 my daughter ,odatis1 are now celebrating your marriage-feast2 so now do you look around1 and survey all those who are present1 and then take a golden goblet and fill it1 and give it to the man to whom you like to be married2 for you shall be called his wife4' ,and she1 having looked round upon them all1 went away weeping1 being anxious to see ,zariadres1 for she had sent him word that her marriage-feast was about to be celebrated4 ,but he1 being encamped on the ,tanais1 and leaving the army encamped there without being perceived1 crossed the river with his charioteer alone2 and going by night in his chariot1 passed through the city1 having gone about eight hundred stadia without stopping4 ,and when he got near the town in which the marriage festival was being celebrated1 and leaving1 in some place near1 his chariot with the charioteer1 he went forward by himself1 clad in a ,scythian robe4 ,and when he arrived at the palace1 and seeing ,odatis standing in front of the side-board in tears1 and filling the goblet very slowly1 he stood near her and said1 ',o ,odatis1 here ,i am come1 as you requested me to1--,i1 ,zariadres4' ,and she1 perceiving a stranger1 and a handsome man1 and that he resembled the man whom she had beheld in her sleep1 being exceedingly rejoiced1 gave him the bowl4 ,and he1 seizing on her1 led her away to his chariot1 and fled away1 having ,odatis with him4 ,and the servants and the handmaidens1 knowing their love1 said not a word4 ,and when her father ordered them to summon her1 they said that they did not know which way she was gone4 ,and the story of this love is often told by the barbarians who dwell in ,asia1 and is exceedingly admired2 and they have painted representations of the story in their temples and palaces1 and also in their private houses4 ,and a great many of the princes in those countries give their daughters the name of ,odatis4 ,sidenote3 ,,courtesans4 #cf4 ,aristotle also1 in his ,constitution of the ,massilians1 mentions a similar circumstance as having taken place1 writing as follows3--,the ,phocans in ,ionia1 having consulted the oracle1 founded ,marseilles4 ,and ,euxenus the ,phocan was connected by ties of hospitality with ,nanus2 this was the name of the king of that country4 ,this ,nanus was celebrating the marriage-feast of his daughter1 and invited ,euxenus1 who happened to be in the neighbourhood1 to the feast4 ,and the marriage was to be conducted in this manner3--,after the supper was over the damsel was to come in1 and to give a goblet full of wine properly mixed to whichever of the suitors who were present she chose2 and to whomsoever she gave it1 he was to be the bridegroom4 ,and the damsel coming in1 whether it was by chance or whether it was for any other reason1 gives the goblet to ,euxenus4 ,and the name of the maiden was ,petta4 ,and when the cup had been given in this way1 and her father 7thinking that she had been directed by the ,deity in her giving of it7 had consented that ,euxenus should have her1 he took her for his wife1 and cohabited with her1 changing her name to ,aristoxena4 ,and the family which is descended from that damsel remains in ,marseilles to this day1 and is known as the ,protiad2 for ,protis was the name of the son of ,euxenus and ,aristoxena4 #cg4 ,and did not ,themistocles1 as ,idomeneus relates1 harness a chariot full of courtesans and drive with them into the city when the market was full8 ,and the courtesans were ,lamia and ,scione and ,satyra and ,nannium4 ,and was not ,themistocles himself the son of a courtesan1 whose name was ,abrotonum8 as ,amphicrates relates in his treatise on ,illustrious ,men-- ,abrotonum was but a ,thracian woman1 ,but for the weal of ,greece ,she was the mother of the great ,themistocles4 ,but ,neanthes of ,cyzicus1 in his third and fourth books of his ,history of ,grecian ,affairs1 says that he was the son of ,euterpe4 ,and when ,cyrus the younger was making his expedition against his brother1 did he not carry with him a courtesan of ,phoca1 who was a very clever and very beautiful woman8 and ,zenophanes says that her name was originally ,milto1 but that it was afterwards changed to ,aspasia4 ,and a ,milesian concubine also accompanied him4 ,and did not the great ,alexander keep ,thais about him1 who was an ,athenian courtesan8 ,and ,clitarchus speaks of her as having been the cause that the palace of ,persepolis was burnt down4 ,and this ,thais1 after the death of ,alexander1 married ,ptolemy1 who became the first king of ,egypt1 and she bore him sons1 ,leontiscus and ,lagos1 and a daughter named ,irene1 who was married to ,eunostus1 the king of ,soli1 a town of ,cyprus4 ,and the second king of ,egypt1 ,ptolemy ,philadelphus by name1 as ,ptolemy ,euergetes relates in the third book of his ,commentaries1 had a great many mistresses1--namely1 ,didyma1 who was a native of the country1 and very beautiful2 and ,bilisticha2 and1 besides them1 ,agathoclea1 and ,stratonice1 who had a great monument on the sea-shore1 near ,eleusis2 and ,myrtium1 and a great many more2 as he was a man excessively addicted to amatory pleasures4 ,and ,polybius1 in the fourteenth book of his ,history1 says that there are a great many statues of a woman named ,clino1 who was his cup-bearer1 in ,alexandria1 clothed in a tunic only1 and holding a cornucopia in her hand4 ,and are not1 says he1 the finest houses called by the names of ,myrtium1 and ,mnesis1 and ,pothina8 and yet ,mnesis was only a female flute-player1 and so was ,pothine1 and ,myrtium was one of the most notorious and common prostitutes in the city4 ,was there not also ,agathoclea the courtesan1 who had great power over king ,ptolemy ,philopator8 in fact1 was it not she who was the ruin of his whole kingdom8 ,and ,eumachus the ,neapolitan1 in the second book of his ,history of ,hannibal1 says that ,hieronymus1 the tyrant of ,syracuse1 fell in love with one of the common prostitutes who followed her trade in a brothel1 whose name was ,pitho1 and married her1 and made her queen of ,syracuse4 ,sidenote3 ,,courtesans4 #ch4 ,and ,timotheus1 who was general of the ,athenians1 with a very high reputation1 was the son of a courtesan1 a ,thracian by birth1 but1 except that she was a courtesan1 of very excellent character2 for when women of this class do behave modestly1 they are superior to those who give themselves airs on account of their virtue4 ,but ,timotheus being on one occasion reproached as being the son of a mother of that character1 said1--,but ,i am much obliged to her1 because it is owing to her that ,i am the son of ,conon4 ,and ,carystius1 in his ,historic ,commentaries1 says that ,philetrus the king of ,pergamus1 and of all that country which is now called the ,new ,province1 was the son of a woman named ,boa1 who was a flute-player and a courtesan1 a ,paphlagonian by birth4 ,and ,aristophon the orator1 who in the archonship of ,euclides proposed a law1 that every one who was not born of a woman who was a citizen should be accounted a bastard1 was himself1 convicted1 by ,calliades the comic poet1 of having children by a courtesan named ,choregis1 as the same ,carystius relates in the third book of his ,commentaries4 ,besides all these men1 was not ,demetrius ,poliorcetes evidently in love with ,lamia the flute-player1 by whom he had a daughter named ,phila8 ,and ,polemo1 in his treatise on the colonnade called ,pcile at ,sicyon1 says that ,lamia was the daughter of ,cleanor an ,athenian1 and that she built the before-mentioned colonnade for the people of ,sicyon4 ,demetrius was also in love with ,lena1 and she was also an ,athenian courtesan2 and with a great many other women besides4 #ci4 ,and ,machon the comic poet1 in his play entitled the ,chri1 speaks thus3-- ,but as ,lena was by nature form'd ,to give her lovers most exceeding pleasure1 ,and was besides much favour'd by ,demetrius1 ,they say that ,lamia also gratified ,the king2 and when he praised her grace and quickness1 ,the damsel answer'd3 ,and besides you can1 ,if you do wish1 subdue a lioness 774 ,but ,lamia was always very witty and prompt in repartee1 as also was ,gnathna1 whom we shall mention presently4 ,and again ,machon writes thus about ,lamia3-- ,demetrius the king was once displaying ,amid his cups a great variety ,of kinds of perfumes to his ,lamia3 ,now ,lamia was a female flute-player1 ,with whom 'tis always said ,demetrius ,was very much in love4 ,but when she scoff'd ,at all his perfumes1 and1 moreover1 treated ,the monarch with exceeding insolence1 ,he bade a slave bring some cheap unguent1 and ,he rubbed himself with that1 and smear'd his fingers1 ,and said1 ,at least smell this1 ,o ,lamia1 ,and see how much this scent does beat all others4 ,she laughingly replied3 ,but know1 ,o king1 ,that smell does seem to me the worst of all4 ,but1 said ,demetrius1 ,i swear1 by the gods1 ,that 'tis produced from a right royal nut4 #dj4 ,but ,ptolemy the son of ,agesarchus1 in his ,history of ,philopator1 giving a list of the mistresses of the different kings1 says--,philip the ,macedonian promoted ,philinna1 the dancing-woman1 by whom he had ,aridus1 who was king of ,macedonia after ,alexander4 ,and ,demetrius ,poliorcetes1 besides the women who have already been mentioned1 had a mistress named ,mania2 and ,antigonus had one named ,demo1 by whom he had a son named ,alcyoneus2 and ,seleucus the younger had two1 whose names were ,mysta and ,nysa4 ,but ,heraclides ,lenebus1 in the thirty-sixth book of his ,history1 says that ,demo was the mistress of ,demetrius2 and that his father ,antigonus was also in love with her3 and that he put to death ,oxythemis as having sinned a good deal with ,demetrius2 and he also put to the torture and executed the maid-servants of ,demo4 #da4 ,but concerning the name of ,mania1 which we have just mentioned1 the same ,machon says this3-- ,some one perhaps of those who hear this now1 ,may fairly wonder how it came to pass ,that an ,athenian woman had a name1 ,or e'en a nickname1 such as ,mania4 ,for 'tis disgraceful for a woman thus ,to bear a ,phrygian name2 she being1 too1 ,a courtesan from the very heart of ,greece4 ,and how came she to sink the city of ,athens1 ,by which all other nations are much sway'd8 ,the fact is that her name from early childhood ,was this--,melitta4 ,and as she grew up ,a trifle shorter than her playfellows1 ,but with a sweet voice and engaging manners1 ,and with such beauty and excellence of face ,as made a deep impression upon all men1 ,she'd many lovers1 foreigners and citizens4 ,so that when any conversation ,arose about this woman1 each man said1 ,the fair ,melitta was his madness 774 ,aye1 ,and she herself contributed to this name2 ,for when she jested she would oft repeat ,this word 2 and when in sport she blamed ,or praised any one1 she would bring in1 ,in either sentence1 this word 4 ,so some one of her lovers1 dwelling on ,the word1 appears to have nicknamed the girl ,mania2 and this extra name prevailed ,more than her real one4 ,it seems1 besides1 ,that ,mania was afflicted with the stone4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sidenote3 ,,courtesans4 #db4 ,and that ,mania was also excellent in witty repartee1 ,machon tells us in these verses about her1-- ,there was a victor in the pancratium1 ,named ,leontiscus1 who loved ,mania1 ,and kept her with him as his lawful wife2 ,but finding afterwards that she did play ,the harlot with ,antenor1 was indignant3 ,but she replied1--,my darling1 never mind2 ,i only wanted just to feel and prove1 ,in a single night1 how great the strength might be ,of two such athletes1 victors at ,olympia4 ,they say again that ,mania once was ask'd1 ,by ,king ,demetrius1 for a perfect sight ,of all her beauties2 and she1 in return1 ,demanded that he should grant her a favour4 ,when he agreed1 she turned her back1 and said1-- ,o son of ,agamemnon1 now the ,gods ,grant you to see what you so long have wish'd for4#ca ,on one occasion1 too1 a foreigner1 ,who a deserter was believed to be1 ,had come by chance to ,athens2 and he sent ,for ,mania1 and gave her all she ask'd4 ,it happen'd that he had procured for supper ,some of those table-jesters1 common buffoons1 ,who always raise a laugh to please their feeders2 ,and wishing to appear a witty man1 ,used to politest conversation1 ,while ,mania was sporting gracefully1 ,as was her wont1 and often rising up ,to reach a dish of hare1 he tried to raise ,a joke upon her1 and thus spoke1--,my friends1 ,tell me1 ,i pray you by the ,gods1 what animal ,you think runs fastest o'er the mountain-tops8 ,why1 my love1 a deserter1 answer'd ,mania4 ,another time1 when ,mania came to see him1 ,she laugh'd at the deserter1 telling him1 ,that once in battle he had lost his shield4 ,but this brave soldier1 looking somewhat fierce1 ,sent her away4 ,and as she was departing1 ,she said1 ,my love1 don't be so much annoy'd2 ,for 'twas not you1 who1 when you ran away1 ,did lose that shield1 but he who lent it you4 ,another time they say a man who was ,a thorough profligate1 did entertain ,mania at supper2 and when he question'd her1 ,do you like being up or down the best8 ,she laugh'd1 and said1 ,i'd rather be up1 my friend1 ,for ,i'm afraid1 lest1 if ,i lay me down1 ,you'd bite my plaited hair from off my head4 #dc4 ,but ,machon has also collected the witty sayings of other courtesans too2 and it will not be unseasonable to enumerate some of them now4 ,accordingly he mentions ,gnathna thus3-- ,sidenote3 ,,courtesans4 ,diphilus once was drinking with ,gnathna4 ,said he1 ,your cup is somewhat cold1 ,gnathna2 ,and she replied1 ',tis no great wonder1 ,diphilus1 ,for we take care to put some of your ,plays in it4 ,diphilus was once invited to a banquet ,at fair ,gnathna's house1 as men do say1 ,on the holy day of ,venus' festival-- 7,he being a man above her other lovers ,beloved by her1 though she conceal'd her flame74 ,he came accordingly1 and brought with him ,two jars of ,chian wine1 and four1 quite full1 ,of wine from ,thasos2 perfumes1 too1 and crowns2 ,sweetmeats and venison2 fillets for the head2 ,fish1 and a cook1 and a female flute-player4 ,in the meantime a ,syrian friend of hers ,sent her some snow1 and one saperdes2 she ,being ashamed lest any one should hear ,she had received such gifts1 and1 above all men1 ,fearing lest ,diphilus should get at them1 ,and show her up in one of his ,comedies1 ,she bade a slave to carry off at once ,the salt-fish to the men who wanted salt1 ,as every one did know2 the snow she told him ,to mix with the wine unseen by any one4 ,and then she bade the boy to fill the cup ,with ten full cyathi of wine1 and bear it ,at once to ,diphilus4 ,he eagerly ,received the cup1 and drain'd it to the bottom1 ,and1 marvelling at the delicious coolness1 ,said--,by ,minerva1 and by all the gods1 ,you must1 ,gnathna1 be allow'd by all ,to have a most deliciously cool well4 ,yes1 said she1 for we carefully put in1 ,from day-to-day1 the prologues of your plays4 ,a slave who had been flogg'd1 whose back was mark'd ,with heavy weals1 was once1 as it fell out1 ,reposing with ,gnathna3--then1 as she ,embraced him1 she found out how rough all over ,his back did feel4 ,oh wretched man1 said she1 ,in what engagement did you get these wounds8 ,he in a few words answer'd her1 and said1 ,that when a boy1 once playing with his playmates1 ,he'd fallen backwards into the fire by accident4 ,well1 said she1 if you were so wanton then1 ,you well deserved to be flogg'd1 my friend4 ,gnathna once was supping with ,dexithea1 ,who was a courtesan as well as she2 ,and when ,dexithea put aside with care ,nearly all the daintiest morsels for her mother1 ,she said1 ,i swear by ,dian1 had ,i known ,how you went on1 ,dexithea1 ,i would rather ,have gone to supper with your mother than you4 ,when this ,gnathna was advanced in years1 ,hastening1 as all might see1 towards the grave1 ,they say she once went out into the market1 ,and look'd at all the fish1 and ask'd the price ,of every article she saw4 ,and seeing ,a handsome butcher standing at his stall1 ,just in the flower of youth1--,oh1 in ,god's name1 ,tell me1 my youth1 what is your price 7 7 to-day8 ,he laugh'd1 and said1 ,why1 if ,i stoop1 three obols4 ,but who1 said she1 did give you leave1 you wretch1 ,to use your ,carian weights in ,attica8 ,stratocles once made all his friends a present ,of kids and shell-fish greatly salted1 seeming ,to have dress'd them carefully1 so that his friends ,should the next morning be o'erwhelm'd with thirst1 ,and thus protract their drinking1 so that he ,might draw from them some ample contributions4 ,therefore ,gnathna said to one of her lovers1 ,seeing him wavering about his offerings1 ,after the kids#cb ,stratocles brings a storm4 ,gnathna1 seeing once a thin young man1 ,of black complexion1 lean as any scarecrow1 ,reeking with oil1 and shorter than his fellows1 ,called him in jest ,adonis4 ,when the youth ,answer'd her in a rude and violent manner1 ,she looking on her daughter who was with her1 ,said1 ,ah6 it serves me right for my mistake4 ,they say that one fine day a youth from ,pontus ,was sleeping with ,gnathna1 and at morn ,he ask'd her to display her beauties to him4 ,but she replied1 ,you have no time1 for now ,it is the hour to drive the pigs to feed4 ,sidenote3 ,,courtesans4 #dd4 ,he also mentions the following sayings of ,gnathnium1 who was the grand-daughter of ,gnathna3-- ,it happen'd once that a very aged satrap1 ,full ninety years of age1 had come to ,athens1 ,and on the feast of ,saturn he beheld ,gnathnium with ,gnathna going out ,from a fair temple sacred to ,aphrodite1 ,and noticing her form and grace of motion1 ,he just inquired ,how much she ask'd a night8 ,gnathna1 looking on his purple robe1 ,and princely body-guard1 said1 ,a thousand drachm4 ,he1 as if smitten with a mortal wound1 ,said1 ,i perceive1 because of all these soldiers1 ,you look upon me as a captured enemy2 ,but take five min1 and agree with me1 ,and let them get a bed prepared for us4 ,she1 as the satrap seem'd a witty man1 ,received his terms1 and said1 ,give what you like1 ,o father1 for ,i know most certainly1 ,you'll give my daughter twice as much at night4 ,there was at ,athens once a handsome smith1 ,when she1 ,gnathnium1 had almost abandon'd ,her trade1 and would no longer common be1 ,moved by the love of the actor ,andronicus2 7,but at this moment he was gone away1 ,after she'd brought him a male child27 this smith ,then long besought the fair ,gnathnium ,to fix her price2 and though she long refused1 ,by long entreaty and liberality1 ,at last he won her over to consent4 ,but being but a rude and ill-bred clown1 ,he1 one day sitting with some friends of his ,in a leather-cutter's shop1 began to talk ,about ,gnathnium to divert their leisure1 ,narrating all their fond love passages4 ,but after this1 when ,andronicus came ,from ,corinth back again1 and heard the news1 ,he bitterly reproach'd her1 and at supper ,he said1 with just complaint1 unto ,gnathnium1 ,that she had never granted him such liberties ,as this flogg'd slave had had allow'd to him4 ,and then they say ,gnathnium thus replied3 ,that she was her own mistress1 and the smith ,was so begrimed with soot and dirt that she ,had no more than she could help to do with him4 ,one day they say ,gnathnium1 at supper1 ,would not kiss ,andronicus when he wish'd1 ,though she had done so every day before2 ,but she was angry that he gave her nothing4 ,said he1 on this1 ,gnathna1 don't you see ,how haughtily your daughter's treating me8 ,and she1 indignant1 said1 ,you wretched girl1 ,take him and kiss him if he wishes it4 ,but she replied1 ,why should ,i kiss him1 mother1 ,who does no good to any one in the house1 ,but seeks to have his ,argos all for nothing8 ,once1 on a day of festival1 ,gnathnium ,went down to the ,pirus to a lover1 ,who was a foreign merchant1 riding cheaply ,on a poor mule1 and having after her ,three donkeys1 three maid-servants1 and one nurse4 ,then1 at a narrow spot in the road1 they met ,one of those knavish wrestlers1 men who sell ,their battles1 always taking care to lose them2 ,and as he could not pass by easily1 ,being crowded up1 he cried--,you wretched man1 ,you donkey-driver1 if you get not quickly ,out of my way1 ,i will upset these women1 ,and all the donkeys and the mule to boot4 ,but quick ,gnathnium said1 ,my friend1 ,i pray you1 ,don't be so valiant now1 when you have never ,done any feat of spirit or strength before4 #de4 ,and afterwards1 ,machon gives us the following anecdotes3-- ,they say that ,lais the ,corinthian1 ,once when she saw ,euripides in a garden1 ,holding a tablet and a pen attach'd to it1 ,cried out to him1 ,now1 answer me1 my poet1 ,what was your meaning when you wrote in your play1 ',away1 you shameless doer8' ,and ,euripides1 ,amazed1 and wondering at her audacity1 ,said1 ,why1 you seem to me to be yourself ,a shameless doer4 ,and she1 laughing1 answer'd1 ,how shameless1 if my partners do not think so8 ,glycerium once received from some lover ,a new ,corinthian cloak with purple sleeves1 ,and gave it to a fuller4 ,afterwards1 ,when she thought he'd had time enough to clean it1 ,she sent her maidservant to fetch it back1 ,giving her money1 that she might pay for it4 ,but1 said the fuller1 ,you must bring me first ,three measures full of oil1 for want of that ,is what has hindered me from finishing4 ,the maid went back and told her mistress all4 ,wretch that ,i am6 ,glycerium said1 for he ,is going to fry my cloak like any herring4 ,demophoon once1 the friend of ,sophocles1 ,while a young man1 fell furiously in love ,with ,nico1 called the ,goat1 though she was old3 ,and she had earn'd this name of ,goat1 because ,she quite devour'd once a mighty friend of hers1 ,named ,thallus1#cc when he came to ,attica ,to buy some ,chelidonian figs1 and also ,to export some honey from th' ,hymettian hill4 ,and it is said this woman was fair to view4 ,and when ,demophoon tried to win her over1 ,a pretty thing1 said she1 that all you get ,from me you may present to ,sophocles4 ,callisto once1 who was nicknamed the ,sow1 ,was fiercely quarrelling with her own mother1 ,who also was nicknamed the ,crow4 ,gnathna ,appeased the quarrel1 and when ask'd the cause of it1 ,said1 ,what else could it be1 but that one ,crow ,was finding fault with the blackness of the other8 ,men say that ,hippe once1 the courtesan1 ,had a lover named ,theodotus1 a man ,who at the time was prefect of the granaries ,and she on one occasion late in th' evening ,came to a banquet of ,king ,ptolemy1 ,and she'd been often used to drink with him ,so1 as she now was very late1 she said1 ,i'm very thirsty1 papa ,ptolemy1 ,so let the cup-bearer pour me four gills ,into a larger cup4 ,the king replied1 ,you must have it in a platter1 for you seem ,already1 ,hippe1#cd to have had plenty of hay4 ,a man named ,morichus was courting ,phryne1 ,the ,thespian damsel4 ,and1 as she required ,a mina1 ',tis a mighty sum1 said ,morichus1 ,did you not yesterday charge a foreigner ,two little pieces of gold8 ,wait till ,i want you1 ,said she1 and ,i will take the same from you4 ',tis said that ,nico1 who was call'd the ,goat1 ,once when a man named ,pytho had deserted her1 ,and taken up with the great fat ,euardis1 ,but after a time did send again for her1 ,said to the slave who came to fetch her1 ,now ,that ,pytho is well sated with his swine1 ,does he desire to return to a goat8 ,sidenote3 ,,courtesans4 #df4 ,up to this point we have been recapitulating the things mentioned by ,macho4 ,for our beautiful ,athens has produced such a number of courtesans 7of whom ,i will tell you as many anecdotes as ,i can7 as no other populous city ever produced4 ,at all events1 ,aristophanes the ,byzantian counted up a hundred and thirty-five1 and ,apollodorus a still greater number2 and ,gorgias enumerated still more1 saying that1 among a great many more1 these eminent ones had been omitted by ,aristophanes--namely1 one who was surnamed ,paroinos1 and ,lampyris1 and ,euphrosyne3 and this last was the daughter of a fuller4 ,and1 besides these1 he has omitted ,megisto1 ,agallis1 ,thaumarium1 ,theoclea 7and she was nicknamed the ,crow71 ,lentocystos1 ,astra1 ,gnathna1 and her grand-daughter ,gnathnium1 and ,sige1 and ,synoris 7who was nicknamed the ,candle71 and ,euclea1 and ,gryma1 and ,thryallis1 and ,chimra1 and ,lampas4 ,but ,diphilus the comic poet was violently in love with ,gnathna1 7as has been already stated1 and as ,lynceus the ,samian relates in his ,commentaries27 and so once1 when on the stage he had acted very badly1 and was turned out 77 of the theatre1 and1 for all that1 came to ,gnathna as if nothing had happened2 and when he1 after he had arrived1 begged ,gnathna to wash his feet1 ,why do you want that8 said she2 were you not carried 77 hither8 ,and ,gnathna was very ready with her repartees4 ,and there were other courtesans who had a great opinion of themselves1 paying attention to education1 and spending a part of their time on literature2 so that they were very ready with their rejoinders and replies4 ,accordingly1 when on one occasion ,stilpo1 at a banquet1 was accusing ,glycera of seducing the young men of the city1 7as ,satyrus mentions in his ,lives17 ,glycera took him up and said1 ,you and ,i are accused of the same thing1 ,o ,stilpo2 for they say that you corrupt all who come to you1 by teaching them profitless and amorous sophistries2 and they accuse me of the same thing3 for if people waste their time1 and are treated ill1 it makes no difference whether they are living with a philosopher or with a harlot4 ,for1 according to ,agathon1 ,it does not follow1 because a woman's body ,is void of strength1 that her mind1 too1 is weak4 #dg4 ,and ,lynceus has recorded many repartees of ,gnathna4 ,there was a parasite who used to live upon an old woman1 and kept himself in very good condition2 and ,gnathna1 seeing him1 said1 ,my young friend1 you appear to be in very good case4 ,what then do you think1 said he1 that ,i should be if ,i slept by myself8 ,why1 ,i think you would starve1 said she4 ,once1 when ,pausanius1 who was nicknamed ,laccus1#ce was dancing1 he fell into a cask4 ,the cellar1 says ,gnathna1 has fallen into the cask4 ,on one occasion1 some one put a very little wine into a wine-cooler1 and said that it was sixteen years old4 ,it is very little of its age1 said she1 to be as old as that4 ,once at a drinking-party1 some young men were fighting about her1 and beating one another1 and she said to the one who was worsted1 ,be of good cheer1 my boy2 for it is not a contest to be decided by crowns1 but by guineas4 ,there was a man who once gave her daughter a mina1 and never brought her anything more1 though he came to see her very often4 ,do you think1 my boy1 said she1 that now you have once paid your mina1 you are to come here for ever1 as if you were going to ,hippomachus the trainer8 ,on one occasion1 when ,phryne said to her1 with some bitterness1 ,what would become of you if you had the stone8 ,i would give it to you1 said she1 to sharpen your wit upon4 ,for it was said that ,gnathna was liable to the stone1 while the other certainly wanted it as ,gnathna hinted4 ,on one occasion1 some men were drinking in her house1 and were eating some lentils dressed with onions 772 as the maidservant was clearing the table1 and putting some of the lentils in her bosom 771 ,gnathna said1 ,she is thinking of making some 4 ,once1 when ,andronicus the tragedian had been acting his part in the representation of the ,epigoni with great applause1 and was coming to a drinking-party at her house1 and sent a boy forward to bid her make preparation to receive him1 she said-- ,o cursed boy1 what word is this you've spoken8 ,and once1 when a chattering fellow was relating that he was just come from the ,hellespont1 ,why1 then1 said she1 did you not go to the first city in that country8 and when he asked what city1 ,to ,sigeum1#cf said she4 ,once1 when a man came to see her1 and saw some eggs on a dish1 and said1 ,are these raw1 ,gnathna1 or boiled8 ,they are made of brass1 my boy1 said she4 ,on one occasion1 when ,chrephon came to sup with her without an invitation1 ,gnathna pledged him in a cup of wine4 ,take it1 said she1 you proud fellow4 ,and he said1 ,i proud8 ,who can be more so1 said she1 when you come without even being invited8 ,and ,nico1 who was nicknamed the ,goat 7as ,lynceus tells us71 once when she met a parasite1 who was very thin in consequence of a long sickness1 said to him1 ,how lean you are4 ,no wonder1 says he2 for what do you think is all that ,i have had to eat these three days8 ,why1 a leather bottle1 says she1 or perhaps your shoes4 ,sidenote3 ,,courtesans4 #dh4 ,there was a courtesan named ,metanira2 and when ,democles the parasite1 who was nicknamed ,lagynion1 fell down in a lot of whitewash1 she said1 ,yes1 for you have devoted yourself to a place where there are pebbles4 ,and when he sprung upon a couch which was near him1 ,take care1 said she1 lest you get upset4 ,these sayings are recorded by ,hegesander4 ,and ,aristodemus1 in the second book of his ,laughable ,records1 says that ,gnathna was hired by two men1 a soldier and a branded slave2 and so when the soldier1 in his rude manner1 called her a cistern1 ,how can ,i be so8 said she2 is it because two rivers1 ,lycus and ,eleutherus1 fall into me8 ,on one occasion1 when some poor lovers of the daughter of ,gnathna came to feast at her house1 and threatened to throw it down1 saying that they had brought spades and mattocks on purpose2 ,but1 said ,gnathna1 if you had those implements1 you should have pawned them1 and brought some money with you4 ,and ,gnathna was always very neat and witty in all she said2 and she even compiled a code of laws for banquets1 according to which lovers were to be admitted to her and to her daughters1 in imitation of the philosophers1 who had drawn up similar documents4 ,and ,callimachus has recorded this code of hers in the third ,catalogue of ,laws which he has given2 and he has quoted the first words of it as follows3--,this law has been compiled1 being fair and equitable2 and it is written in three hundred and twenty-three verses4 #di4 ,but a slave who had been flogged hired ,callistium1 who was nicknamed ,poor ,helen2 and as it was summer1 and he was lying down naked1 she1 seeing the marks of the whip1 said1 ,where did you get this1 you unhappy man8 and he said1 ,some broth was spilt over me when ,i was a boy4 ,and she said1 ,it must have been made of neats'-leather4 ,and once1 when ,menander the poet had failed with one of his plays1 and came to her house1 ,glycera brought him some milk1 and recommended him to drink it4 ,but he said he would rather not1 for there was some #cg on it4 ,but she replied1 ,blow it away1 and take what there is beneath4 ,thais said once to a boastful lover of hers1 who had borrowed some goblets from a great many people1 and said that he meant to break them up1 and make others of them1 ,you will destroy what belongs to each private person4 ,leontium was once sitting at table with a lover of hers1 when ,glycera came in to supper2 and as the man began to pay more attention to ,glycera1 ,leontium was much annoyed3 and presently1 when her friend turned round1 and asked her what she was vexed at1 she said1 #ch pains me4 ,a lover of hers once sent his seal to ,lais the ,corinthian1 and desired her to come to him2 but she said1 ,i cannot come2 it is only clay4 ,thais was one day going to a lover of hers1 who smelt like a goat2 and when some one asked her whither she was going1 she said-- ,to dwell with geus1#ci great ,pandion's son4 ,phryne1 too1 was once supping with a man of the same description1 and1 lifting up the hide of a pig1 she said1 ,take it1 and eat#dj it4 ,and once1 when one of her friends sent her some wine1 which was very good1 but the quantity was small2 and when he told her that it was ten years old2 ,it is very little of its age1 said she4 ,and once1 when the question was asked at a certain banquet1 why it is that crowns are hung up about banqueting-rooms1 she said1 ,because they delight the mind4#da ,and once1 when a slave1 who had been flogged1 was giving himself airs as a young man towards her1 and saying that he had been often entangled1 she pretended to look vexed2 and when he asked her the reason1 ,i am jealous of you1 said she1 because you have been so often smitten4#db ,once a very covetous lover of hers was coaxing her1 and saying to her1 ,you are the ,venus of ,praxiteles2 ,and you1 said she1 are the ,cupid of ,phidias4#dc ,sidenote3 ,,courtesans4 #ej4 ,and as ,i am aware that some of those men who have been involved in the administration of affairs of state have mentioned courtesans1 either accusing or excusing them1 ,i will enumerate some instances of those who have done so4 ,for ,demosthenes1 in his speech against ,androtion1 mentions ,sinope and ,phanostrate2 and respecting ,sinope1 ,herodicus the pupil of ,crates says1 in the sixth book of his treatise on ,people mentioned in the ,comic ,poets1 that she was called ,abydus1 because she was an old woman4 ,and ,antiphanes mentions her in his ,arcadian1 and in his ,gardener1 and in his ,sempstress1 and in his ,female ,fisher1 and in his ,neottis4 ,and ,alexis mentions her in his ,cleobuline1 and ,callicrates speaks of her in his ,moschion2 and concerning ,phanostrate1 ,apollodorus1 in his treatise on the ,courtesans at ,athens1 says that she was called ,phtheiropyle1 because she used to stand at the door 77 and hunt for lice 774 ,and in his oration against ,aristagoras1 ,hyperides says--,and again you have named1 in the same manner1 the animals called aphy4 ,now1 aphy1 besides meaning anchovies1 was also a nickname for some courtesans2 concerning whom the before-mentioned ,apollodorus says--,stagonium and ,amphis were two sisters1 and they were called ,aphy1 because they were white1 and thin1 and had large eyes4 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his book on ,courtesans1 says that ,nicostratis was called ,aphya for the same reason4 ,and the same ,hyperides1 in his speech against ,mantitheus1 who was being prosecuted for an assault1 speaks in the following manner respecting ,glycera--,bringing with him ,glycera the daughter of ,thalassis in a pair-horse chariot4 ,but it is uncertain whether this is the same ,glycera who was the mistress of ,harpalus2 concerning whom ,theopompus speaks in his treatise on the ,chian ,epistle1 saying that after the death of ,pythionica1 ,harpalus sent for ,glycera to come to him from ,athens2 and when she came1 she lived in the palace which is at ,tarsus1 and was honoured with royal honours by the populace1 and was called queen2 and an edict was issued1 forbidding any one to present ,harpalus with a crown1 without at the same time presenting ,glycera with another4 ,and at ,rhossus1 he went so far as to erect a brazen statue of her by the side of his own statue4 ,and ,clitarchus has given the same account in his ,history of ,alexander4 ,but the author of ,agen1 a satyric drama1 7whoever he was1 whether it was ,python of ,catana1 or king ,alexander himself17 says-- ,and now they say that ,harpalus has sent them ,unnumber'd sacks of corn1 no fewer than ,those sent by ,agen1 and is made a citizen3 ,but this was ,glycera's corn1 and it may be ,ruin to them1 and not a harlot's earnest4 #ea4 ,and ,lysias1 in his oration against ,lais1 if1 indeed1 the speech is a genuine one1 mentions these circumstances--,philyra abandoned the trade of a harlot when she was still quite young2 and so did ,scione1 and ,hippaphesis1 and ,theoclea1 and ,psamathe1 and ,lagisca1 and ,anthea4 ,but perhaps1 instead of ,anthea1 we ought to read ,antea4 ,for ,i do not find any mention made by any one of a harlot named ,anthea4 ,but there is a whole play named after ,antea1 by either ,eunicus or ,philyllius4 ,and the author of the oration against ,nera1 whoever he was1 also mentions her4 ,but in the oration against ,philonides1 who was being prosecuted for an assault1 ,lysias1 if at least it is a genuine speech of his1 mentions also a courtesan called ,nais4 ,and in his speech against ,medon1 for perjury1 he mentions one by the name of ,anticyra2 but this was only a nickname given to a woman1 whose real name was ,hoia1 as ,antiphanes informs us in his treatise on ,courtesans1 where he says that she was called ,anticyra1#dd because she was in the habit of drinking with men who were crazy and mad2 or else because she was at one time the mistress of ,nicostratus the physician1 and he1 when he died1 left her a great quantity of hellebore1 and nothing else4 ,lycurgus1 also1 in his oration against ,leocrates1 mentions a courtesan named ,irenis1 as being the mistress of ,leocrates4 ,and ,hyperides mentions ,nico in his oration against ,patrocles4 ,and we have already mentioned that she used to be nicknamed the ,goat1 because she had ruined ,thallus the innkeeper4 ,and that the goats are very fond of the young shoots of the olive 771 on which account the animal is never allowed to approach the ,acropolis1 and is also never sacrificed to ,minerva1 is a fact which we shall dilate upon hereafter4 ,but ,sophocles1 in his play called ,the ,shepherds1 mentions that this animal does browse upon the young shoots1 speaking as follows-- ,for early in the morning1 ere a man ,of all the folks about the stable saw me1 ,as ,i was bringing to the goat a thallus ,fresh pluck'd1 ,i saw the army marching on ,by the projecting headland4 ,sidenote3 ,,courtesans4 ,alexis also mentions ,nannium1 in his ,tarentines1 thus-- ,but ,nannium is mad for love of ,bacchus1-- jesting upon her as addicted to intoxication4 ,and ,menander1 in his false ,hercules1 says-- ,did he not try to wheedle ,nannium8 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his treatise on ,courtesans1 says--,nannium was nicknamed the ,proscenium1 because she had a beautiful face1 and used to wear very costly garments embroidered with gold1 but when she was undressed she was a very bad figure4 ,and ,corone was ,nannium's daughter1 and she was nicknamed ,tethe1 from her exceedingly debauched habits4 ,hyperides1 in his oration against ,patrocles1 also speaks of a female flute-player named ,nemeas4 ,and we may wonder how it was that the ,athenians permitted a courtesan to have such a name1 which was that of a most honourable and solemn festival4 ,for not only those who prostituted themselves1 but all other slaves also were forbidden to take such names as that1 as ,polemo tells us1 in his treatise on the ,acropolis4 #eb4 ,the same ,hyperides also mentions my ,ocimum1 as you call her1 ,o ,cynulcus1 in his second oration against ,aristagoras1 speaking thus--,as ,lais1 who appears to have been superior in beauty to any woman who had ever been seen1 and ,ocimum1 and ,metanira4 ,and ,nicostratus1 a poet of the middle comedy1 mentions her also in his ,pandrosus1 where he says-- ,then go the same way to ,aerope1 ,and bid her send some clothes immediately1 ,and brazen vessels1 to fair ,ocimum4 ,and ,menander1 in his comedy called ,the ,flatterer1 gives the following catalogue of courtesans-- ,chrysis1 ,corone1 ,ischas1 and ,anticyra1 ,and the most beautiful ,nannarium1-- ,all these you had4 ,and ,philetrus1 in his ,female ,hunter1 says-- ,is not ,cercope now extremely old1 ,three thousand years at least8 and is not ,telesis1 ,diopithes' ugly daughter1 three times that8 ,and as for old ,theolyte1 no man ,alive can tell the date when she was born4 ,then did not ,lais persevere in her trade ,till the last day of her life8 and ,isthmias1 ,nera too1 and ,phila1 grew quite rotten4 ,i need not mention all the ,cossyph1 ,galen1 and ,coron2 nor will ,i ,say aught of ,nais1 as her teeth are gone4 ,and ,theophilus1 in his ,amateur of the ,flute1 says-- ,lest he should with disastrous shipwreck fall ,into ,meconis1 ,lais1 or ,sisymbrion1 ,or ,barathrum1 or ,thallusa1 or any other ,with whom the panders bait their nets for youths1 ,nannium1 or ,malthace4 #ec4 ,now when ,myrtilus had uttered all this with extreme volubility1 he added3--,may no such disaster befal you1 ,o philosophers1 who even before the rise of the sect called ,voluptuaries1 yourselves broke down the wall of pleasure1 as ,eratosthenes somewhere or other expresses it4 ,and indeed ,i have now quoted enough of the smart sayings of the courtesans1 and ,i will pass on to another topic4 ,and first of all1 ,i will speak of that most devoted lover of truth1 ,epicurus1 who1 never having been initiated into the encyclic series of learning1 used to say that those were well off who applied themselves to philosophy in the same way in which he did himself2 and these were his words--,i praise and congratulate you1 my young man1 because you have come over to the study of philosophy unimbued with any system4 ,on which account ,timon styles him-- ,the most unletter'd schoolmaster alive4 ,now1 had not this very ,epicurus ,leontium for his mistress1 her1 ,i mean1 who was so celebrated as a courtesan8 ,but she did not cease to live as a prostitute when she began to learn philosophy1 but still prostituted herself to the whole sect of ,epicureans in the gardens1 and to ,epicurus himself1 in the most open manner2 so that this great philosopher was exceedingly fond of her1 though he mentions this fact in his epistles to ,hermarchus4 ,sidenote3 ,,courtesans4 #ed4 ,but as for ,lais of ,hyccara--7and ,hyccara is a city in ,sicily1 from which place she came to ,corinth1 having been made a prisoner of war1 as ,polemo relates in the sixth book of his ,history1 addressed to ,timus3 and ,aristippus was one of her lovers1 and so was ,demosthenes the orator1 and ,diogenes the ,cynic3 and it was also said that the ,venus1 which is at ,corinth1 and is called ,melnis1 appeared to her in a dream1 intimating to her by such an appearance that she would be courted by many lovers of great wealth27--,lais1 ,i say1 is mentioned by ,hyperides1 in the second of his speeches against ,aristagoras4 ,and ,apelles the painter1 having seen ,lais while she was still a maiden1 drawing water at the fountain ,pirene1 and marvelling at her beauty1 took her with him on one occasion to a banquet of his friends4 ,and when his companions laughed at him because he had brought a maiden with him to the party1 instead of a courtesan1 he said--,do not wonder1 for ,i will show you that she is quite beautiful enough for future enjoyment within three years4 ,and a prediction of this sort was made by ,socrates also1 respecting ,theodote the ,athenian1 as ,xenophon tells us in his ,memorabilia1 for he used to say--,that she was very beautiful1 and had a bosom finely shaped beyond all description4 ,and let us1 said he1 go and see the woman2 for people cannot judge of beauty by hearsay4 ,but ,lais was so beautiful1 that painters used to come to her to copy her bosom and her breasts4 ,and ,lais was a rival of ,phryne1 and had an immense number of lovers1 never caring whether they were rich or poor1 and never treating them with any insolence4 #ee4 ,and ,aristippus every year used to spend whole days with her in gina1 at the festival of ,neptune4 ,and once1 being reproached by his servant1 who said to him--,you give her such large sums of money1 but she admits ,diogenes the ,cynic for nothing3 he answered1 ,i give ,lais a great deal1 that ,i myself may enjoy her1 and not that no one else may4 ,and when ,diogenes said1 ,since you1 ,o ,aristippus1 cohabit with a common prostitute1 either1 therefore1 become a ,cynic yourself1 as ,i am1 or else abandon her2 ,aristippus answered him--,does it appear to you1 ,o ,diogenes1 an absurd thing to live in a house where other men have lived before you8 ,not at all1 said he4 ,well1 then1 does it appear to you absurd to sail in a ship in which other men have sailed before you8 ,by no means1 said he4 ,well1 then1 replied ,aristippus1 it is not a bit more absurd to be in love with a woman with whom many men have been in love already4 ,and ,nymphodorus the ,syracusan1 in his treatise on the ,people who have been admired and eminent in ,sicily1 says that ,lais was a native of ,hyccara1 which he describes as a strong fortress in ,sicily4 ,but ,strattis1 in his play entitled ,the ,macedonians or ,pausanias1 says that she was a ,corinthian1 in the following lines-- ,a4 ,where do these damsels come from1 and who are they8 ,b4 ,at present they are come from ,megara1 ,but they by birth are all ,corinthians3 ,this one is ,lais1 who is so well known4 ,and ,timus1 in the thirteenth book of his ,history1 says she came from ,hyccara1 7using the word in the plural number27 as ,polemo has stated1 where he says that she was murdered by some women in ,thessaly1 because she was beloved by a ,thessalian of the name of ,pausanias2 and that she was beaten to death1 out of envy and jealousy1 by wooden footstools in the temple of ,venus2 and that from this circumstance that temple is called the temple of the impious ,venus2 and that her tomb is shown on the banks of the ,peneus1 having on it an emblem of a stone water-ewer1 and this inscription-- ,this is the tomb of ,lais1 to whose beauty1 ,equal to that of heavenly goddesses1 ,the glorious and unconquer'd ,greece did bow2 ,love was her father1 ,corinth was her home1 ,now in the rich ,thessalian plain she lies2-- so that those men talk nonsense who say that she was buried in ,corinth1 near the ,craneum4 #ef4 ,and did not ,aristotle the ,stagirite have a son named ,nicomachus by a courtesan named ,herpyllis8 and did he not live with her till his death8 as ,hermippus informs us in the first book of his ,history of ,aristotle1 saying that great care was taken of her in the philosopher's will4 ,and did not our admirable ,plato love ,archaianassa1 a courtesan of ,colophon8 so that he even composed this song in her honour3-- ,my mistress is the fair ,archaianassa ,from ,colophon1 a damsel in whom ,love ,sits on her very wrinkles irresistible4 ,wretched are those1 whom in the flower of youth1 ,when first she came across the sea1 she met2 ,they must have been entirely consumed4 ,sidenote3 ,,courtesans4 ,and did not ,pericles the ,olympian 7as ,clearchus tells us in the first book of his treatise on ,amatory ,matters7 throw all ,greece into confusion on account of ,aspasia1 not the younger one1 but that one who associated with the wise ,socrates2 and that1 too1 though he was a man who had acquired such a vast reputation for wisdom and political sagacity8 ,but1 indeed1 ,pericles was always a man much addicted to amorous indulgences2 and he cohabited even with his own son's wife1 as ,stesimbrotus the ,thasian informs us2 and ,stesimbrotus was a contemporary of his1 and had seen him1 as he tells us in his book entitled a ,treatise on ,themistocles1 and ,thucydides1 and ,pericles4 ,and ,antisthenes1 the pupil of ,socrates1 tells us that ,pericles1 being in love with ,aspasia1 used to kiss her twice every day1 once when he entered her house1 and once when he left it4 ,and when she was impeached for impiety1 he himself spoke in her behalf1 and shed more tears for her sake than he did when his own property and his own life were imperilled4 ,moreover1 when ,cimon had had an incestuous intrigue with ,elpinice1 his sister1 who was afterwards given in marriage to ,callias1 and when he was banished1 ,pericles contrived his recall1 exacting the favours of ,elpinice as his recompense4 ,and ,pythnetus1 in the third book of his ,history of gina1 says that ,periander fell violently in love with ,melissa1 the daughter of ,procles of ,epidaurus1 when he had seen her clothed in the ,peloponnesian fashion 7for she had on no cloak1 but a single tunic only1 and was acting as cup-bearer to the young men17 and he married her4 ,and ,tigris of ,leucadia was the mistress of ,pyrrhus king of ,epirus1 who was the third in descent from the ,pyrrhus who invaded ,italy2 but ,olympias1 the young man's mother1 took her off by poison4 #eg4 ,and ,ulpian1 as if he had got some unexpected gain1 while ,myrtilus was still speaking1 said3--,do we say in the masculine gender8 for ,i know that ,philemon says this in his play called ,nera3-- ,a4 ,just as ,seleucus sent the tiger 7 7 here1 ,which we have seen1 so we in turn ought now ,to send ,seleucus back a beast from here4 ,b4 ,let's send him a trigeranum2#de for that's ,an animal not known much in those parts4 ,and ,myrtilus said to him3--,since you interrupted us when we were making out a catalogue of women1 not like the lists of ,sosicrates the ,phanagorite1 or like the catalogue of women of ,nilnetus the ,samian or ,abderitan 7whichever was really his native country71 ,i1 digressing a little1 will turn to your question1 my old ,phnix4 ,learn1 then1 that ,alexis1 in his ,pyraunus1 has said 1 using the word in the masculine gender2 and these are his words3 ,come1 open quick the door2 ,i have been here1 ,though all unseen1 walking some time1--a statue1 ,a millstone1 and a seahorse1 and a wall1 ,the tiger 7 7 of ,seleucus4 ,and ,i might quote other evidences of the fact1 but ,i postpone them for the present1 while ,i finish my catalogue1 as far as it comprehends the beautiful women4 #eh4 ,for ,clearchus speaks thus concerning ,epaminondas3 ,epaminondas the ,theban behaved with more dignity than these men did2 but still there was a want of dignity in the way in which he was induced to waver in his sentiments in his association with women1 as any one will admit who considers his conduct with the wife of ,lacon4 ,but ,hyperides the orator1 having driven his son ,glaucippus out of his house1 received into it that most extravagant courtesan ,myrrhina1 and kept her in the city2 and he also kept ,aristagora in the ,pirus1 and ,phila at ,eleusis1 whom he bought for a very large sum1 and then emancipated2 and after that he made her his housekeeper1 as ,idomeneus relates4 ,but1 in his oration in defence of ,phryne1 ,hyperides confesses that he is in love with the woman2 and yet1 before he had got cured of that love1 he introduced the above-mentioned ,myrrhina into his house4 #ei4 ,now ,phryne was a native of ,thespi2 and being prosecuted by ,euthias on a capital charge1 she was acquitted3 on which account ,euthias was so indignant that he never instituted any prosecution afterwards1 as ,hermippus tells us4 ,but ,hyperides1 when pleading ,phryne's cause1 as he did not succeed at all1 but it was plain that the judges were about to condemn her1 brought her forth into the middle of the court1 and1 tearing open her tunic and displaying her naked bosom1 employed all the end of his speech1 with the highest oratorical art1 to excite the pity of her judges by the sight of her beauty1 and inspired the judges with a superstitious fear1 so that they were so moved by pity as not to be able to stand the idea of condemning to death a prophetess and priestess of ,venus4 ,and when she was acquitted1 a decree was drawn up in the following form3 ,that hereafter no orator should endeavour to excite pity on behalf of anyone1 and that no man or woman1 when impeached1 shall have his or her case decided on while present4 ,sidenote3 ,,courtesans4 ,but ,phryne was a really beautiful woman1 even in those parts of her person which were not generally seen3 on which account it was not easy to see her naked2 for she used to wear a tunic which covered her whole person1 and she never used the public baths4 ,but on the solemn assembly of the ,eleusinian festival1 and on the feast of the ,posidonia1 then she laid aside her garments in the sight of all the assembled ,greeks1 and having undone her hair1 she went to bathe in the sea2 and it was from her that ,apelles took his picture of the ,venus ,anadyomene2 and ,praxiteles the statuary1 who was a lover of hers1 modelled the ,cnidian ,venus from her body2 and on the pedestal of his statue of ,cupid1 which is placed below the stage in the theatre1 he wrote the following inscription3-- ,praxiteles has devoted earnest care ,to representing all the love he felt1 ,drawing his model from his inmost heart3 ,i gave myself to ,phryne for her wages1 ,and now ,i no more charms employ1 nor arrows1 ,save those of earnest glances at my love4 ,and he gave ,phryne the choice of his statues1 whether she chose to take the ,cupid1 or the ,satyrus which is in the street called the ,tripods2 and she1 having chosen the ,cupid1 consecrated it in the temple at ,thespi4 ,and the people of her neighbourhood1 having had a statue made of ,phryne herself1 of solid gold1 consecrated it in the temple of ,delphi1 having had it placed on a pillar of ,pentelican marble2 and the statue was made by ,praxiteles4 ,and when ,crates the ,cynic saw it1 he called it a votive offering of the profligacy of ,greece4 ,and this statue stood in the middle between that of ,archidamus1 king of the ,lacedmonians1 and that of ,philip the son of ,amyntas2 and it bore this inscription--,phryne of ,thespi1 the daughter of ,epicles1 as we are told by ,alcetas1 in the second book of his treatise on the ,offerings at ,delphi4 #fj4 ,but ,apollodorus1 in his book on ,courtesans1 says that there were two women named ,phryne1 one of whom was nicknamed ,clausigelos1#df and the other ,saperdium4 ,but ,herodicus1 in the sixth book of his ,essay on ,people mentioned by the ,comic ,poets1 says that the one who is mentioned by the orators was called ,sestos1 because she sifted 77 and stripped bare all her lovers2 and that the other was the native of ,thespi4 ,but ,phryne was exceedingly rich1 and she offered to build a wall round ,thebes1 if the ,thebans would inscribe on the wall1 ,alexander destroyed this wall1 but ,phryne the courtesan restored it2 as ,callistratus states in his treatise on ,courtesans4 ,and ,timocles the comic poet1 in his ,nera1 has mentioned her riches 7the passage has been already cited72 and so has ,amphis1 in his ,curis4 ,and ,gryllion was a parasite of ,phryne's1 though he was one of the judges of the ,areopagus2 as also ,satyrus1 the ,olynthian actor1 was a parasite of ,pamphila4 ,but ,aristogiton1 in his book against ,phryne1 says that her proper name was ,mnesarete2 and ,i am aware that ,diodorus ,periegetes says that the oration against her which is ascribed to ,euthias1 is really the work of ,anaximenes4 ,but ,posidippus the comic poet1 in his ,ephesian ,women1 speaks in the following manner concerning her3-- ,before our time1 the ,thespian ,phryne was ,far the most famous of all courtesans2 ,and even though you're later than her age1 ,still you have heard of the trial which she stood4 ,she was accused on a capital charge ,before the ,helia1 being said ,to have corrupted all the citizens2 ,but she besought the judges separately ,with tears1 and so just saved herself from judgment4 #fa4 ,and ,i would have you all to know that ,democles1 the orator1 became the father of ,demeas1 by a female flute-player who was a courtesan2 and once when he1 ,demeas1 was giving himself airs in the tribune1 ,hyperides stopped his mouth1 saying1 ,will not you be silent1 young man8 why1 you make more puffing than your mother did4 ,and also ,bion of the ,borysthenes1 the philosopher1 was the son of a ,lacedmonian courtesan named ,olympia2 as ,nicias the ,nican informs us in his treatise called the ,successions of the ,philosophers4 ,and ,sophocles the tragedian1 when he was an old man1 was a lover of ,theoris the courtesan2 and accordingly1 supplicating the favour and assistance of ,venus1 he says-- ,sidenote3 ,,courtesans4 ,hear me now praying1 goddess1 nurse of youths1 ,and grant that this my love may scorn young men1 ,and their most feeble fancies and embraces2 ,and rather cling to grey-headed old men1 ,whose minds are vigorous1 though their limbs be weak4 ,and these verses are some of those which are at times attributed to ,homer4 ,but he mentions ,theoris by name1 speaking thus in one of his plain choruses3-- ,for dear to me ,theoris is4 ,and towards the end of his life1 as ,hegesander says1 he was a lover of the courtesan ,archippa1 and he left her the heiress of all his property2 but as ,archippa cohabited with ,sophocles1 though he was very old1 ,smicrines1 her former lover1 being asked by some one what ,archippa was doing1 said very wittily1 ,why1 like the owls1 she is sitting on the tombs4 #fb4 ,but ,isocrates also1 the most modest of all the orators1 had a mistress named ,metanira1 who was very beautiful1 as ,lysias relates in his ,letters4 ,but ,demosthenes1 in his oration against ,nera1 says that ,metanira was the mistress of ,lysias4 ,and ,lysias also was desperately in love with ,lagis the courtesan1 whose panegyric ,cephalus the orator wrote1 just as ,alcidamas the ,elan1 the pupil of ,gorgias1 himself wrote a panegyric on the courtesan ,nais4 ,and1 in his oration against ,philonides1 who was under prosecution for an assault1 7if1 at least1 the oration be a genuine one17 ,lysias says that ,nais was the mistress of ,philonides1 writing as follows3--,there is then a woman who is a courtesan1 ,nais by name1 whose keeper is ,archias2 but your friend ,philonides states himself to be in love with her4 ,aristophanes also mentions her in his ,gerytades1 and perhaps also in his ,plutus1 where he says-- ,is it not owing to you the greedy ,lais ,does love ,philonides8 ,for perhaps here we ought to read ,nais1 and not ,lais4 ,but ,hermippus1 in his ,essay on ,isocrates1 says that ,isocrates1 when he was advancing in years1 took the courtesan ,lagisca to his house1 and had a daughter by her4 ,and ,strattis speaks of her in these lines3-- ,and while she still was in her bed1 ,i saw ,isocrates' concubine1 ,lagisca1 ,playing her tricks2 and with her the flute-maker4 ,and ,lysias1 in his speech against ,lais1 7if1 at least1 the oration be a genuine one17 mentions her1 giving a list of other courtesans also1 in the following words3--,philyra indeed abandoned the trade of a courtesan while she was still young2 and ,scione1 and ,hippaphesis1 and ,theoclea1 and ,psamathe1 and ,lagisca1 and ,anthea1 and ,aristoclea1 all abandoned it also at an early age4 #fc4 ,but it is reported that ,demosthenes the orator had children by a courtesan2 at all events he himself1 in his speech about gold1 introduced his children before the court1 in order to obtain pity by their means1 without their mother2 although it was customary to bring forward the wives of those who were on their trial2 however1 he did this for shame's sake1 hoping to avoid calumny4 ,but this orator was exceedingly addicted to amorous indulgences1 as ,idomeneus tells us4 ,accordingly1 being in love with a youth named ,aristarchus1 he once1 when he was intoxicated1 insulted ,nicodemus on his account1 and struck out his eyes4 ,he is related also to have been very extravagant in his table1 and his followers1 and in women4 ,therefore1 his secretary once said1 ,but what can any one say of ,demosthenes8 ,for everything that he has thought of for a whole year1 is all thrown into confusion by one woman in one night4 ,accordingly1 he is said to have received into his house a youth named ,cnosion1 although he had a wife2 and she1 being indignant at this1 went herself and slept with ,cnosion4 ,sidenote3 ,,courtesans4 #fd4 ,and ,demetrius the king1 the last of all ,alexander's successors1 had a mistress named ,myrrhina1 a ,samian courtesan2 and in every respect but the crown1 he made her his partner in the kingdom1 as ,nicolaus of ,damascus tells us4 ,and ,ptolemy the son of ,ptolemy ,philadelphus the king1 who was governor of the garrison in ,ephesus1 had a mistress named ,irene4 ,and she1 when plots were laid against ,ptolemy by the ,thracians at ,ephesus1 and when he fled to the temple of ,diana1 fled with him3 and when the conspirators had murdered him1 ,irene seizing hold of the bars of the doors of the temple1 sprinkled the altar with his blood till they slew her also4 ,and ,sophron the governor of ,ephesus had a mistress1 ,danae1 the daughter of ,leontium the ,epicurean1 who was also a courtesan herself4 ,and by her means he was saved when a plot was laid against him by ,laodice1 and ,laodice was thrown down a precipice1 as ,phylarchus relates in his twelfth book in these words3 ,danae was a chosen companion of ,laodice1 and was trusted by her with all her secrets2 and1 being the daughter of that ,leontium who had studied with ,epicurus the natural philosopher1 and having been herself formerly the mistress of ,sophron1 she1 perceiving that ,laodice was laying a plot to murder ,sophron1 revealed the plot to ,sophron by a sign4 ,and he1 understanding the sign1 and pretending to agree to what she was saying to him1 asked two days to deliberate on what he should do4 ,and1 when she had agreed to that1 he fled away by night to ,ephesus4 ,but ,laodice1 when she learnt what had been done by ,danae1 threw her down a precipice1 discarding all recollection of their former friendship4 ,and they say that ,danae1 when she perceived the danger which was impending over her1 was interrogated by ,laodice1 and refused to give her any answer2 but1 when she was dragged to the precipice1 then she said1 that many people justly despise the ,deity1 and they may justify themselves by my case1 who having saved a man who was to me as my husband1 am requited in this manner by the ,deity4 ,but ,laodice1 who murdered her husband1 is thought worthy of such honour4 ,the same ,phylarchus also speaks of ,mysta1 in his fourteenth book1 in these terms3 ,mysta was the mistress of ,seleucus the king1 and when ,seleucus was defeated by the ,galat1 and was with difficulty able to save himself by flight1 she put off the robes of a queen which she had been accustomed to wear1 and assumed the garment of an ordinary servant2 and being taken prisoner1 was carried away with the rest of the captives4 ,and being sold in the same manner as her handmaidens1 she came to ,rhodes2 and there1 when she had revealed who she was1 she was sent back with great honour to ,seleucus by the ,rhodians4 #fe4 ,but ,demetrius ,phalereus being in love with ,lampito1 a courtesan of ,samos1 was pleased when he himself was addressed as ,lampito1 as ,diyllus tells us2 and he also had himself called ,charitoblepharos4#dg ,and ,nicarete the courtesan was the mistress of ,stephanus the orator2 and ,metanira was the mistress of ,lysias the sophist2 and these women were the slaves of ,casius the ,elean1 with many other such1 as ,antea1 ,stratola1 ,aristoclea1 ,phila1 ,isthmias1 and ,nera4 ,but ,nera was the mistress of ,stratoclides1 and also of ,xenoclides the poet1 and of ,hipparchus the actor1 and of ,phrynion the ,panian1 who was the son of ,demon and the nephew of ,demochares4 ,and ,phrynichus and ,stephanus the orator used to have ,nera in turn1 each a day1 since their friends had so arbitrated the matter for them2 and the daughter of ,nera1 whose name was ,strymbela1 and who was afterwards called ,phano1 ,stephanus gave 7as if she had been his own daughter7 in marriage to ,phrastor of gialea2 as ,demosthenes tells us in his oration against ,nera4 ,and he also speaks in the following manner about ,sinope the courtesan3 ,and you punished ,archias the hierophant1 when he was convicted before the regular tribunals of behaving with impiety1 and offering sacrifices which were contrary to the laws of the nation4 ,and he was accused also of other things1 and among them of having sacrificed a victim on the festival of ,ceres1 which was offered by ,sinope the courtesan1 on the altar which is in the court of the temple at ,eleusis1 though it is against the law to sacrifice any victims on that day2 and though1 too1 it was no part of his duty to sacrifice at all1 but it belonged to the priestess to do so4 #ff4 ,plangon the ,milesian was also a celebrated courtesan2 and she1 as she was most wonderfully beautiful1 was beloved by a young man of ,colophon1 who had a mistress already whose name was ,bacchis4 ,accordingly1 when this young man began to address his solicitations to ,plangon1 she1 having heard of the beauty of ,bacchis1 and wishing to make the young man abandon his love for her1 when she was unable to effect that1 she required as the price of her favours the necklace of ,bacchis1 which was very celebrated4 ,and he1 as he was exceedingly in love1 entreated ,bacchis not to see him totally overwhelmed with despair2 and ,bacchis1 seeing the excited state of the young man1 gave him the necklace4 ,and ,plangon1 when she saw the freedom from jealousy which was exhibited by ,bacchis1 sent her back the necklace1 but kept the young man3 and ever after ,plangon and ,bacchis were friends1 loving the young man in common2 and the ,ionians being amazed at this1 as ,menetor tells us in his treatise concerning ,offerings1 gave ,plangon the name of ,pasiphila4#dh ,and ,archilochus mentions her in the following lines3-- ,sidenote3 ,,courtesans4 ,as a fig-tree planted on a lofty rock ,feeds many crows and jackdaws1 so ,pasiphila's ,a willing entertainer of all strangers4 ,that ,menander the poet was a lover of ,glycera1 is notorious to everybody2 but still he was not well pleased with her4 ,for when ,philemon was in love with a courtesan1 and in one of his plays called her ,excellent1 ,menander1 in one of his plays1 said1 in contradiction to this1 that there was no courtesan who was good4 #fg4 ,and ,harpalus the ,macedonian1 who robbed ,alexander of vast sums of money and then fled to ,athens1 being in love with ,pythionica1 spent an immense deal of money on her2 and she was a courtesan4 ,and when she died he erected a monument to her which cost him many talents4 ,and as he was carrying her out to burial1 as ,posidonius tells us in the twenty-second book of his ,history1 he had the body accompanied with a band of the most eminent artists of all kinds1 and with all sorts of musical instruments and songs4 ,and ,dicarchus1 in his ,essay on the ,descent to the ,cave of ,trophonius1 says1--,and that same sort of thing may happen to any one who goes to the city of the ,athenians1 and who proceeds by the road leading from ,eleusis1 which is called the ,sacred ,road2 for1 if he stops at that point from which he first gets a sight of ,athens1 and of the temple1 and of the citadel1 he will see a tomb built by the wayside1 of such a size that there is none other near which can be compared with it for magnitude4 ,and at first1 as would be natural1 he would pronounce it to be the tomb1 beyond all question1 of ,miltiades1 or ,cimon1 or ,pericles1 or of some other of the great men of ,athens4 ,and above all1 he would feel sure that it had been erected by the city at the public expense2 or at all events by some public decree2 and then1 again1 when he heard it was the tomb of ,pythionica the courtesan1 what must be his feelings8 ,and ,theopompus also1 in his letter to ,alexander1 speaking reproachfully of the profligacy of ,harpalus1 says1--,but just consider and listen to the truth1 as you may hear from the people of ,babylon1 as to the manner in which he treated ,pythionica when she was dead2 who was originally the slave of ,bacchis1 the female flute-player4 ,and ,bacchis herself had been the slave of ,sinope the ,thracian1 who brought her establishment of harlots from gina to ,athens2 so that she was not only trebly a slave1 but also trebly a harlot4 ,he1 however1 erected two monuments to her at an expense exceeding two hundred talents4 ,and every one marvelled that no one of all those who died in ,cilicia1 in defence of your dominions and of the freedom of the ,greeks1 had had any tomb adorned for them either by him or by any other of the governors of the state2 but that a tomb should be erected to ,pythionica the courtesan1 both in ,athens and in ,babylon2 and they have now stood a long time4 ,for a man who ventured to call himself a friend to you1 has dared to consecrate a temple and a spot of ground to a woman whom everybody knew to have been common to every one who chose at the same fixed price1 and to call both the temple and the altar those of ,pythionica ,venus2 and in so doing1 he despised also the vengeance of the ,gods1 and endeavoured to insult the honours to which you are entitled4 ,philemon also mentions these circumstances1 in his comedy called the ,babylonian1 where he says-- ,you shall be queen of ,babylon if the ,fates ,will but permit it4 ,sure you recollect ,pythionica and proud ,harpalus4 ,alexis also mentions her in his ,lyciscus4 ,sidenote3 ,,courtesans4 #fh4 ,but after the death of ,pythionica1 ,harpalus sent for ,glycera1 and she also was a courtesan1 as ,theopompus relates1 when he says that ,harpalus issued an edict that no one should present him with a crown1 without at the same time paying a similar compliment to his prostitute2 and adds1--,he has also erected a brazen statue to ,glycera in ,rhossus of ,syria1 where he intends to erect one of you1 and another of himself4 ,and he has permitted her to dwell in the palace in ,tarsus1 and he permits her to receive adoration from the people1 and to bear the title of ,queen1 and to be complimented with other presents1 which are only fit for your own mother and your own wife4 ,and we have a testimony coinciding with this from the author of the ,satyric drama called ,agen1 which was exhibited1 on the occasion when the ,dionysian festival was celebrated on the banks of the river ,hydaspes1 by the author1 whether he was ,pythen of ,catana or ,byzantium1 or the king himself4 ,and it was exhibited when ,harpalus was now flying to the sea-shore1 after he had revolted2 and it mentions ,pythionica as already dead2 and ,glycera1 as being with ,harpalus1 and as being the person who encouraged the ,athenians to receive presents from ,harpalus4 ,and the verses of the play are as follows3-- ,a4 ,there is a pinnacle1 where never birds ,have made their nests1 where the long reeds do grow2 ,and on the left is the illustrious temple ,raised to a courtesan1 which ,pallides ,erected1 but repenting of the deed1 ,condemn'd himself for it to banishment4 ,and when some magi of the barbarians ,saw him oppressed with the stings of conscience1 ,they made him trust that they could raise again ,the soul of ,pythionica4 ,and the author of the play calls ,harpalus ,pallides in this passage2 but in what follows1 he speaks of him by his real name1 saying-- ,b4 ,but ,i do wish to learn from you1 since ,i ,dwell a long way from thence1 what is the fate ,at present of the land of ,athens2 and ,how all its people fare8 ,a4 ,why1 when they said ,that they were slaves1 they plenty had to eat1 ,but now they have raw vegetables only1 ,and fennel1 and but little corn or meat4 ,b4 ,i likewise hear that ,harpalus has sent them ,a quantity of corn no less than ,agen1 ,and has been made a citizen of ,athens4 ,that corn was ,glycera's4 ,but it is perhaps ,to them a pledge of ruin1 not of a courtesan4 #fi4 ,naucratis also has produced some very celebrated courtesans of exceeding beauty2 for instance1 ,doricha1 whom the beautiful ,sappho1 as she became the mistress of her brother ,charaxus1 who had gone to ,naucratis on some mercantile business1 accuses in her poetry of having stripped ,charaxus of a great deal of his property4 ,but ,herodotus calls her ,rhodopis1 being evidently ignorant that ,rhodopis and ,doricha were two different people2 and it was ,rhodopis who dedicated those celebrated spits at ,delphi1 which ,cratinus mentions in the following lines-- 99 99 99 99 ,posidippus also made this epigram on ,doricha1 although he had often mentioned her in his thiopia1 and this is the epigram-- ,here1 ,doricha1 your bones have long been laid1 ,here is your hair1 and your well-scented robe3 ,you who once loved the elegant ,charaxus1 ,and quaff'd with him the morning bowl of wine4 ,but ,sappho's pages live1 and still shall live1 ,in which is many a mention of your name1 ,which still your native ,naucratis shall cherish1 ,as long as any ship sails down the ,nile4 ,archedice also was a native of ,naucratis2 and she was a courtesan of great beauty4 ,for some how or other1 as ,herodotus says1 ,naucratis is in the habit of producing beautiful courtesans4 #gj4 ,there was also a certain courtesan named ,sappho1 a native of ,eresus1 who was in love with the beautiful ,phaon1 and she was very celebrated1 as ,nymphis relates in his ,voyage round ,asia4 ,but ,nicarete of ,megara1 who was a courtesan1 was not a woman of ignoble birth1 but she was born of free parents1 and was very well calculated to excite affection by reason of her accomplishments1 and she was a pupil of ,stilpon the philosopher4 ,there was also ,bilisticha the ,argive1 who was a very celebrated courtesan1 and who traced her descent back to the ,atrid1 as those historians relate who have written the history of the affairs of ,argolis4 ,there was also a courtesan named ,lena1 whose name is very celebrated1 and she was the mistress of ,harmodius1 who slew the tyrant4 ,and she1 being tortured by command of ,hippias the tyrant1 died under the torture without having said a word4 ,stratocles the orator also had for his mistress a courtesan whose name was ,leme1#di and who was nicknamed ,parorama1 because she used to let whoever chose come to her for two drachmas1 as ,gorgias says in his treatise on ,courtesans4 ,sidenote3 ,,courtesans4 ,now though ,myrtilus appeared to be intending to say no more after this1 he resumed his subject1 and said3--,but ,i was nearly forgetting1 my friends1 to tell you of the ,lyda of ,antimachus1 and also of her namesake ,lyda1 who was also a courtesan and the mistress of ,lamynthius the ,milesian4 ,for each of these poets1 as ,clearchus tells us in his ,tales of ,love1 being inflamed with love for the barbarian ,lyde1 wrote poems1 the one in elegiac1 and the other in lyric verse1 and they both entitled their poems ,lyde4 ,i omitted also to mention the female flute-player ,nanno1 the mistress of ,mimnermus1 and ,leontium1 the mistress of ,hermesianax of ,colophon4 ,for he inscribed with her name1 as she was his mistress1 three books of elegiac poetry1 in the third of which he gives a catalogue of things relating to ,love2 speaking in the following manner3-- #ga4 ,you know1 too1 how ager's much-loved son1 ,skilfully playing on the ,thracian harp1 ,brought back from hell his dear ,agriope1 ,and sail'd across th' inhospitable land ,where ,charon drags down in his common boat ,the souls of all the dead2 and far resounds ,the marshy stream slow creeping through the reeds ,that line the death-like banks4 ,but ,orpheus dared ,with fearless soul to pass that lonely wave1 ,striking his harp with well-accustom'd hand4 ,and with his lay he moved the pitiless gods1 ,and various monsters of unfeeling hell4 ,he raised a placid smile beneath the brows ,of grim ,cocytus2 he subdued the glance ,so pitiless of the fierce1 implacable dog1 ,who sharpen'd in the flames his fearful bark1 ,whose eye did glare with fire1 and whose heads ,with triple brows struck fear on all who saw4 ,he sang1 and moved these mighty sovereigns2 ,so that ,agriope once again did breathe ,the breath of life4 ,nor did the son of ,mene1 ,friend of the ,graces1 the sweet-voiced ,musus1 ,leave his ,antiope without due honour1 ,who1 amid the virgins sought by many suitors ,in holiest ,eleusis' sacred soil1 ,sang the loud joyful song of secret oracles1 ,priestess of ,rharian#ej ,ceres1 warning men4 ,and her renown to ,pluto's realms extends4 ,nor did these bards alone feel ,cupid's sway2 ,the ancient bard1 leaving ,botia's halls1 ,hesiod1 the keeper of all kinds of learning1 ,came to fair ,ascra's ,heliconian village1 ,where long he sought ,eoia's wayward love2 ,much he endured1 and many books he wrote1 ,the maid the inspiring subject of his song4 ,and that great poet whom ,jove's ,fate protects1 ,sweetest of all the votaries of the muse1 ,immortal ,homer1 sought the rocky isle ,of ,ithaca1 moved by love for all the virtue ,and beauty of the chaste ,penelope4 ,much for her sake he suffer'd2 then he sought ,a barren isle far from his native land1 ,and wept the race of ,icarus1 and of ,amyclus ,and ,sparta1 moved by his own woes' remembrances4 ,who has not heard of sweet ,mimnermus' fame2 ,parent of plaintive elegiac verses1 ,which to his lyre in sweetest sounds he sang8 ,much did he suffer1 burning with the love ,of cruel ,nanno2 and full oft inflamed ,with ardent passion1 did he feast with her1 ,breathing his love to his melodious pipe2 ,and to his hate of fierce ,hermobius ,and ,pherecles1 tuneful utterance he gave4 ,antimachus1 too1 felt the flame inspired ,by ,lydian ,lyde2 and he sought the stream ,of golden-waved ,pactolus1 where he laid ,his lost love underneath the tearless earth1 ,and weeping1 went his way to ,colophon2 ,and with his wailing thus sweet volumes fill'd1 ,shunning all toil or other occupation4 ,how many festive parties frequent rang ,with the fond love of ,lesbian ,alcus1 ,who sang the praises of the amorous ,sappho1 ,and grieved his ,teian#ea rival1 breathing songs ,such as the nightingale would gladly imitate2 ,for the divine ,anacreon also sought ,to win the heart of the sacred poetess1 ,chief ornament of all the ,lesbian bands2 ,and so he roved about1 now leaving ,samos1 ,now parting from his own enslavd land1 ,parent of vines1 to wine-producing ,lesbos2 ,and often he beheld ,cape ,lectum there1 ,across th' olian wave4 ,but greatest of all1 ,the ,attic bee#eb oft left its rugged hill1 ,singing in tragic choruses divine1 ,bacchus and ,love 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,i tell1 besides1 how that too cautious man1 ,who earn'd deserved hate from every woman1 ,stricken by a random shot1 did not escape ,nocturnal pangs of ,love2 but wander'd o'er ,the ,macedonian hills and valleys green1 ,smitten with love for fair ,argea1 who ,kept ,archelaus' house1 till the angry god ,found a fit death for cold ,euripides1 ,striving with hungry hounds in vain for life4 ,then there's the man whom1 mid ,cythera's rocks1 ,the ,muses rear'd1 a faithful worshipper ,of ,bacchus and the flute1 ,philoxenus3 ,well all men know by what fierce passion moved ,he to this city came2 for all have heard ,his praise of ,galatea1 which he sang ,amid the sheepfolds4 ,and you likewise know ,the bard to whom the citizens of ,cos ,a brazen statue raised to do him honour1 ,and who oft sang the praises of his ,battis1 ,sitting beneath a plane-tree's shade1 ,philetas2 ,in verses that no time shall e'er destroy4 ,nor do those men whose lot in life is hard1 ,seeking the secret paths of high philosophy1 ,or those whom logic's mazes hold in chains1 ,or that laborious eloquence of words1 ,shun the sharp struggle and sweet strife of ,love2 ,but willing1 follow his triumphant car4 ,long did the charms of fair ,theano bind ,the ,samian ,pythagoras1 who laid bare ,the tortuous mysteries of geometry2 ,who all the mazes of the sphere unfolded1 ,and knew the laws which regulate the world1 ,the atmosphere which doth surround the world1 ,and motions of the sun1 and moon1 and stars4 ,nor did the wisest of all mortal men1 ,great ,socrates1 escape the fierce contagion1 ,but yielded to the fiery might of ,venus1 ,and to the fascinations of the sex1 ,laying his cares down at ,aspasia's feet2 ,and though all doubts of nature he could solve1 ,he found no refuge from the pursuit of ,love4 ,love1 too1 did draw within the narrow ,isthmus ,the ,cyrenean sage3 and winning ,lais1 ,with her resistless charms1 subdued and bound ,wise ,aristippus1 who philosophy ,deserted1 and preferr'd a trifling life4 ,sidenote3 ,,courtesans4 #gb4 ,but in this ,hermesianax is mistaken when he represents ,sappho and ,anacreon as contemporaries4 ,for the one lived in the time of ,cyrus and ,polycrates2 but ,sappho lived in the reign of ,alyattes1 the father of ,crsus4 ,but ,chameleon1 in his treatise on ,sappho1 does assert that some people say that these verses were made upon her by ,anacreon-- ,love1 the golden-haired god1 ,struck me with his purple ball1 ,and with his many wiles doth seize ,and challenge me to sport with him4 ,but she--and she from ,lesbos comes1 ,that populous and wealthy isle-- ,laughs at my hair and calls it grey1 ,and will prefer a younger lover4 ,and he says1 too1 that ,sappho says this to him-- ,you1 ,o my golden-throned muse1 ,did surely dictate that sweet hymn1 ,which the noble ,teian bard1 ,from the fair and fertile isle1 ,chief muse of lovely womanhood1 ,sang with his dulcet voice4 ,but it is plain enough in reality that this piece of poetry is not ,sappho's4 ,and ,i think myself that ,hermesianax is joking concerning the love of ,anacreon and ,sappho4 ,for ,diphilus the comic poet1 in his play called ,sappho1 has represented ,archilochus and ,hipponax as the lovers of ,sappho4 ,now it appears to me1 my friends1 that ,i have displayed some diligence in getting up this amorous catalogue for you1 as ,i myself am not a person so mad about love as ,cynulcus1 with his calumnious spirit1 has represented me4 ,i confess1 indeed1 that ,i am amorous1 but ,i do deny that ,i am frantic on the subject4 ,and why should ,i dilate upon my sorrows1 ,when ,i may hide them all in night and silence8 as schylus the ,alexandrian has said in his ,amphitryon4 ,and this is the same schylus who composed the ,messenian poems--a man entirely without any education4 ,sidenote3 ,,love4 #gc4 ,therefore ,i1 considering that ,love is a mighty and most powerful deity1 and that the ,golden ,venus is so too1 recollect the verses of ,euripides on the subject1 and say-- ,dost thou not see how great a deity ,resistless ,venus is8 ,no tongue can tell1 ,no calculation can arrive at all ,her power1 or her dominions' vast extent2 ,she nourishes you and me and all mankind1 ,and ,i can prove this1 not in words alone1 ,but facts will show the might of this fair goddess4 ,the earth loves rain when the parch'd plains are dry1 ,and lose their glad fertility of yield ,from want of moisture4 ,then the ample heaven1 ,when fill'd with rain1 and moved by ,venus' power1 ,loves to descend to anxious earth's embrace2 ,then when these two are join'd in tender love ,they are the parents of all fruits to us1 ,they bring them forth1 they cherish them2 and so ,the race of man both lives and flourishes4 ,and that most magnificent poet schylus1 in his ,danaides1 introduces ,venus herself speaking thus-- ,then1 too1 the earth feels love1 and longs for wedlock1 ,and rain1 descending from the amorous air1 ,impregnates his desiring mate2 and she ,brings forth delicious food for mortal man1-- ,herds of fat sheep1 and corn1 the gift of ,ceres2 ,the trees love moisture1 too1 and rain descends ,t' indulge their longings1 ,i alone the cause4 #gd4 ,and again1 in the ,hippolytus#ec of ,euripides1 ,venus says-- ,and all who dwell to th' eastward of the sea1 ,and the ,atlantic waves1 all who behold ,the beams of the rising and the setting sun1 ,know that ,i favour those who honour me1 ,and crush all those who boast themselves against me4 ,and1 therefore1 in the case of a young man who had every other imaginable virtue1 this one fault alone1 that he did not honour ,venus1 was the cause of his destruction4 ,and neither ,diana1 who loved him exceedingly1 nor any other of the gods or demi-gods could defend him2 and accordingly1 in the words of the same poet1-- ,whoe'er denies that ,love's the only god1#ed ,is foolish1 ignorant of all that's true1 ,and knows not him who is the greatest deity ,acknowledged by all nations4 ,and the wise ,anacreon1 who is in everybody's mouth1 is always celebrating love4 ,and1 accordingly1 the admirable ,critias also speaks of him in the following manner3-- ,teos brought forth1 a source of pride to ,greece1 ,the sweet ,anacreon1 who with sweet notes twined ,a wreath of tuneful song in woman's praise1 ,the choicest ornament of revelling feasts1 ,the most seductive charm2 a match for flutes' ,or pipes' shrill aid1 or softly moving lyre3 ,o ,teian bard1 your fame shall never die2 ,age shall not touch it2 while the willing slave ,mingles the wine and water in the bowl1 ,and fills the welcome goblet for the guests2 ,while female hands1 with many twinkling feet1 ,lead their glad nightly dance2 while many drops1 ,daughters of these glad cups1 great ,bacchus' juice1 ,fall with good omen on the cottabus dish4 #ge4 ,but ,archytas the ,harmonist1 as ,chamleon calls him1 says that ,alcman was the original poet of amatory songs1 and that he was the first poet to introduce melodies inciting to lawless indulgence1 444 being1 with respect to women4444 ,on which account he says in one of his odes-- ,but ,love again1 so ,venus wills1 ,descends into my heart1 ,and with his gentle dew refreshes me4 ,he says also that he was in a moderate degree in love with ,megalostrate1 who was a poetess1 and who was able to allure lovers to her by the charms of her conversation4 ,and he speaks thus concerning her-- ,this gift1 by the sweet ,muse inspired1 ,that lovely damsel gave1 ,the golden-hair'd ,megalostrate4 ,and ,stesichorus1 who was in no moderate degree given to amorous pursuits1 composed many poems of this kind2 which in ancient times were called and 4 ,and1 in fact1 there was such emulation about composing poems of this sort1 and so far was any one from thinking lightly of the amatory poets1 that schylus1 who was a very great poet1 and ,sophocles1 too1 introduced the subject of the loves of men on the stage in their tragedies3 the one describing the love of ,achilles for ,patroclus1 and the other1 in his ,niobe1 the mutual love of her sons 7on which account some men have given an ill name to that tragedy72 and all such passages as those are very agreeable to the spectators4 #gf4 ,ibycus1 too1 of ,rhegium1 speaks loudly as follows-- ,in early spring the gold ,cydonian apples1 ,water'd by streams from ever-flowing rivers1 ,where the pure garden of the ,virgins is1 ,and the young grapes1 growing beneath the shade ,of ample branches1 flourish and increase3 ,but ,love1 who never rests1 gives me no shade1 ,nor any recruiting dew2 but like the wind1 ,fierce rushing from the north1 with rapid fire1 ,urged on by ,venus1 with its maddening drought ,burns up my heart1 and from my earliest youth1 ,rules o'er my soul with fierce dominion4 ,sidenote3 ,,love4 ,and ,pindar1 who was of an exceedingly amorous disposition1 says-- ,oh may it ever be to me to love1 ,and to indulge my love1 remote from fear2 ,and do not thou1 my mind1 pursue a chase ,beyond the present number of your years4 ,on which account ,timon1 in his ,silli1 says-- ,there is a time to love1 a time to wed1 ,a time to leave off loving2 and adds that it is not well to wait until some one else shall say1 in the words of this same philosopher-- ,when this man ought to set 77 he now begins ,to follow pleasure 774 ,pindar also mentions ,theoxenus of ,tenedos1 who was much beloved by him2 and what does he say about him8-- ,and now 7for seasonable is the time7 ,you ought1 my soul1 to pluck the flowers of love1 ,which suit your age4 ,and he who1 looking on the brilliant light that beams ,from the sweet countenance of ,theoxenus1 ,is not subdued by love1 ,must have a dark discolour'd heart1 ,of adamant or iron made1 ,and harden'd long in the smith's glowing furnace4 ,that man is scorn'd by bright-eyed ,venus4 ,or else he's poor1 and care doth fill his breast2 ,or else beneath some female insolence ,he withers1 and so drags on an anxious life3 ,but ,i1 like comb of wily bees1 ,melt under ,venus's warm rays1 ,and waste away while ,i behold ,the budding graces of the youth ,i love4 ,surely at ,tenedos1 persuasion soft1 ,and every grace1 ,abides in the lovely son of wise ,agesilas4 #gg4 ,and many men used to be as fond of having boys for their favourites as women for their mistresses4 ,and this was a frequent fashion in many very well regulated cities of ,greece4 ,accordingly1 the ,cretans1 as ,i have said before1 and the ,chalcidians in ,euba1 were very much addicted to the custom of having boy-favourites4 ,therefore ,echemenes1 in his ,history of ,crete1 says that it was not ,jupiter who carried off ,ganymede1 but ,minos4 ,but the before-mentioned ,chalcidians say that ,ganymede was carried off from them by ,jupiter2 and they show the spot1 which they call ,harpagius2#ee and it is a place which produces extraordinary myrtles4 ,and ,minos abandoned his enmity to the ,athenians1 7although it had originated in consequence of the death of his son1 out of his love for ,theseus3 and he gave his daughter ,phdra to him for his wife17 as ,zenis1 or ,zeneus1 the ,chian1 tells us in his treatise on ,country4 #gh4 ,but ,hieronymus the ,peripatetic says that the ancients were anxious to encourage the practice of having boy-favourites1 because the vigorous disposition of youths1 and the confidence engendered by their association with each other1 has often led to the overthrow of tyrannies4 ,for in the presence of his favourite1 a man would choose to do anything rather than to get the character of a coward4 ,and this was proved in practice in the case of the ,sacred ,band1 as it was called1 which was established at ,thebes by ,epaminondas4 ,and the death of the ,pisistratid was brought about by ,harmodius and ,aristogiton2 and at ,agrigentum in ,sicily1 the mutual love of ,chariton and ,melanippus produced a similar result1 as we are told by ,heraclides of ,pontus1 in his treatise on ,amatory ,matters4 ,for ,melanippus and ,chariton1 being informed against as plotting against ,phalaris1 and being put to the torture in order to compel them to reveal their accomplices1 not only did not betray them1 but even made ,phalaris himself pity them1 on account of the tortures which they had undergone1 so that he dismissed them with great praise4 ,on which account ,apollo1 being pleased at this conduct1 gave ,phalaris a respite from death2 declaring this to the men who consulted the ,pythian priestess as to how they might best attack him4 ,he also gave them an oracle respecting ,chariton1 putting the ,pentameter before the ,hexameter1 in the same way as afterwards ,dionysius the ,athenian did1 who was nicknamed the ,brazen1 in his ,elegies2 and the oracle runs as follows-- ,happy were ,chariton and ,melanippus1 ,authors of heavenly love to many men4 ,sidenote3 ,,love4 ,the circumstances1 too1 that happened to ,cratinus the ,athenian1 are very notorious4 ,for he1 being a very beautiful boy1 at the time when ,epimenides was purifying ,attica by human sacrifices1 on account of some old pollution1 as ,neanthes of ,cyzicus relates in the second book of his treatise on ,sacrifices1 willingly gave himself up to secure the safety of the woman who had brought him up4 ,and after his death1 ,apollodorus1 his friend1 also devoted himself to death1 and so the calamities of the country were terminated4 ,and owing to favouritism of this kind1 the tyrants 7for friendships of this sort were very adverse to their interests7 altogether forbad the fashion of making favourites of boys1 and wholly abolished it4 ,and some of them even burnt down and rased to the ground the palstr1 considering them as fortresses hostile to their own citadels2 as1 for instance1 ,polycrates the tyrant of ,samos did4 #gi4 ,but among the ,spartans1 as ,agnon the ,academic philosopher tells us1 girls and boys are all treated in the same way before marriage3 for the great lawgiver ,solon has said-- ,admiring pretty legs and rosy lips2-- as schylus and ,sophocles have openly made similar statements2 the one saying1 in the ,myrmidons-- ,you paid not due respect to modesty1 ,led by your passion for too frequent kisses2-- and the other1 in his ,colchian ,women1 speaking of ,ganymede1 says-- ,inflaming with his beauty mighty ,jove4 ,but ,i am not ignorant that the stories which are told about ,cratinus and ,aristodemus are stated by ,polemo ,periegetes1 in his ,replies to ,neanthes1 to be all mere inventions4 ,but you1 ,o ,cynulcus1 believe that all these stories are true1 let them be ever so false4 ,and you take the greatest pleasure in all such poems as turn on boys and favourites of that kind2 while the fashion of making favourites of boys was first introduced among the ,grecians from ,crete1 as ,timus informs us4 ,but others say that ,laius was the originator of this custom1 when he was received in hospitality by ,pelops2 and that he took a great fancy to his son1 ,chrysippus1 whom he put into his chariot and carried off1 and fled with to ,thebes4 ,but ,praxilla the ,sicyonian says that ,chrysippus was carried off by ,jupiter4 ,and the ,celt1 too1 although they have the most beautiful women of all the barbarians1 still make great favourites of boys4444 ,and the ,persians1 according to the statement of ,herodotus1 learnt from the ,greeks to adopt this fashion4 #hj4 ,alexander the king was also very much in the habit of giving in to this fashion4 ,accordingly1 ,dicarchus1 in his treatise on the ,sacrifice at ,troy1 says that he was so much under the influence of ,bagoas the eunuch1 that he embraced him in the sight of the whole theatre2 and that when the whole theatre shouted in approval of the action1 he repeated it4 ,and ,carystius1 in his ,historic ,commentaries1 says1--,charon the ,chalcidian had a boy of great beauty1 who was a great favourite of his3 but when ,alexander1 on one occasion1 at a great entertainment given by ,craterus1 praised this boy very much1 ,charon bade the boy go and salute ,alexander3 and he said1 ',not so1 for he will not please me so much as he will vex you4' ,for though the king was of a very amorous disposition1 still he was at all times sufficiently master of himself to have a due regard to decorum1 and to the preservation of appearances4 ,and in the same spirit1 when he had taken as prisoners the daughters of ,darius1 and his wife1 who was of extraordinary beauty1 he not only abstained from offering them any insult1 but he took care never to let them feel that they were prisoners at all2 but ordered them to be treated in every respect1 and to be supplied with everything1 just as if ,darius had still been in his palace2 on which account1 ,darius1 when he heard of this conduct1 raised his hands to the ,sun and prayed that either he might be king1 or ,alexander4 ,but ,ibycus states that ,talus was a great favourite of ,rhadamanthus the ,just4 ,and ,diotimus1 in his ,heraclea1 says that ,eurystheus was a great favourite of ,hercules1 on which account he willingly endured all his labours for his sake4 ,and it is said that ,argynnus was a favourite of ,agamemnon2 and that they first became acquainted from ,agamemnon seeing ,argynnus bathing in the ,cephisus4 ,and afterwards1 when he was drowned in this river1 7for he was continually bathing in it17 ,agamemnon buried him1 and raised a temple on the spot to ,venus ,argynnis4 ,but ,licymnius of ,chios1 in his ,dithyrambics1 says that it was ,hymenus of whom ,argynnus was a favourite4 ,and ,aristocles the harp-player was a favourite of ,king ,antigonus3 and ,antigonus the ,carystian1 in his ,life of ,zeno1 writes of him in the following terms3--,antigonus the king used often to go to sup with ,zeno2 and once1 as he was returning by daylight from some entertainment1 he went to ,zeno's house1 and persuaded him to go with him to sup with ,aristocles the harp-player1 who was an excessive favourite of the king's4 ,sidenote3 ,,love4 #ha4 ,sophocles1 too1 had a great fancy for having boy-favourites1 equal to the addiction of ,euripides for women4 ,and accordingly1 ,ion the poet1 in his book on the ,arrival of ,illustrious ,men in the ,island of ,chios1 writes thus3--,i met ,sophocles the poet in ,chios1 when he was sailing to ,lesbos as the general3 he was a man very pleasant over his wine1 and very witty4 ,and when ,hermesilaus1 who was connected with him by ancient ties of hospitality1 and who was also the proxenus#ef of the ,athenians1 entertained him1 the boy who was mixing the wine was standing by the fire1 being a boy of a very beautiful complexion1 but made red by the fire3 so ,sophocles called him and said1 ',do you wish me to drink with pleasure8' and when he said that he did1 he said1 ',well1 then1 bring me the cup1 and take it away again in a leisurely manner4' ,and as the boy blushed all the more at this1 ,sophocles said to the guest who was sitting next to him1 ',how well did ,phrynichus speak when he said-- ,the light of love doth shine in purple cheeks4 ,and a man from ,eretria1 or from ,erythr1 who was a schoolmaster1 answered him1--',you are a great man in poetry1 ,o ,sophocles2 but still ,phrynichus did not say well when he called purple cheeks a mark of beauty4 ,for if a painter were to cover the cheeks of this boy with purple paint he would not be beautiful at all4 ,and so it is not well to compare what is beautiful with what is not so4' ,and on this ,sophocles1 laughing at the ,eretrian1 said1--',then1 my friend1 ,i suppose you are not pleased with the line in ,simonides which is generally considered among the ,greeks to be a beautiful one-- ,the maid pour'd forth a gentle voice ,from out her purple mouth4#eg ,and you do not either like the poet who spoke of the golden-haired ,apollo2 for if a painter were to represent the hair of the god as actually golden1 and not black1 the picture would be all the worse4 ,nor do you approve of the poet who spoke of rosy-fingered4#eh ,for if any one were to dip his fingers in rosy-coloured paint he would make his hands like those of a purple-dyer1 and not of a pretty woman4' ,and when they all laughed at this1 the ,eretrian was checked by the reproof2 and ,sophocles again turned to pursue the conversation with the boy2 for he asked him1 as he was brushing away the straws from the cup with his little finger1 whether he saw any straws3 and when he said that he did1 he said1 ',blow them away1 then1 that you may not dirty your fingers4' ,and when he brought his face near the cup he held the cup nearer to his own mouth1 so as to bring his own head nearer to the head of the boy4 ,and when he was very near he took him by the hand and kissed him4 ,and when all clapped their hands1 laughing and shouting out1 to see how well he had taken the boy in1 he said1 ',i1 my friends1 am meditating on the art of generalship1 since ,pericles has said that ,i know how to compose poetry1 but not how to be a general2 now has not this stratagem of mine succeeded perfectly8' ,and he both said and did many things of this kind in a witty manner1 drinking and giving himself up to mirth3 but as to political affairs he was not able nor energetic in them1 but behaved as any other virtuous ,athenian might have done4 ,sidenote3 ,,love4 #hb4 ,and ,hieronymus of ,rhodes1 in his ,historic ,commentaries1 says that ,sophocles was not always so moderate1 but that he at times committed greater excesses1 and gave ,euripides a handle to reproach him1 as bringing himself into disrepute by his excessive intemperance4 #hc4 ,and ,theopompus1 in his treatise on the ,treasures of which the ,temple at ,delphi was plundered1 says that ,asopichus1 being a favourite of ,epaminondas1 had the trophy of ,leuctra represented in relief on his shield1 and that he encountered danger with extraordinary gallantry2 and that this shield is consecrated at ,delphi1 in the portico4 ,and in the same treatise1 ,theopompus further alleges that ,phayllus1 the tyrant of ,phocis1 was extremely addicted to women2 but that ,onomarchus used to select boys as his favourites3 and that he had a favourite1 the son of ,pythodorus the ,sicyonian1 to whom1 when he came to ,delphi to devote his hair to the god 7and he was a youth of great beauty71 ,onomarchus gave the offerings of the ,sybarites--four golden combs4 ,and ,phayllus gave to the daughter of ,diniades1 who was a female flute-player1 a ,bromiadian1#ei a silver goblet of the ,phocans1 and a golden crown of ivy-leaves1 the offering of the ,peparethians4 ,and1 he says1 she was about to play the flute at the ,pythian games1 if she had not been hindered by the populace4 ,onomarchus also gave1 as he says1 to his favourite ,lycolas1 and to ,physcidas the son of ,tricholaus 7who was very handsome71 a crown of laurel1 the offering of the ,ephesians4 ,this boy was brought also to ,philip by his father1 but was dismissed without any favour4 ,onomarchus also gave to ,damippus1 the son of ,epilycus of ,amphipolis1 who was a youth of great beauty1 a present which had been consecrated to the god by ,plisthenes4 ,and ,philomelus gave to ,pharsalia1 a dancing-woman from ,thessaly1 a golden crown of laurel-leaves1 which had been offered by the ,lampsacenes4 ,but ,pharsalia herself was afterwards torn to pieces at ,metapontum1 by the soothsayers1 in the market-place1 on the occasion of a voice coming forth out of the brazen laurel which the people of ,metapontum had set up at the time when ,aristeas of ,proconnesus was sojourning among them1 on his return1 as he stated1 from the ,hyperboreans1 the first moment that she was seen entering the market-place4 ,and when men afterwards inquired into the reason for this violence1 she was found to have been put to death on account of this crown which belonged to the god4 #hd4 ,now ,i warn you1 ,o philosophers1 who indulge in unnatural passions1 and who treat the great goddess ,venus with impiety1 to beware1 lest you be destroyed in the same manner4 ,for boys are only handsome1 as ,glycera the courtesan said1 while they are like women3 at least1 this is the saying attributed to her by ,clearchus4 ,but my opinion is that the conduct of ,cleonymus the ,spartan was in strict conformity with nature1 who was the first man to take such hostages as he took from the ,metapontines--namely1 two hundred of their most respectable and beautiful virgins2 as is related by ,duris the ,samian1 in the third book of his ,history of ,agathocles4 ,and ,i too1 as is said by ,epicrates in his ,antilais1 ,have learnt by heart completely all the songs ,breathing of love which sweetest ,sappho sang1 ,or the ,lamynthian ,cleomenes4 ,but you1 my philosophical friends1 even when you are in love with women 4 4 4 as ,clearchus says4 ,for a bull was excited by the sight of the brazen cow at ,pirene3 and in a picture that existed of a bitch1 and a pigeon1 and a goose2 and a gander came up to the goose1 and a dog to the bitch1 and a male pigeon to the pigeon1 and not one of them discovered the deception till they got close to them2 but when they got near enough to touch them1 they desisted2 just as ,clisophus the ,salymbrian did4 ,for he fell in love with a statue of ,parian marble that then was at ,samos1 and shut himself up in the temple to gratify his affection2 but when he found that he could make no impression on the coldness and unimpressibility of the stone1 then he discarded his passion4 ,and ,alexis the poet mentions this circumstance in his drama entitled ,the ,picture1 where he says-- ,and such another circumstance1 they say1 ,took place in ,samos3 there a man did fall ,in love with a fair maiden wrought in marble1 ,and shut himself up with her in the temple4 ,and ,philemon mentions the same fact1 and says-- ,but once a man1 'tis said1 did fall1 at ,samos1 ,in love with a marble woman2 and he went ,and shut himself up with her in the temple4 ,sidenote3 ,,love4 ,but the statue spoken of is the work of ,ctesicles2 as ,adus of ,mitylene tells us in his treatise on ,statuaries4 ,and ,polemo1 or whoever the author of the book called ,helladicus is1 says--,at ,delphi1 in the museum of the pictures1 there are two boys wrought in marble2 one of which1 the ,delphians say1 was so fallen in love with by some one who came to see it1 that he made love to it1 and shut himself up with it1 and presented it with a crown2 but when he was detected1 the god ordered the ,delphians1 who consulted his oracle with reference to the subject1 to dismiss him freely1 for that he had given him a handsome reward4 #he4 ,and even brute beasts have fallen in love with men3 for there was a cock who took a fancy to a man of the name of ,secundus1 a cup-bearer of the king2 and the cock was nicknamed the ,centaur4 ,but this ,secundus was a slave of ,nicomedes the king of ,bithynia2 as ,nicander informs us in the sixth book of his essay on the ,revolutions of ,fortune4 ,and1 at gium1 a goose took a fancy to a boy2 as ,clearchus relates in the first book of his ,amatory ,anecdotes4 ,and ,theophrastus1 in his essay on ,love1 says that the name of this boy was ,amphilochus1 and that he was a native of ,olenus4 ,and ,hermeas the son of ,hermodorus1 who was a ,samian by birth1 says that a goose also took a fancy to ,lacydes the philosopher4 ,and in ,leucadia 7according to a story told by ,clearchus71 a peacock fell so in love with a maiden there1 that when she died1 the bird died too4 ,there is a story also that1 at ,iasus1 a dolphin took a fancy to a boy 7and this story is told by ,duris1 in the ninth book of his ,history72 and the subject of that book is the history of ,alexander1 and the historian's words are these3 ,he likewise sent for the boy from ,iasus4 ,for near ,iasus there was a boy whose name was ,dionysius1 and he once1 when leaving the palstra with the rest of the boys1 went down to the sea and bathed2 and a dolphin came forward out of the deep water to meet him1 and taking him on his back1 swam away with him a considerable distance into the open sea1 and then brought him back again to land4 ,but the dolphin is an animal which is very fond of men1 and very intelligent1 and one very susceptible of gratitude4 ,accordingly ,phylarchus1 in his twelfth book1 says--,coiranus the ,milesian1 when he saw some fishermen who had caught a dolphin in a net1 and who were about to cut it up1 gave them some money and bought the fish1 and took it down and put it back in the sea again4 ,and after this it happened to him to be shipwrecked near ,myconos1 and while every one else perished1 ,coiranus alone was saved by a dolphin4 ,and when1 at last1 he died of old age in his native country1 as it so happened that his funeral procession passed along the sea-shore close to ,miletus1 a great shoal of dolphins appeared on that day in the harbour1 keeping only a very little distance from those who were attending the funeral of ,coiranus1 as if they also were joining in the procession and sharing in their grief4 ,the same ,phylarchus also relates1 in the twentieth book of his ,history1 the great affection which was once displayed by an elephant for a boy4 ,and his words are these3 ,but there was a female elephant kept with this elephant1 and the name of the female elephant was ,nica2 and to her the wife of the king of ,india1 when dying1 entrusted her child1 which was just a month old4 ,and when the woman did die1 the affection for the child displayed by the beast was most extraordinary2 for it could not endure the child to be away2 and whenever it did not see him1 it was out of spirits4 ,and so1 whenever the nurse fed the infant with milk1 she placed it in its cradle between the feet of the beast2 and if she had not done so1 the elephant would not take any food2 and after this1 it would take whatever reeds and grass there were near1 and1 while the child was sleeping1 beat away the flies with the bundle4 ,and whenever the child wept1 it would rock the cradle with its trunk1 and lull it to sleep4 ,and very often the male elephant did the same4 ,sidenote3 ,,love4 #hf4 ,but you1 ,o philosophers1 are far fiercer than dolphins and elephants1 and are also much more untameable2 although ,persus the ,cittian1 in his ,recollections of ,banquets1 says loudly1--,it is a very consistent subject of conversation at drinking parties for men to talk of amatory matters2 for we are naturally inclined to such topics after drinking4 ,and at those times we should praise those who indulge in that kind of conversation to a moderate and temperate degree1 but blame those who go to excess in it1 and behave in a beastly manner4 ,but if logicians1 when assembled in a social party1 were to talk about syllogisms1 then a man might very fairly think that they were acting very unseasonably4 ,and a respectable and virtuous man will at times get drunk2 but they who wish to appear extraordinarily temperate1 keep up this character amid their cups for a certain time1 but afterwards1 as the wine begins to take effect on them1 they descend to every kind of impropriety and indecency4 ,and this was the case very lately with the ambassadors who came to ,antigonus from ,arcadia2 for they sat at dinner with great severity of countenance1 and with great propriety1 as they thought1--not only not looking at any one of us1 but not even looking at one another4 ,but as the wine went round1 and music of different kinds was introduced1 and when the ,thessalian dancing-women1 as their fashion is1 came in1 and danced quite naked1 except that they had girdles round their waists1 then the men could not restrain themselves any longer1 but jumped up off the couches1 and shouted as if they were beholding a most gratifying sight2 and they congratulated the king because he had it in his power to indulge in such pastimes2 and they did and said a great many more vulgar things of the same kind4 ,and one of the philosophers who was once drinking with us1 when a flute-playing girl came in1 and when there was plenty of room near him1 when the girl wished to sit down near him1 would not allow her1 but drew himself up and looked grave4 ,and then afterwards1 when the girl was put up to auction1 as is often the fashion at such entertainments1 he was exceedingly eager to buy her1 and quarrelled with the man who sold her1 on the ground that he had knocked her down too speedily to some one else2 and he said that the auctioneer had not fairly sold her4 ,and at last this grave philosopher1 he who at first would not permit the girl even to sit near him1 came to blows about her4 ,and perhaps this very philosopher1 who came to blows about the flute-playing girl1 may have been ,persus himself2 for ,antigonus the ,carystian1 in his treatise on ,zeno1 makes the following statement3--,zeno the ,cittian1 when once ,perseus at a drinking-party bought a flute-playing girl1 and after that was afraid to bring her home1 because he lived in the same house with ,zeno1 becoming acquainted with the circumstance1 brought the girl home himself1 and shut her up with ,persus4 ,i know1 also1 that ,polystratus the ,athenian1 who was a pupil of ,theophrastus1 and who was surnamed the ,tyrrhenian1 used often to put on the garments of the female flute-players4 #hg4 ,kings1 too1 have shown great anxiety about musical women2 as ,parmenion tells us in his ,letter to ,alexander1 which he sent to that monarch after he had taken ,damascus1 and after he had become master of all the baggage of ,darius4 ,accordingly1 having enumerated all the things which he had taken1 he writes as follows3--,i found three hundred and twenty-nine concubines of the king1 all skilled in music2 and forty-six men who were skilful in making garlands1 and two hundred and seventy-seven confectioners1 and twenty-nine boilers of pots1 and thirteen cooks skilful in preparing milk1 and seventeen artists who mixed drinks1 and seventy slaves who strain wine1 and forty preparers of perfumes4 ,and ,i say to you1 ,o my companions1 that there is no sight which has a greater tendency to gladden the eyes than the beauty of a woman4 ,accordingly neus1 in the play of ,chremon the tragedian1 speaking of some maidens whom he had seen1 says1 in the play called neus1-- ,and one did lie with garment well thrown back1 ,showing her snow-white bosom to the moon3 ,another1 as she lightly danced1 display'd ,the fair proportions of her lefthand side1 ,naked--a lovely picture for the air ,to wanton with2 and her complexion white ,strove with the darkening shades4 ,another bared ,her lovely arms and taper fingers all3 ,another1 with her robe high round her neck1 ,conceal'd her bosom1 but a rent below ,show'd all her shapely thighs4 ,the ,graces smiled1 ,and love1 not without hope1 did lead me on4 ,then on th' inviting asphodel they fell1 ,plucking the dark leaves of the violet flower1 ,and crocus1 which1 with purple petals rising1 ,copies the golden rays of the early sun4 ,there1 too1 the ,persian sweetly-smelling marjoram ,stretch'd out its neck along the laughing meadow4 #hh4 ,and the same poet1 being passionately fond of flowers1 says also in his ,alphesiba-- ,the glorious beauty of her dazzling body ,shone brilliant1 a sweet sight to every eye2 ,and modesty1 a tender blush exciting1 ,tinted her gentle cheeks with delicate rose3 ,her waxy hair1 in gracefully modell'd curls1 ,falling as though arranged by sculptor's hand1 ,waved in the wanton breeze luxuriant4 ,sidenote3 ,,beauty ,,of ,,women4 ,and in his ,io he calls the flowers children of spring1 where he says-- ,strewing around sweet children of the spring4 ,and in his ,centaur1 which is a drama composed in many metres of various kinds1 he calls them children of the meadow-- ,there1 too1 they did invade the countless host ,of all the new-born flowers that deck the fields1 ,hunting with joy the offspring of the meadows4 ,and in his ,bacchus he says-- ,the ivy1 lover of the dance1 ,child of the mirthful year4 ,and in his ,ulysses he speaks thus of roses3-- ,and in their hair the ,hours' choicest gifts ,they wore1 the flowering1 fragrant rose1 ,the loveliest foster-child of spring4 ,and in his ,thyestes he says-- ,the brilliant rose1 and modest snow-white lily4 ,and in his ,miny he says-- ,there was full many a store of ,venus to view1 ,dark in the rich flowers in due season ripe4 #hi4 ,now there have been many women celebrated for their beauty 7for1 as ,euripides says-- ,e'en an old bard may sing of memory7 ,there was1 for instance1 ,thargelia the ,milesian1 who was married to fourteen different husbands1 so very beautiful and accomplished was she1 as ,hippias the ,sophist says1 in his book which is entitled ,synagoge4 ,but ,dinon1 in the fifth book of his ,history of ,persia1 and in the first part of it1 says that the wife of ,bagazus1 who was a sister of ,xerxes by the same father1 7and her name was ,anytis17 was the most beautiful and the most licentious of all the women in ,asia4 ,and ,phylarchus1 in his nineteenth book1 says that ,timosa1 the concubine of ,oxyartes1 surpassed all women in beauty1 and that the king of ,egypt had originally sent her as a present to ,statira1 the wife of the king4 ,and ,theopompus1 in the fifty-sixth book of his ,history1 speaks of ,xenopithea1 the mother of ,lysandrides1 as the most beautiful of all the women in ,peloponnesus4 ,and the ,lacedmonians put her to death1 and her sister ,chryse also1 when ,agesilaus the king1 having raised a seditious tumult in the city1 procured ,lysandrides1 who was his enemy1 to be banished by the ,lacedmonians4 ,pantica of ,cyprus was also a very beautiful woman2 and she is mentioned by ,phylarchus1 in the tenth book of his ,history1 where he says that when she was with ,olympias1 the mother of ,alexander1 ,monimus1 the son of ,pythion1 asked her in marriage4 ,and1 as she was a very licentious woman1 ,olympias said to him--,o wretched man1 you are marrying with your eyes1 and not with your understanding4 ,they also say that the woman who brought back ,pisistratus to assume the tyranny1 clad in the semblance of ,minerva the ,saviour1 was very beautiful1 as indeed she ought to have been1 seeing that she assumed the appearance of a goddess4 ,and she was a seller of garlands2 and ,pisistratus afterwards gave her in marriage to ,hipparchus his son1 as ,clidemus relates in the eighth book of his ,returns1 where he says--,and he also gave the woman1 by name ,phya1 who had been in the chariot with him1 in marriage to his son ,hipparchus4 ,and she was the daughter of a man named ,socrates4 ,and he took for ,hippias1 who succeeded him in the tyranny1 the daughter of ,charmus the polemarch1 who was extraordinarily beautiful4 ,and it happened1 as it is said1 that ,charmus was a great admirer of ,hippias1 and that he was the man who first erected a statue of ,love in the ,academy1 on which there is the following inscription-- ,o wily ,love1 ,charmus this altar raised ,at the well-shaded bounds of her ,gymnasium4 ,hesiod1 also1 in the third book of his ,melampodia1 calls ,chalcis in ,euba1 ,land of fair women2-- for the women there are very beautiful1 as ,theophrastus also asserts4 ,and ,nymphodorus1 in his ,voyage round ,asia1 says that there are nowhere more beautiful women than those in ,tenedos1 an island close to ,troy4 ,sidenote3 ,,praise ,,of ,,modesty4 #ij4 ,i am aware1 too1 that on one occasion there was a contest of beauty instituted among women4 ,and ,nicias1 speaking of it in his ,history of ,arcadia1 says that ,cypselus instituted it1 having built a city in the plain which is watered by the ,alpheus2 in which he established some ,parrhasians1 and consecrated a plot of sacred ground and an altar to ,ceres of ,eleusis1 in whose festival it was that he had instituted this contest of beauty4 ,and he says that the woman who gained the victory in this contest was ,herodice4 ,and even to this day this contest is continued2 and the women who contend in it are called ,goldbearing4 ,and ,theophrastus says that there is also a contest of beauty which takes place among the ,eleans1 and that the decision is come to with great care and deliberation2 and that those who gain the victory receive arms as their prize1 which ,dionysius of ,leuctra says are offered up to ,minerva4 ,and he says1 too1 that the victor is adorned with fillets by his friends1 and goes in procession to the temple2 and that a crown of myrtle is given to him 7at least this is the statement of ,myrsilus1 in his ,historical ,paradoxes74 ,but in some places1 says the same ,theophrastus1 there are contests between the women in respect of modesty and good management1 as there are among the barbarians2 and at other places also there are contests about beauty1 on the ground that this also is entitled to honour1 as for instance1 there are in ,tenedos and ,lesbos4 ,but they say that this is the gift of chance1 or of nature2 but that the honour paid to modesty ought to be one of a greater degree4 ,for that it is in consequence of modesty that beauty is beautiful2 for without modesty it is apt to be subdued by intemperance4 #ia4 ,now1 when ,myrtilus had said all this in a connected statement2 and when all were marvelling at his memory1 ,cynulcus said-- ,your multifarious learning ,i do wonder at-- ,though there is not a thing more vain and useless1 says ,hippon the ,atheist4 ,but the divine ,heraclitus also says--,a great variety of information does not usually give wisdom4 ,and ,timon said-- ,there is great ostentation and parade ,of multifarious learning1 than which nothing ,can be more vain or useless4 ,for what is the use of so many names1 my good grammarian1 which are more calculated to overwhelm the hearers than to do them any good8 ,and if any one were to inquire of you1 who they were who were shut up in the wooden horse1 you would perhaps be able to tell the names of one or two2 and even this you would not do out of the verses of ,stesichorus1 7for that could hardly be17 but out of the ,storming of ,troy1 by ,sacadas the ,argive2 for he has given a catalogue of a great number of names4 ,nor indeed could you properly give a list of the companions of ,ulysses1 and say who they were who were devoured by the ,cyclops1 or by the ,lstrygonians1 and whether they were really devoured or not4 ,and you do not even know this1 in spite of your frequent mention of ,phylarchus1 that in the cities of the ,ceans it is not possible to see either courtesans or female flute-players4 ,and ,myrtilus said1--,but where has ,phylarchus stated this8 ,for ,i have read through all his history4 ,and when he said1--,in the twenty-third book2 ,myrtilus said-- #ib4 ,do ,i not then deservedly detest all you philosophers1 since you are all haters of philology1--men whom not only did ,lysimachus the king banish from his own dominions1 as ,carystius tells us in his ,historic ,reminiscences1 but the ,athenians did so too4 ,at all events1 ,alexis1 in his ,horse1 says-- ,is this the ,academy2 is this ,xenocrates8 ,may the gods greatly bless ,demetrius ,and all the lawgivers2 for1 as men say1 ,they've driven out of ,attica with disgrace ,all those who do profess to teach the youth ,learning and science4 ,and a certain man named ,sophocles1 passed a decree to banish all the philosophers from ,attica4 ,and ,philo1 the friend of ,aristotle1 wrote an oration against him2 and ,demochares1 on the other hand1 who was the cousin of ,demosthenes1 composed a defence for ,sophocles4 ,and the ,romans1 who are in every respect the best of men1 banished all the sophists from ,rome1 on the ground of their corrupting the youth of the city1 though1 at a subsequent time1 somehow or other1 they admitted them4 ,and ,anaxippus the comic poet declares your folly in his ,man struck by ,lightning1 speaking thus-- ,alas1 you're a philosopher2 but ,i ,do think philosophers are only wise ,in quibbling about words2 in deeds they are1 ,as far as ,i can see1 completely foolish4 ,sidenote3 ,,faults ,,of ,,philosophers4 ,it is1 therefore1 with good reason that many cities1 and especially the city of the ,lacedmonians1 as ,chamleon says in his book on ,simonides1 will not admit either rhetoric or philosophy1 on account of the jealousy1 and strife1 and profitless discussions to which they give rise2 owing to which it was that ,socrates was put to death2 he1 who argued against the judges who were given him by lot1 discoursing of justice to them when they were a pack of most corrupt men4 ,and it is owing to this1 too1 that ,theodorus the ,atheist was put to death1 and that ,diagoras was banished2 and this latter1 sailing away when he was banished1 was wrecked4 ,but ,theotimus1 who wrote the books against ,epicurus1 was accused by ,zeno the ,epicurean1 and put to death2 as is related by ,demetrius the ,magnesian1 in his treatise on ,people and ,things which go by the same ,name4 #ic4 ,and1 in short1 according to ,clearchus the ,solensian1 you do not adopt a manly system of life1 but you do really aim at a system which might become a dog2 but although this animal has four excellent qualities1 you select none but the worst of his qualities for your imitation4 ,for a dog is a wonderful animal as to his power of smelling and of distinguishing what belongs to his own family and what does not2 and the way in which he associates with man1 and the manner in which he watches over and protects the houses of all those who are kind to him1 is extraordinary4 ,but you who imitate the dogs1 do neither of these things4 ,for you do not associate with men1 nor do you distinguish between those with whom you are acquainted2 and being very deficient in sensibility1 you live in an indolent and indifferent manner4 ,but while the dog is also a snarling and greedy animal1 and also hard in his way of living1 and naked2 these habits of his you practise1 being abusive and gluttonous1 and1 besides all this1 living without a home or a hearth4 ,the result of all which circumstances is1 that you are destitute of virtue1 and quite unserviceable for any useful purpose in life4 ,for there is nothing less philosophical than those persons who are called philosophers4 ,for whoever supposed that schines1 the pupil of ,socrates1 would have been such a man in his manners as ,lysias the orator1 in his speeches on the ,contracts1 represents him to have been2 when1 out of the dialogues which are extant1 and generally represented to be his work1 we are inclined to admire him as an equitable and moderate man8 unless1 indeed1 those writings are in reality the work of the wise ,socrates1 and were given to schines by ,xanthippe1 the wife of ,socrates1 after his death1 which ,idomeneus asserts to be the case4 #id4 ,but ,lysias1 in the oration which bears this title--,against schines1 the ,pupil of ,socrates1 for ,debt1 7for ,i will recite the passage1 even though it be a rather long one1 on account of your excessive arrogance1 ,o philosophers17--begins in the following manner--,i never should have imagined1 ,o judges1 that schines would have dared to come into court on a trial which is so discreditable to him4 ,for a more disgracefully false accusation than the one which he has brought forward1 ,i do not believe it to be easy to find4 ,for he1 ,o judges1 owing a sum of money with a covenanted interest of three drachm to ,sosinomus the banker and ,aristogiton1 came to me1 and besought me not to allow him to be wholly stripped of his own property1 in consequence of this high interest4 ',and ,i1' said he1 'am at this moment carrying on the trade of a perfumer2 but ,i want capital to go on with1 and ,i will pay you nine#fj obols a month interest4' ,a fine end to the happiness of this philosopher was the trade of a perfumer1 and admirably harmonizing with the philosophy of ,socrates1 a man who utterly rejected the use of all perfumes and unguents6 ,and moreover1 ,solon the lawgiver expressly forbade a man to devote himself to any such business3 on which account ,pherecrates1 in his ,oven1 or ,woman sitting up all ,night1 says-- ,why should he practise a perfumer's trade1 ,sitting beneath a high umbrella there1 ,preparing for himself a seat on which ,to gossip with the youths the whole day long8 ,and presently afterwards he says-- ,and no one ever saw a female cook ,or any fishwoman2 for every class ,should practise arts which are best suited to it4 ,sidenote3 ,,lending ,,money4 ,and after what ,i have already quoted1 the orator proceeds to say--,and ,i was persuaded by this speech of his1 considering also that this schines had been the pupil of ,socrates1 and was a man who uttered fine sentiments about virtue and justice1 and who would never attempt nor venture on the actions practised by dishonest and unjust men4 #ie4 ,and after this again1 after he had run through the accusation of schines1 and had explained how he had borrowed the money1 and how he never paid either interest or principal1 and how1 when an action was brought against him1 he had allowed judgment to go by default1 and how a branded slave of his had been put forward by him as security2 and after he had brought a good many more charges of the same kind against him1 he thus proceeded3--,but1 ,o judges1 ,i am not the only person to whom he behaves in this manner1 but he treats every one who has any dealings with him in the same manner4 ,are not even all the wine-sellers who live near him1 from whom he gets wine for his entertainments and never pays for it1 bringing actions against him1 having already closed their shops against him8 ,and his neighbours are ill-treated by him to such a degree that they leave their own houses1 and go and rent others which are at a distance from him4 ,and with respect to all the contributions which he collects1 he never himself puts down the remaining share which is due from him1 but all the money which ever gets into this pedlar's hands is lost as if it were utterly destroyed4 ,and such a number of men come to his house daily at dawn1 to ask for their money which he owes them1 that passers-by suppose he must be dead1 and that such a crowd can only be collected to attend his funeral4 ,and those men who live in the ,pirus have such an opinion of him1 that they think it a far less perilous business to sail to the ,adriatic than to deal with him2 for he thinks that all that he can borrow is much more actually his own than what his father left him4 ,has he not got possession of the property of ,hermus the perfumer1 after having seduced his wife1 though she was seventy years old8 whom he pretended to be in love with1 and then treated in such a manner that she reduced her husband and her sons to beggary1 and made him a perfumer instead of a pedlar6 in so amorous a manner did he handle the damsel1 enjoying the fruit of her youth1 when it would have been less trouble to him to count her teeth than the fingers of her hand1 they were so much fewer4 ,and now come forward1 you witnesses1 who will prove these facts4--,this1 then1 is the life of this sophist4 ,these1 ,o ,cynulcus1 are the words of ,lysias4 ,but ,i1 in the words of ,aristarchus the tragic poet1 ,saying no more1 but this in self-defence1 will now cease my attack upon you and the rest of the ,cynics4 ,,footnotes4 #ab meaning1 of double nature4 #ac ,iliad1 xxiv4 #dhi4 #ad ,iliad1 ii4 #bbj4 #ae ,theognis4 #af ,it is not known from what play this fragment comes4 ,it is given in the ,variorum ,edition of ,euripides1 ,inc4 ,fragm4 #afe4 #ag ,from the ,andromeda4 #ah ,this is a blunder of ,athenus2 for the passage alluded to is evidently that in the ,iphigenia in ,aulis of ,euripides4 ,the lines as quoted in the text here are-- ' ' 4 ,the passage in ,euripides is-- ' ' ' ' 4--,iph4 in ,aul4 #eeb4 #ai ,iliad1 x4 #dja4 #bj ,this fragment is from the ,hippodamia4 #ba ,ode #fg4 #bb ,this is not from any one of the odes1 which we have entire2 but is only a fragment4 #bc ,from 1 to cut the hair4 #bd ,from the olus4 #be ,iliad1 iii4 #aef4 #bf ,ib4 iii4 #agj4 #bg ,ib4 xx4 #bcd4 #bh ,ach4 #ebd4 #bi ,pind4 ,ol4 #ac4 #cj ,a was a song which went round at banquets1 sung to the lyre by the guests1 one after another1 said to have been introduced by ,terpander2 but the word is first found in ,pind4 ,fr4 lxxxvii4 #i2 ,aristoph4 ,ach4 #ecb4 ,the name is of uncertain origin3 some refer it to the character of the music1 1 as opposed to 2 others to the 1 or amphibrachic rhythm recognised in many scolia2 but most1 after ,dicarchus and ,plutarch1 from the irregular zigzag way it went round the table1 each guest who sung holding a myrtle-branch1 which he passed on to any one he chose4--,lid4 ,scott1 ,gr4 ,lex4 in voc4 #ca ,these are the second and third lines of the ,electra of ,sophocles4 #cb ,the ,kids was a constellation rising about the beginning of ,october1 and supposed by the ancients to bring storms4 ,theocritus says-- ' 4--vii4 #ec4 #cc means a young twig4 #cd ,there is a pun here on her name1-- meaning a mare4 #ce 1 a cistern2 a cellar4 #cf ,this is a pun on the similarity of the name to 1 silence4 #cg means both an old woman1 and the scum on boiled milk4 #ch means both the womb1 and the new comer4 #ci ,punning on the similarity of the name to 1 a goat4 #dj ,punning on the similarity of 1 to eat1 and 1 a goat4 #da ,the ,greek word is 1 which might perhaps also mean to bring coolness1 from 1 coolness4 #db ,the young man says 7 scil471 but ,phryne chooses to suppose that he meant to say 1 blows4 #dc ,this is a pun on the name 1 as if from 1 to be stingy4 #dd ,anticyra was the name of three islands celebrated as producing a great quantity of hellebore4 ,horace1 speaking of a madman1 says3 ,si tribus ,anticyris caput insanabile nunquam ,tonsori ,licino commiserit4--,a4 ,p4 #cjj4 #de ,this probably means a large crane4 #df ,from 1 to weep1 and 1 laughter4 #dg ,that is1 ,with beautiful ,eyelids2 from 1 grace1 and 1 an eyelid4 #dh ,the universal ,friend4 #di literally means the matter which gathers in the corner of the eyes2 1 sore eyes4 means an oversight1 a defect in sight2 but there is supposed to be some corruption in this latter word4 #ej ,rharia was a name of ,ceres1 from the ,rharian plain near ,eleusis1 where corn was first sown by ,triptolemus1 the son of ,rharus4 ,it is mentioned by ,homer3-- ' 1 1 ' 1 1 ' 4--,od4 in ,cerer4 #dej4 #ea ,anacreon4 #eb ,sophocles4 #ec ,v4 #c4 #ed ,this is not from the ,hippolytus1 but is a fragment from the ,auge4 #ee ,from 1 to carry off4 #ef ,of far greater importance was the public hospitality 77 which existed between two states1 or between an individual or a family on the one hand1 and a whole state on the other4444 ,when two states established public hospitality1 it was necessary that in each state persons should be appointed to show hospitality to1 and watch over the interests of all persons who came from the state connected by hospitality4 ,the persons who were appointed to this office1 as the recognised agents of the state for which they acted1 were called 4444 ,the office of 1 which bears great resemblance to that of a modern consul1 or minister resident1 was in some cases hereditary in a particular family4 ,when a state appointed a proxenus1 it either sent out one of its own citizens to reside in the other state1 or it selected one of the citizens of the other1 and conferred on him the honour of proxenus4444 ,this custom seems in later times to have been universally adopted by the ,greeks4444 ,the principal duties of a proxenus were to receive those persons1 especially ambassadors1 who came from the state which he represented2 to procure for them admission to the assembly1 and seats in the theatre2 to act as the patron of the strangers1 and to mediate between the two states1 if any dispute arose4 ,if a stranger died in the state1 the proxenus of his country had to take care of the property of the deceased4 ,the proxenus usually enjoyed exemption from taxes2 and their persons were inviolable both by sea and land4--,smith1 ,dict4 ,ant4 v4 ,hospitium1 p4 #dia4 #eg ,pindar1 ,ol4 vi4 #ga4 #eh ,homer gives this epithet to ,aurora1 ,iliad1 i4 #dgg1 and in many other places4 #ei ,schweighauser says this word is to him totally unintelligible4 #fj ,this would have been #ah per cent4 ,three drachm were about #cf per cent4 ,the former appears to have been the usual rate of interest at ,athens in the time of ,lysias2 for we find in ,demosthenes that interest 1 that is to say1 a drachma a month interest for each mina lent1 was considered low4 ,it was exceedingly common1 however1 among the money-lenders1 to exact an exorbitant rate of interest1 going even as high as a drachma every four days4--,see ,smith's ,dict4 ,ant4 v4 ,interest1 p4 #ebd4 ,,book ,,xiv4 #a4 ,,most people1 my friend ,timocrates1 call ,bacchus frantic1 because those who drink too much unmixed wine become violent4 ,to copious wine this insolence we owe1 ,and much thy betters wine can overthrow ,the great ,eurytion1 when this frenzy stung1 ,pirithous' roofs with frantic riot rung3 ,boundless the ,centaur raged1 till one and all ,the heroes lose and dragg'd him from the hall2 ,his nose they shorten'd1 and his ears they slit1 ,and sent him sober'd home with better wit4#fa ,for when the wine has penetrated down into the body1 as ,herodotus says1 bad and furious language is apt to rise to the surface4 ,and ,clearchus the comic poet says in his ,corinthians-- ,if all the men who to get drunk are apt1 ,had every day a headache ere they drank ,the wine1 there is not one would drink a drop3 ,but as we now get all the pleasure first1 ,and then the drink1 we lose the whole delight ,in the sharp pain which follows4 ,and ,xenophon represents ,agesilaus as insisting that a man ought to shun drunkenness equally with madness1 and immoderate gluttony as much as idleness4 ,but we1 as we are not of the class who drink to excess1 nor of the number of those who are in the habit of being intoxicated by midday1 have come rather to this literary entertainment2 for ,ulpian1 who is always finding fault1 reproved some one just now who said1 ,i am not drunk 771 saying1--,where do you find that word 8 ,but he rejoined1--,why1 in ,alexis1 who1 in his play called the ,new ,settler1 says-- ,he did all this when drunk 774 ,sidenote3 ,,jesters4 #b4 ,but as1 after the discussion by us of the new topics which arise1 our liberal entertainer ,laurentius is every day constantly introducing different kinds of music1 and also jesters and buffoons1 let us have a little talk about them4 ,although ,i am aware that ,anacharsis the ,scythian1 when on one occasion jesters were introduced in his company1 remained without moving a muscle of his countenance2 but afterwards1 when a monkey was brought in1 he burst out laughing1 and said1 ,now this fellow is laughable by his nature1 but man is only so through practice4 ,and ,euripides1 in his ,melanippe in ,chains1 has said-- ,but many men1 from the wish to raise a laugh1 ,practise sharp sayings2 but those sorry jesters ,i hate who let loose their unbridled tongues ,against the wise and good2 nor do ,i class them ,as men at all1 but only as jokes and playthings4 ,meantime they live at ease1 and gather up ,good store of wealth to keep within their houses4 ,and ,parmeniscus of ,metapontum1 as ,semus tells us in the fifth book of his ,delias1 a man of the highest consideration both as to family and in respect of his riches1 having gone down to the cave of ,trophonius1 after he had come up again1 was not able to laugh at all4 ,and when he consulted the oracle on this subject1 the ,pythian priestess replied to him-- ,you're asking me1 you laughless man1 ,about the power to laugh again2 ,your mother 'll give it you at home1 ,if you with reverence to her come4 ,so1 on this1 he hoped that when he returned to his country he should be able to laugh again2 but when he found that he could laugh no more now than he could before1 he considered that he had been deceived2 till1 by some chance1 he came to ,delos2 and as he was admiring everything he saw in the island1 he came into the temple of ,latona1 expecting to see some very superb statue of the mother of ,apollo2 but when he saw only a wooden shapeless figure1 he unexpectedly burst out laughing4 ,and then1 comparing what had happened with the oracle of the god1 and being cured of his infirmity1 he honoured the goddess greatly4 #c4 ,now ,anaxandrides1 in his ,old-,man's ,madness1 says that it was ,rhadamanthus and ,palamedes who invented the fashion of jesters2 and his words are these3-- ,and yet we labour much4 ,but ,palamedes first1 and ,rhadamanthus1 ,sought those who bring no other contribution1 ,but say amusing things4 ,xenophon also1 in his ,banquet1 mentions jesters2 introducing ,philip1 of whom he speaks in the following manner3--,but ,philip the jester1 having knocked at the door1 told the boy who answered1 to tell the guests who he was1 and that he was desirous to be admitted2 and he said that he came provided with everything which could qualify him for supping at other people's expense4 ,and he said1 too1 that his boy was in a good deal of distress because he had brought nothing1 and because he had had no dinner4 ,and ,hippolochus the ,macedonian1 in his epistle to ,lynceus1 mentions the jesters ,mandrogenes and ,strato the ,athenian4 ,and at ,athens there was a great deal of this kind of cleverness4 ,accordingly1 in the ,heracleum at ,diomea#fb they assembled to the number of sixty1 and they were always spoken of in the city as amounting to that number1 in such expressions as--,the sixty said this1 and1 ,i am come from the sixty4 ,and among them were ,callimedon1 nicknamed the ,crab1 and ,dinias1 and also ,mnasigeiton and ,menchmus1 as ,telephanes tells us in his treatise on the ,city4 ,and their reputation for amusing qualities was so great1 that ,philip the ,macedonian heard of it1 and sent them a talent to engage them to write out their witticisms and send them to him4 ,and the fact of this king having been a man who was very fond of jokes is testified to us by ,demosthenes the orator in his ,philippics4 ,sidenote3 ,,jesters4 ,demetrius ,poliorcetes was a man very eager for anything which could make him laugh1 as ,phylarchus tells us in the sixth book of his ,history4 ,and he it was who said1 that the palace of ,lysimachus was in no respect different from a comic theatre2 for that there was no one there bigger than a dissyllable2#fc 7meaning to laugh at ,bithys and ,paris1 who had more influence than anybody with ,lysimachus1 and at some others of his friends27 but that his friends were ,peucesteses1 and ,menelauses1 and ,oxythemises4 ,but when ,lysimachus heard this1 he said1--,i1 however1 never saw a prostitute on the stage in a tragedy2 referring to ,lamia the female flute-player4 ,and when this was reported to ,demetrius1 he rejoined1--,but the prostitute who is with me1 lives in a more modest manner than the ,penelope who is with him4 #d4 ,and we have mentioned before this that ,sylla1 the general of the ,romans1 was very fond of anything laughable4 ,and ,lucius ,anicius1 who was also a general of the ,romans1 after he had subdued the ,illyrians1 and brought with him ,genthius the king of the ,illyrians as his prisoner1 with all his children1 when he was celebrating his triumphal games at ,rome1 did many things of the most laughable character possible1 as ,polybius relates in his thirtieth book3--,for having sent for the most eminent artists from ,greece1 and having erected a very large theatre in the circus1 he first of all introduced all the flute-players4 ,and these were ,theodorus the ,botian1 and ,theopompus1 and ,hermippus1 surnamed ,lysimachus1 who were the most eminent men in their profession4 ,and having brought these men in front of the stage after the chorus was over1 he ordered them all to play the flute4 ,and as they accompanied their music with appropriate gestures1 he sent to them and said that they were not playing well1 and desired them to be more vehement4 ,and while they were in perplexity1 one of the lictors told them that what ,anicius wished was that they should turn round so as to advance towards each other1 and give a representation of a battle4 ,and then the flute-players1 taking this hint1 and adopting a movement not unsuited to their habitual wantonness1 caused a great tumult and confusion2 and turning the middle of the chorus towards the extremities1 the flute-players1 all blowing unpremeditated notes1 and letting their flutes be all out of tune1 rushed upon one another in turn3 and at the same time the choruses1 all making a noise to correspond to them1 and coming on the stage at the same time1 rushed also upon one another1 and then again retreated1 advancing and retreating alternately4 ,but when one of the chorus-dancers tucked up his garment1 and suddenly turned round and raised his hands against the flute-player who was coming towards him1 as if he was going to box with him1 then there arose an extraordinary clapping and shouting on the part of the spectators4 ,and while all these men were fighting as if in regular battle1 two dancers were introduced into the orchestra with a symphony1 and four boxers mounted the stage1 with trumpeters and horn-players3 and when all these men were striving together1 the spectacle was quite indescribable3 and as for the tragedians1 says ,polybius1 if ,i were to attempt to describe what took place with respect to them1 ,i should be thought by some people to be jesting4 #e4 ,now when ,ulpian had said thus much1 and when all were laughing at the idea of this exhibition of ,anicius1 a discussion arose about the men who are called 4 ,and the question was asked1 ,whether there was any mention of these men in any of the ancient authors8 for of the jugglers 77 we have already spoken3 and ,magnus said1--,dionysius of ,sinope1 the comic poet1 in his play entitled the ,namesakes1 mentions ,cephisodorus the in the following terms3-- ,they say that once there was a man at ,athens1 ,a 1 named ,cephisodorus1 who ,devoted all his life to this pursuit2 ,and he1 whenever to a hill he came1 ,ran straight up to the top2 but then descending ,came slowly down1 and leaning on a stick4 ,and ,nicostratus also mentions him in his ,syrian-- ,they say the ,cephisodorus once ,most wittily station'd in a narrow lane ,a crowd of men with bundles of large faggots1 ,so that no one else could pass that way at all4 ,there was also a man named ,pantaleon1 who is mentioned1 by ,theognetus1 in his ,slave devoted to his ,master-- ,pantaleon himself did none deceive 77 ,save only foreigners1 and those1 too1 such ,as ne'er had heard of him3 and often he1 ,after a drunken revel1 would pour forth ,all sorts of jokes1 striving to raise a laugh ,by his unceasing chattering4 ,sidenote3 ,,jesters4 ,and ,chrysippus the philosopher1 in the fifth book of his treatise on ,honour and ,pleasure1 writes thus of ,pantaleon3--,but ,pantaleon the 1 when he was at the point of death1 deceived every one of his sons separately1 telling each of them that he was the only one to whom he was revealing the place where he had buried his gold2 so that they afterwards went and dug together to no purpose1 and then found out that they had been all deceived4 #f4 ,and our party was not deficient in men fond of raising a laugh by bitter speeches4 ,and respecting a man of this kind1 ,chrysippus subsequently1 in the same book1 writes as follows3--,once when a man fond of saying bitter things was about to be put to death by the executioner1 he said that he wished to die like the swan1 singing a song2 and when he gave him leave1 he ridiculed him4 ,and ,myrtilus having had a good many jokes cut on him by people of this sort1 got angry1 and said that ,lysimachus the king had done a very sensible thing2 for he1 hearing ,telesphorus1 one of his lieutenants1 at an entertainment1 ridiculing ,arsinoe 7and she was the wife of ,lysimachus71 as being a woman in the habit of vomiting1 in the following line-- ,you begin ill1 introducing 1#fd-- ordered him to be put in a cage 77 and carried about like a wild beast1 and fed2 and he punished him in this way till he died4 ,but if you1 ,o ,ulpian1 raise a question about the word 1 it occurs in ,hyperides the orator2 and the passage you may find out for yourself4 ,and ,tachaos the king of ,egypt ridiculed ,agesilaus king of ,lacedmon1 when he came to him as an ally 7for he was a very short man71 and lost his kingdom in consequence1 as ,agesilaus abandoned his alliance4 ,and the expression of ,tachaos was as follows3-- ,the mountain was in labour2 ,jupiter ,was greatly frighten'd3 lo6 a mouse was born4 ,and ,agesilaus hearing of this1 and being indignant at it1 said1 ,i will prove a lion to you4 ,so afterwards1 when the ,egyptians revolted 7as ,theopompus relates1 and ,lyceas of ,naucratis confirms the statement in his ,history of ,egypt71 ,agesilaus refused to cooperate with him1 and1 in consequence1 ,tachaos lost his kingdom1 and fled to the ,persians4 #g4 ,so as there was a great deal of music introduced1 and not always the same instruments1 and as there was a good deal of discussion and conversation about them1 7without always giving the names of those who took part in it17 ,i will enumerate the chief things which were said4 ,for concerning flutes1 somebody said that ,melanippides1 in his ,marsyas1 disparaging the art of playing the flute1 had said very cleverly about ,minerva3-- ,minerva cast away those instruments ,down from her sacred hand2 and said1 in scorn1 ,away1 you shameful things--you stains of the body6 ,shall ,i now yield myself to such malpractices8 ,and some one1 replying to him1 said1--,but ,telestes of ,selinus1 in opposition to ,melanippides1 says in his ,argo 7and it is of ,minerva that he too is speaking73-- ,it seems to me a scarcely credible thing ,that the wise ,pallas1 holiest of goddesses1 ,should in the mountain groves have taken up ,that clever instrument1 and then again ,thrown it away1 fearing to draw her mouth ,into an unseemly shape1 to be a glory ,to the nymph-born1 noisy monster ,marsyas4 ,for how should chaste ,minerva be so anxious ,about her beauty1 when the ,fates had given her ,a childless1 husbandless virginity8 intimating his belief that she1 as she was and always was to continue a maid1 could not be alarmed at the idea of disfiguring her beauty4 ,and in a subsequent passage he says-- ,but this report1 spread by vain-speaking men1 ,hostile to every chorus1 flew most causelessly ,through ,greece1 to raise an envy and reproach ,against the wise and sacred art of music4 ,and after this1 in an express panegyric on the art of flute-playing1 he says-- ,and so the happy breath of the holy goddess ,bestow'd this art divine on ,bromius1 ,with the quick motion of the nimble fingers4 ,and very neatly1 in his sculapius1 has ,telestes vindicated the use of the flute1 where he says-- ,and that wise ,phrygian king who first poured forth ,the notes from sweetly-sounding sacred flutes1 ,rivalling the music of the ,doric ,muse1 ,embracing with his well-join'd reeds the breath ,which fills the flute with tuneful modulation4 ,sidenote3 ,,concerts4 #h4 ,and ,pratinas the ,phliasian says1 that when some hired flute-players and chorus-dancers were occupying the orchestra1 some people were indignant because the flute-players did not play in tune to the choruses1 as was the national custom1 but the choruses instead sang1 keeping time to the flutes4 ,and what his opinion and feelings were towards those who did this1 ,pratinas declares in the following hyporchema3-- ,what noise is this8 ,what mean these songs of dancers now8 ,what new unseemly fashion ,has seized upon this stage to ,bacchus sacred1 ,now echoing with various noise8 ,bromius is mine6 is mine6 ,i am the man who ought to sing1 ,i am the man who ought to raise the strain1 ,hastening o'er the hills1 ,in swift inspired dance among the ,naiades2 ,blending a song of varied strain1 ,like the sweet dying swan4 ,you1 ,o ,pierian ,muse1 the sceptre sway ,of holy song3 ,and after you let the shrill flute resound2 ,for that is but the handmaid ,of revels1 where men combat at the doors1 ,and fight with heavy fists4#fe 99 99 99 99 99 ,and is the leader fierce of bloody quarrel4 ,descend1 ,o ,bacchus1 on the son of ,phrynus1 ,the leader of the changing choir1-- ,chattering1 untimely1 leading on ,the rhythm of the changing song4 99 99 99 99 99 ,king of the loud triumphal dithyrambic1 ,whose brow the ivy crowns1 ,hear this my ,doric song4 #i4 ,and of the union of flutes with the lyre 7for that concert has often been a great delight to us ourselves71 ,ephippus1 in his ,traffic1 speaks as follows3-- ,clearly1 ,o youth1 the music of the flute1 ,and that which from the lyre comes1 does suit ,well with our pastimes2 for when each resound ,in unison with the feelings of those present1 ,then is the greatest pleasure felt by all4 ,and the exact meaning of the word is shown by ,semus the ,delian1 in the fifth book of his ,delias1 where he writes--,but as the term 'concert' 77 is not understood by many people1 we must speak of it4 ,it is when there is a union of the flute and of rhythm in alternation1 without any words accompanying the melody4 ,and ,antiphanes explains it very neatly in his ,flute-player1 where he says-- ,tell me1 ,i pray you1 what this concert 7 7 was ,which he did give you4 ,for you know2 but they ,having well learnt1 still played#ff4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,a concert of sweet sounds1 apart from words1 ,is pleasant1 and not destitute of meaning4 ,but the poets frequently call the flute the ,libyan flute1 as ,duris remarks in the second book of his ,history of ,agathocles1 because ,seirites1 who appears to have been the first inventor of the art of flute-playing1 was a ,libyan1 of one of the ,nomad tribes2 and he was the first person who played airs on the flute in the festival of ,cybele4 ,and the different kinds of airs which can be played on the flute 7as ,tryphon tells us in the second book of his treatise on ,names7 have the following names3--the ,comus1 the ,bucoliasmus1 the ,gingras1 the ,tetracomus1 the ,epiphallus1 the ,choreus1 the ,callinicus1 the ,martial1 the ,hedycomus1 the ,sicynnotyrbe1 the ,thyrocopicum1 which is the same as the ,crousithyrum 7or ,door-knocker71 the ,cnismus1 the ,mothon4 ,and all these airs on the flute1 when played1 were accompanied with dancing4 #aj4 ,tryphon also gives a list of the different names of songs1 as follows4 ,he says--,there is the ,himus1 which is also called the ,millstone song1 which men used to sing while grinding corn1 perhaps from the word 4 ,but is a ,dorian word1 signifying a return1 and also the quantity of corn which the millers gave into the bargain4 ,then there is the ,elinus1 which is the song of the men who worked at the loom2 as ,epicharmus shows us in his ,atalantas4 ,there is also the ,ioulos1 sung by the women who spin4 ,and ,semus the ,delian1 in his treatise on ,pans1 says--,they used to call the handfuls of barley taken separately1 2 but when they were collected so that a great many were made into one sheaf1 then they were called and 4 ,and ,ceres herself was called sometimes ,chloe1 and sometimes ,ioulo2 and1 as being the inventions of this goddess1 both the fruits of the ground and also the songs addressed to the goddess were called and 3 and so1 too1 we have the words and 1 and the line-- 1 4 ,sidenote3 ,,songs4 ,but others say that the ,ioulis is the song of the workers in wool4 ,there are also the songs of nurses1 which are called 4 ,there was also a song used at the feast of ,swings1#fg in honour of ,erigone1 which is called ,aletis4 ,at all events1 ,aristotle says1 in his treatise on the ,constitution of the ,colophonians--,theodoras also himself died afterwards by a violent death4 ,and he is said to have been a very luxurious man1 as is evident from his poetry2 for even now the women sing his songs on the festival of the ,swing4 ,there was also a reaper's song called ,lityerses2 and another song sung by hired servants when going to the fields1 as ,teleclides tells us in his ,amphictyons4 ,there were songs1 too1 of bathing men1 as we learn from ,crates in his ,deeds of ,daring2 and a song of women baking1 as ,aristophanes intimates in his ,thesmophoriazus1 and ,nicochares in his ,hercules ,choregus4 ,and another song in use among those who drove herds1 and this was called the ,bucoliasmus4 ,and the man who first invented this species of song was ,diomus1 a ,sicilian cowherd2 and it is mentioned by ,epicharmus in his ,halcyon1 and in his ,ulysses ,shipwrecked4 ,the song used at deaths and in mourning is called ,olophyrmus2 and the songs called ,iouli are used in honour of ,ceres and ,proserpine4 ,the song sung in honour of ,apollo is called ,philhelias1 as we learn from ,telesilla2 and those addressed to ,diana are called ,upingi4 ,there were also laws composed by ,charondas1 which were sung at ,athens at drinking parties2 as ,hermippus tells us in the sixth book of his treatise on ,lawgivers4 ,and ,aristophanes1 in his catalogue of ,attic ,expressions1 says--,the ,himus is the song of people grinding2 the ,hymenus is the song used at marriage-feasts2 and that employed in lamentation is called ,ialemus4 ,but the ,linus and the linus are not confined to occasions of mourning1 but are in use also in good fortune1 as we may gather from ,euripides4 #aa4 ,but ,clearchus1 in the first book of his treatise on matters relating to ,love1 says that there was a kind of song called ,nomium1 derived from ,eriphanis2 and his words are these3--,eriphanis was a lyric poetess1 the mistress of ,menalcas the hunter2 and she1 pursuing him with her passions1 hunted too4 ,for often frequenting the mountains1 and wandering over them1 she came to the different groves1 equalling in her wanderings the celebrated journeys of ,io2 so that not only those men who were most remarkable for their deficiency in the tender passion1 but even the fiercest beasts1 joined in weeping for her misfortunes1 perceiving the lengths to which her passionate hopes carried her4 ,therefore she wrote poems2 and when she had composed them1 as it is said1 she roamed about the desert1 shouting and singing the kind of song called ,nomium1 in which the burden of the song is-- ,the lofty oaks1 ,menalcas4 ,and ,aristoxenus1 in the fourth book of his treatise on ,music1 says--,anciently the women used to sing a kind of song called ,calyca4 ,now1 this was a poem of ,stesichorus1 in which a damsel of the name of ,calyca1 being in love with a young man named ,euathlus1 prays in a modest manner to ,venus to aid her in becoming his wife4 ,but when the young man scorned her1 she threw herself down a precipice4 ,and this disaster took place near ,leucas4 ,and the poet has represented the disposition of the maiden as very modest2 so that she was not willing to live with the youth on his own terms1 but prayed that1 if possible1 she might become the wedded wife of ,euathlus2 and if that were not possible1 that she might be released from life4 ,but1 in his ,brief ,memoranda1 ,aristoxenus says--,iphiclus despised ,harpalyce1 who was in love with him2 but she died1 and there has been a contest established among the virgins of songs in her honour1 and the contest is called from her1 ,harpalyce4 ,and ,nymphis1 in the first book of his ,history of ,heraclea1 speaking of the ,maryandyni1 says--,and in the same way it is well to notice some songs which1 in compliance with a national custom1 they sing1 in which they invoke some ancient person1 whom they address as ,bormus4 ,and they say that he was the son of an illustrious and wealthy man1 and that he was far superior to all his fellows in beauty and in the vigour of youth2 and as he was superintending the cultivation of some of his own lands1 and wishing to give his reapers something to drink1 he went to fetch some water1 and disappeared4 ,accordingly1 they say that on this the natives of the country sought him with a kind of dirge and invocation set to music1 which even to this day they are in the habit of using frequently4 ,and a similar kind of song is that which is in use among the ,egyptians1 and is called ,maneros4 ,sidenote3 ,,rhapsodists4 #ab4 ,moreover1 there were rhapsodists also present at our entertainments3 for ,laurentius delighted in the reciters of ,homer to an extraordinary degree2 so that one might call ,cassander the king of ,macedonia a trifler in comparison of him2 concerning whom ,carystius1 in his ,historic ,recollections1 tells us that he was so devoted to ,homer1 that he could say the greater part of his poems by heart2 and he had a copy of the ,iliad and the ,odyssey written out with his own hand4 ,and that these reciters of ,homer were called ,homerist also1 ,aristocles has told us in his treatise on ,choruses4 ,but those who are now called ,homerist were first introduced on the stage by ,demetrius ,phalereus4 ,now ,chamleon1 in his essay on ,stesichorus1 says that not only the poems of ,homer1 but those also of ,hesiod and ,archilochus1 and also of ,mimnermus and ,phocylides1 were often recited to the accompaniment of music2 and ,clearchus1 in the first book of his treatise on ,pictures1 says--,simonides of ,zacynthus used to sit in the theatres on a lofty chair reciting the verses of ,archilochus4 ,and ,lysanias1 in the first book of his treatise on ,iambic ,poets1 says that ,mnasion the rhapsodist used in his public recitations to deliver some of the ,iambics of ,simonides4 ,and ,cleomenes the rhapsodist1 at the ,olympic games1 recited the ,purification of ,empedocles1 as is asserted by ,dicarchus in his history of ,olympia4 ,and ,jason1 in the third book of his treatise on the ,temples of ,alexander1 says that ,hegesias1 the comic actor1 recited the works of ,herodotus in the great theatre1 and that ,hermophantus recited the poems of ,homer4 #ac4 ,and the men called ,hilarodists 7whom some people at the present day call ,simodists1 as ,aristocles tells us in his first book on ,choruses1 because ,simus the ,magnesian was the most celebrated of all the poets of joyous songs17 frequently come under our notice4 ,and ,aristocles also gives a regular list of them in his treatise on ,music1 where he speaks in the following manner3--,the ,magodist--but he is the same as the ,lysiodist4 ,but ,aristoxenus says that ,magodus is the name given to an actor who acts both male and female characters2#fh but that he who acts a woman's part in combination with a man's is called a ,lysiodist4 ,and they both sing the same songs1 and in other respects they are similar4 ,the ,ionic dialect also supplies us with poems of ,sotades1 and with what before his time were called ,ionic poems1 such as those of ,alexander the tolian1 and ,pyres the ,milesian1 and ,alexas1 and other poets of the same kind2 and ,sotades is called 4 ,and ,sotades the ,maronite was very notorious for this kind of poetry1 as ,carystius of ,pergamus says in his essay on ,sotades2 and so was the son of ,sotades1 ,apollonius3 and this latter also wrote an essay on his father's poetry1 from which one may easily see the unbridled licence of language which ,sotades allowed himself1--abusing ,lysimachus the king in ,alexandria1--and1 when at the court of ,lysimachus1 abusing ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1--and in different cities speaking ill of different sovereigns2 on which account1 at last1 he met with the punishment that he deserved3 for when he had sailed from ,alexandria 7as ,hegesander1 in his ,reminiscences1 relates71 and thought that he had escaped all danger1 7for he had said many bitter things against ,ptolemy the king1 and especially this1 after he had heard that he had married his sister ,arsinoe1-- ,he pierced forbidden fruit with deadly sting17 ,patrocles1 the general of ,ptolemy1 caught him in the island of ,caunus1 and shut him up in a leaden vessel1 and carried him into the open sea and drowned him4 ,and his poetry is of this kind3 ,philenus was the father of ,theodorus the flute-player1 on whom he wrote these lines3-- ,and he1 opening the door which leads from the back-street1 ,sent forth vain thunder from a leafy cave1 ,such as a mighty ploughing ox might utter4 ,sidenote3 ,,magodi4 #ad4 ,but the ,hilarodus1 as he is called1 is a more respectable kind of poet than these men are2 for he is never effeminate or indecorous1 but he wears a white manly robe1 and he is crowned with a golden crown3 and in former times he used to wear sandals1 as ,aristocles tells us2 but at the present day he wears only slippers4 ,and some man or woman sings an accompaniment to him1 as to a person who sings to the flute4 ,and a crown is given to a ,hilarodus1 as well as to a person who sings to the flute2 but such honours are not allowed to a player on the harp or on the flute4 ,but the man who is called a ,magodus has drums and cymbals1 and wears all kinds of woman's attire2 and he behaves in an effeminate manner1 and does every sort of indecorous1 indecent thing1--imitating at one time a woman1 at another an adulterer or a pimp3 or sometimes he represents a drunken man1 or even a serenade offered by a reveller to his mistress4 ,and ,aristoxenus says that the business of singing joyous songs is a respectable one1 and somewhat akin to tragedy2 but that the business of a ,magodus is more like comedy4 ,and very often it happens that the ,magodi1 taking the argument of some comedy1 represent it according to their own fashion and manner4 ,and the word was derived from the fact that those who addicted themselves to the practice1 uttered things like magical incantations1 and often declared the power of various drugs4 #ae4 ,but there was among the ,lacedmonians an ancient kind of comic diversion1 as ,sosibius says1 not very important or serious1 since ,sparta aimed at plainness even in pastimes4 ,and the way was1 that some one1 using very plain1 unadorned language1 imitated persons stealing fruit1 or else some foreign physician speaking in this way1 as ,alexis1 in his ,woman who has taken ,mandragora1 represents one3 and he says-- ,if any surgeon of the country says1 ,give him at early dawn a platter full ,of barley-broth1 we shall at once despise him2 ,but if he says the same with foreign accent1 ,we marvel and admire him4 ,if he call ,the beet-root 1 we disregard him2 ,but if he style it 1 we listen1 ,and straightway1 with attention fix'd1 obey2 ,as if there were such difference between and 4 ,and those who practised this kind of sport were called among the ,lacedmonians 1 which is a term equivalent to or 4#fi ,there are1 however1 many names1 varying in different places1 for this class of 2 for the ,sicyonians call them 1 and others call them 1 and some call them 1 as the ,italians do2 but people in general call them ,sophists3 and the ,thebans1 who are very much in the habit of giving peculiar names to many things1 call them 4 ,but that the ,thebans do introduce all kinds of innovations with respect to words1 ,strattis shows us in the ,phniss1 where he says-- ,you1 you whole body of ,theban citizens1 ,know absolutely nothing2 for ,i hear ,you call the cuttle-fish not 1 ,but 4 ,then1 too1 you term ,a cock not 1 but 3 ,a physician is no longer in your mouths --no1 but 4 ,for a bridge1 ,you turn into 4 ,figs are not now1 but 3 swallows1 1 not 4 ,a mouthful ,with you is 2 to laugh1 4 ,a new-soled shoe you call 4 #af4 ,semos the ,delian says in his book about ,pans--,the men who were called used to wear crowns of ivy1 and they would go through long poems slowly4 ,but at a later time both they and their poems were called ,iambics4 ,and those1 he proceeds1 who are called ,ithyphalli1 wear a mask representing the face of a drunken man1 and wear crowns1 having gloves embroidered with flowers4 ,and they wear tunics shot with white2 and they wear a ,tarentine robe1 which covers them down to their ancles3 and they enter at the stage entrance silently1 and when they have reached the middle of the orchestra1 they turn towards the spectators1 and say-- ,out of the way2 a clear space leave ,for the great mighty god3 ,for the god1 to his ancles clad1 ,will pass along the centre of the crowd4 ,and the ,phallophori1 says he1 wear no masks2 but they put on a sort of veil of wild thyme1 and on that they put acanthi1 and an untrimmed garland of violets and ivy2 and they clothe themselves in ,caunac1 and so come on the stage1 some at the side1 and others through the centre entrance1 walking in exact musical time1 and saying-- ,for you1 ,o ,bacchus1 do we now set forth ,this tuneful song2 uttering in various melody ,this simple rhythm4 ,it is a song unsuited to a virgin2 ,nor are we now addressing you with hymns ,made long ago1 but this our offering ,is fresh unutter'd praise4 ,and then1 advancing1 they used to ridicule with their jests whoever they chose2 and they did this standing still1 but the ,phallophorus himself marched straight on1 covered with soot and dirt4 ,sidenote3 ,,harp-,,players4 #ag4 ,and since we are on this subject1 it is as well not to omit what happened to ,ambeus1 a harp-player of our time1 and a man of great science and skill in everything that related to music4 ,he once came late to one of our banquets1 and when he heard from one of the servants that we had all finished supper1 he doubted what to do himself1 until ,sophon the cook came to him1 and with a loud voice1 so that every one might hear1 recited to him these lines out of the ,auge of ,eubulus3-- ,o wretched man1 why stand you at the doors8 ,why don't you enter8 ,long ago the geese ,have all been deftly carvd limb from limb2 ,long the hot pork has had the meat cut off ,from the long backbone1 and the stuffing1 which ,lay in the middle of his stomach1 has ,been served around2 and all his pettitoes1 ,the dainty slices of fat1 well-season'd sausages1 ,have all been eaten4 ,the well-roasted cuttle-fish ,is swallow'd long ago2 and nine or ten ,casks of rich wine are drain'd to the very dregs4 ,so if you'd like some fragments of the feast1 ,hasten and enter4 ,don't1 like hungry wolf1 ,losing this feast1 then run about at random4 ,for as that delightful writer ,antiphanes says1 in his ,friend of the ,thebans1-- ,a4 ,we now are well supplied with everything2 ,for she1 the namesake of the dame within1 ,the rich ,botian eel1 carved in the depths ,of the ample dish1 is warm1 and swells1 and boils1 ,and bubbles up1 and smokes2 so that a man1 ,e'en though equipp'd with brazen nostrils1 scarcely ,could bear to leave a banquet such as this1-- ,so rich a fragrance does it yield his senses4 ,b4 ,say you the cook is living8 ,a4 ,there is near ,a cestreus1 all unfed both night and day1 ,scaled1 wash'd1 and stain'd with cochineal1 and turn'd2 ,and as he nears his last and final turn ,he cracks and hisses2 while the servant bastes ,the fish with vinegar3 then there's ,libyan silphium1 ,dried in the genial rays of midday sun3-- ,b4 ,yet there are people found who dare to say ,that sorcerers possess no sacred power2 ,for now ,i see three men their bellies filling ,while you are turning this4 ,a4 ,and the comrade squid ,bearing the form of the humpback'd cuttle-fish1 ,dreadful with armed claws and sharpen'd talons1 ,changing its brilliant snow-white nature under ,the fiery blasts of glowing coal1 adorns ,its back with golden splendour2 well exciting ,hunger1 the best forerunner of a feast4 ,so1 come in-- ,do not delay1 but enter3 when we've dined ,we then can best endure what must be borne4 ,and so he1 meeting him in this appropriate manner1 replies with these lines out of the ,harper of ,clearchus3-- ,sup on white congers1 and whatever else ,can boast a sticky nature2 for by such food ,the breath is strengthen'd1 and the voice of man ,is render'd rich and powerful4 ,and as there was great applause on this1 and as every one with one accord called to him to come in1 he went in and drank1 and taking the lyre1 sang to us in such a manner that we all marvelled at his skill on the harp1 and at the rapidity of his execution1 and at the tunefulness of his voice2 for he appeared to me to be not at all inferior to that ancient ,ambeus1 whom ,aristeas1 in his ,history of ,harp-players1 speaks of as living at ,athens1 and dwelling near the theatre1 and receiving an ,attic talent a-day every time he went out singing4 #ah4 ,and while some were discussing music in this manner1 and others of the guests saying different things every day1 but all praising the pastime1 ,masurius1 who excelled in everything1 and was a man of universal wisdom1 7for as an interpreter of the laws he was inferior to no one1 and he was always devoting some of his attention to music1 for indeed he was able himself to play on some musical instruments17 said1--,my good friends1 ,eupolis the comic poet says-- ,and music is a deep and subtle science1 ,and always finding out some novelty ,for those who're capable of comprehending it2 on which account ,anaxilas1 in his ,hyacinthus1 says-- ,for1 by the gods ,i swear1 music1 like ,libya1 ,brings forth each year some novel prodigy2 ,sidenote3 ,,music4 for1 my dear fellows1 ,music1 as the ,harp-player of ,theophilus says1 is a great and lasting treasure to all who have learnt it and know anything about it2 for it ameliorates the disposition1 and softens those who are passionate and quarrelsome in their tempers4 ,accordingly1 ,clinias the ,pythagorean1 as ,chamleon of ,pontus relates1 who was a most unimpeachable man both in his actual conduct and also in his disposition1 if ever it happened to him to get out of temper or indignant at anything1 would take up his lyre1 and play upon it4 ,and when people asked him the reason of this conduct1 he used to say1 ',i am pacifying myself4' ,and so1 too1 the ,achilles of ,homer was mollified by the music of the harp1 which is all that ,homer allots to him out of the spoils of ,eetion1#gj as being able to check his fiery temper4 ,and he is the only hero in the whole ,iliad who indulges in this music4 ,now1 that music can heal diseases1 ,theophrastus asserts in his treatise on ,enthusiasm1 where he says that men with diseases in the loins become free from pain if any one plays a ,phrygian air opposite to the part affected4 ,and the ,phrygians are the first people who invented and employed the harmony which goes by their name2 owing to which circumstance it is that the flute-players among the ,greeks have usually ,phrygian and servile-sounding names1 such as ,sambas in ,alcman1 and ,adon1 and ,telus4 ,and in ,hipponax we find ,cion1 and ,codalus1 and ,babys1 from whom the proverb arose about men who play worse and worse1--,he plays worse than ,babys4 ,but ,aristoxenus ascribes the invention of this harmony to ,hyagnis the ,phrygian4 #ai4 ,but ,heraclides of ,pontus1 in the third book of his treatise on ,music1 says--,now that harmony ought not to be called ,phrygian1 just as it has no right either to be called ,lydian4 ,for there are three harmonies2 as there are also three different races of ,greeks--,dorians1 olians1 and ,ionians3 and accordingly there is no little difference between their manners4 ,the ,lacedmonians are of all the ,dorians the most strict in maintaining their national customs2 and the ,thessalians 7and these are they who were the origin of the olian race7 have preserved at all times very nearly the same customs and institutions2 but the population of the ,ionians has been a great deal changed1 and has gone through many transitions1 because they have at all times resembled whatever nations of barbarians have from time to time been their masters4 ,accordingly1 that species of melody which the ,dorians composed they called the ,dorian harmony1 and that which the olians used to sing they named the olian harmony1 and the third they called the ,ionian1 because they heard the ,ionians sing it4 ,now the ,dorian harmony is a manly and high-sounding strain1 having nothing relaxed or merry in it1 but1 rather1 it is stern and vehement1 not admitting any great variations or any sudden changes4 ,the character of the olian harmony is pompous and inflated1 and full of a sort of pride2 and these characteristics are very much in keeping with the fondness for breeding horses and for entertaining strangers which the people itself exhibits4 ,there is nothing mean in it1 but the style is elevated and fearless2 and therefore we see that a fondness for banquets and for amorous indulgences is common to the whole nation1 and they indulge in every sort of relaxation3 on which account they cherish the style of the ,sub-,dorian harmony2 for that which they call the olian is1 says ,heraclides1 a sort of modification of the ,dorian1 and is called 4 ,and we may collect the character of this olian harmony also from what ,lasus of ,hermione says in his hymn to the ,ceres in ,hermione1 where he speaks as follows3-- ,i sing the praise of ,ceres and of ,proserpine1 ,the sacred wife of ,clymenus1 ,meliba2 ,raising the heavy-sounding harmony ,of hymns olian4 ,but these ,sub-,dorian songs1 as they are called1 are sung by nearly everybody4 ,since1 then1 there is a ,sub-,dorian melody1 it is with great propriety that ,lasus speaks of olian harmony4 ,pratinas1 too1 somewhere or other says-- ,aim not at too sustain'd a style1 nor yet ,at the relax'd ,ionian harmony2 ,but draw a middle furrow through your ground1 ,and follow the olian muse in preference4 ,and in what comes afterwards he speaks more plainly-- ,but to all men who wish to raise their voices1 ,the olian harmony's most suitable4 ,sidenote3 ,,music4 ,now formerly1 as ,i have said1 they used to call this the olian harmony1 but afterwards they gave it the name of the ,sub-,dorian1 thinking1 as some people say1 that it was pitched lower on the flute than the ,dorian4 ,but it appears to me that those who gave it this name1 seeing its inflated style1 and the pretence to valour and virtue which was put forth in the style of the harmony1 thought it not exactly the ,dorian harmony1 but to a certain extent like it3 on which account they called it 1 just as they call what is nearly white 3 and what is not absolutely sweet1 but something near it1 we call 2 so1 too1 we call what is not thoroughly ,dorian 4 #bj4 ,next in order let us consider the character of the ,milesians1 which the ,ionians display1 being very proud of the goodly appearance of their persons2 and full of spirit1 hard to be reconciled to their enemies1 quarrelsome1 displaying no philanthropic or cheerful qualities1 but rather a want of affection and friendship1 and a great moroseness of disposition3 on which account the ,ionian style of harmony also is not flowery nor mirthful1 but austere and harsh1 and having a sort of gravity in it1 which1 however1 is not ignoble-looking2 on which account that tragedy has a sort of affection for that harmony4 ,but the manners of the ,ionians of the present day are more luxurious1 and the character of their present music is very far removed from the ,ionian harmony we have been speaking of4 ,and men say that ,pythermus the ,teian wrote songs such as are called ,scolia in this kind of harmony2 and that it was because he was an ,ionian poet that the harmony got the name of ,ionian4 ,this is that ,pythermus whom ,ananius or ,hipponax mentions in his ,iambics in this way3-- ,pythermus speaks of gold as though all else were nought4 ,and ,pythermus's own words are as follows3-- ,all other things but gold are good for nothing4 ,therefore1 according to this statement1 it is probable that ,pythermus1 as coming from those parts1 adapted the character of his melodies to the disposition of the ,ionians2 on which account ,i suppose that his was not actually the ,ionian harmony1 but that it was a harmony adapted in some admirable manner to the purpose required4 ,and those are contemptible people who are unable to distinguish the characteristic differences of these separate harmonies2 but who are led away by the sharpness or flatness of the sounds1 so as to describe one harmony as 1 and then again to give a definition of some further sort1 refining on this3 for ,i do not think that even that which is called the has a distinct character of its own1 although some people do say that they have invented a new harmony which they call ,sub-,phrygian 774 ,now every kind of harmony ought to have some distinct species of character or of passion2 as the ,locrian has1 for this was a harmony used by some of those who lived in the time of ,simonides and ,pindar1 but subsequently it fell into contempt4 #ba4 ,there are1 then1 as we have already said1 three kinds of harmony1 as there are three nations of the ,greek people4 ,but the ,phrygian and ,lydian harmonies1 being barbaric1 became known to the ,greeks by means of the ,phrygians and ,lydians who came over to ,peloponnesus with ,pelops4 ,for many ,lydians accompanied and followed him1 because ,sipylus was a town of ,lydia2 and many ,phrygians did so too1 not because they border on the ,lydians1 but because their king also was ,tantalus--7and you may see all over ,peloponnesus1 and most especially in ,lacedmon1 great mounds1 which the people there call the tombs of the ,phrygians who came over with ,pelops7--and from them the ,greeks learnt these harmonies3 on which account ,telestes of ,selinus says-- ,first of all1 ,greeks1 the comrades brave of ,pelops1 ,sang o'er their wine1 in ,phrygian melody1 ,the praises of the mighty ,mountain ,mother2 ,but others1 striking the shrill strings of the lyre1 ,gave forth a ,lydian hymn4 ,sidenote3 ,,music4 #bb4 ,but we must not admit1 says ,polybius of ,megalopolis1 that music1 as ,ephorus asserts1 was introduced among men for the purposes of fraud and trickery4 ,nor must we think that the ancient ,cretans and ,lacedmonians used flutes and songs at random to excite their military ardour1 instead of trumpets4 ,nor are we to imagine that the earliest ,arcadians had no reason whatever for doing so1 when they introduced music into every department of their management of the republic2 so that1 though the nation in every other respect was most austere in its manner of life1 they nevertheless compelled music to be the constant companion1 not only of their boys1 but even of their youths up to thirty years of age4 ,for the ,arcadians are the only people among whom the boys are trained from infancy to sing hymns and pans to regular airs1 in which indeed every city celebrates their national heroes and gods with such songs1 in obedience to ancient custom4 ,but after this1 learning the airs of ,timotheus and ,philoxenus1 they every year1 at the festival of ,bacchus1 dance in their theatres to the music of flute-players2 the boys dancing in the choruses of boys1 and the youths in those of men4 ,and throughout the whole duration of their lives they are addicted to music at their common entertainments2 not so much1 however1 employing musicians as singing in turn3 and to admit themselves ignorant of any other accomplishment is not at all reckoned discreditable to them2 but to refuse to sing is accounted a most disgraceful thing4 ,and they1 practising marches so as to march in order to the sound of the flute1 and studying their dances also1 exhibit every year in the theatres1 under public regulations and at the public expense4 ,these1 then1 are the customs which they have derived from the ancients1 not for the sake of luxury and superfluity1 but from a consideration of the austerity which each individual practised in his private life1 and of the severity of their characters1 which they contract from the cold and gloomy nature of the climate which prevails in the greater part of their country4 ,and it is the nature of all men to be in some degree influenced by the climate1 so as to get some resemblance to it themselves2 and it is owing to this that we find different races of men1 varying in character and figure and complexion1 in proportion as they are more or less distant from one another4 ,in addition to this1 they instituted public banquets and public sacrifices1 in which the men and women join2 and also dances of the maidens and boys together2 endeavouring to mollify and civilize the harshness of their natural character by the influence of education and habit4 ,and as the people of ,cyntha neglected this system 7although they occupy by far the most inclement district of ,arcadia1 both as respects the soil and the climate71 they1 never meeting one another except for the purpose of giving offence and quarrelling1 became at last so utterly savage1 that the very greatest impieties prevailed among them alone of all the people of ,arcadia2 and at the time when they made the great massacre1 whatever ,arcadian cities their emissaries came to in their passage1 the citizens of all the other cities at once ordered them to depart by public proclamation2 and the ,mantineans even made a public purification of their city after their departure1 leading victims all round their entire district4 #bc4 ,agias1 the musician1 said that the styrax1 which at the ,dionysiac festivals is burnt in the orchestras1 presented a ,phrygian odour to those who were within reach of it4 ,now1 formerly music was an exhortation to courage2 and accordingly ,alcus the poet1 one of the greatest musicians that ever lived1 places valour and manliness before skill in music and poetry1 being himself a man warlike even beyond what was necessary4 ,on which account1 in such verses as these1 he speaks in high-toned language1 and says-- ,my lofty house is bright with brass1 ,and all my dwelling is adorn'd1 in honour ,of mighty ,mars1 with shining helms1 ,o'er which white horse-hair crests superbly wave1 ,choice ornament for manly brows2 ,and brazen greaves1 on mighty pegs suspended1 ,hang round the hall2 fit to repel ,the heavy javelin or the long-headed spear4 ,there1 too1 are breastplates of new linen1 ,and many a hollow shield1 thrown basely down ,by coward enemies in flight3 ,there1 too1 are sharp ,chalcidic swords1 and belts1 ,short military cloaks besides1 ,and all things suitable for fearless war2 ,which ,i may ne'er forget1 ,since first ,i girt myself for the adventurous work-- although it would have been more suitable for him to have had his house well stored with musical instruments4 ,but the ancients considered manly courage the greatest of all civil virtues1 and they attributed the greatest importance to that1 to the exclusion of other good qualities4 ,archilochus accordingly1 who was a distinguished poet1 boasted in the first place of being able to partake in all political undertakings1 and in the second place he mentioned the credit he had gained by his poetical efforts1 saying1-- ,sidenote3 ,,music4 ,but ,i'm a willing servant of great ,mars1 ,skill'd also in the ,muses' lovely art4 ,and1 in the same spirit1 schylus1 though a man who had acquired such great renown by his poetry1 nevertheless preferred having his valour recorded on his tomb1 and composed an inscription for it1 of which the following lines are a part3-- ,the grove of ,marathon1 and the long-hair'd ,medes1 ,who felt his courage1 well may speak of it4 #bd4 ,and it is on this account that the ,lacedmonians1 who are a most valiant nation1 go to war to the music of the flute1 and the ,cretans to the strains of the lyre1 and the ,lydians to the sound of pipes and flutes1 as ,herodotus relates4 ,and1 moreover1 many of the barbarians make all their public proclamations to the accompaniment of flutes and harps1 softening the souls of their enemies by these means4 ,and ,theopompus1 in the forty-sixth book of his ,history1 says--,the ,get make all their proclamations while holding harps in their hands and playing on them4 ,and it is perhaps on this account that ,homer1 having due regard to the ancient institutions and customs of the ,greeks1 says-- ,i hear1 what graces every feast1 the lyre2#ga as if this art of music were welcome also to men feasting4 ,now it was1 as it should seem1 a regular custom to introduce music1 in the first place in order that every one who might be too eager for drunkenness or gluttony might have music as a sort of physician and healer of his insolence and indecorum1 and also because music softens moroseness of temper2 for it dissipates sadness1 and produces affability and a sort of gentlemanlike joy4 ,from which consideration1 ,homer has also1 in the first book of the ,iliad1 represented the gods as using music after their dissensions on the subject of ,achilles2 for they continued for some time listening to it-- ,thus the blest gods the genial day prolong ,in feasts ambrosial and celestial song3 ,apollo tuned the lyre1--the ,muses round1 ,with voice alternate1 aid the silver sound4#gb ,for it was desirable that they should leave off their quarrels and dissensions1 as we have said4 ,and most people seem to attribute the practice of this art to banquets for the sake of setting things right1 and of the general mutual advantage4 ,and1 besides these other occasions1 the ancients also established by customs and laws that at feasts all men should sing hymns to the gods1 in order by these means to preserve order and decency among us2 for as all songs proceed according to harmony1 the consideration of the gods being added to this harmony1 elevates the feelings of each individual4 ,and ,philochorus says that the ancients1 when making their libations1 did not always use dithyrambic hymns1 but when they pour libations1 they celebrate ,bacchus with wine and drunkenness1 but ,apollo with tranquillity and good order4 ,accordingly ,archilochus says-- ,i1 all excited in my mind with wine1 ,am skilful in the dithyrambic1 knowing ,the noble melodies of the sovereign ,bacchus4 ,and ,epicharmus1 in his ,philoctetes1 says-- ,a water-drinker knows no dithyrambics4 ,so1 that it was not merely with a view to superficial and vulgar pleasure1 as some assert1 that music was originally introduced into entertainments1 is plain from what has been said above4 ,but the ,lacedmonians do not assert that they used to learn music as a science1 but they do profess to be able to judge well of what is done in the art2 and they say that they have already three times preserved it when it was in danger of being lost4 ,sidenote3 ,,dancing4 #be4 ,music also contributes to the proper exercising of the body and to sharpening the intellect2 on which account1 every ,grecian people1 and every barbarian nation too1 that we are acquainted with1 practise it4 ,and it was a good saying of ,damon the ,athenian1 that songs and dances must inevitably exist where the mind was excited in any manner2 and liberal1 and gentlemanly1 and honourable feelings of the mind produce corresponding kinds of music1 and the opposite feelings likewise produce the opposite kinds of music4 ,on which account1 that saying of ,clisthenes the tyrant of ,sicyon was a witty one1 and a sign of a well-educated intellect4 ,for when he saw1 as it is related1#gc one of the suitors for his daughter dancing in an unseemly manner 7it was ,hippoclides the ,athenian71 he told him that he had danced away his marriage1 thinking1 as it should seem1 that the mind of the man corresponded to the dance which he had exhibited2 for in dancing and walking decorum and good order are honourable1 and disorder and vulgarity are discreditable4 ,and it is on this principle that the poets originally arranged dances for freeborn men1 and employed figures only to be emblems of what was being sung1 always preserving the principles of nobleness and manliness in them2 on which account it was that they gave them the name of 7accompaniment to the dance74 ,and if any one1 while dancing1 indulged in unseemly postures or figures1 and did nothing at all corresponding to the songs sung1 he was considered blameworthy2 on which account1 ,aristophanes or ,plato1 in his ,preparations 7as ,chamleon quotes the play71 spoke thus3-- ,so that if any one danced well1 the sight ,was pleasing2 but they now do nothing rightly1 ,but stand as if amazed1 and roar at random4 ,for the kind of dancing which was at that time used in the choruses was decorous and magnificent1 and to a certain extent imitated the motions of men under arms2 on which account ,socrates in his ,poems says that those men who dance best are the best in warlike exploits2 and thus he writes3-- ,but they who in the dance most suitably ,do honour to the ,gods1 are likewise best ,in all the deeds of war4 ,for the dance is very nearly an armed exercise1 and is a display not only of good discipline in other respects1 but also of the care which the dancers bestow on their persons4 #bf4 ,and ,amphion the ,thespian1 in the second book of his treatise on the ,temple of the ,muses on ,mount ,helicon1 says that in ,helicon there are dances of boys1 got up with great care1 quoting this ancient epigram3-- ,i both did dance1 and taught the citizens ,the art of music1 and my flute-player ,was ,anacus the ,phialensian2 ,my name was ,bacchides of ,sicyon2 ,and this my duty to the gods perform'd ,was honourable to my country ,sicyon4 ,and it was a good answer which was made by ,caphesias the flute-player1 when one of his pupils began to play on the flute very loudly1 and was endeavouring to play as loudly as he could2 on which he struck him1 and said1 ,goodness does not consist in greatness1 but greatness in goodness4 ,there are also relics and traces of the ancient dancing in some statues which we have1 which were made by ancient statuaries2 on which account men at that time paid more attention to moving their hands with graceful gestures2 for in this particular also they aimed at graceful and gentlemanlike motions1 comprehending what was great in what was well done4 ,and from these motions of the hands they transferred some figures to the dances1 and from the dances to the palstra2 for they sought to improve their manliness by music and by paying attention to their persons4 ,and they practised to the accompaniment of song with reference to their movements when under arms2 and it was from this practice that the dance called the ,pyrrhic dance originated1 and every other dance of this kind1 and all the others which have the same name or any similar one with a slight change3 such as the ,cretan dances called and 2 and that dance1 too1 which is named 1 7and it is mentioned under this name by ,cratinus in his ,nemesis1 and by ,cephisodorus in his ,amazons1 and by ,aristophanes in his ,centaur1 and by several other poets17 though afterwards it came to be called 2 and many women used to dance it1 who1 ,i am aware1 were afterwards called 4 #bg4 ,but the more sedate kinds of dance1 both the more varied kinds and those too whose figures are more simple1 are the following3--,the ,dactylus1 the ,iambic1 the ,molossian1 the ,emmelea1 the ,cordax1 the ,sicinnis1 the ,persian1 the ,phrygian1 the ,nibatismus1 the ,thracian1 the ,calabrismus1 the ,telesias 7and this is a ,macedonian dance which ,ptolemy was practising when he slew ,alexander the brother of ,philip1 as ,marsyas relates in the third book of his ,history of ,macedon74 ,the following dances are of a frantic kind3--,the ,cernophorus1 and the ,mongas1 and the ,thermaustris4 ,there was also a kind of dance in use among private individuals1 called the 1 and they used to dance this while repeating the following form of words with a sort of mimicking gesture1 saying-- ,where are my roses1 and where are my violets8 ,where is my beautiful parsley8 ,are these then my roses1 are these then my violets8 ,and is this my beautiful parsley8 ,sidenote3 ,,dances4 ,among the ,syracusans there was a kind of dance called the ,chitoneas1 sacred to ,diana1 and it is a peculiar kind of dance1 accompanied with the flute4 ,there was also an ,ionian kind of dance practised at drinking parties4 ,they also practised the dance called at their drinking parties4 ,and there is another kind of dance called the ,burning of the ,world1 which ,menippus the ,cynic mentions in his ,banquet4 ,there are also some dances of a ridiculous character3--the ,igdis1 the ,mactrismus1 the ,apocinus1 and the ,sobas2 and besides these1 the ,morphasmus1 and the ,owl1 and the ,lion1 and the ,pouring out of ,meal1 and the ,abolition of ,debts1 and the ,elements1 and the ,pyrrhic dance4 ,and they also danced to the accompaniment of the flute a dance which they called the ,dance of the ,master of the ,ship1 and the ,platter ,dance4 ,the figures used in dances are the ,xiphismus1 the ,calathismus1 the ,callabides1 the ,scops1 and the ,scopeuma4 ,and the ,scops was a figure intended to represent people looking out from a distance1 making an arch over their brows with their hand so as to shade their eyes4 ,and it is mentioned by schylus in his ,spectators3-- ,and all these old of yours4 ,and ,eupolis1 in his ,flatterers1 mentions the ,callabides1 when he says-- ,he walks as though he were dancing the ,callabides4 ,other figures are the ,thermastris1 the ,hecaterides1#gd the ,scopus1 the ,hand-down1 the ,hand-up1 the ,dipodismus1 the ,taking-hold of ,wood1 the ,epanconismus1 the ,calathiscus1 the ,strobilus4 ,there is also a dance called the ,telesias2 and this is a martial kind of dance1 deriving its title from a man of the name of ,telesias1 who was the first person who ever danced it1 holding arms in his hands1 as ,hippagoras tells us in the first book of his treatise on the ,constitution of the ,carthaginians4 #bh4 ,there is also a kind of satyric dance called the ,sicinnis1 as ,aristocles says in the eighth book of his treatise on ,dances2 and the ,satyrs are called ,sicinnist4 ,but some say that a barbarian of the name of ,sicinnus was the inventor of it1 though others say that ,sicinnus was a ,cretan by birth2 and certainly the ,cretans are dancers1 as is mentioned by ,aristoxenus4 ,but ,scamon1 in the first book of his treatise on ,inventions1 says that this dance is called ,sicinnis1 from being shaken 7 71 and that ,thersippus was the first person who danced the ,sicinnis4 ,now in dancing1 the motion of the feet was adopted long before any motion of the hands was considered requisite2 for the ancients exercised their feet more than their hands in games and in hunting2 and the ,cretans are greatly addicted to hunting1 owing to which they are swift of foot4 ,but there are people to be found who assert that ,sicinnis is a word formed poetically from 1#ge because in dancing it the ,satyrs use most rapid movements2 for this kind of dance gives no scope for a display of the passions1 on which account also it is never slow4 ,now all satyric poetry formerly consisted of choruses1 as also did tragedy1 such as it existed at the same time2 and that was the chief reason why tragedy had no regular actors4 ,and there are three kinds of dance appropriate to dramatic poetry1--the tragic1 the comic1 and the satyric2 and in like manner1 there are three kinds of lyric dancing1--the pyrrhic1 the gymnopdic1 and the hyporchematic4 ,and the pyrrhic dance resembles the satyric2 for they both consist of rapid movements2 but the pyrrhic appears to be a warlike kind of dance1 for it is danced by armed boys4 ,and men in war have need of swiftness to pursue their enemies1 and also1 when defeated1 ,to flee1 and not like madmen to stand firm1 ,nor be afraid to seem a short time cowards4 ,but the dance called ,gymnopdica is like the dance in tragedy which is called ,emmelea2 for in each there is seen a degree of gravity and solemnity4 ,but the hyporchematic dance is very nearly identical with the comic one which is called ,cordax4 ,and they are both a sportive kind of figure4 #bi4 ,but ,aristoxenus says that the ,pyrrhic dance derives its name from ,pyrrhichus1 who was a ,lacedmonian by birth2 and that even to this day ,pyrrhichus is a ,lacedmonian name4 ,and the dance itself1 being of a warlike character1 shows that it is the invention of some ,lacedmonian2 for the ,lacedmonians are a martial race1 and their sons learn military marches which they call 4 ,and the ,lacedmonians themselves in their wars recite the poems of ,tyrtus1 and move in time to those airs4 ,but ,philochorus asserts that the ,lacedmonians1 when owing to the generalship of ,tyrtus they had subdued the ,messenians1 introduced a regular custom1 in their expeditions1 that whenever they were at supper1 and had sung the pan1 they should also sing one of ,tyrtus's hymns as a solo1 one after another2 and that the polemarch should be the judge1 and should give a piece of meat as a prize to him who sang best4 ,but the ,pyrrhic dance is not preserved now among any other people of ,greece2 and since that has fallen into disuse1 their wars also have been brought to a conclusion2 but it continues in use among the ,lacedmonians alone1 being a sort of prelude preparatory to war3 and all who are more than five years old in ,sparta learn to dance the ,pyrrhic dance4 ,sidenote3 ,,dances4 ,but the ,pyrrhic dance as it exists in our time1 appears to be a sort of ,bacchic dance1 and a little more pacific than the old one2 for the dancers carry thyrsi instead of spears1 and they point and dart canes at one another1 and carry torches4 ,and they dance in figures having reference to ,bacchus1 and to the ,indians1 and to the story of ,pentheus3 and they require for the ,pyrrhic dance the most beautiful airs1 and what are called the stirring tunes4 #cj4 ,but the ,gymnopdica resembles the dance which by the ancients used to be called ,anapale2 for all the boys dance naked1 performing some kind of movement in regular time1 and with gestures of the hand like those used by wrestlers3 so that the dancers exhibit a sort of spectacle akin to the palstra and to the pancratium1 moving their feet in regular time4 ,and the different modes of dancing it are called the ,oschophoricus1#gf and the ,bacchic1 so that this kind of dance1 too1 has some reference to ,bacchus4 ,but ,aristoxenus says that the ancients1 after they had exercised themselves in the ,gymnopdica1 turned to the ,pyrrhic dance before they entered the theatre3 and the ,pyrrhic dance is also called the ,cheironomia4 ,but the ,hyporchematic dance is that in which the chorus dances while singing4 ,accordingly ,bacchylides says-- ,there's no room now for sitting down1 ,there's no room for delay4 ,and ,pindar says-- ,the ,lacedmonian troop of maidens fair4 ,and the ,lacedmonians dance this dance in ,pindar4 ,and the ,hyporchematica is a dance of men and women4 ,now the best modes are those which combine dancing with the singing2 and they are these--the ,prosodiacal1 the ,apostolical 7which last is also called 71 and others of the same kind4 ,and some danced to the hymn and some did not2 and some danced in accompaniment to hymns to ,venus and ,bacchus1 and to the ,pan1 dancing at one time and resting at another4 ,and among the barbarians as well as among the ,greeks there are respectable dances and also indecorous ones4 ,now the ,cordax among the ,greeks is an indecorous dance1 but the ,emmelea is a respectable one3 as is among the ,arcadians the ,cidaris1 and among the ,sicyonians the ,aleter2 and it is called ,aleter also in ,ithaca1 as ,aristoxenus relates in the first book of his ,history of ,sicyon4 ,and this appears enough to say at present on the subject of dances4 #ca4 ,now formerly decorum was carefully attended to in music1 and everything in this art had its suitable and appropriate ornament3 on which account there were separate flutes for each separate kind of harmony2 and every flute-player had flutes adapted to each kind of harmony in their contests4 ,but ,pronomus the ,theban was the first man who played the three different kinds of harmony already mentioned on the same flute4 ,but now people meddle with music in a random and inconsiderate manner4 ,and formerly1 to be popular with the vulgar was reckoned a certain sign of a want of real skill3 on which account ,asopodorus the ,phliasian1 when some flute-player was once being much applauded while he himself was remaining in the hyposcenium1#gg said--,what is all this8 the man has evidently committed some great blunder3--as else he could not possibly have been so much approved of by the mob4 ,but ,i am aware that some people tell this story as if it were ,antigenides who said this4 ,but in our days artists make the objects of their art to be the gaining the applause of the spectators in the theatre2 on which account ,aristoxenus1 in his book entitled ,promiscuous ,banquets1 says--,we act in a manner similar to the people of ,pstum who dwell in the ,tyrrhenian ,gulf2 for it happened to them1 though they were originally ,greeks1 to have become at last completely barbarised1 becoming ,tyrrhenians or ,romans1 and to have changed their language1 and all the rest of their national habits4 ,but one ,greek festival they do celebrate even to the present day1 in which they meet and recollect all their ancient names and customs1 and bewail their loss to one another1 and then1 when they have wept for them1 they go home4 ,and so1 says he1 we also1 since the theatres have become completely barbarised1 and since music has become entirely ruined and vulgar1 we1 being but a few1 will recall to our minds1 sitting by ourselves1 what music once was4 ,and this was the discourse of ,aristoxenus4 ,sidenote3 ,,music4 #cb4 ,wherefore it seems to me that we ought to have a philosophical conversation about music3 for ,pythagoras the ,samian1 who had such a high reputation as a philosopher1 is well known1 from many circumstances1 to have been a man who had no slight or superficial knowledge of music2 for he indeed lays it down that the whole universe is put and kept together by music4 ,and altogether the ancient philosophy of the ,greeks appears to have been very much addicted to music2 and on this account they judged ,apollo to have been the most musical and the wisest of the gods1 and ,orpheus of the demi-gods4 ,and they called every one who devoted himself to the study of this art a sophist1 as schylus does in the verse where he says-- ,and then the sophist sweetly struck the lyre4 ,and that the ancients were excessively devoted to the study of music is plain from ,homer1 who1 because all his own poetry was adapted to music1 makes1 from want of care1 so many verses which are headless1 and weak1 and imperfect in the tail4 ,but ,xenophanes1 and ,solon1 and ,theognis1 and ,phocylides1 and besides them ,periander of ,corinth1 an elegiac poet1 and the rest of those who did not set melodies to their poems1 compose their verses with reference to number and to the arrangement of the metres1 and take great care that none of their verses shall be liable to the charge of any of the irregularities which we just now imputed to ,homer4 ,now when we call a verse headless 771 we mean such as have a mutilation or lameness at the beginning1 such as-- 4#gh 4#gi ,those we call weak 77 which are defective in the middle1 as-- ' ' 4#hj ' ' 4 ,those again are 1 which are imperfect in the tail or end1 as-- ' 4#ha 4#hb 1 4#hc #cc4 ,but of all the ,greeks1 the ,lacedmonians were those who preserved the art of music most strictly1 as they applied themselves to the practice a great deal3 and there were a great many lyric poets among them4 ,and even to this day they preserve their ancient songs carefully1 being possessed of very varied and very accurate learning on the subject2 on which account ,pratinas says-- ,the ,lacedmonian grasshopper sweetly sings1 ,well suited to the chorus4 ,and on this account the poets also continually styled their odes-- ,president of sweetest hymns3 and-- ,the honey-wing'd melodies of the ,muse4 ,for owing to the general moderation and austerity of their lives1 they betook themselves gladly to music1 which has a sort of power of soothing the understanding2 so that it was natural enough that people who hear it should be delighted4 ,and the people whom they called ,choregi1 were not1 as ,demetrius of ,byzantium tells us in the fourth book of his treatise on ,poetry1 those who have that name now1 the people1 that is to say1 who hire the choruses1 but those who actually led the choruses1 as the name intimates3 and so it happened1 that the ,lacedmonians were good musicians1 and did not violate the ancient laws of music4 ,sidenote3 ,,music4 ,now in ancient times all the ,greeks were fond of music2 but when in subsequent ages disorders arose1 when nearly all the ancient customs had got out of fashion and had become obsolete1 this fondness for music also wore out1 and bad styles of music were introduced1 which led all the composers to aim at effeminacy rather than delicacy1 and at an enervated and dissolute rather than a modest style4 ,and perhaps this will still exist hereafter in a greater degree1 and will extend still further1 unless some one again draws forth the national music to the light4 ,for formerly the subjects of their songs used to be the exploits of heroes1 and the praises of the ,gods2 and accordingly ,homer says of ,achilles-- ,with this he soothes his lofty soul1 and sings ,th' immortal deeds of heroes and of kings4#hd ,and of ,phemius he says-- ,phemius1 let acts of gods and heroes old1 ,what ancient bards in hall and bower have told1 ,attemper'd to the lyre your voice employ1 ,such the pleased ear will drink with silent joy4#he ,and this custom was preserved among the barbarians1 as ,dinon tells us in his history of ,persia4 ,accordingly1 the poets used to celebrate the valour of the elder ,cyrus1 and they foresaw the war which was going to be waged against ,astyages4 ,for when1 says he1 ,cyrus had begun his march against the ,persians1 7and he had previously been the commander of the guards1 and afterwards of the heavy-armed troops there1 and then he left27 and while ,astyages was sitting at a banquet with his friends1 then a man1 whose name was ,angares1 7and he was the most illustrious of his minstrels17 being called in1 sang other things1 such as were customary1 and at last he said that-- ,a mighty monster is let loose at last ,into the marsh1 fiercer than wildest boar2 ,and when once master of the neighbouring ground ,it soon will fight with ease 'gainst numerous hosts4 ,and when ,astyages asked him what monster he meant1 he said--',cyrus the ,persian4' ,and so the king1 thinking that his suspicions were well founded1 sent people to recal ,cyrus1 but did not succeed in doing so4 #cd4 ,but ,i1 though ,i could still say a good deal about music1 yet1 as ,i hear the noise of flutes1 ,i will check my desire for talking1 and only quote you the lines out of the ,amateur of the ,flute1 by ,philetrus-- ,o ,jove1 it were a happy thing to die ,while playing on the flute4 ,for flute-players ,are th' only men who in the shades below ,feel the soft power and taste the bliss of ,venus4 ,but those whose coarser minds know nought of music1 ,pour water always into bottomless casks4 ,after this there arose a discussion about the sambuca4 ,and ,masurius said that the sambuca was a musical instrument1 very shrill1 and that it was mentioned by ,euphorion 7who is also an ,epic poet71 in his book on the ,isthmian ,games2 for he says that it was used by the ,parthians and by the ,troglodyt1 and that it had four strings4 ,he said also that it was mentioned by ,pythagoras1 in his treatise on the ,red ,sea4 ,the sambuca is also a name given to an engine used in sieges1 the form and mechanism of which is explained by ,biton1 in his book addressed to ,attalus on the subject of ,military ,engines4 ,and ,andreas of ,panormus1 in the thirty-third book of his ,history of ,sicily1 detailed city by city1 says that it is borne against the walls of the enemy on two cranes4 ,and it is called sambuca because when it is raised up it gives a sort of appearance of a ship and ladder joined together1 and resembles the shape of the musical instrument of the same name4 ,but ,moschus1 in the first book of his treatise on ,mechanics1 says that the sambuca is originally a ,roman engine1 and that ,heraclides of ,pontus was the original inventor of it4 ,but ,polybius1 in the eighth book of his ,history1 says1--,marcellus1 having been a great deal inconvenienced at that siege of ,syracuse by the contrivances of ,archimedes1 used to say that ,archimedes had given his ships drink out of the sea2 but that his sambuc had been buffeted and driven from the entertainment in disgrace4 #ce4 ,and when1 after this1 milianus said1--,but1 my good friend ,masurius1 ,i myself1 often1 being a lover of music1 turn my thoughts to the instrument which is called the magadis1 and cannot decide whether ,i am to think that it was a species of flute or some kind of harp4 ,for that sweetest of poets1 ,anacreon1 says somewhere or other-- ,i hold my magadis and sing1 ,striking loud the twentieth string1 ,leucaspis1 as the rapid hour ,leads you to youth's and beauty's flower4 ,but ,ion of ,chios1 in his ,omphale1 speaks of it as if it were a species of flute1 in the following words-- ,and let the ,lydian flute1 the magadis1 ,breathe its sweet sounds1 and lead the tuneful song4 ,sidenote3 ,,music4 ,and ,aristarchus the grammarian1 7a man whom ,pantius the ,rhodian philosopher used to call the ,prophet1 because he could so easily divine the meanings of poems17 when explaining this verse1 affirms that the magadis was a kind of flute3 though ,aristoxenus does not say so either in his treatise on the ,flute-players or in that on ,flutes and other ,musical ,instruments2 nor does ,archestratus either1--and he also wrote two books on ,flute-players2 nor has ,pyrrhander said so in his work on ,flute-players2 nor ,phillis the ,delian1--for he also wrote a treatise on ,flute-players1 and so did ,euphranor4 ,but ,tryphon1 in the second book of his essay on ,names1 speaks thus--,the flute called magadis4 ,and in another place he says--,the magadis gives a shrill and deep tone at the same time1 as ,anaxandrides intimates in his ,man fighting in heavy ,armour1 where we find the line-- ,i will speak to you like a magadis1 ,in soft and powerful sounds at the same time4 ,and1 my dear ,masurius1 there is no one else except you who can solve this difficulty for me4 #cf4 ,and ,masurius replied--,didymus the grammarian1 in his work entitled ,interpretations of the ,plays of ,ion different from the ,interpretations of others1 says1 my good friend milianus1 that by the term he understands the instrument which is also called 2 which is mentioned by ,aristoxenus in the first book of his treatise on the ,boring of ,flutes2 for there he says that there are five kinds of flutes2 the parthenius1 the pdicus1 the citharisterius1 the perfect1 and the superperfect4 ,and he says that ,ion has omitted the conjunction improperly1 so that we are to understand by the flute which accompanies the magadis2 for the magadis is a stringed 77 instrument1 as ,anacreon tells us1 and it was invented by the ,lydians1 on which account ,ion1 in his ,omphale1 calls the ,lydian women 1 as playing on stringed instruments1 in the following lines-- ,but come1 ye ,lydian 1 and singing ,your ancient hymns1 do honour to this stranger4 ,but ,theophilus the comic poet1 in his ,neoptolemus1 calls playing on the magadis 1 saying-- ,it may be that a worthless son may sing ,his father or his mother on the magadis 771 ,sitting upon the wheel2 but none of us ,shall ever play such music now as theirs4 ,and ,euphorion1 in his treatise on the ,isthmian ,games1 says1 that the magadis is an ancient instrument1 but that in latter times it was altered1 and had the name also changed to that of the sambuca4 ,and1 that this instrument was very much used at ,mitylene1 so that one of the ,muses was represented by an old statuary1 whose name was ,lesbothemis1 as holding one in her hand4 ,but ,menchmus1 in his treatise on ,artists1 says that the 1 which he calls identical with the magadis1 was invented by ,sappho4 ,and ,aristoxenus says that the magadis and the pectis were both played with the fingers without any plectrum2 on which account ,pindar1 in his ,scolium addressed to ,hiero1 having named the magadis1 calls it a responsive harping 7 71 because its music is accompanied in all its keys by two kinds of singers1 namely1 men and boys4 ,and ,phrynichus1 in his ,phnician ,women1 has said-- ,singing responsive songs on tuneful harps4 ,and ,sophocles1 in his ,mysians1 says-- ,there sounded too the ,phrygian triangle1 ,with oft-repeated notes2 to which responded ,the well-struck strings of the soft ,lydian pectis4 #cg4 ,but some people raise a question how1 as the magadis did not exist in the time of ,anacreon 7for instruments with many strings were never seen till after his time71 ,anacreon can possibly mention it1 as he does when he says-- ,i hold my magadis and sing1 ,striking loud the twentieth string1 ,leucaspis4 ,but ,posidonius asserts that ,anacreon mentions three kinds of melodies1 the ,phrygian1 the ,dorian1 and the ,lydian2 for that these were the only melodies with which he was acquainted4 ,and as every one of these is executed on seven strings1 he says that it was very nearly correct of ,anacreon to speak of twenty strings1 as he only omits one for the sake of speaking in round numbers4 ,but ,posidonius is ignorant that the magadis is an ancient instrument1 though ,pindar says plainly enough that ,terpander invented the barbitos to correspond to1 and answer the pectis in use among the ,lydians-- ,sidenote3 ,,musical ,,instruments4 ,the sweet responsive lyre ,which long ago the ,lesbian bard1 ,terpander1 did invent1 sweet ornament ,to the luxurious ,lydian feasts1 when he ,heard the high-toned pectis4 ,now the pectis and the magadis are the same instrument1 as ,aristoxenus tells us1 and ,menchmus the ,sicyonian too1 in his treatise on ,artists4 ,and this last author says that ,sappho1 who is more ancient than ,anacreon1 was the first person to use the pectis4 ,now1 that ,terpander is more ancient than ,anacreon1 is evident from the following considerations3--,terpander was the first man who ever got the victory at the ,carnean#hf games1 as ,hellanicus tells us in the verses in which he has celebrated the victors at the ,carnea1 and also in the formal catalogue which he gives us of them4 ,but the first establishment of the ,carnea took place in the twenty-sixth ,olympiad1 as ,sosibius tells us in his essay on ,dates4 ,but ,hieronymus1 in his treatise on ,harp-players1 which is the subject of the fifth of his ,treatises on ,poets1 says that ,terpander was a contemporary of ,lycurgus the lawgiver1 who1 it is agreed by all men1 was1 with ,iphitus of ,elis1 the author of that establishment of the ,olympic games from which the first ,olympiad is reckoned4 ,but ,euphorion1 in his treatise on the ,isthmian ,games1 says that the instruments with many strings are altered only in their names2 but that the use of them is very ancient4 #ch4 ,however1 ,diogenes the tragic poet represents the pectis as differing from the magadis2 for in the ,semele he says-- ,and now ,i hear the turban-wearing women1 ,votaries of th' ,asiatic ,cybele1 ,the wealthy ,phrygians' daughters1 loudly sounding ,with drums1 and rhombs1 and brazen-clashing cymbals1 ,their hands in concert striking on each other1 ,pour forth a wise and healing hymn to the gods4 ,likewise the ,lydian and the ,bactrian maids ,who dwell beside the ,halys1 loudly worship ,the ,tmolian goddess ,artemis1 who loves ,the laurel shade of the thick leafy grove1 ,striking the clear three-corner'd pectis1 and ,raising responsive airs upon the magadis1 ,while flutes in ,persian manner neatly join'd ,accompany the chorus4 ,and ,phillis the ,delian1 in the second book of his treatise on ,music1 also asserts that the pectis is different from the magadis4 ,and his words are these--,there are the phnices1 the pectides1 the magadides1 the sambuc1 the iambyc1 the triangles1 the clepsiambi1 the scindapsi1 the nine-string4 ,for1 he says that the lyre to which they sang iambics1 they called the iambyca1 and the instrument to which they sang them in such a manner as to vary the metre a little1 they called the clepsiambus1#hg while the magadis was an instrument uttering a diapason sound1 and equally in tune for every portion of the singers4 ,and besides these there were instruments of other kinds also2 for there was the barbitos1 or barmus1 and many others1 some with strings1 and some with sounding-boards4 #ci4 ,there were also some instruments besides those which were blown into1 and those which were used with different strings1 which gave forth only sounds of a simple nature1 such as the castanets 771 which are mentioned by ,dicarchus1 in his essay on the ,manners and ,customs of ,greece1 where he says1 that formerly certain instruments were in very frequent use1 in order to accompany women while dancing and singing2 and when any one touched these instruments with their fingers they uttered a shrill sound4 ,and he says that this is plainly shown in the hymn to ,diana1 which begins thus-- ,diana1 now my mind will have me utter ,a pleasing song in honour of your deity1 ,while this my comrade strikes with nimble hand ,the well-gilt brazen-sounding castanets4 ,and ,hermippus1 in his play called ,the ,gods1 gives the word for rattling the castanets1 1 saying-- ,and beating down the limpets from the rocks1 ,they make a noise like castanets 774 ,sidenote3 ,,musical ,,instruments4 ,but ,didymus says1 that some people1 instead of the lyre1 are in the habit of striking oyster-shells and cockle-shells against one another1 and by these means contrive to play a tune in time to the dancers1 as ,aristophanes also intimates in his ,frogs4#hh #dj4 ,but ,artemon1 in the first book of his treatise on the ,dionysian ,system1 as he calls it1 says that ,timotheus the ,milesian appears to many men to have used an instrument of more strings than were necessary1 namely1 the magadis1 on which account he was chastised by the ,lacedmonians as having corrupted the ancient music4 ,and when some one was going to cut away the superfluous strings from his lyre1 he showed them a little statue of ,apollo which they had1 which held in its hand a lyre with an equal number of strings1 and which was tuned in the same manner2 and so he was acquitted4 ,but ,douris1 in his treatise on ,tragedy1 says that the magadis was named after ,magodis1 who was a ,thracian by birth4 ,but ,apollodorus1 in his ,reply to the ,letter of ,aristocles1 says--,that which we now call is the same instrument which was formerly called magadis2 but that which used to be called the clepsiambus1 and the triangle1 and the elymus1 and the nine-string1 have fallen into comparative disuse4 ,and ,alcman says-- ,and put away the magadis4 ,and ,sophocles1 in his ,thamyras1 says-- ,and well-compacted lyres and magadides1 ,and other highly-polish'd instruments1 ,from which the ,greeks do wake the sweetest sounds4 ,but ,telestes1 in his dithyrambic poem1 called ,hymenus1 says that the magadis was an instrument with five strings1 using the following expressions-- ,and each a different strain awakens1-- ,one struck the loud horn-sounding magadis1 ,and in the fivefold number of tight strings ,moved his hand to and fro most rapidly4 ,i am acquainted1 too1 with another instrument which the ,thracian kings use in their banquets1 as ,nicomedes tells us in his essay on ,orpheus4 ,now ,ephorus and ,scamon1 in their treatise on ,inventions1 say that the instrument called the ,phnix derives its name from having been invented by the ,phnicians4 ,but ,semus of ,delos1 in the first book of the ,delias1 says that it is so called because its ribs are made of the palm-tree which grows in ,delos4 ,the same writer1 ,semus1 says that the first person who used the sambuca was ,sibylla1 and that the instrument derives its name from having been invented by a man named ,sambyx4 #da4 ,and concerning the instrument called the tripod 7this also is a musical instrument7 the before-mentioned ,artemo writes as follows--,and that is how it is that there are many instruments1 as to which it is even uncertain whether they ever existed2 as1 for instance1 the tripod of ,pythagoras of ,zacynthus4 ,for as it was in fashion but a very short time1 and as1 either because the fingering of it appeared exceedingly difficult1 or for some other reason1 it was very soon disused1 it has escaped the notice of most writers altogether4 ,but the instrument was in form very like the ,delphian tripod1 and it derived its name from it2 but it was used like a triple harp4 ,for its feet stood on some pedestal which admitted of being easily turned round1 just as the legs of movable chairs are made2 and along the three intermediate spaces between the feet1 strings were stretched2 an arm being placed above each1 and tuning-pegs1 to which the strings were attached1 below4 ,and on the top there was the usual ornament of the vase1 and of some other ornaments which were attached to it2 all which gave it a very elegant appearance2 and it emitted a very powerful sound4 ,and ,pythagoras divided the three harmonies with reference to three countries1--the ,dorian1 the ,lydian1 and ,phrygian4 ,and he himself sitting on a chair made on the same principles and after the same pattern1 putting out his left hand so as to take hold of the instrument1 and using the plectrum in his other hand1 moved the pedestal with his foot very easily1 so as to use whichever side of the instrument he chose to begin with2 and then again turning to the other side he went on playing1 and then he changed to the third side4 ,and so rapidly did the easy movement of the pedestal1 when touched by the foot1 bring the various sides under his hand1 and so very rapid was his fingering and execution1 that if a person had not seen what was being done1 but had judged only by his ear1 he would have fancied that he was listening to three harp-players all playing on different instruments4 ,but this instrument1 though it was so greatly admired1 after his death rapidly fell into disuse4 ,sidenote3 ,,music4 #db4 ,now the system of playing the harp without any vocal accompaniment1 was1 as ,menchmus informs us1 first introduced by ,aristonicus the ,argive1 who was a contemporary of ,archilochus1 and lived in ,corcyra4 ,but ,philochorus1 in the third hook of his ,atthis1 says--,lysander the ,sicyonian harp-player was the first person who ever changed the art of pure instrumental performance1 dwelling on the long tones1 and producing a very rich sound1 and adding also to the harp the music of the flute2 and this last addition was first introduced by ,epigonus2 and taking away the jejuneness which existed in the music of those who played the harp alone without any vocal accompaniment1 he first introduced various beautiful modifications#hi on that instrument2 and he played on the different kinds of harp called iambus and magadis1 which is also called 4 ,and he was the first person who ever attempted to change his instrument while playing4 ,and afterwards1 adding dignity to the business1 he was the first person to institute a chorus4 ,and ,menchmus says that ,dion of ,chius was the first person who ever played on the harp an ode such as is used at libations to the honour of ,bacchus4 ,but ,timomachus1 in his ,history of ,cyprus1 says that ,stesander the ,samian added further improvements to his art1 and was the first person who at ,delphi sang to his lyre the battles narrated in ,homer1 beginning with the ,odyssey4 ,but others say that the first person who ever played amatory strains on his harp was ,amiton the ,eleuthernan1 who did so in his own city1 whose descendants are all called ,amitores4 ,but ,aristoxenus says that just as some men have composed parodies on hexameter verses1 for the sake of exciting a laugh2 so1 too1 others have parodied the verses which were sung to the harp1 in which pastime nopas led the way4 ,and he was imitated by ,polyeuctus the ,achan1 and by ,diocles of ,cyntha4 ,there have also been poets who have composed a low kind of poems1 concerning whom ,phnias the ,eresian speaks in his writings addressed to the ,sophists2 where he writes thus3--,telenicus the ,byzantian1 and also ,argas1 being both authors of low poems1 were men who1 as far as that kind of poetry could go1 were accounted clever4 ,but they never even attempted to rival the songs of ,terpander or ,phrynis4 ,and ,alexis mentions ,argas1 in his ,man ,disembarked1 thus-- ,a4 ,here is a poet who has gained the prize ,in choruses4 ,b4 ,what is his style of poetry8 ,a4 ,a noble kind4 ,b4 ,how will he stand comparison ,with ,argas8 ,a4 ,he's a whole days journey better4 ,and ,anaxandrides1 in his ,hercules1 says-- ,for he appears a really clever man4 ,how gracefully he takes the instrument1 ,then plays at once4444 ,when ,i have eaten my fill1 ,i then incline ,to send you off to sing a match with ,argas1 ,that you1 my friend1 may thus the sophists conquer4 #dc4 ,but the author of the play called the ,beggars1 which is attributed to ,chionides1 mentions a certain man of the name of ,gnesippus as a composer of ludicrous verses1 and also of merry songs2 and he says-- ,i swear that neither now ,gnesippus1 nor ,cleomenes with all his nine-string'd lyre1 ,could e'er have made this song endurable4 ,and the author of the ,helots says-- ,he is a man who sings the ancient songs ,of ,alcman1 and ,stesichorus1 and ,simonides2 7he means to say ,gnesippus73 ,he likewise has composed songs for the night1 ,well suited to adulterers1 with which ,they charm the women from their doors1 while striking ,the shrill iambyca or the triangle4 ,and ,cratinus1 in his ,effeminate ,persons1 says-- ,who1 ,o ,gnesippus1 e'er saw me in love8 ,i am indignant2 for ,i do think nothing ,can be so vain or foolish as a lover4 ,sidenote3 ,,love ,,songs4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 and he ridicules him for his poems2 and in his ,herdsmen he says-- ,a man who would not give to ,sophocles ,a chorus when he asked one2 though he granted ,that favour to ,cleomachus1 whom ,i ,should scarce think worthy of so great an honour1 ,at the ,adonia4 ,and in his ,hours he says-- ,farewell to that great tragedian ,cleomachus1 with his chorus of hair-pullers1 ,plucking vile melodies in the ,lydian fashion4 ,but ,teleclides1 in his ,rigid ,men1 says that he was greatly addicted to adultery4 ,and ,clearchus1 in the second book of his ,amatory ,anecdotes1 says that the love-songs1 and those1 too1 which are called the ,locrian songs1 do not differ in the least from the compositions of ,sappho and ,anacreon4 ,moreover1 the poems of ,archilochus1 and that on fieldfares1 attributed to ,homer1 relate to some division or other of this passion1 describing it in metrical poetry4 ,but the writings of ,asopodorus about love1 and the whole body of amorous epistles1 are a sort of amatory poetry out of metre4 #dd4 ,when ,masurius had said this1 the second course1 as it is called1 was served up to us2 which1 indeed1 was very often offered to us1 not only on the days of the festival of ,saturn1#ij when it is the custom of the ,romans to feast their slaves1 while they themselves discharge the offices of their slaves4 ,but this is in reality a ,grecian custom4 ,at all events1 in ,crete1 at the festival of ,mercury1 a similar thing takes place1 as ,carystius tells us in his ,historic ,reminiscences2 for then1 while the slaves are feasting1 the masters wait upon them as if they were the servants3 and so they do at ,trzen in the month ,gerstius4 ,for then there is a festival which lasts for many days1 on one of which the slaves play at dice in common with the citizens1 and the masters give a banquet to the slaves1 as ,carystius himself tells us4 ,and ,berosus1 in the first book of his ,history of ,babylon1 says that on the sixteenth day of the month ,lous1 there is a great festival celebrated in ,babylon1 which is called ,sakeas2 and it lasts five days3 and during those days it is the custom for the masters to be under the orders of their slaves2 and one of the slaves puts on a robe like the king's1 which is called a zoganes1 and is master of the house4 ,and ,ctesias also mentions this festival in the second book of his ,history of ,persia4 ,but the ,coans act in an exactly contrary manner1 as ,macareus tells us in the third book of his ,history of ,cos4 ,for when they sacrifice to ,juno1 the slaves do not come to the entertainment2 on which account ,phylarchus says-- ,among the ,sourii1 the freemen only ,assist at the holy sacrifice2 none else ,the temples or the altars dare approach2 ,and no slave may come near the sacred precincts4 #de4 ,but ,baton of ,sinope1 the orator1 in his treatise on ,thessaly and ,hmonica1 distinctly asserts that the ,roman ,saturnalia are originally a very ,greek festival1 saying that among the ,thessalians it is called ,peloria4 ,and these are his words3--,when a common festival was being celebrated by all the ,pelasgi1 a man whose name was ,pelorus brought news to ,pelasgus that there had been some violent earthquakes in ,hmonia1 by which the mountains called ,tempe had been rent asunder1 and that the water of the lake had burst through the rent1 and was all falling into the stream of the ,peneus2 and that all the country which had formerly been covered by the lake was now laid open1 and that1 as the waters were now drained off1 there were plains visible of wondrous size and beauty4 ,accordingly1 ,pelasgus1 on hearing this statement1 had a table loaded with every delicacy set before ,pelorus2 and every one else received him with great cordiality1 and brought whatever they had that was best1 and placed it on the table before the man who had brought this news2 and ,pelasgus himself waited on him with great cheerfulness1 and all the rest of the nobles obeyed him as his servants as often as any opportunity offered4 ,on which account1 they say that after the ,pelasgi occupied the district1 they instituted a festival as a sort of imitation of the feast which took place on that occasion2 and1 sacrificing to ,jupiter ,pelor1 they serve up tables admirably furnished1 and hold a very cordial and friendly assembly1 so as to receive every foreigner at the banquet1 and to set free all the prisoners1 and to make their servants sit down and feast with every sort of liberty and licence1 while their masters wait on them4 ,and1 in short1 even to this day the ,thessalians celebrate this as their chief festival1 and call it ,peloria4 ,sidenote3 ,,sweetmeats4 #df4 ,very often1 then1 as ,i have said1 when such a dessert as this is set before us1 some one of the guests who were present would say-- ,certainly1 second thoughts are much the best2 ,for what now can the table want8 or what ,is there with which it is not amply loaded8 ',tis full of fish fresh from the sea1 besides ,here's tender veal1 and dainty dishes of goose1 ,tartlets1 and cheesecakes steep'd most thoroughly ,in the rich honey of the golden bee2 as ,euripides says in his ,cretan ,women3 and1 as ,eubulus said in his ,rich ,woman-- ,and in the same way everything is sold ,together at ,athens2 figs and constables1 ,grapes1 turnips1 pears and apples1 witnesses1 ,roses and medlars1 cheesecakes1 honeycombs1 ,vetches and law-suits2 bee-strings of all kinds1 ,and myrtle-berries1 and lots for offices1 ,hyacinths1 and lambs1 and hour-glasses too1 ,and laws and prosecutions4 ,accordingly1 when ,pontianus was about to say something about each of the dishes of the second course1--,we will not1 said ,ulpian1 hear you discuss these things until you have spoken about the sweetmeats 774 ,and ,pontianus replied3--,cratinus says that ,philippides has given this name to the 1 in his ,miser1 where he says-- ,cheesecakes1 1 and eggs1 ,and sesame2 and were ,i to endeavour ,to count up every dish1 the day would fail me4 ,and ,diphilus1 in his ,telesias1 says-- 1 myrtle-berries1 cheesecakes too1 ,and almonds2 so that with the greatest pleasure ,i eat the second course 774 ,and ,sophilus1 in his ,deposit1 says-- ',tis always pleasant supping with the ,greeks2 ,they manage well2 with them no one cries out-- ,here1 bring a stronger draught2 for ,i must feast ,with the ,tanagrian2 that there1 lying down1 99 99 99 99 99 ,and ,plato1 in his ,atlanticus1 calls these sweetmeats 2 saying--,and at that time the earth used to produce all sorts of sweet-smelling things for its inhabitants2 and a great deal of cultivated fruit1 and a great variety of nuts2 and all the which give pleasure when eaten4 #dg4 ,but ,tryphon says that formerly before the guests entered the supper-room1 each person's share was placed on the table1 and that afterwards a great many dishes of various kinds were served up in addition2 and that on this account these latter dishes were called 4 ,but ,philyllius1 in his ,well-digger1 speaking of the second course1 says-- ,almonds1 and nuts1 and 4 ,and ,archippus1 in his ,hercules1 and ,herodotus1 in the first book of his ,history1 have both used the verb for eating after supper4 ,and ,archippus also1 in his ,hercules ,marrying1 uses the word 2 where he says-- ,the board was loaded with rich honey-cakes ,and other 4 ,and ,herodotus1 in the first book of his ,history1 says--,they do not eat a great deal of meat1 but a great many 4 ,but as for the proverbial saying1 ,the of ,abydos1 that is a kind of tax and harbour-due2 as is explained by ,aristides in the third book of his treatise on ,proverbs4 ,but ,dionysius1 the son of ,tryphon1 says--,formerly1 before the guests came into the banqueting-room1 the portion for each individual was placed on the table1 and afterwards a great many other things were served up in addition 772 from which custom they were called 4 ,and ,philyllius1 in his ,well-digger1 speaks of what is brought in after the main part of the banquet is over1 saying-- ,almonds1 and nuts1 and 4 ,but ,plato the comic poet1 in the ,menelaus1 calls them 1 as being for eatables placed on the table 7 71 saying-- ,a4 ,come1 tell me now1 ,why are so few of the ,remaining8 ,b4 ,that man hated by the gods ,ate them all up4 ,and ,aristotle1 in his treatise on ,drunkenness1 says that sweetmeats 77 used to be called by the ancients 2 for that they come in as a sort of second course4 ,but it is ,pindar who said-- ,and is nice when supper's over1 ,and when the guests have eaten plentifully4 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,different ,,courses ,,at ,,dinner4 ,and he was quite right4 ,for ,euripides says1 when one looks on what is served up before one1 one may really say-- ,you see how happily life passes when ,a man has always a well-appointed table4 #dh4 ,and that among the ancients the second course used to have a great deal of expense and pains bestowed on it1 we may learn from what ,pindar says in his ,olympic ,odes1 where he speaks of the flesh of ,pelops being served up for food3-- ,and in the second course they carved ,your miserable limbs1 and feasted on them2 ,but far from me shall be the thought profane1 ,that in foul feast celestials could delight4#ia ,and the ancients often called this second course simply 1 as1 for instance1 ,achus in his ,vulcan1 which is a satyric drama1 who says1-- ,a4 ,first we will gratify you with a feast2 ,lo6 here it is4 ,b4 ,but after that what means ,of pleasure will you offer me8 ,a4 ,we'll anoint you ,all over with a richly-smelling perfume4 ,b4 ,will you not give me first a jug of water ,to wash my hands with8 ,a4 ,surely2 the dessert 77 ,is now being clear'd away4 ,and ,aristophanes1 in his ,wasps1 says-- ,bring water for the hands2 clear the dessert4#ib ,and ,aristotle1 in his treatise on ,drunkenness1 uses the term 1 much as we do now2 saying1--,we must therefore bear in mind that there is a difference between and 1 as there is also between and 4 ,for this is a national name in use in every part of ,greece1 since there is food 77 in sweetmeats 7 71 from which consideration the man who first used the expression 1 appears to have spoken with sufficient correctness4 ,for the eating of sweetmeats 77 is really an eating after supper 772 and the sweetmeats are served up as a second supper4 ,but ,dicarchus1 in the first book of his ,descent to the ,cave of ,trophonius1 speaks thus3 ,there was also the 1 which was a very expensive part of a banquet1 and there were also garlands1 and perfumes1 and burnt frankincense1 and all the other necessary accompaniments of these things4 #di4 ,eggs too often formed a part of the second course1 as did hares and thrushes1 which were served up with the honey-cakes2 as we find mentioned by ,antiphanes in the ,leptiniscus1 where he says1-- ,a4 ,would you drink ,thasian wine8 ,b4 ,no doubt1 if any one ,fills me a goblet with it4 ,a4 ,then what think you ,of almonds8 ,b4 ,i feel very friendly to them1 ,they mingle well with honey4 ,a4 ,if a man ,should bring you honied cheesecakes8 ,b4 ,i should eat them1 ,and swallow down an egg or two besides4 ,and in his ,things resembling one another1 he says1-- ,then he introduced a dance1 and after that he served up ,a second course1 provided well with every kind of dainty4 ,and ,amphis1 in his ,gyncomania1 says1-- ,a4 ,did you e'er hear of what they call a ground#ic life8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 'tis clearly ,cheesecakes1 sweet wine1 eggs1 cakes of sesame1 ,perfumes1 and crowns1 and female flute-players4 ,b4 ,castor and ,pollux6 why you have gone through ,the names of all the dozen gods at once4 ,anaxandrides1 in his ,clowns1 says1-- ,and when ,i had my garland on my head1 ,they brought in the dessert 7 71 in which there were ,so many dishes1 that1 by all the gods1 ,and goddesses too1 ,i hadn't the least idea ,there were so many different things i' th' house2 ,and never did ,i live so well as then4 ,clearchus says in his ,pandrosus1-- ,a4 ,have water for your hands3 ,b4 ,by no means1 thank you2 ,i'm very comfortable as ,i am4 ,a4 ,pray have some2 ,you'll be no worse at all events4 ,boy1 water6 ,and put some nuts and sweetmeats on the table4 ,and ,eubulus1 in his ,campylion1 says1-- ,a4 ,now is your table loaded well with sweetmeats4 ,b4 ,i am not always very fond of sweetmeats4 ,alexis1 too1 says in his ,polyclea1 7,polyclea was the name of a courtesan17-- ,sidenote3 ,,dessert4 ,he was a clever man who first invented ,the use of sweetmeats2 for he added thus ,a pleasant lengthening to the feast1 and saved men ,from unfill'd mouths and idle jaws unoccupied4 ,and in his ,female ,likeness 7but this same play is attributed also to ,antidotus7 he says1-- ,a4 ,i am not one1 by sculapius6 ,to care excessively about my supper2 ,i'm fonder of dessert4 ,b4 ',tis very well4 ,a4 ,for ,i do hear that sweetmeats are in fashion1 ,for suitors when they're following4444 ,b4 ,their brides1-- ,a4 ,to give them cheesecakes1 hares1 and thrushes too1 ,these are the things ,i like2 but pickled fish ,and soups and sauces ,i can't bear1 ye gods6 ,but ,apion and ,diodorus1 as ,pamphilus tells us1 assert that the sweetmeats brought in after supper are also called 4 #ej4 ,ephippus1 in his ,ephebi1 enumerating the different dishes in fashion for dessert1 says1-- ,then there were brought some groats1 some rich perfumes ,from ,egypt1 and a cask of rich palm wine ,was broach'd4 ,then cakes and other kinds of sweetmeats1 ,cheesecakes of every sort and every name2 ,and a whole hecatomb of eggs4 ,these things ,we ate1 and clear'd the table vigorously1 ,for we did e'en devour some parasites4 ,and in his ,cydon he says1-- ,and after supper they served up some kernels1 ,vetches1 and beans1 and groats1 and cheese1 and honey1 ,sweetmeats of various kinds1 and cakes of sesame1 ,and pyramidical rolls of wheat1 and apples1 ,nuts1 milk1 hempseed too1 and shell-fish1 ,syrup1 the brains of ,jove4 ,alexis too1 in his ,philiscus1 says1-- ,now is the time to clear the table1 and ,to bring each guest some water for his hands1 ,and garlands1 perfumes1 and libations1 ,frankincense1 and a chafing-dish4 ,now give ,some sweetmeats1 and let all some cheesecakes have4 ,and as ,philoxenus of ,cythera1 in his ,banquet1 where he mentions the second course1 has spoken by name of many of the dishes which are served up to us1 we may as well cite his words3-- ,and the beautiful vessels which come in first1 were brought in again full of every kind of delicacy1 which mortals call 1 but the ,gods call them the ,horn of ,amalthea4 ,and in the middle was placed that great delight of mortals1 white marrow dressed sweet2 covering its face with a thin membrane1 like a spider's web1 out of modesty1 that one might not see 4 4 4 4 4 in the dry nets of ,aristus4 4 4 4 ,and its name was amyllus 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 which they call ,jupiter's sweetmeats4 4 4 4 ,then he distributed plates of 4 4 4 4 very delicious 4 4 4 4 4 4 and a cheesecake compounded of cheese1 and milk1 and honey 4 4 4 4 4 almonds with soft rind 4 4 4 4 and nuts1 which boys are very fond of2 and everything else which could be expected in plentiful and costly entertainment4 ,and drinking went on1 and playing at the cottabus1 and conversation4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,it was pronounced a very magnificent entertainment1 and every one admired and praised it4 ,this1 then1 is the description given by ,philoxenus of ,cythera1 whom ,antiphanes praises in his ,third-rate ,performer1 where he says-- ,philoxenus now does surpass by far ,all other poets4 ,first of all he everywhere ,uses new words peculiar to himself2 ,and then how cleverly doth he mix his melodies ,with every kind of change and modification6 ,surely he is a god among weak men1 ,and a most thorough judge of music too4 ,but poets of the present day patch up ,phrases of ivy and fountains into verse1 ,and borrow old expressions1 talking of ,melodies flying on the wings of flowers1 ,and interweave them with their own poor stuff4 #ea4 ,there are many writers who have given lists of the different kinds of cheesecakes1 and as far as ,i can recollect1 ,i will mention them1 and what they have said4 ,i know1 too1 that ,callimachus1 in his ,list of ,various ,books1 mentions the treatises on the ,art of ,making ,cheesecakes1 written by gimius1 and ,hegesippus1 and ,metrobius1 and also by ,phtus4 ,but ,i will communicate to you the names of cheesecakes which ,i myself have been able to find to put down1 not treating you as ,socrates was treated in the matter of the cheesecake which was sent to him by ,alcibiades2 for ,xanthippe took it and trampled upon it1 on which ,socrates laughed1 and said1 ,at all events you will not have any of it yourself4 7,this story is related by ,antipater1 in the first book of his essay on ,passion47 ,but ,i1 as ,i am fond of cheesecakes1 should have been very sorry to see that divine cheesecake so injuriously treated4 ,accordingly1 ,plato the comic poet mentions cheesecakes in his play called ,the ,poet1 where he says-- ,am ,i alone to sacrifice without ,having a taste allow'd me of the entrails1 ,without a cheesecake1 without frankincense8 ,sidenote3 ,,cheesecakes4 ,nor do ,i forget that there is a village1 which ,demetrius the ,scepsian1 in the twelfth book of his ,trojan ,array1 tells us bears the name of 7cheesecake72 and he says that it is six stadia from ,hypoplacian ,thebes4#id ,now1 the word ought to have a circumflex in the nominative case2 for it is contracted from 1 as is from 1 and from 4 ,and it is used as a substantive1 the word 7bread7 being understood4 ,those who have lived in the place assure us that there are capital cheesecakes to be got at ,parium on the ,hellespont2 for it is a blunder of ,alexis1 when he speaks of them as coming from the island of ,paros4 ,and this is what he says in his play called ,archilochus3-- ,happy old man1 who in the sea-girt isle ,of happy ,paros dwell'st--a land which bears ,two things in high perfection2 marble white1 ,fit decoration for th' immortal gods1 ,and cheesecakes1 dainty food for mortal men4 ,and ,sopater the farce-writer1 in his ,suitors of ,bacchis1 testifies that the cheesecakes of ,samos are extraordinarily good2 saying1-- ,the cheesecake-making island named ,samos4 #eb4 ,menander1 in his ,false ,hercules1 speaks of cheesecakes made in a mould3-- ,it is not now a question about candyli1 ,or all the other things which you are used ,to mix together in one dish--eggs1 honey1 ,and similago2 for all these things now ,are out of place4 ,the cook at present's making ,baked cheesecakes in a mould2 and boiling groats1 ,to serve up after the salt-fish1--and grapes1 ,and forced-meat wrapp'd in fig-leaves4 ,and the maid1 ,who makes the sweetmeats and the common cheesecakes1 ,is roasting joints of meat and plates of thrushes4 ,and ,evangelus1 in his ,newly-married ,woman1 says-- ,a4 ,four tables did ,i mention to you of women1 ,and six of men2 a supper1 too1 complete-- ,in no one single thing deficient2 ,wishing the marriage-feast to be a splendid one4 ,b4 ,ask no one else2 ,i will myself go round1 ,provide for everything1 and report to you4 4 4 4 4 4 ,as many kinds of olives as you please2 ,for meat1 you've veal1 and sucking-pig1 and pork1 ,and hares-- ,a4 ,hear how this cursed fellow boasts6 ,b4 ,forced-meat in fig-leaves1 cheese1 cheesecakes in moulds-- ,a4 ,here1 ,dromo6 ,b4 ,candyli1 eggs1 cakes of meal4 ,and then the table is three cubits high2 ,so that all those who sit around must rise ,whene'er they wish to help themselves to anything4 ,there was a kind of cheesecake called 4 ,antiphanes enumerates 1 2 and ,menander1 in his ,supposititious ,son1 says-- ,you would be glad were any one to dress ,a cheesecake 77 for you4 ,but the ,ionians1 as ,seleucus tells us in his ,dialects1 make the accusative case 2 and they call small cheesecakes of the same kind 4 ,teleclides says-- ,thrushes flew of their own accord ,right down my throat with savoury 4 #ec4 ,there was also a kind called 3-- ,he was so greedy that he ate a whole ,diaconium up1 besides an amphiphon4 ,but the was a kind of cheesecake consecrated to ,diana1 having figures of lighted torches round it4 ,philemon1 in his ,beggar1 or ,woman of ,rhodes1 says-- ,diana1 mistress dear1 ,i bring you now ,this amphiphon1 and these libations holy4 ,diphilus also mentions it in his ,hecate4 ,philochorus also mentions the fact of its being called 1 and of its being brought into the temples of ,diana1 and also to the places where three roads meet1 on the day when the moon is overtaken at its setting by the rising of the sun2 and so the heaven is 1 or all over light4 ,there is the basynias too4 ,semus1 in the second book of the ,deliad1 says--,in the island of ,hecate1 the ,delians sacrifice to ,iris1 offering her the cheesecakes called basyni2 and this is a cake of wheat-flour1 and suet1 and honey1 boiled up together3 and what is called consists of a fig and three nuts4 ,sidenote3 ,,cheesecakes4 ,there are also cheesecakes called strepti and nelata4 ,both these kinds are mentioned by ,demosthenes the orator1 in his ,speech in ,defence of ,ctesiphon concerning the ,crown4 ,there are also epichyta4 ,nicochares1 in his ,handicraftsmen1 says-- ,i've loaves1 and barley-cakes1 and bran1 and flour1 ,and rolls1 obelias1 and honey'd cheesecakes1 ,epichyti1 ptisan1 and common cheesecakes1 ,dendalides1 and fried bread4 ,but ,pamphilus says that the is the same kind of cheesecake as that which is called 4 ,and ,hipponax mentions the in the following lines3-- ,not eating hares or woodcocks1 ,nor mingling small fried loaves with cakes of sesame1 ,nor dipping attanit in honeycombs4 ,there is also the creum4 ,this is a kind of cheesecake which1 at ,argos1 is brought to the bridegroom from the bride2 and it is roasted on the coals1 and the friends of the bridegroom are invited to eat it2 and it is served up with honey1 as ,philetas tells us in his ,miscellanies4 ,there is also the glycinas3 this is a cheesecake in fashion among the ,cretans1 made1 with sweet wine and oil1 as ,seleucus tells us in his ,dialects4 ,there is also the empeptas4 ,the same author speaks of this as a cheesecake made of wheat1 hollow and well-shaped1 like those which are called 2 being rather a kind of paste into which they put those cheesecakes which are really made with cheese4 #ed4 ,there are cakes1 also1 called 4 ,these are cakes boiled in oil1 and after that seasoned with honey2 and they are mentioned by ,stesichorus in the following lines3-- ,groats and encrides1 ,and other cakes1 and fresh sweet honey4 ,epicharmus1 too1 mentions them2 and so does ,nicophon1 in his ,handicraftsmen4 ,and ,aristophanes1 in his ,danaides1 speaks of a man who made them in the following words3-- ,and not be a seller of encrides 774 ,and ,pherecrates1 in his ,crapatalli1 says-- ,let him take this1 and then along the road ,let him seize some encrides4 ,there is the 1 too4 ,this is a kind of cheesecake in use among the ,syracusans1 under this name2 and it is mentioned by ,epicharmus1 in his ,earth and ,sea4 ,there is also the 2 and that this1 too1 is a kind of cheesecake we learn from what ,solon says in his ,iambics3-- ,some spend their time in drinking1 and eating cakes1 ,and some eat bread1 and others feast on ,mingled with lentils2 and there is no kind ,of dainty wanting there1 but all the fruits ,which the rich earth brings forth as food for men ,are present in abundance4 ,there are also criban2 and is a name given by ,alcman to some cheesecakes1 as ,apollodorus tells us4 ,and ,sosibius asserts the same thing1 in the third book of his ,essay on ,alcman2 and he says they are in shape like a breast1 and that the ,lacedmonians use them at the banquets of women1 and that the female friends of the bride1 who follow her in a chorus1 carry them about when they are going to sing an encomium which has been prepared in her honour4 ,there is also the crimnites1 which is a kind of cheesecake made of a coarser sort of barley-meal 771 as ,iatrocles tells us in his treatise on ,cheesecakes4 #ee4 ,then there is the staitites2 and this1 too1 is a species of cheesecake made of wheaten-flour and honey4 ,epicharmus mentions it in his ,hebe's ,wedding2 but the wheaten-flour is wetted1 and then put into a frying-pan2 and after that honey is sprinkled over it1 and sesame1 and cheese2 as ,iatrocles tells us4 ,there is also the charisius4 ,this is mentioned by ,aristophanes in his ,daitaleis1 where he says-- ,but ,i will send them in the evening ,a charisian cheesecake4 ,and ,eubulus1 in his ,ancylion1 speaks of it as if it were plain bread3-- ,i only just leapt out1 ,while baking the charisius4 ,then there is the 1 which is a barley-cake1 made like a cheesecake1 to be eaten after supper2 as ,philemon tells us in his treatise on ,attic ,names4 ,there is also the nanus1 which is a loaf made like a cheesecake1 prepared with cheese and oil4 ,there are also 1 which are likewise called 4 ,pherecrates1 in the ,crapatalli1 says-- ,and in the shades below you'll get for threepence ,a crapatallus1 and some 4 ,sidenote3 ,,cheesecakes4 ,but ,apollodorus the ,athenian1 and ,theodorus1 in his treatise on the ,attic ,dialect1 say that the crumbs which are knocked off from a loaf are called 1 which some people also call 4 ,then there is the 4 ,this is a thin cake1 made of sesame and honey2 and it is mentioned by ,anacreon thus3-- ,i broke my fast1 taking a little slice ,of an 2 but ,i drank a cask of wine4 ,and ,aristophanes1 in his ,acharnians1 says-- ,cheesecakes1 and cakes of sesame1 and 4 ,and ,sophocles1 in his ,contention1 says-- ,but ,i1 being hungry1 look back at the 4 ,there is mention made also of 4 ,philetas1 in his ,miscellanies1 says that cakes of honey are called 2 and they are made by a regular baker4 ,there is the 1 too2 which is a cheesecake fried in oil4 ,magnes1 or whoever it was that wrote the comedies which are attributed to him1 says in the second edition of his ,bacchus-- ,have you ne'er seen the fresh hissing1 ,when you pour honey over them8 ,and ,cratinus1 in his ,laws1 says-- ,the fresh 1 dropping morning dew4 ,then there is the 4 ,this is a cheesecake made on the festival of ,elaphebolia1 of wheat-flour1 and honey1 and sesame4 ,the is a kind of cheesecake1 having stuffing inside it4 #ef4 are cakes made up with honey and milk4 ,the is a species of cheesecake in fashion among the ,sicilians4 ,but some people call it 4 ,and among the ,coans it is called 1 as we are informed by ,iatrocles4 ,then there are the 1 which are cakes made of honey1 and roasted sesame1 and oil1 of a round shape4 ,eupolis1 in his ,flatterers1 says-- ,he is all grace1 he steps like a callabis-dancer1 ,and breathes sesamides1 and smells of apples4 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,deucalion1 says-- ,sesamides1 or honey-cheesecakes1 ,or any other dainty of the kind4 ,and ,ephippus1 in his ,cydon1 also mentions them in a passage which has been already quoted4 ,then there are 4 ,heraclides the ,syracusan1 in his treatise on ,laws1 says1 that in ,syracuse1 on the principal day of the ,thesmophorian festival1 cakes of a peculiar shape are made of sesame and honey1 which are called throughout all ,sicily1 and are carried about as offerings to the goddesses4 ,there is also the echinus4 ,lynceus the ,samian1 in his epistle to ,diagoras1 comparing the things which are considered dainties in ,attica with those which are in esteem at ,rhodes1 writes thus3 ,they have for the second course a rival to the fame of the in a new antagonist called the 1 concerning which ,i will speak briefly2 but when you come and see me1 and eat one which shall be prepared for you in the ,rhodian manner1 then ,i will endeavour to say more about it4 ,there are also cheesecakes named 4 ,heracleon of ,ephesus tells us that those cheesecakes have this name which are made of the third part of a chnix of wheat4 ,there are others called 1 which are mentioned by ,iatrocles in his treatise on ,cheesecakes2 and he speaks also of that which is called 1 which he says differs from the 1 inasmuch as this latter is made of bruised wheat which has been softened with honey4 ,and these cheesecakes are in nightly festivals given as prizes to the man who has kept awake all night4 #eg4 ,but ,chrysippus of ,tyana1 in his book called the ,art of ,making ,bread1 enumerates the following species and genera of cheesecakes3--,the terentinum1 the crassianum1 the tutianum1 the sabellicum1 the clustron1 the julianum1 the apicianum1 the canopicum1 the pelucidum1 the cappadocium1 the hedybium1 the maryptum1 the plicium1 the guttatum1 the montianum4 ,this last1 he says1 you will soften with sour wine1 and if you have a little cheese you may mash the montianum up half with wine and half with cheese1 and so it will be more palatable4 ,then there is the clustrum curianum1 the clustrum tuttatum1 and the clustrum tabonianum4 ,there are also mustacia made with mead1 mustacia made with sesame1 crustum purium1 gosgloanium1 and paulianum4 ,sidenote3 ,,cheesecakes4 ,the following cakes resembling cheesecakes1 he says1 are really made with cheese3--the enchytus1 the scriblites1 the subityllus4 ,there is also another kind of subityllus made of groats4 ,then there is the spira2 this1 too1 is made with cheese4 ,there are1 too1 the lucuntli1 the argyrotryphema1 the libos1 the cercus1 the xaphas1 the clustroplacous4 ,there is also1 says ,chrysippus1 a cheesecake made of rye4 ,the phthois is made thus3--,take some cheese and pound it1 then put it into a brazen sieve and strain it2 then put in honey and a hemina#ie of flour made from spring wheat1 and beat the whole together into one mass4 ,there is another cake1 which is called by the ,romans catillus ornatus1 and which is made thus3--,wash some lettuces and scrape them2 then put some wine into a mortar and pound the lettuces in it2 then1 squeezing out the juice1 mix up some flour from spring wheat in it1 and allowing it to settle1 after a little while pound it again1 adding a little pig's fat and pepper2 then pound it again1 draw it out into a cake1 smoothe it1 and cut it again1 and cut it into shape1 and boil it in hot oil1 putting all the fragments which you have cut off into a strainer4 ,other kinds of cheesecakes are the following3--the ostracites1 the attanites1 the amylum1 the tyrocoscinum4 ,make this last thus3--,pound some cheese 77 carefully1 and put it into a vessel2 then place above it a brazen sieve 77 and strain the cheese through it4 ,and when you are going to serve it up1 then put in above it a sufficient quantity of honey4 ,the cheesecakes called are made thus3--,put some honey into some milk1 pound them1 and put them into a vessel1 and let them coagulate2 then1 if you have some little sieves at hand1 put what is in the vessel into them1 and let the whey run off2 and when it appears to you to have coagulated thoroughly1 then take up the vessel in which it is1 and transfer it to a silver dish1 and the coat1 or crust1 will be uppermost4 ,but if you have no such sieves1 then use some new fans1 such as those which are used to blow the fire2 for they will serve the same purpose4 ,then there is the coptoplacous4 ,and also1 says he1 in ,crete they make a kind of cheesecake which they call gastris4 ,and it is made thus3--,take some ,thasian and ,pontic nuts and some almonds1 and also a poppy4 ,roast this last with great care1 and then take the seed and pound it in a clean mortar2 then1 adding the fruits which ,i have mentioned above1 beat them up with boiled honey1 putting in plenty of pepper1 and make the whole into a soft mass1 7but it will be of a black colour because of the poppy27 flatten it and make it into a square shape2 then1 having pounded some white sesame1 soften that too with boiled honey1 and draw it out into two cakes1 placing one beneath and the other above1 so as to have the black surface in the middle1 and make it into a neat shape4 ,these are the recipes of that clever writer on confectionary1 ,chrysippus4 #eh4 ,but ,harpocration the ,mendesian1 in his treatise on ,cheesecakes1 speaks of a dish which the ,alexandrians call 4 ,now this dish consists of a number of cakes mashed up together and boiled with honey4 ,and after they are boiled1 they are made up into round balls1 and fastened round with a thin string of byblus in order to keep them together4 ,there is also a dish called 1 which ,alcman mentions in the following terms-- ,and then we'll give you poltos made of beans 771 ,and snow-white wheaten groats from unripe corn1 ,and fruit of wax4 ,but the substantive 1 as ,sosibius tells us1 means a collection of all kinds of seeds boiled up in sweet wine4 ,and means boiled grains of wheat4 ,and when he speaks here of waxy fruit1 he means honey4 ,and ,epicharmus1 in his ,earth and ,sea1 speaks thus-- ,to boil some morning 4 ,and ,pherecrates mentions the cakes called in his ,deserters1 speaking as follows-- ,as one man smells like goats1 but others ,breathe from their mouths unalloy'd 4 #ei4 ,and when all this had been said1 the wise ,ulpian said1--,whence1 my most learned grammarians1 and out of what library1 have these respectable writers1 ,chrysippus and ,harpocration1 been extracted1 men who bring the names of illustrious philosophers into disrepute by being their namesakes8 ,and what ,greek has ever used the word 2 or who has ever mentioned the 8 ,and when ,laurentius answered him1 and said1--,whoever the authors of the poems attributed to ,epicharmus were1 they were acquainted with the 4 ,and we find the following expressions in the play entitled ,chiron-- ,and to drink twice the quantity of cool water1-- ,two full heminas4 ,sidenote3 ,,cakes4 ,and these spurious poems1 attributed to ,epicharmus1 were1 at all events1 written by eminent men4 ,for it was ,chrysogonus the flute-player1 as ,aristoxenus tells us in the eighth book of his ,political ,laws1 who wrote the poem entitled ,polity4 ,and ,philochorus1 in his treatise on ,divination1 says that it was a man of the name of ,axiopistos1 7whether he was a ,locrian or a ,sicyonian is uncertain17 who was the author of the ,canon and the ,sentences4 ,and ,apollodorus tells us the same thing4 ,and ,teleclides mentions the in his ,rigid ,men1 speaking thus-- ,hot cheesecakes now are things ,i'm fond of1 ,wild pears ,i do not care about2 ,i also like rich bits of hare ,placed on an 4 #fj4 ,when ,ulpian had heard this1 he said--,but1 since you have also a cake which you call 1 and ,i see that there is one served up for each of you on the table1 tell us now1 you epicures1 what writer of authority ever mentions this word 8 ,and ,democritus replied--,dionysius of ,utica1 in the seventh book of his ,georgics1 says that the sea leek is called 4 ,and as for the honey-cake which is now served up before each of us1 ,clearchus the ,solensian1 in his treatise on ,riddles1 mentions that1 saying--,if any one were to order a number of vessels to be mentioned which resemble one another1 he might say1 ,a tripod1 a bowl1 a candlestick1 a marble mortar1 ,a bench1 a sponge1 a caldron1 a boat1 a metal mortar1 ,an oil-cruse1 a basket1 a knife1 a ladle1 ,a goblet1 and a needle4 ,and after that he gives a list of the names of different dishes1 thus-- ,soup1 lentils1 salted meat1 and fish1 and turnips1 ,garlic1 fresh meat1 and tunny-roe1 pickles1 onions1 ,olives1 and artichokes1 capers1 truffles1 mushrooms4 ,and in the same way he gives a catalogue of cakes1 and sweetmeats1 thus-- ,ames1 placous1 entiltos1 itrium1#if ,pomegranates1 eggs1 vetches1 and sesame2 ,copt and grapes1 dried figs1 and pears and peaches1 ,apples and almonds4 ,these are the words of ,clearchus4 ,but ,sopater the farce-writer1 in his drama entitled ,pyl1 says-- ,who was it who invented first black cakes 77 ,of the uncounted poppy-seed8 who mix'd ,the yellow compounds of delicious sweetmeats8 ,here my excellent cross-examiner1 ,ulpian1 you have authorities for 2 and so now ,i advise you some4 ,and he1 without any delay1 took and ate some4 ,and when they all laughed1 ,democritus said2--,but1 my fine word-catcher1 ,i did not desire you to eat1 but not to eat2 for the word is used in the sense of abstaining from eating by ,theopompus the comic poet1 in his ,phineus1 where he says-- ,cease gambling with the dice1 my boy1 and now ,feed for the future more on herbs4 ,your stomach ,is hard with indigestion2 give up eating 77 ,those fish that cling to the rocks2 the lees of wine ,will make your head and senses clear1 and thus ,you'll find your health1 and your estate too1 better4 ,men do1 however1 use for to eat a portion of anything1 as ,hermippus does1 in his ,soldiers-- ,alas6 alas6 he bites me now1 he bites1 ,and quite devours 77 my ears4 #fa4 ,the ,syrian being convicted by these arguments1 and being a good deal annoyed1 said--,but ,i see here on the table some pistachio nuts 772 and if you can tell me what author has ever spoken of them1 ,i will give you1 not ten golden staters1 as that ,pontic trifler has it1 but this goblet4 ,and as ,democritus made no reply1 he said1 ,but since you cannot answer me1 ,i will tell you2 ,nicander of ,colophon1 in his ,theriacans1 mentions them1 and says-- ,pistachio nuts 77 upon the highest branches1 ,like almonds to the sight4 ,the word is also written 1 in the line-- ,and almond-looking were there4 ,and ,posidonius the ,stoic1 in the third book of his ,history1 writes thus3 ,but both ,arabia and ,syria produce the peach1 and the nut which is called 2 which bears a fruit in bunches like bunches of grapes1 of a sort of tawny white1 long shaped1 like tears1 and the nuts lie on one another like berries4 ,but the kernel is of a light green1 and it is less juicy than the pine-cone1 but it has a more pleasant smell4 ,and the brothers who together composed the ,georgics1 write thus1 in the third book--,there is also the ash1 and the turpentine tree1 which the ,syrians call 4 ,and these people spell the word with a 1 but ,nicander writes it 1 and ,posidonius 4 ,sidenote3 ,,vegetables4 #fb4 ,and when he had said this1 looking round on all those who were present1 and being praised by them1 he said1--,but ,i mean also to discuss every other dish that there is on the table1 in order to make you admire my varied learning4 ,and first of all ,i will speak of those which the ,alexandrians call and 4 ,and they are mentioned also by ,agathocles of ,cyzicus1 in the third book of his ,history of his ,country2 where1 he says3 ,but after the thunderbolt had struck the tomb1 there sprung up from the monument a tree which they call 4 ,and this tree is not at all inferior in size to the elm or the fir4 ,and it has great numbers of branches1 of great length and rather thorny2 but its leaf is tender and green1 and of a round shape4 ,and it bears fruit twice a-year1 in spring and autumn4 ,and the fruit is very sweet1 and of the size of a phaulian olive1 which it resembles both in its flesh and in its stone2 but it is superior in the good flavour of its juice4 ,and the fruit is eaten while still green2 and when it has become dry they make it into paste1 and eat it without either bruising it or softening it with water1 but taking it in very nearly its natural state4 ,and ,euripides1 in the ,cyclops1 speaks of-- ,a branch of paliurus4#ig ,but ,theopompus1 in the twenty-first book of his ,history of ,philip1 mentions them1 and ,diphilus1 the physician of ,siphnus1 also speaks of them1 in his treatise on ,what may be eaten by ,people in ,health1 and by ,invalids4 ,but ,i have mentioned these things first1 my good friends1 not because they are before us at this moment1 but because in the beautiful city of ,alexandria1 ,i have often eaten them as part of the second course1 and as ,i have often heard the question as to their names raised there1 ,i happened to fall in with a book here in which ,i read what ,i have now recounted to you4 #fc4 ,and ,i will now take the pears 771 which ,i see before me1 and speak of them1 since it is from them that the ,peloponnesus was called 1#ih because plants of the peartree were abundant in the country1 as ,ister tells us1 in his treatise on the ,history of ,greece4 ,and that it was customary to bring up pears in water at entertainments1 we learn from the ,breutias of ,alexis1 where we read these lines-- ,a4 ,have you ne'er seen pears floating in deep water ,served up before some hungry men at dinner8 ,b4 ,indeed ,i have1 and often2 what of that8 ,a4 ,does not each guest choose for himself1 and eat ,the ripest of the fruit that swims before him8 ,b4 ,no doubt he does4 ,but the fruit called are not the same as pears1 as some people have fancied1 but they are a different thing1 sweeter1 and they have no kernel4 ,aristomenes1 in his ,bacchus1 says-- ,know you not how the ,chian garden grows ,fine medlars8 ,and schylides too1 in the third book of his ,georgics1 shows us that it is a different fruit from the pear1 and sweeter4 ,for he is speaking of the island ,ceos1 and he expresses himself thus1--,the island produces the very finest pears1 equal to that fruit which in ,ionia is called hamamelis2 for they are free from kernels1 and sweet1 and delicious4 ,but ,aethlius1 in the fifth book of his ,samian ,annals1 if the book be genuine1 calls them homomelides4 ,and ,pamphilus1 in his treatise on ,dialects and ,names1 says1 ,the epimelis is a species of pear4 ,antipho1 in his treatise on ,agriculture1 says that the phocides are also a kind of pear4 #fd4 ,then there are pomegranates4 ,and of pomegranates some kinds are said to be destitute of kernels1 and some to have hard ones4 ,and those without kernels are mentioned by ,aristophanes in his ,farmers2 and in his ,anagyrus he says-- ,except wheat-flour and pomegranates4 ,he also speaks of them in the ,gerytades2 and ,hermippus1 in his ,cercopes1 says-- ,have you e'er seen the pomegranate's kernel in snow8 ,and we find the diminutive form 1 like 4 ,antiphanes also mentions the pomegranates with the hard kernels in his ,botia-- ,i bade him bring me from the farm pomegranates ,of the hard-kernell'd sort4 ,and ,epilycus1 in his ,phoraliscus1 says-- ,you are speaking of apples and pomegranates4 ,sidenote3 ,,pomegranates4 ,alexis also1 in his ,suitors1 has the line-- ,he took the rich pomegranates from their hands4 ,but ,agatharchides1 in the nineteenth book of his ,history of ,europe1 tells us that the ,botians call pomegranates not but 1 speaking thus3--,as the ,athenians were disputing with the ,botians about a district which they called ,sid1 ,epaminondas1 while engaged in upholding the claims of the ,botians1 suddenly lifted up in his left hand a pomegranate which he had concealed1 and showed it to the ,athenians1 asking them what they called it1 and when they said 1 ',but we1' said he1 'call it 4' ,and the district bears the pomegranate-tree in great abundance1 from which it originally derived its name4 ,and ,epaminondas prevailed4 ,and ,menander1 in his ,heauton-,timorumenos1 called them 1 in the following lines-- ,and after dinner ,i did set before them ,almonds1 and after that we ate pomegranates4 ,there is1 however1 another plant called sida1 which is something like the pomegranate1 and which grows in the lake ,orchomenus1 in the water itself2 and the sheep eat its leaves1 and the pigs feed on the young shoots1 as ,theophrastus tells us1 in the fourth book of his treatise on ,plants2 where he says that there is another plant like it in the ,nile1 which grows without any roots4 #fe4 ,the next thing to be mentioned are dates4 ,xenophon1 in the second book of his ,anabasis1 says--,and there was in the district a great deal of corn1 and wine made of the dates1 and also vinegar1 which was extracted from them2 but the berries themselves of the date when like what we see in ,greece1 were set apart for the slaves4 ,but those which were destined for the masters were all carefully selected1 being of a wonderful size and beauty1 and their colour was like amber4 ,and some they dry and serve up as sweetmeats2 and the wine made from the date is sweet1 but it produces headache4 ,and ,herodotus1 in his first book1 speaking of ,babylon1 says1--,there are palm-trees there growing over the whole plain1 most of them being very fruitful2 and they make bread1 and wine1 and honey of them4 ,and they manage the tree in the same way as the fig-tree4 ,for those palm-trees which they call the males they take1 and bind their fruit to the other palm-trees which bear dates1 in order that the insect which lives in the fruit of the male palm may get into the date and ripen it1 and so prevent the fruit of the date-bearing palm from being spoilt4 ,for the male palm has an insect in each of its fruits1 as the wild fig has4 ,and ,polybius of ,megalopolis1 who speaks with the authority of an eye-witness1 gives very nearly the same account of the lotus1 as it is called1 in ,libya1 that ,herodotus here gives of the palm-tree2 for he speaks thus of it3 ,and the lotus is a tree of no great size1 but rough and thorny1 and its leaf is green like that of the rhamnus1 but a little thicker and broader4 ,and the fruit at first resembles both in colour and size the berries of the white myrtle when full grown2 but as it increases in size it becomes of a scarlet colour1 and in size about equal to the round olives2 and it has an exceedingly small stone4 ,but when it is ripe they gather it4 ,and some they store for the use of the servants1 bruising it and mixing it with groats1 and packing it into vessels4 ,and that which is preserved for freemen is treated in the same way1 only that the stones are taken out1 and then they pack that fruit also in jars1 and eat it when they please4 ,and it is a food very like the fig1 and also like the palm-date1 but superior in fragrance4 ,and when it is moistened and pounded with water1 a wine is made of it1 very sweet and enjoyable to the taste1 and like fine mead2 and they drink it without water2 but it will not keep more than ten days1 on which account they only make it in small quantities as they want it4 ,they also make vinegar of the same fruit4 #ff4 ,and ,melanippides the ,melian1 in his ,danaides1 calls the fruit of the palm-tree by the name of 1 mentioning them in this manner3--,they had the appearance of inhabitants of the shades below1 not of human beings2 nor had they voices like women2 but they drove about in chariots with seats1 through the woods and groves1 just as wild beasts do1 holding in their hands the sacred frankincense1 and the fragrant dates 771 and cassia1 and the delicate perfumes of ,syria4#ii ,sidenote3 ,,figs4 ,and ,aristotle1 in his treatise on ,plants1 speaks thus3--,the dates 77 without stones1 which some call eunuchs and others 4 ,hellanicus has also called the fruit 1 in his ,journey to the ,temple of ,ammon1 if at least the book be a genuine one2 and so has ,phormus the comic poet1 in his ,atalant4 ,but concerning those that are called the ,nicolaan dates1 which are imported from ,syria1 ,i can give you this information2 that they received this name from ,augustus the emperor1 because he was exceedingly fond of the fruit1 and because ,nicolaus of ,damascus1 who was his friend1 was constantly sending him presents of it4 ,and this ,nicolaus was a philosopher of the ,peripatetic ,school1 and wrote a very voluminous history4 #fg4 ,now with respect to dried figs4 ,those which came from ,attica were always considered a great deal the best4 ,accordingly ,dinon1 in his ,history of ,persia1 says--,and they used to serve up at the royal table all the fruits which the earth produces as far as the king's dominions extend1 being brought to him from every district as a sort of first-fruits4 ,and the first king did not think it becoming for the kings either to eat or drink anything which came from any foreign country2 and this idea gradually acquired the force of a law4 ,for once1 when one of the eunuchs brought the king1 among the rest of the dishes at dessert1 some ,athenian dried figs1 the king asked where they came from4 ,and when he heard that they came from ,athens1 he forbade those who had bought them to buy them for him any more1 until it should be in his power to take them whenever he chose1 and not to buy them4 ,and it is said that the eunuch did this on purpose1 with a view to remind him of the expedition against ,attica4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,pilot1 says-- ,then came in figs1 the emblem of fair ,athens1 ,and bunches of sweet thyme4 ,and ,lynceus1 in his epistle to the comic poet1 ,posidippus1 says--,in the delineation of the tragic passions1 ,i do not think that ,euripides is at all superior to ,sophocles1 but in dried figs1 ,i do think that ,attica is superior to every other country on earth4 ,and in his letter to ,diagoras1 he writes thus3--,but this country opposes to the ,chelidonian dried figs those which are called ,brigindarid1 which in their name indeed are barbarous1 but which in delicious flavour are not at all less ,attic than the others4 ,and ,phnicides1 in his ,hated ,woman1 says-- ,they celebrate the praise of myrtle-berries1 ,of honey1 of the ,propyla1 and of figs2 ,now these ,i tasted when ,i first arrived1 ,and saw the ,propyla2 yet have ,i found nothing ,which to a woodcock can for taste compare4 ,in which lines we must take notice of the mention of the woodcock4 ,but ,philemon1 in his treatise on ,attic ,names1 says that the most excellent dried figs are those called gilides2 and that gila is the name of a borough in ,attica1 which derives its name from a hero called gilus2 but that the dried figs of a reddish black colour are called ,chelidonians4 ,theopompus also1 in the ,peace1 praising the ,tithrasian figs1 speaks thus-- ,barley-cakes1 cheesecakes1 and ,tithrasian figs4 ,but dried figs were so very much sought after by all men1 7for really1 as ,aristophanes says-- ,there's really nothing nicer than dried figs27 that even ,amitrochates1 the king of the ,indians1 wrote to ,antiochus1 entreating him 7it is ,hegesander who tells this story7 to buy and send him some sweet wine1 and some dried figs1 and a sophist2 and that ,antiochus wrote to him in answer1 ,the dried figs and the sweet wine we will send you2 but it is not lawful for a sophist to be sold in ,greece4 ,the ,greeks were also in the habit of eating dried figs roasted1 as ,pherecrates proves by what he says in the ,corianno1 where we find-- ,but pick me out some of those roasted figs4 ,and a few lines later he says-- ,will you not bring me here some black dried figs8 ,dost understand8 ,among the ,mariandyni1 ,that barbarous tribe1 they call these black dried figs ,their dishes4 ,i am aware1 too1 that ,pamphilus has mentioned a kind of dried figs1 which he calls 4 #fh4 ,that the word is common for a bunch of grapes is known to every one2 and ,crates1 in the second book of his ,attic ,dialect1 uses the word 1 although it appears to be a word of ,asiatic origin2 saying that in some of the ancient hymns the word is used for 1 as in the following line3-- ,thick hanging with the dusky grapes 77 themselves4 ,sidenote3 ,,grapes4 ,and that the word is used by ,homer is known to every one4 ,but ,plato1 in the eighth book of his ,laws1 uses both and 1 where he says--,whoever tastes wild fruit1 whether it be grapes 77 or figs1 before the time of the vintage arrives1 which falls at the time of the rising of ,arcturus1 whether it be on his own farm1 or on any one else's land1 shall be fined fifty sacred drachmas to be paid to ,bacchus1 if he plucked them off his own land2 but a mina if he gather them on a neighbour's estate2 but if he take them from any other place1 two-thirds of a mina4 ,but whoever chooses to gather the grapes 7 71 which are now called the noble grapes1 or the figs called the noble figs1 if he gather them from his own trees1 let him gather them as he pleases1 and when he pleases2 but if he gathers them from the trees of any one else without having obtained the leave of the owner1 then1 in accordance with the law which forbids any one to move what he has not placed1 he shall be invariably punished4 ,these are the words of the divine ,plato2 but ,i ask now what is this noble grape 771 and this noble fig that he speaks of8 ,and you may all consider this point while ,i am discussing the other dishes which are on the table4 ,and ,masurius said-- ,but let us not postpone this till to-morrow1 ,still less till the day after4 ,when the philosopher says 1 he means 1 generous1 as ,archilochus also uses the word-- ,come hither1 you are generous 772 or1 perhaps1 he means 2 that is to say1 grafted4 ,for ,aristotle speaks of grafted pears1 and calls them 4 ,and ,demosthenes1 in his speech in defence of ,ctesiphon1 has the sentence1 gathering figs1 and grapes 771 and olives4 ,and ,xenophon1 in his conomics1 says1 that grapes 7 7 are ripened by the sun4 ,and our ancestors also have been acquainted with the practice of steeping grapes in wine4 ,accordingly ,eubulus1 in his ,catacollomenos1 says-- ,but take these grapes 771 and in neat wine pound them1 ,and pour upon them many cups of water4 ,then make him eat them when well steep'd in wine4 ,and the poet1 who is the author of the ,chiron1 which is generally attributed to ,pherecrates1 says-- ,almonds and apples1 and the arbutus first1 ,and myrtle-berries1 pastry1 too1 and grapes ,well steep'd in wine2 and marrow4 ,and that every sort of autumn fruit was always plentiful at ,athens1 ,aristophanes testifies in his ,hor4 ,why1 then1 should that appear strange which ,aethlius the ,samian asserts in the fifth book of his ,samian ,annals1 where he says1 ,the fig1 and the grape1 and the medlar1 and the apple1 and the rose grow twice a-year8 ,and ,lynceus1 in his letter to ,diagoras1 praising the ,nicostratian grape1 which grows in ,attica1 and comparing it to the ,rhodiacan1 says1 ,as rivals of the ,nicostratian grapes they grow the ,hipponian grape2 which after the month ,hecatombon 7like a good servant7 has constantly the same good disposition towards its masters4 #fi4 ,but as you have had frequent discussions about meats1 and birds1 and pigeons1 ,i also will tell you all that ,i1 after a great deal of reading1 have been able to find out in addition to what has been previously stated4 ,now the word 7pigeon71 may be found used by ,menander in his ,concubine1 where he says-- ,he waits a little while1 and then runs up ,and says--,i've bought some pigeons 77 for you4 ,and so ,nicostratus1 in his ,delicate ,woman1 says-- ,these are the things ,i want1--a little bird1 ,and then a pigeon 77 and a paunch4 ,and ,anaxandrides1 in his ,reciprocal ,lover1 has the line-- ,for bringing in some pigeons 77 and some sparrows4 ,and ,phrynichus1 in his ,tragedians1 says-- ,bring him a pigeon 77 for a threepenny piece4 ,now with respect to the pheasant1 ,ptolemy the king1 in the twelfth book of his ,memorabilia1 speaking of the palace which there is at ,alexandria1 and of the animals which are kept in it1 says1 ,they have also pheasants1 which they call 1 which they not only used to send for from ,media1 but they also used to put the eggs under broody hens1 by which means they raised a number1 so as to have enough for food2 for they call it very excellent eating4 ,now this is the expression of a most magnificent monarch1 who confesses that he himself has never tasted a pheasant1 but who used to keep these birds as a sort of treasure4 ,but if he had ever seen such a sight as this1 when1 in addition to all those which have been already eaten1 a pheasant is also placed before each individual1 he would have added another book to the existing twenty-four of that celebrated history1 which he calls his ,memorabilia4 ,and ,aristotle or ,theophrastus1 in his ,commentaries1 says1 ,in pheasants1 the male is not only as much superior to the female as is usually the case1 but he is so in an infinitely greater degree4 ,sidenote3 ,,peacocks4 #gj4 ,but if the before-mentioned king had seen the number of peacocks also which exists at ,rome1 he would have fled to his sacred ,senate1 as though he had a second time been driven out of his kingdom by his brother4 ,for the multitude of these birds is so great at ,rome1 that ,antiphanes the comic poet1 in his ,soldier or ,tychon1 may seem to have been inspired by the spirit of prophecy1 when he said-- ,when the first man imported to this city ,a pair of peacocks1 they were thought a rarity1 ,but now they are more numerous than quails2 ,so1 if by searching you find one good man1 ,he will be sure to have five worthless sons4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,lamp1 says-- ,that he should have devour'd so vast a sum6 ,why if 7by earth ,i swear7 ,i fed on hares' milk ,and peacocks1 ,i could never spend so much4 ,and that they used to keep them tame in their houses1 we learn from ,strattis1 in his ,pausanias1 where he says-- ,of equal value with your many trifles1 ,and peacocks1 which you breed up for their feathers4 ,and ,anaxandrides1 in his ,melilotus1 says-- ,is't not a mad idea to breed up peacocks1 ,when every one can buy his private ornaments8 ,and ,anaxilaus1 in his ,bird ,feeders1 says-- ,besides all this1 tame peacocks1 loudly croaking4 ,menodotus the ,samian also1 in his treatise on the ,treasures in the ,temple of the ,samian ,juno1 says3 ,the peacocks are sacred to ,juno2 and perhaps ,samos may be the place where they were first produced and reared1 and from thence it was that they were scattered abroad over foreign countries1 in the same way as cocks were originally produced in ,persia1 and the birds called guinea-fowl 77 in tolia4 ,on which account ,antiphanes1 in his ,brothers by the same ,father1 says-- ,they say that in the city of the ,sun ,the phnix is produced2 the owl in ,athens2 ,cyprus breeds doves of admirable beauty3 ,but ,juno1 queen of ,samos1 does1 they say1 ,rear there a golden race of wondrous birds1 ,the brilliant1 beautiful1 conspicuous peacock4 ,on which account the peacock occurs on the coins of the ,samians4 #ga4 ,but since ,menodotus has mentioned the guinea-fowl1 we ourselves also will say something on that subject4 ,clytus the ,milesian1 a pupil of ,aristotle1 in the first book of his ,history of ,miletus1 writes thus concerning them--,all around the temple of the ,virgin ,goddess at ,leros1 there are birds called guinea-fowls4 ,and the ground where they are bred is marshy4 ,and this bird is very devoid of affection towards its young1 and wholly disregards its offspring1 so that the priests are forced to take care of them4 ,and it is about the size of a very fine fowl of the common poultry1 its head is small in proportion to its body1 having but few feathers1 but on the top it has a fleshy crest1 hard and round1 sticking up above the head like a peg1 and of a wooden colour4 ,and over the jaws1 instead of a beard1 they have a long piece of flesh1 beginning at the mouth1 redder than that of the common poultry2 but of that which exists in the common poultry on the top of the beak1 which some people call the beard1 they are wholly destitute2 so that their beak is mutilated in this respect4 ,but its beak is sharper and larger than that of the common fowl2 its neck is black1 thicker and shorter than that of common poultry4 ,and its whole body is spotted all over1 the general colour being black1 studded in every part with thick white spots something larger than lentil seeds4 ,and these spots are ring-shaped1 in the middle of patches of a darker hue than the rest of the plumage3 so that these patches present a variegated kind of appearance1 the black part having a sort of white tinge1 and the white seeming a good deal darkened4 ,and their wings are all over variegated with white1 in serrated1#ajj wavy lines1 parallel to each other4 ,and their legs are destitute of spurs like those of the common hen4 ,and the females are very like the males1 on which account the sex of the guinea-fowls is hard to distinguish4 ,now this is the account given of guinea-fowls by the ,peripatetic philosopher4 #gb4 ,roasted sucking-pigs are a dish mentioned by ,epicrates in his ,merchant-- ,on this condition ,i will be the cook2 ,nor shall all ,sicily boast that even she ,produced so great an artist as to fish1 ,nor ,elis either1 where ,i've seen the flesh ,of dainty sucking-pigs well brown'd before ,a rapid fire4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,wicked ,woman1 says-- ,a delicate slice of tender sucking-pig1 ,bought for three obols1 hot1 and very juicy1 ,when it is set before us4 ,sidenote3 ,,partridges4 ,but the ,athenians1 as ,philochorus tells us1 when they sacrifice to the ,seasons1 do not roast1 but boil their meat1 entreating the goddesses to defend them from all excessive droughts1 and heats1 and to give increase to their crops by means of moderate warmth and seasonable rains4 ,for they argue that roasting is a kind of cookery which does less good to the meat1 while boiling not only removes all its crudities1 but has the power also of softening the hard parts1 and of making all the rest digestible4 ,and it makes the food more tender and wholesome1 on which account they say also1 that when meat has been once boiled1 it ought not to be warmed up again by either roasting or boiling it2 for any second process removes the good done by the first dressing1 as ,aristotle tells us4 ,and roast meat is more crude and dry than boiled meat4 ,but roast meat is called 4 ,accordingly ,strattis in his ,callippides says1 with reference to ,hercules-- ,immediately he caught up some large slices 77 ,of smoking roasted boar1 and swallow'd them4 ,and ,archippus1 in his ,hercules ,marrying1 says-- ,the pettitoes of little pigs1 well cook'd ,in various fashion2 slices1 too1 of bulls ,with sharpen'd horns1 and great long steaks of boar1 ,all roasted 774 #gc4 ,but why need ,i say anything of partridges1 when so much has already been said by you8 ,however1 ,i will not omit what is related by ,hegesander in his ,commentaries4 ,for he says that the ,samians1 when sailing to ,sybaris1 having touched at the district called ,siritis1 were so alarmed at the noise made by partridges which rose up and flew away1 that they fled1 and embarked on board their ships1 and sailed away4 ,concerning hares also ,chamleon says1 in his treatise on ,simonides1 that ,simonides once1 when supping with king ,hiero1 as there was no hare set on the table in front of him as there was before all the other guests1 but as ,hiero afterwards helped him to some1 made this extempore verse-- ,nor1 e'en though large1 could he reach all this way4 ,but ,simonides was1 in fact1 a very covetous man1 addicted to disgraceful gain1 as we are told by ,chamleon4 ,and accordingly in ,syracuse1 as ,hiero used to send him everything necessary for his daily subsistence in great abundance1 ,simonides used to sell the greater part of what was sent to him by the king1 and reserve only a small portion for his own use4 ,and when some one asked him the reason of his doing so1 he said--,in order that both the liberality of ,hiero and my economy may be visible to every one4 ,the dish called udder is mentioned by ,teleclides1 in his ,rigid ,men1 in the following lines-- ,being a woman1 'tis but reasonable ,that ,i should bring an udder4 ,but ,antidotus uses not the word 1 but 1 in his ,querulous ,man4 #gd4 ,matron1 in his ,parodies1 speaks of animals being fattened for food1 and birds also1 in these lines-- ,thus spake the hero1 and the servants smiled1 ,and after brought1 on silver dishes piled1 ,fine fatten'd birds1 clean singed around with flame1 ,like cheesecakes on the back1 their age the same4 ,and ,sopater the farce-writer speaks of fattened sucking-pigs in his ,marriage of ,bacchis1 saying this-- ,if there was anywhere an oven1 there ,the well-fed sucking-pig did crackle1 roasting4 ,but schines uses the form for in his ,alcibiades1 saying1 ,just as the women at the cookshops breed sucking-pigs 774 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,physiognomist1 says-- ,those women take the sucking-pigs 771 ,and fatten them by force2 ,and in his ,persuasive ,man he says-- ,to be fed up instead of pigs 774 ,plato1 however1 has used the word in the masculine gender in his ,poet1 where he says-- ,leanest of pigs 7 74 ,and ,sophocles1 in his play called ,insolence1 says-- ,wishing to eat 4 ,and ,cratinus1 in his ,ulysses1 has the expression-- ,large pigs 7 74 ,but ,nicochares uses the word as feminine1 saying-- ,a pregnant sow 7 72 ,and ,eupolis1 in his ,golden ,age1 says-- ,did he not serve up at the feast a sucking-pig 771 ,whose teeth were not yet grown1 a beautiful beast 778 ,and ,plato1 in his ,io1 says-- ,bring hither now the head of the sucking-pig 7 74 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,helots4 ,theopompus1 too1 in his ,penelope1 says-- ,and they do sacrifice our sacred pig 7 74 ,theopompus also speaks of fatted geese and fatted calves in the thirteenth book of his ,history of ,philip1 and in the eleventh book of his ,affairs of ,greece1 where he is speaking of the temperance of the ,lacedmonians in respect of eating1 writing thus--,and the ,thasians sent to ,agesilaus1 when he arrived1 all sorts of sheep and well-fed oxen2 and beside this1 every kind of confectionery and sweetmeat4 ,but ,agesilaus took the sheep and the oxen1 but as for the confectionery and sweetmeats1 at first he did not know what they meant1 for they were covered up2 but when he saw what they were1 he ordered the slaves to take them away1 saying that it was not the custom of the ,lacedmonians to eat such food as that4 ,but as the ,thasians pressed him to take them1 he said1 ,carry them to those men 7pointing to the ,helots7 and give them to them2 saying that it was much better for those ,helots to injure their health by eating them1 than for himself and the ,lacedmonians whom he had with him4 ,and that the ,lacedmonians were in the habit of treating the ,helots with great insolence1 is related also by ,myron of ,priene1 in the second book of his ,history of ,messene1 where he says--,they impose every kind of insulting employment on the ,helots1 such as brings with it the most extreme dishonour2 for they compel them to wear caps of dogskin1 and cloaks also of skins2 and every year they scourge them without their having committed any offence1 in order to prevent their ever thinking of emancipating themselves from slavery4 ,and besides all this1 if any of them ever appear too handsome or distinguished-looking for slaves1 they impose death as the penalty1 and their masters also are fined for not checking them in their growth and fine appearances4 ,and they give them each a certain piece of land1 and fix a portion which they shall invariably bring them in from it4 ,the verb 1 to cackle like a goose 771 is used and applied to those who play on the flute4 ,diphilus says in his ,synoris-- 1--this noise is always made ,by all the pupils of ,timotheus4 #ge4 ,and since there is a portion of a fore-quarter of pork which is called placed before each of us1 let us say something about it1 if any one remembers having seen the word used anywhere4 ,for the best are those from ,cisalpine ,gaul3 those from ,cibyra in ,asia are not much inferior to them1 nor are those from ,lycia4 ,and ,strabo mentions them in the third book of his ,geography1 7and he is not a very modern author74 ,and he says also1 in the seventh#aja book of the same treatise1 that he was acquainted with ,posidonius the ,stoic philosopher1 of whom we have often spoken as a friend of ,scipio who took ,carthage4 ,and these are the words of ,strabo--,in ,spain1 in the province of ,aquitania1 is the city ,pompelo1 which one may consider equivalent to ,pompeiopolis1 where admirable are cured1 equal to the ,cantabrian hams4 ,the comic poet ,aristomenes1 in his ,bacchus1 speaks of meat cured by being sprinkled with salt1 saying-- ,i put before you now this salted meat4 ,and in his ,jugglers he says-- ,the servant always ate some salted crab4 #gf4 ,but since we have here fresh cheese 771 the glory of fair ,sicily1 let us1 my friends1 also say something about cheese 774 ,for ,philemon1 in his play entitled ,the ,sicilian1 says-- ,i once did think that ,sicily could make ,this one especial thing1 good-flavour'd cheese2 ,but now ,i've heard this good of it besides1 ,that not only is the cheese of ,sicily good1 ,but all its pigeons too3 and if one speaks ,of richly-broider'd robes1 they are ,sicilian2 ,and so ,i think that island now supplies ,all sorts of dainties and of furniture4 ,the ,tromilican#ajb cheese also has a high character1 respecting which ,demetrius the ,scepsian writes thus in his second book of the ,trojan ,array--,tromilea is a city of ,achaia1 near which a delicious cheese is made of goat's milk1 not to be compared with any other kind1 and it is called ,tromilican4 ,and ,simonides mentions it in his ,iambic poem1 which begins thus-- ,you're taking wondrous trouble beforehand1 ,telembrotus3 and in this poem he says-- ,and there is the fine ,achaian cheese1 ,called the ,tromilican1 which ,i've brought with me4 ,sidenote3 ,,cheese4 ,and ,euripides1 in his ,cyclops1 speaks of a harsh-tasted cheese1 which he calls 1 being curdled by the juice of the fig-tree-- ,there is1 too1 1 and ,jove's milk4#ajc ,but since1 by speaking in this way of all the things which are now put on the table before us1 ,i am making the ,tromilican cheese into the remains of the dessert1 ,i will not continue this topic4 ,for ,eupolis calls the relics of sweetmeats 77 and confectionery 4 ,and ridiculing a man of the name of ,didymias1 he calls him the of a fox1 either because he was little in person1 or as being cunning and mischievous1 as ,dorotheus of ,ascalon says4 ,there are also thin broad cheeses1 which the ,cretans call females1 as ,seleucus tells us1 which they offer up at certain sacrifices4 ,and ,philippides1 in his play called the ,flutes1 speaks of some called 7and this is a name given to those made of cream71 when he says-- ,having these 1 and these herbs4 ,and perhaps all such things are included in this ,macedonian term 4 ,for all these things are provocatives to drinking4 #gg4 ,now1 while ,ulpian was continuing the conversation in this way1 one of the cooks1 who made some pretence to learning1 came in1 and proclaimed 4 ,and when many of us were perplexed at this proclamation1 7for the rascal did not show what it was that he had17 he said2--,you seem to me1 ,o guests1 to be ignorant that ,cadmus1 the grandfather of ,bacchus1 was a cook4 ,and1 as no one made any reply to this1 he said2 ,euhemerus the ,coan1 in the third book of his ,sacred ,history1 relates that the ,sidonians give this account1 that ,cadmus was the cook of the king1 and that he1 having taken ,harmonia1 who was a female flute-player and also a slave of the king1 fled away with her4-- ,but shall ,i flee1 who am a freeman born8 ,for no one can find any mention in any comedy of a cook being a slave1 except in a play of ,posidippus4 ,but the introduction of slaves as cooks took place among the ,macedonians first1 who adopted this custom either out of insolence1 or on account of the misfortunes of some cities which had been reduced to slavery4 ,and the ancients used to call a cook who was a native of the country1 ,mson2 but if he was a foreigner1 they called him ,tettix4 ,and ,chrysippus the philosopher thinks the name is derived from the verb 1 to eat2 a cook being an ignorant man1 and the slave of his appetite2 not knowing that ,mson was a comic actor1 a ,megarian by birth1 who invented the mask which was called 1 from him2 as ,aristophanes of ,byzantium tells us1 in his treatise on ,masks1 where he says that he invented a mask for a slave and also one for a cook4 ,so that it is a deserved compliment to him to call the jests which suit those characters 4 ,for cooks are very frequently represented on the stage as jesting characters2 as1 for instance1 in the ,men selecting an ,arbitrator1 of ,menander4 ,and ,philemon in one of his plays says-- ',tis a male sphinx1 it seems1 and not a cook1 ,that ,i've brought home2 for1 by the gods ,i swear1 ,i do not understand one single word ,of all he says2 so well provided is he ,with every kind of new expression4 ,but ,polemo says1 in his writings which are addressed to ,timus1 that ,mson was indeed a ,megarian1 but from ,megara in ,sicily1 and not from ,nisa4 ,and ,posidippus speaks of slaves as cooks1 in his ,woman ,shut out1 where he says-- ,thus have these matters happen'd3 but just now1 ,while waiting on my master1 a good joke ,occurr'd to me2 ,i never will be caught ,stealing his meat4 ,and1 in his ,foster ,brothers1 he says-- ,a4 ,did you go out of doors1 you who were cook8 ,b4 ,if ,i remain'd within ,i lost my supper4 ,a4 ,let me then first4444 ,b4 ,let me alone1 ,i say2 ,i'm going to the forum to sacrifice3 ,a friend of mine1 a comrade too in art1 ,has hired me4 #gh4 ,and there was nothing extraordinary in the ancient cooks being experienced in sacrifices4 ,at all events1 they usually managed all marriage-feasts and sacrifices4 ,on which account ,menander1 in his ,flatterer1 introduces a cook1 who on the fourth day of the month had been ministering in the festival of ,aphrodite ,pandemus1 using the following language-- ,sidenote3 ,,cooks4 ,now a libation4 ,boy1 distribute round ,the entrails4 ,whither are you looking now8 ,now a libation--quick6 you ,sosia1 quick6 ,quick6 a libation4 ,that will do2 now pour4 ,first let us pray to the ,olympian gods1 ,and now to all the ,olympian goddesses3 ,meantime address them2 pray them all to give ,us safety1 health1 and all good things in future1 ,and full enjoyment of all present happiness4 ,such shall be now our prayers4 ,and another cook1 in ,simonides1 says-- ,and how ,i roasted1 how ,i carved the meat1 ,you know3 what is there that ,i can't do well8 ,and the letter of ,olympias to ,alexander mentions the great experience of cooks in these matters4 ,for1 his mother having been entreated by him to buy him a cook who had experience in sacrifices1 proceeds to say1 ,accept the cook ,pelignas from your mother2 for he is thoroughly acquainted with the manner in which all your ancestral sacrifices1 and all the mysterious rites1 and all the sacred mysteries connected with the worship of ,bacchus are performed1 and every other sacrifice which ,olympias practises he knows4 ,do not then disregard him1 but accept him1 and send him back again to me at as early a period as possible4 #gi4 ,and that in those days the cook's profession was a respectable one1 we may learn from the ,heralds at ,athens4 ,for these men used to perform the duties of cooks and also of sacrifices of victims1 as ,clidemus tells us1 in the first book of his ,protogony2 and ,homer uses the verb 1 as we use 2 but he uses as we do 1 for burning cakes and incense after supper4 ,and the ancients used also to employ the verb for to sacrifice2 accordingly ,clidemus says1 ,the heralds used to sacrifice 77 for a long time1 slaying the oxen1 and preparing them1 and cutting them up1 and pouring wine over them4 ,and they were called from the hero ,ceryx2 and there is nowhere any record of any reward being given to a cook1 but only to a herald4 ,for ,agamemnon in ,homer1 although he is king1 performs sacrifices himself2 for the poet says-- ,with that the chief the tender victims slew1 ,and in the dust their bleeding bodies threw2 ,the vital spirit issued at the wound1 ,and left the members quivering on the ground4#ajd ,and ,thrasymedes the son of ,nestor1 having taken an axe1 slays the ox which was to be sacrificed1 because ,nestor himself was not able to do so1 by reason of his old age2 and his other brothers assisted him2 so respectable and important was the office of a cook in those days4 ,and among the ,romans1 the ,censors1--and that was the highest office in the whole state1--clad in a purple robe1 and wearing crowns1 used to strike down the victims with an axe4 ,nor is it a random assertion of ,homer1 when he represents the heralds as bringing in the victims1 and whatever else had any bearing on the ratification of oaths1 as this was a very ancient duty of theirs1 and one which was especially a part of their office-- ,two heralds now1 despatch'd to ,troy1 invite ,the ,phrygian monarch to the peaceful rite2 and again-- ,talthybius hastens to the fleet1 to bring ,the lamb for ,jove1 th' inviolable king4#aje ,and1 in another passage1 he says-- ,a splendid scene6 ,then ,agamemnon rose2 ,the boar ,talthybius held2 the ,grecian lord ,drew the broad cutlass1 sheath'd beside his sword4#ajf #hj4 ,and in the first book of the ,history of ,attica1 ,clidemus says1 that there was a tribe of cooks1 who were entitled to public honours2 and that it was their business to see that the sacrifices were performed with due regularity4 ,and it is no violation of probability in ,athenion1 in his ,samothracians1 as ,juba says1 when he introduces a cook arguing philosophically about the nature of things and men1 and saying-- ,a4 ,dost thou not know that the cook's art contributes ,more than all others to true piety8 ,b4 ,is it indeed so useful8 ,a4 ,troth it is1 ,you ignorant barbarian3 it releases ,men from a brutal and perfidious life1 ,and cannibal devouring of each other1 ,and leads us to some order2 teaching us ,the regular decorum of the life ,which now we practise4 ,b4 ,how is that8 ,a4 ,just listen4 ,once men indulged in wicked cannibal habits1 ,and numerous other vices2 when a man ,of better genius arose1 who first ,sacrificed victims1 and did roast their flesh2 ,and1 as the meat surpass'd the flesh of man1 ,they then ate men no longer1 but did slay ,the herds and flocks1 and roasted them and ate them4 ,and when they once had got experience ,of this most dainty pleasure1 they increased ,in their devotion to the cook's employment2 ,sidenote3 ,,cooks4 ,so that e'en now1 remembering former days1 ,they roast the entrails of their victims all ,unto the gods1 and put no salt thereon1 ,for at the first beginning they knew not ,the use of salt as seasoning2 but now ,they have found out its virtue1 so they use it ,at their own meals1 but in their holy offerings ,they keep their ancient customs2 such as were ,at first the origin of safety to us3 ,that love of art1 and various seasoning1 ,which carries to perfection the cook's skill4 ,b4 ,why here we have a new ,palphatus4 ,a4 ,and after this1 as time advanced1 a paunch1 ,a well-stuff'd paunch was introduced 4 4 4 4 99 99 99 99 99 ,then they wrapp'd up a fish1 and quite conceal'd it ,in herbs1 and costly sauce1 and groats1 and honey2 ,and as1 persuaded by these dainty joys ,which now ,i mention1 every one gave up ,his practice vile of feeding on dead men1 ,men now began to live in company1 ,gathering in crowds2 cities were built and settled2 ,all owing1 as ,i said before1 to cooks4 ,b4 ,hail1 friend6 you are well suited to my master4 ,a4 ,we cooks are now beginning our grand rites2 ,we're sacrificing1 and libations offering1 ,because the gods are most attentive to us1 ,pleased that we have found out so many things1 ,tending to make men live in peace and happiness4 ,b4 ,well1 say no more about your piety-- ,a4 ,i beg your pardon-- ,b4 ,but come1 eat with me1 ,and dress with skill whate'er is in the house4 #ha4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,caldron1 shows plainly that cookery is an art practised by freeborn men2 for a cook is represented in that play as a citizen of no mean reputation2 and those who have written cookery books1 such as ,heraclides and ,glaucus the ,locrian1 say that the art of cookery is one in which it is not even every freeborn man who can become eminent4 ,and the younger ,cratinus1 in his play called the ,giants1 extols this art highly1 saying-- ,a4 ,consider1 now1 how sweet the earth doth smell1 ,how fragrantly the smoke ascends to heaven3 ,there lives1 ,i fancy1 here within this cave ,some perfume-seller1 or ,sicilian cook4 ,b4 ,the scent of both is equally delicious4 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,slave hard to ,sell1 praises the ,sicilian cooks1 and says-- ,and at the feast1 delicious cakes1 ,well season'd by ,sicilian art4 ,and ,menander1 in his ,spectre1 says-- ,do ye applaud1 ,if the meat's dress'd with rich and varied skill4 ,but ,posidippus1 in his ,man recovering his ,sight1 says-- ,i1 having had one cook1 have thoroughly learnt ,all the bad tricks of cooks1 while they compete ,with one another in their trade4 ,one said ,his rival had no nose to judge of soup ,with critical taste2 that other had ,a vicious palate2 while a third could never 7,if you'd believe the rest7 restrain his appetite1 ,without devouring half the meat he dress'd4 ,this one loved salt too much1 and that one vinegar2 ,one burnt his meat2 one gorged2 one could not stand ,the smoke2 a sixth could never bear the fire4 ,at last they came to blows2 and one of them1 ,shunning the sword1 fell straight into the fire4 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,philotis1 displaying the cleverness of the cooks1 says-- ,a4 ,is not this1 then1 an owl8 ,b4 ,aye1 such as ,i ,say should be dress'd in brine4 ,a4 ,well2 and this pike8 ,b4 ,why roast him whole4 ,a4 ,this shark8 ,b4 ,boil him in sauce4 ,a4 ,this eel8 ,b4 ,take salt1 and marjoram1 and water4 ,a4 ,this conger8 ,b4 ,the same sauce will do for him4 ,a4 ,this ray8 ,b4 ,strew him with herbs4 ,a4 ,here is a slice ,of tunny4 ,b4 ,roast it4 ,a4 ,and some venison4 ,b4 ,roast it4 ,a4 ,then here's a lot more meat4 ,b4 ,boil all the rest4 ,a4 ,here's a spleen4 ,b4 ,stuff it4 ,a4 ,and a nestis4 ,b4 ,bah6 ,this man will kill me4 ,and ,baton1 in his ,benefactors1 gives a catalogue of celebrated cooks and confectioners1 thus-- ,a4 ,well1 ,o ,sibynna1 we ne'er sleep at nights1 ,nor waste our time in laziness3 our lamp ,is always burning2 in our hands a book2 ,and long we meditate on what is left us ,by-- ,b4 ,whom8 ,a4 ,by that great ,actides of ,chios1 ,or ,tyndaricus1 that pride of ,sicyon1 ,or e'en by ,zopyrinus4 ,b4 ,find you anything8 ,a4 ,aye1 most important things4 ,b4 ,but what8 ,the dead4444 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,thessalians4 #hb4 ,and such a food now is the 1 which ,i1 my friends1 am bringing you2 concerning which ,artemidorus1 the pupil of ,aristophanes1 speaks in his ,dictionary of ,cookery1 saying that it is prepared with meat and blood1 with the addition also of a great deal of seasoning4 ,and ,epnetus1 in his treatise on ,cookery1 speaks as follows3--,one must make of every kind of animal and bird1 cutting up the tender parts of the meat into small pieces1 and the bowels and entrails1 and pounding the blood1 and seasoning it with vinegar1 and roasted cheese1 and assaftida1 and cummin-seed1 and thyme 7both green and dry71 and savory1 and coriander-seed 7both green and dry71 and leeks1 and onions 7cleaned and toasted71 and poppy-seed1 and grapes1 and honey1 and the pips of an unripe pomegranate4 ,you may also make this of fish4 #hc4 ,and when this man had thus hammered on not only this dish but our ears also1 another slave came in1 bringing in a dish called 4 ,and when a discussion arose about this1 and when ,ulpian had quoted a statement out of the ,dictionary of ,cookery by the before-mentioned ,artemidorus relating to it1 milianus said that a book had been published by ,dorotheus of ,ascalon1 entitled1 ,on ,antiphanes1 and on the dish called ,mattya by the ,poets of the ,new ,comedy1 which he says is a ,thessalian invention1 and that it became naturalized at ,athens during the supremacy of the ,macedonians4 ,and the ,thessalians are admitted to be the most extravagant of all the ,greeks in their manner of dressing and living2 and this was the reason why they brought the ,persians down upon the ,greeks1 because they were desirous to imitate their luxury and extravagance4 ,and ,cratinus speaks of their extravagant habits in his treatise on the ,thessalian ,constitution4 ,but the dish was called 7as ,apollodorus the ,athenian affirms in the first book of his treatise on ,etymologies71 from the verb 7to eat72 as also are the words 7mastich7 and 7barley-cake74 ,but our own opinion is that the word is derived from 1 and that this is the verb from which itself is derived1 and also the cheese-pudding called by the ,cyprians 2 and from this1 too1 comes the verb 1 meaning to be extravagantly luxurious4 ,originally they used to call this common ordinary food made of barley-meal 1 and preparing it they called 4 ,and afterwards1 varying the necessary food in a luxurious and superfluous manner1 they derived a word with a slight change from the form 1 and called every very costly kind of dish 2 and preparing such dishes they called 1 whether it were fish1 or poultry1 or herbs1 or beasts1 or sweetmeats4 ,and this is plain from the testimony of ,alexis1 quoted by ,artemidorus2 for ,alexis1 wishing to show the great luxuriousness of the way in which this dish was prepared1 added the verb 4 ,and the whole extract runs thus1 being out of a corrected edition of a play which is entitled ,demetrius3-- ,take1 then1 this meat which thus is sent to you2 ,dress it1 and feast1 and drink the cheerful healths1 1 4 ,but the ,athenians use the verb for wanton and unseemly indulgence of the sensual appetites4 #hd4 ,and ,artemidorus1 in his ,dictionary of ,cookery1 explains as a common name for all kinds of costly seasonings2 writing thus--,there is also a 7he uses the word in the masculine gender7 made of birds4 ,let the bird be killed by thrusting a knife into the head at the mouth2 then let it be kept till the next day1 like a partridge4 ,and if you choose1 you can leave it as it is1 the wings on and with its body plucked4 ,then1 having explained the way in which it is to be seasoned and boiled1 he proceeds to say--,boil a fat hen of the common poultry kind1 and some young cocks just beginning to crow1 if you wish to make a dish fit to be eaten with your wine4 ,then taking some vegetables1 put them in a dish1 and place upon them some of the meat of the fowl1 and serve it up4 ,but in summer1 instead of vinegar1 put some unripe grapes into the sauce1 just as they are picked from the vine2 and when it is all boiled1 then take it out before the stones fall from the grapes1 and shred in some vegetables4 ,and this is the most delicious that there is4 ,now1 that 1 or 1 really is a common name for all costly dishes is plain2 and that the same name was also given to a banquet composed of dishes of this sort1 we gather from what ,philemon says in his ,man carried off3-- ,put now a guard on me1 while naked1 and ,amid my cups the shall delight me4 ,and in his ,homicide he says-- ,let some one pour us now some wine to drink1 ,and make some quick4 ,sidenote3 ,,mattyh4 ,but ,alexis1 in his ,pyraunus1 has used the word in an obscure sense3-- ,but when ,i found them all immersed in business1 ,i cried1--,will no one give us now a 8 as if he meant a feast here1 though you might fairly refer the word merely to a single dish4 ,now ,machon the ,sicyonian is one of the comic poets who were contemporaries of ,apollodorus of ,carystus1 but he did not exhibit his comedies at ,athens1 but in ,alexandria2 and he was an excellent poet1 if ever there was one1 next to those seven#ajg of the first class4 ,on which account1 ,aristophanes the grammarian1 when he was a very young man1 was very anxious to be much with him4 ,and he wrote the following lines in his play entitled ,ignorance3-- ,there's nothing that ,i'm fonder of than 2 ,but whether 'twas the ,macedonians ,who first did teach it us1 or all the gods1 ,i know not2 but it must have been a person ,of most exalted genius4 #he4 ,and that it used to be served up after all the rest of the banquet was over1 is plainly stated by ,nicostratus1 in his ,man expelled4 ,and it is a cook who is relating how beautiful and well arranged the banquet was which he prepared2 and having first of all related what the dinner and supper were composed of1 and then mentioning the third meal1 proceeds to say-- ,well done1 my men1--extremely well6 but now ,i will arrange the rest1 and then the 2 ,so that ,i think the man himself will never ,find fault with us again4 ,and in his ,cook he says-- ,thrium and candylus he never saw1 ,or any of the things which make a 4 ,and some one else says-- ,they brought1 instead of a 1 some paunch1 ,and tender pettitoes1 and tripe1 perhaps4 ,but ,dionysius1 in his ,man shot at with ,javelins 7and it is a cook who is represented speaking71 says-- ,so that sometimes1 when ,i a ,was making for them1 in haste would bring 7,more haste worse speed74444#ajh ,philemon1 also1 in his ,poor ,woman-- ,when one can lay aside one's load1 all day ,making and serving out rich 4 ,but ,molpis the ,lacedmonian says that what the ,spartans call 1 that is to say1 the second course1 which is served up when the main part of the supper is over1 is called by other tribes of ,greece4 ,and ,menippus the ,cynic1 in his book called ,arcesilaus1 writes thus3--,there was a drinking-party formed by a certain number of revellers1 and a ,lacedmonian woman ordered the to be served up2 and immediately some little partridges were brought in1 and some roasted geese1 and some delicious cheesecakes4 ,but such a course as this the ,athenians used to call 1 and the ,dorians 2 but most of the ,greeks called it 4 ,and when all this discussion about the was over1 they thought it time to depart2 for it was already evening4 ,and so we parted4 ,,footnotes4 #fa ,odyss4 xxi4 #bic4 #fb ,diomea was a small village in ,attica1 where there was a celebrated temple of ,hercules1 and where a festival was kept in his honour3 ,aristophanes says-- ' ' 4--,ran1 #fea4 #fc ,because slaves 7and the actors were usually slaves7 had only names of one1 or at most two syllables1 such as ,davus1 ,geta1 ,dromo1 ,mus4 #fd 1 this ,muse2 ' 1 this woman vomiting4 #fe ,the text here is corrupt and hopeless4--,schweig4 #ff ,this passage1 again1 is hopelessly corrupt4 ,merum ,auge stabulum4--,casaub4 #fg ,there is no account of what this feast of ,swings was4 ,the ,greek is 4 ,some have fancied it may have had some connexion with the images of ,bacchus 7oscilla7 hung up in the trees4 ,see ,virg4 ,g4 ii4 #chi4 #fh ,there is probably some corruption in this passage3 it is clearly unintelligible as it stands4 #fi 1 a maker of masks1 etc4 for the stage2 1 an actor4 #gj ,see ,iliad1 ix4 #ahf4 ' 1 1 1 ' ' 1 ' 4 ,which is translated by ,pope3-- ,amused at ease the godlike man they found1 ,pleased with the solemn harp's harmonious sound1 7,the well-wrought harp from conquer'd ,theb came1 ,of polish'd silver was its costly frame47 ,with this he soothes his angry soul1 and sings ,th' immortal deeds of heroes and of kings4--,iliad1 ix4 #bde4 #ga ,odyss4 xvii4 #bfb4 #gb ,iliad1 i4 #fjc4 #gc ,this story is related by ,herodotus1 vi4 #abf4 #gd ,see ,herodotus1 i4 #ee4 #ge 1 motion4 #gf ,from 1 a vine-branch with grapes on it1 and 1 to bear4 #gg ,it is not known what part of the theatre this was4 #gh ,iliad1 xxiii4 #b4 #gi ,odyss4 xii4 #dbc4 #hj ,this passage perplexes me on two accounts2 first of all because ,i have not been able to find such a line in ,homer2 and secondly because ,i do not see what is faulty or weak in it2 and it cannot be because it is a spondaic verse1 for of that kind there are full six hundred in ,homer4 ,the other line comes from ,iliad1 ii4 #gca4--,schweigh4 #ha ,iliad1 xii4 #bjh4 #hb ,there is a difficulty again here1 for there is no such line found in ,homer2 the line most like it is-- 1 4--,iliad1 viii4 #cje4 ,in which1 however1 there is no incorrectness or defect at all4 #hc ,odyss4 ix4 #bab4 #hd ,iliad1 ix4 #aeg4 #he ,odyss4 i4 #bcg4 #hf ,the were a great national festival1 celebrated by the ,spartans in honour of ,apollo ,carneius1 under which name he was worshipped in several places in ,peloponnesus1 especially at ,amycl1 even before the return of the ,heraclid4 ,it was a warlike festival1 like the ,attic ,boedromia4 ,the ,carnea were celebrated also at ,cyrene1 ,messene1 ,sybaris1 ,sicyon1 and other towns4--,see ,smith's ,dict4 ,ant4 in voc4 #hg ,from 1 to steal1--to injure privily4 #hh 1 ' 2 ' 4--,ar4 ,ran1 #acje4 #hi ,the ,greek word is 3 ,as a technical term in ,greek music1 was a modification of the simplest or diatonic music2 but there were also as further modifications of all the three common kinds 7diatonic1 chromatic1 and enharmonic74 ,liddell and ,scott1 in voc4 ,smith1 ,dict4 ,gr4 and ,rom4 ,ant4 v4 ,music1 p4 #fbe a1 calls them 1 and says there were six of them2 one in the enharmonic genus1 often called simply 2 two in the diatonic1 #ast1 1 or simply 1 the same as the genus2 #b;d1 3 and three in the chromatic1 #ast1 1 or simply 1 the same as the genus2 #b;d1 2 #c;d1 4 ,v4 loc4 #ij ,the ,saturnalia originally took place on the #aith of ,december2 in the time of ,augustus1 on the #agth1 #ahth1 and #aith3 but the merrymaking in reality appears to have lasted seven days4 ,horace speaks of the licence then permitted to the slaves3-- ,age1 libertate ,decembri1 ,quando ita majores voluerunt1 utere--narra4--,sat4 ii4 #g4 #d4 --,vide ,smith1 ,gr4 ,lat4 ,ant4 #ia ,pind4 ,ol4 i4 #hj4 #ib ,ar4 ,vesp1 #abaf4 #ic 1 a civilised life1 in which one uses ground corn1 and not raw fruits4--,liddell and ,scott in voc4 4 #id ,this was a ,thebes in ,asia1 so called by ,homer 7,iliad1 vi4 #cig71 as being at the foot of a mountain called ,placia1 or ,placos4 #ie ,the was equal to a 1 and held about half a pint4 #if ,these are all names of different kinds of cheesecakes which cannot be distinguished from one another in an ,english translation4 #ig ,eur4 ,cycl4 #cic4 #ih ,this is the name given to the ,peloponnesus by ,homer1-- --,,ii4 iii4 #di1-- where ,damm says the name is derived from some ancient king named ,apis2 but he adds that the name is also used merely as meaning distant 7 71 as is plain from what ,ulysses says of himself to the ,phacians-- ' 4--,odyss4 vii4 #be4 #ii ,this fragment is full of corruptions4 ,i have adopted the reading and interpretation of ,casaubon4 #ajj ,there is probably some corruption here4 #aja ,there is probably some great corruption here2 for ,posidonius was a contemporary of ,cicero4 #ajb ,there is a dispute whether this word ought to be written ,tromilican or ,stromilican4 ,the city of ,tromilea is mentioned nowhere else4 #ajc ,eur4 ,cycl4 #acf4 #ajd ,homer1 ,iliad1 iii4 #bib4 #aje ,homer1 ,iliad1 iii1 #aaf4 #ajf ,homer1 ,iliad1 xix4 #bej4 #ajg ,who these seven first-class authors were1 whether tragedians or comic poets1 or both1 or whether there was one selection of tragic and another of comic poets1 each classed as a sort of ,pleias ,ptolemi ,philadelphi tate nobilitata1 is quite uncertain4 #ajh ,this passage is abandoned as corrupt by ,schweighauser4 ,,book ,,xv4 #a4 ,e',,en should the ,phrygian ,god enrich my tongue ,with honey'd eloquence1 such as erst did fall ,from ,nestor's or ,antenor's lips1#aji as the all-accomplished ,euripides says1 my good ,timocrates-- ,i never should be able to recapitulate to you the numerous things which were said in those most admirable banquets1 on account of the varied nature of the topics introduced1 and the novel mode in which they were continually treated4 ,for there were frequent discussions about the order in which the dishes were served up1 and about the things which are done after the chief part of the supper is over1 such as ,i can hardly recollect2 and some one of the guests quoted the following iambics from ,the ,lacedmonians of ,plato-- ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,cottabus4 ,now nearly all the men have done their supper2 ',tis well4--,why don't you run and clear the tables8 ,but ,i will go and straight some water get ,for the guests' hands2 and have the floor well swept2 ,and then1 when ,i have offer'd due libations1 ,i'll introduce the cottabus4 ,this girl ,ought now to have her flutes all well prepared1 ,ready to play them4 ,quick now1 slave1 and bring ,egyptian ointment1 extract of lilies too1 ,and sprinkle it around2 and ,i myself ,will bring a garland to each guest1 and give it2 ,let some one mix the wine4--,lo6 now it's mix'd ,put in the frankincense1 and say aloud1 ,now the libation is perform'd4#aaj ,the guests ,have deeply drunk already2 and the scolium ,is sung2 the cottabus1 that merry sport1 ,is taken out of doors3 a female slave ,plays on the flute a cheerful strain1 well pleasing ,to the delighted guests2 another strikes ,the clear triangle1 and1 with well-tuned voice1 ,accompanies it with an ,ionian song4 #b4 ,and after this quotation there arose1 ,i think1 a discussion about the cottabus and cottabus-players4 ,now by the term 1 one of the physicians who were present thought those people were meant1 who1 after the bath1 for the sake of purging their stomach1 drink a full draught of wine and then throw it up again2 and he said that this was not an ancient custom1 and that he was not aware of any ancient author who had alluded to this mode of purging4 ,on which account ,erasistratus of ,julia1 in his treatise on ,universal ,medicine1 reproves those who act in this way1 pointing out that it is a practice very injurious to the eyes1 and having a very astringent effect on the stomach4 ,and ,ulpian addressed him thus-- ,arise1 ,machaon1 great ,charoneus calls4#aaa ,for it was wittily said by one of our companions1 that if there were no physicians there would be nothing more stupid than grammarians4 ,for who is there of us who does not know that this kind of was not that of the ancients8 unless you think that the cottabus-players of ,ameipsias vomited4 ,since1 then1 you are ignorant of what this is which is the subject of our present discussion1 learn from me1 in the first place1 that the cottabus is a sport of ,sicilian invention1 the ,sicilians having been the original contrivers of it1 as ,critias the son of ,callschrus tells us in his ,elegies1 where he says-- ,the cottabus comes from ,sicilian lands1 ,and a glorious invention ,i think it1 ,where we put up a target to shoot at with drops ,from our wine-cup whenever we drink it4 ,and ,dicarchus the ,messenian1 the pupil of ,aristotle1 in his treatise on ,alcus1 says that the word is also a ,sicilian noun4 ,but means the drops which are left in the bottom after the cup is drained1 and which the players used to throw with inverted hand into the 4 ,but ,clitarchus1 in his treatise on ,words1 says that the ,thessalians and ,rhodians both call the itself1 or splash made by the cups1 4 #c4 ,the prize also which was proposed for those who gained the victory in drinking was called 1 as ,euripides shows us in his neus1 where he says-- ,and then with many a dart of ,bacchus' juice1 ,they struck the old man's head4 ,and ,i was set ,to crown the victor with deserved reward1 ,and give the cottabus to such4 ,the vessel1 too1 into which they threw the drops was also called 1 as ,cratinus shows in his ,nemesis4 ,but ,plato the comic poet1 in his ,jupiter ,ill-treated1 makes out that the cottabus was a sort of drunken game1 in which those who were defeated yielded up their tools#aab to the victor4 ,and these are his words-- ,a4 ,i wish you all to play at cottabus ,while ,i am here preparing you your supper4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,bring1 too1 some balls to play with1 quick1--some balls1 ,and draw some water1 and bring round some cups4 ,b4 ,now let us play for kisses4#aac ,a4 ,no2 such games ,i never suffer 4 4 4 4 ,i challenge you all to play the cottabus1 ,and for the prizes1 here are these new slippers ,which she doth wear1 and this your cotylus4 ,b4 ,a mighty game6 ,this is a greater contest ,than e'en the ,isthmian festival can furnish4 #d4 ,there was a kind of cottabus also which they used to call 1 that is1 when lamps are lifted up and then let down again4 ,eubulus1 in his ,bellerophon1 says-- ,who now will take hold of my leg below8 ,for ,i am lifted up like a 4 ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,cottabus4 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,birthday of ,venus1 says-- ,a4 ,this now is what ,i mean2 don't you perceive ,this lamp's the cottabus3 attend awhile2 ,the eggs1 and sweetmeats1 and confectionery ,are the prize of victory4 ,b4 ,sure you will play ,for a most laughable prize4 ,how shall you do8 ,a4 ,i then will show you how3 whoever throws ,the cottabus direct against the scale 771 ,so as to make it fall---- ,b4 ,what scale8 ,do you ,mean this small dish which here is placed above8 ,a4 ,that is the scale--he is the conqueror4 ,b4 ,how shall a man know this8 ,a4 ,why1 if he throw ,so as to reach it barely1 it will fall ,upon the manes1#aad and there'll be great noise4 ,b4 ,does manes1 then1 watch o'er the cottabus1 ,as if he were a slave8 ,and in a subsequent passage he says-- ,b4 ,just take the cup and show me how 'tis done4 ,a4 ,now bend your fingers like a flute-player1 ,pour in a little wine1 and not too much1 ,then throw it4 ,b4 ,how8 ,a4 ,look here2 throw it like this4 ,b4 ,o mighty ,neptune1 what a height he throws it6 ,a4 ,now do the same4 ,b4 ,not even with a sling ,could ,i throw such a distance4 ,a4 ,well1 but learn4 #e4 ,for a man must curve his hand excessively before he can throw the cottabus elegantly1 as ,dicarchus says2 and ,plato intimates as much in his ,jupiter ,ill-treated1 where some one calls out to ,hercules not to hold his hand too stiff1 when he is going to play the cottabus4 ,they also called the very act of throwing the cottabus ' 1 because they curved 77 the right hand in throwing it4 ,though some say that 1 in this phrase1 means a kind of cup4 ,and ,bacchylides1 in his ,love ,poems1 says-- ,and when she throws ' 1 ,displaying to the youths her snow-white arm4 ,and schylus1 in his ,bone ,gatherers1 speaks of 1 saying-- ,eurymachus1 and no one else1 did heap ,no slighter insults1 undeserved1 upon me3 ,for my head always was his mark at which ,to throw his cottabus4444#aae ,now1 that he who succeeded in throwing the cottabus properly received a prize1 ,antiphanes has shown us in a passage already quoted4 ,and the prize consisted of eggs1 sweetmeats1 and confectionery4 ,and ,cephisodorus1 in his ,trophonius1 and ,callias or ,diocles1 in the ,cyclopes1 7whichever of the two is the author17 and ,eupolis1 and ,hermippus1 in his ,iambics1 prove the same thing4 ,now what is called the cottabus was something of this kind4 ,there is a high lamp1 having on it what is called the ,manes1 on which the dish1 when thrown down1 ought to fall2 and from thence it falls into the platter which lies below1 and which is struck by the cottabus4 ,and there was room for very great dexterity in throwing the cottabus4 ,and ,nicochares speaks of the ,manes in his ,lacedmonians4 #f4 ,there is also another way of playing this game with a platter4 ,this platter is filled with water1 and in it there are floating some empty saucers1 at which the players throw their drops out of their cups1 and endeavour to sink them4 ,and he who has succeeded in sinking the greatest number gains the victory4 ,ameipsias1 in his play entitled ,the ,men playing at the ,cottabus or ,mania1 says-- ,bring here the cruets and the cups at once1 ,the foot-pan1 too1 but first pour in some water4 ,and ,cratinus1 in his ,nemesis1 says-- ,now in the cottabus ,i challenge you1 7,as is my country's mode17 to aim your blows ,at the empty cruets2 and he who sinks the most ,shall1 in my judgment1 bear the palm of victory4 ,and ,aristophanes1 in his ,feasters1 says-- ,i mean to erect a brazen figure1 ,that is1 a cottabeum1 and myrtle-berries4 ,and ,hermippus1 in his ,fates1 says-- ,now soft cloaks are thrown away1 ,every one clasps on his breastplate1 ,and binds his greaves around his legs1 ,no one for snow-white slippers cares2 ,now you may see the cottabus staff ,thrown carelessly among the chaff2 ,the manes hears no falling drops2 ,and you the sad may see ,thrown on the dunghill at the garden door4 ,and ,achus1 in his ,linus1 speaking of the ,satyrs1 says-- ,throwing1 and dropping1 breaking1 too1 and naming 771 ,o ,hercules1 the well-thrown drop of wine6 ,and the poet uses here1 because they used to utter the names of their sweethearts as they threw the cottabi on the saucers4 ,on which account ,sophocles1 in his ,inachus1 called the drops which were thrown1 sacred to ,venus-- ,sidenote3 ,,the ,,cottabus4 ,the golden-colour'd drop of ,venus ,descends on all the houses4 ,and ,euripides1 in his ,pleisthenes1 says-- ,and the loud noise o' the frequent cottabus ,awakens melodies akin to ,venus ,in every house4 ,and ,callimachus says-- ,many hard drinkers1 lovers of ,acontius1 ,throw on the ground the wine-drops 77 from their cups4 #g4 ,there was also another kind of way of playing at the cottabus1 in the feasts which lasted all night1 which is mentioned by ,callippus in his ,festival lasting all ,night1 where he says-- ,and he who keeps awake all night shall have ,a cheesecake for his prize of victory1 ,and kiss whoe'er he pleases of the girls ,who are at hand4 ,there were also sweetmeats at these nocturnal festivals1 in which the men continued awake an extraordinary time dancing4 ,and these sweetmeats used to be called at that time 1 from the joy 77 of those who received them4 ,and ,eubulus1 in his ,ancylion1 mentions them1 speaking as follows-- ,for he has long been cooking prizes for ,the victors in the cottabus4 ,and presently afterwards he says-- ,i then sprang out to cook the 4 ,but that kisses were also given as the prize ,eubulus tells us in a subsequent passage-- ,come now1 ye women1 come and dance all night1 ,this is the tenth day since my son was born2 ,and ,i will give three fillets for the prize1 ,and five fine apples1 and nine kisses too4 ,but that the cottabus was a sport to which the ,sicilians were greatly addicted1 is plain from the fact that they had rooms built adapted to the game2 which ,dicarchus1 in his treatise on ,alcus1 states to have been the case4 ,so that it was not without reason that ,callimachus affixed the epithet of ,sicilian to 4 ,and ,dionysius1 who was surnamed the ,brazen1 mentions both the and the in his ,elegies1 where he says-- ,here we1 unhappy in our loves1 establish ,this third addition to the games of ,bacchus1 ,that the glad cottabus shall now be play'd ,in honour of you1 a most noble quintain-- ,all you who here are present twine your hands1 ,holding the ball-shaped portion of your cups1 ,and1 ere you let it go1 let your eyes scan ,the heaven that bends above you2 watching well ,how great a space your may cover4 #h4 ,after this1 ,ulpian demanded a larger goblet to drink out of1 quoting these lines out of the same collection of ,elegies-- ,pouring forth hymns to you and me propitious1 ,let us now send your ancient friend from far1 ,with the swift rowing of our tongues and praises1 ,to lofty glory while this banquet lasts2 ,and the quick genius of ,phacian eloquence ,commands the ,muses' crew to man the benches4 ,for let us be guided by the younger ,cratinus1 who says in his ,omphale-- ,it suits a happy man to stay at home ,and drink1 let others wars and labours love4 ,in answer to whom ,cynulcus1 who was always ready for a tilt at the ,syrian1 and who never let the quarrel drop which he had against him1 now that there was a sort of tumult in the party1 said--,what is this chorus of ,syrbenians8#aaf ,and ,i myself also recollect some lines of this poetry1 which ,i will quote1 that ,ulpian may not give himself airs as being the only one who was able to extract anything about the cottabus out of those old stores of the ,homerid-- ,come now and hear this my auspicious message1 ,and end the quarrels which your cups engender2 ,turn your attention to these words of mine1 ,and learn these lessons4444 which have a clear reference to the present discussion4 ,for ,i see the servants now bringing us garlands and perfumes4 ,why now are those who are crowned said to be in love when their crowns are broken8 ,for when ,i was a boy1 and when ,i used to read the ,epigrams of ,callimachus1 in which this is one of the topics dilated on1 ,i was anxious to understand this point4 ,for the poet of ,cyrene says-- ,and all the roses1 when the leaves fell off ,from the man's garlands1 on the ground were thrown4 ,sidenote3 ,,garlands4 ,so now it is your business1 you most accomplished man1 to explain this difficulty which has occupied me these thousand years1 ,o ,democritus1 and to tell me why lovers crown the doors of their mistresses4 #i4 ,and ,democritus replied--,but that ,i may quote some of the verses of this ,brazen poet and orator ,dionysius1 7and he was called ,brazen because he advised the ,athenians to adopt a brazen coinage2 and ,callimachus mentions the oration in his list of ,oratorical ,performances17 ,i myself will cite some lines out of his ,elegies4 ,and do you1 ,o ,theodorus1 for this is your proper name-- ,receive these first-fruits of my poetry1 ,given you as a pledge2 and as an omen ,of happy fortune ,i send first to you ,this offering of the ,graces1 deeply studied1-- ,take it1 requiting me with tuneful verse1 ,fit ornament of feasts1 and emblem of your happiness4 ,you ask1 then1 why1 if the garlands of men who have been crowned are pulled to pieces1 they are said to be in love4 ,is it1 since love takes away the strict regularity of manners in the case of lovers1 that on this account they think the loss of a conspicuous ornament1 a sort of beacon 7as ,clearchus says1 in the first book of his ,art of ,love7 and signal1 that they to whom this has happened have lost the strict decorum of their manners8 ,or do men interpret this circumstance also by divination1 as they do many other things8 ,for the ornament of a crown1 as there is nothing lasting in it1 is a sort of emblem of a passion which does not endure1 but assumes a specious appearance for a while3 and such a passion is love4 ,for no people are more careful to study appearance than those who are in love4 ,unless1 perhaps1 nature1 as a sort of god1 administering everything with justice and equity1 thinks that lovers ought not to be crowned till they have subdued their love2 that is to say1 till1 having prevailed upon the object of their love1 they are released from their desire4 ,and accordingly1 the loss of their crown we make the token of their being still occupied in the fields of love4 ,or perhaps ,love himself1 not permitting any one to be crowned in opposition to1 or to be proclaimed as victor over himself1 takes their crowns from these men1 and gives the perception of this to others1 indicating that these men are subdued by him3 on which account all the rest say that these men are in love4 ,or is it because that cannot be loosed which has never been bound1 but love is the chain of some who wear crowns1 7for no one else who is bound is more anxious about being crowned than a lover17 that men consider that the loosing of the garland is a sign of love1 and therefore say that these men are in love8 ,or is it because very often lovers1 when they have been crowned1 often out of agitation as it should seem1 allow their crowns to fall to pieces1 and so we argue backwards1 and attribute this passion to all whom we see in this predicament2 thinking that their crown never would have come to pieces1 if they had not been in love8 ,or is it because these loosings happen only in the case of men bound or men in love2 and so1 men thinking that the loosing of the garland is the loosing also of those who are bound1 consider that such men are in love8 ,for those in love are bound1 unless you would rather say that1 because those who are in love are crowned with love1 therefore their crown is not of a lasting kind2 for it is difficult to put a small and ordinary kind of crown on a large and divine one4 ,men also crown the doors of the houses of the objects of their love1 either with a view to do them honour1 as they adorn with crowns the vestibule of some god to do him honour3 or perhaps the offering of the crowns is made1 not to the beloved objects1 but to the god ,love4 ,for thinking the beloved object the statue1 as it were1 of ,love1 and his house the temple of ,love1 they1 under this idea1 adorn with crowns the vestibules of those whom they love4 ,and for the same reason some people even sacrifice at the doors of those whom they love4 ,or shall we rather say that people who fancy that they are deprived1 or who really have been deprived of the ornament of their soul1 consecrate to those who have deprived them of it1 the ornament also of their body1 being bewildered by their passion1 and despoiling themselves in order to do so8 ,and every one who is in love does this when the object of his love is present1 but when he is not present1 then he makes this offering in the public roads4 ,on which account ,lycophronides has represented that goatherd in love1 as saying-- ,i consecrate this rose to you1 ,a beautiful idea2 ,this cap1 and eke these sandals too1 ,and this good hunting-spear3 ,for now my mind is gone astray1 ,wandering another way1 ,towards that girl of lovely face1 ,favourite of ev'ry ,grace4 ,sidenote3 ,,garlands4 #aj4 ,moreover1 that most divine writer ,plato1 in the seventh book of his ,laws1 proposes a problem having reference to crowns1 which it is worth while to solve2 and these are the words of the philosopher3--,let there be distributions of apples and crowns to a greater and a lesser number of people1 in such a way that the numbers shall always be equal4 ,these are the words of ,plato4 ,but what he means is something of this sort4 ,he wishes to find one number of such a nature that1 if divided among all who come in to the very last1 it shall give an equal number of apples or crowns to every one4 ,i say1 then1 that the number sixty will fulfil these conditions of equality in the case of six fellow-feasters2 for ,i am aware that at the beginning we said that a supper party ought not to consist of more than five4 ,but we are as numerous as the sand of the sea4 ,accordingly the number sixty1 when the party is completed to the number of six guests1 will begin to be divided in this manner4 ,the first man came into the banqueting-room1 and received sixty garlands4 ,he gives to the second who comes in half of them2 and then each of them have thirty4 ,then when a third comes in they divide the whole sixty1 so that each of them may have twenty4 ,again1 they divide them again in like manner at the entrance of a fourth guest1 so that each has fifteen2 and when a fifth comes in they all have twelve a-piece4 ,and when the sixth guest arrives1 they divide them again1 and each individual has ten4 ,and in this way the equal division of the garlands is accomplished4 #aa4 ,when ,democritus had said this1 ,ulpian1 looking towards ,cynulcus1 said-- ,to what a great philosopher has ,fate ,now join'd me here6 ,as ,theognetus the comic poet says1 in his ,apparition1-- ,you wretched man1 you've learnt left-handed letters1 ,your reading has perverted your whole life2 ,philosophising thus with earth and heaven1 ,though neither care a bit for all your speeches4 ,for where was it that you got that idea of the ,chorus of the ,syrbenians8 ,what author worth speaking of mentions that musical chorus8 ,and he replied3--,my good friend1 ,i will not teach you1 unless ,i first receive adequate pay from you2 for ,i do not read to pick out all the thorns out of my books as you do1 but ,i select only what is most useful and best worth hearing4 ,and at this ,ulpian got indignant1 and roared out these lines out of the ,suspicion of ,alexis-- ,these things are shameful1 e'en to the ,triballi2 ,where they do say a man who sacrifices1 ,displays the feast to the invited guests1 ,and then next day1 when they are hungry all1 ,sells them what he'd invited them to see4 ,and the same iambics occur in the ,sleep of ,antiphanes4 ,and ,cynulcus said3--,since there have already been discussions about garlands1 tell us1 my good ,ulpian1 what is the meaning of the expression1 ,the garland of ,naucratis1 in the beautiful poet ,anacreon4 ,for that sweet minstrel says-- ,and each man three garlands had3 ,two of roses fairly twined1 ,and the third a ,naucratite4 ,and why also does the same poet represent some people as crowned with osiers8 for in the second book of his ,odes1 he says-- ,but now full twice five months are gone ,since kind ,megisthes wore a crown ,of pliant osier1 drinking wine ,whose colour did like rubies shine4 ,for to suppose that these crowns were really made of osiers is absurd1 for the osier is fit only for plaiting and binding4 ,so now tell us about these things1 my friend1 for they are worth understanding correctly1 and do not keep us quibbling about words4 ,sidenote3 ,,garlands4 #ab4 ,but as he made no reply1 and pretended to be considering the matter1 ,democritus said3--,aristarchus the grammarian1 my friend1 when interpreting this passage1 said that the ancients used to wear crowns of willow4 ,but ,tenarus says that the willow or osier is the rustics' crown4 ,and other interpreters have said many irrelevant things on the subject4 ,but ,i1 having met with a book of ,menodotus of ,samos1 which is entitled1 ,a ,record of the things worth noting at ,samos1 found there what ,i was looking for2 for he says that ,admete1 the wife of ,eurystheus1 after she had fled from ,argos1 came to ,samos1 and there1 when a vision of ,juno had appeared to her1 she wishing to give the goddess a reward because she had arrived in ,samos from her own home in safety1 undertook the care of the temple1 which exists even to this day1 and which had been originally built by the ,leleges and the ,nymphs4 ,but the ,argives hearing of this1 and being indignant at it1 persuaded the ,tyrrhenians by a promise of money1 to employ piratical force and to carry off the statue1--the ,argives believing that if this were done ,admete would be treated with every possible severity by the inhabitants of ,samos4 ,accordingly the ,tyrrhenians came to the port of ,juno1 and having disembarked1 immediately applied themselves to the performance of their undertaking4 ,and as the temple was at that time without any doors1 they quickly carried off the statue1 and bore it down to the seaside1 and put it on board their vessel4 ,and when they had loosed their cables and weighed anchor1 they rowed as fast as they could1 but were unable to make any progress4 ,and then1 thinking that this was owing to divine interposition1 they took the statue out of the ship again and put it on the shore2 and having made some sacrificial cakes1 and offered them to it1 they departed in great fear4 ,but when1 the first thing in the morning1 ,admete gave notice that the statue had disappeared1 and a search was made for it1 those who were seeking it found it on the shore4 ,and they1 like ,carian barbarians1 as they were1 thinking that the statue had run away of its own accord1 bound it to a fence made of osiers1 and took all the longest branches on each side and twined them round the body of the statue1 so as to envelop it all round4 ,but ,admete released the statue from these bonds1 and purified it1 and placed it again on its pedestal1 as it had stood before4 ,and on this account once every year1 since that time1 the statue is carried down to the shore and hidden1 and cakes are offered to it3 and the festival is called 1 because it happened that the statue was bound tightly 77 by those who made the first search for it4 #ac4 ,but they relate that about that time the ,carians1 being overwhelmed with superstitious fears1 came to the oracle of the god at ,hybla1 and consulted him with reference to these occurrences2 and that ,apollo told them that they must give a voluntary satisfaction to the god of their own accord1 to escape a more serious calamity1--such as in former times ,jupiter had inflicted upon ,prometheus1 because of his theft of the fire1 after he had released him from a most terrible captivity4 ,and as he was inclined to give a satisfaction which should not cause him severe pain1 this was what the god imposed upon him4 ,and from this circumstance the use of this kind of crown which had been shown to ,prometheus got common among the rest of mankind who had been benefited by him by his gift of fire3 on which account the god enjoined the ,carians also to adopt a similar custom1--to use osiers as a garland1 and bind their heads with the branches with which they themselves had bound the goddess4 ,and he ordered them also to abandon the use of every other kind of garland except that made of the bay-tree3 and that tree he said he gave as a gift to those alone who are employed in the service of the goddess4 ,and he told them that1 if they obeyed the injunctions given them by the oracle1 and if in their banquets they paid the goddess the satisfaction to which she was entitled1 they should be protected from injury3 on which account the ,carians1 wishing to obey the commands laid on them by the oracle1 abolished the use of those garlands which they had previously been accustomed to wear1 but permitted all those who were employed in the service of the goddess still to wear the garland of bay-tree1 which remains in use even to this day4 #ad4 ,nicnetus also1 the epic poet1 appears to make some allusion to the fashion of wearing garlands of osier in his ,epigrams4 ,and this poet was a native of ,samos1 and a man who in numberless passages shows his fondness for mentioning points connected with the history of his country4 ,and these are his words3-- ,i am not oft1 ,o ,philotherus1 fond ,of feasting in the city1 but prefer ,the country1 where the open breeze of zephyr ,freshens my heart2 a simple bed ,beneath my body is enough for me1 ,made of the branches of the native willow 771 ,and osier 771 ancient garland of the ,carians1-- ,but let good wine be brought1 and the sweet lyre1 ,chief ornament of the ,pierian sisters1 ,that we may drink our fill1 and sing the praise ,of the all-glorious bride of mighty ,jove1 ,the great protecting queen of this our isle4 ,sidenote3 ,,garlands4 ,but in the selines ,nicnetus speaks ambiguously1 for it is not quite plain whether he means that the osier is to make his bed or his garland2 though afterwards1 when he calls it the ancient garland of the ,carians1 he alludes clearly enough to what we are now discussing4 ,and this use of osiers to make into garlands1 lasted in that island down to the time of ,polycrates1 as we may conjecture4 ,at all events ,anacreon says-- ,but now full twice five months are gone ,since kind ,megisthes wore a crown ,of pliant osier1 drinking wine ,whose colour did like rubies shine4 #ae4 ,and the ,gods know that ,i first found all this out in the beautiful city of ,alexandria1 having got possession of the treatise of ,menodotus1 in which ,i showed to many people the passage in ,anacreon which is the subject of discussion4 ,but ,hephstion1 who is always charging every one else with thefts1 took this solution of mine1 and claimed it as his own1 and published an essay1 to which he gave this title1 ,concerning the ,osier ,garland mentioned by ,anacreon4 ,and a copy of this essay we lately found at ,rome in the possession of the antiquary ,demetrius4 ,and this compiler ,hephstion behaved in the same way to our excellent friend ,adrantus4 ,for after he had published a treatise in five books1 ,concerning those ,matters in ,theophrastus in his books on ,manners1 which are open to any ,dispute1 either as to their ,facts1 or the ,style in which they are mentioned2 and had added a sixth book ,concerning the ,disputable ,points in the ,nicomachean ,ethics of ,aristotle2 and in these books had entered into a long dissertation on the mention of ,plexippus by ,antipho the tragic poet1 and had also said a good deal about ,antipho himself2 ,hephstion1 ,i say1 appropriated all these books to himself1 and wrote another book1 ,concerning the ,mention of ,antipho in the ,memorabilia of ,xenophon1 not having added a single discovery or original observation of his own1 any more than he had in the discussion on the ,osier ,garland4 ,for the only thing he said that was new1 was that ,phylarchus1 in the seventh book of his ,histories1 mentioned this story about the osier1 and knew nothing of the passage of ,nicnetus1 nor of that of ,anacreon2 and he showed that he differed in some respects from the account that had been given by ,menodotus4 ,but one may explain this fact of the osier garlands more simply1 by saying that ,megisthes wore a garland of osier because there was a great quantity of those trees in the place where he was feasting2 and therefore he used it to bind his temples4 ,for the ,lacedmonians at the festival of the ,promachia1 wear garlands of reeds1 as ,sosibius tells us in his treatise on the ,sacrificial ,festivals at ,lacedmon1 where he writes thus3 ,on this festival the natives of the country all wear garlands of reeds1 or tiaras1 but the boys who have been brought up in the public school follow without any garland at all4 #af4 ,but ,aristotle1 in the second book of his treatise on ,love ,affairs1 and ,ariston the ,peripatetic1 who was a native of ,ceos1 in the second book of his ,amatory ,resemblances1 say that ,the ancients1 on account of the headaches which were produced by their wine-drinking1 adopted the practice of wearing garlands made of anything which came to hand1 as the binding the head tight appeared to be of service to them4 ,but men in later times added also some ornaments to their temples1 which had a kind of reference to their employment of drinking1 and so they invented garlands in the present fashion4 ,but it is more reasonable to suppose that it was because the head is the seat of all sensation that men wore crowns upon it1 than that they did so because it was desirable to have their temples shaded and bound as a remedy against the headaches produced by wine4 ,they also wore garlands over their foreheads1 as the sweet ,anacreon says-- ,and placing on our brows fresh parsley crowns1 ,let's honour ,bacchus with a jovial feast4 ,they also wore garlands on their breasts1 and anointed them with perfume1 because that is the seat of the heart4 ,and they call the garlands which they put round their necks 1 as ,alcus does in these lines-- ,let every one twine round his neck ,wreathed of anise4 ,and ,sappho says-- ,and wreathed ,in numbers round their tender throats4 ,and ,anacreon says-- ,they placed upon their bosoms lotus flowers ,entwined in fragrant 4 schylus also1 in his ,prometheus ,unbound1 says distinctly-- ,and therefore we1 in honour of ,prometheus1 ,place garlands on our heads1 a poor atonement ,for the sad chains with which his limbs were bound4 ,sidenote3 ,,garlands4 ,and again1 in the play entitled the ,sphinx1 he says-- ,give the stranger a 7garland71 the ancient 1-- ,this is the best of chains1 as we may judge ,from great ,prometheus4 ,but ,sappho gives a more simple reason for our wearing garlands1 speaking as follows-- ,but place those garlands on thy lovely hair1 ,twining the tender sprouts of anise green ,with skilful hand2 for offerings of flowers ,are pleasing to the gods1 who hate all those ,who come before them with uncrownd heads4 ,in which lines she enjoins all who offer sacrifice to wear garlands on their heads1 as they are beautiful things1 and acceptable to the ,gods4 ,aristotle also1 in his ,banquet1 says1 ,we never offer any mutilated gift to the ,gods1 but only such as are perfect and entire2 and what is full is entire1 and crowning anything indicates filling it in some sort4 ,so ,homer says-- ,the slaves the goblets crown'd with rosy wine2#aag ,and in another place he says-- ,but ,god plain forms with eloquence does crown4#aah ,that is to say1 eloquence in speaking makes up in the case of some men for their personal ugliness4 ,now this is what the seems intended to do1 on which account1 in times of mourning1 we do exactly the contrary4 ,for wishing to testify our sympathy for the dead1 we mutilate ourselves by cutting our hair1 and by putting aside our garlands4 #ag4 ,now ,philonides the physician1 in his treatise on ,ointments and ,garlands1 says1 ,after the vine was introduced into ,greece from the ,red ,sea1 and when most people had become addicted to intemperate enjoyment1 and had learnt to drink unmixed wine1 some of them became quite frantic and out of their minds1 while others got so stupified as to resemble the dead4 ,and once1 when some men were drinking on the sea-shore1 a violent shower came on1 and broke up the party1 and filled the goblet1 which had a little wine left in it1 with water4 ,but when it became fine again1 the men returned to the same spot1 and tasting the new mixture1 found that their enjoyment was now not only exquisite1 but free from any subsequent pain4 ,and on this account1 the ,greeks invoke the good ,deity at the cup of unmixed wine1 which is served round to them at dinner1 paying honour to the ,deity who invented wine2 and that was ,bacchus4 ,but when the first cup of mixed wine is handed round after dinner1 they then invoke ,jupiter the ,saviour1 thinking him the cause of this mixture of wine which is so unattended with pain1 as being the author of rain4 ,now1 those who suffered in their heads after drinking1 certainly stood in need of some remedy2 and so the binding their heads was what most readily occurred to them1 as ,nature herself led them to this remedy4 ,for a certain man having a headache1 as ,andreas says1 pressed his head1 and found relief1 and so invented a ligature as a remedy for headache4 ,accordingly1 men using these ligatures as assistants in drinking1 used to bind their heads with whatever came in their way4 ,and first of all1 they took garlands of ivy1 which offered itself1 as it were1 of its own accord1 and was very plentiful1 and grew everywhere1 and was pleasant to look upon1 shading the forehead with its green leaves and bunches of berries1 and bearing a good deal of tension1 so as to admit of being bound tight across the brow1 and imparting also a certain degree of coolness without any stupifying smell accompanying it4 ,and it seems to me that this is the reason why men have agreed to consider the garland of ivy sacred to ,bacchus1 implying by this that the inventor of wine is also the defender of men from all the inconveniences which arise from the use of it4 ,and from thence1 regarding chiefly pleasure1 and considering utility and the comfort of the relief from the effects of drunkenness of less importance1 they were influenced chiefly by what was agreeable to the sight or to the smell4 ,and therefore they adopted crowns of myrtle1 which has exciting properties1 and which also represses any rising of the fumes of wine2 and garlands of roses1 which to a certain extent relieve headache1 and also impart some degree of coolness2 and garlands also of bay leaves1 which they think are not wholly unconnected with drinking parties4 ,but garlands of white lilies1 which have an effect on the head1 and wreaths of amaracus1 or of any other flower or herb which has any tendency to produce heaviness or torpid feelings in the head1 must be avoided4 ,sidenote3 ,,garlands4 ,and ,apollodorus1 in his treatise on ,perfumes and ,garlands1 has said the same thing in the very same words4 ,and this1 my friends1 is enough to say on this subject4 #ah4 ,but concerning the ,naucratite ,crown1 and what kind of flowers that is made of1 ,i made many investigations1 and inquired a great deal without learning anything1 till at last ,i fell in with a book of ,polycharmus of ,naucratis1 entitled ,on ,venus1 in which ,i found the following passage3--,but in the twenty-third ,olympiad ,herostratus1 a fellow-countryman of mine1 who was a merchant1 and as such had sailed to a great many different countries1 coming by chance to ,paphos1 in ,cyprus1 bought an image of ,venus1 a span high1 of very ancient workmanship1 and came away meaning to bring it to ,naucratis4 ,and as he was sailing near the ,egyptian coast1 a violent storm suddenly overtook him1 and the sailors could not tell where they were1 and so they all had recourse to this image of ,venus1 entreating her to save them4 ,and the goddess1 for she was kindly disposed towards the men of ,naucratis1 on a sudden filled all the space near her with branches of green myrtle1 and diffused a most delicious odour over the whole ship1 when all the sailors had previously despaired of safety from their violent sea-sickness4 ,and after they had been all very sick1 the sun shone out1 and they1 seeing the landmarks1 came in safety into ,naucratis4 ,and ,herostratus having disembarked from the ship with his image1 and carrying with him also the green branches of myrtle which had so suddenly appeared to him1 consecrated it and them in the temple of ,venus4 ,and having sacrificed to the goddess1 and having consecrated the image to ,venus1 and invited all his relations and most intimate friends to a banquet in the temple1 he gave every one of them a garland of these branches of myrtle1 to which garlands he then gave the name of ,naucratite4 ,this is the account given by ,polycharmus2 and ,i myself believe the statement1 and believe that the ,naucratite garland is no other than one made of myrtle1 especially as in ,anacreon it is represented as worn with one made of roses4 ,and ,philonides has said that the garland made of myrtle acts as a check upon the fumes of wine1 and that the one made of roses1 in addition to its cooking qualities1 is to a certain extent a remedy for headache4 ,and1 therefore1 those men are only to be laughed at1 who say that the ,naucratite garland is the wreath made of what is called by the ,egyptians biblus1 quoting the statement of ,theopompus1 in the third book of his ,history of ,greece1 where he says1 ,that when ,agesilaus the ,lacedmonian arrived in ,egypt1 the ,egyptians sent him many presents1 and among them the papyrus1 which is used for making garlands4 ,but ,i do not know what pleasure or advantage there could be in having a crown made of biblus with roses1 unless people who are enamoured of such a wreath as this should also take a fancy to wear crowns of garlic and roses together4 ,but ,i know that a great many people say that the garland made of the sampsychon or amaracus is the ,naucratite garland2 and this plant is very plentiful in ,egypt1 but the myrtle in ,egypt is superior in sweetness to that which is found in any other country1 as ,theophrastus relates in another place4 #ai4 ,while this discussion was going on1 some slaves came in bringing garlands made of such flowers as were in bloom at the time2 and ,myrtilus said2--,tell me1 my good friend ,ulpian1 the different names of garlands4 ,for these servants1 as is said in the ,centaur of ,chrephon-- ,make ready garlands which they give the gods1 ,praying they may be heralds of good omen4 ,and the same poet says1 in his play entitled ,bacchus-- ,cutting sweet garlands1 messengers of good omen4 ,do not1 however1 quote to me passages out of the ,crowns of lius ,asclepiades1 as if ,i were unacquainted with that work2 but say something now besides what you find there4 ,for you cannot show me that any one has ever spoken separately of a garland of roses1 and a garland of violets4 ,for as for the expression in ,cratinus-- 1 that is said in a joke4 ,and he1 laughing1 replied1--,the word was first used among the ,greeks1 as ,semos the ,delian tells us in the fourth book of his ,delias1 in the same sense as the word is used by us1 which1 however1 by some people is called 4 ,on which account1 being first crowned with this 1 afterwards we put on a garland of bay leaves2 and the word itself is derived from the verb 1 to crown4 ,but do you1 you loquacious ,thessalian1 think1 says he1 that ,i am going to repeat any of those old and hacknied stories8 ,but because of your tongue 771 ,i will mention the 1 which ,plato speaks of in his ,jupiter ,ill-treated-- ,sidenote3 ,,garlands4 ,but you wear leather tongues within your shoes1 ,and crown yourselves with 1 ,whenever you're engaged in drinking parties4 ,and when you sacrifice you speak only words ,of happy omen4 ,and ,theodorus1 in his ,attic ,words1 as ,pamphilus says in his treatise on ,names1 says1 that the is a species of plaited crown4 ,take this then from me2 for1 as ,euripides says1 ',tis no hard work to argue on either side1 ,if a man's only an adept at speaking4 #bj4 ,there is the ,isthmiacum also1 and there was a kind of crown bearing this name1 which ,aristophanes has thought worthy of mention in his ,fryers1 where he speaks thus-- ,what then are we to do8 ,we should have taken ,a white cloak each of us2 and then entwining ,isthmiaca on our brows1 like choruses1 ,come let us sing the eulogy of our master4 ,but ,silenus1 in his ,dialects1 says1 ,the ,isthmian garland4 ,and ,philetas says1 4 ,there is an ambiguity here as to whether it refers to the head or to the main world4#aai ,we also use the word 1 as applied to a well1 or to a dagger4 ,but ,timachidas and ,simmias1 who are both ,rhodians1 explain one word by the other4 ,they say1 1 3 and this word is also mentioned by ,callixenus1 who is himself also a ,rhodian1 in his ,history of ,alexandria1 where he writes as follows-- 99 99 99 99 99 99 #ba4 ,but since ,i have mentioned ,alexandria1 ,i know that in that beautiful city there is a garland called the garland of ,antinous1 which is made of the lotus1 which grows in those parts4 ,and this lotus grows in the marshes in the summer season2 and it bears flowers of two colours2 one like that of the rose1 and it is the garlands woven of the flowers of this colour which are properly called the garlands of ,antinous2 but the other kind is called the lotus garland1 being of a dark colour4 ,and a man of the name of ,pancrates1 a native poet1 with whom we ourselves were acquainted1 made a great parade of showing a rose-coloured lotus to ,adrian the emperor1 when he was staying at ,alexandria1 saying1 that he ought to give this flower the name of the ,flower of ,antinous1 as having sprung from the ground where it drank in the blood of the ,mauritanian lion1 which ,hadrian killed when he was out hunting in that part of ,africa1 near ,alexandria2 a monstrous beast which had ravaged all ,libya for a long time1 so as to make a very great part of the district desolate4 ,accordingly1 ,hadrian being delighted with the utility of the invention1 and also with its novelty1 granted to the poet that he should be maintained for the future in the ,museum at the public expense2 and ,cratinus the comic poet1 in his ,ulysseses1 has called the lotus 1 because all plants which are full of leaf1 are called by the ,athenians4 ,but ,pancrates said1 with a good deal of neatness1 in his poem-- ,the crisp ground thyme1 the snow-white lily too1 ,the purple hyacinth1 and the modest leaves ,of the white celandine1 and the fragrant rose1 ,whose petals open to the vernal zephyrs2 ,for that fair flower which bears ,antinous' name ,the earth had not yet borne4 #bb4 ,there is the word 4 ,and this is the name given to the garland which the ,lacedmonians place on the head of ,juno1 as ,pamphilus relates4 ,i am aware1 also1 that there is a kind of garland1 which is called by the ,sicyonians1 as ,timachidas mentions in his treatise on ,dialects4 ,and ,philetas writes as follows3----this is a name given to a fragrant garland in the district of ,sicyon-- ,she stood by her sire1 and in her fragrant hair ,she wore the beautiful ,iacchian garland4 ,seleucus also1 in his treatise on ,dialects1 says1 that there is a kind of garland made of myrtle1 which is called 1 being twenty cubits in circumference1 and that it is carried in procession on the festival of the ,ellotia4 ,and he says1 that in this garland the bones of ,europa1 whom they call ,ellotis1 are carried4 ,and this festival of the ,ellotia is celebrated in ,corinth4 ,sidenote3 ,,garlands4 ,there is also the 4 ,this also is a name given to a species of garland by the ,lacedmonians1 as ,sosibius tells us in his treatise on ,sacrifices1 where he says1 that now it is called 1 being made of branches of the palm-tree4 ,and he says that they are worn1 as a memorial of the victory which they gained1 in ,thyrea1#abj by the leaders of the choruses1 which are employed in that festival when they celebrate the ,gymnopdi4#aba ,and there are choruses1 some of handsome boys1 and others of full-grown men of distinguished bravery1 who all dance naked1 and who sing the songs of ,thaletas and ,alcman1 and the pans of ,dionysodotus the ,lacedmonian4 ,there are also garlands called 1 which are mentioned by ,alexis in his ,crateva1 or the ,apothecary1 in the following line-- ,and many garlands hanging4 ,there is the word too1 1 which ,seleucus explains by every sort of garland4 ,but ,timachidas says1 ,garlands of every kind which are worn by women are called 4 ,there are also the words and 1 which are names given to garlands by the olians and ,ionians1 and they wear such around their necks1 as one may clearly collect from the poetry of ,alcus and ,anacreon4 ,but ,philetas1 in his ,miscellanies1 says1 that the ,lesbians call a branch of myrtle 1 around which they twine violets and other flowers4 ,the also is a species of garland4 ,but ,theodorus1 in his ,attic ,words1 says1 that it is a particular kind of garland1 and is used in that sense by ,plato the comic poet1 in his ,jupiter ,ill-treated4 #bc4 ,i find also1 in the comic poets1 mention made of a kind of garland called 1 and ,i find that ,archippus mentions it in his ,rhinon1 in these lines-- ,he went away unhurt to his own house1 ,having laid aside his cloak1 but having on ,his garland4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,agonis1 or ,the ,colt1 says-- ,this third man has a garland ,of fig-leaves2 but while living he delighted ,in similar ornaments3 and in his ,sciron he says-- ,like a garland in suspense4 ,antiphanes also mentions it in his ,man in ,love with ,himself4 ,and ,eubulus1 in his nomaus1 or ,pelops1 saying-- ,brought into circular shape1 ,like a garland4 ,what1 then1 is this 8 ,for ,i am aware that ,nicander of ,thyatira1 in his ,attic ,nouns1 speaks as follows1-- 1 and especially those made of roses4 ,and now ,i ask what species of garland this was1 ,o ,cynulcus2 and do not tell me that ,i am to understand the word as meaning merely large4 ,for you are a man who are fond of not only picking things little known out of books1 but of even digging out such matters2 like the philosophers in the ,joint ,deceiver of ,baton the comic poet2 men whom ,sophocles also mentions in his ,fellow ,feasters1 and who resemble you1-- ,you should not wear a beard thus well perfumed1 ,and 'tis a shame for you1 of such high birth1 ,to be reproachd as the son of your belly1 ,when you might rather be call'd your father's son4 ,since1 then1 you are sated not only with the heads of glaucus1 but also with that evergreen herb1 which that ,anthedonian ,deity#abb ate1 and became immortal1 give us an answer now about the subject of discussion1 that we may not think that when you are dead1 you will be metamorphosed1 as the divine ,plato has described in his treatise on the ,soul4 ,for he says that those who are addicted to gluttony1 and insolence1 and drunkenness1 and who are restrained by no modesty1 may naturally become transformed into the race of asses1 and similar animals4 #bd4 ,and as he still appeared to be in doubt2--,let us now1 said ,ulpian1 go on to another kind of garland1 which is called the 2 which ,asclepiades mentions when he quotes the following passage1 out of the ,female ,garland-,sellers of ,eubulus-- ,o happy woman1 in your little house ,to have a 4444#abc ,sidenote3 ,,garlands4 ,and this garland is made of the flower called 7soap-wort71 which is mentioned by ,theophrastus1 in the sixth book of his ,natural ,history1 in these words--,the iris also blooms in the summer1 and so does the flower called 1 which is a very pretty flower to the eye1 but destitute of scent4 ,galene of ,smyrna also speaks of the same flower1 under the name of 4 ,there is also the 4 ,there is a certain kind of garland with this name1 as ,nicander the ,colophonian tells us in his treatise on ,words4 ,and this1 too1 perhaps is so named as being made of the flower called 1 which the same ,theophrastus mentions in the sixth book of his ,natural ,history1 where he writes thus--,there are other flowers which bloom chiefly in the summer1--the lychnis1 the flower of ,jove1 the lily1 the iphyum1 the ,phrygian amaracus1 and also the plant called pothus1 of which there are two kinds1 one bearing a flower like the hyacinth1 but the other produces a colourless blossom nearly white1 which men use to strew on tombs4 ,eubulus also gives a list of other names of garlands-- gidion1 carry now this garland for me1 ,ingeniously wrought of divers flowers1 ,most tempting1 and most beautiful1 by ,jove6 ,for who'd not wish to kiss the maid who bears it8 ,and then in the subsequent lines he says-- ,a4 ,perhaps you want some garlands4 ,will you have them ,of ground thyme1 or of myrtle1 or of flowers ,such as ,i show you here in bloom4 ,b4 ,i'll have ,these myrtle ones4 ,you may sell all the others1 ,but always keep the myrtle wreaths for me4 #be4 ,there is the philyrinus also4 ,xenarchus1 in his ,soldier1 says-- ,for the boy wore a garland on his brow ,of delicate leafy linden 774 ,some garlands also are called 1 as they are even to this day among the ,alexandrians4 ,and ,chremon the tragic poet mentions them in his ,bacchus1 saying-- ,the triple folds of the garlands1 ,made up of ivy and narcissus4 ,but concerning the evergreen garlands in ,egypt1 ,hellanicus1 in his ,history of ,egypt1 writes as follows--,there is a city on the banks of the river1 named ,tindium4 ,this is a place where many gods are assembled1 and in the middle of the city there is a sacred temple of great size made of marble1 and the doors are marble4 ,and within the temple there are white and black thorns1 on which garlands were placed made of the flower of the acanthus1 and also of the blossoms of the pomegranate1 and of vine-leaves4 ,and these keep green for ever4 ,these garlands were placed by the gods themselves in ,egypt when they heard that ,babys was king1 7and he is the same who is also called ,typhon47 ,but ,demetrius1 in his ,history of the ,things to be seen in ,egypt1 says that these thorns grow about the city of ,abydos1 and he writes thus--,but the lower district has a tree called the thorn1 which bears a round fruit on some round-shaped branches4 ,and this tree blooms at a certain season2 and the flower is very beautiful and brilliant in colour4 ,and there is a story told by the ,egyptians1 that the thiopians who had been sent as allies to ,troy by ,tithonus1 when they heard that ,memnon was slain1 threw down on the spot all their garlands on the thorns4 ,and the branches themselves on which the flower grows resemble garlands4 ,and the before-mentioned ,hellanicus mentions also that ,amasis1 who was king of ,egypt1 was originally a private individual of the class of the common people2 and that it was owing to the present of a garland1 which he made of the most beautiful flowers that were in season1 and sent to ,patarmis1 who was king of ,egypt1 at the time when he was celebrating the festival of his birthday1 that he afterwards became king himself4 ,for ,patarmis1 being delighted at the beauty of the garland1 invited ,amasis to supper1 and after this treated him as one of his friends2 and on one occasion sent him out as his general1 when the ,egyptians were making war upon him4 ,and he was made king by these ,egyptians out of their hatred to ,patarmis4 #bf4 ,there are also garlands called 1 which people make and furnish by contract4 ,aristophanes1 in his ,thesmophoriazus1 says-- ,to make up twenty garlands4#abd ,we find also the word 4 ,apion1 in his treatise on the ,roman ,dialect1 says that formerly a garland was called 1 from the fact of the members of the chorus in the theatres using it2 and that they wore garlands and contended for garlands4 ,and one may see this name given to garlands in the ,epigrams of ,simonides-- ,sidenote3 ,,garlands4 ,phbus doth teach that song to the ,tyndarid1 ,which tuneless grasshoppers have crown'd with a 4 ,there are too4 ,there are some garlands made of the basil thyme 77 which are called by this name1 as we are told by ,andron the physician1 whose words are quoted by ,parthenius the pupil of ,dionysius1 in the first book of his treatise on the ,words which occur in the ,historians4 #bg4 ,now ,theophrastus gives the following list of flowers as suitable to be made into garlands--,the violet1 the flower of ,jupiter1 the iphyum1 the wallflower1 the hemerocalles1 or yellow lily4 ,but he says the earliest blooming flower is the white violet2 and about the same time that which is called the wild wallflower appears1 and after them the narcissus and the lily2 and of mountain flowers1 that kind of anemone which is called the mountain anemone1 and the head of the bulb-plant4 ,for some people twine these flowers into garlands4 ,and next to these there comes the nanthe and the purple violet4 ,and of wild flowers1 there are the helichryse1 and that species of anemone called the meadow anemone1 and the gladiolus1 and the hyacinth4 ,but the rose is the latest blooming flower of all2 and it is the latest to appear and the first to go off4 ,but the chief summer flowers are the lychnis1 and the flower of ,jupiter1 and the lily1 and the iphyum1 and the ,phrygian amaracus1 and also the flower called the pothus4 ,and in his ninth book the same ,theophrastus says1 if any one wears a garland made of the flower of the helichryse1 he is praised if he sprinkle it with ointment4 ,and ,alcman mentions it in these lines-- ,and ,i pray to you1 and bring ,this chaplet of the helichryse1 ,and of the holy cypirus4 ,and ,ibycus says-- ,myrtle-berries with violets mix'd1 ,and helichryse1 and apple blossoms1 ,and roses1 and the tender daphne4 ,and ,cratinus1 in his ,effeminate ,people1 says-- ,with ground thyme and with crocuses1 ,and hyacinths1 and helichryse4 ,but the helichryse is a flower like the lotus4 ,and ,themistagoras the ,ephesian1 in his book entitled ,the ,golden ,book1 says that the flower derives its name from the nymph who first picked it1 who was called ,helichrysa4 ,there are also1 says ,theophrastus1 such flowers as purple lilies4 ,but ,philinus says that the lily1 which he calls 1 is by some people called 1 and by others 4 ,the ,corinthians also call this flower ambrosia1 as ,nicander says in his ,dictionary4 ,and ,diocles1 in his treatise on ,deadly ,poisons1 says--,the amaracus1 which some people call the sampsychus4 #bh4 ,cratinus also speaks of the hyacinth by the name of in his ,effeminate ,people1 where he says-- ,i crown my head with flowers1 1 ,roses1 and 1 and 4 ,and ,clearchus1 in the second book of his ,lives1 says--,you may remark the ,lacedmonians who1 having invented garlands of cosmosandalum1 trampled under foot the most ancient system of polity in the world1 and utterly ruined themselves2 on which account ,antiphanes the comic poet very cleverly says of them1 in his ,harp-player-- ,did not the ,lacedmonians boast of old ,as though they were invincible8 but now ,they wear effeminate purple head-dresses4 ,and ,hicesius1 in the second book of his treatise on ,matter1 says--,the white violet is of moderately astringent properties1 and has a most delicious fragrance1 and is very delightful1 but only for a short time2 and the purple violet is of the same appearance1 but it is far more fragrant4 ,and ,apollodorus1 in his treatise on ,beasts1 says--,there is the champitys1 or ground pine1 which some call olocyrum1 but the ,athenians call it ,ionia1 and the ,eubans sideritis4 ,and ,nicander1 in the second book of his ,georgics1 7the words themselves ,i will quote hereafter1 when ,i thoroughly discuss all the flowers fit for making into garlands17 says--,the violet 77 was originally given by some ,ionian nymphs to ,ion4 ,sidenote3 ,,garlands4 ,and in the sixth book of his ,history of ,plants1 ,theophrastus says that the narcissus is also called 2 but in a subsequent passage he speaks of the narcissus and as different plants4 ,and ,eumachus the ,corcyrean1 in his treatise on ,cutting ,roots1 says that the narcissus is also called acacallis1 and likewise crotalum4 ,but the flower called hemerocalles1 or day-beauty1 which fades at night but blooms at sunrise1 is mentioned by ,cratinus in his ,effeminate ,people1 where he says-- ,and the dear hemerocalles4 ,concerning the ground thyme1 ,theophrastus says--,the people gather the wild ground thyme on the mountains and plant it around ,sicyon1 and the ,athenians gather it on ,hymettus2 and other nations too have mountains full of this flower1 as the ,thracians for instance4 ,but ,philinus says that it is called zygis4 ,and ,amerias the ,macedonian1 speaking of the lychnis in his treatise on ,cutting up ,roots1 says that it sprang from the baths of ,venus1 when ,venus bathed after having been sleeping with ,vulcan4 ,and it is found in the greatest perfection in ,cyprus and ,lemnos1 and also in ,stromboli and near mount ,eryx1 and at ,cythera4 ,but the iris1 says ,theophrastus1 blooms in the summer1 and is the only one of all the ,european flowers which has a sweet scent4 ,and it is in the highest beauty in those parts of ,illyricum which are at a distance from the sea4 ,but ,philinus says that the flowers of the iris are called 1 because they resemble the lips of the wolf 774 ,and ,nicolaus of ,damascus1 in the hundred and eighth book of his ,history1 says that there is a lake near the ,alps1 many stadia in circumference1 round which there grow every year the most fragrant and beautiful flowers1 like those which are called calch4 ,alcman also mentions the calch in these lines3-- ,having a golden-colour'd necklace on ,of the bright calch1 with their tender petals4 ,and ,epicharmus1 too1 speaks of them in his ,rustic4 #bi4 ,of roses1 says ,theophrastus in his sixth book1 there are many varieties4 ,for most of them consist only of five leaves1 but some have twelve leaves2 and some1 near ,philippi1 have even as many as a hundred leaves4 ,for men take up the plants from ,mount ,pangum1 7and they are very numerous there17 and plant them near the city4 ,and the inner petals are very small2 for the fashion in which the flowers put out their petals is1 that some form the outer rows and some the inner ones3 but they have not much smell1 nor are they of any great size4 ,and those with only five leaves are the most fragrant1 and their lower parts are very thorny4 ,but the most fragrant roses are in ,cyrene3 on which account the perfumes made there are the sweetest4 ,and in this country1 too1 the perfume of the violets1 and of all other flowers1 is most pure and heavenly2 and above all1 the fragrance of the crocus is most delicious in those parts4 ,and ,timachidas1 in his ,banquets1 says that the ,arcadians call the rose 1 meaning 1 or fragrant4 ,and ,apollodorus1 in the fourth book of his ,history of ,parthia1 speaks of a flower called philadelphum1 as growing in the country of the ,parthians1 and describes it thus3--,and there are many kinds of myrtle1--the milax1 and that which is called the philadelphum1 which has received a name corresponding to its natural character2 for when branches1 which are at a distance from one another1 meet together of their own accord1 they cohere with a vigorous embrace1 and become united as if they came from one root1 and then growing on1 they produce fresh shoots3 on which account they often make hedges of them in well-cultivated farms2 for they take the thinnest of the shoots1 and plait them in a net-like manner1 and plant them all round their gardens1 and then these plants1 when plaited together all round1 make a fence which it is difficult to pass through4 #cj4 ,the author1 too1 of the ,cyprian ,poems gives lists of the flowers which are suitable to be made into garlands1 whether he was ,hegesias1 or ,stasinus1 or any one else2 for ,demodamas1 who was either a ,halicarnassian or ,milesian1 in his ,history of ,halicarnassus1 says that the ,cyprian ,poems were the work of a citizen of ,halicarnassus3 however1 the author1 whoever he was1 in his eleventh book1 speaks thus3-- ,then did the ,graces1 and the smiling ,hours1 ,make themselves garments rich with various hues1 ,and dyed them in the varied flowers that ,spring ,and the sweet ,seasons in their bosom bear4 ,in crocus1 hyacinth1 and blooming violet1 ,and the sweet petals of the peerless rose1 ,so fragrant1 so divine2 nor did they scorn ,the dewy cups of the ambrosial flower ,that boasts ,narcissus' name4 ,such robes1 perfumed ,with the rich treasures of revolving seasons1 ,the golden ,venus wears4 ,sidenote3 ,,garlands4 ,and this poet appears also to have been acquainted with the use of garlands1 when he says-- ,and when the smiling ,venus with her train ,had woven fragrant garlands of the treasures ,the flowery earth puts forth1 the goddesses ,all crown'd their heads with their queen's precious work1-- ,the ,nymphs and ,graces1 and the golden ,venus1-- ,and raised a tuneful song round ,ida's springs4 #ca4 ,nicander also1 in the second book of his ,georgics1 gives a regular list of the flowers suitable to be made into garlands1 and speaks as follows concerning the ,ionian nymphs and concerning roses3-- ,and many other flowers you may plant1 ,fragrant and beauteous1 of ,ionian growth2 ,two sorts of violets are there1--pallid one1 ,and like the colour of the virgin gold1 ,such as th' ,ionian nymphs to ,ion gave1 ,when in the meadows of the holy ,pisa ,they met and loved and crown'd the modest youth4 ,for he had cheer'd his hounds and slain the boar1 ,and in the clear ,alpheus bathed his limbs1 ,before he visited those friendly nymphs4 ,cut then the shoots from off the thorny rose1 ,and plant them in the trenches1 leaving space ,between1 two spans in width4 ,the poets tell ,that ,midas first1 when ,asia's realms he left1 ,brought roses from th' ,odonian hills of ,thrace1 ,and cultivated them in th' ,emathian lands1 ,blooming and fragrant with their sixty petals4 ,next to th' ,emathian roses those are praised ,which the ,megarian ,nisa displays3 ,nor is ,phaselis1 nor the land which worships ,the chaste ,diana1#abe to be lightly praised1 ,made verdant by the sweet ,lethan stream4 ,in other trenches place the ivy cuttings1 ,and often e'en a branch with berries loaded ,may be entrusted to the grateful ground2 99 99 99 99 99#abf ,or with well-sharpen'd knife cut off the shoots1 ,and plait them into baskets1 99 99 99 99 99 ,high on the top the calyx full of seed ,grows with white leaves1 tinged in the heart with gold1 ,which some call crina1 others liria1 ,others ambrosia1 but those who love ,the fittest name1 do call them ,venus' joy2 ,for in their colour they do vie with ,venus1 ,though far inferior to her decent form4 ,the iris in its roots is like th' agallis1 ,or hyacinth fresh sprung from ,ajax' blood2 ,it rises high with swallow-shaped flowers1 ,blooming when summer brings the swallows back4 ,thick are the leaves they from their bosom pour1 ,and the fresh flowers constantly succeeding1 ,shine in their stooping mouths4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nor is the lychnis1 nor the lofty rush1 ,nor the fair anthemis in light esteem1 ,nor the boanthemum with towering stem1 ,nor phlox whose brilliancy scarce seems to yield ,to the bright splendour of the midday sun4 ,plant the ground thyme where the more fertile ground ,is moisten'd by fresh-welling springs beneath1 ,that with long creeping branches it may spread1 ,or droop in quest of some transparent spring1 ,the wood-nymphs' chosen draught4 ,throw far away ,the poppy's leaves1 and keep the head entire1 ,a sure protection from the teasing gnats2 ,for every kind of insect makes its seat ,upon the opening leaves2 and on the head1 ,like freshening dews1 they feed1 and much rejoice ,in the rich latent honey that it bears2 ,but when the leaves 77 are off1 the mighty flame ,soon scatters them4444 7but by the word he does not here mean the leaves of fig-trees1 but of the poppy74 ,nor can they place their feet ,with steady hold1 nor juicy food extract2 ,and oft they slip1 and fall upon their heads4 ,swift is the growth1 and early the perfection ,of the sampsychum1 and of rosemary1 ,and of the others which the gardens ,supply to diligent men for well-earn'd garlands4 ,such are the feathery fern1 the boy's-love sweet1 7,like the tall poplar72 such the golden crocus1 ,fair flower of early spring2 the gopher white1 ,and fragrant thyme1 and all the unsown beauty ,which in moist grounds the verdant meadows bear2 ,the ox-eye1 the sweet-smelling flower of ,jove1 ,the chalca1 and the much sung hyacinth1 ,and the low-growing violet1 to which ,dark ,proserpine a darker hue has given2 ,the tall panosmium1 and the varied colours ,which the gladiolus puts forth in vain ,to decorate the early tombs of maidens4 ,then too the ever-flourishing anemones1 ,tempting afar with their most vivid dyes4 ,sidenote3 ,,garlands4 7,but for some copies have 74 ,and above all remember to select ,the elecampane and the aster bright1 ,and place them in the temples of the gods1 ,by roadside built1 or hang them on their statues1 ,which first do catch the eye of the visitor4 ,these are propitious gifts1 whether you pluck ,the many-hued chrysanthemum1 or lilies ,which wither sadly o'er the much-wept tomb1 ,or gay old-man1 or long-stalk'd cyclamen1 ,or rank nasturtium1 whose scarlet flowers ,grim ,pluto chooses for his royal garland4 #cb4 ,from these lines it is plain that the chelidonium is a different flower from the anemone 7for some people have called them the same74 ,but ,theophrastus says that there are some plants1 the flowers of which constantly follow the stars1 such as the one called the heliotrope1 and the chelidonium2 and this last plant is named so from its coming into bloom at the same time as the swallows arrive4 ,there is also a flower spoken of under the name of ambrosia by ,carystius1 in his ,historical ,commentaries1 where he says--,nicander says that the plant named ambrosia grows at ,cos1 on the head of the statue of ,alexander4 ,but ,i have already spoken of it1 and mentioned that some people give this name to the lily4 ,and ,timachidas1 in the fourth book of his ,banquet1 speaks also of a flower called theseum1-- ,the soft theseum1 like the apple blossom1 ,the sacred blossom of ,leucerea1#abg ,which the fair goddess loves above all others4 ,and he says that the garland of ,ariadne was made of this flower4 ,pherecrates also1 or whoever the poet was who wrote the play of the ,persians1 mentions some flowers as fit for garlands1 and says-- ,o you who sigh like mallows soft1 ,whose breath like hyacinths smells1 ,who like the melilotus speak1 ,and smile as doth the rose1 ,whose kisses are as marjoram sweet1 ,whose action crisp as parsley1 99 99 99 99 99 ,whose gait like cosmosandalum4 ,pour rosy wine1 and with loud voice ,raise the glad pan's song1 ,as laws of ,god and man enjoin ,on holy festival4 ,and the author of the ,miners1 whoever he was1 7and that poem is attributed to the same ,pherecrates17 says-- ,treading on soft aspalathi ,beneath the shady trees1 ,in lotus-bearing meadows green1 ,and on the dewy cypirus2 ,and on the fresh anthryscum1 and ,the modest tender violet1 ,and green trefoil4444 ,but here ,i want to know what this trefoil is2 for there is a poem attributed to ,demarete1 which is called ,the ,trefoil4 ,and also1 in the poem which is entitled ,the ,good ,men1 ,pherecrates or ,strattis1 whichever is the author1 says-- ,and having bathed before the heat of day1 ,some crown their head and some anoint their bodies4 ,and he speaks of thyme1 and of cosmosandalum4 ,and ,cratinus1 in his ,effeminate ,persons1 says-- ,joyful now ,i crown my head ,with every kind of flower2 1 roses1 too1 ,and cosmosandala1 ,and violets1 and fragrant thyme1 ,and spring anemones1 ,ground thyme1 crocus1 hyacinths1 ,and buds of helichryse1 ,shoots of the vine1 anthryscum too1 ,and lovely hemerocalles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,my head is likewise shaded ,with evergreen melilotus2 ,and of its own accord there comes ,the flowery cytisus4 #cc4 ,formerly the entrance of garlands and perfumes into the banqueting rooms1 used to herald the approach of the second course1 as we may learn from ,nicostratus in his ,pseudostigmatias1 where1 in the following lines1 he says-- ,and you too1 ,be sure and have the second course quite neat2 ,adorn it with all kinds of rich confections1 ,perfumes1 and garlands1 aye1 and frankincense1 ,and girls to play the flute4 ,sidenote3 ,,garlands4 ,but ,philoxenus the ,dithyrambic poet1 in his poem entitled ,the ,banquet1 represents the garland as entering into the commencement of the banquet1 using the following language3 ,then water was brought in to wash the hands1 ,which a delicate youth bore in a silver ewer1 ,ministering to the guests2 and after that ,he brought us garlands of the tender myrtle1 ,close woven with young richly-colour'd shoots4 ,and ,eubulus1 in his ,nurses1 says-- ,for when the old men came into the house1 ,at once they sate them down4 ,immediately ,garlands were handed round2 a well-fill'd board ,was placed before them1 and 7how good for th' eyes67 ,a closely-kneaded loaf of barley bread4 ,and this was the fashion also among the ,egyptians1 as ,nicostratus says in his ,usurer2 for1 representing the usurer as an ,egyptian1 he says-- ,a4 ,we caught the pimp and two of his companions1 ,when they had just had water for their hands1 ,and garlands4 ,b4 ,sure the time1 ,o ,chrophon1 ,was most propitious4 ,but you may go on gorging yourself1 ,o ,cynulcus2 and when you have done1 tell us why ,cratinus has called the melilotus the ever-watching melilotus4 ,however1 as ,i see you are already a little tipsy 77-- for that is the word ,alexis has used for a man thoroughly drunk 771 in his ,settler--,i won't go on teasing you2 but ,i will bid the slaves1 as ,sophocles says in his ,fellow ,feasters1 ,come1 quick6 let some one make the barley-cakes1 ,and fill the goblets deep2 for this man now1 ,just like a farmer's ox1 can't work a bit ,till he has fill'd his belly with good food4 ,and there is a man of the same kind mentioned by ,aristias of ,phlius2 for he1 too1 in his play entitled ,the ,fates1 says-- ,the guest is either a boatman or a parasite1 ,a hanger-on of hell1 with hungry belly1 ,which nought can satisfy4 ,however1 as he gives no answer whatever to all these things which have been said1 ,i order him 7as it is said in the ,twins of ,alexis7 to be carried out of the party1 crowned with garlands4 ,but the comic poet1 alluding to garlands1 says-- ,these garlands all promiscuously 77 woven4 ,but1 after this1 ,i will not carry on this conversation any further to-day2 but will leave the discussion about perfumes to those who choose to continue it3 and only desire the boy1 on account of this lecture of mine about garlands1 as ,antiphanes4444 ,to bring now hither two good garlands1 ,and a good lamp1 with good fire brightly burning2 for then ,i shall wind up my speech like the conclusion of a play4 ,and not many days after this1 as if he had been prophesying a silence for himself which should be eternal1 he died1 happily1 without suffering under any long illness1 to the great affliction of us his companions4 ,sidenote3 ,,dyes4 #cd4 ,and while the slaves were bringing round perfumes in alabaster boxes1 and in other vessels made of gold1 some one1 seeing ,cynulcus1 anointed his face with a great deal of ointment4 ,but he1 being awakened by it1 when he recollected himself1 said2--,what is this8 ,o ,hercules1 will not some one come with a sponge and wipe my face1 which is thus polluted with a lot of dirt8 ,and do not you all know that that exquisite writer ,xenophon1 in his ,banquet1 represents ,socrates as speaking thus3--',by ,jupiter6 ,o ,callias1 you entertain us superbly2 for you have not only given us a most faultless feast1 but you have furnished us also with delicious food for our eyes and ears4'--',well1 then1' said he1 'suppose any one were to bring us perfumes1 in order that we might also banquet on sweet smells8'--',by no means1' said ,socrates2 'for as there is one sort of dress fit for women and another for men1 so there is one kind of smell fit for women and another for men4 ,and no man is ever anointed with perfume for the sake of men2 and as to women1 especially when they are brides1--as1 for instance1 the bride of this ,niceratus here1 and the bride of ,critobulus1--how can they want perfumes in their husbands1 when they themselves are redolent of it8 ,but the smell of the oil in the gymnasia1 when it is present1 is sweeter than perfume to women2 and when it is absent1 they long more for it4 ,for if a slave and a freeman be anointed with perfume1 they both smell alike in a moment2 but those smells which are derived from free labours1 require both virtuous habits and a good deal of time if they are to be agreeable and in character with a freeman4' ,and that admirable writer ,chrysippus says that perfumes 77 derive their name from being prepared with great toil 77 and useless labour4 ,the ,lacedmonians even expel from ,sparta those who make perfumes1 as being wasters of oil2 and those who dye wool1 as being destroyers of the whiteness of the wool4 ,and ,solon the philosopher1 in his laws1 forbade men to be sellers of perfumes4 #ce4 ,but now1 not only scents1 as ,clearchus says in the third book of his ,lives1 but also dyes1 being full of luxury1 tend to make those men effeminate who have anything to do with them4 ,and do you think that effeminacy without virtue has anything desirable in it8 ,but even ,sappho1 a thorough woman1 and a poetess into the bargain1 was ashamed to separate honour from elegance2 and speaks thus-- ,but elegance ,i truly love2 ,and this my love of life has brilliancy1 ,and honour1 too1 attached to it3 making it evident to everybody that the desire of life that she confessed had respectability and honour in it2 and these things especially belong to virtue4 ,but ,parrhasius the painter1 although he was a man beyond all measure arrogant about his art1 and though he got the credit of a liberal profession by some mere pencils and pallets1 still in words set up a claim to virtue1 and put this inscription on all his works that are at ,lindus3-- ,this is ,parrhasius' the painter's work1 ,a most luxurious 77 and virtuous man4 ,and a wit being indignant at this1 because1 ,i suppose1 he seemed to be a disgrace to the delicacy and beauty of virtue1 having perverted the gifts which fortune had bestowed upon him to luxury1 proposed to change the inscription into 3 ,still1 said he1 the man must be endured1 since he says that he honours virtue4 ,these are the words of ,clearchus4 ,but ,sophocles the poet1 in his play called ,the ,judgment1 represents ,venus1 being a sort of ,goddess of ,pleasure1 as anointed with perfumes1 and looking in a glass2 but ,minerva1 as being a sort of ,goddess of ,intellect and ,mind1 and also of ,virtue1 as using oil and gymnastic exercises4 #cf4 ,in reply to this1 ,masurius said2--,but1 my most excellent friend1 are you not aware that it is in our brain that our senses are soothed1 and indeed reinvigorated1 by sweet smells8 as ,alexis says in his ,wicked ,woman1 where he speaks thus-- ,the best recipe for health ,is to apply sweet scents unto the brain4 ,and that most valiant1 and indeed warlike poet1 ,alcus1 says-- ,he shed a sweet perfume all o'er my breast4 ,and the wise ,anacreon says somewhere-- ,why fly away1 now that you've well anointed ,your breast1 more hollow than a flute1 with unguents8 for he recommends anointing the breast with unguent1 as being the seat of the heart1 and considering it an admitted point that that is soothed with fragrant smells4 ,and the ancients used to act thus1 not only because scents do of their own nature ascend upwards from the breast to the seat of smelling1 but also because they thought that the soul had its abode in the heart2 as ,praxagoras1 and ,philotimus the physician taught2 and ,homer1 too1 says-- ,he struck his breast1 and thus reproved his heart4#abh ,and again he says-- ,his heart within his breast did rage4#abi ,and in the ,iliad he says-- ,but ,hector's heart within his bosom shook4#acj ,and this they consider a proof that the most important portion of the soul is situated in the heart2 for it is as evident as possible that the heart quivers when under the agitation of fear4 ,and ,agamemnon1 in ,homer1 says-- ,scarce can my knees these trembling limbs sustain1 ,and scarce my heart support its load of pain2 ,with fears distracted1 with no fix'd design1 ,and all my people's miseries are mine4#aca ,and ,sophocles has represented women released from fear as saying-- ,now ,fear's dark daughter does no more exult ,within my heart4#acb ,but ,anaxandrides makes a man who is struggling with fear say-- ,o my wretched heart6 ,how you alone of all my limbs or senses ,rejoice in evil2 for you leap and dance ,the moment that you see your lord alarm'd4 ,sidenote3 ,,perfumes4 ,and ,plato says1 that the great ,architect of the universe has placed the lungs close to the heart1 by nature soft and destitute of blood1 and having cavities penetrable like sponge1 that so the heart1 when it quivers1 from fear of adversity or disaster1 may vibrate against a soft and yielding substance4 ,but the garlands with which men bind their bosoms are called by the poets1 from the exhalations 77 of the flowers1 and not because the soul 77 is called 1 as some people think4 #cg4 ,archilochus is the earliest author who uses the word 7perfume71 where he says-- ,she being old would spare her perfumes 774 ,and in another place he says-- ,displaying hair and breast perfumed 772 ,so that a man1 though old1 might fall in love with her4 ,and the word is derived from 1 which is the olic form of 7myrrh72 for the greater portion of unguents are made up with myrrh1 and that which is called is wholly composed of it4 ,not but what ,homer was acquainted with the fashion of using unguents and perfumes1 but he calls them 1 with the addition of some distinctive epithet1 as-- ,himself anointing them with dewy oil 7 74#acc ,and in another place he speaks of an oil as perfumed#acd 774 ,and in his poems also1 ,venus anoints the dead body of ,hector with ambrosial rosy oil2 and this is made of flowers4 ,but with respect to that which is made of spices1 which they called 1 he says1 speaking of ,juno1-- ,here first she bathes1 and round her body pours ,soft oils of fragrance and ambrosial showers3 ,the winds perfumed1 the balmy gale convey ,through heaven1 through earth1 and all the arial way4 ,spirit divine6 whose exhalation greets ,the sense of gods with more than mortal sweets4#ace #ch4 ,but the choicest unguents are made in particular places1 as ,apollonius of ,herophila says in his treatise on ,perfumes1 where he writes--,the iris is best in ,elis1 and at ,cyzicus2 the perfume made from roses is most excellent at ,phaselis1 and that made at ,naples and ,capua is also very fine4 ,that made from crocuses is in the highest perfection at ,soli in ,cilicia1 and at ,rhodes4 ,the essence of spikenard is best at ,tarsus2 and the extract of vine-leaves is made best in ,cyprus and at ,adramyttium4 ,the best perfume from marjoram and from apples comes from ,cos4 ,egypt bears the palm for its essence of cypirus2 and the next best is the ,cyprian1 and ,phnician1 and after them comes the ,sidonian4 ,the perfume called ,panathenaicum is made at ,athens2 and those called ,metopian and ,mendesian are prepared with the greatest skill in ,egypt4 ,but the ,metopian is made of oil which is extracted from bitter almonds4 ,still1 the superior excellence of each perfume is owing to the purveyors and the materials and the artists1 and not to the place itself2 for ,ephesus formerly1 as men say1 had a high reputation for the excellence of its perfumes1 and especially of its megallium1 but now it has none4 ,at one time1 too1 the unguents made in ,alexandria were brought to high perfection1 on account of the wealth of the city1 and the attention that ,arsinoe and ,berenice paid to such matters2 and the finest extract of roses in the world was made at ,cyrene while the great ,berenice was alive4 ,again1 in ancient times1 the extract of vine-leaves made at ,adramyttium was but poor2 but afterwards it became first-rate1 owing to ,stratonice1 the wife of ,eumenes4 ,formerly1 too1 ,syria used to make every sort of unguent admirably1 especially that extracted from fenugreek2 but the case is quite altered now4 ,and long ago there used to be a most delicious unguent extracted from frankincense at ,pergamus1 owing to the invention of a certain perfumer of that city1 for no one else had ever made it before him2 but now none is made there4 ,now1 when a valuable unguent is poured on the top of one that is inferior1 it remains on the surface2 but when good honey is poured on the top of that which is inferior1 it works its way to the bottom1 for it compels that which is worse to rise above it4 #ci4 ,achus mentions ,egyptian perfumes in his ,prizes2 and says-- ,they'll give you ,cyprian stones1 and ointments choice ,from dainty ,egypt1 worth their weight in silver4 ,and perhaps1 says ,didymus1 he means in this passage that which is called 1 on account of the myrrh which is brought to ,egypt1 and from thence imported into ,greece4 ,sidenote3 ,,perfumes4 ,and ,hicesius says1 in the second book of his treatise on ,matter1--,of perfumes1 some are rubbed on1 and some are poured on4 ,now1 the perfume made from roses is suitable for drinking parties1 and so is that made from myrtles and from apples2 and this last is good for the stomach1 and useful for lethargic people4 ,that made from vine-leaves is good for the stomach1 and has also the effect of keeping the mind clear4 ,those extracted from sampsychum and ground thyme are also well suited to drinking parties2 and so is that extract of crocus which is not mixed with any great quantity of myrrh4 ,the 1 also1 is well suited for drinking parties2 and so is the spikenard3 that made from fenugreek is sweet and tender2 while that which comes from white violets is fragrant1 and very good for the digestion4 ,theophrastus1 also1 in his treatise on ,scents1 says1 that some perfumes are made of flowers2 as1 for instance1 from roses1 and white violets1 and lilies1 which last is called 4 ,there are also those which are extracted from mint and ground thyme1 and gopper1 and the crocus2 of which the best is procured in gina and ,cilicia4 ,some1 again1 are made of leaves1 as those made from myrrh and the nanthe2 and the wild vine grows in ,cyprus1 on the mountains1 and is very plentiful2 but no perfume is made of that which is found in ,greece1 because that has no scent4 ,some perfumes1 again1 are extracted from roots2 as is that made from the iris1 and from spikenard1 and from marjoram1 and from zedoary4 #dj4 ,now1 that the ancients were very much addicted to the use of perfumes1 is plain from their knowing to which of our limbs each unguent was most suitable4 ,accordingly1 ,antiphanes1 in his ,thoricians1 or ,the ,digger1 says-- ,a4 ,he really bathes-- ,b4 ,what then8 ,a4 ,in a large gilded tub1 and steeps his feet ,and legs in rich ,egyptian unguents2 ,his jaws and breasts he rubs with thick palm-oil1 ,and both his arms with extract sweet of mint2 ,his eyebrows and his hair with marjoram1 ,his knees and neck with essence of ground thyme4 ,and ,cephisodorus1 in his ,trophonius1 says-- ,a4 ,and now that ,i may well anoint my body1 ,buy me some unguents1 ,i beseech you1 ,xanthias1 ,of roses made and irises4 ,buy1 too1 ,some oil of baccaris for my legs and feet4 ,b4 ,you stupid wretch6 ,shall ,i buy baccaris1 ,and waste it on your worthless feet8 ,anaxandrides1 too1 in his ,protesilaus1 says-- ,unguents from ,peron1 which but yesterday ,he sold to ,melanopus1--very costly1 ,fresh come from ,egypt2 which he uses now ,to anoint the feet of vile ,callistratus4 ,and ,theopompus also mentions this perfumer1 ,peron1 in his ,admetus1 and in the ,hedychares4 ,antiphanes1 too1 says in his ,antea-- ,i left the man in ,peron's shop1 just now1 ,dealing for ointments2 when he has agreed1 ,he'll bring you cinnamon and spikenard essence4 #da4 ,now1 there is a sort of ointment called by many of the comic poets2 and ,hipponax uses this name in the following line3-- ,i then my nose with baccaris anointed1 ,redolent of crocus4 ,and ,achus1 in his thon1 a satyric drama1 says-- ,anointed o'er with baccaris1 and dressing ,all his front hair with cooling fans of feathers4 ,but ,ion1 in his ,omphale1 says-- ',tis better far to know the use of 1 ,and 1 and ,sardian ornaments1 ,than all the fashions in the ,peloponnesus4 ,and when he speaks of ,sardian ornaments1 he means to include perfumes2 since the ,lydians were very notorious for their luxury4 ,and so ,anacreon uses the word 7,lydian-like7 as equivalent to 7luxurious74 ,sophocles also uses the word 2 and ,magnes1 in his ,lydians1 says-- ,a man should bathe1 and then with baccaris ,anoint himself4 ,perhaps1 however1 and were not exactly the same thing2 for schylus1 in his ,amymone1 makes a distinction between them1 and says-- ,your and your 4 ,and ,simonides says-- ,and then with 1 and rich spices too1 ,and 1 did ,i anoint myself4 ,and ,aristophanes1 in his ,thesmophoriazus1 says-- ,sidenote3 ,,perfumes4 ,o venerable ,jove6 with what a scent ,did that vile bag1 the moment it was open'd1 ,o'erwhelm me1 full of and 6#acf #db4 ,pherecrates mentions an unguent1 which he calls 1 in his ,trifles1 saying-- ,i stood1 and order'd him to pour upon us ,some brenthian unguent1 that he also might ,pour it on those departing4 ,and ,crates mentions what he calls royal unguent1 in his ,neighbours2 speaking as follows3-- ,he smelt deliciously of royal unguent4 ,but ,sappho mentions the royal and the brenthian unguent together1 as if they were one and the same thing2 saying-- 1 ,aristophanes speaks of an unguent which he calls 1 in his ,daitaleis2 saying-- ,come1 let me see what unguent ,i can give you3 ,do you like 8 ,and ,eupolis1 in his ,marica1 says-- ,all his breath smells of 4 ,eubulus1 in his ,female ,garland-seller's1 says-- ,she thrice anointed with ,egyptian psagdas 774 ,polemo1 in his writings addressed to ,adus1 says that there is an unguent in use among the ,eleans called plangonium1 from having been invented by a man named ,plangon4 ,and ,sosibius says the same in his ,similitudes2 adding1 that the unguent called megallium is so named for a similar reason3 for that that was invented by a ,sicilian whose name was ,megallus4 ,but some say that ,megallus was an ,athenian3 and ,aristophanes mentions him in his ,telmissians1 and so does ,pherecrates in his ,petale2 and ,strattis1 in his ,medea1 speaks thus3-- ,and say that you are bringing her such unguents1 ,as old ,megallus never did compound1 ,nor ,dinias1 that great ,egyptian1 see1 ,much less possess4 ,amphis also1 in his ,ulysses1 mentions the ,megallian unguent in the following passage-- ,a4 ,adorn the walls all round with hangings rich1 ,milesian work2 and then anoint them o'er ,with sweet megallium1 and also burn ,the royal mindax4 ,b4 ,where did you1 ,o master1 ,e'er hear the name of such a spice as that8 ,anaxandrides1 too1 in his ,tereus1 says-- ,and like the illustrious bride1 great ,basilis1 ,she rubs her body with megallian unguent4 ,menander speaks of an unguent made of spikenard1 in his ,cecryphalus1 and says-- ,a4 ,this unguent1 boy1 is really excellent4 ,b4 ,of course it is1 'tis spikenard4 #dc4 ,and anointing oneself with an unguent of this description1 ,alcus calls 1 in his ,palstr1 speaking thus-- ,having anointed her 771 she shut her up ,in her own stead most secretly4 ,but ,aristophanes uses not 1 but 1 in his ,ecclesiazus1 saying-- ,i who 'm anointed 77 o'er my head with unguents 774#acg ,there was also an unguent called sagda1 which is mentioned by ,eupolis in his ,coraliscus1 where he writes-- ,and baccaris1 and sagda too4 ,and it is spoken of likewise by ,aristophanes1 in his ,daitaleis2 and ,eupolis in his ,marica says-- ,and all his breath is redolent of sagda3 which expression ,nicander of ,thyatira understands to be meant as an attack upon a man who is too much devoted to luxury4 ,but ,theodoras says1 that sagda is a species of spice used in fumigation4 #dd4 ,now a cotyla of unguent used to be sold for a high price at ,athens1 even1 as ,hipparchus says in his ,nocturnal ,festival1 for as much as five min2 but as ,menander1 in his ,misogynist1 states1 for ten4 ,and ,antiphanes1 in his ,phrearrus1 where he is speaking of the unguent called stacte1 says-- ,the stacte at two min's not worth having4 ,now the citizens of ,sardis were not the only people addicted to the use of unguents1 as ,alexis says in his ,maker of ,goblets-- ,the whole ,sardian people is of unguents fond2 ,sidenote3 ,,perfumes4 but the ,athenians also1 who have always been the leaders of every refinement and luxury in human life1 used them very much2 so that among them1 as has been already mentioned1 they used to fetch an enormous price2 but1 nevertheless1 they did not abstain from the use of them on that account2 just as we now do not deny ourselves scents which are so expensive and exquisite that those things are mere trifles which are spoken of in the ,settler of ,alexis-- ,for he did use no alabaster box ,from which t'anoint himself2 for this is but ,an ordinary1 and quite old-fashion'd thing4 ,but he let loose four doves all dipp'd in unguents1 ,not of one kind1 but each in a different sort2 ,and then they flew around1 and hovering o'er us1 ,besprinkled all our clothes and tablecloths4 ,envy me not1 ye noble chiefs of ,greece2 ,for thus1 while sacrificing1 ,i myself ,was sprinkled o'er with unguent of the iris4 #de4 ,just think1 in ,god's name1 my friends1 what luxury1 or ,i should rather say1 what profuse waste it was to have one's garments sprinkled in this manner1 when a man might have taken up a little unguent in his hands1 as we do now1 and in that manner have anointed his whole body1 and especially his head4 ,for ,myronides says1 in his treatise on ,unguents and ,garlands1 that the fashion of anointing the head at banquets arose from this3--that those men whose heads are naturally dry1 find the humours which are engendered by what they eat1 rise up into their heads2 and on this account1 as their bodies are inflamed by fevers1 they bedew their heads with lotions1 so as to prevent the neighbouring humours from rising into a part which is dry1 and which also has a considerable vacuum in it4 ,and so at their banquets1 having consideration for this fact1 and being afraid of the strength of the wine rising into their heads1 men have introduced the fashion of anointing their heads1 and by these means the wine1 they think1 will have less effect upon them1 if they make their head thoroughly wet first4 ,and as men are never content with what is merely useful1 but are always desirous to add to that whatever tends to pleasure and enjoyment2 in that way they have been led to adopt the use of unguents4 ,we ought1 therefore1 my good cynic ,theodorus1 to use at banquets those unguents which have the least tendency to produce heaviness1 and to employ those which have astringent or cooling properties very sparingly4 ,but ,aristotle1 that man of most varied learning1 raises the question1 ,why men who use unguents are more grey than others8 ,is it because unguents have drying properties by reason of the spices used in their composition1 so that they who use them become dry1 and the dryness produces greyness8 ,for whether greyness arises from a drying of the hair1 or from a want of natural heat1 at all events dryness has a withering effect4 ,and it is on this account too that the use of hats makes men grey more quickly2 for by them the moisture which ought to nourish the hair is taken away4 #df4 ,but when ,i was reading the twenty-eighth book of the ,history of ,posidonius1 ,i observed1 my friends1 a very pleasant thing which was said about unguents1 and which is not at all foreign to our present discussion4 ,for the philosopher says--,in ,syria1 at the royal banquets1 when the garlands are given to the guests1 some slaves come in1 having little bladders full of ,babylonian perfumes1 and going round the room at a little distance from the guests1 they bedew their garlands with the perfumes1 sprinkling nothing else4 ,and since the discussion has brought us to this point1 ,i will add ,a verse to ,love1 as the bard of ,cythera says1 telling you that ,janus1 who is worshipped as a great god by us1 and whom we call ,janus ,pater1 was the original inventor of garlands4 ,and ,dracon of ,corcyra tells us this in his treatise on ,precious ,stones1 where his words are--,but it is said that ,janus had two faces1 the one looking forwards and the other backwards2 and that it is from him that the mountain ,janus and the river ,janus are both named1 because he used to live on the mountain4 ,and they say that he was the first inventor of garlands1 and boats1 and ships2 and was also the first person who coined brazen money4 ,and on this account many cities in ,greece1 and many in ,italy and ,sicily1 place on their coins a head with two faces1 and on the obverse a boat1 or a garland1 or a ship4 ,and they say that he married his sister ,camise1 and had a son named thax1 and a daughter ,olistene4 ,and he1 aiming at a more extended power and renown1 sailed over to ,italy1 and settled on a mountain near ,rome1 which was called ,janiculum from his name4 ,sidenote3 ,,libations4 #dg4 ,this1 now1 is what was said about perfumes and some unguents4 ,and after this most of them asked for wine1 some demanding the ,cup of the ,good ,deity1 others that of ,health1 and different people invoking different deities2 and so they all fell to quoting the words of those poets who had mentioned libations to these different deities2 and ,i will now recapitulate what they said1 for they quoted ,antiphanes1 who1 in his ,clowns1 says-- ,harmodius was invoked1 the pan sung1 ,each drank a mighty cup to ,jove the ,saviour4 ,and ,alexis1 in his ,usurer1 or ,the ,liar1 says-- ,a4 ,fill now the cup with the libation due ,to ,jove the ,saviour2 for he surely is ,of all the gods most useful to mankind4 ,b4 ,your ,jove the ,saviour1 if ,i were to burst1 ,would nothing do for me4 ,a4 ,just drink1 and trust him4 ,and ,nicostratus1 in his ,pandrosos1 says-- ,and so ,i will1 my dear2 ,but fill him now a parting cup to ,health2 ,here1 pour a due libation out to ,health4 ,another to ,good ,fortune4 ,fortune manages ,all the affairs of men2 but as for ,prudence1-- ,that is a blind irregular deity4 ,and in the same play he mentions mixing a cup in honour of the ,good ,deity1 as do nearly all the poets of the old comedy2 but ,nicostratus speaks thus-- ,fill a cup quickly now to the ,good ,deity1 ,and take away this table from before me2 ,for ,i have eaten quite enough2--,i pledge ,this cup to the ,good ,deity2--here1 quick1 ,i say1 ,and take away this table from before me4 ,xenarchus1 too1 in his ,twins1 says-- ,and now when ,i begin to nod my head1 ,the cup to the ,good ,deity 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,that cup1 when ,i had drain'd it1 near upset me2 ,and then the next libation duly quaff'd ,to ,jove the ,saviour1 wholly wreck'd my boat1 ,and overwhelm'd me as you see4 ,and ,eriphus1 in his ,meliba1 says-- ,before he'd drunk a cup to the ,good ,deity1 ,or to great ,jove the ,saviour4 #dh4 ,and ,theophrastus1 in his essay on ,drunkenness1 says--,the unmixed wine which is given at a banquet1 which they call the pledge-cup in honour of the ,good ,deity1 they offer in small quantities1 as if reminding the guests of its strength1 and of the liberality of the god1 by the mere taste4 ,and they hand it round when men are already full1 in order that there may be as little as possible drunk out of it4 ,and having paid adoration three times1 they take it from the table1 as if they were entreating of the gods that nothing may be done unbecomingly1 and that they may not indulge in immoderate desires for this kind of drink1 and that they may derive only what is honourable and useful from it4 ,and ,philochorus1 in the second book of his ,atthis1 says--,and a law was made at that time1 that after the solid food is removed1 a taste of the unmixed wine should be served round as a sort of sample of the power of the ,good ,deity1 but that all the rest of the wine should be previously mixed2 on which account the ,nymphs had the name given them of ,nurses of ,bacchus4 ,and that when the pledge-cup to the ,good ,deity was handed round1 it was customary to remove the tables1 is made plain by the wicked action of ,dionysius the tyrant of ,sicily4 ,for there was a table of gold placed before the statue of sculapius at ,syracuse2 and so ,dionysius1 standing before it1 and chinking a pledge-cup to the ,good ,deity1 ordered the table to be removed4 ,but among the ,greeks1 those who sacrifice to the ,sun1 as ,phylarchus tells us in the twelfth book of his ,history1 make their libations of honey1 as they never bring wine to the altars of the gods2 saying that it is proper that the god who keeps the whole universe in order1 and regulates everything1 and is always going round and superintending the whole1 should in no respect be connected with drunkenness4 #di4 ,most writers have mentioned the ,attic ,scolia2 and they are worthy also of being mentioned by me to you1 on account of the antiquity and simple style of composition of the authors1 and of those especially who gained a high reputation for that description of poetry1 ,alcus and ,anacreon2 as ,aristophanes says in his ,daitaleis1 where we find this line-- ,come1 then1 a scolium sing to me1 ,of old ,alcus or ,anacreon4 ,sidenote3 ,,scolia4 ,praxilla1 the ,sicyonian poetess1 was also celebrated for the composition of scolia4 ,now they are called scolia1 not because of the character of the verse in which they are written1 as if it were 7crooked72 for men call also those poems written in a laxer kind of metre 4 ,but1 as there are three kinds of songs 7as ,artemo of ,cassandra says in the second book of his treatise on the ,use of ,books71 one or other of which comprehends everything which is sung at banquets2 the first kind is that which it was usual for the whole party to sing2 the second is that which the whole party indeed sang1 not1 however1 together1 but going round according to some kind of succession2 the third is that which is ranked lowest of all1 which was not sung by all the guests1 but only by those who seemed to understand what was to be done1 wherever they might happen to be sitting2 on which account1 as having some irregularity in it beyond what the other kinds had1 in not being sung by all the guests1 either together or in any definite kind of succession1 but just as it might happen1 it was called 4 ,and songs of this kind were sung when the ordinary songs1 and those in which every one was bound to join1 had come to an end4 ,for then they invited all the more intelligent of the guests to sing some song worth listening to4 ,and what they thought worth listening to were such songs as contained some exhortations and sentiments which seemed useful for the purposes of life4 #ej4 ,and of these ,deipnosophists1 one quoted one scolium1 and one another4 ,and these were those which were recited-- ,i4 ,o thou ,tritonian ,pallas1 who from heaven above ,look'st with protecting eye ,on this holy city and land1 ,deign our protectress now to prove ,from loss in war1 from dread sedition's band4 ,and death's untimely blow1 thou and thy father ,jove4 ,,ii4 ,i sing at this glad season1 of the ,queen1 ,mother of ,plutus1 heavenly ,ceres2 ,may you be ever near us1 ,you and your daughter ,proserpine1 ,and ever as a friend ,this citadel defend4 ,,iii4 ,latona once in ,delos1 as they say1 ,did two great children bear1 ,apollo with the golden hair1 ,bright ,phbus1 god of day4 ,and ,dian1 mighty huntress1 virgin chaste4 ,on whom all women's trust is placed4 ,,iv4 ,raise the loud shout to ,pan1 ,arcadia's king2 ,praise to the ,nymphs' loved comrade sing6 ,come1 ,o ,pan1 and raise with me ,the song in joyful ecstasy4 ,v4 ,we have conquer'd as we would1 ,the gods reward us as they should1 ,and victory bring from ,pandrosos#ach to ,pallas4 ,,vi4 ,oh1 would the gods such grace bestow1 ,that opening each man's breast1 ,one might survey his heart1 and know ,how true the friendship that could stand that test4 ,,vii4 ,health's the best gift to mortal given2 ,beauty is next2 the third great prize ,is to grow rich1 free both from sin and vice2 ,the fourth1 to pass one's youth with friends beloved by heaven4 ,and when this had been sung1 and everybody had been delighted with it2 and when it had been mentioned that even the incomparable ,plato had spoken of this scolium as one most admirably written1 ,myrtilus said1 that ,anaxandrides the comic poet had turned it into ridicule in his ,treasure1 speaking thus of it-- ,the man who wrote this song1 whoe'er he was1 ,when he call'd health the best of all possessions1 ,spoke well enough4 ,but when the second place ,he gave to beauty1 and the third to riches1 ,he certainly was downright mad2 for surely ,riches must be the next best thing to health1 ,for who would care to be a starving beauty8 ,after that1 these other scolia were sung-- ,,viii4 ',tis well to stand upon the shore1 ,and look on others on the sea2 ,but when you once have dipp'd your oar1 ,by the present wind you must guided be4 ,,ix4 ,a crab caught a snake in his claw1 ,and thus he triumphantly spake1-- ,my friends must be guided by law1 ,nor love crooked counsels to take4 ,sidenote3 ,,scolia4 ,x4 ,i'll wreathe my sword in myrtle-bough1 ,the sword that laid the tyrant low1 ,when patriots1 burning to be free1 ,to ,athens gave equality4#aci ,,xi4 ,harmodius1 hail6 though reft of breath1 ,thou ne'er shalt feel the stroke of death4 ,the happy heroes' isles shall be ,the bright abode allotted thee4 ,,xii4 ,i'll wreathe the sword in myrtle-bough1 ,the sword that laid ,hipparchus low1 ,when at ,minerva's adverse fane ,he knelt1 and never rose again4 ,,xiii4 ,while ,freedom's name is understood1 ,you shall delight the wise and good2 ,you dared to set your country free1 ,and gave her laws equality4 ,,xiv4 ,learn1 my friend1 from ,admetus' story1 ,all worthy friends and brave to cherish2 ,but cowards shun when danger comes1 ,for they will leave you alone to perish1 ,,xv4 ,ajax of the ponderous spear1 mighty son of ,telamon1 ,they call you bravest of the ,greeks1 next to the great ,achilles1 ,telamon came first1 and of the ,greeks the second man ,was ,ajax1 and with him there came invincible ,achilles4 ,,xvi4 ,would that ,i were an ivory lyre1 ,struck by fair boys to great ,iacchus' taste2 ,or golden trinket pure from fire1 ,worn by a lady fair1 of spirit chaste4 ,,xvii4 ,drink with me1 and sport with me1 ,love with me1 wear crowns with me1 ,be mad with me when ,i am moved with rage1 ,and modest when ,i yield to counsels sage4 ,,xviii4 ,a scorpion 'neath every stone doth lie1 ,and secrets usually hide treachery4 ,,xix4 ,a sow one acorn has1 and wants its brother2 ,and ,i have one fair maid1 and seek another4 ,,xx4 ,a wanton and a bath-keeper both cherish the same fashion1 ,giving the worthless and the good the self-same bath to wash in4 ,,xxi4 ,give ,cedon wine1 ,o slave1 and fill it up1 ,if you must give each worthy man a cup4 ,,xxii4 ,alas6 ,leipsydrium1 you betray ,a host of gallant men1 ,who for their country many a day ,have fought1 and would again4 ,and even when they fell1 their race ,in their great actions you may trace4#adj ,,xxiii4 ,the man who never will betray his friend1 ,earns fame of which nor earth nor heaven shall see the end4 ,some also call that a scolium which was composed by ,hybrias the ,cretan2 and it runs thus-- ,,xxiv4 ,i have great wealth1 a sword1 and spear1 ,and trusty shield beside me here2 ,with these ,i plough1 and from the vine ,squeeze out the heart-delighting wine2 ,they make me lord of everything4 ,but they who dread the sword and spear1 ,and ever trusty shield to bear1 ,shall fall before me on their knees1 ,and worship me whene'er ,i please1 ,and call me mighty lord and king4 ,sidenote3 ,,scolia4 #ea4 ,after this1 ,democritus said2--,but the song which was composed by that most learned writer1 ,aristotle1 and addressed to ,hermias#ada of ,atarneus1 is not a pan1 as was asserted by ,demophilus1 who instituted a prosecution against the philosopher1 on the ground of impiety 7having been suborned to act the part of accuser by ,eurymedon1 who was ashamed to appear himself in the business74 ,and he rested the charge of impiety on the fact of his having been accustomed to sing at banquets a pan addressed to ,hermias4 ,but that this song has no characteristic whatever of a pan1 but is a species of scolium1 ,i will show you plainly from its own language-- ,o virtue1 never but by labour to be won1 ,first object of all human life1 ,for such a prize as thee ,there is no toil1 there is no strife1 ,nor even death which any ,greek would shun2 ,such is the guerdon fair and free1 ,and lasting too1 with which thou dost thy followers grace1-- ,better than gold1 ,better than sleep1 or e'en the glories old ,of high descent and noble race4 ,for you ,jove's mighty son1 great ,hercules1 ,forsook a life of ease2 ,for you the ,spartan brothers twain ,sought toil and danger1 following your behests ,with fearless and unwearied breasts4 ,your love it was that fired and gave ,to early grave ,achilles and the giant son ,of ,salaminian ,telamon4 ,and now for you ,atarneus' pride1 ,trusting in others' faith1 has nobly died2 ,but yet his name ,shall never die1 the ,muses' holy train ,shall bear him to the skies with deathless fame1 ,honouring ,jove1 the hospitable god1 ,and honest hearts1 proved friendship's blest abode4 #eb4 ,now ,i don't know whether any one can detect in this any resemblance to a pan1 when the author expressly states in it that ,hermias is dead1 when he says-- ,and now for you ,atarneus' pride1 ,trusting in others' faith1 has nobly died4 ,nor has the song the burden1 which all pans have1 of ,io ,pan1 as that song written on ,lysander the ,spartan1 which really is a pan1 has2 a song which ,duris1 in his book entitled ,the ,annals of the ,samians1 says is sung in ,samos4 ,that also was a pan which was written in honour of ,craterus the ,macedonian1 of which ,alexinus the logician was the author1 as ,hermippus the pupil of ,callimachus says in the first book of his ,essay on ,aristotle4 ,and this song is sung at ,delphi1 with a boy playing the lyre as an accompaniment to it4 ,the song1 too1 addressed to ,agemon of ,corinth1 the father of ,alcyone1 which the ,corinthians sang1 contains the burden of the pan4 ,and this burden1 too1 is even added by ,polemo ,periegetes to his letter addressed to ,aranthius4 ,the song also which the ,rhodians sing1 addressed to ,ptolemy the first king of ,egypt1 is a pan3 for it contains the burden ,io ,pan1 as ,georgus tells us in his essay on the ,sacrifices at ,rhodes4 ,and ,philochorus says that the ,athenians sing pans in honour of ,antigonus and ,demetrius1 which were composed by ,hermippus of ,cyzicus1 on an occasion when a great many poets had a contest as to which could compose the finest pan1 and the victory was adjudged to ,hermippus4 ,and1 indeed1 ,aristotle himself1 in his ,defence of himself from this accusation of impiety1 7unless the speech is a spurious one17 says--,for if ,i had wished to offer sacrifice to ,hermias as an immortal being1 ,i should never have built him a tomb as a mortal2 nor if ,i had wished to make him out to be a god1 should ,i have honoured him with funeral obsequies like a man4 #ec4 ,when ,democritus had said this1 ,cynulcus said2--,why do you remind me of those cyclic poems1 to use the words of your friend ,philo1 when you never ought to say anything serious or important in the presence of this glutton ,ulpian8 ,for he prefers lascivious songs to dignified ones2 such1 for instance1 as those which are called ,locrian songs1 which are of a debauched sort of character1 such as-- ,do you not feel some pleasure now8 ,do not betray me1 ,i entreat you4 ,rise up before the man comes back1 ,lest he should ill-treat you and me4 ',tis morning now1 dost thou not see ,the daylight through the windows8 ,sidenote3 ,,parodies4 ,and all ,phnicia is full of songs of this kind2 and he himself1 when there1 used to go about playing on the flute with the men who sing colabri4#adb ,and there is good authority1 ,ulpian1 for this word 4 ,for ,demetrius the ,scepsian1 in the tenth book of his ,trojan ,array1 speaks thus3--,ctesiphon the ,athenian1 who was a composer of the songs called 1 was made by ,attalus1 who succeeded ,philetrus as king of ,pergamus1 judge of all his subjects in the olian district4 ,and the same writer1 in the nineteenth book of the same work1 says that ,seleucus the composer of merry songs was the son of ,mnesiptolemus1 who was an historian1 and who had great interest with that ,antiochus who was surnamed the ,great4 ,and it was very much the fashion to sing this song of his-- ,i will choose a single life1 ,that is better than a wife2 ,friends in war a man stand by1 ,while the wife stays at home to cry4 #ed4 ,and after this1 looking towards ,ulpian1 he said2--,but since you are out of humour with me1 ,i will explain to you what the ,syrbenan chorus is4 ,and ,ulpian said2--,do you think1 you wretch1 that ,i am angry at what you say1 or even that ,i pay the least attention to it1 you shameless hound8 ,but since you profess to teach me something1 ,i will make a truce with you1 not for thirty1 but for a hundred years2 only tell me what the ,syrbenan chorus is4 ,then1 said he1 ,clearchus1 my good friend1 in the second book of his treatise on ,education1 writes thus--,there remains the ,syrbenan chorus1 in which every one is bound to sing whatever he pleases1 without paying the least attention to the man who sits in the post of honour and leads the chorus4 ,and indeed he is only a more noisy spectator4 ,and in the words of ,matron the parodist-- ,for all thoe men who heroes were of old1 ,eubus1 and ,hermogenes1 and ,philip1 ,are dead1 and settlers in dark ,pluto's realms2 ,but ,cleonicus has a life secure ,from all th' attacks of age2 he's deeply skill'd ,in all that bards or theatres concerns2 ,and even now he's dead1 great ,proserpine ,allows his voice still to be heard on earth4 ,but you1 even while you are alive1 ask questions about everything1 but never give information on any subject yourself4 ,and he replied1 who 4 4 4 4 8 while the truce between us lasts4 #ee4 ,and ,cynulcus said2--,there have been many poets who have applied themselves to the composition of parodies1 my good friend2 of whom the most celebrated was ,eubus of ,paros1 who lived in the time of ,philip2 and he is the man who attacked the ,athenians a great deal4 ,and four books of his ,parodies are preserved4 ,and ,timon also mentions him1 in the first book of his ,silli4 ,but ,polemo1 in the twelfth book of his ,argument against ,timus1 speaking of the men who have written parodies1 writes thus--,and ,i should call ,botus and ,eubus1 who wrote parodies1 men of great reputation1 on account of their cleverness in sportive composition1 and ,i consider that they surpass those ancient poets whose followers they were4 ,now1 the invention of this kind of poetry we must attribute to ,hipponax the ,iambic poet4 ,for he writes thus1 in his ,hexameters1-- ,muse1 sing me now the praises of ,eurymedon1 ,that great ,charybdis of the sea1 who holds ,a sword within his stomach1 never weary ,with eating4 ,tell me how the votes may pass ,condemning him to death1 by public judgment1 ,on the loud-sounding shore of the barren sea4 ,epicharmus of ,syracuse also uses the same kind of poetry1 in a small degree1 in some of his plays2 and so does ,cratinus1 a poet of the old ,comedy1 in his ,eunid1 and so also does his contemporary1 ,hegemon of ,thasos1 whom they used to call ,lentil4 ,for he writes thus-- ,and when ,i ,thasos reach'd they took up filth1 ,and pelted me therewith1 by which aroused ,thus a bystander spoke with pitiless heart3-- ,o most accursed of men1 who e'er advised you ,to put such dirty feet in such fine slippers8 ,and quickly ,i did this brief answer make3-- ',twas gain that moved me1 though against my will1 7,but ,i am old27 and bitter penury2 ,which many ,thasians also drives on shipboard1 ,ill-manner'd youths1 and long-ruin'd old men3 ,who now sing worthless songs about the place4 ,those men ,i join'd when fit for nothing else2 ,but ,i will not depart again for gain1 ,but doing nothing wrong1 ,i'll here deposit ,my lovely money among the ,thasians3 ,lest any of the ,grecian dames at home ,should be enraged when they behold my wife ,making ,greek bread1 a poor and scanty meal4 ,or if they see a cheesecake small1 should say1-- ,philion1 who sang the ',fierce ,attack' at ,athens1 ,got fifty drachmas1 and yet this is all ,that you sent home4--,while ,i was thinking thus1 ,and in my mind revolving all these things1 ,pallas ,minerva at my side appear'd1 ,and touch'd me with her golden sceptre1 saying1 ,o miserable and ill-treated man1 ,poor ,lentil1 haste thee to the sacred games4 ,then ,i took heart1 and sang a louder strain4 ,sidenote3 ,,parodies4 #ef4 ,hermippus also1 the poet of the old ,comedy1 composed parodies4 ,but the first writer of this kind who ever descended into the arena of theatrical contests was ,hegemon1 and he gained the prize at ,athens for several parodies2 and among them1 for his ,battle of the ,giants4 ,he also wrote a comedy in the ancient fashion1 which is called ,philinna4 ,eubus also was a man who exhibited a good deal of wit in his poems2 as1 for instance1 speaking about the ,battle of the ,baths1 he said-- ,they one another smote with brazen 1 as if 1 instead of meaning a spear1 were derived from 1 to pour in4 ,and speaking of a barber who was being abused by a potter on account of some woman1 he said-- ,but seize not1 valiant barber1 on this prize1 ,nor thou ,achilles4444#adc ,and that these men were held in high estimation among the ,sicilians1 we learn from ,alexander the tolian1 a composer of tragedies1 who1 in an elegy1 speaks as follows3-- ,the man whom fierce ,agathocles did drive ,an exile from his land1 was nobly born ,of an old line of famous ancestors1 ,and from his early youth he lived among ,the foreign visitors2 and thoroughly learnt ,the dulcet music of ,mimnermus' lyre1 ,and follow'd his example2--and he wrote1 ,in imitation of great ,homer's verse1 ,the deeds of cobblers1 and base shameless thieves1 ,jesting with highly-praised felicity1 ,loved by the citizens of fair ,syracuse4 ,but he who once has heard ,botus' song1 ,will find but little pleasure in ,eubus4 #eg4 ,after all this discussion had been entered into on many occasions1 once when evening overtook us1 one of us said1--,boy1 bring a light 774 ,but some one else used the word 1 and a third called it 1 saying that that was the proper name for a torch made of bark2 another called it 2 and another 4--,this one used the word 1 and that one 4 ,some one else again said 1 and another said 1 insisting on it that that was the proper name for a lamp1 being derived from 1 brightness2 and urging that ,neanthes used this word in the first book of his ,history of ,attalus4 ,others1 again1 of the party made use of whatever other words they fancied2 so that there was no ordinary noise2 while all were vying with one another in adducing every sort of argument which bore upon the question4 ,for one man said that ,silenus1 the dictionary-maker1 mentioned that the ,athenians call lamps 4 ,but ,timachidas of ,rhodes asserts that for 1 the word more properly used is 1 being a sort of lantern which young men use when out at night1 and which they themselves call 4 ,but ,amerias for uses the word 4 ,and this word is thus explained by ,seleucus3-- is a stick of ilex or common oak1 which1 being pounded and split1 is set on fire1 and used to give light to travellers4 ,accordingly ,theodoridas of ,syracuse1 in his ,centaurs1 which is a dithyrambic poem1 says-- ,the pitch dropp'd down beneath the 1 ,as if from torches4 ,strattis also1 mentions the in his ,phnician ,women4 #eh4 ,but that what are now called used to be called 1 we learn from ,aristophanes1 in his olosicon-- ,i see the light shining all o'er his cloak1 ,as from a new 4 ,and1 in the second edition of the ,niobus1 having already used the word 1 he writes-- ,alas1 unhappy man6 my 's lost2 after which1 he adds-- 99 99 99 99 99 ,and1 in his play called ,the ,dramas1 he calls the same thing 1 in the following lines-- ,but you all lie ,fast as a candle in a candlestick 774 ,plato also1 in his ,long ,night1 says-- ,the undertakers sure will have 4 ,and ,pherecrates1 in his ,slave ,teacher1 writes-- ,make haste and go1 for now the night descends1 ,and bring a lantern 77 with a candle furnish'd4 ,alexis too1 in his ,forbidden ,thing1 says-- ,so taking out the candle from the lantern 771 ,he very nearly set himself on fire1 ,carrying the light beneath his arm much nearer ,his clothes than any need at all required4 ,sidenote3 ,,parodies4 ,and ,eumelus1 in his ,murdered ,man 4 4 4 having said first-- ,a4 ,take now a pitchfork and a lantern 771 adds-- ,b4 ,but ,i now in my right hand hold this fork1 ,an iron weapon 'gainst the monsters of the sea2 ,and this light too1 a well-lit horn lantern 774 ,and ,alexis says1 in his ,midon-- ,the man who first invented the idea ,of walking out by night with such a lantern 771 ,was very careful not to hurt his fingers4 #ei4 ,but the same ,alexis says1 in his ,fanatic-- ,i think that some of those ,i meet will blame ,for being drunk so early in the day2 ,but yet ,i pray you where's a lantern 77 equal ,to the sweet light of the eternal sun8 ,and ,anaxandrides1 in his ,insolence1 says-- ,will you take your lantern 77 now1 and quickly ,light me a candle 778 ,but others assert that it is a lamp which is properly called 4 ,and others assert that means a bundle of matches made of split wood4 ,menander says1 in his ,cousins-- ,this is quite full of water now1 ,i must not shake 77 it1 but throw it away 774 ,and ,nicostratus1 in his ,fellow-,countrymen1 says-- ,for when this vintner in our neighbourhood ,sells any one some wine1 or e'en a 1 ,or vinegar1 he always gives him water4 ,and ,philippides1 in his ,women ,sailing together1 says-- ,a4 ,the did not give a bit of light4 ,b4 ,well1 then1 you wretched man1 could not you blow it8 #fj4 ,pherecrates1 in his ,crapatalli1 calls what we now call 1 in this line-- ,a4 ,where were these made8 ,b4 ,in ,etruria4 ,for there were a great many manufactories in ,etruria1 as the ,etrurians were exceedingly fond of works of art4 ,aristophanes1 in his ,knights1 says-- ,binding three long straight darts together1 ,we use them for a torch 774 ,and ,diphilus1 in his ,ignorance1 says-- ,we lit a candle 771 and then sought a candlestick 774 ,and ,euphorion1 in his ,historic ,commentaries1 says that the young ,dionysius the tyrant of ,sicily dedicated1 in the ,prytaneum at ,tarentum1 a candlestick capable of containing as great a number of candles as there are days in a year4 ,and ,hermippus the comic poet1 in his ,iambics1 speaks of-- ,a military candlestick well put together4 ,and1 in his play called ,the ,grooms1 he says-- ,here1 lamp 771 show me my road on the right hand4 ,now1 was a name given to wood cut into splinters and bound together1 which they used for a torch3 ,menander1 in his ,cousins1 says-- ,he enter'd1 and cried out1 1 1 any light-- ,making one into many4 ,and ,diphilus1 in his ,soldier1 says-- ,but now this is quite full of water4 ,and before them schylus1 in his ,agamemnon1 had used the word -- 99 99 99 99 99#add #fa4 ,alexis1 too1 uses the word 1 and perhaps this is the same thing as that which is called by ,theopompus 4 ,but ,philyllius calls 1 4 ,but the 1 or candle1 is not an ancient invention2 for the ancients used the light of torches and other things made of wood4 ,phrynichus1 however1 says-- ,put out the 1 99 99 99 99 99 ,plato too1 in his ,long ,night1 says-- ,and then upon the top he'll have a candle1 ,bright with two wicks4 ,and these candles with two wicks are mentioned also by ,metagenes1 in his ,man fond of ,sacrificing2 and by ,philonides in his ,buskins4 ,but ,clitarchus1 in his ,dictionary1 says that the ,rhodians give the name of to a torch made of the bark of the vine4 ,but ,homer calls torches -- ,the darts fly round him from an hundred hands1 ,and the red terrors of the blazing brands 771 ,till late1 reluctant1 at the dawn of day1 ,sour he departs1 and quits th' untasted prey4#ade ,sidenote3 ,,torches4 ,a torch was also called 1 as ,amerias tells us2 but ,nicander of ,colophon says that means a bundle of rushes4 ,herodotus uses the word in the neuter plural1 1 in the second book of his ,history4 ,cephisodorus1 in his ,pig1 uses the word 1 for what most people call 1 the lighting of candles4 ,and ,cynulcus1 who was always attacking ,ulpian1 said2--,but now1 my fine supper-giver1 buy me some candles for a penny1 that1 like the good ,agathon1 ,i may quote this line of the admirable ,aristophanes-- ,bring now1 as ,agathon says1 the shining torches 772 and when he had said this-- ,putting his tail between his lion's feet1 he left the party1 being very sleepy4 #fb4 ,then1 when many of the guests cried out ,io ,pan1 ,pontianus said2--,i wish1 my friends1 to learn from you whether ,io ,pan is a proverb1 or the burden of a song1 or what else it is4 ,and ,democritus replied2--,clearchus the ,solensian1 inferior to none of the pupils of the wise ,aristotle1 in the first book of his treatise on ,proverbs1 says that ,latona1 when she was taking ,apollo and ,diana from ,chalcis in ,euba to ,delphi1 came to the cave which was called the cave of the ,python4 ,and when the ,python attacked them1 ,latona1 holding one of her children in her arms1 got upon the stone which even now lies at the foot of the brazen statue of ,latona1 which is dedicated as a representation of what then took place near the ,plane-tree at ,delphi1 and cried out 1 2 7and ,apollo happened to have his bow in hand27 and this is the same as if she had said 1 1 1 or 1 1 ,shoot1 boy4 ,and from this day 1 and 1 arose4 ,but some people1 slightly altering the word1 use it as a sort of proverbial exclamation to avert evils1 and say 1 instead of 1 4 ,and many also1 when they have completed any undertaking1 say1 as a sort of proverb1 2 but since it is an expression that is familiar to us it is forgotten that it is a proverb1 and they who use it are not aware that they are uttering a proverb4 ,but as for what ,heraclides of ,pontus says1 that is clearly a mistake1 ,that the god himself1 while offering a libation1 thrice cried out 1 4 ,from a belief in which statement he refers the trimeter verse1 as it is called1 to the god1 saying that each of these metres belongs to the god2 because when the first two syllables are made long1 1 it becomes a heroic verse1 but when they are pronounced short it is an iambic1 and thus it is plain that we must attribute the iambic to him4 ,and as the rest are short1 if any one makes the last two syllables of the verse long1 that makes a ,hipponactean iambic4 #fc4 ,and after this1 when we also were about to leave the party1 the slaves came in bringing1 one an incense burner1 and another4444 ,for it was the custom for the guests to rise up and offer a libation1 and then to give the rest of the unmixed wine to the boy1 who brought it to them to drink4 ,ariphron the ,sicyonian composed this ,pan to ,health-- ,o holiest ,health1 all other gods excelling1 ,may ,i be ever blest ,with thy kind favour1 and for all the rest ,of life ,i pray thee ne'er desert my dwelling2 ,for if riches pleasure bring1 ,or the power of a king1 ,or children smiling round the board1 ,or partner honour'd and adored1 ,or any other joy ,which the all-bounteous gods employ ,to raise the hearts of men1 ,consoling them for long laborious pain2 ,all their chief brightness owe1 kind ,health1 to you2 ,you are the ,graces' spring1 ',tis you the only real bliss can bring1 ,and no man's blest when you are not in view1 99 99 99 99 99 #fd4 ,they know4--,for ,sopater the farce-writer1 in his play entitled ,the ,lentil1 speaks thus-- ,i can both carve and drink ,etruscan wine1 ,in due proportion mix'd4 ,these things1 my good ,timocrates1 are not1 as ,plato says1 the sportive conversations of ,socrates in his youth and beauty1 but the serious discussions of the ,deipnosophists2 for1 as ,dionysius the ,brazen says1-- ,what1 whether you begin or end a work1 ,is better than the thing you most require8 ,,footnotes4 #aji ,this is one of the fragments of unknown plays of ,euripides4 #aaj ,the original text here is very corrupt1 and the meaning uncertain4 #aaa ,this is parodied from ,homer1 ,iliad1 iv4 #bjd1-- '1 1 4 #aab ,casaubon says these tools 77 were the 7boots7 and 7small cup7 mentioned in the following iambics4 #aac ,this line1 and one or two others in this fragment1 are hopelessly corrupt4 #aad ,the manes was a small brazen figure4 #aae ,the text here is corrupt1 and is printed by ,schweighauser-- ' 1 which is wholly unintelligible2 but ,schweighauser gives an emended reading1 which is that translated above4 #aaf ,see below1 c4 #ed4 #aag ,iliad1 i4 #dgj4 #aah ,odyss4 viii4 #agj4 #aai ,schweighauser confesses himself unable to guess what is meant by these words4 #abj ,see the account of this battle1 ,herod1 i4 #hb4 #aba ,the ,gymnopdi1 or ,festival of naked ,youths1 was celebrated at ,sparta every year in honour of ,apollo ,pythus1 ,diana1 and ,latona4 ,and the ,spartan youths danced around the statues of these deities in the forum4 ,the festival seems to have been connected with the victory gained over the ,argives at ,thyrea1 and the ,spartans who had fallen in the battle were always praised in songs on the occasion4--,v4 ,smith1 ,dict4 ,gr4 ,lat4 ,ant4 in voc4 #abb ,glaucus4 #abc ,the rest of this extract is so utterly corrupt1 that ,schweighauser says he despairs of it so utterly that he has not even attempted to give a ,latin version of it4 #abd ,ar4 ,thesm4 #deh4 #abe ,phaselis is a town in ,lycia4 ,the land which worships ,diana is the country about ,ephesus and ,magnesia1 which last town is built where the ,lethus falls into the ,mander2 and it appears that ,diana was worshipped by the women of this district under the name of ,leucophrys1 from 1 white1 and 1 an eyebrow4 #abf ,the text here is hopelessly corrupt1 and indeed is full of corruption for the next seven lines3 ,i have followed the ,latin version of ,dalecampius4 #abg ,there is some corruption in this name4 #abh ,hom4 ,odyss4 xx4 #ag4 #abi ,ibid4 #ac4 #acj ,hom4 ,iliad1 vii4 #baf4 #aca ,iliad1 x4 #if4 #acb ,this is not from any extant play4 #acc ,hom4 ,iliad1 xxiii4 #ahf4 #acd ,ibid4 xiv4 #agb4 #ace ,ibid4 xiv4 #agj4 #acf ,in the ,thesmophoriazus ,secund that is1 which has not come down to us4 #acg ,aristoph4 ,eccl4 #aaag4 #ach ,pandrosos1 according to ,athenian mythology1 was a daughter of ,cecrops and ,agraulos4 ,she was worshipped at ,athens1 and had a temple near that of ,minerva ,polias4--,smith1 ,diet4 ,gr4 and ,rom4 ,biog4 #aci ,it is hardly necessary to say that this beautiful translation is by ,lord ,denman4 ,it is given also at p4 #agf of the translation of the ,greek ,anthology in this series4 #adj ,this refers to the ,alcmonid1 who1 flying from the tyranny of ,hippias1 after the death of ,hipparchus1 seized on and fortified the town ,leipsydrium1 on ,mount ,parnes1 and were defeated and taken by the ,pisistratid4--,see ,herod1 v4 #fb4 #ada ,hermias was tyrant of ,atarneus and ,assos1 having been originally the minister of ,eubulus1 whom he succeeded4 ,he entertained ,aristotle at his court for many years4 ,as he endeavoured to maintain his kingdom in independence of ,persia1 they sent ,mentor against him1 who decoyed him to an interview by a promise of safe conduct1 and then seized him and sent him to ,artaxerxes1 by whom he was put to death4 #adb ,colabri were a sort of song to which the armed dance called was danced4 #adc ,this is a parody on ,iliad1 i4 #bge1-- ' 1 1 where ,eubus changes 1 maiden1 into 1 barber4 #add ,there is a hiatus here in the text of ,athenus1 but he refers to ,ag4 #bhd1-- 1 where ,clytmnestra is speaking of the beacon fires1 which had conveyed to her the intelligence of the fall of ,troy4 #ade ,iliad1 xvii4 #ffc4 ,,poetical ,,fragments ,,quoted ,,by ,,athen,,us1 ,,rendered ,,into ,,english ,,verse ,,by ,,various ,,authors4 ,,apollodorus4 7,book i4 #d1 p4 #d47 ,,there is a certain hospitable air ,in a friend's house1 that tells me ,i am welcome3 ,the porter opens to me with a smile2 ,the yard dog wags his tail1 the servant runs1 ,beats up the cushion1 spreads the couch1 and says-- ,sit down1 good ,sir6 e'er ,i can say ,i'm weary4--,,cumberland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,archestratus4 7,book i4 #g1 p4 #g47 ,i write these precepts for immortal ,greece1 ,that round a table delicately spread1 ,or three1 or four1 may sit in choice repast1 ,or five at most4 ,who otherwise shall dine1 ,are like a troop marauding for their prey4--,d',,israeli4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,archilochus4 7,book i4 #ad1 p4 #aa47 ,faith6 but you quaff ,the grape's pure juice to a most merry tune1 ,and cram your hungry maw most rav'nously4 ,and pay for't--not a doit4 ,but mark me1 ,sirrah6 ,you come not here invited1 as a friend4 ,your appetite is gross2--your god's your belly2-- ,your mind1 your very1 soul1 incorpsed with gluttony1 ,till you have lost all shame4--,j4 ,,bailey4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,aristophanes4 7,book i4 #ee1 p4 #ej47 ,for the ,athenian people neither love ,harsh crabbed bards1 nor crabbed ,pramnian wines1 ,which pinch the face up and the belly too2 ,but mild1 sweet-smelling1 nectar-dropping cups4--,,walsh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,diphilus4 7,book ii4 #b1 p4 #eh47 ,oh6 friend to the wise1 to the children of song1 ,take me with thee1 thou wisest and sweetest1 along2 ,to the humble1 the lowly1 proud thoughts dost thou bring1 ,for the wretch who has thee is as blythe as a king3 ,from the brows of the sage1 in thy humorous play1 ,thou dost smooth every furrow1 every wrinkle away2 ,to the weak thou giv'st strength1 to the mendicant gold1 ,and a slave warm'd by thee as a lion is bold4--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,eubulus4 7,book ii4 #c1 p4 #ei47 ,three cups of wine a prudent man may take2 ,the first of these for constitution's sake2 ,the second to the girl he loves the best2 ,the third and last to lull him to his rest1 ,then home to bed6 but if a fourth he pours1 ,that is the cup of folly1 and not ours2 ,loud noisy talking on the fifth attends2 ,the sixth breeds feuds and falling-out of friends2 ,seven beget blows and faces stain'd with gore2 ,eight1 and the watch-patrole breaks ope the door2 ,mad with the ninth1 another cup goes round1 ,and the swill'd sot drops senseless to the ground4--,,cumberland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,epicharmus4 7,book ii4 #c1 p4 #ei47 ,a4 ,after sacrifice1 then came feasting4 ,b4 ,beautiful1 by ,jupiter6 ,a4 ,after feasting drink we merrily4 ,b4 ,charming6 ,i do truly think4 ,a4 ,after drinking1 follow'd revelry3 after revelry1 the whole hog3 ,after the whole hog1 the justice3 after that the sentence dire3 ,after which1 chains1 fetters1 fines1--all that1 and all that1 and all that4--,j4 ,,bailey4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bacchylides4 7,book ii4 #aj1 p4 #fe47 ,the goblet's sweet compulsion moves ,the soften'd mind to melting loves4 ,the hope of ,venus warms the soul1 ,mingling in ,bacchus' gifted bowl2 ,and buoyant lifts in lightest air ,the soaring thoughts of human care4 ,who sips the grape1 with single blow ,lays the city's rampire low2 ,flush'd with the vision of his mind ,he acts the monarch o'er mankind4 ,his bright'ning roofs now gleam on high1 ,all burnish'd gold and ivory3 ,corn-freighted ships from ,egypt's shore ,waft to his feet the golden ore3 ,thus1 while the frenzying draught he sips1 ,his heart is bounding to his lips4--,,elton4 ,the same4 ,thirsty comrade6 wouldst thou know ,all the raptures that do flow ,from those sweet compulsive rules ,of our ancient drinking schools-- ,first1 the precious draught shall raise ,amorous thoughts in giddy maze1 ,mingling ,bacchus' present treasure ,with the hopes of higher pleasure4 ,next1 shall chase through empty air ,all th' intolerant host of ,care2 ,give thee conquest1 riches1 power2 ,bid thee scale the guarded tower2 ,bid thee reign o'er land and sea ,with unquestion'd sov'reignty4 ,thou thy palace shalt behold1 ,bright with ivory and gold2 ,while each ship that ploughs the main1 ,fill'd with ,egypt's choicest grain1 ,shall unload her pon'drous store1 ,thirsty comrade6 at thy door4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ephippos4 7,book ii4 #cj1 p4 #gi47 ,how ,i delight ,to spring upon the dainty coverlets2 ,breathing the perfume of the rose1 and steep'd ,in tears of myrrh6--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alexis4 7,book ii4 #dd1 p4 #ij47 ,mean my husband is1 and poor1 ,and my blooming days are o'er4 ,children have we two1--a boy1 ,papa's pet and mamma's joy2 ,and a girl1 so tight and small1 ,with her nurse2--that's five in all3 ,yet1 alas6 alas6 have we ,belly timber but for three6 ,two must1 therefore1 often make ,scanty meal on barley-cake2 ,and sometimes1 when nought appears ,on the board1 we sup on tears4 ,my good man1 once so strong and hale1 ,on this fare grows very pale2 ,for our best and daintiest cheer1 ,through the bright half of the year1 ,is but acorns1 onions1 peas1 ,ochros1 lupines1 radishes1 ,vetches1 wild pears nine or ten1 ,with a locust now and then4 ,as to figs1 the ,phrygian treat1 ,fit for ,jove's own guests to eat1 ,they1 when happier moments shine1-- ,they1 the ,attic figs1 are mine4--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,epicrates4 7,book ii4 #ed1 p4 #ih47 ,a4 ,i pray1 you1 ,sir1 7for ,i perceive you learn'd ,in these grave matters17 let my ignorance suck ,some profit from your courtesy1 and tell me ,what are your wise philosophers engaged in1 ,your ,plato1 ,menedemus and ,speusippus8 ,what mighty mysteries have they in projection8 ,what new discoveries may the world expect ,from their profound researches8 ,i conjure you1 ,by ,earth1 our common mother1 to impart them6 ,b4 ,sir1 you shall know at our great festival ,i was myself their hearer1 and so much ,as ,i there heard will presently disclose1 ,so you will give it ears1 for ,i must speak ,of things perchance surpassing your belief1 ,so strange they will appear2 but so it happen'd1 ,that these most sage ,academicians sate ,in solemn consultation--on a cabbage4 ,a4 ,a cabbage6 what did they discover there8 ,b4 ,oh1 ,sir1 your cabbage hath its sex and gender1 ,its provinces1 prerogatives and ranks1 ,and1 nicely handled1 breeds as many questions ,as it does maggots4 ,all the younger fry ,stood dumb with expectation and respect1 ,wond'ring what this same cabbage should bring forth3 ,the ,lecturer eyed them round1 whereat a youth ,took heart1 and breaking first the awful silence1 ,humbly craved leave to think--that it was round3 ,the cause was now at issue1 and a second ,opined it was an herb4--,a third conceived ,with due submission it might be a plant4 ,the difference methought was such1 that each ,might keep his own opinion and be right2 ,but soon a bolder voice broke up the council1 ,and1 stepping forward1 a ,sicilian quack ,told them their question was abuse of time1-- ,it was a cabbage1 neither more nor less1 ,and they were fools to prate so much about it4 ,insolent wretch6 amazement seized the troop1 ,clamour and wrath and tumult raged amain1 ,till ,plato1 trembling for his own philosophy1 ,and calmly praying patience of the court1 ,took up the cabbage and adjourn'd the cause4--,,cumberland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,euripides4 7,book ii4 #eg1 p4 #aja47 ,bright wanderer through the eternal way1 ,has sight so sad as that which now ,bedims the splendour of thy ray1 ,e'er bid the streams of sorrow flow8 ,here1 side by side1 in death are laid ,two darling boys1 their mother's care2 ,and here their sister1 youthful maid1 ,near her who nursed and thought them fair4--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,menander4 7,book ii4 #hf1 p4 #aai47 ,a bore it is to take pot-luck1 with welcome frank and hearty1 ,all at the board round which is placed a downright family-party4 ,old daddy seizes first the cup1 and so begins his story1 ,and lectures on1 with saws and jokes--a ,mentor in his glory4 ,the mother next1 and grandam too1 confound you with their babble2 ,and worse and worse1 the grandam's sire will mump1 and grunt1 and gabble2 ,his daughter with her toothless gums1 lisps out1 ,the dear old fellow6 ,and round and round the dotard nods1 as fast as he grows mellow4 --,,anon4 ,the same4 ,from family repasts1 ,where all the guests claim kin1--nephews and uncles1 ,and aunts and cousins to the fifth remove6 ,first you've the sire1 a goblet in his hand1 ,and he deals out his dole of admonition2-- ,then comes my lady-mother1 a mere homily ,reproof and exhortation6--at her heels ,the aunt slips in a word of pious precept4 ,the grandsire last--a bass voice among trebles1 ,thunder succeeding whispers1 fires away4 ,each pause between1 his aged partner fills ,with lack-a-day6 good sooth6 and dearest dear6 ,the dotard's head meantime for ever nods1 ,encouraging her drivelling4--,,anon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,aristophanes4 7,book iii4 #g1 p4 #abf47 ,there is no kind of fig1 ,whether little or big1 ,save the ,spartan1 which here does not grow2 ,but this1 though quite small1 ,swells with hatred and gall1 ,a stern foe to the ,demos1 ,i trow4--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,stesichorus4 7,book iii4 #ba1 p4 #acf47 ,many a yellow quince was there ,piled upon the regal chair1 ,many a verdant myrtle-bough1 ,many a rose-crown featly wreathed1 ,with twisted violets that grow ,where the breath of spring has breathed4--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,antigonus4 7,book iii4 #bb1 p4 #acg47 ,o where is the maiden1 sweeter far ,than the ruddy fruits of ,ephyr are1 ,when the winds of summer have o'er them blown1 ,and their cheeks with autumn's gold have been strown6 --,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,antiphanes4 7,book iii4 #bg1 p4 #adj47 ,a4 ',twould be absurd to speak of what's to eat1 ,as if you thought of such things2 but1 fair maid1 ,take of these apples4 ,b4 ,oh1 how beautiful6 ,a4 ,they are1 indeed1 since hither they but lately ,have come from the great king4 ,b4 ,by ,phosphoros6 ,i could have thought them from the ,hesperian bowers1 ,where th' apples are of gold4 ,a4 ,there are but three4 ,b4 ,the beautiful is nowhere plentiful4--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,aristophanes4 7,book iii4 #cc1 p4 #ade47 ,then every soul of them sat open-mouth'd1 ,like roasted oysters gaping in a row4--,j4 ,h4 ,,frere4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,archestratus4 7,book iii4 #dd1 p4 #aed47 ,for mussels you must go to nos2 oysters ,you'll find best at ,abydos4 ,parion ,rejoices in its urchins2 but if cockles ,gigantic and sweet-tasted you would eat1 ,a voyage must be made to ,mitylene1 ,or the ,ambracian ,gulf1 where they abound ,with many other dainties4 ,at ,messina1 ,near to the ,faro1 are pelorian conchs1 ,nor are those bad you find near ,ephesos2 ,for ,tethyan oysters1 go to ,chalcedon2 ,but for the ,heralds1 may ,zeus overwhelm them ,both in the sea and in the agora6 ,aye1 all except my old friend ,agathon1 ,who in the midst of ,lesbian vineyards dwells4--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,damoxenus4 7,book iii4 #fj1 p4 #agj47 ,master ,cook4 ,behold in me a pupil of the school ,of the sage ,epicurus4 ,friend4 ,thou a sage6 ,m4 ,c4 ,ay6 ,epicurus too was sure a cook1 ,and knew the sovereign good4 ,nature his study1 ,while practice perfected his theory4 ,divine philosophy alone can teach ,the difference which the fish ,glociscus shows ,in winter and in summer3 how to learn ,which fish to choose1 when set the ,pleiades1 ,and at the solstice4 ',tis change of seasons ,which threats mankind1 and shakes their changeful frame4 ,this dost thou comprehend8 ,know1 what we use ,in season1 is most seasonably good6 ,friend4 ,most learned cook1 who can observe these canons8 ,m4 ,c4 ,and therefore phlegm and colics make a man ,a most indecent guest4 ,the aliment ,dress'd in my kitchen is true aliment2 ,light of digestion easily it passes2 ,the chyle soft-blending from the juicy food ,repairs the solids4 ,friend4 ,ah6 the chyle6 the solids6 ,thou new ,democritus6 thou sage of medicine6 ,versed in the mysteries of the ,iatric art6 ,m4 ,c4 ,now mark the blunders of our vulgar cooks4 ,see them prepare a dish of various fish1 ,showering profuse the pounded ,indian grain1 ,an overpowering vapour1 gallimaufry1 ,a multitude confused of pothering odours6 ,but1 know1 the genius of the art consists ,to make the nostrils feel each scent distinct2 ,and not in washing plates to free from smoke4 ,i never enter in my kitchen1 ,i6 ,but sit apart1 and in the cool direct1 ,observant of what passes1 scullions' toil4 ,friend4 ,what dost thou there8 ,m4 ,c4 ,i guide the mighty whole2 ,explore the causes1 prophesy the dish4 ',tis thus ,i speak3 ,leave1 leave that ponderous ham2 ,keep up the fire1 and lively play the flame ,beneath those lobster patties2 patient here1 ,fix'd as a statue1 skim1 incessant skim4 ,steep well this small ,glociscus in its sauce1 ,and boil that sea-dog in a cullender2 ,this eel requires more salt and marjoram2 ,roast well that piece of kid on either side ,equal2 that sweetbread boil not over much4 ',tis thus1 my friend1 ,i make the concert play4 ,friend4 ,o man of science6 'tis thy babble kills6 ,m4 ,c4 ,and then no useless dish my table crowds2 ,harmonious ranged1 and consonantly just4 ,friend4 ,ha6 what means this8 ,m4 ,c4 ,divinest music all6 ,as in a concert instruments resound1 ,my order'd dishes in their courses chime4 ,so ,epicurus dictated the art ,of sweet voluptuousness1 and ate in order1 ,musing delighted o'er the sovereign good6 ,let raving ,stoics in a labyrinth ,run after virtue2 they shall find no end4 ,thou1 what is foreign to mankind1 abjure4--,d',,israeli4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bato4#adf 7,book iii4 #fa1 p4 #aga47 ,father4 ,thou hast destroy'd the morals of my son1 ,and turn'd his mind1 not so disposed1 to vice1 ,unholy pedagogue6 ,with morning drams1 ,a filthy custom1 which he caught from thee1 ,clean from his former practice1 now he saps ,his youthful vigour4 ,is it thus you school him8 ,sophist4 ,and if ,i did1 what harms him8 ,why complain you8 ,he does but follow what the wise prescribe1 ,the great voluptuous law of ,epicurus1 ,pleasure1 the best of all good things on earth2 ,and how but thus can pleasure be obtained8 ,father4 ,virtue will give it him4 ,sophist4 ,and what but virtue ,is our philosophy8 ,when have you met ,one of our sect flush'd and disguised with wine8 ,or one1 but one of those you tax so roundly1 ,on whom to fix a fault8 ,father4 ,not one1 but all1 ,all1 who march forth with supercilious brow ,high arch'd with pride1 beating the city-rounds1 ,like constables in quest of rogues and outlaws1 ,to find that prodigy in human nature1 ,a wise and perfect man6 ,what is your science ,but kitchen-science8 wisely to descant ,upon the choice bits of a savoury carp1 ,and prove by logic that his summum bonum ,lies in his head2 there you can lecture well1 ,and1 whilst your grey-beards wag1 the gaping guest ,sits wondering with a foolish face of praise4--,,cumberland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,antiphanes4 7,book iii4 #fb1 p4 #agb47 ,o1 what a fool is he1 ,who dreams about stability1 or thinks1 ,good easy dolt6 that aught in life's secure6 ,security6--either a loan is ask'd2 ,then house and all that it contains are gone ,at one fell sweep--or you've a suit to meet1 ,and ,law and ,ruin ever are twin-brothers4-- ,art named to a general's post8 fines1 penalties1 ,and debts upon the heels of office follow4 ,do the stage-charges fall upon you8 good3 ,the chorus must go clad in spangled robes1 ,yourself may pace in rags4 ,far happier he ,who's named a trierarch3--he buys a halter ,and wisely balks at once th' expensive office4-- ,sleeping or waking1 on the sea or land1 ,among your menials or before your foes1 ,danger and ,insecurity are with you4 ,the very table1 charged with viands1 is ,mere mock'ry oft2--gives promise to the eye1 ,and breaks it to the lip4 ,is there nought safe then8 ,yes1 by the gods1--that which has pass'd the teeth1 ,and is in a state of deglutition3 reckon ,yourself secure of that1 and that alone3 ,all else is fleet1 precarious1 insecure4--,,mitchell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alexis4 7,book iii4 #hf1 p4 #aid47 ,a4 ,i must have all accounted for3 ,item by item1 charge by charge2 or look ye3-- ,there's not a stiver to be had from me4 ,b4 ',tis but a fair demand4 ,a4 ,what hoa6 within there6 ,calls to his servant4 ,my style and tablets4 7,style and tablets are brought47 ,now1 ,sir1 to your reckoning4 ,b4 ,to salt a herring--price--two farthings-- ,a4 ,good4 ,writes4 ,b4 ,to mussels--three-- ,a4 ,no villany as yet4 ,writes4 ,b4 ,item1 to eels--one obol-- ,a4 ,still you're guiltless4 ,writes4 ,b4 ,next came the radishes2 yourselves allow'd-- ,a4 ,and we retract not--they were delicate ,and good4 ,b4 ,for these ,i touch two obols4 ,a4 ,aside4 ,tush6 ,the praise is in the bill--better our palates ,had been less riotous--onward4 ,b4 ,to a rand ,of tunny-fish--this charge will break a sixpence4 ,a4 ,dealst on the square8 no filching8--no purloining8-- ,b4 ,no1 not a doit--thou'rt green1 good fellow1 green2 ,and a mere novice yet in market-prices4 ,why1 man1 the palmer-worms have fix'd their teeth ,upon the kitchen-herbs4 ,a4 ,ergo1 salt fish ,bears twice its usual price--call you that logic8 ,b4 ,nay1 if you've doubts--to the fishmonger straight1-- ,he lives and will resolve them4--,to a conger-eel-- ,ten obols4 ,a4 ,i have nothing to object3 ,proceed4 ,b4 ,item1 broil'd fish--a drachma4 ,a4 ,fie on't6-- ,i was a man1 and here's the fever come ,with double force4 ,b4 ,there's wine too in the bill1 ,bought when my masters were well half-seas over-- ,three pitchers1 at ten obols to the pitcher4--,,mitchell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,matron4#adg 7,book iv4 #ac1 p4 #bbj47 ,the feast1 for cookery's various cates renown'd1 ,by ,attic host bestow'd1 ,o ,muse6 resound4 ,there too ,i went1 with hunger in my train1 ,and saw the loaves by hundreds pour'd amain1 ,beauteous to view1 and vast beyond compare1 ,whiter than snow1 and sweet as wheaten fare4 99 99 99 99 99 ,then all to pot-herbs stretch'd their hands in haste1 ,but various viands lured my nicer taste2 ,choice bulbs1 asparagus1 and1 daintier yet1 ,fat oysters help my appetite to whet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,like ,thetis' self1 the silver-footed dame-- ,great ,nereus' daughter1 curly cuttle came2 ,illustrious fish6 that sole amid the brine ,with equal ease can black and white divine2 ,there too ,i saw the ,tityus of the main1 ,huge conger--countless plates his bulk sustain4 ,and o'er nine boards he rolls his cumbrous train6 99 99 99 99 99 ,right up stairs1 down stairs1 over high and low1 ,the cook1 with shoulder'd dishes marches slow1 ,and forty sable pots behind him go4 99 99 99 99 99 ,with these appear'd the ,salaminian bands1 ,thirteen fat ducklings borne by servile hands2 ,proudly the cook led on the long array1 ,and placed them where the ,athenian squadrons lay4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when now the rage of hunger was represt1 ,and the pure lymph had sprinkled every guest1 ,sweet lilied unguents brought one blooming slave1 ,and one from left to right fresh garlands gave2 ,with ,lesbian wine the bowl was quick supplied1 ,man vied with man to drain the racy tide2 ,then groan'd the second tables laden high1 ,where grapes and cool pomegranates please the eye1 ,the lusty apple1 and the juicy pear-- ,yet nought ,i touch'd1 supinely lounging there2 ,but when the huge round cake of golden hue1 ,ceres best offspring1 met my raptured view1 ,no more these hands their eager grasp restrain1 ,how should such gift celestial tempt in vain8--,d4 ,k4 ,,sandford4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alexis4 7,book iv4 #eh1 p4 #bfd47 ,how fertile in new tricks is ,chrephon1 ,to sup scot-free and everywhere find welcome6 ,spies he a broker's door with pots to let8 ,there from the earliest dawn he takes his stand1 ,to see whose cook arrives2 from him he learns ,who 'tis that gives the feast1--flies to the house1 ,watches his time1 and1 when the yawning door ,gapes for the guests1 glides in among the first4--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,anaxippus4 7,book iv4 #fh1 p4 #bga47 ,soup-ladle1 flesh-hook1 mortar1 spit1 ,bucket and haft1 with tool to fit1 ,such knives as oxen's hides explore1 ,add dishes1 be they three or more4--,,mitchell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,timocles4 7,book vi4 #b1 p4 #ced47 ,nay1 my good friend1 but hear me6 ,i confess ,man is the child of sorrow1 and this world1 ,in which we breathe1 hath cares enough to plague us2 ,but it hath means withal to soothe these cares1 ,and he1 who meditates on other's woes1 ,shall in that meditation lose his own3 ,call then the tragic poet to your aid1 ,hear him1 and take instruction from the stage3 ,let ,telephus appear2 behold a prince1 ,a spectacle of poverty and pain1 ,wretched in both4--,and what if you are poor8 ,are you a demi-god8 are you the son ,of ,hercules8 begone6 complain no more4 ,doth your mind struggle with distracting thoughts8 ,do your wits wander8 are you mad8 ,alas6 ,so was ,alcmon1 whilst the world adored ,his father as their ,god4 ,your eyes are dim2 ,what then8 the eyes of dipus were dark1 ,totally dark4 ,you mourn a son2 he's dead2 ,turn to the tale of ,niobe for comfort1 ,and match your loss with hers4 ,you're lame of foot2 ,compare it with the foot of ,philoctetes1 ,and make no more complaint4 ,but you are old1 ,old and unfortunate2 consult ,oneus2 ,hear what a king endured1 and learn content4 ,sum up your miseries1 number up your sighs1 ,the tragic stage shall give you tear for tear1 ,and wash out all afflictions but its own4--,,cumberland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,from the same4 7,book vi4 #c1 p4 #cee47 ,bid me say anything rather than this2 ,but on this theme ,demosthenes himself ,shall sooner check the torrent of his speech ,than ,i--,demosthenes6 that angry orator1 ,that bold ,briareus1 whose tremendous throat1 ,charged to the teeth with battering-rams and spears1 ,beats down opposers2 brief in speech was he1 ,but1 crost in argument1 his threat'ning eyes ,flash'd fire1 whilst thunder vollied from his lips4--,,cumberland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,antiphanes4 7,book vi4 #c1 p4 #cee47 ,i once believed the ,gorgons fabulous3 ,but in the agora quickly changed my creed1 ,and turn'd almost to stone1 the pests beholding ,standing behind the fish stalls4 ,forced ,i am ,to look another way when ,i accost them1 ,lest if ,i saw the fish they ask so much for1 ,i should at once grow marble4--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 ,the same4 ,i must confess that hitherto ,i deem'd ,the ,gorgons a mere fable1 but just now ,i stepp'd into the fish-market1 and there ,i saw1 at once1 the dread reality2 ,and ,i was petrified1 indeed1 so much1 ,that1 to converse with them1 ,i turn'd my back ,for fear of being turn'd to stone2 they ask'd ,a price so high and so extravagant ,for a poor despicable paltry fish4--,,anon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,amphis4 7,book vi4 #e1 p4 #cef47 ,the general of an army is at least ,a thousand times more easy of access1 ,and you may get an answer quicker too ,than from these cursed fishmongers3 ask them ,the price of their commodity1 they hold ,a wilful silence1 and look down with shame1 ,like ,telephus2 with reason good2 for they ,are1 one and all1 without exception1 ,a set of precious scoundrels4 ,speak to one1 ,he'll measure you from top to toe1 then look ,upon his fish1 but still no answer give4 ,turn o'er a polypus1 and ask another ,the price1 he soon begins to swell and chafe1 ,and mutters out half-words between his teeth1 ,but nothing so distinct that you may learn ,his real meaning--so many oboli2 ,but then the number you are still to guess1 ,the syllable is wilfully suppress'd1 ,or left half utter'd4 ,this you must endure1 ,and more1 if you attend the fish-market4--,,anon4 ,the same4 ,ten thousand times more easy 'tis to gain ,admission to a haughty general's tent1 ,and have discourse of him1 than in the market ,audience to get of a cursed fishmonger4 ,if you draw near and say1 ,how much1 my friend1 ,costs this or that8--,no answer4 ,deaf you think ,the rogue must be1 or stupid2 for he heeds not ,a syllable you say1 but o'er his fish ,bends silently1 like ,telephos 7and with good reason1 ,for his whole race he knows are cut-throats all74 ,another minding not1 or else not hearing1 ,pulls by the legs a polypus4 ,a third ,with saucy carelessness replies3 ,four oboli1 ,that's just the price4 ,for this no less than eight4 ,take it or leave it6--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alexis4 7,book vi4 #e1 p4 #cef47 ,when our victorious gen'rals knit their brows1 ,assume a higher tone and loftier gait ,than common men1 it scarcely moves my wonder-- ,indeed 'tis natural that the commonwealth ,should give to public virtue just rewards-- ,they who have risk'd their lives to serve the state ,deserve its highest honours in return1 ,place and precedence too above their fellows3 ,but ,i am choked with rage when ,i behold ,these saucy fishmongers assume such airs1 ,now throw their eyes disdainful down1 and now ,lift their arch'd brows and wrinkle up their fronts-- ,say1 at what price you sell this brace of mullets8 ,ten oboli1 they answer4 ,sure you joke2 ,ten oboli indeed6 will you take eight8 ,yes1 if you choose but one4--,come1 come1 be serious1 ,nor trifle with your betters thus4--,pass on1 ,and take your custom elsewhere4 ',tis enough ,to move our bile to hear such insolence4--,,anon4 ,the same4 ,however1 this is still endurable4 ,but when a paltry fishfag will look big1 ,cast down his eyes affectedly1 or bend ,his eyebrows upwards like a full-strain'd bow1 ,i burst with rage4 ,demand what price he asks ,for--say two mullets2 and he answers straight ,ten obols4--,ten8 ,that's dear3 will you take eight8 ,yes1 if one fish will serve you4--,friend1 no jokes2 ,i am no subject for your mirth4--,pass on1 ,sir6 ,and buy elsewhere4--,now tell me1 is not this ,bitterer than gall8--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,diphilus4 7,book vi4 #f1 p4 #cef47 ,i once believed the fishmongers at ,athens ,were rogues beyond all others4 ',tis not so2 ,the tribe are all the same1 go where you will1 ,deceitful1 avaricious1 plotting knaves1 ,and rav'nous as wild-beasts4 ,but we have one ,exceeds the rest in baseness1 and the wretch ,pretends that he has let his hair grow long ,in rev'rence to the gods4 ,the varlet lies4 ,he bears the marks of justice on his forehead1 ,which his locks hide1 and therefore they are long4 ,accost him thus--,what ask you for that pike8 ,ten oboli1 he answers--not a word ,about the currency--put down the cash1 ,he then objects1 and tells you that he meant ,the money of gina4 ,if there's left ,a balance in his hands1 he'll pay you down ,in ,attic oboli1 and thus secures ,a double profit by the exchange of both4--,,anon4 ,the same4 ,troth1 in my greener days ,i had some notion ,that here at ,athens only1 rogues sold fish2 ,but everywhere1 it seems1 like wolf or fox ,the race is treacherous by nature found4 ,however1 we have one scamp in the agora ,who beats all others hollow4 ,on his head ,a most portentous fell of hair nods thick ,and shades his brow4 ,observing your surprise1 ,he has his reasons pat2 it grows forsooth ,to form1 when shorn1 an offering to some god6 ,but that's a feint2 'tis but to hide the scars ,left by the branding-iron upon his forehead4 ,but1 passing that1 you ask perchance the price ,of a sea-wolf--,ten oboli--very good4 ,you count the money4 ,oh1 not those1 he cries1 ginetan ,i meant4 ,still you comply4 ,but if you trust him with a larger piece1 ,and there be change to give2 mark how the knave ,now counts in ,attic coin1 and thus achieves ,a two-fold robbery in the same transaction6--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xenarchus4 7,book vi4 #f1 p4 #ceg47 ,poets indeed6 ,i should be glad to know ,of what they have to boast4 ,invention--no6 ,they invent nothing1 but they pilfer much1 ,change and invert the order1 and pretend ,to pass it off for new4 ,but fishmongers ,are fertile in resources1 they excel ,all our philosophers in ready wit ,and sterling impudence4 ,the law forbids1 ,and strictly too1 to water their stale fish-- ,how do they manage to evade the fine8 ,why thus--when one of them perceives the board ,begins to be offensive1 and the fish ,look dry and change their colour1 he begins ,a preconcerted quarrel with his neighbour4 ,they come to blows2--he soon affects to be ,most desperately beaten1 and falls down1 ,as if unable to support himself1 ,gasping for breath2--another1 who the while 7,knowing the secret7 was prepared to act1 ,seizes a jar of water1 aptly placed1 ,and scatters a few drops upon his friend1 ,then empties the whole vessel on the fish1 ,which makes them look so fresh that you would swear ,they were just taken from the sea1--,,anon4 ,the same4 ,commend me for invention to the rogue ,who sells fish in the agora4 ,he knows1-- ,in fact there's no mistaking1--that the law ,clearly and formally forbids the trick ,of reconciling stale fish to the nose ,by constant watering4 ,but if some poor wight ,detect him in the fact1 forthwith he picks ,a quarrel1 and provokes his man to blows4 ,he wheels meanwhile about his fish1 looks sharp ,to catch the nick of time1 reels1 feigns a hurt3 ,and prostrate falls1 just in the right position4 ,a friend placed there on purpose1 snatches up ,a pot of water1 sprinkles a drop or two1 ,for form's sake1 on his face1 but by mistake1 ,as you must sure believe1 pours all the rest ,full on the fish1 so that almost you might ,consider them fresh caught4--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,antiphanes4 7,book vi4 #g1 p4 #ceg47 ,what miserable wretched things are fish6 ,they are not only doom'd to death1 to be ,devour'd1 and buried in the greedy maw ,of some voracious glutton1 but the knaves ,who sell them leave them on their board to rot1 ,and perish by degrees1 till having found ,some purblind customer1 they pass to him ,their dead and putrid carcases2 but he1 ,returning home1 begins to nose his bargain1 ,and soon disgusted1 casts them out with scorn4--,,anon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alexis4 7,book vi4 #h1 p4 #ceh47 ,the rich ,aristonicus was a wise ,and prudent governor2 he made a law ,to this intent1 that every fishmonger1 ,having once fix'd his price1 if after that ,he varied1 or took less1 he was at once ,thrown into prison1 that the punishment ,due to his crimes1 still hanging o'er his head1 ,might be a check on his rapacity1 ,and make him ask a just and honest price1 ,and carry home his stale commodities4 ,this was a prudent law1 and so enforced1 ,that youth or age might safely go to market ,and bring home what was good at a fair price4--,,anon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alexis4 7,book ,,vi4 #aj1 p4 #cei47 ,i still maintain that fish do hold with men1 ,living or dead1 perpetual enmity4 ,for instance1 now1 a ship is overset1 ,as sometimes it may happen1--the poor wretches ,who might escape the dangers of the sea ,are swallow'd quick by some voracious fish4 ,if1 on the other hand1 the fishermen ,enclose the fish1 and bring them safe to shore1 ,dead as they are they ruin those who buy them1 ,for they are sold for such enormous sums ,that our whole fortune hangs upon the purchase1 ,and he who pays the price becomes a beggar4--,,anon4 ,from the same4 7,book vi4 #ab1 p4 #cei47 ,if one that's poor1 and scarcely has withal ,to clothe and feed him1 shall at once buy fish1 ,and pay the money down upon the board1 ,be sure that fellow is a rogue1 and lives ,by depredation and nocturnal plunder4 ,let him who has been robb'd by night1 attend ,the fish-market at early dawn1 and when ,he sees a young and needy wretch appear1 ,bargain with ,micion for the choicest eels1 ,and pay the money1 seize the caitiff straight1 ,and drag him to the prison without fear4--,,anon4 ,the same4 ,mark you a fellow who1 however scant ,in all things else1 hath still wherewith to purchase ,cod1 eel1 or anchovies1 be sure i' the dark ,he lies about the road in wait for travellers4 ,if therefore you've been robb'd o'ernight1 just go ,at peep of dawn to th' agora and seize ,the first athletic1 ragged vagabond ,who cheapens eels of ,mikion4 ,he1 be sure1 ,and none but he's the thief3 to prison with him6--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,diphilus4 7,book vi4 #ab1 p4 #cfj47 ,we have a notable good law at ,corinth1 ,where1 if an idle fellow outruns reason1 ,feasting and junketing at furious cost1 ,the sumptuary proctor calls upon him1 ,and thus begins to sift him3--,you live well1 ,but have you well to live8 ,you squander freely1 ,have you the wherewithal8 ,have you the fund ,for these out-goings8 ,if you have1 go on6 ,if you have not1 we'll stop you in good time1 ,before you outrun honesty2 for he1 ,who lives we know not how1 must live by plunder2 ,either he picks a purse1 or robs a house1 ,or is accomplice with some knavish gang1 ,or thrusts himself in crowds to play th' ,informer1 ,and put his perjured evidence to sale3 ,this a well-order'd city will not suffer3 ,such vermin we expel4--,and you do wisely3 ,but what is this to me8--,why1 this it is3 ,here we behold you every day at work1 ,living forsooth6 not as your neighbours live1 ,but richly1 royally1 ye gods6--,why1 man1 ,we cannot get a fish for love or money1 ,you swallow the whole produce of the sea3 ,you've driven our citizens to browze on cabbage3 ,a sprig of parsley sets them all a-fighting1 ,as at the ,isthmian games3 if hare or partridge1 ,or but a simple thrush comes to the market1 ,quick at the word you snap him4 ,by the gods6 ,hunt ,athens through1 you shall not find a feather ,but in your kitchen2 and for wine1 'tis gold-- ,not to be purchased3 we may drink the ditches4--,,cumberland4 ,the same4 ,wee have in ,corinth this good ,law in use2 ,if wee see any person keepe great cheere1 ,we make inquirie1 ,whether he doe worke1 ,or if he have ,revenues coming in8 ,if either1 then we say no more of him4 ,but if the ,charge exceed his ,gaine or ,rents1 ,he is forbidden to run on his course3 ,if he continue it1 he pays a fine3 ,if he want wherewithal1 he is at last ,taken by ,sergeants and in prison cast4 ,for to spend much1 and never to get ought1 ,is cause of much disorder in the world4 ,one in the night-time filcheth from the flocks2 ,another breaks a house or else a shop2 ,a third man gets a share his mouth to stop4 ,to beare a part in this good fellowship1 ,one feignes a suit his neighbor to molest1 ,another must false witness beare with him3 ,but such a crue we utterly detest1 ,and banish from our citie like the pest4--,,molle4 ,the same4 ,believe me1 my good friend1 such is the law ,long held at ,corinth2 when we see a man ,spending large sums upon the daintiest fish1 ,and living at a great expense1 we ask ,the means by which he can maintain the splendour4 ,if it appears that his possessions yield ,a fund proportion'd to this costly charge1 ',tis well1 he's not molested1 and proceeds ,t' enjoy that kind of life which he approves4 ,but if we find that he exceeds his means1 ,we first admonish him2 if he persists1 ,we then proceed to punishment by fine4 ,if one who has no fortune to supply ,e'en common wants1 lives thus expensively1 ,him we deliver to the common beadle ,for corporal punishment4--,,anon4 ,the same4 ,we cannot get the smallest fish for money2 ,and for a bunch of parsley we must fight1 ,as 'twere the ,isthmian games3 then1 should a hare ,make its appearance1 'tis at once caught up2 ,a partridge or a lark1 by ,jupiter6 ,we can't so much as see them on the wing1 ,and all on your account3 then as for wine1 ,you've raised the price so high we cannot taste it4--,,anon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,philippides4 7,book vi4 #ag1 p4 #cfc47 ,it grieves me much to see the world so changed1 ,and men of worth1 ingenious and well-born1 ,reduced to poverty1 while cunning knaves2 ,the very scum of the people1 eat their fish1 ,bought for two oboli1 on plates of silver1 ,weighing at least a mina2 a few capers1 ,not worth three pieces of brass-money1 served ,in lordly silver-dish1 that weighs1 at least1 ,as much as fifteen drachmas4 ,in times past ,a little cup presented to the ,gods ,was thought a splendid offering2 but such gifts ,are now but seldom seen1--and reason good1 ,for 'tis no sooner on the altar placed1 ,than rogues are watching to purloin it thence4--,,anon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alexis4 7,book vi4 #bh1 p4 #cgb47 ,i'm ready1 at the slightest call1 to sup ,with those who may think proper to invite me4 ,if there's a wedding in the neighbourhood1 ,i smell it out1 nor scruple to be there ,sans invitation2 then1 indeed1 ,i shine1 ,and make a full display of all my wit1 ',till the guests shake with laughter2 ,i take care ,to tickle well the master of the feast2 ,should any strive to thwart my purpose1 ,i ,at once take fire1 and load him with reproach ,and bitter sarcasm2 'till at length1 well fed1 ,and having drunk my fill1 ,i stagger home4 ,no nimble link-boy guides my giddy steps1 ,but through the palpable obscure1 ,i grope ,my uncouth way2 and if by chance ,i meet1 ,in their nocturnal rounds1 the watch1 ,i hail them ,with soft and gentle speech2 then thank the gods ,that ,i've escaped so well1 nor felt the weight ,of their hard fists1 or their still harder staves4 ,at length1 unhurt1 ,i find myself at home1 ,and creep to my poor bed1 where gentle sleep1 ,and pleasant dreams1 inspired by generous wine1 ,lock up my senses4--,,anon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,diphilus4 7,book vi4 #bi1 p4 #cgb47 ,when ,i'm invited to a great man's board1 ,i do not feast my eyes by looking at ,the costly hangings1 painted ceiling1 or ,the rich ,corinthian vases1 but survey1 ,and watch with curious eye1 the curling smoke ,that rises from the kitchen4 ,if it comes ,in a strong current1 straight1 direct1 and full1 ,i chuckle at the sight1 and shake myself ,for very joy2 but if1 oblique and small1 ,it rises slowly in a scanty volume1 ,i then exclaim1 ,sad meagre fare for me6 ,a lenten supper1 and a bloodless meal4--,,anon4 ,the same4 ,makes some rich squire ,a banquet1 and am ,i among the guests8 ,mark me3 ,i cast no idle eye of observation ,on mouldings or on fretted roof3 ,i deign not ,with laudatory breath to ask1 if hands ,from ,corinth form'd and fashion'd the wine-coolers3 ,these trouble not my cap4--,i watch and note 7,and with most deep intensity of vision71 ,what smoke the cook sends up3 mounts it me full ,and with alacrity and perpendicular8 ,all joy and transport ,i3 ,i crow and clap ,my wings for very ecstasy of heart6 ,does it come sidelong1 making wayward angles1 ,embodied into no consistency8 ,i know the mournful signal well1 and straight ,prepare me for a bloodless feast of herbs4--,,mitchell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,eupolis4 7,book vi4 #cj1 p4 #cgc47 ,mark now1 and learn of me the thriving arts ,by which we parasites contrive to live3 ,fine rogues we are1 my friend1 7of that be sure17 ,and daintily we gull mankind4--,observe6 ,first ,i provide myself a nimble thing ,to be my page1 a varlet of all crafts2 ,next two new suits for feasts and gala-days1 ,which ,i promote by turns1 when ,i walk forth ,to sun myself upon the public square3 ,there1 if perchance ,i spy some rich dull knave1 ,straight ,i accost him1 do him reverence1 ,and1 saunt'ring up and down1 with idle chat ,hold him awhile in play2 at every word ,which his wise worship utters1 ,i stop short ,and bless myself for wonder2 if he ventures ,on some vile joke1 ,i blow it to the skies1 ,and hold my sides for laughter4--,then to supper1 ,with others of our brotherhood to mess ,in some night-cellar on our barley-cakes1 ,and club invention for the next day's shift4--,,cumberland4 ,the same4 ,of how we live1 a sketch ,i'll give1 ,if you'll attentive be2 ,of parasites1 7we're thieves by rights17 ,the flower and chief are we4 ,now first we've all a page at call1 ,of whom we're not the owners1 ,but who's a slave to some young brave1 ,whom we flatter to be donors4 ,two gala dresses each possesses1 ,and puts them on in turn2 ,as oft as he goes forth to see ,where he his meal can earn4 ,the ,forum ,i choose1 my nets to let loose1 ,it's there that ,i fish for my dinner2 ,the wealthy young fools ,i use as my tools1 ,like a jolly good harden'd old sinner4 ,whenever ,i see a fool suited for me1 ,in a trice at his side ,i appear1 ,and ne'er loose my hold1 till by feeding or gold1 ,he has paid for my wants rather dear4 ,if he chance aught to speak1 though stupid and weak1 ,straightway it is praised to the skies2 ,his wit ,i applaud1 treat him as my lord1 ,win his heart by a good set of lies4 ,ere comes our meal1 my way ,i feel1 ,my patron's mind ,i study3 ,and as each knows1 we choose all those ,whose brains are rather muddy4 ,we understand our host's command1 ,to make the table merry2 ,by witty jokes1 satiric pokes1 ,to aid the juicy berry4 ,if we're not able1 straight from the table ,we're sent1 elsewhere to dine2 ,you know poor ,acastor incurr'd this disaster1 ,by being too free o'er his wine4 ,a dreadful joke scarce from him broke1 ,when for the slave each roars1 ,to come and fetch th' unhappy wretch1 ,and turn him out of doors4 ,on him was put1 like any brute1 ,round his throat an iron necklace2 ,and he was handed1 to be branded1 ,to neus rough and reckless4--,l4 ,s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alexis4 7,book vi4 #ca1 p4 #cgd47 ,a4 ,there are two sorts of parasites2 the one ,of middle station1 like ourselves1 who are ,much noticed by the comic poets---- ,b4 ,ay1 ,but then the other sort1 say1 what of them8 ,a4 ,they are of higher rank1 and proud pretensions1 ,provincial governors1 who claim respect ,by sober and grave conduct2 and though sprung ,from th' very dregs o' th' people1 keep aloof1 ,affect authority and state and rule1 ,and pride themselves on manners more severe ,than others1 on whose beetling brow there sits ,an awful frown1 as if they would command ,at least a thousand talents--all their boast6 ,these ,nausinicus1 you have seen1 and judge ,my meaning rightly4 ,b4 ,i confess ,i do4 ,a4 ,yet they all move about one common centre2 ,their occupations and their ends the same1 ,the sole contention1 which shall flatter most4 ,but1 as in human life1 some are depress'd1 ,whilst others stand erect on ,fortune's wheel1 ,so fares it with these men2 while some are raised ,to splendid affluence1 and wallow in ,luxurious indolence1 their fellows starve1 ,or live on scraps1 and beg a scanty pittance1 ,to save their wretched lives4--,,anon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,timocles4 7,book vi4 #cb1 p4 #cgd47 ,think you that ,i can hear the parasite ,abused8 believe me1 no2 ,i know of none ,of greater worth1 more useful to the state4 ,whatever act is grateful to a friend1 ,who is more ready to stand forth than he8 ,are you in love1 he'll stretch a point to serve you4 ,whate'er you do1 he's ready at your call1 ,to aid and to assist1 as 'tis but just1 ,he thinks1 to do such grateful service for ,the patron who provides his daily meal4 ,and then he speaks so warmly of his friend6 ,you say for this he eats1 and drinks scot-free2 ,well1 and what then8 what hero or what god ,would disapprove a friend on such conditions8 ,but why thus linger out the day1 to prove ,that parasites are honour'd and esteem'd8 ,is't not enough1 they claim the same reward ,that crowns the victor at the ,olympic games1 ,to be supported at the public charge8 ,for wheresoe'er they diet at free cost1 ,that may be justly call'd the ,prytaneum4--,,anon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,antiphanes4 7,book vi4 #cc1 p4 #cge47 ,if duly weigh'd1 this will1 ,i think1 be found ,the parasite's true state and character1 ,the ready sharer of your life and fortunes4 ,it is against his nature to rejoice ,at the misfortunes of his friends--his wish ,is to see all successful1 and at ease2 ,he envies not the rich and the luxurious1 ,but kindly would partake of their excess1 ,and help them to enjoy their better fortune4 ,ever a steady and a candid friend1 ,not quarrelsome1 morose1 or petulant1 ,and knows to keep his passions in due bounds4 ,if you are cheerful1 he will laugh aloud2 ,be amorous1 be witty1 or what else ,shall suit your humour1 he will be so too1 ,and valiant1 if a dinner's the reward4--,,anon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,aristophon4 7,book vi4 #cd1 p4 #cgf47 ,if ,i'm at once forbid to eat or drink1 ,i'm a ,tithymallus or ,philippides4 ,if to drink water only1 ,i'm a frog-- ,to feed on leaves and vegetable diet1 ,i am at once a very caterpillar-- ,forbid the bath1 ,i quarrel not with filth-- ,to spend the winter in the open air1 ,i am a blackbird2 if to scorch all day1 ,and jest beneath the hot meridian sun1 ,then ,i become a grasshopper to please you2 ,if neither to anoint with fragrant oil1 ,or even to behold it4 ,i am dust-- ,to walk with naked feet at early dawn1 ,see me a crane2 but if forbid at night ,to rest myself and sleep1 ,i am transform'd ,at once to th' wakeful night owl4--,,anon4 ,the same4 ,so gaunt they seem1 that famine never made ,of lank ,philippides so mere a shade3 ,of salted tunny-fish their scanty dole2 ,their beverage1 like the frog's1 a standing pool1 ,with now and then a cabbage1 at the best ,the leavings of the caterpillar's feast3 ,no comb approaches their dishevell'd hair1 ,to rout the long establish'd myriads there2 ,on the bare ground their bed1 nor do they know ,a warmer coverlid than serves the crow3 ,flames the meridian sun without a cloud8 ,they bask like grasshoppers1 and chirp as loud3 ,with oil they never even feast their eyes2 ,the luxury of stockings they despise1 ,but bare-foot as the crane still march along1 ,all night in chorus with the screech-owl's song4--,,cumberland4 ,the same4 ,for famishment direct1 and empty fare1 ,i am your ,tithymallus1 your ,philippides1 ,close pictured to the life3 for water-drinking1 ,your very frog4 ,to fret1 and feed on leeks1 ,or other garden-stuff1 your caterpillar ,is a mere fool to me4 ,would ye have me abjure ,all cleansing1 all ablution8 ,i'm your man-- ,the loathsom'st scab alive--nay1 filth itself1 ,sheer1 genuine1 unsophisticated filth4 ,to brave the winter with his nipping cold1 ,a houseless tenant of the open air1 ,see in me all the ousel4 ,is't my business1 ,in sultry summer's dry and parched season1 ,to dare the stifling heat1 and prate the while ,mocking the noontide blaze8 ,i am at once ,the grasshopper3 to abhor the mother'd oil8 ,i am the very dust to lick it up ,and blind me to its use3 to walk a-mornings ,barefoot8 the crane3 to sleep no wink8 the bat4--,,bailey4 ,the same4 ,in bearing hunger and in eating nothing1 ,i can assure you1 you may reckon me ,a ,tithymallus or ,philippides2 ,in drinking water ,i'm a very frog2 ,in loving thyme and greens--a caterpillar2 ,in hating ,bagnios--a lump of dirt2 ,in living out of doors all winter-time-- ,a blackbird2 in enduring sultry heat1 ,and chattering at noon--a grasshopper2 ,in neither using oil1 nor seeing it-- ,a cloud of dust2 in walking up and down ,bare-footed at the dawn of day--a crane2 ,in sleeping not one single jot--a bat4--,,walsh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,eubulus4 7,book vi4 #ce1 p4 #cgf47 ,he that invented first the scheme of sponging ,on other men for dinner1 was a sage ,of thorough democratic principles4 ,but may the wretch who asks a friend or stranger ,to dine1 and then requests he'll pay his club1 ,be sent without a farthing into exile4--,,walsh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,diodorus ,,of ,,sinope4 7,book vi4 #cf1 p4 #cgg47 ,i wish to show how highly dignified ,this office of the parasite was held1 ,how sanction'd by the laws1 of origin ,clearly divine2 while other useful arts ,are but th' inventions of the human mind1 ,this stands preeminent the gift of gods1 ,for ,jupiter the friend first practised it4 ,whatever door was open to receive him1 ,without distinction1 whether rich or poor1 ,he enter'd without bidding2 if he saw ,the couch well spread1 the table well supplied1 ,it was enough1 he ate and drank his fill1 ,and then retired well satisfied1 but paid ,no reckoning to his host4 ,just so do ,i4 ,if the door opens1 and the board is spread1 ,i step me in1 though an unbidden guest1 ,sit down with silent caution1 and take care ,to give no trouble to the friend that's near me2 ,when ,i have eat1 and fill'd my skin with wine1 ,like ,jupiter the friend1 ,i take my leave4 ,thus was the office fair and honourable1 ,as you will freely own1 by what succeeds4 ,our city1 which was ever used to pay ,both worship and respect to ,hercules1 ,when sacrifices were to be prepared1 ,chose certain parasites t' officiate1 ,in honour of the god1 but did not make ,this choice by lot1 nor take the first that offer'd1 ,but from the higher ranks1 and most esteem'd ,of all the citizens1 they fix'd on twelve1 ,of life and manners irreproachable1 ,selected for this purpose4 ,thus at length ,the rich1 in imitation of these rites1 ,adopted the same custom1 chose them out ,from th' herd of parasites1 such as would suit ,their purpose best1 to nourish and protect4 ,unluckily1 they did not fix upon ,the best and most respectable1 but on ,such wretches as would grossly flatter them1 ,ready to say or swear to anything2 ,and should their patrons puff their fetid breath1 ,tainted with onions1 or stale horseradish1 ,full in their faces1 they would call't a breeze ,from new-born violets1 or sweet-scented roses2 ,and if still fouler air came from them1 'twas ,a most delicious perfume1 and inquiries ,from whence it was procured4--,such practices ,have brought disgrace upon the name and office1 ,and what was honest and respectable ,is now become disgraceful and ignoble4--,,anon4 ,the same4 ,i'd have you better know this trade of ours3 ',tis a profession1 sirs1 to ravish admiration3 ,its nursing-father is the ,law2 its birth ,derives from heaven4 ,all other trades bear stamp ,of frail humanity upon them1 mix'd1 ,i grant1 with show of wisdom--but your parasite ,is sprung from ,jove3 and tell me1 who in heaven ,is ,jove's compeer8 ',tis he that under name ,of ,philian1 enters ev'ry mansion--own it ,who will1 gentle or simple1 prince or artisan3 ,be't room of state or poverty's mean hovel1 ,he stands upon no points3--the couch is spread1 ,the table furnish'd--on't a goodly show ,of tempting dishes3 what should he ask more8 ,he drops into a graceful attitude1 ,calls like a lord about him1 gorges greedily ,the daintiest dish1 washes it down with wine1 ,then bilks his club1 and quietly walks home4 ,i too am pieced with him in this respect1 ,and by the god my prudent course is fashion'd4 ,is there a gala-day1 and feast on foot1 ,with open door that offers invitation8 ,in walk ,i1 silence for my only usher3 ,i fall into a chair with sweet composure1 7,why should my neighbour's peace be marr'd by noise87 ,i dip my finger in whate'er's before me1 ,and having feasted ev'ry appetite ,up to a surfeit1 ,i walk home with purse ,untouch'd--hath not a god done so before me8--,,mitchell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,antiphanes4 7,book vi4 #ga1 p4 #djd47 ,a4 ,you say you've pass'd much of your time in ,cyprus4 ,b4 ,all2 for the war prevented my departure4 ,a4 ,in what place chiefly1 may ,i ask8 ,b4 ,in ,paphos2 ,where ,i saw elegance in such perfection1 ,as almost mocks belief4 ,a4 ,of what kind1 pray you8 ,b4 ,take this for one--,the monarch1 when he sups1 ,is fann'd by living doves4 ,a4 ,you make me curious ,how this is to be done2 all other questions ,i will put by to be resolved in this4 ,b4 ,there is a juice drawn from a ,syrian tree1 ,to which your dove instinctively is wedded ,with a most loving appetite2 with this ,the king anoints his temples1 and the odour ,no sooner captivates the silly birds1 ,than straight they flutter round him1 nay1 would fly ,a bolder pitch1 so strong a love-charm draws them1 ,and perch1 ,o horror6 on his sacred crown1 ,if that such profanation were permitted ,of the bystanders1 who1 with reverend care1 ,fright them away1 till thus1 retreating now1 ,and now advancing1 they keep such a coil ,with their broad vans1 and beat the lazy air ,into so quick a stir1 that in the conflict ,his royal lungs are comfortably cool'd1 ,and thus he sups as ,paphian monarchs should4--,,cumberland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alexis4 7,book vi4 #gb1 p4 #dje47 ,i sigh'd for ease1 and1 weary of my lot1 ,wish'd to exchange it3 in this mood ,i stroll'd ,up to the citadel three several days2 ,and there ,i found a bevy of preceptors ,for my new system1 thirty in a group2 ,all with one voice prepared to tutor me-- ,eat1 drink1 and revel in the joys of love6 ,for pleasure is the wise man's sovereign good4--,,cumberland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,antiphanes4 7,book vi4 #gc1 p4 #dje2 #cc1 p4 #cge2 and #ce1 p4 #cgf47 ,what art1 vocation1 trade or mystery1 ,can match with your fine ,parasite8--,the ,painter8 ,he6 a mere dauber3 a vile drudge the ,farmer3 ,their business is to labour1 ours to laugh1 ,to jeer1 to quibble1 faith1 ,sirs6 and to drink1 ,aye1 and to drink lustily4 ,is not this rare8 ',tis life1 my life at least3 the first of pleasures ,were to be rich myself2 but next to this ,i hold it best to be a ,parasite1 ,and feed upon the rich4 ,now mark me right6 ,set down my virtues one by one3 ,imprimis4 ,good-will to all men--would they were all rich1 ,so might ,i gull them all3 malice to none2 ,i envy no man's fortune1 all ,i wish ,is but to share it3 would you have a friend1 ,a gallant steady friend8 ,i am your man3 ,no striker ,i1 no swaggerer1 no defamer1 ,but one to bear all these and still forbear3 ,if you insult1 ,i laugh1 unruffled1 merry1 ,invincibly good-humour'd still ,i laugh3 ,a stout good soldier ,i1 valorous to a fault1 ,when once my stomach's up and supper served3 ,you know my humour1 not one spark of pride1 ,such and the same for ever to my friends3 ,if cudgell'd1 molten iron to the hammer ,is not so malleable2 but if ,i cudgel1 ,bold as the thunder3 is one to be blinded8 ,i am the lightning's flash3 to be puff'd up8 ,i am the wind to blow him to the bursting3 ,choked1 strangled8 ,i can do 't and save a halter3 ,would you break down his doors8 behold an earthquake3 ,open and enter them8 a battering-ram3 ,will you sit down to supper8 ,i'm your guest1 ,your very ,fly to enter without bidding3 ,would you move off8 you'll move a well as soon3 ,i'm for all work1 and though the job were stabbing1 ,betraying1 false-accusing1 only say1 ,do this6 and it is done3 ,i stick at nothing2 ,they call me ,thunder-bolt for my despatch2 ,friend of my friends am ,i3 let actions speak me2 ,i'm much too modest to commend myself4--,,cumberland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pherecrates4 7,book vi4 #if1 #ig1 pp4 #dbc1 #dbd47 ,the days of ,plutus were the days of gold2 ,the season of high feeding1 and good cheer3 ,rivers of goodly beef and brewis ran ,boiling and bubbling through the streaming streets1 ,with islands of fat dumplings1 cut in sops ,and slippery gobbets1 moulded into mouthfuls1 ,that dead men might have swallow'd2 floating tripes1 ,and fleets of sausages1 in luscious morsels1 ,stuck to the banks like oysters3 here and there1 ,for relishers1 a salt-fish season'd high ,swam down the savoury tide3 when soon behold6 ,the portly gammon1 sailing in full state ,upon his smoking platter1 heaves in sight1 ,encompass'd with his bandoliers like guards1 ,and convoy'd by huge bowls of frumenty1 ,that with their generous odours scent the air4 --,you stagger me to tell of these good days1 ,and yet to live with us on our hard fare1 ,when death's a deed as easy as to drink4 ,if your mouth waters now1 what had it done1 ,could you have seen our delicate fine thrushes ,hot from the spit1 with myrtle-berries cramm'd1 ,and larded well with celandine and parsley1 ,bob at your hungry lips1 crying--,come eat me6 ,nor was this all2 for pendent over-head ,the fairest choicest fruits in clusters hung2 ,girls too1 young girls just budding into bloom1 ,clad in transparent vests1 stood near at hand ,to serve us with fresh roses1 and full cups ,of rich and fragrant wine1 of which one glass ,no sooner was despatch'd1 than straight behold6 ,two goblets1 fresh and sparkling as the first1 ,provoked us to repeat the increasing draught4 ,away then with your ploughs1 we need them not1 ,your scythes1 your sickles1 and your pruning-hooks6 ,away with all your trumpery at once6 ,seed-time and harvest-home and vintage wakes-- ,your holidays are nothing worth to us4 ,our rivers roll with luxury1 our vats ,o'erflow with nectar1 which providing ,jove ,showers down by cataracts2 the very gutters ,from our house-tops spout wine1 vast forests wave1 ,whose very leaves drop fatness1 smoking viands ,like mountains rise4--,all nature's one great feast4--,,cumberland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,philemon4 7,book vii4 #cb1 p4 #dec47 ,how strong is my desire 'fore earth and heaven1 ,to tell how daintily ,i cook'd his dinner ',gainst his return6 ,by all ,athena's owls6 ',tis no unpleasant thing to hit the mark ,on all occasions4 ,what a fish had ,i-- ,and ah6 how nicely fried6 ,not all bedevill'd ,with cheese1 or brown'd atop1 but though well done1 ,looking alive1 in its rare beauty dress'd4 ,with skill so exquisite the fire ,i temper'd1 ,it seem'd a joke to say that it was cook'd4 ,and then1 just fancy now you see a hen ,gobbling a morsel much too big to swallow2 ,with bill uplifted round and round she runs ,half-choking2 while the rest are at her heels ,clucking for shares4 ,just so 'twas with my soldiers2 ,the first who touch'd the dish upstarted he ,whirling round in a circle like the hen1 ,eating and running2 but his jolly comrades1 ,each a fish worshipper1 soon join'd the dance1 ,laughing and shouting1 snatching some a bit1 ,some missing1 till like smoke the whole had vanish'd4 ,yet were they merely mud-fed river dabs3 ,but had some splendid scaros graced my pan1 ,or ,attic glaucisk1 or1 ,o saviour ,zeus6 ,kapros from ,argos1 or the conger-eel1 ,which old ,poseidon exports to ,olympus1 ,to be the food of gods1 why then my guests ,had rivall'd those above4 ,i have1 in fact1 ,the power to lavish immortality ,on whom ,i please1 or1 by my potent art1 ,to raise the dead1 if they but snuff my dishes6--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hegesippus4 7,book vii4 #cf1 p4 #dee47 ,a4 ,i know it1 my good friend1 much has been said1 ,and many books been written1 on the art ,of cookery2 but tell me something new1 ,something above the common1 nor disturb ,my brain with what ,i've heard so oft before4 ,b4 ,peace1 and attend1 you shall be satisfied-- ,for ,i have raised myself1 by due degrees1 ,to the perfection of the art2 nor have ,i pass'd the last two years1 since ,i have worn ,the apron1 with so little profit1 but ,have given my mind to study all its parts1 ,t' apply that knowledge to its proper use2 ,so as to mark the different sorts of herbs2 ,by proper seas'ning1 to give fish the best ,and highest relish2 and of lentils too1 ,to note the several sorts4 ,but to the point3 ,when ,i am call'd to serve a funeral supper1 ,the mourners just return'd1 silent and sad1 ,clothed in funereal habits--,i but raise ,the cover of my pot1 and every face ,assumes a smile1 the tears are wash'd away2 ,charm'd with the grateful flavour1 they believe ,they are invited to a wedding feast---- ,a4 ,what1 and give such effect1 from a poor dish ,of miserable fish1 and lentils8---- ,b4 ,ay2 ,but this the prelude only1 not worth noting2 ,let me but have the necessary means1 ,a kitchen amply stored1 and you shall see1 ,that1 like enchantment1 ,i will spread around ,a charm as powerful as the siren's voice2 ,that not a creature shall have power to move ,beyond the circle1 forcibly detain'd ,by the delicious odour2 and should one ,attempt to draw yet nearer1 he will stand ,fix'd like a statue1 with his mouth wide open1 ,inhaling with each breeze the precious steam1 ,silent and motionless2 till some good friend1 ,in pity to his fate1 shall stop his nostrils1 ,and drag him thence by force---- ,a4 ,you are indeed ,a master of the art---- ,b4 ,you know not yet ,the worth of him you speak to--look on those ,whom you see seated round1 not one of them ,but would his fortune risk to make me his4--,,anon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,diphilus4 7,book vii4 #ci1 p4 #deh47 ',tis not my custom to engage myself1 ,till first ,i know how ,i'm to be employ'd1 ,and whether plenty is to crown the board4 ,i first inquire by whom the feast is given1 ,who are the guests1 and what the kind of fare2 ,for you must know ,i keep a register ,of different ranks1 that ,i may judge at once ,whom to refuse1 and where to offer service4 ,for instance now1 with the seafaring tribe4 ,a captain just escaped from the rough sea1 ,who1 fearing shipwreck1 cut away his mast1 ,unshipp'd his rudder1 or was forced to throw ,part of his loading overboard1 now comes ,to sacrifice on his arrival2 him ,i cautiously avoid3 and reason good2 ,no credit can be gain'd by serving him1 ,for he does nothing for the sake of pleasure1 ,but merely to comply with custom2 then ,his habits are so economical1 ,he calculates beforehand the expense4 ,and makes a nice division of the whole ,between himself and his ship's company1 ,so that each person eats but of his own4 ,another1 just three days arrived in port1 ,without or wounded mast or shatter'd sail1 ,with a rich cargo from ,byzantium2 ,he reckons on his ten or twelve per cent4 ,clear profit of adventure1 is all joy1 ,all life1 all spirits1 chuckles o'er his gain1 ,and looks abroad1 like a true sailor1 for ,some kind and tender-hearted wench1 to share ,his happy fortunes1 and is soon supplied ,by the vile pimps that ply about the port4 ,this is the man for me2 him ,i accost1 ,hang on his steps1 and whisper in his ear1 ,jove the preserver1 nor withdraw my suit1 ,till he has fairly fix'd me in his service4 ,this is my practice4--,if ,i see some youth ,up to the ears in love1 who spends his time ,in prodigality and wild expense1 ,him ,i make sure of4--,but the cautious man1 ,who calls a meeting at a joint expense1 ,collects the symbols1 and deposits them ,safe in his earthen pot2 he may call loud1 ,and pull my robe1 he'll not be heard1 ,i pay ,no heed to such mean wretches1 for no gain ,but blows can be obtain'd by serving them2 ,though you work hard to please them night and day1 ,if you presume to ask such fellow for ,the wages you have earn'd1 he frowns1 and cries1 ,bring me the pot1 you varlet2 then bawls out1 ,the lentils wanted vinegar2--again ,demand your money1 ,wretch1 he loudly cries1 ,be silent1 or ,i'll make you an example ,for future cooks to mend their manners by4 ,more ,i could tell1 but ,i have said enough4 ,b4 ,you need not fear the service ,i require1 ',tis for a set of free and easy girls1 ,who live hard by1 and wish to celebrate ,gaily the feast of their beloved ,adonis4 ,she who invites is a right merry lass1 ,and nothing will be spared3 therefore be quick1 ,tuck up your robe1 and come away with me4--,,anon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alexis4 7,book viii4 #ae1 p4 #ecb47 ,talk not to me of schools and trim academies1 ,of music or sage meetings held at ,pylus-- ,i'll hear no more of them3 mere sugar'd words ,which melt as you pronounce them4 ,fill your cup ,and pledge your neighbour in a flowing bumper4 ,this sums my doctrine whole3 cocker your genius-- ,feast it with high delights1 and mark it be not ,too sad--,i know no pleasure but the belly2 ',tis kin1 'tis genealogy to me3 ,i own no other sire nor lady-mother4 ,for virtue--'tis a cheat3 your embassies-- ,mere toys3 office and army sway--boy's rattles4 ,they are a sound--a dream--an empty bubble2 ,our fated day is fix'd1 and who may cheat it8 ,nought rests in perpetuity2 nor may we ,call aught our own1 save what the belly gives ,a local habitation3 for the rest-- ,what's ,codrus8 dust4 ,what ,pericles8 a clod4 ,and noble ,cymon8--tut1 my feet walk over him4--,,mitchell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,machon4 7,book viii4 #bf1 p4 #ech47 ,of all fish-eaters ,none sure excell'd the lyric bard ,philoxenus4 ',twas a prodigious twist6 ,at ,syracuse ,fate threw him on the fish call'd ,many-feet4 ,he purchased it and drest it2 and the whole1 ,bate me the head1 form'd but a single swallow4 ,a crudity ensued--the doctor came1 ,and the first glance inform'd him things went wrong4 ,and ,friend1 quoth he1 if thou hast aught to set ,in order1 to it straight2--pass but seven hours1 ,and thou and life must take a long farewell4 ,i've nought to do1 replied the bard3 all's right ,and tight about me--nothing's in confusion-- ,thanks to the gods6 ,i leave a stock behind me ,of healthy dithyrambics1 fully form'd1 ,a credit to their years2--not one among them ,without a graceful chaplet on his head3-- ,these to the ,muses' keeping ,i bequeath1 7,we long were fellow-nurslings17 and with them ,be ,bacchus and fair ,venus in commission4-- ,thus far1 ,sir1 for my testament3--for respite1 ,i look not for it1 mark1 at ,charon's hand1 7,take me1 ,i would be understood to mean ,timotheus' ,charon1--him in the ,niobe37 ,i hear his voice this moment--,hip6 halloo6 ,to ship1 to ship1 he cries3 the swarthy ,destinies 7,and who must not attend their solemn bidding87 ,unite their voices4--,i were loth1 howe'er1 ,to troop with less than all my gear about me2-- ,good doctor1 be my helper then to what ,remains of that same blessed ,many-feet6--,,mitchell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ph,,nix4 7,book viii4 #ei1 p4 #eff47 ,lords and ladies1 for your ear1 ,we have a petitioner4 ,name and lineage would you know8-- ',tis ,apollo's child1 the crow2 ,waiting till your hands dispense ,gift of barley1 bread or pence4 ,be it but a lump of salt2 ,his is not the mouth to halt4 ,nought that's proffer'd he denies2 ,long experience makes him wise4 ,who to-day gives salt1 he knows1 ,next day fig or honey throws4-- ,open1 open gate and door3 ,mark6 the moment we implore1 ,comes the daughter of the squire1 ,with such figs as wake desire4-- ,maiden1 for this favour done ,may thy fortunes1 as they run1 ,ever brighten--be thy spouse ,rich and of a noble house2 ,may thy sire in aged ease ,nurse a boy who calls thee mother3 ,and his grandam on her knees ,rock a girl who calls him brother2-- ,kept as bride in reservation ,for some favour'd near relation4-- ,but enough now3 ,i must tread ,where my feet and eyes are led2 ,dropping at each door a strain1 ,let me lose my suit or gain4 ,then search1 worthy gentles1 the cupboard's close nook3 ,to the lord1 and still more to the lady we look3 ,custom warrants the suit--let it still then bear sway2 ,and your crow1 as in duty most bounden1 shall pray4--,,mitchell4 ,the same4 ,good people1 a handful of barley bestow ,on the bearers about of the sable crow-- ,apollo's daughter she-- ,but if the barley-heap wax low1 ,still kindly let your bounty flow1 ,and of the yellow grains that grow ,on the wheaten stalk be free4 ,or a well-kneaded loaf or an obolos give1 ,or what you will1 for the crow must live4 ,if the gods have been bountiful to you to-day1 ,oh1 say not to her for whom we sing1 ,say not1 we implore you1 nay1 ,to the bird of the cloudy wing4 ,a grain of salt will please her well1 ,and whoso this day that bestows1 ,may next day give 7for who can tell87 ,a comb from which the honey flows4 ,but come1 come1 what need we say more8 ,open the door1 boy1 open the door1 ,for ,plutus has heard our prayers4 ,and see1 through the porch1 a damsel1 as sweet ,as the winds that play round the flowery feet ,of ,ida1 comes the crow to meet1 ,and a basket of figs she bears4 ,oh1 may this maiden happy be1 ,and from care and sorrow free2 ,let her all good fortune find1 ,and a husband rich and kind4 ,and when her parents have grown old1 ,let her in her father's arms ,place a boy as fair as she1 ,with the ringlets all of gold1 ,and1 upon her mother's knee1 ,a maiden deck'd with all her charms4 ,but ,i from house to house must go1 ,and wherever my eyes by my feet are borne1 ,to the muse at night and morn ,for those who do or don't bestow1 ,the mellow words of song shall flow4 ,come then1 good folks1 your plenty share2 ,o give1 my prince6 and maiden fair1 ,be bountiful to-day4 ,sooth1 custom bids ye all to throw ,whole handfulls to the begging crow2 ,at least give something2 say not1 ,no1 ,and we will go our way4--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cleobulus4 7,book viii4 #fj1 p4 #efg47 ,the swallow is come1 and with her brings ,a year with plenty overflowing2 ,freely its rich gifts bestowing1 ,the loveliest of lovely springs4 ,she is come1 she is come1 ,to her sunny home2 ,and white is her breast as a beam of light1 ,but her back and her wings are as black as night4 ,then bring forth your store1 ,bring it out to the door1 ,a mass of figs1 or a stoop of wine1 ,cheese1 or meal1 or what you will1 ,whate'er it be we'll not take it ill3 ,even an egg will not come amiss1 ,for the swallow's not nice ,when she wishes to dine4 ,come1 what shall we have8 ,say1 what shall it be8 ,for we will not go1 ,though time doth flee1 ,till thou answerest ,yes1 or answerest ,no4 ,but if thou art churlish we'll break down the gate1 ,and thy pretty wife we'll bear away2 ,she is small1 and of no great weight4 ,open1 open1 then we say4 ,not old men1 but boys are we1 ,and the swallow says1 ,open to me4--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 ,the same4 ,the swallow1 the swallow has burst on the sight1 ,he brings us gay seasons of vernal delight2 ,his back it is sable1 his belly is white4 ,can your pantry nought spare1 ,that his palate may please1 ,a fig--or a pear-- ,or a slice of rich cheese8 ,mark1 he bars all delay3 ,at a word1 my friend1 say1 ,is it yes1--is it nay8 ,do we go8--do we stay8-- ,one gift and we're gone3 ,refuse1 and anon ,on your gate and your door ,all our fury we pour4 ,or our strength shall be tried ,on your sweet little bride3 ,from her seat we will tear her2 ,from her home we will bear her3 ,she is light1 and will ask ,but small hands to the task4-- ,let your bounty then lift ,a small aid to our mirth2 ,and whatever the gift1 ,let its size speak its worth4 ,the swallow1 the swallow ,upon you doth wait3 ,an almsman and suppliant ,he stands at your gate3 ,set open1 set open ,your gate and your door2 ,neither giants nor grey-beards1-- ,we your bounty implore4--,,mitchell4 ,the same4 ,the swallow's come1 winging ,his way to us here6 ,fair hours is he bringing1 ,and a happy new year6 ,white and black ,are his belly and back4 ,give him welcome once more1 ,with figs from your store1 ,with wine in its flasket1 ,and cheese in its basket1 ,and eggs1--ay1 and wheat if we ask it4 ,shall we go or receive8 yes1 we'll go1 if you'll give2 ,but1 if you refuse us1 we never will leave4 ,we'll tear up the door1 ,and the lintel and floor2 ,and your wife1 if you still demur-- ,she is little and light--we will come to-night ,and run away e'en with her4 ,but if you will grant ,the presents we want1 ,great good shall come of it1 ,and plenty of profit6 ,come1 throw open free ,your doors to the swallow6 ,your children are we1 ,not old beggars1 who follow4--,e4 ,b4 ,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,euphron4 7,book ix4 #ba1 p4 #eie47 ,carian6 time well thy ambidextrous part1 ,nor always filch4 ,it was but yesterday1 ,blundering1 they nearly caught thee in the fact2 ,none of thy balls had livers1 and the guests1 ,in horror1 pierced their airy emptiness4 ,not even the brains were there1 thou brainless hound6 ,if thou art hired among the middling class1 ,who pay thee freely1 be thou honourable6 ,but for this day1 where now we go to cook1 ,e'en cut the master's throat for all ,i care2 ,a word to th' wise1 and show thyself my scholar6 ,there thou may'st filch and revel2 all may yield ,some secret profit to thy sharking hand4 ',tis an old miser gives a sordid dinner1 ,and weeps o'er every sparing dish at table2 ,then if ,i do not find thou dost devour ,all thou canst touch1 e'en to the very coals1 ,i will disown thee6 ,lo6 old ,skin-flint comes2 ,in his dry eyes what parsimony stares6--,d',,israeli4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sosipater4 7,book ix4 #bb1 p4 #eie47 ,a4 ,if you consider well1 my ,demylus1 ,our art is neither low nor despicable2 ,but since each rude and untaught blockhead dares ,present himself as cook profess'd1 the art ,has sunk in estimation1 nor is held ,in that respect and honour as of old4-- ,imagine to yourself a cook indeed1 ,versed from his infancy in all the arts ,and mysteries of his trade2 a person1 too1 ,of shining talents1 well instructed in ,the theory and practice of his art2 ,from such a one you will be taught to prize ,and value as you ought1 this first of arts4 ,there are but three of any character ,now living3 ,boidion is one1 and then ,chariades1 and1 to crown all1 myself2 ,the rest1 depend upon it1 are beneath ,your notice4 ,b4 ,how is that8 ,a4 ,believe me1 truth2 ,we three are the supporters of the school ,of ,sicyon2 he1 indeed1 was prince of cooks1 ,and as a skill'd professor1 taught us first ,the motion of the stars1 and the whole scheme ,and science of astrology2 he then ,inform'd us of the rules of architecture1 ,and next instructed us in physics1 and ,the laws of motion1 and th' inventions rare ,of natural philosophy2 this done1 ,he lectured in the military art4 ,having obtain'd this previous knowledge1 he ,began to lead us to the elements ,of cookery4 ,b4 ,can what you say be truth1 ,or do you jest8 ,a4 ,most certainly 'tis true2 ,and while the boy is absent at the market1 ,i will just touch upon the subject1 which1 ,as time shall serve hereafter1 we may treat ,more largely at our ease4 ,b4 ,apollo1 lend ,thy kind assistance1 for ,i've much to hear4 ,a4 ,first1 then1 a perfect and accomplish'd cook ,should be well skill'd in meteorology2 ,should know the motions of the stars1 both when ,they rise1 and when again they set2 and how ,the planets move within their several orbits2 ,of the sun's course1 when he prolongs the day1 ,or sets at early hour1 and brings in night2 ,his place i' the ,zodiac2 for as these revolve ,all aliments are savour'd1 or to please ,and gratify the taste1 or to offend ,and pall the appetite3 he who knows this ,has but to mind the season of the year1 ,and he may decorate his table with ,the choicest viands1 of the highest relish4 ,but he who1 ignorant of this1 pretends ,to give directions for a feast1 must fail4 ,perhaps it may excite your wonder1 how ,the rules of architecture should improve ,the art of cookery8 ,b4 ,i own it does4 ,a4 ,i will convince you1 then4 ,you must agree1 ,that 'tis a most important point to have ,the chimney fix'd just in its proper place2 ,that light be well diffused throughout the kitchen2 ,that you may see how the wind blows1 and how ,the smoke inclines1 which1 as it leans to this ,or t' other quarter1 a good cook knows well ,to take advantage of the circumstance1 ,and make it favourable to his art4 ,then military tactics have their use2 ,and this the learn'd professor knows1 and like ,a prudent general1 marshals out his force ,in proper files1 for order governs all2 ,he sees each dish arranged upon the board ,with due decorum1 in its proper place1 ,and borne from thence in the same order1 too2 ,no hurry1 no confusion2 his quick eye ,discovers at a glance if all is right2 ,knows how to suit the taste of every guest1 ,if such a dish should quickly be removed1 ,and such another occupy its place4 ,to one serves up his food quite smoking hot1 ,and to another moderately warm1 ,then to a third quite cold1 but all in order1 ,and at the moment1 as he gives the word4 ,this knowledge is derived1 as you perceive1 ,from strict attention to the rules of art ,and martial discipline4--,would you know more8 ,b4 ,i am quite satisfied1 and so farewell4--,,anon4 ,the same4 ,such lore1 he said1 was requisite ,for him who thought beside his spit2 ,and undeterr'd by noise or heat1 ,could calmly con each new receipt3 ,star knowledge first1 for meats are found ,with rolling months to go the round2 ,and1 as the sunshine's short or long1 ,yield flavours exquisite or strong3 ,fishes1 'tis known1 as seasons vary1 ,are delicate1 or quite 'contrary2' ,the tribes of air1 like those of fin1 ,change with each sign the sun goes in3 ,so that who only knows what cheer1 ,not when to buy's no cook1 'tis clear4 ,a cook who would his kitchen show1 ,must also architecture know2 ,and see1 howe'er it blows without1 ,his fire1 like ,vesta's1 ne'er goes out2 ,nor soot unsightly smudge the dish1 ,and spoil the vol au vent1 or fish4 ,nor only to the chimney looks ,our true ,mageiros1 king of cooks2 ,beside the chimney1 that his eye ,may clearly view the day's supply1 ,he opes his window1 in that spot ,where ,sol peeps in1 to show what's what3 ,the range1 the dresser1 ceiling1 floor1 ,what cupboard1 shelves1 and where the door ,are his to plan2 and if he be ,the man ,i mean1 to each he'll see4 ,lastly1 to marshal in array ,the long-drawn line of man and tray3 ,the light-arm'd first1 who nimbly bear ,their glittering lances through the air2 ,and then the hoplitic troop to goad1 ,who bend beneath their chargers' load1 ,and1 empty dishes ta'en away1 ,place solid flank for new assay2 ,while heavy tables creak and groan ,under the 4 ,all this demands such skill1 as wields ,the veteran chief of hard-won fields6 ,who rules the roast might rule the seas1 ,or baste his foes with equal ease2 ,and cooks who're equal to a rout1 ,might take a town1 or storm redout4--,w4 ,j4 ,b4 ,the same4 ,cook4 ,our art is not entirely despicable1 ,if you examine it1 good ,demylus2 ,but the pursuit has been run down1 and all ,almost1 however stupid1 say they're cooks2 ,and by such cheats as these the art is ruin'd4 ,for1 if you take a veritable cook1 ,well brought up to his business from a boy1 ,and skilful in the properties of things1 ,and knowing all the usual sciences2 ,then the affair will seem quite different4 ,we are the only three remaining ones-- ,chariades1 and ,bdion1 and ,i4 ,a fico for the rest6 ,gent4 ,what's that you say8 ,cook4 ,what1 ,i8 ',tis we that keep up ,sicon's school1 ,who was the head and founder of the art4 ,he used to teach us first of all astronomy2 ,next after that directly1 architecture2 ,confining all he said to natural science4 ,then1 to conclude1 he lectured upon tactics4 ,all this he made us learn before the art4 ,gent4 ,dear sir1 d'ye mean to worry me to death8 ,cook4 ,no2 while the slave is coming back from market1 ,i'll rouse your curiosity a little ,upon the subject1 that we thus may seize ,this most convenient time for conversation4 ,gent4 ,by ,phbus1 but you'll find it a hard matter6 ,cook4 ,listen1 good sir4 ,firstly1 the cook must know ,astronomy1--the settings and the risings ,of all the stars1 and when the sun comes back ,both to the longest and the shortest day1 ,and through what constellations he is passing4 ,for nearly every kind of meat and food ,deceives1 they say1 a varying gout within it ,during the revolution of the system4 ,so he that knows all this1 will see the season1 ,and use each article just as he ought2 ,but he that does not1 will be justly thump'd4 ,again1 perhaps1 you wonder as to architecture1 ,how it can aid the art of cookery8 ,gent4 ,i know it4 ',tis most strange4 ,cook4 ,yet ,i'll explain it4 ,to plan the kitchen rightly and receive ,as much light as you want1 and see from whence ,the draught is1 does good service in the business4 ,the driving of the smoke1 now here1 now there1 ,makes a material difference when you're boiling4 ,why should ,i1 then1 go on to prove that tactics ,are needful to the ,cook8 ,good order's good ,in every station and in every art2 ,in ours1 it almost is the leading point4 ,the serving up1 and the removing all things ,in order1 and the seeing when's the time ,either to introduce them quick or slowly1 ,and how the guests may feel inclined for eating1 ,and1 as regards the dishes too1 themselves1 ,when is the proper time to serve some hot1 ,some warm1 some cooling1 some completely cold1 ,is all discuss'd in the ,tactician's science4 ,gent4 ,then1 as you've pointed out to me what's needful1 ,go1 get you gone1 and rest yourself a bit4--,,anon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alexis4 7,book ix4 #bc1 p4 #eif47 ,a4 ,you surely must confess that1 in most arts1 ,the pleasure that results from the perfection ,is not enjoy'd by him alone1 whose mind ,the rich invention plann'd1 or by whose hands ',tis fashion'd into shape2 but they who use it ,perhaps partake a larger portion still4 ,b4 ,as ,i'm a stranger1 pray inform me how8 ,a4 ,for instance1 to prepare a sumptuous feast1 ,we must provide a tolerable cook2 ,his work once done1 his function's at an end4 ,then1 if the guests for whom it is prepared ,come at the proper moment1 all is well1 ,and they enjoy a most delicious treat4 ,if they delay1 the dishes are all cold1 ,and must be warm'd again2 or what has been ,kept back1 is now too hastily despatch'd1 ,and is served up ill dress'd1 defrauding thus ,the act itself of its due merit4--,,anon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,euphron4 7,book ix4 #bd1 p4 #eig47 ,i have had many pupils in my time1 ,but you1 my ,lycus1 far exceed them all ,in clear and solid sense1 and piercing judgment4 ,young as you are1 with only ten months' study1 ,i send you forth into the world1 a cook1 ,complete and perfect in the rules of art4 ,agis of ,rhodes alone knew how to broil ,a fish in due perfection2 ,nereus1 too1 ,of ,chios1 for stew'd congers had no equal2 ,for from his hands1 it was a dish for th' gods4 ,then for white thrion1 no one could exceed ,chariades of ,athens2 for black broth1 ,th' invention and perfection's justly due ,to ,lamprias alone2 while ,apontus ,was held unrivall'd for his sausages4 ,for lentils1 too1 ,euthynus beat the world2 ,and ,aristion above all the rest ,knew how to suit each guest1 with the same dish ,served up in various forms1 at those repasts ,where each man paid his share to deck the board4-- ,after the ancient ,sophists1 these alone ,were justly deem'd the seven wise men of ,greece4--,,anon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,strato4 7,book ix4 #bi1 p4 #fja47 ,i've harbour'd a he-sphinx and not a cook1 ,for1 by the gods6 he talk'd to me in riddles1 ,and coin'd new words that pose me to interpret4 ,no sooner had he enter'd on his office1 ,than eyeing me from head to foot1 he cries-- ,how many mortals hast thou bid to supper8 ,mortals6 quoth ,i1 what tell you me of mortals8 ,let ,jove decide on their mortality2 ,you're crazy sure6 none by that name are bidden4 ,no table usher8 no one to officiate ,as master of the courses8--,no such person2 ,moschion and ,niceratus and ,philinus1 ,these are my guests and friends1 and amongst these ,you'll find no table-decker1 as ,i take it4 ,gods6 is it possible8 cried he2--,most certain1 ,i patiently replied3 he swell'd and huff'd1 ,as if1 forsooth6 ,i'd done him heinous wrong1 ,and robb'd him of his proper dignity2 ,ridiculous conceit6--,what offering mak'st thou ,to ,erysichthon8 he demanded3 ,none-- ,shall not the wide-horn'd ox be fell'd8 cries he3 ,i sacrifice no ox--,nor yet a wether8 ,not ,i1 by ,jove6 a simple sheep perhaps3 ,and what's a wether but a sheep8 cries he4 ,i'm a plain man1 my friend1 and therefore speak ,plain language3--,what6 ,i speak as ,homer does2 ,and sure a cook may use like privilege ,and more than a blind poet4--,not with me2 ,i'll have no kitchen-,homers in my house6 ,so pray discharge yourself6--,this said1 we parted4--,,cumberland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,anthippus4 7,book ix4 #fh1 p4 #fcg47 ,i like to see the faces of my guests1 ,to feed them as their age and station claim4 ,my kitchen changes1 as my guests inspire ,the various spectacle2 for lovers now1 ,philosophers1 and now for financiers1 ,if my young royster be a mettled spark1 ,who melts an acre in a savoury dish ,to charm his mistress1 scuttle-fish and crabs1 ,and all the shelly race1 with mixture due ,of cordials filter'd1 exquisitely rich4 ,for such a host1 my friend6 expends much more ,in oil than cotton2 solely studying love6 ,to a philosopher1 that animal1 ,voracious1 solid ham and bulky feet2 ,but to the financier1 with costly niceness1 ,glociscus rare1 or rarity more rare4 ,insensible the palate of old age1 ,more difficult than the soft lips of youth ,to move1 ,i put much mustard in their dish2 ,with quickening sauces make their stupor keen1 ,and lash the lazy blood that creeps within4--,d',,israeli4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dionysius4 7,book ix4 #fi1 p4 #fch47 ,know then1 the ,cook1 a dinner that's bespoke ,aspiring to prepare1 with prescient zeal ,should know the tastes and humours of the guests2 ,for if he drudges through the common work1 ,thoughtless of manner1 careless what the place ,and seasons claim1 and what the favouring hour ,auspicious to his genius may present1 ,why1 standing 'midst the multitude of men1 ,call we this plodding fricasseer a ,cook8 ,oh1 differing far6 and one is not the other6 ,we call indeed the general of an army ,him who is charged to lead it to the war2 ,but the true general is the man whose mind1 ,mastering events1 anticipates1 combines2 ,else he is but a leader to his men6 ,with our profession thus3 the first who comes ,may with a humble toil1 or slice1 or chop1 ,prepare the ingredients1 and around the fire ,obsequious1 him ,i call a fricasseer6 ,but ah6 the cook a brighter glory crowns6 ,well skill'd is he to know the place1 the hour1 ,him who invites1 and him who is invited1 ,what fish in season makes the market rich1 ,a choice delicious rarity6 ,i know ,that all1 we always find2 but always all1 ,charms not the palate1 critically fine4 ,archestratus1 in culinary lore ,deep for his time1 in this more learned age ,is wanting2 and full oft he surely talks ,of what he never ate4 ,suspect his page1 ,nor load thy genius with a barren precept4 ,look not in books for what some idle sage ,so idly raved2 for cookery is an art ,comporting ill with rhetoric2 'tis an art ,still changing1 and of momentary triumph6 ,know on thyself thy genius must depend4 ,all books of cookery1 all helps of art1 ,all critic learning1 all commenting notes1 ,are vain1 if1 void of genius1 thou wouldst cook6 ,the culinary sage thus spoke2 his friend ,demands1 ,where is the ideal cook thou paint'st8 ,lo1 ,i the man6 the savouring sage replied4 ,now be thine eyes the witness of my art6 ,this tunny drest1 so odorous shall steam1 ,the spicy sweetness so shall steal thy sense1 ,that thou in a delicious reverie ,shalt slumber heavenly o'er the ,attic dish6--,d',,israeli4 ,the same4 ,a4 ,the wretch on whom you lavish so much praise1 ,i swear1 by all the gods1 but ill deserves it-- ,the true professor of the art should strive ,to gratify the taste of every guest2 ,for if he merely furnishes the table1 ,sees all the dishes properly disposed1 ,and thinks1 having done this1 he has discharged ,his office1 he's mistaken1 and deserves ,to be consider'd only as a drudge1 ,a kitchen-drudge1 without or art or skill1 ,and differs widely from a cook indeed1 ,a master of his trade4--,he bears the name ,of ,general1 'tis true1 who heads the army2 ,but he whose comprehensive mind surveys ,the whole1 who knows to turn each circumstance ,of time1 and place1 and action1 to advantage1-- ,foresees what difficulties may occur1 ,and how to conquer them1--this is the man ,who should be call'd the general2 the other ,the mere conductor of the troops1 no more3 ,so in our art it is an easy thing ,to boil1 to roast1 to stew1 to fricassee1 ,to blow the bellows1 or to stir the fire2 ,but a professor of the art regards ,the time1 the place1 th' inviter1 and the guest2 ,and when the market is well stored with fish1 ,knows to select1 and to prefer such only ,as are in proper season1 and1 in short1 ,omits no knowledge that may justly lead ,to the perfection of his art4 ',tis true1 ,archestratus has written on the subject1 ,and is allow'd by many to have left ,most choice receipts1 and rare inventions ,useful and pleasing2 yet in many things ,he was profoundly ignorant1 and speaks ,upon report1 without substantial proof ,or knowledge of his own4 ,we must not trust1 ,nor give our faith to loose conjectures thus2 ,for in our art we only can depend ,on actual practice and experiment4 ,having no fix'd and settled laws by which ,we may be govern'd1 we must frame our own1 ,as time and opportunity may serve1 ,which if we do not well improve1 the art ,itself must suffer by our negligence4 ,b4 ,you are indeed a most renown'd professor2 ,but still you have omitted to point out ,the properties of that most skilful cook ,who furnish'd splendid feasts with so much ease4 ,a4 ,give but the word1 and you shall see me dress ,a thrion in such style6 and other dainties ,to furnish out a full and rich repast1 ,that you may easily conceive the rest2 ,nay1 you will think yourself in ,attica1 ,from the sweet fragrance1 and delicious taste2 ,and then the whole so various1 and well-dress'd1 ,you shall be puzzled where to fix your choice1 ,from the stored viands of so rich a board4--,,anon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mnesimachus4 7,book x4 #ah1 p4 #ffc47 ,dost know whom thou'rt to sup with1 friend8--,i'll tell thee2 ,with gladiators1 not with peaceful guests2 ,instead of knives we're arm'd with naked swords1 ,and swallow firebrands in the place of food3 ,daggers of ,crete are served us for confections1 ,and for a plate of pease a fricassee ,of shatter'd spears3 the cushions we repose on ,are shields and breastplates1 at our feet a pile ,of slings and arrows1 and our foreheads wreath'd ,with military ensigns1 not with myrtle4--,,cumberland4 ,the same4 ,know'st thou with whom thou hast to deal8 ,on sharpen'd swords we make our meal2 ,the dripping torch1 snapdragon-wise1 ,our burning beverage supplies2 ,and ,cretic shafts1 as sweetmeats stored1 ,form the dessert upon our board1 ,with tid-bits of split javelin3 ,pillow'd on breastplates we recline2 ,strew'd at our feet are slings and bows1 ,and crown'd with catapults our brows4--,,wrangham4 ,the same4 ,herken my word3 wote thou1 leve brother min1 ,thou shulde in certaine thys daie wyth us din4 ,bright swerdes and eke browne our vittaile been2 ,torches we glot for sowle1 that fyerie bren4 ,eftsone the page doth sette upon our bord1 ,yfette fro ,crete1 kene arwes long and broad2 ,no fetches do we ete1 but speres shente1 ,that gadred ben fro blood ydrenched bente4 ,the silver targe1 and perced habergeon1 ,been that1 whan sonne is set1 we lig upon4 ,on bowes reste our fete whan that we slepe1 ,with katapultes crownde1 so heie hem clepe4--,w4 ,w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alc,,us4 7,book x4 #ce1 p4 #fgi47 ,to be bow'd by grief is folly2 ,nought is gain'd by melancholy2 ,better than the pain of thinking ,is to steep the sense in drinking4--,,bland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alexis4 7,book x4 #ga1 p4 #gji47 ,a4 ,a thing exists which nor immortal is1 ,nor mortal1 but to both belongs1 and lives ,as neither god nor man does4 ,every day ',tis born anew and dies4 ,no eye can see it1 ,and yet to all 'tis known4 ,b4 ,a plague upon you6 ,you bore me with your riddles4 ,a4 ,still1 all this ,is plain and easy4 ,b4 ,what then can it be8 ,a4 ,,sleep--that puts all our cares and pains to flight4 --,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 ,the same4 ,nor mortal fate1 nor yet immortal thine1 ,amalgam rare of human and divine2 ,still ever new thou comest1 soon again ,to vanish1 fleeting as the phantom train2 ,ever invisible to earthly eye1 ,yet known to each one most familiarly4--,f4 ,,metcalfe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,eubulus4 7,book x4 #ga1 p4 #gaj47 ,a4 ,what is it that1 while young1 is plump and heavy1 ,but1 being full grown1 is light1 and wingless mounts ,upon the courier winds1 and foils the sight8 ,b4 ,the ,,thistle',s ,,beard2 for this at first sticks fast ,to the green seed1 which1 ripe and dry1 falls off ,upon the cradling breeze1 or1 upwards puff'd ,by playful urchins1 sails along the air4--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,antiphanes4 7,book x4 #gc1 p4 #gaa47 ,there is a female which within her bosom ,carries her young1 that1 mute1 in fact1 yet speak1 ,and make their voice heard on the howling waves1 ,or wildest continent4 ,they will converse ,even with the absent1 and inform the deaf4--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 ,the same4 ,know'st thou the creature1 that a tiny brood ,within her bosom keeps securely mew'd8 ,though voiceless all1 beyond the ocean wide ,to distant realms their still small voices glide4 ,far1 far away1 whome'er t' address they seek ,will understand1 yet no one hears them speak4--,f4 ,,metcalfe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,theodectes4 7,book x4 #ge1 p4 #gac47 ,a thing whose match1 or in the depths profound ,of ocean1 or on earth1 can ne'er be found2 ,cast in no mortal mould its growth of limb ,dame ,nature orders by the strangest whim4 ',tis born1 and lo6 a giant form appears2 ,toward middle age a smaller size it wears2 ,and now again1 its day of life nigh o'er1 ,how wonderful gigantic as before4--,f4 ,,metcalfe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,theodectes4 7,book x4 #ge1 p4 #gac47 ,we're sisters twain1 one dying bears the other3 ,she too expires1 and so brings forth her mother4--,f4 ,,metcalfe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xenophanes4 7,book xi4 #g1 p4 #gbi47 ,the ground is swept1 and the triclinium clean1 ,the hands are purified1 the goblets too ,well rinsed1 each guest upon his forehead bears ,a wreathed flow'ry crown2 from slender vase ,a willing youth presents to each in turn ,a sweet and costly perfume2 while the bowl1 ,emblem of joy and social mirth1 stands by1 ,fill'd to the brim2 another pours out wine ,of most delicious flavour1 breathing round ,fragrance of flowers1 and honey newly made2 ,so grateful to the sense1 that none refuse2 ,while odoriferous gums fill all the room4 ,water is served too1 cold1 and fresh1 and clear2 ,bread1 saffron tinged1 that looks like leaves of gold4 ,the board is gaily spread with honey pure1 ,and savoury cheese4 ,the altar1 too1 which stands ,full in the centre1 crown'd with flow'ry wreaths2 ,the house resounds with music and with song1 ,with songs of grateful praise1 such as become ,the wise and good to offer to the gods1 ,in chaste and modest phrase4 ,they humbly ask1 ,pouring their free libations1 to preserve ,a firm and even mind2 to do no wrong1 ,but equal justice to dispense to all2 ,a task more easy1 more delightful far1 ,than to command1 to slander1 or oppress4 ,at such repasts each guest may safely drink ,as much as suits his sober appetite1 ,then unattended seek his home1 unless ,his feeble age requires assistance4 ,him ,above all others let us praise1 who while ,the cheerful cup goes round1 shall charm the guests ,with free recital of acts worthy praise1 ,and fit to be remember'd2 that inspire ,the soul to valour1 and the love of fame1 ,the meed of virtuous action4 ,far from us ,the war of ,titans2 or the bloody strife ,of the seditious ,centaurs2 such examples ,have neither use nor profit--wiser far ,to look to brighter patterns that instruct1 ,and lead the mind to great and good pursuits4--,,anon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alexis4 7,book xi4 #i1 p4 #gca47 ,do you not know that by the term call'd life1 ,we mean to give a softer tone to ills ,that man is heir to8 ,whether ,i judge right ,or wrong in this1 ,i'll not presume to say-- ,having reflected long and seriously1 ,to this conclusion ,i am brought at last1 ,that universal folly governs all2 ,for in this little life of ours1 we seem ,as strangers that have left their native home4 ,we make our first appearance from the realms ,of death and darkness1 and emerge to light1 ,and join th' assembly of our fellow-men-- ,they who enjoy themselves the most1 and drink1 ,and laugh1 and banish care1 or pass the day ,in the soft blandishments of love1 and leave ,no joy untasted1 no delight untried ,that innocence and virtue may approve1 ,and this gay festival afford1 depart ,cheerful1 like guests contented1 to their home4--,,anon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sappho4 7,book xi4 #i1 p4 #gca47 ,come1 ,venus1 come6 ,hither with thy golden cup1 ,where nectar-floated flowerets swim6 ,fill1 fill the goblet up6 ,these laughing lips shall kiss the brim-- ,come1 ,venus1 come6--,,anon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pytheas4 7,book xi4 #ad1 p4 #gcd47 ,here jolly ,pytheas lies1 ,a right honest man1 and wise1 ,who of goblets had very great store1 ,of amber1 silver1 gold1 ,all glorious to behold1 ,in number ne'er equall'd before4--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,author ,,of ,,the ,,thebais4 7,book xi4 #ad1 p4 #gce47 ,then ,polyneices of the golden locks1 ,sprung from the gods1 before his father placed ,a table all of silver1 which had once ,been ,cadmus's1 next fill'd the golden bowl ,with richest wine4 ,at this old dipus1 ,seeing the honour'd relics of his sire ,profaned to vulgar uses1 roused to anger1 ,pronounced fierce imprecations1 wish'd his sons ,might live no more in amity together1 ,but plunge in feuds and slaughters1 and contend ,for their inheritance3 and the ,furies heard4--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 7,book xi4 #ai1 p4 #gch47 ,troy's lofty towers by ,grecians sack'd behold6 ,parrhasios' draught1 by ,mys engraved in gold4--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sopater4 7,book xi4 #bh1 p4 #gdb47 ',tis sweet in early morn to cool the lips ,with pure fresh water from the gushing fount1 ,mingled with honey in the ,baucalis1 ,when one o'er night has made too free with wine1 ,and feels sharp thirst4--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alexis4 7,book xi4 #cj1 p4 #gdc47 ,a4 ,but let me first describe the cup2 'twas round1 ,old1 broken-ear'd1 and precious small besides1 ,having indeed some letters on't4 ,b4 ,yes1 letters2 ,eleven1 and all of gold1 forming the name ,of ,saviour ,zeus4 ,a4 ,tush6 no1 some other god4--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,damoxenus4 7,book xi4 #ce1 p4 #gdg47 ,a4 ,if this hold not enough1 see1 the boy comes ,bearing the ,elephant6 ,b4 ,immortal gods6 ,what thing is that8 ,a4 ,a double-fountain'd cup1 ,the workmanship of ,alcon2 it contains ,only three gallons4--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pherecrates4 7,book xi4 #fb1 p4 #gfg47 ,remark1 how wisely ancient art provides ,the broad-brimm'd cup with flat expanded sides2 ,a cup contrived for man's discreeter use1 ,and sober portions of the generous juice3 ,but woman's more ambitious thirsty soul ,soon long'd to revel in the plenteous bowl2 ,deep and capacious as the swelling hold ,of some stout bark she shaped the hollow mould1 ,then turning out a vessel like a tun1 ,simp'ring exclaim'd--,observe6 ,i drink but one4--,,cumberland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,archilochus4 7,book xi4 #ff1 p4 #gga47 ,come then1 my friend1 and seize the flask1 ,and while the deck around us rolls1 ,dash we the cover from the cask1 ,and crown with wine our flowing bowls4 ,while the deep hold is tempest-tost1 ,we'll strain bright nectar from the lees3 ,for1 though our freedom here be lost1 ,we drink no water on the seas4--,c4 ,,merivale4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alexis4 7,book xii4 #a1 p4 #hah2 iv4 #ei1 p4 #bfe1 c47 ,you1 ,sir1 a ,cyrenean1 as ,i take you1 ,look at your sect of desperate voluptuaries2 ,there's ,diodorus--beggary is too good for him-- ,a vast inheritance in two short years1 ,where is it8 ,squander'd1 vanish'd1 gone for ever3 ,so rapid was his dissipation4--,stop6 ,stop6 my good friend1 you cry2 not quite so fast6 ,this man went fair and softly to his ruin2 ,what talk you of two years8 ,as many days1 ,two little days1 were long enough to finish ,young ,epicharides2 he had some soul1 ,and drove a merry pace to his undoing-- ,marry6 if a kind surfeit would surprise us1 ,ere we sit down to earn it1 such prevention ,would come most opportune to save the trouble ,of a sick stomach and an aching head3 ,but whilst the punishment is out of sight1 ,and the full chalice at our lips1 we drink1 ,drink all to-day1 to-morrow fast and mourn1 ,sick1 and all o'er oppress'd with nauseous fumes2 ,such is the drunkard's curse1 and ,hell itself ,cannot devise a greater4 ,oh that nature ,might quit us of this overbearing burthen1 ,this tyrant-god1 the belly6 take that from us1 ,with all its bestial appetites1 and man1 ,exonerated man1 shall be all soul4--,,cumberland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,anaxilas4 7,book xiii4 #f1 p4 #hic47 ,whoever has been weak enough to dote1 ,and live in precious bondage at the feet ,of an imperious mistress1 may relate ,some part of their iniquity at least4 ,in fact1 what monster is there in the world ,that bears the least comparison with them6 ,what frightful dragon1 or chimera dire1 ,what ,scylla1 what ,charybdis1 can exceed them8 ,nor sphinx1 nor hydra1 nay1 no winged harpy1 ,nor hungry lioness1 nor poisonous adder1 ,in noxious qualities1 is half so bad4 ,they are a race accursed1 and stand alone ,preeminent in wickedness4 ,for instance1 ,plangon1 a foul chimera2 spreading flames1 ,and dealing out destruction far and near1 ,and no ,bellerophon to crush the monster4 ,then ,sinope1 a many-headed hydra1 ,an old and wrinkled hag--,gnathine1 too1 ,her neighbour--,oh6 they are a precious pair4 ,nanno's a barking ,scylla1 nothing less-- ,having already privately dispatch'd ,two of her lovers1 she would lure a third ,to sure destruction1 but the youth escaped1 ,thanks to his pliant oars1 and better fortune4 ,phryne1 like foul ,charybdis1 swallows up ,at once the pilot and the bark4 ,theano1 ,like a pluck'd siren1 has the voice and look ,of woman1 but below the waist1 her limbs ,wither'd and shrunk in to the blackbird's size4 ,these wretched women1 one and all1 partake ,the nature of the ,theban ,sphinx2 they speak ,in doubtful and ambiguous phrase1 pretend ,to love you truly1 and with all their hearts1 ,then whisper in your ear1 some little want-- ,a girl to wait on them forsooth1 a bed1 ,or easy-chair1 a brazen tripod too-- ,give what you will they never are content2 ,and to sum up their character at once1 ,no beast that haunts the forest for his prey ,is half so mischievous4--,,anon4 ,the same4 ,away1 away with these female friends6 ,he whose embraces have encircled one1 ,will own a monster has been in his arms2 ,fell as a dragon is1 fire-spouting like ,chimra1 like the rapid ocean-portent1 ,three-headed and dog-snouted6-- ,harpies are less obscene in touch than they3 ,the tigress robb'd of her first whelps1 more merciful3 ,asps1 scorpions1 vipers1 amphisben dire1 ,cerastes1 ,ellops1 ,dipsas1 all in one6-- ,but come1 let's pass them in review before us1 ,and see how close the parallels will hold4 ,and first for ,plangon3 where in the scale place her8 ,e'en rank her with the beast whose breath is flame4 ,like her she deals combustion round2 and foreigners ,by scores have perish'd in her conflagrations4 ,one only 'scaped the fair incendiary1 ,and that by virtue of his nimble steed4 ,he back'd his baggage1 and turn'd tail upon her4-- ,have commerce with ,sinope1 and you'll find ,that ,lerna's monster was no tale2 for like ,the hydra she can multiply her members1 ,and fair ,gnathna is the present offshoot3 ,her morning charms for beauties in the wane ,compensate--but--the dupe pays doubly for't4 ,there's ,nanno too3--,nanno and ,scylla's pool ,bear close similitude3 two swains have made ,already shipwreck in that gulf2 a third ,had shared their fortunes1 but the wiser boy ,plied well his oars1 and boldly stood to sea-ward4 ,if ,nanno's ,scylla1 ,phryne is ,charybdis3 ,woe to the wretch who comes within her tide6 ,engulf'd in whelming waves1 both bark and mariner ,are suck'd into th' abyss of quick perdition6 ,and what's ,theano8 bald1 and bare1 and peel'd1 ,with whom but close-pluck'd sirens ranks she8 woman ,in face and voice2 but in her feet--a blackbird4 ,but why enlarge my nomenclature8 ,sphinx is ,a common name for all3 on her enigma ,is moulded all their speech3 love1 fealty1 ,affection1--these are terms drop clear enough ,from them1 but at their heels comes a request1 ,wrapt up in tortuous phrase of nice perplexity4 7,mimics47--,a four-foot couch perchance would grace their chamber6 ,their needs forsooth require a chair--three-footed1 ,or1 for the nonce1 two-footed--'twould content them4 ,he that is versed in points and tricks1 like dipus1 ,hears1 and escapes perchance with purse uninjured2 ,the easy fool gapes1 gazes1 and--hey6 presto6 ,both purse and person's gone6--,,mitchell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alexis4 7,book xiii4 #g1 p4 #hid47 ,what abject wretches do we make ourselves ,by giving up the freedom and delights ,of single life to a capricious woman6 ,then1 if she brings an ample fortune too1 ,her pride1 and her pretensions are increased1 ,and what should be a benefit1 becomes ,a bitter curse1 and grievous punishment4 ,the anger of a man may well be borne1 ',tis quick1 and sudden1 but as soon subsides2 ,it has a honied sweetness when compared ,to that of woman4 ,if a man receives ,an injury1 he may resent at first1 ,but he will quickly pardon4 ,women first ,offer the injury1 then to increase ,th' offence1 instead of soothing1 they inflict ,a deeper wound by obstinate resentment-- ,neglect what's fit and proper to be done1 ,but eagerly pursue the thing they should not2-- ,and then they grow fantastical withal1 ,when they are perfectly in health complain ,in faint and feeble tone1 they're sick1 they die4--,,anon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,aristophon4 7,book xiii4 #h1 p4 #hid47 ,a man may marry once without a crime1 ,but cursed is he who weds a second time4--,,cumberland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,menander4 7,book xiii4 #h1 p4 #hie47 ,a4 ,while prudence guides1 change not1 at any rate1 ,a life of freedom for the married state3 ,i ventured once to play that desperate game1 ,and therefore warn you not to do the same4 ,b4 ,the counsel may be sage which you advance1 ,but ,i'm resolved to take the common chance4 ,a4 ,mild gales attend that voyage of your life1 ,and waft you safely through the sea of strife3 ,not the dire ,libyan1 nor gean sea1 ,where out of thirty ships scarce perish three2 ,but that1 where daring fools most dearly pay1 ,where all that sail are surely cast away4--,,fawkes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alexis4 7,book xiii4 #ac1 p4 #hii47 ,as slowly ,i return'd from the ,pirus1 ,my mind impress'd with all the various pains1 ,and pungent griefs1 that torture human life1 ,i thus began to reason with myself4 ,the painters and the sculptors1 who pretend ,by cunning art to give the form of ,love1 ,know nothing of his nature1 for in truth ,he's neither male nor female1 god or man1 ,nor wise1 nor foolish1 but a compound strange1 ,partaking of the qualities of each1 ,and an epitome of all in one4 ,he has the strength and prowess of a man1 ,the weak timidity of helpless woman2 ,in folly furious1 yet in prudence wise ,and circumspect4 ,mad as an untamed beast1 ,in strength and hardihood invincible1 ,then for ambition he's a very demon4 ,i swear by sage ,minerva and the gods1 ,i do not know his likeness1 one whose nature ,is so endued with qualities unlike ,the gentle name he bears4--,,anon4 ,the same4 ,one day as slowly sauntering from the port1 ,a thousand cares conflicting in my breast1 ,thus ,i began to commune with myself-- ,methinks these painters misapply their art1 ,and never knew the being which they draw2 ,for mark6 their many false conceits of ,love4 ,love is nor male nor female1 man nor god1 ,nor with intelligence nor yet without it1 ,but a strange compound of all these1 uniting ,in one mix'd essence many opposites2 ,a manly courage with a woman's fear1 ,the madman's phrenzy in a reasoning mind1 ,the strength of steel1 the fury of a beast1 ,the ambition of a hero--something 'tis1 ,but by ,minerva and the gods ,i swear6 ,i know not what this nameless something is4--,,cumberland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,eubulus4 7,book xiii4 #ac1 p4 #hii47 ,why1 foolish painter1 give those wings to ,love8 ,love is not light1 as my sad heart can prove3 ,love hath no wings1 or none that ,i can see2 ,if he can fly--oh6 bid him fly from me6--,,cumberland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,theophilus4 7,book xiii4 #ad1 p4 #ijj47 ,he who affirms that lovers are all mad1 ,or fools1 gives no strong proof of his own sense2 ,for if from human life we take the joys ,and the delights of love1 what is there left ,that can deserve a better name than death8 ,for instance1 now1 ,i love a music girl1 ,a virgin too1 and am ,i therefore mad8 ,for she's a paragon of female beauty2 ,her form and figure excellent2 her voice ,melodiously sweet2 and then her air ,has dignity and grace4 ,with what delight ,i gaze upon her charms6 ,more than you feel ,at sight of him who for the public shows ,gives you free entrance to the theatre4--,,anon4 ,the same4 ,if love be folly1 as the schools would prove1 ,the man must lose his wits1 who falls in love2 ,deny him love1 you doom the wretch to death1 ,and then it follows he must lose his breath4 ,good sooth6 there is a young and dainty maid ,i dearly love1 a minstrel she by trade2 ,what then8 must ,i defer to pedant rule1 ,and own that love transforms me to a fool8 ,not ,i1 so help me6 ,by the gods ,i swear1 ,the nymph ,i love is fairest of the fair2 ,wise1 witty1 dearer to her poet's sight ,than piles of money on an author's night2 ,must ,i not love her then8 ,let the dull sot1 ,who made the law1 obey it6 ,i will not4--,,cumberland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,aristophon4 7,book xiii4 #ad1 p4 #ija47 ,love1 the disturber of the peace of heaven1 ,and grand fomenter of ,olympian feuds1 ,was banish'd from the synods of the gods3 ,they drove him down to earth at the expense ,of us poor mortals1 and curtail'd his wings ,to spoil his soaring and secure themselves ,from his annoyance--,selfish1 hard decree6 ,for ever since he roams th' unquiet world1 ,the tyrant and despoiler of mankind4--,,cumberland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alexis4 7,book xiii4 #ad1 p4 #ija47 ,the man who holds true pleasure to consist ,in pampering his vile body1 and defies ,love's great divinity1 rashly maintains ,weak impious war with an immortal god4 ,the gravest master that the schools can boast ,ne'er train'd his pupils to such discipline1 ,as ,love his votaries1 unrivall'd power1 ,the first great deity--and where is he1 ,so stubborn and determinedly stiff1 ,but shall at some time bend the knee to ,love1 ,and make obeisance to his mighty shrine8--,,cumberland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ibycus4 7,book xiii4 #ag1 p4 #ijc47 ,sweetest flower1 ,euryale6 ,whom the maids with tresses fair1 ,sister ,graces1 make their care-- ,thee ,cythera nourish'd--thee ,pitho1 with the radiant brow2 ,and 'mid bowers where roses blow ,led thy laughing infancy4--,,bland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alexis4 7,book xiii4 #ah1 p4 #ijd47 ,dost thou see any fellow poll'd and shaven1 ,and askest me from whence the cause should come8 ,he goes unto the wars to filch and raven1 ,and play such pranks he cannot do at home4 ,such pranks become not those that beards do weare3 ,and what harm is it if long beards we beare8 ,for so it is apparent to be scene1 ,that we are men1 not women1 by our chin4--,,molle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,timocles4 7,book xiii4 #bb1 p4 #ijh47 ,wretch that ,i am1 ,she had my love1 when a mere caper-gatherer1 ,and fortune's smiles as yet were wanting to her4 ,i never pinch'd nor spared in my expenses1 ,yet now--doors closely barr'd are all the recompence ,that waits on former bounties ill bestow'd4--,,mitchell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alexis4 7,book xiii4 #bc1 p4 #ijh47 ,they fly at all1 and1 as their funds increase1 ,with fresh recruits they still augment their stock1 ,moulding the young novitiate to her trade2 ,form1 features1 manners1 everything so changed1 ,that not a trace of former self is left4 ,is the wench short8 a triple sole of cork ,exalts the pigmy to a proper size4 ,is she too tall of stature8 a low chair ,softens the fault1 and a fine easy stoop ,lowers her to standard-pitch4--,if narrow-hipt1 ,a handsome wadding readily supplies ,what nature stints1 and all beholders cry1 ,see what plump haunches6--,hath the nymph perchance ,a high round paunch1 stuft like our comic drolls1 ,and strutting out foreright8 a good stout busk ,pushing athwart shall force the intruder back4 ,hath she red brows8 a little soot will cure 'em4 ,is she too black8 the ceruse makes her fair3 ,too pale of hue8 the opal comes in aid4 ,hath she a beauty out of sight8 disclose it6 ,strip nature bare without a blush4--,fine teeth8 ,let her affect one everlasting grin1 ,laugh without stint--but ah6 if laugh she cannot1 ,and her lips won't obey1 take a fine twig ,of myrtle1 shape it like a butcher's skewer1 ,and prop them open1 set her on the bit ,day after day1 when out of sight1 till use ,grows second nature1 and the pearly row1 ,will she or will she not1 perforce appears4--,,cumberland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,epicrates4 7,book xiii4 #bf1 p4 #iaa47 ,alas for ,las6 ,a slut1 a wine-bibber--her only care ,is to supply the cravings of the day1 ,to eat and drink--to masticate and tipple4 ,the eagle and herself are fittest parallels4 ,in the first prime and lustlihood of youth1 ,the mountain king ne'er quits his royal eyrie1 ,but lamb1 or straggling sheep1 or earth-couch'd hare1 ,caught in his grip1 repays the fierce descent3 ,but when old age hath sapp'd his mettle's vigour1 ,he sits upon the temple tops1 forlorn1 ,in all the squalid wretchedness of famine1 ,and merely serves to point an augurs tale4 ,just such another prodigy is ,las6 ,full teeming coffers swell'd her pride of youth3 ,her person ever fresh and new1 your satrap ,was more accessible than she2--but now1 ,that life is flagging at the goal1 and like ,an unstrung lute1 her limbs are out of tune1 ,she is become so lavish of her presence1 ,that being daily swallow'd by men's eyes1 ,they surfeit at the sight4 ,she's grown companion to the common streets-- ,want her who will1 a stater1 a three-obol piece1 ,or a mere draught of wine brings her to hand6 ,nay1 place a silver stiver in your palm1 ,and1 shocking tameness6 she will stoop forthwith ,to pick it out4--,,mitchell4 ,the same4 ,las herself's a lazy drunkard now1 ,and looks to nothing but her daily wine ,and daily meat4 ,there has befallen her ,what happens to the eagle2 who1 when young1 ,swoops from the mountain in his pride of strength1 ,and hurries off on high the sheep and hare2 ,but1 when he's aged1 sits him dully down ,upon some temple's top1 weak1 lean1 and starved2 ,and this is thought a direful prodigy4 ,and ,las would be rightly reckon'd one2 ,for when she was a nestling1 fair and youthful1 ,the guineas made her fierce2 and you might see ,e'en ,pharnabzus easier than her4 ,but now that her years are running four-mile heats1 ,and all the junctures of her frame are loose1 ',tis easy both to see and spit upon her2 ,and she will go to any drinking-bout2 ,and take a crown-piece1 aye1 or e'en a sixpence1 ,and welcome all men1 be they old or young4 ,nay1 she's become so tame1 my dearest sir1 ,she'll even take the money from your hand4--,,walsh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,plato4 7,book xiii4 #ef1 p4 #idj47 ,archianssa's my own one1 ,the sweet courtesan1 ,colophnian2 ,e'en from her wrinkles ,i feel ,love's irresistible steel6 ,o ye wretches1 whose hunger ,was raised for her when she was younger6 ,through what flames1 alas1 ,must she have forced you to pass6--,,walsh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hermesianax4 7,book xiii4 #ga1 p4 #iec47 ,such was the nymph1 whom ,orpheus led ,from the dark regions of the dead1 ,where ,charon with his lazy boat ,ferries o'er ,lethe's sedgy moat2 ,th' undaunted minstrel smites the strings1 ,his strain through hell's vast concave rings3 ,cocytus hears the plaintive theme1 ,and refluent turns his pitying stream2 ,three-headed ,cerberus1 by fate ,posted at ,pluto's iron gate1 ,low-crouching rolls his haggard eyes ,ecstatic1 and foregoes his prize2 ,with ears erect at hell's wide doors ,lies listening1 as the songster soars3 ,thus music charm'd the realms beneath1 ,and beauty triumph'd over death4 ,the bard1 whom night's pale regent bore1 ,in secret1 on the ,athenian shore1 ,musus1 felt the sacred flame1 ,and burnt for the fair ,theban dame ,antiope1 whom mighty ,love ,made pregnant by imperial ,jove2 ,the poet plied his amorous strain1 ,press'd the fond fair1 nor press'd in vain1 ,for ,ceres1 who the veil undrew1 ,that screen'd her mysteries from his view1 ,propitious this kind truth reveal'd1 ,that woman close besieged will yield4 ,old ,hesiod too his native shade ,made vocal to th' ,ascrean maid2 ,the bard his heav'n-directed lore ,forsook1 and hymn'd the gods no more3 ,soft love-sick ditties now he sung1 ,love touch'd his harp1 love tuned his tongue1 ,silent his ,heliconian lyre1 ,and love's put out religion's fire4 ,homer1 of all past bards the prime1 ,and wonder of all future time1 ,whom ,jove with wit sublimely blest1 ,and touch'd with purest fire his breast1 ,from gods and heroes turn'd away ,to warble the domestic lay1 ,and wand'ring to the desert isle1 ,on whose parch'd sands no seasons smile1 ,in distant ,ithaca was seen ,chanting the suit-repelling ,queen4 ,mimnermus tuned his amorous lay1 ,when time had turn'd his temples grey2 ,love revell'd in his aged veins1 ,soft was his lyre1 and sweet his strains2 ,frequenter of the wanton feast1 ,nanno his theme1 and youth his guest4 ,antimachus with tender art ,pour'd forth the sorrows of his heart2 ,in her ,dardanian grave he laid ,chryseis his beloved maid2 ,and thence returning1 sad beside ,pactolus' melancholy tide1 ,to ,colophon the minstrel came1 ,still sighing forth the mournful name1 ,till lenient time his grief appeased1 ,and tears by long indulgence ceased4 ,alcus strung his sounding lyre1 ,and smote it with a hand of fire1 ,to ,sappho1 fondest of the fair1 ,chanting the loud and lofty air4 ,whilst old ,anacreon1 wet with wine1 ,and crown'd with wreaths of ,lesbian vine1 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,e'en ,sophocles1 whose honey'd lore ,rivals the bee's delicious store1 ,chorus'd the praise of wine and love1 ,choicest of all the gifts of ,jove4 ,euripides1 whose tragic breast ,no yielding fair one ever press'd1 ,at length in his obdurate heart ,felt love's revengeful rankling dart1 99 99 99 99 99 99 ',till vengeance met him in the way1 ,and bloodhounds made the bard their prey4 ,philoxenus1 by wood-nymphs bred ,on famed ,cythron's sacred head1 ,and train'd to music1 wine1 and song1 ',midst orgies of the frantic throng1 ,when beauteous ,galatea died1 ,his flute and thyrsus cast aside2 ,and wand'ring to thy pensive coast1 ,sad ,melos6 where his love was lost1 ,each night through the responsive air ,thy echoes witness'd his despair3 ,still1 still his plaintive harp was heard1 ,soft as the nightly-singing bird4 ,philetas too in ,battis' praise ,sung his long-winded roundelays2 ,his statue in the ,coan grove ,now breathes in brass perpetual love4 ,the mortified abstemious sage1 ,deep read in learning's crabbed page1 ,pythagoras1 whose boundless soul ,scaled the wide globe from pole to pole1 ,earth1 planets1 seas1 and heav'n above1 ,yet found no spot secure from love2 ,with love declines unequal war1 ,and trembling drags his conqueror's car2 ,theano clasp'd him in her arms1 ,and wisdom stoop'd to beauty's charms4 ,e'en ,socrates1 whose moral mind ,with truth enlighten'd all mankind1 ,when at ,aspasia's side he sate1 ,still found no end to love's debate2 ,for strong indeed must be that heart1 ,where love finds no unguarded part4 ,sage ,aristippus by right rule ,of logic purged the ,sophist's school1 ,check'd folly in its headlong course1 ,and swept it down by reason's force2 ',till ,venus aim'd the heart-felt blow1 ,and laid the mighty victor low4--,,cumberland4 ,the same4 ,i4 ,orpheus1--agrus' son1--thou know'st full well1-- ,the ,thracian harper1--how with magic skill1 ,inspired by love1 he struck the chorded shell1 ,and made the shades obedient to his will1 ,as from the nether gloom to light he led ,his love ,agriope4 ,he to ,pluto's land1 ,baleful and cheerless1 region of the dead1 ,sail'd far away1--and sought th' infernal strand1 ,where ,charon1 gaunt and grim1 his hollow bark 7,fraught with departed souls1 an airy crowd7 ,steers o'er the ,stygian billow dun and dark1 ,and with a voice of thunder bellows loud ,o'er the slow pool1 that scarcely creeps along ,through sedge1 and weedy ooze3 but nathless he1 ,on the lone margent1 pour'd his love-sick song1 ,and charm'd ,hell's monsters with his minstrelsy4 ,cocytus scowl'd1--but grinn'd a ghastly smile1 ,albeit unused to the relenting mood3 ,cerb'rus1 three-mouth'd1 stopp'd short1--and paused the while1 ,low-crouching1 list'ning1 7for the sounds were good7 ,silent his throat of flame1 his eyes of fire ,quench'd in ecstatic slumber1 as he lay4 ,thus ,hell's stern rulers hearken'd to his lyre1 ,and gave the fair one back to upper day4 ,,ii4 ,nor did ,musus1 ,luna's heav'nly child1 ,and high-priest of the ,graces1 leave unsung ,the fair ,antiope1 in accents wild1 ,as fell th' impassion'd language from his tongue3 ,who woo'd of many suitors1 at the shrine ,of mystic ,ceres1 by ,eleusis' brow1 ,chanted the high response in strains divine1-- ,and oped the secret springs1--and taught to know ,the heav'n-drawn truths1 in holy rapture lost4 ,but nought avail'd her zeal2--in evil hour1 ,theme of the lyre below1 her hopes were cross'd3 ,death cropp'd the stalk1 that bore so fair a flow'r4 ,,iii4 ,i tell thee too1 that the ,botian bard1 ,sage ,hesiod1 quitted the ,cuman shore1 ,a wand'rer not unwilling1--afterward ,in ,heliconian ,ascra seen to soar1 ,deathless upon the mighty wings of fame4 ',twas there he woo'd ,ea1 peerless maid1-- ,and strove to achieve her love1--and with her name ,prefaced his verse1 with hallow'd lore inlaid4 ,,iv4 ,enravish'd ,homer1 ward of ,fate from ,jove1 ,prince of melodious numbers1 toil'd his way ,to barren ,ithaca1--and tuned1 for love ,of chaste ,penelope1 the am'rous lay2 ,forgot his native land1 and bade adieu ,to wide ,ionia1 for the island drear1 ,and wail'd ,icarius' house1 and ,sparta too1 ,and dropp'd himself the sympathetic tear4 ,v4 ,mimnermus1 school'd in hardship1 who first taught ,to breathe soft airs of elegiac song1 ,fair ,nanno ask'd1 and had2 and often sought1 ,as by her side he blithely trudged along1 ,the merry wake1--a ready piper arm'd ,with mouth-piece aptly fitted3 and with worse ,than deadly hate and indignation warm'd1 ,hermobius and ,pherecles lash'd in verse4 ,,vi4 ,antimachus1 for beauteous ,lyda's love1 ,hied him to rich ,pactolus' golden tide3 ,but1 well-a-day6 his bliss stern ,fate unwove2 ,short was her doom1--in ,pergamus she died1-- ,and in her grave was laid in prime of age4 ,he1 full of lamentation1 journey'd on ,to ,colophon1--and on the sacred page ,enter'd his tale1 and ceased1 his mission done4 ,,vii4 ,and well thou know'st1 how famed ,alcus smote ,of his high harp the love-enliven'd strings1 ,and raised to ,sappho's praise th' enamour'd note1 ,midst noise of mirth and jocund revellings3 ,ay1 he did love that nightingale of song ,with all a lover's fervour1--and1 as he ,deftly attuned the lyre1 to madness stung ,the ,teian bard with envious jealousy4 ,for her ,anacreon1 charming lyrist1 woo'd1 ,and fain would win1 with sweet mellifluous chime1 ,encircled by her ,lesbian sisterhood2-- ,would often ,samos leave1 and many a time1 ,from vanquish'd ,teos' viny orchards1 hie ,to viny ,lesbos' isle1--and from the shore1 ,o'er the blue wave1 on ,lectum cast his eye1 ,and think on by-gone days1 and times no more4 ,,viii4 ,and how1 from1 steep ,colonus' rocky height1 ,on lightsome pinions borne1 the ,attic bee ,sail'd through the air1 and wing'd her honied flight1 ,and sang of love and wine melodiously ,in choric numbers3 for ethereal ,jove ,bestow'd on ,sophocles ,archippe's charms1 ,albeit in eve of life1--and gave to love ,and fold the yielding fair one in his arms4 ,,ix4 ,nay1 ,i aver1 in very sooth1 that he1 ,dead from his birth to love1 to beauty blind1 ,who1 by quaint rules of cold philosophy1 ,contemn'd the sex1 and hated womankind1-- ,that he1--e'en he1--with all his stoic craft1 ,cave to imperial ,love unwilling way1 ,and1 sore empierced with ,cupid's tyrant shaft1 ,could neither sleep by night1 nor rest by day2 ,what time1 in ,archelaus' regal hall1 gino1 graceful handmaid1 viands brought ,of choicest savour1 to her master's call ,obsequious1 or wine's impurpled draught3 ,nor didst thou cease1 through streets and highways broad1 ,euripides6 to chase the royal slave1 ,till vengeance met thee1 in his angry mood1 ,and deep-mouth'd bloodhounds tore thee to the grave4 ,x4 ,and him too of ,cythera1--foster child ,of all the ,muses1 train'd to love and song1-- ,philoxenus1--thou knowest1--how with wild ,and loud acclaim1 7as late he pass'd along ,through ,colophon17 and shouts of joyfulness1 ,the air was riv'n3 for thou didst hear the tale ,of ,galatea lost1 fair shepherdess1 ,whom e'en the firstlings of her flock bewail4 ,,xi4 ,nor is ,philetas' name to thee unknown1 ,than whom a sweeter minstrel never was2 ,whose statue lives in his own native town1 ,hallow'd to fame1 and breathes in deathless brass1 ,under a platane1--seeming still to praise ,the nimble ,bittis1 in the ,coan grove1 ,with am'rous ditties1 and harmonious lays1 ,and all the art1 and all the warmth of love4 ,,xii4 ,and they of humankind1 7to crown my song17 ,who1 in th' austereness of their life1 pursued ,knowledge abstruse1 her mazy paths among1-- ,and sought for hidden lore1--and ceaseless woo'd ,the ,muse severe1 couching her doctrines sage ,in cogent language1 marring ev'ry clog ,to intellectual sense1 on reason's page2-- ,or1 in the philosophic dialogue1 ,moulded th' important truths1 they meant to prove1 ,in milder form1 and pleased and reason'd too2-- ,and these confess'd the mighty power of ,love1 ,and bow'd the neck1 nor could his yoke eschew4 ,,xiii4 ,pythagoras1 the ,samian sage1 who taught ,to solve the knots1 perplex and intricate1 ,of fair geometry1 and whilom brought ,into a narrow sphere's brief compass strait ,the stars of heav'n1 in order absolute2 ,with frantic passion woo'd ,theano's charms1 ,infuriate1--nor ceased his am'rous suit1 ,till he had clasp'd the damsel in his arms4 ,,xiv4 ,and what a flame of love the ,paphian queen ,lit1 in her wrath1 in the enamour'd breast ,of ,socrates1--whom of the sons of men ,apollo named the wisest and the best6 ,he in ,aspasia's house each lighter care ,chased from his breast1 when at her side he sate ,in am'rous parley1--and1 still ling'ring there1 ,could find no end to love1 or love's debate4 ,,xv4 ,shrewd ,aristippus1 ,cyrenean sage1 ,to the ,corinthian ,isthmus' double shore ,wended his way1 his passion to assuage1-- ,and shunn'd the calm retreats he loved before2 ,forsook the far-famed ,athens1--inly moved ,by ,las' charms1 by ,las lured astray1-- ,and in voluptuous ,eph'ra lived1--and loved1-- ,from ,academic bowers far away4--,j4 ,,bailey4 99 99 99 99 99 ,part of the same4 7,p4 #ied47 ,with her the sweet ,anacreon stray'd1 ,begirt with many a ,lesbian maid2 ,and fled for her the ,samian strand1 ,for her his vine-clad native land-- ,a bleeding country left the while ,for wine and love in ,sappho's isle4--,,anon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,anacreon4 7,book xiii4 #gb1 p4 #iee47 ,anacreon4--,spirit of love1 whose tresses shine ,along the breeze in golden twine2 ,come1 within a fragrant cloud1 ,blushing with light1 thy votary shroud2 ,and1 on those wings that sparkling play1 ,waft1 oh6 waft me hence away6 ,love6 my soul is full of thee1 ,alive to all thy luxury4 ,but she1 the nymph for whom ,i glow1 ,the pretty ,lesbian1 mocks my woe2 ,smiles at the hoar and silver'd hues ,which time upon my forehead strews4 ,alas6 ,i fear she keeps her charms ,in store for younger1 happier arms6 ,sappho4--,oh ,muse6 who sitt'st on golden throne1 ,full many a hymn of dulcet tone ,the ,teian sage is taught by thee2 ,but1 goddess1 from thy throne of gold1 ,the sweetest hymn thou'st ever told1 ,he lately learn'd and sang for me4--,,thos4 ,,moore4 ,the same4 ,pelting with a purple ball1 ,bright-hair'd ,cupid gives the call1 ,and tries his antics one and all1 ,my steps to her to wile2 ,but she--for thousands round her vie-- ,casts on my tell-tale locks her eye1 ,and bids the grey-hair'd poet sigh-- ,another wins her smile6--,,anon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alcman4 7,book xiii4 #ge1 p4 #ieh47 ,again sweet ,love1 by ,cytherea led1 ,hath all my soul possest2 ,again delicious rapture shed ,in torrents o'er my breast4 ,now ,megalostrata the fair1 ,of all the ,virgin train ,most blessed--with her yellow floating hair-- ,hath brought me to the ,muses' holy fane1 ,to flourish there4--,,bland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ibycus4 7,book xiii4 #gf1 p4 #ieh47 ,what time soft ,zephyrs fan the trees ,in the blest gardens of th' ,hesperides1 ,where those bright golden apples glow1 ,fed by the fruitful streams that round them flow1 ,and new-born clusters teem with wine ,beneath the shadowy foliage of the vine2 ,to me the joyous season brings ,but added torture on his sunny wings4 ,then ,love1 the tyrant of my breast1 ,impetuous ravisher of joy and rest1 ,bursts1 furious1 from his mother's arms1 ,and fills my trembling soul with new alarms2 ,like ,boreas from his ,thracian plains1 ,clothed in fierce lightnings1 in my bosom reigns1 ,and rages still1 the madd'ning power-- ,his parching flames my wither'd heart devour2 ,wild ,phrensy comes my senses o'er1 ,sweet ,peace is fled1 and ,reason rules no more4--,,bland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ch,,remon4 7,book xiii4 #hg1 p4 #igj47 ,one to the silver lustre of the moon1 ,in graceful1 careless1 attitude reclined1 ,display'd her snowy bosom1 full unzoned ,in all its naked loveliness3 another ,led up the sprightly dance2 and as she moved1 ,her loose robes gently floating1 the light breeze ,lifted her vest1 and to the enraptured eye ,uncover'd her left breast4 ,gods6 what a sight6 ,what heavenly whiteness6 breathing and alive1 ,a swelling picture6--,this from eyelids dark ,beam'd forth a ray of such celestial light1 ,as dazzled whilst it charm'd4 ,a fourth appear'd1 ,her beauties half uncover'd1 and display'd ,her delicate arm1 and taper fingers1 small1 ,and round1 and white as polish'd ivory4 ,another yet1 with garment loosely thrown ,across her neck and shoulders2 as she moved1 ,the am'rous zephyrs drew aside her robe1 ,exposed her pliant limbs1 full1 round1 and fair1 ,such as the ,paphian ,goddess might have own'd4 ,love smiled at my surprise1 shook his light wings1 ,and mark'd me for his victim4--,others threw ,their careless limbs upon the bank bedeck'd ,with odoriferous herbs1 and blossoms rare1 ,such as the earth produced from ,helen's tears1 ,the violet with dark leaves1 the crocus too1 ,that gave a warm tint to their flowing robes1 ,and marjoram sweet of ,persia rear'd its head ,to deck the verdant spot4--,,anon4 ,the same4 ,there one reclined apart ,i saw1 within the moon's pale light1 ,with bosom through her parted robe appearing snowy white3 ,another danced1 and floating free her garments in the breeze1 ,she seem'd as buoyant as the wave that leaps o'er summer seas2 ,while dusky shadows all around shrunk backward from the place1 ,chased by the beaming splendour shed like sunshine from her face4 ,beside this living picture stood a maiden passing fair1 ,with soft round arms exposed3 a fourth1 with free and graceful air1 ,like ,dian when the bounding hart she tracks through morning dew1 ,bared through the opening of her robes her lovely limbs to view4 ,and oh6 the image of her charms1 as clouds in heaven above1 ,mirror'd by streams1 left on my soul the stamp of hopeless love4 ,and slumbering near them others lay1 on beds of sweetest flowers1 ,the dusky-petal'd violet1 the rose of ,paphian bowers1 ,the inula and saffron flower1 which on their garments cast ,and veils1 such hues as deck the sky when day is ebbing fast2 ,while far and near tall marjoram bedeck'd the fairy ground1 ,loading with sweets the vagrant winds that frolick'd all around4 --,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,semos4 7,book xiv4 #b1 p4 #igi47 ,poor mortal unmerry1 who seekest to know ,what will bid thy brow soften1 thy quips and cranks flow1 ,to the house of the mother ,i bid thee repair-- ,thou wilt find1 if she's pleased1 what thy heart covets there4 --,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,melanippides4 7,book xiv4 #g1 p4 #ihd47 ,but ,athen flung away ,from her pure hand those noxious instruments ,it late had touch'd1 and thus did say-- ,hence1 ye banes of beauty1 hence2 ,what8 shall ,i my charms disgrace ,by making such an odious face8--,,bland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pratinas4 7,book xiv4 #h1 p4 #ihe47 ,what means this tumult8 ,why this rage8 ,what thunder shakes th' ,athenian stage8 ',tis frantic ,bromius bids me sing1 ,he tunes the pipe1 he smites the string2 ,the ,dryads with their chief accord1 ,submit1 and hail the drama's lord4 ,be still6 and let distraction cease1 ,nor thus profane the ,muse's peace2 ,by sacred fiat ,i preside1 ,the minstrel's master and his guide2 ,he1 whilst the chorus strains proceed1 ,shall follow with responsive reed2 ,to measured notes whilst they advance1 ,he in wild maze shall lead the dance4 ,so generals in the front appear1 ,whilst music echoes from the rear4 ,now silence each discordant sound6 ,for see1 with ivy chaplet crown'd1 ,bacchus appears6 ,he speaks in me-- ,hear1 and obey the god's decree6--,,cumberland4 ,the same4 ,what revel-rout is this8 ,what noise is here8 ,what barb'rous discord strikes my ear8 ,what jarring sounds are these1 that rage ,unholy on the ,bacchic stage8 ',tis mine to sing in ,bromius' praise-- ',tis mine to laud the god in dithyrambic lays-- ,as o'er the mountain's height1 ,the woodland ,nymphs among1 ,i wing my rapid flight1 ,and tune my varied song1 ,sweet as the melody of swans1--that lave ,their rustling pennons in the silver wave4 ,of the harmonious lay the ,muse is sovereign still3 ,then let the minstrel follow1 if he will-- ,but not precede3 whose stricter care should be1 ,and more appropriate aim1 ,to fan the lawless flame ,of fiery youths1 and lead them on ,to deeds of drunkenness alone1 ,the minister of revelry-- ,when doors1 with many a sturdy stroke1 ,fly from their bolts1 to shivers broke1 ,and captive beauty yields1 but is not won4 ,down with the ,phrygian pipe's discordant sound6 ,crackle1 ye flames6 and burn the monster foul ,to very ashes--in whose notes are found ,nought but what's harsh and flat1--no music for the soul1-- ,the work of some vile handicraft4 ,to thee1 ,great ,dithyrambus6 ivy-tressd king6 ,i stretch my hand--'tis here--and rapidly ,my feet in airy mazes fling4 ,listen my ,doric lay2 to thee1 to thee ,i sing4--,j4 ,,bailey4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alexis4 7,book xiv4 #ae1 p4 #iia47 ,now if a native ,doctor prescribe1 ,give him a porringer ,of ptisan in the morning1 we despise him4 ,but in some brogue disguised 'tis admirable4 ,thus he who speaks of ,beet is slighted1 while ,we prick our ears if he but mention ,bate1 ,as if ,bate knew some virtue not in ,beet4--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,semos4 7,book xiv4 #af1 p4 #iib47 ,make way there1 a wide space ,yield to the god2 ,for ,dionysos has a mind to walk ,bolt upright through your midst4--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,semos4 7,book xiv4 #af1 p4 #iib47 ,bacchus1 to thee our muse belongs1 ,of simple chant1 and varied lays2 ,nor fit for virgin ears our songs1 ,nor handed down from ancient days3 ,fresh flows the strain we pour to thee1 ,patron of joy and minstrelsy6--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alc,,us4 7,book xiv4 #bc1 p4 #ajjj47 ,glitters with brass my mansion wide2 ,the roof is deck'd on every side ,in martial pride1 ,with helmets ranged in order bright ,and plumes of horse-hair nodding white1 ,a gallant sight-- --,fit ornament for warrior's brow-- ,and round the walk1 in goodly row1 ,refulgent glow ,stout greaves of brass like burnish'd gold1 ,and corslets there1 in many a fold ,of linen roll'd2 ,and shields that in the battle fray ,the routed losers of the day ,have cast away2 ,euban falchions too are seen1 ,with rich embroider'd belts between ,of dazzing sheen3 ,and gaudy surcoats piled around1 ,the spoils of chiefs in war renown'd1 ,may there be found4 ,these1 and all else that here you see1 ,are fruits of glorious victory ,achieved by me4--,,bland4 99 99 99 99 99 7,book xiv4 #bg1 p4 #ajjd47 ,where is my lovely parsley1 say8 ,my violets1 roses1 where are they8 ,my parsley1 roses1 violets fair1 ,where are my flowers8 ,tell me where4--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,philet,,rus4 7,book xiv4 #cd1 p4 #ajaa47 ,o ,zeus6 how glorious 'tis to die while piercing flutes are near1 ,pouring their stirring melodies into the faltering ear2 ,on these alone doth ,eros smile1 within whose realms of night1 ,where vulgar ghosts in shivering bands1 all strangers to delight1 ,in leaky tub from ,styx's flood the icy waters bear1 ,condemn'd1 for woman's lovely voice1 its moaning sounds to hear4 --,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,athenion4 7,book xiv4 #hj1 p4 #ajef47 ,a4 ,what6 know you not that cookery has much ,contributed to piety8 attend1 ,and ,i will tell you how4 ,this art at first ,made the fierce cannibal a man2 impress'd ,upon his rugged nature the desire ,of better food than his own flesh2 prescribed ,order and rule in all his actions2 gave him ,that polish and respect for social life ,which now makes up his sum of happiness4 ,b4 ,say by what means4 ,a4 ,attend and you shall hear4 ,time was that men1 like rude and savage beasts1 ,prey'd on each other4 ,from such bloody feasts ,a flood of evils burst upon the world2 ,till one arose1 much wiser than the rest1 ,and chose a tender victim from his flock ,for sacrifice2 roasting the flesh1 he found ,the savoury morsel good1 and better far ,than human carcass1 from which time roast meat ,became the general food1 approved by all4 ,in order to create variety ,of the same dish1 the art of cookery ,began t' invent new modes of dressing it4 ,in off'rings to the gods we still preserve ,the ancient custom1 and abstain from salt2 ,for in those early days salt was not used1 ,though now we have it in abundance2 still1 ,in solemn sacrifices1 we conform ,to usage of old times3 in private meals ,he who can season best is the best cook1 ,and the desire of savoury meat inspires ,the invention of new sauces1 which conduce ,to bring the art of cookery to perfection4 ,b4 ,you are1 indeed1 a new ,palphatus4 ,a4 ,use gave experience1 and experience skill4 ,as cooks acquired more knowledge1 they prepared ,the delicate tripe1 with nice ingredients mix'd1 ,to give it a new relish2 follow'd soon ,the tender kid1 sew'd up between two covers1 ,stew'd delicately down1 and smoking hot1 ,that melted in the mouth2 the savoury hash ,came next1 and that disguised with so much art1 ,and season'd with fresh herbs1 and pungent sauce1 ,that you would think it most delicious fish4 ,then salted meats1 with store of vegetables1 ,and fragrant honey1 till the pamper'd taste1 ,high fed with luscious dainties1 grew too nice ,to feed on human garbage1 and mankind ,began to feel the joys of social life2 ,the scatter'd tribes unite2 towns soon were built ,and peopled with industrious citizens4 ,these and a thousand other benefits ,were the result of cookery alone4 ,b4 ,oh1 rare6 where will this end8 ,a4 ,to us you owe ,the costly sacrifice1 we slay the victims1 ,we pour the free libations1 and to us ,the gods themselves lend a propitious ear1 ,and for our special merits scatter blessings ,on all the human race2 because from us ,and from our art1 mankind were first induced ,to live the life of reason1 and the gods ,received due honour4 ,b4 ,prithee rest awhile1 ,and leave religion out4--,,anon4 ,the same4 ,the art of cookery drew us gently forth ,from that ferocious life1 when void of faith ,the ,anthropophaginian ate his brother6 ,to cookery we owe well-order'd states1 ,assembling men in dear society4 ,wild was the earth1 man feasting upon man1 ,when one of nobler sense and milder heart ,first sacrificed an animal2 the flesh ,was sweet2 and man then ceased to feed on man6 ,and something of the rudeness of those times ,the priest commemorates2 for to this day ,he roasts the victim's entrails without salt4 ,in those dark times1 beneath the earth lay hid ,the precious salt1 that gold of cookery6 ,but when its particles the palate thrill'd1 ,the source of seasonings1 charm of cookery6 came4 ,they served a paunch with rich ingredients stored2 ,and tender kid1 within two covering plates1 ,warm melted in the mouth4 ,so art improved6 ,at length a miracle not yet perform'd1 ,they minced the meat1 which roll'd in herbage soft1 ,nor meat nor herbage seem'd1 but to the eye1 ,and to the taste1 the counterfeited dish ,mimick'd some curious fish2 invention rare6 ,then every dish was season'd more and more1 ,salted1 or sour1 or sweet1 and mingled oft ,oatmeal and honey4 ,to enjoy the meal ,men congregated in the populous towns1 ,and cities flourish'd1 which we cooks adorn'd ,with all the pleasures of domestic life4--,d',,israeli4 ,the same4 ,cook4 ,do you not know that cookery has brought ,more aids to piety than aught besides8 ,slave4 ,what8 is the matter thus8 ,cook4 ,yes1 you ,barbarian6 ,it freed us from a beast-like1 faithless life1 ,and hateful cannibalism1 and introduced us ,to order1 and enclosed us in the world ,where we now live4 ,slave4 ,how8 ,cook4 ,listen1 and ,i'll tell you4 ,when cannibalism and many other crimes ,were rife1 a certain man1 who was no fool1 ,slaughter'd a victim and then roasted it4 ,so1 when they found its flesh nicer than man's flesh1 ,they did not eat each other any longer1 ,but sacrificed their beasts and roasted them4 ,and when they once had tasted of this pleasure1 ,and a beginning had been made1 they carried ,to greater heights the art of cookery4 ,hence1 from remembrance of the past1 men roast ,e'en to the present day the gods' meat-offerings ,without employing salt2 for in olden times ,it had not yet been used for such a purpose2 ,so when their taste changed afterwards1 they ate ,salt also with their meat1 still strictly keeping ,their fathers' custom in the rites prescribed them4 ,all which new ingenuity1 and raising ,to greater heights the art of cookery1 ,by means of sauces1 has alone become ,the cause of safety unto all of us4 ,slave4 ,this fellow is a fresh ,palphatus6 ,cook4 ,then1 after this1 as time was now advancing1 ,one person introduced a season'd haggis2 ,another stew'd a kid right exquisitely1 ,or made some mince-meat1 or slipp'd in a fish ,disguised so quaintly that no eye observed it1 ,or greens1 or pickled fish1 or wheat1 or honey4 ,when through the pleasures that ,i'm now explaining1 ,each man was far removed from ever wishing ,to eat a portion of a human corpse2 ,they all agreed to live with one another-- ,a populace collected--towns were built-- ,all through the cooking art1 as ,i have shown4 ,slave4 ,good-bye2 you fit your master to a wrinkle4 ,cook4 ,it is we cooks who clip the victim's hair1 ,and sacrifice1 and offer up libations1 ,because the gods attend to us especially1 ,as it was we who made these great discoveries1 ,which tend especially towards holy living4 ,slave4 ,pray leave off talking about piety6 ,cook4 ,i beg your pardon4 ,come and take a snack ,along with me1 and get the things prepared4--,,anon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cratinus4 7,book xiv4 #ha1 p4 #ajeg47 ,on the light wring of ,zephyr that thitherward blows1 ,what a dainty perfume has invaded my nose2 ,and sure in yon copse1 if we carefully look1 ,dwells a dealer in scents1 or ,sicilian cook6--,w4 ,j4 ,b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bato4 7,book xiv4 #ha1 p4 #ajeh47 ,good1 good1 ,sibynna6 ,ours is no art for sluggards to acquire1 ,nor should the hour of deepest midnight see ,us and our volumes parted3--still our lamp ,upon its oil is feeding1 and the page ,of ancient lore before us3--,what1 what hath ,the ,sicyonian deduced8--,what school-points ,have we from him of ,chios8 sagest ,actides ,and ,zopyrinus1 what are their traditions8-- ,thus grapple we with mighty tomes of wisdom1 ,sifting and weighing and digesting all4--,,anon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,amphis4 7,book xv4 #db1 p4 #aajc47 ,a4 ,milesian hangings line your walls1 you scent ,your limbs with sweetest perfume1 royal myndax ,piled on the burning censer fills the air ,with costly fragrance4 ,b4 ,mark you that1 my friend6 ,knew you before of such a fumigation8--,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alexis4 7,book xv4 #dd1 p4 #aaje47 ,nor fell ,his perfumes from a box of alabaster2 ,that were too trite a fancy1 and had savour'd ,o' the elder time--but ever and anon ,he slipp'd four doves1 whose wings were saturate ,with scents1 all different in kind--each bird ,bearing its own appropriate sweets3--these doves1 ,wheeling in circles round1 let fall upon us ,a shower of sweet perfumery1 drenching1 bathing ,both clothes and furniture--and lordlings all-- ,i deprecate your envy1 when ,i add1 ,that on myself fell floods of violet odours4--,,mitchell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,simonides4 7,book xv4 #ej1 p4 #aaaj47 ,oh6 ,health1 it is the choicest boon ,heaven can send us1 ,and ,beauty's arms1 bright and keen1 deck and defend us2 ,next follows honest ,wealth--riches abounding-- ,and ,youth's pleasant holidays--friendship surrounding4 --,d4 ,k4 ,,sandford4 99 99 99 99 99 7,book xv4 #ej1 p4 #aaaj47 ,with his claw the snake surprising1 ,thus the crab kept moralizing3-- ,out on sidelong turns and graces1 ,straight's the word for honest paces6--,d4 ,k4 ,,sandford4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,callistratus4 7,book xv4 #ej1 p4 #aaaa47 ,wreathed with myrtles be my glaive4 ,like the falchion of the brave1 ,death to ,athens' lord that gave4 ,death to tyranny6 ,yes6 let myrtle wreaths be round ,such as then the falchion bound1 ,when with deeds the feast was crown'd ,done for liberty6 ,voiced by ,fame eternally1 ,noble pair6 your names shall be1 ,for the stroke that made us free1 ,when the tyrant fell4 ,death1 ,harmodius6 came not near thee1 ,isles of bliss and brightness cheer thee1 ,there heroic breasts revere thee1 ,there the mighty dwell6--,d4 ,k4 ,,sandford4 ,the same4 ,with myrtle-wreathed ,i'll wear my sword1 ,as when ye slew the tyrant lord1 ,and made ,athenian freedom brighten2 ,harmodius and ,aristogiton6 ,thou art not dead--it is confess'd-- ,but haunt'st the ,islands of the ,blest1-- ,beloved ,harmodius6--where ,pelides1 ,the swift-heel'd1 dwells1 and brave ,tydides4 ,with myrtle-wreathed ,i'll wear my sword1 ,as when ye slew the tyrant lord ,hipparchus1 ,pallas' festal night on2 ,harmodius and ,aristogiton6 ,because ye slew the tyrant1 and ,gave ,athens freedom1 through the land ,your flashing fame shall ever lighten2 ,harmodius and ,aristogiton6--,,walsh4 ,the same4 ,i'll wreathe my sword in myrtle-bough1 ,the sword that laid the tyrant low1 ,when patriots1 burning to be free1 ,to ,athens gave equality4 ,harmodius1 hail6 though 'reft of breath1 ,thou ne'er shalt feel the stroke of death2 ,the heroes' happy isles shall be ,the bright abode allotted thee4 ,i'll wreathe my sword in myrtle-bough1 ,the sword that laid ,hipparchus low1 ,when at ,athena's adverse fane ,he knelt1 and never rose again4 ,while ,freedom's name is understood1 ,you shall delight the wise and good2 ,you dared to set your country free1 ,and gave her laws equality4--,,bland4 ,the same4 ,in myrtle my sword will ,i wreathe1 ,like our patriots the noble and brave1 ,who devoted the tyrant to death1 ,and to ,athens equality gave4 ,loved ,harmodius1 thou never shalt die6 ,the poets exultingly tell ,that thine is the fulness of joy ,where ,achilles and ,diomed dwell4 ,in myrtle my sword will ,i wreathe1 ,like our patriots the noble and brave1 ,who devoted ,hipparchus to death1 ,and buried his pride in the grave4 ,at the altar the tyrant they seized1 ,while ,athena he vainly implored4 ,and the ,goddess of ,wisdom was pleased ,with the victim of ,liberty's sword4 ,may your bliss be immortal on high4 ,among men as your glory shall be6 ,ye doom'd the usurper to die1 ,and bade our dear country be free4--,d4 ,the same4 ,in myrtles veil'd will ,i the falchion wear2 ,for thus the patriot sword ,harmodius and ,aristogeiton bare1 ,when they the tyrant's bosom gored2 ,and bade the men of ,athens be ,regenerate in equality4 ,oh1 beloved ,harmodius6 never ,shall death be thine1 who liv'st for ever6 ,thy shade1 as men have told1 inherits ,the islands of the blessed spirits2 ,where deathless live the glorious dead2 ,achilles fleet of foot1 and ,diomed4 ,in myrtles veil'd will ,i the falchion wear2 ,for thus the patriot sword ,harmodius and ,aristogeiton bare1 ,when they the tyrant's bosom gored ,when1 in ,minerva's festal rite1 ,they closed ,hipparchus' eyes in night4 ,harmodius' praise1 ,aristogeiton's name1 ,shall bloom on earth with undecaying fame2 ,who1 with the myrtle-wreathed sword1 ,the tyrant's bosom gored2 ,and bade the men of ,athens be ,regenerate in equality4--,,elton4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hybrias4 7,book xv4 #ej1 p4 #aaab47 ,my wealth is here--the sword1 the spear1 the breast-defending shield2 ,with this ,i plough1 with this ,i sow1 with this ,i reap the field2 ,with this ,i tread the luscious grape1 and drink the blood-red wine2 ,and slaves around in order wait1 and all are counted mine6 ,but he that will not rear the lance upon the battle-field1 ,nor sway the sword1 nor stand behind the breast-defending shield1 ,on lowly knee must worship me1 with servile kiss adored1 ,and peal the cry of homage high1 and hail me mighty ,lord6 --,d4 ,k4 ,,sandford4 ,the same4 ,my riches are the arms ,i wield1 ,the spear1 the sword1 the shaggy shield1 ,my bulwark in the battle-field3 ,with this ,i plough the furrow'd soil1 ,with this ,i share the reaper's toil1 ,with this ,i press the generous juice ,that rich and sunny vines produce2 ,with these1 of rule and high command ,i bear the mandate in my hand2 ,for while the slave and coward fear ,to wield the buckler1 sword1 and spear1 ,they bend the supplicating knee1 ,and own my just supremacy4--,,merivale4 ,the same4 ,great riches have ,i in my spear and sword1 ,and hairy shield1 like a rampart thrown ,before me in war2 for by these ,i am lord ,of the fields where the golden harvests are grown2 ,and by these ,i press forth the red red wine1 ,while the ,mnot around salute me king2 ,approaching1 trembling1 these knees of mine1 ,with the dread which the spear and the falchion bring4 --,j4 ,a4 ,,st4 ,,john4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,aristotle4 7,book xv4 #ea1 p4 #aaac47 ,o sought with toil and mortal strife ,by those of human birth1 ,virtue1 thou noblest end of life1 ,thou goodliest gain on earth6 ,thee1 ,maid1 to win1 our youth would bear1 ,unwearied1 fiery pains2 and dare ,death for thy beauty's worth2 ,so bright thy proffer'd honours shine1 ,like clusters of a fruit divine1 ,sweeter than slumber's boasted joys1 ,and more desired than gold1 ,dearer than nature's dearest ties3-- ,for thee those heroes old1 ,herculean son of highest ,jove1 ,and the twin-birth of ,leda1 strove ,by perils manifold3 ,pelides' son with like desire1 ,and ,ajax1 sought the ,stygian fire4 ,the bard shall crown with lasting bay1 ,and age immortal make ,atarna's sovereign1 'reft of day ,for thy dear beauty's sake3 ,him therefore the recording ,nine ,in songs extol to heights divine1 ,and every chord awake2 ,promoting still1 with reverence due1 ,the meed of friendship1 tried and true4--,,bland4 ,the same4 ,oh6 danger-seeking ,glory1 through the span ,of life the best and highest aim of man3 ,say1 have not ,greeks1 to win thy love1 in fight ,braved hottest perils1 found in death delight8 ,e'en ,leda's twins1 when felt thy dart than death ,keener1 than gold more potent1 than the breath ,of balmy sleep more grateful1 with hearts fix'd ,by glory's charms1 undaunted and untired ,to honour march'd8 ,nor with less eager pace ,alcides battled on in glory's race2 ,for love of thee ,achilles sought his doom2 ,for love of thee1 'round ,ajax came the gloom ,of madness and of death2 for thee1 of light ,th' ,atarnean's eyeballs widow'd sunk in night1 ,him1 therefore1 shall the muse1 by poet's power1 ,though mortal make immortal4 ,glory's hour ,flits not from such3 who hand and heart have given ,to crown1 with honours due1 the child of heaven4--,g4 ,,burges4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ariphron4 7,book xv4 #fc1 p4 #aabb47 ,health6 supreme of heavenly powers1 ,let my verse our fortunes tell-- ,mine with thee to spend the hours1 ,thine with me in league to dwell4 ,if bright gold be worth a prayer1 ,if the pledge of love we prize1 ,if the regal crown and chair ,match celestial destinies-- ,if sweet joys and stolen treasures ,venus' furtive nets enclose1 ,if divinely-granted pleasures ,yield a breathing-space from woes-- ,thine the glory1 thine the zest6 ,thine the ,spring's eternal bloom6 ,man has all1 of thee possest1 ,dark1 without thee1 lowers his doom4--,d4 ,k4 ,,sandford4 ,the same4 ,health1 brightest visitant from ,heaven1 ,grant me with thee to rest6 ,for the short term by nature given1 ,be thou my constant guest6 ,for all the pride that wealth bestows1 ,the pleasure that from children flows1 ,whate'er we court in regal state ,that makes men covet to be great2 ,whatever sweet we hope to find ,in love's delightful snares1 ,whatever good by ,heaven assign'd1 ,whatever pause from cares1-- ,all flourish at thy smile divine2 ,the spring of loveliness is thine1 ,and every joy that warms our hearts ,with thee approaches and departs4--,,bland4 ,the same4 ,oh6 holiest ,health1 all other gods excelling1 ,may ,i be ever blest ,with thy kind favour1 and in life's poor dwelling ,be thou1 ,i pray1 my constant guest4 ,if aught of charm or grace to mortal lingers ,round wealth or kingly sway1 ,or children's happy faces in their play1 ,or those sweet bands1 which ,aphrodite's fingers ,weave round the trusting heart1 ,or whatsoever joy or breathing-space ,kind ,heaven hath given to worn humanity-- ,thine is the charm1 to thee they owe the grace4 ,life's chaplet blossoms only where thou art1 ,and pleasure's year attains its sunny spring2 ,and where thy smile is not1 our joy is but a sigh4--,e4 ,b4 ,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,addenda4 ,,philemon4 7,book vii4 #cb1 p4 #dec47 ,cook4 ,a longing seizes me to come and tell ,to earth and heaven1 how ,i dress'd the dinner4 ,by ,pallas1 but 'tis pleasant to succeed ,in every point6 ,how tender was my fish6 ,how nice ,i served it up1 not drugg'd with cheese1 ,nor brown'd above6 ,it look'd the same exactly1 ,when roasted1 as it did when still alive4 ,so delicate and mild a fire ,i gave it ,to cook it1 that you'll scarcely credit me4 ,just as a hen1 when she has seized on something ,too large to swallow at a single mouthful1 ,runs round and round1 and holds it tight1 and longs ,to gulp it down1 while others follow her2 ,so the first guest that felt my fish's flavour ,leapt from his couch1 and fled around the room1 ,holding the dish1 while others chased a-stern4 ,one might have raised the sacred cry1 as if ,it was a miracle2 for some of them ,snatch'd something1 others nothing1 others all4 ,yet they had only given me to dress ,some paltry river-fish that feed on mud4 ,if ,i had had a sea-char1 or a turbot ,from ,athens--,zeus the ,saver6--or a boar-fish ,from ,argos1 or from darling ,sicyon ,that fish which ,neptune carries up to ,heaven ,to feast the ,immortals with--the conger-eel2 ,then all who ate it would have turn'd to gods4 ,i have discover'd the elixir vit2 ,those who are dead already1 when they've smelt ,one of my dishes1 come to life again4--,,anon4 ,,hegesander4 7,book vii4 #cf1 p4 #dee47 ,pupil4 ,good master1 many men have written largely ,on cookery2 so either prove you're saying ,something original1 or else don't tease me4 ,cook4 ,no1 ,syrus2 think that ,i'm the only person ,who've found and know the gastronomic object4 ,i did not learn it in a brace of years1 ,wearing the apron just by way of sport2 ,but have investigated and examined ,the art by portions during my whole life-- ,how many kinds of greens1 and sorts of sprats-- ,the manifold varieties of lentils3-- ,to sum up all--when ,i've officiated ,during a funeral feast1 as soon as ever ,the company return'd from the procession1 ,all in their mourning robes1 by merely lifting ,my saucepan's lid ,i've made the weepers laugh1 ,such titillations ran throughout their bodies1 ,as if it was a merry marriage-banquet4 ,pupil4 ,what8 just by serving them with sprats and lentils8 ,cook4 ,pshaw6 this is play-work merely6 ,if ,i get ,all ,i require1 and once fit up my kitchen1 ,you'll see the very thing take place again ,that happen'd in the times of the old ,sirens4 ,the smell will be so sweet1 that not a man ,will have the power to walk right through this alley2 ,but every passer-by will stand directly ,close to my door1 lock-jaw'd1 and nail'd to it1 ,and speechless1 till some friend of his run up1 ,with nose well plugg'd1 and drag the wretch away4 ,pupil4 ,you're a great artist6 ,cook4 ,yes1 you do not know ,to whom you're prating4 ,there are very many ,that ,i can spy amongst the audience there1 ,who through my means have eat up their estates4--,,anon4 ,,footnotes4 #adf ,according to some1 ,plato4 #adg ,the lines are versions of parts of the long poem as found in ,athenus4 ,,index4 ,,abates1 a ,cilician wine1 #ed4 ,abrotonum1 a courtesan1 mother of ,themistocles1 #iba4 ,abydenes1 profligacy of the1 #hda4 ,academicians1 bad character of some of the1 #had4 ,acanthias1 or thorny shark1 #dfa4 ,acanthus1 wine of1 #ej4 ,acatia1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gdj4 ,accipesius1 question as to what fish intended1 #dfb4 ,acesias cited1 #hbh4 ,acestius cited1 #hbh4 ,achinas1 a kind of loaf1 #aha4 ,achus the ,eretrian cited1 #ea1 #ajd1 #bgg1 #dbj1 #dbe1 #dce1 #egi1 #eib1 #eic1 #fec1 #fed1 #fgc1 #gab1 #gdc1 #gfg1 #gif1 #ajbe1 #ajff1 #aajj1 #aajb4 ,acharnus1 a fish1 #ddi4 ,achillean fountain1 the1 #ga4 ,acorns1 sea1 #aea4 ,acorns of ,jupiter1 #hg4 ,acratopotes1 a hero honoured in ,munychia1 #fd4 ,adus1 surnamed the cock1 defeated and killed by ,chares1 #hec4 ,adus of ,mitylene cited1 #gea1 #ifg4 ,adespoti1 freedmen among the ,lacedmonians1 #dbg4 ,admete of ,argos1 story of1 #ajgb4 ,adonis1 a kind of fish1 #ebe4 ,adramyttes1 king of ,lydia1 #hbf4 ,adrian1 wine so called1 #ed4 acis1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gci4 gimius cited1 #ajbh4 ginetans1 their numerous slaves1 #dbh4 lius ,asclepiades cited1 #ajhj4 milianus of ,mauritania1 the grammarian1 a ,deipnosophist1 #b4 olian harmony1 its character1 #iif2 called afterwards ,sub-,dorian1 #iig4 olus1 a kind of fish1 #ejc4 schines1 his bad character1 according to ,lysias1 #ige2 cited1 #cdi1 #ecf1 #iae4 schylides cited1 #ajdj4 schylus1 invented scenic dresses1 and arrayed the choruses of his plays1 #ce2 his appeal to posterity1 #edh2 accused of intemperance1 #fgf2 cited1 #ah1 #bh1 #fb1 #hd1 #aaa1 #aab1 #abj1 #adc1 #ade1 #afe1 #bfe1 #bhb1 #dge1 #dig1 #edg1 #ega1 #ehh1 #eib1 #fbj1 #fcd1 #ffd1 #ffi1 #gjf1 #gci1 #gdh1 #gei1 #gfd1 #ghc1 #ghd1 #ghi1 #gig1 #hje1 #iaf1 #ieg1 #ieh1 #ifa1 #ajja1 #ajje1 #ajji1 #ajej1 #ajfe1 #ajgf1 #aajb1 #aabj4 schylus the ,alexandrian cited1 #ief4 thlius cited1 #ajdj1 #ajde4 tolians involved in debt by extravagance1 #hdd4 ,affection of various animals for man1 #ifg4 ,agallis of ,corcyra wrote on grammar1 #bc4 ,agatharchides cited1 #df1 #bej1 #bgj1 #chg1 #cie1 #dbh1 #dff1 #fji1 #hdd1 #hde1 #hfb1 #hhj1 #hha1 #ajda4 ,agatho cited1 #ccf1 #gjc1 #ica4 ,agathocles1 a favourite of ,philip1 #djg4 ,agathocles of ,atracia wrote on fishing1 #ba4 ,agathocles of ,babylon cited1 #di1 #eib1 #hbe4 ,agathocles of ,cyzicus cited1 #ajci4 ,agathon cited1 #bhg1 #gag1 #hdf4 ,ageli1 a kind of loaves1 #ahc4 ,agelochus cited1 #hg4 ,agen1 a satyric drama1 question as to its author1 #hc4 ,agias cited1 #ajjj4 ,agiastos cited1 #add4 ,agis cited1 #hbg4 ,aglais1 the female trumpeter1 her voracity1 #fed4 ,aglaosthenes cited1 #aca4 ,agnocles the ,rhodian cited1 #efg4 ,agnon the ,academic cited1 #ifa4 ,agron1 king of the ,illyrians1 kills himself with drinking1 #fie4 ,alban wine1 two kinds of1 #dc1 #ed4 ,alcus the ,mitylenean1 fond of drinking1 #fgi2 cited1 #cg1 #fc1 #abc1 #agh1 #ahb1 #dig1 #ehd1 #fbh1 #fcj1 #fdd1 #ffi1 #fgj1 #fgh1 #fgi1 7poetic version1 #aahj17 #gbf1 #gfg1 #ajjj1 7#abaa17 #ajgf1 #ajhc1 #ajih1 #aajd1 #aajh4 ,alcetas the ,macedonian1 a great drinker1 #fhi4 ,alcibiades1 character of1 #hee2 his triumphant return to ,athens1 #hef2 attached to courtesans1 #iaf2 his death1 #iag4 ,alcidamas cited1 #ide4 ,alcides of ,alexandria1 a ,deipnosophist1 #c4 ,alcimus cited1 #ejf1 #fif1 #hcj4 ,alciphron cited1 #eb4 ,alcisthenes of ,sybaris1 his rich garment1 #hfe4 ,alcman1 recorded by himself as a great eater1 #fef2 cited1 #eb1 #fd1 #acf1 #acg1 #ahc1 #aij1 #bbg1 #ehh1 #fad1 #fef1 #gig1 #ieh1 7poetic version1 #abjf17 #iie1 #ajag1 #ajcf1 #ajhg1 #ajhi4 ,aleison1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gdj4 ,alexamenus cited1 #hjh4 ,alexander the ,great1 death of1 #fhf2 his drunkenness1 #fhg2 his debauchery1 #ifa2 his luxury and extravagance1 #hfj2 gross flattery offered to him1 #hfa2 his letter to ,philoxenus cited1 #cf1 #gj2 his letter to the satraps of ,asia cited1 #gdb2 his ,agen cited1 #ice4 ,alexander1 king of ,egypt1 #hhj4 ,alexander1 king of ,syria1 #cce4 ,alexander the tolian cited1 #bgc1 #ddd1 #dfe1 #fej1 #aaag4 ,alexander the ,myndian cited1 #id1 #ajg1 #cea1 #faj1 #faa1 #fac1 #fae1 #faf1 #fag1 #fah1 #fai1 #fbj1 #fbb1 #fbc1 #fbh4 ,alexandrides cited1 #id4 ,alexarchus1 his strange letter1 #afd4 ,alexinus the logician cited1 #aaac4 ,alexis the comic poet1 an epicure in fish1 #edc2 cited1 #cj1 #cd1 #db1 #dg1 #ea1 #ef1 #fj1 #fd1 #ff1 #ge1 #gg1 #ha1 #ij1 7poetic version1 #aabf17 #ie1 #ii1 #aje1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #abe1 #abf1 #abh1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afg1 #agc1 #agg1 #agh1 #ahj1 #ahc1 #ahi1 #aic1 #aid1 7#aacc17 #aih1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bji1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbb1 #bei1 #bfc1 #bfd1 7#aacf17 #bfe1 #bga1 #bgb1 #bgd1 #ced1 #cee1 #cef1 7#aaci17 #ceg1 #ceh1 7#aadb17 #cei1 7#aadc17 #cfb1 #cfc1 #cgb1 7#aadf17 #cgd1 7#aaej17 #cgh1 #cgi1 #chj1 #cha1 #chd1 #chi1 #cij1 #cii1 #djj1 #dje1 7#aaef1 #aaeg17 #djf1 #deb1 #dfj1 #dgb1 #dge1 #dhb1 #did1 #eaj1 #ead1 #ecb1 7#aafc17 #ece1 #ecf1 #ecg1 #eeh1 #efb1 #ega1 #ege1 #egf1 #egi1 #ehb1 #eif1 7#aagd17 #eii1 #fjc1 #fje1 #fjg1 #fbb1 #fbc1 #feh1 #ffj1 #ffc1 #ffd1 #ffe1 #fgb1 #fgh1 #fhj1 #fha1 #fig1 #gjj1 #gja1 #gje1 #gji1 7#aahj17 #gca1 7#aahc17 #gdc1 7#aahe17 #gdi1 #gea1 #geb1 #ged1 #gfh1 #ggb1 #gib1 #gig1 #hjj1 #hjc1 #hjd1 #hje1 #hah1 7#aahf17 #hbh1 #hfe1 #hga1 #hhd1 #hhe1 #hid1 7#aaij17 #hii1 7#aaia17 #ija1 7#aaic17 #ijd1 7#aaid17 #ijg1 #ijh1 7#aaid17 #iae1 #iah1 #ice1 #icf1 #idb1 #iej1 #iff1 #igd1 #igh1 #iia1 7#abaj17 #ajbj1 #ajbf1 #ajbg1 #ajbi1 #ajdj1 #ajda1 #ajdc1 #ajdg1 #ajdh1 #ajeg1 #ajei1 #ajfj1 #ajgb1 #ajhc1 #ajie1 #ajih1 #aajd1 #aaje1 7#abag17 #aajg1 #aaah1 #aaai1 #aabj4 ,alexis cited1 #ffj4 ,alexis the ,samian cited1 #iaf4 ,alexon cited1 #bhc4 ,almonds1 #he2 various kinds1 #he4 ,alphesticus1 a fish1 #ddb4 ,alps1 the1 or ,rhipan mountains1 #dfh4 ,amalthea1 horn of1 a grove so called1 #hfg2 a drinking cup1 #gda4 ,amaranthus cited1 #edb1 #fec4 ,amasis1 the ,egyptian king1 how he obtained the throne1 #ajhf2 fond of mirth1 #dji2 a great drinker1 #fib4 ,ambrosia nine times sweeter than honey1 #fd2 a flower so called1 #ajic4 ,ameipsias cited1 #ab1 #ajc1 #aac1 #dbf1 #dhb1 #dig1 #eaf1 #ehj1 #fdd1 #fgc1 #gje1 #ged1 #ajff4 ,amerias cited1 #abi1 #ahi1 #bha1 #bhb1 #dbj1 #eha1 #fgj1 #gda1 #ggd1 #ajhi1 #aaah1 #aaba4 ,ami1 or tunnies1 #dcf4 ,amiton the ,eleuthernan1 a harp-player1 #ajai4 ,ammonius cited1 #ijg4 ,ambius the harp-player1 #iic4 ,amphicrates cited1 #iba4 ,amphictyon1 king of the ,athenians1 honours paid to ,bacchus by1 #fc4 ,amphilochus1 advice to1 #hbc4 ,amphion the ,thespan1 cited1 #ajjc4 ,amphis the comic writer1 cited1 #ab1 #ej1 #eg1 #ga1 #gh1 #hc1 #ic1 #aaj1 #aad1 #afg1 #bgi1 #cef1 7poetic version1 #aach17 #dce1 #dfc1 #eca1 #fjh1 #ffc1 #fff1 #fga1 #gjg1 #hid1 #ija1 #ijh1 #idd1 #ajbf1 #aajc1 7#abaf47 ,amphis1 a wine so called1 #eb4 ,amusements1 fondness of the ,greeks for1 #ca4 ,amyntas cited1 #aaj1 #fih1 #hjj1 #hdh4 ,anacharsis the ,scythian1 his satire on drunkenness1 #fia4 ,anacreon1 a sober and virtuous man1 #fgg2 cited1 #ah1 #cd1 #bhb1 #bhc1 #cfb1 #fbe1 #fgc1 #fhj1 #fhe1 #gje1 #gbf1 #gcj1 #gch1 #gec1 #geg1 #geh1 #gif1 #hed1 #ijc1 #iee1 7poetic version1 #abje17 #ieg1 #ajab1 #ajac1 #ajad1 #ajae1 #ajcj1 #ajgb1 #ajge1 #ajgf1 #ajhc1 #ajih1 #aajb1 #aajh4 ,ananius cited1 #acb1 #ddc1 #ehc1 #iig4 ,anaxagoras cited1 #id1 #aai1 #abj4 ,anaxandrides destroys his unsuccessful plays1 #ehi2 cited1 #dg1 #eg1 #gh1 #aab1 #aeh1 #age1 #bad1 #bff1 #bha1 #bhc1 #ceb1 #cei1 #cha1 #chb1 #chi1 #djj1 #daj1 #dac1 #dfc1 #dgj1 #dhc1 #ebj1 #ehi1 #gbj1 #gbg1 #gca1 #gfh1 #gfi1 #hjc1 #hhf1 #iab1 #ihj1 #ajac1 #ajbj1 #ajbf1 #ajdf1 #ajdg1 #ajih1 #aajb1 #aajd1 #aaaj1 #aaai4 ,anaxarchus the philosopher1 his mode of life1 #hgg4 ,anaxilas1 or ,anaxilaus1 cited1 #ajd1 #aac1 #aeh1 #bje1 #bge1 #bhd1 #cee1 #cii1 #dhb1 #edj1 #eij1 #fjg1 #fef1 #fgb1 #gdb1 #hgg1 #hic1 7poetic version1 #aahg17 #iad1 #iid1 #ajdg4 ,anaximander cited1 #gif4 ,anaximenes of ,lampsacus cited1 #cfe1 #hea1 #idd4 ,anaxippus cited1 #bga1 7poetic version1 #aacf17 #fef1 #ggf1 #igd4 ,anchiale and ,tarsus built in one day by ,sardanapalus1 #hdh4 ,anchimolus1 a water-drinker1 #gb4 ,anchovies1 #ddg2 mode of cooking1 #ddh4 ,ancona1 wine of1 #dd4 ,ancyla1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gci4 ,andreas of ,panormus1 cited1 #ajab4 ,andreas the physician cited1 #aia1 #dij1 #dia4 ,andriscus cited1 #aca4 ,androcottus the ,lydian1 luxury of1 #hdi4 ,androcydes cited1 #djd4 ,andron of ,alexandria cited1 #bhe1 #ajhg4 ,androsthenes cited1 #aee4 ,androtion cited1 #abf1 #acg1 #eia4 ,anicetus cited1 #gda4 ,anicius1 ,lucius1 his burlesque triumph1 #iha4 ,animals1 fondness of the ,sybarites for1 #hcb4 ,annarus the ,persian1 luxury of1 #hdi4 ,antagoras1 the poet1 repartee of1 #ech4 ,antalcidas the ,lacedmonian1 favoured by the king of ,persia1 #gi4 ,antelopes1 #fbe4 ,antheas the ,lindian1 #gjb4 ,anthias1 the1 #ddb2 why called a sacred fish1 #ddc4 ,anthippus cited1 #fcg1 7poetic version1 #aagf47 ,anticlides cited1 #bed1 #fje1 #gce1 #ged4 ,antidotus cited1 #aha1 #cgh1 #ajbg1 #ajej4 ,antigenides1 witticism ascribed to1 #ajjh4 ,antigonus the ,carystian cited1 #gc1 #acg1 7poetic version1 #aabi17 #adf1 #dff1 #dge1 #edd1 #ffa1 #fia1 #hgf1 #ija1 #ijd1 #ifb1 #ifi4 ,antimachus cited1 #dga1 #dgh1 #gde1 #gdf1 #gdh1 #geg1 #geh1 #ggj1 #gge4 ,antinous1 garland of1 #ajha4 ,antiochus of ,alexandria cited1 #gfi4 ,antiochus the ,great1 his favour for players and dancers1 #ca2 his drunkenness1 #fib1 #fid4 ,antiochus ,epiphanes1 games celebrated by1 #caj2 a great drinker1 #fib4 ,antiochus ,grypus1 his magnificent entertainment1 #hfd4 ,antiochus ,theos banishes the philosophers1 #hge4 ,antipater1 the king1 his plain mode of life1 #hgh2 a check on the disorderly conduct of ,philip1 #fhg4 ,antipater of ,tarsus cited1 #edf1 #ajbh4 ,antiphanes1 his remark to king ,alexander1 #hhh2 cited1 #d1 #e1 #g1 #ab1 #ag1 #bd1 #bi1 #cg1 #de1 #df1 #dg1 #fb1 #fe1 #gj1 #ga1 #gg1 #gh1 #ic1 #if1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aab1 #aai1 #abe1 #abf1 #acj1 #adj1 7poetic version1 #aabi17 #aeg1 #afj1 #afe1 #afg1 #agb1 7#aacc17 #agi1 #ahf1 #aie1 #aih1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bji1 #bad1 #bca1 #beb1 #bee1 #beh1 #bei1 #bfj1 #bga1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bgf1 #bgi1 #cec1 #ced1 #cee1 7#aacg17 #ceg1 7#aadb17 #ceh1 #cfd1 #cge1 7#aaea17 #cgf1 #chi1 #djd1 7#aaef17 #dje1 #daa1 #deb1 #dfb1 #dfc1 #dfi1 #dga1 #dgd1 #dgf1 #dhb1 #dhf1 #dia1 #dib1 #ejg1 #ejh1 #ebj1 #ece1 #ecf1 #ecg1 #eda1 #edb1 #efe1 #egg1 #egi1 #ehc1 #eii1 #fah1 #fbd1 #fbe1 #fbf1 #fcc1 #fcd1 #fce1 #fde1 #fff1 #ffg1 #fig1 #gja1 #gjc1 #gjd1 #gjh1 #gaj1 #gaa1 7#aaha17 #gbj1 #gbd1 #gcg1 #gea1 #gef1 #ggd1 #ggf1 #ggg1 #ggh1 #ghi1 #hjj1 #hje1 #hjf1 #hdc1 #hgb1 #hhe1 #hhf1 #hie1 #ije1 #ijh1 #iad1 #iae1 #icd1 #icf1 #icg1 #ihf1 #iic1 #ajbf1 #ajbh1 #ajcj1 #ajcc1 #ajdg1 #ajej1 #ajeg1 #ajeh1 #ajfd1 #ajfe1 #ajgb1 #ajhd1 #ajhh1 #ajif1 #aaja1 #aajb1 #aajd1 #aajg4 ,antiphanes the orator1 cited1 #fbf4 ,antiphon cited1 #fff1 #hda1 #ajdj4 ,antisthenes cited1 #cdc1 #cdd1 #cej1 #hbb4 ,antony1 ,marc1 assumes the style of ,bacchus1 #bci4 ,antylla1 revenues of1 the pin money of ,egyptian and ,persian queens1 #ee4 ,anytus1 a friend of ,alcibiades1 #hef4 ,aotus1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gdj4 ,apanthracis1 a kind of loaf1 #ahb4 ,apellas cited1 #ajd1 #eha4 ,aphet1 freedmen among the ,lacedmonians1 #dbg4 ,aphritis1 a kind of anchovy1 #ddg4 ,apicius1 an epicure1 #aj4 ,apion cited1 #hjb1 #ajbg1 #ajhf4 ,apollo the fish-eater1 #ede4 ,apollocrates1 a drunkard1 #fhh4 ,apollodorus of ,adramyttium cited1 #ajij4 ,apollodorus the arithmetician cited1 #ffj4 ,apollodorus of ,athens cited1 #ajd1 #ajh1 #acg1 #adh1 #bgf1 #ddb1 #dhf1 #eab1 #ggj1 #ggd1 #gie1 #hja1 #ijg1 #iac1 #icj1 #ice1 #idc1 #ajag1 #ajcb1 #ajcg1 #ajei1 #ajhh4 ,apollodorus of ,carystus cited1 #eg1 #abg1 #ddj1 #dda1 #dhj4 ,apollodorus the comic poet cited1 #d1 7poetic version1 #aabc47 ,apollodorus the ,cyrenean cited1 #ggg4 ,apollodorus of ,gela cited1 #bjf1 #geb4 ,apollodorus1 son of ,pasion1 cited1 #iaf4 ,apollodorus the physician cited1 #ajgh4 ,apollonius cited1 #afb4 ,apollonius of ,herophila cited1 #ajii4 ,apollonius ,rhodius cited1 #dde1 #gab4 ,apollophanes cited1 #aij1 #gde1 #gge4 ,apopyrias1 #ahe4 ,apopyris1 the1 a fish1 #ebi4 ,apparatus1 the cook's1 #bga4 ,appian the grammarian1 #djb4 ,apples1 #ace2 various kinds1 #acf2 battle of apples1 #dce4 ,aracis1 a drinking cup1 #hjc4 ,ar1 islands1 why so called1 #dab4 ,araros cited1 #gg1 #add1 #aei1 #age1 #bha1 #cgd1 #gea1 #hii4 ,aratus cited1 #gha1 #ghb1 #ghf4 ,arbaces1 the ,mede1 his interview with ,sardanapalus1 #hdg4 ,arbutus1 the1 #hb1 #hc4 ,arcadians1 cultivation of music by the1 #iii4 ,arcadion1 epitaph on1 #fhi4 ,arcesilaus1 ready wit of1 #ffb4 ,archagathus cited1 #bed4 ,archaianassa1 the mistress of ,plato1 his song on her1 #idj2 7poetical version1 #aaig47 ,archedicus cited1 #dei1 #dfj1 #gde4 ,archelaus of the ,chersonese cited1 #fae1 #hhh4 ,archemachus cited1 #dad4 ,archestratus the soothsayer1 weighed only one obol1 #hhd4 ,archestratus the ,syracusan cited1 #g1 7poetic version1 #aabc17 #dh1 #ib1 #aje1 #aed1 7#aacj17 #afh1 #afi1 #agd1 #ahe1 #aic1 #aif1 #bfj1 #bfb1 #dcg1 #ddg1 #ddi1 #dej1 #deb1 #dfj1 #dfa1 #dfb1 #dfh1 #dga1 #dgc1 #dgf1 #dgg1 #dgi1 #dhj1 #dhb1 #dhg1 #dhi1 #dia1 #did1 #dif1 #eja1 #ejb1 #ejc1 #eje1 #ejf1 #ejg1 #eaj1 #eab1 #eac1 #ead1 #eae1 #eaf1 #eag1 #ebj1 #fjd1 #fcj1 #ajac4 ,archidamas1 king1 fined for marrying a rich instead of a beautiful wife1 #ije4 ,archilochus the ,parian poet1 cited1 #aa1 7poetic version1 #aabc17 #ea1 #hf1 #abh1 #adc1 #ahd1 #bja1 #bif1 #dfh1 #fab1 #fed1 #fhe1 #gjf1 #gga1 7#aahf17 #hch1 #hci1 #hda1 #ajjj1 #ajjb1 #ajba1 #ajde1 #ajii4 ,archimelus cited1 #ccc4 ,archippus cited1 #add1 #aea1 #aei1 #cei1 #dcf1 #dhb1 #dhi1 #die1 #ejf1 #eag1 #eai1 #ebd1 #eda1 #ffh1 #fga1 #gih1 #ajbd1 #ajdi1 #ajhc4 ,archonides the ,argive1 never thirsty1 #gb4 ,archytas1 his kindness to his slaves1 #hcb2 cited1 #acg1 #bhf1 #hbh4 ,arctinus the ,corinthian cited1 #cf1 #dcf4 ,areopagus1 persons cited before the1 for extravagant living1 #bfh4 ,arethusa1 fountain of1 #fi4 ,argas1 a parodist1 #ajbd4 ,argyraspides1 or ,macedonian body-guard1 #hfc4 ,argyris1 a drinking cup1 #gdb4 ,ariphron cited1 #aabb1 7poetic version1 #abbb47 ,aristagoras cited1 #iac4 ,aristarchus the grammarian1 #fe1 #hf1 #bie1 #big1 #cja1 #gig1 #hja1 #ajab4 ,aristarchus the tragic poet cited1 #igh4 ,aristeas cited1 #iid4 ,aristias cited1 #ii1 #ajie4 ,aristides cited1 #ajbd4 ,aristippus1 his retort on ,plato1 #eda2 given to luxury1 #hgj2 bears the practical jokes of ,dionysius1 #hga2 justifies his conduct1 #hga1 #ici4 ,aristobulus of ,cassandra cited1 #ga1 #cid1 #fhf1 #hdi4 ,aristocles cited1 #bbg1 #bgh1 #ihi4 ,aristocrates cited1 #ach4 ,aristodemus cited1 #chd1 #chg1 #ecd1 #edd1 #gib4 ,aristogeiton cited1 #idd4 ,aristomenes cited1 #ag1 #aij1 #dea1 #fje1 #ajdj1 #ajeb4 ,ariston the ,chian cited1 #fc1 #ffj1 #ijb4 ,aristonicus cited1 #cc4 ,aristonicus the ball-player1 statue to1 #ca4 ,aristonymus the harp-player1 #gae2 his riddles1 #gae2 cited1 #ade1 #ddg1 #ddh1 #dea4 ,aristophanes cited1 #ce1 #ej1 #fh1 #gi1 #ha1 #hc1 #hf1 #ib1 #ic1 #id1 #ajc1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aaa1 #abf1 7poetic version1 #aabi17 #abi1 #acj1 #acd1 #add1 #ade1 7#aacj17 #adi1 #aej1 #aea1 #aeg1 #aei1 #afj1 #agc1 #agh1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #ahf1 #ahi1 #aic1 #aie1 #aig1 #bji1 #bad1 #bah1 #bbf1 #bdi1 #bea1 #bee1 #bfj1 #bga1 #bgc1 #bgd1 #bgf1 #bgg1 #bhe1 #bhf1 #bic1 #cfb1 #dcd1 #ddh1 #dej1 #deb1 #dfi1 #dga1 #dgb1 #dgd1 #dhc1 #dhe1 #dhh1 #dhi1 #did1 #die1 #dig1 #eje1 #eji1 #eaj1 #eab1 #eah1 #eai1 #eda1 #ede1 #ege1 #egg1 #egh1 #egi1 #ehe1 #ehf1 #ehg1 #ehi1 #eij1 #eia1 #eii1 #fjf1 #fjg1 #fjh1 #faj1 #faa1 #fai1 #fbc1 #fbd1 #fbg1 #fbh1 #fbi1 #fcj1 #fde1 #fdf1 #fei1 #fff1 #ffh1 #ffi1 #gjb1 #gje1 #gbf1 #gbg1 #gdb1 #gdd1 #gfb1 #gfc1 #gfd1 #gga1 #ggc1 #ggd1 #ggh1 #ghi1 #gij1 #gib1 #hjc1 #hda1 #hde1 #hhb1 #ijg1 #iaa1 #ide1 #ihg1 #ajjc1 #ajjd1 #ajag1 #ajbe1 #ajca1 #ajcb1 #ajcc1 #ajdj1 #ajdd1 #ajde1 #ajff1 #ajha1 #ajhf1 #aajb1 #aajc1 #aajd1 #aajh1 #aaah1 #aaai1 #aaba4 ,aristophanes the grammarian cited1 #ach1 #adc1 #cfa1 #dea1 #eia1 #fjd1 #fdd1 #gig1 #icj1 #ihg1 #ajed4 ,aristophon cited1 #ajd1 #cge1 #cgf1 7poetic version1 #aaea17 #dge1 #geb1 #hhd1 #hie1 7#aaij17 #ija1 7#aaic17 #ijb4 ,aristos the ,salaminan cited1 #fhi4 ,aristotle wrote drinking songs1 #e2 criticisms on his ,natural ,history1 #eee2 cited1 #dj1 #eb1 #ef1 #ff1 #gb1 #ajd1 #ajg1 #adf1 #adg1 #adh1 #adi1 #aea1 #aed1 #agd1 #bgg1 #bhh1 #bic1 #cgb1 #dbh1 #dcf1 #ddb1 #ddc1 #ddg1 #ddi1 #dej1 #dfa1 #dfd1 #dfg1 #dfi1 #dga1 #dgb1 #dgc1 #dgd1 #dge1 #dgf1 #dgg1 #dgi1 #dhj1 #dha1 #dhb1 #dhc1 #dhd1 #dhe1 #dhg1 #dij1 #dia1 #dib1 #did1 #die1 #dif1 #dig1 #dii1 #ejj1 #eja1 #ejb1 #ejc1 #ejf1 #eji1 #eaj1 #eac1 #ead1 #eaf1 #eag1 #eah1 #ebj1 #ebd1 #eca1 #edh1 #fji1 #faa1 #fab1 #fae1 #faf1 #fag1 #fah1 #fbj1 #fba1 #fbb1 #fbf1 #fgi1 #fhf1 #fhg1 #gjf1 #gcb1 #gid1 #gih1 #hjh1 #hac1 #hcd1 #hch1 #hci1 #hdi1 #hfe1 #hhi1 #hij1 #hia1 #ijb1 #ibj1 #ihg1 #ajbd1 #ajbe1 #ajdb1 #ajde1 #ajdf1 #ajdi1 #ajgf1 #ajgg1 #aajf1 #aaac1 #aaad1 7poetic version1 #abba47 ,aristoxenus1 a luxurious philosopher1 #aa2 cited1 #gf1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bhc1 #bhf1 #ffj1 #gdd1 #hgb1 #hhi1 #ihh1 #ihi1 #iia1 #iie1 #ajje1 #ajjf1 #ajjg1 #ajjh1 #ajac1 #ajad1 #ajae1 #ajai1 #ajcg4 ,armenidas cited1 #ea4 ,arnexias cited1 #he4 ,aroclum1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gdj4 ,artaxerxes1 his favour for ,timagoras1 #gi4 ,artemidorus1 7the false ,aristophanes17 collected savings on cookery1 #g2 cited1 #ahd1 #fji4 ,artemidorus the ,aristophanian1 #bhc1 #fji1 #gge1 #ajeh1 #ajei1 #ajfj4 ,artemidorus of ,ephesus cited1 #ahd1 #ebg4 ,artemon becomes suddenly rich1 #hed2 ,anacreonic verses on him1 #hed4 ,artemon cited1 #hbf1 #ajag1 #ajah1 #aaji4 ,artichokes1 #aaf4 ,artus1 king of the ,messapians1 #ahj4 ,aryasian wine1 #ed4 ,aryballus1 a drinking cup1 #gda1 ,arycandians involved in debt through their extravagance1 #hde4 ,arystichus1 a drinking cup1 #gdb4 ,asclepiades of ,myrlea cited1 #hb1 #gdj1 #gef1 #gfj1 #ggh1 #ggi1 #ghj1 #gig1 #hja1 #hjb1 #hjf1 #ijh1 #ajhd4 ,asclepiades and ,menedemus1 #bfi4 ,asclepiades ,tragilenses cited1 #gbj4 ,asius of ,samos cited1 #bjf1 #hdb4 ,asopodorus1 his remark on popular applause1 #ajjh2 cited1 #ajba4 ,asparagus1 #ajc4 ,aspasia1 the mistress of ,pericles1 #hed2 fills ,greece with courtesans1 #iaa2 accused of impiety1 and defended by ,pericles1 #idj2 cited1 #cdh1 #cdi4 ,astaci1 #agd4 ,asteropus1 ,laurentius likened to1 #d4 ,astydamas the athlete1 strength and voracity of1 #fea4 ,astydamas1 the tragic poet1 #ef2 cited1 #fe1 #fdh1 #gic4 ,astypala1 island of1 overrun with hares1 #fca4 ,atergatis1 her love of fish1 #edf4 ,athanis cited1 #afd4 ,athenus1 author of the ,deipnosophists1 #a2 cited1 #cce4 ,athenian flattery1 #cig2 loaves1 #ahf2 law for the protection of slaves1 #dai2 banquets1 #gcc2 courtesans1 #iaf1 #icj4 ,athenion cited1 #ajef1 7poetic version1 #abab47 ,athenion becomes tyrant of ,athens1 #ccf4 ,athenocles the artist1 #gch4 ,athenocles the ,cyzicene cited1 #bia4 ,athenodorus cited1 #hcb4 ,athens1 large number of slaves in1 #dbh4 ,athletes1 censure of1 #fea4 ,attic banquet1 description of an1 #bbj2 form of certain words1 #fbg4 ,attitudes of guests1 #cjg4 ,aurelius1 ,marcus1 the emperor1 #c4 ,autoclees wastes his fortune1 and commits suicide1 #hei4 ,autocrates cited1 #fbb1 #gbf4 ,autocratic wines1 #ed4 ,autopyrit1 #ahc4 ,axiochus1 a companion of ,alcibiades1 #hef4 ,axionicus cited1 #aeh1 #bff1 #bhj1 #cgg1 #chd1 #eci1 #fih4 ,axiopistos cited1 #ajcg4 ,,babylon1 wine from1 called nectar1 #ec4 ,bacchides1 inscription on his tomb1 #eca4 ,bacchus1 likened to a bull1 and to a leopard1 #fc4 ,bacchylides cited1 #cc1 #ei1 7poetic version1 #aabe17 #bia1 #gci1 #gii1 #ajfe4 ,bacchylus1 #ahe4 ,bachelors1 how treated in ,sparta1 #hhi4 ,bton cited1 #fih4 ,bagoas the eunuch1 #ifb4 ,bai1 bad water at1 #gj4 ,balani1 or sea-acorns1 #aea4 ,ball-play said to be invented by the ,lacedmonians1 #bc2 various kinds1 #bd4 ,ball-player1 statue erected to a1 #ca4 ,bambradon1 a fish1 #dea4 ,banishment and death of philosophers1 #hge1 #ige4 ,banquets1 posture at1 #bi2 dancing at1 #bai2 an ,attic banquet1 #bbj2 ,lacedmonian1 #bbd2 ,cretan1 #bca2 ,persian1 #bcc2 ,cleopatra's1 #bci2 ,phigalean1 #bdj2 ,arcadian1 #bda2 at ,naucratis1 #bda2 ,egyptian1 #bdb2 ,thracian1 #bdc2 ,celtic1 #bde2 ,parthian1 #bdf2 ,roman1 #bdg2 philosophic banquets1 #bhh2 described by ,homer1 #bhi1 #cjj2 by ,epicurus1 #bih2 by ,xenophon1 #bii2 dole-basket1 #ege2 public1 on occasion of victory1 #hec4 ,barbine wine1 #dd4 ,bards1 the old ,grecian1 modest and orderly1 #bb4 ,barley-cakes1 #ahi4 ,basilus cited1 #fad4 ,bathanati1 gold proscribed by the1 #cfi4 ,baths1 their injurious character1 #bi2 various kinds1 #dj2 recommended by ,homer1 #bib4 ,bathyllus of ,alexandria1 the introducer of tragic dancing1 #cc4 ,batiacium1 a drinking cup1 #gdb4 ,baton cited1 #aga1 7poetic version1 #aacb17 #bfb1 #cie1 #fhi1 #ajbb1 #ajeh1 7#abaf17 #ajhd4 ,baucalis1 a drinking cup1 #gdb4 ,beans1 the ,egyptian1 #aba4 ,bean-soup1 #fdc4 ,beauty1 prizes for1 #ije1 #igb4 ,beef1 the ,greek chiefs fed on1 #ac4 ,beer1 an ,egyptian drink1 #ef4 ,beet-root1 #ehd4 ,belone1 the1 a fish1 #ejb4 ,bembras1 a kind of anchovy1 #dea4 ,berosus cited1 #ajba4 ,bessa1 a drinking cup1 #gdb4 ,bibline wine1 #ea4 ,bicus1 a drinking cup1 #gdc4 ,bill of fare at entertainments1 #ha4 ,bion cited1 #gd4 ,bion the ,borysthenite cited1 #bfa1 #ffd4 ,bion of ,soli cited1 #ijf4 ,birds1 traps and nets for catching1 #da4 ,bisalt1 their device for conquering the ,cardians1 #hcd4 ,bithynians enslaved by the ,byzantines1 #dbf4 ,biton cited1 #ajab4 ,blackbirds eaten1 #ajh4 ,blackcap1 the1 #ajg4 ,blsus cited1 #ahd1 #ggg4 ,blema1 a kind of bread1 #ahi4 ,blennus1 a fish1 #deb4 ,blepsias cited1 #ahh4 ,boar1 the wild1 #fcb4 ,boaxes1 or boeces1 #dej1 #dia2 origin of the name1 #eej4 ,botian1 reply of a1 #dff4 ,botians1 gluttony of the1 #feg4 ,botus1 a parodist1 #aaaf4 ,boiled meats1 #da2 why preferred to roast1 #ajdi2 boiled wines1 #eb2 boiled water1 #bja4 ,boius cited1 #fbj4 ,boletinus1 a kind of bread1 #ahi4 ,bombylius1 a drinking cup1 #gdc4 ,book1 a great1 a great evil1 #aba4 ,bormus1 dirge for1 #ihh4 ,boscades1 a species of duck1 #fbc4 ,boys1 love of1 #ijb1 #iei4 ,brain of the palm1 #aah4 ,brains1 the word thought ill-omened1 #ajh4 ,bread1 #agi2 various kinds1 #ahj1 #ahh2 modes of making1 #ahf2 wholesomeness or unwholesomeness1 #aij4 ,breakfasts in the ,homeric times1 #ag4 ,brizo1 a goddess1 #ebi4 ,bromias1 a drinking cup1 #gdc4 ,buffoons and mimics1 #cb4 ,buglossus1 a shell-fish1 #deb4 ,bustard1 the1 #fad4 ,buxentine wine1 #dd4 ,byzantines addicted to drunkenness1 #fih2 luxury of the1 #hdd4 ,,cabbage1 a preventive of drunkenness1 #ef2 various kinds1 #ehb2 oaths by the1 #ehc4 ,cactus1 the1 #aag4 ,cadiscus1 a kind of cup1 #ged4 ,cadmus1 the grandfather of ,bacchus1 said to be a cook1 #ajec4 ,cadus1 a kind of vessel1 #gec2 doubtful whether a cup1 #ged4 ,ccuban wine1 #dd4 ,ccilius the orator1 cited1 #dbi1 #gce4 ,ccilius of ,argos1 a writer on fishing1 #bj4 ,caius ,caligula called young ,bacchus1 #bci4 ,cakes1 various1 #ajcg4 ,calamaules1 a musical instrument1 #bha4 ,calanus the ,indian philosopher1 death of1 #fij4 ,calenian wine1 #dd4 ,calliades cited1 #fcb4 ,callias1 his extravagance1 #hei4 ,callias1 his ,grammatical ,tragedy1 #dcc2 cited1 #ic1 #adc1 #bbg1 #bhb1 #dcc1 #ddh1 #ddi1 #dhj1 #edc1 #gjg1 #gae1 #ggg1 #hdj1 #hda1 #hfg1 #ajff4 ,callicrates the artist1 #gch4 ,callicthys1 or anthias1 #ddb2 perhaps different fish1 #ddd4 ,callimachus cited1 #c1 #ib1 #aad1 #aba1 #aei1 #chc1 #cif1 #ddf1 #ejj1 #eac1 #eah1 #eai1 #faa1 #fab1 #fba1 #fbd1 #fii1 #gfj1 #gic1 #iac1 #icc1 #ajbh1 #ajfg1 #ajfh1 #ajfi4 ,callimedon1 surnamed the ,crab1 #agc2 a fish-eater1 #ecf1 #ecg4 ,calliphanes1 his store of quotations1 #f4 ,callippus1 death of1 #had2 cited1 #ajfg4 ,callipyge1 ,venus1 #hhg4 ,callisthenes the historian1 cited1 #abj1 #gac1 #hhi4 ,callistion1 a drunken woman1 #gge4 ,callistium1 a courtesan1 #icc4 ,callistratus censures slovenliness of dress1 #cd2 cited1 #bjf1 #dac1 #gia1 #idd1 #aaaa2 7poetic version1 #abag47 ,callixene1 a ,thessalian courtesan1 #fhg4 ,callixenus the ,rhodian cited1 #cac1 #cbd1 #ccc1 #ccd1 #fji1 #gef1 #ggb1 #ajha4 ,calpinum1 or scaphinum1 a kind of drinking cup1 #geg4 ,calyca1 song so called1 #ihh4 ,calydonian boar1 questions regarding the1 #fcb4 ,camasenes1 a generic name for fish1 #ebh4 ,cambles1 king of ,lydia1 a great glutton1 #fed2 eats his wife1 #fed4 ,cambyses induced to invade ,egypt by a woman1 #hif4 ,candaulus1 a ,lydian dish1 #hbh4 ,candles and candlesticks1 #aaah4 ,cantharus cited1 #ag1 #aac1 #acf1 #dij1 #dic4 ,cantharus1 a kind of drinking cup1 #ged2 also a boat1 #gee2 other meanings1 #gee1 #gef4 ,cantibaris the ,persian1 his voracity1 #fee4 ,capito cited1 #eeb1 #fgj4 ,cappadocian loaves1 #ahg4 ,capping verses1 #gbc4 ,capua1 luxury and fate of1 #hdf2 wine of1 #dd4 ,carabi1 #agd4 ,caranus1 marriage-feast of1 #baj4 ,carbina overthrown by the ,tarentines1 #hcg4 ,carcharias1 the1 #dha1 #dhf4 ,carchesium1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gef4 ,carcinus cited1 #cjb1 #hie4 ,cardians1 how conquered by the ,bisalt1 #hcd4 ,carides1 #agd4 ,carrot1 the1 #ehd4 ,caruca1 a kind of sauce1 #hbg4 ,carvers of goblets1 celebrated1 #gch4 ,carystian wine1 #eb4 ,carystius of ,pergamos cited1 #cgb1 #fhg1 #haa1 #had1 #hfh1 #hgh1 #ibb1 #ibc1 #ifb1 #igd1 #ihi1 #iij1 #ajba1 #ajic4 ,castanets1 a musical instrument1 #ajaf4 ,castorion the ,solensian cited1 #gah4 ,castration of women first practised by the ,lydians1 #hbf4 ,cato censures the luxury of ,lucullus and others1 #dcb4 ,catonocophori1 slaves among the ,sicyonians1 #dbg4 ,caucalus cited1 #fdi4 ,caucine wine1 #dd4 ,caul1 the1 #agf4 ,cebes of ,cyzicus1 feast of1 #beb4 ,celebe1 a kind of drinking cup1 #geg2 a vessel of another kind1 #geg1 #geh4 ,celts1 their banquets1 #bde2 single combats1 #bdh2 love of boys1 #ifa4 ,cephalus cited1 #ide4 ,cephari1 a kind of fish1 #dha4 ,cephisodorus cited1 #ajj1 #aig1 #bja1 #ede1 #gbe1 #hgh1 #hhe1 #ajjd1 #ajfe1 #aajd4 ,ceraon1 a hero honoured in ,sparta1 #fd4 ,cercidas of ,megalopolis cited1 #edg1 #hhj4 ,cercops of ,miletus cited1 #hjf4 ,cernus1 an earthenware vessel1 #gfj4 ,ceryx1 a shell-fish1 #add4 ,cestreus1 the1 #dha2 why called the ,faster1 #dhc4 ,chabrias the ,athenian1 his intemperance1 #heb4 ,chreas cited1 #ec4 ,chremon cited1 #eh1 #gj1 #ijj1 #igj1 7poetic version1 #abjg17 #iga1 #ajhe4 ,chrephon1 a dinner hunter1 #bfd4 ,chrephon cited1 #chc1 #ajhj4 ,chrippus1 a great eater1 #fed4 ,chalcedonians1 luxury of the1 #hdd4 ,chalcidic goblets1 #hjc4 ,chalcis1 the1 a fish1 #eag4 ,chalydonian wine1 #df4 ,chamleon cited1 #ce1 #cf1 #bhf1 #dbi1 #ecd1 #edh1 #ehi1 #eib1 #fad1 #fda1 #fgc1 #fgg1 #fgi1 #gbg1 #hed1 #iaf1 #iee1 #ieh1 #igd1 #ihi1 #iid1 #ajjc1 #ajdi4 ,channa1 the1 a fish1 #eaf4 ,char1 the1 #ejc2 said never to sleep1 #ejc2 two kinds1 #ejc4 ,chares of ,athens1 his intemperate life1 #heb4 ,chares of ,mitylene cited1 #de1 #aee1 #bje1 #bgd1 #dce1 #fhf1 #fij1 #hbe1 #hfa1 #iai4 ,charicleides cited1 #eab4 ,charicles cited1 #eea4 ,charidemus of ,oreum1 his intemperance1 #fhi4 ,charilas said to be a great eater1 #fed4 ,chariton and ,melanippus1 #ifj4 ,charmus cited1 #igb4 ,charmus the ,syracusan1 his dinner wit1 #f4 ,charon the ,chalcidian1 #ifb4 ,charon of ,lampsacus cited1 #fbb1 #geg1 #hcd4 ,cheese1 #ajeb2 various kinds1 #ajeb4 ,cheesecakes1 #bjg2 ,apician1 #aj2 ,philoxenian1 #h2 treatises on the art of making1 #ajbh2 various kinds of1 #ajbi4 ,chelidonium1 not the same as the anemone1 #ajic4 ,chelidonizein1 institution of the1 #efg2 7poetical version1 #aaff47 ,chellones1 a kind of fish1 #dha4 ,chem1 shell-fish1 #aej4 ,chenalopex1 a bird1 #fbc4 ,cherries1 #hb2 brought to ,italy by ,lucullus1 #hc4 ,chestnuts1 #hi4 ,chian wine1 #ed1 #ee4 ,chians1 the first planters of the vine1 #dc2 their tyrants1 #djg2 the first slave purchasers1 #daf4 ,chionides cited1 #aig1 #bbc1 #ajbj4 ,chios1 tyrants of1 #djg4 ,chrilus1 a great fish-eater1 #edd2 cited1 #gcb1 #hdh4 ,chonni1 drinking cups1 #hjc4 ,chromis1 the1 a fish1 #eag4 ,chrysippus1 #ifa4 ,chrysippus the ,solensian cited1 #h1 #ab1 #bi1 #aaa1 #adh1 #agb1 #bbc1 #bee1 #bef1 #cgj1 #dai1 #dcg1 #ddh1 #ecj1 #eca1 #ecb1 #ehg1 #gcb1 #ijd1 #ihb1 #ihc1 #ajed1 #ajig4 ,chrysippus of ,tyana cited1 #ahf1 #ajcd4 ,chrysocolla1 #ahc4 ,chrysogonus cited1 #ajcg4 ,chrysophrys1 the1 a fish1 #ddf1 #eag4 ,chutrides1 drinking cups1 #hjd4 ,ciboria1 or ,egyptian beans1 #aba4 ,ciborium1 a drinking cup1 #gfa4 ,cilician loaves1 #ahc2 wine1 #ed4 ,cimon1 his liberality1 #hec4 ,cindon1 a fish-eater1 #edd4 ,cinesias1 a very tall and thin man1 #hhb2 accused of impiety1 #hhc4 ,cissybium1 a drinking cup1 #gfj1 #gfh4 ,citron1 #aci2 an antidote1 #ada4 ,clarot1 the1 ,cretan slaves1 #dad4 ,cleanthes the ,tarentine1 spoke in metres1 #f4 ,clearchus the ,peripatetic cited1 #dg1 #ga1 #ha1 #ie1 #bec1 #dja1 #dcc1 #ddh1 #did1 #dih1 #dii1 #ebe1 #ebf1 #ecb1 #edc1 #ede1 #edh1 #eea1 #fac1 #fai1 #fbe1 #fbi1 #fee1 #gjg1 #gad1 #gae1 #gah1 #gai1 #gbb1 #gbc1 #gde1 #gej1 #gge1 #hbd1 #hbf1 #hcj1 #hcg1 #hci1 #hdj1 #hdh1 #hdi1 #hed1 #hfb1 #hfe1 #hff1 #hfi1 #hgg1 #hgh1 #hhf1 #hhi1 #ijb1 #iaf1 #idj1 #idb1 #ieb1 #iff1 #ifg1 #ige1 #ihg1 #ici1 #ajba1 #ajcg1 #ajhh1 #ajig1 #aaae1 #aaba4 ,clearchus the comic poet1 #f1 #g1 #i2 cited1 #fga1 #igh1 #iic1 #ajbf4 ,clearchus of ,solensium cited1 #aib4 ,cleidemus cited1 #fdf1 #fga1 #igb1 #ajee1 #ajef4 ,cleisophus1 the parasite1 #cij4 ,cleo1 a drunken woman1 #fif4 ,cleobulina of ,lindus cited1 #gjg4 ,cleobulus the ,lindian institutes the chelidonizein1 #efg4 ,cleomenes cited1 #fai4 ,cleomenes of ,rhegium cited1 #fcd4 ,cleomenes ,i4 of ,sparta1 goes mad through drunkenness1 #fgc1 #fhi4 ,cleomenes ,,iii4 of ,sparta1 his entertainments1 #bcj4 ,cleon1 surnamed ,mimaulus1 #gae4 ,cleon the singer1 statue and inscription to1 #ca4 ,cleonymus accused of gluttony1 #fed4 ,cleopatra1 her sumptuous banquets1 #bci4 ,clepsiambus1 a musical instrument1 #ajaf4 ,clibanites1 #ahb4 ,clidemus cited1 #cga4 ,clisophus the ,salymbrian1 folly of1 #iff4 ,clisthenes of ,sicyon1 witty saying of1 #ajjb ,clitarchus cited1 #aae1 #bdj1 #dai1 #ddf1 #dga1 #gde1 #ged1 #geg1 #gfj1 #gfc1 #gia1 #hdi1 #iba #ice1 #ajfd1 #aabj4 ,clitomachus the ,carthaginian cited1 #fcd4 ,clytus cited1 #hfd1 #ajdg4 ,cnidian wines1 #ed4 ,cnopus1 death of1 #djf4 ,coan wine1 #ed4 ,cobites1 a kind of anchovy1 #ddg4 ,cock1 the1 #faf2 ,aristotle's statement1 #faf4 ,cockles1 #ade4 ,cod1 differs from the hake1 #dif4 ,cold water1 expedient for procuring1 #bjd4 ,colophonians1 luxury of the1 #hdc4 ,collabi1 #ahc4 ,collection of money1 pretexts for1 #eff1 #efh4 ,collix1 #ahf4 ,collyra1 #ahd4 ,comedy1 invention of1 #fe4 ,commodus1 the emperor1 #hfj4 ,concubines tolerated by wives1 #hij4 ,condu1 an ,asiatic cup1 #gfa4 ,congers1 #dec4 ,cononius1 a drinking cup1 #gfb4 ,cookery1 writers on1 #hbg4 ,cooks prepare sham anchovies1 #aa2 praises of their art1 #agj2 their apparatus1 #bga2 their conceit and arrogance1 #dec1 #dee2 some celebrated ones1 #dei2 cleverness of1 #eic1 #ajeh2 learned cooks1 #eig1 #fja2 boasts of cooks1 #fcg1 #ajef2 highly honoured by the ,sybarites1 #hcb2 formerly freemen1 #ajec1 #ajeg2 jesters1 #ajed2 experienced in sacrifices1 #ajed2 their profession respectable1 #ajee2 a tribe entitled to public honours1 #ajef4 ,cook-shops1 frequenting1 reckoned discreditable1 #ijg4 ,coot1 the1 #fbc4 ,copis1 a ,lacedmonian entertainment1 #bbe4 ,coptos1 wine of1 #aee4 ,coracini1 ,coracinus1 a kind of fish1 #dhd4 ,corcyrean wine1 #ed4 ,cordax1 a lascivious dance1 #fce4 ,cordist1 a tribe of ,gauls1 gold proscribed by the1 #cfi4 ,cordylis and cordylus1 fish1 #dhj4 ,corinth1 vast number of slaves in1 #dbh4 ,corinthian wine1 #ea4 ,corbus1 the victor at the ,olympic games1 a cook1 #fja4 ,coronist1 and coronismata1 #efg4 ,coryphna1 a kind of fish1 #dgg4 ,cothon1 a kind of fish1 #dhe2 a drinking cup1 #ggj4 ,cotta cited1 #dbi4 ,cottabus1 throwing the1 #fgd1 #gci1 #gfd1 #ajfc4 ,cotyle1 a drinking cup1 #gfc4 ,cotylisca or cotylus1 a drinking cup1 #gfd4 ,cotys1 king of ,thrace1 his luxury and madness1 #hea4 ,couches1 kinds of1 #gh2 scented1 #gi4 ,courides4 ,see ,carides4 ,courtesans1 rapacity of1 #hic2 writers on1 #ijg2 plays named from1 #ijg2 their artifices1 #ijh2 list of1 #iab2 the ,abydene1 #iae2 the ,athenian1 #iaf2 the ,corinthian1 #iaf2 courtesans of kings1 #iba1 #ibd2 witty sayings of1 #ibc2 literature cultivated by1 #ica4 ,coverlets1 #gi2 mentioned by ,homer1 #gi4 ,crabs1 #agc4 ,cranes1 fable of their origin1 #fbj4 ,craneums1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gfe4 ,crates1 the artist1 #gch4 ,crates cited1 #hc1 #ahf1 #aic1 #aig1 #bed1 #cga1 #cij1 #dba1 #eha1 #fai1 #fbe1 #fei1 #gfc1 #ghc1 #gia1 #gie1 #ihg1 #ajdd1 #aajc4 ,cratanium1 a drinking cup1 #gfe4 ,cratinus cited1 #aa1 #cg1 #dh1 #gf1 #hj1 #ic1 #ajc1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aac1 #aad1 #add1 #aed1 #aeg1 #aff1 #ahe1 #aif1 #bbd1 #bfd1 #bgd1 #bhb1 #dbj1 #dfi1 #dgf1 #dgh1 #die1 #eac1 #edc1 #ehh1 #ehi1 #eij1 #eia1 #fjd1 #fjf1 #fbd1 #fdg1 #ffh1 #fgb1 #gjd1 #gci1 #ghi1 #hjb1 #hjc1 #hhf1 #ijg1 #iea1 #ajjd1 #ajbj1 #ajba1 #ajbc1 #ajcc1 #ajej1 #ajei1 #ajfd1 #ajhj1 #ajhb1 #ajhg1 #ajhh1 #ajhi1 #ajid1 #ajie1 #aaaf4 ,cratinus1 epigram on1 #fd4 ,cratinus the younger cited1 #cgi1 #gbg1 #gdh1 #ajeg1 #ajfh4 ,cratinus the ,athenian1 #ifj4 ,crawfish1 #ecg4 ,cremys1 a kind of fish1 #dgi4 ,creophylus cited1 #efi1 7poetic version1 #abaf47 ,cretan banquets1 #bca2 dances1 #bif2 music1 #ajja4 ,cribanites1 a kind of loaf1 #aha4 ,crissan war1 caused by women1 #hif4 ,critias cited1 #df1 #fhc1 #fhd1 #gca1 #ggj1 #ggf1 #gib1 #hdd1 #ieg1 #ajfc4 ,criton cited1 #bgg1 #hbh4 ,crobylus cited1 #hi1 #agh1 #aha1 #cij1 #dje1 #ege1 #fjd1 #gja4 ,cromylus the comic writer cited1 #h4 ,crotonians overcome the ,sybarites1 #hcd2 dress of their chief magistrate1 #hcf4 ,crounea1 a drinking cup1 #gfe4 ,crowns1 #ajgb4 ,crumbs of bread used to wipe the hands1 #fde4 ,ctesias the ,cindian cited1 #gc1 #aaj1 #bcg1 #fhf1 #fih1 #gcb1 #hdg1 #hdi1 #hif1 #ajbb4 ,ctesibius the ,chalcidean cited1 #bfa4 ,ctesicles cited1 #dbh1 #gjc4 ,cubi1 a kind of loaves1 #ahh4 ,cuckoo-fish1 #dhf2 how to cook them1 #dhf4 ,cucumbers1 #aac1 #abc1 #ehf2 various kinds1 #abd4 ,culix1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gff4 ,cum1 luxury of the people of1 #hdf4 ,cup-bearers1 #ffi2 female1 #ida4 ,cupellum1 a kind of drinking cup1 #ggj4 ,cups1 drinking1 #gbg2 pledges1 #gca4 ,curetes1 derive their name from their luxurious habits1 #hdf4 ,cuttlefish1 #agi1 #eji4 ,cyathis1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gfe4 ,cybium1 a kind of fish1 #aie4 ,cydonian apples1 #acf4 ,cyllastis1 a kind of loaf1 #ahi4 ,cymbium1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gfh2 also a boat1 #gfi4 ,cyntha1 people of1 averse to music1 and utterly savage1 #iii4 ,cynic philosophers imitate only the bad qualities of the dog1 #ige4 ,cynulcus the ,cynic1 a ,deipnosophist1 #b4 ,cyprian figs1 #abi2 loaves1 #ahf4 ,cyprinus1 or carp1 #dhe4 ,cyrus the ,great1 his liberality1 #di4 ,cyrus the younger1 his courtesans1 #iba4 ,,dactyleus1 a kind of fish1 #dha4 ,dactylotos1 a drinking cup1 #gdf4 ,damascus1 famed for its plums1 #ha4 ,damophilus the ,sicilian1 his debauchery and death1 #hfg4 ,damoxenus cited1 #agj1 7poetic version1 #aacj17 #gdg1 7#aahe47 ,dan1 a courtesan1 saves the life of ,sophron1 #idf4 ,dancers at banquets1 #bb4 ,dances1 #bc2 originally arranged for freeborn men1 #ajjc2 various kinds1 #ajjd2 figures1 #ajje2 satyric1 #ajje2 ,pyrrhic1 #ajjf2 indecorous1 #ajjh2 of the ,thracians1 #be2 of other barbarous nations1 #ajjh4 ,dancing1 writers on1 #cc4 ,daphnus the ,ephesian1 a ,deipnosophist1 #c4 ,daratus1 a kind of loaf1 #ahh4 ,dardanians1 their numerous slaves1 #dbh4 ,dates1 #ajda2 dates without stones1 #ajdb4 ,decelean vinegar1 #aaa4 ,deinias1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gej4 ,deinon cited1 #aaj4 ,deinus1 a dance1 #gde4 ,deinus1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gdd4 ,deipnosophists1 list of the1 #b4 ,deipnus1 a hero honoured in ,achaia1 #fd4 ,delphians1 the1 #bgg4 ,demades1 a debauchee1 #gc2 cited1 #aff4 ,demaratus1 liberality of the ,persian king to1 #di4 ,demarete cited1 #ajjd4 ,demetrius cited1 #ajhf4 ,demetrius of ,athens1 #bfh4 ,demetrius of ,byzantium cited1 #gad1 #hgh1 #ajaj4 ,demetrius the comic poet cited1 #fci4 ,demetrius ,ixion cited1 #hb1 #hd1 #abd1 #fai4 ,demetrius the ,magnesian cited1 #ige4 ,demetrius ,phalereus1 his luxury1 #hfg2 cited1 #cfh1 #hhi4 ,demetrius ,poliorcetes1 #dji4 ,demetrius the ,scepsian cited1 #gc1 #ia1 #acd1 #aeb1 #bbi1 #bej1 #bgh1 #cgc1 #ede1 #fgj1 #ajbi1 #ajeb1 #aaad1 #aaae4 ,demetrius of ,trzene cited1 #bbe4 ,democedes the ,crotonian1 #hcf4 ,demochares cited1 #cdj1 #cig1 #cih1 #had1 #igd4 ,democlides cited1 #bgi4 ,democritus of ,abdea1 his death1 #gf2 cited1 #abj1 #bfi4 ,democritus the ,ephesian cited1 #hda4 ,democritus of ,nicomedia1 a ,deipnosophist1 #b4 ,demodemas cited1 #ajij4 ,demonax the ,mantinean1 invention of gladiatorial combats ascribed to1 #bdi4 ,demonicus cited1 #fdg4 ,demophilus cited1 #cfg4 ,demosthenes1 his debauchery1 #idf2 for some time a water-drinker1 #gc2 cited1 #gc1 #bff1 #bhh1 #cha1 #dai1 #edb1 #gfh1 #ggh1 #gid1 #hjc1 #iaf1 #icd1 #ide1 #idh1 #ajca1 #ajde4 ,demoxenus cited1 #bd4 ,demus and his peacocks1 #fbf4 ,demylus1 a fish-eater1 #edd4 ,deoxippus cited1 #geb4 ,depas1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gdj4 ,depastron1 a drinking cup1 #gde4 ,dercylus cited1 #add4 ,desire likened to thirst1 #bjc4 ,desposionaut1 freedmen among the ,lacedmonians1 #dbg4 ,dessert1 dishes for the1 #ajbg4 ,dexicrates cited1 #bjd4 ,dicarchus cited1 #bc1 #adc1 #gbg1 #gfd1 #hib1 #idi1 #ifb1 #ihi1 #ajaf1 #ajbe1 #ajfc1 #ajfe1 #ajfg4 ,dicocles of ,cnidus cited1 #had4 ,dice1 game with1 #bg4 ,didymus cited1 #ej1 #ib1 #aaa1 #aaf1 #bbe1 #egi1 #ehe1 #fai1 #gdf1 #gfa1 #gfh1 #ggc1 #ggg1 #ggh1 #ggi1 #hjb1 #ajac1 #ajaf1 #aajj4 ,dieuchidas cited1 #dab4 ,dinias1 the perfumer1 #hhe4 ,dinners1 provision for1 #fce2 different courses at1 #ajbe4 ,dinon cited1 #bcg1 #hjf1 #iga1 #ajaa1 #ajdc4 ,dinus1 harbour and grove of1 #ebg4 ,dinus1 a drinking cup1 #hje4 ,diocles1 a writer on cookery1 #hbh4 ,diocles1 the comic poet1 cited1 #bbg1 #dhj1 #dhb1 #fgb1 #hdj1 #ijg4 ,diocles the epicure1 #edb4 ,diocles of ,carystus cited1 #ec1 #ge1 #hg1 #ij1 #id1 #ig1 #ajj1 #aac1 #abd1 #add1 #agd1 #ahb1 #aic1 #aih1 #dgh1 #dig1 #ejd1 #eaa1 #ebj1 #ehe1 #ajff1 #ajhh4 ,diocles of ,cyntha1 a parodist1 #ajbj4 ,diocles of ,peparethus1 a water-drinker1 #gc4 ,diodorus cited1 #ajbg4 ,diodorus the ,aristophanian cited1 #bif1 #gfb1 #gfc1 #gfd1 #ggg4 ,diodorus ,periegetes cited1 #idd4 ,diodorus ,siculus cited1 #hfg4 ,diodorus of ,sinope cited1 #cgb1 #cgf1 7poetic version1 #aaec17 #fha4 ,diodotus the ,erythran cited1 #fhf4 ,diogenes1 the tragic poet1 #ajae4 ,diogenes the ,babylonian cited1 #bgj1 #hdc4 ,diogenes the ,cynic cited1 #bef1 #cii4 ,diogenes the ,epicurean1 #cce4 ,diomnestus becomes master of a great treasure1 #hei4 ,dion the ,academic cited1 #ef4 ,dion of ,chios1 a harp-player1 #ajai4 ,dionysioclides1 a ,deipnosophist1 #afj4 ,dionysius cited1 #eac4 ,dionysius the ,brazen1 why so called1 #ajfi2 cited1 #gjj1 #ifj1 #ajfg1 #ajfh1 #aabb4 ,dionysius of ,heraclea1 the ,turncoat1 #fia2 his gluttony and obesity1 #hgi4 ,dionysius the ,iambic cited1 #ddf4 ,dionysius the ,leathern-armed1 #hbf4 ,dionysius of ,samos cited1 #gfa1 #gfh4 ,dionysius of ,sinope cited1 #fjj1 #fch1 7poetic version1 #aagg17 #gdd1 #gid1 #ihb1 #ajfa4 ,dionysius the ,slender cited1 #geh4 ,dionysius the ,thracian cited1 #ghe1 #hja1 #hjb4 ,dionysius1 the son of ,tryphon1 cited1 #dja1 #hje1 #ajbd4 ,dionysius1 the tyrant1 cited1 #fcc1 #hgd4 ,dionysius of ,utica cited1 #ajcg4 ,dionysius the younger1 a drunkard1 #fhh2 his infamous conduct to the ,locrians1 #hff2 his death1 #hff4 ,dioscorides cited1 #ac1 #bbg1 #bbh4 ,diotimus cited1 #ifb4 ,diotimus the ,funnel1 a drunkard1 #fhi4 ,dioxippus cited1 #afh1 #geb1 #gid1 #hjd4 ,diphilus cited1 #eh1 7poetic version1 #aabd17 #gf1 #hb1 #hc1 #hd1 #hf1 #hh1 #hi1 #ij1 #ia1 #ib1 #id1 #if1 #ig1 #aja1 #ajc1 #aje1 #aaa1 #aad1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aah1 #abb1 #abe1 #acd1 #ace1 #ach1 #adi1 #aej1 #aeb1 #agf1 #aij1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bje1 #bag1 #bai1 #bea1 #bec1 #bfe1 #bfi1 #cjb1 #cec1 #cef1 7#aadj17 #ceh1 #cfj1 7#aadd17 #cfd1 #cgb1 7#aadg17 #cgf1 #chh1 #chi1 #djj1 #djf1 #daa1 #deh1 7#aafa17 #dhc1 #dih1 #eei1 #ehd1 #fjc1 #fcb1 #feh1 #ffd1 #ffe1 #ffh1 #gjd1 #gab1 #ggc1 #ggg1 #gic1 #gid1 #gih1 #ief1 #ajbc1 #ajcj1 #ajci1 #ajea1 #aaai1 #aabj4 ,diphilus of ,laodica cited1 #did4 ,diphilus the ,siphnian cited1 #eha1 #ehb1 #ehc1 #ehd1 #ehe4 ,dipyrus1 a kind of loaf1 #ahb4 ,diyllus the ,athenian cited1 #bdi1 #idg4 ,dog-brier1 the1 #aaf4 ,dog-killing festival at ,argos1 #aff4 ,dole-basket banquets1 #ege4 ,dolphins1 sacred fish1 #ddd2 affection of1 for men1 #ifg4 ,dorian harmony1 character of the1 #iif4 ,doricha1 a courtesan1 epigram on1 #ieb4 ,dorieus cited1 #fej4 ,dorion1 witticisms of1 #ecc2 cited1 #aca1 #aie1 #ddc1 #ddd1 #ddg1 #dea1 #dfa1 #dff1 #dga1 #dgg1 #dgh1 #dgi1 #dha1 #dhe1 #dhf1 #dij1 #dia1 #dib1 #die1 #dif1 #ejb1 #ejd1 #eje1 #ejg1 #ejh1 #eaf1 #eag1 #eah1 #ebj4 ,dorotheus of ,ascalon cited1 #ebj1 #fdf1 #gfh1 #gie1 #ajec1 #ajei4 ,dosiades cited1 #bca1 #dad4 ,douris cited1 #ajag4 ,doves1 #fba4 ,dracon of ,corcyra cited1 #aajf4 ,dramice1 a kind of loaf1 #ahh4 ,dress1 attention to1 #cd4 ,drimacus1 story of1 #dag4 ,drinking cups1 #gbg4 ,drinking matches1 #fij4 ,drinking1 occasional1 recommended1 #ggb2 rules for the regulation of1 #ei2 evils of1 #fge1 #gja4 ,dromeas the ,coan1 his riddles1 #gad4 ,dromon cited1 #cgh1 #fdf4 ,drunkards1 fate of1 #af2 a party of1 #fa2 catalogues of1 #fhh1 #fib1 #fie4 ,ducks1 #fbc2 various kinds1 #fbc ,dures1 or ,duris1 cited1 #bi1 #cb1 #bej1 #bfh1 #bhf1 #cfe1 #cij1 #cih1 #fhf1 #hdb1 #hec1 #heg1 #hfg1 #hgd1 #iff1 #ifg1 #ihf1 #aaac4 ,dwarfs and mannikins among the ,sybarites1 #hca4 ,,eaters1 ,hercules1 and other great1 #fdh4 ,echemenes cited1 #iei4 ,ecphantides cited1 #afj4 ,eels1 conger1 great size of1 #ded2 other eels1 #dff1 #dia4 ,eggs1 #id2 why ,helen was said to be born from an egg1 #ie4 ,egyptian beans1 #aba2 wines1 #ee4 ,egyptians1 their deities ridiculed1 #dgj2 great eaters of bread1 #fei4 ,elecatenes1 or spindle fish1 #dgc4 ,elephant1 affection of a1 for a child1 #ifh2 a drinking cup1 so called1 #gdg4 ,elephantine pickle1 #aic4 ,ellops1 a fish1 #dga4 ,elpinice1 the sister of ,cimon1 #ida4 ,embroidered girdles worn by the people of ,siris1 #hch4 ,empedocles cited1 #ebh1 #egf1 #ffh1 #hah4 ,enalus1 legend of1 #gcf4 ,encrasicholi1 a kind of fish1 #dga4 ,encris1 a kind of loaf1 #ahb4 ,encryphias1 a kind of loaf1 #ahb4 ,enigmas1 #gjg4 ,enigmatic presents1 #ebh2 sayings1 #gad4 ,entimus the ,gortinian1 favour of the king of ,persia for1 #gi4 ,epnetus cited1 #ie1 #adg1 #dfa1 #dff1 #dgg1 #dgi1 #dia1 #eah1 #ehe1 #fji1 #fbd1 #hbg1 #ajeh4 ,eparchides cited1 #ej1 #ajj4 ,epeunacti1 among the ,lacedmonians1 #abf4 ,ephebus1 a drinking cup1 #gdg4 ,ephesians1 luxury of the1 #hdb4 ,ephesus1 legend of its foundation1 #efi4 ,ephippus1 cited1 #dg1 #dh1 #fb1 #gi1 7poetic version1 #aabf17 #id1 #ie1 #ajj1 #ajh1 #ahf1 #aih1 #bcg1 #ejg1 #edf1 #edg1 #efe1 #eff1 #egb1 #ege1 #ehc1 #eii1 #ffg1 #fhj1 #fhe1 #gfi1 #hae1 #hef1 #hfa1 #iac1 #iad1 #iae1 #ihe1 #ajbg4 ,ephorus cited1 #age1 #bdi1 #cfg1 #dad1 #dhi1 #eee1 #hjj1 #hbf1 #hci1 #ajag4 ,epicharmus cited1 #g1 #ea1 #ei1 7poetic version1 #aabd17 #hj1 #he1 #ia1 #id1 #if1 #ih1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #ajg1 #aad1 #aaf1 #aag1 #abh1 #adb1 #adc1 #aea1 #aed1 #aeg1 #agd1 #agf1 #agg1 #ahb1 #aif1 #aig1 #aih1 #bjj1 #bbe1 #bee1 #beh1 #bhd1 #bhf1 #ccd1 #cgb1 #dcf1 #ddb1 #ddc1 #ddd1 #ddg1 #ddi1 #dej1 #dea1 #deb1 #dec1 #dfb1 #dff1 #dgg1 #dgi1 #dhj1 #dhd1 #dhf1 #dij1 #dia1 #dib1 #dif1 #eja1 #ejb1 #ejc1 #ejd1 #eje1 #ejf1 #ejg1 #ejh1 #eji1 #eaa1 #eac1 #eaf1 #eag1 #ebj1 #ece1 #egj1 #ega1 #egf1 #egg1 #ehc1 #eij1 #fab1 #faf1 #fbh1 #fca1 #fdc1 #fdh1 #ffi1 #gfd1 #gig1 #ihf1 #ihg1 #ajjb1 #ajca1 #ajcb1 #ajcf1 #ajhi1 #aaaf4 ,epiclees wastes his fortune1 and commits suicide1 #hei4 ,epicrates cited1 #ih1 7poetic version1 #aabg17 #dab1 #fff1 #gdj1 #iaa1 7#aaie17 #iff1 #ajdh4 ,epicures censured1 #dch2 catalogue of1 #edj4 ,epicurus advocates sensual pleasures1 #hge2 his sect banished from ,rome1 #hge2 cited1 #bhi1 #bih1 #dch1 #dci1 #eeh1 #hjj1 #hge1 #ich4 ,epigenes cited1 #abf1 #fjd1 #fde1 #gdf1 #gdg1 #gec1 #gee1 #gfe1 #gge1 #gig1 #hjd4 ,epigonus1 a harp-player1 #ajai4 ,epilycus cited1 #dg1 #bah1 #bbf1 #ajdj4 ,epimelis1 doubtful what1 #ach4 ,epimenides the ,cretan cited1 #ddd4 ,epinicus cited1 #fhc1 #gdg1 #gid4 ,erasistratus cited1 #ge1 #eaj1 #hbg1 #ajfc4 ,erasixenus1 epitaph on1 #fhi4 ,eratosthenes cited1 #bbf1 #bdh1 #cjb1 #dcc1 #dda1 #ddf1 #eic1 #gfi1 #gii1 #ich1 #hjb4 ,erbulian wine1 #dd4 ,ergias the ,rhodian cited1 #efh4 ,erinna cited1 #dde4 ,eriphus cited1 #ie1 #ada1 #bai1 #bbc1 #dgd1 #aajg4 ,eritimi1 the1 or sardines1 #eah4 ,erotidia1 or festivals of love1 #hih4 ,erxias cited1 #hii4 ,erythran goblets1 #geg4 ,erythrinus1 or red mullet1 #dga4 ,escharites1 a kind of loaf1 #aha4 ,ethanion1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gdi4 ,etruscan banquets1 #bdg4 ,euagon of ,lampsacus attempts to seize the city1 #had4 ,eualces cited1 #iaf4 ,euangelus cited1 #ajbi4 ,euanthes cited1 #dfd4 ,euban wine1 #ea4 ,eubus of ,paros1 a parodist1 #aaae2 cited1 #aaag4 ,eubulides cited1 #fia4 ,eubulus the comic writer1 cited1 #ab1 #cg1 #db1 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #ef1 #ei1 7poetic version1 #aabd17 #gj1 #ga1 #gg1 #gh1 #hj1 #he1 #aje1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aji1 #acd1 #aff1 #afh1 #age1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #bgb1 #cfa1 #cgf1 7#aaec17 #chh1 #cij1 #djh1 #dfc1 #dgj1 #dga1 #dgb1 #dgd1 #dhc1 #dhi1 #eba1 #ecg1 #edg1 #ehb1 #ehe1 #eii1 #fbd1 #fbf1 #feg1 #feh1 #ffe1 #ffh1 #fii1 #gji1 #gaj1 7#aaha17 #gbg1 #gdd1 #gea1 #ged1 #gfb1 #gij1 #hjj1 #hca1 #hhe1 #hib1 #hid1 #hii1 7#aaib17 #ijg1 #ijh1 #iji1 #iad1 #iic1 #ajbc1 #ajbf1 #ajcb1 #ajde1 #ajfd1 #ajfg1 #ajhd1 #ajhe1 #ajie1 #aajc4 ,eucrates cited1 #ahd4 ,eudemus the ,athenian cited1 #ehb4 ,eudoxus cited1 #dec1 #fah4 ,euenor cited1 #gf4 ,euhemerus the ,coan cited1 #ajec4 ,eumachus the ,corcyrean cited1 #ibb1 #ajhh4 ,eumus cited1 #gig4 ,eumelus cited1 #aaai4 ,eumelus the ,corinthian cited1 #cf1 #dcf4 ,eumenes the ,cardian cited1 #fhf4 ,eumolpus cited1 #gfj1 #ggj4 ,eunicus cited1 #add1 #ijg1 #icf4 ,eunuchs1 male and female1 #hbe1 #hbf4 ,euphantus cited1 #cie4 ,euphorion the ,chaldean cited1 #gc1 #acg1 #bdh1 #bhc1 #bhe1 #dac1 #geh1 #ajab1 #ajad1 #ajae1 #aaai4 ,euphrus1 death of1 #had4 ,euphranor1 an epicure1 #edd2 cited1 #bhf1 #ajac4 ,euphron1 the comic writer1 cited1 #aa1 #afg1 #dhb1 #eda1 #eid1 7poetic version1 #aafh17 #eig1 7#aagd17 #fbi4 ,euphronius cited1 #gia4 ,eupolis cited1 #d1 #bh1 #cg1 #gg1 #he1 #hf1 #ic1 #aab1 #adi1 #aeg1 #afg1 #age1 #bjc1 #bbe1 #bgc1 #bhe1 #cgc1 7poetic version1 #aadh17 #dai1 #ddi1 #dgb1 #dig1 #eac1 #eag1 #eah1 #ehj1 #ehc1 #ehh1 #eia1 #eii1 #fjd1 #fah1 #fbf1 #fbg1 #fca1 #fdj1 #fdc1 #fdd1 #fgj1 #fgc1 #hjc1 #hef1 #iid1 #ajje1 #ajcc1 #ajej1 #ajec1 #aajc1 #aajd4 ,euripides cited1 #fj1 #fc1 #fe1 #ajj1 7poetic version1 #aabh17 #aji1 #abj1 #abh1 #afa1 #bja1 #bee1 #bef1 #bfe1 #dae1 #ega1 #ehj1 #fdd1 #fea1 #ffd1 #fgd1 #gag1 #gcd1 #gfj1 #gib1 #gif1 #hjf1 #hjg1 #hch1 #hig1 #hih1 #ijj1 #ije1 #ief1 #ieg1 #iga1 #igi1 #ajbc1 #ajbe1 #ajci1 #ajec1 #ajfb1 #ajfd1 #ajfg1 #ajha4 ,eurydice1 her war with ,olympias1 #hig4 ,eurypilus cited1 #had4 ,euthias cited1 #idd4 ,euthycles cited1 #bje4 ,euthydemus the ,athenian cited1 #if1 #abd1 #aib1 #aie1 #dha1 #dhd1 #dif1 #eah1 #hbg4 ,euthymenes the ,massiliote cited1 #abj4 ,euxenus of ,phoca1 his marriage with ,petta1 #iba4 ,euxitheus cited1 #bec4 ,evenus the ,parian cited1 #egh1 #fgc4 ,evergreen garlands of ,egypt1 #ajhe4 ,ewers1 #fdc4 ,exoctus1 the1 a fish1 #ebe4 ,extravagance in individuals1 instances of1 #bfi4 ,,falernian wine1 two kinds of1 #dc1 #dd1 #ed4 ,fannian law1 its provisions1 #dca4 ,families ruined on account of women1 #hif4 ,fattening animals for food1 #ajej4 ,favourites1 boy1 #iei4 ,feasts1 writers on1 #g2 ,athenian1 #bbc2 different sorts of1 #ega4 ,feet1 anointing the1 #hhf4 ,female cup-bearers1 #ida2 flatterers1 #djb2 flute-players1 #ifi2 guards1 #hbd4 ,festivals1 #egj2 their decency in ancient times1 #egb2 abused in after days1 #egc4 ,fig1 the1 #abe2 various kinds1 #abfabi2 its praises1 #aca2 dried figs1 #ajdc4 ,fig-pecker1 the1 #ajg4 ,finches1 #ajg4 ,fish1 discourse on1 #dcd2 esteemed a great luxury1 #ddi1 #dfb2 salt fish1 #aic1 #dcd2 cartilaginous1 #dej2 fossil1 #ebd2 singing1 #ebd2 subterranean1 #ebe2 rain fishes1 #ebf2 of prophesying from1 #ebd1 #ebg2 qualities of1 as food1 #eei4 ,fishermen1 proud of their skill1 #cei4 ,fishing1 writers on1 #ba4 ,fishmongers1 churlishness of1 #cef2 frauds1 #ceg4 ,flatterers4 ,see ,parasites4 ,flowers1 love of1 #hhg2 suitable for garlands1 #ajhg1 #ajij4 ,flute1 various kinds of1 #ajac2 playing on the1 #ihd2 names of various airs for the1 #ihf4 ,flute-players1 female1 #ifi4 ,food1 kinds of1 mentioned by ,homer1 #ac1 #bj1 #dj4 ,formian wine1 #dc4 ,fossil fish1 #ebd4 ,fox-shark1 the1 #ddi4 ,freedmen1 among the ,lacedmonians1 #dbg4 ,frogs1 rain of1 #ebf4 ,fruits1 mentioned by ,homer1 #dj2 names of1 #ha2 plentiful at ,athens1 #ajde4 ,frugal meals recommended1 #ffj4 ,fundan wine1 #dd4 ,,galene of ,smyrna cited1 #ajhe4 ,galenus of ,pergamos1 a ,deipnosophist1 #c2 cited1 #dc4 ,galeus1 a kind of shark1 #dfa2 how brought to table among the ,romans1 #dfa4 ,gallerides1 a fish1 #dig4 ,games1 #bg4 ,ganymede1 #iei4 ,garlands1 discussion on1 #ajfi4 ,gauran wine1 #dc4 ,geese1 livers of1 #fjd4 ,gelaria1 #dif4 ,genthion1 king of the ,illyrians1 his drunkenness1 #fie4 ,georgus cited1 #aaad4 ,gerana1 her transformation1 #fbj4 ,gladiatorial combats1 #bdi4 ,glaucias cited1 #aae4 ,glaucides cited1 #ace1 #acf4 ,glaucion1 a kind of duck1 #fbc4 ,glaucon1 a water-drinker1 #gb4 ,glaucon cited1 #gfg4 ,glaucus the ,locrian cited1 #eaj1 #eha1 #hbg1 #ajeg4 ,glaucus1 a sea deity1 #dfd4 ,glaucus1 a fish1 #dfb2 how to cook1 #dfc4 ,gluttons1 many celebrated1 #fec4 ,gluttony1 temples to1 #fee4 ,glycera1 a courtesan1 witty sayings of1 #ica4 ,glycera1 the mistress of ,harpalus1 #ice4 ,gnathna1 a courtesan1 witty sayings of1 #ibf1 #ica4 ,gnathenium1 a courtesan1 witty sayings of1 #ibg4 ,gnesippus1 a composer of ludicrous verses1 #ajbd4 ,goat's flesh1 #fcd2 supposed to give great strength1 #fcd4 ,gold proscribed by the ,bathanati1 #cfi4 ,gold plate1 rarity of1 #cfe2 trinkets1 #cfg4 ,golden trinkets proscribed by ,lycurgus and by ,plato1 #cfg4 ,golden water1 #hbe4 ,gorgias1 the ,leontine1 his orderly life1 #hgh2 his remark on ,plato1 #hji2 cited1 #ijg1 #icj1 #ieb4 ,gorgons1 #cea4 ,gorgos1 the keeper of the armoury1 his pretended present to ,alexander1 #hfa4 ,gourds1 #if1 #ehf2 various kinds1 #ig2 philosophic discussion on1 #ih4 ,grammatical ,science1 plot of the play so called1 #gae4 ,grapes1 #ajdd4 ,grayling1 the sea1 #dfc4 ,greeks1 simplicity of their lives1 according to ,homer1 #ac2 fondness for amusements1 #ca4 ,griphi1 #gjg2 examples of1 #gjh4 ,groats1 #bjg4 ,grouse1 the1 #fbh4 ,guests1 reception of1 #af2 attitudes of1 #cjg2 presents to1 #bjh4 ,guinea-fowl1 the1 #ajdg4 ,gyala1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gdd4 ,gyges the ,lydian builds a monument to his courtesan1 #iaf4 ,gymnastic exercises1 invention of1 ascribed to the ,lacedmonians1 #bc4 ,gymnopdi1 festival of1 #ajhc4 ,gynconomi1 their office1 #che4 ,,hair1 attention paid to the1 among certain nations1 #hdf4 ,hake1 the1 a fish1 #dif4 ,halicarnassus1 wine of1 #ed4 ,hanging1 playing at1 among the ,thracians1 #bej4 ,hare1 the1 #fcj1 #ajdi2 scarce in ,attica1 #fcj2 its fecundity1 #fcb4 ,harmodius of ,lepreum cited1 #bdj1 #fih1 #gcd1 #gfd4 ,harmodius and ,aristogiton1 #ifj4 ,harmony1 invention of1 ascribed to the ,phrygians1 #iie2 disputed1 #iie2 three kinds1 #iie4 ,harpalyce1 songs in honour of1 #ihh4 ,harp-fish1 the1 #dgi4 ,harp-players1 high payment of1 #iid4 ,harpalus1 his profligacy1 #ice1 #iej2 his monument to his mistress1 #idi4 ,harpocration the ,mendesian cited1 #ajcf4 ,healths1 mode of drinking1 #bb4 ,hearth-loaf1 #aha4 ,hecatus of ,miletus cited1 #eg1 #aaf1 #ahi1 #bdj1 #fdg1 #fei1 #gjf4 ,hedyle cited1 #dff4 ,hedylus cited1 #bha1 #dfe1 #edd1 #gec1 #gge1 #gie4 ,hedypotides1 drinking cups so called1 #gdg4 ,hegemon of ,thasos wrote on feasts1 #g2 nicknamed the ,lentil1 #fda2 his conduct in the theatre1 #fda2 protected by ,alcibiades1 #fdb2 cited1 #abf1 #aaaf4 ,hegesander cited1 #bi1 #gb1 #ajc1 #ade1 #agh1 #bag1 #bfj1 #bfh1 #bgh1 #ccd1 #cfb1 #cia1 #cic1 #cid1 #djh1 #dee1 7poetic version1 #aafj1 #abbe17 #eab1 #ebi1 #ech1 #eda1 #edb1 #egf1 #fca1 #ffa1 #fha1 #fhb1 #gjb1 #gfa1 #gfd1 #haa1 #hga1 #ijb1 #iae1 #icc1 #ide1 #ajdd1 #ajdi4 ,hegesianax recites his poems1 #bej2 cited1 #fbj4 ,hegesias cited1 #ajij4 ,hegesilochus the ,rhodian1 his infamous life1 #gjb4 ,hegesippus cited1 #dci1 #fci1 #hbg1 #ajbh4 ,hegesippus the ,tarentine cited1 #hbh4 ,helen1 ,poor1 a courtesan1 #icc4 ,helena1 a gluttonous woman1 #fec4 ,helichryse1 an ,egyptian flower1 #ajhg4 ,heliodorus cited1 #gd1 #cfb1 #fdj4 ,hellanicus cited1 #fdg1 #fdh1 #fee1 #gbi1 #gdi1 #ajae1 #ajdb1 #ajhe1 #ajhf4 ,helots1 the1 #dae1 #dbg2 conduct of the ,lacedmonians to1 #ajea4 ,hemerocalles1 or day-beauty1 a flower1 #ajhh4 ,heminerus1 or half-pickled fish1 #aif4 ,hemitomus1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gdi4 ,heniochus cited1 #dbf1 #fbe1 #fdc1 #gga4 ,hepatos1 the1 #agh1 #dgb4 ,hephstion cited1 #ajge4 ,hepsetus1 or boiled fish1 #dga4 ,heracleon the ,ephesian cited1 #dge1 #dhe1 #hje4 ,heraclides the comic poet cited1 #hec4 ,heraclides the ,cumean cited1 #gi1 #bce1 #hbd1 #hbi4 ,heraclides ,lembus cited1 #afd1 #ebf1 #ije1 #ibd4 ,heraclides the ,mopseatian cited1 #cgj4 ,heraclides of ,pontus cited1 #gai1 #hbj1 #hcf1 #hci1 #hdb1 #hed1 #hei1 #hhe1 #hhh1 #ifj1 #iie1 #aaba4 ,heraclides the ,syracusan cited1 #ie1 #eah1 #hbg1 #ajcd1 #ajea4 ,heraclides of ,tarentum cited1 #hg1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aaa1 #abd1 #acc1 #agd1 #ahh1 #aih4 ,heraclitus cited1 #gfd4 ,heraclitus the comic poet cited1 #fec4 ,heraclitus of ,ephesus cited1 #bic1 #igc4 ,heralds employed as cup-bearers1 #fgj2 in sacrifices1 #ajee4 ,hercules1 voracity of1 #fdh2 receives a cup from the ,sun1 #gdi2 poetic fables about1 #hbb4 ,herculeum1 a drinking cup1 #gdh4 ,hermeas cited1 #bda1 #fib1 #ija1 #ifg4 ,hermes1 a drink so called1 #ec4 ,hermesianax of ,colophon cited1 #iec1 7poetic version1 #aaig47 ,hermias of ,atarneus1 death of1 #aaab4 ,hermippus cited1 #cj1 #cd1 #de1 #dh1 #if1 #ig1 #abh1 #abi1 #aig1 #bjd1 #bdi1 #bfa1 #cdj1 #cif1 #ddh1 #edj1 #edc1 #fei1 #fff1 #fii1 #gab1 #gac1 7poetic version1 #aahb17 #gbh1 #gei1 #gfb1 #gfc1 #gfg1 #gge1 #ggh1 #hjc1 #hda1 #hha1 #hhb1 #hhi1 #idj1 #idb1 #ide1 #ihg1 #ajaf1 #ajch1 #ajdj1 #ajff1 #aaac1 #aaag1 #aabj4 ,hermippus of ,smyrna cited1 #eac4 ,hermon cited1 #acg1 #dbj4 ,hermonax cited1 #hg1 #abi1 #hjc4 ,herodes ,atticus cited1 #aff4 ,herodian of ,alexandria cited1 #hf4 ,herodicus the ,babylonian cited1 #ceb4 ,herodicus the ,cratetian cited1 #cda1 #cdh1 #cgj1 #ech1 #icd1 #idd4 ,herodorus of ,heraclea cited1 #ie1 #cfe1 #fdh1 #gef1 #hjg4 ,herodorus1 the ,megarian trumpeter1 his strength and skill1 #fec4 ,herodotus cited1 #ca1 #ga1 #gc1 #aba1 #acb1 #ahb1 #ahi1 #aig1 #bbd1 #bcc1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bdj1 #cfe1 #dji1 #dah1 #fbe1 #fbi1 #fca1 #fcc1 #fdg1 #fgc1 #fib1 #ged1 #ggf1 #hjd1 #hbh1 #hfi1 #iea1 #ieb1 #ajja1 #ajbd1 #ajda1 #aaba4 ,herodotus the logomime1 #ca4 ,herodotus the ,lycian cited1 #abg1 #aca4 ,herondas cited1 #adc4 ,heropythus cited1 #dff4 ,hesiod cited1 #ff1 #fh1 #if1 #ajd1 #afg1 #aij1 #aib1 #bhi1 #bif1 #egd1 #fgb1 #fge1 #gch1 #ghb1 #ghd1 #gif1 #hjf1 #hia1 #igb4 ,hetra1 #iac4 ,hetridia1 festivals1 #iae4 ,hicesius cited1 #ajhh1 #aaja4 ,hiero1 ship of1 #cbi4 ,hieronymus cited1 #gh1 #ajae4 ,hieronymus the ,rhodian cited1 #fgj1 #fhg1 #gii1 #hij1 #hib1 #ifj1 #ife4 ,hilarodists1 #ihi4 ,hippagoras cited1 #ajje4 ,hipparchus cited1 #afh1 #fai1 #gfa1 #ggc1 #aajd4 ,hippasus cited1 #bc4 ,hippias the ,erythran cited1 #djf4 ,hippias the ,rhegian cited1 #ea4 ,hippias the ,sophist cited1 #iga4 ,hippidion1 a kind of fish1 #dgg4 ,hippocrates cited1 #gd1 #ge1 #id1 #fbi4 ,hippolochus cited1 #bjh1 #baj1 #fcd1 #ihj4 ,hippon the atheist cited1 #igc4 ,hipponax1 a very little man1 but strong1 #hhd2 cited1 #ha1 #aca1 #dgg1 #eaj1 #ehb1 #eia1 #faj1 #gfg1 #gia1 #iie1 #iig1 #ajca1 #aaaf4 ,hippotes drives out the tyrants of ,chios1 #djg4 ,hippuris1 or horse-tail1 a fish1 #dgg4 ,holmus1 a kind of drinking cup1 #ghi4 ,homer cited1 #acca1 #cf1 #djdb1 #eh1 #fd1 #fe1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh1 #gi1 #hi1 #aja1 #ajg1 #aji1 #abc1 #abi1 #adc1 #bjb1 #bbc1 #bgg1 #bhg1 #bhicjh1 #cfa1 #cgc1 #djd1 #dae1 #ddf1 #dfh1 #dic1 #dif1 #eca1 #ega1 #egb1 #egc1 #ehg1 #ehh1 #fjd1 #fae1 #faf1 #fbe1 #fca1 #fdc1 #fdd1 #fdi1 #fej1 #ffg1 #fga1 #fhd1 #gbc1 #gbd1 #gbf1 #gcd1 #gcf1 #gcg1 #gdj1 #gdf1 #geg1 #gfj1 #gfa1 #gff1 #gfh1 #ggh1 #ggi1 #gha1 #ghd1 #ghe1 #ghf1 #ghg1 #ghh1 #gia1 #gif1 #gig1 #gii1 #hja1 #hab1 #hai1 #hba1 #hbb1 #hbc1 #hch1 #hgd1 #hij1 #hia1 #ijb1 #ijf1 #igh1 #iie1 #ajja1 #ajji1 #ajaj1 #ajaa1 #ajba1 #ajdd1 #ajee1 #ajef1 #ajgg1 #ajih1 #ajii1 #aabj4 ,homorus1 a kind of loaf1 #ahb4 ,honey1 use of1 said to contribute to longevity1 #gf4 ,hora1 a kind of fish1 #aic4 ,horn for drinking1 #geh2 large size1 #gei4 ,horse1 a fish so called1 #dgg4 ,horses taught to dance1 #hcd4 ,hospitality and liberality1 examples of1 #e4 ,hyacinthia1 festival called1 #bbf4 ,hybrias the ,cretan cited1 #aaab1 7poetic version1 #abbj47 ,hyces1 sacred fish1 #eae4 ,hycena1 or plaice1 #eae4 ,hydraulic organ1 the1 #bgh4 ,hyperides1 a glutton and gambler1 #eci2 cited1 #aih1 #dai1 #ffi1 #ggb1 #hhd1 #ijg1 #ice1 #icf1 #icg1 #idb1 #ihc4 ,hyperochus cited1 #hdf4 ,hystiacum1 a kind of drinking cup1 #hjj4 ,,iacchian garland1 the1 #ajhb4 ,iambyca1 a musical instrument1 #ajaf4 ,iapygians1 luxury of the1 #hch4 ,iatrocles cited1 #eab1 #ajcb1 #ajcc1 #ajcd4 ,ibycus cited1 #ie1 #aae1 #adc1 #bgf1 #faa1 #ijc1 7poetic version1 #aaid17 #ieh1 7#abjf17 #ifb1 #ajhg4 ,icarian wine1 #di4 ,icarium1 comedy and tragedy1 first introduced at1 #fe4 ,icesias the ,erasistratean cited1 #ade1 #aie1 #dcg1 #ddc1 #ddg1 #dfg1 #dgg1 #dhe1 #dhh1 #dij1 #dib1 #dic1 #dif1 #ejd1 #ejh1 #eaf1 #eag4 ,idomeneus cited1 #hec1 #hed1 #iba1 #idb1 #idf1 #ige4 ,illyrians1 their drinking customs1 #fii4 ,immunities granted to cooks among the ,sybarites1 #hce2 to other trades1 #hce4 ,indian gourd1 the1 #ig4 ,interest of money1 rate of1 #igf4 ,io ,pan explained1 #aaba4 ,ion cited1 #cd1 #eh1 #aab1 #aeb1 #aed1 #agg1 #bhf1 #djf1 #dbj1 #eja1 #fdh1 #fgb1 #gjf1 #gab1 #gcj1 #gdf1 #gfb1 #gia1 #gic1 #gig1 #hjb1 #ifc1 #ajab1 #ajac1 #aajb4 ,ionian harmony1 its character1 #iig4 ,ionians1 luxury of the1 censured1 #hdj2 their austere character1 #iig4 ,iopis1 a fish1 #eai4 ,iotaline wine1 #dd4 ,ioulis1 or coulus1 a fish1 #dgi4 ,iphiclus becomes possessed of ,achaia by stratagem1 #efh4 ,iphicrates1 supper of1 #bad4 ,iphicratis1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gej4 ,ipnites1 the1 a kind of loaf1 #ahj4 ,isanthes1 a ,thracian king1 his luxury1 #heh4 ,isidorus the ,characene cited1 #aee4 ,isis1 the1 #ajhi4 ,isistrus cited1 #abe4 ,isocrates cited1 #ijg4 ,ister1 or ,istrus1 cited1 #dbh1 #edd1 #gfb1 #hia1 #ajdj4 ,isthmian cup1 the1 #gec4 ,isthmian garland1 the1 #ajha4 ,italian dance1 its inventor1 #cc4 ,italian wines1 qualities of the different1 #dc4 ,ithyphalli1 #iib4 ,,jackdaw1 collecting money for the1 #eff2 how caught1 #fai4 ,janus1 inventions ascribed to1 #aajf4 ,jason cited1 #ihi4 ,jesters1 monkeys preferred to1 by ,anacharsis the ,scythian1 #igi2 favoured by ,philip of ,macedon1 #ihj2 their jokes resented1 #ihc4 ,juba the ,mauritanian cited1 #afc1 #bgc1 #bhj1 #bhb1 #bhc1 #bhd1 #cfb1 #edb4 ,jugglers and mimics1 #cb4 ,julius ,csar1 #dbi4 ,,kid1 flesh of the1 #fcd4 ,kidney-beans used by the ,lacedmonians as sweetmeats1 #ia4 ,king chosen for his beauty1 #ijf4 ,king of the ,persians1 his luxury1 #hbc1 #hgc2 administers justice1 #hbi4 ,,labican wine1 #dc4 ,labionius1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gdb1 #ggc4 ,labyzus1 a sweet-smelling plant1 #hbd4 ,lacedmonians invent ball-play and gymnastic exercises1 #bc2 banquets1 #bbd2 their simple diet1 #hca2 discourage luxury1 #hha2 afterwards adopt it1 #bbi2 their marriages1 #hhi2 music among them1 #ajja2 their conduct to the ,helots1 #ajea4 ,lacena1 a kind of drinking cup1 #ggc4 ,laches cited1 #abc4 ,lacydes and ,timon at a drinking match1 #fia4 ,laganium1 a kind of loaf1 #ahb4 ,lagis1 a courtesan1 #ide4 ,lagynophoria1 the1 a festival1 #dcd4 ,lais the courtesan1 #iab1 #ich4 ,lamia1 the courtesan of ,demetrius ,poliorcetes1 #ibc4 ,lampon1 an epicure1 #edc4 ,lamprey1 the1 #dij2 said to breed with the viper1 #dij4 ,lamprocles cited1 #ghd4 ,lamprus the musician1 a water-drinker1 #gb4 ,lamps and lanterns1 #aaah4 ,laodice murders her husband1 #idg4 ,lasthenea1 a pupil of ,plato1 #hgd4 ,lasus of ,hermione1 sportive sayings of1 #ecd2 cited1 #gai1 #iif4 ,lathyporphyrides1 #faa4 ,latus1 a fish1 #dhi4 ,laurentus1 a wealthy ,roman1 #a2 his liberality and learning1 #c4 ,lena1 a courtesan1 her wit1 #ibc4 ,leek1 the1 #ehe4 ,legumes1 #fdj4 ,leiobatus1 a kind of shark1 #dij4 ,leleges1 slaves to the ,carians1 #dbf4 ,lentils1 discourse on1 #bed4 ,leogoras1 a gourmand1 #fjh4 ,leonidas1 a general1 his expedient to prevent the desertion of his troops1 #fih4 ,leonidas of ,byzantium wrote on fishing1 #ba4 ,leonidas of ,elis1 the grammarian1 a ,deipnosophist1 #b4 ,leontium1 a courtesan1 #icc1 #iec4 ,lepaste1 a kind of drinking cup1 #ggc4 ,lepreus1 his contests with ,hercules1 #fdi4 ,lesbian wine1 #dg1 #ed1 #ee2 praise of1 #dh4 ,lesbium1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gge4 ,lettered cups1 #gdc4 ,lettuces1 #aad2 their qualities1 #aae4 ,leucadian wine1 #ed4 ,leucisci1 a general name for fish1 #dha4 ,leucomnis1 or white sprat1 #dib4 ,leucon cited1 #eda4 ,leucus1 a sacred fish1 #ddf4 ,libations1 #ba1 #dh1 #aajg4 ,libraries1 great1 enumerated1 #d4 ,licymnius the ,chian cited1 #ijb1 #ifb4 ,limpets1 #adc4 ,lityerses1 a glutton1 #fed4 ,liver1 #agh2 why called modest1 #agh4 ,loaves1 different kinds of1 #ahj1 #aij4 ,locrian harmony1 #iih4 ,loins1 a dish called1 #fbi4 ,loisasium1 a kind of cup1 #gge4 ,lotus1 the1 #ajdb2 its uses1 #ajdb4 ,love honoured as a deity1 #hih2 catalogue of things relating to1 #iec2 writers on1 #ief4 ,lucullus introduced the cherry from ,pontus1 #hc2 brought habits of luxury to ,rome1 #dcb1 #hfi4 ,lupins1 #ij2 saying of ,zeno1 #ia4 ,lusitania1 its abundance1 #ebc4 ,luterium1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gge4 ,luxury1 ,cato's complaints against1 #dcb4 ,lyceas of ,naucratis1 cited1 #ihc4 ,lychnis1 the1 #ajhi4 ,lyciurges1 what1 #ggf4 ,lycon the ,peripatetic1 his mode of life1 #hgf4 ,lycophron of ,chalcis cited1 #ij1 #bbf1 #dcg1 #ffb1 #gge1 #hjb1 #hhi4 ,lycophronides cited1 #ajgj4 ,lycurgus cited1 #cfg4 ,lycurgus the orator cited1 #dai1 #gei1 #icf4 ,lycus cited1 #gf4 ,lydian harmony1 #iih4 ,lydians1 luxury of the1 #hbf2 their profligacy1 #hbg4 ,lyernius the ,celt1 banquets of1 #bdf4 ,lynceus the ,samian cited1 #ajb1 #abg1 #afh1 #afi1 #aha1 #baf1 #bdb1 #cfj1 #chj1 #cha1 #cij1 #ddh1 #ddi1 #dfb1 #dib1 #ebj1 #ecc1 #ecd1 #efh1 #fcc1 #fhf1 #gdg1 #gid1 #gih1 #ica1 #icb1 #ajcd1 #ajdc1 #ajde4 ,lysander1 question as to his mode of life1 #hfi4 ,lysander of ,sicyon1 the harp-player1 #ajai4 ,lysanias the ,cyrenean cited1 #dgg1 #hjg1 #ihi4 ,lysias cited1 #aab1 #ccd1 #cdi1 #cej1 #cfe1 #ege1 #fdc1 #hef1 #hhc1 #ice1 #icf1 #ide1 #idf1 #ige1 #igf4 ,lysimachus cited1 #bee4 ,lysippus cited1 #edc4 ,lysippus the statuary designs a new drinking cup for ,cassander1 #gdb4 ,,macareus cited1 #daa1 #ajbb4 ,macedonians addicted to drunkenness1 #aii4 ,machon the comic poet1 inscription on his tomb1 #chj2 cited1 #gb1 #chj1 #chc1 #chg1 #ecc1 #ech1 7poetic version1 #aafc17 #eci1 #ede1 #edi1 #ibc1 #icj1 #ajfj4 ,maconid1 a kind of loaf1 #ahc4 ,made dishes1 #fjg4 ,madness1 luxury of1 #hhh4 ,mandrius cited1 #gag4 ,mnis1 or sprat1 #dia4 ,magadis1 a musical instrument1 #ajac1 #ajag4 ,magas1 king of ,cyrene1 choked with fat1 #hha4 ,magnes cited1 #egi1 #ajcc1 #aajb4 ,magnesians1 the1 undone by luxury1 #hda4 ,magnus4 ,see ,myrtilus4 ,mago1 his abstinence1 #gb4 ,magodus1 the1 #iia4 ,malacus cited1 #dai4 ,mallows1 #if4 ,maltese dogs1 #hca4 ,mamertine wine1 #dd4 ,manes1 a kind of drinking cup1 #ggg4 ,mania1 a courtesan1 why so called1 #ibd2 her wit1 #ibe4 ,manius ,curius1 his reply to the ,sabines1 #ffj4 ,mantineans1 single combat invented by the1 #bdi4 ,mareotic wine1 the1 #ee4 ,marriage-feast of ,alexander and his companions1 #hfa2 of ,caranus1 #baj4 ,marriages1 ,lacedmonian1 #hhi4 ,marseilles1 wine of1 #dd4 ,marsic wine1 #dd4 ,marsyas cited1 #ajjd4 ,marsyas the priest of ,hercules cited1 #gdd1 #gfj1 #gfd4 ,marsyas the younger cited1 #aae4 ,maryandini become subject to the ,heracleans1 #dac4 ,masinissa1 king1 his joke on the ,sybarites1 #hca2 his fondness for children1 #hca4 ,massilians1 luxury of the1 #hch4 ,mastus1 a kind of drinking cup1 #ggg4 ,masyrius1 a lawyer1 a ,deipnosophist1 #b4 ,mathalides1 a kind of drinking cup1 #ggg4 ,matreas1 the strolling player1 #ca4 ,matris cited1 #fdi4 ,matris the ,athenian1 a water-drinker1 #gb4 ,matron cited1 #ajb1 #ajf1 #abe1 #bbj1 7poetic version1 #aace17 #bhd1 #edj1 #ajej1 #aaae4 ,mattya1 a dish so called1 #ajei4 ,meal mixed with wine1 #fhc4 ,meals1 names of1 #ah2 fashions at1 #ba4 ,medes1 luxury borrowed from1 by the ,persians1 #hbe4 ,megacles cited1 #ffj4 ,megaclides cited1 #hbb1 #hbc4 ,megasthenes cited1 #bdg4 ,melampus invented mixing wine and water1 #gd4 ,melanippides of ,melos cited1 #eg1 #fgg1 #ihd1 7poetic version1 #abji17 #ajdb4 ,melanippus and ,chariton1 #ifj4 ,melanthias killed by gluttony1 #hgh4 ,melanthius cited1 #eab4 ,melamorus1 the1 a fish1 #dib4 ,mele1 a kind of drinking cup1 #ggf4 ,meleager the ,cynic cited1 #hjd4 ,melissa1 a courtesan1 #bec4 ,melophori1 or ,immortals1 the ,persian body-guard1 #hbd1 #hfc4 ,membras1 a kind of anchovy1 #dea4 ,memphis the dancer1 #cc4 ,menchmus cited1 #ajg1 #dbg1 #ajad1 #ajae1 #ajai4 ,menander cited1 #aai1 7poetic version1 #aabh1 #aabi17 #aef1 #aff1 #aij1 #aig1 #bag1 #bff1 #bgd1 #bge1 #bgf1 #cjb1 #cfd1 #chj1 #chb1 #che1 #chi1 #cij1 #dbe1dgb1 #dgc1 #dge1 #dhf1 #dic1 #egd1 #ege1 #egf1 #ehh1 #fjc1 #fjf1 #fdd1 #fgb1 #fha1 #fhf1 #fih1 #fii1 #gje1 #gcg1 #geb1 #gee1 #gfa1 #ggc1 #hjj1 #hjd1 #hjf1 #hai1 #hbh1 #hgi1 #hhd1 #hie1 7#aaij17 #ijg1 #iad1 #icg1 #idi1 #ajbi1 #ajcj1 #ajda1 #ajdf1 #ajed1 #ajeh1 #aajd1 #aaai1 #aabj4 ,menecles of ,barca cited1 #bhe4 ,menecrates1 the ,syracusan1 arrogance and folly of1 #ded4 ,menedemus and ,asclepiades1 #bfi4 ,menedemus1 frugal banquets of1 #ffa4 ,menesthenes cited1 #ghi4 ,menetor cited1 #idf4 ,menippus the ,cynic cited1 #ed1 #ajje1 #ajfb4 ,menocles cited1 #fad4 ,menodorus cited1 #ig4 ,menodotus the ,samian cited1 #ajdg1 #ajgb4 ,mensitheus cited1 #eh4 ,messenians1 the1 banish the ,epicureans1 #hge4 ,metaceras1 what1 #bjd4 ,metagenes cited1 #cfa1 #dbd1 #dbf1 #eaf1 #eei1 #fjf1 #gbe1 #iac1 #aabj4 ,metaniptrum1 a kind of drinking cup1 #ggf4 ,metanira1 a courtesan1 #ide4 ,metreas of ,pitane wrote on feasts1 #g4 ,metrobius cited1 #ajbh4 ,metrodorus the ,chian cited1 #bhe1 #faf4 ,metrodorus the ,scepsian cited1 #hhd4 ,midas the ,lydian1 effeminacy of1 #hbg4 ,milesians1 their luxury1 #hci4 ,milo1 the athlete1 his voracity1 #fej4 ,mimnermus cited1 #gdh4 ,minos of ,crete and ,ganymede1 #iei4 ,minstrels and dancers at banquets1 #bb4 ,misgolas1 his fondness for harp-players1 #ece4 ,mithcus the ,locrian1 cited1 #ahf1 #ddb1 #eac1 #hbg4 ,mithridates1 voracity of1 #fee4 ,mitylenan wine1 #di4 ,mixing wine and water1 #ffg2 various proportions1 #ffg1 #fgb1 #fgi4 ,mnasalces the ,sicyonian cited1 #bfb4 ,mnaseas the ,locrian cited1 #ejf4 ,mnaseas of ,patra cited1 #bee1 #dfd1 #dgc1 #ebd1 #edf1 #hdi4 ,mnason the ,phocian1 his numerous slaves1 #dbh4 ,mnesimachus cited1 #dgc1 #ejg1 #eai1 #ecd1 #eff1 #fji1 #fce1 #feh1 #fei1 #ffc1 7poetic version1 #aagi47 ,mnesiptolemus cited1 #fhb4 ,mnesitheus1 the ,athenian1 cited1 #cg1 #hh1 #id1 #ig1 #acd1 #ace1 #aec1 #afj1 #agf1 #aia1 #bjj1 #efb1 #ggb4 ,mochus cited1 #bjg1 #gge4 ,modesty1 praise of1 #igc4 ,molpis cited1 #bbg1 #ajfa4 ,monaulos1 a musical instrument1 #bhj4 ,monophagein1 meaning of1 #ab4 ,monositon1 meaning of1 #gg4 ,mormylus1 or mormyrus1 a fish1 #dib4 ,moron1 or mulberry1 the1 #hd2 the modern blackberry1 #hd4 ,moschion cited1 #cbh4 ,moschion1 a water-drinker1 #gb4 ,moschus1 a water-drinker1 #gb4 ,moschus cited1 #ajab4 ,mothaces1 among the ,lacedmonians1 #dbg4 ,mullets1 #aie1 #eaj2 have different names according to their sizes1 #aie2 sacred fish1 #eab4 ,mushrooms1 #ii2 poisonous sorts1 #ajj4 ,music1 drinking to1 #gda2 horses taught to dance to1 #hcd2 everything regulated by1 among the ,tyrrhenians1 #hcj2 praise of1 #iid2 harmony1 #iie2 cultivated by the ,arcadians1 #iii2 an incentive to courage1 #ajjj2 among the ,lacedmonians and ,cretans1 #ajja2 among barbarous nations1 #ajja2 at banquets1 #ajja2 its effect on body and mind1 #ajjb2 decline of the art1 #ajjh4 ,musical instruments1 #bgh2 the hydraulic organ1 #bgh2 flutes1 #bgi1 #bhb2 nablus1 #bhj2 triangle1 #bhj2 monaulos1 #bhj2 calamaules1 #bha2 stringed instruments1 #bhd2 wind instruments1 #bhe4 ,mussels1 #ade4 ,mycerinus the ,egyptian1 his drunkenness1 #fib4 ,myconians said to be sordid and covetous1 #aa4 ,myma1 what1 #ajeh4 ,myndian wine1 #ed4 ,myrmecides the artist1 #gch4 ,myro the ,byzantian cited1 #ghc1 #ghd4 ,myron of ,priene cited1 #dbg1 #ajea4 ,myronides cited1 #aaje4 ,myrrhina1 a ,samian courtesan1 #idf ,myrsilus cited1 #igc4 ,myrtile1 or ,myrrhine wine1 #ec4 ,myrtilus the poet1 a ,deipnosophist1 #b4 ,myrtle1 the1 #ajij4 ,myrus1 a kind of eel1 #dia4 ,mys the artist1 #gch4 ,mysta1 the courtesan of ,seleucus1 sold for a slave1 #idg4 ,myxini1 a kind of fish1 #dha4 ,,nablus1 a musical instrument1 #bhj4 ,nannium1 a courtesan1 #ijh1 #icg4 ,nanus1 king in ,gaul1 marriage-feast of his daughter1 #iba4 ,narcissus1 the1 #ajhh4 ,nastus1 a kind of loaf1 #ahd4 ,nations addicted to drunkenness1 #fih4 ,nauclides threatened with banishment for his luxury1 #hha4 ,naucrates cited1 #fcj4 ,naucratite crown1 the1 #ajgi4 ,naucratis1 pottery of1 #gff4 ,nausiclides cited1 #ajc4 ,nausicrates cited1 #dfd1 #eac1 #eba4 ,nautilus1 the1 #ejj2 epigram of ,callimachus on1 #ejj4 ,naxian wine1 #ea4 ,neodamodes1 freedmen among the ,lacedmonians1 #dbg4 ,neanthes of ,cyzicus cited1 #ahd1 #bhj1 #eib1 #iba1 #ifj1 #aaah4 ,nectar1 wine from ,babylon1 so called1 #ec2 whether the food or drink of the gods1 #fc4 ,neocles of ,crotona cited1 #ie4 ,neoptolemus the ,parian cited1 #ach1 #gah1 #gfj4 ,nestor1 a drunkard1 #fhd2 his cup1 #ggh4 ,nestor of ,tarsus1 cited1 #fec4 ,nettles1 #ajc4 ,new words1 coiners of1 #afd4 ,nicnetus cited1 #ajgd4 ,nicander the ,chalcedonian cited1 #gic4 ,nicander the ,colophonian cited1 #eg1 #ha1 #hd1 #hf1 #hg1 #hi1 #ajf1 #aaj1 #aad1 #aah1 #aba1 #abb1 #acf1 #acg1 #aec1 #afe1 #agd1 #ahc1 #ahe1 #ahi1 #bjg1 #ddd1 #dec1 #dfe1 #dgi1 #dha1 #egg1 #eha1 #ehb1 #ehd1 #ehe1 #ehg1 #fag1 #fbc1 #gdj1 #geg1 #gfj1 #ggj1 #gge1 #iaj1 #ifg1 #ajch1 #ajhe1 #ajhh1 #ajia1 #aaba4 ,nicander of ,thyatira cited1 #ahi1 #ejc1 #gbh1 #gfd1 #gfh1 #gge1 #hje1 #ajhd1 #ajhh1 #aajd4 ,nicanor the ,cyrenan cited1 #dfe4 ,nicias1 his numerous slaves1 #dbh4 ,nicias of ,nica cited1 #bfa1 #dcj1 #hjh1 #haj1 #idd1 #igb4 ,nicium1 a courtesan1 #bec4 ,nicobula cited1 #fhf4 ,nicochares cited1 #eg1 #eah1 #fgb1 #ihg1 #ajca1 #ajej1 #ajff4 ,nicocles cited1 #bbg1 #bbh4 ,nicocles of ,cyprus1 his contest in luxury with ,straton1 #hea4 ,nicolaus of ,damascus cited1 #bdg1 #cia1 #cif1 #cig1 #daj1 #dah1 #dcb1 #ebf1 #fee1 #hfi1 #idf1 #ajdc1 #ajhi4 ,nicomachus cited1 #ie1 #def1 #egd1 #gcg1 #gfb4 ,nicomedes cited1 #ajag4 ,nicon cited1 #ggg4 ,nicophon cited1 #acd1 #bjh1 #dbd1 #ejh1 #egi1 #fab4 ,nicostratus cited1 #ajh1 #agi1 #ahb1 #ahd1 #aif1 #bah1 #cfd1 #chi1 #dgb1 #gee1 #ggg1 #gih1 #hbh1 #icg1 #ihb1 #ajdf1 #ajfa1 #ajid1 #ajie1 #aajg1 #aaai4 ,nilnetus cited1 #ida4 ,nile1 ascent of the1 #aai2 mouths of the1 #aba2 water of the1 highly esteemed for drinking1 #gc4 ,ninus1 his epitaph1 #hej4 ,ninyas1 given to luxury1 #hdg4 ,nitetis induces ,cambyses to invade ,egypt1 #hif4 ,noisy trades prohibited in the city of the ,sybarites1 #hca4 ,nomentum1 wine of1 #dd4 ,nomium1 song so called1 #ihh4 ,numerius the ,heraclean wrote on facts1 #g2 on fishing1 #bj2 cited1 #ddb1 #dej1 #dea1 #dfb1 #dgg1 #dgh1 #dhj1 #dhd1 #dhe1 #dhf1 #dib1 #die1 #ejd1 #eje1 #ejg1 #eac1 #ead1 #eae1 #eaf1 #eag1 #ehd4 ,nuts1 #he2 question as to their wholesomeness1 #hg4 ,nymphis of ,heraclea cited1 #heg1 #hgh1 #ihh4 ,nymphodorus cited1 #daf1 #ejf1 #ebd1 #ici1 #igb4 ,nymphs1 the nurses of ,bacchus1 #fc4 ,nysus1 the tyrant1 a drunkard1 #fhh4 ,,oaths1 strange1 #ehc4 ,obelias1 a kind of loaf1 #ahd4 ,ochus1 advice of1 to his son1 #hgh4 ,ocimum1 a courtesan1 #icg4 ,odates and ,zariadres1 story of1 #iai4 nas1 a species of pigeon1 #fbj4 nopas1 a parodist1 #ajbj4 nopides the ,chian cited1 #aba4 nopt1 their office1 #fgj4 ,oidos1 a drinking cup1 #hjf4 ,oils1 #aaj4 ,oinisteria1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gij4 ,ointments1 use of1 #hhe4 ,olbian mountains or ,alps1 #cfh4 ,olives1 #ib2 various sorts1 #ib4 ,ollix1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gij4 ,olympias1 mother of ,alexander the ,great1 #fhg1 #hib2 her war with ,eurydice1 #hig4 ,omartes1 king of the ,marathi1 story of his daughter1 #iai4 ,omotaricum1 #bjj4 ,omphale1 the ,lydian tyrant1 #hbg4 ,onaris the ,bisaltian1 #hcd2 conquers the ,cardians1 #hcd4 ,onias1 a kind of fish1 #ejc4 ,onions1 #dj1 #ajd2 various kinds1 #ajf4 ,oon1 a drinking cup1 #hjf4 ,ooscyphia1 a drinking cup1 #hjf4 ,ophelion cited1 #aji1 #age1 #agf4 ,oppianus the ,cilician wrote on fishing1 #bj4 ,opsarion1 #fjf4 ,opson1 meaning of1 #dcd4 ,orcynus1 a fish1 #die4 ,orindes1 a kind of loaf1 #ahc4 ,orphos1 the1 a fish1 #die2 question as to accent1 #die4 ,ortyges1 the tyrant of ,chios1 #djg4 ,osier1 or willow1 garlands of1 #ajgb1 #ajgd4 ,oxen fed on fish by the ,thracians1 #ede4 ,oxybaphum1 a kind of drinking cup1 #ghi4 ,oysters1 #adj1 #aed2 mentioned by ,homer1 #adc2 pearl oysters1 #aed2 marvellous production of1 #ebf4 ,p,,ans1 #aaac4 ,pagurus1 the1 #eja4 ,palaces of ,homer's kings1 #cja4 ,palm1 brain of the1 #aah4 ,pamphilus of ,alexandria cited1 #hf1 #hg1 #ajc1 #aae1 #abi1 #ach1 #adb1 #adh1 #bjj1 #bgd1 #die1 #eab1 #efg1 #fji1 #gdj1 #gdi1 #gej1 #gec1 #geg1 #gfb1 #gfd1 #ggg1 #gij1 #gia1 #gib1 #hjc1 #iae1 #ajbg1 #ajca1 #ajdj1 #ajdd1 #ajha1 #ajhb4 ,pamphilus the ,sicilian1 his dinner verses1 #f4 ,pantius the ,rhodian cited1 #hi4 ,panaretus1 a thin philosopher1 #hhd4 ,panathenaicum1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gij4 ,pancrates of ,alexandria cited1 #ajhb4 ,pancrates the ,arcadian wrote on fishing1 #bj2 cited1 #ddd1 #dgi1 #ejf1 #gfb4 ,pandorus1 a musical instrument1 #bha4 ,pan loaves1 #aha4 ,pantaleon the jester1 his mock bequests1 #ihb4 ,pantica of ,cyprus1 a beautiful but licentious woman1 #igb4 ,panyasis cited1 #ei1 #fj1 #bgf1 #gdh1 #gif4 ,paphian king and his flatterers1 #dja1 #djc4 ,parasites1 #cgj2 early meaning of the term1 #cgj2 later meaning1 #cgb2 anecdotes of1 #cgi4 ,parastat1 a dish so called1 #fbd4 ,parian figs1 #abg4 ,parilia1 a ,roman festival1 #egj4 ,parmenio cited1 #gcg1 #igj4 ,parmeniscus of ,metapontum1 how cured of melancholy1 #igi4 ,parmeniscus cited1 #beb1 #igi4 ,parmeno the ,byzantine cited1 #abg1 #cbd1 #cea1 #gii4 ,parmeno the ,rhodian cited1 #dhe4 ,parodists1 #bhd1 #aaae4 ,paropsis1 discussion on the word1 #egh4 ,parrhasius1 given to luxury1 #hfi2 his inscription on his works1 #ajig4 ,parthanius cited1 #hd4 ,parthenius cited1 #gdj1 #gdd1 #hja1 #ajhg4 ,parthians1 kings of the1 their summer and winter residences1 #hbd4 ,partridge1 the1 #faa1 #ajdi4 ,passum1 a drink of the ,roman women1 #fif4 ,pathymias the ,egyptian1 #gi4 ,paunches1 #afa1 #afg4 ,pausanias the ,spartan1 #bbd2 his luxury1 #heg4 ,paxamus cited1 #eic4 ,peacock1 the1 #fbf1 #ajdg4 ,pearls1 #aee4 ,pears1 #ajdj4 ,peas1 #fdj4 ,pectis1 a musical instrument1 #ajae4 ,pelamydes1 a kind of fish1 #aic4 ,pelamys1 the1 #eja4 ,pelica1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gia4 ,pelignas the cook1 #ajee4 ,pella1 or pellis1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gia4 ,pelleter1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gib4 ,peloponnesian wars1 how occasioned1 #iaa4 ,peloria1 a festival1 #ajbb4 ,peloris1 or giant mussel1 #aed4 ,pelting with stones1 #fda4 ,penelope1 at dice1 #bg4 ,penest1 their condition1 #dad4 ,penny loaves1 #ahd4 ,pentaploa1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gib4 ,peparethian wine1 #dh4 ,pepper1 #aji4 ,perch1 the1 #ejb4 ,perfumes1 #fde2 known to ,homer1 #bh2 used by the ,carmani1 #ge2 condemned by ,socrates1 #ajif4 ,pericles the ,olympian1 loose conduct of1 #hed1 #idj4 ,peripatetic school1 duties of the chief of the1 #hgf4 ,periwinkles1 #adc4 ,persus of ,citium1 #bfa2 cited1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bfa1 #ifh4 ,persian couches1 #gi2 banquets1 #bcc4 ,persians1 fond of dancing1 #fhf2 their luxury1 #hbc1 #hgc4 ,petachnum1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gib4 ,petelia1 fortitude of the inhabitants of1 #hdf4 ,petta1 her marriage with ,euxenus1 #iba4 ,phacians1 luxury of the1 #ad1 #bf2 dances1 #bd4 ,phdimus cited1 #gig4 ,phdo1 his remark on ,plato1 #hji4 ,phnias cited1 #hi1 #ajb1 #ajf1 #aac1 #aag1 #ada1 #aej1 #ebf1 #eee1 #ehe1 #fdj1 #fib1 #ajbj4 ,phninda1 a game at ball1 #bd4 ,phstians1 a witty people1 #daj4 ,phtus cited1 #ajbh4 ,phagesia1 the1 #dcc4 ,phagrus1 the1 a fish1 #eae2 a stone so called1 #eaf4 ,phalcus cited1 #fif4 ,phalanthus outwitted by ,iphiclus1 #efh4 ,phalaris1 incredible barbarity ascribed to1 #fbe4 ,phallophori1 #iib4 ,phanias cited1 #aj1 #bg1 #di1 #ec1 #hd1 #if1 #cff4 ,phanocritus cited1 #dce4 ,phanodemus cited1 #ahi1 #bfi1 #fah1 #fij1 #gcc4 ,phaps1 a species of pigeon1 #fbj4 ,pharax the ,lacedmonian1 abandons the ,spartan mode of living1 #heh2 his death1 #heh4 ,pharsalia1 a dancing-woman1 torn to pieces for sacrilege1 #ife4 ,phascades1 a bird1 #fbc4 ,phayllus1 a great fish-eater1 #ece4 ,pheasants1 #fjh1 #ajdf4 ,pherecrates cited1 #ij1 #ic1 #aaa1 #abf1 #aca1 #acd1 #adi1 #aeh1 #aei1 #ahd1 #aig1 #bjb1 #beg1 #bgd1 #cfa1 #chh1 #cij1 #daa1 #dac1 #dbb1 #dbc1 7poetic version1 #aaeh17 #dhj1 #dhe1 #dih1 #ebi1 #eda1 #egd1 #ege1 #egg1 #egi1 #fjf1 #fab1 #fbc1 #fbd1 #fed1 #ffh1 #fhj1 #gbf1 #gcc1 #gdi1 #gef1 #gfd1 #gfe1 #gfg1 7#aahf17 #ggd1 #gge1 #hjb1 #hef1 #igf1 #ajca1 #ajcb1 #ajcf1 #ajdd1 #ajde1 #ajic1 #ajid1 #aajc1 #aaah1 #aaai4 ,pherecydes cited1 #hia4 ,pherenicus cited1 #aca4 ,phiale1 a drinking vessel1 #hja2 golden1 #hjc4 ,phiditia1 banquet of the1 #bbh4 ,philadelphus of ,ptolemais1 a ,deipnosophist1 #b4 ,philnis not the author of the book ascribed to her1 #ecj4 ,philetrus cited1 #cd1 #ajh1 #agf1 #agi1 #aif1 #ddj1 #eci1 #fef1 #fei1 #fhj1 #gef1 #ggg1 #hid1 #iab1 #iae1 #icg1 #ajaa1 7poetic version1 #abab47 ,philemon cited1 #ag1 #hf1 #ib1 #ajf1 #abi1 #acf1 #ahi1 #bjd1 #bah1 #bgc1 #bhj1 #cfd1 #daa1 #dec1 7poetic version1 #aaei1 #abbd17 #dhc1 #ech1 #fjf1 #gdf1 #gdg1 #gfh1 #ggj1 #gie1 #hbh1 #iaj1 #iaa1 #ida1 #iej1 #iff1 #ajcj1 #ajcb1 #ajdd1 #ajeb1 #ajed1 #ajfj1 #ajfa4 ,philemon1 junior1 cited1 #deg4 ,philetas1 a very lean man1 #hhd2 how starved to death1 #fcc2 inscription on his tomb1 #fcc2 cited1 #aag1 #ahi1 #gdj1 #gda1 #gdd1 #gde1 #ggj1 #gib1 #gic1 #gie1 #ajca1 #ajcc1 #ajha1 #ajhb1 #ajhc4 ,philinus lived wholly on milk1 #gb4 ,philinus the orator cited1 #fgj4 ,philinus the physician1 #ajhh1 #ajhi4 ,philip of ,macedon and his companions1 #bfg1 #dji2 ridicules ,menecrates1 #ded2 his drunkenness1 #fhg2 his many marriages1 #hib4 ,philippides1 a thin and insignificant man1 #hhd2 cited1 #adi1 #cfc1 7poetic version1 #aadf17 #daa1 #fje1 #gcg1 #ajbc1 #ajec1 #aaai4 ,philippus cited1 #abf4 ,philippus of ,theangela cited1 #dbf4 ,philistion the ,locrian cited1 #aia4 ,phillis the ,delian cited1 #ajac1 #ajaf4 ,philo cited1 #ejf1 #igd4 ,philochorus cited1 #ad1 #fa1 #fb1 #bfi1 #cjb1 #cgb1 #chd1 #eia1 #fbj1 #gcc1 #gib1 #ajjb1 #ajjf1 #ajai1 #ajcj1 #ajcg1 #ajdi1 #aajh1 #aaad4 ,philocles cited1 #aji4 ,philocrates cited1 #ab1 #dad4 ,philodemus cited1 #gjb4 ,philomnestus cited1 #abe4 ,philonides cited1 #gg1 #aaa1 #cfa1 #chi1 #ajgg1 #aabj4 ,philosophers1 ,cynic1 #ige2 ,epicurean1 #dch2 other sects1 #dci2 ,pythagorean1 #bfc2 at a drinking match1 #fia2 disorderly life of some1 #hgd1 #hgf1 #hgg1 #ifi2 other faults of1 #cdi1 #ige4 ,philostephanus cited1 #dei1 #dfg1 #ebd1 #ebf4 ,philotesia1 a kind of drinking cup1 #hjc4 ,philotimus cited1 #hh1 #acb1 #ace1 #ach1 #dhe1 #ajih4 ,philoxenus of ,alexandria cited1 #hf4 ,philoxenus of ,cythera and the mullets1 #aj2 a great fish-eater1 #ech2 cited1 #bcg1 #fde1 #gei1 #ggg1 #ijc1 #ajbg1 #ajie4 ,philoxenus of ,leucadia1 an epicure1 #h2 cheesecakes named after him1 #h2 his love for hot dishes1 #h4 ,philoxenus the ,solenist1 #aej4 ,philyllius cited1 #ea1 #he1 #ajd1 #add1 #aed1 #agc1 #ahc1 #bbf1 #bge1 #eii1 #fdd1 #ggd1 #ijg1 #icf1 #ajbd1 #aabj4 ,philyrinus1 a kind of garland1 #ajhe4 ,phocus1 his intemperate life1 #bgj4 ,phocylides cited1 #fge4 ,phnician wine1 praise of1 #dh4 ,phnicides cited1 #fed1 #ajdc4 ,phnix the ,colophonian cited1 #eff1 #ffd1 7poetic version1 #aafd1 #aafe17 #gib1 #hdi4 ,phnix1 a musical instrument1 #ajah4 ,pholades1 #adf4 ,phorbas1 sacrifice of1 #dab4 ,phormus cited1 #ajdb4 ,phrygian harmony1 #iie1 #iih4 ,phryne1 when accused1 how defended by ,hyperides1 #idb2 serves as a model to ,apelles and ,praxiteles1 #idc2 her statue1 #idc2 two of the name1 #idc4 ,phrynichus cited1 #gh1 #he1 #hf1 #ig1 #abd1 #ade1 #ahb1 #aij1 #bfe1 #bhf1 #cfa1 #cij1 #cie1 #dea1 #eja1 #ehe1 #fab1 #ffi1 #gee1 #ijc1 #ifc1 #ajad1 #ajdf1 #aabj4 ,phthos1 a kind of drinking cup1 #hjc4 ,phuromachus1 epigram on his voracity1 #fec4 ,phycis1 the1 #ejb4 ,phylarchus cited1 #cj1 #ga1 #gb1 #ie1 #abb1 #acf1 #bbi1 #bdc1 #cib1 #dji1 #dbf1 #dbg1 #ebf1 #ebh1 #fej1 #fib1 #fih1 #hce1 #hdb1 #hdf1 #heh1 #hfb1 #hfc1 #idg1 #ifg1 #ifh1 #iga1 #igb1 #igd1 #ihj1 #ajbb1 #ajge1 #aajh4 ,pickle1 #aaa1 #aib1 #aii4 ,pig1 the1 #eij2 why held sacred among the ,cretans1 #eib2 one half roasted1 half boiled1 #eic4 ,pig's feet1 #aei4 ,pigeon1 the1 #fbj1 #ajdf4 ,pike1 the1 #dhg2 those of ,miletus greatly esteemed1 #dhh4 ,pindar cited1 #d1 #cf1 #db1 #de1 #fg1 #fh1 #bdi1 #bif1 #bii1 #cjf1 #cfe1 #cij1 #def1 #fgd1 #gjh1 #gai1 #gci1 #gdd1 #gei1 #gff1 #ghc1 #hba1 #hig1 #ijc1 #iag1 #iah1 #iei1 #ajad1 #ajbd1 #ajbe4 ,pine-cones1 #id4 ,pinna and its guard1 #adh1 #aef4 ,pirene1 fountain of1 #gj4 ,pisander1 accused of gluttony1 #fed2 cited1 #gda1 #gdh4 ,pisistratid1 banquets given by the1 #hec4 ,pisistratus1 moderation of1 #hec2 his oppression1 #hed4 ,pistachio nuts1 #ajch4 ,pithyllus1 an epicure1 #i4 ,placite loaves1 #ahb4 ,plaice1 the1 #eae4 ,plangon1 a ,milesian courtesan1 #idh4 ,plataces1 a kind of fish1 #dhe4 ,plate1 gold and silver1 #cfb4 ,plato1 his rivalry with ,xenophon1 #hjh2 his ill-nature1 #haj2 his dislike to the pupils of ,socrates1 #hab2 bad character of his own followers1 #had2 cited1 #cd1 #eh1 #gh1 #aed1 #aeg1 #afa1 #afe1 #ahf1 #bjc1 #bbc1 #bea1 #bgh1 #bhc1 #bhi1 #bia1 #bib1 #bid1 #bie1 #bih1 #cjf1 #cdbcea1 #cfg1 #chh1 #cii1 #dae1 #dic1 #ffi1 #fhb1 #fhe1 #fie1 #gad1 #hbj1 #hde1 #idj1 7poetic version1 #aaig17 #ajbc1 #ajdd1 #ajde1 #ajga1 #ajhd1 #ajii1 #aaaj1 #aabb4 ,plato1 the comic writer1 cited1 #g1 #eb1 #gh1 #ic1 #aaa1 #aac1 #abi1 #aga1 #aif1 #bcg1 #bgc1 #cfc1 #dch1 #dhc1 #dij1 #dic1 #die1 #dig1 #eaa1 #edc1 #egh1 #ehj1 #eia1 #eii1 #fjf1 #fjh1 #fff1 #ffh1 #fig1 #gja1 #gje1 #gbj1 #gda1 #gfb1 #ajjc1 #ajbd1 #ajbi1 #ajej1 #ajfb1 #ajfd1 #ajfe1 #ajha1 #ajhc1 #aaah1 #aabj4 ,pleasure1 love of1 #hah2 various opinions on1 #hbj4 ,pledging healths1 #gca4 ,pleiades1 the1 represented on ,nestor's cup1 #gha2 variation of the name1 #ghc4 ,plemochoe1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gib4 ,plistonichus cited1 #gd4 ,plutarch of ,chronea cited1 #hf1 #fad4 ,plutarchus1 the grammarian1 a ,deipnosophist1 #b4 ,poets1 censured for loose morality1 #bja4 ,polemarchus cited1 #ahd4 ,polemo1 a water-drinker1 #gc2 cited1 #ca1 #fd1 #ia1 #aaf1 #acg1 #ahj1 #bbd1 #bbg1 #ccd1 #cgj1 #dhb1 #ehe1 #faa1 #fde1 #fdg1 #fee1 #fhi1 #fii1 #gbi1 #geb1 #gee1 #gfb1 #gfe1 #gga1 #ggb1 #ggf1 #gie1 #hff1 #hhd1 #ijg1 #iah1 #ibc1 #icg1 #ich1 #idj1 #ifa1 #ifg1 #ajed1 #aajc1 #aaad1 #aaaf4 ,poliochus cited1 #ii1 #dib4 ,pollian wine1 probably the same as ,bibline1 #ea4 ,pollis1 king of ,syracuse1 #ea4 ,polyarchus defends sensual pleasures1 #hgb4 ,polybius cited1 #bf1 #gc1 #acb1 #aeh1 #cji1 #cie1 #cif1 #dbg1 #dbi1 #dcb1 #dgd1 #ebc1 #ebd1 #fcb1 #feh1 #ffi1 #fga1 #fic1 #fid1 #fie1 #fif1 #gjc1 #hdd1 #hdf1 #ibb1 #iha1 #iih1 #ajab1 #ajdb4 ,polycharmus cited1 #ebg1 #ajgi4 ,polycletus of ,larissa cited1 #hfb4 ,polycrates cited1 #bbf1 #ecj4 ,polycrates the ,achan1 a parodist1 #ajbj4 ,polycrates of ,samos1 luxury of1 #hfd4 ,polypus1 the1 #dif2 various species1 #eja4 ,polyzelus cited1 #eb1 #efi1 #ehd4 ,pomegranates1 #ajdj4 ,pompilus1 fish so called1 #ddd2 originally a man1 #dde4 ,pontianus cited1 #hih4 ,pontianus of ,nicomedia1 a ,deipnosophist1 #b4 ,pontic pickles1 #aif4 ,poor ,helen1 a courtesan1 #icc4 ,porphyrion1 ,porphyris1 the1 a bird1 #faa4 ,posidippus cited1 #ec1 #adf1 #aef1 #aie1 #bdi1 #dgb1 #ejj1 #eic1 #fej1 #fec1 #fed1 #ghd1 #idd1 #ieb1 #ajed1 #ajeh4 ,posidonius the ,corinthian1 wrote onfishing1 #bj4 ,posidonius the ,stoic cited1 #df1 #gd1 #bdd1 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #bgj1 #bha1 #ccd1 #cce1 #ccf1 #cfh1 #cfi1 #chg1 #cif1 #dac1 #dah1 #dbh1 #dbi1 #dcj1 #dcb1 #dci1 #ebg1 #eha1 #fcb1 #fid1 #gij1 #hde1 #hfd1 #hfg1 #hgi1 #hhj1 #idi1 #ajad1 #ajch1 #aajf4 ,possis cited1 #hed4 ,pothos1 a kind of garland1 #ajhe4 ,potters of ,athens1 #df2 of ,naucratis1 #gff4 ,poultry1 names for1 #ehg4 ,prneste1 wine of1 #dd4 ,pramnian wine1 praise of1 #ej4 ,pratinas the ,phliasian cited1 #gbh1 #ihd1 7poetic version1 #abji17 #ajaj4 ,praxagoras cited1 #ec1 #fg1 #ge1 #acf1 #ajih4 ,praxilla the ,sicyonian cited1 #ifa1 #aajh4 ,praxiteles1 his inscription on a statue of ,cupid1 #idc4 ,premnas1 a kind of tunny1 #eah4 ,priapus1 the same as ,bacchus with the people of ,lampsacus1 #di4 ,pristis1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gdb1 #gic4 ,privernum1 wine of1 #dc4 ,proaron1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gij4 ,prochytes1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gic4 ,prodromi1 or precocious figs1 #abi4 ,profligates who have committed suicide1 #hei4 ,promathidas of ,heraclea cited1 #dfd1 #ghj4 ,pronomus the ,theban1 a celebrated flute-player1 #ajjh4 ,prophesying from fish1 #ebg4 ,propis the ,rhodian harp-player1 #edh4 ,proponia1 what1 #ie4 ,prostitutes of ,athens1 books on the1 #ijg4 ,protagoras1 originally a porter1 #eeh2 cited1 #bje4 ,protagorides cited1 #bdb1 #bfj1 #bha1 #bhe4 ,proteas the ,macedonian1 a great drinker1 #fhe4 ,proxenus cited1 #dbj4 ,proxenus1 office of1 #ifc4 ,prusias1 king of ,bithynia1 cup named from him1 #gic4 ,psamathis1 or sacred fish1 #eae4 ,psithian wine1 #dg4 ,psomocolaces1 a kind of flatterers1 #daa4 ,psorus or psyrus1 a fish1 #dib4 ,psygeus1 or psycter1 a drinking cup1 #hjd4 ,ptolemy1 son of ,agesarchus1 cited1 #chg1 #fga1 #ibc4 ,ptolemy ,euergetes1 his luxury1 #hgi2 cited1 #aja1 #aah1 #cfb1 #eib1 #fji1 #fib1 #hca1 #hhj1 #ibb1 #ajdf4 ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 his magnificent procession1 #cac2 his luxury1 #heh2 his courtesans1 #ibb4 ,ptolemy ,philopator1 large ship built by1 #cbd4 ,puns on words1 #afb4 ,purple-fish1 #adg4 ,pylades wrote on dancing1 #cc4 ,pyramus1 a kind of loaf1 #ahh4 ,pyrgion cited1 #bcb4 ,pyrrhander cited1 #ajac4 ,pyrrho the ,elean cited1 #ffa4 ,pythnetus cited1 #ida4 ,pythagoras1 temperance of1 #ffj2 enigmatic sayings of1 #gad2 his musical performance1 #ajah2 cited1 #bhe1 #ajab4 ,pythagoreans1 the early1 dressed handsomely1 #bfc4 ,pytharchus of ,cyzicus receives seven cities from ,cyrus the ,great1 #di4 ,pytheas1 his inscription for his tomb1 #gcd2 7poetic version1 #aahd47 ,pythermus of ,ephesus cited1 #gb1 #he1 #dee1 #iig4 ,pythionica1 her lovers1 #ecf2 her splendid funeral and monument1 #idi4 ,python of ,byzantium1 the orator1 his odd exhortation to unanimity1 #hha4 ,python of ,catana cited1 #ice1 #iej4 ,,quails1 #fag2 how caught1 #fai4 ,quinces1 #ig4 ,,rabbit1 how distinguished from the hare1 #fcb4 ,radishes1 #ic2 various kinds1 #ic4 ,rain of fishes and frogs1 #ebf4 ,ray1 the1 #ddi4 ,rhapsodists1 #ihi2 poems recited by1 #ihi4 ,rhegian wine1 #dc4 ,rheonta1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gic4 ,rhianus cited1 #acg1 #gih4 ,rhin1 the1 a fish1 #ejb4 ,rhinthon cited1 #ahd1 #hjj4 ,rhipan mountains1 or ,alps1 #cfh4 ,rhodian bread1 #aha2 wine1 #eb4 ,rhodias1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gic4 ,rhoduntia1 a dish so called1 #fcf2 how prepared1 #fdj4 ,rhombus1 or sea-sparrow1 #eba4 ,rhysis1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gic4 ,rhytum1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gid4 ,riddles1 #gab2 examples1 #gac4 ,roach1 the1 or sea-frog1 #ddi4 ,roasting1 why less wholesome than boiling1 #ajdi4 ,robbery recommended1 rather than to go without fish1 #ddi1 #dfb4 ,rolls1 #ahc4 ,roman banquets1 #bdg2 single combats1 #bdh4 ,romans1 early simplicity of their lives1 #dca2 luxury introduced1 #dcb2 wisely selected desirable customs from the nations they subdued1 #dcj2 their slaves1 #dbi4 ,rome1 eulogium on1 #cb4 ,roses1 variety of1 #ajhi4 ,royal nut1 the1 #hh4 ,rufinus of ,myla1 a ,deipnosophist1 #c4 ,rutilius ,rufus cited1 #dca1 #hfi4 ,,sabine wine1 #dd4 ,sabrias1 a drinking vessel1 #daa4 ,sacadas the ,argive cited1 #igc4 ,sacred band1 among the ,thebans1 #hih4 ,sacred fish1 what1 #ddd1 #eab1 #eae4 ,sacred war1 caused by a woman1 #hif4 ,sacrifices1 performed by kings in person1 #ajee4 ,sagaus1 king of the ,maryandini1 his laziness1 #hdi4 ,sakeus1 a ,babylonian festival1 #ajbb4 ,salmonius cited1 #hd4 ,salpe1 a ,lesbian woman1 #ejf4 ,salpe1 the1 a fish1 #ejf4 ,samagorian wine1 its strength1 #fgh4 ,sambuca1 the1 a musical instrument1 #ajab1 #ajah2 also an instrument of war1 #ajab4 ,samians1 luxury of the1 #hdb4 ,sannacra1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gie4 ,sannyrion1 a very thin man1 #hhb2 cited1 #daa1 #ddi1 #hhb4 ,saperda1 a kind of fish1 #dhd4 ,sappho1 a courtesan1 of ,eresus1 #ieb2 not cotemporary with ,anacreon1 #iee2 cited1 #cd1 #fd1 #hi1 #id1 #bhc1 #cjf1 #fag1 #fdg1 #fgj1 #gbg1 #gca1 7poetic version1 #aahd17 #gef1 #hhf1 #ijc1 #iac1 #iea1 #ajgf1 #ajgg1 #ajig1 #aajc4 ,sardanapalus1 luxurious life of1 #hdg2 inscription on his tomb1 #eca1 #hdh2 proposed alteration by ,chrysippus1 #ecb4 ,sardines1 #eah4 ,sardinian acorns1 #hi4 ,sargus1 the1 a fish1 #dib1 #eje4 ,saturnalia1 the1 #ajba2 similar festivals1 #ajba4 ,satyric dance1 its inventor1 #cc4 ,satyrus cited1 #bfi1 #cij1 #cia1 #cid1 #hee1 #hff1 #hhi1 #ica4 ,saucepan of ,telemachus1 #fdb4 ,saurus1 or lizard1 #ejg2 termed a fish1 #ejg4 ,scallium1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gie4 ,scamon cited1 #ajje1 #ajag4 ,scaphinum1 a kind of drinking cup1 #geg4 ,scari1 a kind of fish1 #ejc4 ,scarus1 or char1 the1 #ejc2 two kinds of1 #ejc4 ,scented wines1 #ec4 ,scepinus1 the1 #ejh4 ,sciadeus1 or scina1 the1 a fish1 #ejh4 ,sciathus1 wine of1 #ea4 ,scipio ,africanus1 his modest retinue1 #dbi4 ,sciras cited1 #fcd4 ,scolia of ,pindar and others1 #fgd2 examples1 #aaji4 ,scolium1 what1 #iag4 ,scomber1 or tunny1 the1 #eje4 ,scorpion1 the1 a fish1 #ejd4 ,screech-owl1 the1 #fae4 ,scylax cited1 #aaf4 ,scyphus1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gie4 ,scythian draught1 what1 #fgc4 ,scythians1 luxury and tyranny of the1 #hdj4 ,scythinus the ,teian cited1 #gbh4 ,sea-blackbird1 the1 #dgh4 ,sea-boar1 the1 #dgh4 ,sea-goat1 the1 #eag4 ,sea-grayling1 the1 #dfb4 ,sea-nettle1 the1 #adi4 ,sea-pig1 the1 #ead4 ,sea-sparrow1 the1 #ebj4 ,sea-thrush1 the1 #dgh4 ,sea-torpedo1 the1 #dic4 ,sea-urchins1 #aea1 #aeb4 ,sea-water mixed with wine1 #ed4 ,seasonings1 #aab2 ,philoxenus a master of1 #i4 ,seleucis1 a kind of drinking cup1 #gie4 ,seleucus of ,alexandria cited1 #ff1 #ha1 #he1 #abi1 #acj1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #bej1 #bgf1 #dbj1 #egg1 #fbg1 #fgi1 #gde1 #ggg1 #gia1 #gii1 #ajcj1 #ajec1 #ajhb1 #aaah4 ,seleucus of ,tarsus wrote on fishing1 #ba2 cited1 #ejc4 ,semaristus cited1 #fbd1 #fbi4 ,semiramis1 mother of ,ninyas1 #hdg4 ,semus the ,delian cited1 #ej1 #fb1 #aha1 #bjc1 #ebd1 #ebi1 #gdg1 #igi1 7poetic version1 #abjh17 #ihe1 #ihf1 #iib1 #ajah1 #ajcj1 #ajca4 ,servile war1 its origin1 #hfg4 ,setine wine1 #dc4 ,sharks1 various kinds of1 #ddi1 #dfa1 #dij4 ,shaving the head1 date of its introduction1 #ijd4 ,shell-fish1 #adc1 #adf1 #agc4 ,ship1 large1 of ,hiero1 #cbi2 of ,ptolemy ,philopator1 #cbd4 ,sicilians1 luxury of the1 #hcj4 ,sicyonian gourds1 #ig4 ,sida1 a plant resembling the pomegranate1 #ajda4 ,signine wine1 #dd4 ,silenus cited1 #gdj1 #gde1 #geg1 #gfc1 #ggj1 #hfg1 #ajha1 #aaah4 ,silver plate1 use of1 #cfc4 ,simaristus cited1 #aff1 #gfc1 #ggj1 #gic4 ,simmias cited1 #eaf1 #gec1 #gfd1 #ghd1 #ajha4 ,simonides cited1 #id1 #afe1 #agf1 #bjf1 #bgf1 #ccd1 #dfi1 #eja1 #eij1 #fbe1 #ffh1 #gjf1 #gba1 #gbf1 #gff1 #ghc1 #gig1 #hba1 #iag1 #ifd1 #ajeb1 #ajee1 #ajhf1 #aajb4 ,simus the ,magnesian1 #ihi4 ,siris1 luxury of1 #hch4 ,siromen the ,solensian cited1 #hfh4 ,sittius1 a luxurious ,roman1 #hfi4 ,slavery1 various kinds of1 #dai4 ,slaves forbidden to approach certain festivals1 #daa2 the ,maryandini1 #dac2 the ,clarot1 #dad2 the ,penest1 #dad2 the ,chian slaves1 #daf2 the ,athenian1 #dai2 the ,roman1 #dbh4 ,smaris1 the1 a fish1 #dia4 ,smindyrides the ,sybarite1 his vast retinue of slaves1 #dbi1 #hff4 ,smoothing the whole body practised by the ,tarentines and others1 #hcj1 #hcg4 ,snails1 #ajd2 various names for1 #ajd4 ,snow used to cool drinks1 #bje4 ,soap1 #fde4 ,socrates fond of dancing1 #cd2 his conduct in war discussed1 #cdc2 ,plato's account1 #cde2 cited1 #bef1 #dbf4 ,socrates cited1 #faj1 #ajjc4 ,socrates of ,cos cited1 #ahd4 ,socrates the ,rhodian cited1 #bch1 #gdc4 ,solens1 #aej2 various kinds1 #aej2 ,philoxenus the tyrant1 originally a solen-catcher1 #aej4 ,solon cited1 #ifa1 #ajcb4 ,songs1 list of many1 #ihf4 ,sopater the ,paphian cited1 #aag1 #adc1 #afh1 #aha1 #aif1 #bee1 #beg1 #beh1 #bhj1 #bha1 #bhd1 #eci1 #gdb1 7poetic version1 #aahe17 #ajbi1 #ajcg1 #ajej1 #aabb4 ,sophilus cited1 #afg1 #bjd1 #bjg1 #bed1 #cjf1 #fhj1 #ajbc4 ,sophocles1 a skilful dancer and ball-player1 #cc2 his intemperance1 #ifc2 cited1 #bh1 #ce1 #ee1 #fe1 #ajc1 #ajh1 #aab1 #aaf1 #abh1 #add1 #aeg1 #aff1 #ahc1 #aig1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bfc1 #bhj1 #bhb1 #bhe1 #cjb1 #dce1 #dcf1 #ddj1 #ejb1 #ehh1 #eia1 #fab1 #fca1 #fcc1 #fde1 #fdg1 #fge1 #fhe1 #gjf1 #gah1 #gce1 #gdb1 #geg1 #gei1 #gfi1 #ggh1 #hbc1 #hgf1 #ijb1 #icf1 #idd1 #ieh1 #ifa1 #ajad1 #ajag1 #ajcc1 #ajej1 #ajff1 #ajhd1 #ajie1 #ajig1 #ajih1 #aajb4 ,sophron1 governor of ,ephesus1 his life saved by ,danae1 #idf4 ,sophron of ,syracuse cited1 #gb1 #gi1 #add1 #ade1 #agf1 #ahb1 #cfc1 #dej1 #dea1 #deb1 #dge1 #dhj1 #dha1 #dhe1 #dij1 #ejh1 #eaa1 #eab1 #egj1 #eic1 #eii1 #fba1 #fdd1 #gfd1 #gfe4 ,soroadeus1 an ,indian deity1 #de4 ,sosias the ,thracian hires slaves from ,nicias1 #dbh4 ,sosibius1 his explanation of ,homer1 #ghj2 ridiculed by ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 #ghh2 cited1 #aca1 #acg1 #aij1 #ghh1 #iia1 #ajcb1 #ajcf1 #ajgf1 #ajhb1 #aajc4 ,sosicrates cited1 #eb1 #bfc1 #daj1 #dad1 #ffe1 #gee1 #ida4 ,sosinomus the banker1 #igf4 ,sosipater cited1 #eie1 7poetic version1 #aafi47 ,sosippus cited1 #bai4 ,sositheus cited1 #fed4 ,sostratus cited1 #dge1 #dia4 ,sotades1 a libellous poet1 put to death1 #iij2 cited1 #dei1 #egi1 #iij4 ,sotion the ,alexandrian cited1 #bfc1 #ecb1 #eda1 #hjh4 ,spaniards1 rich dress of the1 #gb1 #hch2 their abstemious habits1 #gb4 ,sparamizus the eunuch1 #hdg4 ,spare livers1 #bei4 ,sparrow1 the1 #fag4 ,spartacus the gladiator1 #dbi4 ,spartan living1 #hca2 not relished by some1 #heh4 ,sparus1 the1 #ejd4 ,spatangi1 #aea4 ,speusippus wrote drinking songs1 #e2 taunted by ,dionysius for his impure life1 #hgd2 cited1 #aja1 #aad1 #add1 #agd1 #bah1 #dga1 #dgb1 #dgf1 #dhd1 #dia1 #eja1 #ejb1 #ejh1 #eji1 #eaa1 #eac1 #ebj1 #eha1 #fji1 #faf4 ,sphrus1 his remark on probability1 #eei2 cited1 #bbi1 #eei4 ,spheneus1 a kind of fish1 #dha4 ,sphodrias the ,cynic cited1 #bfj4 ,sphurna1 or hammer fish1 #ejh2 properly cestra1 #ejh4 ,spiced wines1 #eb4 ,spoletum1 wine of1 #dd4 ,spoons1 golden1 given to guests1 #bjh4 ,squid1 the said to be the same as the cuttle-fish1 #eaj4 ,staphylus cited1 #gd4 ,stasinus cited1 #ebh1 #ajij4 ,statites1 a kind of loaf1 #ahb4 ,stephanus1 a writer on cookery1 #hbh4 ,stephanus the comic poet cited1 #gdg4 ,stesander the ,samian1 a harp-player1 #ajai4 ,stesichorus cited1 #acf1 7poetic version1 #aabi17 #aeh1 #bdi1 #bgf1 #gab1 #gba1 #gdh1 #gig1 #gii1 #hbb1 #igc1 #ihh1 #ajca4 ,stesimbrotus the ,thasian cited1 #ida4 ,sthenelus cited1 #fge4 ,stilpon1 his quarrel with a courtesan1 #ica2 cited1 #bfa1 #ffe4 ,strabo cited1 #aii1 #ajeb4 ,straton cited1 #fja1 7poetic version1 #aage47 ,straton1 king of ,sidon1 his contest of luxury with ,nicocles1 #hej4 ,stratonicus the artist1 #gch4 ,stratonicus the harp-player1 #edh2 his witticisms1 #edi2 his death1 #eee4 ,strattis cited1 #ea1 #aad1 #abh1 #bje1 #bji1 #beh1 #bga1 #cij1 #dfi1 #dgd1 #dgg1 #ejh1 #eaf1 #ehi1 #fbd1 #fbi1 #fed1 #gde1 #ged1 #hjd1 #hhb1 #idj1 #ide1 #iia1 #ajdg1 #ajdi1 #ajid1 #aajc1 #aaah4 ,strepticias1 a kind of bread1 #ahg4 ,stromateus1 the1 a fish1 #ejf4 ,strouthias1 a kind of garland1 #ajhd4 ,sturgeon1 the1 #dfb4 ,sub-,dorian1 or olian harmony1 #iig4 ,sub-,phrygian harmony1 #iih4 ,sucking-pigs1 #fbd1 #ajdh4 ,suitors1 ,penelope's1 their amusements1 #bg4 ,supper of ,iphicrates1 #bae4 ,surrentine wine1 #dc1 #dd4 ,swallow1 song of the1 #efg4 ,swan1 the1 #fai2 its death-song doubted1 #fbj1 #ajbc4 ,sweetmeats1 #gg2 ,lacedmonian1 #ia4 ,swine's brains1 #ajh4 ,swordfish1 the1 #did4 ,syagris1 a fish1 #ejh4 ,syagrus1 a general1 #fcc4 ,sybarites1 the1 their luxury and effeminacy1 #hca4 ,sylla the ,roman general1 fond of buffoons and mimics1 #daj2 wrote satiric comedies1 #daj4 ,synagris1 a fish1 #ejg4 ,synodon1 a fish1 #ejg4 ,syracusans1 luxury of the1 #hde2 restraints on women among them1 #hce4 ,syrbenians1 chorus of the1 #ajfh1 #ajgb1 #aaae4 ,syrians1 averse to fish1 #edf2 their luxury1 #hde4 ,,tabaitas1 a kind of drinking cup1 #hjj4 ,table-setters1 #bgc4 ,tables1 names for1 #hj4 ,tabyrites1 a kind of loaf1 #aha4 ,tnia1 the1 #eac4 ,tniotic wine1 #ee4 ,tanagra1 whale of1 #hha4 ,tantalus1 his devotion to pleasure1 #ddi4 ,tarentine wine1 #dd4 ,tarentines1 luxury of the1 #bfg1 #hcg4 ,tasters1 #bgd4 ,tattooing1 practised by the ,scythian on the ,thracian women1 #hdj2 how converted into an ornament1 #hdj4 ,taulopias1 the1 a fish1 #eac4 ,teleclides cited1 #ib1 #ajg1 #abf1 #acg1 #ade1 #bgc1 #dba1 #ddd1 #ebi1 #edc1 #ehb1 #fbi1 #fhi1 #gge1 #hhf1 #ihg1 #ajba1 #ajcj1 #ajcg1 #ajej4 ,telenicus the ,byzantian1 a parodist1 #ajbd4 ,telephanes cited1 #ihj4 ,telesilla cited1 #gde1 #ihg4 ,telestagoras of ,naxos1 #edh4 ,telestes1 or ,telesis1 the dancing master1 #ce4 ,telestes of ,selinus cited1 #hjb1 #ihd1 #iih1 #ajag4 ,tellin1 #aej4 ,temperance1 praise of1 #ffc4 ,tenarus cited1 #ajgb4 ,tench1 the1 #dhe2 white and black1 #dhe4 ,teneus cited1 #hjc4 ,terpsicles cited1 #eab1 #fag4 ,terpsion cited1 #ecc4 ,teucer cited1 #gbj4 ,teuthis and teuthus1 the difference between1 #ead2 a cake called teuthis1 #ead4 ,thais1 a courtesan1 causes the destruction of ,persepolis1 #ibb2 marries ,ptolemy1 king of ,egypt1 #ibb4 ,thales the ,milesian cited1 #aai4 ,thamneus1 hospitality of1 #dab4 ,thargelus1 a kind of loaf1 #ahh4 ,thasian brine1 #eai2 wine1 #dg1 #ec4 ,theagenes the athlete1 voracity of1 #fej4 ,thearion the baker1 #ahf4 ,thebais1 wine of the1 #ee2 passage from the poem so called1 #gce1 7poetic version1 #aahd47 ,themiso cited1 #cga4 ,themiso the ,cyprian1 #dee4 ,themistagoras the ,ephesian cited1 #ajhg4 ,themistocles1 his life in ,persia1 #di2 luxury of1 #hed4 ,theocles cited1 #gid4 ,theocritus the ,chian cited1 #hfd4 ,theocritus the ,syracusan cited1 #ha1 #ach1 #dde1 #ddf1 #geh4 ,theodectes of ,phaselus cited1 #gab1 #gag4 ,theodoridas cited1 #dgd1 #geh1 #aaah4 ,theodorus cited1 #bja1 #ajcb1 #ajha1 #ajhc1 #aajd4 ,theodorus of ,hierapolis cited1 #fej1 #fea1 #gic4 ,theodorus the ,larissean1 a water-drinker1 #gb4 ,theodote1 a courtesan1 buries ,alcibiades1 #iai4 ,theognetus cited1 #agc1 #ihb1 #ajga4 ,theognis cited1 #dhg1 #dih1 #fgf1 #gbb1 #hbc1 #hie4 ,theolytus cited1 #dfd1 #gdi4 ,theophilus cited1 #i4 ,theophilus the comic writer cited1 #aeh1 #ecg1 #feg1 #gec1 #hif1 #ijj1 7poetic version1 #aaib17 #ich1 #iid1 #ajac4 ,theophrastus cited1 #cj1 #cf1 #eb1 #ec1 #eg1 #fh1 #gb1 #hb1 #hc1 #hi1 #ia1 #ic1 #ig1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #aaj1 #aab1 #aae1 #aag1 #aah1 #abb1 #abd1 #abi1 #acj1 #acg1 #ach1 #aci1 #aed1 #agd1 #bcd1 #bgh1 #cii1 #dbi1 #dgc1 #dij1 #dic1 #dii1 #ejj1 #ebd1 #ebe1 #edh1 #eha1 #ehb1 #fji1 #fad1 #fag1 #fcb1 #ffh1 #ffi1 #fgd1 #fgg1 #fhg1 #fhc1 #gcj1 #gcc1 #gch1 #gej1 #gie1 #hdc1 #hgj1 #ijj1 #ijg1 #ifg1 #igc1 #iie1 #ajda1 #ajdf1 #ajhd1 #ajhe1 #ajhg1 #ajhh1 #ajhi1 #ajic1 #aaja1 #aajg4 ,theopompus the ,athenian cited1 #bhe1 #dad1 #dhc1 #eaj1 #ehj1 #ehi1 #fbi1 #fcj1 #fff1 #gfh1 #gga1 #ggd1 #gge1 #ajch1 #ajdd1 #ajea4 ,theopompus the ,chian cited1 #dc1 #ef1 #gd1 #hc1 #aac1 #acj1 #acg1 #adb1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bda1 #bed1 #bfe1 #bfg1 #cdj1 #cfd1 #cff1 #cia1 #cib1 #cie1 #cig1 #cii1 #djj1 #djg1 #djh1 #daj1 #daf1 #dbf1 #dbg1 #dcb1 #dgd1 #fjd1 #fed1 #fhg1 #fhh1 #fhi1 #fii1 #gjb1 #gdf1 #gej1 #gei1 #hjb1 #hac1 #hbi1 #hdc1 #hdd1 #hej1 #hea1 #heb1 #hec1 #heh1 #hfi1 #iaf1 #idi1 #iej1 #ife1 #iga1 #ihc1 #ajja1 #ajci1 #ajea1 #ajhj1 #aabj4 ,theopompus the ,colophonian cited1 #bhd4 ,thericlean cup1 #gdi2 distinguished from the carchesian1 #geb1 #gef1 #hjc4 ,thericles of ,corinth1 #gej4 ,thermopotis1 a kind of drinking cup1 #geg4 ,theseus1 enigmatic description of the letters forming the word1 #gag4 ,thesmophorius of ,trzene cited1 #dh4 ,thessalians1 notorious gluttons1 #bbc1 #djh1 #fei2 extravagant1 #hdd1 #ajei4 ,thin people1 list of1 #hhb4 ,thracians1 dances of the1 #be2 banquets1 #bdc1 #bej2 tattooing1 how introduced among the women1 #hdj4 ,thrasylaus1 pleasant madness of1 #hhh4 ,thrasyllus1 conduct of ,alcibiades to1 #hef4 ,thrasymachus of ,chalcedon cited1 #fee4 ,thratta1 the1 a sea-fish1 #eai4 ,thrissa1 the1 a fish1 #eah4 ,thronus1 a kind of loaf1 #ahd4 ,thrushes1 #ajg4 ,thucydides cited1 #cg1 #ahj1 #bii1 #cjb1 #gfc4 ,thunnis and thunnus distinguished1 #dgf4 ,thursio1 what1 #dhg4 ,thys1 the ,paphlagonian king1 a great eater1 #fed4 ,tibur1 wine of1 #dc4 ,tilphossa1 fountain of1 #ff4 ,timachidas the ,rhodian cited1 #eb1 #hg1 #ach1 #ahi1 #dde1 #eha1 #gci1 #ajha1 #ajhb1 #ajij1 #ajic1 #aaah4 ,timus cited1 #ef1 #fa1 #bfc1 #big1 #cic1 #dae1 #dbg1 #dbh1 #eac1 #edj1 #fij1 #gea1 #hbi1 #hca1 #hcf1 #hcg1 #hch1 #hff1 #iaf1 #idj1 #ifa4 ,timus of ,cyzicus1 his history1 #had4 ,timagoras the ,athenian offers adoration to the king of ,persia1 #gi4 ,timagoras the ,cretan1 his favour with ,artaxerxes1 #gi4 ,timarchus cited1 #hjb4 ,timea1 wife of ,agis of ,sparta1 seduced by ,alcibiades1 #hef4 ,timocles cited1 #ahj1 #aih1 #bff1 #cec1 7poetic version1 #aacf17 #cee1 7#aacg17 #cgd1 7#aaej17 #cgh1 #cgi1 #chb1 #che1 #chg1 #dfb1 #dgj1 #eja1 #ecf1 #eci1 #fje1 #fdb1 #fhj1 #gbj1 #ijh1 7#aaid17 #idj4 ,timocrates1 a friend of ,athenus1 #a4 ,timocreon the ,rhodian1 his epitaph1 #fee4 ,timolaus the ,theban1 his intemperance1 #fhh4 ,timomachus cited1 #ajai4 ,timon the ,phliasian cited1 #cf1 #bed1 #beg1 #beh1 #bfb1 #cid1 #dci1 #ddb1 #ecb1 #fda1 #ffh1 #gjc1 #hca1 #ich1 #iei1 #igc1 #aaae4 ,timon and ,lacydes at a drinking match1 #fia4 ,timotheus of ,athens1 the son of a courtesan1 #ibb4 ,timotheus of ,miletus cited1 #bjb1 #chb1 #gcd2 accused of corrupting the ancient music1 #ajag4 ,tinachidas of ,rhodes wrote on feasts1 #g4 ,tindium1 temple of1 in ,egypt1 #ajhe4 ,tirynthians1 the1 incapable of serious business1 #daj4 ,tithenidia1 festival of1 #bbe4 ,titormus1 a great eater1 #fej4 ,torches1 #aaai4 ,torpedo1 the1 #dic4 ,towels1 #fdg4 ,trachurus1 the1 #eac4 ,tragedy1 invention of1 #fe4 ,tragelaphus1 a drinking cup1 #gdb1 #hjj4 ,trebellian wine1 #dd4 ,trefoils1 #ajid4 ,trichias1 or trichis1 a fish1 said to be attracted by music1 #eah4 ,trifoline wine1 #dc4 ,trinkets1 golden1 proscribed by ,lycurgus and by ,plato1 #cfg4 ,tripe1 #aeg4 ,tripod1 the cup of ,bacchus1 #fb2 a musical instrument1 #ajah4 ,trireme1 house at ,agrigentum1 why so called1 #fa2 a kind of drinking cup1 #hjj4 ,trzenian wine1 #eb4 ,trojan war1 its cause1 #hif4 ,tromilican cheese1 #ajeb4 ,truffles1 #ajb4 ,trumpeter1 ,herodorus1 the1 #fec4 ,tryphon cited1 #hf1 #aca1 #ahj1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #bgi1 #bhc1 #dfh1 #fbg1 #fcj1 #hjf1 #ihf1 #ajbd4 ,tunnies1 #dcf1 #dgc1 #eah2 thunnis and thunnus distinguished1 #egf4 ,turnips1 #eha2 the food of ,manius ,cronus1 #ffj4 ,turtle-doves1 #fbj1 #fbb4 ,tyron bread1 #ahb4 ,tyrrhenians1 luxury of the1 #hbi4 ,,udder1 a dish made of1 #fbi1 #ajej4 ,ulban wine1 #dd4 ,ulysses1 voracity of1 #fdi2 his love of pleasure1 #hbb4 ,umbrians1 the1 given to luxury1 #hdd4 ,unguents1 where the best are brought from1 #ajii2 prices of some1 #aajd2 supposed to produce grey hair1 #aajf4 ,unmarried men1 how treated in ,sparta1 #hhi4 ,unmixed wines1 #fgc1 #aajg4 ,uppianus the ,tyrian1 a ,deipnosophist1 #b4 ,uria1 a bird1 #fbc4 ,,varro cited1 #beh4 ,veliternian wine1 #dd4 ,venafrum1 wine of1 #dd4 ,venus ,callipyge1 temple dedicated to1 #hhg4 ,venus ,hetra1 #iac4 ,venus the ,prostitute1 #iae4 ,vetches1 #hi2 how used1 #ij4 ,vinegar1 #aaa4 ,voracity ascribed to ,hercules1 #fdh4 ,,walnuts1 #ach4 ,wars1 the greatest1 occur on account of women1 #hif1 #iaa4 ,washing hands1 #fdd2 use of perfumes1 #fde4 ,water and water-drinkers1 #ff2 various kinds of water1 #fh2 weight of water1 #gj1 #ge2 boiled water1 #bja4 ,water-drinkers1 list of1 #gc4 ,willow1 or osier1 garlands of1 #ajgb1 #ajgd4 ,wine1 origin of the name1 #eg2 praises of1 #fe2 different kinds1 #dc to #eg2 ,homer dissuades from the free use of1 #af2 evils of drunkenness1 #fgb2 pure wine only to be used for religious purposes1 #aajg2 mixed wine1 #ffg2 unmixed wine1 #fgc2 sweet wine1 #bjg2 scented wine1 #ec2 spiced wine1 #eb4 ,wives1 doubtful whether ,socrates had two1 #hhi2 concubines tolerated by1 #hij2 many wives of ,hercules and of ,theseus1 #hia2 of ,philip1 #hib2 complaints against1 #hid4 ,women said to be fond of drinking1 #fif2 wine forbidden to them by the ,romans1 #fif2 restraints on1 in ,syracuse1 #hce2 liberty of1 among the ,sybarites1 #hce2 among the ,tyrrhenians1 #hbi2 infamous treatment of1 #gjb1 #hbf1 #hbg1 #hdj1 #hdi1 #hff2 ruin of states attributed to1 #hif2 many beautiful1 mentioned1 #iga4 ,woodcocks1 #faa4 ,words1 dissertations on the use of particular1 #fje1 #fcc1 #gje1 #ghe4 ,,xanthus the ,lydian cited1 #edf1 #fed1 #hbb1 #hbf4 ,xenarchus cited1 #aje1 #cef1 7poetic version1 #aada17 #eja1 #egh1 #jei1 #fga1 #fhj1 #fif1 #fig1 #gee1 #hid1 #iaj1 #ajhe1 #aajg4 ,xenarchus the ,rhodian1 a drunkard1 #fhi4 ,xenocrates cited1 #bhh4 ,xenocrates the ,chalcedonian1 his laziness1 #hdi4 ,xenophanes of ,chalcedon wrote drinking songs1 #e4 ,xenophanes of ,colophon cited1 #hi1 #ehj1 #feb1 #ffi1 #gbi1 7poetic version1 #aahb17 #gcg1 #hdc4 ,xenophon cited1 #be1 #cd1 #cg1 #dh1 #hj1 #aah1 #aeg1 #bjj1 #bje1 #bbd1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bed1 #bgd1 #bge1 #bgi1 #bhi1 #bii1 #cdd1 #cdf1 #cdg1 #cej1 #cie1 #dbh1 #dcf1 #egi1 #ehj1 #ehh1 #fad1 #fbf1 #fcj1 #fca1 #fdg1 #ffc1 #ffh1 #fge1 #fhe1 #gcd1 #gdc1 #gei1 #ggj1 #gic1 #hjg1 #hah1 #hbe1 #hga1 #ici1 #igh1 #ihj1 #ajda1 #ajde1 #ajif4 ,,young wives1 caution against marrying1 #hie4 ,,zacynthian wine1 #ed4 ,zacynthians1 the1 inexperienced in war1 #hdf4 ,zaleucus1 his law against drunkenness1 #fgg4 ,zariadres and ,odatis1 story of1 #iai4 ,zeneus1 or ,zenis1 cited1 #ifj4 ,zeno the ,citian1 his excuse for bad temper1 #ia2 his reproof of gluttony1 #edd2 cited1 #bed1 #bfa1 #cfg4 ,zenodotus cited1 #ai1 #bj1 #aei1 #eac1 #fdi4 ,zenophanes cited1 #iba4 ,zolus the grammarian1 a ,deipnosophist1 #b4 ,zopyra1 a drunken woman1 #fig4 ,,the ,,end4 ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,printer1 ,,bread ,,street ,,hill4 ,,transcriber',s ,,notes4 #a4 ,silently corrected simple spelling1 grammar1 and typographical errors4 #b4 ,the ,index includes all three volumes4 #c4 ,rows of asterisks represent either an ellipsis in a poetry quotation or a place where the original ,greek text was too corrupt to be read by the translator4 ,other ellipses match the original4